,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text delimit$ by equal signs is bold1 ,text delimit$ by ud]scores is italic4 ,a "* prec$$ by a c>et is sup]script1 multiple *>act]s enclos$ 9 braces & prec$$ by a c>et are likewise1 sup]script4 ,text delimit$ by braces & und]scores is subscript4 ,,attack ,,( ,,=tifi$ ,,places4 ,,includ+ ,,siege-,,works1 ,,m9+1 ,,& ,,demolitions4 ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,cadets ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,milit>y ,,academy4 ,,by ,,james ,,m]cur1 ,pr(essor ( ,civil & ,milit>y ,eng9e]+ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,,fir/ ,,?\s&4 ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 #ec ,,ea/ ,,t5? ,,/reet4 #ahid4 ,,copyright1 #ahid1 ,,by ,,james ,,m]cur1 ,we/ ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y4 ,"r ( ,translation ,res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,9 ?is "w an attempt has be5 made to give 9 outl9e ! be/ mod]n me?ods ( attack ^u a =tifi$ position by assault1 surprise1 blockade1 or siege2 & also ! detail$ con/ructions ( ^? types ( tr5*es1 batt]ies1 magaz9es1 etc41 etc41 :i* seem be/ suit$ to resi/ ! fire ( mod]n cannon1 & to af=d cov] to a besieg+ =ce4 ,x is n suppos$ t ^! types w be exactly copi$ 9 all cases ( actual practice1 b t a wise discretion w be us$ 9 modify+ or comb9+ !m :5 necess>y or desirable4 ,! con/ructions giv5 are /&>d types1 :i* h gr[n up by comb9+ ! sugge/ions & ! exp]i5ce ( ! milit>y eng9e]s ( all civiliz$ nations4 ,9 select+ !m ,i h drawn freely ^u ! textbooks ( ! s*ools ( milit>y eng9e]+ at ,*a?am1 ,fonta9ebleau1 ,vi5na1 & ,b]l91 z well z ^u t ( ! late ,pr(essor ,mahan1 & ! manuals ( ,duane & ,ern/4 ,! /&>d "w ( ,gump]tz & ,lebrun is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 8,milit>y ,m9+02 & ,i am also "u obligations to ,g5]al ,h4 ,l4 ,abbot1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 = ! use ( 8 unpubli%$ notes on ! exp]im5tal m9es at ,willett's ,po9t1 & ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts ^u ! m9+ effects ( %ells *>g$ ) diff]5t explosives4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,we/ ,,po9t1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob]1 #ahid4 ,,introduction4 ,mod]n w>s h be5 m>k$ by %>p aggressive campaigns & great battles 9 ! op5 field1 ) few close & long-cont9u$ sieges4 ,! subject ( siege-works has !re=e attract$ less popul> att5tion ?an 0 =m]ly devot$ to x4 ,=t ,wagn]1 ,vicksburg1 ,pet]sburg1 ,/rasburg1 ,bel=t1 ,p>is1 ,plevna1 & ,gok ,tp h %[n1 h[ev]1 t at _! respective dates regul> siege & m9+ op]ations 7 necess>y to r$uce ei!r p]man5t or field =tifications1 if well equipp$ & def5d$4 ,! volume ( fire deliv]$ by ! small arms & ma*9e guns n[ 9 use has made an op5 assault ^u a well-suppli$ & well-def5d$ p>apet1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 a hopeless und]tak+1 & has necessitat$ m delib]ate me?ods ( attack4 ,! increas$ accuracy & p5etration ( mod]n cannon h r5d]$ obsolete _m ( ! old] me?ods ( mak+ regul> approa*es4 ,! new] con/ructions describ$ h]e91 :ile giv+ great] protection to ! attack1 are 9 g5]al sl[] 9 _! advance ?an ^? previ\sly us$4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to be an unavoidable evil1 :i* is mitigat$ only by tak+ advantage ( e opportunity = rapid advance (f]$ by ! errors ( ! def5ce4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t light field works & l9es w 9 ! g5]al case require = _! attack a sy/em ( regul> approa*es2 b tr5*es & saps may be necess>y = plac+ a batt]y or p>apet 9 a comm&+ position or "o favorable = enfilade1 or = giv+ a cov]$ approa* ov] an expos$ ridge2 & _! frequ5t employm5t may be expect$ on future fields4 ,! de/ructive effect ( gr5ades & ,coehorn %ells *>g$ ) high explosives w d\btless 9 _m cases *eck or /op ! advance ( saps & tr5*es1 & necessitate ! use ( bl9d$ approa*es or m9+-gall]ies 9 /ubbornly conte/$ sieges4 ,! successful application ( m9es at ,gok ,tp w d\btless lead to _! future employm5t "u simil> circum/ances4 ,9 ! close attack ^u a %ield$ casemate or disappe>+ turret _! use seems a necessity1 & :5 ^! def5ces are f\nd$ on rock or massive concrete f\ndations1 tunnell+ op]ations by drill+ & bla/+ w be requir$4 ,:5 practicable !y w be exp$it$ by ! use ( p[]-drills driv5 by electricity4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to add1 t 9 sapp+ & m9+ op]ations1 z 9 all o!r bran*es ( milit>y eng9e]+1 all new & improv$ inv5tions & me?ods :i* are applicable to ! "w on h& w be us$1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! ?ickness ( cov] giv5 9 ! text is bas$ ^u ! p5etrations ( ! ho/ile projectiles4 ,= ready ref]5ce ! maximum p5etrations obta9$ 9 exp]im5tal fir+ up to ?is date 7#ahid7 are giv5 h]e)1 viz43 ,s]vice bullets1 copp] or ,g]man-silv] jacket1 ( #f4e to #h mm4 calibre1 initial velocity f #bjjj to #beej f4 s43 ,at ,muzzle4 #ajj yds4 #ijj yds4 #bjjj yds4 #bgcj yds4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,p9e wood #cj to #ej #ca to #ce #aj to #ad #d4d ,season$ oak wood #d to #h #a4ah ,untamp$ clay #fj to #gh ,light s& #h ,at #ejj yds #ag in*es4 #ccj yds4 #ddj yds4 #hhj yds4 #bjjj yds4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,s& & e>? #cf #cc #bj #ad #d ,/eel & iron plate #j4ca to #j4ch #j4bh #j4bd ,brick masonry #d ,ice #fc ,special /eel-coat$ bullets1 cal4 #j4bf & #j4cj3 ,p9e wood #ee ,oak wood1 season$ #af to #bd ,bee* wood #bc to #cj ,s& #ad ,special /eel-coat$ bullets1 cal4 #j4bcf1 vel4 #bfjj f4 s4 ,p9e wood #fb ,fr5* au?orities give a muzzle p5etration ( #ab mm4 #j4dgc 9 iron plates = ! ,lebel bullet4 ,no publi%$ exp]im5ts confirm ?is4 ,b few exp]im5ts seem to h be5 made to det]m9e ! p5etration ( ! projectile ( field & siege guns into e>?1 & ! publi%$ data are v meagre & unsatisfactory4 ,! ,g]man ,eng9e]'s ,h&book 7,pioni] ,tas*5bu*1 #ahib7 prescribes ! foll[+ ?icknesses ( p>apets = cov] aga9/ small-arm & cannon fire1 viz43 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,%rapnel & ,mat]ial4 ,small ,arm4 ,spl9t]s4 ,field-guns4 ,siege-guns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,e>?1 s&y #cj #bj to #dj #af' #bc' ,turf & m>%y e>? #fj ,wood #cd to #dj ,brick masonry #ae ,brick masonry1 s+le %ot #c' #d ,two /eel plates ea* #j4cb #j4fd ,pack$ sn[ #f' #bf' ,%eaves ( gra9 #af' ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,engli% au?orities report crat]s ( #ba feet l5g? & #h feet dep? bl[n out f an e>? p>apet by a s+le #bjj-lb4 #h-;94 h[itz] %ell4 ,!y also /ate t ! projectile ( ! pneumatic dynamite gun has p5etrat$ #dj feet ( e>?4 ,ow+ to ! rapid developm5t ( ordnance ! curr5t sci5tific & milit>y p]iodicals are 9 g5]al ! only s\rce f :i* ! late/ results 9 p5etration1 etc41 c be obta9$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,attack ,,( ,,=tifi$ ,,places4 ,,page ,,introduction4 v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,attack ,,)\t ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,regul> ,,approa*es4 ,,article #a4 ,blockade1 #a #b4 ,surprise1 #b #c4 ,def5ce aga9/ ,surprise1 #d #d4 ,assault1 #d #e4 ,dispositions = an ,assault1 #e #f4 ,def5ce aga9/ an ,assault1 #g #g4 ,bomb>dm5t1 #h #h4 ,def5ce aga9/ a ,bomb>dm5t1 #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,siege ,,or ,,attack ,,by ,,regul> ,,approa*es1 ,,prelim9>y ,,con/ructions1 ,,def9itions1 ,,etc4 #i4 ,siege1 ,progress (1 #ab #aj4 ,tools & ,appliances1 #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,tr5*es1 ,,approa*es1 ,,p>allels1 ,,saps1 ,,spl9t]-,,pro(s ,,& ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,dit*4 #aa4 ,tr5*es1 #ae #ab4 ,p>allels1 #ae #ac4 ,approa*es1 #af ,,trac+ ,,& ,,con/ruct+ ,,p>allels ,,& ,,approa*es4 #ad4 ,trac+ ,p>allels1 #ag #ae4 ,trac+ ,approa*es1 #ah #af4 ,po/+ ,work+ ,p>ties1 #ah ,,execution ,,( ,,p>allels ,,& ,,approa*es4 #ag4 ,simple ,tr5* & ,fly+ ,sap1 #bj #ah4 ,con/ruction by ,simple ,tr5*1 #bj #ai4 ,con/ruction by ,fly+ ,sap1 #bb ,,spl9t]-,,pro( ,,cov]4 #bj4 ,spl9t]-pro(s1 #bc #ba4 ,bomb-pro(s1 #be ,,sapp+4 #bb4 ,def9itions1 etc41 #bg #bc4 ,full ,sap1 #bh #bd4 ,organization & ,duties ( ,deta*m5t1 #bh #be4 ,driv+ ! ,sap1 #bh #bf4 ,break+ out a ,sap f a ,p>allel1 #cj #bg4 ,circul> ,place ( ,arms1 #ca #bh4 ,%all[ ,sap1 #ca #bi4 ,ov]gr\nd ,approa*es1 #ca #cj4 ,d\ble ,sap1 #cb #ca4 ,execution ( ! ,d\ble ,sap1 #cb #cb4 ,*ang+ ,direction ( ! ,d\ble ,sap1 #cc #cc4 ,break+ out a ,d\ble ,sap f a ,p>allel1 #cc #cd4 ,trav]s$ ,sap1 #cc #ce4 ,trav]se by ,bl9d$ ,sap1 #ce #cf4 ,cr[n+ ! ,cov]$ ,way1 #ce #cg4 ,tr5* ,cavali]1 #cf #ch4 ,=m] ,me?ods ( ,sapp+1 #cf #ci4 ,passage ( ! ,dit*1 #cg #dj4 ,a ,wet ,dit* )\t ,curr5t1 #ch #da4 ,a ,wet ,dit* ) ,curr5t1 #dj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,batt]ies1 ,,obs]vatories1 ,,& ,,magaz9es4 #db4 ,batt]ies ,def9$1 etc41 #db #dc4 ,g5]al ,requirem5ts ( ,siege-batt]ies1 #db #dd4 ,con/ruction ( ,batt]ies = ,field-guns1 #dc #de4 ,batt]ies = ,siege-guns & ,h[itz]s1 ,elevat$ & ,sunk51--,g5]al ,consid]ations1 #dd #df4 ,scre5s1 #de #dg4 ,expos$ ,sunk5 ,batt]y1 #df #dh4 ,trac+ ! ,batt]y1 #dg #di4 ,con/ruct+ ! ,c5tral ,passage & ,spl9t]-pro(1 #dh #ej4 ,con/ruct+ ! ,batt]y1 #di #ea4 ,alt]native ,con/ruction1 #ej #eb4 ,spl9t]-pro(s 7additional71 #ej #ec4 ,sunk5 ,batt]y 9 a ,p>allel1 #ea #ed4 ,batt]y beh9d ,cre/ ( a ,hill1 #ec #ee4 ,batt]ies on ,slop+ ,gr\nd1 #ec #ef4 ,embrasures1 #ec #eg4 ,obs]vatories1 #ed #eh4 ,dra9age1 #ee #ei4 ,mort>-batt]ies1 #ee #fj4 ,magaz9es1 #eg #fa4 ,cov] = ,magaz9es1 #eh #fb4 ,location ( ,magaz9es1 #eh #fc4 ,con/ruction ( a ,magaz9e subject to ,direct ,fire only1 #fj #fd4 ,mann] ( ,execut+ ! ,"w1 #fa #fe4 ,m9$ ,magaz9es1 #fa #ff4 ,elevat$ ,magaz9es1 #fb #fg4 ,precautions aga9/ ,dampness1 #fc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,siege ,,op]ations4 #fh4 ,! ,attack--,successive ,/eps1 #fd #fi4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]iod1 #fe #gj4 ,! ,inve/m5t1 #fe #ga4 ,br++ ,up & ,po/+ ! ,besieg+ ,=ce1 #fg #gb4 ,=tify+ ! ,camps1 ,p>ks1 etc41 #fh #gc4 ,di/ance ( ! ,l9e ( ,inve/m5t f ! ,works1 #gj #gd4 ,/r5g? & ,composition ( ! ,besieg+ ,=ce1 #gj #ge4 ,! ,po9t ( ,attack1 #gc #gf4 ,fir/ ,artill]y ,position1 #ge #gg4 ,op5+ ,fire1 #gf #gh4 ,plan ( ,attack1 #gh #gi4 ,! ,fir/ ,p>allel1 #gh #hj4 ,op5+ ! ,p>allel1 #hj #ha4 ,! ,second ,artill]y ,position1 #ha #hb4 ,c\nt]-batt]ies1 #hb #hc4 ,enfilad+-batt]ies1 #hb #hd4 ,brea*+-batt]ies1 #hc #he4 ,batt]ies ( ,rifl$ ,mort>s & ( ,h[itz]s = ,v]tical ,fire1 #hc #hf4 ,op5+ & ,conduct ( ,fire f ,second ,artill]y ,position1 #hc #hg4 ,musketry ,fire1 #hd #hh4 ,! ,advance f ! ,fir/ ,p>allel1 #hd #hi4 ,! ,second ,p>allel1 #he #ij4 ,! ,?ird ,p]iod1 #hf #ia4 ,capture & ,cr[n+ ( ! ,cov]$ ,way1 #hg #ib4 ,brea*+ ! ,sc>ps & ,c\nt]-sc>ps1 #hh #ic4 ,capture & ,cr[n+ ( ! ,brea*1 #hi #id4 ,! ,attack by ,sap1 #ia #ie4 ,additional ,op]ations ,necess>y 9 ! ,attack ( an ,intr5*$ ,camp1 #ia #if4 ,occupation ( a ,conqu]$ ,place1 #ic #ig4 ,vauban's ,maxims1 #id #ih4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,attack1 #ig ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,def5ce4 #ii4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations1 #ih #ajj4 ,g>rison1 #ii #aja4 ,armam5t1 #ajj #ajb4 ,ammunition1 ,provisions & ,supplies1 #aja #ajc4 ,sanitation & ,hygi5e1 #aja #ajd4 ,prep>ations = ,def5ce1 #aja #aje4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,fir/ ,p]iod1 #ajc #ajf4 ,op5+ ( ,artill]y ,fire by ! ,def5ce1 #ajd #ajg4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,bomb>dm5t & ,assault1 #aje #ajh4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,second ,p]iod ( ! ,siege1 #ajf #aji4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,?ird ,p]iod ( ! ,siege1 #ajg #aaj4 ,! ,capitulation1 #aji #aaa4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,def5ce1 #aaj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,p>ks1 ,,depots1 ,,%elt]s ,,& ,,huts1 ,,kit*5s1 ,,ov5s1 ,,s9ks1 ,,latr9es1 ,,wat]-,,supply1 ,,etc4 ,,article ,,page #aab4 ,p>ks & ,depots1 #aaa #aac4 ,%elt]s & ,huts1 #aac #aad4 ,kit*5s & ,ov5s1 #aad #aae4 ,latr9es1 ,s9ks1 etc41 #aae #aaf4 ,wat]-supply1 #aaf ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,m9+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nom5clature ,,& ,,!ory4 ,,article ,,page #a4 ,def9itions1 #aai #b4 ,!ory ( ,explosion1 #abj #c4 ,=m & ,volume ( ,crat]1 #aba #d4 ,relation betwe5 ,volume ( ,crat] & ,*>ge1 #abb #d4 ,m9]'s ,rule1 #abb #e4 ,*>ge = ,"o ,cubic ,y>d1 #abc #f4 ,rule = ,common ,m9es 9 ,ord9>y ,e>?1 #abd #g4 ,ov]*>g$ & ,und]*>g$ ,m9es1 #abe #g4 ,d$uction ( ,=mula = ,*>ge1 #abe #h4 ,relation betwe5 ,*>ges ( ,common & ,ov]- or ,und]*>g$ ,m9es1 #abg #h4 ,*>ge to ,produce a ,cam\flet1 #abh #i4 ,radius ( ,rupture1 #abh #aj4 ,!oretical ,value ( ,radius ( ,rupture1 #abi #aa4 ,values ,adopt$ by ,engli% ,au?orities1 #aca #ab4 ,!oretical ,value ,too ,small1 #aca #ac4 ,high ,explosives1 #aca #ad4 ,exp]im5tal ,det]m9ations1 #aca #ae4 ,*oice ( ,explosives1 #acb #af4 ,probable ,advantage ( ,high ,explosives = ,ov]*>g$ ,m9es1 #acc #ag4 ,relative ,advantages & ,disadvantages ( ,gunp[d] & ,high ,explosives1 #acd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,practical ,,op]ations ,,& ,,details4 #ah4 ,tools & ,appliances1 ,description (1 #acf ,,gall]ies ,,& ,,%afts4 #ai4 ,dim5sions ( ,gall]ies & ,%afts1 #ach #bj1 #ba4 ,%aft & ,gall]y ,l9+s1 #aci #bb4 ,%aft & ,gall]y ,frames1 #adj #bc4 ,dim5sions ( ,pieces ( ,frames1 etc41 #ada #bd4 ,relative ,advantages ( ,cases & ,frames1 #ada #be-bh4 ,s9k+ ,%aft by ,frames & ,%eet+1 #ada #bi4 ,precautions ,ne$$1 #add #cj4 ,p>tly-l9$ ,%afts1 #ade #ca4 ,driv+ a ,gall]y ) ,frames & ,%eet+1 #ade #cb4 ,use ( ,false ,frame1 #adf #cc4 ,use ( ,%ield1 #adg #cd4 ,incl9$ ,gall]ies1 #adg #ce4 ,position ( ,frames1 #adh #cf4 ,p>tly-l9$ ,gall]ies1 #adh #cg-ci4 ,*ange ( ,direction ( ,gall]ies ) ,frames & ,%eet+1 #adh #ch4 ,*ange ( ,slope1 ( ,gall]ies1 #adi #dj1 #da4 ,returns1 #aej #db1 #dc4 ,maps & ,draw+s1 #aea #dd1 #de4 ,s9k+ a ,%aft ) ,cases1 #aeb #df-dh4 ,driv+ a ,gall]y ) ,cases1 #aec #di4 ,*ange ( ,direction ( ,galley ,l9$ ) ,cases1 #aed #ej1 #ea4 ,*ange ( ,slope1 #g ,gall]ies ,l9$ ) ,cases1 #aee #eb4 ,%afts la ,b\le1 #aef #ec-ee4 ,bl9d$ ,gall]ies1 #aef #ef4 ,rate ( ,advance ( ,gall]ies1 #aeg ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,m9es4 #eg4 ,s\rces ( ,delet]i\s ,gases1 #aeh #eh4 ,v5tilation by ,=c+ 9 ,air1 #aei #ei4 by ,exhau/+ ,air1#aei #fj4 by ,assi/+ ,natural ,v5tilation1 #afj #fa4 by ,use ( ,masks1 etc41#afj ,,m9e-,,*amb]s4 #fb4 ,=m1 ,size1 & ,location ( ,*amb]s1 #afj ,,load+ ,,& ,,fir+ ,,m9es4 #fc4 ,prep>+ ! ,*>ge1 #afa #fd4 ,di/ribution ( ,fuses 9 ,*>ge1 #afa #fe4 ,"* & ,con/ruction ( ,fuses1 #afc #ff-fh4 ,electric ,fuses1 #afc #fi4 ,plac+ ! ,fuses 9 ! ,*>ge1 #afd #gj4 ,! ,fuzes 9 ,froz5 ,dynamite1 #afe #ga4 ,plac+ ! ,*>ge1 #afe #gb4 ,tamp+ ,m9es1 #aff #gc4 ,fir+ ,m9es1 #aff ,,cam\flets ,,by ,,bor+4 #gd4 ,9 ,favorable ,soil1 #afg #ge4 ,9 ,/ony ,soil1 #afh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,organization ,,& ,,tactics ,,( ,,m9es4 #gf4 ,organization ( ,m9es1 #afi #gg4 ,! ,attack1 #afi #gh4 ,! ,lodgm5t1 ,gall]ies1 ,transv]ses1 ,li/5+-gall]ies1 etc41 #agj #gi4 ,avoid ,expos+ a ,flank1 #aga #hj4 ,use ,ov]*>g$ ,m9es1 #aga #ha4 ,! ,def5ce1 #aga #hb4 ,conditions to be ,fulfill$1 #aga #hc4 ,sy/em ( ,gall]ies ,us$1 #agb #hd4 ,use ,und]*>g$ ,m9es1 #agb #he4 ,%aft ,m9es1 #agb ,,m9e ,,tactics4 #hf4 ,tactics ,d]iv$ f ,results ( ,exp]i5ce1 #agb #hg4 ,todleb5's ,rules1 #agc #hh4 ,! ,attack1 #agc #hi4 ,! ,def5ce1 #agd #ij4 ,advantage ,lies ) ,besieg]1 #agf ,,brea*+ ,,by ,,m9es4 #ia4 ,prep>ation ( ,wall ,location & ,size ( ,*>ge1 #agf #ib4 ,gall]ies beh9d ,c\nt]-sc>ps1 #agg #ic4 ,gall]ies ?r\gh ,sc>p1 #agg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,demolitions4 #id-ig4 ,def9itions2 ,tools & ,appliances1 #agh #ih4 ,tamp+ ,bla/s1 #agi #ii4 ,det]m9+ ! ,*>ge1 #agi #ajj4 ,precautions1 #ahj ,,demolitions4 #aja4 ,delib]ate ,demolitions1 #ahj #ajb4 ,ha/y ,demolitions1 #aha #ajc4 ,h\ses & ,magaz9es1 #aha #ajd4 ,walls1 #aha #aje4 ,/ockades1 #ahb #ajf4 ,bridges1 #ahb #ajg4 ,tunnels1 ,canal-locks1 etc41 #ahc #ajh4 ,railroads1 #ahc #aji4 ,roll+-/ock1 #ahd #aaj4 ,excess ( ,explosive to be ,us$1 #ahd ,,attack ,,( ,,=tifi$ ,,places4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,attack ,,)\t ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,regul> ,,approa*es4 #a4 ,a =tifi$ position may be tak5 by blockade1 surprise1 assault1 bomb>dm5t1 or siege4 ,a blockade consi/s 9 s surr\nd+ a place & clos+ its communications z to keep ! g>rison f receiv+ re9=cem5ts1 provisions1 & supplies suffici5t to enable x to cont9ue ! def5ce & to avoid />vation4 ,! object ( ! attack+ =ce is1 9 g5]al1 to completely close all communications betwe5 ! g>rison & ! ext]ior2 b ?is is n always possible1 nor is x necess>y 9 all cases1 s9ce su* ob/ruction ( communications z w r$uce ! incom+ supplies bel[ ! necess>y exp5ditures ( ! g>rison w ultimately exhau/ its /ores4 ,an effici5t blockade1 cont9u$ long en\gh1 w consequ5tly r$uce any place4 ,:e!r x is advisable to attempt to r$uce a place by blockade w dep5d ^u ! "t :i* w probably be tak5 9 its r$uction1 ! =ce requir$ = surr\nd+ x1 & repell+ sorties f ! int]ior or beat+ back a reliev+ army1 & ! exp5se 9 m5 & mat]ials ( tak+ ! "w by o!r me?ods4 ,blockades are m effective 9 r$uc+ cities & t[ns ?an 9 tak+ places occupi$ only by a milit>y g>rison1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( non-combatants 9 a place rapidly exhau/s its /ore ( provisions1 r5d]s epidemics m likely to break out1 & by ! suff]+ & mis]y result+ demoralizes ! g>rison1 unn]ves ! comm&]1 & ev5tually causes its fall4 ,?is ju/ifies ! app>5t h>%ness ( n all[+ non-combatants to leave a beleagu]$ place4 ,! /eps necess>y = e/abli%+ ! blockade are id5tical ) ^? tak5 = ! inve/m5t 9 a regul> siege & w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,! capture ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj-ga is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t & /rik+ examples ( a blockade on a l>ge scale4 ,,surprise4 #b4 ,a sudd5 & unexpect$ attack made ^u a g>rison unprep>$ to receive x is call$ a surprise4 ,=m]ly ^! 7 ( n infrequ5t occurr5ce1 b ) mod]n means ( communication & me?ods ( w>f>e !y c h>dly be look$ =1 except 9 small affairs1 :]e1 ?r\gh ! weakness or exhau/ion ( a g>rison or ! incapacity ( its comm&]1 ! necess>y & ord9>y precautions = _! prev5tion are impracticable or are neglect$2 or :]e !y are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh trea*]y 9 ! g>rison1 by :i* ! gates are op5$ to ! attack4 ,probably 9 ! majority ( cases attempts at surprise w be detect$ & defeat$2 b z a success is usually valuable f> 9 excess ( ! losses suff]$ 9 its execution1 promis+ opportunities = _! trial %\ld n be neglect$4 ,surprises1 :5 ?\ght possible1 are und]tak5 "u ! cov] ( night1 fog1 or sev]e /orms4 ,! tactical disposition ( ! troops is simil> to t us$ 9 op5 assault1 ! columns be+ prec$$ by ladd]-p>ties = scal+ walls1 eng9e]s = bl[+ d[n b>ri]s1 etc41 etc41 accord+ to ! nature ( ! case1 & foll[$ by a l>ge res]ve :i* is design$ to hold any po9ts captur$ by ! advanc+ columns4 ,x is usually consid]$ be/ to make simultane\s attacks at sev]al po9ts1 9 ord] to confuse & divide ! def5ce1 hold+ ! ma9 res]ve ne>e/ to ! column :i* is expect$ to succe$2 b mak+ provision also = promptly & fully support+ any o!r p>ty :i* may h =c$ an entrance into ! "w4 ,an entrance secur$1 consecutive po9ts %\ld be occupi$ & held1 pres]v+ communication betwe5 !m1 & avoid+ too great disp]sion ( ! troops1 until a foo?old is ga9$ :i* c 9 all probability be held aga9/ ! def5ce4 ,aft] ?is great] boldness may be us$ 9 attack+ important po9ts )9 ! place4 ,! complete capture ( ! "w & its g>rison _c ord9>ily be expect$1 h[ev]1 until daylight all[s ! sy/ematic movem5t ( ! attack ?r\gh\t ! place4 ,9 case ( failure1 any captur$ gate mu/ be held if possible until all ! troops h retreat$ ?r\gh x & are cov]$ by ! res]ves4 ,,def5ce ,,aga9/ ,,surprise4 #c4 ,! measures necess>y to gu>d a =tifi$ place aga9/ surprise are ( two classes4 ,fir/1 = its prev5tion1 by use ( all ! usual outpo/s & int]ior gu>ds1--! organization & duties ( :i* ne$ n be repeat$ "h1--& ( telegraphic & o!r signals & communications ) ! surr\nd+ c\ntry by :i* ! approa* & movem5ts ( any attack+ =ce may be made kn[n be=e x comes ne> ! "w4 ,second1 = its repulse1 by s tra9+ & discipl9+ ! g>rison t1 ^u ! al>m be+ giv51 ! p>apets1 batt]ies1 etc41 w be mann$ & all def5sive measures w be tak5 be=e ! assault+ body c ent] ! "w4 ,?is w be accompli%$ by s ?or\ghly drill+ ! g>rison 9 its duties t ea* man w g at once to 8 prop] /ation fully equipp$ = 8 duties at any h\r day or night1 )\t confusion or unnecess>y excitem5t4 ,! subsequ5t measures are ! same z = resi/+ any o!r assault4 ,,assault4 #d4 ,by an assault is meant an op5 attack ^u a position by troops 9 l9e or column4 ,=m]ly x 0 recomm5d$ to make assaults at e>ly dawn1 9 ord] to h ! increas+ daylight = secur+ ! results ( victory2 m rec5tly night attacks h be5 m /rongly advocat$ 9 ord] to dim9i% ! losses f ! fire ( ! def5ce :ile mak+ ! attack1 & ! /ill great] ones :i* foll[ a repulse :51 ! fire ( ! supports & res]ves ( ! attack be+ susp5d$ = fe> ( injur+ ! retreat+ troops1 ! def5ce p\rs ^u ! latt] ! full close & deadly fire ( all its arms4 ,:e!r ! advantages ( a night attack m ?an c\nt]balance ! dang]s result+ f ! confusion due to d>kness is1 h[ev]1 a "q n yet settl$4 ,op5 assaults ^u =tifi$ positions1 well mann$ & arm$1 h1 s9ce ! introduction ( fire>ms1 be5 consid]$ ! mo/ bloody1 unc]ta91 & frequ5tly ! mo/ unju/ifiable op]ations 9 w>4 ,) ! introduction ( ma*9e & rapid-fire guns & magaz9e rifles x may be consid]$ z an e/abli%$ fact t a well-def5d$ l9e _c be c>ri$ by an assault 9 front until its fire is ov]p[]$ or its ammunition exhau/$4 ,?is conclusion1 :i* has be5 drawn f attacks on field-works1 is /ill m positive 9 reg>d to attack ^u works ( /rong pr(ile protect$ by deep dit*es & o!r ob/acles4 ,,dispositions ,,= ,,an ,,assault4 #e4 ,:5 an assault is ord]$ ! tactical dispositions mu/ be s made z to keep ! fire ( ! def5ce d[n to its l[e/ possible limit1 until ! assailant c close 9 ) ! bayonet4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 batt]ies are e/abli%$ sweep+ ! l9es2 ! assault+ columns1 well suppli$ ) ammunition1 are =m$ :]e protect$ f fire2 work+ p>ties are arrang$ & provid$ ) su* tools & appliances z are necess>y = remov+ or ov]com+ ob/acles2 & all prep>ations are made = simultane\s action by ! entire =ce4 ,x is manife/ t to sil5ce ! fire ( ! "w ! attack mu/ h a m>k$ prepond]ance ( artill]y arrang$ bo? = enfilade & front fire ^u ! front ( attack & ! collat]al works2 & t ! batt]ies mu/ be e/abli%$1 ! fire op5$1 & ! guns ( ! def5ce sil5c$ be=e ! assault is made2 & t ?is fire mu/ cont9ue until ! assault+ troops are s ne> ! "w z to necessitate its discont9uance to avoid injury to !m4 ,! work+ p>ties--c>ry+ axes1 saws1 cr[b>s1 & simil> tools :i* are ne$$ = remov+ ! exi/+ ob/acles2 explosives = bl[+ d[n gates1 b>ri]s1 etc42 fasc9es1 gabions1 hurdles1 etc41 = cross+ dit*es1 cov]+ tr\s de l\p1 & o!r purposes2 &1 :5 necess>y1 ladd]s = escalade--move =w>d ) ! columns ( attack2 ! latt] mu/ be s h&l$ t1 :5 ! artill]y fire is susp5d$1 !y c keep d[n ! fire ( ! def5ce ) rifle & light ma*9e-gun fire4 ,"u cov] ( ?is fire ! ob/acles mu/ be remov$ by ! work+ p>ties1 & ! fir/ assault made by ! troops detail$ = ?is purpose4 ,) ^! troops %\ld be a c]ta9 numb] ( artill]i/s provid$ ) lany>ds1 friction prim]s1 etc41 to s]ve any guns t may be captur$1 turn+ !m aga9/ ! def5ce4 ,a p>ty ( eng9e]s provid$ ) high explosives = bl[+ d[n gates1 etc41 %\ld foll[ closely beh9d ! advance 9 case ( an escalade2 !y %\ld also be provid$ ) appliances = bl[+ up magaz9es1 etc41 :5 possible1 9 case ( a repulse4 ,! gates be+ captur$ & op5$1 ! mass ( ! assault+ troops ent] by !m & complete ! capture ( ! place4 ,9 case ( repulse ! retreat ( ! advanc$ p>ties is cov]$1 :5 possible1 by ! infantry fire ( ! res]ves1 & t ( ! latt] by ! artill]y1 z 9 ! advance4 ,,def5ce ,,aga9/ ,,an ,,assault4 #f4 ,p]man5t works be+ design$ to be secure aga9/ assaults & surprise1 _! guns ( position are protect$ z well z circum/ances admit aga9/ ! ho/ile artill]y & infantry fire4 ,dur+ ! cannonade prelim9>y to an assault a wise discretion mu/ be us$ z to h[ mu* ammunition may be pr(itably exp5d$ 9 reply+ to x1 & h[ great an exposure ( ! m5 to ! artill]y fire is ju/ifiable4 ,z a rule b little reply is made f ! "w4 ,! ma*9e & rapid-fire guns %\ld be )drawn f ! p>apets & be protect$ "u bomb-pro(s until ! relaxation ( ! ho/ile fire due to ! ne> approa* ( ! assault all[s !m to be run out & to op5 fire4 ,! infantry ( ! g>rison is simil>ly h&l$1 be+ held "u cov] until ! prop] mom5t1 !n mann+ ! p>apet & p\r+ a close1 rapid1 & deadly fire ^u ! assault4 ,! fire ( ! fronts directly attack$1 bo? ma*9e-gun & infantry1 w be direct$ pr9cipally at ! assault+ columns & work+ p>ties1 ! collat]al works & fronts w1 9 addition to p\r+ a cross-fire ^u ! assault+ columns1 direct a l>ge "p ( _! ma*9e-gun fire ^u ! supports & res]ves1 :ile ! m p[]ful guns w g5]ally direct _! fire ^u ! ho/ile artill]y4 ,! troops n ne$$ = mann+ ! p>apets are held "u cov] 9 a c5tral position z a res]ve1 to /r5g!n ! =ce at any "p ( ! p>apet or to meet & drive out any body ( ! enemy p5etrat+ ! "w4 ,%\ld ! attack be repuls$1 ! mo/ rapid & de/ructive fire f all arms is direct$ ^u ! retreat+ troops ) a view to inflict+ ! greate/ possible losses2 b a c\nt]-attack is1 z a rule1 n attempt$4 ,:5 made1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be limit$ to mak+ an advance ^u "o or bo? flanks to a position giv+ a m effective fire ^u ! retreat+ troops1 & retir+ f ?is position to ! cov] ( ! "w z soon z ! ma9 attack is completely repuls$ & be=e ! advanc$ troops become compromis$ by a close engagem5t ) ! enemy4 ,,bomb>dm5t4 #g4 ,by a bomb>dm5t1 te*nically speak+1 is meant a m or less cont9u\s %ell-fire ^u a place ) a view to de/roy+ magaz9es1 build+s1 mat]ials1 & supplies ( all k9ds1 9 addition to inflict+ ! greate/ possible losses ^u ! g>rison & produc+ among ! inhabitants a /ate ( t]ror & unre/1 frequ5tly ext5d+ to mut9y1 & f9ally caus+ ! surr5d] ( ! place4 ,! t]m bomb>dm5t is also frequ5tly appli$ to a cannonade op5$ ^u a place to sil5ce its artill]y prior to an assault or dur+ a siege4 ,a bomb>dm5t promises success :5 ! place is small & n well provid$ ) bomb-pro(s1 :5 ! g>rison is weak or ( bad morale1 :5 ! inhabitants are num]\s & n 9 sympa?y ) ! g>rison1 or :5 ! comm&ant is weak4 ,a well-built & well-equipp$ mod]n =t c h>dly be r$uc$ by bomb>dm5t ) any reasonable exp5diture ( "t & ammunition2 al?\gh ! successful use ( torp$o-%ells *>g$ ) high explosives w probably r5d] unt5able works n design$ to resi/ _! effects4 ,:5 x is design$ to r$uce a place by bomb>dm5t a complete inve/m5t is1 z a rule1 necess>y only to prev5t ! )drawal ( ! non-combatants 7a sev]e measure1 b "o frequ5tly adopt$71 or to insure ! capture ( ! g>rison ^u ! fall ( ! place4 ,! disposition ( ! troops is made = ! special object 9 view4 ,! infantry1 cavalry1 & field artill]y complete ! inve/m5t1 if made2 or1 :5 ! place is n inve/$1 are conc5trat$ at su* po9ts z may be necess>y to protect ! artill]y f any sorties f ! place1 & to meet & repel attacks f any reliev+ =ce4 ,! artill]y ( l>g] calibre us$ = ! bomb>dm5t prop] %\ld consi/ pr9cipally ( rifl$ h[itz]s & mort>s1 :i* are easi] to transport & m suitable = high-angle fire4 ,z x is n int5d$ to dism\nt or sil5ce ! guns ( ! place by direct or enfilade fire1 an artill]y duel %\ld be avoid$4 ,! batt]ies %\ld be locat$1 s f> z possible1 9 places scre5$ f ! artill]y ( ! def5ce by undulations ( ! gr\nd1 etc42 or1 if ?is is impossible1 by artificial scre5s z a cov] f sight1 & by tr5*es z a protection f fire4 ,consid]able latitude is all[$ 9 select+ sites = batt]ies4 ,= conv5i5ce ( supply & unity ( comm& !y %\ld be collect$ 9 gr\ps1 ! batt]ies ( ! gr\ps sep>at$ by at lea/ #ajj to #bjj y>ds2 & ! gr\ps %\ld be locat$1 s f> z o!r consid]ations all[1 ne> ! ma9 l9es ( communication4 ,if ^! gr\ps d n entirely surr\nd ! place1 !y %\ld1 :5 practicable1 ext5d at lea/ half way ar\nd1 s z to br+ a rev]se fire on all cov]s4 ,! fire1 once op5$1 %\ld cont9ue night & day4 ,if a conflagration breaks out1 a %>p fire ( %ells %\ld be direct$ ^u x & its vic9ity to prev5t its ext9ction4 ,special ef=ts %\ld be made to bl[ up magaz9es & de/roy %ops1 /oreh\ses1 docks1 roads1 bridges1 or o!r communications useful to ! def5ce2 b1 s f> z is practicable consi/5tly ) ^!1 an attempt %\ld be made to avoid injury to public monum5ts1 museums1 antiquities1 & works ( art4 ,bomb>dm5ts are sometimes comm5c$ & cont9u$ = a long] or %ort] "t )\t ! expectation ( r$uc+ ! place1 b to de/roy "s ( ! con/ructions above m5tion$ or to prev5t ! completion or arm+ ( a "w :i* x is int5d$ to attack by o!r me?ods4 ,a sl[ bomb>dm5t may also prec$e ! active cannonade :i* prep>es = an assault1 or ! sy/ematic artill]y attack ( a regul> siege4 ,,def5ce ,,aga9/ ,,bomb>dm5t4 #h4 ,! def5ce aga9/ bomb>dm5t is frequ5tly1 f necessity1 /rictly passive1 & consi/s 9 s dispos+ ! troops & mat]ials z to protect !m "u bomb- & spl9t]-pro(s1 repair+ damages to ! latt] & to magaz9es & p>apets z occasion (f]s2 sav+ ! ammunition ( ! place by fir+ only su* %ots z promise to pay = !mselves by ! effect produc$2 & res]v+ all ! /r5g? ( ! place to meet ! subsequ5t attack1 if made4 ,:5 circum/ances admit1 a m active def5ce may be made1 by a /rong g>rison1 by well-conduct$ sorties :i* may capture & de/roy ! ho/ile guns & batt]ies & defeat & drive (f _! supports4 ,sorties ( ?is k9d may sometimes be pr(itably made aga9/ ! flanks ( ! attack+ =ce1 or aga9/ isolat$ batt]ies1 ev5 :5 a g5]al attack _c be made4 ,opportunities = _! use %\ld n be neglect$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,siege ,,or ,,attack ,,by ,,regul> ,,approa*es4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations1 ,,def9itions1 ,,etc4 #i4 ,by a regul> siege is meant a sy/ematic & m or less delib]ate attack ^u a =tifi$ place1 9 :i* ! besieg] aims to inve/ ! place & capture its =tifications 9 succession by regul> approa*es1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ advanc$ & end+ only ) ! r$uction ( ! inn]mo/ keep & ! surr5d] ( ! g>rison4 ,! successive /eps ( a siege are usually ! foll[+3 ,! inve/m5t4 ,! artill]y attack4 ,! con/ruction ( p>allels & approa*es4 ,brea*+ by artill]y or m9es4 ,! f9al assault4 ,! introduction ( mod]n bree*-load+ rifl$ guns1 h[itz]s & mort>s1 rapid-fire & ma*9e guns1 & magaz9e small arms has br\ght ) x ! ne$ ( a high] grade ( me*anical skill & improv$ ma*9]y = mak+ ! ord9>y repairs4 ,?is imposes ^u bo? attack & def5ce ! necessity = provid+ ma*9e %ops & tools fitt$ = "w ( ?is k9d1 ) ! /eam p[] requir$ to drive !m4 ,9 connection ) ^!1 /eam sawmills & o!r simple wood-work+ ma*9es %\ld be provid$1 z well z all o!r available labor-sav+ appliances :i* c be us$ to light5 ! labor ( ! troops4 ,portable tools1 su* z picks1 %ovels1 cr[b>s1 ramm]s1 axes1 hat*ets1 bill-hooks1 gabion-knives1 hamm]s1 saws1 c>p5t]s'1 jo9]s' & blacksmi?s' tools1 etc41 etc41 mu/ be provid$4 #aj4 ,! pr9cipal special tools & appliances us$ are ! foll[+1 viz43 sap-=ks1 s&-bag =ks1 scrap]s1 sap-%ields1 measur+-rods ( v>i\s l5g?s1 pocket compasses ) atta*m5ts = fa/5+ !m to measur+-rods1 trac+-lant]ns1 d>k & ord9>y lant]ns1 trac+ tape or cord1 trac+ pickets or /akes1 fasc9es1 gabions1 hurdles1 s&-bags1 bl9dage & gall]y frames & %eet+1 etc41 etc4 ,! sap-=k & s&-bag =k 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #a & #b71 ab\t #d & #d feet long1 respectively1 h /eel heads ) ?ree & f\r prongs1 z %[n 9 ! figures1 ^? ( ! sap-=k be+ %>p & ^? ( ! s&-bag =k blunt4 ,!y are us$ = h&l+ & plac+ gabions1 fasc9es1 & s&-bags 9 position :51 )\t _! use1 ! sapp]s' arms w\ld be expos$ to fire4 ,! scrap] 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #c7 is a l>ge hoe1 ( ab\t ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! figure1 us$ = levell+ (f ! surface ( p>apets1 etc4 ,! sap-%ield1 introduc$ by ! ,engli% 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #d & #f71 is a flat plate ( mild /eel #c feet #f in*es by #a foot #i in*es in*1 ) two h&les on its back z %[n4 ,total weight1 ab\t #hj lbs4 ,x may be us$ z %[n 9 ! figure1 & sometimes by small p>ties z a body-%ield 9 su* op]ations z bl[+ 9 gates1 etc41 etc4 ,measur+-rods ( rectangul> cross-section1 /raight & divid$ into feet & in*es1 are ne$$ = special purposes2 b ! ord9>y rods are cut f r\nd bru% wood & to ! l5g? requir$4 ,trac+-tape is usually a :ite tape1 ab\t #a in*es wide1 9 l5g?s ( #aej feet1 m>k$ at equal int]vals1 usually #e feet1 by %ort pieces ( tape sew$ to x4 ,a loop ( /rong cord is fa/5$ to ea* end4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 use x is ord9>ily roll$ into a ball4 ,trac+-pickets are ab\t #ah in*es long & "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,to make !m visible 9 a dim light ! b>k is remov$ f !m4 ,ord9>y pickets are usually #c or #d feet long1 #a to #a in*es 9 diamet]1 %>p5$ to a triangul> po9t4 ,! trac+-lant]n 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #e7 is a d>k lant]n ) a reflector arrang$ to ?r[ a light v]tically d[nw>d4 ,! o!r tools1 mat]ials1 & appliances above m5tion$1 n ( ! ord9>y comm]cial patt]ns1 are describ$ 9 ,field ,=tifications & ,milit>y ,m9+1 q4v4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,tr5*es1 ,,approa*es1 ,,p>allels1 ,,saps1 ,,spl9t] ,,pro(s1 ,,& ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,dit*4 #aa4 ,tr5*es4--,a milit>y tr5* consi/s ( a dit* & embankm5t af=d+ cov] f direct fire4 ,tr5*es are us$ = approa*es 7or boyaux71 p>allels1 & communications ) magaz9es1 etc4 #ab4 ,p>allels are tr5*es :i* take _! "n f ! fact t !y usually are locat$ on l9es approximately p>allel to ! g5]al front ( attack4 ,9 a regul> siege at lea/ ?ree & frequ5tly a great] numb] ( p>allels are us$4 ,! ext]ior "o1 :i* is fir/ made1 is kn[n z ! fir/ p>allel1 ! next "o z ! second p>allel1 & s on4 ,!y are us$ to cov] ! "p ( ! besieg+ =ce kn[n z 8! gu>d ( ! tr5*es10 :i* protects ! m5 mak+ ! approa*es1 etc41 & also z 8places ( arms0 = assembl+ troops = assault or = o!r purposes4 ,! tr5* ( a p>allel is usually #aj feet wide at ! bottom & #d feet deep1 f9i%$ on ! rev]se ) a slope & on ! front ) two /eps & a b]m1 ) treads ( #ah in*es & rises ( #ae-ah in*es 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #g to #ac74 ,! p>apet ( ! p>allel %\ld n be high] ?an #d feet #f in*es4 ,its upp] surface1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! second & ?ird p>allels1 %\ld be made approximately pla9 ) a scrap]1 & its int]ior slope %\ld be f9i%$ & if necess>y revett$1 s z to af=d a good infantry-fire4 ,to all[ ! troops to move out to ! front 9 l9e1 portions ( ! int]ior slope %\ld be cut into /eps ( n m ?an ab\t #ah in*es rise1 & be revett$ ) fasc9es or o!r mat]ials 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac74 ,^! portions %\ld be #be or m y>ds long & ne> ! approa*es4 ,if a g5]al assault is to be made1 ! p>allels mu/ be simil>ly arrang$ = ! necess>y l5g? ( front4 #ac4 ,approa*es are tr5*es lead+ up t[>d ! =tification on ! front ( attack2 !y connect ! p>allels & give protection to ! besieg]s 9 mov+ back & =?4 ,to avoid enfilad+ fire !y usually run 9 zigzags 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,figs4 #hj & #ha7 across ! capitals ( ! "w1 ) bran*es seldom exce$+ #ajj y>ds 9 l5g? at ! fir/ p>allel1 & gr[+ cont9ually %ort] z !y approa* ! "w4 ,ea* bran* is s direct$ t its prolongation w pass f #cj to #dj y>ds outside ! mo/ advanc$ position )9 effective range held by ! def5ce4 ,at ea* turn+-po9t ( ! zigzag ! m advanc$ bran* is prolong$ f #aj to #bj or m y>ds to ! re>1 to cov] ! angle ( ! approa*4 ,^! returns are also useful = /or+ tr5* mat]ial1 etc4 ,aft] ! return is complet$ ! %>p angle 9 ! tr5* is r\nd$ (f to all[ gun-c>riages1 etc41 to make ! turn4 ,approa*es are usually #d feet deep1 #i to #ab feet wide at bottom1 ) slopes 9 front & re> z /eep z ! e>? w /&1 & h a r\gh p>apet n less ?an #d feet high1 sep>at$ f ! tr5* by a b]m ( #ah in*es1 or m if necess>y 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #hb74 ,:5 dra9age requires x1 z x v frequ5tly does1 ! bottom ( ! tr5* is slop$ f front to re> ab\t #f in*es2 a dit* cut along ! rev]se slope1 dis*>g+ into ! dra9age dit*es ( ! vic9ity1 or into dra9age pits excavat$ 9 re> ( & outside ! approa*es4 ,^! may be l9$ ) a gabion to prev5t _! sides fall+ 94 ,,trac+ ,,& ,,con/ruct+ ,,p>allels ,,& ,,approa*es4 #ad4 ,trac+ ,p>allels4--,p>allels are locat$ by eng9e] (fic]s aft] c>eful reconnoissance ( ! gr\nd4 ,guid+ po9ts & l9es are m>k$ s z to be readily f\nd 9 ! dusk1 b s t !y _c be se5 by ! def5ce4 ,:5 completely scre5$ f view important po9ts are m>k$ by po/+ sapp]s at !m4 ,:5 no o!r practicable me?od c be us$1 ! directions are det]m9$ by ! use ( a pocket compass fa/5$ to a /raight measur+-rod4 ,trac+ is begun z soon z ! approa*+ d>kness w conceal ! p>ties f ! def5ce1 :ile close objects are /ill visible4 ,! l5g? ( p>allel trac$ by ea* (fic] %\ld n exce$ t occupi$ by "o unit1 usually a battalion1 z a work+ p>ty4 7,a battalion ( #ejj m5 w occupy #hjj y>ds74 ,! trac+ p>ty consi/s ( "o (fic]1 "o ,n4 ,c4 (fic]1 & "o sapp] to ea* #ej y>ds ( p>allel1 ) "o or two extra m54 ,! (fic] is provid$ ) a pocket compass & measur+-rod4 ,! ,n4 ,c4 (fic] has a trac+-lant]n & a mallet ) muffl$ head4 ,ea* sapp] c>ries a roll ( trac+-tape1 a trac+-picket1 & a six-foot measur+-rod4 ,! (fic] /ations ! fir/ sapp] at ! initial po9t1 &1 tak+ "o end ( 8 trac+-tape1 moves along ! l9e ( ! p>allel1 accompani$ by ! re/ ( ! sapp]s2 ! fir/ sapp] places 8 picket betwe5 8 feet1 & ! ,n4 ,c4 (fic] drives x into ! gr\nd f> en\gh to make x secure4 ,! sapp] drops ! ball ( tape on ! gr\nd & lets x run out ?r\gh 8 h&s until ne>ly out1 :5 he *ecks x1 & :5 x is all out places ! loop ov] 8 picket & lies d[n to await ! arrival ( ! work+ p>ty4 ,! ,n4 ,c4 (fic]1 z soon z he has driv5 ! fir/ picket1 foll[s on to ! second1 etc4 ,! (fic]1 hav+ run out ! tape ( ! fir/ sapp]1 halts ! second1 takes ! end ( 8 tape1 & proce$s z be=e until ! p>allel is trac$1 & a sapp] is left at ea* #ej y>ds ( its l5g?4 ,ea* sapp] is told ! designation1 by numb] & section1 ( ! po9t he occupies4 #ae4 ,trac+ ,approa*es4--,! approa*es are trac$ 9 ! same mann] z ! p>allels1 b at ea* turn+ po9t ( ! zigzags a picket is driv51 ar\nd :i* ! tape is c>ri$4 ,aft] trac+ ! bran* 9 front1 ! tape is cut at five y>ds 9 re> ( ! picket1 & ! end c>ri$ out to ! re> 9 prolongation ( ! bran* 9 front to indicate 8! return10 :i* is !n prolong$ to ! prop] l5g? 7f #aj to #bj y>ds7 by a %ort piece ( trac+-tape4 ,,po/+ ,,! ,,work+ ,,p>ties4 #af4 ,! work+ p>ties are comm&$ by _! own (fic]s1 "u ! guidance ( ! eng9e]s4 ,!y c>ry _! arms & ammunition4 ,ea* battalion 7or o!r unit7 is m>*$ 9 column to ! depots1 :]e ! tools are laid out 9 l9es1 s t ea* man c take up 8 pick & %ovel :5 drawn up 9 front ( !m4 ,b :5 "t does n all[ ( ?is arrangem5t1 !y are pil$1 ! picks 9 "o pile1 ! %ovels 9 ano!r1 & ! m5 pass ! piles 9 s+le file to ! "r ( ! picks & ! left ( ! %ovels1 ea* man receiv+ a pick & %ovel z he passes ! pile4 ,if gabions are to be c>ri$1 !y are di/ribut$ 9 a simil> way4 ,:5 two are c>ri$1 ! %ovel is secur$ inside "o & ! pick inside ! o!r1 & ! gabions are !n c>ri$ by ! picket ins]t$ = t purpose4 ,:5 "o only is c>ri$1 ! pick is usually secur$ inside x1 ! gabion c>ri$ on ! %\ld]1 & ! %ovel 9 ! h&4 ,! work+ p>ty1 9 column1 provid$ ) its tools1 etc41 is !n l$ by ! eng9e] (fic] to ! p>allel1 & =ms on "r 7or left7 into l9e along x 9 s+le rank at five-foot int]vals1 beg9n+ at ! initial po9t ( ea* section4 ,! ,n4 ,c4 (fic] ( eng9e]s assi/s 9 ?is =mation1 & ea* sapp] po9ts out to ! m5 ( ! work+ p>ty ! five-foot int]vals m>k$ ^u ! trac+-tape ( 8 #ej y>ds1 v]ifies _! positions along x1 & subsequ5tly sup]9t5ds _! "w4 ,ea* man :5 prop]ly plac$ drives 8 pick into ! gr\nd at ! left ( 8 task1 places 8 %ovel beside x1 & lies d[n until ! comm& 8,comm5ce "w0 is giv54 ,:5 gabions are us$ ! work+ p>ty is po/$ 9 a mann] entirely simil>1 except t ! column is ( necessity =m$ 9 s+le rank :5 m>*+ to ! initial po9t4 ,! m5 =m on "r 7or left7 into l9e & place _! gabions 9 front ( ! tape & t\*+ ea* o!r2 ea* man !n takes out 8 tools1 places !m beh9d ! gabions1 lies d[n1 & awaits ! comm& to comm5ce "w4 ,! sapp] sees t ! gabions ( 8 #ej y>ds are prop]ly align$ & t\* ea* o!r ?r\gh\t4 ,bo? ! sapp]s & work+ p>ties are divid$ into reliefs1 usually ( eight h\rs4 ,! sapp]s ( ! trac+ p>ties sup]9t5d ! "w ( ! fir/ relief ( ! work+ p>ty1 b are reliev$ long en\gh be=e !m 7 h\r to #a h\r7 = ! second relief to become acqua9t$ ) ! details ( its sections be=e ! second relief ( ! work+ p>ty arrives4 ,a simil> arrangem5t is made = ! ?ird relief4 ,,execution ,,( ,,p>allels ,,& ,,approa*es4 #ag4 ,simple ,tr5*4--,a tr5* made by excavat+ ! e>? & =m+ a p>apet )\t revetm5t ( any k9d is kn[n z a 8simple tr5*10 or z 8simple tr5*-"w40 ,fly+ sap or fly+ tr5*-"w4--,:51 9 ord] to obta9 cov] m quickly1 gabions are us$ to hold ! e>? fir/ excavat$1 & subsequ5tly to s]ve z a revetm5t to ! int]ior slope ( ! p>apet1 ! tr5* is kn[n z a 8fly+ sap0 or 8fly+ tr5*-"w40 #ah4 ,con/ruction by ,simple ,tr5*4--,! fir/ p>allel & ! di/ant approa*es are usually con/ruct$ by ! use ( ! simple tr5*1 z foll[s1 viz4 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #i & #aj73 ,! m5 hav+ be5 po/$ along ! trac+-tape at five-foot int]vals1 z previ\sly describ$1 & _! positions v]ifi$ by ! eng9e] (fic]s1 ! comm& 8,comm5ce "w0 is giv54 ,ea* man m>ks ! left & front ( 8 task by a l9e dug ) 8 pick1 &1 comm5c+ at ! left ( 8 task1 at once excavates a tr5* #c feet long1 #a feet deep1 & #f feet wide1 ?r[+ ! e>? to ! front1 & mak+ a p>apet #a feet high1 leav+ a b]m ( #a feet4 ,!n1 comm5c+ at #a feet f ! front ( 8 tr5*1 he deep5s x to #d feet1 mak+ ! p>apet #c feet high4 ,:5 ! task ( a p>ty is f9i%$ ea* man cleans (f 8 pick & %ovel1 places !m at ! re> ( ! tr5*1 & leaves !m !re = ! use ( ! second relief4 ,by excavat+ 9 ?is way1 p>tial cov] :ile at "w & a def5sible p>apet are rapidly obta9$1 &1 at ! completion ( ! task1 ! p>apet admits ( a /rong def5ce1 & af=ds cov] suffici5t to all[ ! fir/ relief to be )drawn & ! second to be po/$ )\t exposure4 ,special c>e mu/ be tak5 dur+ ! "w to make ! m5 face t[>d ! p>apet :ile digg+1 9 ord] to avoid /rik+ _! neighbors ) ! pick :5 rais+ x = a bl[4 ,! second relief wid5s ! tr5* #d feet2 =ms a bottom /ep #ah in*es wide ) su* mat]ials z are available2 height5s ! p>apet to #d feet1 & ?r[s ! re/ ( ! e>? to ! front to ?ick5 x 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #h74 ,! ?ird relief wid5s ! tr5* #b feet at ! bottom & slopes (f ! rev]se z /eep z ! e>? w /&4 ,! e>? is us$ to ?ick5 ! p>apet1 additional %ovels & %ovell]s be+ provid$ if f\nd necess>y4 ,! approa*es 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #hb7 are ext5d$ 9 a simil> mann]2 ! tasks ( ! reliefs are m>k$ on ! sections4 ,v>iations f ^! sections are made :5 r5d]$ necess>y by ! pres5ce ( rock or wat] 9 ! soil 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #aa72 :5 a wid] tr5* is requir$ = a tramway or = free communication2 or1 9 special cases1 :5 a n>r[] tr5* w answ] ! purpose & save "w4 ,%\ld a specially heavy fire make additional cov] necess>y1 x may be obta9$ by deep5+ ! dit* & ?ick5+ ! p>apet1 leav+ its cre/ at ! same height4 ,! sections above giv5 h be5 f\nd be/ = ord9>y cases4 #ai4 ,con/ruction by ,fly+ ,sap4--,! con/ruction ( ! fir/ p>allel hav+ indicat$ to ! def5ce ! front ( attack1 fur!r op]ations w usually be subject to a m de/ructive small-arm & ma*9e-gun fire4 ,?is w1 z ! siege advances1 r5d] ! losses exp]i5c$ 9 con/ruct+ a simple tr5* too extravagant1 & a quick] me?od ( obta9+ cov] mu/ be us$4 ,?is me?od is f\nd 9 ! fly+ sap 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #h & #ac71 :i* is execut$ z foll[s1 viz43 ,! m5 are po/$ & ! gabions plac$ z previ\sly describ$4 ,! eng9e] (fic] hav+ m>k$ ! l9es1 ! ord] 8,comm5ce "w0 is giv54 ,ea* man m>ks ) 8 pick ! front & left ( 8 task 7:i* 9 ?is case is #d #f feet1 leav+ a b]m ( #a feet71 & proce$s at once to dig on its left1 fill+ fir/ ! left gabion1 next ! "r1 & !n ?r[+ ! e>? ov] & 9 front ( ! gabions4 ,ea* gabion1 :5 x is half fill$1 is tipp$ outw>d until x has a slope ( ab\t #d on #a4 ,! fill+ is !n complet$4 ,z ea* man ( ! fir/ relief occupies only #d feet ( front 7#b gabions71 8 task is f\r-fif?s z great z x is 9 execut+ ! simple tr5*4 ,! second & ?ird reliefs h ! same tasks z 9 ! simple tr5*4 ,:5 ! fir/ relief f9i%es its task1 e fif? workman 7indicat$ by ! sapp] ( ! section7 reta9s 8 pick & %ovel & returns !m to ! depot :5 he m>*es pa/ x4 ,! o!rs leave _! tools = ! use ( ! second & ?ird reliefs4 ,9 good soil ! gabions may be fill$ 9 f #g to #ae m9utes4 ,! ,engli% sap-%ield is design$ = use :5 ! fire is s sev]e t ! fly+ sap ) gabions becomes impracticable4 ,ow+ to its weight 7#hj lbs47 a man c c>ry b "o2 h5ce a c>ry+ p>ty equal to ! work+ p>ty assi/s 9 plac+ ! %ields & !n retires4 ,?is gives to ea* workman a task ( #c #f feet4 ,! %ields are plac$ z %[n 9 ,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #f2 ! tr5* is execut$ z previ\sly describ$1 ! e>? be+ ?r[n ov] & beyond ! %ield4 ,! %ields are remov$ aft] ! task ( ! fir/ relief is f9i%$4 ,! sap-%ield is design$ to be us$ 9 special cases = cov]+ ! head ( a full sap 7describ$ fur!r on71 9 :i* case x is plac$ z %[n on ,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #d2 & also z a body cov] = a man mov+ = a %ort di/ance 9 ! face ( a heavy fire1 z is necess>y at times 9 sapp+ & m9+ op]ations4 ,x has n yet /ood ! te/ ( s]vice 9 a siege4 ,,spl9t]-,,pro( ,,cov]4 #bj4 ,spl9t]-pro(s = ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es1 = field-hospitals1 latr9es1 etc41 %\ld be provid$ z soon z possible aft] ! p>allels are f9i%$4 ,!y may be plac$ 9 ! returns ( ! approa*es1 or 9 re> ( ! p>allels1 & be connect$ ) !m by tr5*es4 ,pl4 ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ad-af1 %[ _! con/ruction :5 9 re> ( ! p>allel & revett$ ) logs1 fasc9es1 or sawn lumb]4 ,! tr5* is #i feet wide by #d feet deep4 ,its front edge %\ld be #be or #cj feet 9 re> ( ! rev]se slope ( ! p>allel4 ,?is wid? ( tr5* w all[ #b to #d m5 p] y>d ( its l5g? to "w advantage\sly4 ,!y %\ld f9i% x 9 #h h\rs4 ,9 digg+ ! tr5* ! e>? is ?r[n out on bo? sides1 leav+ a b]m ( ab\t #a feet on ea* side to all[ ! woodwork to be prop]ly plac$4 ,:5 ?is is complet$ ! e>? 9 re> is ?r[n =w>d to complete ! cov]1 z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,/eps = egress & op5+s = light & v5tilation may be plac$ at int]vals along ! re>1 &1 :5 desirable1 bunks may be built1 z %[n 9 ! figures4 ,:5 ! spl9t]-pro(s are built 9 ! returns ( ! approa*es1 ! ov]head cov] may ext5d entirely across1 /eps & op5+s be+ provid$ z 9 ! previ\s case2 or po/s & longitud9al beams may be set 9 ! tr5* to hold up ! re> end ( ! cross-beams1 leav+ ! re> ( ! spl9t]-pro( op54 ,portions ( ?is may be clos$1 if desir$1 by lean+ %ort po/s or fasc9es aga9/ ! longitud9al beam & bank+ e>? aga9/ !m4 ,! spl9t]-pro(s may g5]ally be dra9$ into ! p>allels or approa*es4 ,:5 ?is _c be done dra9age-pits mu/ be us$4 ,limit$ portions ( ! spl9t]-pro(s may be protect$ aga9/ leakage ?r\gh ! e>? cov] by fir/ fill+ ov] ! cov]+ beams ) e>?1 pack+ x to a smoo? surface ) a g5tle slope1 plac+ ^u x raw hides1 ro(+ felt or o!r wat]pro( mat]ial1 & !n complet+ ! cov] by add+ ! necess>y ?ickness ( e>?1 giv+ f9ally to its top surface a slope to c>ry (f ! ra94 ,,bomb-,,pro(s4 #ba4 ,:51 9 ! close attack ( ! "w1 ! besieg]s are subject to v]tical fire f small mort>s1 bett] ov]head cov] mu/ be obta9$ by bomb-pro(s1 con/ruct$ by deep5+ ! tr5*1 us+ /rong] beams1 & a great] ?ickness ( e>?4 ,twelve-in* timb]s laid t\*+ ea* o!r1 ) spans ( #e feet & #e feet ( e>? cov]1 h be5 consid]$ suffici5t2 b ) ! improvem5t ( high-angle fire & ! use ( high-explosive %ells great] protection w be ne$$ 9 ! future4 ,exp]im5tal data = fix+ ! am\nt is n n[ available2 an approximate ?ickness ( e>? cov] may be comput$ z indicat$ bel[4 ,! m9+ effect ( dynamite 9 common e>? is some?+ less ?an twice t ( an equal weight ( gunp[d]4 7,see ,milit>y ,m9+1 ,arts4 #ac & #ad47 ,an explosive enclos$ 9 a /rong case1 h[ev]1 exp5ds a "p ( ! en]gy due to explosion 9 ruptur+ ?is case4 ,! /rong] ! explosive ! less w be ! p]c5tage ( ! total en]gy requir$ = break+ ! case1 & ! great] ! p]c5tage rema9+ = p]=m+ o!r "w4 ,= ?is reason equal weights ( high explosives & ( gunp[d] enclos$ 9 /rong %ells w n produce ! same relative effects 9 =m+ crat]s1 c41 t !y w\ld if conta9$ 9 pap] cases4 ,! effect ( ! high explosive is relatively mu* great] :5 conta9$ 9 a /rong %ell4 ,exp]im5ts made at ,=t ,hamilton1 #ahij-ia1 ) #h-;in* %ells load$ ) explosive gelat9e1 %[$ ?is explosive to h betwe5 #d & #e times ! effect ( gunp[d]1 :ile 9 pap] cases ! relative effects 7 z #a4g to #a4j4 7,see ,report ( ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification1 ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #ab1 #eb;d ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 ,janu>y #e?1 #ahib47 ,s9ce ! m9+ effects ( ! *>ges conta9$ 9 %ells are1 h[ev]1 less ?an :5 pack$ 9 ?9 cases1 ! ?ickness ( cov] det]m9$ by ! use ( ! usual m9+ =mulas %\ld err on ! side ( safety4 ,kn[+ ! *>ge conta9$ 9 %ells to be fir$ aga9/ a bomb-pro(1 & _! probable p5etration1 ! =mulas giv5 9 ,arts4 #g to #ab1 ,milit>y ,m9+1 may be us$ = f9d+ equival5t common m9es & radii ( rupture = dynamite & explosive gelat9e by sub/itut+ 9 !m #a_/ag = #a_/aj4 ,! values giv5 9 ,art4 #aa w probably be suffici5tly accurate = ! radii ( rupture4 ,! cov] giv5 9 ! direction ( ! fire mu/ be great] ?an ! sum ( ! p5etration & ! radius ( rupture4 ,:5 ! p5etration is equal to or great] ?an twice ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( an equival5t common m9e a cam\flet w probably be =m$1 ^: radius ( rupture1 f ! =mulas1 w be equal 9 all directions & may be assum$ z ( ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( ! equival5t common m9e4 ,9 ?is connection1 see p>4 #fa1 p4 #eh4 ,,sapp+4 #bb4 ,:5 ! tr5*es h be5 c>ri$ s ne> ! "w t ! simple or fly+ tr5* _c be us$ )\t undue loss1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! sap4 ,a sap is a n>r[ tr5* 7subsequ5tly wid5$71 :i* is cont9ually prolong$ 9 ! desir$ direction by digg+ away ! e>? at its head & ?r[+ x to ! front & expos$ flank z a cov] = ! work+ p>ty4 ,:5 ! sap is subject to an oblique front-fire1 expos+ "o flank only1 ! p>apet is con/ruct$ on t flank & at ! head4 ,?is is kn[n z a s+le or full sap4 ,:5 bo? flanks & ! head ( ! sap are expos$ to fire two full saps are driv5 p>allel & v ne> to ea* o!r1 ea* ) its p>apet on ! out] flank4 ,! tongue ( e>? left betwe5 !m is remov$ to wid5 ! n>r[ tr5*es1 ?us mak+ a s+le tr5* ) a p>apet on ea* side4 ,?is is call$ a 8d\ble sap40 ,! tr5* is sometimes deep5$ & giv5 a spl9t]-pro( ro( or cov]4 ,?is is kn[n z a 8bl9d$ sap40 ,a sap ga9+ gr\nd to ! "r & front is call$ a 8"r-h&$ sap20 its p>apet is on its left flank4 ,a 8left-h&$ sap0 has its p>apet on its "r flank4 ,to exp$ite ! "w 9 sapp+ sev]al reliefs %\ld be employ$1 & task-"w %\ld be adopt$ to induce ! m5 to "w rapidly4 ,9 all sapp+ op]ations ! use ( ! simple tr5* & fly+ sap w be resum$ :5 circum/ances admit )\t involv+ too great losses4 #bc4 ,! full sap 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ag-ba7 requires a deta*m5t1 or 8brigade10 ( #a non-commission$ (fic] & #h m51 provid$ ) ! foll[+ tools1 viz43 ,= ,no4 #a1 a m9]'s pick1 a m9]'s %ovel1 a measur+-rod1 #d' #f1 m>k$ at #c'1 & a s&-bag =k4 ,no4 #b1 a measur+-rod ( #a' #f & a %ovel4 ,no4 #c1 a pick1 a %ovel1 & a measur+-rod #e' long1 m>k$ at #d' #f4 ,no4 #d1 a %ovel & a scrap] ) a h&le #i' long4 ,= ! re/ ( ! deta*m5t1 a #f' measur+-rod1 knee-caps = #d m51 #b %ovels & #a pick 79 res]ve71 &1 :5 necess>y1 a cr[b>1 axe1 & bill-hook4 ,f #ajj to #aej s&-bags are suppli$ to ea* deta*m5t4 #bd4 ,organization & ,duties ( ! ,deta*m5t4--,! sapp]s are numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d 9 ea* rank2 ! front rank ext5ds ! sap #a y>d & is !n reliev$ by ! re> rank1 & s alt]nately4 ,! sapp]s *ange places at ea* relief2 ^? :o s]ve z ,nos4 #a & #b dur+ _! fir/ task becom+ ,nos4 #c & #d dur+ ! second1 & s on ?r\gh\t _! t\r4 ,if a deta*m5t is r$uc$ bel[ #h 9 numb] by casualties x nev]!less keeps #d m5 at "w driv+ ! sap1 & r$uces its res]ve until new m5 are suppli$4 #be4 ,driv+ ! ,sap4--,! sap is driv5 z foll[s1 viz43 ,nos4 #a & #b dig a dit* #d' #f deep1 #a' #f wide at bottom1 & #c' or m at top2 ! b]m side has a slope ( #c_/a1 & ! rev]se is v]tical1 or z ne>ly s z ! e>? w /&4 ,!y leave no b]m1 z !y ne$ all ! cov] !y c get4 ,nos4 #c & #d wid5 ?is tr5* #b feet & =m a b]m ( #a' #f by digg+ away ! foot ( ! p>apet & ?r[+ ! e>? ^u its top & ext]ior slope4 ,! head ( _! "w is kept at #i' 9 re> ( ! head ( ! sap4 ,! side p>apet made by ,nos4 #a & #b is ab\t #b' #f high & bullet-pro( 7ab\t #b' #f to #c' ?ick7 at #ah in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! head p>apet is made up ( ab\t #fj s&-bags1 f to #b fill$4 ,x jo9s ! side p>apet & ext5ds across ! head ( ! sap4 ,x is ab\t #b' #f high4 ,z ! sap is driv5 =w>d ! head p>apet is advanc$ by ?r[+ ! re> s&-bags ov] to ! front by h& or by ! use ( ! s&-bag =k4 ,9 excavat+ ! tr5* ,no4 #a kneels d[n1 und]m9es1 & digs d[n en\gh e>? to advance 8 tr5* ab\t #i in*es4 ,he is replac$ by ,no4 #b1 :o %ovels ?is e>? ^u ! side p>apet t[>d ! head ( ! sap4 ,no4 #a !n resumes 8 place & ?r[s ! s&-bags at ! head ( ! tr5* ov] ! p>apet until he has uncov]$ ab\t a foot 9 advance4 ,he uses a s&-bag =k :5 necess>y4 ,! tr5* is advanc$ #i in*es m 9 ! same mann]4 ,no4 #b1 besides ?r[+ out ! e>? dug by ,no4 #a1 trims up ! slopes & gives ! tr5* its prop] wid? & dep?4 ,nos4 #a & #b *ange places :5 !y h advanc$ ! head ( ! sap #a' #f1 & are reliev$ z be=e /at$ :5 #c feet is ga9$4 ,nos4 #c & #d "w toge!r ^u _! task4 ,9 %ovell+ ! e>? ^u ! p>apet !y ?r[ x some:at t[>d ! front & regulate its height ) ! scrap]4 ,! rate ( advance is usually f #b to #d feet p] h\r4 ,wid5+ ! ,sap4--,! sap is wid5$ by work+ p>ties1 usually ( infantry1 :o "w at ab\t1 b n less ?an1 #be feet 9 re> ( ! head ( ! sap4 ,9 an approa* _! task is equal 9 volume to t ( ! sapp]s1 & c be f9i%$ 9 "o relief4 ,9 a p>allel :5 /eps are to be provid$1 a second relief makes ! /eps1 dra9age dit*es1 dra9age pits1 etc4 ,a *ange ( direction 9 a full sap 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #bj7 is made by ,no4 #a turn+ 9 ! new direction & work+ ?r\gh ! old side p>apet2 ,no #b ?r[+ ! e>? ov] ! old head p>apet4 ,! s&-bags ( ! old are gradually remov$ & us$ = a new head p>apet1 #bj or #cj additional s&-bags be+ ready = use if ne$$ be=e ! o!rs c be safely remov$4 ,nos4 #c & #d foll[ on z be=e4 ,a return c be driv5 back :5 desir$ by ano!r deta*m5t ( sapp]s4 ,no head p>apet w be ne$$1 b ! side p>apet w be kept a little 9 advance ( ! head ( ! sap4 #bf4 ,break+ ,out a ,sap f a ,p>allel4--,! head p>apet ( a sap is ab\t #b' #f high4 ,! p>apet ( a p>allel is ab\t #d' #f high4 ,a sap ( ! usual =m driv5 ?r\gh ! p>apet ( a p>allel w expose ! latt] to fire ?r\gh ! op5+ =m$4 ,to r$uce ! dang] f ?is exposure1 ! sap is brok5 out at night1 & to cov] ! op5+ 9 ! %orte/ "t two or ?ree m5 may creep ov] ! p>apet ( ! p>allel & cov] !mselves by rapidly digg+ a hole1 f :i* !y may "w back & jo9 ! sapp]s1 :o are work+ outw>d4 ,! sap be+ driv5 obliquely to ! front1 ! tr5* wid5$1 & ! p>apet made full size 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ba71 ! op5+ w be cov]$2 or a few m5 may 9 "s cases con/ruct 9 front ( ! p>allel a %ort section ( fly+ sap1 "u cov] ( :i* ! full sap may be brok5 out 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh74 ,prelim9>y prep>ations = break+ out %\ld be made dur+ ! day1 b %\ld be s conduct$ z n to indicate ! select$ po9t to ! enemy4 #bg4 ,circul> places ( arms 7,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #hc7 may be =m$ 9 front ( a p>allel by break+ out two s+le saps f po9ts #hj to #ajj y>ds ap>t & s direct+ !m z to meet at #be or #cj y>ds 9 front ( ! p>allel4 ,!y may be us$ by ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es or z depots = tr5* mat]ial1 etc4 #bh4 ,%all[ ,sap4--,:5 ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! soil or ( rock ne> ! surface prev5ts driv+ ! full sap #d' #f deep1 a %all[ or modifi$ sap 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,figs4 #bb & #bc7 may be us$1 provid$ a tr5* #c' deep c be driv5 =w>d4 ,9 ?is case ,nos4 #a & #b mu/ bo? "w kneel+1 & ,nos4 #c & #d mu/ ?r[ ! e>? well to ! front & keep ! p>apet z high z possible1 leav+ ! con/ruction ( ! b]m to ! wid5+ p>ty1 :o w give to ! tr5* ! necess>y wid?1 & w !n obta9 e>? = /r5g!n+ ! p>apet by deep5+ ! tr5* :5 practicable & wid5+ x :5 necess>y1 mak+1 h[ev]1 no irregul>ities :i* w injure x z a communication & no depressions :i* w collect wat]4 ,?is sap advances ab\t z rapidly z ! full sap4 #bi4 ,ov]gr\nd ,approa*es4--,:5 ! wat] or rock comes to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 approa*es c1 "u favorable circum/ances1 be driv5 = %ort di/ances by c>ry+ =w>d e>? 9 s&-bags1 =m+ ) !m head & side p>apets1 & mov+ =w>d by cont9ually build+ up ! latt] & advanc+ ! =m] z be=e describ$4 ,! exp5diture ( "t1 labor1 & s&-bags is s great 9 driv+ approa*es 9 ?is way t ! m9imum height ( p>apet 7possibly #e'7 %\ld be made ) s&-bags4 ,?is may be subsequ5tly height5$ & /r5g!n$ ) e>? br\ght =w>d 9 b>r[s or h&-c>ts & ?r[n ^u ! top & ext]ior slope4 #cj4 ,d\ble ,sap4--7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bd1 #be1 & #bf74--,! d\ble sap consi/s ( two p>allel s+le saps driv5 side by side1 ! cutt+ l9es ( ! b]ms1 usually #aj feet ap>t1 mak+ ! bottom ( ! complet$ tr5* #g feet wide4 ,x is us$ :5 ! zigzags1 to avoid enfilade1 make su* a sl[ advance z to be no long] pr(itable1 i4e41 :5 ! am\nt ga9$ 9 advance does n exce$ ! l5g? driv54 ,! d\ble sap is direct$ t[>d ! "w1 & is expos$ to an enfilad+ & also to a slant fire f bo? directions4 ,x mu/ !re=e h a p>apet 9 front & on bo? flanks4 #ca4 ,execution ( ! ,d\ble ,sap4--,! d\ble sap is driv5 by two deta*m5ts1 ea* organiz$ & equipp$ exactly z = a s+le sap1 except t a great] numb] ( s&-bags %\ld be suppli$ :5 practicable4 ,! sapp]s "w z 9 driv+ a s+le sap1 ) ! foll[+ modifications only3 ,! ,nos4 #a prolong _! head p>apets until !y meet1 & 9 advanc+ _! heads ( sap leave undi/urb$ ! #d feet ( head p>apet int]v5+ betwe5 _! tr5*es1 b1 by cont9ually ?r[+ s&-bags or e>? obliquely to ! front1 keep ! head p>apet cont9u\s & ne>ly /raight4 ,?is leaves betwe5 ! tr5*es made by ! ,nos4 #a & #b ( ! two deta*m5ts a tongue ( e>? #d feet ?ick1 surm\nt$ ) a p>apet ab\t #b' or #b' #f high1 :i* s]ves z a p>ados & protects ^! sapp]s f rev]se fire4 ,nos4 #c & #d ( bo? deta*m5ts1 9 complet+ _! tasks1 remove ?is tongue & pass =w>d ! s&-bags =m+ its p>apet = use by ,nos4 #a & #b2 o!rwise ! tasks are z 9 driv+ a s+le sap4 ,:5 suffici5t s&-bags are n available ! middle "p ( ! head p>apet mu/ be made ( loose e>?1 giv+ mu* less protection to ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,?is sap1 f its me?od ( con/ruction1 is complet$ by ! sapp]s )\t ! assi/ance ( ! infantry work+ p>ties4 ,its rate ( advance is ab\t ! same z t ( ! s+le sap4 #cb4 ,*ang+ ,direction ( a ,d\ble ,sap4--,:5 a *ange ( direction is to be made ,no4 #a ( ! fir/ deta*m5t m>ks on ! b]m ! wid? ( ! top ( ! tr5* 7#aj'71 ,nos4 #a & #b ( ! :eel+ flank come ar\nd ! tongue & ! lead+ sapp]s ( ! two deta*m5ts />t _! sap-heads 9 ! new direction4 ,nos4 #c & #d ( bo? deta*m5ts remove ! tongue ( e>? & complete ! p>apets ( ! orig9al tr5* & !n foll[ up _! ,nos4 #a & #b z be=e4 #cc4 ,break+ ,out a ,d\ble ,sap f a ,p>allel4--,a d\ble sap is brok5 out by me?ods entirely simil> to ^? already describ$ = ! s+le sap 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bg & #bh74 ,! figures expla9 !mselves4 #cd4 ,trav]s$ ,sap4--,a sap may be trav]s$ to protect x aga9/ enfilade by frequ5t *anges ( direction1 g5]ally rectangul> 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 & #ca71 or by mak+ holl[ trav]ses by bl9d+ ! sap at po9ts sep>at$ by limit$ di/ances 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #cb-ce74 ,9 trav]s+ a d\ble sap by *ange ( direction1 a s+le sap is brok5 out to ! "r or left 7or "o 9 ea* direction7 & pu%$ =w>d to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,f ! flank ( ?is ! d\ble sap is aga9 brok5 out & driv5 to ! front until ano!r trav]se is requir$4 ,:5 ! saps are driv5 to bo? "r & left a d\ble sap is driv5 to ! front f ! extremity ( ea*1 & at ! next *ange ( direction ! s+le saps are driv5 t[>ds ea* o!r until !y meet1 & ! d\ble sap is driv5 9 ! prolongation ( its orig9al direction4 ,?is =ms :at is call$ a cube trav]se1 & gives additional room 9 ! communications4 ,! s+le sap is us$ 9 mak+ trav]ses1 s9ce by ?r[+ all ! e>? on "o side bett] cov] is giv54 ,:5 ! sap is s f> advanc$ t x becomes subject to a rev]se fire ! d\ble sap w h to be us$ 9 mak+ ! trav]ses4 ,l5g? ( ,trav]ses4--,trav]ses %\ld ext5d at lea/ #ab feet beyond ! tr5* 9 _! re>1 :i* w give !m a l5g? ( f #be to #cj feet on ! b]m4 ,! sali5t angles ( ! sides ( ! tr5*es %\ld be r\nd$ z mu* z practicable to all[ ! easy passage ( guns1 & ^? ( ! p>apets %\ld1 :5 necess>y to scre5 ! tr5*1 be held z ne>ly v]tical z practicable by s&-bags4 ,ramps lead+ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd may be made 9 re> ( ! trav]ses :5 ne$$4 ,= guns !y are #h' wide1 ) slope n great] ?an #a_/d4 ,! "w 9 mak+ trav]ses be+ consid]able1 !y %\ld be spac$ z f> ap>t z practicable4 ,spac+ ,trav]ses4--,9 driv+ ! sap to ! front ! l[ head p>apet ( ! sap w defilade a less l5g? 9 ! re> ?an w\ld ! f9i%$ p>apet ( ! trav]se1 :i* is f #b to #c feet high]4 ,! sap is1 nev]!less1 pu%$ =w>d to z great a l5g? z w be defilad$ by ! trav]se :5 f9i%$1 ! sapp]s mean:ile pass+ ! p>tly protect$ portion by /oop+ or creep+ :5 necess>y4 #ce4 ,trav]se by ,bl9d$ ,sap4--,9 trav]s+ a sap by bl9d+ a "p ( its l5g? 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #cb-ce7 ! sap is fir/ deep5$ #b feet ov] ?is "p2 m9e-cases1 frames simil> to m9+-frames1 or regul> bl9dage-frames 7see ,milit>y ,m9+1 ,arts4 #ec-ee7 are !n put 9 position1 ! side slopes are held up by %eet+1 :5 necess>y1 & ! top is cov]$ ) %eet+1 fasc9es1 rails1 or o!r mat]ial2 e>? is !n ?r[n ^u ! top to br+ x up to ! desir$ height = a trav]se1 :i* w usually give at lea/ #c feet ( e>? cov]+4 ,:5 a consid]able ?ickness ( e>? is to be us$ ! frames mu/ be made correspond+ly /rong4 ,= a cle> op5+1 #f feet at bottom1 #h feet at top1 & #f' #f high ! ,engli% eng9e]s recomm5d frames at #c-;foot int]vals1 ) #f-;in* squ>e po/s1 #b-;in* ?ick sills1 & #i in* #f in* caps #ab feet long4 ,! end frames %\ld be brac$ aga9/ outw>d ?ru/ by #f #f /ruts4 ,^! trav]ses are usually made at lea/ #bj feet 9 l5g?4 ,!y c be us$ only :5 good dra9age c be secur$4 #cf4 ,cr[n+ ! ,cov]$ ,way 7,pl4 ,,iv41 ,fig4 #cf74--,! trav]s$ sap is us$ = 8cr[n+ ! cov]$ way10 :i* consi/s 9 con/ruct+ a batt]y or infantry p>apet along ! cre/ ( ! cov]$ way1 f :i* a fire c be br\ght ^u ! dit* & ! sc>p-wall ( ! "w4 ,to accompli% ?is ! sap is run p>allel to ! cre/1 ) its ne>] cutt+ l9e #ah or #bj feet f x4 ,= an infantry tr5* ! trav]ses may be ( ! dim5sions already giv54 ,to cov] a batt]y !y %\ld be ab\t #cc' long4 ,x w g5]ally be necess>y to use ! d\ble sap altoge!r 9 _! con/ruction1 b usually ! e>? excavat$ by ,nos4 #c & #d ( bo? brigades w be ?r[n on ! p>apet next ! "w1 ! p>apet on ! rev]se side =m$ by ,nos4 #a & #b af=d+ suffici5t cov] = con/ruct+ ! sap & trav]ses4 ,! p>apet is prep>$ = infantry fire z describ$ = ! p>allels4 ,! emplacem5ts = guns1 ! s]vice magaz9es1 etc41 etc41 are prep>$ & ! embrasures are cut1 or ! p>apet prep>$ = ! ov]bank c>riages at ! la/ mom5t1 "u cov] ( ! small-arm & ma*9e-gun fire f ! p>allels & places ( arms1 & ! artill]y fire f batt]ies1 :i* d n endang] ! work+ p>ties4 #cg4 ,tr5* ,cavali]4--,9 ord] to obta9 a great] plunge ^u ! cov]$ way & dit*1 %ort l5g?s ( d\ble sap are sometimes run at "r angles to ! direction ( ! cre/s ( ! cov]$ way at ab\t #cj y>ds outside its sali5t4 ,! p>apet on ! side ( ! sap t[>ds ! "w is ?r[n =w>d & built up to ! desir$ height ) gabions & s&-bags1 & provid$ ) /eps & s&-bag loopholes1 giv+ a %ort l5g? ( p>apet ) consid]able comm&1 fir+ directly along ! cov]$ way at %ort range4 ,?is con/ruction is call$ a ,tr5* cavali]4 ,x w be seldom1 if ev]1 us$ 9 ! future4 #ch4 ,=m] ,me?ods ( ,sapp+4--,be=e ! g5]al introduction ( ma*9e & rapid-fire guns & ( small arms ( extreme accuracy & p5etration saps 7 con/ruct$ by ,no4 #a sapp] driv+ a tr5* #ah #ah1 :i* 0 enl>g$ successively by ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,cov] = ! sapp]s 0 obta9$ by ! use ( a sap-roll] 7a l>ge gabion1 #g' #f long & #d' 9 diamet]1 /uff$ ) fasc9es & rods7 z a movable head p>apet1 & ! con/ruction ( ! side p>apet 0 exp$it$ by ! use ( gabions1 sap-fagots1 etc4 ,?is me?od _c be us$ aga9/ an enemy well equipp$ ) mod]n weapons4 ,x is ref]r$ to only z a sugge/ion t a readily improvis$ modification ( x might be us$ to capture1 ) ! lea/ possible loss1 a p>ty ( riot]s1 crim9als1 or o!r badly-arm$ m5 occupy+ an isolat$ h\se or o!r cov]4 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,dit*4 #ci4 ,:5 brea*es :i* are practicable are made 9 bo? c\nt]-sc>p & sc>p ( a dry dit* an assault may sometimes be made successfully2 b :5 ! sc>p-wall is n brea*$1 or :51 = o!r reasons1 an assault f ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way is n consid]$ advisable1 ! dit* mu/ be cross$ & ! brea*1 :5 made1 mu/ be cr[n$ by regul> approa*es4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! use ( a sap1 s+le or d\ble1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r x is expos$ to fire ^u "o or bo? flanks4 ,ow+ to ! plung+ fire ( ! def5ce x may be necess>y to make ! sap deep] ?an #d' #f1 or 9 "s cases to bl9d x = a "p or ! :ole ( its l5g?4 ,x is g5]ally impracticable to drive ! sap d[n ! slope ( a brea* 9 ! c\nt]-sc>p2 !re=e a bl9d$ desc5t 7,milit>y ,m9+1 p>s4 #ec & #ed7 is us$4 ,x is s direct$ t :5 ! c\nt]-sc>p is rea*$ ! floor ( ! gall]y w be at ! requir$ dep? bel[ ! bottom ( ! dit*2 i4e41 at ! dep? fix$ = ! bottom ( ! sap4 ,:5 ! small-arm fire ( ! def5ce is s sev]e z to necessitate bl9d+ ! sap f ! c\nt]-sc>p across ! dit*1 x w usually be imp]ative to provide a %ield1 "u cov] ( :i* ! sapp]s may />t ! bl9d$ sap4 ,?is may be made ( bo>ds cov]$ ) bullet-pro( iron-plates1 & ( su* wid? & l5g? t x may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! gall]y1 ?ru/ out into ! dit*1 & !n turn$1 plac$ 9 position1 & block$ up at su* angle & to su* height z may be wi%$1 by m5 :o move on _! h&s & knees & support ! %ield on _! backs4 ,"u cov] ( ?is %ield ! head p>apet ( ! bl9d$ sap may be ?r[n up & ! sap !n driv5 9 ! usual way4 ,= me?od ( brea*+ by m9es1 see ,milit>y ,m9+1 p>s4 #ia & #ib4 ,aft] brea*+ ! sc>p1 if an assault is to be made1 ! c\nt]-sc>p1 = a l5g? equal to or great] ?an ! l5g? ( ! brea*1 %\ld be bl[n d[n1 to give ! assault+ p>ty access to ! brea*4 ,if ! brea* is to be cr[n$1 & approa*es are to be driv5 aga9/ int]ior retr5*m5ts1 a gall]y ( desc5t %\ld be driv5 to ! c\nt]-sc>p at "o side ( ! brea* be=e ! assault is made4 ,f ?is a tr5* %\ld be driv5 to ! cr[n+ ( ! brea* 7usually by fly+ sap71 by means ( :i* communication is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! cr[n+ ( ! brea* & ! ext]ior4 #dj4 ,a wet dit* )\t curr5t may be cross$ by build+ a causeway1 ^u "o or ea* side ( :i* a p>apet is con/ruct$ 7,pl4 ,,iv41 ,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 & #da74 ,! floor ( ! gall]y ( desc5t %\ld /rike ! dit* at ab\t "o foot above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,! c\nt]-sc>p wall hav+ be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 a %ield simil> to t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph may be us$ to cov] ! sapp]s work+ at ! outlet ( ! gall]y 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! succe$+ "w4 ,! causeway is built by ?r[+ into ! dit* %ort fasc9es or bru%wood mats1 hav+ b\nd up ) !m /ones en\gh to s9k !m1 brok5-/one gravel or o!r available mat]ial1 until ! causeway is #h or #aj feet long1 ab\t "o foot above ! level ( ! wat] & wide en\gh = ! roadway & p>apets4 ,! head & side p>apets are !n con/ruct$ ) s&-bags1 :i* are pass$ out "u ! %ield & pil$ at its head & sides4 ,! causeway is cont9u$ by ?r[+ mat]ial ov] ! head p>apet1 & ! approa* is driv5 =w>d some:at l a sap4 ,s soon z ! head & side p>apets are made ! %ield may be rais$ up & support$ ^u two or ?ree cross-balks re/+ ^u ! side p>apets4 ,x may !n be progressively mov$ =w>d & ! approa* 9 its re> be bl9d$ by sapp]s work+ "u its protection4 ,unless ! plunge ( ! fire ^u ! approa* is equal to or great] ?an #de ?is %ield w1 h[ev]1 :5 v]tical1 cov] a great] l5g? ( tr5* ?an :5 9 a horizontal position4 ,x may1 !re=e1 if desir$1 be turn$ into a v]tical position & be support$ by a frame built = t purpose1 :i* c be mov$ =w>d z ! approa* advances 7,pl4 ,,iv41 ,fig4 #da74 ,:5 ! head ( ! approa* is subject$ to ! fire ( rifle-bullets only1 x may be practicable to disp5se ) ! head p>apet1 replac+ x ) a bullet-pro( scre5 cov]+ ! head ( ! approa* & ) w+s ext5d+ back & ov]lapp+ ! side p>apets 7,pl4 ,,iv41 ,fig4 #dj72 ! %ield float+ on a raft ( light logs1 or o!r mat]ial :i* _c be sunk by rifle fire4 ,?is %ield w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be erect$ & laun*$ "u cov] ( ! "o already ref]r$ to4 ,to save s&-bags1 etc41 ! int]ior slope ( ! side p>apets may be revett$ ) gabions ab\t #d' #f long1 re/+ on two %ort fasc9es & cr[n$ ) ?ree o!rs1 giv+ a height ( ab\t #f' #c4 ,^u ^!1 :5 necess>y1 cross-beams are laid & ! bl9d+ ( ! approa* is f9i%$ ) s&-bags ?r[n on top4 #da4 ,a wet dit* ) curr5t1 or "o 9 :i* ! wat] level may be v>i$ by ! def5ce1 pres5ts great] difficulties4 ,! me?od ( cross+ :i* seems mo/ promis+ is by a causeway made ( mat]ials :i* w all[ ! wat] to pass freely ?r\gh x4 ,= ?is purpose x is usually recomm5d$ to use casks ) _! heads knock$ out1 or /rong gabions la%$ to balks1 s z to =m cont9u\s tubes1 :i* are load$ ) /ones & sunk ) _! axes p>allel to ! c\nt]-sc>p by sapp]s work+ "u cov] ( a %ield4 ,:5 ! top ( ! causeway is ab\t a foot above ! high-wat] m>k x is levell$ (f ) fasc9es & ! approa* driv5 =w>d z previ\sly describ$4 ,:5 available1 iron or t]ra-cotta pipes ( l>ge diamet] may1 p]haps1 be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = casks or gabions4 ,cormontaigne1 at ,philipsburg1 9 #agcd1 successfully us$ float+ bridges ( fasc9es ) p>apets ( gabions & fasc9es cov]$ ) raw hides4 ,two bridges 7 made4 ,!y 7 #abh feet long1 #dh feet wide1 & #f feet ?ick4 ,! wat] 0 ab\t #ae feet deep4 ,to con/ruct & hold 9 place1 9 a /rong or v>y+ curr5t1 a float+ bridge ( suffici5t wid? & dep? to support1 )\t s9k+ or capsiz+1 ! p>apets necess>y = protection aga9/ mod]n small arms & ma*9e guns is a task pres5t+ su* great difficulties t x w h>dly be und]tak51 except z a la/ resort1 & !n ) a v unc]ta9 issue4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! fire ( ! "w is ne>ly or entirely sil5c$1 a float+ bridge ( pontoons1 casks1 sp>s1 or o!r mat]ials1 ) a slightly mask$ roadway1 may furni% a suffici5tly good cross+ & may be con/ruct$ ) little difficulty & loss4#a ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,batt]ies1 ,,obs]vatories1 ,,& ,,magaz9es4 #db4 ,batt]ies 9 siege op]ations are = field-guns1 siege-guns1 h[itz]s1 & mort>s4 ,:5 ! gun-plat=m is on or above ! level ( ! gr\nd !y are kn[n z 8elevat$ batt]ies10 :5 x is bel[ ! surface z 8sunk5 batt]ies40 ,:5 !y are conceal$ f ! view ( ! enemy by natural or artificial scre5s !y are call$ 8scre5$0 or 8mask$ batt]ies10 & :5 on sites :i* c be se5 by ! enemy 8expos$ batt]ies40 ,,g5]al ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,siege ,,batt]ies4 #dc4 #a/4 ,a good plat=m = & suffici5t space to "w ea* gun4 ,! plat=m mu/ be suit$ to ! gun us$4 ,! space requir$ is ab\t #ae feet front by #bj to #be feet dep?4 #b;d4 ,a p>apet :i* _c be p5etrat$ by ! projectiles :i* w be fir$ aga9/ x1 & :i* is high en\gh to af=d cov] to ! gun & its deta*m5t aga9/ curv$ fire4 ,a ?ickness ( #cj feet ( e>? w usually be en\gh = ! mo/ expos$ batt]ies4 ,a less ?ickness may be us$ :5 ! conditions ju/ify x4 ,! height ( ! int]ior cre/ above ! t]re-ple9 %\ld n be less ?an #g feet :5 ?is is atta9able & may sometimes be great]4 #c;d4 ,trav]ses4 ,ea* gun is usually sep>at$ f ! next by a trav]se1 ^: ?ickness :5 subject to enfilade fire is ! same z t ( ! p>apet 7#cj feet72 "u o!r circum/ances ! ?ickness may be r$uc$ if deem$ advisable1 b %\ld1 :5 practicable1 be su* t a %ell bur/+ at any po9t )9 x w bl[ out at ! top or on "o side only4 #d?4 ,bomb & spl9t] pro(s suffici5t to cov] ! gun deta*m5t & res]ves aga9/ v]tical fire4 ,! ?ickness ( cov] = ^! is to be regulat$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 p>4 #ba4 #e?4 ,magaz9es :i* w hold at lea/ #bd h\rs' supply ( ammunition1 besides recesses ne> ! guns = %ells & a few c>tridges4 #f?4 ,easy & direct communications = br++ up ! guns & plac+ !m 9 position2 includ+ tramways1 ramps1 etc41 etc4 #g?4 ,look-outs or obs]vatories f :i* ! effect ( ! fire c be se54 ,^! :5 possible w be plac$ 9 high %elt]$ places well on ! flanks ( ! batt]y & pref]ably 9 advance ( x4 ,!y may be connect$ ) x by signals1 telegraph1 or telephone1 :5 necess>y4 #h?4 ,scre5s4--,e>!n scre5s %\ld :5 possible be ?r[n up 9 front ( all expos$ batt]ies4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,batt]ies4 #dd4 ,batt]ies = ,field ,guns4--,:5 ! place is inve/$1 ! field artill]y is plac$ 9 positions consid]$ mo/ advantage\s = repell+ attacks f ! g>rison ^u ! inve/+ =ce4 ,gun-pits 7describ$ 9 8,field ,=tifications07 are usually made at once = cov] = ! guns & _! deta*m5ts4 ,:5 any ( ^! sites are occupi$ dur+ ! siege ! gun-pits may be connect$ & conv]t$ into a batt]y z indicat$ by ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,figs4 #db-de4 ,a simil> con/ruction may sometimes be us$ dur+ ! siege :5 ! artill]y fire ( ! place is weak5$1 & x is desirable to place a field batt]y 9 position = rea*+ "s po9t 9 ! "w4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 batt]ies = field guns w dur+ ! siege be con/ruct$ 9 ! same way z are ^? = siege guns & h[itz]s4 #de4 ,batt]ies = ,siege ,guns & ,h[itz]s4--,^! may be scre5$ or expos$1 sunk51 or elevat$4 ,z a rule ea* batt]y has a magaz9e on ea* flank4 ,! am\nt ( p[d] necess>y to s]ve two guns = #bd h\rs 7#aej to #bjj r\nds p] gun #bejj to #fjjj lbs47 is z mu* z x is advisable to h 9 "o magaz9e1 9 ord] to limit s f> z possible ! disa/r\s effects ( an explosion4 ,= ?is reason ! numb] ( guns 9 a batt]y is usually re/rict$ to f\r4 ,?is numb] may be increas$ :5 necess>y1 or :5 h[itz]s fir+ small *>ges r5d] x unobjectionable4 ,elevat$ batt]ies require mu* m labor = _! con/ruction & = obta9+ cov] = ! m5 & mat]ial ?an ! sunk5 batt]ies4 ,!y are !re=e us$ only :5 ! t>get has to be se5 & ! gun has to be rais$ = ?is purpose1 or :5 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( rock or wat] 9 ! soil1 or ! liability ( ! site to be flood$ x is impracticable to s9k ! plat=ms bel[ ! surface4 ,z a rule !y c be con/ruct$ only :5 cov]$ by a scre5 ei!r natural or artificial1 & !n ) e>? c>ri$ 9 :eelb>r[s1 s&-bags1 etc41 etc4 ,sunk5 ,batt]ies4--,:5 con/ruct$ "u cov] ( a scre5 ! dep? ( ! t]re-ple9 ( a sunk5 batt]y may be limit$ by ! pres5ce ( rock or wat] 9 ! soil1 ! "* ( ! guns & c>riages1 & ! "t available = ! "w4 ,9 a ha/y con/ruction ! dep? ( ! t]re-ple9 is usually limit$ to f #c to #d feet1 :i* c be dug out 9 a %ort "t4 ,:5 m "t is available ! gun plat=ms may be put at #e to #f feet bel[ ! surface & ! o!r p>ts ( ! t]re-ple9 may be sunk /ill l[]4 ,?is gives b little height ( p>apet1 & ! extra e>? may be us$ = giv+ additional ?ickness ( cov] to ! spl9t]-pro(s "u ! trav]ses & flanks1 & also to ! magaz9es4 ,a great v>iety ( plans & pr(iles may be adopt$ = batt]ies ( ?is class1 ! details ( :i* ne$ n be giv51 s9ce !y w be modifications ( ^? describ$ 9 ,field ,=tifications & ,p]man5t ,=tifications1 & ( ! expos$ batt]y to be next describ$4 ,z !y are built "u cov] ( scre5s & are n subject to fire dur+ con/ruction1 "w ^u !m may be cont9u\s & by day z well z by night4 #df4 ,scre5s4--,! natural scre5s us$ = cov] are elevations1 woods1 h$ges1 exi/+ build+s1 walls1 etc41 etc4 ,artificial scre5s may be made by sett+ out bu%es to imitate h$ges or adopt+ simil> devices1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w usually fail to deceive an active enemy4 ,a tr5* ) ! e>? ?r[n to ! front1 =m+ a glacis-%ap$ p>apet1 w1 h[ev]1 g5]ally be effective4 ,x mu/ be made ( su* l5g? t ! enemy _c "k ! exact position ( ! batt]y1 & ( su* height & ?ickness t he _c af=d to exp5d en\gh ammunition to brea* x4 ,?is af=ds n only concealm5t dur+ con/ruction1 b also a rem>kably effici5t cov] to ! batt]y aga9/ ho/ile fire4 ,scre5s1 natural or artificial1 %\ld be f #ej to #ajj y>ds 9 front ( ! batt]ies1 s t ! enemy's aim may n be correct$ by see+ ! po9ts /ruck by 8 %ells4 ,unless ! scre5 is ( mat]ial :i* w break up into injuri\s spl9t]s "u ho/ile fire1 only en\gh %\ld be remov$ be=e op5+ fire to unmask ! t>get ( ea* gun1 leav+ ! rema9d] = conceal+ ! po9ts /ruck by %ells1 ev5 if x af=ds no cov] aga9/ _! p5etration4 #dg4 ,expos$ ,sunk5 ,batt]y4--,be=e describ+ ! con/ruction ( ?is batt]y x is necess>y to /ate t ^u a site fully expos$ to ! accurate conc5trat$ fire ( a "w1 direct$ at night by light balls or electric lights1 x w 9 g5]al be practicable to con/ruct batt]ies only by sapp+1 & ev5 !n ) consid]able losses4 ,b ^! conditions seldom exi/1 s9ce 9 ! di/ant attack x is usually possible to con/ruct & arm ! batt]y be=e x is discov]$ by ! def5ce1 & 9 ! close attack ! fire ( ! def5ce is g5]ally s mu* r$uc$ t "s exposure is ju/ifiable4 ,:ile ! batt]y to be describ$ is class$ z an 8expos$ batt]y10 x is und]/ood t x may also be con/ruct$ "u cov] ( a p>allel or o!r tr5*1 & t 9 all cases :5 practicable a natural or artificial mask is us$ to conceal ! fir/ night's "w f ! enemy4 ,x is assum$ f ! results obta9$ 9 practice t1 ) ! mat]ial conv5i5tly /or$1 ! batt]y c be trac$1 a c5tral tr5* & spl9t]-pro( cov]s be made dur+ ! fir/ night1 & ! batt]y f9i%$ & arm$ dur+ ! second4 ,! g5]al design & details ( ?is batt]y are due to ! ,royal 7,briti%7 ,eng9e]s4 #dh4 ,trac+ ! ,batt]y4--,! batt]y is trac$ "u ! direction ( an eng9e] (fic] by "o or two trac+ p>ties1 ea* compos$ z foll[s3 #a non-commission$ (fic] ) a #f-;foot measur+-rod & trac+-lant]n1 & #d sapp]s1 "o c>ry+ a measur+-tape & bundles ( pickets1 "o a field-level1 "o sev]al trac+-tapes1 & "o a mallet or h&-axe2 ab\t #ge pickets & #abjj feet ( trac+-tape %\ld be provid$4 ,! l9e ( fire ( ! fir/ gun ( ! batt]y 7xy1 ,pl4 ,v1 ,fig4 #df7 is accurately laid out & m>k$ by daylight4 ,at dusk "o p>ty drives a picket at ,i1 :]e ! directrix crosses ! projection ( ! base ( ! int]ior slope1 & f ?is z an orig9 lays out ! cutt+ l9es ( ! c5tral tr5*1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,i1 mak+ ! tr5* #e feet wide & ( ! l5g? requir$ = ! numb] ( guns 7 ,no4 ( guns #de'--aj'72 comm5c+ !n at a po9t ,a1 #g' #f to ! left ( ,i & 9 ! re> cutt+ l9e1 ?is p>ty lays out ! l9e a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 etc41 444 m1 n1 o1 z indicat$1 ! direction n1 o1 lead+ to ! p>allel4 ,! second p>ty1 beg9n+ at ,a1 lays out ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 communicat+ ) ! p>allel1 & !n ! inn] cutt+ l9e ( ! dit* ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 all[+ = a ?ickness ( p>apet ( #cj feet & an ultimate wid? ( dit* ( #ab feet 7,d1 ,e1 & ,h1 ,i74 ,two p>ties %\ld trace ! batt]y 9 #be m9utes1 "o p>ty 9 #de m9utes4 #di4 ,con/ruct+ ! ,c5tral ,passage & ,spl9t] ,pro(s4--,! fir/ relief ( work+ p>ty = ! c5tral passage is po/$ & comm5ces "w at once 7,pl4 ,v1 ,figs4 #dg-dh74 ,ea* man's task is #e feet 9 l5g? & #d feet 9 dep? 7giv+ #ajj cubic feet74 ,x may be complet$ 9 #d h\rs1 & %\ld be 9 #f at mo/4 ,! second relief 7,pl4 ,v1 ,figs4 #di-eb7 excavates ! c>tridge recesses1 trims up ! "w done by ! fir/ relief1 l[]s any e>? t /&s too high1 revets ! slopes ( ! gun portions1 puts 9 frames & %eet+ :5 ne$$ 9 ! spl9t]-pro(s1 places ! be>+ planks & balks ( ! latt]1 :i* %\ld be at lea/ #i in*es ?ick & #i feet long1 except ov] ! c>tridge recesses1 :]e !y are #ab feet1 & :5 possible deep5s ! c5tral passage "u ! spl9t]-pro(s to #e' #f = a wid? ( #b feet to =m a seat = ! m54 ,x also places "o or two planks along ! passage to s]ve z a b5* = %ells4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is "w c be done by daylight4 ,! p>apet =m$ by ?is excavation is ab\t #b feet high4 ,?is is s mask$ or s inconspicu\s z n to draw ^u itself ! artill]y fire ( ! def5ce4 ,! con/ruction ( ! batt]y w be cont9u$ usually on ! foll[+ night4 #ej4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,batt]y 7,pls4 ,v & ,,vi1 ,figs4 #ec1 #ee1 #fj1 #fg74--,two reliefs are requir$ = ?is4 ,! fir/ relief receives its tools & arrives ^u ! gr\nd at dusk4 ,x is divid$ into f\r p>ties1 "o = ! front dit*1 "o = ! gun portions1 "o = ! re> tr5*1 & a res]ve ( t5 p] c5t = sub/itutes & casualties4 ,!y are po/$ & sup]vis$ by ! eng9e] (fic]1 n4 c4 os41 & sapp]s z describ$ 9 p>agraph #af1 ante4 ,! ,front-dit* ,p>ty4--,ea* digg] is assign$ a task #e' wide1 #f' long1 & #c' #f deep4 ,he ?r[s ! e>? z f> into ! p>apet z he c4 ,! %ovell]s1 "o to ea* two digg]s1 are po/$ #ab feet f ! cutt+ l9e ( ! dit*4 ,!y pass ! e>? back t[>d ! int]ior cre/ & ! trav]se1 keep+ ! top surface ne>ly level4 ,! gun-portion p>ty is divid$ up equally among ! gun portions1 ea* digg] is allott$ a task #d' wide1 #g' #f long1 & #c' #f deep4 ,! gabions ar\nd ! gun portion are plac$ by ! %ovell]s "u ! direction ( ! eng9e] soldi]s1 a %ort "o be+ plac$ at ! ?roat ( ! embrasure4 ,! %ovell]s spread & level ! e>? ?r[n out by ! gun-portion p>ties & ! re>-tr5* p>ty4 ,!y "w 9 connection ) ! o!r %ovell]s to give to ! trav]ses & p>apet ne> ! int]ior cre/ ! prop] %ape4 ,! ,re>-tr5* ,p>ty4--,?is p>ty excavates to a wid? ( #g' #f ! re> tr5* & ! communications ) ! p>allel or approa*4 ,ea* digg] has a task #d' wide1 #g' #f long1 & #c' #f deep4 ,! two directly 9 re> ( ea* gun portion ?r[ ! e>? to ! re>1 ! o!rs ?r[ x to ! front1 leav+ a b]m ( #d' #f at ! re> ( ! trav]se4 ,! m5 ( ! res]ve :o are n o!rwise occupi$ fill s&-bags f ! e>? ?r[n to ! re>1 & cut a ramp #h feet wide & n /eep] ?an #a_/d1 9 re> ( ea* gun-portion1 :5 ne$$4 ,x is ess5tial t ! excavation ( ! gun-portion be f9i%$ by ! fir/ relief1 s t ! plat=ms may be laid by ! second relief 9 "t to all[ ! guns to be plac$ be=e daylight4 ,! fir/ relief leaves 9 ! batt]y ! tools requir$ by ! second & c>ries ! re/ back to ! depot4 ,! second relief is divid$ into ?ree p>ties & a /rong res]ve ( "o qu>t] or "o fif? ( its /r5g?4 ,! fir/1 or front-dit* p>ty1 works 9 ! front dit*1 wid5+ x #f feet & ?r[+ ! e>? back to =m ! front ( ! p>apet4 ,! %ovell]s1 "o to ea* two digg]s1 spread & level x4 ,! task ( a digg] is #e' wide1 #f' long1 & #c' #f deep4 ,! second1 or plat=m p>ty1 places ! plat=ms & gives way to ! gun deta*m5ts4 ,! ?ird1 or re>-tr5* p>ty1 wid5s ! tr5* #c' t[>ds ! front by cutt+ (f ! re> ( ! trav]ses4 ,! res]ve completes any "w left unf9i%$ by ! fir/ relief1 fills s&-bags & places !m ar\nd ! gun portions1 digs dit*es & dra9age-pits :5 ne$$1 & does any o!r "w necess>y = ! completion & arm+ ( ! batt]y4 ,:5 a tramway is laid 9 ! tr5* = br++ up ! guns & c>riages1 ! ramps 9 re> ne$ n be cut4 #ea4 ,alt]native ,con/ruction 9 ,position ,v ,mu* ,expos$4--,:5 ! e>? ?r[n up 9 mak+ ! spl9t]-pro(s _c be conceal$1 x may attract su* a sev]e fire f ! def5ce z to make ! above-describ$ con/ruction impossible4 ,9 ?is case ! batt]y is trac$ z above describ$1 ! balks = cov]+ ! spl9t]-pro(s are plac$ 9 position re/+ on be>+-planks1 & ! con/ruction ( ! front dit*1 gun portions1 & re> tr5* are comm5c$ at once2 & ! batt]y is z ne>ly f9i%$ z "t all[s1 & arm$ if possible4 ,! spl9t]-pro(s are subsequ5tly m9$ out & ! rema9+ necess>y details f9i%$ be=e op5+ fire4 #eb4 ,spl9t]-pro(s1 9 addition to ^? 9 ! c5tral tr5*1 are usually con/ruct$ "u ! re> ( ! trav]ses 7,pl4 ,,vi1 ,figs4 #fe-fg74 ,^! may be made dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! batt]y or aft] its completion4 ,!y are ab\t #e feet wide1 #f feet deep1 & #aj feet %ort] ?an ! wid? ( ! trav]se4 ,_! floor is at #f feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! e>? is held up by frames & %eet+1 & ! ro( is support$ by cross-balks re/+ on po/s & runn+ back into ! trav]se4 ,! ro( consi/s ( railroad iron or heavy timb]s cov]$ ) e>?1 & access is giv5 by /eps f ! re> tr5*2 ! space n occupi$ by ! /eps may be %ield$ ) incl9$ po/s or o!r cov]+ if ?\ght necess>y4 ,^! spl9t]-pro(s diff] 9 no ess5tial f ^? describ$ 9 ,field ,=tifications4 ,! f9i%$ batt]y is %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,figs4 #fb-fd4 #ec4 ,sunk5 ,batt]y 9 a ,p>allel 7,pl4 ,,vii1 ,figs4 #fh & #fi74--;,a batt]y simil> to ! "o above describ$ is sometimes con/ruct$ 9 a p>allel4 ,9 ?is case ! trav]ses h to be built up1 & !re=e d n usually exce$ #bj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,pickets are driv5 at int]vals ( #ce feet along ! banquette ( ! p>allel to m>k ! c5tres ( ! gun spaces1 & ! re/ ( ! batt]y is trac$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! /eps ( ! p>allel are cut away & ! slope revett$ = ! gun spaces & ! c5tral tr5*4 ,gabions are plac$ along ! back ( ! c5tral tr5* & ! sides ( ! trav]ses4 ,a re> tr5* #g' #f wide is cut f ! p>allel at an easy curve1 s t its front cutt+-l9e %all be #be feet f ! foot ( ! int]ior slope2 ?is1 z be=e1 is wid5$ #c feet by ! second relief cutt+ away ! re> ( ! trav]ses4 ,! rev]se slope ( ! p>allel 9 re> ( ! gun portions is cut back to ! re> tr5*4 ,a tr5* #b feet wide & #b feet deep is cut betwe5 ! front ( ! trav]ses & ! foot ( ! int]ior slope1 & ! c>tridge recesses are excavat$4 ,! gabions ( ! trav]ses are fill$1 balks plac$ ov] ! c5tral tr5*1 & ! tops ( ! trav]ses & spl9t]-pro(s are rais$ to ! height ( ! p>apet ( ! p>allel4 ,a dit* 9 ! front ( ! p>allel #ab' wide & #c' #f deep1 trac$ at dusk1 & excavat$ dur+ ! night1 supplies e>? to make ! p>apet #cj' ?ick & #d' #f high4 ,! "w done 9 & beh9d ! p>allel is n se5 f ! front1 h5ce a great "p ( x may be done by day1 undetect$ by ! enemy4 ,! upp] "p ( ! trav]ses is made by night1 & ! front dit* & front ( ! p>apet are made ! same night or subsequ5tly1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( workm5 available4 ,s9ce ! gabions ( ! trav]ses s]i\sly ob/ruct ! p>allel1 !y %\ld n be plac$ 9 position until all arrangem5ts are made to op5 ! re> tr5*4 ,9 ! special case ( a batt]y on ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way1 ! trav]ses h be5 already con/ruct$ 9 runn+ ! sap4 ,! spl9t]-pro(s may be con/ruct$ by bl9d+ portions ( ! sap1 or by m9+ !m "u ! trav]ses4 ,ow+ to ! height ( ! p>apet1 embrasures ( "s dep? w h to be cut ?r\gh x4 ,?is is done by a %all[ sap />t$ by "o man1 :o is subsequ5tly assi/$ by a second1 if ! splay requires x4 ,! *eeks are revett$ ) s&-bags1 cov]$ ) hides4 ,! m\? ( ! embrasure is left clos$ ) ! head p>apet ( ! sap until fire is to be op5$1 :5 ! e>? is dug away or bl[n away by ! gun4 #ed4 ,batt]y ,beh9d ! ,cre/ ( a ,hill 7,pl4 ,v41 ,figs4 #eg-ei74--;,9 a batt]y beh9d ! cre/ ( a hill ! front dit* may be omitt$1 ! gun-portions may be entirely 9 excavation1 & ! plat=ms giv5 su* a ref]5ce z to require a %all[ groove to be cut ?r\gh ! cre/ to all[ ! gun to fire4 ,:5 ! gr\nd falls away v rapidly to ! re> x may be /epp$ "u ! trav]ses to prev5t _! slid+1 & ! re> ( ! gun emplacem5t may be rais$ :5 necess>y to give ! plat=m ! prop] slope4 ,! c5tral tr5* is cut deep en\gh to give #e feet ( cov] ov] ! spl9t]-pro(s4 #ee4 ,batt]ies on ,slop+ ,gr\nd 7,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #gj-gb74--,:5 ! gr\nd to be occupi$ by ! batt]y slopes t[>ds or f ! place or falls (f on ei!r side1 ! batt]y is con/ruct$ ess5tially z ^u level gr\nd4 ,! c5tral passage is driv51 foll[+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! gun emplacem5ts1 front & re> tr5* are excavat$ z be=e describ$1 ! additional excavation or fill+ requir$ 9 ea* gun emplacem5t to make ! plat=m horizontal is regulat$ = ! p>ticul> site1 any excess ( e>? be+ us$ to give great] cov] on ! m expos$ side1 & any defici5cy be+ suppli$ f ! front or re> tr5*1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,:]e ! extra "w impos$ by ! slope is consid]able1 a ?ird relief may be requir$ to f9i% ! batt]y1 & its arm+ may be necess>ily po/pon$ until ! next night4 #ef4 ,embrasures4--,mod]n siege guns are g5]ally m\nt$ ei!r on 8ov]bank0 or 8disappe>+0 c>riages1 fir+ ov] p>apets ( suffici5t height to give cov] to ! m54 7,! axis ( ! trunnions ( ! ,u4 ,s4 #e siege gun is #f above ! plat=m47 ,embrasures :5 us$ are g5]ally %all[ grooves cut 9 ! top ( ! p>apet4 ,9 ?is case ! bottom ( ^! grooves mu/ cut ! surface ( ! top ( ! p>apet at or 9 re> ( ! highe/ l9e visible to ! enemy1 s t no ind5tations :i* c be se5 by him w indicate ! position ( ! guns4 ,to effect ?is1 ! ext]ior cre/ w usually be z high z & sometimes high] ?an ! int]ior cre/1 & ! top ( ! p>apet 78sup]ior slope07 w be level or w slope to ! re>4 ,9 r>e in/ances1 h[ev]1 deep] embrasures ) revett$ *eeks mu/ be made4 ,! only s]viceable revetm5t = use ) high-p[] guns is "o ( s&-bags wrapp$ 9 raw hides4 ,?is may be made by lay+ d[n a hide1 pil+ a numb] ( s&-bags ^u x1 & fold+ ! free end back ov] !m2 plac+ ano!r hide on top ( ?is ) m s&-bags & s on4 ,or l>ge packages may be made by wrapp+ up a numb] ( s&-bags 9 ea* hide & ^! packages may be us$ = mak+ ! revetm5t4 ,! embrasure %\ld be bottle-%ap$ 9 plan1 %ap$ l a segm5t ( an ellipsoid imm$iately 9 front ( ! muzzle ( ! gun1 !n drawn 9 l ! neck ( a bottle & n>r[$ to z small a m\? z possible1 s z to dim9i% ! effect ( ! bla/ & give ! lea/ possible exposure to ! gun4 ,:5 ! batt]y is expos$ to slant or enfilad+ fire1 in/ead ( embrasures1 bonnets ( s&-bags may be built ^u ! p>apets to protect ! guns4 #eg4 ,obs]vatories4--,obs]vatories or look-outs1 z previ\sly /at$1 %\ld z a rule be plac$ on high po9ts well on ! flanks ( ! batt]y4#b ,:5 ?is is impracticable1 !y may be made by build+ up at ! re> ( ! trav]ses1 on ! flanks1 or ev5 9 ! gun portions1 glacis-%ap$ cov]s pi]c$ ) a sight-hole 9 all respects simil> to a loop-hole = musketry1 & ) j suffici5t splay to include ! desir$ field ( view4 ,a numb] ( ^! %\ld be provid$ = ea* batt]y1 s t ! enemy may n "k :i* "o is 9 use at any "t4 ,if subject to close & accurate fire1 ! cre/-l9e 9 _! vic9ity mu/ be ( ! same level z ! tops ( ! look-outs1 & provision mu/ be made to prev5t ! light %[+ ?r\gh !m4 #eh4 ,dra9age4--,aft] ! completion & arm+ ( ! batt]y1 gutt]s %\ld be cut on ea* side ( ! gun-portion lead+ into "o runn+ along ! rev]se ( ! re> tr5* :i* c>ries ! wat] to l[ gr\nd on ! ext]ior1 or :i* is provid$ ) dry wells or dra9age-pits = collect+ ! wat] s t x may soak into ! gr\nd or be pump$ out ) h&-pumps4 #ei4 ,mort> ,batt]ies4--,! introduction ( rifl$ mort>s ( all calibres1 ) ! correspond+ increase 9 accuracy ( fire1 toge!r ) ! de/ructive effects ( %ells *>g$ ) high explosives1 w d\btless lead to ! ext5sive use ( mort>s 9 future sieges4 ,9 a di/ant attack ! requirem5ts ( a mort> batt]y are v simple1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( a /able plat=m1 magaz9es = ammunition1 & bomb-pro( cov]s = ! gunn]s2 s9ce ! batt]y z a rule w be conceal$ f ! view ( ! "w by int]v5+ ob/acles1 & w 9 consequ5ce n be subject to direct fire4 ,:5 ! soil is favorable1 cov] aga9/ plung+ fire w be mo/ easily obta9$ by s9k+ pits = ! mort>s to su* dep? z may be necess>y to furni% e>? = a spl9t]-pro( p>apet surr\nd+ ! pit1 & = cov] = ! bomb-pro( %elt]s = ! m5 & ! magaz9es4 ,:5 ample space exi/s :i* is well conceal$1 & 9 :i* ! soil is good1 a sep>ate emplacem5t %\ld be made = ea* mort>4 ,:5 necess>y1 h[ev]1 two or m mort>s may be plac$ 9 ea* pit4 ,! magaz9es1 spl9t] & bomb pro(s are simil> to ^? else:]e describ$4 ,:5 no natural mask exi/s1 ! batt]y may be con/ruct$ beh9d an artificial scre51 & be made ( ! g5]al type ( ! 8expos$ siege batt]y10 ! gun portions be+ made ) front en\gh to accommodate "o or two mort>s z may be pref]r$1 & ( su* l5g? only z is ne$$ = work+ ! mort> employ$4 ,! t]re-ple9 may be plac$ at any conv5i5t dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! revetm5t ( ! int]ior slope1 if any be us$1 w n ord9>ily be c>ri$ high] ?an ! muzzle ( ! mort>4 ,z ! trav]ses are n subject to gun-fire1 ! spl9t]-pro(s af=d$ by ! c5tral passage may be add$ to by build+ o!rs along bo? sides ( ! trav]se2 & by deep5+ ! mort> emplacem5t suffici5tly1 !y may be giv5 en\gh cov] to make !m true bomb-pro(s4 ,a mort> batt]y fulfill+ ^! conditions c h>dly be sil5c$ by ho/ile fire4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! batt]ies may be con/ruct$ are1 h[ev]1 s v>i$ t detail$ dim5sions w n be giv54 ,no difficulty w exi/ 9 mak+ ! batt]y ( a size suitable = ! pieces to be employ$4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 rifl$ siege mort> is ( #g-;in* calibre1 ab\t #e feet long1 weighs #agae lbs41 & is design$ to ?r[ a #abe-lb4 %ell ) a *>ge ( #e lbs4 ( p[d]1 giv+ an initial velocity ( #fhe f4s4 & a range ( ab\t #djjj y>ds4 ,) r$uc$ *>ges ! range may be r$uc$ to ab\t #fej y>ds )\t undue sacrifice ( accuracy4 ,9 ! clos] attack ^u ! "w1 batt]ies = ! small] siege & field mort>s may be readily con/ruct$ 9 front or re> ( ! p>allels1 or 9 ! p>allels or approa*es !mselves2 spl9t]-pro(s & tempor>y magaz9es be+ con/ruct$ by me?ods previ\sly indicat$4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! light] mort>s1 field & ,coehorn1 :i* d n require fix$ plat=ms1 may be plac$ beh9d any "p ( ! tr5*es af=d+ cov]1 & fire be op5$ & cont9u$ until ! fire ( ! enemy becomes too annoy+1 :5 ! mort>s may be remov$ to "s o!r locality4 ,,magaz9es4 #fj4 ,magaz9es %\ld be provid$1 at lea/ two to ea* batt]y1 n only to localize ! injury due to an explosion1 b also to prev5t ! batt]y be+ disabl$ by ! explosion ( a s+le "o4 ,z previ\sly /at$ 7p>4 #dc71 !y %\ld conta9 #bd h\rs' supply 7f #aej to #bjj r\nds7 = ea* gun :i* !y are design$ to s]ve1#c :i* may require a capacity 9 a s+le magaz9e ( z mu* z #f1jjj lbs4 ( p[d]4 ,?is am\nt %\ld be r$uc$ :5 possible by increas+ ! numb] ( magaz9es4 ,! c>tridges %\ld be made up & pack$ 9 boxes at ! depots or p>ks1 & ! p[d] *amb]s 9 ! magaz9es %\ld be ( su* size z to /ore ^! boxes ) only su* vacant space z is necess>y = ease 9 h&l+ !m4#d #fa4 ,cov]4--,! *amb] %\ld be cov]$ ) /rong balks or rails & en\gh e>? to =m a slop+ ro(2 ov] ?is raw hides or t>paul9 %\ld be spread1 & ! rema9d] ( ! e>? fill+ be spread ^u ?is & ramm$ solidly4 ,! am\nt ( e>? cov] requir$ = security mu/ be det]m9$ f ! pr9ciples giv5 9 p>4 #ba4 ,! ,engli% eng9e]s recomm5d z suffici5t protection aga9/ ord9>y fire = a magaz9e #e feet wide1 two lay]s ( #i #i fir laid cross+ ea* o!r1 or "o lay] ( #ab #ab oak1 cov]$ ) #e feet ( e>?4 ,9 exp]im5ts at ,lydd 9 #ahhc1 h[ev]1 an #h-;in* h[itz] %ell fall+ at an angle ( ab\t #cj p5etrat$ ?r\gh a cov]+ ( #g feet ( s(t clay & bur/ ^u ! timb] ro( ( a magaz9e1 cutt+ x ?r\gh4 ,?is %[s t complete protection is n always possible1 & t ! *ances ( hitt+ mu/ be r$uc$ by mak+ ! horizontal area ( ! magaz9e *amb] z small z possible1 & plac+ its small] dim5sion 9 ! l9e ( ! ho/ile fire4 ,! cle> height ( ! magaz9e %\ld be #d' #f to #e' m9imum1 :5 practicable1 & ! top ( ! cov]+ balks %\ld be at or bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 #fb4 ,location4--,a magaz9e %\ld be locat$ at su* di/ance f ! batt]y t its explosion w n disable ! guns1 injure ! p>apets or trav]ses1 or s]i\sly endang] ! cannone]s2#e b1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be ne> en\gh to all[ ! ammunition boxes to be conv5i5tly c>ri$ to ! c>tridge recesses2 & ! communications = ?is purpose %\ld be well cov]$ f ho/ile fire4 ,! entrance to ! magaz9e %\ld be s protect$ t spl9t]s _c ent] ! *amb]4 ,any natural holl[s1 banks1 etc41 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! batt]y %\ld be tak5 advantage ( to facilitate ! con/ruction ( & give bett] cov] to ! magaz9es4 ,:5 no?+ ( ?is k9d exi/s ! magaz9es may be plac$ on ! flanks or 9 re> ( ! batt]y1 & %\ld be mask$ & scre5$ by ! p>apet ( ! p>allel1 approa*1 communications1 or batt]y1 or by special glacis-%ap$ scre5s made1 = ! purpose2 :i* %\ld be mu* long] ?an ! wid? ( ! magaz9es t !y cov]1 s t ! discov]y ( ! location ( ! latt] by ! enemy may be made m difficult4 ,! magaz9es %\ld n be locat$ 9 re> ( ! c5tre ( ! scre5s nor symmetrically ) ref]5ce to ! batt]y1 nor1 :5 x c be avoid$1 directly 9 re> ( a gun4 ,! passages lead+ to !m %\ld ent] ! batt]y 9 re> ( a flank or a trav]se1 & %\ld be s direct$ z to escape enfilade4 ,!y %\ld be s grad$ t ! surface wat] w run away f ! door ( ! magaz9e & be dis*>g$ ^u l[] gr\nd or receiv$ 9 dra9age-pits plac$ at ! l[e/ po9ts4 #fc4 ,con/ruction ( a ,magaz9e ,subject to ,direct ,fire ,only 7,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #gc-gg47--,! me?od ( trac+ ! magaz9e & its approa*es is too evid5t to ne$ description4 ,9 ?is example an e>? cov] ( #e feet aga9/ v]tical & #bj feet aga9/ horizontal fire is giv54 ,%\ld m or less be desir$1 a correspond+ *ange may be made 9 ! plan1 dep? ( excavation1 & dep? & wid? ( approa*es2 & ! e>? = additional cov] may be obta9$ f a dit* or pit 9 re> ( ! magaz9e4 ,! excavation = ! *amb] is giv5 a wid? ( #f'1 a dep? ( #e' #f1 & a l5g? ( #ab'1 ! entrance a wid? ( #c'1 a dep? ( #e' #f1 & a l5g? ( #f'4 ,! sides ( ! *amb] & entrance are held up by frames #d' #i high & #b' #aa wide1 outside measurem5t4 ,! caps are #f #e1 /an*ions #d #e1 & ! gr\nd sills #c #e2 %eet+ #a ?ick is ins]t$ betwe5 ! frames & ! e>?4 ,! cov]+ balks are #i #f & #aj feet long2 _! tops are flu% ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 cleats nail$ on _! "u side keep ! tops ( ! side frames f be+ pu%$ 9 by ! pressure ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? cov] is #e feet high at ! c5tre & #d feet at ! cre/ ( ! out] slope4 ,! passages are #e' #f deep1 #c' wide at bottom1 & #e' at ! top4 ,! entrance is bl9d$ by plac+ balks across ! passage = su* "p ( its l5g? z may be ?\ght necess>y1 & ext5d+ ! e>? cov]+ ov] !m1 z %[n 9 ! section 7,fig4 #ge74 ,a door1 sw++ outside1 is hung on ! outside frame4 ,heavy railroad iron may be sub/itut$ = ! timb] balks ) advantage4 ,:5 ?ick] balks are us$1 or :5 a second lay] is add$1 ! *amb] & passage %\ld be correspond+ly deep5$4 #fd4 ,mann] ( ,execut+ ! ,"w4--,! p[d] *amb] & passage are excavat$ & ! frames & balks plac$ dur+ ! fir/ night1 :ile ! c5tral passage ( ! batt]y is be+ con/ruct$4 ,! excavat$ e>? is ?r[n out f> en\gh to all[ ! balks to be put 9 position1 & is s spread z n to be se5 by ! def5ce4 ,?is may be done by "o relief ( #h h\rs1 or two reliefs ( #d h\rs ea*4 ,if ! "w is n complet$ dur+ ! night1 ! %eet+1 frames1 & balks may be plac$ by day "u cov] ( ! e>? ?r[n out & ! exi/+ scre5s4 ,! passages are excavat$ & ! e>? cov] complet$ on ! second night by two #d-;h\r reliefs1 ! fir/ excavat+ to a dep? ( #c' #f1 & ! second to #e' #f1 trimm+ up ! slopes & complet+ ! "w4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! sides ( ! passage w be revett$ by ! second & a ?ird relief4 ,:5 ! necessity = great ha/e exi/s1 ! excavation ( ! p[d]-*amb]1 entrance1 & passages may be c>ri$ on at ! same "t1 ! excavat$ e>? be+ ?r[n 9 front & on ! sides ( ! p[d]-*amb] until ! balks are 9 position1 & !n ?r[n back ^u !m1 levell$ & ramm$4 #fe4 ,m9$ ,magaz9e4--,:5 ! soil1 by abs5ce ( rock & wat]1 admits ( m9+1 great] cov] aga9/ v]tical fire c be obta9$ ) less "w by m9+ out ! p[d]-*amb] & passages 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,figs4 #gh1 #gi74 ,! figures illu/rate "o ( m9imum dim5sions1 :i* is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! entrance #aj' #e' by #e' #f deep is fir/ excavat$1 revett$ ) frames & %eet+ & cov]$ ) balks & e>? z indicat$4 ,at #a foot f ! end a %aft #b' #e' is sunk to a dep? ( #ab'4 ,f ! front ( ?is a gall]y #b' #e' #f is driv5 = ab\t #f'2 at ! end ( ?is gall]ies #e' #f #b' are brok5 out on ea* side & driv5 s f> z may be necess>y to /ore ! requisite numb] ( ammunition-boxes4 7,= me?od ( s9k+ %afts1 driv+ gall]ies1 etc41 see ,milit>y ,m9+1 ,arts4 #be1 #cc1 & #dd-dh47 ,! excavat$ e>? is spread on top ( ! magaz9e to increase ! ?ickness ( ! cov] already giv5 by t excavat$ f ! passages4 ,a r+-bolt is plac$ 9 ! balk directly ov] ! %aft1 = atta*+ a hoi/+ tackle = remov+ ! e>? dur+ con/ruction & = hoi/+ & l[]+ ammunition-boxes aft]w>d4 ,a door op5+ outw>d may be hung at ! entrance1 & ! passage may be bl9d$ z previ\sly describ$1 if x is ?\ght necess>y4 ,! communications are arrang$ 9 ess5tially ! same way z = ! magaz9e previ\sly describ$4 ,! dim5sions giv5 are ! lea/ :i* w all[ mod]ately free access & good cov]4 ,! magaz9e %\ld be con/ruct$1 by good m9]s1 9 two nights & ! int]v5+ day1 & w /ore ab\t #djjj p\nds ( c>tridges 9 boxes4 ,:5 "t & ! "* ( ! gr\nd admit1 & l>g] capacity is desir$1 ! %aft may be made wid] & deep]1 ! gall]y wid] & long]1 & ! p[d]-*amb] deep]1 long]1 & wid]1 if desir$4 ,! excavation = ! entrance & approa*es1 ! plac+ ( balks1 & ! levell+ & ramm+ ( ! e>?-cov]1 %\ld be done by night2 ! m9+ "w c be c>ri$ on bo? night & day4 #ff4 ,elevat$ ,magaz9es4--,:5 ! pres5ce ( rock or wat] 9 ! soil prev5ts s9k+ ! magaz9es to ! full dep? above giv51 !y mu/ be sunk s f> z practicable & giv5 ! lea/ possible cle> height ( p[d] *amb]1 ) ! be/ atta9able ov]head cov]4 ,?is %\ld be /r5g!n$ by ! use ( railroad iron or roll$ iron beams1 :5 available4 ,! cov] aga9/ direct fire %\ld be increas$ up to #cj feet1 & ! front slope be made g5tle1 l a glacis4 ,a scre5 made ( an e>!n bank ) a glacis slope %\ld also be us$ if possible4 ,^! precautions hav+ be5 tak51 ! dep? ( ! p[d]-*amb] 9 ! direction ( ! ho/ile fire %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! /orage ( l>ge quantities ( p[d] be avoid$1 s f> z possible1 by con/ruct+ a numb] ( small magaz9es at ! mo/ conv5i5t places 9 ! vic9ity ( ! batt]y4 #fg4 ,precautions aga9/ ,dampness 9 ,magaz9es = ,siege ,batt]ies4--,und]gr\nd magaz9es ( ! "* above describ$ are1 ( necessity1 sometimes damp4 ,! only v5tilation usually possible is obta9$ by leav+ ! door op51 ! air be+ *ang$ m or less by ! m5 go+ 9 & out4 ,! passage lead+ to ! p[d]-*amb] %\ld ent] x at ! middle1 & 9 ! s]vice ( ! guns "o half ( ! *amb] %\ld be empti$ on "o day & ! o!r half on ! next4 ,?is w usually limit ! "t :i* a c>tridge is expos$ to ! dampness ( ! magaz9e to a maximum ( "o or two days4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,siege ,,op]ations4 ,,! ,,attack4 #fh4 ,siege op]ations include all ! /eps tak5 f ! fir/ approa* to ! "w up to its f9al capture4 ,^! tak5 9 regul> ord] are z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii3 ! inve/m5t1 ! di/ant artill]y attack1 ! con/ruction ( approa*es & p>allels1 brea*+ by artill]y or m9es1 & ! f9al assault4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 description ! siege has be5 divid$ into ?ree p]iods4 ,! fir/ p]iod includes ! prelim9>y op]ations up to ! completion ( ! inve/m5t4 ,! second p]iod includes all ! op]ations betwe5 break+ gr\nd = ! batt]ies ( ! fir/ artill]y position & ! fir/ p>allel1 up to ! completion ( ! mo/ advanc$ p>allel & ! occupation ( a position ne> ! foot ( ! glacis f :i* ! attack is to be made ^u ! brea*1 ei!r by assault or sap4 ,! ?ird p]iod comprises ! advance f ! la/ p>allel1 & all subsequ5t op]ations up to ! capture ( ! la/ entr5*m5t & ! surr5d] ( ! g>rison4 ,! fir/ & second p]iods are sometimes kn[n z ! 8di/ant0 & ! ?ird p]iod z ! 8close attack40 ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4 #fi4 ,z a prelim9>y to ! siege ( any =tifi$ place1 all possible in=mation is obta9$ z to ! /r5g? & "* ( its =tifications1 ! g>rison1 armam5t1 /ores ( provisions & ammunitions1 wat] supply1 wat] r\tes1 telegraph & railroad l9es1 manufactures1 especially ^? :i* may be conv]t$ into factories ( arms & munitions1 ! "* ( ! population ( ! place1 _! probable food supply & _! loyalty to _! /ate2 also ! topographical features & nature ( ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w1 ! sites ( camps & p>ks1 ! preval5t diseases ( ! locality & ! be/ means ( prev5t+ _! attacks1 etc41 etc4 7see ,bureau ( ,intellig5ce1 ,art ( ,w>1 p>4 #abh74 ,f ^! data ! necess>y mat]ials & supplies are collect$ at conv5i5t po9ts1 ! railroad or wat] r\tes select$1 & ! c>s1 boats1 wagons1 etc41 = _! transportation provid$2 s t !y may arrive promptly & 9 ! prop] ord] :5 ne$$4 #gj4 ,! ,inve/m5t4--,! inve/+ =ce is br\ght toge!r1 organiz$1 & mov$ rapidly ^u ! place4 ,:5 x is available a l>ge =ce ( m\nt$ troops may be us$ advantage\sly 9 ! inve/m5t1 & be subsequ5tly reliev$ by infantry & artill]y4 ,:5 ! inve/m5t is made1 x adds greatly to ! advantage ( ! attack to completely surr\nd & isolate ! "w1 & to pu% ! inve/+ l9e z ne> x z possible4 ,:5 ! inve/+ =ce is m or less disp]s$1 & is to be conc5trat$ = ! siege1 ! temptation frequ5tly exi/s to m>* !m by conv]g+ l9es ^u ! place z a po9t ( conc5tration4 ,:ile ?is may be advisable 9 "s cases 7z :]e ! g>rison is v weak or "u an ineffici5t comm&]71 x w usually expose ! subdivisions ( ! inve/+ =ce to be beat5 9 detail 7,art ( ,w>1 p>4 #cib74 ,s also 9 surr\nd+ ! place2 a premature subdivision ( ! =ce into small fractions n protect$ by field-works1 or n )9 support+ di/ance ea* o!r1 w af=d to an active def5ce an opportunity1 by well-conduct$ sorties1 to inflict mo/ sev]e losses ^u ! attack & v greatly delay ! inve/m5t4 ,keep+ ^! dang]s 9 view1 ! inve/+ =ce w move rapidly ^u ! "w1 seize1 /r5g!n1 & occupy /rong po9ts z ne> ! "w z possible1 & ext5d ! l9es to "r & left z rapidly z good judgm5t all[s1 until ! place is surr\nd$4 ,mean:ile deta*m5ts ( great] or less size w sc\r ! gr\nd ar\nd ! place1 seiz+ & c>ry+ (f or de/roy+1 s f> z possible1 all cattle1 gra91 lumb]1 etc41 & ev]y?+ else :i* w\ld be ( use to ! attack or def5ce4 ,"u cov] ( ^! deta*m5ts & escorts specially detail$ = ! purpose1 reconnoissances w be made to cov] s mu* ( ! gr\nd z c be rea*$1 especial ef=ts be+ made to exam9e ! gr\nd ne> ! works4 ,^! reconnoissances w necess>ily be hurri$ & incomplete b1 mu/ be z accurate z !y c be made "u ! circum/ances4 ,!y %\ld be direct$ pr9cipally to det]m9+ ! heights & directions ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! works1 & _! positions ) ref]5ce to prom95t po9ts t may be us$ z l&m>ks1 9 v]ify+ & correct+ maps & in=mation previ\sly obta9$1 to discov]+ ! exi/+ armam5t ( ! place & ! /eps already tak5 = its def5ce1 & to collect+ all possible in=mation be>+ ^u ! selection ( ! front ( attack4 ,sy/ematic reconnoissances & surveys c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! siege mu/ be reli$ ^u = *eck+ & complet+ ! "w ?us begun4 ,s soon z ! support+ po9ts = ! inve/+ =ce are secur$1 a l9e ( outpo/s is pu%$ =w>d t[>ds ! "w & s5t9els1 pickets1 etc41 are e/abli%$ 7,art ( ,w>1 p>s4 #afg-aid74 ,! l9es ( s5t9els1 pickets1 & supports are plac$ z ne> ! "w z practicable1 & ! l9e ( resi/ance is advanc$ at e favorable opportunity4 ,! usual rules = po/+ & reliev+ ! outpo/s1 e/abli%+ day & night cordons1 ! use ( patrols1 etc41 are appli$1 ) su* modifications z circum/ances r5d] advantage\s4 ,any advanc$ po9ts af=d+ m>k$ advantage to ! attack :i* h be5 seiz$ are /r5g!n$ & held :5 possible1 ev5 at consid]able co/ 9 m5 or ) "s delay 9 complet+ ! inve/m5t4 #ga4 ,br++ up & ,po/+ ! ,besieg+ ,=ce4--,! ma9 besieg+ =ce1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( infantry1 artill]y1 & eng9e]s1 ) ! siege tra91 foll[s closely aft] ! inve/+ =ce1 &1 ^u arrival is encamp$ ^u sites previ\sly select$1 s5d+ out at once1 h[ev]1 su* re9=cem5ts & supports z are ne$$ by ! l9e ( inve/m5t4 ,eng9e] & artill]y p>ks are e/abli%$ outside ! zone ( fire ( ! works & 9 proximity to ! ma9 r\tes ( communication4 ,bran* railways & tram-roads runn+ ?r\gh ! p>ks1 /oreh\ses1 repair %ops1 etc4 etc41 are locat$ & con/ruct$4 ,sites = /orage magaz9es = ammunition are c>efully select$ at ! mo/ secure places1 & isolat$ :5 possible f ! camps & p>ks by int]v5+ elevations ( gr\nd4 ,! cov] ( ^! magaz9es1 s f> z possible1 is made up ( wood & s& or e>? free f /ones l>ge en\gh to be dang]\s projectiles 9 case ( explosion4 ,rooms = load$ %ells & c>tridges1 & laboratories = mak+ up ammunition are con/ruct$ ^u simil> pr9ciples4 ,c>efully /udi$ arrangem5ts = ! heal? & com=t ( ! m5 are made4 ,"s ( ^! are outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 #gb4 ,=tify+ ! ,camps1 ,p>ks1 etc41 etc4--,9 =m] sieges x 0 cu/om>y to completely surr\nd ! gr\nd occupi$ by ! besieg] ) a cont9u\s l9e ( works ( simple trace & light pr(ile call$ ! 8l9e ( circumvallation20 & to con/ruct betwe5 ! camps & ! "w ano!r l9e1 ei!r cont9u\s or ) int]vals1 call$ ! 8l9e ( c\nt]vallation40 ,^! l9es 7 plac$ respectively at ab\t #bjj y>ds 9 re> & 9 front ( ! camps4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! fir/ 0 to prev5t by a small =ce ! entry ( small re9=c+ deta*m5ts & supplies2 t ( ! second 0 to resi/ vigor\s sorties by ! def5ce1 or sudd5 attacks f ! outside by /rong re9=c+ p>ties4 ,= ?is purpose ! deta*$ works ( ! l9e ( c\nt]vallation 7 s dispos$ z to cov] ! ma9 depots1 p>ks1 roads1 etc41 & to be 9 def5sive relations ) ea* o!r4 ,! great developm5t ( ! l9e :i* mu/ be occupi$ by ! besieg]1 ow+ to mod]n me?ods ( =tification & ! range ( rifl$ cannon1 prohibits ! con/ruction ( complete l9es ( circum- & c\nt]vallation4 ,! besieg] con/ructs 9 _! /ead "o or m l9es ( deta*$ works ^u advantage\s po9ts1 & cov]s ! int]v5+ gr\nd m or less ?or\ghly by patrols1 outpo/s1 etc4 ,he !n s disposes 8 ma9 =ce z to be able to conc5trate en\gh to meet any sorties ( ! def5ce2 &1 if necess>y1 deta*es a =ce1 call$ an 8army ( obs]vation10 suffici5tly l>ge to meet any reliev+ army & defeat x2 or hold x 9 *eck until he c conc5trate ! besieg+ =ce ) ! army ( obs]vation1 & meet ! reliev+ army 9 a favorable position4 ,z a rule1 ?is position w be "o well outside ! besieg]'s cordon ( works2 s9ce ! latt] by its ext5t w necess>ily be weak to resi/ a det]m9$ attack 7,art ( ,w>1 p>4 #beh71 & by its proximity to ! "w w r5d] possible ! co-op]ation ( ! g>rison & ! reliev+ army4 ,?is1 "u ! circum/ances assum$1 w\ld s]i\sly endang] ! besieg+ army4 ,9 oppos+ sorties f ! "w1 h[ev]1 ! conditions :i* fix ! po9t ( conflict are rev]s$1 & place x z ne> ! "w z practicable4 ,! %ort5+ & /r5g!n+ ( ! l9e ( inve/m5t by clos+ x 9 ^u ! "w make x imp]ative to hold all gr\nd ga9$2 & ?is is g5]ally be/ accompli%$ by intr5*+ ! l9e ( outpo/s ) cont9u\s %elt] tr5*es1 /r5g!n$ at int]vals by batt]ies ( field guns1 & support$ by field works ( consid]able /r5g?1 plac$ )9 accurate cannon range ( ea* o!r1 b n expos$ to ! direct fire ( ! guns ( ! place4 ,beh9d ! %elt] tr5*es ! outpo/s1 supports1 & res]ves1 /r5g!n$ :5 necess>y by troops f o!r po9ts ( ! l9e1 %\ld be able to hold _! own aga9/ all ord9>y sorties4 ,! ma9 l9e ( field works s]ves to resi/ a g5]al attack made by ! mass ( ! g>rison4 ,plac+ ! fir/ intr5*m5ts fur!r back exposes ! outpo/s to ! confusion result+ f fall+ back1 frequ5tly at night or 9 a fog1 & also enables ! besieg$ to seize ^u gr\nd f :i* x may be v difficult to dislodge !m4 ,to all[ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! l9e to be rapidly re9=c$1 good roads protect$ f ! fire ( ! "w1 & well m>k$ ) sign-po/s1 etc41 mu/ be op5$ betwe5 ! adjac5t divisions ( ! besieg+ =ce1 & all /reams mu/ be provid$ ) bridges secure aga9/ floods1 ice1 etc4 #gc4 ,di/ance ( ! ,l9e ( ,inve/m5t f ! ,"w4--,?is w result f conflict+ conditions4 ,reasons already giv51 :i* ne$ n be repeat$1 lead to e/abli%+ x z ne> z practicable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! accurate fire ( ! heavy guns ( ! place1 & vigor\s sorties by ! def5ce1 cause mu* annoyance & great loss to a l9e drawn too ne> ! "w4 ,! m rec5t sieges indicate ab\t #cjjj y>ds f ! mo/ advanc$ works1 z ! lea/ di/ance = ! l9e ( inve/m5t 9 op5 c\ntry & ) an active def5ce4 ,x may be necess>y 9 "s cases to increase ?is to #dejj or #ejjj y>ds2 b ) gr\nd favorable to ! attack1 & a weak & demoraliz$ def5ce1 x may frequ5tly be drawn ne>]4 #gd4 ,/r5g? & ,composition ( ! ,besieg+ ,=ce4--,9 =m] sieges :5 ! place held out until ! inn] keep 0 brea*$ & c>ri$ by ! regul> progress ( ! siege1 ! ratio ( ! necess>y /r5g? ( ! attack to ! def5ce 0 e/imat$ at #g or #h to #a1 ?is l>ge ratio result+ f ! excessive labor 9 ! tr5*es & ! losses incurr$ on ! close attack4 ,mod]n writ]s 7argu+ l>gely ^u !oretical consid]ations7 h r$uc$ ?is e/imate to #d or #e to #a4 ,no attack on a ?or\ghly-equipp$ & well-def5d$ /rong place hav+ be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh all ! /eps ( a regul> siege s9ce ! introduction ( mod]n arms1 absolute data ^u ?is subject are lack+4 ,! besieg+ =ce at ,/rasburg 0 ab\t #fj1jjj1 g>rison ab\t #bj1jjj1 total l5g? ( siege #di days4 ,! def5ce 0 v weak4 ,bel=t1 besieg+ =ce ab\t #cb1jjj1 g>rison ab\t #af1jjj4 ,aft] a siege ( #ajj days ! approa*es 7 at ab\t #abjj y>ds f ! works1 :i* capitulat$ by reason ( ! g5]al surr5d] ( ! ,fr5*4 ,at ,metz ! besieg+ =ce 0 #aej1jjj m52 ! g>rison1 demoraliz$ by ! previ\s defeat at ,gravelotte1 surr5d]$ #agc1jjj m54 ,at ,p>is ! inve/+ =ce 0 ab\t #ahj1jjj1 & ! g>rison nom9ally betwe5 #cjj1jjj & #djj1jjj1 ( :i* p]haps #cj1jjj 7 discipl9$ & effective soldi]s2 ! rema9d] be+ made up ( remnants ( defeat$ regim5ts & bodies ( ! ,g>de ,mobile & ,g>de ,nationale4 ,! inve/m5t ( ,p>is 0 complete on ,septemb] #ai1 #ahgj2 its surr5d] f exhau/ion ( provisions took place ,janu>y #bi1 #ahga4 ,sev]al sorties 7 made1 b ! g5]al def5ce 0 p>alyz$ by ! "* ( ! troops & inhabitants4 ,at ,plevna ! ,turks _h at ! outset ab\t #ef1jjj m51 at ! surr5d] #dj1jjj4 ,! ,russian =ce suff]$ great losses 9 its assaults1 b by cont9ual re9=cem5t _h at ! end ( ! siege ab\t #abj1jjj m54 ,! def5ce by ! ,turks 0 desp]ate1 b g5]ally passive4 ,"o det]m9$ sortie 0 made imm$iately be=e ! surr5d]4 ,! surr5d] result$ f exhau/ion ( ammunition & provisions4 ,! works 7 field works only4 ,at ,bel=t ! inve/+ =ce 0 at fir/ b #aj1jjj & ! l9e ( inve/m5t #be miles long1 giv+ b #djj m5 to ! mile4 ,?is =ce 0 subsequ5tly increas$ to #bj1jjj m51 & :5 ! besieg+ army _h all arriv$1 to #cb1jjj m54 ,at ,p>is 7#ahgj7 ! l9e ( inve/m5t 0 ab\t #c miles f ! l9e ( ! =ts1 & ab\t #ec miles 9 l5g?1 ! inve/+ =ce #ahj1jjj1 giv+ a mean ( ab\t #b m5 to ! y>d4 ,! di/ribution 01 h[ev]1 ab\t #d to ! y>d on ! left bank & #a on ! "r bank ( ! ,se9e4 ,at ,plevna ! l9e ( inve/m5t 0 #b miles f ! =ts1 its l5g? #dc miles1 ! inve/+ =ce #ajj1jjj m51 ab\t #a m5 to ! y>d4 ,9 ea* ( ^! sieges ! place f9ally fell "u ! attack ( a =ce1 9 no case equal to #b times ! g>rison2 b inf]5ces drawn f ?is fact are apt to be errone\s1 s9ce none ( ^! places 0 well =tifi$ accord+ to mod]n me?ods1 well g>rison$1 well suppli$1 & def5d$ to extremity4 ,! results %[1 h[ev]1 t "u simil> circum/ances1 :i* are apt to arise 9 any mod]n w>1 ! attack ( a /rong place :i* c be completely inve/$ by a =ce ( two or ?ree times ! /r5g? ( ! g>rison1 may promise success2 :i* seems to be assur$ if ! def5ce all[s ! besieg+ =ce to complete ! inve/m5t & ?or\ghly intr5* itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 tactical consid]ations w\ld indicate t a well-equipp$ army1 ( good morale1 "u an active & aggressive comm&]1 cov]$ by a mod]n intr5*$ camp1 %\ld be able to prev5t ! inve/m5t2 & by tak+ advantage ( its int]ior l9es1 its heavy guns & its /rong po9ts d'appui1 %\ld be able to beat 9 detail a =ce v mu* great] ?an itself ^: fractions1 by reason ( ! ext5t ( ! l9e ( inve/m5t1 are necess>ily n )9 support+ di/ance ( ea* o!r4 ,^! advantages ( ! def5ce evid5tly disappe>1 z above indicat$1 :5 ! attack is all[$ to complete its =tifications1 s9ce "u _! cov] a small =ce c *eck ev5 a det]m9$ sortie until a suffici5t =ce to beat x c be conc5trat$4 ,f ^! consid]ations x is evid5t t an inve/m5t1 once complet$1 may be ma9ta9$ by a =ce less ?an t necess>y to e/abli% x 9 ! fir/ place 7see ,inve/m5t ( ,plevna1 ,pi]ron1 ,m?odes de ,gu]re ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #fdg et seq474 #ge4 ,! ,po9t ( ,attack4--,f ! in=mation orig9ally 9 possession ( ! besieg]1 supplem5t$ by t obta9$ by reconnoissance1 a decision is made z to ! fronts ( ! "w or ! p>ticul> deta*$ works ( ! intr5*$ camp ^u :i* ! approa*es are to be made4 ,! portion select$ 9 ei!r case is call$ ! 8po9t ( attack40 ,to r$uce an intr5*$ camp1 x w 9 g5]al be necess>y to capture at lea/ two ( ! deta*$ works & to sil5ce ! artill]y fire ( "o or m on ea* side ( ^? tak54 ,9 an attack ^u a /rongly-=tifi$ ence9te1 ! lea/ t is usually und]tak5 is to brea* & capture "o front ) its adjac5t outworks1 & to sil5ce ! fire ( ^? :i* enfilade ! approa*es & p>allels or take !m 9 rev]se4 ,9 select+ ! po9t ( attack ! fir/ consid]ation is1 t :5 tak51 x %all af=d mat]ial advantage to ! besieg] & give him a foo?old f :i* fur!r approa*es may be driv51 if necess>y4 ,?is condition be+ fulfill$1 ! *oice w result f a c>eful /udy ( ! nature ( ! works & site4 ,^? =ts or fronts re/+ ^u precipices1 bord]+ deep m>%es or deep & rapid /reams1 or :i* are s plac$ t approa*es ^u !m w be swept 9 flank & re> by ! fire ( ! works1 :i* _c be sil5c$1 are consid]$ impregnable by ! ord9>y op]ations ( ! siege4 ,mo/ s]i\s difficulties are pres5t$ by ^? 9 :i* ! adjac5t works are s dispos$ & ( su* /r5g? t !y c be c>ri$ only 9 succession & by regul> approa*es2 ^? provid$ ) wet dit*es 9 :i* /rong curr5ts c be produc$1 ^? ) dry deep dit*es1 ^? :i* are m9$1 & ^? :i* pres5t long l9es ne>ly /raight1 or ev5 concave to ! attack1 & cov]+ a front ne>ly equal or ev5 great] ?an c be occupi$ by ! tr5*es ( ! besieg]s4 ,:5 ! p>allels & approa*es h to be con/ruct$ ^u gr\nd slop+ d[nw>d t[>ds ! "w1 9 soil conta9+ l>ge /ones1 or 9 :i* ! rock is close to ! surface1 9 m>%y gr\nd or t conta9+ mu* wat] or liable to be flood$1 ! difficulty ( _! con/ruction & defilade are evid5t4 ,! po9t ( attack consid]$ mo/ favorable to ! besieg] is "o :i*1 fulfill+ ! fir/ ess5tial condition1 is m or less sali5t1 s t x c be p>tially surr\nd$1 & :i* admits ( ! approa*es be+ driv5 t[>d x 9 favorable soil1 ov] gr\nd slop+ g5tly f ! "w1 or g5tly roll+ ) ! cre/s & valleys ( suffici5t diff]5ce ( level to af=d cov]1 & runn+ g5]ally 9 ! direction ( ! p>allels4 ,a favorable location = p>ks1 etc41 ) free1 safe1 & %ort communications betwe5 !m1 also has great weight 9 select+ ! po9t ( attack4 ,,second ,,p]iod4 #gf4 ,fir/ ,artill]y ,position4--,e siege beg9s ) a bomb>dm5t1 :i* is design$1 z previ\sly /at$1 to drive 9 ! outly+ po/s ( ! def5ce1 to sil5ce1 s f> z possible1 ! artill]y annoy & we> out ! g>risons ( ! works to be attack$1 to int]rupt ! communications betwe5 !m1 break up bomb & spl9t] pro(s1 de/roy magaz9es & depots1 &1 if ! ence9te c be rea*$ by ! artill]y1 to br+ a fire ^u ! population :i* w lead to or ha/5 ! surr5d] ( ! place4 ,! consid]ations :i* det]m9e ! location ( ! batt]ies = ! g5]al bomb>dm5t h already be5 giv5 7p>4 #g71 z well z ! con/ruction ( ! batt]ies & scre5s us$ 7,*ap4 ,,iv474 ,= ! sy/ematic attack1 h[ev]1 ! necessity ( dism\nt+ or sil5c+ ! guns be>+ ^u ! propos$ approa*es introduces ! additional condition t ! batt]ies %\ld be s locat$ t besides _! g5]al effect ea* %all fulfil1 s f> z practicable1 its special design by br++ an enfilad+ or rev]se fire ^u c]ta9 fronts2 or1 9 connection ) o!r batt]ies1 %all keep d[n ! fire ( c]ta9 fronts by a prepond]ance ( direct fire4 ,_m batt]ies :i* fulfil ^! la/ conditions occupy _! orig9al positions dur+ ! entire siege4 ,! requisite conc5tration ( fire ^u ! po9t ( attack & its c>eful regulation = ! special object 9 view w frequ5tly re/rict ! arc occupi$ by ! batt]ies bel[ t desirable = a g5]al bomb>dm5t only2 & w necessitate a clos] gr\p+ ( ! batt]ies = _! easi] control by ! artill]y comm&]s4 ,?is l9e ( batt]ies fir/ e/abli%$ is kn[n z ! 8fir/ artill]y position0 7,pl4 ,,viii41 ,figs4 #hj1 #ha74 ,z ! batt]ies mu/ be secure aga9/ ! attacks ( ! def5ce1 !y mu/ ( necessity be outside ! besieg]s def5sive l9e4 ,_! di/ance 9 y>ds w result f ! "* ( ! def5ce & may v>y f #bjjj or #bejj y>ds = a weak def5ce1 to #cejj or #dejj y>ds = an active "o4 ,on acc\nt ( _! long range & ! object to be obta9$ by _! fire1 !y are arm$ ) ! heavie/ rifles & h[itz]s available1 supplem5t$ ) rifl$ mort>s ( z l>ge calibre z c be obta9$1 fir+1 if practicable1 torp$o %ells *>g$ ) high explosives4 ,batt]ies ( field guns :i* h already be5 favorably locat$ = ! def5ce ( ! heavi] batt]ies aga9/ attack1 or = fir+ ^u ! m advanc$ works1 may1 by modification ( _! gun pits into f9i%$ batt]ies 7p>4 #dd71 be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! heavy batt]ies ( ! fir/ artill]y position4 ,! total numb] ( guns employ$ %\ld be su* z to give to ! attack a m>k$ sup]iority ov] ! def5ce at ! op5+ ( ! bomb>dm5t4 #gg4 ,op5+ ,fire4--,! batt]ies hav+ be5 complet$ & arm$1 ! magaz9es f9i%$ & suppli$1 & ! p>ks1 depots & communications put 9 su* ord] t ! batt]ies c be kept fully suppli$ ) ammunition2 ! fire ( ! batt]ies is comm5c$ simultane\sly1 ! signal be+ giv5 by a gun f "s select$ batt]y4 ,! fire once op5$ is cont9u$ day & night dur+ ! siege1 unless /opp$ by ! comm&+ (fic] or f inability to keep x up4 ,x usually beg9s at daylight1 9 ord] to enable ! ranges to be correct$ by ! fir/ %ots1 be=e ! def5ce has accurately locat$ ! batt]ies unmask$ dur+ ! prec$+ night4 ,to op5 fire f a few batt]ies be=e ! o!rs are ready is inexcusable1 z x enables ! def5ce to conc5trate its fire ^u !m & de/roy !m 9 succession4 ,! t>gets ( ea* batt]y & gun & ! rate ( fire are prescrib$ be=e ! fire is op5$1 & ^! are *ang$ only by subsequ5t ord]s or f sudd5 em]g5cies4 ,! fire is z a rule delib]ate1 seldom exce$+ an av]age ( #d %ots p] h\r = ea* gun by day1 & #b p] h\r at night4 ,?is rate may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! comm&+ (fic] = special reasons & = a limit$ "t4 ,! fire ( ! batt]ies is direct$ ^u all ! works ( ! place )9 range1 b ) great] vigor ^u ! m important1 & especially ^u ^? ne> ! po9t ( attack4 ,! fire aga9/ p[d]-magaz9es & /oreh\ses %\ld be un9t]rupt$1 to prev5t ! removal ( p[d] & munitions4 ,if ! artill]y ( a "p ( ! "w is sil5c$1 ! fire ^u x may be slack5$1 b "s fire1 especially v]tical1 %\ld be kept up4 ,at night ! fire is direct$ aga9/ ! l>g] t>gets1 su* z communications & cov]s1 r ?an ^u ! guns2 b ! fire aga9/ ! int]ior ( ! place 7especially a city7 is kept at ab\t ! same rate day & night4 ,if prep>ations = a sortie are detect$1 ! fire ( ! l>ge pieces is direct$ at ! po9ts ( assembly1 :5 kn[n1 & at ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! sortie is to be made4 ,! field guns direct _! fire ^u ! troops 9 accordance ) ! tactical use ( ?is arm4 ,if ! batt]ies ( ! fir/ artill]y position h ! prop] prepond]ance ov] ^? ( ! place1 !y %\ld soon cle> away ! advanc$ po/s1 & keep d[n ! fire ( ! works s t ! besieg] may advance 8 outpo/s1 control ! ext]ior gr\nd & prep>e to op5 ! fir/ p>allel & e/abli% ! second artill]y position4 #gh4 ,plan ( ,attack4--,by ?is "t ! reconnoissances & surveys %\ld be s f> advanc$ & s ?or\ghly *eck$ up t ! *ief eng9e] w h be5 able to make1 ^u a l>ge scale1 a map ( ! place & its surr\nd+s ) consid]able accuracy1 & to locate ^u x ! propos$ position ( ! fir/ & second p>allels1 ! approa*es1 & ! batt]ies ( ! second artill]y position4 ,?is map1 ) ! accompany+ memoirs1 makes up ! 8plan ( attack10 :i*1 :5 approv$ by ! comm&+ g5]al1 s]ves z a work+ plan = ! prosecution ( ! siege1 & is cont9ually correct$ & add$ to z ! siege progresses4 ,?is map %\ld be made 9 duplicate at lea/1 & = accuracy 9 ! hi/ory ( ! siege %\ld be correct$ s f> z possible by r$raw+ or trac+1 in/ead ( by erasures4 #gi4 ,! ,fir/ ,p>allel4--,! fir/ p>allel 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,figs4 #hj & #ha7 s]ves z an intr5*m5t = ! troops :o protect ! second artill]y position & :o cov] ! workm5 driv+ ! approa*es4 ,x also af=ds a cov]$ communication betwe5 ! diff]5t l9es ( approa*es4 ,its l5g? mu/ be suffici5t to cov] all ! batt]ies ( ! second artill]y position & protect _! flanks2 x mu/ !re=e ext5d beyond ! batt]ies :i* enfilade ^? faces ( ! fronts attack$ ^: prolongations fall fur!/ out4 ,its flanks are usually m or less refus$1 & t]m9at$ by /rong e>?works4 ,emplacem5ts = batt]ies ( field guns are provid$ at int]vals to assi/ ! infantry 9 repell+ sorties4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( ! p>allel is v great1 x is sometimes n cont9u\s :5 fir/ op5$1 b ! portions cov]+ ! gr\ps ( batt]ies are fir/ made & are subsequ5tly connect$4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 !m is protect$1 mean:ile1 by a /rong fire ( small arms1 field & o!r guns4 ,:5 communications cov]$ by natural scre5s d n exi/ betwe5 ! fir/ p>allel1 ! batt]ies ( ! fir/ artill]y position1 & ! p>ks1 approa*es are con/ruct$ at ! same "t z ! p>allel1 9 suffici5t numb] to give free passage to ! troops1 guns1 & mat]ials4 ,^! approa*es 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,figs4 #hj & #ha71 z all o!rs 7p>4 #ac71 are s direct$ z n to be enfilad$ by ! fire ( ! "w1 & %\ld be provid$ ) portable or o!r tramways & c>s1 pass+ swit*es be+ plac$ 9 ! returns :]e ne$$4 ,its ,di/ance f ! ,"w4--,z a rule1 x may be /at$ t ! fir/ p>allel is plac$ z ne> ! "w z possible4 ,mo/ ( ! batt]ies ( ! second artill]y position are f #ajj to #cjj y>ds 9 its re>1 & ! %ort] _! range ! m effective is _! fire4 ,! small-arm fire f ! fir/ p>allel may also be an important feature 9 mod]n sieges2 to make x s requires ! p>allel to be locat$ )9 #aejj y>ds ( ! "w1 if possible4 ,by plac+ ! p>allel z ne> ! "w z possible1 its l5g? & t ( ! saps are correspond+ly r$uc$1 ! am\nt ( "w less5$1 & g5]ally ! fall ( ! place ha/5$4 ,if an attempt be made to place x too close to ! "w1 h[ev]1 ! work+ p>ties w be discov]$2 !y w be )9 rea* ( /rong sorties1 & ( ! deadly fire ( small arms & ma*9e guns2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y may suff] v great losses1 be driv5 (f1 & ! con/ruction ( ! p>allel prev5t$4 ,! m9imum di/ance "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances is !n ab\t #fjj to #gjj y>ds4 7,?is 0 ! di/ance prescrib$ 9 ! day ( smoo?-bore guns1 & 0 adopt$ z rec5tly z #ahgj at ! siege ( ,/rasburg47 ,9 an op51 level c\ntry x may n be possible to place ! fir/ p>allel at a di/ance f ! mo/ advanc$ "w ( less ?an #ahjj to #bjjj y>ds4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to e/abli% ! fir/ p>allel at a v great di/ance1 x w n1 z a rule1 be made cont9u\s1 b 9 fractions cov]+ approa*es :i* are driv5 =w>d4 ,! fir/ cont9u\s p>allel is !n built at f #ajjj to #abjj y>ds f ! works1 & beh9d ?is ! second artill]y position is e/abli%$4 #hj4 ,op5+ ! ,p>allel4--,! pr(ile ( ! p>allel is "o ( ^? already giv5 7,pl4 ,i1 ,figs4 #g-ac71 & x is trac$ & con/ruct$ z describ$ 7p>s4 #ad1 #ah1 & #ai71 by simple tr5*1 fly+ sap1 or full sap1 z may be mo/ advantage\s4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is con/ruct$ by enl>g+ ! l9e ( %elt] tr5*es already made by ! outpo/s4 ,to cov] ! work+ p>ties :ile excavat+ ! tr5*1 :5 ! p>allel is ne> en\gh ! "w to be endang]$ by a sortie1 ! outpo/s are advanc$ to ab\t #cjj y>ds 9 front ( ! l9e1 ! pickets & supports are po/$ respectively at ab\t #ajj & #bjj y>ds 9 _! re>1 & are cov]$ by rifle pits & tr5*es made = ?is purpose dur+ ! prec$+ nights4 ,to conceal f ! def5ce1 if possible1 ! propos$ location ( ! p>allel1 ^! tr5*es & pits are con/ruct$ by all ! outpo/s 9 front ( _! positions4 ,! res]ves are held #hjj to #ajjj y>ds 9 re> ( ! flanks1 & ! :ole cov]+ =ce %\ld be equal to #a_/b or #b_/h ! g>rison ( ! place if an active def5ce is look$ =4 ,at daylight ! tr5*es w be f> en\gh advanc$ to protect ! cov]+ =ce :i* w occupy !m4 ,?is =ce is f ?is "t kn[n z ! 8gu>d ( ! tr5*es10 & is reliev$ usually e #bd h\rs1 ! "t ( relief be+ s *os5 z n to int]f]e ) ! work+ p>ties4 ,! work+ p>ties are1 z previ\sly indicat$1 divid$ into reliefs ( #d or #h h\rs4 ,= cont9u\s "w ! besieg+ =ce %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ea* man1 aft] be+ "o day 9 ! gu>d ( ! tr5*es & "o day 9 ! work+ p>ty1 to h "o day 9 camp4 #ha4 ,! ,second ,artill]y ,position4--,by ! second artill]y position previ\sly ref]r$ to is meant ! position occupi$ by ! guns ( ! attack1 plac$ 9 batt]ies1 accurately locat$ = brea*+1 enfilad+1 c\nt]-batt]+ or o!r specific duty4 ,^! batt]ies are usually ( ! class describ$ "u ! head ( 8expos$ sunk5 batt]ies0 7,plates ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii71 & are con/ruct$ beh9d or 9 ! p>allels1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #dh to #ee4 ,:5 beh9d a p>allel !y %\ld be1 if possible1 at lea/ #aej y>ds f x 9 ord] t ! bla/ ( ! guns %all n int]f]e too mu* ) ! occupants ( ! p>allel4 #hb4 ,c\nt]-batt]ies1 design$ to dism\nt guns or de/roy embrasures ( e>? or masonry at ranges f #gjj to #ajjj y>ds by direct fire may well be arm$ ) #d or #e in* rifles1 s9ce _! projectiles h suffici5t en]gy = ! desir$ result1 & ! guns admit ( a m rapid & long-cont9u$ fire ?an d ^? ( great] calibre4 ,! batt]ies mu/ be s plac$ z to look ?r\gh ! embrasure attack$1 & ! numb] ( guns pitt$ aga9/ any batt]y mu/ consid]ably exce$ t 9 ! batt]y4 ,c\nt]-batt]ies design$ to sil5ce by direct fire guns 9 turrets or beh9d %ields mu/ be arm$ ) guns ( l>ge calibre1 m\nt$ ) ! be/ available cov]1 & mu/ be aid$ by rapid fire guns ( mod]ate calibre1 design$ to disable ! turret guns ei!r by embrasure %ots or by oblique %ots p5etrat+ ! p>ts :i* project f ! turret4 #hc4 ,enfilad+ batt]ies act 9 conjunction ) c\nt]-batt]ies or indep5d5tly2 !y are design$ to take ! faces 9 flank or slightly 9 rev]se1 b are ( necessity at times limit$ to a slant fire4 ,!y are locat$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! prolongation ( ! t]re-ple9s4 ,:5 ! sali5ts are obtuse ^! prolongations lie ne> ! adjac5t faces = "s di/ance1 & consequ5tly ! only possible emplacem5ts ( enfilad+ batt]ies w give ranges :i* may v>y f #ajjj to #djjj y>ds4 ,!y are arm$ ) cannon ( suffici5tly l>ge calibre to make _! projectiles effici5t ev5 at mod]ate velocities1 &1 :5 ! faces enfilad$ are well provid$ ) trav]ses1 ! *>ges are r$uc$ s z to give to ! projectiles a l>ge angle ( fall4 ,:5 ! batt]ies are on comm&+ heights high] velocities may be us$4 #hd4 ,brea*+ batt]ies1 except ^? e/abli%$ on ! cre/ ( ! c\nt]sc>p1 c only brea* ! walls ( mod]n =ts by 8curv$0 or 8indirect0 fire4 ,to obta9 ! necess>y angle ( fall ) ! requisite accuracy & en]gy ( bl[1 ! guns mu/ be ( consid]able size & plac$ at comp>atively long range2 ! projectile mu/ graze ! cre/ ( ! glacis & /rike ! sc>p wall at an angle n too oblique4 ,exp]i5ce seems to indicate t ! be/ effects are obta9$1 all ?+s consid]$1 :5 ! v]tical plane ( fire makes an angle ( f #ee to #fj ) ! face ( ! sc>p wall4 ,! di/ance ( ! batt]y f ! wall to be brea*$ is usually f #ajjj to #aejj y>ds4 ,! same consid]ations gov]n ! con/ruction & armam5t ( batt]ies design$ to de/roy rduits1 b>racks1 gorge walls1 city gates1 magaz9es1 depots1 bridges1 locks1 etc41 etc4 #he4 ,batt]ies ( rifl$ mort>s or ( h[itz]s = v]tical fire %\ld be s locat$1 :5 possible1 t ! longe/ dim5sion ( ! t>get w be 9 ! direction ( _! fire4 ,! effect ( _! projectiles is greate/ :5 !y c be fir$ at elevations1 ( #fj to #gj & ) l>ge *>ges4 ,^! consid]ations1 comb9$ ) ^? ( good cov] & easy supply1 w gov]n _! location4 #hf4 ,op5+ & conduct ( fire f ,second ,artill]y position4--,! batt]ies :i* are ready on ! morn+ ( ! completion ( ! p>allel op5 fire simultane\sly ^u ! "w1 & are support$ by ^? ( ! fir/ artill]y position /ill arm$4 ,! same rules gov]n ! fire ( ! fir/ & ( ! second artill]y position4 ,:5 ! def5ce comb9es a numb] ( batt]ies to sil5ce "o ( ! attack a heavy fire is conc5trat$ ^u ^! batt]ies by ^? f :i* ! fire has be5 div]t$4 ,new batt]ies unmask$ by ! def5ce1 or e/abli%$ 9 int]m$iate or o!r works1 %\ld receive prompt att5tion f ! attack1 ) a view to sil5c+ !m if possible be=e !y correct _! ranges4 ,x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! sup]iority ( ! artill]y fire ( ! attack %all be e/abli%$ at ! op5+ ( fire f ! fir/ artill]y position & be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t1 & t ! def5ce %all be prev5t$ f repair+ any batt]ies :i* h be5 sil5c$4 ,to ?is end a few guns w keep up a sl[ fire ^u ^! batt]ies s long z x may be necess>y4 ,e gun ( ! def5ce mu/1 if possible1 be kept "u a heavy fire1 & ! fire ^u ! ence9te mu/ be op5$ at ! e>lie/ possible date & cont9u$ day & night1 z previ\sly describ$4 #hg4 ,musketry fire w be op5$ z soon z a p>allel is e/abli%$ at su* di/ance z to make x effective2 & ?is may be1 = a well-regulat$ fire ( %>p%oot]s1 at ranges ( #abjj to #aejj y>ds1 or 9 "s cases ev5 great]4 #hh4 ,! ,advance f ! ,fir/ ,p>allel4--,x is assum$ t ! fire f ! fir/ & second artill]y positions w sil5ce almo/ completely ! artill]y fire ( ! "w ^u ! fronts attack$2 b ! def5ce w /ill be able to develop :5 necess>y a /rong musketry fire1 aid$ at times by ma*9e & rapid-fire or ev5 "s field guns4 ,consequ5tly1 ! advance f ! p>allel mu/ be "u cov]4 ,approa*es are1 !re=e1 brok5 out f ! p>allel & pu%$ =w>d t[>ds ! "w1 ! workm5 be+ protect$ by ! fire ( ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es4 ,usually at lea/ ?ree l9es ( approa*es are con/ruct$1 conc5trat+ ^u ! po9t ( attack & foll[+ g5]ally ! l9es ( ! capitals ( ! adjac5t sali5ts4 ,:5 attack+ a l9e ( deta*$ works two or m l9es ( approa*es may be con/ruct$ t[>ds ea* "w attack$4 ,! approa*es are run 9 zigzags1 ea* bran* s direct$ z to pass a %ort di/ance 7#cj or #dj y>ds7 outside ! mo/ advanc$ "w ( ! def5ce f :i* x c\ld be enfilad$2 at ea* *ange ( direction ( ! zigzags a return ( #aj or #bj y>ds is made to cov] ! approa* 9 re> 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,figs4 #hj & #ha74 ,! l5g? ( ! bran*es is s regulat$ z n to mask too mu* ( ! front ( ! p>allel2 !y consequ5tly gr[ %ort] z !y approa* ! "w & v>y ord9>ily betwe5 #bjj & #ej y>ds1 seldom exce$+ #ajj y>ds :5 ne> ! "w4 ,! heads ( ! diff]5t approa*es are advanc$ at ab\t equal spe$ s z to af=d mutual support4 #hi4 ,! ,second ,p>allel4--,! second p>allel is locat$ ne>] to ! fir/ p>allel ?an to ! cov]$ way1 sometimes v mu* ne>]4 ,x is con/ruct$ & occupi$ by ! gu>d ( ! tr5*es4 ,! pr9ciple foll[$ is t ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es %all always be ne>] to ! head ( ! sap ?an is ! enemy 9 8 mo/ advanc$ place ( arms2 s t1 9 case ( a sortie1 ! advantage w lie ) ! besieg]4 ,! flanks ( ! second p>allel are refus$ & /r5g!n$ l ^? ( ! fir/1 or are ev5 c>ri$ back to ! fir/ p>allel1 to gu>d !m aga9/ flank attacks4 ,! second p>allel hav+ be5 complet$ & occupi$1 s]ves z a base = fur!r advance1 :i* is conduct$ accord+ to ! same me?ods1 8demi-p>allels0 7,pl4 ,,viii1 ,fig4 #ha7 be+ run out to ! "r & left ( ! approa*es :5 !y are well advanc$ beyond ! second p>allel4 ,^! demi-p>allels are sometimes jo9$1 =m+ a ?ird p>allel1 f :i* ! approa*es are advanc$ z be=e1 ) additional p>allels :5 ne$$1 until ! foot ( ! glacis or ext]ior ( ! c\nt]-m9es is rea*$4 ,! numb] ( p>allels is det]m9$ by ! di/ance at :i* ! fir/ is e/abli%$ & ! vigor ( ! def5ce2 =m]ly ?ree 7 consid]$ all t 7 ne$$1 & ?is numb] 0 us$ at ,/rasburg1 #ahgj4 ,at o!r mod]n sieges a l>g] numb] has frequ5tly be5 requir$4 ,at ,bel=t 7#ahgj-ga7 ! ?ird p>allel 0 e/abli%$ at #abjj y>ds f ! place4 ,five p>allels 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,=t ,wagn] 7,july-,septemb]1 #ahfc74 ,! approa*es are driv5 9 zigzags by simple tr5*1 fly+ or full sap1 until ! direct advance becomes equal to ab\t "o ?ird ( ! l5g? ( tr5*2 & f ?is po9t !y are driv5 directly ^u ! "w by d\ble-trav]s$ sap 7,pl4 ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bh-ce71 ! latt] be+1 z a rule1 us$ only 9 advanc+ f ! foot ( ! glacis1 or dur+ ! ?ird p]iod ( ! siege4 ,,?ird ,,p]iod4 #ij4 ,! ,?ird ,p]iod ( ! ,siege frequ5tly call$ ! 8close attack10 includes all ! /eps betwe5 e/abli%+ ! la/ p>allel & ! surr5d] ( ! place4 ,^! are ! capture & cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way1 brea*+ ! sc>ps & c\nt]-sc>ps1 pass+ ! dit*1 captur+ & cr[n+ ! brea*es ( ! outworks & ma9 works 9 succession1 & ! f9al r$uction ( ! int]ior retr5*m5ts1 or keep4 ,all ^! op]ations are c>ri$ on )9 close & deadly range ( small arms & %ells ( ,coehorn mort>s1 & _m ( !m )9 range ( h& gr5ades & ^u gr\nd honeycomb$ ) m9es & c\nt]m9es1 or liable to be flood$ or inundat$4 ,!y are sl[ 9 progress1 unc]ta9 9 results1 & require an extravagant exp5diture ( m5 & mat]ial4 ,!y c be pu%$ to a successful issue only :5 ! artill]y fire ( ! place is sil5c$ & its small-arm fire is almo/ completely kept d[n by ! fire ( ! attack4 ,! conditions ( mod]n w>f>e are su*1 h[ev]1 t by ! "t ! attack has rea*$ ! foot ( ! glacis ! losses & exhau/ion ( ! g>rison are frequ5tly s great z to preclude an ob/9ate1 close def5ce2 &1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! place is compell$ to surr5d] be=e ! close attack is comm5c$4 #ia4 ,! capture & cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way is accompli%$ by assault or by sap4 ,! =m] is an extremely haz>d\s & bloody op]ation1 :i* all au?orities unite 9 condemn+1 & :i* %\ld be und]tak5 only 9 extreme cases4 ,x is c>ri$ out usually at night1 by =m+ an assault+ p>ty 9 ! p>allel1 :o ru% =w>d to ! cre/ ( ! cov]$ way2 capture1 if possible1 its gu>ds1 & "u any atta9able cov] op5 a fire ^u ! cre/ ( ! "w4 ,all available small-arm & ma*9e-gun fire comb9es ) ?is to keep d[n ! fire ( ! def5ce2 & "u cov] ( ?is fire ! work+ p>ties con/ruct1 by fly+ sap1 a tr5* cr[n+ ! cov]$ way1 & ! communications betwe5 x & ! p>allel4 ,! tr5* is occupi$ z soon z x af=ds cov]1 & is subsequ5tly complet$ & prep>$ = ! reception ( its guns & infantry gu>d4 ,9 cr[n+ ! cov]$ way by sap 7,pl4 ,,iv1 ,fig4 #cf71 ! saps are brok5 out f ! p>allel1 a circul> place ( arms is con/ruct$1 :i* gives additional communication & s]ves z a depot = tr5* mat]ials1 ! trav]s$ sap is pu%$ =w>d1 & ! cov]$ way cr[n$ z previ\sly describ$ 7p>4 #cf74 ,x w frequ5tly be necess>y to run out at "r angles to ?is sap %ort bran*es ( p>allels 7,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #hc71 to s]ve z places ( arms1 or z tr5*es ( dep>ture = m9es or gall]ies1 = und]gr\nd w>f>e or = brea*+ walls4 #ib4 ,brea*+ ! ,sc>ps & ,c\nt]-sc>ps4--,! c\nt]-sc>p1 z a rule1 & ! sc>p at times is brea*$ by m9+4 7,see ,milit>y ,m9+1 p>s4 #ia-ic74 ,:5 practicable1 h[ev]1 ! sc>p is brea*$ ) artill]y & pref]ably by guns ( ! second artill]y position2 s9ce a brea*+ batt]y on ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way1 :i* mu/ be provid$ ) mo/ ample spl9t]-pro(s to protect ! gunn]s f fly+ spl9t]s ( masonry & %ot1 is 9 g5]al con/ruct$ only ) great losses & delays2 & ! guns 9 ?is position mu/ be fir$ "u great angles ( depression1 requir+ v deep embrasures to avoid expos+ ! cannone]s4 ,:5 ! dit* is deep & n>r[ x may be necess>y to bl[ d[n ! c\nt] sc>p & "p ( ! glacis1 9 ord] to expose ! sc>p-wall to ! fire ( ! brea*+ batt]y1 :e!r on ! glacis or at a di/ance4 ,?is necessity %\ld be =ese5 & provid$ = 9 locat+ ! batt]ies4 ,a full or semi-deta*$ sc>p-wall w be brea*$ :5 ! batt]y is on ! glacis by mak+ v]tical cuts at ! ends1 & a horizontal cut at ab\t "o ?ird or "o f\r? its height f ! bottom1 & !n fir+ %ells into ! "p to be br\ght d[n1 cont9u+ ! fire until ! l>ge masses ( masonry are brok5 up1 & ! slope is made g5tle & smoo? en\gh to admit ( easy asc5t4 ,a deta*$ sc>p-wall w be brea*$ by a glacis batt]y1 or any sc>p-wall by a di/ant batt]y1 by cont9u$ batt]+1 :i* w n only knock d[n ! wall1 b also break up ! fragm5ts & make a practicable ramp4 #ic4 ,! ,capture & ,cr[n+ ( ! ,brea*4--,! decision z to :e!r ! brea* %all be captur$ & cr[n$ by assault or by sap w be gov]n$ by consid]ations simil> to ^? :i* det]m9$ ! "* ( ! attack ^u ! cov]$ way4 ,! difficulties & dang]s ( ! assault are p]haps great] ?an 9 t case4 ,! assault1 if und]tak51 w be c>ri$ out 9 a simil> mann]1 previ\s prep>ations hav+ be5 made by mak+ a practicable brea* at lea/ #be to #cj y>ds wide1 a practicable desc5t into ! dit* ( equal wid?1 & a cov]$ place ( assembly = ! work+ p>ty & a depot ( tr5* mat]ials 9 imm$iate proximity to ! brea*4 ,! artill]y def5ce ( ! dit*1 :e!r f caponires1 flank embrasures or casemates1 or f adjac5t works1 mu/ ( c\rse be sil5c$ be=e cross+ ! dit* ei!r by assault or by regul> approa*4 ,?is is accompli%$ by c\nt]-batt]ies on ! glacis1 by heavy field guns locat$ 9 tempor>y batt]ies 9 ! tr5*es1 by m9es1 or by ov]head or indirect fire f ! di/ant batt]ies1 or f light mort>s 9 ! advanc$ tr5*es1 z may be necess>y4 ,if ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! "w is kn[n by ! besieg] ! assault maybe made by night2 b if x is unkn[n1 ! confusion result+ f a night attack w be s great z to r5d] its success almo/ hopeless1 & ! assault w h to be deliv]$ by day4 ,! assault+ columns w be made up ( an advanc$ l9e ( skirmi%]s 7select$ m51 good %ots1 & g5]ally volunte]s71 foll[$ by a work+ p>ty ( sapp]s to cle> away ob/acles1 ^! closely foll[$ by ! columns ( assault2 :ile ! supports & res]ves move =w>d 9 ! tr5*es to jo9 9 ! assault z circum/ances require4 ,! troops :o fir/ ga9 ! cre/ e/abli% !mselves !re & hold ! brea* until ^? com+ aft] !m pass & engage ! g>rison1 :ile "s deta*m5ts /rive to capture & op5 "o gate or m to admit ! res]ves4 ,! assault+ =ce %\ld be equal at lea/ to once & a half or twice ! g>rison1 & simultane\s attacks %\ld be made ^u o!r brea*es or accessible p>ts ( ! "w to divide ! att5tion ( ! def5ce4 ,^! false attacks are sometimes successful1 & prep>ations = tak+ advantage ( ?is cont+5cy %\ld n be omitt$4 ,! subdivisions ( ! assault+ =ce %\ld ea* receive explicit in/ructions z to its special object1 & "u no circum/ances %\ld _! l9es ( m>* int]sect4 ,unmi/akable signals ( recognition %\ld be prescrib$ to prev5t conflicts aris+ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ties meet+ )9 ! "w4 ,! bomb>dm5t prec$+ ! attack %\ld n cease1 & ?us notify ! def5ce :5 ! assault is to be made2 b ! guns %\ld be direct$ ^u adjac5t p>ts ( ! "w until ! assault p5etrates ! "w or is repuls$4 #id4 ,9 ! attack by ! sap ! me?od ( cross+ ! dit* adapt$ to ! circum/ances is us$ 7p>s4 #ci-da1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,figs4 #cg-da7 & ! sap is />t$ at ! foot ( ! brea*1 driv5 up x1 & ! brea* is cr[n$ accord+ to ! me?ods previ\sly describ$ 7p>4 #cf74 ,! sapp]s are protect$ f small sorties by ! fire f ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way & any o!r po9ts be>+ on ! head ( ! sap4 ,fireballs1 electric lights & o!r means w be us$ dur+ ! night to light up ! p>apets ( ! "w & expose ! def5d]s1 9 ?is z 9 ! previ\s op]ations ( ! siege4 ,! cr[n+ ( ! brea* w be ext5d$ & conv]t$ into a place ( arms1 f :i* fur!r sapp+ c be c>ri$ on 9 a simil> mann]1 until ! brea* 9 ! la/ retr5*m5t is cr[n$ & ! prep>ations = ! f9al attack ^u ! g>rison are made1 or ! place surr5d]s4 ,if ! g>rison takes refuge 9 an int]ior keep & cont9ues ! def5ce ! keep mu/ be r$uc$ by simil> me?ods4 #ie4 ,additional ,op]ations 9 ! ,attack ( an ,intr5*$ ,camp4--,! op]ations above describ$ are ^? necess>y to r$uce a =tifi$ place ( ! old] type1 or a deta*$ "w ( an intr5*$ camp4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh ( less ext5t & ) a small] g>rison1 (f]s z a rule great] resi/+ p[]1 s9ce x is usually subject to front fire only1 has m complete bomb-pro( cov]1 & is free f ! pres5ce ( non-combatants4 ,:ile a great advantage is ga9$ by ! capture ( two or m ( ! advanc$ =ts1 ! resi/+ p[] ( ! intr5*$ camp is by no means de/roy$4 ,^! =ts are subject to ! fire ( ! collat]al works1 ( :i* frequ5tly two or m mu/ be sil5c$ be=e a fur!r advance c be made4 ,! beleagu]$ army may /ill be 9 condition to recapture ! =ts by vigor\s assaults2 & 9 almo/ e case1 be=e ! fall ( ! works ( ! out] l9e1 a l9e ( provisional =tifications ( high resi/+ p[]1 connect$ by tr5*es1 w h be5 con/ruct$ by ! def5ce 9 re> ( ! captur$ works1 ) its flanks secur$ by ! collat]al works ( ! out] l9e4 ,an assault aga9/ works ( ?is class (f]s no prospect ( success4 ,! besieg] is !re=e oblig$1 z soon z he captures a deta*$ =t1 to put x 9 condition to )/& ! assaults ( ! besieg$ army & to af=d protection f ! artill]y fire ( ! collat]al works1 & !n to pu% =w>d 8 approa*es aga9/ ! successive positions prep>$ by ! def5ce1 :i* w z a rule pres5t a front equal to or great] ?an t :i* c be occupi$ by ! attack4 ,! gorges ( ! captur$ works are repair$ & /r5g!n$1 cov]$ communications are made ?r\gh ! faces1 ei!r ?r\gh ! brea*es or 9 m conv5i5t po9ts1 trav]ses are repair$ or built to protect aga9/ ! fire ( ! collat]al works1 & ! captur$ works are connect$ by tr5*es :i* af=d emplacem5ts = batt]ies & =m a new p>allel f :i* ! saps c be driv5 9 attack+ ! int]m$iate works4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is attack1 x is usually advisable to advance f ! flanks ( ! fir/ or second p>allel ^u ! =ts ( ! out] l9e :i* =m ! flanks ( ! int]m$iate l9e4 ,! approa*es c g5]ally be driv5 ) comp>ative ease ow+ to ^! works hav+ already be5 p>tly disabl$ & n[ be+ subject to a flank & rev]se fire f ! newly-e/abli%$ batt]ies4 ,! flanks ( ! int]m$iate l9e be+ turn$ by ! capture ( ^! works1 a portion or ! :ole ( x w ( necessity be ab&on$4 ,! subsequ5t op]ations up to ! capture ( ! ence9te w be ( ! same nature z ^? already describ$4 #if4 ,occupation ( a ,conqu]$ ,place4--,imm$iately ^u ! fall ( ! place x mu/ be occupi$ by a =ce 7*os5 :5 possible f ! res]ve :i* has n p>ticipat$ 9 ! f9al assault7 suffici5t to control n only ! inhabitants1 b also ! disord]ly soldi]s ( ! attack+ =ce4 ,all pillag+1 wanton de/ruction1 & abuse ( ! conqu]$ mu/ be re/ra9$ ) a /rong h&1 imm$iate & exempl>y puni%m5t be+ inflict$ ^u (f5d]s4 ,! ord]ly portion ( ! def5d]s mu/ be protect$1 & su* /eps tak5 = supply+ _! ne$s z humanity requires2 :ile ! disord]ly ones mu/ be repress$ ) su* sev]ity z may be necess>y4 ,s soon z ord] is e/abli%$ a c>eful inv5tory ( captur$ prop]ty is made1 & x is /or$ subject to ! ord]s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! possibility exi/s ( ! place be+ attack$ or besieg$ by ! enemy1 all its res\rces :i* are available = def5ce are collect$1 repair$1 & /or$ = use4 ,,vauban',s ,,maxims4 #ig4 ,m>%al ,vauban1 ! great ,fr5* milit>y eng9e] 7born #afcc1 di$ #agjg71 ^: exp]i5ce & success 9 sieges made him ! great au?ority on ! subject1 =mulat$ c]ta9 maxims = gov]n+ ! conduct ( a siege1 ! obs]vance ( :i* l$ to almo/ c]ta9 success1 & ! dep>ture f !m almo/ inv>iably result$ disa/r\sly4 ,! mo/ ( ^! are z applicable to sieges ( to-day z !y 7 to ^? ( 8 own "t4 ,! foll[+#f be> ^u ! second & ?ird p]iods ( ! attack3 #a/4 ,to delay ! op5+ ( ! tr5*es until ! besieg+ =ces are all well po/$ & made secure by =tifications f an attack ei!r f ! g>rison or f a succor+ =ce2 & until ev]y?+ requisite = c>ry+ on ! "w vigor\sly has be5 collect$ & is ready at h& :5 want$4 #b;d4 ,to make a s+le attack r ?an a d\ble "o1 unless ! two attacks c be well connect$ & ! besieg+ =ce exce$s consid]ably 9 /r5g? ! g>rison4 ,?is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 excludes false attacks1 & d\ble sep>ate attacks1 unless ! sup]iority ( ! besieg+ =ce is v great4 ,by a s+le attack is und]/ood "o by :i* x is propos$ to ga9 possession ( ! ma9 "w by a s+le brea* at "s po9t2 by a d\ble attack x is propos$ to effect two brea*es ( ! ma9 "w4 ,! advantage ( ! latt] lies 9 =c+ ! g>rison to divide _! /r5g? = ! def5ce ( ! two brea*es1 :il/ ! assail+ =ces1 be+ "u "o lead]%ip1 c at any mom5t conc5trate if necess>y ^u ! po9t mo/ favorable to _! assault4 #c;d4 ,to embrace )9 ! p>allels & approa*es all ! def5ces :i* be> ^u ! site to be occupi$ by ! besieg]'s works1 9 ord] to h secure positions = e/abli%+ ! batt]ies t may be requir$ to sil5ce ! fire ( ^! def5ces4 #d?4 ,to multiply ! approa*es1 ) ! view ( giv+ mutual support1 less encumb]$ communications1 & divid+ ! fire ( ! def5ces1 :i*1 if conc5trat$ ^u a s+le "o1 might soon de/roy x4 #e?4 ,to ?r[ up at lea/ ?ree ma9 l9es ( p>allels1 plac+ !m 9 ! be/ positions = mutual support & = gu>d+ ! approa*es & batt]ies f sorties ( ! besieg$4 #f?4 ,to avoid attack+ a po9t ^u :i* ! approa*es c be run only on a n>r[ front1 or "o :i* c only be approa*$ ov] m>%y gr\nd1 or on causeways4 #g?4 ,to be c>eful n to pu% =w>d any portion ( ! tr5*es until !y are well flank$ & protect$ by tr5*es 9 _! re>1 :i* are complet$ & occupi$ by troops4 #h?4 ,to avoid encumb]+ ! approa*es ) tr5* mat]ials1 tools1 workm51 or troops2 plac+ all ( ^! 9 ! p>allels1 on ! "r & left ( ! approa*es1 s z to be ready at h& :5 want$1 & to be rapidly s5t =w>d ?r\gh ! tr5*es ( ! approa*es1 :i* %\ld be kept free = ?is purpose4 #i?4 ,to place ! rico*et 7enfilad+7 batt]ies 9 su* positions t !y c h an enfilad+ & slant rev]se fire ^u ! guns ( ! def5ces to be atta9$ by !m4 #aj?4 ,to refra9 f op5+ fire f any s]ies ( batt]ies until x c be done at ! same mom5t f all ( !m4 ,9 connection ) ?is & o!r siege op]ations1 ,vauban rem>ks t precipitation 9 sieges does n ha/5 ! close ( !m1 b (t5 prolongs !m & r5d]s !m m bloody4 #aa?4 ,to employ ! fire ( ! batt]ies & tr5*es1 r ?an op5 assaults1 to drive ! besieg$ f _! def5ces1 be=e attempt+ to occupy !m by ! besieg+ =ce4 #ab?4 ,:5 x is decid$ to make an op5 assault1 to d s by day1 if !re is no portion ( ! fire ( ! def5ces :i* be>s ^u ! po9t to be c>ri$ t is n completely kept "u by ! fire ( ! batt]ies & tr5*es2 b1 9 ! contr>y case1 :5 ! fire ( ! def5ces is n completely kept "u1 to make a night assault4 #ac?4 ,n to attempt an ob/9ate resi/ance to an op5 assault ( ! besieg$ ^u any unf9i%$ portion ( ! tr5*es2 b r to )draw ! workm5 & ! few troops ne> !m to "s po9t beh9d ! p>allel imm$iately 9 re>1 & !n to op5 a vigor\s fire f x ^u ! assail+ =ce4 #ad?4 ,to keep )9 ! cov] ( ! p>allel :5 ! assailant is advanc+ to ! assault1 & leave him to expose himself to its fire z long z he pleases1 & !n1 :5 he is well cut up1 & has got ?r[n into confusion1 z he necess>ily w at night1 9 ! tr5*es t he may h c>ri$1 to fall ^u him ) ! bayonet & drive him out4 #ae?4 ,n to pu% su* *>ges too f> f ! p>allel1 b to retire promptly1 s soon z ! assailant has fairly tak5 to flight1 )9 ! cov] ( ! p>allel1 s z n to draw ! fire ( ! besieg$ works4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,attack4 #ih4 ,9 connection ) ! plan ( attack previ\sly ref]r$ to 7p>4 #gh71 a complete ,j\rnal ( ! ,attack w be kept 9 :i* w be record$ day by day a detail$ record ( ! daily progress ( ! siege1 giv+ ! day & h\r ( />t+ & complet+ ea* batt]y1 p>allel1 approa*1 etc41 ) _! daily progress1 dates ( op5+ fire f ea* batt]y1 &1 g5]ally1 e incid5t connect$ ) ! siege4 ,?is j\rnal w be supplem5t$ by j\rnals kept by ! *iefs ( eng9e]s & artill]y1 9 :i* w be consolidat$ ! daily reports ( all subord9ate comm&]s ( ^! respective arms1 giv+ ! exp5diture ( ammunition1 ! p]=mance ( ! guns1 c>riages1 etc42 ! modification made 9 details ( p>apets1 batt]ies1 magaz9es1 etc41 ) _! value2 ! results ( trials ( new devices1 & special reports ^u any po9ts connect$ ) ! siege4 ,^! j\rnals w be c>efully pres]v$ & copies transmitt$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t f "t to "t = future use4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,def5ce4 #ii4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations4--,! def5ce ( a =tifi$ place is entru/$ to a comm&+ (fic]1 :o1 :5 ! siege is e/abli%$1 is g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,gov]nor ( ! ,place40 ,8 duties become m exact+ & 8 p[]s m absolute f ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities until ! place is inve/$ & cut (f f communication ) ! ext]ior1 :51 s9ce ! :ole responsibility ( ! def5ce re/s ^u him1 8 p[]s ov] bo? ! g>rison & ! inhabitants ( ! place1 ( necessity become autocratic 9 all matt]s affect+ ! def5ce1 directly or indirectly4 ,he1 ( c\rse1 avails himself ( ! c\nsel & advice ( 8 subord9ate (fic]s & may make up a 8,c\ncil ( ,def5ce0 f 8 second 9 comm& & ! comm&] ( ! eng9e]s & ( ! artill]y2 b ! ultimate decision ( all que/ions mu/ re/ ) him alone4 ,dur+ peace & aft] ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities up to ! ne> approa* ( ! inve/+ =ce1 ! civil au?orities reta9 _! ord9>y jurisdiction1 unless m>tial law is decl>$ by prop] au?ority2 b aft] ! place is inve/$1 m>tial law 7or /ate ( siege7 exi/s f necessity1 & ! police p[]1 ! control ( provisions & supplies ( all k9ds1 public & private1 build+s1 animals1 vehicles1 etc41 & ev]y?+ necess>y = ! def5ce ( ! place fall into ! h&s ( ! gov]nor1 :o also is emp[]$ to direct :o %all be s5t out & :o %all be reta9$ )9 ! place1 & :at necess>y s]vice or labor %all be p]=m$ by ! inhabitants4 ,hav+ be5 select$ = ^! on]\s & exact+ duties1 he1 "u no circum/ances1 all[s himself to be cut (f f 8 po/1 & is !re=e deb>r$ f lead+ 8 troops 9 p]son 9 ! active op]ations outside ! "w or expos+ himself unnecess>ily or recklessly dur+ any p]iod ( ! siege4 #ajj4 ,! ,g>rison4--,! g>rison %\ld consi/ ( artill]y & infantry1 &1 9 an intr5*$ camp1 ( en\gh m\nt$ troops = escort1 mess5g]1 & a limit$ v$ette s]vice4 ,! /r5g? ( ! infantry is g5]ally regulat$ s z to give a suitable g>rison to ea* deta*$ "w1 & ab\t #a to #b m5 = ea* y>d ( ! front ( attack4 ,! artill]y is all[$ ab\t #ab m5 = ea* gun4 ,! numb] ( eng9e]s is det]m9$ = ea* place by ! probable am\nt ( eng9e] "w t w be requir$4 ,^! troops make up ab\t "o-?ird ( ! entire =ce4 ,a g5]al res]ve ( all arms 7pr9cipally1 h[ev]1 foot troops7 makes up ! o!r two-?irds1 & is held z 8a fight+ =ce0 = prev5t+ ! inve/m5t ( ! place1 or = break+ up ! inve/+ l9es :5 e/abli%$4 ,?is res]ve is call$ ^u = "w on ! front ( attack or 9 ! tr5*es only :5 x _c be avoid$4 ,9 small] places ! portion ( ! g>rison call$ ^u = ! out] l9e ( def5ce may be increas$ to "o-half or two-?irds1 & ! g5]al res]ve be r$uc$ to "o-half or "o-?ird ( ! entire =ce4 ,:5 ! inve/m5t is /rongly e/abli%$ ! g5]al res]ve w usually be comb9$ ) ! o!r troops4 ,! troops engag$ on ! front ( attack are usually assign$ to ! diff]5t sectors ( attack & are divid$ into reliefs 7ord9>ily ?ree71 ea* relief hav+ z a rule a t\r ( "o day 9 ! front l9es1 "o 9 ! imm$iate supports1 & "o 9 ! res]ve & 9 int]ior fatigue duty4 ,! ,gov]nor1 h[ev]1 s regulates ! details z to impose ^u ! troops ! lea/ "w consi/5t ) an en]getic def5ce4 #aja4 ,armam5t4--,! guns = arm+ ! place %\ld be plac$ 9 position or 9 /ore )9 ! works be=e ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities4 ,!re %\ld be m\nt$ 9 comm&+ positions a suffici5t numb] ( high-p[] guns to hold ! enemy's fir/ works at a di/ance & to fire ^u 8 camps1 etc41 if plac$ too ne>4 ,9 addition to ^!1 a full supply ( light guns1 includ+ ma*9e & rapid-fire guns1 %\ld be at all times equipp$ & suppli$ = imm$iate use 9 meet+ an assault or surprise4 ,_! emplacem5ts1 plat=ms1 etc41 %\ld be 9 read9ess = use at any mom5t4 ,9 l>ge places & = an active def5ce !re w be ne$$ also en\gh field-guns to prop]ly equip ! g5]al res]ve 7ab\t #d guns p] #ajjj m574 ,^! %\ld be consid]$ a "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! res]ve4 ,x be+1 f economical consid]ations1 impossible to supply guns to fully arm all ! fronts ( a place1 en\gh only are usually provid$ to ?or\ghly equip ! sector ( attack & to replace ^? disabl$4 ,^! are /or$ )9 ! place :]e !y are secure aga9/ det]ioration or injury1 & are m\nt$ 9 ! sector ( attack :5 x is def9itely det]m9$4 ,! numb]s ( high-p[]$ guns1 h[itz]s1 mort>s1 & ma*9e & rapid-fire guns ne$$ mu/ be det]m9$ f ! size ( ! place1 its g>rison1 & ! "* ( attack :i* may be expect$4 #ajb4 ,ammunition1 ,provisions & ,supplies4--,a pl5tiful supply ( ammunition1 especially ( projectiles1 = all ! guns %\ld be kept con/antly on h&4 ,! projectiles1 :i* may be /or$ = an indef9ite t]m )\t det]ioration1 may be di/ribut$ 9 magaz9es 9 proximity to _! batt]ies2 ! p[d] %\ld be s /or$ z to pres]ve its prop]ties1 & be di/ribut$ to ! s]vice magaz9es at su* times & 9 su* quantities z may be necess>y4 ,o!r equipm5ts w be /or$ & h&l$ 9 accordance ) ! same pr9ciples4 ,! utmo/ c>e w be tak5 9 /or+ & issu+ ! provisions & supplies belong+ to ! troops2 & 9 cases ( necessity dur+ ! siege ! sales ( provisions to ! inhabitants by ! deal]s w be regulat$1 bo? 9 prices & quantities1 by ! milit>y gov]nor4 #ajc4 ,sanitation & ,hygi5e4--,! mo/ rigid sanit>y measures & rules ( hygi5e %\ld be en=c$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! siege1 "u ! direction ( ! milit>y gov]nor1 ^: m$ical (fic]s %\ld jo9 ) ! heal? (fic]s ( ! place 7if any exi/7 9 gu>d+ n only ! troops b all ! inhabitants f all avoidable causes ( epidemic diseases4 ,extreme rigor 9 c>ry+ out ^! regulations 9 n only all[able1 b is mo/ urg5tly requir$4 #ajd4 ,prep>ations = ,def5ce4--,an active def5ce be+ presuppos$1 all possible measures = its execution %\ld be tak5 be=e ! ne> approa* ( ! enemy int]f]es ) !m4 ,! pr9cipal ones are z foll[s1 viz43 ,advanc$ po/s are e/abli%$ z f> f ! "w z is prud5t1 say #cejj to #djjj y>ds1 plac$ at po9ts :i* may be easily def5d$ or :i* w\ld be advantage\s positions = ! enemy's batt]ies1 etc4 ,^!1 :5 possible1 %\ld be s plac$ t ! gr\nd betwe5 !m is swept by _! infantry fire & by ! artill]y ( ! place4 ,!y %\ld be provid$ ) good cov] = ! troops1 & p>apets = infantry & field-guns4 ,:5 n naturally /rong1 field-works %\ld be built4 ,qu>ries1 dit*es1 sunk5 roads1 villages1 woods1 etc41 %\ld be tak5 advantage (1 ei!r z po9ts ( def5ce1 passive ob/acles1 or cov]s = communications1 z may be be/4 ,l9es ( retreat to ! "w z secure z possible f ho/ile fire %\ld be provid$4 ,all supplies 9 ! vic9ity ( ! "w :i* w be useful dur+ ! siege %\ld be collect$ & tak5 into ! place4 ,means ( communicat+ ) ! ext]ior by telegraph1 telephone1 signal flags1 lant]ns & heliotropes1 c>ri]-pigeons & balloons1 %\ld be secur$4 ,se>*-lights = illum9at+ ! ext]ior %\ld be obta9$1 & z soon z practicable bomb-pro(s & %elt]s = ! inhabitants %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! body ( ! place2 & 9 connection ) ! civil au?orities ! fire dep>tm5t ( ! place %\ld be organiz$ & taught h[ to ext+ui% fires ) dry e>? & by pull+ d[n build+s :5 wat] is n available4 ,! s]vice ( security & in=mation %\ld be ext5d$ to ! fur!/ possible limit1 n only by outpo/s1 etc41 b by telegraph op]ators & reliable correspond5ts at long di/ances f ! place2 & prep>ations %\ld be made to ret>d ! approa* ( ! enemy by ! de/ruction ( ! roads1 bridges1 etc4 #aje4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,fir/ ,p]iod ( ! ,siege4--,^u ! approa* ( ! enemy ea* "w %\ld receive its p]man5t g>rison1 & ! fight+ res]ve %\ld g out to occupy ! advanc$ po/s & to take full advantage ( its int]ior l9es to hold him back & puni% any c>eless or ill-advis$ advance1 be+ aid$ 9 ?is :5 possible by ! fire ( ! heavy guns ( ! place4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid too great disp]sion ( ! troops1 & expos+ advanc$ p>ties to be+ cut (f & captur$ by pu%+ !m too f> to ! front or hold+ _! positions too long2 b no opportunity %\ld be miss$ ( attack+ & de/roy+ or beat+ back ho/ile deta*m5ts :5 tactical conditions w>rant x4 ,! def5ce dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ?is p]iod diff]s b little f ! ord9>y def5ce ( an intr5*$ battle-field4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces arise f ! fact t ! flanks ( ! advanc$ l9es & ! l9es ( retreat to ! "w are s well cov]$ t ) ord9>y precautions !y may be consid]$ secure1 & all en]gies may be direct$ to meet+ ! front attack & execut+ (f5sive returns4 ,s soon z ! po9t ( attack select$ by ! enemy becomes kn[n ! advanc$ positions may be m fully mann$ & equipp$2 tr5*es ) inconspicu\s p>apets1 or pref]ably )\t any1 may be made to cov] ! infantry1 field-guns1 & sometimes siege-guns on travell+ c>riages4 ,^! positions may be1 z previ\sly /at$1 #bejj to #cjjj y>ds f ! p]man5t works1 & ! int]vals betwe5 !m may be swept by ! heavy guns ( ! latt]4 ,if ^! positions c be s /rongly held z to compel ! besieg] to attack !m ) 8 heavy guns1 he w be compell$ to e/abli% 8 fir/ artill]y position at a v great di/ance--possibly #ejjj to #fjjj y>ds f ! "w4 ,at ,bel=t1 #ahgj1 positions ( ?is k9d 7 tak5 only aft] sev5ty-sev5 days ( siege4 ,z ! advanc$ positions may be subject to ! fire ( ! heavie/ class ( siege-guns1 if any p>apet is made x %\ld be ( ! nature ( a glacis ( g5tle slope & little comm&4 ,infantry tr5*es %\ld be made n>r[ & deep z a protection aga9/ %ells & %rapnel 7,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #hd71 & gun-emplacem5ts %\ld be z small z practicable & almo/ entirely 9 excavation1 = ! same reason4 ,positions s prep>$ suff] v little f gun-fire1 & w frequ5tly require attack by sy/ematic approa*es4 ,an effici5t outpo/ s]vice mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 front ( ^! positions to prev5t _! be+ tak5 by surprise4 ,:5 b a limit$ numb] ( troops are available = def5ce x is ( c\rse impossible to pu% out ! advanc$ po/s s f> to ! front4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld be plac$ at ! greate/ practicable di/ance4 #ajf4 ,op5+ ( ,artill]y-fire by ! ,def5ce4--,! artill]y-fire ( ! def5ce %\ld be op5$ ^u ! besieg]'s batt]ies1 etc41 be=e !y are ready = action1 s t ! ranges may be obta9$ & ! tables ( fire correct$ )\t int]f]5ce by ! ho/ile fire4 ,if ?is c be accompli%$1 ! increas$ effect due to ! accurate fire ( ! def5ce may m ?an c\nt]balance ! num]ical sup]iority ( ! attack1 & result 9 prev5t+ ! completion ( "s ( 8 batt]ies & 9 sil5c+ o!rs4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! attack anticipates ! def5ce 9 obta9+ ! range1 8 sup]iority 9 numb]s & accuracy w frequ5tly necessitate ab&on+ "s emplacem5ts & m\nt+ ! guns 9 o!rs1 :]e !y may be us$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! siege4 #ajg4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,bomb>dm5t & ,assault4--,! am\nt ( ammunition :i* c be pr(itably exp5d$ by ! def5ce dur+ ! bomb>dm5t mu/ be det]m9$ by ! quantity on h& & ! advisability ( expos+ by _! fire ! positions ( ! guns4 ,! infantry troops & ! light guns are held "u cov]1 ready to be mov$ =w>d to meet ! assault if made4 ,special c>e w be tak5 to avoid be+ deceiv$ by false attacks2 & ! assault1 if made1 w be met z previ\sly describ$ 7p>4 #f74 ,if ! attack is repuls$1 an (f5sive return may be made by ! g5]al res]ve1 assi/$1 :5 necess>y1 by ! local res]ves ( ! front ( attack2 b ! g>risons ( ! p]man5t works %\ld n be )drawn f !m = ?is purpose1 z x is always possible t !y may be ne$$ to protect ! works & cov] a retreat4 ,if ! assault succe$s1 ! def5d]s w retire to _! positions 9 re>1 f :i* ! /ronge/ possible fire w be direct$ ^u ! pursu+ troops & ^u ! captur$ position to r5d] its possession difficult or impossible4 ,if ! assailants are driv5 (f1 ! position is imm$iately reoccupi$ by ! def5ce4 #ajh4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,second ,p]iod ( ! ,siege4--,! po9t ( attack hav+ be5 def9itely det]m9$ by ! prelim9>y /eps ( ! attack 9 op5+ ! p>allels & e/abli%+ ! batt]ies1 ! besieg$ w at once proce$ to m\nt extra guns & re9=ce ! troops ^u ! ?reat5$ fronts4 ,he w keep 8 outpo/s or s5t9els dur+ ?is & ! subsequ5t p]iods z f> to ! front z possible1 to prev5t surprises & to keep out reconnoitr+ p>ties spies1 etc41 etc4 ,f obs]vations previ\sly e/abli%$1 he w locate at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t ! batt]ies1 etc41 ( ! attack1 & w prev5t _! completion & arm+ by ! use ( %ells & case-%ot *>g$ ) high explosives1 fir$ f h[itz]s & mort>s4 ,he w use 8 long guns = c\nt]-batt]+ ^? ( ! besieg]1 & g5]ally = direct fire ^u expos$ t>gets4 ,by tak+ ! initiative he may frequ5tly obta9 ! upp] h& 9 ! artill]y duel1 & possibly be able to prep>e ! way = /rong sorties1 & ! de/ruction ( ! besieg]'s works4 ,9 any case he mu/ at ?is /age develop ! full fire ( 8 guns & "w !m to _! maximum value4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sup]iority ( ! artill]y ( ! attack is pron\nc$1 & x becomes impracticable to s]ve any batt]y advantage\sly1 x w be bett] to dism\nt its guns & rem\nt !m 9 o!r positions1 z indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph 7p>4 #ajf74 ,all ef=ts w be made to prev5t ! con/ruction ( ! p>allels & approa*es1 _! positions be+ discov]$ by ! use ( ! se>* & o!r lights1 & ! "w ^u !m ret>d$ by direct & curv$ fire4 ,= ! latt] light rifl$ mort>s promise to be v effective4#g ,! tr5*es connect+ ! deta*$ & int]m$iate works w be /r5g!n$1 & c\nt]-approa*es w :5 practicable be driv5 out to af=d positions = enfilad+ ! approa*es4 ,! field & ma*9e guns w be held 9 con/ant read9ess = use1 & w be br\ght into action at e favorable opportunity2 b w be )drawn & plac$ "u cov] previ\sly prep>$ s soon z ! fire ^u !m becomes too sev]e to be endur$4 ,mean:ile a new position 9 re>1 ) its flanks support$ ^u ! adjac5t deta*$ works1 w be select$ & made ready = def5ce 9 case ! front l9e is tak54 ,! g5]al res]ve w be us$ = (f5sive movem5ts1 :i* are made :5ev] favorable opportunities arise1 p>ticul>ly 9 mak+ c\nt]-attacks aft] unsuccessful assaults4 #aji4 ,def5ce dur+ ! ,?ird ,p]iod4--,! def5ce ( ! deta*$ works ( an intr5*$ camp dur+ ! ,?ird ,p]iod w be conduct$1 s f> z ! g5]al res]ve is conc]n$1 9 v mu* ! same mann] z dur+ ! ,second ,p]iod2 b 9 ! imm$iate def5ce ( ! deta*$ "w itself1 ow+ to ! close approa* ( ! besieg]1 its "* w *ange4 ,! artill]y except ! field & ma*9e guns w be sil5c$1 & ! latt] w usually be only available = def5d+ ! dit*es & = repell+ assaults4 ,light guns w1 h[ev]1 be held 9 read9ess = tempor>y use :5 practicable4 ,! outpo/s w ( necessity be drawn 9 & replac$ by a *a9 ( s5t9els along ! p>apets ( ! cov]$ way or ! ma9 p>apet1 :o w pick (f ! besieg]s at e possible *ance1 & w be re9=c$ by ! re/ ( ! g>rison :5 an assault is imm95t4 ,all flank+ def5ces w be kept 9 z good condition z possible1 & 9 read9ess to prev5t ! cross+ ( ! dit*1 or to repulse an assault4 ,gr5ades & %ells w be kept 9 read9ess to roll into ! dit*1 ! brea*es w be ob/ruct$ & m9$ if practicable1 c\nt]-m9es w be br\ght into play1 & all o!r possible measures tak5 to ret>d ! approa* ( ! besieg] to ! brea* & to repel 8 assaults4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! "w is r$uc$ to su* a /ate z to make its def5ce hopeless1 x %\ld n be held at ! exp5se ( great losses to ! def5ce1 unless ! besieg]'s works c be consid]ably delay$ by do+ s4 ,:5 ! position consi/s ( an ence9te ) ord9>y outworks1 ! inve/m5t dur+ ! ,?ird ,p]iod ( ! siege w be clos]1 ! opportunities = us+ ! g5]al res]ve w usually disappe>1 & its troops w be m]g$ ) ^? ( ! g5]al def5ce4 ,:51 9 ?is case1 ! place is to be def5d$ to ! la/1 all measures w be tak5 = ! def5ce ( ! brea*2 & aft] ?is is c>ri$1 = ! f9al def5ce ( ! inn] retr5*m5ts or keeps4 ,! tactical h&l+ ( ! g>rison = ?is purpose is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples already laid d[n 7p>4 #f1 & ,art ( ,w>1 p>s4 #bhb-hd47 ,! sorties recomm5d$ dur+ a siege are1 :5 made by ! g5]al res]ve & 9 l>ge bodies1 usually c>ri$ out by mov+ ! troops f ! collat]al works ^u ! flanks ( ! besieg]'s works4 ,9 ! close attack1 h[ev]1 !y may be made by small p>ties mov+ to ! front f ! ne>e/ outpo/ or sali5t4 ,! object 9 all cases is ! same--to de/roy ! enemy's works1 delay 8 advance1 & inflict ^u him all possible loss4 ,,! ,,capitulation4 #aaj4 ,%\ld ! def5sive policy ( ! /ate n require a place to be held to extremity1 ! gov]nor mu/ be fully in=m$ ( ! fact1 & ! ext5t ( ! def5ce & ! conditions ( capitulation mu/ be fully und]/ood by him be=e ! inve/m5t4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 no excuse w be receiv$ = ! surr5d] ( a place until e means ( def5ce is exhau/$1 & fur!r resi/ance is n only hopeless1 b impossible1 ! only rule :i* c guide ! gov]nor be+ t 8"o additional day ( def5ce may be ( incalculable b5efit to 8 c\ntry40 ,! old rule1 copi$ f ! ,fr5*1 b no long] obs]v$ by !m1 requires ! def5ce to su/a9 at lea/ "o assault on a practicable brea* 9 ! body ( ! place4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 9 civiliz$ w>f>e1 no cases h occurr$ 9 :i* su* assaults h be5 made1 ! places hav+ be5 r$uc$ by ! m di/ant attack2 b assum+ su* an assault to be repuls$1 x w n ju/ify ! surr5d] ( ! place s long z a possibility ( repuls+ simil> assaults exi/s4 ,! g>rison mu/ )/& all attacks ( :atev] nature to ! la/ extremity1 & cont9ue ! def5ce up to ! full requirem5ts ( duty & honor--surr5d]+ only :5 no?+ else is possible4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,def5ce4 #aaa4 ,a ,j\rnal ( ! ,def5ce1 entirely simil> to t ( ! attack1 w be kept by ! besieg$ = use by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 case ( a successful def5ce4 ,no?+ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! j\rnal :i* might be ( special value to ! besieg] 9 case ! place is tak51 b a sep>ate j\rnal ( su* matt] %\ld be kept 9 ciph]1 or %\ld be de/roy$ be=e ! surr5d] ( ! place4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,p>ks ,,& ,,depots1 ,,%elt]s ,,& ,,huts1 ,,kit*5s1 ,,ov5s1 ,,s9ks1 ,,latr9es1 ,,wat]-,,supply1 ,,etc4 ,,p>ks ,,& ,,depots4 #aab4 ,! ,eng9e] & ,artill]y ,p>ks & ,depots are locat$ & arrang$ = security aga9/ ! artill]y-fire & ! attack1 by surprise or o!rwise1 ( ! def5ce1 & also = facility 9 receiv+1 /or+1 & di/ribut+ mat]ials & supplies4 ,! fir/ condition is fulfill$ by plac+ !m at a safe di/ance1 conceal+ !m f ! view ( ! def5ce if possible1 & gu>d+ !m aga9/ attack1 & ! access ( inc5di>ies1 etc41 by /rict application ( ord9>y def5sive tactics1 & a mo/ ?or\gh sy/em ( int]ior gu>ds4 ,p[d] depots1 tra9s1 etc41 especially are gu>d$ aga9/ ! access ( all unau?oriz$ p]sons4 ,! second condition1 :5 railroad communication is us$1 is satisfi$ by mak+ ! p>k con=m to ! be/-plann$ railroad t]m9als & freight-y>ds4 ,a type arrangem5t is giv5 9 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #he1 9 :i* swit*es f ! ma9 l9e give access to z _m side-tracks1 a1 b1 c1 d1 etc41 & spurs1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 z may be ne$$4 ,:5 practicable1 ^! sid+s %\ld connect at ea* end ) ! ma9 l9e 9 ord] to af=d free +ress & egress f bo? directions4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ at su* di/ances ap>t z to all[ load+-plat=ms & ! desir$ room = %$s1 piles ( mat]ials1 etc41 betwe5 !m2 l>ge areas be+ left = light1 & small = heavy1 mat]ials4 ,! spurs1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 %\ld pref]ably be %ort2 b if long1 %\ld be connect$ by swit*es4 ,a 1 z indicat$1 is frequ5tly conv5i5t = rev]s+ complete tra9s )\t unc\pl+ ! c>s1 & is indisp5sable :5 a turn-table is n available4 ,:5 ! p[d]-depot is sep>at$ f ! ma9 p>k x is bett] to rea* x by a special track bran*+ f ! ma9 l9e at "s di/ance f ! p>k1 s t ! ammunition-tra9s w n pass ?r\gh or ne> ! latt]4 ,! sket* giv5 is propos$ z a type only1 s9ce ! p>k may occupy "o or bo? sides ( ! ma9 l9e1 be long & n>r[1 %ort & broad1 regul> or irregul> 9 outl9e1 z may be/ con=m to ! gr\nd available4 ,/&>d-gauge roads w1 :5 practicable1 be laid betwe5 ! ma9 p>k & ! small] depots4 ,:5 ?is is n feasible1 n>r[-gauge tram-roads w be us$ in/ead1 & w also connect ! small] depots ) ! tr5*es & batt]ies4 ,! portable tramways us$ by contractors are well fitt$ = use 9 ! tr5*es4 ,:5 ! p>k is locat$ ^u navigable wat] a numb] ( pi]s & :>ves are occupi$4 ,!y %\ld be provid$ ) d]ricks or cranes1 & tracks & c>s ^u :i* mat]ials may be load$ directly f ! %ips4 ,! p>k may !n be arrang$ on ! g5]al plan above indicat$4 ,! swit*es are s arrang$ z to all[ empty c>s to return to ! :>ves on a track diff]5t f t us$ by ! load$ ones4 ,9 /or+ mat]ials & supplies 9 ! p>k c>e mu/ be tak5 to place ea* class by itself1 & to s pile !m t !y c be readily inv5tori$ & inspect$1 & be remov$ or replac$ )\t di/urb+ o!r piles4 ,?is requires ! piles to be arrang$ 9 regul> ord]1 ) unob/ruct$ passages betwe5 !m1 & prohibits pil+ articles ( diff]5t k9ds or sizes on top ( ea* o!r4 ,,%elt]s ,,& ,,huts4 #aac4 ,9 a regul> siege1 ! besieg+ army w1 z a regul> rule1 ev5tually be provid$ ) t5ts or portable huts = %elt]2 b be=e ?is is accompli%$ mu* suff]+ & consequ5t disease may result f exposure1 :i* c\ld be avoid$ by ! con/ruction ( tempor>y %elt]s1 huts1 & scre5s f mat]ials available = ?is purpose4 ,9 sev]e w9t] wea!r t5ts & ?9 wood5 huts d n af=d suffici5t protection1 & x may be necess>y to sub/itute = !m o!rs ) walls ( logs1 sods1 s&-bags1 adobe1 or o!r mat]ials1 or ev5 huts p>tly or entirely sunk into ! e>?4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 en=c+ prop] v5tilation & cleanl9ess 9 huts ( ?is class4 ,if ?is is n done s]i\s fev]s & o!r camp diseases are almo/ sure to occur4 7,art ( ,w>1 ,art4 #ceb-c47 ,! figures giv5 7,plate ,,ix1 ,figs4 #hf-id7 h be5 select$ f a great _m examples to s]ve z sugge/ions4 ,!y may be modifi$ or comb9$1 z circum/ances require4 ,_! con/ruction is evid5t f ! figures1 & requires no description4 ,dit*es surr\nd+ ! huts are made to c>ry (f ra9-wat]4 ,heavy ro(s are support$ by poles set up inside ! hut z ne$$4 ,fireplaces are dug 9 ! sides ( ! excavation1 or are built up ( sods1 clay1 etc4 ,x is bett] to make two1 z %[n1 to obta9 a good draught 9 any w9d4 ,*imneys are made ( sods or ( /icks pla/]$ ) clay1 unless dra9-tiles1 t9 cans1 or o!r suitable mat]ials c be f\nd4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t _! sett+ ! ro( on fire4 ,9 _m cases wat]-pro( ro(+ felts & pap]s may be obta9$ & us$ = ro(s1 etc41 9 huts & %elt]s4 ,! lumb] f pack+-boxes1 t9 f cann$ vegetables1 & wire f bal$ =age may frequ5tly be utiliz$ = doors1 *imneys1 ties1 etc4 ,/raw mats = mattresses1 etc41 are economical 9 ! use ( /raw & conduce to cleanl9ess1 z !y c be easily tak5 up & replac$4 ,! me?od ( mak+ !m is %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,ix1 ,fig4 #ie4 ,:5 tw9e is n at h&1 !y may be wov5 ( /raw rope4 ,!y1 z well z all o!r b$d+1 %\ld be tak5 out & sunn$ e dry day4 ,ord9>y hurdles laid ^u ! gr\nd or rais$ a few in*es above x protect ! blankets1 etc41 f ! moi/ure ( ! e>?4 ,x _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u (fic]s1 t all devices ( ! k9d above indicat$1 :i* add to ! com=t ( ! m51 add also to _! heal?1 morale1 & effici5cy4 ,,kit*5s ,,& ,,ov5s4 #aad4 ,9 our s]vice a company w usually h a camp-cook+ outfit suffici5t = its ne$s1 & g5]ally ( good patt]n2 b ^! are n always on h& :5 ne$$1 & small deta*m5ts are frequ5tly depriv$ ( !m = days or weeks4 ,9 ord9>y soil1 kit*5s1 & 9 a clay soil ov5s1 c be con/ruct$1 :i*1 ) a few kettles & cans1 w enable ! m5 to prep>e = !mselves fairly good meals )\t unnecess>y wa/e ( fuel4 ,a few ( ^! are figur$ 9 ,pls4 ,,ix1 ,x1 ,figs4 #if-ajc4 ,! banks ( ! tr5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #if af=d support = cross-b>s1 & protect ! fire f ! w9d4 ,! type %[n 9 ,figs4 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajc take ! place ( a /ove1 require b little fuel1 & secure a /eady heat4 ,to obta9 a good draught !y %\ld be s built t ! w9d bl[s t[>d ! *imney4 ,= ?is purpose !y may radiate f a c5tral *imney4 7,! flues ( ^? n 9 use may be tempor>ily /opp$ up ) sods47 ,! ar* ( ! ov5 %[n 9 ,pl4 ,x1 ,fgs4 #ih-aja1 may be built ov] a piece ( %eet iron if x c be obta9$2 if n1 ov] a hurdle well sme>$ ) clay4 ,a sl[ fire w1 "u favorable conditions1 dry & bake ! clay ar* s t x w /& aft] ! bru%wood ( ! hurdle is burn$ out4 ,!y may !n be heat$ & us$ = bak+4 ,,latr9es1 ,,s9ks1 ,,etc4 #aae4 ,latr9es & s9ks = ! reception ( g>bage1 etc41 are objects ( ! greate/ importance 9 all camps1 tempor>y or p]man5t2 &1 unless prop]ly made & c>$ =1 !y spe$ily make _! pres5ce kn[n1 & become a mo/ prolific s\rce ( discom=t & disease4 ,= p]man5t camps liable to be occupi$ = a long "t special arrangem5ts = ! dis9fection1 removal1 & de/ruction ( g>bage & excreta mu/ be made4 ,= tempor>y camps x w suffice to provide pits ) suitable conv5i5ces & scre5s2 cov]+ ) a ?9 lay] ( ! excavat$ e>? all deposit$ g>bage & excreta be=e !y become (f5sive4 ,:51 z is sometimes ! case1 ^! pits _c be kept free f wat]1 x may be necess>y to use 9 addition lime1 copp]as1 c>bolic acid1 or o!r *emical dis9fectants & deodoriz]s4 ,! ord9>y con/ructions us$ 9 tempor>y camps are %[n 9 ,pl4 ,x1 ,figs4 #ajd-ajg4 ,sep>ate latr9es = (fic]s are con/ruct$ & scre5$4 ,! seat %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 :5 "o c be obta9$1 adds mu* to _! com=t4 ,9 m p]man5t camps ! latr9es may be ro($ & scre5$ ) canvas or bo>ds1 & bo>d seats be provid$ = ! m54 ,un9clos$ s9ks & latr9es %\ld h e>!n banks all ar\nd !m1 to indicate _! position & to prev5t m5 walk+ into !m at night4 ,^u ab&on+ a camp all s9ks & latr9es are to be dis9fect$ & fill$ up4 ,,wat]-,,supply4 #aaf4 ,! problem ( obta9+ a suffici5t & :olesome wat]-supply = a besieg+ army is usually "o difficult ( solution4 ,! precautions :i* are necess>y 9 ord9>y camps 7,art4 ( ,w>1 #ceb & #ceh7 become ( /ill great] importance 9 ?is case1 ow+ to ! *oice ( ! s\rce ( supply be+ limit$ to ^? :i* are n controll$ by ! besieg$1 & to ! con/antly increas+ dang] ( pollution ( all gr\nd wat]s by ! bodies ( ! dead m5 & animals & ! refuse & fil? ( ! camps4 ,! evils aris+ f ^! s\rces may be l>gely or entirely remov$ by boil+ ! dr9k+-wat]1 & ! disagreeable ta/es & smells may be remov$ by filt]+ ?r\gh good filt]s4 ,x is v difficult1 h[ev]1 to compel ! m5 to boil ! wat]1 or to dr9k x aft] x is boil$1 unless x is prop]ly a]at$ & filt]$4 ,all available measures %\ld1 !re=e1 be adopt$ to supply !m ) :olesome wat]4 ,! results ( ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es %[ t prop]ly conduct$ int]mitt5t filtration ) s&-filt]s w r5d] a pollut$ wat] almo/ if n entirely safe4 7,see reports ( ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? on ,purification ( ,sewage & ,wat]1 #ahij47 ,& ! analysis ( wat] /]iliz$ by a /eam-jet at ! ,columbian ,exposition 9 ,*icago1 #ahic1 gives reason to believe t ?is process may be v effective 9 remov+ disease g]ms4 7,see report ( ,all5 ,haz51 ,*emi/1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,wat]-supply1 publi%$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahid47 ,9 camps ( "s p]man5ce "o or bo? ( ^! processes may be well wor? apply+4 ,small filt]s = limit$ am\nts ( wat] may be b\ght 9 ! m>ket1 or may be improvis$ & set up = (fic]s or company messes4 ,figs4 #ajh-aaj1 ,pl4 ,x1 are giv5 z sugge/ions2 !y s]ve z /ra9]s 9 any case4 ,if us$ int]mitt5tly !y may h a high sanit>y value1 & if made up p>tly ( ei!r animal or wood *>coal !y remove m or less completely any (f5sive ta/e or odor :i* wat] may h4 ,security1 h[ev]1 requires d\btful wat] to be boil$4 ,9 all cases arrangem5ts %\ld be made to protect ! wat] f surface pollution1 = conv5i5t access = ! m51 & = wat]+ horses4 7,see ! foll[+ books1 treat+ on ,milit>y ,hygi5e 9 ,camp & ,g>rison3 ,p>k]'s ,practical ,hygi5e2 ,trait d',hygine ,militaire1 ,mora*e2 ,manuel d',hygine militaire1 ,viry2 ,milit>y ,hygi5e1 ,woodhull2 ! ,soldi]'s ,pocket-book1 ,wolseley2 etc41 etc47 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,m9+1 ,,bla/+1 ,,& ,,demolition4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nom5clature ,,& ,,!ory4 #a4 ,milit>y ,m9+ includes all ! op]ations necess>y = plac+ *>ges ( explosive und]gr\nd & explod+ !m at ! "t desir$1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! m51 mat]ials1 or works 9 _! vic9ity1 or = break+ up ! surface ( ! gr\nd ei!r to advance or ret>d ! op]ations ( a siege4 ,! excavation = receiv+ ! *>ge is call$ ! *amb]4 ,! approa*es lead+ to ! *amb] :5 horizontal or some:at incl9$ are call$ gall]ies1 & :5 v]tical are kn[n z %afts4 ,:5 v /eep !y are sometimes call$ slopes4 ,! *>ge1 *amb]1 & approa*es tak5 toge!r con/itute a m9e4 ,! pit =m$ by ! explosion is call$ ! crat]4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is homog5e\s & its surface horizontal1 ! int]section ( its surface by ! crat] is approximately a circle1 ! radius ( :i* is call$ ! crat] radius1 ,,ab1 ,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! "r l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! *>ge ) ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! surface t[>d :i* ! explosion w take place1 g5]ally ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 is call$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 7writt5 g5]ally ,l4 ,l4 ,r471 ,c ,b1 ,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a "r l9e f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge to ! edge ( ! crat] is call$ ! radius ( explosion1 ,c ,d1 ,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge at :i* an ord9>y m9+ gall]y w be brok5 9 by ! explosion is call$ ! radius ( rupture1 ,c ,l1 ,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! radius ( rupture v>ies 9 l5g? ) its incl9ation to ! horizontal4 ,crat]s ^: diamet]s are once1 twice1 etc41 _! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance are call$ "o-l9$1 two-l9$1 etc41 crat]s4 ,m9es 9 :i* ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 is equal to ! crat] radius are call$ common m9es4 7,_! crat]s are two-l9$47 ,^? 9 :i* ! crat] radius exce$s ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 are call$ ov]*>g$ m9es or globes ( compression2 :5 x is less1 !y are und]*>g$ m9es2 & :5 ! *>ge is s small t no ext]ior crat] is =m$1 !y are kn[n z cam\flets4 #b4 ,9 ! explosion ( milit>y m9es on l& x may safely be assum$ t ! circum/ances ( combu/ion ( ! *>ge :5 fir$ are su* t ! en]gy develop$ is directly proportional to ! *>ge4 ,a portion ( ?is en]gy is g5]ally lo/ by ! escape ( ! compress$ gases into ! air1 by ! heat giv5 up to ! surr\nd+ m$ia1 & by ! transmission ( e>?-waves or %ock2 ! rema9d] & great] "p1 h[ev]1 is exp5d$ 9 ruptur+ ! case conta9+ ! *>ge1 compress+ ! soil 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 sep>at+ t lift$ up f t =m+ ! sides ( ! crat]1 break+ up ! portion ?r[n out into l>ge or small fragm5ts1 project+ !m to a great] or less di/ance1 & dis9tegrat+ ! soil ar\nd ! crat] to a di/ance :i* v>ies ) ! soil & ) ! quantity & "* ( ! explosive us$4 ,z ! proportional "p ( ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ea* ( ! effects above nam$ _c be det]m9$ 9 any p>ticul> case1 & z ea* case diff]s 9 "s respect f e o!r1 x is manife/ly impossible to express 9 any ma!matical =mula a rule = det]m9+ ! exact am\nt ( explosive requir$ = any p>ticul> m9e4 ,f ! results ( long exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 eng9e]s h conclud$ t computations suffici5tly exact = practical purposes c be made ^u ! hypo!sis t = common m9es & ^? approximat+ closely to !m 9 =m1 ! volumes ( ! crat]s are directly proportional to ! *>ges us$4 #c4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is rule 9 practice ! volumes ( crat]s =m$ by kn[n *>ges mu/ be measur$2 b s9ce ! soil 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! crat] is m or less dis9tegrat$1 & ! crat] itself is p>tly fill$ up by ! mat]ial :i* falls back into x1 ! outl9es ( ! orig9al crat] _c usually be recogniz$ or its exact geometrical figure be det]m9$4 ,besides1 ! crat]s =m$ "u circum/ances seem+ly id5tical diff] m or less among !mselves4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 computation1 h[ev]1 sev]al simple geometrical figures h be5 assum$ z giv+ ) suffici5t accuracy ! =m ( ! crat] ( a common m9e4 ,see ,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a4 ,among ^! ,vauban assum$ a cone1 ,,acd1 ) its v]tex at ! c5tre ( ! *>ge2 ,valire a p>aboloid ( revolution1 ,,ahd1 ) its focus at ! c5tre ( ! *>ge2 ,mll] truncat$ ?is p>aboloid by a horizontal plane ?r\gh its focus2 :ile ,gump]tz & ,lebrun adopt$ ! =m 9 common use at _! "t1 & :i* has be5 g5]ally accept$ s9ce1 viz41 a fru/um ( a cone1 ,,aefd1 ! small] base ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! *>ge & has a radius1 ,,ec1 equal to "o-half ! crat] radius1 ,,ab 7or "o-half ,l4 ,l4 ,r41 ,,cb74 ,! volumes ( ^! figures are z foll[s3 ,vauban's cone #a4je 7,l4 ,l4 ,r47#c1 ,valire's p>aboloid #a4ij 7,l4 ,l4 ,r47#c1 ,mll]'s truncat$ p>aboloid #a4hd 7,l4 ,l4 ,r47#c1 ,! fru/um ( a cone #a4hc 7,l4 ,l4 ,r47#c ne>ly 7#aa_/f77,l4 ,l ,r47#c4 ,! cone ( ,vauban 7lately assum$ also by ,hf]7 0 ab&on$ z unsatisfactory1 because x did n con=m to ! crat]s produc$1 &1 z treat$ by ,hf]1 because ! *>ges comput$ by its use 7 f\nd to be too small 7an error 9 ! wrong direction74 ,! p>aboloid ( ,valire or ,mll] w\ld seem to con=m m ne>ly to ! actual %ape assum$ by ! crat]2 b x w be obs]v$ t ! volume ( ! latt] is s5sibly ! same z t ( ! truncat$ cone1 & z ! volume ( e>? ?r[n out is ! quantity to be consid]$1 ! truncat$ cone w be assum$ z ! measure = x4 #d4 ,! pr9ciple t 8! volumes ( ! crat]s are proportional to ! *>ges us$0 is ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! m9]'s rule4 ,assume ,c & ,c to repres5t ! *>ges ( two m9es ^: volumes are ,v & ,v1 l9es ( lea/ resi/ance l & l1 & crat] radii r & r4 ,assume also t ! crat]s are fru/ums ( cones1 ! radii ( ^: l>g] bases are twice ^? ( ! small]4 ,!n ,c 3 ,c 33 ,v 3 ,v 33 7#aa_/f77lr#b7 3 7#aa_/f77lr#b71 or ,c ,c 7,v_/,v7 ,c7#aa_/f77lr#b7_/7aa_/f77lr#b7 ,c7lr#b7_/7lr#b7 444 7#a7 ,equation 7#a7 is applicable to m9es 9 :i* r does n diff] mat]ially f l or r f l4 ,f an exp]im5tal m9e giv+ a crat] ( ?is g5]al type ! relations betwe5 ,c1 l1 & r may be det]m9$1 & assum+ any two ( ! quantities ,c1 l1 & r = a m9e ) a crat] ne>ly simil> 9 =m1 ! o!r may be f\nd f eq4 7#a74 ,:5 l r & l r1 we h ,c 3 ,c 3 37#aa_/f7l 3 7#aa_/f7l#c1 & ,c ,c7#aa_/f77l#c7_/7aa_/f77l#c7 ,c7l#c7_/7l#c7 7#b7 ,equation 7#b7 is applicable to common m9es1 & %[s t 9 common m9es ! *>ge v>ies z ! cube ( ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,assum+ ,c z ! *>ge :i* w produce a crat] ) a volume ( unity1 equations 7#a7 & 7#b7 become1 by omitt+ ! primes f l & r1 ,c ,c7#aa_/f7lr#b1 7#c7 & ,c ,c7#aa_/f7l#c 7#d7 ,equation 7#d7 gives ! rule = det]m9+ ! *>ge = common m9es ^: ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 is giv51 viz43 ,multiply #aa_/f1 ! cube ( ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 9 y>ds1 by ! quantity ( explosive requir$ to ?r[ out "o cubic y>d4 ,! latt] quantity is det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,a simil> rule may be writt5 out f eq4 7#c7 = m9es diff]+ b little f common m9es4 #e4 ,! quantity ( gunp[d] requir$ to ?r[ out a cubic y>d ( mat]ial has be5 calculat$ f a great numb] ( m9es fir$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( soil4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! quantities requir$ accord+ to ,lebrun & ,macaulay1 respectively ! ,fr5* & ,engli% au?orities on ! subject3#h ,,table ,a4 ,numb]4 ,description ( ,e>?1 ,rock1 or ,weight p] ,*>ge1 ,*>ge1 ,proportional ,masonry4 cubic foot4 ,gump]tz ,macaulay4 value & ,lebrun4 ( *>ge4 lbs4 lb4 oz4 lb4 oz4 #a ,light s&y e>? 7common e>?1 #he #a4h #a4ac #a4ab ,lebrun7 #b ,h>d s& #aaa #a4aj #b4j #a4be #c ,fat e>? mix$ ) s& & gravel 7common e>?1 ,macaulay7 #aaf #a4e #a4aj #a4jj #d ,wet s& #aah #a4ab #b4b #a4cj #e ,e>? mix$ ) /ones #aah #a4ad #b4d #a4dj #f ,clay mix$ ) tufa #abd #b4a #b4h #a4ee #g ,fat e>? mix$ ) pebbles #adc #b4d #b4ab #a4fi #h ,rock #adc #c4j #c4aj #b4be #i ,new or old moi/ brickwork or masonry #b4b #a4cj #aj ,inf]ior brickwork or masonry #b4aa #a4ff #aa ,good1 new ditto #c4aj #b4be #ab ,good1 old ditto #d4a #b4ej #ac ,roman ditto1 or o!r equally good 9 w>m climates #d4aa #b4ij #f4 ,= common m9es 9 ord9>y e>? a conv5i5t rule1 v g5]ally us$1 & :i* gives results ne>ly ! same z ^? d$uc$ f ! table1 is3 ,! *>ge ( gunp[d] 9 p\nds is equal to "o t5? ! cube ( ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 9 feet1 or ,c lbs4 7#a_/aj7l#c ft4 7#e7 ,,ov]*>g$ ,,& ,,und]*>g$ ,,m9es4 #g4 ,= ov]*>g$ & und]*>g$ m9es 9 :i* ! ,l4 ,r4 ,r4 & crat] radius diff] mat]ially 9 l5g? ! results d$uc$ f ! prec$+ equations are n applicable4 ,= su* m9es ! foll[+ equations1 due to ,gump]tz & ,lebrun1 are 9 common use1 viz43 ,= an ov]*>g$ m9e1 ,c ,c7#aa_/f7l 7#g_/h77r - l7#c4 7#f7 ,= an und]*>g$ m9e1 ,c ,c7#aa_/f7l 7#g_/h77l - r7#c4 7#g7 ,9 :i* ,c *>ge ( explosive 9 p\nds1 l ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 9 y>ds1 r crat] radius 9 y>ds1 ,c am\nt ( explosive 9 p\nds necess>y to ?r[ out "o cubic y>d ( e>? 9 a common m9e 9 ! same soil4 ,^! =mul are d$uc$ z foll[s1 viz43 ,x 0 f\nd by exp]im5ts made indep5d5tly by ,belidor & ,m>escot t #cffj lbs4 ( p[d] 9 a m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 equal to #d y>ds gave a crat] ) a radius ( #ab y>ds 9 e>? requir+ = a common m9e #a lbs4 ( p[d] p] cubic y>d4 ,! *>ge = a common m9e 9 ! same soil ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 equal #d y>ds is 7#aa_/f77d yds47#c 7#a7 #agf lbs4 ,repres5t+ by l ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 = a common m9e requir+ a *>ge ( #cffj lbs41 s9ce ! *>ges ( common m9es are proportional to ! cubes ( _! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 we h #agf 3 #cffj 33 #dc 3 l#c #accj4h1 :5ce l #aay2 #aac #acca4 ,to f9d f ^! data ! relations betwe5 *>ges = ov]*>g$ m9es1 con/ruct ,figs4 #b & #b;a1 7,pl4 ,,xi47 ,fig4 7#b7 gives m9es ) crat] radii ( #dy & #aby & a common ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #dy4 ,divide ! di/ance betwe5 ,a & ,b into f\r equal p>ts1 & assume ! po9ts ( division z ! extremities ( ! crat] radii ( ov]*>g$ m9es1 ea* ( :i* exce$s ! "o next small] by 77,,ab1 & all correspond+ to a ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #dy4 ,fig4 7#b;a7 gives common m9es ) l9es ( lea/ resi/ance ( #dy & #aay4 ,divide ! di/ance ,a,b also into f\r equal p>ts1 & assume ! po9ts ( division z ! extremities ( ! crat] radii ( common m9es ea* ( :i* exce$s ! "o next small] by 77,a,b4 ,s9ce ! *>ges = ! common m9es ^: l9es ( lea/ resi/ance are respectively #dy & #aay are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ov]*>g$ m9es ^: crat] radii are #dy & #aby respectively1 x is assum$ t ! *>ges = ! int]m$iate common m9es are ! same z w\ld be requir$ to produce ! correspond+ int]m$iate ov]*>g$ m9es4 ,! increm5t ( ! crat] radius & l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ( any "o ( ^! common m9es is equal to #g_/h ! increm5t ( ! crat] radius ( ! correspond+ ov]*>g$ m9e2 consequ5tly ! *>ge :i* gives an ov]*>g$ m9e ^: ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 & crat] radius are l & r1 respectively1 w produce a common m9e ^: ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 l w be giv5 by ! equation l l 7#g_/h77r - l74 7a7 ,s9ce ! *>ge = a common m9e is obta9$ f equation 7#d71 ,c ,c#a7aa_/f7l#c1 ! *>ge = ! ov]*>g$ m9e w be ,c ,c#a7aa_/f7l 7#g_/h77r - l#c1 z above4 ,= ord9>y e>? & gunp[d]1 :5 ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 is measur$ 9 feet1 eqs4 7#f7 & 7#g7 become1 respectively3 ,= an ov]*>g$ m9e1 ,c 7#a_/aj7l 7#g_/h77r - l7#c 7#f7 ,= an und]*>g$ m9e1 ,c 7#a_/aj7l - 7#g_/h77l - r7#c 7#g7 #h4 ,giv+ to l ! same value 9 equations 7#d71 7#f71 & 7#g71 we h ,c ,c77#g_/h7r_/l 7#a_/h77c1 7#h7 ,9 :i* ,c *>ge = common m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 & crat] radius l4 ,c *>ge = ov] or und]*>g$ m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 l & crat] radius r4 ,equations 7#f71 7#g71 & 7#h7 hav+ be5 d$uc$ f ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,c1 l1 & r = m9es v>y+ f common m9es up to ^? 9 :i* r #cl may safely be us$ = ov]*>g$ m9es up to ?is limit4#i ,9 _! applications to und]*>g$ m9es !y become unc]ta9 :5 r 77l2 & :5 r 77l ! comput$ *>ge g5]ally produces a cam\flet4 ,^! comput$ *>ges are3 = r 77l1 ,c #j4aggi;,c2 = r 77l1 ,c ,o4#afcf;,c4 ,a rule ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s /ates t a *>ge :i* w produce a common m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 l w produce a cam\flet if ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 is increas$ to 7#g_/d7l4 ,at ?is dep? ,c #j4ahg;,c1 & ! =mula gives a crat] radius ( #be_/di4 ,z a safe 8rule ( ?umb10 we may assume t a *>ge :i* w give a common m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 l w give a cam\flet ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 #bl 7r f =mula 7#c_/g7l74 ,conv]sely1 a cam\flet w be produc$ by ( ! *>ge :i* w produce a common m9e4 #i4 ,radius ( ,rupture4--,! det]m9ation ( ! radius ( rupture is an important consid]ation 9 und]gr\nd w>f>e1 s9ce1 :5 x is kn[n1 m9]s may s place _! *amb]s z to break 9 ! gall]ies ( ! enemy )\t injur+ _! own4 ,z diff]5t m9+ gall]ies1 h[ev]1 diff] f ea* o!r s mu* 9 /r5g? to resi/ cru%+1 & z ! co/ ( an exhau/ive s]ies ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e _! relative /r5g? w\ld be s great bo? 9 "t & money1 b little well-e/abli%$ data exi/ ^u :i* to f\nd a rule = det]m9+ ! radius ( rupture4 #aj4 ,! rule d$uc$ by ,gump]tz & ,lebrun1 h[ev]1 f ! mat]ial available at _! "t corresponds v ne>ly ) ! results ( lat] exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 & is g5]ally admitt$ z suffici5tly ne> correct = practical use4 ,?is rule is bas$ ^u ! !ory t ! surface ( rupture is an oblate sph]oid1 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #c71 ) its axis ( revolution v]tical & its c5tre at ! c5tre ( ! *>ge2 ! int]section ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd ,,ad co9cid+ ) ! edge ( ! crat]4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! semi-transv]se axis ,,cf & ! semi-conjugate axis ,,* ( ! g5]at+ ellipse ( ?is assum$ sph]oid is ! same z t betwe5 ! radius ( explosion ,,cd & ,l4 ,l4 ,r41 ,,ck4 ,! rule is1 t ! radius ( rupture 9 any direction is equal ! correspond+ radius ( ?is sph]oid4 ,f ! conditions assum$ ! foll[+ values ( ! semi-transv]se & semi-conjugate axes h & v 7:i* are ! horizontal & v]tical radii ( rupture7 are obta9$1 viz43#aj h l7#a #b7r_/l7#b72 v l7#a #b7r_/l7#b7_/7a 7r_/l7#b74 ,= common m9es ^! =mulas give3 h #a4gcbl 7#g_/d7l 7#g_/d7r2 v #a4bbel 7#e_/d7l 7#e_/d7r4 ,= six-l9e crat]s1 h #d4cehl 7#ce_/h7l 7#c_/b7r2 v #a4cghl 7#aa_/h7l 7#a_/b7r4 #aa4 ,! ,engli% au?orities adopt ! value ( 7#g_/d7l = ! horizontal & l 7#b7 #a4dadba l 7#g_/e7l = ! v]tical radius ( rupture ( all classes ( m9es4 ,9 :i* l ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( an equival5t common m9e l 7#g_/h77r-l71 etc4 ,"s lat] exp]im5ts at ,*a?am h giv5 v 7#e_/c7l = a #d-l9$ crat]2 v #bl = a #e-l9$ crat]2 & v 7#e_/b7l = a #g-l9$ crat]4 #ab4 ,!re are o!r good reasons = believ+ t ,lebrun's value = ! v]tical radius is too small2 b z its use leads to increas+ ! *>ges design$ to produce cru%+ effects1 ! error1 if x exi/s1 is 9 ! "r direction1 & ju/ifies ! use ( ! =mula until m exact data are available4 ,,explosives4 #ac4 ,no milit>y m9+ op]ations ( note h be5 c>ri$ on s9ce ! introduction ( dynamite & o!r high explosives2 consequ5tly our k ( _! value = "w ( ?is k9d re/s entirely ^u ! results obta9$ f exp]im5tal m9es4 ,un=tunately b few exp]im5ts seem to h be5 made1 & ! publi%$ results ( ^! are v meagre4 #ad4 ,two m9es fir$ at ,krems 9 #ahgc ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #ab ft4 9 e>? weigh+ #ajj lbs4 p] cubic foot & *>g$1 "o ) #agc lbs4 gunp[d]1 ! o!r ) #eh lbs4 dynamite 7k9d n /at$71 gave crat] radii1 respectively1 ( #ab4ge & #aj4be feet4 ,lebrun's =mulas appli$ to ^! give to gunp[d] & dynamite ! ratio #a 3 #a4fhh4 ,two p[d]-m9es & "o dynamite-m9e1 ea* ( #ab ft4 ,l4 ,l4 ,r41 7 fir$ at ,willet's ,po9t 9 #ahgh4 ,! p[d]-m9es 7 ea* *>g$ ) #bjj lbs4 cannon-p[d] & ! dynamite m9e ) #hb lbs4 dynamite ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a p[d]-m9e gave a crat] radius ( #ae ft4 ,no4 #b p[d]-m9e gave a crat] radius ( #ae ft41 or a mean ( #ae ft4 ,! dynamite-m9e gave a crat] radius ( #ad ft4 ,! relative values ( cannon p[d] & dynamite result+ f ! application ( ! same =mulas to ^! m9es is #a 3 #a4iig4aa #ae4 ,*oice ( ,explosive4--,f ^! exp]im5tal m9es x may be conclud$ t = =m+ crat]s 9 ord9>y e>? dynamite is n q s effici5t z d\ble its weight ( good gunp[d]4 ,= break+ up h>d rock1 bl[+ up /rong masonry1 & especially 9 demolitions :]e tamp+ is usually defective1 ?is ratio does n hold2 b ! relative effect ( ! high explosive increases cont9ually ) ! lack ( tamp+ & ! int5sity ( ! local bl[ desir$1 until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! effect ( gunp[d] is almo/ imp]ceptible1 :ile ! high explosive does effici5t "w4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! high explosives r5d]s !m extremely valuable = use 9 ha/y demolitions1 su* z bl[+ up palisades or b>ri]s1 de/roy+ guns1 etc41 etc4 ,ow+ to _! v>y+ values 9 diff]5t conditions ! *oice ( explosive to be us$ 9 any p>ticul> case mu/ evid5tly dep5d ^u ! circum/ances att5d+ x4 ,9 und]gr\nd explosions bo? gunp[d] & high explosives give out noxi\s gases :i* p5etrate ! soil1 & :i* ent]+ a gall]y 9 suffici5t quantity w\ld suffocate ! m9]s4 ,( ^! gases ! c>bonic oxide giv5 (f by "s ( ! high explosives is probably ! mo/ dang]\s to human life1 & if mix$ ) ! prop] proportion ( air =ms an explosive mixture1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! fire-damp ( ! coal-m9es4 ,:e!r 9 practical m9+ op]ations x w\ld ev] be reta9$ 9 ! soil 9 su* quantities z to produce ?is effect rema9s to be se54 ,"s ( ! high explosives1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to produce relatively small quantities ( noxi\s gases4 ,! gases produc$ by gunp[d]1 :ile suffocat+ 9 _! nature1 h ! advantage ( always mak+ _! pres5ce kn[n by _! odor4 #af4 ,= use 9 ov]*>g$ m9es design$ to break 9 ! enemy's gall]ies1 ! high explosives1 f ! viol5t "* ( _! explosion & f ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 subm>9e m9+1 promise to give relatively great] radii ( rupture ?an gunp[d]2 b suffici5t data are n available to /ate ?is positively4#ab #ag4 ,beside ! consid]ations above /at$1 :i* ref] to ! effects produc$ by ! explosive :5 fir$1 !re are o!rs equally important relat+ to ! safety & facility ) :i* ! explosive may be transport$1 h&l$1 & plac$ 9 ! m9es4 ,! latt] w frequ5tly h great] weight ?an ! =m] 9 det]m9+ ! explosive to be us$ 9 any p>ticul> case :i* may arise 9 ! practical op]ations ( m9+4 ,( ! latt] consid]ations "s ( ! mo/ important 9 decid+ :e!r to use gunp[d] or high explosives are ! foll[+1 viz43 ,gunp[d] is easily obta9$1 & mo/ enli/$ m5 are m or less famili> ) its prop]ties4 ,x explodes :5 ignit$ by fire4 ,x does n ord9>ily explode :5 /ruck by a bullet4 ,x is injur$ by moi/ure & de/roy$ by ?or\gh wett+4 ,x is n affect$ by ord9>y *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x requires ?or\gh tamp+ to produce good effects4 ,_m high explosives are n injur$ by moi/ure1 & "s are unaffect$ by total imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,!y g5]ally burn )\t detonation if ignit$ by flame4 ,"s ( !m d n explode :5 /ruck by a bullet4 ,! m s5sitive ones d4 ,! prop]ties ( "s ( !m are mat]ially *ang$ by freez+4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great] /r5g?1 ! same effects may be produc$ by small] *>ges1 requir+ small] *amb]s & cases4 ,by reason ( ! viol5ce ( _! action !y produce good results ev5 if imp]fectly tamp$4 ,! la/ two consid]ations1 toge!r ) ! possibility ( us+ !m 9 wet places )\t protection aga9/ moi/ure1 less5 greatly ! "t requir$ to excavate1 *>ge1 & tamp a m9e1 & may frequ5tly enable ! "o us+ !m to anticipate an enemy us+ gunp[d] & ?us secure success1 :5 ! use ( gunp[d] w\ld rev]se ! situation4 ,9 m9+ op]ations & 9 exp]t h&s ! high explosives1 ^u ! :ole1 seem to cause few] accid5ts ?an gunp[d]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,practical ,,op]ations ,,& ,,details4 #ah4 ,tools & ,appliances4--,! diff]5t op]ations ( m9+ are c>ri$ on by ! use ( picks1 %ovels1 b>s1 saws1 axes1 hamm]s 7l>ge & small71 *isels1 :eel & h& b>r[s1 w9dlasses1 ropes1 wood5 or lea!r buckets1 gauge-/icks1 mason's levels 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #d71 plumb-l9es1 c&les1 clos$ lant]ns1 t9 pipes1 rubb] & canvas hose1 canvas1 nails1 etc41 etc41 ( ! k9ds 9 common use2 & ! foll[+ special tools & appliances1 viz43 ,! ,m9]'s ,pick4 ,small] & light] ?an ! common pick4 ,nei!r its head nor its h&le exce$s #b feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,m9]'s ,%ovel4 ,simil> 9 %ape to a common %ovel1 b n exce$+ #b feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,pu% ,pick 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig #e71 :i* has a lance-%ap$ blade ab\t #c 94 wide & #f 94 long atta*$ to a h&le ab\t #b feet long4 ,! ,field ,level 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig #f71 :i* consi/s ( ?ree /rips ( wood ab\t #b 1 arrang$ z %[n4 ,! /rip ,a is #d' betwe5 c5tres ( p9s2 ,b & ,c are #b'1 #i-ae_/af2 ! angle at a #ij4 ,a _s-level is ins]t$ 9 piece ,c1 & a plumb-l9e atta*$ z %[n4 ,! m>k+s on ,a are us$ = g5tle slopes1 ^? on ,b = /eep ones4 ,! o!r sides ( ,b & ,c are divid$ into degrees ( arc1 ! c5tre be+ at ! middle po9t ( ! outside edge ( ,a4 ,! ,slope ,block1 :i* is a wood5 cube us$ 9 connection ) a mason's level = fix+ slopes4 ,angle ,templets 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #g71 mak+ a def9ite angle1 us$ 9 lay+ out gall]ies4 ,! ,m9]'s ,truck or ,c>4 ,a small1 f\r-:eel$ wagon ) fix$ axles & v %ort :eel-base2 ext]ior dim5sions ab\t #bj wide1 #ah to #bj high1 & #cj long4 ,us$ = c>ry+ e>? ?r\gh gall]ies1 & usually hoi/$ up ! %aft & dump$ outside1 replac+ ! buckets us$ 9 s9k+ ! %aft4 ,! ,m9]'s ,bell[s 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #h74 ,a lea!r bag ) wood5 top & bottom1 provid$ ) inlet & outlet valves1 f ! latt] ( :i* ! air is l$ (f 9 pipes or hose4 ,9 us+ ! bell[s ! m9] /&s ^u ! l[] h&les & works ! bell[s ) 8 h&s by ! upp] ones4 ,?is is frequ5tly replac$ by a common blacksmi?'s bell[s or ! rot>y bl[] f a portable =ge2 & sometimes by an improvis$ air-pump1 consi/+ ( a l>ge op5 cask fill$ ) wat] & ano!r small] "o1 ) "o head remov$ & ! o!r provid$ ) outlet & inlet valves & an air-tube1 inv]t$ ov] ! l>ge cask1 support$ by a spr+-pole & work$ up & d[n by h& 9 ! wat] ( ! l[] cask4 ,! ,m9]'s ,c&le/ick 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #i71 :i* holds a c&le1 & may be driv5 into ! side or bottom ( a gall]y4 ,m9]'s ,lamps 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #aj71 c be us$ only :5 ! v5tilation is good1 z !y give (f m smoke ?an c&les4 ,:5 an electric-light plant is available1 inc&esc5t lamps w be us$ = m9+4 ,e>? ,aug]s1 simil> to ^? us$ = bor+ po/-holes1 b ( diff]5t diamet]s1 are sometimes us$ = plac+ cam\flets4 ,_! %anks are made 9 %ort l5g?s1 :i* c be jo9$ toge!r to all[ ( bor+ a deep hole f a n>r[ %aft or gall]y4 ,,gall]ies ,,& ,,%afts4 #ai4 ,! ,dim5sions ( ,gall]ies & ,%afts are det]m9$ by ! use to be made ( !m1 ! necessity ( v5tilation1 & ! m9imum space 9 :i* a man c "w4 ,!y are usually ab\t z foll[s1 viz43 ,height1 ,wid?1 feet4 feet4 #a4 ,great or gr& gall]ies #f #g #b4 ,common gall]ies #f #c #c4 ,half gall]ies #d #c #d4 ,bran*es #c #b #e4 ,small bran*es 7rameaux de combat74 #b #b ,%afts v>y 9 size--f ! smalle/ 9 :i* a man c "w 7ab\t #b' #d'71 to any size t may be requir$1 seldom exce$+ #aj' #aj'4 ,great gall]ies are us$ = desc5t into a dit*1 & :5 x is wi%$ to pass cannon ?r\gh !m4#ac ,common gall]ies are us$ = desc5t into a dit*1 & = communications4 ,troops c pass ?r\gh !m 8by twos40 ,half gall]ies answ] = g5]al purposes ( attack4 ,!y all[ ! m9] to "w freely 9 diff]5t positions )\t be+ cramp$1 b are small en\gh to admit ( rapid driv+4 ,bran*es & small bran*es are driv5 out f ! gall]ies to ! m9e-*amb]s1 etc4 ,!y c be driv5 rapidly = %ort di/ances 7#aj to #bj feet72 b :5 ( great] l5g? ! e>? is remov$ f !m ) difficulty1 !y are n easily v5tilat$1 & are too small = use z communications4 #bj4 ,%aft & ,gall]y ,l9+s4--,9 v firm soil x is sometimes practicable to drive small %afts & gall]ies %ort di/ances )\t l9+ !m2 b if ^! are to /& = any l5g? ( "t1 !re is always dang] ( _! fall+ 91 p>ticul>ly if %ak5 by ! explosion ( m9es 9 _! vic9ity4 ,:5 x is consid]$ safe to use !m1 h[ev]1 ! %afts %\ld be elliptical 9 plan1 & ! ro(s ( ! gall]ies %\ld be po9t$ ar*es4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 bo? %afts & gall]ies %\ld be l9$4 ,^? :i* are p]man5t 9 _! "*--z ! ma9 gall]ies ( ! c\nt]m9es ( a p]man5t "w--are l9$ ) masonry4 ,masonry l9+s may be ( brick1 /one1 or concrete walls & ar*es4 ,! small] gall]ies con/ruct$ dur+ a siege1 & all ! %afts & gall]ies ( ! attack1 are l9$ ) wood4 ,wood5 l9+s are ( two g5]al types1 kn[n z cases1 & frames & %eet+4 #ba4 ,cases 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab7 are made ( plank1 f #f to #ab wide1 ea* case consi/+ ( a cap-sill1 a gr\nd-sill1 & two /an*ions4 ,! cap & gr\nd-sills are cut to a l5g? equal to ! cle> wid? ( ! %aft or gall]y plus twice ! ?ickness ( ! /an*ions2 a rectangul> not* is cut 9 ea* end to receive a correspond+ t5on cut on ! /an*ion4 ,! l5g? ( ! /an*ions betwe5 %\ld]s is equal to ! cle> l5g? ( ! %aft or height ( ! gall]y4 ,! l5g? ( ! t5ons is g5]ally equal to ! ?ickness ( ! cap & gr\nd sill 7usually #b71 & _! wid? ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,not*es are cut 9 ! sides ( all ! pieces ( ! case1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ !m4 ,9 gr& gall]ies ! t5ons at ! top ( ! /an*ions are usually %ort] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! cap-sill1 & ^? at ! bottom1 z well z ! mortises 9 ! gr\nd-sill1 are omitt$4 ,! /an*ions are kept f collaps+ by blocks nail$ to ! gr\nd-sills4 ,^! blocks are #b ?ick1 & wide en\gh 7ab\t #i7 to s guide ! :eels ( a gun-c>riage z to prev5t ! axle /rik+ ! /an*ions4 ,9 cases = small] gall]ies also ! t5ons are sometimes omitt$ at ! bottom ( ! /an*ions1 ! mortises 9 ! gr\nd-sills cut an in* or two deep]1 & ! /an*ions kept f collaps+ by keys driv5 9 ! mortises 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #ac74 #bb4 ,%aft & ,gall]y ,frames 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 & #af7 are made ( scantl+s1 halv$ toge!r at ! ends1 z %[n 9 ! figures4 ,%eet+ is made ( bo>ds or planks ( ! necess>y ?ickness1 sawn to prop] l5g?s1 & bevell$ at ! ends4 ,:5 sawn lumb] is n available1 ! frames may be made ( sapl+s1 & 9 "s cases poles may be us$ = %eet+4 ,! middle ( ea* cap & gr\nd sill1 bo? 9 frames & cases1 is di/9ctly m>k$ by a %all[ saw cut or o!rwise4 #bc4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! dim5sions1 9 in*es1 usually adopt$ = ! pieces ( cases1 frames1 & %eet+1 = gall]ies ( diff]5t sizes1 viz43 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cases4 ,frames & ,%eet+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,gr\nd-sill4,/an*ions4 ,cap-sill4 ,gr\nd-sill4,/an*ions4,cap-sill4,%eet+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,great gall]ies #c #d #e #f #d #f #f #f #i #b ,common gall]ies #b #b #b #f #c #f #f #f #h #a ,half gall]ies #b #b #b #e #c #e #e #e #g #a ,bran*es #a or #b #a or #b #a or #b #d #c #d #d #d #e #a or #a ,small bran*es #a to #b #a to #b #a to #b #c #c #c #c #c #d #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! cases ( bran*es & small bran*es are sometimes made v /rong1 ) a view to resi/ rupture by ! explosion ( neighbor+ m9es4 ,= ?is purpose cases made ( oak plank #d ?ick are us$1 & ! bran* ne> its end is pack$ full ( scantl+s provid$ ) rope-h&les at _! ends = )draw+ !m aft] ! m9e is fir$4 ,?is pack+ is1 h[ev]1 ( d\btful utility1 s9ce a compression ( ! case suffici5t to call ! resi/ance ( ! pack+ into play is v apt to produce a p]man5t de=mation ( ! cases1 :i* w jam ! scantl+s & prev5t _! removal4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 use ! pieces ( cases %\ld be ( uni=m wid?4 #bd4 ,relative ,advantages ( ,cases1 & ,frames & ,%eet+4--,9 favorable soil1 cases1 :5 !y c be obta9$1 all[ ( m rapid progress & give a l9+ ) a smoo? int]ior4 ,9 v bad soil !y _c be us$ = ! l>g] gall]ies4 ,frames & %eet+ c be us$ 9 all soils :i* admit ( m9+ op]ations1 & c usually be improvis$ f mat]ials f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 #be4 ,s9k+ a ,%aft by ,frames & ,%eet+4--,! size & position ( a %aft are usually det]m9$ by ! "* & direction ( ! gall]y :i* is to />t out f x4 ,x is evid5t 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #ag7 t ! cle> wid? ( ! %aft mu/ be en\gh great] ?an ! outside wid? ( ! gall]y to all[ ! side %eet+ ( ! gall]y to be freely ins]t$ outside ! frames ( ! gall]y & inside ^? ( ! %aft2 also1 t ! %aft frames mu/ be s spac$ z to leave a cle> space at ! bottom = ! gall]y4 ,?is space mu/ be equal to ! cle> height ( ! gall]y1 increas$ by ! ?ickness ( ! cap-sill1 ! %eet+1 & "o or two in*es = easy work+4 ,?is & ! ?ickness ( "o frame be+ d$uct$ f ! dep? ( ! %aft1 ! rema9d] may be divid$ up into a numb] ( equal or unequal p>ts call$ %aft int]vals4 ,9 ord] t ! %eet+ may n yield "u ! pressure ( ! e>?1 ^! int]vals seldom exce$ #d feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! %aft mu/ be great en\gh to all[ ! m9]s to "w freely1 & to ins]t ! %eet+ = ! fir/ gall]y int]val4 ,! %eet+ = bo? %afts & gall]ies is cut 9 l5g?s ab\t #a foot great] ?an ! int]val betwe5 frame c5tres4 #bf4 ,! size & position ( ! %aft hav+ be5 fix$1 ! top frame 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #ae7 is plac$ 9 position & secur$ by pegs1 & ! direction ( its axis is accurately fix$ by ! score m>ks at ! middle ( ! end pieces4 ,! side & end pieces ( ?is frame are respectively ab\t #c feet long] ?an ^? ( ! o!r frames1 & are s halv$ toge!r z to make ( _! ends f\r project+ horns1 #a' long1 :i* keep ! frame 9 place dur+ ! excavation ( ! fir/ int]val4 ,?is frame is usually plac$ ) its top flu% ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! m9] proce$s to excavate ! %aft ) pick & %ovel1 mak+ x l>ge en\gh 9 plan to admit ! %eet+ outside ! frame4 ,usually ! fir/ int]val c be excavat$ )\t support+ ! e>? at ! sides1 :i* are v]tical or slightly und]cut1 s t at ! bottom ( ! int]val ! %aft w be l>ge en\gh to admit ! second frame1 ! %eet+ ( ! fir/ int]val1 & a sy/em ( w$ges :i* hold ?is %eet+ out f ! second frame a di/ance some:at great] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! %eet+ ( ! second int]val4 ,! v]ticality ( ! sides is det]m9$ by ! plumb-l9e1 & ! size ( ! %aft by two gauge-/icks cut respectively to ! outside l5g? & wid? ( ! excavation1 & di/9ctly m>k$ at _! c5tres4 ,to avoid ! inconv5i5ce ( work+ "u ! top frame1 ! fir/ int]val is frequ5tly m>k$ out & excavat$ be=e ! frame is fix$ 9 its position4 ,:5 ! %aft is deep en\gh ! second frame is put 9 place & nail$ toge!r2 ! not*es 9 ! ends ( ! side pieces turn$ upw>d & ^? ( ! end pieces d[nw>d4 ,! top & second frame are connect$ by nail+ to !m f\r batt5s ( prop] l5g? 7two on ea* side71 :i* susp5d ! second frame f ! top frame at ! e/abli%$ int]val4 ,! second frame is plac$ v]tically bel[ ! top frame by us+ ! plumb-l9e & ! scores 9 ! frames4 ,! %eet+ is ins]t$ outside ! top frame1 bevell$ end fir/1 bevel outside1 & pu%$ d[n until its top is flu% ) ! top frame4 ,! l[] end ( ! %eet+ is held out f ! l[] frame by suitable w$ges1 & ! excavation ( ! second int]val is comm5c$4 ,9 ord9>y soil ! sides ( ! %aft w n[ require support4 ,%eet+ is !re=e introduc$ & pu%$ d[n z ! excavation proce$s1 & ! w$ges previ\sly plac$ are remov$ to make room = ! %eet+4 #bg4 ,if ! pressure ( ! e>? becomes great en\gh to spr+ ! %eet+-planks inw>d1 an auxili>y frame is introduc$4 ,?is is a frame simil> to ! %aft frames1 b f #d to #f in*es l>g] 9 outside dim5sions4 ,! %eet+ re/s directly aga9/ ! outside ( ?is frame1 & is ?us held out f> en\gh to all[ ! ?ird frame to be plac$ & ! w$ges to be ins]t$ z be=e4 ,! auxili>y frame is !n remov$ & us$ 9 ! next int]val4 #bh4 ,successive frames are plac$ 9 ! same mann] until ! "o directly ov] ! gall]y is rea*$4 ,great c>e is tak5 to place ?is frame at exactly ! "r height1 & ! %aft is !n cont9u$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,a frame is plac$ at ! bottom ) its top at ! level ( ! floor ( ! gall]y1 & ! %eet+ is all[$ to re/ directly aga9/ ! outside ( ?is frame4 ,:5 ! soil w all[ x1 ! %eet+ is omitt$ :olly or 9 "p ov] ! portion ( ! %aft :i* is to =m ! gall]y entrance4 #bi4 ,precautions4--,9 s9k+ %afts especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! excavation no l>g] ?an is requir$ = plac+ ! l9+1 s9ce if a vacant space is left outside ! l9+ ! sides ( ! %aft may give way ?r\gh its entire height1 & fall aga9/ ! l9+ ) a bl[ :i* w cru% x 94 ,?is is (t5 ! cause ( fatal accid5ts bo? 9 %afts & gall]ies4 #cj4 ,p>tly-l9$ ,%afts1 i4e41 ^? 9 :i* ! %eet+-planks are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by great] or less int]vals1 %\ld only be us$ = small dep?s & :5 !y are expect$ to /& = a v %ort "t4 ,!y are a con/ant m5ace to ! m9]s1 ow+ to ! dang] ( _! cav+ 91 & 9 a mu* great] degree to ! probability ( /ones1 etc41 fall+ f ! unprotect$ p>ts & s]i\sly injur+ or kill+ ! m5 at ! bottom4 #ca4 ,driv+ a ,gall]y ) ,frames & ,%eet+4--,! direction ( ! gall]y has already be5 m>k$ by ! scores on ! %aft frames2 b x mu/ be v]ifi$ by plumb-l9es1 & two small pickets be driv5 on ! l9e ( its axis1 :i* is locat$ exactly by small nails1 "o driv5 9 ! head ( ea* picket4 ,two gauge-rods are prep>$1 giv+ ! extreme height & bread? ( ! excavation1 i4e41 ! height ( ! frame plus two ?icknesses ( top %eet+1 & ! bread? ( ! frame plus f\r ?icknesses ( side %eet+4 ,! middle ( ea* gauge-rod is also pla9ly m>k$4 ,a gall]y frame is set up aga9/ ! side ( ! %aft 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #ag71 its gr\nd-sill flu% ) ! bottom frame ( ! %aft2 or its /an*ions may re/ ^u ! %aft frame z a gr\nd-sill4 ,! gall]y frame is c>efully locat$ & fa/5$ 9 position ) batt5s & braces4 ,! %aft %eet+ is !n =c$ d[n two or ?ree in*es ) a b>1 & ! top %eet+ ( ! gall]y ins]t$ & driv5 9 until its end is support$ by ! e>?4 ,x is giv5 ! prop] upw>d pit* by a scantl+ laid across x & secur$ to ! %aft frames4 ,! %aft %eet+ is =c$ fur!r d[n1 ! e>? at ! top excavat$1 & ! top gall]y %eet+ advanc$4 ,z ?is "w proce$s ! side %eet+-planks are successively ins]t$ & driv5 =w>d4 ,9 ?is way ! gall]y is advanc$ "o gall]y int]val1 usually ab\t #d feet1 :5 a second frame is plac$4 ,its position is v]ifi$ by ! score m>ks2 = direction1 by a l9e2 = grade1 by a _s1 mason's1 or field level2 & = v]ticality1 by a plumb-l9e4 ,x is !n secur$ 9 place by nail+ batt5s to x & ! prec$+ frame4 ,w$ges are ins]t$ betwe5 ! frame & ! %eet+1 & ! gall]y is cont9u$ by ! same me?ods 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ai74 ,:5 ! %eet+ is advanc$ only by h>d driv+ ! frames are slightly incl9$ to ! re> at fir/1 & are aft]w>ds driv5 =w>d until v]tical4 #cb4 ,if1 :ile advanc+ ! %eet+1 ! pressure ^u x becomes s great z to spr+ x1 a false frame 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ah7 mu/ be us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a cap-sill1 gr\nd-sill1 & two /an*ions1 connect$ by mortises & t5ons4 ,! /an*ions h t5ons & ! sills mortises at ea* end4 ,! cap-sill is usually r\nd$ on top &1 = facility 9 sett+ up & remov+1 its mortises are long] ?an ! wid? ( ! t5ons4 ,! latt] are held 9 place by w$ges :5 ! frame is 9 position4 ,! false frame is usually made ( ! same height z ! common frames &1 :5 side %eet+ is us$1 wid] by twice ! ?ickness ( ?is %eet+4 ,:5 side %eet+ is n us$1 its outside wid? may be equal to ! cle> wid? ( ! gall]y4 ,9 us+ ! frame 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ai7 ! gr\nd-sill is fir/ plac$ accurately 9 position at a half int]val 9 advance1 ! /an*ions are set up1 & ! cap-sill plac$ ^u !m & w$g$4 ,! :ole frame is !n rais$ ab\t #b in*es by fold+ w$ges plac$ "u ea* end ( ! gr\nd-sill1 & is secur$ by batt5s4 ,! %eet+ w n[ re/ directly ^u ! cap-sill & /an*ions1 & h ! prop] incl9ation to cle> ! next frame by its own ?ickness1 z is requir$4 ,! next frame is !n set up1 ! w$ges driv5 "u ! %eet+1 & ! false frame remov$2 :i* is easily done1 ow+ to its con/ruction4 #cc4 ,:5 ! soil is v bad a %ield 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bj7 is us$ to prev5t ! e>? 9 front & above f cav+ into ! gall]y4 ,9 />t+ out f ! %aft ! foll[+ me?od is adopt$3 ,z soon z ! top %eet+ is suffici5tly advanc$ & ! %aft %eet+ is =c$ d[n ab\t #a foot1 ! top plank ( ! side %eet+ is ins]t$ & driv5 =w>d ab\t #b feet1 & ! e>? at ! top ( ! gall]y is excavat$ = f #f in*es to #a foot 9 advance4 ,a piece ( plank a foot wide & 9 l5g? equal to ! wid? ( ! gall]y is !n plac$ directly "u ! top %eet+ & aga9/ ! face ( ! excavation1 & is held 9 place by braces at its ends secur$ to ! %aft l9+4 ,! %aft %eet+ is !n l[]$ ano!r foot1 ! next plank ( ! side %eet+ ins]t$1 ! e>? excavat$1 & a second plank ( ! %ield plac$ 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! entire face is cov]$4 ,! top & side %eet+ are !n driv5 =w>d1 & ! top plank ( ! %ield is remov$ & replac$ 9 advance2 aft] :i* ea* plank is remov$ & replac$ 9 succession1 z above describ$4 #cd4 ,incl9$ ,gall]ies4--,me?od ( fix+ ! slope4--,if ! gall]y in/ead ( be+ horizontal is asc5d+ 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ba7 or desc5d+ 7,fig4 #bb71 ! prop] slope is obta9$ by us+ a slope-block ^: edge is equal to ! rise or fall ( ! gall]y 9 "o int]val4 ,?is is plac$ ^u ! l[] ( two consecutive gr\nd-sills1 & ! prop] height ( ! o!r is det]m9$ by a mason's or _s level 7,fig4 #ba74 ,if a field-level or a mason's level prop]ly m>k$ = ! slope is us$1 ! slope-block may be disp5s$ ) 7,fig4 #bb74 #ce4 ,position ( ,frames4--,9 driv+ desc5d+ gall]ies bett] progress w be made & less mat]ial us$ if ! frames are set at "r angles to ! axis ( ! gall]y 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bb72 & ?is is ! usual cu/om4 ,9 driv+ asc5d+ gall]ies ?is is impracticable1 & ! frames are set v]tically 7,fig4 #ba74 ,9 all o!r respects incl9$ gall]ies are driv5 9 ! same mann] z horizontal ones4 #cf4 ,p>tly-l9$ ,gall]ies4--,9 v firm soil side %eet+ may be omitt$ entirely1 & 9 t less firm ! side planks ne$ n be 9 contact4 ,:5 ! side %eet+ is omitt$ ! wid? ( excavation may be r$uc$ to ! cle> wid? ( ! gall]y1 & ! /an*ions be let into ! side wall flu% ) its surface4 ,9 ?is case ! gr\nd-sills are frequ5tly omitt$1 ! /an*ions re/+ ^u wood5 blocks1 /ones1or directly ^u ! e>?4 ,to save mat]ial1 ! planks ( ! top %eet+ are sometimes m or less sep>at$ also4 ,?is c only be recomm5d$ :5 rapid & tempor>y "w is requir$ ) limit$ mat]ials2 & 9 ^! cases ! e>? betwe5 ! planks %\ld be support$ by a pack+ ( /icks1 bru%1 etc41 etc4 #cg4 ,*ange ( ,direction 9 ,gall]ies4--,9 *ang+ ! direction ( a gall]y1 ! new direction is laid (f by us+ a c>efully made angle-templet 7,pl4 ,,xi1 ,fig4 #g7 or slope-block1 field-level1 etc41 & x is prolong$ 9 ! new direction by ! me?ods already describ$4 ,:5 ! soil is firm en\gh to /& safely :ile excavat+ & l9+ "o gall]y int]val1 ev5 if some:at %ort1 no difficulty exi/s 9 *ang+ ! direction ( a gall]y 9 ei!r a v]tical or horizontal plane1 s9ce ! excavation 9 ! new direction may be made s l>ge t ! m9] work+ 9 x c place ! new frames & introduce ! %eet+ & w$ges4 ,! gall]y c !n be c>ri$ on )\t dim9ution 9 size4 ,:5 ! soil is bad1 h[ev]1 special arrangem5ts mu/ be made = introduc+ ! %eet+4 #ch4 ,*ange ( ,slope4--,to pass f a horizontal to an asc5d+ gall]y 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ba7 x is only necess>y to give ! top %eet+ ! prop] angle by hold+ d[n its back end ) a piece ( scantl+ plac$ across ! gall]y = t purpose2 &1 to give ! side %eet+ ! prop] incl9ation1 cutt+ tr5*es 9 ! bottom ( ! gall]y = ! l[] pieces1 if necess>y4 ,9 pass+ f a horizontal to a desc5d+ gall]y 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bb7 ! ro( may be c>ri$ =w>d horizontally1 & ! floor giv5 ! desir$ pit* by increas+ ! height ( ! consecutive frames1 until en\gh head-room is obta9$ to all[ ! top %eet+ = ! desc5d+ gall]y to be ins]t$ at ! prop] height & angle4 ,! frame at ?is po9t is made ) a cap-sill 7^u :i* ! %eet+ re/s directly71 & a second cross-piece bel[ x1 s]v+ z a cap-sill = ! desc5d+ gall]y4 ,f ?is po9t =w>d ! frames may be set p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! gall]y1 z previ\sly /at$4 ,if ! desc5d+ gall]y is v /eep & ! horizontal pressure ( ! soil great1 x may be necess>y to /r5g!n ! /an*ions ( ! la/ two or ?ree v]tical frames by cross-pieces ne> _! upp] ends4 #ci4 ,*ange ( ,direction ,horizontally4--,slight *anges ( direction ( n>r[ gall]ies1 ei!r to "r or left1 may be made 9 a mann] entirely simil> to t above describ$ = desc5d+ gall]ies1 by wid5+ ! frames until ! side %eet+ c be ins]t$ at ! requir$ angle1 & /r5g!n+ ! cap-sills1 :5 necess>y1 ) additional /an*ions4 ,:5 ! gall]y is wide or ! *anges ( direction abrupt1 h[ev]1 x is cu/om>y to drive ! gall]y entirely beyond ! turn+-po9t1 & !n break out a gall]y 9 ! new direction f ! side ( ! orig9al gall]y4 #dj4 ,returns4--,a gall]y />t+ out f ! side ( ano!r is call$ a return1 & is rectangul> or oblique accord+ to ! angle made by its axis ) t ( ! orig9al gall]y1 :i* is call$ ! gall]y ( dep>ture4 ,t ! return may be brok5 out1 ! int]val betwe5 ! frames ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture at ?is po9t mu/ be su* z to admit betwe5 ! /an*ions a frame & ! side %eet+ ( ! return 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bc74 ,?is "p ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture is call$ a l&+1 & its floor is made horizontal4 ,if ! return is oblique 7,fig4 #bd71 its wid? measur$ along ! gall]y ( dep>ture w be det]m9$ by an oblique section1 & may be s great t ! /r5g? ( ! l9+ ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture w n all[ ! necess>y l5g? ( l&+4 ,9 ?is case a %ort rectangul> return is fir/ brok5 out f ! side ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture1 & ! new gall]y is brok5 out f ! side ( ?is return 7,fig4 #be74 ,! latt] me?od dim9i%es ! l5g? ( ! l&+ :5 ! *ange ( direction is less ?an #de4 #da4 ,! floor ( a return is />t$ at ! level ( ! floor ( its l&+4 ,9 firm soils :i* w /& = a %ort "t )\t support ! fir/ frame may be set up entirely outside ! gall]y ( dep>ture 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,figs4 #bd & #be7 & may be ( ! same height 9 cle> z ?is gall]y4 ,:5 ! soil is bad1 h[ev]1 & side %eet+ is requir$ 9 ! gall]y ( dep>ture1 ! fir/ frame ( ! return mu/ be set up aga9/ ?is %eet+ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! /an*ions ( ! l&+ 7,fig4 #bc74 ,?is makes ! cle> height ( ! return at ?is frame less ?an t ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture by a little m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! %eet+4 ,! fir/ frame ( an oblique return %\ld be s made t ! sides ( ! /an*ions w be p>allel to ! side walls ( ! return1 ?us giv+ a good be>+ to ! side %eet+4 ,9 v bad soil1 ! fir/ few frames ( a return mu/ be firmly brac$ to resi/ ! backw>d ?ru/ ( ! e>?1 by batt5s connect+ !m toge!r & by /ruts across ! gall]y ( dep>ture4 ,! latt] are remov$ :5 ! return is suffici5tly advanc$4 #db4 ,a ,complete ,map mu/ be made ( e sy/em ( m9es1 %[+ ! c5tres ( %afts1 & ! axes & slopes ( all gall]ies2 giv+ also ! ref]5ces & l5g?s ( all l&+s1 & ! locations1 ref]5ces1 & dim5sions ( all m9e *amb]s4 #dc4 ,work+ ,draw+s mu/ also be made f :i* %eet+ c be cut to prop] l5g?s & angle-templets1 etc41 cut & fram$4 ,^! c be easily & accurately drawn by rememb]+ t1 to all[ ! m9]s to ins]t ! %eet+1 e return mu/ h su* dim5sions outside its %eet+ t1 if x 7 free to move1 its l9+ c\ld be slid back across its l&+ z a draw] slides 9 a table4 ,! size ( ! l&+s & dim5sions ( frames hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$1 ! p>ts ( ! gall]ies betwe5 !m may be divid$ into int]vals1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 %\ld be equal1 s9ce ?is w all[ ! %eet+ to be cut to a uni=m l5g?4 #dd4 ,s9k+ a ,%aft ) ,cases4--7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,figs4 #bf & #bg47--;,a case ( ! requir$ size is put toge!r & accurately plac$ ^u ! site ( ! %aft1 ^: dim5sions are m>k$ ^u ! gr\nd outside x4 ,! case is !n remov$ & ! e>? excavat$ to ! dep? ( ! case1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! excavation ) its top flu% ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,its position is c>efully v]ifi$1 & x is secur$ 9 position by pack+ e>? ar\nd x4 ,! excavation is !n cont9u$ = ! dep? ( ano!r case1 :i* is put 9 place z foll[s1 viz43 ,"o end piece is plac$ 9 position1 ! t5ons ( ! two side pieces are ins]t$ 9 ! mortises at its ends1 & ! side pieces are pu%$ back into position2 a pocket-%ap$ excavation is made ) a pu%-pick beyond ! end ( "o ( ! side pieces & runn+ back ?ree or f\r in*es into ! side wall2 ! rema9+ end piece is ins]t$ 9 ?is f> en\gh to all[ ! mortise at its o!r end to slip ov] its correspond+ t5on2 x is !n drawn back1 & ! t5ons at bo? ends fitt$ into _! mortises4 ,! not*es cut 9 ! sides ( ! pieces all[ !m to be easily h&l$4 ,! next case is plac$ 9 ! same way1 c>e be+ tak5 n to excavate two consecutive pockets at ! same angle4 ,:5 practicable1 x is well to fill up ^! pockets by /uff+ 9 sods f bel[ be=e plac+ ! next case4 ,"s m9]s pref] to place "o t5on$ piece fir/1 !n ! two mortis$ pieces1 leav+ a w$ge-%ap$ op5+ beh9d "o ( !m1 & ins]t ! o!r t5on$ piece la/1 draw+ ! mortis$ piece =w>d ^u its t5on4 ,:5 ! sides ( ! cases are t5on$ at "o end only & secur$ by w$ges at ! o!r1 !y are easily plac$ 9 position )\t cutt+ out beh9d !m4 #de4 ,^u rea*+ ! level ( ! top ( ! gall]y1 ! pieces on ! gall]y side ( ! %aft are omitt$ if ! gr\nd is firm1 b if x ne$s support ^! pieces are put 9 place & secur$ by cleats or braces1 b ! t5ons are n ins]t$ 9 ! mortises4 #df4 ,driv+ a ,gall]y ) ,cases 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bg74--,?is is practicable only :5 ! soil is some:at firm4 ,9 break+ out f ! side ( ! %aft1 a frame is fir/ plac$ inside ! %aft to support ! ends ( ! %aft cases re/+ aga9/ ! pieces :i* are to be remov$4 ,! latt] pieces are !n tak5 out & grooves are cut 9 ! e>? = ! gr\nd-sill1 /an*ions1 & cap-sill ( ! gall]y1 & ^! are put 9 place 9 a mann] entirely analog\s to t describ$ = s9k+ a %aft4 ,?is case is set flu% ) ! inside ( ! %aft & supports ! side pieces1 ^: t5ons re/ ^u its /an*ions4 ,! project+ e>? is !n cut away & grooves are cut = ! next case1 :i* is plac$ 9 position & ! excavation cont9u$ z be=e4 #dg4 ,:5 ! e>? %[s a t5d5cy to cave1 :i* x frequ5tly w 9 great gall]ies1 ! cap-sill mu/ be put 9 position & support$ :ile ! m9] excavates ! grooves = ! gr\nd-sill & /an*ions4 ,to support ! cap-sill1 two crut*es are us$4 ,a crut* 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bh7 consi/s ( an upright piece ( timb] c>ry+ a cross-piece ^: l5g? is equal to ! wid? ( two cases4 ,! upright piece re/s ^u ! gr\nd-sill ( ! case already plac$1 & is rais$ to ! prop] height by w$ges4 ,! "p ( ! cross-piece :i* projects 9 advance is made #b in*es high] ?an ! re> "p1 to support ! cap-sill some:at above its f9al level1 s z to all[ ! t5ons ( ! /an*ions to be easily ins]t$4 ,! re> "p ( ! cross-piece is atta*$ to ! upright by an iron rod or %ort *a94 ,s soon z ! case is set & adju/$ to position ! crut*es are tak5 d[n by remov+ ! w$ges1 & are replac$ "u ! next cap-sill4 #dh4 ,9 v firm soil %afts & gall]ies are frequ5tly driv5 ) cases n 9 juxtaposition1 b sep>at$ by great] or less int]vals4 ,pieces ( planks 7:i* may be p>ts ( cases7 plac$ v]tically & re/+ aga9/ ! sides & ends ( ! cases 9 %afts1 or horizontally & re/+ ^u ! cap-sills 9 gall]ies1 & some:at sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 are us$ to support ! e>? betwe5 ! cases4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ?is con/ruction z to ! simil> "o sometimes us$ :5 m9+ ) frames & %eet+4 #di4 ,*ange ( ,direction 9 ,gall]ies ,l9$ ) ,cases4--,slight *anges 9 direction 9 a horizontal plane c be easily & gradually made by sett+ ea* case a little obliquely to ! "o prec$+ x1 & sep>at+ ! /an*ions on "o side :ile !y t\* on ! o!r1 support+ ! ro( 9 ! w$ge-%ap$ op5+s1 if necess>y1 ) pieces ( wood1 etc4 ,= an abrupt *ange1 x is bett] to break out a rectangul> return f ! side ( ! gall]y & pass f ?is into ! requir$ direction by gradual *ange4 ,if ! return is to be ( ! same height z ! gall]y ( dep>ture1 ! cap-sills ( ! latt]1 = a di/ance equal to ! wid? ( ! return1 are lift$ (f ! t5ons ( ! /an*ions by /ruts & w$ges1 & ! fir/ case ( ! return is set z 9 break+ out f a %aft2 ! gr\nd-sill is1 h[ev]1 n>r[$ by ! ?ickness ( ! /an*ions ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture s t ! face ( ! case ( ! return is flu% ) ! inside ( ! gall]y ( dep>ture1 & ! ends ( ! cap-sills ( ! latt] re/ ^u ! cap-sill ( ! fir/ case ( ! return4 #ej4 ,*ange ( ,slope4--,9 pass+ f a horizontal to a desc5d+ gall]y ! *ange may be made gradually1 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ = a *ange 9 horizontal direction1 & ! cases rema9 normal to ! axis ( ! gall]y4 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ca47 ,to pass to an asc5d+ gall]y by ! me?od above describ$ w\ld require ! e>? at ! face ( ! gall]y to be und]cut 9 ord] to introduce ! case1 & ?is und]cutt+ w\ld be cont9u$ s long z ! cases 7 normal to ! axis ( ! gall]y4 ,?is con/ruction is1 z a rule1 impracticable4 ,9 asc5d+ gall]ies1 !re=e1 ! cases are set ) _! /an*ions v]tical1 :ile _! cap & gr\nd sills lie 9 ! slope ( ! ro( & floor ( ! gall]y4 #ea4 ,to con=m ) ?is requirem5t1 & = conv5i5ce 9 sett+ up1 ! ends ( ! /an*ions receive ! prop] bevel1 :ile ! sides ( ! t5ons & mortises are made p>allel to ! sides ( ! /an*ions4 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ab47 #eb4 ,%afts la ,b\le4--,9 ord] to place a *>ge ( explosive directly "u ! gr\nd occupi$1 or = o!r reasons1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to s9k a small %aft 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,= ?is purpose a modifi$ =m ( cases is sometimes us$1 9 :i* ! ends are halv$ toge!r in/ead ( be+ t5on$ & mortis$4 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #bi47 ,!y are spac$ at great] or less di/ances ap>t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & are connect$ toge!r by batt5s4 ,/ones1 pieces ( wood1 etc41 etc41 are driv5 betwe5 !m & ! sides ( ! %aft to support ! latt]4 ,?is con/ruction is call$ a %aft la ,b\le4 ,x is expect$ to /& = a few days at mo/4 ,_m o!r extemporiz$ l9+s may be us$ = simil> purposes4 #ec4 ,bl9d$ ,gall]ies4--,gall]ies _c be successfully driv5 ) less ?an #c to #c feet ( undi/urb$ e>? ov] _! %eet+4 ,9 mak+ a desc5t into a dit*1 or 9 pu%+ =w>d an approa* 9 siege op]ations1 x is (t5 impracticable to l[] ! bottom ( ! tr5* ( dep>ture suffici5tly to give ! requisite cov] = />t+ a gall]y at once4 ,9 ^! cases bl9d$ desc5ts or gall]ies may be us$1 ! tops & sides ( :i* are support$ by bl9dage-frames1 or bl9ds1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( two side p>ts ( #d #f scantl+ #i' long1 unit$ by two cross-pieces ( ! same section #c' #h long1 :i* are mortis$ or halv$ into !m1 leav+ horns at ea* end #a' long4 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #cj47 #ed4 ,! gall]ies are con/ruct$ z foll[s 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ca73 ,a d\ble sap ) a wid? ( #h' is brok5 out f ! side ( ! tr5* 9 ! direction requir$ & is driv5 =w>d 9 ! usual mann]1 b ) a cont9ual increase 9 dep?1 at a slope n exce$+ #a_/d4 ,! side slopes are z /eep z ! e>? w all[4 ,two bl9dage-frames are set up v]tically on ! sides ( ! sap1 #g' ap>t 9 cle>1 ) _! tops at ! level ( ! tops ( ! tr5* gabions1 _! bottom horns re/+ 9 holes dug = !m4 ,^! frames are prev5t$ f fall+ inw>d by ano!r frame plac$ crosswise ^u !m1 ) its horns re/+ on _! cross-pieces4 ,! side ( ?is top frame t[>d ! front may be held up by a /ake or crut*1 & ! second pair ( frames be plac$ at su* an int]val t _! horns w int]lock ) ^? ( ! top frame4 ,successive frames may be plac$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! cov]+ or 8ro(0 is =m$ by ?ree or f\r lay]s ( fasc9es plac$ across ! tr5* on top ( ! frames1 & cov]$ ) e>? ?r[n back ^u !m z ! "w proce$s4 ,! sides ( ! gall]y are held up by fasc9es1 etc41 laid along outside ! frames4 ,z soon z ! bottom ( ! bl9d$ gall]y has rea*$ ! prop] dep? a m9e-gall]y may be />t$ & c>ri$ =w>d4 #ee4 ,! bl9dage-frames describ$ above give to ! gall]y a cle> wid? & height ( #g'4 ,= small] gall]ies ! bl9ds may all be made %ort] & ( light] scantl+2 or1 if desir$1 ^? = ! sides may be ( a diff]5t l5g? f ^? = ! top4 #ef4 ,rate ( ,advance ( ,gall]ies4--,! foll[+ table gives an e/imate ( ! m5 & tools requir$ = %afts & gall]ies1 ) ! probable rate ( advance 9 good soil3 ,,key3 ,,nc ,o ,n4 ,c4 ,(fic]4 ,m ,m9]s4 ,p ,picks4 ,,mp ,m9]s' ,picks4 ,p-p ,pu%-picks4 ,% ,%ovels4 ,,ms ,m9]s' ,%ovels4 ,,mt ,m9]'s ,truck4 ,f-l ,field-levels4 ,m-r ,measur+-rod #f4 ,t-l ,trac+-l9e4 ,m ,s ,mauls or ,sl$ges4 ,,cb ,canvas ,buckets4 ,r-l ,rope-ladd]4 ,w-b ,:eel-b>r[s4 ,,mb ,m9]s' ,bell[s4 ,pr4 ,progress1 ins4 p]4 h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,m54 ,tools4 ,k9d ( ,gall]y1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- etc4 ,,nc ,o ,m ,p ,,mp,p-p ,% ,,ms ,,mt ,f-l ,m-r,t-l,m ,s,,cb ,r-l,w-b,,mb ,pr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,great gall]y or ,bl9d$ gall]y #a #abad #d #b #b #h #a #a #a #a #d #ab ,common gall]y #a #d #a #a #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #ab ,half gall]y #a #dae #a #a #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #af ,bran* gall]y #a #dae #a #a #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #bd #cj ,small bran* #a #c #a #a #b #aafag #a #a #a #a to #cf ,%aft #a #dah #a #a #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #ah #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,m9es4 #eg4 ,! gases result+ f fir+ m9es & f ! lamps1 bodies1 & c&les ( ! m9]s s vitiate ! air 9 gall]ies t1 unless means = v5tilat+ !m are adopt$1 ! m9]s mu/ ev5tually ab&on !m or become asphyxiat$4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances1 :5 no p[d] gases are pres5t1 a gall]y _c be driv5 safely m ?an #fj feet )\t v5tilation4 ,! measures adopt$ = v5tilat+ gall]ies consi/1 #a/1 9 =c+ 9 fre% air2 #b;d1 9 draw+ out f\l air2 &1 #c;d1 9 assi/+ ! natural diffusion & circulation ( ! air ?r\gh !m4 #eh4 ,! fir/ is accompli%$ by =c+ air ?r\gh pipes1 :i* may be ( t91 wood1 or common hose1 lead+ to ! po9t :]e v5tilation is requir$4 ,! air is =c$ 9 by ! use ( ! m9]'s bell[s or o!r app>atus already describ$4 ,?is me?od is simple 9 its application & places ! fre% air :]e x is ne$$1 b drives ! f\l air back into ! gall]ies occupi$ by o!r m9]s4 ,x is ! only practicable me?od ( v5tilat+ s+le1 long1 n>r[ gall]ies & bran*es4 #ei4 ,! second me?od may be appli$ to a sy/em consi/+ ( a numb] ( gall]ies connect$ by transv]sals1 by s plac+ an exhau/+ fan z to draw ! air out ?r\gh "o gall]y1 :ile by light wood5 or canvas doors & scre5s ! o!r gall]ies are s arrang$ t ! fre% air1 ent]+ f ! ext]ior1 sweeps ?r\gh ! gall]ies occupi$ by ! m9]s1 & escapes ?r\gh ! unoccupi$ gall]y lead+ to ! fan1 c>ry+ ! gases ) x4 ,9 ?is me?od a s+le l>ge gall]y may be v5tilat$ by us+ a canvas p>tition plac$ ne> ! top or on "o side1 s t ! fre% air w g 9 on "o side ar\nd ! end ( ! p>tition & back by ! o!r side to ! fan4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( c>ry+ ! gases away f ! gall]ies occupi$ by ! m51 & supply+ fre% air ?r\gh\t ^? :i* are occupi$4 ,! exhau/ may be produc$ by a fire con/antly burn+ at ! foot ( a %aft in/ead ( by a fan4 ,! me?od is1 h[ev]1 complicat$ 9 its application1 & c seldom be us$ = milit>y m9es4 #fj4 ,! ?ird me?od1 or assi/+ natural v5tilation1 is c>ri$ out by cutt+ num]\s cross-gall]ies connect+ ^? :i* are ne> ea* o!r1 by mak+ air-%afts & bore-holes connect+ ! gall]ies ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 &1 :5 practicable1 by plac+ ! op5+s ( ! %afts & gall]ies at diff]5t levels4 ,?is me?od w s]ve = a few m5 work+ leisurely 9 prep>+ c\nt]m9es be=e an attack1 b is entirely inadequate dur+ active m9+ op]ations4 #fa4 ,by ! use ( masks cov]+ ! face1 & suppli$ ) fre% air ei!r ?r\gh hose or f a res]voir ( compress$ air c>ri$ ) him1 a m9] may "w 9 gall]ies 9 :i* ! air is irrespirable4 ,! advantages :i* may frequ5tly result f ! "t ?us sav$ ju/ify provid+ app>atus ( ?is k9d = use 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,,m9e-,,*amb]s4 #fb4 ,m9e-*amb]s to conta9 ! *>ge ( explosive are pref]ably ne>ly cubical 9 =m1 & if n *>g$ at once1 or if ( l>ge size1 mu/ h suffici5t l9+ to support ! ro( & sides4 ,:5 !y are above ! level ( ! gall]y !y are arrang$ to dra9 into x4 ,!y are made l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! receptacle = ! *>ge & to all[ ! *>ge to be plac$ 9 x4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 plac$ 9 %ort returns at "o side ( ! bran* or gall]y1 b may be at its end1 above or bel[ x4 ,! m9e-*amb] frequ5tly consi/s ( s mu* ( ! end ( ! gall]y z is necess>y to conta9 ! *>ge4 ,,load+ ,,& ,,fir+ ,,m9es4 #fc4 ,prep>+ ! ,*>ge4--,! weight ( ! *>ge necess>y to produce ! desir$ effect is det]m9$ by ! rules previ\sly giv54 ,its volume1 if ( p[d] or compress$ gun-cotton1 may be f\nd by all[+ #cj cubic in*es to ! p\nd2 & if ( dynamite1 ab\t #bj cubic in*es4 ,if ! m9e-*amb] is p]fectly dry1 & ! m9e is to be fir$ at once1 a lay] ( /raw may be plac$ ^u ! floor ( ! *amb] & ! *>ge conta9$ 9 canvas bags laid ^u x4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is m or less wet1 or :5 ! m9e is n to be fir$ imm$iately1 ! *>ge %\ld h a wat]-pro( cov]+1 :i* may be a ?or\ghly calk$ & pit*$ box1 an ale-b>rel or be]-keg1 ! metal b>rels 9 :i* p[d] is %ipp$1 or ,india-rubb] or pit*$-canvas bags1--dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( moi/ure pres5t & ! "t t ! *>ge is to rema9 9 place4 ,_m ( ! high explosives are n affect$ by dampness1 & b little if any by wat]2 b to secure ! fuse & its connections f injury1 & to remove all dang] ( misfires1 ! explosive %\ld 9 all cases be protect$ f wat] if practicable4 #fd4 ,di/ribution ( ,fuses 9 ! ,*>ges4--,gunp[d] w explode ) full effect if ignit$1 b to prev5t ! explosion ( ! c5tral "p ( a l>ge *>ge scatt]+ ! ext]ior portion be=e x is ignit$ a numb] ( fuzes %\ld be us$4 ,!y may convey fire only1 b mu/ all be ignit$ by ! fir+ app>atus1 & simultane\sly4 ,"o fuze to ea* #ajj lbs4 ( p[d] is n too great an all[ance2 b :5 lack ( "t or appliances does n admit ( plac+ a numb] ( fuzes1 ! desir$ effect may be obta9$ by increas+ ! *>ge ( p[d] & us+ "o fuze4 7,see ,abbot1 ,pr(4 ,pap]s ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,no4 #bc1 #ahha1 p4 #fb1 = numb] ( fuzes ne$$2 & pp4 #bdd-ea = simultane\s ignitions47 ,! high explosives detonate ) full =ce only :5 explod$ ) a detonat+ fuze4 ,"u favorable conditions "o fuze w detonate a v l>ge *>ge1 b cases arise 9 :i* a portion ( ! *>ge explodes & ! rema9d] does n4 ,to insure ! be/ results1 !re=e1 x is desirable to di/ribute fuzes ?r\gh\t a l>ge *>ge1 at ! rate ( p]haps "o fuze to ea* #ej lbs4 ,^! fuzes %\ld conta9 f #bj to #cj gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 :i* is itself v s5sitive to %ock1 & has 9 a high degree ! p[] ( detonat+ ! o!r explosives4 ,"o fuze only 7or1 = safety aga9/ defects1 two or ?ree7 ne$ be connect$ ) ! fir+ app>atus1 ! o!rs s]v+ to re9=ce & c>ry on ! wave ( explosion aft] x is />t$--diff]+ 9 ?is respect f _! use ) *>ges ( gunp[d]4#ai #fe4 ,"* & ,con/ruction ( ,fuzes4--,=m]ly1 = fir+ m9es1 tra9s ( p[d]s put up 9 l95 tubes1 quick-mat*1 & o!r simil> devices 7 us$4 ,electric-bla/+ app>atus is n[ 9 su* common use t x w always be available = any ext5d$ m9+ op]ations4 ,= s+le m9es ) small *>ges x may1 h[ev]1 be necess>y sometimes to resort to ! old] me?od ( fir+1 ! app>atus = :i* c be readily improvis$4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases 8,bick=d0 or 8,safety0 fuze w usually be available1 & may be us$ alone = fir+ gunp[d]1 or ) a common fulm9ate-(-m]cury 8bla/+-cap0 = high explosives4 ,x burns at ! rate ( ab\t #d feet p] m9ute4 ,v quick-burn+ fuzes are also made :i* may be us$ at times 7e4 g41 ,bick=d ,in/antane\s1 :i* burns at ! rate ( #abj feet a second2 ,gomez ,lightn+1 :i* burns s rapidly t x may almo/ be said to detonate2 etc47 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mi/ake !m = ! common ,bick=d4 #ff4 ,electric ,fuzes are made ( ?ree g5]al classes3 ,fir/1 ^? :i* are fir$ by a sp>k f a high-t5sion ma*9e2 second1 ^? :i* are ignit$ by a curr5t f a batt]y or 8dynamo20 ?ird1 ^? :i* c be fir$ by ei!r4 7,abels1 etc47 #fg4 ,^? ( ! second class are manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities1 &1 9 connection ) a portable dynamo or 8bla/+-batt]y10 are almo/ univ]sally us$ = bla/+ op]ations ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! fuzes 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #cb7 are made up ( two insulat$ copp] wires1 ,a1 ,a1 pass+ ?r\gh a small cyl9drical block ( insulat+ mat]ial1 ,b1 & t]m9at+ ab\t #a_/af in* above its end4 ,a v f9e plat9um wire1 ,c1 ab\t #a_/ajjj in* 9 diamet] & #a_/h in* long1 connects ! ends ( ! insulat$ wires4 ,surr\nd+ ! plat9um wire is a small quantity ( gun-cotton1 meal$ p[d]1 or fulm9ate ( m]cury1 ,d4 ,a copp] capsule conta9+ #ae to #cj gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 ,e1 is press$ d[n ov] ! cyl9drical block f> en\gh to br+ ! fulm9ate 9 contact ) ! mat]ial surr\nd+ ! plat9um wire1 & ! :ole fuze is !n coat$ ) a wat]-pro( composition4 ,! insulat$ copp] wires are cut to v>i\s l5g?s = conv5i5ce 9 connect+ ) ! conductors or lead wires f ! batt]y4 #fh4 ,fuzes ( ! fir/ & ?ird classes are n[ b little us$4 ,_m ( !m are unsatisfactory & dang]\s4 ,!y diff] 9 con/ruction f ^? ( ! second class pr9cipally 9 t ! plat9um-wire bridge is omitt$1 & ! explod+ sp>k or curr5t passes f "o insulat$ copp] wire to ! o!r ?r\gh a mat]ial :i* is ignit$ by x4 #fi4 ,plac+ ! ,fuses 9 ! ,*>ges4--,a c]ta9 numb] ( c>tridges or packages %\ld be select$1 ea* fuse ins]t$ & well pack$ 9 ! explosive1 & ! wires or free end ( ! safety fuse br\ght out ?r\gh ! op5+1 :i* %\ld be made wat]-pro(1 if necess>y1 by securely clos+ & ?or\ghly pit*+ x4 ,! wires or ext]ior "p ( ! fuse %\ld !n be securely fa/5$ to ! outside ( ! c>tridge1 s t an accid5tal /ra9 ^u !m w n break ! wat]pro(+ or move ! fuse f its place4 ,!y are !n coil$ up & rema9 s until ! c>tridge is plac$ 9 ! g5]al *>ge ( ! m9e4 #gj4 ,sev]al ( ! high explosives congeal at a temp]ature above ! freez+-po9t ( wat]1 & 9 ?is /ate are less s5sitive to %ock1 & explode ) difficulty if closely pack$ 9 c>tridges z usually deliv]$ f ! factories4 ,!y explode m readily :5 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,:5 us+ !m 9 cold wea!r1 !re=e1 ea* fuse %\ld be put 9 a c>tridge loosely fill$ ) ! p[d]$ explosive1 or ) "s high explosive n affect$ by cold4 ,o!rs ne$ special prim]s to cause detonation4 ,! fuses %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ 9 ^! prim]s4 #ga4 ,plac+ ! ,*>ges4--,! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! m9e-*amb]s1 ei!r 9 ! d>k1 by light reflect$ ?r\gh ! gall]ies1 by clos$ lant]ns c>efully plac$ & gu>d$1 or1 :5 practicable1 by inc&esc5t electric lights4 ,x is c>ri$ ?r\gh l[ & n>r[ gall]ies on m5's backs or 9 m9]'s c>s1 & %\ld = ?is reason be put up 9 packages n exce$+ #ej lbs4 9 weight4 ,x is pack$ 9 ! *amb] ) great c>e1 & "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! responsible (fic]4 ,! packages conta9+ ! fuses are di/ribut$ uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! mass1 & ! wires uncoil$ & l$ back into ! gall]y1 ! free ends ( ! two wires ( ea* fuse hav+ be5 previ\sly twi/$ toge!r = safety aga9/ electric curr5ts & = id5tification4 ,^! wires1 :i* mu/ be long en\gh to rea* ?r\gh ! tamp+1 are all collect$ toge!r & l$ back ?r\gh x 9 a wood5 or o!r conduit1 :i* protects !m f injury :ile tamp+ ! m9e4 ,:5 electric lights are us$1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove ! light & all its conduct+ wires be=e ! wires ( ! fuses are uncoil$ & laid along ! gall]y4 #gb4 ,tamp+4--,m9es are tamp$ ) sods & e>?1 wood & e>?1 s&-bags1 etc41 etc4 ,:5 sods are us$ ! bran* is fill$ = ab\t #c feet ) sods c>efully laid & pack$ ) ! jo9ts fill$ ) e>?4 ,ab\t #c feet ( e>? is solidly pack$ aga9/ ?is1 !n alt]nate lay]s ( sods & e>? until ! desir$ l5g? ( tamp+ is obta9$4 ,to tamp ) wood & e>? or s&-bags1 a wood5 %ield is fir/ plac$ across ! bran* & firmly brac$2 beh9d ?is1 e>? is solidly pack$ or s&-bags c>efully laid until ! requir$ l5g? ( tamp+ is obta9$4 ,sometimes a second %ield is put up beh9d ! e>? tamp+1 & firmly brac$ 9 position4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tamp+ is also increas$ by pieces ( timb] cross+ ea* o!r diagonally1 ) _! ends re/+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! bran*4 ,s&-bags make ! be/ tamp+1 z !y (f] high resi/ance & are easily plac$ & remov$4 ,! tamp+ %\ld h a l5g? equal to at lea/ #a times ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ( a common m9e correspond+ to ! *>ge1 & if n ( ! be/ quality1 to twice ?is l9e4 #gc4 ,fir+ ,m9es4--,if electric fuses are us$ ! ma9 conductors or lead wires coil$ ^u a reel are tak5 9 & ! ends prop]ly jo9$ to ! fuse wires2 !y are !n l$ ?r\gh ! gall]ies1 atta*$ to ! batt]y1 & fir$ at ! designat$ in/ant4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! ma9 lead wires be connect$ to ! batt]y or dynamo until ev]y?+ is ready = fir+4 ,if a ,bick=d fuse is us$ its l5g? is regulat$ to ! desir$ "t ( fir+ f its kn[n rate ( burn+4 ,! m9] lights ! end & retires2 ! explosion takes place approximately at ! calculat$ "t4 ,) ! 8,lightn+ ,gomez0 or simil> fuses a l5g? rea*+ to ! fir+-po9t may be us$4 ,x is light$ at ! desir$ "t1 & burns ) su* rapidity t = l5g?s n exce$+ #cjj or #djj feet ! "t ( burn+ is inappreciable4 ,in/ead ( us+ great l5g?s ( ^! fuses1 !y may be cut %ort] & _! ends be br\ght toge!r & ins]t$ 9 a little meal$ p[d] :i* is fir$ by a piece ( safety-fuse1 sl[ mat* or port-fire1 etc41 long en\gh to give ! m9] "t to retire to a safe di/ance aft] ignit+ x4 ,bick=d fuse is be/ ignit$ by a piece ( cotton wick+ soak$ 9 oil & loosely ti$ ar\nd x4 ,?is1 :5 light$1 w burn ?r\gh ! cov]+ & set fire to ! composition4 ,by ?is device _m fuses may be ignit$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,a sl[ mat* or 8t\*-pap]0 = ignit+ quick-burn+ fuses or p[d]-tra9s may be made by soak+ common pap] 9 a /rong solution ( nitre & dry+ x4 ,,cam\flets ,,by ,,bor+4 #gd4 ,9 favorable soil a cam\flet or small m9e may sometimes be plac$ & fir$ v quickly by ! foll[+ process3 ,a hole #b to #c 9 diamet] & ( ! desir$ dep? is bor$ 9 ! prop] direction ) an aug] or bor+-b>4 ,a c>tridge conta9+ f lb4 to #b lbs4 ( dynamite is pu%$ d[n to ! bottom & fir$4 ,! explosion increases ! diamet] ( ! hole some:at ?r\gh\t1 & ob/ructs x m or less ) loose e>?4 ,at ! same "t x enl>ges ! "p ne> ! seat ( ! *>ge into a bottle-%ap$ cavity1 ^: size v>ies ) ! *>ge us$ & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! hole is rapidly cle>$ out ) a long-h&l$ scoop1 ! cavity fill$ ) p[d]1 prim$1 & fir$4 ,! enl>gem5t made by ! *>ges ( dynamite above giv5 may conta9 f #ej to #ajj lbs4 ( gunp[d] "u favorable circum/ances4 #ge4 ,9 /ony soil ?is me?od becomes v difficult if n impracticable2 & :5 x c be us$ ! prelim9>y explosion ( dynamite vitiates to a great] or less degree ! air ( ! %aft or gall]y f :i* ! bor+ is made1 & also in=ms ! enemy ( ! progress & int5tion ( ! m9]4 ,to remove ! latt] objections1 ! ,engli% au?orities recomm5d ! use ( holes #f or #h 9 diamet]1 bor$ ) e>?-aug]s1 *>g$ to a l5g? ( #b or #c calibres1 & well tamp$4 ,:5 applicable1 ?is me?od is manife/ly a great improvem5t ^u ! o!r2 b ! aug] is s liable to be /opp$ by /ones :i* a bor+-b> might break or pu% to "o side1 t x c only be appli$ 9 v favorable soil4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,organization ,,& ,,tactics ,,( ,,m9es4 #gf4 ,organization ( ,m9es4--,und]gr\nd w>f>e is conduct$ 9 ! d>k1 9 bad air1 ) con/ant dang] ( cav+ e>?1 suffocation by noxi\s gases1 de/ruction ( m5 & gall]ies by int5tional explosions ( ho/ile m9es or accid5tal ones ( our own1 9 addition to ! usual dang]s & difficulties ( op5+ & supply+ ! m9es "u ! close fire ( ! enemy4 ,^! consid]ations necessitate ! rejection ( all complicat$ sy/ems 9 ! attack1 & 9 ! "w c>ri$ on by ! def5ce dur+ ! siege4 ,ignorance ( ! po9t to be select$ = attack1 & ! great exp5se ( p]man5t c\nt]m9es1 also require ^? prep>$ be=eh& by ! def5ce to con=m to simple & economical sy/ems4 ,= ?is reason x is n necess>y to give 9 detail ! sy/ems propos$ by ! old] writ]s4 ,!y are describ$ 9 mo/ ( ! ext5d$ treatises on milit>y eng9e]+4 #gg4 ,! ,attack4--,! object ( ! attack is to advance 8 gall]ies 9 ! mo/ rapid mann] possible1 ) ! be/ available sy/em ( v5tilation1 & to place 8 m9es 9 su* position z to break up ! gall]ies & de/roy ! m51 mat]iel1 & works ( ! def5ce1 bo? above & bel[ gr\nd2 or to =m connect+ crat]s :i* may be occupi$ & conv]t$ into p>allels1 tr5*es1 etc4 #gh4 ,to accompli% ?is1 :5 no natural rav9e exi/s1 a deep tr5* or 8lodgm5t0 is made1 usually connect+ ! entrances ( all ! gall]ies & s]v+ z a communication betwe5 !m1 & z a depot = su* supplies z mu/ always be at h&4 ,f ?is lodgm5t ! gall]ies are />t$ by a %aft1 bl9d$ desc5t1 or m9+-gall]y2 ! me?od dep5d+ ^u ! dep? to be rea*$ & ! ?ickness ( cov] requir$4 ,! entrance ( ea* gall]y is protect$ f horizontal & v]tical fire1 & f spl9t]s1 by a bomb-pro( cov] & trav]ses ( suffici5t ?ickness & /r5g?4 ,! gall]ies are g5]ally driv5 9 l9es ne>ly p>allel1 & at su* di/ance ap>t t ! ho/ile m9]s work+ at any po9t betwe5 !m w be he>d1 ei!r f ! ma9 gall]ies or f returns call$ 8li/5+-gall]ies0 or 8li/5]s40#bj ,dep5d+ ^u ! dep? at :i* !y are plac$ & o!r circum/ances aris+ 9 diff]5t cases1 ! ma9 gall]ies 9 v>i\s sieges h be5 plac$ at di/ances ap>t v>y+ f ab\t #h to #cj y>ds4 ,^! gall]ies are connect$ at int]vals by 8transv]se gall]ies0 or 8transv]sals10 :i* assi/ ! v5tilation v mu* & give additional communication betwe5 !m4 ,bran*es = plac+ m9es are driv5 9 prolongation ( ! gall]y or obliquely to ! "r or left1 &1 :5 ! gall]y is at a l[ level1 incl9+ upw>d s z to %ort5 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 economize p[d]1 & dim9i% ! injury to ! gall]y & bran*es1 result+ f ! explosion ( ! m9e4 #gi4 ,:5 ! ho/ile m9]s come )9 /rik+ di/ance ( ea* o!r1 ea* /rives to run 8 gall]ies directly t[>d ! o!r 9 ord] to avoid expos+ its flank to ! ho/ile m9e2 ?us dim9i%+ z mu* z possible ! injury result+ f its explosion4 #hj4 ,! m9es ( ! attack are g5]ally ov]*>g$ 9 ord] to d ! greate/ possible injury to ! m9es ( ! def5ce1 & to op5 l>ge crat]s1 b und]*>g$ m9es & cam\flets are also us$ at times4 #ha4 ,! ,def5ce4--,! object ( ! def5ce is to ret>d or /op ! advance ( ! attack1 by ! de/ruction ( 8 m9es & m9]s1 )\t =m+ crat]s :i* w assi/ him 9 mak+ 8 p>allels & approa*es4 #hb4 ,= ?is purpose 8 gall]ies mu/ satisfy ne>ly ! same conditions z ^? ( ! attack4 ,!y usually />t out f ! c\nt]-sc>p gall]y or f a p>allel gall]y a little 9 advance ( x1 & ext5d to a great] or less di/ance f ! "w1 accord+ to ! "t & exp5se all[able = _! con/ruction4 ,= p]man5t works !y are frequ5tly prep>$ 9 "t ( peace1 & l9$ ) masonry4 ,x is p>ticul>ly = ?is class ( c\nt]m9es t _m elaborate sy/ems h be5 design$ = completely cov]+ ! gr\nd1 & = ?r[+ up ! same e>? sev]al times by m9es plac$ at diff]5t dep?s & explod$ 9 succession4 ,= reasons previ\sly giv51 ^! _c be recomm5d$4 #hc4 ,a simple sy/em ( gall]ies plac$ z f> bel[ ! surface z practicable1 p>allel or slightly div]g+1 connect$ :5 necess>y by transv]sals ^: l9es prolong$ pass inside ! ence9tes1 & ) bran*es fulfill+ ! same conditions driv5 out = li/5+-gall]ies1 w1 "u ! direction ( an en]getic (fic]1 fulfil ! conditions ( def5ce z well1 probably1 z any t c be devis$4 ,! bran*es lead+ to m9e-*amb]s c be driv5 out f ! ma9 gall]ies1 transv]sals1 or li/5]s1 z may be desir$2 & if ! ho/ile m9]s obta9 possession ( any "p ( ! sy/em & bl[ x up1 ! l9es ( crat]s =m$ w be s swept by ! fire ( ! "w t !y c h>dly be occupi$ by ! enemy4 #hd4 ,z a rule1 ! m9es ( ! def5ce w be und]*>g$ or cam\flets1 to avoid ! =mation ( ext]ior crat]s1 b ! rule is n )\t exceptions4 #he4 ,%aft ,m9es1 m9es plac$ 9 v]tical %afts1 are us$ by bo? attack & def5ce = de/roy+ gall]ies1 etc41 9 _! vic9ity4 ,by ! attack !y are usually plac$ 9 crat]s already =m$1 or 9 o!r places protect$ f ho/ile fire4 ,a %aft is sunk rapidly1 g5]ally 8 la ,b\le10 heavily 8ov]*>g$10 fill$ up ) e>?1 & fir$4 ,! def5ce may use ! same me?od or may sometimes prep>e !m be=eh&1 tamp+ !m & leav+ a tubul> op5+ ?r\gh ! tamp+ = load+ & fir+ !m4 ,,m9e ,,tactics4 #hf4 ,! tactics ( m9e w>f>e result directly f ! consid]ation above giv54 ,! special details ( attack & def5ce v>y 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,! reports ( m9+ op]ations 9 diff]5t sieges#ba supply prec$5ts & give sugge/ions = future op]ations ( a l "*4 #hg4 ,todleb5's ,rules4--,! g5]al pr9ciples ( m9e tactics h be5 laid d[n by ,g5]al ,todleb5 f 8 exp]i5ces at ,seba/opol 79 ,royal ,eng9e]s ,occasional ,pap]s1 vol4 i41 #ahgg74 ,!y may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #hh4 ,! ,attack4--,! besieg] %\ld advance by sev]al gall]ies1 secur+ ^? on ! flank by li/5]s4 ,he mu/ be active & p]si/5t1 z ! enemy w use e available mom5t to develop 8 c\nt]m9es4 ,:5 he receives ! fir/ cam\flet ( ! def5ce he mu/ ha/5 to fire 8 ov]*>g$ m9es 9 ! un9jur$ bran*es1 9 ord] to de/roy ! ho/ile c\nt]m9es4 ,he w g5]ally suff] losses m or less heavy f ?is epo* =w>d1 b mu/ submit to !m2 s9ce too mu* circumspection & delay w almo/ always result 9 complete failure4 ,be=e fir+ ! ov]*>g$ m9es he mu/ h ev]y?+ 9 read9ess to occupy & intr5* himself 9 ! crat]s =m$2 to op5 communication f ! tr5*es to ! crat]s ei!r by sap or by =m+ a l9e ( connect+ crat]s2 & = con/ruct+ %elt]s = ! p>ty occupy+ ! crat]s & hold+ !m aga9/ ! sorties ( ! def5ce4 ,aft] occupy+ ! crat]s1 he %\ld drive =w>d 8 gall]ies f !m at once1 unless ! besieg$ has anticipat$ him & surr\nd$ ! crat]s ) bran*es--:i* may be assum$ to be ! case if any delay has occurr$ 9 occupy+ x4 ,9 ?is case he %\ld s9k %afts la ,b\le1 heavily ov]*>g$1 & fire !m1 & imm$iately occupy ! new crat] & pu% out f x2 & ?us progress z rapidly z possible1 by con/antly plac+ & fir+ ov]*>g$ m9es1 ^: crat]s w1 ) little alt]ation1 =m bo? communications & p>allels4 ,:5 ! fire ( ! def5ce ^u ! crat] is s sev]e t a deep %aft _c well be sunk1 a %all[] "o ) correspond+ly small *>ge is fir/ sunk & fir$1 & a deep] "o is sunk f ! crat] ?us =m$4 ,! ov]*>g$ m9es %\ld be well tamp$ :5 "t p]mits4 ,if n well tamp$ ! *>ge %\ld be increas$ 7or high explosives us$4--,j4 ,m474 #hi4 ,! ,def5ce4--,! def5ce %\ld pu% out 8 gall]ies z f> z possible & at ! e>lie/ practicable date1 connect+ !m by transv]sals = v5tilation1 & hold+ !m at a level bel[ any likely to be rea*$ by ! attack4 ,:5 ne> ! enemy1 he %\ld /op "w sev]al times a day & li/5 = s\nds f ! ho/ile m9]s :i* w locate _! position4 ,he>+ ! s\nd ( ! enemy's m9]1 he may "w t[>d him noiselessly1 or prep>e & *>ge a *amb] & await ! approa* ( ! m9] t[>d x1 li/5+ at ! po9t :]e ! hose tr\gh 7tube = fuse wires4--,j4 ,m47 comes ?r\gh ! tamp+ until ! enemy is ne> en\gh to ju/ify fir+4 ,judgm5t z to di/ances mu/ be =m$ f practice obta9$ :ile driv+ ! c\nt]m9es4 ,to avoid =m+ crat]s on ! surface1 & to d ! greate/ possible damage to ! besieg]'s works1 ! besieg$ %\ld n fire 8 m9e until ! enemy's di/ance f x is less ?an ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance reckon$ t[>d ! surface4 ,:5 ?is condition is fulfill$1 he may give to 8 cam\flet a *>ge ( f #c_/aj to #d_/aj ! *>ge = a common m9e plac$ at ! same dep?1 s9ce ! *>ge w produce its pr9cipal effect ^u ! enemy's gall]y1 & b little ^u ! surface4 ,special c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ by ! def5ce to avoid premature explosions1 s9ce a m9e fir$ at too great range damages only 8 own bran*1 & may make a crat]2 ?us work+ directly to ! advantage ( ! attack1 :o may prep>e an ov]*>g$ m9e or s9k a %aft la ,b\le 9 ! crat] ?us made4 ,z successive explosions ( necessity damage ! bran* 9 use1 to avoid fall+ back1 ano!r "o %\ld be prep>$ z a res]ve be=e ! fir/ is disabl$1 & at a little di/ance f x4 ,aft] ! attack has fir$ 8 ov]*>g$ m9e1 ! def5ce1 by a /rong fire ( cani/]1 musketry1 etc41 %\ld prev5t him f occupy+ ! crat]s1 & if he takes possession1 %\ld drive him out by a cont9u\s mort> fire1 keep+ him f complet+ 8 communications by fire f guns4 ,! def5ce %\ld pu% =w>d bran*es & e/abli% himself "u ! slope ( ! crat]s1 9 front & on bo? flanks1 & by explod+ cam\flets prev5t ! attack f driv+ gall]ies or s9k+ %afts la ,b\le4 ,:5 ! nature ( ! soil admits1 _m ( ! cam\flets w be plac$ by bor+4 ,%\ld ! def5sive measures above & bel[ gr\nd n deb> ! enemy f e/abli%+ himself 9 ! crat]1 ! def5ce may e/abli% ov]*>g$ m9es imm$iately 9 its front1 ) a view to de/roy+ ! advanc+ gall]ies ( ! attack1 bl[+ up ! m5 & _! lodgm5t 9 ! crat]1 & op5+ up ! latt] to ! fire ( ! "w4 ,%afts la ,b\le be+ v dang]\s = ! c\nt]m9es1 ! def5ce %\ld d 8 be/ to prev5t _! use1 by artill]y & musketry fire above gr\nd1 & by cam\flets plac$ by bor+ "u gr\nd4 ,9 addition1 he mu/ take advantage ( e favorable opportunity to delay ! progress ( ! attack by sorties f ! works4 #ij4 ,rem>k4--,9 und]gr\nd w>f>e ! besieg] has a decid$ advantage1 b ! besieg$1 by a cool consid]ation 9 h&l+ 8 m9es1 & by p]si/5tly hold+ back ! attack1 foot by foot1 may v greatly ret>d x1 or ev5 cause su* losses & delays z to lead to its be+ ab&on$4 ,,brea*+ ,,by ,,m9es4 #ia4 ,! attack hav+ rea*$ ! sc>p ( ! "w1 m9es are prep>$ = brea*+ ! c\nt]-sc>p & sc>p4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! *>ges are be/ locat$ 9 re> ( ! c\nt]=ts :5 !y exi/1 or at equal int]vals along pla9 walls4 ,! *>ge %\ld n be plac$ imm$iately 9 contact ) ! masonry1 b 9 ! e>? beh9d x1 & at a dep? bel[ ! top ( ! wall equal at lea/ to #a ! ,l4 ,l4 ,r41 measur$ to ! face ( ! wall4 ,! *>ge %\ld be e/imat$ by ! rules already giv51 & increas$ by #bj to #cj p] c5t1 s z n only to ?r[ d[n ! walls1 b also to break up ! e>? & =m a practicable brea*4 #ib4 ,! gall]ies = plac+ ! *amb]s beh9d ! c\nt]sc>p are bran*es f ! gall]y ( desc5t into ! dit*2 ^? beh9d ! sc>p may bran* out f a gall]y driv5 "u ! dit*1 :5 wat] or rock d n =bid1 or f a gall]y driv5 ?r\gh ! sc>p wall aft] cross+ ! dit* by sap or by a bridge4 #ic4 ,to />t ! gall]y ?r\gh ! sc>p wall1 a m9] is 8atta*$0 to ! wall by protect+ him f fire along ! dit*1 f sorties1 & f load$ %ells1 etc41 roll+ d[n ^u him f ! p>apet by suitable trav]ses & spl9t]-pro(4 ,?is op]ation is ( c\rse v dang]\s1 & is g5]ally impossible unless ! fire ( ! def5ce along ! dit* is previ\sly sil5c$4 ,to exp$ite ! "w ( ! m9] a gun is sometimes br\ght d[n ?r\gh ! gall]y1 & ! face ( ! wall is %att]$ by its fire be=e ! m9] is 8atta*$40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,demolitions4 ,,bla/+4 #id4 ,bla/s are small m9es us$ g5]ally = break+ up rocks1 or masonry 9 demolitions4 #ie4 ,holes = plac+ ! *>ges are drill$ usually ) drill-b>s or *urn-drills1 kn[n also z jump]s4 ,^! are /eel b>s %>p5$ to a *isel edge4 ,! drill-b> is usually held by "o man & /ruck ) a hamm] by ano!r2 x is turn$ slightly aft] ea* bl[ 9 ord] to make a r\nd hole4 ,= small holes ! drill] holds ! drill 9 "o h& & /rikes ) ! o!r4 ,! *urn-drill is a long] b>1 g5]ally %>p5$ at bo? ends & enl>g$ 9 ! middle4 ,x is us$ = drill+ v]tical holes by rais+ & dropp+ x 9 ! holes1 turn+ x slightly aft] ea* bl[4 #if4 ,! *>ge may be gunp[d] or high explosive4 ,if ! =m]1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly tamp$4 ,if ! latt]1 tamp+ w greatly increase its effect2 b x is 9 "s cases pref]able to obta9 ! desir$ effect by increas+ ! *>ge & sav+ ! "t tak5 9 tamp+4 #ig4 ,bla/s are fir$ by electric fuses1 ,bick=d fuse1 fir+-tubes1 ne$les1 etc4 ,! fuses h be5 already describ$4 ,! fir+-tube is a v small iron pipe1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! p[d] *>ge & ! tamp+ ramm$ ar\nd x4 ,aft] ! tamp+ is f9i%$ ! tube may be fill$ ) f9e p[d] p\r$ 9 x if ! hole is v]tical or incl9$ d[nw>d1 or /raws fill$ ) p[d] may be ins]t$ if x incl9es upw>d or is horizontal4 ,a 8squib0 ( wet p[d] is also sometimes plac$ 9 ! tube & ignit$1 :5 x passes d[n ! tube l a rocket & fires ! *>ge4 ,! ne$le is a smoo? copp] wire1 long] ?an ! dep? ( ! hole4 ,x has a r+ h&le1 by :i* x may be turn$ ar\nd & )drawn4 ,x is ins]t$ 9 ! *>ge1 ! tamp+ is well ramm$ ar\nd x1 & x is )drawn1 leav+ a pipe 9 ! tamp+1 ?r\gh :i* fire may be communicat$1 z describ$ = ! fir+-tube4 #ih4 ,tamp+4--,! be/ & safe/ tamp+ is p]fectly dry silici\s s&1 p\r$ 9 ! hole s z to fill x completely1 b n ramm$4 ,x _c be us$ 9 holes :i* incl9e upw>d nor :5 ! ne$le is us$4 ,9 su* cases moi/ clay1 brick-du/1 etc41 are us$4 ,! fir/ lay]s are press$ 9 ^u ! *>ge1 & ! subsequ5t ones ?or\ghly ramm$ d[n ) a copp] tamp+-b>4 ,a hamm] is us$ ) ! b>1 :5 necess>y1 9 deep holes & h>d rock4 ,) high explosives no tamp+ %\ld be us$ except dry s& or wat]4 ,holes :i* incl9e upw>ds %\ld receive an extra *>ge & be untamp$4 #ii4 ,det]m9+ ! ,*>ge4--,! *>ge ( gunp[d] or high explosive requir$ = any p>ticul> hole 9 ord9>y bla/+ c be be/ e/imat$ by an exp]i5c$ bla/]4 ,if "o is n to be obta9$1 an approximate e/imate = ! fir/ exp]im5t may be made f ! =mulas 7c\nt+ ! high explosives ab\t f\r or five times z /rong z gunp[d] = ord9>y use71 & ! *>ges = subsequ5t bla/s may be e/imat$ f ! effects ( ^? fir/ fir$4 #ajj4 ,precautions4--,if a tamp$ hole misses fire x %\ld nev] be cle>$ out = re*>g+4 ,a new hole %\ld be drill$ ne>1 b n break+ into x4 ,electric fuses or ,bick=d fuses 7) bla/+-caps = high explosives7 %\ld always be us$ :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,,demolitions4 #aja4 ,delib]ate ,demolitions1 su* z ! de/ruction ( walls1 casemates1 etc41 9 "t ( peace1 or at a di/ance f ! enemy 9 "t ( w>1 %\ld be s made z to economize p[d] & "w4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! m9es & bla/s %\ld be locat$ :]e !y w produce ! be/ effects atta9able1 & ! *>ges %\ld be proportion$ to ! "w requir$ f !m4 ,! table previ\sly giv5 7p4 #abd7 w s]ve z a guide = comput+ ! fir/ *>ges us$1 & f ! results ( ^! ! *>ges ( subsequ5t ones may be det]m9$4 ,judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 plac+ ! *>ges1 s t1 :5 possible1 !y w de/roy ! supports & all[ ! sup]/ructure to break up by fall+4 ,! *>ges w usually be plac$ 9 *amb]s "u or holl[$ out 9 ! masonry4 ,sometimes !y are m advantage\sly plac$ 9 a tr5* outside & close to ! foot ( ! walls4 ,!y %\ld always be well tamp$3 :5 9 m9e-*amb]s1 by me?ods previ\sly describ$2 :5 9 tr5*es1 or laid along ! ext]ior ( walls1 by load+ !m ) e>?1 etc41 until ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance passes ?r\gh ! wall to be de/roy$4 #ajb4 ,ha/y ,demolitions are made :5 ! "t available = ! "w is limit$4 ,! /ructures usually de/roy$ are h\ses1 walls1 /ockades1 bridges1 tunnels1 canal-locks1 railroads1 roll+-/ock1 etc41 etc4 ,! "t does n usually all[ ! *>ge to be plac$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s position or to be prop]ly tamp$4 ,= ?is reason ! high explosives are be/ suit$ = ?is k9d ( "w1 & l>ge *>ges are a necessity4 #ajc4 ,h\ses & ,magaz9es are be/ de/roy$ by plac+ sev]al *>ges ) connect+ tra9s inside & along ! walls1 lay+ /rong timb]s ^u !m1 ) /ruts f ! timb]s to ! floors & ro( above2 b>ricad+ ! doors & w9d[s f )91 & fir+ ! p[d] f a safe di/ance )\t4 #ajd4 ,walls4--,a wall n exce$+ #c or #d feet 9 ?ickness may be brea*$ by *>ges ( gunp[d] plac$ at int]vals along x4 ,call+ ! ?ickness ( ! wall 9 feet t1 ! *>ge 9 p\nds may be #ct#c1 plac$ at int]vals ( #bt4 ,= gun-cotton ! ,woolwi* rule calls = *>ges 9 p\nds ( f t#b to t#b p] runn+ foot4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 ,new ,york ) dynamite indicate t ! *>ges %\ld be at lea/ t#b p] runn+ foot1 & = v good masonry %\ld exce$ ?is4 ,a *>ge ( dynamite ( t#b p] runn+ foot w be giv5 by a cyl9drical c>tridge ^: diamet] 9 in*es equals ! ?ickness ( ! wall 9 feet4#bb ,! effect ( ! *>ge w be v mu* increas$ by ?r[+ ov] x ev5 a v light tamp+ ( e>? or s&4 #aje4 ,/ockades4--,a /rong /ockade or palisade may be brok5 d[n by *>ges ( f #dj to #fj lbs4 ( gunp[d] plac$ 9 contact ) x1 & pref]ably cov]$ ) s&-bags4 #aj or #ae lbs4 ( high explosive %\ld produce ab\t ! same effect4 #ajf4 ,bridges4--,ar*$ bridges are be/ attack$ 9 ! pi]s if high & ?91 or at ! haun*es & cr[n ( ! ar*4 ,two or m *>ges 9 ! l5g? ( ! pi]1 or wid? ( ! roadway1 w be m effective ?an ! same am\nt 9 a s+le *>ge at ! middle4 ,! *>ges %\ld be plac$ 9 *amb]s cut 9 ! pi]s or d[n ?r\gh ! roadway to ! back ( ! ar*4 ,! abutm5ts ( s+le-span ar*es are g5]ally v /rong1 & ! haun*es well cov]$ ) e>? & masonry4 ,9 hurri$ "w1 !re=e1 ! cr[n w g5]ally be select$1 a tr5* dug d[n to x across ! roadway1 ! *>ge plac$ 9 ! tr5*1 tamp$ if possible1 & fir$4#bc ,high explosives1 f _! %att]+ effect1 are p]haps mo/ advantage\sly us$ by susp5d+ !m b5ea? & 9 contact ) ! ar* at ! cr[n & haun*es4 ,! plank or timb] ^u :i* !y are plac$ %\ld be z heavy z possible1 9 ord] to act z a p>tial tamp+1 & %\ld be drawn up s t ! explosive w be 9 actual contact ) ! s(fit ( ! ar*4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !y %\ld produce z great an effect z f\r or five times _! weight ( gunp[d]4 ,iron & wood5 truss-bridges %\ld be ?r[n d[n by break+ ! ma9 braces ne> ! pi]s1 or ! *ords ne> ! c5tre1 by *>ges plac$ 9 a jo9t if possible4 ,high explosives are p>ticul>ly valuable = ?is purpose4 ,9 wood5 bridges !y may be plac$ 9 aug]-holes bor$ = !m1 & 9 iron bridges inside ! holl[ memb]s1 betwe5 eye-b>s1 or 9 o!r simil> places4 #ajg4 ,tunnels1 ,canal-locks1 & simil> con/ructions mu/ be attack$ ) l>ge *>ges1 s plac$ z to tempor>ily or p]man5tly disable ! "w1 z may be consid]$ necess>y4 ,! location ( ea* *>ge %\ld be det]m9$ & its am\nt comput$ f ^! consid]ations be=e ! de/ruction is attempt$4 ,a tempor>y ob/ruction is frequ5tly all t is necess>y or desirable = ^! works1 & ! damage done to !m %\ld be c>efully regulat$ ) a view to _! subsequ5t repair & use4 #ajh4 ,railroads4--,railroads are tempor>ily disabl$ by te>+ up ! track1 mak+ hot fires ( piles ( ties1 plac+ ! rails ^u !m s t !y w heat & b5d by _! own weight2 or1 bett] /ill1 twi/+ ! rails :ile hot by suitably-%ap$ /eel hooks & wood5 lev]s ( ! k9d devis$ by ,g5]al ,haupt 7,pl4 ,,xii1 ,fig4 #cc74 ,rails s twi/$ _c be aga9 us$ until re-roll$4 #aji4 ,roll+-/ock4--,railroad c>s may be disabl$ by break+ "o or m :eels ) sl$ges1 or may be de/roy$ by burn+4 ,locomotives may be disabl$ tempor>ily by c>ry+ away ! small] p>ts ( ! me*anism1 or p]man5tly by break+ ! eng9e-cyl9d]s ) sl$ges2 bur/+ ! boil]s or burn+ out _! fire-boxes by draw+ out ne>ly all _! wat]1 fa/5+ d[n ! safety-valves1 & build+ a hot fire 9 ! furnaces2 or by mak+ a hot fire "u !m s z to heat & ?us b5d or w>p ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( ! ma*9]y4 #aaj4 ,9 all ha/y demolitions ) explosives ! *>ges %\ld be well 9 excess ( ^? comput$ by ! ord9>y rules3 fir/1 because ! explosives w n be s plac$ z to act to ! greate/ advantage2 &1 second1 because ! demolition %\ld be imm$iate & complete4 ,,index4 ,a ,,page ,additional op]ations--intr5*$ camps1 #ia ,advance f fir/ p>allel1 #hd ,advanc$ positions1 #ajd ,advantage lies ) attack1 #agf ,ammunition1 #dd1 #eg1 #aja ,angle template1 #acg1 #adh ,approa*es1 #af ,approa*es1 execution (1 #bj-c ,approa*es1 trac+1 #ah ,approa*es1 ov]-gr\nd1 #ca ,asc5d+ gall]ies1 #adh ,armam5t1 #ajj ,army ( obs]vation1 #fi ,artill]y1 fir/ position1 #ge1 #ajd ,artill]y1 fir/ position op5+ fire1 #fg ,artill]y1 second position1 #ha ,artill]y1 second position op5+ fire1 #hc ,artill]y-fire1 op5+1 by def5ce1 #ajd ,assault1 #d ,assault1 def5ce aga9/1 #g ,assault1 dispositions =1 #e ,assault ( brea*1 #hi ,atta*+ a m9]1 #agg ,attack by m9es1 #afi-aga ,attack by sap1 #ia ,attack1 close1 #ajg ,attack1 j\rnal (1 #ig ,attack1 plan (1 #gh ,attack1 po9t (1 #gc ,attack1 successive /eps (1 #fd ,aug]1 e>?1 #ach ,auxili>y frame1 #add ,b ,batt]y1 alt]native con/ruction1 #ej ,batt]y beh9d cre/ ( hill1 #ec ,batt]y1 brea*+1 #hc ,batt]y1 con/ruction (1 #dh ,batt]y1 con/ruct+ c5tre passage (1 #dh ,batt]y1 c\nt]1 #hb ,batt]y1 def9itions1 #db ,batt]y1 electric1 #afc-f ,batt]y1 enfilad+1 #hb ,batt]y1 expos$ sunk51 #df ,batt]y = field-guns1 con/ruction (1 #dc ,batt]y = siege-guns & h[itz]s1 #dd ,batt]y = siege-guns1 ammunition requir$1 #dd ,batt]y1 g5]al requirem5ts ( siege1 #db ,batt]y1 location (1 #i1 #ge ,batt]y1 mort>1 #ee ,batt]y ( rifl$ mort>s & h[itz]s1 #hc ,batt]y on slop+ gr\nd1 #ec ,batt]y1 sunk51 9 a p>allel1 #ea ,batt]y1 trac+ !1 #dg ,bel=t1 siege (1 #ga-b1 #hf1 #ajd ,besieg+ =ce1 br++ up & po/+1 #fg ,besieg+ =ce1 /r5g? & composition1 #gj-b ,bla/s1 #agh ,bla/+ & demolitions1 #agh-hd ,bl9dage-frames or bl9ds1 #aef ,bl9d$ desc5ts or gall]ies1 #ch1 #aef1 #agj ,bl9d$ sap1 #ch ,bl9d$ sap1 trav]se by1 #ce ,bl9ds or scre5s1 #de ,blockade1 #a ,bomb>dm5t1 #h ,bomb>dm5t1 def5ce aga9/1 #aj ,bomb>dm5t1 def5ce dur+1 #aje ,bomb-pro(s & trav]ses1 #be1 #agj ,bran*es1 #agj-gb ,brea*1 capture & cr[n+ (1 #hi ,brea*+ batt]ies1 #hc ,brea*+ by m9es1 #agf-g ,brea*+ gall]ies1 #agg ,brea*+ ! sc>p & c\nt]-sc>p1 #hh ,break+ out a full sap f a p>allel1 #cj ,break+ out a d\ble sap f a p>allel1 #cc ,bridge1 demolition (1 #ahb ,bridge1 float+--passage ( dit*1 #dj ,brigade or deta*m5t ( sapp]s1 #bh ,br++ up & po/+ ! besieg+ =ce1 #fg ,c ,camps1 =tify+1 #fh ,cam\flet1 #abj1 #afg1 #aga1 #agb ,canal locks1 demolition (1 #ahc ,capitulation1 !1 #aji ,capture & cr[n+ ( brea*1 #hi ,capture & cr[n+ ( cov]$ way1 #hg ,cases1 m9+1 #aci-da ,*amb]1 def9ition1 #aai ,*amb]1 =m & location1 #afj ,*ang+ direction ( d\ble sap1 #cc ,*ang+ direction ( gall]ies1 #adh1 #aej1 #aed ,*ang+ slope ( gall]ies1 #adi1 #aee ,*>ge1 def9ition1 #aai ,*>ge1 excess to be us$ 9 demolitions1 #ahd ,*>ge = ov]- or "u-*>g$ m9es1 #abe ,*>ge = bla/s1 weight det]m9$1 #agi ,*>ge = bla/s1 :5 tamp$1 #agh-i ,*>ge = common m9es1 #abb-d ,*>ge = m9es1 plac+1 #afe ,*>ge = m9es1 prep>+1 #afa ,*oice ( explosives1 #acb ,*urn-drill1 #agh ,circul> place ( arms1 #ca ,conqu]$ place1 occupation (1 #ic ,common m9e def9$1 #abj ,common m9e volumes & *>ges1 #abj-d ,con/ruction ( batt]y = field-guns1 #dc ,con/ruction ( batt]y1 sunk51 #dh-ej ,con/ruction ( c5tral passage1 #dh ,con/ruction ( magaz9e1 #fj ,con/ruction ( simple tr5*1 #bj ,con/ruction ( tr5* by fly+ sap1 #bb ,c\nt]-batt]y1 #hb ,cov] = bomb & spl9t] pro(s1 #bc-be ,cov] = magaz9es1 #eh ,cov]$ way1 cr[n+ ( !1 #ce ,crat]1 def9itions1 #aai ,crat]1 assum$ =m (1 #aba ,crat] relation betwe5 volume & *>ge1 #abj-g ,crat] radius1 def9ition1 #aai ,cr[n+ ! cov]$ way1 #ce ,crut*1 #aed ,d ,dampness1 precautions aga9/1 #fc ,def5ce1 !1 #ii-aaa ,def5ce aga9/ assault1 #g1 #aje ,def5ce aga9/ bomb>dm5t1 #aj1 #aje ,def5ce aga9/ surprise1 #d ,def5ce1 ammunition =1 #aja ,def5ce1 armam5t =1 #ajj ,def5ce by m9es1 #aga-b ,def5ce1 c\ncil (1 #ih ,def5ce dur+ bomb>dm5t & assault1 #aje ,def5ce dur+ fir/ p]iod1 #ajc ,def5ce dur+ second p]iod1 #ajf ,def5ce dur+ ?ird p]iod1 #ajg ,def5ce1 g>rison =1 #ii ,def5ce1 j\rnal (1 #aaj ,def5ce1 op5+ artill]y fire by1 #ajd ,def5ce1 prelim9>y consid]ations1 #ih ,def5ce1 prep>ations =1 #aja ,def5ce1 provisions & supplies1 #aja ,demi-p>allels1 #hf ,demolitions1 delib]ate1 #ahj ,demolitions1 ha/y1 #aha ,desc5d+ gall]ies1 #adg ,deta*m5t or brigade ( sapp]s1 #bh ,detonation1 #afb ,dispositions = an assault1 #e ,di/ribution ( fuzes 9 *>ge1 #afa ,di/ance ( l9e ( inve/m5t1 #gj ,dit*1 passage (1 #cg ,d\ble sap1 #cb ,d\ble sap1 break+ out1 f a p>allel1 #cc ,d\ble sap1 *ang+ direction (1 #cc ,d\ble sap1 execution (1 #cb ,dra9age1 #af1 #bd1 #ee1 #ei ,draw+s1 work+1 #aea ,drill-b>s & drills1 #agh ,dynamite1 etc41 #acb-e ,dynamite1 freez+ (1 #afe ,dynamite1 tamp+1 #agi ,e ,e>? aug]1 #ach ,electric batt]ies1 wires1 & lights1 #afe-f ,elevat$ & sunk5 batt]ies1 #dd ,elevat$ magaz9e1 #fb ,embrasures1 #ec ,enfilad+ batt]ies1 #hb ,execution ( d\ble sap1 #cb ,execution ( s+le sap1 #bh ,exp]im5tal m9es1 #abe1 #aca1 #acc ,explosion1 !ory (1 #abj ,explosive1 *>ge = bla/s1 #agi ,explosive1 *>ge = m9es1 #abb-e ,explosive1 *oice (1 #acb-e ,explosive1 exp5diture ( en]gy1 #abj ,explosive1 freez+ (1 #afe ,explosive1 noxi\s gases f1 #acc1 #aeh ,explosive1 relative /r5g? (1 #aca1 #agi ,explosive1 tamp+ (1 #agh-i ,expos$ sunk5 batt]y1 #df ,f ,false frame1 #adf ,field kit*5s & ov5s1 #aad ,field-level1 description1 #acf ,field-level1 use1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi ,filtration ( wat]1 #aag ,fire1 musketry1 #hd ,fire1 op5+ by attack1 #gf ,fire1 op5+ by def5ce1 #ajd ,fire1 op5+ f second artill]y position1 #hc ,fir+ bla/s1 #agh ,fir+ & load+ m9es1 #afa-f ,fir+-tubes & ne$les1 #agh-i ,fir/ artill]y position1 #ge ,fir/ p>allel1 #gh ,fir/ p]iod ( ! siege1 #fe ,fly+ sap1 #bj ,fly+ sap1 con/ruction (1 #bb ,=t ,wagn]1 #hf ,=m & volume ( crat]1 #aba ,=tify+ camps1 p>ks1 etc41 #fh ,frames & %eet+ comp>$ ) cases1 #ada ,frames & %eet+1 use 9 %afts1 #aci-de ,frames & %eet+1 use 9 gall]ies1 #ade-ea ,freez+ ( high explosives1 #afe ,full sap1 #bh ,full sap1 driv+ (1 #bh ,full sap1 break+ out f a p>allel1 #cj ,fuzes1 #afa1 #afd1 #aff ,g ,gall]ies1 bl9d$1 #aef ,gall]ies1 *ange ( direction (1 #adh1 #aej1 #aed ,gall]ies1 *ange ( slopes (1 #adi1 #aed ,gall]ies1 def9itions & dim5sions1 #aai1 #ach ,gall]ies1 direction 9 attack1 #aga ,gall]ies1 di/ance ap>t1 #agj ,gall]ies1 = brea*+1 #agg ,gall]ies1 incl9$1 #adg-i1 #aee ,gall]ies1 li/5+1 #agj ,gall]ies ( dep>ture1 #aej ,gall]ies1 p>tly l9$1 #adh ,gall]ies1 rate ( advance (1 #aeg ,gall]ies1 transv]se1 #agj ,gall]y l9+s1 #aci-da ,gall]y ) frames & %eet+1 #ade-ea ,gall]y ) cases1 #aec-f ,g>rison ( place1 #ii ,gases g5]at$ 9 m9es1 #acc1 #aeh ,g5]al requirem5ts ( siege batt]ies1 #db ,globe ( compression def9$1 #abj ,gov]nor ( ! place1 #ih ,guns1 field1 batt]ies =1 #dc ,guns & h[itz]s1 batt]ies =1 #dd ,guns1 ammunition requir$1 #dd-eg ,guns = armam5t1 #ajj ,guns ( fir/ artill]y position1 #gf ,guns1 positions (1 to be *ang$1 #ajf ,gunp[d]1 am\nt p] cubic y>d1 #abc1 #abd1 #agh ,h ,ha/y demolitions1 #aha ,high explosives comp>$ ) gunp[d]1 #aca-e ,high explosives1 freez+ (1 #afe ,high explosives1 use 9 bla/+1 #agi-hj ,h\ses & magaz9es1 demolition (1 #aha ,h[itz] batt]ies1 #dd ,h[itz]s = v]tical fire1 #hc ,huts & %elt]s1 #aac ,i ,incl9$ gall]ies1 #dg ,infantry tr5*es1 #ajd ,intr5*$ camp1 attack ^u1 #ia ,inve/m5t1 #i1 #fe ,inve/m5t1 di/ance ( l9e (1 #gj-gb ,j ,j\rnal ( ! attack1 #ig ,j\rnal ( ! def5ce1 #aaj ,jump]1 #agh ,k ,kit*5s & ov5s1 #aad ,l ,l&+s1 #aej-a ,latr9es1 s9ks1 etc41 #aae ,l9e ( inve/m5t1 di/ance (1 #gj ,l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ,l4 ,l4 ,r41 #aai ,li/5+ gall]ies or li/5]s1 #agj-gb ,load+ & fir+ m9es1 #afa ,location ( batt]ies1 #i1 #ge ,location ( magaz9e1 #eh ,lodgem5t1 #agj ,m ,magaz9es1 #eg ,magaz9es1 con/ruction (1 #fj ,magaz9es1 cov] =1 #eh ,magaz9es1 dra9age (1 #ei ,magaz9es1 elevat$1 #fb ,magaz9es1 execution ( ! "w ^u1 #fa ,magaz9es1 location (1 #eh ,magaz9es1 m9$1 #fa ,magaz9es1 precautions aga9/ dampness1 #fc ,maps1 #aea ,masks = batt]ies1 etc41 #de ,masks1 air-tight1 = explor+ m9es1 #afj ,maxims1 ,vauban's1 #id ,m9e def9$1 #aai ,m9e-*amb]1 #afj ,m9e1 common1 #abj-e ,m9e1 ov]*>g$ & und]*>g$1 #abj1 #abe1 #aca1 #aga-gb ,m9es ( attack1 #afi1 #aga ,m9es ( def5ce1 #aga-b ,m9es1 organization (1 #afi ,m9e tactics1 #agb-f ,m9$ magaz9e1 #fa ,m9+1 milit>y1 object (1 #aai ,m9]1 atta*+ a1 #agg ,m9]'s bell[s1 #acg ,m9]'s c&le/ick1 #acg ,m9]'s lamp1 #acg ,m9]'s pick & %ovel1 #acf ,m9]'s rule1 #abb ,m9]'s truck or c>1 #acg ,mort> batt]ies1 #ee1 #hc ,mort>s1 siege1 #eg1 #ajg ,musketry fire1 #hd ,o ,obs]vatories1 #ed ,occupation ( conqu]$ place1 #ic ,op5+ fire1 attack1 #gf ,op5+ fire1 def5ce1 #ajd ,op5+ fire f second artill]y position1 #hc ,op5+ ! fir/ p>allel1 #hj ,organization & duties ( brigade ( sapp]s1 #bh ,organization & tactics ( m9es1 #afi-gf ,ov5s & kit*5s1 #aad ,ov]*>g$ & und]*>g$ m9es1 #abj1 #abe1 #aga-b ,ov]gr\nd approa*es1 #ca ,p ,p>allels1 #ae ,p>allels1 demi-1 #hf ,p>allels1 execution (1 #bj-c ,p>allel1 fir/1 #gh ,p>allel1 fir/1 op5+1 #hj ,p>allel1 fir/1 advance f1 #hd ,p>allel1 second1 #he ,p>allel1 ?ird1 etc41 #hf ,p>allel1 trac+ a1 #ag ,p>ks1 camps1 etc41 =tify+1 #fh ,p>ks & depots1 #aaa ,p>tly-l9$ gall]ies1 #adh ,p>is1 siege (1 #ga-b ,passage1 c5tral1 ( batt]y1 #dh ,passage ( ! dit*1 #cg ,p]iod1 fir/1 ( siege1 #fe1 #ajc ,p]iod1 second1 ( siege1 #ge1 #ajf ,p]iod1 ?ird1 ( siege1 #hf1 #ajg ,pick & %ovel1 m9]'s1 #acf ,pick1 m9]'s1 di/ance he>d1 #agj ,plac+ fuzes 9 *>ge1 #afd ,plac+ ! *>ge1 #afe1 #agf ,plan ( attack1 #gh ,plevna1 siege (1 #ga1 #gb ,po9t ( attack1 #gc ,po/+ besieg+ =ce1 #fg ,po/+ work+ p>ties1 #ah ,p[d]-boxes1 #eh ,p[d] = siege batt]ies1 #dd1 #eg ,precautions aga9/ dampness1 #fc ,precautions 9 bla/+1 #ahj ,prelim9>y consid]ations ( def5ce1 #ih ,prep>ations = def5ce1 #aja ,prep>+ ! *>ge1 #afa ,progress ( ! siege1 #ab ,pro(s1 bomb1 #be ,pro(s1 spl9t]1 #bc1 #dh1 #ej ,provisions & supplies1 #aja ,pu% pick1 #acf ,r ,radius ( explosion1 #aai ,radius ( rupture1 #abj1 #abh1 #aca ,railroads1 demolition (1 #ahc ,rate ( advance ( gall]ies1 #aeg ,rate ( advance ( sap1 #bi ,regul> approa*es1 #ab ,requirem5ts1 g5]al1 ( siege batt]ies1 #db ,returns1 #aej-a ,rifl$ mort>s & h[itz]s1 batt]ies (1 #hc ,roll+-/ock1 demolition (1 #ahd ,s ,s&-bag =k1 #ac ,sap1 attack by1 #ia ,sap1 def9ition1 #bg ,sap1 bl9d$1 #ce ,sap1 break+ out f a p>allel1 #cj ,sap1 d\ble1 #cb-c ,sap-=k1 #ac ,sap1 fly+1 #bj1 #bb ,sap1 full1 #bh-cj ,sap1 %all[1 #ca ,sap-%ield1 #ac1 #bc ,sap1 trav]s$1 #cc-e ,sap1 wid5+ !1 #cj ,sapp+1 def9itions1 etc41 #bg ,sapp+1 =m] me?ods1 #cf ,scrap]1 #ac ,scre5s1 #de ,second artill]y position1 #ha ,second artill]y position1 op5+ fire f1 #hc ,second p>allel1 #he ,%aft1 def9itions & dim5sions1 #aai1 #ach ,%aft la ,b\le1 #aef1 #agb ,%aft int]vals1 #adb ,%aft l9+s1 #aci-ada ,%aft m9es1 #agb ,%aft1 s9k+1 ) cases1 #aeb-d ,%aft1 s9k+1 ) frames & %eet+1 #ada-e ,%aft 9 a lodgem5t1 #agj ,%all[ sap1 #ca ,%elt]s & huts1 #aac ,%ield = cov]+ dit*1 #ch-dj ,%ield = driv+ gall]y1 #adg ,%ovel & pick1 m9]'s1 #acf ,siege1 def9itions1 etc41 #ab1 #fd ,siege batt]ies1 #db-ec ,siege1 fir/ p]iod (1 #fe1 #ajc ,siege1 second p]iod (1 #ge1 #ajf ,siege1 ?ird p]iod (1 #hf1 #ajg ,siege1 l5g? (1 #ga ,siege ( ,bel=t1 ,=t ,wagn]1 ,p>is1 ,plevna1 & ,/rasburg1 #ga1 #hf1 #ajd ,simple tr5*1 #bj ,s9k+ %aft ) frames & %eet+1 #ada-e ,s9k+ %aft ) cases1 #aeb-d ,s9ks & latr9es1 #aae ,slope1 def9$1 #aai ,slope-block1 #acg1 #adh ,slope1 *ange (1 #adi1 #aee ,slope1 me?od ( fix+1 #adg ,squibs1 #agh ,spl9t]-pro(s1 #bc1 #dh1 #ef ,/]iliz+ wat]1 #aag ,/ockades1 demolition (1 #ahb ,/rasburg1 siege (1 #ga1 #hf ,sunk5 batt]y1 #de-ec ,supplies & provisions1 #aja ,surprise1 #b ,surprise1 def5ce aga9/1 #d ,surr5d] ( ! place1 #aji ,t ,tamp+ bla/s1 #agh-i ,tamp+ m9es1 #aff ,?ird p]iod ( siege1 #hf ,todleb5's rules1 #agc ,tools & appliances1 #aj1 #acf ,trac+ approa*es1 #ah ,trac+ a batt]y1 #dg ,trac+ lant]ns1 pickets1 tapes1 etc41 #ad ,trac+ p>allels1 #ag ,transv]se gall]ies or transv]sals1 #agj ,trav]se by bl9d$ sap1 #ce ,trav]se1 cube1 #cd ,trav]ses1 l5g? (1 #cd ,trav]s$ sap1 #cc ,tr5*es1 #ae ,tr5* cavali]1 #cf ,tr5*es1 gu>d ( !1 #ae ,tr5*1 infantry1 #ajd ,tr5*1 simple1 #bj ,tunnels1 demolition (1 #ahc ,u ,und]gr\nd w>f>e1 #afi ,v ,vauban's maxims1 #id ,v5tilation ( m9es1 #aeh-fj ,v]tical fire1 batt]ies =1 #hc ,volume & =m ( crat]s1 #aba ,volume & weight ( *>ge1 #afa1 #aha ,w ,wagn]1 ,=t1 siege (1 #hf ,walls1 demolition (1 #aha ,wat]-supply1 #aaf ,weight & volume ( *>ge1 #afa1 #aha ,wet dit*1 passage (1 #ch-dj ,work+ draw+s1 #aea ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milit>y ,,m9+ ,plate ,,xi4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milit>y ,,m9+ ,plate ,,xii4 ,bradley ,poates1 ,engr's1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,books ,,= ,,army ,,& ,,navy ,,(fic]s ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,,ordnance ,,& ,,gunn]y4 ,= ! use ( ! ,cadets ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,by ,capta9 ,h5ry ,metcalf1 ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,in/ructor ( ,ordnance & ,gunn]y1 ,u4,s4,m4,a4 #abmo1 #ejj pp41 clo?1 ) sep>ate atlas conta9+ #cej cuts1 #e4jj ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,artill]y4 ,! ,/4 ,*amond1 ,de ,bange1 ,canet & ,hot*kiss sy/ems1 ) ,illu/rations ( ,fr5* ,w> ,%ips4 ,by ,james ,dr$ge4 #dto1 half morocco1 #bj4jj net ,,h&book ,,( ,,problems ,,9 ,,direct ,,fire4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,+alls1 ,capta9 ,fir/ ,artill]y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #hvo1 clo?1 #d4jj ,,balli/ic ,,tables4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,h&book = ,we/ ,po9t ,cadets4 ,by ,capt4 ,jas4 ,m4 ,+alls4 #hvo1 clo?1 #a4ej ,,subm>9e ,,m9es ,,& ,,torp$oes4 ,z appli$ to ,h>b\r ,def5se4 ,by ,john ,t[ns5d ,bucknill1 ,honor>y ,lieut5ant-,colonel 7late ,major ,royal ,eng9e]s7 ,res]ve ( ,(fic]s4 ,) illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo?1 #d4jj ,,practical ,,seaman%ip4 ,by ,john ,todd1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 & ,w4 ,b4 ,:all1 ,extra ,ma/] ,y\ng] ,bro!r ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,royal #hvo1 full clo?1 ) #bdc ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 #g4ej ,,notes ,,on ,,milit>y ,,hygi5e4 ,= ,(fic]s ( ! ,l9e4 ,a ,syllabus ( ,lectures at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry & ,cavalry ,s*ool4 ,by ,alfr$ ,a4 ,woodhull1 ,major ( ,m$ical ,dep't1 ,bvt4 ,lt4 ,col4 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #abmo1 morocco1 #b4ej ,,simple ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,navigation4 ,by ,luci5 ,"y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,pocket-book =m1 #b4jj ,,! ,,soldi]s' ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,h&book4 ,compris+ a ,s]ies ( ,lectures to ,memb]s ( ! ,hospital ,corps & ,company ,be>]s4 ,by ,william ,d4 ,dietz1 ,late ,capta9 & ,assi/ant ,surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #ahmo1 morocco1 #a4be ,,p]man5t ,,=tifications4 ,by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,h4 ,mahan1 ,revis$ & br\ght up to date by ,col4 ,james ,m]cur1 ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t4 ,num]\s plates1 #ahhg4 #hvo1 half morocco1 #g4ej ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w>4 ,by ,james ,m]cur1 ,pr(essor ( ,civil & ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page & fold+ plates4 ,?ird edition4 #hvo1 clo?1 #d4jj ,,practical ,,m>9e ,,survey+4 ,by ,h>ry ,phelps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 #hvo1 clo?1 #b4ej 8,,wr9kles0 ,,9 ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,by ,s4 ,t4 ,s4 ,lecky1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 ,comm&] ,r4 ,n4 ,r4 ,second edition4 #hj illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo?1 #f4jj ,,an ,,abridgem5t ,,( ,,milit>y ,,law4 ,by ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,w9?rop1 ,deputy ,judge ,advocate-,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 late ,pr(essor ( ,law1 ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy4 ,second & revis$ edition4 #abmo1 r$ clo?1 #b4ej ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,c\rts-,,m>tial4 ,prep>$ by ,lt4 ,ar?ur ,murray1 #a/ ,artill]y1 late ,act+ ,judge ,advocate-,g5]al1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,?ird edition4 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #a4ej ,,cavalry ,,out-,,po/ ,,duties4 ,by ,f4 ,de ,brack1 translat$ f ! ,fr5* 7?ird edition1 #ahfc7 by ,major ,camillo ,c4 ,c4 ,c>r1 #h? ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #b4jj ,,gunn]y ,,( ,,non-,,commission$ ,,(fic]s4 ,compil$ by ,lt4 ,adelb]t ,cronkhite1 #d? ,artill]y1 ) ,balli/ic ,tables1 by ,capt4 ,james ,*e/]1 #c;d ,artill]y1 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #b4jj ,,art ,,( ,,subsi/+ ,,armies ,,9 ,,w>4 ,by ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,%>pe1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #a4be morocco1 #a4ej ,,! ,,army ,,(fic]',s ,,exam9]4 ,by ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #abmo1 clo?1 #d4jj ,,elem5t>y ,,naval ,,tactics4 ,by ,comm&] ,wm4 ,ba9bridge-,h(f1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 #hvo1 clo?1 79 prep>ation47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! siege ( ,/rasburg1 #ahgj1 a bridge ( be] casks 0 built across ! dit* ( ,lunette ,no4 #eb1 betwe5 nightfall & #aj ,p4 ,m41 ,septemb] #ba/4 ,! dit* 0 ab\t #ff feet wide & #i to #aj feet deep4 ,?is bridge gave access to ! lunette4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly sunk by ! fire ( ! "w & 0 replac$ by a causeway4--,franco-,g]man ,w>1 ,(ficial ,acc\nt1 ,"p #b1 vol4 #a41 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 #b ,"o ( a gr\p ( trees may frequ5tly s]ve = ?is purpose4 #c ,! *>ge = ! #e siege gun is #ae lbs4 ( p[d]2 #bjj r\nds #c1jjj lbs42 #b guns1 #f1jjj lbs4 #d ,no special box has be5 adopt$ 9 our s]vice4 ,! ,engli% box is #a' #i #a' #e #a' #e outside1 metal l9$1 & holds almo/ #ajj lbs4 ( made-up c>tridges4 #e ,! crat] radius ( a m9e ) ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #f' to #ab' & a *>ge ( #f1jjj lbs4 ( p[d] w\ld be ab\t #dd feet 7,art4 #g1 ,milit>y ,m9+74 ,! radius ( ! m\nd ( e>? ?r[n out w\ld probably be ?ree times ?is4 #f ,quot$ f ,mahan's ,siege ,op]ations4 #g ,a %ell f a #i 4#de rifl$ mort> has 9 exp]im5tal fir+ produc$ 9 mod]ately h>d gr\nd a crat] #h feet deep & #ai feet 9 diamet]4 #h ,f ! unpubli%$ records ( ?ree exp]im5tal m9es fir$ at ,willet's ,po9t 9 #ahgg-hc x w\ld seem t ! quantities giv5 9 ?is table are great] ?an ^? requir$ if good ,am]ican p[d] is us$4 ,^! m9es1 9 a soil ( modifi$ drift1 ) a ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #ab ft4 requir$ #a4jb lbs4 p] cu4 yd4 #a lb4 oz42 & ) a ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 ( #ag ft4 requir$ #a4ae lbs4 p] cu4 yd4 #a lb4 #b oz4 #i ,six-l9$ crat]s 7r #cl7 are g5]ally consid]$ z ! practical limit ( ov]*>g$ m9es1 al?\gh at ,*a?am m9es h be5 fir$ giv+ r 7#c-c_/d7l4 ,! publi%$ data conc]n+ !m indicate t !y requir$ *>ges l>g] ?an ! =mulas above giv5 call =4 #aj ,describe ! semicircle ,,bmnf4 ,!n ,,od 3 ,,on 33 ,,* 3 ,,cm2 l 3 ,,on 33 v 3 h4 ,,on#b 7h#b l#b7 _/ v#b4 7#a7 ,,bo 3 ,,on 33 ,,on 3 ,,(2 h r 3 ,,on 33 ,,on 3 h - r4 ,,on#b h#b - r#b 7#b7 ,,cf 3 ,,* 33 ,,cd 3 ,,ck2 h 3 v 33 7r#b l#b7 3 l4 7h#b77l#b7_/v#b r#b l#b 7#c7 ,eqs4 7#a71 7#b71 & 7#c71 r#b l#b h#b - r#b4 h#b l#b #br#b 7#d7 h 7#a #b7r_/l7#b74 99 99 99 99 99 ,eqs4 7#c7 & 7#d71 7l#b #br#b7l#b v#b7r#b l#b74 v#b 7l#b #br#b7_/7ar#b_/l#b7 l#b7ab7r#b_/l#b77_/7ar#b_/l#b72 v l777#ab7r_/l7#b7_/7a7r_/l7#b7774 #aa ,g5]al ,abbot's exp]im5ts 9 subm>9e m9+ fix ! relative values ( cannon p[d] & dynamite ,no4 #a 9 wat]1 measur$ by ! pressure ex]t$ by !m 7n by ! crat]s =m$71 z #a 3 #b4de4 ,! *>act]s ( ! m$ia & ! explosives w\ld naturally lead to ! inf]5ce t ! sup]iority ( dynamite ov] p[d] w\ld be great] 9 wat] ?an 9 e>?4--,j4 ,m4 #ab ,! #hb lb4 dynamite-m9e at ,willet's ,po9t produc$ almo/ exactly ! same effect ^u ! gall]y ( access z ! #bjj-lb4 cannon-p[d] m9e1 :ile its ext]nal crat] 0 consid]ably less 9 diamet]4 ,its crat] 0 surr\nd$1 h[ev]1 by conc5tric cracks spac$ at int]vals ( #c or #d feet to a di/ance ( ab\t #dj feet f ! c5tre ( ! crat]4 ,no su* effect 0 produc$ by ! p[d]-m9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! actual radii ( rupture produc$ by five exp]im5tal m9es fir$ at ,olmutz 9 #ahga-b agree v closely ) ! values :i* result f apply+ ,lebrun's =mulas to crat]s ( ! same size & %ape produc$ by gunp[d]1 & indicate t *>ges ( dynamite & gunp[d] :i* produce id5tical crat]s w also h id5tical radii ( rupture4 ,! some:at contradictory results giv5 by ! ,willet's ,po9t & ,olmutz m9es %[ ! necessity = fur!r exp]im5ts4 #ac ,to pass a #e siege-gun1 m\nt$ ^u a high or 8ov]bank0 c>riage 7model #ahhg71 requires a gall]y #g' #g' 9 cle>4 #ad ,f\r ( ^! may be unskill$ labor]s4 #ae ,no4 requir$ at comm5cem5t ( gall]y4 ,beyond #d feet add "o man1 & "o additional = e #bj feet ( gall]y4 #af ,in/ead ( a truck a canvas bag may be us$4 ,a l>ge hoe or drag may be us$ to draw back ! e>? f ! face ( ! gall]y4 #ag ,"o mason's level4 #ah ,^! numb]s are = small %afts ( ab\t #b' by #d'2 l>ge %afts require a l>g] =ce4 ,!y advance at ab\t ! same rate z gall]ies ( equal cross-section4 #ai ,9 ! bla/+ at ,hell ,gate1 #ahgj-gf1 sev]al cases occurr$1 bo? ) nitro-glyc]9e & compress$ gun-cotton1 9 :i* a "p ( ! *>ge explod$1 break+ ! bla/-hole ne>ly to ! bottom1 & leav+ ! rema9d] ( ! *>ge unexplod$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hole1 f :i* x 0 subsequ5tly recov]$4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ 9 exp]im5ts1 conduct$ by ,capt4 7n[ ,major7 ,heu]1 #ahge-f1 ) long tubes fill$ ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,see also ,encyc4 ,brit41 vol4 xvi1 8,m9+10 = simil> in=mation4 #bj ,9 compact soil ! s\nd ( a pick c be he>d up to ab\t #dj feet1 & at ab\t #bj feet :5 ! m9]s are work+ z quietly z possible4 #ba ,e4g41 ! sieges ( ,c&ia 7#affg-i71 ,s*weidnitz 7#agfb71 ,sili/ria & ,brail[ 7#ahbh-i71 ,seba/opol 7#ahed-e71 ,vicksburg 7#ahfc71 ,pet]sburg 7#ahfd71 etc41 etc41 & ! exp]im5tal m9+ op]ations at ,graud5z 9 #ahfb4 ,see ,woolwi* & ,*a?am ,text-books1 ,mahan's ,field ,=tifications1 ,gu]re de ,sige ,blan*ecotte et ,*auvot ,fonta9ebleau1 etc41 etc4 #bb ,a dynamite c>tridge #a 9 diamet] weighs lb4 p] runn+ foot2 #b 9 diamet]1 #b lbs4 p] ft42 etc4 #bc ,capt4 ,s*aw's 7,r4 ,e47 rule = an untamp$ *>ge ( gunp[d] plac$ z above describ$ is ,c lbs4 ,l4 ,l4 ,r4#b ,b1 9 :i* ,c *>ge 9 p\nds1 ,b bread? ( bridge 9 feet1 & ,l4 ,l4 ,r4 l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 9 feet1 measur$ ?r\gh ! ar*4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors correct$ sil5tly4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4