,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,i4 ,r+ be>+ ! "n ( ,k+ ,apep4   
,r+ be>+ ! "n ( ,k+ ,nef]-,ka-,ra4 ,r+ (
 ,k+ ,am5hetep ,,ii4 ,r+ ( ,k+ ,akh5at54
 ,r+ ( ,k+ ,hor-em-heb4                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,liv]pool              
,,in/itute ,,( ,,ar*aeology             
,,egyptian ,,antiquities                
,,sc>abs                  ,,an          
,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,(      
,,egyptian                              
,,seals ,,& ,,signet ,,r+s              
,,by                             ,,p]cy 
,e4 ,,newb]ry    ,au?or ( 8,! ,amh]/    
,papyri0 8,! ,life ( ,rekhm>a0 8,b5i    
,hasan10                            8,el
 ,b]%eh10 c4                            
,,)               ,,=ty-,,f\r ,,plates  
,,& ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixte5          
,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text           
,,*eap] ,,re-,,issue4                   
,,london                      ,,ar*ibald
 ,,con/able ,,& ,,co ,,ltd              

#aijh                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,h>rison ,,& ,,sons1                   
,,pr9t]s ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,to ,,8 ,,maje/y1
                        ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s  
,,lane1 ,,london4                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,to                                    
,,my ,,fri5d                            
,,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,&rews                  
,,(                               8,,!  
,,b$u,n40                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,preface4                              
-------   ,,s9ce ! ye> #ahie1 :5        
,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie's book on     
,hi/orical ,sc>abs became 8out ( pr9t10 
! want ( a compreh5sive "w on ^! int]e/+
 little ,egyptian antiquities has be5   
mu* felt4 ,two volumes on ,egyptian     
,sc>abs1 x is true1 h be5 publi%$ s9ce t
 date1 b ^! works treat ( private       

collections & d n claim to deal ) !     
subject 9 its entirety or ev5 9 a       
sci5tific mann]4  ,a long resid5ce1     
ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 at ,!bes1 !     
c5tre ( ! ,upp] ,egyptian ,sc>ab m>ket1 
& ! place :]e ! be/ imitation ,sc>abs   
are n[ manufactur$1 has1 ,i may claim1  
giv5 me exceptional opportunities =     
/udy+ ?is class ( ,anci5t ,egyptian     
antiquities & its alli$ =ms4 ,= "s ye>s 
x 0 my cu/om to pay a weekly visit to ! 
,luxor antiquity %ops1 ) ! object (     
exam9+ ^! & o!r articles 9 ! deal]s'    
h&s2 &1 latt]ly1 sc>cely a week has     
pass$ dur+ my w9t]'s soj\rn on ! banks (
 ! ,nile b t someone1 ,egyptologi/1     
collector1 t\ri/1 or deal]1 has consult$
 me z to ! g5u95ess1 read+1 etc41 (     
,sc>abs t !y h ei!r pur*as$ or int5d$ to
 buy4 ,! frequ5cy ( ^! appeals1 & !     
ignorance s g5]ally display$ by !       
travell] 9 speak+ ( ,egyptian ,sc>abs1  
conv9c$ me t ,i c\ld at lea/ advance a  
/ep or two on :at _h be5 previ\sly      
writt5 on ! subject2 s1 aft] classify+  

my notes & visit+ & /udy+ ! pr9cipal    
collections ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 ,i h 
prep>$ ! foll[+ ,introduction to ! ,/udy
 ( ,egyptian ,seals1 :i* w1 ,i v5ture to
 hope1 be useful to ,/ud5ts &           
,collectors4  ,t ,i h sp>$ no pa9s 9    
ord] to make ?is book z complete z      
possible w1 ,i ?9k1 be obvi\s to anyone 
:o w take ! tr\ble to read ! lett]press 
& exam9e ! plates4 ,ab\t "o ?\s& ?ree   
hundr$ specim5s ( ,egyptian ,seals &    
,signet-r+s are figur$1 b ^! h be5      
select$ f draw+s ( "s sev5 ?\s&1 & f an 
exam9ation ( ov] ?irty ?\s& examples4 ,x
 may be notic$ t ! spl5did collection   
pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,cairo 
has be5 drawn f b sp>+ly3 ?is is due to 
! fact t ,m4 ,masp]o _h already         
commission$ me to prep>e & publi% a     
sep>ate catalogue ( ! unique collection 
:i* is 9 t great savant's c>e4 ,!       
manuscript ( ?is catalogue is n[ f9i%$1 
& x w be publi%$ e>ly 9 ! com+ ye>4  ,i 
h to ?ank ! ,keep]s ( ,public ,museums &
 _m own]s ( ,private ,collections = !   

c\rtesy & k9dness t !y h %[n 9 all[+ me 
to inspect & draw f ! specim5s 9 _!     
possession4 ,to ,pr(4 ,erman & ,dr4     
,s*f] ,i am indebt$ = pla/] ca/s ( !    
,b]l9 ,museum seals2 & to ,pr(4 ,petrie 
,i am indebt$ = 8 g5]osity 9 plac+ at my
 disposal ! magnific5t hi/orical s]ies  
:i* he has ga!r$ toge!r at ,univ]sity   
,college1 ,london4 ,to ,mr4 ,walt] ,na%1
 ,f4,s4,a41 ,i also wi% to express my   
grateful ?anks = mu* k9dly help &       
enc\ragem5t 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ?is "w2 & 
9 conclusion ,i mu/ ?ank my fri5ds &    
colleagues ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mackay & ,mr4 
,john ,g>/ang1 = k9dly look+ ?r\gh !    
pro(s ( ?is volume1 & to ! latt] also = 
plac+ at my disposal ! libr>y ( !       
,in/itute ( ,ar*ology ( ! ,univ]sity (  
,liv]pool1 :]e9 ! manuscript has be5    
complet$4                               
,,p]cy ,e4 ,,newb]ry4  ,,in/itute ,,(   
,,ar*,,ology1        ,,univ]sity ,,(    
,,liv]pool4 #aije4                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        

,,cont5ts4                              
-------                                 
,,page              ,,preface           
,v              ,,introduction ,,to ,,! 
,,/udy ,,( ,,egyptian                   
,,seals3--                7#a7 ,g5]al   
,rem>ks                         #a      
7#b7 ,importance ( ! ,seal 9 ,anci5t    
#d             ,times                   
7#c7 ,orig9 ( ! ,seal                   
#h                7#d7 ,! v>i\s ,uses ( 
! ,seal3--                  7a7 ,=      
secur+ prop]ty              #ab         
7b7 ,= au!nticat+ docum5ts1      #bb    
etc4                  7c7 ,= transf]5ce 
( au?ority      #bf                7#e7 
,! ,egyptian ,(ficials conc]n$       #bi
             9 ! use ( ! ,seal          
7#f7 ,seal ,engrav]s & ! ,te*nique      
#dj             ( ,seal ,engrav+        
,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,egyptian ,,seals3--
                7#a7 ,cyl9d] ,seals     
#dc                7#b7 ,button-%ap$    
,seals &                #ef             
,hemi-,cyl9d]s                7#c7      

,beetle-%ap$ ,seals 7,sc>abs7           
#fa                7#d7 ,miscellane\s   
=ms                    #he              
7#e7 ,signet-r+s                        
#ib              ,,description ,,( ,,!  
,,specim5s ,,illu/rat$     #ig          
,,9 ,,! ,,plates ,i-,,xlv               
,,indices3--                ,to ,p]sonal
 ,names                         #bja    
,to ,titles                             
#bje                ,to ,royal ,names3--
                  7a7 ,k+s              
#baa                  7b7 ,que5s        
#baf                  7c7 ,pr9ces       
#bag                  7d7 ,pr9cesses    
#bah              ,,footnotes           
#cjd                                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,& ,,illu/rations   
,,9 ,,! ,,text4                         
,,plate ,i4 ,"s specim5s ( r+s          
,frontispiece4                          
,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text4          
,,fig4                                  

,,page            #a1 #b4 ,two j>s ( !  
,fir/ ,dyna/y1 to           #ac         
illu/rate ! anci5t me?od (              
seal+            #c1 #d4 ,complete j>   
neck1 be>+ ! /amp (     #ad             
,amasis             #e-g4 ,j>s %[+ me?od
 ( secur+             #af               
cont5ts4 7,f pa9t+s 9 ! tombs           
at ,b5i ,hasan7               #h4 ,a man
 seal+ up a honey j>4 7,f a       #ag   
tomb at ,abusr7               #i4 ,a    
seal$ j>4 7,f a pa9t+ 9 a tomb    #ag   
at ,m$m7              #aj4 ,a seal$ bag4
 7,f a pa9t+ 9 a tomb    #ag            
at ,m$m7              #aa4 ,seal+ (     
doors                            #bj    
#ab4 ,secur+ ( fold+ doors              
#ba              #ac4 ,seal+ ( boxes    
#bb              #ad4 ,a papyrus roll1  
ti$ up & seal$          #bc             
#ae4 ,! (fice ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !       
#ce                   ,seal             
#af4 ,! work+ ( ! b[ drill4 7,f !       
#db                   tomb ( ,rekhm>a7  
#ag4 ,a m\nt$ cyl9d]-seal4 7,9 ! ,l\vre7

    #de              #ah4 ,a            
,cyl9d]-seal4 7,figur$ 9 a tomb at      
#de                   ,m$m7             
#ai4 ,cyl9d]-seal4 7,figur$ 9 a tomb at 
#de                   ,sakk>a7          
#bj4 ,an e>ly cyl9d]-seal               
#df              #ba4 ,a cyl9d]-seal    
be>+ ! "n (         #df                 
,m]-ra4 7,9 ! collection ( ,mr4         
,pi]s7              #bb4 ,a cyl9d]-seal 
( ,am5emhat ,,iii            #dg        
#bc4 ,a cyl9d]-seal ( ,khan4 7,cairo7   
#dg              #bd4 ,a cyl9d]-seal (  
,s5-mut4 7,petrie         #dg           
,collection7              #be4          
,impression f a cyl9d]-seal 9 !      #di
                   ,b]l9 ,museum        
#bf4 ,impression f a cyl9d]-seal 9 !    
#ej                   ,b]l9 ,museum     
#bg4 ,cyl9d]-seal be>+ p]sonal "n       
#ea              #bh4 ,cyl9d]-seal be>+ 
rude hi]oglyphic     #eb                
inscriptions writt5 9 v]tical           
columns              #bi4 ,royal seal ( 
,n>m]1 pr$ecessor (        #ec          

,m5a1 reproduc$ 9 outl9e                
#cj4 ,royal seal ( ,z]1 ,m5a's          
successor2        #ec                   
gives besides ! "n a figure (           
! mon>*              #ca4 ,(ficial      
cyl9d]-seal1 ) royal "n     #ee         
#cb4 ,(ficial cyl9d]-seal be>+ ! "n     
#ee                   & titles (        
(ficials              #cc4 ,button-%ap$ 
seal                          #ef       
#cd4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal                  
#ef              #ce4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eg              #cf4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eg              #cg4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eg              #ch4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eg              #ci4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eh              #dj4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#eh              #da4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #db4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #dc4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #dd4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #de4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #df4 ,button-%ap$ seal 
#ei              #dg4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal 
#fj              #dh4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal 

#fj              #di4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal 
#fj              #ej4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal 
#fj              #ea4 ,hemi-cyl9d] seal 
#fj              #eb4 ,clay /amp f !    
t]ram>e (          #fa                  
,montale 9 ! ,mod5ese              #ec4 
,sc>ab-%ap$ seal worn on ! f+]1      #fb
                   atta*$ by a piece (  
/r+              #ed4 ,sc>ab-%ap$ seal  
m\nt$ z swivel to     #fb               
metal r+              #ee4 ,sc>ab-%ap$  
seal enclos$ 9 metal        #fb         
frame or funda              #ef4 ,sc>ab 
be>+ ! "n ( ,m]-en-ra        #fh        
#eg4 ,sc>ab be>+ ! names ,?o?mes ,,iii  
#fh                   & ,am5hetep ,,ii  
#eh4 ,specim5 ( a ,sc>ab-beetle 7! real 
#gj                   ,sc>abu sac]7     
#ei4 ,specim5s ( sc>abs f ,el ,mahasna  
#gj              #fj4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( 
! ,twelf? ,dyna/y     #ga               
#fa4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y
     #ga              #fb4 ,specim5     
sc>abs ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y     #ga      
#fc4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y

     #ga              #fd4 ,specim5     
sc>abs ( ! ,?irte5?          #gb        
,dyna/y              #fe4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod       #gb     
#ff4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod 
#gb              #fg4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( 
! ,hyksos ,p]iod       #gb              
#fh4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod 
#gc              #fi4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( 
! ,hyksos ,p]iod       #gc              
#gj4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,e>ly ,eighte5?
    #gc                   ,dyna/y       
#ga4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,e>ly ,eighte5?
    #gc                   ,dyna/y       
#gb4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,e>ly ,eighte5?
    #gd                   ,dyna/y       
#gc4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,middle        
#gd                   ,eighte5? ,dyna/y 
#gd4 ,specim5 sc>abs ( ! ,am5hetep ,,iii
       #gd              #ge4 ,specim5   
sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5?          #gd        
,dyna/y              #gf4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5?          #ge        
,dyna/y              #gg4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5?          #ge        

,dyna/y              #gh4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5?          #ge        
,dyna/y              #gi4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5?          #ge        
,dyna/y              #hj4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,e?iopian           #gf      
dom9ion              #ha4 ,specim5      
sc>abs ( ! ,e?iopian           #gf      
dom9ion              #hb4 ,sc>ab (      
,us]ts5 ,i                        #hj   
#hc4 ,a seal ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y        
#he              #hd4 ,a seal ( !       
,eighte5? ,dyna/y            #he        
#he4 ,a seal ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y        
#hf              #hf4 ,a seal ( !       
,elev5? ,dyna/y              #hf        
#hg4 ,a seal be>+ ! "n ( ,k+            
#hg                   ,m5tuhetep        
#hh4 ,specim5 seals ( ! ,eighte5?       
,dyna/y    #hg              #hi4        
,specim5 seals ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y    
#hg              #ij4 ,specim5 seals ( !
 ,eighte5? ,dyna/y    #hg               
#ia4 ,specim5 seals ( ! ,eighte5?       
,dyna/y    #hg              #ib4        

,specim5 seals ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y    
#hg              #ic4 ,a seal be>+ ! "n 
( ,k+             #hh                   
,am5emhat ,,iii              #id4 ,a    
/amp seal                               
#hh              #ie4 ,a seal be>+ ! "n 
( ,k+             #hi                   
,seq5-en-ra              #if4 ,a seal   
be>+ ! "n ( ,k+ ,sa-,am5     #hi        
#ig4 ,a /amp seal                       
#hi              #ih4 ,a seal be>+ ! "n 
( ,k+ ,?o?mes    #ij                    
,,iii              #ii4 ,a seal be>+ !  
"n ( ! ,hyksos       #ij                
,p]iod             #ajj4 ,a seal be>+ ! 
"n ( ! ,twelf?      #ij                 
,dyna/y             #aja4 ,a seal be>+ !
 "n ( ! ,twelf?      #ij                
,dyna/y             #ajb4 ,a seal be>+ !
 "n ( !              #ij                
,eighte5? ,dyna/y             #ajc4 ,a  
seal be>+ ! "n ( ,rameses ,,ii       #ij
             #ajd4 ,a seal ( ! ,sate    
,p]iod                  #ia             
#aje4 ,a seal ( ,?irtie? ,dyna/y        

#ia             #ajf4 ,a seal (         
,nekht5ebo                        #ib   
#ajg4 ,a r+ ( ,us]ts5 ,,iii             
#ic             #ajh4 ,a r+ ( ! ,?irte5?
 ,dyna/y            #ic                 
#aji4 ,a r+ ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y        
#ic             #aaj4 ,a r+ ( ,?o?mes   
,,iii                      #id          
#aaa4 ,a r+ ( ! p]iod ( ,akh5at5        
#id             #aab4 ,a r+ ( ! ,tw5tie?
 ,dyna/y             #id                
#aac4 ,a r+ ( ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y        
#id             #aad4 ,a r+ ( !         
,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y          #ie        
#aae4 ,a r+ ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y     
#ie             #aaf4 ,a r+ ( !         
,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y          #ie        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4                     
,,plate                 ,i4 ,"s specim5s
 ( r+s4                ,,ii4 ,sc5e      
repres5t+ ! ,*ancellor (                
,tt-ankh-,am5 inve/+ a ,gov]nor (       
,e?iopia ) ! signet-r+ ( (fice4         

,,iii4 ,pre-dyna/ic cyl9d]-seals4       
,,iv4 ,impressions ( e>ly cyl9d]-seals4 
,v4 ,cyl9d]-seals ( ! ,f\r? to ,six?    
,dyna/ies4                ,,vi4         
,cyl9d]-seals ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4      
,,vii4 ,cyl9d]-seals ( ! ,twelf? to     
,sev5te5?                     ,dyna/ies4
              ,,viii4 ,miscellane\s     
cyl9d]-seals4                ,,ix4      
,sc>abs be>+ royal names4 ,f\r? to      
,twelf? ,dyna/ies4                 ,x4  
,sc>abs ( ! k+s ( ! ,?irte5? &          
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4                ,,xi4
 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4               ,,xii4
 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies--cont9u$4            
,,xiii4 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf?  
to                     ,f\rte5?         
,dyna/ies--cont9u$4               ,,xiv4
 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies--cont9u$4            
,,xv4 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to 
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies--cont9u$4            
,,xvi4 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to

                     ,f\rte5?           
,dyna/ies--cont9u$4              ,,xvii4
 ,sc>abs ( (ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies--cont9u$4            
,,xviii4 ,decorative ,sc>abs3 ,twelf? to
 ,eighte5?                              
,dyna/ies4               ,,xix4         
,decorative ,sc>abs3 ,twelf? to         
,eighte5?                               
,dyna/ies--cont9u$4                ,,xx4
 ,decorative ,sc>abs3 ,twelf? to        
,eighte5?                               
,dyna/ies--cont9u$4               ,,xxi4
 ,sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,k+s4 7,i74        
,,xxii4 ,sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,k+s4       
7,,ii74             ,,xxiii4 ,sc>abs (  
royal & o!r p]sonages ( !               
,hyksos ,p]iod4              ,,xxiv4    
,miscellane\s sc>abs ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod4
               ,,xxv4 ,decorative       
sc>abs1 mo/ly ( ! ,hyksos               
,p]iod4              ,,xxvi4 ,sc>abs (  
k+s1 etc41 mo/ly ( !                    
,sev5te5? & ,e>ly ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4  
,,xxvii4 ,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 

7,?o?mes                     ,i to      
,hat%epsut47            ,,xxviii4       
,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5?                   
,dyna/y--cont9u$4 7,?o?mes ,,iii & 8    
family47              ,,xxix4 ,(ficials 
( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 &                
k+s1 etc41 f ! tomb ( ,maket1 at        
,gurob 7temp4 ,?o?mes ,,iii74           
,,xxx4 ,sc>ab ( ! ,eighte5?             
,dyna/y--cont9u$4              ,,xxxi4  
,sc>ab ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y--cont9u$4  
,,xxxii4 ,hi/orical sc>abs ( ,am5hetep  
,,iii3                    #a4 ,kirgipa &
 h] ,h>m4                    #b4 ,!     
,lion ,hunts ( ,am5hetep ,,iii4         
#c4 ,! ,p>5ts ( ,que5 ,?i & ! ,limits   
( ! ,egyptian ,empire4                  
,,xxxiii4 ,hi/orical sc>abs ( ,am5hetep 
,,iii--cont9u$3                    #a4  
,! ,wild ,cattle hunt4                  
#b4 ,! ,lake at ,z>ukha4                
,,xxxiv4 ,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5? &        
,n9ete5?                     ,dyna/ies4 
,,xxxv4 ,sc>abs ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y    
7,rameses                     ,,ii74    

,,xxxvi4 ,sc>abs be>+ royal names3      
,m]5-ptah ,i to                         
,sa-,am54            ,,xxxvii4 ,sc>abs (
 ! ,tw5ty-second to ,tw5ty-fif?         
,dyna/y ,k+s4           ,,xxxviii4      
,royal & private sc>abs & r+s           
7,tw5ty-fif? & ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/ies74  
,,xxxix4 ,sc>abs be>+ mottoes1 good     
wi%es1 etc4                ,,xl4 ,sc>abs
 be>+ mottoes1 good wi%es1              
etc4--cont9u$4               ,,xli4     
,sc>abs be>+ names ( figures ( gods1    
etc4              ,,xlii4 ,hi]oglyphics1
 fl[]s1 etc4             ,,xliii4       
,miscellane\s royal & private sc>abs4   
,,xliv4 ,miscellane\s royal & private   
sc>abs--cont9u$4                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,introduction                          
,,to                       ,,! ,,/udy   
,,( ,,egyptian ,,seals4                 
-------                            #a4  
,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4   ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al    
,rem>ks on ,egyptian seals4  ,!re are   

few small objects ( antiquity :i* pres5t
 !mselves s (t5 to ! travell]'s notice 9
 ,egypt1 z ! little seals ( /one1 pott]y
 & o!r mat]ial1 c>v$ 9 v>i\s =ms &      
engrav$ on _! base1 or ar\nd _!         
circumf]5ce1 ) an ornam5tal device or   
brief hi]oglyphic inscription4 ,^! seals
 are f\nd 9 a v>iety ( =ms2 "s ( !m are 
cyl9drical 9 %ape1 o!rs are button-%ap$1
 b by f> ! great] numb] are c>v$ to     
repres5t ! sc>abaeus beetle /&+ ^u an   
elliptical base1 ! "u side ( :i* is     
engrav$ ) ! device or inscription int5d$
 to be impress$ ^u ! seal+ clay4 ,!     
specim5s ( ?is la/ v>iety ( seal are    
univ]sally kn[n z 8,sc>abs40#a ,l ! gems
 ( ,greece & ,italy1 ,egyptian seals are
 g5]ally f\nd 9 excell5t pres]vation2   
o!r & l>g] antiquities usually %[ on _! 
face ! signs ( wea!r+1 or !y be> ! m>ks 
( mutilation by man1 b ^! int]e/+ little
 monum5ts ( a long pa/ age (t5 cont9ue  
to ?is day z p]fect 9 _! f9i% & delicate
 workman%ip z :5 !y fir/ left ! h&s ( ! 
anci5t lapid>y4 ,! soil ( ,egypt        

lit]ally teems ) !m4 ,?\s&s h be5 f\nd  
among ! dbris ( long des]t$ & ru9$ t[ns 
& temples2 ! fellah (t5 turns !m up 9 ! 
soil :il/ pl\gh+ 8 fields1 & ri* h>ve/s 
( ^! little objects h be5 ga!r$ by !    
antiqu>y f ! myriad tombs t l9e ! des]t 
edge on bo? sides ( ! ,nile f ,alex&ria 
& ,el ,ar% to ,aswn4 ,outside ! b\nd>ies
 ( ! ,nile ,valley also1 ,egyptian seals
 are frequ5tly discov]$2 & 9 our museums
 are to be se5 specim5s f ,italy1       
,sicily1 ,cyprus & ! ,greek ,isl&s1 z   
well z f ! ,ea/]n %ores ( !             
,m$it]ranean1 & ev5 f z f> afield z     
,n9eveh & ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4      
,sid5ote3 ,clay impressions ( seals4    
,besides ! actual seals1 pieces ( f9e   
clay be>+ impressions ( !m are (t5      
br\ght to light by ! excavator2 "s ( ^! 
s]v$ z seal+s to j>s ( w9e1 honey1 etc41
 :il/ o!rs _h be5 affix$1 l mod]n seals 
( wax1 to docum5ts writt5 on papyrus or 
lea!r4 ,! docum5ts to :i* "s ( !m _h be5
 atta*$ h1 un=tunately1 too (t5 p]i%$ f 
decay1 or !y h be5 consum$ by fire1 b 9 

! /amp$ clay may /ill ne>ly always be   
se5 ! holes = ! /r+1 or ! m>k+s ( x1 by 
:i* ! seal 0 fix$ to ! docum5t3 9 "s    
in/ances ev5 ! /r+ itself rema9s4 ,^!   
seal+s are usually une>!d 9 excell5t    
pres]vation1 & !y are consequ5tly z     
useful = ! purposes ( /udy z ! seals    
!mselves4  ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( !    
/udy ( ,egyptian seals4  ,to ! /ud5t ( !
 hi/ory & civilization ( anci5t ,egypt !
 importance ( ^! seals & 8seal+s0 is v  
great2 to him !y are z ! co9s & gems to 
! /ud5t ( ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,_!  
range 9 date is great] ?an t ( any o!r  
class ( inscrib$ monum5t2 ! e>lie/ appe>
 z f> back z ! v dawn ( ,hi/ory1 & ^!   
little objects pres5t f t p]iod onw>d an
 unbrok5 s]ies ( su* l5g? & complet5ess 
t !y af=d a mo/ valuable illu/ration ( !
 e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,9 "s   
cases !y supply ! outl9e ( a portion (  
hi/ory t 0 o!rwise almo/ :olly lo/4 ,to 
!m we owe mo/ ( our in=mation reg>d+ !  
e>lie/ dyna/ies4 ,= mu* ( our k ( !     
p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! end ( ! ,twelf? &

 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies we are
 also indebt$ to ! same class ( monum5t1
 :ile small sc>ab-%ap$ seals are z yet !
 only extant evid5ce ( sev]al ( !       
,hyksos k+s4 ,_! value z corroborative  
evid5ce to o!r hi/orical data mu/ n be  
ov]look$1 nor c c]ta9 classes ( !m be   
lightly ca/ aside z bric--brac by !     
ar*aeologi/ :o sets himself ! task (    
solv+1 or ( inquir+ into1 ! _m problems 
t h lately aris5 conc]n+ ! e>ly p ( !   
,m$it]ranean region4 ,to ! /ud5t (      
,anci5t ,art also !y af=d a mo/ happy   
illu/ration ( ! ev]-v>y+ /yles 9 vogue 9
 successive reigns1 & _! /udy1 z w be   
se5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 (t5 enables u to  
obta9 ^? glimpses into ! mann]s & cu/oms
 ( ! anci5t ,egyptian p :i* s wond]fully
 help to elucidate our view ( bygone    
days & m54                 #b4          
,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,seal ,,9 ,,anci5t
 ,,times4  ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( !    
seal 9 anci5t times4  ,x is v difficult 
= u1 especially = ^? ( u :o are n       
famili> ) ,ea/]n civilization1 to       

realize ! great importance t 0 atta*$ to
 ! seal by ! peoples ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,x
 0 f> m ( a necessity 9 ev]yday life to 
! p ( antiquity ?an are our seals to u1 
or locks & keys to a mod]n h\sehold]4   
,we /ill use ! seal1 x is true1 = our   
legal docum5ts1 sometimes = our lett]s1 
= our po/-bags1 & occasionally = seal+  
up a room4 ,our ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate h _!    
,seals ( ,(fice1 our ,corporations &    
,companies h _! regi/]$ (ficial seals1 &
 9 our ,coronation c]emonies !re is !   
inve/iture ( ! ,sov]eign ) ! ,royal     
,signet ,r+4 ,b all ^! uses ( ! seal are
 z anci5t z ! pyramid-build]s (         
,memphis4 ,:5 we use ! signet = seal+   
our lett]s or our legal docum5ts1 we are
 b foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,anci5t      
,egyptian1 :o1 _m hundr$ ye>s be=e ! "t 
( ,moses1 employ$ ! seal = ! same       
purpose4 ,:5 our ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate receive
 f ! ,sov]eign _! ,seals ( ,(fice1 !y   
are b foll[+ a cu/om t prevail$ 9 ,egypt
 z e>ly z ! ,f\r? ,mill5nium be=e ,*ri/2
 & :5 ,edw>d ! ,sev5? 0 rec5tly inve/$ )

 ! ,royal ,signet ,r+ at 8 ,coronation1 
he 0 b con=m+ to a c]emonial act t 0    
record$ by ! rul]s ( ! ,nile ,valley f\r
 ?\s& ye>s be=e ,william ! ,norman set  
foot on ! %ores ( ,brita94  ,b 9 anci5t 
times ! seal 0 us$ = _m purposes = :i*  
lat] inv5tions h prov$ m conv5i5t4 ,at !
 pres5t day1 :5 clos+ our doors1 we     
g5]ally lock !m by a spr+-bolt1 & only  
atta* a seal on v r>e occasions4 ,locks 
& keys1 h[ev]1 are comp>atively mod]n   
inv5tions1 = ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,egypt are n
 old] ?an ! ,roman p]iod2 & :at locks & 
keys are to u1 seals 7 to ! p ( ! ,old  
,_w4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5ev] a man left 8
 home he always seal$ up su* p>ts z     
conta9$ /ores or o!r valuable prop]ty1 s
 t !y might be r5d]$ secure f ! attacks 
( ?ieves or slaves4 ,9 l mann] boxes    
conta9+ clo!s or p]sonal ornam5ts1 & j>s
 conta9+ w9e or oils1 7 kept "u seal4 ,!
 words mean+ 8to close0 & 8to seal0 7 9 
,egyptian#b synonym\s2 inde$1 to place a
 ?+ 8"u seal0 0 an anci5t expression    
equival5t to ! mod]n "o ( keep+ a ?+ 8"u

 lock & key40  ,to secure prop]ty f !ft 
01 h[ev]1 only "o ( ! _m uses ( ! seal2 
x 0 employ$ 9 o!r equally important     
ways4 ,9 ,we/]n c\ntries1 :]e writ+ has 
n[ become a univ]sal accompli%m5t1 a    
p]son's writt5 signature is suffici5t to
 give au?ority to a docum5t1 b 9 anci5t 
times a seal or signet 0 a necessity to 
anyone possess$ ( ev5 ! smalle/ am\nt ( 
prop]ty1 = )\t x no legal or o!r writ+  
c\ld be atte/$4 ,h]odotus 7,i1 #aie7    
m5tions t ev]yone 9 ,babylonia c>ri$ a  
seal1 & ! same rem>k w\ld apply ) equal 
tru? to ,egypt4 ,9 ,engl&1 f ! ,norman  
,conque/ to ! "t ( ! tak+ effect ( !    
orig9al ,/atute ( ,frauds 7#afgg71 !    
seal 0 always us$ to make a writ+ valid 
& b9d+1 & 9 ,scotl& e freehold] 0       
requir$ by law to h a regi/]$ seal4#c   
,at ! pres5t day an ,ea/]n1 :5 seal+ a  
lett]1 sme>s ! seal1 n ! docum5t1 ) !   
seal+-sub/ance1 & illit]ate p]sons w    
sometimes use ! object ne>e/ at h&1 su* 
z _! own f+]1 :i* !y daub ) ink1 & press
 ^u ! pap] !re)4 ,9 ,babylonia !        

f+]-nail 0 sometimes impress$ into !    
clay z a seal2 :ile 9 ,am]ica1 9        
comp>atively rec5t times1 ! eye-too?    
impress$ ^u ! wax has be5 us$ = atte/+ a
 docum5t 7#a ,wa%4 ,va4 #db1 quot$ 9    
,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1  
p4 #be74 ,! "r h& sme>$ ) ink & impress$
 ^u a p>*m5t 0 (t5 us$ 9 m$iaeval times 
9 place ( a signature1 & ?is1 ) ! seal  
impress$ beside x1 gave rise to ! mod]n 
legal expression1 8,witness my h& &     
seal40 ,! ,sultan's ciph]1 :i* appe>s on
 ! co9age & (ficial docum5ts ( ! ,turks1
 is said to h orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,!    
,republic ( ,ragusa conclud$ a comm]cial
 treaty ) ! ,ottomans 9 #acie1 by :i* x 
plac$ itself "u _! protection1 & x is   
said t ,murad sign$ ! treaty1 = lack ( a
 p51 ) 8 op5 h&1 ov] :i* he _h sme>$ "s 
ink1 9 ! mann] ( ,ea/]n seals--a        
v]itable sign-manual4 7,/anley          
,lane-,poole1 ,turkey1 p4 #ce47 ,9      
anci5t times1 h[ev]1 ! docum5t 0 roll$  
up & ti$ ) a piece ( /r+1 ! knot ( :i* 0
 cov]$ ) a pellet ( clay & seal$4 ,x 0 n

 only 9 ,egypt t ?is 0 s1 b 9 all       
c\ntries ( ! anci5t _w2 9 ,babylonia &  
,assyria z well z 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,a
 writt5 signature w\ld h be5 ( no avail 
to atte/ a docum5t2 a seal _h always to 
be us$4 ,d\btless 9 ! e>lie/ times only 
! mo/ p[]ful p]sons possess$ seals1 b z 
civilization advanc$ ! (fic]s ( !       
adm9i/ration came to use1 besides _! own
 p]sonal seals1 (ficial ones = gov]nm5t 
purposes4 ,?us x 0 t ! seal1 be+ ! real 
in/rum5t ( ! p[] & au?ority ( an (fice1 
came to be us$ z ! symbol ( x1 & !      
deliv]y ( an (ficial or ,/ate seal to an
 individual1 gave to t individual !     
au?ority & p[] to execute ! rights &    
duties ( 8 (fice4  ,! v>i\s l9ks 9 !    
hi/ory ( ! seal :i* connect its orig9al 
employm5t = secur+ ! cont5ts ( j>s1 to  
its late/ "o = transf]r+ au?ority f "o  
p]son to ano!r1 are all pres]v$1 & =m a 
mo/ int]e/+ object lesson 9 8social     
evolution40 ,! seal is1 inde$1 s        
intimately associat$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory (  
civilization1 t x is probable t its     

orig9 goes back to ! v in/itution ( ! "r
 ( private prop]ty4 ,its e>ly hi/ory is 
full ( int]e/4 ,if we turn to any ( !   
lit]atures ( ! ,old ,_w--:e!r x be !    
,egyptian or ,babylonian1 ! ,hebraic or 
,assyrian1 ! ,greek or ,roman1 x is !   
same2 we f9d 9 ea* & all ( !m abundant  
passages conc]n+ ! importance ( ! seal &
 ! v>i\s uses t x 0 put to4 ,fur!r1 if  
we /udy ^! ref]5ces1 we discov] t !     
signification ( ^! little objects 0     
ev]y:]e ! same1 & if passages 7 select$ 
f ! ,egyptian writ]s reg>d+ ! uses ( !  
seal1 x w\ld be easy to p>allel !m all f
 ! works ( any ( ! o!r ,old ,_w peoples4
 ,we ought1 h[ev]1 be=e discuss+ ! v>i\s
 uses ( ! seal1 to inquire into its     
orig94                            #c4   
,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,seal4  ,sid5ote3      
,orig9 ( ! seal4  ,9 8 ,h&-book (       
,engrav$ ,gems1#d ,k+ has /at$ 8 belief 
t ! use ( ! seal 0 almo/ coeval ) ! v   
in/itution ( ! "r ( private prop]ty1 &  
?is seems to be well borne out by :at we
 actually "k ( its e>ly hi/ory4 ,all !  

evid5ce f ,babylonia & ,egypt available 
z to its orig9al use appe>s to po9t 9 "o
 direction1 t x 0 fir/ employ$ = secur+ 
h\sehold /uff & o!r moveable prop]ty4 ,9
 ! e>li] /ages ( civilization ?is       
consi/$ ma9ly ( gra91 honey1 etc41      
always liable to be pilf]$ by ! di%one/ 
slave1 or by small] h&s addict$ to pick+
 & /eal+4 ,if ! proprietor1 !re=e1 wi%$ 
to keep 8 /ores ( food intact1 x 0      
necess>y t he %\ld adopt "s means (     
*eck+ ! pilf]]1 & ! idea e>ly occurr$ to
 him t if he plac$ 8 little /ore 9 a j> 
or o!r vessel1 & cov]$ ! m\? ( x ) a    
pla/] ( mud or clay1 x might be protect$
 to a c]ta9 degree aga9/ ! ?ief4 ,b     
m]ely pla/]+ ! m\? ) mud or clay 0 n    
en\gh to pres]ve ! cont5ts f a skilful  
plund]]1 = he might easily1 & )\t fe> ( 
imm$iate detection1 remove a capp+1 /eal
 ! cont5ts ( a j>1 put on ano!r pla/] ( 
mud1 & leave no trace ( 8 !ft until ! j>
 0 op5$ by its own]4 ,x 0 obvi\s !re=e t
 a capp+ ( clay alone 0 n suffici5t4 ,n[
 x is probable t ! mud us$ 9 ! process (

 cov]+ ! m\? ( ! vessel w\ld (t5 be     
roll$ or sme>$ flat ) a piece ( /ick1 a 
jo9t ( a re$1 or a flat-bottom$ pebble4 
,_m ( ^! objects mu/ h _h natural m>k+s 
on !m :i* w\ld h left impressions on !  
clay1 :ile ^! impressions1 we c h>dly   
d\bt1 7 e>ly notic$ by ! primitive /ore 
own]1 & _! condition s]v$ to tell him   
:e!r or n 8 clos$ j>s _h be5 tamp]$ )4  
,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t
 ,ari/ophanes 7,!smo41 #dbd-dbh71 :5    
ref]r+ to ! cu/om ( secur+ doors by     
seal+ !m1 alludes to c]ta9 ,greek3      
?ripde/a sphragidia1 :i* 7 worm-eat5    
bits ( wood us$ z rude seals4 ,he speaks
 ( !m z hav+ supplant$ ! simple seals ( 
old5 days1 b !y ought r to be consid]$ z
 a return to ! e>ly type ( 8re$0 seal4  
7,mull]1 ,ar*ol41 ,i4 ,kun/41 #ig1 #b47 
,f ! natural m>k+s ^u ! objects employ$ 
to smoo? ! clay1 ! transition 0 easy to 
"s def9ite device scrat*$ ar\nd !       
circumf]5ce ( ! /ick or re$1 or ^u !    
surface ( ! /one or pebble1 by ! own]1 &
 appropriat$ to himself z 8 own peculi> 

m>k4 ,b z ^! m>k+s or devices w\ld h _h 
little weight ) a det]m9$ ?ief1 we c    
h>dly d\bt t1 9 ,babylonia at any rate1 
!y became e>ly imbu$ ) a magical        
signification3 s t _! real p[] w\ld be  
moral r ?an physical4 ,! reason+ ( !    
lawy]s ( ! ,middle ,ages reg>d+ ! seal+ 
( contracts 0 t a seal attracts &       
excites caution 9 illit]ate p]sons1 &   
!reby op]ates z a security aga9/        
fraud4#e  ,! simple scrat*+s t we f9d on
 s _m ( ! e>ly ,egyptian pots 7 !       
possessors' m>ks2 inde$1 ,k+ cont5ds t  
8?is in/9ct ( possession ext5d+ itself  
to ! assumption ( exclusive own]%ip 9   
c]ta9 configurations ( l9es1 or rude    
del9eations ( natural objects1 is a     
univ]sal impulse ( man's nature1 & "o   
f\nd exi/+ among/ all savage nations :5 
fir/ discov]$1 :]esoev] ! fa9te/ trace (
 social life & polity h begun to develop
 !mselves40 ,a great numb] ( ^! signs   
,pr(essor ,petrie has pres]v$ 9 8 v>i\s 
records ( explorations4 7,cf4 8 ,naqada1
 p4 #dd47 ,?us ! ,r$ ,indian has besides

 ! tribal m>k1 t ( ! individual 78      
special totem71 :]e) to id5tify 8 own   
prop]ty1 or ! game he may kill4 ,! ,s\? 
,sea ,isl&] c>ries ! tattoo$ patt]n t   
di/+ui%es 8 p>ticul> family1 impr9t$ ^u 
8 own sk91 & also draws ! same ^u 8     
cr$5tials l a regul> coat ( arms4 ,x is 
!re=e 9 ^! m>k+s fir/ly scrat*$ on pots1
 & next on rude seals1 t we h ! v       
beg9n+s ( writ+2 b a long p]iod probably
 elaps$ be=e ^! primitive signs 7 comb9$
 toge!r to =m words4 ,! designs on ^!   
seals 7 probably at fir/ r\gh           
configurations ( l9es1 :i* suffici5tly  
s]v$ _! purpose if !y c\ld be readily   
id5tifi$ by ! own]2 b aft] a "t ^!      
primitive figures seem to h giv5 place  
to rude del9eations ( natural objects   
:i* express$ ! "n ( ! own]1 l ! ,greek  
co9s ( ,rhodes 7a rose72 ( ,melitaea 7a 
bee71 & 7 consequ5tly look$ ^u z 8      
p>ticul> m>k4 ,we h n z yet got back 9  
,egypt to su* primitive =ms1 b on ,greek
 gems & co9s ?is type p>lant1 8figur$   
spee*10 is well kn[n4  ,! orig9al =ms ( 

! two great gr\ps ( ,egyptian seals we h
 9 ! piece ( not*$ re$ & 9 ! small      
scrat*$ pebble2 ! fir/ ! true prototype 
( ! cyl9d]1 bo? 9 =m & 9 mode (         
application2 ! second z cle>ly ! orig9al
 ( ! /amp seal4 ,simple z ! inv5tion (  
^! two =ms & ! art ( seal+ may n[ appe>1
 ! discov]y t an impression ( a seal    
c\ld be obta9$ by press+ x on clay or   
o!r pla/ic sub/ance 0 nev]!less "o ( !  
mo/ mom5t\s t has yet be5 made1 & !     
seal-impression fur!rmore sugge/$ ! idea
 ( decoration 9 bas-relief4 ,f !        
inv5tion ( ! simple seal to ! complex   
pr9t+-press ) its moveable types appe>s 
a long way to travel1 b t we h ! g]m (  
?is great inv5tion 9 ! simple seal is   
obvi\s :5 we come to ?9k ( x4 ,! old    
,egyptian or ,babylonian :o fir/ took an
 impression ( 8 signet on a lump (      
pla/ic clay1 _h discov]$ ! pr9ciple (   
pr9t+1 ?\gh x took ! human m9d _m hundr$
 ye>s be=e ! next great /ep 0 made1 t ( 
sme>+ "s black or col\r$ sub/ance ^u !  
seal & tak+ a 8pr9t0 ( x on pla/]1 z 9 !

 tomb ( ,?o?mes ,,iv 7circa ,b4,c4      
#adjj71 & 9 ink on a papyrus ( !        
,ptolemaic age4                         
#d4 ,,v>i\s ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,seal4      
7a7 ,= secur+ ,prop]ty4  ,x has be5     
sugge/$ 9 a prec$+ p>agraph t ! orig9al 
use ( ! seal 0 = secur+ /ores ( food f  
di%one/ s]vants2 & ?is /atem5t is       
corroborat$ by ! fact t ! e>lie/        
8seal+s0 t h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt are f j>s
 t 7 us$ = /or+ w9e1 honey1 gra91 & o!r 
food /uffs4 ,figures #a & #b repres5t   
two j>s f\nd by ,m4 de ,morgan 9 a ,fir/
 ,dyna/y cemet]y 9 ,upp] ,egypt1#f      
7circa ,b4,c4 #cejj71 & ! g5]al sy/em ( 
seal+ j>s & l>ge vessels may be cle>ly  
se5 f ^! examples4 ,! m\? ( ! j>1 x w be
 obs]v$1 0 fir/ cov]$ by an inv]t$ plate
 or cup ( pott]y 7fig4 #a71 9 ord] to   
prev5t ! wet clay 7! ,greek3 g smagtris1
 8seal+ e>?10 ( ! ,greeks7 us$ 9 !      
process ( clos+ ! m\? f fall+ into ! j>4
 ,^u & ar\nd ?is 0 pla/]$ a high cone ( 
clay 7fig4 #b71 mix$ ) palm fibre1 &    
c>efully smoo!d1 s z to take easily !   

impression ( ! cyl9d] seal1 :i* 0 roll$ 
across x at "r angles4 ,g5]ally two     
impressions ( ! same seal are f\nd on   
ea* clay cone1 b sometimes two or m     
impressions ^u ! same cone occur f      
diff]5t seals4 ,?is %[s ! great c>e t 0 
giv5 9 e>ly times to secure ! cont5ts ( 
a vessel f ?ievi% s]vants1 a fact :i* is
 emphasis$ by our sometimes f9d+ t a j> 
_h (t5 two sep>ate seal+s1 "o bel[ !    
o!r1 ! out] coat be+ put on :ile ! inn] 
"o 0 /ill damp4 8,?us10 writes ,pr(essor
 ,petrie ( "s clay cones ( ?is k9d :i*  
he f\nd at ,abydos1 8(t5 a q illegible  
cone may yet yield a good inscription by
 c>efully knock+ away ! out] coat40#g   
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,two     
,,j>s ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,dyna/y1 ,,to     
,,illu/rate ,,! ,,anci5t ,,me?od ,,(    
,,seal+4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c4 &   
#d4   ,?is sy/em ( seal+ l>ge j>s ) high
 clay cones app>5tly la/$ on till !     
beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,b4,c42 !n    
ano!r k9d ( seal+ is met )4 ,9 ! place (
 ! high clay cone1 a clay cap ) flat top

 0 us$1 ! flat top & sometimes ! sides  
be+ impress$ ) a wood5 /amp4 ,lat] /ill1
 at ! "t ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y1 ! e>ly
 inv]t$ cap or plate gave way to a      
pott]y cap or bung1 :i* 0 secur$ 9 place
 by /r+ or l95 b&s1 & cov]$ ) a r\nd$   
cap ( pla/]4 ,!re is an int]e/+ specim5 
( a complete j> neck be>+ ! /amp (      
,amasis1 ) clay & pla/] seal+ /ill fix$ 
to x1 f\nd at ,tell ,def5neh 7see figs4 
#c & #d72 x is important z %[+ ! v      
elaborate sy/em ( seal+ j>s at t "t 9   
vogue4 ,fir/ly1 a l>ge bung ( pott]y    
7fig4 #c71 made holl[1 0 put into ! m\? 
( ! j>4 ,?is 0 !n fa/5$ d[n by l95 b&s1 
! ends ( :i* 7 ti$ up 9 ! middle1 & a   
lump ( seal+ clay fix$ ^u x & impress$ )
 six diff]5t seals ( inspectors4 ,al?\gh
 ?is clay _h crumbl$ & be5 wa%$ out by  
ra9s 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 x /ill left a ca/
 9 ! pla/] %[+ ! seals z !y appe> 9 fig4
 #d4 ,aft] ! six inspectors _h ea* put 8
 seal on x1 ! j> 0 s5t out to ! pla/]]1 
:o capp$ ! :ole top ) a head ( pla/]1 & 
seal$ x ) ! royal "n 9 its oval-c>t\*e4 

,ev5 ^! elaborate precautions1 x w\ld   
seem1 did n suffice to secure ! cont5ts 
( ?is p>ticul> amphora f ! ?ief1 = ! j> 
neck1 z ,pr(essor ,petrie rem>ks1 is an 
in/ance ( a successful attack ^u ! royal
 /ores4 ,! cap ( pla/] has be5 bor$     
?r\gh j at ! edge ( ! j>1 & ! l>ge bung 
inside sma%$ ?r\gh1 s z to enable ! ?ief
 to rea* freely ! w9e4 ,! piece ( pla/] 
brok5 out "h is %[n miss+ 9 fig4 #d1    
?\gh x 0 f\nd 9 ! j>2 ! hole j %[s !    
edge ( ! neck1 & 0 fill$ up ) a scrap ( 
! old pla/] & a sme> ( new ( a diff]5t  
quality2 no attempt 0 made to imitate ! 
miss+ "p ( ! c>t\*e1 & ?is probably     
rais$ ! cell>]'s suspicion1 & made him  
break (f & pres]ve ! :ole j> neck z     
evid5ce4 7,petrie1 ,def5neh1 p4 #gb47   
,?is me?od ( secur+ ! cont5ts ( l>ge j>s
 & amphorae la/$ on f> into ,roman      
times4 ,horace m5tions z a te/ ( a good 
temp]$ h\se ma/]1 t he did n g wild )   
passion ev5 if he f\nd t a seal ( a w9e 
j> _h be5 brok54 ,& ev5 at ! pres5t day 
! travell] on ! ,nile may /ill see      

boats1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 float+ 
d[n /ream f ,erm5t1 ,ks1 & o!r c5tres ( 
! sug> indu/ry1 lad5 ) molasses 9       
peculi> j>s 7ballals71 secur$1 9 place (
 ! e>ly bung & ! e>li] inv]t$ plates1 by
 a plug ( sug> cane leaves ?ru/ into !  
m\? ( ! vessel1 & pla/]$ ov] ) a ?ick   
cap ( :ite clay4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 
#e1 #f & #g4 ,,j>s ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,(    
,,secur+ ,,cont5ts4 7,f pa9t+s 9 ! tombs
 at ,b5i ,hasan47   ,= secur+ ! cont5ts 
( small] vessels ! ,egyptians _h ano!r  
me?od4 ,?is 0 by /ret*+ ov] ! m\? a     
piece ( sk9 or beat5 metal1 :i* 0 !n    
firmly ti$ d[n by a cord1 ! two ends &  
knot ( :i* 7 cov]$ by a pellet ( clay1 &
 impress$ by a small /amp or sc>ab 7see 
figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g74   ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,man ,,seal+ ,,up ,a      
,,honey ,,j>4 7,f a sculpture at        
,abusr47 ,a4,z41 ,vol4 xxxviii1 ,pl4 v4 
,an illu/ration ( a man actually engag$ 
9 ! process ( cov]+ up a j> ( honey has 
be5 pres]v$ 9 a tomb at ,abusr2 he is   
fa/5+ ! /r+ ar\nd ! vase1 & above him is

 ! leg5d1 ,khetem bati1 8seal+ honey0   
7see fig4 #h74  ,! beautiful dolomite   
m>ble & c>nelian vases f\nd 9 ! tomb (  
,k+ ,khasekhemui 7circa #ccjj ,b4,c47 at
 ,abydos are secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,ea* ( ^!
 has a cov] ( ?ick gold foil fitt$ ov] !
 top1 & ti$ d[n ) a d\ble turn ( twi/$  
gold wire1 ov] ! tie ( :i* a small lump 
( clay is fix$1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance has n 
be5 impress$ ) a seal1 b m]ely press$   
toge!r by ! f+]s4 ,g5]ally ! pellet (   
clay to be 8seal$0 0 plac$ on ! top ( ! 
j> 7z 9 figs4 #e & #g71 b sometimes x   
cov]$ ! knot at ! side 7z 9 fig4 #i74 ,!
 same mann] ( secur+ ! m\? ( a j> /ill  
survives 9 ! way our liqueur bottles1   
etc41 are (t5 seal$1 & 9 ! way we close 
our jam pots1 except t 9 ! latt] case we
 no long] f9d x necess>y to atta* a     
seal4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a      
,,seal$ ,,j>4 7,f a pa9t+ 9 a tomb at   
,m$m47   ,! cont5ts ( bags & sacks 7    
also secur$ by means ( ! seal2 a piece (
 cord 0 ti$ r\nd ! neck1 ! knot ( :i* 0 
imm]s$ 9 a pellet ( clay & 8seal$0 7see 

fig4 #aj74 ,a l>ge numb] ( brok5 seals (
 ?is k9d h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & seal$   
bags conta9+ gold du/ & o!r mat]ials are
 (t5 figur$ 9 ! anci5t pa9t+s ( ! tombs4
 ,to ! cu/om ( seal+ bags ,job alludes  
7xiv1 #ag74 ,9 ! /ory ( ,hor-d$-ef we   
read ( c]ta9 midwives :o _h assi/$ 9    
br++ into ! _w a *ild1 be+ rew>d$ by !  
fa!r ) 8a bu%el ( b>ley10 :i* is        
/raightway s5t to ! bre:\se to be kept  
"u ! midwives' seal4 ,our mod]n po/ bags
 are r5d]$ secure f be+ exam9$ by       
unau?oris$ p]sons 9 exactly ! same      
mann]4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a    
,,seal$ ,,bag4 7,f a pa9t+ 9 a tomb at  
,m$m47   ,! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 x has   
already be5 rem>k$1 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! use
 ( locks & keys1 h5ce we f9d t !y       
employ$ _! seals = ! purpose ( secur+ ! 
doors ( _! h\ses & /or]ooms4 ,^! latt]1 
inde$1 7 t]m$ ,egyptian 9999 ,khetemu1  
8seal$ rooms10 & !y are frequ5tly allud$
 to 9 ! anci5t inscriptions3#h ,su*     
/oreh\ses 9 =eign l&s 7 provision depts 
= ! ,egyptian troops or g>risons4       

,gov]nm5t /oreh\ses 71 ( c\rse1 9 *>ge (
 (ficials :o kept !m "u _! seals4       
,nebuaiu 7circa #aejj ,b4,c471 =        
in/ance1 pr\dly boa/s t ! treasury ( !  
,temple ( ,osiris 0 kept 8"u 8 signet   
r+10 & ! ,vezr ,rekhm>a 7circa #aejj    
,b4,c47 tells u t x 0 8 duty to 8seal up
 all ! preci\s ?+s 9 ! temple ( ,am510#i
 & t all ! bags ( gold du/ & o!r        
valuables 7 8"u 8 signet40#aj ,:5 a     
/or]oom 0 op5$1 ! (ficial responsible = 
! ?+s conta9$ 9 x appe>$ 9 p]son & seal$
 x up aga9 :5 ! /ores 7 tak5 out4  ,!re 
are _m passages 9 ! papyri :i* t5d to %[
 h[ great 0 ! c>e tak5 to prev5t        
irresponsible h&s f pilf]+4#aa ,!       
/oreh\ses ( private p 7 probably 9 ! c>e
 ( ! h\sewife1 or "s o!r woman ( !      
h\sehold1 = :5 sc>ab seals are discov]$ 
9 graves1 x has be5 notic$ t !y are     
usually f\nd at ! side (1 or ne> to1 !  
body ( a female4#ab ,?us x is probable t
 9 ,egypt1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 x 0 !      
matron ( ! h\sehold :o _h *>ge ( ! gra9 
& o!r provisions1 & h] little /r+ (     

seals has its direct l9eal desc5dant 9  
our mod]n h\sekeep]'s bun* ( keys4 8,h[ 
happy ! times10 wrote ,pl9y1 8h[ truly  
innoc5t1 9 :i* no seal 0 ev] put to     
any?+2 at ! pres5t day1 on ! contr>y1   
our v food ev5 & our dr9k h to be       
pres]v$ f !ft1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! r+40 ,!
 mod]n 8w$d+ r+0 orig9at$ 9 ! cu/om ( ! 
man pres5t+ 8 wife1 on h] m>riage1 ) a  
seal1 :i* %e 0 to use = seal+ up h]     
/ores ( provisions1 etc4 ,at fir/ ^!    
seals 7 worn susp5d$ f a /r+ ( beads    
ar\nd ! neck4 ,sometimes !y 7 /rung on a
 cord :i* 0 ti$ r\nd ! wri/1 & at a lat]
 p]iod !y 7 secur$ to ! f+] by a piece (
 /r+ or wire4 ,?is wire & seal develop$ 
into ! signet-r+4 ,!n1 ) ! introduction 
( locks & keys1 x 0 ! key-r+ t 0 giv5 by
 ! husb& to 8 wife4 ,^! key-r+s1 h[ev]1 
7 soon f\nd to be too cumb]some to be   
worn ) com=t on ! f+]1 & s a pla9 b& (  
metal 0 giv5 to ! bride ) a key4 8,!    
key10 writes ,cic]o 7,ph4 #b4 #bh71 80  
giv5 to ! bride on ent]+ h] home1 to    
signify t %e 0 appo9t$ mi/ress ( ! h\se 

7mat] familias702 x 01 9 fact1 us$ by h]
 to lock up h] /ore-room1 & 9 case %e 0 
divorc$ x 0 tak5 away f h]4 ,at ! pres5t
 day1 if ! r+ is n =?com+ at a w$d+1 !  
key ( ! *ancel door c be us$ in/ead4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig #aa4   ,! mann] (    
seal+ doors 0 v simple4 ,9 ! case ( s+le
 doors a wood5 peg ) project+ head 0    
fix$ 9 ! jamb & ano!r 9 ! door 7see fig4
 #aa74 ,:5 ! door 0 clos$ ! two pegs    
w\ld be ne> to "o ano!r1 s t a piece (  
/r+ c\ld be easily ti$ r\nd !m4 ,?is /r+
 hav+ be5 securely fa/5$ by a knot1 !   
knot 0 !n cov]$ ) clay1 & ! clay        
impress$ by seal1 ?us mak+ x impossible 
to op5 ! door )\t de/roy+ ! seal or     
remov+ ! pegs4  ,fold+ doors 7 secur$ by
 a slid+ bolt1 b su* bolts ( c\rse gave 
no security aga9/ a ?ief1 s !y also 7   
seal$4 ,!y 7 %ap$ z 9 fig4 #ab1 ) a     
groove runn+ across ! c5tre2 a piece (  
/r+ 0 /ret*$ across ?is groove1 & !n1   
aft] pellets ( clay _h be5 put on ! two 
ends1 x 0 seal$ d[n z %[n 9 ! figure4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4   ,an int]e/+  

ref]5ce to ?is la/ me?od ( seal+ doors  
occurs 9 ! well kn[n inscription (      
,piankhy pres]v$ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4    
,?is ,e?iopian k+1 aft] 8 victori\s     
j\rney ?r\gh ,egypt1 goes to ,heliopolis
 to pres5t (f]+s ( fl[]s1 etc41 to ,ra1 
! fam\s god ( t t[n4 ,proce$+ to ! %r9e 
( ! deity1 ,piankhy relates t 8he /ood  
alone10 t he 8broke ! seals0 & 8slid    
back ! door bolt10 op5$ 8! d\ble doors0 
& saw 8 fa!r ,ra 9 ! holy %r9e4 ,aft]   
p]=m+ c]ta9 c]emonies !re91 he goes on  
to tell u t ! doors 7 aga9 %ut1 8clay 0 
appli$0 to !m1 :i* 0 !n seal$ by ! k+'s 
own h&4 ,h]odotus also1 x may be        
rememb]$1 ref]s to ! ,egyptian cu/om (  
seal+ up doors1 9 ! /ory ( ,rhamps9itus 
& ! clev] ?ief1 :o succe$$ 9 pilf]+ !   
royal treasury by means ( a loose /one 9
 ! wall ( x4 ,:5 ! k+ happ5$ to op5 !   
*amb]1 says ! hi/orian1 he 0 a/oni%$ at 
see+ ! vessels defici5t 9 treasure1 b he
 0 unable to accuse anyone1 z ! seals 7 
unbrok5 & ! *amb] well secur$4  ,!      
seal+s to tomb doors1 ! ,egyptian's     

8et]nal habitation10 be+ requir$ to be  
p]man5t1 7 mu* m elaborate4#ac ,aft] !  
m\rn]s _h retir$1 & ! door _h be5 clos$1
 clay 0 sme>$ r\nd ! juncture ( x ) !   
l9tel1 jambs & ?re%old1 & !n /amp$ all  
ov] by ! seal ( ! prie/ 9 *>ge4  ,z 9 ! 
case ( doors ( h\ses & /ore-*amb]s1 s   
also ) boxes1 ! lids 7 seal$ d[n to     
secure _! cont5ts4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ac4   ,on ne>ly all anci5t ,egyptian  
boxes t h be5 f\nd are to be se5 two    
knobs 7or ! holes into :i* !y 7 fa/5$71 
"o on ! lid1 ! o!r on ! box itself4     
,fig4 #ac %[s h[ ^! 7 plac$1 & ) a piece
 ( /r+1 a lump ( clay & a seal1 x 0 an  
easy matt] to secure ! cont5ts2 all t _h
 to be done 0 to foll[ ! same process t 
has already be5 describ$ = secur+ doors4
   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a ,,papyrus
 ,,roll1 ,,ti$ ,,up ,,& ,,seal$4 7,?is  
hi]oglyph 0 us$ z a det]m9ative ( all   
ab/ract words f a v e>ly p]iod47        
7b7 ,= au!nticat+ ,docum5ts1 etc4  ,) ! 
advance ( civilization1 & ! developm5t (
 ! art & practice ( writ+1 ! seal began 

to be employ$ = docum5ts also4 ,till v  
rec5t times writ+ has be5 an            
accompli%m5t ( few except pr(essional   
scribes1 h5ce x 0 natural t seals :i*   
bore ! p]sonal badge or m>k ( ! own]1   
began to be us$ by ^? :o c\ld n write _!
 names = giv+ t au!nticity & au?ority to
 a docum5t :i* is n[ m usually conf]r$  
by a writt5 signature4 ,legal docum5ts 7
 !re=e atte/$ by ! seal1 & a legal      
contract 0 kn[n 9 ,egypt by ! "n        
,egyptian 9999 ,khetemt1 8! seal$40#ad  
,b ! me?od ( atta*+ ! seal to ! docum5t 
0 diff]5t 9 anci5t times to t ( ! pres5t
 day4 ,! old ,egyptian1 in/ead (        
impress+ ) 8 signet ! surface ( ! %eet (
 papyrus1 us$ to roll x up1#ae tie x    
r\nd ) /r+1 & !n1 aft] knott+ ! /r+ 9 ! 
middle ( ! roll1 he affix$ ! clay to !  
knot & seal$ x 7see fig4 #ad74 ,?us !   
roll c\ld n be op5$1 & consequ5tly !    
writ+ ( x c\ld n be alt]$ nor new matt] 
introduc$ )\t ! seal be+ fir/ brok51 & !
 m]e break+ ( ! seal w\ld be legal pro( 
en\gh to %[ t ! docum5t _h be5 tamp]$ )4

 ,x is n till ! ,ptolemac p]iod t !re is
 an in/ance ( a docum5t /amp$ ) ink1#af 
al?\gh ! /amp 9 pa9t has be5 %[n to be z
 e>ly z ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4#ag ,a      
famili> in/ance ( ! use ( ! seal = legal
 docum5ts is giv5 by ! prophet ,j]emiah4
 ,hav+ b\ght a field ( ,hanameel1 he    
pay$ ! own] sev5te5 %ekels ( silv] = x2 
!n subscrib$ ! evid5ce & seal$ x4 ,?is  
be+ done1 he took ! evid5ce ( ! pur*as]1
 8bo? t :i* 0 seal$ accord+ to ! law &  
cu/om & t :i* 0 op510 & gave x to ,b>u* 
9 ord] t x might be put 9 an e>!n       
vessel1 & s pres]v$ 9 case ( any        
dispute4 7,j]emiah xxxii1 #i-ad47  ,b x 
0 n only legal docum5ts t 7 atte/$ by ! 
signet2 lett]s also 7 seal$ up by ! s5d]
 be=e !y left 8 h&s1#ah & sev]al su*    
lett]s1 ) ! seals /ill unbrok51 h be5   
f\nd by ! excavator4 ,! aim ( ! signet 9
 ?is connection 0 ( c\rse to af=d pro( (
 ! id5tity ( ! s5d]1 & to w>rant !      
cont5ts ( ! lett]4 ,! importance atta*$ 
to ! seal at pres5t 9 ! ,ea/ is s great1
 t )\t "o no docum5t is reg>d$ z        

au!ntic4  ,f ! use = au!nticat+         
docum5ts1 ! seal came to be employ$ =   
ano!r purpose--t ( au!nticat+ ! purity  
or weight ( a piece ( gold or o!r metal2
 ! /amp ^u ! co9 be+ ! gov]nm5t gu>antee
 ( ! f95ess & weight ( ! piece ( metal4 
,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ! specim5s ( ! 
sc>ab class ( ,egyptian seals 7 us$ z   
tok5s ( value1 t !y repres5t$ ! small   
*ange ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,9 support ( ?is    
int]pretation a rem>k ( ,plato1 to !    
effect t 89 ,e?iopia engrav$ /ones 7 us$
 z money10 has (t5 be5 quot$4 ,x is (   
c\rse true t ! ,egyptians _h no co9$    
money ( _! own be=e ! "t ( ! ,mac$onian 
,conque/2 taxes 7 collect$ & sal>ies 7  
paid 9 k9d1 & all trade 0 done by b>t]1 
z 9 ,c5tral ,africa at ! pres5t day4 ,! 
idea1 h[ev]1 t sc>abs !mselves 7 us$ = !
 purposes ( b>t]1 or z tok5s ( ex*ange1 
is n support$ by ! inscriptions1 or by  
any ( ! sc5es depict$ on ! monum5ts4 ,b 
we d f9d1 & ?is is v important1 t dur+ !
 ,hyksos p]iod 7circa #agjj ,b4,c471#ai 
& lat] "u ,am5hetep ,,iii 7circa #adjj  

,b4,c471#bj ! ,khetem or 8seal0 is giv5 
z a measure ( value1 al?\gh "h x is     
probable t x 0 n ! seal itself t is     
meant1 b ! impression ( x ^u ano!r      
sub/ance4 ,! ,a!nian ,g5]al ,timo!us1   
,polyaemus relates1 be+ 9 want ( money  
to pay 8 troops1 8issu$ 8 own seal0 =   
co91 & ?is sub/itute 0 accept$ by !     
trad]s & m>ket p confid+ 9 8 hon\r4 ,?is
 c only mean t impressions ( 8 signet on
 clay1 or "s o!r sub/ance1 7 put into   
circulation z repres5tatives ( value1 & 
s receiv$ by ! sell]s4 ,x is 9 !        
impression ( a seal or /amp ^u a piece (
 gold or o!r metal t we h ! orig9 ( co9$
 money4  ,! /udy ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( co9$ 
money is a mo/ curi\s "o4 ,rude peoples 
pass f b>t] to ! use ( metallic curr5cy2
 & ! mo/ g5]al article ( weal? is tak5 z
 ! /&>d to :i*1 ei!r z a multiple or a  
fraction1 all o!r possessions are       
adju/$4#ba ,9 ,greece1 z 9 ,italy1 ! ox 
0 ! unit ( value1 & 9 ,italy#bb a piece 
( metal 0 /amp$ ) ! impression ( an     
animal 7nota pecudum71 :5ce x 0 t]m$    

pecunia1#bc b :5 & by :om su* a /amp 0  
fir/ plac$ on 8! b> or piece ( metal x  
is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to say40 ,!     
,egyptian inscriptions1 =tunately1 ?r[  
"s light on ?is subject1 = z e>ly at    
lea/ z ,b4,c4 #agjj1 a ,egyptian 9999   
khetem is m5tion$ z a unit ( value =    
metals1 :ile 8an ox0 is valu$ z "o seal4
 ,fur!rmore1 ! ^w ,egyptian 9999 khetem1
 det]m9$ by an ox1 actually occurs z a  
measure ( value1 & means a seal ) !     
figure ( an ox /amp$ on x1 or an ox sk9 
seal$4#bd                   7c7 ,=      
,transf]5ce ( ,au?ority4  ,we h j se5 t 
! affix+ ( a seal to a docum5t gave to t
 docum5t its validity & b9d+ =ce1 & x is
 n[ n difficult to realize t1 be+ ! real
 in/rum5t ( ! p[] & au?ority ( an (fice1
 x %\ld h become ! symbol ( x4 ,!       
deliv]y !re=e ( ! seal or signet ei!r by
 ! k+ or by 8 m9i/]1 committ$ to !      
individual ! au?ority & p[] to execute !
 rights & duties ( 8 (fice4 ,! ,egyptian
 mon>* himself 0 inve/$ at 8            
,coronation#be ) ! ,royal ,signet1#bf ^u

 :i* 8 "n & titles 7 engrav$2 ?is 0 z   
important a "p ( ! insignia ( royalty z 
8 sceptre or 8 cr[n4 ,9 an e>ly text    
7circa #bejj ,b4,c47 x is said t        
8,m]-en-,ra make? 8 appe>ance z k+1 he  
ha? tak5 possession ( 8 signet 7sah7 & (
 8 ?rone40#bg ,! ^w = signet is "h      
,egyptian 9999 ,sah 7v>iants ,egyptian  
9999 & ,egyptian 9999 ,sah1 note !      
necklace & cyl9d] seal z det]m9ative71 &
 ! signet 0 repeat$ly us$ 9 anci5t      
,egypt to d5ote a man ( noble rank1 "o  
:o 0 all[$ to c>ry a signet ) ! royal "n
 engrav5 ^u x4 ,osiris is nam$ ,sahu1   
8seal be>]0 ( ! gods :om he has call$   
into exi/5ce1 & a hymn#bh calls him !   
glori\s ,sahu among ! sahus4 ,! ,pr9ce  
,khnemhetep 7#bjjj ,b4,c471 at ,b5i     
,hasan1 says ( himself t he 0 di/+ui%$  
above all ! k+'s nobles 7sahu72 t is to 
say1 ! ord] ( m5 be>+ ! signet or sign (
 inve/iture4 ,a mummifi$ p]son is also  
call$ ,sahu1 9 virtue ( inve/iture4#bi  
,! ,great ,seals ( ,/ate 7 z important 9
 anci5t ,egypt z !y are 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 

x 0 only by ! k+ be/[+ 8 own seal1 or "o
 ( ! ,great ,seals ( ,/ate1 on "o ( 8   
subjects1 t he c\ld delegate 8 au?ority4
 ,9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ,joseph we     
read1 8& ,ph>aoh said unto ,joseph1 see1
 ,i h set !e ov] all ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,&  
,ph>aoh took (f 8 r+ f 8 h&1 & put x ^u 
,joseph's h& 444 & made him rul] ov] all
 ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,t ?is c]emony 0 true1 
& t ! giv+ ( ! seal or r+ ( (fice by !  
k+1 or by "o ( 8 m9i/]s1 on ! appo9tm5t 
( a high gov]nm5t (ficial1 0 inde$      
usual1 is prov$ by sev]al inscriptions3 
at ! "t ( ! middle ( ! ,eighte5?        
,dyna/y1 ,am5hetep ,,iii 7#adej ,b4,c47 
places 8! two l&s0 9 ! 8h&s0 ( ! ,vezr  
,ptahmes1 & 8! signet r+s ( ! ,horus0   
7i4e41 ! ,sov]eign7 ^u 8 f+]s4#cj ,9 a  
sc5e 9 ! tomb ( ,hy at ,!bes1 :i* is "h 
7,pl4 ,,ii7 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 !      
,*ancellor ( ,k+ ,tutnkham51 #acej      
,b4,c41 pres5ts ! gold signet r+ ( !    
(fice ( ,royal ,son 7i4e41 ,vic]oy7 (   
,e?iopia 8to ! ,pr9ce ,hy1 9 ord] t !   
(fice ( ! ,royal ,son ( ,e?iopia may be 

made to fl\ri%40                   #e4  
,,! ,,(ficials ,,conc]n$ ,,9 ,,its      
,,use4  ,z ! seal 0 put to su* v>i$ &   
important uses 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 x is no
 wond] t _m (ficials ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7    
conc]n$ 9 its employm5t4 ,!re 7         
,egyptian 9999 khetemtiu1#ca 8seal]s0   
7s+ul> ,egyptian 9999 khetemu1 8a       
seal]071 atta*$ to almo/ e dep>tm5t ( ! 
public s]vice1#cb z well z to all !     
religi\s in/itutions ( ! c\ntry2 & ev5  
weal?y noblem5#cc usually _h "o or m (  
^! 8seal]s0 9 _! h\sehold1 ^: duty x 0  
to give out f ! khetemu1 8seal$ rooms0  
or 8/ore rooms10 ! provisions & o!r     
private prop]ty requir$ by ! great man  
or by 8 h\sehold4 ,s important 0 x t !  
process ( seal+ j>s1 boxes1 & doors %\ld
 be done prop]ly1 t ,egyptian 9999      
seez1#cd 8in/ructors10 9 ! art 7        
employ$4  ,a sc5e 9 a tomb at ,sakk>a#ce
 %[s "o ( ^! (ficials c>ry+ a pail ( mud
 ) a ladle 9 x1 go+ to in/ruct 8 pupils4
 ,^! 8seal]s0 =m$ a regul>ly organiz$   
body1 & s]v$ "u a ,egyptian 9999 m] or  

8sup]9t5d5t40#cf  ,! read]'s att5tion   
has already be5 drawn to ! fact t !     
mon>* 0 inve/$ at 8 coronation ) a      
,royal ,signet1 ^u :i* 8 "n & titles 7  
engrav$4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ,egyptian  
hi/ory ?is ,royal ,signet 01 d\btless1  
ei!r worn by ! mon>* himself or c>ri$ 9 
"s secure way ab\t 8 p]son4 ,we d n read
 9 ! inscriptions ( ! e>lie/ dyna/ies ( 
any 8,keep] ( ! ,royal ,seal10 z we f9d 
s frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! hi]oglyphic   
texts f ! ,middle ,k+dom onw>ds1 & x    
w\ld consequ5tly appe> z if ! k+ himself
 9 ^? e>ly times att5d$ to ! bus9ess    
connect$ ) 8 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t4  ,two 
important (ficials ( ! olde/ p]iod1     
h[ev]1 7 closely conc]n$ ) ! use ( !    
seal1 & _! titles 7 d]iv$ f its "n4 ,"o 
( ^! 0 ! 8,seal] ( ! ,honey j>s02 ! o!r 
0 ! 8,div9e ,seal]10 8,seal] ( ! ,god40 
,! fir/ title#cg ,egyptian 9999 8!      
,seal] ( ! ,honey j>s10 01 p]haps1 !    
olde/ ( ! _m hundr$s ( titles t we f9d  
at all p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 & f ! 
,?ird ,dyna/y onw>ds !re 0 probably n a 

man ( less ?an royal rank :o w\ld n h   
be5 pr\d to be> x4 ,x orig9ally meant1 z
 we h said1 8! ,seal] ( ! ,honey j>s0   
honey be+ ! greate/ ( all primitive     
luxuries1 & its use res]v$ = ! k+'s     
table4 ,?is title mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z 
a relic ( ! mo/ extreme antiquity1 & x  
c]ta9ly goes back to ! "t be=e ! use (  
w9e 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
,f\r? ,dyna/y 7circa #cjjj ,b4,c471     
h[ev]1 its mean+ _h probably become     
already obsolete1 & f t p]iod onw>ds x  
meant no?+ m ?an a 8,royal ,seal]10#ch  
or "o entitl$ to use a seal ) ! mon>*'s 
"n engrav5 ^u x4 ,d\btless !re 7 sev]al 
( ^! (fic]s employ$ 9 ! royal palaces to
 look aft] ! security ( ! k+'s private  
prop]ty1 & x 0 ! duty ( "s ( !m to      
accompany ! sov]eign on 8 v>i\s milit>y 
exp$itions4#ci  ,9 contradi/9ction to   
?is secul> title we f9d ! ,egyptian 9999
 8,div9e ,seal]10 ! prie/ :o _h *>ge ( !
 temple treasure1 furniture1 & goods t 7
 kept "u ! temple seals4 ,?is title1 l !
 "o t we h j discuss$1 occurs also at an

 e>ly p]iod1 & cont9u$ 9 use till v late
 times4#dj ,^! 8,div9e ,seal]s0 7 atta*$
 to ! s]vice ( v>i\s gods1 or !y 7      
employ$ by ! religi\s au?orities ( c]ta9
 di/ricts4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y are        
specifi$ z 8( ,am510#da 8( ,horus10     
etc42 :ile 9 ! second z 8( ,abydos10#db 
8( ,!bes10 etc4 ,x is possible t !y 7   
plac$ "u a m]#dc or 8,sup]9t5d5t10 b !  
title is s r>e t ?is 0 n usually ! case4
 ,x 0 ! ,div9e ,seal]'s duty to obta9 & 
sup]vise ! transport ( /one = ! temple  
build+s1#dd & to pay = &1 if necess>y1  
to collect 9 f> di/ant c\ntries preci\s 
?+s = ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,9 ord] to     
obta9 /one = /atues or = temple build+s1
 he sometimes l$ semi-milit>y exp$itions
 to qu>ries f> 9 ! des]ts1#de & :5 x 0  
necess>y to convey ! huge blocks (      
granite & o!r mat]ial d[n ! riv]1 he 0  
usually plac$ 9 comm& ( ! transport     
%ips4#df  ,f ! "t ( ! ,middle ,k+dom#dg 
7circa ,b4,c4 #bjjj7 onw>ds ! title     
,egyptian 9999 m] khetem1#dh            
8,sup]9t5d5t0 or 8,keep] ( ! 7,royal7   

,seal0#di is con/antly occurr+ 9 !      
hi]oglyphic inscriptions4 ,dur+ ! fir/  
half ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 :ile ea*      
prov9ce 0 yet rul$ ov] by semi-indep5d5t
 *iefta9s1 !re appe>s to h be5 a ,keep] 
( ! 7,royal7 ,seal employ$ 9 !          
adm9i/ration ( ea* nome1#ej ^: duty x 0 
to collect & transmit treasure to !     
c5tral (fice4 ,next to ! *iefta9        
himself1 he 0 p]haps ! mo/ important    
p]sonage 9 ! prov9ce1 = he _h control   
ov] its rev5ues1 & all its public works 
7 c>ri$ out "u 8 sup]vision4 ,baqt1 !   
,keep] ( ! 7,royal7 ,seal 9 ! ,oryx     
nome1 sup]vis$ ! excavation & adornm5t (
 ,khnemhetep's magnific5t monum5t at    
,b5i ,hasan4#ea ,:5 t great nom>*'s     
(ficials defil$ be=e him1 ! ,keep] ( !  
7,royal7 ,seal /ood 9 ! place ( hon\r#eb
 beh9d ! uhem or 8,h]ald10 & 9 front ( !
 m] me%au or 8,g5]al ( ! ,troops40 ,he 0
 ! nom>*'s tru/$ fri5d1 & accompani$ him
 on 8 hunt+ & f[l+#ec exp$itions 9 !    
des]t & on ! riv]1 :ile 9 ,khnemhetep's 
fun]al procession to ,abydos1 8 place 0 

9 ! ,/ate b>ge at ! side ( ! deceas$    
pr9ce's *ildr54#ed ,a v int]e/+ sc5e at 
,b5i ,hasan %[s ! ,keep] ( ! 7,royal7   
,seal seat$ 9 8 kha#ee or 8(fice10 wat*+
 "o ( 8 assi/ants weigh+ gold1 or "s o!r
 preci\s metal1 9 a balance1 :ile a     
seat$ scribe writes d[n ! weight on a   
wood5 tablet or %eet ( papyrus 7see fig4
 #ae74 ,! (fice "h %[n 0 v simil> to t (
 ! ,vezr2#ef x 0 a column$ hall ( six   
columns 9 two r[s1 ! front be+ op5 to ! 
air1 :ile at ! back 0 a door :i* gave   
entrance to ! bt el ml or treasury4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,! ,,(fice ,,(
 ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,seal4 7,f a 
pa9t+ 9 a tomb at ,b5i ,hasan47   ,ab\t 
! middle ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y a great    
*ange appe>s to h tak5 place 9 !        
political con/itution ( ,egypt2 we no   
long] he> ( ! ,*iefta9s ( ,nomes or     
,prov9ces1 & x seems t ! ,gov]nm5t1 = a 
%ort "t at lea/1 became mu* m /rictly   
c5traliz$ ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,) ?is 
c5tralization ( ! adm9i/ration sev]al   
new (fices 7 creat$1 ! prov9cial        

8,keep]s ( ! 7,royal7 ,seal0 appe> to h 
be5 suppress$1 & ad5us1 8wakls0 or      
8deputies0 ( ! ,*ief ,keep]1 appo9t$ 9  
_! /ead4 ,! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 h[ev]1 
0 /ill presid$ ov] by a s+le#eg 8,keep] 
( ! ,royal ,seal10 :o h5ce=? 0 "o ( !   
mo/ important & p[]ful p]sonages 9 !    
realm2#eh he became1 9 fact1 !          
,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1#ei an ,"l      
,*ancellor1 ,keep] ( ! ,seal4           
,un=tunately we h no long inscription   
record+ ?is great (ficial's duties1 z we
 h 9 ! case ( ! ,vezr1#fj s x is only by
 ga!r+ a fact "h & !re f _m s\rces t we 
c obta9 any idea ( 8 multif>i\s duties4 
,t he _h *>ge ( ! ,gov]nm5t /ores1 &    
sup]vis$ ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! bt el ml or
 ,treasury1 is c]ta92#fa he _h also to  
be responsible = ! paym5t ( all         
,gov]nm5t bills4 ,if any important      
public monum5t _h to be erect$1#fb or if
 any gov]nm5t bus9ess 0 to be und]tak51 
x 0 8 duty1 toge!r ) 8 /aff ( assi/ants1
 to make all necess>y arrangem5ts reg>d+
 ! paym5t ( ! employs1 :i* mu/ h be5 a  

mo/ on]\s task1 :5 we rememb] t !       
,egyptians possess$ no co9$ money until 
aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,!        
sup]vision ( ! taxation ( ! c\ntry      
appe>s also to h be5 plac$ 9 !          
,*ancellor's h&s1 & x 0 8 cu/om1 z x    
/ill is ) ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts ( !     
v>i\s s]vices ( ! ,kh$ive's             
adm9i/ration1 to make an annual t\r (   
inspection ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( !  
c\ntry4#fc ,9 "t ( w> a numb] ( 8 (fic]s
 accompani$ ! milit>y exp$itions1 & :5 a
 t[n 0 plund]$ by ! royal troops1 !y    
took possession ( ! spoil1 "s ( :i* 0   
kept = ! ,treasury1 :ile ! re/ 0 giv5 to
 ! temples z an (f]+ to ! gods4#fd  ,b n
 only did ! ,egyptian ,*ancellor h *>ge 
( ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! ,treasury1 he     
seems also to h _h a consid]able %>e ( !
 responsibility ( appo9t+ v>i\s ,/ate   
(ficials4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! /ory
 ( ,joseph's appo9tm5t to ! ,vezrate1 9 
:i* case ! ,seal or ,signet ( (fice 0   
giv5 by ! k+ p]sonally4 ,) o!r (ficials1
 h[ev]1 x seems to h be5 ! cu/om = !    

,*ancellor to deliv] ! ,seal1 & ?is     
c]emonial 9 a bureaucratic c\ntry su* z 
,egypt !n 01 mu/ h entail$ a va/ am\nt (
 "t4 ,possess+ ! au?ority to appo9t high
 (fic]s1 & also ! means ( controll+ !   
,/ate ,treasury1 x is no wond] t ^! old 
,*ancellors atta9$ to a great degree (  
p[]1 & !re seems reason to believe t m  
?an "o dyna/y _h its orig9 9 a          
,*ancellor's family4  ,s _m & v>i\s 7 ! 
duties ( ! ,keep] ( ! 7,royal7 ,seal1 t 
x is h>dly matt] = surprise if we f9d t 
he employ$ a l>ge /aff ( assi/ants to   
help him4 ,among ^! ! ,egyptian 9999    
8,deputy ( ! ,keep] ( ! 7,royal7        
,seal10#fe appe>s to h be5 ! mo/        
important4 ,:5 8 *ief 0 abs5t f !       
capital on "o ( ! (ficial t\rs (        
inspection ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ?is ad5u or  
8deputy0 0 left 9 *>ge ( ! c5tral (fice1
 & ! duty naturally devolv$ ^u him (    
look+ aft] ! p]man5t /aff ( ! ,treasury 
,dep>tm5t4 ,?is /aff consi/$ (3--  7#a7 
,a ,egyptian 9999 8,*ief ,ov]se] ( !    
,c\rty>d ( ! ,keep] ( ! 7,royal7        

,seal10#ff an (ficial :o 01 ,i believe1 
deput$ to p]sonally sup]vise ev]y?+ t   
w5t 9 or out ( ! ,bt el mal or          
,treasury4 ,!re 0 also  7#b7 ,a         
,egyptian 9999 or 8,ov]se] ( ! ,c\rty>d 
( ! ,keep] ( ! 7,royal7 ,seal40#fg  7#c7
 ,a ,egyptian 9999 or 8,ov]se] ( !      
,c\rty>d ( ! ,(fice ( ! ,keep] ( !      
7,royal7 ,seal40#fh  7#d7 ,sev]al       
,egyptian 9999 8,assi/ants40#fi  7#e7 ,a
 ,egyptian 9999 8,*ief ,scribe10#gj &   
sev]al  7#f7 ,egyptian 9999             
8,scribes10#ga :o _h _! own  ,egyptian  
9999 or 8m5 s]vants80 ,^! scribes ( !   
,*ancellor 7 v important (ficials3 !y 7 
intru/$ ) (ficial seals1 & all[$ to     
transact on _! own responsibility       
important bus9ess affairs connect$ ) !  
,/ate4 ,!y appe> g5]ally ) ! title      
,egyptian 9999 8,scribe 9 ,*>ge ( !     
,seal10 or1 m lit]ally1 8he :o writes ) 
an ,(ficial ,seal40 ,!y are f\nd "u ?is 
title only t[>ds ! end ( ! ,twelf?      
,dyna/y1 & _! s]vices 7 reta9$ by !     
bureaucratic k+s ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y1 b

 no m5tion occurs ( !m 9 lat] times4 ,!y
 7 employ$ 9 writ+ (ficial docum5ts1 9  
keep+ acc\nts1 & 9 fix+ prices to be    
paid = wages ( lab\r]s4 ,f inscriptions 
t h be5 pres]v$1 x w\ld seem t ea*      
t[n#gb _h its own 8,scribe 9 ,*>ge ( !  
,seal10 & we read ( a 8,scribe 9 ,*>ge (
 ! ,seal ( ! lab\r bureau0 9 a ,?irte5? 
,dyna/y papyrus4#gc  ,besides ! =ego+   
(ficials1 :o 7 d\btless paid by !       
,gov]nm5t1 ! ,*ancellor _h also 8       
private /aff to manage 8 own e/ates &   
affairs4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$#gd a  
m] p]1 or 8,/ew>d20#ge a m] %5ti1 or    
8,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gran>y20#gf a se% %a1 
or 8lett] writ]20#gg & an ari aa1 or    
8doorkeep]40#gh  ,! pr(ession ( ! seal  
engrav] 0 obvi\sly an important "o 9    
,egypt1 b we d n f9d any ref]5ces to 8  
occupation 9 ! anci5t lit]ature4 ,he 0  
call$ ! m] ke/i1 & ! sc>ab-seal ( "o    
nam$ ,am5-ankh is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 
,ar?ur ,evans 7see ,pl4 ,,xvii1 #bg74gi 
#f4 ,,seal ,,engrav]s ,,& ,,!           
,,te*nique ,,( ,,seal ,,engrav+4  ,!    

process ( mak+ a seal out ( h>d /one 0  
simple en\gh2 a suitable piece ( ame?y/1
 jasp]1 or o!r mat]ial 0 tak51 cut into 
! %ape ( a cyl9d]1 /amp1 or sc>abaeus   
beetle1 & poli%$4 ,! device or          
inscription 0 !n engrav$ 9 intaglio4 ,9 
! case ( /eatite1 s*i/1 & o!r s(t /ones1
 ! device 0 sometimes drawn 9 ink#hj    
be=e be+ cut1 & ! seal 0 f9i%$ by be+   
dipp$ into a vitre\s glaze 9 ord] to    
h>d5 x4  ,pott]y & pa/e sc>ab seals 7   
m\ld$ 9 t]ra-cotta m\lds4 ,a lump (     
pott]'s clay or pa/e 0 tak51 !n press$  
into a du/$ m\ld1 & flatt5$ ) a knife at
 ! bottom4 ,x 0 !n %ak5 out & left to   
dry4 ,:5 dry1 ! sc>ab 0 plac$ 9 !       
engrav]'s h&s1 & ! inscription or device
 0 cut on ! elliptical base2 ! :ole 0 !n
 sometimes coat$ ) vitre\s glaze4  ,!   
glazes us$ 7 ( diff]5t col\rs1 v>y+ f   
pale blue to deep violet1 & f pale to   
d>k gre54 ,sometimes r$ & yell[ glazes 7
 also employ$4 ,(t5 ! glazes h *ang$    
col\r1 & sometimes only fa9t traces ( x 
rema9 on a seal4 ,seals t are n[ br[n 9 

col\r 7 orig9ally gre51 :ile grey or    
:ite examples 7 g5]ally blue4  ,! tools 
us$ 7 app>5tly ( f\r k9ds3 a knife1 a   
grav]1 a simple drill1 & a tubul> drill4
  ,! knife1 p]haps ( h>d5$ bronze1 0 us$
 = cutt+ ! specim5s ( ! s(t] mat]ials   
into %ape1 :ile ! grav]1 ( fl9t or      
obsidian1 0 employ$ = cutt+ ! device or 
inscription4 ,h]odotus m5tions#ha t !   
,e?iopians po9t$ _! arr[s ) ! same sort 
( h>d /one or fl9t t 0 us$ = engrav+    
signets4  ,! simple drill1 us$ = drill+ 
! s(t /one seals & = engrav+ ^? ( ! h>d 
/one class1 consi/$ ( a metal drill )   
h&le1 ! butt end ( :i* revolv$ inside a 
/one or wood5 cap :i* ! engrav] held 9 8
 h&1 & 0 ?us able to direct ! po9t to ! 
"r place4 ,! drill itself 0 made to     
revolve by means ( rapidly mov+ =w>ds & 
backw>ds by a b[1 ! /r+ ( :i* 0 w\nd    
r\nd ! /ick ( ! drill4 ,c>p5t]s & cab9et
 work]s 9 ! ,ea/ /ill use a simil> b[   
drill at ! pres5t day4   ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #af4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,b[ ,,drill4 7,f
 ! tomb ( ,rekhm>a47   ,! tubul> drill 0

 also work$ 9 ! same way ) a b[1 b      
in/ead ( ! drill be+ po9t$ z 9 ! simple 
drill1 x 0 tubul>4 ,) h>d /ones bo? ^!  
k9ds ( drill 7 us$1 ) em]y p[d] & oil or
 wat]4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,egyptian ,,seals4  
,sid5ote3 ,v>ieties ( ,egyptian seals4  
,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ,egyptian   
seals may be divid$ into two great      
gr\ps3 namely 7#a7 ^? ( cyl9drical %ape1
 :i* 7 roll$ ov] ! clay or o!r sub/ance 
to be impress$2 & 7#b7 ^? ) a flat base1
 :i* 7 us$ z /amps4 ,bo? ^! types       
probably orig9at$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,!    
fir/ gr\p comprises all 7a7 cyl9d]      
seals2 to ! second belong all 7b7       
hemi-cyl9d] & cone %ap$ seals1 7c7      
button %ap$ seals1 7d7 sc>ab %ap$ seals1
 7e7 plaques & o!r miscellane\s =ms1 &  
7f7 ,signet r+s4                        
#a4 ,,cyl9d] ,,seals4  ,sid5ote3 ,cyl9d]
 seals4  ,! olde/ seals t h be5 discov]$
 9 ,egypt are ( cyl9drical %ape1 h5ce _!

 "n1 cyl9d]s1 or m correctly1           
cyl9d]-seals4 ,!y range 9 size f half an
 in* to ?ree & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & f 
a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*
 9 diamet]4 ,!y are pi]c$ longitud9ally 
) a hole1 ! diamet] ( :i* v>ies f a size
 j suffici5t to receive a small ?read ( 
l951 to an ap]ture 9 :i* an ord9>y siz$ 
f+] c be ?ru/4 ,! two ends are always q 
pla91 ! engrav+1 9 intaglio1 be+ conf9$ 
to ! convex surface1 :i*1 z a rule1 is  
p>allel to ! axis4 ,9 "s specim5s1      
h[ev]1 ! surface is holl[$ 9 su* a way t
 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] is great] at !    
ends ?an 9 ! middle1 b su* cyl9d]s are  
r>e1 & g5]ally %[ traces ( ne>ly eras$  
signs appe>+ ?r\gh ! engrav+2 !y mu/    
!re=e be consid]$ z hav+ _h _! orig9al  
inscription gr\nd d[n 9 ord] to be      
re-engrav$ ) o!r *>act]s2 !y are 9 fact 
cyl9d]s t h be5 re-us$4  ,sid5ote3 ,h[  
us$4  ,:5 ! cyl9d] seal 0 requir$ =     
seal+1 x 0 g5tly b firmly roll$ ov] !   
s(t clay or o!r sub/ance de/9$ to       
receive ! impression4 ,to make a good & 

cont9u\s seal+ ) an unm\nt$ cyl9d] is n1
 h[ev]1 an easy matt]1 & consequ5tly we 
f9d t ?is class ( seal 0 (t5 m\nt$ by   
ins]t+ a rod ( metal ?r\gh its ap]ture1 
! ends ( :i* rod project$ f ! cyl9d]1 s 
t x c\ld be easily held by ! =ef+] &    
?umb1 :ile ! rod1 s]v+ z an axle1 enabl$
 ! op]ator to keep ! seal 9 place1 & at 
! same "t to pres]ve an ev5 pressure    
:il/ roll+ x ov] ! clay4 ,?is metal rod 
0 sometimes f9i%$ (f at "o end into a   
k9d ( boss1 :ile ! o!r end 0 coil$ r\nd 
to =m a loop1 s t ! cyl9d] might be     
atta*$ to a necklace or /r+ 7fig4 #ag74 
,! cyl9d] seals ( k+s & nobles _h m     
elaborate m\nt+s1 & _! ends 7 (t5 encas$
 9 gold1 z 9 a specim5 f\nd by ,dr4     
,reisn] ne> ,girgeh1 & z 9 an example   
figur$ 9 a ,f\r? ,dyna/y tomb at ,m$m   
7fig4 #ah74 ,ano!r me?od ( m\nt+ is %[n 
9 a hi]oglyph 7fig4 #ai7 f a ,fif?      
,dyna/y ,tomb at ,sakk>a4 ,"h ! cyl9d]  
appe>s to be m\nt$ on a metal rod1 !    
project+ ends ( :i* 7 fix$ to ei!r side 
( a small frame1 ) a h&le 9 :i* ! cyl9d]

 seal c\ld revolve4 ,by hold+ ! h&le &  
dragg+ ! cyl9d] ov] ! clay to be        
impress$1 ! seal w\ld revolve z easily &
 ev5ly z a :eel on its axle1 &          
consequ5tly leave a good & firm         
impression beh9d4 ,! great] numb] (     
cyl9d]s1 h[ev]1 are f\nd )\t any trace (
 hav+ be5 m\nt$1 & z _m %[ signs ( we>  
on ! edges inside ! hole1 we may        
conclude t !y 7 g5]ally simply ?read$ on
 a cord1 :i*1 = security sake1 0 ei!r   
hung by ! own] r\nd 8 neck or wai/1 or  
ti$ to 8 girdle or g>m5t4 ,x is possible
 t sometimes ! cyl9d]s 7 kept 9 boxes4  
7,abydos1 ,,ii1 p4 #be1 #ab47 ,pr(4     
,petrie has discov]$ an ivory panel ( a 
box = ,k+ ,d5 engrav$ ) a gr\p (        
hi]oglyphics1 sugge/+ t ! box _h conta9$
 ! gold seal ( judgm5t ( ! k+4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,,m\nt$     
,,cyl9d] ,,seal4 7,9 ! ,l\vre47         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,cyl9d]       
,,seal4 7,figur$ 9 a tomb at ,m$m47     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,cyl9d]       
,,seal4 7,figur$ 9 a tomb at ,sakk>a4 ,f

 a draw+ by ,bor*>dt1 ,a4,z41 vol4 xxxv1
 p4 #ajf47   ,sid5ote3 ,its hi/ory4  ,! 
hi/ory ( cyl9d] seals 9 ,egypt cov]s !  
p]iod f prehi/oric times to ! end ( !   
,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y1 b !y 7 only 9 g5]al
 use d[n to ! end ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1  
:5 !y gave place to ! m conv5i5t 8sc>ab0
 =m ( seal4 ,!y may be mo/ conv5i5tly   
classifi$ accord+ to ! subjects f\nd    
engrav$ ^u !m1 b x is also an important 
matt] = ! /ud5t to c>efully note ! %ape 
& ! size ( _! p]=ation1 two po9ts :i*   
are (t5 ( consid]able importance :5 x is
 desir$ to accurately date a specim54   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,an ,,e>ly    
,,cyl9d] ,,seal4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ba4 ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,seal ,,be>+ ,,! ,,"n 
,,( ,,m] ,,ra4 7,9 ! collection ( ,mr4  
,pi]s47  ,sid5ote3 ,v>ieties ( %ape &   
p]=ation4  ,! e>lie/ examples t are at  
pres5t kn[n are ( a peculi>ly %ort ?ick 
type1 ) a n>r[ hole runn+ ?r\gh !m 7fig4
 #bj72 !y are almo/ id5tical 9 %ape ) ! 
,*aldean & e>ly ,babylonian cyl9d]      
seals1 & consequ5tly may be ?\ght to    

indicate a connection at a v remote     
p]iod betwe5 ! civilizations ( ,we/]n   
,asia & ,egypt--a connection :i* is /ill
 m app>5t :5 we come to consid] !       
subjects engrav$ on _m ( ! seals        
!mselves4#hb ,at a lat] p]iod appe>s    
ano!r v>iety1 :i* is long & ?ick 7see   
fig4 #ba71 b ) a mu* l>g] p]=ation ?an t
 ( ! cyl9d]s ( ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,^! two  
v>ieties h be5 f\nd toge!r 9 tombs ( !  
beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 b ! e>li]     
disappe>s soon aft] ! reign ( ,k+ ,zet  
7,fir/ ,dyna/y71 :ile ! lat] "o 0 9     
g5]al use d[n to ! end ( ! ,six?        
,dyna/y4  ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,k+dom
 we h ano!r type ( cyl9d] seal mak+ its 
appe>ance2 ?is resembles m a long       
cyl9drical bead 7fig4 #bb71 ) an ap]ture
 ( only suffici5t size to admit ( its   
be+ /rung on a ?9 cord or ?read4 ,!     
examples dat+ f ! "t ( ,am5emhat ,,iii &
 8 imm$iate successors are (t5 ( fairly 
l>ge size1 b ) n>r[ p]=ation1 :ile ^? ( 
! latt] "p ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y are     
always mu* small]1 & dw9dle d[n 9 %ape  

to m]e cyl9drical beads4  ,! few cyl9d] 
seals ( ! ,hyksos p]iod t are kn[n are (
 m$ium size 7fig4 #bc71 ) n>r[ p]=ation1
 & are some:at l ^? ( ! e>li] half ( !  
,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,! specim5s ( !        
,eighte5? & lat] ,dyna/ies v>y 9 size   
consid]ably1 b !y always h a n>r[       
p]=ation 7fig4 #bd74   ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,seal ,,(       
,,am5emhat ,,iii4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bc4 ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,seal ,,( ,,kh,,an4   
7,cairo47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a  
,,cyl9d] ,,seal ,,( ,,s5-,,mut4         
,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial4  ,al?\gh            
comp>atively few specim5s h be5 f\nd 9  
wood1 x is cle> f _m clay impressions#hc
 t cyl9d] seals 7 g5]ally made ( ?is    
mat]ial4 ,"o example ( wood 0 f\nd at   
,abydos#hd hav+ ! inscription writt5 ^u 
x 9 ink1 %[+ t ! design 0 sket*$ out on 
! cyl9d] by a scribe be=e x 0 cut by !  
engrav]4 ,next to wood1 ! commone/      
mat]ial 9 e>ly times 0 black /eatite2 b 
a few specim5s h be5 f\nd ( hmatite1    
gre5 jasp]1 & ivory4 ,copp] & bronze    

examples appe> dur+ ! ,fif? & ,six?     
,dyna/ies1 & glaz$ pott]y specim5s appe>
 a little lat]4 ,:ite or grey /eatite1  
coat$ ) blue or gre5 glaze1 0 ! fav\rite
 mat]ial ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y k+s &      
(ficials1 & ?is mat]ial 0 9 vogue till !
 ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !     
,eighte5? ,dyna/y c>nelian cyl9d] seals 
make _! appe>ance1 & ! late/ specim5    
kn[n is ( ?is h>d /one4  ,sid5ote3 ,!   
subjects engrav$ ^u ,egyptian cyl9d]    
seals4  ,! subjects engrav$ ^u ,egyptian
 cyl9d] seals may be gr\p$ into ?ree    
well def9$ divisions4 ,fir/ly1 !re is a 
small class ! engrav+ on :i* depicts    
figures ( m5 & animals1 sometimes v     
beautifully execut$4 ,secondly1 a mu*   
l>g] class1 repres5t$ by sev]al hundr$  
specim5s1 :i* be> true hi]oglyphic      
inscriptions4 ,?irdly1 a v small class )
 scroll patt]ns or o!r ornam5tal        
devices4  ,sid5ote3 ,i4 ,figures ( m5 & 
animals4  ,! specim5s ( ! fir/ class    
require to be /udi$ 9 "s detail1 = !y   
conta9 elem5ts :i* are ( great          

importance to ! comp>ative ar*aeologi/4 
,a typical example is giv5 9 fig4 #be1 &
 a second w be f\nd 9 ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4  
#a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ^! 
seals is ! d\ble-=equ>t]$ animal1 a     
feature :i* occurs aga9 on ! button-%ap$
 seals#he ( ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 !    
,six? & ! ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4 ,?is does n
 appe> to be an ,upp] ,egyptian motif1 b
 "o common to ! ,delta & to an e>ly     
civilization ( ,we/]n ,asia4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,impression   
,,f ,a ,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,9 ,,! ,,b]l9   
,,museum4   ,ano!r di/9ctive feature (  
^! e>ly cyl9d] seals is a curi\s        
b[-legg$ figure ( a man1 :i* is f\nd    
also on ! button-%ap$ seals#hf ( a lat] 
date4 8,! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! l[] limbs10 
writes ,mr4 ,evans1 :o 0 ! fir/ to draw 
att5tion to ?is class ( seal1#hg 8%[s t 
we h "h to deal ) ! same grotesque      
p]sonage :o s (t5 makes 8 appe>ance 9 a 
second>y position 9 ,babylonian         
cyl9d]s#hh0 ( an extremely ar*aic type1 
& ,mr4 ,evans is ( op9ion t ?is figure  

has be5 tak5 direct f ! e>ly cyl9d]s (  
,babylon4#hi ,i w\ld sugge/1 h[ev]1 t   
?is feature1 l t ( ! d\ble-head$        
animals1 is b ano!r in/ance ( ,delta &  
,we/]n ,asian influ5ce4 ,x is n1 inde$1 
improbable t 9 ! cyl9d]s ( ?is class we 
h relics ( a ,delta civilization :i* 0  
di/9ct f t ( ,middle & ,upp] ,egypt4 ,9 
po9t ( date ! specim5s ( ?is gr\p range 
f prehi/oric times to ab\t ! end ( !    
,old ,k+dom 7circa #bejj ,b4,c471 :5 !y 
appe> to h entirely di$ out4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,impression   
,,f ,a ,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,9 ,,! ,,b]l9   
,,museum4   ,sid5ote3 ,,ii4 ,hi]oglyphic
 inscriptions4  ,( ! second gr\p (      
,egyptian cyl9d] seals1 namely1 ^? be>+ 
hi]oglyphic inscriptions1 a l>ge numb]  
are figur$ 9 ! plates1 b a glance at !  
reproductions ( !m w %[ t !y are (      
sev]al diff]5t types1 & t !y may be m   
conv5i5tly /udi$ if !y are gr\p$ into   
subdivisions4 ,! examples ( an e>li]    
p]iod ?an ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y may be        
subdivid$ into two sep>ate classes4     

,sid5ote3 ,primitive cyl9d]-seals4      
,class ,i4  ,9 ! fir/ may be plac$ all  
^? be>+ any primitive hi]oglyphic signs 
:i* appe> to give p]sonal names writt5 9
 a horizontal l9e 7fig4 #bf74 ,a        
rem>kable feature ( ?is class is1 t on  
mo/ ( ! examples occurs a curi\s figure 
( a /ork ) head turn$ ov] its back4     
,sid5ote3 ,class ,,ii4  ,to ! second    
class belong all ^? seals :i* give      
p]sonal names1 ) a seat$ figure z       
det]m9ative1 & always writt5 9 a        
horizontal l9e 7see fig4 #bg74 ,?is     
seat$ figure is v unlike t :i* occurs 9 
lat] hi]oglyphic inscriptions2 x is     
always repres5t$ z we>+ a long wig (    
hair1 :i* falls beh9d ! head to "s      
di/ance bel[ ! %\ld]s1 & 9 front ( !    
figure is g5]ally %[n a table ^u :i* are
 figur$ loaves ( bread4 ,! /&>d-sign    
,nei? is (t5 f\nd on cyl9d]-seals ( ?is 
type1 & w\ld p]haps po9t to ! ,we/]n    
,delta z ! place ( _! orig93 ! /ork1 s  
common on specim5s on ,class ,i1 seems1 
h[ev] nev] to occur 9 !m4               

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a             
,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,9 ,,! ,,collection ,,(
 ,,capt4 ,,timm9s4   ,sid5ote3 ,class   
,,iii4  ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/orical p]iod 
appe>s ano!r class1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by 
rude hi]oglyphic inscriptions writt5 9  
v]tical columns1 :i* columns are g5]ally
 divid$ by l9es 7see fig4 #bh7 ,^! are !
 true prototypes ( ! ,egyptian          
cyl9d]-seals ( ! ,old & ,middle ,k+doms4
  ,sid5ote3 ,cyl9d]-seals ( ,dyna/ic    
times4  ,cyl9d]-seals ( ,dyna/ic times  
:i* be> hi]oglyphic inscriptions may be 
divid$ into gr\ps accord+ to ! mean+ (  
_! inscriptions4 ,?us we h 7,i7 a gr\p  
:i* be>s ! names & titles ( k+s & o!r   
royal p]sonages2 7,,ii7 a gr\p (        
(ficials :i* be> ! k+'s "n & ! title ( !
 (fice or (ficial1 b nev] ! p]sonal "n (
 ! latt]2 & 7,,iii7 a small gr\p (      
private seals :i* be> ! "n & titles ( ! 
=m]4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4         
,,impression ,,( ,a ,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,f 
,,mr4 ,,macgregor',s ,,collection4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,impression   

,,( ,a ,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,( ,,n>m]4 7,f  
,petrie's ,royal ,tombs1 ,,ii1 ,pl4     
,,xiii1 #ia47   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4
 ,,impression ,,( ,a ,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,(
 ,,k+ ,,z]4 7,f ,petrie's ,royal ,tombs1
 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xv1 #ajh47   ,sid5ote3    
,cyl9d]-seals be>+ ,royal names4  ,"o ( 
! e>lie/ ,royal seals t we "k ( is t (  
,n>m]1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,m5a2 x is        
reproduc$ 9 outl9e 9 fig4 #bi1 & gives  
m]ely ! ,horus-"n ( ! k+4 ,! ,royal seal
 ( ,z]1 ,m5a's successor1 gives besides 
! "n ( ! mon>*1 a figure ( him seat$ &  
we>+ ! two cr[ns1 typical ( ,upp] & ,l[]
 ,egypt 7see fig4 #cj74 ,at ! "t ( !    
,?ird ,dyna/y ! ,royal "n is fir/ put   
into an oval r+ or c>t\*e1 & a little   
lat] ! "n is g5]ally accompani$ by !    
/atem5t t ! k+ is 8belov$ ( ! gods10 or 
belov$ 8( ! goddess ,ha?or40 ,)         
,m5-kau-ra ! title ,sa ,ra1 8,son (     
,ra10 fir/ appe>s1#ij b x is n till !   
,twelf? ,dyna/y t we f9d ! full "n ( a  
k+ cut on a s+le seal4 ,at ! "t ( !     
,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,dyna/ies ! k+'s "n  

is g5]ally giv5 9 a c>t\*e ei!r )#ia or 
)\t#ib 8 (ficial titles1 & !n x is (t5  
accompani$ by ! /atem5t t he is 8belov$ 
( ,sebek0#ic ( "s specifi$ locality4 ,a 
few cyl9d]-seals ( ?is p]iod also be> ! 
names ( two or m k+s4#id ,! only        
specim5s ( ! ,hyksos p]iod t are kn[n up
 to ! pres5t are ^? ( ,khan2 "o ( ^! is 
9 ! ,museum at ,a!ns1#ie ano!r is 9 !   
possession ( ,signor ,lanzone1#if & a   
?ird is 9 ! ,cairo ,museum 7see fig4    
#bc74 ,two rem>kable cyl9d]s ( ab\t !   
same p]iod are figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,vii1 #b1 
& ,,viii1 #a2 :ile to ! latt] half ( !  
,hyksos p]iod mu/ be plac$ ! cyl9d]-seal
 ( ,k+ ,antef 7,nub-khep]-ra71 ( ! e>ly 
,sev5te5? ,dyna/y1 :i* is figur$ 9 ,pl4 
,,vii1 #ab4 ,! ,royal cyl9d]-seals ( !  
,eighte5? ,dyna/y g5]ally be> ! k+'s "n 
9 ! c>t\*e )\t o!r decorations1#ig b "s 
h also a figure ( ! k+1 or figures (    
gods & animals4#ih ,! l>ge specim5      
reproduc$ 9 outl9e on ,pl4 ,,viii1 #g1  
is ! seal ( ,sety ,i ( ! ,n9ete5?       
,dyna/y1 & is "o ! late/ specim5s (     

,royal cyl9d]-seal kn[n4   ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,impression ,,f ,a         
,,cyl9d]-,,seal ,,( ,,pep ,i4 7,9 ,mr4  
,pi]s' ,collection47   ,sid5ote3        
,(ficial cyl9d]-seals4  ,(ficial        
cyl9d]-seals are ( two k9ds4 ,!y ei!r   
be> 7a7 ! "n ( ! k+ toge!r ) ! title ( !
 (fice or (ficial1 b n ! p]sonal "n ( ! 
latt]2 or 7b7 simply ! title ( ! (ficial
 )\t ! "n ( ! k+4 ,! ,royal "n appe>s   
once or ?rice on ! seals ( ! fir/ gr\p1 
&1 if repeat$1 ! re/ ( ! inscription is 
plac$ betwe5 ! names2 ! titles & "n ( ! 
k+ are almo/ always writt5 9 a direction
 contr>y to t ( ! o!r words1 app>5tly z 
a m>k ( respect 7see fig4 #ca74 ,^!     
(ficial cyl9d]-seals range 9 date f !   
,fir/ ,dyna/y to ! "t ( ,pep ,,ii ( !   
,six? ,dyna/y1 :5 !y became sup]s$$ by !
 seals ( ! /amp =m4  ,sid5ote3 ,private 
cyl9d]-seals4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4
   ,cyl9d]-seals be>+ ! "n & titles (   
(ficials are also kn[n 7see fig4 #cb74  
,^! appe> to h be5 us$ z ! private seals
 ( ! p]sons ^: names are engrav$ ^u !m4 

,!y date f ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y into !     
,tw5ty-,six? b are v r>e4  ,sid5ote3    
,,iii4 ,scroll patt]ns1 etc4  ,a v small
 class ( cyl9d]-seal be>s scroll patt]ns
 or geometrical devices4#ii ,^! appe> = 
! fir/ "t dur+ ! int]m$iate p]iod betwe5
 ! end ( ! ,six? & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,twelf? 
,dyna/y1 :5 !y are g5]ally made ( glaz$ 
pott]y1 & are v co>sely execut$4 ,!     
specim5s ( a lat] "t 7probably ,sev5te5?
 or e>ly ,eighte5? ,dyna/y7 are ( glaz$ 
/eatite1 & beautifully cut4             
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cc & #cd4         
#b4 ,,button-,,%ap$ ,,& ,,hemi-,,cyl9d] 
,,seals4  ,sid5ote3 ,button-%ap$ seals4 
,a small1 b v di/9ctive class ( seal1   
cut 9 ! %ape ( a button1 ) flat circul> 
disc & loop at ! back 7see fig4 #cc71   
has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & closely
 ak9 to ?is class is ano!r1 b mu* small]
 "o1 ! examples ( :i* are cut 9 ! =m ( a
 hemi-cyl9d] 7sometimes ) project+      
base71 & pi]c$ ?r\gh _! l5g? by a hole (
 ,sid5ote3 ,hemi-cyl9d]s4 suffici5t size
 to admit ( a f9e piece ( /r+ be+ ins]t$

 7see fig4 #cd74 ,"s ( ! button-%ap$    
seals h ornam5t$ backs3 in/ead ( ! loop 
be+ pla9 z 9 fig4 #ci1 x is cut 9 su* a 
way z to repres5t two hawks' heads1 or !
 =e-p>ts ( two lions back to back4      
,occasionally we also f9d specim5s 9 !  
%ape ( a hippopotamus' head 7fig4 #dj74 
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ce & #cf4         
,sid5ote3 ,h[ us$ & m\nt$4  ,! specim5s 
( ^! two classes 7 us$ z /amps1 & !y are
 g5]ally f\nd ei!r atta*$ to a f+] by a 
flax5 ?read1 or ?read$ to a /r+ ( beads1
 9 :i* case !y 7 worn ar\nd ! neck z    
p5dants4#ajj ,occasionally !y h be5 f\nd
 )\t any atta*m5t1 b simply held by !   
own] 9 8 or h] left h&4  ,sid5ote3 ,_!  
hi/ory4  ,^! two classes ( seal 7 9 use 
9 ,egypt = a limit$ p]iod only4 ,!y     
appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 graves belong+ to ! 
end ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y1#aja & dur+ !     
p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 t "t & ! beg9n+ ( !
 ,middle ,k+dom !y 7 ! commone/ =m (    
seal 9 use4#ajb ,be=e ! end ( ! ,elev5? 
,dyna/y !y seem to h entirely disappe>$4
   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4             

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4   ,sid5ote3 ,! 
subjects engrav$ on 7#a7 button-%ap$    
seals4  ,! patt]ns#ajc t we f9d engrav$ 
^u button-%ap$ seals are di/9ctive1 & !y
 are c]ta9ly n ,upp] ,egyptian 9 _!     
orig94 ,hi]oglyphs v r>ely occur 7cf4   
fig4 #da71 & :5 !y d1 !y are cle>ly     
imitations ( ,egyptian *>act]s made     
app>5tly by =eign]s4 ,! motives = "s ( !
 designs are cle>2 ?us a common type is 
t :i* has already be5 notic$ z occurr+  
on a class ( e>ly cyl9d]-seal--! l9k$   
=equ>t]s ( gazelles & o!r animals       
symmetrically arrang$ 7cf4 figs4 #ci1   
#dj72 sometimes also we f9d a curi\s    
runn+ figure ( a man 7fig4 #db1 & cf4   
fig4 #ce71 & occasionally a tortoise1 a 
liz>d 7cf4 fig4 #dc71 or a spid] 7cf4   
fig4 #dd74 ,conv5tional & geometrical   
patt]ns are also f\nd1 ! me&]#ajd & !   
radiat$ disc be+ p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t4  
,see also figs4 #de-f4   ,illu/ration3  
,figs4 #da1 #db & #dc4   ,sid5ote3 7#b7 
,hemi-cyl9d]s4  ,! patt]ns occurr+ on ! 
hemi-cyl9d] seals are ne>ly all         

geometrical1 z %[n 9 figs4 #dg-eg1 b !  
human figure is sometimes repres5t$1 z 9
 fig4 #cd4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #dd1  
#de & #df4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #dg1  
#dh & #di4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ej & 
#ea4   ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical importance (
 button-%ap$ seals4  ,! button-%ap$     
seals are ( consid]able int]e/ to !     
/ud5t ( comp>ative ar*aeology1 & !y are 
c]ta9ly n ,upp] ,egyptian 9 _! orig94 ,!
 e>li] =ms h1 moreov]1 no aff9ity to !  
,myc5aean s]ies ( designs1 &1 z ,mr4    
,petrie#aje has rem>k$1 ! spirals1      
butt]fly1 cuttlefi% & o!r *>act]i/ic    
types are abs5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h     
sev]al l9ks :i* connect !m to ! ,greek  
,isl& & ,cretan class ( seals1 & also to
 "s f\nd 9 ,italy1 f :i* we may p]haps  
inf] t !y are ( common orig94#ajf ,an   
almo/ exact reproduction ( "s ( ^!      
/eatite buttons 9 clay actually occurs 9
 ! ,italian t]ram>e1 & 9 ! ,ligurian    
cave deposits ( neoli?ic & neoli?ic     
p]iods4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,evans writes1 8,! clay
 /amp f ! t]ram>e ( ,montale 9 !        

,mod5ese1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eb1 ! top ( 
:i* is n[ brok51 0 probably once p]=at$1
 is n only analog\s 9 =m b be>s a simple
 geometrical design almo/ id5tical ) t  
on an e>ly /eatite button-seal f        
,knossos40#ajg   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#eb4   ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial4  ,specim5s ( 
button-seals h be5 f\nd 9 gold1 ame?y/1 
c>nelian1 lapis lazuli1 black /eatite1  
/eatite glaz$ blue or gre51 ivory1 bone1
 & blue or gre5 glaz$ pott]y4 ,!        
hemi-cyl9d]s are only z yet kn[n 9      
/eatite glaz$ blue or gre54             
#c4 ,,sc>ab-,,%ap$ ,,seals4  ,sid5ote3  
,sc>ab-%ap$ seals4  ,by f> ! commone/ =m
 ( ,egyptian seal 0 t cut 9 ! %ape ( !  
sc>abaeus beetle1 h5ce its "n1 8,sc>ab0 
or 8,sc>abaeus10 f ! ,greek "n ( !      
insect1 ,greek3 sk>abos or ,greek3      
sk>abeios 7,lat9 sc>abaeus74#ajh ,!     
beetle is repres5t$ /&+ on an elliptical
 base1 on :i* is engrav$ 9 intaglio a   
hi]oglyphic inscription or ornam5tal    
patt]n4 ,! seals ( ?is class range 9    
size f a fif? ( an in* 9 l5g? to f\r or 

ev5 five in*es1 b ! commone/ size is    
ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 by           
half-an-in* broad & a qu>t] ( an in*    
high4 ,!y are ne>ly always pi]c$        
longitud9ally ) a hole1 ! size ( :i* is 
usually j suffici5t to receive a ?read  
or ?9 wire4  ,sid5ote3 ,h[ us$4  ,:5 !  
sc>ab-seal 0 us$ = seal+1 x 0 simply    
press$ ^u ! clay de/9$ to receive !     
impression1 j z a signet is us$ at !    
pres5t day4 ,a l>ge numb] ( clay-seal+s 
f sc>abs h be5 f\nd 9 diff]5t localities
 9 ,egypt1 & be> witness to ! mann] 9   
:i* ?is class ( seal 0 us$4  ,sid5ote3  
,h[ m\nt$4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4   
,! great] numb] ( sc>abs 7 probably     
simply /rung on a ?read ( /r+1 by :i* !y
 7 secur$ to ! g>m5t or girdle ( ! p]son
 to :om !y belong$4 ,sometimes !y 7 worn
 on ! f+]1 atta*$ by a piece ( /r+ 7fig4
 #ec71 or !y 7 simply m\nt$ z swivels to
 metal r+s1 9 :i* !y revolv$ 7fig4 #ed71
 or !y 7 enclos$ 9 a metal frame or     
funda 9 ord] to protect _! edges f      
injury1 & !n m\nt$ z swivels to metal   

r+s 7fig4 #ee74 ,su* m\nt+s (t5 give u a
 clue to ! date ( ^! objects1 & w be    
f\nd describ$ 9 detail 9 ! section on   
signet-r+s4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4  
#a3a4   ,fig4 #ee4 #b3a4   ,sid5ote3    
,curr5t ideas reg>d+ sc>abs4  ,! beetle 
^u :i* ^! little seals are modell$1 & f 
:i* !y take _! "n1 is ! ,sc>abaeus sac] 
( entomologi/s1 an insect :i* is        
rem>kable n only = ! /ructure &         
situation ( its h9d legs1 :i* give x a  
s+ul> appe>ance :5 walk+1 b also = its  
habit ( roll+ up balls ( excrem5titi\s  
matt] 9 :i* ! female encloses h] eggs4  
,! balls ( dung ! insect rolls ab\t ! s&
 until !y become coat$ ) a ?ick lay] (  
du/1 & gr[ to a size (t5 z l>ge z !     
insect itself4 ,! ,egyptians1 :o 7      
always ke5 obs]v]s ( nature1 e>ly notic$
 ?is rem>kable habit1 & select$ !       
sc>abaeus z ! symbol ( _! god ,khep]a1  
8he :o turns0 or 8rolls20 = ! conception
 0 t ,khep]a caus$ ! sun to move across 
! sky1 z ! beetle causes its ball to    
roll along ! s&4 ,!re 0 also ano!r      

reason = ! ,egyptian l9k+ ! insect & !  
god toge!r3 z ! "y beetle came =? f !   
ball ( clay x 0 believ$ t a female      
beetle did n exi/1 t x 0 consequ5tly !  
8only-begott510 because x 0 a 8creature 
self-produc$ & n conceiv$ by a female40 
,h5ce we f9d t = ?is reason x is said to
 h be5 tak5 z ! emblem ( ,khep]a1 !     
8,fa!r ( ! ,gods10 :o creat$ all ?+s out
 ( clay4 ,consequ5tly we f9d t sev]al   
ar*aeologi/s atta* a sacr$ mean+ to !   
myriads ( sc>abs t h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt2 
!y reg>d !m simply z emblems ( ! god    
,khep]a4  ,x is1 h[ev]1 z a 8*>m0 or    
8amulet0 hav+ magical qualities t !     
sc>ab is usually spok5 ( at ! pres5t    
day1 & t a few ( !m _h a magical        
signification is prov$ beyond a d\bt by 
! inscriptions t are f\nd engrav$ ^u "s 
( !m4 ,!re is also a m5tion ( a sc>ab   
be+ employ$ = ! purposes ( magic 9 a    
magical receipt book#aji ( ! p]iod      
int]v5+ betwe5 ! end ( ! ,twelf? & !    
beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y2 b x mu/ "h
 be rem>k$ t 9 ?is case ! sc>ab is call$

 a khetem or 8seal10 :i* cle>ly %[s t ! 
,egyptians reg>d$ ^! objects prim>ily z 
seals1 to :atev] o!r uses !y may h put  
!m4  ,f ! fact t sc>abs be>+ royal names
 are (t5 f\nd ) mummies 9 ! tombs1 x has
 be5 conjectur$ t !y 7 laid ) ! dead 8to
 place !m "u ! protection ( _! =m] "l 9 
! next _w1 & to ensure t !y %\ld foll[  
him & %>e 9 all ! immunities &          
privileges t s great a div9e be+ w\ld   
enjoy ) ! gods40  ,ano!r !ory reg>d+    
,egyptian sc>abs is t !y 7 employ$ z    
tok5s ( value1 b1 z we h already        
rem>k$1#aaj ! idea t !y 7 us$ = !       
purposes ( b>t] or ex*ange is n support$
 by ! inscriptions1 or by any ( ! sc5es 
depict$ on ! walls ( ! anci5t tombs or  
temples4 ,! /atem5t ( ,plato t engrav$  
/ones 7 us$ 9 ,e?iopia z money ref]s to 
,e?iopia alone & n to ,egypt1 = !re 0   
c]ta9ly no co9$ money 9 ! ,nile ,valley 
until ! p]iod ( ! ,ptolemies4  ,o!r     
ar*aeologi/s !re are :o hold t ^!       
objects 7 made & us$ = ! purpose (      
p]sonal decoration2 b al?\gh !re is e   

reason to believe t !y 7 (t51 p]haps    
g5]ally1 worn on ! p]son1 x by no means 
foll[s t ?is 0 _! only or ev5 _!        
pr9cipal use4 ,at ! pres5t day we (t5   
c>ry our seals on our wat* *a9s1 or we  
we> our signets z r+s on our f+]s1 b we 
_c rightly say t ^! articles 7 made     
solely = ! adornm5t ( ! p]son4  ,^! are 
! pr9cipal !ories reg>d+ ! use &        
signification ( ! ,egyptian sc>ab :i* h 
be5 set =? 9 works hi!rto publi%$ on !  
subject1 b ar*aeologi/s are beg9n+ to   
ab&on ^! views 9 fav\r ( ano!r & a      
simpl] "o1 t has n z yet be5 discuss$ at
 l5g?1 b t recognizes 9 ^! little       
objects no?+ m ?an a simple seal or     
signet4#aaa ,?is use is borne witness to
 by ! great numb] ( actual impressions (
 !m on bits ( clay t h s]v$ z seals to  
lett]s & o!r docum5ts1 z well z to      
boxes1 vases1 & bags t h be5 f\nd 9 !   
ru9s ( anci5t t[ns2 & ^! impressions    
include e v>iety ( sc>ab--royal1        
(ficial1 & private1 z well z ^? be>+    
figures ( animals & ornam5tal patt]ns4  

,! l>ge numb] ( sc>abs :i* be> ! names (
 (ficials & private p]sons also po9ts to
 ! same conclusion1 = x is impossible to
 reg>d ! examples ( ?is ext5sive gr\p 9 
any o!r light ?an z ! 8direct =]unn]s ( 
! private seals :i* are s univ]sal 9 !  
,ea/ at ! pres5t day40 ,a l>ge numb] (  
sc>abs h also be5 dug up by excavators  
:i* are m\nt$ 9 metal b&s 7fundae71 %[+ 
t !y _h s]v$ z bezels to r+s1 & _m e>ly 
r+s ) sc>ab bezels may be se5 9 our     
museums2 ^! c h>dly be reg>d$ 9 any o!r 
light ?an z signet-r+s4  ,x has be5 urg$
 aga9/ ?is int]pretation t ! manufacture
 ( sc>abs 9 su* pr(usion z we f9d !m1   
precludes ! idea t !y 7 signets & no?+  
m1 b x seems to h be5 =gott5 t _m       
millions ( p mu/ h liv$ dur+ ! sev]al   
?\s& ye>s ( anci5t ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! 
fact also t s _m be> ! royal            
sup]scription ( "o & ! same k+ has      
likewise be5 br\ght =w>d z a s]i\s      
objection to ! !ory t royal sc>abs 7 us$
 z seals2 b "h aga9 ! two k+s ^: names  
are mo/ (t5 f\nd on ^! objects are !    

two--,?o?mes ,,iii & ,rameses ,,ii--^:  
reigns 7 ! longe/ ( all ! ,egyptian     
mon>*s1 & !y mu/ h employ$ a great numb]
 ( (ficials entitl$ to use ! royal seals
 dur+ _! long adm9i/rations4 ,x is 9 !  
light ( seals1 !re=e1 t sc>abs are      
consid]$ 9 ! pres5t volume4  ,sid5ote3  
,_! hi/ory4  ,x is difficult to fix !   
precise p]iod at :i* ! sc>ab =m ( seal  
fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory4 ,x is a notewor?y 
fact1 h[ev]1 t n a s+le specim5 has yet 
be5 au!nticat$ f a grave ( a date       
ant]ior to ! ,six? ,dyna/y4 ,! rem>kable
 tombs discov]$ by ,petrie1 de ,morgan &
 o!rs1 at ,abydos1 ,nagada1 & ,bt       
,khalf1 ?\gh !y conta9$ n a s+le sc>ab  
or impression ( "o1 produc$ a l>ge s]ies
 ( clay seal+s us$ = w9e j>s1 etc41     
exhibit+ impressions ( cyl9d] seals4 ,x 
is rem>kable also t 9 ! ext5sive cemet]y
 ( ,d5d]a1 :]e !re 7 _m rema9s ( ! ,six?
 to ,elev5? ,dyna/ies1 n a s+le sc>ab 0 
f\nd :i* c\ld be attribut$ to an e>li]  
p]iod ?an ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 & a simil> 
result 0 obta9$ f ! cemet]y at ,hu ( !  

same p]iod4 ,9 ,mr4 ,g>/ang's           
excavations at ,b5i ,hasan1 out ( eight 
hundr$ tombs ( ! p]iod t 7 op5$ &       
exam9$1 n "o inscrib$ sc>ab 0 f\nd ( !  
,elev5? & e>ly ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4 ,^!   
facts w\ld lead "o to suppose t at lea/ 
sc>abs 7 n 9 g5]al use 9 ,egypt until ! 
middle ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4   ,a few       
sc>abs1 h[ev]1 be> ! names ( k+s ( !    
,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six? ,dyna/ies1 b f !  
=ms ( ! backs1 ! glaze & g5]al te*nique1
 !y all appe> to me to be ( a mu* lat]  
p]iod ?an t ( ! mon>*s ^: names !y be>4 
,! names ant]ior to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y t 
occur ^u su* sc>abs are ,m5a1 ,khufu1   
,kha-ef-ra1 ,m5-kau-ra1 ,unas1 ,m]-ra   
7,pep ,i7 & ,m]-en-ra4 ,! ,m5a sc>abs   
are admitt$ by ,pr(4 ,petrie & o!r      
,egyptian ar*aeologi/s to be ( a mu*    
lat] date ?an ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,t sc>abs (
 ,khufu1 ,kha-ef-ra & ,m5-kau-ra 7 made 
dur+ ! ,eighte5? & lat] dyna/ies !re c  
be no "q4 ,9 ! ,cairo ,museum are f\r   
sc>abs1 all f\nd toge!r by ,m>iette at  

,sakk>a1 :i* are ( exactly ! same       
modell+1 mat]ial & glaze3 "o be>s ! "n (
 ,khufu1 ano!r t ( ,nef]-ka-ra1 ! ?ird t
 ( ,nef]-ra1 :ile ! f\r? is ( ,am5>des (
 ! ,tw5ty-,f\r? ,dyna/y4 ,9 a private   
collection 9 ,cairo is a sc>ab be>+ ! "n
 ( ,kha-ef-ra 9 gre5 glaz$ /eatite1 )   
cutt+1 =m ( back1 & glaze exactly simil>
 to t ( a well-kn[n type ( ,?o?mes      
,,iii4 ,all ! ,m5-kau-ra sc>abs are also
 und\bt$ly n e>li] ?an ! p]iod ( !      
,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,! ,unas sc>abs be> a
 great resemblance to a c]ta9 class ( ! 
,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies3 !y are   
g5]ally co>sely cut1 & ! glaze has turn$
 a dull br[n4 ,! only sc>ab ( ,m]-ra    
kn[n is ( ! same /yle z ! sc>abs ( !    
,?irte5? ,dyna/y1 & ,m]-ra 0 a fairly   
common p]sonal "n at t p]iod4 ,ab\t !   
,m]-en-ra example ,i am incl9$ to       
believe t x is p]haps contempor>y ) ! k+
 ^: "n x be>s1 = x is ( glaz$ pott]y1 & 
closely resembles 9 /yle & te*nique a v 
small & di/9ctive class ( sc>ab-seal :i*
 has be5 rec5tly f\nd 9 association )   

button-%ap$ seals 9 graves ( !          
int]m$iate p]iod betwe5 ! end ( ! ,old  
,k+dom & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,twelf?           
,dyna/y4#aab ,t sc>abs sometimes be> !  
names ( two or m k+s1 is also ano!r pro(
 t we _c always treat ( !m z contempor>y
 ) ! k+s ^: names !y be>4 ,?us sc>abs   
are kn[n ( ,?o?mes ,i1 ,,iii1 & ,set ,i1
 ( ,?o?mes ,,iii & ,us]ts5 ,,iii1 (     
,m5-kau-ra & ,?o?mes ,,iii4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,sc>ab ,,be>+ 
,,! ,,names ,,?o?mes ,,iii ,,&          
,,am5hetep ,,ii4 #b3a   ,x seems cle>1  
!re=e1 t sc>abs 7 n employ$ 9 ,egypt    
be=e ! end ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 & !n only 
v r>ely4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,twelf?       
,dyna/y _! use 0 /ill v re/rict$1 b at !
 middle ( t dyna/y !y came into g5]al   
use v quickly1 & by ! "t ( ,am5emhat    
,,iii !y seem to h be5 widespread 9     
,egypt4 ,f t "t onw>ds to ! end ( !     
,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y ! hi/ory ( ,egyptian
 sc>ab-seals c be trac$ 9 an unbrok5    
l9e2 aft] ! latt] p]iod !y became v     
sc>ce1 & f9ally disappe> e>ly 9 ,roman  

times4  ,sid5ote3 ,geographical range ( 
,egyptian sc>ab-seals4  ,_m ,egyptian   
sc>ab-seals h be5 f\nd 9 regions o!r ?an
 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,9 ,syria !y h be5    
turn$ up 9 pl5ty4 ,9 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 !
 ,aegean ,isl&s & ! ,greek ma9l&1 num]\s
 examples h be5 f\nd4 ,!y h also be5    
discov]$ at ,crete1 9 ,italy & ,s>d9ia1 
on ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa1 & 9           
,babylonia1--9 all places 9 fact t _h   
trade relations ) ! ,egyptians4         
,sid5ote3 ,v>ieties ( ,%ape4  ,! p]iod  
to :i* a sc>ab belongs may (t5 be       
det]m9$ f its %ape & ! m>k+s on ! back (
 ! beetle2 h5ce x is important to       
c>efully note ! v>ieties ( =m :i* occur4
 ,9 fig4 #eh w be se5 a specim5 ( a     
sc>ab-beetle 7! real ,sc>abaeus         
sac]#aac7 ) ! nom5clature ( its v>i\s   
p>ts describ$3 ^! names w be us$ 9 lat] 
ref]5ces4  ,sid5ote3 ,pre-,middle       
,k+dom4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4   ,! 
e>lie/ examples kn[n are ( pott]y1      
glaz$1 small 9 size & some:at r\gh 9    
modell+4 ,! l9es are co>se1 b di/+ui% ! 

head1 pro?orax & body1 ) elytra m>k$4 ,!
 specim5s figur$1 ,no4 #ei1 are f ,el   
,mahasna1 & are n[ 9 ! museum at ,cairo4
 ,probably !y may be dat$1 ! discov]]   
tells me1 to ! rise ( ! ,middle ,k+dom1 
j be=e ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y4 ,! example    
be>+ ! "n ( ,m]-en-ra 7fig4 #ef7 is (   
?is class4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4   
,sid5ote3 ,! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4  ,?ree    
v>ieties ( =m are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,twelf?
 ,dyna/y4 ,! e>lie/1 dat$ approximately 
to ! reigns ( ,us]ts5 ,i & ,us]ts5 ,,ii1
 %[ ! beetle c>efully modell$1 ) clypeus
 7fig4 #fj71 pro?orax & elytra1 z well z
 ! legs1 well def9$4 ,j lat]1 ab\t ! "t 
( ,am5emhat ,,iii1 a m decorative &     
conv5tional /yle appe>s1 9 :i*1 :ile !  
l9es are treat$ ) m fre$om1 & small     
embelli%m5ts are introduc$ = ornam5tal  
purposes z 9 fig4 #fa1 ! =m & details ( 
! beetle are nev]!less well pres]v$4 ,a 
common =m ( ?is date is %[n 9 fig4 #fb3 
x is noticeable t ! elytra are n outl9$1
 b ! m>k+ ( ! head1 eyes1 & legs appe>s 
z 9 ! previ\s examples4 ,?is type1 )    

slight v>iations1 p]sev]es1 be+         
traceable ?r\gh ! ,hyksos p]iod1 &      
reflect$ 9 specim5s ( ! e>ly ,eighte5?  
,dyna/y4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj &    
#fa4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb & #fc4   
,! clos+ ye>s ( ! royal l9e ( ! ,middle 
,k+dom1 commonly call$ ! ,twelf? &      
,?irte5? ,dyna/ies1 are m>k$ by a       
special v>iety ( beetle1 :i* has a high 
back 7p>ticul>ly at ! pro?orax1 :]e !   
sc>ab is ?icke/7 & a n>r[ wai/1 produc$ 
by an ind5t on ei!r side at ! po9t :]e !
 pro?orax & elytra adjo94 ,! head %[s   
clypeus & eyes3 ! legs are usually %[n 9
 outl9e only1 :ile ! elytra are n m>k$4 
,!re is a second type1 *>act]i/ic also (
 ^! times1 :i* is 9 reality a developm5t
 f e>li] =ms1 z may be se5 by comp>+ !  
example 9 fig4 #fd ) t previ\sly        
illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #fj4 ,! t5d5cy to      
decorative effect se5 9 ?is case is     
fur!r exemplifi$ by a numb] ( sc>abs :i*
 seem to foll[ ! prototype ( fig4 #fa1  
?\gh fail+ to pres]ve ! quality ( ! l9es
 & cutt+4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #fd &  

#fe4   ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hyksos ,p]iod4  ,z 
previ\sly m5tion$1 ! type ( back 9 :i*  
no elytra are %[n rema9s ! common v>iety
 ?r\gh ! ,hyksos p]iod4 ,a %ort not* on 
ea* side indicates ! po9t ( division ( !
 pro?orax f ! body1 & 9 ! example %[n 9 
fig4 #fe ! legs are sugge/$ only4 ,!    
head & clypeus are pla92 ! eye is       
sometimes repres5t$4 ,a decorative      
effect is produc$ 9 "s in/ances1 z 9    
fig4 #ff1 by repres5t+ hairy legs ^u !  
back ( ! beetle4 ,a unique example = !  
p]iod is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #fg1 :]e !    
back is scor$ ) l9es diagonally 9 ea*   
direction4 ,ano!r typical =m is %[n 9   
fig4 #fh1 9 :i* ! ?read+ holes are      
support$ by a r+ c>v$ ) ! sc>ab1 :ile ! 
beetle itself is develop$ app>5tly f !  
type 9 fig4 #fc4 ,9 su* sc>abs ! hairy  
legs ^u ! back occasionally may be not$4
 ,ano!r ,hyksos type *>act]i/ically     
repres5ts ! human head 7fig4 #fi1 &     
comp>e ! sc>ab ( ,k+ ,apep figur$ 9     
,plate ,i7 ^u ! body ( ! sc>ab ) or )\t 
! legs ov] ! back4   ,illu/ration3      

,figs4 #ff & #fg4   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4
 #fh & #fi4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj & 
#ga4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb & #gc4   
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gd & #ge4         
,sid5ote3 ,! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4  ,) !   
close ( ! ,hyksos p]iod !re is no       
discont9uity 9 ! =ms ( sc>ab-backs      
commonly repres5t$1 b !re is a m>k$     
incom+ ( new motives4 ,fig4 #gj well %[s
 ! survival 9 ! e>ly ,eighte5? ,dyna/y (
 ! pla9-bodi$ sc>ab :i* we h se5 surviv+
 ?r\gh\t ! e>li] p]iods4 ,m>ks hi!rto   
naturali/ic are se5 to be becom+        
conv5tional or decorative1 b ! =m bo? 9 
outl9e & 9 section is well pres]v$4 ,9  
fig4 #ga1 h[ev]1 !re is se5 a new type1 
*>act]is$ by ! oval base1 ! curv+ ( !   
l9es sep>at+ ! pro?orax f ! body1 & a   
sup]iority ( te*nique evid5c$ bo? by    
symmetry & firm cutt+4 ,fig4 #gb        
illu/rates a developm5t ( ?is t5d5cy 9 a
 highly-f9i%$ & decorative specim51 9   
:i* ornam5tal feel+ n[ pr$om9ates = !   
fir/ "t ov] ! naturali/ic4 ,! support ( 
! ?read-hole survives 9 ?is in/ance 9 ! 

decoration1 :ile ! legs ov]spread ^u a  
broad] m>g9 to ! base4 ,! date ( ?is    
example is ,am5hetep ,i4 ,b ! typical =m
 ( ! middle ,eighte5? ,dyna/y is        
illu/rat$ by ! example %[n 9 fig4 #gc1  
:i* is dat$ by ! "n ( ,hat%epsut4 ,!    
head & back are well %ap$ 9 ! section1  
:ile ! clypeus & head are cle>ly &      
exquisitely cut4 ,! pro?orax is r\nd$ at
 ! base1 :ile 9 ! =ep>t ( ! elytra a    
small not* is indicat$ 9 ! w+ case on   
ea* side4 ,! legs are sometimes well    
modell$1 at o!r times indicat$ only 9   
outl9e4 ,a v>iation is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 
#gd1 :i* dates f ! "t ( ,am5hetep ,,iii4
   ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gf & #gg4      
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gh & #gi4         
,sid5ote3 ,! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4  ,) !    
adv5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y ! t5d5cy to  
enl>ge ! base1 & ! spread+ legs ^u x &  
ar\nd ! sc>ab1 becomes typical ( !      
p]iod1 z illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #ge1 #gf4    
,ano!r num]\s class is ( pott]y1 glaz$ z
 be=e1 9 :i* ! head is elongat$ :ile !  
pro?orax & elytra are n outl9$4 ,a      

d[nw>d not* on ei!r side ( ! =ep>t ( !  
w+ cases1 h[ev]1 indicates ! sep>ation (
 ! pro?orax f ! body4 ,! legs /& high1 b
 project only a little 7fig4 #gg74 ,dur+
 ! reign ( ,rameses ! ,great an int]e/+ 
decorative motive is introduc$ 9 a few  
examples1 ( :i* figs4 #gh1 #gi are      
specim5s ( int]e/4 ,! =m]1 9 ! ,amh]/   
,collection1 is ( ivory1 f9ely cut4 ,^u 
! base is ! device ( ,rameses 9 8 *>iot1
 :ile ^u ! back is ! outl9e ( ! beetle1 
fill$ 9 ) 8 c>t\*e & emblems4 ,dur+ !   
same p]iod ! human head ^u ! sc>ab body 
makes its reappe>ance z a device =      
decoration4  ,sid5ote3 ,! ,e?iopian     
dom9ion4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4   ,)
 ! ,e?iopian dom9ion a ram's head 7!    
emblem ( ,am5-ra7 frequ5tly is f\nd ^u !
 beetle body 7fig4 #hj72 :ile sometimes1
 z %[n 9 fig4 #ha1 ! body ( ! sc>ab is  
replac$ by ! famili> ,ha?or head ) uraei
 on ei!r side4  ,sid5ote3 ,! subjects   
engrav$ on sc>ab-seals4  ,! subjects    
engrav$ on ,egyptian sc>ab-seals may be 
divid$ into sev]al well-def9$ gr\ps4    

,fir/ly1 !re are ^? :i* be> hi]oglyphic 
inscriptions4 ,secondly1 !re are ^? :i* 
be> figures ( m51 animals1 or fl[]s2 &  
?irdly1 ^? :i* be> geometrical designs1 
coil & rope patt]ns1 etc4  ,sid5ote3 ,i4
 ,hi]oglyphic inscriptions4  ,= !       
purposes ( /udy ! fir/ gr\p may be      
subdivid$ into3 7#a7 ^? :i* are inscrib$
 ) ! names ( k+s & o!r royal p]sonages2 
7#b7 ^? :i* be> ! names ( (ficials &    
private p2 7#c7 ^? :i* h titles )\t     
names2 7#d7 ^? :i* repres5t ! names or  
figures ( deities1 & 7#e7 ^? :i* be>    
good wi%es1 mottoes1 & magic =mulae4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4   ,sid5ote3    
7#a7 ,royal names4  ,! l>ge/ class ( ^! 
objects be> ! names & titles ( !        
,egyptian k+s2 !y are consequ5tly mo/   
valuable = ! illu/rations !y af=d (     
,egyptian hi/ory3 "s ( ^! names be+     
sc>cely1 if at all1 kn[n except f ^!    
s\rces4 ,! in=mation !y convey is1 (    
c\rse1 usually v laconic1 b sometimes ! 
names are c\pl$ ) "s facts connect$ )   
!m1 su* z t ! k+ is ! son ( a c]ta9     

pr9ce 7,pl4 ,x1 #b71 or t he is born ( a
 que5 7,pl4 ,x1 #c71 or t he is belov$ (
 "s god 7,pl4 ,,xxx1 #bb71 or t he has  
conqu]$ ! =eign]s 7,pl4 ,,xxviii1 #aj74 
,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,private names4          
,sc>ab-seals be>+ seals ( (ficials &    
private p]sons =m ! second l>ge/ class4 
,!y usually give "o or m titles ( !     
(ficial1 toge!r ) ! p]sonal "n4 ,!      
e>lie/ example kn[n is "o 9 ! ,amh]/    
,collection1 be>+ ! "n ( ! 8,mayor      
,tahutihetep10 f a tomb at ,el ,b]%eh1 &
 ! date ( x is ,us]ts5 ,,ii 7,pl4 ,,xi1 
#ae74 ,!y 7 common dur+ ! late ,twelf?  
,dyna/y & e>ly int]m$iate p]iod2 !y     
occur fairly (t5 dur+ ! fir/ half ( !   
,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 b are r>ely f\nd aft]
 t date4 ,frequ5tly ^! private sc>abs   
are decorat$ ) a scroll patt]n or o!r   
ornam5t1 (t5 v beautifully execut$4     
,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,titles4  ,a v small     
numb] be> titles )\t p]sonal names1 su* 
z 8! c\rti]0 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #bj71 8!      
gov]nor ( ! royal city0 7,pl4 ,,xli1    
#bb71 8! prie/10 & 8! mayor40 ,^! are   

all ( a late date 7,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y71
 & are v r>e4  ,sid5ote3 7#d7 ,names or 
figures ( deities4  ,names or figures ( 
deities engrav$ on sc>abs are common1 b 
!y are mo/ly ( ! pr9cipal gods &        
goddesses ( ,egypt1 su* z ,am51 ,am5-,ra
 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #ah71 ,ptah 7,pl4 ,,xli1  
#ac71 ,kh5su1 ,isis1 ,ha?or 7,pl4 ,,xli1
 #e71 ,mut1 ,horus 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #aj71 & 
,set 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #ae74 ,^! date f !    
beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? onw>ds to !        
,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4  ,sid5ote3 7#e7    
,good wi%es1 mottoes1 & magic =mulae4   
,sc>abs be>+ good wi%es1 mottoes1 &     
magic =mulae are num]\s4 ,"s ( !m n only
 give ! good wi%es1 b ev5 ! names ( !   
p]sons f :om !y emanat$ & to :om !y 7   
s5t4 ,?us ! inscription on "o 9 !       
,petrie ,collection reads3 8,may ,ptah  
give a ,happy ,new ,ye>1 f ! ,pr9ce     
,%a%anq to 8 "m ,ka-ra-ma-ma0 7,pl4     
,,xl1 #h74 ,o!rs give simply ! words1   
8,a ,happy ,new ,ye>0 7,pl4 ,,xl1 #b71  
or 8,may ,ba/ give a ,happy ,new ,ye>0  
7,pl4 ,,xl1 #c74 ,"s read1 8,if ,am5 is 

beh9d1 !re is no fe>0 7,pl4 ,,xxxix1    
#bg71 :ile a little plaque 9 ! ,hood    
,collection says1 8,i am true ( he>t0   
7,pl4 ,,xl1 #ba74  ,sid5ote3 ,,ii4      
,figures ( m5 & animals1 etc4  ,_m      
sc>ab-seals be> ! figures ( m5 &        
animals1 ! pr9cipal animals figur$ be+ !
 lion1 bull1 cynocephalus1 horse1 &     
gazelle4 ,birds are also (t5 engrav$1 ! 
hawk1 ! emblem ( ,horus1 be+ ! commone/4
 ,s]p5ts are v common1 & we also        
occasionally f9d comb9ations ( s]p5ts ) 
animals1 sph9xes1 griffons1 & sometimes 
beetles & locu/s 7see ,pl4 ,,xxv74      
,fl[]s1 su* z ! lotus1 are frequ5tly    
f\nd engrav$ on ^! seals4  ,hunt+ sc5es 
on sc>ab-seals appe> = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! 
,hyksos p]iod1 & a beautifully cut      
specim5 ( ?is date is 9 ! ,a%molean     
,museum at ,ox=d 7,pl4 ,,xxv1 #bf74 ,x  
repres5ts a k+ clad 9 a /rip$ lo9-clo? )
 fr+$ edge1 & we>+ a curi\sly-%ap$      
head-dress4 ,arm$ ) a b[ & arr[s1 he    
hunts ?ree ibex-gazelles & a lion among 
bu%es ( a des]t wady4 ,to a lat] p]iod1 

probably n e>li] ?an ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1
 belong ! common hunt sc>abs ( ! types  
figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cc-ci4 ,! fir/ & 
r>e/ type 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cc7 %[s a hunt]
 ) lions & *eetahs *as+ a gazelle4 ,!   
second & commone/ type repres5ts an ar*]
 hunt+ ! lion & o!r des]t animals 7,pl4 
,,xlii1 #ce74 ,! ?ird type is m         
elaborate1 & depicts ! hunt] rid+ 9 a   
*>iot drawn by "o or m horses 7,pl4     
,,xlii1 #cg-ci71 :ile on o!r sc>abs we  
sometimes see ! huntsman ov]tak5 by a   
lion1 & ly+ flat on ! gr\nd1 app>5tly   
sla9 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cd74 ,! cutt+ ( ^!  
,n9ete5? ,dyna/y hunt sc>abs is g5]ally 
deep1 & ! subject is always m or less   
co>sely r5d]$3 few specim5s be> any     
trace ( glaz+1 & :5 f\nd x is always (  
an inf]ior k9d1 :i* has turn$ br[n4     
,sid5ote3 ,coil & rope patt]ns4  ,sc>abs
 ) ornam5tal devices1 su* z coils &     
twi/$ rope patt]ns engrav$ ^u !m1 appe> 
fir/ ab\t ! reign ( ,us]ts5 ,i1 &       
cont9u$ 9 use to ! middle ( ! ,eighte5? 
,dyna/y1 aft] :i* p]iod !y r>ely occur4 

,! date ( any s+le specim5 may g5]ally  
be det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! back1 b ! glaz+ &
 g5]al /yle ( cutt+ is also important 9 
?is connection4 ,specim5s ( ! late      
,twelf? & e>ly ,?irte5? ,dyna/ies are   
(t5 f9e examples ( ornam5tal art3 !y are
 g5]ally design$ ) mu* c>e1 & execut$ ) 
wond]ful m9ut5ess & delicacy ( t\*4     
,f9ely work$ specim5s are also f\nd ( ! 
"t ( ,que5 ,hat%epsut & ,?o?mes ,,iii4  
,a repres5tative s]ies ( coil &         
rope-patt]n sc>abs is giv5 9 ,pls4      
,,xviii & ,,xix4 ,! rope-patt]ns figur$ 
9 ,pl4 ,,xix1 #a-c1 are ( ! ,hyksos     
p]iod1 :ile ^? on ,pl4 ,,xviii1 #a-ae1  
#ah1 range 9 date f ! ,twelf? to !      
,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4 ,! coil-patt]ns    
giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xix1 #d1 #e1 #i1 are      
c]ta9ly ( ! ,hyksos p]iod1 :ile !       
rema9d] ( ! coil patt]ns are ma9ly ( !  
late ,twelf? & ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4 ,(t5
 ! cont9u\s loop coil 0 us$ to ornam5t !
 sc>abs ( k+s & (ficials4 ,! e>lie/     
example1 inde$ ! e>lie/ example ( any   
coil-patt]n 9 ,egypt1 is f\nd on a sc>ab

 ( ,us]ts5 ,i1 mo/ exquisitely work$ &  
fully develop$ 7fig4 #hb74              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4   ,= a long "t 
pa/ x has be5 ?\ght t ! spiral z a      
motive 9 decoration orig9at$ 9 ! ,nile  
,valley1 & mu* misconception seems to   
prevail among ar*aeologi/s z to its     
occurr5ce 9 ,egypt4 ,pr(4 ,petrie       
says#aad t its e>lie/ use 9 ! c\ntry 0 =
 ! decoration ( sc>abs1 & he w\ld trace 
! spiral motive back z f> z ! ,fif?     
,dyna/y4 ,! s+le sc>ab t he in/ances1 x 
is true1 be>s ! pr5om5 ( ,dad-ka-,ra    
7,assa71 b !re is n ! slighte/ reason to
 make "o believe t ?is p>ticul> specim5 
is contemporane\s ) ! k+ ^: "n x be>s2 !
 :ole /yle ( x1 on ! contr>y1 cle>ly %[s
 t x belongs to no e>li] a date ?an !   
,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,pr(4 ,petrie also   
attributes a numb] ( sc>abs be>+ coil1  
hook & l9k ornam5tation to ! ,six? &    
,eigh? ,dyna/ies1 b ^! h be5            
conclusively %[n by ,fras]#aae &        
,griffi?#aaf to be 9 reality po/ r ?an  
pre ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,! fact is t !     

spiral has n yet be5 f\nd on ,egyptian  
monum5ts ( an old] date ?an ! reign (   
,us]ts5 ,i4 ,x 0 !n us$ z a motive =    
decorat+ a ceil+ 9 ! tomb ( a *iefta9 at
 ,assiut4#aag ,employ$ ar*itecturally x 
is n f\nd aga9 until ! beg9n+ ( !       
,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 :5 x 0 p]haps ! mo/  
frequ5t motive = ceil+ decorations 9    
,!ban tombs4 ,9 ^! tombs x is g5]ally   
col\r$ yell[1 to repres5t gold1 & x is  
highly probable t ! ornam5t itself      
orig9at$ 9 metal wire-"w4#aah  ,at !    
same "t z we f9d x occurr+ at ,assiut1  
we also f9d ! spiral us$ to decorate a  
sc>ab be>+ ! pr5om5 ( ,us]ts5 ,i 7fig4  
#hb74 ,on ?is specim5 ! ornam5t is cut )
 v great c>e & regul>ity1 indicat+ t !  
design 0 8a novelty1 :i* _h n yet become
 /]eotyp$#aai & reproduc$ z a matt] (   
c\rse40 ,! same exquisite workman%ip is 
f\nd on "s sc>abs be>+ private names ( !
 "t ( ,am5emhat ,,iii or a little lat]2 
& "h ! cont9u\s coil is comb9$ ) ! lotus
 9 a mo/ beautiful design--a cont9u\s   
coil1 ) fl[]s & buds 9 ! spaces 7,pl4   

,,xiv1 figs4 #ba-bf74 ,x is difficult to
 believe t su* a design sprang into be+ 
fully develop$2 b no?+ has yet be5 f\nd 
9 ,egypt at all l x ( a p]iod ant]ior to
 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y2 we mu/ !re=e se>* = 
! orig9 & developm5t ( ! spiral motive 9
 ornam5t else:]e ?an 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 
,we d n yet "k suffici5tly ! hi/ory ( ! 
,delta to say def9itely t x did n       
orig9ate !re1 b ! probabilities are t we
 %\ld look = its e>lie/ employm5t &     
developm5t outside ! realm ( ,egypt4#abj
 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! spiral 0 "o ( ! mo/ 
important ( ! motives ( ! decorative art
 ( ! anci5t _w4 ,f v anci5t times x 0   
l>gely us$ by ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia &
 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 8! wake (   
e>ly comm]ce x 0 spread afield to !     
,danubian bas91 & !nce 9 turn by !      
valley ( ! ,elbe to ! ,amb] coa/ ( !    
,nor? ,sea2 !re to supply ! ,sc&9avian  
,bronze ,age population ) _! lead+      
decorative designs4 ,adopt$ by ! ,celtic
 tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,european area1 x   
took at a some:at lat] date a we/]ly    

turn1 rea*$ ,brita9 ) ! invad+ ,belgae1 
& f9ally surviv$ 9 ,iri% art40#aba      
,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial4 ,h>d /ones1         
obsidian1 etc4  ,sc>abs are made ( all  
k9ds ( mat]ial1 f ! h>de/ obsidian &    
ame?y/1 to s(t /eatite & ev5 wood4 ,9   
all ages !y 7 made ( h>d /ones4         
,obsidian1 spott$ diorite1 b]yl1 :ite   
qu>tz1 hematite1 ame?y/1 s]p5t9e1 gre5 &
 r$ jasp]1 z well z r$ c>nelians1 lapis 
lazuli1 & turquoise 7 all 9 use f ! end 
( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y onw>ds to !         
,tw5ty-six?4 ,r>ely dur+ ! e>li] p]iods 
7 ! bases ( ! h>de/ /one specim5s       
engrav$2 !y 7 usually cov]$ ) a gold    
plate1 ^u :i* ! device or inscription 0 
incis$4  ,sid5ote3 ,gold1 silv]1 etc4   
,metal sc>abs are v r>e3 a few ( gold1 &
 two or ?ree ( silv] are kn[n ( !       
,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies1 :ile    
ab\t a doz5 examples ( bronze1 ( !      
,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies1 are      
pres]v$ 9 our museums4  ,sid5ote3 ,glass
 & cyanus4  ,at ! middle ( ! ,eighte5?  
,dyna/y glass fir/ appe>s1 & ( ! reigns 

( ! ,am5heteps ,,iii & ,,iv a numb] (   
seals h be5 f\nd ( a beautiful          
semitransp>5t deep blue glass4 ,( ! late
 ,eighte5? ,dyna/y a few specim5s are   
kn[n ( cyanus1 an alkal9e silicate      
col\r$ a deep blue ) c>bonate ( copp]1 &
 ?is mat]ial 0 us$ 9 increas+ quantity  
till ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4  ,sid5ote3  
,s*i/ & /eatite4  ,besides ! h>d /ones  
enum]at$ above1 %elly-lime/one1 s*i/1 & 
/eatite 7 also employ$1 & a few sc>abs  
are kn[n t 7 made ( ivory4 ,/eatite 7or 
soap/one7 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( sc>abs
 f ! ,twelf? to ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies1 & 
by f> ! great] numb] ( specim5s are made
 ( ?is mat]ial4 ,x is a silicate (      
magnesium1 s(t1 easily cut1 & at ! same 
"t its sup]ior compactness secures x f  
be+ readily brok5 or injur$1 & x is also
 capable ( receiv+ a high] f9i% & mu*   
%>p] impression ( ! subject ?an         
porcela94  ,sid5ote3 ,! ,glazes4  ,!    
/eatite sc>abs 7 ne>ly always glaz$1 & !
 glaz+ (t5 helps to indicate ! date ( a 
specim54 ,only by a c>eful /udy ( a l>ge

 numb] ( specim5s c ! eye be accu/om$ to
 diff]5tiate betwe5 ! v>ieties ( glaz+  
us$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,a v f9e blue    
glaze ( excell5t quality is *>act]i/ic (
 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 & gre5 glaze 0 also 
(t5 us$ at ?is p]iod4 ,_m %ades ( blue &
 gre5 glaze ( v h>d quality are f\nd on 
! specim5s ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y1 & ! few
 ,hyksos sc>abs t yet reta9 _! col\r %[ 
t a gre5 glaze ( a poor] quality 0 us$  
at t p]iod4 ,! *>act]i/ic glazes ( !    
e>ly ,eighte5? ,dyna/y are gre51 ( a    
slightly greyi% t9t1 g5]ally ( a f9e    
surface1 :ile ^? ( ! latt] half ( !     
dyna/y1 ?\gh co>s] 9 quality1 are (t5 v 
brilliant 9 col\r1 & %[ a v>iety ( t9ts 
rang+ ?r\gh all ! %ades ( blue & gre54  
,violet glaze 0 also employ$ at ?is     
p]iod4 ,! glazes ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y   
are (t5 poor 9 quality1 & g5]ally ( a   
d>k yell[i%-gre5 col\r1 ?\gh sometimes  
blue & violet4 ,! col\r commone/ dur+ ! 
,tw5tie? & lat] p]iod are blue ( v>i\s  
%ades4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ "h t ! greate/ 
numb] ( sc>abs are br[n or :ite3 ! br[n 

ones 7 inv>iably col\r$ gre51 & ! :ite  
specim5s blue4                      #d4 
,,miscellane\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,seals4       
,sid5ote3 ,miscellane\s =ms4  ,besides  
sc>abaei1 o!r =ms ( seals are met ) 9   
,egypt4 ,_m ( !m h little models ( m5 or
 animals on ! back1 z human-heads1      
symbolic eyes1 hippopotami1 lions1      
h$gehogs1 ducks1 fi%1 frogs1 flies1     
crocodiles2 :ile n a few are %ap$ l     
c[ries4  ,a l>ge numb] are also cut 9   
geometrical =ms1 tablet-%ap$1 squ>es1   
rectangles1 ovals1 cubes1 & cones4 ,l ! 
sc>abs1 !y are all pi]c$1 ?r\gh _! long 
axis or diamet]1 ) a n>r[ cyl9drical    
hole1 & 7 simil>ly m\nt$4               
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hc & #hd4         
,sid5ote3 ,animals z devices4  ,!       
specim5 illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #hc1 n[ 9 !    
,mac,gregor ,collection1 be>s a private 
"n ^u ! base4 ,! mat]ial is /eatite1    
beautifully c>v$4 ,! figure is t ( a    
male1 squatt+ 9 ! famili> attitude1 8   
h&s ^u 8 knees1 & we>+ a full wig4 ,!   
date is late 9 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,fig4 

#hd is ano!r illu/ration ( ! same       
motive1 dat+ f ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4   ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #hf4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4  
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hh & #hi4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4   ,illu/ration3
 ,figs4 #ij1 #ia & #ib4   ,animal =ms   
are illu/rat$ 9 ! figs4 #he1 #hf1 #hg1  
#hh1 #hi4 ,! fir/ repres5ts a           
naturali/ic gr\p1 a c[ suckl+ its calf1 
exquisitely cut 9 /eatite4 ,x is 9 !    
collection ( ,capta9 ,timm9s 9 ,cairo4  
,! design ^u ! base is analog\s 9 its   
symmetry & ! devices employ$ to !       
/eatite /amp1 fig4 #id1 9 ! same        
collection1 :i* probably dates f ab\t ! 
,elev5? ,dyna/y4 ,! two /amps1 figs4 #hf
 & #hg1 are v important1 "o ( !m be+    
dat$ by ! c>t\*e ( ,m5tuhetep ( !       
,elev5? ,dyna/y1 ! o!r by its analogy1 &
 by ! device ( a runn+ figure 9 l9e     
frequ5tly employ$ ^u ! button-seals     
7fig4 #db1 & cf4 fig4 #bh74 ,hornets are
 employ$ ^u ! ,k>nak ?ree-sid$ seal1    
fig4 #hf1 :i* is probably ( e>li] date1 

ab\t ! close ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y4 ,a fur!r
 example ( ?is ,sid5ote3 ,miscellane\s  
devices4 "*1 be+ a ram ) horns1 is 9 !  
,mac,gregor ,collection3 ^u ! base is an
 int]e/+ patt]n 9 coils1 dat+ probably f
 ! end ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,a great    
numb] ( seals ) cats 7fig4 #hh71        
h$gehogs1 hippopotami 7fig4 #hi71 & fi% 
7fig4 #ij71 date f ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii 
9 ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 :ile ^? ) ducks  
7figs4 #ia1 #ib71 frogs1 & flies1 seem  
to be slightly lat]1 dat+ f ! reign (   
,am5hetep ,,iii4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ic4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie & #if4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4   ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ih4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii1  
#ajj & #aja4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb 
& #ajc4   ,a numb] ( l>ge seals are oval
 9 =m2 "o ( ^!1 ) a device ( animals    
incis$ ^u ! back1 %[n 9 fig4 #ic1 be>s  
^u ! base ! blund]$ c>t\*e ( ,am5emhat  
,,iii4 ,"o ( rectangul> =m 7fig4 #id7 is
 r ( ! nature ( a /amp1 be+ )\t         
decoration ^u ! back o!r ?an ! necess>y 

susp5sion hole 9 ! atta*m5t1 :ile ^u !  
base is ! device previ\sly describ$ z   
belong+ to ! p]iod :i* prec$es ! ,middle
 ,k+dom--betwe5 ! ,six? & ,elev5?       
,dyna/ies1 f its analogy to !           
button-seals ( t "t4 ,o!r /amps are     
illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #ie & #if1 hav+ oval  
bases4 ,!y date f ! ,sev5te5? ,dyna/y1  
be>+ ! names ( ,seq5-en-ra & ,se-,am54  
,ano!r /amp 7fig4 #ig7 ( l>g] size1 has 
a simple h&le d[n ! middle ( ! back4 ,! 
device 9 ?is case repres5ts a numb] (   
captives or votives bel[ ! emblem (     
,anubis4 ,?is class ( /amp1 us$ g5]ally 
= ! seal+ up ( tomb-doors1 z 9 ! case ( 
! tomb ( ,?o?mes ,,iv at ,!bes1 seems to
 date f ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,fig4 #ih  
repres5ts ano!r common =m ( ! same      
p]iod1 itself dat+ to ! reign ( ! emblem
 ^u x1 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,a less usual     
class1 dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 is     
repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ii4 ,! back 9 ?is     
in/ance is pla91 ! =m ( ! /amp resembl+ 
a slice f a sph]e1 ) ! device ^u ! plane
 face4 ,a hole pi]ces ! ?ickness4 ,figs4

 #ajj & #aja1 repres5t o!r objects ( ?is
 class1 :i* f its ,aegean analogies is (
 peculi> importance4 ,! =m] specim5 is  
dat$1 f an inscription on its back1 to !
 reign ( ,us]ts5 ,,iii2 ! coil device is
 employ$ 9 ea* case4 ,two int]e/+       
examples are %[n 9 figs4 #ajb & #ajc1 ! 
"o be+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 f its     
cutt+ & its glaze1 ! o!r ( ! ,n9ete5?   
,dyna/y1 f ! c>t\*e ( ,rameses ,,ii     
incis$ ^u x4 ,a late example is t %[n 9 
fig4 #ajd1 & is a common type ( ! p]iod 
( ! ,sate r5aissance 9 ! ,tw5ty-six?    
,dyna/y4 ,! inscription gives ! "n (    
,tahuti son ( ,aahmes1 *ief ( ! scribes 
( ! temple4 ,x is ( pott]y1 glaz$ gre51 
& is 9 ! ,collection ( ,capta9 ,timm9s4 
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajd & #aje4   ,two
 typical /amps ( ! ,?irtie? ,dyna/y1 "o 
9 bronze1 ! o!r 9 pott]y1 are pictur$ 9 
figs4 #aje & #ajf4 ,!y are bo? )\t      
device ^u ! pla9 h&le ( susp5sion4 ,! "o
 fig4 #aje be>s ! "n ( ! ,royal son     
,za-hapi-am52 ! o!r be>s ! "n ( k+      
,khep]-ka-,ra1 o!rwise ,nekht-neb-ef1 ) 

:om ! li/ ( ,egypt's k+s comes to a     
close4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4      
------------------                      
#e4 ,,signet-,,r+s4  ,sid5ote3          
,signet-r+s4  ,! signet-r+ 0 call$ 9    
,egyptian ,egyptian 9999 zebat 7v>4     
,egyptian 99991 pl4 ,egyptian 9999      
,coptic ,coptic 9999 x consi/$ ( 7a7 a  
p]=at$ bezel1 ! "p t be>s ! inscription 
or device1 & 7b7 a hoop or wire :i* runs
 ?r\gh ! bezel & r\nd ! inside ( ! f+]4 
,! bezel 0 g5]ally a sep>ate piece (    
/one or metal1 & :5 t 0 ! case1 x 0     
g5]ally encircl$ by a metal b& 7funda7 &
 pi]c$ s t x =m$ a swivel r+4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4   ,sid5ote3   
,_! hi/ory4  ,! e>lie/ examples t we "k 
( are n old] ?an ! middle ( ! ,twelf?   
,dyna/y1 b f t p]iod onw>ds !y are      
fairly common 9 ,egypt4 ,a numb] 7 f\nd 
by ,m4 de ,morgan1 at ,dah%r1 ( ! date (
 ,us]ts5 ,,iii to ,am5emhat ,,iii1 & ^! 
are all ( "o type3 a sc>ab ?read$ on a  
piece ( gold wire1 ! ends ( :i* are     
twi/$ r\nd sev]al times on ! back ( !   

hoop 7fig4 #ajg74 ,at a some:at lat]    
p]iod we f9d ! gold wire ?ick5$ 9 !     
middle to l5d additional /r5g?1 & ! two 
ends ?ru/ into ! p]=ation ( ! sc>ab4 ,! 
specim5 illu/rat$ 7fig4 #ajh7 dates f ! 
,?irte5? ,dyna/y4 ,a second type ( ?is  
p]iod is %[n 9 fig4 #aji4 ,"h ! sc>ab is
 m\nt$ 9 a gold funda & ! p]=ation is   
?read$ by a wire1 ! ends ( :i* are w\nd 
tightly r\nd ! hoop1 :i* is made ( a    
sep>ate piece ( metal4 ,! same =m       
survives dur+ ! ,hyksos p]iod 7see ,pl4 
,i1 r+ ( ,k+ ,apep71 & on to ! end ( !  
,eighte5? ,dyna/y 7fig4 #aaj1 & ! r+ (  
,hor-em-heb1 ,pl4 ,i74 ,) ! beg9n+ ( !  
,eighte5? ,dyna/y ano!r =m appe>s1 t ( a
 pla9 metal r+ ) ! out] surface ( !     
bezel flat & ! inn] curv$ 7fig4 #aaa74  
,?is =m 0 r>e dur+ ! e>li] reigns ( !   
dyna/y1 b common "u ,am5hetep ,,iii &   
,akh5at5 7see r+ ( ,akh5at51 ,pl4 ,i71 &
 x survives to ! pres5t day4 ,at ! "t ( 
,?o?mes ,,iii1 a r+ consi/+ ( a pla9    
hoop beat5 out into a loz5ge %ap$ plate 
occurs 7,pl4 ,,xxix1 #ca71 b x is a v   

r>e =m until aft] ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y4 ,)
 ! reign ( ,am5hetep ,,iii1 pott]y r+s (
 all =ms are f\nd1 & ^! are v common    
till ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4     
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajh & #aji4       
,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aaj4 ,,r+ ,,(     
,,?o?mes ,,iii & #aaa4   ,illu/ration3  
,figs4 #aab & #aac4   ,illu/ration3     
,figs4 #aad & #aae4   ,pott]y r+s1 )    
long bezels1 z %[n 9 figs4 #aab & #aac1 
appe> fir/ at ! end ( ! ,tw5tie?        
,dyna/y1 & cont9ue on till ! end ( !    
,tw5ty-?ird4 ,! examples ( ! ,tw5ty-six?
 ,dyna/y are ( sev]al =ms1 ! commone/   
be+ ! pla9 hoop beat5 out into a        
rectangul> or loz5ge-%ap$ plate :i* be>s
 ! inscription4 ,o!r =ms give ! out]    
surface ( ! bezel flat & ! inn] curv$1 z
 9 figs4 #aad & #aae3 ! "o be+ a r+ ( a 
prie/ ( ,khufu1 nam$ ,nef]-ab-ra2 ! o!r 
t ( a prie/ ( ,tahuti1 nam$ ,hor-se-a/4 
,a r>] =m is t illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #aaf1   
:]e ! flat engrav$ plate is weld$ on to 
a pla9 hoop4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4
                                        

----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,descriptions                          
,,( ,,!                      ,,specim5s 
,,figur$ ,,9 ,,! ,,plates4              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,li/ ,,( ,,abbreviations4   ,! foll[+  
abbreviations are us$ to d5ote !        
collections & works mo/ frequ5tly quot$ 
9 ! descriptions ( ! ,plates3--         
,alnw4           ,! ,duke (             
,nor?umb]l&'s ,collection at ,alnwick   
,ca/le1 ,nor?umb]l&4     ,amh4          
,"l ,amh]/ ( ,hackney's ,collection at  
,didl+ton                      ,hall1   
,norfolk4     ,a%m4           ,!        
,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d4     ,a?4    
,! ,a!ns ,museum4     ,a4,z4            
,zeits*rift fr gyptis*e ,spra*e1 ,b]l94 
,b5son          ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,b5son's   
,collection1 ,london4     ,b]l4         
,! ,egyptian ,museum1 ,b]l94     ,b4,m4 
,! ,briti% ,museum4     ,bol4           
,! ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4     ,b4,p4 

7,delhaes ,coll47 ,buda ,pe/h4          
,c4d4,m4          ,! ,cab9et des        
,m$ailles1 ,p>is4     ,c4,m4            
,! ,cairo ,museum4     ,dat4            
,g4 ,datt>i's ,collection1 ,cairo4      
,davis           ,mr4 ,!odore ,m4       
,davis' ,collection1 ,newport1  ,rhode  
,isl&1 ,u4,s4,a4     de ,m4 ,d4      ,m4
 de ,morgan's ,f\illes  ,dah*\r4        
,dres4           ,! ,dresd5 ,museum4    
,edw4            ,! ,edw>ds'            
,collection1 ,univ]sity ,college1       
,london4     ,evans           ,col4     
,john ,evans' ,collection1 ,london4     
,fitzw4          ,! ,fitzwilliam        
,museum1 ,cambridge4     ,f4,sc4        
,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,fras]'s book 8,sc>abs40   
,gibs4           ,mr4 ,gibson's         
,collection1 ,liv]pool4     ,gdn4       
,mrs4 ,goodison's ,collection1 ,wat]loo1
 ne>                      ,liv]pool4    
,gr4             ,! late ,dr4 ,grant's  
,collection1 ,liv]pool4     ,gre5       
,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,gre5's ,collection1       
,tunbridge ,wells4     ,h>4             

,! ,h>r[ ,s*ool ,museum1 ,h>r[4         
,h]m4           ,! ,museum ( !          
,ermitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4     ,hood    
,mrs4 ,hood's ,collection1 ,nettleham   
,hall1 ,l9coln4     ,h-,p4              
,mr4 ,hilton ,price's ,collection1      
,london4     ,l4              ,!        
,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4    
,leyd4           ,! ,leyd5 ,museum4     
,liv4            ,! ,liv]pool ,museum4  
,luxor           ,specim5s se5 9        
,deal]s' %ops at ,luxor4     ,m>s4      
,! ,*teau ,borelly ,museum1 ,m>seilles4 
,m4 ,b4         ,m4 ,masp]o's ,guide du 
visiteur au ,muse de                    
,b\laq4     ,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4   ,m>iette's 
,catalogue gnral des ,monum5ts          
d',abydos4     ,m4,d4                   
,m>iette's ,monum5ts ,div]s4     ,m-,g4 
,mr4 ,w4 ,mac,gregor's ,collection1     
,tamwor?4     ,m4 ,ma/4      ,m>iette's 
,les ,ma/abas de l',anci5 ,empire4      
,mur*           ,mr4 ,*auncey ,mur*'s   
,collection1 ,luxor4     ,my]s          
,! late ,major ,my]s' ,collection1 n[ 9 

! ,eton                      ,college   
,museum1 ,eton4     ,na%            ,mr4
 ,w4 ,na%'s ,collection4     ,newb4     
,sc>abs 9 ! possession ( ! writ]4       
,n4,y4            ,! ,abbott ,collection
 at ,new ,york4     ,pi]s' ,coll4       
,mr4 ,pi]s' ,collection1 ,new ,york4    
,p4              ,pr(4 ,petrie's        
,collection at ,univ]sity ,college1     
,london4     ,p4 ,i4         ,pr(4      
,petrie's ,illahn1 ,kahun & ,gurob4     
,p4 ,k4v,prof4 ,petrie's ,kahun1 ,gurob 
& ,haw>a4    ,p4 ,r4 ,t4        ,pr(4   
,petrie's volumes on ! ,royal ,tombs (  
,abydos4     ,p4 ,sc4        ,pr(4      
,petrie's ,hi/orical ,sc>abs4           
,p4,s4,b4,a4      ,proce$+s ( ! ,society
 ( ,biblical                            
,ar*aeology4     ,s4,k4            ,!   
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4     ,?omp4       
,sir ,h]b]t ,?ompson's ,collection1     
,london4     ,timm9s' ,coll4  ,capt4 ,c4
 ,timm9s' ,collection1 ,cairo4     ,t4  
,! ,tur9 ,museum4     ,vat4             
,! ,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,vatican1      

,rome4     ,vi54           ,! ,vi5na    
,museum4     v-,b4            ,b>on von 
,biss+'s ,collection1 ,muni*4     ,w4   
,mr4 ,john ,w>d's ,collection1 ,belfa/4 
,w4 ,s4,b4       ,mr4 ,john ,w>d's      
volume on ,! ,sacr$ ,beetle4            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,i4                             
,,"s ,,royal ,,signet-,,r+s4   ,i4      
,signet-r+ ( ,apep ,i4 ,9 ! possession (
 ,mr4 ,!odore ,m4 ,davis4      ,! bezel 
is ( gre5-glaz$ /eatite1 c>v$ 9 ! %ape (
 a      sc>abaeus-beetle ) a human head1
 & m\nt$ 9 a ?9 gold      funda4 ,on !  
base ( ! bezel is engrav$ 9 intaglio1 & 
)9      a c>t\*e1 ! "n ( ! 8,good ,k+   
,aaus]-ra 7,apep ,i71 giv+      life40  
,! c>t\*e is surr\nd$ by a cont9u\s     
rope-patt]n4      ,! hoop ( ! r+ is (   
gold1 & ! bezel is secur$ to x by       
means ( a gold wire runn+ longitud9ally 
?r\gh ! funda &      sc>ab1 & coil$     
tightly r\nd its two ends4  ,,ii4       
,signet-r+ ( ,am5hetep ,,ii4 ,9 !       

,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4      ,!   
bezel is ( solid gold1 9 ! =m ( a       
rectangul> plaque4 ,on      "o face are 
engrav$1 9 intaglio1 ! titles & pr5om5 (
      ,am5hetep ,,ii3 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] & 
,l[] ,egypt1 ! ,"l ( !      ,two ,l&s1  
,aa-khep]u-ra10 ! c>t\*e be+ surm\nt$ by
 two      cobras1 & re/+ on ! nub-sign4 
,on ! o!r face are !      titles3 ,h]u1 
ka nekht1 us] pehtet1 8! ,horus &       
,mighty      ,bull1 /rong 9 p[]40 ,!    
bezel is pi]c$ longitud9ally by a       
n>r[ hole1 & x is fix$ to ! hoop ( ! r+ 
by means ( a      rod runn+ ?r\gh x1 &  
rivett$ to ! %\ld]s4  ,,iii4 ,signet-r+ 
( ,nef]-ka-ra 7,psamtek ,,ii74 ,9 !     
possession ( ,mr4      ,walt] ,na%4 ,a  
pla9 hoop ( gold1 beat5 out into a      
loz5ge-%ap$      plate1 ^u :i* is cut1 9
 intaglio1 ! pr5om5 ( ,psamtek ,,ii4    
,,iv4 ,signet-r+ ( ,nef]u-khep]u-ra     
,setep-en-ra 7,akh-en-at574 ,9      !   
possession ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,na%4 ,a hoop (
 silv]1 ) massive      bezel1 ! inn]    
surface ( :i* is curv$1 & ! out] flat1  

) ! pr5om5 ( ,akh-en-at5 engrav$ ^u x4  
,v4 ,signet-r+ ( ,zes]-khep]u-ra        
,setep-en-ra 7,hor-em-heb74 ,9 !        
,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,?is is ! 
mo/ rem>kable specim5      ( an anci5t  
,egyptian signet-r+ kn[n4 ,x is =m$ ( a 
quadrangul> plaque & a ?ick hoop1 swoll5
 9 ! middle =      /r5g?1 bo? ( solid   
gold2 x weighs #abe4ej grs4 ,on "o face 
(      ! plaque is engrav$1 9 intaglio1 
! pr5om5 ( ,hor-em-heb1      :ile on !  
o!r is a m>*+ lion1 emblem ( royal p[]1 
&      ! words ,neb ,khep%1 8,"l (      
,valiance10 above x4 ,^u ! two          
sides are delicately engrav$3 7#a7 a    
scorpion1 & 7#b7 a crocodile4      ,!   
bezel is pi]c$ longitud9ally ?r\gh its  
c5tre1 & secur$      to ! hoop by means 
( a ?ick gold wire1 :i* ?reads ! bezel1 
& is coil$ r\nd ! two ends ( ! hoop4    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,ii4   ,sc5e repres5t+ 8!      
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal0 7i4e41 !         
,*ancellor7 ( ,k+ ,tt-ankh-,am51 inve/+ 

,pr9ce ,h ) ! ,(ficial ,seal ( !        
,gov]nor%ip ( ,e?iopia4 ,! inscription  
above & betwe5 ! figures reads3 8,! giv+
 ( ! ,seal ( ! ,royal ,son by !         
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 9 ord] to make to
 fl\ri% ! (fice ( ! ,royal ,son (       
,e?iopia1 ,h2 78 b\nd>y7 beg9s at ,nekh5
 7,hi]aconpolis7 & 7ends7 at ,k]#abb    
7,gebel ,b>kal740 ,! r+ & bezel are     
col\r$ yell[1 to repres5t gold4 ,f a    
pa9t+ 9 ! tomb ( ,h at ,kurnet ,mura1   
,!bes4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,iii4                          
,,pre-,,dyna/ic ,,cyl9d] ,,seals4   #a4 
,?ree animals 9 a des]t wad 7874 ,m-,g4 
#b-g4 ,black /eatite cyl9d]-seals1 be>+ 
p]sonal names writt5 9      primitive   
hi]oglyphic *>act]s1 ea* "n be+ det]m9$ 
by      ! seat$ figure ( a man4 ,^!     
examples are all 9 ! ,m-,g4             
,collection1 except ,no4 #c1 :i* is 9 ! 
,amh4 ,collection4  #h & #i4 ,black     
/eatite cyl9d]-seals1 be>+ p]sonal names

 7871      writt5 9 primitive           
hi]oglyphic *>act]s1 b )\t a seat$      
figure det]m9ative4 ,m-,g4  #aj4 ,a     
p]sonal 787 "n read+ ,asunut4 ,amh4 ,a  
f9e specim5 9 wood4  #aa-ac4 ,?ree black
 /eatite cyl9d]-seals1 be>+ inscriptions
 (      unc]ta9 mean+4 ,m-,g4  #ad4 ,a  
beautifully cut ivory cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ 
a p]sonal "n      read+ ,%$54 ,mur*4    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,iv4                           
,,impressions ,,( ,,e>ly                
,,cyl9d]-,,seals4#abc   #a499 ,birds1   
gazelles1 & o!r des]t animals1 ) traps =
 captur+      !m4 ,?is seal+ belongs to 
! pre-,dyna/ic gr\p1 b 0 f\nd      9 a  
,fir/ ,dyna/y tomb at ,abydos4 7,p4     
,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xiv1 #ajd47  #b499 8,aha10 
! ,horus-"n ( ,m5es1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,fir/  
,egyptian      ,dyna/y4 7,p4 ,r4,t4     
,,ii1 xiv1 #ih47  #c4 ,a black /eatite  
cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ a hi]oglyphic         
inscription (      unc]ta9 mean+4 ,m-,g4
  #d4 ,a p]sonal "n 7874 ,b]l4 #adeid4  

#e4 8,! ,royal ,daught]1                
,meh-en-pet-?a40 v-,b4 7,f4 ,sc4 #a47   
#f4 ,a wood5 cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ a        
hi]oglyphic inscription (      unc]ta9  
mean+4 ,m-,g4  #g499 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] &  
,l[] ,egypt1 ,m]-pa-ba40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1
 xxvi1      #fj47 ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 f\nd at
 ,abydos4  #h499 8,sekhem-ab10 !        
,horus-"n ( ,k+ ,p]-ab-s54 7,p4 ,r4,t4  
,,ii1 #afe4      ,see also infra1 ,nos4 
#ab & #ac47  #i499 8,d510 ! ,horus-"n ( 
,k+ ,setu4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1 xxii1 #ci47  
#aj499 8,! ,mayor ( ! ,t[n ( ,se-ka40   
7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1 xxii1 #cb47  #aa499 8,! 
,k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1              
,khasekhemui40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1        
xxxiii1 #bja47  #ab499 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] &
 ,l[] ,egypt1 ,p]-ab-s540 7,p4 ,r4,t4   
,,ii1      xxii1 #afd47  #ac499         
8,sekhem-ab10 ! ,horus-"n ( ,k+         
,p]-ab-s54 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxi1       
#afd47  #ad4 ,a black /eatite           
cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ a hi]oglyphic         
inscription      ( unc]ta9 mean+4 ,gdn4 
#ae4 ,fi% 9 a /ream4 ,b]l4 #aecch4 ,?is 

seal %\ld be class$ 9 !                 
pre-,dyna/ic gr\p4  #af499 8,! ,"m (    
,royal ,*ildr51 ,ne-,maat-,hap40 7,p4   
,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxiv1      #baj2 cf4 also1 
,bor*>dt1 ,naville & ,se!1 9 ,a4,z4     
,,xxxvi1 p4      #adb47                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,v4                             
,,cyl9d]-,,seals ,,( ,,! ,,f\r?         
,,to ,,six? ,,dyna/ies4   #a4           
8,kha-ef-ra1 787 belov$ ( ! ,gods40 ,p4 
#b4 8,m5-kau-ra1 belov$ ( ! ,gods &     
belov$ ( ,ha!r40 ,p4  #c4 8,! ,k+ (     
,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,m5-kau-ra1 belov$ 
( ! ,gods      daily & ( ,ha!r-duat     
daily40 ,evans4 ,?is cyl9d]-seal gives  
! e>lie/ kn[n in/ance ( ! k+'s title    
,sa-,ra1 8,son (      ,ra40  #d4        
8,m5-kau-ra40 ,at ! side ( ! c>t\*e is a
 seat$ figure ( !      goddess ,ha!r    
hold+ ! uas-sceptre2 be=e h] is ! ^w    
net] & ! "n ( ,m5-kau-ra's pyramid 787  
,m5-ab4 ,mur*4  #e4 8,sahu-ra1 belov$ ( 
! ,gods10 & 8 ,horus-"n1 ,neb-khau4     

v-,b4      7,fr4 ,sc4 #ab47  #f4        
8,sahu-ra1 belov$ ( ,ha!r1 ! beautiful  
,/> & ,mi/ress ( !      ,sycamore40     
,fitzw4  #g4 8,us]-ka-ef1 belov$ ( !    
,gods10 & ! ,horus-"n ( ?is k+          
,ar-maat4 ,f\nd on ! ,isl& (            
,elephant9e4 ,m4,d4 #ed e4  #h4         
8,us]-ka-ef1 belov$ ( ! ,gods & belov$ (
 ,ha!r40 ,b4,m4 #afggd4  #i4            
8,nef]-ar-ka-ra1 belov$ ( ! ,gods daily1
 & prie/ ( ,ha!r40 ,w4      ,s4,b4      
,,xvi1 #cca4  #aj4 8,! ,royal ,fav\rite 
:o execut$ ! ord]s ( 8 ,"l ! ,k+ (      
,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,pep 7,i71 belov$ (
 ,anhur40 ,! inscription      also gives
 ! ,horus-"n ( ,pep3 ,m] tau1 & /ates t 
!      (ficial = :om ?is cyl9d] 0 cut 0 
8*ief ov] ! secret      ?+s ( ! c\rt10 &
 t 8he made ! fav\rs ( ! c\rt40         
,b4,m4 #bijfa4  #aa4 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] &  
,l[] ,egypt1 ,m]-tau 7,pep ,i71 ! ,good 
,god1 & ,"l ( ! ,two ,l&s10 ) !         
,horus-"n ( ,m]-tau4      ,9 !          
horizontal l9e at ! bottom ( ! seal ! k+
 is said      to be 8belov$ ( ,sak1 ,"l 

( ! ,two ,rats 78740 ,l ! specim5       
,no4 #aj1 ?is is a seal ( ! 8,royal     
,fav\rite1 ! ,regulator (      !        
,fe/ivals1 he :o execut$ ! ord]s & made 
! fav\rs (      ! k+10 8 ma/]4 ,b4,m4   
#edie                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,vi4                           
,,cyl9d]-,,seals ,,( ,,! ,,twelf?       
,,dyna/y4   #a4 ,a /eatite cyl9d]-seal1 
giv+ ! pr5om5s ( ! six consecutive      
k+s ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y3--              
7#a7 ,sehetep-ab-ra 7,am5emhat ,i74     
7#b7 ,khep]-ka-ra 7,us]ts5 ,i74         
7#c7 ,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat ,,ii74      
7#d7 ,kha-kau-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,iii74       
7#e7 ,kha-khep]-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,ii74      
7#f7 ,ne-maat-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iii74     
,brocklehur/ ,collection4 7,p4      ,sc4
 #bgb47  #b4 8,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat    
,,ii71 belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,ref-sam  
78740      ,b4,m4 #afdjh4  #c4          
8,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat ,,ii71 belov$ ( 
,sebek1 ,"l ( ,ha40 ,c4,m4 #cfeg4  #d4  

8,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat ,,ii71 belov$ ( 
,sebek1 ,"l ( ,sem5u40 ,p4      ,i4     
,,viii1 #bd4  #e4 8,us]ts51 belov$ (    
,sebek1 ,"l ( ,sem5u40 ,amh4  #f4       
8,kha-khep]-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,ii71 belov$ ( 
,sebek1 ,"l ( ,re-sehui40      ,m-,g4   
#g4 8,kha-khep]-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,ii71      
belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,sem5u40 ,b4,m4  
#cibh4  #h4 8,kha-khep]-ra 7,us]ts5     
,,ii7 & ,kha-kau-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,iii740   
,p4 ,i4      ,,viii4 #bh4  #i4          
8,kha-kau-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,iii740 ,c4,m4   
#cfed4  #aj4 ,! nom5 ( ,us]ts5 & !      
pr5om5 7,ne-maat-ka7 ( ,am5emhat        
,,iii4 ,b4,m4 #afgdg4  #aa4 8,kha-kau-ra
 7,us]ts5 ,,iii7 & ,ne-maat-ra          
7,am5emhat ,,iii740 ,p4 ,k4      ,x1    
#aa4  #ab4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,"l ( ! ,two 
,l&s1 ,ne-maat-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iii740   
,b4,m4 #afgdf4  #ac4 8,ne-maat-ra       
7,am5emhat ,,iii71 belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l 
( ,%$iti40      ,m-,g4  #ad4            
8,ne-maat-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iii71 belov$ (
 ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,%$iti40      ,amh4      
7=m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,bonomi3 cf4    

,%>pe1 ,eg4      ,insc41 ,,ii1 p4 #bc74 
#ae4 8,us]ts5 & ,ne-maat-ra 7,am5emhat  
,,iii740 ,m-,g41 said to h be5      f\nd
 at ,el ,b]%eh4  #af4 8,am5emhat1 belov$
 ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ent40 ,davis4  #ag4    
8,am5emhat1 belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l (      
,ref-sam 78740 ,amh4  #ah4 8,am5emhat1  
belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,aa-nef]u 78740  
,leyd4 #ffc4  #ai4 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] &    
,l[] ,egypt1 ,ne-maat-ra 7,am5emhat     
,,iii71 son      ( ,ra1 ,am51 ! ,"l ( ! 
,two ,l&s1 ! ,good ,god1 ,am5emhat40    
,m-,g4  #bj4 8,am5emhat & ! ,royal      
,daught] ,a-ta-ka-t40 ,m-,g4 ,a-ta-,kayt
 0      a daught] ( ,us]ts5 ,,ii4       
7,a4,z4 ,,xxxvii1 #ia47  #ba4 ,?is      
cyl9d]-seal be>s ! full titles & "n (   
,que5      ,sebek-%$eti-nef]u4 ,b4,m4   
#afeha4  #bb4 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[]    
,egypt1 ,maa-kh]u-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iv710 
) ! leg5d fu qe es neb tem1 & 8belov$ ( 
,ha!r1      ,mi/ress ( ,re-aat 78740    
,m-,g4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        

,,plate ,,vii4                          
,,cyl9d]-,,seals ,,( ,,!                
,,twelf? ,,to ,,sev5te5? ,,dyna/ies4    
#a4 8,! ,mayor ( ,het-kha-,us]ts5 &     
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,temple 444      ,s5ba1 
ju/ifi$40 ,alnw4 ,het-kha-,us]ts5 0     
probably ! pyramid      t[n ( ,us]ts5   
,,ii 7,griffi?1 ,k4,p41 p4 #eh74 ,o!r   
mayors ( ?is      locality are record$ 9
 ! tomb ( ,tehuti-hetep at ,el ,b]%eh   
7,newb]ry1 ,el4,b4 ,i41 ,,xxxiii72 on a 
/atue at ,alnwick ,ca/le      7,bir*1   
,cat4 ,alnw41 pp4 #fj-fb71 & on a sc>ab 
publi%$ on ,pl4      ,,xiii1 #bj ( !    
pres5t "w4  #b4 ,cyl9d]-seal ( a k+ ) ! 
,horus-"n ( ,h]-tep-tau1      8,*iefta9 
( ! ,two ,l&s10 & 8belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l 
( ,sunu40      ,mur*4 ,?is k+ c]ta9ly   
belongs to ! beg9n+ ( !      ,?irte5?   
,dyna/y1 b 8 p]sonal "n has n z yet be5 
fix$4  #c4 ,! full names & titles ( k+  
,am55hat-s5b-ef4 ,amh4 ,?is             
beautiful cyl9d]-seal is ( /eatite1     
coat$ ) a f9e blue      glaze1 & !      
hi]oglyphs are v delicately cut4 ,x 0   

f\nd at      ,mohalla 7,mualla71        
opposite ,gebeln1 & ! mon>* ^: "n x     
records is o!rwise unkn[n 7cf4 my note 9
 ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1      #bhb74  #d4  
8,sekhem-khu-tau-ra1 belov$ ( ,sebek1   
,"l ( ,ref-sam 78740 ,b4,m4      #cffc4 
#e4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,uah-ab-ra 7,aa-ab71
 belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,sunu40         
,gr4  #f4 8,! ,good ,god1               
,se-bak787-ka-ra1 belov$ ( ,sebek1 "l ( 
,sunu40 ,amh4  #g4 8,! ,hek ,khaskhet1  
,rul] ( ! ,m\nta9s10 ,khran 7,khan74 ,9 
!      possession ( ,signore ,lanzone ( 
,tur94  #h4 ,a cyl9d]-seal ) decorative 
coil-patt]n4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,nubt         
7,petrie1 ,naqada1 ,,lxxxi1 #gi71 &     
belongs to ! int]m$iate      p]iod      
betwe5 ! end ( ! ,twelf? & ! beg9n+ ( ! 
,eighte5? ,dyna/y4  #i4 ,cyl9d]-seal1 ) 
int]lac+ coil-patt]n4 ,m-,g4 ,( ! e>ly  
,int]m$iate p]iod4  #aj4 8,! ,hek nef]1 
,good ,rul]1 ,khan40 ,a!ns4  #aa4       
,cyl9d]-seal1 ) human figures & c>t\*es 
) hi]oglyphic      inscriptions (       
d\btful read+4 ,p4 ,hyksos p]iod4  #ab4 

,a gre5 glaz$ /eatite cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ 
! leg5d      8,khep]-nub-ra10 ! pr5om5 (
 ,antef ,v4 ,b4,m4 #cjggb4 ,late        
,int]m$iate p]iod4  #ac4 8,! ,gov]nor ( 
! 7,royal7 ,city 7i4e41 ,!bes7 & ,vezir1
      ,ankhu40 ,figur$ 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 
,add4 ,,ms4 #bihaf1 f4 #aic4 ,?is       
vezir liv$ "u ,k+ ,kh5z]1 ( ! ,?irte5?  
,dyna/y 7cf4 my      note 9 ,p4,s4,b4,a4
 ,,xxii1 #fd74                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,viii4                         
,,miscellane\s ,,cyl9d]-,,seals4   #a4  
,cyl9d]-seal1 ) figures ( m5 & fl[]s1 & 
a c>t\*e )      unreadable inscription4 
v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aec47 ,hyksos p]iod4  
#b4 8,zes]-ka-ra 7,am5-hetep ,i740      
,b4,m4 #afegi4  #c4 8,neb-maat-ra       
7,am5-hetep ,,iii7 & ,que5 ,?0 ,c4d4,m4 
#d4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,am51 & 
,*ief ,/ew>d ( !      ,que5 ,hat%epsut1 
,s5-mut40 ,p4 ,s5-mut 0 ! fav\rite m9i/]
      ( ,que5 ,hat%epsut1 & ! ar*itect (
 ! fam\s temple at ,dr      el ,bah>i4  

7,= 8 biography1 see my acc\nt ( 8 life 
9 ,b5son      & ,g\rlay's ,! ,temple (  
,mut1 pp4 #bii-cab1 & a supplem5t>y     
note 9 ! ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 #fc47  #e4
 8,zes]-ka-ra 7,am5-hetep ,i740 ,p4  #f4
 8,aa-khep]u-ra 7,am5-hetep ,,ii710 )   
figures ( ,ptah & ,khnem1 &      a      
gazelle among bu%es4 ,dat4  #g4         
,cyl9d]-seal ( ,set ,i1 ) titles4 ,p4   
#h4 8,sahu-ra10 ) 8 ,horus & ,hor-nub   
names4 ,9 ! possession (      ,alan     
,joseph1 ,esq41 ( ,cairo4  #i4          
8,kha-ef-ra40 ,b]l4  #aj4 8,kha-ef-ra10 
) 8 ,horus-"n1 ,us]-ab4 ,c4d4,m4  #aa4  
8,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat ,,ii710#abd     
belov$ ( ,sebek1 ,"l ( ,anu40      ,mr4 
,nahmann1 ,cairo4                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,ix4                           
,,sc>abs ,,be>+ ,,royal ,,names3        
,,f\r? ,,to ,,twelf? ,,dyna/ies4   #a-i4
 ,sc>abs be>+ names ( k+s ( ! ,anci5t   
,k+dom3--            #a4 8,neb-ka-ra40  
,b4,m4 #bcbif4            #b4 8,khufu40 

,b4,m4 #bbidi4            #c4 8,khufu40 
,gr4            #d4 8,kha-ef-ra40 ,alnw4
            #e4 8,kha-ef-ra40 ,m-,g4    
#f4 8,unas40 ,amh4            #g4       
8,m]-ra40 ,luxor4            #h4        
8,neb-kha-ra40 ,h-,p4 #aff4             
#i4 8,m5-kau-ra40 ,gr4  #aj-ci4 ,sc>abs 
be>+ names ( k+s & o!r royal p]sonages (
 !      ,elev5? & ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4    
#aj4 8,se-ankh-ka-ra0 7,m5tuhetep ,,iv  
874 ,p4 ,= ?is k+'s           p]sonal   
"n1 see a monum5t 9 ! ,cairo ,museum    
7,no4 #cadci74       #aa4               
8,se-hetep-ab-ra0 7,am5emhat ,i74 ,w4   
,s4,b4 ,i1 #bae4       #ab4             
8,se-hetep-ab-ra-s5b40 ,mr4 ,nahmann1   
,cairo4 ,! back ( ?is           seal is 
( ! button-type4       #ac4             
8,khep]-ka-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,i74 ,gr4 ,?is  
sc>ab-seal has a back (           !     
8,yabek-h]0 type 7cf4 fig4 #fh1 p4 #gc71
 ) a lotus           fl[] engrav$ on !  
"r w+4       #ad4 8,khep]-ka-ra0        
7,us]ts5 ,i74 ,m-,g4       #ae4         
8,us]ts540 ,luxor4       #af4           

8,am5emhat40 ,p4       #ag4             
8,khep]-ka-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,i74 ,amh4      
#ah4 8,khep]-ka-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,i74 ,gr4  
#ai4 8,kha-khep]-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,,ii74    
,c4,m4       #bj4 8,kha-khep]-ra0       
7,us]ts5 ,,ii74 ,gr4       #ba4         
8,nub-ka-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,ii74 ,m-,g4   
#bb4 8,kha-kau-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,,iii74     
,davis4       #bc4 8,kha-khep]-ra0      
7,us]ts5 ,,ii74 ,m-,g4       #bd4       
8,kha-kau-ra0 7,us]ts5 ,,iii74 ,c4,m4   
,f\nd at ,dah%r 7cf4 de ,m4             
,d4 ,i1 vi1 #d74       #be4             
8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii74 ,gr4   
#bf4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii74   
,a%m4       #bg4 8,ne-maat-ra0          
7,am5emhat ,,iii71 ) titles4 ,c4,m4 ,?is
 sc>ab is           ( lapis-lazuli1 set 
9 a gold funda1 & 0 f\nd at             
,dah%r1 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adh47     
#bh4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii74   
,c4,m4 ,( em]ald /one1 & f\nd           
at ,dah%r4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adi47  
#bi4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii74   
,gr4       #cj4 8,! ,royal ,daught]1    

,m]]t40 ,c4,m4 ,( lapis-lazuli1 & f\nd  
at ,dah%r4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adg47  
#ca4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,"l ( two ,l&s1    
,nub-ka-ra1 ,us]ts540 ,m-,g4            
,?is sc>ab is p]haps a 8late issue10 :i*
 might acc\nt =           ! pr5om5 (    
,am5emhat ,,ii be+ jo9$ to ! nom5 ( an  
,us]ts52 or x may be a contempor>y      
specim51 ! two names           appe>+   
be+ due to ! co-reg5cy ( ,am5emhat ,,ii 
&           ,us]ts5 ,,ii4       #cb4 8,!
 ,royal ,wife :o is jo9$ to ! ,beauty ( 
! ,:ite           ,cr[n40 ,c4,m4 ,a     
que5's sc>ab1 f\nd at ,dah%r4 7de ,m4   
,d4           ,i1 xx1 #dh b47       #cc4
 8,! ,royal ,daught]1 ,sat-ha!r40 ,c4,m4
 ,f\nd at ,dah%r4 7de ,m4           ,d4 
,i1 fig4 #aec47       #cd4 8,! ,royal   
,daught]1 ,m]t40 ,c4,m4 ,f\nd at ,dah%r4
 7de ,m4 ,d4           ,i1 fig4 #aeb47  
#ce4 8,! ,h]$it>y ,*iefta9ess1 ! ,royal 
,pr9cess1           ,anket-nefret-ub540 
v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ge74 ,two o!r sc>abs (
           ?is pr9cess are kn[n1 "o 9 ! 
v-,b4 ,coll4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #gf71           

& ! o!r 9 ! ,petrie ,coll4       #cf4   
8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii71 )      
titles4 ,l4 ,a simil>           specim5 
is 9 ! ,petrie ,coll4       #cg4        
8,ne-maat-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iii74 ,alnw4 
#ch4 8,maa-kh]u-ra0 7,am5emhat ,,iv74   
,l4       #ci4 8,! ,h]$it>y ,*iefta9ess1
 ! ,royal ,pr9cess1 ,nub-em-ant40       
v-,b4 7,f4 ,sc4 #hj47                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,x4      ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,! ,,k+s 
,,( ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,& ,,f\rte5?         
,,dyna/ies4   #a4 8,sekhem-khu-taui-ra40
 ,mur*4  #b4 8,sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra1    
,sebekhetep ,,ii1 made ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r 
,m5tuhetep40 ,c4,m4  #c4                
8,sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra1 ,sebekhetep     
,,ii1 born ( ! ,royal ,"m               
,auhet-abu40 ,b4,m4 #cjejf 7cf4 ,m4,d41 
#dh i74  #d4 8,kha-se%es-ra             
7,nef]hetep71 made ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r     
,ha-ank-ef40      v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #df47
  #e4 8,nef]hetep1 born ( ! ,royal ,"m  
,kema40 v-,b4  #f4 8,kha-nef]-ra10      

,sebekhetep ,,iii4 ,na%4  #g4           
8,kha-nef]-ra10 ,sebekhetep ,,iii4 ,gr4 
#h4 8,kha-nef]-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iii71  
made ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r      ,ha-ankh-ef40
 ,c4,m4  #i4 8,kha-nef]-ra 7,sebekhetep 
,,iii71 born ( ! ,royal ,"m ,kema40     
,b4,m4 #cicd4  #aj4 8,kha-nef]-ra0      
7,sebekhetep ,,iii74 ,h-,p4 #cfic4  #aa4
 8,kha-nef]-ra0 7,sebekhetep ,,iii74    
,b4,m4 #beeed4  #ab4 8,kha-nef]-ra0     
7,sebekhetep ,,iii74 ,l4  #ac4          
8,kha-nef]-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iii71      
comb9$ ) ! pr5om5 (      ,kha-ankh-ra   
7,sebekhetep ,,iv740 ,a%m4  #ad4        
8,kha-ka-ra40 ,gr4  #ae4 8,kha-ka-ra40  
,amh4  #af4 8,kha-hetep-ra10 ,sebekhetep
 ,v4  ,c4,m4 #cfff 7cf4 ,m4,d4 #dh p74  
#ag4 8,uah-ab-ra' 7,aa-ab740 ,p4  #ah & 
#ai4 8,m]-nef]-ra1 ,a40 ,alnw4 & ,c4,m4 
#cffh 7= ! latt]1      cf4 ,m4,d4 #dh   
o74  #bj4 8,m]-nef]-ra0 7,a47 ,na% 7cf4 
,m4,d4 #dh q74  #ba4 8,m]-hetep-ra1     
,ana40 ,l4  #bb4 8,maa-ra1 ,sebekhetep  
,,vi 840 ,gr4  #bc4 8,maa-ra            
7,sebekhetep ,,vi 8740 ,m-,g4  #bd4     

8,sebek-em-sau-ef40 ,h-,p4 #ahg4 ,?is   
specim5 is 9 d>k gre5 basalt1      ) a  
gold cov]+1 ^u :i* ! c>t\*e is incis$4  
#be4 8,d$ui-ankh-ra0 7,m5tu-em-sau-ef74 
,p4  #bf4 8,d$ui-ankh-ra0               
7,m5tu-em-sau-ef74 ,mur*4  #bg4         
8,sebek40 ,9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4
 ,sayce4 ,b\ght at ,luxor4 7,p4         
,sc4 #bha47  #bh4 8,%5s40 ,grant ,coll4 
,ano!r specim5 is 9 ! ,b4,m4 #cbcib4    
#bi4 8,nef]-d$-ra0 7,d$u-mes74 v-,b4    
7,fr4 ,sc4 #fb47 ,= ! nom5 (      ?is   
k+1 see a /one slab 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 
#bjecc4  #cj4 8,nef]-ankh-ra40 ,f\nd at 
,def5neh4 7,petrie1 ,def5neh1 ,pl4      
,,xli1      #eg47                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xi4        ,,sc>abs ,,(       
,,(ficials ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to        
,,f\rte5? ,,dyna/ies4   #a4 8,! ,gov]nor
 ( ! 7,royal7 ,city & ,vezr1            
,ptah-d$ut-s5b1      ju/ifi$40 ,h-,p4   
#cgbf4 ,a clay impression ( a some:at   
simil> seal      7( ! ,vezr -m]u7 0 f\nd

 by ,pr(4 ,petrie at ,abydos4  #b4 8,!  
,gov]nor ( ! 7,royal7 ,city & ,vezr1    
,au40 ,mur*4 ,?is ,vezr      is m5tion$ 
on a /ela 9 ,vi54 7,no4 #aag2 cf4 ,rec4 
des trav41      ,,ix1 #fb47  #c4 8,!    
,scribe ( ! ,vezr1 ,r5-ef-s5b40 ,?omp4  
#d4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1          
,neb-re-sehui40 ,l4 #fbhh4 ,?ree o!r    
sc>abs ( ?is (ficial are kn[n3 "o is 9 !
 v-,b4 ,coll4 7,fr4      ,sc4 #ij71     
ano!r is 9 ! ,fitzw4 ,mus4 7,budge1     
,cat4 #aee71 &      ! ?ird is 9 ,mr4    
,nahmann's h&s 9 ,cairo4  #e4 8,!       
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,up-em-heb40 ,gr4
  #f4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,s5ba40
 ,gr4 ,ano!r sc>ab ( ?is      (ficial is
 9 ! ,b4,m4 7#bdajh1 ,p4 ,sc4 #dde47  #g
 & #h4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1       
,s5b-su-ma40 7,gr4 & ,m-,g47            
,sev]al o!r sc>abs ( ,s5b-su-ma are     
kn[n4 ,?ree are figur$ by      ,petrie  
7,,sc4 #ddf-ddh71 f ! ,l\vre1 ,petrie & 
,grant ,colls42      o!r specim5s are 9 
! ,cairo ,mus41 ! ,amh4 ,coll4 & !      
,edws4      ,coll4 ,a beautiful light   

blue glaz$ specim5 0 f\nd at ,kahn 7,p4 
,i4 ,,viii1 #db71 its prov5ance & /yle  
po9t+ to ! late      ,twelf? ,dyna/y z !
 date ( ?is (ficial4 ,s5b-su-ma is nam$ 
on sev]al /elae2 "o1 9 ! ,cairo ,mus41  
gives ! "n ( 8      fa!r1 ,s]t-taui 7,m4
 ,cat4 ,ab4 #ghd72 ano!r1 9 ! ,leyd4    
,mus4      7,v4 #ajf7 names 8 wife1 8!  
,lady ,tau-ma20 a ?ird /ela1 9 !        
,cairo ,mus4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 #ijd7 gives
 ! "n ( 8 son1 ! ari      at abu1 ,pepa1
 ^: sc>ab seal is 9 ! ,meux ,coll4      
7,budge1      ,cat4 #dee74 ,s5b-su-ma's 
"n also occurs on /elae 9 ! ,b4,m4      
7#beb72 9 ! ,ermitage ,mus41 ,/4        
,pet]sburg 7#eh72 & 9 ! ,tur9      ,mus4
 7#acjc74 ,8 tomb 0 at ,dah%r1 a slab ( 
/one f x      hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y 
( t place 7,m4 ,ma/41 p4      #ehc74    
#i4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,yu-s5b40
 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #hf47  #aj4 8,!       
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,am5hetep40 v-,b4
 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ia47      ,?ree o!r sc>abs 
( ?is ,/ate ,(fic] are kn[n3 "o1 )      
cont9u\s loop-patt]n ar\nd ! "n1 0 f\nd 

at ,abydos      7,m4,d4 #eb f471 & is   
figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xvi1 #c2 ano!r is 9 !   
,petrie ,coll41 & ! ?ird is 9 ! v-,b4   
7,fr4 ,sc4 #hg47  #aa4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t (
 ! ,seal1 ,h]fu40 ,l4  #ab4 8,!         
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,erde-ne-,ptah40 
,b4 #agbcj4 ,ano!r      specim5 is 9 !  
,petrie ,coll4  #ac4 8,! ,deputy        
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 
,c4,m4 ,f      ,abydos4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 
p4 #eda2 cf4 ,m4,d41 pl4 #dh m47  #ad4  
8,! ,scribe ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1  
,nehesi40 ,p4  #ae4 8,! ,mayor1         
,tehuti-nekht40 ,amh4 ,?is sc>ab 0 b\ght
 9 ,cairo 9      #ahii1 & came ) _m o!r 
antiquities f ! tomb (                  
,tehuti-nekht at ,el ,b]%eh4 ,h5ce x c  
be dat$ to ! reign (      ,us]ts5 ,i1 or
 at late/ to ! e>ly ye>s ( ,am5emhat    
,,ii 7see      ,griffi? & ,newb]ry1 ,el 
,b]%eh ,,ii1 p4 #ac72 x is consequ5tly  
! olde/ absolutely dat$ sc>ab ( an      
(ficial kn[n4  #af4 8,! ,mayor1         
,am5emhat-s5b-ne-,ha!r-ab40 ,l4 ,f\nd 9 
,pho5icia4  #ag4 8,! ,mayor1 ,am5emhat40

 ,l4  #ah4 8,! ,mayor1 ,au-mes40 ,b4,m4 
#baijf4  #ai4 8,! ,great ,u>tu ( !      
7,royal7 ,city1 ,sa-sebek40 -,g4 ,ano!r 
sc>ab ( ?is (ficial1 ornam5t$ ) a       
cont9u\s loop      decoration1 is 9 !   
v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aah47  #bj4 8,! ,u>tu 
( ! ,rul]'s ,table1 ,sebekhetep1 son ( !
 ,u>tu (      ! ,rul]'s ,table1         
,m5tuhetep40 ,a%m4 ,sev]al o!r sc>abs ( 
?is      (ficial are kn[n2 two specim5s 
are 9 ! ,l\vre 7,p4 ,sc4 #chi1          
#cia72 ano!r is 9 ! ,tur9 ,mus4 7#aacd2 
,klapro?1 ,pal9 ,coll4      #aaac72 a   
f\r? is 9 ! ,cairo ,mus4 7#cgie2 f      
,abydos1 ,m4 ,cat4      ,abyd41 p4 #eda2
 cf4 ,m4,d4 pl4 #dh n72 & a fif? & well 
pres]v$ example is 9 ! ,petrie ,coll4   
#ba4 8,! ,great ,g5]al ,pehui-ef-hu80   
,mur*4  #bb4 8,! ,g5]al1 ,hora40 ,a%m4  
#bc4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,m5tiu         
7,asiatics71 ,r5-s5b40 ,evans4  #bd4 8,!
 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,great ,kit*5 787 ,h]t 
787-si-hetep40      ,mur*4  #be4 8,!    
,k+'s ,fri5d1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !         
,musicians1 ,neb-qemiu40      ,mur*4 ,a 

/ela ( ?is man1 9 ! ,cairo ,mus4 7,m4   
,cat4 ,abyd4      #hac71 gives ! names (
 8 fa!r1 ,hora1 & "m1 ,sefget1 &        
c]ta9ly dates f ! p]iod ( ! ,sebekhetep 
k+s4  #bf4 8,! ,surveyor1               
,nef]-sebek-d$u40 ,b4,m4 #bhbce4  #bg4  
8,! ,royal ,scribe 444 ,aka-s5b-na40    
,mur*4  #bh4 8,! ,private ,seal]1       
,sa-ha!r-aa40 ,mur*4  #bi4 8,!          
,/orekeep]1 ,neb-se%5u40 ,mur*4  #cj4   
8,! ,in/ructor ( ! ,foll[]s1 ,d$a1 son (
 ! ,in/ructor ( !      ,foll[]s1 ,beba40
 ,mur*4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xii4                          
,,sc>abs ,,( ,,(ficials ,,( ,,!         
,,twelf? ,,to ,,f\rte5?                 
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,! ,royal   
,son1 ,antefa40 ,p4 ,f ! /yle ( ! cutt+ 
& !      back ( ?is sc>ab1 ,i %\ld be   
incl9$ to recognize 9 ?is      ,antefa  
"o ( ! pr9ces ( ! int]m$iate p]iod      
betwe5 !      ,?irte5? & ,sev5te5?      
,dyna/ies1 r ?an a pr9ce ( !            

,elev5? ,dyna/y4  #b4 8,! ,royal ,son   
,kha-kau40 ,l4 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,pal9 ,coll4  
7,klapro?1      ,pl4 ,,vi1 #bie47       
,p]haps ?is is a sc>ab ( ,us]ts5 ,,iii  
be=e !      ,ra 0 add$ to 8 "n 7874  #c4
 8,! ,royal ,son1 ,sa-ha!r40 ,c4,m4     
#cgif4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,abd4 #eci47          
,sa-ha!r 0 ! son ( ,k+ ,nef]hetep4  #d &
 #e4 8,! ,great ,royal ,wife :o is unit$
 to ! beauty ( ! ,:ite      ,cr[n1      
,ana40 ,l4 & v-,b4 ,ano!r specim5 is 9 !
 ,petrie ,coll4      ,! /yle & cutt+ (  
^! sc>abs w\ld po9t to ! p]iod (      ! 
,sebekhetep k+s4  #f4 8,! ,royal ,wife1 
,sat-sebek40 ,davis4 ,a simil> sc>ab (  
?is que5 is      9 ! ,b4,m4 #cbbfe4  #g4
 8,! ,royal ,clo?i]1 ,nehy40 v-,b4  #h4 
8,tehep5khet-m]y 78740 ,b4,m4 #dcbc4    
#i4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,great ,prison1     
,sesa40 ,p4  #aj4 8,! ,great ,uab-prie/ 
( ,ha!r1 ,mi/ress ( ,tep-ahu1           
,khnem-set-h]u-sebek 78740 v-,b4  #aa4  
8,! ,royal ,fri5d1 ,d$ut40 ,b4,m4 #dcbb4
  #ab4 8,! ,gu>dian ( ! ,/oreh\se1      
,hap-hetepu40 ,b4,m4 #agedd4  #ac4 8,!  

,great ,"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,?a-a?40 ,l4
  #ad4 8,! ,royal ,fri5d1 ,hepu-em-%a40 
,p4  #ae4 8,! ,/ew>d ,sep1 ,son (       
,ankh40 v-,b4  #af4 8,! ,royal ,fri5d1  
,sa-sebek40 ,c4 7cf4 ,m4,a4 #dh i74     
#ag4 8,! ,doctor & ,judge1 ,ha-ankh-ef40
 ,a%m4  #ah4 8,! ,lady1 ,m]t40 ,gr4     
#ai4 8,! ,lady1 ,nub-em-sau-es40 ,t4    
#bj4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior1 !    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nor?      ,l&1         
,s5b-tefi40 ,a%m4  #ba4 8,! ,royal      
,fri5d1 ,a40 ,gr4  #bb4 8,! ,doctor &   
,embalm]1 ,ptah-ur40 ,b4,m4 #bibbf4     
#bc4 8,! ,prie/ ( ,sebek 9 ,!bes1       
,nef]hetep40 ,b4,m4 #bdacb4  #bd4       
8,sebek-aa-s5es40 ,mur*4  #be4 8,!      
,royal ,fri5d1 ,apepa40 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b47
  #bf4 8,! ,great ,royal ,wife :o is    
unit$ to ! beauty ( ! ,:ite      ,cr[n1 
,nub-hetep-?a40#abe ,mur*4 ,ano!r ,sc>ab
 ( ?is ,que5 is      giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xliv1
 #ac4  #bg4 8,! ,lady1 ,n5na40 ,mur*4 ,a
 lady ( ?is "n is m5tion$ on a      /ela
 9 ! ,c4,m4 7,no4 #gg74  #bh4 8,! ,royal
 ,seal]1 ,*ief ,/ew>d & ,royal          

,att5dant1 ,?a-?a40      ,davis4 ,?a-?a 
is nam$ on a /ela 9 ! ,fitzw4 ,mus4     
7,budge1      ,cat4 #gc74  #bi4 8,!     
,royal ,seal]1 ,*ief ,/ew>d & ,royal    
,att5dant1 ,r5-ef-em-ab40      ,b4,m4   
#bhbbf4  #cj4 8,! ,gu>dian ( !          
,/oreh\se1 ,hor-kh5t-nef]40 ,mur*4      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xiii4  ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,(ficials
 ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,f\rte5?        
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,! ,royal   
,son1 ,t> 7or ,ar8740 ,mur*4  #b4 8,!   
,/ew>d1 ,teta-%]a40 ,b]l4 #cfac4  #c4   
8,! ,att5dant1 ,antef40 ,b]l4 #igdg4    
#d4 8,! ,/ew>d1 ,sebek-se-ankh40 ,b]l4  
#acfah4  #e4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! 444    
,ar-sa-khet40 ,edws4 ,f\nd at ,kahn 7,p4
      ,i4 ,,viii1 #bj74  #f4 8,!        
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,di/rict1 ,m5tunesu40   
,petrie ,coll4 ,f\nd      at ,illhn 7,p4
 ,i4 ,,viii1 #da74  #g4 8,! ,lady       
,hez-uah-m]t 78740 ,b]l4 #cfah4  #h4    
8,may ! ,k+ give an (f]+ to ,ptah-sek] =
 ! ka ( !      ,u>t ( ! ,rul]'s ,table1 

,nu%u40 ,b]l4 #cffd4  #i4 8,! ,great ,"o
 ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,sebek-ur40 ,b]l4     
#gdag4  #aj4 8,! ,royal ,seal] & ,*ief  
,/ew>d1 ,aka40 ,fitzw4 7,budge1 ,cat4   
#aeg74 ,ano!r sc>ab ( ?is (ficial is 9 !
 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4      #he47  #aa4 8,!  
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior ( ! ,dep41     
,neh40 ,fitzw4      7,budge1 ,cat4      
#aed47  #ab4 8,! ankhet#abf ( ,upp]     
,egypt1 ,nef]-hetep40  #ac4 8,! ,scribe 
( ! ,temple ( ,hetep-,us]ts51 ,s5bu40   
,clay-seal+      f\nd at ,kahn4 7,p4 ,i4
 ,,ix1 #bf47 ,hetep-,us]ts5 0 ! "n (    
! pyramid ( ,us]ts5 ,,iii at ,dah%r4    
7,griffi?1 ,k4,p41 pp4 #hi      & #ij47 
#ad4 8,! ,u>tu ( ! ,rul]'s ,table1      
,hora40 ,*icago ,mus4  #ae4 8,!         
,regulator ( ! ,palace1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( 
! ,temple1      ,hora40 ,clay-seal+ f\nd
 at ,illhn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #ah47  #af4  
8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior ( ! ,dep41 
,ankha40 ,gr4  #ag4 8,! ,royal ,seal] & 
,g5]al1 ,sa-nab40 ,p4  #ah4 8,! ,gu>dian
 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,meat1 ,hor-ankh40     
v-,b4  #ai4 8,may ! ,k+ give an (f]+ to 

,ptah-sek] = ! ka ( !      ,gu>dian ( ! 
,h\se ( ,(f]+s1 ,s5-pu40 ,f\nd at ,illhn
 7,p4      ,i4 ,,ix1 #ag74 ,ano!r sc>ab 
( ?is (ficial is giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xxix1    
#b4  #bj4 8,! ,scribe 9 *>ge ( ! ,seal (
 ,hetep-,us]ts5 & ! ,seal (             
,ankh-,us]ts51 ,y-ab40 ,a clay-seal+    
f\nd at ,illhn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1      #bj74
  #ba4 8,! ,mayor & ,sup]9t5d5t ( !     
,temple1 ,ankh40 ,f\nd at      ,illhn4  
7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #af47  #bb4 8,! ,royal   
,seal]1 ,*ief ,/ew>d & ,royal ,att5dant1
 ,erde-en-,ptah40      ,davis4 7,p4 ,sc4
 #dch47  #bc4 8,am5emhat40 ,b]l4 #aeace4
  #bd4 8,! ,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t (
 ! ,field ,lab\r]s1      ,sur?a40 ,p4   
#be4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,army1 ,nef]-iu40  
,b]l4 #ieai4  #bf4 8,! ,slave ( ! ,rul]1
 ,sat-,ptah40 ,gr4  #bg4 8,! ,royal     
,seal]1 ,*ief ,/ew>d1 am-z1 ,ankh-ef40  
,?is ,ankh-ef is      m5tion$ on a /ela 
9 ! ,cairo ,mus4 7,cat4 ,ab4 #hhg71 & ! 
names ( ! (ficials :o s]v$ "u him are   
giv54  #bh4 8,! ankh ( ! ,rul]'s ,table1
 u-s5b40 ,gr4  #bi4 8,! ,gu>dian ( !    

,/oreh\se1 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 ,b]l4       
#aecfc4  #cj4 8,! ,royal ,wife1         
,s5b-h5a-es40 ,b]l4 #ajigg4 ,ano!r sc>ab
 ( ?is      que5 is 9 ! same ,coll4     
7#ieah71 & a ?ird example is 9 !        
,davis ,coll42 cf4 my note 9            
,p4,s4,b4,a4  #ca4 8,! ,royal ,seal] &  
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal-be>]s1 ,s$em40    
,b]l4 #cffg4  #cb4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !  
,int]ior & ( ! ,nor? ,l& 7i4e41      !  
,delta71 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 ,amh4 ,on ?is 
(fic]1 see my note 9      ,g>/ang's ,el 
,arabeh1 p4 #cb4  #cc4 8,! ,royal       
,seal]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal]s & ,royal
      ,att5dant1 ,res40 7,tubi]es1      
,recueil d',antiquits gypti5nes1        
,vol4 ,,vi1 ,pl4 ,,iii1 #h47  #cd4 8,!  
,in/ructor ( ! ,h\se ( ,life1 ,s5b40    
,c4,m4  #ce4 8,! ,gu>dian ( ! ,b[s1     
,s5b-ef40 ,p4                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xiv4  ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,(ficials 
,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,f\rte5?         
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,! ,mayor & 

,div9e ,treasur]1 ,am5-hetep40 ,p4  #b4 
8,! ,*ief ,scribe ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !   
,seal1 ,sa-ptah40 ,s4,k4      7,g>/ang1 
,el ,arabeh1 ,pl4 ,x1 p4 #cd47  #c4 8,! 
,uab-prie/1 ,ab-ah787-s5b-tefi40 v-,b4  
7,fr4 ,sc4 #ib47  #d4 8,! ,gu>dian ( !  
,gran>ies1 ,s]esa40 ,a%m4  #e4 8,!      
,/ew>d ( ! ,acc\nts ( ,corn1 ,a40 ,h-,p4
 #cgai4  #f4 8,! s] hayt1 ,s5aa-ab40    
,b4,m4 #dcaf4  #g4 8,! ,great ,"o ( !   
,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,s5aa-ab40 ,m-,g4  #h4 8,! 
,great ,"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1             
,ptah-99hetep40 ,amh4  #i4 8,!          
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,be] 787    
,sat-ab40 ,= !      title1 cf4 infra1   
,pl4 ,,xvi1 #ag4  #aj4 8,! ,royal ,seal]
 & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,doma9s1             
,erde-en-ptah40      ,p4  #aa4 8,!      
,lector ( ,nekheb 7i4e41 ,el ,kab71     
,sebek-99hetep40 ,lans+ ,coll4      7,p4
 ,sc47  #ab4 8,! ,att5dant ( ! 444      
,beba40 ,b4,m4 #aegjf4  #ac4 8,! ,great 
,"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,ankh-tefi40 ,p4   
#ad4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,great ,prison1    
,pa-enti-en40 ,p4  #ae4 8,! ,lady1      

,nef]u40 ,b4,m4 #bdjid4  #af4 8,!       
,scribe ( ! ,great ,prison1 ,sez$a40    
,b4,m4 #agbea4 ,f\nd at      ,kurneh4   
7,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #biheg1 f1    
#h47  #ag4 8,! ,royal ,fri5d ,s4444     
sutekh 78740 ,mur*4  #ah4 8,! ,elde/    
,royal ,daught]1 ,erdet-en-ptah40       
,brocklehur/ ,coll4  #ai4 8,! ,great    
,royal ,wife :o is unit$ to ! beauty ( !
 ,:ite      ,cr[n1 ,kh5su40 ,l4  #bj4   
8,! ,div9e ,fa!r1 ,sebekhetep40 ,p4     
#ba4 8,! ,/ew>d1 ,m40 ,c4,m4  #bb4 8,!  
,great ,u>tu ( ! ,rul]1 ,au-su-ankh40   
,t4  #bc4 8,! ,*ief ,scribe ( ! ,great  
,prison1 ,sa-sebek40 ,p4  #bd4 8,!      
,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,field  
,lab\r]s1 ,a40 ,an      obsidian sc>ab1 
v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aaa47  #be4 8,! ,wakil
 ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,ne!nu40    
,b4,m4 #bhbbc4  #bf4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !
 ,lab\r ,bureau1 ,antef40 ,b4,m4 #bhbdj4
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xv4  ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,(ficials  

,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,f\rte5?         
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,! ,gu>dian 
( ! ,/oreh\se1 ,kha-kau-ra-s5b40 ,amh4  
#b4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,di/rict & !    
,scribe ( ! ,gate1#abg                  
,r5-s5b-,us]ts540 ,b4,m4 #bhbcb4  #c4   
8,m]-ra40 ,petrie ,coll4 ,f\nd at       
,illahn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #dj47  #d4 8,!
 ,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( !        
,seal]s1 ,saubu-sa40 ,c4,m4      7,m4   
,abydos1 ,,ii1 ,pl4 #dj j47 ,= ! read+ (
 ! "n1 see ,b4,m4      ,/ela1 #bae1 &   
cf4 ,l4,c4 #dc4  #e4 8,! ,gu>dian ( !   
,treasury1 ,sa-hez-nef]40 ,m-,g4  #f4   
8,! ,scribe ( ! ,secrets 7871 ,sa-ha!r40
 ,l4  #g4 8,! ,lady1 ,z]a40 ,b4,m4      
#agbbh4 ,= a lady ( ?is "n1 see a /ela 9
      ! ,leyd4 ,mus4 7,v1 #bb74  #h4 8,!
 ,lady1 ,sat-sutekh40 ,gr4 ,?is lady is 
nam$ on a /ela ( !      ,?irte5? ,dyna/y
 9 ! ,vi5na ,mus4 7#ia74  #i4 8,!       
,prie/1 ,d$e-nub40 ,t4 ,f ! ,pal9 ,coll4
 7,klapro?1 ,pal9      ,coll41 #ef47    
#aj4 8,! ,doctor & ari ,nekh51 ,auqa40  
,p4  #aa4 8,! ,royal ,fri5d1            

,sebekhetep40 ,t4 ,f ! ,pal9 ,coll4     
7,klapro?1      ,pal9 ,coll41 #hgf47    
#ab4 8,! s] hayt1 ,!ti40 ,davis4  #ac4  
8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,lake1 ,khnemsu40   
,l4  #ad4 8,! ,mayor ( ,re%uu1 ,iu-b5a40
 ,l4  #ae4 8,! ,royal ,ornam5t1         
,mu-nu-ab40 ,p4 ,= ! read+ ( ! "n1 see  
a ,?irte5? ,dyna/y /ela at ,m>seilles1  
,no4 #bh4  #af4 8,! ,u>tu ( ! ,ure%1    
,akuu40 ,l4 #fcac4  #ag4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t
 ( ! ,weapons 7871 ,sp]-nef40 ,p4  #ah4 
8,! ,regi/r>1 ,aa-khnem40 ,b4,m4 #cjeeb4
  #ai4 8,! ,doctor1 ,erde-ne-ptah40     
,mur*4  #bj4 8,! ,lady1 ,semi-nef]40 ,l4
  #ba4 8,! ,lady1 ,erdet-en-ptah40 ,a%m4
  #bb4 8,! ,great ,"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1  
,sa-aah40 ,a%m4  #bc4 8,! ,scribe ( !   
,soldi]s1 ,mehti 78740 ,mur*4  #bd4 8,! 
,att5dant ( ! 444 ,ankh40 ,mur*4  #be4  
8,! 444 787 ,kh5t-kheti40 ,mur*4  #bf4  
8,! ,att5dant ( ! 444 ,k]u40 ,l4        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xvi4  ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,(ficials 
,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,f\rte5?         

,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,!          
,uab-prie/ 7871 u-s5b40 ,m-,g4  #b4 8,! 
ahems ne dep1 ,am5emhat40 ,m-,g4  #c4   
8,! ,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( !     
,seal1 ,am5hetep40 ,c4,m4      7,m4,d4  
pl4 #dh f47 see also supra1 ,pl4 ,,xi1  
#aj4  #d4 8,! ,regulator ( ! ,palace1   
,s5-ankh40 ,mur*4  #e4 8,! s] hayt1     
,m5tuhetep40 ,alnw4  #f4 8,! ,wakil ( ! 
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,neb-sunu40 ,f\nd
 at      ,nubt4 7,petrie1 ,naqada1 ,pl4 
,,lxxx1 #ae47  #g4 8,! ,*ief ( ! ,sl$ge 
7871 ,setmes10 ,p4,c4 7,a sc>ab ( ano!r 
p]son be>+ ?is title is figur$ 9        
,petrie's ,naqada1 ,,lviii1      q4     
#ahh47  #h4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t 
( ! ,seal1 u-s5b40 ,davis4  #i4 8,!     
,gu>dian ( ! ,h\se ( ,(f]+s1 ,khu40     
,b4,m4 #agbed4  #aj4 8,! ,att5dant ( !  
444 ,au-ab40 ,p4  #aa4 8,! s] hayt1     
,s5b40 ,b4,m4 #aghgb4  #ab4 8,! man ( ! 
,scribe ( ! ,alt>s 7871 ,nef]tm40 ,p4   
#ac4 8,! ,mayor & ,sup]9t5d5t ( !       
,temple1 ,am5-s5b40 ,b4,m4  #ad4 8,!    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,di/rict ( ! ,temple1   

,ka40 ,b4,m4 #agbed4  #ae4 8,! ,lady1   
,neb-tefa40 ,b4,m4 #bdjie4  #af4 8,!    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,teta40 ,b]l4 
#ag4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t (    
,be] 787 ,sa-h40 ,c4,m4 #cjdb4      ,m4 
,cat4 ,ab41 p4 #edj4 ,= ! title1 cf4    
supra1 ,pl4 ,,xiv1 #i4  #ah4 8,!        
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gran>y1 ,apa40 ,a%m4 ,a
 h] ne %5t (      ?is "n is m5tion$ on a
 /ela ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y1      publi%$
 by ,m>iette 7,cat4 ,ab41 p4 #hgi74     
#ai4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,c\ncil1           
,sebek-h]-kh5at 78740 ,b]l4 #cfbj4  #bj4
 8,! ,att5dant ,s5b40 ,b]l4  #ba4 8,!   
,*ief ( ! ,lake1 ,s5ba40 7,klapro?1     
,pal9 ,coll41 ,pl4 ,v1      #bdi47  #bb4
 8,! ,/ew>d1 ,neb-pu40 ,c4,m4 #cgec4    
#bc4 8,! ,*ief ,/ew>d1 ,neb-kau40 ,b]l4 
#achah4  #bd4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !       
,int]ior ( ! ,dep1 ,r5-s5b40  #be4 8,!  
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior ( ! ,dep       
,bu-s5ba40 ,p4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xvii4           ,,sc>abs ,,(  

,,(ficials ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,to ,,!    
,,f\rte5?                               
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4   #a4 8,! ,elde/   
,royal ,daught]1 ,ptah-ur-bau40 ,gr4    
#b4 8,! ,prie/ & am-kh5t1 ,sebek-az]40  
,b4,m4 #agbca4  #c4 8,! man 7read zau   
787 ( ! ,royal ,h>m4 ,sehetep-ab40 ,a%m4
  #d4 8,! enti em s]t1 ,h]u-hetep40     
,b4,m4 #bibbe4  #e4 8,! ,gu>dian ( !    
,h\se ( ,(f]+s1 ,neb-sunu40  #f4 8,!    
,brew]1 mak+ ! fav\rs ( ,sebek1         
,us]ts540 ,davis4  #g4 8,! ,great ,"o ( 
! ,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,neh40 ,mur*4  #h4 8,!   
,royal ,daught]1 ,r5-s5b40 ,b4,m4       
#bhabf4  #i4 8,! ,in/ructor ( !         
,att5dants1 ,anhur-ankh40 ,b4,m4 #bdbfb4
  #aj4 8,! ,lady1 ,ana40 ,m-,g4  #aa4   
8,! ,lady ,sat-sp$u40 ,edws4  #ab4 8,!  
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior & ! ,sup]9t5d5t
 ( !      ,nor? ,l&1 ,se-ankh40 ,amh4   
#ac4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,alt>1             
,auf-er-s5b40 v-,b4  #ad4 8,!           
am-khet-apdu1 ,anu-enti 78740 v-,b4     
#ae4 8,! ,lady1 ,d$e-meti40 ,mur*4  #af4
 8,! ,wakil ( ! ,*ief ,/ew>d1           

,kh5t-hetep40 ,b4,m4 #bhbed4  #ag4 8,!  
,gu>dian ( ! ,treasury1 ,unnef]40 ,m-,g4
  #ah4 8,! ,"u ,seal]1 ,aa-khnem40      
,davis4  #ai4 8,! ,royal ,clo?i]1       
,neb-sunu40 ,f ! ,pal9 ,coll4 7,klapro?1
      ,pal9 ,coll4 #had47  #bj4 8,!     
,scribe ( ! ,acc\nts1 ,khnems40 ,b4,m4  
#abhja4  #ba4 8,! ,lector ( ! ,beautiful
 ,h\se1 ,ankhu40 ,mur*4  #bb4 8,! ,u>tu 
( ! ,oxyrhyn*ite ,oasis1 ,hetep40 ,c-,m4
 7,m4,d4 #eb h47  #bc4 8,! ,gu>dian ( ! 
,/oreh\se1 ,hetep40 ,m-,g4  #bd4 8,!    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,lake1 ,atef-ef40 ,mur*4
  #be4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,surveyor ( !    
,di/rict ( ,hetka1 ,ptah-a?40           
,m-,g4  #bf4 8,! ,scribe ) ! ,seal ( !  
,treasury1 ,s5bef40 ,c4,m4 7,m4,d4 #dh  
g47  #bg4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( !           
,seal-,engrav]s1 ,am5-ankh40 ,9 !       
possession ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans4 7,cf4  
,l\vre ,/ela1 ,c4 #he47  #bh4 8,! ,lady 
,nub-khus1 wife ( ! ,mayor1 ,r5-s5b40   
v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4      #gh47             
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        

,,plate ,,xviii4            ,,decorative
 ,,sc>abs3 ,,twelf? ,,to ,,eighte5?     
,,dyna/ies4        #a-ah4 ,rope patt]ns4
 ,?is s]ies ranges 9 date f ! ,twelf?   
,dyna/y onw>ds to ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 
,! evolution ( simple to complex =ms is 
int]e/+4 ,sc>abs ( ! types #e-g & #aj   
are common4            #a4 ,b5son4      
#b4 ,b4,m4           #c4 ,b5son4        
#d4 ,b5son4           #e4 ,h-,p4 #ieh4  
#f4 ,a%m4           #g4 ,amh4           
#h4 ,alnw4           #i4 ,ready4        
#aj4 ,gr4           #aa4 ,amh4          
#ab4 ,b5son4           #ac4 ,evans4     
#ad4 ,gr4           #ae4 ,b5son4        
#af4 ,mur*4           #ag4 ,newb4       
#ah4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #hd4       #ai-ce4 
,coil patt]ns4 ,! v>iety ( coil patt]ns 
f\nd on ,egyptian sc>abs is almo/       
inf9ite4 ,?is s]ies ranges 9 date f !   
,twelf? onw>ds to ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4  
,! type #bd is ,i believe1 peculi> to ! 
reigns ( ,?o?mes ,i & ,hat%epsut4       
#ai4 ,evans4      #bj4 ,b4,m4 #bgjac4   
#ba4 ,newb4      #bb4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1   

#ge4      #bc4 ,b4,m4 #bgaid4      #bd4 
,mur*4      #be4 ,a%m4      #bf4 ,a%m4  
#bg4 ,newb4      #bh4 ,h-,p4 #iid4      
#bi4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xi1 #dd47        
#cj4 ,amh4      #ca4 ,a%m4      #cb4    
,a%m4      #cc4 ,a%m4      #cd4 ,b5son4 
#ce4 ,m-,g4                             
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xix4      ,,decorative        
,,sc>abs3 ,,twelf? ,,to ,,eighte5?      
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4        #a-c4 ,rope 
patt]ns4 ,types #a & #b are v common1 & 
all ! specim5s t ,i h se5 ( ^! two types
 are c]ta9ly ( ! ,hyksos p]iod4         
#a4 ,evans4        #b4 ,hood4        #c4
 ,b4,m4 #bgghb4       #d-cf4 ,coil &    
loop patt]ns4 ,types #d & #e belong to !
 ,hyksos p]iod2 ! o!r types range 9 date
 f ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y onw>ds to !        
,eighte5?4         #d4 ,b5son4          
#e4 ,ready4        #f4 ,b4,m4 #bfeih4   
#g4 ,a%m4        #h4 ,alnw4 #abcb4      
#i4 ,b4,m4        #aj4 ,a%m4        #aa4
 ,b4,m4 #bgcba4        #ab4 ,b4,m4      

#chcb4        #ac4 ,liv4        #ad4    
,a%m4        #ae4 ,h-,p4        #af4 ,p4
 ,i4 ,,viii1 #he4        #ag4 ,p4       
,koptos ,x1 #dj4        #ah4 ,alnw4     
#aaeh4        #ai4 ,gr4        #bj4     
,b4,m4 #chfj4        #ba4 ,evans4       
#bb4 ,a%m4        #bc4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4  
,,xi1 #ch47        #bd4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 
#fh4        #be4 ,leyd4        #bf4     
,a%m4        #bg4 ,p4 ,i4 ,x1 #afh4     
#bh4 ,b5son4        #bi4 ,p4 ,i4 ,x1    
#adh4        #cj4 ,amh4        #ca4     
,mur*4        #cb4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xi1
 #bbc47        #cc4 ,a%m4        #cd4   
,a%m4        #ce4 ,p4 ,k4 ,x1 #bg4      
#cf4 ,b5son4                            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xx4      ,,decorative         
,,sc>abs3 ,,twelf? ,,to ,,eighte5?      
,,dyna/ies--cont9u$4        #a-cf4      
,miscellane\s designs4         #a & #b4 
,evans4        #c4 ,"l ,nor?ampton4     
#d4 ,p4        #e4 ,gibs4        #f4    
,b4,m4 #agedg4        #g4 ,a%m4         

#h4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #fc4        #i4     
,luxor4        #aj4 ,gr4        #aa4    
,a%m4        #ab4 ,evans4        #ac4   
,gr4        #ad4 ,c4,m4        #ae4     
,b4,m4 #bhbcf4        #af4 ,bol4 ,a gold
 r+ ( ! p]iod ( ,akh5at54        #ag4   
,c4,m4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i47        #ah4     
,b4,m4 #bhahg4        #ai4 ,mr4         
,nahmann1 ,cairo4        #bj4 ,?omp4    
#ba4 ,c4,m4        #bb4 ,gibs4          
#bc4 ,c4,m4        #bd4 ,newb4          
#be4 ,gr4        #bf4 ,?omp4        #bg4
 ,evans4        #bh4 ,newb4        #bi4 
,gdn4        #cj4 ,c4,m4        #ca4    
,newb4        #cb4 ,c4,m4        #cc4   
,mur*4        #cd4 ,m-,g4 ,?is seal is (
 /eatite1 & has on ! back a frog4       
#ce4 ,newb4        #cf4 ,newb4          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxi4                          
,,sc>abs ,,( ,,! ,,hyksos ,,k+s4 7,i74  
#a-h4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,maa-ab-ra40      
#a4 ,l4        #b4 ,evans4        #c4   
,b4,m4 #cbcbj4        #d4 ,m-,g4        

#e4 ,mur*4        #f4 ,m-,g4        #g4 
,b4,m4 #bdacb4        #h4 ,gr4  #i-ah4  
8,! ,son ( ,ra1 ,%e%a40         #i4 ,gr4
        #aj4 ,m4,g4        #aa4 ,p4     
#ab4 ,mur*4        #ac4 ,mur*4          
#ad4 ,p4        #ae4 ,p4        #af4    
,newb4        #ag4 ,m-,g4        #ah4   
,mur*4  #ai-bb4 8,! ,good ,god1         
,se-kha-en-ra40         #ai4 ,gr4       
#bj4 ,gr4        #ba4 ,m-,g4        #bb4
 ,gr4  #bc & #bd4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1 ,q>40 
,bo? examples are 9 ! ,grant            
,collection4  #be-bi4 8,! ,good ,god1   
,kha-us]-ra40         #be4 ,p4          
#bf4 ,gr4        #bg4 ,p4        #bh4   
,gr4        #bi4 ,a%m4  #cj4 8,! ,good  
,god1 ,kha-mu-ra40 ,p4                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxii4                         
,,sc>abs ,,( ,,! ,,hyksos ,,k+s 7,,ii74 
#a-c4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,aa-hetep-ra40    
#a4 ,davis4        #b4 ,p4        #c4   
,b4,m4 #bhjig4  #d-f4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1   
a-mu 78740         #d4 ,b4,m4 #cbdda4   

#e4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ahb47        #f4  
,a%m4  #g-ab4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1 -keb40    
#g4 ,h-,p4        #h4 ,p4        #i4    
,gr4        #aj4 ,a%m4        #aa4 ,gr4 
#ab4 ,p4  #ac4 ,p]haps a blund]$ sc>ab (
 -keb4  #ad-ah4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1 ,aa-mu40
         #ad4 ,evans4        #ae4 ,m-,g4
        #af4 ,p4        #ag4 ,gibs4     
#ah4 ,evans4  #ai4 8,! ,good ,god1      
,nub-taui-ra40 ,b4,m4 #cjeab4  #bj-bf4  
8,! ,good ,god1 ,us]-en-ra1 ,son ( ,ra1 
,khan40         #bj4 v-,b4        #ba4  
,mur*4        #bb4 ,fr4 7see ,p4 ,hi/4  
,i1 p4 #aai74        #bc-be4 ,mur*4     
#bf4 ,c4,m4  #bg-cj4 8,! ,good ,god1    
,m]-us]-ra1 ,son ( ,ra4 -keb-h]40       
#bg4 ,gr4        #bh4 ,h-,p4        #bi4
 ,b4,m4 #cjejj4        #cj4 ,p4         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxiii4        ,,sc>abs ,,(    
,,royal ,,& ,,o!r ,,p]sonages ,,( ,,!   
,,hyksos ,,p]iod4   #a-c4 8,! ,good     
,god1 ,m]-us]-ra1 ,son ( ,ra1           
-keb-h]0--cont9u$4         #a & #b4     

,mur*4        #c4 ,f\nd by ,mr4 ,mace at
 ,h4 7,p41 ,diospolis ,p>va1 ,,xli1     
#ab47  #d4 8,! ,elde/ ,royal ,son1      
,nehesi40 ,m-,g4  #e & #f4 8,! ,son (   
,ra1 ,nehesi40         #e4 ,p4          
#f4 ,amh4  #g-i4 8,! ,good ,god1 ,uaz$40
         #g4 ,gr4 7,/ol51 b figur$ 9 ,p4
 ,sc41 #cdh47        #h4 ,b4,m4 #cbcai4 
#i4 ,c4,m4 #cfgd4  #aj4 8,! ,hek        
khaskhet1 #8,rul] ( ! ,m\nta9s1'        
,sem-k540 v-,b4 7,fr4      ,sc41 #agi47 
#aa4 8,! ,hek khaskhet1 #8,rul] ( !     
,m\nta9s1' ,ant-h]40 v-,b4 7,fr4        
,sc4 #ahj47  #ab4 8,! ,royal ,son 7& son
 ( ,ra87 ,seket40 ,mur*4 7,cf4 ,pl4     
,,xliv1 #h47  #ac & #ad4 8,! ,elde/     
,royal ,son1 ,apek40         #ac4 ,m-,g4
        #ad4 ,gr4  #ae & #af4 8,! ,elde/
 ,royal ,son1 ,ku-pep540         #ae4   
,p4        #af4 ,l4  #ag4 8,! ,royal    
,wife1 ,tau-?a40 ,b4,m4 #bjhbd4 ,ano!r  
specim5 is 9 !      ,davis ,coll4  #ah4 
8,! ,royal ,wife1 ,uazet40 ,p4  #ai4 8,!
 ,royal ,wife 444 78740 ,gr4  #bj-bb4   
8,! ,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( !     

,seal1 ,h>40         #bj4 ,na%4         
#ba4 ,b4,m4 #bdaji4        #bb4 ,a%m4   
#bc4 8,! ,royal ,son1 ,sa-ket40 ,b4,m4  
#bd-bf4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1      
,p]-em-uah40         #bd4 ,p4           
#be4 ,m-,g4        #bf4 ,m-,g4  #bg4 8,!
 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,ra-ha40 ,b4,m4 
#bhbbh4  #bh4 8,ke?una10 a p]sonal "n4  
,gr4  #bi4 8,! ,royal ,son1 ,apepa40    
,a%m4  #cj-ce4 8,aa-us]-ra 7,apep ,i740 
#cj4 ,p4        #ca4 ,gibs4        #cb4 
,p4        #cc4 ,mur*4        #cd4      
,mur*4        #ce4 ,gr4                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxiv4                         
,,miscellane\s ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,! ,,hyksos
 ,,p]iod4   #a-bi4 ,sc>abs be>+         
unreadable hi]oglyphic inscriptions4    
#a4 ,davis4        #b4 ,a%m4        #c4 
,gr4        #d-g4 ,m-,g4        #h4     
,a%m4        #i4 ,m-,g4        #aj &    
#aa4 ,gr4        #ab4 ,a%m4        #ac &
 #ad4 ,gr4        #ae4 ,m-,g4           
#af4 ,gr4        #ag4 ,gdn4        #ah4 

,m-,g4        #ai & #bj4 ,gr4           
#ba4 ,m-,g4        #bb4 ,c4,m4          
#bc4 ,l4        #bd4 ,gdn4              
#be-bg4 ,m-,g4        #bh4 ,evans4      
#bi4 ,gr4  #cj & #ca4 8,aa-us]-ra       
7,apepy ,i740         #cj4 ,amh4        
#ca4 ,p4  #cb4 ,a blund]$ sc>ab-seal (  
8! ,royal ,seal] & ,sup]9t5d5t (      ! 
,seal1 ,p]-em-uah40 ,gr4 7,cf4 ,pl4     
,,xxiii1 #bd-bf47  #cc4 8,sa-khet-sa10 a
 p]sonal "n4 ,gr4  #cd & #ce4           
8,aa-us]-ra 7,apepy ,i740 ,amh4  #cf &  
#cg4 8,nub-ka-ra40 ,mur*4               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxv4              ,,decorative
 ,,sc>abs1 ,,mo/ly ,,( ,,! ,,hyksos     
,,p]iod4        ,nos4 #a-cj are all1 ,i 
believe1 ( ! ,hyksos p]iod2 ,nos4 #ca & 
#cb belong to ! ,e>ly ,eighte5? ,dyna/y2
 & ! rema9+ f\r sc>abs on ?is plate are 
( ! ,late ,middle ,k+dom or ! ,e>ly     
,hyksos p]iod4         #a4 ,gr4         
#b4 ,edws4        #c4 ,b4,m4 #bhjgg4    
#d4 ,leyd4        #e4 ,b4,m4 #bdbej4    

#f4 ,gr4        #g4 ,gdn4        #h &   
#i4 ,gr4        #aj4 ,evans4        #aa4
 ,b5son4        #ab4 ,gr4        #ac4   
,evans4        #ad4 ,m-,g4        #ae & 
#af4 ,gre54        #ag4 ,evans4         
#ah4 ,hood4        #ai4 ,evans4         
#bj4 ,gdn4        #ba4 ,evans4          
#bb4 ,gre54        #bc4 ,b4,m4 #agdgb4  
#bd4 ,m-,g4        #be4 ,b4,m4 7,p4 ,i4 
,,ix1 #aea47        #bf4 ,a%m4          
#bg4 ,gr4        #bh4 ,b4,m4 #cfce4     
#bi4 ,b4,m4 #cfha4        #cj4 ,w4      
#ca4 ,b5son4        #cb4 ,gr4        #cc
 & #cd4 ,gre54        #ce4 ,hood4       
#cf4 ,b4,m4 7,griffi?1 ,tell el         
,yahudiyek1 ,x1 #h47                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxvi4   ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,k+s1   
,,etc41 ,,mo/ly ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,&  
,,e>ly ,,eighte5?                       
,,dyna/ies4   #a4 8,uaz-khep]-ra        
7,kames740 ,p4 ,?is sc>ab is set 9 a    
gold funda1 &      0 f\nd at ,!bes4  #b4
 8,uaz-khep]-ra1 ,pa-hek-aa 7,kames740  

,p4 ,f\nd at ,!bes4  #c4 8,! ,gov]nor ( 
! 7,royal7 ,city & ,vezr1 ,teta-nef]40  
,?is is a      hematite c[roid-%ap$     
seal4 ,p4  #d4 8,! ,royal ,wife1        
,aah-hetepu40 ,b4,m4 #bfiha4  #e4       
8,aah-hetep40 ,a gold r+ 9 ! ,l\vre4    
#f4 8,! ,elde/ ,royal ,son1 ,aah-mes40  
,c4,m4  #g-aj4 8,neb-pehti-ra0          
7,aah-mes74         #g4 ,newb4          
#h4 ,c4,m4 #cjig4        #i4 ,na%4      
#aj4 ,b4,m4 #bhjej4  #aa4 8,! ,hek      
,taui1 #8,rul] ( ! ,two ,l&s1'          
,aah-mes40 ,t4  #ab4 8,! ,div9e ,wife1  
,nefret-ari40 ,gr4  #ac & #ad4          
8,aahmes-nefret-ari40         #ac4      
,davis4        #ad4 ,m-,g4  #ae4 8,!    
,div9e ,wife1 ,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4      
#cbcga4  #af4 8,! ,royal ,"m1           
,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4 #cbdej4  #ag4      
8,neb-pehti-ra 7,aahmes ,i710 ) ! "n ( 8
 daught]1      8,sat-kames10 on !       
rev]se4 ,p4 ,f ,!bes4  #ah4 8,! ,royal  
,daught]1 ,tursi40 ,set 9 a gold funda1 
& f\nd at ,hu4      7,see ,mace1        
,diospolis ,p>va1 ,,xli1 #ag47  #ai &   

#bj4 8,! ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,m]t-am540
         #ai4 ,w4        #bj4 ,b4,m4    
#ba4 8,! ,div9e ,wife1 ,m]t-am540 ,b4,m4
  #bb4 8,! doma9 ( ,m]t-am540 ,amh4 ,a  
c>nelian sc>ab1 f ,!bes4  #bc-cj4       
8,zes]-ka-ra 7,am5hetep ,i740           
#bc4 ,alnw4        #bd4 ,mur*4          
#be4 ,brocklehur/ ,coll4        #bf4    
,davis4        #bg4 ,m-,g4        #bh4  
,l4        #bi4 ,mur*4        #cj4      
,evans4  #ca4 ,a sc>ab1 ) ! names (     
,am5hetep ,i & 8 "m1 8! ,div9e          
,wife1 ,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4 #cjefa4     
#cb4 8,! ,royal ,wife1 ,aah-hetep40     
,b4,m4 #bhfbd4 7,cf4 ,b4,m4 #bheib47    
#cc4 8,zes]-ka-ra 7,am5hetep ,i740 ,l4  
#cd4 8,! ,royal ,son1 ,am5-mes40 ,p4    
7,cf4 ,petrie1 ,hi/4 ,,ii1 fig4 #bc47   
#ce4 8,! ,royal ,son1 ,tu-re40 ,p4  #cf4
 8,! ,royal ,daught] & ,si/]1 ,neb-ta40 
,ma!r ,coll4 ,a sc>ab (      ,neb-ta is 
9 ! ,p4 ,coll4 7figur$ by ,petrie1 ,hi/4
 ,,ii1 fig4 #bd74                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        

,,plate ,,xxvii4       ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,! 
,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y4 7,,?o?mes ,i ,,to  
,,hat%epsut47   #a-aa4 8,aa-khep]-ra    
7,?o?mes ,i740         #a4 ,alnw4       
#b4 ,b4,m4 #cbdah4        #c4 ,b4,m4    
#cbcgg4        #d4 ,b4,m4 #agggd4       
#e4 ,luxor4        #f4 ,amh4        #g4 
,b4,m4        #h4 ,alnw4        #i4     
,b4,m4 #afegh4        #aj4 ,b4,m4       
#cjefh4        #aa4 ,b4,m4 #cjegj4  #ab4
 8,aa-khep]-ra 7,?o?mes ,i7 &           
,hat%epsut1 ! fav\r$ ( ,am540 ,l4  #ac4 
8,! ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,aahmes40 ,9 ! 
possession ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cole4  #ad4  
8,! ,div9e ,wife1 ,aahmes40 ,liv4       
#ae-ag4 8,aa-khep]-en-ra 7,?o?mes       
,,ii740         #ae4 ,brocklehur/ ,coll4
        #af4 ,alnw4        #ag4 ,p4     
#ah4 8,us]t-kau1 nebt taui10 ! ka-"n (  
,hat%epsut4 ,t4  #ai4 8,uaz r5petu10 !  
nebti-"n ( ,hat%epsut4 ,l4  #bj-cj4     
8,maa-ka-ra10 ! pr5om5 ( ,hat%epsut4    
#bj4 ,gr4        #ba4 ,alnw4        #bb4
 ,liv4        #bc4 ,gdn4        #bd4    
,b4,m4        #be4 ,b4,m4 #bibcj4       

#bf4 8,! heiress ( ,ra40 ,b4,m4         
#bg4 8,fav\r$ ) delicacies40 ,b]l4      
#aijc4        #bh4 8,ris+ 9 ! ,horizon40
 ,h>4        #bi4 8,sweet ( sc5t to !   
no/rils ( ! ,gods ( ,!bes40 ,9          
! possession ( ,mrs4 ,wright ( ,netley4 
#cj4 ,c4,m4  #ca4 8,maa-ka-ra1          
,hat%epsut1 ! fav\r$ ( ,am540 ,b4,m4    
#cb4 8,hat%epsut1 ! fav\r$ ( ,am540     
,b4,m4 #cjegb4  #cc-ce 8,! ,div9e ,wife1
 ,hat%epsut40         #cc4 ,alnw4       
#cd4 ,b4,m4 #bhdch4        #ce4 ,b]l4   
#aijd4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxviii4               ,,sc>abs
 ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y--cont9u$4  
7,,?o?mes ,,iii ,,& ,,8 ,,family47   #a4
 8,nef]u-ra0 7,daught] ( ,hat%epsut74   
,p4  #b4 8,nef]u-ra1 ! ,div9e ,wife40   
,sc>ab1 set 9 a gold funda4 ,gr4  #c4   
8,! ,royal ,daught] & ,royal ,si/]1     
,nef]u-ra40 ,l4  #d4 8,! ,div9e ,wife1  
,nef]u-ra40 ,l4  #e-cd4 8,m5-khep]-ra0  
7,?o?mes ,,iii74         #e4 ,gr4       

#f4 ,l4        #g4 ,b4,m4 #bhgde4       
#h4 ,alnw4 #iii4        #i4 ,b4,m4      
#afghi4        #aj4 ,b4,m4 #afhch4      
#aa4 ,p4        #ab4 ,hood4        #ac4 
,t4        #ad4 ,evans4        #ae4     
,alnw4 #iha4        #af4 ,evans4        
#ag4 ,l4        #ah4 ,b]l4 #addbg4      
#ai4 ,gdn4        #bj4 ,b4,m4           
#ba4 ,p4        #bb4 ,b4,m4 #afgij4     
#bc4 ,9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,roll]4    
#bd4 ,c4,m4        #be4 ,c4,m4          
#bf4 ,hood4        #bg4 ,t4        #bh4 
,amh4        #bi4 ,t4        #cj4 ,l4   
#ca4 ,p4        #cb4 ,b]l4 #adibi4      
#cc4 ,m-,g4        #cd4 ,b4,m4 #bhdib4  
#ce4 8,! ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,m]t-ra   
,hat%epsut40 ,a lapis-lazuli sc>ab      
set 9 a gold funda4 ,l4  #cf4           
8,hat%epsut ,m]t-am5-ra40 ,b4,m4 #bidee4
  #cg4 8,! ,great ,royal ,wife1         
,sat-aah40 ,p4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxix4   ,,(ficials ,,( ,,!    
,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y2 ,,& ,,r+s1 ,,etc41 

,,f ,,! ,,tomb ,,(                      
,,maket1#abh ,,at ,,gurob 7temp4        
,,?o?mes ,,iii74   #a4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t (
 ! ,royal ,temple1 ,aahmes40 ,mur*4  #b4
 8,! ,keep] ( ! ,/oreh\se ( ,(f]+s1     
,s5-pu40 ,mur*4 ,?is      sc>ab probably
 belongs to ! end ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4  
7,cf4      ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #ai47  #c4 8,!  
,scribe ( ! ,recruits1 ,ab-ka-us]40     
,m-,g4  #d4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,workm5 
( ,am51 ,m5-khep]-ra-s5b40      ,mur*4  
#e4 8,! ,high ,prie/ ( ,am51 ,hapu-s5b40
 ,b4,m4 #bidce4 ,hapu-s5b liv$      "u  
,?o?mes ,,ii & ,que5 ,hat%epsut4 7,=    
rem>ks on 8 life1      see my note on   
him 9 ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ca-cf47 
#f4 8,! ,/ew>d ( ! ,que51 ,pe-en-,!bu40 
,mur*4  #g4 8,! uab-prie/1 ,am5-em-heb40
 ,hood4 ,m\nt$ 9 a gold funda4  #h4 8,! 
,eyes & ,e>s ( ! ,"l ( ! ,two ,l&s1 !   
,mayor1      ,s5-nef]40 ,?is ,mayor 7(  
,!bes7 liv$ "u ,am5hetep ,,ii 7see my   
notes on him 9 ! ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1   
pp4 #eb-fa74  #i4 8,! s$em a% ( !       
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 ,m9-nekht40      

,davis4  #aj4 8,! ,div9e ,fa!r1 belov$ (
 ! ,god 7i4e41 ! ,k+71 !      ,vezr1    
,ptahmes40 ,c4,m4  #aa4 8,! ,*antress ( 
,am51 ,ma40 ,alnw4  #ab4 8,! ,lady1     
,art40 ,b4,m4 #cjfci4  #ac4 8,! ,royal  
,bro!r44440 ,b4,m4 #bggij4  #ad4 8,!    
,lady1 ,apu-s]40 ,alnw4  #ae-df4 ,r+s1  
etc41 f ! tomb ( ,maket at ,gurob 7temp4
 ,?o?mes      ,,iii74  #ae1 #ag1 #ah1   
#bj-bh4 ,sc>abs ) ornam5tal devices4    
#af4 8,ra10 a v common type ( sc>ab1 &  
specim5s ( x may      g5]ally be dat$ to
 ! fir/ half ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4     
#ai-cb4 8,am5-ra40 ,?is is ano!r v      
common type2 x is ne>ly always      ( ! 
date ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4  #bi4 8,! ,good   
,god1 ,"l ( ! ,two ,l&s1 ,m5-khep]-ra   
7,?o?mes ,,iii740  #cj1 #ca1 #cc4 8,!   
,lady1 ,maket40  #cd4 8,aa-khep]-ka-ra  
7,?o?mes ,i710 *os5 ( ,am54  #ce-da4    
8,m5-khep]-ra 7,?o?mes ,,iii740  #db4   
,plaque1 ) figures ( ! ,gods ,tahuti &  
,ptah4  #dc4 ,a cyl9d]-seal1 be>+ !     
titles & names ( ,?o?mes ,,ii4  #dd-de4 
,flat seals1 ) ornam5tal devices4  #df4 

,frog 9 porcela91 ) a beetle engrav$ ^u 
! base4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxx4               ,,sc>abs   
,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y--cont9u$4   
7,,am5hetep ,,ii ,,to ,,am5hetep ,,iii47
   #a-ae4 8,aa-khep]u-ra 7,am5hetep     
,,ii740         #a4 8,born at ,memphis40
 ,p4        #b4 8,belov$ ( ,tahuti40    
,luxor4        #c4 8,firm ( he>t40      
,b4,m4 #djgg4 ,?is rectangul> plaque is 
a           spl5did specim5 ( !         
engrav]'s art2 x is ( yell[             
jasp]1 & on ! rev]se is cut a           
repres5tation ( "o (           ! horses 
( ! k+4        #d4 ,b4,m4        #e4    
,b4,m4 #afiae4        #f4 8,"l ( ,glory 
9 ! h\se ( ,am540 ,w4 7,w41 ,s4,b4 ,,iv1
 #fg47        #g4 ,l4        #h4 ,l4    
#i4 ,alnw4        #aj4 ,b4,m4 #djfi4    
#aa4 ,p4 ,i41 ,,viii1 #ci4        #ab4  
8,pr9ce ( ,!bes1 ,"l ( ,valiance1 &     
belov$ ( ,am540 ,p4           ,i4       
,,viii4        #ac4 ,alnw4 7plaque74    

#ad4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,iv1 #djj47           
#ae4 ,b4,m4 #cidd4  #af4 ,a gold plaque1
 =m+ ! bezel ( a swivel r+1 9 !         
,liv]pool      ,museum4 ,! inscription  
reads3--8,! ,good ,god1 son ( ,am51 ,"l 
(      ,valiance1 ! ,son ( ,ra1         
,am5hetep 7,,ii71 ! ,div9e ,rul] (      
,heliopolis1 fight+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s40   
#ag4 8,aa-khep]u-ra1 ,son ( ,am51 :om he
 7,am57 creat$ himself40 ,p4      ,k4   
,,xxiii1 #g4  #ah-be4 8,m5-khep]u-ra    
7,?o?mes ,,iv740         #ah4 ,brock4 ,a
 gold plaque1 =m+ ! bezel ( a swivel-r+4
        #ai & #bj4 ,gr4        #ba4 8,"l
 ( ! sweet w9d40 ,l4        #bb4        
8,belov$ ( ,ptah40 ,b4,m4        #bc4   
,gr4        #bd4 ,ready4        #be4 ,l4
  #bf-cb4 8,neb-maa-ra 7,am5hetep       
,,iii740         #bf & #bg4 ,newb4      
#bh4 8,neb-maa-ra 7,am5hetep ,,iii70 &  
8! ,royal ,wife ,?yi40 ,b4,m4           
#bi4 8,belov$ ( ,am540 ,luxor4          
#cj4 8,belov$ ( ,ptah40 ,amh4           
#ca4 8,"l ( ! fe/ival1 ,am5hetep        
7,,iii71 ,rul] ( ,!bes40 ,t4        #cb4

 ,gr4                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxi4              ,,sc>abs   
,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,dyna/y--7cont9u$74 
,,am5hetep ,,iii 7cont9u$7 ,,to ,a4     
#a-ab1 #ad-ah4 ,neb-maa-ra 7,am5hetep   
,,iii7 & 8 ,que5 ,?i4         #a4 ,newb4
        #b4 ,b4,m4 #bhcad4        #c4   
8,neb-maa-ra & ! ,royal ,wife1 ,?i40    
,b4,m4 #bided4        #d4 8,! ,great    
,royal ,wife1 ,?i40 ,b4,m4 #cbcea4      
#e4 8,pleas+ ) ,victories40 ,b4,m4      
#cbdcc4        #f4 ,b4,m4 #bhega4       
#g4 ,b4,m4 #cbcjd4        #h4 8,! ,royal
 ,wife ,?i40        #i4 8,am5hetep      
7,,iii71 ,rul] ( ,!bes40 ,newb4         
#aj4 8,ab\nd+ 9 ?+s40 ,b4,m4 #cbdje4    
#aa4 ,newb4        #ab4 ,b4,m4 #cbcdh4  
#ac4 ,see bel[ "u ,am5hetep ,,iv4       
#ad4 ,amh4        #ae4 8,am5hetep       
7,,iii71 ,rul] ( ,!bes40 ,b4,m4 #cjddf4 
,a gold r+4        #af4 8,neb-maa-ra & !
 ,royal ,wife1 ,?i40 ,p4        #ag4 8,!
 ,royal ,wife1 ,?i40 ,b4,m4 #cjehi4     

#ah4 8,! ,great ,div9e ,wife1 ,?i1      
belov$        ( ,isis40  #ac1 #ai-be1   
#bg1 #bh4 ,nef]-khep]u-ra1 ua-en-ra     
7,am5hetep ,,iv71 aft]w>ds      call$   
,akh5at54         #ac4 8,rul] ( ,!bes40 
,b4,m4 #djig4        #ai4 8,"l ( !      
,sweet ,w9d40        #bj4 8,belov$ (    
,hor-akhuti40        #ba4 8,belov$ (    
,am5 & ,mut40 ,gdn4        #bb4         
8,am5hetep 7,,iv71 ! ,div9e ,rul] (     
,!bes40 ,newb4        #bc4 8,*os5 (     
,am540 ,b4,m4 #bibcf4        #bd4 ,a    
plaque 9 ! ,amh]/ ,collection giv+ ! two
 names (           ,am5hetep ,,iv1 & on 
! rev]se1 8belov$ ( ,sebek-ra1 ,"l      
( ,sunu40 ,amh4        #be4 ,a silv] r+ 
9 ! ,m-,g4 ,collection4        #bg4     
8,pacify+ ! ,at540 ,b4,m4 #cjeif4       
#bh4 8,belov$ ( ! ,at540 ,b4,m4 #bhdag4 
#bf1 #bi4 ,khep]-khep]u-ra1 ar maat     
7,a74 ,see also ,no4 #cd4         #bf4  
8,belov$ ( ,am540 ,b4,m4 #djif4         
#bi4 8,belov$ ( ,am540 ,newb4  #cj4     
8,nef]-nef]u-at5 ,nef]t-iti10 ,que5 (   
,akh5at54 ,gold r+ 9 !      ,l\vre4     

#ca4 ,a bronze r+ ( ,ankh-khep]u-ra1 9 !
 ,m-,g4 ,collection4  #cb4              
8,neb-khep]u-ra 7,tt-ankh-am571 belov$ (
 ,ptah1 ,"l ( ,heav540      ,p4  #cc4   
8,ankh-nes-pa-at510 ,que5 (             
,tut-ankh-am54 ,p4  #cd4 ,a gold r+ (   
,khep]-khep]u-ra1 ar maat 7,a74 ,leyd4  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxii4                        
,,hi/orical ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,am5hetep     
,,iii4                         #a4      
,,kirgipa ,,& ,,h] ,,h>,m4   ,two       
specim5s ( ?is sc>ab are kn[n1 & x is   
p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ "o ( ! s]ies4 ,"o  
example is pres]v$ 9 ! ,b]l4 ,mus4      
7#aajjb71 ! o!r 0 9 ! possession (      
,madame ,h(fmann4 ,an elaborate /udy ( !
 text ( ! latt] example has be5 publi%$ 
by ,brugs* 9 ! 4,z41 ,,xviii1 #ha1 &    
,masp]o has giv5 a draw+ ( ! inscription
 7by ,legra91 f a pap] impression7 9 8  
,recueil des ,travaux1 ,,xv1 #bjj4 ,!   
text giv5 9 ! ,plate is f ! ,b]l9       
specim51 re/or$ f ,masp]o's publi%$     

copy4           7a7 ,translit]ation4    
7b7 ,translation4       #a4 ,r5pt ,x kh]
 h5 en       #a4 8,! t5? ye> "u !       
,maje/y (       #b-e4 ,ankh ,h]u4 7,"h  
foll[ #b-e4 8! ,liv+ ,horus40 7,"h      
! usual titles (            foll[ ! full
 titles (        ,am5-hetep ,,iii &     
,?i47      ,am5hetep ,,iii & ,?i47      
#f4 r5 en tef-ef uaa2        #f4 8,! "n 
( h] fa!r is        r5-en               
uaa2 ! "n (       #g4 met-es ,?uaa4     
,bat3 an5  #g4 8h] "m1 ,?uaa4           
,wond]s3--       #h4 t h5-ef sat ur ne  
#h4 8,8 ,maje/y br\ght !        ,neh]9a 
daught] ( ! ,pr9ce (                    
,mesopotamia1       #i4 ,sa-?a-ri-na    
,kir-gi-pa    #i4 8,sa-?a-ra-na 7!      
,pr9cess7 ,kir-gi-pa       #aj4 tepu ne 
kh5]a-es       #aj4 87&7 ! head-wom5 (  
h] h>m       #aa4 set1 #cag4            
#aa4 8,wom51 #cag40                     
#b4 ,,! ,,lion ,,hunts ,,( ,,am5hetep   
,,iii4  ,sc>abs be>+ an inscription     
record+ ! lion hunts ( ,am5hetep ,,iii  
are common1 & ab\t =ty specim5s are     

kn[n4 ,( ^!1 five are 9 ! ,briti%       
,museum 7#djie1 #abebj1 #afihg1 #bdafi1 
#bidch72 f\r are 9 ! ,l\vre 7,inv41     
#ghg1 #ghh72 f\r 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum      
7#cdha1 #cdhb1 #hddc1 #acbgd72 ?ree 9 ! 
,leyd5 ,museum 7,o4 #hc-he72 & "o ea* 9 
! ,cairo 7,m41 ,cat4 ,ab41 #achh71      
,flor5ce 7#hdj71 & ,bologna 7#bdee7     
,museums4 ,9 ! ,cat4 des ,m$41 ,p>is    
7#ajba71 & 9 ! ,amh]/1 ,edw>ds1 ,fras]  
7,sc4 #bfa71 ,grant1 ,h]tz 7,cat41 p4   
#aab71 ,k5n>d1 ,my]s1 ,meux 7#aghe71    
,pal91 ,petrie1 ,posno1 ,h-,price 7,cat4
 #bhd71 & sev]al small] collections1 are
 also "o ea*4 ,! example figur$ is 9 !  
possession ( ,mr4 ,na%4 ,! hi]oglyphic  
text ( ?is sc>ab has be5 publi%$1 among 
o!rs1 by ,m>iette 7,alb4 de ,b\laq1 ,pl4
 #cf1 #ecb71 ,masp]o 7,hi/oire1 ,,ii1 p4
 #cae71 ,brugs* 74,z41 ,,xviii1 #ha71 & 
,budge 7,mummy1 p4 #bda71 & a           
translation ( x has be5 giv5 by ,pi]ret 
7,cat4 ,salle ,hi/41 ,l\vre1 #ahgg1 p4  
#ach71 by ,bir* 7,records ( ! ,pa/1     
,,xii1 p4 #dj71 & _m o!rs4              

7a7 ,translit]ation4           7b7      
,translation4       #a-e4 7,full titles 
& names    #a-e4 7,full titles & names  
#a-e4 7,full titles & names    #a-e4    
7,full titles & names        ( ,am5hetep
 ,,iii & (        ( ,am5hetep ,,iii & ( 
,am5hetep ,,iii &  ,?i47      ,am5hetep 
,,iii &  ,?i47       #e4 ari-khet mau   
#e4 8,numb] ( ! lions       #f4 an5     
h5-ef em satet-ef    #f4 8br\ght by 8   
,maje/y 9        zes-ef %aa             
8 own %oot+1 beg9n+       #g4 em r5pt ,i
 nefrt er r5pt 4 8f ! ye> "o end+ at    
,x mau#g                       ! ye> t53
 lions       #h4 hesa1 #ajb #h4         
8fi]ce1 #ajb40     #c4 ,,! ,,p>5ts ,,(  
,,que5 ,,?,i ,,& ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,!   
,,egyptian ,,empire4  ,_m specim5s are  
kn[n ( ?is hi/orical sc>ab4 ,9 ! ,l\vre 
!re are two examples 7,inv4 #ghg72 9 !  
,briti% ,museum are ?ree 7#djif1 #afihh1
 #bidcg1 ! latt] specim5 ( f9e          
blue-glaz$ /eatite72 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1
 "o 7#chag1 figur$ 9 ,m>iette's ,album  
de ,b\laq1 ,,xxxvi1 #eda2 ,masp]o1      

,/ruggles ( ! ,nations1 p4 #cae72 9 !   
,bologna ,museum1 "o 7#bded72 9 !       
,edw>ds1 ,petrie1 ,fras] 7,fr41 ,sc4 ,x1
 #bfb71 ,na%1 ,hilton-,price 7,cat4     
#bhc71 ,datt>i & ,my]s' ,collections1 "o
 ea*2 z well z sev]al o!rs 9 private    
h&s4 ,! example figur$ "h is f ! ,amh]/ 
,collection4 ,bir* 7,records ( ! ,pa/1  
,,xii1 #ci72 ,budge 7,mummy1 #bdb71 &   
,fras] 7,fr4 ,sc41 ,x1 #ef71 h publi%$  
translations ( ! text4            7a7   
,translit]ation4           7b7          
,translation4       #a4 ,ankh ,h]u4 7,"h
 foll[   #a4 8,! ,liv+ ,horus40 7,"h    
! full titles ( ,am5hetep   foll[ !     
titles (        ,,iii & 8 ,que5 ,?i7    
,am5hetep ,,iii & 8 ,que5               
,?i47       #e4 8r5 en tef-es           
#e4 8,! "n ( h] fa!r is       #f4 uaa1  
r5 en met-es ,?uaa #f4 8uaa1 ! "n ( h]  
"m is ,?uaa2       #g4 hemt pu ent set5 
nekht   #g4 8%e is ! wife ( !           
victori\s k+2       #h4 ta% ef res er   
,k>       #h4 88 s\!rn b\nd>y is        
,k>1#abi       #i4 mehti er ,neha-      

#i4 87&7 8 nor!rn                       
b\nd>y is ,meso-       #aj4 r9a4        
#aj4 8potamia40                         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxiii4                       
,,hi/orical ,,sc>abs ,,( ,,am5hetep     
,,iii--7cont9u$74                       
#a4 ,,! ,,wild ,,cattle ,,hunt4   ,two  
specim5s ( ?is sc>ab are kn[n1 & bo? are
 9 ! ,mac,gregor ,collection at         
,tamwor?4 ,! text ( "o ( ^!1 toge!r ) a 
r\gh translation1 has be5 publi%$ by    
,fras] 9 ! ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1 #aef1 & 
a good photographic facsimile ( x has   
be5 giv5 by ! same collector 9 !        
,catalogue ( 8 ,sc>ab ,collection       
7,frontispiece1 & p4 #ef74 ,! text giv5 
9 ,pl4 ,,xxxiiipl-,,xxxiii1 #a1 is f a  
copy made by ! writ] at ,tamwor? ( !    
example publi%$ by ,fras]1 & "s         
re/orations h be5 add$ f ! inscription  
on ! second specim54                    
7a7 ,translit]ation4  #a4 ,r5pt ,,ii kh]
 h5 ne  #b-d4 ,ankh ,h]u 7"h foll[ !    

full titles ( ,am5hetep ,,iii &         
,?i71  #d4 ,baat khep]t  #e4 ne h5-ef3  
u-tu er z$ ne h5-ef1 an un semau h]     
khaset  #f4 ne u ne ,%etep 7or ,%etau73 
nat h5-ef em kh$ em set5 uaa            
8,kha-em-mat0  #g4 h] tra ne khaui1 %ep 
uat nef]t1 sp] em hetep er u ne ,%etep  
7or      ,%etau7  #h4 h] tra ne dua4    
,khat h5-ef er sesemet me%au-ef tem em  
khet-ef  #i4 seh5t s]u ankhu ne me%au er
 z]-ef ma q$-ef1 nekh5u  #aj4 ne a 787  
er art resu h] nan semau4 ,a/ uzu ne    
h5-ef erdet a-  #aa4 h-tu n5 semau em   
sebti h5a %$1 uzu  #ab4  ne h5-ef er    
heseb 8 n5 semau er fu s51 ari khet ne  
ari semau      #aij ari khet  #ac4 an5  
h5-ef em behes em h]u p5 semau #ef3 uah 
an h5-ef h]u #d1  #ad4 em u% erdet s]ef 
ne sesemet-ef3 khat h5-ef h] sesemet    
#ae4 ari khet n5 semau an5ef en behes   
semau #bj   #af4 #bj1 demd semau #if4   
7b7 ,translation4  #a4 8,! second ye> "u
 ! ,maje/y (  #b-d4 8! ,liv+ ,horus40   
7,"h foll[ ! full titles ( ,am5hetep    
,,iii      & ,que5 ,?i47 0,a wond]ful ?+

 happ5$  #e4 8to ,8 ,maje/y4 ,a mess5g] 
7lit4 #8"o'7 came to tell ,8 ,maje/y    
t !re 7 wild cattle ^u ! des]t  #f4 8( !
 di/rict ( ,%etep#acj 7or ,%etau72 ,8   
,maje/y !reupon      float$ d[n ! riv] 9
 ! ,royal dahabiyeh1 8,kha-em-maat0     
7i4e41 8,%9+-9-,tru?071  #g4 8at ! "t ( 
ev5+1 & 7aft]7 hav+ _h a good j\rney1   
arriv$ 9 safety at ! di/rict ( ,%etep   
7or ,%etau7  #h4 8at ! "t ( morn+4 ,8   
,maje/y m\nt$ ^u a horse1 & 8      :ole 
army foll[$ him4  #i4 8,! nobles & !    
ankhu#aca-(fic]s ( ! entire army 7      
m>%all$1 & ! *ildr5  #aj4 8( ! qu>t]    
7di/rict87 7 ord]$ to keep wat* ^u ^!   
wild cattle4 ,8 ,maje/y !reupon ord]$ t 
!y 7lit4 "o7      %\ld surr\nd  #aa4 8^!
 wild cattle ) a net787#acb & a dyke#acc
 &  #ab4 8,8 ,maje/y !n ord]$ t ^! wild 
cattle %\ld be      c\nt$787 9 _!       
entirety1 & ! numb] ( !m am\nt$ to1     
wild cattle #aij4 ,! numb]  #ac4 8( wild
 cattle :i* ,8 ,maje/y br\ght 9 8 own8  
hunt+ 9      ?is day 707 #ef3 ,8 ,maje/y
 re/$ f\r days  #ad4 89 ord] to give _s 

7lit4 #8fire'7 to 8 horses2 !n ,8       
,maje/y m\nt$ 7aga97 ^u a horse  #ae4 8&
 ! numb] ( ^! wild cattle :i* 7 br\ght  
to him 9      hunt+ 707 wild cattle #bj 
#af4 8#bj 7i4e41 #dj73 7mak+7 ! total   
numb] ( wild cattle      7captur$7 #if40
                    99       99       99
       99       99                      
#b4 ,,! ,,lake ,,at ,,z>ukha4  ,?ree    
specim5s ( ?is sc>ab are kn[n2 "o is 9 !
 ,egyptian ,museum ( ! ,vatican at      
,rome2 ano!r is 9 ! ,gol5is*eff         
,collection1 & ! ?ird is 9 ! possesion (
 ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& at ,alnwick      
,ca/le4 ,a fragm5t ( a f\r? example is 9
 ! ,petrie ,collection4 ,! ,vatican     
sc>ab 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,rosell9i 7,mon4
 ,/41 ,pl4 #dd1 #b1 cf4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pt4
 #a1 pp4 #bfc-bfh71 & aga9 by ,/]n 9    
#ahgh 74,z41 #ahgg1 p4 #hg74 ,a         
translation ( ?is text 0 made by ,bir*1 
& publi%$ by him 9 ! ,records ( ! ,pa/  
7,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #da74 ,! text giv5 "h  
is t on ! ,alnwick ,museum specim54#acd 
7a7 ,translit]ation4    7b7             

,translation4            #a4 ,r5pet     
,,xi1 abd ,,iii1   #a4 8,! elev5? ye>1  
%at1 h]u ,i1 kh]       ! ?ird mon? ( !  
h>ve/ season1 ! day                     
#a1 "u            #b-e4 7ankh7 ,h]u4#ace
  #b-e4 ! 7liv+7 ,horus4                
7,"h foll[ ! full     87,"h foll[ !     
usual             titles ( ,am5hetep &  
titles ( ,am5hetep &             ,?i47  
,?i47            #f4 uzu h5-ef art      
#f4 8,8 ,maje/y ord]$                   
m]t#acf ne hemt set5   t !re %\ld be    
urt                      made a lake = !
                                        
great ,royal ,wife            #g4 ,?i1  
ankh ?a1 em    #g4 ,?i1 liv+1 9 h]      
demaes en ,z>u-          t[n ( ,z>u-    
#h4 kha#acg2 fu-ef meh   #h4 kha2 its   
l5g? to be             em #cgjj1        
usekh-ef         #c1gjj cubits1 its     
meh#ach                 bread? cubits   
#i4 #gjj4 ar ne h5-ef heb #i4 #gjj4 ,8  
,maje/y made             uba m]t        
! fe/ival ( !                           
op5+ ( ! lake            #aj4 em abd    

,,iii %at1     #aj4 9 ! ?ird mon? (     
h]u #af1 kh5t h5-ef    ! h>ve/ season1  
on                                      
! sixte5? day                           
7:57 ,8 ,maje/y                         
sail$            #aa4 em set5 uaa 8,at5-
 #aa4 9 ! ,royal                        
dahabiyeh 7nam$7                        
0,at5-            #ab4 tah5#aci0 em     
#ab4 tah51 89 its             kh5u-ef4  
cab940                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxiv4            ,,sc>abs ,,(
 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,n9ete5?           
,,dyna/ies4   #a-f4 ,zez]-khep]u-ra     
7,horemheb74         #a4 ,luxor4        
#b4 8,rul] ( ,heliopolis4 ,*os5 ( ,ra40 
,bol4 #bebh4        #c4 ,newb4          
#d4 ,hood4        #e4 8,rul] ( ,!bes40  
,datt>i4        #f4 8,belov$ ( ,am54    
,hor-em-heb40 ,alnw4  #g & #h4          
,mut-nezemt1 ,que5 ( ,horemheb4         
#g4 ,r+1 ,p4        #h4 8,! ,great      
,royal ,wife40 ,a frog on back4 ,m>4    

,abyd41 ,,ii1 #dj           m4  #i-ac4  
,m5-pehti-ra 7,rameses ,i74         #i4 
,b4,m4 #cbdgd4        #aj4 ,b4,m4       
#bdahg4        #aa4 ,b4,m4 #cbdde4      
#ab4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #bbe47        #ac4
 ,gr4  #ad-ba4 ,m5-maat-ra 7,set ,i74   
#ad4 ,newb4        #ae4 ,b4,m4 #agaeg4  
#af4 ,b4,m4 #cbdjf4        #ag4 ,b4,m4  
#cbcgc4        #ah4 ,b4,m4 #cjfja4      
#ai4 8,pr9ce ( ,tru?40 ,c4,m4           
#bj4 ,b4,m4 #agadb4        #ba4 8,belov$
 ( ,ptah40  ,b4,m4 7,l(tie47  #bb-cf4   
,us]-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses      
,,ii74         #bb4 ,luxor4        #bc4 
,newb4        #bd4 ,p4        #be4      
,luxor4        #bf4 ,p4        #bg4     
,b4,m4 #bibci4        #bh4 ,b4,m4       
#cjfac4        #bi4 ,b4,m4 #cjfad4      
#cj4 ,amh4        #ca4 ,b4,m4 #cjfae4   
#cb4 ,b4,m4 #cbcjc4        #cc4 ,amh4   
#cd4 ,t4        #ce4 ,amh4        #cf4  
,amh4                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxv4              ,,sc>abs   

,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,dyna/y 7,,rameses   
,,ii74   #a-f4 ,us]-maat-ra setep-en-ra 
7,rameses ,,ii74         #a4 ,liv4      
#b4 ,ramesseum4        #c4 ,amh4        
#d4 8,ramessu1 belov$ ( ,am540 ,amh4    
#e4 ,cairo4        #f4 8,! ,great       
,noble40 ,l4  #g4 8,nefret-ari1 belov$ (
 ,mut10 ,que5 ( ,rameses ,,ii4 ,l4      
#h-ad4 ,us]-maat-ra setep-en-ra         
7,rameses ,,ii74         #h4 ,b4,m4     
#bjhbf4        #i4 ,gurob4        #aj4  
,alnw4        #aa4 ,alnw4        #ab4   
,b4,m4 #biddc4        #ac4 8,glori\s 9 !
 ,h\se ( ,am5-ra40 ,b4,m4 #cbcbh4       
#ad4 ,l4  #ae4 ,plaque4 ,obv]se1 !      
c>t\*es ( ,rameses ,,ii2 rev]se1 8,!    
,royal      ,wife1 ,ur-maat-nef]u-ra1   
daught] ( ! ,great ,*ief ( ! ,kheta40   
,f\nd at ,tell el ,yahudyeh1 & n[ 9 !   
,b4,m4  #af4 ,plaque4 ,obv]se1 ! pr5om5 
( ,rameses ,,ii2 rev]se1 8,!            
,h]$it>y ,mayor & ,prie/1 ! ,gov]nor ( !
 7,royal7 ,city1 !      ,vezr1 ,pas]40  
,w4 ,on ,pas]1 see my notice ( him 9    
,p4,s4,b4,a41      ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4    

#fb1 #fc1 & cf4 ,no4 #ag4  #ag4 ,plaque4
 8,! ,judge1 ! ,doctor & ar ,nekh51 !   
prie/ ( ,maat1      ! ,gov]nor ( !      
7,royal7 ,city1 ! ,vezr1 ,pas]40 ,l4    
,cf4 ,no4      #af4  #ah4 ,plaque4      
8,us]-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses     
,,ii71 ,! ,*iefta9 ( !      ,h>m (      
,isis1 ,m940 ,c4,m4  #ai4 ,plaque4      
,obv]se1 ,pr5om5 ( ,rameses ,,ii2       
rev]se1 8,! ,royal son (      8 body1 8 
belov$ "o1 ,ramessu-us]-pehti40 v-,b4   
#bj4 ,plaque1 ) sc>ab on back4 8,!      
,royal son1 born ( ! ,great ,royal      
,wife1 ! ,*ief ( ! ,b[m51               
,pa-ra-h]-am5-ef40 ,m-,g4  #ba4 ,plaque4
 ,obv]se1 8,! ,high ,prie/ ( ,am51      
,bak-en-kh5su2 rev]se1      ,son ( !    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,recruits ( ! ,temple ( 
,am51      ,am5-em-apt40 ,mur*4 ,on ?is 
celebrat$ p]son1 see my life ( him      
9 ,b5son & ,g\rley's ,! ,temple ( ,mut1 
p4 #cdc-cdg4  #bb4 ,plaque4 ,obv]se1    
,pr5om5 ( ,rameses ,,ii2 rev]se1        
0,scribe ( !      memory ( ! ,"l ( !    
,two ,l&s1 ,us]-maat-ra-nekht40 v-,b4   

#bc4 ,plaque4 ,obv]se1 ,pr5om5 (        
,rameses ,,ii2 rev]se1 8,! ,sem-prie/   
( ,ptah1 ! ,gov]nor ( ! 7,royal7 ,city1 
! ,vezr1      ,nef]-r5pet40 ,amh4  #bd4 
,plaque4 ,obv]se1 ,pr5om5 ( ,rameses    
,,ii2 rev]se1 8,kh5su-9-,!bes           
,nef]-hetep40 ,on sides1 8,! ,sem-prie/ 
( ,ptah1 ,nef]-r5pet10      & 8!        
,gov]nor ( ! 7,royal7 ,cities1 ! ,vezr1 
,nef]-r5pet40      ,b4,m4 #dajd4        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxvi4           ,,sc>abs     
,,be>+ ,,royal ,,names3 ,,m]5-,,ptah ,i 
,,to ,,sa-,,am54   #a & #b4 8,ne-ba-ra  
m]y-,am51 ,hetep-h]-mat0 7,m]5ptah ,i74 
#a4 ,leyd4        #b4 ,t4  #c-g4        
8,us]-khep]u-ra m]y-,am5                
,set-m]-en-,ptah0 7,set ,,ii74          
#c4 ,gr4        #d4 ,alnw4        #e4   
,m-,g4        #f4 ,m-,g4        #g4     
,luxor4  #h & #i4 ,akh-en-ra            
,setep-en-ra ,m]-en-ptah ,sa-ptah       
7,siptah74         #h4 ,p4        #i4   
,alnw4  #aj4 ,ta-us]t ,setep-en-,mut    

7,que5 ( ,siptah74 ,newb4  #aa4 ,ta-us]t
 akh-en-,mut 7,que5 ( ,siptah74 v-,b4   
#ab4 8,! ,royal ,wife ,ta-us]t 7,que5 ( 
,siptah74 ,m-,g4  #ac4 8,sat-ra         
m]-en-,am5 7,que5 ,taus]t740 ,newb4     
#ad4 8,! ,*ancellor1 ,ba40 ,*ancellor ( 
,siptah4 ,luxor4  #ae4 8,us]-khau-ra    
m]y-,am50 7,setnekht74 ,cairo4  #af4    
,setnekht m]y-ra4 ,luxor4  #ag4         
,us]-maat-ra m]y-,am51 ,rameses1 8,rul] 
( ,heliopolis0 7,rameses      ,,iii74   
,luxor4  #ah4 8,us]-maat-ra m]y-,am51 ! 
/rong lion40 ,b4,m4 #aghjc4         #ai4
 ,b4,m4 #agacj4        #bj4 ,b4,m4      
#agabc4        #ba4 ,na%4  #bb4         
8,us]-maat-ra ,setep-en-,am50 7,rameses 
,,iv74 ,m-,g4  #bc4 8,heq-maat-ra sa    
,am50 7,rameses ,,iv74 ,b4,m4 #ag1adg4  
#bd4 8,rameses1 ,pr9ce ( ,tru?0         
7,rameses ,,iv74 ,b4,m4 #bibda4  #be4   
8,us]-maat-ra ,set khep]-en-ra0         
7,rameses ,v71 ,edw4  #bf4 8,neb-maat-ra
 m]y-,am50 7,rameses ,,vi74 ,luxor4     
#bg4 8,us]-ra m]y-,am5 ,setep-en-ra0    
7,rameses ,,vii74 ,b4,m4 #agacd4  #bh4  

8,rameses ! ,div9e ,pr9ce ( ,heliopolis0
 7,rameses ,,vi74 ,gr4  #bi4 8,rameses  
m]y-,am51 akh-en-ra0 7,rameses ,,viii74 
,amh4  #cj4 8,! great ,noble0 7,rameses 
,,viii74 ,amh4  #ca4 8,nef]-ka-ra       
,setep-en-ra0 7,rameses ,,ix74 ,gr4     
#cb4 8,us]-maat-ra ,setep-en-,nei?0     
7,rameses ,x74 ,m4,d4 #cb4  #cc4        
8,sa-,am540 ,m-,g4  #cd4 8,net]-khep]-ra
 setep-en-ra0 7,sm5des74 ,gr4           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxvii4          ,,sc>abs ,,( 
,,tw5ty-,,second ,,to ,,tw5ty-,,fif?    
,,dyna/y ,,k+s4   #a-h4 8,hez-khep]-ra  
setep-en-ra0 7,%a%anq ,i74         #a4  
,m-,g4        #b4 ,m-,g4        #c4     
,m-,g4        #d4 ,na%4        #e4 ,amh4
        #f4 ,m-,g4        #g4 ,luxor4   
#h4 ,gr4  #i4 8,! ,royal ,wife1         
,ka-ra-ma-ma0 ,ready4  #aj4             
8,se-h]-ab-ra ,pe-de-se-,ba/0           
7,petsuba/is74 ,luxor4  #aa-ac4         
8,sekhem-khep]-ra setep-en-ra1 ,osorkon0
 7,osorkon ,i74         #aa4 ,leyd4     

#ab4 ,newb4        #ac4 ,t4  #ad4       
8,hez-khep]-ra setep-en-ra1 ,! ,div9e   
,rul] ( ,!bes1 ,takele?i0               
7,takelotis ,i74 ,newb4  #ae4 8,m]y ,am5
 ,se ,ba/ ,%a%anq0 7,%a%anq ,,ii74 ,l4  
#af4 8,us]-maat-ra ,m]y ,am5 ,%a%anq0   
7,%a%anq ,,iii74 ,cairo4  #ag-ai4       
8,aa-khep]-ra0 7,%a%anq ,,iv74          
#ag4 ,amh4 7ivory74        #ah4 ,gr4    
#ai4 ,gr4  #bj4 ,ka%-ta & ,am5>des4     
,luxor4  #ba4 ,am5>des4 ,b4,m4 #bjhee4  
#bb & #bc4 ,uah-ka-ra 7,bokkh]is74      
#bb4 ,p4        #bc4 ,davis4  #bd4      
,%ep-en-upt4 ,hood4  #be4 8,! ,gov]nor (
 ! ,city & ,vezr1 ,z$-auf-,tahuti0 7874 
#bf & #bg4 8,! ,div9e ,wife ,am5>des4   
#bf4 ,alnw4        #bg4 ,alnw4  #bh4    
,pe-ankhy & ,tah>qa4 ,w4  #bi & #cj4    
,nef]-ka-ra 7,%abaka74         #bi4     
,bologna #becc4        #cj4 ,alnw4      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxviii4     ,,royal ,,&      
,,private ,,sc>abs ,,& ,,r+s4           
7,,tw5ty-,,fif? ,,to ,,tw5ty-,,six?     

,,dyna/ies47   #a4 8,! ,prie/ ( ,ra1 !  
,gov]nor ( ! ,two ,cities1 ! ,vezr1     
,hor-sa-a/40 ,p4  #b4 ,ta-h>-qa4 ,hood4 
#c4 ,d$-ka-ra4 ,m-,g4  #d4 ,ta-h>-qa4   
,p4  #e4 ,nef]-ka-ra4 ,m-,g4  #f4       
,nef]-ka-ra ,%abaka4 ,b4,m4 #agafh4  #g4
 ,%abaka4 ,b4,m4 ,f\nd at ,n9eveh4      
7,lay>d1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4         
#aef47  #h4 ,ka-ankh-ra4 ,m-,g4  #i4    
,psamtek4 ,c4,m4  #aj4 ,uah-ab-ra4      
,bologna4  #aa4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,gr4  #ab4  
,ta-h>-qa4 ,l4  #ac4 ,psamtek4 ,p4  #ad4
 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,alnw4  #ae4 ,nef]-ab-ra4  
,m-,g4  #af4 8,! ,prie/ ( ,anhur & ,%u1 
son ( ,ra1 ,ankh %a-ba-m940 ,gold       
r+4 ,l4  #ag4 ,aahmes sa-,nei?4 ,t4     
#ah4 ,m5-nef]-ra4 ,m-,g4  #ai4          
,haa-ab-ra4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,c4,m4  #bj4    
,h]u ,aa-ab4 ,newb4  #ba4 ,khnem-ab-ra4 
,c4,m4 7,m4 ,m4,d4 #cb47  #bb4          
8,psamtek1 belov$ ( ,ptah-anb-res-ef40  
,c4,m4 7,m4 ,m4,d4 #cb47  #bc4 8,!      
,prie/ ( ,hor-pa-khr$ 444 ,regulator ( !
 ,temples (      ,sekhet-hetep1         
,psamtek-s5b40 7,griffi?1 ,tell el      

,yahudiyeh1 ,pl4      ,,xviii1 #ad47    
#bd4 8,! ,prie/ 444 ,hor1 son (         
,horuza40 ,l4  #be4 8,! ,h]$it>y ,mayor1
 ! ,prie/ ( ,osiris1 ,"l ( ,d$u1 !      
,great      ,*ief1 ,pa-ma40 ,m-,g4  #bf4
 8444 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,mayors1 ,nef]40     
,b4,m42 f ,naucratis4  #bg4 8,! ,prie/ (
 ,h]-%e-ef40 ,gold r+4 ,l4  #bh4 8,!    
,prie/ ( ,ha!r1 ,lady ( ! ,sycomore 4440
 ,gold r+4 ,l4  #bi4 8,! nom>* ( !      
,h]mon?ite nome1 ,div9e ,fa!r (         
,am5-,ra1 ,k+      ( ! gods 7871 ,prie/1
 ,op5] to ! ,hold] ( ! 4441 !           
abh-prie/1 ,y]h>>u40 ,gold r+4 ,luxor4  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xxxix4                        
,,sc>abs ,,be>+ ,,mottoes1 ,,good       
,,wi%es1 ,,etc4   ,! inscriptions on ^! 
sc>abs are g5]ally extremely difficult  
to int]pret1 b a few w be f\nd translat$
 on p4 #gh4 ,i give "h1 !re=e1 only     
ref]5ces to ! collections f :i* !       
examples h be5 figur$4     #a & #b1     
v-,b4    #c4 ,m-,g4 7,common47    #d4   

,b4,m4 7,common47    #e4 ,b4,m4    #f4  
,a%m4    #g4 ,?omp4    #h4 ,b4,m4       
#agahi4    #i4 ,?omp4    #aj4 ,alnw4    
#aa-ac4 ,m-,g4    #ad4 ,gr4    #ae4     
,hood4    #af & #ag4 ,gr4    #ah4 ,m-,g4
    #ai4 ,gr4    #bj4 ,hood4    #ba4    
,evans4 7,?is plaque is dat$ by ! "n (  
,?o?mes ,,iii engrav$        on its     
side47    #bb4 ,b4,m4 #dbfg4    #bc4    
,b4,m4 #bgbai4    #bd4 ,alnw4    #be4   
,gr4    #bf4 ,b4,m4 #cfca4    #bg4      
,m-,g4 7,common47    #bh4 ,b4,m4 #ciab4 
#bi4 ,alnw4    #cj4 ,alnw4 7,v common47 
#ca4 ,hood4    #cb4 ,a%m4    #cc4 ,m-,g4
    #cd4 ,hood4    #ce4 ,a%m4    #cf4   
,gr4 7,?is example has ! "n ( ,rameses  
,,ii cut on ! back47    #cg4 ,m-,g4     
7,common47    #ch4 ,b4,m4 #bibde4       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xl4          ,,sc>abs ,,be>+  
,,mottoes1 ,,good ,,wi%es1              
,,etc4--cont9u$4          ,ref]5ces are 
only giv5 "h to ! collections f :i* !   
specim5s h be5 figur$4 ,a few ( !       

inscriptions w be        f\nd translat$ 
on p4 #gh4     #a4 ,b4,m4 #cgjb4    #b4 
,alnw4    #c4 ,9 ! possession ( ,ar?ur  
,evans1 ,esq4    #d4 ,gr4    #e4 ,hood4 
#f4 ,b4,m4 #agbgj4    #g4 ,bol41 #bfda4 
#h4 ,p4    #i4 ,b4,m4 #bfeif4    #aj4   
,a%m4    #aa4 ,gr4    #ab4 ,luxor4      
#ac & #ad4 ,amh4    #ae & #af4 ,hood4   
#ag4 ,luxor4    #ah4 ,h-,p4 #dfjc2 cf4  
,pl4 ,,xxxix1 #ba & #bg4    #ai4 ,fitzw4
 7,common47    #bj4 ,b4,m4 #bffah4      
#ba4 ,hood4    #bb4 ,amh4    #bc4       
,luxor4 7,v common47    #bd4 ,fitzw4 7,v
 common47    #be4 ,bol4 #bggj4 7,n r>e47
    #bf4 ,luxor4    #bg4 ,h-,p4    #bh4 
,newb4    #bi & #cj4 ,amh4    #ca4 ,9 ! 
possession ( ,mrs4 ,cox4    #cb4 ,b4,m4 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xli4               ,,sc>abs   
,,be>+ ,,names ,,( ,,figures ,,( ,,gods1
 ,,etc4     #a4 8,isis1 ,lady ( ,heav5 &
 ,mi/ress ( ! ,gods40 ,t4    #b4        
m-hetep4 ,h4,p4    #c4 8,am5-ra1 ,"l ( !
 ,brea? ( ,life40 ,alnw4    #d4         

8,am5-ra1 abundant 9 ?+s40 ,newb4    #e4
 ,head ( ,ha?or4 ,t4    #f4 ,h]-%e-ef4  
,m-,g4    #g4 8,ra-nef]1 ,son ( ,am540  
,gr4    #h4 ,ptah4 ,cairo4    #i4 8,%u1 
,son ( ,ra40 ,amh4    #aj4 ,horus &     
,uraeus4 ,vat4    #aa4 ,horus & ,uraeus4
 ,t4    #ab4 ,a k+ ador+ ,?o?4 ,c4,m4   
#ac4 ,ptah /&+ 9 front ( two alt>s4     
,alnw4    #ad4 ,m5tu4 ,c4,m4    #ae4    
,set4 ,c4,m4    #af4 ,bes4 ,amh4    #ag4
 ,am5 support$ by ,ra & ,pa*t4 ,amh4    
#ah4 ,am5-ra4 ,cairo4    #ai4 ,maat4    
,newb4    #bj4 ,! title 8,c\rti]40      
,c4,m4    #ba4 ,! title 8,h]$it>y       
,pr9ce40 ,gr4    #bb4 ,! title 8,gov]nor
 ( ! ,city40 ,c4,m4    #bc4 ,! royal    
title1 8,son ( ,ra40 ,luxor4    #bd4 ,! 
royal titles1 8,! ,good ,god1 ,"l ( !   
,two ,l&s40 ,luxor4    #be4 ,! royal    
titles1 8,k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt40    
,newb4    #bf4 ,a common inscription (  
d\btful mean+4 ,b4,m4    #bg4           
,hi]oglyphic signs symmetrically        
arrang$4 ,luxor4    #bh4 ,m-,g4    #bi4 
,luxor4    #cj4 ,am5-ra4 ,cairo4    #ca4

 ,b4,m4    #cb4 ,b4,m4 7,a v common     
inscription47    #cc4 ,luxor4    #cd4   
,luxor4    #ce4 ,naucratis4    #cf4     
,luxor4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xlii4                         
,,hi]oglyphics1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,etc4     #a4 
,ankh1 8,life40 ,newb4    #b4 ,ankh     
nef]1 8,life & beauty40 ,newb4    #c4   
,nef] maa1 8,beauty & tru?40 ,newb4     
#d4 ,d4 d4 d4    #e4 ,hi]oglyphic signs4
 ,luxor4    #f4 ,two nef] signs4 ,cairo4
    #g4 ,ankh nef]1 8,life & beauty40   
,newb4    #h-aa4 ,hi]oglyphic signs4    
,c4,m4    #ab4 ,nef]1 8,beauty10        
surr\nd$ by a coil patt]n4 ,c4,m4       
#ac4 ,two feet & an ox's head 7874      
,m-,g4    #ad4 ,lotus buds4 ,c4,m4      
#ae4 ,lotus fl[] & buds4 ,c4,m4    #af4 
,papyrus fl[]s4 ,newb4    #ag4 ,a cat1  
fi%1 & eye4 ,c4,m4    #ah4 ,an eye4 ,l4 
#ai4 ,a fly4 ,hood4    #bj4 ,a beetle1  
two uraei1 & a crocodile4 ,newb4    #ba4
 ,a cat & fi% 9 an eye4 ,c4,m4 7see     

above1 ,no4 #ag47    #bb4 ,a hawk1 two  
uraei1 & a crocodile4 ,newb4    #bc4 ,a 
h&4 ,gr4    #bd4 ,a ,k+ 787 seat$4 ,v   
common4    #be4 ,a fi% & a scorpion4    
,gr4    #bf4 ,?ree uraei4 ,liv4    #bg4 
,a man hold+ two crocodiles4 ,hood4     
#bh4 ,two monkeys climb+ a palm-tree4   
,gr4    #bi4 ,a palm-tree & two         
crocodiles4 ,datt>i4    #cj4 ,two fi%4  
,cairo4    #ca4 ,two scorpions4 ,gr4    
#cb4 ,a gazelle4 ,newb4    #cc-ci4      
,hunt+ sc5es4 ,b4,m41 ,newb41 & ,h-,p4  
,colls4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xliii4                        
,,miscellane\s ,,royal ,,& ,,private    
,,sc>abs4     #a4 8,! ,royal ,seal] &   
,div9e ,fa!r1 ,ha-ankh-ef40 ,p4    #b4  
8,! ,/ew>d1 ,khnems40 ,dat4 ,?irte5?    
,dyna/y4    #c4 8,! son ( ,ra1          
,am5emhat-,sebekhetep1 belov$ (         
,sebek-ra4 ,"l (        ,%t]u0 7874     
,davis4 ,?irte5? ,dyna/y4 7,see         
,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxiv1        p4 #bej47  

#d4 8,! ,/ew>d1 ,am540 ,p4 ,late ,twelf?
 ,dyna/y4    #e4 8,! ,scribe ( ! ,army1 
,neh1 born ( ! ,lady ,kes540 ,c4,m4     
,?irte5? ,dyna/y4    #f4                
8,nef]ui-uah-ra40 ,fitzw4    #g4 8,!    
,royal ,fri5d1 ,doctor & ,scribe1       
,sa-ha!r40 ,c4,m4 ,?irte5?              
,dyna/y4    #h4 8,! ,*ief ,sup]9t5d5t ( 
! ,(fice ( ! ,treasury1                 
,n5-semkhut-ef40 ,davis4 ,?irte5?       
,dyna/y4    #i4 8,! ,doctor & ari       
,nekh51 ,antef40 ,davis4 ,?irte5?       
,dyna/y4    #aj4 8,! ,royal ,seal]1     
,royal ,fri5d1 & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 
,ab-tau40 ,davis4 ,hyksos p]iod4    #aa4
 8,ankhes-en-pa-at540 ,davis4 ,eighte5? 
,dyna/y 7,akh5at574    #ab4 8,!         
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,cattle ( ,am52         
,s5-nef]40 ,p4 ,e>ly        ,eighte5?   
,dyna/y4    #ac4 8,! ,vezr1 ,ym-hetep40 
,davis4 ,?is ,vezr liv$ "u ,am5hetep ,i4
        7,see ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxiii1 p4 
#bej47    #ad4 8,apepa40 ,davis4 ,hyksos
 p]iod4    #ae4 8,! ,mayor & ,sup]9t5d5t
 ( ! ,gran>y ( ,am51 ,aahmes40          

,davis4 ,"t ( ,hat%epst or e>ly ,?o?mes 
,,iii4    #af4 8,! ,*antress ( ,am51    
,nefret-ari40 ,dat4 ,end ( ! ,eighte5?  
or        beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4  
#ag & #ah4 8,%e%a40 ,mr4 ,nahmann1      
,cairo4 ,hyksos p]iod4 7,cf4 ,pl4       
,,xxi1 #i-ah47    #ai4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1  
,ambu40 ,c4,m4 ,hyksos p]iod4    #bj4 ,a
 blund]$ sc>ab ( ,se-kha-en-ra4 ,davis4 
7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxi1 #ai-bb47              
,hyksos p]iod4    #ba4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1  
-keb40 ,davis4 ,hyksos p]iod4 7,cf4 ,pl4
 ,,xxii1        #g-ac47    #bb4 8,!     
,royal ,son1 -kebu40 v-,b4 ,hyksos      
p]iod4 7,see supra1 ,no4        #ba47   
#bc4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,ungu5ts1      
,khep]-ka40 ,p4 ,twelf?        ,dyna/y4 
#bd4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,(fice1 ,atef40
 ,c4,m4 ,?irte5? or        ,f\rte5?     
,dyna/y4    #be4 8,! ,scribe ,teta40    
,davis4 ,middle ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4      
#bf4 8,! ,/ew>d ( ! ,h\se ( ,pray]1     
,mesu40 ,b4,m4    #bg4 8,! ,mayor (     
,heliopolis1 ,b51 son ( ,ma40 v-,b4     
,?o?mes ,,iii4 7,fr4        ,sc4 #ha47  

#bh4 8,! ,gu>dian ( ! ,/oreh\se1 ,a40   
,t4 ,?irte5? ,dyna/y4    #bi4 8,!       
,gu>dian ( ! ,/oreh\se1 ,s5b40 ,c4,m4   
,?irte5? ,dyna/y4    #cj4 8,! ,ov]se] ( 
! ,surveyors1 ,?ati40 ,c4,m4 ,?irte5?   
,dyna/y4    #ca4 8,! ,*ief ov] !        
,secrets ( ! ,royal ,palace1 ! ,royal   
,seal]1        & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,seal1 
,hor40 ,philadelphia ,museum4 7,see     
my note 9 ,g>/ang's ,el ,arabeh1 p4     
#cb47    #cb4 8,! ,gu>dian ( ! ,ungu5ts1
 ,nub-us]40 ,c4,m4 ,?irte5? ,dyna/y4    
#cc4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! 7,cattle 87    
/alls1 ,b5]a40 ,c4,m4        ,?irte5?   
,dyna/y4                                
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plate ,,xliv4                         
,,miscellane\s ,,royal ,,& ,,private    
,,sc>abs--cont9u$4     #a4 8,!          
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,k5em4        
,timm9s' ,coll4    #b4 8,! ,em-a-a/1    
,sebeknekht40 ,cairo4    #c4 8,! ,/ew>d 
( ! ,acc\nts ( ,cattle1                 
,hora-kh5t-khet-hetep40        ,timm9s' 

,coll4    #d4 8,! ,lady ,s5t40 ,timm9s' 
,coll4    #e4 8,! ,scribe ,hu-ma-?u40   
,timm9s' ,coll4    #f4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1  
,khan40 ,timm9s' ,coll4    #g4 8,! ,good
 ,god1 ,kha-us]-,ra1 giv+ life40 ,pi]s' 
,coll4    #h4 8,! ,son ( ,ra1 ,seket40  
,pi]s' ,coll4    #i4 8,! ,k+ ( ,upp] &  
,l[] ,egypt1 ,se-baq-ka-,ra40 ,cairo4   
#aj4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( 4448 ,anna40     
,timm9s' ,coll4    #aa4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t 
( ! ,gold ,work]s1 ,haau40 ,timm9s'     
,coll4    #ab4 8,! ,c\rt ,"u-seal]1     
,ab-ref40    #ac4 8,! ,great 787 ,royal 
,wife1 ,nub-hetep-?a40 ,mur*4    #ad4   
8,! ,lady1 ,y-b40 ,cairo4    #ae4 8,!   
,great ,"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1             
,sebek-h]-heb40 ,timm9s'        ,coll4  
#af4 8,! ,*ief ,/ew>d1 ,m5tu-hetep      
,zeszes40 ,timm9s' ,coll4    #ag4 8,!   
,scribe ( ! ,great ,prison1 ,deh5ti40   
,timm9s' ,coll4    #ah4 8,! abu ne at   
444 ,sebek-aa40 ,cairo4    #ai4 8,may ! 
,k+ give an (f]+ to ,ptah-sek]-,osiris  
,neb ankh tau        = ! ka ( ! ,great  
"o ( ! ,s\!rn ,t5s1 ,sebek-em-heb1      

,son ( ,h 444 hufi40 ,cairo4    #bj4 8,!
 ,gov]nor ( ! city1 ,ptah 78740 ,cairo4 
#ba4 8,ari-at ( ! foll[]s1 ,yu-s5bu40   
,cairo4    #bb4 8,royal ,seal]4         
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,peasantm51             
,nef]-hetep40        ,cairo4    #bc4    
8,royal ,seal]4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! prison1 
,s5b40 ,mur*4    #bd4 8,! judge & ar    
,nekh51 ,r5-ef-res40 ,cairo4    #be4    
8,royal daught]1 ,nebt-tep-ahu40 ,mur*4 
#bf4 8,royal ,seal]1 ,*ief ,/ew>d1      
,neb-ankh40 ,mur*4                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,index ,,to ,,p]sonal ,,names4         
,aahmes1 ,,xxix1 #a4   ,aa-khnem1 ,,xv1 
#ah4   ,abh-a-s5btefi1 ,,xiv1 #c4       
,ab-ka-us]1 ,,xxix1 #c4   ,ab-ref1      
,,xliv1 #ab4   ,ab-tau1 ,,xliii1 #aj4   
,aka1 ,,xiii1 #aj4   ,aka-s5bna1 ,,xi1  
#bg4   ,akuu1 ,,xv1 #af4   ,am5-em-apt1 
,,xxxv1 #ba4   ,am5-em-hat1 ,,xi1 #ag2  
,,xiii1 #bc2 ,,xvi1 #b4                 
,am5emhat-s5b-ne-,ha!r1 ,,xi1 #af4      
,am5emheb1 ,,xxix1 #g4   ,am5hetep1     

,,xi1 #aj2 ,,xiv1 #a2 ,,xvi1 #c4        
,am5y1 ,,xvii1 #bg2 ,,xliii1 #d4        
,am5y-s5b1 ,,xvi1 #ac4   ,ana1 ,,xvii1  
#aj4   ,ankh1 ,,xv1 #bd2 ,,xvii1 #i1    
#ba4   ,ankh-ef1 ,,xiii1 #bg4           
,ankh-s51 ,,xvi1 #d4   ,ankh-tefi1      
,,xiv1 #ac4   ,ankhu1 ,,vii1 #ac2       
,,xiii1 #af4   ,anna1 ,,xliv1 #aj4      
,antef1 ,,xiii1 #c2 ,,xiv1 #bf2 ,,xliii1
 #i4   ,anu-enti7871 ,,xvii1 #ad4       
,apa1 ,,xvi1 #ah4   ,apepa1 ,,xii1 #be2 
,,xliii1 #ad4   ,apus]1 ,,xxix1 #ab4    
,art1 ,,xxix1 #ab4   ,atef1 ,,xliii1    
#bd4   ,atef-ef1 ,,xvii1 #bd4   ,au-ab1 
,,xvi1 #aj4   ,au-ef-er-s5b1 ,,xvii1    
#ac4   ,au-het-ab1 ,x1 #c4   ,auqa1     
,,xv1 #aj4   ,au su ankh1 ,,xiv1 #bb4   
,au1 ,,xi1 #b4   ,au mes1 ,,xi1 #ah4    
,a1 ,,xii1 #ba2 ,,xiv1 #e2 ,,xliii1 #bh4
    ,bak en kh5su1 ,,xxxv1 #ba4   ,ba1  
,,xxxvi1 #ad4   ,beba1 ,,xi1 #cj2 ,,xiv1
 #ab4   ,b51 ,,xliii1 #bg4   ,b5]a1     
,,xliii1 #cc4   ,bu-s5-ba1 ,,xvi1 #be4  
,d$a1 ,,xi1 #cj4   ,d$e muti1 ,,xvii1   
#ae4   ,d$e nub1 ,,xv1 #i4   ,d$etu1    

,,xii1 #aa4   ,deh5ti1 ,,xliv1 #ag4     
,erde ne ptah1 ,,xi1 #ab2 ,,xiii1 #bb2  
,,xiv1 #aj2 ,,xv1 #ai4   ,erdet ne ptah1
 ,,xv1 #ba4    ,ha ankh ef1 ,x1 #d1 #h2 
,,xii1 #ag2 ,,xliii1 #a4   ,haau1       
,,xliv1 #aa4   ,hap-hetepu1 ,,xii1 #ab4 
,hapu s5b1 ,,xxix1 #e4   ,h>1 ,,xxiii1  
#bj-bb4   ,hepu em %a1 ,,xii1 #ab4   ,h]
 ankh1 ,,xiii1 #ah4   ,h] hetep1 ,,xvii1
 #d4   ,h]a1 ,h]u1 ,,xi1 #bb2 ,,xiii1   
#ad1 #ae2 ,,xliii1 #ca4   ,h]fu1 ,,xi1  
#aa4   ,hei-kh5t-kheti-hetep1 ,,xliv1   
#c4   ,hetep1 ,,xvii1 #bc4   ,hu-ma-?a1 
,,xliv1 #e4   ,hu1 ,,ii4    ,ka1 ,,xvi1 
#ad4   ,kema1 ,x1 #e1 #h4   ,k5em1      
,,xliv1 #a4   ,k]u1 ,,xv1 #bf4   ,kes51 
,,xliii1 #e4   ,ke?una1 ,,xxiii1 #bh4   
,kha-kau-ra-s5b1 ,,xv1 #a4   ,kh5t      
hetep1 ,,xvii1 #af4   ,kh5t-kheti1 ,,xv1
 #be4   ,khep] ka1 ,,xliii1 #bc4        
,khnem-aa1 ,,xvii1 #ah4                 
,khnem-set-h]u-sebek8 ,,xii1 #aj4       
,khnems1 ,,xv1 #ac2 ,,xvii1 #bj2        
,,xliii1 #b4   ,khu1 ,,xvi1 #i4    ,ma1 
,,xliii1 #bg4   ,maket1 ,,xxix1 #cj1    

#ca1 #cc4   ,ma1 ,,xxix1 #aa4   ,mehti1 
,,xv1 #bc4   ,m5 khep] ra s5b1 ,,xxix1  
#d4   ,m5tuhetep1 ,x1 #b2 ,,xi1 #bj2    
,,xvi1 #e4   ,m5tu nesu1 ,,xiii1 #f4    
,m]y ra1 ,,xv1 #c4   ,m]t1 ,,xii1 #ah4  
,m9-a/1 ,,xxxv1 #ah4   ,m9-nekht1       
,,xxix1 #i4   ,mu-nu-ah1 ,,xv1 #ae4     
,m1 ,,xiv1 #ba4    ,neb-ankh1 ,,xliv1   
#bf4   ,neb-kau1 ,,xvi1 #bc4   ,neb-pu1 
,,xvi1 #bb4   ,neb qemiu1 ,,xi1 #be4    
,neb-re-sehui1 ,,xi1 #d4   ,neb-se%51   
,,xi1 #bi4   ,neb-sunu1 ,,xvi1 #f2      
,,xvii1 #e2 ,,xvii1 #ai4                
,nebt-tep-ahu1 ,,xliv1 #be4             
,nef]-hetep1 ,,xii1 #bc2 ,,xiii1 #ab2   
,,xliv1 #bb4   ,nef]ni1 ,,xiii1 #be4    
,nef] r5pet1 ,,xxxv1 #bc1 #bd4   ,nef]  
tum1 ,,xvi1 #ab4   ,nef]u1 ,,xiv1 #ae4  
,nefret ari1 ,,xliii1 #af4   ,nehesi1   
,,xi1 #ad4   ,nehy1 ,,xii1 #g2 ,,xiii1  
#aa2 ,,xvii1 #g2 ,,xliii1 #e4   ,n5na1  
,,xii1 #bf4   ,n5 sem khuft1 ,,xliii1   
#h4   ,nub-em-sa-es1 ,,xii1 #ai4        
,nub-hkusi1 ,,xvii1 #bh4    ,pa-enti-en1
 ,,xiv1 #ad4   ,pas]1 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag4 

,pe-en-!bu1 ,,xxix1 #f4   ,pehui-ef-hu81
 ,,xi1 #ba4   ,p]-em-uah1 ,,xxiii1      
#bd-bf4   ,ptah1 ,,xliv1 #bj4           
,ptah-a?1 ,,xvii1 #be4   ,ptah d$etu    
s5b1 ,,xi1 #a4   ,ptah-hetep1 ,,xiv1 #h4
   ,ptah-mes1 ,,xxix1 #aj4   ,ptah ur1  
,,xii1 #bb4   ,ptah ur bau1 ,,xvii1 #a4 
,raha1 ,,xxiii1 #bg4   ,r5 ef-em-ab1    
,,xi1 #bi4   ,r5 ef s5b1 ,,xi1 #c4      
,r5s5b1 ,,xi1 #bc2 ,,xvi1 #bd2 ,,xvii1  
#h1 #bh4   -- ,us]ts51 ,,xv1 #b1   ,res1
 ,,xiii1 #cc4    ,sa aah1 ,,xv1 #bb4    
,sa buu1 ,,xv1 #d4   ,sa ha!r aa1 ,,xi1 
#bh4   ,sa ha!r1 ,,xv1 #f2 ,,xliii1 #g4 
,sa h1 ,,xvi1 #ag4   ,sa neb1 ,,xiii1   
#ag4   ,sa nef] hez1 ,,xv1 #e4   ,sa    
ptah1 ,,xiii1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #b4   ,sa     
sebek1 ,,xi1 #ai2 ,,xii1 #af2 ,,xiv1    
#bc4   ,sat ab1 ,,xiv1 #i4   ,sat sp$u1 
,,xvii1 #aa4   ,sat sutekh1 ,,xv1 #h4   
,se ankh1 ,,xiii1 #ba2 ,,xvii1 #ab4     
,sebek-aa1 ,,xliv1 #ah4   ,sebek aa     
s5es1 ,,xii1 #bd4   ,sebek an1 ,,xvii1  
#b4   ,sebek d$u1 ,,xi1 #bf4            
,sebek-em-heb1 ,,xliv1 #ai4             

,sebek-h]-heb1 ,,xliv1 #ae4   8 ,sebek  
h] ant1 ,,xvi1 #ai4   ,sebekhetep1 ,,xi1
 #bj2 ,,xiv1 #aa1 #bj2 ,,xv1 #aa4       
,sebek-nekht1 ,,xliv1 #b4               
,sebek-se-s-ankh1 ,,xiii1 #d4           
,sebek-ur1 ,,xiii1 #i4   ,s$em1 ,,xiii1 
#ca4   ,sehetep1 ,,xvii1 #c4            
,sehetep-ab1 ,,xiii1 #cb4               
,se-hetep-ab-ra-s5b1 ,,ix1 #ab4         
,sehetep ab ru1 ,,xi1 #ac2 ,,xiii1 #bi4 
,semi nef]1 ,,xv1 #bj4   ,s5aa-ab1      
,,xiv1 #f1 #g4   ,s5b1 ,,xiii1 #cd2     
,,xvi1 #aa1 #bj1 #ba2 ,,xliii1 #bi2     
,,xliv1 #bc4   ,s5ba1 ,,vii1 #a 2 ,,xi1 
#f4   ,s5b ef1 ,,xiii1 #ce4   ,s5b ef   
nef] ankh1 ,,xvii1 #bf4   ,s5b-su ma1   
,,xi1 #g1 #h4   ,s5b tefi1 ,,xii1 #bj4  
,s5-mut1 ,,viii1 #d4   ,s5-nef]1 ,,xxix1
 #h2 ,,xliii1 #ab4   ,s5-pu1 ,,xiii1    
#ai2 ,,xxix1 #b4   ,s5t1 ,,xliv1 #d4   8
 ,sep-sa-ankh1 ,,xii1 #ae4   ,se resu1  
,,xiv1 #d4   ,sesa1 ,,xii1 #i4   ,set   
mes1 ,,xvi1 #g4   ,sez$u1 ,,xiv1 #af4   
,sp]nef1 ,,xv1 #ag4   ,sur?a1 ,,xiii1   
#bd4    ,tefta1 ,,xvi1 #ae4             

,tehep5khet m]y81 ,,xii1 #h4            
,tehut9ekht1 ,,xi1 #ae4   ,teta1 ,,xvi1 
#af2 ,,xliii1 #be4   ,teta kh]d1 ,,xiii1
 #b4   ,teta nef]1 ,,xxvi1 #c4   ,?a a?1
 ,,xii1 #ac4   ,?a ?a1 ,,xii1 #bh4      
,?ati1 ,,xliii1 #cj4   ,!ti1 ,,xv1 #ab4 
,un nef]1 ,,xvii1 #ag4   ,up em heb1    
,,xi1 #e4   ,us]1 ,,xliii1 #cb4         
,us]maa ra nekht1 ,,xxxv1 #bb4          
,us]ts51 ,,xvii1 #f4   ,us]ts5 s5bu1    
,,xiii1 #ac4   ,u%u1 ,,xiii1 #h4        
,y-ab1 ,,xiii1 #bj2 ,,xliv1 #ad4        
,y-m-hetep1 ,,xliii1 #ac4   ,yu-b5]a1   
,,xv1 #ad4   ,yu-s5b1 ,,xi1 #i1 #bh2    
,,xvi1 #a1 #h2 ,,xliv1 #bj4    ,z$au f  
,h]u1 ,,xxxvii1 #be4   ,z]a1 ,,xv1 #g4  
,zeszes1 ,,xliv1 #af4                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,index ,,to ,,titles4    abu ne at1    
,,xliv1 #ah4   ad5u ne m] khetem1 see m]
 khetem4   ad5u ne m] p] ur1 see m] p]  
ur4   ahems ne dep1 ,,xvi1 #b4   am-z1  
,,xiii1 #bg4   am kh5t ne ,sebek1       
,,xvii1 #b4   am kh5t1 ,egyptian 99991  

,,xvii1 #ad4   ankhet net res-tep1      
,,xiii1 #ab4   ankhui ne neb taui1      
,,xxix1 #h4   ari at1 ,,xi1 #bi2 ,,xii1 
#ab1 #cj2 ,,xiii1 #bi2 ,,xv1 #a2 ,,xvii1
 #bc2 ,,xliii1 #bh1     #bi4   ari at ne
 auf1 ,,xiii1 #ah4   ari at ne p] d$u1  
,,xiii1 #ai2 ,,xvi1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #e2     
,,xxix1 #b4   ari at ne p] hez1 ,,xv1   
#e2 ,,xvii1 #ag4   ari at ne %emsu1     
,,xliv1 #ba4   ari at ne %5t1 ,,xiv1    
#aj4   ari bes1 ,,xliii1 #cb4   ari     
,nekh51 ,,xii1 #ag2 ,,xv1 #aj2 ,,xliii1 
#i2 ,,xliv1 #bd4   ari p$et1 ,,xiii1    
#cd4    bakt ne heq1 ,,xiii1 #bf4       
enti em s]t1 ,,xvii1 #ad4   erpa1 ,,xi1 
#ah4   ha1 ,,xi1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah2    
,,xiii1 #ae1 #ba2 ,,xiv1 #a2 ,,xvi1 #ac2
 ,,xvii1 #bh2     ,,xxix1 #h2 ,,xliii1  
#ae2 p4 #di1 fig4 #be4   ha het ,us]ts51
 ,,vii1 #a4   ha ne ,an1 ,,xliii1 #bg4  
ha ne ,re%uu1 ,,xv1 #ad4   hemt net]1   
,,xxvi1 #ab1 #ae1 #ba1 #ca2 ,,xxvii1    
#ad1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce2 ,,xxviii1 #d2       
,,xxxvii1 #bf1 #bg4   hemt net] urt1    
,,xxxi1 #ah2 ,,xxxvi1 #ab2 ,,xxxvii1 #i4

   hemt set51 ,,ix1 #cb2 ,,xii1 #f2     
,,xiii1 #cj2 ,,xxiii1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai2    
,,xxvi1 #d1 #cb2     ,,xxxii1 #b2       
,,xxxv1 #ae4   hemt set5 urt1 ,,xii1 #d1
 #e1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #ai2 ,,xxvi1 #ai1 #bj2 
,,xxvii1 #ac2     ,,xxviii1 #ce1 #cg2   
,,xxxi1 #c1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #ag2 ,,xxxii1  
#a1 #c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1 #b2     ,,xxxiv1  
#h2 ,,xxxv1 #bj2 ,,xliv1 #ac4   h5 net]1
 ,,xv1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #b4   h5 net] ne     
,sebek em ,uas1 ,,xii1 #bc4   h5 tep    
net] ne ,am51 ,,xxix1 #e2 ,,xxxv1 #ba4  
heq ankn khaut1 ,,xiii1 #bh4   heq      
khaskhet1 ,,vii1 #g2 ,,xxii1 #bj1 #ba1  
#bb2 ,,xxiii1 #aj1 #aa4   heq nef]u1    
,,vii1 #aj4   heq ne k5bet1 ,,xliii1    
#cj4   h] ne tem1 ,,xvi1 #g4   h] p]1   
,,xliii1 #d2 cf4 m] p]4   h] se%eta 7ne7
 p] set51 ,,xliii1 #ca4   h] %e1 see m] 
%e4    kh] heb ne ,nekhebet1 ,,xiv1 #aa4
   kh] heb ne p] nef]1 ,,xvii1 #ba4     
kh]p aha1 ,,xiii1 #ae2 ,,xiv1 #d4   kh]p
 ne/i1 ,,xi1 #ae4   khetemu bati1 ,,xi1 
#d-ab1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi2 ,,xii1 #bh2  
,,xiii1 #aj1 #af1 #ba1     #bd1 #bg1    

#ca2 ,,xiv1 #aj1 #bd2 ,,xv1 #d2 ,,xvi1  
#c2 ,,xxiii1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb2 ,,xxiv1 #cb2
     ,,xliii1 #a1 #aj1 #ca2 ,,xliv1 #bb1
 #bc1 #bf4   khetemu kefa ab1 ,,xi1 #bh4
   khetemu kh]-a1 ,,xvii1 #ah2 ,,xliv1  
#ab4   khnemt nef]t hez1 ,,ix1 #cb2     
,,xii1 #d1 #e1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #ai4    m]   
akh5uti1 ,,xiii1 #cb2 ,,xvi1 #af1 #be2  
,,xvii1 #ab2 ,,xliii1 #bd2 ,,xliv1 #a4  
m] akh5uti ne dep1 ,,xii1 #bj2 ,,xiii1  
#aa1 #af2 ,,xvi1 #bd4   m] akh5uti ur ne
 p] hez1 ,,xliii1 #h4   m] aru 7871     
,,xiii1 #e4   m] a/ ne heq1 ,,xiv1 #i2  
,,xvi1 #ag4   m] a/ urt1 ,,xi1 #bd4   m]
 besu 7871 ,,xliii1 #bc4   m] hemt ne   
,am51 ,,xxix1 #d4   m] h5u net]1 ,,xi1  
#ae1 #ah2 cf4 h5 net]4   m] hesu ur1    
,,xi1 #be4   m] het net]1 ,,vii1 #a2    
,,xi1 #ag2 ,,xiii1 #ae1 #ba2 ,,xvi1 #ac4
   m] hetu set51 ,,xxix1 #a4   m] khau  
ne ,am51 ,,xliii1 #ab4   m] khau1 ,,xv1 
#ag4   m] kh5t1 ,,xliv1 #bc4   m]       
khetemtiu1 ,,xi1 #i2 ,,xiii1 #ca2 ,,xv1 
#d4   m] khetemu1 ,,xi1 #d-aa2 ,,xxiii1 
#bj-bb1 #bd-bg2 ,,xxiv1 #cb2 ,,xxxvi1   

#ad2     ,,xliii1 #aj1 #ca4   ---- ad5u 
ne m] khetemu1 ,,xi1 #ac2 ,,xiv1 #be2   
,,xvi1 #f4   ---- se% ne m] khetemu1    
,,xvi1 #h4   ---- se% ur ne m] khetemu1 
,,xi1 #ad2 ,,xiv1 #b4   ---- setem a% ne
 m] khetem1 ,,xxix1 #i4   m] m5tiu1     
,,xi1 #bc4   m] me%au1 ,,xi1 #bb2       
,,xiii1 #ag4   m] me%au ur1 ,,xi1 #ba4  
m] nef]u ne p] ,am51 ,,xxxv1 #ba4   m]  
net1 ,,vii1 #ac2 ,,xii1 #a1 #b2 ,,xxvi1 
#c2 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd2         
,,xxxvii1     #be2 ,,xliv1 #bj4   m]    
nub1 ,,xliv1 #aa2 p4 #ee1 fig4 #cb4   m]
 p]1 ,,xii1 #ae2 ,,xiii1 #b1 #d2 ,,xiv1 
#ba2 ,,xvi1 #bb2 ,,xliii1 #b4   m] p]   
heseb ahu1 ,,xliv1 #c4   m] p] heseb    
ati1 ,,xiv1 #e4   m] p] heseb remt1     
,,xiv1 #bf4   m] p] ne dua1 ,,xliii1    
#bf4   m] p] ne hemt set51 ,,xxix1 #f4  
m] p] ne %5t1 ,,xvi1 #ah4   m] p] ur1   
,,xii1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xiii1 #aj1 #ba1 #bg2 
,,xvi1 #bc2 ,,xliv1 #af1 #bf4   ---- ne 
set52 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bd4   ---- ad5u me  
m] p] ur1 ,,xvii1 #af4   m] qe/i1       
,,xvii1 #bg4   m] qesu1 ,,xiv1 #aj4   m]

 sekhetiu1 ,,xiii1 #bd2 ,,xiv1 #bd2     
,,xliv1 #bb4   m] %e1 ,,xv1 #ac4   ---- 
se% ne %e1 ,,xv1 #f4   m] %5t ne ,am51  
,,xliii1 #ae4   m] ta mehu1 ,,xiii1 #f1 
#cb2 ,,xvi1 #be2 ,,xvii1 #ab4   m] u1   
,,xiii1 #f2 ,,xv1 #b4   m] u ne         
,het-net]1 ,,xvi1 #ad4   ,egyptian 99991
 ,,xliii1 #cc4   m]tui ne neb taui1     
,,xxix1 #h4   met set51 ,,iv1 #af2 ,x1  
#c1 #e1 #h1 #i2 ,,xxvi1 #af4    nebt p]1
 ,,xii1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg2 ,,xiii1 #g2      
,,xiv1 #ae2 ,,xv1 #g1 #h1 #bj1 #ba2     
,,xvi1     #ae2 ,,xvii1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae2  
,,xxix1 #ab1 #ad1 #cj1 #ca2 ,,xliii1 #e2
 ,,xliv1 #d1 #ad4   net] atef1 ,x1 #b1  
#d1 #h2 ,,xiv1 #bj2 ,,xxix1 #aj2        
,,xliii1 #a4   net] hemt1 see hemt net]4
   net] h51 see h5 net]4   net] khetemu1
 ,,xiv1 #a4   net] m]t1 ,,xxix1 #aj4    
pa s] aa1 ,,xxxv1 #f2 ,,xxxvi1 #cj4     
qemat ne ,am51 ,,xxix1 #aa2 ,,xliii1    
#af4   q5beti1 ,,xi1 #bf4   qe/i1       
,,xvii1 #f4    rekh set51 ,,xi1 #be2    
,,xii1 #aa1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #be2 ,,xiv1  
#ag2 ,,xv1 #aj4    sa set51 ,,ix1 #cj2  

,,xii1 #a-c2 ,,xiii1 #a2 ,,xvii1 #h2    
,,xxiii1 #d1 #ab-af1 #bc1     #bi2      
,,xxvi1 #cd1 #ce2 ,,xxxv1 #ai1 #bj2     
,,xliii1 #bb4   sa set5 ur1 ,,xxvi1 #f4 
sab1 ,,xii1 #ag1 #bb2 ,,xv1 #aj2        
,,xliii1 #g1 #i2 ,,xliv1 #bd4   sat     
set51 ,,iv1 #e2 ,,vi1 #bj2 ,,ix1 #cc1   
#cd1 #ce1 #ci2 ,,xxvi1 #ah1 #cf2        
,,xxviii1     #c4   sat set5 aat1 ,,xiv1
 #ah2 ,,xvii1 #a4   sat urt ne ,neh]51  
,,xxxii1 #a4   seba ne p] ankh1 ,,xiii1 
#ce4   sehez %emsu1 ,,xi1 #cj2 ,,xvii1  
#i4   sem] uati1 ,,xi1 #d-ab2 ,,xliii1  
#g1 #aj4   s5 set51 ,,xxix1 #ac4   s5t  
set51 ,,xxviii1 #c4   s] hayt1 ,,xiv1   
#f2 ,,xv1 #aj2 ,,xvi1 #e1 #aa4   se%1   
,,xliii1 #g1 #be2 ,,xliv1 #e4   se% h]  
khetemu ne ,hetep-,us]ts51 ,,xiii1 #bj4 
se% h] khetemtu ne p] hez1 ,,xvii1 #bf4 
se% heseb1 ,,xvii1 #bj4   se% het net]  
ne ,hetep-,us]ts51 ,,xiii1 #ac4   se%   
khaut1 ,,xvii1 #ac4   se% ne kha ne neb 
taui1 ,,xxxv1 #bb4   se% ne kh5t urt1   
,,xii1 #i2 ,,xiv1 #ad1 #af1 #bc2 ,,xliv1
 #ag4   se% ne m] khetemu1 see m]       

khetemu4   se% ne me%au1 ,,xiii1 #be2   
,,xv1 #bc2 ,,xliii1 #be4   se% ne nef]u1
 ,,xiii1 #be4   se% ne q5betu ne un me  
,het-ka1 ,,xvii1 #be4   se% ne %e1 see  
m] %e4   se% ne ta seba1 ,,xv1 #b4   se%
 ne zat1 see zat4   se% ne zazat1 ,,xvi1
 #ai4   se% nef]u1 ,,xxix1 #c4   se%    
set51 ,,xi1 #bg4   se% ur ne m] khetemu1
 see m] khetemu4   setem a% ne m]       
khetemu1 ,,xxix1 #i4   set5 hemt1 see   
hemt set54   set5 hemt urt1 see hemt    
set5 urt4   set5 kekh]u1 ,,xv1 #ae4     
set5 sa1 see sa set54   set5 sat1 see   
sat set54   set5 sat aat1 see sat set5  
aat4   set5 se%1 see se% set54   set5   
se%emsu1 see %emsu set54   set5         
,egyptian 99991 ,,xii1 #g2 ,,xvii1 #ai4 
%emsu1 ,,xiii1 #c2 ,,xvi1 #bj4   %emsu  
ne rem5 tep1 ,,xiv1 #ab2 ,,xv1 #bd1 #bf2
 ,,xvi1 #aj4   %emsu set51 ,,xii1 #bh1  
#bi2 ,,xiii1 #ba4   sunu1 ,,xv1 #ai4    
uab1 ,,xiv1 #c1 #af2 ,,xxix1 #g4   uab  
aa ne ,ha!r nebt ,tep-ahu1 ,,xii1 #aj4  
u>tu aa ne net1 ,,xi1 #ai2 ,,xiv1 #bb4  
u>tu ne hek khaut1 ,,xi1 #bj2 ,,xiii1   

#h1 #ad4   u>tu ne ,ur%1 ,,xv1 #af4     
u>tu ne ,ut1 ,,xvii1 #bb4   uhem1 ,,xv1 
#ah4   ur res met1 ,,xii1 #ac2 ,,xiii1  
#i2 ,,xiv1 #g1 #h1 #ac2 ,,xv1 #bb2      
,,xliv1 #ae1 #ai4   ut1 ,,xii1 #bb4     
zat1 ,,vii1 #ac2 ,,xi1 #a1 #b2 ,,xxvi1  
#c2 ,,xxix1 #aj2 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 
#bd2     ,,xxxvii1 #be2 ,,xliii1 #ac4   
---- se% ne zat1 ,,xi1 #c4   zau 787    
set5 apt1 ,,xvii1 #c4   zau ne se%1     
,egyptian 99991 ,,xvi1 #ab4    ,egyptian
 99991 ,,xv1 #be4                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,index ,,to ,,royal ,,names            
--------------                          
7a7 ,,k+s4   ,aa-ab 7,uah-ab-ra71 ,,vii1
 #e2 ,x1 #ag4   ,aa-hetep-ra1 ,,xxii1   
#a-c4   ,aah-mes ,i 7,neb-pehti-ra71    
,,xxvi1 #f-aa1 #ag4   ,aah-mes ,,ii 7,sa
 ,nei?71 p4 #ad1 fig4 #d2 ,,xxxviii1    
#ag4   ,aa-khep]-en-ra 7,?o?mes ,,ii71  
,,xxvii1 #ae-ag2 ,,xxix1 #dc4           
,aa-khep]-ka-ra 7,?o?mes ,i71 ,,xxvii1  
#a-ab2 ,,xxix1 #cd4   ,aa-khep]-ra      

7,%a%anq ,,ii71 ,,xxxvii1 #ag-ai4       
,aa-khep]u-ra 7,am5hetep ,,ii71 p4 #fh1 
fig4 #eg2 ,i1 #b2 ,,viii1 #f2 ,,xxx1    
#a-ag4   ,aamu1 ,,xxii1 #ad-ah4         
,aa-us]-ra 7,apep ,i71 ,i1 #a2 ,,xxiii1 
#cj-ce2 ,,xxiv1 #cd1 #ce4   ,aha        
7,m5es71 ,,iv1 #b4   ,akh-en-at5        
7,am5hetep ,,iv71 ,i1 #d4   ,akh-en-ra  
7,siptah71 ,,xxxvi1 #h1 #i4   ,ambu 7871
 ,,xliii1 #ai4   ,am5emhat1 ,,vi1       
#af-ah1 #bj2 ,,ix1 #af4   ,am5emhat ,i  
7,sehetep-ab-ra71 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #aa4  
,am5emhat ,,ii 7,nub-kau-ra71 ,,vi1     
#a-d2 ,,viii1 #aa4   ,am5emhat ,,iii    
7,ne-maat-ra71 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bb2 p4 #hh1
 fig4 #ic2 ,,vi1 #a1     #aj-ae1 #ai2   
,,ix1 #be-bi1 #cf1 #cg4   ,am5emhat ,,iv
 7,maa-kh]u-ra71 ,,vi1 #bb2 ,,ix1 #ch4  
,am5emhat-sebekhetep1 ,,xliii1 #c4      
,am5emhat-s5bef 7,se%es-ka-ra71 ,,vii1  
#c4   ,am5hetep ,i 7,zes]-ka-ra71 p4    
#fh1 fig4 #eg2 ,,viii1 #b1 #e2 ,,xxvi1  
#bc-ca1 #cc4   ,am5hetep ,,ii           
7,aa-khep]u-ra71 ,i1 #b2 ,,viii1 #f2    
,,xxx1 #a-ag4   ,am5hetep ,,iii         

7,neb-maat-ra71 ,,viii1 #c2 ,,xxx1      
#bf-cb2 ,,xxxi1 #a-ab1 #ad-ah2          
,,xxxii1 #a-c1 ,,xxxiii1 #a-b4          
,am5hetep ,,iv 7,nef]-khep]u-ra71 ,i1   
#d2 ,,xxxi1 #ac1 #ai-be1 #bg1 #bh4      
,am51 ,,vii1 #ai4   ,ana 7,m]-hetep-ra71
 ,x1 #ba4   ,ankh-khep]u-ra1 ,,xxxi1    
#ca4   ,an!r1 ,,xxiii1 #aa4   ,apep ,i  
7,aa-us]-ra71 ,i1 #a2 ,,xxiii1 #cj-ce2  
,,xxiv1 #cd1 #ce4   ,a ,i 7,m]-nef]-ra71
 ,x1 #ah-bj4   ,a ,,ii 7,khep]-khep]u-ra
 ar maat71 ,,xxxi1 #bf1 #bi1 #cd4       
,bak-en-r5-ef 7,uah-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvii1   
#bb1 #bc4    ,d$-ka-ra1 ,,xxxviii1 #c4  
,d$ui-ankh-ra1 ,x1 #be1 #bf4   ,d$u-mes 
7,nef]-d$-ra71 ,x1 #bi4   ,d51 ,,iv1 #i4
    ,hat%epst 7,maa-ka-ra71 ,,xxvii1    
#ab1 #ah-be4   ,h] tep taui 7,horus "n71
 ,,vii1 #b4   ,hez-khep]-ra 7,%a%anq    
,,ii71 ,,xxxvii1 #a-h1 #ae4             
,hez-khep]-ra 7,takelot ,i71 ,,xxxvii1  
#ad4   ,hor-em-heb 7,zes]-khep]u-ra71   
,i1 #e2 ,,xxxiv1 #a-f4    ,ka-mes       
7,uaz-khep]-ra71 ,,xxvi1 #a1 #b4        
,ka%ta1 ,,xxxvii1 #bj4   ,kha-ef-ra1 ,v1

 #a2 ,,viii1 #i1 #aj2 ,,ix1 #d1 #e4     
,kha-hetep-ra 7,sehekhetep ,,iv71 ,x1   
#af4   ,kha-ka-ra1 ,x1 #ad1 #ae4        
,kha-kau-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,iii71 p4 #ic1    
fig4 #ajg2 ,,vi1 #a1 #i1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #bb1
 #bd4   ,kha-khep]-ra 7,us]ts5 ,,ii71   
,,vi1 #a1 #f1 #g1 #h2 ,,ix1 #ai1 #bj1   
#bc4   ,kha-mu-ra1 ,,xxi1 #cj4          
,kha-nef]-ra 7,sehekhetep ,,iii71 ,h1   
#f-ac4   ,kha-sekhemui1 ,,iv1 #aa4      
,kha-se%es-ra 7,nef]hetep71 ,x1 #d1 #e4 
,kha-us]-ra1 ,,xxi1 #be-bi2 ,,xliv1 #g4 
,khep]-ka-ra 7,us]ts5 ,i71 p4 #hj1 fig4 
#hb2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4
   ,khep]-ka-ra 7,nekht5ebo71 p4 #ib1   
fig4 #ajf4   ,khep]-khep]u-ra ar maat   
7,a ,,ii71 ,,xxxi1 #bf1 #bi1 #cd4       
,khep]-nub-ra1 ,,vii1 #ab4              
,khnum-ab-ra 7871 ,,xxxviii1 #ba4       
,khufu1 ,,ix1 #b1 #c4   ,khan           
7,us]-en-ra71 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bc2 ,,vii1  
#g1 #aj2 ,,xxii1 #bj-bf2 ,,xliv1 #f4    
,maa-ab-ra1 ,,xxi1 #a-h4   ,maa-ka-ra   
7,hat%epst71 ,,xxvii1 #ab1 #ah-ce4      
,maa-kh]u-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iv71 ,,vi1    

#bb2 ,,ix1 #ch4   ,maa-ra 7,sebekhetep71
 ,x1 #bb1 #bc4   ,m5es 7,aha71 ,,iv1 #b4
   ,m5-kau-ra1 ,v1 #b-d2 ,,ix1 #i4      
,m5-khep]-ra 7,?o?mes ,,iii71 p4 #fh1   
fig4 #eg2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ih2 p4 #id1     
fig4 #aaj2 ,,xxviii1 #e-cd2 ,,xxix1 #bi1
 #cd-da4   ,m5-khep]u-ra 7,?o?mes ,,iv71
 ,,xxx1 #ah-be4   ,m5-nef]-ra1          
,,xxxviii1 #ah4   ,m5-maa-ra 7,set ,i71 
,,xxxiv1 #ad-ba4   ,m5-pehti-ra         
7,rameses ,i71 ,,xxxiv1 #i-ac4          
,m5tuhetep1 p4 #hg1 fig4 #hg4           
,m5tuhetep 7,,iv8 ,se-ankh-ka-ra71 ,,ix1
 #aj4   ,m]-en-ptah 7,ne-ba-ra71        
,,xxxvi1 #a1 #b4   ,m]-en-ra1 p4 #fh1   
fig4 #ef4   ,m]-hetep-ra 7,ana71 ,x1    
#ba4   ,m]-nef]-ra 7,a71 ,x1 #ah1 #ai1  
#bj4   ,m]-pa-ba1 ,,iv1 #g4   ,m]-us]-ra
 7,ykebh]71 ,,xxii1 #bg-cj2 ,,xxiii1    
#a-c4   ,m]-ra 7,pep ,i71 p4 #df1 fig4  
#ba2 p4 #ee1 fig4 #ca2 ,v1 #aj1 #aa2    
,,ix1 #g4    ,n>-m]1 p4 #ec1 fig4 #bi4  
,ne-ba-ra 7,m]5ptah71 ,,xxxvi1 #a1 #b4  
,neb-ka-ra1 ,,ix1 #a4   ,neb-kha-ra1    
,,ix1 #h4   ,neb-khep]u-ra              

7,tt-ankh-am571 ,,xxxi1 #cb4            
,neb-maa-ra 7,am5hetep ,,iii71 ,,viii1  
#c2 ,,xxx1 #bf-cb2 ,,xxxi1 #a-ab1       
#ad-ah2     ,,xxxii1 #a-c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1
 #b4   ,neb-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,vi71     
,,xxxvi1 #bf1 #bh4   ,neb-pehti-ra      
7,aahmes ,i71 ,,xxvi1 #f-aa1 #ag4       
,nef]-ab-ra1 ,,xxxviii1 #ae4            
,nef]-ankh-ra1 ,x1 #cj4                 
,nef]-ar-ka-ra1 ,v1 #i4   ,nef]-d$-ra1  
,x1 #bi4   ,nef]-hetep 7,kha-se%es-ra71 
,x1 #d1 #e4   ,nef]-ka-ra 7,psamtek     
,,ii71 ,i1 #c4   ,nef]-ka-ra 7,rameses  
,,ix71 ,,xxxvi1 #ca4   ,nef]-ka-ra      
7,%abaka71 ,,xxxviii1 #bi1 #cj2         
,,xxxviii1 #e-g4   ,nef]-khep]u-ra      
7,akh5at571 ,i1 #d2 ,,xxxi1 #ac1 #ai-be1
 #bg1 #bh4   ,nef]ui-uah-ra1 ,,xliii1   
#f4   ,nehesi1 ,,xxiii1 #d-f4           
,nekht5ebo1 p4 #ia1 fig4 #aje4          
,ne-maa-ra 7,am5emhat ,,iii71 p4 #dg1   
fig4 #bb2 p4 #hh1 fig4 #ic2 ,,vi1 #a1   
#aj-ae1 #ai2 ,,ix1 #be-bi1 #cf1 #cg4    
,net]-khep]u-ra 7,sm5des71 ,,xxxvi1 #cd4
   ,nub-ka-ra1 ,,ix1 #ba1 #ca2 ,,xxiv1  

#cf1 #cg4   ,nub-kau-ra 7,am5emhat      
,,ii71 ,,vi1 #a-d2 ,,viii1 #aa4         
,nub-taui-ra1 ,,xxii1 #ai4    ,osorkon  
,i 7,sekhem-khep]u-ra71 ,,xxxvii1       
#aa-ac4    ,pe-ankhy1 ,,xxxvii1 #bh4    
,pe-de-se-ba/ 7,se-h]-ab-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 
#aj4   ,pep ,i 7,m]-ra71 p4 #df1 fig4   
#ba2 p4 #ee4 fig4 #ca2 ,v1 #aj1 #aa2    
,,ix1 #g4   ,p]-ab-s51 ,,iv1 #h1 #ab1   
#ac4   ,psamtek1 ,,xxxviii1 #i1 #ac1    
#bb4   ,psamtek ,,ii 7,nef]-ka-ra71 ,i1 
#c4    ,q>1 ,,xxi1 #bc1 #bd4    ,rameses
 ,i 7,m5-pehti-ra71 ,,xxxiv1 #i-ac4     
,rameses ,,ii 7,us]-maa-ra71 p4 #ge1    
figs4 #gh1 #gi2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ajc2      
,,xxxiv1     #bb-cf2 ,,xxxv1 #a-f1      
#h-af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb-bd4   ,rameses     
,,iii 7,us]-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ag-ba4   
,rameses ,,iv 7,us]-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1   
#bb-bd4   ,rameses ,v 7,us]-maa-ra71    
,,xxxvi1 #be4   ,rameses ,,vi           
7,neb-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #bf1 #bh4       
,rameses ,,vii 7,us]-ra m]y-am571       
,,xxxvi1 #bg4   ,rameses ,,viii1        
,,xxxvi1 #bi1 #cj4   ,rameses ,,ix      

7,nef]-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ca4   ,rameses 
,x 7,us]-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #cb4         
,sa-am51 p4 #hi1 fig4 #if2 ,,xxxvi1 #cc4
   ,sahu-ra1 ,v1 #e1 #f2 ,,viii1 #h4    
,se-ankh-ka-ra 7,m5tuhetep871 ,,ix1 #aj4
   ,sebaq-ka-ra1 ,,vii1 #f2 ,,xliv1 #i4 
,sebek1 ,x1 #bg4   ,sebek-em-sau-ef1 ,x1
 #bd4   ,sebekhetep ,,ii                
7,sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra71 ,x1 #b1 #c4   
,sebekhetep ,,iii 7,kha-nef]-ra71 ,x1   
#f-ac4   ,sebekhetep ,,iv               
7,kha-hetep-ra71 ,x1 #af4   ,sebekhetep 
7,,vi 81 ,maa-ra71 ,x1 #bb1 #bc4        
,se-h]-ab-ra 7,pe-de-se-ba/71 ,,xxxvii1 
#aj4   ,se-hetep-ab-ra 7,am5emhat ,i71  
,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #aa4   ,seket1 ,,xxiii1 
#ab2 ,,xliv1 #h4   ,se-kha-en-ra1 ,,xxi1
 #ai-bb2 ,,xliii1 #bj4   ,sekhem-ab     
7,p]-ab-s571 ,,iv1 #h1 #ab1 #ac4        
,sekhem-khep]u-ra 7,osorkon71 ,,xxxvii1 
#aa-ac4   ,sekhem-khu-taui-ra1 ,,vii1   
#d2 ,x4 #a4   ,sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra    
7,sebekhetep ,,ii71 ,x1 #b1 #c4         
,semq51 ,,xxiii1 #aj4   ,seq5-en-ra1 p4 
#hi1 fig4 #ie4   ,se%es-ka-ra           

7,am5emhat-s5b-ef71 ,,vii1 #c4          
,setnekht 7,us]-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ae1  
#af4   ,set ,i 7,m5-maa-ra71 ,,viii1 #g2
 ,,xxxiv1 #ad-ba4   ,set ,,ii           
7,us]-khep]u-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #c1 #g4      
,siptah 7,akh-en-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #h1 #i4  
,%a-ba-ka 7,nef]-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #bi1 
#cj2 ,,xxxviii1 #e-g4   ,%a%anq ,,ii    
7,hez-khep]-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #a-h1 #ae4   
,%a%anq ,,iii 7,us]-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvii1  
#af4   ,%a%anq ,,iv 7,aa-khep]-ra71     
,,xxxvii1 #ag-ai4   ,%5s1 ,x1 #bh4      
,%e%a1 ,,xxi1 #i-ah2 ,,xliii1 #ag1 #ah4 
,sm5des 7,net]-khep]u-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #cd4
    ,tah>qa1 ,,xxxviii1 #b1 #d1 #ab4    
,takelot 7,hez-khep]-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #ad4
   ,?o?mes ,i 7,aa-khep]-ka-ra71        
,,xxvii1 #a-ab2 ,,xxix1 #cd4   ,?o?mes  
,,ii 7,aa-khep]-en-ra71 ,,xxvii1 #ae-ag2
 ,,xxix1 #dc4   ,?o?mes ,,iii           
7,m5-khep]-ra71 p4 #fh1 fig4 #eg2 p4    
#ij1 fig4 #ih2 p4 #id1     fig4 #aaj2   
,,xxviii1 #e-cd2 ,,xxix1 #bi1 #cd-da4   
,?o?mes ,,iv 7,m5-khep]u-ra71 ,,xxx1    
#ah-be4   ,tt-ankh-am51 ,,xxxi1 #cb4    

,uah-ab-ra 7,aa-ab71 ,,vii1 #e2 ,x1 #ag4
   ,uah-ab-ra 7,psamtek ,i71 ,,xxxviii1 
#aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ai4   ,uah-ka-ra        
7,bak-en-r5-ef71 ,,xxxvii1 #bb1 #bc4    
,uaz$1 ,,xxiii1 #g-i4   ,uaz-khep]-ra   
7,kames71 ,,xxvi1 #a1 #b4   ,unas1 ,,ix1
 #f4   ,us]-en-ra 7,khan71 ,,vii1 #g1   
#aj2 ,,xxii1 #bj-bf2 ,,xliv1 #f4        
,us]-ka-ef1 ,v1 #g1 #h4   ,us]-khau-ra  
7,setnekht71 ,,xxxvi1 #ae1 #af4   ,us]  
khep]u ra 7,sety ,,ii71 ,,xxxvi1 #c-g4  
,us]-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,ii71 ,,xxxiv1   
#bb-cf2 ,,xxxv1 #a-f1 #h-af1 #ah1 #ai1  
#bb-bd2     p4 #ge1 figs4 #gh1 #gi2 p4  
#ij1 fig4 #ajc4   ,us]-maa-ra 7,rameses 
,,iii71 ,,xxxvi1 #ag-ba4   ,us]-maa-ra  
7,rameses ,,iv71 ,,xxxvi1 #bb-bd4       
,us]-maa-ra 7,rameses ,v71 ,,xxxvi1 #be4
   ,us]-maa-ra 7,rameses ,x71 ,,xxxvi1  
#cb4   ,us]-maa-ra 7,%a%anq ,,iii71     
,,xxxvii1 #af4   ,us]-ra ,m]y-am5       
7,rameses ,,vii71 ,,xxxvi1 #bg4         
,us]ts51 ,,vi1 #e1 #aj1 #ae2 ,,ix1 #ae1 
#ca4   ,us]ts5 ,i 7,khep]-ka-ra71 p4    
#hj1 fig4 #hb2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #ac1 #ad1

 #ag1 #ah4   ,us]ts5 ,,ii               
7,kha-khep]u-ra71 ,,vi1 #a1 #f1 #g1 #h2 
,,ix1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4   ,us]ts5 ,,iii    
7,kha-kau-ra71 p4 #ic1 fig4 #ajg2 ,,vi1 
#a1 #i1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #bb1 #bd4    ,yamu1  
,,xxii1 #d-f4   ,ykeb1 ,,xxii1 #g-ac2   
,,xliii1 #ba1 #bb4   ,ykebh]            
7,m]-us]-ra71 ,,xxii1 #bg-cj2 ,,xxiii1  
#a-c4    ,zes]-ka-ra 7,am5hetep ,i71    
,,viii1 #b1 #e2 ,,xxvi1 #bc-ca1 #cc4    
,zes]-khep]u-ra 7,hor-em-heb71 ,i1 #e1  
,,xxxiv1 #a-f4                     99   
99       99       99       99           
7b7 ,,que5s4   ,aah-hetep1 ,,xxvi1 #d1  
#e1 #cb4   ,aahmes1 ,,xxvii1 #ac1 #ad4  
,aahmes-nefret-ari1 ,,xxvi1 #ab-af1 #ca1
 #ac1 #ad4   ,aah-sat1 ,,xxviii1 #cg4   
,am5>des1 ,,xxxvii1 #bj1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg4 
,ana1 ,,xii1 #d1 #e4   ,ankhes-pa-at51  
,,xxxi1 #cc4   ,auhet-abu1 ,x1 #c4      
,hap-en-maat1 ,,iv1 #ae4   ,hat%epsut   
m]yt-ra1 ,,xxviii1 #ce1 #cf4            
,hat%epsut 7see "u ,k+s74    ,k>amama1  
,,xxxvii1 #i2 ,,xl1 #h4   ,kema1 ,x1 #e1
 #i4   ,kh5su1 ,,xiv1 #ai4              

,maat-nef]u-ra1 ,,xxxv1 #ae4            
,m]yt-am51 ,,xxvi1 #ai-bb4              
,mut-nezemt1 ,,xxxiv1 #g1 #h4           
,nef]-nef]u at5 ,nef]t yti1 ,,xxxi1 #cj4
   ,nefret-ari1 ,,xxvi1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1  
#ca4   ,nefret-ari m]-en-mut1 ,,xxxv1   
#g4   ,nub-hetep-?a1 ,,xii1 #bf2 ,,xliv1
 #ac4    ,sat-aah1 ,,xxviii1 #cg4       
,sat-sebek1 ,,xii1 #f4                  
,sebek-%$eti-nef]u1 ,,vi1 #ba4          
,s5b-h5a-es1 ,,xii1 #cj4   ,%ep-en-upt1 
,,xxxvii1 #bd4    ,taus]t1 ,,xxxvi1     
#aj-ab4   ,tau?a1 ,,xxiii1 #ag4   ,?1   
,,viii1 #c2 ,,xxx1 #bh2 ,,xxxi1 #c1 #d1 
#h1 #af-ah2 ,,xxxii1 #a-c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1
 #b4    ,uazet1 ,,xxiii1 #ah4           
99       99       99       99       99  
7c7 ,,pr9ces4    ,aahmes1 ,,xxvi1 #f4   
,am5mes1 ,,xxvi1 #cd4   ,antef1 ,,xii1  
#a4   ,apek1 ,,xxiii1 #ac1 #ad4         
,apepa1 ,,xxiii1 #bi4   ,ar1 ,,xiii1 #a4
    ,kha-kau1 ,,xii #b4   ,kupep51      
,,xxiii1 #ae1 #af4    ,nehesi1 ,,xxiii1 
#d4    ,pa-ra-h]-am5-ef1 ,,xxxv1 #bj4   
,ramessu-us]-pehti1 ,,xxxv1 #bj4        

,sa-ha?or1 ,,xii1 #c4   ,sa-kat-sa1     
,,xxiii1 #bc4   ,%e%emet1 ,,xxiii1 #ab4 
,turi1 ,,xxvi1 #ce4    ,y-kebu1 ,,xlii1 
#bb4    ,za-hapi-am51 p4 #ia1 fig4 #aje4
   7d7 ,,pr9cesses4   ,a-ta-kayt1 ,,vi1 
#bj4    ,erde-ne-,ptah1 ,,xiv1 #ah4     
,meh5-pet-?a1 ,,iv1 #e4   ,m]t1 ,,ix1   
#cj1 #cd4   ,m]yt-am51 ,,xxvi1 #bb4     
,neb-ta1 ,,xxvi1 #cf4   ,neb-tep-ahu1   
,,xliv1 #be4   ,nef]t-ankt-ub51 ,,ix1   
#ce4   ,nef]u-ra1 ,,xxviii1 #a-d4       
,nub-em-ant1 ,,ix1 #ci4    ,ptah-ur-bau1
 ,,xvii1 #a4    ,r5s5b1 ,,xvii1 #h4     
,sat-,ha?or1 ,,ix1 #cc4   ,sat-kames1   
,,xxvi1 #ag4    ,tursi ,,xxvi1 #ah4     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,plates4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian     
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,tt-,ankh-,am5's ,*ancellor pres5ts ,hu 
) ! ,signet-,r+ ( 8 ,(fice4 7,f ! ,tomb 
( ,hu at ,!bes47   ,illu/ration3        
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,iii4   
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,pre-dyna/ic     
,cyl9d]-,seals4   ,illu/ration3         

,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,iv4    
,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,e>ly            
,cyl9d]-,seals4   ,illu/ration3         
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,v4      
,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,cyl9d]-,seals3  
,f\r? to ,six? ,dyna/ies4               
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,vi4 ,scale #a3b ,p4,e4,n4      
,cyl9d]-,seals3 ,twelf? ,dyna/y4        
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,vii4 ,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,cyl9d]-,seals3 ,twelf? to ,sev5te5?    
,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian    
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,scale     
#a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,miscellane\s           
,cyl9d]-,seals4   ,illu/ration3         
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,ix4    
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ) ,royal 
,names3 ,f\r? to ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4     
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,x4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4       
,sc>abs ( ,k+s ( ! ,?irte5? & foll[+    
,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian    
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,scale #a3a4 
,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ( ,(ficials ( !       

,twelf? to ,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4          
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,sc>abs ( ,royal ,p]sonages & ,(ficials 
( ! ,twelf? to ,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4      
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xiii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
,sc>abs ( ,(ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3     
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xiv4   
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs (        
,(ficials ( ! ,twelf? to ,f\rte5?       
,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian    
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,scale #a3a4 
,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ( ,(ficials ( !       
,twelf? to ,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4          
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,sc>abs ( ,(ficials ( ! ,twelf? to      
,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3     
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xvii4  
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs (        
,(ficials ( ! ,twelf? to ,f\rte5?       
,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian    
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,scale    

#a3a ,p4,e4,n4 ,decorative ,sc>abs3     
,twelf? to ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4         
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,decorative ,sc>abs3 ,twelf? to         
,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3    
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xx4    
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,decorative      
,sc>abs3 ,twelf? to ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4
   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4
 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
,hyksos ,k+s 7#a74   ,illu/ration3      
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxii4  
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hyksos ,k+s     
7#a74   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian         
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,scale    
#a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,royal ,p]sons &        
,(ficials ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod4           
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxiv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
,hyksos ,p]iod4   ,illu/ration3         
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxv4   
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,figures ( ,m51  
,animals1 c41 mo/ly ( ! ,hyksos ,p]iod4 
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   

,plate ,,xxvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
,sc>abs ( ,k+s1 c41 ( ! ,sev5te5? & e>ly
 ,eighte5? ,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3   
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ( !      
,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 7,?o?mes ,i4 to      
,hat%epst47   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian   
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,scale   
#a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5?   
,dyna/y4 7,?o?mes ,,iii4 & ,family47    
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
7#a-ad7 ,(ficials ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1
 & 7#ae-df7 ,r+s1 c41 f ! ,tomb ( ,maket
 at ,gurob 7,?o?mes ,,iii474            
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxx4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4    
,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4          
7,am5hetep ,,ii4--,am5hetep ,,iii474    
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxxi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4   
,sc>abs ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4          
7,am5hetep ,,iii4 7etd47--,ay47         
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxxii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4  

#a4 ,kirgipa & h] ,k>m4 #b4 ,! ,lion    
,hunt4 #c4 ,! ,limits ( ! ,egyptian     
,empire4 ,hi/orical ,sc>abs ( ,am5hetep 
,,iii4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian        
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,p4,e4,n4
 #a4 ,! ,wild ,cattle ,hunt4 #b4 ,!     
,lake at ,z>ukha4 ,hi/orical ,sc>abs (  
,am5hetep ,,iii4--7ctd47   ,illu/ration3
 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4
 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ) ,royal
 ,names4 7,hor-em-heb to ,rameses ,,ii47
   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4
 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4  
,plaques & ,sc>abs ( ,rameses ,,ii4     
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4  
,sc>abs ) ,royal ,names3 ,m]-en-ptah ,i4
 to ,sa-am54   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian  
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,scale   
#a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs ) ,royal ,names3
 ,tw5ty-second to ,tw5ty-fif? ,dyna/ies4
   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4
 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs    
be>+ ,royal & o!r ,names3 ,tw5ty-fif? to
 ,tw5ty-eigh? ,dyna/ies4   ,illu/ration3

 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxix4
 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs be>+    
,mottoes1 ,good ,wi%es1 c4              
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xl4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4     
,sc>abs be>+ ,mottoes1 ,good ,wi%es1 c4 
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xli4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs be>+    
,names & ,figures ( ,gods1 c4           
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4   
,plate ,,xlii4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hi]oglyphs1   
,fl[]s1 c4   ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian    
,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,scale    
#a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs be>+ ,royal &   
,private ,names4   ,illu/ration3        
,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xliv4  
,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,sc>abs be>+     
,royal & ,private ,names4               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,footnotes   -----  ,footnote #a3    ,!
 read] mu/ und]/&1 h[ev]1 t n all       
,egyptian sc>abs   7 us$ z seals4 ,"s1 b
 a v small numb] comp>$ to ! seal       
class1 7 us$ z amulets1 & a few1 l      

m$als1 7 cut to   commemorate hi/orical 
ev5ts4 ,! amulet class w be dealt ) 9   
ano!r volume2 ! m$al-l s]ies is includ$ 
9 ! pres5t "w   7see pp4 #agj-agh47     
,footnote #b3    ,egyptian 9999 khetem1 
8a seal10 ,egyptian 9999 khetem1 8to    
close10   or 8to seal up40 ,9 ,hebrew ! 
^w is 1 :i* survives 9 !   ,arabic1     
,arabic 9999 khatim1 8a signet10 or     
8signet r+40 ,!   det]m9atives ,egyptian
 9999 & ,egyptian 9999 repres5t a       
cyl9d]-seal1 ) /r+ = susp5sion2 ,petrie1
 ,m$m1 p4 #cc2   cf4 p4 #de1 figs4 #ah1 
#ai1 ( ?is volume1 & ,griffi?1 ,b5i     
,hasan1   ,,iii1 p4 #ae4 ,! int]m$iate  
=m betwe5 ^! two signs is f\nd 9        
sculptures 9 ! tomb ( ,tahutihetep at   
,b]%eh 7,newb]ry1 ,el   ,b]%eh1 ,i1 ,pl4
 ,,xx74  ,footnote #c3    ,am]ican ,law 
,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #be4        
,footnote #d3    ,c4 ,w4 ,k+4 ,h&-book (
 ,engrav$ ,gems1 pp4 #d & #e4  ,footnote
 #e3    ,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,vol4    
,,xxv1 p4 #be4  ,footnote #f3    ,de    
,morgan1 ,le tombeau royal de ,ngadah1  

p4 #agb4  ,footnote #g3    ,petrie1     
,royal ,tombs1 ,i1 p4 #bf4  ,footnote   
#h3    ,e4g41 ,b\lac ,papyrus1 ,no4 #ah4
 ,a m] khetemu1 8,sup]9t5d5t (   !      
/oreh\se10 9 ! l& ( ,z>u is m5tion$ 9 ! 
,bologna   ,papyrus1 ,no4 #ajhf1 l4 #aa4
  ,footnote #i3    ,newb]ry1 ,rekhm>a1  
,pl4 ,,xii4  ,footnote #aj3    ,rekhm>a1
 ,pl4 ,,vii1 l4 #c4  ,footnote #aa3     
,see1 = in/ance1 ,griffi?1 ,kahun       
,papyri1 ,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 8,drawn out by  
! s]vant !re & seal$ ) ! seal ( ! s]vant
 !re10 &   cf4 num]\s entries 9 ,b\lac  
,papyrus1 ,no4 #ah4  ,footnote #ab3     
,mace1 9 ,petrie's ,diospolis ,p>va1 p4 
#ea2 & ?is has be5 my own   exp]i5ce 9 !
 graves t ,i h op5$ at ,!bes4  ,footnote
 #ac3    ,see ! description ( ! seal+ up
 ( ! s>cophagus *amb] (   ! tomb (      
,?o?mes ,,iv1 9 ,c>t] & ,newb]ry1 ,!    
,tomb (   ,?\tmosis ,,iv1 p4 xxx1 & cf4 
,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms (   !     
,anci5t ,egyptians 7ed4 ,bir*71 ,vol4   
,,iii1 p4 #dcf2 ,h]odotus1 ,,ii1   #aba2
 ,mat!w xxvii1 #ff4  ,footnote #ad3     

,= a copy ( a seal$ decree ( ! ,fif?    
,dyna/y1 see ,petrie's   ,abydos1 ,,ii1 
,pl4 ,,xviii4 ,on ! walls ( two tombs at
 ,siut 7"o   unpubli%$7 are inscrib$ a  
numb] ( contracts t 7 conclud$   by !   
nom>*s 9 ord] to ensure c]ta9 rev5ues = 
religi\s   s]vices aft] dea? 7see       
,griffi?1 ,siut1 ,pls4 #g & #h1 & cf4   
,m>iette's ,abydos1 ,,ii1 #be1 &        
,j]emiah xxxii1 #aa4  ,footnote #ae3    
,cf4 ,isaiah xxix1 #aa2 ,daniel ix1 #bd1
 xii1 #di4 8,writt5 evid5ce   seal$10   
,j]emiah xii1 #aj1 xxxii1 #aa1 #ad1 #dd4
  ,footnote #af3    ,see ,pr(essor      
,sayce1 9 ,petrie's ,haw>a1 ,biahmu &   
,ars9oe1 p4 #bi4  ,footnote #ag3    ,see
 above1 p4 #bb1 note #a4  ,footnote #ah3
    ,comp>e #a ,k+s xxi1 #h1 & ,e/h]    
iii1 #aj-ab4  ,footnote #ai3            
,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xiv1 #dcf1 & ,,xv1 #cjg4
  ,footnote #bj3    ,gurob ,papyri1 9   
,griffi?'s ,kahun ,papyri1 ,,xxxix1 #a1 
#f4  ,footnote #ba3    ,ridgeway1       
,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,vol4       
,,viii1 p4 #aeh1 & ,vol4   ,,ix1 p4 #cj 

et seq4  ,footnote #bb3    ,cf4 ,momms51
 ,hi/4 ( ,rome 7,engli% edition71 ,vol4 
,i1 p4 #bjc4  ,footnote #bc3    ,! ox   
be+ p> excell5ce ! pecus ( ,italy4      
,footnote #bd3    ,rh9d ,ma!matical     
,papyrus1 entry ,no4 #fg4  ,footnote    
#be3    ,cf4 8,seal+ ) ! ,signet ( !    
,k+10 ,daniel vi1 #ag2 ,e/h]   iii1 #ab2
 viii1 #h1 #aj2 #a ,k+s1 xxi1 #h4       
,footnote #bf3    ,our own sov]eigns1 z 
well z ^? ( mo/ o!r ,european ,/ates1   
h be5 f v e>ly times inve/$ ) a r+ at _!
   ,coronation 7see ,ar*aeologia1 ,vol4 
,,iii1 p4 #cic71 cf4 ,!   ,coronation   
,book ( ,*>les ,v ( ,france1 edit$ by   
,e4 ,s4 ,dewick1 pp4   #f1 #bb & #cc4   
,footnote #bg3    ,comp>e ,naville's    
,deir ,el ,bah>i1 ,,iii1 #fj4  ,footnote
 #bh3    ,9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1   
,p>is1 l9e #g4  ,footnote #bi3    ,book 
( ! ,dead1 #bee4  ,footnote #cj3        
,palette ( ,ptahmes 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4    
#cjbf72 cf4 ,pi]ret1 ,rec4              
d'inscriptions 9dite1 ,i1 p4 #ic4       
,footnote #ca3    ,on ! read+1 see      

supra1 p4 #e4  ,footnote #cb3    ,we    
f9d1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ! p] set51 or      
8,royal doma910   ,a4,z41 #ahhh1 p4 #ij2
 ( ! p] zet1 or wakf1 ,petrie1 ,m$m1    
,pl4   ,,xiii2 ( ! at af1 8dep>tm5t (   
meat10 ,m>iette1 ,mon4 ,abyd41   #bij1  
#cjh2 & _m o!rs4  ,footnote #cc3    ,see
 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #d1 :]e he c>ries a box
 ( l952 cf4 my ,b5i   ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4  
,,iv1 & ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 :]e !re is a 
khetemu ne   enket1 8,seals ( ! l9540 ,9
 ,b5i ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxix1 we f9d   
! correspond+ fem99e title ,egyptian    
99991 a woman :o app>5tly   _h *>ge ( ! 
h>m1 or p]haps 0 a confid5tial female   
s]vant4   ,a title ,egyptian 9999 also  
occurs v frequ5tly on ,egyptian         
monum5ts 7,griffi?1 ,kahun ,papyri1 ,pl4
 ,,xii1 l4 #a2 ,m>iette1 ,mon4   ,abyd41
 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahg2 ,newb]ry1 ,el ,b]%eh1
 ,i1 ,pls4 ,,xx1 ,,xxix1   etc474 ,x    
seems to mean a k9d ( 8confid5tial      
seal10 or 8privy   purse40  ,footnote   
#cd3    ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #if4  ,footnote 
#ce3    ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ajc a4         

,footnote #cf3    ,m>iette1 ,cat4       
,abyd41 #hee2 ,! ,/ory ( ,sanehat1 l4   
#cjj2 ,l41 ,d41   ,,ii1 ,el ,assassif1  
,grab #be1 c4d4  ,footnote #cg3    ,?is 
title 0 =m]ly believ$ to signify        
8,treasur] ( ! ,k+ (   ,l[] ,egypt10 b x
 mu/ be po9t$ out t byty1 9 ! royal     
title1 meant 8,he t belongs to ! bee10  
or p]haps1 8!   ,bee-keep]40 ,bees 7 !  
produc]s ( ! *ief ( primitive           
luxuries1 & ! use ( honey & ! (f]+ ( x  
in/ead ( w9e   ought probably to be     
consid]$ z a survival f a prehi/oric    
/ate   ( society 9 :i* w9e 0 unkn[n 7cf4
 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic   ,/udies1 ,vol4    
,,xv1 p4 #ba74 ,if ?is meant 8,treasur] 
( ! ,k+ (   ,l[] ,egypt10 we %\ld expect
 to f9d a correspond+ ,egyptian 9999    
8,treasur] ( ! ,k+ ( ,upp] ,egypt10 b   
?is title1 s f> z ,i   "k1 nev] occurs4 
,footnote #ch3    ,9 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y &
 lat] is f\nd ! frequ5tly recurr+       
v>iant ,egyptian 99994 ,see ,a4,z41     
#ahij1 p4 #ia4  ,footnote #ci3    ,/ele 
( ,kuban1 l4 #aa4  ,footnote #dj3       

,?us we read ( a ,egyptian 9999 8,div9e 
,seal] ( ,am50 "u   ,alex&] 7,rec4 de   
travaux1 ,,xiv1 p4 #cc72 & ,plut>*      
7,,ii1 #cfc ,b7   speaks ( an ,egyptian 
prie/1 ,greek3 sphragi/s1 :o seems to h 
be5 id5tical ) ?is old ,egyptian        
(ficial4 ,cf4 fur!r on ?is   title1     
,revill\t1 9 ,a4,z41 #ahhj1 p4 #ga-c4   
,footnote #da3    ,rec4 de travaux1     
,,xiv1 p4 #cc & #eg4  ,footnote #db3    
,l\vre1 ,c4 #ac4  ,footnote #dc3        
,rec4 de travaux1 ,,vii1 #aae4          
,footnote #dd3    ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ah1  
#aad1 etc4  ,footnote #de3    ,l41 ,d41 
,,ii1 #aae b1 #add q1 etc4  ,footnote   
#df3    ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ah1 #ig a1 etc4
  ,footnote #dg3    ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( 
?is title t ,i "k ( occurs at ,%t er    
,rigal1 9 ! sc5e ( ,k+ ,antef 7,elev5?  
,dyna/y7 be=e   ,neb-kh]u-,ra           
,m5tu-hetep3 "h ! m] khetem /&s         
imm$iately   beh9d 8 sov]eign ,antef4 ,!
 title also occurs 9 a tomb at ,kasr es 
,sayyad1 ! date ( :i* may be p]haps a   
little e>li] ?an !   ,%t er ,rigal      

graffito4  ,footnote #dh3    ,?is title 
%\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! some:at simil> "o
   ,egyptian 99991 8,sup]9t5d5t ( !     
,seal]s10 ,b5i ,hasan1 ,i1 xxx4   ,nor  
is x1 ( c\rse1 ! same z ! ,egyptian 9999
 8,sup]9t5d5t   ,/oreh\ses0 or 8depts0  
7,pap4 ,bologna1 #ajhf1 ,i1 #b74 ,x     
ought also   p]haps to be diff]5tiat$ f 
,egyptian 9999 8,sup]9t5d5t0 or         
8,keep] ( ,contracts0 or 8,records80    
al?\gh !re appe> to be   sev]al in/ances
 :]e ,egyptian 9999 equals ,egyptian    
99994  ,footnote #di3    ,cf4 ! title m]
 net1 8,gov]nor ( ! 7,royal7 ,city0 7see
 my   ,rekhm>a1 p4 #ah1 & cf4 my note 9 
,g>/ang's ,el ,arabah1 p4   #cb72 khetem
 is "h probably to be und]/ood z        
signify+ !   seal p> excell5ce1 i4e41 ! 
,royal ,seal4  ,footnote #ej3    ,= a m]
 khetem 9 7#a7 ! ,oryx nome1 see        
,newb]ry1 ,b5i ,hasan1   ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxx1
 etc42 7#b7 ! ,h>e nome1 see ,newb]ry1  
,el ,b]%eh1 ,i1   ,pl4 ,,xxvii2 7#c7 !  
,siut nome !re is a m] khetem em ,saut  
m5tion$   9 an unpubli%$ tomb2 7#d7 !   

,antaeopolite nome1 on an unpubli%$     
fragm5t f ! tomb ( ,uah-ka at ,gau4     
,footnote #ea3    ,see ,newb]ry1 ,b5i   
,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4  ,footnote #eb3
    ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xxx1 cf4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4
  ,footnote #ec3    ,ibid41 ,pl4        
,,xxxiii4  ,footnote #ed3    ,ibid41    
,pl4 ,,xxix4  ,footnote #ee3    ,on ! ^w
 kha1 see ! pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( !      
,society   ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1       
,,xxii1 pp4 #ii-aje4  ,footnote #ef3    
,see ,newb]ry1 ,life ( ,rekhm>a1 ,pl4   
,,iv1 & p4 #bc1 :]e w be   f\nd a plan (
 ! (fice4  ,footnote #eg3    ,x is      
probable t already at ! "t ( ! ,elev5?  
,dyna/y !re   0 a ,*ief ,keep] ( !      
7,royal7 ,seal1 = ,m>iette f\nd at      
,k>nak a   monum5t ( a c]ta9 ,khet1 :o  
is describ$ z m] khetem em ta er        
z]-ef1 8,keep] ( ! 7,royal7 ,seal 9 !   
:ole l&40 ,m>iette1   ,k>nak1 pl4 #h j47
 ,( ?is ,khet !re is a /atuette 9 !     
,leyd5   ,museum1 & he is c]ta9ly ! same
 individual z we see repres5t$   beh9d  
,k+ ,antef on "o ( ! rocks ( ! ,%t er   

,rigal4 ,"u !   ,new ,empire we f9d     
m5tion$ once a ,egyptian 9999 8,*ief    
,keep] ( !   ,seal ( ! ,great ,gre5     
,sea10 i4e41 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 7,cap>t1 
9 ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xxii1 p4 #ajf47   
,footnote #eh3    ,?is is se5 f _m      
inscriptions3 ,notably f ! rock         
inscription   ( ,m5tu-hetep 9 ! ,%t er  
,rigal2 ! inscription ( ,nef]-hetep at  
,aswan 7,de ,morgan1 ,cat41 ,i1 p4 #ag72
 ! inscriptions ( ,rekhm>a   7,newb]ry1 
,rekhm>a1 ,pl4 ,,iii1 l4 #e1 etc472 !   
sc5e on a slab f   ! tomb ( a ,high     
,prie/ ( ,memphis1 :]e ! ,*ancellor is  
repres5t$ /&+ imm$iately beh9d ! ,vezrs2
 & f ! v   p[]ful position ( !          
,*ancellor ,ba "u ,ta-us]t & ,sa-ptah4  
,! position ( ! ,*ancellors dur+ !      
,hyksos p]iod 0 also (   v great        
importance4  ,footnote #ei3    ,he has  
be5 describ$ z a k9d ( 8,keep] ( !      
,signet20 b 8   rank 9 ! ,egyptian ,/ate
 0 mu* high] ?an t ( ! ,scotti%         
(ficial4 ,x is a position t appe>s to h 
be5 ev5 great] ?an   t ( ! ,roman cura  

anulis1 or 8,keep] ( ! ,imp]ial ,seal0  
7,j41 ,hi/41 ,,xliii1 #e74  ,footnote   
#fj3    ,rekhm>a1 ,pl4 ,,ii & ,,iii4    
,footnote #fa3    ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,ii1    
l9es #e & #f4  ,footnote #fb3    ,/ela (
 ,sa-satet at ,g5eva4 7,mlanges ,ar*41  
#ahge1 p4 #bah47  ,footnote #fc3        
,griffi? & ,tylor1 ,! ,tomb ( ,pah]i1   
,pl4 ,,ix1 l4 #dd4 ,= e>li]   t\rs ( ^! 
(ficials1 see sev]al graffiti on ! rocks
 at ,aswn1   publi%$ 9 ,de ,morgan's    
,cat41 ,i4  ,footnote #fd3    ,/ela (   
,pankh1 l4 #ha4  ,footnote #fe3         
,l\vre1 ,c4 #cj2 ,m>iette1 ,mon4        
,abydos1 #bfb1 #cbf1 etc4 ,cf4 = !      
high position ( ! ,ad5u1 ,b\lac ,papyri1
 ,no4 #ah1 ,pl4 ,,xix1 #e4  ,footnote   
#ff3    ,m>iette1 ,mon4 ,abydos1 #abe1 &
 ,de ,r\ge1 ,et4 ,egypt1 ,,liii4        
,footnote #fg3    ,rec4 de travaux1     
,,xii1 p4 #ej4  ,footnote #fh3          
,l\vre1 ,c4 #e2 ,m>iette1 ,mon4 ,abydos1
 #bbi4  ,footnote #fi3    ,lepsius1 ,d41
 ,,ii1 #ace h1 etc4  ,footnote #gj3     
,s*iap>elli1 ,cat4 ,flor41 #bhb2 cf4    

also ,pl4 ,,xiv1 #b1 ( ! pres5t   "w4   
,footnote #ga3    ,s*iap>elli1 ,cat4    
,flor41 #bgi4  ,footnote #gb3    ,=     
in/ance1 9 ,griffi?1 ,kahun ,papyri1    
,,xiii1 #ba1 is nam$ a   8scribe 9 *>ge 
( ! ,seal ( ,qesab10 a t[n 9 ! ,delta2  
cf4   also ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #bj1 ( ?is "w4  
,footnote #gc3    ,griffi?1 ,k4,p41 ,pl4
 ,,xiii1 ll4 #i-ab4  ,footnote #gd3     
,9 ord] to make ! li/ complete1 we mu/  
notice an am-sa ne m]   khetem 7,liebl41
 ,n4,p41 #agjg71 & an ari at ne sa ne p]
 me khetem   7,brit4 ,mus4 ,/ela1 #bae74
  ,footnote #ge3    ,papyrus ( ,,nu1 9 !
 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #ajdgg4 ,a v>iant   
,egyptian 9999 ( ?is title occurs 9 !   
tomb ( ,sebekhetep 7temp4   ,?o?mes     
,,iv71 at ,!bes4  ,footnote #gf3        
,brit4 ,mus4 ,/ela1 #ajab4  ,footnote   
#gg3    ,tomb ( ,sebekhetep1 at ,!bes4  
,footnote #gh3    ,rec4 de travaux1     
,,xii1 p4 #ac4  ,footnote #gi3    ,! "w 
( seal engrav+ is m5tion$ z a di/9ct    
occupation 9   ,eccles4 xxxviii1 #bg4 ,9
 ,egyptian !re is a v]b ,egyptian 9999  

mean+ 8to engrave10 8to c>ve40          
,footnote #hj3    ,see a specim5 9 !    
,edw>d's ,collection at ,univ]sity      
,college1   ,london4  ,footnote #ha3    
,,vii1 #fi4  ,footnote #hb3    ,see p4  
#ej4  ,footnote #hc3    8,on "s         
impressions is a rais$ l9e runn+ f top  
to bottom   across ! sign1 & !re=e      
accid5tal4 ,?is c\ld only be produc$    
by a split 9 ! seal1 & su* is v likely  
to occur 9 wood40   ,petrie1 ,r4,t41 ,i1
 p4 #bd4  ,footnote #hd3    ,( ,k+ ,qa4 
,petrie1 ,r4,t41 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xii1 #e4  
,footnote #he3    ,see p4 #ei4          
,footnote #hf3    ,see p4 #ei1 fig4 #db4
  ,footnote #hg3    ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic  
,/udies1 #ahig1 pp4 #cff-cgb4  ,footnote
 #hh3    ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1    
#ahig1 vide p4 #cff-cgb4  ,footnote #hi3
    8,alli$ or p]haps d]ivative figures 
may be se5 9 ! pigmy or   embryonic =m (
 ,ptah-,sok>-,osiris & its (f%oots1 & ! 
,pho5ician ,pataecus 7a p>allel b v>iant
 type is se5 9 ,bes71 b   !re c be no "q
 t ! type se5 on ^! e>ly cyl9d]s   is ! 

direct reflection ( t :i* appe>s at a v 
e>ly date   ^u ^? ( ,*aldea40 ,a4 ,j4   
,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1     
#ahig1 p4 #cfi4  ,footnote #ij3    ,see 
,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #c4  ,footnote #ia3       
,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 figs4 #a1 #b1 etc4      
,footnote #ib3    ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 fig4  
#ac4  ,footnote #ic3    ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 
figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc4  ,footnote #id3  
,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 figs4 #a1 #aj1 etc4     
,footnote #ie3    ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 fig4 
#g4  ,footnote #if3    ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1
 fig4 #aj4  ,footnote #ig3    ,see ,pl4 
,,viii1 figs4 #b1 #c1 etc4  ,footnote   
#ih3    ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 figs4 #e1 #f1 
etc4  ,footnote #ii3    ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1
 figs4 #h & #i4  ,footnote #ajj3        
,g>/ang's ,mahsna1 p4 #cc4  ,footnote   
#aja3    ,p]haps ev5 e>li]4  ,footnote  
#ajb3    ,see ,mace1 9 ,petrie's        
,diospolis ,p>va1 p4 #ci1 & cf4 ,g>/ang1
   ,el ,mahsna1 pp4 #cc & #cd4          
,footnote #ajc3    ,= specim5s beyond ^?
 figur$ "h1 see ,petrie1 9 !            
,antiqu>y1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #acf1 & ,g>/ang1 

,el ,mahsna1 ,pl4 ,,xxxix4  ,footnote   
#ajd3    ,see ,ar?ur ,evans1 9 ! ,annual
 ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 ,no4      
,,viii1 p4 #ajd4  ,footnote #aje3    ,! 
,antiqu>y1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #cg4  ,footnote  
#ajf3    8,^! /one buttons may ev5tually
 prove to h q an exceptional   int]e/ 9 
! hi/ory ( ,aegean art1 z ! direct      
prog5itors (   ! l5toid beads s mu*     
affect$ by ! ,myc5aean engrav]s40 ,a4   
,evans1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1   
,,xiv1 p4 #cce4  ,footnote #ajg3        
,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xiv1 p4   
#ccf4  ,footnote #ajh3    ,! beetle1    
call$ 9 ,egyptian ,khep]1 0 ! sacr$     
emblem ( !   god :o made all ?+s out (  
clay4  ,footnote #aji3    ,erman1       
,zaub]spr*e fr ,mutt] und ,k9d1 p4 #ch4 
,footnote #aaj3    ,p4 #be4  ,footnote  
#aaa3    ,?is int]pretation ( ! sc>ab 0 
fir/ giv5 by ,dr4 ,bir* m   ?an half a  
c5tury ago1 b has g5]ally be5 lo/ sight 
( by   ar*aeologi/s4  ,footnote #aab3   
,see lat]1 p4 #gj1 fig4 #ei4  ,footnote 
#aac3    ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie believes 

t he c recognize1 besides ! true        
sc>ab1 f\r o!r v>ieties ( beetle3 !     
,ar?>sius1 ,copris1   ,gymnople>us &    
,hypselog5ia4  ,footnote #aad3          
,egyptian ,decorative ,art1 pp4 #ah &   
#ai4 ,! spiral1 x %\ld be   not$1 is    
f\nd on c]ta9 upright & squat prehi/oric
 pots ( !   sequ5ce dat+ #ci-fd1 b ^!   
are always s+le1 n conjo9$ or   return+ 
spirals4  ,footnote #aae3    ,proce$+s (
 ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology1    
,vol4 ,,xxi1 p4   #adh4  ,footnote #aaf3
    ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #bid4       
,footnote #aag3    ,a small detail ( ?is
 ceil+ 7) wrong col\r+7 is publi%$ 9    
,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !       
,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,vol4 ,i1   ,pl4    
,,viii1 fig4 #g4 ,id5tically ! same     
patt]n occurs 9 a   ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y 
tomb at ,!bes4  ,footnote #aah3         
,mil*hf]1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 p4 #af 
et seqq42 ,petrie1   ,egyptian          
,decorative ,art1 p4 #bi42 ,mu*1 ,die   
,kupf]zeit1 p4 #ee2   ,hall1 ,! ,olde/  
,civilization ( ,greece1 p4 #aeg2 ,a4   

,c4 ,haddon1   ,evolution 9 ,art1 p4    
#ada4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,evans1 on ! contr>y1 
believes t ! spiral 0 fir/ us$ 9        
/onework1 & only at a   lat] date       
transf]r$ to metal & o!r mat]ials       
7,j\rnal (   ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,vol4    
,,xiii1 p4 #cbi74  ,footnote #aai3      
,petrie1 ,egyptian ,decorative ,art1 p4 
#bb4  ,footnote #abj3    ,among !       
jewellry discov]$ by ,m4 de ,morgan at  
,dah%r 7temp4   ,us]ts5 ,,ii7 0 an      
exquisite gold r+ 7c]ta9ly n ( ,egyptian
   manufacture71 ) two spirals work$ on 
its bezel 9 gold wire-"w4   7,see ,de   
,morgan1 ,dah*\r1 ,i1 p4 #fh1 fig4      
#ade47 ,9 ! ,a%molean   ,museum is a    
black w>e vase f ,egypt ( ! /yle        
*>act]i/ic (   ! late ,twelf? ,dyna/y   
deposits1 :i* has a punctuat$ return+   
spiral ornam5t r\nd ! upp] "p ( its     
body4  ,footnote #aba3    ,a4 ,j4       
,evans1 ,primitive ,pictographs1 9      
,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic   ,/udies1 ,vol4     
,,xiv1 p4 #cbh4 ,cf4 ,g4 ,c(fey1 ,!     
,orig9s (   ,prehi/oric ,ornam5t 9      

,irel&1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society ( 
,antiqu>ies ( ,irel&1 #ahid1 #ahie2 &   
,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9   ,art1 p4
 #adb4 ,j4 ,romilly ,all51 ,celtic ,art 
9 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian   ,times1 pp4       
#ea-ed4  ,footnote #abb3    ,on ?is     
place-"n1 see p4 #agb1 note #a4         
,footnote #abc3    ,an a/]isk prefix$ to
 ^! descriptions means an anci5t        
clay-impression or 8seal+10 n an actual 
cyl9d]4  ,footnote #abd3    ,a          
cyl9d]-seal ( 8,am5emhat1 belov$ (      
,sebek1 ,"l ( ,anu10 is 9   ! ,h4-,p4   
,collection 7,cat4 #chac74  ,footnote   
#abe3    ,nub-hetep-?a-,khr$ 0 a daught]
 ( ,am5emhat ,,iii4 7,de ,morgan1       
,dah*\r1 ,i1 p4 #abh47  ,footnote #abf3 
,on ?is title1 see ,newb]ry1 ,el ,b]%eh1
 ,i1 p4 #h1 note #c4  ,footnote #abg3   
,i4e41 ! ,judge or ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,see  
my ,life ( ,rekhm>a1 p4 #ah4  ,footnote 
#abh3    ,! r+s1 sc>abs1 etc41 figur$ f 
! tomb ( ,maket h be5   drawn f ,pr(4   
,petrie's ,illahun1 pl4 ,,xxvi4         
,footnote #abi3    ,?is is probably !   

same place-"n z ! ,k] m5tion$ 9 ! tomb  
( ,h at ,!bes z ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,ku%   
7,e?iopia7 at !   "t ( ,k+ ,tt-ankh-am5 
7see ,pl4 ,,ii74 ,x 0 almo/ c]ta9ly !   
mod]n ,gebel ,b>kal4  ,footnote #acj3   
,! position ( ! 8di/rict ( ,%etau or    
7,%etep70 is unc]ta94 ,!   inscription  
m]ely says t ! k+ w5t d[n /ream1 & t !  
j\rney took him a night to accompli%1 b 
! "n ( ! place f   :5ce ,am5hetep & 8   
(fic]s />t$ is n record$4 ,mr4 ,fras]   
7,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1 p4 #aeg7 sugge/s  
,memphis z ! />t+ place1 &   ! ,wad     
,tumilt z ! sc5e ( ! hunt1 & he fur!r   
rem>ks t   8except ! ,faym1 !re is no   
place t ,i c ?9k ( 9 ,upp]   ,egypt :]e 
"o c imag9e !re 7 ev] wild cattle40 ,i  
suspect1   h[ev]1 t x 0 f ,!bes t !     
royal hunt] set out1 &   t ! di/rict (  
,%etau 7or ,%etep7 0 "o ( ^? wads ne>   
,k5eh 7j a night's j\rney f ,!bes d[n   
/ream7 :i* at   c]ta9 times ( ! ye>     
conta9 l[1 b luxuriant vegetation4 ,i   
h visit$ ?is di/rict sev]al times 79    
,febru>y #ahif1 aga9 9   ,decemb] #aija1

 & = a ?ird "t 9 ,m>* #aijd71 & 0 mu*   
/ruck by ! great quantity ( vegetation  
:i* is to be se5 9 !   des]t to ! ea/ ( 
,kuft & ,k5eh4 ,!re is "o wad 9 p>ticul>
   :i* ext5ds = "s miles 9 a nor!rly    
direction betwe5 ,legta   & ,k5eh t     
lit]ally ab\nds 9 l[ %rubs & o!r        
vegetation1   f> m ?an en\gh to support 
va/ h]ds ( wild cattle4 ,x may "h   be  
po9t$ out t ! anci5t fauna ( ,egypt     
diff]$ v greatly   f its pres5t fauna4  
,be=e ! adv5t ( ! camel into ,egypt1 all
   ! wads ( ! ,arabian *a9 ( hills 7    
pl5tifully /ock$ )   game ( all k9ds4   
,at ,b5i ,hasan1 ,el ,b]%eh1 & _m o!r   
places   are repres5t$ sc5es ( hunt+    
wild animals1 includ+ ! lion1   bubalis1
 etc42 & ! wads ea/ ( ,k5eh 7 celebrat$ 
z hunt+   gr\nds at ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii
 & ,am5hetep ,,ii4 ,9 m ?an "o   private
 tomb at ,!bes we h sc5es ( hunt+ :i*   
are expressly   /at$ to h tak5 place 89 
! ,ant10 i4e41 ! des]t to !   ea/ (     
,kuft1 & 9 ! tomb ( ,m5-khep]-ra-s5b !  
sup]9t5d5t   ( ! hunt+ at ,kuft is      

m5tion$4  ,footnote #aca3    ,on ?is    
title1 see my note 9 ,g>/ang's ,el      
,arabeh1 p4 #cc4  ,footnote #acb3       
,driv+ ! animals into nets 0 a fav\rite 
me?od ( hunt+ 9   anci5t times 7cf41    
among _m o!r in/ances1 my ,el ,b]%eh1   
,i1   pl4 ,,vii1 & ! ,vaphio ,vase at   
,a!ns74 ,nets are /ill us$ = ?is        
purpose 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa 7,bak]'s    
,ismailia1 pp4 #dce-dch74  ,footnote    
#acc3    ,dr4 ,budge has sugge/$ to me t
 ?is dyke may h be5 a s]ies (   cov]$   
pits into :i* ! animals w\ld fall1 ?us  
enabl+ !   huntsm5 to capture !m easily4
 ,he w\ld also id5tify ! semau (   !    
,egyptians ) ! rimi ( ! ,assyrian       
inscriptions1 an animal   hunt$ by      
,tigla? ,piles] & o!r mon>*s4  ,footnote
 #acd3    ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 a /udy ( !
 inscription on ?is sc>ab has   be5     
publi%$ by ,/e9dorff1 f my copy ( !     
,alnwick specim51 9   4,z41 ,,xxxix1    
#fb4  ,footnote #ace3    ,! ,vatican    
specim5 gives kh] h5 ne ,h]u = !        
abbreviat$   kh] ,h]u on ! ,alnwick     

example4  ,footnote #acf3    ,! ,vatican
 sc>ab gives ! det]m9ative ( l& 7!      
triangle7 9   ! place ( ! t on !        
,alnwick specim54  ,footnote #acg3    ,a
 mis-read+ 7,z>u7 ( ?is place-"n has l$ 
to ! id5tification   ( ! city ) ,z>u or 
,zal 7p]haps ! mod]n ,sele71 ! ea/]n    
fronti] =t ( ,egypt4 ,pr(4 ,brea/$1     
,pr(4 ,/e9dorff1 & !   writ]1 h[ev]1 all
 came indep5d5tly to ! conclusion t     
,z>ukha   mu/ be ! "n ( ! palace-t[n (  
,am5ophis ,,iii & ,?i1 :i*   is situat$ 
a little to ! s\? ( ,m$9et ,habu2 ! lake
 m5tion$   on ?is sc>ab is !re=e to be  
id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ,birket   ,habu4     
,footnote #ach3    ,! num]als giv5 on ! 
,vatican sc>ab are blund]$1 &           
consequ5tly difficult to read4          
,footnote #aci3    ,read tah51 n nef]u2 
?is is cle> on ! ,vatican specim54 ,an  
(fic] ( ?is boat is m5tion$ on a /ela 9 
! ,egyptian ,museum (   ! ,l\vre 7,c4   
#bjg74                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        

,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,on page #e !
 ,arabic  is 8khatam0 n 8khatim10 z     
describ$2 ! latt] w\ld be 4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1
 may mean a       r+ or signet4         
,l9ks 7 add$ f ! ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates to  
ea* individual plate4      ,! footnotes 
7 ga!r$ & mov$ to a sep>ate section ( ! 
book 7see ,footnotes47      ,on page #ea
 !re 7 two sid5otes = 8,class ,,ii04 ,! 
second 0       *ang$ to 8,class ,,iii40 
,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly 
correct$4      ,typographical errors 7  
sil5tly correct$4      ,inconsi/5t      
spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only
       :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is   
book4      ,text t 0 9 italics is       
enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74