,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,i4 ,ring bearing the name of ,king ,apep4 ,ring bearing the name of ,king ,nefer-,ka-,ra4 ,ring of ,king ,amenhetep ,,ii4 ,ring of ,king ,akhenaten4 ,ring of ,king ,hor-em-heb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,university ,,of ,,liverpool ,,institute ,,of ,,archaeology ,,egyptian ,,antiquities ,,scarabs ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,egyptian ,,seals ,,and ,,signet ,,rings ,,by ,,percy ,e4 ,,newberry ,author of 8,the ,amherst ,papyri0 8,the ,life of ,rekhmara0 8,beni ,hasan10 8,el ,bersheh10 c4 ,,with ,,forty-,,four ,,plates ,,and ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,sixteen ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text ,,cheaper ,,re-,,issue4 ,,london ,,archibald ,,constable ,,and ,,co ,,ltd #aijh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,harrison ,,and ,,sons1 ,,printers ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,his ,,majesty1 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane1 ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,my ,,friend ,,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,andrews ,,of 8,,the ,,bedu,n40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ------- ,,since the year #ahie1 when ,professor ,flinders ,petrie's book on ,historical ,scarabs became 8out of print10 the want of a comprehensive work on these interesting little ,egyptian antiquities has been much felt4 ,two volumes on ,egyptian ,scarabs1 it is true1 have been published since that date1 but these works treat of private collections and do not claim to deal with the subject in its entirety or even in a scientific manner4 ,a long residence1 extending over several years1 at ,thebes1 the centre of the ,upper ,egyptian ,scarab market1 and the place where the best imitation ,scarabs are now manufactured1 has1 ,i may claim1 given me exceptional opportunities for studying this class of ,ancient ,egyptian antiquities and its allied forms4 ,for some years it was my custom to pay a weekly visit to the ,luxor antiquity shops1 with the object of examining these and other articles in the dealers' hands2 and1 latterly1 scarcely a week has passed during my winter's sojourn on the banks of the ,nile but that someone1 ,egyptologist1 collector1 tourist1 or dealer1 has consulted me as to the genuineness1 reading1 etc41 of ,scarabs that they have either purchased or intended to buy4 ,the frequency of these appeals1 and the ignorance so generally displayed by the traveller in speaking of ,egyptian ,scarabs1 convinced me that ,i could at least advance a step or two on what had been previously written on the subject2 so1 after classifying my notes and visiting and studying the principal collections of ,england and the ,continent1 ,i have prepared the following ,introduction to the ,study of ,egyptian ,seals1 which will1 ,i venture to hope1 be useful to ,students and ,collectors4 ,that ,i have spared no pains in order to make this book as complete as possible will1 ,i think1 be obvious to anyone who will take the trouble to read the letterpress and examine the plates4 ,about one thousand three hundred specimens of ,egyptian ,seals and ,signet-rings are figured1 but these have been selected from drawings of some seven thousand1 and from an examination of over thirty thousand examples4 ,it may be noticed that the splendid collection preserved in the ,national ,museum at ,cairo has been drawn from but sparingly3 this is due to the fact that ,m4 ,maspero had already commissioned me to prepare and publish a separate catalogue of the unique collection which is in that great savant's care4 ,the manuscript of this catalogue is now finished1 and it will be published early in the coming year4 ,i have to thank the ,keepers of ,public ,museums and many owners of ,private ,collections for the courtesy and kindness that they have shown in allowing me to inspect and draw from the specimens in their possession4 ,to ,prof4 ,erman and ,dr4 ,schfer ,i am indebted for plaster casts of the ,berlin ,museum seals2 and to ,prof4 ,petrie ,i am indebted for his generosity in placing at my disposal the magnificent historical series which he has gathered together at ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,to ,mr4 ,walter ,nash1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,i also wish to express my grateful thanks for much kindly help and encouragement in the earlier stages of this work2 and in conclusion ,i must thank my friends and colleagues ,prof4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mackay and ,mr4 ,john ,garstang1 for kindly looking through the proofs of this volume1 and to the latter also for placing at my disposal the library of the ,institute of ,archology of the ,university of ,liverpool1 wherein the manuscript has been completed4 ,,percy ,e4 ,,newberry4 ,,institute ,,of ,,arch,,ology1 ,,university ,,of ,,liverpool4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents4 ------- ,,page ,,preface ,v ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,egyptian ,,seals3-- 7#a7 ,general ,remarks #a 7#b7 ,importance of the ,seal in ,ancient #d ,times 7#c7 ,origin of the ,seal #h 7#d7 ,the various ,uses of the ,seal3-- 7a7 ,for securing property #ab 7b7 ,for authenticating documents1 #bb etc4 7c7 ,for transference of authority #bf 7#e7 ,the ,egyptian ,officials concerned #bi in the use of the ,seal 7#f7 ,seal ,engravers and the ,technique #dj of ,seal ,engraving ,,the ,,varieties ,,of ,,egyptian ,,seals3-- 7#a7 ,cylinder ,seals #dc 7#b7 ,button-shaped ,seals and #ef ,hemi-,cylinders 7#c7 ,beetle-shaped ,seals 7,scarabs7 #fa 7#d7 ,miscellaneous forms #he 7#e7 ,signet-rings #ib ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,specimens ,,illustrated #ig ,,in ,,the ,,plates ,i-,,xlv ,,indices3-- ,to ,personal ,names #bja ,to ,titles #bje ,to ,royal ,names3-- 7a7 ,kings #baa 7b7 ,queens #baf 7c7 ,princes #bag 7d7 ,princesses #bah ,,footnotes #cjd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,,and ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text4 ,,plate ,i4 ,some specimens of rings ,frontispiece4 ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a1 #b4 ,two jars of the ,first ,dynasty1 to #ac illustrate the ancient method of sealing #c1 #d4 ,complete jar neck1 bearing the stamp of #ad ,amasis #e-g4 ,jars showing method of securing #af contents4 7,from paintings in the tombs at ,beni ,hasan7 #h4 ,a man sealing up a honey jar4 7,from a #ag tomb at ,abusr7 #i4 ,a sealed jar4 7,from a painting in a tomb #ag at ,medm7 #aj4 ,a sealed bag4 7,from a painting in a tomb #ag at ,medm7 #aa4 ,sealing of doors #bj #ab4 ,securing of folding doors #ba #ac4 ,sealing of boxes #bb #ad4 ,a papyrus roll1 tied up and sealed #bc #ae4 ,the office of the ,superintendent of the #ce ,seal #af4 ,the working of the bow drill4 7,from the #db tomb of ,rekhmara7 #ag4 ,a mounted cylinder-seal4 7,in the ,louvre7 #de #ah4 ,a ,cylinder-seal4 7,figured in a tomb at #de ,medm7 #ai4 ,cylinder-seal4 7,figured in a tomb at #de ,sakkara7 #bj4 ,an early cylinder-seal #df #ba4 ,a cylinder-seal bearing the name of #df ,mer-ra4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,piers7 #bb4 ,a cylinder-seal of ,amenemhat ,,iii #dg #bc4 ,a cylinder-seal of ,khan4 7,cairo7 #dg #bd4 ,a cylinder-seal of ,sen-mut4 7,petrie #dg ,collection7 #be4 ,impression from a cylinder-seal in the #di ,berlin ,museum #bf4 ,impression from a cylinder-seal in the #ej ,berlin ,museum #bg4 ,cylinder-seal bearing personal name #ea #bh4 ,cylinder-seal bearing rude hieroglyphic #eb inscriptions written in vertical columns #bi4 ,royal seal of ,narmer1 predecessor of #ec ,mena1 reproduced in outline #cj4 ,royal seal of ,zer1 ,mena's successor2 #ec gives besides the name a figure of the monarch #ca4 ,official cylinder-seal1 with royal name #ee #cb4 ,official cylinder-seal bearing the name #ee and titles of officials #cc4 ,button-shaped seal #ef #cd4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #ef #ce4 ,button-shaped seal #eg #cf4 ,button-shaped seal #eg #cg4 ,button-shaped seal #eg #ch4 ,button-shaped seal #eg #ci4 ,button-shaped seal #eh #dj4 ,button-shaped seal #eh #da4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #db4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #dc4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #dd4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #de4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #df4 ,button-shaped seal #ei #dg4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #fj #dh4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #fj #di4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #fj #ej4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #fj #ea4 ,hemi-cylinder seal #fj #eb4 ,clay stamp from the terramare of #fa ,montale in the ,modenese #ec4 ,scarab-shaped seal worn on the finger1 #fb attached by a piece of string #ed4 ,scarab-shaped seal mounted as swivel to #fb metal ring #ee4 ,scarab-shaped seal enclosed in metal #fb frame or funda #ef4 ,scarab bearing the name of ,mer-en-ra #fh #eg4 ,scarab bearing the names ,thothmes ,,iii #fh and ,amenhetep ,,ii #eh4 ,specimen of a ,scarab-beetle 7the real #gj ,scarabus sacer7 #ei4 ,specimens of scarabs from ,el ,mahasna #gj #fj4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,twelfth ,dynasty #ga #fa4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,twelfth ,dynasty #ga #fb4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,twelfth ,dynasty #ga #fc4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,twelfth ,dynasty #ga #fd4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,thirteenth #gb ,dynasty #fe4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period #gb #ff4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period #gb #fg4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period #gb #fh4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period #gc #fi4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period #gc #gj4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,early ,eighteenth #gc ,dynasty #ga4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,early ,eighteenth #gc ,dynasty #gb4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,early ,eighteenth #gd ,dynasty #gc4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,middle #gd ,eighteenth ,dynasty #gd4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,amenhetep ,,iii #gd #ge4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,nineteenth #gd ,dynasty #gf4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,nineteenth #ge ,dynasty #gg4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,nineteenth #ge ,dynasty #gh4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,nineteenth #ge ,dynasty #gi4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,nineteenth #ge ,dynasty #hj4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,ethiopian #gf dominion #ha4 ,specimen scarabs of the ,ethiopian #gf dominion #hb4 ,scarab of ,usertsen ,i #hj #hc4 ,a seal of the ,twelfth ,dynasty #he #hd4 ,a seal of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #he #he4 ,a seal of the ,eleventh ,dynasty #hf #hf4 ,a seal of the ,eleventh ,dynasty #hf #hg4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,king #hg ,mentuhetep #hh4 ,specimen seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #hg #hi4 ,specimen seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #hg #ij4 ,specimen seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #hg #ia4 ,specimen seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #hg #ib4 ,specimen seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty #hg #ic4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,king #hh ,amenemhat ,,iii #id4 ,a stamp seal #hh #ie4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,king #hi ,seqen-en-ra #if4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,king ,sa-,amen #hi #ig4 ,a stamp seal #hi #ih4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,king ,thothmes #ij ,,iii #ii4 ,a seal bearing the name of the ,hyksos #ij ,period #ajj4 ,a seal bearing the name of the ,twelfth #ij ,dynasty #aja4 ,a seal bearing the name of the ,twelfth #ij ,dynasty #ajb4 ,a seal bearing the name of the #ij ,eighteenth ,dynasty #ajc4 ,a seal bearing the name of ,rameses ,,ii #ij #ajd4 ,a seal of the ,sate ,period #ia #aje4 ,a seal of ,thirtieth ,dynasty #ia #ajf4 ,a seal of ,nekhtenebo #ib #ajg4 ,a ring of ,usertsen ,,iii #ic #ajh4 ,a ring of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty #ic #aji4 ,a ring of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty #ic #aaj4 ,a ring of ,thothmes ,,iii #id #aaa4 ,a ring of the period of ,akhenaten #id #aab4 ,a ring of the ,twentieth ,dynasty #id #aac4 ,a ring of the ,twentieth ,dynasty #id #aad4 ,a ring of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty #ie #aae4 ,a ring of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty #ie #aaf4 ,a ring of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty #ie ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,some specimens of rings4 ,,ii4 ,scene representing the ,chancellor of ,tt-ankh-,amen investing a ,governor of ,ethiopia with the signet-ring of office4 ,,iii4 ,pre-dynastic cylinder-seals4 ,,iv4 ,impressions of early cylinder-seals4 ,v4 ,cylinder-seals of the ,fourth to ,sixth ,dynasties4 ,,vi4 ,cylinder-seals of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,,vii4 ,cylinder-seals of the ,twelfth to ,seventeenth ,dynasties4 ,,viii4 ,miscellaneous cylinder-seals4 ,,ix4 ,scarabs bearing royal names4 ,fourth to ,twelfth ,dynasties4 ,x4 ,scarabs of the kings of the ,thirteenth and ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,,xi4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,,xii4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xiii4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xiv4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xv4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xvi4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xvii4 ,scarabs of officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xviii4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,,xix4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xx4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties--continued4 ,,xxi4 ,scarabs of the ,hyksos ,kings4 7,i74 ,,xxii4 ,scarabs of the ,hyksos ,kings4 7,,ii74 ,,xxiii4 ,scarabs of royal and other personages of the ,hyksos ,period4 ,,xxiv4 ,miscellaneous scarabs of the ,hyksos ,period4 ,,xxv4 ,decorative scarabs1 mostly of the ,hyksos ,period4 ,,xxvi4 ,scarabs of kings1 etc41 mostly of the ,seventeenth and ,early ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,,xxvii4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 7,thothmes ,i to ,hatshepsut47 ,,xxviii4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty--continued4 7,thothmes ,,iii and his family47 ,,xxix4 ,officials of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 and kings1 etc41 from the tomb of ,maket1 at ,gurob 7temp4 ,thothmes ,,iii74 ,,xxx4 ,scarab of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty--continued4 ,,xxxi4 ,scarab of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty--continued4 ,,xxxii4 ,historical scarabs of ,amenhetep ,,iii3 #a4 ,kirgipa and her ,harm4 #b4 ,the ,lion ,hunts of ,amenhetep ,,iii4 #c4 ,the ,parents of ,queen ,thi and the ,limits of the ,egyptian ,empire4 ,,xxxiii4 ,historical scarabs of ,amenhetep ,,iii--continued3 #a4 ,the ,wild ,cattle hunt4 #b4 ,the ,lake at ,zarukha4 ,,xxxiv4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth and ,nineteenth ,dynasties4 ,,xxxv4 ,scarabs of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty 7,rameses ,,ii74 ,,xxxvi4 ,scarabs bearing royal names3 ,meren-ptah ,i to ,sa-,amen4 ,,xxxvii4 ,scarabs of the ,twenty-second to ,twenty-fifth ,dynasty ,kings4 ,,xxxviii4 ,royal and private scarabs and rings 7,twenty-fifth and ,twenty-sixth ,dynasties74 ,,xxxix4 ,scarabs bearing mottoes1 good wishes1 etc4 ,,xl4 ,scarabs bearing mottoes1 good wishes1 etc4--continued4 ,,xli4 ,scarabs bearing names of figures of gods1 etc4 ,,xlii4 ,hieroglyphics1 flowers1 etc4 ,,xliii4 ,miscellaneous royal and private scarabs4 ,,xliv4 ,miscellaneous royal and private scarabs--continued4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,egyptian ,,seals4 ------- #a4 ,,general ,,remarks4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,remarks on ,egyptian seals4 ,there are few small objects of antiquity which present themselves so often to the traveller's notice in ,egypt1 as the little seals of stone1 pottery and other material1 carved in various forms and engraved on their base1 or around their circumference1 with an ornamental device or brief hieroglyphic inscription4 ,these seals are found in a variety of forms2 some of them are cylindrical in shape1 others are button-shaped1 but by far the greater number are carved to represent the scarabaeus beetle standing upon an elliptical base1 the under side of which is engraved with the device or inscription intended to be impressed upon the sealing clay4 ,the specimens of this last variety of seal are universally known as 8,scarabs40#a ,like the gems of ,greece and ,italy1 ,egyptian seals are generally found in excellent preservation2 other and larger antiquities usually show on their face the signs of weathering1 or they bear the marks of mutilation by man1 but these interesting little monuments of a long past age often continue to this day as perfect in their finish and delicate workmanship as when they first left the hands of the ancient lapidary4 ,the soil of ,egypt literally teems with them4 ,thousands have been found among the dbris of long deserted and ruined towns and temples2 the fellah often turns them up in the soil whilst ploughing his fields1 and rich harvests of these little objects have been gathered by the antiquary from the myriad tombs that line the desert edge on both sides of the ,nile from ,alexandria and ,el ,arsh to ,aswn4 ,outside the boundaries of the ,nile ,valley also1 ,egyptian seals are frequently discovered2 and in our museums are to be seen specimens from ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,cyprus and the ,greek ,islands1 as well as from the ,eastern shores of the ,mediterranean1 and even from as far afield as ,nineveh and the valley of the ,euphrates4 ,sidenote3 ,clay impressions of seals4 ,besides the actual seals1 pieces of fine clay bearing impressions of them are often brought to light by the excavator2 some of these served as sealings to jars of wine1 honey1 etc41 whilst others had been affixed1 like modern seals of wax1 to documents written on papyrus or leather4 ,the documents to which some of them had been attached have1 unfortunately1 too often perished from decay1 or they have been consumed by fire1 but in the stamped clay may still nearly always be seen the holes for the string1 or the markings of it1 by which the seal was fixed to the document3 in some instances even the string itself remains4 ,these sealings are usually unearthed in excellent preservation1 and they are consequently as useful for the purposes of study as the seals themselves4 ,sidenote3 ,importance of the study of ,egyptian seals4 ,to the student of the history and civilization of ancient ,egypt the importance of these seals and 8sealings0 is very great2 to him they are as the coins and gems to the student of ,ancient ,greece and ,rome4 ,their range in date is greater than that of any other class of inscribed monument2 the earliest appear as far back as the very dawn of ,history1 and these little objects present from that period onward an unbroken series of such length and completeness that they afford a most valuable illustration of the early history of the ,nile ,valley4 ,in some cases they supply the outline of a portion of history that was otherwise almost wholly lost4 ,to them we owe most of our information regarding the earliest dynasties4 ,for much of our knowledge of the period intervening between the end of the ,twelfth and the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasties we are also indebted to the same class of monument1 while small scarab-shaped seals are as yet the only extant evidence of several of the ,hyksos kings4 ,their value as corroborative evidence to other historical data must not be overlooked1 nor can certain classes of them be lightly cast aside as bric--brac by the archaeologist who sets himself the task of solving1 or of inquiring into1 the many problems that have lately arisen concerning the early people of the ,mediterranean region4 ,to the student of ,ancient ,art also they afford a most happy illustration of the ever-varying styles in vogue in successive reigns1 and their study1 as will be seen in the following pages1 often enables us to obtain those glimpses into the manners and customs of the ancient ,egyptian people which so wonderfully help to elucidate our view of bygone days and men4 #b4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,seal ,,in ,,ancient ,,times4 ,sidenote3 ,importance of the seal in ancient times4 ,it is very difficult for us1 especially for those of us who are not familiar with ,eastern civilization1 to realize the great importance that was attached to the seal by the peoples of the ,ancient ,world4 ,it was far more of a necessity in everyday life to the people of antiquity than are our seals to us1 or locks and keys to a modern householder4 ,we still use the seal1 it is true1 for our legal documents1 sometimes for our letters1 for our post-bags1 and occasionally for sealing up a room4 ,our ,ministers of ,state have their ,seals of ,office1 our ,corporations and ,companies have their registered official seals1 and in our ,coronation ceremonies there is the investiture of the ,sovereign with the ,royal ,signet ,ring4 ,but all these uses of the seal are as ancient as the pyramid-builders of ,memphis4 ,when we use the signet for sealing our letters or our legal documents1 we are but following in the footsteps of the ,ancient ,egyptian1 who1 many hundred years before the time of ,moses1 employed the seal for the same purpose4 ,when our ,ministers of ,state receive from the ,sovereign their ,seals of ,office1 they are but following a custom that prevailed in ,egypt as early as the ,fourth ,millennium before ,christ2 and when ,edward the ,seventh was recently invested with the ,royal ,signet ,ring at his ,coronation1 he was but conforming to a ceremonial act that was recorded by the rulers of the ,nile ,valley four thousand years before ,william the ,norman set foot on the shores of ,britain4 ,but in ancient times the seal was used for many purposes for which later inventions have proved more convenient4 ,at the present day1 when closing our doors1 we generally lock them by a spring-bolt1 and only attach a seal on very rare occasions4 ,locks and keys1 however1 are comparatively modern inventions1 for the most ancient in ,egypt are not older than the ,roman period2 and what locks and keys are to us1 seals were to the people of the ,old ,world4 ,in ancient times1 whenever a man left his home he always sealed up such parts as contained stores or other valuable property1 so that they might be rendered secure from the attacks of thieves or slaves4 ,in like manner boxes containing clothes or personal ornaments1 and jars containing wine or oils1 were kept under seal4 ,the words meaning 8to close0 and 8to seal0 were in ,egyptian#b synonymous2 indeed1 to place a thing 8under seal0 was an ancient expression equivalent to the modern one of keeping a thing 8under lock and key40 ,to secure property from theft was1 however1 only one of the many uses of the seal2 it was employed in other equally important ways4 ,in ,western countries1 where writing has now become a universal accomplishment1 a person's written signature is sufficient to give authority to a document1 but in ancient times a seal or signet was a necessity to anyone possessed of even the smallest amount of property1 for without it no legal or other writing could be attested4 ,herodotus 7,i1 #aie7 mentions that everyone in ,babylonia carried a seal1 and the same remark would apply with equal truth to ,egypt4 ,in ,england1 from the ,norman ,conquest to the time of the taking effect of the original ,statute of ,frauds 7#afgg71 the seal was always used to make a writing valid and binding1 and in ,scotland every freeholder was required by law to have a registered seal4#c ,at the present day an ,eastern1 when sealing a letter1 smears the seal1 not the document1 with the sealing-substance1 and illiterate persons will sometimes use the object nearest at hand1 such as their own finger1 which they daub with ink1 and press upon the paper therewith4 ,in ,babylonia the finger-nail was sometimes impressed into the clay as a seal2 while in ,america1 in comparatively recent times1 the eye-tooth impressed upon the wax has been used for attesting a document 7#a ,wash4 ,va4 #db1 quoted in ,american ,law ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #be74 ,the right hand smeared with ink and impressed upon a parchment was often used in mediaeval times in place of a signature1 and this1 with the seal impressed beside it1 gave rise to the modern legal expression1 8,witness my hand and seal40 ,the ,sultan's cipher1 which appears on the coinage and official documents of the ,turks1 is said to have originated in this way4 ,the ,republic of ,ragusa concluded a commercial treaty with the ,ottomans in #acie1 by which it placed itself under their protection1 and it is said that ,murad signed the treaty1 for lack of a pen1 with his open hand1 over which he had smeared some ink1 in the manner of ,eastern seals--a veritable sign-manual4 7,stanley ,lane-,poole1 ,turkey1 p4 #ce47 ,in ancient times1 however1 the document was rolled up and tied with a piece of string1 the knot of which was covered with a pellet of clay and sealed4 ,it was not only in ,egypt that this was so1 but in all countries of the ancient world2 in ,babylonia and ,assyria as well as in ,greece and ,italy4 ,a written signature would have been of no avail to attest a document2 a seal had always to be used4 ,doubtless in the earliest times only the most powerful persons possessed seals1 but as civilization advanced the officers of the administration came to use1 besides their own personal seals1 official ones for government purposes4 ,thus it was that the seal1 being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office1 came to be used as the symbol of it1 and the delivery of an official or ,state seal to an individual1 gave to that individual the authority and power to execute the rights and duties of his office4 ,the various links in the history of the seal which connect its original employment for securing the contents of jars1 to its latest one for transferring authority from one person to another1 are all preserved1 and form a most interesting object lesson in 8social evolution40 ,the seal is1 indeed1 so intimately associated with the early history of civilization1 that it is probable that its origin goes back to the very institution of the right of private property4 ,its early history is full of interest4 ,if we turn to any of the literatures of the ,old ,world--whether it be the ,egyptian or ,babylonian1 the ,hebraic or ,assyrian1 the ,greek or ,roman1 it is the same2 we find in each and all of them abundant passages concerning the importance of the seal and the various uses that it was put to4 ,further1 if we study these references1 we discover that the signification of these little objects was everywhere the same1 and if passages were selected from the ,egyptian writers regarding the uses of the seal1 it would be easy to parallel them all from the works of any of the other ,old ,world peoples4 ,we ought1 however1 before discussing the various uses of the seal1 to inquire into its origin4 #c4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,seal4 ,sidenote3 ,origin of the seal4 ,in his ,hand-book of ,engraved ,gems1#d ,king has stated his belief that the use of the seal was almost coeval with the very institution of the right of private property1 and this seems to be well borne out by what we actually know of its early history4 ,all the evidence from ,babylonia and ,egypt available as to its original use appears to point in one direction1 that it was first employed for securing household stuff and other moveable property4 ,in the earlier stages of civilization this consisted mainly of grain1 honey1 etc41 always liable to be pilfered by the dishonest slave1 or by smaller hands addicted to picking and stealing4 ,if the proprietor1 therefore1 wished to keep his stores of food intact1 it was necessary that he should adopt some means of checking the pilferer1 and the idea early occurred to him that if he placed his little store in a jar or other vessel1 and covered the mouth of it with a plaster of mud or clay1 it might be protected to a certain degree against the thief4 ,but merely plastering the mouth with mud or clay was not enough to preserve the contents from a skilful plunderer1 for he might easily1 and without fear of immediate detection1 remove a capping1 steal the contents of a jar1 put on another plaster of mud1 and leave no trace of his theft until the jar was opened by its owner4 ,it was obvious therefore that a capping of clay alone was not sufficient4 ,now it is probable that the mud used in the process of covering the mouth of the vessel would often be rolled or smeared flat with a piece of stick1 a joint of a reed1 or a flat-bottomed pebble4 ,many of these objects must have had natural markings on them which would have left impressions on the clay1 while these impressions1 we can hardly doubt1 were early noticed by the primitive store owner1 and their condition served to tell him whether or not his closed jars had been tampered with4 ,in this connection it is interesting to note that ,aristophanes 7,thesmo41 #dbd-dbh71 when referring to the custom of securing doors by sealing them1 alludes to certain ,greek3 thripdesta sphragidia1 which were worm-eaten bits of wood used as rude seals4 ,he speaks of them as having supplanted the simple seals of olden days1 but they ought rather to be considered as a return to the early type of 8reed0 seal4 7,muller1 ,archol41 ,i4 ,kunst41 #ig1 #b47 ,from the natural markings upon the objects employed to smooth the clay1 the transition was easy to some definite device scratched around the circumference of the stick or reed1 or upon the surface of the stone or pebble1 by the owner1 and appropriated to himself as his own peculiar mark4 ,but as these markings or devices would have had little weight with a determined thief1 we can hardly doubt that1 in ,babylonia at any rate1 they became early imbued with a magical signification3 so that their real power would be moral rather than physical4 ,the reasoning of the lawyers of the ,middle ,ages regarding the sealing of contracts was that a seal attracts and excites caution in illiterate persons1 and thereby operates as a security against fraud4#e ,the simple scratchings that we find on so many of the early ,egyptian pots were the possessors' marks2 indeed1 ,king contends that 8this instinct of possession extending itself to the assumption of exclusive ownership in certain configurations of lines1 or rude delineations of natural objects1 is a universal impulse of man's nature1 and one found existing amongst all savage nations when first discovered1 wheresoever the faintest trace of social life and polity have begun to develop themselves40 ,a great number of these signs ,professor ,petrie has preserved in his various records of explorations4 7,cf4 his ,naqada1 p4 #dd47 ,thus the ,red ,indian has besides the tribal mark1 that of the individual 7his special totem71 wherewith to identify his own property1 or the game he may kill4 ,the ,south ,sea ,islander carries the tattooed pattern that distinguishes his particular family1 imprinted upon his own skin1 and also draws the same upon his credentials like a regular coat of arms4 ,it is therefore in these markings firstly scratched on pots1 and next on rude seals1 that we have the very beginnings of writing2 but a long period probably elapsed before these primitive signs were combined together to form words4 ,the designs on these seals were probably at first rough configurations of lines1 which sufficiently served their purpose if they could be readily identified by the owner2 but after a time these primitive figures seem to have given place to rude delineations of natural objects which expressed the name of the owner1 like the ,greek coins of ,rhodes 7a rose72 of ,melitaea 7a bee71 and were consequently looked upon as his particular mark4 ,we have not as yet got back in ,egypt to such primitive forms1 but on ,greek gems and coins this type parlant1 8figured speech10 is well known4 ,the original forms of the two great groups of ,egyptian seals we have in the piece of notched reed and in the small scratched pebble2 the first the true prototype of the cylinder1 both in form and in mode of application2 the second as clearly the original of the stamp seal4 ,simple as the invention of these two forms and the art of sealing may now appear1 the discovery that an impression of a seal could be obtained by pressing it on clay or other plastic substance was nevertheless one of the most momentous that has yet been made1 and the seal-impression furthermore suggested the idea of decoration in bas-relief4 ,from the invention of the simple seal to the complex printing-press with its moveable types appears a long way to travel1 but that we have the germ of this great invention in the simple seal is obvious when we come to think of it4 ,the old ,egyptian or ,babylonian who first took an impression of his signet on a lump of plastic clay1 had discovered the principle of printing1 though it took the human mind many hundred years before the next great step was made1 that of smearing some black or coloured substance upon the seal and taking a 8print0 of it on plaster1 as in the tomb of ,thothmes ,,iv 7circa ,b4,c4 #adjj71 and in ink on a papyrus of the ,ptolemaic age4 #d4 ,,various ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,seal4 7a7 ,for securing ,property4 ,it has been suggested in a preceding paragraph that the original use of the seal was for securing stores of food from dishonest servants2 and this statement is corroborated by the fact that the earliest 8sealings0 that have been found in ,egypt are from jars that were used for storing wine1 honey1 grain1 and other food stuffs4 ,figures #a and #b represent two jars found by ,m4 de ,morgan in a ,first ,dynasty cemetery in ,upper ,egypt1#f 7circa ,b4,c4 #cejj71 and the general system of sealing jars and large vessels may be clearly seen from these examples4 ,the mouth of the jar1 it will be observed1 was first covered by an inverted plate or cup of pottery 7fig4 #a71 in order to prevent the wet clay 7the ,greek3 g smagtris1 8sealing earth10 of the ,greeks7 used in the process of closing the mouth from falling into the jar4 ,upon and around this was plastered a high cone of clay 7fig4 #b71 mixed with palm fibre1 and carefully smoothed1 so as to take easily the impression of the cylinder seal1 which was rolled across it at right angles4 ,generally two impressions of the same seal are found on each clay cone1 but sometimes two or more impressions upon the same cone occur from different seals4 ,this shows the great care that was given in early times to secure the contents of a vessel from thievish servants1 a fact which is emphasised by our sometimes finding that a jar had often two separate sealings1 one below the other1 the outer coat being put on while the inner one was still damp4 8,thus10 writes ,professor ,petrie of some clay cones of this kind which he found at ,abydos1 8often a quite illegible cone may yet yield a good inscription by carefully knocking away the outer coat40#g ,illustration3 ,figs4 #a and #b4 ,,two ,,jars ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,dynasty1 ,,to ,,illustrate ,,the ,,ancient ,,method ,,of ,,sealing4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #c4 and #d4 ,this system of sealing large jars with high clay cones apparently lasted on till the beginning of the sixteenth century ,b4,c42 then another kind of sealing is met with4 ,in the place of the high clay cone1 a clay cap with flat top was used1 the flat top and sometimes the sides being impressed with a wooden stamp4 ,later still1 at the time of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty1 the early inverted cap or plate gave way to a pottery cap or bung1 which was secured in place by string or linen bands1 and covered with a rounded cap of plaster4 ,there is an interesting specimen of a complete jar neck bearing the stamp of ,amasis1 with clay and plaster sealing still fixed to it1 found at ,tell ,defenneh 7see figs4 #c and #d72 it is important as showing the very elaborate system of sealing jars at that time in vogue4 ,firstly1 a large bung of pottery 7fig4 #c71 made hollow1 was put into the mouth of the jar4 ,this was then fastened down by linen bands1 the ends of which were tied up in the middle1 and a lump of sealing clay fixed upon it and impressed with six different seals of inspectors4 ,although this clay had crumbled and been washed out by rains in the course of ages1 it still left a cast in the plaster showing the seals as they appear in fig4 #d4 ,after the six inspectors had each put his seal on it1 the jar was sent out to the plasterer1 who capped the whole top with a head of plaster1 and sealed it with the royal name in its oval-cartouche4 ,even these elaborate precautions1 it would seem1 did not suffice to secure the contents of this particular amphora from the thief1 for the jar neck1 as ,professor ,petrie remarks1 is an instance of a successful attack upon the royal stores4 ,the cap of plaster has been bored through just at the edge of the jar1 and the large bung inside smashed through1 so as to enable the thief to reach freely the wine4 ,the piece of plaster broken out here is shown missing in fig4 #d1 though it was found in the jar2 the hole just shows the edge of the neck1 and was filled up with a scrap of the old plaster and a smear of new of a different quality2 no attempt was made to imitate the missing part of the cartouche1 and this probably raised the cellarer's suspicion1 and made him break off and preserve the whole jar neck as evidence4 7,petrie1 ,defenneh1 p4 #gb47 ,this method of securing the contents of large jars and amphorae lasted on far into ,roman times4 ,horace mentions as a test of a good tempered house master1 that he did not go wild with passion even if he found that a seal of a wine jar had been broken4 ,and even at the present day the traveller on the ,nile may still see boats1 at certain seasons of the year1 floating down stream from ,erment1 ,ks1 and other centres of the sugar industry1 laden with molasses in peculiar jars 7ballals71 secured1 in place of the early bung and the earlier inverted plates1 by a plug of sugar cane leaves thrust into the mouth of the vessel1 and plastered over with a thick cap of white clay4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #e1 #f and #g4 ,,jars ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,securing ,,contents4 7,from paintings in the tombs at ,beni ,hasan47 ,for securing the contents of smaller vessels the ,egyptians had another method4 ,this was by stretching over the mouth a piece of skin or beaten metal1 which was then firmly tied down by a cord1 the two ends and knot of which were covered by a pellet of clay1 and impressed by a small stamp or scarab 7see figs4 #e1 #f1 and #g74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,man ,,sealing ,,up ,a ,,honey ,,jar4 7,from a sculpture at ,abusr47 ,a4,z41 ,vol4 xxxviii1 ,pl4 v4 ,an illustration of a man actually engaged in the process of covering up a jar of honey has been preserved in a tomb at ,abusr2 he is fastening the string around the vase1 and above him is the legend1 ,khetem bati1 8sealing honey0 7see fig4 #h74 ,the beautiful dolomite marble and carnelian vases found in the tomb of ,king ,khasekhemui 7circa #ccjj ,b4,c47 at ,abydos are secured in this way4 ,each of these has a cover of thick gold foil fitted over the top1 and tied down with a double turn of twisted gold wire1 over the tie of which a small lump of clay is fixed1 which in this instance has not been impressed with a seal1 but merely pressed together by the fingers4 ,generally the pellet of clay to be 8sealed0 was placed on the top of the jar 7as in figs4 #e and #g71 but sometimes it covered the knot at the side 7as in fig4 #i74 ,the same manner of securing the mouth of a jar still survives in the way our liqueur bottles1 etc41 are often sealed1 and in the way we close our jam pots1 except that in the latter case we no longer find it necessary to attach a seal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ,,sealed ,,jar4 7,from a painting in a tomb at ,medm47 ,the contents of bags and sacks were also secured by means of the seal2 a piece of cord was tied round the neck1 the knot of which was immersed in a pellet of clay and 8sealed0 7see fig4 #aj74 ,a large number of broken seals of this kind have been found in ,egypt1 and sealed bags containing gold dust and other materials are often figured in the ancient paintings of the tombs4 ,to the custom of sealing bags ,job alludes 7xiv1 #ag74 ,in the story of ,hor-ded-ef we read of certain midwives who had assisted in bringing into the world a child1 being rewarded by the father with 8a bushel of barley10 which is straightway sent to the brewhouse to be kept under the midwives' seal4 ,our modern post bags are rendered secure from being examined by unauthorised persons in exactly the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,,sealed ,,bag4 7,from a painting in a tomb at ,medm47 ,the ,ancient ,egyptians1 it has already been remarked1 were unacquainted with the use of locks and keys1 hence we find that they employed their seals for the purpose of securing the doors of their houses and storerooms4 ,these latter1 indeed1 were termed ,egyptian 9999 ,khetemu1 8sealed rooms10 and they are frequently alluded to in the ancient inscriptions3#h ,such storehouses in foreign lands were provision depts for the ,egyptian troops or garrisons4 ,government storehouses were1 of course1 in charge of officials who kept them under their seals4 ,nebuaiu 7circa #aejj ,b4,c471 for instance1 proudly boasts that the treasury of the ,temple of ,osiris was kept 8under his signet ring10 and the ,vezr ,rekhmara 7circa #aejj ,b4,c47 tells us that it was his duty to 8seal up all the precious things in the temple of ,amen10#i and that all the bags of gold dust and other valuables were 8under his signet40#aj ,when a storeroom was opened1 the official responsible for the things contained in it appeared in person and sealed it up again when the stores were taken out4 ,there are many passages in the papyri which tend to show how great was the care taken to prevent irresponsible hands from pilfering4#aa ,the storehouses of private people were probably in the care of the housewife1 or some other woman of the household1 for when scarab seals are discovered in graves1 it has been noticed that they are usually found at the side of1 or near to1 the body of a female4#ab ,thus it is probable that in ,egypt1 as in other countries1 it was the matron of the household who had charge of the grain and other provisions1 and her little string of seals has its direct lineal descendant in our modern housekeeper's bunch of keys4 8,how happy the times10 wrote ,pliny1 8how truly innocent1 in which no seal was ever put to anything2 at the present day1 on the contrary1 our very food even and our drink have to be preserved from theft1 through the agency of the ring40 ,the modern 8wedding ring0 originated in the custom of the man presenting his wife1 on her marriage1 with a seal1 which she was to use for sealing up her stores of provisions1 etc4 ,at first these seals were worn suspended from a string of beads around the neck4 ,sometimes they were strung on a cord which was tied round the wrist1 and at a later period they were secured to the finger by a piece of string or wire4 ,this wire and seal developed into the signet-ring4 ,then1 with the introduction of locks and keys1 it was the key-ring that was given by the husband to his wife4 ,these key-rings1 however1 were soon found to be too cumbersome to be worn with comfort on the finger1 and so a plain band of metal was given to the bride with a key4 8,the key10 writes ,cicero 7,ph4 #b4 #bh71 8was given to the bride on entering her home1 to signify that she was appointed mistress of the house 7mater familias702 it was1 in fact1 used by her to lock up her store-room1 and in case she was divorced it was taken away from her4 ,at the present day1 if the ring is not forthcoming at a wedding1 the key of the chancel door can be used instead4 ,illustration3 ,fig #aa4 ,the manner of sealing doors was very simple4 ,in the case of single doors a wooden peg with projecting head was fixed in the jamb and another in the door 7see fig4 #aa74 ,when the door was closed the two pegs would be near to one another1 so that a piece of string could be easily tied round them4 ,this string having been securely fastened by a knot1 the knot was then covered with clay1 and the clay impressed by seal1 thus making it impossible to open the door without destroying the seal or removing the pegs4 ,folding doors were secured by a sliding bolt1 but such bolts of course gave no security against a thief1 so they also were sealed4 ,they were shaped as in fig4 #ab1 with a groove running across the centre2 a piece of string was stretched across this groove1 and then1 after pellets of clay had been put on the two ends1 it was sealed down as shown in the figure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,an interesting reference to this last method of sealing doors occurs in the well known inscription of ,piankhy preserved in the ,cairo ,museum4 ,this ,ethiopian king1 after his victorious journey through ,egypt1 goes to ,heliopolis to present offerings of flowers1 etc41 to ,ra1 the famous god of that town4 ,proceeding to the shrine of the deity1 ,piankhy relates that 8he stood alone10 that he 8broke the seals0 and 8slid back the door bolt10 opened 8the double doors0 and saw his father ,ra in the holy shrine4 ,after performing certain ceremonies therein1 he goes on to tell us that the doors were again shut1 8clay was applied0 to them1 which was then sealed by the king's own hand4 ,herodotus also1 it may be remembered1 refers to the ,egyptian custom of sealing up doors1 in the story of ,rhampsinitus and the clever thief1 who succeeded in pilfering the royal treasury by means of a loose stone in the wall of it4 ,when the king happened to open the chamber1 says the historian1 he was astonished at seeing the vessels deficient in treasure1 but he was unable to accuse anyone1 as the seals were unbroken and the chamber well secured4 ,the sealings to tomb doors1 the ,egyptian's 8eternal habitation10 being required to be permanent1 were much more elaborate4#ac ,after the mourners had retired1 and the door had been closed1 clay was smeared round the juncture of it with the lintel1 jambs and threshold1 and then stamped all over by the seal of the priest in charge4 ,as in the case of doors of houses and store-chambers1 so also with boxes1 the lids were sealed down to secure their contents4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,on nearly all ancient ,egyptian boxes that have been found are to be seen two knobs 7or the holes into which they were fastened71 one on the lid1 the other on the box itself4 ,fig4 #ac shows how these were placed1 and with a piece of string1 a lump of clay and a seal1 it was an easy matter to secure the contents2 all that had to be done was to follow the same process that has already been described for securing doors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a ,,papyrus ,,roll1 ,,tied ,,up ,,and ,,sealed4 7,this hieroglyph was used as a determinative of all abstract words from a very early period47 7b7 ,for authenticating ,documents1 etc4 ,with the advance of civilization1 and the development of the art and practice of writing1 the seal began to be employed for documents also4 ,till very recent times writing has been an accomplishment of few except professional scribes1 hence it was natural that seals which bore the personal badge or mark of the owner1 began to be used by those who could not write their names for giving that authenticity and authority to a document which is now more usually conferred by a written signature4 ,legal documents were therefore attested by the seal1 and a legal contract was known in ,egypt by the name ,egyptian 9999 ,khetemt1 8the sealed40#ad ,but the method of attaching the seal to the document was different in ancient times to that of the present day4 ,the old ,egyptian1 instead of impressing with his signet the surface of the sheet of papyrus1 used to roll it up1#ae tie it round with string1 and then1 after knotting the string in the middle of the roll1 he affixed the clay to the knot and sealed it 7see fig4 #ad74 ,thus the roll could not be opened1 and consequently the writing of it could not be altered nor new matter introduced without the seal being first broken1 and the mere breaking of the seal would be legal proof enough to show that the document had been tampered with4 ,it is not till the ,ptolemac period that there is an instance of a document stamped with ink1#af although the stamp in paint has been shown to be as early as the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4#ag ,a familiar instance of the use of the seal for legal documents is given by the prophet ,jeremiah4 ,having bought a field of ,hanameel1 he payed the owner seventeen shekels of silver for it2 then subscribed the evidence and sealed it4 ,this being done1 he took the evidence of the purchaser1 8both that which was sealed according to the law and custom and that which was open10 and gave it to ,baruch in order that it might be put in an earthen vessel1 and so preserved in case of any dispute4 7,jeremiah xxxii1 #i-ad47 ,but it was not only legal documents that were attested by the signet2 letters also were sealed up by the sender before they left his hands1#ah and several such letters1 with the seals still unbroken1 have been found by the excavator4 ,the aim of the signet in this connection was of course to afford proof of the identity of the sender1 and to warrant the contents of the letter4 ,the importance attached to the seal at present in the ,east is so great1 that without one no document is regarded as authentic4 ,from the use for authenticating documents1 the seal came to be employed for another purpose--that of authenticating the purity or weight of a piece of gold or other metal2 the stamp upon the coin being the government guarantee of the fineness and weight of the piece of metal4 ,it has often been supposed that the specimens of the scarab class of ,egyptian seals were used as tokens of value1 that they represented the small change of the ,pharaohs4 ,in support of this interpretation a remark of ,plato1 to the effect that 8in ,ethiopia engraved stones were used as money10 has often been quoted4 ,it is of course true that the ,egyptians had no coined money of their own before the time of the ,macedonian ,conquest2 taxes were collected and salaries were paid in kind1 and all trade was done by barter1 as in ,central ,africa at the present day4 ,the idea1 however1 that scarabs themselves were used for the purposes of barter1 or as tokens of exchange1 is not supported by the inscriptions1 or by any of the scenes depicted on the monuments4 ,but we do find1 and this is very important1 that during the ,hyksos period 7circa #agjj ,b4,c471#ai and later under ,amenhetep ,,iii 7circa #adjj ,b4,c471#bj the ,khetem or 8seal0 is given as a measure of value1 although here it is probable that it was not the seal itself that is meant1 but the impression of it upon another substance4 ,the ,athenian ,general ,timotheus1 ,polyaemus relates1 being in want of money to pay his troops1 8issued his own seal0 for coin1 and this substitute was accepted by the traders and market people confiding in his honour4 ,this can only mean that impressions of his signet on clay1 or some other substance1 were put into circulation as representatives of value1 and so received by the sellers4 ,it is in the impression of a seal or stamp upon a piece of gold or other metal that we have the origin of coined money4 ,the study of the early history of coined money is a most curious one4 ,rude peoples pass from barter to the use of metallic currency2 and the most general article of wealth is taken as the standard to which1 either as a multiple or a fraction1 all other possessions are adjusted4#ba ,in ,greece1 as in ,italy1 the ox was the unit of value1 and in ,italy#bb a piece of metal was stamped with the impression of an animal 7nota pecudum71 whence it was termed pecunia1#bc but when and by whom such a stamp was first placed on 8the bar or piece of metal it is1 of course1 impossible to say40 ,the ,egyptian inscriptions1 fortunately1 throw some light on this subject1 for as early at least as ,b4,c4 #agjj1 a ,egyptian 9999 khetem is mentioned as a unit of value for metals1 while 8an ox0 is valued as one seal4 ,furthermore1 the word ,egyptian 9999 khetem1 determined by an ox1 actually occurs as a measure of value1 and means a seal with the figure of an ox stamped on it1 or an ox skin sealed4#bd 7c7 ,for ,transference of ,authority4 ,we have just seen that the affixing of a seal to a document gave to that document its validity and binding force1 and it is now not difficult to realize that1 being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office1 it should have become the symbol of it4 ,the delivery therefore of the seal or signet either by the king or by his minister1 committed to the individual the authority and power to execute the rights and duties of his office4 ,the ,egyptian monarch himself was invested at his ,coronation#be with the ,royal ,signet1#bf upon which his name and titles were engraved2 this was as important a part of the insignia of royalty as his sceptre or his crown4 ,in an early text 7circa #bejj ,b4,c47 it is said that 8,mer-en-,ra maketh his appearance as king1 he hath taken possession of his signet 7sah7 and of his throne40#bg ,the word for signet is here ,egyptian 9999 ,sah 7variants ,egyptian 9999 and ,egyptian 9999 ,sah1 note the necklace and cylinder seal as determinative71 and the signet was repeatedly used in ancient ,egypt to denote a man of noble rank1 one who was allowed to carry a signet with the royal name engraven upon it4 ,osiris is named ,sahu1 8seal bearer0 of the gods whom he has called into existence1 and a hymn#bh calls him the glorious ,sahu among the sahus4 ,the ,prince ,khnemhetep 7#bjjj ,b4,c471 at ,beni ,hasan1 says of himself that he was distinguished above all the king's nobles 7sahu72 that is to say1 the order of men bearing the signet or sign of investiture4 ,a mummified person is also called ,sahu1 in virtue of investiture4#bi ,the ,great ,seals of ,state were as important in ancient ,egypt as they are in this country1 and it was only by the king bestowing his own seal1 or one of the ,great ,seals of ,state1 on one of his subjects1 that he could delegate his authority4 ,in the ,biblical account of ,joseph we read1 8and ,pharaoh said unto ,joseph1 see1 ,i have set thee over all the land of ,egypt4 ,and ,pharaoh took off his ring from his hand1 and put it upon ,joseph's hand 444 and made him ruler over all the land of ,egypt40 ,that this ceremony was true1 and that the giving of the seal or ring of office by the king1 or by one of his ministers1 on the appointment of a high government official1 was indeed usual1 is proved by several inscriptions3 at the time of the middle of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 ,amenhetep ,,iii 7#adej ,b4,c47 places 8the two lands0 in the 8hands0 of the ,vezr ,ptahmes1 and 8the signet rings of the ,horus0 7i4e41 the ,sovereign7 upon his fingers4#cj ,in a scene in the tomb of ,hy at ,thebes1 which is here 7,pl4 ,,ii7 published for the first time1 the ,chancellor of ,king ,tutnkhamen1 #acej ,b4,c41 presents the gold signet ring of the office of ,royal ,son 7i4e41 ,viceroy7 of ,ethiopia 8to the ,prince ,hy1 in order that the office of the ,royal ,son of ,ethiopia may be made to flourish40 #e4 ,,the ,,officials ,,concerned ,,in ,,its ,,use4 ,as the seal was put to such varied and important uses in ,ancient ,egypt1 it is no wonder that many officials of the ,government were concerned in its employment4 ,there were ,egyptian 9999 khetemtiu1#ca 8sealers0 7singular ,egyptian 9999 khetemu1 8a sealer071 attached to almost every department of the public service1#cb as well as to all the religious institutions of the country2 and even wealthy noblemen#cc usually had one or more of these 8sealers0 in their household1 whose duty it was to give out from the khetemu1 8sealed rooms0 or 8store rooms10 the provisions and other private property required by the great man or by his household4 ,so important was it that the process of sealing jars1 boxes1 and doors should be done properly1 that ,egyptian 9999 seez1#cd 8instructors10 in the art were employed4 ,a scene in a tomb at ,sakkara#ce shows one of these officials carrying a pail of mud with a ladle in it1 going to instruct his pupils4 ,these 8sealers0 formed a regularly organized body1 and served under a ,egyptian 9999 mer or 8superintendent40#cf ,the reader's attention has already been drawn to the fact that the monarch was invested at his coronation with a ,royal ,signet1 upon which his name and titles were engraved4 ,in the earlier periods of ,egyptian history this ,royal ,signet was1 doubtless1 either worn by the monarch himself or carried in some secure way about his person4 ,we do not read in the inscriptions of the earliest dynasties of any 8,keeper of the ,royal ,seal10 as we find so frequently alluded to in the hieroglyphic texts from the ,middle ,kingdom onwards1 and it would consequently appear as if the king himself in those early times attended to the business connected with his ,treasury ,department4 ,two important officials of the oldest period1 however1 were closely concerned with the use of the seal1 and their titles were derived from its name4 ,one of these was the 8,sealer of the ,honey jars02 the other was the 8,divine ,sealer10 8,sealer of the ,god40 ,the first title#cg ,egyptian 9999 8the ,sealer of the ,honey jars10 was1 perhaps1 the oldest of the many hundreds of titles that we find at all periods of ,egyptian history1 and from the ,third ,dynasty onwards there was probably not a man of less than royal rank who would not have been proud to bear it4 ,it originally meant1 as we have said1 8the ,sealer of the ,honey jars0 honey being the greatest of all primitive luxuries1 and its use reserved for the king's table4 ,this title must therefore be regarded as a relic of the most extreme antiquity1 and it certainly goes back to the time before the use of wine in the ,nile ,valley4 ,at the beginning of the ,fourth ,dynasty 7circa #cjjj ,b4,c471 however1 its meaning had probably become already obsolete1 and from that period onwards it meant nothing more than a 8,royal ,sealer10#ch or one entitled to use a seal with the monarch's name engraven upon it4 ,doubtless there were several of these officers employed in the royal palaces to look after the security of the king's private property1 and it was the duty of some of them to accompany the sovereign on his various military expeditions4#ci ,in contradistinction to this secular title we find the ,egyptian 9999 8,divine ,sealer10 the priest who had charge of the temple treasure1 furniture1 and goods that were kept under the temple seals4 ,this title1 like the one that we have just discussed1 occurs also at an early period1 and continued in use till very late times4#dj ,these 8,divine ,sealers0 were attached to the service of various gods1 or they were employed by the religious authorities of certain districts4 ,in the first case they are specified as 8of ,amen10#da 8of ,horus10 etc42 while in the second as 8of ,abydos10#db 8of ,thebes10 etc4 ,it is possible that they were placed under a mer#dc or 8,superintendent10 but the title is so rare that this was not usually the case4 ,it was the ,divine ,sealer's duty to obtain and supervise the transport of stone for the temple buildings1#dd and to pay for and1 if necessary1 to collect in far distant countries precious things for the service of the gods4 ,in order to obtain stone for statues or for temple buildings1 he sometimes led semi-military expeditions to quarries far in the deserts1#de and when it was necessary to convey the huge blocks of granite and other material down the river1 he was usually placed in command of the transport ships4#df ,from the time of the ,middle ,kingdom#dg 7circa ,b4,c4 #bjjj7 onwards the title ,egyptian 9999 mer khetem1#dh 8,superintendent0 or 8,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal0#di is constantly occurring in the hieroglyphic inscriptions4 ,during the first half of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 while each province was yet ruled over by semi-independent chieftains1 there appears to have been a ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal employed in the administration of each nome1#ej whose duty it was to collect and transmit treasure to the central office4 ,next to the chieftain himself1 he was perhaps the most important personage in the province1 for he had control over its revenues1 and all its public works were carried out under his supervision4 ,baqt1 the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal in the ,oryx nome1 supervised the excavation and adornment of ,khnemhetep's magnificent monument at ,beni ,hasan4#ea ,when that great nomarch's officials defiled before him1 the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal stood in the place of honour#eb behind the uhem or 8,herald10 and in front of the mer meshau or 8,general of the ,troops40 ,he was the nomarch's trusted friend1 and accompanied him on his hunting and fowling#ec expeditions in the desert and on the river1 while in ,khnemhetep's funeral procession to ,abydos1 his place was in the ,state barge at the side of the deceased prince's children4#ed ,a very interesting scene at ,beni ,hasan shows the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal seated in his kha#ee or 8office10 watching one of his assistants weighing gold1 or some other precious metal1 in a balance1 while a seated scribe writes down the weight on a wooden tablet or sheet of papyrus 7see fig4 #ae74 ,the office here shown was very similar to that of the ,vezr2#ef it was a columned hall of six columns in two rows1 the front being open to the air1 while at the back was a door which gave entrance to the bt el ml or treasury4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,the ,,seal4 7,from a painting in a tomb at ,beni ,hasan47 ,about the middle of the ,twelfth ,dynasty a great change appears to have taken place in the political constitution of ,egypt2 we no longer hear of the ,chieftains of ,nomes or ,provinces1 and it seems that the ,government1 for a short time at least1 became much more strictly centralized than it had ever been before4 ,with this centralization of the administration several new offices were created1 the provincial 8,keepers of the 7,royal7 ,seal0 appear to have been suppressed1 and adenus1 8wakls0 or 8deputies0 of the ,chief ,keeper1 appointed in their stead4 ,the ,treasury ,department1 however1 was still presided over by a single#eg 8,keeper of the ,royal ,seal10 who henceforth was one of the most important and powerful personages in the realm2#eh he became1 in fact1 the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1#ei an ,lord ,chancellor1 ,keeper of the ,seal4 ,unfortunately we have no long inscription recording this great official's duties1 as we have in the case of the ,vezr1#fj so it is only by gathering a fact here and there from many sources that we can obtain any idea of his multifarious duties4 ,that he had charge of the ,government stores1 and supervised everything connected with the bt el ml or ,treasury1 is certain2#fa he had also to be responsible for the payment of all ,government bills4 ,if any important public monument had to be erected1#fb or if any government business was to be undertaken1 it was his duty1 together with his staff of assistants1 to make all necessary arrangements regarding the payment of the employs1 which must have been a most onerous task1 when we remember that the ,egyptians possessed no coined money until after the time of ,alexander the ,great4 ,the supervision of the taxation of the country appears also to have been placed in the ,chancellor's hands1 and it was his custom1 as it still is with the heads of the departments of the various services of the ,khedive's administration1 to make an annual tour of inspection throughout the length and breadth of the country4#fc ,in time of war a number of his officers accompanied the military expeditions1 and when a town was plundered by the royal troops1 they took possession of the spoil1 some of which was kept for the ,treasury1 while the rest was given to the temples as an offering to the gods4#fd ,but not only did the ,egyptian ,chancellor have charge of everything connected with the ,treasury1 he seems also to have had a considerable share of the responsibility of appointing various ,state officials4 ,we have already referred to the story of ,joseph's appointment to the ,vezrate1 in which case the ,seal or ,signet of office was given by the king personally4 ,with other officials1 however1 it seems to have been the custom for the ,chancellor to deliver the ,seal1 and this ceremonial in a bureaucratic country such as ,egypt then was1 must have entailed a vast amount of time4 ,possessing the authority to appoint high officers1 and also the means of controlling the ,state ,treasury1 it is no wonder that these old ,chancellors attained to a great degree of power1 and there seems reason to believe that more than one dynasty had its origin in a ,chancellor's family4 ,so many and various were the duties of the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal1 that it is hardly matter for surprise if we find that he employed a large staff of assistants to help him4 ,among these the ,egyptian 9999 8,deputy of the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal10#fe appears to have been the most important4 ,when his chief was absent from the capital on one of the official tours of inspection through the country1 this adenu or 8deputy0 was left in charge of the central office1 and the duty naturally devolved upon him of looking after the permanent staff of the ,treasury ,department4 ,this staff consisted of3-- 7#a7 ,a ,egyptian 9999 8,chief ,overseer of the ,courtyard of the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal10#ff an official who was1 ,i believe1 deputed to personally supervise everything that went in or out of the ,bt el mal or ,treasury4 ,there was also 7#b7 ,a ,egyptian 9999 or 8,overseer of the ,courtyard of the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal40#fg 7#c7 ,a ,egyptian 9999 or 8,overseer of the ,courtyard of the ,office of the ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal40#fh 7#d7 ,several ,egyptian 9999 8,assistants40#fi 7#e7 ,a ,egyptian 9999 8,chief ,scribe10#gj and several 7#f7 ,egyptian 9999 8,scribes10#ga who had their own ,egyptian 9999 or 8men servants80 ,these scribes of the ,chancellor were very important officials3 they were intrusted with official seals1 and allowed to transact on their own responsibility important business affairs connected with the ,state4 ,they appear generally with the title ,egyptian 9999 8,scribe in ,charge of the ,seal10 or1 more literally1 8he who writes with an ,official ,seal40 ,they are found under this title only towards the end of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 and their services were retained by the bureaucratic kings of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty1 but no mention occurs of them in later times4 ,they were employed in writing official documents1 in keeping accounts1 and in fixing prices to be paid for wages of labourers4 ,from inscriptions that have been preserved1 it would seem that each town#gb had its own 8,scribe in ,charge of the ,seal10 and we read of a 8,scribe in ,charge of the ,seal of the labour bureau0 in a ,thirteenth ,dynasty papyrus4#gc ,besides the foregoing officials1 who were doubtless paid by the ,government1 the ,chancellor had also his private staff to manage his own estates and affairs4 ,among these may be mentioned#gd a mer per1 or 8,steward20#ge a mer shenti1 or 8,superintendent of the ,granary20#gf a sesh sha1 or 8letter writer20#gg and an ari aa1 or 8doorkeeper40#gh ,the profession of the seal engraver was obviously an important one in ,egypt1 but we do not find any references to his occupation in the ancient literature4 ,he was called the mer kesti1 and the scarab-seal of one named ,amen-ankh is in the possession of ,mr4 ,arthur ,evans 7see ,pl4 ,,xvii1 #bg74gi #f4 ,,seal ,,engravers ,,and ,,the ,,technique ,,of ,,seal ,,engraving4 ,the process of making a seal out of hard stone was simple enough2 a suitable piece of amethyst1 jasper1 or other material was taken1 cut into the shape of a cylinder1 stamp1 or scarabaeus beetle1 and polished4 ,the device or inscription was then engraved in intaglio4 ,in the case of steatite1 schist1 and other soft stones1 the device was sometimes drawn in ink#hj before being cut1 and the seal was finished by being dipped into a vitreous glaze in order to harden it4 ,pottery and paste scarab seals were moulded in terra-cotta moulds4 ,a lump of potter's clay or paste was taken1 then pressed into a dusted mould1 and flattened with a knife at the bottom4 ,it was then shaken out and left to dry4 ,when dry1 the scarab was placed in the engraver's hands1 and the inscription or device was cut on the elliptical base2 the whole was then sometimes coated with vitreous glaze4 ,the glazes used were of different colours1 varying from pale blue to deep violet1 and from pale to dark green4 ,sometimes red and yellow glazes were also employed4 ,often the glazes have changed colour1 and sometimes only faint traces of it remain on a seal4 ,seals that are now brown in colour were originally green1 while grey or white examples were generally blue4 ,the tools used were apparently of four kinds3 a knife1 a graver1 a simple drill1 and a tubular drill4 ,the knife1 perhaps of hardened bronze1 was used for cutting the specimens of the softer materials into shape1 while the graver1 of flint or obsidian1 was employed for cutting the device or inscription4 ,herodotus mentions#ha that the ,ethiopians pointed their arrows with the same sort of hard stone or flint that was used for engraving signets4 ,the simple drill1 used for drilling the soft stone seals and for engraving those of the hard stone class1 consisted of a metal drill with handle1 the butt end of which revolved inside a stone or wooden cap which the engraver held in his hand1 and was thus able to direct the point to the right place4 ,the drill itself was made to revolve by means of rapidly moving forwards and backwards by a bow1 the string of which was wound round the stick of the drill4 ,carpenters and cabinet workers in the ,east still use a similar bow drill at the present day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,working ,,the ,,bow ,,drill4 7,from the tomb of ,rekhmara47 ,the tubular drill was also worked in the same way with a bow1 but instead of the drill being pointed as in the simple drill1 it was tubular4 ,with hard stones both these kinds of drill were used1 with emery powder and oil or water4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,varieties ,,of ,,egyptian ,,seals4 ,sidenote3 ,varieties of ,egyptian seals4 ,it has already been remarked that ,egyptian seals may be divided into two great groups3 namely 7#a7 those of cylindrical shape1 which were rolled over the clay or other substance to be impressed2 and 7#b7 those with a flat base1 which were used as stamps4 ,both these types probably originated in ,western ,asia4 ,the first group comprises all 7a7 cylinder seals2 to the second belong all 7b7 hemi-cylinder and cone shaped seals1 7c7 button shaped seals1 7d7 scarab shaped seals1 7e7 plaques and other miscellaneous forms1 and 7f7 ,signet rings4 #a4 ,,cylinder ,,seals4 ,sidenote3 ,cylinder seals4 ,the oldest seals that have been discovered in ,egypt are of cylindrical shape1 hence their name1 cylinders1 or more correctly1 cylinder-seals4 ,they range in size from half an inch to three and a half inches in length1 and from a quarter of an inch to three quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,they are pierced longitudinally with a hole1 the diameter of which varies from a size just sufficient to receive a small thread of linen1 to an aperture in which an ordinary sized finger can be thrust4 ,the two ends are always quite plain1 the engraving1 in intaglio1 being confined to the convex surface1 which1 as a rule1 is parallel to the axis4 ,in some specimens1 however1 the surface is hollowed in such a way that the diameter of the cylinder is greater at the ends than in the middle1 but such cylinders are rare1 and generally show traces of nearly erased signs appearing through the engraving2 they must therefore be considered as having had their original inscription ground down in order to be re-engraved with other characters2 they are in fact cylinders that have been re-used4 ,sidenote3 ,how used4 ,when the cylinder seal was required for sealing1 it was gently but firmly rolled over the soft clay or other substance destined to receive the impression4 ,to make a good and continuous sealing with an unmounted cylinder is not1 however1 an easy matter1 and consequently we find that this class of seal was often mounted by inserting a rod of metal through its aperture1 the ends of which rod projected from the cylinder1 so that it could be easily held by the forefinger and thumb1 while the rod1 serving as an axle1 enabled the operator to keep the seal in place1 and at the same time to preserve an even pressure whilst rolling it over the clay4 ,this metal rod was sometimes finished off at one end into a kind of boss1 while the other end was coiled round to form a loop1 so that the cylinder might be attached to a necklace or string 7fig4 #ag74 ,the cylinder seals of kings and nobles had more elaborate mountings1 and their ends were often encased in gold1 as in a specimen found by ,dr4 ,reisner near ,girgeh1 and as in an example figured in a ,fourth ,dynasty tomb at ,medm 7fig4 #ah74 ,another method of mounting is shown in a hieroglyph 7fig4 #ai7 from a ,fifth ,dynasty ,tomb at ,sakkara4 ,here the cylinder appears to be mounted on a metal rod1 the projecting ends of which were fixed to either side of a small frame1 with a handle in which the cylinder seal could revolve4 ,by holding the handle and dragging the cylinder over the clay to be impressed1 the seal would revolve as easily and evenly as a wheel on its axle1 and consequently leave a good and firm impression behind4 ,the greater number of cylinders1 however1 are found without any trace of having been mounted1 and as many show signs of wear on the edges inside the hole1 we may conclude that they were generally simply threaded on a cord1 which1 for security sake1 was either hung by the owner round his neck or waist1 or tied to his girdle or garment4 ,it is possible that sometimes the cylinders were kept in boxes4 7,abydos1 ,,ii1 p4 #be1 #ab47 ,prof4 ,petrie has discovered an ivory panel of a box for ,king ,den engraved with a group of hieroglyphics1 suggesting that the box had contained the gold seal of judgment of the king4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,,mounted ,,cylinder ,,seal4 7,in the ,louvre47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,cylinder ,,seal4 7,figured in a tomb at ,medm47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,cylinder ,,seal4 7,figured in a tomb at ,sakkara4 ,from a drawing by ,borchardt1 ,a4,z41 vol4 xxxv1 p4 #ajf47 ,sidenote3 ,its history4 ,the history of cylinder seals in ,egypt covers the period from prehistoric times to the end of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty1 but they were only in general use down to the end of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 when they gave place to the more convenient 8scarab0 form of seal4 ,they may be most conveniently classified according to the subjects found engraved upon them1 but it is also an important matter for the student to carefully note the shape and the size of their perforation1 two points which are often of considerable importance when it is desired to accurately date a specimen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,an ,,early ,,cylinder ,,seal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a ,,cylinder ,,seal ,,bearing ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,mer ,,ra4 7,in the collection of ,mr4 ,piers47 ,sidenote3 ,varieties of shape and perforation4 ,the earliest examples that are at present known are of a peculiarly short thick type1 with a narrow hole running through them 7fig4 #bj72 they are almost identical in shape with the ,chaldean and early ,babylonian cylinder seals1 and consequently may be thought to indicate a connection at a very remote period between the civilizations of ,western ,asia and ,egypt--a connection which is still more apparent when we come to consider the subjects engraved on many of the seals themselves4#hb ,at a later period appears another variety1 which is long and thick 7see fig4 #ba71 but with a much larger perforation than that of the cylinders of the earliest period4 ,these two varieties have been found together in tombs of the beginning of the ,first ,dynasty1 but the earlier disappears soon after the reign of ,king ,zet 7,first ,dynasty71 while the later one was in general use down to the end of the ,sixth ,dynasty4 ,with the beginning of the ,middle ,kingdom we have another type of cylinder seal making its appearance2 this resembles more a long cylindrical bead 7fig4 #bb71 with an aperture of only sufficient size to admit of its being strung on a thin cord or thread4 ,the examples dating from the time of ,amenemhat ,,iii and his immediate successors are often of fairly large size1 but with narrow perforation1 while those of the latter part of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty are always much smaller1 and dwindle down in shape to mere cylindrical beads4 ,the few cylinder seals of the ,hyksos period that are known are of medium size 7fig4 #bc71 with narrow perforation1 and are somewhat like those of the earlier half of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,the specimens of the ,eighteenth and later ,dynasties vary in size considerably1 but they always have a narrow perforation 7fig4 #bd74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,,cylinder ,,seal ,,of ,,amenemhat ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a ,,cylinder ,,seal ,,of ,,kh,,an4 7,cairo47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a ,,cylinder ,,seal ,,of ,,sen-,,mut4 ,sidenote3 ,material4 ,although comparatively few specimens have been found in wood1 it is clear from many clay impressions#hc that cylinder seals were generally made of this material4 ,one example of wood was found at ,abydos#hd having the inscription written upon it in ink1 showing that the design was sketched out on the cylinder by a scribe before it was cut by the engraver4 ,next to wood1 the commonest material in early times was black steatite2 but a few specimens have been found of hmatite1 green jasper1 and ivory4 ,copper and bronze examples appear during the ,fifth and ,sixth ,dynasties1 and glazed pottery specimens appear a little later4 ,white or grey steatite1 coated with blue or green glaze1 was the favourite material of the ,twelfth ,dynasty kings and officials1 and this material was in vogue till the ,nineteenth ,dynasty4 ,at the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty carnelian cylinder seals make their appearance1 and the latest specimen known is of this hard stone4 ,sidenote3 ,the subjects engraved upon ,egyptian cylinder seals4 ,the subjects engraved upon ,egyptian cylinder seals may be grouped into three well defined divisions4 ,firstly1 there is a small class the engraving on which depicts figures of men and animals1 sometimes very beautifully executed4 ,secondly1 a much larger class1 represented by several hundred specimens1 which bear true hieroglyphic inscriptions4 ,thirdly1 a very small class with scroll patterns or other ornamental devices4 ,sidenote3 ,i4 ,figures of men and animals4 ,the specimens of the first class require to be studied in some detail1 for they contain elements which are of great importance to the comparative archaeologist4 ,a typical example is given in fig4 #be1 and a second will be found in ,pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #a4 ,one of the most distinctive features of these seals is the double-forequartered animal1 a feature which occurs again on the button-shaped seals#he of the period intervening between the ,sixth and the ,twelfth ,dynasties4 ,this does not appear to be an ,upper ,egyptian motif1 but one common to the ,delta and to an early civilization of ,western ,asia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,impression ,,from ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,in ,,the ,,berlin ,,museum4 ,another distinctive feature of these early cylinder seals is a curious bow-legged figure of a man1 which is found also on the button-shaped seals#hf of a later date4 8,the characteristic form of the lower limbs10 writes ,mr4 ,evans1 who was the first to draw attention to this class of seal1#hg 8shows that we have here to deal with the same grotesque personage who so often makes his appearance in a secondary position in ,babylonian cylinders#hh0 of an extremely archaic type1 and ,mr4 ,evans is of opinion that this figure has been taken direct from the early cylinders of ,babylon4#hi ,i would suggest1 however1 that this feature1 like that of the double-headed animals1 is but another instance of ,delta and ,western ,asian influence4 ,it is not1 indeed1 improbable that in the cylinders of this class we have relics of a ,delta civilization which was distinct from that of ,middle and ,upper ,egypt4 ,in point of date the specimens of this group range from prehistoric times to about the end of the ,old ,kingdom 7circa #bejj ,b4,c471 when they appear to have entirely died out4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,impression ,,from ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,in ,,the ,,berlin ,,museum4 ,sidenote3 ,,ii4 ,hieroglyphic inscriptions4 ,of the second group of ,egyptian cylinder seals1 namely1 those bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions1 a large number are figured in the plates1 but a glance at the reproductions of them will show that they are of several different types1 and that they may be more conveniently studied if they are grouped into subdivisions4 ,the examples of an earlier period than the ,first ,dynasty may be subdivided into two separate classes4 ,sidenote3 ,primitive cylinder-seals4 ,class ,i4 ,in the first may be placed all those bearing any primitive hieroglyphic signs which appear to give personal names written in a horizontal line 7fig4 #bf74 ,a remarkable feature of this class is1 that on most of the examples occurs a curious figure of a stork with head turned over its back4 ,sidenote3 ,class ,,ii4 ,to the second class belong all those seals which give personal names1 with a seated figure as determinative1 and always written in a horizontal line 7see fig4 #bg74 ,this seated figure is very unlike that which occurs in later hieroglyphic inscriptions2 it is always represented as wearing a long wig of hair1 which falls behind the head to some distance below the shoulders1 and in front of the figure is generally shown a table upon which are figured loaves of bread4 ,the standard-sign ,neith is often found on cylinder-seals of this type1 and would perhaps point to the ,western ,delta as the place of their origin3 the stork1 so common on specimens on ,class ,i1 seems1 however never to occur in them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,capt4 ,,timmins4 ,sidenote3 ,class ,,iii4 ,with the beginning of the historical period appears another class1 which is characterized by rude hieroglyphic inscriptions written in vertical columns1 which columns are generally divided by lines 7see fig4 #bh7 ,these are the true prototypes of the ,egyptian cylinder-seals of the ,old and ,middle ,kingdoms4 ,sidenote3 ,cylinder-seals of ,dynastic times4 ,cylinder-seals of ,dynastic times which bear hieroglyphic inscriptions may be divided into groups according to the meaning of their inscriptions4 ,thus we have 7,i7 a group which bears the names and titles of kings and other royal personages2 7,,ii7 a group of officials which bear the king's name and the title of the office or official1 but never the personal name of the latter2 and 7,,iii7 a small group of private seals which bear the name and titles of the former4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,,impression ,,of ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,from ,,mr4 ,,macgregor',s ,,collection4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,impression ,,of ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,of ,,narmer4 7,from ,petrie's ,royal ,tombs1 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #ia47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,impression ,,of ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,of ,,king ,,zer4 7,from ,petrie's ,royal ,tombs1 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xv1 #ajh47 ,sidenote3 ,cylinder-seals bearing ,royal names4 ,one of the earliest ,royal seals that we know of is that of ,narmer1 the predecessor of ,mena2 it is reproduced in outline in fig4 #bi1 and gives merely the ,horus-name of the king4 ,the ,royal seal of ,zer1 ,mena's successor1 gives besides the name of the monarch1 a figure of him seated and wearing the two crowns1 typical of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt 7see fig4 #cj74 ,at the time of the ,third ,dynasty the ,royal name is first put into an oval ring or cartouche1 and a little later the name is generally accompanied by the statement that the king is 8beloved of the gods10 or beloved 8of the goddess ,hathor40 ,with ,men-kau-ra the title ,sa ,ra1 8,son of ,ra10 first appears1#ij but it is not till the ,twelfth ,dynasty that we find the full name of a king cut on a single seal4 ,at the time of the ,twelfth and ,thirteenth ,dynasties the king's name is generally given in a cartouche either with#ia or without#ib his official titles1 and then it is often accompanied by the statement that he is 8beloved of ,sebek0#ic of some specified locality4 ,a few cylinder-seals of this period also bear the names of two or more kings4#id ,the only specimens of the ,hyksos period that are known up to the present are those of ,khan2 one of these is in the ,museum at ,athens1#ie another is in the possession of ,signor ,lanzone1#if and a third is in the ,cairo ,museum 7see fig4 #bc74 ,two remarkable cylinders of about the same period are figured in ,pl4 ,,vii1 #b1 and ,,viii1 #a2 while to the latter half of the ,hyksos period must be placed the cylinder-seal of ,king ,antef 7,nub-kheper-ra71 of the early ,seventeenth ,dynasty1 which is figured in ,pl4 ,,vii1 #ab4 ,the ,royal cylinder-seals of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty generally bear the king's name in the cartouche without other decorations1#ig but some have also a figure of the king1 or figures of gods and animals4#ih ,the large specimen reproduced in outline on ,pl4 ,,viii1 #g1 is the seal of ,sety ,i of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty1 and is one the latest specimens of ,royal cylinder-seal known4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,impression ,,from ,a ,,cylinder-,,seal ,,of ,,pep ,i4 7,in ,mr4 ,piers' ,collection47 ,sidenote3 ,official cylinder-seals4 ,official cylinder-seals are of two kinds4 ,they either bear 7a7 the name of the king together with the title of the office or official1 but not the personal name of the latter2 or 7b7 simply the title of the official without the name of the king4 ,the ,royal name appears once or thrice on the seals of the first group1 and1 if repeated1 the rest of the inscription is placed between the names2 the titles and name of the king are almost always written in a direction contrary to that of the other words1 apparently as a mark of respect 7see fig4 #ca74 ,these official cylinder-seals range in date from the ,first ,dynasty to the time of ,pep ,,ii of the ,sixth ,dynasty1 when they became superseded by the seals of the stamp form4 ,sidenote3 ,private cylinder-seals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,cylinder-seals bearing the name and titles of officials are also known 7see fig4 #cb74 ,these appear to have been used as the private seals of the persons whose names are engraved upon them4 ,they date from the ,twelfth ,dynasty into the ,twenty-,sixth but are very rare4 ,sidenote3 ,,iii4 ,scroll patterns1 etc4 ,a very small class of cylinder-seal bears scroll patterns or geometrical devices4#ii ,these appear for the first time during the intermediate period between the end of the ,sixth and the beginning of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 when they are generally made of glazed pottery1 and are very coarsely executed4 ,the specimens of a later time 7probably ,seventeenth or early ,eighteenth ,dynasty7 are of glazed steatite1 and beautifully cut4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #cc and #cd4 #b4 ,,button-,,shaped ,,and ,,hemi-,,cylinder ,,seals4 ,sidenote3 ,button-shaped seals4 ,a small1 but very distinctive class of seal1 cut in the shape of a button1 with flat circular disc and loop at the back 7see fig4 #cc71 has recently been found in ,egypt1 and closely akin to this class is another1 but much smaller one1 the examples of which are cut in the form of a hemi-cylinder 7sometimes with projecting base71 and pierced through their length by a hole of ,sidenote3 ,hemi-cylinders4 sufficient size to admit of a fine piece of string being inserted 7see fig4 #cd74 ,some of the button-shaped seals have ornamented backs3 instead of the loop being plain as in fig4 #ci1 it is cut in such a way as to represent two hawks' heads1 or the fore-parts of two lions back to back4 ,occasionally we also find specimens in the shape of a hippopotamus' head 7fig4 #dj74 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ce and #cf4 ,sidenote3 ,how used and mounted4 ,the specimens of these two classes were used as stamps1 and they are generally found either attached to a finger by a flaxen thread1 or threaded to a string of beads1 in which case they were worn around the neck as pendants4#ajj ,occasionally they have been found without any attachment1 but simply held by the owner in his or her left hand4 ,sidenote3 ,their history4 ,these two classes of seal were in use in ,egypt for a limited period only4 ,they appear for the first time in graves belonging to the end of the ,sixth ,dynasty1#aja and during the period intervening between that time and the beginning of the ,middle ,kingdom they were the commonest form of seal in use4#ajb ,before the end of the ,eleventh ,dynasty they seem to have entirely disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,sidenote3 ,the subjects engraved on 7#a7 button-shaped seals4 ,the patterns#ajc that we find engraved upon button-shaped seals are distinctive1 and they are certainly not ,upper ,egyptian in their origin4 ,hieroglyphs very rarely occur 7cf4 fig4 #da71 and when they do1 they are clearly imitations of ,egyptian characters made apparently by foreigners4 ,the motives for some of the designs are clear2 thus a common type is that which has already been noticed as occurring on a class of early cylinder-seal--the linked forequarters of gazelles and other animals symmetrically arranged 7cf4 figs4 #ci1 #dj72 sometimes also we find a curious running figure of a man 7fig4 #db1 and cf4 fig4 #ce71 and occasionally a tortoise1 a lizard 7cf4 fig4 #dc71 or a spider 7cf4 fig4 #dd74 ,conventional and geometrical patterns are also found1 the meander#ajd and the radiated disc being perhaps the most frequent4 ,see also figs4 #de-f4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #da1 #db and #dc4 ,sidenote3 7#b7 ,hemi-cylinders4 ,the patterns occurring on the hemi-cylinder seals are nearly all geometrical1 as shown in figs4 #dg-eg1 but the human figure is sometimes represented1 as in fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dd1 #de and #df4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dg1 #dh and #di4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ej and #ea4 ,sidenote3 ,historical importance of button-shaped seals4 ,the button-shaped seals are of considerable interest to the student of comparative archaeology1 and they are certainly not ,upper ,egyptian in their origin4 ,the earlier forms have1 moreover1 no affinity to the ,mycenaean series of designs1 and1 as ,mr4 ,petrie#aje has remarked1 the spirals1 butterfly1 cuttlefish and other characteristic types are absent4 ,on the other hand1 they have several links which connect them to the ,greek ,island and ,cretan class of seals1 and also to some found in ,italy1 from which we may perhaps infer that they are of common origin4#ajf ,an almost exact reproduction of some of these steatite buttons in clay actually occurs in the ,italian terramare1 and in the ,ligurian cave deposits of neolithic and neolithic periods4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,evans writes1 8,the clay stamp from the terramare of ,montale in the ,modenese1 represented in fig4 #eb1 the top of which is now broken1 was probably once perforated1 is not only analogous in form but bears a simple geometrical design almost identical with that on an early steatite button-seal from ,knossos40#ajg ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,sidenote3 ,material4 ,specimens of button-seals have been found in gold1 amethyst1 carnelian1 lapis lazuli1 black steatite1 steatite glazed blue or green1 ivory1 bone1 and blue or green glazed pottery4 ,the hemi-cylinders are only as yet known in steatite glazed blue or green4 #c4 ,,scarab-,,shaped ,,seals4 ,sidenote3 ,scarab-shaped seals4 ,by far the commonest form of ,egyptian seal was that cut in the shape of the scarabaeus beetle1 hence its name1 8,scarab0 or 8,scarabaeus10 from the ,greek name of the insect1 ,greek3 skarabos or ,greek3 skarabeios 7,latin scarabaeus74#ajh ,the beetle is represented standing on an elliptical base1 on which is engraved in intaglio a hieroglyphic inscription or ornamental pattern4 ,the seals of this class range in size from a fifth of an inch in length to four or even five inches1 but the commonest size is about three-quarters of an inch1 by half-an-inch broad and a quarter of an inch high4 ,they are nearly always pierced longitudinally with a hole1 the size of which is usually just sufficient to receive a thread or thin wire4 ,sidenote3 ,how used4 ,when the scarab-seal was used for sealing1 it was simply pressed upon the clay destined to receive the impression1 just as a signet is used at the present day4 ,a large number of clay-sealings from scarabs have been found in different localities in ,egypt1 and bear witness to the manner in which this class of seal was used4 ,sidenote3 ,how mounted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,the greater number of scarabs were probably simply strung on a thread of string1 by which they were secured to the garment or girdle of the person to whom they belonged4 ,sometimes they were worn on the finger1 attached by a piece of string 7fig4 #ec71 or they were simply mounted as swivels to metal rings1 in which they revolved 7fig4 #ed71 or they were enclosed in a metal frame or funda in order to protect their edges from injury1 and then mounted as swivels to metal rings 7fig4 #ee74 ,such mountings often give us a clue to the date of these objects1 and will be found described in detail in the section on signet-rings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 #a3a4 ,fig4 #ee4 #b3a4 ,sidenote3 ,current ideas regarding scarabs4 ,the beetle upon which these little seals are modelled1 and from which they take their name1 is the ,scarabaeus sacer of entomologists1 an insect which is remarkable not only for the structure and situation of its hind legs1 which give it a singular appearance when walking1 but also for its habit of rolling up balls of excrementitious matter in which the female encloses her eggs4 ,the balls of dung the insect rolls about the sand until they become coated with a thick layer of dust1 and grow to a size often as large as the insect itself4 ,the ,egyptians1 who were always keen observers of nature1 early noticed this remarkable habit1 and selected the scarabaeus as the symbol of their god ,khepera1 8he who turns0 or 8rolls20 for the conception was that ,khepera caused the sun to move across the sky1 as the beetle causes its ball to roll along the sand4 ,there was also another reason for the ,egyptian linking the insect and the god together3 as the young beetle came forth from the ball of clay it was believed that a female beetle did not exist1 that it was consequently the 8only-begotten10 because it was a 8creature self-produced and not conceived by a female40 ,hence we find that for this reason it is said to have been taken as the emblem of ,khepera1 the 8,father of the ,gods10 who created all things out of clay4 ,consequently we find that several archaeologists attach a sacred meaning to the myriads of scarabs that have been found in ,egypt2 they regard them simply as emblems of the god ,khepera4 ,it is1 however1 as a 8charm0 or 8amulet0 having magical qualities that the scarab is usually spoken of at the present day1 and that a few of them had a magical signification is proved beyond a doubt by the inscriptions that are found engraved upon some of them4 ,there is also a mention of a scarab being employed for the purposes of magic in a magical receipt book#aji of the period intervening between the end of the ,twelfth and the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty2 but it must here be remarked that in this case the scarab is called a khetem or 8seal10 which clearly shows that the ,egyptians regarded these objects primarily as seals1 to whatever other uses they may have put them4 ,from the fact that scarabs bearing royal names are often found with mummies in the tombs1 it has been conjectured that they were laid with the dead 8to place them under the protection of their former lord in the next world1 and to ensure that they should follow him and share in all the immunities and privileges that so great a divine being would enjoy with the gods40 ,another theory regarding ,egyptian scarabs is that they were employed as tokens of value1 but1 as we have already remarked1#aaj the idea that they were used for the purposes of barter or exchange is not supported by the inscriptions1 or by any of the scenes depicted on the walls of the ancient tombs or temples4 ,the statement of ,plato that engraved stones were used in ,ethiopia as money refers to ,ethiopia alone and not to ,egypt1 for there was certainly no coined money in the ,nile ,valley until the period of the ,ptolemies4 ,other archaeologists there are who hold that these objects were made and used for the purpose of personal decoration2 but although there is every reason to believe that they were often1 perhaps generally1 worn on the person1 it by no means follows that this was their only or even their principal use4 ,at the present day we often carry our seals on our watch chains1 or we wear our signets as rings on our fingers1 but we cannot rightly say that these articles were made solely for the adornment of the person4 ,these are the principal theories regarding the use and signification of the ,egyptian scarab which have been set forth in works hitherto published on the subject1 but archaeologists are beginning to abandon these views in favour of another and a simpler one1 that has not as yet been discussed at length1 but that recognizes in these little objects nothing more than a simple seal or signet4#aaa ,this use is borne witness to by the great number of actual impressions of them on bits of clay that have served as seals to letters and other documents1 as well as to boxes1 vases1 and bags that have been found in the ruins of ancient towns2 and these impressions include every variety of scarab--royal1 official1 and private1 as well as those bearing figures of animals and ornamental patterns4 ,the large number of scarabs which bear the names of officials and private persons also points to the same conclusion1 for it is impossible to regard the examples of this extensive group in any other light than as the 8direct forerunners of the private seals which are so universal in the ,east at the present day40 ,a large number of scarabs have also been dug up by excavators which are mounted in metal bands 7fundae71 showing that they had served as bezels to rings1 and many early rings with scarab bezels may be seen in our museums2 these can hardly be regarded in any other light than as signet-rings4 ,it has been urged against this interpretation that the manufacture of scarabs in such profusion as we find them1 precludes the idea that they were signets and nothing more1 but it seems to have been forgotten that many millions of people must have lived during the several thousand years of ancient ,egyptian history4 ,the fact also that so many bear the royal superscription of one and the same king has likewise been brought forward as a serious objection to the theory that royal scarabs were used as seals2 but here again the two kings whose names are most often found on these objects are the two--,thothmes ,,iii and ,rameses ,,ii--whose reigns were the longest of all the ,egyptian monarchs1 and they must have employed a great number of officials entitled to use the royal seals during their long administrations4 ,it is in the light of seals1 therefore1 that scarabs are considered in the present volume4 ,sidenote3 ,their history4 ,it is difficult to fix the precise period at which the scarab form of seal first appears in history4 ,it is a noteworthy fact1 however1 that not a single specimen has yet been authenticated from a grave of a date anterior to the ,sixth ,dynasty4 ,the remarkable tombs discovered by ,petrie1 de ,morgan and others1 at ,abydos1 ,nagada1 and ,bt ,khalf1 though they contained not a single scarab or impression of one1 produced a large series of clay sealings used for wine jars1 etc41 exhibiting impressions of cylinder seals4 ,it is remarkable also that in the extensive cemetery of ,dendera1 where there were many remains of the ,sixth to ,eleventh ,dynasties1 not a single scarab was found which could be attributed to an earlier period than the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 and a similar result was obtained from the cemetery at ,hu of the same period4 ,in ,mr4 ,garstang's excavations at ,beni ,hasan1 out of eight hundred tombs of the period that were opened and examined1 not one inscribed scarab was found of the ,eleventh and early ,twelfth ,dynasties4 ,these facts would lead one to suppose that at least scarabs were not in general use in ,egypt until the middle of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a few scarabs1 however1 bear the names of kings of the ,fourth1 ,fifth1 and ,sixth ,dynasties1 but from the forms of the backs1 the glaze and general technique1 they all appear to me to be of a much later period than that of the monarchs whose names they bear4 ,the names anterior to the ,twelfth ,dynasty that occur upon such scarabs are ,mena1 ,khufu1 ,kha-ef-ra1 ,men-kau-ra1 ,unas1 ,mer-ra 7,pep ,i7 and ,mer-en-ra4 ,the ,mena scarabs are admitted by ,prof4 ,petrie and other ,egyptian archaeologists to be of a much later date than the ,old ,kingdom4 ,that scarabs of ,khufu1 ,kha-ef-ra and ,men-kau-ra were made during the ,eighteenth and later dynasties there can be no question4 ,in the ,cairo ,museum are four scarabs1 all found together by ,mariette at ,sakkara1 which are of exactly the same modelling1 material and glaze3 one bears the name of ,khufu1 another that of ,nefer-ka-ra1 the third that of ,nefer-ra1 while the fourth is of ,amenardes of the ,twenty-,fourth ,dynasty4 ,in a private collection in ,cairo is a scarab bearing the name of ,kha-ef-ra in green glazed steatite1 with cutting1 form of back1 and glaze exactly similar to that of a well-known type of ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,all the ,men-kau-ra scarabs are also undoubtedly not earlier than the period of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,the ,unas scarabs bear a great resemblance to a certain class of the ,nineteenth and ,twentieth ,dynasties3 they are generally coarsely cut1 and the glaze has turned a dull brown4 ,the only scarab of ,mer-ra known is of the same style as the scarabs of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty1 and ,mer-ra was a fairly common personal name at that period4 ,about the ,mer-en-ra example ,i am inclined to believe that it is perhaps contemporary with the king whose name it bears1 for it is of glazed pottery1 and closely resembles in style and technique a very small and distinctive class of scarab-seal which has been recently found in association with button-shaped seals in graves of the intermediate period between the end of the ,old ,kingdom and the beginning of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4#aab ,that scarabs sometimes bear the names of two or more kings1 is also another proof that we cannot always treat of them as contemporary with the kings whose names they bear4 ,thus scarabs are known of ,thothmes ,i1 ,,iii1 and ,set ,i1 of ,thothmes ,,iii and ,usertsen ,,iii1 of ,men-kau-ra and ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,scarab ,,bearing ,,the ,,names ,,thothmes ,,iii ,,and ,,amenhetep ,,ii4 #b3a ,it seems clear1 therefore1 that scarabs were not employed in ,egypt before the end of the ,sixth ,dynasty1 and then only very rarely4 ,at the beginning of the ,twelfth ,dynasty their use was still very restricted1 but at the middle of that dynasty they came into general use very quickly1 and by the time of ,amenemhat ,,iii they seem to have been widespread in ,egypt4 ,from that time onwards to the end of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty the history of ,egyptian scarab-seals can be traced in an unbroken line2 after the latter period they became very scarce1 and finally disappear early in ,roman times4 ,sidenote3 ,geographical range of ,egyptian scarab-seals4 ,many ,egyptian scarab-seals have been found in regions other than the ,nile ,valley4 ,in ,syria they have been turned up in plenty4 ,in ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 the ,aegean ,islands and the ,greek mainland1 numerous examples have been found4 ,they have also been discovered at ,crete1 in ,italy and ,sardinia1 on the north coast of ,africa1 and in ,babylonia1--in all places in fact that had trade relations with the ,egyptians4 ,sidenote3 ,varieties of ,shape4 ,the period to which a scarab belongs may often be determined from its shape and the markings on the back of the beetle2 hence it is important to carefully note the varieties of form which occur4 ,in fig4 #eh will be seen a specimen of a scarab-beetle 7the real ,scarabaeus sacer#aac7 with the nomenclature of its various parts described3 these names will be used in later references4 ,sidenote3 ,pre-,middle ,kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,the earliest examples known are of pottery1 glazed1 small in size and somewhat rough in modelling4 ,the lines are coarse1 but distinguish the head1 prothorax and body1 with elytra marked4 ,the specimens figured1 ,no4 #ei1 are from ,el ,mahasna1 and are now in the museum at ,cairo4 ,probably they may be dated1 the discoverer tells me1 to the rise of the ,middle ,kingdom1 just before the ,eleventh ,dynasty4 ,the example bearing the name of ,mer-en-ra 7fig4 #ef7 is of this class4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,three varieties of form are characteristic of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,the earliest1 dated approximately to the reigns of ,usertsen ,i and ,usertsen ,,ii1 show the beetle carefully modelled1 with clypeus 7fig4 #fj71 prothorax and elytra1 as well as the legs1 well defined4 ,just later1 about the time of ,amenemhat ,,iii1 a more decorative and conventional style appears1 in which1 while the lines are treated with more freedom1 and small embellishments are introduced for ornamental purposes as in fig4 #fa1 the form and details of the beetle are nevertheless well preserved4 ,a common form of this date is shown in fig4 #fb3 it is noticeable that the elytra are not outlined1 but the marking of the head1 eyes1 and legs appears as in the previous examples4 ,this type1 with slight variations1 perseveres1 being traceable through the ,hyksos period1 and reflected in specimens of the early ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj and #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb and #fc4 ,the closing years of the royal line of the ,middle ,kingdom1 commonly called the ,twelfth and ,thirteenth ,dynasties1 are marked by a special variety of beetle1 which has a high back 7particularly at the prothorax1 where the scarab is thickest7 and a narrow waist1 produced by an indent on either side at the point where the prothorax and elytra adjoin4 ,the head shows clypeus and eyes3 the legs are usually shown in outline only1 while the elytra are not marked4 ,there is a second type1 characteristic also of these times1 which is in reality a development from earlier forms1 as may be seen by comparing the example in fig4 #fd with that previously illustrated in fig4 #fj4 ,the tendency to decorative effect seen in this case is further exemplified by a number of scarabs which seem to follow the prototype of fig4 #fa1 though failing to preserve the quality of the lines and cutting4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fd and #fe4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,hyksos ,period4 ,as previously mentioned1 the type of back in which no elytra are shown remains the common variety through the ,hyksos period4 ,a short notch on each side indicates the point of division of the prothorax from the body1 and in the example shown in fig4 #fe the legs are suggested only4 ,the head and clypeus are plain2 the eye is sometimes represented4 ,a decorative effect is produced in some instances1 as in fig4 #ff1 by representing hairy legs upon the back of the beetle4 ,a unique example for the period is illustrated in fig4 #fg1 where the back is scored with lines diagonally in each direction4 ,another typical form is shown in fig4 #fh1 in which the threading holes are supported by a ring carved with the scarab1 while the beetle itself is developed apparently from the type in fig4 #fc4 ,in such scarabs the hairy legs upon the back occasionally may be noted4 ,another ,hyksos type characteristically represents the human head 7fig4 #fi1 and compare the scarab of ,king ,apep figured in ,plate ,i7 upon the body of the scarab with or without the legs over the back4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ff and #fg4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fh and #fi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj and #ga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb and #gc4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gd and #ge4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,with the close of the ,hyksos period there is no discontinuity in the forms of scarab-backs commonly represented1 but there is a marked incoming of new motives4 ,fig4 #gj well shows the survival in the early ,eighteenth ,dynasty of the plain-bodied scarab which we have seen surviving throughout the earlier periods4 ,marks hitherto naturalistic are seen to be becoming conventional or decorative1 but the form both in outline and in section is well preserved4 ,in fig4 #ga1 however1 there is seen a new type1 characterised by the oval base1 the curving of the lines separating the prothorax from the body1 and a superiority of technique evidenced both by symmetry and firm cutting4 ,fig4 #gb illustrates a development of this tendency in a highly-finished and decorative specimen1 in which ornamental feeling now predominates for the first time over the naturalistic4 ,the support of the thread-hole survives in this instance in the decoration1 while the legs overspread upon a broader margin to the base4 ,the date of this example is ,amenhetep ,i4 ,but the typical form of the middle ,eighteenth ,dynasty is illustrated by the example shown in fig4 #gc1 which is dated by the name of ,hatshepsut4 ,the head and back are well shaped in the section1 while the clypeus and head are clearly and exquisitely cut4 ,the prothorax is rounded at the base1 while in the forepart of the elytra a small notch is indicated in the wing case on each side4 ,the legs are sometimes well modelled1 at other times indicated only in outline4 ,a variation is illustrated in fig4 #gd1 which dates from the time of ,amenhetep ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gf and #gg4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #gh and #gi4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,nineteenth ,dynasty4 ,with the advent of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty the tendency to enlarge the base1 and the spreading legs upon it and around the scarab1 becomes typical of the period1 as illustrated in figs4 #ge1 #gf4 ,another numerous class is of pottery1 glazed as before1 in which the head is elongated while the prothorax and elytra are not outlined4 ,a downward notch on either side of the forepart of the wing cases1 however1 indicates the separation of the prothorax from the body4 ,the legs stand high1 but project only a little 7fig4 #gg74 ,during the reign of ,rameses the ,great an interesting decorative motive is introduced in a few examples1 of which figs4 #gh1 #gi are specimens of interest4 ,the former1 in the ,amherst ,collection1 is of ivory1 finely cut4 ,upon the base is the device of ,rameses in his chariot1 while upon the back is the outline of the beetle1 filled in with his cartouche and emblems4 ,during the same period the human head upon the scarab body makes its reappearance as a device for decoration4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ethiopian dominion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,with the ,ethiopian dominion a ram's head 7the emblem of ,amen-ra7 frequently is found upon the beetle body 7fig4 #hj72 while sometimes1 as shown in fig4 #ha1 the body of the scarab is replaced by the familiar ,hathor head with uraei on either side4 ,sidenote3 ,the subjects engraved on scarab-seals4 ,the subjects engraved on ,egyptian scarab-seals may be divided into several well-defined groups4 ,firstly1 there are those which bear hieroglyphic inscriptions4 ,secondly1 there are those which bear figures of men1 animals1 or flowers2 and thirdly1 those which bear geometrical designs1 coil and rope patterns1 etc4 ,sidenote3 ,i4 ,hieroglyphic inscriptions4 ,for the purposes of study the first group may be subdivided into3 7#a7 those which are inscribed with the names of kings and other royal personages2 7#b7 those which bear the names of officials and private people2 7#c7 those which have titles without names2 7#d7 those which represent the names or figures of deities1 and 7#e7 those which bear good wishes1 mottoes1 and magic formulae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,sidenote3 7#a7 ,royal names4 ,the largest class of these objects bear the names and titles of the ,egyptian kings2 they are consequently most valuable for the illustrations they afford of ,egyptian history3 some of these names being scarcely1 if at all1 known except from these sources4 ,the information they convey is1 of course1 usually very laconic1 but sometimes the names are coupled with some facts connected with them1 such as that the king is the son of a certain prince 7,pl4 ,x1 #b71 or that he is born of a queen 7,pl4 ,x1 #c71 or that he is beloved of some god 7,pl4 ,,xxx1 #bb71 or that he has conquered the foreigners 7,pl4 ,,xxviii1 #aj74 ,sidenote3 7#b7 ,private names4 ,scarab-seals bearing seals of officials and private persons form the second largest class4 ,they usually give one or more titles of the official1 together with the personal name4 ,the earliest example known is one in the ,amherst ,collection1 bearing the name of the 8,mayor ,tahutihetep10 from a tomb at ,el ,bersheh1 and the date of it is ,usertsen ,,ii 7,pl4 ,,xi1 #ae74 ,they were common during the late ,twelfth ,dynasty and early intermediate period2 they occur fairly often during the first half of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 but are rarely found after that date4 ,frequently these private scarabs are decorated with a scroll pattern or other ornament1 often very beautifully executed4 ,sidenote3 7#c7 ,titles4 ,a very small number bear titles without personal names1 such as 8the courtier0 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #bj71 8the governor of the royal city0 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #bb71 8the priest10 and 8the mayor40 ,these are all of a late date 7,twenty-sixth ,dynasty71 and are very rare4 ,sidenote3 7#d7 ,names or figures of deities4 ,names or figures of deities engraved on scarabs are common1 but they are mostly of the principal gods and goddesses of ,egypt1 such as ,amen1 ,amen-,ra 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #ah71 ,ptah 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #ac71 ,khensu1 ,isis1 ,hathor 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #e71 ,mut1 ,horus 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #aj71 and ,set 7,pl4 ,,xli1 #ae74 ,these date from the beginning of the ,eighteenth onwards to the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty4 ,sidenote3 7#e7 ,good wishes1 mottoes1 and magic formulae4 ,scarabs bearing good wishes1 mottoes1 and magic formulae are numerous4 ,some of them not only give the good wishes1 but even the names of the persons from whom they emanated and to whom they were sent4 ,thus the inscription on one in the ,petrie ,collection reads3 8,may ,ptah give a ,happy ,new ,year1 from the ,prince ,shashanq to his mother ,ka-ra-ma-ma0 7,pl4 ,,xl1 #h74 ,others give simply the words1 8,a ,happy ,new ,year0 7,pl4 ,,xl1 #b71 or 8,may ,bast give a ,happy ,new ,year0 7,pl4 ,,xl1 #c74 ,some read1 8,if ,amen is behind1 there is no fear0 7,pl4 ,,xxxix1 #bg71 while a little plaque in the ,hood ,collection says1 8,i am true of heart0 7,pl4 ,,xl1 #ba74 ,sidenote3 ,,ii4 ,figures of men and animals1 etc4 ,many scarab-seals bear the figures of men and animals1 the principal animals figured being the lion1 bull1 cynocephalus1 horse1 and gazelle4 ,birds are also often engraved1 the hawk1 the emblem of ,horus1 being the commonest4 ,serpents are very common1 and we also occasionally find combinations of serpents with animals1 sphinxes1 griffons1 and sometimes beetles and locusts 7see ,pl4 ,,xxv74 ,flowers1 such as the lotus1 are frequently found engraved on these seals4 ,hunting scenes on scarab-seals appear for the first time during the ,hyksos period1 and a beautifully cut specimen of this date is in the ,ashmolean ,museum at ,oxford 7,pl4 ,,xxv1 #bf74 ,it represents a king clad in a striped loin-cloth with fringed edge1 and wearing a curiously-shaped head-dress4 ,armed with a bow and arrows1 he hunts three ibex-gazelles and a lion among bushes of a desert wady4 ,to a later period1 probably not earlier than the ,nineteenth ,dynasty1 belong the common hunt scarabs of the types figured in ,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cc-ci4 ,the first and rarest type 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cc7 shows a hunter with lions and cheetahs chasing a gazelle4 ,the second and commonest type represents an archer hunting the lion and other desert animals 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #ce74 ,the third type is more elaborate1 and depicts the hunter riding in a chariot drawn by one or more horses 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cg-ci71 while on other scarabs we sometimes see the huntsman overtaken by a lion1 and lying flat on the ground1 apparently slain 7,pl4 ,,xlii1 #cd74 ,the cutting of these ,nineteenth ,dynasty hunt scarabs is generally deep1 and the subject is always more or less coarsely rendered3 few specimens bear any trace of glazing1 and when found it is always of an inferior kind1 which has turned brown4 ,sidenote3 ,coil and rope patterns4 ,scarabs with ornamental devices1 such as coils and twisted rope patterns engraved upon them1 appear first about the reign of ,usertsen ,i1 and continued in use to the middle of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 after which period they rarely occur4 ,the date of any single specimen may generally be determined by the form of the back1 but the glazing and general style of cutting is also important in this connection4 ,specimens of the late ,twelfth and early ,thirteenth ,dynasties are often fine examples of ornamental art3 they are generally designed with much care1 and executed with wonderful minuteness and delicacy of touch4 ,finely worked specimens are also found of the time of ,queen ,hatshepsut and ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,a representative series of coil and rope-pattern scarabs is given in ,pls4 ,,xviii and ,,xix4 ,the rope-patterns figured in ,pl4 ,,xix1 #a-c1 are of the ,hyksos period1 while those on ,pl4 ,,xviii1 #a-ae1 #ah1 range in date from the ,twelfth to the ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,the coil-patterns given in ,pl4 ,,xix1 #d1 #e1 #i1 are certainly of the ,hyksos period1 while the remainder of the coil patterns are mainly of the late ,twelfth and ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,often the continuous loop coil was used to ornament the scarabs of kings and officials4 ,the earliest example1 indeed the earliest example of any coil-pattern in ,egypt1 is found on a scarab of ,usertsen ,i1 most exquisitely worked and fully developed 7fig4 #hb74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,for a long time past it has been thought that the spiral as a motive in decoration originated in the ,nile ,valley1 and much misconception seems to prevail among archaeologists as to its occurrence in ,egypt4 ,prof4 ,petrie says#aad that its earliest use in the country was for the decoration of scarabs1 and he would trace the spiral motive back as far as the ,fifth ,dynasty4 ,the single scarab that he instances1 it is true1 bears the prenomen of ,dad-ka-,ra 7,assa71 but there is not the slightest reason to make one believe that this particular specimen is contemporaneous with the king whose name it bears2 the whole style of it1 on the contrary1 clearly shows that it belongs to no earlier a date than the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,prof4 ,petrie also attributes a number of scarabs bearing coil1 hook and link ornamentation to the ,sixth and ,eighth ,dynasties1 but these have been conclusively shown by ,fraser#aae and ,griffith#aaf to be in reality post rather than pre ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,the fact is that the spiral has not yet been found on ,egyptian monuments of an older date than the reign of ,usertsen ,i4 ,it was then used as a motive for decorating a ceiling in the tomb of a chieftain at ,assiut4#aag ,employed architecturally it is not found again until the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 when it was perhaps the most frequent motive for ceiling decorations in ,theban tombs4 ,in these tombs it is generally coloured yellow1 to represent gold1 and it is highly probable that the ornament itself originated in metal wire-work4#aah ,at the same time as we find it occurring at ,assiut1 we also find the spiral used to decorate a scarab bearing the prenomen of ,usertsen ,i 7fig4 #hb74 ,on this specimen the ornament is cut with very great care and regularity1 indicating that the design was 8a novelty1 which had not yet become stereotyped#aai and reproduced as a matter of course40 ,the same exquisite workmanship is found on some scarabs bearing private names of the time of ,amenemhat ,,iii or a little later2 and here the continuous coil is combined with the lotus in a most beautiful design--a continuous coil1 with flowers and buds in the spaces 7,pl4 ,,xiv1 figs4 #ba-bf74 ,it is difficult to believe that such a design sprang into being fully developed2 but nothing has yet been found in ,egypt at all like it of a period anterior to the ,twelfth ,dynasty2 we must therefore search for the origin and development of the spiral motive in ornament elsewhere than in the ,nile ,valley4 ,we do not yet know sufficiently the history of the ,delta to say definitely that it did not originate there1 but the probabilities are that we should look for its earliest employment and development outside the realm of ,egypt4#abj ,however that may be1 the spiral was one of the most important of the motives of the decorative art of the ancient world4 ,from very ancient times it was largely used by the peoples of ,western ,asia and the ,eastern ,mediterranean1 and in 8the wake of early commerce it was spread afield to the ,danubian basin1 and thence in turn by the valley of the ,elbe to the ,amber coast of the ,north ,sea2 there to supply the ,scandinavian ,bronze ,age population with their leading decorative designs4 ,adopted by the ,celtic tribes in the ,central ,european area1 it took at a somewhat later date a westerly turn1 reached ,britain with the invading ,belgae1 and finally survived in ,irish art40#aba ,sidenote3 ,material4 ,hard stones1 obsidian1 etc4 ,scarabs are made of all kinds of material1 from the hardest obsidian and amethyst1 to soft steatite and even wood4 ,in all ages they were made of hard stones4 ,obsidian1 spotted diorite1 beryl1 white quartz1 hematite1 amethyst1 serpentine1 green and red jasper1 as well as red carnelians1 lapis lazuli1 and turquoise were all in use from the end of the ,twelfth ,dynasty onwards to the ,twenty-sixth4 ,rarely during the earlier periods were the bases of the hardest stone specimens engraved2 they were usually covered with a gold plate1 upon which the device or inscription was incised4 ,sidenote3 ,gold1 silver1 etc4 ,metal scarabs are very rare3 a few of gold1 and two or three of silver are known of the ,eighteenth and ,nineteenth ,dynasties1 while about a dozen examples of bronze1 of the ,nineteenth and ,twentieth ,dynasties1 are preserved in our museums4 ,sidenote3 ,glass and cyanus4 ,at the middle of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty glass first appears1 and of the reigns of the ,amenheteps ,,iii and ,,iv a number of seals have been found of a beautiful semitransparent deep blue glass4 ,of the late ,eighteenth ,dynasty a few specimens are known of cyanus1 an alkaline silicate coloured a deep blue with carbonate of copper1 and this material was used in increasing quantity till the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty4 ,sidenote3 ,schist and steatite4 ,besides the hard stones enumerated above1 shelly-limestone1 schist1 and steatite were also employed1 and a few scarabs are known that were made of ivory4 ,steatite 7or soapstone7 was used in the manufacture of scarabs from the ,twelfth to the ,twentieth ,dynasties1 and by far the greater number of specimens are made of this material4 ,it is a silicate of magnesium1 soft1 easily cut1 and at the same time its superior compactness secures it from being readily broken or injured1 and it is also capable of receiving a higher finish and much sharper impression of the subject than porcelain4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,glazes4 ,the steatite scarabs were nearly always glazed1 and the glazing often helps to indicate the date of a specimen4 ,only by a careful study of a large number of specimens can the eye be accustomed to differentiate between the varieties of glazing used at different periods4 ,a very fine blue glaze of excellent quality is characteristic of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 and green glaze was also often used at this period4 ,many shades of blue and green glaze of very hard quality are found on the specimens of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty1 and the few ,hyksos scarabs that yet retain their colour show that a green glaze of a poorer quality was used at that period4 ,the characteristic glazes of the early ,eighteenth ,dynasty are green1 of a slightly greyish tint1 generally of a fine surface1 while those of the latter half of the dynasty1 though coarser in quality1 are often very brilliant in colour1 and show a variety of tints ranging through all the shades of blue and green4 ,violet glaze was also employed at this period4 ,the glazes of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty are often poor in quality1 and generally of a dark yellowish-green colour1 though sometimes blue and violet4 ,the colour commonest during the ,twentieth and later period are blue of various shades4 ,it should be remarked here that the greatest number of scarabs are brown or white3 the brown ones were invariably coloured green1 and the white specimens blue4 #d4 ,,miscellaneous ,,forms ,,of ,,seals4 ,sidenote3 ,miscellaneous forms4 ,besides scarabaei1 other forms of seals are met with in ,egypt4 ,many of them have little models of men or animals on the back1 as human-heads1 symbolic eyes1 hippopotami1 lions1 hedgehogs1 ducks1 fish1 frogs1 flies1 crocodiles2 while not a few are shaped like cowries4 ,a large number are also cut in geometrical forms1 tablet-shaped1 squares1 rectangles1 ovals1 cubes1 and cones4 ,like the scarabs1 they are all pierced1 through their long axis or diameter1 with a narrow cylindrical hole1 and were similarly mounted4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hc and #hd4 ,sidenote3 ,animals as devices4 ,the specimen illustrated in fig4 #hc1 now in the ,mac,gregor ,collection1 bears a private name upon the base4 ,the material is steatite1 beautifully carved4 ,the figure is that of a male1 squatting in the familiar attitude1 his hands upon his knees1 and wearing a full wig4 ,the date is late in the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,fig4 #hd is another illustration of the same motive1 dating from the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hh and #hi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ij1 #ia and #ib4 ,animal forms are illustrated in the figs4 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi4 ,the first represents a naturalistic group1 a cow suckling its calf1 exquisitely cut in steatite4 ,it is in the collection of ,captain ,timmins in ,cairo4 ,the design upon the base is analogous in its symmetry and the devices employed to the steatite stamp1 fig4 #id1 in the same collection1 which probably dates from about the ,eleventh ,dynasty4 ,the two stamps1 figs4 #hf and #hg1 are very important1 one of them being dated by the cartouche of ,mentuhetep of the ,eleventh ,dynasty1 the other by its analogy1 and by the device of a running figure in line frequently employed upon the button-seals 7fig4 #db1 and cf4 fig4 #bh74 ,hornets are employed upon the ,karnak three-sided seal1 fig4 #hf1 which is probably of earlier date1 about the close of the ,sixth ,dynasty4 ,a further example of this ,sidenote3 ,miscellaneous devices4 character1 being a ram with horns1 is in the ,mac,gregor ,collection3 upon the base is an interesting pattern in coils1 dating probably from the end of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,a great number of seals with cats 7fig4 #hh71 hedgehogs1 hippopotami 7fig4 #hi71 and fish 7fig4 #ij71 date from the time of ,thothmes ,,iii in the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 while those with ducks 7figs4 #ia1 #ib71 frogs1 and flies1 seem to be slightly later1 dating from the reign of ,amenhetep ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie and #if4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii1 #ajj and #aja4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb and #ajc4 ,a number of large seals are oval in form2 one of these1 with a device of animals incised upon the back1 shown in fig4 #ic1 bears upon the base the blundered cartouche of ,amenemhat ,,iii4 ,one of rectangular form 7fig4 #id7 is rather of the nature of a stamp1 being without decoration upon the back other than the necessary suspension hole in the attachment1 while upon the base is the device previously described as belonging to the period which precedes the ,middle ,kingdom--between the ,sixth and ,eleventh ,dynasties1 from its analogy to the button-seals of that time4 ,other stamps are illustrated in figs4 #ie and #if1 having oval bases4 ,they date from the ,seventeenth ,dynasty1 bearing the names of ,seqen-en-ra and ,se-,amen4 ,another stamp 7fig4 #ig7 of larger size1 has a simple handle down the middle of the back4 ,the device in this case represents a number of captives or votives below the emblem of ,anubis4 ,this class of stamp1 used generally for the sealing up of tomb-doors1 as in the case of the tomb of ,thothmes ,,iv at ,thebes1 seems to date from the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,fig4 #ih represents another common form of the same period1 itself dating to the reign of the emblem upon it1 ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,a less usual class1 dating from the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 is represented in fig4 #ii4 ,the back in this instance is plain1 the form of the stamp resembling a slice from a sphere1 with the device upon the plane face4 ,a hole pierces the thickness4 ,figs4 #ajj and #aja1 represent other objects of this class1 which from its ,aegean analogies is of peculiar importance4 ,the former specimen is dated1 from an inscription on its back1 to the reign of ,usertsen ,,iii2 the coil device is employed in each case4 ,two interesting examples are shown in figs4 #ajb and #ajc1 the one being of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 from its cutting and its glaze1 the other of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty1 from the cartouche of ,rameses ,,ii incised upon it4 ,a late example is that shown in fig4 #ajd1 and is a common type of the period of the ,sate renaissance in the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty4 ,the inscription gives the name of ,tahuti son of ,aahmes1 chief of the scribes of the temple4 ,it is of pottery1 glazed green1 and is in the ,collection of ,captain ,timmins4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ajd and #aje4 ,two typical stamps of the ,thirtieth ,dynasty1 one in bronze1 the other in pottery1 are pictured in figs4 #aje and #ajf4 ,they are both without device upon the plain handle of suspension4 ,the one fig4 #aje bears the name of the ,royal son ,za-hapi-amen2 the other bears the name of king ,kheper-ka-,ra1 otherwise ,nekht-neb-ef1 with whom the list of ,egypt's kings comes to a close4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ------------------ #e4 ,,signet-,,rings4 ,sidenote3 ,signet-rings4 ,the signet-ring was called in ,egyptian ,egyptian 9999 zebat 7var4 ,egyptian 99991 pl4 ,egyptian 9999 ,coptic ,coptic 9999 it consisted of 7a7 a perforated bezel1 the part that bears the inscription or device1 and 7b7 a hoop or wire which runs through the bezel and round the inside of the finger4 ,the bezel was generally a separate piece of stone or metal1 and when that was the case1 it was generally encircled by a metal band 7funda7 and pierced so that it formed a swivel ring4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,sidenote3 ,their history4 ,the earliest examples that we know of are not older than the middle of the ,twelfth ,dynasty1 but from that period onwards they are fairly common in ,egypt4 ,a number were found by ,m4 de ,morgan1 at ,dahshr1 of the date of ,usertsen ,,iii to ,amenemhat ,,iii1 and these are all of one type3 a scarab threaded on a piece of gold wire1 the ends of which are twisted round several times on the back of the hoop 7fig4 #ajg74 ,at a somewhat later period we find the gold wire thickened in the middle to lend additional strength1 and the two ends thrust into the perforation of the scarab4 ,the specimen illustrated 7fig4 #ajh7 dates from the ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 ,a second type of this period is shown in fig4 #aji4 ,here the scarab is mounted in a gold funda and the perforation is threaded by a wire1 the ends of which are wound tightly round the hoop1 which is made of a separate piece of metal4 ,the same form survives during the ,hyksos period 7see ,pl4 ,i1 ring of ,king ,apep71 and on to the end of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty 7fig4 #aaj1 and the ring of ,hor-em-heb1 ,pl4 ,i74 ,with the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty another form appears1 that of a plain metal ring with the outer surface of the bezel flat and the inner curved 7fig4 #aaa74 ,this form was rare during the earlier reigns of the dynasty1 but common under ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,akhenaten 7see ring of ,akhenaten1 ,pl4 ,i71 and it survives to the present day4 ,at the time of ,thothmes ,,iii1 a ring consisting of a plain hoop beaten out into a lozenge shaped plate occurs 7,pl4 ,,xxix1 #ca71 but it is a very rare form until after the ,twentieth ,dynasty4 ,with the reign of ,amenhetep ,,iii1 pottery rings of all forms are found1 and these are very common till the beginning of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ajh and #aji4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aaj4 ,,ring ,,of ,,thothmes ,,iii and #aaa4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aab and #aac4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aad and #aae4 ,pottery rings1 with long bezels1 as shown in figs4 #aab and #aac1 appear first at the end of the ,twentieth ,dynasty1 and continue on till the end of the ,twenty-third4 ,the examples of the ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty are of several forms1 the commonest being the plain hoop beaten out into a rectangular or lozenge-shaped plate which bears the inscription4 ,other forms give the outer surface of the bezel flat and the inner curved1 as in figs4 #aad and #aae3 the one being a ring of a priest of ,khufu1 named ,nefer-ab-ra2 the other that of a priest of ,tahuti1 named ,hor-se-ast4 ,a rarer form is that illustrated in fig4 #aaf1 where the flat engraved plate is welded on to a plain hoop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,descriptions ,,of ,,the ,,specimens ,,figured ,,in ,,the ,,plates4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations4 ,the following abbreviations are used to denote the collections and works most frequently quoted in the descriptions of the ,plates3-- ,alnw4 ,the ,duke of ,northumberland's ,collection at ,alnwick ,castle1 ,northumberland4 ,amh4 ,lord ,amherst of ,hackney's ,collection at ,didlington ,hall1 ,norfolk4 ,ashm4 ,the ,ashmolean ,museum at ,oxford4 ,ath4 ,the ,athens ,museum4 ,a4,z4 ,zeitschrift fr gyptische ,sprache1 ,berlin4 ,benson ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,benson's ,collection1 ,london4 ,berl4 ,the ,egyptian ,museum1 ,berlin4 ,b4,m4 ,the ,british ,museum4 ,bol4 ,the ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4 ,b4,p4 7,delhaes ,coll47 ,buda ,pesth4 ,c4d4,m4 ,the ,cabinet des ,medailles1 ,paris4 ,c4,m4 ,the ,cairo ,museum4 ,dat4 ,g4 ,dattari's ,collection1 ,cairo4 ,davis ,mr4 ,theodore ,m4 ,davis' ,collection1 ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 ,u4,s4,a4 de ,m4 ,d4 ,m4 de ,morgan's ,fouilles ,dahchour4 ,dres4 ,the ,dresden ,museum4 ,edw4 ,the ,edwards' ,collection1 ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,evans ,col4 ,john ,evans' ,collection1 ,london4 ,fitzw4 ,the ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,f4,sc4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,fraser's book 8,scarabs40 ,gibs4 ,mr4 ,gibson's ,collection1 ,liverpool4 ,gdn4 ,mrs4 ,goodison's ,collection1 ,waterloo1 near ,liverpool4 ,gr4 ,the late ,dr4 ,grant's ,collection1 ,liverpool4 ,green ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,green's ,collection1 ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,har4 ,the ,harrow ,school ,museum1 ,harrow4 ,herm4 ,the ,museum of the ,ermitage1 ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,hood ,mrs4 ,hood's ,collection1 ,nettleham ,hall1 ,lincoln4 ,h-,p4 ,mr4 ,hilton ,price's ,collection1 ,london4 ,l4 ,the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,louvre1 ,paris4 ,leyd4 ,the ,leyden ,museum4 ,liv4 ,the ,liverpool ,museum4 ,luxor ,specimens seen in ,dealers' shops at ,luxor4 ,mars4 ,the ,chteau ,borelly ,museum1 ,marseilles4 ,m4 ,b4 ,m4 ,maspero's ,guide du visiteur au ,muse de ,boulaq4 ,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 ,mariette's ,catalogue gnral des ,monuments d',abydos4 ,m4,d4 ,mariette's ,monuments ,divers4 ,m-,g4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,mac,gregor's ,collection1 ,tamworth4 ,m4 ,mast4 ,mariette's ,les ,mastabas de l',ancien ,empire4 ,murch ,mr4 ,chauncey ,murch's ,collection1 ,luxor4 ,myers ,the late ,major ,myers' ,collection1 now in the ,eton ,college ,museum1 ,eton4 ,nash ,mr4 ,w4 ,nash's ,collection4 ,newb4 ,scarabs in the possession of the writer4 ,n4,y4 ,the ,abbott ,collection at ,new ,york4 ,piers' ,coll4 ,mr4 ,piers' ,collection1 ,new ,york4 ,p4 ,prof4 ,petrie's ,collection at ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,p4 ,i4 ,prof4 ,petrie's ,illahn1 ,kahun and ,gurob4 ,p4 ,k4v,prof4 ,petrie's ,kahun1 ,gurob and ,hawara4 ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 ,prof4 ,petrie's volumes on the ,royal ,tombs of ,abydos4 ,p4 ,sc4 ,prof4 ,petrie's ,historical ,scarabs4 ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archaeology4 ,s4,k4 ,the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,thomp4 ,sir ,herbert ,thompson's ,collection1 ,london4 ,timmins' ,coll4 ,capt4 ,c4 ,timmins' ,collection1 ,cairo4 ,t4 ,the ,turin ,museum4 ,vat4 ,the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,vatican1 ,rome4 ,vien4 ,the ,vienna ,museum4 v-,b4 ,baron von ,bissing's ,collection1 ,munich4 ,w4 ,mr4 ,john ,ward's ,collection1 ,belfast4 ,w4 ,s4,b4 ,mr4 ,john ,ward's volume on ,the ,sacred ,beetle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,i4 ,,some ,,royal ,,signet-,,rings4 ,i4 ,signet-ring of ,apep ,i4 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,theodore ,m4 ,davis4 ,the bezel is of green-glazed steatite1 carved in the shape of a scarabaeus-beetle with a human head1 and mounted in a thin gold funda4 ,on the base of the bezel is engraved in intaglio1 and within a cartouche1 the name of the 8,good ,king ,aauser-ra 7,apep ,i71 giving life40 ,the cartouche is surrounded by a continuous rope-pattern4 ,the hoop of the ring is of gold1 and the bezel is secured to it by means of a gold wire running longitudinally through the funda and scarab1 and coiled tightly round its two ends4 ,,ii4 ,signet-ring of ,amenhetep ,,ii4 ,in the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,louvre4 ,the bezel is of solid gold1 in the form of a rectangular plaque4 ,on one face are engraved1 in intaglio1 the titles and prenomen of ,amenhetep ,,ii3 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 the ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 ,aa-kheperu-ra10 the cartouche being surmounted by two cobras1 and resting on the nub-sign4 ,on the other face are the titles3 ,heru1 ka nekht1 user pehtet1 8the ,horus and ,mighty ,bull1 strong in power40 ,the bezel is pierced longitudinally by a narrow hole1 and it is fixed to the hoop of the ring by means of a rod running through it1 and rivetted to the shoulders4 ,,iii4 ,signet-ring of ,nefer-ka-ra 7,psamtek ,,ii74 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,walter ,nash4 ,a plain hoop of gold1 beaten out into a lozenge-shaped plate1 upon which is cut1 in intaglio1 the prenomen of ,psamtek ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,signet-ring of ,neferu-kheperu-ra ,setep-en-ra 7,akh-en-aten74 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,walter ,nash4 ,a hoop of silver1 with massive bezel1 the inner surface of which is curved1 and the outer flat1 with the prenomen of ,akh-en-aten engraved upon it4 ,v4 ,signet-ring of ,zeser-kheperu-ra ,setep-en-ra 7,hor-em-heb74 ,in the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,louvre4 ,this is the most remarkable specimen of an ancient ,egyptian signet-ring known4 ,it is formed of a quadrangular plaque and a thick hoop1 swollen in the middle for strength1 both of solid gold2 it weighs #abe4ej grs4 ,on one face of the plaque is engraved1 in intaglio1 the prenomen of ,hor-em-heb1 while on the other is a marching lion1 emblem of royal power1 and the words ,neb ,khepsh1 8,lord of ,valiance10 above it4 ,upon the two sides are delicately engraved3 7#a7 a scorpion1 and 7#b7 a crocodile4 ,the bezel is pierced longitudinally through its centre1 and secured to the hoop by means of a thick gold wire1 which threads the bezel1 and is coiled round the two ends of the hoop4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,ii4 ,scene representing 8the ,superintendent of the ,seal0 7i4e41 the ,chancellor7 of ,king ,tt-ankh-,amen1 investing ,prince ,h with the ,official ,seal of the ,governorship of ,ethiopia4 ,the inscription above and between the figures reads3 8,the giving of the ,seal of the ,royal ,son by the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 in order to make to flourish the office of the ,royal ,son of ,ethiopia1 ,h2 7his boundary7 begins at ,nekhen 7,hieraconpolis7 and 7ends7 at ,ker#abb 7,gebel ,barkal740 ,the ring and bezel are coloured yellow1 to represent gold4 ,from a painting in the tomb of ,h at ,kurnet ,mura1 ,thebes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,pre-,,dynastic ,,cylinder ,,seals4 #a4 ,three animals in a desert wad 7874 ,m-,g4 #b-g4 ,black steatite cylinder-seals1 bearing personal names written in primitive hieroglyphic characters1 each name being determined by the seated figure of a man4 ,these examples are all in the ,m-,g4 ,collection1 except ,no4 #c1 which is in the ,amh4 ,collection4 #h and #i4 ,black steatite cylinder-seals1 bearing personal names 7871 written in primitive hieroglyphic characters1 but without a seated figure determinative4 ,m-,g4 #aj4 ,a personal 787 name reading ,asunut4 ,amh4 ,a fine specimen in wood4 #aa-ac4 ,three black steatite cylinder-seals1 bearing inscriptions of uncertain meaning4 ,m-,g4 #ad4 ,a beautifully cut ivory cylinder-seal1 bearing a personal name reading ,sheden4 ,murch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,impressions ,,of ,,early ,,cylinder-,,seals4#abc #a499 ,birds1 gazelles1 and other desert animals1 with traps for capturing them4 ,this sealing belongs to the pre-,dynastic group1 but was found in a ,first ,dynasty tomb at ,abydos4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xiv1 #ajd47 #b499 8,aha10 the ,horus-name of ,menes1 the founder of the ,first ,egyptian ,dynasty4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xiv1 #ih47 #c4 ,a black steatite cylinder-seal1 bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning4 ,m-,g4 #d4 ,a personal name 7874 ,berl4 #adeid4 #e4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,meh-en-pet-tha40 v-,b4 7,f4 ,sc4 #a47 #f4 ,a wooden cylinder-seal1 bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning4 ,m-,g4 #g499 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,mer-pa-ba40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1 xxvi1 #fj47 ,first ,dynasty1 found at ,abydos4 #h499 8,sekhem-ab10 the ,horus-name of ,king ,per-ab-sen4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 #afe4 ,see also infra1 ,nos4 #ab and #ac47 #i499 8,den10 the ,horus-name of ,king ,setu4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1 xxii1 #ci47 #aj499 8,the ,mayor of the ,town of ,se-ka40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,i1 xxii1 #cb47 #aa499 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,khasekhemui40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxxiii1 #bja47 #ab499 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,per-ab-sen40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxii1 #afd47 #ac499 8,sekhem-ab10 the ,horus-name of ,king ,per-ab-sen4 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxi1 #afd47 #ad4 ,a black steatite cylinder-seal1 bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning4 ,gdn4 #ae4 ,fish in a stream4 ,berl4 #aecch4 ,this seal should be classed in the pre-,dynastic group4 #af499 8,the ,mother of ,royal ,children1 ,ne-,maat-,hap40 7,p4 ,r4,t4 ,,ii1 xxiv1 #baj2 cf4 also1 ,borchardt1 ,naville and ,sethe1 in ,a4,z4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #adb47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,v4 ,,cylinder-,,seals ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,to ,,sixth ,,dynasties4 #a4 8,kha-ef-ra1 787 beloved of the ,gods40 ,p4 #b4 8,men-kau-ra1 beloved of the ,gods and beloved of ,hather40 ,p4 #c4 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,men-kau-ra1 beloved of the ,gods daily and of ,hather-duat daily40 ,evans4 ,this cylinder-seal gives the earliest known instance of the king's title ,sa-,ra1 8,son of ,ra40 #d4 8,men-kau-ra40 ,at the side of the cartouche is a seated figure of the goddess ,hather holding the uas-sceptre2 before her is the word neter and the name of ,men-kau-ra's pyramid 787 ,men-ab4 ,murch4 #e4 8,sahu-ra1 beloved of the ,gods10 and his ,horus-name1 ,neb-khau4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ab47 #f4 8,sahu-ra1 beloved of ,hather1 the beautiful ,star and ,mistress of the ,sycamore40 ,fitzw4 #g4 8,user-ka-ef1 beloved of the ,gods10 and the ,horus-name of this king ,ar-maat4 ,found on the ,island of ,elephantine4 ,m4,d4 #ed e4 #h4 8,user-ka-ef1 beloved of the ,gods and beloved of ,hather40 ,b4,m4 #afggd4 #i4 8,nefer-ar-ka-ra1 beloved of the ,gods daily1 and priest of ,hather40 ,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xvi1 #cca4 #aj4 8,the ,royal ,favourite who executed the orders of his ,lord the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,pep 7,i71 beloved of ,anhur40 ,the inscription also gives the ,horus-name of ,pep3 ,mer tau1 and states that the official for whom this cylinder was cut was 8chief over the secret things of the court10 and that 8he made the favours of the court40 ,b4,m4 #bijfa4 #aa4 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,mer-tau 7,pep ,i71 the ,good ,god1 and ,lord of the ,two ,lands10 with the ,horus-name of ,mer-tau4 ,in the horizontal line at the bottom of the seal the king is said to be 8beloved of ,sak1 ,lord of the ,two ,rats 78740 ,like the specimen ,no4 #aj1 this is a seal of the 8,royal ,favourite1 the ,regulator of the ,festivals1 he who executed the orders and made the favours of the king10 his master4 ,b4,m4 #edie ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,cylinder-,,seals ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,dynasty4 #a4 ,a steatite cylinder-seal1 giving the prenomens of the six consecutive kings of the ,twelfth ,dynasty3-- 7#a7 ,sehetep-ab-ra 7,amenemhat ,i74 7#b7 ,kheper-ka-ra 7,usertsen ,i74 7#c7 ,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii74 7#d7 ,kha-kau-ra 7,usertsen ,,iii74 7#e7 ,kha-kheper-ra 7,usertsen ,,ii74 7#f7 ,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,brocklehurst ,collection4 7,p4 ,sc4 #bgb47 #b4 8,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,ref-sam 78740 ,b4,m4 #afdjh4 #c4 8,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,ha40 ,c4,m4 #cfeg4 #d4 8,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,semenu40 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #bd4 #e4 8,usertsen1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,semenu40 ,amh4 #f4 8,kha-kheper-ra 7,usertsen ,,ii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,re-sehui40 ,m-,g4 #g4 8,kha-kheper-ra 7,usertsen ,,ii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,semenu40 ,b4,m4 #cibh4 #h4 8,kha-kheper-ra 7,usertsen ,,ii7 and ,kha-kau-ra 7,usertsen ,,iii740 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii4 #bh4 #i4 8,kha-kau-ra 7,usertsen ,,iii740 ,c4,m4 #cfed4 #aj4 ,the nomen of ,usertsen and the prenomen 7,ne-maat-ka7 of ,amenemhat ,,iii4 ,b4,m4 #afgdg4 #aa4 8,kha-kau-ra 7,usertsen ,,iii7 and ,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii740 ,p4 ,k4 ,x1 #aa4 #ab4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 ,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii740 ,b4,m4 #afgdf4 #ac4 8,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,shediti40 ,m-,g4 #ad4 8,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,shediti40 ,amh4 7formerly in the possession of ,bonomi3 cf4 ,sharpe1 ,eg4 ,insc41 ,,ii1 p4 #bc74 #ae4 8,usertsen and ,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii740 ,m-,g41 said to have been found at ,el ,bersheh4 #af4 8,amenemhat1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ent40 ,davis4 #ag4 8,amenemhat1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,ref-sam 78740 ,amh4 #ah4 8,amenemhat1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,aa-neferu 78740 ,leyd4 #ffc4 #ai4 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,ne-maat-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 son of ,ra1 ,amen1 the ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 the ,good ,god1 ,amenemhat40 ,m-,g4 #bj4 8,amenemhat and the ,royal ,daughter ,a-ta-ka-t40 ,m-,g4 ,a-ta-,kayt was a daughter of ,usertsen ,,ii4 7,a4,z4 ,,xxxvii1 #ia47 #ba4 ,this cylinder-seal bears the full titles and name of ,queen ,sebek-shedeti-neferu4 ,b4,m4 #afeha4 #bb4 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,maa-kheru-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iv710 with the legend fu qe es neb tem1 and 8beloved of ,hather1 ,mistress of ,re-aat 78740 ,m-,g4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,cylinder-,,seals ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,seventeenth ,,dynasties4 #a4 8,the ,mayor of ,het-kha-,usertsen and ,superintendent of the ,temple 444 ,senba1 justified40 ,alnw4 ,het-kha-,usertsen was probably the pyramid town of ,usertsen ,,ii 7,griffith1 ,k4,p41 p4 #eh74 ,other mayors of this locality are recorded in the tomb of ,tehuti-hetep at ,el ,bersheh 7,newberry1 ,el4,b4 ,i41 ,,xxxiii72 on a statue at ,alnwick ,castle 7,birch1 ,cat4 ,alnw41 pp4 #fj-fb71 and on a scarab published on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #bj of the present work4 #b4 ,cylinder-seal of a king with the ,horus-name of ,her-tep-tau1 8,chieftain of the ,two ,lands10 and 8beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,sunu40 ,murch4 ,this king certainly belongs to the beginning of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty1 but his personal name has not as yet been fixed4 #c4 ,the full names and titles of king ,amenenhat-senb-ef4 ,amh4 ,this beautiful cylinder-seal is of steatite1 coated with a fine blue glaze1 and the hieroglyphs are very delicately cut4 ,it was found at ,mohalla 7,mualla71 opposite ,gebeln1 and the monarch whose name it records is otherwise unknown 7cf4 my note in ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1 #bhb74 #d4 8,sekhem-khu-tau-ra1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,ref-sam 78740 ,b4,m4 #cffc4 #e4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,uah-ab-ra 7,aa-ab71 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,sunu40 ,gr4 #f4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,se-bak787-ka-ra1 beloved of ,sebek1 lord of ,sunu40 ,amh4 #g4 8,the ,hek ,khaskhet1 ,ruler of the ,mountains10 ,khran 7,khan74 ,in the possession of ,signore ,lanzone of ,turin4 #h4 ,a cylinder-seal with decorative coil-pattern4 ,it was found at ,nubt 7,petrie1 ,naqada1 ,,lxxxi1 #gi71 and belongs to the intermediate period between the end of the ,twelfth and the beginning of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 #i4 ,cylinder-seal1 with interlacing coil-pattern4 ,m-,g4 ,of the early ,intermediate period4 #aj4 8,the ,hek nefer1 ,good ,ruler1 ,khan40 ,athens4 #aa4 ,cylinder-seal1 with human figures and cartouches with hieroglyphic inscriptions of doubtful reading4 ,p4 ,hyksos period4 #ab4 ,a green glazed steatite cylinder-seal1 bearing the legend 8,kheper-nub-ra10 the prenomen of ,antef ,v4 ,b4,m4 #cjggb4 ,late ,intermediate period4 #ac4 8,the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city 7i4e41 ,thebes7 and ,vezir1 ,ankhu40 ,figured in the ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #bihaf1 f4 #aic4 ,this vezir lived under ,king ,khenzer1 of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty 7cf4 my note in ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 #fd74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,cylinder-,,seals4 #a4 ,cylinder-seal1 with figures of men and flowers1 and a cartouche with unreadable inscription4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aec47 ,hyksos period4 #b4 8,zeser-ka-ra 7,amen-hetep ,i740 ,b4,m4 #afegi4 #c4 8,neb-maat-ra 7,amen-hetep ,,iii7 and ,queen ,th0 ,c4d4,m4 #d4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,garden of ,amen1 and ,chief ,steward of the ,queen ,hatshepsut1 ,sen-mut40 ,p4 ,sen-mut was the favourite minister of ,queen ,hatshepsut1 and the architect of the famous temple at ,dr el ,bahari4 7,for his biography1 see my account of his life in ,benson and ,gourlay's ,the ,temple of ,mut1 pp4 #bii-cab1 and a supplementary note in the ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 #fc47 #e4 8,zeser-ka-ra 7,amen-hetep ,i740 ,p4 #f4 8,aa-kheperu-ra 7,amen-hetep ,,ii710 with figures of ,ptah and ,khnem1 and a gazelle among bushes4 ,dat4 #g4 ,cylinder-seal of ,set ,i1 with titles4 ,p4 #h4 8,sahu-ra10 with his ,horus and ,hor-nub names4 ,in the possession of ,alan ,joseph1 ,esq41 of ,cairo4 #i4 8,kha-ef-ra40 ,berl4 #aj4 8,kha-ef-ra10 with his ,horus-name1 ,user-ab4 ,c4d4,m4 #aa4 8,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii710#abd beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,anu40 ,mr4 ,nahmann1 ,cairo4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,scarabs ,,bearing ,,royal ,,names3 ,,fourth ,,to ,,twelfth ,,dynasties4 #a-i4 ,scarabs bearing names of kings of the ,ancient ,kingdom3-- #a4 8,neb-ka-ra40 ,b4,m4 #bcbif4 #b4 8,khufu40 ,b4,m4 #bbidi4 #c4 8,khufu40 ,gr4 #d4 8,kha-ef-ra40 ,alnw4 #e4 8,kha-ef-ra40 ,m-,g4 #f4 8,unas40 ,amh4 #g4 8,mer-ra40 ,luxor4 #h4 8,neb-kha-ra40 ,h-,p4 #aff4 #i4 8,men-kau-ra40 ,gr4 #aj-ci4 ,scarabs bearing names of kings and other royal personages of the ,eleventh and ,twelfth ,dynasties4 #aj4 8,se-ankh-ka-ra0 7,mentuhetep ,,iv 874 ,p4 ,for this king's personal name1 see a monument in the ,cairo ,museum 7,no4 #cadci74 #aa4 8,se-hetep-ab-ra0 7,amenemhat ,i74 ,w4 ,s4,b4 ,i1 #bae4 #ab4 8,se-hetep-ab-ra-senb40 ,mr4 ,nahmann1 ,cairo4 ,the back of this seal is of the button-type4 #ac4 8,kheper-ka-ra0 7,usertsen ,i74 ,gr4 ,this scarab-seal has a back of the 8,yabek-her0 type 7cf4 fig4 #fh1 p4 #gc71 with a lotus flower engraved on the right wing4 #ad4 8,kheper-ka-ra0 7,usertsen ,i74 ,m-,g4 #ae4 8,usertsen40 ,luxor4 #af4 8,amenemhat40 ,p4 #ag4 8,kheper-ka-ra0 7,usertsen ,i74 ,amh4 #ah4 8,kheper-ka-ra0 7,usertsen ,i74 ,gr4 #ai4 8,kha-kheper-ra0 7,usertsen ,,ii74 ,c4,m4 #bj4 8,kha-kheper-ra0 7,usertsen ,,ii74 ,gr4 #ba4 8,nub-ka-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,ii74 ,m-,g4 #bb4 8,kha-kau-ra0 7,usertsen ,,iii74 ,davis4 #bc4 8,kha-kheper-ra0 7,usertsen ,,ii74 ,m-,g4 #bd4 8,kha-kau-ra0 7,usertsen ,,iii74 ,c4,m4 ,found at ,dahshr 7cf4 de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 vi1 #d74 #be4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,gr4 #bf4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,ashm4 #bg4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 with titles4 ,c4,m4 ,this scarab is of lapis-lazuli1 set in a gold funda1 and was found at ,dahshr1 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adh47 #bh4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,c4,m4 ,of emerald stone1 and found at ,dahshr4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adi47 #bi4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,gr4 #cj4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,merert40 ,c4,m4 ,of lapis-lazuli1 and found at ,dahshr4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #adg47 #ca4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,lord of two ,lands1 ,nub-ka-ra1 ,usertsen40 ,m-,g4 ,this scarab is perhaps a 8late issue10 which might account for the prenomen of ,amenemhat ,,ii being joined to the nomen of an ,usertsen2 or it may be a contemporary specimen1 the two names appearing being due to the co-regency of ,amenemhat ,,ii and ,usertsen ,,ii4 #cb4 8,the ,royal ,wife who is joined to the ,beauty of the ,white ,crown40 ,c4,m4 ,a queen's scarab1 found at ,dahshr4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 xx1 #dh b47 #cc4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,sat-hather40 ,c4,m4 ,found at ,dahshr4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #aec47 #cd4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,mert40 ,c4,m4 ,found at ,dahshr4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i1 fig4 #aeb47 #ce4 8,the ,hereditary ,chieftainess1 the ,royal ,princess1 ,anket-nefret-uben40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ge74 ,two other scarabs of this princess are known1 one in the v-,b4 ,coll4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #gf71 and the other in the ,petrie ,coll4 #cf4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 with titles4 ,l4 ,a similar specimen is in the ,petrie ,coll4 #cg4 8,ne-maat-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iii74 ,alnw4 #ch4 8,maa-kheru-ra0 7,amenemhat ,,iv74 ,l4 #ci4 8,the ,hereditary ,chieftainess1 the ,royal ,princess1 ,nub-em-ant40 v-,b4 7,f4 ,sc4 #hj47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,x4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,the ,,thirteenth ,,and ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties4 #a4 8,sekhem-khu-taui-ra40 ,murch4 #b4 8,sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra1 ,sebekhetep ,,ii1 made of the ,divine ,father ,mentuhetep40 ,c4,m4 #c4 8,sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra1 ,sebekhetep ,,ii1 born of the ,royal ,mother ,auhet-abu40 ,b4,m4 #cjejf 7cf4 ,m4,d41 #dh i74 #d4 8,kha-seshes-ra 7,neferhetep71 made of the ,divine ,father ,ha-ank-ef40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #df47 #e4 8,neferhetep1 born of the ,royal ,mother ,kema40 v-,b4 #f4 8,kha-nefer-ra10 ,sebekhetep ,,iii4 ,nash4 #g4 8,kha-nefer-ra10 ,sebekhetep ,,iii4 ,gr4 #h4 8,kha-nefer-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iii71 made of the ,divine ,father ,ha-ankh-ef40 ,c4,m4 #i4 8,kha-nefer-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iii71 born of the ,royal ,mother ,kema40 ,b4,m4 #cicd4 #aj4 8,kha-nefer-ra0 7,sebekhetep ,,iii74 ,h-,p4 #cfic4 #aa4 8,kha-nefer-ra0 7,sebekhetep ,,iii74 ,b4,m4 #beeed4 #ab4 8,kha-nefer-ra0 7,sebekhetep ,,iii74 ,l4 #ac4 8,kha-nefer-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iii71 combined with the prenomen of ,kha-ankh-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,iv740 ,ashm4 #ad4 8,kha-ka-ra40 ,gr4 #ae4 8,kha-ka-ra40 ,amh4 #af4 8,kha-hetep-ra10 ,sebekhetep ,v4 ,c4,m4 #cfff 7cf4 ,m4,d4 #dh p74 #ag4 8,uah-ab-ra' 7,aa-ab740 ,p4 #ah and #ai4 8,mer-nefer-ra1 ,a40 ,alnw4 and ,c4,m4 #cffh 7for the latter1 cf4 ,m4,d4 #dh o74 #bj4 8,mer-nefer-ra0 7,a47 ,nash 7cf4 ,m4,d4 #dh q74 #ba4 8,mer-hetep-ra1 ,ana40 ,l4 #bb4 8,maa-ra1 ,sebekhetep ,,vi 840 ,gr4 #bc4 8,maa-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,vi 8740 ,m-,g4 #bd4 8,sebek-em-sau-ef40 ,h-,p4 #ahg4 ,this specimen is in dark green basalt1 with a gold covering1 upon which the cartouche is incised4 #be4 8,dedui-ankh-ra0 7,mentu-em-sau-ef74 ,p4 #bf4 8,dedui-ankh-ra0 7,mentu-em-sau-ef74 ,murch4 #bg4 8,sebek40 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce4 ,bought at ,luxor4 7,p4 ,sc4 #bha47 #bh4 8,shens40 ,grant ,coll4 ,another specimen is in the ,b4,m4 #cbcib4 #bi4 8,nefer-ded-ra0 7,dedu-mes74 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #fb47 ,for the nomen of this king1 see a stone slab in the ,cairo ,museum1 #bjecc4 #cj4 8,nefer-ankh-ra40 ,found at ,defenneh4 7,petrie1 ,defenneh1 ,pl4 ,,xli1 #eg47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties4 #a4 8,the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city and ,vezr1 ,ptah-dedut-senb1 justified40 ,h-,p4 #cgbf4 ,a clay impression of a somewhat similar seal 7of the ,vezr -meru7 was found by ,prof4 ,petrie at ,abydos4 #b4 8,the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city and ,vezr1 ,au40 ,murch4 ,this ,vezr is mentioned on a stela in ,vien4 7,no4 #aag2 cf4 ,rec4 des trav41 ,,ix1 #fb47 #c4 8,the ,scribe of the ,vezr1 ,ren-ef-senb40 ,thomp4 #d4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,neb-re-sehui40 ,l4 #fbhh4 ,three other scarabs of this official are known3 one is in the v-,b4 ,coll4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ij71 another is in the ,fitzw4 ,mus4 7,budge1 ,cat4 #aee71 and the third is in ,mr4 ,nahmann's hands in ,cairo4 #e4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,up-em-heb40 ,gr4 #f4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,senba40 ,gr4 ,another scarab of this official is in the ,b4,m4 7#bdajh1 ,p4 ,sc4 #dde47 #g and #h4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,senb-su-ma40 7,gr4 and ,m-,g47 ,several other scarabs of ,senb-su-ma are known4 ,three are figured by ,petrie 7,,sc4 #ddf-ddh71 from the ,louvre1 ,petrie and ,grant ,colls42 other specimens are in the ,cairo ,mus41 the ,amh4 ,coll4 and the ,edws4 ,coll4 ,a beautiful light blue glazed specimen was found at ,kahn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #db71 its provenance and style pointing to the late ,twelfth ,dynasty as the date of this official4 ,senb-su-ma is named on several stelae2 one1 in the ,cairo ,mus41 gives the name of his father1 ,sert-taui 7,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 #ghd72 another1 in the ,leyd4 ,mus4 7,v4 #ajf7 names his wife1 8the ,lady ,tau-ma20 a third stela1 in the ,cairo ,mus4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 #ijd7 gives the name of his son1 the ari at abu1 ,pepa1 whose scarab seal is in the ,meux ,coll4 7,budge1 ,cat4 #dee74 ,senb-su-ma's name also occurs on stelae in the ,b4,m4 7#beb72 in the ,ermitage ,mus41 ,st4 ,petersburg 7#eh72 and in the ,turin ,mus4 7#acjc74 ,his tomb was at ,dahshr1 a slab of stone from it having been found in the cemetery of that place 7,m4 ,mast41 p4 #ehc74 #i4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,yu-senb40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #hf47 #aj4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,amenhetep40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ia47 ,three other scarabs of this ,state ,officer are known3 one1 with continuous loop-pattern around the name1 was found at ,abydos 7,m4,d4 #eb f471 and is figured in ,pl4 ,,xvi1 #c2 another is in the ,petrie ,coll41 and the third is in the v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #hg47 #aa4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,herfu40 ,l4 #ab4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,erde-ne-,ptah40 ,b4 #agbcj4 ,another specimen is in the ,petrie ,coll4 #ac4 8,the ,deputy ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 ,c4,m4 ,from ,abydos4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,ab4 p4 #eda2 cf4 ,m4,d41 pl4 #dh m47 #ad4 8,the ,scribe of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,nehesi40 ,p4 #ae4 8,the ,mayor1 ,tehuti-nekht40 ,amh4 ,this scarab was bought in ,cairo in #ahii1 and came with many other antiquities from the tomb of ,tehuti-nekht at ,el ,bersheh4 ,hence it can be dated to the reign of ,usertsen ,i1 or at latest to the early years of ,amenemhat ,,ii 7see ,griffith and ,newberry1 ,el ,bersheh ,,ii1 p4 #ac72 it is consequently the oldest absolutely dated scarab of an official known4 #af4 8,the ,mayor1 ,amenemhat-senb-ne-,hather-ab40 ,l4 ,found in ,phoenicia4 #ag4 8,the ,mayor1 ,amenemhat40 ,l4 #ah4 8,the ,mayor1 ,au-mes40 ,b4,m4 #baijf4 #ai4 8,the ,great ,uartu of the 7,royal7 ,city1 ,sa-sebek40 -,g4 ,another scarab of this official1 ornamented with a continuous loop decoration1 is in the v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aah47 #bj4 8,the ,uartu of the ,ruler's ,table1 ,sebekhetep1 son of the ,uartu of the ,ruler's ,table1 ,mentuhetep40 ,ashm4 ,several other scarabs of this official are known2 two specimens are in the ,louvre 7,p4 ,sc4 #chi1 #cia72 another is in the ,turin ,mus4 7#aacd2 ,klaproth1 ,palin ,coll4 #aaac72 a fourth is in the ,cairo ,mus4 7#cgie2 from ,abydos1 ,m4 ,cat4 ,abyd41 p4 #eda2 cf4 ,m4,d4 pl4 #dh n72 and a fifth and well preserved example is in the ,petrie ,coll4 #ba4 8,the ,great ,general ,pehui-ef-hu80 ,murch4 #bb4 8,the ,general1 ,hora40 ,ashm4 #bc4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,mentiu 7,asiatics71 ,ren-senb40 ,evans4 #bd4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,great ,kitchen 787 ,hert 787-si-hetep40 ,murch4 #be4 8,the ,king's ,friend1 the ,superintendent of the ,musicians1 ,neb-qemiu40 ,murch4 ,a stela of this man1 in the ,cairo ,mus4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,abyd4 #hac71 gives the names of his father1 ,hora1 and mother1 ,sefget1 and certainly dates from the period of the ,sebekhetep kings4 #bf4 8,the ,surveyor1 ,nefer-sebek-dedu40 ,b4,m4 #bhbce4 #bg4 8,the ,royal ,scribe 444 ,aka-senb-na40 ,murch4 #bh4 8,the ,private ,sealer1 ,sa-hather-aa40 ,murch4 #bi4 8,the ,storekeeper1 ,neb-seshenu40 ,murch4 #cj4 8,the ,instructor of the ,followers1 ,deda1 son of the ,instructor of the ,followers1 ,beba40 ,murch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,antefa40 ,p4 ,from the style of the cutting and the back of this scarab1 ,i should be inclined to recognize in this ,antefa one of the princes of the intermediate period between the ,thirteenth and ,seventeenth ,dynasties1 rather than a prince of the ,eleventh ,dynasty4 #b4 8,the ,royal ,son ,kha-kau40 ,l4 ,formerly in the ,palin ,coll4 7,klaproth1 ,pl4 ,,vi1 #bie47 ,perhaps this is a scarab of ,usertsen ,,iii before the ,ra was added to his name 7874 #c4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,sa-hather40 ,c4,m4 #cgif4 7,m4 ,cat4 ,abd4 #eci47 ,sa-hather was the son of ,king ,neferhetep4 #d and #e4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife who is united to the beauty of the ,white ,crown1 ,ana40 ,l4 and v-,b4 ,another specimen is in the ,petrie ,coll4 ,the style and cutting of these scarabs would point to the period of the ,sebekhetep kings4 #f4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,sat-sebek40 ,davis4 ,a similar scarab of this queen is in the ,b4,m4 #cbbfe4 #g4 8,the ,royal ,clothier1 ,nehy40 v-,b4 #h4 8,tehepenkhet-mery 78740 ,b4,m4 #dcbc4 #i4 8,the ,scribe of the ,great ,prison1 ,sesa40 ,p4 #aj4 8,the ,great ,uab-priest of ,hather1 ,mistress of ,tep-ahu1 ,khnem-set-heru-sebek 78740 v-,b4 #aa4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,dedut40 ,b4,m4 #dcbb4 #ab4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,hap-hetepu40 ,b4,m4 #agedd4 #ac4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,tha-ath40 ,l4 #ad4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,hepu-em-sha40 ,p4 #ae4 8,the ,steward ,sep1 ,son of ,ankh40 v-,b4 #af4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,sa-sebek40 ,c4 7cf4 ,m4,a4 #dh i74 #ag4 8,the ,doctor and ,judge1 ,ha-ankh-ef40 ,ashm4 #ah4 8,the ,lady1 ,mert40 ,gr4 #ai4 8,the ,lady1 ,nub-em-sau-es40 ,t4 #bj4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior1 the ,superintendent of the ,north ,land1 ,senb-tefi40 ,ashm4 #ba4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,a40 ,gr4 #bb4 8,the ,doctor and ,embalmer1 ,ptah-ur40 ,b4,m4 #bibbf4 #bc4 8,the ,priest of ,sebek in ,thebes1 ,neferhetep40 ,b4,m4 #bdacb4 #bd4 8,sebek-aa-senes40 ,murch4 #be4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,apepa40 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b47 #bf4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife who is united to the beauty of the ,white ,crown1 ,nub-hetep-tha40#abe ,murch4 ,another ,scarab of this ,queen is given in ,pl4 ,,xliv1 #ac4 #bg4 8,the ,lady1 ,nenna40 ,murch4 ,a lady of this name is mentioned on a stela in the ,c4,m4 7,no4 #gg74 #bh4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,chief ,steward and ,royal ,attendant1 ,tha-tha40 ,davis4 ,tha-tha is named on a stela in the ,fitzw4 ,mus4 7,budge1 ,cat4 #gc74 #bi4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,chief ,steward and ,royal ,attendant1 ,ren-ef-em-ab40 ,b4,m4 #bhbbf4 #cj4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,hor-khent-nefer40 ,murch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,tar 7or ,ar8740 ,murch4 #b4 8,the ,steward1 ,teta-shera40 ,berl4 #cfac4 #c4 8,the ,attendant1 ,antef40 ,berl4 #igdg4 #d4 8,the ,steward1 ,sebek-se-ankh40 ,berl4 #acfah4 #e4 8,the ,superintendent of the 444 ,ar-sa-khet40 ,edws4 ,found at ,kahn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #bj74 #f4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,district1 ,mentunesu40 ,petrie ,coll4 ,found at ,illhn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #da74 #g4 8,the ,lady ,hez-uah-mert 78740 ,berl4 #cfah4 #h4 8,may the ,king give an offering to ,ptah-seker for the ka of the ,uart of the ,ruler's ,table1 ,nushu40 ,berl4 #cffd4 #i4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,sebek-ur40 ,berl4 #gdag4 #aj4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,chief ,steward1 ,aka40 ,fitzw4 7,budge1 ,cat4 #aeg74 ,another scarab of this official is in the v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #he47 #aa4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior of the ,dep41 ,neh40 ,fitzw4 7,budge1 ,cat4 #aed47 #ab4 8,the ankhet#abf of ,upper ,egypt1 ,nefer-hetep40 #ac4 8,the ,scribe of the ,temple of ,hetep-,usertsen1 ,senbu40 ,clay-sealing found at ,kahn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #bf47 ,hetep-,usertsen was the name of the pyramid of ,usertsen ,,iii at ,dahshr4 7,griffith1 ,k4,p41 pp4 #hi and #ij47 #ad4 8,the ,uartu of the ,ruler's ,table1 ,hora40 ,chicago ,mus4 #ae4 8,the ,regulator of the ,palace1 the ,superintendent of the ,temple1 ,hora40 ,clay-sealing found at ,illhn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #ah47 #af4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior of the ,dep41 ,ankha40 ,gr4 #ag4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,general1 ,sa-nab40 ,p4 #ah4 8,the ,guardian of the ,department of ,meat1 ,hor-ankh40 v-,b4 #ai4 8,may the ,king give an offering to ,ptah-seker for the ka of the ,guardian of the ,house of ,offerings1 ,sen-pu40 ,found at ,illhn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #ag74 ,another scarab of this official is given in ,pl4 ,,xxix1 #b4 #bj4 8,the ,scribe in charge of the ,seal of ,hetep-,usertsen and the ,seal of ,ankh-,usertsen1 ,y-ab40 ,a clay-sealing found at ,illhn 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #bj74 #ba4 8,the ,mayor and ,superintendent of the ,temple1 ,ankh40 ,found at ,illhn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #af47 #bb4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,chief ,steward and ,royal ,attendant1 ,erde-en-,ptah40 ,davis4 7,p4 ,sc4 #dch47 #bc4 8,amenemhat40 ,berl4 #aeace4 #bd4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,field ,labourers1 ,surtha40 ,p4 #be4 8,the ,scribe of the ,army1 ,nefer-iu40 ,berl4 #ieai4 #bf4 8,the ,slave of the ,ruler1 ,sat-,ptah40 ,gr4 #bg4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,chief ,steward1 am-as1 ,ankh-ef40 ,this ,ankh-ef is mentioned on a stela in the ,cairo ,mus4 7,cat4 ,ab4 #hhg71 and the names of the officials who served under him are given4 #bh4 8,the ankh of the ,ruler's ,table1 u-senb40 ,gr4 #bi4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 ,berl4 #aecfc4 #cj4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,senb-hena-es40 ,berl4 #ajigg4 ,another scarab of this queen is in the same ,coll4 7#ieah71 and a third example is in the ,davis ,coll42 cf4 my note in ,p4,s4,b4,a4 #ca4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,seal-bearers1 ,sedem40 ,berl4 #cffg4 #cb4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior and of the ,north ,land 7i4e41 the ,delta71 ,sehetep-ab-ra40 ,amh4 ,on this officer1 see my note in ,garstang's ,el ,arabeh1 p4 #cb4 #cc4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,superintendent of the ,sealers and ,royal ,attendant1 ,res40 7,tubieres1 ,recueil d',antiquits gyptiennes1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,pl4 ,,iii1 #h47 #cd4 8,the ,instructor of the ,house of ,life1 ,senb40 ,c4,m4 #ce4 8,the ,guardian of the ,bows1 ,senb-ef40 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,mayor and ,divine ,treasurer1 ,amen-hetep40 ,p4 #b4 8,the ,chief ,scribe of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,sa-ptah40 ,s4,k4 7,garstang1 ,el ,arabeh1 ,pl4 ,x1 p4 #cd47 #c4 8,the ,uab-priest1 ,ab-ah787-senb-tefi40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ib47 #d4 8,the ,guardian of the ,granaries1 ,seresa40 ,ashm4 #e4 8,the ,steward of the ,accounts of ,corn1 ,a40 ,h-,p4 #cgai4 #f4 8,the ser hayt1 ,senaa-ab40 ,b4,m4 #dcaf4 #g4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,senaa-ab40 ,m-,g4 #h4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,ptah-99hetep40 ,amh4 #i4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,department of ,beer 787 ,sat-ab40 ,for the title1 cf4 infra1 ,pl4 ,,xvi1 #ag4 #aj4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,domains1 ,erde-en-ptah40 ,p4 #aa4 8,the ,lector of ,nekheb 7i4e41 ,el ,kab71 ,sebek-99hetep40 ,lansing ,coll4 7,p4 ,sc47 #ab4 8,the ,attendant of the 444 ,beba40 ,b4,m4 #aegjf4 #ac4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,ankh-tefi40 ,p4 #ad4 8,the ,scribe of the ,great ,prison1 ,pa-enti-en40 ,p4 #ae4 8,the ,lady1 ,neferu40 ,b4,m4 #bdjid4 #af4 8,the ,scribe of the ,great ,prison1 ,sezeda40 ,b4,m4 #agbea4 ,found at ,kurneh4 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #biheg1 f1 #h47 #ag4 8,the ,royal ,friend ,s4444 sutekh 78740 ,murch4 #ah4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,daughter1 ,erdet-en-ptah40 ,brocklehurst ,coll4 #ai4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife who is united to the beauty of the ,white ,crown1 ,khensu40 ,l4 #bj4 8,the ,divine ,father1 ,sebekhetep40 ,p4 #ba4 8,the ,steward1 ,m40 ,c4,m4 #bb4 8,the ,great ,uartu of the ,ruler1 ,au-su-ankh40 ,t4 #bc4 8,the ,chief ,scribe of the ,great ,prison1 ,sa-sebek40 ,p4 #bd4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,field ,labourers1 ,a40 ,an obsidian scarab1 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #aaa47 #be4 8,the ,wakil of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,nethenu40 ,b4,m4 #bhbbc4 #bf4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,labour ,bureau1 ,antef40 ,b4,m4 #bhbdj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,kha-kau-ra-senb40 ,amh4 #b4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,district and the ,scribe of the ,gate1#abg ,ren-senb-,usertsen40 ,b4,m4 #bhbcb4 #c4 8,mer-ra40 ,petrie ,coll4 ,found at ,illahn4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #dj47 #d4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,sealers1 ,saubu-sa40 ,c4,m4 7,m4 ,abydos1 ,,ii1 ,pl4 #dj j47 ,for the reading of the name1 see ,b4,m4 ,stela1 #bae1 and cf4 ,l4,c4 #dc4 #e4 8,the ,guardian of the ,treasury1 ,sa-hez-nefer40 ,m-,g4 #f4 8,the ,scribe of the ,secrets 7871 ,sa-hather40 ,l4 #g4 8,the ,lady1 ,zera40 ,b4,m4 #agbbh4 ,for a lady of this name1 see a stela in the ,leyd4 ,mus4 7,v1 #bb74 #h4 8,the ,lady1 ,sat-sutekh40 ,gr4 ,this lady is named on a stela of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty in the ,vienna ,mus4 7#ia74 #i4 8,the ,priest1 ,dede-nub40 ,t4 ,from the ,palin ,coll4 7,klaproth1 ,palin ,coll41 #ef47 #aj4 8,the ,doctor and ari ,nekhen1 ,auqa40 ,p4 #aa4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,sebekhetep40 ,t4 ,from the ,palin ,coll4 7,klaproth1 ,palin ,coll41 #hgf47 #ab4 8,the ser hayt1 ,theti40 ,davis4 #ac4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,lake1 ,khnemsu40 ,l4 #ad4 8,the ,mayor of ,reshuu1 ,iu-bena40 ,l4 #ae4 8,the ,royal ,ornament1 ,mu-nu-ab40 ,p4 ,for the reading of the name1 see a ,thirteenth ,dynasty stela at ,marseilles1 ,no4 #bh4 #af4 8,the ,uartu of the ,uresh1 ,akuu40 ,l4 #fcac4 #ag4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,weapons 7871 ,sper-nef40 ,p4 #ah4 8,the ,registrar1 ,aa-khnem40 ,b4,m4 #cjeeb4 #ai4 8,the ,doctor1 ,erde-ne-ptah40 ,murch4 #bj4 8,the ,lady1 ,semi-nefer40 ,l4 #ba4 8,the ,lady1 ,erdet-en-ptah40 ,ashm4 #bb4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,sa-aah40 ,ashm4 #bc4 8,the ,scribe of the ,soldiers1 ,mehti 78740 ,murch4 #bd4 8,the ,attendant of the 444 ,ankh40 ,murch4 #be4 8,the 444 787 ,khent-kheti40 ,murch4 #bf4 8,the ,attendant of the 444 ,keru40 ,l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,uab-priest 7871 u-senb40 ,m-,g4 #b4 8,the ahems ne dep1 ,amenemhat40 ,m-,g4 #c4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,amenhetep40 ,c4,m4 7,m4,d4 pl4 #dh f47 see also supra1 ,pl4 ,,xi1 #aj4 #d4 8,the ,regulator of the ,palace1 ,sen-ankh40 ,murch4 #e4 8,the ser hayt1 ,mentuhetep40 ,alnw4 #f4 8,the ,wakil of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,neb-sunu40 ,found at ,nubt4 7,petrie1 ,naqada1 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 #ae47 #g4 8,the ,chief of the ,sledge 7871 ,setmes10 ,p4,c4 7,a scarab of another person bearing this title is figured in ,petrie's ,naqada1 ,,lviii1 q4 #ahh47 #h4 8,the ,scribe of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 u-senb40 ,davis4 #i4 8,the ,guardian of the ,house of ,offerings1 ,khu40 ,b4,m4 #agbed4 #aj4 8,the ,attendant of the 444 ,au-ab40 ,p4 #aa4 8,the ser hayt1 ,senb40 ,b4,m4 #aghgb4 #ab4 8,the man of the ,scribe of the ,altars 7871 ,nefertm40 ,p4 #ac4 8,the ,mayor and ,superintendent of the ,temple1 ,amen-senb40 ,b4,m4 #ad4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,district of the ,temple1 ,ka40 ,b4,m4 #agbed4 #ae4 8,the ,lady1 ,neb-tefa40 ,b4,m4 #bdjie4 #af4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior1 ,teta40 ,berl4 #ag4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,department of ,beer 787 ,sa-h40 ,c4,m4 #cjdb4 ,m4 ,cat4 ,ab41 p4 #edj4 ,for the title1 cf4 supra1 ,pl4 ,,xiv1 #i4 #ah4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,granary1 ,apa40 ,ashm4 ,a her ne shent of this name is mentioned on a stela of the ,thirteenth ,dynasty1 published by ,mariette 7,cat4 ,ab41 p4 #hgi74 #ai4 8,the ,scribe of the ,council1 ,sebek-her-khenat 78740 ,berl4 #cfbj4 #bj4 8,the ,attendant ,senb40 ,berl4 #ba4 8,the ,chief of the ,lake1 ,senba40 7,klaproth1 ,palin ,coll41 ,pl4 ,v1 #bdi47 #bb4 8,the ,steward1 ,neb-pu40 ,c4,m4 #cgec4 #bc4 8,the ,chief ,steward1 ,neb-kau40 ,berl4 #achah4 #bd4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior of the ,dep1 ,ren-senb40 #be4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior of the ,dep ,bu-senba40 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,to ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,daughter1 ,ptah-ur-bau40 ,gr4 #b4 8,the ,priest and am-khent1 ,sebek-azer40 ,b4,m4 #agbca4 #c4 8,the man 7read zau 787 of the ,royal ,harm4 ,sehetep-ab40 ,ashm4 #d4 8,the enti em sert1 ,heru-hetep40 ,b4,m4 #bibbe4 #e4 8,the ,guardian of the ,house of ,offerings1 ,neb-sunu40 #f4 8,the ,brewer1 making the favours of ,sebek1 ,usertsen40 ,davis4 #g4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,neh40 ,murch4 #h4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,ren-senb40 ,b4,m4 #bhabf4 #i4 8,the ,instructor of the ,attendants1 ,anhur-ankh40 ,b4,m4 #bdbfb4 #aj4 8,the ,lady1 ,ana40 ,m-,g4 #aa4 8,the ,lady ,sat-spedu40 ,edws4 #ab4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior and the ,superintendent of the ,north ,land1 ,se-ankh40 ,amh4 #ac4 8,the ,scribe of the ,altar1 ,auf-er-senb40 v-,b4 #ad4 8,the am-khet-apdu1 ,anu-enti 78740 v-,b4 #ae4 8,the ,lady1 ,dede-meti40 ,murch4 #af4 8,the ,wakil of the ,chief ,steward1 ,khent-hetep40 ,b4,m4 #bhbed4 #ag4 8,the ,guardian of the ,treasury1 ,unnefer40 ,m-,g4 #ah4 8,the ,under ,sealer1 ,aa-khnem40 ,davis4 #ai4 8,the ,royal ,clothier1 ,neb-sunu40 ,from the ,palin ,coll4 7,klaproth1 ,palin ,coll4 #had47 #bj4 8,the ,scribe of the ,accounts1 ,khnems40 ,b4,m4 #abhja4 #ba4 8,the ,lector of the ,beautiful ,house1 ,ankhu40 ,murch4 #bb4 8,the ,uartu of the ,oxyrhynchite ,oasis1 ,hetep40 ,c-,m4 7,m4,d4 #eb h47 #bc4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,hetep40 ,m-,g4 #bd4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,lake1 ,atef-ef40 ,murch4 #be4 8,the ,scribe of the ,surveyor of the ,district of ,hetka1 ,ptah-ath40 ,m-,g4 #bf4 8,the ,scribe with the ,seal of the ,treasury1 ,senbef40 ,c4,m4 7,m4,d4 #dh g47 #bg4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal-,engravers1 ,amen-ankh40 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,arthur ,evans4 7,cf4 ,louvre ,stela1 ,c4 #he47 #bh4 8,the ,lady ,nub-khus1 wife of the ,mayor1 ,ren-senb40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #gh47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,decorative ,,scarabs3 ,,twelfth ,,to ,,eighteenth ,,dynasties4 #a-ah4 ,rope patterns4 ,this series ranges in date from the ,twelfth ,dynasty onwards to the time of ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,the evolution of simple to complex forms is interesting4 ,scarabs of the types #e-g and #aj are common4 #a4 ,benson4 #b4 ,b4,m4 #c4 ,benson4 #d4 ,benson4 #e4 ,h-,p4 #ieh4 #f4 ,ashm4 #g4 ,amh4 #h4 ,alnw4 #i4 ,ready4 #aj4 ,gr4 #aa4 ,amh4 #ab4 ,benson4 #ac4 ,evans4 #ad4 ,gr4 #ae4 ,benson4 #af4 ,murch4 #ag4 ,newb4 #ah4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #hd4 #ai-ce4 ,coil patterns4 ,the variety of coil patterns found on ,egyptian scarabs is almost infinite4 ,this series ranges in date from the ,twelfth onwards to the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 ,the type #bd is ,i believe1 peculiar to the reigns of ,thothmes ,i and ,hatshepsut4 #ai4 ,evans4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #bgjac4 #ba4 ,newb4 #bb4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #ge4 #bc4 ,b4,m4 #bgaid4 #bd4 ,murch4 #be4 ,ashm4 #bf4 ,ashm4 #bg4 ,newb4 #bh4 ,h-,p4 #iid4 #bi4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xi1 #dd47 #cj4 ,amh4 #ca4 ,ashm4 #cb4 ,ashm4 #cc4 ,ashm4 #cd4 ,benson4 #ce4 ,m-,g4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,decorative ,,scarabs3 ,,twelfth ,,to ,,eighteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a-c4 ,rope patterns4 ,types #a and #b are very common1 and all the specimens that ,i have seen of these two types are certainly of the ,hyksos period4 #a4 ,evans4 #b4 ,hood4 #c4 ,b4,m4 #bgghb4 #d-cf4 ,coil and loop patterns4 ,types #d and #e belong to the ,hyksos period2 the other types range in date from the ,twelfth ,dynasty onwards to the ,eighteenth4 #d4 ,benson4 #e4 ,ready4 #f4 ,b4,m4 #bfeih4 #g4 ,ashm4 #h4 ,alnw4 #abcb4 #i4 ,b4,m4 #aj4 ,ashm4 #aa4 ,b4,m4 #bgcba4 #ab4 ,b4,m4 #chcb4 #ac4 ,liv4 #ad4 ,ashm4 #ae4 ,h-,p4 #af4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #he4 #ag4 ,p4 ,koptos ,x1 #dj4 #ah4 ,alnw4 #aaeh4 #ai4 ,gr4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #chfj4 #ba4 ,evans4 #bb4 ,ashm4 #bc4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xi1 #ch47 #bd4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #fh4 #be4 ,leyd4 #bf4 ,ashm4 #bg4 ,p4 ,i4 ,x1 #afh4 #bh4 ,benson4 #bi4 ,p4 ,i4 ,x1 #adh4 #cj4 ,amh4 #ca4 ,murch4 #cb4 ,w4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,xi1 #bbc47 #cc4 ,ashm4 #cd4 ,ashm4 #ce4 ,p4 ,k4 ,x1 #bg4 #cf4 ,benson4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,decorative ,,scarabs3 ,,twelfth ,,to ,,eighteenth ,,dynasties--continued4 #a-cf4 ,miscellaneous designs4 #a and #b4 ,evans4 #c4 ,lord ,northampton4 #d4 ,p4 #e4 ,gibs4 #f4 ,b4,m4 #agedg4 #g4 ,ashm4 #h4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii1 #fc4 #i4 ,luxor4 #aj4 ,gr4 #aa4 ,ashm4 #ab4 ,evans4 #ac4 ,gr4 #ad4 ,c4,m4 #ae4 ,b4,m4 #bhbcf4 #af4 ,bol4 ,a gold ring of the period of ,akhenaten4 #ag4 ,c4,m4 7de ,m4 ,d4 ,i47 #ah4 ,b4,m4 #bhahg4 #ai4 ,mr4 ,nahmann1 ,cairo4 #bj4 ,thomp4 #ba4 ,c4,m4 #bb4 ,gibs4 #bc4 ,c4,m4 #bd4 ,newb4 #be4 ,gr4 #bf4 ,thomp4 #bg4 ,evans4 #bh4 ,newb4 #bi4 ,gdn4 #cj4 ,c4,m4 #ca4 ,newb4 #cb4 ,c4,m4 #cc4 ,murch4 #cd4 ,m-,g4 ,this seal is of steatite1 and has on the back a frog4 #ce4 ,newb4 #cf4 ,newb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,hyksos ,,kings4 7,i74 #a-h4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,maa-ab-ra40 #a4 ,l4 #b4 ,evans4 #c4 ,b4,m4 #cbcbj4 #d4 ,m-,g4 #e4 ,murch4 #f4 ,m-,g4 #g4 ,b4,m4 #bdacb4 #h4 ,gr4 #i-ah4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,shesha40 #i4 ,gr4 #aj4 ,m4,g4 #aa4 ,p4 #ab4 ,murch4 #ac4 ,murch4 #ad4 ,p4 #ae4 ,p4 #af4 ,newb4 #ag4 ,m-,g4 #ah4 ,murch4 #ai-bb4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,se-kha-en-ra40 #ai4 ,gr4 #bj4 ,gr4 #ba4 ,m-,g4 #bb4 ,gr4 #bc and #bd4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,qar40 ,both examples are in the ,grant ,collection4 #be-bi4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,kha-user-ra40 #be4 ,p4 #bf4 ,gr4 #bg4 ,p4 #bh4 ,gr4 #bi4 ,ashm4 #cj4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,kha-mu-ra40 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,hyksos ,,kings 7,,ii74 #a-c4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,aa-hetep-ra40 #a4 ,davis4 #b4 ,p4 #c4 ,b4,m4 #bhjig4 #d-f4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 a-mu 78740 #d4 ,b4,m4 #cbdda4 #e4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ahb47 #f4 ,ashm4 #g-ab4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 -keb40 #g4 ,h-,p4 #h4 ,p4 #i4 ,gr4 #aj4 ,ashm4 #aa4 ,gr4 #ab4 ,p4 #ac4 ,perhaps a blundered scarab of -keb4 #ad-ah4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,aa-mu40 #ad4 ,evans4 #ae4 ,m-,g4 #af4 ,p4 #ag4 ,gibs4 #ah4 ,evans4 #ai4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,nub-taui-ra40 ,b4,m4 #cjeab4 #bj-bf4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,user-en-ra1 ,son of ,ra1 ,khan40 #bj4 v-,b4 #ba4 ,murch4 #bb4 ,fr4 7see ,p4 ,hist4 ,i1 p4 #aai74 #bc-be4 ,murch4 #bf4 ,c4,m4 #bg-cj4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,mer-user-ra1 ,son of ,ra4 -keb-her40 #bg4 ,gr4 #bh4 ,h-,p4 #bi4 ,b4,m4 #cjejj4 #cj4 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,royal ,,and ,,other ,,personages ,,of ,,the ,,hyksos ,,period4 #a-c4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,mer-user-ra1 ,son of ,ra1 -keb-her0--continued4 #a and #b4 ,murch4 #c4 ,found by ,mr4 ,mace at ,h4 7,p41 ,diospolis ,parva1 ,,xli1 #ab47 #d4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,son1 ,nehesi40 ,m-,g4 #e and #f4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,nehesi40 #e4 ,p4 #f4 ,amh4 #g-i4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,uazed40 #g4 ,gr4 7,stolen1 but figured in ,p4 ,sc41 #cdh47 #h4 ,b4,m4 #cbcai4 #i4 ,c4,m4 #cfgd4 #aj4 8,the ,hek khaskhet1 #8,ruler of the ,mountains1' ,sem-ken40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc41 #agi47 #aa4 8,the ,hek khaskhet1 #8,ruler of the ,mountains1' ,ant-her40 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ahj47 #ab4 8,the ,royal ,son 7and son of ,ra87 ,seket40 ,murch4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xliv1 #h47 #ac and #ad4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,son1 ,apek40 #ac4 ,m-,g4 #ad4 ,gr4 #ae and #af4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,son1 ,ku-pepen40 #ae4 ,p4 #af4 ,l4 #ag4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,tau-tha40 ,b4,m4 #bjhbd4 ,another specimen is in the ,davis ,coll4 #ah4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,uazet40 ,p4 #ai4 8,the ,royal ,wife 444 78740 ,gr4 #bj-bb4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,har40 #bj4 ,nash4 #ba4 ,b4,m4 #bdaji4 #bb4 ,ashm4 #bc4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,sa-ket40 ,b4,m4 #bd-bf4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,per-em-uah40 #bd4 ,p4 #be4 ,m-,g4 #bf4 ,m-,g4 #bg4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,ra-ha40 ,b4,m4 #bhbbh4 #bh4 8,kethuna10 a personal name4 ,gr4 #bi4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,apepa40 ,ashm4 #cj-ce4 8,aa-user-ra 7,apep ,i740 #cj4 ,p4 #ca4 ,gibs4 #cb4 ,p4 #cc4 ,murch4 #cd4 ,murch4 #ce4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,hyksos ,,period4 #a-bi4 ,scarabs bearing unreadable hieroglyphic inscriptions4 #a4 ,davis4 #b4 ,ashm4 #c4 ,gr4 #d-g4 ,m-,g4 #h4 ,ashm4 #i4 ,m-,g4 #aj and #aa4 ,gr4 #ab4 ,ashm4 #ac and #ad4 ,gr4 #ae4 ,m-,g4 #af4 ,gr4 #ag4 ,gdn4 #ah4 ,m-,g4 #ai and #bj4 ,gr4 #ba4 ,m-,g4 #bb4 ,c4,m4 #bc4 ,l4 #bd4 ,gdn4 #be-bg4 ,m-,g4 #bh4 ,evans4 #bi4 ,gr4 #cj and #ca4 8,aa-user-ra 7,apepy ,i740 #cj4 ,amh4 #ca4 ,p4 #cb4 ,a blundered scarab-seal of 8the ,royal ,sealer and ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,per-em-uah40 ,gr4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 #bd-bf47 #cc4 8,sa-khet-sa10 a personal name4 ,gr4 #cd and #ce4 8,aa-user-ra 7,apepy ,i740 ,amh4 #cf and #cg4 8,nub-ka-ra40 ,murch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,decorative ,,scarabs1 ,,mostly ,,of ,,the ,,hyksos ,,period4 ,nos4 #a-cj are all1 ,i believe1 of the ,hyksos period2 ,nos4 #ca and #cb belong to the ,early ,eighteenth ,dynasty2 and the remaining four scarabs on this plate are of the ,late ,middle ,kingdom or the ,early ,hyksos period4 #a4 ,gr4 #b4 ,edws4 #c4 ,b4,m4 #bhjgg4 #d4 ,leyd4 #e4 ,b4,m4 #bdbej4 #f4 ,gr4 #g4 ,gdn4 #h and #i4 ,gr4 #aj4 ,evans4 #aa4 ,benson4 #ab4 ,gr4 #ac4 ,evans4 #ad4 ,m-,g4 #ae and #af4 ,green4 #ag4 ,evans4 #ah4 ,hood4 #ai4 ,evans4 #bj4 ,gdn4 #ba4 ,evans4 #bb4 ,green4 #bc4 ,b4,m4 #agdgb4 #bd4 ,m-,g4 #be4 ,b4,m4 7,p4 ,i4 ,,ix1 #aea47 #bf4 ,ashm4 #bg4 ,gr4 #bh4 ,b4,m4 #cfce4 #bi4 ,b4,m4 #cfha4 #cj4 ,w4 #ca4 ,benson4 #cb4 ,gr4 #cc and #cd4 ,green4 #ce4 ,hood4 #cf4 ,b4,m4 7,griffith1 ,tell el ,yahudiyek1 ,x1 #h47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,kings1 ,,etc41 ,,mostly ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,early ,,eighteenth ,,dynasties4 #a4 8,uaz-kheper-ra 7,kames740 ,p4 ,this scarab is set in a gold funda1 and was found at ,thebes4 #b4 8,uaz-kheper-ra1 ,pa-hek-aa 7,kames740 ,p4 ,found at ,thebes4 #c4 8,the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city and ,vezr1 ,teta-nefer40 ,this is a hematite cowroid-shaped seal4 ,p4 #d4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,aah-hetepu40 ,b4,m4 #bfiha4 #e4 8,aah-hetep40 ,a gold ring in the ,louvre4 #f4 8,the ,eldest ,royal ,son1 ,aah-mes40 ,c4,m4 #g-aj4 8,neb-pehti-ra0 7,aah-mes74 #g4 ,newb4 #h4 ,c4,m4 #cjig4 #i4 ,nash4 #aj4 ,b4,m4 #bhjej4 #aa4 8,the ,hek ,taui1 #8,ruler of the ,two ,lands1' ,aah-mes40 ,t4 #ab4 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,nefret-ari40 ,gr4 #ac and #ad4 8,aahmes-nefret-ari40 #ac4 ,davis4 #ad4 ,m-,g4 #ae4 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4 #cbcga4 #af4 8,the ,royal ,mother1 ,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4 #cbdej4 #ag4 8,neb-pehti-ra 7,aahmes ,i710 with the name of his daughter1 8,sat-kames10 on the reverse4 ,p4 ,from ,thebes4 #ah4 8,the ,royal ,daughter1 ,tursi40 ,set in a gold funda1 and found at ,hu4 7,see ,mace1 ,diospolis ,parva1 ,,xli1 #ag47 #ai and #bj4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,mert-amen40 #ai4 ,w4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #ba4 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,mert-amen40 ,b4,m4 #bb4 8,the domain of ,mert-amen40 ,amh4 ,a carnelian scarab1 from ,thebes4 #bc-cj4 8,zeser-ka-ra 7,amenhetep ,i740 #bc4 ,alnw4 #bd4 ,murch4 #be4 ,brocklehurst ,coll4 #bf4 ,davis4 #bg4 ,m-,g4 #bh4 ,l4 #bi4 ,murch4 #cj4 ,evans4 #ca4 ,a scarab1 with the names of ,amenhetep ,i and his mother1 8the ,divine ,wife1 ,nefret-ari40 ,b4,m4 #cjefa4 #cb4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,aah-hetep40 ,b4,m4 #bhfbd4 7,cf4 ,b4,m4 #bheib47 #cc4 8,zeser-ka-ra 7,amenhetep ,i740 ,l4 #cd4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,amen-mes40 ,p4 7,cf4 ,petrie1 ,hist4 ,,ii1 fig4 #bc47 #ce4 8,the ,royal ,son1 ,tu-re40 ,p4 #cf4 8,the ,royal ,daughter and ,sister1 ,neb-ta40 ,mather ,coll4 ,a scarab of ,neb-ta is in the ,p4 ,coll4 7figured by ,petrie1 ,hist4 ,,ii1 fig4 #bd74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,dynasty4 7,,thothmes ,i ,,to ,,hatshepsut47 #a-aa4 8,aa-kheper-ra 7,thothmes ,i740 #a4 ,alnw4 #b4 ,b4,m4 #cbdah4 #c4 ,b4,m4 #cbcgg4 #d4 ,b4,m4 #agggd4 #e4 ,luxor4 #f4 ,amh4 #g4 ,b4,m4 #h4 ,alnw4 #i4 ,b4,m4 #afegh4 #aj4 ,b4,m4 #cjefh4 #aa4 ,b4,m4 #cjegj4 #ab4 8,aa-kheper-ra 7,thothmes ,i7 and ,hatshepsut1 the favoured of ,amen40 ,l4 #ac4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,aahmes40 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cole4 #ad4 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,aahmes40 ,liv4 #ae-ag4 8,aa-kheper-en-ra 7,thothmes ,,ii740 #ae4 ,brocklehurst ,coll4 #af4 ,alnw4 #ag4 ,p4 #ah4 8,usert-kau1 nebt taui10 the ka-name of ,hatshepsut4 ,t4 #ai4 8,uaz renpetu10 the nebti-name of ,hatshepsut4 ,l4 #bj-cj4 8,maa-ka-ra10 the prenomen of ,hatshepsut4 #bj4 ,gr4 #ba4 ,alnw4 #bb4 ,liv4 #bc4 ,gdn4 #bd4 ,b4,m4 #be4 ,b4,m4 #bibcj4 #bf4 8,the heiress of ,ra40 ,b4,m4 #bg4 8,favoured with delicacies40 ,berl4 #aijc4 #bh4 8,rising in the ,horizon40 ,har4 #bi4 8,sweet of scent to the nostrils of the ,gods of ,thebes40 ,in the possession of ,mrs4 ,wright of ,netley4 #cj4 ,c4,m4 #ca4 8,maa-ka-ra1 ,hatshepsut1 the favoured of ,amen40 ,b4,m4 #cb4 8,hatshepsut1 the favoured of ,amen40 ,b4,m4 #cjegb4 #cc-ce 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,hatshepsut40 #cc4 ,alnw4 #cd4 ,b4,m4 #bhdch4 #ce4 ,berl4 #aijd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,dynasty--continued4 7,,thothmes ,,iii ,,and ,,his ,,family47 #a4 8,neferu-ra0 7,daughter of ,hatshepsut74 ,p4 #b4 8,neferu-ra1 the ,divine ,wife40 ,scarab1 set in a gold funda4 ,gr4 #c4 8,the ,royal ,daughter and ,royal ,sister1 ,neferu-ra40 ,l4 #d4 8,the ,divine ,wife1 ,neferu-ra40 ,l4 #e-cd4 8,men-kheper-ra0 7,thothmes ,,iii74 #e4 ,gr4 #f4 ,l4 #g4 ,b4,m4 #bhgde4 #h4 ,alnw4 #iii4 #i4 ,b4,m4 #afghi4 #aj4 ,b4,m4 #afhch4 #aa4 ,p4 #ab4 ,hood4 #ac4 ,t4 #ad4 ,evans4 #ae4 ,alnw4 #iha4 #af4 ,evans4 #ag4 ,l4 #ah4 ,berl4 #addbg4 #ai4 ,gdn4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #ba4 ,p4 #bb4 ,b4,m4 #afgij4 #bc4 ,in the possession of ,mrs4 ,roller4 #bd4 ,c4,m4 #be4 ,c4,m4 #bf4 ,hood4 #bg4 ,t4 #bh4 ,amh4 #bi4 ,t4 #cj4 ,l4 #ca4 ,p4 #cb4 ,berl4 #adibi4 #cc4 ,m-,g4 #cd4 ,b4,m4 #bhdib4 #ce4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,mert-ra ,hatshepsut40 ,a lapis-lazuli scarab set in a gold funda4 ,l4 #cf4 8,hatshepsut ,mert-amen-ra40 ,b4,m4 #bidee4 #cg4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,sat-aah40 ,p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,officials ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,dynasty2 ,,and ,,rings1 ,,etc41 ,,from ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,maket1#abh ,,at ,,gurob 7temp4 ,,thothmes ,,iii74 #a4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,royal ,temple1 ,aahmes40 ,murch4 #b4 8,the ,keeper of the ,storehouse of ,offerings1 ,sen-pu40 ,murch4 ,this scarab probably belongs to the end of the ,twelfth ,dynasty4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #ai47 #c4 8,the ,scribe of the ,recruits1 ,ab-ka-user40 ,m-,g4 #d4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,workmen of ,amen1 ,men-kheper-ra-senb40 ,murch4 #e4 8,the ,high ,priest of ,amen1 ,hapu-senb40 ,b4,m4 #bidce4 ,hapu-senb lived under ,thothmes ,,ii and ,queen ,hatshepsut4 7,for remarks on his life1 see my note on him in ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ca-cf47 #f4 8,the ,steward of the ,queen1 ,pe-en-,thebu40 ,murch4 #g4 8,the uab-priest1 ,amen-em-heb40 ,hood4 ,mounted in a gold funda4 #h4 8,the ,eyes and ,ears of the ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 the ,mayor1 ,sen-nefer40 ,this ,mayor 7of ,thebes7 lived under ,amenhetep ,,ii 7see my notes on him in the ,p4,s4,b4,a4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #eb-fa74 #i4 8,the sedem ash of the ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,min-nekht40 ,davis4 #aj4 8,the ,divine ,father1 beloved of the ,god 7i4e41 the ,king71 the ,vezr1 ,ptahmes40 ,c4,m4 #aa4 8,the ,chantress of ,amen1 ,ma40 ,alnw4 #ab4 8,the ,lady1 ,art40 ,b4,m4 #cjfci4 #ac4 8,the ,royal ,brother44440 ,b4,m4 #bggij4 #ad4 8,the ,lady1 ,apu-ser40 ,alnw4 #ae-df4 ,rings1 etc41 from the tomb of ,maket at ,gurob 7temp4 ,thothmes ,,iii74 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj-bh4 ,scarabs with ornamental devices4 #af4 8,ra10 a very common type of scarab1 and specimens of it may generally be dated to the first half of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 #ai-cb4 8,amen-ra40 ,this is another very common type2 it is nearly always of the date of ,thothmes ,,iii4 #bi4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 ,men-kheper-ra 7,thothmes ,,iii740 #cj1 #ca1 #cc4 8,the ,lady1 ,maket40 #cd4 8,aa-kheper-ka-ra 7,thothmes ,i710 chosen of ,amen4 #ce-da4 8,men-kheper-ra 7,thothmes ,,iii740 #db4 ,plaque1 with figures of the ,gods ,tahuti and ,ptah4 #dc4 ,a cylinder-seal1 bearing the titles and names of ,thothmes ,,ii4 #dd-de4 ,flat seals1 with ornamental devices4 #df4 ,frog in porcelain1 with a beetle engraved upon the base4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,dynasty--continued4 7,,amenhetep ,,ii ,,to ,,amenhetep ,,iii47 #a-ae4 8,aa-kheperu-ra 7,amenhetep ,,ii740 #a4 8,born at ,memphis40 ,p4 #b4 8,beloved of ,tahuti40 ,luxor4 #c4 8,firm of heart40 ,b4,m4 #djgg4 ,this rectangular plaque is a splendid specimen of the engraver's art2 it is of yellow jasper1 and on the reverse is cut a representation of one of the horses of the king4 #d4 ,b4,m4 #e4 ,b4,m4 #afiae4 #f4 8,lord of ,glory in the house of ,amen40 ,w4 7,w41 ,s4,b4 ,,iv1 #fg47 #g4 ,l4 #h4 ,l4 #i4 ,alnw4 #aj4 ,b4,m4 #djfi4 #aa4 ,p4 ,i41 ,,viii1 #ci4 #ab4 8,prince of ,thebes1 ,lord of ,valiance1 and beloved of ,amen40 ,p4 ,i4 ,,viii4 #ac4 ,alnw4 7plaque74 #ad4 7,w4 ,s4,b4 ,,iv1 #djj47 #ae4 ,b4,m4 #cidd4 #af4 ,a gold plaque1 forming the bezel of a swivel ring1 in the ,liverpool ,museum4 ,the inscription reads3--8,the ,good ,god1 son of ,amen1 ,lord of ,valiance1 the ,son of ,ra1 ,amenhetep 7,,ii71 the ,divine ,ruler of ,heliopolis1 fighting hundreds of thousands40 #ag4 8,aa-kheperu-ra1 ,son of ,amen1 whom he 7,amen7 created himself40 ,p4 ,k4 ,,xxiii1 #g4 #ah-be4 8,men-kheperu-ra 7,thothmes ,,iv740 #ah4 ,brock4 ,a gold plaque1 forming the bezel of a swivel-ring4 #ai and #bj4 ,gr4 #ba4 8,lord of the sweet wind40 ,l4 #bb4 8,beloved of ,ptah40 ,b4,m4 #bc4 ,gr4 #bd4 ,ready4 #be4 ,l4 #bf-cb4 8,neb-maa-ra 7,amenhetep ,,iii740 #bf and #bg4 ,newb4 #bh4 8,neb-maa-ra 7,amenhetep ,,iii70 and 8the ,royal ,wife ,thyi40 ,b4,m4 #bi4 8,beloved of ,amen40 ,luxor4 #cj4 8,beloved of ,ptah40 ,amh4 #ca4 8,lord of the festival1 ,amenhetep 7,,iii71 ,ruler of ,thebes40 ,t4 #cb4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,dynasty--7continued74 ,,amenhetep ,,iii 7continued7 ,,to ,a4 #a-ab1 #ad-ah4 ,neb-maa-ra 7,amenhetep ,,iii7 and his ,queen ,thi4 #a4 ,newb4 #b4 ,b4,m4 #bhcad4 #c4 8,neb-maa-ra and the ,royal ,wife1 ,thi40 ,b4,m4 #bided4 #d4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife1 ,thi40 ,b4,m4 #cbcea4 #e4 8,pleasing with ,victories40 ,b4,m4 #cbdcc4 #f4 ,b4,m4 #bhega4 #g4 ,b4,m4 #cbcjd4 #h4 8,the ,royal ,wife ,thi40 #i4 8,amenhetep 7,,iii71 ,ruler of ,thebes40 ,newb4 #aj4 8,abounding in things40 ,b4,m4 #cbdje4 #aa4 ,newb4 #ab4 ,b4,m4 #cbcdh4 #ac4 ,see below under ,amenhetep ,,iv4 #ad4 ,amh4 #ae4 8,amenhetep 7,,iii71 ,ruler of ,thebes40 ,b4,m4 #cjddf4 ,a gold ring4 #af4 8,neb-maa-ra and the ,royal ,wife1 ,thi40 ,p4 #ag4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,thi40 ,b4,m4 #cjehi4 #ah4 8,the ,great ,divine ,wife1 ,thi1 beloved of ,isis40 #ac1 #ai-be1 #bg1 #bh4 ,nefer-kheperu-ra1 ua-en-ra 7,amenhetep ,,iv71 afterwards called ,akhenaten4 #ac4 8,ruler of ,thebes40 ,b4,m4 #djig4 #ai4 8,lord of the ,sweet ,wind40 #bj4 8,beloved of ,hor-akhuti40 #ba4 8,beloved of ,amen and ,mut40 ,gdn4 #bb4 8,amenhetep 7,,iv71 the ,divine ,ruler of ,thebes40 ,newb4 #bc4 8,chosen of ,amen40 ,b4,m4 #bibcf4 #bd4 ,a plaque in the ,amherst ,collection giving the two names of ,amenhetep ,,iv1 and on the reverse1 8beloved of ,sebek-ra1 ,lord of ,sunu40 ,amh4 #be4 ,a silver ring in the ,m-,g4 ,collection4 #bg4 8,pacifying the ,aten40 ,b4,m4 #cjeif4 #bh4 8,beloved of the ,aten40 ,b4,m4 #bhdag4 #bf1 #bi4 ,kheper-kheperu-ra1 ar maat 7,a74 ,see also ,no4 #cd4 #bf4 8,beloved of ,amen40 ,b4,m4 #djif4 #bi4 8,beloved of ,amen40 ,newb4 #cj4 8,nefer-neferu-aten ,nefert-iti10 ,queen of ,akhenaten4 ,gold ring in the ,louvre4 #ca4 ,a bronze ring of ,ankh-kheperu-ra1 in the ,m-,g4 ,collection4 #cb4 8,neb-kheperu-ra 7,tt-ankh-amen71 beloved of ,ptah1 ,lord of ,heaven40 ,p4 #cc4 8,ankh-nes-pa-aten10 ,queen of ,tut-ankh-amen4 ,p4 #cd4 ,a gold ring of ,kheper-kheperu-ra1 ar maat 7,a74 ,leyd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,historical ,,scarabs ,,of ,,amenhetep ,,iii4 #a4 ,,kirgipa ,,and ,,her ,,har,m4 ,two specimens of this scarab are known1 and it is perhaps the most interesting one of the series4 ,one example is preserved in the ,berl4 ,mus4 7#aajjb71 the other was in the possession of ,madame ,hoffmann4 ,an elaborate study of the text of the latter example has been published by ,brugsch in the 4,z41 ,,xviii1 #ha1 and ,maspero has given a drawing of the inscription 7by ,legrain1 from a paper impression7 in his ,recueil des ,travaux1 ,,xv1 #bjj4 ,the text given in the ,plate is from the ,berlin specimen1 restored from ,maspero's published copy4 7a7 ,transliteration4 7b7 ,translation4 #a4 ,renpt ,x kher hen en #a4 8,the tenth year under the ,majesty of #b-e4 ,ankh ,heru4 7,here follow #b-e4 8the ,living ,horus40 7,here the usual titles of follow the full titles of ,amen-hetep ,,iii and ,thi47 ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,thi47 #f4 ren en tef-ef uaa2 #f4 8,the name of her father is ren-en uaa2 the name of #g4 met-es ,thuaa4 ,bat3 anen #g4 8her mother1 ,thuaa4 ,wonders3-- #h4 t hen-ef sat ur ne #h4 8,his ,majesty brought the ,neherina daughter of the ,prince of ,mesopotamia1 #i4 ,sa-tha-ri-na ,kir-gi-pa #i4 8,sa-tha-ra-na 7the ,princess7 ,kir-gi-pa #aj4 tepu ne khenera-es #aj4 87and7 the head-women of her harm #aa4 set1 #cag4 #aa4 8,women1 #cag40 #b4 ,,the ,,lion ,,hunts ,,of ,,amenhetep ,,iii4 ,scarabs bearing an inscription recording the lion hunts of ,amenhetep ,,iii are common1 and about forty specimens are known4 ,of these1 five are in the ,british ,museum 7#djie1 #abebj1 #afihg1 #bdafi1 #bidch72 four are in the ,louvre 7,inv41 #ghg1 #ghh72 four in the ,berlin ,museum 7#cdha1 #cdhb1 #hddc1 #acbgd72 three in the ,leyden ,museum 7,o4 #hc-he72 and one each in the ,cairo 7,m41 ,cat4 ,ab41 #achh71 ,florence 7#hdj71 and ,bologna 7#bdee7 ,museums4 ,in the ,cat4 des ,med41 ,paris 7#ajba71 and in the ,amherst1 ,edwards1 ,fraser 7,sc4 #bfa71 ,grant1 ,hertz 7,cat41 p4 #aab71 ,kennard1 ,myers1 ,meux 7#aghe71 ,palin1 ,petrie1 ,posno1 ,h-,price 7,cat4 #bhd71 and several smaller collections1 are also one each4 ,the example figured is in the possession of ,mr4 ,nash4 ,the hieroglyphic text of this scarab has been published1 among others1 by ,mariette 7,alb4 de ,boulaq1 ,pl4 #cf1 #ecb71 ,maspero 7,histoire1 ,,ii1 p4 #cae71 ,brugsch 74,z41 ,,xviii1 #ha71 and ,budge 7,mummy1 p4 #bda71 and a translation of it has been given by ,pierret 7,cat4 ,salle ,hist41 ,louvre1 #ahgg1 p4 #ach71 by ,birch 7,records of the ,past1 ,,xii1 p4 #dj71 and many others4 7a7 ,transliteration4 7b7 ,translation4 #a-e4 7,full titles and names #a-e4 7,full titles and names #a-e4 7,full titles and names #a-e4 7,full titles and names of ,amenhetep ,,iii and of of ,amenhetep ,,iii and of ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,thi47 ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,thi47 #e4 ari-khet mau #e4 8,number of the lions #f4 anen hen-ef em satet-ef #f4 8brought by his ,majesty in zes-ef shaa his own shooting1 beginning #g4 em renpt ,i nefrt er renpt 4 8from the year one ending at ,x mau#g the year ten3 lions #h4 hesa1 #ajb #h4 8fierce1 #ajb40 #c4 ,,the ,,parents ,,of ,,queen ,,th,i ,,and ,,the ,,limits ,,of ,,the ,,egyptian ,,empire4 ,many specimens are known of this historical scarab4 ,in the ,louvre there are two examples 7,inv4 #ghg72 in the ,british ,museum are three 7#djif1 #afihh1 #bidcg1 the latter specimen of fine blue-glazed steatite72 in the ,cairo ,museum1 one 7#chag1 figured in ,mariette's ,album de ,boulaq1 ,,xxxvi1 #eda2 ,maspero1 ,struggles of the ,nations1 p4 #cae72 in the ,bologna ,museum1 one 7#bded72 in the ,edwards1 ,petrie1 ,fraser 7,fr41 ,sc4 ,x1 #bfb71 ,nash1 ,hilton-,price 7,cat4 #bhc71 ,dattari and ,myers' ,collections1 one each2 as well as several others in private hands4 ,the example figured here is from the ,amherst ,collection4 ,birch 7,records of the ,past1 ,,xii1 #ci72 ,budge 7,mummy1 #bdb71 and ,fraser 7,fr4 ,sc41 ,x1 #ef71 have published translations of the text4 7a7 ,transliteration4 7b7 ,translation4 #a4 ,ankh ,heru4 7,here follow #a4 8,the ,living ,horus40 7,here the full titles of ,amenhetep follow the titles of ,,iii and his ,queen ,thi7 ,amenhetep ,,iii and his ,queen ,thi47 #e4 8ren en tef-es #e4 8,the name of her father is #f4 uaa1 ren en met-es ,thuaa #f4 8uaa1 the name of her mother is ,thuaa2 #g4 hemt pu ent seten nekht #g4 8she is the wife of the victorious king2 #h4 tash ef res er ,kar #h4 8his southern boundary is ,kar1#abi #i4 mehti er ,neha- #i4 87and7 his northern boundary is ,meso- #aj4 rina4 #aj4 8potamia40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,historical ,,scarabs ,,of ,,amenhetep ,,iii--7continued74 #a4 ,,the ,,wild ,,cattle ,,hunt4 ,two specimens of this scarab are known1 and both are in the ,mac,gregor ,collection at ,tamworth4 ,the text of one of these1 together with a rough translation1 has been published by ,fraser in the ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1 #aef1 and a good photographic facsimile of it has been given by the same collector in the ,catalogue of his ,scarab ,collection 7,frontispiece1 and p4 #ef74 ,the text given in ,pl4 ,,xxxiiipl-,,xxxiii1 #a1 is from a copy made by the writer at ,tamworth of the example published by ,fraser1 and some restorations have been added from the inscription on the second specimen4 7a7 ,transliteration4 #a4 ,renpt ,,ii kher hen ne #b-d4 ,ankh ,heru 7here follow the full titles of ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,thi71 #d4 ,baat khepert #e4 ne hen-ef3 u-tu er zed ne hen-ef1 an un semau her khaset #f4 ne u ne ,shetep 7or ,shetau73 nat hen-ef em khed em seten uaa 8,kha-em-mat0 #g4 her tra ne khaui1 shep uat nefert1 sper em hetep er u ne ,shetep 7or ,shetau7 #h4 her tra ne dua4 ,khat hen-ef er sesemet meshau-ef tem em khet-ef #i4 sehent seru ankhu ne meshau er zer-ef ma qed-ef1 nekhenu #aj4 ne a 787 er art resu her nan semau4 ,ast uzu ne hen-ef erdet a- #aa4 h-tu nen semau em sebti hena shed1 uzu #ab4 ne hen-ef er heseb 8 nen semau er fu sen1 ari khet ne ari semau #aij ari khet #ac4 anen hen-ef em behes em heru pen semau #ef3 uah an hen-ef heru #d1 #ad4 em ush erdet seref ne sesemet-ef3 khat hen-ef her sesemet #ae4 ari khet nen semau anenef en behes semau #bj #af4 #bj1 demd semau #if4 7b7 ,translation4 #a4 8,the second year under the ,majesty of #b-d4 8the ,living ,horus40 7,here follow the full titles of ,amenhetep ,,iii and ,queen ,thi47 0,a wonderful thing happened #e4 8to ,his ,majesty4 ,a messenger 7lit4 #8one'7 came to tell ,his ,majesty that there were wild cattle upon the desert #f4 8of the district of ,shetep#acj 7or ,shetau72 ,his ,majesty thereupon floated down the river in the ,royal dahabiyeh1 8,kha-em-maat0 7i4e41 8,shining-in-,truth071 #g4 8at the time of evening1 and 7after7 having had a good journey1 arrived in safety at the district of ,shetep 7or ,shetau7 #h4 8at the time of morning4 ,his ,majesty mounted upon a horse1 and his whole army followed him4 #i4 8,the nobles and the ankhu#aca-officers of the entire army were marshalled1 and the children #aj4 8of the quarter 7district87 were ordered to keep watch upon these wild cattle4 ,his ,majesty thereupon ordered that they 7lit4 one7 should surround #aa4 8these wild cattle with a net787#acb and a dyke#acc and #ab4 8,his ,majesty then ordered that these wild cattle should be counted787 in their entirety1 and the number of them amounted to1 wild cattle #aij4 ,the number #ac4 8of wild cattle which ,his ,majesty brought in his own8 hunting in this day 7was7 #ef3 ,his ,majesty rested four days #ad4 8in order to give spirit 7lit4 #8fire'7 to his horses2 then ,his ,majesty mounted 7again7 upon a horse #ae4 8and the number of these wild cattle which were brought to him in hunting 7was7 wild cattle #bj #af4 8#bj 7i4e41 #dj73 7making7 the total number of wild cattle 7captured7 #if40 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,,the ,,lake ,,at ,,zarukha4 ,three specimens of this scarab are known2 one is in the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,vatican at ,rome2 another is in the ,golenischeff ,collection1 and the third is in the possesion of the ,duke of ,northumberland at ,alnwick ,castle4 ,a fragment of a fourth example is in the ,petrie ,collection4 ,the ,vatican scarab was first published by ,rosellini 7,mon4 ,st41 ,pl4 #dd1 #b1 cf4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bfc-bfh71 and again by ,stern in #ahgh 74,z41 #ahgg1 p4 #hg74 ,a translation of this text was made by ,birch1 and published by him in the ,records of the ,past 7,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #da74 ,the text given here is that on the ,alnwick ,museum specimen4#acd 7a7 ,transliteration4 7b7 ,translation4 #a4 ,renpet ,,xi1 abd ,,iii1 #a4 8,the eleventh year1 shat1 heru ,i1 kher the third month of the harvest season1 the day #a1 under #b-e4 7ankh7 ,heru4#ace #b-e4 the 7living7 ,horus4 7,here follow the full 87,here follow the usual titles of ,amenhetep and titles of ,amenhetep and ,thi47 ,thi47 #f4 uzu hen-ef art #f4 8,his ,majesty ordered mert#acf ne hemt seten that there should be urt made a lake for the great ,royal ,wife #g4 ,thi1 ankh tha1 em #g4 ,thi1 living1 in her demaes en ,zaru- town of ,zaru- #h4 kha#acg2 fu-ef meh #h4 kha2 its length to be em #cgjj1 usekh-ef #c1gjj cubits1 its meh#ach breadth cubits #i4 #gjj4 ar ne hen-ef heb #i4 #gjj4 ,his ,majesty made uba mert the festival of the opening of the lake #aj4 em abd ,,iii shat1 #aj4 in the third month of heru #af1 khent hen-ef the harvest season1 on the sixteenth day 7when7 ,his ,majesty sailed #aa4 em seten uaa 8,aten- #aa4 in the ,royal dahabiyeh 7named7 0,aten- #ab4 tahen#aci0 em #ab4 tahen1 8in its khenu-ef4 cabin40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,and ,,nineteenth ,,dynasties4 #a-f4 ,zezer-kheperu-ra 7,horemheb74 #a4 ,luxor4 #b4 8,ruler of ,heliopolis4 ,chosen of ,ra40 ,bol4 #bebh4 #c4 ,newb4 #d4 ,hood4 #e4 8,ruler of ,thebes40 ,dattari4 #f4 8,beloved of ,amen4 ,hor-em-heb40 ,alnw4 #g and #h4 ,mut-nezemt1 ,queen of ,horemheb4 #g4 ,ring1 ,p4 #h4 8,the ,great ,royal ,wife40 ,a frog on back4 ,mar4 ,abyd41 ,,ii1 #dj m4 #i-ac4 ,men-pehti-ra 7,rameses ,i74 #i4 ,b4,m4 #cbdgd4 #aj4 ,b4,m4 #bdahg4 #aa4 ,b4,m4 #cbdde4 #ab4 v-,b4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #bbe47 #ac4 ,gr4 #ad-ba4 ,men-maat-ra 7,set ,i74 #ad4 ,newb4 #ae4 ,b4,m4 #agaeg4 #af4 ,b4,m4 #cbdjf4 #ag4 ,b4,m4 #cbcgc4 #ah4 ,b4,m4 #cjfja4 #ai4 8,prince of ,truth40 ,c4,m4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #agadb4 #ba4 8,beloved of ,ptah40 ,b4,m4 7,loftie47 #bb-cf4 ,user-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses ,,ii74 #bb4 ,luxor4 #bc4 ,newb4 #bd4 ,p4 #be4 ,luxor4 #bf4 ,p4 #bg4 ,b4,m4 #bibci4 #bh4 ,b4,m4 #cjfac4 #bi4 ,b4,m4 #cjfad4 #cj4 ,amh4 #ca4 ,b4,m4 #cjfae4 #cb4 ,b4,m4 #cbcjc4 #cc4 ,amh4 #cd4 ,t4 #ce4 ,amh4 #cf4 ,amh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,dynasty 7,,rameses ,,ii74 #a-f4 ,user-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses ,,ii74 #a4 ,liv4 #b4 ,ramesseum4 #c4 ,amh4 #d4 8,ramessu1 beloved of ,amen40 ,amh4 #e4 ,cairo4 #f4 8,the ,great ,noble40 ,l4 #g4 8,nefret-ari1 beloved of ,mut10 ,queen of ,rameses ,,ii4 ,l4 #h-ad4 ,user-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses ,,ii74 #h4 ,b4,m4 #bjhbf4 #i4 ,gurob4 #aj4 ,alnw4 #aa4 ,alnw4 #ab4 ,b4,m4 #biddc4 #ac4 8,glorious in the ,house of ,amen-ra40 ,b4,m4 #cbcbh4 #ad4 ,l4 #ae4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 the cartouches of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,ur-maat-neferu-ra1 daughter of the ,great ,chief of the ,kheta40 ,found at ,tell el ,yahudyeh1 and now in the ,b4,m4 #af4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 the prenomen of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 8,the ,hereditary ,mayor and ,priest1 the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city1 the ,vezr1 ,paser40 ,w4 ,on ,paser1 see my notice of him in ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #fb1 #fc1 and cf4 ,no4 #ag4 #ag4 ,plaque4 8,the ,judge1 the ,doctor and ar ,nekhen1 the priest of ,maat1 the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city1 the ,vezr1 ,paser40 ,l4 ,cf4 ,no4 #af4 #ah4 ,plaque4 8,user-maat-ra setep-en-ra 7,rameses ,,ii71 ,the ,chieftain of the ,harm of ,isis1 ,min40 ,c4,m4 #ai4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 ,prenomen of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 8,the ,royal son of his body1 his beloved one1 ,ramessu-user-pehti40 v-,b4 #bj4 ,plaque1 with scarab on back4 8,the ,royal son1 born of the ,great ,royal ,wife1 the ,chief of the ,bowmen1 ,pa-ra-her-amen-ef40 ,m-,g4 #ba4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 8,the ,high ,priest of ,amen1 ,bak-en-khensu2 reverse1 ,son of the ,superintendent of the ,recruits of the ,temple of ,amen1 ,amen-em-apt40 ,murch4 ,on this celebrated person1 see my life of him in ,benson and ,gourley's ,the ,temple of ,mut1 p4 #cdc-cdg4 #bb4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 ,prenomen of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 0,scribe of the memory of the ,lord of the ,two ,lands1 ,user-maat-ra-nekht40 v-,b4 #bc4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 ,prenomen of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 8,the ,sem-priest of ,ptah1 the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city1 the ,vezr1 ,nefer-renpet40 ,amh4 #bd4 ,plaque4 ,obverse1 ,prenomen of ,rameses ,,ii2 reverse1 8,khensu-in-,thebes ,nefer-hetep40 ,on sides1 8,the ,sem-priest of ,ptah1 ,nefer-renpet10 and 8the ,governor of the 7,royal7 ,cities1 the ,vezr1 ,nefer-renpet40 ,b4,m4 #dajd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,scarabs ,,bearing ,,royal ,,names3 ,,meren-,,ptah ,i ,,to ,,sa-,,amen4 #a and #b4 8,ne-ba-ra mery-,amen1 ,hetep-her-mat0 7,merenptah ,i74 #a4 ,leyd4 #b4 ,t4 #c-g4 8,user-kheperu-ra mery-,amen ,set-mer-en-,ptah0 7,set ,,ii74 #c4 ,gr4 #d4 ,alnw4 #e4 ,m-,g4 #f4 ,m-,g4 #g4 ,luxor4 #h and #i4 ,akh-en-ra ,setep-en-ra ,mer-en-ptah ,sa-ptah 7,siptah74 #h4 ,p4 #i4 ,alnw4 #aj4 ,ta-usert ,setep-en-,mut 7,queen of ,siptah74 ,newb4 #aa4 ,ta-usert akh-en-,mut 7,queen of ,siptah74 v-,b4 #ab4 8,the ,royal ,wife ,ta-usert 7,queen of ,siptah74 ,m-,g4 #ac4 8,sat-ra mer-en-,amen 7,queen ,tausert740 ,newb4 #ad4 8,the ,chancellor1 ,ba40 ,chancellor of ,siptah4 ,luxor4 #ae4 8,user-khau-ra mery-,amen0 7,setnekht74 ,cairo4 #af4 ,setnekht mery-ra4 ,luxor4 #ag4 ,user-maat-ra mery-,amen1 ,rameses1 8,ruler of ,heliopolis0 7,rameses ,,iii74 ,luxor4 #ah4 8,user-maat-ra mery-,amen1 the strong lion40 ,b4,m4 #aghjc4 #ai4 ,b4,m4 #agacj4 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #agabc4 #ba4 ,nash4 #bb4 8,user-maat-ra ,setep-en-,amen0 7,rameses ,,iv74 ,m-,g4 #bc4 8,heq-maat-ra sa ,amen0 7,rameses ,,iv74 ,b4,m4 #ag1adg4 #bd4 8,rameses1 ,prince of ,truth0 7,rameses ,,iv74 ,b4,m4 #bibda4 #be4 8,user-maat-ra ,set kheper-en-ra0 7,rameses ,v71 ,edw4 #bf4 8,neb-maat-ra mery-,amen0 7,rameses ,,vi74 ,luxor4 #bg4 8,user-ra mery-,amen ,setep-en-ra0 7,rameses ,,vii74 ,b4,m4 #agacd4 #bh4 8,rameses the ,divine ,prince of ,heliopolis0 7,rameses ,,vi74 ,gr4 #bi4 8,rameses mery-,amen1 akh-en-ra0 7,rameses ,,viii74 ,amh4 #cj4 8,the great ,noble0 7,rameses ,,viii74 ,amh4 #ca4 8,nefer-ka-ra ,setep-en-ra0 7,rameses ,,ix74 ,gr4 #cb4 8,user-maat-ra ,setep-en-,neith0 7,rameses ,x74 ,m4,d4 #cb4 #cc4 8,sa-,amen40 ,m-,g4 #cd4 8,neter-kheper-ra setep-en-ra0 7,smendes74 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,scarabs ,,of ,,twenty-,,second ,,to ,,twenty-,,fifth ,,dynasty ,,kings4 #a-h4 8,hez-kheper-ra setep-en-ra0 7,shashanq ,i74 #a4 ,m-,g4 #b4 ,m-,g4 #c4 ,m-,g4 #d4 ,nash4 #e4 ,amh4 #f4 ,m-,g4 #g4 ,luxor4 #h4 ,gr4 #i4 8,the ,royal ,wife1 ,ka-ra-ma-ma0 ,ready4 #aj4 8,se-her-ab-ra ,pe-de-se-,bast0 7,petsubastis74 ,luxor4 #aa-ac4 8,sekhem-kheper-ra setep-en-ra1 ,osorkon0 7,osorkon ,i74 #aa4 ,leyd4 #ab4 ,newb4 #ac4 ,t4 #ad4 8,hez-kheper-ra setep-en-ra1 ,the ,divine ,ruler of ,thebes1 ,takelethi0 7,takelotis ,i74 ,newb4 #ae4 8,mery ,amen ,se ,bast ,shashanq0 7,shashanq ,,ii74 ,l4 #af4 8,user-maat-ra ,mery ,amen ,shashanq0 7,shashanq ,,iii74 ,cairo4 #ag-ai4 8,aa-kheper-ra0 7,shashanq ,,iv74 #ag4 ,amh4 7ivory74 #ah4 ,gr4 #ai4 ,gr4 #bj4 ,kash-ta and ,amenardes4 ,luxor4 #ba4 ,amenardes4 ,b4,m4 #bjhee4 #bb and #bc4 ,uah-ka-ra 7,bokkheris74 #bb4 ,p4 #bc4 ,davis4 #bd4 ,shep-en-upt4 ,hood4 #be4 8,the ,governor of the ,city and ,vezr1 ,zed-auf-,tahuti0 7874 #bf and #bg4 8,the ,divine ,wife ,amenardes4 #bf4 ,alnw4 #bg4 ,alnw4 #bh4 ,pe-ankhy and ,taharqa4 ,w4 #bi and #cj4 ,nefer-ka-ra 7,shabaka74 #bi4 ,bologna #becc4 #cj4 ,alnw4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,royal ,,and ,,private ,,scarabs ,,and ,,rings4 7,,twenty-,,fifth ,,to ,,twenty-,,sixth ,,dynasties47 #a4 8,the ,priest of ,ra1 the ,governor of the ,two ,cities1 the ,vezr1 ,hor-sa-ast40 ,p4 #b4 ,ta-har-qa4 ,hood4 #c4 ,ded-ka-ra4 ,m-,g4 #d4 ,ta-har-qa4 ,p4 #e4 ,nefer-ka-ra4 ,m-,g4 #f4 ,nefer-ka-ra ,shabaka4 ,b4,m4 #agafh4 #g4 ,shabaka4 ,b4,m4 ,found at ,nineveh4 7,layard1 ,nineveh and ,babylon1 p4 #aef47 #h4 ,ka-ankh-ra4 ,m-,g4 #i4 ,psamtek4 ,c4,m4 #aj4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,bologna4 #aa4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,gr4 #ab4 ,ta-har-qa4 ,l4 #ac4 ,psamtek4 ,p4 #ad4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,alnw4 #ae4 ,nefer-ab-ra4 ,m-,g4 #af4 8,the ,priest of ,anhur and ,shu1 son of ,ra1 ,ankh sha-ba-min40 ,gold ring4 ,l4 #ag4 ,aahmes sa-,neith4 ,t4 #ah4 ,men-nefer-ra4 ,m-,g4 #ai4 ,haa-ab-ra4 ,uah-ab-ra4 ,c4,m4 #bj4 ,heru ,aa-ab4 ,newb4 #ba4 ,khnem-ab-ra4 ,c4,m4 7,m4 ,m4,d4 #cb47 #bb4 8,psamtek1 beloved of ,ptah-anb-res-ef40 ,c4,m4 7,m4 ,m4,d4 #cb47 #bc4 8,the ,priest of ,hor-pa-khred 444 ,regulator of the ,temples of ,sekhet-hetep1 ,psamtek-senb40 7,griffith1 ,tell el ,yahudiyeh1 ,pl4 ,,xviii1 #ad47 #bd4 8,the ,priest 444 ,hor1 son of ,horuza40 ,l4 #be4 8,the ,hereditary ,mayor1 the ,priest of ,osiris1 ,lord of ,dedu1 the ,great ,chief1 ,pa-ma40 ,m-,g4 #bf4 8444 ,the ,chief of the ,mayors1 ,nefer40 ,b4,m42 from ,naucratis4 #bg4 8,the ,priest of ,her-she-ef40 ,gold ring4 ,l4 #bh4 8,the ,priest of ,hather1 ,lady of the ,sycomore 4440 ,gold ring4 ,l4 #bi4 8,the nomarch of the ,hermonthite nome1 ,divine ,father of ,amen-,ra1 ,king of the gods 7871 ,priest1 ,opener to the ,holder of the 4441 the abh-priest1 ,yerhararu40 ,gold ring4 ,luxor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,scarabs ,,bearing ,,mottoes1 ,,good ,,wishes1 ,,etc4 ,the inscriptions on these scarabs are generally extremely difficult to interpret1 but a few will be found translated on p4 #gh4 ,i give here1 therefore1 only references to the collections from which the examples have been figured4 #a and #b1 v-,b4 #c4 ,m-,g4 7,common47 #d4 ,b4,m4 7,common47 #e4 ,b4,m4 #f4 ,ashm4 #g4 ,thomp4 #h4 ,b4,m4 #agahi4 #i4 ,thomp4 #aj4 ,alnw4 #aa-ac4 ,m-,g4 #ad4 ,gr4 #ae4 ,hood4 #af and #ag4 ,gr4 #ah4 ,m-,g4 #ai4 ,gr4 #bj4 ,hood4 #ba4 ,evans4 7,this plaque is dated by the name of ,thothmes ,,iii engraved on its side47 #bb4 ,b4,m4 #dbfg4 #bc4 ,b4,m4 #bgbai4 #bd4 ,alnw4 #be4 ,gr4 #bf4 ,b4,m4 #cfca4 #bg4 ,m-,g4 7,common47 #bh4 ,b4,m4 #ciab4 #bi4 ,alnw4 #cj4 ,alnw4 7,very common47 #ca4 ,hood4 #cb4 ,ashm4 #cc4 ,m-,g4 #cd4 ,hood4 #ce4 ,ashm4 #cf4 ,gr4 7,this example has the name of ,rameses ,,ii cut on the back47 #cg4 ,m-,g4 7,common47 #ch4 ,b4,m4 #bibde4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,scarabs ,,bearing ,,mottoes1 ,,good ,,wishes1 ,,etc4--continued4 ,references are only given here to the collections from which the specimens have been figured4 ,a few of the inscriptions will be found translated on p4 #gh4 #a4 ,b4,m4 #cgjb4 #b4 ,alnw4 #c4 ,in the possession of ,arthur ,evans1 ,esq4 #d4 ,gr4 #e4 ,hood4 #f4 ,b4,m4 #agbgj4 #g4 ,bol41 #bfda4 #h4 ,p4 #i4 ,b4,m4 #bfeif4 #aj4 ,ashm4 #aa4 ,gr4 #ab4 ,luxor4 #ac and #ad4 ,amh4 #ae and #af4 ,hood4 #ag4 ,luxor4 #ah4 ,h-,p4 #dfjc2 cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxxix1 #ba and #bg4 #ai4 ,fitzw4 7,common47 #bj4 ,b4,m4 #bffah4 #ba4 ,hood4 #bb4 ,amh4 #bc4 ,luxor4 7,very common47 #bd4 ,fitzw4 7,very common47 #be4 ,bol4 #bggj4 7,not rare47 #bf4 ,luxor4 #bg4 ,h-,p4 #bh4 ,newb4 #bi and #cj4 ,amh4 #ca4 ,in the possession of ,mrs4 ,cox4 #cb4 ,b4,m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,scarabs ,,bearing ,,names ,,of ,,figures ,,of ,,gods1 ,,etc4 #a4 8,isis1 ,lady of ,heaven and ,mistress of the ,gods40 ,t4 #b4 m-hetep4 ,h4,p4 #c4 8,amen-ra1 ,lord of the ,breath of ,life40 ,alnw4 #d4 8,amen-ra1 abundant in things40 ,newb4 #e4 ,head of ,hathor4 ,t4 #f4 ,her-she-ef4 ,m-,g4 #g4 8,ra-nefer1 ,son of ,amen40 ,gr4 #h4 ,ptah4 ,cairo4 #i4 8,shu1 ,son of ,ra40 ,amh4 #aj4 ,horus and ,uraeus4 ,vat4 #aa4 ,horus and ,uraeus4 ,t4 #ab4 ,a king adoring ,thoth4 ,c4,m4 #ac4 ,ptah standing in front of two altars4 ,alnw4 #ad4 ,mentu4 ,c4,m4 #ae4 ,set4 ,c4,m4 #af4 ,bes4 ,amh4 #ag4 ,amen supported by ,ra and ,pacht4 ,amh4 #ah4 ,amen-ra4 ,cairo4 #ai4 ,maat4 ,newb4 #bj4 ,the title 8,courtier40 ,c4,m4 #ba4 ,the title 8,hereditary ,prince40 ,gr4 #bb4 ,the title 8,governor of the ,city40 ,c4,m4 #bc4 ,the royal title1 8,son of ,ra40 ,luxor4 #bd4 ,the royal titles1 8,the ,good ,god1 ,lord of the ,two ,lands40 ,luxor4 #be4 ,the royal titles1 8,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt40 ,newb4 #bf4 ,a common inscription of doubtful meaning4 ,b4,m4 #bg4 ,hieroglyphic signs symmetrically arranged4 ,luxor4 #bh4 ,m-,g4 #bi4 ,luxor4 #cj4 ,amen-ra4 ,cairo4 #ca4 ,b4,m4 #cb4 ,b4,m4 7,a very common inscription47 #cc4 ,luxor4 #cd4 ,luxor4 #ce4 ,naucratis4 #cf4 ,luxor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,,hieroglyphics1 ,,flowers1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,ankh1 8,life40 ,newb4 #b4 ,ankh nefer1 8,life and beauty40 ,newb4 #c4 ,nefer maa1 8,beauty and truth40 ,newb4 #d4 ,do4 do4 do4 #e4 ,hieroglyphic signs4 ,luxor4 #f4 ,two nefer signs4 ,cairo4 #g4 ,ankh nefer1 8,life and beauty40 ,newb4 #h-aa4 ,hieroglyphic signs4 ,c4,m4 #ab4 ,nefer1 8,beauty10 surrounded by a coil pattern4 ,c4,m4 #ac4 ,two feet and an ox's head 7874 ,m-,g4 #ad4 ,lotus buds4 ,c4,m4 #ae4 ,lotus flower and buds4 ,c4,m4 #af4 ,papyrus flowers4 ,newb4 #ag4 ,a cat1 fish1 and eye4 ,c4,m4 #ah4 ,an eye4 ,l4 #ai4 ,a fly4 ,hood4 #bj4 ,a beetle1 two uraei1 and a crocodile4 ,newb4 #ba4 ,a cat and fish in an eye4 ,c4,m4 7see above1 ,no4 #ag47 #bb4 ,a hawk1 two uraei1 and a crocodile4 ,newb4 #bc4 ,a hand4 ,gr4 #bd4 ,a ,king 787 seated4 ,very common4 #be4 ,a fish and a scorpion4 ,gr4 #bf4 ,three uraei4 ,liv4 #bg4 ,a man holding two crocodiles4 ,hood4 #bh4 ,two monkeys climbing a palm-tree4 ,gr4 #bi4 ,a palm-tree and two crocodiles4 ,dattari4 #cj4 ,two fish4 ,cairo4 #ca4 ,two scorpions4 ,gr4 #cb4 ,a gazelle4 ,newb4 #cc-ci4 ,hunting scenes4 ,b4,m41 ,newb41 and ,h-,p4 ,colls4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,royal ,,and ,,private ,,scarabs4 #a4 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,divine ,father1 ,ha-ankh-ef40 ,p4 #b4 8,the ,steward1 ,khnems40 ,dat4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #c4 8,the son of ,ra1 ,amenemhat-,sebekhetep1 beloved of ,sebek-ra4 ,lord of ,shteru0 7874 ,davis4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 7,see ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxiv1 p4 #bej47 #d4 8,the ,steward1 ,amen40 ,p4 ,late ,twelfth ,dynasty4 #e4 8,the ,scribe of the ,army1 ,neh1 born of the ,lady ,kesen40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #f4 8,neferui-uah-ra40 ,fitzw4 #g4 8,the ,royal ,friend1 ,doctor and ,scribe1 ,sa-hather40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #h4 8,the ,chief ,superintendent of the ,office of the ,treasury1 ,nen-semkhut-ef40 ,davis4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #i4 8,the ,doctor and ari ,nekhen1 ,antef40 ,davis4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #aj4 8,the ,royal ,sealer1 ,royal ,friend1 and ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,ab-tau40 ,davis4 ,hyksos period4 #aa4 8,ankhes-en-pa-aten40 ,davis4 ,eighteenth ,dynasty 7,akhenaten74 #ab4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,cattle of ,amen2 ,sen-nefer40 ,p4 ,early ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 #ac4 8,the ,vezr1 ,ym-hetep40 ,davis4 ,this ,vezr lived under ,amenhetep ,i4 7,see ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxiii1 p4 #bej47 #ad4 8,apepa40 ,davis4 ,hyksos period4 #ae4 8,the ,mayor and ,superintendent of the ,granary of ,amen1 ,aahmes40 ,davis4 ,time of ,hatshepst or early ,thothmes ,,iii4 #af4 8,the ,chantress of ,amen1 ,nefret-ari40 ,dat4 ,end of the ,eighteenth or beginning of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty4 #ag and #ah4 8,shesha40 ,mr4 ,nahmann1 ,cairo4 ,hyksos period4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxi1 #i-ah47 #ai4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,ambu40 ,c4,m4 ,hyksos period4 #bj4 ,a blundered scarab of ,se-kha-en-ra4 ,davis4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxi1 #ai-bb47 ,hyksos period4 #ba4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 -keb40 ,davis4 ,hyksos period4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,xxii1 #g-ac47 #bb4 8,the ,royal ,son1 -kebu40 v-,b4 ,hyksos period4 7,see supra1 ,no4 #ba47 #bc4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,unguents1 ,kheper-ka40 ,p4 ,twelfth ,dynasty4 #bd4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,office1 ,atef40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth or ,fourteenth ,dynasty4 #be4 8,the ,scribe ,teta40 ,davis4 ,middle ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 #bf4 8,the ,steward of the ,house of ,prayer1 ,mesu40 ,b4,m4 #bg4 8,the ,mayor of ,heliopolis1 ,ben1 son of ,ma40 v-,b4 ,thothmes ,,iii4 7,fr4 ,sc4 #ha47 #bh4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,a40 ,t4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #bi4 8,the ,guardian of the ,storehouse1 ,senb40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #cj4 8,the ,overseer of the ,surveyors1 ,thati40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #ca4 8,the ,chief over the ,secrets of the ,royal ,palace1 the ,royal ,sealer1 and ,superintendent of the ,seal1 ,hor40 ,philadelphia ,museum4 7,see my note in ,garstang's ,el ,arabeh1 p4 #cb47 #cb4 8,the ,guardian of the ,unguents1 ,nub-user40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 #cc4 8,the ,superintendent of the 7,cattle 87 stalls1 ,benera40 ,c4,m4 ,thirteenth ,dynasty4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,royal ,,and ,,private ,,scarabs--continued4 #a4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,interior1 ,kenem4 ,timmins' ,coll4 #b4 8,the ,em-a-ast1 ,sebeknekht40 ,cairo4 #c4 8,the ,steward of the ,accounts of ,cattle1 ,hora-khent-khet-hetep40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #d4 8,the ,lady ,sent40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #e4 8,the ,scribe ,hu-ma-thu40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #f4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,khan40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #g4 8,the ,good ,god1 ,kha-user-,ra1 giving life40 ,piers' ,coll4 #h4 8,the ,son of ,ra1 ,seket40 ,piers' ,coll4 #i4 8,the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,se-baq-ka-,ra40 ,cairo4 #aj4 8,the ,superintendent of 4448 ,anna40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #aa4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,gold ,workers1 ,haau40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #ab4 8,the ,court ,under-sealer1 ,ab-ref40 #ac4 8,the ,great 787 ,royal ,wife1 ,nub-hetep-tha40 ,murch4 #ad4 8,the ,lady1 ,y-b40 ,cairo4 #ae4 8,the ,great ,one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,sebek-her-heb40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #af4 8,the ,chief ,steward1 ,mentu-hetep ,zeszes40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #ag4 8,the ,scribe of the ,great ,prison1 ,dehenti40 ,timmins' ,coll4 #ah4 8,the abu ne at 444 ,sebek-aa40 ,cairo4 #ai4 8,may the ,king give an offering to ,ptah-seker-,osiris ,neb ankh tau for the ka of the ,great one of the ,southern ,tens1 ,sebek-em-heb1 ,son of ,h 444 hufi40 ,cairo4 #bj4 8,the ,governor of the city1 ,ptah 78740 ,cairo4 #ba4 8,ari-at of the followers1 ,yu-senbu40 ,cairo4 #bb4 8,royal ,sealer4 ,superintendent of the ,peasantmen1 ,nefer-hetep40 ,cairo4 #bc4 8,royal ,sealer4 ,superintendent of the prison1 ,senb40 ,murch4 #bd4 8,the judge and ar ,nekhen1 ,ren-ef-res40 ,cairo4 #be4 8,royal daughter1 ,nebt-tep-ahu40 ,murch4 #bf4 8,royal ,sealer1 ,chief ,steward1 ,neb-ankh40 ,murch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,to ,,personal ,,names4 ,aahmes1 ,,xxix1 #a4 ,aa-khnem1 ,,xv1 #ah4 ,abh-a-senbtefi1 ,,xiv1 #c4 ,ab-ka-user1 ,,xxix1 #c4 ,ab-ref1 ,,xliv1 #ab4 ,ab-tau1 ,,xliii1 #aj4 ,aka1 ,,xiii1 #aj4 ,aka-senbna1 ,,xi1 #bg4 ,akuu1 ,,xv1 #af4 ,amen-em-apt1 ,,xxxv1 #ba4 ,amen-em-hat1 ,,xi1 #ag2 ,,xiii1 #bc2 ,,xvi1 #b4 ,amenemhat-senb-ne-,hather1 ,,xi1 #af4 ,amenemheb1 ,,xxix1 #g4 ,amenhetep1 ,,xi1 #aj2 ,,xiv1 #a2 ,,xvi1 #c4 ,ameny1 ,,xvii1 #bg2 ,,xliii1 #d4 ,ameny-senb1 ,,xvi1 #ac4 ,ana1 ,,xvii1 #aj4 ,ankh1 ,,xv1 #bd2 ,,xvii1 #i1 #ba4 ,ankh-ef1 ,,xiii1 #bg4 ,ankh-sen1 ,,xvi1 #d4 ,ankh-tefi1 ,,xiv1 #ac4 ,ankhu1 ,,vii1 #ac2 ,,xiii1 #af4 ,anna1 ,,xliv1 #aj4 ,antef1 ,,xiii1 #c2 ,,xiv1 #bf2 ,,xliii1 #i4 ,anu-enti7871 ,,xvii1 #ad4 ,apa1 ,,xvi1 #ah4 ,apepa1 ,,xii1 #be2 ,,xliii1 #ad4 ,apuser1 ,,xxix1 #ab4 ,art1 ,,xxix1 #ab4 ,atef1 ,,xliii1 #bd4 ,atef-ef1 ,,xvii1 #bd4 ,au-ab1 ,,xvi1 #aj4 ,au-ef-er-senb1 ,,xvii1 #ac4 ,au-het-ab1 ,x1 #c4 ,auqa1 ,,xv1 #aj4 ,au su ankh1 ,,xiv1 #bb4 ,au1 ,,xi1 #b4 ,au mes1 ,,xi1 #ah4 ,a1 ,,xii1 #ba2 ,,xiv1 #e2 ,,xliii1 #bh4 ,bak en khensu1 ,,xxxv1 #ba4 ,ba1 ,,xxxvi1 #ad4 ,beba1 ,,xi1 #cj2 ,,xiv1 #ab4 ,ben1 ,,xliii1 #bg4 ,benera1 ,,xliii1 #cc4 ,bu-sen-ba1 ,,xvi1 #be4 ,deda1 ,,xi1 #cj4 ,dede muti1 ,,xvii1 #ae4 ,dede nub1 ,,xv1 #i4 ,dedetu1 ,,xii1 #aa4 ,dehenti1 ,,xliv1 #ag4 ,erde ne ptah1 ,,xi1 #ab2 ,,xiii1 #bb2 ,,xiv1 #aj2 ,,xv1 #ai4 ,erdet ne ptah1 ,,xv1 #ba4 ,ha ankh ef1 ,x1 #d1 #h2 ,,xii1 #ag2 ,,xliii1 #a4 ,haau1 ,,xliv1 #aa4 ,hap-hetepu1 ,,xii1 #ab4 ,hapu senb1 ,,xxix1 #e4 ,har1 ,,xxiii1 #bj-bb4 ,hepu em sha1 ,,xii1 #ab4 ,her ankh1 ,,xiii1 #ah4 ,her hetep1 ,,xvii1 #d4 ,hera1 ,heru1 ,,xi1 #bb2 ,,xiii1 #ad1 #ae2 ,,xliii1 #ca4 ,herfu1 ,,xi1 #aa4 ,hei-khent-kheti-hetep1 ,,xliv1 #c4 ,hetep1 ,,xvii1 #bc4 ,hu-ma-tha1 ,,xliv1 #e4 ,hu1 ,,ii4 ,ka1 ,,xvi1 #ad4 ,kema1 ,x1 #e1 #h4 ,kenem1 ,,xliv1 #a4 ,keru1 ,,xv1 #bf4 ,kesen1 ,,xliii1 #e4 ,kethuna1 ,,xxiii1 #bh4 ,kha-kau-ra-senb1 ,,xv1 #a4 ,khent hetep1 ,,xvii1 #af4 ,khent-kheti1 ,,xv1 #be4 ,kheper ka1 ,,xliii1 #bc4 ,khnem-aa1 ,,xvii1 #ah4 ,khnem-set-heru-sebek8 ,,xii1 #aj4 ,khnems1 ,,xv1 #ac2 ,,xvii1 #bj2 ,,xliii1 #b4 ,khu1 ,,xvi1 #i4 ,ma1 ,,xliii1 #bg4 ,maket1 ,,xxix1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc4 ,ma1 ,,xxix1 #aa4 ,mehti1 ,,xv1 #bc4 ,men kheper ra senb1 ,,xxix1 #d4 ,mentuhetep1 ,x1 #b2 ,,xi1 #bj2 ,,xvi1 #e4 ,mentu nesu1 ,,xiii1 #f4 ,mery ra1 ,,xv1 #c4 ,mert1 ,,xii1 #ah4 ,min-ast1 ,,xxxv1 #ah4 ,min-nekht1 ,,xxix1 #i4 ,mu-nu-ah1 ,,xv1 #ae4 ,m1 ,,xiv1 #ba4 ,neb-ankh1 ,,xliv1 #bf4 ,neb-kau1 ,,xvi1 #bc4 ,neb-pu1 ,,xvi1 #bb4 ,neb qemiu1 ,,xi1 #be4 ,neb-re-sehui1 ,,xi1 #d4 ,neb-seshen1 ,,xi1 #bi4 ,neb-sunu1 ,,xvi1 #f2 ,,xvii1 #e2 ,,xvii1 #ai4 ,nebt-tep-ahu1 ,,xliv1 #be4 ,nefer-hetep1 ,,xii1 #bc2 ,,xiii1 #ab2 ,,xliv1 #bb4 ,neferni1 ,,xiii1 #be4 ,nefer renpet1 ,,xxxv1 #bc1 #bd4 ,nefer tum1 ,,xvi1 #ab4 ,neferu1 ,,xiv1 #ae4 ,nefret ari1 ,,xliii1 #af4 ,nehesi1 ,,xi1 #ad4 ,nehy1 ,,xii1 #g2 ,,xiii1 #aa2 ,,xvii1 #g2 ,,xliii1 #e4 ,nenna1 ,,xii1 #bf4 ,nen sem khuft1 ,,xliii1 #h4 ,nub-em-sa-es1 ,,xii1 #ai4 ,nub-hkusi1 ,,xvii1 #bh4 ,pa-enti-en1 ,,xiv1 #ad4 ,paser1 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag4 ,pe-en-thebu1 ,,xxix1 #f4 ,pehui-ef-hu81 ,,xi1 #ba4 ,per-em-uah1 ,,xxiii1 #bd-bf4 ,ptah1 ,,xliv1 #bj4 ,ptah-ath1 ,,xvii1 #be4 ,ptah dedetu senb1 ,,xi1 #a4 ,ptah-hetep1 ,,xiv1 #h4 ,ptah-mes1 ,,xxix1 #aj4 ,ptah ur1 ,,xii1 #bb4 ,ptah ur bau1 ,,xvii1 #a4 ,raha1 ,,xxiii1 #bg4 ,ren ef-em-ab1 ,,xi1 #bi4 ,ren ef senb1 ,,xi1 #c4 ,rensenb1 ,,xi1 #bc2 ,,xvi1 #bd2 ,,xvii1 #h1 #bh4 -- ,usertsen1 ,,xv1 #b1 ,res1 ,,xiii1 #cc4 ,sa aah1 ,,xv1 #bb4 ,sa buu1 ,,xv1 #d4 ,sa hather aa1 ,,xi1 #bh4 ,sa hather1 ,,xv1 #f2 ,,xliii1 #g4 ,sa h1 ,,xvi1 #ag4 ,sa neb1 ,,xiii1 #ag4 ,sa nefer hez1 ,,xv1 #e4 ,sa ptah1 ,,xiii1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #b4 ,sa sebek1 ,,xi1 #ai2 ,,xii1 #af2 ,,xiv1 #bc4 ,sat ab1 ,,xiv1 #i4 ,sat spedu1 ,,xvii1 #aa4 ,sat sutekh1 ,,xv1 #h4 ,se ankh1 ,,xiii1 #ba2 ,,xvii1 #ab4 ,sebek-aa1 ,,xliv1 #ah4 ,sebek aa senes1 ,,xii1 #bd4 ,sebek an1 ,,xvii1 #b4 ,sebek dedu1 ,,xi1 #bf4 ,sebek-em-heb1 ,,xliv1 #ai4 ,sebek-her-heb1 ,,xliv1 #ae4 8 ,sebek her ant1 ,,xvi1 #ai4 ,sebekhetep1 ,,xi1 #bj2 ,,xiv1 #aa1 #bj2 ,,xv1 #aa4 ,sebek-nekht1 ,,xliv1 #b4 ,sebek-se-s-ankh1 ,,xiii1 #d4 ,sebek-ur1 ,,xiii1 #i4 ,sedem1 ,,xiii1 #ca4 ,sehetep1 ,,xvii1 #c4 ,sehetep-ab1 ,,xiii1 #cb4 ,se-hetep-ab-ra-senb1 ,,ix1 #ab4 ,sehetep ab ru1 ,,xi1 #ac2 ,,xiii1 #bi4 ,semi nefer1 ,,xv1 #bj4 ,senaa-ab1 ,,xiv1 #f1 #g4 ,senb1 ,,xiii1 #cd2 ,,xvi1 #aa1 #bj1 #ba2 ,,xliii1 #bi2 ,,xliv1 #bc4 ,senba1 ,,vii1 #a 2 ,,xi1 #f4 ,senb ef1 ,,xiii1 #ce4 ,senb ef nefer ankh1 ,,xvii1 #bf4 ,senb-su ma1 ,,xi1 #g1 #h4 ,senb tefi1 ,,xii1 #bj4 ,sen-mut1 ,,viii1 #d4 ,sen-nefer1 ,,xxix1 #h2 ,,xliii1 #ab4 ,sen-pu1 ,,xiii1 #ai2 ,,xxix1 #b4 ,sent1 ,,xliv1 #d4 8 ,sep-sa-ankh1 ,,xii1 #ae4 ,se resu1 ,,xiv1 #d4 ,sesa1 ,,xii1 #i4 ,set mes1 ,,xvi1 #g4 ,sezedu1 ,,xiv1 #af4 ,spernef1 ,,xv1 #ag4 ,surtha1 ,,xiii1 #bd4 ,tefta1 ,,xvi1 #ae4 ,tehepenkhet mery81 ,,xii1 #h4 ,tehutinekht1 ,,xi1 #ae4 ,teta1 ,,xvi1 #af2 ,,xliii1 #be4 ,teta kherd1 ,,xiii1 #b4 ,teta nefer1 ,,xxvi1 #c4 ,tha ath1 ,,xii1 #ac4 ,tha tha1 ,,xii1 #bh4 ,thati1 ,,xliii1 #cj4 ,theti1 ,,xv1 #ab4 ,un nefer1 ,,xvii1 #ag4 ,up em heb1 ,,xi1 #e4 ,user1 ,,xliii1 #cb4 ,usermaa ra nekht1 ,,xxxv1 #bb4 ,usertsen1 ,,xvii1 #f4 ,usertsen senbu1 ,,xiii1 #ac4 ,ushu1 ,,xiii1 #h4 ,y-ab1 ,,xiii1 #bj2 ,,xliv1 #ad4 ,y-m-hetep1 ,,xliii1 #ac4 ,yu-benera1 ,,xv1 #ad4 ,yu-senb1 ,,xi1 #i1 #bh2 ,,xvi1 #a1 #h2 ,,xliv1 #bj4 ,zedau f ,heru1 ,,xxxvii1 #be4 ,zera1 ,,xv1 #g4 ,zeszes1 ,,xliv1 #af4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,to ,,titles4 abu ne at1 ,,xliv1 #ah4 adenu ne mer khetem1 see mer khetem4 adenu ne mer per ur1 see mer per ur4 ahems ne dep1 ,,xvi1 #b4 am-as1 ,,xiii1 #bg4 am khent ne ,sebek1 ,,xvii1 #b4 am khent1 ,egyptian 99991 ,,xvii1 #ad4 ankhet net res-tep1 ,,xiii1 #ab4 ankhui ne neb taui1 ,,xxix1 #h4 ari at1 ,,xi1 #bi2 ,,xii1 #ab1 #cj2 ,,xiii1 #bi2 ,,xv1 #a2 ,,xvii1 #bc2 ,,xliii1 #bh1 #bi4 ari at ne auf1 ,,xiii1 #ah4 ari at ne per dedu1 ,,xiii1 #ai2 ,,xvi1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #e2 ,,xxix1 #b4 ari at ne per hez1 ,,xv1 #e2 ,,xvii1 #ag4 ari at ne shemsu1 ,,xliv1 #ba4 ari at ne shent1 ,,xiv1 #aj4 ari bes1 ,,xliii1 #cb4 ari ,nekhen1 ,,xii1 #ag2 ,,xv1 #aj2 ,,xliii1 #i2 ,,xliv1 #bd4 ari pedet1 ,,xiii1 #cd4 bakt ne heq1 ,,xiii1 #bf4 enti em sert1 ,,xvii1 #ad4 erpa1 ,,xi1 #ah4 ha1 ,,xi1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,xiii1 #ae1 #ba2 ,,xiv1 #a2 ,,xvi1 #ac2 ,,xvii1 #bh2 ,,xxix1 #h2 ,,xliii1 #ae2 p4 #di1 fig4 #be4 ha het ,usertsen1 ,,vii1 #a4 ha ne ,an1 ,,xliii1 #bg4 ha ne ,reshuu1 ,,xv1 #ad4 hemt neter1 ,,xxvi1 #ab1 #ae1 #ba1 #ca2 ,,xxvii1 #ad1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce2 ,,xxviii1 #d2 ,,xxxvii1 #bf1 #bg4 hemt neter urt1 ,,xxxi1 #ah2 ,,xxxvi1 #ab2 ,,xxxvii1 #i4 hemt seten1 ,,ix1 #cb2 ,,xii1 #f2 ,,xiii1 #cj2 ,,xxiii1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai2 ,,xxvi1 #d1 #cb2 ,,xxxii1 #b2 ,,xxxv1 #ae4 hemt seten urt1 ,,xii1 #d1 #e1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #ai2 ,,xxvi1 #ai1 #bj2 ,,xxvii1 #ac2 ,,xxviii1 #ce1 #cg2 ,,xxxi1 #c1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #ag2 ,,xxxii1 #a1 #c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1 #b2 ,,xxxiv1 #h2 ,,xxxv1 #bj2 ,,xliv1 #ac4 hen neter1 ,,xv1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #b4 hen neter ne ,sebek em ,uas1 ,,xii1 #bc4 hen tep neter ne ,amen1 ,,xxix1 #e2 ,,xxxv1 #ba4 heq ankn khaut1 ,,xiii1 #bh4 heq khaskhet1 ,,vii1 #g2 ,,xxii1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb2 ,,xxiii1 #aj1 #aa4 heq neferu1 ,,vii1 #aj4 heq ne kenbet1 ,,xliii1 #cj4 her ne tem1 ,,xvi1 #g4 her per1 ,,xliii1 #d2 cf4 mer per4 her sesheta 7ne7 per seten1 ,,xliii1 #ca4 her she1 see mer she4 kher heb ne ,nekhebet1 ,,xiv1 #aa4 kher heb ne per nefer1 ,,xvii1 #ba4 kherp aha1 ,,xiii1 #ae2 ,,xiv1 #d4 kherp nesti1 ,,xi1 #ae4 khetemu bati1 ,,xi1 #d-ab1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi2 ,,xii1 #bh2 ,,xiii1 #aj1 #af1 #ba1 #bd1 #bg1 #ca2 ,,xiv1 #aj1 #bd2 ,,xv1 #d2 ,,xvi1 #c2 ,,xxiii1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb2 ,,xxiv1 #cb2 ,,xliii1 #a1 #aj1 #ca2 ,,xliv1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf4 khetemu kefa ab1 ,,xi1 #bh4 khetemu kher-a1 ,,xvii1 #ah2 ,,xliv1 #ab4 khnemt nefert hez1 ,,ix1 #cb2 ,,xii1 #d1 #e1 #bf2 ,,xiv1 #ai4 mer akhenuti1 ,,xiii1 #cb2 ,,xvi1 #af1 #be2 ,,xvii1 #ab2 ,,xliii1 #bd2 ,,xliv1 #a4 mer akhenuti ne dep1 ,,xii1 #bj2 ,,xiii1 #aa1 #af2 ,,xvi1 #bd4 mer akhenuti ur ne per hez1 ,,xliii1 #h4 mer aru 7871 ,,xiii1 #e4 mer ast ne heq1 ,,xiv1 #i2 ,,xvi1 #ag4 mer ast urt1 ,,xi1 #bd4 mer besu 7871 ,,xliii1 #bc4 mer hemt ne ,amen1 ,,xxix1 #d4 mer henu neter1 ,,xi1 #ae1 #ah2 cf4 hen neter4 mer hesu ur1 ,,xi1 #be4 mer het neter1 ,,vii1 #a2 ,,xi1 #ag2 ,,xiii1 #ae1 #ba2 ,,xvi1 #ac4 mer hetu seten1 ,,xxix1 #a4 mer khau ne ,amen1 ,,xliii1 #ab4 mer khau1 ,,xv1 #ag4 mer khent1 ,,xliv1 #bc4 mer khetemtiu1 ,,xi1 #i2 ,,xiii1 #ca2 ,,xv1 #d4 mer khetemu1 ,,xi1 #d-aa2 ,,xxiii1 #bj-bb1 #bd-bg2 ,,xxiv1 #cb2 ,,xxxvi1 #ad2 ,,xliii1 #aj1 #ca4 ---- adenu ne mer khetemu1 ,,xi1 #ac2 ,,xiv1 #be2 ,,xvi1 #f4 ---- sesh ne mer khetemu1 ,,xvi1 #h4 ---- sesh ur ne mer khetemu1 ,,xi1 #ad2 ,,xiv1 #b4 ---- setem ash ne mer khetem1 ,,xxix1 #i4 mer mentiu1 ,,xi1 #bc4 mer meshau1 ,,xi1 #bb2 ,,xiii1 #ag4 mer meshau ur1 ,,xi1 #ba4 mer neferu ne per ,amen1 ,,xxxv1 #ba4 mer net1 ,,vii1 #ac2 ,,xii1 #a1 #b2 ,,xxvi1 #c2 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd2 ,,xxxvii1 #be2 ,,xliv1 #bj4 mer nub1 ,,xliv1 #aa2 p4 #ee1 fig4 #cb4 mer per1 ,,xii1 #ae2 ,,xiii1 #b1 #d2 ,,xiv1 #ba2 ,,xvi1 #bb2 ,,xliii1 #b4 mer per heseb ahu1 ,,xliv1 #c4 mer per heseb ati1 ,,xiv1 #e4 mer per heseb remt1 ,,xiv1 #bf4 mer per ne dua1 ,,xliii1 #bf4 mer per ne hemt seten1 ,,xxix1 #f4 mer per ne shent1 ,,xvi1 #ah4 mer per ur1 ,,xii1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xiii1 #aj1 #ba1 #bg2 ,,xvi1 #bc2 ,,xliv1 #af1 #bf4 ---- ne seten2 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bd4 ---- adenu me mer per ur1 ,,xvii1 #af4 mer qesti1 ,,xvii1 #bg4 mer qesu1 ,,xiv1 #aj4 mer sekhetiu1 ,,xiii1 #bd2 ,,xiv1 #bd2 ,,xliv1 #bb4 mer she1 ,,xv1 #ac4 ---- sesh ne she1 ,,xv1 #f4 mer shent ne ,amen1 ,,xliii1 #ae4 mer ta mehu1 ,,xiii1 #f1 #cb2 ,,xvi1 #be2 ,,xvii1 #ab4 mer u1 ,,xiii1 #f2 ,,xv1 #b4 mer u ne ,het-neter1 ,,xvi1 #ad4 ,egyptian 99991 ,,xliii1 #cc4 mertui ne neb taui1 ,,xxix1 #h4 met seten1 ,,iv1 #af2 ,x1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i2 ,,xxvi1 #af4 nebt per1 ,,xii1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg2 ,,xiii1 #g2 ,,xiv1 #ae2 ,,xv1 #g1 #h1 #bj1 #ba2 ,,xvi1 #ae2 ,,xvii1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae2 ,,xxix1 #ab1 #ad1 #cj1 #ca2 ,,xliii1 #e2 ,,xliv1 #d1 #ad4 neter atef1 ,x1 #b1 #d1 #h2 ,,xiv1 #bj2 ,,xxix1 #aj2 ,,xliii1 #a4 neter hemt1 see hemt neter4 neter hen1 see hen neter4 neter khetemu1 ,,xiv1 #a4 neter mert1 ,,xxix1 #aj4 pa ser aa1 ,,xxxv1 #f2 ,,xxxvi1 #cj4 qemat ne ,amen1 ,,xxix1 #aa2 ,,xliii1 #af4 qenbeti1 ,,xi1 #bf4 qesti1 ,,xvii1 #f4 rekh seten1 ,,xi1 #be2 ,,xii1 #aa1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #be2 ,,xiv1 #ag2 ,,xv1 #aj4 sa seten1 ,,ix1 #cj2 ,,xii1 #a-c2 ,,xiii1 #a2 ,,xvii1 #h2 ,,xxiii1 #d1 #ab-af1 #bc1 #bi2 ,,xxvi1 #cd1 #ce2 ,,xxxv1 #ai1 #bj2 ,,xliii1 #bb4 sa seten ur1 ,,xxvi1 #f4 sab1 ,,xii1 #ag1 #bb2 ,,xv1 #aj2 ,,xliii1 #g1 #i2 ,,xliv1 #bd4 sat seten1 ,,iv1 #e2 ,,vi1 #bj2 ,,ix1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci2 ,,xxvi1 #ah1 #cf2 ,,xxviii1 #c4 sat seten aat1 ,,xiv1 #ah2 ,,xvii1 #a4 sat urt ne ,neheren1 ,,xxxii1 #a4 seba ne per ankh1 ,,xiii1 #ce4 sehez shemsu1 ,,xi1 #cj2 ,,xvii1 #i4 semer uati1 ,,xi1 #d-ab2 ,,xliii1 #g1 #aj4 sen seten1 ,,xxix1 #ac4 sent seten1 ,,xxviii1 #c4 ser hayt1 ,,xiv1 #f2 ,,xv1 #aj2 ,,xvi1 #e1 #aa4 sesh1 ,,xliii1 #g1 #be2 ,,xliv1 #e4 sesh her khetemu ne ,hetep-,usertsen1 ,,xiii1 #bj4 sesh her khetemtu ne per hez1 ,,xvii1 #bf4 sesh heseb1 ,,xvii1 #bj4 sesh het neter ne ,hetep-,usertsen1 ,,xiii1 #ac4 sesh khaut1 ,,xvii1 #ac4 sesh ne kha ne neb taui1 ,,xxxv1 #bb4 sesh ne khent urt1 ,,xii1 #i2 ,,xiv1 #ad1 #af1 #bc2 ,,xliv1 #ag4 sesh ne mer khetemu1 see mer khetemu4 sesh ne meshau1 ,,xiii1 #be2 ,,xv1 #bc2 ,,xliii1 #be4 sesh ne neferu1 ,,xiii1 #be4 sesh ne qenbetu ne un me ,het-ka1 ,,xvii1 #be4 sesh ne she1 see mer she4 sesh ne ta seba1 ,,xv1 #b4 sesh ne zat1 see zat4 sesh ne zazat1 ,,xvi1 #ai4 sesh neferu1 ,,xxix1 #c4 sesh seten1 ,,xi1 #bg4 sesh ur ne mer khetemu1 see mer khetemu4 setem ash ne mer khetemu1 ,,xxix1 #i4 seten hemt1 see hemt seten4 seten hemt urt1 see hemt seten urt4 seten kekheru1 ,,xv1 #ae4 seten sa1 see sa seten4 seten sat1 see sat seten4 seten sat aat1 see sat seten aat4 seten sesh1 see sesh seten4 seten seshemsu1 see shemsu seten4 seten ,egyptian 99991 ,,xii1 #g2 ,,xvii1 #ai4 shemsu1 ,,xiii1 #c2 ,,xvi1 #bj4 shemsu ne remen tep1 ,,xiv1 #ab2 ,,xv1 #bd1 #bf2 ,,xvi1 #aj4 shemsu seten1 ,,xii1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xiii1 #ba4 sunu1 ,,xv1 #ai4 uab1 ,,xiv1 #c1 #af2 ,,xxix1 #g4 uab aa ne ,hather nebt ,tep-ahu1 ,,xii1 #aj4 uartu aa ne net1 ,,xi1 #ai2 ,,xiv1 #bb4 uartu ne hek khaut1 ,,xi1 #bj2 ,,xiii1 #h1 #ad4 uartu ne ,ursh1 ,,xv1 #af4 uartu ne ,ut1 ,,xvii1 #bb4 uhem1 ,,xv1 #ah4 ur res met1 ,,xii1 #ac2 ,,xiii1 #i2 ,,xiv1 #g1 #h1 #ac2 ,,xv1 #bb2 ,,xliv1 #ae1 #ai4 ut1 ,,xii1 #bb4 zat1 ,,vii1 #ac2 ,,xi1 #a1 #b2 ,,xxvi1 #c2 ,,xxix1 #aj2 ,,xxxv1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd2 ,,xxxvii1 #be2 ,,xliii1 #ac4 ---- sesh ne zat1 ,,xi1 #c4 zau 787 seten apt1 ,,xvii1 #c4 zau ne sesh1 ,egyptian 99991 ,,xvi1 #ab4 ,egyptian 99991 ,,xv1 #be4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,to ,,royal ,,names -------------- 7a7 ,,kings4 ,aa-ab 7,uah-ab-ra71 ,,vii1 #e2 ,x1 #ag4 ,aa-hetep-ra1 ,,xxii1 #a-c4 ,aah-mes ,i 7,neb-pehti-ra71 ,,xxvi1 #f-aa1 #ag4 ,aah-mes ,,ii 7,sa ,neith71 p4 #ad1 fig4 #d2 ,,xxxviii1 #ag4 ,aa-kheper-en-ra 7,thothmes ,,ii71 ,,xxvii1 #ae-ag2 ,,xxix1 #dc4 ,aa-kheper-ka-ra 7,thothmes ,i71 ,,xxvii1 #a-ab2 ,,xxix1 #cd4 ,aa-kheper-ra 7,shashanq ,,ii71 ,,xxxvii1 #ag-ai4 ,aa-kheperu-ra 7,amenhetep ,,ii71 p4 #fh1 fig4 #eg2 ,i1 #b2 ,,viii1 #f2 ,,xxx1 #a-ag4 ,aamu1 ,,xxii1 #ad-ah4 ,aa-user-ra 7,apep ,i71 ,i1 #a2 ,,xxiii1 #cj-ce2 ,,xxiv1 #cd1 #ce4 ,aha 7,menes71 ,,iv1 #b4 ,akh-en-aten 7,amenhetep ,,iv71 ,i1 #d4 ,akh-en-ra 7,siptah71 ,,xxxvi1 #h1 #i4 ,ambu 7871 ,,xliii1 #ai4 ,amenemhat1 ,,vi1 #af-ah1 #bj2 ,,ix1 #af4 ,amenemhat ,i 7,sehetep-ab-ra71 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #aa4 ,amenemhat ,,ii 7,nub-kau-ra71 ,,vi1 #a-d2 ,,viii1 #aa4 ,amenemhat ,,iii 7,ne-maat-ra71 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bb2 p4 #hh1 fig4 #ic2 ,,vi1 #a1 #aj-ae1 #ai2 ,,ix1 #be-bi1 #cf1 #cg4 ,amenemhat ,,iv 7,maa-kheru-ra71 ,,vi1 #bb2 ,,ix1 #ch4 ,amenemhat-sebekhetep1 ,,xliii1 #c4 ,amenemhat-senbef 7,seshes-ka-ra71 ,,vii1 #c4 ,amenhetep ,i 7,zeser-ka-ra71 p4 #fh1 fig4 #eg2 ,,viii1 #b1 #e2 ,,xxvi1 #bc-ca1 #cc4 ,amenhetep ,,ii 7,aa-kheperu-ra71 ,i1 #b2 ,,viii1 #f2 ,,xxx1 #a-ag4 ,amenhetep ,,iii 7,neb-maat-ra71 ,,viii1 #c2 ,,xxx1 #bf-cb2 ,,xxxi1 #a-ab1 #ad-ah2 ,,xxxii1 #a-c1 ,,xxxiii1 #a-b4 ,amenhetep ,,iv 7,nefer-kheperu-ra71 ,i1 #d2 ,,xxxi1 #ac1 #ai-be1 #bg1 #bh4 ,amen1 ,,vii1 #ai4 ,ana 7,mer-hetep-ra71 ,x1 #ba4 ,ankh-kheperu-ra1 ,,xxxi1 #ca4 ,anther1 ,,xxiii1 #aa4 ,apep ,i 7,aa-user-ra71 ,i1 #a2 ,,xxiii1 #cj-ce2 ,,xxiv1 #cd1 #ce4 ,a ,i 7,mer-nefer-ra71 ,x1 #ah-bj4 ,a ,,ii 7,kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat71 ,,xxxi1 #bf1 #bi1 #cd4 ,bak-en-ren-ef 7,uah-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #bb1 #bc4 ,ded-ka-ra1 ,,xxxviii1 #c4 ,dedui-ankh-ra1 ,x1 #be1 #bf4 ,dedu-mes 7,nefer-ded-ra71 ,x1 #bi4 ,den1 ,,iv1 #i4 ,hatshepst 7,maa-ka-ra71 ,,xxvii1 #ab1 #ah-be4 ,her tep taui 7,horus name71 ,,vii1 #b4 ,hez-kheper-ra 7,shashanq ,,ii71 ,,xxxvii1 #a-h1 #ae4 ,hez-kheper-ra 7,takelot ,i71 ,,xxxvii1 #ad4 ,hor-em-heb 7,zeser-kheperu-ra71 ,i1 #e2 ,,xxxiv1 #a-f4 ,ka-mes 7,uaz-kheper-ra71 ,,xxvi1 #a1 #b4 ,kashta1 ,,xxxvii1 #bj4 ,kha-ef-ra1 ,v1 #a2 ,,viii1 #i1 #aj2 ,,ix1 #d1 #e4 ,kha-hetep-ra 7,sehekhetep ,,iv71 ,x1 #af4 ,kha-ka-ra1 ,x1 #ad1 #ae4 ,kha-kau-ra 7,usertsen ,,iii71 p4 #ic1 fig4 #ajg2 ,,vi1 #a1 #i1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #bb1 #bd4 ,kha-kheper-ra 7,usertsen ,,ii71 ,,vi1 #a1 #f1 #g1 #h2 ,,ix1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4 ,kha-mu-ra1 ,,xxi1 #cj4 ,kha-nefer-ra 7,sehekhetep ,,iii71 ,h1 #f-ac4 ,kha-sekhemui1 ,,iv1 #aa4 ,kha-seshes-ra 7,neferhetep71 ,x1 #d1 #e4 ,kha-user-ra1 ,,xxi1 #be-bi2 ,,xliv1 #g4 ,kheper-ka-ra 7,usertsen ,i71 p4 #hj1 fig4 #hb2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4 ,kheper-ka-ra 7,nekhtenebo71 p4 #ib1 fig4 #ajf4 ,kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat 7,a ,,ii71 ,,xxxi1 #bf1 #bi1 #cd4 ,kheper-nub-ra1 ,,vii1 #ab4 ,khnum-ab-ra 7871 ,,xxxviii1 #ba4 ,khufu1 ,,ix1 #b1 #c4 ,khan 7,user-en-ra71 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bc2 ,,vii1 #g1 #aj2 ,,xxii1 #bj-bf2 ,,xliv1 #f4 ,maa-ab-ra1 ,,xxi1 #a-h4 ,maa-ka-ra 7,hatshepst71 ,,xxvii1 #ab1 #ah-ce4 ,maa-kheru-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iv71 ,,vi1 #bb2 ,,ix1 #ch4 ,maa-ra 7,sebekhetep71 ,x1 #bb1 #bc4 ,menes 7,aha71 ,,iv1 #b4 ,men-kau-ra1 ,v1 #b-d2 ,,ix1 #i4 ,men-kheper-ra 7,thothmes ,,iii71 p4 #fh1 fig4 #eg2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ih2 p4 #id1 fig4 #aaj2 ,,xxviii1 #e-cd2 ,,xxix1 #bi1 #cd-da4 ,men-kheperu-ra 7,thothmes ,,iv71 ,,xxx1 #ah-be4 ,men-nefer-ra1 ,,xxxviii1 #ah4 ,men-maa-ra 7,set ,i71 ,,xxxiv1 #ad-ba4 ,men-pehti-ra 7,rameses ,i71 ,,xxxiv1 #i-ac4 ,mentuhetep1 p4 #hg1 fig4 #hg4 ,mentuhetep 7,,iv8 ,se-ankh-ka-ra71 ,,ix1 #aj4 ,mer-en-ptah 7,ne-ba-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #a1 #b4 ,mer-en-ra1 p4 #fh1 fig4 #ef4 ,mer-hetep-ra 7,ana71 ,x1 #ba4 ,mer-nefer-ra 7,a71 ,x1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,mer-pa-ba1 ,,iv1 #g4 ,mer-user-ra 7,ykebher71 ,,xxii1 #bg-cj2 ,,xxiii1 #a-c4 ,mer-ra 7,pep ,i71 p4 #df1 fig4 #ba2 p4 #ee1 fig4 #ca2 ,v1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #g4 ,nar-mer1 p4 #ec1 fig4 #bi4 ,ne-ba-ra 7,merenptah71 ,,xxxvi1 #a1 #b4 ,neb-ka-ra1 ,,ix1 #a4 ,neb-kha-ra1 ,,ix1 #h4 ,neb-kheperu-ra 7,tt-ankh-amen71 ,,xxxi1 #cb4 ,neb-maa-ra 7,amenhetep ,,iii71 ,,viii1 #c2 ,,xxx1 #bf-cb2 ,,xxxi1 #a-ab1 #ad-ah2 ,,xxxii1 #a-c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1 #b4 ,neb-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,vi71 ,,xxxvi1 #bf1 #bh4 ,neb-pehti-ra 7,aahmes ,i71 ,,xxvi1 #f-aa1 #ag4 ,nefer-ab-ra1 ,,xxxviii1 #ae4 ,nefer-ankh-ra1 ,x1 #cj4 ,nefer-ar-ka-ra1 ,v1 #i4 ,nefer-ded-ra1 ,x1 #bi4 ,nefer-hetep 7,kha-seshes-ra71 ,x1 #d1 #e4 ,nefer-ka-ra 7,psamtek ,,ii71 ,i1 #c4 ,nefer-ka-ra 7,rameses ,,ix71 ,,xxxvi1 #ca4 ,nefer-ka-ra 7,shabaka71 ,,xxxviii1 #bi1 #cj2 ,,xxxviii1 #e-g4 ,nefer-kheperu-ra 7,akhenaten71 ,i1 #d2 ,,xxxi1 #ac1 #ai-be1 #bg1 #bh4 ,neferui-uah-ra1 ,,xliii1 #f4 ,nehesi1 ,,xxiii1 #d-f4 ,nekhtenebo1 p4 #ia1 fig4 #aje4 ,ne-maa-ra 7,amenemhat ,,iii71 p4 #dg1 fig4 #bb2 p4 #hh1 fig4 #ic2 ,,vi1 #a1 #aj-ae1 #ai2 ,,ix1 #be-bi1 #cf1 #cg4 ,neter-kheperu-ra 7,smendes71 ,,xxxvi1 #cd4 ,nub-ka-ra1 ,,ix1 #ba1 #ca2 ,,xxiv1 #cf1 #cg4 ,nub-kau-ra 7,amenemhat ,,ii71 ,,vi1 #a-d2 ,,viii1 #aa4 ,nub-taui-ra1 ,,xxii1 #ai4 ,osorkon ,i 7,sekhem-kheperu-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #aa-ac4 ,pe-ankhy1 ,,xxxvii1 #bh4 ,pe-de-se-bast 7,se-her-ab-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #aj4 ,pep ,i 7,mer-ra71 p4 #df1 fig4 #ba2 p4 #ee4 fig4 #ca2 ,v1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #g4 ,per-ab-sen1 ,,iv1 #h1 #ab1 #ac4 ,psamtek1 ,,xxxviii1 #i1 #ac1 #bb4 ,psamtek ,,ii 7,nefer-ka-ra71 ,i1 #c4 ,qar1 ,,xxi1 #bc1 #bd4 ,rameses ,i 7,men-pehti-ra71 ,,xxxiv1 #i-ac4 ,rameses ,,ii 7,user-maa-ra71 p4 #ge1 figs4 #gh1 #gi2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ajc2 ,,xxxiv1 #bb-cf2 ,,xxxv1 #a-f1 #h-af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb-bd4 ,rameses ,,iii 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ag-ba4 ,rameses ,,iv 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #bb-bd4 ,rameses ,v 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #be4 ,rameses ,,vi 7,neb-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #bf1 #bh4 ,rameses ,,vii 7,user-ra mery-amen71 ,,xxxvi1 #bg4 ,rameses ,,viii1 ,,xxxvi1 #bi1 #cj4 ,rameses ,,ix 7,nefer-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ca4 ,rameses ,x 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #cb4 ,sa-amen1 p4 #hi1 fig4 #if2 ,,xxxvi1 #cc4 ,sahu-ra1 ,v1 #e1 #f2 ,,viii1 #h4 ,se-ankh-ka-ra 7,mentuhetep871 ,,ix1 #aj4 ,sebaq-ka-ra1 ,,vii1 #f2 ,,xliv1 #i4 ,sebek1 ,x1 #bg4 ,sebek-em-sau-ef1 ,x1 #bd4 ,sebekhetep ,,ii 7,sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra71 ,x1 #b1 #c4 ,sebekhetep ,,iii 7,kha-nefer-ra71 ,x1 #f-ac4 ,sebekhetep ,,iv 7,kha-hetep-ra71 ,x1 #af4 ,sebekhetep 7,,vi 81 ,maa-ra71 ,x1 #bb1 #bc4 ,se-her-ab-ra 7,pe-de-se-bast71 ,,xxxvii1 #aj4 ,se-hetep-ab-ra 7,amenemhat ,i71 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #aa4 ,seket1 ,,xxiii1 #ab2 ,,xliv1 #h4 ,se-kha-en-ra1 ,,xxi1 #ai-bb2 ,,xliii1 #bj4 ,sekhem-ab 7,per-ab-sen71 ,,iv1 #h1 #ab1 #ac4 ,sekhem-kheperu-ra 7,osorkon71 ,,xxxvii1 #aa-ac4 ,sekhem-khu-taui-ra1 ,,vii1 #d2 ,x4 #a4 ,sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra 7,sebekhetep ,,ii71 ,x1 #b1 #c4 ,semqen1 ,,xxiii1 #aj4 ,seqen-en-ra1 p4 #hi1 fig4 #ie4 ,seshes-ka-ra 7,amenemhat-senb-ef71 ,,vii1 #c4 ,setnekht 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #ae1 #af4 ,set ,i 7,men-maa-ra71 ,,viii1 #g2 ,,xxxiv1 #ad-ba4 ,set ,,ii 7,user-kheperu-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #c1 #g4 ,siptah 7,akh-en-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #h1 #i4 ,sha-ba-ka 7,nefer-ka-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #bi1 #cj2 ,,xxxviii1 #e-g4 ,shashanq ,,ii 7,hez-kheper-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #a-h1 #ae4 ,shashanq ,,iii 7,user-maa-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #af4 ,shashanq ,,iv 7,aa-kheper-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #ag-ai4 ,shens1 ,x1 #bh4 ,shesha1 ,,xxi1 #i-ah2 ,,xliii1 #ag1 #ah4 ,smendes 7,neter-kheperu-ra71 ,,xxxvi1 #cd4 ,taharqa1 ,,xxxviii1 #b1 #d1 #ab4 ,takelot 7,hez-kheper-ra71 ,,xxxvii1 #ad4 ,thothmes ,i 7,aa-kheper-ka-ra71 ,,xxvii1 #a-ab2 ,,xxix1 #cd4 ,thothmes ,,ii 7,aa-kheper-en-ra71 ,,xxvii1 #ae-ag2 ,,xxix1 #dc4 ,thothmes ,,iii 7,men-kheper-ra71 p4 #fh1 fig4 #eg2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ih2 p4 #id1 fig4 #aaj2 ,,xxviii1 #e-cd2 ,,xxix1 #bi1 #cd-da4 ,thothmes ,,iv 7,men-kheperu-ra71 ,,xxx1 #ah-be4 ,tt-ankh-amen1 ,,xxxi1 #cb4 ,uah-ab-ra 7,aa-ab71 ,,vii1 #e2 ,x1 #ag4 ,uah-ab-ra 7,psamtek ,i71 ,,xxxviii1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ai4 ,uah-ka-ra 7,bak-en-ren-ef71 ,,xxxvii1 #bb1 #bc4 ,uazed1 ,,xxiii1 #g-i4 ,uaz-kheper-ra 7,kames71 ,,xxvi1 #a1 #b4 ,unas1 ,,ix1 #f4 ,user-en-ra 7,khan71 ,,vii1 #g1 #aj2 ,,xxii1 #bj-bf2 ,,xliv1 #f4 ,user-ka-ef1 ,v1 #g1 #h4 ,user-khau-ra 7,setnekht71 ,,xxxvi1 #ae1 #af4 ,user kheperu ra 7,sety ,,ii71 ,,xxxvi1 #c-g4 ,user-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,ii71 ,,xxxiv1 #bb-cf2 ,,xxxv1 #a-f1 #h-af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb-bd2 p4 #ge1 figs4 #gh1 #gi2 p4 #ij1 fig4 #ajc4 ,user-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,iii71 ,,xxxvi1 #ag-ba4 ,user-maa-ra 7,rameses ,,iv71 ,,xxxvi1 #bb-bd4 ,user-maa-ra 7,rameses ,v71 ,,xxxvi1 #be4 ,user-maa-ra 7,rameses ,x71 ,,xxxvi1 #cb4 ,user-maa-ra 7,shashanq ,,iii71 ,,xxxvii1 #af4 ,user-ra ,mery-amen 7,rameses ,,vii71 ,,xxxvi1 #bg4 ,usertsen1 ,,vi1 #e1 #aj1 #ae2 ,,ix1 #ae1 #ca4 ,usertsen ,i 7,kheper-ka-ra71 p4 #hj1 fig4 #hb2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4 ,usertsen ,,ii 7,kha-kheperu-ra71 ,,vi1 #a1 #f1 #g1 #h2 ,,ix1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4 ,usertsen ,,iii 7,kha-kau-ra71 p4 #ic1 fig4 #ajg2 ,,vi1 #a1 #i1 #aa2 ,,ix1 #bb1 #bd4 ,yamu1 ,,xxii1 #d-f4 ,ykeb1 ,,xxii1 #g-ac2 ,,xliii1 #ba1 #bb4 ,ykebher 7,mer-user-ra71 ,,xxii1 #bg-cj2 ,,xxiii1 #a-c4 ,zeser-ka-ra 7,amenhetep ,i71 ,,viii1 #b1 #e2 ,,xxvi1 #bc-ca1 #cc4 ,zeser-kheperu-ra 7,hor-em-heb71 ,i1 #e1 ,,xxxiv1 #a-f4 99 99 99 99 99 7b7 ,,queens4 ,aah-hetep1 ,,xxvi1 #d1 #e1 #cb4 ,aahmes1 ,,xxvii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,aahmes-nefret-ari1 ,,xxvi1 #ab-af1 #ca1 #ac1 #ad4 ,aah-sat1 ,,xxviii1 #cg4 ,amenardes1 ,,xxxvii1 #bj1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg4 ,ana1 ,,xii1 #d1 #e4 ,ankhes-pa-aten1 ,,xxxi1 #cc4 ,auhet-abu1 ,x1 #c4 ,hap-en-maat1 ,,iv1 #ae4 ,hatshepsut meryt-ra1 ,,xxviii1 #ce1 #cf4 ,hatshepsut 7see under ,kings74 ,karamama1 ,,xxxvii1 #i2 ,,xl1 #h4 ,kema1 ,x1 #e1 #i4 ,khensu1 ,,xiv1 #ai4 ,maat-neferu-ra1 ,,xxxv1 #ae4 ,meryt-amen1 ,,xxvi1 #ai-bb4 ,mut-nezemt1 ,,xxxiv1 #g1 #h4 ,nefer-neferu aten ,nefert yti1 ,,xxxi1 #cj4 ,nefret-ari1 ,,xxvi1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ca4 ,nefret-ari mer-en-mut1 ,,xxxv1 #g4 ,nub-hetep-tha1 ,,xii1 #bf2 ,,xliv1 #ac4 ,sat-aah1 ,,xxviii1 #cg4 ,sat-sebek1 ,,xii1 #f4 ,sebek-shedeti-neferu1 ,,vi1 #ba4 ,senb-hena-es1 ,,xii1 #cj4 ,shep-en-upt1 ,,xxxvii1 #bd4 ,tausert1 ,,xxxvi1 #aj-ab4 ,tautha1 ,,xxiii1 #ag4 ,th1 ,,viii1 #c2 ,,xxx1 #bh2 ,,xxxi1 #c1 #d1 #h1 #af-ah2 ,,xxxii1 #a-c2 ,,xxxiii1 #a1 #b4 ,uazet1 ,,xxiii1 #ah4 99 99 99 99 99 7c7 ,,princes4 ,aahmes1 ,,xxvi1 #f4 ,amenmes1 ,,xxvi1 #cd4 ,antef1 ,,xii1 #a4 ,apek1 ,,xxiii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,apepa1 ,,xxiii1 #bi4 ,ar1 ,,xiii1 #a4 ,kha-kau1 ,,xii #b4 ,kupepen1 ,,xxiii1 #ae1 #af4 ,nehesi1 ,,xxiii1 #d4 ,pa-ra-her-amen-ef1 ,,xxxv1 #bj4 ,ramessu-user-pehti1 ,,xxxv1 #bj4 ,sa-hathor1 ,,xii1 #c4 ,sa-kat-sa1 ,,xxiii1 #bc4 ,sheshemet1 ,,xxiii1 #ab4 ,turi1 ,,xxvi1 #ce4 ,y-kebu1 ,,xlii1 #bb4 ,za-hapi-amen1 p4 #ia1 fig4 #aje4 7d7 ,,princesses4 ,a-ta-kayt1 ,,vi1 #bj4 ,erde-ne-,ptah1 ,,xiv1 #ah4 ,mehen-pet-tha1 ,,iv1 #e4 ,mert1 ,,ix1 #cj1 #cd4 ,meryt-amen1 ,,xxvi1 #bb4 ,neb-ta1 ,,xxvi1 #cf4 ,neb-tep-ahu1 ,,xliv1 #be4 ,nefert-ankt-uben1 ,,ix1 #ce4 ,neferu-ra1 ,,xxviii1 #a-d4 ,nub-em-ant1 ,,ix1 #ci4 ,ptah-ur-bau1 ,,xvii1 #a4 ,rensenb1 ,,xvii1 #h4 ,sat-,hathor1 ,,ix1 #cc4 ,sat-kames1 ,,xxvi1 #ag4 ,tursi ,,xxvi1 #ah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,plates4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,tt-,ankh-,amen's ,chancellor presents ,hu with the ,signet-,ring of his ,office4 7,from the ,tomb of ,hu at ,thebes47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,pre-dynastic ,cylinder-,seals4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,early ,cylinder-,seals4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,v4 ,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,cylinder-,seals3 ,fourth to ,sixth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,scale #a3b ,p4,e4,n4 ,cylinder-,seals3 ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,scale #a3b4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,cylinder-,seals3 ,twelfth to ,seventeenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,miscellaneous ,cylinder-,seals4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs with ,royal ,names3 ,fourth to ,twelfth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,x4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,kings of the ,thirteenth and following ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,royal ,personages and ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,officials of the ,twelfth to ,fourteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,scale #a3a ,p4,e4,n4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,decorative ,scarabs3 ,twelfth to ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hyksos ,kings 7#a74 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hyksos ,kings 7#a74 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,royal ,persons and ,officials of the ,hyksos ,period4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hyksos ,period4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,figures of ,men1 ,animals1 c41 mostly of the ,hyksos ,period4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of ,kings1 c41 of the ,seventeenth and early ,eighteenth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 7,thothmes ,i4 to ,hatshepst47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 7,thothmes ,,iii4 and ,family47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 7#a-ad7 ,officials of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty1 and 7#ae-df7 ,rings1 c41 from the ,tomb of ,maket at ,gurob 7,thothmes ,,iii474 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 7,amenhetep ,,ii4--,amenhetep ,,iii474 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs of the ,eighteenth ,dynasty4 7,amenhetep ,,iii4 7etd47--,ay47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 #a4 ,kirgipa and her ,karm4 #b4 ,the ,lion ,hunt4 #c4 ,the ,limits of the ,egyptian ,empire4 ,historical ,scarabs of ,amenhetep ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,p4,e4,n4 #a4 ,the ,wild ,cattle ,hunt4 #b4 ,the ,lake at ,zarukha4 ,historical ,scarabs of ,amenhetep ,,iii4--7ctd47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs with ,royal ,names4 7,hor-em-heb to ,rameses ,,ii47 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,plaques and ,scarabs of ,rameses ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs with ,royal ,names3 ,mer-en-ptah ,i4 to ,sa-amen4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs with ,royal ,names3 ,twenty-second to ,twenty-fifth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,royal and other ,names3 ,twenty-fifth to ,twenty-eighth ,dynasties4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,mottoes1 ,good ,wishes1 c4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xl4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,mottoes1 ,good ,wishes1 c4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xli4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,names and ,figures of ,gods1 c4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,hieroglyphs1 ,flowers1 c4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,royal and ,private ,names4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,scale #a3a4 ,p4,e4,n4 ,scarabs bearing ,royal and ,private ,names4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,footnotes ----- ,footnote #a3 ,the reader must understand1 however1 that not all ,egyptian scarabs were used as seals4 ,some1 but a very small number compared to the seal class1 were used as amulets1 and a few1 like medals1 were cut to commemorate historical events4 ,the amulet class will be dealt with in another volume2 the medal-like series is included in the present work 7see pp4 #agj-agh47 ,footnote #b3 ,egyptian 9999 khetem1 8a seal10 ,egyptian 9999 khetem1 8to close10 or 8to seal up40 ,in ,hebrew the word is 1 which survives in the ,arabic1 ,arabic 9999 khatim1 8a signet10 or 8signet ring40 ,the determinatives ,egyptian 9999 and ,egyptian 9999 represent a cylinder-seal1 with string for suspension2 ,petrie1 ,medm1 p4 #cc2 cf4 p4 #de1 figs4 #ah1 #ai1 of this volume1 and ,griffith1 ,beni ,hasan1 ,,iii1 p4 #ae4 ,the intermediate form between these two signs is found in sculptures in the tomb of ,tahutihetep at ,bersheh 7,newberry1 ,el ,bersheh1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xx74 ,footnote #c3 ,american ,law ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #d3 ,c4 ,w4 ,king4 ,hand-book of ,engraved ,gems1 pp4 #d and #e4 ,footnote #e3 ,american ,law ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #f3 ,de ,morgan1 ,le tombeau royal de ,ngadah1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #g3 ,petrie1 ,royal ,tombs1 ,i1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #h3 ,e4g41 ,boulac ,papyrus1 ,no4 #ah4 ,a mer khetemu1 8,superintendent of the storehouse10 in the land of ,zaru is mentioned in the ,bologna ,papyrus1 ,no4 #ajhf1 l4 #aa4 ,footnote #i3 ,newberry1 ,rekhmara1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,footnote #aj3 ,rekhmara1 ,pl4 ,,vii1 l4 #c4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see1 for instance1 ,griffith1 ,kahun ,papyri1 ,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 8,drawn out by the servant there and sealed with the seal of the servant there10 and cf4 numerous entries in ,boulac ,papyrus1 ,no4 #ah4 ,footnote #ab3 ,mace1 in ,petrie's ,diospolis ,parva1 p4 #ea2 and this has been my own experience in the graves that ,i have opened at ,thebes4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see the description of the sealing up of the sarcophagus chamber of the tomb of ,thothmes ,,iv1 in ,carter and ,newberry1 ,the ,tomb of ,thoutmosis ,,iv1 p4 xxx1 and cf4 ,wilkinson's ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians 7ed4 ,birch71 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dcf2 ,herodotus1 ,,ii1 #aba2 ,matthew xxvii1 #ff4 ,footnote #ad3 ,for a copy of a sealed decree of the ,fifth ,dynasty1 see ,petrie's ,abydos1 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 ,on the walls of two tombs at ,siut 7one unpublished7 are inscribed a number of contracts that were concluded by the nomarchs in order to ensure certain revenues for religious services after death 7see ,griffith1 ,siut1 ,pls4 #g and #h1 and cf4 ,mariette's ,abydos1 ,,ii1 #be1 and ,jeremiah xxxii1 #aa4 ,footnote #ae3 ,cf4 ,isaiah xxix1 #aa2 ,daniel ix1 #bd1 xii1 #di4 8,written evidence sealed10 ,jeremiah xii1 #aj1 xxxii1 #aa1 #ad1 #dd4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,professor ,sayce1 in ,petrie's ,hawara1 ,biahmu and ,arsinoe1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see above1 p4 #bb1 note #a4 ,footnote #ah3 ,compare #a ,kings xxi1 #h1 and ,esther iii1 #aj-ab4 ,footnote #ai3 ,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xiv1 #dcf1 and ,,xv1 #cjg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,gurob ,papyri1 in ,griffith's ,kahun ,papyri1 ,,xxxix1 #a1 #f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ridgeway1 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #aeh1 and ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cj et seq4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cf4 ,mommsen1 ,hist4 of ,rome 7,english edition71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,the ox being par excellence the pecus of ,italy4 ,footnote #bd3 ,rhind ,mathematical ,papyrus1 entry ,no4 #fg4 ,footnote #be3 ,cf4 8,sealing with the ,signet of the ,king10 ,daniel vi1 #ag2 ,esther iii1 #ab2 viii1 #h1 #aj2 #a ,kings1 xxi1 #h4 ,footnote #bf3 ,our own sovereigns1 as well as those of most other ,european ,states1 have been from very early times invested with a ring at their ,coronation 7see ,archaeologia1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cic71 cf4 ,the ,coronation ,book of ,charles ,v of ,france1 edited by ,e4 ,s4 ,dewick1 pp4 #f1 #bb and #cc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,compare ,naville's ,deir ,el ,bahari1 ,,iii1 #fj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris1 line #g4 ,footnote #bi3 ,book of the ,dead1 #bee4 ,footnote #cj3 ,palette of ,ptahmes in the ,louvre 7,no4 #cjbf72 cf4 ,pierret1 ,rec4 d'inscriptions indite1 ,i1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #ca3 ,on the reading1 see supra1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #cb3 ,we find1 for instance1 those of the per seten1 or 8,royal domain10 ,a4,z41 #ahhh1 p4 #ij2 of the per zet1 or wakf1 ,petrie1 ,medm1 ,pl4 ,,xiii2 of the at af1 8department of meat10 ,mariette1 ,mon4 ,abyd41 #bij1 #cjh2 and many others4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #d1 where he carries a box of linen2 cf4 my ,beni ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 and ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 where there is a khetemu ne enket1 8,seals of the linen40 ,in ,beni ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxix1 we find the corresponding feminine title ,egyptian 99991 a woman who apparently had charge of the harm1 or perhaps was a confidential female servant4 ,a title ,egyptian 9999 also occurs very frequently on ,egyptian monuments 7,griffith1 ,kahun ,papyri1 ,pl4 ,,xii1 l4 #a2 ,mariette1 ,mon4 ,abyd41 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahg2 ,newberry1 ,el ,bersheh1 ,i1 ,pls4 ,,xx1 ,,xxix1 etc474 ,it seems to mean a kind of 8confidential seal10 or 8privy purse40 ,footnote #cd3 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #if4 ,footnote #ce3 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ajc a4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mariette1 ,cat4 ,abyd41 #hee2 ,the ,story of ,sanehat1 l4 #cjj2 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 ,el ,assassif1 ,grab #be1 c4d4 ,footnote #cg3 ,this title was formerly believed to signify 8,treasurer of the ,king of ,lower ,egypt10 but it must be pointed out that byty1 in the royal title1 meant 8,he that belongs to the bee10 or perhaps1 8the ,bee-keeper40 ,bees were the producers of the chief of primitive luxuries1 and the use of honey and the offering of it instead of wine ought probably to be considered as a survival from a prehistoric state of society in which wine was unknown 7cf4 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #ba74 ,if this meant 8,treasurer of the ,king of ,lower ,egypt10 we should expect to find a corresponding ,egyptian 9999 8,treasurer of the ,king of ,upper ,egypt10 but this title1 so far as ,i know1 never occurs4 ,footnote #ch3 ,in the ,twelfth ,dynasty and later is found the frequently recurring variant ,egyptian 99994 ,see ,a4,z41 #ahij1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ci3 ,stele of ,kuban1 l4 #aa4 ,footnote #dj3 ,thus we read of a ,egyptian 9999 8,divine ,sealer of ,amen0 under ,alexander 7,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xiv1 p4 #cc72 and ,plutarch 7,,ii1 #cfc ,b7 speaks of an ,egyptian priest1 ,greek3 sphragists1 who seems to have been identical with this old ,egyptian official4 ,cf4 further on this title1 ,revillout1 in ,a4,z41 #ahhj1 p4 #ga-c4 ,footnote #da3 ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xiv1 p4 #cc and #eg4 ,footnote #db3 ,louvre1 ,c4 #ac4 ,footnote #dc3 ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,vii1 #aae4 ,footnote #dd3 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ah1 #aad1 etc4 ,footnote #de3 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #aae b1 #add q1 etc4 ,footnote #df3 ,l41 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ah1 #ig a1 etc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,the earliest instance of this title that ,i know of occurs at ,sht er ,rigal1 in the scene of ,king ,antef 7,eleventh ,dynasty7 before ,neb-kheru-,ra ,mentu-hetep3 here the mer khetem stands immediately behind his sovereign ,antef4 ,the title also occurs in a tomb at ,kasr es ,sayyad1 the date of which may be perhaps a little earlier than the ,sht er ,rigal graffito4 ,footnote #dh3 ,this title should not be confounded with the somewhat similar one ,egyptian 99991 8,superintendent of the ,sealers10 ,beni ,hasan1 ,i1 xxx4 ,nor is it1 of course1 the same as the ,egyptian 9999 8,superintendent ,storehouses0 or 8depts0 7,pap4 ,bologna1 #ajhf1 ,i1 #b74 ,it ought also perhaps to be differentiated from ,egyptian 9999 8,superintendent0 or 8,keeper of ,contracts0 or 8,records80 although there appear to be several instances where ,egyptian 9999 equals ,egyptian 99994 ,footnote #di3 ,cf4 the title mer net1 8,governor of the 7,royal7 ,city0 7see my ,rekhmara1 p4 #ah1 and cf4 my note in ,garstang's ,el ,arabah1 p4 #cb72 khetem is here probably to be understood as signifying the seal par excellence1 i4e41 the ,royal ,seal4 ,footnote #ej3 ,for a mer khetem in 7#a7 the ,oryx nome1 see ,newberry1 ,beni ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxx1 etc42 7#b7 the ,hare nome1 see ,newberry1 ,el ,bersheh1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxvii2 7#c7 the ,siut nome there is a mer khetem em ,saut mentioned in an unpublished tomb2 7#d7 the ,antaeopolite nome1 on an unpublished fragment from the tomb of ,uah-ka at ,gau4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see ,newberry1 ,beni ,hasan1 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xxx1 cf4 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xxix4 ,footnote #ee3 ,on the word kha1 see the paper in the ,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology1 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ii-aje4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,newberry1 ,life of ,rekhmara1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 and p4 #bc1 where will be found a plan of the office4 ,footnote #eg3 ,it is probable that already at the time of the ,eleventh ,dynasty there was a ,chief ,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal1 for ,mariette found at ,karnak a monument of a certain ,khet1 who is described as mer khetem em ta er zer-ef1 8,keeper of the 7,royal7 ,seal in the whole land40 ,mariette1 ,karnak1 pl4 #h j47 ,of this ,khet there is a statuette in the ,leyden ,museum1 and he is certainly the same individual as we see represented behind ,king ,antef on one of the rocks of the ,sht er ,rigal4 ,under the ,new ,empire we find mentioned once a ,egyptian 9999 8,chief ,keeper of the ,seal of the ,great ,green ,sea10 i4e41 of the ,mediterranean4 7,capart1 in ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xxii1 p4 #ajf47 ,footnote #eh3 ,this is seen from many inscriptions3 ,notably from the rock inscription of ,mentu-hetep in the ,sht er ,rigal2 the inscription of ,nefer-hetep at ,aswan 7,de ,morgan1 ,cat41 ,i1 p4 #ag72 the inscriptions of ,rekhmara 7,newberry1 ,rekhmara1 ,pl4 ,,iii1 l4 #e1 etc472 the scene on a slab from the tomb of a ,high ,priest of ,memphis1 where the ,chancellor is represented standing immediately behind the ,vezrs2 and from the very powerful position of the ,chancellor ,ba under ,ta-usert and ,sa-ptah4 ,the position of the ,chancellors during the ,hyksos period was also of very great importance4 ,footnote #ei3 ,he has been described as a kind of 8,keeper of the ,signet20 but his rank in the ,egyptian ,state was much higher than that of the ,scottish official4 ,it is a position that appears to have been even greater than that of the ,roman cura anulis1 or 8,keeper of the ,imperial ,seal0 7,just41 ,hist41 ,,xliii1 #e74 ,footnote #fj3 ,rekhmara1 ,pl4 ,,ii and ,,iii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,ii1 lines #e and #f4 ,footnote #fb3 ,stela of ,sa-satet at ,geneva4 7,mlanges ,arch41 #ahge1 p4 #bah47 ,footnote #fc3 ,griffith and ,tylor1 ,the ,tomb of ,paheri1 ,pl4 ,,ix1 l4 #dd4 ,for earlier tours of these officials1 see several graffiti on the rocks at ,aswn1 published in ,de ,morgan's ,cat41 ,i4 ,footnote #fd3 ,stela of ,pankh1 l4 #ha4 ,footnote #fe3 ,louvre1 ,c4 #cj2 ,mariette1 ,mon4 ,abydos1 #bfb1 #cbf1 etc4 ,cf4 for the high position of the ,adenu1 ,boulac ,papyri1 ,no4 #ah1 ,pl4 ,,xix1 #e4 ,footnote #ff3 ,mariette1 ,mon4 ,abydos1 #abe1 and ,de ,rouge1 ,et4 ,egypt1 ,,liii4 ,footnote #fg3 ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xii1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #fh3 ,louvre1 ,c4 #e2 ,mariette1 ,mon4 ,abydos1 #bbi4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lepsius1 ,d41 ,,ii1 #ace h1 etc4 ,footnote #gj3 ,schiaparelli1 ,cat4 ,flor41 #bhb2 cf4 also ,pl4 ,,xiv1 #b1 of the present work4 ,footnote #ga3 ,schiaparelli1 ,cat4 ,flor41 #bgi4 ,footnote #gb3 ,for instance1 in ,griffith1 ,kahun ,papyri1 ,,xiii1 #ba1 is named a 8scribe in charge of the ,seal of ,qesab10 a town in the ,delta2 cf4 also ,pl4 ,,xiii1 #bj1 of this work4 ,footnote #gc3 ,griffith1 ,k4,p41 ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ll4 #i-ab4 ,footnote #gd3 ,in order to make the list complete1 we must notice an am-sa ne mer khetem 7,liebl41 ,n4,p41 #agjg71 and an ari at ne sa ne per me khetem 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,stela1 #bae74 ,footnote #ge3 ,papyrus of ,,nu1 in the ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #ajdgg4 ,a variant ,egyptian 9999 of this title occurs in the tomb of ,sebekhetep 7temp4 ,thothmes ,,iv71 at ,thebes4 ,footnote #gf3 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,stela1 #ajab4 ,footnote #gg3 ,tomb of ,sebekhetep1 at ,thebes4 ,footnote #gh3 ,rec4 de travaux1 ,,xii1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #gi3 ,the work of seal engraving is mentioned as a distinct occupation in ,eccles4 xxxviii1 #bg4 ,in ,egyptian there is a verb ,egyptian 9999 meaning 8to engrave10 8to carve40 ,footnote #hj3 ,see a specimen in the ,edward's ,collection at ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,footnote #ha3 ,,vii1 #fi4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see p4 #ej4 ,footnote #hc3 8,on some impressions is a raised line running from top to bottom across the sign1 and therefore accidental4 ,this could only be produced by a split in the seal1 and such is very likely to occur in wood40 ,petrie1 ,r4,t41 ,i1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #hd3 ,of ,king ,qa4 ,petrie1 ,r4,t41 ,,ii1 ,pl4 ,,xii1 #e4 ,footnote #he3 ,see p4 #ei4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see p4 #ei1 fig4 #db4 ,footnote #hg3 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 #ahig1 pp4 #cff-cgb4 ,footnote #hh3 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 #ahig1 vide p4 #cff-cgb4 ,footnote #hi3 8,allied or perhaps derivative figures may be seen in the pigmy or embryonic form of ,ptah-,sokar-,osiris and its offshoots1 and the ,phoenician ,pataecus 7a parallel but variant type is seen in ,bes71 but there can be no question that the type seen on these early cylinders is the direct reflection of that which appears at a very early date upon those of ,chaldea40 ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 #ahig1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ij3 ,see ,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 figs4 #a1 #b1 etc4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 fig4 #ac4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 figs4 #a1 #aj1 etc4 ,footnote #ie3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 fig4 #g4 ,footnote #if3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 fig4 #aj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 figs4 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 figs4 #e1 #f1 etc4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 figs4 #h and #i4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,garstang's ,mahsna1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #aja3 ,perhaps even earlier4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,mace1 in ,petrie's ,diospolis ,parva1 p4 #ci1 and cf4 ,garstang1 ,el ,mahsna1 pp4 #cc and #cd4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,for specimens beyond those figured here1 see ,petrie1 in the ,antiquary1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #acf1 and ,garstang1 ,el ,mahsna1 ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see ,arthur ,evans1 in the ,annual of the ,british ,school at ,athens1 ,no4 ,,viii1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #aje3 ,the ,antiquary1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ajf3 8,these stone buttons may eventually prove to have quite an exceptional interest in the history of ,aegean art1 as the direct progenitors of the lentoid beads so much affected by the ,mycenaean engravers40 ,a4 ,evans1 in ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,,xiv1 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,,xiv1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,the beetle1 called in ,egyptian ,kheper1 was the sacred emblem of the god who made all things out of clay4 ,footnote #aji3 ,erman1 ,zaubersprche fr ,mutter und ,kind1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,p4 #be4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,this interpretation of the scarab was first given by ,dr4 ,birch more than half a century ago1 but has generally been lost sight of by archaeologists4 ,footnote #aab3 ,see later1 p4 #gj1 fig4 #ei4 ,footnote #aac3 ,prof4 ,flinders ,petrie believes that he can recognize1 besides the true scarab1 four other varieties of beetle3 the ,artharsius1 ,copris1 ,gymnoplearus and ,hypselogenia4 ,footnote #aad3 ,egyptian ,decorative ,art1 pp4 #ah and #ai4 ,the spiral1 it should be noted1 is found on certain upright and squat prehistoric pots of the sequence dating #ci-fd1 but these are always single1 not conjoined or returning spirals4 ,footnote #aae3 ,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archaeology1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #aag3 ,a small detail of this ceiling 7with wrong colouring7 is published in ,wilkinson's ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,viii1 fig4 #g4 ,identically the same pattern occurs in a ,twenty-sixth ,dynasty tomb at ,thebes4 ,footnote #aah3 ,milchhfer1 ,die ,anfnge der ,kunst1 p4 #af et seqq42 ,petrie1 ,egyptian ,decorative ,art1 p4 #bi42 ,much1 ,die ,kupferzeit1 p4 #ee2 ,hall1 ,the ,oldest ,civilization of ,greece1 p4 #aeg2 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,evolution in ,art1 p4 #ada4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,evans1 on the contrary1 believes that the spiral was first used in stonework1 and only at a later date transferred to metal and other materials 7,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #cbi74 ,footnote #aai3 ,petrie1 ,egyptian ,decorative ,art1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #abj3 ,among the jewellry discovered by ,m4 de ,morgan at ,dahshr 7temp4 ,usertsen ,,ii7 was an exquisite gold ring 7certainly not of ,egyptian manufacture71 with two spirals worked on its bezel in gold wire-work4 7,see ,de ,morgan1 ,dahchour1 ,i1 p4 #fh1 fig4 #ade47 ,in the ,ashmolean ,museum is a black ware vase from ,egypt of the style characteristic of the late ,twelfth ,dynasty deposits1 which has a punctuated returning spiral ornament round the upper part of its body4 ,footnote #aba3 ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 ,primitive ,pictographs1 in ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cbh4 ,cf4 ,g4 ,coffey1 ,the ,origins of ,prehistoric ,ornament in ,ireland1 in ,journal of the ,royal ,society of ,antiquaries of ,ireland1 #ahid1 #ahie2 and ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,evolution in ,art1 p4 #adb4 ,j4 ,romilly ,allen1 ,celtic ,art in ,pagan and ,christian ,times1 pp4 #ea-ed4 ,footnote #abb3 ,on this place-name1 see p4 #agb1 note #a4 ,footnote #abc3 ,an asterisk prefixed to these descriptions means an ancient clay-impression or 8sealing10 not an actual cylinder4 ,footnote #abd3 ,a cylinder-seal of 8,amenemhat1 beloved of ,sebek1 ,lord of ,anu10 is in the ,h4-,p4 ,collection 7,cat4 #chac74 ,footnote #abe3 ,nub-hetep-tha-,khred was a daughter of ,amenemhat ,,iii4 7,de ,morgan1 ,dahchour1 ,i1 p4 #abh47 ,footnote #abf3 ,on this title1 see ,newberry1 ,el ,bersheh1 ,i1 p4 #h1 note #c4 ,footnote #abg3 ,i4e41 the ,judge or ,chief ,justice4 ,see my ,life of ,rekhmara1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #abh3 ,the rings1 scarabs1 etc41 figured from the tomb of ,maket have been drawn from ,prof4 ,petrie's ,illahun1 pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,footnote #abi3 ,this is probably the same place-name as the ,ker mentioned in the tomb of ,h at ,thebes as the southern boundary of ,kush 7,ethiopia7 at the time of ,king ,tt-ankh-amen 7see ,pl4 ,,ii74 ,it was almost certainly the modern ,gebel ,barkal4 ,footnote #acj3 ,the position of the 8district of ,shetau or 7,shetep70 is uncertain4 ,the inscription merely says that the king went down stream1 and that the journey took him a night to accomplish1 but the name of the place from whence ,amenhetep and his officers started is not recorded4 ,mr4 ,fraser 7,p4,s4,b4,a41 ,,xxi1 p4 #aeg7 suggests ,memphis as the starting place1 and the ,wad ,tumilt as the scene of the hunt1 and he further remarks that 8except the ,faym1 there is no place that ,i can think of in ,upper ,egypt where one can imagine there were ever wild cattle40 ,i suspect1 however1 that it was from ,thebes that the royal hunter set out1 and that the district of ,shetau 7or ,shetep7 was one of those wads near ,keneh 7just a night's journey from ,thebes down stream7 which at certain times of the year contain low1 but luxuriant vegetation4 ,i have visited this district several times 7in ,february #ahif1 again in ,december #aija1 and for a third time in ,march #aijd71 and was much struck by the great quantity of vegetation which is to be seen in the desert to the east of ,kuft and ,keneh4 ,there is one wad in particular which extends for some miles in a northerly direction between ,legta and ,keneh that literally abounds in low shrubs and other vegetation1 far more than enough to support vast herds of wild cattle4 ,it may here be pointed out that the ancient fauna of ,egypt differed very greatly from its present fauna4 ,before the advent of the camel into ,egypt1 all the wads of the ,arabian chain of hills were plentifully stocked with game of all kinds4 ,at ,beni ,hasan1 ,el ,bersheh1 and many other places are represented scenes of hunting wild animals1 including the lion1 bubalis1 etc42 and the wads east of ,keneh were celebrated as hunting grounds at the time of ,thothmes ,,iii and ,amenhetep ,,ii4 ,in more than one private tomb at ,thebes we have scenes of hunting which are expressly stated to have taken place 8in the ,ant10 i4e41 the desert to the east of ,kuft1 and in the tomb of ,men-kheper-ra-senb the superintendent of the hunting at ,kuft is mentioned4 ,footnote #aca3 ,on this title1 see my note in ,garstang's ,el ,arabeh1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #acb3 ,driving the animals into nets was a favourite method of hunting in ancient times 7cf41 among many other instances1 my ,el ,bersheh1 ,i1 pl4 ,,vii1 and the ,vaphio ,vase at ,athens74 ,nets are still used for this purpose in some parts of ,africa 7,baker's ,ismailia1 pp4 #dce-dch74 ,footnote #acc3 ,dr4 ,budge has suggested to me that this dyke may have been a series of covered pits into which the animals would fall1 thus enabling the huntsmen to capture them easily4 ,he would also identify the semau of the ,egyptians with the rimi of the ,assyrian inscriptions1 an animal hunted by ,tiglath ,pileser and other monarchs4 ,footnote #acd3 ,since this was written1 a study of the inscription on this scarab has been published by ,steindorff1 from my copy of the ,alnwick specimen1 in 4,z41 ,,xxxix1 #fb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,the ,vatican specimen gives kher hen ne ,heru for the abbreviated kher ,heru on the ,alnwick example4 ,footnote #acf3 ,the ,vatican scarab gives the determinative of land 7the triangle7 in the place of the t on the ,alnwick specimen4 ,footnote #acg3 ,a mis-reading 7,zaru7 of this place-name has led to the identification of the city with ,zaru or ,zal 7perhaps the modern ,sele71 the eastern frontier fort of ,egypt4 ,prof4 ,breasted1 ,prof4 ,steindorff1 and the writer1 however1 all came independently to the conclusion that ,zarukha must be the name of the palace-town of ,amenophis ,,iii and ,thi1 which is situated a little to the south of ,medinet ,habu2 the lake mentioned on this scarab is therefore to be identified with the modern ,birket ,habu4 ,footnote #ach3 ,the numerals given on the ,vatican scarab are blundered1 and consequently difficult to read4 ,footnote #aci3 ,read tahen1 not neferu2 this is clear on the ,vatican specimen4 ,an officer of this boat is mentioned on a stela in the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,louvre 7,c4 #bjg74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,on page #e the ,arabic is 8khatam0 not 8khatim10 as described2 the latter would be 4 ,both1 however1 may mean a ring or signet4 ,links were added from the ,,list ,,of ,,plates to each individual plate4 ,the footnotes were gathered and moved to a separate section of the book 7see ,footnotes47 ,on page #ea there were two sidenotes for 8,class ,,ii04 ,the second was changed to 8,class ,,iii40 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74