,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,notes ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,,by ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4,s4 ,graduate of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,college1 in affiliation with the ,university of ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,hon4 ,member of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,medical ,society4 ,ex4 ,state ,veterinarian for ,oregon4 ,ex4 ,president of the ,oregon ,state ,veterinary ,medical ,board of ,examiners4 ,author of 8,the ,veterinarian04 ,principal of the ,veterinary ,science ,association of ,america4 ,sixteen years of ,practical ,experience as a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,copyright #aiag by the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,dairy ,,cow4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,dairy ,,cow #a4 ,mouth4 #b4 ,nostrils4 #c4 ,muzzle4 #d4 ,face4 #e4 ,eyes4 #f4 ,forehead4 #g4 ,ears4 #h4 ,poll4 #i4 ,horns4 #aj4 ,jaws4 #aa4 ,dewlap4 #ab4 ,brisket4 #ac4 ,neck4 #ad4 ,withers4 #ae4 ,crops4 #af4 ,shoulders4 #ag4 ,heart girth4 #ah4 ,fore flank4 #ai4 ,legs4 #bj4 ,feet4 #ba4 ,dew claws4 #bb4 ,belly4 #bc4 ,milk wells4 #bd4 ,milk veins4 #be4 ,fore udder4 #bf4 ,teats4 #bg4 ,barrel or ribs4 #bh4 ,back4 #bi4 ,coupling4 #cj4 ,rear flanks4 #ca4 ,hook points4 #cb4 ,tail-head4 #cc4 ,pin bones or thurls4 #cd4 ,rump4 #ce4 ,escutcheon4 #cf4 ,tail4 #cg4 ,thighs4 #ch4 ,rear udder4 #ci4 ,switch4 ,,preface ,in offering this work to the consideration of ,students of ,veterinary ,science1 as well as to the ,veterinary ,profession and others who are interested in the study and advancement of ,veterinary ,science1 ,i feel it will suffice to say that ,i have endeavored to the best of my ability to render the matter contained in the following pages of as great practical value as possible1 to present in the most plain and concise manner the nature1 cause1 symptoms and treatment of each disease in the form in which it most frequently occurs4 ,i wish to express a hope that this work will be favorably welcomed by all into whose hands it may find its way1 more particularly by ,students of ,veterinary ,science4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,abcesses4 ,,cause4--,bruises and injuries4 ,they are also seen in complication with various other diseases1 as ,laryngitis1 ,pharyngitis1 ,tuberculosis1 ,lump ,jaw1 ,blood ,poison or ,pyemia and ,septicemia4 ,,symptoms4--,symptoms will vary according to the nature of the disease or injury4 ,it may not be noticed at first1 but upon careful examination swollen lines will be observed running from the point of swelling4 ,in many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot1 painful and throbbing1 which enlarges rapidly in two or three days4 ,the swelling and heat gradually disappear1 but the ,abscess continues to grow4 ,the hair falls from the point of swelling and in a short time breaks and discharges pus4 ,the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation4 ,,treatment4--,in all cases hasten the ripening process as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices4 ,when opened1 do not squeeze the ,abscess to any extent1 but press gently with clean hands or cloth to remove the core or clot4 ,after this1 just simply keep the ,abscess open by washing with a three per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one thousand solution4 ,hyposulphite of ,soda in ounce doses should be given two or three times a day in their drinking water4 ,this will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the blood circulation4 ,,abortion4 7,non-,contagious7 ,,cause4--,injuries from slipping or falling on icy roads1 in box cars1 and deep gutters2 receiving blows on the body1 keeping the animal in insanitary stables1 eating poor food that may be irritating or poisonous1 etc4 ,in such cases1 the cow's vitality is low so that the foetus dies and is expelled as a result4 ,losing large quantities of blood also produces ,abortion1 or a cow heavy with calf1 on being placed in the same quarters with the cows that retain their afterbirth1 is liable to abort4 ,intestinal worms1 lung worms1 liver flukes1 causing an excessive drain upon the system or producing irritation of the digestive organs1 in consequence of which cow gets very poor and emaciated4 ,the above mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of 8,non-,contagious ,abortion40 ,,symptoms4--,the cow is uneasy1 becomes separated from the herd1 the bag and vagina may be slightly inflamed and perhaps the latter discharging4 ,if a cow heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt1 rags1 nails1 etc41 this is a sign of a lack of iron or phosphorus in her system and food containing these elements should be provided4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,provide clean1 warm1 comfortable quarters1 good food1 pure water to drink1 do not subject her to any injuries1 do not permit her coming in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth4 ,the above mentioned is very important1 especially if the cows are valuable and a large yield of milk is expected4 ,if they have worms1 treat the same as under their special heading4 ,if they have a loss of blood or a lack of mineral matter in their system1 the following is very efficient3 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,amourosis ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,,cause4--,paralysis of the optic nerve4 ,,symptoms4--,pupil fully dilated and of a glassy appearance4 ,this condition is sometimes called 8,glass ,eye40 ,the cow carries the head high and steps high4 ,this condition is very uncommon in cattle4 ,,treatment4--,nothing can be done for a cow if she is blind1 but this condition may be prevented if detected in its early stages of development by the proper feeding of nourishing food1 good clean surroundings and the administration of nerve tonics1 as ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide1 three ounces4 ,make into twenty-four powders and place one powder in feed two or three times daily2 or make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,anthrax4 ,anthrax is a very contagious disease and is communicable to all warm blooded animals and man4 ,,cause4--,due to the presence of a germ called the ,bacillus of ,anthrax and is one of the oldest diseases attributed to germs4 ,these ,bacilli thrive in warm climates1 although found in cold countries4 ,the infection is carried to various parts of the world by box cars1 ships1 hides1 hoofs1 horns1 wool and hair taken from sick or dead animals affected with ,anthrax4 ,this1 perhaps1 is the most common method of spreading the disease4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 grinding of teeth indicating great pain1 trembling of the muscles1 temperature elevated to #ajd or #ajf ,f41 breathing very rapid1 pulse fast and weak1 hair rough4 ,there are some cases where the animals are seized quickly with the disease and die very suddenly4 ,this form resembles apoplexy4 ,carbuncles or ,abscesses are seen on the surface of the body in nearly all cases1 also a bloody discharge from the mouth and nose4 ,the animal may stamp the ground1 rear in the air1 run and finally go into convulsions and die4 ,this is termed 8the furious form of ,anthrax40 ,,treatment4--,prevention is the most important4 ,fields or pastures that are infected with this disease should be burned every summer if possible1 to destroy the germs4 ,the animals that succumb to the disease should be buried deeply and quicklime thrown upon them1 also any blood stains upon the ground should have a strong disinfectant thrown upon them4 ,the hide of such an animal should not be used as the person removing it is likely to contract the same disease1 especially if an abrasion is present on the hand1 or such a hide or any portion thereof is likely to spread the infection after reaching the tannery1 etc4 ,,medical ,,treatment ,,or ,,serum ,,treatment4--,this is the only thorough method of eradicating the disease1 and when this disease once becomes prevalent in a locality all animals should be inoculated with vaccine4 ,,barrenness4 7,failure to ,breed7 ,,cause4--,wasting or ,atrophy1 chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the organs of generation1 ,whites1 absence or excessive secretions of the organs of generation1 contraction or displacement of the womb1 horns being telescoped or twisted1 cysts or growths on the ovaries1 in-breeding or being a twin1 are the predisposing causes of ,barrenness4 ,,treatment4--,unsuccessful as a rule4 ,unless the cow is very valuable1 treatment is not advisable4 ,a careful examination1 however1 is recommended4 ,if due to contraction of the neck of the womb it can be readily dilated by the use of the hand1 which should be greased with ,carbolated ,sweet ,oil before attempting to perform the operation4 ,,black ,,leg4 7,symptomatic ,anthrax--,black ,quarter7 ,,cause4--,due to germs4 ,the ,bacillus of ,black ,leg perhaps gains entrance to the blood by wounds of the skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouth and the intestines4 ,this disease principally affects cattle1 although sheep and goats may become affected with the same disease4 ,,symptoms4--,this disease affects cattle that are in good condition between the ages of six months and two years4 ,in most cases death is very sudden1 and perhaps the animal is found dead4 ,the first symptoms are high temperatures from #ajd to #ajh;,f41 loss of appetite1 the animal stops chewing the cud1 breathing considerably hurried1 the joints of the limbs become swollen1 also the chest and shoulders4 ,all the swellings are painful on pressure and spread very rapidly over the body4 ,the affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down frequently4 ,if the hand is passed over the body1 there is a peculiar crackling sound due to the gas developing under the skin4 ,at the most distended portions of the swellings the skin becomes dry and the animal apparently has no sense of feeling4 ,if the skin is punctured at this place1 there will be a dark red1 frothy discharge which has a very disagreeable odor4 ,there will be a shivering of the muscles and the animal dies in convulsions4 ,,treatment4--,remove non-affected animals to non-infected pastures1 and confine affected animals to as small a territory as possible4 ,the carcasses of the dead animals should be buried deep and covered with lime or burned1 being very careful that all blood stains on the ground where the animals have been skinned are thoroughly disinfected4 ,inoculation is necessary1 and is the best form of treatment in localities where ,black ,leg exists4 ,inoculate or vaccinate the calves when six months old or over1 although after the animal reaches the age of two years or over they generally become immune from this disease4 ,,bleeding4 7,hemorrhage7 ,,cause4--,sometimes bleeding follows dehorning1 castration1 and wounds due to various other causes4 ,,treatment4--,when bleeding from a large artery1 it should be tied with a clean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps or cauterized with a hot iron4 ,sometimes compression by the use of tightly bound bandages proves effective1 although the former appliances are more practical4 ,tincture ,chloride of ,iron applied to small arteries or veins causes the blood to clot in the arteries or veins and hence stops the hemorrhage4 ,it is very essential that all wounds should be treated antiseptically and ,i cannot say that ,i favor washing a wound with water only in cases where the wound is very filthy1 and ,i prefer powder applications in preference to any other antiseptics4 ,the following will be found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds3 ,boracic ,acid1 two ounces2 ,iodoform1 two drams2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,calomel1 one dram4 ,powder finely and mix well4 ,place in sifter top can and apply two or three times daily4 ,,bloating4 ,a very common disorder in cattle and characterized by a puffed up appearance of the left flank4 ,the cow has four stomachs1 of which the rumen is the largest1 its capacity being about fifty gallons in the average cow1 and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cow bloats4 ,,cause4--,eating green clover or alfalfa2 even when a cow is accustomed to this diet1 it may cause bloating if wet with dew or rain2 cured alfalfa1 moldy or frozen mangles will also produce bloating2 the above mentioned foods undergo a process of fermentation which causes excessive formation of gas1 and death may result very quickly and may be due to rupture of the stomach or the diaphragm 7muscle separating the abdominal and lung cavities71 but is more often due to suffocation caused by the distension of the stomach1 which becomes so large that it presses the diaphragm forward against the lungs in such a manner as to stop their movement and the animal smothers4 ,when the cow falls1 it indicates that one of these possibilities has occurred and death follows quickly4 ,,symptoms4--,cattle usually bloat suddenly and without warning2 the left flank becomes abnormally swollen1 back is arched1 breathing labored2 sometimes the tongue hangs out and the animal bellows4 ,when rupture or suffocation occurs the animal reels1 staggers and falls1 after which nothing more can be done4 ,,treatment4--,no time should be lost4 ,where the stomach is enormously distended with gas so as to cause the animals to stagger and breathe very rapidly1 they should be gagged4 ,this can be easily accomplished by taking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter1 and eight inches to one foot long1 placing it in their mouth and retaining it in that position by tying a string on each end and placing it back of the ears4 ,if this does not give relief immediately1 puncture the left flank about five inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone4 ,however1 puncturing should not be resorted to only in cases where death threatens the animal1 as abscesses1 infection and severe hemorrhage may follow4 ,a very reliable medical treatment for this condition should be in the medicine chest of every veterinary1 such as ,pulv4 ,asafetida1 ,oil of ,turpentine1 each one ounce4 ,place in gelatin capsules4 ,this is a very efficient remedy for the eradication of excessive fermentation of gases in the stomach or intestines4 ,,blood ,,poison4 7,pyemia--,septicaemia7 ,,cause4--,due to a septic infection taken into the blood1 frequently found in cows with retained afterbirths1 following inflammation of the womb or intestines1 wounds and bruises of the skin and frequently found in calves affected with ,joint ,ill4 ,,symptoms4--,high temperature #ajc to #ajg;,f41 pulse rapid and feeble1 breathing increased1 grinding of the teeth1 the animal refusing to eat in most cases and ceasing to chew the cud1 although there may be great thirst present4 ,abscesses may form in various parts of the body1 the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be injected with blood1 giving them a dark red appearance1 although in the latter stages of ,blood ,poison this may change to a yellowish tinge4 ,constipation or ,diarrhoea may be connected with the disease4 ,the animal dies by general emaciation from four to six days after the first symptoms are noticed4 ,,treatment4--,unsuccessful1 as when the infection once becomes absorbed in the blood it is always certain that death will follow4 ,if due to injuries or wounds1 wash them with ,bichloride solution1 one part to one thousand parts of water1 but if due to retained afterbirth or inflammation of the womb1 inject one gallon of distilled water containing five per cent ,carbolic ,acid4 ,if in young calves1 treat the same as under the heading of ,joint ,ill4 ,if due to inflammation of the intestines1 give ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one dram1 two or three times a day in their drinking water4 ,when abscesses form1 lance them with a clean1 sharp knife4 ,if the animal is constipated1 place two drams of ,aloin1 two drams of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if ,diarrhoea is present1 give ,gum ,catechu1 two drams2 ,protan1 three drams2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one grain4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,feed warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 vegetables and green grass1 if possible4 ,,bloody ,,flux4 7,dysentery7 ,,cause4--,chilling of the outer surface of the body4 ,improper feeding1 as contaminated food or water1 sometimes connected with parasitic diseases of the intestines4 ,,symptoms4--,dysentery is a sign of some irritation of the intestines terminating with increased contractions of muscular fibers of the bowels4 ,the fecal matter1 if frequently expelled1 at first consists of a thick feces1 but as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes very thin and watery tinged with blood and very offensive4 ,when the first signs are noticed the animals show no constitutional disturbances1 but later they exhibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank4 ,at this stage they are very weak1 throwing the feet well together1 giving the back an arched appearance1 and are very uneasy although they may lie down frequently4 ,temperature elevated from one to three degrees4 ,the animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,keep the animal quiet4 ,give pure water to drink in small quantities but often4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,flaxseed tea is very beneficial1 as it is soothing to the intestines and assists in removing the irritations4 ,pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint of pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool1 then compel the animal to drink it4 ,the following prescription will be found very effective in all forms of ,diarrhoea3 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces2 ,beechwood ,creosote1 four scruples2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every three or four hours with capsule gun4 ,,bloody ,,milk4 ,,cause4--,bloody ,milk may be the result of injury1 congestion1 inflammation of the udder4 ,feeding on rich milk-producing food suddenly may produce it4 ,bloody ,milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in heat or from eating resinous plants or shrubs4 ,,treatment4--,it is advisable in most cases to give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin and ,ginger two drams4 ,also administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,chlorate1 two ounces1 made into eight capsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule gun4 ,if due to rich food1 reduce it4 ,if due to eating resinous plants1 remove them from the pasture containing such shrubbery4 ,where congestion or inflammation of the bag is thought to produce it1 apply ,hot ,water ,packs1 then dry and apply ,blue ,ointment and ,zinc ,ointment1 equal parts1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day4 ,,blue ,,milk4 ,,cause4--,this condition is due to a germ 7the ,bacillus ,cyanogenes7 which may occur in rich milk or cream immediately after being drawn or the germ may find its way into the opening of the teat4 ,,treatment4--,injections into the teat of a solution composed of the following3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two drams2 ,boracic ,acid1 one dram1 dissolved in one pint of boiling water4 ,permit to cool and inject a small quantity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four days4 ,this will destroy the ,blue ,milk producing germ without any injuries to the cow udder1 or teats4 ,,bronchitis4 ,,cause4--,inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies4 ,it is commonly seen after drenching from liquid escaping into the windpipe instead of going down the gullet4 ,animals exposed to cold1 wet weather when not accustomed to it frequently develop ,bronchitis4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 chilling1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal1 ears and legs cold1 nose hot and dry1 breathing short and labored1 painful coughing1 slight discharge from the nostrils and saliva oozing from the mouth4 ,if the ear is placed over the lower portion of the neck1 a crepitating sound can be heard4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in a clean1 comfortable stall where there is pure air and light but no drafts4 ,clothe the body if the weather is cold4 ,hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,give inhalations of steam from ,hot ,water and ,pine ,tar for twenty minutes two or three times a day4 ,also administer ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,ginger1 four ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four hours4 ,applications of the following liniment are of some value3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 three ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 three ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces4 ,apply over the region of the windpipe the full length of the neck4 ,,calf ,,scours4 7,cholera--,white ,scours--,bloody ,flux7 ,,cause4--,it is produced by a specific germ and is communicated by direct or indirect contact with the germ which may gain entrance into the blood by the umbilical cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestive canal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated with the disease-producing germ4 ,the more common means of spreading the disease is through pails1 drinking troughs1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,one of the most deadly forms of ,diarrhoea4 ,this usually appears a few days after birth1 although in some cases it takes several days for it to develop4 ,every sign of ,diarrhoea is present1 as frequent passages of feces of a yellowish-white color1 frothy and very offensive in odor4 ,the calf is very dull1 weak1 back arched1 hair rough1 eyes glassy and sunken back in their sockets1 belly retracted1 breathing short and fast4 ,the calf finally lies flat on the side1 head resting on the floor or ground with a temperature generally below normal4 ,the calf finally becomes unconscious and death follows4 ,,treatment4--,give ,protan1 three ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains2 ,gum ,catechu1 powdered1 two ounces2 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,beechwood ,creosote1 one dram4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved4 ,when the calf will take its feed1 if not nursing its mother1 see that the milk is pure and the utensil containing it thoroughly scalded with hot water4 ,keep the animal in clean1 sanitary quarters1 as quiet as possible for a few days1 and if the disease is not too far advanced a good recovery will follow4 ,,calving4 ,signs of ,normal ,calving are firmness and enlargement of the udder1 extending well forward following the milk veins4 ,the teats as a rule discharge a thin milky fluid1 relaxation of the muscles on each side of the croup or the base of the tail4 ,the outer surfaces of the womb becomes swollen and inflamed1 discharging sticky1 stringy1 transparent mucus4 ,the cow becomes uneasy1 stops eating1 and if in a pasture becomes separated from the rest of the herd2 will lie down and get up alternately as if in great agony4 ,when birth pains start1 the back is arched1 and a severe straining follows the contraction of the abdominal muscles4 ,the membranes covering the ftus will be the first to make their appearance1 engorged with a fluid from the womb4 ,this is commonly known as the water bag1 which eventually bursts and the two fore feet can be seen1 and1 as the animal continues to strain1 the nose and head will be next to be seen4 ,when the calf's shoulders are exposed1 the cow as a rule rises suddenly to her feet and the entire calf is expelled1 also the membranes surrounding it1 but the membranes next to the womb1 as a general rule1 remain longer and sometimes require artificial assistance to remove them4 7,see ,retention of the ,afterbirth47 ,destroy the ftal membranes by burning or burying them deeply4 ,do not permit the cow to eat them4 ,wash the calf's navel with ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts water1 once or twice a day until the navel is thoroughly dry1 or an infection may follow1 producing ,joint ,ill or ,scours1 from which death may result4 ,,abnormal ,,calving4--,this is a condition where the ftus is not normally presented1 as that just described4 ,their feet may be presented in a normal manner1 but the head and neck twisted back or to one side1 or the head and one fore foot may be presented normally1 while the other fore foot is doubled back1 or there may be a breech presentation as the rump of a ftus with both hind feet thrown close to its body4 ,this is a very difficult presentation1 especially if in a young animal4 ,a ftus abnormally presented requires good judgment and cleanliness1 also lubrication of the walls of the womb with unsalted ,lard1 ,cotton or ,sweet ,oil4 ,endeavor to place the ftus in as near a normal position as possible before any force is used in its delivery1 although where both hind feet are presented1 it is advisable to remove it in this position4 ,the hands and ropes should be clean and washed with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,it is not only dangerous to the animal1 but to the operator as well1 if proper antiseptic precautions are not practiced4 ,space does not permit me going into details on various ftal presentations nor does it permit me to explain the exact methods or operations ,i would use in each particular case4 ,nevertheless1 good judgment and cleanliness are important4 ,do not hurry4 ,take your time1 and you will be successful in most cases4 ,when the ftus is removed1 and the afterbirth does not come away within twelve or eighteen hours1 remove it4 7,see ,retention of ,afterbirth1 which will describe its means of attachment and its removal47 ,,casting ,,the ,,withers4 7,eversion of the ,womb7 ,,cause4--,failure of the womb to contract after ,calving4 ,if the womb contracts naturally and the afterbirth expelled1 the cavity of the womb is nearly closed and the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that the hand cannot be inserted4 ,when the womb fails to contract1 one or both horns of the womb become so relaxed that they fall into the cavity causing straining and contraction of the abdominal muscles1 forcing the womb out gradually until the organ is turned inside out4 ,the womb can be easily distinguished from the other membranes on account of the presence of sixty to eighty mushroom-like bodies 7cotyledons7 two to four inches in diameter attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck4 ,the womb when hanging out becomes engorged with blood and inflamed until it is as large as a grain sack1 very dark in color1 tears and bleeds with the slightest touch4 ,later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous4 ,,symptoms4--,at first1 the general health is not very much interfered with1 but the inflammation which is marked by an elevation in temperature becomes very noticeable1 accompanied by severe straining and exhaustion4 ,the animal lies down1 but continues to strain until death1 unless relief is afforded the animal at once4 ,,treatment4--,great care must be exercised4 ,the parts of the womb coming in contact with the cow's hips1 tail or floors must be thoroughly washed with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 using a soft cloth or sponge to remove dirt1 clots1 etc4 ,place the cow in a position so as to have her hind quarters much higher than the head1 and then endeavor to replace the womb4 ,after washing as stated above1 bandage the tail with a clean cloth2 have an assistant hold up the womb and the operator use gentle manipulation and pressure with clean hands2 this perhaps is the best method of replacing the womb4 ,then follow by flushing out the womb with a weak ,carbolic ,acid solution and luke warm water4 ,this has a tendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus and prevent infection4 ,if the cow continues to strain1 give ,potassium ,bromide in ounce doses every two or three hours in her drinking water1 or place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and the following will be found very effective3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every six hours with capsule gun4 ,it is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with the hind parts elevated1 until the signs of straining have ceased4 ,,cataract ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 ,,cause4--,is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye produced by an injury or weakened condition of the optic nerve4 ,,symptoms4--,if the pupil of one of the eyes appears larger than the other it is well to make a careful examination1 as this is the first sign of ,cataract4 ,if such a condition is neglected1 partial or complete blindness will follow and a white1 pearly deposit can be seen on the lens of the eye4 ,,treatment4--,very unsatisfactory unless treated carefully when the first signs are noticed4 ,place the animal in a darkened stable4 ,feed clean1 sloppy food and it may be necessary to give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin1 two drams of ,pulv4 ,ginger1 placed in a capsule and given with capsule gun4 ,the following ointment3 ,yellow ,oxide of ,mercury1 four grains2 ,lanolin1 one ounce1 should be mixed well and applied to the eye two or three times a day4 ,,catarrh4 ,,cause4--,ill ventilated stables1 inhalations of irritating gases or sudden exposure to cold1 wet weather1 after being accustomed to warm stables4 ,most commonly seen in the ,spring or ,fall4 ,,symptoms4--,chilling and temperature elevated one or two degrees1 pulse not much affected1 breathing hurried to some extent1 sneezing1 coughing1 dullness and the appetite is slightly impaired4 ,in the first stages the nostrils are very dry and considerably inflamed1 but in the course of a few days the fever subsides and a profuse discharge from the nose is observed4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in dry1 well ventilated stall1 blanket well and supply a good quality and quantity of bedding4 ,give inhalations from steam and hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give rectal injections of ,soap and ,warm ,water two or three times a day4 ,also administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 each four ounces2 ,capsicum1 two ounces1 and ,pulv4 ,ginger two ounces4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three or four times a day4 ,this should not be neglected1 as neglected ,catarrh is liable to be followed by ,laryngitis1 ,bronchitis1 ,pneumonia1 ,pleurisy or other diseases of the organs of breathing1 which are very serious and sometimes cause the death of the animal4 ,,chapped ,,teats4 ,,cause4--,anything that tends to irritate them4 ,a sudden chilling of the teat in cold weather after the calf has just let it go1 or after the operation of milking with wet hands or from an animal wading through deep water or tall wet grass4 ,also filth or irritants coming in contact with teats when lying down4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause if possible and dry the teats well after each milking and apply ,zinc ,oxide ointment4 ,feed laxative food that is easily digested1 as it has a very good effect on the blood1 consequently it promotes the healing of wounds4 ,,choking4 7,obstruction of the ,esophagus7 ,,cause4--,an obstruction of the ,esophagus 7gullet7 produced by an animal attempting to swallow apples1 potatoes1 roots1 dry grain1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,a stringy discharge of saliva from the mouth1 violent coughing1 wrenching of the head and neck4 ,the animal will bloat very quickly if the ,esophagus or gullet is completely obstructed4 ,,treatment4--,the obstruction as a rule is easily located1 and as quickly as possible withdraw the obstruction by inserting the hand and extracting the object4 ,do not attempt to push the object down into the stomach1 except as a last resort1 as there is a great deal of danger of rupturing the ,esophagus or gullet4 ,push the object upward by gentle manipulation from the outside4 ,if this fails1 a smooth piece of hose about eight or nine feet long1 well greased with ,lard1 ,butter or ,oil1 should be passed down the ,esophagus or gullet4 ,a block of wood about two inches in diameter with a hole bored through the center just a little larger than the hose1 placed in the mouth1 will prevent the animal from biting the hose1 and make the operation easier4 ,when the animal is bloated severely1 puncture with a knife about four or five inches from the point of the hip downward and forward4 ,,chronic ,,dysentery4 7,bacterial ,dysentery--,johne's ,disease7 ,,cause4--,acid-fast ,bacillus resembling the ,tubercular ,bacillus that invade the intestines by the way of the animal drinking water or eating food containing the ,acid-fast ,bacteria4 ,,symptoms4--,diarrhoea1 loss of flesh1 although the appetite is good1 hair becomes dry and harsh1 temperature remains about normal4 ,the ,diarrhoea becomes persistent and tinged with blood4 ,the animal becomes emaciated and anemic1 exhausted1 and death follows4 ,this disease may continue for a month or even a year before death takes place4 ,however this is very uncommon4 ,they generally die very shortly4 ,,treatment4--,separate the affected cattle from the healthy ones4 ,all fecal matter should be deeply buried or burned1 the stalls1 barnyards1 also thoroughly disinfected4 ,administration of medicine thus far has been unsatisfactory1 although a treatment should be directed toward the intestines with internal antiseptics such as ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one and one-half grains2 ,protan1 three drams2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,bismuth ,subnitrate1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this dose should be repeated three or four times a day4 ,feed a good quality of food1 such as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats and see that the water supply is fresh and non-contaminated4 ,,colic4 ,,cause4--,drinking large quantities of cold water when overheated4 ,however1 this disorder is very uncommon in cattle owing to the fact that they are not worked1 seldom overheated1 and drink water very slowly4 ,,symptoms4--,kicking or raising of the feet to the belly4 ,lying down and getting up alternately4 ,distention of the stomach or paunch with gas4 ,the animal chills or shivers1 etc4 ,,treatment4--,strong stimulants or tonics as the following will give immediate results if administered in its first stages3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 two ounces4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved4 ,give the capsules with capsule gun4 ,if severe bloating accompanies a case of ,colic in cattle place one ounce dose of ,oil of ,turpentine in ounce capsules and give with capsule gun4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,,cause4--,cattle permitted to stand in drafts when warm after being driven1 etc41 irritating drugs escaping into the lungs when drenching1 as it is very difficult for cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated4 ,,symptoms4--,dullness4 ,the animal loses its spirits1 so to speak1 usually shivers or trembles4 ,when this ceases1 the temperature rises to perhaps #aje to #ajf ,f4 ,the ears and legs grow cold1 the nose hot and dry1 pulse rapid but firm1 breathing short and labored1 a short hacking cough will be present4 ,such animals generally remain standing4 ,other symptoms are constipation1 the feces covered with mucus or a slime1 great thirst4 ,the eyes are inflamed and look glassy4 ,the secretions of milk are suppressed1 if these symptoms develop in milking cows4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in clean1 warm1 comfortable quarters permitting light and as much pure air as possible1 but avoid drafts and blanket the animal if chilly4 ,hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 three ounces2 ,quinine1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide one ounce4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours with capsule gun4 ,also apply a paste made from ,mustard and cold water over the lung cavities just back of the fore legs4 ,apply once a day and perhaps one or two applications will be sufficient4 ,if this disease is treated when the first symptoms develop1 a good recovery will follow4 ,feed easily digested food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats1 vegetables and green grass if possible4 ,,contagious ,,abortion4 7,infectious ,abortion7 ,,cause4--,due to germ 7,bacollus ,abortus7 coming in direct contact with the genital organs of a bull or cow and can be indefinitely transmitted from one herd to another by infected bulls serving healthy cows1 or infected cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls4 ,healthy cows become infected by their genital organs coming in contact with litter on floors when lying down or rubbing against fences1 walls or posts previously soiled by aborting cows4 ,cattle licking one another is also a prolific cause4 ,,symptoms4--,the signs of calving are not so well marked as in normal calving1 especially where the aborting animal is a heifer and the gestation period has not exceeded three or four weeks4 ,in cows1 especially where the gestation period has advanced to five or seven months1 the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a swelling of the udder1 or what is commonly termed 8making bag10 the outer portions of the womb swollen and inflamed as in normal calving4 ,as the period of abortion approaches1 there will be a discharge of mucus and blood from the womb4 ,labor pains are not as severe as in normal calving1 owing to the absence of hair on the foetus and being smaller2 although the afterbirth 7ftal membranes71 may be retained the same as in normal calving4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,this perhaps is the cheapest and best method of treating ,contagious ,abortion4 ,when purchasing bulls or cows1 ascertain whether the farm you purchased from has ,contagious ,abortion4 ,an investigation of this kind often saves labor1 time and money4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,when once ,contagious ,abortion makes its appearance1 separate infected from non-infected animals1 remove all litter1 manure1 etc41 from barns1 corrals1 and burn or bury deeply4 ,the conveyances used should be tight so as to prevent scattering4 ,scrub and disinfect floors1 fences1 walls and barns and rubbing posts with a solution made from three pounds of ,copper ,sulphate to ten gallons of water1 permitting it to thoroughly dissolve before using4 ,use an ordinary barrel and cover so as to prevent any cattle drinking same1 as it is very poisonous4 ,when a cow aborts1 remove the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle that will prevent any portion from being scattered1 and burn or bury deeply2 disinfect the floor and walls of stall where the abortion took place as long as the cow is discharging any fluids from the womb4 ,a gallon of distilled or boiled water containing about one per cent ,carbolic ,acid should be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and funnel4 ,this should be repeated once a day for a week4 ,use a solution of the same strength for washing the tail and parts around the outer part of the womb1 or in fact any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may come in contact with4 ,internally1 give ,methylen ,blue in thirty grain doses1 every other day for two weeks4 ,this is an exceptionally disagreeable drug to administer as it stains everything it comes in contact with4 ,place it in a gelatin capsule or have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules containing thirty grains each4 ,then administer with capsule gun4 ,insist on pure ,methylen ,blue1 accept no substitute4 ,this treatment has proven very effective in many localities where strict aseptic precautions were carried out1 as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge of an aborting cow may come in contact with and proper cleanliness and disinfection of stables1 etc4 ,cows should not be bred for several weeks following abortion or as long as there is a discharge present4 ,bulls should be treated in much the same way1 as administering ,methylen ,blue in same size doses for the same length of time as that of the cow4 ,but in addition to this1 use a one per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid for injecting into the bull's sheath1 holding the end of the sheath while the solution is being injected1 until it is well distended2 holding the opening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as long as convenient4 ,also1 wash belly1 muzzle1 etc41 with a solution of the same strength4 ,,cough4 7,acute and ,chronic7 ,as a cough is a symptom of various diseases1 these in addition to the cough should be treated4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,cough4--,many writers give several different varieties1 but for the sake of convenience ,i will divide them into two forms1 namely3 ,acute and ,chronic4 ,,cause4--,acute coughs are generally due to sudden exposure of cold1 drafts and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing4 ,chronic ,coughs are associated with1 and are a result of sore throat1 lung fever1 pleurisy1 bronchitis1 catarrh and tuberculosis4 ,,treatment4--,under each disease1 of which a cough is a symptom1 ,i have also prescribed to include its supprice1 yet very effective in all forms of cough3 ,tannic pression4 ,the following prescription is reasonable in ,acid1 one ounce2 ,potassi ,chlorate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,powder well and mix with ,black ,strap ,molasses1 one pint1 placing container with contents in hot water1 which assists in dissolving4 ,when this is thoroughly mixed1 add ,pine ,tar1 one pint1 and place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the cough4 ,sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good effect1 and ,i would recommend the following on account of its penetrating qualities3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply twice daily1 shaking the contents of the bottle well before using4 ,,cowpox4 7,variola7 ,,cause4--,investigations lead us to believe that it is due to protozoa4 ,so far1 the true micro-organism has not been discovered4 ,this disease is very contagious and is transmitted by direct communication but not through the air4 ,perhaps the most common way of transmitting the disease is by the hands of the milker4 ,,symptoms4--,a slight rise in the temperature1 especially that of the udder and teats4 ,they are red1 swollen and tender and after three or four days small pimples or pustules will appear on the teats1 about the size of a pea4 ,the pimples or pustules become larger and within a few days may attain the size of one-half inch in diameter4 ,at the end of the second week the pimples or pustules burst and discharge an amber colored fluid leaving raw sores1 which cause the animal to suffer intensely when being milked4 ,the supply of milk is also markedly decreased in this condition4 ,,prevention4--,a person should not milk both healthy and diseased cows unless the hands are thoroughly washed in a ,carbolated ,solution2 the clothes that are likely to come in contact with the udder1 coat sleeves1 etc41 changed4 ,,treatment4--,it is advisable to give a physic as it has a very good effect on the blood1 such as ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,ginger1 two drams1 which is easily prepared and administered by placing in capsule and giving with capsule gun4 ,also1 the application of ,zinc ,ointment two or three times a day affords immediate relief and causes the sores to heal rapidly4 ,good results are also obtained by feeding food that is easily digested1 as bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables4 ,,diarrhoea4 ,,cause4--,giving rich succulent foods after being fed on stimulating diets for some time1 and such a case may be a benefit to the animal instead of an injury4 ,turnips1 carrots1 etc41 especially if frozen slightly1 are apt to produce it4 ,also impure and stagnant water which acts as a poison or some irritant in the food1 as sand1 clay1 etc41 or it may result from excitement1 as driving cattle or shipping cattle in cars when not accustomed to it4 ,or1 it may be the result of an overdose of irritating medicines4 ,diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal4 ,it is often an effort of nature to relieve the system of some disease1 as poison in the blood4 ,the easiest way to get rid of it is by way of the bowels4 ,,symptoms4--,it is easily detected4 ,an animal has frequent passages which are of a liquid nature4 ,at first the pulse is but little affected1 but after a day or two it becomes weak and slightly increased4 ,if it continues for a few days the pulse increases1 the ears and legs get colder than normal1 there are slight gripping pains in some cases due to slight irritation or perhaps to slight spasm of the intestines4 ,these pains may increase and result in inflammation of the bowels1 especially if the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating drugs4 ,,treatment4--,in many cases all you have to do is to change the food and clothe the body according to the temperature4 ,do not let the animal drink large quantities of water at one time4 ,give pure water in small quantities1 but often1 and it may be necessary to give medicines4 ,endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant in the intestines1 prepare ,flaxseed tea by pouring a quart of boiling water on a half pint of pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool4 ,compel the animal to drink it4 ,this is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and also beneficial in removing the irritant2 in cases where the ,diarrhoea continues for some time1 it is necessary to stop it by administering ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule every four hours with capsule gun4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed non-irritating food that is easily digested1 as steamed barley or oats4 ,,dehorning4 ,dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people hold it1 as horns on cattle not only add discomfort to themselves but add to the owner's risk4 ,it is much better1 safer and ,i think more humane to prevent the growth of horns on calves after they are three or four days old by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their appearance with a pencil of ,caustic ,potash after being moistened with cold water4 ,repeat this application two or three times1 which is generally sufficient4 ,when dehorning cattle with clippers or saw1 it is well to remove about one-half inch of the flesh with the horn4 ,this gives their head a much better appearance after the horns are removed and wounds healed4 ,when a horn is freshly amputated1 apply ,oil of ,tar occasionally1 as it is an antiseptic and prevents infection and the annoyance of flies4 ,however1 this should be performed during the season when the flies are less numerous4 ,,dropsy4 7,ascities7 ,,cause4--,usually seen in aged cattle fed on poor food where the blood becomes so poor1 so to speak1 that ,dropsy follows4 ,the presence of worms frequently stimulates excessive secretions of fluid1 producing ,dropsy4 ,,symptoms4--,the abdomen is abnormally increased in size1 flanks are gaunt1 paleness of the membranes of the mouth and eyes and a general weakness4 ,pressure with the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing1 watery sound4 ,,treatment4--,the cause at first should be determined and the disease treated accordingly4 ,if due to worms1 withhold all food for twenty-four hours4 ,place two ounces of ,oil of ,turpentine in gelatin capsules and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this in six hours with two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,feed nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and one cup of ,flaxseed meal once a day4 ,in their drinking water place one dram of ,potassium ,iodide two or three times a day4 ,see that this water is drunk and give no other until this is consumed by the animal4 ,,eczema4 ,,cause4--,insanitary surroundings1 as warm1 damp stables4 ,overfeeding1 swills1 decomposed vegetables4 ,applying irrigating drugs to the skin4 ,,symptoms4--,redness of the skin and the animal rubs itself2 is usually confined to a small area at first1 but eventually spreads4 ,considerable inflammation is present1 also eruptions of the skin which discharge white1 serous1 sticky fluid1 terminating in scabs and thickness of the skin4 ,sometimes suppuration or formation of pustules containing pus are present4 ,these symptoms do not always occur in regular succession2 in some cases the serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent than in others4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause and remove it4 ,if due to poor food1 improve the quality4 ,also feed laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats4 ,if the bowels do not act freely1 administer ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,an ointment made from the following is very effective as an application in this condition3 ,blue ,ointment1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,oxide1 three ounces4 ,mix well and apply two or three times a day4 ,a tonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment of this disease1 and ,i would recommend the use of the following3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,ergot ,,poison4 7,ergotism7 ,,cause4--,ergotism is produced by cattle eating fungoid growths which attack kernels and seeds of rye and blue grass1 etc4 ,these kernels or seeds grow dark in color and become abnormally large and curved in shape4 ,the infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract the arteries1 especially those of the legs1 just above the feet1 although all the arteries in the body are contracted to a certain extent4 ,this disease is frequently seen in ,spring and ,summer4 ,,symptoms4--,ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding1 because of its contracting effect upon the arteries 7closing or stopping the flow of blood7 where the blood supply is the weakest1 as in the extremities4 ,it is cut off and this1 of course1 causes the skin just above the hoofs to break or crack as though it were cut with a knife4 ,this shuts off the entire supply of blood to the foot1 which mummifies1 and the lower portion becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs off4 ,one of the first effects of ,ergot ,poison in pregnant cattle is abortion1 due to the blood supply to the womb being shut off by its contracting effect on the arteries4 ,cattle are particularly susceptible to ,ergotism4 ,,treatment4--,when ,ergotism is so advanced as to produce sloughing of the feet it is best to destroy the animal4 ,if other animals are affected slightly1 find out the cause and remove it4 ,look to the hay or pasture as the producer4 ,administer one-half ounce of ,chloral ,hydrate1 two or three times a day in their drinking water or mix it with sufficient quantity of ,flaxseed meal to fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if the skin is slightly broken above the foot1 wash with five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,where the feet have become gangrenous amputation of the foot or feet is necessary1 which is not advisable unless the animal is very valuable4 ,,fluke4 7,liver and ,lungs7 ,,cause4--,this disease is contracted by cattle grazing on marshy lands4 ,there are two different species of ,fluke that affect the liver and lungs of cattle4 ,they are both flat1 leaf-like worms4 ,the ,common ,liver ,fluke is about one-half inch long1 while the so-called ,american ,fluke is somewhat larger4 ,in their life history these ,flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts4 ,at a certain stage of development the young ,flukes live on snails4 ,they become encysted on stalks and blades of grass which are finally swallowed by grazing cattle4 ,this disease is most frequently seen in young cattle4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal shows no marked signs at first1 but eventually the appetite diminishes1 rumination or chewing of the cud becomes irregular1 the animal becomes dull1 hide-bound1 hair standing1 the visible mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and bloodless1 the eyes discharge watery fluids which ooze down the face1 temperature varies from two to three degrees above normal and milk supply1 if in aged cattle1 remarkably reduced4 ,in all cases there is great thirst and the animal becomes very much emaciated and refuses to eat4 ,swellings about the belly and breast1 etc4 ,diarrhoea at first1 alternating with constipation1 but finally becomes continuous4 ,the diseased animal succumbs to the malady in from two to six months4 ,,treatment4--,medical treatment is unsatisfactory4 ,the disease will be prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt and in the marshes containing pools of water introduce or plant carp1 frogs and toads into the infected tracts4 ,these will destroy the young parasites and feed upon the snails which serve as their intermediate hosts4 ,or1 prevent the cattle from grazing upon swampy marshes by fencing them out4 ,,foot ,,and ,,mouth ,,disease4 7,infectious ,aphtha--,epizootica ,eczema7 ,,cause4--,this disease is produced by a specific agent or germ1 the exact nature of which is not known4 ,it will pass through the ,berkfelt filter1 which is the most minute filter known to science1 and is therefore known as a filterable virus4 ,this is an eruptive fever and belongs to the class of ,exanthematous diseases such as smallpox1 measles1 scarlet fever1 etc4 ,every outbreak starts from some pre-existing infection4 ,the infection is distributed by manure1 pastures1 barnyards1 hay1 drinking troughs1 box cars1 ships1 boats which have been previously occupied by animals affected with this disease1 travel over public highways or man may carry the infection of this disease on his clothing and transmit it to healthy cattle1 etc4 ,foot and ,mouth ,disease not only affects cattle1 but attacks a variety of animals1 as the horse1 sheep1 goat1 hog1 dog1 cat1 also wild animals as buffalo1 deer1 antelope1 and man himself is not immune from this disease4 ,children also suffer from ,foot and ,mouth ,disease1 resulting from drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle4 ,therefore1 when purchasing cattle be very careful1 as you may be buying an infectious disease4 ,keep the newly purchased animals to themselves for two or three weeks1 if possible4 ,this will give ample time for the majority of infectious diseases to develop4 ,,symptoms4--,the disease usually makes its first appearance in three to six days after being exposed1 by chilling1 rise of temperature1 and in a day or so pustules varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a pea appear4 ,they appear upon the inner surface of the lips1 gums and upper surface of the tongue4 ,the feet also become affected between the digits4 ,the udder usually becomes affected1 especially in milking cows4 ,as soon as this disease becomes well established the affected animal evinces great pain when attempting to eat4 ,the animal generally refuses food4 ,in many instances they shut and open the mouth with a smacking sound owing to the stringy saliva flowing from the mouth4 ,the ulcers in the mouth continue to enlarge until they attain the size of one-half to two inches in diameter4 ,the mucous membrane covering these ulcers breaks and a watery discharge escapes4 ,in a few days the surface of the ulcers takes on a whitish appearance4 ,the same changes take place in the feet and the animal becomes very lame and the udder very much swollen1 the ulcers discharge1 etc4 ,,prevention4--,when any of the above mentioned symptoms are noticed1 non-affected animals should immediately be removed to non-affected quarters4 ,this disease is not communicated through the atmosphere but by the animal coming into direct contact with the infection or virus2 hence it is not necessary to move unaffected animals any great distance but merely to clean1 sanitary quarters which have not been subjected to any possible infection from the diseased animals4 ,it must be borne in mind that the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in the matter of his own actions and dress as the infection is easily carried through clothes1 fecal matter1 etc41 adhering to shoes or any matter or articles1 such as buckets1 brushes1 rub-rags1 blankets1 etc4 ,the existence of this disease should at once be reported to the ,state ,veterinarian of your ,state or to the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,treatment4--,i cannot recommend any treatment as being satisfactory or a cure1 for although under some treatments the animal appears to make a good recovery1 in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured and crippled1 the udder permanently injured with growths1 animal unfit for milking purposes1 and the mouth1 tongue and teeth left impaired2 the mouth and tongue strictured from wounds and the teeth loosened from the gums4 ,furthermore1 should an animal make apparent recovery1 it is not immune from a recurrence of the disease4 ,in treating the disease1 there is not only danger of spreading the disease to other animals1 but to man4 ,the flesh or milk from animals apparently cured should never be used unless first examined by a qualified meat inspector4 ,without question1 all animals showing severe symptoms as above described should be at once slaughtered and buried six feet or deeper1 covering carcass with ,quicklime and then promptly filling grave1 according to the ,government regulations1 which should be followed explicitly4 ,be careful to disinfect scene of slaughter1 as bloodstains1 etc4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and the strength thereof1 and as these are subject to change from time to time1 ,i must refer you in this matter to the proper ,government authorities4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,if permitted by ,government authorities1 ,i would suggest the following treatment as being beneficial3 ,in mild attacks of ,foot and ,mouth ,disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and the applications of antiseptics as placing ,boracic ,acid1 one dram2 ,potassium ,chlorate1 two drams1 in a bucket of water1 compelling the animal to drink it4 ,repeat this dose two or three times a day4 ,also compel the animals to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury for at least five minutes1 twice daily4 ,when other parts of the body become affected1 as the cow's udder1 apply ,carbolated ,vaseline twice daily4 ,this treatment should be continued until all ulcers have ceased to discharge4 ,always keep in mind that this disease is contagious and is transmitted to other animals1 as well as to man4 ,for disinfecting corrals1 barns1 clothing1 hands and anything which the diseased animal might come in contact with1 ,i would recommend ,coal ,tar products1 diluted one part to fifty parts warm water4 ,spray1 sprinkle or scrub4 ,,foot ,,rot4 7,foul in ,foot7 ,,cause4--,due to filth or from hard substances accumulating between the two digits1 producing irritation and inflammation and suppuration4 ,,symptoms4--,lameness4 ,on examination the foot is swollen1 hot and painful to the touch4 ,when the case is of long standing1 suppuration occurs and pus will ooze from between the digits1 and is very offensive in smell4 ,this condition causes the digits to slough off1 if no attempt is made to relieve it4 ,,treatment4--,cleanliness4 ,where there is considerable inflammation present1 apply ,hot ,bran or ,flaxseed poultices4 ,keep clean and treat as an ordinary wound4 ,the following prescription will be found very effective in ,foot ,rot3 ,oil of ,origanum1 four ounces2 ,oil of ,pisis1 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces4 ,saturate oakum or cotton with the above liniment placing between the digits and bandage4 ,feed laxative food1 as hot wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,,founder4 7,laminitis7 ,inflammation of the internal1 sensitive structure of the foot4 ,,cause4--,overfeeding1 overheating1 driving on rough1 stony soil4 ,cattle compelled to stand on hard floors without exercise frequently suffer from ,founder4 ,,symptoms4--,the animals lie down a great part of the time4 ,feet hot and tender and if made to walk they do so with great difficulty4 ,one or all four feet may become affected1 although it is more frequently found in the front feet4 ,the temperature is somewhat elevated1 varying from #ajd to #ajf ,f41 breathing very rapid1 appetite fairly good and there will be great thirst4 ,founder in cows reduces the milk secretion1 owing to the great fever that is present4 ,,treatment4--,apply cold packs to the feet1 ice packs preferred4 ,if the animal can be made to stand in a stream of water having a soft bottom1 it1 perhaps1 is the best method of cooling off the feet4 ,give a physic of ,aloin1 three drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to their drinking water add two or three drams of ,potassi ,nitrate three or four times daily4 ,animals suffering with ,founder should be provided with soft ground to stand on1 as their feet will be tender and subject to the chronic form of the disease4 ,,garget4 7,congestion of the ,udder7 ,,cause4--,very common in heavy milkers before or just after calving when the bag is very much enlarged and very sensitive2 exposure to chill or standing in drafts or even neglected for too long a time in milking4 ,injuries may also cause ,garget4 ,,symptoms4--,the bag is very much enlarged1 showing signs of inflammation4 ,the swelling extends well forward following the milk veins4 ,the cow has great difficulty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag4 ,when milked for two or three days the swelling disappears after the secretion is fully established1 but as a rule is tinged with blood4 ,sometimes small clots of milk or cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk4 ,,treatment4--,give a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,also dissolve ,bichloride of ,mercury1 two grains2 ,boracic ,acid1 two drams1 in one quart of boiling hot water4 ,when this solution cools to about blood temperature1 after stripping all milk fluid or pus from the affected teat or teats1 inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed4 ,now1 place the end of the syringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat1 the other end place in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and inject about a pint of the solution in each affected quarter4 ,leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times a day4 ,for an external application the following ointment has given remarkably good results3 ,blue ,ointment and ,zinc ,ointment1 equal parts4 ,mix well and apply two or three times daily4 ,,hard ,,milkers4 ,,cause4--,a thickness or contraction of the mucous membranes lining the teat1 or growths inside the teat4 ,,treatment4--,all antiseptic precautions should be carried out in this operation1 as boiling the instruments and then covering them with ,carbolated ,vaseline4 ,then with a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed in a tube1 force upward into the teat1 then press out the little blade and draw the instrument down the teat1 making about four incisions equal distance apart around the inner surface of the teat4 ,the use of self-retaining teat dilators prevents the contraction of the cut surface4 ,permit them to remain in the teat for two weeks1 removing them only when the milk is being stripped from the teat4 ,always place them in boiling water and cover with ,carbolated ,vaseline before inserting4 ,,hollow ,,horn4 ,horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow1 although a core extends well into the horn4 ,this1 however1 is merely a prolongation of a porous bone of the head which affords a point for the horns' attachment1 consequently when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated1 the horns are naturally hot1 it being the symptom of a disease and not a disease of itself1 should be treated under its special heading4 ,the supposed disease 8,hollow ,horn0 once upon a time was treated by boring a hole into the horn with a small gimlet and pouring ,turpentine into the opening4 ,this treatment is useless and harmful4 ,it produces inflammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and chances are death of the animal will follow as a result of the treatment and not of the disease4 ,,indigestion4 ,,cause4--,animals with a voracious appetite will overload their stomachs with food that is hard to digest or is decomposed1 causing the organs of assimilation to become weakened1 sluggish and incapable of doing their proper work4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal ceases to ruminate 7chew its cud72 stands quietly1 hair rough1 nose dry1 temperature elevated one to two degrees1 breathing usually faster than normal with slight grunts at each expiration of air from the lungs4 ,the secretions of milk are suddenly diminished4 ,if the hand is placed against the left side and quickly removed1 a marked depression or pit will remain1 which shows that the paunch is full of undigested food4 ,bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion4 ,,treatment4--,administer ,aloin1 three drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,permit the animal to drink all the water possible4 ,if bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filled with ,turpentine with capsule gun4 ,a tonic is quite necessary in this condition1 and the following ,i am sure will be followed by good results if the case is not of too long a standing3 ,sodium ,bicarbonate1 eight ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four ounces4 ,place two tablespoonfuls in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every six hours4 ,very good results are also obtained from rectal injections of soap and warm water4 ,feed good nourishing food sparingly1 compelling the animal to exercise1 etc4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bag4 7,simple ,mammitis7 ,,cause4--,injuries1 as blows1 kicks1 etc42 lying on cold1 rough ground or floor1 standing in drafts1 sudden change of weather4 ,derangement of the system is likely to affect the udder2 poorly milked or stripped cows are often victims of ,mammitis4 ,infections in the teat from inserting dirty instruments1 as using a bicycle pump for the treatment of ,milk ,fever4 ,cows with a retained afterbirth are likely to infect the udder by switching their tail4 ,this condition is very common in heavy milkers following calving4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal chills1 hair stands1 temperature elevated from one to three degrees above normal2 ears1 horns and legs cold1 which may suddenly become very hot2 pulse rapid1 breathing hurried1 bag hard and swollen and very tender on pressure4 ,when attempts are made to milk1 a watery substance comes away1 almost colorless at first1 but later becomes tinged with blood and pus and has a fetid color4 ,the cow's muzzle is dry1 appetite poor1 but great thirst exists4 ,this condition may affect one or more quarters of the udder4 ,abscesses may form and the udder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes out or the milk glands may solidify and cause hard1 lumpy growths in the udder4 ,,treatment4--,prevention4 ,if an animal is once slightly affected with inflammation of the bag1 it is likely to develop a bad case of ,mammitis from the slightest injury or exposure as stated above1 which depreciates a cow considerably as a milk producer1 especially on the market4 ,great care should be exercised when purchasing a cow for milking purposes4 ,see that the teats and udder are sound1 free from lumps1 etc4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule and give with a capsule gun4 ,also1 dissolve ,bichloride of ,mercury1 two grains2 ,boracic ,acid1 two drams1 in one quart of boiling hot water4 ,when this solution cools to about blood temperature1 after stripping all milk fluid or pus from the affected teat or teats1 inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed4 ,now1 place this end of the syringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat2 the other end place in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and inject about a pint of the solution into each affected quarter4 ,leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times a day4 ,for an external application1 the following ointment has given remarkably good results3 ,blue ,ointment1 two ounces2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and apply twice daily4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,eye4 7,conjunctivitis7 ,,cause4--,injuries1 irritating gases1 standing in dark and poorly ventilated stables or foreign bodies in the eye1 as chaff1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,a constant flow of tears from the eye running down the animal's face1 which are due to the inflammation of the lining membranes of the eye4 ,the eye is partially or completely closed4 ,,treatment4--,if due to a foreign body1 remove it4 ,in order to accomplish this1 the animal must be placed in a stanchion1 the head twisted and the eyelid turned back4 ,do not use burnt alum as this will only make the condition worse4 ,use ,boracic ,acid1 thirty grains2 distilled water1 one ounce4 ,apply to the eye three or four times daily1 using an ordinary eye-dropper4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,heart ,,sack4 7,pericarditis7 ,,cause4--,cattle being ruminants1 do not masticate their food finely before swallowing2 consequently foreign bodies1 such as nails1 wire1 etc41 are picked up with the food and taken into the rumen or paunch4 ,these sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch1 rumen or first stomach and pierce the membrane or sack surrounding the heart1 which produces an inflammation of the heart sack1 or ,pericarditis4 ,,symptoms4--,symptoms develop very slowly or indications of indigestion will be present as the appetite is variable1 temperature elevated1 breathing labored1 the animal avoids walking down hill as it causes pain from the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs against the heart4 ,the symptoms1 however1 are so slight that they may easily escape the notice of a casual observer4 ,the animal eventually becomes poor1 emaciated and dies4 ,if you open the heart sack1 it will be found full of watery pus4 ,,treatment4--,unsuccessful1 as this disease is seldom diagnosed correctly1 and if it is an operation is necessary and this does not prove successful in the majority of cases4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys4 ,,cause4--,injuries in the region of the kidneys1 exposure to cold weather1 especially in cows soon after calving4 ,eating poisonous plants1 decomposed food or drinking stagnant water1 irritating medicines given ignorantly of their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammation of the kidneys4 ,,symptoms4--,the attack will first be noticed by slight shivering or chilling followed by an increased temperature1 breathing increased4 ,the animal attempts to urinate frequently and the amount passed is small and of a dark amber color and may be flaked with blood4 ,there will be stiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is always present during urinary disorders4 ,there may be slight swelling and tenderness over the kidneys4 ,as the disease progresses the animal grows weak and finally dies if prompt relief is not afforded4 ,fortunately this disease is not common among cattle4 ,,treatment4--,clothe the animal if the weather is cold4 ,mild physics are beneficial1 as ,aloin1 one and one-half drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 ,nux ,vomica1 two drams1 placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsule gun4 ,also1 the following1 which is very soothing to the urinary tract3 ,potassium ,acetate1 ,potassium ,bromide1 each four ounces1 made into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder every four hours in their drinking water4 ,feed nitrogenous food as hot wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 and see that the animal has pure water to drink4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,penis4 ,,cause4--,injuries received from snags1 walking through underbrush1 jumping fences1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,arched back1 swelling of the sheath and in some cases a discharge4 ,it may be serious enough to affect the appetite and cause fever4 ,,treatment4--,wash out the sheath two or three times daily with a three per cent solution of ,boracic ,acid4 ,if the inflammation extends pretty well back in the sheath1 it is advisable to inject this solution with a syringe1 carefully1 as far back as possible4 ,withdraw the syringe1 holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solution for a few minutes before allowing it to escape4 ,feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh water to drink4 ,if there is considerable fever1 administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 each two ounces4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,womb4 ,,cause4--,injuries1 as bruises1 laceration1 sustained during calving1 especially where the cow is assisted with instruments or hands that are not thoroughly aseptic1 an animal retaining the afterbirth which undergoes putrefaction1 and consequently sets up an inflammation of the womb1 or perhaps the animal may become infected during the act of removing the afterbirth if the operator is neglectful about washing his hands or washing the womb out thoroughly4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal will chill1 the temperature elevated two or three degrees1 the back will be arched1 stiffness of the hind parts1 legs1 ears and horns cold1 nose hot and dry1 grinding of the teeth1 the cow usually remains standing1 ceases to chew her cud1 the secretions of milk will be markedly reduced and a day or so after the symptoms appear1 there will be a discharge from the womb of a reddish lumpy nature4 ,this becomes thick and yellow containing small particles of flesh1 showing that the inner lining of the womb is sloughing4 ,this discharge is very offensive in odor4 ,a cow in this condition requires the best of care or she will die as the decomposed substance in the womb may be absorbed into the circulation and produce ,pyemia or ,septicemia 7,blood ,poison74 ,,treatment4--,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 three drams1 place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,flush out the womb thoroughly with a tablespoonful of ,carbolic ,acid to one gallon of water two or three times a day4 ,a convenient instrument for flushing out the womb can be made from an ordinary funnel and a clean hose about four feet long4 ,this answers the purpose of an injection syringe very well4 ,in their drinking water add the following3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder two or three times a day4 ,in addition to the above treatment it is necessary to give alteratives and bitter tonics to build up the condition of the animal as soon as possible4 ,the following will be found very effective3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders and give one powder three times a day4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun4 ,my reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules are3 #a4 ,there is no danger of liquids escaping into the lungs1 as in drenching4 #b4 ,any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic is very bitter1 consequently the only way the animal will take it is by placing in capsule4 ,,joint ,,ill1 ,,navel ,,ill4 7,umbilical ,pyemia and ,septicemia7 ,,cause4--,this disease is produced by various germs entering the navel cord of newly born calves when dropped1 the navel being freshly severed and coming in contact with filth and manure where germs are numerous1 consequently germs adhere and enter the blood stream4 ,calf ,scours as a rule is associated with this disease4 ,,symptoms4--,swelling of the joints which are very hot and painful on pressure1 and when the calf is made to move it walks stiffly and slowly1 does not care to nurse its mother or take any food1 temperature elevated from #aje to #ajh ,f41 breathing hurried1 pulse very weak and quick4 ,there will be an offensive discharge from the navel cord of a yellowish color and swollen joints finally break and also discharge a thick yellow pus4 ,the calf becomes emaciated and finally dies from exhaustion4 ,,treatment4--,prevention4 ,provide clean surroundings for cows when calving1 and in addition to this have a one in one thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury on hand4 ,wash the navel well in the solution once a day until the cord is thoroughly dried4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,unsuccessful4 ,sometimes the calf recovers1 but at best the calf is badly stunted and is very seldom worth keeping4 ,however1 the following method of treatment has been followed with fairly good results3 ,wash the navel cord well in a one thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury two or three times a day and give ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one-fourth grain2 ,potassi ,iodide1 five grains1 in a little water or milk three or four times a day4 ,feed them three or four eggs a day1 molasses1 fresh milk4 ,this will keep up the strength and vitality and a good recovery may follow1 although it is an exception and not a rule4 ,,laceration ,,of ,,the ,,eyelid4 ,,cause4--,an eyelid may be torn on the manger1 rubbing post or barb wire fence1 etc4 ,,treatment4--,wash the lacerated portions of the eye thoroughly with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,it may be necessary to take a few stitches in the wound or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair of sharp scissors4 ,if stitches have been taken1 they should be removed after the parts have united and the eye kept clean4 ,a very convenient application for the eye in this condition is ,boracic ,acid1 one dram2 ,distilled ,water1 four ounces4 ,apply liberally to the eye4 ,,leeches4 7,blood ,suckers7 ,leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken up by the animals when drinking water from ponds1 etc4 ,the leeches attach themselves to the inner surface of the mouth or nose1 and sometimes reach the upper part of windpipe or the gullet4 ,bleeding at the mouth or nose may be noticed1 the membranes where the leeches attach themselves become congested and swollen1 and as a result of the loss of blood anemic condition follows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,treatment4--,if the leeches can be reached1 they are easily destroyed by cutting them in two with a pair of scissors or they may be removed with a pair of forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a piece of cloth around them so as to prevent slipping4 ,steam from boiling hot water containing ,pine ,tar or ,oil or ,turpentine may cause leeches to release their hold if they cannot be removed by other means4 ,in ponds where leeches are numerous1 eels should be introduced as they feed upon blood suckers of this species4 ,,lumpy ,,jaw4 7,wooden ,tongue1 ,big ,head1 ,actinomycosis7 ,,cause4--,the ,ray ,fungus4 ,this organism which occurs in the tissues in the form of russets is directly transmitted from one animal to another4 ,it seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the mouth by various food stuff through slight wounds of the mucous membranes of the mouth or an animal that has decayed teeth or during the shedding of milk teeth4 ,the ,ray ,fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging on the awns of barley1 the spears of oats and on other grains4 ,quantities of fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley which had penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded in their tongues4 ,lumpy ,jaw can also be transmitted by coming in contact with or eating food over which lumpy jawed cattle have slobbered4 ,a healthy animal eating such food with very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth will contract the disease very readily4 ,this disease is misleading as other organs are affected with the ,ray ,fungi or the ,bacillus of ,actinomycosis1 as the lungs and even the digestive organs have been found to be affected with this disease4 ,,symptoms4--,external symptoms or signs are the only means by which to ascertain the disease4 ,its exact location is on the lower jaw bone near its angle4 ,it may also affect the upper jaw1 but this is an exception and not a rule4 ,internally it may affect the tongue1 mouth1 throat or lungs1 but rarely the intestines4 ,this enlargement continues to grow until it reaches the size of that of a man's head1 breaks and discharges pus4 ,the animal becomes poor and emaciated1 the hair takes on a dull roughened appearance and in many cases it is very difficult for it to eat1 especially where the disease separates the gums and bone from the teeth and causes them to become very loose or to drop out4 ,the animal in the latter stages of this disease generally dies from starvation4 ,,treatment4--,successful in its first stages4 ,soft1 nitrogenous food should be fed1 such as wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley1 hay dampened with clean water1 so as to make it pliable4 ,hay containing woody matter as stems1 etc41 should not be fed to an animal affected with ,lumpy ,jaw as it tends to aggravate the disease4 ,internally in their drinking water give two drams of ,potassium ,iodide morning and night4 ,this treatment1 however1 should be omitted when the animal's skin becomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge flows from the eyes4 ,on the outer surface over the enlargement apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 four drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub in briskly for twenty minutes every five or six days for three weeks4 ,the cure can generally be ascertained by the animal gaining in flesh1 although the lump may remain4 ,where ,lumpy ,jaw is of long standing so as to impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth1 it is best to destroy the animal1 as this lessens the possibility of infecting healthy animals4 ,,lung ,,fever4 7,pneumonia7 ,,cause4--,generally follows congestion of the lungs4 ,it may be due to parasitic organisms or exposure to cold1 drafts when warm after being driven1 etc4 ,drenching perhaps is the most common cause as it is very difficult for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated2 inhaling smoke1 gases1 etc41 also tend to produce pneumonia4 ,,symptoms4--,chilling or shivering1 temperature elevated to #aje or #ajf ,f41 nose hot and dry1 horns and legs cold4 ,pulse rapid though strong1 breathing fast and the appetite very good in some cases4 ,the animal urinates small quantities of urine but often1 of a dark amber color4 ,a discharge from the nose follows1 also a cough4 ,if the ear is placed back of the fore leg1 a dry crackling sound can be heard something on the order of rubbing hair between the fingers4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in a dry1 well lighted and ventilated stable1 but avoid drafts4 ,give ,pulv4 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 one ounce2 ,quinine1 one ounce4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two powders4 ,place one powder in gelatin capsule and administer every three or four hours with capsule gun4 ,supply the animal with fresh water at all times4 ,feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats4 ,also feed vegetables1 such as potatoes1 apples1 carrots and kale4 ,it is also advisable to apply the following over the region of the lungs just back of the fore legs3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil or ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 six ounces4 ,mix and shake well and apply two or three times daily4 ,it is also advisable to hand rub the legs and bandage them with woolen cloths4 ,if the above treatment is properly carried out1 the animal will make a complete recovery in a week or ten days4 ,,loss ,,of ,,cud4 ,,cause4--,this condition cannot always be traced to a definite cause1 as it is a symptom of all diseases where the process of rumination is interfered with4 ,the only method by which a cow will again chew her cud is to restore her to health by the proper medical treatment4 ,artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a detriment to the animal4 ,other symptoms aside from those of the animal not chewing cud will always make their appearance1 as constipation1 diarrhoea1 elevation of the temperature1 etc4 ,the animal should be thoroughly examined and the disease treated under its special heading4 ,,mange4 7,scabies7 ,,cause4--,there are four different parasites which produce ,mange or ,scabies in cattle4 ,however1 three of these parasites are rarely seen4 ,the ,symbotis ,communis is the parasite commonly seen in ,american cattle4 ,these parasites multiply very rapidly and are conveyed from diseased animals to healthy ones by their bodies coming in contact with one another and by healthy animals rubbing against fences1 walls1 posts1 etc41 where mangy cattle have previously rubbed4 ,,symptoms4--,scabs1 loss of hair1 intense itching1 the animals are constantly rubbing or licking themselves4 ,the parts showing the first signs of ,mange are those about the croup1 or the root of the tail1 the neck and withers1 but as the disease progresses and no attempts are offered for its eradication1 it finally spreads and covers the entire body4 ,the scabs become ulcerated1 the animal becomes weakened1 emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment4--,dipping in wood or concrete vats is the most satisfactory method of treating ,mange4 ,the regular lime and sulphur dip as recommended by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry is inexpensive and effective4 ,,measly ,,beef4 ,it is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man4 ,these small tapeworm cysts 7tnia saginata7 are about the size of a pea and found in the flesh of cattle1 which become infected by eating food or drinking water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring adult tapeworms4 ,then again1 the person becomes infected by eating raw or rare flesh of cattle infected with the larva stage of ,measly ,beef4 ,great care should be exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite4 ,persons' feces should not be placed where it will infect food or drinking water that is consumed by cattle4 ,,milk ,,fever4 7,parturient ,apoplexy7 ,,cause4--,certain conditions predispose cows to ,milk ,fever1 as being heavy milk producers1 cows having enormous digestive power and being heavily fed on nitrogenous food naturally are in a good condition1 consequently at the time of calving1 or shortly after1 they are likely to develop a case of ,milk ,fever4 ,it is more common during the summer months1 although this condition may develop at any time of the year in the type of cow described above4 ,,symptoms4--,at or a few days after calving1 the cow is noticed hanging back in the stall1 dull1 languid1 with an unsteady movement of the hind legs4 ,if the cow is made to walk1 she steps unsteadily or staggers1 pays no attention to her calf2 she finally becomes so paralyzed that she falls and is unable to rise4 ,the pupils of the eyes are dilated and the membranes reddened or congested with blood4 ,the cow may lie on her breast or flat on her side1 but most likely upon her breast and her head turned in the region of the flank4 ,she apparently is sound asleep4 ,if the eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not close the eye1 nor will she evince any pain when being pricked with a pin on any part of the body4 ,the nose is dry1 the temperature is below normal in most cases4 ,,treatment4--,when the above signs are noticed1 whether the cow is standing or lying down in a paralyzed condition1 obtain an ordinary bulb injection syringe2 insert a tube in the end from which the air escapes4 ,after washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 milk or strip out all the milk possible from the bag1 then insert the teat tube that is connected to the syringe in each teat1 filling them well with air1 and repeat this treatment every hour until the cow stops staggering1 or if lying down1 stands on her feet4 ,it is necessary to strip the milk from the bag before giving an injection of air4 ,if the cow is lying flat on her side1 prop her up by placing bags of hay or straw against her side1 also make her as comfortable as possible4 ,if lying in the hot sun1 provide shade by placing a canopy over her made from burlap2 if the weather is chilly1 blanket2 if flies annoy her1 use some fly repellant4 ,this disease is satisfactorily treated4 ,where ninety per cent of the cows died at one time1 ninety per cent can be saved by the above treatment4 ,it is a custom with some people to use an ordinary bicycle pump for treatment of ,milk ,fever4 ,this should not be practiced1 as there is great danger of infecting the bag and producing serious complication4 ,,medical ,,or ,,after ,,treatment4--,never drench a cow4 ,give physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with a capsule gun4 ,also1 give tonics as ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux4 ,vomica1 two ounces4 ,mix and place into eight gelatin capsules4 ,give one capsule every eight hours4 ,this tonic is quite necessary1 as it stimulates their appetite1 braces up their nervous system and prevents any complications that might otherwise follow4 ,,paralysis4 7,congestion of the ,brain or ,spinal ,cord7 ,,cause4--,may be due to a morbid condition of the brain or spinal cord1 concussion of the spinal cord1 fractures of the bones of the spinal column1 or violent shocks or jars of the brain1 or pressure due to fractures of the skull1 or dilated or ruptured blood vessels4 ,paralysis also occurs in poorly fed1 weak cows when exposed to cold or wet weather during the latter stages of pregnancy4 ,sometimes the back portion of the bowels 7the rectum7 becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with the expulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or less impacted4 ,this condition may also occur in connection with ,ergot1 ,forage or ,lead ,poisoning1 ,milk ,fever or ,parturient ,apoplexy4 ,,symptoms4--,appear very suddenly4 ,the animal is unable to stand1 lies quietly and groans occasionally4 ,constipation generally accompanies this condition4 ,sometimes great pain is present1 especially if due to fracture or pressure1 as above mentioned4 ,,treatment4--,if just due to weakness2 exposure to cold1 wet weather2 cows prior to calving2 slight injuries or mild effect of poisons1 it is successfully treated by placing the animal in a comfortable1 well lighted stall1 omitting drafts1 feeding nourishing food1 as warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed meal2 tea to drink prepared as follows3 ,pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint of ,pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool1 compel the animal to drink it4 ,repeat this once or twice daily1 especially if the animal is pregnant4 ,a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 prepared in capsule and given with a capsule gun is very effective1 but this1 however1 should not be administered to heavily pregnant cows4 ,endeavor to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food and rectal injections of soda and water4 ,nerve stimulants are necessary and ,i have derived good results from the following3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four ounce2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four to six hours4 ,also apply powdered mustard1 moistened with a sufficient quantity of water to make a paste1 and rub over the full length of the spine about eight inches in width4 ,this should be covered with paper which will adhere readily to the mustard and water4 ,this application can be repeated every twenty-four hours until satisfactory results have been obtained4 ,,red ,,water4 7,hematuria7 ,,cause4--,marshy pastures1 water from rich decomposed soil4 ,vegetation also has a tendency to produce it as cattle eating green shoots from oak1 ash1 hellebore1 hazel and other resinous plants1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,bloody urine containing no blood clots4 ,this condition is not noticed as a general rule until the cow loses flesh and the production of milk is considerably decreased4 ,one particular symptom of this disease is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged with blood4 ,if the disease is left to run its course1 the cow will become emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment4--,find out the cause and remove it if possible4 ,see that the water supply is clean1 feed nitrogenous food1 as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats4 ,do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants as stated above4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,retained ,,afterbirth4 ,,cause4--,retained afterbirth may follow normal or abnormal calving where there has been more or less inflammation of the womb prior to giving birth1 which causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments4 ,cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold weather are very susceptible to this accident2 also very common in aged cows4 ,,symptoms4--,very easily detected by portions of the membranes 7afterbirth7 protruding from the ,womb or ,vulva1 which becomes decomposed very shortly and offensive in odor4 ,this accident is very serious when absorption is produced1 ill health1 drying up of the milk in addition to producing inflammation of the womb1 ,whites1 etc4 ,it may produce blood-poisoning and chances are you will lose your animal4 ,,prevention4--,very important4 ,feed the cow on food that is easily digested and supply her with fresh water to drink that is not too cold4 ,flaxseed ,tea is very beneficial if given a day or so prior to calving and is prepared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one-half pint of ,flaxseed1 permitting it to cool of its own accord4 ,then compel the animal to drink it4 ,this appears to have a very good effect on separating the afterbirth from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb to which it is attached4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,the afterbirth should not be pulled away by force1 as it may tear1 leaving small portions unremoved that perhaps would result in ,inflammation of the ,womb or ,whites4 ,to remove the afterbirth insert the hand and carefully detach it from its attachments1 being very careful that the cotyledons are not torn off4 ,after this has been carefully removed1 wash out the womb with ,carbolic ,acid solution about two and one-half per cent4 ,an instrument can be made for this purpose very easily from a clean piece of hose about four feet long and an ordinary funnel4 ,sometimes it is necessary to give physics1 as ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with a capsule gun4 ,in addition to the above1 stimulants are also advisable such as powdered ,nux ,vomica1 powdered ,capsicum1 powdered ,ginger1 powdered ,nitrate of ,potash1 equal parts four ounces4 ,make twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times a day4 ,,rheumatism4 ,,cause4--,exposure1 especially when the animal is permitted to lie on cold damp soils or floors4 ,another common cause is an animal exposed to cold drafts after perspiring or weakened after severe physical exercise4 ,,symptom4--,stiffness when walking1 variable appetite1 constipation1 hair unthrifty looking4 ,passage of urine is scant and of an amber color1 usually slight elevation in temperature and the animal lies down a great part of the time4 ,there are two forms of rheumatism--muscular and articular4 ,the former affects the muscles of the body1 while the latter affects the joints4 ,there will be swellings that are tender on pressure1 which may shift to different parts of the body4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in warm dry quarters with a sufficient quantity of clean bedding4 ,feed foods that are easily digested1 as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats and vegetables4 ,keep pure1 cold water within the animal's reach at all times4 ,the following prescription has been found very effective in the treatment of this disease3 ,sodium ,salicylate1 six ounces2 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times daily with capsule gun4 ,if the bowels are constipated give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,when the joints or muscles become swollen and inflamed1 the following liniment will be found very effective in reducing the swellings3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 three ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces4 ,mix and apply by rubbing in well two or three times a day4 ,,ringworm4 ,,cause4--,due to a vegetable parasite4 ,it affects the hair and the outer layer of skin and is highly infectious1 being transmitted from one animal to another4 ,,symptoms4--,the disease usually appears in the form of circular patches of the skin1 which soon become denuded of hair4 ,sometimes a white sticky discharge and the formation of scaly1 brittle crusts on the patches appear1 silvery gray in color4 ,they are generally confined to the head and neck4 ,it is a common disease among young cattle in the ,winter and ,spring4 ,this disease is attended with more or less itching and is communicable to man4 ,,treatment4--,remove the scabs or crusts with soap and warm water4 ,however1 the surface of the body should be well dried after washing each time4 ,apply ,tincture of ,iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots denuded of hair4 ,it is quite necessary that the barn and rubbing posts be disinfected by spraying or washing them with a twenty-five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,,round ,,worm4 ,,cause4--,an animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite in food or water which has been contaminated with the feces of infected cattle4 ,there are two species1 the large ,roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inches in length1 the small ,roundworm varying in size from one-quarter of an inch to two inches in length4 ,both the small and large ,roundworms infest the intestines of cattle and calves4 ,these worms1 especially small ,roundworms1 irritate the mucous lining of the intestines1 which may cause severe inflammation4 ,,symptoms4--,anemia1 appetite variable1 diarrhoea1 general weakness1 dullness and excessive thirst2 also a paleness of the visible membranes of the mouth1 nose and eye4 ,worms frequently pass with the feces and can be readily seen by a close observer4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,see prevention of ,twisted ,stomach ,worm4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours4 ,to calves1 two to eight months old1 give two teaspoonfuls of ,turpentine in a pint of milk2 to yearlings1 give one tablespoonful4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to cattle one year old and over place one ounce in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this treatment is to be repeated twice during the intervals of ten days or two weeks1 which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms that escaped the first treatment4 ,also keep salt where cattle can lick frequently4 ,,rupture4 7,abdominal ,hernia7 ,,cause4--,this disease occasionally occurs in calves by receiving blows from the cow's horns on the right flank4 ,after such an accident a swelling forms near the last ribs4 ,this swelling may be either hot and painful or soft to the touch4 ,it can be made to disappear by careful pressure when the sides of the rupture through which it has passed can be felt4 ,on removing the pressure the rupture soon regains its swollen appearance4 ,similar conditions may also occur in aged cattle1 usually due to injuries1 such as being kicked by a horse1 etc41 or due to a weakness of the muscles that are ruptured sometimes during difficult birth4 ,,treatment4--,feed the animal on laxative food and feed sparingly on bulky food such as hay1 straw and grass4 ,round the edges of a block of wood a little smaller1 but the same shape as the rupture4 ,after wrapping with cloth nicely1 place it over the rupture1 then place bandage around the body4 ,this permits the ruptured muscles to grow together1 providing the animal is properly dieted as stated above4 ,sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly produced rupture may be treated by injecting strong solutions of ,common ,salt around the torn edges of the muscles4 ,this causes the swelling and inflammation1 which respectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes the opening4 ,there is some danger attached to this method of treatment1 and if attempted ,i would advise that great care be exercised4 ,,scum ,,over ,,the ,,eye4 ,,cause4--,see ,inflammation of the ,eye4 ,,symptoms4--,the eye has a smoke-colored appearance4 ,,treatment4--,silver ,nitrate1 two grains1 thoroughly dissolved in one ounce of ,distilled ,water4 ,apply with dropper two or three times a day4 ,feed the animal on food that is easily digested and confine the animal to a cool1 clean1 dark stall4 ,,sore ,,throat4 7,laryngitis and ,pharyngitis7 ,,cause4--,sudden cooling of the surface of the body1 as when cattle are exposed to cold weather or cold rain or the inhaling of irritating gases4 ,,symptoms4--,the muzzle is dry1 temperature slightly elevated and saliva dribbles from the corners of the mouth4 ,the animal either does not swallow1 or swallows with great difficulty1 and holds its head in a stiff1 straight position1 moving it as little as possible4 ,the eyelids are half-closed and bloodshot1 and the animal occasionally grinds the teeth4 ,after masticating the food the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swallowing1 and also evinces great pain when pressure is applied from the outside4 ,in acute attacks of sore throat1 the animal coughs with great difficulty and breathes very noisily4 ,the nostrils are dilated and nose extended4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in as comfortable a place as possible1 permitting plenty of fresh air1 but avoiding drafts4 ,blanket the animal if the weather is chilly1 also hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,administer ,chlorate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,molasses1 eight ounces4 ,mix well and place one tablespoonful on the tongue every three or four hours4 ,feed soft food1 as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 or boiled vegetables4 ,give drinking water with the chill taken off4 ,it is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat1 and ,i would advise the application of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces1 and ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,apply and rub in well two or three times a day4 ,,stringy ,,milk4 ,,cause4--,cows wading or standing in stagnant pools of water4 ,frequently stringy milk results from fungi entering the udder4 ,this takes on an infectious form1 and several cows may become affected at one time4 ,,symptoms4--,although the milk appear perfectly normal when first milked1 it becomes stringy after standing for a few hours4 ,if a needle is inserted in the milk and slowly withdrawn1 the milk will adhere to the point and have a stringy appearance4 ,if the cow is examined carefully1 the temperature will be found to be elevated a degree or two1 the appetite poor and the nose dry4 ,,treatment4--,feed laxative food and see that they have fresh water to drink4 ,also place two drams of ,soda ,bisulphite once or twice a day in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,do not permit the cow to come in contact with stagnant pools of water that carry this infection4 ,perhaps the best plan is to fence out all such stagnant pools of water4 ,,suppression ,,of ,,milk4 7,absence of ,milk7 ,,cause4--,usually due to poor health1 debility1 emaciated1 chronic disease of the bag1 or wasting of its glands from various diseases or impure food4 ,sometimes this condition is produced without any apparent cause4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause1 if possible1 and remove it4 ,feed warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 one-half ounce1 two or three times a day4 ,this has a very good effect in this particular condition4 ,also rub the bag and strip the teats often1 and apply ,oil of ,lavender4 ,the majority of cases respond to this treatment if not due to chronic disease of the bag4 ,,tapeworm4 ,,cause4--,small portions of tapeworms1 consisting of one or more segments1 are occasionally seen in the droppings of infected cattle4 ,the infection is undoubtedly taken in with the food or water1 infection being spread by the eggs of the parasite1 and being expelled with the feces of an infected animal4 ,the eggs being swallowed by insects1 worms or snails1 which act as an intermediate host1 and which when swallowed accidentally by cattle while grazing or drinking carry with them into the animal's stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm4 ,aged cattle do not seem to suffer much from tapeworms1 but in calves these parasites cause scours and rapid emaciation4 ,,symptoms4--,emaciation1 diarrhoea1 loss of flesh1 ravenous appetite1 paleness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes1 and the segments of the tapeworms can occasionally be seen in the droppings4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 and to calves from two to eight months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasolene in a pint of milk4 ,to yearlings1 place one tablespoonful in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to cattle one year and over1 place one ounce in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times during intervals of a week or two4 ,,texas ,,fever4 ,,cause4--,due to a micro-organism 7,pirophalasna ,bigenium7 which imbeds itself in the red blood corpuscles4 ,this disease is transmitted or scattered by means of a tick which drops from the affected animal4 ,the disease has various names1 according to the locality in which it appears4 ,among them are3 ,spanish ,fever1 ,red ,water1 ,black ,water1 ,red ,murrian1 ,australian ,cattle ,tick ,fever1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite4 ,the animal ceases to ruminate or does not chew the cud1 and every sign of unthriftiness is displayed2 a high temperature1 and when the animal is standing the back is arched1 but the animal however1 prefers to lie down most of the time and shows desire for solitude4 ,the urine is very dark in color1 hence the name 8,red or ,black ,water40 ,the disease is usually fatal1 the animal dies within a few weeks4 ,,treatment4--,my advice is1 when this disease once develops1 or an animal shows any of the particular signs that ,i have mentioned1 examine carefully and immunize by the use of serums1 disinfectants1 etc4 ,,ticks4 ,ticks are very difficult to kill1 on account of their protected location1 as ear ticks are not affected by dipping1 and remedies strong enough for this purpose are liable to injure the animal1 but these parasites may be expelled by pouring into the ear ,carbolated ,cottonseed ,oil with favorable results4 ,,tuberculosis4 ,,cause4--,the bacilli of ,tuberculosis thrive in animals1 especially those in a weakened condition1 or when exposed to atmospheric changes1 unwholesome food1 dark and poorly ventilated stables4 ,they gain entrance into the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal4 ,they lodge in various portions of the lungs or intestines1 and multiply very rapidly1 causing irritations and formations1 nodules1 cysts or abcesses4 ,they are the means of the bacillus entering the blood1 which carries the infection to other parts of the body1 as the spleen1 liver1 udder1 womb1 etc4 ,cows affected with generalized tuberculosis1 that is to say the infection being confined to not only a small portion of the lungs1 but also to any of the above mentioned organs1 etc41 may give birth to a calf having general tuberculosis at birth1 or shortly after1 due to the cow's blood circulating through the body of the calf before birth4 ,,symptoms4--,this disease may pass a casual observer unnoticed1 although in some instances we notice a slight cough1 unthriftiness1 dullness4 ,the coughing is best marked after taking a drink of water in the morning and then being exercised4 ,some animals keep up in good condition and look perfectly healthy while some get emaciated1 have constipation1 variable appetite1 and sometimes growths or abcesses can be felt or seen in the udder or glands of the body and neck4 ,however1 cattle showing any weakness1 or the above symptoms should be tested for tuberculosis by the administration of tuberculin4 ,,treatment4--,it is not advisable to treat tuberculosis4 ,thus far1 medicine has failed to relieve the affected animal1 or kill the bacillus of tuberculosis in a living animal4 ,the infected animals should be disposed of on account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular calves1 the milk being unfit for human consumption1 unless it is thoroughly pasteurized4 ,infected cattle should be separated from healthy ones1 as the disease spreads very rapidly4 ,drinking and feeding troughs are a means of spreading the infection1 therefore1 suspected cases of tuberculosis should be tested and if the animals react1 they should be slaughtered1 and if the disease is localized1 passed for human consumption4 ,the meat of animals suspected of having tuberculosis1 or reacting from tuberculin test1 should be well cooked4 ,,twisted ,,stomach ,,worm4 ,,cause4--,cattle become affected with this worm by grazing in pastures in which infected cattle have grazed and scattered their droppings4 ,the worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size1 which pass out of the body with the feces4 ,in warm weather1 these eggs hatch in a few hours2 if the temperature remains about freezing point1 they soon die4 ,the eggs are also destroyed by dryness1 but1 on the other hand1 moisture1 if the weather is warm1 favors their development4 ,the twisted worm measures one-half inch to one and one-half inches in length4 ,,symptoms4--,general weakness1 loss of flesh1 anemia1 dullness1 capricious appetite1 excessive thirst1 paleness of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes1 and dropsical swelling1 especially that of the lower jaw4 ,diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the feces is carefully examined the small worms may be seen wriggling about like little snakes1 or when the animal dies1 and the fourth stomach is opened1 these worms can be seen in large quantities4 ,,treatment4--,preventative measures are important1 as damp1 marshy soil favors the development of the embryos4 ,high sloping ground is preferable for pasture4 ,if low ground is used it should be properly drained2 burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on the grass and on the ground4 ,cattle should be supplied with water from flowing streams or wells and not stagnant ponds4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,withhold all food for twenty-four hours1 then administer ,oil of ,turpentine1 placing it in an ounce capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow in six hours with a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,when this worm develops in calves1 give as follows3 ,one dram ,turpentine to a calf three months old1 four drams to a calf six months old1 six drams to a yearling4 ,to cattle two years and over1 give equivalent dose1 or an ounce4 ,the physic should be reduced in the same proportions as that of ,turpentine4 ,,verminous ,,bronchitis4 7,lung ,worms7 ,,cause4--,due to worm or parasite called ,strongylus ,micrurus1 a small thread-like worm two to four inches in length1 found in the bronchial tubes1 a portion of the lungs4 ,the life history of this parasite is not known1 but infection is apparently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed4 ,young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals4 ,these parasites are especially common in low marshy pastures4 ,,symptoms4--,this form of bronchitis usually affects the entire herd2 the animals become poor1 unthrifty1 hacking1 coughing1 especially at night1 and sometimes animals actually cough up worms4 ,,treatment4--,various treatments have been recommended for ,verminous ,bronchitis1 or ,lung ,worm1 as injecting ,turpentine into the windpipe or fumigating animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and burning sulphur1 compelling the affected animals to inhale the fumes4 ,this treatment perhaps is the safest and the most effective4 ,a person should remain in the enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong that there is danger of suffocation1 open the doors and windows4 ,this treatment should be repeated every week until coughing ceases4 ,,warbles ,,or ,,grubs4 ,,cause4--,by the heel-fly or warble-fly4 ,they deposit their eggs on the legs of cattle during the fall4 ,the animal1 licking the parts1 takes the eggs into its mouth4 ,these eggs gradually migrate into the gullet1 where they hatch and burrow through the tissues1 and in the early spring will be found in the region of the back in the form of small lumps under the skin4 ,,symptoms4--,warbles are frequently seen under the skin in the region of the back and over the loins1 and are very tender to the touch4 ,when they are fully developed they work their way through the skin1 which usually occurs in the early part of the summer4 ,examine your cattle in the winter and spring for the presence of grubs4 ,they can be easily found by running the hand over the loins1 by abrupt swellings or bunches on the skin4 ,pressure on the swelling will perhaps cause the grubs to pop out4 ,,treatment4--,remove the grubs by making a small incision with a clean1 sharp knife in the center of the swelling4 ,then press them out and into each cavity from which the grub has been extracted1 or squeezed out1 should be injected a five per cent solution of ,carbolized ,sweet ,oil to prevent any further development of flies or grubs4 ,cattle sprayed with fly repellants during the spring and summer are very seldom bothered with warbles or grubs4 ,however1 this is not practical in range cattle2 dipping instead should be resorted to1 and it is surprising what results will be derived from fly repellants in a year or two4 ,they will practically exterminate the pest1 and consequently the cattle are thrifty and look much better4 ,,warts4 ,,cause4--,warts may appear on various parts of the body1 and are due to an abnormal growth of cells growing upon the outer surface of healthy skin1 or they may grow upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply4 ,,treatment4--,if the wart is located where there is hair surrounding it1 cut away the hair1 then wash the wart and surrounding parts with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid and clip the wart off with a sharp pair of scissors or knife4 ,after the wart is removed1 cauterize the cut surface with a hot iron4 ,caustic ,potash or ,silver ,nitrate should be applied two or three times at the intervals of two or three days to insure the entire extermination of the wart4 ,this treatment applies to all classes of warts located in various places4 ,,whites4 7,leucorrhea7 ,,cause4--,continual chronic inflammation of the womb1 or due to irritations from a retained afterbirth4 ,injuries or wounds inflicted by hands or instruments in difficult calving1 diseases of the ovaries1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,a garish1 white discharge from the womb4 ,when cow is lying down it flows more abundantly1 soiling the tail1 etc4 ,the general health may not be much affected at first1 but if the discharge continues and is putrid1 the health fails1 the milk shrinks1 and there is a great loss of flesh4 ,in some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural1 but the animal rarely conceives when served1 and if she does1 is likely to abort4 ,,treatment4--,feed nitrogenous food4 ,wash the womb out with a solution consisting of five grains of ,permanganate of ,potash to one quart of water4 ,this should be repeated once or twice a day4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,also place ,potassium ,iodide one dram1 ,hyposulphite of ,soda one ounce in the drinking water two or three times a day4 ,this not only diminishes the discharge1 but has a good effect on the blood1 particularly where there is more or less decomposition of the flesh4 ,,wolf ,,in ,,the ,,tail4 ,this condition is imaginary1 although the muscles of the tail relax or soften1 especially those of its extremity1 due to ill health2 consequently the condition of the cow should be treated1 and not the tail4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause4 ,perhaps the animal has indigestion1 or a cold1 etc4 ,determine the malady by careful examination and treat the disease under its special heading4 ,it has been the custom among the so-called cow doctors to split the tail with a sharp knife1 then fill the wound with salt and pepper and bandage with a cloth4 ,this is a fallacy1 and should not be practiced4 ,,index ,abdominal ,hernia #fb ,abortion1 ,contagious #bf ,abortion 7non-contagious7 #h ,abortion1 ,infectious #bf ,abscesses #g ,absence of ,milk #fd ,actinomycosis #ej ,acute ,cough #bh ,afterbirth1 ,retained #eh ,amourosis of the ,eye #i ,anthrax #i ,apoplexy1 ,parturent #ed ,ascities #cb ,bacterial ,dysentery #bd ,bag ,inflammation #dc ,barrenness #aj ,beef1 ,measly #ed ,big ,head #ej ,black ,leg #aa ,black ,quarter #aa ,bleeding #ab ,bloating #ab ,blood ,poison #ad ,blood ,suckers #ej ,bloody ,flux #ae ,bloody ,milk #af ,blue ,milk #af ,brain ,congestion #ef ,bronchitis #ag ,bronchitis1 ,verminous #fi ,calf ,cholera #ag ,calf ,scours #ag ,calving #ah ,casting the ,withers #bj ,catarrh #bb ,cataract of the ,eye #ba ,chapped ,teats #bc ,choking #bc ,cholera1 ,calf #ag ,chronic ,cough #bh ,chronic ,dysentery #bd ,congestion of the ,brain #ef ,congestion of the ,lungs #be ,congestion of the ,spinal ,cord #ef ,congestion of the ,udder #dj ,conjunctivitis #dd ,colic #be ,contagious ,abortion #bf ,cough1 ,acute #bh ,cough1 ,chronic #bh ,cowpox #bi ,cud1 ,loss of #ec ,dehorning #ca ,diarrhoea #cj ,dropsy #cb ,dysentery #ae ,dysentery1 ,bacterial #bd ,dysentery1 ,chronic #bd ,eczema #cb ,eczema1 ,epizootic #ce ,epizootica ,eczema #ce ,ergot ,poison #cc ,ergotism #cc ,esophagus ,obstruction #bc ,eversion of the ,womb #bj ,eye ,amourosis #i ,eye ,cataract #ba ,eye ,inflammation #dd ,eyelid ,laceration #di ,eye ,scum #fb ,failure to ,breed #aj ,fluke1 ,liver #cd ,fluke1 ,lung #cd ,foot and ,mouth ,disease #ce ,foot ,rot #ch ,foul in ,foot #ch ,founder #ci ,garget #dj ,grubs #fi ,hard ,milkers #da ,heart ,sack ,inflammation #de ,hematuria #eg ,hemorrhage #ab ,hernia1 ,abdominal #fb ,hollow ,horn #da ,horn1 ,hollow #da ,indigestion #db ,infectious ,abortion #bf ,infectious ,aphtha #ce ,inflammation of the ,bag #dc ,inflammation of the ,eye #dd ,inflammation of the ,heart ,sack #de ,inflammation of the ,kidneys #de ,inflammation of the ,penis #df ,inflammation of the ,womb #dg ,johne's ,disease #bd ,joint ,ill #dh ,kidney ,inflammation #de ,laceration of the ,eyelids #di ,laminitis #ci ,laryngitis #fc ,leeches #ej ,leucorrhea #ga ,loss of ,cud #ec ,liver ,fluke #cd ,lumpy ,jaw #ej ,lung ,congestion #be ,lung ,fever #eb ,lung ,fluke #cd ,lung ,worms #fi ,mammitis1 ,simple #dc ,mange #ec ,measly ,beef #ed ,milk ,fever #ed ,milk ,suppression #fd ,milk1 ,stringy #fd ,navel ,ill #dh ,normal ,calving #ai ,obstruction of the ,esophagus #bc ,paralysis #ef ,parturent ,apoplexy #ed ,penis ,inflammation #df ,pericarditis #de ,pharyngitis #fc ,pneumonia #eb ,poison1 ,ergot #cc ,pyemia #ad ,red ,water #eg ,retained ,afterbirth #eh ,rheumatism #ei ,ringworm #fj ,round ,worm #fa ,rupture #fb ,scabies #ec ,scours in the ,calf #ag ,scours1 ,white #ag ,scum ,over the ,eye #fb ,septicemia #ad ,simple ,mammitis #dc ,sore ,throat #fc ,spinal ,cord ,congestion #ef ,stomach ,worm #fh ,stringy ,milk #fd ,suppression of ,milk #fd ,symptomatic ,anthrax #aa ,tapeworm #fe ,teats1 ,chapped #bc ,texas ,fever #fe ,ticks #ff ,tuberculosis #ff ,twisted ,stomach ,worm #fh ,udder ,congestion #dj ,umbilical ,pyemia #dh ,umbilical ,septicemia #dh ,variola #bi ,verminous ,bronchitis #fi ,warbles #fi ,warts #gj ,whites #ga ,white ,scours #ag ,wolf in the ,tail #gb ,womb ,eversion #bj ,womb ,inflammation #dg ,wooden ,tongue #ej ,worm1 ,round #fa ,worm1 ,stomach #fh ,worm1 ,tape #fe ,worms1 ,lung #fi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #bf1 changed 8,potassium ,io-0 to 8,potassium ,iodide04 #b4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #c4 ,retained anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #e4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4