,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,j]ome ,,el ,,greco ,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,m>qu,s ,,de ,,ca/ro ,,s]na ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,caff9 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,pictures0 8,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,dut* ,,pa9t+0 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,london1 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 #a1 ,,adelphi ,,t]race #aiaj ,copyright1 #aiaj1 by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aiaj ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,! ,,de ,,v9ne ,,press ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,) ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,gratitude ,,to ,c4 ,c4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,nation #c ,,ii ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ #be ,,iii ,a ,,panoramic ,,view4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #dj ,,iv ,a ,,panoramic ,,view4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day #ed ,v ,,dom5ico ,,!otocopuli 7,,el ,,greco7 #ff ,,vi ,,velasquez #ib ,,vii ,,mazo #aba ,,viii ,,c>re,o #aca ,,ix ,,rib]a 7,,lo ,,spagnoletto7 #acf ,x ,,murillo #adh ,,xi ,,cano ,,& ,,zurb>,n #afa ,,xii ,,goya #aga ,a ,,po/script #aia ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,s4 ,,j]ome ,el ,greco ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,k+s ,,at ,,pray] ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile1 ,,xv ,c5tury #ah ,f a photograph by ,j4 ,laur5t ,co41 ,madrid4 ,s4 ,,ursula ,spani% ,s*ool1 ,,xv ,c5tury #ca ,,! ,,app>ition ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,,to ,,b]n>d9e ,,monks 8 ,p$ro ,b]ruguete #cg ,s4 ,,/eph5 ,,conduct$ ,,to ,,m>tyrdom ,juan de ,juanes #dd ,f a photograph by ,j4 ,laur5t ,co41 ,madrid4 ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,cross ,p$ro ,campaa #ea ,f a photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome4 ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,temple ,luis ,morales #fb ,f a photograph by ,j4 ,laur5t ,co41 ,madrid4 ,,! ,,crucifixion ,el ,greco #gj ,,san ,,mauricio ,,& ,,8 ,,!ban ,,legion ,el ,greco #ge ,,! ,,fun]al ,,( ,,c\nt ,,orgaz ,el ,greco #gf ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/ ,el ,greco #ha ,,virg9 ,,& ,,sa9ts ,el ,greco #he ,,philip ,,iv1 ,,old ,velasquez #ib ,,eque/rian ,,portrait ,,( ,,philip ,,iv ,velasquez #if ,,an ,,actor1 ,,call$ 8,,don ,,juan ,,de ,,au/ria0 ,velasquez #ajj ,,las ,,hil&]as 7,,! ,,weav]s7 ,velasquez #aji ,,las ,,m5i,,z 7,,! ,,maids ,,( ,,honor7 ,velasquez #aad ,,d,a ,,m>iana ,,de ,,au/ria ,velasquez #aai ,juan ,bauti/a ,m>tnez ,,d,a ,,m>iana ,,de ,,au/ria del ,mazo #abb ,juan ,bauti/a ,m>tnez ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,! ,,tritons del ,mazo #abg ,,*>les ,,ii ,c>reo #acb ,f a photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome4 ,,h]mit ,,sa9t ,rib]a #ada ,,miracle ,,( ,,! ,,loaves ,,& ,,fi%es ,murillo #aej ,,moses ,,/rik+ ,,! ,,rock ,murillo ,,ss4 ,,ju/a ,,& ,,ruf9a ,murillo #aee ,,apo!osis ,,( ,s4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,francisco de ,zurb>n #afc ,f a photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome4 ,,miracle ,,( ,s4 ,,hugo ,francisco de ,zurb>n #aff ,f a photograph by ,&]son1 ,rome4 ,,*>les ,,iv ,,& ,,! ,,royal ,,family ,goya #aga ,,maia1 ,,nude ,goya #agd ,,que5 ,,m>ia ,,luisa ,,on ,,horseback ,goya #ahc ,,! ,,fates ,goya #ahd ,,sc5e ,,( ,,may #c1 #ahjh ,goya #ahi ,,9 ,,! ,,balcony ,goya #aij ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,9 #adib ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ent]$ ,granada 9 triumph4 ,! la/ /ronghold ( ,moori% dom9ion1 und]m9$ by ! diss5sions ( ,islam1 fell be=e ! unit$ ,*ri/ian k+doms ( ,lon1 ,ca/ile & ,aragn4 ,spa9 became a unit$ c\ntry &1 9 virtue ( h] protract$ /ruggle ( ne>ly eight hundr$ ye>s aga9/ ! infidel1 /ood =? z ! ackn[l$g$ & self-consci\s ,*ampion ( ,ca?olicism4 ,9 ! same ye> ,columbus1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns discov]$ ! ,new ,_w4 ,?is date1 !re=e1 pres5ts an epo* t completes ! pa/ & =ms ! />t+ po9t ( a new era4 ,intimately associat$ ) ! subsequ5t national developm5t & decl9e is ! /ory ( ,spani% pa9t+1 b x owes mo/ ( its peculi> *>act]i/ics to ! conditions t prec$$ ! c\ntry's complete union4 ,x is always int]e/+ & usually illum9at+ to picture ! hi/orical backgr\nd out ( :i* ! arts ( a c\ntry h be5 gradually evolv$4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,spani% pa9t+ x is ess5tial4 ,= ! art ( ,spa9 01 bone & _s1 a "p ( ! ,spani% "*1 %ap$ & inspir$ z ! latt] _h be5 by ! racial1 hi/orical & geographical conditions out ( :i* x 0 m\ld$4 ,)\t tak+ all ?is into acc\nt "o _c und]/&1 mu* less appreciate sympa!tically1 ! consi/5tly individual "* ( ?is s*ool ( pa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fir/ place "o mu/ realise ! mean+ ( ! fact t ,spa9 is a m\nta9\s c\ntry2 n only sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ,europe1 b divid$ aga9/ itself by precipit\s b>ri]s4 ,!y run 9 a g5]al way f ,we/ to ,ea/3 abrupt colossal walls ( volcanic orig91 ) a gr& sweep ( bulk1 jagg$ 9 sky-l9e & frequ5tly pil$ ) ! *aotic debris ( glacial mora9es4 ,^! are ! wat]%$s ( riv]s t refuse s]vices to navigation2 foam+ to flood 9 ! ra9y season1 %r9k+ 9 ! dr\ght to sluggi% pools amid ! rocky b$4 ,!y int]sect tracts ( c\ntry t v>y f n>r[ valleys1 :]e cultivation huddles 9 *]i%$ pockets ( soil1 to broadly /ret*+ vegas1 tablel&s & pla9s1 f :i* by unremitt+ toil g5]\s h>ve/s may be obta9$4 ,"h ! vi/as are ( magnific5t ext5t1 circl+ r\nd "o 9 f> rea*+ sweeps ( boldly undulat+ c\ntry1 rimm$ by nobly design$ /ret*es ( smoo?ly bevel$ foo?ills t =m advance-po/s ( ! ultimate b>ri] ( ! si]ras4 ,x is a little c\ntry1 only ?ree times ! size ( ,engl&1 contract$ )9 itself by natural re/rictions1 yet plann$ by nature on a big scale2 "o t affects ! imag9ation1 prompt+ ev5 m ?an m\nta9\s c\ntries usually h done to indep5d5ce1 individualism & h>dihood4 ,x is a c\ntry t seems made = fight+2 :]e a h&ful ( resolute m5 c\ld ma9ta9 !mselves t5aci\sly aga9/ enorm\s odds4 ,9 ! pa/ !y did x 9 actual w>f>e2 to-day 9 ! pacific fight :i* ?is h>dy population p]petually keeps up aga9/ ! extremes ( climatic conditions4 ,?\gh = ! mo/ "p !y /ill use ! agricultural implem5ts t ,tubal ,ca9 devis$1 !y h inh]it$ f ! ,roman & ,moori% occupation a sy/em ( irrigation & ( t]rac+ t puts to %ame ! happy g lucky me?ods ( f>m+ 9 _m c\ntries :i* consid] !mselves sup]iorly enlight5$4 ,! necess>y preoccupation ) _! imm$iate surr\nd+s & ! exclusion f outside influ5ce1 e>ly made ( ?is p a nation ( individuali/s1 reali/s & cons]vatives4 ,s inbr$ did ^! qualities become t :5 ! ,spani>d mix$ ) ! out] _w1 z he did p>ticul>ly 9 8 conque/ ( ! ,spani% ,ma9 & 9 8 w>s ) ,europe1 x 0 b to become m fix$ 9 8 cons]vatism at home4 ,:5 he borr[$ f abroad1 z 9 8 art1 x 0 b to %ape & color ! acquir$ impression to 8 own individuali/ic & reali/ic attitude t[>d life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! ,p59sula are kn[n z ,ib]ians2 ) :om ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 a bran* ( ! ,celtic family became amalgamat$4 ,^! ,celtib]ians rema9$ 9 undisput$ possession ( ! c\ntry1 until !y 7 drawn into ! vortex t 0 /irr$ by ! rivalry ( ,rome & ,c>?age4 ,! latt] _h plant$ colonies along ! s\? coa/1 & gradually ext5d$ h] au?ority into ! int]ior1 deal+ z 0 h] wont 9 a _s ( suspicion & brutality ) ! natives4 ,! ,romans1 hot on ! trail ( _! traditional foe1 at fir/ suff]$ decisive rev]ses4 ,!n x 0 t ,scipio ! ,y\ng] (f]$ himself to ! ,s5ate & ,p ( ,rome z g5]al ( ! w>4 ,8 fa!r & uncle _h be5 sla9 9 battle 9 ,spa92 he desir$ to av5ge _! dea?s & to cru% ! enemies ( ,rome4 ,?\gh only tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age he _h ! g5ius ( a milit>y lead] & ( a /atesman4 ,:ile putt+ he>t into ! %att]$ ranks ( ! ,roman vet]ans & lead+ !m victori\sly aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 he adopt$ t[>ds ! ,spani>ds a policy ( confid5ce & conciliation :i* won !m ov] to a loyal acceptance ( ! ,roman rule4 ,a simil> policy 0 practis$ by ,suetonius 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 ,spa9 _h become ! battle gr\nd ( ! rival factions ) :i* ,rome 0 torn4 ,x 0 cont9u$ by ,julius ,cs> :5 he f\ght out 8 fight ) ,pompey on ,spani% soil1 & lat] by ,augu/us :51 hav+ become rul] ( ! ,roman _w1 he complet$ pacifically ! conque/ ( ,spa94 ,h5ce=? ,spa9 0 ! mo/ favor$1 loyal & prosp]\s prov9ce ( ! ,empire4 ,at fir/ ! ,roman vet]ans1 retir+ f milit>y s]vice1 m>ri$ ,spani% wom5 & settl$ d[n z f>m]s1 introduc+ gradually ! ord] & sci5tific me?od = :i* ! ,romans are s ju/ly celebrat$4 ,! settl$ conditions1 f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! beauty ( ! c\ntry 9 "t attract$ ! weal? & culture ( ! ,capital4 ,spa9 became1 l 8,! ,prov9ce0 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 a field = capitali/ic ent]prise z well z a resort = ^? :o lean$ t[>d a life ( ref9$ leisure4 ,%e ?rove 9 ! arts & sci5ces & became enri*$ ) "s ( ! f9e/ evid5ces ( ! ,roman g5ius = eng9e]+4 ,h] :eatfields f$ ! prolet>iat ( ! ,capital & h] sons re9=c$ ! ranks ( /atesm5 & m5 ( lett]s4 ,%e became1 9 ! f9e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 m ,roman ?an ,italy h]self4 ,?is p]iod ( spl5did prosp]ity la/$ = f\r hundr$ ye>s1 until x 0 subm]g$1 l ! re/ ( ,roman civilization1 by ! flood ( ,go?ic invasion4 ,! bran* ( ! ,g]man family :i* ov]ran ,spa9 0 t ( ! ,visigo?s1 :o ma9ta9$ an asc5d5cy & a l9e ( k+s = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,b1 al?\gh ! en]vation caus$ by prov9cial luxury _h r5d]$ ! ,celtib]ian-,roman an easy victim to ! vigor\s onslaught ( ! nor!rn race1 he 0 suffici5tly t5aci\s ( ! orig9al _s ( ! m\nta9e] & ( ! acquir$ love ( ord] to avoid ! *aos & pro/ration t ov]took ! re/ ( ! ,empire1 & reass]t$ 8 in/9ct = amalgamation4 ,! bl5d1 :i* ensu$ & became ! ,spani% race z x is kn[n to lat] hi/ory1 is *>act]i/ically repres5t$ 9 ! language t 0 gradually evolv$4 ,= ?is1 ?\gh ov]laid ) ,nor!rn =ms1 rema9s at root ,roman4 ,9 ?is hybrid race ! ,spani% elem5t prov$ itself to be ! mo/ pron\nc$ & endur+4 ,its cons]vatism1 a phase ( ! indep5d5ce & exclusiv5ess t we h already not$1 0 conspicu\sly reveal$ 9 ! great ,arian ,controv]sy :i* ?reat5$ ! integrity ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,! ,visigo?s alone ( all ! ,g]manic family1 r5\nc$ ! 8h]esy40 ,recc>$1 _! k+1 receiv$ 9 consequ5ce ! title ( ! fir/ ,ca?olic ,sov]eign ( ,spa94 ,h[ resolutely subsequ5t sov]eigns clung to ?is di/9ction & _! subjects con=m$ to ! political & religi\s obligations t x entail$ is "o ( ! mo/ notable features ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,x s]i\sly affect$ ! national life1 its attitude t[>d o!r nations & ! developm5t & "* ( ,spani% art4 ,mean:ile ! m+l+ ( blood c\ld n save ! ,visigo?ic k+dom f ! fate t att5d$ all ! ,g]manic gov]nm5ts :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ on ! ru9s ( ! ,empire4 ,x prov$ no exception to ! t5d5cy to dis9tegrate & ?us pres5t$ an easy prey to ! onslaughts ( unit$ ,islam4 ,9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,mohamm$ ! ,moslem fai? _h spread f ,arabia ?r\gh ,syria & ,asia ,m9or to ,p]sia & ,india1 :ile ,we/w>d x _h ov]run ,egypt & p5etrat$ along ! nor!rn %ore ( ,africa to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,h5ce 9 #gaa ,a4,d4 x cross$ into ,spa94 ,:ile ! lead]s1 "u ! g5]al%ip ( ,musa1 vic]oy ( ! ,omayyad ,caliphate ( ,damascus1 7 all ,arabs1 !y _h enli/$ 9 _! army ! w>like tribes ( ,mauritania1 ! anci5t k+dom n[ repres5t$ by ,morocco & ,alg]ia4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,moors 7,mauri7 :i* di/+ui%es ! invad]s ( ,spa94 ,tw5ty ye>s suffic$ to make !m ma/]s ( ! ,p59sula1 ! little nor?we/]n c\ntry ( ,a/urias alone reta9+ its indep5d5ce4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] dis9tegration crept also into ! ranks ( ! conqu]ors4 ,abd-er-,rahman e/abli%$ an indep5d5t caliphate 9 ,cordova4 ,8 ambition 0 to raise x to a position 9 ! ,we/]n _w su* z 0 held by ,bagdad1 ,damascus & ,delhi 9 ! ,ea/2 fur!rmore to make ,cordova ! ,mecca ( ! fai?ful 9 ! ,we/4 ,?us 0 begun by ?is ,caliph ! ,mesquita or *ief ,mosque1 :i* "u succe$+ ,caliphs 0 enl>g$ & beautifi$ until x became a fitt+ monum5t ( ! ideals ( ,islam 9 its p]iod ( mo/ spl5did pride & noble/ enlight5m5t4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ,cordova 0 ! c5t] ( an ord]$ gov]nm5t1 :i* n only fo/]$ ! ref9em5t ( ! arts & crafts 9 ! cities & spread its network ( highly organis$ agricultural labor ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts1 b also a ,univ]sity ( philosophy & sci5ce t made x ! resort ( s*ol>s1 n only ,moslem b ,*ri/ian4 ,cordova1 9 fact1 play$ a conspicu\sly brilliant "p 9 t phase ( ! ,moslem asc5d5cy :i* is apt to be ov]look$2 its %>e 9 p]petuat+ & advanc+ ! ,hell5ic culture1 :i* o!rwise might h be5 lo/ 9 ! ,d>k ,ages succe$+ ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,mean:ile1 ! _s ( ,*ri/ian ,spa91 ?\gh brok51 0 n cru%$4 ,its /ronghold 0 at fir/ ! little k+dom ( ,a/urias4 ,alfonso ,i n only resi/$ conque/ b wre/$ back f ! ,moor ! prov9ces ( ,galicia & ,cantabria4 ,f ! nor?we/ fa/nesses ( ! ,p59sula comm5c$ ! /eady pressure s\?w>d1 :i*1 :ile x met ) _m rev]ses1 0 nev] ab&on$ until ! invad] _h be5 driv5 back to ,africa4 ,! /ory 9 brief is "o ( gradual consolidation ( ! ,*ri/ian p[]1 accompani$ by a correspond+ dis9tegration ( ! ,moslem4 ,lon becomes unit$ ) ! o!r prov9ces & ,ca/ile foll[s suit2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! ,caliphate ( ,cordova becomes brok5 up into sev]al dyna/ies4 ,!n1 :ile a rival sect1 ! ,almoravides1 arrive f ,africa & make w> on _! co-religioni/s1 ,alfonso ,,iv ( ,ca/ile assumes ! title ( ,emp]or & captures ,tol$o & ,val5cia4 ,lat]1 ! conque/s ( ! ,almoravides are wre/$ f !m by o!r arrivals f ,africa1 ! fanatical sect ( ! ,almohades4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is diss5sion1 ! ,*ri/ian /ates = ! fir/ "t s5d _! repres5tatives to a national assembly4 ,! fir/ ,cortes meets at ,burgos4 ,six ye>s lat] ! ,*ri/ians suff] defeat1 b recov] !mselves & inflict a heavy bl[ ^u ! ,moors at ! battle ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa4 ,x is foll[$ by repeat$ hamm]+1 ext5d+ ov] ne>ly =ty ye>s1 until ! ,moori% p[] is beat5 back & by ! ye> #abea is conf9$ entirely to ! k+dom ( ,granada4 ,!n1 = ! space ( two hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 !re 0 a comp>ative lull4 ,"u ! enlight5$ rule ( ! ,nasride dyna/y ! prov9ce ( ,granada enjoy$ a prosp]ity t invit$ fri5dly relations ev5 ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! weal? d]iv$ f its m9es1 indu/ries & agriculture exce$$ t ( ! anci5t ,caliphate ( ,cordova4 ,! p]iod repres5t$1 9 fact1 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,moori% civilization 9 ,spa91 ! fl[] & symbol ( :i* rema9s to-day1 ?\gh %orn ( mu* ( its magnific5ce1 9 ! /ill exquisite palace ( ! ,alhambra4 ,s skilfully by treaty & o!rwise did ! rul]s ( ,granada conciliate ! ,*ri/ians t _! reign might h be5 cont9u$ indef9itely1 b = two causes3 int]nal diss5sions & ! fix$ idea ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella to fulfil _! obligations z ,ca?olic ,k+s4 ,!y liv$ = ! purpose ( expell+ ! infidel1 & ! rivalry betwe5 ! two great ,moori% tribes1 ! ,zegri & ! ,ab5c]rages1 gave !m ! opportunity4 ,x _h result$ 9 ! ?rone be+ occupi$ by ! y\?ful weakl+1 ,boabdil4 ,he fell into ! h&s ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella at ! battle ( ,luc5a1 & cons5t$ to rema9 neutral :ile !y attack$ ! coa/ cities ( ,granada4 ,f9ally !y appe>$ be=e ,granada itself & ,boabdil1 aft] a frantic b futile ef=t to oppose !m1 0 =c$ into a treaty ( peace1 by :i* ! city 0 surr5d]$4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! la/ ( ! ,moors _h be5 expell$ f ,spa9 or compell$ to be baptis$4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ! /ory x is wor? :ile to consid] ! effect :i* ?is long /ruggle ( sev5 hundr$ & eighty ye>s _h _h ^u ! ,spani% "*4 ,9 ! fir/ place x _h fus$ ! nation into "o2 n by "s sudd5 /roke ( patriotic ardor b by a sl[ & pa9ful process1 9 :i* ! patriotism _h be5 te/$ 9 ! =ge ( adv]sity1 /iff5$ & temp]$ on ! anvil ( endurance & prov5 by long exp]i5ces4 ,its qualities 7 tr5*ant1 uncompromis+1 decisively complete4 ,! ,spani>d _h become a h]o to himself2 suffici5t 9 & = himself2 realis+ 8 sup]iority & wrapp+ x ab\t ) a mantle ( haughty exclusiv5ess4 ,he _h le>n$ to rely ^u himself & _h ju/ifi$ 8 confid5ce by victory1 h>dly won & de>ly b\ght2 he 0 a ,spani>d--v]bum sat4 ,b he _h be5 m ?an patriot2 he _h be5 a ,palad9 ( ! ,fai?2 a ,knight ( ! ,cross2 a ,soldi] ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,*ampion ( ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is _h su/a9$ him 9 adv]sity2 quick5$ 8 /r5g? 9 h\rs ( vigil1 inflam$ him to ! attack & cr[n$ bo? victories & defeats ) div9e glory4 ,an int5se passion ( spiritual ec/asy burn$ )9 him4 ,he 0 at once a man ( action1 h>d & practical1 & a pieti/ic dream]1 a fanatic & vision>y4 ,h[ ?is m+l+ ( qualities affect$ ,spani% art1 caus+ x1 on ! "o h&1 to be di/9ctively national &1 on ! o!r1 a product ( naturali/ic me?od & highly pieti/ic motive w appe> 9 ! c\rse ( our /ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 01 p]haps1 ,spa9's mis=tune t h] victories ov] ! ,moors 7 n succe$$ by a p]iod ( settl$ conditions4 ,= already %e _h ent]$ ^u a c>e] ( brilliant ent]prise 9 ! arts ( peace4 ,"u ! patronage ( ,que5 ,isabella & ( prelates1 su* z ,c>d9al ,xim5es de ,cisn]os1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 ^: p[] rival$ t ( ! ,cr[n1 great ar*itectural works 7 inaugurat$ & sculptors & pa9t]s 7 drawn f ,fl&]s & ,g]many to decorate !m4 ,le>n+ 0 /ill fur!r enc\rag$ by ! f\nd+ ( a new ,univ]sity at ,alcal de ,h5>es to supplem5t ! fam\s f\ndation ( ,salamanca1 & m5 ( lett]s & arti/s 7 welcom$ & honor$ at ,c\rt4 ,among !m /& out ! names ( ,pulg>1 ! fir/ hi/orian ( ,ca/ile2 ,cota1 ! fir/ ,spani% dramati/ & ,r9con1 ! e>lie/ ( ! native pa9t]s4 ,! sixte5? c5tury1 9 fact1 op5$ ) a brilliant dawn1 full ( promise = ! new nation1 if only x might h _h leisure to consolidate & develop naturally its res\rces4 ,b x 0 drawn almo/ imm$iately into ! :irl ( =eign conque/s4 ,on ! "o h& x became involv$ 9 ! affairs ( ! k+dom ( ,naples1 :i* 0 conqu]$ by ! ,spani% g5]al1 ,gonsalvo de ,cordova2 on ! o!r h&1 by ! bull ( ! ,spani% ,borgia ,pope1 ,alex&] ,,vi1 x 0 put 9 possession ( all ! conque/s x might make 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,9 bo? cases ! imm$iate results may possibly be consid]$ a boon1 b !y 7 foll[$ by consequ5ces disa/r\s to ! nation & ! ,spani% "*4 ,! occupation ( ,naples br\ght ! c\ntry 9 t\* ) ,italian civilization1 !n approa*+ its z5i?1 b flung x into ! vortex ( ,european intrigue & w>f>e4 ,weal? began to fl[ 9 f ! ,am]icas1 b at ! exp5se ( national demoralization4 ,! conque/ ( inf]ior nations1 inf]iorly equipp$ ) arms ( (f5se & def5se1 may easily result 9 cruelty & ! g5]al sapp+ ( ! truly soldi] _s1 :ile ! lu/ ( gold :i* soon began to inspire x conv]t$ ^! *ampions ( ! ,fai? into brutal buccane]s & plund]]s4 ,fur!r1 x sapp$ ! en]gies ( ! nation at home4 ,=1 :y labori\sly develop ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 :5 a /ream ( weal? 0 fl[+ into x f abroad8 ,national progress1 !re=e1 0 *eck$ & 9 "t /ifl$2 :ile ! incom+ weal? soon began to g out 9 prodigal exp5diture ov] useless ,european w>s4 ,x became a mad gamble 9 :i* ! spiritual qualities ( ! ,spani% "* 7 ov]:elm$ ) ! intoxication ( p[]1 :ile its exclusiv5ess & pride bl9d$ ! nation to ! inevitable cata/rophe4 ,a fact antec$5t to all ^! causes ( national det]ioration 0 t ev5 be=e ! conque/ ( ,granada ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns _h e/abli%$ ! ,inquisition4 ,) ?is devili% eng9e1 op]at$ 9 ! "n ( ,god & ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 ! ,spani>d attempt$ to *eck ! progress ( ,europe & effectively cru%$ 8 own4 ,9 "t he expell$ f ! ,p59sula ! ,jews1 :o 9 ,spa9 _h be5 among ! =emo/ 9 le>n+ & indu/rial en]gy2 ! ,moors & f9ally ! ,morescoes1 ! prog5y ( ! ,*ri/ianis$ ,moors & ,spani>ds1 :o _h p]petuat$ ! crafts 9 :i* ! ,moors _h be5 s skill$4 ,ent]prise 0 ?us bani%$ & ,spa9 delib]ately committ$ h]self to ! "p ( a reaction>y aga9/ progress4 ,9 "t ,engl& & ,holl& wre/$ f h] h] res\rces 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,%e %rank )9 ! limits ( h] own ,p59sula1 :i* _h be5 already dra9$ ( initiation & productivity4 ,9 "t1 all t became left to h] ( h] pr\d possessions 0 ! dogmatic =m ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,x _h ceas$ to be spiritual inspiration & pass$ into a phase ( s5tim5talism1 :5ce x dw9dl$ to a m]e =malism1 exi/+ amid irreligion & moral degradation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce we h anticipat$ ! national pro/ration ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 foll[+ ^u ! exhau/ion ( ! previ\s "o4 ,x rema9s to summ>ise ! ev5ts :i* int]v5$4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella 7 succe$$ by _! gr&son1 ,*>les ,i ( ,spa91 bett] kn[n z ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v ( ,g]many4 ,he 0 ! son ( _! daught]1 ,joanna1 :o _h be5 m>ri$ to ! ,ar*duke ,philip ( ,au/ria1 son ( ,emp]or ,maximilian ( ,g]many4 ,?us ,*>les br\ght ,spa9 "u ! rule ( ! great ,hapsburg family1 :i* ev5 to ! pres5t "t has provid$ mon>*s = ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,joanna di$ insane1 & ! ta9t ( h] disease clung to h] desc5dants4 ,born 9 ,gh5t 9 #aejj & educat$ 9 ,fl&]s1 ,*>les ,i at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #aejf inh]it$ ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,on ! dea? ( ,f]d9& 9 #aeaf he became ,k+ ( ,spa91 & 9 #aeai 0 elect$ ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ! defeat$ competitor be+ ,francis ,i ( ,france4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ^! two l$ to a protract$ w>1 f\ght out *iefly 9 ,italy1 on ! possession ( :i* ea* _h fa/5$ 8 ambition4 ,francis 0 made captive at ! battle ( ,pavia 9 #aebg & =c$ into a treaty ( peace2 b ! w> 0 r5ew$ two ye>s lat] & ,*>les' troops "u ! r5egade ,fr5*man1 ,con/able ( ,b\rbon1 ent]$ ,rome & sack$ x1 tak+ ! ,pope prison]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 b an incid5t 9 ! political game1 = ,*>les1 z became a gr&son ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 0 a /aun* ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 & endeavor$ to impose x ^u 8 ,prote/ant subjects 9 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,= ! good ( _! s\ls he subject$ !m to ! ravages ( w> & ! horrors ( ! ,inquisition1 & = ! fill+ ( 8 milit>y *e/ mulct$ !m by f9es z well z taxation4 ,!n at ! age ( fifty-five1 exhau/$ 9 m9d & body by 8 h]oic ex]tions on behalf ( ,ca?olicism & 8 own ambitions1 & by 8 v>i\s =ms ( self-indulg5ce1 he h&$ ov] ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n to 8 bro!r1 ,f]d9&1 & ! ,k+dom ( ,spa9 & 8 8de> ,ne!rl&s0 to 8 son1 ,philip4 ,he himself1 "u ! plea ( c>+ = 8 s\l's welf>e1 retir$ to ! mona/]y ( ,san ,ju/e1 :5ce he cont9u$ to m$dle ) affairs ( ,/ate1 mean:ile surfeit+ 8 appetites & mak+ a collection ( clocks & wat*es4 ,8 b$room comm&$ a view ( ! ,high ,alt> ( ! ,*ur* & 0 decorat$ ) ,titian's ,gloria1 9 :i* picture ! arti/ has repres5t$ ! ex-,emp]or 9 a :ite robe1 welcom$ by ! ,virg9 at ! ?rone ( ,god2 :ile 8 hopeful son1 ,philip1 is among ! mortals :o gaze up dev\tly at ! imp]ial apo!osis4 ,alas6 = ,philip2 he _h ! dogg$ness b n ! g5ius ( 8 fa!r4 ,mean:ile ! times 7 *ang+1 & he did n "k x4 ,despotism1 :e!r religi\s or political1 no long] 0 to g unque/ion$4 ,:at ! ,ne!rl&s _h endur$ f ,*>les !y refus$ to submit to f 8 son4 ,! m s t1 :ile 8 fa!r _h *a/is$ !m ) :ips1 he1 9 ! p]son ( ! unspeakable ,alva1 *a/is$ !m ) scorpions4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces revolt$ & ! re/ ( ,philip's life 0 sp5t 9 a va9 ef=t to cru% ! ,dut* patriots & ! ,engli% :o _h m or less esp\s$ _! cause4 ,mean:ile ! fleets ( bo? c\ntries 7 sweep+ ! ,spani>ds f ! high seas4 ,:5 ,philip di$ 9 #aeih1 he left to 8 son1 ,philip ,,iii1 ! legacy ( a fruitless =eign w>1 a ru9$ comm]ce1 & an impov]i%$ treasury4 ,z an endur+ monum5t ( himself he left ! ,escoril4 ,! decl9e ( ,spani% pre/ige & prosp]ity 0 accel]at$ by ,philip ,,iii1 an easy-go+ p]son1 :o ev5 refus$ to take any active "p 9 ! selection ( 8 own wife4 ,he languidly cont9u$ ! embelli%m5t ( ! palaces :i* 8 fa!r _h built1 & pos$ mildly z a patron ( ! arts4 ,"u 8 feeble rule ! p[] ( ! cr[n decl9$1 :ile t ( ! nobility correspond+ly increas$2 & to !m probably m ?an to ! k+ himself mu/ be attribut$ ! crime & economical blund] ( ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,morescoes4 ,an adv5titi\s lu/re is add$ to ! reign ( ?is k+ & 8 fa!r by ! g5ius ( ,c]vantes1 ,lope de ,vega1 ! dramati/1 & ! great arti/1 ,el ,greco4 ,succe$+ to ! cr[n at ! age ( sev5te51 ,philip ,,iv resign$ ! gov]nm5t to 8 favorite & prime-m9i/]1 ! ,c\nt-,duke ,oliv>es1 ^: idea ( /atesman%ip 0 to keep 8 royal ma/] z f> z possible 9 ignorance ( ! imp5d+ ru9 ( ! k+dom4 ,to ?is end he r5ew$ ! w> 9 ,holl&1 :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ by a twelve ye>s' truce1 &1 ) no decisive result except ! squ&]+ ( rev5ue1 prolong$ x until ! f9al recognition ( ,dut* ,indep5d5ce 9 #afdh4 ,ov] eighty ye>s _h be5 exp5d$ 9 endeavor+ to set back ! clock to ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! process ! pr\d empire1 inaugurat$ by ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 _h be5 dra9$ ( its vitality4 ,! colonial possessions began to fall "o by "o into ! h&s ( =eign]s & ,spa9 h]self 0 enfeebl$ & demoralis$4 ,mean:ile ,philip play$ ! "p ( a ,maec5as 9 :at prov$ to be ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,spani% lit]ature & art4 ,among ! names :i* gave a lu/re to ! ,c\rt 7 ! vet]an ,lope de ,vega2 ,cald]on1 au?or among o!r dramas ( ! 8,com$ies ( ,cape & ,sword02 ,velez de ,guev>a1 playwright & noveli/1 ^: 8,el ,diablo ,cojuelo0 0 ! orig9al ( ,le ,sage's 8,le ,diable ,boiteux02 ,luis de ,gongora1 ! poet2 ,quev$o1 ! satiri/2 ,b>tolom ,arg5sola1 hi/orian1 & ,antonio de ,solis1 poet1 dramati/ & au?or ( 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico40 ,philip himself pos$1 ) consid]able w>rant1 z a poet & musician1 & ev5 took "p z an actor 9 ! musical & dramatic ent]ta9m5ts :i* ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,k+s ,,s*ool ,,( ,,ca/ile ,,at ,,pray] ,,xv ,,c5tury ,,! ,,prado enliv5$ ! ennui ( ! ,c\rt 9 ! palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,he 0 also1 z an amateur1 skilful 9 draw+ & pa9t+4 ,?is d\btless help$ him to appreciate ! m]its ( ,velasquez1 :o to ! _w outside ( ,spa9 repres5ts ! subject ( mo/ significance 9 8 life4 ,philip's companion%ip ) ! arti/1 five ye>s 8 eld]1 :i* except = ! brief int]vals 9 :i* "o or ! o!r ( !m 0 travel+1 la/$ = ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 inde$ until ,velasquez' dea?1 is ! "o ?+ on :i* ! /ud5t ( hi/ory & ( art c>es to dwell4 ,x has secur$ = ,philip ,,iv a recognition :i* 8 political importance w\ld h d5i$ him4 ,! increas+ impot5ce ( ! ,hapsburg family ( ,spani% k+'s rea*$ its climax 9 ,philip's son1 ,*>les ,,ii4 ,"o has b to glance at ! latt]'s portrait1 pa9t$ by ,juan ,c>reo1 to realise ! physical & m5tal deg5]acy t ! family type has und]gone4 ,! type1 z "o sees x 9 ,titian's eque/rian portrait ( 8 great-great-gr&fa!r1 ,*>les ,i ( ,spa9 & ,v ( ,g]many1 is already abnormal4 ,! grey eyes1 = all _! /]nness & p5etrat+ "*1 h a pa!tic ca/ ( melan*oly2 ! "u jaw protrudes l t ( an ape4 ,b ! *9 is massive1 z indicative ( =ce z ( f]ocity4 ,9 ,philip ,,ii1 z he appe>s 9 ,titian's portrait 9 ! ,prado1 ! face has l5g!n$2 ! eyes h lo/ _! pi]c+ gaze1 & :ile no less melan*oly1 h an expression ( delib]ate cruelty4 ,! co>s5ess ( ! l[] "p ( ! face is display$ 9 ! exagg]at$ s5suality ( ! out-turn$ l[] lip1 b5ea? :i* is a tap]+ *91 t has a sugge/ion ( bl5d$ weakness & petty dogg$ness4 ,9 ! eque/rian portrait ( ,philip ,,iii1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ by ,b>tolom ,gonzles & effectively ret\*$ by ,velasquez1 ! mon>*'s head is c>ri$ a little back1 a ge/ure :i* ext5uates ) probable int5tion ! protrusion ( ! l[] "p4 ,b ! *9 is feebly po9t$1 ! "u lip p5dul\s1 :ile ! eye sugge/s an empty vacuity1 t is e*o$ 9 ! mild fi]c5ess ( ! upcurl+ m\/a*e4 ,x is a face va91 /upid & n a little commonplace4 ,! la/ quality1 at lea/1 is abs5t1 f ! portraits ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,! face1 especially :5 "y1 reflects ! ,k+'s intr9sic ref9em5t2 b its l5g? has become exagg]at$1 ! protrud+ "u-lip & jaw are puff$ & fle%y1 weakly s5sual1 :ile ! eyes are apa!tic4 ,! expression ( ! :ole is ( a nature ne>ly worn out1 t c only be /irr$ to occasional al]tness by ! /imulant ( trivial excitem5ts4 ,f9ally1 9 ,c>reo's portrait ( ,*>les ,,ii1 7p4 #acb7 appe>s a total ext9ction ( active faculties1 s(t s5su\sness r ?an s5suality1 a settl$ look ( apa?y & ! pr(\nd depression ( a religi\s monomaniac4 ,*>les 0 sc>cely f\r ye>s old :5 ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #affe made him k+ ( a bankrupt c\ntry4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,que5 ,"m1 ^: reg5cy 0 m>k$ by political incompet5ce & p]sonal am\rs1 to keep h] son z *ildi% z possible4 ,&1 :5 he rea*$ 8 majority at ! age ( fifte5 & supplant$ 8 "m's influ5ce by t ( ,don ,juan ( ,au/ria1 ! latt] also s*em$ to keep 8 ma/] 9 a condition ( m5tal d>kness & dep5d5ce4 ,?us ,*>les 0 ! victim alike ( racial deg5]acy & ( ?w>t$ developm5t4 ,complete incapacity to gov]n himself or o!rs 0 ! natural result4 ,he %unn$ ! affairs ( /ate1 mildly support$ ! arts z f> z ! begg>$ /ate ( ! treasury w\ld p]mit1 & sank into a religi\s mania t f\nd satisfaction 9 att5d+ auto-da-fs & pro/rat+ himself 9 acts ( p]sonal p5ance4 ,dy+ *ildless 9 #agjj1 he br\ght ! ,hapsburg l9e to an +lori\s conclusion2 & ! succession pass$ to a bran* ( ! ,b\rbon family4 ,! ,cr[n 0 (f]$ by ! ,spani% p to ,philip1 gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,he 0 ! nephew ( ! late k+1 be+ ! son ( ,philip ,,iv's daught]1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is m>riage 0 made ,l\is _h expressly r5\nc$ all claims to ! ,spani% ?rone1 bo? on 8 own behalf & t ( 8 heirs2 & ! r5unciation _h be5 confirm$ by ! ,cortes4 ,mean:ile1 ano!r si/] ( ,*>les ,,ii _h be5 m>ri$ to ,leopold1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,%e also _h r5\nc$ h] claim to ! ,spani% ,cr[n1 b ! und]/&+ _h n be5 ratifi$ by ! ,cortes4 ,?is af=d$ a pretext = ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 :o _h m>ri$ h] daught]1 to claim ! succession 9 opposition to ,philip4 ,a ?ird claimant _h be5 ! ,emp]or ,leopold himself1 :o h[ev]1 waiv$ 8 rights 9 favor ( 8 second son1 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les4 ,! dispute _h be5 9 progress dur+ ! late k+'s life1 & ,l\is ,,xiv _h made a treaty ) ,engl& & ,holl&1 recognis+ ! claims ( ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cr[n 0 (f]$ to ,philip & accept$ on 8 behalf by ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,engl& & ,holl& made a coalition ) ,au/ria & ,g]many to compel ! recognition ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les4 ,h5ce ! ?irte5 ye>s' w> ( ! ,spani% succession1 9 :i* ,m>lbor\gh ga9$ a s]ies ( victories ov] ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ians1 ! ,ar*duke ravag$ ! ,p59sula1 & ! ,engli% & ,dut* fleets prey$ on ,spani% comm]ce & captur$ ,gibralt>4 ,f9ally1 by ! ,treaty ( ,utre*t 9 #agad ! succession ( ,philip ,v 0 ratifi$4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up by ,l\is ,,xiv to be undesir\s & incapable ( tak+ "p 9 political affairs4 ,:ile ! c\ntry cont9u$ to be involv$ 9 disa/r\s =eign w>s ?is roi fa9ant amus$ himself ) build+ a summ] palace & lay+ out g>d5s1 bo? 9 ! ,fr5* /yle4 ,he also import$ ! ,fr5* portrait-pa9t]1 ,van ,loo4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! /ock ( ,spani% pa9t]s _h be5 exhau/$4 ,native art1 inde$1 = ! "t1 0 all b dead4 ,x s rema9$ ?r\gh ! ?irte5 ye>s' reign ( 8 son1 ,f]d9& ,,vi1 ?\gh he tri$ to galvanize x into (ficial life by inaugurat+ ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,?is k+ 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,*>les ,,iii1 :o _h already di/+ui%$ himself by 8 wise rule ( ! ,k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,8 portrait by ,goya1 9 ! co/ume ( a sportsman1 %[s him to be a man ( awkw>d build & ( homely1 ?\gh k9d & %rewd1 face4 ,he prov$ himself a g5]\s patron ( second-rate arti/s1 invit+ ! ,g]man pa9t]1 ,raphael ,m5gs & ! ,v5etian1 ,tiepolo1 to 8 ,c\rt2 built ! pres5t gall]y ( ! ,prado & issu$ an ord] =bidd+ ! exportation ( pa9t+s by ! great ma/]s ( ,spa94 ,he appe>s to h _h "s inkl+ ( ! g5ius ( ,goya1 :o1 h[ev]1 did n come into prom95ce until ! succession ( ,*>les ,,iv4 ,*>les ,,iv 0 an amiable imbecile & 8 ,que51 ,m>ia ,luisa1 ! %ameless subject ( notori\s sc&al4 ,"o ( h] favorites1 ,manuel ,godoy1 advanc$ f ! rank & file ( a regim5t ( ! ,gu>ds to ! title ( ,duke ( ,alcudia1 0 entru/$ ) ! duties ( prime m9i/]4 ,aft] embroil+ ! c\ntry 9 successive w>s ) ,france & ,engl&1 he f9ally atta*$ himself to ! cause ( ,napoleon & favor$ ! latt]'s design to place 8 bro!r ,joseph on ! ,spani% ?rone4 ,! ,fr5* ent]$ ,spa9 9 #ahjh & compell$ ,*>les to abdicate4 ,b 9 ! same ye> ! ,spani>ds rose aga9/ ! invad]s1 & ! ,engli% came to _! assi/ance4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 dur+ :i* ,well+ton gradually expell$ ! ,fr5* troops1 b n until !y _h pillag$ ! ca!drals & *ur*es & c>ri$ (f a l>ge numb] ( ! f9e/ works ( art4 ,= ,m>%al ,s\lt1 ) ! pr$atory in/9cts ( an unscrupul\s deal]1 s5t 8 emiss>ies ahead ( ! army4 ,arm$ ) ! 8,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s & ,pa9t+s0 by ,cean ,b]mudez1 !y id5tifi$ & atta*$ ! mo/ fam\s canvases1 :i* ! ,m>%al compell$ _! own]s to "p ) at 8 own t]ms4 ,on ! conclusion ( ! w> _m ( ^! 7 return$ to ,spa9 "u ! t]ms ( ! treaty ( peace1 b a numb] ( ma/]pieces _h already pass$ ?r\gh ,s\lt's rapaci\s h&s into ! public & private gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,?is treaty ( peace1 :i* re/or$ ! ,?rone to ,*>les' son1 ,f]d9& ,,vii1 is ! end ( ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 s f> z x conc]ns ! gr[? & developm5t & decl9e ( h] national art4 ,%e has _h pa9t]s ( repute s9ce #ahad2 b n 9 suffici5t numb]s to con/itute a s*ool or ev5 a noticeable arti/ic movem5t4 ,"u weak & con/antly *ang+ gov]nm5ts1 controll$ by ! ,*ur* & exi/+ ma9ly = taxation1 h] arts1 l h] comm]ce & indu/ries dw9dl$ to an almo/ negligible condition1 f :i* only rec5tly !re are indications ( recov]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,spani% ,pa9t+1 s f> z x repres5ts a s*ool1 is s+ul>ly limit$ 9 scope & rigidly circumscrib$4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! racial "*1 self-c5t]$ & cons]vative1 out ( :i* x grew3 p>tly also1 to ! influ5ces t imm$iately %ap$ its gr[?4 ,= x develop$ "u ! patronage ( ! ,cr[n & ! ,*ur*4 ,nor 7 ^!1 9 !ory or 9 practice1 antagoni/ic to ea* o!r4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! embodim5t1 ! ,cr[n ! def5d]1 ( ! ,fai?3 ! ef=ts ( bo? be+ unit$ to pres]ve ! ,fai? aga9/ ! inroads alike ( ,humanism & ,prote/antism4 ,h5ce ! art ( ,spa91 :ile x might be incid5tly conc]n$ ) portraiture1 discov]$ its ess5tial *>act]i/ics z ! expon5t ( ,bible /ory & ,sa9tly lore & z an exhortation to fai? & pi\s liv+4 ,its home 0 ! sacr$ edifice1 :]e x embelli%$ walls1 vault+s1 & ceil+s1 or presid$ 9 ! c]emonial alt>-piece4 ,its language = ! mo/ "p 0 t ( ! v]nacul>2 ! sacr$ imag]y be+ translat$ into ! idiom ( common k1 its my/]ies into expressions ( common exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce a naturali/ic art4 ,_h ! arti/s ( ,spa9 pa9t$ = ! g5]al public or foll[$ _! own b5t 9 ! pursuit ( beauty1 !y w\ld d\btless h develop$ bran*es ( g5re & /ill life pa9t+ t might h emulat$ ! "w ( ! ,holl& arti/s2 = !y _h a simil> love ( ! intimate beauty ( simple ?+s ar\nd !m4 ,b s9ce !y _h to rea* ! masses ( ! p ?r\gh ! int]v5tion mo/ly ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* n only commission$ ! subject b prescrib$ its treatm5t1 !y a*iev$ _! self-expression ?r\gh religi\s pictures :i* _h ! "* ( sacr$ g5re4 ,yet ?is ,spani% br& ( g5re is inf]ior to ! secul> g5re ( ,holl& or to ! sacr$ g5re ( old ,flemi% religi\s pa9t+s4 ,x has a quality1 p]ceptible 9 nei!r ( ! latt]1 ( obvi\sness4 ,its motive is less surely an /hetic delight 9 ?+s ( beauty2 m evid5tly influ5c$ by ! practical int5tion ( r\nd+ out ! /ory4 ,i d\bt if ! /ud5t ( ,spani% pa9t+1 p>ticul>ly if he visits ,spa91 c escape ! feel+ t x exhibits a c]ta9 oppressive obvi\sness4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 surely1 by ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ev] m int5t on mak+ art a h&maid ( its own purposes ?an on develop+ its own inh]5t beauties4 ,&1 if ?is 0 true "u ! conditions 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ,*ur* itself 0 p5etrat$ ) ,humanism1 h[ mu* m is x to be expect$ "u ^? :i* exi/$ 9 ,spa96 ,b !re is ano!r reason1 incid5t to ! ,spani% "*4 ,! latt]1 z has be5 sugge/$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 0 ! product ( a long & h]oic /ruggle on behalf ( nationality & ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,among its conspicu\s traits1 9 consequ5ce1 7 self-consci\sness & inflat$ egoism2 traits t1 if y consid] x1 are ^? ( ! actor2 ! necess>y gr\ndwork on :i* he builds 8 bett] qualities z an arti/4 ,! ,spani>ds are a race ( actors4 ,! arts 9 :i* !y h mo/ naturally express$ !mselves are ^? ( ! drama & ! novel ( "* & action4 ,& ?is trait simil>ly affects _! pa9t+4 ,x is dramatic1 conc]n$ frequ5tly ) action1 always ) *>act]isation4 ,mean:ile1 self-consci\sness & egoism readily yield to ! temptation ( exagg]ation4 ,spani% lit]ature evad$ ?is weakness because x 0 left to g its own way & ! arti/ic consci5ce ( ! au?or 0 p]mitt$ to discov] = itself a s5se ( true values4 ,b 9 ! pa9t]'s case ! ,*ur* int]v5$ & be+1 s to say1 int]e/$ 9 ! box-(fice receipts1 compell$ him to play to ! gall]y4 ,x favor$ s5sationalism & enc\rag$ melodrama4 ,! meekness ( ! m>tyr mu/ be repres5t$ s t ! dulle/ spectator w\ld n miss ! moral2 ! execution]'s hatr$ ( virtue s portray$ t no "o c\ld fail to recognise him z a villa92 love & devotion mu/ be s5tim5talis$1 & blood1 pa9 & disease s vividly exhibit$ t ! crude/ s5sibilities w\ld be wrung4 ,imag9ation mu/ n be c\nt$ ^u & sugge/ion1 ! subtle road !reto1 mu/ be ab&on$ = ! direct & detail$ /atem5t4 ,aim at ! crude in/9cts & make ! message obvi\s6 ,?is ,spani% t5d5cy t[>d ! relat$ traits ( exagg]ation & obvi\sness is n conf9$ to pa9t+4 ,x appe>s also 9 ! ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,=eign ar*itects1 = example1 7 employ$ 9 ! erection ( ca!drals 9 ! ,go?ic /yle2 b ! latt]'s noble logic ( plan & elevation 0 di/urb$ by ! innovations :i* ,spani% ta/e1 or lack ( x1 dictat$4 ,conspicu\s among ^! 0 ! erection ( a ,coro 9 ! c5t] ( ! nave2 an inclosure wall$ ar\nd1 c>ri$ to a great height & pr(usely adorn$ ) sculpturesque ornam5t4 ,?is mon/r\s *oir effectually blocks ! view ( ! high-alt> f any spot except ! n>r[ space :i* sep>ates ! two1 & also int]rupts :at %\ld be "o ( ! sublime features ( a ,go?ic ca!dral1 its endless v>iety ( /ately vi/as4 ,9 e direction ! p]spective ( pill>s1 ar*es & vault+s is b>r$ by ! ta/eless magnific5ce ( ! ,coro4 ,= ! latt]1 l ! ,capilla ,mayor ) its high-alt>1 is ov]load$ ) excess ( ornam5t4 ,9 "o case x may be 9 ! 8plat]esque0 /yle1 a network ( intricate & m9ute embelli%m5ts t vies ) ! da9ty exub]ance ( ! work]s 9 silv]-plate4 ,else:]e1 x is wantonly 8grotesque0 or pomp\sly 8b>oque0 or *>act]is$ by t orgy ( mat]ial extravagance1 call$ 8,*urrigu]esque0 aft] ! "n ( ! sculptor :o introduc$ x4 ,9 ?is1 sculpture has be5 degrad$ to ! mo/ blatant naturalism2 ,madonnas clo!d l dolls 9 brocad$ g[ns2 ! trag$y ( ,calv>y or ! glory ( ,heav51 pres5t$ ) figures1 backgr\nd & accessories1 pa9t$1 pos$ & set l a !atrical tableau4 ,x is n = a mom5t sugge/$ t !re is no beauty & gr&eur 9 ,spani% ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,yet to "o ^: ta/e is attun$ to ! imag9ative spaci\sness1 sublimity & my/]y ( pure ,go?ic or to ! inv5tive ref9em5t ( *oice ,r5aissance design1 ! net impression ( a ,spani% ca!dral is likely to be "o ( oppression & di/a/e4 ,& m s1 z "o analyses ! psy*ological cause ( ?is extravagant display4 ,x seems to be ! ,spani% in/9ct to close himself r\nd ) int]e/ 9 :at is ne>e/ to him1 s t he ab&ons bread? or height ( vision--imag9ation1 9 fact--9 favor ( ! imm$iately pres5t1 :i* he inve/s ) all ! f]vor ( 8 p5t up nature4 ,?is leads inevitably to a mat]iali/ic po9t ( view & to ! baldly naturali/ic me?od2 9 a ^w1 to ! obvi\sness :i* we h not$4 ,spa91 9 fact1 ) its l>ge admixture ( ,g]manic blood1 exhibits 9 its art ! trait t affects o!r races ak9 to ! ,teutonic3 ! ,g]man itself1 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican4 ,%e1 no m ?an !y1 has mu* s5se ( beauty 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! idea t beauty = its own sake is desirable may p5etrate ! imag9ation ( "s arti/s 9 all ^! c\ntries1 b is a pr9ciple ( art 9 none ( !m1 & by ! g5]al public ( all is n und]/ood4 ,! usual idea is t pa9t+ is prim>ily ! repres5tation ( "s p]son1 place or ?+1 & is to be judg$ by :at x repres5ts4 ,! idea t x %\ld contribute to ! beauty ( life1 & t beauty is "o ( ! qualities mo/ ne$ful & desirable 9 life2 t1 inde$1 prop]ly consid]$1 x %\ld be ! ideal ( life1 is ev5 to-day only sl[ly dawn+ ^u our compreh5sion4 ,we /ill make ! ideal ( our civilization mat]ial progress & ! ideal ( education ! prep>ation to play a "p 9 x4 ,9 a ^w1 our ideal is mat]iali/ic2 a contradiction ( t]ms1 confus+ ! high issues ( life4 ,=1 if a man or a nation is to h an ideal x mu/ be some?+ above ! necess>y matt] ( life1 correlat+ ! spiritual s5se to :at x conceives ( _s 9 ! univ]se4 ,x 0 s t ! ,greek1 le>n+ ( ,egypt & ! ,ori5t1 draw+ inspiration1 9 fact1 f ! deep wells ( human consci\sness1 e/abli%$ 8 ideal & int]pret$ x "u ! symbol ( beauty4 ,= my own "p1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! old] idea ( art & our own1 :i* 0 %>$ by ,spa91 is mo/ illum9atively en=c$ by ! contra/ betwe5 two ( ! great ar*itectural monum5ts ( ,spa93 ! ,escoril & ! ,alhambra4 ,bo? are palaces1 memorials ( ! greate/ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* race2 b "o is a palace ( ! dead & ( prep>ation = dea?1 ! o!r a lordly pleasure h\se1 r$ol5t ( ! joy ( liv+2 ! ,escoril is a monum5t ( /]nness2 ! ,alhambra a miracle ( beauty4 ,yet = ! /ud5t ( humanity & ( art 9 relation !reto :at a poignant int]e/ atta*es to ! ,escoril6 ,true1 x is ! self-expression ( "o man2 b ! imag9ation may n be a/ray 9 discov]+ 9 x "s expression also ( ! race & its "t4 ,= ,philip ,,ii 0 s loyal a son ( ! ,*ur* or1 if y w1 s morbid a victim ( ! ,*ur*'s influ5ce1 & t influ5ce 0 !n s root$ 9 ! consci5ce ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,ursula ,,spani% ,,s*ool1 ,,xv ,,c5tury ,,! ,,prado p1 t he 0 9 a l>ge measure repres5tative ( !m4 ,philip 0 b\nd by ! t]ms ( 8 inh]itance to create a mausoleum = ! rema9s ( 8 fa!r1 ,*>les ,v4 ,he set ab\t mak+ x a bury+ place ( suffici5t dignity = 8 fa!r1 himself & succe$+ ,ca?olic ,k+s4 ,to ! mausoleum mu/ be atta*$ a *ur*1 & to ! latt] a mona/]y1 to make p]petual provision = ! say+ ( masses4 ,8 fa!r _h retir$ to a mona/]y aft] lay+ d[n ! c>es ( gov]nm5t4 ,philip1 :ile /ill h&l+ ! affairs ( 8 va/ dom9ion1 w\ld also lead ! cloi/]$ life4 ,mean:ile !re 7 ! mundane ne$s ( a c\rt to be consid]$ & ,philip himself temp]$ 8 asceticism ) gallantry1 s t a palace mu/ be includ$4 ,h5ce ensu$ ! idea ( ! ,escoril1 :]e9 life consorts ) dea? & bus9ess & pleasure are pursu$ "u ! %ad[ ( a judgm5t to come4 ,surely a monum5t to ! /range/ m$ley ( motives t hi/ory c %[6 ,morbid1 magnific5t6 ,ar*itects 7 employ$1 b ,philip con/antly sup]vis$ ! design4 ,he plann$ 8 monum5t to la/ =ev]4 ,f> f ! possible vicissitudes ( ! capital1 remote f ! petty *anges ( daily life1 he laid its f\ndations 9 ! b$-rock ( ! m\nta9s2 & built _! /r5g? into its walls4 ,) its back to ! precipit\s wall ( ! ,guad>rama ,si]ra1 x /&s a colossal squ>$ mass1 fac+ ! undulat+ vi/a ( tablel&4 ,its facades are sev]ely simple1 b>e ( ornam5tal detail1 proclaim+ _! mona/ic purpose2 & simil>ly ! int]ior1 z orig9ally plann$1 0 *>act]is$ by ! dignity ( con/ructional simplicity4 ,! *ur* also1 until ,luca ,giordano at a lat] p]iod cov]$ ! vault+s ) flaunt+ mural pa9t+s1 0 a unique example ( /]n au/]ity2 its plan ( a ,greek cross be+ un9t]rupt$ by a c5tral coro & ! only magnific5ce p]mitt$ be+ mass$ ab\t ! high-alt>4 ,a /range contra/1 9 fact1 ! imag9ation ( ,philip (f]$ to ! art in/9cts ( 8 p4 ,:ile !y es*ew$ vi/as & rejoic$ 9 extravagance ( detail1 he 0 w$d$ to simplicity & s\ght a prospect ( ! wide/ vision4 ,yet 9 8 p]sonal life he %rank into n>r[ness4 ,a private door communicat$ ) a corn] seat at ! back ( ! coro1 s t unobs]v$ he c\ld jo9 ! monks1 z "o ( !m1 9 _! devotional r\t9e4 ,:ile he provid$ himself ) a palace = c]emonial purposes1 he actually liv$ 9 a t9y suite ( meagre rooms1 sleep+ 9 a cubicle4 ,its w9d[ op5$ into ! *ur*1 comm&+ a view ( ! high-alt>1 :]e ! celebrant z he said mass /ood directly above ! tombs ( ! dead k+s4 ,?is ,pan!on ( ! dead1 a l[1 octagonal *amb] ) flatt5$ vault+s1 l9$ ) %elves on :i* repose s>cophagi1 0 orig9ally ( extreme simplicity4 ,= ! pres5t ba/>d pr(usion ( sombre ornam5tation 0 add$ by ,philips ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,to-day z "o w&]s ?r\gh ?is va/ & sil5t edifice ( ! ,escoril x c well seem z if t sanctu>y ( dea?1 buri$ b5ea? ! *ur*1 is ! dead he>t1 connect$ by ! art]ies ( its ne>ly "o hundr$ miles ( corridors ) ! huge organs & spread+ limbs ( a prodigi\s levia?an4 ,"o has left beh9d ! exhil>ation ( ! air ( ! ,si]ras ! glori\s spaci\sness ( ! outside prospect1 & z ! artificial va/ness closes 9 ab\t "o1 ! _s becomes numb$ & *ill4 ,x is a /up5d\s ,golgo?a1 a colossal ,place ( ,skulls4 ,yet we %all be lack+ 9 imag9ation if we _c realise t ! dead he>t once beat & t ! pond]\s body once en%r9$ a s\l4 ,x may h be5 a mad s\l2 c]ta9ly x 0 a pr\d "o1 ( high exaltation1 :ite to its core ) ! flame ( an int5se ideal4 ,none ! less 0 x some?+ ( a crav5 s\l1 evad+ ! problems ( ?is life1 & fe>+ ! life to come2 clos+ its eyes to ! light & wrapp+ itself 9 ! d>kness ( sup]/ition4 ,x is ! s\l ( "o man t 0 ?us en%r9$2 b 9 _m respects x is reveal$ z ! s\l ( ! ,spani% p4 ,se5 at noonday 9 summ]1 ! ,escoril /&s1 %ad[less 9 ! sun%9e1 at ! foot ( ! b>e ,si]ra1 look+ out ov] a vi/a ( b>r5 /ubble1 p>*$ grass & dri$ up wat]-c\rses2 an undulat+ sweep ( pallid buff1 int]rupt$ sp>sely by grey olive bu%es2 pitilessly inhospitable4 ,b1 9 ! slant+ light ( ! aft]noon1 ! ,si]ras ne> & f> lose ! bleakness ( _! p9ki% buff b5ea? transp>5t tones ( mauve & lav5d]1 :ile ! h>% nudity ( ! endless vega becomes clo!d 9 t5d] veils ( v>i\sly modulat$ greys4 ,ev5 ! inexorabl5ess ( ! granite pile is assuag$1 z ! %ad[s creep ab\t its base1 ! cont\rs & surfaces ( its facades melt into iridesc5t hues & ! dome & t[]s rise up to meet ! cool+ sky ) some?+ ( a]ial sugge/ion4 ,sl[ly1 z ! light wanes ! ,escoril & its va/ sett+ become to ! imag9ation spiritualis$2 b ! _s t hov]s ov] !m & ent]s into y\rs is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 = all its beauty impregnat$ ) sadness1 :i*1 z ! d>kness blots out di/ance & buries ! mona/]y b5ea? ! gloom ( ! ,si]ras1 dies into a s5se ( awe4 ,& n[ let u revisit ! ,alhambra1 :i* en%r9es ! s\l ( ano!r race4 ,no colossal =mality "h1 or precision ( foot-rule & compass f :i* ! free _s ( ! arti/'s imag9ation has be5 dogmatically b>r$6 ,on ! contr>y1 ! palace ( ! ,moori% k+s grew cell to cell by accretion1 expressive ( an accumulat+ s5se ( ! p[] & joy ( life1 alive ) ! brea? ( arti/ic imag9ation4 ,x dom9ates its own hill1 look+ across1 on ! "o h&1 to ! protect+ b>ri] ( high] hills1 & on ! o!r1 ov] a smil+ hospitable vega1 a f> rea*+ g>d5 ( luxuriant f]tility4 ,! hill itself is a p>adise ( refre%m5t4 ,its slopes are ri*ly clo!d ) %ade trees & semi-tropical vegetation1 emb[]$ 9 fl[]s1 fragrant ) ! sc5ts ( liv+ gr[?s1 musical ) ! song ( birds1 ! t9kle ( t9y runnels1 & ! pla% ( f\nta9s & cascades4 ,set above ?is sc5e ( ord]$ wildness1 :]e ! lic5se ( nature is unit$ to ! task ( man1 /&s :at is left ( ! palace ( ! ,arab ,sov]eigns ( ,granada4 ,!re is no ne$ to describe its plan ( g>d5s1 f\nta9s1 c\rts & corridors1 halls ( c]emony & suites ( liv+ rooms4 ,x is ! _s ( ! :ole t we may try to capture4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,mosque ( ,cordova1 ! ,arab's love ( vi/as is reveal$2 b :ile ! =m] spreads ov] a l>ge space1 ! p]spectives ( ! ,alhambra are actually re/rict$4 ,9 _! case ev5 m ?an 9 ! o!r is creat$ an illusion ( di/ance4 ,! triumph is "o n ( mat]ial emphasis b ( arti/ic sugge/ion4 ,x 0 ! human imag9ation1 f9d+ its free expression 9 art1 t gave =m & fabric to ?is ,ori5tal dream ( beauty4 ,x is a visualis$ symphony1 ^: !me is life2 ! joy ( life & beauty t irradiates ! joy4 ,& ! inspiration is drawn f nature4 ,to ^? :o "k ! ,alhambra x w n s\nd l freaki%ness ( spee* to say1 t ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ has ensn>$ a portion ( ! _s ( beauty :i* roams at l>ge 9 ! des]t & sky & lurks 9 ! sil5ces ( woods & g>d5s2 &1 because he felt ! ph5om5a ( nature 9 relation to ! supreme :ole1 has captur$ some?+ ( ! inf9ity ( ! univ]sal & en%r9$ x 9 8 microcosm ( beauty4 ,also m intimately he has fa%ion$ 8 inv5tion ^u nature2 /udy+ h] =ms & me?ods & adapt+ !m to ! conv5tions ( art4 ,9 ! endless v>iety ( decorative encru/ration ) :i* ! wall-spaces1 ! s(fits ( ! ar*es & ! vault+s ( ! *amb]s are embroid]$1 ! motives are drawn f ! int]lac+ ( b\ghs & v9es1 ! rhy?m ( ! brooklet me&]+ ?r\gh luxuriant und]gr[? ( v9es & fl[]s1 f ! facets ( ! cry/al & ! accumulat$ cells ( bees4 ,b !y are n int]pret$ 9 a naturali/ic ve94 ,! ,ori5tal imag9ation1 at its be/1 rises above naturali/ic repres5tation2 x accepts ! f]tilization ( nature1 b conv5tionalises ! product to con=m to ! arti/'s idea ( ab/ract beauty4 ,x may be t 9 ! ,alhambra he has c>ri$ ?is idealization too f> & become too prodigal ) its motives4 ,! da9ty fabric has little /ructural dignity2 ar*itectonic sub/ance be+ sacrific$ to vi/as & surface decoration1 :ile ! la/ may easily be judg$ too pr(use4 ,yet ! ,arab1 :5 he *ose1 0 a build] & eng9e]1 cont9u+ ! ,roman tradition ( solid & sci5tific con/ruction4 ,ev5 at ! ,alhambra ?is fact is atte/$ by ! f\ndations t are root$ 9 ! rock & c>ri$ d[n its precipit\s flank1 & by ! aqu$ucts :i* convey wat] f ! neighbor+ hills to supply ! f\nta9s & ba?s1 ! sudorific *amb]s & ! sy/em ( heat+4 ,he fac$ ! necessities & facts ( life z !y arose1 b 9 ! pleasure-h\se ( 8 s\l surr5d]$ himself to ! ab/ract1 wrapp+ himself 9 contemplation ( ! beautiful4 ,s he enc\rag$ 8 arti/s until _! imag9ation rea*$ its z5i? ( pr(use inv5tion 9 ! s-call$ 8,room ( ! ,two ,si/]s40 ,above a dado ( iridesc5t glass mosaic ! walls are ov]laid ) a ri* lace "w z ( c>v$ ivory1 ! int]/ices ( :i* are color$ r$ & blue4 ,_! surfaces are int]rupt$ by ni*es1 fram$ ) columns & ar*es ( surpass+ delicacy4 ,f ! f\r corn]s1 at consid]able height project p5d5tives1 conv]t+ ! squ>e ( ! room into an octagon f ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,app>ition ,,( ,,! ,,virg98 ,,p$ro ,,b]ruguete ,,to ,,b]n>d9e ,,monks ,,! ,,prado :i* spr+s ! dom$ ceil+4 ,! p5d5tives are gr\ps ( /alactite =ms1 & ! vault+ above is compos$ ( innum]able concave cells4 ,ea* diff]+ slightly f ! o!rs1 !y cl+ toge!r 9 p5d5t masses1 "h project+ l a bun* ( sw>m+ bees1 !re rec$+ into ! my/]y ( a fairy grotto2 all ! :ile m\nt+ up ! curve ( ! ceil+1 :i* undulates l a v9e yield+ to ! weight ( its grapes2 climb+ high] & high] 9 endless frolic ( inv5tion until !y draw toge!r at ! ceil+'s peak4 ,en\gh gold /ill adh]es to ! myriad facets to sugge/ to ! imag9ation ! my/]i\s lu/re ( ! ceil+1 :5 x 0 light$ by a susp5d$ lant]n ) its clu/]s ( cry/al lights4 ,?is gem ( ! ,alhambra jewel1 ! he>t ( ! ,h>em *amb]s1 op5s1 z y rememb]1 on "o side into an alcove4 ,?r\gh ! w9d[s ( ?is appe> ! tops ( cypress trees1 :i* rise f ! boskage ( pomegranates1 roses & ole&]s 9 a little g>d5 c\rt4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! 8,c\rt ( ! ,lions10 once %ad$ ) orange trees1 /ill soo!s ! e> ) ! pla% ( its c5tral f\nta9 & ! drip ( ! t9y jets t spr+ l rods ( silv] f ! m>ble pavem5t ( ! arcades4 ,a spot1 inde$ ( exquisite s5sations2 :]e ev]y?+ conspires to alt]nate moods ( rev]ie & poignant /imulation2 :]e ! physical s5ses are r>ifi$1 exalt$1 till p]ception swims into a sea ( subtleties t melts into a dreamy subconsci\sness ( inf9ity4 ,?is y may say is a supreme a*ievem5t1 ta9t$ ) weakness4 ,"h ! ye>n+ aft] beauty = its own sake has creat$ su* a subtlety & luxuriance ( beauty z to sugge/ t ! motive 0 ornam5t = ! sake ( ornam5t2 s5se-gratification = indulg5ce sake2 exquisit5ess at ! co/ ( liv+ en]gy4 ,=1 :ile ! maze ( decoration is ord]$ ) mo/ ref9$ s5sibility1 x is none ! less expressive ( inord9ate & almo/ tortur$ s5su\sness4 ,if y adopt ?is view x is to admit t ! ,alhambra 0 a product ( ! decad5ce ( ! ,ori5tal idea2 & x is int]e/+ to note h[ x br$ a correspond+ decad5ce 9 ! arti/ic motives ( ! ,*ri/ian conqu]ors4 ,x 0 unque/ionably f ! ,arabs t ! ,spani>d d]iv$ 8 ta/e = excess4 ,b 8 racial in/9ct & 8 ,ca?olic fai? color$ ! result ) a great diff]5ce4 ,8 s5su\s & religi\s ec/asy f\nd _! expression n 9 ab/ract symbols b 9 concrete actualities4 ,!y prompt$ him to take delight 9 ! actual repres5tation ( blood & torture & to r5d] 8 conception ( ,heav5 by means ( sculptur$ figures repos+ on m>ble cl\ds amid gild$ spikes ( glory4 ,gradually1 9 fact1 he degrad$ 8 conception to ! mo/ obvi\s k9d ( p]ception4 ,he express$ 8 spiritual ideas 9 t]ms ( naturalism4 ,x may seem illogical to invite ! read] to be int]e/$ 9 ,spani% art & !n disc\rage him by lay+ b>e its weakness4 ,b ,i believe t e "o :o visits ,spa91 :]e alone ! inw>dness ( ,spani% art c be rea*$1 mu/ feel at ! outset m or less consci\s ( ^! limitations to 8 int]e/2 t1 9 fact1 he suff]s a prelim9>y disc\ragem5t4 ,if s1 is x n bett] to admit x2 to accu/om oneself to ! expectation ( tempor>y disillusionm5t1 9 ord] t "o may ! soon] get ov] x & settle d[n to a j appreciation ( ! admirable qualities :i* actually exi/ 9 ,spani% pa9t+8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,panoramic ,,view ,"p ,i3 ,to ! ,end ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,to ! /ud5t :o is 9 pursuit ( /hetic enjoym5t r ?an critical rese>* ! art ( ,spa9 resolves itself into ! works ( a comp>atively small numb] ( pa9t]s4 ,x is ^! :o are repres5t$ 9 ! gall]ies ( ,europe & ,am]ica & =m ! *ief attraction 9 ! ,prado & small] museums ( ,spa91 z well z 9 ! ca!drals & *ur*es2 at lea/ 9 ^? cases1 n too frequ5t1 :]e !re is suffici5t light to see !m4 ,! spell ex]cis$ by ^! arti/s ea* 9 8 diff]5t way1 is s arre/+ t "o may easily be indiff]5t to ^? ( m9or quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our int]e/ is increas$ if we glance ov] ! :ole field1 ! level ( :i* is int]rupt$ by conspicu\s individuals1 & ?us view ! latt] 9 _! respective times & places 9 ! g5]al /ory4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! racial *>act]i/ics ( ,spa9 & h] art1 :ile !y pres]ve a g5]al national uni=mity1 7 modifi$ by ! circum/ances ( diff]5t environm5ts4 ,ev5 be=e _! union by ! m>riage ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! k+doms ( ,ca/ile & ,aragn pres5t$ a not$ diff]5ce4 ,! =m] includ$ besides ! prov9ce ( ,ca/ile1 ! o!r divisions ( t]ritory 9 ! nor?we/ ( ! ,p59sula2 :ile ,aragn embrac$ ,catalonia & ,val5cia1 ! prov9ces bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & _h ext5d$ h] au?ority to ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 ,s>d9ia & ,sicily4 ,! geographical di/ribution tells its own tale3 ,ca/ile1 ) h] bleak ,si]ras & w9d-swept1 sun-p>*$ pla9s1 a region ( /r5u\sness2 ,aragn1 dipp+ h] hot feet 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 h] asp]ities assuag$ by influ5ces f ov]-sea4 ,=1 :ile ,ca/ile 0 e>ly dispos$ to d]ive h] =eign influ5ces f ! ,ne!rl&s & ,g]many1 ,aragn & especially ,val5cia drew !irs f ,italy4 ,lat]1 :5 ! union ( ! entire c\ntry 0 a*iev$ by ! conque/ ( ,&alusia & ,granada1 ! climatic conditions ( ^! two prov9ces & _! proximity to ! ,m$it]ranean naturally drew !m into close relations bo? ) ,val5cia & ,italy4 ,x rema9s only to m5tion 9 ! way ( anticipation1 t ! seat ( ,gov]nm5t1 be+ always 9 ,ca/ile & f9ally e/abli%$ 9 ,madrid1 became a nucleus to :i* ! v>i\s influ5ces f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 attract$4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,s*ools ( ,val5cia & ,&alusia pres]v$ _! local *>act]i/ics1 ! ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile1 :i* lat] is m specifically kn[n z ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid1 became "u ! patronage ( ! ,c\rt m cosmopolitan4 ,! s\rces ( pa9t+ 9 ,spa91 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 are to be look$ =1 fir/ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts & secondly 9 ! rema9s ( mural decorations4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( ! latt] are to be f\nd 9 ! figures ( sa9ts :i* adorn ! little *ur* ( ,el ,cri/o de la ,luz 9 ,tol$o & 9 "s sc5es f ! ,passion on ! vault+ ( ! *apel ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 9 ,san ,isidoro 9 ,lon4 ,^! are attribut$ to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,lat] examples ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 exi/ 9 ,seville1 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 ,san ,ildefonso & ! ,capella de la ,antigua 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,! subject ( ea* is ! ,virg94 ,9 ! ca!dral1 = example1 %e is repres5t$ aga9/ a gold diap]$ backgr\nd1 h] robe also be+ adorn$ ) arabesques ( gold4 ,9 h] "r h& %e holds a rose & ) h] left supports ! ,*ild1 :ile two angels susp5d a cr[n ov] h] head4 ,! figure ( ! ,fa!r ,almighty1 r small 9 scale1 appe>s above4 ,! fle% is sc>cely model$1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,virg9 is v t5d]ly express$2 ! drap]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 sugge/+ 9 _! flatness & bread? ( treatm5t a s5se ( bigness4 ,! influ5ce is cle>ly ,italian & seems to pres5t a union ( ! feel+ ( ,cimabue & ,fra ,angelico4 ,x is ) ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury t "o rea*es sure gr\nd4 ,9 #adbh1 dur+ ! reign ( ,juan ,,ii ( ,ca/ile1 ! great ,flemi% pa9t]1 ,jan ,van ,eyck1 :ile on a mission to ,portugal visit$ ,madrid4 ,8 com+ ar\s$ 9 ! ,spani>ds an int]e/ 9 ,flemi% art1 :i* result$ 9 ! importation ( pa9t+s by ,meml9c1 ,rog] van d] ,weyd51 ,di]ick ,b\ts1 ,mabuse & ,pat9ir4 ,! effect ( _! influ5ce c be /udi$ 9 ! basem5t gall]ies ( ! ,prado1 :]e hang anonym\s works by pa9t]s ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a v int]e/+ s]ies ( sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg9 7numb]$ #bagh-bahc7 exhibits 9 ! angul> folds ( ! drap]ies & 9 ! ar*itecture a notable ,go?ic feel+1 & h mu* ( ! fre$om ( composition & int5sity ( s5tim5t ( ,van d] ,weyd54 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ,no4 #bahd1 ,! ,ca?olic ,k+s ) _! ,families at ,pray] ,be=e ! ,virg9 reproduc$ on page #ah1 ! influ5ce ( ,meml9c & 8 p]iod ( ,flemi% art appe>s4 ,"o notes ! *>m+ glimpses ( l&scape1 se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[s2 ! almo/ *ildlike sweetness ( ! faces & ! truly ,flemi% love ( beautiful detail4 ,?is is exhibit$ 9 ! ,virg9's crimson robe & ! rosy-purple g[n ( ! ,k+1 bo? ( :i* are brocad$ ) designs 9 rais$ gold1 & 9 ! v>i\s accessories1 p>ticul>ly ! *ur* 9 ! h& ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! lily 9 t ( ,s4 ,dom+o de ,guzman1 & ! ri*ly decorat$ ?rone4 ,on ! back ( ?is are curi\s little impi% figures1 t recall ! weirdly :imsical inv5tions ( ,hi]onymus ,bos*1 ^: pictures1 z lat] ^? ( 8 imitator1 ,peet] ,brueghel1 7 v popul> 9 nor!rn ,spa94 ,! figure1 kneel+ beh9d ! ,k+1 is ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al1 ,tomas de ,torquemada2 ! "o beh9d ! ,que5 repres5ts ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr ( ,v]ona4 ,ascrib$ to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury is ! curi\sly int]e/+ ,s4 ,ursula1 reproduc$ on page #ca4 ,! picture =ms "o ( a s]ies ( ?ree1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 & ! ?ird ,! ,temptation ( ,s4 ,an?ony4 ,escort$ by ! ,pope & by bi%ops & c>d9als1 ,s4 ,ursula is se5 at ! head ( ! procession ( elev5 ?\s& virg9s :o are foll[+ h] to ,rome2 b1 if ! leg5d is to be believ$1 w be slaught]$ by ! ,huns ne> ,cologne4 ,) ano!r example1 reproduc$ on page #cg1 we rea* at lea/ ! sugge/ion ( a ,spani% pa9t]'s "n4 ,! ,app>ition ( ! ,virg9 to a ,community ( ,b]n>d9e ,monks ,dur+ a ,c]emony ( ,exorcism is ascrib$1 ?\gh ) a qu]y1 to ,p$ro ,b]ruguete4 ,c>l ,ju/i consid]s t ?is picture & its companions1 illu/rat+ ,dom9ican leg5ds1 7 by ! ,burgundian pa9t]1 ,juan de ,borgoa1 assi/$ by ,b]ruguete & ano!r pa9t] nam$ ,santos ,cruz4 ,to ! la/ is attribut$ ! traces ( ,p]ug9esque influ5ce t occur 9 all ! s]ies2 9 ! pres5t example1 9 ! angels surr\nd+ ! ,madonna4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! v>i$ & individual *>act]ization :i* ! arti/ has giv5 to ! heads ( ! monks & laity4 ,! latt] seem ( ,flemi% type1 &1 if ,c>l ,ju/i's attribution is correct1 may1 toge!r ) ! ar*itectural p]spective h be5 execut$ by ,juan de ,borgoa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b]ruguete 0 probably responsible = ! monks1 s9ce !y approximate to ! ,spani% type1 z may be v]ifi$ by comp>+ !m ) ! "* /udies ( ?is ord] ( bro!rhood by ,zurb>n 7see page #aff74 ,! gradual em]g5ce ( ! national type 9 ! works ( ?is p]iod is aga9 illu/rat$ 9 ! collection ( spl5did panels 9 ! ,hispanic ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,examples #a to #g %[ ! ,ne!rl&i% influ5ce1 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,/eph5 ,,conduct$ ,,to ,,m>tyrdom ,,juan ,,de ,,juanes ,,! ,,prado :ile numb]s #h & #i repres5t ! comm5cem5t ( native feel+4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! face ( ! woman :o kneels on ! left ( ! =egr\nd 9 ,s4 ,gregory ,say+ ,mass ) ^? ( ! wom5 9 ! high upright panel ( ! e>li] s]ies4 ,! latt] h a ,flemi% r\ndness ( features & r dull expression1 :]eas ! face 9 ! ,gregory picture1 n>r[s t[>d ! *9 & has some?+ ( ! spiritual int5sity :i* 9 ! next c5tury w be br\ght to its highe/ pit* ( expression by ,el ,greco4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh ,spa9 borr[$ motives & me?ods f abroad1 ! inspiration rema9$ h] own & impr9t$ a native "* on ! product4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is /ill app>5t 9 ! art ( ! sixte5? c5tury :5 !re p\r$ into ,spa9 a /eady fl[ ( ,italian influ5ce4 ,its g5]al t5d5cy 0 to produce a numb] ( s-call$ 8mann]i/s10 ,spani% pa9t]s :o exp]im5t$ ) & imitat$ ! /yle ( ! ,italian ma/]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,flor5t9es1 ,da ,v9ci1 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,x 0 a necess>y /age ?r\gh :i* ,spani% art _h to graduate 9 ord] to acquire facility 9 draw+1 *i>oscuro & ! pr9ciples ( composition4 ,b x is n a p]iod on :i* ! /ud5t :o is int]e/$ 9 art z a liv+ expression w c>e to dwell4 ,he w look ^u x z probation>y & m]ely prep>atory = ! lat] lib]ty ( national & individual expression4 ,yet he may glance ov] x & see h[ ev5 "h ! yea/ ( ! national g5ius is f]m5t+ ! mass ( borr[$ & affect$ mann]s4 ,an example ( ?is is af=d$ by ! "w ( ,juan de ,juanes1 "o ( ! e>ly names ( prom95ce 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,val5cia4 ,! ,s4 ,/eph5 ,conduct$ to ,m>tyrdom1 reproduc$ on page #dd1 is an illu/ration ( 8 /yle4 ,x =ms "o ( a s]ies1 connect$ ) ! life ( ,s4 ,/eph51 :i* is n[ 9 ! basem5t gall]ies ( ! ,prado4 ,x is n difficult to detect 9 ^! pa9t+s ! influ5ce ( ,raphael4 ,s noticeable is x1 t ,cean ,b]mudez1 ! *ronicl] ( e>ly ,spani% art1 assumes t ,juanes mu/ h be5 a pupil ( ! ,flor5t9e ma/]4 ,subsequ5t rese>*1 h[ev]1 has discov]$ t ! ,val5cian pa9t] 0 n born until #aebc1 ?ree ye>s aft] ,raphael's dea?4 ,h[ev] he may h acquir$ a k ( ! latt]'s /yle1 x is evid5t :at x did = him &1 ?r\gh him1 = ! o!r pa9t]s ( ! ,val5cian s*ool & ! closely affiliat$ s*ool ( ,&alusia4 ,comp>+ ?is picture ) ! e>li] ones1 reproduc$ 9 ^! pages1 "o obs]ves 9 x a f> m v>i$1 facile & accurate skill 9 draw+1 & t ! composition1 :ile x has lo/ ! *>m ( naturalness1 has ga9$ 9 sci5ce4 ,x is organis1 z ! ,fr5* say1 a c>efully assembl$ /ructure ( int]-relat$ p>ts1 lock$ toge!r into an ensemble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to anticipate ! sequ5ce ( our /ory1 ?is artificial unity w h to be dige/$ be=e its pr9ciples c be adju/$ to ! naturali/ic pres5tation :i* is to be ! peculi> quality ( ,spani% art4 ,mean:ile we c see ! naturali/ic t5d5cy already =m+4 ,! f9e head1 imm$iately beh9d ! ,sa9t's1 is t ( a ,spani% g5tleman ( ! p]iod4 ,all ! heads1 9 fact1 are ( local types1 & ! exagg]ation ( action 9 ! figures & ( emotion 9 ! faces1 is *>act]i/ic ( a nation s dramatically dispos$ z ! ,spani%1 :ile ! excess ( humility 9 ! demean\r ( ! ,sa9t is *>act]i/ic ( ! devotional attitude ( ?is pa9t] t[>d 8 art4 ,= he1 l _m o!rs among ! ,spani% arti/s1 is said to h pa9t$ only sacr$ subjects & to h prep>$ 8 _s = ! task by p>tak+ ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,ano!r picture :i* helps to ?r[ a light ^u ?is p]iod ( ,italian imitation is ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross by ,p$ro ,campaa 7page #ea74 ,?is pa9t] 0 born 9 ,brussels 9 #aejc4 ,b1 ?\gh ( ,flemi% orig91 he ga9$ 8 k ( art 9 ,rome1 :5ce he pass$ to ,spa91 liv+ 9 ,seville = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 until 8 dea? 9 #aehj4 ,?us he 0 an important factor 9 ! transition>y developm5t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,&alusia4 ,murillo p>ticul>ly admir$ ?is picture1 & at 8 own reque/ 0 buri$ b5ea? x 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 pull$ d[n1 ! picture 0 remov$ to ! ,ca!dral1 :]e x n[ hangs 9 ! ,sacri/y4 ,its indebt$ness to ,raphael is app>5t 9 ! gr\p ( figures at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 :ile a ,p]ug9esque influ5ce is sugge/$ 9 ! drap]ies ( ! m5 ^u ! ladd]s & 9 ! plac+ ( _! figures aga9/ ! sky4 ,b also evid5t is ! artificiality ( ! :ole4 ,! ge/ures & expression ( ! wom5 are affect$2 q inadequate is ! support :i* is be+ giv5 to ! ,sacr$ ,body1 :ile ! attitude ( ! latt] is too obvi\sly regulat$ ) ! d\ble int5tion ( secur+ c]ta9 l9es 9 ! composition & ( introduc+ ! sugge/ion ( =giv5ess ( ! ,magdal54 ,9 fact1 ! *ief virtue ( ! picture seems to be its extremely h&some composition1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ to h great nobility z well z a f9e organic simplicity4 ,! picture1 inde$1 is an a*ievem5t ( sci5ce2 valuable = its en=cem5t ( academic pr9ciples2 yet1 ev5 s1 ! "w1 n ( a ma/]1 b a mann]i/ic imitator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ) m int]e/ ?an "o turns to ! "w ( ano!r arti/ ( ?is transition p]iod1 ,luis de ,morales4 ,= al?\gh he exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s motives1 8 adoption ( !m seems to h be5 prompt$ by 8 se>* = ! expression ( a p]sonally s9c]e religi\s f]vor4 ,almo/ no?+ is record$ ( 8 life1 beyond ! few facts t he 0 a native ( ,badajoz1 on ! fronti] ( ,portugal1 & di$ !re 9 #aehf2 t1 except = a visit to ,madrid at ! invitation ( ,philip ,,ii he seems to h sp5t 8 life 9 ! quiet retirem5t ( 8 native city1 & not)/&+ ! e/imation 9 :i* 8 pictures 7 held1 rea*$ an old age ( pov]ty4 ,= x is relat$ t ! k+ pass+ ?r\gh ,badajoz1 s5t = ! arti/4 ,! latt]1 :5 z a "y man he _h be5 summon$ to ,c\rt1 appe>$ 9 s sumptu\s an attire1 t ! ,k+ remon/rat$ ) him1 b 0 appeas$ by ,morales' explanation t he donn$ x 9 honor ( 8 ,maje/y4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he appe>$ 9 a condition ( extreme de/itution4 ,to ,philip's rem>k3 8,morales1 y are v old10 ! arti/ repli$1 8,yes1 y\r ,maje/y1 & v poor40 ,! k+ on ! spot aw>d$ him a p5sion ( two hundr$ ducats4 8,= y\r d9n]10 he said1 to :i* ,morales repli$1 8,& = supp]1 ,sire80 ,! ,k+1 s ! /ory goes1 accept$ ! je/ & add$ ano!r hundr$ ducats a ye> to ! p5sion4 ,?is episode took place 9 #aeha & x is suppos$ t ,morales at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 five ye>s lat]1 _h rea*$ ! age ( sev5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! way 9 :i* ,morales le>n$ 8 art1 b a comp>ative /udy ( 8 v>i\s /yles sugge/s t he may h _h access to "s "w or copy ( a "w ( ,mi*elangelo1 to "s examples ( ! ,milanese ,s*ool ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci & to pictures ( ! contempor>y ,flemi% & ,g]man ,s*ools4 ,! ,mi*elangelesque influ5ce1 accord+ to ! (ficial notice ( ?is arti/ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,prado ,gall]y1 is disc]nible *iefly 9 works t are to be f\nd 9 ,badajoz & ,lisbon4 ,x w\ld appe> t !y are di/+ui%$ by an exagg]ation ( mann]4 ,a simil> trait appe>s 9 a ,piet :i* hangs 9 ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o 9 ,madrid4 ,! ,virg9 is seat$ at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 support+ ! dead body ( ,*ri/4 ,! latt] is 9 an attitude ( be+ seat$1 ! arms susp5d$ & ! head laid back on ! %\ld]1 imm$iately bel[ ! head ( ! ,virg94 ,! nude =m is z h>d z if x 7 c>v$ 9 wood1 & 9 contra/ to its pallid :it5ess are long /reams ( crimson blood1 z glossy & /iff z rib&s4 ,9 fact1 comb9$ ) ! naturali/ic correctness ( ! draw+ ! figure has an exagg]at$ ,go?ic feel+1 :ile ano!r excess1 ?is "t ( ref9em5t1 appe>s 9 ! microscopic precision ) :i* ! hair ( ! be>d & head is repres5t$4 ,?is delicacy1 sugge/ive ( ! ,milanese influ5ce1 reappe>s 9 ! ,virg9 ,c>ess+ ! ,infant ,jesus ( ! ,prado ,gall]y & ! v>iations ( ! same !me :i* may be se5 9 ! ,hispanic ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! meticul\s r5d]+ ( ! little gold5 *e/nut curls :i* clu/] on ! heads ( ! ,"m & ,*ild is 9 accord ) ! lov+1 t5d] reg>d = ref9$ sweetness ( expression t *>act]ises ! :ole treatm5t4 ,! ,prado also possesses an ,ecce ,homo2 ! figure1 se5 ne>ly to ! wai/1 nude b = a crimson mantle :i* cov]s ! %\ld]s & is fa/5$ on ! *e/4 ,"o ( ! b\nd h&s holds a re$ & a cr[n ( ?orns surm\nts ! head1 drops ( blood %[+ on ! =ehead4 ,! face1 ) its /raight br[s & deep-set eyes1 long f9ely *isel$ nose1 & s5sitive m\?1 surr\nd$ by a s(tly gr[+ be>d1 ! :ole model$ s5sitively ) a ,milanese subtlety ( *i>oscuro1 expresses an int]e/+ bl5d ( intellectuality & ec/asy4 ,9 ?is union "o may easily discov] an ess5tially ,spani% feel+4 ,h[ev] ! me?ods may h be5 borr[$ f else:]e1 ! s5tim5t is ,ca/ilian ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a m+l+ ( high-br$ nature & spiritual introspection4 ,ano!r picture ( ! ,prado1 select$ = reproduction on page #fb1 is ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,infant ,jesus 9 ! ,temple4 ,x is an important example1 reveal+ a full] capacity = ord]$ composition1 9 :i* !re is a gr&iose dignity1 /rangely ,illu/ration3 ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,cross ,,p$ro ,,campa,a ,,seville ,,ca!dral int]rupt$ by a littl5ess ( feel+4 ,! latt] is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! highly f9i%$ r5d]+ ( ! *ild's body1 dispos$ s affect$ly amid ! prim folds ( ! greyi% :ite drap]y4 ,"o may be consci\s also ( a c]ta9 exagg]at$ ge/ure ( humility 9 ! ,virg9's figure2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ firm 9 its ass]tion ( lib]ty ( action is ! supple figure ( ! maid5 :o holds ! basket ( doves6 ,h[ excell5tly imag9$1 moreov]1 are ! spott+ ( ! sev]al heads1 ! upright l9es ( ! c&les & ! broad bold spaces ( ! :ite tableclo?6 ,! reputation ( ,morales has be5 injur$ by ! numb] ( ,ecce ,homos & ,magdal5s1 s5tim5tally mawki%1 :i*1 accord+ to late/ judgm5t1 h be5 ascrib$ to him falsely4 ,=1 9 an age ( arti/ic copy+1 work+ = patrons :o dem&$ an excessive display ( pieti/ic ec/asy1 he 0 di/+ui%$ by a consid]able measure ( individual temp]am5t z well z ( s9c]e religi\s feel+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! signal example ( an individual p]sonality1 is t ( ,dom5ico ,!otocopuli1 popul>ly call$ ,el ,greco f ! fact t he 0 born 9 ,crete4 ,s9ce he w =m ! subject ( ano!r *apt]1 x is suffici5t "h to recall ! fact t he rea*$ ,spa9 by way ( ,v5ice & ,rome & settl$ 9 ,tol$o4 ,8 art bridges ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! fir/ ( ! sev5te5?1 &1 not)/&+ 8 =eign tra9+1 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! ,spani% _s ( 8 day4 ,mean:ile1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury a m direct infusion ( ,italian influ5ce rea*$ ,spa9 ?r\gh ! arti/s :om ,philip import$ f ,italy to decorate ! ,escoril4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 reign he _h cont9u$ ! patronage ( ,titian1 comm5c$ by 8 fa!r1 ,*>les ,v4 ,! latt]1 aft] he _h sat to ! great ,v5etian1 load$ him ) m>ks ( favor1 includ+ an ord] ( nobility1 & v[$ t no o!r arti/ 0 wor?y to pa9t ,cs>4 ,philip's pride equally dem&$ ! s]vices ( ! arti/ :o 0 acc\nt$ ! greate/ ( 8 day1 & ,titian 0 will+ to give !m4 8,is n my aim 9 life10 he wrote1 8to refuse ! s]vices ( o!r pr9ces & to cl+ to t ( y\r maje/y80 ,! k+'s commissions 7 = religi\s subjects1 b ,titian1 kn[+ ! o!r side ( 8 patron's nature1 supplem5t$ !m ) nudes & ! s-call$ 8poesies10 or subjects ( m or less erotic significance4 ,h5ce ! collection ( ov] =ty ,titian's :i* is "o ( ! glories ( ! ,prado ,gall]y4 ,among ! pa9t]s summon$ f ,italy by ,philip ,,ii ! be/ kn[n are ,fr$]ico ,zuc*]o1 ,pelegr9o ,tibaldi1 ,b>tolomeo ,c>du*o & ,patricio ,caxs4 ,!y 7 m5 ( facile b inf]ior ability1 ^: "w is ( little int]e/ 9 itself & has no "p1 except t ( an int]lude1 9 ! developm5t ( native art4 ,on ! o!r h& a def9ite & di/+ui%$ rle 0 play$ by ! ,flemi% pa9t]1 ,antony ,mor or ,moro4 ,he _h be5 portrait pa9t] to ,*>les ,v 9 ,fl&]s1 & 9 #aeeb came to ,spa9 9 ! tra9 ( ,c>d9al ,granvilla4 ,dur+ a prolong$ /ay at ! ,spani% ,c\rt he enri*$ 8 ,flemi% me?od by /udy ( ! portraits by ,titian :i* ! emp]or _h accumulat$4 ,moro's tea*+ & influ5ce />t$ ! ,ca/ile ,s*ool ( portrait pa9t+4 ,8 be/ pupil 0 ,alonso ,sn*ez ,coello1 78-#aeij7 ^: portraits are vital records ( p]sonality1 al?\gh some:at trivializ$ by ! elaboration ( meticul\s detail4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,a ,,panoramic ,,view ,"p ,,ii3 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( ,spani% art1 z x 0 ( ! art ( ,holl&2 product 9 ! "o case ( national decl9e1 9 ! o!r ( national gr[?4 ,:ile ,spa9 0 neglect+ h] national res\rces1 los+ h] morale & wa/+ money & m5 on a va9 ef=t to enslave ! ,dut*1 ! latt]1 9 _! fight = lib]ty1 built up _! national "* & develop$ ! res\rces ( _! c\ntry4 ,yet1 "u conditions s diff]5t1 ! g5ius ( ea* p 0 lib]at$1 ?rew (f ! %ackles ( =eign influ5ce & discov]$ its own racial expression 9 pa9t+4 ,ea* ( ! great s*ools _h its protagoni/3 ,val5cia1 ,jos ,rib]a 7#aehh-afef72 ,&alusia1 ,murillo 7#afah-afhb72 ,ca/ile1 ,velasquez1 7#aeii-affj74 ,mean:ile1 z we h not$1 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury 0 occupi$ by ! great arti/1 ,el ,greco4 ,z ^! w be discuss$ 9 sep>ate *apt]s1 x rema9s to note ! mo/ important ( ! less] pa9t]s ( ! p]iod "u _! respective s*ools4 ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile ! vogue ( portraiture at ,c\rt 0 p]petuat$ by ,coello's pupil1 ,juan ,pantoja de la ,cruz 7#aeea-afaj7 & by ,b>tolom ,gonzles 7#aefd-afbg74 ,! =m]'s portraits are h>d & dry 9 treatm5t & %all[ 9 expression1 :ile ! latt]'s1 despite a tightness & triviality ( detail1 h a c]ta9 gr&iose dignity ( design4 ,witness ! eque/rian portraits ( ,philip ,,iii & 8 wife1 ,da ,m>g>ita ( ,au/ria & t ( ,philip ,,iv's fir/ wife1 ,da ,isabel de ,borbn4 ,9 ! ,prado catalogue ^! are /ill assign$ to ,velasquez1 b late/ criticism conf9es ! latt]'s %>e 9 !m to ret\*+ ( c]ta9 p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! horses1 :ile giv+ ! orig9als to ,gonzles4 ,x is fur!r believ$ t ! l&scapes 9 ! ,philip ,,iii & ,que5 ,m>g>ita 7 work$ ov] by ,velasquez's pupil & son-9-law1 ,mazo4 ,! h&l+ ( ! figures is s diff]5t f t ( ! re/ ( ! compositions1 s evid5tly ! rev]se ( ,velasquez's broad & pregnant /yle1 t x is /range ! canvases %\ld ev] h be5 assign$ 9 _! entirety to him2 except = ! reason t until rec5tly x has be5 ! cu/om1 bo? 9 ,madrid & else:]e1 to attribute to ?is ma/] any?+1 h[ev] m$iocre1 :i* approa*$ ! appe>ance ( 8 me?od4 ,we recall among ! ,italian pa9t]s invit$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,philip ,,ii1 ,b>tolomeo ,c>du*o & ,patricio ,caxs4 ,ea* _h a son :o became a pa9t]2 ,vic5te ,c>du*o 7#aehe-afch7 born 9 ,italy1 b educat$ & naturalis$ 9 ,spa91 & ,eug5io ,caxs 7#aegg-afdb71 ^: bir?place 0 ,madrid4 ,!y 7 employ$ 9 decorat+ ! palaces ( ! ,prado & ! ,escoril4 ,_! "w is mann]$1 ) mu* te*nical pr(ici5cy & little inspiration4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h&some 9 design2 :]e9 lies its *ief int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,spani% pa9t+1 s9ce x help$ to fo/] t skill 9 ! fill+ ( a space :i* 0 br\ght to su* p]fection by ,velasquez4 ,9 ?is connection we may m5tion ,fray ,juan ,bauti/a ,mayno 7#aeid-afij71 a ,dom9ican monk1 :o _h be5 draw+ ma/] to ,philip ,,iv be=e 8 accession & 0 reta9$ by him aft]w>ds z an advis] 9 matt]s ( art4 ,!re is an 8allegory0 by him 9 ! entrance hall ( ! ,prado1 repres5t+ ,! ,pacification ( ! ,/ates ( ,fl&]s :i* 9 qualities ( pa9t+ is q un9t]e/+1 yet1 reg>d$ z a decoration1 has consid]able m]it1 rem9d+ "o ( ,puvis de ,*avannes' flat patt]ns ( full & empty spaces4 ,inde$1 "o may be dispos$ to feel t f ! po9t ( view ( mural decoration x is ev5 sup]ior to ,velasquez's ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 :i* by comp>ison is a hi/orical picture4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,mayno 0 a native ( ,tol$o & 9 consequ5ce famili> ) ! "w ( ,el ,greco1 :o1 we %all f9d1 0 a ma/] ( decorative space-fill+4 ,9 #afjc1 dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,,iii1 ,rub5s1 on a mission f ! ,duke ( ,mantua1 visit$ ! ,spani% ,c\rt4 ,"o ( ! ,duke's int5tions 0 t 8 emiss>y %\ld copy "s ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,royal collection4 ,rub5s' copy ( ,titian's ,temptation ( ,adam & ,eve n[ hangs 9 ! ,prado1 n f> f ! orig9al1 & x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! "y ,flemi% arti/ has correct$ & improv$ ! composition ( ! old ,v5etian4 ,! ord]s giv5 to ,rub5s includ$ a provision t he %\ld =w>d 8 "w by employ+ ! assi/ance ( "s ( ! ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,he writes1 say+ t he w adh]e to ^! in/ructions1 b1 he adds1 8,i d n approve ( x1 consid]+ ! %ort "t we h at our disposal1 & ! incr$ible inadequacy & idl5ess ( ^! pa9t]s & _! mann]s1 7f :i* may ,god pres]ve me f any resemblance67 s absolutely diff]5t to m9e40 ,su* 0 ,rub5s impression ( art 9 ,madrid1 prec$+ ! appe>ance ( ,velasquez4 ,9 #afbh at ! z5i? ( 8 fame1 he paid ano!r diplomatic visit4 ,philip ,,iv 0 n[ k+ & appo9t$ 8 favorite1 ,velasquez1 escort to ! ,flemi% arti/4 ,( ! latt]'s impression ( ! y\ng] man un=tunately no records exi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,velasquez ma9ta9$ no regul> /udio = pupils1 yet he naturally ex]cis$ an influ5ce on _m ( ! y\ng] pa9t]s ( ! day1 & actually gave in/ruction to "s4 ,among ! latt] ! be/ kn[n are ,juan ,bauti/a ,m>t9ez del ,mazo & ,juan ,c>reo1 :o w be consid]$ lat]1 & ,juan de ,p>eja4 ,! la/ m5tion$ 0 a mulatto1 born 9 ,seville ab\t #afjh1 :o came to ,madrid ) ,velasquez 9 ! capacity ( a s]vant & rema9$ ) him all 8 life4 ,be+ con/antly employ$ 9 ! /udio1 he 0 himself inspir$ to become an arti/2 b z no slave might practise ! free art ( pa9t+ he work$ 9 secret1 copy+ 8 ma/]'s works4 ,at la/ by a /ratagem he reveal$ 8 tal5t4 ,hav+ pa9t$ a picture ) special c>e1 he plac$ x 9 8 ma/]'s /udio ) its face to ! wall4 ,! k+1 on 8 next visit1 ord]$ ! picture to be turn$ & enquir$ :o _h pa9t$ x4 ,:]eupon ,p>eja w5t d[n on 8 knees1 & implor$ ! royal protection4 ,! k+1 turn+ to ,velasquez1 said--8y w h no say 9 ?is matt] & ,i w>n y t he :o possesses s mu* tal5t _c rema9 a slave40 ,at lea/ su* is ! /ory1 ?\gh x is consid]$ m probable t ,velasquez1 ^: g5]osity 0 m>k$1 actually conniv$ at ! slave's education & procur$ 8 enfran*isem5t4 ,b1 al?\gh a free man1 he cont9u$ to s]ve 8 belov$ ma/]1 & aft] ! latt]'s dea? 9 #affj cont9u$ 9 ! s]vice ( 8 son-9-law1 ,mazo1 until 8 own dea? 9 #afgj4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 ! ,prado by ! ,vocation ( ,s4 ,mat!w4 ,*ri/1 array$ 9 ! conv5tional drap]ies1 is /&+ beside a table at :i* is seat$ ,mat!w1 9 ,ori5tal clo!s1 surr\nd$ by o!rs 9 ,spani% co/ume ( ! p]iod4 ,x is an ambiti\s & r t$i\s picture4 ,?ree pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod :i* call = brief notice are ,antonio ,p]$a1 ,francisco ,collantes & ,jos ,leon>do4 ,p]$a 7#aeii-affi7 0 born 9 ,valladolid1 b mov$ to ,madrid to /udy art & rema9$ !re4 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o is an 8allegory0 by him1 entitl$ ,! ,dream ( ,life4 ,x repres5ts a "y man ( heavy1 r ,dut* aspect1 h&somely dress$1 seat$ asleep be=e a table4 ,! latt] is /rewn ) a v>iety ( objects--jewels1 fl[]s1 co9s1 weapons1 music1 a mask1 a book--:i* contribute to ! joy & fulness ( life4 ,mean:ile1 on ! book re/s a skull1 :ile an angel 9 ! backgr\nd1 gaz+ at ! y\?1 holds a scroll inscrib$--8t]ne pungit1 cito volat et occidet40 ,! picture is black5$ & murky1 b ! /ill-life is r5d]$ ) rem>kable naturalness4 ,inde$1 naturali/ic v]acity & a ta/e = ascetic or moral sugge/ion *>act]ises ,p]$a's art4 ,note1 = example1 ! ,s4 ,j]ome ( ! ,prado :]e ! ag$ sa9t1 /ripp$ to ! wai/1 sits 9 a spiritual daze1 grasp+ a cross ( rudely jo9$ /icks1 :i* lies ^u a book4 ,! latt] conta9s an engrav$ illu/ration1 repres5t$ ) extraord9>y vraisemblance1 & ! same quality is c>ri$ to a disgu/+ pit* 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! )]$1 flabby fle%4 ,ev5 m revolt+ & commonplace 9 its excessive naturalism is an adjo9+ ,ecce ,homo--blood t looks l blood1 a rope unmi/akably a rope1 & a cross made out ( a tree1 ! b>k ( :i* is realis$ ) ridicul\sly ineffectual exactness4 ,! two pictures h nei!r ! vigor ( h&l+ nor ! dignity ( conception to be f\nd 9 ,rib]a's correspond+ subjects4 ,!y repres5t naturalism = ! sake ( naturalism2 & anticipate ! g5]al decad5ce :i* settl$ d[n on ! ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,collantes 7#aeii-afef71 a pupil ( ,v9c5te ,c>du*o1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,prado by a ,vision ( ,ezekiel4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is confusion ( op5$ tombs & ris5 bodies & skeletons2 9 ! backgr\nd ! ru9s ( a /ately classic city1 & 9 ! c5t]1 rais$ on an em95ce1 ! prophet prea*+ to ! awak5$ dead4 ,! sc5e bo? 9 composition & *i>oscuro is q impressive4 ,collantes is also repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre by ,! ,burn+ ,bu%4 ,jos ,leon>do 7#afaf-afef7 is ( *ief int]e/ to ! /ud5t because ( 8 l>ge canvas 9 ! ,prado1 9 :i* he has repres5t$ ! same subject t 0 immortalis$ by ,velasquez--,! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a4 ,leon>do's composition is divid$ diagonally1 ! left =egr\nd be+ occupi$ by ! pr9cipal gr\p1 :ile ! upp] "r triangle includes ! backgr\nd3 a pla9 9 :i* troops are deploy+1 & a di/ant view ( ! city4 ,x is noticeable t ! y\ng] man1 ^: %ort life1 cl\d$ by m5tal tr\ble1 sc>cely p]mitt$ him to rea* 8 own maturity1 has1 l ,velasquez1 made a decorative use ( ! lances4 ,8 conception1 also1 ( ! sc5e is "o t probably comm5d$ itself to ,spani% feel+1 = he has repres5t$ ! conqu]$ ,ju/9 ( ,nassau submissively kneel+1 z he pres5ts ! keys to 8 conqu]or1 :o is on horseback4 ,ano!r example by ,leon>do 9 ! ,prado is ! ,tak+ ( ,acqui4 ,x is1 ) ! gr\p rev]s$1 simil>ly compos$ to ! previ\s picture1 ( :i* x is a companion piece1 bo? hav+ be5 pa9t$ = ! 8,hall ( ! ,k+s0 9 ! ,palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,notable1 aga91 is ! device ( lances1 :ile ! m\nt$ figure ( ! ,duke de ,f]ia1 z he leads ! attack1 be>s an unmi/akable g5]al resemblance to ! eque/rian portrait ( ! ,c\nt ,oliv>ez by ,velasquez4 ,among ! ,italian pa9t]s summon$ to ,madrid by ,philip ,,ii1 _h be5 a native ( ,bologna1 ,antonio ,rizi4 ,he _h two sons1 ,juan & ,francisco4 ,fray ,juan ,rizi1 = he ent]$ ! ,b5$ict9e ord] & sp5t ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 a mona/]y at ,rome1 0 ! pupil ( ,fray ,juan ,bauti/a ,mayno4 ,8 portraits1 be>+ "s resemblance to ^? ( ,velasquez1 h be5 at times attribut$ to ,mazo4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,portrait ( ,don ,tiburcio de ,r$9 9 ! ,prado1 :i* repres5ts a man ) curls fall+ to 8 %\ld]s1 dress$ 9 a h&some cavali] co/ume1 /&+ beside a table4 ,he re/s "o h& on x & ) ! o!r holds a l>ge felt hat4 ,x is a /raight=w>d pres5tation ( a virile p]sonality1 b pa9t$ ) little v]ve4 ,f> m int]e/+ is a ,sa9t ,b5$ict ,celebrat+ ,mass1 9 ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,) ! sacr$ waf] 9 8 h&1 ! sa9t b5ds 8 /rong head1 ) its black hair & be>d1 ov] ! :ite alt>-clo?4 ,ov] 8 alb is a gold embroid]$ :ite *asuble1 support$ by a monk 9 black4 ,^! figures are se5 aga9/ a grey-drab wall1 mean:ile a ?ird figure1 an acolyte1 is 9 :ite4 ,x is ?us a v h&some tonality ( grey1 :ite & black1 :i* gives an air ( gr&iose di/9ction to ! v naturali/ic way 9 :i* ! :ole is pa9t$4 ,! bro!r1 ,francisco ,rizi1 0 a pupil ( ,c>du*o1 & enjoy$ reputation z a pa9t] 9 fresco1 decorat+ among o!r sacr$ edifices ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o4 ,he 0 also employ$ z a director ( sc5]y & /age effects 9 ! dramatic p]=mances giv5 9 ! ,palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,apropos ( ^! exp]i5ces1 he execut$ a curi\s picture1 n[ 9 ! ,prado1 9 :i* he has repres5t$ 9 an ensemble ! successive /ages ( an auto-de-f4 ,x commemorates "o t actually took place 9 ! ,plaza ,mayor ( ,madrid on ,june #cj1 #afhj1 la/+ f eight 9 ! morn+ until half-pa/ n9e at night4 ,! function _h af=d$ a spasm ( ze/ to ! wret*$ religi\s maniac1 ,*>les ,,ii1 :o comm&$ ! pa9t+4 ,x conta9s "s ?ree ?\s& figures1 &1 consid]+ t ,rizi 0 sev5ty-five ye>s old :5 he execut$ x1 is an a*ievem5t z surpris+ z unnecess>y4 ,"o ( ,francisco ,rizi's pupils 0 ,jos ,antol9ez 7#afci-afgf71 a native ( ,seville4 ,some?+ ( s\!rn sweetness ( s5tim5t p]vades 8 pictures z may be se5 9 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,muni* ,p9ako!k1 ,! ,glorification ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,ryks ,museum1 ,am/]dam & ! ,ec/asy ( ! ,magdal51 ( ! ,prado4 ,! la/ nam$ repres5ts ! p5it5t float+ 9 a seat$ po/ure1 upborne by angels4 ,two o!rs hold above h] ! j> ( o9tm5t1 :ile an old] angel plays ! lute4 ,! drap]y is ( a%y purple silk brocad$ ) mauve arabesques1 a f9e passage ( color sugge/ive ( ! influ5ce ( ,van ,dyke1 :i* at ?is p]iod began to f9d its way into ,spa94 ,"o may discov] x aga9 9 ! elegantly s5tim5tal /yle ( ,mateo ,c]ezo1 :o 0 orig9ally a pupil ( ,c>reo4 ,examples t may be quot$ are ! ,p5it5t ,magdal5 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,hague1 & ! ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ( ! ,cassel ,gall]y1 bo? ( !m *>act]is$ by affectation4 ,a m important example1 because ( its decorative composition1 is ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,prado4 ,d[n bel[1 ! fai?ful are pe]+ into a s>cophagus1 fill$ ,illu/ration3 ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,temple ,,luis ,,morales ,,! ,,prado ) fl[]s1 :ile ov]head ! ,virg9 & h] support+ angels make an elegant mass ( :ite & blue silk & flutt]+ w+s4 ,b ! picture is fatally pretty1 *>act]i/ic ( ! decl9e ( devotional feel+ & arti/ic ta/e4 ,?is allusion to ! decad5ce ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ca/ile :i* m>ks ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury may be clos$ by a ref]5ce to ,claudio ,coello 7d4 #afic74 ,! "w :i* br\ght him greate/ fame 9 8 own day is ! alt>-piece ( ,la ,santa ,=ma at ! s\? end ( ! sacri/ry ( ! ,escoril4 ,x repres5ts a p]spective view ( ! room 9 :i* y are /&+ z y look at ! picture4 ,?us ! great s*ool ( ,spani% naturalism passes out 9 ! m]etrici\s glam\r ( a look+-glass picture4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,val5cia1 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,val5cia ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! p]iod ( mann]ism1 repres5t$ by ,juan de ,juanes1 & ! highe/ developm5t ( ! naturali/ic motive 9 ! p]son ( ,rib]a is suppli$ by ,francisco ,ribalta4 ,he 0 born 9 ,ca/elln de la ,plana1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aeej & #aefj & di$ 9 #afbh4 ,aft] /udy+ ) an unkn[n pa9t] 9 ,val5cia1 he sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ,italy1 :]e he 0 p>ticul>ly attract$ by ! works ( ,raphael1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo & ! ,c>acci4 ,return+ to ,val5cia1 he execut$ a ,la/ ,supp] = ! high alt> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,corpus ,*ri/i4 ,! picture1 :i* is /ill 9 ! place = :i* x 0 pa9t$1 ar\s$ s mu* en?usiasm t he 0 kept employ$ 9 provid+ works = ! *ur*es1 mona/]ies & hospitals 9 & ar\nd ,val5cia4 ,"s ( ^! are di/+ui%$ by gr&iose compositions & figures ( noble "*4 ,b 9 o!r works ,ribalta's color+ is att5uat$ & 8 h&l+ ?92 :ile on o!r occasions he exhibits a m+l+ ( ,italian 8idealism0 ) ,spani% naturalism4 ,examples ( 8 poor color & te*nique are ,nos4 #idf & #idi 9 ! ,prado1 :i*1 moreov]1 are disfigur$ by _! s5tim5tality4 ,8 p>ticul> tal5t1 h[ev]1 appe>s at its be/ 9 an adjac5t canvas1 ,s4 ,francis d',assisi4 ,! monk1 clad 9 a br[n habit1 is ly+ on a pallet cov]$ ) a blanket4 ,8 p>*$ yell[ face & /rong1 n]v\s h&s are rais$ 9 ec/acy t[>d an angel1 play+ a lute1 :o floats above him 9 well-dispos$ drap]ies ( dull gre5 & rose4 ,contra/$ ) ! grace ( ?is figure is ! sev]ely naturali/ic way 9 :i* ! monk & ! accessories1 su* z an iron lamp & missal1 are repres5t$4 ,x is a picture bo? ( *>m & =ce & is *>act]i/ic ( ! k9d ( influ5ce t ,ribalta ex]t$ ov] 8 pupil1 ,rib]a4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,&alusia ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,! transition p]iod 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,&alusia is fill$ by two m54 ,^! 7 ,juan de las ,roelas1 :o pa9t$ 9 a broad & yet s$uctive mann] ) s(t1 w>m *i>oscuro1 & ! ecc5tric ,francisco ,h]r]a1 :o adapt$ ^! qualities to a 8furioso0 /yle4 ,= ?is reason he has be5 cr$it$ ) ! *ief influ5ce 9 develop+ ! naturali/ic me?ods ( ! ,&alusian ,s*ool4 ,b ! cr$it is n[ assign$ to ,rib]a1 ^: pictures1 introduc$ into ,seville1 help$ mat]ially to %ape ! /udies ( a gr\p ( "y arti/s :i* includ$ ,alonso ,cano1 ,zurb>n1 ,murillo & ,velasquez4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury native pa9t+ decl9$ to a condition t r5d]s x negligible to ! /ud5t4 ,! names :i* occur are ^? ( =eign]s su* z ,luca ,giordano1 ,tiepolo1 & ,raphael ,m5gs4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! la/ qu>t] x sprang aga9 to life 9 ! g5ius ( ,goya4 ,! latt] di$ 9 #ahbf1 & ( ! few names :i* break ! monotony ( ,spani% pa9t+ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury x may be suffici5t to m5tion ^? ( ,m>iano ,=tuny1 ,francisco ,pradilla1 ,joaqu9 ,sorolla y ,ba/ida & ,ignacio ,zuloaga4 ,^! are to be consid]$ lat]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,dom5co ,,!otocopuli 7,,el ,,greco7 ,dom5co ,!otocopuli 0 born 9 ,crete2 h5ce ! nickname by :i* he 0 kn[n3 ,el ,greco4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,spa9 by way ( ,v5ice & ,rome2 !re=e 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,prado he is includ$ among ! ,italian arti/s4 ,x 0 ei!r an excess ( mode/y on ! "p ( ! ,spani% or a curi\s symptom ( indiff]5ce ?us to rob _! own s*ool ( s great an arti/4 ,nor has x ! w>rant ( facts4 ,?\gh ,el ,greco _h be5 a pupil ( ,titian & _h drawn inspiration f ,t9toretto1 x is ! fact ( 8 art be+ s diff]5t f t ( ,italy1 ( 8 develop+ s unique a p]sonality ( 8 own1 t is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( 8 g5ius4 ,moreov]1 x 0 n until aft] 8 arrival 9 ,spa9 & a soj\rn ( "s "t 9 ,tol$o t he discov]$ himself4 ,x 0 ! conditions1 physical & spiritual1 ( 8 adopt$ c\ntry t br\ght to maturity ! real ,el ,greco4 ,spa9 drew =? 8 g5ius & 9 return he express$ ! g5ius ( ! ,spani% race 9 its spiritual aspects to a high] degree ?an any o!r arti/ ( ,spa94 ,he 0 ! se]1 ! div9]1 :o n only mirror$ ! ext]nal "* ( 8 times b also realis$ its s\l4 ,! ,*ur* ( 8 day seems to h priz$ 8 g5ius3 ! k+ und]rat$ x1 :ile contempor>ies & po/]ity recognis+ him z biz>re1 incl9$ to ! !ory t he 0 mad4 ,x has be5 left to ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t day1 rea*+ back sc>cely m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 to appraise ,el ,greco at 8 real valuation4 ,! reasons = bo? ! e>li] & ! mo/ rec5t e/imations are pla94 ,philip ,,ii1 patron ( ,titian1 0 enam\r$ ( ,italian art &1 z we recall1 import$ ,italian arti/s to decorate 8 palaces4 ,be+ a man ( small & dogmatic m9d he c\ld n ext5d appreciation to "w s diff]5t z ,el ,greco's1 & set ! fa%ion among laym5 to ignore x4 ,lat] ! :ole tr5d ( ,spani% art 9 its em]g5ce f ,italianate imitation 0 t[>d naturalism4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ov]%ad[$ by ! g5ius ( ,velasquez4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,spa9 foll[$ ! lead ( o!r c\ntries 9 ! academic ef=t to revive ! =ms )\t ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance art1 until %e became sudd5ly aw>e ( a native g5ius3 ,goya1 ! temp]am5tal1 objective1 impressioni/4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 occupi$ ) ! r$iscov]y ( ,velasquez4 ,its wat*word became 8tru?02 tru? ( actual appe>ances1 ! see+ & r5d]+ ( objective facts z !y really seem to be4 ,its arti/ic motive1 9 fact1 not)/&+ t x includ$1 z x c\ld n help do+1 ! limitations & v>iations ( ! p]sonal equation1 0 9 ess5ce photographic4 ,x 0 conc]n$1 l ! cam]a1 ) :at ! eye c see4 ,n until ! end ( ! c5tury did ?is vogue ( objective naturalism abate4 ,! inevitable reaction aga9/ ?is naturali/ic view ( art set 92 quick5$ by ! gradual realisation t photography 0 cr[d+ ! pa9t] f _! common field ( sight4 ,arti/s1 on ! "o h&1 began to realise t !re are int]nal z well z ext]nal facts1 facts ( ! _s z well z facts ( matt]2 &1 on ! o!r1 t ! *ief value ( a picture is n 9 its mak+ some?+ look l life1 b 9 extract+ f ! life repres5t$ its fulle/ am\nt ( expression4 ,expression1 among progressive mod]n arti/s1 has tak5 prec$5ce ( m]e repres5tation4 ,x is !re=e1 our own day t is giv+ special honor to ,el ,greco & ,goya2 to ,goya1 ! ma/] ( mat]ial expression1 to ,el ,greco :o jo9$ ?is1 9 s extraord9>y a degree1 to spiritual expression4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! po9t ( view f :i* ,el ,greco %\ld be /udi$1 we w briefly consid] ! conditions "u :i* 8 g5ius develop$ & !n ! qualities1 te*nical & spiritual1 :i* 8 works exhibit4 ,we %all f9d t he broke away f ! ,v5etian use ( color1 employ+ a sob] range ( hues1 ( extreme subtlety & a *i>oscuro all 8 own4 ,t he 0 also a great ma/] ( composition1 decorat+ e "p ( 8 l>ge canvases ) mean+ful details1 s t !re are no spaces p]functorily fill$ or devoid ( int]e/4 ,a great draughtsman also1 :o1 al?\gh he alt]$ = 8 own purpose ! proportions ( figures & at times d>$ to indulge 9 8bad draw+10 realises ! pla/ic qualities ( =m z few arti/s h done1 & extracts f =m1 ge/ure & action a maximum ( "* & expression4 ,simil>ly1 9 8 portraits we %all discov] n only a vivid r5d]+ ( ext]nal p]sonality1 b also a p5etrat+ insight into ! s\l ( ! subject4 ,f9ally1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 "w "o %\ld be consci\s ( a r>e & elevat$ _s1 ! arti/'s own1 int]pret+ ! spiritual g5ius ( ! ,spa9 ( 8 day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,almo/ no?+ is kn[n ( ,el ,greco's life4 ,no record ( him exi/s until ,novemb] #af1 #aegj1 ! date ( a lett] writt5 by ! ,v5etian m9iature pa9t]1 ,julio ,clovio to ,c>d9al ,nepote ,f>nese4 ,x says--8,!re is 9 ,rome a "y man f ,c&ia1 a disciple ( ,titian1 :o 9 my op9ion is a pa9t] ( r>e tal5t4 ,among o!r ?+s he has pa9t$ a portrait ( himself1 :i* causes wond]m5t to all ! pa9t]s ( ,rome4 ,i %\ld l him to be "u ! patronage ( y\r ,illu/ri\s & ,rev]5d ,lord%ip1 )\t any o!r contribution t[>d 8 livelihood ?an a room 9 ! ,f>nese ,palace = "s little "t1 until he c f9d o!r accommodation40 ,?is lett] e/abli%es ,el ,greco's bir?place1 corroborat+ ! arti/'s signature1 z x appe>s on _m canvases 9 ,greek *>act]s ) ! addition ( 8,cretan02 8 exp]i5ce "u ,titian 9 ,v5ice2 8 visit to ,rome & ! fact t 9 ! ye> #aegj he 0 a "y man4 ,h[ long he /ay$ 9 ,rome is unc]ta91 b ! next date ( c]ta9ty1 #aegg1 appe>s aft] 8 signature ^u a picture ( ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,dom+o el ,antigua 9 ,tol$o4 ,! fact ( ,el ,greco be+ engag$ on ?is "w is corroborat$ by docum5ts relat+ to ! *ur*1 9 :i* x is record$ t ! arti/ 0 paid #ajjj ducats = eight pictures to adorn ! high & side alt>s4 ,?us x appe>s t at "s date betwe5 ! ye>s #aegj & #aegg ,el ,greco rea*$ ,spa9 & settl$ 9 ,tol$o4 ,"h he seems to h liv$ cont9u\sly until 8 dea?1 ! record ( :i* is /ill pres]v$4 8,on #g? ,april1 #afad1 di$ ,dom5ico ,greco4 ,he left no w4 ,he receiv$ ! sacram5ts1 0 buri$ 9 ,santo ,dom+o el ,antigua2 & gave c&les40 ,! position ( ,el ,greco's tomb 9 ,san ,dom+o is n kn[n4 ,! only o!r docum5ts 9 exi/5ce relate to contracts = commissions & occasional disputes & lawsuits ov] ! prices4 ,!y h be5 summ>is$ & us$ z data = e/abli%+ ! ord] 9 :i* 8 pictures 7 execut$ by ,alb]t ,f4 ,calv]t & ,e4 ,gasquo9e ,h>tley 9 _! critical & ri*ly illu/rat$ book1 8,el ,greco1 ,an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,life & ,works40 ,"o docum5t may be m5tion$ "h1 s9ce x indicates ,el ,greco's brief relations ) ! ,c\rt4 ,x is a royal ord]1 dat$ #aehj1 :i* /ates t a commission _h be5 entru/$ to ,dom5ico ,!otocopuli1 ,greek pa9t]1 resid+ 9 ,tol$o1 b t 8! "w 0 n be+ c>ri$ on = want ( money & f9e colors40 ,!re=e x is comm&$1 8,t ! said pa9t] be suppli$ ) money1 also ) ! f9e colors t he asks =1 &1 especially ultram>9e1 t ! "w may be execut$ ) brevity z is suitable 9 my s]vice40 ,s9ce ,el ,greco _h f9i%$ 8 commission = ,santo ,dom+o & _h also pa9t$ an alt> piece1 ,el ,expolio1 or ,*ri/ ,despoil$ ( ,8 ,raim5t on ,calv>y1 = ! ,ca!dral1 x w\ld seem z if 8 plea ( no ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,crucifixion ,,el ,,greco ,,! ,,l\vre money & colors _h be5 a pret5ce = avoid+1 if possible1 ! execution ( ! ,royal commission4 ,! outcome ( ! affair is describ$ by a ,fa!r ,sigu5za1 writ+ 9 #afje4 8,!re is "h 9 ! ,salas ,capitul>es ( ! ,escoril1 a picture ( ,san ,maurico & ,8 ,soldi]s by a ,dom5ico ,greco1 :o has come to ,tol$o & !re made excell5t ?+s4 ,! picture 0 design$ = ! prop] alt> ( ! ,sa9t1 b x did n satisfy ,8 ,maje/y4 ,x is n mu*1 because x satisfies few2 ?\gh !y say t x has great art1 & t its au?or has mu* k & t excell5t ?+s c be se5 f 8 h&40 ,el ,greco _h "o son1 ,george ,manuel1 :o 0 appo9t$ ar*itect ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,he also practis$ sculpture & pa9t+1 9 ! latt] m$ium imitat+ 8 fa!r's /yle s closely t "s ( ! son's pictures h be5 attribut$ to him4 ,! portrait ( a beautiful girl1 late ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,john ,/irl+-,maxwell & n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 has be5 call$ ! arti/'s daught]2 b lat] criticism assigns ?is pa9t+ ei!r to ,t9toretto or to ,el ,greco's e>ly ,italian p]iod :5 he 0 /ill a "y man4 ,! portrait ( 8 son ,george1 is id5tifi$ 9 ! ,san ,m>t9 ( ,san ,jos1 & aga9 z ! y\? :o holds ! map 9 ! ,vi/a ( ,tol$o4 ,x is also suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! y\ng] figure ( ! boy on ! left ( ! composition ( ,! ,fun]al ( ,c\nt ,orgaz4 ,9 ! latt] x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! face ) ! po9t$ be>d1 six? f ! "r1 repres5ts ,el ,greco himself2 :ile tradition also attributes ! title ( ,self ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ to ! picture 9 ! ,seville ,museum ( a man ( middle age1 hold+ a bru% & palette4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are only surmises4 ,! my/]y t surr\nds ! life ( ,el ,greco is p]haps a little lift$ by ! acc\nt ( him :i* ,guiseppe ,m>t9ez gives 9 8 8,practical ,lett]s on ! ,art ( ,pa9t+40 ,x is n ! evid5ce ( a contempor>y1 b ( "o :o probably got 8 impressions f ^? :o _h kn[n ! arti/ or at lea/ ! op9ion commonly held ( him dur+ 8 life4 8,at t "t !re came f ,italy a pa9t] call$ ,dom9ico ,greco2 x is said t he 0 a pupil ( ,titian4 ,he settl$ 9 ! fam\s & anci5t city ( ,tol$o1 introduc+ su* an extravagant /yle t to ?is day no?+ has be5 se5 to equal x2 attempt+ to discuss x w\ld cause confusion 9 ! s\nde/ m9ds2 8 works be+ s dissimil> t !y d n seem to be by ! same h&4 ,he came to ?is city ) a high reputation1 s mu* s t he gave x to be und]/ood t !re 0 no?+ sup]ior to 8 works4 ,9 tru? he a*iev$ "s works :i* are wor?y ( e/imation & :i* c be put among ^? ( fam\s pa9t]s4 ,8 nature 0 extravagant l 8 pa9t+4 ,x is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty :at he did ) 8 works1 z he us$ to say no price 0 high en\gh = !m1 & s he gave !m 9 pl$ge to _! own]s :o will+ly advanc$ him :at he ask$ =4 ,he e>n$ _m ducats1 b sp5t !m 9 too great pomp & display 9 8 h\se1 to ! ext5t ( keep+ paid musicians to ent]ta9 him at meal times4 ,8 works 7 _m1 b ! only weal? he left 7 two hundr$ unf9i%$ pa9t+s2 he rea*$ an advanc$ age1 always enjoy+ great fame4 ,he 0 a fam\s ar*itect & v eloqu5t 9 8 spee*es4 ,he _h few disciples1 z none c>$ to foll[ 8 caprici\s & extravagant /yle1 :i* 0 only suitable = himself40 ,we get a glimpse "h ( a /rangely individual p]sonality1 res]v$ & pr\d1 consci\s ( 8 de/9y1 work+ x out 9 a haughty exclusiv5ess2 wrapt up 9 high ?\ghts & cultivat+ 9 ! retirem5t ( private life a r>e ref9em5t4 ,9 ,tol$o1 !n ! citadel ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 s dom9at$ by ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* t ,philip ,,ii1 :o brook$ no rivalry ( p[]1 0 =c$ to transf] 8 ,c\rt !nce to ,madrid1 ,el ,greco pres]v$ ! integrity ( 8 arti/ic fai? &1 by sep>at+ himself f outside influ5ces1 ma9ta9$ ! indep5d5t sov]eignty ( 8 own ideals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,el ,greco left a ,view ( ,tol$o2 a portrait1 "o w\ld r call x1 ( a city's appe>ance & h] s\l2 a highly int]pretative vision ( ! impression ( ,tol$o's s\l ^u ! spiritual imag9ation ( ! arti/4 ,! view is f ! hill b5ea? :i* ! pres5t railroad /ation lies1 & looks across ! brok5 gr\nd to ! rav9e ( ! ,tagus4 ,9 ! middle di/ance t[>d ! left x is spann$ by ! wide ar* & its n>r[] si/] ( ! ,alcnt>a bridge4 ,!nce ! l9e ( ! city walls1 int]rupt$ by _! ,moori% t[]s1 m\nt ! citadel hill to ! gr\p ( build+s t cr[n ! summit4 ,! ,alcz> & ! nor? t[] ( ! ca!dral /& conspicu\sly aga9/ a sky1 tumultu\s ) emotion & lit ) l>ge aspir+ cl\ds4 ,^!1 l ! ar*itecture1 cat* ! %>pe/ light1 :i* else:]e is di/ribut$ 9 masses ( l[] tone2 a union ( quiet illum9ation & ( fla%+ sword-l br&s ( light1 *>act]i/ic ( s _m ( ! arti/'s compositions1 s sugge/ive ( passionate inspiration4 ,h[ diff]5t f ,v5ice ( 8 y\?1 ?is rock-root$ =tress city ( ! arti/'s adoption6 ,no less pr\dly alo(1 b /]nly & /r5u\sly exalt$2 /rait5$ )9 tortu\s limits2 an apex once ( ,moori% p[] & luxury1 n[ ( ,ca?olic dom9ion & sumptu\s ecclesia/ical c]emony2 its dignit>ies m5 ( high & comm&+ p]sonality1 its ,ca!dral fam\s ?r\gh\t ,spa9 z ,tol$o ! ,ri*6 ,! *ivalric f]vor br$ ^u c\ntless battlefields1 gl[$ "h 9 an int5se heat ( religi\s my/icism4 ,h] hidalgos1 8sons ( somebody10 7 among ! pr\de/ ( _! class1 self-conta9$1 au/]e1 yet fir$ ) religi\s ec/asy4 ,tol$o 0 at t "t ! s\l ( ,ca?olicism & ( ! high-br$ ,*ivalry ( ,ca/ile4 ,el ,greco1 ) ! p5etration ( ! ali5 obs]v]1 caught its _s4 ,x inflam$ 8 own romantic ardor & religi\s dev\tness2 at ! same "t giv+ fibre & =ce to 8 imag9ation4 ,yet 8 :ole art1 z x develop$ "u ^! conditions1 0 built up on obs]v$ facts4 ,! type ( 8 figures1 bo? 9 portraiture & alt>-pieces1 0 drawn f ! humanity ab\t him1 ! lean1 long-limb$ bodies1 ) high n>r[ heads2 a type t /ill survives4 ,y see x ev5 9 ,madrid1 /ill m readily 9 ,tol$o4 ,"h too 9 ! pass+ ?rong y may detect "o ( ^? wi/ful1 ,illu/ration3 ,,san ,,mauricio ,,& ,,8 ,,!ban ,,legion ,,el ,,greco ,,! ,,escori,l fl[]-l faces1 pure z ! *alice ( a lily1 t ,el ,greco le>n$ to give to 8 ,madonnas1 :ile among ! *ildr5 y w f9d ! /rangely sexless1 coldly passionate faces ( 8 angels4 ,he exagg]at$ ! type1 j z 8 contempor>y1 ,c]vantes did2 ! latt] to make x ridicul\s1 ,el ,greco 9 sympa?y ) its high en?usiasm4 ,b ea* f 8 own /&po9t captur$ ! real s\l ( ! ,spani% race m effectively ?an any o!r writ] or arti/ ( ,spa94 ,! humor ( ,c]vantes made him int5sely popul>1 ! s]i\sness ( ,el ,greco has _h to wait until to-day = recognition4 ,8 exagg]ation1 sometimes ev5 approa*+ di/ortion1 is = ! purpose ( decorative effect or = en=c+ "* or emotion1 or is m frequ5tly employ$ ) ! two purposes comb9$4 ,a f9e example ( *>act]ization is ! portrait1 "h call$ ,s4 ,j]ome 7,frontispiece74 ,!re are replicas ( ?is picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y & ! ,prado1 :]e x is call$ ,s4 ,paul4 ,b ! title is ( small acc\nt4 ,! picture is cle>ly ! portrait ( "s dignit>y ( ! ,*ur* or at lea/ ( ! type ( ecclesia/ics ( ! day4 ,! /ubby hair & ! long be>d are approa*+ :ite1 ! face is grey$ ov]1 & silv]y lights relieve ! rose color$ mantle4 ,! head1 9 proportion to ! body is small b ( extra l5g? & n>r[ness1 & ! h&s are extremely elongat$4 ,b by ^! exagg]ations :at expression ( "* is obta9$6 ,! head is at once t ( a soldi]1 a s*ol> & an ascetic4 ,! eyes h a cold1 pi]c+ directness2 ! long nose is indicative ( rel5tless purpose & ! m\? ( iron rigidity & cruelty4 ,"o h& lies on ! book ) a ge/ure ( ref9em5t1 almo/ ( t5d]ness1 :ile ! ?umb ( ! o!r is turn$ d[n ) a decision t brooks no reason+ or opposition4 ,9 f9e1 ! type is a /range mixture ( intellectuality & bigotry2 ( elevation & n>r[ness1 ( g5tl5ess & remorselessness4 ,x might be t ( an inquisitor1 :o condemns ) no m hesitation ?an a surgeon1 compell$ by 8 diagnosis to use ! knife4 ,or = an example ( di/ortion1 employ$ ) emotional effect1 turn to ,! ,crucifixion ( ! ,l\vre 7p4 #gj74 ,! body ( ! ,*ri/ is beautiful 9 its languor ( repose2 no pa9 or horror m>s ! s]5ity4 ,! trag$y ( ! ev5t is depict$ 9 ! amaz+ impression ( ! sky2 a murky blacki% gre5 veil1 r5t l ! veil ( ! ,temple1 ) sc>s ( :ite4 ,! ,savi\r re/s f 8 labors4 ,x is ! univ]sal trag$y ( s9 :i* w crucify him afre%1 t is depict$4 ,= my own "p1 ,i "k ( no o!r sugge/ion ( ! ,div9e ,trag$y s spiritually mov+ z ?is "o4 ,el ,greco pa9t$ ?is subject sev]al times4 ,ano!r f9e example is ,! ,crucifixion ( ! ,prado1 :]e ! figures ( ! donor & an ecclesia/ic are replac$ by ! ?ree ,m>ies & ,s4 ,john1 figures expressive ( angui% & adoration1 :ile angels ( spiritual lovel9ess receive 9 _! h&s ) transports ( ador+ ec/asy ! blood f ! sacr$ w\nds4 ,x is at once a pan & a dirge1 sup]b 9 its decorative elaboration4 ,b 9 ! picture ( ! ,l\vre1 ! decorative s*eme is sublimely elem5tal2 its v simplicity ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fun]al ,,( ,,c\nt ,,orgaz ,,el ,,greco ,,san ,,tom1 ,,tol$o augm5ts ! poignancy ( ! appeal4 ,b our orig9al consid]ation 0 ! di/ortion introduc$4 ,! natural appe>ance ( ! sky is di/ort$2 ! color false1 !re is no sugge/ion ( actual light or atmosph]e4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 no ?\ght ( repres5t+ ! sky naturally2 x has be5 us$ z a symbol ( expression4 ,& x 0 s t ,el ,greco *ose at times to use =m4 ,if ! /ud5t pe]s ?r\gh ! spectacles ( an academic p$agogue1 criticis+ ?is or t because x does n con=m to 8 canons ( proportion or notions ( correct draw+1 he w nev] discov] ! real ,el ,greco4 ,if he is look+ solely or *iefly = naturali/ic repres5tation1 su* z w pass mu/] 9 ! s*ools1 let him turn away at once4 ,o!rwise he w be only seek+ = tr\ble4 ,x is ) ! eye ( ! imag9ation1 seek+ = spiritual impressions or = "* ( expression & expression ( "*1 t ,el ,greco mu/ be /udi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,el ,greco 0 indiff]5t to ! facts ( =m4 ,no arti/ bett] und]/ood & valu$ =m or r5d]$ x ) m reliance on its pla/ic qualities4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n ! pla/icity m]ely ( its %ape t attract$ him1 b its pla/icity ( expression4 ,he made expression visible 9 its ext]nal appe>ances4 ,he us$ =m z an in/rum5t ( int]pretation2 h5ce1 = ! fur!rance ( expression he d>$ to exagg]ate or ev5 to di/ort x4 ,x is n amiss to comp>e ,el ,greco to "s great compos] ^: m$ium is 8 or*e/ra4 ,! latt] is made up ( units1 b !re is no e/abli%$ proportion ( ! relation :i* !y be> to ea* o!r & to ! :ole4 ,x is a flexible in/rum5t 9 :i* ! compos] makes 8 own adju/m5ts4 ,if = ! int]pretation ( 8 !me he exagg]ates ! w9d in/rum5ts or *ooses to introduce new devices = atta9+ an effect1 he is judg$ solely by ! h>moni\s result4 ,= music be+ a completely ab/ract art1 ! v]dict dep5ds ^u ! /ructure1 scope & quality ( its expression4 ,! art ( pa9t+ is less ab/ract1 be+ limit$ by ! s5se appreciation ( ! eye & ! ne$ ( atta*+ ! expression to "s visible object2 b1 z f> z possible ) ! lib]ty ( ! musical compos]1 ,el ,greco compos$ 8 symphonies ( =m & color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is lib]ty ( composition 0 only gradually evolv$4 ,8 e>li] "w1 execut$ dur+ 8 fir/ ye>s 9 ,tol$o1 exhibit traces ( 8 ,v5etian tra9+4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 :i* is n[ own$ by ! ,art ,in/itute ( ,*icago1 is 9 its treatm5t ( ! =ms & composition /ill ,titianesque2 b already ! influ5ce ( ! new environm5t ^u ,el ,greco's individuality is app>5t4 ,he has caught z yet little if any ( ! my/ic f]vor1 b ! types1 p>ticul>ly ( ! apo/les1 are local2 ! drap]ies are h&l$ broadly & pla/ically1 & ! color is no long] ( ,v5etian sumptu\sness4 ,! process ( demat]ialization has begun1 :i* w be c>ri$ on until 9 ! great works ( ! arti/'s maturity ! ,v5etian ri*ness ( pigm5t1 full ( mundane spl5dor1 has entirely disappe>$ 9 cool1 au/]e h>monies ( blue1 lemon & yell[1 black1 grey1 :ite1 olive gre5 & silv]y c>nation4 ,t\*es ( w>m color occur b !y are comp>atively r>e4 ,lea/ ( all 9 ! great alt>piece does ,el ,greco use color = effects ( pageantry or m]e decoration4 ,8 use is int]pretative ( spiritual significance4 ,9 8 portraits x is psy*ologically expressive4 ,! latt] are mo/ly half-l5g?s or bu/s2 gr&1 pale faces aga9/ a sombre backgr\nd1 isolat$ by a :ite ruff f ! black body on :i* ! :ite n]v\s h&s are display$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! portraits ( ecclesia/ics or imag9>y pres5tation ( sa9ts involve a v>iety ( hues4 ,!re is a s]ies ( su* pres5tm5ts ( ! apo/les 9 ! little ,prov9cial ,museum1 n[ e/abli%$ 9 ,el ,greco's h\se4 ,! ,s4 ,b>?olomew is entirely 9 :ite1 b ! o!rs are bi-color$1 %[+ a robe & mantle1 respectively ( yell[ & blue1 yell[-gre5 & r$-w9e color1 grey-blue & orange1 grey-blue & apple gre51 & s on4 ,x is z ?\gh ! arti/ _h se>*$ = ! mo/ unusual & re*]* comb9ations & _h compell$ !m into h>mony by ! nuances ) :i* he has inve/$ !m4 ,moreov]1 ea* is 9 psy*ological relation to ! head & h&s ( ! subject4 ,ano!r po9t to be obs]v$ 9 ,el ,greco's use ( color is t he did n spread 8 pigm5t ?9 ov] an und]pa9t+ ( light & d>k1 b actually model$ 9 color1 obta9+ ! *i>oscuro by means ( values4 ,x is ) a feel+ ( /rang5ess t "o views a numb] ( ,el ,greco's portraits su* z is ga!r$ 9 ! ,prado4 ,almo/ inv>iably ! eyes are fix$ on u1 b ) no look ( recognition or sympa?y4 ,?\gh ! face ?rills ) life1 x is impassive4 ,beh9d ea* liv+ mask is an imp5etrable m9d1 wrapp$ completely 9 ! seclusion ( its own _s4 ,equally remov$ f all outside sympa?ies are ! faces ( ! apo/les & sa9ts4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are n impassive1 = on ea* is ! trace ( inw>d /ruggle1 ( highly wr\ght m$itation or spiritual ec/asy4 ,_! p]sonalities are s v>i$ & di/9ct t "o is assur$ !y are portraits or at lea/ /udies ( ! types ( ecclesia/ics1 monks or laym5 :i* ,tol$o pres5t$4 ,!y h "o quality 9 common1 t ( transc5d5tal elevation2 symptomatic ( ! spiritual unre/ ( ! "t4 ,= else:]e ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 mak+ headway & ,spa9 0 its mo/ ard5t oppon5t4 ,x 0 "h t ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation rea*$ its mo/ extravagant =m4 ,! ,spani>d met ! *all5ge ( reason ) a passionate belief1 :i* develop$ into my/icism & vision>y exaltation4 ,( ?is ,tol$o 0 ! volcanic c5t] & ,el ,greco its pictorial expon5t4 ,! ma9spr+ ( 8 motive 0 8 own int5se religi\s belief1 :i* enabl$ him to give pla/ic reality to ! visions ( 8 passionately exalt$ imag9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,8 pictures1 :5 he has adju/$ 8 /yle to 8 motive1 are all visions4 ,ev5 8 portraits are visions ( m5's s\ls4 ,& ! secret ( 8 p[] to sugge/ ! reality ( ! vision is t x is bas$ on realism4 ,8 creations are a union ( realism & idealism2 or r ( realism 9 ! true s5se4 ,= to-day we h le>nt to di/+ui% betwe5 realism & naturalism3 ,illu/ration3 ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,el ,,greco ,,! ,,prado ! latt] a repres5tation ( natural ph5om5a2 realism a repres5tation ( ! same ) a sugge/ion ( _! relation to ! horizon ( ! idea involv$ 9 !m4 ,?is becomes ,el ,greco's almo/ inv>iable habit4 ,turn1 = example1 to ! ,san ,mauricio 7p4 #ge71 :i* 0 execut$ %ortly aft] ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,accord+ to leg5d ,mauritius 0 ! g5]al ( a ,!ban m]c5>y legion 9 ! ,roman army4 ,he refus$ to pay homage to ! gods & 0 condemn$ to be behead$4 ,:]eupon ! :ole legion decl>$ _! fai? & %>$ m>tyrdom ) _! lead]4 ,"o may believe t ,el ,greco pictur$ ! ev5t 9 8 imag9ation2 its sev]al phases1 ! g5]al's refusal1 ! executions & ! glory 9 ,heav5 ( ! m>tyr's cr[n4 ,9 ! gl[ ( religi\s f]vor a vision %ap$ itself be=e ! eyes ( 8 _s & he set x ^u ! canvas4 ,! noble heads ( ! g5]al & 8 lieut5ants are cle>ly portraits ( contempor>ies1 ( m5 :o no d\bt believ$ !mselves capable ( imitat+ ! example ( ! sa9t1 if occasion requir$ x4 ,at ! outset1 !re=e1 ! picture is bas$1 n on a m]e repres5tation ( c]ta9 p]sons1 b ( ! latt] 9 _! relation to ! idea involv$4 ,9 ! gravity & confid5ce ( ! sa9t's face are mirror$ alike ! consci\sness ( ! trag$y to be depict$ & ! glory t w foll[4 ,! sa9t himself1 9 fact1 is repres5t$ z hav+ 8 own vision ( ! situation 9 relation to its horizon ( ideas4 ,! back ( ! (fic] :o is deliv]+ ! ultimatum is model$ ) int5tional exagg]ation1 to increase ! ref9$ sugge/ion ( ! sa9t & at ! same "t to emphasise ! sep>at5ess ( ! ma9 gr\p bo? f ! sc5e t is be+ enact$ 9 ! re> & f ! ,heav5ly vision4 ,! color impression ( ! :ole picture is blue2 cold tones ( blue reliev$ by ! pale r$-w9e color ( ! flag1 ! pale creamy yell[ ( "s ( ! corselets & ! extreme :ite ( ! fle%4 ,x is a s*eme :i* gives an extraord9>y sugge/ion ( ab/raction4 ,! light+ also reveals ! beg9n+ ( ,el ,greco's gradually develop$ me?od ( *i>oscuro4 ,! latt] grew out ( 8 /udy to give to e "p ( ! decorative patt]n ( 8 composition ! life ( movem5t4 ,9 ! figures ( ! angels actual movem5t is express$ 9 ! ge/ures & actions1 b 9 ! /ation>y figures 9 ! =egr\nd x is sugge/$ by ! curl+1 quiv]+ light1 especially on ! legs4 ,^! light effects1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,el ,greco's "w f ?is po9t onw>d1 w emb>rass ! /ud5t :o is look+ = naturali/ic exactitude4 ,x is n until he has become us$ to ! arti/'s bl5d+ ( ! concrete & ! ab/ract1 t he w realise its fitness 9 ! :ole s*eme ( ! vision4 ,! next great "w ( ,el ,greco's c>e] 0 ,! ,fun]al ( ,c\nt ,orgaz1 7p4 #gf71 kn[n 9 ,spa9 z ,el ,int]rio4 ,?is ma/]piece /ill hangs 9 ! *ur* = :i* x 0 pa9t$1 ,san ,tom1 9 ,tol$o4 ,x commemorates ! leg5d connect$ ) ! f\nd] ( ! *ur*1 ! pi\s ,c\nt ,orgaz1 :o di$ 9 #acbc4 ,at 8 fun]al ,s4,s4 ,augu/9e & ,/eph5 appe>$ & l[]$ ! body into ! grave4 ,once m x is a vision bo? ( ! actualities ( ! incid5t & ( ! no less reality ( ! spiritual idea involv$4 ,:ile ! prie/s & fai?ful fri5ds1 portrait-/udies ( ,el ,greco's contempor>ies1 assi/ at ! solemn function1 "s turn _! eyes to ! vision above1 :]e amid ! ho/s ( prophets1 apo/les1 sa9ts & angels1 ) ! ,bless$ ,virg9 int]c$+1 ! nak$ s\l ( ! ,c\nt appe>s at ! feet ( 8 ,r$eem]4 ,0 ev] nak$ness express$ s lit]ally & yet ) su* ab/raction8 ,! :ole vision is illum9at$ by a cold light :i* comes f )9 ! sc5e itself4 ,! sumptu\sness ( gold embroid]y di/+ui%es ! ve/m5ts ( ! two sa9ts 9 ! =egr\nd1 emblematic ( ! opul5t c]emonial ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :ile ! ,*ivalry ( ,spa9 is commemorat$ 9 ! dead body4 ,! black /eel ( ! armor aga9/ ! ivory :ite ( ! %eet sets ! key ( black & :ite :i* is ! g5]al color impression ( ! l[] "p ( ! picture4 ,above1 ! ,virg9's mantle makes a positive note ( blue among ! pal] & high] tones ( ! same color1 ! pale yell[1 cream & occasional sugge/ion ( mauve & fa9te/ c>m9e4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ! ,virg9 & ! nude =m1 & ! elongation ( ! latt] help to isolate ! ,*ri/ & increase ! s5se ( altitude1 up t[>d :i* are /ra9+ eag]ly ! faces ( ! ,heav5ly ho/s4 ,:at a pageant ( spiritual exaltation1 p>t$ by op5 tableau-curta9s ( cl\d f ! drama bel[6 ,& ! latt]--0 ev] a great] int5sity ( gravity1 dignity & t5d]ness compress$ into a gr\p ( heads8 ,tradition has x t ! prie/ to ! "r 9 :ite ve/m5t is ,don ,&rez ,nuez1 prie/ ( ,san ,tom4 ,! grey-be>d$ pr(ile to 8 left is kn[n to be a portrait ( ! pa9t]1 ,antonio ,corrubias1 ^: bro!r1 ,diego1 appe>s 9 ! :ite-be>d$ man on ! left ( ! composition1 above ! figure ( ,s4 ,/eph54 ,! face ) ! ruff1 to ! left ( ,antonio ,corrubias1 is suppos$ to be ! arti/'s4 ,ev]yone has prais$ ! consummate *>act]isation & te*nical ma/]y ( ?is l[] "p ( ! picture2 b _m h criticis$ ! upp] & be5 unable to accept x z a reasonable "p ( ! composition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if /udy ( ! picture include communion ) ! _s & purpose :i* inspir$ x1 "o is br\ght to feel t upp] & l[] p>ts are indivisibly associat$ bo? 9 ! conception ( ! subject & 9 ! r5d]+ ( x4 ,! composition = a mom5t recalls ,raphael's vision ( ! ,disput1 :i* ,el ,greco mu/ h se5 9 ! ,/anza ( ! ,vatican4 ,!re1 ! space to be fill$1 ?\gh proportionately broad] ?an ?is "o is simil>ly ar*$1 & a b& ( figures1 repres5t+ ! ,*ur* on ,e>?1 spreads across ! l[] "p1 :ile 9 ! upp]1 ,heav5 is unfold$4 ,b beyond ?is all resemblance ceases4 ,ev5 ! e>?ly gr\p 9 ,raphael's fresco is dispos$ 9 ! mann] ( ,italian idealism2 9 ! ,c\nt ,orgaz its naturalness is *>act]i/ically ,spani%4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( 8 pa9t+ ,raphael cont9u$ ! geometrical design ( ! composition by arrang+ ! ,heav5ly ho/s 9 arcs4 ,el ,greco has inv5t$ a sort ( irregul>1 spontane\s geometry4 ,! design has a c5tral gr\p ( ?ree figures1 dispos$ to =m a triangle1 outside ( :i* ! spaces ( cl\d are divid$ ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9 ,,& ,,sa9ts ,,el ,,greco ,,san ,,jos1 ,,tol$o into comp>tm5ts or pockets1 fill$ ) figures4 ,x is a borr[$ motive1 discov]able 9 ! compositions ( ,giotto & o!r primitive ,italians & 9 ! mosaics t help$ to inspire !m4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ,byzant9e4 ,b ! latt] t]m is m]ely a nam$ & dat$ mile/one on ! road :i* /ret*es back 9 endless p]spective ?r\gh ,p]sia to ,buddhi/ic art4 ,to-day1 ) our opportunities ( /udy+ ! latt]1 we c detect a curi\s aff9ity betwe5 ,el ,greco's arrangem5t & well kn[n features ( ,*9ese composition4 ,unconsci\sly1 9 fact1 8 g5ius leap$ back ( its consci\s s\rce to ! remote spr+ ( ,ori5tal inspiration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,foll[+ ! ,c\nt ,orgaz came a s]ies ( pictures 9 :i* passionate ec/asy rea*$ its highe/ int5sity4 ,?ree ( !m are 9 ! ,prado3 ,! ,crucifixion1 already allud$ to1 9 :i* angels are cat*+ ! sacr$ ,blood1 a ,resurrection & ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,! la/ nam$ 7p4 #ha7 is n m]ely a repres5tation ( "o man p\r+ wat] on ! head ( ano!r1 ^: humble mi51 c\pl$ ) ! introduction ( a hov]+ dove & sometimes a v5]able ag$ man above1 tells "o t ! picture is meant to repres5t ! baptism ( ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,su* is g5]ally ! jejune me?od ( treat+ ! subject4 ,b "h we are aga9 9 ! pres5ce ( a vision1 9 :i* ! real spiritual significance ( ! facts ( ! incid5t are made visible to ! eye4 ,heav5 jo9s ) e>? 9 a symphonic bur/ ( devotional en?usiasm4 ,movem5t ( life ab\nds1 ! s\l's life typifi$ by human =ms4 ,!re is ev5 ! rhy?m ( movem5t 9 ! comp>atively /atic figures ( ! ,*ri/ & ,s4 ,john2 9 ! angels t lift ! crimson mantle & ^? :o /& by ador+2 :ile ov] head ! spiritual en]gy m\nts 9 wave ^u wave ( jubilance till x circles ab\t ! s]5e figure ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,once m we note h[ a s5se ( f>-(f isolation is giv5 to ?is topmo/ figure by introduction ( tall] angels 9 ! front plane2 also t !re is n[h]e any space unfill$ ) mean+1 ev5 ! grey-gre5 creamy cl\ds seem+ to m\nt upw>d ) _! angelic burd5s4 ,b beyond all possibility ( description is ! degree to :i* ! picture k9dles & lifts ! imag9ation4 ,amaz+ also is ,! ,resurrection1 n[ 9 ! ,prado4 ,! figure ( ! ,"l1 long & supple z a re$1 is pois$ above1 :ile d[n bel[ ! soldi]s are 9 agitat$ con/]nation4 ,!y h be5 r\s$ out ( sleep by ! %ock ( ! r5d+ tomb &1 /ill daz$1 confront ! miracle4 ,"o has fall5 backw>d 9 8 fe>1 "s %ield _! eyes f ! light1 :ile o!rs c>ve ! air ) _! swords 9 frantic ef=ts4 ,) ! exception ( "o f9e "y figure t rea*es up 8 h&1 z if 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! miracle1 !y are all nude1 ! bodies wr\ght to extreme t5sion ( expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ?is "t also belongs ,! ,dream ( ,philip ,,ii1 9 ! ,escoril4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( s]5] pictures1 su* z ^? :i* 7 pa9t$ = ! ,*apel ( ,san ,jos1 ,tol$o4 ,! f9e/ ( ^!1 & ! be/ kn[n1 is a n>r[ upright panel1 ! ,s4 ,m>t91 divid+ 8 cloak ) a nude begg>4 ,! y\?ful figure ( ! sa9t--a portrait ( ! arti/'s son ,george1 9 ! beauty ( 8 fir/ manhood--clad 9 black armor1 is m\nt$ on a :ite horse :i* has black acc\trem5ts4 ,! animal has "o =eleg lift$ & ar*$2 ! o!rs p>allel ! legs ( ! begg>1 recall+ some:at ! treatm5t ( ! legs 9 ! ,san ,mauricio4 ,! two figures are se5 aga9/ ! sky1 :i* so>s above a di/ant view ( ,tol$o4 ,9 ! /atuesque pla/icity ( ! =ms & ! *a/ity ( ! color s*eme ( :ite1 black1 gre5 & pale greyi% blue ! picture is "o ( extraord9>y nobility & t5d]ness & ( extreme ab/raction4 ,fac+ x is ! exquisitely t5d] & rev]5tial ,virg9 & ,sa9ts 7p4 #he7 9 :i* p]haps1 m ?an 9 any o!r ( 8 works ,el ,greco has yield$ to ! *>m ( facial lovel9ess4 ,above ! high alt> hangs ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,! c5t] ( ! composition is a trefoil arrangem5t ( ! ?ree figures ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,virg91 b5ea? :i* are two ador+ figures1 ! re/ ( ! patt]n consi/+ ( cl\ds 9 arc-l =ms only less full ( expressional value ?an ! figures4 ,x is a motive t ,velasquez borr[$ 9 8 picture 9 ! ,prado ( ! same subject4 ,to ?is p]iod is attribut$ ! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,l\vre 7p4 #gj7 to :i* allusion has be5 already made4 ,let u note afre% ! inf9ite calm ( ! ,savi\r's =m z *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ( spiritual calm 9 ! arti/'s own g5ius4 ,by ?is "t1 also1 we are bett] able to judge ! introduction ( ! two wor%ipp]s 9 ! l[] =egr\nd4 ,!y 7 probably includ$ ( necessity1 repres5t+ ! donor & ! prie/ ( ! ,*ur* = :i* ?is picture 0 pa9t$4 ,b !y also introduce t t\* ( naturalism1 de> to ! ,spani% imag9ation2 & ! arti/ has made !m contribut>y to 8 conception ( ! sc5e z a vision4 ,x is a vision ( ! holy sc5e :i* ^! m5 ( 8 own "t are contemplat+ & ! contra/ ( _! reality l5ds to ! vision an increas$ ab/raction4 ,also to ?is p]iod *iefly belong ! _m ,annunciations & ,holy ,families4 ,( ! latt] we h a f9e example 9 ! ,hispanic ,museum1 ,new ,york1 :i* recalls ) c]ta9 modifications t ( ! ,prado4 ,9 all ^! subjects ! type ( ,madonna is drawn f ! p4 ,b x is n left 9 its /olid pla9ness z by ,velasquez 9 8 ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 or s5tim5talis$ z by ,murillo4 ,by ,el ,greco x has be5 r>ifi$1 purg$ alike ( grossness & e>?ly emotion2 9 fact1 spiritualiz$4 ,we may also assign to ?is p]iod ! small ,santiago ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york2 exquisitely *oice 9 its tonal s*eme ( blue1 slightly reliev$ by dull o*re yell[1 yet virile 9 h&l+ & inspir$ by an exalt$ purity ( imag9ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! arti/'s late/ p]iod belongs ano!r picture 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,! ,nativity4 ,x is ! product ( a newly awak5$ ardor1 su* z *>act]ises ! mo/ important "w ( ,el ,greco's clos+ life4 ,! p>ticipants 9 ! ev5t are l[ly folk2 ! ,"m a girl ( ! p2 ! %eph]ds l>ge-model$1 %rewdly featur$ peasants4 ,b all are possess$ ) ! exaltation ( ! mom5t2 _! naivet & crudity are caught up 9 a fr5zy ( amazem5t4 ,9 ! d>kness ( ! night ! sc5e is all aflame ) spiritual inc&esc5ce4 ,h[ m>vell\sly ! light & obscurity are int]wov56 ,:at a /range div]sity ( pla/ic =ms & subtlety ( sob] color+ are wr\ght into ! composition6 ,/rang5ess is c]ta9ly ! fir/ impression "o exp]i5ces2 !n1 foll[+ x1 a realisation ( int5se inspiration & ( ma/]ful creativ5ess4 ,"o is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unusual1 ( a great imag9ative _s4 ,simil>ly ec/atic is ! vision ( ,! ,com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! ,prado4 ,at ! top1 ! ,dove 9 ,glory2 "u x1 a horizontal r[ ( figures1 ! ,virg9 9 ! c5t]1 ! heads ( all tipp$ ) flame2 d[n bel[1 two figures1 lean+ back & gaz+ up at ! ,div9e ,glory4 ,"s recollection ( ! old ,titianesque crimsons & blues appe>s1 b no?+ ( _! mundane qualities4 ,! :ole conception is "o ( passionate receptivity t[>d ! illum9ation f on high4 ,! f9al expression ( tempe/u\s en]gy appe>s 9 ! ,dea? ( ,laocoon & ,8 ,son 9 ,san ,telmo1 ,seville & 9 ! ,apocalypse1 or z x has be5 wrongly call$1 ,! ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1 own$ by ! arti/1 ,seor ,zuloaga4 ,el ,greco _h pupils b left no foll[]s4 ,"s ( 8 pupils1 ,luis ,tri/an1 = example1 & 8 son1 ,george ,manuel1 le>n$ to imitate 8 mann] suffici5tly closely to h caus$ confusion 9 ! attribution ( c]ta9 pictures4 ,b ,el ,greco's /yle 0 s directly ! product ( 8 own intellectuality1 s5sitive & passionate /hetic imag9ation & highly wr\ght s\l1 t x c\ld n be absorb$ 9 its integrity by o!rs4 ,b 8 art influ5c$ no less a ma/] ?an ! great ,velasquez4 ,we h not$ t ! latt] borr[$ f ! ,tol$an arti/ 8 composition = ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 & may add ! debt :i* 8 portrait ( ,innoc5t ,x appe>s to owe to ,el ,greco's ,don ,f]n&o ,n9o de ,guev>a4 ,x 0 h[ev] 9 ! matt] ( color t ! influ5ce is mo/ m>k$4 ,velasquez adopt$1 z ,seor de ,b]uete says1 8c]ta9 silv]-grey t9ts 9 ! color+ ( ! fle%1 ! use ( special c>m9es & a great] fre$om ( execution 9 ! drap]ies1 fabrics & o!r accessories40 ,^! same qualities1 & ! intellectuality & ab/raction ( 8 conception & /yle h begun to affect "s mod]n arti/s4 ,! mo/ notable example 0 ! late ,paul ,czanne1 ^: "w1 9 turn1 is ex]t+ a pot5t influ5ce on o!rs4 ,mean:ile ,el ,greco's pictures1 until rec5t ye>s kn[n only to a few connoisseurs1 are be+ s\ght = & treasur$ by collectors & museums4 ,mean:ile1 by ! "y pa9t] ( to-day ,el ,greco %\ld be /udi$ closely4 ,= ! mod]n age 9 e developm5t ( life is beg9n+ to dem& intellectuality1 & 9 pa9t+ p>ticul>ly a great] degree ( subtlety & ab/ract sugge/ion4 ,! quality ( expression is gr[+ m & m to be ! te/ by :i* ! arti/ ( ! pres5t & ! future w be judg$4 ,el ,greco1 9 all ^! respects is a ma/] to be foll[$2 n 9 ! way ( imitation1 b = ! sake ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 conception ( a subject & its te*nical r5d]+1 & also because he w help to an und]/&+ ( o!r great arti/s ( expression1 su* z ,mi*elangelo1 ,giotto1 ! nameless arti/s ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod & ! kn[n & unkn[n ma/]s ( ,buddhi/ic art4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,velasquez ,:ile ,el ,greco gave expression to ! s\l ( ,spani% *ivalry & religion1 ,velasquez embodi$ 9 its highe/ =m ! racial love ( naturalism4 ,m ?an ?is1 he /&s above all o!r naturali/ic pa9t]s 9 tru? ( repres5tation4 ,he is usually call$ a reali/4 ,b mod]n ?\ght is inve/+ ?is t]m ) a mean+ t diff]5tiates x f naturalism4 ,its use ( ! ^w is ak9 to ! philosophic mean+ ( realism1 :i* recognises ! reality n only ( ! species or individual b also ( ! g5us1 & consid]s ! individual z a phase ( ! univ]sal process :i* causes x4 ,mod]n ?\ght1 9 fact1 applies ! ^w reali/ to "o :o views ! p>ticul> 9 relation to ! horizon at ! back ( x1 to ! univ]sal process ( :i* x is a tempor>y manife/ation4 ,?us x calls ,ibs5 a reali/1 because1 = example1 9 8,a ,doll's ,h\se10 he treats ,nora & h] husb& z phases ( ! univ]sal problem ( m>ital relations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! playwright :o pres5ts m]ely a cross-section ( life1 *>act]s & incid5ts t are true to life b are n treat$ 9 relation to ! l>ge horizon ( ideas1 gov]n+ our pr9ciples ( liv+1 x calls a naturali/4 ,! di/9ction is a vital "o & s cl>ify+ to ?\ght & und]/&+1 ,illu/ration3 ,,philip ,,iv1 ,,old ,,velasquez ,,! ,,national ,,gall]y t to h once compreh5d$ x %\ld be to adopt x4 ,9 ! light ( ?is di/9ction is ,velasquez a naturali/ or a reali/8 ,9 8 portraits1 :i* repres5t 8 supreme a*ievem5t1 is "o consci\s ( any?+ b ! absorb+ realisation ( an individual p]sonality8 ,d we ?9k ( !m z typical ( _! "t & c\ntry1 z are ! subjects ( ,el ,greco's portraits8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly !re is a great exception 9 ! m>vel\s ,portrait ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,x4 ,beh9d 8 grim face ext5ds a wide horizon ( correlat$ ideas4 ,! psy*ological revelation & univ]sal sugge/ion ( ?is portrait seem to decl>e t ,velasquez 0 9 m9d a reali/1 b compell$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 life to be a naturali/4 ,te!r$ to ! ,c\rt1 he 0 *iefly occupi$ ) pa9t+ ! royal p]sonages & _! imm$iate ent\rage4 ,8 0 a sc5e1 clos$ 91 l a /age-sc5e by ! artificial r\t9e ( c]emony & punctili\sness1 9 :i* ! puppets1 f ,philip d[n to 8 dw>f play-?+s1 pos$4 ,h[ c\ld a reali/ portray !m 9 relation to ! horizon ( ideas involv$ except by mak+ !m contemptible or ridicul\s8 ,b 8 duty z a ,c\rt pa9t] compell$ ,velasquez to close out ! horizon1 & to repres5t ^! individuals ) z mu* ( dignity z possible4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! ,innoc5t ,x 0 pa9t$ dur+ ! arti/'s second visit to ,italy2 :ile he 0 = a brief space quit ( ! cramp$ conditions ( 8 life1 able to look out on m5 & ?+s & /udy !m 9 relation to l>ge issues4 ,also1 ! fact ( x be+ 8 second visit & t he 0 9 ! full maturity ( 8 p[]s1 implies mu*4 ,he 0 less preoccupi$ ) individual impressions1 m capable & dispos$ to view ev5 ! ,pope himself 9 relation to ! political & spiritual conditions ( ,rome & ( ! ,_w4 ,b ?\gh ,velasquez 0 compell$ to be habitually a naturali/1 he n only avoid$ ! commonplace :i* s frequ5tly atta*es to naturalism1 b prov$ himself ! greate/ naturali/ 9 ! :ole /ory ( pa9t+4 ,he lift$ naturalism to its highe/ pit* ( expression4 ,8 repres5tations ( life are *>act]is$ n only by liv+ actuality1 b by consummate ju/ness1 high di/9ction & extraord9>y beauty4 ,!re is 9 all a union ( m5tal supremacy & ( supreme te*nical arti/ry4 ,p]haps only ,rembr&t1 ,hals & ,raeburn give "o s realis+ a s5se ( be+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a liv+ p]sonality1 z we exp]i5ce be=e ne>ly all ! portraits ( ,velasquez4 ,) ,rembr&t we are usually consci\s ( an insee+ eye :i* p5etrates ! s\l ( 8 subject & views x 9 relation to a wide horizon2 = ,rembr&t is ! great reali/4 ,velasquez1 on ! o!r h&1 %>es ) ,hals & ! ,scotti% arti/ _! re/rict$ vision2 b 8 is ! f9]1 sugge/+ 8 own f9] quality ( m9d4 ,_! m9ds 7 incapable ( ! high s]i\sness1 ! noble alo(ness ( 84 ,hals1 se5 at 8 be/ 9 ! ,ha>lem gr\ps1 is "o ( ! jolly fell[s he is depict+2 ,raeburn1 an hone/1 /urdy g5tleman among ! g5try :o sit to him4 ,velasquez is always ! ari/ocrat1 look+ out ^u 8 subject f ! elevation ( a sup]ior m5tal dignity4 ,x 0 because ( ?is t 8 portraits h ! supreme ca*et ( all great art3 alo(ness4 ,! sep>at5ess ( 8 own m5tal p]sonality f ! ord9>y ?+ ar\nd him is communicat$ to ! p]sonages :i* he creates4 ,!y are alone ) !mselves2 :e!r mon>*1 dw>f or begg>1 sep>at$ f ! common t\* by virtue ( _! au?or's art4 ,9 _! remot5ess !y are ak9 to ,jan ,van ,eyck's portrait ( ,jean ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife & ,holbe9's ,george ,gyze & ,erasmus2 b ^! h n ! insi/5t sugge/ion ( be+ actually alive4 ,we recognise 9 !m an extraord9>y illusion ( life2 b 9 front ( ,philip ,,iv 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ( ,mo5ippus & ,las ,m5iz 9 ! ,prado1 n to m5tion o!r examples1 ! consci\sness ( illusion does n ent] our ?\ghts4 ,we are face to face ) tru?2 8v]dad1 no p9tura10 z ,velasquez himself us$ to say 0 8 ideal--8tru?1 n pa9t+40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tru? is sav$ f be+ m]ely lifelike1 obvi\s1 by ! r>ify+ quality ( ,velasquez's own alo(ness4 ,8 portraits quiv] on ! razor-edge ( tru? & ab/raction4 ,we h spok5 ( _! consummate ju/ness4 ,?is repres5ts ano!r result ( ! high-br$ nature ( ,velasquez's m9d2 reveal$ 9 a tact ( selection1 exposition & arrangem5t4 ,he _h an un]r+ feel+ = ess5tials1 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic works be+ s+ul>ly sp>+ ( detail2 a cultivat$ in/9ct = ! sali5t ge/ure & expression1 & a r>ely economical me?od ( a*iev+ !m4 ,8 ability to plant a figure on ! floor1 s t x be>s d[n ) its own weight & gr[s up 9 its own /r5g?2 to give x *>act]i/ic action1 at once unifi$ & rhy?mic2 to inve/ its cont\r l9es ) firmness & precision z well z subtlety2 to give to ! smalle/ details1 su* z ! model+ ( a glove1 an individual "* &1 f9ally1 to adju/ all ^! sev]al qualities into an organiz$ unity & place ! ensemble 9 p]fect relation to ! op5 space x occupies--8 ability to d all ?is is ! measure ( 8 ju/ness4 ,to ! high di/9ction ( ! result we h already allud$ 9 speak+ ( its dignity & alo(ness4 ,x is ! product1 alike1 ( elevat$ m5tality & ( supreme te*nical accompli%m5t4 ,! latt] br+s u 9 t\* ) ! cause ( its extraord9>y beauty4 ,:at does beauty mean to u8 ,if x is beauty ( face & =m--! easy way to arti/ic beauty & to lay appreciation !re(--we %all seldom f9d x 9 ,velasquez's pictures4 ,! p :om x 0 8 lot to pa9t 7 mo/ly pla9-featur$1 to use no h>%] t]ms2 _! co/umes outrage\sly extravagant & n 9 ! direction ( elegance2 ! color+ 0 sombre1 only sp>+ly reliev$ ) gaiety ( color4 ,nor1 = ! mo/ "p1 7 !y p ( =ce ( "* or ) sugge/ion ( exp]i5ce impr9t$ on _! faces1 s t 9 ! int]e/ ar\s$ !reby1 "o c\ld =get _! homel9ess4 ,to be frank1 !y are mo/ly /upid p]sons1 or at lea/ apa!tic4 ,:5ce1 !n1 ! beauty8 ,its s\rce is tw(old3 9 ! arti/'s vision ( 8 subject & 9 8 te*nical r5d]+ ( :at he f\nd4 ,! secret ( an arti/'s vision1 :5 x is truly arti/ic1 is t x is inspir$ by a feel+ = beauty & is look+ = beauty4 ,he is n se>*+ = some?+ to repres5t1 b = a means ( express+ :at ,illu/ration3 ,,eque/rian ,,portrait ,,( ,,philip ,,iv ,,velasquez ,,! ,,prado he feels ( beauty4 ,to su* a "o z ,velasquez x matt]s little :at he is call$ ^u to pa9t4 ,he is n aw>e ( ^? limitations :i* ! ord9>y man calls ugl9ess4 ,to him ! subject is a manife/ation ( life & life to him is beauty 9 e "o ( its aspects1 & to r5d] t beauty is suffici5t4 ,& y may say t he f9ds life & ! beauty ( life n only 9 ! face & figure1 action & ge/ure1 ( 8 subjects1 b 9 ! clo!s !y we> & ! accessories t surr\nd !m4 ,all are contributory to ! s5se ( life ) :i* ! subject inspires him1 s t he extracts f fabrics & objects ( /ill-life a rac9ess ( "* or subtlety ( expression t lifts !m above ! ord9>y & gives !m ! di/9ction ( beauty4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is n s mu* a "q ( extract+ beauty f ! subject z ( putt+ beauty into x4 ,! f9al a*ievem5t is "o ( te*nique4 ,!re are hundr$s ( pictures :i* a layman c admire )\t ?\ght ( te*nique4 ,int]e/ ( subject pr$om9ates1 or at lea/ is suffici5t to e/abli% int]e/2 *>m ( s5tim5t attracts1 or spl5dor ( color or composition4 ,b ,velasquez's compositions = ! mo/ "p are /udi\sly res]v$2 8 color sob]2 sc>cely ! quiv] ( s5tim5t di/urbs ! equanimity ( 8 subjects1 & ! latt]1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 h no human int]e/4 ,su* attractiv5ess1 !re=e1 z !y h1 is almo/ completely :at has be5 put into !m by 8 te*nique4 ,take1 = example1 ! bu/-portrait 7p4 #ib7 ( ,philip ,,iv 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 assur$ly "o ( ,velasquez's mo/ notable a*ievem5ts4 ,h[ languid ! pale hair2 ! face1 h[ fooli%ly prolong$1 flabby & expressionless6 ,imag9e x pa9t$ by a second-rate arti/1 & y w\ld pass x by4 ,b be=e ?is portrait y pause & l+] long4 ,:y8 nei!r y nor ,i c tell2 except simply t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! my/]y ( life1 s t ev5 ?is sall[1 puff$ face attracts & rivets our admiration4 ,ev5 a pa9t] _c tell y h[ x 0 pa9t$4 ,its te*nique eludes him4 ,yet x is ! te*nique :i* holds him to ! spot4 ,he feels t "h ! my/]y ( liv+ /ructure & tissue has be5 compass$ by ! my/]y ( ! arti/'s creativ5ess4 ,some?+ ( ! same sugge/ion ( spontane\sly creat$ pla/icity is to be f\nd 9 ! beautiful *ild-portrait ( ,don ,baltas> ,c>los 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! means by :i* ! effect is obta9$ may be discov]$4 ,y note ! "* express$ 9 "s detail ( ! canvas2 & !n approa* until y see ! bru% /rokes t produc$ x1 no less magical because pat5tly app>5t4 ,9 fact1 y f9d y\rself let 9 beh9d ! sc5es ( ! arti/'s dramatic repres5tation ( facts & 9 a measure %>e ! joy ( creat+ ! illusion4 ,x is a hopeful !ory t out ( "o's limitations may gr[ "o's greate/ /r5g?4 ,& x is true ( ,velasquez4 ,! v n>r[ness ( 8 scope ( actual vision enc\rag$ a clos] scrut9y4 ,he discov]$ beauty 9 ?+s :i* _h escap$ ! notice ( arti/s to :om l>g] lib]ty ( *oice 0 all[$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly reveal$ 9 8 attitude t[>d color & light4 ,! range ( color-hues involv$ 9 ! co/umes ( 8 royal sitt]s 0 re/rict$2 blacks & greys prevail$1 ) occasional notes ( rose or blue4 ,deb>r$ f a v>iety ( hues1 ,velasquez le>n$ to see ! v>iety ( nuances :i* any "o hue pres5ts "u ! action ( light4 ,8 blacks ceas$ to be m]ely ! negation ( color2 !y took on silv]y hues1 & sometimes br[n ones4 ,ev5 ! b>e drab wall ( 8 /udio became a field = ! play ( light4 ,he grew to be an intimate /ud5t ( ! id5tity ( ! effects ( light & color2 not+ h[ ! 8local hue0 ( an object v>ies 9 color-value accord+ to ! quantity1 direction & quality ( ! light ^u ! v>i\s planes ( its surface4 ,"s arti/s be=e 8 "t _h not$ ?is pr9ciple1 b none until ,velasquez & ,hals--= x is a /range co9cid5ce t ! ,dut* arti/ also 0 foll[+ ?is track--_h giv5 a practical application to x4 ,o!rs _h treat$ ! local color1 z if x 7 sep>ate f *i>oscuro4 ,!y w\ld model ! =m 9 mono*rome & !n spread _! local hue ov] ! :ole 9 a ?9 transp>5t glaze :i* p]mitt$ ! und]pa9t+ ( %ad$1 half-%ad$1 & light p>ts to be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,velasquez actually model$ 9 ! local color1 by repres5t+ ! diff]5ces ( color-values t x assum$1 accord+ z ! rise or depression ( its surface caught m or less ( light4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at o!r arti/s _h done1 notably ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 8 ,monna ,lisa1 ,jan ,van ,eyck & ,holbe9 9 _! portraits2 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,!y imitat$ ea* color-value z exactly z !y c\ld1 model+ _! surfaces ) innum]able facets4 ,velasquez1 l ,hals1 discov]$ = himself ! pr9ciple ( ,impressionism2 s f>1 at lea/1 z ?is t]m is applicable to te*nical processes4 ,= its mean+ has become ext5d$ to include ! arti/'s m5tal /&po9t1 s t to-day1 :5 we speak ( an impressioni/1 we mean "o :o 9 lit]ature1 or drama1 or pa9t+ or sculpture colors 8 impressions accord+ to ! moods ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,b 9 ,velasquez !re is no?+ ( ! temp]am5tali/4 ,he is ! cool1 imp>tial obs]v] ( objective facts4 ,b1 in/ead ( see+ !m1 z ,holbe9 did1 9 ! multiplicity ( _! detail$ v>iations1 he saw !m 9 ! l>ge4 ,prim>ily1 t is to say1 he aim$1 n at p]fection ( p>ts1 b at a unity ( ensemble4 ,to secure ?is he sacrific$ ! less important to ! m important2 elim9at$ ! uness5tial & emphasis$ ! sali5t4 ,8 m5tal process 0 "o ( ke5 analysis1 direct$ to ! "q ( :at 0 & :at 0 n ess5tial1 & also to ! /udy ( ! relative degrees ( importance :i* ! ess5tials bore "o to ano!r & ! :ole4 ,! end 9 view 0 to make ! ensemble1 n only organically simple1 b an organic unit4 ,no d\bt ,velasquez 0 l$ to ^! results by 8 /udy ( color & light4 ,he n only discov]$ b made te*nical use ( ! fact t light t5ds to unify ! colors & =ms ( objects2 t x encompasses !m & affects _! cont\r l9es1 caus+ "s to be %>p & o!rs m elusive1 & also1 z we h not$1 *anges ! values ( _! hues4 ,fur!r1 he became aw>e t "u ! action ( light colors act & react on "o ano!r2 t1 = in/ance1 ! value ( ! fle% ( a face w be affect$ by ! color-light ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,actor1 ,,call$ ,,velasquez 8,,don ,,juan ,,( ,,au/ria0 ,,! ,,prado ( ! co/ume or ( o!r objects ne> x4 ,?us1 we ourselves may h obs]v$ h[ ! :ite g[n & face ( a woman1 seat$ on ! grass1 w assume values ( reflect$ gre54 ,or1 if we are acqua9t$ ) ! ,lumire process ( color-photography1 we are famili> ) ! surprises ( unexpect$ reflections :i* ! cam]a records4 ,all ( ^! results ( 8 /udy ,velasquez employ$ to r5d] ! tru? ( sight & to unify ! impressions4 ,= x 0 ! sum ( ! impressions he _h receiv$ t he le>n$ to r5d]4 ,he1 9 fact1 =m$ 9 8 m9d a net impression ( ! :ole sc5e1 !n translat$ ea* "p into its prop] %>e 9 ! total ( impression4 ,x is a process :i* 9 ! case ( s great an arti/ z ,velasquez is an act ( high imag9ation1 giv+ bir? to an act ( real creativ5ess4 ,! result1 !n1 is n an imitation ( nature's tru? b ! new creation ( an equival5t arti/ic tru?2 yet1 ) su* an illusion ( natural tru? t x /ill meets 8 own ideal--8tru?1 n pa9t+40 ,h5ce ! /imulus :i* ! spectator feels 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 f9e/ works4 ,he is urg$ to be an active p>ticipator2 to retranslate ! equival5t ( tru? into ! natural tru?2 to read f ! %or?& ( ! bru% /rokes ! full text ( ! longh&2 to adju/ 8 own eyes & m9d to ! reception ( ! impression & t a unifi$ "o4 ,he becomes1 9 fact1 a "p-creator 9 ! picture2 some:at z an intellig5t spectator ( a good play f9ds himself a "p-actor 9 ! dramatic situations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ory ( ,velasquez's life is little else ?an an enum]ation ( incid5ts 9 8 c>e] z an arti/4 ,he 0 born ,june #f1 #aeii1 9 ,seville1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,juan ,rodriquez de ,silva1 a lawy] ( an old ,portuguese family1 _h settl$4 ,! "m 0 ,g]onima ,velasquez4 ,h5ce ! son's full "n1 ,don ,diego ,rodriquez de ,silva y ,velasquez1 0 %ort5$ accord+ to ,&alusian cu/om into ! family "n ( 8 "m4 ,8 p>5ts d$icat$ him to ! /udy ( lett]s & philosophy1 b yield$ to 8 desire to become an arti/4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod 9 ! /udio ( ,francisco ,h]r]a1 he 0 plac$ "u ! c>e ( ,francisco ,pa*eco1 an academic pa9t] ( no great m]it1 b a man ( consid]able le>n+1 ^: h\se 0 a resort ( ! mo/ cultivat$ society ( ! city4 ,! "y ,velasquez pr(it$ s well by ^! surr\nd+s1 t ,pa*eco accept$ him z a son-9-law4 ,he 0 m>ri$ to ,juana ,pa*eco 9 #afah1 ! result ( ! union be+ two daught]s1 ,francisca & ,ignacia1 ! =m] ( :om subsequ5tly m>ri$ ,velasquez's own pupil1 ,juan ,bauti/a del ,mazo4 ,at ?is "t1 ! ,s*ool ( ,&alusia1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,rib]a's pictures1 0 ab&on+ ,italianate mann]isms 9 favor ( ! naturali/ic motive4 ,:5 ! "y k+1 ,philip ,,iv1 asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #afba1 ,pa*eco began to s*eme t 8 mo/ promis+ pupil %\ld be br\ght to ! royal notice4 ,a visit to ,madrid 0 plann$ 9 #afbb1 & on ?is occasion ,velasquez ga9$ ! notice ( ! ,c\nt-,duke de ,oliv>es1 ! k+'s prime m9i/] & favorite1 :o 9 ! foll[+ ye> summon$ him back to ,madrid4 ,"u ! ,c\nt's direction & aid$ by 8 purse1 ,velasquez produc$ an eque/rian portrait 7:i* has disappe>$7 ( ! k+1 :o 0 s well pleas$ ) x t he took ! "y arti/ into 8 s]vice4 ,?us1 9 #afbc began t mutual fri5d%ip ( mon>* & pa9t]1 :i* result$ 9 a close companion%ip ( ne>ly ?irty-sev5 ye>s4 ,x 0 int]rupt$ only by ! k+'s occasional j\rneys ( /ate & by ,velasquez's two visits to ,italy4 ,9 #afbh ,rub5s arriv$ z an ambassador extraord9>y f ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,8 visit 0 prolong$ = n9e mon?s1 dur+ :i* he pa9t$ sev]al pictures = ! ,k+4 ,velasquez 0 deput$ to act z 8 escort 9 ! visits :i* he paid to ! ,escoril & to ! royal picture gall]ies4 ,he 0 ?us br\ght into t\* ) ! mo/ r5[n$ pa9t] ( ! day at ! p]iod ( 8 mo/ spl5did a*ievem5t4 ,! association mu/ h broad5$ ! "y man1 b x did n cause him to falt] 9 8 own attitude t[>d nature & art4 ,rub5s urg$ him to g to ,italy & /udy ! great ma/]s1 & ! ,k+ endors$ ! advice4 ,! fir/ visit 0 made 9 #afbi "u circum/ances ( importance4 ,= ,velasquez />t$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,m>quis ,sp9ola1 ! mo/ r5[n$ ,capta9-,g5]al ( ! age1 :om he 0 to immortalize 9 ! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 & on 8 arrival 9 ,italy pres5t$ lett]s f ! ,c\nt-,duke de ,oliv>es :i* procur$ him admission to ! mo/ fam\s gall]ies4 ,he copi$ "s ( ! works ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael & ,t9toretto1 & br\ght back five orig9al canvases3 ,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan1 ,joseph's ,coat1 two views ( ! ,villa ,m$ici & a ,portrait ( ,da ,m>ia4 ,! fir/1 not)/&+ its classic subject1 is naturali/ic4 ,velasquez has tak5 advantage ( ! /ory ( ,apollo ann\nc+ ! infidelity ( ,v5us to h] husb&1 :ile he is at "w ) 8 assi/ants1 9 ord] to make a /udy ( ! nude =m1 z a vehicle = ! expression ( action & emotion4 ,b ! composition has no?+ ( ! me?od ( ,italian idealism1 :ile x ab\nds ) *>m+ passages ( /ill-life pa9t+1 ?or\ghly ,spani%4 ,! ,villa ,m$ici /udies are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ evid5ce ( ,velasquez's preoccupation ) nature1 ev5 among ! ma/]s 9 ,rome1 & 8 s]i\s reg>d = l&scape1 :i* =ms an important feature 9 _m ( 8 portraits4 ,8 return to ,madrid 9 #afca m>ks ! end ( :at is reg>d$ z ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,! rema9d] is simil>ly divid$ into two p>ts4 ,! *ief works ( ! fir/ p]iod beside ^? already m5tion$ are ! e>ly ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 7,national ,gall]y71 ,! ,lady ) ! ,fan 7,wallace ,collection71 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,los ,borra*os or ,! ,top]s1 & ,philip ,,iv4 ,"y1 all ( :i* are 9 ! ,prado4 ,philip welcom$ 8 arti/ back ) new favors1 appo9t+ him to ! po/ ( ,apos5tador ,mayor1 ^: duty x 0 to sup]9t5d ! arrangem5ts = ! ,k+'s lodg+ dur+ 8 excursions to ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 a means ( keep+ 8 fri5d ) him1 ?\gh x mu/ h s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,an influ5ce ( ! fir/ ,italian visit may be trac$ 9 ! l>ge decorative canvases :i* *>act]ise ! middle p]iod4 ,oliv>es _h pres5t$ 8 palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro to ! ,k+1 & ! latt] employ$ ,velasquez & o!r pa9t]s to embelli% x4 ,h5ce foll[$ ! eque/rian portraits ( ,don ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,oliv>es & ,philip himself1 & ! hi/orical picture1 ,! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a4 ,9 addition1 ?is p]iod produc$ ! ,*ri/ at ! ,pill> 7,national ,gall]y7 & ! ,prado portraits ( ,philip ,,iv z a ,sportsman1 ,don ,baltas> ,c>los z a ,sportsman1 ,don ,f]n&o de ,au/ria z a ,sportsman1 ,! ,sculptor ,montaz1 & ! portraits ( dw>fs & actors1 among ! latt] ! s-call$ ,don ,juan de ,au/ria 7p4 #ajj74 ,velasquez />t$ on 8 second visit to ,italy 9 ,june #afdi1 & return$ to ,madrid 9 ! summ] ( #afea4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t he pa9t$ ! portrait ( ,innoc5t ,x1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,doria ,gall]y 9 ,rome4 ,on 8 return home ! ,k+ made him ,m>%al ( ! ,palace1 :i* entail$ ^u him ! on]\s duties ( arrang+ c\rt fe/ivities4 ,^!1 too1 _h encreas$ 9 frequ5cy & pomp ow+ to ! ,k+'s second m>riage2 ?is "t ) 8 niece1 ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 a girl ( f\rte54 ,not)/&+ su* int]ruptions ,velasquez produc$ dur+ ^! la/ n9e ye>s ( 8 life "s ( 8 f9e/ works & 8 ma/]piece1 ,las ,m5iz 7,! ,maids ( ,honor74 ,among ! o!r canvases are ,s4 ,an?ony ,visit+ ,s4 ,paul2 ,las ,hil&]as 7,! ,weav]s72 ,portrait ( ,que5 ,m>iana 7p4 #aai72 ,portrait ( ,da ,m>ia ,t]esa 7or ,m>g>ita ,m>ia72 ,la ,infanta ,da ,m>g>ita ,m>ia1 ( ! ,l\vre2 ,philip ,,iv ,old 7p4 #ib7 & ! ,v5us 7,national ,gall]y72 sopus1 ,mo5ippus1 ,! ,god ,m>s1 ,! ,dw>f call$ ,antonio ,el ,+lese1 & ! actor ,cri/obal de ,p]na1 call$ ,b>b>roja4 ,all ! above1 except ^? o!rwise specifi$1 are 9 ! ,prado4 ,9 ,june1 #affj1 ! m>riage1 :i* _h be5 arrang$ by ,c>d9al ,maz>9 betwe5 ! "y ,l\is ,,xiv & ,philip's daught]1 ,m>a ,t]esa1 0 celebrat$ ^u ! ,isle ( ,pheasants1 9 ! little riv] :i* sep>ates ,spa9 & ,france on ! ,we/ ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! weight ( ! burd5 ( prep>ation & sup]vision fell ^u ! ,m>%al ( ! ,palace1 & prov$ m ?an ,velasquez c\ld su/a94 ,he broke d[n at ! end ( ! c]emony &1 return+ to ,madrid1 di$ a few weeks lat]1 ,augu/ #f1 #affj4 ,8 wife surviv$ him only sev5 days4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a "w ( ?is scope x is impossible to g into ! que/ions :i* h aris5 ov] ! au!nticity ( _m ( ! pictures ascrib$ to ,velasquez4 ,= in=mation on ?is head ! read] is ref]r$ to ! late/ critical "w on ! subject--8,velasquez0 by ,seor ,a4 de ,b]uete y ,moret1 & to ! cont9uation ( ! subject by 8 son 9 8 rec5t book1 8,! ,s*ool ( ,madrid40 ,bo? are publi%$ 9 ,engli%4 ,! net result ( _! /udy is t _m ( ! pictures ascrib$ to ,velasquez are ei!r copies ( ,velasquez's "w1 made by 8 son-9-law & pupil1 ,mazo1 or orig9al works ( ! latt]1 :o f con/ant companion%ip ) ,velasquez _h le>n$ to imitate 8 /yle s closely4 ,"h1 ,i w satisfy ! curiosity ( ! read] only by say+ t ^! critics pron\nce ! ,philip ,,iv 9 ,hunt+ ,co/ume1 ( ! ,l\vre1 to be a copy1 & ! ,admiral ,pulido-,p>eja1 ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 an orig9al1 by ,mazo4 ,by ref]5ce to a few examples1 let u trace ! evolution ( ,velasquez's way ( see+ & r5d]+ 8 subject4 ,! e>lie/ picture 9 ! ,prado is ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,?is is assign$ to ab\t ! ye> #afai1 ! probable date also ( ,! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 7,national ,gall]y74 ,bo?1 !re=e1 belong to ! ,seville p]iod4 ,p]haps 9 ! ,magi we c detect some?+ ( ! sophi/ication ( ! le>n$ ,pa*eco1 z well z ! influ5ce ( ! new naturali/ic movem5t4 ,! figures are naturali/ic2 :ile ! gr\p+ & light+ are artificial1 academical4 ,! light is arbitr>ily c5t]$ on ! ,"m & ,*ild2 ! %ad[s :i* envelop ! o!r figures are also arbitr>y2 nei!r %ade nor light is naturally di/ribut$2 ! :ole is a /udio conv5tion4 ,velasquez f9i%$ ,los ,borra*os1 7,! ,top]s7 9 #afbi1 ! ye> he sail$ = ,italy4 ,x repres5ts ! climax ( 8 developm5t dur+ ! previ\s t5 ye>s1 & :at progress x exhibits6 ,! di/ress+ murk9ess ( ! old] picture has disappe>$2 ! *i>oscuro 9 ?is is lum9\s2 ! fle% p>ts brilliantly light$1 ! %ad[s w>m & transp>5t4 ,b x /ill pres5ts ! /udio *i>oscuro1 design$ = ! sake ( ! patt]n & unity ( ! composition2 ! light & %ade are n nature's4 ,wond]fully naturali/ic1 h[ev]1 are ! heads ( ^! peasants1 brimm+ ) "* & life4 ,! m5 are engag$ 9 a mock sc5e1 9 :i* a y\?1 play+ ! "p ( ,bac*us1 is cr[n+ a comrade ) v9e-leaves4 ,z ,seor ,b]uete says3 8,! ,spani% #8pic>esca1' or rogue com$y1 :i* plays su* a brilliant "p 9 ! lit]ature ( t day1 has nev] be5 bett] r5d]$ ?an x is 9 ?is a/oni%+ picture40 ,b we note1 9 anticipation ( ! arti/'s fur!r advance1 t ! picture pres5ts only a pictorial ensemble1 n yet a natural unity4 ,x is a mosaic ( spl5didly execut$ items--faces1 nude =ms1 co/umes & /ill-life--ea* ( :i* m]its & inde$ dem&s individual /udy4 ,z a patt]n ! composition holds toge!r z a unit1 b x does n pres5t a unit ( sight4 ,"o _c see x z a :ole2 ! eye travels f po9t to po9t1 re/+ on ea* & enjoy+ x sep>ately4 ,! picture is a ma/]piece ( its k9d2 b x is n ( ! k9d t ,velasquez at l5g? a*iev$ 9 ! s+le1 unifi$ vision ( ,las ,m5iz4 ,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan1 :i* ,velasquez execut$ 9 ,italy 7#afcj-afca71 is rem>kable1 9 ! fir/ place1 = its fre$om f ! trace ( ,italian influ5ce4 ,velasquez _h come face to face ) ! giants1 b _h pres]v$ completely 8 indep5d5ce4 ,mi*elangelo & ,t9toretto _h %[n him _! capacity to express emotion & dramatic en]gy 9 ! action ( figures1 p>ticul>ly nude ones4 ,velasquez obs]ves2 b applies ! pr9ciples to suit 8 own ideal ( tru?2 no h]oics1 or pageantry ( display2 simply ! natural expression ( emotion1 "u natural circum/ances4 ,! work%op1 ! articles ( /ill-life1 ! action ( ! m51 h be5 /udi$ f obs]v$ facts4 ,_! "w hav+ be5 sudd5ly int]rupt$1 ea* man pauses = a ,illu/ration3 ,,las ,,hil&]as 7,,! ,,weav]s7 ,,velasquez ,,! ,,prado momm5t4 ,h[ extraord9>ily ! arre/ ( action is sugge/$6 ,rem>k p>ticul>ly ! ge/ure ( ! ?ree1 :o h sudd5ly halt$ 9 ! sequ5ce ( _! sev]al hamm] /rokes4 ,x is ! figure ( ! god only t seems out ( place & t\* ) ! re/4 ,x is disagreeably prettifi$1 /iff & =mal 9 ge/ure1 ) affect$ disposition ( ! drap]y4 ,x seems to be an academic solecism amid ! naturalness ( ! sc5e4 ,! second po9t ( int]e/ is t 9 ?is picture ,velasquez %[s ! fir/ m>k$ feel+ = tone4 ,!re is no brilliance "h or ri*ness ( hues1 su* z make ,los ,borra*os gl[ l magnific5t enamels4 ,! color-s*eme is v res]v$2 drab1 reliev$ ) :ite fle%1 br[ni% black tools & armor & ! gold5-amb] ( ,apollo's drap]y4 ,x %[s ! arti/ already feel+ t[>d color z light2 multiply+ values r ?an hues2 /udy+ ! local hues 9 ! v>iety ( ! light ^u !m1 in/ead ( apply+ to !m an arbitr>y *i>oscuro2 ev5 contriv+ to give to 8 :ole sc5e a c]ta9 envelope ( atmosph]e4 ,! figure1 rais$ at ! back1 sc>cely takes its prop] place 9 ! a]ial p]spective2 o!rwise ! sc5e1 b>r+ ! artificial halo ( ! god1 repres5ts an imm5se /ep 9 naturali/ic expression4 ,we pass to ! sup]b eque/rian portraits ( ! little ,don ,c>los1 ,oliv>es1 & ,! ,k+4 ,i wi% x _h be5 possible to reproduce all ?ree 9 ^! pages2 =1 :ile !y are all sup]bly decorative1 magnific5tly l>ge 9 expression & ?rill+ ) =ce1 !y repres5t diff]5ces ( psy*ological feel+4 ,t ( ! ,c>los1 ! d>l+ ( ! ,c\rt1 is sprightly & lovable2 bravura di/+ui%es ! o/5tati\s pleasure-lov+ c\rti]-favorite1 :ile a k+ly gravity1 t+$ ) ! arti/'s affection1 ennobles ! ,philip 7p4 #if74 ,! boy b\nds =w>d f ! l&scape2 ,oliv>es c>acoles t[>d x1 po9t+ to imag9>y exploits2 ! ,k+ is plac$ a?w>t x1 8 figure quietly dom9at+ space4 ,h[ c>efully ,velasquez calculat$ ?is la/ effect is cle> f ! fact t two /rips ( canvas h be5 /it*$ on to ! sides ( ! orig9al piece4 ,! arti/ evid5tly felt ! ne$ ( m space to secure = ! figure ! requir$ asc5dancy4 ,x 0 a frequ5t practice ( 8 to add a piece to ! top or sides ( 8 canvas1 :i*1 z ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,/ev5son1 himself an arti/1 has rem>k$1 ?r[s a light on ,velasquez's me?od ( "w4 ,he does n appe> to h made c>eful orig9al /udies ( 8 subjects1 a fact corroborat$ by ! v few draw+s t he left beh9d4 ,he r seems to h attack$ 8 subject imm$iately on canvas1 pu%+ x hotly =w>d to realise 8 m5tal picture1 & !n1 if necess>y1 adju/+ ! size ( 8 canvas to secure a f9al unity ( feel+4 ,= ! same purpose also he sometimes *ang$ ! draw+1 z he proce$$1 pa9t+ ov] ! orig9al design :i* n[ frequ5tly %[s ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is eque/rian ,philip ,,iv1 = in/ance1 ev5 ! photograph w %[ h[ he has alt]$ ! disposition ( ! horse's legs1 br++ !m ne>] toge!r1 z if he _h felt t ! m scatt]$ positions deta*$ f ! quietude & dignity ( ! ensemble4 ,! horse 9 ?is portrait z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,oliv>es is defici5t 9 spl5dor ( muscul> action4 ,x is m monum5tal1 ! br[ni% bay mass =m+ a magnific5t support to ! black armor$ figure1 ) its pale rose sa%4 ,philip 0 ju/ly reg>d$ ! f9e/ horseman ( 8 day4 ,obs]ve ! seat ( ! figure1 h[ absolutely its action is adju/$ to t ( ! horse4 ,note1 also1 t :ile ! masses ( ! l&scape support ! horse's mass1 ! k+'s figure %[s free aga9/ ! spaces ( dove-grey sky2 8 black beav] ) its :ite & plum-color$ plume lift+ pr\dly aga9/ ! :ite cl\d4 ,comp>e ?is sett+ ( ! hat ^u ! head1 ) ! respectively diff]5t treatm5t ( ! same details 9 ! o!r two portraits4 ,ea* is psy*ologically relat$ to its subject4 ,comp>e also ! sc9tillat+ livel9ess ( ! *ild's embroid]$ co/ume & flutt]+ sc>fs1 s birdlike 9 gaiety ( plumage1 ) ! sumptu\s bravado ( ,oliv>es' gold-fr+$1 w9e-r$ damask-silk b[1 & 8 gold-/rip$ armor--! :ole effect int5tionally a trifle outr4 ,:at a contra/ ( grave dignity 9 ! ,k+'s damasc5$ brea/-plate1 br[n velvet1 gold-embroid]$ bree*es1 greyi% drab gloves1 pale buff boots & deep plum-r$ sa% t floats ov] ! horse's /]n6 ,9 ! ensemble ( conc5trat$1 controll$ /atel9ess ! only fla%es ( acc5t$ en]gy are ! horse's :ite fetlock & 8 sup]bly animat$ no/ril & eye4 ,9 8 fir/ p]iod ,velasquez pa9t$ an hi/orical subject1 ,! ,expulsion ( ! ,moriscos f ,spa92 b ! picture p]i%$ 9 ! burn+ ( ! ,alcz> 9 #agcd4 ,! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a is !re=e ! only example ( 8 "w 9 ?is g5re4 ,x 0 execut$ aft] 8 fir/ visit to ,italy1 :]e he _h se5 h[ ,titian & ,t9toretto utilis$ su* subjects = palace decorations4 ,velasquez1 true to himself1 has tri$ to repres5t ! sc5e z x actually might h happ5$1 yet ) c]ta9 =malities ( balanc$ masses1 to meet its decorative purpose4 ,! picture1 9 fact1 pres5ts a mixture &1 if "o may d>e to say x ( a picture s fam$1 a confusion1 ( motive4 ,! result is nei!r frankly an hi/orical picture1 su* z ,velasquez w\ld h imag9$ x & r5d]$ x1 if 8 int5tion _h be5 s+le2 nor is x satisfactory z a decoration4 ,! patt]n ( ! composition is h&some4 ,s too its color+1 :i* includes a lovely blue sky1 fleec$ ) :ite2 fa9t] blue & blui%-gre5 & w>m drab di/ance2 blue coat$ troops 9 ! middle di/ance2 & deep sapphire blue 9 ! squ>es ( ! flag on ! "r & 9 ! bree*es ( ! man ^: :ite %irt %[s aga9/ a black horse on ! left ( ! c5t]1 & la/ly 9 ! co/ume ( ! man ) a gun ov] 8 %\ld] on ! extreme left4 ,! coat ( ! adjo9+ figure is br[ni% buff2 ! horse on ! "r1 d>k r$di% br[n4 ,sp9ola is clad 9 black armor1 /udd$ ) gold2 ,ju/9 ( ,nassau 9 br[n & gold4 ,all ?is is highly decorative1 b n ( itself suffici5t to produce a decoration4 ,= ! secret ( a decoration lies 9 ! treatm5t ( ! planes1 s t a s5se ( flatness may be pres]v$4 ,!re is no?+ ( t "h2 ! bulk & dep? ( ! =egr\nd masses contradict x4 ,! front figures ( ! man on ! left & ! horse opposite are alone suffici5t to prev5t a mural feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! po9t ( view ( an hi/orical picture1 ! attempt to treat ! gr\ps z masses1 se5 aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 has result$ 9 a c]ta9 confusion ( _! planes1 & 9 a g5]al lack ( int]e/+ sugge/ion 9 _! details4 ,only ! treatm5t ( ! two pr9cipal figures is entirely satisfy+4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! beautiful expressiv5ess ( ! conqu]or's noble condesc5sion & ! no less dignifi$ humility ( ! conqu]$4 ,to ?is1 ! he>t & s\l ( ! conception1 ! re/ comes ne> to be+ b an ornam5tal & r di/ract+ surplusage4 ,( ! ?ree sportsm5 portraits1 t ( ! ,k+ is aga9 ! f9e/4 ,t ( 8 y\nge/ bro!r1 ,don ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 is a some:at e>li] "w1 pa9t$1 possibly1 be=e ! arti/'s visit to ,italy2 & ! little ,don ,c>los1 *>m+ z x is1 has lo/ a portion ( its canvas 7x is sugge/$ t x may h be5 cut f its frame to save x at ! "t ( ! fire71 s t ! composition has n ! consummate propriety & dignity ( ! ,k+'s portrait4 ,! latt] is also di/+ui%$ by ! ma/]ly discretion ( its tonality1 :i* is bas$ on br[n4 ,! tree trunk is br[n2 ! foliage br[ni% olive2 ! cap & d\blet light] tones ( ! same & ! trunks & gait]s d>k]2 ! gun1 light br[n & ! glove drab br[n2 ! dog1 orange-tawny4 ,?us ! figures & tree c\nt z "o h&some mass1 9 :i* ! pr$om9ant spot is ! pale face1 set (f by ! s(t1 blond *e/nut hair4 ,! sleeve ( ! und]coat is black & silv]1 =m+ a ?read ( m9or emphasis to connect ! head & ! glov$ h&1 ! latt] s full ( "* & te*nical di/9ction4 ,! backgr\nd ( l&scape is compos$ ( a /ret* ( tawny drab grass1 slop+ up to blui% trees1 se5 aga9/ a grey sky1 curdl$ ) cream4 ,a f9e example ( ! num]\s portraits ( dw>fs & actors1 is t ( ! buffoon1 nicknam$ ,don ,juan de ,au/ria 7p4 #ajj74 ,! figure is %[n 9 a drab grey int]ior1 f :i* a door op5s on to a view ( sea-%ore & a burn+ %ip4 ,! co/ume is ( black velvet & a peculi>ly subtle pale cl>et-color$ silk4 ,! expression ( ! man is "o ( conc5tration1 to ! sugge/ion ( :i* e "p ( ! figure s curi\sly & completely contributes its %>e1 unit+ 9 a p]fect ensemble ( feel+4 ,9 ! atmosph]ic envelope & extreme *oic5ess ( color ?is canvas is a wor?y prelude to ! ma/]pieces ( ! f9al p]iod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to "o ( ! latt] allusion has already be5 made3 ! ,philip ,,iv ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,h[ infallibly j is ! plac+ ( ! black bu/ & head aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd6 ,) :at f9esse h be5 calculat$ ! acc5ts ( ! *a9 & ornam5ts & coll>1 9 ord] to secure & at ! same "t alleviate ! emphasis ( ! empty1 solemn head ) its puff$1 waxy features & s(t1 pallid hair6 ,h[ absolutely a unit is ! :ole impression6 :ile ! bru% "w is ! ne plus ultra ( impressioni/ic te*nique4 ,a miracle ( pa9t+ also is pres5t$ 9 ! portrait ( a *ild1 id5tifi$ v>i\sly z ,da ,m>g>ita or ,da ,m>a ,t]esa1 & 9 t ( ! n mu* old] ,da ,m>iana de ,au/ria1 ,philip's second wife ,illu/ration3 ,,las ,,m5i,,z 7,,! ,,maids ,,( ,,honor7 ,,velasquez ,,! ,,prado 7p4 #aai74 ,! *ild's 8gu>da-infante0 is ( clo? ( silv]1 wov5 diagonally ) pale rose silk1 all a%imm] ) veil$ lu/re4 ,v]milion b[s adorn h] wai/1 a jewel$ rosette ( ! same color h] corsage1 :ile a small rosette "u ! left e> & a plume on ! "r ( ! head1 bo? v]milion1 set (f ! s(t /raw-color$ hair & ! fre% t5d] hues ( h] face4 ,curta9 & c>pet are a rosy crimson1 ?us complet+ a tonal s*eme ( exquisitely delicate vivacity4 ,9 ! second portrait ! ,que5's robe is ( black velvet1 %ot ) br[n1 decorat$ ) silv] bullion4 ,notes ( poppy sc>let appe> at h] wri/s1 :ile a pale sc>let m+l$ ) silv] is ! color ( ! plume & ( ! ribbon fl[]s 9 h] hair4 ,! curta91 9 color pale rosy burgundy1 frames a d>k olive backgr\nd1 a concavity ( atmosph]e1 9 ! half-light ( :i* appe>s a da9ty gold clock ^u a table4 ,^! two canvases are m>vels ( te*nical a*ievem5t & surpass+ lovel9ess4 ,a head & bu/-portrait ( ?is ,que51 app>5tly 9 ! same co/ume1 hangs 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,a broad] me?od1 9 :i* "o /rongly feels ! exhil>ation ( ! bru%/rokes1 is repres5t$ 9 ! sopus & ,mo5ippus4 ,! grizzl$ black hair & pallid features ( ! =m] %[ aga9/ a w>m drab-olive backgr\nd4 ,9 ! l[] "r corn] is a spot ( black & creamy fabric2 opposite to x a creamy color$ b[l2 o!rwise ! figure is a /udy 9 br[ns ( peculi>ly f9e quality4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! ,mo5ippus is some:at cold] ?an ! sopus2 9 key ) ! black cloak4 ,! cap1 boots1 & ! table & pit*] are ( tones ( br[n2 ! be>d is grey & ! fle% ( ! face ripely rubicund4 ,ev5 9 ! photograph "o c appreciate ! ma/]ful bread? ( ! drap]ies1 & feel ?r\gh ! modulation ( ! values ! bulk ( ! figure b5ea?4 ,! ,v5us ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 if x is to be reckon$ among ! works ( ,velasquez1 is 8 only example ( a female nude4 ,:ile x attracts at fir/1 x subsequ5tly proves disappo9t+4 ,9 ! empt9ess ( ! back x is h>d to recognise ! h& ( ! ma/]1 :o 9 e>ly days model$ s skilfully ! man's back 9 ! ,=ge ( ,vulcan & ^: model+ g5]ally is s ma/]ly & full ( int]e/4 ,nor c we easily reconcile ) 8 un]r+ tru? ( obs]vation ! draw+ ( ! reflection 9 ! mirror1 :i* in/ead ( be+ small] ?an ! real head is some:at l>g]4 ,moreov] ! r$ ( ! curta9 & g5]al color s*eme lack ! *oic5ess & subtlety ( ! canvases ( ! late/ p]iod1 to :i* ! ,v5us is assign$4 ,we rea* n[ ! two celebrat$ ma/]pieces3 ,las ,hil&]as1 7,! ,weav]s71 7p4 #aji7 & ,las ,m5iz1 7,maids ( ,honor7 7p4 #aad74 ,!y are v diff]5t4 ,bo? are triumphs alike ( sci5ce & ( inspir$ vision2 yet1 by comp>ison1 ,i %\ld di/+ui% ! ,maids ( ,honor z a miracle ( vision1 ! o!r z a m>vel ( sci5ce4 ,= we may be consci\s ( ! sci5ce 9 ! "o & lose ?\ght ( x entirely 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ,las ,m5iz ! unity ( ! ensemble seems z artless z ! sc5e depict$2 9 ,las ,hil&]as x is p]haps less complete1 c]ta9ly less simple & seems to sugge/ ! consummate k ne$$ to a*ieve x4 ,! int]e/ ( ! =m] p]vades ! :ole *amb] & c5t]s 9 ! little pr9cess4 ,t ( ,las ,hil&]as1 seems1 at lea/ at fir/1 to be di/ribut$ into ?ree p>ts1 & ! focus po9t = ! eye--,:]e is x8 ,/udy+ ! two pictures1 z is possible 9 ! ,prado1 s9ce !y hang ^u ! same wall1 ne> en\gh = ! eye to travel backw>d & =w>d f "o to ! o!r1 "o discov]s1 ,i believe1 t ! problem involv$ 9 ea* is ! rev]se ( t ( ! o!r4 ,las ,m5iz %[s a p>tially light$ int]ior1 ) ! *ief light on ! little figure 9 ! =egr\nd2 :ile ! problem ( ! o!r picture is a dimly light$1 or r d>k5$ =egr\nd1 & a fully light$ backgr\nd4 ,9 ,las ,hil&]as1 9 fact1 ! arti/'s *ief motive 0 ! alcove1 p]vad$ by a cle> light t illum9es ! blues1 greys & pale rose ( ! tape/ry4 ,velasquez _h se5 x s & realis$ h[ ! effect 0 height5$ by ! dimness ( ! spot 9 :i* he /ood4 ,consci\s ( ?is1 "o beg9s to und]/& t ! focus po9t ( ?is picture is ! %ad$ dull-r$ figure 9 ! c5t] ( ! middle di/ance4 ,b x is a focus po9t ( dep>ture2 n1 z 9 ,las ,m59as1 design$ to draw our att5tion to x1 b to direct x to ! light$ space beh9d4 ,:5 once we h recognis$ ?is1 ord] beg9s to e/abli% itself 9 :at seem$ to be ! divid$ int]e/ ( ! canvas4 ,! beautiful figure1 on ! "r1 ( ! girl 9 a :ite *emise no long] holds our att5tion too exclusively4 ,we see 9 h] ! arti/'s tw(old purpose ( expla9+ ! front plane ( 8 sc5e1 & po9t+ ?r\gh ! %ad$ figure to 8 ma9 motive4 ,we h discov]$ ! prop] view ( sight2 x is 9 front ( ?is girl1 look+ diagonally t[>d ! alcove1 & ! gr\p on ! left is introduc$ to balance ! composition4 ,yet ev5 n[1 aft] "o ?9ks "o has captur$ ! secret ( ! unity ( ! ensemble1 s cunn+ly a*iev$1 ! beautiful figure ( ! girl on ! "r ( ! =egr\nd may arre/ our int]e/ & di/ract x f ! :ole4 ,x is because ( ?is1 t = my own "p1 !re seems to be m ( sci5ce ?an ( inspiration 9 ?is vision4 ,n s ) ,las ,m5iz4 ,"h "o =gets to analyse--!re is no ne$ to d s--"o simply accepts ! sc5e & feels its consummate tru?4 ,h[ consummate x is1 only famili>ity ) ! orig9al c reveal4 ,x is a tru? t gr[s ^u ! consci\sness1 /imulat+ x to dem& m & yet m difficult te/s ( its tru?fulness1 & satisfy+ e "o4 ,& ! unity :i* is ! secret ( ! tru? has n be5 obta9$ by monotony ( hue4 ,! canvas is alive ) color1 /rong notes ( mo/ vivaci\s hue4 ,! ,pr9cess's dress is creamy silv] ) a bun* ( rose on h] brea/4 ,?is rosy note is e*o$ 9 v>y+ tones3 9 ! glass t is be+ pres5t$ to h]2 on ! arti/'s palette2 9 ! curta9 reflect$ 9 ! mirror at ! back :]e ! ,k+ & ,que5 appe>2 9 ! bright cuff ribbons on ! silv]y grey dress ( ! maid-9-wait+ on ! "r1 & 9 ! dull rose co/ume ( ! *ild on ! extreme "r4 ,! dw>f next to him we>s a dress ( slaty blue1 decorat$ ) silv]2 ! kneel+ maid1 a gre5i% grey upp] dress ov] a skirt ( deep greyi% gre51 & ,velasquez himself is 9 black4 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,,d,a ,,m>iana ,,de ,,au/ria ,,velasquez ,,! ,,prado ! m]e enum]ation ( ! colors gives no idea ( _! positive vivacity1 z !y %[ out brilliantly 9 ! light1 & none ( ! m>vell\s realisation ( ! textures4 ,no?+ has be5 evad$2 no?+ seems to h giv5 ! arti/ a mom5t's pause or difficulty4 ,yet1 :5 all is said1 ! greate/ m>vel is ! concavity ( ! drab-grey room1 fill$ ) lum9\s atmosph]e2 cle>1 ar\nd ! =egr\nd figures1 b ) inf9ite nuances ( cle>ness1 melt+ into v>ieties ( p5etrable my/]y 9 ! rec$+ p]spective4 ,9 ! :ole sc5e n a trace ( evasion or confusion6 ,ev]y?+ is readily compreh5d$1 because r5d]$ ) imm$iate precision1 z if 9 a mom5t ( infallible improvisation4 ,las ,m5iz 0 n only ! matur$ a*ievem5t ( ,velasquez's long rese>* into ! effect ( light ^u color & ^u _! relations to "o ano!r 9 space2 x 0 a new k9d ( picture4 ,x is compos$1 built up ( light4 ,accord+ to old] conv5tions ( composition ! l>ge space above ! figures w\ld be consid]$ empty4 ,b "h x is n empty2 x is fill$ ) tones ( light1 ) lum9\s a]ial p]spective t balances ! gr\p ( light$ =ms bel[4 ,possibly ! photograph may n convey ?is impression to "o :o has n se5 ! orig9al4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! latt] !re c be no d\bt ( x4 ,! upp] "p is z full ( mat]ial z ! l[]2 we may ev5 f9d x m beautiful1 because s inf9itely subtle & /imulat+ to ! imag9ation4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce has ! tru? ( natural appe>ances be5 s m>vell\sly r5d]$1 or ! beauty ( e day tru? be5 s height5$ by ! arti/'s inspir$ imag9ation4 ,las ,m5iz is an apocalypse1 ! revelation ( a supreme vision4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ,spani% art & ! g5]al int]e/ ( ,europe 9 ,italianate & rococo motives1 ,velasquez dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 0 =gott54 ,t[>d ! end ( t c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,goya d]iv$ inspiration f 8 works1 & ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,manet1 ,:i/l] & o!rs r$iscov]$ him4 ,8 example has be5 ! *ief influ5ce 9 lead+ ! _w back to reg>d a pa9t+ z a "w ( art1 & 9 tea*+ ! pa9t] himself ! te*nique t w entitle x to be s consid]$4 ,! duration ( 8 influ5ce has correspond$ ) ! vogue ( naturalism :i* has prevail$ 9 ,lit]ature & ! ,f9e ,arts1 a reflex action ( ! g5]al sci5tific attitude ( ! "t4 ,! vogue is pass+1 & ,velasquez's imm$iate influ5ce may gr[ less4 ,b 8 reputation w endure1 because x is f\nd$ ^u ! la/+ f\ndation ( 8tru?1 n pa9t+40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,mazo ,a tw(old int]e/ atta*es to ,juan ,bauti/a de ,mazo1 ! pupil & son-9-law ( ,velasquez4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 employ$ by 8 ma/] to copy _m ( ! latt]'s pictures1 s t he is involv$ 9 ! controv]sies :i* h aris5 ov] _! attribution4 ,secondly1 he 0 himself an orig9al portrait pa9t]1 & practically ! only repres5tative ( l&scape pa9t+ 9 ! ,spani% ,s*ool4 ,mazo 0 a native ( ,madrid1 ! date ( 8 bir? be+ plac$ approximately 9 #afab1 because he is report$ to h liv$ a little ov] fifty ye>s1 & 8 dea? took place 9 #affg4 ,x is n kn[n :5 he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,velasquez1 b he m>ri$ ! latt]'s daught]1 ,francisca1 9 #afcd4 ,! ,k+ signalis$ 8 approval ( ! m>riage by reliev+ ,velasquez ( 8 duties z ,u%] ( ! ,*amb] & transf]r+ !m to ,mazo4 ,! "y p made _! home ) _! p>5ts-9-law1 & ,mazo work$ 9 con/ant companion%ip ) ,velasquez until ! latt]'s dea?4 ,he seems to h _h a rem>kable faculty ( imitation1 = ,palom9o1 writ+ %ortly aft] ,mazo's dea?1 says3 8,he 0 s skill$ z a copyi/1 especially ) reg>d to ! works ( 8 ma/]1 t x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% ! copies f ! orig9als4 ,i h se5 "s copies ( 81 aft] pictures by ,t9toretto1 ,v]onese & ,titian1 :i* are n[ 9 ! possession ( 8 heirs4 ,if ^! copies 7 produc$ 9 ,italy1 :]e 8 tal5t is unkn[n1 !y w\ld be tak5 )\t any d\bt = orig9als40 ,velasquez utilis$ ?is ability ( 8 pupil1 z ,rub5s & ,rembr&t made use respectively ( !irs1 to assi/ him 9 "p or 9 :ole4 ,copies ( 8 pictures 7 requir$ by ! ,k+ = pres5tation to memb]s ( ! ,royal ,family ( ,au/ria1 to ambassadors & o!rs to :om he wi%$ to %[ special favor4 ,9 "s cases ,velasquez himself made a replica1 m (t51 because ( ! int]ruptions ( 8 ,c\rt duties & ! /ress ( o!r "w1 w\ld employ ,mazo to make a copy1 leav+ x intact or t\*+ x up z ! case might be4 ,an example ( "o ( ^! copies1 accord+ to ,seor ,b]uete1 is ! ,philip ,,iv z ,sportsman1 ( ! ,l\vre4 ,he assigns x z a copy1 made by ,mazo1 ( ! orig9al t is n[ 9 ! ,prado4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! ,l\vre picture ! ,k+ holds 8 cap ) ! left h& on 8 hip2 9 ! ,prado ! cap appe>s ^u ! head4 ,?is 0 an alt]ation1 subsequ5tly made by ,velasquez1 = "o c /ill trace 9 ! orig9al picture a d>k mass ov] ! hip1 :]e ! "u-pa9t+ %[s ?r\gh4 ,! copy1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 made be=e ! alt]ation4 ,an example ( an orig9al by ,mazo1 :i* has pass$ z a ,velasquez1 is1 accord+ to ,seor ,b]uete1 ! celebrat$ portrait ( ,admiral ,adrian ,pulido ,p>eja 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,x is sign$ ) ! "n ( ,illu/ration3 ,,d,a ,,m>iana ,,de ,,au/ria ,,mazo ,,! ,,prado ,velasquez 9 ,lat94 ,b ! ,spani% critic po9ts out t1 :ile a signature itself is no pro( ( au!nticity1 ?is "o diff]s 9 matt] & "* f ! only o!r ?ree in/ances ( ! signature ( ,velasquez on a picture4 ,^! are on und\bt$ works ( ! ma/]3 ! full-l5g? ,philip ,,iv 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! portrait ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,x 9 ! ,doria ,gall]y1 & ! fragm5t ( a picture :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,palace 9 ,madrid4 ,/udy+ ! te*nical qualities ( ! ,admiral & comp>+ !m ) ^? ( und\bt$ examples ( ! same p]iod 9 ,velasquez's c>e]1 ,seor ,b]uete rea*es1 9 brief1 ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,! figure does n /& firmly on its feet2 ! latt] & ! legs are badly %ap$2 ! hat looks l a sack2 its curve is prolong$ by t ( ! left arm & bo? are p>allel to ! curve ( ! body2 ! h&s are poorly model$2 ! baton is held )\t di/9ction1 ! silh\ette ( ! :ole figure is nei!r sure nor beautiful1 & ! masses lack j disposition & balance4 ,! :ole is )\t ! di/9ction1 sur5ess ( t\* & brio t *>act]ise all ! au!ntic portraits ( ,velasquez4 ,x is a f9e "w by a pa9t] ( less p[] ?an ,velasquez1 b be>s s /rong a resemblance to 8 /yle1 t x c be by no o!r ?an 8 pupil1 ,mazo4 ,= o!r pictures1 hi!rto suppos$ to be by ,velasquez b n[ claim$ by ,seor ,b]uete = 8 pupil1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,spani% critic's book3 8,! ,s*ool ( ,madrid40 ,) ! ,portrait ( ,da ,m>iana ( ,au/ria 7p4 #abb71 ! second wife ( ,philip ,,iv1 we rea* an unque/ion$ orig9al by ,mazo4 ,x is ! same subject z 9 ,velasquez's portrait 7p4 #aai71 only ! girl-bride has n[ become a girl-"m4 ,h] *ild1 ! ,infanta ,m>g>ita1 ab\t f\r ye>s old1 appe>s 9 ! re> ) att5dants & a dw>f4 ,x is a drab int]ior r rem9isc5t ( t 9 ,las ,m5iz4 ,! crimson curta9 & *air & ! ,que5's pose1 on ! o!r h&1 recall ,velasquez's portrait1 j m5tion$4 ,! sugge/ion1 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t is ,velasquez1 b n ! h&l+ & ! /yle4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! h& on ! *air 9 ! "o portrait & ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,mazo !re is an abs5ce ( model+ & "*4 ,h[ *>act]less also ! l9e ( ! "r arm1 & want+ 9 decision & di/9ction ! :ole silh\ette ( ! figure4 ,yet ! picture has a v great *>m ( ref9em5t & t5d] feel+4 ,ano!r probable orig9al by ,mazo 9 ! ,prado 7,no4 #ajhc71 ,portrait ( ,pr9ce ,baltas> ,c>los1 is attribut$ to ,velasquez 9 ! (ficial catalogue4 ,x is "o ( a numb] ( simil> attributions t surprise ! visitor to ! ,prado4 ,! portrait 9 "q %[s ! ,pr9ce1 n[ 9 8 f\rte5? ye>1 /&+ ) 8 left h& ^u ! back ( a *air1 :ile 8 "r hangs gracefully1 hold+ a plum$ hat4 ,! figure is entirely 9 black aga9/ a drab backgr\nd4 ,!re is no picture by ,velasquez1 kn[n to exi/1 f :i* ?is c\ld be a copy4 ,t x is n an orig9al by ! ma/] is evid5t 9 ! s(tness an indecision ( ! draw+1 & ! actually bad draw+ ( ! "r leg :i* does n connect prop]ly ) ! hip4 ,x is !re=e assum$ ) probability to be an orig9al by ,mazo1 & ! fault ( draw+ is expla9$ by ! fact t he 0 only tw5ty-f\r ye>s old :5 he pa9t$ x4 ,?is picture has an und5iable elegance1 b falls v %ort ( ,mazo's ,da ,m>iana 9 accompli%m5t4 ,h[ev]1 bo? ! orig9ality & ! capacity ( ,mazo are be/ display$ 9 8 l&scapes1 :i* h n[ be5 collect$ into "o ( ! upp] gall]ies ( ! ,prado4 ,z we h not$1 ,mazo is ! s+le great l&scape pa9t] ( ! old ,spani% ,s*ool4 ,:ile ! contempor>y ,s*ool ( ,holl&1 9 ! p]sons ( ,ruisdael1 ,van ,goy51 ,hobbema1 ,cuyp & _m o!rs1 0 develop+ l&scape z an indep5d5t bran* ( art & c>ry+ x to a high level ( repres5tation & expression1 ! ,spani% ,s*ool1 ) ! exception ( ,mazo1 /ill us$ x 9 subord9ation to ! figure4 ,consid]+ t bo? s*ools 7 influ5c$ by ! naturali/ic motive1 h[ is "o to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce8 ,probably 9 ! fact t1 :ile ! ,dut* arti/s 7 9 a great measure pa9t+ to please !mselves & *oos+ _! own subjects1 ! ,spani% arti/s work$ directly "u ! patronage ( ,royalty & ! ,*ur*4 ,portraiture & religi\s subjects 7 ! only "w dem&$ ( !m4 ,add$ to ?is may be ! fact t ! ,dut* ideal 0 democratic1 ! ,spani% ari/ocratic4 ,! ,dut* p 7 int]e/$ 9 !mselves & 9 ! ev]yday conc]ns & environm5t ( _! lives1 & ! ,dut* arti/s1 be+ ( ! same /uff z _! public1 contribut$ to ! popul> ta/e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ! ,spani% mon>*y & ! ,*ur* 7 /rongholds ( ari/ocracy & bo? _h close affiliations ) ,italy1 ! art ( :i* _h be5 pre-em95tly ari/ocratic4 ,x 0 bas$1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 a companion volume to ?is "o1 8,! ,/ory ( ,dut* ,pa9t+10 on ! idea ( ! sup]iority ( ! individual p]son1 or1 translat$ into t]ms ( art1 on ! supremacy ( ! human figure z an art-motive4 ,we may well believe t ,mazo 0 enc\rag$ 9 8 feel+ = l&scape by ,velasquez himself4 ,= x is recall$ t ! latt] dur+ 8 leisure 9 ,rome pa9t$ two vi/as 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,villa ,m$ici4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,prado a ,view ( ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 :i* ! catalogue admits 0 probably pa9t$ 9 ,spa9 f a sket* made 9 ,rome4 ,lat] criticism1 h[ev]1 has conclud$ t x 0 ,mazo :o pa9t$ ?is f ,velasquez's sket*1 & has also assign$ to ! y\ng] man sev]al o!r l&scapes1 orig9ally suppos$ to be by ,velasquez4 ,9 ?is judgm5t ! ,director ( ! ,prado acquiesces1 = ! pictures h be5 plac$ 9 ! gall]y devot$ to ,mazo's l&scapes4 ,be=e consid]+ !m1 let u note ! contribution made by ,velasquez1 indirectly ?r\gh 8 portraits1 to ! art ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,he us$ l&scape1 ) ! fre$om & feel+ ( "o :o compreh5d$ x & lov$ x1 9 8 eque/rian & sportsman portraits1 9 ! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a & p>ticul>ly 9 "o ( 8 late/ works1 ,s4 ,antony ,visit+ ,s4 ,paul1 :]e ! figures are small & ! picture is virtually a l&scape subject4 ,! *ief di/9ction ( all ^! l&scape sc5es is t ,velasquez1 ! /ud5t ( light1 has br\ght natural light into ! sc5es1 9 :i* respect !y diff] f ! l&scape ( ,italian backgr\nds1 ev5 ^? ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,! ,,tritons ,,mazo ,,! ,,prado noble ones ( ,titian's1 :i* are p]vad$ ) :at is1 comp>atively speak+1 a /udio light+4 ,velasquez is 9 a s5se ev5 m naturali/ic ?an 8 contempor>ies1 ! ,holl& ma/]s ( l&scape1 =1 al?\gh !y r5d]$ nature m intimately1 !y 7 dispos$ to translate ! actual hues ( nature into a tonality ( _! own4 ,velasquez1 on ! contr>y1 record$ :at seem$ to him to be ! facts ( sight4 ,he1 !re=e1 reappe>s among ! mod]ns ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 l&scape z 9 portraiture1 "o ( !mselves1 because _! mutual /udy 0 ! light ( nature4 ,"o ( ,mazo's mo/ important l&scapes1 kn[n to be 8 by docum5t>y evid5ce1 is ! ,view ( ,z>agoza4 ,x hangs 9 ! ,velasquez gall]y ( ! ,prado1 because ! ma/] add$ ! figures :i* are di/ribut$ 9 ?ree planes ?r\gh\t ! =egr\nd4 ,b ! riv] beyond1 dott$ ) sailboats1 ! bridge & di/ant view ( ! city are unque/ionably by ,mazo4 ,! silv]y deep olive-gre5 ( ! wat] & ! accurate def9ition ( ! build+s1 :i* nev]!less are felt z masses1 recall ! f9e/ mann] ( ,il ,canaletto1 :ile ! sugge/ion ( light 9 ! sky is m naturali/ic ?an ! ,v5etian ev] atta9$4 ,x is a picture t int]e/s "o to comp>e ) ! s+le l&scape ( ,jan ,v]me]3 8 ,view ( ,delft 9 ! ,hague ,gall]y4 ,ea* gives "o an extraord9>y realisation ( ! actuality ( ! sc5e2 b1 :ile ! ,holl& arti/'s picture brea!s an intimate dome/icity1 ! "w ( ! ,spani>d is psy*ologically diff]5t1 sugge/+ a c]ta9 hauteur & exclusiv5ess2 p>tly1 no d\bt1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! *oice gr\ps ( figures by ,velasquez4 ,! ?ree l&scapes orig9ally attribut$ to ,velasquez1 b n[ includ$ by ! ,director ( ! ,gall]y among ,mazo's are3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,tritons 7p4 #abb71 ,calle de la ,re9a de ,aranjuez1 & ,! ,view ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ ! tree-/em on ! left-=egr\nd1 spr9kl$ ) leaves1 is rem9isc5t ( ,velasquez1 & ! beautiful little figures1 s sugge/ively r5d]$1 may h be5 add$ by him4 ,b ! h&l+ ( ! grey-gre5 foliage ( ! fur!r trees1 s(tly blurr$ aga9/ a blui% grey sky1 is unlike ! me?od ( ,velasquez z se5 9 any ( 8 l&scape backgr\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s(t fa9t masses ( tone1 subsequ5tly work$ ov] ) little curly /rokes1 c be f\nd to a great] or less ext5t 9 ! foliage p>ts ( all ,mazo's l&scapes 9 ?is room4 ,! latt]1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 v>y 9 subject1 includ+ views ( build+s1 romantic sc5es ( rocks & wat]falls1 sea-%ore 9 comb9ation ) cliffs & temple-ru9s1 & views m simply naturali/ic4 ,to ea* ! arti/ has adopt$ a te*nique suitable to ! occasion1 s t x is n at fir/ sight easy to recognise !m z ! "w ( "o man4 ,mazo1 9 fact1 9 8 approa* to l&scape1 %[s no?+ ( ! timidity & indecision & t5d5cy to foll[ closely 8 ma/]1 su* z *>act]ise 8 portraits4 ,"h he %[s himself an orig9al exp]im5t]1 freely pursu+ 8 own motive4 ,9 ! case ( ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,tritons x has br\ght him to a me?od t anticipates ! impressioni/ic /yle ( ,corot4 ,! peeps ( sky ?r\gh ! s(t scre5 ( trees2 _! v color+1 ! s+le tree-/em 9 ! =egr\nd & ! envelope ( cool grey atmosph]e--,corot might h pa9t$ !m4 ,! ,calle de la ,re9a has aga9 a /rangely mod]n air1 some:at t ( a ,jules ,dupr1 :5 he is n /irr$ to emotional effects4 ,! av5ue1 lead+ to ! palace ( ,aranjuez1 rec$es 9 ! %ad[ ( tall trees1 :i* t[] up 9 d>k masses aga9/ a f9e twilight sky4 ,its light is dimly reflect$ 9 ! grey-blue wat] ( a %ad[$ lake on ! left ( ! =egr\nd2 ! re/ ( ! latt] be+ enliv5$ ) figures :i* =m ! ret9ue ( two arriv+ coa*es4 ,all ^! spr9kl$ =ms c\nt z d>k spots ^u ! pale-light$ s&y road4 ,9 its tru? ( obs]vation & simple nobility ( feel+ ?is l&scape w\ld d honor to any s*ool ( any p]iod4 ,to assi/ 8 appreciation ( ,mazo's romantic & my?ological l&scapes1 ! visitor to ! ,prado w d well to /ep into an adjo9+ gall]y1 devot$ to ! works ( ,claude ,lorra9 & ,nicolas ,p\ss94 ,x is true !y are n repres5t$ "h at _! be/2 yet p]haps suffici5tly well to sugge/ ! "* ( _! "w & c]ta9ly its _s4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,claude ,lorra9 x is slight]1 %all[] ?an ! _s ( ,mazo's correspond+ sc5es2 less re9=c$ by close obs]vation ( nature2 or1 x may be1 inspir$ by s(t] influ5ces4 ,= ! s\rce ( ! diff]5ce is p]haps ! contra/ ( "* ( ! ,spani% z comp>$ ) ! ,italian l&scape4 ,mazo has not$ to good purpose ! /irr+ cl\d effects t pile high above ! gaunt si]ras1 & _! gr&eur & bigness h inspir$ 8 feel+4 ,by comp>ison1 ! mell[ skies ( ! ,fr5*-,italian l&scapes1 seem trivial1 & communicate _! slight] feel+ to ! =mal1 classically compos$ =egr\nds1 s t !y seem mann]$4 ,9 ,mazo's on ! o!r h&1 ! gr&eur ( ! sky's sugge/ion spreads to ! m\nta9s1 rocks & wat]1 inve/+ ! :ole ) a s5se ( /ructural p[] & !re=e ( s9c]ity4 ,9 fact1 9 ^! romantic1 my?ological subjects ,mazo /&s alongside ,turn] r ?an ,claude & ,p\ss94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,c>re,o ,among ! pa9t]s :o 7 contempor>ies ( ,velasquez & aft] 8 dea? help$ to /em = a little :ile ! decl9e ( ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid1 special notice is due to ,juan ,c>reo de ,mir&a4 ,he came ( a noble family ( ! prov9ce ( ,a/urias1 8 fa!r be+ ,alcade de los ,hijosdalgos or ,*ief ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nobles1 9 ! t[n ( ,aviles1 :]e ,juan 0 born 9 #afad4 ,:5 he 0 /ill a boy he accompani$ 8 fa!r to ,madrid1 & made up 8 m9d to be an arti/4 ,8 fa!r1 at la/ acquiesc+1 plac$ him ) ,p$ro de las ,cuevas1 :o _h also be5 ! tea*] ( ,jos ,leon>do & ,p]$a4 ,c>reo aft]w>ds work$ ) a pa9t]1 ,b>tolom ,roman2 b by ! "t t he 0 tw5ty ye>s old _h s di/+ui%$ himself t he 0 entru/$ ) sev]al important commissions4 ,velasquez recognis$ 8 tal5t &1 ?9k+ he %\ld be employ$ 9 ! ,k+'s s]vice1 commission$ him to pa9t "s frescoes = ! royal palace4 ,^! 7 de/roy$ 9 ! fire ( #agcd4 ,9 #affi ,c>reo 0 appo9t$ "o ( ! ,c\rt ,pa9t]s1 a po/ :i* he cont9u$ to hold aft] ! succession ( ! "y k+1 ,*>les ,,ii1 :5 ! reg5cy 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,que5-,"m1 ,m>iana de ,au/ria4 ,9 ?is capacity ,c>reo execut$ portraits ( ! royal family :i* repres5t 8 be/ "w4 ,mean:ile 8 popul>ity 0 bas$ ^u 8 decorations & alt>-pieces4 ,8 decorative ability1 :i* _h be5 recognis$1 z we h se51 by ,velasquez1 includ$ a famili>ity ) ! te*nique ( fresco pa9t+1 a bran* ( ! art :i* _h few repres5tatives among ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,! ta/e = x _h be5 introduc$ by ! ,italians summon$ to decorate ! ,escoril1 & p]petuat$ by o!r =eign]s :o 7 employ$ 9 decorat+ ! pr9cipal *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,f !m ,c>reo acquir$ a k ( ! process4 ,he seems 7= ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ,c>reo's mural decorations7 to h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 8 use ( x by a comb9ation ( ,italian decorative composition ) types & motives *>act]i/ically ,spani%1 & by v delicate & spiritual s*emes ( color4 ,p]haps ! "* & quality ( ! latt] may be discov]$ 9 ! alt>-piece by ?is arti/ 9 ! ,hispanic ,museum1 ,new ,york4 ,x is a ,conception2 ! subject be+ pres5t$ 9 ! usual way prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! composition is loos]1 if "o may say s1 ?an ,murillo's 9 simil> pictures1 ) l9es m fl[+ & masses di/ribut$ m gaily4 ,x is ! arrangem5t1 9 fact1 ( a pa9t] accu/om$ to ! lib]ty ( decoration on a l>ge surface4 ,x has a sweep & elegance t make x ak9 to ! compositions ( ,antol9ez & p>ticul>ly ( ,c]ezo1 :om we briefly discuss$ 9 ! f\r? *apt]4 ,9 its color-s*eme also1 x favors !irs4 ,all ^! arti/s1 9 fact1 repres5t ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,c>re,o ,,! ,,prado a reaction f ! m sob] & re/rict$ color-s*emes1 impos$ ^u ,velasquez & o!r ,c\rt pa9t]s4 ,at ! same "t1 !y are *>act]i/ic ( ! decl9e :i* _h already begun4 ,! color+ ( ?is ,conception ( ,c>reo's is di/+ui%ably prettifi$2 pe>ly p9ks & blues1 s(t greys & gre5s1 p]il\sly sugge/ive ( ! bonbonire /yle4 ,& ! s5tim5t ( ! :ole is correspond+ly suave1 almo/1 if n completely1 to insipidity4 ,simil>ly s5tim5tal are ?is arti/'s ,magdal5 9 ! ,des]t 9 ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o 9 ,madrid1 & 8 ,san ,seba/ian ( ! ,prado4 ,! ,magdal5 looks l a matur$ ,ariadne1 ab&on$ by h] lov]4 ,%e is pos$ ^u a rocky seat1 s t h] beautiful arms may be se5 to advantage & ! long l9e ( h] graceful figure duly emphasis$4 ,mean:ile %e lifts h] te>ful gaze to ! sky1 at a c>efully calculat$ angle t w impress ! beauty ( h] neck ^u ! sympa!tic spectator4 ,z = ! ,san ,seba/ian1 x %\ld make a g5tle lady weep to behold h[ ?is t5d] body has be5 abus$4 ,9 fact1 ! /ud5t :o has discov]$ ! true s\rces ( greatness 9 ! ,spani% ,s*ool ( pa9t+ w n take ,c>reo v s]i\sly :5 he is 9 ^! moods4 ,=tunately = 8 pres5t reputation !re is a grav] & m dignifi$ side to 8 art4 ,9 8 portraits1 especially ^? ( ! memb]s ( ! royal family1 ,c>reo %[s himself to h absorb$ no little ( ! influ5ce ( ,velasquez4 ,^! portraits ( ,*>les ,,ii & 8 "m1 ,que5 ,m>iana1 v>y 9 quality2 = he 0 call$ ^u to repeat !m1 & ! replicas display a lack ( int]e/ & fall+ (f 9 te*nical di/9ction4 ,p]haps ! h&some/ portrait ( ! ,k+1 pa9t$ :5 he 0 /ill a lad ( twelve1 is ! "o 9 ! ,kais]-,fri$ri* ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,! boy1 z usual 9 a black velvet suit1 ) long blond cavali] locks desc5d+ ov] 8 %\ld]s1 /&s re/+ 8 left h& on a m>ble-topp$ table1 :i* is support$ on a lion & ball p$e/al4 ,8 face has n yet acquir$ ! expression ( settl$ melan*oly & is graci\s & lovable4 ,! color+ is ri* & lum9\s1 & ! concavity beh9d ! figure1 full ( atmosph]ic sugge/ion4 ,! replica ( ?is 9 ! ,prado is tight] & dri] 9 treatm5t1 lack+ 9 quality ( tone & light+4 ,ano!r portrait ( ?is p]iod1 %[+ ! figure at half l5g? is own$ by ,seor ,b]uete4 ,judg$ by ! photograph ( x1 reproduc$ 9 8 8,s*ool ( ,madrid10 x is a v sup]ior canvas1 di/+ui%$ by graci\sness & dignity4 ,x is a t]rible contra/ to turn f ! weak yet w9n+ beauty ( ! boy to ! portrait 9 :i* ,c>reo has depict$ ! man 7p4 #acb74 ,9 all ! range ( portrait-pa9t+ c we f9d a face s deg5]ate z ?is8 ,! face droops to an inord9ate l5g?1 z if ! vacu\s bra9 c\ld no long] hold x 9 position2 ! m5tal di/ortion is reflect$ 9 ! grotesquely exagg]at$ features2 ! expression ( ! pallid mask is "o 9 :i* hope & joy ( life are ext+ui%$ & reasonless fe> is habitually pres5t4 ,su* 0 ! la/ ( ! pr\d ,hapsburg l9e ( ,spani% ,sov]eigns4 ,c>reo's mo/ important "w1 h[ev]1 is ! ,portrait ( ,que5 ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 9 ! ,muni* ,old ,p9ako!k1 ( :i* !re is an unsatisfactory replica 9 ! ,prado4 ,b ! ,muni* portrait1 once se51 impresses itself indelibly on ! memory4 ,x is a cold1 implacable indictm5t4 ,! surly sadness ( ! girl-wife1 pa9t$ by ,velasquez 7p4 #aai71 :o _h our sympa?y = ! cruel grossness ( h] lot1 has h>d5$ into call\s ob/9acy & weak self-indulg5ce4 ,h] wid[hood has br\ght au?ority )\t a s5se ( responsibility1 %e has betray$ h] mat]nal tru/ 9 ord] t ?r\gh h] *ild's feebl5ess %e may hold on to p[]2 %e has dalli$ betwe5 h] lov] & confessor1 & is n[ devote4 ,clo!d 9 black & :ite we$s t resemble a nun's g>b1 %e sits squ>ely at a table1 a loveless1 =bidd+ woman4 ,yet /rangely haunt+ because ( ,c>reo's analysis & fe>less exposition4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,rib]a 7,,lo ,,spagnoletto7 ,?\gh recognis$ z ! lead] ( ! ,s*ool ( ,val5cia1 ,jos or1 z he is sometimes call$1 ,jusepe de ,rib]a sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,naples1 :]e 8 ,spani% pride1 comb9$ ) 8 some:at dim9utive /ature1 procur$ him ! sobriquet1 ,lo ,spagnoletto4 ,he 0 born 9 #aehh1 elev5 ye>s s5ior to ,velasquez1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia1 9 ! hill-t[n ( ,jativa1 ! cradle ( ! ,borgia family4 ,h5ce ! pr\d title :i* he (t5 app5d$ to 8 signature1 8,spani>d ( ,jativa40 ,8 p>5ts1 ,luis de ,rib]a & ,m>g>ita ,gil1 took him to ,val5cia t he might /udy ,lat9 ) a view to becom+ a man ( lett]s4 ,b ,jos1 ev5 ?us e>ly %[$ 8 indep5d5ce by decl>+ t he w\ld be an arti/1 & 0 accord+ly plac$ "u ! c>e ( ,francisco ,ribalta4 ,! latt]1 we recall1 0 ! l9k ( transition f ,italian mann]ism to ! native naturali/ic s*ools ( ,val5cia & ,&alusia2 at "o "t produc+ ?9ly pa9t$ subjects ( extravagant s5tim5tality1 at ano!r %[+ himself q ma/]ful 9 naturali/ic repres5tation4 ,?is bl5d ( naturalism & s5tim5t1 ! latt] frequ5tly c>ri$ too f>1 di/+ui%es also ! "w ( ,rib]a & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce _m arti/s ( ! ,&alusian ,s*ool1 ,murillo 9 p>ticul>4 ,! naturali/ic t5d5cy is ,spani%1 common to ,nor? & ,s\? alike2 ! s5tim5t is a bias giv5 to x by ! ,s\!rn temp]am5t4 ,:ile /ill a y\? ,rib]a made 8 way to ,rome1 :]e 8 h&some face & evid5t ability attract$ ! notice ( a c>d9al1 :o took him into 8 h\se & w\ld h c>$ = him t he might pursue 8 /udies 9 com=t4 ,b ,jos1 no?+ if n indep5d5t1 f\nd ! re/ra9t irksome & w5t back to 8 rags & pov]ty1 decl>+ t he ne$$ ! /imulus ( necessity4 ,he made copies ( "s ( ! ,raphaels & ! ,c>accis 9 ! ,f>nese palace1 & ev5 f\nd means to visit ,p>ma & ,mod5a & /udy ! works ( ,correggio4 ,b ! pictures :i* mo/ attract$ ,rib]a 7 ^? ( ,mi*elangelo ,c>avaggio1 :o work$ 9 ,naples4 ,s to ,naples he w5t1 al?\gh he _h to leave 8 coat beh9d 9 ,rome to pay 8 bo>dbill4 ,:e!r ,rib]a actually /udi$ "u ,c>avaggio is unc]ta94 ,anyh[1 s9ce ! latt] di$ 9 #afji1 ! association c\ld n h la/$ m ?an a %ort "t4 ,mean:ile1 ev5 if ,rib]a nev] saw ,c>avaggio 9 ! fle%1 he c\ld n escape 8 _s4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! turbul5t atmosph]e ( ! ,naples ( t day1 into :i* ) a viol5ce1 equal to ,c>avaggio's1 ! indep5d5t "y ,spani>d 0 quick to fl+ himself4 ,=tune favor$ him1 = a ri* art deal] gave him "s commissions &1 discov]+ 8 ability1 det]m9$ to atta* him to 8 own int]e/s4 ,he (f]$ him 8 daught]'s h& 9 m>riage1 & ,rib]a1 hav+ exp]i5c$ ! /imulus ( pov]ty1 0 n[ resolv$ to ta/e ! enc\ragem5t ( weal? & ease1 & accept$ x4 ,soon aft] 8 m>riage he produc$ a life-siz$ picture ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 :o 0 flay$ alive4 ,! gha/ly sc5e 0 repres5t$ ) su* horrible naturalism1 t :5 ! picture 0 exhibit$ outside ( ! art-deal]'s %op1 a cr[d ga!r$ ab\t x4 ,?is attract$1 z no d\bt x 0 int5d$ t x %\ld1 ! notice ( ! ,spani% vic]oy1 ! ,duke ( ,ossuna1 ^: palace w9d[ ov]look$ ! spot4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! cause ( ! excitem5t he s5t = ! picture & 0 s impress$ ) x t he b\ght x1 appo9t$ ,rib]a 8 pa9t] 9 ord9>y1 & gave him ap>tm5ts 9 ! palace4 ,?us1 almo/ at a b\nd1 ,rib]a f\nd himself ^u ! topmo/ rung ( ! ladd]4 ,he 0 ri* & n[ c\rt$ by ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful1 :o presum$ t he _h ! e> ( ! vic]oy4 ,9 arti/ic circles ! "y arti/ _h tak5 ! place ( ,c>avaggio & inve/$ x ) /ill great] honor4 ,he 0 ! recognis$ lead] ( ! naturali/s 9 _! w> ( ext9ction ) ! ,eclectics4 ,x is necess>y to note ! rivalry betwe5 ^! two contempor>y s*ools1 s9ce x ?r[s a light on an extraord9>y episode 9 ,rib]a's c>e]4 ,) ! dea? ( ,t9toretto 9 #aeib ! la/ ( ! giants ( ! ,r5aissance _h pass$ away4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a race ( pigmies1 :o /rutt$ 9 ! mantles ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,!y are call$ 8,mann]i/s10 diff]+1 h[ev]1 f ! ,mann]i/s ( ,spa94 ,= :ile ! ,spani% imitat$ ! great ma/]s 9 ord] to acquire ! secrets ( _! greatness1 at ! same "t1 z we h se51 infus+ ! result ) some?+ ( ! rac9ess ( ! ,spani% "*1 ! ,italian 8,mann]i/s0 ap$ ! pa/ 9 an attempt to galvanize x into cont9u$ liv+4 ,! 8,mann]i/s0 soon become obscur$ by ! 8,eclectics10 ^: headqu>t]s 7 9 ,bologna1 ! home ( ! ,c>acci4 ,= ! s*ool grew out ( ! influ5ce ( ! five bro!rs ,c>acci1 especially ! ?ree1 ,annibale1 ,ludovico & ,ago/9o1 :o l$ ! way 9 :at 0 to be a 8revival0 ( art4 ,its pr9ciple 0 a ca?olic eclecticism1 :i* %\ld comb9e ! draw+ & p[] ( ,mi*elangelo1 ) ! color ( ,titian1 ! grace & s5tim5t ( ,raphael & ! s(t dreamy *i>oscuro ( ,correggio4 ,! movem5t spread ?r\gh\t ,italy1 be+ v>i\sly repres5t$ by ! ,c>acci1 already m5tion$1 ,dom5i*9o1 ,guido ,r5i1 ,gu]c9o1 ,sass(]rato1 ,c>lo ,dolci & o!rs ( m or less m]it4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! pa9t]s individually1 x is sc>cely to be d5i$ t ! pr9ciple und]ly+ _! art _h 9 x no?+ ( orig9al gr[?4 ,x 0 di%+ up ! pa/1 in/ead ( provid+ meat = ! pres5t4 ,mean:ile1 outside ( ! 8,eclectics10 ! _s ( ! pres5t 0 ass]t+ itself 9 a reaction f ,classicalism to ,naturalism--to use a hackney$ t]m1 9 a return to nature4 ,t ! /ronghold ( ! ,naturali/s became ,naples1 :i* 0 "u ,spani% rule is a significant fact4 ,x 0 an in/ance1 by no means s+le1 ( ! ,spani% influ5ce react+ ^u ,italy4 ,! movem5t h[ev] 0 />t$ by ! ,italian ,c>avaggio1 a man ( impetu\s temp]am5t & possibly co>se ta/es1 :o by way ( br++ ! ,bible /ory into t\* ) e day life1 peopl$ 8 sacr$ sc5es ) p]sonages drawn f ! slums ( ,naples4 ,h[ great a pa9t] he c\ld be ^u occasions is %[n 9 t h&some canvas 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 ,! ,c>d ,play]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! /yle usually associat$ ) 8 "w & t ( 8 foll[]s is "o ( viol5t types & exagg]at$ dramatic en]gy4 ,! 8,naturali/s0 7 also addict$ to ! use ( d>k %ad[s1 :i* ga9$ = !m ! nickname ( 8,d>kl+s40 ,betwe5 !m & ! 8,eclectics0 !re 0 p]petual rivalry1 wag$ ) t int5sity :i* only ,lat9 peoples c put into an arti/ic controv]sy4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,neapolitan naturali/s x 0 w> lit]ally to ! knife1 = !y did n scruple to employ ! bravo & 8 /iletto 9 _! ef=ts to hold ,naples aga9/ ! enemy4 ,x 0 to ! lead]%ip 9 a fight ( ?is sort t ! "y ,rib]a succe$$1 & he w5t into x ) an unscrupul\s f]ocity t has left on 8 memory ! blot ( a v discr$itable episode4 ,! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,janu>ius 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,naples 0 to be decorat$4 ,a cabal 0 =m$ betwe5 ,rib]a1 a native ,neapolitan1 ,giambatti/a ,c>acciolo1 & a pa9t] ( ,greek bir?1 ,belis>io ,corr5zio4 ,! la/ nam$ _h already made s bitt] an attack on ,annibale ,c>acci t ! latt] _h be5 driv5 out ( ,naples4 ,! ?ree n[ det]m9$ to secure = !mselves ! decorat+ ( ! *apel4 ,! commission]s at fir/ assign$ ! "w to "o1 ,cavali]o d',arp9o1 :o _h be5 ,corr5zio's tea*]4 ,he 0 assail$ ) p]secution1 & =c$ to take refuge 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o4 ,!n ,illu/ration3 ,,h]mit ,,sa9t ,,rib]a ,,! ,,prado ,guido 0 select$4 ,two hir$ bravos set ^u 8 s]vant1 ?ra%$ him1 & ord]$ him to tell 8 ma/] t a simil> fate 0 9 /ore = himself %\ld he beg9 ! decoration ( ,s4 ,janu>ius4 ,guido fl$ ! city2 & 8 pupil1 ,gessi1 0 *os5 z a sub/itute4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,naples ) two assi/ants1 :o 7 inveigl$ on bo>d a boat 9 ! bay & nev] se5 aga94 ,! commission]s n[ yield$ & gave ! commission to ! triumvirate4 ,b a little lat] !y revok$ ! ord] & (f]$ ,dom5i*9o a h&some remun]ation1 ) a promise ( protection1 if he w\ld und]take ! "w4 ,he cons5t$ & became imm$iately ! t>get ( an insidi\s p]secution4 ,?reat5+ lett]s 7 s5t to him2 8 "* 0 sl&]$ & 8 ability z a pa9t] impugn$2 ! pla/]]s 7 brib$ to mix a%es ) ! mort> on :i* 8 frescoes 7 to be pa9t$2 & f9ally ,rib]a prevail$ on ! vic]oy to ord] "s pictures ( ,dom5i*9o4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ f 8 /udio be=e !y 7 f9i%$1 or ret\*$ & ru9$ be=e rea*+ ! vic]oy4 ,at l5g?1 9 despair1 ,dom5i*9o fl$ to ,rome2 b 0 induc$ to return & %ortly aft]w>ds di$ "u suspicion ( hav+ be5 poison$4 ,! cabal1 h[ev]1 fail$ ( its purpose4 ,! ,neapolitan di$ ! same ye> z ,dom5i*9o2 ! ,greek two ye>s lat] & ,rib]a pa9t$ only "o alt>piece = ! *apel1 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,janu>ius4 ,! decorations 7 execut$ by "o1 ,lanfranco4 ,= 8 %>e 9 ?is disgraceful intrigue1 & because ( 8 be+ a =eign]1 ,rib]a incurr$ ! hatr$ ( a l>ge numb] ( ,neapolitans4 ,to ?is1 probably is to be attribut$ ! /ory :i* pass$ into a tradition1 t ,don ,juan ( ,au/ria1 :ile on a visit to ,naples1 induc$ ,rib]a's daught] to elope ) him2 &1 soon gr[+ tir$ ( 8 victim1 plac$ h] 9 a conv5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( %ame & grief1 ,rib]a1 s ! /ory goes1 sank into a pr(\nd melan*oly1 until "o day he left 8 home & 0 nev] aga9 he>d (4 ,?is is n[ believ$ to be a m]e fabrication ( ,neapolitan hatr$2 ! true facts be+ t ,rib]a settl$ d[n to a life ( honor & prosp]ity & f9ally di$ 9 ,naples 9 #afef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! popul> imag9ation ,rib]a is associat$ ) pictures ( m>tyrs & ascetics1 ) sc5es ( cruelty & suff]+ & ! portrayal ( old & wa/$ bodies4 ,! impression is ju/ifi$1 = ! ta/e ( 8 "t dem&$ ^! revolt+ subjects1 & ,rib]a's own temp]am5t made him m ?an acquiesce4 ,he repres5t$ !m ) a ze/ t proves he revell$ 9 8 opportunities4 ,b ?is is only "o aspect ( ,rib]a1 & ev5 9 itself n complete1 = x is prone to take no acc\nt ( ! sup]b arti/ry ) :i* he inve/$ ! unpleasantness ( ^! !mes4 ,?us1 9 ! example1 select$ = reproduction "h1 because x is *>act]i/ic ( ,rib]a's be/ kn[n subjects1 ! orig9al has a beauty :i* 9 ! reproduction may possibly escape obs]vation4 ,! head ( ?is ,h]mit ,sa9t is ( extreme nobility bo? ( te*nique & expression4 ,9 ! sugge/ion ( ! p[]ful skull1 ! boldly model$ fle% & ! clu/]+ masses ( grizzl$ hair & be>d1 !re is an unusual feel+ = & realisation ( ! dignity ( human =m4 ,x is n m]ely t ! arti/ has select$ a model ) a f9e head1 & r5d]$ its b5ign & grave di/9ction1 b he has height5$ ! expression by ! expressiv5ess ( ! te*nique4 ,! arti/'s sympa!tic imag9ation & extraord9>y rev]5ce1 n = ! sa9t-idea 9 8 !me b = humanity 9 its relation to art1 h in=m$ ! te*nique ) a noble sympa?y1 gr& imag9ation & a sov]eign rev]5ce4 ,= ! po9t1 difficult to put into words1 is t te*nique su* z ?is1 :ile x is magnific5t z m]e repres5tation1 a*ieves ! high] quality ( expression1 & ! measure ( ! latt] is ! quality ( ! arti/'s conception n only ( 8 subject b ev5 m ( 8 art1 z "o ( ! noble m$iums ( expression4 ,s1 9 ! pres5ce ( a "w l ?is1 ! spectator =gets 8 dislike ( ! subject & f9ds 8 imag9ation k9dl$ & 8 capacity ( ab/ract appreciation height5$4 ,ev5 ! ,sa9t's back ?\gh y may n believe x f ! photograph1 :i* has r$uc$ ! transp>5t %ad[s to opacity & robb$ ! fle% ( its glori\s lum9osity1 adds its quota to ! /imulus ( ! intellectual-e/hetic s5se4 ,=1 9 ?is capacity1 n only to delight ! s5se p]ception b to /imulate also ! intellectual conception ( beauty 9 ! ab/ract1 ,rib]a belongs 9 ! company ( ,velasquez4 ,he occupies a l[] rank because 8 art1 l himself1 0 less self-c5t]$ & controll$2 m dep5d5t ^u subject & at ! m]cy ( 8 own impetu\s temp]am5t4 ,9 ! art ( bo? naturalism 0 lift$ m\nta9-high2 b1 :ile ,velasquez 0 ! summit1 alo(1 unapproa*able1 ,rib]a is ! torr5t1 rac+1 (t5 madly1 to ! valley4 ,yet 9 its c>e] !re are level pools ( quiet pause1 & x is ^! t ! g5]al e/imation ( ,rib]a has ov]look$4 ,i am n ?9k+ ( 8 portrayals ( ! ,immaculate ,conception or 8 ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5 9 ! ,academy ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,^! are r examples ( ! concessions t ,rib]a 0 oblig$ & p]haps will+ to make 9 ! direction ( obvi\s beauty4 ,!y satisfi$ ! ,spani% ta/e 9 female lovel9ess1 b h little ab/raction ( expression2 & are incl9$ to be s5tim5tally pretty4 ,x is r :5 y visit ! gall]y 9 ! ,prado devot$ to ,rib]a's works1 t y exp]i5ce a new impression ( ?is arti/4 ,) ! exception ( a p[]ful b gha/ly ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 ! g5]al sugge/ion ( ! gall]y is ! rev]se ( ! viol5t & s5sational4 ,a s5se ( grave dignity prevails1 :i* "o beg9s to discov] is l>gely ! result ( a f9e res]ve & frequ5t subtlety 9 ! color s*emes4 ,= example1 !re is a canvas ( life-size figures1 repres5t+ ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,on ! ,fa!r's knees lies ! limp =m ( ! ,*ri/4 ,x is griev\sly disfigur$ ) grossly naturali/ic blood /a9s2 b "o gradually loses ! insi/5ce ( ?is 9 admiration ( ! elevat$ beauty ( ! picture z a :ole4 ,! ,fa!r's head1 b5ign & tranquil1 is se5 aga9/ a sky 9 :i* are fa9tly disc]nible ! flock+ heads ( *]ubs4 ,f 8 %\ld]s floats a silv]y plum-color$ drap]y1 :ile a mantle ( pale rose1 l9$ ) violet1 lies ov] ! %ad[$ lapis-lazuli ( ! "u robe4 ,x is a color s*eme ( *oice spl5d\r1 full ( subtle /imulus to ! intellectual-e/hetic imag9ation4 ,a v int]e/+ canvas is ! ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,des]t = ! feel+ ( x is pagan1 a trait r>ely met ) 9 ! art ( ,spa91 :i* _h s rigor\sly oppos$ ! ,humani/ic movem5t4 ,! figure1 nude ne>ly to ! wai/1 is t ( a %eph]d y\?1 ) l>ge smil+ m\? & eyes glanc+ to "o side4 ,! face sets "o to ?9k+ ( ! s-call$ ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ( ! ,l\vre1 attribut$ to ,da ,v9ci4 ,! ,rib]a has some?+ ( ! faun-l sugge/ion2 only x is less subtle1 pique+ less to my/]y2 ! sugge/ion be+ r ( wild1 "y animal life1 a creature ( sil5t1 vacant places1 n afraid yet wat*ful4 ,! figure is at ! foot ( a big tree-trunk1 a r$ drap]y cov]+ ! upp] "p ( ! legs & ! /one on :i* x is seat$4 ,! arms are ext5d$2 "o al(t1 hold+ a /aff1 ! o!r l[]$ to fe$ a lamb2 bo? =m+ pliant loops :i* increase ! suppl5ess ( ! :ole design4 ,9 its bl5d ( classical & naturali/ic composition & feel+1 & ! "* ( ! ?\ght :i* prompt$ x1 ! canvas is probably unique 9 ! ,spani% ,s*ool z an example ( ! direct influ5ce ( ,humanism4 ,"o turns to a ,p5it5t ,magdal5 7,prado1 #ihj71 n to endorse h] v lady-l s5tim5t1 b to admire ! way 9 :i* ! beautiful br[n hair is r5d]$ & ! exquisite color & texture ( ! old-rose drap]y4 ,a simil>ly *oice treatm5t ( ?is delicate color1 %ot ) silv] light & dove-grey %ad[s1 appe>s 9 ,isaac ,bless+ ,jacob4 ,!n = ano!r f9e example ( color "o may note a half l5g?1 ,s4 ,simon4 ,"h aga9 is a head ( magnific5t "*2 black hair & be>d1 ruddy features1 massive br[1 a *>act]ization1 g5]\sly mascul9e & vigor\s4 ,a w>m br[n drap]y hangs ov] ! slightly yell[-t9t$ br[n ( ! robe1 :i* %[s bel[ x ! coll> & cuff ( a grey %irt2 all ?is plac$ aga9/ a d>k olive backgr\nd4 ,! tonality1 organis$ ) extreme delicacy1 is 9 its ensemble sup]b4 ,ano!r *oice passage ( color occurs 9 ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 :]e ! sa9t is %[n1 life size1 seat$ b5ea? a cliff4 ,he holds across 8 body a :ite drap]y2 or su* is y\r fir/ impression ( ! hue4 ,b /udy reveals a m subtle tissue ( smok$ ivory & grey1 wov5 into ! pallor ( ! :ite4 ,h[ev]1 ! f9e/ example ( ,rib]a's subtle ve9 ( color-expression 9 ?is gall]y is 9 ! ,jacob's ,ladd]4 ,! sleep+ figure recl9es horizontally across ! =egr\nd1 a h& support+ ! head1 :ile 9 ! sky are fa9t sugge/ions ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ angels4 ,! =egr\nd consi/s ( slabs ( rock out ( :i*1 at ! back ( ! figure1 rises a tree-trunk1 ) a brok5 limb4 ,! figure is clo!d 9 an olive-greyi%-br[n habit1 resembl+ a monk's2 ! hair & be>d are black 9 /rong contra/ to ! pallor ( ! face1 :i* is slightly flu%$ ) w>m? & puff$ ) sleep4 ,! sugge/ion ( sleep is1 inde$1 r5d]$ ) extraord9>y tru?2 x seems no idle fancy t "o he>s ! brea?+ & wat*es ! /ir ( ! drap]y ov] ! rise & fall ( ! *e/4 ,b ! dignity ( ?is canvas dep5ds ^u ! color s*eme1 cold1 sev]e1 con/ra9$2 s opposite to ! s5su\s1 impassion$ or spl5did2 yet )al s /imulat+ to ! imag9ation4 ,?is picture is a gr& example ( ! intellectual-e/hetic quality 9 ,rib]a's f9e/ "w2 plac+ ?is arti/ f> above ! e/imate popul>ly =m$ ( him4 ,x is n difficult to discov] ! influ5ce ( ?is l>ge1 grave feel+ 9 ! e>li] "w ( ,murillo & 9 almo/ all ! "w ( ,zurburn4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,murillo ,! mo/ popul> arti/ ( ! ,spani% ,s*ool is unque/ionably ,murillo4 ,he 0 ! idol ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ,&alusia2 mo/ admir$ by connoisseurs & public 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 &1 al?\gh dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury arti/s & connoisseurs h extoll$ ,velasquez & m rec5tly ,goya & ,el ,greco at 8 exp5se1 to ! popul> ta/e ,murillo is /ill 9 ! asc5dant4 ,!re mu/ be a good reason bo? = ! depreciation ( ,murillo on ! "p ( arti/s & = ! cont9u+ appreciation ( ! public2 !re=e "o mu/ try to discov] !m imp>tially4 ,=1 :ile ! popul> e/imation ( any p>ticul> arti/ at a giv5 p]iod is apt to be wrong--p]haps m (t5 wrong1 ?an "r--x sc>cely c hold its own ?r\gh ! *ances & *anges ( ov] two hundr$ ye>s )\t hav+ 9 x "s consid]able elem5t ( "r4 ,:at !n is ! abid+ some?+ 9 ,murillo's art :i* makes ?is p]5nial appeal8 ,= my own "p1 ,i believe t1 if y c sum x up 9 a ^w1 x is ! _s ( ,y\?4 ,"o imag9es ,murillo 7n )\t pl5ty ( ju/ification = ! idea7 z a man :o1 9 a psy*ological s5se1 nev] grew old2 reta9+ to ! end ! naivet & simple fai? ( a *ild4 ,he cont9ues1 !re=e1 to appeal to adults :o h kept some?+ ( _! y\? ) !m or to ^? ^: /udy ( art has n pass$ beyond ! /age ( in/9ct4 ,=1 j z x is possible = a man to h matur$ und]/&+ & appreciation ( a "w ( art1 & yet be l a *ild amid ! intricacies ( an electric p[]-h\se1 wond]+1 admir+1 b )\t capacity to e/imate ! value ( ?is plant z comp>$ ) ano!r2 s a man may be full ( k1 ev5 to ! l5g? ( sophi/ication1 & /ill exhibit ! naivet & unreason+ appreciation ( a *ild 9 ! pres5ce ( a "w ( art4 ,necessity or *ance det]m9$ t he %\ld cultivate 8 high] m5tal p[]s 9 ano!r direction2 art is to him only an occasional di/raction2 8 feel+ t[>d x is regulat$ solely by 8 in/9ct4 ,z he w\ld say himself1 8,i "k :at ,i l40 ,to tell su* a man t he is wrong w\ld be n only cruel b false4 ,f 8 own /&po9t he is n wrong2 he is v mu* 9 ! "r1 if ! end ( art is ! height5+ ( a man's nature ?r\gh contemplation ( ! beautiful4 ,?is ?+ is beautiful to him1 & ?r\gh ! beauty he sees 9 x he f9ds 8 nature refre%$1 purifi$ & enl>g$4 ,:at m c\ld y advise = him at t p>ticul> /age ( 8 arti/ic developm5t8 ,x is true to ! /&po9t ( 8 own in/9ct4 ,w\ld y h him sub/itute y\r /&po9t = 88 ,are y sure t y\r own leads to any bett] results = y ?an 8 = him8 ,anyh[1 unless he *anges 8 /&po9t ?r\gh convictions t h gr[n into 8 m5tal consci\sness & be5 endors$ by 8 exp]i5ce1 8 la/ /ate may be worse ?an ! fir/4 ,he 0 hone/ & s9c]e be=e2 n[ he may be only a glib repeat] ( borr[$ pref]5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b>tolom ,e/ban ,murillo 0 born 9 ,seville 9 #afah1 probably on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y4 ,! (ficial catalogue ( ! ,prado beg9s its ref]5ce to ! arti/'s c>e] ) ! foll[+ significant words3 8,:5 ?is great arti/ came into ! _w1 8 p>5ts1 ,gasp> ,e/ban ,murillo & ,m>ia ,p]ez1 7 liv+ 9 a humble h\se 9 ! ,calle de las ,ti5das4 ,x 0 b ?ree mon?s s9ce ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 9 ! my/]y ( h] ,immaculate ,conception1 _h be5 proclaim$ ! patroness ( ! ,dom9ions ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,"u su* happy auspices 0 born ! ,pa9t] ( ! ,conceptions40 ,?is dogma ( ! ,conception1 :i* = c5turies _h occupi$ ! m9ds ( !ologians & s*ol>s & captivat$ ! imag9ation ( ! fai?ful1 0 n[h]e held 9 great] honor ?an 9 ,spa91 & ! c5t] ( ! cult 0 ,seville4 ,mean:ile1 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 z express$ 9 ,c\ncils & ,bulls1 _h ma9ta9$ a neutral attitude t[>d ! "q4 ,:51 h[ev]1 at ! end ( #afag1 ,paul ,v1 yield+ to ! repeat$ urg+ ( ! ,cr[n & ,*ur* ( ,spa91 issu$ a ,bull :i* =bade tea*+ or prea*+ 9 opposition ( ! dogma1 ! joy ( ! ,spani% p 0 pr(\nd4 ,seville h]self celebrat$ ! glad tid+s 9 a fr5zy ( religi\s rejoic+4 ,a magnific5t c]emony 0 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ca!dral & amid ! /ra9s ( *oir & organ1 salvoes ( artill]y & a ,illu/ration3 ,,miracle ,,( ,,! ,,loaves ,,& ,,fi%es ,,murillo ,,hospital ,,de ,,la ,,c>idad1 ,,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,moses ,,/rik+ ,,! ,,rock ,,murillo ,,hospital ,,de ,,la ,,c>idad1 ,,seville pan ( ! bells ( ! ca!dral & *ur*es1 ,ar*bi%op de ,ca/ro swore to ma9ta9 & def5d ?is peculi> t5et ( 8 see4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a spl5did ent]ta9m5t 9 ! bull-r+1 :]e 9 ! pres5ce ( enorm\s ?rongs ! nobles appe>$1 accompani$ by magnific5t ret9ues1 & "o 9 p>ticul>1 ,don ,mel*ior de ,alcz>1 att5d$ by 8 dw>f & f\r gigantic negroes1 p]=m$ prodigies ( valor & dext]ity4 ,x 0 recognis$ t a new era _h comm5c$2 t ! old d>k days ( inquisitorial rigor 7 pass$ & love & g5tl5ess 7 to reign h5ce=?4 ,x 0 into ?is atmosph]e ( sweet religi\s ec/asy t ,murillo 0 born1 de/9$ to become ! arti/ :o be/ succe$$ 9 express+ x4 ,murillo's only tea*] 0 8 uncle1 ,juan de ,ca/illo1 :o gave 8 pupil a ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 draw+1 ?\gh 8 own /yle c\ld n d mu* to help 8 pupil's advance 9 pa9t+4 ,aft] a "t ,juan mov$ to ,cadiz & 8 nephew1 )\t fa!r or "m1 0 left to face life alone4 ,he ga9$ a liv+ by pa9t+ 8bodegones10 or /ill-life subjects1 & pictures ( sa9ts1 :i* he sold 9 ! f]ia or weekly m>ket4 ,8 ambition 0 to /udy 9 ,rome &1 z a fir/ /ep1 to visit ,madrid4 ,hav+ sav$ a little money1 he made 8 way on foot to ! capital & pres5t$ himself to 8 fell[ t[nsman1 ,velasquez4 ,! latt] receiv$ him k9dly & obta9$ p]mission = ! "y man to pa9t 9 ! royal gall]ies4 ,"h ,murillo /udi$ & copi$ ! works ( ,titian1 ,rub5s1 ,van ,dyck1 ,rib]a & ,velasquez himself1 to su* purpose t ! la/-nam$ advis$ him to g to ,rome4 ,b ,murillo1 :o _h n[ be5 ?ree ye>s away f ,seville1 det]m9$ to return ?i!r4 ,! same indep5d5t _s :i* _h enabl$ him to %ift = himself & to leave home & /udy 9 wid] fields1 n[ assur$ him t he _h ga9$ :at he ne$$ )\t fur!r travel4 ,f ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* he _h exp]i5c$1 he discov]$ a /yle = himself4 ,he return$ to ,seville )\t fri5ds or influ5ce1 b opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,! monks ( ! conv5t ( ,s4 ,francis wi%$ _! cloi/] decorat$4 ,murillo appli$ to !m = ! commission4 ,!y w\ld h pref]r$ a well kn[n arti/ ( ! city1 b1 hav+ little money to (f]1 engag$ ! "y1 unkn[n pa9t]4 ,murillo sp5t ?ree ye>s on ?is "w1 &1 :5 x 0 complet$1 f\nd himself ! mo/ fam\s pa9t] 9 ,seville4 ,he _h tak5 some?+ f ! sev]al /yles ( ! arti/s he _h /udi$ & impr9t$ ^u x 8 own individuality4 ,?is express$ itself p>ticul>ly 9 an ability to give reality to 8 pictur+ ( ! /ory involv$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ,s4 ,francis4 ,he _h prov$ himself to be a great illu/rator4 ,?is t]m to-day p]haps involves a c]ta9 depreciatory significance4 ,m5 are (t5 illu/rators because !y _c f9d a m>ket = _! easel-pictures2 or1 hav+ obta9$ a reputation z illu/rators1 are ambiti\s to be pa9t]s4 ,! fact is1 t illu/ration to-day is conf9$ to books & magaz9es1 & f ! publi%]'s po9t ( view is design$ r to attract att5tion to ! text ?an to illum9ate x4 ,b 9 ,murillo's day1 z 9 ,raphael's1 illu/ration 0 a noble & honor$ art1 ! readie/ & mo/ effici5t way ( br++ ! sacr$ tru? home to ! m9ds ( ! unlett]$ masses1 & p]mitt$ s gr& a scope1 t x 0 also a decoration to monum5tal build+s4 ,?us ! value ( an illu/ration at t date1 :ile x incid5tally might be decorative1 dep5d$ prim>ily on ! appeal :i* x made to ! he>ts & und]/&+s ( ! p4 ,murillo 0 a s9c]e ,ca?olic2 he c\ld feel 8 subject 9 accordance ) ! ,*ur*'s tea*+1 & moreov] he _h ! gift ( tell+ ! /ory 9 ! v]nacul>2 depict+ x 9 famili> guise & inve/+ x ) ^? t\*es ( ev]yday life t pique & hold ! int]e/ ( ! simple/ m9d4 ,to be indiff]5t to ! g5ius & value ( su* a gift is to admit oneself a c>eless /ud5t ( human nature4 ,x is ei!r t we refuse to be int]e/$ 9 :at int]e/s ! masses1 or t we und]rate ! virtue ( ! latt] be+ ?us int]e/$4 ,to-day1 9 our mod]n exp]i5ce1 !re are ?\s&s ( illu/rators2 b if "o looks back1 say1 tw5ty ye>s1 h[ _m are !re :o h be5 lead]s1 9 ! s5se t !y h caught ! _s ( ! age = ! fir/ "t & giv5 x an expression :i* ! educat$ & unle>n$ alike recognise z some?+ vital8 ,?is is ! po9t4 ,= ! ?\s&s :o c p]petuate a tradition1 imitate somebody else1 or c>ry on ! accept$ conv5tion1 !re w be f\nd b "o or two :o c syn!tise ! "t-_s into a new expression4 ,& = ! wor?-:ile ( do+ ?is8 ,i repeat t1 to-day1 illu/ration is ma9ly a me?od ( amus+ vacant m9ds4 ,b x 0 n s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 any m ?an dur+ ! e>ly & ! great days ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 some?+ t influ5c$ ! lives ( millions 9 _! attitude to :at1 !n at lea/1 0 ( supreme mom5t1 religion4 ,!re=e1 to e/imate ! g5ius & value ( ,murillo's gift ( illu/ration we mu/ n judge x f ! /&po9t ( to-day1 b 9 ! light ( ! ne$s & desires ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,!n we %all realise t :at ,murillo did = ! simple1 religi\s folk ( ,seville is ak9 to ,raphael's contribution to ! m+l$ ,humani/ic & ,*ri/ian ne$s ( ,rome4 ,bo? 7 great illu/rators1 ^: subject matt] 0 religion1 & :o told _! /ory 9 ! m$ium t appeal$ to ! sympa?y & und]/&+ ( ! l>ge/ numb] ( p ( _! day4 ,b ! v fre$om f ,humani/ic influ5ce :i* *>act]is$ ,murillo's art encreas$ its value to ! p ( ,seville4 ,x 0 ess5tially ,spani% 9 its naturalism & specifically ,&alusian 9 its s5tim5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,murillo's me?od ( pa9t+ has be5 describ$ z exhibit+ ?ree /yles--cold1 w>m & vapor\s4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 ! fir/ /yle 7e/ilo frio7 is di/+ui%$ by cold color+ & d>k %ad[s2 ! second 7e/ilo calido7 by w>m? ( color+1 /rong] contra/s ( lum9\s light & %ade1 & by increas$ pla/icity ( =m2 ! ?ird1 7e/ilo vaporoso7 by ! vapor\s or mi/y effects ( atmosph]e1 envelop+ ! :ole or "p ( ! composition4 ,b :ile 8 works %[ ?is v>iety ( me?od1 !y _c be di/ribut$ into p]iods1 def9itely *>act]is$ by "o or ano!r /yle4 ,nor w x repay ! /ud5t to try to docket ! diff]5t pictures accord+ to any su* pigeon-hole ,illu/ration3 ,,ss4 ,,ju/a ,,& ,,ruf9a ,,murillo ,,prov9cial ,,museum1 ,,seville sy/em ( division4 ,he w r become aw>e t1 z ,murillo atta9$ to facility & confid5ce 9 8 own way ( r5d]+ 8 int5tions1 he p]fect$ 8 pictorial repres5tation bo? ( ! naturali/ic motive & ( ! spiritualis$ conception1 :i* 9 :ole or 9 "p = ! "t be+ occupi$ 8 imag9ation4 ,9 "s pictures y f9d ! naturali/ic motive ei!r pr$om9at+ or 9 complete control2 9 o!rs x is comb9$ ) ! spiritualis$ motive2 :ile aga91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,conceptions1 ! spiritualis$ int5tion is exclusively app>5t4 ,:e!r x satisfies y\r own spiritual s5se is ano!r matt]4 ,nor c ^! v>ieties ( motive be assign$ to special p]iods ( ,murillo's c>e]4 ,= example1 aft] he _h e/abli%$ 8 reputation z a pa9t] ( ,conceptions1 he execut$ ! s]ies ( works = ! ,hospital de ,la ,c>idad1 9 ,seville4 ,two ( ^! are produc$ on page #aej4 ,!y 7 select$ because !y r$\nd$ to ! reputation ( ,murillo 9 8 lifetime1 & yet exhibit a weakness :i* m or less is evid5t 9 all 8 works ( illu/ration4 ,nei!r ! ,miracle ( ! ,loaves & ,fi%es1 nor ,moses ,/rik+ ! ,rock1 conta9s any spiritual sugge/ion2 = to ! mod]n imag9ation at lea/ ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ! "o & ^? ( ,moses & ,a>on 9 ! o!r seem to be inve/$ only ) a little symbolical di/9ction4 ,fur!r1 ev5 ! significance ( ! ev5ts is n sugge/$4 ,if y take away ! ,*ri/1 ^: importance 9 ! composition is already belittl$ by ! gr\p ( wom5 on ! "r1 is !re any?+ 9 ! action ( ! figures & ! expression ( _! faces to indicate t !y are witnesses ( a miracle8 ,! sc5e becomes no?+ m ?an a huge picnic1 conduct$ on an absurdly meagre commiss>iat4 ,s too1 9 ,/rik+ ! ,rock--:]e is ! h9t ( ! agony ( ?ir/ or ( high-wr\ght emotion at ! miracul\s deliv]ance8 ,b = ! two c5tral figures1 ^: impressiv5ess1 su* z x is1 is conf9$ to !mselves1 ! incid5t might be simply t ( a p>ty ( p ga!r$ ab\t a spr+4 ,to myself a v sugge/ive indication ( ! %all[ness & ins9c]ity ( ! :ole conception is ! introduction ( ! small boy on ! sleek plump horse4 ,x is a m]e /udio device = gett+ a spot on :i* to conc5trate ! light & = lift+ "o figure above ! l9e ( ! o!rs4 ,ano!r example ( ?is s]ies ( ,hospital subjects is ! v fam\s ,s4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 n[ 9 ! ,prado4 ,! sc5e is be+ enact$ 9 ! %ad[$ arcade ( an impos+ classical build+4 ,! sa9tly ,que51 att5d$ by two "y ladies1 *>m+ly attir$1 is wa%+ ! scalp ( an ur*91 :o leans ov] a silv] bas94 ,a begg> sits on ! gr\nd remov+ a b&age f a fe/]+ sore1 & a boy1 ) an expression on 8 face ( exasp]at$ di/ress1 scrat*es 8 head & *e/4 ,mean:ile an old woman sits look+ up 9 wor%ipful gratitude at ! face ( ! que51 :o possibly returns h] gaze4 ,= %e is turn+ h] head away f ! bus9ess 9 :i* %e is engag$1 z well z %e may1 s9ce ! head %e is ba?+ %[s a disgu/+ sore4 ,p]haps y may say t su* details are incid5tal to a cl9ic1 & may quote ! example ( ,rembr&t's ,cl9ic ( ,dr4 ,tulp4 ,b ! latt] is frankly a naturali/ic picture 9 :i* ! cadav] =ms ! explanation & focus ( ! gr\p ( eag]1 intellectual heads1 absorb$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ma/]-surgeon4 ,b ,murillo's is an academically dispos$ composition1 involv+ spl5did classical accessories4 ,x is1 9 ! mann] ( its =m1 idealis$ accord+ to ! ,italian tradition1 :ile 9 its details grossly naturali/ic4 ,yet ,?ophile ,gauti]1 mov$ to a *>act]i/ic bur/ ( s5tim5t1 exclaims--8,9 8 picture ( ,s4 ,elizabe? ,murillo takes u into ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ reality4 ,in/ead ( angels we are "h %[n lep]s4 ,b ,*ri/ian art1 l ,*ri/ian *>ity1 feels no disgu/ at su* a spectacle4 ,ev]y?+ :i* x t\*es becomes pure1 elevat$ & ennobl$1 & f ?is revolt+ !me ,murillo has creat$ a ma/]piece40 ,?is begs ! "q :i* /ill rema9s3--,is ! reality 9 ?is case s r5d]$1 t x becomes 8pure1 elevat$ & ennobl$08 ,! answ] w dep5d ^u ! individual /ud5t's temp]am5t & intellectual attitude4 ,?is picture1 inde$1 & _m o!rs 9 ! ,prado ar\se a suspicion :i* becomes m pron\nc$1 :5 we visit ! ,museum & ! ,*ur* ( ! ,hospital de ,la ,c>idad 9 ,seville1 t1 aft] all1 ,murillo 0 n s great a naturali/ z he is cr$it$ ) be+4 ,8 ,/reet ur*9s1 su* z appe> 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,dulwi* ,gall]y & ! ,muni* ,p9ako!k are vigor\s transcripts ( nature1 racy ) ,sevillian "*2 b 9 ! ,holy ,family1 call$ ,paj>ito 7little bird7 ( ! ,prado1 "o discov]s already a weak5+ ( ! naturali/ic grip4 ,! types are local1 & ! sc5e1 z ! "m /ops 9 ! w9d+ ( h] ?read to wat* ! *ild play+ ) a dog1 :ile ! fa!r holds him t5d]ly1 is su* z might be enact$ 9 any happy home ( ! p4 ,b :y ! volum9\s yell[ mantle spread 9 graceful folds ov] ,joseph's knees8 ,x is a recollection ( ,raphael t has inspir$ ?is solecism 9 ! ev]yday naturalness ( ! sc5e4 ,simil>ly1 9 "o picture aft] ano!r ( ,murillo's y c f9d ! realities ( ! sc5e sacrific$ to ! picture-mak+ devices le>n$ f ! ,italians4 ,frequ5tly1 z 9 ! ,vision ( ,s4 ,antony ( ,padua1 & correspond+ subjects1 ! miracul\s nature ( ! incid5t gives a plausibility to ^! =mal designs1 :i* ,i v5ture to believe is lack+ 9 ! ,s4 ,elizabe?1 ,loaves & ,fi%es & ,/rik+ ! ,rock4 ,nor is mu* ( ! nobility ( ! ,italian me?od reproduc$ 9 ,murillo's use ( x4 ,too frequ5tly its /atel9ess is invad$ by a homel9ess :i* bord]s on ! commonplace4 ,"o f9ds little or no?+ ( ! ari/ocrat 9 ,murillo's equipm5t4 ,he views 8 subject ) ! naivet ( an untutor$ m9d & repres5ts x ) a simple disreg>d ( any?+ t might lift x above ! commonplace4 ,& ?is is practically z true ( 8 te*nique z ( 8 m5tal approa*4 ,!re are beautiful passages ( color scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 works2 f9e r5d]+ ( textures1 & preci\s morceaux ( /ill-life4 ,b 8 color-s*emes are regulat$ by temp]am5t r ?an by k & calculation2 8 bru%-"w is r>ely di/+ui%$ & 8 *i>oscuro frequ5tly has gr[n black5$ ) "t4 ,x w\ld be impossible to view "o ( 8 ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces beside ev5 a "w ( second>y int]e/ by ,velasquez1 )\t realis+ at once ! hopelessly unbridgeable gulf bo? ( m5tality & execution t sep>ates !m4 ,9 fact1 x is n until "o comes to 8 ,conceptions1 t ,murillo acquires di/9ction4 ,9 ^! he %[s an orig9ality ( idea1 to :i* he has m\ld$ = himself a suitable te*nique4 ,he has le>n$ to pres]ve ! pla/icity ( =m & yet inve/ x ) a sugge/ion ( be+ impalpable1 & also buoyant1 s t x floats ( its own lightness4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! subject1 ev5 to ! colors1 0 prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*2 be+ f\nd$ ^u ! vision1 record$ 9 ,revelation ,,xii4 #a4 8,& !re appe>$ a great wond] 9 ,heav52 a woman clo!d ) ! sun1 & ! moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s40 ,x is ,murillo's triumph t he demat]ializ$ ! concrete sugge/ion2 creat$ ab\t ! figure ! lum9\sness ( une>?ly light &1 :ile he took = 8 model a girl ( ! p1 inve/$ h]self & h] angelic surr\nd+s ) ! imag9$ reality ( a vision4 ,?is1 x is ne$less to add1 repres5ts a triumph ( te*nique4 ,9 ^! subjects ,murillo prov$ himself a sup]ior & orig9al pa9t]4 ,z to ! quality ( feel+ express$ 9 !m op9ions may diff]2 b x c sc>cely be que/ion$ t x is emotional r ?an spiritual4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x ( s\l ec/asy1 z 9 ,el ,greco's visions2 x is ! sweet1 raptur\s s5tim5t ( ! w>m-blood$1 emotional ,s\?4 ,! ,conceptions1 9 fact1 are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic product ( ! ,&alusian ,s*ool & ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ,murillo4 ,9 conclusion let me quote ! obs]vations ( ! ,fr5* critic1 ,c4 ,e4 ,beul1 conc]n+ t portrait ( ,murillo's :i* he pa9t$ ( himself :5 he 0 9 ! flu% ( y\? ) all 8 possibilities be=e him4 8,we f9d him brilliant1 ard5t1 fre%-color$1 ! w>m blood fl[+ close "u 8 sk92 8 eyes black1 p5etrat+1 full ( fire & full] /ill ( passion2 8 =ehead high1 & model$ ) ^? slight bosses :i* %[ a quick b r fem99e intellig5ce2 ! l[] "p ( 8 face 7z is frequ5tly ! case ) 8 c\ntrym57 less f9ely cut1 & m>r$ by a co>se m\? & ! heavy outl9e ( ! *94 ,! total impression is t ( a nature 9 :i* ardor s]ves in/ead ( =ce1 a facile b sup]ficial r ?an pr(\nd intellig5ce1 &1 z a prime trait1 highly mundane & s5sual4 ,are n ^! ! v qualities we f9d writt5 9 8 works80 ,murillo's end 0 br\ght ab\t by a fall f a scaffold4 ,he l+]$ = a %ort "t1 sp5d+ 8 days 9 contemplation ( ,campaa's ,desc5t f ! ,cross 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,he di$ on ! ?ird ( ,april1 #afhb1 & 0 buri$1 9 accordance ) 8 reque/1 b5ea? ?is picture4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,cano ,,& ,,zurb>,n ,alonzo ,cano 0 born 9 ,granada 9 #afja4 ,he belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! ,s*ool ( ,&alusia1 = he /udi$ 9 ,seville & liv$ !re until 8 ?irty-six? ye>4 ,8 tea*]s 9 pa9t+ 7 ,juan de ,ca/illo1 ! ma/] a few ye>s lat] ( ,murillo1 & ,francisco ,pa*eco1 9 ^: /udio ,cano 0 a fell[-pupil ( ,velasquez4 ,he also practis$ ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,inde$1 x 0 9 ! latt] art t he p>ticul>ly excell$ & ga9$ 8 fir/ di/9ction4 ,8 tea*] _h be5 ! celebrat$ ,m>t9ez ,montas1 ^: in/ruction 0 supplem5t$ by ! opportunities ( /udy+ ! antique m>bles collect$ by ! ,dukes ( ,alcal1 9 _! palace 9 ,seville1 ! ,casa de ,pilatos4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is tra9+ is p]ceptible 9 8 be/ pa9t+s :i* are *>act]is$ by excessive ref9em5t ( draw+ & expression4 ,yet ,cano's own nature 0 incl9$ to viol5ce & lawlessness4 ,hav+ f\ght a duel ) ! pa9t]1 ,llano y ,valds1 & w\nd$ him1 he f\nd x conv5i5t to leave ,seville & settle 9 ,madrid4 ,cano1 n[ 9 8 ?irty-six? ye>1 0 k9dly receiv$ by ,velasquez & introduc$ by him to ! ,c\nt-,duke ,oliv>es1 :o employ$ him 9 8 palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro4 ,philip ,,iv express$ a wi% to see ! new-com]'s "w &1 be+ favorably impress$ ) x1 gave ,cano ! appo9tm5t ( draw+-ma/] to ! "y ,pr9ce ,baltas> ,c>los1 & lat] made him "o ( 8 own pa9t]s 9 ord9>y4 ,aft] "s sev5 ye>s ( success ,cano's /ay 9 ,madrid 0 t]m9at$ z abruptly z 8 soj\rn 9 ,seville4 ,8 wife 0 murd]$4 ,accord+ to ! arti/'s own acc\nt1 he _h return$ home to f9d h] dead 9 b$1 clut*+ a lock ( hair & pi]c$ ) _m w\nds1 inflict$1 app>5tly1 ) a pocket-knife4 ,h] jewels 7 miss+ & ! ,italian s]vant _h disappe>$4 ,suspicion 0 at fir/ direct$ aga9/ ?is man2 b :5 x became kn[n t ! arti/ _h liv$ on bad t]ms ) 8 wife1 :ile c>ry+ on an intrigue ) ano!r woman1 he himself 0 suspect$ ( ! crime4 ,:e!r guilty or n1 ,cano 0 al>m$ = 8 safety &1 giv+ out t he _h left = ,portugal1 fl$ ,ea/ to ,val5cia4 ,"h he took refuge 9 a mona/]y1 execut+ works = _m ( ! neighb\r+ communities4 ,at l5g?1 tru/+ t ! affair _h bl[n ov]1 he return$ to ,madrid & s\ght asylum 9 ! h\se ( 8 fri5d1 ! ,regidor1 ,don ,rafael ,sangu9eto4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 arre/$ & condemn$ to ! ordeal4 ,plead+ 8 pr(ession z a pa9t]1 he 0 p]mitt$ to submit 8 left h& to ! torture &1 pass+ ?r\gh x )\t a cry1 0 adjudg$ innoc5t4 ,six ye>s lat] ,cano1 desir+ to settle 9 8 native city1 ,granada1 obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,k+'s influ5ce ! po/ ( m9or-canon 9 ! ,ca!dral1 ) ! proviso t he %\ld be excus$ f 8 *oral duties if ,illu/ration3 ,,apo!osis ,,( ,s4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,,zurb>,n ,,prov9cial ,,museum1 ,,seville he took ord]s )9 a ye>4 ,he endeavor$ to conciliate ! v natural objections ( ! ,*apt] by execut+ "s sculptural embelli%m5ts = ! ,coro4 ,he also work$ = ! conv5ts ( ! neighborhood & = private patrons1 ) "o ( :om he came into collision respect+ ! price to be paid = a /atue ( ,s4 ,antony4 ,! man1 :o held ! (fice ( auditor ( ,granada1 _h demurr$ at ! sum ask$ = a "w :i* _h occupi$ ! arti/ only tw5ty-five days2 :]eupon ,cano1 anticipat+ ,:i/l]1 retort$1 8,y are a bad reckon]2 ,i h be5 fifty ye>s le>n+ to make su* a /atue 9 tw5ty-five days40 ,!n he da%$ ! ,s4 ,antony to ! gr\nd & sma%$ him4 ,?is 0 a sacrilegi\s (f5ce t might h br\ght ! arti/ "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 b ! auditor1 in/ead ( report+ ! matt] to t body prevail$ on ! ,*apt] to decl>e ,cano's seat vacant because he _h n accord+ to agreem5t tak5 ord]s4 ,cano appeal$ to ! ,k+ :o obta9$ = him f ! ,bi%op ( ,salamanca a *apla9cy :i* entitl$ ! hold] to full ord]s1 :ile at ! same "t ! ,nuncio cons5t$ to grant him disp5sation f say+ ,mass4 ,s ,cano return$ 9 triumph to ,granada1 b nev] aga9 w\ld execute any "w = ! ,ca!dral4 ,inde$1 x 0 9 works ( *>ity t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 *iefly sp5t4 ,he 0 s impov]i%$ by !m t1 :5 he 0 /rick5 ) 8 la/ sickness1 ! ,*apt] vot$ five hundr$ reals to 8,! ,canon ,cano1 be+ sick & v poor & )\t means to pay ! doctor02 & a week lat] add$ ano!r two hundr$ reals to buy him 8p\ltry & sweetmeats40 ,he di$ on ! ?ird ( ,octob]1 #affg4 ,! ,capilla ,mayor 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada is enri*$ ) sculptural works by ,cano's h& & ) "s pa9t+s4 ,^! repres5t ! 8,sev5 ,joys ( ,m>y10 ,annunciation1 ,conception1 ,nativity1 ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 & ,assumption4 ,!y are plac$ s high1 t f ! floor x is v difficult to see !m1 :ile1 ev5 :5 y view !m f ! ne>] approa* ( ! tri=ium1 ! color$ glass ( ! w9d[s int]f]es ) _! effect4 ,z f> z "o c judge on ! spot & ) ! aid ( photographs !y are too flimsy 9 "* = ! monum5tal /ructure :i* !y are int5d$ to decorate4 ,t ?is conclusion is correct appe>s probable :5 y /udy ,cano's small] alt>-pieces4 ,"s ( !m are pa9t$ s ?9ly1 ) s little v>iety ( values ( hue & s little int]e/ ( surface1 t !y seem to be empty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 be/ works1 su* z ! ,"m & ,*ild ov] ! ,alt> ( ,be?lehem 9 ,seville ,ca!dral1 & ! ,s4 ,agnes ( ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 are s exquisitely ref9$ t !y ne$ to be se5 at close range4 ,! =m] is reg>d$ z ,cano's ma/]piece4 ,! type ( ! ,virg9 is ( ,granada1 t\*$ ) ,moori% w>m?1 a little m womanly & mu* m ref9$ ?an ,murillo's4 ,b1 l ! latt]'s & l ,raphael's ,roman ,madonnas1 x is beautiful only 9 a physical & emotional way2 x has no?+ ( ! spirituality ( ,el ,greco's creations1 s absorb$ 9 ! my/]y ( _! sacr$ & miracul\s e/ate4 ,yet among ! ,madonnas ( ! ,s\!rn arti/s !re is probably none s pure 9 its lovel9ess & s lovely 9 its purity z ?is "o ( ,cano's4 ,a simil> quality ( exquisitely fragrant maid5hood appe>s 9 ! ,s4 ,agnes4 ,bo? ?is & ! o!r canvas repres5t s5tim5t1 rais$ to ! highe/ pit* ( elevat$ feel+2 yet rema9+ s5tim5t4 ,i make ! po9t because ,cano1 no m ?an ! o!r ,spani% arti/s1 = all ! religiosity ( _! pictures1 t\*$ ! s\l ( religion4 ,! only arti/ ( ! ,spani% ,s*ool to d ?is 0 ! ali51 ,el ,greco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,francisco de ,zurb>n 0 born 9 #aeih 9 ! little t[n ( ,fu5te de ,cantos 9 ! prov9ce ( ,e/remadura4 ,8 fa!r1 a small f>m]1 conv9c$ ( 8 son's tal5t = draw+1 took him to ,seville & plac$ him "u ! tea*+ ( ,roelas4 ,b !re is little or no trace ( ?is pa9t]'s influ5ce 9 ,zurb>n's /yle4 ,9 a g5]al way ! latt] came "u ! spell ( ,rib]a & ,c>avaggio2 inde$1 at "o p]iod ( 8 c>e] ,zurb>n 9 consequ5ce ( 8 d>k %ad[s 0 nicknam$ 8! ,spani% ,c>avaggio40 ,b y _c become acqua9t$ ) ,zurb>n's v>i\s subjects )\t realis+ t he ow$ 8 /yle *iefly1 almo/ entirely1 to himself2 t he _h %ap$ x to ! ne$s ( 8 own temp]am5t4 ,he 0 an out & out naturali/2 9 a s5se ! mo/ conspicu\sly naturali/ic pa9t] ( ! ,spani% ,s*ool4 ,= !re is an au/]ity 9 8 po9t ( view1 :i* sep>ates him f ! s5tim5t ( ,murillo1 ! passionate virility ( ,rib]a & ! ari/ocratic di/9ction ( ,velasquez4 ,zurb>n consort$ ) ,monks2 took advantage ( occasional opportunities ( retir+ f ! _w into ! quiet ( a mona/ic community2 & 9 ! simplicity & frugality ( 8 ta/es 0 at he>t a monk4 ,! b>e walls ( a cell or refectory1 ! pla9 habits ( ! bre?r51 & ! ord]ly =mality ( _! lives1 7 m to him ?an subjects = 8 bru%4 ,!y 7 s 9 tune ) 8 own in/9cts1 t he d]iv$ f !m inspiration = 8 art2 affect+ n only 8 habit ( see+ b 8 te*nique4 ,bo? became *>act]is$ by l>g5ess & simplicity & by m or less sev]ity4 ,^! qualities are repres5t$ 9 ! great alt>piece1 ,! ,apo!osis ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 execut$ :5 ,zurb>n 0 only tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old & g5]ally consid]$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,x is to be se5 to-day "u v favorable conditions 9 ! ,prov9cial ,museum ( ,seville1 = x is hung high 9 a good light & c be view$ f v>i\s di/ances4 ,^! advantages ( plac+ no d\bt c\nt 9 ! impression1 diff]+ s widely f ! usual circum/ances "u :i* ! alt>-pieces ( ,spa9 are to be /udi$4 ,b ! impression receiv$ ( ! ,s4 ,?omas is t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,fun]al ( ,c\nt ,orgaz1 x is ! noble/ c]emonial picture t "o has met 9 ,spa94 ,x is due to ! magnific5ce ( its organic simplicity & bigness1 :i* give ! composition an emphasis & c>ry+ =ce4 ,& :at is true ( ! l>ge masses1 view$ f a di/ance1 is equally true on a ne>] view ( ! details4 ,! latt] resolve !mselves into f9ely treat$ surfaces ( drap]y & p>ticul>ly into ! punctuat+ emphasis ( ke5ly ,illu/ration3 ,,miracle ,,( ,s4 ,,hugo ,,zurb>,n ,,prov9cial ,,museum1 ,,seville *>act]is$ heads4 ,! alt>-piece 0 pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,college ( ,s4 ,?omas2 ^: f\nd]1 ,ar*bi%op ,diego de ,deza is repres5t$ bel[2 kneel+ opposite to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 :o presumably _h be5 a patron ( ! f\ndation4 ,"o has b to look at ! reproduction ( ?is picture 7p4 #afc7 to feel sure t all ! heads are portraits2 t ( ,s4 ,?omas1 8,! ,angelic ,doctor10 be+1 tradition says1 a portrait ( ! ,preb5d>y ( ,seville 9 ,zurb>n's "t4 ,:ile ea* head is individualiz$1 x is int]e/+ to note h[ !y are assembl$ into g5]ic gr\ps2 ! monki% type repres5t$ 9 ! ar*bi%op & 8 att5dants2 ! man-(-!-_w 9 ! ,emp]or's gr\p2 ! type ( ! ?9k] & spiritual lead] 9 ! f\r doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 ,gregory1 ,ambrose1 ,augu/9e1 ,j]ome4 ,nor is !re any less di/9ction ( "* 9 ! ,s4 ,paul & ,s4 ,dom9ic1 9 ! "r upp] corn]4 ,x is less manife/1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,*ri/1 & sc>cely to be f\nd 9 ! figure ( ! ,virg94 ,two o!r po9ts may be not$1 z help+ to expla9 ! magi/ral impression ( ?is canvas4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! effect ( wide-op5ness 9 ! upp] "p ( ! composition1 :]e ! cl\ds ( glory are ?rong$ ) *]ub heads1 is c>ri$ d[n into ! l[] "p by ! view ( ! /reet1 se5 at a di/ance & dott$ ) int5tionally m9ute figures1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! emphasis ( ! gr\ps 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! result ( ?is cont9uance ( light$ space is to create a unity 9 ! composition1 b9d+ into an ensemble ! ?ree ti]s ( figures4 ,aga91 x is rem>kable ) :at a compreh5sion ( l>ge1 /ructural pr9ciples1 ,zurb>n has di/ribut$ ! masses1 respectively1 ( ! pla9 & ( ! embelli%$ drap]ies4 ,! purpose ( ! :ole pageant is to glorify ,s4 ,?omas & incid5tally ! ,dom9ican ord]4 ,! key & climax1 !re=e1 ( ! :ole is ,s4 ,?omas's black & :ite habit4 ,to secure its emphasis ! c>d9al's r$ & ! ri* copes ) _! sumptu\sly embroid]$ orphreys h be5 mass$ ab\t x4 ,mean:ile a portion ( ?is enri*m5t is repeat$ bel[ 9 ! ar*bi%op's robes & ! emp]or's cloak1 & m fa9tly 9 ! figures 9 ! cl\ds4 ,"h too ,s4 ,dom9ic supplies an e*o ( ! black & :ite1 :i* 9 turn are mass$ 9 ! l[] =egr\nd4 ,x is ?is f9e gr\nd-"w1 di/ribution & climax ( black & :ite1 :i* m ?an any?+ give ?is composition s noble a di/9ction3 a c]ta9 *a/e1 *oice1 au/]e dignity4 ,ne> ?is picture 9 ! ,prov9cial ,museum ( ,seville hangs ano!r f9e example ( ,zurb>n's orig9ality ( composition2 ,! ,virg9 ,bless+ ,v>i\s ,monks4 ,! :ite-frock$ bro!rs are kneel+ 9 two gr\ps1 left & "r ( ! c5tral figure ( ! ,virg94 ,%e /&s rob$ 9 delicate rose1 ) h] arms ext5d$1 ea* h& on ! head ( a monk4 ,mean:ile h] blue mantle1 fa/5$ at ! ?roat ) a magnific5t jewel1 is held susp5d$ by two *]ubs1 s t its volume =ms a canopy ( protection ov] ! kneel+ gr\ps1 & ! upp] "p1 curv+ l a b[l1 is fill$ high ) angel heads float+ 9 div9e glory4 ,"h aga9 is ar*itectonic simplicity1 alli$ ) gr&eur1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! masses ( :ite1 rose1 deep blue & gold5 yell[1 & aga9 an extraord9>y int]e/ ( *>act]ization4 ,! quality ( int5se1 au/]e s9c]ity is repres5t$ also 9 ,miracle ( ,s4 ,hugo 7p4 #aff7 :i* is 9 ! same ,museum4 ,inde$1 x is 9 ,seville t y realise ! nobility ( ,zurb>n's art4 ,! examples 9 ! ,prado are by comp>ison commonplace2 except ! ,portrait ( a ,lady 9 "o ( ! upp] gall]ies4 ,?is introduces u to ! "* ( ! arti/'s "w aft] he settl$ 9 ,madrid1 :i!r he 0 s5t = by ! k+4 ,portraits ( wom5 ( fa%ion n[ occupi$ him4 ,!re is a good example 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum :i*1 9 pose & /yle ( co/ume & l[ ton$ h>mony1 resembles ! "o 9 ! ,prado4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! silk fall ( ! drap]y is drawn =w>d ov] ! skirt by ! lady's h&1 s t its folds are m volum9\s1 & ! :ole figure1 9 consequ5ce1 is fre] 9 design ?an ! "o 9 ,new ,york4 ,z = ! o!r picture 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,s4 ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel1 x is v h>d to cr$it its attribution to ,zurb>n4 ,:]e else among ! arti/'s works c y f9d s palpable an attempt to imitate ,raphael8 ,x has no?+ ( ! orig9ality1 bread? & det]m9$ naturalism t di/+ui% ,zurb>n4 ,if ! latt] really pa9t$ x1 he mu/ h done s 9 8 /ud5t days ) ,roelas4 ,zurb>n di$ 9 ,madrid1 probably 9 #affb4 ,he is held 9 high e/imation by ! ,spani%1 b sc>cely appreciat$ at 8 true wor? by =eign]s4 ,to see him at 8 be/1 alongside ( ,murillo's "w1 z y c 9 ,seville1 is to be dispos$ to "q ! latt]'s claim to be consid]$ ! greate/ arti/ ( ! ,sevillian ,s*ool4 ,c]ta9ly1 z comp>$ ) ,murillo1 ,zurb>n 0 m unequivocally ! naturali/2 he 0 at lea/ z good a pa9t]2 a bett]1 "o may ev5 ?9k2 & ! qualities ( 8 m9d 7 sup]ior4 ,he _h n ! popul> trait ( s5tim5t & passion2 b ! high] gift ( intellectuality & ! r>] "o ( cold1 dispassionate vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,iv ,,& ,,! ,,royal ,,family ,,goya ,,! ,,prado ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,goya ,f ! dea? ( ,velasquez1 9 #affa1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$ :5 ,goya made 8 db 9 ,madrid4 ,he is ! unexpect$ ph5om5on ( ! ,spani% ,s*ool2 com+ z a surprise & ev5 m surpris+ 9 ! "* ( 8 art1 s9ce x anticipat$ by a hundr$ ye>s an art-motive ( our own times4 ,goya 0 ! prophet ( mod]n impressionism1 & arriv$ ^u ! /age :5 ! drama ( ,spani% pa9t+ seem$ to h be5 play$ out4 ,= ! great names ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h be5 succe$$ by pa9t]s ( inf]ior ability & ! positions ( favor at c\rt 7 held by =eign]s4 ,! decl9e ( pa9t+ _h kept pace ) national decl9e4 ,spa9 "u ! ,b\rbon dyna/y reap$ ! :irlw9d t _h be5 s[n by ! ,hapsburg4 ,trade & comm]ce _h be5 r$uc$ to no?+2 & :ile a few noble families _h gr[n ri* ! c\ntry 0 poor1 ev5 ! ,c\rt be+ impov]i%$4 ,! ,*ur* _h sunk f its high e/ate1 &1 devot$ to worldly ambitions1 _h lo/ ! respect ( ! community4 ,! national "* 0 demoralis$4 ,! l[] classes _h become brutalis$1 :ile society 0 call\s & ! ,c\rt op5ly pr(ligate4 ,:5 ,goya ent]$ on 8 prime1 ! impot5ce ( ! ,k+1 ,*>les ,,iv1 _h p]mitt$ ! gov]nm5t to slip into ! h&s ( ! ,que5's favorite1 ! ex-gu>dsman1 ,manuel ,godoy4 ,he _h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( ,duke ( ,alcudia & made prime m9i/] ( ! realm4 ,= br++ to conclusion a w> ) ,france 9 :i* he _h ne$lessly engag$1 he o/5tati\sly assum$ ! title ( ! 8,pr9ce ( ,peace40 ,x has be5 relat$ 9 a previ\s *apt] h[ he ratt$ to ,napoleon & favor$ ! design to place ,joseph ,bonap>te on ! ?rone ( ,spa91 !reby subject+ ,spa9 to ! horrors ( a ,fr5* invasion "u ,murat & to ! prolong$ di/ress ( ! ,p59sul> w>4 ,symptomatic ( ! moral atmosph]e ( ! ,c\rt is an anecdote m5tion$ 9 ,doblado's ,lett]s4 ,! ,k+1 surr\nd$ by memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 0 gaz+ f a w9d[ ( ! palace1 :5 ,mallo1 :o happ5$ to be !n fir/ favorite ) ! ,que51 drove by1 h&l+ a f9e team ( horses4 8,i wond]10 said ! ,k+1 8h[ ! fell[ c af=d to keep bett] horses ?an ,i c80 8,! sc&al goes1 ,sir10 repli$ ,godoy1 8t he is himself kept by an ugly old woman ^: "n ,i h =gott540 99 99 99 99 99 ,on to ! /age ( ?is %abby com$y ( c\rt life1 set ) ! sc5]y ( a nation's humiliation1 ,goya ent]$ & made an imm$iate hit4 ,a man ( viol5t passions1 )\t consci5ce or scruples1 he play$ 8 "p z if all ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 contempor>ies 7 repres5t$ 9 himself4 ,he has left a self-portrait1 pa9t$ "s sev5 ye>s aft] 8 appe>ance on ! sc5e4 ,x n[ hangs 9 ! ,prado & might be mi/ak5 = ! portrait ( a bull-fight]4 ,inde$1 x rem9ds u t at "o p]iod ( 8 "y days ,goya became effici5t 9 ! bull-r+4 ,! neck is %ort & ?ick2 ! m\? fle%y & s5sual2 ! nose broad2 ! *eeks l>ge & heavily model$2 ! cu%ion$ br[s indicate a hot1 quick s5sibility2 !re is a g5]al sugge/ion ( ab\nd+ animal =ce4 ,only ! eyes1 deep set & brilliant1 proclaim ! man's m5tality4 ,x is ! face ( a peasant1 :i* 9 8 orig9 ,goya _h be54 ,8 fa!r 0 a small f>m] 9 ! village ( ,fu5t$etodos 9 ,aragn1 :]e ,goya 0 born 9 #agdf4 ,br$ h>dily & possess$ ( great physical /r5g?1 ! boy ass]t$ 8 indep5d5ce e>ly &1 det]m9+ to be an arti/1 s\ght in/ruction f a pa9t] 9 ,z>agoza4 ,"h he soon ga9$ notoriety = 8 escapades & 0 di/+ui%$ among 8 fell[ /ud5ts = 8 d>+ & 8 skill 9 ! use ( rapi] & dagg]4 ,f9ally he 0 w\nd$ 9 "s broil & hidd5 away by 8 fri5ds to escape ! clut*es ( ! ,inquisition1 ^: att5tion _h be5 call$ to ! affair4 ,accord+ly1 aft] 8 recov]y ,goya f\nd x conv5i5t to leave ,z>agoza4 ,he made 8 way to ,rome1 :]e he /ay$ = sev]al ye>s1 indulg+ 8 appetite = adv5ture & intrigue on a l>g] scale4 ,he aga9 fell f\l ( ! ,inquisition1 ?r\gh an attempt to remove a "y lady f a conv5t & w\ld h f>$ ill1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! ,spani% ambassador1 :o promis$ to see t ! (f5d+ arti/ return$ to ,spa94 ,s 9 #agfi ,goya arriv$ 9 ,madrid4 ,%ortly aft] 8 appe>ance 9 ! capital ,goya m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! pa9t]1 ,francisco ,bayeu4 ,%e mu/ h be5 a lady ( exceptional =be>ance1 s9ce %e rema9$ true to him not)/&+ 8 frequ5t am\rs & pres5t$ him ) tw5ty *ildr54 ,bayeu introduc$ 8 son-9-law to ,raphael ,m5gs1 :o 0 9 ! height ( favor at ,c\rt4 ,?is ,g]man pa9t]1 :o _h be5 invit$ to ,spa9 by ,*>les ,,iii1 ow$ 8 ,european reputation to 8 s]vile imitation ( 8 namesake1 ,raphael4 ,he 0 a facile1 academic mann]i/2 draw+ inspiration = 8 subjects f ! ,classics & r5d]+ !m ) a purity ( /yle t 0 absolutely bloodless4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 suffici5tly l>ge-m9d$ to discov] value 9 ! "y ,goya4 ,! ,k+ _h reque/$ 8 ,c\rt pa9t] to make an ef=t to revive ! ,royal ,tape/ry ,works ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 & ,m5gs 0 engag+ pa9t]s to execute designs4 ,he gave a s]ies to ,goya1 :o prep>$ ! c>toons :i* are n[ 9 ! ,prado4 ,"s ( !m 7 execut$ 9 ! weave & c be se5 9 a room ( ! ,escoril1 adjo9+ ano!r1 decorat$ ) tape/ries aft] designs by ,t5i]s4 ,! latt]'s example may h influ5c$ ,goya 9 8 *oice ( subjects1 = he took ! !me ( popul> pa/imes & treat$ !m naturali/ically4 ,! significance ( ?is lies 9 its contra/ to ! conditions !n exi/+4 ,= ! tape/ries :i* 7 la mode at t "t bo? 9 ,france & ,spa9 7 ! ,b\*] designs1 9 :i* little c\rt g5tlem5 & ladies play at be+ %eph]ds & milkmaids1 & indulge 9 pretty trave/ies ( c\ntry life1 "u conditions ( an impossible & ridicul\s age ( innoc5ce4 ,z we come to "k ,goya we are n ,illu/ration3 ,,maia1 ,,nude ,,goya ,,! ,,prado surpris$ t ?is view ( art _h no int]e/ = him4 ,we f9d him to h be5 f boyhood an eag] liv]1 int]e/$ to ! full 9 life2 s we d n n[ %>e ! surprise t 8 contempor>ies mu/ h felt :5 !y saw ^! c>toons4 ,to a society accu/om$ to an art ( academic imitation & rococo lackadaisicalness1 !y may well h be5 a %ock4 ,!y seem also to h come z a welcome relief1 = !y made ,goya popul>2 moreov] !y e/abli%$ = him a "* ( be+ indep5d5t1 ( :i* he subsequ5tly took full advantage4 ,! color s*emes ( ^! designs are notewor?y4 ,:ile ! ,t5i]s tape/ries are bas$ on a v naive use ( ! prim>y colors1 r$1 blue & yell[1 & ! ,b\*] on a subtle use ( ! same1 9 :i* ! %>pness ( ! hues is silv]$ d[n to demi-t9ts1 ! ,goya introduce ! second>y colors4 ,!y involve ! r$1 yell[ & blue1 b m]ely z fla%es ( brilliance 9 a gr\ndwork ( plum-color1 purple1 dull br[n-r$1 deep orange & blue1 & ri* gre5s1 enliv5$ ) :ite & velvety black4 ,! s*emes are intricate1 v>i$1 & above all1 positive2 ! "w ( an arti/ ) an orig9al1 if /ill unmatur$1 s5se ( color4 ,goya1 inde$1 proclaim$ 9 ?is e>ly "w ! fact t he 0 a colori/2 al?\gh1 z yet1 !re is little sugge/ion ( ! k9d ( colori/ he 0 go+ to prove himself4 ,foll[+ ^! c>toons came sev]al commissions to provide decorative pa9t+s = *ur*es4 ,goya execut$ !m 9 ! _s ( popul> g5re t inspir$ ! c>toons4 ,n only _h he no religi\s feel+2 he 0 bitt]ly & op5ly oppos$ to ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ^! pictures ( sa9tly leg5ds 0 at no pa9s to simulate a rev]5ce t he did n feel4 ,to ?is p]iod also belongs ! ,portrait ( ,*>les ,,iii ( ! ,prado1 :i* %[s him 9 ! co/ume ( a huntsman1 an angul> figure ) a g5ial b homely face4 ,x is pa9t$ ) uncompromis+ naturalness2 ! cont\rs z h>d & bold z ! color+2 a picture sep>at$ f ! ,goya t we lat] "k by a wide gap4 ,! fact seems to be t 9 ?is portrait ,goya 0 pa9t+ simply :at he saw2 & s9ce ! orig9al 0 a man ( commonplace ext]ior & ,goya himself view$ him 9 a p]fectly commonplace way he produc$ ?is a/oni%+ly common-look+ picture4 ,x 0 necess>y = ,goya to discov] "s ref9em5t 9 8 own po9t ( view1 be=e he c\ld develop 8 be/ arti/ic possibilities4 ,! gradual /eps by :i* he rea*$ ?is goal ,i d n pr(ess to "k2 b a few ye>s lat]1 :5 he _h be5 e/abli%$ z ,c\rt pa9t] to ! new k+1 ,*>les ,,iv1 ! true ,goya is discov]$4 ,8 new /yle1 ! result ( a new way ( view+ 8 subject1 is fully develop$ 9 ! gr\p portrait ( ,*>les ,,iv & ! ,royal ,family4 ,we w po/pone consid]ation ( ,goya's m5tal attitude t[>d ^! royal puppets4 ,t is "p ( 8 g5]al outlook ^u life1 z a satiri/ & ca/igator ( follies4 ,x is 8 attitude t[>d 8 art :i* conc]ns u = ! mom5t4 ,! reproduction ( ?is picture 7p4 #aga7 gives little b a limit$ idea ( its arti/ic beauty1 b x br+s out ! lack ( human int]e/ 91 at lea/1 ! pr9cipal p]sonages & ! necess>y /iffness ( ?is arrangem5t ( ! figures4 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ,goya has drawn ! /raggl+ items into "s degree ( unity by envelop+ ! l[] "p ( ! end gr\ps 9 half-%ad[4 ,! eye is ?us l$ to conc5trate on ! c5t] ( ! composition4 ,"h = an in/ant our att5tion may be occupi$ by ! unga9ly attitude ( ! ,que51 & ! =bidd+ expression ( h] face1 turn$1 z 9 h] o!r portraits by ,goya1 9 "o direction1 :ile h] eyes seek ano!r4 ,b x is only = an in/ant4 ,!n we are attract$ by ! jewels 9 h] d>k hair & on h] bosom1 & by ! exquisit5ess ( ! co/ume--a fall ( ,*9ese silk1 m&>9 blue1 embroid]$ 9 :ite & gold1 ov] a :ite lace skirt4 ,next our gaze may w&] to ! simil> dresses worn by ! pr9cesses on h] "r1 :i* h[ev] repres5t subtle v>iations ( effect ?r\gh ! m or less ( %ad[ 9 :i* !y are veil$2 & !n to ! k+'s rose-embroid]$ ve/1 ! pale blue & :ite wat]$ silk ribbon1 & ! />s & jewels :i* clu/] on ! plum-color$ velvet coat4 ,s gradually "o becomes consci\s ( ! lovel9ess ( color t p]meates ! :ole gr\p1 a b\quet ( m+l$ quietude & brilliance1 ( l[ tones & sp>kl+ keys1 :i* "o c enjoy ) z complete a deta*m5t f any ?\ght ( ! figures1 z if !y 7 a p>t]re ( fl[]s4 ,9 fact1 !re is reveal$ "h a colori/ ( extraord9>y ref9em5t & subtlety2 & ( an imag9ation t is r>e among pa9t]s4 ,goya's orig9al fondness = v>i$ & positive colors has matur$ into a ma/]y ov] a few hues1 treat$ ) exquisite nuances4 ,& ! secret ( ?is m>vel\s color-expression is ! arti/'s new way ( look+ at 8 subject4 ,he has become an impressioni/ 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,he /&s =?1 inde$1 z ! fir/ ( mod]n impressioni/s1 ! =]unn] by ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ( ! pr9cipal art-motive ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,goya us$ to say t 8 only tea*]s _h be5 ,velasquez1 ,rembr&t & ,nature4 ,x 0 f ! fir/ nam$ t he le>n$ to pa9t1 n ! subject 9 front ( him b ! impression he _h =m$ ( x2 & 9 ?is he may h be5 assi/$ by ,rembr&t's use ( *i>oscuro to elim9ate by %ad[ ! uness5tials & to height5 ! sali5cies by light4 ,yet x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,goya c\ld h _h _m opportunities ( /udy+ ,rembr&t1 s9ce !re is only a s+le example 9 ! ,prado1 & ! ,dut* ma/]s 7 n favor$ 9 ,spa94 ,accord+ly "o is dispos$ to give ,goya full] cr$it = discov]+ 8 own way ( r5d]+ 8 impressions4 ,z x is exhibit$ 9 ?is portrait gr\p1 x reveals an imag9ation t height5s ! sugge/ion ( beauty 9 ! ?+ record$1 & an extraord9>y gift ( improvisation 9 h&l+ passages ( intricate detail & r5d]+ ! effect ( an ensemble4 ,!re is no su* maze ( luxuriant lovel9ess z ?is 9 any picture by ,velasquez2 ! ne>e/ approa* to x be+1 p]haps1 ! brea/ ( ! little ,don ,c>los on horseback4 ,! ,goya repres5ts a m fem99e s5sitiv5ess2 x is impregnat$ ) temp]am5t4 ,?is is ! quality ( ,goya's impressionism :i* makes x mod]n4 ,velasquez's is imp]sonally objective2 mod]n impressionism1 l ,goya's1 is naturalism view$ ?r\gh temp]am5t2 x %apes & colors ! record to ! arti/'s mood4 ,?is is at once its weakness & its /r5g?2 a s\rce ( p[] :5 ! mood is high & spontane\s1 ( weakness :5 ! mood is slack or directly unsympa!tic4 ,"u ! latt] conditions ,goya n infrequ5tly turn$ out pictures 9 :i* spontaneity & imag9ation are abs5t1 & ! result is wood51 ineffective4 ,/ill (t5] 8 faces are lack+ 9 expression & 9 subtlety ( model+2 :ile 8 h&s1 ?\gh "o has he>d !m prais$1 are seldom expressive 9 model+ or 9 ge/ure4 ,x 0 ! t\t-ensemble t int]e/$ him & 9 ?is ! co/umes play a v important "p & are usually h&l$ ) incomp>able ma/]y4 ,two beautiful examples ( 8 ability to encompass ! _s ( a subject are ! pair ( canvases1 repres5t+ a ,maia1 or girl ( ! p1 9 ! "o case nude1 9 ! o!r clo!d4 ,9 bo? ! s(a is uphol/]$ 9 gre5 velvet1 spread ) silv]y :ite drap]ies & cu%ions4 ,b1 9 ! case ( ! nude1 ! gre5 is cool & blui%2 9 ! o!r1 a w>m] apple-gre5 to h>monise ) ! co/ume4 ,! latt] consi/s ( a bol]o jacket ( mu/>d color ) black & :ite lace trimm+s1 a :ite g[n1 %ad$ ) tones ( dove-grey & lav5d]1 a sa% ( silv]y hue1 suffus$ ) cl>et1 & yell[ ,turki% slipp]s4 ,! black network is laid on crisply & r\ghly1 ?us help+ to set (f ! smoo?ness ( ! te*nique 9 ! face1 :i* has w>m r$ *eeks & br[n eyes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,maia ,nude1 ! color+ ?r\gh\t is cool]2 a m delicate rose 9 ! face1 a fa9tly oxidis$ silv] %ad[ "u ! *9 & ov] ! bosom2 & simil> %ad[s ( inexpressible subtlety ov] o!r portions ( ! body4 ,! fle% is cream ) ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( rose2 & yet n cream1 = x seems to be v]itable fle%4 ,b1 al?\gh ?is nude is pa9t$ ) a naturalism t c\ld sc>cely be exce$$1 ! web ( evanesc5t %ad[ 9 :i* x is clo!d inve/s ! nudity ) a veil ( idealism4 ,^! %ad[s1 absolutely indescribable 9 _! delicacy1 are ! result ( a mo/ p]fect s5se ( values & ( a te*nique z sure z x is facile4 ,!y are ! despair ( pa9t]s :o try to copy ! picture4 ,goya1 9 fact1 9 ^! two canvases1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nude1 has caught ! volatile ess5ce ( "y fem99ity2 has succe$$1 z x 71 9 pa9t+ ! fragrance ( ! fl[]4 ,ano!r k9d ( fem99ity1 m matur$1 he has repres5t$ 9 ! ,&alusian beauty1 ,da ,isabel ,corbo de ,porcel1 ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,"h ! te*nique1 z befits ! impression1 is m brusque & vivaci\s4 ,b 9 ano!r example 9 ! same ,gall]y1 ,portrait ( ,dr4 ,pral1 ,goya has adapt$ to ! ref9em5t ( 8 subject a color-s*eme & te*nique ( unsurpassable delicacy4 ,! features1 pale p9k1 %ad$ ) grey1 are set 9 a frame ( long :iti% yell[ hair2 ! coat is greyi% drab1 ! ve/ pe>ly grey ) gre5 sprigs1 ! figure be+ plac$ aga9/ a d>k olive-black backgr\nd4 ,! expression ( ! :ole is ( a man ( r>e cultivation & f9e m5tal poise4 ,! s*eme ( color recalls ! ,portrait ( ,francisco ,bayeu1 9 ! ,prado1 except t1 9 ! latt]1 silv]y blue is sub/itut$ = ! gre52 ?is note ( color appe>+ 9 ! sa%4 ,by ! "t t ,goya rea*$ 8 maturity ! range ( 8 palette 0 r$uc$ to v re/rict$ limits3 blue1 :ite1 black1 v]milion1 "s ( ! o*res & burnt si5na4 ,& 8 tools 7 correspond+ly meagre4 ,bru%es ( ! rude/ make s]v$ 8 purpose2 or he w\ld use a sponge or /ick1 secur+ "s ( 8 subtle/ effects ) ! ball ( 8 ?umb4 ,f sev]al unf9i%$ bu/-portraits 9 ! ,prado x appe>s t he work$ ov] an "u-surface ( orange-r$2 :i* no d\bt acc\nts = ! w>m? & fulness ( 8 greys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! subtlety :i* he succe$$ 9 giv+ to all 8 local colors1 laid on z !y 7 9 simple flat tones1 is ! result ( a pr(\ndly s5sitive feel+ = values4 ,goya's r5d]+ ( ! v>y+ qualities ( light1 z !y affect ! hue ( a surface1 is diff]5t f ,velasquez's4 ,) ! latt]1 if "o may /ate x briefly1 x is r ! product ( obs]vation2 ) ,goya1 ( feel+4 ,!re=e1 x is l>gely influ5c$ by temp]am5t1 :i* makes x ak9 to ! mod]n h&l+ ( values4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! "* ( 8 impression1 ,goya is a mod]n ( ! mod]ns4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ,goya's eque/rian portraits ) ^? ( ,velasquez4 ,goya's be/1 9 ! ,prado1 are ^? ( ! ,k+ & ,que54 ,p]haps ! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce appe>s 9 ! treatm5t ( ! horses4 ,velasquez1 z we h se51 gave to ea* ( 8 animals an individual "* & action1 suitable also to ! "* & psy*ology ( ! rid]4 ,a spirit$ small creature be>s ! little ,don ,c>los2 a %[y1 p[]ful brute ! swagg]+ ,oliv>es2 a bea/1 tra9$ 9 /ately m5age1 ! pr\d & res]v$ k+4 ,) ,goya1 h[ev]1 !re is little app>5t /udy ( ! /ructure or "* ( ! animal2 x is felt = its value z a h&some mass4 ,& ! rid]'s figure seems to h be5 felt 9 ! same way2 z if by emphasis+ its mass ! arti/ c\ld evade ! inevitable commonplace ( ! face4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! case ( ! ,que51 ! impression we receive is ( a black beav] hat ) sc>let cockade1 sc>let rev]s & silv] braid on a black habit2 black tr\s]s aga9/ ! deep gre5 & gold ( ! pummel & saddle-clo?1 & ( a r$-bay horse ) d>k] tail2 ! :ole =m+ a /rik+ silh\ette aga9/ a dull drab sky t deep5s to slaty grey on ! "r1 & a tawny1 pale gre5 l&scape fad+ t[>d ! horizon to silv] buffs & olive4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,k+'s portrait sugge/s ! effect ( a h&some silh\ette1 :i* culm9ates 9 a blaze ( spl5dor amid ! decorations t cov] ! rid]'s brea/4 ,?is is artfully balanc$ by ! brilliantly :ite *e/ ( ! horse & by a pal] :ite light 9 "o "p ( ! sky4 ,bo? ^! portraits1 9 fact1 are prim>ily color-impressions4 ,x is z if ,goya _h tak5 refuge 9 ?is po9t ( view1 9 ord] to get ov] ! difficulty ( adju/+ two su* undignifi$ p]sonages to ! monum5tal feel+ ( a l>ge eque/rian portrait4 ,x 0 a case 9 :i* he tri$ to keep 9 control 8 feel+s z a satiri/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,m>ia ,,luisa ,,on ,,horseback ,,goya ,,! ,,prado ,= ,goya's role at ,c\rt 0 t ( an audaci\s satiri/1 c5sor & *a/is] ( ! follies & iniquities ( 8 day4 ,he 0 all[$ a free h&1 = 8 gallantry ende>$ him to ! ladies & 8 pr[ess z a fight] made him fe>$ by ! m51 :ile all1 except ! imm$iate victim1 c\ld enjoy ! adroitness & d>+ ( 8 humor4 ,8 p>ticul> bte noir 0 ,godoy1 :om he m]cilessly satiris$4 ,he w\ld amuse ! idle mom5ts ( ! ,c\rt by spr9kl+ ! cont5ts ( a s&box on ! writ+ table1 & draw+ ) 8 f+] c>icatures ( ! m9i/]4 ,on "o occasion he appe>$ at "s function dur+ a p]iod ( ,c\rt m\rn+ & 0 refus$ admission by ! u%]s1 because he 0 we>+ :ite /ock+s4 ,he retir$ to an ante-room & ) p5 & ink reliev$ _! :it5ess ) fun]eal c>icatures ( ,godoy4 ,among ! am\rs 9 :i* he indulg$ 0 "o ) ! "y ,du*ess ( ,alba1 :o return$ 8 passion4 ,_! liaison ar\s$ ! jeal\sy ( ! ,que51 :o bani%$ ! ,du*ess to h] c\ntry home4 ,:5 ,goya le>n$ ( x he pursu$ 8 inamorata 9 hot ha/e & caught h] up on ! road1 = an axle ( h] c>riage _h brok54 ,!re be+ no smi?y ne>1 he himself lit a fire & repair$ ! damage4 ,! ex]tion 0 succe$$ by a *ill1 :i* induc$ ! fir/ symptoms ( ! deafness t 9 lat] life became complete4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,c\rt c\ld n d )\t its ,goya1 & z he w\ld n return )\t 8 ,du*ess1 %e too 0 recall$4 ,b ,goya 0 f> f be+ a m]e buffoon & galli>d4 ,al?\gh 8 passionate nature ) its /reak ( co>s5ess made him at home 9 ! petty intrigues ( ! c\rt1 he 0 a "p ( ! wide-spread revolution>y _s ( 8 day4 ,:ile ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly ,france1 0 see?+ ) ! yea/ ( unre/1 ?is solit>y figure1 f> (f 9 ,spa91 0 already 9 revolt4 ,9 8 d5unciation ( ! hypocrisy & vice ( 8 age1 z exhibit$ alike 9 ! ,*ur*1 ,society & ! middle & l[] classes1 he 0 a ,voltaire & ,robespi]re 9 "o1 br&i%+ ! tor* t subsequ5tly k9dl$ ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 8 te*nique1 he 0 ahead ( 8 age4 ,mean:ile1 ! m5tal attitude :i* inspir$ him 0 *>act]i/ically ,spani%3 by turns grim & gay1 humor\s & deadly s]i\s1 co>se1 s5sual & cruel4 ,9 two s]ies ( et*+s1 ,capri*os 7,:ims7 & ,prov]bios 7,prov]bs71 ! sc\rge ( 8 satire bit into ! plates ) a virul5ce ( scorn & nak$ness ( exposure t h nev] be5 surpass$ &1 be=e 8 day1 _h nev] be5 attempt$ by an arti/4 ,9 "o ( 8 et*+s1 a dead man has return$ to life & is writ+ ) 8 f+] on ! wall nada--no?+4 ,goya 0 a nihili/1 bitt] !re=e aga9/ quacks & empirics1 :e!r prie/s1 doctors or lawy]s4 ,also he laid b>e ! empt9ess & horror ( passion1 a ha%i% t beguiles =getfulness & leads to impot5ce & no?+ness4 ,?is idea ( ! no?+ness ( life 9 g5]al1 & ( passion 9 p>ticul> is express$ ) ,goya's *>act]i/ic f]ocity & lu/ ( ! horrible 9 ,! ,fates 7p4 #ahb74 ,midway betwe5 e>? & sky ?ree female figures are float+1 _! l[] limbs entw9$ s z to =m a cradle1 on :i*1 ) h&s b\nd beh9d 8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fates ,,goya ,,! ,,prado back & 8 legs screw$ up to ma9ta9 a prec>i\s balance1 sits ,man4 ,mean:ile1 ! crone on ! left1 a h>ridan ( ! slums1 cl5*es 9 h] fi/ a pigmy figure1 ^: h&s are /ret*$ 9 va9 supplication to a d>k5$ sky4 ,su* is ! beg9n+ ( ,man's de/9y2 to discov] ! developm5t ( :i* ano!r crone is pe]+ ?r\gh a spy-glass4 ,! ?ird ,fate1 nude1 y\ng] & ( opul5t =m1 turns h] face to a lurid gl>e 9 ! sky4 ,wat*+ till ! light fades1 %e holds ! scissors :i* w cut ! ?read & precipitate ,man1 sat$ ) passion1 into ! wat]s bel[4 ,?is colossal trave/y ( life1 z no?+ b in*oate1 *aotic1 brute nature1 sway$ by elem5tal lu/1 is pa9t$ ) su* amaz+ brutality1 t ! pigm5ts seem z if !y might h be5 laid on ) a tr[el4 ,! crudity is int5tional1 produc+ a texture t fits ! mon/r\s irony ( ! conception4 ,moreov]1 be=e ?is picture "o loses s5se ( color1 z consi/+ ( specific hues4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an apt illu/ration ( ,goya's own p>adox1 t color does n exi/1 t ev]y?+ is light & %ade ( v>y+ values4 ,:ile "o may discov] ! application ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! meagre range ( color1 manipulat$ ) nuances ( value1 :i* di/+ui%es all ! canvases ( ,goya's maturity1 x is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 8 subjects ( grotesque & viol5t imag9ation su* z ,! ,fates4 ,ano!r example1 select$ = reproduction "h 7p4 #ahi71 is ,! ,sc5e ( ,may #c1 #ahjh4 ,! citiz5s captur$ by ,murat's troops1 9 ! riot ( ! previ\s night1 are be+ %ot d[n 9 bat*es2 ! incid5t tak+ place 9 ! gr\nds ( ! palace ( ! 8,pr9ce ( ,peace06 ,! dull drab grey ( e>ly morn+ hangs ov] ! sc5e & seems to h impregnat$ ! uni=ms ( ! soldi]s & ! clo!s ( _! sc>$1 hopeless victims4 ,b ! dead monotony is r5t ) a %riek1 %rill+ out 9 ! cle>1 cold notes ( ! :ite %irt ( ! poor wret* ^: arms are rais$1 9 ! yell[ bree*es & ! crimson pool ( blood4 ,x is a rem>kable example ( color us$ solely = ! purpose ( expression2 a use mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,goya1 to :i* we w return lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! tr\bles :i* ov]took ,spa91 ,goya prov$ himself nei!r patriot nor h]o4 ,he swore allegiance to ,joseph ,bonap>te & utilis$ ! suff]+s ( 8 c\ntry = a s]ies ( et*+s1 ,! ,disa/]s ( ,w>1 9 :i* ! horrors ( ! milit>y invasion are depict$ ) unexampl$ =ce & naturalism4 ,aft] ,well+ton _h expell$ ! ,fr5*1 ,goya aga9 play$ ! "p ( opportuni/ & pl$g$ 8 fealty to ,f]d9& ,,vii4 ,! ,k+1 rem>k+ t ,goya's conduct des]v$ hang+ b t he 0 a great arti/ & %\ld be =giv51 re/or$ him to 8 position ( ,c\rt ,pa9t]4 ,goya1 h[ev]1 0 beg9n+ to decl9e4 ,8 deafness _h gr[n ^u him & ) x a moros5ess & irritability ( temp]1 :i* made him %un society & bury himself 9 8 c\ntry h\se4 ,8 deafness ev5 d5i$ him ! solace ( 8 favorite amusem5t1 play+ on ! piano4 ,8 wife 0 dead1 & ! sole object ( ! old man's affection 0 8 little gr&son1 ,m>iano1 ^: face he has commemorat$ 9 ! portrait1 n[ own$ 9 ,madrid by ! ,m>qus de ,alcaices4 ,goya at l5g? obta9$ ! ,k+'s p]mission to visit ,france4 ,he sp5t "s "t 9 ,p>is1 :]e he 0 welcom$ by ,delacroix & ! y\ng] spirits ( ! ,fr5* romantic movem5t4 ,he !n settl$ 9 ,bordeaux1 t5d$ & c>$ = by an old fri5d1 ,madame ,weiss4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he execut$ a few portraits & ! li?ographs1 ,les ,taureaux de ,bordeaux1 9 :i* 8 old "t vigor is display$4 ,:5 ! t]m ( 8 leave ( abs5ce _h expir$1 he revisit$ ,madrid & 0 receiv$ by ! ,k+ & p ) m>ks ( ! highe/ respect & consid]ation4 ,goya 0 n[ 9 8 eighty-second ye>1 & return$ to ,bordeaux1 :]e he l+]$ a few mon?s & di$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahbh4 ,sev5ty-"o ye>s lat] 8 rema9s 7 remov$ f ! cemet]y ( ,bordeaux & int]r$ ) honors 9 ,madrid4 ,= by ?is "t ,goya's reputation _h become _w-wide1 & 8 influ5ce ^u mod]n art ?or\ghly recognis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,goya's gift to ! mod]n _w is tw(old3 impressionism &1 if "o may co9 a ^w1 expressionism4 ,to ! =m] we h already allud$ 9 comp>+ 8 k9d ( impressionism ) t ( ,velasquez4 ,:ile ! e>li] arti/ ) 8 objective vision realis$ an impression ( obs]vation3 ,goya1 influ5c$ by temp]am5t1 record$ an impression ( feel+4 ,?is attitude t[>d art naturally made him welcome to ! ,fr5* ,romantici/s1 & ?r\gh !m br+s him 9 t\* ) ! g5]al mod]n t5d5cy t[>d self-expression4 ,= ! mod]n arti/ le>n$ f ,velasquez ! pr9ciples ( impressioni/ic pa9t+1 z a f\ndation ( te*nique1 b lat] d]iv$ f ,goya ! secret ( impressionism = ! purpose ( express+ ! emotion ) :i* ! subject inspir$ him4 ,to ! temp]am5tal impressioni/1 !re=e1 ,goya seems to repres5t ! la/ ^w 9 te*nical di/9ction4 ,b to-day ! impressioni/ himself is on trial4 ,! _w is beg9n+ to "q ! wor?-:il5ess ( 8 art1 except z a necess>y transition-/age to some?+ m fundam5tally vital t is 9 process ( evolution4 ,:at ?is w prove to be is at pres5t 9 susp5se2 b we are vaguely disc]n+ t x w be some?+ at once m organically basic ?an impressionism & m spiritualis$ 9 motive4 ,x may h be5 inevitable = ! arti/ to dep5d on temp]am5t 9 an age1 su* z ! late c5tury has be51 ( religi\s1 m5tal & moral upheaval1 dur+ :i* ! old academic1 dogmatic =ms ( religion & art 7 toppl+ d[n1 ! h>d old conv5tions t %ackl$ social & m5tal bett]m5t 7 be+ gradually dis9tegrat$1 & old values 7 be+ r$uc$ to a flux 9 ! melt+ pot ( sci5tific analysis4 ,b1 z ord] has begun to em]ge f ?is confusion1 ! ne$ ( a new con/ructive fai? is tak+ hold ( m5's m9ds2 ! ne$ ( a new consci\sness ( "s spiritual relation ) ! univ]se ( matt]4 ,if ! art ( ! future is to keep pace ) progress outside itself1 x mu/ %ape new motives to ?is ne$2 & already !re are signs t x is do+ s4 ,x is "h t ,goya's second gift to po/]ity appe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,( ,,may #c1 #ahjh ,,goya ,,! ,,prado ,8 influ5ce has be5 work+ 9 ! direction ( expression1 z ! pa9t]'s goal1 r ?an repres5tation4 ,= a :ile1 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,velasquez's inimitable faculty ( record+ a visual impression fasc9at$ arti/s4 ,consci\sly or o!rwise1 ^! m5 7 a "p ( ! mat]ial & sci5tific t5d5cy ( ! "t1 & mat]ial repres5tation seem$ to !m ! ,ultima ,?ule ( arti/ic a*ievem5t4 ,h5ce ! ?\s&s ( canvases by m5 ( all c\ntries :i* 9 _! po9t ( view are nei!r m nor less ?an photographic4 ,_! au?ors rema9$ cont5t to vie ) ! cam]a2 & !n1 because !y _h sup]ior opportunities 9 color1 7 pr\d & scornful :5 !y beat ! cam]a at its own game4 ,mean:ile1 !re 7 pa9t]s :o began to wi% to play a game ( _! own2 to rid pa9t+ ( ! obsession 9 ! matt] ( repres5tation1 & to make _! pictures m expressive ( _! own ab/ract s5se ( beauty4 ,to ^! m5 ,goya came z a revelation4 ,?r\gh 8 impressionism ( feel+ !y le>n$ pr9ciples ( expression1 n discov]able 9 ,velasquez4 ,x is true t ! influ5ce ( ,goya has t5d$ = "s "t t[>d solely temp]am5tal & emotional expression4 ,t 0 because ! t5d5cy ( ! age ran 9 ?is direction4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 x is po9t$ 9 a new direction1 fac+ ! actual realities ( exi/5ce4 ,impressionism is melt+ away be=e a new dawn ( ,realism4 ,?9k+ p are beg9n+ to re-e/abli% !mselves ^u ! facts ( life2 n ! old conv5tions t pass$ z facts1 b ! facts1 z !y are pres5t+ !mselves to a newly awak5$ realisation ( an encompass+ environm5t ( spiritual facts4 ,!y are ,reali/s1 :o w\ld /udy ! facts ( life 9 _! spiritual relation to ! univ]se4 ,beh9d ?is /ill unc]ta9 mom5tum ( mod]n ?\ght art is grop+4 ,if "o v5tures to haz>d a conjecture ( ! outcome1 x may be t ! pa9t] w get back to a m discipl9$ & sci5tific use ( =m & color1 us+ !m organically1 b n1 h[ev]1 to ! sole or ev5 ! ma9 end ( repres5tation4 ,he w appeal z directly & exclusively z possible to man's purely e/hetic p]ceptions1 & correlate ^! to 8 conception ( univ]sal beauty4 ,pa9t+ ?us may become once m1 b 9 a new religi\s s5se1 a spiritualiz$ expression4 ,foll[+ ?is tra9 ( ?\ght "o comes ^u a curi\s analogy betwe5 ,goya & ,el ,greco4 ,x 0 no accid5t ( *ang+ :im t has made ! progressive arti/ ( to-day turn f ,velasquez to ,goya1 & has drawn s _m besides arti/s to admiration ( ,el ,greco4 ,x is because bo? t5d] to ! ne$s ( to-day4 ,bo? are arti/s ( expression4 ,!y %>e ) ,rembr&t ! di/9ction ( be+ ! greate/ arti/s ( expression t any s*ool c %[4 ,?\gh ,goya's g5ius is conf9$ to a l[] level ( expression1 x po9ts 9 pr9ciple to ! spiritual altitude ( ,el ,greco's4 ,bo? are models ( sugge/ion = ! arti/ ( to-day1 if he is alive to ! e/hetic & spiritual ne$s ( 8 age & is /riv+ to express !m4 ,t1 aft] its own p]iod ( greatness1 x %\ld be ?us ref]tiliz+ mod]n art1 is ! pr\d di/9ction ( ! ,spani% ,s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,balcony ,,goya ,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,m>*5a1 ,,p>is ,a ,,po/script ,v sugge/ive ( ! =ce & p]si/5ce ( ! ,spani% "* is ! fact t ! only ,spani% arti/s ( rec5t ye>s :o h become notably di/+ui%$ are ^? :o h rema9$ true to ! traditions ( _! ,s*ool4 ,academic enc\ragem5t has be5 giv5 to ! production ( hi/orical pictures1 :i* cov] l>ge quantities ( canvas b excite little int]e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? pa9t]s :o h acquir$ a ,european & ,am]ican reputation h all bas$ _! art on naturalism4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 9 ord] ( "t 0 ,m>iano ,=tuny1 ^: ,la ,vic>ia1 bett] kn[n 9 ,am]ica z ,! ,spani% ,m>riage1 :5 x made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgj1 creat$ a s5sation4 ,! sc5e1 x w be rememb]$1 is a sacri/y1 pr(usely embelli%$ ) rococo decorations4 ,! co/umes ( ! figures are ^? ( ,goya's day2 ! actions & ge/ures piquantly natural & ! *>act]ization ( ea* happily individualiz$4 ,b ! *ief *>m ( ! picture lies 9 ! m>vel\s treatm5t ( ! light4 ,=tuny1 aft] pursu+ ! academic r\t9e & captur+ ! ,prix de ,rome1 obta9$ an engagem5t to accompany ! ,spani% troops 9 a little w> ) ,morocco4 ,! spl5dor ( ,s\!rn color+ op5$ 8 eyes to ! magic ( light4 ,h5ce=? 8 pictures became miracles ( lum9osity4 ,! mo/ p[]ful 7 ,la ,vic>ia1 ,*oos+ ! ,model & ,! ,rehe>sal2 all rococo subjects 9 :i* ! light is spl9t]$ into a myriad t9y reflections4 ,b ! f9] "w1 9 an arti/ic s5se1 is to be f\nd 9 8 wat]-colors4 ,^! are execut$ ) extraord9>y flu5cy & expression1 m>vels ( naturali/ic *>act]ization1 flood$ broadly ) gl[+ lum9osity4 ,=tuny liv$ only five ye>s aft] 8 rem>kable db1 dy+ 9 #ahgd at ! age ( ?irty-six4 ,among ^? :o 7 influ5c$ by him1 ! mo/ notable 9 imitat+ 8 virtuosity 7 ,edo>do ,zamacois1 ,antonio ,casanova y ,e/ora* & ,=tuny's bro!r-9-law1 ,raimundo de ,madrazo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/ :o has be5 mo/ happy 9 unit+ virtuosity ) a gift ( naturalism is ,francisco ,pradilla4 ,he has pa9t$ decorations full ( joie de vivre & ! _s ( romance3 popul> m]ry-mak+s1 camp-life & sc5es along ! sea-%ore2 spontane\s 9 execution1 ab\nd+ ) ze/ & agl[ ) color4 ,joaqu9 ,sorolla y ,ba/ida has foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 ) a long] /ride & heavi] tread4 ,8 works h ! ze/ ( ,pradilla's1 b nei!r ! ref9em5t ( virtuosity nor ! v]satility & subtlety ( color4 ,8 naturalism is ( ! obvi\s type4 ,9 contra/ to him is ,ignacio ,zuloaga1 an arti/ 9 :om has be5 re-inc>nat$ mu* ( ! diabl]ie & subtlety ( ,goya4 ,s9ce ! latt] no o!r has dipp$ s deeply into ! grotesqu]ies ( ,spani% life1 :ile 9 a ?or\ghly mod]n ve9 he explores ! psy*ology ( 8 subjects4 ,^! include a div]sity ( types ( fem99ity1 subtly analys$ & int]pret$ by means1 p>ticul>ly1 ( expressive color-s*emes4 ,zuloaga1 to-day1 is n only ! mo/ *>act]i/ically ,spani% ( ! arti/s ( ,spa91 b ! mo/ advanc$ ( !m 9 8 feel+ = expression & 9 8 faculty ( r5d]+ x4 ,,index ,abd-er-,rahman1 #i ,ab5c]rages1 tribe (1 #aa ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 ,! ,velasquez1 #hh1 #ajd1 #ajg ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ,! ,velasquez1 #ajd1 #ajg sopus ,velasquez1 #aae ,agnes1 ,s4 ,cano1 #afd1 #afe ,alba1 ,du*ess (1 #ahc ,alcade de los ,hijosdalgos1 #aca ,alcal1 ,duke (1 #afa ,alcal de ,h5>es1 ,univ]sity (1 #ac ,alcaices1 ,m>quis (1 #ahg ,alcnt>a1 bridge (1 #gc ,alcz>1 #gc1 #aaa ,alcz>1 ,don ,mel*ior de1 #aea ,alcudia1 ,duke (4 ,see ,godoy ,alex&] ,,vi1 ,pope1 #ac ,alfonso ,i1 #aj ,alfonso ,,iv1 #aj ,alhambra1 #aa1 #cj1 #cd2 impressions (1 #ce-cg2 motive ( decoration1 #ch ,almohades1 sect (1 #aj4 ,almoravides1 tribe (1 #aj ,alva1 ,duke (1 #ag ,&alusia1 #da2 s*ool (1 /udy ( ,raphael1 #df2 influ5ce ( ,p$ro ,campaa1 #dg2 s*ool ( ,murillo1 #ed2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #fd1 #fe2 return to naturalism1 #ajb2 ,rib]a1 #acf2 ,murillo1 #adh1 #aed1 #aeg ,annunciation1 ,! ,cano1 #afd ,annunciation1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #hh ,antigua1 ,capella de la1 #db ,antol9ez1 ,jos1 #fb1 #acb2 ,! ,assumption1 #fb2 ,glorification ( ! ,virg91 #fb2 ,ec/asy ( ! ,magdal51 #fb ,antony ,visit+ ,s4 ,paul1 ,s4 ,velasquez1 #aje1 #abf ,apocalypse1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #hi ,apo!osis ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as ,zurb>n1 #aff ,app>ition ( ! ,virg9 to a ,community ( ,b]n>d9e ,monks ,dur+ a ,c]emony ( ,exorcism ,p$ro ,b]ruguete81 #dd ,aragn1 k+dom & prov9ce (1 #c1 #dj1 #da1 #agc ,arg5sola1 ,b>tolom1 #ah ,arian controv]sy1 #h ,arp9o1 ,cavali]o d'1 #adj ,assumption1 ,! ,antol9ez1 #fb ,assumption1 ,! ,cano1 #afd ,assumption ( ! ,magdal5 ,rib]a1 #add ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ,c]ezo1 #fb ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ,el ,greco1 #fi ,a/urias1 k+dom (1 #i1 #aj1 #aca ,auto-da-f1 depict$ by ,francisco ,rizi1 #fb ,b ,badajoz1 #dh ,bale>ic ,isles1 #bc ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,pr9ce1 #afb ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,eque/rian ,portrait ,velasquez1 #aje1 #ajh ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,portrait ( ,mazo1 #abd ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,portrait ( ,velasquez1 #ih1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahf ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,sportsman ,portrait ,velasquez1 #aje ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #he ,b>b>a1 ,santa4 ,see ,tape/ry works ,b>?olomew1 ,s4 ,el ,greco1 #gi ,bav>ia1 ,elector (1 #ba ,bayeu1 ,francisco1 #agd ,bayeu1 ,portrait ( ,goya1 #ahj ,b5$ict ,celebrat+ ,mass1 ,s4 ,rizi1 #fa ,b]l91 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 #acd1 #afd ,b]mudez1 ,cean1 8,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s10 #bc ,b]ruguete1 ,p$ro1 #dd2 ,app>ition ( ! ,virg9 to a ,community ( ,b]n>d9e ,monks ,dur+ a ,c]emony ( ,exorcism1 #dd ,b]uete y ,moret1 critic1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abb1 #abc1 #acd ,beul1 ,c4 ,e41 ,fr5* critic1 #afj ,boabdil1 ,caliph1 #aa ,bonap>te1 ,joseph1 #bc1 #agb1 #ahf ,bonap>te1 ,napoleon4 ,see ,napoleon ,borbn1 ,portrait ( ,da ,isabel de ,juan ,pantoja de la ,cruz1 #ee ,bordeaux1 ,goya retires to1 #ahg ,borgia family1 #acf ,borgoa1 ,juan de1 #dd ,borra*os1 ,los ,velasquez1 #ajd1 #ajg ,bos*1 ,hi]onymus1 #dc ,b\*] tape/ries1 #agd ,b\rbon1 ,con/able (1 #af ,b\rbon family1 #ba1 #aga ,b\ts1 ,di]ick1 #db ,brueghel1 ,piet]1 #dc ,buddhi/ic art1 #he1 #ia ,bu5 ,retiro1 #ai2 pres5t$ to ! k+ by ,c\nt ,oliv>es1 #aje2 pa9t+s 91 #fj1 #fa1 #aje1 #afa ,burgos1 city (1 #aj ,burn+ ,bu% ,collantes1 #fj ,byzant9e art1 #he1 #ia ,c ,cadiz1 #aea ,cald]on1 dramati/1 #ah ,calle de la ,re9a de ,aranjuez ,mazo1 #abh1 #abi ,calv]t1 ,alb]t ,f41 #gj ,campaa1 ,p$ro1 #dg2 ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 #dg1 #afj ,canaletto1 #abg ,cano1 ,alonzo1 #fe2 *apt] on1 #afa2 e>ly ye>s1 #afa2 dea? ( 8 wife1 #afc2 dispute ) *apt] ( ca!dral1 #afc2 dea?1 #afd2 ,annunciation1 ,conception1 ,nativity1 ,pres5tation1 ,assumption1 #afd2 ,"m & ,*ild1 #afd2 ,s4 ,agnes1 #afd ,cantabria1 prov9ce (1 #aj ,capella ,mayor1 decorations ( !1 #bh ,capri*os ,goya1 #ahd ,c>acci1 ,annibale1 #adj ,c>acci1 !1 #fc1 #acg1 #aci ,c>acciolo1 ,giambatti/a1 #adj ,c>avaggio1 ,mi*elangelo1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #afe ,c>avaggio1 ! ,spani%1 #afe ,c>d ,play]s1 ,! ,c>avaggio1 #adj ,c>du*o1 ,b>tolomeo1 #eb1 #ee1 #fa ,c>du*o1 ,vic5te1 #ee1 #ei ,c>idad1 ,hospital de la1 #aee1 #aeg ,c>reo1 ,juan1 #eg1 #fb2 *apt] on1 #aca2 portraits ( ! royal family1 #acb2 fresco pa9t+s1 #acb2 ,portrait ( ,*>les ,,ii1 #bj1 #acd2 ,portrait ( ,que5 ,m>iana1 #acc2 ,! ,conception1 #acb2 ,magdal5 9 ! ,des]t1 #acc2 ,san ,seba/ian1 #acc ,casa de ,pilatos1 #afa ,casanova y ,e/ora*1 ,antonio1 #aib ,cassel ,gall]y1 !1 #fb ,ca/ile1 prov9ce (1 #c1 #aj1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #gd ,ca/ile1 s*ool (1 #da-dc1 #ej2 ,moro's influ5ce1 #ec2 review ( sev5te5? c5tury1 #ed-fc ,ca/illo1 ,juan de1 #aea1 #afa ,ca/illon de la ,plana1 #fc ,ca/ro1 ,ar*bi%op de1 #aea ,catalonia1 prov9ce (1 #da ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ca ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns at ,pray] ) _! ,families be=e ! ,virg91 #dc ,caxs1 ,eug5io1 #ee ,caxs1 ,patricio1 #eb1 #ee ,celtib]ians1 #f ,c]ezo1 ,mateo1 #fb2 ,p5it5t ,magdal51 #fb2 ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #fb2 ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #fb ,c]vantes1 noveli/1 #ag1 #ge ,czanne1 ,paul1 #ij ,*>les ,i ( ,spa91 ,v ( ,g]many1 #ae1 #ai1 #ca1 #eb1 #afg ,*>les ,,ii1 reign (1 #bj1 #aca ,*>les ,,ii1 ,portrait ( ,c>reo1 #bj ,*>les ,,ii1 ,portrait ( ,claudio ,coello1 #ai ,*>les ,,iii1 reign (1 #bb1 #bc1 #agd2 portrait (1 #agf ,*>les ,,iv1 reign (1 #bc1 #bd1 #agb1 #agf ,*>les ,,iv1 ,eque/rian ,portrait ( ,goya1 #ahb ,*>les ,,iv & ,family1 ,portrait ( ,goya1 #agf ,*icago ,art ,in/itute1 #gh ,*ri/ at ! ,pill> ,velasquez1 #aje ,*ur* 9 ,spa91 !1 #be1 #cj1 #gc1 #abe1 #aej1 #aec1 #aed1 #aga ,*urrigu]esque1 #bh ,classicism1 #aci ,cl9ic ( ,dr4 ,tulp ,rembr&t1 #aef ,clovio1 ,julio1 #fi ,coello1 ,alonso ,sn*ez1 #ec1 #ed ,coello1 ,claudio1 #ai1 #fc2 ,la ,santa ,=ma1 #fc ,collantes1 ,francisco1 #eh1 #ei2 ,vision ( ,ezekiel1 #ei ,colonial possessions1 #ac1 #ae1 #ah ,columbus1 #c ,com$ies ( ,cape & ,sword1 #ah ,com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #hi ,conception1 ,! ,cano1 #afd ,conception1 ,! ,c>reo1 #acb ,conceptions ,murillo1 #aed ,cordova1 ,univ]sity (1 #i ,coro1 decorations ( !1 #bh1 #adh ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 unkn[n1 #dc ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 ,el ,greco1 #hg1 #ij ,corot1 #abh ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,*ur* (1 #fc ,correggio1 #acg1 #aci ,corr5zio1 ,belis>io1 #adj ,cortes1 ! fir/1 #aj ,cota1 dramati/1 #ac ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 #hj ,c\rt ( ! ,lions1 #cg ,crucifixion1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #gf1 #he1 #hg ,cruz1 ,*ur* ( ,santa1 #dg1 #afj ,cuevas1 ,p$ro de las1 #aca ,cuyp1 #abe ,d 8,d>kl+s10 #adj ,dea? ( ,laocon & 8 ,sons1 #hg ,delacroix1 #ahg ,desc5t f ! ,cross ,campaa1 #dg1 #afj ,diego de ,deza1 ,ar*bi%op1 #afg ,doblado's lett]s1 #agb ,dolci1 ,c>lo1 #aci ,dom5i*9o1 #aci-ada ,dom9ican ord]1 #afh ,doria ,gall]y1 #aje ,dream ( ,life1 ,! ,p]$a1 #eh ,dream ( ,philip ,,ii1 ,! ,el ,greco1 #hf ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 #adj ,dulwi* ,gall]y1 #aeg ,dupr1 ,jules1 #abi ,e ,ecce ,homo ,morales1 #ej ,ecce ,homo ,p]$a1 #ei ,eclectics1 #ach ,ec/asy ( ! ,magdal5 ,antol9ez1 #fb ,el ,expolio ,el ,greco1 #gj ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y ,murillo1 #aef ,engl&1 w>s )1 #ae1 #ag1 #bb1 #bc ,erasmus ,holbe91 #ie ,escoril1 !3 impressions (1 #cj-cd2 visit$ by ,rub5s1 #ajc2 pa9t+s 91 #eb2 ,caxs & ,c>du*o1 #ee2 ,coello1 #fc2 ,el ,greco1 #ga1 #hf2 frescoes by ,c>reo1 #acb2 tape/ries1 #agd ,e/ilo frio1 calido1 vaporoso 7,murillo71 #aed ,e/remadura1 prov9ce (1 #afe ,expression1 #fh1 #ij1 #ahh1 #ahi ,expulsion ( ! ,morescoes ,velasquez1 #aaa ,f ,f>nese1 ,c>d9al ,nepote1 #fi ,f>nese ,palace1 #acg ,fates1 ,! ,goya1 #ahd ,f]d9& ,,vi1 #bb ,f]d9& ,,vii1 #ahf ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 #c1 #aa1 #ae1 #ah1 #dj ,f]d9& ( ,g]many1 #af ,f]n&o1 ,academy ( ,san1 #bb2 pictures by ,morales1 #di2 ,p]$a1 #eh2 ,mayno1 #fa2 ,c>reo1 #acc ,f]n&o de ,au/ria1 ,don ,velasquez1 #aje1 #aac ,f]n&o ,n9o de ,guev>a1 ,portrait ( ,don ,el ,greco1 #ij ,fire ( #agcd1 #aca ,fl&]s1 art drawn f1 #ac ,flemi% ,s*ool1 influ5ce (1 #db1 #dg1 #eb ,flor5t9es1 #de ,=ge ( ,vulcan ,velasquez1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aaf ,=tuny1 ,m>iano1 #fe1 #aia2 ,la ,vic>ia1 #aia2 ,*oos+ ! ,model1 #aib2 ,! ,rehe>sal1 #aib ,f\nta9 ( ! ,tritons ,mazo1 #abh ,france1 w>s )1 #bc1 #agb2 alliance )1 #bc1 #ahf ,francis1 ,conv5t ( ,s41 #aeb ,francis ,i ( ,france1 #ae ,francis d',assisi1 ,s4 ,ribalta1 #fd ,fu5te de ,cantos1 #afe ,fu5t$etodos1 #agc ,fun]al ( ,c\nt ,orgaz ,el ,greco1 #aff ,g ,galicia1 prov9ce (1 #aj ,gauti]1 ,?ophile1 #aeg ,george ,gyze1 ,portrait ( ,holbe91 #ie ,gil1 ,m>g>ita1 #acf ,giordano1 ,luca1 #cb1 #fe ,giotto1 #ia ,gloria ,titian1 #af ,glorification ( ! ,virg9 ,antol9ez1 #fb ,godoy1 ,manuel1 #bc1 #agb1 #ahe2 satiriz$ by ,goya1 #ahc ,gold5 ,age ( ,moori% civilization1 #aa ,gold5 ,age ( ,spani% lit]ature & art1 #ah1 #ed ,gongora1 ,luis de1 poet1 #ah ,gonsalvo de ,cordova1 #ac ,gonzles1 ,b>tolom1 #ee2 ,portrait ( ,philip ,,iii & ,wife1 #ee2 ,da ,m>g>ita ( ,au/ria1 #ee2 ,da ,isabel de ,borbn1 #ee ,go?ic invasion1 #g ,goya1 ,francisco1 #bc1 #fe1 #fg1 #abj2 *apt] on1 #aga2 appe>ance 9 c\rt1 #agb2 e>ly life1 #agc2 tape/ry designs1 #agd2 color1 #age1 #agg2 *ur* commissions1 #age2 po9t ( view1 #agh2 me?ods1 #aha2 comp>$ ) ,velasquez1 #aha2 rle at c\rt1 #ahc2 old age1 #ahf2 dea?1 #ahg2 comp>$ ) ,el ,greco1 #aij2 ,portrait ( ,*>les ,,iii1 #bb1 #agf2 ,self-,portrait1 #agb2 ,*>les ,,iv & ,royal ,family1 #agf2 ,da ,isabel ,corbo de ,porcel1 #ahj2 ,dr4 ,pral1 #ahj2 ,eque/rian ,portraits ( ! ,k+ & ! ,que51 #ahd2 ,! ,fates1 #ahd2 ,sc5e ( ,may #c1 #ahjh1 #ahe2 ,disa/]s ( ,w>1 #ahf2 ,taureaux de ,bordeaux1 #ahg2 ,prov]bios1 #ahd2 ,capri*os1 #ahd2 ,maia1 #agi ,goya1 ,m>iano1 #ahf ,granada1 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #cd1 #abc1 #afa2 ca!dral (1 #afc1 #afd ,granvilla1 ,c>d9al1 #eb ,greco1 ,dom5ico ,!otocopuli1 ,el1 #ag1 #de1 #ea1 #ef1 #adh1 #afd1 #aij2 *apt] on1 #ff-ia2 relations ) ! ,*ur*1 #ff2 ) ,philip ,,ii1 #fg2 po9t ( view1 #fg1 #hh1 #ib2 lett] describ+1 #gb2 types1 #gd2 spiritual expression1 #gg2 h\se n[ museum1 #gi2 k9%ip ) ,ori5tal art1 #he1 #ia2 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #fi1 #gh1 #ha2 ,el ,expolio1 #gj2 ,san ,mauricio & 8 ,!ban ,legion1 #ga1 #ha1 #hg2 ,san ,m>t91 #ga1 #hi2 ,vi/a ( ,tol$o1 #ga1 #gc2 ,fun]al ( ,c\nt ,orgaz1 #ga1 #hb2 ,self-,portrait ( ! ,arti/1 #ga2 ,s4 ,j]ome1 #ge2 ,s4 ,paul1 #ge2 ,! ,crucifixion1 #gf1 #he1 #hg2 ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 #gi2 ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 #he2 ,! ,resurrection1 #he1 #hf2 ,dream ( ,philip ,,ii1 #hf2 ,virg9 & ,sa9ts1 #hg2 ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 #hg2 ,annunciations1 ,holy ,family1 #hh2 ,nativity1 #hh2 ,com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #hi2 ,dea? 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