,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,(              
,,photography4   ,illu/ration3          
8,,folwell',s ,,wa%+ton40    ,,negative 
,,f ,,orig9al4 ,,by ,,julius ,f4        
,,sa*se4                                
,,am]ican                               
,,j\rnal ,,( ,,photography4             
,publi%$ by ,,?os4 ,h4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,i,n  
,,co4           ,,vol4 ,,xi4            
,,philadelphia1 ,,july1            ,,no4
 #g                                     
#ahij4    ,,?os4 ,h4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,i,n1   
,manag+ ,editor4   ,j4 ,f4 ,,sa*se1     
,associate ,editor4                     
,,! ,,silh\ette4   ,our illu/ration1    
8,folwell's ,wa%+ton10 is a pr(ile ( !  
"o p]son *>act]iz$ 9 our nation's hi/ory
 z ! 8,fir/ 9 w>1 ! fir/ 9 peace1 & !   
fir/ 9 ! he>ts ( 8 c\ntrym540 ,our      
object 9 pres5t+ ?is frontispiece to our
 read]s = ! curr5t mon? is a two-fold   
"o2--fir/1 9 view ( ! ,elev5? ,annual   
,conv5tion ( ! ,photographic            
,association ( ,am]ica1 :i* is to be    
held 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,augu/ #ab-ae4 ,!      

subject is a p>ticul>ly appropriate "o4 
,! orig9al portrait 0 pa9t$ by ,folwell1
 9 #agie1 :ile ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 9 !    
presid5tial *air1 = ,col4 ,william      
,wa%+ton1 a k9sman ( ! ,g5]al1 & :o 9 ! 
ye> #ahjj1 b a %ort "t aft] ! ,g5]al's  
dea?1 pres5t$ ! portrait to ,james ,h5ry
 ,/ev5s4  ,! foll[+ endorsem5t is writt5
 on ! back ( ! picture3 8,done          
#agie1--,pres5t$ to--,james ,h5ry       
,/ev5s1 ,esqr41--by 8 fri5d ,col4--,wm4 
,wa%+ton1 ,sept4--#i?1 #ahjj--,said to  
be a--,correct lik5ess f life (--,8     
,excell5cy ,g5'l--,george ,wa%+ton--#a/ 
,presid5t (--! ,unit$--,/ates (         
,am]ica40  ,! orig9al is n[ 9 !         
possession ( ! ,hi/orical ,society (    
,p5nsylvania1 & is class$ among :at are 
kn[n z 8r>e ,wa%+ton portraits40 ,9 ,mr4
 ,wm4 ,s4 ,bak]'s li/ we f9d on page    
#aji ! foll[+ notice reg>d+ ! portrait &
 ! pa9t]4 8,samuel ,folwell1 #agie1     
m9iature pa9t]1 ( :om little is kn[n1 0 
practic+ 8 art 9 ,philadelphia1 ! latt] 
"p ( la/1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 

,! pr(ile ( ,wa%+ton 9 possession ( !   
,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania1     
inscrib$ #8,s4 ,folwell1 ,p9xt1 #agie1' 
is said to h be5 tak5 ^u a public       
occasion1 ! ,presid5t be+ unaw>e ( !    
fact4 ,x is drawn on pap] & solidly     
pa9t$ 9 ,india ink1 ) c]ta9 lights t\*$ 
91 & z decl>$ at ! "t is #8c]ta9ly a mo/
 spirit$ & correct lik5ess4' ,!re is no 
engrav+ ( ?is pr(ile40  ,9 addition to  
?is portrait by ,folwell1 !re are 9     
exi/5ce two regul> silh\ettes (         
,wa%+ton4 ,"o 0 tak5 by ,samuel ,p[ell1 
an ex-mayor ( ,philadelphia1 by trac+ on
 ! wall a %ad[ ?r[n by an ,arg& lamp1   
:i* _h j !n be5 inv5t$4 ,?is picture is 
n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,massa*usetts     
,hi/orical ,society4 ,! o!r1 a          
psaligraph1 or silh\ette cut ) !        
scissors1 by a ,miss ,de ,h>t1 (        
,elizabe?t[n1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #aghc4  ,x w be
 notic$ t ! portrait belongs to ! m     
advanc$ type ( its class2 viz43 :]e an  
attempt is made to introduce detail by !
 use ( ! bru%4  ,our o!r reason =       

reproduc+ ?is portrait is ow+ to ! fact 
t ! solid pr(ile has ( late aga9        
attract$ consid]able att5tion 9         
photographic circles ( ,europe1 & /range
 to say mu* difficulty seems to h be5   
exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ desirable results4 ,z 
simple z ! production ( a solid pr(ile  
seems to be 7& is to u 9 ,am]ica7--if we
 may cr$it our ,european ex*anges--j s  
difficult has ! process prov$ to "s ( ! 
cam]a arti/s beyond ! sea1 z w be se5 f 
! acc\nts "h giv54  ,on acc\nt ( !      
extreme pla9ness & simplicity ( ! old   
silh\ettes1 we are too apt to pass !m by
 z productions ( b little or no arti/ic 
m]it or value1 ov]look+ ! fact t ! pla9 
outl9e cont\r1 9 c5turies pa/1 0 ! g]m f
 :i* emanat$ ! arts ( bas-relief &      
portraiture1 ! latt] pass+ ?r\gh all !  
v>i\s /ages f ! pla9 outl9e ( ! f9i%$   
m9iature1 & ^! 9 _! turn to be supplant$
 by photography ( ! pres5t day4  ,!re   
are two traditions :i* h come d[n to u f
 ! dim ages pa/ relat+ to ?is subject4  
,"o in=ms u t x occurr$ to an old ,greek

 to foll[ ! cont\r ( a fri5d's %ad[ ) a 
piece ( coal z x fell ^u ! :ite m>ble   
wall ( ! temple1 ?us p]man5tly secur+ ! 
outl9e ( 8 fri5d's features2 f ?is      
incid5t is said to date ! ,greek ,s*ool 
( ,pa9t+4 ,arkides1 ( ,cor9?1 &         
,telephanes1 ( ,sikyon1 improv$ !       
process by fill+ out ! space betwe5 !   
l9es ) a piece ( coal or ruddle 7an     
argillace\s iron ore71 f !nce !         
transition to pigm5ts 0 an easy &       
natural "o4  ,! o!r tradition1 a /ill m 
pleasant "o1 w\ld h u believe t ab\t    
tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago !re liv$ 9   
same city ( ,sikyon1 9 ,greece1 a       
modell] 9 clay by ! "n ( ,dibutades4 ,he
 _h a daught] ,kora2 he also _h a "y    
appr5tice4 ,z usual 9 ^! old tales1 bo? 
7 "y & fair1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts v[s (  
betro?al 7 ex*ang$4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 z 
! pair sat toge!r1 ,kora sudd5ly seiz$ a
 piece ( coal f ! brazi]1 & ask+ h]     
betro!d to rema9 /ill1 %e trac$ ^u !    
wall ! outl9es ( ! face :i* 0 s de> to  
h]4 ,x 0 an inspiration on ! "p ( !     

,greek maid51 & s correct 0 ! lik5ess t 
:5 old ,dibutades saw x he recogniz$ x  
at once1 & ?9k+ to please 8 daught]1 he 
fill$ 9 ! portrait ) clay2 ! result 0 a 
bas-relief1 ! fir/ t 0 ev] made4  ,z    
crude z ! silh\ette appe>s1 x c]ta9ly 0 
! be/ process1 prior to ! adv5t (       
photography1 to reproduce ! features (  
p]sons2 ?is applies1 h[ev]1 m to su* z  
_h a m>k$ or prom95t pr(ile1 ! result   
almo/ always be+ a recognizable         
portrait1 :ile 9 subjects ) s(t h>monic 
l9es1 especially female faces1 !        
id5tification ( ! orig9al by means ( !  
silh\ette1 or pr(ile1 0 m or less       
difficult4 ,yet !re 0 a "t1 we w say 9 !
 c5tury prec$+ ! p]fecture ( ,dagu]re's 
inv5tion1 :5 ! silh\ette 0 popul> &     
common z ! c>te or cab9et photo ( !     
pres5t day4  ,x 0 ab\t ! middle ( la/   
c5tury :5 ! rage = pr(iles broke out 9  
,france4 ,x is said ! /yle 0 introduc$  
by ! ,pompad\r1 !n at ! z5i? ( h] p[]4  
,be t z x may1 x /ruck ! popul> fancy1 z
 x 0 a bran* ( portraiture :i* came )9 !

 rea* ( all classes4 ,p>is 0 soon flood$
 ) pr(ile arti/s1 & ! black pr(iles     
became kn[n z 8 la ,pompad\r40 ,) !     
decl9e ( h] p[]1 & ! appo9tm5t ( "o     
,eti5ne de ,silh\ette z ,m9i/] (        
,f9ance1 :o on acc\nt ( a sy/em (       
retr5*m5t inaugurat$ by him _h become an
 object ( d]ision ) ! c\rt favorites & !
 populace1 a reaction set 92 & s great a
 butt _h ! ,m9i/] become ) ! populace1 t
 ev]y?+ t savor$ ( retr5*m5t1 or 0 *eap1
 poor1 or %opworn1 0 8 la ,silh\ette40  
,our pr(iles1 on acc\nt ( _!            
inexp5siv5ess1 came "u ! same category1 
& /range to say ?us immortaliz$1 = all  
"t to come1 ! "n ( ! hone/ ,m9i/] (     
,f9ance4  ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ! 
art ( pr(ile pa9t+ rea*$ its highe/     
developm5t1 ( :i* our example is a good 
specim54 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! dem& = ^! 
pictures 0 s great t a special ma*9e 0  
inv5t$ = ! purpose ( produc+ correct    
outl9es 9 m9iature4 ,?is app>atus 0 "o (
 ! features ( ,peale's ,museum1 !n 9    
,indep5d5ce ,hall4 ,! process 0 fir/ to 

outl9e ! %ad[1 !n ! ma*9e 0 br\ght into 
play2 ?is consi/$ ( a trac]1 :i* mov$ on
 a univ]sal jo9t on ! /&>d1 ! respective
 ends be+ adju/able z to l5g?1 s z to   
suit ! requir$ relative proportion      
betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! m9iature copy4 ,9 us+1
 "o end ( ! trac] 0 caus$ to foll[ ! l9e
 ( ! pr(ile1 :ile ! o!r m>k$ ^u ! pap]  
:i* 0 pres5t$ 9 a frame4 ,! pap] 0 !n   
remov$1 & ! portrait cut out by !       
scissors4 ,! silh\ette portrait also    
came into vogue = book illu/rations1 &  
specim5s f copp]plates are frequ5tly    
f\nd 9 old volumes4  ,t[>ds ! close ( ! 
la/ c5tury ! silh\ette = a "t 0 sup]s$$ 
by pa/el portraits4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n long  
be=e ! art 0 aga9 9 favor1 & practic$ by
 num]\s arti/s4 ,! bru%1 :i* _h h]et(ore
 be5 almo/ exclusively us$1 0 n[        
supplem5t$ by ! knife or scissors1      
result+ 9 ! art ( 8,psaligraphy10 9 :i* 
! portrait 0 ei!r cut out ( glossy black
 pap] & !n pa/$ on a :ite c>d1 or !     
rev]se1 :]e ! outl9e 0 cut ) a knife f a
 %eet ( :ite pap] & !n back$ ) a piece (

 silk1 ?us %[+ a black pr(ile on a :ite 
gr\nd4 ,specim5s ( ! latt] process are v
 r>e1 z x requir$ an arti/ ( no mean    
ord] = _! execution4  ,ow+ to !         
popul>ity ( ! silh\ette x soon became   
elevat$ to ! rank ( m]itori\s art4      
,notewor?y among ! expon5ts ( ?is s*ool 
we w m5tion ! late ,paul ,konewka1      
,/rhl1 & o!rs1 :o produc$ effects ( a   
surpris+ degree ( naturalness 9 solid   
black4 ,half a c5tury ago silh\ettes (  
prom95t p]sons1 actors1 danseuses1      
soldi]s1 orators1 etc41 7 z common an   
article ( comm]ce z ! photograph ( a    
pr(essional beauty is at ! pres5t day4  
,! adv5t ( photography ev5tually prov$ !
 dea? bl[ to ! silh\ette1 z a picture ) 
all ! detail & expression 0 f> pref]able
 to ! simple pr(ile4 ,yet at fir/1 9 _m 
cases1 on acc\nt ( poor pos+ or         
defective light+1 ! photograph %[$ less 
simil>ity to ! sitt] ?an ! well-execut$ 
silh\ette4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ) ! great  
advances 9 ! photographic art1 all      
necessity = ! silh\ette has ceas$ to    

exi/1 nor is !re any special reason :y t
 /yle ( portraiture %\ld be made by use 
( ! cam]a1 except z a pa/ime4 ,yet1     
/range to say1 ?is subject has excit$ s 
mu* att5tion 9 ,europe t x 0 made !     
special ord] ( bus9ess at ! ,april meet+
 ( ! ,photographis*e ,gesells*aft1 9    
,vi5na1 :]e ,h]r ,eisele1 a prom95t     
memb]1 /at$ t he _h exp]im5t$ = ! la/   
two ye>s 9 produc+ photographic         
silh\ettes4 ,pr(essor ,luckh>t & ! arti/
 ,h]r ,s*u] _h also devot$ mu* "t to !  
subject )\t1 h[ev]1 succe$+ z well z !  
fir/ speak]4  ,! details ( ,h]r         
,eisele's exp]im5ts c]ta9ly make int]e/+
 read+ = u on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,he    
/ates t at fir/ he cov]$ a frame ) trac+
 pap]1 !n plac$ 8 pr9cipal betwe5 ! sun 
& ! scre51 ?us ?r[+ a %ad[ on ! pap]4 ,!
 cam]a 0 set up on ! o!r side1 s z to   
photograph ?is %ad[1 ! l5s1 ( c\rse1    
po9t$ direct to ! sun4 ,he !n made !    
attempt to %ade ! l5s ) an umbrella4 ,he
 neglects to /ate h[ (t5 he got ! outl9e
 ( ! p>apluie on 8 plate4 ,!n he tri$   

,blitz-pulv]--sitt]1 cam]a1 & scre5 9   
same position4 ,result z might h be5    
=etold--a mis]able failure4  ,next !    
scre5 0 plac$ 9 a doorway ) a bright    
light back ( ! scre54 ,! subject 0 plac$
 9 front ( ! scre51 ! room d>k5$1 !     
cam]a be+ plac$ 9 front ( ! sitt] &     
scre54 ,a ,blitz-lamp exposure ( five to
 six seconds 0 !n made4 ,result--n a    
s+le specim5 t equals our old silh\ette4
 ,s mu* = our ,vi5nese photographic     
c\s9s4 ,9 ^! great ,unit$ ,/ates we     
simply tack a piece ( musl9 9 front ( a 
w9d[1 place ! subject directly 9 front1 
%ut (f all o!r light 9 ! room1 focus1   
fire1 & develop4 ,result--a good %>p    
pr(ile almo/ all ! "t4                  
,,julius ,f4 ,,sa*se4                   
,,"s ,,fur!r ,,details ,,ab\t ,,pr9ts4  
,! dry+ ( a photographic pr9t aft] !    
f9al wa%+s h be5 complet$ is a simple   
en\gh matt]1 & yet x is possible = ! mo/
 exasp]at+ failures to occur at ?is /age
 ( ! process2 ! disappo9tm5t exp]i5c$   
be+ all ! m ke5 because ! "w is 9 a     

c]ta9 s5se f9i%$4  ,^? unacqua9t$ )     
photographic neatnesses might easily    
imag9e t all t 0 necess>y 0 to take !   
pr9t out ( ! wat]1 & lay x aside 9 any  
conv5i5t place to dry4 ,!y w\ld soon f9d
 out1 h[ev]1 t if ! sub/ance ) :i* ! wet
 pr9t came into contact 7 capable (     
communicat+ any impurity1 ! pr9t w\ld be
 sure to %[ 9 ! =m ( /a9s4 ,= in/ance1  
suppose t ! pr9ts 7 hung ov] wood5      
poles1 or laid on wood5 %elves :ile /ill
 wet1 !re w\ld h>dly be a possibility ( 
escape f /a9s4 ,?is w\ld be true 9 !    
case ei!r ( silv] pr9ts ( any k9d1      
bromides1 or blue pr9ts4  ,silv] pr9ts  
on pla9 pap] & blue pr9ts are m         
manageable 9 dry+ ?an ! o!r =ms :i* are 
made on pap]s prep>$ ) a contractile    
sub/ance l gelat9e or album54 ,suppos+ t
 ! wood5 poles or %elves be=e spok5 ( 7 
cov]$ ) clean :ite l95 or blott+ pap]1  
all ^? =ms ( pr9ts hav+ a pla9 surface  
might safely be dri$ !re1 b an album5   
pap] pr9t w\ld n d s well2 if laid out  
flat on ! %elf x w\ld contract          

unequally1 & be s cr9kl$ & %runk5 t !re 
w\ld be s]i\s difficulty 9 trimm+4 ,dry+
 ov] ! pole w\ld be pref]able1 b !      
album5iz$ surface w\ld be put on ! /ret*
 unequally1 s t 9 ! case ( a highly     
glaz$ surface !re w\ld be fissures &    
cracks v detrim5tal to ! f9i%$ result4  
,! be/ me?od ( dry+ pr9ts ( all         
descriptions1 & a v conv5i5t &          
inexp5sive "o also1 is ! foll[+3        
,provide a numb] ( spr+ clo!s-p9s1 a few
 y>ds ( ord9>y brass wire1 & a c\ple (  
good-siz$ screw-eyes4 ,hav+ select$ a   
suitable place 9 ! workroom :]e ! pr9ts 
w n be di/urb$1 screw 9 "o ( !          
screw-eyes to ! wood ( ! w9d[ or door   
jamb at ! height ( ! %\ld]2 pass "o end 
( ! brass wire into ! eye & secure x1 !n
 /r+ ! clo!s-p9s on to ! wire1 & secure 
its o!r end by means ( ! o!r screw-eye  
at a conv5i5t po9t across ! room4 ,hav+ 
br\ght ! pr9ts f ! wa%+ tank 9 an ord9>y
 deep pan1 select ^? ( simil> sizes1 br+
 !m toge!r neatly1 back to back1 :ile 9 
! wat]1 !n take !m out & susp5d ! pair f

 "o or m ( ! clo!s-p9s1 accord+ to !    
size ( ! pr9ts4 ,if !y are v l>ge1 x may
 require ?ree ( ! clo!s-p9s to fully    
support !m1 & avoid risk ( ! wet mass   
te>+ by its own weight4 ,:ile on ! o!r  
h&1 small sizes1 su* z #ed in*es1 may be
 held by a s+le p94 ,:5 ! pap] is v     
glossy1 & ! wea!r dry1 ! l>g] sizes may 
require to be p9*$ toge!r at ! bottom   
corn]s by an additional c\ple (         
clo!s-p9s1 :i* w prev5t ! pr9ts f       
sep>at+ until ?or\ghly dry4  ,pr9ts dri$
 9 ! mann] describ$ w be q flat1 & free 
f /a9s ( any k9d4 ,we ne$ h>dly add t ! 
clo!s-p9s %\ld be new & clean1 & kept = 
?is purpose only4 ,if ! pr9ts are hung  
up to dry 9 ! ev5+1 !y w be ready =     
trimm+ 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! end ( ! wire may 
be releas$1 & ! :ole turn$ aside out ( !
 way until ! next occasion = use4 ,if ! 
wa%-wat] is muddy1 z is (t5 ! case1 !   
deep pan 9 :i* ! pr9ts are transf]r$ to 
! dry+-room may be fill$ ) clean filt]$ 
wat]1 s t ! collect$ mud 9 ! pap] may be
 soak$ out be=e dry+4  ,! w>m wea!r we  

are n[ pass+ ?r\gh rem9ds u ( a few     
matt]s :i* h greatly eas$ our own labors
 9 ! pr9t+-room1 & simple z !y are we w 
m5tion !m4  ,x sometimes happ5s t !re is
 tr\ble 9 secur+ pure :ites 9 pr9ts on  
album5 pap]1 an univ]sal yell[ /a9 cov]+
 ev]y?+4 ,! be/ rem$y = ?is is ! use (  
alum 9 ! pr9t+ ba?1 z orig9ally sugge/$ 
by ! late ,mr4 ,an?ony1 ( ,new ,york4   
,c>e also mu/ be tak5 t ! pap] is q dry 
be=e be+ fum$4 ,op]ators are too apt to 
=get t z ! !rmomet] rises1 s does !     
am\nt ( wat]y vapor 9 ! air increase1 & 
t %eets ( pap] w (t5 dry m quickly on a 
bright day 9 w9t] ?an on _m hot days 9  
summ]4 ,! way ! pap] feels to ! h& is ! 
be/ guide1 & "s little att5tion is      
requir$ to be able to tell accurately4  
,! "q :e!r ! /r5g? ( ! silv] ba? %\ld be
 r$uc$ or n dur+ w>m wea!r is op5 to "s 
discussion4 ,if ! pap] be ( fir/-class  
quality1 & ! ba? conta9 alum1 z be=e    
allud$ to1 x w\ld be possible to cont9ue
 mak+ good pr9ts hav+ pure :ites ) ! ba?
 at full /r5g?1 by :i* we mean fifty to 

sev5ty gra9s to ! ounce4 ,!re is no "q (
 ! fact t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! prep>$ pap] 
increases :5 float$ on a /rong ba?1 & t 
! comp\nd :i* is !n =m$ betwe5 ! album5 
& ! silv] is m prone to decomposition4  
,x w occasionally happ51 if ! pr9ts come
 out yell[1 metallic-look+1 & cov]$ )   
m9ute black specks1 t weak5+ ! silv] ba?
 d[n to ! /r5g? ( =ty-five or ev5 =ty   
gra9s w cure ! tr\ble4 ,a /r5g? ( =ty   
gra9s1 h[ev]1 we %\ld consid] a l[ "o1 &
 only to be resort$ to = unusually hot  
wea!r or = p>ticul> k9ds ( pap]1 su* z v
 ?9 & delicate ,rives4  ,! pap] %\ld n  
be left 9 ! fum+-box = too long a "t 9  
hot wea!r4 ,if ?+s are prop]ly arrang$ =
 ! purpose1 t5 to twelve m9utes ought to
 suffice = ?or\gh fum+4 ,x is important1
 ( c\rse1 t good /rong ammonia be       
employ$1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! glass   
/opp] be well secur$ 9 ! bottle4 ,9 a   
hot pr9t+-room ! /opp]s ( ammonia       
bottles are frequ5tly bl[n out by !     
vapor & fall on ! floor1 leav+ ! cont5ts
 ( ! bottle to lose /r5g? rapidly4      

,,ell]slie ,,wallace4                   
,,! ,,conv5tion ,,at ,,wa%+ton4   ,! "t 
= ! ,elev5? ,annual ,conv5tion ( !      
,photographic ,association ( ,am]ica is 
approa*+1 & we hope ! craft ?r\gh ! l5g?
 & bread? ( ! l& are prep>+ = x4 ,mr4   
,j4 ,m4 ,appleton1 ! presid5t1 s5ds !   
foll[+ circul>1 :i* %\ld be c>efully    
/udi$ by e photograph]1 & also a specim5
 ( ! blank =m to be fill$ up by int5d+  
exhibitors4 ,^? :o may n h receiv$ a    
copy %\ld apply to him4  ,we publi%$ a  
li/ ( ! prizes to be aw>d$ 9 our ,m>*   
numb]1 & n[ pr9t ! foll[+3              
,,rules ,,= ,,judges ,,& ,,exhibitors3  
,,rules ,,gov]n+ ,,judges ,,9 ,,! ,,gr& 
,,prize4  #a4 ,! po9ts to be consid]$   
are3 ,fir/1 hi/oric2 second1 orig9ality2
 ?ird1 composition2 f\r?1 light+2 fif?1 
te*nique4  #b4 ,t5 m>ks to be ! highe/ =
 any "o po9t1 consequ5tly1 fifty m>ks ! 
mo/ t c be giv5 to any "o picture4  #c4 
,! /&>d ( ?is aw>d mu/ be ?irty-five    
m>k+s out ( a possible fifty4           
,,rules ,,gov]n+ ,,judges ,,9 ,,class   

,a4  #d4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts to be        
consid]$ are3 ,fir/1 orig9ality2 second1
 composition2 ?ird1 light+2 f\r?1       
te*nique4               ,,rules ,,gov]n+
 ,,judges ,,9 ,,classes ,b1 ,c1 ,d ,,&  
,h4  #e4 ,! foll[+ po9ts to be consid]$ 
are3 ,fir/1 light+2 second1 pos+2 ?ird1 
*emical effect2 f\r?1 g5]al effects or  
f9i%4  #f4 ,t5 m>ks to be ! highe/ = any
 "o po9t1 consequ5tly =ty m>ks ! mo/ t c
 be giv5 to any "o picture4  #g4 ,!     
above regulations also to gov]n ,class  
,a4  #h4 ,applications = space mu/ be   
made to ,george ,h4 ,ha/+s1 ,no4 #adg   
,tremont /reet1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4  
#i4 ,entries to close on ,tuesday1 ,july
 #ae1 & no space to be allott$ =        
exhibits aft] t date4 ,all exhibits mu/ 
be %ipp$ s z to rea* ! exhibition on !  
,saturday prec$+ ! op5+ ( ! same1 & all 
*>ges to be prepaid4  #aj4 ,ea* picture 
or set ( pictures mu/ be m>k$ ) a lett] 
signify+ ! class 9 :i* x is (f]$ =      
competition4  #aa4 ,! exhibition (      
photographs connect$ ) ! conv5tion is to

 be consid]$ an art exhibition pure &   
simple4 ,9 ord] n to detract f ?is /&>d1
 no sign ( any description %all be all[$
 9 ! hall devot$ to ! display (         
photographs1 except ! names & addresses 
( ! exhibitors4  #ab4 ,no exhibit = !   
gr& prize or classes ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d & ,h
 to occupy space ( m ?an eight l9eal    
feet1 & 9 class ,e1 t5 l9eal feet4  #ac4
 ,all photographs exhibit$ mu/ be f     
negatives made s9ce ! t5? annual        
conv5tion1 held at ,bo/on1              
,massa*usetts1 ,augu/1 #ahhi4  #ad4 ,all
 exhibitors mu/ see t _! displays are   
prop]ly plac$ be=e #aj o'clock ,a4,m41  
on ,augu/ #ab1 & no exhibits w be       
admitt$ aft] t date4  #ae4 ,all art     
exhibits mu/ be s5t to ,george ,h4      
,ha/+s1 ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ,photograph]s'  
,association ( ,am]ica1 ,smi?sonian     
,in/itute1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 all *>ges 
prepaid4       ,,elev5? ,,annual        
,,conv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,photograph]s'     
,,association ,,(                       
,,am]ica4--,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution1   

,,augu/ #ab ,,to #ae4                   
,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y1             
,,i[a ,,city1 ,i[a1 ,may #bd1 #ahij4    
,to ! ,photograph]s ( ,am]ica3  ,!      
elev5? annual conv5tion ( !             
,photograph]s' ,association ( ,am]ica w 
be held 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at  
,wa%+ton14 ,d4 ,c1 ,augu/ #ab to #ae1   
inclusive1 & f pres5t indications !     
att5dance w be l>g] ?an ev] be=e4 ,:y n 
take a few days' vacation & att5d ?is   
meet+8 ,if y only knew ! treat t awaits 
y 9 ,wa%+ton1 e photograph] 9 ! l& w\ld 
att5d1 if !y _h to close _! bus9ess = a 
week to d s4  ,a visit to ! places (    
int]e/ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! mo/ beautiful city 
9 ! _w1 w alone be wor? ! "t & money    
sp5t4 ,! f9e collection ( pa9t+s 9 !    
,corcoran ,art ,gall]y is ( special     
int]e/ to photograph]s1 z x conta9s "s (
 ! f9e/ pictures 9 ?is c\ntry or 9      
,europe4 ,a visit to ! capitol &        
gov]nm5t build+s1 ! ,wa%+ton monum5t1 ! 
,:ite ,h\se1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 
& _m o!r int]e/+ po9ts w add to !       

pleasure ( ?is occasion1 & is alone well
 wor? ! "t & exp5se ( ! trip4  ,!       
,committee on ,railroads h secur$ a rate
 ( "o & "o-?ird f>e = ! r\nd trip on all
 trunk l9es 9 e direction4 ,9 ord] to   
obta9 ?is rate1 y mu/ obta9 a receipt f 
! ticket ag5ts ( :om y pur*ase tickets  
on all roads1 & h !m sign$ by ,w4 ,v4   
,rang]1 second vice-presid5t1 at !      
conv5tion1 ?is w entitle y to a "o-?ird 
f>e return+4  ,! headqu>t]s ( !         
conv5tion w be at ! ,ebbitt ,h\se1 & !  
foll[+ rates h be5 obta9$ at ! diff]5t  
hotels3 ,ebbitt ,h\se1 two 9 a room1    
#b4ej p] day2 ,ebbitt ,h\se1 "o 9 a     
room1 #c p] day2 ! ,arl+ton1 #c p] day2 
,mill>ds1 #c p] day2 ! ,national1 #b4ej 
p] day2 ! ,riggs1 #c p] day2 ! ,h>ris1  
#b p] day2 & _m o!r hotels f #a4ej to   
#b4ej p] day2 also sev]al on ! ,european
 plan1 rooms f #ej c5ts to #a4ej p] day4
  ,if y w look at ! b5efits to be d]iv$ 
f att5d+ ?is meet+1 we feel sure t y w  
take ! "t & meet ) u4  ,! unveil+ ( !   
,dagu]re memorial dur+ ! conv5tion1 to  

be p]man5tly plac$ 9 ! ,smi?sonian      
,in/itution1 w be "o ( ! special        
features4 ,?is memorial is ! gift ( !   
photograph]s ( ,am]ica4 ,! fund is rais$
 by "o or m doll> subscriptions f !     
photograph]s 7:i* x w\ld be well = y to 
s5d 9 y\r subscription at once to "o ( !
 diff]5t committees1 & help ! matt]     
along1 & d honor to ! man :o fir/ br\ght
 to light ?is noble pr(ession ( ours74  
,y w miss x if y fail to come4 ,!re w be
 "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ,am]ican        
photography ev] exhibit$1 z well z      
,european4 ,i h ! promises ( exhibits f 
all ! lead+ photograph]s ( ! _w4  ,rules
 & regulations1 li/ ( aw>ds1 entries =  
competition1 etc41 w be mail$ on        
application4  ,is n ?is association     
wor?y ( y\r support8 ,any photograph] ( 
good moral & pr(essional /&+ is         
eligible4 ,if n already a memb]1 lose no
 "t 9 unit+ y\rself ) an organization   
already a p[] 9 ! l&4 ,x has /ood ! te/ 
( "t 7elev5 ye>s71 & has a cr$itable /&+
 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! civiliz$   

_w4  ,to become a memb]1 s5d five doll>s
 if a proprietor1 & two doll>s if an    
employ 7:i* pays entrance fee & dues =  
fir/ ye>71 to ! treasur]1 ,g4 ,m4       
,c>lisle1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,if       
already a memb] k9dly remit y\r dues    
7#b4jj71 & by s do+ avoid wait+ y\r turn
 at ! entrance :5 y arrive at !         
conv5tion1 z none c be admitt$ ^: annual
 dues rema9 unpaid4                     
,,extract ,,f ,,con/itution4  ,,article 
,,ii41 ,section #d4--,! annual dues     
become payable on ,janu>y #a ( ea* ye>1 
& any memb] fail+ to pay ! same prior to
 ! adj\rnm5t ( ! annual conv5tion %all  
=feit 8 "r to memb]%ip1 & c only be     
re9/at$ on paym5t ( an initiation fee   
7#c4jj7 & 7#b4jj7 dues1 #e4jj1 z provid$
 9 case ( admission ( new memb]s4       
,become a memb] & get ! b5efits ( ! art 
lectures1 practical talks1 & a gr&      
exhibition ( photographic productions & 
/ock exhibit4 ,frat]nally y\rs1         
,d4 ,r4 ,,coov]1 ,secret>y4  ,we expect 
to publi%1 9 our next numb]1 an         

additional article on ?is subject1 f !  
p5 ( ! presid5t1 ,j4 ,m4 ,appleton1 :i* 
w rea* our subscrib]s 9 ample "t = !    
conv5tion4                              
,s4                    99       99      
99       99       99  ,! av]age         
newly-fl$g$ photograph] wi%es to beg9   
be=e breakfa/4 ,! b>n or ! back-y>d f5ce
 is good en\gh = him1 & if no?+ else    
alive is 9 sight1 x is easy en\gh to try
 x on ! dog4 ,few dogs1 h[ev]1 h a prop]
 s5se ( ! responsibility ( be+          
photograph$4 ,aft] ev]y?+ is c>efully   
arrang$1 !y get up & want to g home4    
,sometimes !y rema9 sil5t until !       
picture is />t$1 :5 !y beg9 to /roll    
ar\nd & make eight or n9e dogs on !     
plate2 or !y sit /ill & only wag _! e>s1
 until ! negative %[s some?+ l a halo ( 
e>s4 ,?is w\ld give a pr(essional       
photograph] mu* worrim5t ( m9d1 b !     
amateur is g5]ally wise en\gh to see t 8
 failures are ! funnie/ ?+s he          
has4--,photo4 ,times4                   
,,or?oscopic ,,photography4   ,x is     

well-kn[n t !re are a l>ge numb] (      
coal-t> color products1 :i* h ! prop]ty 
( caus+ an or?oscopic action on ! ord9>y
 s5sitive dry plate1 mak+ ! plate m     
s5sitive = a c]ta9 color ?an ! o!rs2 =  
in/ance1 eos9e is a sup]ior s5sibilator 
= gre5-yell[ & yell[-gre52 cyan91 aga91 
is especially s5sitive = r$s4 ,o!r      
products1 su* z rhodam91 cyclam91 me?yl1
 violet1 & o!rs1 g5]ate 9 ea* in/ance an
 especial color s5sitiv5ess4  ,:ile we h
 no defici5cy 9 ^! m$iums :i* answ]$ = !
 gre5s & yell[s1 we h b few t answ] = ! 
v>i\s %ades ( r$4 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,vogel   
has /rongly recomm5d$ a mixture ( *9ol9 
r$ & *9ol9 blue 7cyan971 ! latt] has two
 great drawbacks1 viz41 ! salt is v de>1
 & does n keep4 ,to ov]come ?is         
difficulty ,i h in/itut$ num]\s         
exp]im5ts to replace ! above ) a m      
durable & *eap] m$ium4 ,among ! v>i\s   
sub/ances :i* ,i h tri$1 ! mixture (    
indoph5ol & mala*ite gre51 has giv5 me !
 mo/ satisfactory results4 ,mala*ite    
gre5 alone produces a /rong s5sibility  

to r$1 b ! addition ( ! indoph5ol       
greatly enhances ?is s5sibility4  ,9    
connection ) ! exp]im5ts ) ?is solution1
 ! int]e/+ fact 0 obs]v$ t ! s5sibility 
= blue 0 greatly r$uc$ 9 ! brom-gelat9e 
film1 :ile gre5 & yell[ appe>$ 9 _! true
 color values4  ,my proce$+ is z foll[s3
  7,a47 ,dissolve #j4a g4 indoph5ol     
7nap?al9 blue7 9 #ejj ccm4 alcohol4     
7,b47 ,dissolve #a g4 mala*ite gre5 9   
#bjj ccm4 wat]4  ,! latt] solution is   
heat$ to ab\t #gj c4  ,9 ! meantime1    
prep>e a solution ( #aj g4 doppelt *rom 
sauris kadi 9 #ajj ccm4 wat]1 at a      
temp]ature ( #gj to #hj1 !n p\r ?is to !
 hot solution ( mala*ite gre54  ,?is    
mixture is kept hot = half an h\r & !n  
filt]$1 ! precipitate :i* rema9s on !   
filt] is n[ wa%$ 9 sev]al wat]s1 &      
f9ally aga9 dissolv$ 9 a solution (     
,alcohol         #bej ccm4              
,*99 sulphate   #j4h g4  ,! latt] is    
fir/ dissolv$ 9 a little alcohol by     
heat+1 !n ! volume is add$ to until !   
am\nt is rea*$4 ,! filt]$ fluid has a   

beautiful gre5i%-blue color4 ,?is =ms ! 
/ock solution4  ,to s5sitize ! plates1  
make ! foll[+ ba?1 p\r 9 graduate3      
,indoph5al solution 7z above7     #d    
ccm4                ,mala*ite gre5 7/ock
 solution7   #d ccm4                    
,wat] 7di/ill$7                #fjj ccm4
  ,p\r #fj ccm4 ( ?is solution 9 a tray 
7#ac by #ah cm47 cov] ! plates & soak #b
 m9utes1 keep+ ! tray 9 con/ant motion4 
,dur+ ! op]ation all r$ rays mu/ be     
c>efully exclud$2 !n ! plate is dra9$ & 
dri$ 9 absolute d>kness4  ,plates s     
treat$ are mu* quick] ?an :5 9 _! normal
 condition4 ,!y give ! r$s 9 _! true    
color value1 ev5 ?r\gh an int5sive yell[
 color scre54 ,ev5 ?is extreme color    
s5sibility c be enhanc$ ) ! use ( a     
8supplem5t>y-ray filt]0                 
78,ergnzungs-,/rahl5 filt]071 :i* is    
made f a sub/ance :i* absorbs all colors
 except ! r$s & yell[4 ,gelat9e1 dy$ by 
soak+ 9 a ery?ros9 solution1 furni%es an
 excell5t ,ergnzungs-,/rahl5 filt]1 :i* 
is us$ 9 connection ) ! usual yell[     

color scre5                             
,m4 ,,leon ,,vidal4                     
,,photography ,,9 ,,rome4   ,!          
,bollett9o1 a j\rnal publi%$ e two mon?s
 9 ,rome1 & ! *ief organ ( ^? int]e/$ 9 
photography 9 t city1 gives ! result ( !
 la/ election ( memb]s ( its            
,photographic ,society z foll[s3 ,adl]1 
,dottor ,vittoria2 ,intriglio1 ,avv4    
,b5$etto2 ,t5]ani1 ,cav4 ,c>lo2 & ( !   
correspond5t memb]s--,calv>ia1 ,cav4    
,avv4 ,giuseppe1 ( ,ca/ellam>e di       
,/abia2 ,daniele1 ,ore/e1 ( ,catania2   
,g>zia1 ,oronzo1 ( ,maglie2 ,h]mans1    
,*>les1 ( ,brussels2 & ,ors9i1 ,m>*ese  
,antonio1 ( ,solmona4  ,! op5+ ( !      
,second ,annual ,exhibition (           
,photography took place 9 ! ,palazzo di 
,belle ,arti on ! #b;d ( ,may1 :5 a l>ge
 numb] ( memb]s took "p4  ,! display    
includ$ l&scapes & int]iors1 portraits1 
in/antane\s views1 film negatives1      
photo-micrographs1 enl>gem5ts1          
fla%-light pictures1 ar*itectural views1
 & repres5tations ( co/umes tak5 9      

,morocco & 9 ,sw$54  ,an excell5t       
article on 8,! ,duration ( ! ,pose0     
beg9s ?us3--8,=m]ly1 :5 collodion       
occupi$ ! :ole field ( photography1 !   
fir/ difficulty 9 ! art 0 ! prep>ation (
 ! s5sitive surface4 ,n[ t ! prep>ation 
has und]gone a radical *ange1 pass+ into
 a bran* ( indu/ry1 t fir/ difficulty   
has vani%$1 & !re has succe$$ to its    
place ! duration ( ! pose1 ! exact      
det]m9ation ( :i* has ov] ! result+     
picture an influ5ce z great1 & possibly 
great] ?an =m]ly1 see+ t 9 ! v %ort     
poses ( ! pres5t "t ev5 a little error  
has a value ( relatively great]         
importance40 ,! article goes on to say t
 ! duration dep5ds 7#a7 on ! s5sitive   
prep>ation1 7#b7 on ! act9ic p[] ( !    
light1 7#c7 on ! object1 7#d7 on !      
diaphragm1 & 7#e7 on ! di/ance4 ,?us1 if
 x 7 requir$ to repres5t by an algebraic
 =mula ! conditions gov]n+ ! pose t1 we 
%\ld h--                           t  k4
 ,p4 ,l4 ,o4 d4 ,d4  :]e k is !         
inv>iable con/ant4  ,! article1 :i* is  

too long to translate1 is writt5 by ,a4 
,roncalli4 ,x is succe$$ by a %ort      
notice ( ! effects ( ! ,s*ippang v>ni%  
^u collodion enl>gem5ts4 ,?is article1  
writt5 by ,ab4 ,f4 ,ca/racane1 makes    
m5tion ( "s unhappy results ( ! use (   
?is v>ni% on "s ( 8 own pictures4 ,aft] 
?is comes a lett] f ,sac4 ,d4 ,ratti1 on
 halation1 or aureole1 z ! ,italians    
call x4 ,!n a pap] on ! developm5t (    
in/antane\s negatives & on ! ton+ (     
ari/otype pap]1 by ,bne4 ,t4 ,melazzo4  
,v>i\s notes & receipts1 ) a            
bibliography & a %ort notice ( !        
illu/rat$ supplem5t1 complete ?is       
int]e/+ numb]4 ,! illu/ration is t ( a  
moonlight effect1 ! negative by ,a4     
,ducros1 ! phototype by ,danesi1 (      
,rome4 8,to obta9 ?is picture10 says !  
lett]-press note1 8x 0 suffici5t to set 
! ma*9e aga9/ ! sett+0--p>don !         
indiscretion2 ,i 0 ab\t to add sun--8&  
to remove ! cap4 ,b1 be=e ?is is done1 t
 c]ta9 fif? s5se has to be tak5 into    
acc\nt1 )\t :i*1                        

#8,non licet adire ,cor9tum6'  & ,signor
 ,ducros1 pr(\nd & advanc$ arti/ &      
photograph] z he is1 possesses ?is fif? 
s5se1 & uses x 9 a ma/]ly               
mann]40--,photographic 7,london7 ,news4 
,,amateur ,,exp]i5ces4--,,iv4   ,if any 
"o wants to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) !
 weaknesses & frailties ( humanity1 j   
let him become a cam]a c>ri]1 9 8all t !
 ^w implies10--& he w ent] a s*ool1 :]e9
 he w le>n m ( ! diff]5t phases ( human 
nature 9 "o lesson ?an he has dur+ ! la/
 t5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,no o!r vocation1 if 
we except t ( ! live newspap] report]1  
(f]s ! same advantages 9 ?is biological 
/udy4 ,v>i$ inde$ are ! exp]i5ces &     
vicissitudes ( ! amateur photograph]1   
:e!r ! cam]a be>] c>ries ! late/        
,univ]sal1 ) alum9ium m\nt+1 or rejoices
 9 a ,premium ,p9hole outfit1 he        
exp]i5ces ! same annoyances &           
disappo9tm5ts4 ,ignorant & unreasonable 
p are sure to be met ) on an out+1 &1   
worse ?an all1 he has frequ5tly to suff]
 = ! s9s ( "s rude memb] ( ! guild :o   

has be5 !re be=e him4 ,exp]i5ces l ^!   
are b too apt to disc\rage p]sons ( a   
n]v\s or s5sitive temp]am5t2 ! picture1 
h[ev]1 is n all %ad[s4 ,!re is (t5 a    
bright side = ! cam]a be>]1 especially  
if he be susceptible ( ! humor\s4       
,photographically speak+1 ! writ]1 9    
addition to su* annoyances z d\ble      
exposures1 unacc\ntable fog1 =gett+ to  
draw ! slide1 put plates 9 ! hold]1 or  
take ! cap (f1 to say no?+ ( neglect+ to
 ins]t ! /op1 has met ) _m rebuffs &    
disappo9tm5ts on 8 out+s1 ?r\gh meet+ ) 
ignorant or unreasonable p1 9 all su*   
cases 8 rule has be5 always to look ^u !
 comical side ( ! situation1 & try to   
a*ieve 8 object1 br++ into play 8 common
 s5se1 tact & k ( human nature1 g5]ally 
) ! result ( obta9+ ! covet$ negative4  
,! tr\ble1 h[ev]1 does n always lay 9 ! 
/rang]s we meet 9 our travels2 ! fault  
too (t5 is ) ! cam]a be>]4 ,!re is a    
class ( p]sons1 l>gely repres5t$ among !
 guild ( amateur photograph]s1 :o       
presume entirely too mu* on _! weal? or 

social /&+1 & :o at home pride !mselves 
on _! good bre$+ & polite mann]s1 claim+
 to be )9 ! s-call$ exclusive social    
circles or sets2 yet !y no soon] get    
away f ! re/ra9t ( _! imm$iate          
surr\nd+s1 su* z a photographic out+    
af=ds1 ?an !y seem to =get t at lea/ a  
little c\rtesy is due ! /rang]s on ^:   
premises !y trespass4 ,! dwell] 9 a     
picturesque tumble-d[n %anty1 or        
cu/odian ( an old colonial or religi\s  
l& m>k1 no matt] 9 h[ humble            
circum/ances ( life !y may be1 h rights 
gu>ante$ !m "u ! law1 :i* ev5 !         
exclusive amateur is b\nd to respect4   
,"o specim5 ( ?is k9d w (t5 spoil ! game
 = all amateurs = "s "t to come4 ,we w  
give a few in/ances :i* h come "u our   
notice4  ,e>ly la/ spr+ two prom95t     
memb]s ( ! ,quak] ,city ,cam]a ,club    
conclud$ to photograph an hi/oric old   
*ur* 9 "o ( ! ,g]man c\nties 7s-call$7 9
 our /ate4 ,! place 0 r difficult (     
access1 be+ away f ! usual l9es ( mod]n 
travel1 s ext5sive prep>ations 7 made4  

,! day prov$ all t c\ld be desir$4 ,a   
team _h be5 telegraph$ =1 & met ! pair  
at ! ne>e/ railroad /ation4 ,:5 ! spot 0
 rea*$ ! outfits 7 quickly unpack$ & set
 up4 ,no p]mission 0 ask$1 nor notice 0 
tak5 ( fl[]-b$s trampl$ ov]1 or o!r     
damage done4 ,!n ! bell ( ! p>sonage 0  
rung1--! cl]gyman answ]$ ! call 9 p]son4
 ,! spokesman1 great 9 8 own importance1
 ask$ = ! keys ( ! *ur*1 z !y wi%$ to   
photograph x4 ,! dom9ie answ]$1 ) an    
unmi/akable ,p5nsylvania ,dut* acc5t1 t 
! sexton liv$ ab\t a half a mile d[n !  
road4 ,! reply 01 t z he _h a key x did 
n suit !m to run aft] ! sexton4 ,well1  
"o ^w br\ght on ! o!r1 & ! p>ley end$ ) 
! cl]gyman say+1 8,y w please excuse me2
 ,i got no "t to fool ) su* nons5se1 &  
,i c't be bo!r$ ) op5+ ! *ur* = e fool  
photograph] :o *ooses to come out "h f  
t[n2 please g ab\t y\r bus9ess1 if y h  
any40 ,! int]view clos$ ) ! ?reat by !  
p>son to use a hoe-h&le ov] ! next      
photograph]s :o %\ld come to bo!r him ) 
_! intrusiv5ess4 ,our two amateurs pack$

 up _! outfits & beat an ignom9i\s      
retreat1 go+ back to ,philadelphia )    
temp] ruffl$ & object unaccompli%$4  ,a 
few days aft] ?is episode "o ( ! twa91  
wi%+ to h "s sport at our exp5se1       
sugge/$ to ! secret>y ( ! ,leop>dville  
,cam]a ,club ! advisability ( a trip to 
! adjo9+ c\nty1 & secur+ = him a set (  
negatives ( ! old l&m>k4 ,we knew no?+ (
 :at happ5$1 & consequ5tly1 ow+ to our  
innoc5ce & unsophi/icat$ nature1 we     
unconsci\sly fell into ! sn>e t our k9d 
fri5d laid = u on ! fir/ f9e day4 ,we   
made an e>ly />t4 ,we w5t m]rily ov]    
hill & dale1 n dream+ ( tr\ble4 ,:5 )9  
half a mile ( ! *ur*1 we /opp$ at a     
roadside inn to wat] our horse & inquire
 our way4 ,we rememb]$ ! ho/l]1 :o1 :ile
 reign+ up1 caught a glance at our      
outfit4 ,to our surprise1 he broke out  
)1 8,say1 ,mi%t]1 vas y a fotegraf      
fell]80 8,:y80 we qu]i$4 8,vell1 if y   
vas1 tont g to d] kr* up d]e2 d] bree*] 
letzt wo* putty ne> broke zwei fotegraf 
fell]'s het's up40 ,"h 0 a revelation4  

,our nickel _h be5 well inve/$4 ,we made
 clos] inquiries1--f ! description1 we  
at once recogniz$ our fri5d f ! ,quak]  
,city :o _h sugge/$ our trip1 & 0 no    
d\bt *uckl+ 9 anticipation ( a          
c\ntryman's discomfiture4 ,aft] a few   
mom5ts' ?\ght we cont9u$ on our way4 ,we
 met ! dom9ie1 & :5 we got back to our  
home we _h eight negatives1 ext]iors &  
int]iors1 9 our sat*el4 ,9 "o ( ! latt] 
! dom9ie appe>s 9 ! qua9t old pulpit4 ,)
 our t5 doll> outfit1 by ! use (        
civility1 tact1 & common s5se1 we _h    
accompli%$ t 9 :i* our pr$ecessors _h s 
signally fail$1 ma9ly by n ex]cis+ !    
common civility due t[>ds a /rang]4     
,ano!r case :i* came "u our notice b a  
few weeks ago3 ,9 an adjo9+ c\nty !re   
/ill exi/ sev]al qua9t old build+s1     
erect$ dur+ ! middle ( la/ c5tury by a  
religi\s community1 & us$ by !m until   
long aft] ! ,revolution4 ,ow+ to !      
curi\s ar*itecture & proximity to a     
summ] resort1 ! prop]ty is (t5 ov]run by
 visitors & sightse]s1 :o run ov] !     

gr\nds1 ent] ! h\ses1 intrude on !      
privacy ( ! inmates1 z if !y _h no      
rights ( _! own :atev]1 & 9 fact act z  
if ! :ole premises 7 public prop]ty4 ,! 
cu/odian or tru/ee ( ! prop]ty is a pla9
 c\ntry ,dut*man1 & keeps an especially 
%>p look\t = amateur photograph]s1 z !  
religi\s sect to :i* he belongs fr[ns   
d[n portraiture ( any k9d4 ,a few weeks 
ago a p>ty ( n9e or t5 p]sons1 ladies & 
g5tlem51 made a pilgrimage to ! old     
settlem5t "u ! lead]%ip ( a well-kn[n   
pulpit orator 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,among !  
p>ty 7 sev]al amateur photograph]s4 ,:5 
! p>ty arriv$ at ! gr\nds !y ent]$1 )\t 
z mu* z ask+ p]mission1 & at once made  
!mselves at home )9 ! premises reg>dless
 ( ! inmates4 ,:ile ! amateurs 7 sett+  
up _! cam]as1 ! prea*] 0 air+ 8 k ( !   
religi\s doctr9es ( ! community :i*     
fl\ri%$ !re 9 days gone by4 ,:ile mak+  
^! d]ogatory allusions1 ! p>ty _h be5   
jo9$ by a /rang]1--x 0 ! tru/ee1 & :o   
lo/ no "t 9 introduc+ himself to !      
prea*]4 ,! two m5 7 a /udy = an arti/4  

,! prea*]1 :o prid$ himself on 8 f9e    
physique1 oratorial p[]s1 & dignity1 0 !
 ideal picture ( ! pett$ fa%ionable     
prea*] ( ! pres5t day4 ,! o!r1 a man (  
m$ium height1 b>e-foot$1 unkempt2 a     
/raw-hat ( la/ season's gr[?1 a %irt (  
unblea*$ musl91 a pair ( ov]alls1 :i*   
hung by a s+le 8gallus10 complet$ 8     
w>drobe2 8 language 0 pure & unalloy$   
,p5nsylvania ,dut*4  ,9 appe>ance ! two 
m5 z !y fac$ ea* o!r 7 z diametrically  
opposite z ! poles4 ,! tru/ee1 )\t any  
c]emony1 ask$ ! prea*] :at he 0 do+ !re2
 ! latt]1 look+ d[n at ! speak] )       
contempt & scorn1 & nettl$ at !         
int]ruption1 curtly told him to att5d to
 8 own affairs4 ,?is 0 m ?an ! tru/ee   
c\ld /&1 & he at once ord]$ ! p>ty to   
pack up & get out4 ,?is 9 turn 0 too mu*
 = ! prea*]2 s1 turn+ to ! tru/ee1 said1
 8,my good fell[1 y seem n to "k :om y  
are address+2 ,i am ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ----1 (
 ---- ,*ur*1 9 ,philadelphia1 & ,i wi% y
 to und]/& t y are 9 ! pres5ce ( ladies 
& g5tlem51 & ,i w\ld advise y to take   

y\rself (f )\t ado1 z y\r pres5ce "h is 
unw>rant$1 uncall$ =1 & di/a/eful to !  
p]sons pres5t z well z myself p]sonally2
 & fur!r1 y\r appe>ance is h>dly su* z  
w\ld be p]mitt$ )9 ! circles 9 :i* !    
ladies pres5t are 9 ! habit ( mov+40    
,dur+ ?is spee* ! tru/ee /ood ) m\? &   
eyes wide op54 ,! o!rs ( ! p>ty nodd$   
approval z _! spiritual lead] 0 deliv]+ 
himself4 ,"o ( ! photograph]s 0 try+ to 
tra9 8 cam]a on ! c\ntryman1 :o _h = a  
few mom5ts /ood spee*less4 ,b x 0 only !
 calm be=e ! com+ /orm4 ,) a b\nd !     
tru/ee kick$ ov] ! tripod & cam]a2 !n1  
turn+ to ! prea*] 9 an unmi/akable      
attitude1 told him 9 8 ri* ,g]man       
,engli%1 t he 0 on private prop]ty1     
tramp+ d[n a gr[+ grass crop1 & if he & 
8 cr[d didn't pack !mselves (f at once  
he w\ld arre/ & f9e ! p>ty = trespass+4 
8,b1 my good fell[10 v5tur$ ! n[        
cre/fall5 prea*]4 8,don't speak to me60 
0 ! retort4 8,y claim to be a g5tleman2 
maybe y try to be at home4 ,b if y 7 "o1
 y w\ld "k bett] ?an com+ ) a cr[d on   

ano!r's place1 :]e y h no bus9ess1 )\t  
ev5 ask+ p]mission40 8,b1 my good man1  
we are will+ to pay y if--0 broke 9 !   
prea*]4 8,we don't want y\r money4 ,all 
,i want is = y to g & n bo!r u4 ,or d y 
want me to %[ y ! way80 ,all ?is 0 said 
9 ! ri* v]nacul> peculi> to ! locality4 
,!re 0 no help2 ! tru/ee 0 on 8 own     
gr\nd4 ,s ! p>ty retreat$ & fil$ s+ly   
ov] ! old /ile into ! road4 ,x w\ld be  
h>d to say :i* ( ! p>ty felt ! sadd] z  
!y w5d$ _! way t[>ds _! conveyance1 !   
cre/fall5 prea*] or ! ,ritt5h\se amateur
 ) 8 %att]$ outfit4  ,?is 0 b ano!r     
in/ance :]e a little c\rtesy & polit5ess
 w\ld h sav$ humiliation & photographic 
disappo9tm5t4                           
,j4 ,,focus ,,snaps*otte4               
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,record ,,9 ,,developm5t4--,_m      
amateurs are s fidgety ab\t _! d>k-room 
& its app5dages t we describe1 bo? = !  
b5efit ( ! f9ic & also = 8^? :o g d[n to
 ! sea0--9 tra9s1 h[ an extemporiz$     
travel+ d>k-room 0 successfully us$ by a

 memb] ( ! newly f\nd$ ,croydon ,cam]a  
,club4  ,9 case ! railway sup]9t5d5t    
%\ld reprim& ! gu>d :o conniv$ at !     
measures adopt$1 we mu/ p]=ce suppress !
 g5tleman's "n1 ! date1 & ! /ation :]e !
 tra9 0 jo9$4  ,ab\t a =tnight ago ,mr4 
,x4 ran d[n = ! day to visit 8 fri5d    
,y41 :o dwells some:]e on ! s\? coa/1 )9
 ab\t "o & a half h\r's j\rney f        
,croydon4 ,mr4 ,x4 hav+ expos$ sixte5   
qu>t]-plates1 ,y4 enquir$ ( him :5 !y   
w\ld be develop$4 8,to-night10 answ]$   
,x41 & add$1 8,p]haps be=e ,i get to    
,croydon40 ,y4 express$ incr$ulity1 on  
:i* ,x4 gu>ante$ t he w\ld h all !      
plates develop$ be=e rea*+ 8 de/9ation4 
,no previ\s prep>ation _h be5 made1 & ! 
tra9 />t$ 9 =ty m9utes f ! "t ( above   
conv]sation4 ,a %eet ( ruby pap]1 "s    
draw+ p9s1 "s oil$ pap]1 & a piece (    
,willesd5 wat]pro( pap]1 toge!r )       
,bea*'s develop]1 9 two solutions1 7    
procur$4 ,! gu>d 0 duly 8tipp$10 & a    
pail ( wat] obta9$ f ! eng9e-driv]4 ,mr4
 ,x4 be+ safely lock$ 9 a ?ird-class    

comp>tm5t1 ! ,willesd5 pap] 0 made into 
a tray1 ) sides ?ree in*es deep1 on     
acc\nt ( ! sway+ ( ! tra94 ,! ruby pap] 
0 p9n$ ov] ! c>riage lamp1 & ! bl9ds    
c>efully drawn4 ,! night 01 =tunately1 a
 d>k "o4 ,mo/ ( ! plates 7 %utt] views2 
^! 7 fir/ develop$1 ! develop] be+ us$ =
 ab\t ?ree plates & !n ?r[n away4 ,! "t 
views 7 subsequ5tly develop$1 ) a       
suitable modification 9 ! proportions ( 
develop]4 ,! plates 7 well r9s$ 9 ! pail
 ( wat]1 & :ile wet wrapp$ 9 oil$ pap]1 
& ?us pack$ 9 ! ord9>y boxes 9 :i* !y   
are sold2 ! object ( us+ oil$ pap] be+ t
 x does n /ick to ! film :5 ! latt] is  
ei!r dry or wet4 ,! plates 7 all        
develop$ be=e ,r$ ,hill 0 rea*$2 ! fix+ 
be+ def]r$ until arriv+ home4  ,!       
result+ negatives 7 n noticeably inf]ior
 to ^? :i* ! same work] g5]ally produces
 9 8 d>k-room4 ,we h be=e u a pr9t ( a  
wreck ) fi%]-boats 8salv+10 :i* is      
di/9ctly above ! av]age skill$ amateur  
"w4  ,if s good a result is atta9$ by   
adapt+ a railway c>riage on ! spur ( !  

mom5t1 ev5 bett] c\ld be done by        
pre-arrang+ to make use ( ! dre>y "t    
sp5t 9 travel+ by night4 ,! above t\r de
 =ce is a /rong argum5t 9 favor ( ^?    
railway companies :o run j\rneys ( f    
five h\rs upw>ds1 su* z ! ,scot*        
express1 provid+ a well-fitt$ b         
inexp5sive d>k-room4 ,a luggage van     
might be conv]t$1 ) an op5 comp>tm5t =  
work]s to sit 9 :5 _! 8d>k de$s0 are    
done4  ,a pleasant vision is op5$ up (  
snap-%ot views1 tak5 f a railway        
c>riage1 & develop$ dur+ ! j\rney4 ,(   
c\rse1 plates ne$ n be expos$ :ile !    
tra9 is 8hurtl+0 along at sev5ty miles  
an h\r2 b 9 a1 say1 t5 h\rs' j\rney !re 
are _m /oppages & slack5+s ( spe$ :i* a 
memb] ( ! 8wideawakes0 c\ld pr(itably   
utilize4--,! ,amateur ,photograph]4     
,,milit>y ,,photography4   ,capta9      
,curties1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 has      
writt5 a s]ies ( articles on ! above    
subject1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,broad ,arr[4
 ,9 ! la/ ( ! s]ies he gives a          
description ( 8 photographic outfit4 ,8 

arrangem5ts = expos+ & develop+ ! plates
 9 ! field af=d int]e/+ read+4 ,h[ev]1  
judg+ f our own exp]i5ces on ! sc\t1 !  
picket l9e1 or field1 we %\ld say t !   
:ole s*eme1 z portray$ by ,capta9       
,curties1 is m or less *im]ical1 & no   
matt] h[ plausible ! plan may seem or   
read to ! memb]s ( a !oretical cam]a    
club 9 _! well-furni%$ qu>t]s1 !re are  
c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! way :i* w\ld make
 ! s*eme impracticable1 & ev5 if ^! 7   
ov]come1 ! results w\ld be ( b little if
 any use 9 actual s]vice1 a fact :i* w  
be app>5t to anyone :o has se5 active   
milit>y s]vice4  ,! capta9 9 8 articles 
says3  8,! "o object ,i h kept 9 view   
all ?r\gh has be5 to simplify ! art z   
mu* z possible1 & to make ea*           
photographic section complete 9 itself1 
& able to take1 develop1 & pr9t a       
picture )\t any outside help 9 ! %orte/ 
"t possible4 ,hav+ ?is end 9 view1 my   
equipm5t supplies 9 ! fir/ place two    
light knapsacks1 to be c>ri$ 9 a        
reconnaissance by two m\nt$ (fic]s or   

m54 ,"o conta9s a v light fold-up cam]a1
 capable ( tak+ pictures #aj 94 by #ab  
941 r\nd :i* is wrapp$ ! focuss+ clo?4  
,x has n appe>$ to me desirable to place
 be=e a g5]al a view ( a c\ntry small]  
?an ?is4 ,! extra weight w\ld be m ?an  
comp5sat$ = by ! compreh5sive picture   
obta9$2 moreov]1 9 a small plate1 ,i    
take x1 di/ance w\ld n be fairly &      
di/9ctly portray$4 ,! o!r knapsack      
c>ries ?ree d>k slides1 v light b /rong1
 ea* conta9+ two plates4 ,?is knapsack  
also conta9s ! l5s1 in/antane\s %utt]1  
etc4 ,bo? knapsacks are made to fit     
close to ! back1 &1 9 addition to !     
/raps pass+ ov] ! %\ld]s1 are secur$ to 
! sword-belt1 ?us prev5t+ any injuri\s  
motion :5 rid+4 ,by ! simple act (      
unbuckl+ "o /rap1 ea* c be at once      
unslung ready to be unpack$4 ,! tripod1 
:i* is made z light z c be consi/5tly ) 
/r5g? & /ability1 is c>ri$ fold$ up 9 a 
bucket atta*$ to ! saddle1 & fixes      
imm$iately on to ! cam]a4 ,we next      
proce$ to ! all-important subject (     

8develop+0 9 ! field4 ,= ?is purpose ,i 
use a t5t compos$ ( a l>ge1 fold+1      
umbrella-%ap$ top1 made ( a mat]ial :i* 
admits a deep ruby light4 ,:5 ?is is    
op5$ & fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 x /&s j cle> ( a 
tall man's head4 ,ov] x is dropp$ a sort
 ( sack1 op5 at bottom ends1 ! top end  
be+ mu* small] ?an ! bottom end1 &      
capable ( be+ drawn toge!r by means (   
two cords4 ,?is sack is lightpro( &     
wat]pro(4 ,! l[] end is held d[n by     
means ( a light iron hoop or r+1 :i*    
also folds up to facilitate pack+4 ,!   
hoop is atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! sack 9   
su* a way t a bord] ( ! mat]ial ext5ds  
beyond x1 & re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is1 9 !  
ord9>y way1 is suffici5t to keep out    
light1 b %\ld any f9d its way 91 a few  
h&fuls ( e>? or /ones heap$ up r\nd !   
bord] w effectually keep x out4 ,! /ick 
( ! umbrella is a holl[ bamboo1 op5 at !
 top4 ,x is pi]c$ ) holes to ab\t half  
its l5g?2 ?is v5tilates ! t5t4 ,a cap   
plac$ ov] ! top ( ! /ick excludes light1
 b n air4 ,we n[ h a complete t5t 9 :i* 

a man c move ab\t freely1 & use 8 h&s   
)\t con/ra9t1 &1 above all1 he is n half
 /ifl$1 z "o g5]ally is 9 ! usual run ( 
develop+ t5ts4 ,x c be tak5 d[n at a    
mom5t's notice1 & pack$ 9 a v small     
compass1 ! :ole be+ exce$+ly light &    
compact4 ,a few /ays may be necess>y 9  
w9dy wea!r to keep x /eady4 ,! p]son    
ab\t to develop a plate sl+s ov] 8      
%\ld]s1 knapsack fa%ion1 a small metal  
tank1 conta9+ suffici5t wat] to wa%     
sev]al plates2 atta*$ to x is a         
gutta-p]*a tube & tap4 ,r\nd ! wai/ is  
buckl$ a broad lea!r belt1 9 :i* are    
fix$ bottles conta9+ ! develop+         
solutions1 etc4 ,a light fold-up tr\gh1 
) a gutta-p]*a dra9-pipe1 c>ri$ outside 
! t5t1 & two light %elves1 hook on to ! 
/ick ( ! umbrella4 ,all t n[ has to be  
done is to lift up ! walls ( ! t5t1 /ep 
inside1 & develop & pr9t ! picture1 :i* 
by us+ bromide-pap] 7und\bt$ly ! process
 = milit>y use71 w\ld take some?+ l a   
qu>t] ( an h\r1 ! pr9t+1 ( c\rse1 to be 
done f ! wet plate4 ,i may m5tion t ,i  

use sc>cely any glass beyond ! plates   
7:i* ,i believe 972 ^? articles :i* are 
made ( glass are protect$ to prev5t     
breakage4 ,i believe myself t ! :ole ( !
 articles n[ made ( glass c be          
manufactur$ f a prep>ation ( celluloid1 
:i* is /rong1 light1 & durable4 ,i hope 
%ortly to h a complete set ( bottles1   
measures etc41 made ( celluloid40       
99       99       99       99       99  
,m4 ,,/ravos ,,zellis1 ( ,alex&ria 9    
,egypt1 recomm5ds ! foll[+ process =    
m>k+ or lett]+ on ! s5sitiz$ pap] su*   
names z we wi% to give ! pr9ts4 ,he     
takes a piece ( ?9 :ite pap] & traces ^u
 x ! words :i* he wi%es to h at ! bottom
 ( 8 negative1 & oils x on bo? sides2   
hav+ remov$ ! excess ( oil by rubb+ x   
betwe5 two %eets ( bibul\s pap]1 he     
coats x ) v>ni% on bo? sides & all[s x  
to dry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he removes f !    
bottom ( ! negative a portion ( !       
gelat9e1 equal to ! size ( ! pap]1 &    
sub/itutes = x ! pap]1 :i* he /icks by  
means ( a solution ( gum arabic & wat]4 

,he removes !n ! air bubbles1 :i* w\ld  
prev5t complete adh]5ce1 & ?is be+ done1
 waits = 8 "w to dry4 ,if1 :5 pr9t+ on !
 s5sitiz$ pap]1 x is f\nd t ! lett]s d n
 %[ v :ite1 ! defective portions %\ld be
 ret\*$ on ! back ( ! oil$ pap]4 ,to    
write 8 "n ,mr4 ,zellis makes use ( a   
mixture ( gum arabic1 lampblack1 & wat]4
 ,?is process is simple1 *eap1 & gives  
excell5t results4--,annals              
,photographique4                    99  
99       99       99       99  ,at !    
meet+ ( ! ,photographic ,society (      
,b]l91 ,presid5t ,/olze exhibit$ ! sket*
 ( ! ,dagu]re monum5t to be erect$ 9    
,wa%+ton city1 at ! co/ ( six ?\s&      
doll>s4  ,dr4 ,julius ,/9de decl>$ nev] 
to h se5 any?+ m disgu/+ 7s*au]li*]es7  
?an ?is unhappy head ( ,dagu]re1 cru%$  
"u ! weight ( a l>ge ball1 & attributes 
! depravity ( our ta/e to ! high duty on
 articles ( f9e arts4 ,he says t su*    
mon/rosities %[ t we ,am]icans are yet 9
 po9t ( art b>b>ians ( ! pure/ wat]4    
,mr4 ,e4 ,himly1 z well z ,dr4 ,/olze1  

takes our "p1 & %[s t ! ,am]ican        
photographic j\rnals h unanim\sly       
condemn$ & ridicul$ ,mr4 ,h4            
,mc,michel's s*eme1 & exon]ate u z a    
body4 ,bravo6--,photographis*e          
,na*ri*t54                              
,,dagu]re4   ,on ! twelf? ( ,augu/1 9   
front ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 9      
,wa%+ton1 d$icat$ to manifold arts &    
sci5ces1 w be erect$ a la/+ memorial to 
,dagu]re1 ! au?or t we all "k fix$ !    
visible image on a giv5 surface1 :i* is 
photography1 ) all its v>ieties & names1
 & !y are num]\s4  ,:y %\ld we ,am]icans
 put up su* a memorial8 ,! inscription  
on ! granite bel[ ! bronze portrait     
tells ! /ory3  ,illu/ration  8,to       
commemorate ! fir/ half c5tury 9        
photography1 #ahci-ahhi4 ,photography1 !
 electric telegraph1 & ! /eam eng9e are 
! ?ree great discov]ies ( ! age4 ,no    
five c5turies 9 human progress c %[ su* 
/rides z ^!4 ,erect$ by ,,!             
,,photograph]s' ,,association ,,(       
,,am]ica1 ,augu/1 #ahij40  ,! monum5t1  

n[ almo/ complete1 its bronze features  
be+ ( a high ord] ( art1 w /& sixte5    
feet high1 & w be ! only int]national   
monum5t 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 :]e        
,smi?son himself d$icat$ 8 =tune = !    
advancem5t ( sci5ce 9 ! we/]n _w4  ,9   
connection ) ?is celebration we pres5t  
to our read]s a portrait ( ,dagu]re4    
,/range to say1 !re are b few au!ntic   
portraits ( ,dagu]re 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 our  
se>* = su* a portrait we discov]$ ! "o  
"h reproduc$2 x 0 engrav$ by ,orr f a   
photograph by ,dr4 ,meade1 ( ,new ,york1
 = ! ,int]national ,magaz9e1 ( t city1 &
 us$ to illu/rate ! obitu>y ( ! em95t   
,fr5*man1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahea4 ,z ev]y?+
 relat+ to ,dagu]re _c b prove ( int]e/ 
at ! pres5t "t1 we republi% ! int]e/+   
article 9 full z x appe>$ at ! "t3      
,lewis ,jacques ,m&e ,dagu]re1 ^: "n is 
=ev] associat$ ) ! photographic process1
 ( :i* he 0 ! discov]]1 di$ on ! t5? (  
,july1 9 ,p>is1 9 ! sixty-second ye> ( 8
 age4 ,he 0 a man ( extreme mode/y &    
great p]sonal wor?1 & 0 devot$ to art4  

,he 0 favorably kn[n to ! _w be=e !     
ann\ncem5t ( 8 discov]y ( !             
,dagu]reotype4 ,8 attempts to improve   
panoramic pa9t+1 & ! production (       
dioramic effects1 7 cr[n$ ) ! mo/ em95t 
success4 ,among 8 pictures1 :i* attract$
 mu* att5tion at ! "t ( _! exhibition1  
71 8,! ,midnight ,mass10 8,l&-slip 9 !  
,valley ( ,goldan10 8,! ,temple (       
,solomon10 & 8,! ,ca!dral ( ,sa9te ,m>ie
 de ,montreal40  ,9 ^! ! alt]nate       
effects ( night & day1 & /orm & sun%9e1 
7 beautifully produc$4 ,to ^! effects ( 
light 7 add$ o!rs1 f ! decomposition (  
=m1 by means ( :i*1 = example 9 8,!     
,midnight ,mass10 figures appe>$ :]e !  
spectators _h j beheld seats1 alt>s1    
etc42 & aga91 z 9 8,! ,valley (         
,goldan10 9 :i* rocks tumbl+ f ! m\nta9s
 replac$ ! prospect ( a smil+ valley4   
,! me?ods adopt$ 9 ^! pictures 7 publi%$
 at ! same "t ) ! process (             
,dagu]reotype1 by ord] ( ! ,fr5*        
,gov]nm5t1 :o aw>d$ an annual p5sion (  
t5 ?\s& francs to ,dagu]re & ,m4        

,niepce1 ,jr41 ^: fa!r _h contribut$    
t[>ds ! discov]y ( ! ,dagu]reotype4     
,dagu]re 0 l$ to exp]im5ts on *emical   
*anges by sol> radiations1 ) ! hope (   
be+ able to apply ! ph5om5a to !        
production ( effects 9 8 dioramic       
pa9t+s4 ,z ! "q ( ! "p tak5 by him 9 !  
process to :i* he has giv5 8 "n has be5 
discuss$ sometimes to 8 advantage1 x    
appe>s important t 8 position %\ld be   
correctly det]m9$4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,w$gwood1 (
 ,eturia1 ! celebrat$ pott]1 made ! fir/
 record$ exp]im5ts 9 photography2 & ^!1 
) "s additional ones by ,sir ,humphrey  
,davy1 7 publi%$ 9 ! j\rnals ( ! royal  
in/itution4 ,9 #ahad1 ,mr4 ,joseph      
,nicephore ,niepce 0 engag$ 9 exp]im5ts 
to det]m9e ! possibility ( fix+ ! images
 obta9$ 9 ! cam]a obscura2 b !re does n 
appe> any evid5ce ( publication ( any   
k9d previ\sly 9 #ahbg1 :5 ,niepce 0 9   
,engl&4 ,he !re wrote sev]al lett]s to  
,mr4 ,bau]1 ! microscopic obs]v]1 :i*   
are pres]v$ & pr9t$ 9 ,hunt's 8,rese>*es
 on ,light40  ,he also s5t specim5s (   

results obta9$ to ! ,royal ,society1 &  
furni%$ "s to ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s1 a   
few ( :i* are yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,^! 7      
pictures on metallic plates cov]$ ) film
 ( res94  ,9 #ahbd ,dagu]re comm5c$ 8   
rese>*es1 />t+ at t po9t at :i* ,w$gwood
 left ! process4 ,he soon ab&on$ !      
employm5t ( ! nitrate & *loride ( silv]1
 & proce$$ ) 8 inquiry1 us+ plates (    
metal & glass to receive 8 s5sitive     
coat+4 ,9 #ahbi ,mr4 ,v9c5t ,*evali]    
br\ght ,niepce & ,dagu]re toge!r1 :5 !y 
ent]$ into p>tn]%ip to prosecute !      
subject 9 common4 ,= a long "t !y appe> 
to h us$ ! res9\s surface only1 :5 !    
contra/ betwe5 ! res9 & ! metal plates n
 be+ suffici5tly great to give a good   
picture1 endeavors 7 made to black5 t "p
 ( ! plate f :i* ! res9 0 remov$ 9 !    
process ( heliography 7sun draw+71 z x 0
 mo/ happily call$4 ,among/ o!r         
mat]ials1 iod9e 0 employ$2 & ,dagu]re   
c]ta9ly 0 ! fir/ to notice ! prop]ty    
possess$ by ! iod9e coat+ ( *ang+ "u !  
influ5ce ( ! sun's rays4 ,! foll[+ lett]

 f ,niepce to ,dagu]re is on ?is        
subject3                                
8#ha1 ,,l\p ,,de ,,v>v5nes1 ,june #bc1  
#ahca4    8,sir & ,de> ,p>tn]3--,i _h   
long expect$ to he> f y )   too mu*     
impati5ce n to receive & read ) !       
greate/   pleasure y\r lett]s ( ! t5? & 
tw5ty-fir/ ( la/ ,may4    8,i %all      
conf9e myself 9 ?is reply to y\rs ( !   
tw5ty-fir/1   because1 hav+ be5 engag$  
ev] s9ce x rea*$ me 9 y\r   exp]im5ts on
 iod9e1 ,i ha/5 to communicate to y !   
results   :i* ,i h obta9$4 ,i _h giv5 my
 att5tion to simil>   rese>*es previ\s  
to our connection1 b )\t hope ( success1
   f ! impossibility1 or ne>ly s1 9 my  
op9ion1 ( fix+ 9   any durable mann] !  
image receiv$ on iod9e1 ev5 suppos+ !   
difficulty surm\nt$ ( replac+ ! lights &
 %ad[s 9 _!   natural ord]4 ,my results 
9 ?is respect h be5 entirely simil>   to
 ^? :i* ! oxide ( silv] gave me2 &      
promptitude (   op]ation 0 ! sole       
advantage :i* ^! sub/ances appe>$ to    
(f]4 ,nev]!less1 la/ ye>1 aft] y left   

?is1 ,i subject$   iod9e to new trials1 
b by a diff]5t mode ( application4 ,i   
in=m$ y ( ! results1 & y\r answ]1 n at  
all   enc\rag+1 decid$ me to c>ry ^!    
exp]im5ts no f>!r4 ,x   appe>s t y h    
s9ce view$ ! "q "u a less   desp]ate    
aspect1 & ,i d n hesitate to reply to ! 
appeal :i*   y h made4                  
8,j4 ,n4 ,,niepce40  ,f ?is & o!r lett]s
 x is evid5t t ,niepce _h us$ iod9e1 &  
ab&on$ x on acc\nt ( ! difficulty (     
rev]s+ ! lights & %ad[s4 ,dagu]re       
employ$ x also1 z x appe>s1 ) f> m      
promise ( success ?an any obta9$ by ,m4 
,niepce4 ,on ! fif? ( ,july1 #ahcc1     
,niepce di$2 9 #ahcg ,dagu]re & ,isodore
 ,niepce1 ! son & heir ( ,nicephore     
,neipce1 ent]$ into a def9ite agreem5t1 
& 9 a lett] writt5 on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1
 #ahcg1 to ,dagu]re1 ,isodore ,niepce   
says1 8,:at a diff]5ce1 also1 betwe5 !  
me?od :i* y employ & ! "o by :i* ,i toil
 on6 ,:ile ,i require almo/ a :ole day  
to make "o design1 y ask only f\r       
m9utes6 ,:at an enorm\s advantage6 ,x is

 s great1 inde$1 t no p]son kn[+ bo?    
me?ods w\ld employ ! old "o40 ,f ?is "t 
x is e/abli%$ t al?\gh bo? ,niepce &    
,dagu]re us$ iod9e1 ! latt] alone       
employ$ x ) any degree ( success1 & !   
discov]y ( ! use ( m]curial vapor to    
produce ! positive image cle>ly belongs 
to ,dagu]re4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahci1         
,dagu]reotype pictures 7 fir/ %[n to !  
sci5tific & arti/ic public ( ,p>is4  ,! 
s5sation !y creat$ 0 great1 & ! highe/  
hopes ( its utility 7 ent]ta9$4 ,on !   
#ae? ( ,june ,m4 ,du*atel1 ,m9i/] ( !   
,int]ior1 pres5t$ a bill to ! ,*amb] (  
,deputies relative to ! pur*ase ( !     
process ( ,m4 ,dagu]re = fix+ ! images (
 ! cam]a4 ,a commission appo9t$ by !    
,*amb]1 consi/+ ( ,arago1 ,eti5ne1 ,c>l1
 ,vat\t1 de ,beaumont1 ,t\rsov]1        
,deless]t 7,francois71 ,comb>el de      
,leyral1 & ,vitet1 made _! report 9     
,july1 & a special commission 0 appo9t$ 
by ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s1 compos$ ( ! foll[+ 
pe]s3 ,b>ons ,a?al9 ,besson1 ,gay       
,lussac1 ! ,m>quis de ,laplace1 ,vicomte

 ,simeon1 ,b>on ,!n>d1 & ! ,comte de    
,noe1 :o report$ favorably on ! #cj? (  
,july1 #ahci1 & recomm5d$ unanim\sly t !
 8bill be adopt$ simply1 & )\t          
alt]ation40 ,on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ ! secret
 0 = ! fir/ "t publicly ann\nc$ 9 !     
in/itution by ,m4 ,arago1 ! ,engli%     
pat5t hav+ be5 complet$ a few days be=e1
 9 op5 defiance & contradiction ( !     
/atem5t ( ,m4 ,du*atel to ! ,*amb] (    
,deputies1 :o us$ ^! words3             
8,un=tunately = ! au?ors ( ?is beautiful
 discov]y1 x is impossible = !m to br+  
_! labor into ! m>ket1 & ?us indemnify  
!mselves = ! sacrifices incurr$ by s _m 
attempts s long fruitless4 ,?is inv5tion
 does n admit ( be+ secur$ by pat5t40   
,9 conclusion1 ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior    
said3 8,y w concur 9 a s5tim5t :i* has  
already awak5$ univ]sal sympa?y4 ,y w   
nev] suff] u to leave to =eign nations !
 glory ( end[+ ! _w ( sci5ce & ( art )  
"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful discov]ies t honor  
our native l&40 ,dagu]re nev] did mu*   
t[>ds ! improvem5t ( 8 process4 ,! high 

degree ( s5sibility :i* has be5 atta9$  
has be5 due to ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs4      
,dagu]re is said to h be5 always av]se  
to sitt+ = 8 own picture1 & !re are b   
few photographs ( him 9 exi/5ce4 ,! "o f
 :i* our engrav+ is copi$ 0 tak5 by ,mr4
 ,meade ( ?is city1 & fir/ appe>$ 9 !   
,dagu]rean ,j\rnal1 a mon?ly p]iodical  
conduct$ by ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey & ,l4 ,l4 
,hill1 :o 7 di/+ui%$ = _! improvem5ts ^u
 ,dagu]re's process4                    
,,gelat9ography4   ,a v rapid process to
 make newspap] illu/rations1 call$      
gelat9ography1 is describ$ 9 ! foll[+3  
,a black glass plate or a t9 plate coat$
 ) black v>ni%1 z us$ by sign-pa9t]s1 is
 cov]$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is 7gypsum7 to a    
?ickness ( f\r-ply c>dbo>d4 ,! pla/] (  
,p>is mu/ be ( ! be/ quality & r$uc$ to 
a v f9e p[d]4 ,add !reto "s alum & "s   
sulphate ( b>ium1 & 9 ord] to prev5t !  
coat+ f be+ too brittle1 add also a     
trifle ( glyc]9e or ( a gelat9e         
solution4  ,?is mixture mu/ h !         
consi/5cy ( a ?9 pulp :5 appli$ to !    

glass or t9 ) a s(t camel's-hair bru%4  
,:5 dry1 ! arti/ may engrave into ?is   
coat ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 by means ( a      
li?ographic engrav+ ne$le1 any design or
 picture ) ! greate/ ease2 ! plate or   
glass is !reby laid b>e1 & design or    
picture appe>s black ?r\gh ! pla/] (    
,p>is coat+4 ,mi/akes or errors are     
easily rem$i$ by fill+ 9 ! pla/] ( ,p>is
 prep>ation4  ,) ! regul> pr9t]s' roll] 
composition a /]eotype is n[ made ( !   
picture or design on ! glass or plate1 9
 ! usual way2 "s bi*romate ( ammonia    
solution %\ld be add$ to ! roll]        
composition1 to make ! /]eotype h>d     
en\gh = ! type press1 & x w be z durable
 z any electrotype1 & answ] ! same      
purpose4--,am4 ,li?4 & ,pr9t]4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,/]eoscopic ,,photography4--,( late1   
!re is q a revival 9 ?is bran* ( our    
art-sci5ce1 sev]al ,engli% & _m =eign   
amateurs hav+ be5 work+ ) tw9 l5ses dur+
 ! la/ & pres5t seasons4 ,! ,belgian    
,bullet9 has an article on ! subject1 & 

! la/ te*nical meet+ ( ! ,photographic  
,society 0 devot$ to x4 ,al?\gh         
,:eat/one ann\nc$ ! in/rum5t 9 #ahch1 x 
0 n until photography _h come to 8 aid  
by furni%+ satisfactory diagrams1 &     
,brew/] _h popul>iz$ ! matt] by !       
inv5tion ( ! l5ticul> /]eoscope1 t mu*  
progress 0 made2 !n ,:eat/one gave 8    
,bak]ian lecture on ,janu>y #ae?1 #aheb1
 to put ! f9i%+ t\* to ?is important    
bran* ( sci5tific "w4 ,! e>li] attempts 
fail$ by reason ( employ+ too wide an   
angle4                                  
,,eclipse ,,photography4   ,probably 9  
no dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 c]ta9ly 9 no bran*
 ( a/ronomical sci5ce1 has photography  
be5 ( su* use z 9 ! /udy ( sol>         
eclipses4 ,x is only :5 ! sun is obscur$
 by ! moon t we are able to see &       
prop]ly photograph ! corona or lum9\s   
atmosph]e ar\nd ! sun4 ,?is sol> corona1
 z has be5 said by ,"y1 8is visible only
 ab\t eight days 9 ! c5tury 9 !         
aggregate1 & !n only ov] n>r[ /rips ( ! 
e>?'s surface1 & b f "o to five m9utes  

at a "t by any "o obs]v]40 ,v little ( !
 eight days1 h[ev]1 c be utiliz$2 inde$1
 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,miss ,cl]ke 9  
h] admirable ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy ,dur+ !
 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ! corona has only be5
 obs]v$ by sci5tific m5 dur+ =ty-five   
m9utes 9 z _m ye>s4 ,opportunities (    
obs]v+ an eclipse occur !re=e at su*    
comp>atively long int]vals1 ! ph5om5a to
 be obs]v$ are s v>i$ & ext5sive1 & ! "t
 dur+ :i* ! obs]vations mu/ be made is s
 v limit$1 t any p]man5t records ( !    
ph5om5a1 su* z photography enables u to 
obta91 _c fail to be ( ! greate/ value4 
,! mo/ c>eful draw+s ( ! same eclipse by
 diff]5t obs]v]s at ! same /ation are s 
v dissimil> t x is g5]ally unsafe to    
base any conclusion on !m2 :]eas 9      
photographs we h tru?ful records ( !    
actual ph5om5a )\t p]sonal equation (   
any k9d1 & ) ! additional advantage t   
!re is m detail 9 ! photograph ?an x is 
possible to ins]t 9 any draw+ made dur+ 
an eclipse1 or ev5 at leisure aft] !    
?ree or f\r m9utes' obs]vation ( su* an 

indef9ite & irregul> object z ! corona4 
,! hi/ory ( ! increase ( our k ( !      
corona is practically ! hi/ory ( !      
improvem5t ( our photographic me?ods (  
attack+ ! ph5om5a ( an eclipse4  ,! fir/
 occasion on :i* photography 0 us$ at an
 eclipse ( ! sun 0 on ,july #h1 #ahdb1  
:5 ,pr(essor ,majoc*i1 at ,milan1       
attempt$ to obta9 ,dagu]reotype pictures
 ( ! corona4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! attempt in=ms
 u t 8a few m9utes be=e & aft] totality 
an iodis$ plate 0 expos$ 9 a cam]a to ! 
light ( ! ?9 cresc5t1 & a di/9ct image 0
 obta9$2 b ano!r plate expos$ to ! light
 ( ! corona = two m9utes dur+ totality  
did n %[ ! slighte/ trace ( photographic
 action4 ,no photographic alt]ation 0   
caus$ by ! light ( ! corona cond5s$ by a
 l5s = two m9utes1 dur+ totality1 on a  
%eet ( pap] prep>$ ) bromide ( silv]40  
,no details are giv5 ( ! ap]tures ( !   
l5ses employ$1 or ( _! focal l5g?s4 ,at 
! outset1 !re=e1 a/ronom]s 7 met )      
failure1 b ! failure at ,milan did n    
det] ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bus* & ,h]r ,b]k[ski 

f a simil> attempt at ,konigsb]g on     
,july #bh1 #ahea4 ,! telescope us$ on   
?is occasion _h an ap]ture ( #b4d in*es1
 & a focal l5g? ( #cj in*es4 ,comm5c+   
imm$iately aft] ! beg9n+ ( totality1 a  
plate 0 expos$ = #hd seconds 9 ! focus (
 ! telescope1 & on developm5t an image (
 ! corona 0 obta9$4 ,a second plate     
expos$ = f #dj to #de seconds 0 fogg$ by
 ! sudd5 break+ out ( ! sunlight4 ,!    
picture ?us obta9$--! fir/ photograph ( 
! corona & prom95ces--is kn[n z !       
,konigsb]g ,dagu]reotype1 & is /ill     
pres]v$ at ! ,/rasburg ,obs]vatory4 ,x 0
 l5t by ,pr(essor ,w9necke = !          
exhibition ( sci5tific in/rum5ts at ,s\?
 ,k5s+ton 9 #ahgf4 ,on x ! prom95ces1 & 
! l[] portion ( ! corona ext5d+ ab\t    
"o-f\r? ( a sol> diamet] f ! moon's     
limb1 are di/9ctly %[n1 ! encroa*+ ( !  
prom95ces on ! d>k disc ( ! moon1 ow+ to
 irradiation1 be+ p>ticul>ly evid5t4    
,dagu]reotype 0 aga9 us$ = ! annual     
eclipse ( ,may #bf1 #ahed1 by ,mr4      
,campbell & ,pr(essor ,loomis at ,new   

,york2 by ,dr4 ,b>tlett & ,victor       
,prevo/1 :o obta9$ n9ete5 photographs1  
at ,we/ ,po9t2 & by ,pr(essor ,/eph5    
,alex&] & ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,old at          
,ogd5sburg4  ,liais 9 #aheh obta9$      
photographs ( ! p>tial phases1 us+ wet  
plates4 ,on "o ( ^! ! moon c be se5     
project$ on ! corona be=e totality4 ,) !
 introduction ( ! collodion process m   
s5sitive plates 7 obta9$1 & a great     
advance 0 anticipat$4 ,at ! total       
eclipse ( #ahfj1 ,july #ah1 ,mr4 ,w>r5  
de la ,rue1 at ,rivabellosa1 9 ,spa91   
us$ wet plates4 ,8 in/rum5t 0 "o        
specially devis$ by himself =           
photograph+ ! sun's disc = sun-spots1 & 
is kn[n z ! ,kew heliograph4 ,x is an   
ord9>y equatorial m\nt+ ) driv+ clock1  
c>ry+ a photographic object-glass1 #c4d 
in*es cle> ap]ture1 & #ej in*es focal   
l5g?4 ,! prim>y image is 4#dff ( an in* 
9 diamet]1 b be=e ! image falls on !    
plate x is enl>g$ by an ord9>y          
,huygh5ian eyepiece to #c4h in*es       
diamet]4 ,! expos+ app>atus = ! ord9>y  

sun photographs is an in/antane\s %utt]2
 ?is1 ( c\rse1 _h to be ab&on$ = !      
eclipse photographs4 ,two plates 7      
expos$ dur+ totality1 ! exposure be+ #fj
 seconds 9 ea* case1 b only slight      
traces ( ! corona 7 obta9$4 ,at ! same  
eclipse ,fa!r ,sec*i & ,pr(essor        
,mons]at1 work+ at ,desi]to de las      
,palmas1 obta9$ good photographs ( !    
corona1 us+ an object-glass ( 4#ae metre
 diamet]1 & #b4e metres focus1 ! prim>y 
image be+ #bc millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,! 
plates 7 plac$ 9 ! prim>y focus &       
accord+ to ,sec*i1 8all ! phases ( !    
ph5om5a are repres5t$ on ! photographs40
 ,! orig9al negatives obta9$ at ,desi]to
 de las ,palmas ( ?is eclipse h         
un=tunately be5 lo/4  ,! next attempt at
 photograph+ ! corona 0 on ,augu/ #ah1  
#ahfh1 ?is be+ rem>kable z ! fir/       
attempt to use a reflector = ! purpose4 
,colonel ,t5nant & ,s]geant ,phillips at
 ,guntoor us$ a #i-;in* silv]-on-glass  
mirror1 by ,)1 ( #f feet focal l5g?1    
m\nt$ equatorially by ,br[n+ on !       

,newtonian plan4  ,un=tunately ! wea!r 0
 unfavorable1 b plates 7 expos$ ?r\gh   
light cl\ds1 ! longe/ exposure be+ #aj  
seconds4 ,! photographs obta9$ %[ !     
prom95ces %>ply def9$1 b only slight    
traces ( corona are visible4 ,mr4       
,sutton1 at ,mautawali ,kiki1 & ,drs4   
,g4 ,frits*1 ,h4 ,vogel1 & ,w4 ,z5]1 at 
,ad51 71 f atmosph]ic & o!r causes1     
unsuccessful ) refractors4  ,at !       
eclipse ( ,augu/ #g1 #ahfi1 _m attempts 
7 made to photograph ! corona4 ,9 all   
cases :]e ! image 0 enl>g$ be=e x fell  
on ! plate1 slight traces ( ! corona 7  
obta9$2 :ile ,pr(essor ,w9lock & ,mr4   
,j4 ,a4 ,:ipple1 at ,%elbyville1 ) a    
#e-;in* l5s ( #g feet focal l5g?1 obta9$
 sev5 pictures tak5 9 ! prim>y focus1 "o
 ) #dj seconds' exposure1 %[+ m detail  
?an _h previ\sly be5 photograph$4  ,at  
?is eclipse1 ,messrs4 ,hoov] photograph$
 ! corona ) a l5s ( #ab in*es focus1 &  
,pr(essor ,/eph5 ,alex&] also obta9$    
photographs at ,ottumwa "s ( :i* give   
good ideas ( ! coronal /ructure4  ,at ! 

#ahgj eclipse1 ,decemb] #bb1 a #d-;in*  
,dallmey] l5s 7rapid rectil9e>71 /opp$  
d[n to ?ree in*es ap]ture1 & ) a focal  
l5g? ( ?irty in*es1 0 us$ by ,mr4       
,bro!rs at ,syracuse4 ,wet plates 7 us$1
 & ! photographs 7 tak5 ?r\gh light     
cl\ds1 ! be/ ( ! pictures hav+ _h eight 
seconds' exposure4 ,details 9 ! corona  
are v well %[n 9 ^! photographs4 ,9     
discuss+ 8 results1 ,mr4 ,bro!rs says1  
8,! photographs tak5 444 prove t ! light
 ( ! corona is v act9ic1 & t sev]al     
photographs ( ?is beautiful ph5om5on c  
be tak5 dur+ ! "t ( totality40 ,he fur!r
 adds1 8,t x is impossible to obta9     
satisfactory photographs ( ! corona ei!r
 ) reflect+ or refract+ telescopes z    
ord9>ily us$ is1 ,i ?9k1 n[ conclusively
 prov$40  ,pr(essor ,w9lock1 at ,j]ez1  
dur+ ! same eclipse1 obta9$ two good    
photographs ) ord9>y telescopes2 :ile   
,"l ,l9dsay1 at ,m>ia ,l\is ,obs]vatory1
 ) a #ab-;in* mirror ( #f feet focus1   
obta9$ plates s mu* fogg$ z to be       
useless4  ,on ,decemb] #ba1 #ahga1      

spl5did photographs 7 obta9$ at ,baikul 
by ,mr4 ,davis 7,"l ,l9dsay's obs]v]71 &
 by ,colonel ,t5nant1 ,j4 ,b4 ,h5nessey1
 ,esq41 & ,capta9 ,wat]h\se1 at         
,dodabetta4 ,9 ea* case ,dallmey]       
#d-;in* rapid rectil9e> l5ses (         
?irty-?ree in*es focus 7 us$1 !         
exposures v>y+ f five to =ty seconds4   
,h]r ,diets*1 9 ,java1 also obta9$ two  
good photographs ) a 8l5s ( %ort focus10
 ) exposures ( half & "o-?ird second4   
,capta9 ,hogg1 at ,jaffna1 also got fair
 results ) cam]as #af in*es & #bc in*es 
long4 ,at ! eclipse ( ,april #f1 #ahge1 
,dr4 ,s*u/]1 9 ,siam1 obta9$ good       
photographs1 al?\gh small1 ) an ord9>y  
cam]a4  ,! eclipse ( #ahgh m>k$ ano!r   
dep>ture 9 photography4 ,dr4 ,drap] us$ 
wet plates1 & got mu* detail 9 #afe     
seconds4 ,mr4 ,rany>d us$ ,mawson       
,swan's extra s5sitive dry plates1 ) a  
#ac-;in* l5s ( #f feet #b in*es focus1 &
 obta9$ photographs ext5d+ #f 7"o-fif? (
 a sun's diamet]7 f ! limb ) exposures (
 "o & ?ree seconds4 ,pr(essor ,h>kness1 

! director ( ! ,am]ican op]ations1      
arrang$ two cam]as1 ) #f-;in* ,dallmey] 
l5ses ( #cg4i-;in* focus1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4
 ,rog]s & ,mr4 ,cl>k ) ^!1 us+ specially
 prep>$ dry plates made by ,mr4 ,rog]s1 
obta9$ two good s]ies ( photographs4 ,9 
! report on ! eclipse op]ations publi%$ 
f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory1   
,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,rog]s n only discusses !  
value ( photographs z comp>$ ) draw+s1 b
 ent]s fully into all ! details (       
eclipse photography1 conclud+ by /rongly
 advocat+ ! adoption ( dry plates4 ,mr4 
,o4 ,l4 ,pe]s dur+ ?is eclipse obta9$ a 
wet plate photograph %[+ great] ext5sion
 ( ! corona ?an any ( ! dry plate ones1 
b !re seems "s d\bt ab\t ! app>atus he  
us$4 ,he us$ ei!r a #b-;in* or #c-;in*  
,voigtl&] portrait l5s1 & expos$ ei!r = 
twelve or = tw5ty-?ree seconds4 ,mr4    
,pe]s says he us$ a #b-;in* l5s1 &      
twelve seconds' exposure1 :ile ,voigtl&]
 decl>es he makes only #c-;in* l5ses ( !
 focus #a3h ,mr4 ,pe]s us$1 & on        
exam9ation ( ! photograph x is f\nd t ! 

trail ( ! moon on ! plate indicates an  
exposure ( tw5ty-?ree seconds4 ,aft] !  
#ahgh eclipse dry plates 7 univ]sally   
adopt$ by eclipse obs]v]s4  ,!          
photographic arrangem5ts ( ! exp$ition  
to ,sohag1 9 ,egypt1 = ! eclipse on ,may
 #ag1 #ahhb1 7 made by ,capta9 ,abney1 !
 *ief objects ( ! exp$ition be+ to      
photograph ! spectra ( ! corona &       
prom95ces4 ,arrangem5ts 7 also made by  
,capta9 ,abney = corona photographs ) a 
#d-;in* l5s ( sixty in*es focus belong+ 
to him4 ,! spectrum photographs tak5 %[ 
z _m z ?irty l9es 9 ! prom95ces1 :ile ! 
photographs ( ! corona obta9$ by ,dr4   
,s*u/] ) exposures ( f ?ree to ?irty-two
 seconds %[ great ext5sion ( ! corona ) 
! mo/ exquisite detail4 ,^! plates are  
also rem>kable = ! discov]y ( a comet 9 
! photographs1 al?\gh ! comet 0 n se5 by
 obs]v]s4 ,capta9 ,abney & ,mr4 ,j4     
,norman ,locky] 7 responsible = ! me?ods
 ( photographic attack adopt$ by !      
,engli% obs]v]s1 ,messrs4 ,lawr5ce &    
,woods1 at ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 on ,may #f1

 #ahhc4 ,! spectroscopic results & !    
corona photographs tak5 ) ! #d-;in* l5s 
( ,capta9 ,abney1 previ\sly us$ 9 #ahhb1
 7 mo/ successful4 ,janss5 on ?is       
occasion us$ two objectives1 "o #f-;in* 
& "o #h-;in* diamet]1 & us+ long        
exposures1 photograph$ ! corona ext5d+  
two diamet]s f ! sun1 ?is be+ mu* fur!r 
?an x c\ld be trac$ ) a telescope4      
,photography 0 aga9 us$ on ,septemb] #h1
 #ahhe1 at ! total eclipse 9 ,new       
,zeal&4  ,at ! eclipse ( ,augu/1 #ahhf1 
visible at ,granada1 ,capta9 ,d>w9 us$ a
 *ronograph z devis$ by ,dr4 ,hugg9s1   
consi/+ ( a mirror incl9$ 9 a tube 9 su*
 a mann] z to enable photographs to be  
tak5 9 ! prim>y focus )\t ! int]v5tion (
 a flat4 ,good results 7 obta9$4 ,dr4   
,s*u/] & ,mr4 ,maund] us$ #d-;in* l5ses 
( #fj-;in* focus1 & obta9$ good results4
 ,_! spectrum photographs 7 also        
successful4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 ( ,h>v>d1
 us$ a helio/at & a photo-heliograph (  
#ch feet focus1 support$ horizontally1 b
 no results 7 obta9$ ) ?is app>atus1    

al?\gh he 0 p>tially successful ) 8 o!r 
in/rum5ts4  ,v few photographs 7 obta9$ 
( ! eclipse ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhg1 9      
,russia1 ow+ to ! unfavorable wea!r4 ,! 
,engli% obs]v]s int5d$ to use simil>    
in/rum5ts to ^? employ$ 9 #ahhf1 b !    
wea!r did n p]mit4  ,! eclipse ( ,janu>y
 #a1 #ahhi1 0 v successfully photograph$
 by ! ,am]ican obs]v]s1 ! l>ge/ ap]ture 
us$ be+ ?irte5 in*es4 ,on "s ( ! plates 
us$ dur+ ?is eclipse ! /&>d int5sity    
scale recomm5d$ by ,capta9 ,abney sev]al
 ye>s ago 0 fix$1 & = ! fir/ "t def9ite 
conclusions z to ! brightness ( ! corona
 7 obta9$4  ,! exp$ition s5t out by !   
,royal ,a/ronomical ,society = ! eclipse
 ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahhi1 7 ea* fitt$ ) a 
#d-;in* photographic l5s1 belong+ to    
,capta9 ,abney1 m\nt$ on ! usual        
equatorial plan1 & int5d$ to cont9ue !  
s]ies s well begun by ,dr4 ,s*u/] 9     
#ahhb1 & also ) a #bj-;in* mirror ( #de 
in*es focus1 specially con/ruct$ & m\nt$
 = eclipse "w1 & design$ to photograph !
 out] portions ( ! corona too fa9t =    

ord9>y in/rum5ts4 ,! plates = use ) !   
#d-;in* l5ses 7 specially prep>$ by     
,capta9 ,abney1 & on ea* ( !m he _h     
plac$ a scale ( /&>d int5sity squ>es =  
measur+ ! brightness ( ! corona4 ,small 
squ>es on ea* ( ! plates 7 expos$ to a  
/&>d light = v>i\s times2 ^! squ>es 7 !n
 cov]$ ) a /rip ( black pap]1 & ! plates
 tak5 out to ! ,eclipse ,/ation & expos$
 on ! corona4 ,:5 ! plates 7 develop$ ! 
image ( ! corona & ! squ>es 71 ( c\rse1 
develop$ to ! same ext5t1 ! squ>es ?us  
s]v+ z /&>ds = absolutely measur+ !     
photographic int5sity ( ! light ( !     
corona4 ,! d5sity ( ! deposit 9 any "p (
 ! picture ( ! corona c be comp>$ ) !   
d5sity ( ! mo/ simil> ( ! squ>es on !   
same plate by ,capta9 ,abney's          
photomet]1 & z ?is photomet] dep5ds ^u !
 me?od ( limit+ ap]tures1 x gives       
absolute read+s4  ,! ,african exp$ition 
0 entirely unsuccessful1 ow+ to cl\ds1 b
 ! exp$ition to ,salut ,isles1 "u *>ge (
 ! late ,fa!r ,p]ry1 obta9$ successful  
photographs1 :i* are at pres5t "u       

exam9ation4 ,f !m ,capta9 ,abney w be   
able to measure ! absolute photographic 
int5sity ( ! light ( ! corona4  ,an     
,am]ican exp$ition 0 s5t to ,cay5ne )   
in/rum5ts us$ on ,janu>y #a1 #ahhi1 &   
obta9$ successful photographs1 :ile an  
,am]ican exp$ition to ,s\?we/ ,africa 0 
unsuccessful1 = ! reason already giv54  
,?is exp$ition1 "u ! direction (        
,pr(essor ,david ,p4 ,todd1 0 locat$ at 
,cape ,l$o1 ab\t half a mile f ! ,engli%
 ,eclipse ,/ation4  ,sev]al new         
dep>tures 9 eclipse photography 7       
introduc$4 ,*ief among/ ^! 0 ! rem>kable
 app>atus by means ( :i* no less ?an    
tw5ty-?ree objectives & two mirrors 7   
accurately po9t$ at ! sun & caus$ to    
foll[ x by "o l>ge clock4 ,a l>ge duplex
 pol> axis 7! old ,engli% =m z us$ = !  
#ab4e in* reflector at ,gre5wi*7 0 m\nt$
 on solidly con/ruct$ /one pi]s & v     
c>efully adju/$4 ,?is axis is con/ruct$ 
( #f-;94 wr\ght-iron tub+1 ! total      
weight be+ ab\t #bjjj lbs4 ,9 x ! cam]as
 7 fix$ by set screws1 ! optic axis ( ! 

in/rum5ts be+ adju/$ p>allel to ea* o!r1
 & at an angle equal to ! s\? pol>      
di/ance ( ! sun at ! "t ( totality4 ,!  
c>efully regulat$ & v p[]ful clockwork  
atta*$ to ! in/rum5t caus$ ! pol> axis  
to rotate1 & ?us ! :ole batt]y (        
in/rum5ts foll[$ ! sun4 ,ea* l5s 0 fitt$
 ) a pneumatic %utt] regulat$ to give ! 
requir$ exposure 9 ea* case4 ,! cam]as  
!mselves 7 enclos$ 9 a d>k-room1 ! l5ses
 only be+ expos$ to ! sun1 s t d>k      
slides 7 n requir$1 ! plates be+ held on
 op5 rotat+ frames1 ^! frames be+ rotat$
 at ! prop] "t by pneumatic arrangem5ts4
 ,:5 ! cam]as 7 once po9t$1 & ! clock   
driv+ prop]ly1 all ! op]ations (        
exposure & *ang+ ( plates 7 p]=m$ )\t   
p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce by means ( !        
pneumatic app>atus1 & a *ronograph      
atta*$ to ! valve sy/em ( ?is app>atus  
record$ ! exact "t at :i* ea* exposure 0
 begun & end$4  ,x is to be regrett$ t  
?is +5i\s & elaborate app>atus did n h a
 satisfactory trial1 ow+ to ! d5se      
cl\ds2 b ,pr(essor ,todd assures u t he 

0 ?or\ghly satisfi$ ) ! success ( !     
pneumatic movem5ts dur+ ! ?ree m9utes t5
 seconds he br\ght x into op]ation at ! 
"t ( totality4  ,x is n improbable t 79 
spite ( ! great /r5g? & weight ( ! axis 
& ! solidity ( ! support+ pi]s7 ) ?is   
plan ( fix+ a l>ge numb] ( cam]as &     
spectroscope on "o pol> axis1 ! con/ant 
op5+ & %utt+ ( %utt]s1 & ! *ang+ ( !    
plates1 may produce s mu* %ake t none ( 
! long exposure photographs w be        
satisfactory4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c only be  
asc]ta9$ by ! use ( ! in/rum5t on !     
corona1 & sev]al ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ! 
trial c be made4  ,ano!r unusual        
in/rum5t 0 a photo-heliograph ( five    
in*es ap]ture & =ty feet focus1 m\nt$ on
 a comb9ation ( ! equatorial /& &       
tripod4  ,! long tube 0 made ( iron1    
coil$ spirally & /rongly rivet$1 !      
necess>y rigidity be+ atta9$ by /rong   
wires ext5d+ f end to end1 & tightly    
/ret*$ by a disc 9 ! middle ( ! tube4   
,close to "o end ( ! tube ! pol> axis 0 
atta*$ by a univ]sal jo9t2 ! o!r end ( !

 tube be+ support$ by two rods1 "o on ! 
ea/ & "o on ! we/ side1 ^! rods be+ also
 atta*$ by univ]sal jo9ts4 ,by means (  
^! rods ! prop] incl9ation 0 giv5 to !  
tube4 ,! ea/ rod 0 ! decl9ation rod1 & 0
 capable ( slid+ along ! pol> axis4 ,!  
we/ rod 0 = giv+ motion 9 "r asc5sion1  
be+ t]m9at$ at ! free end 9 ! =m ( a    
pi/on ( a s& clock fix$ 9 an incl9$     
position4 ,! rate at :i* ! s& escap$ f !
 cyl9d] c\ld be accurately regulat$1 s t
 ! rate ( desc5t ( ! pi/on 0 completely 
"u control1 & 01 ( c\rse1 su* z w\ld    
cause ! in/rum5t to foll[ ! sun4  ,?is  
in/rum5t 0 erect$ at ,cape ,l$o1 close  
to a hill ( su* incl9ation t ! sun c\ld 
be foll[$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! eclipse1 :ile 
! long tube c\ld be manipulat$ ) great] 
advantage ?an w\ld h be5 possible if !  
in/rum5t _h be5 erect$ on level gr\nd4  
,! hot air ris+ f ! heat$ hill probably 
affect$ ! def9ition 9 ! photographs1 b  
"u ! circum/ances t c\ld sc>cely be     
avoid$4  ,?is =m ( m\nt+ c]ta9ly solv$ !
 "q ( ! possibility ( us+ long-focus    

l5ses m\nt$ z direct photo-heliographs1 
b ! app>atus is c]ta9ly unwieldly1 & 0  
only got into ! fit /ate t x 0 on !     
eclipse day by ! v great c>e & pati5ce (
 ,pr(essor ,bigel[4 ,z x 0 int5d$       
pr9cipally to photograph ! p>tial phases
 ( ! eclipse ) ?is in/rum5t1 in/antane\s
 exposures 7 arrang$ =1 b ,pr(essor     
,bigel[ succe$$ s well 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! 
in/rum5t & ! regulation ( ! s& clock1 t 
he w\ld h tri$ to obta9 photographs ( ! 
l[] corona ) x _h ! wea!r p]mitt$4  ,!  
photographic app>atus on ?is in/rum5t   
has a v +5i\sly con/ruct$ revolv+ plate 
hold]1 c>ry+ r\nd plates ( tw5ty-two    
in*es diamet]4 ,! expos+ app>atus & !   
app>atus = rotat+ ! plate betwe5 !      
exposures 7 mov$ by pneumatic           
arrangem5ts1 exposures be+ made at      
int]vals ( six seconds1 ! exact "t ( ea*
 be+ record$ on a *ronograph4 ,z no d>k 
slides 7 us$1 x 0 necess>y to enclose ! 
:ole ( ! photographic app>atus 9 a      
d>k-room4 ,"o hundr$ & t5 exposures 7   
made ) ?is telescope dur+ ! p>tial      

phases ( ! eclipse1 all ! photographs   
tak5 hav+ to be obta9$ ?r\gh cl\ds4  ,9 
sev]al exp$itions previ\s to ?is1 :]e m 
?an "o k9d ( obs]vation has be5 requir$1
 two or m objectives h be5 m\nt$ on !   
same /& & driv5 by ! same clock2 b ?is  
plan is always op5 to ! objection t any 
accid5tal di/urbance 9 ! manipulation ( 
"o ( ! pieces ( app>atus w mo/ probably 
spoil ! results = bo?4 ,) ! ,am]ican    
plan ( _m objectives on "o heavy axis1 &
 a pneumatic app>atus to manage all !   
actual op]ations ( exposures & *ang+ (  
plates1 ?is objection ( possible        
accid5tal di/urbance is to "s ext5t     
ov]come2 b ! %ake ( ! _m op]ations tak+ 
place on ! "o axis introduces ano!r     
risk4 ,beside ?is1 ! app>atus is v      
heavy1 & exce$+ly difficult to transport
 & erect1 ev5 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry4  ,su*
 is a v summ>iz$ acc\nt ( ! in/rum5ts   
hi!rto employ$1 & x seems to me t ! "t  
has n[ come :5 mu* c be ga9$ by !       
employm5t ( fix$ in/rum5ts & a mov+ l>ge
 plane mirror4 ,?is idea ( us+ a        

helio/at is1 ( c\rse1 n new1 = x has be5
 us$ sev]al times on a small scale1 & = 
special purposes4 ,!re is no?+ beyond ! 
difficulty ( mak+ a plane mirror        
suffici5tly l>ge = ! "w to prev5t !     
adoption ( ?is me?od 9 ! future2 & ?is  
difficulty n[ has ceas$1 z x is only a  
matt] ( "t & labor to make plane mirrors
 ( suffici5t size4 ,) a l>ge plane      
mirror1 tw5ty in*es or upw>ds 9 size1   
m\nt$ on a helio/at m\nt+1 & s arrang$ z
 to reflect sunlight into a s]ies (     
in/rum5ts rigidly support$ 9 a          
horizontal position1 ! difficulties (   
eclipse obs]v]s w be v consid]ably      
less5$4 ,! "o driv+ clock w keep ! p5cil
 ( light con/antly 9 ! same direction1 &
 ?is c be us$ p>tly = photograph+ !     
corona1 p>tly = spectroscopic "w1 p>tly 
= pol>iscopic obs]vations1 & s on = any 
o!r purposes1 ! :ole ( ! in/rum5ts be+  
fix$ 9 ! be/ possible positions = !     
obs]v]s4 ,practically1 ) a l>ge flat    
m\nt$ 9 ! mann] indicat$1 we c fix any  
portion ( ! sky we require to obs]ve1 & 

to d x we c po9t z _m in/rum5ts z we c  
cr[d into ! p5cil1 ea* in/rum5t be+ q   
indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,! l5g? ( focus ( an
 objective w\ld n introduce any         
difficulties on ?is plan1 = ! l5g? ( !  
tube is ( little importance :5 x c be   
fix$ 9 an horizontal position4 ,!       
obs]v]s at ! ,eclipse ,/ation only h "o 
a/ronomical adju/m5t to make1 i4e41 t ( 
! position ( ! helio/at1 & only "o driv+
 clock to regulate4 ,?is clock1 s9ce x  
has only to move ! weight ( ! plane     
mirror & its m\nt+1 c be m accurately   
made & regulat$ ?an is possible ) a     
clock :5 x has to c>ry ! weight ( ! tube
 & heavy axis ( an ord9>y telescope4 ,! 
positions ( ! obs]v]s are m easy &      
natural dur+ ! preci\s seconds (        
totality2 or1 if p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce is 
to be aboli%$ 9 favor ( ! ,am]ican      
pneumatic app>atus1 ?is sugge/$         
arrangem5t ( ! in/rum5t is bett] fitt$ =
 ! pneumatic atta*m5ts ?an ! old plan   
is4 ,! :ole ( ! photographic app>atus c 
be fix$ up 9 a d>k hut or "u a d>k t5t )

 f> less tr\ble & risk ( /ray light ?an 
is possible ) ! old mann] ( m\nt+4  ,!  
co/ ( a good helio/at m\nt+ is ab\t !   
same z t ( a good telescope1 & ) "o     
helio/at we c d ! "w ( at lea/ half a   
doz5 ( ! usual in/rum5ts4               
,a4 ,a4 ,,common1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,a4      
,,taylor1 ,a4,r4,s4,m4                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,supreme ,c\rt at ,/4 ,paul1        
,m9nesota1 h&$ d[n a decision on ,july  
#a/ 9 ! case ( ,ida ,moore1 (           
,m9neapolis1 aga9/ ,photograph] ,rugg4  
,rugg sold a copy ( ,mrs4 ,moore's      
picture1 :i* 0 put on exhibition 9      
improp] places1 mu* to ! discr$it ( !   
lady1 & %e br\ght suit = damages4 ,!    
,supreme ,c\rt holds t x is a case 9 :i*
 !re is gr\nd = ! recov]y ( damages2 t !
 photograph] has no "r to dispose (     
pictures :i* are ! sole prop]ty ( !     
sitt]4 ,! decision is an important "o4  
,simil> cases h aris5 once or twice     
previ\sly 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4        
,,g5]al ,,notes4   ,a ,,novel ,,c>bon   

,,process4--,mr4 ,o4 ,volkn] publi%es ! 
foll[+ du/ c>bon pr9t+ process1 :i*     
appe>s to be easy to c>ry out1 requires 
no rev]s$ negatives1 & yields p]man5t   
pr9ts4 ,we also ?9k x c be us$ 9 mak+   
phototypic pr9t+ blocks4 ,make a        
solution ( gelat9e 9 wat] #a-fj1 & draw 
%eets ( good /rong pap] ?r\gh x1 & hang 
x up to dry4 ,wet x aga9 & squeeze x d[n
 on a piece ( glass4 ,n[ bru% ov] x a   
solution ( t5 p>ts gelat9e1 t5 p>ts gum 
arabic1 tw5ty p>ts :ite sug>1 eighty    
p>ts di/ill$ wat]4 ,:ile /ill q moi/ put
 x 9 a du/+ box 7su* z us$ =            
photogravure7 :i* conta9s a mixture (   
#ajj p>ts ( :ite dry sug> & five p>ts ( 
,fr5* lamp black4 ,aft] a lapse ( eight 
to t5 m9utes1 )draw x & y w f9d x cov]$ 
) innum]able p>ticles ( du/4 ,pap] ?us  
prep>$ w keep1 & has to be s5sitiz$ 9 a 
ba? ( fifty p>ts bi*romate ( potassium1 
fifty p>ts bi*romate ( ammonia1 six ?\s&
 p>ts wat] & aqua ammonia1 until x      
assumes a light yell[ color1 & at la/1  
to avoid ! too quick dissolution ( ! gum

 arabic1 imm]se 9 tw5ty p>ts *romic acid
 9 #a1ejj alcohol4 ,pr9t by ,vogel's    
photomet] #af to #ah4 ,to develop1 use  
w>m wat] fir/1 & aft]w>ds cold1 leav+ ! 
pr9t = sev]al h\rs 9 wat]1 to :i* may be
 add$ a little aqua ammonia1 9 case !   
pr9t+ 0 c>ri$ too f>4 ,! pr9ts %[ a     
s+ul> & v pleas+ gra9 & ne$ no          
transf]r+4--,dr4 ,ed]'s ,jahrbu*4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,e photograph] is1 no d\bt1 to 8 own   
sorr[1 famili> ) a yell[ /a9 9 !        
negative1 caus$ by tak+ ! plate f ! fix+
 ba? be=e x is ?or\ghly fix$4 ,mr4      
,belitski1 ! well-kn[n photo-*emi/1 made
 "s exp]im5ts rec5tly to remove ?is /a91
 & succe$$ v well4 ,a slight /a9 c (t5  
be remov$ by plac+ ! negative 9 ! foll[+
 solution3 #ej p>ts alum1 #ajjj p>ts    
wat]1 #aj p>ts bi*romate ( potassium1   
#bj p>ts muriatic acid4 ,aft] sev]al    
m9utes ! negative turns yell[ all ?r\gh4
 ,x is wa%$ n[ v ?or\ghly1 expos$ to    
sunlight = sev]al m9utes1 & develop$ or 
black5$ ) ! ord9>y iron develop]4 ,:5 ! 

/a9 is v int5se ?is rem$y w n prove to  
be ( any avail1 & only by leav+ x =     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! ,la9] acid fix+ ba?  
7s (t5 describ$ 9 all j\rnals rec5tly7  
he succe$$ 9 remov+ ! /a9 & sav+ a      
valuable negative4--,deuts*e            
,photograph5 ,zeitung4                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! article on 8,fix+ ,plates0 :i*      
appe>$ 9 our ,june numb]1 page #afc %\ld
 read 9 ! head+ 8,fix+ ,pr9ts40 ,our    
read]s h d\btless discov]$ ?is =        
!mselves be=e n[4                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes    #a4 ,sil5tly 
correct$ typographical errors &         
v>iations 9 spell+4  #b4 ,reta9$        
ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s
 z       pr9t$4  #c4 ,enclos$ italics   
font 9 und]scores4