,! ,semitic ,s]ies ,,developm5t ,,( ,,muslim ,,!ology1 ,,jurisprud5ce ,,& ,,con/itutional ,,!ory ,,by ,,duncan ,b4 ,,macdonald1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d4 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,h&-,,books ,,9 ,,semitics ,,edit$ ,,by ,,james ,,alex&] ,,craig ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,semitic ,,languages ,,& ,,lit]atures ,,& ,,hell5i/ic ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan ,rec5t sci5tific rese>* has /imulat$ an increas+ int]e/ 9 ,semitic /udies among s*ol>s1 /ud5ts1 & ! s]i\s read+ public g5]ally4 ,x has provid$ u ) a picture ( a hi!rto unkn[n civilization1 & a hi/ory ( "o ( ! great bran*es ( ! human family4 ,! object ( ! pres5t ,s]ies is to /ate its results 9 popul>ly sci5tific =m4 ,ea* "w is complete 9 itself1 & ! ,s]ies1 tak5 z a :ole1 neglects no phase ( ! g5]al subject4 ,ea* contributor is a speciali/ 9 ! subject assign$ him1 & has be5 *os5 f ! body ( em95t ,semitic s*ol>s 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is ,s]ies w be compos$ ( ! foll[+ volumes3 ,i4 ,,hebrews4 ,hi/ory & ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,curdy1 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,,ii4 ,,hebrews4 ,e?ics & ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,ar*ibald ,duff1 ,air$ale ,college1 ,brad=d1 ,engl&4 ,n[ ,ready4 ,,iii4 ,,hebrews4 ,! ,social ,life4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,day1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,n[ ,ready4 ,,iv4 ,,babylonians ,,& ,,assyrians1 ) introductory *apt] on ! ,sum]ians4 ,hi/ory to ! ,fall ( ,babylon4 ,by ,dr4 ,hugo ,w9ckl]1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,9 ,press4 ,v4 ,,babylonians ,,& ,,assyrians4 ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,craig1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,vi4 ,,babylonians ,,& ,,assyrians4 ,life & ,cu/oms4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 ,engl&4 ,n[ ,ready4 ,,vii4 ,,babylonians ,,& ,,assyrians4 ,excavations & ,acc\nt ( ,deciph]m5t ( ,inscriptions4 ,,viii4 ,,syria ,,& ,,pale/9e4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,lewis ,bayles ,paton1 ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,n[ ,ready4 ,,ix4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,muslim ,,!ology1 ,,jurisprud5ce ,,& ,,con/itutional ,,!ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,n[ ,ready4 ,! foll[+ volumes are to be includ$ 9 ! ,s]ies1 & o!rs may be add$3 ,x4 ,,ph,,nicia4 ,hi/ory & ,gov]nm5t1 includ+ ,colonies1 ,trade1 & ,religion4 ,,xi4 ,,arabia1 ,discov]ies 91 & ,hi/ory & ,religion until ,muhammad4 ,,xii4 ,,arabic ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,s9ce ,,muhammad4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,semitic ,,art ,,& ,,my?ology ,,on ,,we/]n ,,nations4 ,! ,semitic ,s]ies ,,developm5t ,,( ,muslim ,!ology1 ,jurisprud5ce & ,con/itutional ,!ory ,,by ,,duncan ,b4 ,,macdonald1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d4 ,,sometime ,,s*ol> ,,& ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[2 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,semitic ,,languages ,,9 ,,h>t=d ,,!ological ,,sem9>y ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aijc ,,copyright1 #aijc1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,publi%$2 ,m>*1 #aijc ,,tr[ ,,directory ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,memori ,,matris ,,sacrvm ,,preface ,x is ) v great diffid5ce t ,i s5d out ?is book4 ,( ! lack & ne$ ( "s text-book ( ! k9d !re c be little d\bt4 ,f ! educat$ man :o wi%es to read ) intellig5ce 8 8,arabian ,nights0 to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory or ( law or ( !ology :o wi%es to "k h[ x has gone 9 su* matt]s ) ! great ,muslim _w1 !re is dem& en\gh & to sp>e4 ,/ill grav] is ! difficulty = ! gr[+ body ( "y m5 :o are tak+ up ! /udy ( ,arabic4 ,9 ,engli% or ,g]man or ,fr5* !re is no book to :i* a tea*] may s5d 8 pupils = brief guidance on ! developm5t ( ^! in/itutions2 on ! developm5t ( law !re are only scatt]$ & fragm5t>y pap]s1 & on ! developm5t ( !ology !re is practically no?+4 ,b ( ! difficulty ( supply+ ?is ne$ !re c be ev5 less d\bt4 ,goldzih] c\ld d x fully & completely2 no o!r ,arabi/ alive c\ld approa* ! task o!r ?an ) trepidation4 ,! foll[+ pages !re=e =m a k9d ( =lorn attempt1 a ru%+ 9 on ! "p ( "o :o is sure he is n an angel & is 9 grave d\bt on ! "q ( folly1 b :o also sees a gap & no great alacrity on ! "p ( 8 bett]s t[>d fill+ x4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld premise ) emphasis4 ,all ! results giv5 "h h be5 rea*$ or v]ifi$ f ! ,arabic s\rces4 ,^! s\rces are seldom /at$ ei!r 9 ! text or 9 ! bibliography1 z ! book is int5d$ to be useful to non-,arabi/s1 b1 ?r\gh\t1 !y lie beh9d x & are its basis4 ,by ?is x is n meant t ! results ( ?is book are claim$ z orig9al4 ,e ,arabi/ w recognize at once f ^: wells ,i h drawn & :o h be5 my ma/]s4 ,among ^! ,i w\ld d homage 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,goldzih]2 :at ,arabi/ is n deep 9 8 debt8 ,) ,goldzih]'s influ5ce ?r\gh books ,i w\ld jo9 ! k9dr$ influ5ce ( ! liv+ voice ( my tea*] ,sa*au4 ,to him ,i r5d] ?anks & rev]5ce n[ = 8 k9dly sympa?y & guidance4 ,o!rs 9 ^: debt ,i am are ,nldeke1 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 von ,krem]1 ,lane--_m m4 ,^? :o are left ( ^! w "k _! own 9 my pages & w be m]ciful to my attempts to tread 9 _! /eps & to develop _! results4 ,:at is my own1 too1 !y w "k2 into que/ions ( priority ,i h no desire to ent]4 ,foot-notes :i* might h giv5 to ea* s*ol> 8 due h be5 left unwritt54 ,= ! read]s ( ?is book su* ref]5ces 9 s va/ a subject w\ld be useless4 ,su* ref]5ces1 too1 w\ld h 9 ! end to be made to ,arabic s\rces4 ,m direct help ,i h to ackn[l$ge on sev]al sides4 ,to ! atmosph]e & s*ol>ly ideals ( ,h>t=d ,sem9>y ,i am indebt$ = ! possibility ( writ+ su* a book z ?is1 s f> f ! ord9>y !ological ruts4 ,among my colleagues ,pr(essor ,gillett has especially aid$ me ) criticism & sugge/ions on ! t]m9ology ( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,dr4 ,talcott ,williams1 ( ,philadelphia1 illum9$ = me ! ,idrisid movem5t 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,"o complete s5t5ce on p4 #he ,i h convey$ f a k9dly notice 9 ,! ,nation ( my inaugural lecture on ! developm5t ( ,muslim ,jurisprud5ce4 ,f9ally1 & above all1 ,i am indebt$ to my wife = mu* pati5t labor 9 copy+ & = ke5 & lum9\s criticism 9 plann+ & correct+4 ,) ?anks to h] ?is preface may fitly close4 ,,duncan ,b4 ,,macdonald4 ,,h>t=d1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,z x has prov$ impracticable to give 9 ! body ( ! book a full translit]ation ( names & te*nical t]ms1 ! le>n] is ref]r$ = su* exact =ms to ! *ronological table & ! index4 ,9 ^! hamza & ayn1 ! long v[els & ! emphatic consonants are uni=mly repres5t$1 ! la/ by italic4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #c ,,"p ,i ,,con/itutional ,,developm5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,f ,,dea? ,,( ,,muhammad ,,to ,,rise ,,( ,,abbasids #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,to ,,rise ,,( ,,ayyubids #cd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,to ,,pres5t ,,situation #ej ,,"p ,,ii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,jurisprud5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,to ,,close ,,( ,,umayyad ,,p]iod #fe ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,to ,,pres5t ,,situation #ia ,,"p ,,iii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!ology ,,*apt] ,i ,,to ,,close ,,( ,,umayyad ,,p]iod #aai ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,to ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,fatimid ,,khalifate #aec ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,to ,,triumph ,,( ,,a%#8,,arites ,,9 ,,ea/ #ahf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,al-,,ghazzali #bae ,,*apt] ,v ,,to ,,ibn ,,sab#8,,9 ,,& ,,end ,,( ,,muwahhids #bdc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,to ,,pres5t ,,situation #bff ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,illu/rative ,,docum5ts ,,9 ,,translation #bia ,,ii4 ,,select$ ,,bibliography #ceh ,,iii4 ,,*ronological ,,table #cfh ,,index #cgc ,,errata ,page #cj1 l9e #e1 = al-,mukanna read al-,muqanna4 0 #hf1 l4 #ai1 = fir/ ,khalifa read second ,khalifa4 0 #bja1 l4 #bf1 = tasalsal read tasalsul4 0 #bcg1 = ,mansell read ,mansel4 0 #bfg1 l4 #cj1 = ,haqq>i read ,hakk>i4 0 #bii1 l4 #aj1 = ,mu%riqs read ,mu%riks4 0 #cjj1 l4 #d1 = kalimatan a%-%ahada read kalimata-%-%abada4 0 #cbe1 l4 #bc1 = wihdaniya read wahdaniya4 0 #cci1 l4 #aa1 = ihtiyaz read ihtiyaj4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! errata h be5 correct$4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,muslim ,,!ology1 ,,jurisprud5ce1 ,,& ,,con/itutional ,,!ory ,,introduction ,9 human progress unity & complexity are ! two correlatives =m+ toge!r ! great p>adox4 ,life is manifold1 b x is also "o4 ,s x is seldom possible1 & /ill m seldom advisable1 to divide a civilization into dep>tm5ts & to attempt to trace _! sep>ate developm5ts2 life n[h]e c be cut 9 two ) a hat*et4 ,& ?is is emphatically true ( ! civilization ( ,islam4 ,its intellectual unity1 = good & = evil1 is its out/&+ quality4 ,x may h solv$ ! problem ( fai? & sci5ce1 z "s hold2 x may h cru%$ all ?\ght :i* is n ( fai?1 z _m o!rs hold4 ,h[ev] t may be1 its life & ?\ght are a unity4 ,s1 also1 ) its in/itutions4 ,x might be possible to trace ! developm5ts ( ! ,european /ates out ( ! dy+ ,roman ,empire1 ev5 to wat* ! patrimony ( ! ,*ur* gr[ & aga9 vani%1 & yet take b little if any acc\nt ( ! ,ca?olic !ology4 ,x might be possible to deal adequately ) ! gr[? ( t sy/em ( !ology & yet nev] t\* ei!r ! ,roman or ! civil law1 ev5 to leave out ( our view ! canon law itself4 ,9 ,europe ! ,/ate may rule ! ,*ur*1 or ! ,*ur* may rule ! ,/ate2 or !y may /& side by side 9 some:at dubi\s amity1 suppos$ly tak+ no acc\nt ea* ( ! o!r4 ,b 9 ,muslim c\ntries1 ,*ur* & ,/ate are "o indissolubly1 & until ! v ess5ce ( ,islam passes away1 t unity _c be relax$4 ,! law ( ! l&1 too1 is1 9 !ory1 ! law ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! e>li] days at lea/1 canon & civil law 7 "o4 ,?us we c nev] say 9 ,islam1 8he is a great lawy]2 he1 a great !ologian2 he1 a great /atesman40 ,"o man may be all ?ree1 almo/ he mu/ be all ?ree1 if he is to be any "o4 ,! /atesman may n practice !ology or law1 b 8 tra9+1 9 great "p1 w be t ( a !ologian & a legi/4 ,! !ologian-legi/ may n be a man ( action1 b he w be a c\rt ( ultimate appeal on ! !ory ( ! /ate4 ,he w pass ^u treaties2 decide disput$ successions2 assign to ea* 8 due rank & title4 ,he w tell ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful himself :at he may d & :at1 by law1 lies beyond 8 rea*4 ,x 01 !n1 "u ! pressure ( necessity only t ! foll[+ sket* ( ! developm5t ( ,muslim ?\ght 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,by no possible arrangem5t did x seem feasible to treat ! :ole at once4 ,intol]able confusions & un9telligible complications w\ld1 to all appe>ance1 be ! result4 ,z ! mo/ concrete & simple side1 ! developm5t ( ! /ate is tak5 fir/4 ,second1 on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( ! c\rse :i* x ran1 comes ! developm5t ( ! legal ideas & s*ools4 ,?ird comes ! long & ?rice complicat$ ?read ( !ological ?\ght4 ,x is = ! /ud5t to hold firmly 9 m9d t ?is division is purely me*anical & = conv5i5ce only2 t x corresponds to little or no?+ 9 ! real nature ( ! case4 ,?is w und\bt$ly become cle> to him z he proce$s4 ,he w meet ) ! same names 9 all ?ree divisions2 he w meet ) ! same te*nicalities & ! same s*ola/ic sy/em4 ,a treatise on canon law is c]ta9ly diff]5t f "o on !ology1 b ea* t\*es ! o!r at innum]able po9ts2 _! au?ors may easily be ! same2 ea* w be 9 great "p un9telligible )\t ! o!r4 ,he mu/ !n labor to m]ge ^! ?ree sections aga9 into "o ano!r4 ,8 pr9cipal helps 9 ?is1 along ) dilig5t p>allel read+1 w be ! *ronological table & ! index4 ,9 ! table he w wat* ! succession ( m5 & ev5ts gr\p$ f all ! ?ree sections2 f ! index he w trace ! activities ( ea* man 9 ^! diff]5t sph]es4 ,! index1 too1 w give him ! te*nical t]ms & he w obs]ve _! recurr5ce 9 hi/orical1 legal1 & !ological !ory4 ,fur!r1 x w s]ve him z a vocabul>y :5 he comes to read te*nical texts4 ,b1 aga91 ano!r w>n+ is necess>y4 ,! sket* giv5 "h is incomplete1 n only 9 details b 9 ! gr\nd t x cov]s4 ,important phases ( ,muslim law1 !ology1 & /ate !ory are ( necessity pass$ ov] entirely4 ,?us ,babism is n t\*$ at all & ! ,%i#8ite !ology & law h>dly at all4 ,! ,ibadite sy/ems h ! m]e/ m5tion & ,turki% & ,p]sian my/icism are equally neglect$4 ,= su* weighty organizations ! ,d>wi% ,frat]nities are mo/ inadequately dealt )1 & ,muslim mission>y ent]prise might well be treat$ at l5g?4 ,guidance on ^! & o!r po9ts ! /ud5t w seek 9 ! bibliography4 ,x1 too1 makes no pret5ce to complet5ess & consi/s ( select$ titles only4 ,b x w s]ve at lea/ z an introduction & clew to an exce$+ly wide field4 ,& x may be well to /ate "h1 9 s _m words1 t no "w c be done 9 ?is field )\t a read+ k ( ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & no satisfactory "w )\t "s k ( ,arabic4 ,&1 aga91 ?is sket* is incomplete because ! developm5t ( ,islam is n yet ov]4 ,if1 z "s say1 ! fai? ( ,muhammad is a cul-de-sac1 x is c]ta9ly a v long "o2 (f x _m c\rts & doors op52 d[n x _m peoples are /ill w&]+4 ,x is a fai?1 too1 :i* br+s u into t\*+ di/ance ) ! great controv]sies ( our own day4 ,we see 9 x1 z 9 a some:at di/ort$ mirror1 ! hi/ory ( our own pa/4 ,b we d n yet see its end1 ev5 z ! end ( ,*ri/ianity is n yet 9 sight4 ,x is = ! /ud5t1 !n1 to rememb] t ,islam is a pres5t reality & ! ,muslim fai? a liv+ organism1 a k ( ^: laws may be ( life or dea? = u :o are 9 ano!r camp4 ,= !re c be little d\bt t ! ?ree antagoni/ic & militant civilizations ( ! _w are ^? ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,islam1 & ,*9a4 ,:5 ^! are unifi$1 or come to a mutual und]/&+1 !n1 & only !n1 w ! cause ( civilization be secure4 ,to aid "s little to ! und]/&+ ( ,islam among u is ! object ( ?is book4 ,,"p ,i ,con/itutional ,developm5t ,,*apt] ,i ,! dea? ( ,muhammad & ! problem ( ! succession2 ! p>ties2 families ( ,ha%imids1 ,umayyads & ,abbasids2 election ( ,abu ,bakr2 nom9ation ( ,um>2 8 con/itution2 election ( ,u?man2 ,umayyads 9 p[]2 murd] ( ,u?man2 orig9 ( ,%i#8ites2 election ( ,ali2 civil w>2 ,mu#8awiya fir/ ,umayyad2 orig9 ( ,kh>ijites2 _! revolts2 ,ibadites2 developm5t ( ,%i#8ites2 al-,husayn at ,k>bala2 diff]5t ,%i#8ite con/itutional !ories2 doctr9e ( ! hidd5 ,imam2 revolts aga9/ ,umayyads2 rise ( ,abbasids2 ,umayyads ( ,cordova4 ,) ! dea? ( ,muhammad at al-,mad9a 9 ! ye> #aa ( ! ,hijra 7,a4,d4 #fcb71 ! community ( ,islam /ood face to face ) ?ree great que/ions4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( "o !y 7 consci\s1 at lea/ 9 its imm$iate =m2 ! o!rs lay /ill = _! consci\sness 9 ! future4 ,! necessity 0 ^u !m to *oose a lead] to take ! place ( ! ,prophet ( ,god1 & ?us to fix = all "t :at 0 to be ! nature ( ! ,muslim /ate4 ,muhammad _h appo9t$ no ,jo%ua2 unlike ,moses he _h di$ & giv5 no guidance z to ! man :o %\ld take up & c>ry on 8 "w4 ,if we c imag9e ! p ( ,israel left ?us helpless on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan ) ! c\rse ( conque/ t !y mu/ pursue op5+ be=e !m1 we %all h a tol]ably exact idea ( ! situation 9 ,islam :5 ,muhammad dropp$ ! re9s4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! p ( ,islam _h little conception ( :at 0 involv$ 9 ! great prec$5t t !y 7 ab\t to e/abli%1 b1 nev]!less1 !re lies "h1 9 ! fir/ elective c\ncil :i* !y call$1 ! beg9n+ ( all ! confusions1 rivalries1 & unc]ta9ties t 7 to limit & f9ally to de/roy ! succession ( ! ,comm&]s ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e>ly ,,p>ties ,muhammad _h rul$ z an absolute mon>*--a ,prophet ( ,god 9 8 own "r4 ,he _h no son2 ?\gh _h he left su* issue x is n probable t x w\ld h affect$ ! direct result4 ,( ,moses's son we he> no?+ till long aft]w>d1 & !n "u v suspici\s circum/ances4 ,! old free _s ( ! ,arabs 0 too /rong1 & z 9 ! ,ignorance 7al-jahiliya71 z !y call$ ! pre-,muslim age1 ! tribes _h *os5 f "t to "t _! *iefs1 s x 0 n[ fix$ t 9 ,islam ! lead] 0 to be elect$ by ! p4 ,b :]ev] !re is an election1 !re are p>ties2 & ?is 0 no exception4 ,( su* p>ties we may reckon r\ghly f\r4 ,!re 7 ! ,e>ly ,believ]s1 :o _h suff]$ ) ,muhammad at ,mecca1 accompani$ him to al-,mad9a & _h f\ght at 8 side ?r\gh all ! ,muslim campaigns4 ,^! 7 call$ ,muhajirs1 because !y _h made ) him ! ,hijra or migration to al-,mad9a4 ,!n !re 0 ! p>ty ( ! citiz5s ( al-,mad9a1 :o _h invit$ him to come to !m & _h promis$ him allegiance4 ,^! 7 call$ ,ans> or ,help]s4 ,ev5tually we %all f9d ^! two factions gr[+ toge!r & =m+ ! "o p>ty ( ! old orig9al believ]s & ,companions ( ,muhammad 7sahibs1 i4e41 all ^? :o came 9 contact ) ! ,prophet z believ]s & :o di$ 9 ,islam71 b at ! fir/ !y /ood ap>t & !re 0 mu* jeal\sy betwe5 !m4 ,!n1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re 0 ! p>ty ( rec5t conv]ts :o _h only embrac$ ,islam at ! late/ mom5t :5 ,mecca 0 captur$ by ,muhammad1 & no o!r way ( escape = !m 0 op54 ,!y 7 ! ari/ocratic p>ty ( ,mecca & _h f\ght ! new fai? to ! la/4 ,?us !y 7 b indiff]5t believ]s & 7 reg>d$ by ! o!rs ) m ?an suspicion4 ,_! pr9cipal family 0 desc5d$ f a c]ta9 ,umayya1 & 0 !re=e call$ ,umayyad4 ,!re w be mu* ab\t ?is family 9 ! sequel4 ,!n1 f\r?1 !re 0 gr[+ up a p>ty t might be be/ describ$ z legitimi/s2 _! !ory 0 t ! lead]%ip belong$ to ! lead]1 n because he 0 elect$ to x by ! ,muslim community1 b because x 0 8 "r4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to x by ,god z completely z ,muhammad _h be54 ,?is idea develop$1 x is true1 some:at lat]1 b x develop$ v rapidly4 ,! times 7 su* z to =ce x on4 ,^?1 !n1 7 ! p>ties ( :i* acc\nt mu/ be tak51 b be=e proce$+ to individuals 9 ^! p>ties1 x w be well to fix "s g5ealogical relation%ips1 s z to be able to trace ! family & tribal jeal\sies & intrigues t 7 s soon to transf] !mselves f ! little circle ( ,mecca & al-,mad9a & to fight !mselves out on ! broad field ( ,muslim hi/ory4 ,=1 9 tru?1 9 ! developm5t ( no o!r /ate h little causes produc$ su* great effects z "h4 ,= example1 x may be said1 broadly & yet truly1 t ! seclusion ( ,muslim wom51 ) all its disa/r\s effects at ! pres5t day = a population ( two hundr$ millions1 runs back to ! fact t ,a'i%a1 ! f\rte5-ye>-old wife ( ,muhammad1 once lo/ a necklace "u :at ! gossips ( ! "t ?\ght 7 suspici\s circum/ances4 ,z to ! po9t n[ 9 h&1 x is q c]ta9 t ,muslim hi/ory = sev]al hundr$ ye>s 0 condition$ & motiv$ by ! qu>rels ( ,meccan families4 ,! accompany+ g5ealogy w give ! necess>y />t+-po9t4 ,! my?ical ance/or is ,quray%2 h5ce 8! ,quray%10 or 8,quray%0 z a "n = ! tribe4 ,)9 ! tribe1 ! two mo/ important families are ^? ( ,ha%im & ,umayya2 _! rivalries = ! succession ( ! ,prophet fill ! fir/ c5tury & a half ( ,muslim hi/ory1 & ! imm$iately pre-,islamic hi/ory ( ,mecca is simil>ly fill$ ) a conte/ betwe5 !m z to ! gu>dian%ip ( ! ,ka#8ba & ! c>e ( ! pilgrims to t sanctu>y4 ,:e!r ?is e>li] hi/ory is real1 or a reflection f ! lat] ,muslim times1 we ne$ n "h consid]4 ,! next important division is t betwe5 ! families ( al-,abbas & ,abu ,talib1 ! uncles ( ! ,prophet4 ,f ! "o 7 desc5d$ ! ,abbasids1 z ^: heir-at-law ! ,sultan ( ! ,ottoman ,empire n[ claims ! ,khalifate1 & f ! o!r ! diff]5t conflict+ l9es ( ,%i#8ites1 ^: intricacies we %all soon h to face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5ealogical ,,*>t ,,= ,,e>lie/ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,islam4 ,names ( ,khalifas are 9 black lett]s2 _! ord] 9 ,khalifate is indicat$ by prefix$ ,roman num]als2 all dates aft] ,a4,d4 #fbb are ,a4,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ronological ,,table ,,( ,,alids4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abu ,,bakr2 ,,um> ,to return3 9 ?is fir/ elective c\ncil ! *oice fell ^u ,abu ,bakr4 ,he 0 a man di/+ui%$ by 8 piety & 8 affection = & close intimacy ) ,muhammad4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( ,muhammad's favorite wife1 ,a'i%a1 & 0 "s two ye>s y\ng] ?an 8 son-9-law4 ,he 01 also1 "o ( ! e>lie/ believ]s & x is evid5t t ?is1 ) 8 advanc$ age1 always respect$ 9 ,arabia1 w5t f> to secure 8 election4 ,yet 8 election did n pass (f )\t a /ruggle 9 :i* ! elem5ts t lat] came to absolute s*ism & revolution are pla9ly visible4 ,! sc5e1 z x c be put toge!r f ,arabic hi/orians1 is curi\sly sugge/ive ( ! me?ods ( mod]n politics4 ,z soon z x 0 assur$ t ! ,prophet1 ! h& :i* _h held toge!r all ^? cla%+ int]e/s1 0 really dead1 a conv5tion 0 call$ ( ! lead]s ( ! p4 ,!re ! /rife ran s high betwe5 ! ,ans>1 ! ,muhajirs & ! ,muslim ari/ocrats ( ! h\se ( ,umayya1 t !y almo/ came to bl[s4 ,sudd5ly 9 ! tumult1 ,um>1 a man ( "* & decision1 8ru%$ ! conv5tion0 by solemnly giv+ to ,abu ,bakr ! h&-grasp ( fealty4 ,! accompli%$ fact 0 recogniz$--z x has always be5 9 ,islam--& on ! next day ! g5]al mass ( ! p swore allegiance to ! fir/ ,khalifa1 lit]ally ,successor1 ( ,muhammad4 ,on 8 dea?1 9 ,a4,h4 #ac 7,a4,d4 #fcd71 !re foll[$ ,um>4 ,8 election pass$ (f quietly4 ,he _h be5 nom9at$ by ,abu ,bakr & no?+ rema9$ b = ! p to confirm t nom9ation4 ,!re ?us ent]$ a second pr9ciple--or r prec$5t--beside t ( simple election4 ,a c]ta9 "r 0 recogniz$ 9 ! ,khalifa to nom9ate 8 successor1 provid$ he *ose "o suitable & eligible 9 o!r respects4 ,unlike ,cromwell 9 a simil> case1 ,abu ,bakr did n nom9ate "o ( 8 own sons1 b ! man :o _h be5 8 "r h& & :o1 he knew1 c\ld be/ build up ! /ate4 ,8 =esight 0 prov$ by ! ev5t1 & ,um> prov$ ! second f\nd] ( ,islam by 8 g5ius z a rul] & organiz] & 8 self-devotion z a man4 ,?r\gh 8 g5]als1 ,damascus & ,j]usalem 7 tak51 ,p]sia cru%$ 9 ! great battles ( al-,qadisiya & ,nahaw&1 & ,egypt conqu]$4 ,he 0 also ! organiz] ( ! ,muslim /ate1 & x w be advisable to describe "p ( 8 sy/em1 bo? = its own sake & 9 ord] to po9t ! contra/ ) t ( 8 successors4 ,he saw cle>ly :at 7 ! conditions "u :i* ! ,muslims mu/ "w1 & devis$ a plan1 evid5tly bas$ on ,p]sian me?ods ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 = ! "t at lea/1 0 p]fect 9 its way4 ,sid5ote3 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,um> ,! elem5ts 9 ! problem 7 simple4 ,!re 0 ! flood ( ,arabs p\r+ out ( ,arabia & be>+ ev]y?+ d[n 9 _! c\rse4 ,^! mu/ be reta9$ z a conqu]+ in/rum5t if ,islam 7 to exi/4 ,?us !y mu/ be prev5t$ f settl+ d[n on ! ri* l&s !y _h seiz$1--f becom+ agriculturi/s1 m]*ants1 & s on1 & s los+ _! id5tity among o!r peoples4 ,! :ole ,arab /ock mu/ be pres]v$ z a w>rior ca/e to fight ! battles ( ,god4 ,?is 0 secur$ by a regulation t no new l&s %\ld be held by a ,muslim4 ,:5 a c\ntry 0 conqu]$1 ! l& 0 left to its previ\s possessors ) ! duty ( pay+ a high r5t to ! ,muslim /ate &1 besides1 ( furni%+ fodd] & food1 clo?+ & ev]y?+ necess>y to ! ,muslim camp t gu>d$ !m4 ,^! camps1 or r camp-cities1 7 scatt]$ ov] ! conqu]$ c\ntries & 7 practically settlem5ts ( ,muslims 9 p>tibus infidelium4 ,! duty ( ^! ,muslims 0 to be soldi]s only4 ,!y 7 f$ & clo!d by ! /ate1 & ! money paid into ! public treasury1 consi/+ ( plund] or r5ts ( conqu]$ l&s 7kh>aj71 or ! head-tax on all non-,muslims 7jizya71 0 regul>ly divid$ among !m & ! o!r believ]s4 ,if a non-,muslim embrac$ ,islam1 !n he no long] paid ! head-tax1 b ! l& :i* he _h previ\sly held 0 divid$ among 8 =m] co-religioni/s1 & !y became responsible to ! /ate4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 receiv$ 8 %>e ( ! public moneys z regul>ly di/ribut$4 ,)9 ,arabia itself1 no non-,muslim 0 p]mitt$ to live4 ,x 0 pres]v$1 if we may use ! expression1 z a bre$+-gr\nd = def5d]s ( ! fai? & z a sacr$ soil n to be pollut$ by ! foot ( an unbeliev]4 ,x w readily be se5 :at ! results ( su* a sy/em mu/ h be54 ,! entire ,muslim p 0 reta9$ z a gigantic fight+ ma*9e1 & ! conqu]$ peoples 7 ma*9es aga9 to furni% x ) :at 0 ne$$4 ,! sy/em 0 communi/ic1 b 9 favor ( "o special ca/e4 ,! o!rs--! conqu]$ peoples--7 cru%$ to ! gr\nd b5ea? _! burd5s4 ,yet !y c\ld n sell _! l& & leave ! c\ntry2 !re 0 no "o to buy x4 ,! ,muslims w\ld n1 & _! fell[-co-religioni/s c\ld n1 = ) x w5t ! l&-tax4 ,sid5ote3 ,,u?man ,su* 01 9 its ess5ce1 ! con/itution ( ,um>1 =ev] fam\s 9 ,muslim tradition4 ,x /ood = a %ort "t1 & c\ld n h /ood = a long "t2 b ! cause ( its ov]?r[ 0 political & n social-economic4 ,) ! next ,khalifa & ! *anges :i* came ) him1 x w5t1 9 great "p1 to ! gr\nd4 ,! *oice ( ,um> to ! ,khalifate _h evid5tly be5 dictat$ by a consid]ation ( 8 position z "o ( ! e>lie/ believ]s & z son-9-law ( ! ,prophet4 ,! p>ty ( ,e>ly ,believ]s _h ?us succe$$ twice 9 elect+ _! c&idate4 ,b ) ! dea? ( ,um> 9 ,a4,h4 #bc 7,a4,d4 #fdd7 ! ,meccan ari/ocratic p>ty ( ! family ( ,umayya t _h s long /ruggl$ aga9/ ,muhammad & _h only accept$ ,islam :5 _! cause 0 hopelessly lo/1 _h at la/ a *ance4 ,um> left no directions z to 8 successor4 ,he seems to h felt no c]ta9ty z to ! man be/ fitt$ to take up ! burd51 & :5 8 son s\ght to urge him to "n a ,khalifa1 he is report$ to h said1 8,if ,i appo9t a ,khalifa1 ,abu ,bakr appo9t$ a ,khalifa2 & if ,i leave ! p )\t guidance1 s did ! ,apo/le ( ,god40 ,b !re is also a /ory t aft] a va9 attempt to p]suade "o ( ! ,companions to p]mit himself to be nom9at$1 he appo9t$ an elective c\ncil ( six to make ! *oice aft] 8 dea? "u /r+5t conditions1 :i* w5t all to wreck ?r\gh ! pressure ( circum/ances4 ,! ,umayyads succe$$ 9 c>ry+ ! election ( ,u?man1 "o ( _! family1 an old man & also a son-9-law ( ,muhammad1 :o by r>e luck = !m 0 an ,e>ly ,believ]4 ,aft] 8 election x 0 soon evid5t t he 0 go+ to rule z an ,umayyad & n z a ,muslim4 ,= g5]ations back 9 ,mecca1 z has already be5 said1 !re _h be51 accord+ to tradition1 a cont9ual /ruggle = pre-em95ce betwe5 ! families ( ,umayya & ( ,ha%im4 ,9 ! victory ( ,muhammad & ! election ( ! fir/ two ,khalifas1 ! h\se ( ,ha%im _h conqu]$1 b x _h be5 ! con/ant labor ( ! conqu]ors to remove all tribal & family di/9ctions & frictions & to br+ ! :ole body ( ! ,arabs to reg>d "o ano!r z bro!r ,muslims4 ,n[1 ) a ,khalifa ( ! h\se ( ,umayya1 all t 0 swept away1 & x 0 evid5t t ,u?man--a pi\s1 weak man1 9 ! h&s ( 8 en]getic k9sfolk--0 drift+ to a po9t :]e ! /ate w\ld n exi/ = ! ,muslims b = ! ,umayyads4 ,8 evil _s 0 8 c\s9 ,m>wan ibn al-,hakam1 :om he _h appo9t$ z 8 secret>y & :o ev5tually became f\r? ,umayyad ,khalifa4 ,! fa!r ( ?is man1 al-,hakam ibn al-,z1 accept$ ,islam at ! la/ mom5t :5 ,mecca 0 captur$1 &1 !reaft]1 0 bani%$ by ,muhammad = trea*]y4 ,n till ! reign ( ,u?man 0 he p]mitt$ to return1 & 8 son1 born aft] ! ,hijra1 0 ! mo/ active ass]tor ( ,umayyad claims4 ,"u /eady family pressure1 ,u?man remov$ ! gov]nors ( prov9ces :o _h suff]$ ) ,muhammad & f\ght 9 ! ,pa? ( ,god 7sabil ,allah71 & put 9 _! places 8 own relations1 late embrac]s ( ! fai?4 ,he broke ?r\gh ! ,con/itution ( ,um> & gift$ away great tracts ( /ate l&s4 ,! feel+ spread abroad t 9 ! eyes ( ! ,khalifa an ,umayyad c\ld d no wrong1 & ! ,umayyads !mselves 7 n backw>d 9 af=d+ examples4 ,to ! ,muhajirs & ,ans> !y 7 godless hea!n1 & probably ! ,muhajirs & ,ans> 7 "r4 ,f9ally1 ! indignation c\ld no long] be re/ra9$4 ,insurrections broke out 9 ! camp-cities ( al-,kufa & al-,basra1 & 9 ^? ( ,egypt & at la/ 9 al-,mad9a itself4 ,!re1 9 ,a4,h4 #ce 7,a4,d4 #fee71 ,u?man fell "u ! dagg]s ( conspirators l$ by a ,muhammad1 a son ( ,abu ,bakr1 b a religi\s fanatic /rangely diff]5t f 8 fa!r1 & ! tra9 0 laid = a long civil w>4 ,9 ! confusion t foll[$ ! de$ ! *ance ( ! legitimi/ p>ty _h come1 & ,ali1 ! c\s9 & son-9-law ( ! ,prophet1 0 *os54 ,sid5ote3 ,,%i#8,,ites ,,& ,,sunnites ,=tunately ?is is n a hi/ory ( ,islam1 b ( ,muslim political in/itutions1 & x is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to g into ! manifold & contradictory /ories told ( ! ev5ts ( ?is "t4 ,^! h evid5tly be5 c>efully r$act$ 9 ! int]e/s ( lat] or?odoxy1 & to protect ! "* ( m5 ^: desc5dants lat] came to p[]4 ,! ,alids built up 9 favor ( ,ali a highly +5i\s b flatly fictiti\s n>rative1 embrac+ ! :ole e>ly hi/ory & exhibit+ him z ! true ,khalifa kept f 8 rights by "o aft] ! o!r ( ! fir/ ?ree1 & suff]+ x all ) angelic pati5ce4 ,?is v>ies f ! extreme ,%i#8ite position1 :i* damns all ! ?ree at a sweep z usurp]s1 ?r\gh a m mod]ate "o :i* cont5ts itself ) curs+ ,um> & ,u?man1 to a rejection ( ,u?man only1 & ev51 at ! o!r extreme1 satisfies itself ) ana!matiz+ ! lat] ,umayyads4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,%i#8ites jo9 h&s ) ! body ( or?odox believ]s1 :o are all sect>ies ( ,ali to a c]ta9 degree4 ,yet ?is t5d5cy has be5 c\nt]act$ to "s ext5t by a /rongly ca?olic & ir5ic _s :i* manife/s itself 9 ,islam4 ,aft] a controv]sy is ov] & ! figures 9 x h fad$ into ! pa/1 ,islam ca/s a /ill deep] veil ov] ! controv]sy itself & glorifies ! actors on bo? sides into fa!rs & doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,an attempt is made to =get t !y _h f\ght "o ano!r s bitt]ly1 & to hold to ! fact only t !y 7 bro!r ,muslims4 ,! ,%i#8ites well s-call$1 = ,%i#8a means sect1 h nev] accept$ ?is2 b x is ! usage ( or?odox1 commonly call$ ,sunnite1 ,islam4 ,a concrete expression ( any result rea*$ by ! body ( ! believ]s !n (t5 takes ! =m ( a tradition assign$ to ,muhammad4 ,9 ?is case1 x is a say+ ( 8 t t5 m51 specifi$ by "n & prom95t lead]s 9 ^! e>ly squabbles1 7 c]ta9 ( ,p>adise4 ,x has fur!r become an article 9 ,muslim cre$s1 t ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet are n to be m5tion$ save ) praise2 & "o s*ool ( !ologians1 9 _! zeal = ! hi/oric ,khalifate1 ev5 =bade ! curs+ ( ,yazid1 ! slay] ( al-,husayn 7p4 #bh bel[71 & reckon$ z ! wor/ ( all ! ,umayyads1 because he _h be5 a ,khalifa 9 full & regul> /&+4 ,?is ca?olic recognition ( ! unity ( ,islam we %all meet aga9 & aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,,ali2 ,,civil ,,w> ,ab&on+1 !n1 any attempt to trace ! details & to adju/ ! rights & wrongs ( ?is /ory1 we return to ! fix$ fact ( ! election ( ,ali & ! accession to p[] ( ! legitimi/ p>ty4 ,?is legitimi/ p>ty1 or p>ties1 _h be5 gradually develop+1 & _! peculi> & mutually discordant views des]ve att5tion4 ,^! views all glorifi$ ,ali1 ! full c\s9 ( ,muhammad & husb& ( 8 daught] ,fatima1 b ^u v diff]5t gr\nds4 ,!re c\ld n b exi/ ! feel+ t a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet %\ld be 8 successor1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,ali1 al-,hasan & al-,husayn 7 8 only gr&*ildr5 & only surviv+ male desc5dants4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 reflect$ a dignity ^u ,ali1 _! fa!r1 & gave him a claim to ! ,khalifate4 ,aga91 ,ali himself seems to h made a great & h>dly compreh5sible impression ^u 8 contempor>ies4 ,! prov]b ran ) ! p1 8,!re is no sword save ,dhu-l-faq>1 & no y\? save ,ali40 ,he 0 n1 p]haps1 s great a g5]al z "o or two o!rs ( 8 "t1 b he /ood alone z a w>rior 9 s+le combat2 he 0 a poet & an orator1 b no /atesman4 ,z "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,e>ly ,believ]s1 x might be expect$ t ! ,muhajirs w\ld support him1 & s !y did2 b ! matt] w5t mu* f>!r1 & he seems to h excit$ a feel+ ( p]sonal atta*m5t & devotion diff]5t f t r5d]$ to ! prec$+ ,khalifas4 ,/range & my/ical doctr9es 7 afloat z to 8 claim4 ,! idea ( election 0 ?r[n aside1 & 8 adh]5ts proclaim$ 8 "r by ! w & appo9tm5t ( ,god to ! successor%ip ( ! ,prophet4 ,z ,god _h appo9t$ ,muhammad z ,prophet1 s ,he _h appo9t$ ,ali z 8 help] 9 life & 8 successor 9 dea?4 ,?is 0 prea*$ 9 ,egypt z e>ly z ! ye> #cb4 ,x w easily be se5 t ) su* a foll[+1 unit+ s _m elem5ts1 8 election c\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,?us x 02 b an evil suspicion re/$ ^u him4 ,m5 ?\ght1 & probably rightly1 t he c\ld h sav$ ! ag$ ,u?man if he _h will$1 & !y ev5 w5t ! l5g? ( accus+ him ( be+ art & "p 9 ! murd] itself4 ,! gr\nd 0 holl[ b5ea? 8 feet4 ,fur!r1 !re 7 two o!r old ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 ,talha & az-,zubayr1 :o ?\ght !y _h a /ill bett] claim to ! ,khalifate2 & !y 7 jo9$ by ,a'i%a1 ! favorite wife ( ,muhammad1 n[1 z a f9i%$ intrigante1 ! evil g5ius ( ,islam4 ,ali _h reap$ all ! advantage ( ! conspiracy & murd]1 & x 0 easy to raise aga9/ him ! cry ( rev5ge = ,u?man4 ,!n ! civil w> began4 ,9 ! /ruggle ) ,talha & az-,zubayr1 ,ali 0 victori\s4 ,bo? fell at ! battle ( ! ,camel 7,a4,h4 #cf71 s call$ f ! pres5ce ( ,a'i%a m\nt$ on a camel l a *iefta9ess ( ! old days4 ,b a new elem5t 0 to ent]4 ,! gov]nor%ip ( ,syria _h be5 held = a long "t by ,mu#8awiya1 an ,umayyad1 & !re ! ,umayyad influ5ce 0 supreme4 ,!re1 too1 _h gr[n up a _s ( religi\s indiff]5ce1 comb9$ ) a pres]vation ( all ! =ms ( ! fai?4 ,mu#8awiya 0 a /atesman by nature1 & _h m\ld$ 8 prov9ce into an almo/ indep5d5t k+dom4 ,! ,syrian army 0 devot$ to him1 & c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to h no o!r int]e/s ?an 84 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ,ali's reign1 he _h be5 bid+ 8 "t2 _h n giv5 8 allegiance1 b _h wait$ = ! h\r to /rike = rev5ge = ,u?man & p[] = himself4 ,! "t came & ,mu#8awiya won4 ,we "h pass ov] lightly a long & contradictory /ory4 ,x is en\gh to note h[ ! irony ( hi/ory wr\ght itself out1 & a son ( ! ,abu ,sufyan :o _h done s mu* to p]secute & oppose ,muhammad 9 8 e>ly & d>k days & _h be5 ! la/ to ackn[l$ge 8 mission1 became 8 successor & ! rul] ( 8 p4 ,b ) ,ali ends ! rev]$ s]ies ( ! f\r 8,khalifas :o foll[$ a "r c\rse0 7al-khulafa ar-ra%idun71 rev]5c$ n[ by all or?odox ,muslims1 & !re beg9s ! division ( ,islam into sects1 religi\s & political--x comes to ! same ?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,kh>ijites ,! ,umayyads !mselves cle>ly recogniz$ t ) _! accession to p[] a *ange _h come 9 ! nature ( ! ,muslim /ate4 ,mu#8awiya said op5ly t he 0 ! fir/ k+ 9 ,islam1 ?\gh he reta9$ & us$ (ficially ! title ( ,khalifa & ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,yet su* a *ange c\ld n be complete nor c\ld x c>ry ) x ! :ole p--t is cle> ( itself4 ,= m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ! h\se ( ,umayya held its own4 ,syria 0 solid ) x & x 0 support$ by _m /atesm5 & soldi]s2 b outside ( ,syria & nor? ,arabia x c\ld c\nt on no "p ( ! population4 ,an anti-,khalifa1 ,abd ,allah1 son ( ! az-,zubayr ( :om we h already he>d1 long held ! sacr$ cities aga9/ !m4 ,only 9 ,a4,h4 #ge 7,a4,d4 #fib7 0 he kill$ aft] ,mecca _h be5 /orm$ & tak5 by _! armies4 ,s\!rn ,arabia & ,mesopotamia1 ) its camp-cities al-,kufa & al-,basra1 ,p]sia & ,egypt1 71 f "t to "t1 m or less 9 revolt4 ,^! ris+s w5t 9 "o or o!r ( two directions4 ,!re 7 two great anti-,umayyad sects4 ,at "o "t 9 ,mu#8awiya's conte/ ) ,ali1 he trapp$ ,ali into ! fatal /ep ( arbitrat+ 8 claim to ! ,khalifate4 ,x 0 fatal1 = by x ,ali ali5at$ "s ( 8 own p>ty & ga9$ less ?an no?+ on ! o!r side4 ,"p ( ,ali's army sec$$ 9 prote/ & rebellion1 because he--! duly elect$ ,khalifa--submitt$ 8 claim to any %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y c\ld n accept ,mu#8awiya1 = him !y reg>d$ z unduly elect$ & a m]e usurp]4 ,?us !y drift$ & split into innum]able sub-sects4 ,!y 7 call$ ,kh>ijites--go]s out--because !y w5t out f among ! o!r ,muslims1 refus$ to reg>d !m z ,muslims & held !mselves ap>t4 ,= c5turies !y cont9u$ a ?orn 9 ! side ( all e/abli%$ au?ority4 ,_! pr9ciples 7 absolutely democratic4 ,_! idea ( ! ,khalifate 0 ! old "o ( ! "t ( ,abu ,bakr & ,um>4 ,! ,khalifa 0 to be elect$ by ! :ole ,muslim community & c\ld be depos$ aga9 at ne$4 ,he ne$ be ( no special family or tribe2 he might be a slave1 provid$ he 0 a good ,muslim rul]4 ,"s admitt$ t a woman might be ,khalifa1 & o!rs d5i$ ! ne$ ( any ,khalifa at all2 ! ,muslim congregation c\ld rule itself4 ,_! religi\s views 7 ( a simil>ly unyield+ & antique ca/1 b ) t we h no?+ n[ to d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibadites ,x _c be d\bt$ t ^! m5 7 ! true repres5tatives ( ! old ,islam4 ,!y claim$ = !mselves ! heir%ip to ,abu ,bakr & ,um>1 & _! claim 0 j4 ,islam _h be5 secul>iz$2 worldly ambition1 fratricidal /rife1 luxury1 & s9 _h de/roy$ ! old bond ( bro!rhood4 ,s !y drew !mselves ap>t & w5t _! own way1 a way :i* _! desc5dants /ill foll[ 9 ,uman1 9 ea/ ,africa1 & 9 ,alg]ia4 ,to !m ! or?odox ,muslims--mean+ by t ! g5]al body ( ,muslims--7 antipa!tic m ?an ev5 ,*ri/ians or ,jews4 ,^! 7 8p ( a book0 7ahl kitab71 i4e41 foll[]s ( a reveal$ religion1 & k9dly treatm5t ( !m 0 comm&$ 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,!y _h nev] embrac$ ,islam1 & 7 to be judg$ & treat$ on _! own m]its4 ,! non-,kh>ijite ,muslims1 on ! o!r h&1 7 r5egades 7murtadds7 & 7 to be kill$ at sight4 ,x is easy to und]/& to :at su* a view z ?is l$4 ,numb]less revolts1 assass9ations1 plund]+s m>k$ _! hi/ory4 ,cru%$ to ! gr\nd aga9 & aga91 aga9 & aga9 !y recov]$4 ,!y 7 ,arabs ( ! des]t2 & ! des]t 0 always !re z a refuge4 ,x is probable1 b z yet unprov$1 t m+l$ ) ! political reasons = _! exi/5ce z a sect w5t tribal jeal\sies & frictions2 ( su* !re h ev] be5 en\gh & to sp>e 9 ,arabia4 ,naturally1 "u v>y+ conditions1 _! views & attitudes v>i$4 ,9 ! wild m\nta9s ( ,khuzi/an1 "o ( _! c5tres & /rongholds1 ! primitive b>b>ism ( _! fai? _h full sway4 ,x drew its legitimate consequ5ce1 liv$ out its life1 & vani%$ f ! sc5e4 ,! m mod]ate section ( ! ,kh>ijites c5tr$ r\nd al-,basra4 ,_! lead] !re 0 ,abd ,allah ibn ,ibad1 & f ab\t ! ye> #fj on ! s*ism betwe5 8 foll[]s & ! m absolute ( ^! 8come-out]s0 c be trac$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] t !y aid$ = a "t ,abd ,allah ibn az-,zubayr :5 he 0 besieg$ 9 ,mecca by ! ,umayyads1 b des]t$ him f9ally because he refus$ to jo9 ! names ( ,talha & 8 own fa!r1 az-,zubayr1 ) ^? ( ,u?man & ,ali 9 a g5]al comm9ation4 ,! ,kh>ijites 7 all good at curs+1 & ! lat] hi/ory ( ?is section ( !m %[s a process ( dis9tegration by successive secessions1 ea* dep>t+ 9 prote/ & curs+ ^? left beh9d z hea!n & unbeliev]s4 ,*>act]i/ic1 too1 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sections1 7 _! respective attitudes t[>d ! *ildr5 ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! m absolute p>ty held t ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s 7 to be kill$ ) _! p>5ts2 ! foll[]s ( ,abd ,allah ibn ,ibad1 t !y 7 to be all[$ to gr[ up & !n giv5 _! *oice4 ,aga91 !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! /&+ ( ^? :o held ) ! ,kh>ijites b rema9$ at home & did n actually fight 9 ! ,pa? ( ,god4 ,^! ! "o p>ty reject$ & ! o!r accept$4 ,aga91 7 ! non-,kh>ijites ,muslims to ! ext5t t ! ,kh>ijites might live among/ !m & mix ) !m8 ,?is ! sev]ely logical p>ty d5i$1 b ,abd ,allah ibn ,ibad affirm$4 ,f ?is x w be abundantly cle> t ! only p>ty ) a possible future 0 t ( ,ibn ,ibad4 ,8 sect survives to ! pres5t day "u ! "n ( ,ibadites4 ,v e>ly x spread to ,uman1 &1 accord+ to _! traditions1 _! fir/ ,imam1 or presid5t1 0 elect$ ab\t ,a4,h4 #acd4 ,he 0 ( a family :i* _h reign$ !re be=e ,islam1 & f ! "t ( 8 election on1 ! ,ibadites h succe$$ 9 hold+ ,uman aga9/ ! re/ ( ! ,muslim _w4 ,naturally1 ! election ( ! ,imam by ! community has turn$ into ! rule ( a s]ies ( dyna/ies2 b ! !ory ( election has always held fa/4 ,!y 7 sailors1 m]*ants1 & coloniz]s already by ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 & c>ri$ _! /ate ) its !ology & law to ,zanzib> & ! coa/ ( ,ea/ ,africa g5]ally4 ,/ill e>li] ,ibadite fugitives pass$ into ,nor? ,africa1 & !re !y /ill ma9ta9 ! simplicity ( _! republican ideal & _! primitive !ological & legal views4 ,_! home is 9 ! ,mzab 9 ! s\? ( ,alg]ia1 &1 ?\gh z trad]s & capitali/s !y may travel f>1 yet !y always return ?i!r4 ,any m+l+ 9 m>riage ) o!r ,muslims is =bidd5 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,%i#8,,ites ,at ! opposite extreme f ^! 9 political matt]s /&s ! sect t is call$ ! ,%i#8a4 ,x1 z we h se51 is ! "n giv5 to ! p>ty t glorifies ,ali & 8 desc5dants & reg>ds ! ,khalifate z belong+ to !m by "r div9e4 ,h[ e>ly ?is feel+ arose we h already se51 b ! extremes to :i* 9 "t ! idea 0 c>ri$1 ! innum]able diff]+ views t develop$1 ! maze ( conspiracies1 tortu\s & und]gr\nd 9 _! me?ods1 "s 9 good fai? & "s 9 bad1 to :i* x gave rise1 r5d] ! hi/ory ( ! ,%i#8a ! mo/ difficult side ( a k ( ! ,muslim ,ea/4 ,yet "s attempt at x mu/ be made4 ,if !re 0 ev] a romance 9 hi/ory1 x is ! /ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,fatimid dyna/y 9 ,egypt2 if !re 0 ev] ! survival ( a petrifaction 9 hi/ory1 x is ! survival to ! pres5t day ( ! ,assass9s & ! ,druses2 if !re 0 ev] ! p]si/5ce ( an idea1 x is 9 ! pres5t ,%i#8ite gov]nm5t 9 ,p]sia & 9 ! fai? 9 t ,mahdi = :om ! :ole _w ( ,islam /ill looks to appe> & br+ 9 ! reign ( ju/ice & ! tru? ^u ! e>?4 ,all ^! h sprung f ! devotion to ,ali & 8 *ildr5 on ! "p ( _! foll[]s twelve c5turies ago4 ,9 ,a4,h4 #dj 7,a4,d4 #ffj7 ,ali fell by ! dagg] ( a ,kh>ijite4 ,^! be+ at ! opposite pole f ! ,%i#8ites1 are ! only ,muslim sect t curses & abhors ,ali1 8 family & all _! works4 ,or?odox ,islam rev]es ,ali & accepts 8 ,khalifate2 8 family x also rev]5ces1 b rejects _! pret5sions4 ,! in/9ct ( ,islam is to respect ! accompli%$ fact1 & s ev5 ! ,umayyads1 "o & all1 /& 9 ! li/ ( ! successors ( ! ,prophet1 mu* z ,alex&] ,,vi & 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors d 9 t ( ! ,popes4 ,to ,ali succe$$ 8 son1 al-,hasan1 b 8 "n does n /& on ! roll ( ! ,khalifate z usually reckon$4 ,x %[s "s ,%i#8ite t+e :5 ! hi/orian says1 8,9 ! ,khalifate ( al-,hasan10 &1 !reaft]1 proce$s )1 8,9 ! days ( ,mu#8awiya10 ! ,umayyad ,khalifa :o foll[$ him4 ,mu#8awiya _h receiv$ ! allegiance ( ! ,syrian ,muslims & :5 he advanc$ on al-,kufa1 :]e al-,hasan 01 al-,hasan met him & gave ov] into 8 h&s all 8 suppos$ rights4 ,t 0 9 ,a4,h4 #da2 9 ,a4,h4 #di he 0 dead by poison4 ,twelve ye>s lat] al-,husayn1 8 bro!r1 & _m ( 8 h\se fell at ,k>bala 9 battle aga9/ hopeless odds4 ,x is ?is la/ trag$y t has left ! deepe/ m>k ( all on ! ,muslim imag9ation4 ,ye>ly :5 ! fatal day1 ! day ( ,a%ura1 ! t5? ( ! mon? ,muh>ram1 comes r\nd1 ! /ory is rehe>s$ aga9 at ,k>bala & ?r\gh\t1 inde$1 all ! ,%i#8ite _w 9 :at is a v]itable ,passion ,play4 ,no ,muslim1 especially no ,p]sian1 c read ( ! dea? ( al-,husayn1 or see x act$ be=e 8 eyes1 )\t quiv]+ & invok+ ! curse ( ,god ^u all ^? :o _h aught to d ) x or ga9$ aught by x4 ,t curse has clung fa/ ?r\gh all ! c5turies to ! "n ( ,yazid1 ! ,umayyad ,khalifa ( ! "t1 & only ! /iffe/ !ologians ( ! traditional s*ool h labor$ to save 8 memory ?r\gh ! m]its ( ! hi/orical ,khalifate4 ,b ev5 aft] ?is trag$y x 0 n out ) ! blood ( ,muhammad4 ,_m desc5dants 7 left & _! p>ty liv$ on 9 /range1 half und]gr\nd fa%ion1 z sects d 9 ! ,ea/1 occasionally com+ to ! surface & bur/+ out 9 wild &1 = long1 useless rebellion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,%i#8,,ite ,,con/itutional ,,!ories ,9 ^! revolts ! ,%i#8a 0 wor?y ( its "n1 & split into _m sep>ate divisions1 accord+ to ! individuals ( ! h\se ( ,ali to :om allegiance 0 r5d]$ & :o 7 reg>d$ z lead]s1 titul> or real4 ,^! subdivisions diff]$1 also1 9 ! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! *oice ( a lead] & 9 ! attitude ( ! p t[>d him4 ,%i#8ism1 f be+ a political "q1 became !ological4 ,! position ( ! ,%i#8ite 0 & is t !re mu/ be a law 7nass7 regulat+ ! *oice ( ! ,imam1 or lead] ( ! ,muslim community2 t t law is "o ( ! mo/ important dogmas ( ! fai? & _c h be5 left by ! ,prophet to develop itself "u ! pressure ( circum/ances2 t !re is su* an ,imam cle>ly po9t$ out & t x is ! duty ( ! ,muslim to seek him out & foll[ him4 ,?us !re 0 a p>ty :o reg>d$ ! lead]%ip z belong+ to ,ali himself1 & !n to any ( 8 desc5dants by any ( 8 wives4 ,^! atta*$ !mselves especially to 8 son ,muhammad1 kn[n f 8 "m z ,muhammad ibn al-,hanafiya1 :o di$ 9 #ha1 & to 8 desc5dants & successors4 ,x 0 9 ?is sect t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,%i#8ite views fir/ develop$4 ,?is ,muhammad seems to h be5 ! fir/ conc]n+ :om x 0 taught1 aft] 8 dea?1 t he 0 be+ pres]v$ by ,god alive 9 retirem5t & w\ld come =? at 8 appo9t$ "t to br+ 9 ! rule ( righte\sness ^u ! e>?4 ,9 "s ( ! innum]able sub-sects ! doctr9e ( ! deity1 ev51 ( ,ali 0 e>ly held1 9 o!rs a doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 g5]ally among m5 & especially f "o ,imam to 8 successor2 o!rs1 aga91 advanc$ ! duty ( seek+ ! rightful ,imam & r5d]+ allegiance to him till x cov]$ ! :ole field ( fai? & morals--no m 0 requir$ ( ! believ]4 ,to "o ( ^! sects1 al-,muqanna1 8! ,veil$ ,prophet ( ,khorasan10 adh]$ be=e he />t$ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,we h se5 already t s e>ly z #cb ! doctr9e _h be5 prea*$ 9 ,egypt t ,ali 0 ! ,god-appo9t$ successor ( ! ,prophet4 ,"h we h its legitimate developm5t1 :i* 0 all ! quick] z x _h1 or assum$1 a !ological basis1 & did n simply urge ! claims to lead]%ip ( ! family ( ! ,prophet aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* inh]itance runs among e>?ly k+s4 ,t 0 ! position at fir/ ( ! o!r & f> m important ,%i#8ite w+4 ,x reg>d$ ! lead]%ip z be+ 9 ! blood ( ,muhammad & !re=e limit$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,ali by 8 wife ,fatima1 ! daught] ( ,muhammad4 ,aga91 ! attitude t[>d ! p]son ( ! lead] v>i$1 z we h already se54 ,"o p>ty held t ! lead]%ip 0 by ! "r ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,god1 b t ! lead] himself 0 simply a man z o!r m54 ,^! w\ld add to 8! two words0 7al-kalimatani7 ( ! cre$1 8,!re is no god b ,god1 & ,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god10 a ?ird clause1 8& ,ali is ! repres5tative ( ,god40 ,o!rs reg>d$ him z an inc>nation ( div9ity2 a cont9u+ div9e revelation 9 human =m4 ,8 s\l pass$1 :5 he di$1 to 8 next successor4 ,he 01 !re=e1 infallible & s9less1 & 0 to be treat$ ) absolute1 bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,"h !re is a m+l+ ( ! mo/ /rangely v>i$ ideas4 ,9 ,p]sia ! p _h be5 too long accu/om$ to look+ ^u _! rul]s z div9e = !m to be capable ( tak+ up any o!r position4 ,a /ory is told ( ! gov]nor ( a ,p]sian prov9ce :o wrote to ! ,khalifa ( 8 "t t he 0 n able to prev5t 8 p f giv+ him ! /yle & treatm5t ( a god2 !y did n und]/& any o!r k9d ( rul]2 x 0 z mu* z 8 au?ority 0 wor? to attempt to make !m desi/4 ,f ?is attitude1 comb9$ ) ! idea ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 ! extreme ,%i#8ite doctr9e 0 d]iv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,hidd5 ,,imam ,b ?\gh ! p>ty ( ,ali might reg>d ! desc5dants ( ,ali z semi-div9e1 yet _! conspiracies & revolts 7 uni=mly unsuccessful1 & x became a v dang]\s ?+ to head "o4 ,! p>ty 0 will+ to get up a ris+ at any "t1 b ! lead] 0 apt to hang back4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s features ( ! :ole movem5t 0 ! uselessness ( ! family ( ,ali & ! ext5t to :i* !y 7 utiliz$ by o!rs4 ,!y h be51 9 a s5se1 ! cat's-paws ( hi/ory4 ,gradually !y !mselves drew back into retirem5t & vani%$ f ! /age1 &1 ) _! vani%+1 a new doctr9e arose4 ,x 0 t ( ! hidd5 ,imam4 ,we h already se5 ! case ( ,muhammad ibn al-,hanafiya1 :om ,muslims reckon z ! fir/ ( ^! conceal$ ones4 ,ano!r desc5dant ( ,ali1 on ano!r l9e ( desc5t1 vani%$ 9 ! same way 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijra1 & ano!r ab\t ,a4,h4 #bfj4 ,_! respective foll[]s held t !y 7 be+ kept 9 concealm5t by ,god & w\ld be br\ght back at ! appo9t$ "t to rule ov] ! _w & br+ 9 a k9d ( ,muslim mill5nium4 ,?is is ! ori5tal v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,ar?ur 9 ,avalon & ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa 9 ,kyffhas]4 ,b t has l$ u f> away & we mu/ g back to ! fall ( ! ,umayyads & ! aga9 disappo9t$ hopes ( ! ,alids4 ,by ! "t ( ! la/ ,khalifa ( ! ,umayyad h\se1 ,m>wan ,,ii1 ,a4,h4 #abg-acb 7,a4,d4 #gdd-gej71 ! :ole empire 0 m or less 9 rebellion1 p>tly ,%i#8ite & p>tly ,kh>ijite4 ,! ,%i#8ites !mselves _h1 z usual1 no man /rong en\gh to act z lead]2 t "p 0 tak5 by z-,saffah1 a desc5dant ( al-,abbas1 an uncle ( ,muhammad4 ,! rebellion 0 o/5sibly to br+ aga9 into p[] ! family ( ! ,prophet1 b "u t ! ,abbasids und]/ood ! family ( ,ha%im1 :ile ! ,alids took x 9 ! m exact s5se ( !mselves4 ,!y 7 made a cat's-paw1 ! ,abbasid dyna/y 0 f\nd$1 & !y 7 ?r[n ov]4 ,?us1 ! ,khalifate rema9$ p]si/5tly 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o1 up to ! la/1 _h be5 ho/ile to ! ,prophet4 ,?is al-,abbas _h embrac$ ! fai? only :5 ,mecca 0 tak5 by ! ,muslims4 ,lat] hi/orians1 jeal\s = ! good "n ( ! ance/or ( ! longe/ l9e ( all ! ,successors1 h labor$ to build up a leg5d t al-,abbas /ay$ 9 ,mecca only because he c\ld !re be m useful 9 ! cause ( 8 nephew4 ,?is is "o ( ! p]v]sions ( e>ly hi/ory ( :i* ! ,muslim *ronicles are full4 ,sid5ote3 ,,umayyads ,,( ,,spa9 ,b ! /ory ( ! ,umayyads is n yet out4 ,f ! ru9 t ov]:elm$ !m1 "o escap$ & fl$ to ,nor? ,africa4 ,!re1 he va9ly tri$ to draw toge!r a p[]4 ,at la/1 see+ 9 ,spa9 "s bett] prospect ( success1 he cross$ ?i!r1 & by c\rage1 /atesman%ip1 & pati5ce1 c>v$ out a new ,umayyad empire t la/$ = #cjj ye>s4 ,"o ( 8 desc5dants 9 ,a4,h4 #cag 7,a4,d4 #ibi7 took ! title ( ,khalifa & claim$ ! homage due to ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,!re is a /ory t al-,mansur1 ! second ,abbasid1 once ask$ 8 c\rti]s1 8,:o is ! ,falcon ( ,quray%80 ,!y nam$ "o aft] ano!r ( ! great m5 ( ! tribe1 beg9n+1 naturally1 ) 8 maje/y himself1 b to no purpose4 8,no10 he said1 8! ,falcon ( ,quray% is ,abd ar-,rahman1 ! ,umayyad1 :o f\nd 8 way ov] des]ts & seas1 flung himself alone into a /range c\ntry1 & !re1 )\t any help] b himself1 built up a realm4 ,!re has be5 none l him ( ! blood ( ,quray%40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,%i#8ite revolts aga9/ ,abbasids2 ,idrisids2 ,zaydites2 ,imamites2 ! ,twelv]s2 con/itutional !ory ( mod]n ,p]sia2 orig9 ( ,fatimids2 ,maymun ! oculi/2 plan ( ! conspiracy2 ! ,sev5]s2 ! ,q>matians2 ,ubayd ,allah al-,mahdi & f\nd+ ( ,fatimid dyna/y 9 ,nor? ,africa2 _! spread to ,egypt & to ,syria2 al-,hakim ,bi'amrillah2 ! ,druses2 ! ,assass9s2 ,salad9 & ! ,ayyubids4 ,sid5ote3 ,,idrisids ,x is n 9 place "h to deal ) all ! numb]less little ,%i#8ite revolts aga9/ ! ,abbasids :i* n[ foll[$4 ,^? only are ( int]e/ to u :i* _h m or less p]man5t effect on ! ,muslim /ate & /ates4 ,e>lie/ among su* comes ! revolt :i* f\nd$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,idrisids4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ! ,abbasids 7 h>d press$4 ,! heav5s !mselves seem$ to m+le 9 ! conflict4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( _! rule _h be5 m>k$ by great %[]s ( %oot+ />s1 & ! end ( ! age 0 reckon$ ne> by bo? p>ties4 ,messianic hope 0 alive1 & a ,mahdi1 a ,guid$ ( ,god1 0 look$ =4 ,?is _h long be5 ! attitude ( ! ,alids1 & ! ,abbasids began to feel a necessity to ga9 = _! de facto rule ! sanction ( !ocratic hopes4 ,9 #adc ,halley's comet 0 visible = tw5ty days1 & 9 #adg !re 7 aga9 %[]s ( %oot+ />s4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,abbasids1 homage 0 solemnly r5d]$ to ! elde/ son ( al-,mansur1 ! ,khalifa ( ! "t1 z successor ( 8 fa!r1 "u ! title al-,mahdi1 & sev]al say+s 7 =g$ & ascrib$ to ! ,prophet :i* told :o & :at mann] ( man ! ,mahdi w\ld be1 9 t]ms :i* cle>ly po9t$ to ?is heir-app>5t4 ,! ,alids1 on _! side1 7 urg$ on to fre% revolts4 ,^! ris+s 7 /ill political 9 "* & h>dly at all !ological2 !y express$ ! claims to sov]eignty ( ! h\se ( ! ,prophet4 ,on ! suppression ( "o ( !m at al-,mad9a 9 #afi1 ,idris ibn ,abd ,allah1 a gr&son ( al-,hasan1 escap$ to ,nor? ,africa--t refuge ( ! politically disaffect$--& !re at ! f>-(f ,volubilis ( ! ,romans1 9 ! mod]n ,morocco1 f\nd$ a /ate4 ,x la/$ till #cge1 & plant$ firmly ! au?ority ( ! family ( ,muhammad 9 ! we/]n half ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,o!r ,alid /ates rose 9 its place1 & 9 #ifa ! dyna/y ( ! ,%>ifs ( ,morocco 0 e/abli%$ by a ,muhammad1 a desc5dant ( a ,muhammad1 bro!r ( ! same ,abd ,allah1 gr&son ( al-,hasan4 ,?is family /ill rules 9 ,morocco & claims ! title ( ,khalifa ( ! ,prophet & ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,/rictly1 !y are ,%i#8ites1 b _! sect>ianism sits lightly ^u !m2 x is political only & !y h no t\* ( ! viol5t religi\s antagonism to ! ,sunnite ,muslims t is to be f\nd 9 ,p]sian ,%i#8ism4 ,z adh]5ts ( ! legal s*ool ( ,malik ibn ,anas1 _! ,sunna is ! same z t ( or?odox ,islam4 ,! ,sahih ( al-,bukh>i 7see bel[1 p4 #gi7 is held 9 especially high rev]5ce1 & "o division ( ! ,moori% army always c>ries a copy ( x z a talisman4 ,!y are really a bit ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijra cry/alliz$ & surviv+ into our "t4 ,ano!r ,%i#8ite l9e :i* la/s m or less d[n to ! pres5t day1 is t ( ! ,zaydites ( al-,yaman4 ,!y 7 s call$ f _! adh]5ce to ,zayd1 a gr&son ( al-,husayn1 & _! sect spread 9 nor? ,p]sia & s\? ,arabia4 ,! nor? ,p]sian bran* is ( little hi/oric importance = our purpose4 ,= "s sixty-f\r ye>s1 f #bej on1 x held ,tab>i/an1 /ruck co9s & ex]cis$ all sov]eign rights2 !n x fell be=e ! ,samanids4 ,! o!r bran* has _h a mu* long] hi/ory4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ab\t #bhj1 at ,sa#8da 9 al-,yaman & !re1 & lat] at ,san#8a1 ,zaydite ,imams h rul$ (f & on till our day4 ,! ,turki% hold ^u s\? ,arabia has always be5 ( ! slighte/4 ,sometimes !y h be5 absolutely expell$ f ! c\ntry1 & _! control has nev] ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( _! g>rison$ po/s4 ,! position ( ^! ,zaydites 0 mu* less extreme ?an t ( ! o!r ,%i#8ites4 ,!y 7 /rictly ,fatimites1 t is1 !y held t any desc5dant ( ,fatima c\ld be ,imam4 ,fur!r1 circum/ances might ju/ify ! pass+ ov]1 = a "t1 ( su* a legitimate ,imam & ! election z lead] ( someone :o _h no equally good claim4 ,?us1 !y rev]5c$ ,abu ,bakr & ,um> & reg>d$ _! ,khalifate z j1 ev5 ?\gh ,ali 0 !re ) a bett] claim4 ,! election ( ^! two ,khalifas _h be5 to ! advantage ( ! ,muslim /ate4 ,"s ( !m ev5 accept$ ! ,khalifate ( ,u?man & only d5\nc$ 8 evil de$s4 ,fur!r1 !y reg>d$ x z possible t !re might be two ,imams at ! same "t1 especially :5 !y 7 9 c\ntries widely ap>t4 ,?is1 app>5tly1 sprang f ! sect be+ divid$ betwe5 nor? ,p]sia & s\? ,arabia4 ,!ologically1 or philosophically--x is h>d to hold ! two ap>t 9 ,islam--! ,zaydites 7 accus$ ( rationalism4 ,_! f\nd]1 ,zayd1 ! gr&son ( al-,husayn1 _h /udi$ "u ! great ,mu#8tazilite1 ,wasil ibn ,ata1 ( :om mu* m h]eaft]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,imamites ,b if ! ,zaydites 7 lax bo? 9 _! !ology & 9 _! !ory ( ! /ate1 t _c be said ( ano!r division ( ! ,%i#8ites1 call$ ! ,imamites on acc\nt ( ! /ress :i* !y laid on ! doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ! ,imam4 ,= !m ! ,imam ( ! "t 0 explicitly & p]sonally indicat$1 ,ali by ,muhammad & ea* ( ! o!rs 9 turn by 8 pr$ecessor4 ,b x 0 h>d to reconcile ) ?is a priori position t an ,imam mu/ h be5 indicat$1 ! fact t !re 0 no agreem5t z to ! ,imam :o _h be5 indicat$4 ,d[n all possible l9es ( desc5t ! sacr$ succession 0 trac$ until1 ( ! sev5ty-two sects t ! ,prophet _h =etold = 8 p1 sev5ty1 at lea/1 7 occupi$ by ! ,imamites alone4 ,fur!r1 ! numb] ( ,hidd5 ,imams 0 con/antly runn+ up2 ) e g5]ation1 ,alids f\nd x conv5i5t to )draw into retirem5t & h reports giv5 out ( _! own dea?s4 ,!n two sects w\ld come into exi/5ce--"o :i* /opp$ at ! ,alid 9 "q1 & said t he 0 be+ kept 9 concealm5t by ,god to be br\ght back at ,8 pleasure2 & ano!r :i* pass$ ! ,imam%ip on to ! next g5]ation4 ,out ( ?is *aos two sects1 adh]+ to two s]ies ( ,imams1 /& cle> ?r\gh _! hi/orical importance4 ,! "o is t ( ! ,twelv]s 7,i?na#8a%>iya72 !irs is ! (ficial cre$ ( mod]n ,p]sia4 ,ab\t ,a4,h4 #bfj a c]ta9 ,muhammad ibn al-,hasan1 twelf? 9 desc5t f ,ali1 vani%$ 9 ! way j describ$4 ,! sect :i* look$ = 8 return increas$ & fl\ri%$ until1 at l5g?1 ) ! conque/ ( ,p]sia 9 ,a4,h4 #ijg 7,a4,d4 #aejb7 by ! ,safawids--a family ( ,alid desc5t :i* jo9$ arms to sa9?ood--,p]sia became ,%i#8ite1 & ! s]ies ( ! ,%ahs ( ,p]sia 0 begun4 ,! position ( ! ,%ah is !re=e ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! ,khalifa ( ! ,sunnites4 ,! ,khalifa is ! successor ( ,muhammad1 ) a dignity & au?ority :i* inh]es 9 himself2 he is bo? k+ & pontiff2 ! ,%ah is a m]e locum t55s1 & reigns only until ,god is pleas$ to re/ore to m5 ! true ,imam4 ,t ,imam is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh hidd5 f human eyes4 ,! ,%ah1 !re=e1 has /rictly no legal au?ority2 he is only a gu>dian ( ! public ord]4 ,true legal au?ority lies1 r1 ) ! le>n$ doctors ( religion & law4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ,%i#8ites /ill h ,mujtahids1 div9es & legi/s :o h a "r to =m op9ions ( _! own1 c exp\nd ! orig9al s\rces at fir/ h&1 & c claim ! unque/ion+ ass5t ( _! disciples4 ,su* m5 h n exi/$ among ! ,sunnites s9ce ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,hijra2 f t "t on all ,sunnites h be5 compell$ to swe> to ! words ( "s ma/] or o!r1 long dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fatimids ,?is division ( ! ,%i#8ites is ! only "o t exi/s 9 great numb]s d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! second ( ! two m5tion$ above came to p[] e>li]1 ran a %ort] c\rse1 & has n[ vani%$ f ! /age1 leav+ no?+ b an hi/orical my/]y & two or ?ree fossiliz$1 half-secret sects--/range survivals :i*1 l ! survivals ( geology1 tell u :at 7 ! liv+ & dom9ant =ces 9 ! old] _w4 ,x w be wor? :ile to ent] ^u "s detail 9 recit+ its hi/ory1 bo? = its own romantic int]e/ & z an example ( ! me?ods ( ,%i#8ite propag&a4 ,its success %[s h[ ! ,abbasid empire 0 gradually und]m9$ & br\ght to its fall4 ,x itself 0 ! mo/ magnific5t conspiracy1 or r fraud1 9 all hi/ory4 ,to und]/& its possibility & its results1 we mu/ hold 9 m9d ! nature ( ! ,p]sian race & ! condition ( t race at ?is "t4 ,h]odotus 0 told by 8 ,p]sian fri5ds t "o ( ! ?ree ?+s ,p]sian y\? 0 taught 0 to tell ! tru?4 ,t may h be5 ! case 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 b c]ta9ly ?is tea*+ has _h no effect :atev] on an innate t5d5cy 9 ! opposite direction2 & x is j possible t ,h]odotus's fri5ds1 9 giv+ him t in=mation1 7 giv+ also an example ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,travell]s h be5 told curi\s ?+s be=e n[1 b c]ta9ly none m curi\s ?an ?is4 ,z we "k ! ,p]sian 9 hi/ory1 he is a born li>4 ,he is1 !re=e1 a born conspirator4 ,he has great quickness ( m9d1 adaptability1 &1 ap>t f religi\s emotion1 no consci5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,hijra 7! n9? ,a4,d471 ! ,p]sians 7 ei!r devot$ ,%i#8ites or simple unbeliev]s4 ,! "o class w\ld d any?+ = ! desc5dants ( ,ali2 ! o!r1 any?+ = !mselves4 ,?is second class1 fur!r1 w\ld by pref]5ce comb9e do+ some?+ = !mselves ) do+ some?+ aga9/ ,islam & ! ,arabs1 ! conqu]ors ( _! c\ntry4 ,s mu* by way ( premise4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ?ird c5tury1 !re liv$ at ,j]usalem a ,p]sian oculi/ nam$ ,maymun4 ,he 0 a man ( high education1 pr(essional & o!rwise2 _h no beliefs to speak (1 & und]/ood ! times4 ,he _h a son1 ,abd ,allah1 & tra9$ him c>efully = a c>e]4 ,abd ,allah1 h[ev]--kn[n z ,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun--?\gh he _h ?\ght ( />t+ z a prophet himself1 saw t ! "t 0 n ripe1 & plann$ a l>g] & m magnific5t s*eme4 ,?is 0 to be no ord9>y conspiracy to bur/ aft] a few ye>s or mon?s1 b "o requir+ g5]ations to develop4 ,x 0 to br+ univ]sal dom9ion to 8 desc5dants1 & ov]?r[ ,islam & ! ,arab rule4 ,x succe$$ 9 great "p1 v ne>ly absolutely4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,unique ,,conspiracy ,8 plan 0 to unite all classes & p>ties 9 a conspiracy "u "o head1 promis+ to ea* individual ! ?+s :i* he consid]$ mo/ desirable4 ,= ! ,%i#8ites1 x 0 to be a ,%i#8ite conspiracy2 = ! ,kh>ijites1 x took a ,kh>ijite t+e2 = ,p]sian nationali/s1 x 0 anti-,arab2 = free-?9k]s1 x 0 frankly nihili/ic4 ,abd ,allah himself seems to h be5 a sceptic ( ! mo/ ref9$ /amp4 ,! work+ ( ?is plan 0 a*iev$ by a sy/em ( grades l ^? 9 freemasonry4 ,8 emiss>ies w5t out1 settl$ ea* 9 a village & gradually won ! confid5ce ( its inhabitants4 ,a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! "t 0 unre/ & g5]al ho/ility to ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us1 !re 0 an excell5t field = "w4 ,to ! enorm\s majority ( ^? involv$ 9 x ! conspiracy 0 ,%i#8ite only1 & x has be5 reg>d$ z su* by _m ( its hi/orians2 b x is n[ tol]ably pla9 h[ simply nihili/ic 7 its ultimate pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ object ( ! mission>y 0 to excite religi\s d\bt 9 ! m9d ( 8 subject1 by po9t+ out curi\s difficulties & subtle que/ions 9 !ology4 ,at ! same "t he h9t$ t !re 7 ^? :o c\ld answ] ^! que/ions4 ,if 8 subject prov$ tractable & desir$ to le>n fur!r1 an oa? ( secrecy & absolute ob$i5ce & a fee 7 dem&$--all q aft] ! mod]n fa%ion4 ,!n he 0 l$ up ?r\gh sev]al grades1 gradually %ak+ 8 fai? 9 or?odox ,islam & its tea*]s & br++ him to believe 9 ! idea ( an ,imam1 or guide 9 religi\s ?+s1 till ! f\r? grade 0 rea*$4 ,!re ! !ological sy/em 0 develop$1 & ,islam1 = ! fir/ "t1 absolutely des]t$4 ,we h dealt already ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,hidd5 ,imam & ) ! pres5t-day cre$ ( ,p]sia1 t ! twelf? 9 desc5t f ,ali is 9 hid+ & w return :5 8 "t comes4 ,b d[n ! same l9e ( desc5t sev5 ,imams _h be5 reckon$ to a c]ta9 vani%$ ,isma#8il1 & ?is ,isma#8il 0 adopt$ by ,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun z 8 ,imam & z titul> head ( 8 conspiracy4 ,h5ce1 8 foll[]s are call$ ,isma#8ilians & ,sev5]s 7,sab#8iya74 ,! /ory :i* is told ( ! split betwe5 ! ,sev5]s & ! ,twelv]s1 :i* 7 to be1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole movem5t & ( ! wid] div]g5ce ( ! ,sev5]s f ord9>y ,islam & its laws4 ,! six? ,imam 0 ,ja#8f> z-,sadiq 7d4 ,a4,h4 #adh72 he appo9t$ 8 son ,isma#8il z 8 successor4 ,b ,isma#8il 0 f\nd drunk on "o occasion1 & 8 fa!r 9 wra? pass$ ! ,imam%ip on to 8 bro!r1 ,musa al-,qazam1 :o is accord+ly reckon$ z sev5? ,imam by ! ,twelv]s4 ,"o p>ty1 h[ev]1 refus$ to recognize ?is transf]4 ,isma#8il's drunk5ness1 !y held1 0 a pro( ( 8 great] spirituality ( m9d2 he did n foll[ ! face-value 7zahr7 ( ! law1 b its hidd5 mean+ 7batn74 ,?is is an example ( a t5d5cy1 /rong 9 ,%i#8ism1 to f9d a high] spiritual mean+ ly+ )9 ! ext]nal or v]bal =m ( ! law2 & 9 proportion z a sect exalt$ ,ali1 s x div]g$ f lit]al acceptance ( ! ,qur'an4 ,! mo/ extreme ,%i#8ites1 :o t5d$ to deify _! ,imam1 7 kn[n on t acc\nt z ,bat9ites or ,inn]ites4 ,on ?is m h]eaft]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,sev5s ,b to return to ! ,sev5]s3 9 ! f\r? grade a fur!r ref9em5t 0 add$4 ,ev]y?+ w5t 9 sev5s1 ! ,prophets z well z ! ,imams4 ,! ,prophets _h be5 ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 ,muhammad & ,isma#8il1 or r 8 son ,muhammad1 = ,isma#8il himself _h di$ 9 8 fa!r's lifetime4 ,ea* ( ^! ,prophets _h _h a help]4 ,! help] ( ,adam _h be5 ,se?2 ( ,noah1 ,%em2 & ! help] ( ,muhammad1 ! son ( ,isma#8il1 0 ,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun himself4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( ,prophets !re came six ,imams--x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! _w 0 nev] left )\t an ,imam--b ^! ,imams _h _h no revelation to make2 7 only guides to already reveal$ tru?4 ,?us1 we h a s]ies ( sev5 times sev5 ,imams1 ! fir/1 & !reaft] ea* sev5?1 hav+ ! sup]ior dignity ( ,prophet4 ,! la/ ( ! =ty-n9e ,imams1 ?is ,muhammad ibn ,isma#8il1 is ! greate/ & la/ ( ! ,prophets1 & ,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun has to prep>e ! way = him & to aid him g5]ally4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! adh]5t ( ?is sy/em ceases to be a ,muslim4 ,! idea ( a s]ies ( ,prophets is g5u9ely ,islamic1 b ,muhammad1 9 ,muslim !ology1 is ! la/ ( ! ,prophets & ! greate/1 & aft] him !re w come no m4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! sy/em t ^? :o pass$ ! f\r? degree le>n$ & accept$4 ,! great majority did n pass beyond2 b ^? :o 7 judg$ wor?y 7 admitt$ to ?ree fur!r degrees4 ,9 ^! degrees1 _! respect = religi\s tea*+ ( e k9d1 doctr9al1 moral1 ritual1 0 gradually und]m9$2 ! ,prophets & _! works 7 depreciat$ & philosophy & philosoph]s put 9 _! place4 ,! end 0 to lead ! v few :o 7 admitt$ to ! inmo/ secrets ( ! conspiracy to ! same position z its f\nd]4 ,x is cle> :at a trem5d\s weapon1 or r ma*9e1 0 ?us creat$4 ,ea* man 0 giv5 ! am\nt ( light he c\ld be> & :i* 0 suit$ to 8 prejudices1 & he 0 made to believe t ! end ( ! :ole "w w\ld be ! atta9+ ( :at he reg>d$ z mo/ desirable4 ,! mission>ies 7 all ?+s to all m51 9 ! broade/ s5se1 & c\ld "w ) a ,kh>ijite fanatic1 :o long$ = ! days ( ,um>2 a ,b$awi ,arab1 ^: only idea 0 plund]2 a ,p]sian driv5 to wild cries & te>s by ! ?\ght ( ! fate ( ,ali1 ! well-belov$1 & ( 8 sons2 a peasant1 :o did n c>e = any family or religion b only wi%$ to live 9 peace & be let alone by ! tax-ga!r]s2 a ,syrian my/ic1 :o did n "k v well :at he ?\ght1 b liv$ 9 a _w ( dreams2 or a mat]iali/1 ^: desire 0 to cle> all religions out ( ! way & give humanity a *ance4 ,all 0 fi% t came to _! net4 ,s ! long se$-plant+ w5t on4 ,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun _h to flee to ,salamiya 9 ,syria1 di$ !re & w5t to 8 own place--if he got 8 des]ts1 no desirable "o--& ,ahmad1 8 son or gr&son1 took up ! "w 9 8 /ead4 ,) him ! movem5t t5ds to ! surface1 & we beg9 to t\* h>d facts & dates4 ,9 s\!rn ,mesopotamia--:at is call$ ! ,arab ,iraq--we f9d a sect appe>+1 nicknam$ ,q>matians1 f "o ( _! lead]s4 ,9 ,a4,h4 #bgg 7,a4,d4 #hij-a7 !y 7 suffici5tly num]\s & knew _! /r5g? en\gh to hold a =tress & ?us ent] ^u op5 rebellion4 ,!y 7 peasants1 we mu/ rememb]1 ,nabateans & no ,arabs1 only ,muslims by compulsion1 & ?us :at we h "h is really a ,jacqu]ie1 or ,peasants' ,w>4 ,b a di/urbance ( any k9d suit$ ! ,isma#8ilians4 ,f !re ! ris+ spread into ,bahrayn & on to s\? ,arabia1 v>y+ 9 its "* ) ! "* ( ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ubayd ,,allah ,,al-,,mahdi ,b !re 0 ano!r /ill m important developm5t 9 progress4 ,a mission>y _h gone to ,nor? ,africa & !re work$ ) success among ! ,b]b] tribes ab\t ,con/ant9e1 9 :at is n[ ,alg]ia4 ,^! h always be5 ready = any *ange4 ,he gave himself out z =]unn] ( ! ,mahdi1 promis$ !m ! good ( bo? worlds1 & call$ !m to arms4 ,! actual ris+ 0 9 ,a4,h4 #bhi 7,a4,d4 #ijb74 ,!n !re appe>$ among !m ,sa#8id1 ! son ( ,ahmad1 ! son ( ,abd ,allah1 ! son ( ,maymun ! oculi/2 b x 0 n "u t "n4 ,he 0 n[ ,ubayd ,allah al-,mahdi himself1 a desc5dant ( ,ali & ( ,muhammad ibn ,isma#8il1 = :om 8 ance/ors 7 suppos$ to h work$ & built up ?is conspiracy4 ,9 ,a4,h4 #bif 7,a4,d4 #iji7 he 0 salut$ z ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ) ! title ( al-,mahdi4 ,s f> ! conspiracy _h succe$$4 ,?is ,fatimid dyna/y1 s !y call$ !mselves f ,fatima1 _! alleg$ ance/ress1 ! daught] ( ,muhammad1 conqu]$ ,egypt & ,syria half a c5tury lat] & held !m till ,a4,h4 #efg 7,a4,d4 #aaga74 ,:5 9 ,a4,h4 #cag ! ,umayyads ( ,cordova also claim$ ! ,khalifate & us$ ! title1 !re 7 ?ree ,comm&]s ( ! ,fai?ful at "o "t 9 ! ,muslim _w4 ,yet x %\ld be notic$ t ! con/itutional position ( ^! ,umayyads 0 ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! ,fatimids4 ,to ! ,fatimids1 ! ,abbasids 7 usurp]s4 ,! ,umayyads ( ,cordova1 on ! o!r h&1 held1 l ! ,zaydites & "s jurisconsults ( ! highe/ rank1 t1 :5 ,muslim c\ntries 7 s f> ap>t t ! au?ority ( ! rul] ( ! "o c\ld n make itself felt 9 ! o!r1 x 0 lawful to h two ,imams1 ea* a true ,successor ( ! ,prophet4 ,! good ( ! p ( ,muhammad dem&$ x4 ,/ill1 ! unity ( ! ,khalifate is ! m regul> doctr9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,hakim ,b only half ( ! "w 0 done4 ,islam /ood z firmly z ev] & ! conspiracy _h only produc$ a s*ism 9 ! fai? & _h n de/roy$ x4 ,ubayd ,allah 0 9 ! awkw>d position1 on ! "o h&1 ( rul+ a p :o 7 9 great bulk fanatical ,muslims & did n und]/& any je/+ ) _! religion1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( be+ head ( a conspiracy to de/roy t v religion4 ,! ,syrians & ,arabs _h app>5tly tak5 m degrees ?an ! ,egyptians & ,nor? ,africans1 & ,ubayd ,allah f\nd himself betwe5 ! devil & ! deep sea4 ,! ,q>matians 9 ,arabia plund]$ ! pilgrim c>avans1 /orm$ ! holy city ,mecca1 &1 mo/ t]rible ( all1 c>ri$ (f ! sacr$ black /one4 ,:5 an enorm\s ransom 0 (f]$ = ! /one1 !y decl9$--!y _h ord]s n to s5d x back4 ,ev]yone und]/ood t ! ord]s 7 f ,africa4 ,s ,ubayd ,allah f\nd x advisable to address !m 9 a public lett]1 exhort+ !m to be bett] ,muslims4 ,! writ+ & read+ ( ?is lett] mu/ h be5 accompani$ by mir?1 at any rate no att5tion 0 paid to x by ! ,q>matians4 ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ! ?ird ,fatimid ,khalifa t !y 7 p]mitt$ to d bus9ess ) t /one4 ,!n !y s5t x back ) ! explanatory or apologetic rem>k t !y _h c>ri$ x (f "u ord]s & n[ s5t x back "u ord]s4 ,mean:ile ! ,fatimid dyna/y 0 runn+ its c\rse 9 ,egypt b )\t turn+ ! p ( ,egypt f ,islam4 ,yet x produc$ "o /range p]sonality & two sects1 /rang] ev5 ?an ! sect to :i* x itself ow$ its orig94 ,! p]sonality is t ( al-,hakim ,bi'amrillah1 :o /ill rema9s "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies t are to be met ) 9 hi/ory4 ,9 _m ways he rem9ds u curi\sly ( ! madness ( ! ,julian h\se2 &1 9 tru?1 su* a secret movem5t z t ( :i* he 0 a "p1 c>ri$ on ?r\gh g5]ations f fa!r to son1 c\ld n b leave a trace on ! bra94 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,khalifa ( ! "t 0 n always ( necessity ! head ( ! conspiracy1 or ev5 fully initiat$ into x4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,fatimid rule we f9d di/9ct traces ( su* a p[] beh9d ! ?rone1 consi/+1 z we may imag9e1 ( desc5dants & pupils ( ^? :o _h be5 fully initiat$ f ! fir/ & _h pass$ ?r\gh all ! grades4 ,9 ! case ( al-,hakim1 x is possible1 ev51 to trace1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! developm5t ( 8 initiation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( 8 reign he 0 fanatically ,muslim & ,%i#8ite4 ,he p]secut$ alt]nately ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,jews1 & !n ! or?odox & ! ,%i#8ites4 ,9 ! latt] "p1 !re 0 a *ange4 ,he _h1 app>5tly1 rea*$ a po9t ( philosophical indiff]5ce1 = ! p]secutions ( ,*ri/ians & ,jews ceas$1 & ^? :o _h be5 =c$ to embrace ,islam 7 p]mitt$ to relapse4 ,?is la/ 0 )\t p>allel1 till 9 #ahdd ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe wrung f ! ,porte ! concession t a ,muslim :o apo/atiz$ to ,*ri/ianity %\ld n be put to dea?4 ,b1 m+l$ ) ?is indiff]5ce1 !re appe>$ a /range b regul> developm5t ( ,%i#8ite doctr9e4 ,"s ( 8 foll[]s began to proclaim op5ly t ! deity 0 inc>nate 9 him1 & x 0 evid5t t he himself accept$ & believ$ ?is4 ,b ! ,egyptian populace w\ld h none ( x1 & ! too ra% innovators _h to flee4 ,"s w5t to ! ,lebanon & !re prea*$ to ! native m\nta9 tribes4 ,! results ( _! labors are ! ,druses ( to-day1 :o wor%ip al-,hakim /ill & expect 8 return to introduce ! end ( all ?+s4 ,f9ally1 al-,hakim vani%$ on ! night ( ,febru>y #ab1 ,a4,d4 #ajba1 & left a my/]y unread to ?is day4 ,:e!r he 0 murd]$1 & if s :y1 or vani%$ ( free-w1 & if s aga9 :y1 we h no means ( tell+4 ,our guess w dep5d ^u our read+ ( 8 "*4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t he 0 a rul] ( ! autocratic type1 :o introduc$ _m re=ms1 mo/ ( :i* ! p ( 8 "t c\ld n 9 ! lea/ und]/& & !re=e misrepres5t$ z ! m]e :ims ( a tyrant1 & _m ( :i*1 f our ignorance1 are /ill obscure to u4 ,if we c imag9e su* a man ( /rong p]sonality & desire = ! good ( 8 p b ) a t\* ( madness 9 ! bra91 ca/ ?us 9 ! mid/ betwe5 8 or?odox subjects & a :olly unbeliev+ inn] gov]nm5t1 we %all p]haps h ! clew to ! /range /ories told ( him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,assass9s ,ano!r product ( ?is conspiracy1 & ! la/ to :i* we %all ref]1 is ! sect kn[n z ! ,assass9s1 ^: ,gr& ,ma/] 0 a "n ( t]ror to ! ,crusad]s z ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta94 ,x1 too1 0 f\nd$1 & app>5tly = a purpose ( p]sonal v5geance1 by a ,p]sian :o began z a ,%i#8ite & end$ z no?+4 ,he came to ,egypt1 /udi$ "u ! ,fatimids--!y _h e/abli%$ at ,cairo a great s*ool ( sci5ce--& return$ to ,p]sia z _! ag5t to c>ry on _! propag&a4 ,8 me?ods 7 ! same z !irs1 ) a diff]5ce4 ,t 0 ! r$uction ( assass9ation to a f9e art4 ,f 8 eagle's ne/ ( ,alamut--su* is ! mean+ ( ! "n--& lat] f ,masyaf 9 ! ,lebanon & o!r m\nta9 =tresses1 he & 8 successors spread t]ror ?r\gh ,p]sia & ,syria & 7 only f9ally /amp$ out by ! ,mongol flood "u ,hulagu 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,hijra 7! #ac? ,a4,d474 ,( ! sect !re are /ill scatt]$ remnants 9 ,syria & ,india1 & z late z #ahff an ,engli% judge at ,bombay _h to decide a case ( disput$ succession accord+ to ! law ( ! ,assass9s4 ,f9ally1 ! ,fatimid dyna/y itself fell be=e ! ,kurd1 ,salah ad-,d91 ! ,salad9 ( our annals1 & ,egypt 0 aga9 or?odox4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! problem ( ! ,abbasids2 ! ,h\se ( ,b>mak2 ! crumbl+ ( ! empire2 ! ,prtorians ( ,baghdad2 ! ,buwayhids2 ! situation ( ! ,khalifa "u !m2 ! ,saljuqs2 ! possibilities ( developm5t "u !m2 ! ,mongols & ! ,abbasid end2 ! ,egyptian ,abbasids2 ! ,ottoman ,sultans1 _! heirs2 !ory ( ! ,khalifate2 ! mod]n situation2 ! signs ( sov]eignty = ,muslims2 five gr\nds ( ! claim ( ! ,ottoman ,sultan2 ! consequ5ces = ! ,sultan2 o!r ,muslim con/itutions2 ! ,%i#8ites2 ! ,ibadites2 ! ,wahhabites2 ! ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,crumbl+ ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,we mu/ n[ return to ! ,abbasids1 ^: empire we left crumbl+ away4 ,x 0 a %rewd /roke ( policy on ! "p ( its f\nd] to put ! new capital1 ,baghdad1 on ! ,tigris1 "r betwe5 ,p]sia1 ,syria & ,arabia4 ,= ! only hope ( p]man5ce to ! empire lay 9 weld+ ^! into a unity4 ,= a %ort "t1 9 ! h&s ( ! fir/ vigor\s rul]s1 &1 especially1 dur+ fifty ye>s ( guidance by ! ,h\se ( ,b>mak--,p]sians :o flung 9 _! lot ) ! ,abbasids & 7 _! /ay till ! madness ( ,h>un ar-,ra%id ca/ !m d[n--?is seem$ to be succe$+2 b1 j z ! empire ( ,*>lemagne melt$ "u 8 sons1 s did ! empire ( al-,mansur & al-,ma'mun4 ,! ,b$awi tribes fell back into ! des]t & to ! free *aos ( ! old pre-,islamic life4 ,z ! great philosophical hi/orian1 ,ibn ,khaldun1 has rem>k$1 ! ,arabs by _! nature are incapable ( f\nd+ an empire except :5 unit$ by religi\s en?usiasm1 & are ( all peoples lea/ capable ( gov]n+ an empire :5 f\nd$4 ,aft] ! fir/ ,abbasids1 x is a fatal error to view ! ,muslim dyna/ies z ,arab or to speak ( ! ,muslim civilization z ,arabian4 ,! conqu]$ peoples ov]came _! conqu]ors4 ,p]sian nationalism reass]t$ itself & 9 native indep5d5t dyna/ies flung (f ! ,arab yoke4 ,^! dyna/ies 7 mo/ly ,%i#8ite2 ,%i#8ism1 9 great "p1 is ! revolt ( ! ,aryan aga9/ ,semitic mono!ism4 ,! process 9 all ?is 0 gradual b c]ta94 ,gov]nors ( prov9ces revolt$ & became semi-indep5d5t4 ,sometimes !y ackn[l$g$ a %ad[y sov]eignty ( ! ,khalifa1 by hav+ 8 "n on _! co9s & 9 ! ,friday pray]s2 sometimes !y did n4 ,at o!r times !y 71 or claim$ to be1 ,alids1 & :5 ,alids revolt$1 !y revolt$ absolutely4 ,) !m1 x 0 a "q ( consci5ce4 ,at la/1 n ev5 9 8 own ,city ( ,peace or 9 8 own palace 0 ! ,khalifa ma/]4 ,z 9 ,rome1 s 9 ,baghdad1 a body-gu>d ( m]c5>ies assum$ control & _! lead] 0 de facto rul]4 ,lat]1 f ,a4,h4 #cbj to #ddg 7,a4,d4 #icb-ajee71 ! ,sunnite ,khalifa f\nd himself ! w>d & puppet ( ! ,%i#8ite ,buwayhids4 ,baghdad itself !y held f #ccd4 ,b /ill1 a curi\s spiritual value--we _c call x au?ority--0 left to ! %ad[y successors ( ,muhammad4 ,muslim pr9ces ev5 9 f>-(f ,india did n feel q safe ^u _! ?rones unless !y _h be5 solemnly inve/$ by ! ,khalifa & giv5 _! fitt+ title4 ,^? v rul]s 9 ^: p[] ! ,khalifa's life lay s\ght sanction f him = _! rule4 ,at "o "t !re seem$ to be "s hope t ! fatal unity ( !ocratical ,islam w\ld be brok5 & t a dualism ) promise ( developm5t ?r\gh conflict--su* z ! rivalry betwe5 ,pope & ,emp]or :i* kept ,europe alive & prev5t$ bo? ,/ate & ,*ur* f fall+ into decrepit decay--might gr[ up2 t ! ,khalifa might become a purely spiritual rul] ) functions ( 8 own1 rul+ ) mutual subord9ation & co-ord9ate jurisdiction beside a temporal ,sultan4 ,! ,buwayhids 7 ,%i#8ites & m]ely tol]at$1 = /ate reasons1 ! impieties ( ! ,sunnite ,khalifas4 ,b 9 #ddg 7,a4,d4 #ajee71 ,tughril ,beg1 ! ,saljuq1 ent]$ ,baghdad1 0 proclaim$ ,sultan ( ! ,muslims & fre$ ! ,khalifa f ! ,%i#8ite yoke4 ,by #dgj1 all we/]n ,asia1 f ! bord]s ( ,afghani/an to ^? ( ,egypt & ! ,greek ,empire1 7 ,saljuq4 ,) ! ,saljuq ,sultan z ,emp]or & ! ,khalifa z ,pope1 !re 0 a *ance t ! ,muslim ,/ate might ent] on a /age ( heal?y gr[? ?r\gh conflict4 ,b t 0 n to be4 ,nei!r ,/ate nor ,*ur* rose to ! great opportunity & ! exp]im5t 0 f9ally & =ev] cut (f by ! ,mongol flood4 ,:5 ! next great ,sultanate--t ( ! ,ottoman ,turks--arose1 x ga!r$ into its h&s ! re9s ( ! ,khalifate z well4 ,?is is :at might h be5 9 ,islam1 built on actual hi/ory 9 ,europe4 ,! situation t did arise 9 ,islam may become m cle> to u if we c imag9e t 9 ,europe ! va/ plans ( ,gregory ,,vii4 _h be5 c>ri$ out & ! ,pope _h become ! temporal z well z ! spiritual head ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,su* a situation w\ld h be5 simil> to t 9 ! _w ( ,islam at its e>lie/ "t dur+ "s few ye>s "u ! dyna/y ( ! ,umayyads1 :5 ! "o temporal & spiritual sov]eign rul$ f ,sam>q& to ,spa94 ,!n we c imag9e h[ ! va/ fabric ( su* an imp]ial sy/em broke d[n by its own weight4 ,"u conflict+ claims ( legitimacy1 an anti-,pope arose & ! great s*ism began4 ,!reaft] ! process ( dis9tegration 0 /ill m rapid4 ,prov9ces rose 9 insurrection & dropp$ away f ea* rival ,pope4 ,k+doms grew up & ! sov]eigns ov] !m pr(ess$ !mselves to be ! lieut5ants ( ! supreme ,pontiff & s\ght inve/iture f him4 ,la/1 ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* itself--all t 0 left to x--came "u ! rule ( "s "o ( ^! pr9ces & ! ,pope 01 to all int5ts1 a prison] 9 8 own palace4 ,yet ! sov]eignty ( ! ,khalifa 0 n simply a legal fiction1 any m ?an t ( ! ,pope w\ld h be5 9 ! p>allel j sket*$4 ,! ,muslim pr9ces ?\ght x well to seek spiritual recognition f him1 j z ,napoleon ,i4 f\nd x prud5t to h himself cr[n$ by ,pius ,,vii4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sov]eignty ,,( ,,khalifate ,b a wave 0 soon to break 9 & sweep away all ^! =ms4 ,x came ) ! ,mongols "u ,hulagu1 :o pass$ f ! de/ruction ( ! ,assass9s to ! de/ruction ( ,baghdad & ! ,khalifate4 ,9 ,a4,h4 #fef 7,a4,d4 #abeh71 ! city 0 tak5 & ! end ( ! ,abbasids _h come4 ,an uncle ( ! reign+ ,khalifa escap$ & fl$ to ,egypt1 :]e ! ,mamluk ,sultan receiv$ him & gave him a spiritual c\rt & ecclesia/ical recognition4 ,he f\nd x good to h a ,khalifa ( 8 own to use 9 any "q ( legitimacy4 ,! "n _h yet s mu* value4 ,f9ally1 9 #aeag1 ! ,mamluk rule w5t d[n be=e ! ,ottoman ,turks1 & ! /ory told by !m is t ! la/ ,abbasid1 :5 he di$ 9 #aech1 gave ov] 8 rights to _! ,sultan1 ,sulayman ! ,great4 ,s9ce !n1 ! ,ottoman ,sultan ( ,con/ant9ople has claim$ to be ! ,khalifa ( ,muhammad & ! spiritual head ( ! ,muslim _w4 ,su* 7 ! fates ( ! ,comm&]s ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,we h trac$ !m ?r\gh a long & devi\s c\rse1 full ( confusions & complications4 ,leav+ aside ! legitimi/ p>ty1 ! :ole may be summ$ 9 a ^w4 ,! !oretical position 0 t ! ,imam1 or lead]1 mu/ be elect$ by ! ,muslim community1 & t position has nev]1 !oretically1 be5 ab&on$4 ,ea* new ,ottoman sov]eign is solemnly elect$ by ! ,ulama1 or canon lawy]s & div9es ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,8 temporal sov]eignty comes by blood2 9 be/[+ ?is spiritual sov]eignty ! ,ulama act z repres5tatives ( ! ,p ( ,muhammad4 ,?us ! !oretical position 0 liable to mu* modification 9 practice4 ,! ,muslim community resolves itself into ! p ( ! capital2 /ill fur!r1 into ! body-gu>d ( ! dead ,khalifa2 &1 f9ally1 z n[1 into ! peculi> cu/odians ( ! ,fai?4 ,among ! ,ibadites ! position f ! fir/ seems to h be5 t only ^? le>n$ 9 ! law %\ld act z electors4 ,along ) ?is1 ! doctr9e develop$ t x 0 ! duty ( ! p to recognize un fait accompli & to d homage to a successful usurp]--until ano!r m successful %\ld appe>4 ,!y _h le>n$ t x 0 bett] to h a bad rul] ?an no rul] at all4 ,?is 0 ! end ( ! democracy ( ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,,con/itutional ,,"q ,,( ,,to-,,day ,f9ally1 x may be well to give "s acc\nt ( ! con/itutional "q z x exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,sultans ( ,islam is und\bt$ly ! ,emp]or ( ,india4 ,"u 8 rule are f> m ,muslims ?an fall to any o!r4 ,b ! !ory ( ! ,muslim ,/ate nev] contemplat$ ! possibility ( ,muslims liv+ "u ! rule ( an unbeliev]4 ,= !m1 ! _w is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! "o is ,d> al-,islam1 abode ( ,islam2 & ! o!r is ,d> al-h>b1 abode ( w>4 ,9 ! end1 ,d> al-h>b mu/ disappe> into ,d> al-,islam & ! :ole _w be ,muslim4 ,^! names indicate ) suffici5t cle>ness :at ! ,muslim attitude is t[>d non-,muslims4 ,x is /ill a moot po9t among canon lawy]s1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,jihad1 or holy w>1 may be made1 unprovok$1 ^u any ,d> al-h>b4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 !re mu/ be a reasonable prospect ( success to ju/ify any su* movem5t2 ! lives ( ,muslims mu/ n be ?r[n away4 ,fur!r1 ! necessity ( ! case--9 ,india1 especially--has br\ght up ! doctr9e t any c\ntry 9 :i* ! peculi> usages ( ,islam are protect$ & its injunctions--ev5 "s ( !m--foll[$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ,d> al-,islam & t ,jihad )9 its bord]s is =bidd54 ,we may d\bt1 h[ev]1 if ?is doctr9e w\ld hold back ! ,indian ,muslims to any ext5t if a good opportunity = a ,jihad really pres5t$ itself4 ,! ,%i#8ites1 x may be rem>k$1 _c ent] ^u a ,jihad at all until ! ,hidd5 ,imam returns & leads _! armies4 ,sid5ote3 ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,khalifate ,aga9 ! two signs ( sov]eignty = ,muslims are t ! "n ( ! sov]eign %\ld be on ! co9age & t he %\ld be pray$ = 9 ! ,friday s]mon 7khutba74 ,9 ,india1 ! cu/om seems to be to pray = 8! rul] ( ! age0 )\t "n2 !n ea* wor%ipp] c apply x z he *ooses4 ,b !re has crept 9 a cu/om 9 a few mosques ( pray+ = ! ,ottoman ,sultan z ! ,khalifa2 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t busies itself little ) ^! ?+s until compell$1 & ! cu/om w d\btless spread4 ,! ,ottoman ,sultan is c]ta9ly next greate/ to ! ,emp]or ( ,india & w\ld seem1 z a ,muslim rul+ ,muslims1 to h an unassailable position4 ,b 9 8 case also difficult & ambigu\s con/itutional que/ions c be rais$4 ,he has claim$ ! ,khalifate1 z we h se51 s9ce #aech1 b ! claim is a %aky "o & br+s awkw>d responsibilities4 ,z /at$ at ! pres5t day1 x has five gr\nds4 ,fir/1 de facto "r2 ! ,ottoman ,sultan won 8 title by ! sword & holds x by ! sword4 ,second1 election2 ?is =m has be5 already describ$4 ,?ird1 nom9ation by ! la/ ,abbasid ,khalifa ( ,egypt2 s ,abu ,bakr nom9at$ ,um> to succe$ him1 & prec$5t is ev]y?+ 9 ,islam4 ,f\r?1 possession & gu>dian%ip ( ! two ,h>ams1 or ,sacr$ ,cities1 ,mecca & al-,mad9a4 ,fif?1 possession ( "s relics ( ! ,prophet sav$ f ! sack ( ,baghdad & deliv]$ to ,sultan ,salim1 on 8 conque/ ( ,egypt1 by ! la/ ,abbasid4 ,b ^! all %att] aga9/ ! fix$ fact t absolutely accept$ traditions f ! ,prophet ass]t t ! ,khalifa mu/ be ( ! family ( ,quray%2 s long z !re are two left ( t tribe1 "o mu/ be ,khalifa & ! o!r 8 help]4 ,/ill1 "h1 z ev]y:]e1 ! pr9cipal ( ,ijma1 ,agreem5t ( ! ,muslim p1 7see p4 #aje7 comes 9 & mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,^! v traditions are probably an expression 9 concrete =m ( popul> agreem5t4 ,! ,khalifate itself is confess$ly bas$ ^u agreem5t4 ,! canon lawy]s /ate ! case ?us3 ,! ,imamites & ,isma#8ilians hold t ! appo9tm5t ( a lead] is incumb5t ^u ,god4 ,!re is only ! diff]5ce t ! ,imamites say t a lead] is necess>y 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! laws unimpair$1 :ile ! ,isma#8ilians reg>d him z ess5tial 9 ord] to give in/ruction ab\t ,god4 ,! ,kh>ijites1 on ! o!r h&1 recognize no fundam5tal ne$ ( an ,imam2 he is only all[able4 ,"s ( !m held t he %\ld be appo9t$ 9 "t ( public tr\ble to d away ) ! tr\ble1 ?us a k9d ( dictator2 o!rs1 9 "t ( peace1 because only !n c ! p agree4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites & ! ,zaydites held t x 0 = man to appo9t1 b t ! necessity 0 bas$ on reason2 m5 ne$$ su* a lead]4 ,yet "s ,mu#8tazilites taught t ! basis 0 p>tly reason & p>tly ob$i5ce to tradition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sunnites hold t ! appo9tm5t ( an ,imam is incumb5t ^u m5 & t ! basis is ob$i5ce to ! tradition ( ! ,agreem5t ( ! ,muslim _w f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! community ( ,islam may h disput$ ov] ! individual to be appo9t$1 b !y nev] d\bt$ t ! ma9t5ance ( ! fai? 9 its purity requir$ a lead]1 & t x 01 !re=e1 incumb5t on m5 to appo9t "o4 ,! basis is ,ijma1 ,agreem5t1 n ,scripture or tradition f ,muhammad or analogy bas$ on ^! two4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t ! de facto gr\nd to ! claim ( ! ,ottoman ,sultan is ! be/4 ,! ,muslim community mu/ h a lead]2 ?is is ! greate/ ,muslim rul+ ,muslims2 he claims ! lead]%ip & holds x4 ,if ! ,engli% rule 7 to become ,muslim1 ! ,muslims w\ld rally to x4 ,! gr\nd ( election am\nts to no?+1 ! nom9ation to little m1 except = antiqu>ians2 ! possession ( ! ,prophetic relics is a s5tim5t t w\ld h weight ) ! cr[d only2 no canon lawy] w\ld s]i\sly urge x4 ,! gu>dian%ip ( ! two ,h>ams is prec>i\s4 ,a ,turki% rev]se 9 ,syria w\ld )draw e ,turki% soldi] f ,arabia & ! great ,%>if families ( ,mecca1 all ( ! blood ( ! ,prophet1 w\ld proclaim a ,khalifa f among !mselves4 ,at pres5t1 only ! ,turki% g>rison holds !m 9 *eck4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pan-,,islamism ,b a ,khalifa has responsibilities4 ,he absolutely _c become a con/itutional mon>* 9 our s5se4 ,he rules "u law--div9e law--& ! p c depose him if he breaks x2 b he _c set up beside himself a con/itutional assembly & give x rights aga9/ himself4 ,he is ! successor ( ,muhammad & mu/ rule1 )9 limitations1 z an absolute mon>*4 ,s impossible is ! mod]n ,khalifate1 & s gigantic are its responsibilities4 ,! millions ( ,*9ese ,muslims look to him & all ,muslims ( c5tral ,asia2 ! ,muslims ( ,india :o are n ,%i#8ite also look to him4 ,s1 too1 9 ,africa & :]ev] 9 ! _w ! ,p ( ,muhammad h gone1 _! eyes turn to ! ,bosphorus & ! ,great ,sultan4 ,?is is :at has be5 call$ ! mod]n ,pan-,islamic movem5t2 x is a mod]n fact4 ,! position ( ! o!r ,muslim sects we h already se54 ,( ,%i#8ite rul]s1 !re are ! ,imamites 9 ,p]sia2 scatt]$ ,zaydites /ill 9 s\? ,arabia & fugitive 9 ,africa2 /range secret bodies ( ,isma#8ilians--,druses1 ,nusayrites1 ,assass9s--/ill hold+ _! own 9 m\nta9 recesses1 =gott5 by ! _w2 olde/ ( all1 ! ,%>ifs ( ,morocco1 :o are ,sunnites & ant$ate all !ological diff]5ces1 hold+ only by ! blood ( ! ,prophet4 ,at ,zanzib>1 ,uman & ! ,mzab 9 ,alg]ia are ! desc5dants ( ! ,kh>ijites4 ,probably1 some:]e or o!r1 !re are "s fossiliz$ desc5dants ( e sect t has ev] aris51 ei!r to tr\ble ! peace ( ,islam or to save x f s*ola/ic decrepitude & dea?4 ,insurrections & h]esies h _! own uses4 ,x only rema9s to make m5tion ( two mod]n movem5ts :i* h deeply affect$ ! ,islam ( to-day4 ,! ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 notic$ above1 /rives z mu* z any?+ to br+ ! ,muslim _w into clos] t\* ) ! sci5ce & ?\ght ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 rally+ all ! ,muslim peoples at ! same "t r\nd ! ,ottoman ,sultan z _! spiritual head & hold+ fa/ by ! k]nel ( ,islam4 ,x is a re=m movem5t ^: tr5d is =w>d4 ,! o!r two1 to :i* we n[ come1 are re=m movem5ts also1 b _! tr5d is backw>d4 ,!y look to ! good old days ( e>ly ,islam & try to re/ore !m4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! ,wahhabites1 s call$ f ,muhammad ibn ,abd al-,wahhab 7,slave ( ! ,b\ntiful71 its f\nd]1 a native ( ,najd 9 c5tral ,arabia1 :o di$ 9 #aghg4 ,8 aim 0 to br+ ,islam back to its primitive purity & to d away ) all ! usages & beliefs :i* _h aris5 to cl\d its absolute mono!ism4 ,b attempts at re=mation 9 ,islam h nev] l$ to any?+ b ! f\nd+ ( new dyna/ies4 ,!y may beg9 ) a sa9tly re=m]1 b 9 ! fir/ or ! second g5]ation !re is sure to come ! conqu]+ disciple2 religion & rule g toge!r1 & he :o m$dles ) ! "o mu/ next grasp at ! o!r4 ,! ?ird /age is ! ext9ction ( ! new dyna/y & ! vani%+ ( its p>ty into a m or less secret sect1 ! vitality ( :i* is aga9 direct$ into religi\s *annels4 ,! ,wahhabites 7 no exception4 ,_! rule ext5d$ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,r$ ,sea1 t\*$ al-,yaman & ,hadramawt & includ$ "s di/ricts ( ! ,pa%alik ( ,baghdad4 ,t 0 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b n[1 aft] _m dyna/ic *anges1 ! rule ( ! ,wahhabites prop] has almo/ ceas$1 al?\gh ! ,turks h n ga9$ any new foot+ 9 ,najd4 ,!re1 a native ,arab dyna/y has sprung up :i* is free f ,turki% control 9 e respect1 & has its seat 9 ,ha'il4 ,b ! zeal ( ! ,wahhabites gave an impulse to re=m 9 ! g5]al body ( ,muslims :i* is n yet1 by any means1 ext9ct4 ,especially 9 ,india1 _! views h be5 widely spread by mission>ies1 & at "o "t !re 0 grave fe> ( a ,wahhabite insurrection4 ,b dead p>ties 9 ,islam seldom rise aga91 & ! life ( ,wahhabism has pass$ into ! ,muslim ,*ur* z a :ole4 ,politically x has fail$1 b ! _s ( re=m rema9s & has und\bt$ly influ5c$ ! second re=m movem5t to :i* we n[ come4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bro!rhood ,,( ,,z-,,sanusi ,t is ! ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi1 f\nd$ 9 #ahcg by ,muhammad ibn ,ali z-,sanusi 9 ord] to re=m & spread ! fai?4 ,! t5d5cy to organize has always be5 /rong among ,ori5tals1 & 9 ,islam itself !re h ris51 z we h se51 f ! e>lie/ times1 secret societies = conspiracy & insurrection4 ,b ap>t f ^! dubi\s organizations1 religi\s feel+ has also express$ itself 9 bro!rhoods closely correspond+ to ! mona/ic ord]s ( ,europe1 except t !y 71 & are1 self-gov]n+ & "u no relations b ^? ( s5tim5t to ! head ( ! ,muslim ,fai?4 ,r1 ^! ord]s ( d>wi%es h be5 incl9$ t[>d h]esies ( a my/ical & pan!i/ic type m ?an t[>d ! developm5t & support ( ! sev]ely s*ola/ic !ology ( or?odox ,islam4 ,?is is a side ( ,muhammadanism ) :i* we %all h to deal 9 "s detail h]eaft]4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is en\gh to say t ! ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi is "o ( ! ord]s ( d>wi%es1 b di/+ui%$ f all its pr$ecessors 9 its sev]ely re=m+ & puritanic "*4 ,x has tak5 up ! task ( ! ,wahhabites & is work+ out ! same problem 9 a r diff]5t way4 ,its pr9ciples are ( ! /ricte/ mono!ism2 all usages & ideas t d n accord ) _! views ( ! exact lett] ( ! ,qur'an are prohibit$4 ,! pres5t head ( ! ,bro!rhood1 ! son ( ! f\nd]1 :o himself di$ 9 #ahei1 claims to be ! ,mahdi & has e/abli%$ a !ocratic /ate at ,j>abub1 9 ! ea/]n ,sah>a1 betwe5 ,egypt & ,tripolis4 ,! "m h\se ( ! ord] is !re1 & f x mission>ies h gone out & e/abli%$ o!r h\ses ?r\gh\t all nor? ,africa & ,morocco & f> into ! int]ior4 ,! ,head himself has ( late retreat$ f>!r into ! des]t4 ,!re is also an important c5tre at ,mecca1 :]e ! pilgrims & ! ,b$awis are initiat$ into ! ord] 9 great numb]s4 ,f ,mecca ^! bre?r5 return to _! homes all ov] ! ,muslim _w1 & ! ord] is said to be especially popul> 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,future ,s !re has sprung up 9 ,islam1 9 trem5d\s ramifications1 an imp]ium 9 imp]io4 ,all ! bre?r5 9 all ! degrees--=1 j z 9 ! mona/ic ord]s ( ,europe1 !re are active memb]s & lay memb]s--rev]5ce & pay bl9d ob$i5ce to ! ,head 9 8 inaccessible oasis 9 ! ,african des]t4 ,!re he works t[>d ! end1 & !re c be little d\bt :at t end w be4 ,soon] or lat] ,europe--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,engl& 9 ,egypt & ,france 9 ,alg]ia--w h to face ! bur/+ ( ?is /orm4 ,= ?is ,mahdi is diff]5t f him ( ,kh>tum & ! s\!rn ,sudan 9 t he kn[s h[ to rule & wait2 = ye>s he has ga!r$ arms & munitions1 & tra9$ m5 = ! great ,jihad4 ,:5 8 plans are ready & 8 "t is come1 a new *apt] w be op5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam1 a *apt] :i* w ca/ into =getfulness ev5 ! rec5t volcanic outbur/ 9 ,*9a4 ,x w !n be = ! ,ottoman ,sultan ( ! "t to %[ :at he & 8 ,khalifate are wor?4 ,he w h to decide :e!r he w ?r[ 9 8 lot ) a ,mahdi ( ! old ,islam & ! dream ( a ,muslim mill5nium1 or boldly turn to new ?+s & c>ry ! ,successor%ip & ! ,p ( ,muhammad to jo9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,,"p ,,ii ,developm5t ( ,jurisprud5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,! scope ( jurisprud5ce among ,muslims2 ! e>lie/ elem5ts 9 x1 ,arab cu/om1 ,jewi% law1 p]sonality ( ,muhammad2 8 attitude t[>d law2 elem5ts aft] dea? ( ,muhammad2 ,qur'an1 ,usage ( ! ,prophet1 common law ( al-,mad9a2 conception ( ,sunna be=e ,muhammad & aft]2 traditions & _! transmission2 traditions 9 book =m2 influ5ce ( ,umayyads2 =g]y ( traditions2 ! ,muwatta ( ,malik ibn ,anas2 ! ,musnad ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal2 ! musannafs2 al-,bukh>i2 ,muslim2 ,ibn ,maja2 at-,tirmidhi2 an-,nasa'i2 al-,baghawi2 ! problem ( ! ,muslim lawy]s2 _! s\rces2 ,roman law2 ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,responsa prud5tium2 ,op9ion 9 ,islam2 ! ,law ( ,nature or ,equity 9 ,islam2 i/ihsan2 i/islah2 ,analogy2 ! patri>*al p]iod 9 ,islam2 ! ,umayyad p]iod2 ! gr[? ( ! canon law4 ,9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ,muslim jurisprud5ce few ( ! difficulties are enc\nt]$ :i* surr\nd$ ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e :5 he fir/ exam9$ ! orig9s & hi/ory ( ,european law4 ,we d n ne$ to pu% our rese>*es back to ! primitive family1 nor to "w our way ?r\gh p]iods ( c5turies guid$ by ! m]e/ fragm5ts ( docum5ts & h9ts ( usage4 ,our subject 0 born 9 ! light ( hi/ory2 x ran its c\rse 9 a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s & has left at e important po9t au?oritative evid5ces ( its :5ce1 its h[1 & its :i!r4 ,our difficulties are diff]5t1 b suffici5tly great4 ,%ortly1 !y are two4 ,! mass ( mat]ial is ov]p[]+2 ! /rang5ess ( ! ideas involv$ is p]plex+4 ,! weal? ( mat]ial w become pla91 to "s ext5t at lea/1 z ! hi/ory is trac$2 b = ! /rang5ess ( ! cont5ts1 ( ! arrangem5t & ! atmosph]e ( ^! codes "s prep>ation mu/ be giv5 f ! outset4 ,h[1 inde$1 c we meet a legal code :i* kn[s no di/9ction ( p]sonal or public1 ( civil or crim9al law2 :i* prescribes & describes ! use ( ! too?pick & decides :5 a w$d+ invitation may be decl9$1 :i* ent]s into ! m9ute/ & mo/ unsavory details ( family life & lays d[n rules ( religi\s retreat8 ,is x by "s subtle connection ( ?\ght t ! *apt] on oa?s & v[s foll[s imm$iately t on horse-rac+1 & a section on ! build+ l9e on a /reet is ins]t$ 9 a *apt] on bankruptcy & composition8 ,"o ?+1 at lea/1 is abundantly cle>4 ,muslim law1 9 ! mo/ absolute s5se1 fits ! old def9ition1 & is ! sci5ce ( all ?+s1 human & div9e4 ,x tells :at we mu/ r5d] to ,cs> & :at to ,god1 :at to ourselves1 & :at to our fell[s4 ,! b\nds ( ! ,platonic def9ition ( r5d]+ to ea* man 8 due x utt]ly %att]s4 ,:ile ,muslim !ology def9es ev]y?+ t a man %all believe ( ?+s 9 heav5 & 9 e>? & b5ea? ! e>?--& ?is is no flat rhetoric--,muslim law prescribes ev]y?+ t a man %all d to ,god1 to 8 neighbor1 & to himself4 ,x takes all duty = its portion & def9es all action 9 t]ms ( duty4 ,no?+ c escape ! n>r[ me%es ( its net4 ,"o ( ! greate/ legi/s ( ,islam nev] ate a wat]melon because he c\ld n f9d t ! usage ( ! ,prophet _h laid d[n & sanction$ a canonical me?od ( do+ s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,scope ,,( ,,muslim ,,law ,x w1 !re=e1 be well = ! /ud5t to "w ?r\gh ! sket* ( a code ( ,muslim law :i* is ins]t$ 9 ,app5dix ,i4 ,"o has be5 *os5 :i* belongs to ! s*ool ( a%-,%afi#8i because ( its g5]al accessibility4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :at is giv5 is ! m]e/ table ( cont5ts4 ,! /&>d ,arabic comm5t>y on ! book ext5ds to eight hundr$ & elev5 closely pr9t$ qu>to pages4 ,ev5 a m]e read+ ( ?is table ( cont5ts1 h[ev]1 w %[ 9 h[ diff]5t a sph]e ( ?\ght f ours ,muslim law moves & lives4 ,b we mu/ return to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 to ! egg f :i* ?is trem5d\s sy/em 0 hat*$4 ,! "m-city ( ,islam 0 ! little t[n ( ,ya?rib1 call$ ,mad9at an-,nabi1 ! ,city ( ! ,prophet1 or1 %ortly1 al-,mad9a1 ev] s9ce ! ,hijra or ,migration ( ,muhammad to x 9 ! ye> #fbb ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,"h ! fir/ ,muslim /ate 0 f\nd$1 & ! g]m9al pr9ciples ( ,muslim jurisprud5ce fix$4 ,bo? /ate & jurisprud5ce 7 ! result ( ! int]-work+ ( ! same highly complicat$ causes4 ,! f]m5ts 9 ! case may be classifi$ & describ$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 9 ! t[n itself be=e ! appe>ance ( ,muhammad on its little /age--little1 b s mom5t\s = ! future--!re 7 two p>ties1 (t5 at w>1 (t5] at peace4 ,!re 0 a g5u9e ,arab elem5t & !re 0 a l>ge settlem5t ( ,jews4 ,to ! ,arabs any conception ( law 0 utt]ly =eign4 ,an ,arab tribe has no con/itution2 its sy/em is "o ( individualism2 ! s+le man is a sov]eign & no writ c lie aga9/ him2 ! tribe c ca/ him =? f its mid/2 x _c o!rwise co]ce him4 ,s /&s ! case n[ 9 ! des]t1 & s x 0 !n4 ,"s slight hold !re might be on ! tribe ?r\gh ! fe> ( ! tribal ,god1 b on ! individual ,arab1 always a some:at cynical sceptic1 t hold 0 ( ! slighte/4 ,fur!r1 ! av5g+ ( a brok5 oa? 0 left to ! ,god t _h witness$ ! oa?2 if he did n c>e to "r 8 cli5t1 no "o else w\ld int]f]e4 ,!re 0 cu/om>y law1 und\bt$ly1 b x 0 protect$ by no sanction & en=c$ by no au?ority4 ,if bo? p>ties *ose to invoke x1 well2 if n1 nei!r _h any?+ to fe> b ! ang] ( 8 oppon5t4 ,t law ( cu/om we %all f9d aga9 appe>+ 9 ! sy/em ( ,islam1 b !re x w be back$ by ! sanction ( ! wra? ( ,god work+ ?r\gh ! au?ority ( ! /ate4 ,! ,jewi% elem5t 0 9 a diff]5t case4 ,!y may h be5 ,jewi% immigrants1 !y may h be5 ,jewi% proselytes--_m ,arab tribes1 we "k1 _h gone ov] bodily to ,judaism--b _! lives 7 rul$ & guid$ by ,jewi% law4 ,to ! primitive & div9e legislation on ,s9ai !re 0 an imm5se accretion by legal fiction & by usage2 ! ,roman codes _h left _! m>k & ! cu/om>y law ( ! des]t z well4 ,all ?is 0 work+ 9 ! life ( ! t[n :5 ,muhammad & 8 little b& ( fugitives f ,mecca ent]$ x4 ,be+ ,meccans1 !y mu/ h br\ght ) !m ! m develop$ legal ideas ( t trad+ c5tre2 b ^! 7 ( comp>atively little acc\nt 9 ! scale4 ,! new & dom9at+ elem5t 0 ! p]sonality ( ,muhammad himself4 ,8 contribution 0 legislation pure & simple1 ! only legislation t has ev] be5 9 ,islam4 ,till 8 dea?1 t5 ye>s lat]1 he rul$ 8 community z an absolute mon>*1 z a prophet 9 8 own "r4 ,he sat 9 ! gate & judg$ ! p4 ,he _h no ne$ ( a code1 = 8 own w 0 en\gh4 ,he foll[$ ! cu/om>y law ( ! t[n1 z x has be5 describ$ above1 :5 x suit$ him1 & :5 he judg$ t x 0 be/4 ,if n1 he left x & !re 0 a revelation4 ,s ! legislative "p ( ! ,qur'an grew out ( su* scraps s5t d[n out ( heav5 to meet ! ne$s ( ! squabbles & que/ions ( ! t[nsfolk ( al-,mad9a4 ,! sy/em 0 "o ( pure opportunism2 b ( :at body ( legislation c t n be said8 ,( c\rse1 on ! "o h&1 n all decisions 7 back$ by a revelation1 & ,muhammad seems1 on ! o!r1 to h made a few attempts to deal sy/ematically ) c]ta9 /&+ & con/antly recurr+ problems--su*1 = example1 z ! conflict+ claims ( heirs 9 an e/ate1 & ! :ole complicat$ "q ( divorce--b 9 g5]al1 ! position holds t ,muhammad z a lawy] liv$ f h& to m\?4 ,he did n draw up any twelve tables or t5 comm&m5ts1 or code1 or dige/2 he 0 !re & ! p c\ld come & ask him que/ions :5 !y *ose1 & t 0 en\gh4 ,! conception ( a r\nd$ & complete sy/em :i* w meet any case & to :i* all cases mu/ be adju/$ by legal fiction or equity1 ! conception :i* we owe to ! g5ius & exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman lawy]s1 0 =eign to 8 ?\ght4 ,f "t to "t he got into difficulties4 ,a revelation prov$ too wide or too n>r[1 or left out "s important possibility4 ,!n !re came ano!r to supplem5t or correct1 or ev5 to set ! fir/ q aside--,muhammad _h no scruples ab\t progressive revelation z appli$ to himself4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ^! int]pretive acts1 z we may call !m1 _m flat contradictions h come into ! ,qur'an & h prov$ ! delight ( g5]ations ( ,muslim jurisconsults4 ,sid5ote3 ,,muhammad ,,z ,a ,,legislator ,su*1 !n1 0 ! /ate ( ?+s legal 9 al-,mad9a dur+ ! t5 ye>s ( ,muhammad's rule !re until 8 dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #fcb4 ,( law !re 01 /rictly speak+1 none4 ,9 8 decisions1 ,muhammad c\ld foll[ c]ta9ly ! cu/om>y law ( ! t[n2 b to d s !re 0 no necessity ^u him o!r ?an prud5ce1 = 8 au?ority 0 absolute4 ,yet ev5 ) su* au?ority & su* fre$om1 8 task 0 a h>d "o4 ,! ,jews1 ! native ,arabs ( al-,mad9a1 & 8 fell[ fugitives f ,mecca liv$ 9 m or less ( friction4 ,he _h to see to x t 8 decisions did n br+ t friction to ! po9t ( ?r[+ ! :ole community into a flame4 ,! ,jews1 x is true1 7 soon elim9at$1 b ! influ5ce ( _! law la/$ 9 ! cu/om>y law ( ! t[n long aft] !y !mselves _h become insignificant4 ,/ill1 ) all ?is1 ! suitor be=e ,muhammad _h no c]ta9ty on :at basis 8 claims w\ld be judg$2 :e!r x w\ld be ! old law ( ! t[n1 or a r\gh equity bas$ on ,muhammad's own ideas1 or a special revelation ad hoc4 ,s f>1 !n1 we may be said to h ! ?ree elem5ts--common law1 equity1 legislation4 ,legal fiction we %all meet lat]2 ,muhammad _h no ne$ ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,qur',,an2 ,,usage ,,( ,,muhammad ,b ) ! dea? ( ,muhammad 9 ,a4,d4 #fcb ! situation 0 completely *ang$4 ,we c n[ speak ( ,muslim law2 legislation plays no long] any "p2 ! process ( collect+1 arrang+1 correlat+1 & develop+ has begun4 ,consid] ! situation z x mu/ h pres5t$ itself to "o ( ! imm$iate successors ( ,muhammad1 z he sat 9 8 place & judg$ ! p4 ,:5 a case came up = decision1 !re 7 sev]al s\rces f :i* a law 9 po9t might be drawn4 ,fir/ among !m 0 ! ,qur'an4 ,x _h be5 collect$ f ! fragm5t>y /ate 9 :i* ,muhammad _h left x by ,abu ,bakr1 8 second ,khalifa1 "s two ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,aga91 "s t5 ye>s lat]1 x 0 revis$ & giv5 =? 9 a f9al public rec5sion by ,u?man1 ! ?ird ,khalifa4 ,?is 0 ! absolute ^w ( ,god--?\ghts & language--& /ood &1 9 !ory1 /ill /&s fir/ ( all s\rces = !ology & law4 ,if x conta9$ a law cle>ly apply+ to ! case 9 h&1 !re 0 no m to be said2 div9e legislation _h settl$ ! matt]4 ,if n1 rec\rse 0 next _h to ! decisions ( ! ,prophet4 ,_h a simil> "o come be=e him1 & h[ _h he rul$8 ,if ! memories ( ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet1 ! ,sahibs1 c\ld adduce no?+ simil> f "o ( 8 decisions1 !n ! judge _h to look fur!r = an au?ority4 ,b ! decisions ( ,muhammad _h be5 _m1 ! memories ( 8 ,companions 7 capaci\s1 & possess$ fur!r1 z we mu/ recognize ) regret1 a con/ructive p[] t help$ ! e>ly judges ( ,islam out ( _m close corn]s4 ,b if tradition ev5--true or false--f9ally fail$1 !n ! judge fell back on ! common law ( al-,mad9a1 t cu/om>y law already m5tion$4 ,:5 t1 too1 fail$1 ! la/ rec\rse 0 _h to ! common-s5se ( ! judge--r\ghly1 :at we w\ld call equity4 ,at ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 ( ,muslim law1 x _h ! foll[+ s\rces--legislation1 ! usage ( ,muhammad1 ! usage ( al-,mad9a1 equity4 ,naturally1 z "t w5t on & ! figure ( ! f\nd] drew back & became m obscure & m v5]at$1 equity fell gradually into disuse2 a clos] se>* 0 made = decisions ( t f\nd] :i* c\ld 9 any way be press$ into s]vice2 a me?od ( analogy1 closely alli$ to legal fiction1 0 built up to assi/ 9 ?is1 & ! developm5t ( ,muslim jurisprud5ce z a sy/em & a sci5ce 0 fairly begun4 ,fur!r1 9 lat] times1 ! decisions ( ! fir/ f\r ,khalifas & ! agreem5t 7ijma7 ( ! imm$iate ,companions ( ,muhammad came to assume an importance only second to t ( ,muhammad himself4 ,lat] /ill1 z a result ( ?is1 ! op9ion grew up t a g5]al agreem5t ( ! jurisconsults ( any p>ticul> "t 0 to be reg>d$ z a legitimate s\rce ( law4 ,b we mu/ return to consid] our subject m broadly & 9 ano!r field4 ,sid5ote3 ,,legal ,,classes ,,( ,,actions ,! fact has already be5 br\ght out t ! sph]e ( law is mu* wid] 9 ,islam ?an x has ev] be5 ) u4 ,by x all ! m9ute/ acts ( a ,muslim are gu>d$4 ,europe1 also1 pass$ ?r\gh a /age simil> to ?is 9 its sumptu>y laws2 & ! t5d5cy t[>d inquisitorial legislation /ill exi/s 9 ,am]ica1 b n ev5 ! mo/ m$ivally m9d$ ,am]ican ,we/]n ,/ate has v5tur$ to put ^u its /atute-book regulations z to ! use ( ! too?pick & ! wa%-clo?4 ,?us1 ! ,muslim conception ( law is s wide z to rea* ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,a ,muslim is told by 8 code n only :at is requir$ "u p5alty1 b also :at is ei!r recomm5d$ or dislik$ ?\gh )\t rew>d or p5alty be+ involv$4 ,he may c]ta9ly consult 8 lawy]1 to le>n h[ ne> ! w9d he c sail )\t unpleasant consequ5ces2 b he may also consult him z 8 spiritual director ) reg>d to ! relative praisewor?9ess or blamewor?9ess ( classes ( actions ( :i* our law takes no cognizance4 ,9 consequ5ce1 actions are divid$ by ,muslim canon lawy]s 7faqihs7 into five classes4 ,fir/1 necess>y 7f>d or wajib72 a duty ! omission ( :i* is puni%$1 ! do+ rew>d$4 ,secondly1 recomm5d$ 7m&ub or mu/ahabb72 ! do+ is rew>d$1 b ! omission is n puni%$4 ,?irdly1 p]mitt$ 7ja'iz or mubah72 legally indiff]5t4 ,f\r?ly1 dislik$ 7makruh72 disapprov$ by ! law1 b n "u p5alty4 ,fif?ly1 =bidd5 7h>am72 an action puni%able by law4 ,all ?is be+ s1 x w be easily und]/ood t ! record ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,prophet1 ( ! little details ( 8 life & conv]sation1 came to assume a high importance4 ,mu* ( t 0 too petty ev] to rea* expression 9 ! great dige/s ( law2 n ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s fix] ( life by rule & l9e w\ld condemn 8 fell[-religioni/ because he pref]r$ to c>ry a diff]5t k9d ( walk+-/ick f t approv$ by ! ,prophet1 or f\nd x fitt+ to arrange 8 hair 9 a diff]5t way4 ,b /ill1 all pi\s ,muslims paid att5tion to su* ?+s1 & f5c$ _! lives ab\t ) ! /ricte/ ,prophetic prec$5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sunna2 ,,hadi? ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !re e>ly arose 9 ,islam a class ( /ud5ts :o made x _! bus9ess to inve/igate & h& d[n ! m9ute/ details z to ! habits ( ,muhammad4 ,?is 0 a sep>ate ?+ f ! /udy ( law1 al?\gh fat$ to be ev5tually connect$ ) x4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,jahiliya--! p]iod be=e ,islam1 v>i\sly expla9$ z ! ignorance or z ! rud5ess1 unciviliz$ness--x _h be5 a fix$ trait ( ! ,arab m9d to hold closely to old pa?s4 ,an inh]5t cons]vatism canoniz$ ! sunna--cu/om1 usage--( ! anci5ts2 any /epp+ aside f x 0 a bid#8a--innovation--& _h to w9 its way by its m]its1 9 ! tee? ( /rong prejudice4 ,) ! com+ ( ,muhammad & ! prea*+ ( ,islam1 ?is ance/ral sunna _h 9 great "p to yield4 ,b ! temp] ( ! ,arab m9d rema9$ firm1 & ! sunna ( ,muhammad took its place4 ,pi\s ,muslims did n say1 8,su* 0 ! usage ( our fa!rs1 & x is m9e20 b1 8,i foll[ ! usage ( ! ,prophet ( ,god40 ,!n1 j z ! old sunna ( ! hea!n times _h express$ itself ?r\gh ! /ories ( great w>riors1 ( _! battles & loves2 ?r\gh anecdotes ( wise m51 & _! ke5 & eloqu5t words2 s x 0 ) ! sunna ( ! "o man1 ,muhammad4 ,:at he said1 & :at he did2 :at he refra9$ f do+2 :at he gave quasi-approval to by sil5ce2 all 0 pass$ on 9 rapidly increas+1 pregnant little n>ratives4 ,fir/1 8 imm$iate ,companions w\ld note1 ei!r by committ+ to memory or to a writt5 record1 8 utt]ances & table-talk g5]ally4 ,we h evid5ce ( sev]al su* ,boswells1 :o fix$ 8 words z !y fell4 ,lat]1 probably1 w\ld come notes ( 8 do+s & 8 cu/oms1 & ( all ! little & great happ5+s ( ! t[n4 ,above all1 a record 0 be+ ga!r$ ( all ! cases judg$ by him1 & ( 8 decisions2 ( all ! answ]s :i* he gave to =mal que/ions on religi\s life & fai?4 ,all ?is 0 jott$ d[n by ! ,companions on sahifas--odd %eets--j z !y _h done 9 ! ,ignorance ) ! prov]bs ( ! wise & _! d>k say+s4 ,! records ( say+s 7 call$ hadi?s2 ! re/1 z a :ole1 sunna--cu/om1 = its details 0 us$ ! plural1 sunan--cu/oms4 ,at fir/1 ea* man _h 8 own collection 9 memory or 9 writ+4 ,!n1 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,prophet & :5 8 fir/ ,companions 7 dropp+ (f1 ^! collections 7 pass$ on to o!rs ( ! second g5]ation4 ,& s ! *a9 ran on & 9 "t a tradition came to consi/ =mally ( two ?+s--! text or matt] 7matn7 s h&$ on1 & ! succession 7isnad7 ov] ^: lips x _h pass$4 ,a said1 8,!re n>rat$ to me ,b1 say+1 #8,!re n>rat$ to me ,c1 say+1'0 s f> ! isnad1 until ! la/ l9k came1 & ! matn1 ! ,prophet ( ,god said1 8,"s ( my injunctions abrogate o!rs10 or 8,! ,jann 7 creat$ ( a smokeless flame10 or :atev] x might be4 ,:at has j be5 said sugge/s t x 0 at fir/ indiff]5t :e!r traditions 7 pres]v$ orally or 9 writ+4 ,t is true ( ! fir/ g5]ation2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ at ! same "t1 t ! actual pass+ on 0 oral2 ! writ+ m]ely aid$ ! memory to hold t :i* 0 already le>n$4 ,b ) "t1 & c]ta9ly by ! middle ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijra1 two oppos+ t5d5cies 9 ?is respect _h develop$4 ,_m cont9u$ to put _! tru/ 9 ! writt5 ^w1 & ev5 came to pass traditions on )\t any oral communication4 ,b = o!rs !re lay grave dang]s 9 ?is4 ,"o 0 evid5tly real4 ,! unhappy "* ( ! ,arabic script1 especially :5 writt5 )\t diacritical po9ts1 (t5 made x h>d1 if n practically impossible1 to und]/& su* %ort1 contextless texts z ! traditions4 ,a guide 0 necess>y to %[ h[ ! ^w %\ld be read1 & h[ und]/ood4 ,at ! pres5t "t a ,european s*ol> w sometimes be helpless be=e ev5 a fully vocaliz$ text1 & mu/ take refuge 9 native comm5t>ies or 9 t oral tradition1 if x /ill exi/s & he has access to x1 :i* supplies at lea/ a ?ird ( ! mean+ ( an ,arabic book4 ,/r5g!n+ ?is came !ological reasons4 ,! words ( ! ,prophet w\ld be pr(an$ if !y 7 9 a book4 ,or1 aga91 !y w\ld be too mu* honor$ & ! ,qur'an itself might be neglect$4 ,?is la/ fe> has be5 ju/ifi$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! ev5t4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 & _m m1 ! writ+ & transmitt+ 9 writ+ ( traditions came to be fi]cely oppos$2 & ! opposition cont9u$1 z a !ological ex]cise1 long aft] _m books ( traditions 7 9 exi/5ce1 & aft] ! oral transmission _h become ! m]e/ f>ce & _h ev5 frankly dropp$ out4 ,sid5ote3 ,,traditions ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,x is to ! =mation ( ^! books ( traditions1 or1 z we might say1 traditions 9 lit]ature1 t we mu/ n[ turn4 ,= long1 ! fragm5t>y sahifas & private collections made by sep>ate s*ol>s = _! own use suffic$4 ,books deal+ ) law 7fiqh7 7 writt5 be=e !re 7 any 9 t dep>tm5t ( lit]ature call$ hadi?4 ,! cause ( ?is is tol]ably pla94 ,law & treatises ( law 7 a necessity = ! public & ?us 7 enc\rag$ by ! /ate4 ,! /udy ( traditions1 on ! o!r h&1 0 less ess5tial & ( a m p]sonal & private nature4 ,fur!r1 "u ! dyna/y ( ! ,umayyads1 :o reign$ f ,a4,h4 #da to ,a4,h4 #acb1 !ological lit]ature 0 little enc\rag$4 ,!y 7 simple hea!n 9 all b "n1 & belong$1 & recogniz$ t !y belong$1 n to ,islam b to ! ,jahiliya4 ,= reasons ( /ate1 !y enc\rag$ & spread--also freely =g$ & enc\rag$ o!rs to =ge--su* traditions z 7 favorable to _! plans & to _! rule g5]ally4 ,?is 0 necess>y if !y 7 to c>ry ! body ( ! p ) !m4 ,b !y reg>d$ !mselves z k+s & n z ! heads ( ! ,muslim p4 ,?is same device has be5 us$ aft] !m by all ! cont5d+ factions ( ,islam4 ,ea* p>ty has s\ght sanction = its views by repres5t+ !m 9 traditions f ! ,prophet1 & ! ?+ has gone s f> t on almo/ e disput$ po9t !re are absolutely conflict+ prophetic utt]ances 9 circulation4 ,x has ev5 be5 held1 & ) "s ju/ification1 t ! entire body ( normative tradition at pres5t 9 exi/5ce 0 =g$ = a purpose4 ,) ?is attitude ( ! ,umayyads we %all h to deal at great] l5g? lat]4 ,x is suffici5t n[ to note t ! fir/ real appe>ance ( hadi? 9 lit]ature 0 9 ! ,muwatta ( ,malik ibn ,anas :o di$ 9 ,a4,h4 #agi4 ,yet ev5 ?is appe>ance is n s mu* ( hadi? = its own sake1 z ( usages be>+ ^u law & ( ! law t c be drawn f ^! usages4 ,! book is a corpus iuris n a corpus traditionum4 ,its object 0 n s mu* to sep>ate f ! mass ( traditions 9 circulation ^? :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z s\nd ( orig9 & to unite !m 9 a =mal collection1 z to build up a sy/em ( law bas$ p>tly on tradition4 ,! previ\s works deal+ ) law prop] _h be5 ( a speculative "*1 _h %[n mu* subjective reliance on _! own op9ion on ! "p ( ! writ]s & _h drawn little f ! sacr$ usage ( ! ,prophet & quot$ few ( 8 traditional say+s4 ,aga9/ t ! book ( ,malik 0 a prote/ & =m$ a l9k betwe5 su* law books pure & ! collections ( traditions pure ) :i* we n[ come to deal4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,musnads ,to ,malik ! matn1 or text1 ( a tradition _h be5 ! only ?+ ( importance4 ,to ! isnad1 or *a9 ( au?ority runn+ back to ! ,prophet1 he _h paid little att5tion4 ,he1 z we h se51 0 a lawy] & ga!r$ traditions1 n = _! own sake b to use !m 9 law4 ,to o!rs1 ! tradition 0 ! ?+1 & too mu* c>e c\ld n be giv5 to its details & its au!nticity4 ,& ! c>e 0 really call$ =4 ,) ! c\rse ( "t & ! gr[+ dem&1 ! supply ( traditions _h also gr[n until !re 0 no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( anyone t an enorm\s proportion 7 simple =g]ies4 ,to we$ out ! s\nd ones1 att5tion _h to be giv5 to ! isnad2 ! names ^u x _h to be exam9$2 ! fact ( _! hav+ be5 9 int]c\rse to be det]m9$2 ! possibility ( ! case 9 g5]al to be te/$4 ,?us !re 7 =m$ real collections ( suppos$ly s\nd traditions1 :i* 7 call$ ,musnads1 because ea* tradition 0 musnad--propp$1 support$--aga9/ ! ,companions f :om x proce$$4 ,9 accordance ) ?is also !y 7 arrang$ accord+ to ! ,companions4 ,aft] ! "n ( ! ,companion 7 giv5 all ! traditions lead+ back to him4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & greate/ ( ^! books 0 ! ,musnad ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 :o di$ ,a4,h4 #bda2 ( him m h]eaft]4 ,?is book has be5 pr9t$ rec5tly at ,cairo 9 six qu>to volumes ( #b1hhe pages & is said to conta9 ab\t ?irty ?\s& traditions go+ back to sev5 hundr$ ,companions4 ,b ano!r type ( tradition-book 0 gr[+ up1 less me*anical 9 arrangem5t4 ,x is ! ,musannaf1 ! arrang$1 classifi$--& 9 x ! traditions are arrang$ 9 *apt]s accord+ to _! subject matt]4 ,! fir/ ,musannaf to make a p]man5t m>k 0 ! ,sahih--s\nd--( al-,bukh>i1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,h4 #beg4 ,x is /ill extant & is ! mo/ respect$ ( all ! collections ( traditions4 ,! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t 9 x is legal2 t is1 ! traditions are classifi$ 9 ^! *apt]s s z to af=d bases = a complete sy/em ( jurisprud5ce4 ,al-,bukh>i 0 a /rong oppon5t ( speculative law & 8 book 0 ?us a prote/ aga9/ a t5d5cy :i*1 z we %all see lat]1 0 /rong 9 8 "t4 ,ano!r po9t 9 :i* al-,bukh>i made 8 influ5ce felt & ) great] effect1 0 increas$ sev]ity 9 ! te/+ ( traditions4 ,he e/abli%$ v /rict laws1 ?\gh ( a some:at me*anical k9d1 & 0 mo/ scrupul\s 9 apply+ !m4 ,8 book conta9s ab\t sev5 ?\s& traditions1 & he *ose ^?1 s at lea/ runs ! /ory1 out ( six hundr$ ?\s& :i* he f\nd 9 circulation4 ,! re/ 7 reject$ z fail+ to meet 8 te/s4 ,h[ f> ! =g]y ( traditions _h gone may be se5 f ! example ( ,ibn ,abi ,awja1 :o 0 execut$ 9 ,a4,h4 #aee1 & :o confess$ t he _h himself put into circulation f\r ?\s& t 7 false4 ,ano!r & a simil> ,sahih is t ( ,muslim1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,h4 #bfa4 ,he 0 n s m>k$ly juri/ic z al-,bukh>i4 ,8 object 0 r to purify ! mass ( exi/+ tradition f illegitimate accretions ?an to con/ruct a basis = a complete law code4 ,he has prefix$ a valuable introduction on ! sci5ce ( tradition g5]ally4 ,9 "s slight details 8 pr9ciple ( criticism diff]$ f t ( al-,bukh>i4 ,^! two collections1 call$ ! two ,sahihs--z-,sahihan--are te*nically jami#8s1 i4e4 !y conta9 all ! diff]5t classes ( traditions1 hi/orical1 e?ical1 dogmatic & legal4 ,!y h also come to be1 by common agreem5t1 ! two mo/ honor$ au?orities 9 ! ,muslim _w4 ,a believ] f9ds x h>d1 if n impossible1 to reject a tradition t is f\nd 9 bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,sunan ,b !re are f\r o!r collections :i* are call$ ,sunan--,usages--& :i* /& only second to ! two ,sahihs4 ,^! are by ,ibn ,maja 7d4 #cjc71 ,abu ,da'ud z-,siji/ani 7d4 #bge71 at-,tirmidhi 7d4 #bgi7 & an-,nasa'i 7d4 #cjc74 ,!y deal almo/ entirely ) legal traditions1 ^? t tell :at is p]mitt$ & :at is =bidd51 & d n convey in=mation on religi\s & !ological subjects4 ,!y are also mu* m l5i5t 9 _! criticisms ( dubi\s traditions4 ,to "w exclusion ) !m1 ! rejection ne$$ to be tol]ably unanim\s4 ,?is 0 requir$ by _! /&-po9t & endeavor1 :i* 0 to f9d a basis = all ! m9ute/ developm5ts & details ( jurisprud5ce1 civil & religi\s4 ,^! six books1 ! two ,sahihs & ! f\r ,sunans1 came to be reg>d$ 9 "t z ! pr9cipal & all-important s\rces = traditional sci5ce4 ,?is _h already come ab\t by ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 al?\gh ev5 aft] t voices ( unc]ta9ty cont9u$ to make !mselves he>d4 ,ibn ,maja seems to h be5 ! la/ to secure firm foot+1 b ev5 he is includ$ by al-,baghawi 7d4 #eaf7 9 8 ,masabih z-sunna1 an attempt$ epitome into "o book ( :at 0 valuable 9 all4 ,/ill1 long aft] t1 ,ibn ,khaldun1 ! great hi/orian 7d4 #hjh71 speaks ( five fundam5tal works2 & o!rs speak ( sev51 add+ ! ,muwatta ( ,malik to ! six above4 ,o!rs1 aga91 especially 9 ! ,we/1 ext5d$ ! numb] ( canonical works to t51 ?\gh ) v>y+ memb]s2 b all ^! mu/ be reg>d$ z m or less local1 tempor>y1 & individual ecc5tricities4 ,! position ( ! six /&s tol]ably firm4 ,s mu* x has be5 necess>y to int]polate & anticipate ) reg>d to ! /ud5ts ( tradition ^: int]e/ lay 9 ga!r+ up & pres]v+1 n 9 us+ & apply+4 ,f ! e>lie/ "t1 !n1 !re exi/$ ^! two classes 9 ! bosom ( ,islam1 /ud5ts ( tradition prop] & ( law prop]4 ,= long !y did n cla%2 b a collision 0 inevitable soon] or lat]4 ,yet1 if ! circle ( ! ,muslim horizon _h n wid5$ beyond ! little m>ket-t[n ( al-,mad9a1 t collision might h be5 long 9 com+4 ,its imm$iate causes 7 f )\t1 & are to be f\nd 9 ! wave ( conque/ t c>ri$ ,islam1 )9 ! c5tury1 to ,sam>q& beyond ! ,oxus & to ,t\rs 9 c5tral ,france4 ,consid] :at t wave ( conque/ 0 & meant4 ,)9 f\rte5 ye>s ( ! ,hijra1 ,damascus 0 tak51 & )9 sev5te5 ye>s1 all ,syria & ,mesopotamia4 ,by ! ye> #ba1 ! ,muslims held ,p]sia2 9 #da !y 7 at ,h]at1 & 9 #ef !y rea*$ ,sam>q&4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,egypt 0 tak5 9 ! ye> #bj2 b ! way ?r\gh nor!rn ,africa 0 long & h>d4 ,c>?age did n fall till #gd1 b ,spa9 0 conqu]$ ) ! fall ( ,tol$o 9 #ic4 ,x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #gcb1 ! ye> ( ! ,hijra #aad1 t ! wave at la/ 0 turn$ & ! m]cy ( ,t\rs 0 wr\ght by ,*>les ! ,hamm]2 b ! ,muslims /ill held ,n>bonne & raid$ 9 ,burgundy & ! ,dauph94 ,! weal? t fl[$ into ,arabia f ^! exp$itions 0 enorm\s2 money & slaves & luxuries ( e k9d w5t f> to trans=m ! old life ( h>dness & simplicity4 ,great e/ates grew up3 =tunes 7 made & lo/2 ! intricacies ( ! ,syrian & ,p]sian civilizations ov]came _! conqu]ors4 ,all ?is meant new legal conditions & problems4 ,! sy/em t _h suffic$ to gu>d ! "r to a few %eep or camels _h to be trans=m$ be=e x w\ld suffice to adju/ ! rights & claims ( a tribe ( millionnaires4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ^! exp$itions 7 only campaigns ( plund]4 ,) ! ,muslim armies ev]y:]e w5t law & ju/ice1 su* z x 04 ,juri/s accompani$ ea* army & 7 settl$ 9 ! great camp cities :i* 7 built to hold ! conqu]$ l&s4 ,al-,basra & al-,kufa & ,fu/at1 ! p>5t ( ,cairo1 owe _! orig9 to ?is1 & x 0 9 ^! new seats ( militant ,islam t speculative jurisprud5ce arose & m\ld$ ! ,muslim sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rise ,,( ,,speculative ,,jurisprud5ce ,! e>ly lawy]s _h mu* to d & mu* to le>n1 & x is to _! cr$it t !y recogniz$ bo? necessities4 ,muslim law is no product ( ! des]t or ( ! m9d ( ,muhammad1 z "s h said2 b r ( ! labor ( ^! m51 /ruggl+ ) a gigantic problem4 ,!y might h tak5 _! task mu* m easily ?an !y did2 !y might h liv$ z ,muhammad _h done1 f h& to m\?1 & h conceal$ _! own slo? by =ce & free inv5tion ( au?orities4 ,b !y recogniz$ _! responsibility to ,god & man & ! necessity ( build+ up a /able & complete means ( r5d]+ ju/ice4 ,^! armies ( ,muslims1 we mu/ rememb]1 7 n l ! hordes ( ,attila or ,*+is ,khan1 de/roy]s only4 ,! l&s !y conqu]$ 7 put to h>d tribute1 b x 0 "u a reign ( law4 ,!y recogniz$ frankly t x 0 = !m t ?is mighty empire exi/$2 b !y recogniz$ also t x c\ld cont9ue to exi/ only ) ord] & duty impos$ ^u all4 ,!y saw1 too1 h[ defici5t 0 _! own k & le>n$ will+ly ( ! p among :om !y _h come4 ,& "h1 a second "t1 ,roman law--! p>5t-law ( ! _w--made itself felt4 ,!re 7 s*ools ( t law 9 ,syria at ,cs>ea & ,beyr\t1 b we ne$ n imag9e t ! ,muslim juri/s /udi$ !re4 ,r1 x 0 ! practical s*ool ( ! c\rts z !y actually exi/$ :i* !y att5d$4 ,^! c\rts 7 p]mitt$ to cont9ue 9 exi/5ce till ,islam _h le>n$ f !m all t 0 ne$$4 ,we c /ill recognize c]ta9 pr9ciples t 7 s c>ri$ ov]4 ,t ! duty ( pro( lies ^u ! pla9tiff1 & ! "r ( def5d+ himself ) an oa? ^u ! def5dant2 ! doctr9e ( inv>iable cu/om & t ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( legal presumption4 ,^!1 z express$ 9 ,arabic1 are almo/ v]bal r5d]+s ( ! pregnant utt]ances ( ,lat9 law4 ,sid5ote3 ,,responsa ,,prud5tium2 ,,op9ion ,b mo/ important ( all 0 a lib]ty sugge/$ by t sy/em to ! ,muslim jurisconsults4 ,?is 0 ?r\gh ! "p play$ 9 ! old] s*ool by ! ,responsa ,prud5tium1 answ]s by prom95t lawy]s to que/ions put to !m by _! cli5ts1 9 :i* ! old] law ( ! ,twelve ,tables 0 exp\nd$1 exp&$1 & (t5 practically set aside by _! comm5ts4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e ?us /ates ! situation3 8,! au?ors ( ! new jurisprud5ce1 dur+ ! :ole progress ( its =mation1 pr(ess$ ! mo/ s$ul\s respect = ! lett] ( ! code4 ,!y 7 m]ely expla9+ x1 deciph]+ x1 br++ out its full mean+2 b !n1 9 ! result1 by plac+ texts toge!r1 by adju/+ ! law to /ates ( fact :i* actually pres5t$ !mselves1 & by speculat+ on its possible application to o!rs :i* might occur1 by introduc+ pr9ciples ( int]pretation d]iv$ f ! exegesis ( o!r writt5 docum5ts :i* fell "u _! obs]vation1 !y educ$ a va/ v>iety ( canons :i* _h nev] be5 dreamt ( by ! compil]s ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 & :i* 7 9 tru? r>ely or nev] to be f\nd !re40 ,all ?is precisely applies to ! developm5t ( law 9 ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,,equity2 ,,legal ,,fiction ,! "p ( ! ,twelve ,tables 0 tak5 by ! /atute law ( ! ,qur'an & ! case law d]iv$ f ! ,usage ( ,muhammad2 t ( ! ,roman ,iurisprud5tes by ^? speculative juri/s :o work$ mo/ly outside ( al-,mad9a 9 ! camp cities ( ,mesopotamia & ,syria--! v "n = lawy] 9 ,arabic1 faqih1 plural fuqaha1 is a translation ( prud5s1 prud5tes2 & t ( ! ,responsa1 ! answ]s1 by ! 8,op9ion0 :i* !y claim$ z a legitimate legal me?od & s\rce4 ,fur!r1 ! validity ( a g5]al agreem5t ( jurisconsults 8rem9ds u ( ! rescript ( ,hadrian1 :i* orda9s t1 if ! op9ions ( ! lic5s$ prud5tes all agre$1 su* common op9ion _h ! =ce ( /atute2 b if !y disagre$1 ! judge might foll[ :i* he *ose40 ,! ,arabic t]m1 ra'y1 "h r5d]$ ,op9ion1 has pass$ ?r\gh m>k$ vicissitudes ( usage4 ,9 old ,arabic1 be=e x1 9 ! view ( "s1 began to keep bad company1 x meant an op9ion t 0 ?\ghtful1 weigh$ & reasonable1 z oppos$ to a ha/y dictate ( ill-regulat$ passion4 ,9 t s5se x is us$ 9 a tradition--probably =g$--h&$ d[n f ,muhammad4 ,he 0 s5d+ a judge to take *>ge ( legal affairs 9 al-,yaman1 & ask$ him on :at he w\ld base 8 legal decisions4 8,on ! ,qur'an10 he repli$4 8,b if t conta9s no?+ to ! purpose80 8,!n ^u y\r usage40 8,b if t also fails y80 8,!n ,i w foll[ my own op9ion40 ,& ! ,prophet approv$ 8 purpose4 ,a simil> tradition goes back to ,um>1 ! fir/ ,khalifa1 & x1 too1 is probably a lat] =g]y1 writt5 to def5d ?is s\rce ( law4 ,b1 ) ! revolt aga9/ ! use ( ,op9ion1 to :i* we %all soon come1 ! t]m itself fell into grave disrepute & came to signify an unf\nd$ conclusion4 ,9 its extreme/ developm5t x w5t beyond ! ,responsa1 :i* pr(ess$ always to be 9 exact accord ) ! lett] ( ! old] law1 & atta9$ to be ,equity 9 ! /rict s5se2 t is1 ! rejection ( ! lett] ( ! law = a view suppos$ to be m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ju/ice itself4 ,?us1 ,equity1 9 ! ,engli% s5se1 is ! law adm9i/]$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y & claims1 9 ! words aga9 ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 to 8ov]ride ! old] jurisprud5ce ( ! c\ntry on ! /r5g? ( an intr9sic e?ical sup]iority40 ,9 ,roman law1 z introduc$ by ! edict ( ! ,prtor1 x 0 ! law ( ,nature1 8! "p ( law #8:i* natural reason appo9ts = all mank9d4'0 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,islam "u two =ms1 cov]$ by two te*nical t]ms4 ,! "o is t ! legi/1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! analogy ( ! fix$ code cle>ly po9ts to "o c\rse1 8consid]s x bett]0 7i/ihsan7 to foll[ a diff]5t "o2 & ! o!r is t1 "u ! same conditions1 he *ooses a free c\rse 8= ! sake ( g5]al b5efit to ! community0 7i/islah74 ,fur!r scope ( ,equity ,muslim law nev] rea*$1 & ! legitimacy ( ^! two developm5ts 01 z we %all see1 bitt]ly conte/$4 ,! fre$om ( op9ion1 ) its possibility ( a sy/em ( ,equity1 _h ev5tually to be giv5 up1 & all t 0 left 9 its place 0 a p]missibility ( analogical d$uction 7qiyas71 ! ne>e/ ?+ to :i* 9 ,we/]n law is ,legal ,fiction4 ,9 a ^w1 ! possibility ( developm5t by ,equity 0 lo/1 & ,legal ,fiction ent]$ 9 its place4 ,b ?is anticipates1 & we mu/ return to ! /rictly hi/orical movem5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,muhammad--! p]iod cov]$ by ! reigns ( ! f\r !ocratic rul]s :om ,islam /ill calls 8! ,f\r ,j1 or ,rightly ,guid$ ,khalifas0 7al-,khulafa ar-ra%idun7--! two tw9 /udies ( tradition 7hadi?7 & ( law 7fiqh7 7 fo/]$ & enc\rag$ by ! /ate4 ,! c5tre ( t /ate 0 /ill 9 al-,mad9a1 on gr\nd sacr$ ) ! memories ( ! ,prophet1 amid ! sc5es :]e he _h himself be5 "l & judge1 & "u ! conditions 9 :i* 8 life z rul] _h be5 ca/4 ,all ! s\rces1 except t ( div9e revelation1 :i* _h be5 op5 to him1 7 op5 to 8 successors & !y made full use ( all4 ,r\nd t "m-he>? ( ,islam 0 /ill ga!r$ ! great body ( ! imm$iate ,companions ( ,muhammad1 & !y =m$ a delib]ative or consult+ c\ncil to aid ! ,khalifa 9 8 task4 ,! ga!r+ ( tradition & ! develop+ ( law 7 vital functions2 !y 7 ! basis ( ! public life ( ! /ate4 ,?is patri>*al p]iod 9 ,muslim hi/ory is ! gold5 age ( ,islam4 ,x end$ ) ! dea? ( ,ali1 9 ! ye> #dj ( ! ,hijra1 & ! succession ( ,mu#8awiya 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 8,= ?irty ye>s10 runs a tradition f ! ,prophet1 8my ,p w tread 9 my ,pa? 7sunna72 !n w come k+s & pr9ces40 ,sid5ote3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,canon ,,law ,& s x 02 ,mu#8awiya 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,umayyad dyna/y & ) him & !m ,islam1 9 all b ! "n1 0 at an end4 ,he & !y 7 ,arab k+s ( ! old type t _h reign$ be=e ,muhammad at al-,hira & ,ghassan1 ^: w _h be5 _! law4 ,! capital ( ! new k+dom 0 ,damascus2 al-,mad9a became a place ( refuge1 a ,cave ( ,adullam1 = ! old ,muslim p>ty4 ,!re !y might sp9 !ories ( /ate & ( law1 & lam5t ! good old days2 s long z !re 0 no rebellion1 ! ,umayyads c>$ little = ^? ?+s or = ! m5 :o dreamt !m4 ,once1 ! ,umayyads 7 driv5 to capture & sack ! holy city1 a horror 9 ,islam to ?is day4 ,aft] t !re 0 peace1 ! peace ( ! accompli%$ fact4 ,?is is ! g5u9ely ,arab p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,x is a p]iod full ( color & light & life2 ( love & song1 battle & fea/+4 ,?\ght 0 free & conduct too4 ,! great !ologian ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ,john ( ,damascus1 held high (fice at ! ,umayyad c\rt1 & al-,akhtal1 a ,*ri/ian at lea/ 9 "n1 0 _! poet laureate4 ,x is true t ! /at$ s]vices ( religion 7 kept up & on e ,friday ! ,khalifa _h to ent]ta9 ! p by a display ( eloqu5ce & wit 9 ! weekly s]mon4 ,b ! old _w 0 dead & ! days ( its unity w\ld nev] come aga94 ,s all knew1 except ! irreconcilable p>ty1 ! la/ ( ! true ,muslims :o /ill haunt$ ! sacr$ soil ( al-,mad9a & labor$ 9 ! old pa?s4 ,!y ga!r$ ! traditions ( ! ,prophet2 !y regulat$ _! lives m & m /rictly by 8 usage2 !y gave gho/ly c\ncil to ! pi\s :o s\ght _! help2 !y labor$ to build up elaborate sy/ems ( law4 ,b x 0 all elaboration & hypo!tical purely4 ,!re 0 9 x no vitaliz+ =ce f practical life4 ,f ?is "t on ,muslim law has be5 m or less 9 ! position held by ! canon law ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 a c\ntry t w n recognize x yet d>es n utt]ly reject x4 ,! ,umayyads 7 /atesm5 & opportuni/s2 !y liv$1 9 legal ?+s1 z mu* f h& to m\? z ,muhammad _h done4 ,he cut all knots ) div9e legislation2 !y cut !m ) ! edge ( _! w4 ,"u !m1 z "u him1 a sy/em ( law 0 impossible4 ,b at ! same "t1 9 quiet & 9 secret1 ?is canon law ( ,islam 0 sl[ly gr[+ up1 sl[ly r\nd+ into full p]fection ( detail$ correlation4 ,x 0 gov]n+ absolutely ! private lives ( all ! good ,muslims t 7 left1 & ev5 ! godless ,umayyads1 z !y _h to prea* on ,fridays to ! ,p ( ,muhammad1 s !y _h to deal ) x cauti\sly & respectfully4 ,( ! names & lives ( ^! obscure juri/s little has rea*$ u & x is ne$less to give t little "h4 ,only ) ! f9al fall ( ! ,umayyads1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hijra #acb1 d we come into ! light & see ! diff]5t s*ools =m+ "u cle> & def9ite lead]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,abbasid revolution2 ! compromise2 ! problem ( ! ,abbasids2 ! two classes ( canon lawy]s & !ologians2 ! rise ( legal s*ools2 ,abu ,hanifa2 8 application ( ,legal ,fiction2 i/ihsan2 ! ,qadi ,abu ,yusuf2 ,muhammad ibn al-,hasan2 ,sufyan a?-,?awri2 al-,awza#8i2 ,malik ibn ,anas2 ! ,usage ( al-,mad9a2 i/islah2 ! doctr9e ( ,agreem5t2 ! beg9n+ ( controv]sy2 traditionali/s or hi/orical lawy]s v]sus rationali/s or philosophical lawy]s2 a%-,%afi#8i1 a m$iator & sy/ematiz]2 ! ,agreem5t ( ! ,muslim p a =mal s\rce2 8,my ,p w nev] agree 9 an error20 ! resultant f\r s\rces1 ,qur'an1 ,usage1 ,analogy1 ,agreem5t2 ! traditionali/ revolt2 ,da'ud az-,zahiri & lit]alism2 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal2 ! f\r abid+ s*ools2 ! ,agreem5t ( ,islam2 ! ,disagreem5t ( ,islam2 iur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri2 ! degrees ( au?ority2 ! canon & ! civil codes 9 ,islam2 _! respective sph]es2 di/ribution ( s*ools at pres5t day2 ,%i#8ite law2 ,ibadite law4 ,t great revolution :i* br\ght ! ,abbasid dyna/y to p[] seem$ at fir/ to ! pi\s !ologians & lawy]s to be a return ( ! old days4 ,!y dreamt ( ent]+ aga9 into _! rights2 t ! canon law w\ld be ! full law ( ! l&4 ,x 0 only sl[ly t _! eyes 7 op5$1 & _m gave up ! va9 conte/ & cont5t$ !mselves ) compromise4 ,?is _h be5 r>e "u ! ,umayyads2 ! "o or two canon lawy]s :o _h ?r[n 9 _! lot ) !m _h be5 m>k$ m54 ,az-,zuhri 7d4 #abd71 a man ( ! highe/ moral & !ological reputation :o play$ a v important "p 9 ! fir/ codify+ ( traditions1 0 "o ( ^!1 & ! lat] pi\s hi/orians h _h h>d "w to smoo? ov] 8 connection ) ! impi\s ,umayyads4 ,probably--x may be well to say "h--! /ories aga9/ ! ,umayyads h be5 mu* height5$ 9 color by _! lat] tell]s & also az-,zuhri1 be+ a man ( insight & /atesman%ip1 may h recogniz$ t _! rule 0 ! be/ *ance = peace 9 ! c\ntry4 ,muslims h come g5]ally to accept ! position t unbelief on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 if ! gov]nm5t is /rong & j1 is bett] ?an true belief & an>*y4 ,?is has f\nd expression1 z all su* ?+s d1 9 traditions put 9 ! m\? ( ! ,prophet4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,abbasids ,b :ile only a few canoni/s _h tak5 ! "p ( ! ,umayyads1 f> m accept$ ! favors ( ! ,abbasids1 took (fice "u !m & work$ 9 _! cause4 ,! ,abbasids1 too1 _h ne$ ( su* m54 ,x 0 practically ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! p t _h ov]?r[n ! ,umayyads & rais$ !m to p[]2 & t religi\s s5tim5t1 ?\gh x c\ld nev] be fully satisfi$1 mu/ yet be respect$ &1 m important /ill1 us$4 ,!re is a /rik+ p>allel betwe5 ! situation !n1 & t ( ,scotl& at ! ,revolution ,settlem5t ( #afhh4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/u>ts--t is1 ( ! worldly ,umayyads--_h be5 ov]?r[n4 ,! oppress$ ,*ur* ( ! ,cov5ant--t is1 ! old ,muslim p>ty--_h be5 fre$4 ,! /ate 0 to be settl$ ^u a new basis4 ,:at 0 t basis to be8 ,! ,cov5ant+ p>ty dem&$ ! recognition ( ! ,head%ip ( ,*ri/--t ! ,kirk %\ld rule ! /ate1 or %\ld be ! /ate1 & t all o!r religi\s views %\ld be put "u p5alty4 ,! old ,muslim p>ty look$ = simil> ?+s4 ,t religi\s life %\ld be purifi$2 t ! canon law %\ld be aga9 ! law ( ! /ate2 t ! con/itution ( ,um> %\ld be re/or$4 ,h[ ! ,cov5ant]s 7 disappo9t$1 h[ mu* !y got & h[ mu* !y fail$ to get1 ne$s no tell+ "h4 ,exactly 9 ! same way x befell ! old ,muslims4 ,! !ological re=mation 0 sweep+ & complete4 ,! fir/ ,abbasids 7 pi\s1 at lea/ outw>dly2 ! /ate 0 put ^u a pi\s foot+4 ,! canon law also 0 =mally re/or$1 b ) l>ge practical modifications4 ,canon lawy]s 7 receiv$ into ! s]vice ( ! /ate1 provid$ !y 7 adaptable en\gh4 ,impossible m5 _h no place "u ! ,abbasids2 _! (ficials mu/ be pliable & dext]\s1 = a new modus viv5di 0 to be f\nd4 ,! r\gh & ready ,umayyad cutt+ ( ! knot _h fail$2 ! turn _h n[ come = piety & dext]ity 9 twi/+ law4 ,! c\rt lawy]s le>n$ to drive a coa* & f\r ?r\gh any ( ! old /atutes1 & f\nd _! =tunes 9 _! bra9s4 ,s ! issue 0 bridg$4 ,b a l>ge p>ty ( malcont5ts 0 left1 & f ?is "t on 9 ,islam ! lawy]s & ! !ologians h divid$ into two classes1 ! "o admitt+1 z a matt] ( exp$i5cy1 ! au?ority ( ! p[]s ( ! "t & aid+ !m 9 _! task z rul]s2 ! o!r1 irreconcilable & unreconcil$1 d5\nc+ ! /ate z sunk 9 unbelief & deadly s9 & its lawy]s z traitors to ! cause ( religion4 ,to pursue our p>allel1 !y are repres5t$ 9 ,scotl& by a h&ful ( ,cov5ant+ congregations & 9 ,am]ica by ! mu* m num]\s & p[]ful ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4 ,x is a significant fact t ) ! lift+ ( ! ,umayyad pressure & ! enc\ragem5t ( legal /udies--su* z x 0--by ! ,abbasids1 def9ite & recogniz$ s*ools ( law began to =m4 ,:at _h s long be5 9 process 9 secret became public1 & its results cry/alliz$ "u c]ta9 prom95t tea*]s4 ,we w n[ take up ^! s*ools 9 ! ord] ( ! dea? dates ( _! f\nd]s2 we w e/abli% _! pr9ciples & trace _! hi/ories4 ,we %all f9d ! same conceptions recurr+ aga9 & aga9 :i* h already be5 br\ght out1 ,qur'an1 tradition 7hadi?71 agreem5t 7ijma71 op9ion 7ra'y71 analogy 7qiyas71 local usage 7urf71 pref]5ce 7i/ihsan71 9 ! tee? ( ! writt5 law--till at l5g?1 :5 ! battle is ov]1 ! s\rces w h limit$ !mselves to ! f\r :i* h surviv$ to ! pres5t day--,qur'an1 tradition1 agreem5t1 analogy4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ( ! six s*ools to be m5tion$1 f\r only w rema9 to ! pres5t "t1 b ^! ( equal rank & validity 9 ! eyes ( ! ,believ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abu ,,hanifa ,! ,abbasids came to p[] 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hijra #acb1 & 9 #aej di$ ,abu ,hanifa1 ! fir/ /ud5t & tea*] to leave beh9d him a sy/ematic body ( tea*+ & a mission>y s*ool ( pupils4 ,he 0 a ,p]sian by race1 & p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ example ( ! rule t ,muslim sci5ti/s & ?9k]s might write 9 ,arabic b 7 seldom ( ,arab blood4 ,he does n seem to h held (fice z a judge or to h practis$ law at all4 ,he 01 r1 an academic /ud5t1 a speculative or philosophical juri/ we might call him4 ,8 sy/em ( law1 !re=e1 0 n bas$ ^u ! exig5cies ( exp]i5ce2 x did n arise f an attempt to meet actual cases4 ,we might say ( x1 r1 b 9 a good s5se1 t x 0 a sy/em ( casui/ry1 an attempt to build up on sci5tific pr9ciples a set ( rules :i* w\ld answ] e conceivable "q ( law4 ,9 ! h&s ( "s ( 8 pupils1 :5 appli$ to actual facts1 x t5d$ to develop into casui/ry 9 a bad s5se2 b no *>ge ( p]v]t+ ju/ice = 8 own advantage seems to h be5 br\ght aga9/ ,abu ,hanifa himself4 ,8 *ief in/rum5ts 9 con/ruct+ 8 sy/em 7 op9ion & analogy4 ,he lean$ little ^u traditions ( ! usage ( ,muhammad1 b pref]r$ to take ! ,qur'anic texts & develop f !m 8 details4 ,b ! do+ ( ?is compell$ him to modify simple op9ion--equival5t to equity z we h se5--& limit x to analogy ( "s writt5 /atute 7nass74 ,he c\ld h>dly =sake a pla9 res iudicata ( ,muhammad1 & foll[ 8 own o!rwise unsupport$ views1 b he might *oose to d s if he c\ld base x on analogy f ! ,qur'an4 ,?us1 he came to use :at 0 practically legal fiction4 ,x is ! application ( an old law 9 "s s5se or way t 0 nev] dreamt ( by ! fir/ impos] ( ! law1 & :i* may1 9 fact1 run directly c\nt] to ! purpose ( ! law4 ,! fiction is t x is ! orig9al law t is be+ obs]v$1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re has come 9 its place an entirely diff]5t law4 ,s ,abu ,hanifa w\ld cont5d t he 0 foll[+ ! div9e legislation ( ! ,qur'an1 :ile 8 adv]s>ies cont5d$ t he 0 only foll[+ 8 own op9ion4 ,b if1 on ! "o h&1 he 0 ?us limit$ f equity to legal fiction1 on ano!r he develop$ a new pr9ciple ( ev5 great] fre$om4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! *anges :i* 7 ( necessity involv$ 9 ! new conditions ( ! c\ntries conqu]$ by ! ,muslims4 ,(t5 ! law ( ! des]t n only fail$ to apply to t[n & agricultural life2 x 0 ev5 directly mis*iev\s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 a consid]ation ( local conditions 0 e>ly accept$ z a pr9ciple1 b 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,^! 7 r$uc$ to def9it5ess by ,abu ,hanifa "u ! =mula ( 8hold+ = bett]0 7i/ihsan74 ,he w\ld say1 8,! analogy 9 ! case po9ts to su* & su* a rule1 b "u ! circum/ances ,i hold x = bett] to rule ?us & ?us40 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,qadi ,,abu ,,yusuf ,?is me?od1 z we %all see lat]1 0 vehem5tly attack$ by 8 oppon5ts1 z 0 8 sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,yet t sy/em by its philosophical p]fection--due to its !oretical orig9--& p]fection 9 detail--due to g5]ations ( practical work]s--has surviv$ all attack & c n[ be said to be ! lead+ "o ( ! f\r exi/+ s*ools4 ,no legal writ+s ( ,abu ,hanifa h rea*$ u1 nor does he seem to h1 himself1 ca/ 8 sy/em into a f9i%$ code4 ,t 0 done by 8 imm$iate pupils1 & especially by two1 ! ,qadi ,abu ,yusuf1 :o di$ 9 #ahb1 & ,muhammad ibn al-,hasan1 :o di$ 9 #ahi4 ,! fir/ 0 consult+ lawy] & *ief ,qadi to ! great ,khalifa ,h>un ar-,ra%id1 &1 if /ories c be believ$1 prov$ himself z complaisant ( consci5ce z a c\rt casui/ ne$ be4 ,innum]able are ! tales afloat ( 8 m9ute k ( legal subtleties & 8 f]tility ( device 9 apply+ !m to meet ! :ims ( 8 ma/]1 ,h>un4 ,"s ( !m h f\nd a re/+ place 9 t great mirror ( m$ival ,muslim life1 ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights2 ref]5ce may be made to ,night #bif4 ,?r\gh 8 influ5ce1 ! s*ool ( ,abu ,hanifa ga9$ an (ficial importance :i* x nev] !reaft] lo/4 ,he wrote = ,h>un a book :i* we h /ill1 on ! canon law z appli$ to ! rev5ues ( ! /ate1 a ?orny & almo/ impossible subject1 = ! canon law makes really no provision = ! necess>y funds ( ev5 a simple =m ( gov]nm5t & mu* less = su* an array ( palaces & (ficials z _h gr[n up ar\nd ! ,abbasids4 ,8 book is m>k$ by great piety 9 expression & by ability ( ! highe/ k9d 9 reconcil+ ! irreconcilable4 ,b all ! canon lawy]s did n fall 9 s easily ) ! new ways4 ,_m f\nd t only 9 asceticism1 9 r5unciation ( ! _w & engag+ 9 pi\s ex]cises 0 !re any *ance ( _! ma9ta9+ ! old /&>ds 9 a /ate t 0 = !m bas$ on oppression & robb]y4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,sufyan a?-,?awri1 a lawy] ( high repute1 :o n>r[ly miss$ f\nd+ a sep>ate s*ool ( law & :o di$ 9 #afa4 ,!re has come d[n to u a correspond5ce betwe5 him & ,h>un1 :i*1 ?\gh x _c possibly be g5u9e1 ?r[s mu* light on ! disappo9tm5t ( ! s9c]ely religi\s section4 ,h>un writes on 8 accession to ! ,khalifate 7#agj71 compla9+ t ,sufyan _h n visit$ him1 9 spite ( _! bond ( bro!rhood1 & (f]+ him weal? f ! public treasury4 ,sufyan repli$1 d5\nc+ su* use ( public funds & all ! o!r uses ( !m by ,h>un--_m en\gh--except ^? precisely laid d[n 9 ! codes4 ,on ! basis ( ^!1 ,h>un w\ld h _h to "w = 8 own liv+4 ,!re are also o!r d5unciations = crimes 9 ! rul] :i* he puni%$ 9 o!rs4 ,h>un is said to h kept ! lett] & wept ov] x at int]vals1 b no *ange ( life on 8 "p is record$4 ,app>5tly1 ) ! accession ( ! ,abbasids ascetic & my/ical ,islam made a great developm5t4 ,x became pla9 to ! pi\s t no man c\ld inh]it bo? ?is _w & ! next4 ,:ile ,abu ,hanifa 0 develop+ 8 sy/em 9 ,mesopotamia1 al-,awza#8i 0 work+ simil>ly 9 ,syria4 ,he 0 born at ,baalbec1 liv$ at ,damascus1 & at ,beyr\t :]e he di$ 9 #aeg4 ,( him & 8 tea*+ we "k comp>atively little4 ,b s f> x is cle> t he 0 n a speculative juri/ ( ! same type z ,abu ,hanifa1 b paid especial att5tion to traditions4 ,at "o "t 8 s*ool 0 foll[$ by ! ,muslims ( ,syria & ! entire ,we/ to ,morocco & ,spa94 ,b its day 0 a %ort "o4 ,! s*ool ( ,abu ,hanifa1 *ampion$ by ,abu ,yusuf ) 8 trem5d\s influ5ce z *ief ,qadi ( ! ,abbasid empire1 pu%$ x aside1 & at ! pres5t day x has no place except 9 hi/ory4 ,= u1 its int]e/ is t ( ano!r witness to ! e>ly rise & spread ( sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce outside ( ,arabia4 ,sid5ote3 ,,malik ,,ibn ,,anas ,9 ,a4,h4 #agi1 ?ree ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,abu ,yusuf & tw5ty-n9e aft] t ( ,abu ,hanifa1 !re di$ at al-,mad9a ! f\nd] & head ( an indep5d5t s*ool ( a v diff]5t type4 ,?is 0 ,malik ibn ,anas1 "u ^: h&s :at we may call1 = di/9ction1 ! hi/orical s*ool ( al-,mad9a took =m4 ,al-,mad9a1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! "m-city ( ,muslim law4 ,x 0 ! special home ( ! traditions ( ! ,prophet & ! sc5e ( 8 legislative & judicial life4 ,its pre-,islamic cu/om>y law _h be5 sanction$1 9 a s5se1 by 8 use4 ,x _h be5 ! capital ( ! /ate 9 its pure/ days4 ,f ! height ( all ^! privileges its traditioni/s & lawy]s look$ d[n ^u ! outsid]s & p>v5us :o _h begun to int]m$dle 9 sacr$ ?+s4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is s*ool 0 ( a rigid traditionism4 ,! case 0 q ! rev]se1 & 9 _m respects x is h>d to make a di/9ction betwe5 x & t ( ,abu ,hanifa4 ,its fir/ s\rce 01 ( necessity1 ! ,qur'an4 ,!n came ! usage ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is m]g$ into ! usage ( ! ,successors ( ! ,prophet & ! unwritt5 cu/om ( ! t[n4 ,x w be se5 t "h ! hi/orical weight ( ! place came to be>4 ,no o!r place1 no o!r community1 c\ld furni% t lat] tradition ) any?+ l ! same au?ority4 ,fur!r1 ,malik ibn ,anas 0 a practical juri/1 a work+ judge4 ,he 0 occupi$ 9 meet+ real cases f day to day4 ,:5 he sat 9 public & judg$ ! p1 or ) 8 pupils ar\nd him & exp\nd$ & develop$ ! law1 he c\ld look back ^u a l9e ( canon lawy]s :o _h sat 9 8 place & done z he 0 do+4 ,9 t lies ! great diff]5ce4 ,he 0 9 practical t\* ) actual life2 t 0 "o po9t2 &1 secondly1 he 0 9 ! direct l9e ( ! apo/olic succession1 & 9 ! precise environm5t ( ! ,prophet4 ,s :5 he w5t beyond ,qur'an1 prophetic usage1 agreem5t1 & gave out decisions on simple op9ion1 ! feel+ ( ! community ju/ifi$ him4 ,x 0 a diff]5t ?+ = ,malik ibn ,anas1 sitt+ !re 9 /ate 9 al-,mad9a1 to use 8 judgm5t1 ?an = "s quick-bra9$ vagabond ( a ,p]sian or ,syrian proselyte1 "s pauvre diable ) nei!r ki? nor k9 9 ! c\ntry1 to lay d[n pr9ciples ( law4 ,s ! pride ( ! city ( ! ,prophet di/+ui%$ betwe5 him & ,abu ,hanifa4 ,b ?\gh ! speculative elem5t 9 ! s*ool ( ,malik1 ap>t f its local & hi/orical environm5t1 :i* gave x unify+ weight1 0 ess5tially ! same z 9 ! s*ool ( ,abu ,hanifa1 yet x is true t at al-,mad9a x play$ a less important "p4 ,malik us$ tradition m copi\sly & took refuge 9 op9ion less frequ5tly4 ,)\t op9ion1 he c\ld n h built 8 sy/em2 b = him x 0 n s mu* a prim>y pr9ciple z a means ( escape4 ,yet "o pr9ciple ( great fre$om he did d]ive f x & lay d[n ) cle>ness2 x is ! conception ( ! public advantage 7i/islah74 ,:5 a rule w\ld "w g5]al injury x is to be set aside ev5 9 ! tee? ( a valid analogy4 ,?is1 x w be se51 is ne>ly ! same z ! pref]5ce ( ,abu ,hanifa4 ,! te*nical t]m i/islah1 *os5 by ,malik to express 8 idea1 0 probably int5d$ to di/+ui% x f t ( ,abu ,hanifa1 & also to sugge/ 9 ! public advantage 7maslaha7 a m valid basis ?an ! m]e pref]5ce ( ! legi/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,agreem5t ,ano!r conception :i* ,malik & 8 s*ool develop$ into great] exactitude & =ce 0 t ( ! agreem5t 7ijma74 ,x w be rememb]$ t f ! dea? ( ,muhammad all ! surviv+ ,companions resid5t 9 al-,mad9a =m$ a k9d ( consultive c\ncil to aid ! ,khalifa ) _! /ore ( tradition & exp]i5ce4 ,_! agreem5t on any po9t 0 f9al2 x 0 ! voice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! infallibility ( ! body ( ! believ]s develop$ 9 ,islam until at its wide/ x 0 practically ! same z ! canon ( ca?olic tru? =mulat$ by ,v9c5t ( ,l]9s1 ,quod ubique1 quod semp]1 quod ab omnibus4 ,b ,malik1 accord+ to ! usual view1 _h no int5tion ( grant+ any su* decid+ p[] to ! outside _w4 ,! _w = him 0 al-,mad9a & ! agreem5t ( al-,mad9a e/abli%$ ca?olic v]ity4 ,yet !re are n>ratives :i* sugge/ t he approv$ ! agreem5t & local usage ( al-,mad9a = al-,mad9a because !y suit$ al-,mad9a4 ,o!r places might also h _! local usages :i* suit$ !m bett]4 ,9 ! next s*ool we %all f9d ! pr9ciple ( agreem5t put ^u a broad] basis & grant$ great] weight4 ,f9ally1 ,malik is ! fir/ f\nd] ( a sy/em f :om a law book1 ! ,muwatta m5tion$ above1 has come d[n to u4 ,x is n 9 ! exact s5se1 a manual or code2 r a collection ( mat]ials = a code ) rem>ks by ! collector4 ,he gives ! traditions :i* seem to him ( juri/ic importance--ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ 9 all--arrang$ accord+ to subject1 & foll[s up ea* section1 :5 necess>y1 ) rem>ks ^u ! usage ( al-,mad9a1 & ^u 8 own view ( ! matt]4 ,:5 he _c f9d ei!r tradition or usage1 he evid5tly feels himself ( suffici5t au?ority to foll[ 8 own op9ion1 & lay d[n on t basis a b9d+ rule4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 is v diff]5t f all[+ o!r p1 outsid]s to al-,mad9a1 to d ! same ?+4 ,! s*ool f\nd$ by ,malik ibn ,anas on ^! pr9ciples is "o ( ! surviv+ f\r4 ,z t ( ,abu ,hanifa spread ea/w>d1 s t ( ,malik spread we/w>d1 & = a "t cru%$ out all o!rs4 ,! firm grip :i* x has especially ga9$ 9 we/]n ,nor? ,africa may be due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,idrisids ^: f\nd] _h to flee f al-,mad9a :5 ,malik 0 9 ! height ( 8 reputation !re1 & also to hatr$ ( ! ,abbasids :o *ampion$ ! s*ool ( ,abu ,hanifa4 ,b n[ we pass f simple developm5t to developm5t ?r\gh conflict4 ,op5 conflict1 s f> z !re _h be5 any1 _h cov]$ po9ts ( detail2 = example1 ! k9d ( op9ion pr(ess$ by ,abu ,hanifa1 on ! "o h&1 & by ,malik1 on ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! *iefe/ ( ! pupils ( ,abu ,hanifa1 ! ,muhammad ibn al-,hasan already m5tion$1 sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 /udy ) ,malik at al-,mad9a & f\nd no difficulty 9 ?us comb9+ 8 s*ools4 ,! conflict ( ! future 0 to be diff]5t & to t\* ! v basis ( ?+s4 ,! mutt]+ ( ! com+ /orm _h be5 he>d = long1 b x 0 n[ to bur/4 ,exact dates we _c give1 b ! reaction mu/ h be5 progress+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! life ( ,malik ibn ,anas4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hi/orical ,v4 ,,philosophical ,,lawy]s ,! di/9ction drawn above betwe5 traditioni/s & lawy]s w be rememb]$1 & ! promise ( future collision :i* always has come betwe5 hi/orical or empirical1 & speculative or philosophical /ud5ts ( sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! "o side po9ts to ! absurdities1 crudities1 & inadequacies ( a sy/em bas$ ^u tradition & develop+ by usage2 ! o!r says t we are n wise en\gh to rewrite ! laws ( our ance/ors4 ,^! urge a necessity2 ^? retort an inability4 ,add to ?is a belief on ! "p ( ! traditioni/s t !y 7 def5d+ a div9e in/itution & ! situation is complete z x n[ lay 9 ,islam4 ,! extreme "r said t law %\ld be bas$ on ,qur'an & tradition only2 ! extreme left1 t x 0 bett] to leave untru/wor?y & obscure traditions & "w out a sy/em ( rules by logic & ! necessities ( ! case4 ,to & fro betwe5 ^! two extremes sway$ ! conflict to :i* we n[ come4 ,9 t conflict ?ree names /& out3 a%-,%afi#8i :o di$ 9 #bjd1 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal :o di$ 9 #bda & ,da'ud az-,zahiri :o di$ 9 #bgj4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! fir/ ( ^!1 a%-,%afi#8i1 /ruck ! m$iat+ note & ! o!r two div]g$ fur!r & fur!r f ! via m$ia ?us %[n t[>d a blank traditionism4 ,a%-,%afi#8i is )\t "q "o ( ! greate/ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( law4 ,p]haps he _h n ! orig9ality & ke5ness ( ,abu ,hanifa2 b he _h a balance ( m9d & temp]1 a cle> vision & full grasp ( means & ends t enabl$ him to say :at prov$ to be ! la/ ^w 9 ! matt]4 ,aft] him came attempts to te> d[n2 b !y fail$4 ,! fabric ( ! ,muslim canon law /ood firm4 ,!re is a tradition f ! ,prophet t he promis$ t ) ! end ( e c5tury w\ld come a re/or] ( ! fai? ( 8 p4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 ! pi\s ,khalifa1 ,um> ibn ,abd al-,aziz1 :o by "s accid5t /ray$ 9 among ! ,umayyads4 ,at ! end ( ! second came a%-,%afi#8i4 ,8 "w 0 to m$iate & sy/ematize & bore especially on ! s\rces f :i* rules ( law might be drawn4 ,8 position on ! positive side may be /at$ z "o ( great rev]5ce = tradition4 8,if y ev] f9d a tradition f ! ,prophet say+ "o ?+10 he is report$ to h said1 8& a decision f me say+ ano!r ?+1 foll[ ! tradition40 ,an absolutely au!ntic--accord+ to ,muslim rules ( evid5ce--& cle> tradition f ! ,prophet he reg>d$ z ( equally div9e au?ority ) a passage 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,bo? 7 inspir$ utt]ances1 if slightly diff]5t 9 =m2 ! ,qur'an 0 v]bally inspir$2 su* traditions 7 inspir$ z to _! cont5t4 ,& if su* a tradition contradict$ a ,qur'anic passage & came aft] x 9 "t1 !n ! writt5 law ( ! ,qur'an 0 abrogat$ by ! oral law ( ! tradition4 ,b ?is involv$ grave difficulties4 ,! speculative juri/s _h def5d$ _! position f ! beg9n+ by po9t+ to ! _m contradictory traditions :i* 7 afloat1 & ask+ h[ ! h\se ( tradition c\ld /& :5 s divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,a means ( reconcil+ traditions _h to be f\nd1 & to ?is a%-,%afi#8i gave himself4 ,we ne$ n g ov] 8 me?ods "h2 !y 7 ! same t h always be5 us$ 9 su* em]g5cies4 ,! wor%ip ( ! lett] l$ to ! /ra9+ ( ! lett]1 & to expla9+ away ( ! lett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,agreem5t ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,b !re lay a rock 9 8 c\rse m dang]\s ?an any m]e contradiction 9 diff]+ traditions4 ,usages _h gr[n up & tak5 fa/ hold :i* 7 9 ! tee? ( all traditions4 ,^! usages 7 9 ! individual life1 9 ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 & 9 ! rules & decisions ( ! law c\rts4 ,! pi\s !ologian & lawy] might rage aga9/ !m z he *ose2 !y 7 !re1 firmly root$1 immovable4 ,!y 7 n arbitr>y *anges1 b _h come ab\t 9 ! process ( "t ?r\gh ! revolutions ( circum/ances & v>y+ conditions4 ,a%-,%afi#8i %[$ 8 greatness by recogniz+ ! inevitable & provid+ a rem$y4 ,?is lay 9 an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( agreem5t & ! erection ( x into a =mal s\rce4 ,:atev] ! community ( ,islam has agre$ ^u at any "t1 is ( ,god4 ,we h met ?is pr9ciple be=e1 b nev] c\*$ 9 s absolute & ca?olic a =m4 ,! agreem5t ( ! imm$iate ,companions ( ,muhammad _h weight ) 8 fir/ ,successors4 ,! agreem5t ( ^! fir/ ,companions & ( ! fir/ g5]ation aft] !m1 _h det]m9+ weight 9 ! e>ly *ur*4 ,! agreem5t ( al-,mad9a _h weight ) ,malik ibn ,anas4 ,! agreem5t ( _m div9es & legi/s always _h weight ( a k9d4 ,among lawy]s1 a pr9ciple1 to ! contr>y ( :i* ! memory ( man ran n1 _h be5 det]m9+4 ,b ?is 0 wid]1 & f ?is "t on ! unity ( ,islam 0 assur$4 ,! evid5t voice ( ! ,p ( ,muhammad 0 to be ! voice ( ,god4 ,yet ?is pr9ciple1 if full ( hope & value = ! future1 involv$ ! canoni/s ( ! "t 9 no small difficulties4 ,0 x conceivable t ! agreem5t c\ld ov]ride ! usage ( ! ,prophet8 ,evid5tly n4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 !y argu$1 once h exi/$ "s tradition to ! same effect z ! agreem5t1 al?\gh x _h n[ be5 lo/4 ,"s su* lo/ au?ority mu/ be presuppos$4 ,?is c rem9d u ( no?+ s mu* z ( ! !ory ( ! in]rant b lo/ orig9al ( ! ,scriptures4 ,& x _h ! fate ( t !ory4 ,! weight ( necessity =c$ aside any su* trifl+ & ! position 0 frankly admitt$ t ! agreem5t ( ! community 0 a saf] & m c]ta9 basis ?an traditions f ! ,prophet4 ,traditions 7 alleg$ to t effect4 8,my ,p w nev] agree 9 an error10 decl>$ ,muhammad1 or1 at lea/1 ! lat] *ur* made him s decl>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,,analogy2 ,,! ,,f\r ,,s\rces ,b a%-,%afi#8i f\nd t ev5 ! addition ( agreem5t to ,qur'an & ,prophetic usage did n give him basis en\gh = 8 sy/em4 ,op9ion he utt]ly reject$2 ! pref]5ce ( ,abu ,hanifa & ! conception ( ! common welf>e ( ,malik ibn ,anas 7 alike to him4 ,x is true also t bo? _h be5 practically sav$ "u agreem5t4 ,b he held fa/ by analogy1 :e!r bas$ on ! ,qur'an or on ! usage ( ! ,prophet4 ,x 0 an ess5tial in/rum5t = 8 purpose4 ,z 0 said1 8,! laws ( ! ,qur'an & ( ! usage are limit$2 ! possible cases are unlimit$2 t :i* is unlimit$ c nev] be conta9$ 9 t :i* is limit$40 ,b 9 a%-,%afi#8i's use ( analogy !re is a di/9ction to be obs]v$4 ,9 seek+ to e/abli% a p>allelism betwe5 a case t has aris5 & a rule 9 ! ,qur'an or usage1 :i* is simil> 9 "s po9ts b n precisely p>allel1 are we to look to ext]nal po9ts ( resemblance1 or may we g fur!r & seek to det]m9e ! reason 7illa7 ly+ beh9d ! rule & f t draw our analogy8 ,! po9t seems simple en\gh & ! e>ly speculative juri/s s\ght ! reason4 ,= t !y 7 promptly attack$ by ! traditioni/s4 ,su* a me?od 0 an attempt to look into ! my/]ies ( ,god1 !y 7 told2 man has no bus9ess to inquire aft] reasons1 all he has to d is to obey4 ,! po9t ?us rais$ 0 f\ght ov] = c5turies & s*ools are classifi$ accord+ to _! attitude t[>d x4 ,! position ( a%-,%afi#8i seems to h be5 t ! reason = a comm& 0 to be consid]$ 9 draw+ an analogy1 b t !re mu/ be "s cle> guide1 9 ! text itself1 po9t+ to ! reason4 ,he ?us left himself free to consid] ! causes ( ! div9e comm&s & yet produc$ ! appe>ance ( avoid+ any irrev]5ce or impiety 9 do+ s4 ,su* !n are ! f\r s\rces or bases 7asls7 ( jurisprud5ce z accept$ & def9$ by a%-,%afi#8i--,qur'an1 prophetic usage1 analogy1 agreem5t4 ,! la/ has come to be> m & m weight4 ,e ,%afi#8ite law book beg9s ea* section ) words to ?is effect1 8,! basis ( ?is rule1 be=e ! agreem5t 7qabla-l-ijma71 is0 ,qur'an or usage z ! case may be4 ,! agreem5t mu/ put its /amp on e rule to make x valid4 ,fur!r1 all ! n[ exi/+ s*ools h practically accept$ a%-,%afi#8i's classification ( ! s\rces & _m h cont5d$ t a lawy]1 no matt] :at 8 s*ool1 :o does n use all ^! f\r s\rces1 _c be p]mitt$ to act z a judge4 ,a%-,%afi#8i has accompli%$ 8 own def9ition ( a true juri/1 8,n he is a juri/ :o ga!rs /atem5ts & pref]s "o ( !m1 b he :o e/abli%es a new pr9ciple f :i* a hundr$ bran*es may spr+40 ,sid5ote3 ,,da',,ud ,,az-,,zahiri ,b ! extreme traditioni/s 7 little satisfi$ ) ?is compromise4 ,!y object$ to analogy & !y object$ to agreem5t2 no?+ b ! pure law ( ,god & ! ,prophet w\ld satisfy !m4 ,& _! numb]s 7 und\bt$ly l>ge4 ,! common p always he>d traditions gladly1 & x 0 easy to turn to ridicule ! subtleties ( ! pr(essional lawy]s4 ,h[ mu* simpl]1 x /ruck ! av]age m9d1 x w\ld be to foll[ "s cle> & unambigu\s say+ ( ! ,prophet2 !n "o c\ld feel secure4 ,?is desire ( ! pla9 man to take traditions & int]pret !m /rictly & lit]ally 0 met by ! s*ool ( ,da'ud az-,zahiri1 ,david ! lit]ali/4 ,he 0 born ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e ! dea? ( a%-,%afi#8i1 :i* occurr$ 9 #bjd4 ,he 0 tra9$ z a ,%afi#8ite & t1 too1 ( ! n>r[]1 m traditional type2 b x 0 n traditional en\gh = him4 ,s he _h to cut himself loose & =m a s*ool ( 8 own4 ,he reject$ utt]ly analogy2 he limit$ agreem5t1 z a s\rce1 to ! agreem5t ( ! imm$iate ,companions ( ,muhammad1 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by ! ,wahhabites alone among mod]ns2 he limit$ himself to ,qur'an & prophetic usage4 ,9 ano!r po9t also1 he div]g$4 ,a%-,%afi#8i _h evid5tly ex]cis$ a v great p]sonal influ5ce ^u 8 foll[]s4 ,all look$ up to him & 7 prep>$ to swe> to 8 words4 ,s !re grew up a t5d5cy = a s*ol> to take a ?+ ^u ! ^w ( 8 ma/]4 8,a%-,%afi#8i taught s2 ,i am a ,%afi#8ite & ,i hold s40 ,?is1 too1 ,da'ud utt]ly reject$4 ,! s*ol> mu/ exam9e ! pro(s = himself & =m 8 own op9ion4 ,b he _h ano!r peculi>ity1 & "o :i* ga9$ him ! "n ( lit]ali/4 ,ev]y?+1 ,qur'an & tradition1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! mo/ exact s5se1 h[ev] absurd x might be4 ,( c\rse1 to h gone an in* beyond ! v fir/ mean+ ( ! words w\ld h be5 to /ray 9 ! direction ( analogy4 ,yet1 z fate w\ld h x1 to analogy1 m or less1 he _h 9 ! end to come4 ,! inexorable law t ! limit$ _c b\nd ! unlimit$ 0 prov$ aga94 8,analogy is l c>rion10 confess$ a v mu* e>li] traditioni/1 8:5 !re is no?+ else y eat x40 ,da'ud tri$ to make 8 meal m palatable by a *ange 9 "n4 ,he call$ x a pro( 7dalil7 in/ead ( a s\rce 7asl72 b :at diff]5ce ( idea he involv$ 9 t x is h>d to det]m9e4 ,?is br\ght him to ! doctr9e ( cause1 already m5tion$4 ,7 we at lib]ty to seek ! cause ( a div9e ^w or action & lead our 8pro(0 f t8 ,if ! cause 0 directly /at$1 !n ,da'ud held t we mu/ reg>d x z hav+ be5 ! cause 9 ?is case2 b we 7 n at lib]ty1 he add$1 to look = x1 or on x1 z cause 9 any o!r case4 ,x is evid5t t "h we h to d ) an impossible man & s*ool1 & s ! ,muslim _w f\nd4 ,mo/ said r\ndly t x 0 illegal to p]mit a ,zahirite to act z judge1 on mu* ! same gr\nds t objection to circum/antial evid5ce w ?r[ out a man n[ z juror4 ,if !y _h be5 us+ mod]n language1 !y w\ld h said t x 0 because he 0 a hopeless crank4 ,yet ! ,zahirite s*ool la/$ = c5turies & drew long consequ5ces1 hi/orical & !ological1 = :i* !re is no space "h4 ,x nev] held rank z an ackn[l$g$ s*ool ( ,muslim law4 ,we n[ come to ! la/ ( ! f\r s*ools1 & x1 /range z its orig9 01 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,! ,zahirite reaction _h fail$ ?r\gh its v extrem5ess4 ,x 0 left to a dead man & a devot$ ,%afi#8ite to head ! la/ attack ^u ! s*ool ( 8 ma/]4 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal 0 a !ologian ( ! fir/ rank2 he made no claim to be a con/ructive lawy]4 ,8 ,musnad has already be5 dealt )4 ,x is an imm5se collection ( "s ?irty ?\s& traditions1 b ^! are n ev5 arrang$ = legal purposes4 ,he suff]$ t]ribly = ! or?odox fai? 9 ! rationali/ p]secution "u ! ,khalifa al-,ma'mun1 & 8 suff]+s ga9$ him ! position ( a sa9t4 ,b he nev] dream$ ( =m+ a s*ool1 lea/ ( all 9 opposition to 8 ma/]1 a%-,%afi#8i4 ,he di$ 9 #bda1 & aft] 8 dea? 8 disciples drew toge!r & ! f\r? s*ool 0 f\nd$4 ,x 0 simply reaction>y & did n make progress 9 any way4 ,x m9imiz$ agreem5t & analogy & t5d$ t[>d lit]al int]pretation4 ,z might be expect$ f its orig91 its hi/ory has be5 "o ( viol5ce1 ( p]secution & c\nt]-p]secution1 ( insurrection & riot4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! /reets ( ,baghdad ran blood f its excesses4 ,x has n[ ! smalle/ foll[+ ( ! f\r surviv+ s*ools4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,unity ,,& ,,v>iety ,!re is no ne$ to pursue ?is hi/ory fur!r4 ,) a%-,%afi#8i ! great developm5t ( ,muslim jurisprud5ce closes4 ,legislation1 equity1 legal fiction h done _! p>ts2 ! hope = ! future lay1 & lies1 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! agreem5t4 ,! common-s5se ( ! ,muslim community1 work+ ?r\gh t expression ( ca?olicity1 has set aside 9 ! pa/ ev5 ! und\bt$ lett] ( ! ,qur'an1 & 9 ! future w /ill fur!r break ! grasp ( t dead h&4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 ,islam4 ,b !re is a pr9ciple ( v>iety z well4 ,! f\r s*ools ( law ^: orig9 has be5 trac$ are all equally valid & _! decisions equally sacr$ 9 ,muslim eyes4 ,! believ] may belong to any "o ( ^! :i* he *ooses2 he mu/ belong to "o2 & :5 he has *os5 8 s*ool1 he accepts x & its rules to ! utt]mo/4 ,yet he does n ca/ out z h]etics ! foll[]s ( ! o!r s*ools4 ,9 e *apt] _! codes diff] m or less2 b ea* s*ool be>s ) ! o!rs2 sometimes1 x may be1 ) a sup]ior tone1 b /ill be>s4 ,?is lib]ty ( v>iety 9 unity is aga9 und\bt$ly due to ! agreem5t4 ,x has express$ itself1 z x (t5 does1 9 apocryphal traditions f ! ,prophet1 ! la/ rag ( respect left to ! traditioni/ s*ool4 ,?us we are told t ! ,prophet said1 8,! disagreem5t ( ,my ,p is a ,m]cy f ,god40 ,?is supplem5ts & completes ! o!r equally apocryphal b equally important tradition3 8,my ,p w nev] agree ^u an error40 ,b !re is a ?ird pr9ciple at "w :i* we _c view ) ! same favor4 ,z said above1 e ,muslim mu/ atta* himself to a legal s*ool1 & may *oose any "o ( ^! f\r4 ,b once he has *os5 8 s*ool he is absolutely b\nd by ! decisions & rules ( t s*ool4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple aga9/ :i* ! ,zahirites prote/$1 b _! prote/1 ! only bit ( s5se !y ev] %[$1 0 9 va94 ,! result ( its work+ ?r\gh\t c5turies has be5 t n[ no "o--except f a _s ( hi/orical curiosity--ev] dreams ( go+ back f ! text-books ( ! pres5t day to ! works ( ! old] ma/]s4 ,fur!r1 su* an attempt to get beh9d ! lat] comm5t>ies w\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,we h comm5t ^u comm5t ^u comm5t1 ab/ract ( ?is & expansion ( t2 b ea* hangs by 8 pr$ecessor & d>es n g ano!r /ep backw>d4 ,! great ma/]s ( ! f\r s*ools settl$ ! broad pr9ciples2 !y 7 au?orities ( ! fir/ degree 7mujtahidun mutlaq71 second to ,muhammad 9 virtue ( 8 inspiration only4 ,second1 came ! ma/]s :o _h au?ority )9 ! sep>ate s*ools 7mujtahidun fi-l-madhahib7 to det]m9e ! que/ions t arose !re4 ,?ird1 ma/]s ( /ill less] rank = m9or po9ts 7mujtahidun bil-fatwa74 ,& s ! *a9 runs on4 ,! possibility ( a new legal s*ool aris+ or ( any consid]able *ange among ^! exi/+ s*ools is flatly d5i$4 ,e legi/ n[ has 8 place & degree ( lib]ty fix$1 & he mu/ be cont5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,canon ,,& ,,civil ,,codes ,^! ?ree pr9ciples1 !n1 ( ca?olic unity & its ability to make & abrogate laws1 ( ! lib]ty ( div]sity 9 t unity1 & ( bl9d subjection to ! pa/ )9 t div]sity1 ^! ?ree pr9ciples mu/ be our hope & fe> = ! ,muslim peoples4 ,:at t future w be none c tell4 ,! grasp ( ! dead h& ( ,islam is close1 b its grip at _m po9ts has be5 =c$ to relax4 ,v e>ly1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! canon law _h to give way to ! w ( ! sov]eign1 & gr\nd once lo/ x has nev] rega9$4 ,n[1 9 e ,muslim c\ntry1 except p]haps ! ,wahhabite /ate 9 c5tral ,arabia1 !re are two codes ( law adm9i/]$ by two sep>ate c\rts4 ,! "o judges by ?is canon law & has cognizance ( :at we may call private & family affairs1 m>riage1 divorce1 inh]itance4 ,its judges1 at ^: head 9 ,turkey /&s ! ,%aykh al-,islam1 a dignity fir/ creat$ by ! ,ottoman ,sultan ,muhammad ,,ii 9 #adec1 aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople1 also give advice to ^? :o consult !m on su* p]sonal matt]s z details ( ! ritual law1 ! law ( oa?s & v[s1 etc4 ,! o!r c\rt kn[s no law except ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry 7urf1 ada7 & ! w ( ! rul]1 express$ (t5 9 :at are call$ ,qanuns1 /atutes4 ,?us1 9 ,turkey at ! pres5t day1 besides ! codices ( canon law1 !re is an accept$ & au?oritative corpus ( su* ,qanuns4 ,x is bas$ on ! ,code ,napolon & adm9i/]$ by c\rts "u ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice4 ,?is is ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ,islam to ! developm5t by /atute1 :i* comes la/ 9 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's analysis ( ! gr[? ( law4 ,! c\rt guid$ by ^! ,qanuns decides all matt]s ( public & crim9al law1 all affairs betwe5 man & man4 ,su* is ! legal situation ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,muslim _w1 f ,sulu to ! ,atlantic & f ,africa to ,*9a4 ,! canon lawy]s1 on _! side1 h nev] admitt$ ?is to be any?+ b flat usurpation4 ,!re h n fail$ "s ev5 :o br&$ z h]etics & unbeliev]s ^? :o took any "p 9 su* c\rts ( ! _w & ! devil4 ,!y look back to ! good old days ( ! rightly guid$ ,khalifas1 :5 !re 0 b "o law 9 ,islam1 & =w>d to ! days ( ! ,mahdi :5 t law w be re/or$4 ,!re1 betwe5 a dead pa/ & a hopeless future1 we may leave !m4 ,! real future is n !irs4 ,law is great] ?an lawy]s1 & x works 9 ! end = ju/ice & life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,s*ools ,f9ally1 x may be well to notice an important & necess>y modification :i* holds z to ! above /atem5t t a ,muslim may *oose any "o ( ! f\r s*ools & may !n foll[ its rules4 ,z might be expect$1 geographical influ5ces weigh ov]:elm+ly 9 ?is *oice4 ,c]ta9 c\ntries are ,hanifite or ,%afi#8ite2 9 ea*1 adh]5ts ( ! o!r sects are r>e4 ,?is geographical position may be giv5 r\ghly z foll[s3 c5tral ,asia1 nor!rn ,india1 & ! ,turks ev]y:]e are ,hanifite4 ,l[] ,egypt1 ,syria1 s\!rn ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago are ,%afi#8ite4 ,upp] ,egypt & ,nor? ,africa we/ ( ,egypt are ,malikite4 ,practically1 only ! ,wahhabites 9 c5tral ,arabia are ,hanbalites4 ,fur!r1 ! position holds 9 ,islam t ! c\ntry1 z a :ole1 foll[s ! legal cre$ ( its rul]1 j z x foll[s 8 religion4 ,x is n only cuius regio eius religio1 b cuius religio eius lex4 ,aga9 & aga91 a revolution 9 ! /ate has driv5 "o legal s*ool f p[] & in/all$ ano!r4 ,yet ! situation occurs sometimes t a sov]eign f9ds 8 p divid$ into two p>ties1 ea* foll[+ a diff]5t rite1 & he !n recognizes bo? by appo9t+ ,qadis belong+ to bo?1 & en=c+ ! decisions ( ^! ,qadis4 ,?us1 at ,zanzib>1 at pres5t1 !re are eight ,ibadite judges & two ,%afi#8ite1 all appo9t$ by ! ,sultan & back$ by 8 au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 ev] s9ce x felt itself /rong en\gh1 has ?r[n ! full weight ( its influ5ce on ! ,hanifite side4 ,9 almo/ all c\ntries "u its rule x appo9ts ,hanifite judges only2 valid legal decisions c be pron\nc$ only accord+ to t rite4 ,! private ne$s ( non-,hanifites are met by ! appo9tm5t ( sal>i$ ,muftis--giv]s ( fatwas1 or legal op9ions--( ! o!r rites4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibadites ,9 ! above sket* !re h be5 ( necessity two consid]able omissions4 ,! "o is ( ,%i#8ite & ! o!r ( ,ibadite law4 ,nei!r seems ( suffici5t importance to call = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,! legal sy/em ( ! ,%i#8ites is d]iv$ f t ( ! s-call$ ,sunnites & diff]s 9 details only4 ,we h se5 already 7p4 #ch7 t ! ,%i#8ites /ill h ,mujtahids :o are n b\nd to ! words ( a ma/]1 b c give decisions on _! own responsibility4 ,^! seem to h 9 _! h&s ! tea*+ p[] :i* /rictly belongs only to ! ,hidd5 ,imam4 ,!y ?us repres5t ! pr9ciple ( au?ority :i* is ! gov]n+ conception ( ! ,%i#8a4 ,! ,sunnites1 on ! o!r h&1 h rea*$ ! po9t ( recogniz+ t x is ! ,p ( ,muhammad z a :ole :i* rules ?r\gh its agreem5t4 ,9 ano!r po9t ! ,%i#8ite conception ( au?ority affects _! legal sy/em4 ,!y utt]ly reject ! idea ( co-ord9ate s*ools ( law2 to ! doctr9e ( ! v>y+ 7ikhtilaf7 z x is call$1 & ! lib]ty ( div]sity :i* lies 9 x1 !y oppose ! au?ority ( ! ,imam4 ,!re c be only "o tru? & !re c be no trifl+ ) x ev5 9 details4 ,among ! ,%i#8ites ( ! ,zaydite sect ?is 0 affect$ also by _! philosophical /udies & a philosophical doctr9e ( ! unity ( tru?2 b to ! ,imamites x is an au?oritative necessity & n "o ( ?\ght4 ,?us on two important po9ts ! ,%i#8ites lack ! possibility ( fre$om & developm5t :i* is to be f\nd ) ! ,sunnites4 ,( ! jurisprud5ce ( ! ,ibadites we "k comp>atively little4 ,a full exam9ation ( ,ibadite fiqh w\ld be ( ! highe/ int]e/1 z ! sep>ation ( its l9e ( desc5t goes f> back beh9d ! =mation ( any ( ! or?odox sy/ems & x mu/ h be5 codifi$ to a great] or less ext5t by ,abd ,allah ibn ,ibad himself4 ,its basis appe>s to be ?reefold1 ,qur'an1 prophetic usage1 agreem5t--naturally t ( ! ,ibadite community4 ,!re is no m5tion ( analogy1 & traditions seem to h be5 us$ sp>+ly & critically4 ,qur'an bore ! pr9cipal emphasis4 ,see above1 7p4 #bf7 = ! ,ibadite position on ! =m ( ! /ate & on ! nature ( its head%ip4 ,,"p ,,iii ,!ology4 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ?ree pr9ciples 9 ! developm5t2 fir/ religi\s que/ion+s2 ,murji'ites1 ,kh>ijites1 ,qad>ites2 influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! ,umayyads & ,abbasids2 ! ,mu#8tazilites2 ! ,qualities ( ,god2 ! ,vision ( ,god2 ! creation ( ! ,qur'an4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,be=e ent]+ ^u a consid]ation ( ! developm5t ( ! !ology ( ,islam1 x w be well to m>k cle>ly ! ?ree pr9ciples :i* run cont9u\sly ?r\gh t developm5t1 :i* condition$ x = evil & = good & :i* are /ill work+ 9 x4 ,9 deal+ ) jurisprud5ce & ) ! !ory ( ! /ate1 we h already se5 abundantly h[ false is ! curr5t idea t ,islam has ceas$ to gr[ & has no hope ( future developm5t4 ,! organism ( ,islam1 l e o!r organism1 has p]iods ( re/ :5 x appe>s to h rea*$ a cul de sac & to h outliv$ its life4 ,b aft] ^! p]iods come o!rs ( r5ew$ quick5+ & its vital en]gy p\rs itself =? aga9 alt] et idem4 ,9 ! /ate1 we saw h[ ! old realms pass$ into decrepitude & decay1 b new ones rose to take _! places4 ,! despotism by ! grace ( ,god ( =mal ,islam 0 temp]$ by ! sacr$ "r ( insurrection & revolution1 & ! ,p ( ,muhammad1 9 spite ( k+s & pr9ces1 ass]t$1 f "t to "t1 its unqu5*able vitality4 ,9 !ology ! _s brea!s ?r\gh s+le *os5 m5 m ?an ?r\gh ! masses2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 our treatm5t ( x w take biographical =m :]ev] our k r5d]s t possible4 ,b :e!r we h m5 or nak$ movem5ts1 ! begett]s ( :i* are names to u or less1 ?ree ?reads are wov5 di/9ctly ?r\gh ! web ( ,muslim religi\s ?\ght4 ,!re is tradition 7naql72 !re is reason 7aql72 & !re is ! unveil+ ( ! my/ic 7ka%f74 ,!y 7 9 ! tissue ( ,muhammad's bra9 & !y h be5 9 8 *ur* s9ce he di$4 ,n[ "o w\ld be mo/ prom95t1 n[ ano!r1 accord+ to ! ?9k] ( ! "t2 b all 7 pres5t to "s degree4 ,tradition 9 its /ricte/ =m lives n[ only ) ! ,wahhabites & ! ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi2 reason has become a s*ola/ic h&maid ( !ology except among ! mod]n ,indian ,mu#8tazilites1 :om or?odox ,islam w\ld no m accept z ,muslims ?an a ,tr9it>ian ( ! ,we/m9/] confession w\ld give ! "n ( ,*ri/ian to a ,unit>ian ( ! left w+2 ! inn] light ( ! my/ic has assum$ _m =ms1 runn+ f pla9e/ pan!ism to m]e dev\t ec/asy4 ,b 9 ! *ur* ( ,muhammad !y are all work+ /ill2 & ! ca?olicity ( ,islam1 9 spite ( zealots1 p]secutions & c\nt]-p]secutions1 has atta9$ "h1 too1 z 9 law1 a lib]ty ( v>iety 9 unity4 ,two ( ! pr9ciples we h met already 9 ! /ud5ts ( hadi? & ( speculative law4 ,! ,hanbalites ma9ta9$ 9 !ology _! devotion to tradition2 !y f\ght = c5turies all indep5d5t ?9k+ :i* s\ght to rise above :at ! fa!rs _h told2 !y f\ght ev5 s*ola/ic !ology ( ! /ricte/ type & w\ld be cont5t ) no?+ b ! rehe>sal ( ! old dogmas 9 ! old =ms2 !y f\ght1 too1 ! my/ical life 9 all its phases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,abu ,hanifa 0 t+$ ) rationalism & speculation 9 !ology z 9 law1 & 8 foll[]s h walk$ 9 8 pa?4 ,ev5 ! my/ical light has be5 t\*$ 9 our view ( ! !ory ( ! /ate4 ,x has fl\ri%$ mo/ among ! ,%i#8ites1 :o are driv5 to seek & to f9d an inn] mean+ "u ! pla9 ^w ( ! ,qur'an1 & ^: devotion to ,ali & 8 h\se & to _! div9e mission has kept alive ! ?\ght ( a cont9u\s speak+ ( ,god to mank9d & ( an exalt+ ( mank9d into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,x is = ! /ud5t1 !n1 to wat* & hold fa/ ^! ?ree guid+ ?reads4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! developm5t ( ,muslim !ology1 l t ( jurisprud5ce1 c\ld n beg9 till aft] ! dea? ( ,muhammad4 ,s long z he liv$ & receiv$ infallible revelations 9 solution ( all que/ions ( fai? or usage t might come up1 x is obvi\s t no sy/em ( !ology c\ld be =m$ or ev5 ?\ght (4 ,traditions1 too1 :i* h rea*$ u1 ev5 %[ him sett+ 8 face aga9/ all discussions ( dogma & repeat+ aga9 & aga91 9 answ] to metaphysical & !ological que/ions1 ! crude an?ropomorphisms ( ! ,qur'an4 ,b ^! que/ions & answ]s are probably =g]ies ( ! lat] traditional s*ool1 %ad[s ( future w>f>e ?r[n back ^u ! scre5 ( ! patri>*al age4 ,aga91 9 ! fir/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s aft] ,muhammad's dea?1 ! ,muslims 7 too mu* occupi$ ) ! propagation ( _! fai? to ?9k :at t fai? exactly 04 ,?us1 x seems t ! que/ion+ _s 9 ?is direction 0 ar\s$ comp>atively late & rema9$ = "s "t on :at might be call$ a private basis4 ,individual m5 _h _! individual views1 b sects did n quickly arise1 & :5 !y did 7 vague & h>d to def9e 9 _! positions4 ,x may be said1 broadly1 t ev]y?+ :i* has rea*$ u ab\t ! e>ly ,muslim h]esies is unc]ta91 confus$ & unsatisfactory4 ,names1 dates1 influ5ces & doctr9es are all se5 ?r\gh a haze1 & no?+ m ?an an approximation to an outl9e c be attempt$4 ,vague /ories are h&$ d[n ( ! e>ly que/ion+s & disput+s ( c]ta9 ahl-al-ahwa1 8p ( w&]+ desires10 a "n s+ul>ly descriptive ( ! always flighty & sceptical ,arabs2 ( h[ !y comp>$ ,scripture ) ,scripture & got up !ological debates1 splitt+ po9ts & def9+ issues1 to great sc&al & tr\bl+ ( _s among ! simpl]-m9d$ pi\s4 ,^! 7 n yet h]etics2 !y 7 ! fir/ inve/igators & sy/ematiz]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,murji',,ites ,yet two sects loom up ?r\gh ! mi/ & _! exi/5ce c be tol]ably condition$ ?r\gh ! hi/orical facts & philosophical necessities ( ! "t4 ,! "o is t ( ! ,murji'ites1 & ! o!r ( ! ,qad>ites4 ,a ,murji'ite is lit]ally 8"o :o def]s or po/pones10 9 ?is case po/pones judgm5t until x is pron\nc$ by ,god on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,!y arose z a sect dur+ & out ( ! civil w> betwe5 ! ,%i#8ites1 ! ,kh>ijites & ! ,umayyads4 ,all ^! p>ties claim$ to be ,muslims1 & mo/ ( !m claim$ t !y 7 ! only true ,muslims & t ! o!rs 7 unbeliev]s4 ,?is 0 especially ! attitude ( ! ,%i#8ites & ,kh>ijites t[>d ! ,umayyads2 to !m1 ! ,umayyads1 z we h se5 already1 7 godless hea!n :o pr(ess$ ,islam1 b oppress$ & slaught]$ ! true sa9ts ( ,god4 ,! ,murji'ites1 on ! o!r h&1 work$ out a view on :i* !y c\ld /ill support ! ,umayyads )\t homologat+ all _! actions & condemn+ all _! oppon5ts4 ,! ,umayyads1 !y held1 7 de facto ! rul]s ( ! ,muslim /ate2 fealty _h be5 sworn to !m & !y confess$ ! ,unity ( ,god & ! apo/le%ip ( ! ,prophet4 ,?us1 !y 7 n poly!i/s1 & !re is no s9 t c possibly be comp>$ ) ! s9 ( poly!ism 7%irk74 ,x 01 !re=e1 ! duty ( all ,muslims to ackn[l$ge _! sov]eignty & to po/pone until ! secrets ( ! ,la/ ,day all judgm5t or condemnation ( any s9s !y might h committ$4 ,s9s less ?an poly!ism c\ld ju/ify no "o 9 ris+ 9 revolt aga9/ !m & 9 break+ ! oa? ( fealty4 ,su* seems to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! ,murji'ites1 & x 0 ! orig9 also ( ! !ory ( ! accompli%$ fact 9 ! /ate1 ( :i* we h _h to take acc\nt sev]al times4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! fanatical v5]ators ( ! canon law1 to :om all ! ,khalifas1 aft] ! fir/ f\r1 7 an abom9ation1 & ! purely worldly lawy]s ( ! c\rt p>ty1 !re came a gr\p ( pi\s !ologians :o taught t ! good ( ! ,muslim community requir$ ob$i5ce to ! rul] ( ! "t1 ev5 ?\gh 8 p]sonal unwor?9ess 7 pla94 ,z a consequ5ce1 success c legitimate any?+ 9 ! ,muslim /ate4 ,b ) ! pass+ away ( ! situation :i* gave rise to ,murji'ism1 x itself *ang$ f politics to !ology4 ,z a political p>ty x _h oppos$ ! political puritanism ( ! ,kh>ijites2 x n[ came to oppose ! uncompromis+ _s 9 :i* ^! damn$ all :o diff]$ f !m ev5 9 details & br&i%$ ! t]rors ( ! wra? ( ,god ov] _! oppon5ts4 ,x is true t ?is came natural to ,islam4 ,! e>li] ,muslims seem 9 g5]al to h be5 oppress$ by a s+ul>ly gloomy fatalism4 ,to use mod]n !ological language1 !y labor$ "u a t]rible consci\sness ( s94 ,!y view$ ! _w z an evil temptress1 s$uc+ m5 f heav5ly ?+s4 ,_! lives 7 h$g$ ab\t ) s9s1 great & little1 & ea* des]v$ ! et]nal wra? ( ,god4 ,! recollection ( _! latt] end !y kept ev] be=e !m & ! t]rors t x w\ld br+1 = !y felt t no am\nt ( fai? 9 ,god & ,8 ,prophet c\ld save !m 9 ! judgm5t to come4 ,! roots ( ?is run f> back4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,muhammad & at 8 "t !re 7 among ! ,arab tribes1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 _m m5 :o felt a pr(\nd dissatisfaction ) hea!nism1 its doctr9es & religi\s rites4 ,! conception ( ,god & ! burd5 ( life press$ heavily ^u !m4 ,!y saw m5 pass away & desc5d into ! grave1 & !y ask$ :i!r !y _h gone & :at _h become ( !m4 ,! ?\ght ( ?is fleet+1 transitory life & ( ! ocean ( d>kness & my/]y t lies ar\nd x1 drove !m away to seek tru? 9 solitude & ! des]ts4 ,!y 7 call$ ,hanifs--! ^w is ( v d\btful d]ivation--& ,muhammad himself1 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e]1 reckon$ himself "o ( !m4 ,b we h evid5ce f hea!n ,arab poetry t ^! ,hanifs 7 reg>d$ z mu* ! same z ,*ri/ian monks1 & t ! t]m hanif 0 us$ z a synonym = rahib1 monk4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,wra? ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,islam ,&1 9 tru?1 ! v s\l ( ,islam sprang f ^! solit>y h]mits1 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! des]t1 consecrat+ _! lives to ,god1 & flee+ f ! wra? to come4 ,ev5 9 pre-,islamic ,arabic poetry we feel h[ /rong 0 ! impression made on ! ,arab m9d by ! gaunt1 weird m5 ) _! endless wat*+s & night pray]s4 ,aga9 & aga9 !re is allusion to ! lamp ( ! h]mit %9+ ?r\gh ! d>kness1 & we h pictures ( ! c>avan or ( ! solit>y travell] on ! night j\rney *e]$ & guid$ by its glimm]4 ,^! ,*ri/ian h]mits & ! long des]t$ ru9s tell+ ( old1 =gott5 tribes--judg$ & ov]?r[n by ,god1 z ! ,arabs held & hold--t lie ?r\gh\t ! ,syrian wa/e & along ! c>avan r\tes 7 ! two ?+s t mo/ /irr$ ! imag9ation ( ,muhammad & w5t to =m 8 fai?4 ,to ,muhammad1 & to ! ,semite always1 ! :ole ( life 0 b a long procession f ! great deep to ! great deep aga94 ,:]e are ! k+s & rul]s ( ! e>?8 ,:]e are ! peoples t 7 mighty 9 _! day8 ,! h& ( ,god smote !m & !y are n4 ,!re is naught real 9 ! _w b ,god4 ,f ,him we are1 & unto ,him we return4 ,!re is no?+ = man b to fe> & wor%ip4 ,! _w is deceitful & makes sport ( !m t tru/ x4 ,su* is ! ov]song ( all ,muslim ?\ght1 ! fai? to :i* ! ,semite ev] returns 9 ! end4 ,to ?is ! lat] ,murji'ites oppos$ a doctr9e ( ,fai?1 :i* 0 ,paul9e 9 its sweep4 ,fai?1 !y decl>$1 sav$1 & ,fai? alone4 ,if ! s9n] believ$ 9 ,god & ,8 ,prophet he w\ld n rema9 9 ! fire4 ,! ,kh>ijites1 on ! o!r h&1 held t ! s9n] :o di$ unrep5tant w\ld rema9 !re9 et]nally1 ev5 ?\gh he _h confess$ ,islam ) 8 lips4 ,! unrep5tant s9n]1 !y consid]$1 c\ld n be a believ] 9 ! true s5se4 ,?is is /ill ! ,ibadite position1 & f x develop$ "o ( ! mo/ important controv]sies ( ,islam z to ! precise nature ( fai?4 ,"s extreme ,murji'ites held t fai? 7iman7 0 a confession 9 ! he>t1 private int]c\rse ) ,god1 z oppos$ to ,islam1 public confession ) ! lips4 ,?us1 "o c\ld be a believ] 7mu'm971 & outw>dly confess ,judaism or ,*ri/ianity2 to be a pr(ess$ ,muslim 0 n necess>y4 ,?is is l ! doctr9e ( ! ,imamites1 call$ taqiya1 t x is all[able 9 "t ( /ress to dissemble "o's religi\s views2 & x is wor? notic+ t ,jahm ibn ,safwan 7kill$1 #aca871 "o ( ^! extreme ,murji'ites1 0 a ,p]sian proselyte 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,arab rule1 & ( ! loose/ religi\s conduct4 ,b ^! ,ant9omians 7 no m ,muslims ?an ! ,anabapti/s ( ,mun/] _h a claim to be ,*ri/ians4 ,! o!r w+ ( ! ,murji'ites is repres5t$ by ,abu ,hanifa1 :o held t fai? 7iman7 is ackn[l$gm5t ) ! tongue z well z ! he>t & t works are a necess>y supplem5t4 ,?is is little diff]5t f ! or?odox position :i* grew up1 t p]suasion1 confession1 & works made up fai?4 ,:5 ,murji'ism dropp$ out ( exi/5ce z a sect x left z its contribution to ,islam a di/9ction betwe5 great & little s9s 7kabiras1 saghiras71 & ! position t ev5 great s9s1 if n involv+ poly!ism 7%irk71 w\ld n exclude ! believ] =ev] f ! ,g>d54 ,sid5ote3 ,,qad>ites ,! second sect1 t ( ,qad>ites1 _h its orig9 9 a philosophical necessity ( ! human m9d4 ,a p]ception ( ! contradiction betwe5 man's consci\sness ( fre$om & responsibility1 on ! "o h&1 & ! absolute rule & pr$e/9ation ( ,god1 on ! o!r1 is ! usual beg9n+ ( ! ?9k+ life1 bo? 9 individuals & 9 races4 ,x 0 s 9 ,islam4 ,9 !ology z 9 law1 ,muhammad _h be5 an opportuni/ pure & simple4 ,on ! "o h&1 8 ,allah is ! absolute ,semitic despot :o guides aright & leads a/ray1 :o seals up ! he>ts ( m5 & op5s !m aga91 :o is mighty ov] all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 are exhort$ to rep5tance1 & puni%m5t is ?reat5$ aga9/ !m if !y rema9 h>d5$ 9 _! unbelief4 ,all ^! phases ( a w&]+ & int5sely subjective m9d1 :i* liv$ only 9 ! p]ception ( ! mom5t1 appe> 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,muhammad 0 a poet r ?an a !ologian2 j z he 0 a prophet r ?an a legislator4 ,z soon1 !n1 z ! ,muslims paus$ 9 _! c>e] ( conque/ & began to ?9k at all1 !y ?\ght ( ?is4 ,naturally1 s long z !y 7 fight+ 9 ! ,pa? ( ,god1 x 0 ! conception ( ,god's absolute sov]eignty :i* mo/ appeal$ to !m2 by x _! fates 7 fix$1 & !y *>g$ )\t fe> ! ranks ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,9 ^! e>lie/ times1 ! fatali/ic passages bore mo/ /ress & ! o!rs 7 expla9$ away4 ,?is help$1 at lea/1 to br+ x ab\t t ! p>ty :i* 9 "t came to pr(ess ! fre$om ( man's w1 began & end$ z an h]etical sect4 ,b x only help$1 & we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t ! ev5tual victory 9 ,islam ( ! absolute doctr9e ( ,god's et]nal decree 0 ! victory ( ! m fundam5tal ( ,muhammad's conflict+ conceptions4 ,! o!r _h be5 mu* m a campaign+ exp$i5t4 ,?is sect ( ,qad>ites1 ^: orig9 we h be5 condition+1 d]iv$ its "n f _! position t a man possess$ qad>1 or p[]1 ov] 8 actions4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( !m 0 a c]ta9 ,ma#8bad al-,juhani1 :o paid = 8 h]esy ) 8 life 9 ,a4,h4 #hj4 ,hi/orians tell t he ) ,ata ibn ,yass>1 ano!r ( simil> op9ions1 came "o day to ! celebrat$ ascetic1 al-,hasan al-,basri 7d4 #aaj71 & said1 8,o ,abu ,sa#8id1 ^? k+s %$ ! blood ( ! ,muslims1 & d griev\s ?+s & say t _! works are by ! decree ( ,god40 ,to ?is al-,hasan repli$1 8,! enemies ( ,god lie40 ,! /ory is only important z %[+ h[ ! times & _! *anges 7 wid5+ m5's ?\ghts4 ,v soon1 n[1 we come f ^! drift+ t5d5cies to a =mal sect ) a =mal secession & a fix$ "n4 ,! ,murji'ites & ! ,qad>ites melt f ! sc5e1 "s ( _! t5ets pass into or?odox ,islam2 "s into ! new sect4 ,sid5ote3 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,mu',,tazilites ,! /ory ( its f\nd+ aga9 connects ) ! out/&+ figure ( al-,hasan al-,basri4 ,he seems to h be5 ! *ief c5tre ( ! religi\s life & movem5ts ( 8 "t2 8 pupils appe> & 8 influ5ce %[s itself 9 all ! lat] s*ools4 ,someone came to him z he sat among 8 pupils & ask$ :at 8 view 0 betwe5 ! conflict+ ,murji'ites & ,wa#8idites1 ! fir/ hold+ t ! committ] ( a great s91 if he _h fai?1 0 n an unbeliev]1 0 to be accept$ z a ,muslim & 8 case left 9 ! h&s ( ,god2 ! o!r lay+ m /ress ^u ! ?reats 7wa#8id7 9 ! ,book ( ,god & tea*+ t ! committ] ( a great s9 c\ld n be a believ]1 t he _h1 ipso facto1 ab&on$ ! true fai?1 mu/ g into ! ,fire & abide !re4 ,be=e ! ma/] c\ld reply1 "o ( 8 pupils--"s say ,amr ibn ,ubayd 7d4 circ4 #add71 o!rs1 ,wasil ibn ,ata 7d4 #aca7--;broke 9 ) ! ass]tion ( an int]m$iate position4 ,su* an "o 0 nei!r a believ] nor an unbeliev]4 ,!n he left ! circle :i* sat r\nd ! ma/]1 w5t to ano!r "p ( ! mosque & began to develop 8 view to ^? :o ga!r$ r\nd him4 ,! "n believ] 7mu'm971 he taught1 0 a t]m ( praise1 & an evil-do] 0 n wor?y ( praise1 & c\ld n h t "n appli$ to him4 ,b he 0 n an unbeliev]1 ei!r1 = he ass5t$ to ! fai?4 ,if he1 !n1 di$ unrep5tant1 he mu/ abide =ev] 9 ! ,fire--= !re are only two divisions 9 ! next _w1 heav5 & hell--b 8 torm5ts w\ld be mitigat$ on acc\nt ( 8 fai?4 ,! position to :i* or?odox ,islam ev5tually came 0 t a believ] c\ld commit a great s94 ,if he did s1 & di$ unrep5tant1 he w5t to hell2 b aft] a "t w\ld be p]mitt$ to ent] heav54 ,?us1 hell became = believ]s a sort ( purgatory4 ,on ?is secession1 al-,hasan only said 8,i#8tazala anna0--,he has sec$$ f u4 ,s ! new p>ty 0 call$ ! ,mu#8tazila1 ! ,secession4 ,t1 at lea/1 is ! /ory1 :i* may be tak5 = :at x is wor?4 ,! fix$ facts are ! rise at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury aft] ! ,hijra ( a tol]ably def9ite s*ool ( diss5t]s f ! traditional ideas1 & _! application ( reason to ! dogmas ( ! ,qur'an4 ,we h not$ already ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ,muhammad ?r\gh ! h]mits ( ! des]t4 ,f x sprang ! asceticism ( ,islam & t asceticism grew & develop$ into quietism & !nce into my/icism4 ,! la/ /ep 0 /ill 9 ! future1 b already at ?is "t !re 7 w&]+ monks :o imitat$ _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 9 ! we>+ ( a co>se wooll5 frock & 7 !nce call$ ,sufis1 f suf1 wool4 ,x 0 n long be=e ,sufi came to mean my/ic1 & ! ?ird ( ! ?ree great ?reads 0 def9itely wov5 into ! fabric ( ,muslim ?\ght4 ,b t 0 n ! limit ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,^? an*orites 9 _! caves & huts _h little tra9+ 9 ! !ology ( ! s*ools2 ! dogmas ( _! fai? 7 ( a practical simplicity4 ,b 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,murji'ites & ,qad>ites x is impossible to mi/ake ! work+s ( ! dialectic ref9em5ts ( ,greek !ology z develop$ 9 ! ,byzant9e & ,syrian s*ools4 ,x is wor? notice1 too1 t1 :ile ! political h]esies ( ! ,%i#8ites & ,kh>ijites held sway mo/ly 9 ,arabia1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,p]sia1 ^! m religi\s h]esies seem to h aris5 9 ,syria fir/ & especially at ,damascus1 ! seat ( ! ,umayyads4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,john ,,( ,,damascus ,! ,umayyad dyna/y1 we %\ld rememb]1 0 9 _m ways a return to pre-,muslim times & to an easy enjoym5t ( worldly ?+s2 x 0 a rejection ( ! yoke ( ,muhammad 9 all b =m & "n4 ,! fe> ( ! wra? ( ,god _h small "p ) ! mo/ ( !m2 sometimes x appe>$ 9 ! =m ( an insane rebellion & defiance4 ,fur!r1 z ,muslim gov]nm5ts always h done1 !y s\ght aid 9 _! task ( gov]n+ f _! non-,muslim subjects4 ,s x came ab\t t ,s]gius1 ! fa!r ( ,johannes ,damasc5us1 0 treasur] "u !m & t aft] 8 dea?1 ?is ,john ( ,damascus himself1 ! la/ great doctor ( ! ,greek ,*ur* & ! man "u ^: h&s its !ology assum$ f9al =m1 became wazir & held t po/ until he )drew f ! _w & turn$ to ! contemplative life4 ,9 8 writ+s & 9 ^? ( 8 pupil1 ,!odoras ,abuc>a 7d4 ,a4,d4 #hbf71 !re are polemic treatises on ,islam1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( discussions betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,muslims4 ,^! repres5t1 !re c be little d\bt1 a *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,! close agreem5t ( ,murji'ite & ,qad>ite ideas ) ^? =mulat$ & def5d$ by ,john ( ,damascus & by ! ,greek ,*ur* g5]ally c only be s expla9$4 ,! ,murji'ite rejection ( et]nal puni%m5t & emphasis on ! goodness ( ,god & ,8 love = ,8 creatures1 ! ,qad>ite doctr9e ( free-w & responsibility1 are to be expla9$ 9 ! same way z we h already expla9$ ! pres5ce ( s5t5ces 9 ! ,muslim fiqh :i* seem to be tak5 bodily f ! ,roman codes4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 we are n to ?9k ( ! ,muslim div9es z /udy+ ! writ+s ( ! ,greek fa!rs1 b z pick+ up ideas f !m 9 practical int]c\rse & controv]sy4 ,! v =m ( ! tract ( ,john ( ,damascus is significant1 8,:5 ! ,s>ac5 says to y su* & su*1 !n y w reply44440 ,?is1 z a :ole1 is a subject :i* calls = inve/igation1 b s f> x is cle> t ! influ5ce ( ,greek !ology on ,islam c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,! "o out/&+ fact ( ! enorm\s emphasis laid by bo? on ! doctr9e ( ! nature ( ,god & ,8 attributes is en\gh4 ,x may ev5 be conjectur$ t ! h>%] views develop$ by we/]n ,muslims1 & especially by ! !ologians ( ,spa91 7 due1 on ! o!r h&1 to ,augu/9ian & ,roman influ5ce4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 a curi\s co9cid5ce t ,spani% ,islam nev] took k9dly to metaphysical or s*ola/ic !ology1 9 ! exact s5se1 b gave almo/ all its en]gy to canon law4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ces ,,at ,,baghdad ,b !re 7 o!r influ5ces to come4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,umayyads & ! rise ( ! ,abbasids1 ! intellectual c5tre ( ! empire mov$ to ! bas9 ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris4 ,! /ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ,baghdad !re1 9 #ade1 we h already he>d4 ,we h se51 too1 t ! victory ( ! ,abbasids 01 9 a s5se1 a conque/ ( ! ,arabs by ! ,p]sians4 ,grcia capta & ! re/ came true "h2 ! battles ( al-,qadisiya & ,nahaw& 7 av5g$2 ,p]sian ideas & ,p]sian religion began sl[ly to "w on ! fai? ( ,muhammad4 ,at ! c\rt ( ! e>lie/ ,abbasids x 0 fa%ionable to affect a little free ?\ght4 ,p 7 becom+ enlight5$ & play$ ) philosophy & sci5ce4 ,greek philosophy1 ,zoroa/rianism1 ,mani*ism1 ! old hea!nism ( ,h>ran1 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity--all 7 9 ! air & mak+ !mselves felt4 ,s long z ! adh]5ts & tea*]s ( ^! took !m 9 a purely academic way1 7 good subjects & made no tr\ble1 ! e>li] ,abbasids enc\rag$ _! ef=ts1 ga!r$ 9 ! sci5tific h>ve/1 paid well = translations1 in/rum5ts1 & inve/igations1 & g5]ally pos$ z patrons ( progress4 ,b a l9e _h to be drawn some:]e & drawn tightly4 ,! victory ( ! ,abbasids _h rais$ high hopes among ! ,p]sian nationali/s4 ,!y _h ?\ght t !y 7 rally+ to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,arabs1 & f\nd1 :5 all 0 done1 t !y _h got only ano!r ,arab dyna/y4 ,s revolts _h begun to break out afre%1 & n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y 7 ( a m>k$ religi\s "*4 ,!y 7 an expression ( religi\s sects1 ,buddhi/ic1 ,zoroa/rian1 ,mani*an1 & p>ties ) prophetic lead]s ( _! own2 all are swept toge!r by ,muslim writ]s z ,z9diqs1 probably lit]ally1 8initiates10 orig9ally ,mani*ans1 !reaft]1 practically non-,muslims conceal+ _! unbelief4 ,= :5 n 9 op5 revolt !y mu/ ne$s pr(ess ,islam4 ,9 #afg1 we f9d al-,mahdi1 :o 0 also1 x is true1 mu* m /rict ?an 8 fa!r1 al-,mansur1 appo9t+ a gr& inquisitor to deal ) su* h]etics4 ,al-,mansur1 h[ev]1 _h cont5t$ himself ) cru%+ actual rebellion2 & ,*ri/ian1 ,jew1 ,zoroa/rian1 & hea!n ( ,h>ran 7 tol]at$ s long z !y br\ght to him ! fruits ( ,greek sci5ce & philosophy4 ,t !y did will+ly1 & s1 ?r\gh ?ree int]m$i>ies1 sci5ce came to ! ,arabs4 ,!re 0 a hea!n ,syrian s\rce ) its c5tre at ,h>ran1 ( :i* we "k comp>atively little4 ,!re 0 a ,*ri/ian ,syrian s\rce work+ f ! multitud9\s mona/]ies scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!re 0 a ,p]sian s\rce by :i* natural sci5ce1 & m$ic9e especially1 7 pass$ on4 ,already 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 an academy ( m$ic9e & philosophy _h be5 f\nd$ at ,gonde%apur 9 ,khuzi/an4 ,"o ( ! directors ( ?is in/itution 0 summon$1 9 #adh1 to prescribe = al-,mansur1 & f t "t on x furni%$ c\rt physicians to ! ,abbasids4 ,on ^! ?ree pa?s1 !n1 ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ,euclid & ,ptolemy1 ,gal5 & ,hippocrates rea*$ ! ,muslim peoples4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,muslim ,,sci5ce ,! fir/ hundr$ ye>s ( ! ,abbasid ,khalifate 0 ! gold5 age ( ,muslim sci5ce1 ! p]iod ( gr[? & developm5t = ! ,p ( ,muhammad fairly z a :ole4 ,intellectual life did n cease ) ! close ( t p]iod1 b ! ,khalifate ceas$ to aid 9 c>ry+ ! tor*4 ,!reaft]1 le>n+ 0 protect$ & fo/]$ by individual rul]s "h & !re1 & individual inve/igators & s*ol>s /ill w5t on _! own quiet pa?s4 ,b free intellectual life among ! p 0 *eck$1 & su* le>n+ z /ill g5]ally fl\ri%$ fell m & m betwe5 fix$ b\nds4 ,s*ola/icism1 ) its =mal me?ods & sy/ems1 its subtle d$uctions & endless ramifications ( pro( & c\nt]-pro(1 drew away att5tion f ! facts ( nature4 ,! ori5tal bra9 /udi$ itself & its own work+s to ! po9t ( dizz9ess1 & !n turn$ & clung fa/ to ! c]ta9ties ( revelation4 ,"u ?is spell h]esy & or?odoxy prov$ alike /]ile4 ,we return1 n[1 to ! beg9n+s ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,^! s]v$ !mselves heirs ^u ! ,qad>ites & d5i$ t ,god pr$e/9$ ! actions ( m54 ,dea? & life1 sickness1 heal?1 & ext]nal vicissitudes came1 !y admitt$1 by ,god's qad>1 b x 0 un?9kable t man %\ld be puni%$ = actions n 9 8 control4 ,! fre$om ( ! w is an a priori c]ta9ty1 & man possesses qad> ov] 8 own actions4 ,?is 0 ! position ( ,wasil ibn ,ata1 ( :om we h already he>d4 ,b to x he add$ a second doctr9e1 ! orig9 ( :i* is obscure1 al?\gh sugge/ive ( discussions ) ,greek !ologians4 ,! ,qur'an describes ,god z will+1 kn[+1 decree+1 etc4--/rictly z ! ,will+ ,"o1 ! ,kn[+ ,"o1 ! ,decree+ ,"o1 etc4--& ! or?odox hold t su* expressions c\ld only mean t ,god possesses z ,qualities 7sifat7 ,w1 ,k1 ,p[]1 ,life1 etc4 ,to ?is ,wasil rais$ objections4 ,god 0 ,"o1 & su* ,qualities w\ld be sep>ate ,be+s4 ,?us1 8 p>ty & ! ,mu#8tazilites always call$ !mselves ! ,p ( ,unity & ,ju/ice 7,ahl-at-ta:id wal#8adl72 ! ,unity be+ ( ! div9e nature1 ! ,ju/ice consi/+ 9 t !y oppos$ ,god's qad> ov] m5 & held t ,he mu/ d = ! creature t :i* 0 be/ = x4 ,or?odox ,islam held & holds t !re c be no necessity ^u ,god1 ev5 to d ju/ice2 ,he is absolutely free1 & :at ,he does man mu/ accept4 ,x flatly opposes ! position held by ! ,mu#8tazilites 9 g5]al1 t good & evil c be p]ceiv$ & di/+ui%$ by ! intellect 7aql74 ,good & evil h _! nature by ,god's w1 & man c le>n to "k !m only by ,god's tea*+s & comm&s4 ,?us1 except ?r\gh revelation1 !re c be nei!r !ology nor e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abu ,,hudhayl ,! next great advance 0 made by ,abu ,hudhayl ,muhammad al-,allaf 7d4 circa #bbf71 a disciple ( ! second g5]ation f ,wasil4 ,at 8 h&s ! doctr9e ( ,god's qualities assum$ a m def9ite =m4 ,wasil _h r$uc$ ,god to a vague unity1 a k9d ( et]nal on5ess4 ,abu ,hudhayl taught t ! qualities 7 n 9 ,8 ess5ce1 & ?us sep>able f x1 ?9kable ap>t f x1 b t !y 7 ,8 ess5ce4 ,?us1 ,god 0 omnipot5t by ,8 omnipot5ce1 b x 0 ,8 ess5ce & n 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,he 0 omnisci5t by ,8 omnisci5ce & x 0 ,8 ess5ce4 ,fur!r1 he held t ^! qualities mu/ be ei!r negations or relations4 ,no?+ positive c be ass]t$ ( !m1 = t w\ld mean t !re 0 9 ,god ! complexity ( subject & pr$icate1 be+ & quality2 & ,god is absolute ,unity4 ,?is view ! ,muslim !ologians reg>d z a close approximation to ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity2 = !m1 ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity h always be5 p]sonifi$ qualities1 & su* seems really to h be5 ! view ( ,john ( ,damascus4 ,fur!r1 ,god's ,w1 accord+ to ,abu ,hudhayl1 z express$ 9 ,8 ,creative ,^w1 did n necess>ily exi/ 9 a subject 7fi mahall1 9 subiecto74 ,:5 ,god said1 8,be60 creatively1 !re 0 no subject4 ,aga91 he endeavor$--& 9 ?is he 0 foll[$ by mo/ ( ! ,mu#8tazilites--to cut d[n ! numb] ( ,god's attributes4 ,8 w1 he said1 0 a =m ( ,8 k2 ,he knew t !re 0 good 9 an action1 & t k 0 ,8 w4 ,8 position on ! qad> "q 0 peculi>4 ,) reg>d to ?is _w1 he 0 a ,qad>ite2 b 9 ! next _w1 bo? 9 heav5 & 9 hell1 he ?\ght t all *anges 7 by div9e necessity4 ,o!rwise1 t is1 if m5 7 free1 !re w\ld be obligation to obs]ve a law 7taklif72 b !re is no su* obligation 9 ! o!r _w4 ,?us1 :atev] happ5$ !re happ5$ by ,god's decree4 ,fur!r1 he taught t1 ev5tually1 no?+ w\ld happ5 !re2 t !re w\ld be no *anges1 b only an endless /illness 9 :i* ^? 9 heav5 _h all its joys & ^? 9 hell all its pa9s4 ,?is is a close approximation to ! view ( ,jahm ibn ,safwan1 :o held t aft] ! judgm5t bo? heav5 & hell w\ld pass away & ,god rema9 alone z ,he 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,to ^! doctr9es ,abu ,hudhayl seems to h be5 l$ by two consid]ations1 bo? significant = ! drift ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,fir/1 !re 0 ab\t _! reason+s a grimness ( logic t\*$ ) utilit>ianism4 ,?us1 f _! position t man c\ld come by ! light ( 8 reason to ! k ( ,god & ( virtue1 !y drew ! conclusion t x 0 man's duty s to atta91 & t ,god w\ld damn et]nally e man :o did n4 ,_! utilit>ianism1 aga91 comes out /rik+ly 9 _! view ( heav5 & hell4 ,^!1 at pres5t1 7 s]v+ no useful purpose because !y _h no inhabitants2 !re=e1 at pres5t1 !y did n exi/4 ,b ?is made difficulties = ,abu ,hudhayl4 ,:at has a beg9n+ mu/ h an end4 ,s he expla9$ ! end z ! ceas+ ( all *anges4 ,second1 he %[s cle> evid5ce ( influ5ce f ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,qur'an tea*es t ! _w has be5 creat$ 9 "t2 ,ari/otle1 t x is f et]nity & to et]nity4 ,! creation1 ,abu ,hudhayl appli$ to *anges2 be=e t1 ! _w 01 b 9 et]nal re/4 ,h]eaft]1 all *anges w cease2 re/ w aga9 ent] & endure to all et]nity4 ,we %all see h[ l>gely ?is doctr9e 0 advanc$ & develop$ by 8 successors4 ,b !re 7 fur!r complications 9 ! doctr9e ( man's actions & into "s ( ^! we mu/ ent]1 on acc\nt ( _! lat] importance4 ,n ev]y?+ t comes f ! action ( a man is by 8 action4 ,god has a creative "p 9 x1 app>5tly z reg>ds ! effects4 ,especially1 k 9 ! m9d ( a pupil does n come f ! tea*]1 b f ,god4 ,! idea seems to be t ! tea*] may tea*1 b t ! be+ taught 9 ! pupil is a div9e work+4 ,simil>ly1 he di/+ui%$ motions 9 ! m9d1 :i* he held 7 n altoge!r due to ! man1 & ext]nal motions :i* 74 ,!re is giv51 too1 to a man at ! "t ( 8 p]=m+ an action an ability to p]=m ! action1 :i* is a special accid5t 9 him ap>t f any m]e s\ndness ( heal? or limb4 ,9 ^! ways1 ,abu ,hudhayl recogniz$ ,god's work+ ?r\gh man4 ,ano!r ( 8 positions _h a simil> basis & 0 a curi\s comb9ation ( hi/orical criticism & my/icism1 a comb9ation :i* we %all f9d lat] 9 al-,ghazzali1 a mu* great] man4 ,! evid5ce ( tradition = ?+s deal+ ) ! ,unse5 ,_w 7al-ghayb7 he reject$4 ,tw5ty witnesses might h& on ! tradition 9 "q1 b x 0 n to be receiv$ unless among !m !re 0 "o1 at lea/1 ( ! ,p ( ,p>adise4 ,at all times1 he taught1 !re 7 9 ! _w ^! ,fri5ds ( ,god 7awliya ,allah1 s+4 wali71 :o 7 protect$ aga9/ all great] s9s & c\ld n lie4 ,x is ! ^w ( ^! t is ! basis = belief1 & ! tradition is m]ely a /atem5t ( :at !y h said4 ,?is %[s cle>ly h[ f> ! doctr9e ( ! ec/atic life & ( k ga9$ ?r\gh direct int]c\rse betwe5 ! believ] & ,god _h already advanc$4 ,b ,abu ,hudhayl 0 only "o 9 a gr\p ( d>+ & absolutely free-m9d$ speculators4 ,!y 7 apply+ to ! ideas ( ! ,qur'an ! ke5 solv5t ( ,greek dialectic1 & ! results :i* !y obta9$ 7 ( ! mo/ fanta/ically orig9al "*4 ,?r[n into ! wide sea & utt] fre$om ( ,greek ?\ght1 _! ideas _h exp&$ to ! bur/+ po9t &1 m ?an ev5 a ,g]man metaphysician1 !y _h lo/ t\* ( ! gr\nd ( ord9>y life1 ) its reasonable probabilities1 & 7 sw++ loose on a wild hunt aft] ultimate tru?1 wield+ z _! weapons def9itions & syllogisms4 ,! lyric f]vors ( ,muhammad 9 ! ,qur'an gave scope en\gh ( /range ideas f :i* to />t1 or :i* _h to be expla9$ away4 ,_! belief 9 ! p[]s ( ! sci5ce ( logic 0 unfail+1 &1 arm$ ) ,ari/otle's 8,analytics10 !y felt sure t c]ta9ty 0 )9 _! rea*4 ,x 0 at ! c\rt & "u ! protection ( al-,ma'mun t !y especially fl\ri%$1 & "s acc\nt ( ! lead+ spirits among !m w be necess>y be=e we describe h[ !y rea*$ _! utmo/ pride ( p[] & h[ !y fell4 ,sid5ote3 ,,an-,,nazzam ,an-,nazzam 7d4 #bca7 has ! cr$it among lat] hi/orians ( hav+ made use1 to a high degree1 ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,satans ( ! ,qad>ites1 say !y2 he read ! books ( ! philosoph]s & m+l$ _! tea*+s ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,he taught1 9 ! mo/ absolute way1 t ,god c\ld d no?+ to a creature1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next1 t 0 n = ! creature's good & 9 accordance ) /rict ju/ice4 ,x 0 n only t ,god w\ld n d x2 ,he _h n ! p[] to d any?+ evil4 ,evid5tly ! p]sonality ( ,god 0 fa/ vani%+ beh9d an absolute law ( "r4 ,to ?is1 or?odox ,islam oppos$ ! doctr9e t ,god c\ld d any?+2 ,he c\ld =give :om ,he will$1 & puni% :om ,he will$4 ,fur!r1 he taught t ,god's will+ a ?+ meant only t ,he did x 9 accordance ) ,8 k2 & :5 ,he will$ ! action ( a creature t meant only t ,he comm&$ x4 ,?is is evid5tly to evade phrases 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,man1 aga91 he taught1 0 _s 7ruh71 & ! body 7badan7 0 only an in/rum5t4 ,b ?is _s 0 a f9e sub/ance :i* fl[$ 9 ! body l ! ess5tial oil 9 a rose1 or butt] 9 milk4 ,9 a univ]se det]m9$ by /rict law1 man alone 0 undet]m9$4 ,he c\ld ?r[ a /one into ! air1 & by 8 action ! /one w5t up2 b :5 ! =ce ( 8 ?r[ 0 exhau/$ x came aga9 "u law & fell4 ,if he _h only ask$ himself h[ x came to fall1 /range ?+s might h happ5$4 ,b he1 & all 8 fell[s1 7 only play+ ) words l c\nt]s4 ,fur!r1 he taught t ,god _h creat$ all creat$ ?+s at once1 b t ,he kept !m 9 concealm5t until x 0 "t = !m to ent] on ! /age ( visible be+ & d _! "p4 ,all ?+s t ev] w exi/ are ?us exi/+ n[1 b1 9 a s5se1 9 ret5tis4 ,?is seems to be ano!r attempt to solve ! problem ( creation 9 "t1 & x _h important consequ5ces4 ,fur!r1 ! ,qur'an 0 no miracle 7mu#8jiz7 to him4 ,! only miracul\s elem5ts 9 x are ! n>ratives ab\t ! ,unse5 ,_w1 & pa/ ?+s & ?+s to come1 & ! fact t ,god depriv$ ! ,arabs ( ! p[] ( writ+ any?+ l x4 ,b = t1 !y c\ld easily h surpass$ x z lit]ature4 ,z a high ,imamite he reject$ utt]ly agreem5t & analogy4 ,only ! div9ely appo9t$ ,imam _h ! "r to supplem5t ! tea*+ ( ,muhammad4 ,we pass ov] "s ( 8 metaphysical views1 odd z !y are4 ,! ,muslim writ]s on !ological hi/ory h classifi$ him rightly z m ( a physici/ ?an a metaphysician4 ,he _h a concrete m9d & t fondness = play+ ) metaphysical p>adoxes :i* (t5 goes ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bi%r2 ,,ma#8,,m> ,ano!r ( ! gr\p 0 ,bi%r ibn al-,mu#8tamir4 ,8 pr9cipal contribution 0 ! doctr9e ( tawlid & tawallud1 begett+ & d]iv+4 ,x is ! transmission ( a s+le action ?r\gh a s]ies ( objects2 ! ag5t meant to affect ! fir/ object only2 ! effect on ! o!rs foll[$4 ,?us1 he moves 8 h&1 & ! r+ on 8 f+] is mov$4 ,:at relation ( responsibility1 !n1 does he be> to ^! d]iv$ effects8 ,g5]ally1 h[ are we to view a complex ( causes act+ toge!r & across "o ano!r8 ,! answ] ( lat] or?odox ,islam is wor? giv+ at ?is po9t4 ,god creates 9 ! man ! w to move 8 h&2 ,he creates ! movem5t ( ! h& & also ! movem5t ( ! r+4 ,all is by ,god's direct creation at ! "t4 ,fur!r1 c\ld ,god puni% an infant or "o :o _h no k ( ! fai?8 ,bi%r's reply on ! fir/ po9t 0 simply a bit ( logical juggl]y to avoid say+ frankly t !re 0 any?+ t ,god c\ld n d4 ,8 answ] on ! second 0 t ,god c\ld h made a diff]5t & mu* bett] _w ?an ?is1 a _w 9 :i* all m5 might h be5 sav$4 ,b ,he 0 n b\nd to make a bett] _w--9 ?is ,bi%r sep>ates f ! o!r ,mu#8tazilites--,he 0 only b\nd to give man free-w &1 !n1 ei!r revelation to guide him to salvation or reason to %[ him natural law4 ,) ,ma#8m> ibn ,abbad1 ! philosophies wax fa/] & m furi\s4 ,he succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! conception ( ,god to a b>e1 indef9able some?+4 ,we c\ld n say t ,god _h k4 ,= x mu/ be ( some?+ 9 ,himself or outside ( ,himself4 ,if ! fir/1 !n !re 0 a union ( kn[] & kn[n1 & t is impossible2 or a duality 9 ! div9e nature1 & t 0 equally impossible4 ,"h ,ma#8m> 0 evid5tly on ! road to ,hegel4 ,if ! second1 !n ,8 k dep5d$ on ! exi/5ce ( some?+ o!r ?an ,himself1 & t did away ) ,8 absolut5ess4 ,simil>ly1 he dealt ) ,god's ,w4 ,nor c\ld ,he be describ$ z qadim1 prior to all ?+s1 = t ^w1 9 ,arabic1 sugge/$ sequ5ce & "t4 ,by all ?is1 he evid5tly meant t our conceptions _c be appli$ to ,god2 t ,god is un?9kable by u4 ,on creation1 he develop$ ! ideas ( an-,nazzam4 ,sub/ances 7jisms7 only 7 creat$ by ,god1 & by 8sub/ances0 he seems to mean matt] z a :ole2 all *anges 9 !m1 or x1 come ei!r ( necessity f its nature1 z :5 fire burns1 ! sun w>ms2 or ( free-w1 z always 9 ! animal _w4 ,god has no "p 9 ^! ?+s4 ,he has giv5 ! mat]ial & has no?+ to d ) ! com+ & go+ ( sep>ate bodies2 su* are simple *anges1 =ms ( exi/5ce1 & proce$ f ! matt] itself4 ,man is an incorporeal sub/ance4 ,! s\l is ! man & 8 body is b a cov]4 ,?is true man c only "k & w2 ! body p]ceives & does4 ,! la/ ( ?is gr\p ^: views we ne$ consid]1 is ,?umama ibn ,a%ras4 ,he 0 ( v dubi\s morals2 0 imprison$ z a h]etic by ,h>un ar-,ra%id1 b highly favor$ by al-,ma'mun1 9 ^: ,khalifate he di$1 ,a4,h4 #bac4 ,he held t actions produc$ ?r\gh tawallud _h no ag5t1 ei!r ,god or man4 ,t k ( good & evil c\ld be produc$ by tawallud ?r\gh speculation1 & is1 !re=e1 an action )\t an ag5t1 & requir$ ev5 be=e revelation4 ,t ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 ,magians w be turn$ into du/ 9 ! next _w & w n ent] ei!r ,p>adise or ,hell2 ! same w be ! fate ( cattle & *ildr54 ,t any "o ( ! unbeliev]s :o does n "k 8 ,creator is excusable4 ,t all k is a priori4 ,t ! only action :i* m5 possess is w2 ev]y?+ besides t is a production )\t a produc]4 ,t ! _w is ! act ( ,god by ,8 nature1 i4e41 x is an act :i* ,8 nature compels ,him to produce2 is1 !re=e1 f et]nity & to et]nity ) ,him4 ,x may be d\bt$ h[ f> ,?umama 0 a pr(essional !ologian & h[ f> he 0 a free-?9k+1 easy-liv+ man ( lett]s4 ,9 all ?is1 ! influ5ce ( ,greek !ology & ( ,ari/otle c be cle>ly trac$4 ,) ,ari/otle _h come to !m ! idea ( ! _w z law1 an et]nal con/ruction subsi/+ & develop+ on fix$ pr9ciples4 ,?is conception ( law %[s itself 9 _! ?\ght frankly at /rife ) ,muhammad's conception ( ,god z w1 z ! sov]eign ov] all4 ,h5ce1 ! crudities & devices by :i* !y /rove to make good _! foot+ on /range gr\nd & keep a "r to ! "n ( ,muslim1 :ile *ang+ ! ess5ce ( _! fai?4 ,! an?ropomorphic ,god ( ,muhammad1 :o has face & h&s1 is se5 9 ,p>adise by ! believ] & settles ,himself firmly ^u ,8 ?rone1 becomes a _s1 & a _s1 too1 ( ! vague/ k9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,vision ,,( ,,god ,x rema9s n[ only to t\* ^u "o or two po9ts common to all ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,fir/1 ! ,beatific ,vision ( ,god 9 ,p>adise4 ,x 0 a fix$ agreem5t ( ! e>ly ,muslim ,*ur*1 bas$ on texts ( ! ,qur'an & on tradition1 t "s believ]s1 at lea/1 w\ld see & gaze ^u ,god 9 ! o!r _w2 ?is 0 ! highe/ delight held out to !m4 ,b ! ,mu#8tazilites p]ceiv$ t vision involv$ a direct+ ( ! eyes on ! "p ( ! se] & position on ! "p ( ! se54 ,god mu/1 !re=e1 be 9 a place & ?us limit$4 ,s !y 7 compell$ to reject ! agreem5t & ! traditions 9 "q & to expla9 away ! passages 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,qur'an vii4 #eb1 we read t ,god settl$ ,himself firmly ^u ,8 ?rone4 ,?is1 ) o!r an?ropomorphisms ( h&s & feet & eyes1 ! ,mu#8tazilites _h to expla9 away 9 a m or less cumbr\s fa%ion4 ,) "o o!r detail ( ?is class we mu/ deal at great] l5g?4 ,x 0 de/9$ to be ! vital po9t ( ! :ole ,mu#8tazilite controv]sy & ! te/ by :i* !ologians 7 tri$ & _h _! places assign$4 ,x _h a weighty "p also 9 br++ ab\t ! fall ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,!re _h gr[n up v e>ly 9 ! ,muslim community an unb\nd$ rev]5ce & awe 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,qur'an4 ,9 x ,god speaks1 address+ ,8 s]vant1 ! ,prophet2 ! words1 ) few exceptions1 are direct words ( ,god4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easily intelligible t x came to be call$ ! ^w ( ,god 7kalam ,allah74 ,b ,muslim piety w5t fur!r & held t x 0 uncreat$ & _h exi/$ f all et]nity ) ,god4 ,:atev] pro(s ( ?is doctr9e may h be5 br\ght =w>d lat] f ! ,qur'an itself1 we c h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ t x is pla9ly d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian ,logos & t ! ,greek ,*ur*1 p]haps ?r\gh ,john ( ,damascus1 has aga9 play$ a =mative "p4 ,s1 9 correspond5ce ) ! heav5ly & uncreat$ ,logos 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 !re /&s ?is uncreat$ & et]nal ,^w ( ,god2 to ! e>?ly manife/ation 9 ,jesus corresponds ! ,qur'an1 ! ,^w ( ,god :i* we read & recite4 ,! "o is n ! same z ! o!r1 b ! idea to be ga9$ f ! expressions ( ! "o is equival5t to ! idea :i* we w\ld ga9 f ! o!r1 if ! veil ( ! fle% 7 remov$ f u & ! spiritual _w reveal$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,^w ,,( ,,god ,t ?is view grew up v e>ly among ! ,muslims is evid5t f ! fact t x is oppos$ by ,jahm ibn ,safwan1 :o 0 kill$ t[>d ! end ( ! ,umayyad p]iod4 ,x seems to h orig9at$ by a k9d ( transfusion ( ideas f ,*ri/ianity & n z a result ( controv]sy or dialectic ab\t ! tea*+s ( ! ,qur'an4 ,we f9d ! or?odox p>ty vehem5tly oppos+ discussion on ! subject1 z inde$ !y did on all !ological subjects4 8,our fa!rs h told u2 x is ! fai? receiv$ f ! ,companions20 0 _! argum5t f ! e>lie/ "t we c trace4 ,malik ibn ,anas us$ to cut (f all discussions ) 8,bila kayfa0 7,believe )\t ask+ h[72 & he held /rongly t ! ,qur'an 0 uncreat$4 ,! same ^w kalam :i* we h f\nd appli$ to ! ,^w ( ,god--bo? ! et]nal1 uncreat$ ,logos & its manife/ation 9 ! ,qur'an--0 us$ by !m mo/ confus+ly = 8disputation20 8he disput$0 0 takallam & 8"o :o disput$0 0 mutakallim4 ,all t 0 ana!ma to ! pi\s1 & x is amus+ to see ! orig9 ( :at became lat] ! te*nical t]ms = s*ola/ic !ology & its /ud5ts 9 _! %udd]+ repulsion to all 8talk+ ab\t0 ! sacr$ my/]ies4 ,?is opposition appe>$ 9 two =ms4 ,fir/1 !y refus$ to g an in* beyond ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,qur'an & tradition & to draw consequ5ces1 h[ev] ne> ! surface ^! consequ5ces might seem to lie4 ,a /ory is told ( al-,bukh>i1 7d4 #beg71 late z he is1 :i* %[s h[ f> ?is w5t & h[ long x la/$4 ,an inquisition 0 got up aga9/ him out ( envy by "o ( 8 fell[-tea*]s4 ,! po9t ( attack 0 ! or?odoxy ( 8 position on ! lafz 7utt]ance7 ( ! ,qur'an2 0 x creat$ or uncreat$8 ,he said readily t ! ,qur'an 0 uncreat$ & 0 ob/9ately sil5t z to ! utt]ance ( x by m54 ,at la/1 p]si/5t que/ion+ drove him to an outbur/4 8,! ,qur'an is ! ,^w ( ,god & is uncreat$4 ,! spee* ( man is creat$ & inquisition 7imtihan7 is an innovation 7bid#8a740 ,b beyond t he w\ld n g1 ev5 to draw ! conclusion ( ! syllogism :i* he _h indicat$4 ,"s1 z we may ga!r f ?is /ory1 _h felt !mselves driv5 to hold t n only ! ,qur'an 9 itself b also ! utt]ance ( x by ! lips ( m5 & ! writ+ ( x by m5's h&s--all betwe5 ! bo>ds1 z !y said--0 uncreat$4 ,o!rs 7 com+ to d5y absolutely ! exi/5ce ( ! et]nal ,logos & t ?is reveal$ ,qur'an 0 uncreat$ 9 any s5se4 ,b o!rs1 z al-,bukh>i1 :ile hold+ t5aci\sly t ! ,qur'an 0 uncreat$1 refus$ to make any /atem5t z to its utt]ance by m54 ,!re 0 no?+ said ab\t t 9 ,qur'an or tradition4 ,! second =m ( opposition 0 to any uphold+ ( _! belief by argum5ts1 except ( ! simple/ & mo/ app>5t4 ,t 0 an invasion by reason 7aql7 ( ! realm ( traditional fai? 7naql74 ,:5 ! pi\s 7 ev5tually driv5 to dialectic weapons1 _! argum5ts %[ t ^! 7 snat*$ up to def5d already occupi$ positions4 ,!y r+ artificial & =c$4 ,?us1 9 ! ,qur'an itself1 ! ,qur'an is call$ 8k f ,god40 ,x is1 !n1 insep>able f ,god's quality ( k4 ,b t is et]nal & uncreat$2 !re=e1 s too1 ! ,qur'an4 ,aga91 ,god creat$ ev]y?+ by ! ^w1 8,be40 ,b ?is ^w _c h be5 creat$1 o!rwise a creat$ ^w w\ld be a creator4 ,!re=e1 ,god's ^w is uncreat$4 ,aga91 !re /&s 9 ! ,qur'an 7vii1 #eb71 8,are n ! creation & ! comm& ,880 ,! comm& "h is evid5tly diff]5t f ! creation1 i4e41 n creat$4 ,fur!r1 ,god's comm& creates2 !re=e x _c be creat$4 ,b x is ,god's ^w 9 comm&4 ,x w be notic$ "h h[ completely ,god's ^w is hypo/atiz$4 ,?is appe>s /ill m /rongly 9 ! foll[+ argum5t4 ,god said to ,moses1 7,qur4 vii1 #ada71 8,i h *os5 !e ov] mank9d ) my apo/olate & my ^w40 ,god1 !re=e1 has a ^w4 ,b1 aga9 7,qur4 iv1 #afb71 ,he addresses ,moses ) ?is ^w 7kallama-llahu ,musa taklima1 evid5tly reg>d$ z mean+ t ,god's ^w address$ ,moses7 & said1 8,lo1 ,i am ?y ,"l40 ,?is argum5t is suppos$ to put ! oppon5t 9 a dilemma4 ,ei!r he rejects ! fact ( ,moses be+ s address$1 :i* is reject+ :at ,god has said1 & is1 !re=e1 unbelief2 or he holds t ! kalam :i* s addresses ,moses is a creat$ ?+4 ,!n1 a creat$ ?+ ass]ts t x is ,moses' ,"l4 ,!re=e1 ,god's kalam ) :i* ,he addresses ! prophets1 or :i* addresses ! prophets1 is et]nal1 uncreat$4 ,b if ?is doctr9e grew up e>ly 9 ,islam1 opposition to x 0 n sl[ 9 appe>+1 & t on diff]5t sides4 ,lit]>y vanity1 national pride1 & philosophical scruples all made !mselves felt4 ,ev5 9 ,muhammad's lifetime1 accord+ to ! leg5d ( ! poet ,labid & ! v]ses :i* he put up 9 *all5ge on ! ,ka#8ba1 ! ,qur'an _h tak5 rank z inimitable poetry4 ,at all po9ts x 0 ! ,^w ( ,god & p]fect 9 e detail4 ,b1 among ! ,arabs1 a jeal\s & va9 p1 if !re 0 "o ?+ on :i* ea* 0 m jeal\s & va9 ?an ano!r1 x 0 skill 9 work+ ) words4 ,! sup]iority ( ,muhammad z a ,prophet ( ,god !y might endure1 ?\gh (t5 ) a bad grace2 b ,muhammad z a rival & unapproa*able lit]>y arti/ !y c\ld n away )4 ,s we f9d satire ( ! weaknesses ( ! ,qur'an appe>+ "h & !re1 & x came to be a sign ( emancipation & fre$om f prejudice to exam9e x 9 detail & balance x aga9/ o!r products ( ! ,arab g5ius4 ,! rival productions ( ,musaylima1 ! ,false ,prophet1 long enjoy$ a semi-contrab& exi/5ce1 & ,abu ,ubayda 7d4 #bjh7 f\nd x necess>y to write a treatise 9 def5ce ( ! metaphors ( ! ,qur'an4 ,among ! ,p]sians ?is 0 /ill m ! case4 ,to !m1 ,muhammad might be a prophet1 b he 0 also an ,arab2 & :ile !y accept$ 8 mission1 accept+ 8 books 9 a lit]>y way 0 too mu* = !m4 ,z a prophet1 he 0 a man2 z a lit]>y arti/1 he 0 an ,arab4 ,s ,jahm ibn ,safwan may h felt2 s1 c]ta9ly1 o!rs felt lat]4 ,! poet ,ba%%> ibn ,burd 7kill$ = satire1 9 #afg71 a companion ( ,wasil ibn ,ata & a ,p]sian ( v dubi\s or?odoxy1 us$ to amuse himself by comp>+ poems by himself & o!rs ) passages 9 ! ,qur'an1 to ! disadvantage ( ! latt]4 ,& ,ibn al-,muqaffa 7kill$ ab\t #adj71 ! translator ( 8,kalila & ,dimna0 & _m o!r books into ,arabic1 & a ,p]sian nationali/1 is said to h plann$ an imitation ( ! ,qur'an4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mu#8,,tazilite ,,attitude ,add$ to all ?is came ! influ5ce ( ! ,mu#8tazilite !ologians4 ,!y _h a d\ble gr\nd = _! opposition4 ,! doctr9e ( an absolutely div9e & p]fect book limit$ !m too mu* 9 _! intellectual fre$om4 ,!y 7 will+ to respect & use ! ,qur'an1 b n to accept its ipsissima v]ba4 ,reg>d$ z ! production ( ,muhammad "u div9e influ5ce1 x c\ld h a human & a div9e side1 & ?+s :i* ne$$ to be dropp$ or *ang$ 9 x c\ld be ascrib$ to ! human side4 ,b t 0 n possible ) a miracul\s book come d[n f heav54 ,9 a ^w1 !y 7 meet+ ! difficulty :i* has be5 met by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! lea/ !y c\ld d 0 to d5y t ! ,qur'an 0 uncreat$4 ,b !y _h a /ill m vital1 if n m important1 philosophical base ( objection4 ,we h se5 already h[ !y view$ ! doctr9e ( ,god's qualities 7sifat7 & tri$ to limit !m 9 e way4 ,^! qualities ran dang]1 !y held1 ( be+ hypo/atiz$ into sep>ate p]sons l ^? 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 & we h j se5 h[ ne> t dang] really lay 9 ! case ( ,god's kalam4 ,9 or?odox ,islam x has become a pla9 ,logos4 ,! position 9 ?is ( an-,nazzam has be5 giv5 above4 ,x is int]e/+ z %[+ t ! ,qur'an1 ev5 !n1 0 giv5 z a probative miracle 7mu#8jiz7 because x depriv$ all m5 ( p[] 7i#8jaz7 to imitate x4 ,t is1 its /hetic p]fection 0 rais$ to ! miracul\s degree & !n reg>d$ z a pro( ( its div9e orig94 ,b al-,muzd>1 a pupil ( ,bi%r ibn al ,mu#8tamir & an ascetic ( high rank1 call$ ! ,monk ( ! ,mu#8tazilites1 w5t /ill fur!r ?an an-,nazzam4 ,he flatly damn$ z unbeliev]s all :o held ! et]nity ( ! ,qur'an2 !y _h tak5 unto !mselves two ,gods4 ,fur!r1 he ass]t$ t m5 7 q capable ( produc+ a "w ev5 f9] ?an ! ,qur'an 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,b ! =ce ( ?is op9ion is some:at dim9i%$ by ! lib]ality ) :i* he d5\nc$ 8 oppon5ts 9 g5]al z unbeliev]s4 ,/ories are told ( him v mu* l ^? 9 circulation ) u ab\t ^? :o hold t few w be sav$1 & x is wor? notic+ t ^u ?is po9t ( salvability ! ,mu#8tazilites 7 ev5 n>r[] ?an ! or?odox4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,al-,ma'mun & ! triumph ( ! ,mu#8tazilites2 ! ,mihna & ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal2 al-,f>abi2 ! ,fatimids & ! ,ikhwan z-,safa2 ! e>ly my/ics1 ascetic & pan!i/ic2 al-,hallaj4 ,su* = long 0 ! situation betwe5 ! ,mu#8tazilites & _! or?odox oppon5ts4 ,f "t to "t ! ,mu#8tazilites receiv$ m or less protection & /ate favor2 at o!r times1 !y _h to seek safety 9 hid+4 ,popul> favor !y seem nev] to h enjoy$4 ,z ! ,umayyads grew weak1 !y became m /iff 9 _! or?odoxy2 b ) ! ,abbasids1 & especially ) al-,mansur1 ?\ght 0 aga9 free4 ,z has be5 %[n above1 enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce & rese>* 0 "p ( ! plan ( t great man1 & he easily saw t ! intellectual hope ( ! future 0 ) ^! !ological & philosophical que/ion]s4 ,s _! "w w5t sl[ly on1 ) a break "u ,h>un ar-,ra%id1 a magnific5t b highly or?odox mon>*1 :o und]/ood no trifl+ ) ?+s ( ! fai?4 ,x is an int]e/+ b useless "q :e!r ,islam c\ld ev] h be5 broad5$ & develop$ to ! po9t ( endur+ 9 its mid/ free speculation & rese>*4 ,z ! case /&s 9 hi/ory1 x has kn[n p]iods ( intellectual life1 b only "u ! protection ( isolat$ pr9ces "h & !re4 ,x has _h ,augu/an ages2 x has nev] _h great popul> ye>n+s aft] wid] k4 ,its intellectual lead]s h liv$ & /udi$ & lectur$ at c\rts2 !y h n gone d[n & taught ! masses ( ! p4 ,to t ! democracy ( ,islam has nev] come4 ,hamp]$ by s*ola/ic snobbi%ness1 x has nev] le>n$ t ! abid+ victories ( sci5ce are won 9 ! village s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,ma',,mun ,b mo/ un=tunately = ! ,mu#8tazilites & = ,islam1 a ,khalifa arose :o _h a reli% = !ological discussions & a high op9ion ( 8 own infallibility4 ,?is 0 al-,ma'mun4 ,x did n matt] t he rang$ himself on ! progressive side2 8 fatal error 0 t he invok$ ! au?ority ( ! /ate 9 matt]s ( ! intellectual & religi\s life4 ,?us1 by enabl+ ! cons]vative p>ty to pose z m>tyrs1 he br\ght ! prejudices & passions ( ! populace /ill m aga9/ ! new movem5t4 ,he 0 t mo/ dang]\s ( all be+s1 a doctr9aire despot4 ,he _h ideas & tri$ to make o!r p live up to !m4 ,al-,mansur1 ?\gh a bloody tyrant1 _h be5 a great /atesman & _h kn[n h[ to b5d p & ?+s quietly to 8 w4 ,he _h sket*$ ! firm outl9es ( a policy = ! ,abbasids1 b _h be5 cauti\s h[ he proclaim$ 8 programme to ! _w4 ,! _w w\ld come to him 9 "t1 & he c\ld af=d to wait & "w 9 ! d>k4 ,he knew1 above all1 t no p w\ld submit to be s*ool-ma/]$ into ! way 9 :i* !y %\ld g4 ,al-,ma'mun1 = all 8 g5ius1 0 at he>t a s*ool-ma/]4 ,he 0 an enlight5$ patron ( an enlight5$ ,islam4 ,^? :o pref]r$ to dwell 9 ! d>kness ( ! obscurant1 he fir/ scold$ & !n puni%$4 ,discussions 9 !ology & comp>ative religion 7 8 hobby4 ,t "s su* int]*ange ( lett]s betwe5 ,muslims & ,*ri/ians z t :i* cry/alliz$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( al-,k9di took place at 8 c\rt seems c]ta94 ,bi%r al-,m>isi1 :o _h liv$ 9 hid+ 9 ar-,ra%id's "t on acc\nt ( 8 h]etical views1 disput$1 9 #bji1 be=e al-,ma'mun on ! nature ( ! ,qur'an4 ,he f\nd$ at ,baghdad an academy ) libr>y1 laboratories1 & obs]vatory4 ,all ! weight ( 8 influ5ce 0 ?r[n on ! side ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,x appe>$ z ?\gh he 7 det]m9$ to pull 8 p up by =ce f _! sup]/ition & ignorance4 ,at la/1 he took ! f9al & fatal /ep4 ,9 #bjb a decree appe>$ proclaim+ ! doctr9e ( ! creation ( ! ,qur'an z ! only tru?1 & z b9d+ ^u all ,muslims4 ,at ! same "t1 z an evid5t sop to ! ,p]sian nationali/s & ! ,alids1 ,ali 0 proclaim$ ! be/ ( creatures aft] ,muhammad4 ,! ,alids1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 _h close po9ts ( contact ) ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,su* a !ological decree z ?is 0 a new ?+ 9 ,islam2 nev] be=e _h ! individual consci\sness be5 ?reat5$ by a ^w f ! ?rone4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites ?r\gh x practically became a /ate *ur* "u era/ian control4 ,b ! sy/em ( ,islam nev] grant$ to ! ,imam1 or lead] ( ! ,muslim p1 any position b t ( a protector & repres5tative4 ,its !ology c\ld only be =m$1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( its law1 by ! agreem5t ( ! :ole community4 ,! "q !n naturally 0 :at effect su* a new ?+ z ?is decree c\ld h except to exasp]ate ! or?odox & ! masses4 ,practically1 !re 0 no o!r effect4 ,?+s w5t on z be=e4 ,all t x meant 0 t "o v prom95t ,muslim _h /at$ 8 op9ion & ?r[n 9 8 lot ) h]etics4 ,= six ye>s ?is cont9u$1 & !n a me?od 0 devis$ ( br++ ! w ( ! ,khalifa home ^u ! p4 ,9 #bag a di/+ui%$ ,mu#8tazilite1 ,ahmad ibn ,abi ,duwad1 0 appo9t$ *ief qadi1 & 9 #bah ! decree 0 r5ew$4 ,b ?is "t x 0 accompani$ by :at we w\ld call a te/-act1 & an inquisition 7mihna7 0 in/itut$4 ,! lett] ( directions = ! conduct ( ?is matt]1 writt5 by al-,ma'mun to 8 lieut5ant at ,baghdad1 is decisive z to ! "* ( ! man & ! nature ( ! movem5t4 ,x is full ( rail+s aga9/ ! common p :o "k n ! law & are accurs$4 ,!y are too /upid to und]/& philosophy or argum5t4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,khalifa to guide !m & especially to %[ !m ! di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ,8 book4 ,he :o holds o!rwise ?an ! ,khalifa is ei!r too bl9d or too ly+ & deceitful to be tru/$ 9 any o!r ?+4 ,!re=e1 ! qadis mu/ be te/$ z to _! views4 ,if !y hold t ! ,qur'an is uncreat$1 !y h ab&on$ ta:id1 ! doctr9e ( ,god's ,unity1 & c no long] hold (fice 9 a ,muslim l&4 ,also1 ! qadis mu/ apply ! same te/ to all ! witnesses 9 cases be=e !m4 ,if ^! d n hold t ! ,qur'an is creat$1 !y _c be legal witnesses4 ,o!r lett]s foll[$2 ! ,mihna 0 ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ,abbasid empire & appli$ to o!r doctr9es1 e4g41 t ( free-w & ( ! vision ( ,god4 ,! ,khalifa also comm&$ t ! dea? p5alty = unbelief 7kufr7 %\ld be inflict$ on ^? :o refus$ to take ! te/4 ,!y 7 to be reg>d$ z idolat]s & poly!i/s4 ,! dea? ( al-,ma'mun 9 ! same ye> reliev$ ! pressure4 ,x is true t ! ,mihna 0 cont9u$ by 8 successor1 al-,mu#8tasim1 & by 8 successor1 al-,wa?iq1 b )\t en]gy2 x 0 m a h&y political weapon ?an any?+ else4 ,9 #bcd1 ! second ye> ( al-,mutawakkil1 x 0 aboli%$ & ! ,qur'an decre$ uncreat$4 ,at ! same "t ! ,alids & all ,p]sian nationalism came "u a ban4 ,practically1 ! /atus quo ante 0 re/or$ & ,mu#8tazilism 0 aga9 left a /ruggl+ h]esy4 ,! ,arab p>ty & ! pure fai? ( ,muhammad _h reass]t$ !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ahmad ,,ibn ,,hanbal ,9 ?is long conflict1 ! mo/ prom95t figure 0 c]ta9ly t ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal4 ,he 0 ! tru/ & /r5g? ( ! or?odox2 t he /ood fa/ ?r\gh imprisonm5t & sc\rg+ defeat$ ! plans ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,9 deal+ ) ! developm5t ( law1 we h se5 :at 8 legal position 04 ,! same held 9 !ology4 ,s*ola/ic !ology 7kalam7 0 8 abom9ation4 ,^? :o disput$ ov] doctr9es he ca/ out4 ,t _! dogmatic position 0 ! same z 8 made no diff]5ce4 ,= him1 !ological tru? c\ld n be rea*$ by reason+ 7aql72 tradition 7naql7 f ! fa!rs 7z-salaf7 0 ! only gr\nd on :i* ! dubi\s words ( ! ,qur'an c\ld be expla9$4 ,s1 9 8 long exam9ations be=e ! (ficials ( al-,ma#8mun & al-,mu#8tasim1 he cont5t$ himself ) repeat+ ei!r ! words ( ! ,qur'an :i* = him 7 pro(s or su* traditions z he accept$4 ,any approa* to draw+ a consequ5ce he utt]ly reject$4 ,:5 !y argu$ be=e him1 he kept sil5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 we may ask1 0 ! net result ( ?is incid5t8 = x 0 no?+ m4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites dropp$ back into _! =m] position1 b "u *ang$ conditions4 ,! sympa?y ( ! populace 0 fur!r f !m ?an ev]4 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 sa9t & ascetic1 0 ! idol ( ! masses2 & he1 9 _! eyes1 _h ma9ta9$ s+le-h&$ ! honor ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,= 8 p]secutors !re 0 no?+ b hatr$4 ,& aft] he _h pass$ away1 ! conflict 0 tak5 up ) /ill fi]c] bitt]ness by ! s*ool ( law f\nd$ by 8 pupils4 ,!y cont9u$ to ma9ta9 8 pr9ciples ( ,qur'an & tradition long aft] ! ,mu#8tazilites !mselves _h practically vani%$ f ! sc5e1 & all t 0 left = !m to cont5d aga9/ 0 ! modifi$ sy/em ( s*ola/ic !ology :i* is n[ ! or?odox !ology ( ,islam4 ,) ^! reaction>y ,hanbalites we %all h to deal lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,mu#8,,tazilites ,! ,mu#8tazilites1 on _! side1 hav+ se5 ! %ipwreck ( _! hopes & ! gr[+ /orm ( popul> disfavor1 seem to h turn$ aga9 to _! s*ola/ic /udies4 ,!y became m & m !ologians affect+ a n>r[] circle1 & less & less educators ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,_! sy/em became m metaphysical & _! conclusions m un9telligible to ! pla9 man4 ,! fate :i* has fall5 on all cont9u$ ef=ts ( ! ,muslim m9d 0 com+ ^u !m4 ,begg>ly speculations & b>r5 hypo!ses1 combats ( words ov] names1 sapp$ !m ( life & reality4 ,:at ! ill-fat$ fri5d%ip ( al-,ma'mun _h begun 0 c>ri$ on & out by ! clos$ circle ( ,muslim ?\ght4 ,!y sep>at$ into s*ools1 "o at al-,basra & ano!r at ,baghdad4 ,at ,baghdad ! po9t especially develop$ 0 ! old "q1 ,:at is a ?+ 7%ay78 ,!y def9$ a ?+1 practically1 z a concept t c\ld be kn[n & ( :i* some?+ c\ld be said4 ,exi/5ce 7wujud7 did n matt]4 ,x 0 only a quality :i* c\ld be !re or n4 ,) x1 ! ?+ 0 an entity 7mawjud72 )\t x1 a non-entity 7ma#8dum71 b /ill a ?+ ) all equipm5t ( sub/ance 7ja:>7 & accid5t 7arad71 g5us & species4 ,! be>+ ( ?is 0 especially ^u ! doctr9e ( creation4 ,practically1 by ,god's add+ a s+le quality1 ?+s ent]$ ! sph]e ( exi/5ce & 7 = u4 ,"h1 !n1 is evid5tly an approa* to a doctr9e ( pre-exi/5t matt]4 ,at al-,basra ! relation ( ,god to ,8 qualities 0 especially discuss$1 & !re x came to be pretty ne>ly a family dispute betwe5 al-,jubba#8i 7d4 #cjc7 & 8 son ,abu ,ha%im4 ,or?odox ,islam held t ,god has qualities1 exi/5t1 et]nal1 add$ to ,8 ess5ce2 ?us1 ,he kn[s1 = example1 by su* a quality ( k4 ,! /ud5ts ( ,greek philosophy & ! ,%i#8ites d5i$ ?is & said t ,god knew by ,8 ess5ce4 ,we h se5 already ,mu#8tazilite views z to ?is po9t4 ,abu ,hudhayl held t ^! qualities 7 ,god's ess5ce & n 9 x4 ,?us1 ,he knew by a quality ( k1 b t quality 0 ,8 ess5ce4 ,al-,jubba#8i cont5t$ himself ) safegu>d+ ?is /atem5t4 ,god knew 9 accordance ) ,8 ess5ce1 b x 0 nei!r a quality nor a /ate 7hal7 :i* requir$ t ,he %\ld be a kn[]4 ,! or?odox _h said ! fir/2 8 son1 ,abu ,ha%im1 said ! second4 ,he held t we "k an ess5ce & "k x "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! conditions v>i$ b ! ess5ce rema9$4 ,^! conditions are n ?9kable by !mselves1 = we "k !m only 9 connection ) ! ess5ce4 ,^! are /ates2 !y are diff]5t f ! ess5ce1 b d n exi/ ap>t f x4 ,al-,jubba#8i oppos$ to ?is a doctr9e t ^! /ates 7 really subjective 9 ! m9d ( ! p]ceiv]1 ei!r g5]alizations or relation%ips exi/+ m5tally b n ext]nally4 ,?is controv]sy spun itself out at great l5g? ?r\gh c5turies4 ,x ev5tually resolv$ itself into ! fundam5tal metaphysical inquiry1 ,:at is a ?+8 ,a p[]ful s*ool came to a conclusion t w\ld h delight$ ! s\l ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,?+s are f\r1 !y said1 entities1 non-entities1 /ates & relation%ips4 ,z we h se5 above1 al-,jubba#8i d5i$ ! reality ( bo? /ates & relation%ips4 ,or?odox ,islam has be5 ( a divid$ op9ion4 ,b all ?is "t1 o!r movem5ts _h be5 9 progress1 "s ( :i* 7 to be ( l>g] future importance ?an ?is fossiliz+ intellectualism4 ,9 #bee al-,jahiz di$4 ,?\gh commonly reckon$ a ,mu#8tazilite he 0 really a man ( lett]s1 free 9 life & ?\ght4 ,he 0 a mak] ( books1 le>n$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s & r incl9$ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,tabi#8iyun1 dei/ic naturali/s4 ,8 confession ( fai? 0 ( ! utmo/ simplicity4 ,he taught t :oev] held t ,god _h nei!r body nor =m1 c\ld n be se5 ) ! eyes1 0 j & will$ no evil de$s1 su* 0 a ,muslim 9 tru?4 ,&1 fur!r1 if anyone 0 n capable ( philosophical reflection1 b held t ,allah 0 8 ,"l & t ,muhammad 0 ! ,apo/le ( ,allah1 he 0 blameless & no?+ m %\ld be requir$ ( him4 ,"h we h evid5tly 9 "p a reaction f ! subtilties ( controv]sy1 & 9 "p an attempt to broad5 !ology en\gh to give ev5 ! unsettl$ a *ance to rema9 9 ! ,muslim ,*ur*4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d we %all f9d1 lat]1 9 ! case ( ,ibn ,ru%d4 ,f9ally1 we h probably to see 9 8 rem>k t ! ,qur'an 0 a body1 turn$ at "o "t into a man & at ano!r into a bea/1 a satirical comm5t on ! great controv]sy ( 8 "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,jahiz2 ,,al-,,k9di ,al-,jahiz may be = u a l9k ) ! philosoph]s prop]1 ! /ud5ts ( ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks4 ,he repres5ts ! /&-po9t ( ! educat$ man ( ! "t1 & 0 no speciali/ 9 any?+ b a g5]al scepticism4 ,9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! philosoph]s ( ,islam1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 /&s conspicu\sly al-,k9di1 commonly call$ ! ,philosoph] ( ! ,arabs4 ,! "n belongs to him ( "r1 = he is almo/ ! only example ( a /ud5t ( ,ari/otle1 sprung f ! blood ( ! des]t4 ,b he 0 h>dly a philosoph] 9 any indep5d5t s5se4 ,8 rle 0 translat+1 & dur+ ! reigns ( al-,ma'mun & al-,mu#8tasim a multitude ( translations & orig9al works de omni scibili came f 8 h&s2 ! names ( #bfe ( ^! h come d[n to u4 ,9 ! or?odox reaction "u al-,mutawakkil he f>$ ill2 8 libr>y 0 confiscat$ b aft]w>d re/or$4 ,he di$ ab\t #bfj1 & ) him dies ! brief1 gold5 c5tury ( eag] acquisition1 & ! s*ola/ic p]iod ent]s 9 philosophy z 9 !ology4 ,sid5ote3 ,,plato2 ,,plot9us2 ,,ari/otle ,t ! glory 0 dep>t+ f ,baghdad & ! ,khalifate is %[n by ! second important "n 9 philosophy4 ,x is t ( al-,f>abi1 :o 0 born at ,f>ab 9 ,turke/an1 liv$ & work$ 9 ! brilliant circle :i* ga!r$ r\nd ,sayf ad-,dawla1 ! ,hamdanid1 at 8 c\rt at ,aleppo4 ,9 music1 9 sci5ce1 9 philology1 & 9 philosophy1 he 0 alike ma/]4 ,ari/otle 0 8 passion1 & 8 ,arabic contempor>ies & successors unit$ 9 call+ him ! second tea*]1 on acc\nt ( 8 success 9 unknott+ ! tangles ( ! ,greek sy/em4 ,x 0 9 tru? a tangl$ sy/em :i* came to him1 & a tangl$ sy/em :i* he left4 ,! ,muslim philosoph]s began1 9 _! innoc5ce1 ) ! foll[+ positions3 ,! ,qur'an is tru? & philosophy is tru?2 b tru? c only be "o2 !re=e1 ! ,qur'an & philosophy mu/ agree4 ,philosophy !y accept$ 9 :ole-he>t$ fai?1 z x came to !m f ! ,greeks ?r\gh ,egypt & ,syria4 ,!y took x1 n z a mass ( m or less contradictory speculation1 b z a =m ( tru?4 ,!y1 9 fact1 nev] lo/ a c]ta9 !ological attitude4 ,"u su* conditions1 !n1 ,plato came to !m2 b x 0 mo/ly ,plato z int]pret$ by ,porphyrius1 t is1 z neo-,platonism4 ,ari/otle1 too1 came to !m 9 ! guise ( ! lat] ,p]ipatetic s*ools4 ,b 9 ,ari/otle1 especially1 !re ent]$ a p]fect knot ( entanglem5t & confusion4 ,dur+ ! reign ( al-,mu#8tasim1 a ,*ri/ian ( ,emessa 9 ! ,lebanon--! hi/ory 9 details is obscure--translat$ p>ts ( ! 8,enneads0 ( ,plot9us into ,arabic & entitl$ 8 "w 8,! ,!ology ( ,ari/otle40 ,a m unlucky bit ( lit]>y mis*ief & "o m f>-rea*+ 9 its consequ5ces has nev] be54 ,! ,muslims took x all z solemnly z !y took ! text ( ! ,qur'an4 ,^! two great ma/]s1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 !y said1 _h exp\nd$ ! tru?1 :i* is "o4 ,!re=e1 !re mu/ be "s way ( br++ !m into agreem5t4 ,s g5]ations ( toil]s labor$ valiantly ) ! welt] ( translations & pseudographs to get out ( !m & into !m ! "o tru?4 ,! m pi\s add$ ! ?ird elem5t ( ! ,qur'an1 & x mu/ rema9 a m>vel & a magnific5t te/imonial to _! skill & pati5ce t !y got ev5 s f> z !y did & t ! :ole movem5t did n end 9 simple lunacy4 ,t al-,f>abi %\ld h be5 s incisive a writ]1 s wide a ?9k] & /ud5t2 t ,ibn ,s9a %\ld h be5 s ke5 & cle> a sci5ti/ & logician2 t ,ibn ,ru%d %\ld h kn[n--really kn[n--& comm5t$ 8 ,ari/otle z he did1 %[s t ! human bra91 aft] all1 is a sane bra9 & has ! p[] ( unconsci\sly reject+ & ?r[+ out nons5se & falsehood4 ,b x is n wond]ful t1 deal+ ) su* mat]ials & contradictions1 !y develop$ a t5d5cy to my/icism4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s :i* !y felt compell$ to hold :i* c\ld only be def5d$ & rationaliz$ 9 t cl\dy air & slant+ light4 ,especially1 no "o b a my/ic c\ld br+ toge!r ! emanations ( ,plot9us1 ! ideas ( ,plato1 ! sph]es ( ,ari/otle & ! sev5-/ori$ heav5 ( ,muhammad4 ,) ?is matt] ( my/icism we %all h to deal imm$iately4 ,( al-,f>abi x is en\gh to say t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ pati5t ( ! labor]s at t impossible problem4 ,x seems nev] to h occurr$ to him1 or to any ( ! o!rs1 t ! fir/ & great imp]ative 0 to v]ify 8 ref]5ces & s\rces4 ,! ori5tal1 l ! m$ival s*ola/ic1 te/s m9utely ! =m ( 8 syllogism1 b takes little ?\ght :e!r 8 premises /ate facts or n4 ,) a scrupul\s scepticism 9 d$uction1 he comb9es a *ildlike acceptance on tradition or on ! n>r[e/ ( inductions4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,f>abi ,b !re are o!r & m om9\s signs 9 al-,f>abi ( ! s*ola/ic decl9e4 ,!re appe>s fir/ 9 him t t5d5cy t[>d ! writ+ ( encyclopdic comp5ds1 :i* always means sup]ficiality & ! commonplace4 ,al-,f>abi himself c\ld n be accus$ ( ei!r1 b t he ?us claim$ all k = 8 portion %[$ ! risk ( ! premature circle & ! small ga94 ,ano!r is my/icism4 ,he is a neo-,platoni/1 m exactly a ,plot9ian2 al?\gh he himself w\ld n h recogniz$ ?is title4 ,he held1 z we h se51 t he 0 simply retell+ ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,b he 0 also a dev\t ,muslim4 ,he seems to h tak5 9 e>ne/ all ! biz>re details ( ,muslim cosmography & es*atology2 ! ,p51 ! ,tablet1 ! ,?rone1 ! ,angels 9 all _! ranks & functions m+le picturesquely ) ! sy/em ( ,plot9us1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 receptive & active intellects4 ,b to make t5able ?is position he _h to take ! great leap ( ! my/ic4 ,unto u ^! ?+s are impossible2 ) ,god1 i4e41 on ano!r plane ( exi/5ce1 !y are ! simple/ realities4 ,if ! veil 7 tak5 f our eyes we w\ld see !m4 ,?is has always be5 ! refuge ( ! dev\t ,muslim :o has tamp]$ ) sci5ce4 ,we %all look = x m 9 detail :5 we come to al-,ghazzali1 :o has put x into classical =m4 ,aga91 he 01 9 mod]n t]ms1 a mon>*i/ & a cl]icali/4 ,8 conception ( ! model /ate is a /range comp\nd ( ! republic ( ,plato & ,%i#8ite dreams ( an infallible ,imam4 ,its roots lie1 ( c\rse1 9 ! !ocratic idea ( ! ,muslim /ate2 b 8 city1 :i* is to take 9 all mank9d1 a ,holy ,roman ,empire & a ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* at once1 a community ( sa9ts rul$ by sages1 %[s a lat] influ5ce ?an t ( ! "m city ( ,islam1 al-,mad9a1 "u ,abu ,bakr & ,um>4 ,! influ5ce is t ( ! ,fatimids ) _! capital1 al-,mahdiya1 ne> ,tunis4 ,! ,hamdanids 7 ,%i#8ites & ,sayf ad-,dawla1 "u :om al-,f>abi enjoy$ peace & protection1 0 a vassal ( ! ,fatimid ,khalifas4 ,?is br+s u aga9 to ! great my/]y ( ,muslim hi/ory4 ,:at 0 ! tru? ( ! ,fatimid movem5t8 ,0 ! family ( ! ,prophet ! fo/]] ( sci5ce f ! e>lie/ times8 ,:at degree ( contact _h !y ) ! ,mu#8tazilites8 ,) ! f\nd]s ( gramm>1 ( al*emy1 ( law8 ,t !y 7 !mselves ! actual beg9n]s ( ev]y?+--& ev]y?+ has be5 claim$ = !m--we may put d[n to leg5d4 ,b "o ?+ does /& fa/4 ,j z al-,ma'mun comb9$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a great univ]sity at ,baghdad ) a favor+ ( ! ,alids1 s ! ,fatimids 9 ,cairo erect$ a great hall ( sci5ce & ?rew all _! influ5ce & au?ority into ! spread+ & ext5d+ ( k4 ,?is in/itution seems to h be5 a comb9ation ( free public libr>y & univ]sity1 & 0 probably ! gateway connect+ betwe5 ! inn] circle ( initiat$ ,fatimid lead]s & ! outside1 un9itiat$ _w4 ,we h already se5 h[ unhappy 7 ! ext]nal effects ( ! ,%i#8ite1 & especially ( ! ,fatimid1 propag&a on ! ,muslim _w4 ,b f "t to "t we become aw>e ( a deep und]curr5t ( sci5tific & philosophical labor & inve/igation accompany+ t propag&a1 & /riv+ aft] k & tru?4 ,x belongs to ! life bel[ ! surface1 :i* we c "k only ?r\gh its occasional outbur/s4 ,"s ( ^! are giv5 above2 o!rs w foll[4 ,! :ole matt] is obscure to ! la/ degree1 & dogmatic /atem5ts & explanations are n 9 place4 ,x may be t x 0 only a natural draw+ toge!r on ! "p ( all ! diff]5t =ces & movem5ts t 7 "u a ban & _h to live 9 secrecy & /illness4 ,x may be t ! /ud5ts ( ! new sci5ces pass$ ov]1 simply ?r\gh _! /udies & political despair--z has (t5 happ5$ 9 our day--into diff]5t degrees ( nihilism1 or1 at ! o!r extreme1 into a passionate se>*+ =1 & dep5d5ce on1 "s absolute guide1 an infallible ,imam4 ,x may be t we h read wrongly ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,fatimid movem5t2 t x 0 9 reality a deeply laid & sl[ly rip5$ plan to br+ ! rule ( ! _w into ! control ( a b& ( philosoph]s1 ^: task x 0 to be to rule ! human race & gradually to educate x into self-rule2 t !y saw--^! unkn[n devotees ( sci5ce & tru?--no o!r way ( break+ d[n ! b>ri]s ( ,islam & sett+ free ! spirits ( m54 ,a wild hypo!sis6 ,b 9 face ( ! real my/]y no hypo!sis c seem wild4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ikhwan ,,z-,,safa ,closely alli$ ) bo? al-,f>abi & ! ,fatimids is ! association kn[n z ! ,s9c]e ,bre?r5 7,ikhwan z-safa74 ,x exi/$ at al-,basra 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,hijra dur+ ! brea?+ space :i* ! free intellectual life enjoy$ aft] ! capture ( ,baghdad by ! ,buwayhids 9 #ccd4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ t ,p]sian dyna/y 0 ,%i#8ite by cre$ & h[ x1 = ! "t1 completely clipp$ ! claws ( ! or?odox & ,sunnite ,abbasid ,khalifas4 ,! only ?+1 !reaft]1 :i* h]etics & philosoph]s _h to fe> 0 ! enmity ( ! populace1 b t seems to h be5 great en\gh4 ,! ,hanbalite mob ( ,baghdad _h gr[n to be a ?+ ( t]ror4 ,x 01 !n1 an educational campaign on :i* ?is new philosophy _h to ent]4 ,_! programme 0 by means ( clubs1 propagat+ !mselves & spread+ ov] ! c\ntry f al-,basra & ,baghdad1 to rea* all educat$ p & introduce among !m gradually a complete *ange 9 _! religi\s & sci5tific ideas4 ,_! tea*+ 0 ! same comb9ation ( neo-,platonic speculation & my/icism ) ,ari/otelian natural sci5ce1 wrapp$ 9 ,mu#8tazilite !ology1 t we h already kn[n4 ,only !re 0 add$ to x a ,py?agorean rev]5ce = numb]s1 & ev]y?+1 besides1 0 treat$ 9 an em95tly sup]ficial & popul>iz$ mann]4 ,our k ( ! ,frat]nity & its objects is bas$ on its publication1 8,! ,epi/les ( ! ,s9c]e ,bre?r50 7,rasa'il ikhwan z-safa7 & ^u scanty hi/orical notices4 ,! ,epi/les are fifty or fifty-"o 9 numb] & cov] ! field ( human k z !n conceiv$4 ,!y =m1 9 fact1 an ,arabic ,encyclopdie4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! ,frat]nity1 & au?ors1 presumably1 ( ! ,epi/les1 7 at mo/ t54 ,we h no c]ta9 k t ! ,frat]nity ev] took ev5 its fir/ /ep & spread to ,baghdad4 ,beyond t almo/ c]ta9ly ! developm5t did n pass4 ,! division ( memb]s into f\r--le>n]s1 tea*]s1 guides1 & draw]s ne> to ,god 9 sup]natural vision--& ! plan ( regul> meet+s ( ea* circle = /udy & mutual edification rema9$ 9 its pap] =m4 ,! society 0 half a secret "o & lack$1 app>5tly1 vitality & en]gy4 ,!re 0 among its f\nd]s no man ( weight & "*4 ,s x pass$ away & has left only ^! ,epi/les :i* h come d[n to u 9 num]\s ,,mss41 %[+ h[ eag]ly !y h be5 read & copi$ & h[ mu* influ5ce !y at lea/ mu/ h ex]cis$4 ,t influ5ce mu/ h be5 v mix$4 ,x 01 x is true1 = intellectual life1 yet x c>ri$ ) x 9 a /ill high] degree ! defects we h already notic$ 9 al-,f>abi4 ,to !m mu/ be add$ ! mo/ simple skimm+ ( all real philosophical problems & a treatm5t ( nature & natural sci5ce :i* _h lo/ all connection ) facts4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,ikhwan ,,& ,,! ,,fatimids ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & ! sugge/ion seems lum9\s & f]tile1 t ?is ,frat]nity 0 simply a "p ( ! great ,fatimid propag&a :i*1 z we "k1 honey-comb$ ! gr\nd ev]y:]e "u ! ,sunnite ,abbasids4 ,descriptions :i* h rea*$ u ( ! me?ods foll[$ by ! lead]s ( ! ,frat]nity agree exactly ) ^? ( ! mission>ies ( ! ,isma#8ilians4 ,!y rais$ difficulties & sugge/$ s]i\s que/ion+s2 h9t$ at possible answ]s b did n give !m2 ref]r$ to a s\rce :]e all que/ions w\ld be answ]$4 ,aga91 _! cat*-words & fix$ phrases are ! same z ^? aft]w>d us$ by ! ,assass9s1 & we h traces ( ^! ,epi/les =m+ a "p ( ! sacr$ libr>y ( ! ,assass9s4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,assass9s 7 n simply robb] b&s :o /ruck t]ror by _! me?ods4 ,bo? ! we/]n & ! ea/]n bran*es 7 devot$ to sci5ce1 & x may be t 9 _! m\nta9 =tresses !re 0 ! mo/ absolute devotion to true le>n+ t !n exi/$4 ,:5 ! ,mongols captur$ ,alamut1 !y f\nd x ri* 9 ,,mss4 & 9 in/rum5ts & app>atus ( e k9d4 ,x is !n possible t ! elevat$ eclecticism ( ! ,ikhwan z-safa 0 ! real doctr9e ( ! ,fatimids1 ! ,assass9s1 ! ,q>matians & ! ,druses2 c]ta9ly1 :]ev] we c te/ !m !re is ! mo/ s+ul> agreem5t4 ,x is a me*anical & /hetic pan!ism1 a glorification ( ,py?agoreanism1 ) its music & numb]s2 ideali/ic to ! la/ degree2 a wor%ip & pursuit ( a conception ( a h>mony & beauty 9 all ! univ]se1 to f9d :i* is to f9d & "k ! ,creator ,himself4 ,x is ?us f> remov$ f mat]ialism & a!ism1 b c\ld easily be misrepres5t$ z bo?4 ,?is1 x is true1 is a v diff]5t explanation f ! "o giv5 9 our fir/ ,"p2 x c only be put along-side ( t & left !re4 ,! "o expresses ! practical effect ( ! ,isma#8ilians 9 ,islam2 ! o!r :at may h be5 _! ideal4 ,h[ev] we judge !m1 we mu/ always rememb] t some:]e 9 _! tea*+1 at its be/1 !re 0 a /range attraction = ?9k+ & tr\bl$ m54 ,nasir ibn ,khusraw1 a ,p]sian ,fau/1 f\nd peace at ,cairo betwe5 #dcg & #ddd 9 recogniz+ ! div9e ,imam%ip ( al-,mu/ansir1 & aft] a life ( p]secution di$ 9 t fai? z a h]mit 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,badakh%an 9 #dha4 ,! great ,spani% poet1 ,ibn ,hani1 :o di$ 9 #cfb1 simil>ly accept$ al-,mu#8izz z 8 spiritual *ief & guide4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,k>ram ,ano!r eclectic sect1 b on a v diff]5t pr9ciple1 0 t ( ! ,k>ramites1 f\nd$ by ,abu ,abd ,allah ibn ,k>ram1 :o di$ 9 #bef4 ,its tea*+s _h ! honor to be accept$ & protect$ by no less a man ?an ! celebrat$ ,mahmud ( ,ghazna 7#chh-dba71 ,mahmud ! ,idol-break]1 ! fir/ invad] ( ,india & ! patron ( al-,b]uni1 ,firdawsi1 ,ibn ,s9a & _m ano!r4 ,b t1 to :i* we w return1 belongs to a lat] date &1 probably1 to a modifi$ =m ( ,ibn ,k>ram's tea*+4 ,= himself1 he 0 an ascetic ( ,siji/an &1 accord+ to ! /ory1 a man ( no education4 ,he lo/ himself 9 !ological subtleties :i* he seems to h fail$ to und]/&4 ,h[ev]1 out ( !m all he put toge!r a book :i* he call$ 8,! ,puni%m5t ( ! ,grave10 :i* spread widely 9 ,khurasan4 ,x 01 9 "p1 a frank recoil to ! crasse/ an?ropomorphism4 ,?us1 = him1 ,god actually sat ^u ! ?rone1 0 9 a place1 _h direction & s c\ld move f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,he _h a body ) fle%1 blood1 & limbs2 ,he c\ld be embrac$ by ^? :o 7 purifi$ to ! requisite po9t4 ,x 0 a lit]al acceptance ( ! mat]ial expressions ( ! ,qur'an along ) a consid]ation ( h[ !y c\ld be s1 & an explanation by comp>ison ) m5--all oppos$ to ! pr9ciple bila kayfa4 ,s1 app>5tly1 we mu/ und]/& ! curi\s fact t he 0 also a ,murji'ite & held fai? to be only ackn[l$gm5t ) ! tongue4 ,all m51 except pr(ess$ apo/ates1 are believ]s1 he said1 because ( t primal cov5ant1 tak5 by ,god ) ! se$ ( ,adam1 :5 ,he ask$1 8,am ,i n y\r ,"l80 7,ala/u bi-rabbikum7 & !y1 br\ght =? f ,adam's lo9s = ! purpose1 made answ]1 8,yea1 v]ily1 9 ?is cov5ant we rema9 until we =mally ca/ x (f40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 involv$ tak+ ,god's qualities 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se4 ,s1 if we are to see 9 ! ,mu#8tazilites s*ola/ic comm5tators try+ to r$uce ,muhammad1 ! poet1 to logic & s5se1 we mu/ see 9 ,ibn ,k>ram "o ( ^? wood5-m9d$ lit]ali/s1 = :om a metaphor is a ridicul\s lie if x _c be tak5 9 its ext]nal mean+4 ,he 0 "p ( ! great /ream ( cons]vative reaction1 9 :i* we f9d also su* a man z ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal4 ,b ! sav+ salt ( ,ahmad's s5se & rev]5ce kept him by ! safe proviso 8)\t consid]+ h[ & )\t comp>ison40 ,all ,ahmad's lat] foll[]s 7 n s wise4 ,9 8 doctr9e ( ! /ate ,ibn ,k>ram incl9$ to ! ,kh>ijites4 ,be=e we return to al-,jubba#8i & ! fate ( ! ,mu#8tazilites1 x rema9s to trace m precisely ! ?read ( my/icism1 t ka%f1 revelation1 :i* we h already m5tion$ sev]al times4 ,its fundam5tal fact is t x _h two sides1 an ascetic & a speculative1 diff]5t 9 degree1 9 _s & 9 result1 & yet s closely entangl$ t ! same my/ic has be5 assign$1 9 good & 9 bad fai?1 z an adh]5t ( bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,wom5 ,,sa9ts ,x is to ! =m ( my/icism :i* sprang f asceticism t we mu/ fir/ turn4 ,att5tion has be5 giv5 above to ! w&]+ monks & h]mits1 ! sa'ihs 7w&]]s7 & rahibs :o caught ,muhammad's att5tion & respect4 ,we h se51 too1 h[ ,muslim imitators began 9 _! turn to w&] ?r\gh ! l&1 clad 9 ! co>se wooll5 robes :i* gave !m ! "n ( ,sufis1 & liv+ ^u ! alms ( ! pi\s4 ,h[ e>ly ^! appe>$ 9 any numb] & z a fix$ pr(ession is unc]ta91 b we f9d /ories 9 circulation ( meet+s betwe5 su* m5dicant fri>s & al-,hasan al-,basri himself4 ,wom51 too1 7 among !m1 & x is possible t to _! influ5ce a developm5t ( devotional love-poetry 0 due4 ,at lea/1 _m v]ses ( ?is k9d are ascrib$ to a c]ta9 ,rabi#8a1 an ascetic & ec/atic devotee ( ! mo/ extreme o!r-worldl9ess1 :o di$ 9 #ace4 ,_m o!r wom5 _h "p 9 ! contemplative life4 ,among !m may be m5tion$1 to %[ its grasp & spread1 ,a'i%a1 daught] ( ,ja#8f> z-,sadiq1 :o di$ 9 #ade2 ,fatima ( ,naysabur1 :o di$ 9 #bbc1 & ! ,lady ,nafisa1 a contempor>y & rival 9 le>n+ ) a%-,%afi#8i & ! m>vel ( h] "t 9 piety & ! ascetic life4 ,h] grave is "o ( ! mo/ v5]at$ spots 9 ,cairo1 & at x wond]s are /ill work$ & pray] is always answ]$4 ,%e 0 a desc5dant ( al-,hasan1 ! m>tyr$ ex-,khalifa1 & an example ( h[ ! fat$ family ( ! ,prophet 0 an e>ly s*ool = wom5 sa9ts4 ,ev5 9 ! ,hea!nism we h traces ( female p5it5ts & h]mits1 & ! trag$y ( ,ali & 8 sons & desc5dants gave scope = ! self-sacrifice1 lov+ s]vice & religi\s en?usiasm ) :i* wom5 are d[]$4 ,all ^! /ood & /& 9 ,islam on exactly ! same foot+ z m54 ,! di/9ction 9 ,roman ,*ri/5dom t a woman _c be a prie/ !re falls away1 = 9 ,islam is nei!r prie/ nor layman4 ,!y liv$ ei!r z solit>ies or 9 conv5tual life exactly z did ! m54 ,!y 7 call$ by ! same t]ms 9 fem99e =m2 !y 7 ,sufiyas beside ! ,sufis2 ,zahidas 7ascetics7 beside ! ,zahids2 ,waliyas 7fri5ds ( ,god7 beside ! ,walis2 ,abidas 7devotees7 beside ! ,abids4 ,!y work$ wond]s 7k>amat1 closely ak9 to ! ( #a ,cor4 xii1 #i7 by ! div9e grace1 & /ill1 z we h se51 at _! own graves su* are grant$ ?r\gh !m to ! fai?ful1 & _! int]cession 7%afa#8a7 is invok$4 ,_! religi\s ex]cises 7 ! same2 !y held dhikrs & wom5 d>wi%es yet dance to s++ & music 9 ord] to br+ on fits ( ec/asy4 ,to /ate ! case g5]ally1 :atev] is said h]eaft] ( my/icism & its work+s among m5 mu/ be tak5 z apply+ to wom5 also4 ,to return3 "o ( ! e>lie/ male devotees ( :om we h di/9ct note is ,ibrahim ibn ,adham4 ,he 0 a w&]] ( royal blood1 drift$ f ,balkh 9 ,afghani/an to al-,basra & to ,mecca4 ,he di$ 9 #afa4 ,contempt = ! le>n+ ( lawy]s & = ext]nal =ms appe>s 9 him2 ob$i5ce to ,god1 contemplation ( dea?1 dea? to ! _w =m$ 8 tea*+4 ,ano!r1 ,da'ud ibn ,nusayr1 :o di$ 9 #afe1 0 wont to say1 8,flee m5 z ?\ flee/ a lion4 ,fa/ f ! _w & let ! break+ ( ?y fa/ be :5 ?\ die/40 ,ano!r1 al-,fudayl ibn ,iyad ( ,khurasan1 :o di$ 9 #ahg1 0 a robb] conv]t$ by a heav5ly voice2 he ca/ aside ! _w1 & 8 utt]ances %[ t he laps$ into ! passivity ( quietism4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made 9 ! *apt] on jurisprud5ce to ! developm5t ( asceticism :i* came ) ! accession ( ! ,abbasids4 ,! disappo9t$ hopes ( ! old believ]s f\nd an outlet 9 ! contemplative life4 ,!y )drew f ! _w & w\ld h no?+ to d ) its rul]s2 _! weal? & ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m !y reg>d$ z unclean4 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal 9 8 lat] life _h to use all 8 ob/9acy & +5uity to keep free ( ! c\rt & its contam9ation4 ,ano!r 0 ?is al-,fudayl4 ,/ories--*ronologically impossible--are told h[ he rebuk$ ,h>un ar-,ra%id = 8 luxury & tyranny & d5\nc$ to 8 face 8 mann] ( life4 ,) su* an attitude to ^? r\nd him he c\ld h _h little joy 9 8 devotion4 ,s x 0 said1 8,:5 al-,fudayl di$1 sadness 0 remov$ f ! _w40 ,sid5ote3 ,,passage ,,( ,,asceticism ,,to ,,ec/asy ,b soon ! recoil came4 ,"u ! spur ( su* ex]cises & ?\ghts1 ! ec/atic ori5tal temp]am5t began to revel 9 expressions borr[$ f human love & e>?ly w9e4 ,su* we f9d by ,ma#8ruf ( al-,k>kh1 a di/rict ( ,baghdad1 :o di$ 9 #bjj1 & ^: tomb1 sav$ by popul> rev]5ce1 is "o ( ! few anci5t sites 9 mod]n ,baghdad2 & by 8 great] disciple1 ,s>i z-,saqati1 :o di$ 9 #beg4 ,to ?is la/ is ascrib$1 b dubi\sly1 ! fir/ use ( ! ^w ta:id to signify ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god4 ,! figure t ! he>t is a mirror to image back ,god & t x is d>k5$ by ! ?+s ( ! body appe>s 9 ,abu ,sulayman ( ,damascus1 :o di$ 9 #bae4 ,a m celebrat$ ascetic1 :o di$ 9 #bbg1 ,bi%r al-,hafi 7b>e-foot71 speaks ( ,god directly z ! ,belov$ 7habib74 ,al-,h>i? al-,muhasibi 0 a contempor>y ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal & di$ 9 #bdc4 ,! only ?+ 9 him to :i* ,ahmad c\ld take exception 0 t he made use ( kalam 9 refut+ ! ,mu#8tazilites2 ev5 ?is suspicion aga9/ him he is said to h ab&on$4 ,s>i & ,bi%r1 too1 7 close fri5ds ( ,ahmad's4 ,dhu-n-,nun1 ! ,egyptian ,sufi1 :o di$ 9 #bde1 is 9 m dubi\s repute4 ,he is said to h be5 ! fir/ to =mulate ! doctr9e ( ec/atic /ates 7hals1 maqamas72 b if he w5t no fur!r ?an ?is1 8 or?odoxy1 9 ! broad s5se1 %\ld be above suspicion4 ,islam has n[ come to accept ^! z "r & fitt+4 ,p]haps ! greate/ "n 9 e>ly ,sufiism is t ( al-,junayd 7d4 #big72 on x no %ad[ ( h]esy has ev] fall54 ,he 0 a ma/] 9 !ology & law1 rev]5c$ z "o ( ! greate/ ( ! e>ly doctors4 ,que/ions ( ta:id he is said to h discuss$ be=e 8 pupils ) %ut doors4 ,b ?is 0 probably ta:id 9 ! !ological & n 9 ! my/ical s5se--aga9/ ! ,mu#8tazilites & n on ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god4 ,yet he1 too1 knew ! ec/atic life & fell fa9t+ at v]ses :i* /ruck into 8 s\l4 ,a%-,%ibli 7d4 #ccd7 0 "o ( 8 disciples1 b seems to h giv5 himself m completely to ! ascetic & contemplative life4 ,9 v]ses by him we f9d ! vocabul>y ( ! amor\s int]c\rse ) ,god fully develop$4 ,! la/ ( ?is gr\p to be m5tion$ "h %all be ,abu ,talib al-,makki1 :o di$ 9 #chf4 ,x is 8 di/9ction to h furni%$ a text-book ( ,sufiism t is 9 use to ?is day4 ,he wrote & spoke op5ly on ta:id1 n[ 9 ! ,sufi s5se1 & got into tr\ble z a h]etic1 b 8 memory has be5 re/or$ to or?odoxy by ! g5]al agreem5t ( ,islam4 ,:51 9 #dhh1 al-,ghazzali set himself to seek light 9 ,sufiism1 among ! treatises he /udi$ 7 ! books ( f\r ( ^? m5tion$ above1 ,abu ,talib1 al-,muhasibi1 al-,junayd1 & a%-,%ibli4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,frat]nities ,9 ! case ( ^! & all ! o!rs already spok5 ( !re 0 no?+ b a v simple & natural developm5t su* z c\ld easily be p>allel$ 9 ,europe4 ,! e>lie/ ,muslims 7 burd5$1 z we h se51 ) ! fe> ( ! t]rors ( an av5g+ ,god4 ,! _w 0 evil & fleet+2 ! only abid+ good 0 9 ! o!r _w2 s _! religion became an ascetic o!r-worldl9ess4 ,!y fl$ into ! wild]ness f ! wra? to come4 ,w&]+1 ei!r solit>y or 9 companies1 0 ! special sign ( ! true ,sufi4 ,! "y m5 gave !mselves ov] to ! guidance ( ! old] m52 little circles ( disciples ga!r$ r\nd a v5]at$ ,%aykh2 frat]nities began to =m4 ,s we f9d x 9 ! case ( al-,junayd1 s 9 t ( ,s>i z-,saqati4 ,next w\ld come a mona/]y1 r a re/-h\se2 = only 9 ! w9t] & = re/ did !y rema9 fix$ 9 a place = any "t4 ,( su* a mona/]y !re is a trace at ,damascus 9 #aej & 9 ,khurasan ab\t #bjj4 ,!n1 j z 9 ,europe1 begg+ fri>s organiz$ !mselves4 ,9 fai? !y 7 r cons]vative ?an any?+ else2 t\*$ ) a religi\s passivism :i* easily develop$ into quietism4 ,_! ec/asies w5t little beyond ^?1 = in/ance1 ( ,?omas ,kempis1 ?\gh /ruck ) a w>m] ori5tal f]vor4 ,! po9ts on :i* ! doctors ( ,islam took exception to ^! e>li] ,sufis are /rik+ly diff]5t f :at we w\ld expect4 ,!y conc]n ! practical life f> m ?an !ological speculation4 ,z 0 natural 9 ! case ( pr(essional devotees1 a con/antly pray]ful attitude began to assume importance beside & 9 contra/ to ! =mal use ( ! five daily pray]s1 ! salawat4 ,?is developm5t 0 9 all probability aid$ by ! exi/5ce 9 ,syria ( ! ,*ri/ian sect ( ! ,eu*ites1 :o exalt$ ! duty ( pray] above all o!r religi\s obligations4 ,^!1 also1 ab&on$ prop]ty & obligations & w&]$ z poor bre?r5 ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 a bran* ( ,hesy*a/s1 ! quieti/ic ,greek monks :o ev5tually l$ to ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! uncreat$ light manife/$ at ! transfiguration on ,m\nt ,tabor & add$ a doctr9e to ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,consid]+ ^! po9ts1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !re 0 "s hi/orical connection & relation "h1 n only ) e>li] b also ) lat] ,sufiism4 ,!re is a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! ,sufis seek+ by pati5t introspection to see ! actual light ( ,god's pres5ce 9 _! he>ts1 & ! ,greek monks 9 ,a?os1 sitt+ solit>ily 9 _! cells & seek+ ! div9e light ( ,m\nt ,tabor 9 contemplation ( _! navels4 ,b our imm$iate po9t is ! matt] ( con/ant1 free pray]4 ,9 ! ,qur'an 7xxxiii1 #da7 ! believ]s are exhort$ to 8rememb] 7dhikr7 ,god (t520 ?is comm& ! ,sufis obey$ ) a correlative depreciation ( ! five canonical pray]s4 ,_! meet+s = ! purpose1 mu* l our own pray]-meet+s1 /ill m l ! 8class-meet+s0 ( ! e>ly ,me?odi/s1 z oppos$ to /at$ public wor%ip1 7 call$ dhikrs4 ,^! s]vices 7 fi]cely attack$ by ! or?odox !ologians1 b surviv$ & are ! d>wi% functions :i* t\ri/s /ill g to see at ,con/ant9ople & ,cairo4 ,b ! m private & p]sonal dhikrs ( individual ,sufis1 ea* 9 8 h\se repeat+ 8 ,qur'anic litanies ?r\gh ! night1 until to ! pass]-by x s\nd$ l ! humm+ ( bees or ! unceas+ drip ( ro(-gutt]s1 ^! seem1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury1 to h fall5 be=e ridicule & accusations ( h]esy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tawakkul ,ano!r po9t aga9/ ! e>li] ,sufis 0 _! abuse ( ! pr9ciple ( tawakkul1 dep5d5ce ^u ,god4 ,!y gave up _! trades & pr(essions2 !y ev5 gave up ! ask+ = alms4 ,_! ideal 0 to be absolutely at ,god's disposal1 utt]ly ca/ ^u ,8 direct su/5ance 7rizq74 ,no anxiety = _! daily bread 0 p]mitt$ to !m2 !y mu/ g ?r\gh ! _w sep>at$ f x & its ne$s & look+ up to ,god4 ,only "o :o c d ?is is prop]ly an ackn[l$g] ( ,god's unity1 a true ,muwahhid4 ,to su*1 ,god w\ld assur$ly op5 ! door ( help2 !y 7 at ,8 gate2 & ! biographies ( ! sa9ts are full ( tales h[ ,8 help us$ to come4 ,to ?is x may be imag9$ t ! m sob]1 ev5 among ,sufis1 made vehem5t objection4 ,x fell "u two heads4 ,"o 0 t ( kasb1 ! ga9+ ( daily bread by labor4 ,! examples ( ! husb&man :o ca/s 8 se$ into ! gr\nd & !n dep5ds ^u ,god1 ( ! m]*ant :o travels ) 8 w>es 9 simil> tru/1 7 held up aga9/ ! w&]+ b useless monk4 ,z always1 traditions 7 =g$ on bo? sides4 ,said a man--app>5tly 9 a _s ( prophecy--"o day to ! ,prophet1 8,%all ,i let my camel run free & tru/ 9 ,god80 ,repli$ ! ,prophet1 or someone = him ) a good imitation ( 8 humor\s common-s5se1 8,tie up y\r camel & tru/ 9 ,god40 ,! o!r head 0 ! use ( rem$ies 9 sickness4 ,! :ole controv]sy p>allels /rik+ly ! 8m5tal sci5ce0 & 8,*ri/ian sci5ce0 ( ! pres5t day4 ,m$ic9e1 x 0 held1 de/roy$ tawakkul4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury 9 ,p]sia ?is insanity ran high & _m books 7 writt5 = x & aga9/ x4 ,! au?or ( "o on ! fir/ side 0 consult$ 9 an ob/9ate case ( heada*e4 8,put my book "u y\r pill[10 he said1 8& tru/ 9 ,god40 ,on bo? ^! po9ts ! usage ( ! ,prophet & ! ,companions 0 9 ! tee? ( ! ,sufi position4 ,!y _h notori\sly e>n$ _! liv+1 hone/ly or di%one/ly1 & _h possess$ all ! cr$ulity ( semi-civilization t[>d ! mo/ b>b>ic & multif>i\s rem$ies4 ,s ! agreem5t ( ,islam ev5tually right$ itself1 ?\gh ! "q 9 its intricacies & subtilties rema9$ = c5turies a ?+ ( delight = !ologians4 ,9 ! end only ! wilde/ fanatics held by absolute tawakkul4 ,sid5ote3 ,,speculative ,,sufiism ,b all ?is "t ! second =m ( ,sufiism _h be5 sl[ly =c+ its way4 ,x 0 ess5tially speculative & !ological r ?an ascetic & devotional4 ,:5 x ga9$ ! upp] h&1 zahid 7ascetic7 0 no long] a conv]tible t]m ) ,sufi4 ,we pass ov] ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,?omas ,kempis & ,/4 ,francis to ,eckh>t & ,suso4 ,! roots ( ?is movem5t _c be h>d to f9d 9 ! light ( :at has prec$$4 ,!y lie p>tly 9 ! neo-,platonism :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! philosophy ( ,islam4 ,probably x did n come to ! ,sufis along ! same *annels by :i* x rea*$ al-,f>abi4 ,x 0 r ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian my/ics &1 p]haps1 especially ?r\gh ! ,pseudo-,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 & 8 ass]t$ tea*]1 ,/eph5 b> ,sudaili ) 8 ,syriac 8,book ( ,hi]o!os40 ,we ne$ n "h consid] :e!r ! ,monophysite h]esy is to be reckon$ 9 z "o ( ! results ( ! dy+ neo-,platonism4 ,x is true t outly+ =ms ( x meant ! frank deify+ ( a man & ?us rais$ ! possibility ( ! equal deify+ ( any o!r man & ( all m54 ,b !re is no c]ta9ty t ^! views _h an influ5ce 9 ,islam4 ,x is en\gh t f ,a4,d4 #ecc we f9d ! ,pseudo-,dionysius quot$ & 8 influ5ce /rong ) ! ultra ,monophysites1 & /ill m1 !reaft]1 ) ! :ole my/ical movem5t 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,accord+ to x1 all is ak9 9 nature to ! ,absolute1 & all ?is life bel[ is only a reflection ( ! glories ( ! upp] sph]e1 :]e ,god is4 ,?r\gh ! sacram5ts & a hi]>*y ( angels man is l$ back t[>d ,him4 ,only 9 ec/asy c man come to a k ( ,him4 ,! ,tr9ity1 s9 & ! atonem5t fade out ( view4 ,! inc>nation is b an example ( h[ ! div9e & ! human c jo94 ,all is an emanation or an emission ( grace f ,god2 & ! ye>n+s ( man are back to 8 s\rce4 ,! revolv+ sph]es1 ! groan+ & travail+ nature are /riv+ to return to _! orig94 ,:5 ?is conception _h seiz$ ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*2 :5 x _h pass$ into ,islam & dom9at$ its emotional & religi\s life2 :5 ?r\gh ! translation ( ! ,pseudo-,dionysius by ,scotus ,erig5a 9 #hej1 x _h begun ! long conte/ ( idealism 9 ,europe1 ! dead s*ool ( ,plot9us _h won ! field1 & its influ5ce rul$ f ! ,oxus to ! ,atlantic4 ,b ! roots ( ,sufiism /ruck also 9 ano!r direction4 ,we h already se5 an e>ly t5d5cy to reg>d ,ali &1 lat]1 memb]s ( 8 h\se z inc>nations ( div9ity4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ,god comes ne> to man1 ! conception ( ,god 9 man is n difficult4 ,! ,semitic prophet ?r\gh :om ,god speaks easily slips ov] into a div9e be+ 9 :om ,god exi/s & may be wor%ipp$4 ,b if ) "o1 :y n ) ano!r8 ,may x n be possible by purify+ ex]cises to rea* ?is unity8 ,if "o is a ,son ( ,god1 may n all become t if !y b take ! means8 ,! half-und]/ood pan!ism :i* always lurks beh9d ori5tal f]vors claims its due4 ,f 8 wild :irl+ dance1 ! d>wi%1 /ung to cataleptic ec/asy by ! ?robb+ ( ! drums & ! lilt+ *ant1 s9ks back into ! unconsci\sness ( ! div9e on5ess4 ,he has pass$ tempor>ily f ?is sc5e ( multiplicity into ! sea ( ,god's unity &1 at dea?1 if he b p]sev]e1 he w rea* t hav5 :]e he fa9 w\ld be & w abide !re =ev]4 ,"h1 we h n to d ) calm philosoph]s re>+ _! sy/ems 9 labor$ speculations1 b ) m51 (t5 untaught1 seek+ ! salvation ( _! s\ls e>ne/ly & ) te>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pan!i/ic ,,s*ool ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! pan!i/ic s*ool 0 ,abu ,yazid al-,bi/ami 7d4 #bfa74 ,he 0 ( ,p]sian p>5tage1 & 8 fa!r _h be5 a foll[] ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,z an ascetic he 0 ( ! highe/ repute2 he 0 also an au?or ( em95ce on ,sufiism 7al-,ghazzali us$ 8 books7 & he jo9$ to 8 dev\t le>n+ & self-mortification cle> miracul\s gifts4 ,b equally cle> 0 8 pan!i/ic drift & 8 "n has come d[n l9k$ to ! say+1 8,b5ea? my cloak !re is naught else ?an ,god40 ,x is wor? notic+ t c]ta9 o!r ( 8 say+s %[ t1 ev5 9 8 "t1 !re 7 ,sufi sa9ts :o boa/$ t !y _h rea*$ su* p]fection & su* miracul\s p[]s t ! ord9>y moral & c]emonial law no long] appli$ to !m4 ,! ant9omianism :i* haunt$ ! lat] ,sufiism & d>wi%dom _h already appe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,hallaj ,b ! greate/ "n ( all among ^! e>ly pan!i/s 0 t ( al-,hallaj 7! cotton c>d]71 a pupil ( al-,junayd1 :o 0 put to dea? ) great cruelty 9 #cji4 ,x is almo/ impossible to rea* any c]ta9 conclusion z to 8 real views & aims4 ,9 spite ( :at seem to be utt]ances ( ! crasse/ pan!ism1 su* z1 8,i am ! ,tru?10 !re h n be5 want+ _m 9 lat] ,islam :o h rev]5c$ 8 memory z t ( a sa9t & m>tyr4 ,to ,sufis & d>wi%es ( 8 "t & to ?is day he has be5 & is a patron sa9t4 ,9 8 life & dea? he repres5ts = !m ! _s ( revolt aga9/ dogmatic s*ola/icism & =malism4 ,fur!r1 ev5 su* a great doctor ( ! ,muslim ,*ur* z al-,ghazzali def5d$ him &1 ?\gh lam5t+ "s incauti\s phrases1 upheld 8 or?odoxy4 ,at 8 trial itself be=e ! !ologians ( ,baghdad1 "o ( !m refus$ to sign ! fatwa decl>+ him an unbeliev]2 he 0 n cle>1 he said1 z to ! case4 ,& x is true t su* records z we h ( ! "t sugge/ t 8 condemnation 0 =c$ by ! gov]nm5t z a matt] ( /ate policy4 ,he 0 a ,p]sian ( ,magian orig91 & evid5tly an advanc$ my/ic ( ! speculative type4 ,he c>ri$ ! !ory to its legitimate conclusion1 & proclaim$ ! result publicly4 ,he dabbl$ 9 s*ola/ic !ology2 _h evid5t ,mu#8tazilite lean+s2 wrote on al*emy & ?+s esot]ic4 ,b ) ?is my/ical en?usiasm !re seem to h unit$ 9 him o!r & m dang]\s traits4 ,! /ories :i* h rea*$ u %[ him ( a "* fond ( excitem5t & *ange1 surr\nd+ himself ) devot$ adh]5ts & /riv+ by miracle-work+ ( a commonplace k9d to add to 8 foll[+4 ,8 popul>ity among ! p ( ,baghdad & _! rev]5ce = him rose to a p]il\s degree4 ,he may h _h plans ( 8 own z a ,p]sian nationali/2 he may h _h "p 9 "o ( ! ,%i#8ite conspiracies2 he may h be5 no?+ b a r weak-head$ devotee1 c>ri$ (f 8 feet by a sudd5 tide ( public excitem5t1 ! greate/ trial & dang] t a sa9t has to meet4 ,b ! times 7 n su* !n 9 ,baghdad t ! gov]nm5t c\ld take any risks4 ,al-,muqtadir 0 ,khalifa & 9 8 weak h&s ! ,khalifate 0 slipp+ to ru94 ,! ,fatimids 7 supreme 9 ,nor? ,africa2 ! ,q>matians held ,syria & ,arabia1 & 7 ?reat5+ ,baghdad itself4 ,9 eight ye>s !y 7 to take ,mecca4 ,p]sia 0 see?+ ) false prophets & nationali/s ( e %ade4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat] ,ibn a%-,%almaghani 0 put to dea? 9 ,baghdad on simil> gr\nds2 9 8 case1 ,%i#8ite conspiracy aga9/ ! /ate 0 /ill m cle>ly involv$4 ,we c only conclude 9 ! words ( ,ibn ,khallikan 7d4 #fha71 8,! hi/ory ( al-,hallaj is long to relate2 8 fate is well kn[n2 & ,god kn[e? all secret ?+s40 ,) him we mu/ leave1 = ! pres5t1 consid]ation ( ! ,sufi developm5t & return to ! ,mu#8tazilites & to ! p tir+ ( _! dry subtilties4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! rise ( or?odox kalam2 al-,a%#8ari2 decl9e ( ! ,mu#8tazilites2 pass+ ( h]esy into unbelief2 developm5t ( s*ola/ic !ology by ,a%#8arites2 rise ( ,zahirite kalam2 ,ibn ,hazm2 p]secution ( ,a%#8arites2 f9al assimilation ( kalam4 ,z we h already se51 ! traditionali/ p>ty at fir/ refus$ to ent] ^u any discussion ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,malik ibn ,anas us$ to say1 8,god's i/iwa 7settl+ ,himself firmly ^u ,8 ?rone7 is kn[n2 h[ x is done is unkn[n2 x mu/ be believ$2 que/ions ab\t x are an innovation 7bid#8a740 ,b su* a position c\ld n be held = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! _w _c be cut 9 two & half assign$ to fai? & half to reason4 ,s1 z "t w5t on1 !re arose on ! or?odox side m5 :o1 little by little1 7 prep>$ to give a reason = ! fai? t 0 9 !m4 ,!y ?us came to use kalam 9 ord] to meet ! kalam ( ! ,mu#8tazilites2 !y became mutakallims1 & ! s*ola/ic !ology ( ,islam 0 f\nd$4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ?is transf] ( me?od :i* we h n[ to consid]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rise ,,( ,,or?odox ,,kalam ,its beg9n+s are wrapp$ 9 a natural obscurity4 ,x 0 at fir/ a gradual1 unconsci\s drift1 & p did n recognize its exi/5ce4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 !y look$ back ^u x1 ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to ascribe broad movem5ts to s+le m5 ass]t$ itself & ! :ole 0 put "u ! "n ( al-,a%#8ari4 ,x is true t ) him1 9 a s5se1 ! *ange sudd5ly leap$ to self-consci\sness1 b x _h already be5 long 9 progress4 ,z we h se51 al-,junayd discuss$ ! unity ( ,god1 b x 0 beh9d clos$ doors4 ,a%-,%afi#8i held t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 tra9$ ?us to def5d & purify ! fai?1 b t x w\ld be a great evil if _! argum5ts %\ld become kn[n to ! mass ( ! p4 ,al-,muhasibi1 a contempor>y ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 0 suspect$1 & rightly1 ( def5d+ 8 fai? ) argum5t1 & !reby incurr$ ,ahmad's displeasure4 ,ano!r contempor>y ( ,ahmad's1 al-,k>abisi 7d4 #cde71 incurr$ ! same displeasure1 & ! li/ might easily be ext5d$4 ,b ! mo/ significant fact ( all is t ! movem5t came to ! surface & %[$ itself op5ly at ! same "t 9 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ l&s ( ,islam4 ,9 ,mesopotamia !re 0 al-,a%#8ari1 :o di$ aft] #cbj2 9 ,egypt !re 0 at-,tahawi1 :o di$ 9 #cca2 9 ,sam>q& !re 0 al-,mat>idi1 :o di$ 9 #ccc4 ,( ^! at-,tahawi is n[ little m ?an a "n2 al-,mat>idi's /> has pal$ be=e t ( al-,a%#8ari2 al-,a%#8ari has come 9 popul> view to be ! solit>y h]o be=e :om ! ,mu#8tazilite sy/em w5t d[n4 ,x w p]haps be suffici5t if we take 8 life & exp]i5ces z our guide 9 ?is p]iod ( *ange2 ! o!rs mu/ h foll[$ v mu* 9 ! same pa?4 ,he 0 born at al-,basra 9 #bfj1 ! ye> 9 :i* al-,k9di di$ & ,muhammad al-,muntaz> vani%$ f ! sight ( m54 ,he came into a _w full ( intellectual f]m5t2 ,alids ( diff]5t camps 7 active 9 _! claim to be possessors ( an infallible ,imam2 ,zaydites & ,q>matians 7 9 revolt2 ! decree ( #bcd t ! ,qur'an 0 uncreat$ _h _h little effect1 s f>1 9 sil5c+ ! ,mu#8tazilites2 9 #bfa ! ,sufi pan!i/1 ,abu ,yazid1 di$4 ,al-,a%#8ari himself 0 ( ! be/ blood ( ! des]t & ( a highly or?odox family :i* _h borne a di/+ui%$ "p 9 ,muslim hi/ory4 ,?r\gh "s accid5t he came 9 e>ly y\? into ! c>e ( al-,jubba#8i1 ! ,mu#8tazilite1 :o1 accord+ to "o /ory1 _h m>ri$ al-,a%#8ari's "m2 0 br\ght up by him & rema9$ a /an* ,mu#8tazilite1 writ+ & speak+ on t side1 till he 0 =ty ye>s old4 ,sid5ote3 ,,return ,,( ,,al-,,a%#8,,ari ,!n a /range ?+ happ5$4 ,"o day he m\nt$ ! pulpit ( ! mosque 9 al-,basra & cri$ al\d1 8,he :o kn[s me1 kn[s me2 & he :o kn[s me n1 let him "k t ,i am s & s1 ! son ( s & s4 ,i h ma9ta9$ ! creation ( ! ,qur'an & t ,god w n be se5 9 ! _w to come ) ! eyes1 & t ! creatures create _! actions4 ,lo1 ,i rep5t t ,i h be5 a ,mu#8tazilite & turn to opposition to !m40 ,x 0 a voice full ( om54 ,x told t ! intellectual supremacy ( ! ,mu#8tazilites _h publicly pass$ & t1 h]eaft]1 !y w\ld be met ) _! own weapons4 ,:at l$ to ?is *ange ( m9d is /rictly unkn[n2 only leg5ds h rea*$ u4 ,"o1 full ( psy*ological tru?1 runs t "o ,ramadan1 ! fa/+ mon?1 :5 he 0 worn ) pray] & hung]1 ! ,prophet appe>$ to him ?ree times 9 8 sleep1 & comm&$ him to turn f 8 va9 kalam & seek c]ta9ty 9 ! traditions & ! ,qur'an4 ,if he w\ld b give himself to t /udy1 ,god w\ld make cle> ! difficulties & enable him to solve all ! puzzles4 ,he did s1 & 8 m9d seem$ to be op5$2 ! old contradictions & absurdities _h fl$1 & he curs$ ! ,mu#8tazilites & all _! works4 ,x c easily be se5 t 9 "s su* way z ?is ! blood ( ! race may h l$ him back to ! ,god ( 8 fa!rs1 ! ,god ( ! des]t1 ^: ^w mu/ be accept$ z its own pro(4 ,! gossips ( ! "t told /range tales ( ri* relatives & family pressure2 we c leave ^! aside4 ,:5 he _h *ang$ he 0 t]ribly 9 e>ne/4 ,he met 8 old tea*]1 al-,jubba#8i1 9 public discussions aga9 & aga9 till ! old man )drew4 ,"o ( ^! discussions leg5d has h&$ d[n 9 v>y+ =ms4 ,none ( !m may be exactly true1 b !y are significant ( ! *ange ( attitude4 ,he came to al-,jubba#8i & said1 8,suppose ! case ( ?ree bro!rs2 "o be+ ,god-fe>+1 ano!r godless & a ?ird dies z a *ild4 ,:at ( !m 9 ! _w to come80 ,al-,jubba#8i repli$1 8,! fir/ w be rew>d$ 9 ,p>adise2 ! second puni%$ 9 ,hell1 & ! ?ird w be nei!r rew>d$ nor puni%$40 ,al-,a%#8ari cont9u$1 8,b if ! ?ird said1 #8,"l1 ,?\ mighte/ h grant$ me life1 & !n ,i w\ld h be5 pi\s & ent]$ ,p>adise l my bro!r1' :at !n80 ,al-,jubba#8i repli$1 8,god w\ld say1 #8,i knew t if ?\ w]t grant$ life ?\ w\ld/ be godless & unbeliev+ & ent] ,hell4'0 ,!n al-,a%#8ari drew 8 noose1 8,b :at if ! second said1 #8,"l1 :y did/ ,?\ n make me die z a *ild8 ,!n _h ,i escap$ ,hell4'0 ,al-,jubba#8i 0 sil5c$1 & ,al-,a%#8ari w5t away 9 triumph4 ,?ree ye>s aft] 8 pupil _h left him ! old man di$4 ,! tell]s ( ?is /ory reg>d x z disprov+ ! ,mu#8tazilite doctr9e ( 8! be/0--al-aslah--namely1 t ,god is con/ra9$ to d t :i* may be be/ & happie/ = ,8 creatures4 ,or?odox ,islam1 z we h se51 holds t ,god is "u no su* con/ra9t1 & is free to d good or evil z ,he *ooses4 ,b ! /ory has also ano!r & some:at broad] significance4 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ ! religi\s rationalism ( ! ,mu#8tazilites1 :i* held t ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se c\ld be express$ & met 9 t]ms ( human ?\ght4 ,9 ?is way x repres5ts ! ess5ce ( al-,a%#8ari's position1 a recoil f ! impossible task ( rais+ a sy/em ( purely rationali/ic !ology to reliance ^u ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ! tradition 7hadi?7 & usage 7sunna7 ( ! ,prophet & ! patt]n ( ! e>ly *ur* 7salaf74 ,! /ories told above repres5t ! *ange z sudd54 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce ( 8 books t 0 n s4 ,9 8 return !re 7 two /ages4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! he upheld ! sev5 rational ,qualities 7sifat aqliya7 ( ,god1 ,life1 ,k1 ,p[]1 ,w1 ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,spee*3 b expla9$ away ! ,qur'anic an?ropomorphisms ( ,god's face1 h&s1 feet1 etc4 ,9 ! second /age1 :i* fell1 app>5tly1 aft] he _h mov$ to ,baghdad & come "u ! /rong ,hanbalite influ5ces !re1 he expla9$ away no?+1 b cont5t$ himself ) ! position t ! an?ropomorphisms 7 to be tak51 bila kayfa wala ta%bih1 )\t ask+ h[ & )\t draw+ any comp>ison4 ,! fir/ phrase is direct$ aga9/ ! ,mu#8tazilites1 :o inquir$ p]si/5tly into ! nature & possibility ( su* ?+s 9 ,god2 ! second1 aga9/ ! an?ropomorphi/s 7mu%abbihs1 comp>]s2 mujassims1 corporealiz]s71 mo/ly ultra ,hanbalites & ,k>ramites1 :o said t ^! ?+s 9 ,god 7 l ! correspond+ ?+s 9 m54 ,at all /ages1 h[ev]1 he 0 prep>$ to def5d 8 conclusions & assail ^? ( 8 adv]s>ies by d9t ( argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,al-,,a%#8,,ari ,! details ( 8 sy/em w be be/ und]/ood by read+ 8 cre$ & ! cre$ ( al-,fudali1 :i* is ess5tially ,a%#8arite4 ,bo? are 9 ! ,app5dix ( ,translat$ ,cre$s4 ,"h1 x is necess>y to draw att5tion to two1 only1 ( ! obscur] po9ts4 ,on ! vex$ "q1 8,:at is a ?+80 he anticipat$ ,kant4 ,! e>ly !ologians1 or?odox & !oretical1 & ^? lat] ones also :o did n foll[ him1 reg>d$1 z we h se51 exi/5ce 7wujud7 z only "o ( ! qualities belong+ to an exi/+ ?+ 7mawjud74 ,x 0 !re all ! "t1 b x lack$ ! quality ( 8exi/5ce02 !n t quality 0 add$ to its o!r qualities & x became exi/5t4 ,b al-,a%#8ari & 8 foll[]s held t exi/5ce 0 ! 8self0 7ayn7 ( ! entity & n a quality or /ate1 h[ev] p]sonal or necess>y4 ,see1 on ! :ole1 ,app5dix ( ,cre$s4 ,on ! o!r vex$ "q ( free-w1 or1 r1 z ! ,muslims *ose to express x1 on ! ability ( m5 to produce actions1 he took up a m$iat+ position4 ,! old or?odox position 0 absolutely fatali/ic2 ! ,mu#8tazilites1 foll[+ _! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice1 gave to man an initiative p[]4 ,al-,a%#8ari /ruck a middle pa?4 ,man _c create any?+2 ,god is ! only creator4 ,nor does man's p[] produce any effect on 8 actions at all4 ,god creates 9 ,8 creature p[] 7qudra7 & *oice 7ikhtiy>74 ,!n ,he creates 9 him 8 action correspond+ to ! p[] & *oice ?us creat$4 ,s ! action ( ! creature is creat$ by ,god z to initiative & z to production2 b x is acquir$ by ! creature4 ,by acquisition 7kasb7 is meant t x corresponds to ! creature's p[] & *oice1 previ\sly creat$ 9 him1 )\t 8 hav+ _h ! slighte/ effect on ! action4 ,he 0 only ! locus or subject ( ! action4 ,9 ?is way al-,a%#8ari is suppos$ to h acc\nt$ = free-w & entail$ responsibility ^u m54 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! second po9t occupi$ him mu*4 ,x 0 op5 to 8 ,god to d good or evil z ,he *ose2 ! ,ju/ice ( ! ,mu#8tazilites 0 left beh9d4 ,he may h int5d$ only to expla9 ! consci\sness ( fre$om1 z "s h done m rec5tly4 ,! clos5ess ) :i* al-,a%#8ari 9 ?is comes to ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ( ,leibnitz & to ! ,kantian conception ( exi/5ce %[s h[ high a rank he mu/ take z an orig9al ?9k]4 ,8 ab&on+ ( ! ,mu#8tazilites 0 due to no m]e wave ( s5tim5t b to a p]ception t _! speculations 7 on too n>r[ a basis & ( a too b>r5 s*ola/ic type4 ,he di$ aft] #cbj ) a curse on !m & _! me?ods z 8 la/ words4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,mat>idi ,a few words only ne$ be giv5 to al-,mat>idi4 ,! cre$ ( an-,nasafi 9 ! ,app5dix ( ,cre$s1 pp4 #cjh-cae belongs to 8 s*ool4 ,he & at-,tahawi 7 foll[]s ( ! broad-m9d$ ,abu ,hanifa1 :o 0 m ?an suspect$ ( ,mu#8tazilite & ,murji'ite lean+s4 ,muslim !ologians usually reckon up "s ?irte5 po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 al-,mat>idi & al-,a%#8ari & admit t sev5 ( ^! are n mu* m ?an combats ( words4 ,^? :i* occur 9 an-,nasafi's cre$ are m>k$ ) a />4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to f9i% %ortly ) ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,_! "w1 z a con/ructive =ce1 is done4 ,f ?is "t on !re is kalam among ! or?odox1 & ! t]m mutakallim d5otes no?+ b a s*ola/ic !ologian1 :e!r ( "o w+ or ano!r4 ,& s1 l any o!r organ :i* has done its "p & = ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re is no long] any object1 !y gradually & quietly dropp$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,!y _h /ill1 sometimes1 to suff] p]secution1 & = hundr$s ( ye>s !re 7 m5 :o cont9u$ to call !mselves ,mu#8tazilites2 b _! h]esies came to be h]esies ( ! s*ools & n burn+ que/ions 9 ! eyes ( ! masses4 ,we ne$ n[ draw att5tion to only a few incid5ts & figures 9 ?is dy+ movem5t4 ,! ,muslim hi/orians lay mu* /ress on ! or?odox zeal ( ! ,khalifa al-,qadir1 :o reign$ #cha-dbb1 & n>rate h[ he p]secut$ ! ,mu#8tazilites1 ,%i#8ites & o!r h]etics & compell$ !m1 "u oa?1 to con=m4 ,b !re are sev]al difficulties 9 ! way ( ?is p]secution1 :i* make x probable t x 0 m nom9al ?an o!rwise4 ,al-,qadir 0 bitt]ly or?odox2 he _h writt5 a treatise on !ology & compell$ 8 unhappy c\rti]s to li/5 to a public read+ ( x e week4 ,b he enjoy$1 outside ( 8 palace1 next to no p[]4 ,he 0 9 ! control ( ! ,%i#8ite ,buwayhids1 :o1 z we h se51 rul$ ,baghdad & ! ,khalifate f #cbj to #ddg4 ,^! dubi\s p]secutions are said to h fall5 9 #djh & #dbj4 ,aga91 a ,muslim pilgrim f ,spa9 visit$ ,baghdad ab\t #cij & has left u a record ( ! /ate ( religi\s ?+s !re4 ,he f\nd 9 session :at may p]haps be/ be describ$ z a ,p>liam5t ( ,religions4 ,x seems to h be5 a free debate betwe5 ,muslims ( all sects1 or?odox & h]etical1 ,p>sees & a!i/s1 ,jews & ,*ri/ians--unbeliev]s ( e k9d4 ,ea* p>ty _h a spokesman1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! proce$+s ! rule 0 rehe>s$ t no "o might appeal to ! sacr$ books ( 8 cre$ b might only adduce argum5ts f\nd$ ^u reason4 ,! pi\s ,spani% ,muslim w5t to two meet+s b did n p]il 8 s\l by any fur!r visits4 ,9 8 n>rative we recognize ! horror ) :i* ! or?odox ( ,spa9 view$ su* proce$+s--,spa91 ,muslim & ,*ri/ian1 has always favor$ ! /raite/ sect2 b :5 su* a ?+ 0 p]mitt$ 9 ,baghdad1 religi\s lib]ty !re at lea/ mu/ h be5 tol]ably broad4 ,possibly x 0 sitt+s ( ! ,ikhwan z-safa ^u :i* ?is sc&aliz$ ,spani>d /umbl$4 ,he himself speaks ( !m z meet+s ( mutakallims4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mahmud ,,( ,,ghazna ,b if ! mixture ( ,sunnite & ,%i#8ite au?ority 9 ,baghdad gave all ! miscellane\s h]etics a *ance = life1 x 0 diff]5t 9 ! gr[+ dom9ions ( ,mahmud ( ,ghazna4 ,t iconocla/ic mon>* _h embrac$ ! an?ropomorphic fai? ( ! ,k>ramites1 ! mo/ lit]al-m9d$ ( all ! ,muslim sects4 ,9 consequ5ce1 all =ms ( ,mu#8tazilism & all k9ds ( mutakallims 7 an abom9ation to him1 & x 0 a v real p]secution :i* !y met at 8 h&s4 ,t al-,qadir1 8 spiritual suz]a91 urg$ him on is v probable2 x is also possible t respect = ! gr[+ p[] ( ,mahmud may h protect$ al-,qadir to "s ext5t f ! ,buwayhids4 ,9 #dbj ,mahmud took f !m ,ispahan & held !re a gr& inquisition on ,%i#8ites & h]etics ( all k9ds4 ,to proce$ ) ! ,mu#8tazilites2 :5 we come to al-,ghazzali & 8 times we %all f9d t !y h ceas$ to be a cry+ dang] to ! fai?4 ,?\gh _! views might1 t doctor held1 be errone\s 9 "s respects1 !y 7 n to be consid]$ z damnable4 ,aga91 9 #ech1 !re di$ az-,zamakh%>i1 ! great gramm>ian1 :o is (t5 call$ ! la/ ( ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,he 0 n t by any means1 b 8 h]esies 7 ei!r mild or 7 reg>d$ mildly4 ,a s+le po9t w %[ ?is4 ,8 comm5t>y on ! ,qur'an1 ! ,ka%%af1 0 revis$ & expurgat$ 9 ! or?odox int]e/ by al-,baydawi 7d4 #fhh7 & 9 t =m is n[ ! mo/ popul> & respect$ ( all expositions4 ,! ,ka%%af itself1 9 its orig9al1 unmodifi$ =m1 has be5 pr9t$ sev]al times at ,cairo4 ,aga91 ,ibn ,ru%d1 ! ,ari/otelian1 :o di$ 9 #eie1 :5 he is combat+ ! argum5ts ( ! mutakallims1 makes little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,mu#8tazilites & ! o!rs4 ,!y are only1 to him1 ano!r v>iety ( s*ola/ic !ologian1 ) a r bett] idea1 p]haps1 ( logic & argum5t4 ,he consid]$1 z we %all f9d lat]1 all ! mutakallims z sadly to seek 9 su* matt]s4 ,s9ce !n1 & into q mod]n times1 !re h be5 sporadic cases ( !ologians call$ ,mu#8tazilites by !mselves or o!rs4 ,practically1 !y h be5 s*ola/ics ( ecc5tric views4 ,f9ally1 ! use ( ?is "n = !mselves by ! pres5t-day broad s*ool ,muslims ( ,india is absolutely unhi/orical & highly mislead+4 ,we turn n[ to sugge/1 r ?an to trace1 "s ( ! non-!ological consequ5ces ( ! prec$+ !ology4 ,sid5ote3 ,,al-,,b]uni2 ,,ibn ,,s9a ,increas+ly1 f ?is "t on1 x is n h]esy :i* has to be met s mu* z simple unbelief1 m or less frank4 ,x is evid5t t ! h]etics ( ! e>li] p]iod are n[ divid+ 9 two directions1 "o "p incl9+ t[>d mild] =ms ( h]esy & ! o!r t[>d d\bt 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 pass+ ov] to ,ari/otelian neo-,platonic philosophy1 & !nce divid+ into mat]iali/s1 dei/s1 & !i/s4 ,?us we h se5 e>li] ! work+s ( al-,f>abi & ( ! ,ikhwan z-safa4 ,! tea*+s ( ! latt] pass on to ! ,isma#8ilians :o develop$ !m 9 ! m\nta9 =tresses1 ! c5tres ( _! p[]1 scatt]$ f ,p]sia to ,syria4 ,^! 7 o!rwise call$ ,assass9s2 o!rwise ,bat9ites 9 ! n>r[] s5se--9 ! broad] t t]m meant only ^? :o f\nd "u ! lett] ( ! ,qur'an a hidd51 esot]ic mean+2 o!rwise ,ta#8limites or claim]s ( a ta#8lim1 a secret tea*+ by a div9ely in/ruct$ ,imam1 & ) !m we %all h mu* to d lat]4 ,x is suffici5t "h to notice h[ ! peaceful & r wat]y philosophy ( ! 8,s9c]e ,bre?r50 0 transmut$ ?r\gh ambition & fanaticism into bellig]5t politics at ! h&s & dagg]s ( ^! fi]ce sect>ies4 ,into ?is p]iod1 too1 fall "s well-kn[n names ( dubi\s & m ?an dubi\s or?odoxy4 ,al-,b]uni 7d4 #ddj7 ev5 at ! c\rt ( ,mahmud ( ,ghazna manag$ to keep 8 foot+ & 8 head4 ,yet x may be d\bt$ h[ f> he 0 a ,k>ramite or ev5 a ,muslim4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ sci5tific /ud5t ( ,india & ,indica & ( *ronology & cal5d>s1 a man ^: atta9m5ts & results %[ t our s-call$ mod]n me?ods are z old z g5ius4 ,on religion1 he ma9ta9$ a prud5t sil5ce1 b e>n$ ! favor ( ,mahmud by an unsp>+ exposure ( ! weakness 9 ! ,fatimid g5ealogy4 ,9 ?is sket* he has a place z a man ( sci5ce :o w5t 8 own way )\t tread+ on ! religi\s toes ( o!r p4 ,8 contempor>y ,ibn ,s9a 7d4 #dbh71 = u ,avic5na1 0 ( a diff]5t nature1 & 8 l9es 7 ca/ 9 diff]5t places4 ,he 0 a w&]] ?r\gh ! c\rts ( nor!rn ,p]sia4 ,! or?odox & /r+5t ,mahmud he c>efully avoid$2 ! ,buwayhids & ^? ( _! ilk took su* h]esies z 8 m easily4 ,end[$ ) a gigantic memory & an insatiable intellectual appetite1 he 0 ! encyclopdi/ ( 8 age1 & 8 sci5tific "w1 & especially t 9 m$ic9e1 w5t fur!r ?an any?+ else to put ! ,muslim ,ea/ & m$ival ,europe 9 ! /rait wai/coat f :i* ! fir/ has n yet em]g$ & ! second only %ook itself free 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a /ud5t ( ,ari/otle & a my/ic1 z all ,muslim /ud5ts ( ,ari/otle h be54 ,h[ f> 8 my/icism enabl$ him to squ>e ! ,qur'an ) 8 philosophy is n cle>2 su* m5 seldom said exactly :at !y meant & all t !y ?\ght4 ,he 0 also a dilig5t /ud5t & read] ( ! ,qur'an & fai?ful 9 8 public religi\s duties4 ,yet ! ,muslim _w ass]ts t he left beh9d him a te/am5t>y tractate 7wasiya7 def5d+ dissimulation z to ! religion ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* we might be2 t x 0 n wrong = ! philosoph] to g ?r\gh religi\s rites :i* = him _h no mean+4 ,he1 too1 is significant = 8 "t1 &1 if our int]e/ 7 philosophy1 w\ld call = l5g!n$ treatm5t4 ,z x is1 he m>ks = u ! accompli%$ sep>ation betwe5 /ud5ts ( !ology & /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,an equally well kn[n & by u mu* bett] lov$ "n is t ( ,um> al-,khayyam1 :o di$ lat]1 ab\t #eae1 b :o may fitly be gr\p$ ) ,ibn ,s9a4 ,he1 too1 0 a bon vivant1 b ( a deep]1 m melan*oly /ra94 ,8 w9e meant m ?an fri5dly cups2 x 0 a way ( escape f ! _w & its burd54 ,8 sci5ce1 too1 w5t deep]4 ,he 0 n a ga!r] & arrang] ( ! wisdom ( ! pa/2 8 re=m$ cal5d> is m p]fect ?an t :i* we ev5 n[ use4 ,8 fai? is a riddle to u1 z x 0 to 8 comrades4 ,b x 0 because he _h no c]ta9 tru? to proclaim t ,um> did n speak out cle>ly4 ,8 la/ words 7 almo/ ^? ( ,rabelais1 8,i g to meet ! great ,p]haps40 ,anecdotage connects 8 "n ) t ( al-,ghazzali4 ,nei!r _h escap$ ! pall ( univ]sal scepticism :i* mu/ h desc5d$ ^u _! "t4 ,b al-,ghazzali1 by ,god's grace1 z he himself rev]5tly says1 0 enabl$ to escape4 ,um> di$ "u x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abu-,l-,,ala ,,al-,,ma#8,,arri ,a v diff]5t man 0 ,abu-l-,ala al-,ma#8arri1 ! bl9d poet & s+] ( intellectual fre$om4 ,9 ,arabic lit]ature !re is no o!r voice l 81 cle> & confid5t4 ,he 0 a man ( lett]s2 no philosoph] nor !ologian nor sci5ti/1 ?\gh at "o "t he seems to h come 9 contact ) a circle l t ( ,ikhwan z-safa1 p]haps ! same2 & 8 _s 0 l t ( "o ( ! h]oic poets ( ! old des]t life1 ^: h& 0 taught to keep 8 head1 ^: tongue sp>$ no?+ f heav5 to e>?1 & :o liv$ 8 own life out 9 8 own way1 undaunt$4 ,9 8 d>kness he n\ri%$ great ?\ghts & flung out a sva indignatio on hypocrisy & subs]vi5ce :i* rem9ds ( ,less+4 ,b ,abu-l-,ala 0 a great poet1 & 8 scorn ( prie/s & c\rti]s & _! lies1 8 pity = suff]+ humanity & 8 confid5ce 9 ! light ( reason are ?r[n into scraps ( burn+1 e*o+ v]se )\t _! l 9 ,arabic4 ,he di$ at ! t[n ( 8 bir?1 ,ma#8arrat an-,nu#8man1 9 nor!rn ,syria1 9 #ddi4 ,! problem is h[ he 0 suff]$ to live out 8 long life ( eighty-six ye>s4 ,we c n[ return to ! developm5t ( s*ola/ic !ology 9 ! or?odox *ur* at ! h&s ( ! foll[]s ( al-,a%#8ari4 ,!y _h to fight _! way aga9/ _m & mo/ diff]+ oppon5ts4 ,at ! "o extreme 7 ! dw9dl+ ,mu#8tazilites1 pass+ sl[ly into comp>atively innocu\s h]etics1 & ! gr[+ p>ty ( unbeliev]s1 philosophical & o!rwise1 op5 & secret4 ,at ! o!r extreme 0 ! mob ( ,hanbalites1 belong+ to ! only legal s*ool :i* laid !ological burd5s on its adh]5ts4 ,! !ologians1 9 ?is case1 c]ta9ly v>i$ z to ! weight ( _! own ana!mas aga9/ all kalam1 b 7 at "o 9 t !y c>ri$ ! bulk ( ! multitude ) !m & c\ld en=ce _! conclusions ) ! cudgels ( riot]s4 ,9 ! mid/ 7 ! rival or?odox 7pace ! ,hanbalites7 develop]s ( kalam1 among :om ! ,mat>idites probably held ! mo/ important place4 ,?us1 ! ,a%#8arite s*ool 0 ! nursl+ z well z ! *ild ( controv]sy4 ,x 01 !n1 fitt+ t ! "n jo9$1 at lea/ 9 tradition1 ) ! f9al =m ( t sy/em1 %\ld be t ( a controv]siali/4 ,b ?is man1 ,abu ,bakr al-,baqilani ! ,qadi1 0 m ?an a m]e controv]siali/4 ,x is 8 glory to h contribut$ mo/ important elem5ts to & put into fix$ =m :at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fanta/ic & d>+ metaphysical s*eme1 & almo/ c]ta9ly ! mo/ ?or\gh !ological s*eme1 ev] ?\ght out4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,lucretian atoms ra9+ d[n ?r\gh ! empty void1 ! self-develop+ monads ( ,leibnitz1 pre-e/abli%$ h>mony & all1 ! ,kantian 8?+s 9 !mselves0 are lame & impot5t 9 _! consi/5cy beside ! p>allel ,a%#8arite doctr9es2 &1 on ! o!r1 n ev5 ! rigors ( ,calv91 z develop$ 9 ! ,dut* confessions1 c compete ) ! unfl9*+ exactitude ( ! ,muslim conclusions4 ,sid5ote3 ,,a%#8,,arite ,,metaphysics ,fir/1 z to ontology4 ,! object ( ! ,a%#8arites 0 t ( ,kant1 to fix ! relation ( k to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,?us1 al-,baqilani def9$ k 7ilm7 z cognition 7ma#8rifa7 ( a ?+ z x is 9 itself4 ,b 9 rea*+ t 8?+ 9 itself0 !y 7 mu* m ?or\gh ?an ,kant4 ,only two ( ! ,ari/otelian categories surviv$ _! attack1 sub/ance & quality4 ,! o!rs1 quantity1 place1 "t & ! re/1 7 only relation%ips 7i#8tib>s7 exi/+ subjectively 9 ! m9d ( ! kn[]1 & n ?+s4 ,b a relation%ip1 !y argu$1 if real1 mu/ exi/ 9 some?+1 & a quality _c exi/ 9 ano!r quality1 only 9 a sub/ance4 ,yet x c\ld n exi/ 9 ei!r ( ! two ?+s :i* x br\ght toge!r2 = example1 9 ! cause or ! effect4 ,x mu/ be 9 a ?ird ?+4 ,b to br+ ?is ?ird ?+ & ! fir/ two toge!r1 o!r relation%ips w\ld be ne$$ & o!r ?+s = ^! relation%ips to exi/ 94 ,?us we w\ld be l$ back 9 an inf9ite sequ5ce1 & !y _h tak5 ov] f ,ari/otle ! position t su* an inf9ite s]ies backw>d 7tasalsul7 is inadmissible4 ,relation%ips1 !n1 _h no real exi/5ce b 7 m]e phantoms1 subjective non-entities4 ,fur!r1 ! ,ari/otelian view ( matt] 0 n[ impossible = !m4 ,all ! categories _h gone except sub/ance & quality2 & among !m1 passion4 ,matt]1 !n1 c\ld n h ! possibility ( suff]+ ! impress ( =m4 ,a possibility is nei!r an entity nor a non-entity1 b a subjectivity purely4 ,b ) ! suff]+ matt]1 ! active =m & all causes mu/ also g4 ,!y1 too1 are m]e subjectivities4 ,aga91 qualities1 = ^! ?9k]s1 became m]e accid5ts4 ,! fleet+ "* ( appe>ances drove !m to ! conclusion t !re 0 no su* ?+ z a quality plant$ 9 ! nature ( a ?+2 t ! idea 8nature0 did n exi/4 ,!n ?is drove !m fur!r4 ,sub/ances exi/ only ) qualities1 i4e41 accid5ts4 ,^! qualities may be positive or !y may be negative2 ! ascription to ?+s ( negative qualities is "o ( _! mo/ fruitful conceptions4 ,:51 !n1 ! qualities fall out ( exi/5ce1 ! sub/ances !mselves mu/ also cease to exi/4 ,sub/ance z well z quality is fleet+1 has only a mom5t's duration4 ,b :5 !y reject$ ! ,ari/otelian view ( matt] z ! possibility ( receiv+ =m1 _! pa? ( necessity l$ !m /raight to ! atomi/s4 ,s atomi/s !y became1 &1 z always1 aft] _! own fa%ion4 ,_! atoms are n ( space only1 b also ( "t4 ,! basis ( all ! manife/ation1 m5tal & physical1 ( ! _w 9 place & "t1 is a multitude ( monads4 ,ea* has c]ta9 qualities b has ext5sion nei!r 9 space nor "t4 ,!y h simply position1 n bulk1 & d n t\* "o ano!r4 ,betwe5 !m is absolute void4 ,simil>ly z to "t4 ,! "t-atoms1 if ! expression may be p]mitt$1 are equally unext5d$ & h also absolute void--( "t--betwe5 !m4 ,j z space is only 9 a s]ies ( atoms1 s "t is only 9 a succession ( unt\*+ mom5ts & leaps across ! void f "o to ! o!r ) ! j]k ( ! h& ( a clock4 ,"t1 9 ?is view1 is 9 gra9s & c exi/ only 9 connection ) *ange4 ,! monads diff] f ^? ( ,leibnitz 9 hav+ no nature 9 !mselves1 no possibility ( developm5t along c]ta9 l9es4 ,! ,muslim monads are1 & aga9 are n1 all *ange & action 9 ! _w are produc$ by _! ent]+ into exi/5ce & dropp+ out aga91 n by any *ange 9 !mselves4 ,b ?is mo/ simple view ( ! _w left its hold]s 9 precisely ! same difficulty1 only 9 a f> high] degree1 z t ( ,leibnitz4 ,he 0 compell$ to fall back on a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony to br+ 8 monads into ord]ly relations ) "o ano!r2 ! ,muslim !ologians1 on _! side1 fell back ^u ,god & f\nd 9 ,8 w ! gr\nd ( all ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,a%#8,,arite ,,!ology ,we "h pass f _! ontology to _! !ology1 & z !y 7 ?or\gh-go+ metaphysicians1 s n[ !y are ?or\gh-go+ !ologians4 ,be+ 0 all 9 ! "o case2 n[ x is ,god t is all4 ,9 tru?1 _! philosophy is 9 its ess5ce a scepticism :i* de/roys ! possibility ( a philosophy 9 ord] to drive m5 back to ,god & ,8 revelations & compel !m to see 9 ,him ! "o gr& fact ( ! univ]se4 ,s1 :5 a d>wi% %\ts 9 8 ec/asy1 8,huwa-l-haqq10 he does n mean1 8,he is ! ,tru?10 9 our ,we/]n s5se ( ,v]ity1 or our ,new ,te/am5t s5se ( 8,! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 & ! ,life10 b simply1 8,he is ! ,fact0--! "o ,reality4 ,to return3 f _! ontology !y d]iv$ an argum5t = ! necessity ( a ,god4 ,t _! monads came s & n o!rwise mu/ h a cause2 )\t x !re c\ld be no h>mony or connection betwe5 !m4 ,& ?is cause mu/ be "o ) no cause beh9d x2 o!rwise we w\ld h ! endless *a94 ,?is cause1 !n1 !y f\nd 9 ! absolutely free w ( ,god1 work+ )\t any matt] beside x & unaffect$ by any laws or necessities4 ,x creates & annihilates ! atoms & _! qualities &1 by t means1 br+s to pass all ! motion & *ange ( ! _w4 ,^!1 9 our s5se1 d n exi/4 ,:5 a ?+ seems to u to be mov$1 t really means t ,god has annihilat$--or p]mitt$ to drop out ( exi/5ce1 by n cont9u+ to uphold1 z ano!r view held--! atoms mak+ up t ?+ 9 its orig9al position1 & has creat$ !m aga9 & aga9 along ! l9e ov] :i* x moves4 ,simil>ly ( :at we reg>d z cause & effect4 ,a man writes ) a p5 & a piece ( pap]4 ,god creates 9 8 m9d ! w to write2 at ! same mom5t he gives him ! p[] to write & br+s ab\t ! app>5t motion ( ! h&1 ( ! p5 & ! appe>ance on ! pap]4 ,no "o ( ^! is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,god has br\ght ab\t by creation & annihilation ( atoms ! requisite comb9ation to produce ^! appe>ances4 ,?us we see t free-w = ! ,muslim s*ola/ics is simply ! pres5ce1 9 ! m9d ( ! man1 ( ?is *oice creat$ !re by ,god4 ,?is may n seem to u to be v real1 b x has1 c]ta9ly1 z mu* reality z any?+ else 9 _! _w4 ,fur!r1 x w be obs]v$ h[ completely ?is annihilates ! ma*9]y ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z law1 & ! _w is su/a9$ by a con/ant1 ev]-repeat$ miracle4 ,miracles & :at we reg>d z ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature are on ! same level4 ,! _w & ! ?+s 9 x c\ld h be5 q diff]5t4 ,! only limitation ^u ,god is t ,he _c produce a contradiction4 ,a ?+ _c be & n be at ! same "t4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a second>y cause2 :5 !re is ! appe>ance ( su*1 x is only illusional4 ,god is produc+ x z well z ! ultimate appe>ance ( effect4 ,!re is no nature belong+ to ?+s4 ,fire does n burn & a knife does n cut4 ,god creates 9 a sub/ance a be+ burn$ :5 ! fire t\*es x & a be+ cut :5 ! knife approa*es x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e?ical ,,consequ5ces ,9 ?is s*eme !re are c]ta9ly grave difficulties1 philosophical & e?ical4 ,x e/abli%es a relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ! atoms2 b we h already se5 t relation%ips are subjective illusions4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 9 ! case ( ! ?+s ( ! _w1 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses--cont+5t be+1 z !y w\ld put x4 ,x does n hold ( necess>y be+4 ,god possesses a quality call$ ,diff]5ce f orig9at$ ?+s 7al-mukhalafa lil-hawadi?74 ,he is n a natural cause1 b a free cause2 & ! exi/5ce ( a free cause !y 7 compell$ by _! pr9ciples to admit4 ,! e?ical difficulty is p]haps great]4 ,if !re is no ord] ( nature & no c]ta9ty1 or nexus1 z to causes & effects2 if !re is no regul> developm5t 9 ! life1 m5tal1 moral1 & physical ( a man--only a s]ies ( isolat$ mom5ts2 h[ c !re be any responsibility1 any moral claim or duty8 ,?is difficulty seems to h be5 recogniz$ m cle>ly ?an ! philosophical "o4 ,x 0 met =mally by ! ass]tion ( a c]ta9 ord] & regul>ity 9 ! w ( ,god4 ,he sees to x t a man's life is a unity1 &1 = details1 t ! w to eat & ! action always co9cide4 ,b su* an answ] mu/ h be5 felt to be inadequate & to involve grave moral dang]s = ! common m9d4 ,!re=e1 z we h se51 ! /udy ( kalam 0 h$g$ ab\t ) difficulties & re/rictions4 ,!ologians recogniz$ its trap-falls & d\bts1 ev5 = !mselves1 & lam5t$ t !y 7 compell$ by _! pr(ession to /udy x4 ,! public discussion ( its que/ions 0 reg>d$ z a brea* ( pr(essional etiquette4 ,!ologians & philosoph]s alike /rove to keep ^! deep] my/]ies hidd5 f ! multitude4 ,! gap betwe5 ! highly educat$ & ! great mass--t fundam5tal error & greate/ dang] 9 ,muslim society--comes "h aga9 to view4 ,fur!r1 ev5 among !ologians1 !re 0 "s diff]5ce 9 degree ( insight1 & books & phrases c\ld be read by diff]5t m5 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,to "o1 !y w\ld sugge/ ord9>y1 ,qur'anic doctr9es2 ano!r w\ld see "u & beh9d !m a trail ( metaphysical consequ5ces bri/l+ ) blasphem\s possibilities4 ,?us1 ,muslim sci5ce has be5 always ( ! s*ool2 x has nev] le>n$ ! vitaliz+ & dis9fect+ value ( ! fre% air ( ! m>ket-place4 ,?is applies to philosoph]s ev5 m ?an to !ologians4 ,! cr[n+ accusation :i* ,ibn ,ru%d1 ! great ,ari/otelian comm5tator1 br\ght aga9/ al-,ghazzali 0 t he discuss$ su* subtilties 9 popul> books4 ,sid5ote3 ,,spread ,,( ,,a%#8,,arism ,?is1 !n1 0 ! sy/em :i* seems to h rea*$ tol]ably complete =m at ! h&s ( al-,baqilani1 :o di$ 9 #djc4 ,b ) ! completion ( ! sy/em !re w5t by no means its univ]sal or ev5 wide-spread acceptance 9 ! ,muslim _w4 ,t ( al-,mat>idi held its own = long1 &1 ev5 yet1 ! ,mat>idite cre$ ( an-,nasafi is us$ l>gely 9 ! ,turki% s*ools4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury x 0 consid]$ rem>kable t ,abu ,dh>r 7d4 #dcd71 a !ologian ( ,h]at1 %\ld be an ,a%#8arite r ?an1 app>5tly1 a ,mat>idite4 ,x 0 n till al-,ghazzali 7d4 #eje7 t ! ,a%#8arite sy/em came to ! or?odox hegemony 9 ! ,ea/1 & x 0 only z ! result ( ! "w ( ,ibn ,tum>t1 ! ,mahdi ( ! ,muwahhids 7d4 #ebd71 t x conqu]$ ! ,we/4 ,= long its pa? 0 d>k5$ by suspicion & p]secution4 ,?is came almo/ entirely f ! ,hanbalites4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites _h no =ce beh9d !m1 & :ile ! views ( dei/s & mat]iali/s 7 /eadily mak+ way 9 secret1 _! public ef=ts appe>$ only 9 v occasional disputes betwe5 !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,z we h se51 ,muslim philosophy has always practis$ an economy ( tea*+4 ,! ,hanbalite crisis seems to h come to a head t[>d ! close ( ! reign ( ,tughril ,beg1 ! fir/ ,great ,saljuq4 ,9 #dbi1 z we h se51 ! ,saljuqs _h tak5 ,m]v & ,sam>q&1 & 9 #ddg ,tughril ,beg _h ent]$ ,baghdad & fre$ ! ,khalifa f ! ,%i#8ite dom9ation ( ! ,buwayhids :o _h s long en=c$ tol]ation4 ,x 0 natural t he1 a !ologically uns*ool$ ,turk1 %\ld be captur$ by ! simplicity & concret5ess ( ! ,hanbalite doctr9es4 ,add$ to ?is political factor !re 0 a !ological movem5t at "w :i* 0 deeply ho/ile to ! ,a%#8arites z !y _h develop$4 ,an important po9t 9 ! me?od ( al-,a%#8ari himself1 &1 aft] him1 ( 8 foll[]s1 0 to put =? a cre$1 express$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ t]ms & conta9+ ! old-fa%ion$ doctr9es z ne>ly z 0 at all possible1 & to accompany x ) a spiritualiz+ int]pretation :i* 01 naturally1 accessible to ! pr(essional /ud5t only4 ,accord+ly :at _h at fir/ seem$ a weapon aga9/ ! ,mu#8tazilites came to be view$ ) m & m suspicion by ! hold]s to ! old1 unque/ion+ or?odoxy4 ,! duty also ( religi\s inve/igation & speculation 7nazr7 came to h m & m /ress laid ^u x4 ,! bila kayfa dropp$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,a ,muslim mu/ h a reason = ! fai? t 0 9 him1 !y said2 o!rwise1 he 0 no true ,muslim1 0 9 fact an unbeliev]4 ,( c\rse1 !y limit$ c>efully ! ext5t to :i* he %\ld g4 ,= ! ord9>y man a s]ies ( v simple pro(s w\ld be prep>$2 ! /ud5t1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 c>efully l$1 c\ld "w 8 way ?r\gh ! sy/em sket*$ above4 ,all ?is1 naturally1 0 ana!ma to ! p>ty ( tradition4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,hazm ,x is significant t at ?is "t ! ,zahirite s*ool ( law 7fiqh7 develop$ into a s*ool ( kalam & appli$ its lit]al pr9ciples unfl9*+ly to its new victim4 ,! lead] 9 ?is 0 ,ibn ,hazm1 a !ologian ( ,spa94 ,he di$ 9 #def1 aft] a /ormy life fill$ ) controv]sy4 ,! remorseless /+ ( 8 vitup]ative /yle c\pl$ him1 9 popul> prov]b1 ) al-,hajjaj1 ! blood-?ir/y lieut5ant ( ! ,umayyads 9 al-,iraq4 8,! sword ( al-,hajjaj & ! tongue ( ,ibn ,hazm10 !y said4 ,b = all 8 viol5ce ( language & real weight ( "* & bra91 he made little way = 8 views 9 8 lifetime4 ,x 0 almo/ "o hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea? be=e !y came into any prom95ce4 ,! !ologians & lawy]s ar\nd him 9 ! ,we/ 7 devot$ to ! /udy ( fiqh 9 ! n>r[e/ & mo/ te*nical s5se4 ,!y labor$ ov] ! sy/ems & treatises ( _! pr$ecessors & neglect$ ! great orig9al s\rces ( ! ,qur'an & ! traditions4 ,! imm$iate /udy ( tradition 7hadi?7 _h di$ out4 ,ibn ,hazm1 on ! o!r h&1 w5t /raight back to hadi?4 ,taqlid he absolutely reject$1 ea* man mu/ draw f ! sacr$ texts 8 own views4 ,s ! :ole sy/em ( ! canon lawy]s came d[n ) a cra% & !y1 naturally1 did n l x4 ,analogy 7qiyas71 _! pr9cipal in/rum5t1 he swept away4 ,x _h no place ei!r 9 law or !ology4 ,ev5 on ! pr9ciple ( agreem5t 7ijma7 he ?rew a %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,b x 0 9 !ology r ?an 9 law t ,ibn ,hazm's orig9ality lay4 ,/rictly1 8 ,zahirite pr9ciples :5 appli$ !re %\ld h l$ him to an?ropomorphism 7tajsim74 ,! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,qur'an1 z we h se51 assigns to ,god h&s & feet1 sitt+ on & desc5d+ f ,8 ?rone4 ,b to ,ibn ,hazm1 an?ropomorphism 0 an abom9ation only less ?an ! speculative argum5ts ) :i* ! ,a%#8arites tri$ to avoid x4 ,8 own me?od 0 purely grammatical & lexicographical4 ,he hunt$ 9 8 diction>y until he f\nd "s o!r mean+ = 8h&0 or 8foot10 or :atev] ! /umbl+-block might be4 ,b ! mo/ orig9al po9t 9 8 sy/em is 8 doctr9e ( ! names ( ,god1 & 8 bas+ ( t doctr9e ^u ,god's qualities4 ,! ,a%#8arites1 he cont5d$ ) ju/ice1 _h be5 guilty ( a grave inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t ,god 0 diff]5t 9 nature1 qualities1 & actions f all creat$ ?+s1 & yet t ! human qualities c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ,god1 & t m5 c\ld reason ab\t ,god's nature4 ,he accept$ ! doctr9e ( ,god's diff]5ce 7mukhalafa7 on highly logical1 b1 = u1 r />tl+ gr\nds4 ,! ,qur'an applies to ,him ! words1 8,! ,mo/ ,m]ciful ( ^? t %[ m]cy10 b ,god1 evid5tly1 is n m]ciful4 ,he tortures *ildr5 ) all mann] ( pa9ful diseases1 ) hung] & t]ror4 ,m]cy1 9 our human s5se1 :i* is high praise appli$ to a man1 _c be pr$icat$ ( ,god4 ,:at !n does ! ,qur'an mean by ^? words8 ,simply t !y--arhamu-r-rahim9--are "o ( ,god's names1 appli$ to ,him by ,himself & t we h no "r to take !m z descriptive ( a quality1 m]cy1 & to use !m to ?r[ light on ,god's nature4 ,!y =m "o ( ! ,n9ety-n9e ,mo/ ,beautiful ,names 7al-asma al-husna7 ( :i* ! ,prophet has spok5 9 a tradition4 ,simil>ly1 we may call ,god ! ,liv+ ,"o 7al hayy71 because ,he has giv5 u t z "o ( ,8 names1 n because ( any reason+ on our "p4 ,d we n say t ,8 life is diff]5t f t ( all o!r liv+ be+s8 ,^! names !n1 are limit$ to n9ety-n9e & no m %\ld be =m$1 h[ev] full ( praise su* might be = ,god1 or h[ev] directly bas$ on ,8 actions4 ,he has call$ ,himself al-,wahib1 ! ,giv]1 & s we may use t t]m ( ,him4 ,b ,he has n call$ ,himself al-,wahhab ! ,b\ntiful ,giv]1 s we may n use t t]m ( ,him1 ?\gh x is "o ( praise4 ,( c\rse1 y may describe ,8 action & say t ,he is ! guid] ( ,8 sa9ts4 ,b y mu/ n make f t a "n1 & call ,him simply ! ,guid]4 ,fur!r1 if we reg>d ^! names z express+ qualities 9 ,god1 we involve multiplicity 9 ,god's nature2 !re is ! quality & ! ?+ qualifi$4 ,"h we are back at ! old ,mu#8tazilite difficulty & x is intelligible t ,ibn ,hazm dealt m g5tly ) ! ,mu#8tazilites ?an ) ! ,a%#8arites4 ,! "o p>ty 7 ,muslims & s9n$ 9 ignorance--inv9cible ignorance1 a ,roman ,ca?olic w\ld call x2 ! o!rs 7 unbeliev]s4 ,!y _h turn$ wilfully f ! way4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites _h tri$ to limit ! qualities z mu* z possible4 ,at ! be/ !y _h said t !y 7 ,god's ess5ce & n 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,al-,a%#8ari & 8 s*ool _h fairly revell$ 9 qualities & _h mapp$ out ! nature ( ,god ) ! detail--& d>+--( a phr5ological *>t4 ,naturally1 ,ibn ,hazm made 8 e?ical basis ! w ( ,god only4 ,god has will$ t ?is %\ld be a s9 & t a good de$4 ,ly+1 he conc$es1 is always say+ :at does n agree ) ! tru?4 ,b1 /ill1 ,god may pron\nce t "o lie is a s91 & "o n4 ,muslim e?ics1 x is true1 h nev] br&$ ly+ z s9ful 9 itself4 ,= ! ,%i#8ites & _! doctr9e ( an infallible ,imam1 ,ibn ,hazm _c f9d /rong en\gh expressions ( contempt4 ,9 ,ibn ,hazm's "t1 & he praises ,god = x1 !re 7 b few ,a%#8arites 9 ! ,we/4 ,!ology g5]ally did n f9d _m /ud5ts4 ,s ?+s w5t on till long aft] 8 dea?4 ,to ?is fi]y controv]siali/ ! wor/ bl[ ( all w\ld h be5 if he c\ld h kn[n t ! m5 :o 7 at la/ to br+ 8 sy/em1 9 "p & = a "t1 into public acceptance & repute1 7 also to complete ! conque/ ( ,islam = ! ,a%#8arite s*ool4 ,t 0 /ill f> 9 ! future1 & we mu/ return to ! p]secution4 ,! acc\nts ( ! p]secution :i* set 9 are s+ul>ly conflict+4 ,"s assign x to ,hanbalite influ5ce2 o!rs tell ( a ,mu#8tazilite wazir ( ,tughril ,beg4 ,t ! traditionali/ p>ty 0 ! ma9 =ce 9 x seems c]ta94 ,9 all probability1 h[ev]1 all ! o!r anti-,a%#8arite sects1 f ! ,mu#8tazilites on1 took _! own p>ts4 ,! ,a%#8arite p>ty repres5t$ a via m$ia & w\ld be set ^u ) ze/ by all ! extremes4 ,!y 7 solemnly curs$ f ! pulpits &1 :at add$ peculi> insult to x1 ! ,rafidites1 an extreme ,kh>ijite sect1 7 jo9$ 9 ! same ana!ma4 ,al-,juwayni1 ! greate/ !ologian ( ! "t1 fl$ to ! ,hijaz & ga9$ ! title ( ,imam ( ! two ,h>ams 7,imam al-,h>amayn71 by liv+ = f\r ye>s betwe5 ,mecca & al-,mad9a4 ,al-,qu%ayri1 ! au?or ( a celebrat$ treatise on ,sufiism1 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,! ,a%#8arite doctors g5]ally 7 scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,only ) ! dea? ( ,tughril ,beg 9 #dee did ! cl\d pass4 ,8 successor1 ,alp-,arslan1 & especially ! great wazir1 ,nizam al-,mulk1 favor$ ! ,a%#8arites4 ,9 #dei ! latt] f\nd$ ! ,nizamite ,academy at ,baghdad to be a def5ce ( ,a%#8arite doctr9es4 ,?is may fairly be reg>d$ z ! turn+-po9t ( ! :ole controv]sy4 ,! ,hanbalite mob ( ,baghdad /ill cont9u$ to make itself felt1 b its excesses 7 promptly suppress$4 ,9 #eaj a%-,%ahra/ani 0 well receiv$ !re by ! p1 & 9 #eaf ! ,khalifa himself att5d$ ,a%#8arite lectures4 ,sid5ote3 ,,triumph ,,( ,,a%#8,,arism ,x is ne$less to sp5d m "t ov] ! o!r !ologians :o 7 l9ks 9 ! *a9 betwe5 al-,a%#8ari & ! ,imam al-,h>amayn4 ,_! views wav]$1 ?is way & t1 only ! rationaliz+ t5d5cy became /rong] & /rong]4 ,!re 0 dang] t ! or?odox sy/em w\ld fossilize & lose t\* ) life z t ( ! ,mu#8tazilites _h done4 ,x is true t ,sufiism /ill held its gr\nd4 ,all !ologians practically 7 t\*$ by x 9 its simpl] =m2 & ! cause ( ! high] ,sufiism ( ec/asy1 wond]s by sa9ts 7k>amat7 & communion ( ! individual s\l ) ,god _h be5 eloqu5tly & effectively urg$ by al-,qu%ayri 7d4 #dfe7 9 8 ,risala4 ,b 9 spite ( ! labors ( s _m m5 ( high ability1 ! religi\s outlook 0 gr[+ ev] d>k]4 ,ke5 obs]v]s recogniz$ t "s *ange 0 b\nd to come4 ,t x might be an infl[+ ( new life by a new al-,a%#8ari 0 _! pray]4 ,x is m ?an dubi\s :e!r ev5 ! ke5e/ m9d ( ! "t c\ld h recogniz$ :at =m ! new life mu/ take4 ,!y _h n ! p]spective & c\ld only feel a vague ne$4 ,b f :at has gone be=e x w be pla9 t ,islam _h aga9 to assimilate to itself some?+ f )\t or p]i%4 ,su* _h be5 its mann] ( progress up till n[4 ,new op9ions _h aris52 _h become h]esies2 conflict _h foll[$2 "p ( ! new ?\ght _h be5 absorb$ into ! or?odox *ur*2 "p _h be5 reject$2 ?r\gh x all ! life ( ! *ur* _h gone on 9 full] & ri*] measure1 be+ always1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 ! ma9 /ream2 ! h]esy itself _h sl[ly dw9dl$ out ( sight4 ,s x _h be5 ) ,murji'ism2 s ) ,mu#8tazilism4 ,) ! or?odox1 tradition 7naql7 /ill /ood fa/1 b reason 7aql7 _h tak5 a place beside x4 ,kalam1 9 spite ( ,hanbalite clamors1 _h become fairly a "p ( _! sy/em4 ,:at 0 to be ! new elem5t1 & :o 0 to be its *ampion8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,al-,ghazzali1 8 life1 times1 & "w2 ,sufiism =mally accept$ into ,islam4 ,) ! "t came ! man4 ,he 0 al-,ghazzali1 ! greate/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ sympa!tic figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam1 & ! only tea*] ( ! aft] g5]ations ev] put by a ,muslim on a level ) ! f\r great ,imams4 ,! equal ( ,augu/9e 9 philosophical & !ological importance1 by 8 side ! ,ari/otelian philosoph]s ( ,islam1 ,ibn ,ru%d & all ! re/1 seem begg>ly compil]s & s*olia/s4 ,only al-,f>abi1 & t 9 virtue ( 8 my/icism1 approa*es him4 ,9 8 own p]son he took up ! life ( 8 "t on all its sides & ) x all its problems4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh !m all & drew 8 !ology f 8 exp]i5ce4 ,sy/ems & classifications1 words & argum5ts ab\t words1 he swept away2 ! facts ( life z he _h kn[n !m 9 8 own s\l he grasp$4 ,:5 8 "w 0 done ! revelation ( ! my/ic 7ka%f7 0 n only a full "p b ! basal "p 9 ! /ructure ( ,muslim !ology4 ,t basis1 9 spite1 or r on acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! mutakallims _h previ\sly be5 lack+4 ,su* a scepticism z _! atomic sy/em _h practically am\nt$ to1 c\ld disprove mu* b c\ld prove little4 ,if all ! categories b sub/ance & quality are m]e subjectivities1 exi/+ 9 ! m9d only1 :at c we "k ( ?+s8 ,an ultra-rational basis _h to be f\nd & x 0 f\nd 9 ! ec/asy ( ! ,sufis4 ,b al-,ghazzali br\ght ano!r elem5t into full] & m effective work+4 ,) him passes away ! old-fa%ion$ kalam1 a ?+ ( %r$s & pat*es1 scraps ( metaphysics & logic snat*$ up = a mom5t ( ne$1 )\t grasp ( ! full sweep ( philosophy1 & incapable1 9 ! long run1 ( meet+ x4 ,ev5 its atomic sy/em is a philosophy ( amateurs1 ) all _! fanta/ic "o-sid$ness1 _! vigor & rigor4 ,b al-,ghazzali 0 no amateur4 ,8 k & grasp ( ! problems & objects ( philosophy 7 tru] & m vital ?an 9 any o!r ,muslim up to 8 "t--p]haps aft] x1 too4 ,islam has n fully und]/ood him any m ?an ,*ri/5dom fully und]/ood ,augu/9e1 b until long aft] him ! horizon ( ,muslims 0 wid] & _! air cle>] = 8 "w4 ,!n came a new s*ola/icism1 reign+ to ?is day4 ,s mu* by way ( preface4 ,we mu/ n[ give "s acc\nt ( ! life & exp]i5ces1 ! ideas & s5sations1 ( ?is great lead] & re=m]4 ,= 8 life & 8 "w 7 "o4 ,ev]y?+ t he ?\ght & wrote came ) ! weight & reality ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,he recogniz$ ?is connection himself1 & has left u a book--! ,munqidh m9 ad-dalal1 8,rescu] f ,error0--almo/ unique 9 ,islam1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( an apology = ! fai?1 is really an ,apologia pro vita sua4 ,?is book is our ma9 s\rce = :at foll[s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,e>ly ,,c>e]2 ,,r5unciation ,al-,ghazzali 0 born at ,tus 9 #dej4 ,he lo/ 8 fa!r :5 "y & 0 educat$ & br\ght up by a tru/$ ,sufi fri5d4 ,he e>ly turn$ to ! /udy ( !ology & canon law1 b1 z he himself confesses1 x 0 only because !y promis$ weal? & reputation4 ,v e>ly he broke away f taqlid1 simple acceptance ( religi\s tru? on au?ority1 & he began to inve/igate !ological diff]5ces be=e he 0 tw5ty4 ,8 /udies 7 ( ! broade/1 embrac+ canon law1 !ology1 dialectic1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 logic & ! doctr9es & practices ( ! ,sufis4 ,x 0 a ,sufi atmosph]e 9 :i* he mov$1 b _! religi\s f]vors d n seem to h laid hold ( him4 ,pride 9 8 own intellectual p[]s1 ambition & contempt = o!rs ( less ability ma/]$ him4 ,! latt] "p ( 8 life z a /ud5t 0 sp5t at ,naysabur z pupil & assi/ant ( ! ,imam al-,h>amayn4 ,?r\gh ! ,imam he /ood 9 ! apo/olic succession ( ,a%#8arite tea*]s1 be+ ! f\r? f al-,a%#8ari himself4 ,!re he rema9$ till ! dea? ( ! ,imam 9 #dgh1 :5 he w5t out to seek 8 =tune & f\nd x ) ! great wazir1 ,nizam al-,mulk4 ,by him al-,ghazzali 0 appo9t$1 9 #dhd1 to tea* 9 ! ,nizamite ,academy at ,baghdad4 ,!re he _h ! greate/ success z a tea*] & consult+ lawy]1 & 8 worldly hopes seem$ safe4 ,b sudd5ly he 0 /ruck d[n by a my/]i\s disease4 ,8 spee* became hamp]$2 8 appetite & dige/ion fail$4 ,8 physicians gave him up2 8 malady1 !y said1 0 m5tal & c\ld only be m5tally treat$4 ,8 only hope lay 9 peace ( m9d4 ,!n he sudd5ly quitt$ ,baghdad1 9 #dhh1 o/5sibly on pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,?is flight1 = x 0 s 9 effect1 ( al-,ghazzali 0 un9telligible to ! !ologians ( ! "t2 s9ce t "t x has m>k$ ! greate/ epo* 9 ! *ur* ( ,islam aft] ! return ( al-,a%#8ari4 ,t x %\ld be un9telligible 0 natural4 ,no cause c\ld be se5 on ! surface1 except "s possible political complications2 ! cause 9 reality lay 9 al-,ghazzali's m9d & consci5ce4 ,he 0 w&]+ 9 ! labyr9? ( 8 "t4 ,f 8 y\? he _h be5 a sceptical1 ambiti\s /ud5t1 play+ ) religi\s influ5ces yet unaffect$ by !m4 ,b ! holl[ness ( 8 life 0 ev] pres5t ) him & press+ ^u him4 ,l "s ) u1 he s\ght to be conv]t$ & c\ld n br+ x to pass4 ,8 religi\s beliefs gradually gave way & fell f him1 piece by piece4 ,at la/1 ! /ra9 became too great & at ! c\rt ( ,nizam al-,mulk he t\*$ = two mon?s ! dep?s ( absolute scepticism4 ,he d\bt$ ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses2 he c\ld see pla9ly t !y (t5 deceiv$4 ,no eye c\ld p]ceive ! movem5t ( a %ad[1 b /ill ! %ad[ mov$2 a gold piece w\ld cov] any />1 b a /> 0 a _w l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,he d\bt$ ev5 ! prim>y ideas ( ! m9d4 ,is t5 m ?an ?ree8 ,c a ?+ be & n be8 ,p]haps2 he c\ld n tell4 ,8 s5ses deceiv$ him1 :y n 8 m9d8 ,may !re n be some?+ beh9d ! m9d & transc5d+ x1 :i* w\ld %[ ! falsity ( its convictions ev5 z ! m9d %[$ ! falsity ( ! in=mation giv5 by ! s5ses8 ,may n ! dreams ( ! ,sufis be true1 & _! revelations 9 ec/asy ! only real guides8 ,:5 we awake 9 dea?1 may x n be into a true b diff]5t exi/5ce8 ,all ?is--p]haps4 ,& s he w&]$ = two mon?s4 ,he saw cle>ly t no reason+ c\ld help him "h2 he _h no ideas on :i* he c\ld dep5d1 f :i* he c\ld beg94 ,b ! m]cy ( ,god is great2 ,he s5ds ,8 light to :om ,he wills1 a light t fl[s 91 & is giv5 by no reason+4 ,by x al-,ghazzali 0 sav$2 he rega9$ ! p[] to ?9k1 & ! task :i* he n[ set be=e him 0 to use ?is p[] to guide himself to tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,seek]s ,,( ,,8 ,,"t ,:5 he look$ ar\nd1 he saw t ^? :o gave !mselves to ! se>* = tru? might be divid$ into f\r gr\ps4 ,!re 7 ! s*ola/ic !ologians1 :o 7 mu* l ! !ologians ( all times & fai?s4 ,second1 !re 7 ! ,ta#8limites1 :o held t to rea* tru? "o mu/ h an infallible liv+ tea*]1 & t !re 0 su* a tea*]4 ,?ird1 !re 7 ! foll[]s ( philosophy1 bas+ on logical & rational pro(s4 ,f\r?1 !re 7 ! ,sufis1 :o held t !y1 ! *os5 ( ,god1 c\ld rea* k ( ,him directly 9 ec/asy4 ,) all ^! he _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 acqua9t$ to a great] or less degree2 b n[ he settl$ d[n to exam9e !m "o by "o1 & f9d :i* w\ld lead him to a c]ta9ty to :i* he c\ld hold1 :atev] might come4 ,he felt t he c\ld n g back to ! unconsci\s fai? ( 8 *ildhood2 t no?+ c\ld re/ore4 ,all 8 m5tal be+ mu/ be made ov] be=e he c\ld f9d re/4 ,he began ) s*ola/ic !ology1 b f\nd no help !re4 ,grant ! !ologians _! premises & !y c\ld argue2 d5y !m & !re 0 no common gr\nd on :i* to meet4 ,_! sci5ce _h be5 f\nd$ by al-,a%#8ari to meet ! ,mu#8tazilites2 x _h done t victori\sly1 b c\ld d no m4 ,!y c\ld hold ! fai? aga9/ h]etics1 expose _! inconsi/5cies2 aga9/ ! sceptic !y avail$ no?+4 ,x is true t !y _h attempt$ to g fur!r back & meet ! /ud5ts ( philosophy on _! own gr\nd2 to deal ) sub/ances & attributes & fir/ pr9ciples g5]ally2 b _! ef=ts _h be5 fruitless4 ,!y lack$ ! necess>y k ( ! subject1 _h no sci5tific basis1 & 7 con/ra9$ ev5tually to fall back on au?ority4 ,aft] /udy ( !m & _! me?ods x became cle> to al-,ghazzali t ! rem$y = 8 ailm5t 0 n 9 s*ola/ic !ology4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mat]iali/s2 ,,dei/s2 ,,!i/s ,!n he turn$ to philosophy4 ,he _h se5 already t ! weakness ( ! !ologians lay 9 _! n hav+ made a suffici5t /udy ( prim>y ideas & ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,?ree ye>s he gave up to ?is4 ,he 0 at ,baghdad at ! "t1 tea*+ law & writ+ legal treatises1 & probably ! ?ree ye>s ext5d$ f ! beg9n+ ( #dhd to ! beg9n+ ( #dhg4 ,two ye>s he gave1 )\t a tea*]1 to ! /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( philosophy1 & almo/ ano!r to m$itat+ & work+ ov] 8 results4 ,he felt t he 0 ! fir/ ,muslim doctor to d ?is ) ! requisite ?or\ghness4 ,& x is notewor?y t at ?is /age he seems to h aga9 felt himself to be a ,muslim1 & 9 an enemy's c\ntry :5 he 0 /udy+ philosophy4 ,he speaks ( ! necessity ( und]/&+ :at is to be refut$2 b ?is may be only a confusion betwe5 8 attitude :5 writ+ aft] #ejj1 & 8 attitude :5 inve/igat+ & seek+ tru?1 fifte5 ye>s e>li]4 ,he divides ! foll[]s ( philosophy 9 8 "t into ?ree3 ,mat]iali/s1 ,dei/s 7,tabi#8is1 i4e4 ,naturali/s71 & ,!i/s4 ,! mat]iali/s reject a creator2 ! _w exi/s f all et]nity2 ! animal comes f ! egg & ! egg f ! animal4 ,! wond] ( creation compels ! dei/s to admit a creator1 b ! creature is a ma*9e1 has a c]ta9 poise 7i#8tidal7 9 itself :i* keeps x runn+2 its ?\ght is a "p ( its nature & ends ) dea?4 ,!y ?us reject a future life1 ?\gh admitt+ ,god & ,8 attributes4 ,he deals at mu* great] l5g? ) ! tea*+s ( ^? :om he calls !i/s1 b ?r\gh all 8 /atem5ts ( _! views 8 tone is n t ( a seek] b t ( a p>tisan2 he turns 8 own exp]i5ces into a w>n+ to o!rs1 & makes ( _! record a little guide to apologetics4 ,ari/otle he reg>ds z ! f9al ma/] ( ! ,greek s*ool2 8 doctr9es are be/ repres5t$ = ,arabic read]s 9 ! books ( ,ibn ,s9a & al-,f>abi2 ! works ( _! pr$ecessors on ?is subject are a mass ( confusion4 ,"p ( ^! doctr9es mu/ be /amp$ z unbelief1 "p z h]esy1 & "p z !ologically indiff]5t4 ,he !n divides ! philosophical sci5ces into six1 ma!matics1 logic1 physics1 metaphysics1 political economy1 e?ics2 & discusses ^! 9 detail1 %[+ :at mu/ be reject$1 :at is indiff]5t1 :at dang]s arise f ea* to him :o /udies or to him :o rejects )\t /udy4 ,?r\gh\t1 he is v cauti\s to m>k no?+ z unbelief t is n really s2 to admit always ^? tru?s ( ma!matics1 logic1 & physics t _c intellectually be reject$2 & only to w>n aga9/ an attitude ( intellectualism & a belief t ma!maticians1 ) _! success 9 _! own dep>tm5t1 are to be foll[$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 or t all subjects are susceptible ( ! exactness & c]ta9ty ( a syllogism 9 logic4 ,! damnable errors ( ! !i/s are almo/ entirely 9 _! metaphysical views4 ,?ree ( _! propositions m>k !m z unbeliev]s4 ,fir/1 !y reject ! resurrection ( ! body & physical puni%m5t h]eaft]2 ! puni%m5ts ( ! next _w w be spiritual only4 ,t !re w be spiritual puni%m5ts1 al-,ghazzali admits1 b !re w be physical z well4 ,second1 !y hold t ,god kn[s univ]sals only1 n p>ticul>s4 ,?ird1 !y hold t ! _w exi/s f all et]nity & to all et]nity4 ,:5 !y reject ! attributes ( ,god & hold t ,he kn[s by ,8 ess5ce & n by some?+ add$ to ,8 ess5ce1 !y are only h]etics & n unbeliev]s4 ,9 physics he accepts ! con/itution ( ! _w z develop$ & expla9$ by !m2 only all is to be reg>d$ z entirely submitt$ to ,god1 incapable ( self-movem5t1 a tool ( :i* ! ,creator makes use4 ,f9ally1 he consid]s t _! sy/em ( e?ics is d]iv$ f ! ,sufis4 ,at all times !re h be5 su* sa9ts1 retir$ f ! _w--,god has nev] left himself )\t a witness2 & f _! ec/asies & revelations our k ( ! human he>t1 = good & = evil1 is d]iv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,failure ,,( ,,philosophy ,?us 9 philosophy he f\nd little light4 ,x did n correspond entirely to 8 ne$s1 = reason _c answ] all que/ions nor unveil all ! enigmas ( life4 ,he w\ld probably h admitt$ t he _h le>n$ mu* 9 8 philosophical /udies--s at lea/ we may ga!r f 8 tone2 he nev] speaks disrespectfully ( philosophy & sci5ce 9 _! sph]e2 8 cont9ual exhortation is t he :o w\ld und]/& !m & refute !m mu/ fir/ /udy !m2 t to d o!rwise1 to abuse :at we d n "k1 br+s only contempt on ourselves & on ! cause :i* we *ampion4 ,b ) 8 temp]am5t he c\ld n f\nd 8 religion on intellect4 ,z a lawy] he c\ld split hairs & def9e issues2 b once ! religi\s in/9ct 0 ar\s$1 no?+ c\ld satisfy him b :at he ev5tually f\nd4 ,& s1 two possibilities & two only 7 be=e him1 ?\gh "o 0 h>dly a real possibility1 if we consid] 8 tra9+ & m5tal p[]s4 ,he might fall back on au?ority4 ,x c\ld n be ! au?ority ( 8 *ildi% fai?1 8,our fa!rs h told u10 he himself confesses1 c\ld nev] aga9 h weight ) him4 ,b x might be "s claim] ( au?ority 9 a new =m1 "s infallible tea*] ) a doctr9e :i* he c\ld accept = ! au?ority beh9d x4 ,z ! ,*ur* ( ,rome f "t to "t ga!rs into its fold m5 ( ke5 intellect :o seek re/ 9 submission1 & ! _w m>vels1 s x might h be5 ) him4 ,or aga91 he might turn directly to ,god & to p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,him2 he might seek to "k ,him & to be taught ( ,him )\t any int]m$i>y1 9 a ^w to ent] on ! pa? ( ! my/ic4 ,he came next to exam9e ! doctr9e ( ! ,ta#8limites4 ,!y1 a some:at outly+ w+ ( ! ,fatimid propag&a1 _h come at ?is "t into al>m+ prom95ce4 ,9 #dhc ,hasan ibn z-,sabbah _h seiz$ ,alamut & ent]$ on op5 rebellion4 ,! sect ( ! ,assass9s 0 apply+ its pr9ciples4 ,b ! poison ( _! tea*+ 0 also spread+ among ! p4 ,! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 religion1 t only by an infallible tea*] c\ld tru? be rea*$ & t su* an infallible tea*] exi/$ if he c\ld only be f\nd1 0 9 ! air4 ,= himself1 al-,ghazzali f\nd ! ,ta#8limites & _! tea*+ em95tly unsatisfactory3 ,!y _h a lesson :i* !y w5t ov] p>rot-fa%ion1 b beyond x !y 7 9 d5se ignorance4 ,! tra9$ !ologian & s*ol> _h no pati5ce ) _! slackness & %all[ness ( ?\ght4 ,he labor$ long1 z a%-,%ahra/ani lat] confesses t he1 too1 did1 to p5etrate _! my/]y & le>n some?+ f !m2 b beyond ! accu/om$ =mul !re 0 no?+ to be f\nd4 ,he ev5 admitt$ _! cont5tion ( ! necessity ( a liv+1 infallible tea*]1 to see :at w\ld foll[--b no?+ foll[$4 8,y admit ! necessity ( an ,imam10 !y w\ld say4 8,x is y\r bus9ess n[ to seek him2 we h no?+ to d ) x40 ,b ?\gh nei!r al-,ghazzali nor a%-,%ahra/ani1 :o di$ #dc 7lun>7 ye>s aft] him1 c\ld be satisfi$ ) ! ,ta#8limites1 _m o!rs 74 ,! conflict 0 hot1 & al-,ghazzali himself wrote sev]al books aga9/ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/udy ,,( ,,sufiism ,! o!r possibility1 ! pa? ( ! my/ic1 n[ lay /raight be=e him4 ,9 ! ,munqidh he tells u h[1 :5 he _h made an end ( ! ,ta#8limites1 he began to /udy ! books ( ! ,sufis1 )\t any sugge/ion t he _h _h a previ\s acqua9tance ) !m & _! practices4 ,b probably ?is means no?+ m ?an x does :5 he speaks 9 a simil> way ( /udy+ ! s*ola/ic !ologians2 namely1 t he n[ took up ! /udy 9 e>ne/ & ) a new & def9ite purpose4 ,he !re=e read c>efully ! works ( al-,h>i? al-,muhasibi1 ! fragm5ts ( al-,junayd1 a%-,%ibli1 & ,abu ,yazid al-,bi/ami4 ,he _h also ! b5efit ( oral tea*+2 b x became pla9 to him t only ?r\gh ec/asy & ! complete trans=mation ( ! moral be+ c\ld he really und]/& ,sufiism4 ,he saw t x consi/$ 9 feel+s m ?an 9 k1 t he mu/ be initiat$ z a ,sufi himself2 live _! life & practise _! ex]cises1 to atta9 8 goal4 ,on ! way ^u :i* he _h gone up to ?is "t1 he _h ga9$ ?ree fix$ po9ts ( fai?4 ,he n[ believ$ firmly 9 ,god1 9 prophecy1 & 9 ! la/ judgm5t4 ,he _h also ga9$ ! belief t only by deta*+ himself f ?is _w1 its life1 enjoym5ts1 honors1 & turn+ to ,god c\ld he be sav$ 9 ! _w to come4 ,he look$ on 8 pres5t life1 8 writ+ & 8 tea*+1 & saw ( h[ little value x 0 9 ! face ( ! great fact ( heav5 & hell4 ,all he did n[ 0 = ! sake ( va+lory & _h 9 x no consecration to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,he felt on ! edge ( an abyss4 ,! _w held him back2 8 fe>s urg$ him away4 ,he 0 9 ! ?roes ( a conv]sion wr\ght by t]ror2 8 religion1 n[ & always1 9 common ) all ,islam1 0 o!r-worldly4 ,s he rema9$ 9 conflict ) himself = six mon?s f ! middle ( #dhh4 ,f9ally1 8 heal? broke d[n "u ! /ra94 ,9 8 feebl5ess & ov]?r[ he took refuge ) ,god1 z a man at ! end ( 8 res\rces4 ,god he>d him & enabl$ him to make ! ne$$ sacrifices4 ,he ab&on$ all & w&]$ =? f ,baghdad z a ,sufi4 ,he _h put 8 brilliant pres5t & brilliant future absolutely beh9d him2 _h giv5 up ev]y?+ = ! peace ( 8 s\l4 ,?is date1 ! end ( #dhh1 0 ! great era 9 8 life2 b x m>k$ an era1 too1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,s9ce al-,a%#8ari w5t back to ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs 9 #cjj1 & curs$ ! ,mu#8tazilites & all _! works1 !re _h be5 no su* epo* z ?is flight ( al-,ghazzali4 ,x meant t ! reign ( m]e s*ola/icism 0 ov]2 t ano!r elem5t 0 to "w op5ly 9 ! future ,*ur* ( ,islam1 ! elem5t ( ! my/ical life 9 ,god1 ( ! atta9m5t ( tru? by ! s\l 9 direct vision4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,sufis ,he w5t to ,syria & gave himself up = two ye>s to ! religi\s ex]cises ( ! ,sufis4 ,!n he w5t on pilgrimage1 fir/ to ,j]usalem2 !n to ! tomb ( ,abraham at ,hebron2 f9ally to ,mecca & al-,mad9a4 ,) ?is religi\s duty 8 life ( /rict retirem5t end$4 ,x is evid5t t he n[ felt t he 0 aga9 )9 ! fold ( ,islam4 ,9 spite ( 8 =m] resolution to retire f ! _w1 he 0 drawn back4 ,! pray]s ( 8 *ildr5 & 8 own aspirations broke 9 ^u him1 & ?\gh he resolv$ aga9 & aga9 to return to ! contemplative life1 & did (t5 actually d s1 yet ev5ts1 family affairs1 & ! anxieties ( life1 kept cont9ually di/urb+ him4 ,?is w5t on1 he tells u1 = almo/ t5 ye>s1 & 9 t "t !re 7 reveal$ to him ?+s t c\ld n be reckon$ & ! discussion ( :i* c\ld n be exhau/$4 ,he le>n$ t ! ,sufis 7 on ! true & only pa? to ! k ( ,god2 t nei!r intellig5ce nor wisdom nor sci5ce c\ld *ange or improve _! doctr9e or _! e?ics4 ,! light 9 :i* !y walk is ess5tially ! same z ! light ( prophecy2 ,muhammad 0 a ,sufi :5 on 8 way to be a prophet4 ,!re is none o!r light to light any man 9 ?is _w4 ,a complete purify+ ( ! he>t f all b ,god is _! ,pa?2 a seek+ to plunge ! he>t completely 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god1 is its beg9n+1 & its end is complete pass+ away 9 ,god4 ,?is la/ is only its end 9 relation to :at c be ent]$ ^u & grasp$ by a volunt>y ef=t2 9 tru?1 x is only ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,pa?1 ! ve/ibule to ! contemplative life4 ,revelations 7muka%afas1 unveil+s7 came to ! disciples f ! v beg9n+2 :ile awake !y see angels & s\ls ( prophets1 he> _! voices & ga9 f !m guidance4 ,!n _! ,/ate 7hal1 a ,sufi te*nicality = a /ate ( ec/asy7 passes f ! behold+ ( =ms to /ages :]e language fails & any attempt to express :at is exp]i5c$ mu/ involve "s error4 ,!y rea* a ne>ness to ,god :i* "s h fanci$ to be a hulul1 fusion ( be+1 o!rs an ittihad1 id5tification1 & o!rs a wusul1 union2 b ^! are all errone\s ways ( indicat+ ! ?+4 ,al-,ghazzali notes "o ( 8 books 9 :i* he has expla9$ :]e9 ! error lies4 ,b ! ?+ itself is ! true basis ( all fai? & ! beg9n+ ( prophecy2 ! k>amat ( ! sa9ts lead to ! miracles ( ! prophets4 ,by ?is means ! possibility & ! exi/5ce ( prophecy c be prov$1 & !n ! life itself ( ,muhammad proves t he 0 a prophet4 ,al-,ghazzali goes on to deal ) ! nature ( prophecy1 & h[ ! life ( ,muhammad %[s ! tru? ( 8 mission2 b en\gh has be5 giv5 to indicate 8 attitude & ! /age at :i* he _h himself arriv$4 ,dur+ ?is t5 ye>s he _h return$ to 8 native c\ntry & to 8 *ildr51 b _h n und]tak5 public duty z a tea*]4 ,n[ t 0 =c$ ^u him4 ,! c5tury 0 draw+ to a close4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 evid5t a slack5+ ( religi\s f]vor & fai?4 ,a m]e ext]nal compliance ) ! rules ( ,islam 0 obs]v$1 m5 ev5 op5ly def5d$ su* a c\rse4 ,he adduces z an example ( ?is ! ,wasiya ( ,ibn ,s9a4 ,! /ud5ts ( philosophy w5t _! way1 & _! conduct %ook ! m9ds ( ! p2 false ,sufis ab\nd$1 :o taught ant9omianism2 ! lives ( _m !ologians excit$ sc&al2 ! ,ta#8limites 7 /ill spread+4 ,a religi\s lead] to turn ! curr5t 0 absolutely ne$$1 & 8 fri5ds look$ to al-,ghazzali to take up t duty2 "s di/+ui%$ sa9ts _h dreams ( 8 success2 ,god _h promis$ a re=m] e hundr$ ye>s & ! "t 0 up4 ,f9ally1 ! ,sultan laid a comm& ^u him to g & tea* 9 ! academy at ,naysabur1 & he 0 =c$ to cons5t4 ,8 dep>ture = ,naysabur fell at ! end ( #dii1 exactly elev5 ye>s aft] 8 flight f ,baghdad4 ,b he did n tea* !re long4 ,be=e ! end ( 8 life we f9d him back at ,tus1 8 native place1 liv+ 9 retirem5t among 8 disciples1 9 a ,madrasa or academy = /ud5ts & a ,khanqah or mona/]y = ,sufis4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,tahafut ,!re he settl$ d[n to /udy & contemplation4 ,we h already se5 :at !ological position he _h rea*$4 ,philosophy _h be5 tri$ & f\nd want+4 ,9 a book ( 8 call$ ,tahafut1 or 8,de/ruction10 he _h smitt5 ! philosoph]s hip & ?igh2 he _h turn$1 z 9 e>li] times al-,a%#8ari1 _! own weapons aga9/ !m1 & _h %[n t ) _! premises & me?ods no c]ta9ty c\ld be rea*$4 ,9 t book he goes to ! extreme ( intellectual scepticism1 &1 sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,hume1 he cuts ! bond ( causality ) ! edge ( 8 dialectic & proclaims t we c "k no?+ ( cause or effect1 b simply t "o ?+ foll[s ano!r4 ,he combats _! pro( ( ! et]nity ( ! _w1 & exposes _! ass]tion t ,god is its creator4 ,he demon/rates t !y _c prove ! exi/5ce ( ! creator or t t creator is "o2 t !y _c prove t ,he is incorporeal1 or t ! _w has any creator or cause at all2 t !y _c prove ! nature ( ,god or t ! human s\l is a spiritual ess5ce4 ,:5 he has f9i%$ !re is no intellectual basis left = life2 he /&s beside ! ,greek sceptics & beside ,hume4 ,we are ?r[n back on revelation1 t giv5 imm$iately by ,god to ! individual s\l or t giv5 ?r\gh prophets4 ,all our real k is d]iv$ f ^! s\rces4 ,s x 0 natural t 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life he %\ld turn to ! traditions ( ! ,prophet4 ,! sci5ce ( tradition mu/ c]ta9ly h =m$ "p ( 8 e>ly /udies1 z ( ^? ( all ,muslim !ologians1 b he _h n specializ$ 9 x2 8 b5t _h la9 9 q o!r directions4 ,8 ma/]1 ! ,imam al-,h>amayn1 _h be5 no /ud5t ( tradition2 among 8 _m works is n "o deal+ ) t subject4 ,n[ he saw t ! tru? & ! k ( ! tru? lay !re1 & he gave himself1 ) all ! en]gy ( 8 nature1 to ! new pursuit4 ,! end ( 8 w&]+s came at ,tus1 9 #eje4 ,!re he di$ :ile seek+ tru? 9 ! traditions ( ,muhammad1 z al-,a%#8ari1 8 pr$ecessor1 _h done4 ,! /amp ( 8 p]sonality is ineffaceably impress$ on ,islam4 ,! p ( 8 "t rev]5c$ him z a sa9t & wond]-work]4 ,he himself nev] claim$ to "w k>amat & always spoke mode/ly ( ! light :i* he _h rea*$ 9 ec/asy4 ,aft] 8 dea? leg5ds e>ly began to ga!r r\nd him1 & ! curr5t biographies ( him are untru/wor?y to a degree4 ,x says mu* = ! solidity ( 8 "w t he did n pass into a mi/y figure ( popul> sup]/ition4 ,b t "w rema9$ & rema9s among 8 disciples & 9 8 books4 ,we mu/ n[ attempt to e/imate its be>+ & scope4 ,sid5ote3 ,,volition ,,z ,a ,,basis ,= him1 z = ! mutakallims 9 g5]al1 ! fundam5tal ?+ 9 ! _w & ! />t+-po9t ( all speculation is w4 ,! philosoph]s 9 _! intellectualism might picture ,god z ?\ght--?\ght ?9k+ itself & evolv+ all ?+s !reby4 ,_! s\rce 0 ,plot9us2 t ( ! ,muslims 0 ! t]rific 8,be60 ( creation4 ,b h[ c we "k ?is w ( ,god if we are simply "p ( :at x has produc$8 ,9 answ]+ ?is1 al-,ghazzali & 8 foll[]s h div]g$ f ! re/ ( ,islam1 b n into h]esy4 ,_! view is admitt$ to be a possible int]pretation ( ,qur'anic passages1 if n t commonly held4 ,! s\l ( man1 al-,ghazzali taught1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! re/ ( ! creat$ ?+s4 ,we read 9 ! ,qur'an 7xv1 #bi2 xxxviii1 #gb7 t ,god brea!d into man ( ,8 _s 7ruh74 ,?is is comp>$ ) ! rays ( ! sun rea*+ a ?+ on ! e>? & w>m+ x4 ,9 virtue ( ?is1 ! s\l ( man is diff]5t f ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,x is a spiritual sub/ance 7ja:> ruhani71 has no corporeality1 & is n subject to dim5sion1 position or locality4 ,x is n 9 ! body or outside ( ! body2 to apply su* categories to x is z absurd z to speak ( ! k or ignorance ( a /one4 ,?\gh creat$1 x is n %ap$2 x belongs to ! spiritual _w & n to ?is _w ( s5sible ?+s4 ,x conta9s "s sp>k ( ! div9e & x is re/less till x re/s aga9 9 t primal fire2 b1 aga91 x is record$ 9 tradition t ! ,prophet said1 8,god ,mo/ ,high creat$ ,adam 9 ,8 own =m 7sura740 ,al-,ghazzali takes t to mean t !re is a lik5ess betwe5 ! _s ( man & ,god 9 ess5ce1 quality1 & actions4 ,fur!r1 ! _s ( man rules ! body z ,god rules ! _w4 ,man's body is a microcosm beside ! macrocosm ( ?is _w1 & !y correspond1 "p by "p4 ,is1 !n1 ,god simply ! anima mundi8 ,no1 because ,he is ! creator ( all by ,8 w1 ! su/a9] & de/roy] by ,8 w4 ,al-,ghazzali comes to ?is by a /udy ( himself4 ,8 prim>y conception is1 volo ergo sum4 ,x is n ?\ght :i* impresses him1 b volition4 ,f ?\ght he c develop no?+2 f w c come ! :ole r\nd univ]se4 ,b if ,god1 ! ,creator1 is a ,will]1 s1 too1 is ! s\l ( man4 ,!y are k91 &1 !re=e1 man c "k & recognize ,god4 8,he :o kn[s 8 own s\l1 kn[s 8 ,"l10 said ano!r tradition4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( ! s\l is ess5tial to ! ,sufi position & is probably borr[$ f x4 ,b !re are 9 x two possibilities ( h]esy1 if ! view be pu%$ any fur!r4 ,x t5ds 7#a7 to de/roy ! important ,muslim dogma ( ,god's ,diff]5ce 7mukhalafa7 f all creat$ ?+s1 & 7#b7 to ma9ta9 t ! s\ls ( m5 are p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature & w return to x at dea?4 ,al-,ghazzali labor$ to safegu>d bo? dang]s1 b !y 7 !re & %[$ !mselves 9 "t4 ,j z ! ,ari/otelian neo-,platonic philosoph]s rea*$ ! position t ! univ]se ) all its sph]es 0 ,god1 s1 lat]1 ,sufis came to ! o!r pan!i/ic position t ,god 0 ! _w4 ,be=e ! atomic s*ola/ics ! same dang] also lay4 ,x is "p ( ! irony ( ! hi/ory ( ,muslim !ology t ! v emphasis on ! transc5d5tal unity %\ld lead ?us to pan!ism4 ,al-,ghazzali's endeavor 0 to /rike ! via m$ia4 ,! ,hegelian ,tr9ity might h appeal$ to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,div9e ,,orig9 ,,( ,,sci5ces ,to return1 8 views on sci5ce1 z we h already se51 7 ! same z ^? ( ! contempor>y /ud5ts ( natural philosophy4 ,_! tea*+s he accept$1 &1 s f>1 he c be comp>$ to a !ologian ( ! pres5t day1 :o accepts evolution & expla9s x to suit himself4 ,8 _w 0 fram$ on :at is commonly call$ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,he 0 no flat-e>? man l ! pres5t ,ulama ( ,islam2 ,god _h 8spread out ! e>? l a c>pet10 b t did n h9d] him f reg>d+ x z a globe4 ,ar\nd x revolve ! sph]es ( ! sev5 planets & t ( ! fix$ />s2 ,alphonso ! ,wise _h n yet add$ ! cry/all9e sph]e & ! primum mobile4 ,all t a/ronom]s & ma!maticians tea* u ( ! laws "u :i* ^! bodies move is to be accept$4 ,_! !ory ( eclipses & ( o!r ph5om5a ( ! heav5s is true1 :atev] ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s may clamor4 ,yet x is to be rememb]$ t ! mo/ important facts & laws h be5 div9ely reveal$4 ,z ! weightie/ tru?s ( m$ic9e are to be trac$ back to ! tea*+ ( ! prophets1 s !re are conjunctions 9 ! heav5s :i* occur only once 9 a ?\s& ye>s & :i* man c yet calculate because ,god has taught him _! laws4 ,& all ?is /ructure ( ! heav5s & ! e>? is ! direct "w ( ,god1 produc$ out ( no?+ by ,8 w1 guid$ by ,8 w1 ev] dep5d5t = exi/5ce on ,8 w1 & "o day to pass away at ,8 comm&4 ,s al-,ghazzali jo9s sci5ce & revelation4 ,beh9d ! ord] ( nature lies ! p]sonal1 omnipot5t ,god :o says1 8,be60 & x is4 ,! ?+s ( exi/5ce d n proce$ f ,him by any emanation or evolution1 b are produc$ directly by ,him4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,worlds ,fur!r1 !re is ano!r side ( al-,ghazzali's attitude t[>d ! physical univ]se t des]ves att5tion1 b :i* is v difficult to grasp or express4 ,p]haps x may be /at$ ?us3 ,exi/5ce has ?ree modes2 !re is exi/5ce 9 ! alam al-mulk1 9 ! alam al-jab>ut1 & 9 ! alam al-malakut4 ,! fir/ is ?is _w ( ours :i* is app>5t to ! s5ses2 x exi/s by ! p[] 7qudra7 ( ,god1 "o "p proce$+ f ano!r 9 con/ant *ange4 ,! alam al-malakut exi/s by ,god's et]nal decree1 )\t developm5t1 rema9+ 9 "o /ate )\t addition or dim9ution4 ,! alam al-jab>ut comes betwe5 ^! two2 x seems ext]nally to belong to ! fir/1 b 9 respect ( ! p[] ( ,god :i* is f all et]nity 7al-qudra al-azaliya7 x is includ$ 9 ! second4 ,! s\l 7nafs7 belongs to ! alam al-malakut1 is tak5 f x & returns to x4 ,9 sleep & 9 ec/asy1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 x c come into contact ) ! _w f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,?is is :at happ5s 9 dreams--8sleep is ! bro!r ( dea?10 says al-,ghazzali2 & ?us1 too1 ! sa9ts & ! prophets atta9 div9e k4 ,"s angels belong to ! _w ( malakut2 "s to t ( jab>ut1 app>5tly ^? :o h %[n !mselves "h z mess5g]s ( ,god4 ,! ?+s 9 ! heav5s1 ! pres]v$ tablet1 ! p51 ! balance1 etc41 belong to ! _w ( malakut4 ,on ! "o h&1 ^! are n s5sible1 corporeal ?+s1 &1 on ! o!r1 ^! t]ms = !m are n metaphors4 ,?us al-,ghazzali avoids ! difficulty ( ,muslim es*atology ) its biz>re concret5ess4 ,he rejects ! "r to allegorize--^! ?+s are real1 actual2 b he relegates !m to ?is _w ( malakut4 ,aga91 ! ,qur'an1 ,islam1 & ,friday 7! day ( public wor%ip7 are p]sonalities 9 ! _w ( malakut & jab>ut4 ,s1 too1 ! _w ( mulk mu/ appe> z a p]sonality at ! b> ( ^! o!r worlds at ! la/ day4 ,x w come z an ugly old woman1 b ,friday z a beautiful "y bride4 ,?is p]sonal ,qur'an belongs to ! _w ( jab>ut1 b ,islam to t ( malakut4 ,b j z ^? ?ree worlds are n ?\ght ( z sep>ate 9 "t1 s !y are n sep>ate 9 space4 ,!y are n l ! sev5 heav5s & sev5 e>?s ( ,muslim lit]ali/s1 :i* /&1 /ory-fa%ion1 "o above ! o!r4 ,r !y are1 z express$ above1 modes ( exi/5ce1 & might be comp>$ to ! speculations on ano!r life 9 space ( n dim5sions1 fram$1 f a v diff]5t />t+-po9t & on a basis ( pure physics1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t & ,tait 9 _! 8,unse5 ,univ]se40 ,on ano!r side !y /& 9 close k9%ip to ! ,platonic _w ( ideas1 :e!r ?r\gh neo-,platonism or m imm$iately4 ,sufiism at its be/1 & :5 /ripp$ ( ! trapp+s ( ,muslim tradition & ,qur'anic exegesis1 has no reason to %r9k f ! inve/igation ei!r ( ! physici/ or ( ! metaphysician4 ,& s x is n /range to f9d t all ,muslim ?9k]s h be5 t+$ ) my/icism to a great] or less degree1 ?\gh !y may n all h embrac$ =mal ,sufiism & accept$ its vocabul>y & sy/em4 ,?is is true ( al-,f>abi1 :o 0 av[$ly a ,sufi2 true also ( ,ibn ,s9a1 :o1 ?\gh nom9ally an ,ari/otelian1 0 ess5tially a neo-,platoni/1 & admitt$ ! possibility ( int]c\rse ) sup]ior be+s & ) ! ,active ,intellect1 ( miracles & revelations2 true ev5 ( ,ibn ,ru%d1 :o does n v5ture to d5y ! imm$iate k ( ! ,sufi sa9ts1 b only argues t exp]i5ce ( x is n suffici5tly g5]al to be made a basis = !ological sci5ce4 ,9 e?ics1 z we h already se51 ! position ( al-,ghazzali is a simple "o4 ,all our laws & !ories ^u ! subject1 ! analysis ( ! qualities ( ! m9d1 good & bad1 ! trac+ ( hidd5 defects to _! causes--all ^! ?+s we owe to ! sa9ts ( ,god to :om ,god ,himself has reveal$ !m4 ,( ^! !re h be5 _m at all times & 9 all c\ntries1 & )\t !m & _! labors & ! light :i* ,god has v\*saf$ to !m1 we c\ld nev] "k ourselves4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 comes out al-,ghazzali's fundam5tal position t ! ultimate s\rce ( all k is revelation f ,god4 ,x may be major revelation1 ?r\gh accr$it$ prophets :o come =w>d z tea*]s1 div9ely s5t & support$ by miracles & by ! evid5t tru? ( _! message appeal+ to ! human he>t1 or x may be m9or revelation--subsidi>y & explanatory--?r\gh ! va/ body ( sa9ts ( diff]5t grades1 to :om ,god has grant$ imm$iate k ( ,himself4 ,:]e ! sa9ts leave (f1 ! prophets beg92 &1 ap>t f su* tea*+1 man1 ev5 9 physical sci5ce1 w\ld be grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,,agno/ic ,,attitude ,?is position becomes /ill m prom95t 9 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,8 agno/ic attitude t[>d ! results ( pure ?\ght has be5 already sket*$4 ,x is ess5tially ! same z t tak5 up by ,mansel 9 8 ,bampton lectures on 8,! ,limits ( ,religi\s ,?\ght40 ,mansel1 a pupil & cont9uator ( ,hamilton1 develop$ & emphasiz$ ,hamilton's doctr9e ( ! relativity ( k1 & appli$ x to !ology1 ma9ta9+ t we _c "k or ?9k ( ! absolute & inf9ite1 b only ( ! relative & f9ite4 ,h5ce1 he w5t on to argue1 we c h no positive k ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,?is1 ?\gh disguis$ by ! me?ods & language ( s*ola/ic philosophy1 is al-,ghazzali's attitude 9 ! ,tahafut4 ,mansel's oppon5ts said t he 0 l a man sitt+ on ! bran* ( a tree & saw+ (f 8 seat4 ,al-,ghazzali1 = ! support ( 8 seat1 w5t back to revelation1 ei!r major1 9 ! books s5t d[n to ! prophets1 or m9or1 9 ! p]sonal revelations ( ,god's sa9ts4 ,fur!r1 x 0 n only 9 ! ,muslim s*ools t ?is attitude t[>d philosophy prevail$4 ,yehuda ,halevi 7d4 ,a4,d4 #aade2 al-,ghazzali1 d4 #aaaa7 also ma9ta9s 9 8 ,kus>i ! insuffici5cy ( philosophy 9 ! highe/ que/ions ( life1 & bases religi\s tru? on ! incontrov]tible hi/orical facts ( revelation4 ,& ,maimonides 7d4 ,a4,d4 #abjd7 9 8 ,moreh ,nebu*im takes ess5tially ! same position4 ,( 8 views on dogmatic !ology little ne$ be said4 ,among mod]n !ologians he /&s ne>e/ to ,rits*l4 ,l ,rits*l1 he rejects metaphysics & opposes ! influ5ce ( any philosophical sy/em on 8 !ology4 ,! basis mu/ be religi\s ph5om5a1 simply accept$ & correlat$4 ,l ,rits*l1 too1 he 0 emphatically e?ical 9 8 attitude2 he lays /ress on ! value = u ( a doctr9e or a piece ( k4 ,our s\rce ( religi\s k is revelation1 & beyond a c]ta9 po9t we mu/ n inquire z to ! h[ & :y ( t k4 ,to d s w\ld be to ent] metaphysics & ! dang]-zone :]e we lose t\* ) vital realities & beg9 to use m]e words4 ,on "o po9t he goes beyond ,rits*l1 &1 on ano!r1 ,rits*l goes beyond him4 ,9 8 devotion to ! facts ( ! religi\s consci\sness ,rits*l did n g s f> z to become a my/ic1 inde$ reject$ my/icism ) a consci\s indignation2 al-,ghazzali did become a my/ic4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,rits*l refus$ absolutely to ent] ^u ! nature ( ,god or ^u ! div9e attributes--all t 0 m]e metaphysics & hea!nism2 al-,ghazzali did n s f> emancipate himself1 & 8 only advance 0 to keep ! doctr9e on a /rictly ,qur'anic basis4 ,s x /&s writt52 n1 s man is compell$ by ! nature ( ?+s to ?9k4 ,sid5ote3 ,,"w ,,& ,,influ5ce ,8 "w & influ5ce 9 ,islam may be summ$ up briefly z foll[s3 ,fir/1 he l$ m5 back f s*ola/ic labors ^u !ological dogmas to liv+ contact )1 /udy & exegesis (1 ! ,^w & ! traditions4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ,europe :5 ! yoke ( m$ival s*ola/icism 0 brok51 :at is happ5+ ) u n[1 happ5$ 9 ,islam "u 8 lead]%ip4 ,he c\ld be a s*ola/ic ) s*ola/ics1 b to /ate & develop !ological doctr9e on a ,scriptural basis 0 emphatically 8 me?od4 ,we %\ld n[ call him a ,biblical !ologian4 ,second1 9 8 tea*+ & moral exhortations he re9troduc$ ! elem5t ( fe>4 ,9 ! ,munqidh & else:]e he lays /ress on ! ne$ ( su* a /rik+ ( t]ror into ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,8 0 no "t1 he held1 = smoo?1 hopeful prea*+2 no "t = optimism ei!r z to ?is _w or ! next4 ,! horrors ( hell mu/ be kept be=e m52 he _h felt !m himself4 ,we h se5 h[ o!r-worldly 0 8 own attitude1 & h[ ! fe> ( ! ,fire _h be5 ! supreme motive 9 8 conv]sion2 & s he treat$ o!rs4 ,?ird1 x 0 by 8 influ5ce t ,sufiism atta9$ a firm & assur$ position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,islam4 ,f\r?1 he br\ght philosophy & philosophical !ology )9 ! range ( ! ord9>y m9d4 ,be=e 8 "t !y _h be5 surr\nd$1 m or less1 ) my/]y4 ,! language us$ 0 /range2 its vocabul>y & t]ms ( art _h to be specially le>n$4 ,no m]e read] ( ! ,arabic ( ! /reet or ! mosque or ! s*ool c\ld und]/& at once a philosophical tractate4 ,greek ideas & expressions1 pass+ ?r\gh a ,syriac v]sion into ,arabic1 _h /ra9$ to ! utt]mo/ ! res\rces ( ev5 t mo/ flexible tongue4 ,a long tra9+ _h be5 ?\ght necess>y be=e ! elaborate & =mal me?od ( argum5tation c\ld be foll[$4 ,all ?is al-,ghazzali *ang$1 or at lea/ tri$ to *ange4 ,8 ,tahafut is n address$ to s*ol>s only2 he seeks ) x a wid] circle ( read]s1 & cont5ds t ! views1 ! argum5ts1 & ! fallacies ( ! philosoph]s %\ld be p]fectly intelligible to ! g5]al public4 ,( ^! f\r phases ( al-,ghazzali's "w1 ! fir/ & ! ?ird are und\bt$ly ! mo/ important4 ,he made 8 m>k by lead+ ,islam back to its fundam5tal & hi/orical facts1 & by giv+ a place 9 its sy/em to ! emotional religi\s life4 ,b x w h be5 notic$ t 9 none ( ! f\r phases 0 he a pione]4 ,he 0 n a s*ol> :o /ruck out a new pa?1 b a man ( int5se p]sonality :o ent]$ on a pa? already blaz$ & made x ! common highway4 ,we h "h 8 "*4 ,o!r m5 may h be5 ke5] logicians1 m le>n$ !ologians1 m gift$ sa9ts2 b he1 ?r\gh 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces1 _h atta9$ s ov]p[]+ a s5se ( ! div9e realities t ! =ce ( 8 "*--once combative & re/less1 n[ n>r[$ & int5se--swept all be=e x1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,islam ent]$ on a new era ( its exi/5ce4 ,s mu* space x has be5 necess>y to give to ?is great man4 ,islam has nev] outgr[n him1 has nev] fully und]/ood him4 ,9 ! r5aissance ( ,islam :i* is n[ ris+ to view 8 "t w come & ! new life w proce$ f a r5ew$ /udy ( 8 works4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lat] ,,a%#8,,arites ,f ?is "t on1 ! ,a%#8arites may be fairly reg>d$ z ! dom9ant s*ool s f> z ! ,ea/ is conc]n$4 ,salad9 7d4 #ehi7 did mu* to aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is hegemony4 ,he 0 a dev\t ,muslim ) ! ta/e ( an amateur = !ological lit]ature4 ,anecdotes tell h[ he _h a special little cate*ism compos$1 & us$ himself to in/ruct 8 *ildr5 9 x4 ,he f\nd$ !ological academies 9 ,egypt at ,alex&ria & ,cairo1 ! fir/ !re except ! ,fatimid ,hall ( ,sci5ce4 ,"o ( ! few blots on 8 "n is ! execution ( ! pan!i/ic ,sufi1 ,%ihab ad-,d9 z-,suhraw>di1 at ,aleppo 9 #ehg4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! f>!r ,ea/1 ,fakhr ad-,d9 ar-,razi 7d4 #fjf7 0 writ+ 8 great comm5t>y on ! ,qur'an1 ! ,mafatih al-,ghayb1 8,! ,keys ( ! ,unse510 & c>ry+ on ! "w ( al-,ghazzali4 ,! title ( 8 comm5t>y itself %[s ! da% ( my/icism 9 8 tea*+1 & he 0 9 correspond5ce ) ,ibn ,arabi1 ! ar*-,sufi ( ! "t4 ,he /udi$ philosophy1 too1 comm5t$ on works ( ,ibn ,s9a1 & f\ght ! philosoph]s on _! own gr\nd z al-,ghazzali _h done4 ,kalam & philosophy are n[1 9 ! eyes ( ! !ologians1 a true philosophy & a false4 ,philosophy has tak5 ! place ( ,mu#8tazilism & ! o!r h]esies4 ,! enemies ( ! fai? are outside its pale1 & ! s*ola/iciz+ ( philosophy goes on /eadily4 ,accord+ to "s1 a new /age 0 m>k$ by al-,baydawi 7d4 #fhe71 :o confus$ inextricably philosophy & kalam1 b ! newness c h be5 comp>ative only4 ,a c5tury lat] al-,iji 7d4 #gef7 writes a book1 al-,mawaqif1 on kalam1 half ( :i* is giv5 to metaphysics & ! o!r half to dogmatics4 ,at-,taftazani is ano!r "n wor?y ( m5tion4 ,he di$ 9 #gia1 aft] a labori\s life z a controv]siali/ & comm5tator4 ,:5 we rea* ,ibn ,khaldun 7d4 #hjh71 ! fir/ philosophical hi/orian & ! greate/ until ! n9ete5? c5tury ( our era1 we f9d t kalam has fall5 aga9 f its high e/ate4 ,x has become a s*ola/ic discipl9e1 useful only to repel ! attacks ( h]etics & unbeliev]s2 & ( h]etics1 says ,ibn ,khaldun1 !re are n[ none left4 ,reason1 he goes on1 _c grasp ! nature ( ,god2 _c weigh ,8 unity nor measure ,8 qualities4 ,god is unkn[able & we mu/ accept :at we are told ab\t ,him by ,8 prophets4 ,su* 0 ! result ( ! de/ruction ( philosophy 9 ,islam4 ,,*apt] ,v ,islam 9 ! ,we/2 ,ibn ,tum>t & ! ,muwahhids2 philosophy 9 ! ,we/ "u ,muwahhid protection2 ,ibn ,bajja2 ,ibn ,tufayl2 ,ibn ,ru%d2 ,ibn ,arabi2 ,ibn ,sab#894 ,we h n[ anticipat$ "o ( ! /range/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic figures & movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,! prec$+ acc\nt1 except z relates to ,ibn ,khaldun1 has told ( ! triumphs ( ! ,a%#8arites 9 ! ,ea/ only4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! movem5t 0 sl[]1 & to x we mu/ n[ turn4 ,! ,maghrib--! ,occid5t1 z ! ,arabs call$ all ,nor? ,africa beyond ,egypt--_h be5 sl[ f ! fir/ to take on ! ,muslim impress4 ,! invad+ army _h f\ght its way pa9fully ?r\gh1 b ! ,b]b] tribes rema9$ only half subdu$ & "o-t5? ,islamiz$4 ,egypt 0 conqu]$ 9 ,a4,h4 #bj1 & ,sam>q& _h be5 rea*$ 9 #ef2 b x 0 n till #gd t ! ,muslims 7 at ,c>?age4 ,& ev5 !n & = long aft] !re arose insurrection aft] insurrection1 & ! national _s ( ! ,b]b]s rema9$ unbrok54 ,broadly1 b correctly1 ,islam 9 ,nor? ,africa = m ?an ?ree c5turies 0 a failure4 ,! tribal con/itutions ( ! ,b]b]s 7 unaffect$ by ! conception ( ! ,khalifate & _! primitive religi\s aspirations by ! ,fai? ( ,muhammad4 ,n till ! possibility came to !m to con/ruct ,muslim /ates out ( _! own tribes did _! opposition beg9 to weak54 ,& !n x 0 r political ,islam t _h weak5$4 ,:5 ! ,fatimids conqu]$ ,egypt 9 #cef & mov$ ! seat ( _! empire f al-,mahdiya to ! newly f\nd$ ,cairo1 ,islam assum$ a new mean+ = ,nor? ,africa4 ,! ,fatimid empire !re quickly melt$ away1 & 9 its place arose sev]al indep5d5t /ates1 ,b]b] 9 blood ?\gh claim+ ,arab desc5t & be>+ ,arab names4 ,islam no long] meant =eign oppression1 & x began at la/ to make its way4 ,aga91 9 ! prec$+ p]iod ( insurrection ! ,b]b] lead]s _h frequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! guise & ) ! claim ( prophets1 m5 miracul\sly gift$ & ) a message f ,god4 ,^! wild tribesm51 ) all _! fanaticism = _! own tribal lib]ties1 h always be5 peculi>ly accessible to ! g5ius :i* claims its mission f heav54 ,s !y _h tak5 up ! ,fatimid cause & wor%ipp$ ,ubayd ,allah ! ,mahdi4 ,& s !y cont9u$ !reaft]1 & /ill cont9ue to be sway$ by sa9ts1 d>wi%es1 & prophets ( all degrees ( insanity & cunn+4 ,! late/ case 9 po9t is t ( ! ,%aykh z-,sanusi1 ) :om we h already dealt4 ,z "t w5t on1 !re came a *ange 9 ^! prophet-l$ ris+s & sa9t-f\nd$ /ates4 ,!y gradually slipp$ ov] f be+ frankly anti-,muhammadan1 if also close imitations ( ,muhammad's life & me?ods1 to be+ equally frankly ,muslim4 ,! !ology ( ,islam easily af=d$ !m ! necess>y po9t ( connection4 ,all t ! prophet ( ! day ne$ d 0 to claim ! position ( ! ,mahdi1 t ,guid$ ,"o1 :o accord+ to ! traditions ( ,muhammad 0 to come be=e ! la/ day1 :5 ! e>? %all be fill$ ) viol5ce1 & to fill x aga9 ) righte\sness4 ,x 0 easy = ea* new ,mahdi to select f ! va/ & contradictory mass ( traditions 9 ,muslim es*atology ^? :i* be/ fitt$ 8 p]son & 8 "t4 ,to ! /ory & ! doctr9e ( "o ( ^! we n[ come4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,tum>t ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury a c]ta9 ,b]b] /ud5t ( !ology1 ,ibn ,tum>t by "n1 travell$ 9 ! ,ea/ 9 se>* ( k4 ,an e>ly & p]si/5t we/]n tradition ass]ts t he 0 a favorite pupil ( al-,ghazzali's1 & 0 m>k$ out by him z %[+ ! signs ( a future f\nd] ( empire4 ,?is may be tak5 = :at x is wor?4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ,ibn ,tum>t w5t back to ! ,maghrib & !re br\ght ab\t ! triumph ( a doctr9e :i* 0 d]iv$1 if modifi$1 f t ( ! ,a%#8arites4 ,previ\sly all kalam _h be5 "u a cl\d 9 ! ,we/4 ,!ological /udies _h be5 closely limit$ to fiqh1 or canon law1 & t ( ! n>r[$ s*ool ( ,malik ibn ,anas4 ,ev5 ! ,qur'an & ! collections ( traditions _h come to be neglect$ 9 favor ( sy/ematiz$ law-books4 ,! revolt ( ,ibn ,hazm aga9/ ?is _h app>5tly accompli%$ little4 ,x _h be5 too "o-sid$ & negative1 & _h lack$ ! weight ( p]sonality beh9d x4 ,ibn ,hazm _h assail$ ! views ( o!rs ) a weal? ( vitup]ative language4 ,b he _h be5 a controv]siali/ only4 ,!re is a /ory1 tol]ably well au!nticat$1 t ! books ( al-,ghazzali 7 solemnly condemn$ by ! ,qadis ( ,cordova1 & burnt 9 public4 ,yet1 aga9/ t is to be set t all ! ,spani% !ologians did n approve ( ?is viol5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,zahirite ,,imamite ,ibn ,tum>t />t$ 9 life z a re=m] ( ! corruptions ( 8 day1 & seems to h slipp$ f t into ! belief t he _h be5 appo9t$ by ,god z ! great re=m] = all "t4 ,z happ5s ) re=m]s1 f exhortation x came to =ce2 f prea*+ at ! abuses ( ! gov]nm5t to rebellion aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,t gov]nm5t1 ! ,murabit1 w5t d[n be=e ,ibn ,tum>t & 8 successors1 & ! pontifical rule ( ! ,muwahhids1 ! ass]t]s ( ,god's ta:id or unity1 rose 9 its place4 ,! doctr9e :i* he prea*$ be>s evid5t m>ks ( ! influ5ce ( al-,ghazzali & ( ,ibn ,hazm4 ,ta:id1 = him1 meant a complete spiritualiz+ ( ! conception ( ,god4 ,oppos$ to ta:id1 he set tajsim1 ! assign+ to ,god ( a jism or body hav+ bulk4 ,?us1 :5 ! !ologians ( ! ,we/ took ! an?ropomorphic passages ( ! ,qur'an lit]ally1 he appli$ to !m ! me?od ( ta'wil1 or int]pretation1 :i* he _h le>n$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & expla9$ away ^! /umbl+-blocks4 ,ibn ,hazm1 x w be rememb]$1 resort$ to grammatical & lexicographical devices to atta9 ! same end1 & _h reg>d$ ta'wil ) abhorr5ce4 ,to ,ibn ,tum>t1 !n1 ?is tajsim 0 flat unbelief &1 z ,mahdi1 x 0 8 duty to oppose x by =ce ( arms1 to lead a jihad aga9/ its ma9ta9]s4 ,fur!r1 ) ,ibn ,hazm1 he agre$ 9 reject+ taqlid4 ,!re 0 only "o tru?1 & x 0 man's duty to f9d x = himself by go+ to ! orig9al s\rces4 ,?is is ! g5u9e ,zahirite doctr9e :i* utt]ly rejects all comity ) ! f\r o!r legal rites2 b ,ibn ,tum>t1 z ,mahdi1 add$ ano!r elem5t4 ,x is bas$ on a v simple ,imamite philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,!re has always be5 an ,imam 9 ! _w1 a div9ely appo9t$ lead]1 gu>d$ by isma1 protection aga9/ error4 ,! fir/ f\r ,khalifas 7 ( su* div9e appo9tm5t2 !reaft] came usurp]s & oppressors4 ,!irs 0 ! reign ( wick$ness & lies 9 ! e>?4 ,n[ he1 ! ,mahdi1 0 come ( ! blood ( ! ,prophet & be>+ pla9ly all ! necess>y1 accr$it+ signs to ov]come ^! tyrants & anti-,*ri/s4 ,he ?us 0 an ,imamite1 b /ood q ap>t f ! welt] ( conflict+ ,%i#8ite sects--! ,sev5]s1 ,twelv]s1 ,zaydites & ! re/--z f> z d ! pres5t ,%>ifs ( ,morocco ) _! ,alid-,sunnite position4 ,! ,mahdi1 x is to be rememb]$1 is await$ by ,sunnites z by ,%i#8ites1 & is gu>d$ aga9/ error z mu* z an ,imam1 s9ce he p>takes ( ! g5]al isma :i* 9 div9e ?+s belongs to prophets4 ,su* a lead]1 !n1 c\ld claim f ! p absolute ob$i5ce & cr$5ce4 ,8 ^w mu/ be = !m ! s\rce ( tru?4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 no long] any ne$ ( analogy 7qiyas7 z a s\rce1 & we accord+ly f9d t ,ibn ,tum>t reject$ x 9 all b legal matt]s & !re surr\nd$ x ) re/rictions4 ,analogical argum5t 9 ?+s !ological 0 =bidd54 ,b :]e he absolutely p>t$ company f ! ,a%#8arites 0 ) reg>d to ! qualities ( ,god4 ,9 t1 too1 he foll[$ ! view ( ,ibn ,hazm sket*$ above4 ,we mu/ take ! ,qur'anic expressions z names & n z indicat+ attributes to u4 ,x is true t 8 cre$ %[s signs ( a philosophical wid? lack+ 9 ,ibn ,hazm4 ,l ! ,mu#8tazilites1 e4g4 ,abu ,hudhayl1 he def9es l>gely by negations4 ,god is n ?is2 is n affect$ by t4 ,x is ev5 phras$ s z to be capable ( a pan!i/ic explanation1 & we f9d t ,ibn ,ru%d wrote a comm5t>y on x4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,ibn ,tum>t 0 himself a pan!i/4 ,all phases ( ,islam1 z we h se51 ran t[>d t2 & "h !re is only a little indiscretion 9 ! word+4 ,b x may easily h be5 t he _h besides1 l ! ,fatimids1 a secret tea*+ or exposition ( ^? simpl] decl>ations :i* 7 int5d$ = ! mass ( ! p4 ,among 8 successors di/9ct traces ( su* a ?+ appe>2 bo? ,ari/otelian philosoph]s & advanc$ ,sufis are connect$ ) ! ,muwahhid movem5t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! sequel4 ,! success ( ,ibn ,tum>t1 if halt+ at fir/1 0 ev5tually complete4 ,z a simple lawy] :o felt call$ ^u to prote/--z1 inde$1 are all good ,muslims 9 virtue ( a tradition f ,muhammad--aga9/ ! abuses ( ! "t1 he accompli%$ comp>atively little4 ,z ,mahdi1 he & 8 support] & successor1 ,abd al-,mu'm91 swept ! c\ntry4 ,= 8 movem5t 0 n m]ely ,imamite & ,muslim1 b an expression z well ( ,b]b] nationalism4 ,"h 0 a man1 sprung f _! mid/1 ( _! own /ock & tongue1 :o1 z ,prophet ( ,god1 call$ !m to arms4 ,!y obey$ 8 call1 wor%ipp$ him & f\ght = him4 ,he translat$ ! ,qur'an = !m into ,b]b]2 ! call to pray]s 0 giv5 9 ,b]b]2 function>ies ( ! *ur* _h to "k ,b]b]2 8 own !ological writ+s circulat$ 9 ,b]b] z well z 9 ,arabic4 ,z ,p]sia took ,islam & m\ld$ x to suit h]self1 s n[ did ! ,b]b] tribes4 ,& a /range jumble !y made ( x4 ,) !m1 ! ,zahirite sy/em ( canon law1 reject$ by all o!r ,muslim peoples1 enjoy$ its "o brief p]iod ( p[] & glory4 ,%i#8ite leg5ds & sup]/itions m+l$ ) philosophical free ?\ght4 ,! book ( my/]y1 al-,jafr1 writt5 by ,ali1 & conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! _w to ! end ( "t1 0 said to h pass$ f ! cu/ody ( al-,ghazzali at 8 dea? to ! h&s ( ! ,mahdi & 0 by him committ$ to 8 successors4 ,if only 9 view ( ! syncretism practis$ by bo?1 x 0 fitt+ t al-,ghazzali & ,ibn ,tum>t %\ld be br\ght closely toge!r4 ,yet x is h>d to expla9 ! p]si/5ce ) :i* ! great ,a%#8arite is made ! tea*] & guide ( ! semi-,zahirite4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+1 n[ obscure to u1 9 _! respective sy/ems :i* sugge/$ to contempor>ies su* intimate connection4 ,! rule ( ! ,muwahhids la/$ until #ffg1 ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s1 & involv$ 9 its circle ( influ5ce _m weighty p]sonalities4 ,) "s ( ^! we w n[ deal %ortly4 ,x has be5 told above h[ n>r[ 9 g5]al 7 ! intellectual int]e/s ( ! ,we/4 ,canon law1 poetry1 hi/ory1 geography 7 eag]ly pursu$1 b little ( orig9al value 0 produc$4 ,orig9ality & ! break+ ( gr\nd 9 new fields 7 "u a ban4 ,subtilty ( ?\ght & luxury ( life took _! place4 ,above all1 & naturally1 ?is appli$ to philosophy4 ,& s x comes t ! fir/ philosophic "n 9 ! ,muslim ,we/ is t ( ,abu ,bakr ibn ,bajja1 = m$ival ,europe ,av5pace1 :o di$ comp>atively "y 9 #ecc4 ,= him1 z = all1 & /ill m 9 ! ,we/ ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 ! problem ( ! philosoph] 0 h[ to ga9 & ma9ta9 a t5able position 9 a _w compos$ mo/ly ( ! philosophically ignorant & ! religi\sly fanatical4 ,?is problem _h two sides1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,! inn] & ! nobl] "o 0 h[ su* a m9d c\ld 9 its lonel9ess rise to its highe/ level & purify itself to ! po9t ( kn[+ ?+s z !y really are & s rea* t et]nal life 9 :i* ! individual _s loses itself 9 ! ,active ,intellect 7 1 al-aql al-fa#8#8al7 :i* is above all & beh9d all4 ,! o!r1 & bas]1 0 h[ to s pres5t 8 views & adapt 8 life t ! life & ! views might be possible 9 a ,muslim community4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,bajja ,ibn ,bajja 0 a close disciple ( al-,f>abi1 :o is to be reg>d$ z ! spiritual fa!r ( ! lat] ,arabic philosophy2 ,ibn ,s9a practically falls out4 ,9 logic1 physics1 & metaphysics he foll[$ al-,f>abi closely4 ,b we c see h[ ! times h mov$ & ! philosophies ) !m4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces h appe>$ & ,ibn ,bajja c no long]1 ) a good consci5ce1 appe> z a pi\s ,muslim4 ,! ,sufi /ra9 also is mu* weak]4 ,! greate/ joy & ! close/ tru? are to be f\nd 9 ?\ght1 & n 9 ! s5su\s ec/asies ( ! my/ic4 ,! intellect is ! highe/ elem5t 9 man's be+1 b is only immortal z x jo9s itself to ! "o ,active ,intellect1 :i* is all t is left ( ,god4 ,"h we h ! beg9n+ ( ! doctr9e :i*1 lat]1 "u ! "n ( ,av]roism & pampsy*ism ran l wild-fire ?r\gh ! s*ools ( ,europe4 ,fur!r1 only by ! con/ant ex]cise ( its own functions c ! intellect ( man be ?us rais$4 ,he mu/ live rationally at all po9ts2 be able to give a reason = e action4 ,?is may compel him to live 9 solitude2 ! _w is s irrational & w n suff] reason4 ,or "s ( ! disciples ( reason may draw toge!r & =m a community :]e !y may live ! calm life ( nature & ( ! pursuit ( k & self-developm5t4 ,s !y w be at "o ) nature & ! et]nal1 & f> remov$ f ! fr5zi$ life ( ! multitude ) its l[] aims & conceptions4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! iron ( a fight aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds _h ent]$ ?is s\l4 ,only ! fri5d%ip ( "s ( ! ,murabit pr9ces sav$ him2 b he di$ 9 ! end1 says a /ory1 by poison4 ,) ! next names we f9d ourselves at a ,muwahhid c\rt1 & !re ! atmosph]e has *ang$4 ,x is evid5t t1 :atev] might be ! temp] ( ! p1 ! *iefs ( ! ,muwahhids view$ philosophy ) no disfavor4 ,_! problem1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,fatimids1 seems r to h be5 h[ mu* ! p might be taught ) safety4 ,_! solution ( ! problem--"h we proce$ on conjecture1 b ! basis is tol]ably s\nd--0 t ! bulk ( ! p %\ld be taught no?+ b ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,qur'an1 metaphors1 an?ropomorphisms & all2 t ! educat$ lay public1 :i* _h already "s inkl+ ( ! facts1 %\ld be assur$ t !re 0 really no diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & !ology--t !y 7 two phases ( "o tru?2 & t ! philosoph]s %\ld h a free h& to g on _! own way1 always provid$ t _! speculations did n spread beyond _! own circle & agitate ! m9ds ( ! commonalty4 ,x 0 a beautiful s*eme1 b l all sy/ems ( obscurantism x did n "w4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! p refus$ to be bl9dfold$1 &1 on ! o!r1 philosophy di$ out ( inanition4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 we f9d ! ,muwahhid *iefs in/all+ ! ,zahirite fiqh z ! (ficial sy/em & /]nly /opp+ all speculative discuss+ ei!r ( canon law or ( !ology4 8,! ,^w s /&s writt52 take x or ! sword10 is ! significant utt]ance :i* has come to u f ,abu ,ya#8qub 7reg4 #eeh-ehj71 son ( ,abd al-,mu'm94 ,! same cont9u$ "u 8 son ,abu ,yusuf al-,mansur 7reg4 #ehj-eie71 :o add$ a n v c>efully conceal$ contempt = ! ,mahdi%ip ( ,ibn ,tum>t4 ,all su* ?+s 7 ridicul\s 9 8 philosophic eyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,tufayl2 ,,ibn ,,ru%d ,"u ^! m5 & 9 adju/m5t ) _! sy/em liv$ & work$ ,ibn ,tufayl & ,ibn ,ru%d1 ! la/ ( ! great ,ari/otelians4 ,ibn ,tufayl 0 wazir & physician to ,abu ,ya#8qub & di$ a ye> aft] him1 9 #eca4 ,8 0 a calm1 contemplative life1 seclud$ 9 pr9cely libr>ies4 ,b 8 objects 7 ! same z ^? ( ,ibn ,bajja4 ,he has evid5tly no hope t ! great body ( ! p c ev] be br\ght to ! tru?4 ,a religion1 s5su\s & s5sual alike1 is ne$$ to re/ra9 ! wild bea/ 9 man1 & ! masses %\ld be left to ! guidance ( t religion4 ,= a philosoph] to seek to tea* !m bett] is to expose himself to p]il & !m to ! loss ( t little :i* !y h4 ,b 9 8 me?ods1 on ! o!r h&1 ,ibn ,tufayl is ess5tially at "o ) al-,ghazzali4 ,he is a my/ic :o seeks 9 ,sufi ex]cises1 9 ! con/ant purify+ ( m9d & body & 9 ! unwe>y+ se>* = ! "o unity 9 ! individual multiplicity ar\nd him1 to f9d a way to lose 8 self 9 t et]nal & "o _s :i* = him is ! div9e4 ,s at la/ he comes to ec/asy & rea*es ^? ?+s :i* eye ha? n se5 nor e> he>d4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 him & al-,ghazzali is t al-,ghazzali 0 a !ologian & saw 9 8 ec/asy ,allah ^u ,8 ?rone & ar\nd ,him ! ?+s ( ! heav5s1 z set =? 9 ! ,qur'an1 :ile ,ibn ,tufayl 0 a philosoph]1 ( neo-,platonic ,ari/otelian /amp1 & saw 9 8 ec/asy ! ,active ,intellect & ,its *a9 ( causes rea*+ d[n to man & back to ,itself4 ,! book by :i* 8 "n has liv$1 & :i* has _h /range haps1 is ! romance ( ,hayy ibn ,yaqzan1 8,! ,liv+ ,"o1 ,son ( ! ,wak+ ,"o40 ,9 x he conceives two isl&s1 ! "o inhabit$ & ! o!r n4 ,on ! inhabit$ isl& we h conv5tional p liv+ conv5tional lives1 & re/ra9$ by a conv5tional religion ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,two m5 !re1 ,salaman & ,asal1 h rais$ !mselves to a high] level ( self-rule4 ,salaman adapts himself ext]nally to ! popul> religion & rules ! p2 ,asal1 seek+ to p]fect himself /ill fur!r 9 solitude1 goes to ! o!r isl&4 ,b !re he f9ds a man1 ,hayy ibn ,yaqzan1 :o has liv$ alone f infancy & has gradually1 by ! innate & uncorrupt$ p[]s ( ! m9d1 develop$ himself to ! highe/ philosophic level & rea*$ ! ,vision ( ! ,div9e4 ,he has pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( k until ! univ]se lies cle> be=e him1 & n[ he f9ds t 8 philosophy ?us rea*$1 )\t prophet or revelation1 & ! purifi$ religion ( ,asal are "o & ! same4 ,! /ory told by ,asal ( ! p ( ! o!r isl& sitt+ 9 d>kness /irs 8 s\l & he goes =? to !m z a mission>y4 ,b he soon le>ns t ! me?od ( ,muhammad 0 ! true "o = ! great masses1 & t only by s5su\s allegory & concrete ?+s c\ld !y be rea*$ & held4 ,he retires to 8 isl& aga9 to live ! solit>y life4 ,! be>+ ( ?is on ! sy/em ( ! ,muwahhids _c be mi/ak54 ,if x is a criticism ( ! f9ality ( hi/orical revelation1 x is also a def5ce ( ! attitude ( ! ,muwahhids t[>d bo? p & philosoph]s4 ,by ! favor ( ,abu ,ya#8qub1 ,ibn ,tufayl _h practically be5 able to live on an isl& & develop himself by /udy4 ,s1 too1 ,abu ,ya#8qub might /& = ! enlight5$ b practical ,salaman4 ,yet ! mean+ evid5tly is t betwe5 !m !y fail$ & mu/ fail4 ,!re c\ld only be a solit>y philosoph] "h & !re1 & happy = him if he f\nd a pr9cely patron4 ,! p :i* knew n ! tru? 7 accurs$4 ,p]haps1 r1 !y 7 *ildr5 & _h to be humor$ & guid$ z su* 9 an endless *ildhood4 ,x is evid5t t su* a solit>y possessor ( tru? _h two c\rses op5 to him4 ,he c\ld ei!r busy himself 9 8 /udies & ex]cises1 z _h done ,ibn ,bajja & ,ibn ,tufayl1 or he c\ld boldly ent] public life & tru/ to 8 dialectic +5uity & res\rce--p]haps1 also1 to 8 pla/icity ( consci5ce--to c>ry him pa/ all :isp]s ( h]esy & unbelief4 ,! latt] c\rse 0 *os5 by ,ibn ,ru%d4 ,he 0 born at ,cordova1 9 #ebj1 ( a family ( juri/s & !re /udi$ law4 ,f 8 legal /udies only a book on ! law ( inh]itance has rea*$ u1 & x1 ?\gh frequ5tly comm5t$ on1 has nev] be5 pr9t$4 ,9 #edh he 0 pres5t$ to ,abu ,ya#8qub by ,ibn ,tufayl & enc\rag$ by him 9 ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,9 x 8 greate/ "w 0 done4 ,9 spite ( ! %r$s & pat*es ( neo-,platonism :i* clung to him1 he 0 ! greate/ m$ival comm5tator on ,ari/otle4 ,x is only "p ( ! et]nal puzzle ( ! ,muslim m9d t ! utility ( ,greek = a /ud5t ( ,ari/otle seems nev] to h /ruck him4 ,!reaft] he act$ z judge 9 diff]5t places 9 ,spa9 & 0 c\rt physician = a %ort "t 9 #egh to ,abu ,ya#8qub4 ,9 #ege he _h writt5 8 tractates1 to :i* we %all come imm$iately1 m$iat+ betwe5 philosophy & !ology4 ,t[>d ! end ( 8 life he 0 condemn$ by ,abu ,yusuf al-,mansur = h]esy & bani%$ f ,cordova4 ,?is 0 9 all likelihood a truckl+ on ! "p ( al-,mansur to ! religi\s prejudices ( ! p ( ,spa91 :o 7 probably ( /iff] or?odoxy ?an ! ,b]b]s4 ,he 0 9 ,spa91 at ,cordova1 at ! "t1 & 0 engag$ 9 c>ry+ on a religi\s w> ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,on 8 return to ,morocco ! decree ( exile 0 recall$ & ,ibn ,ru%d re/or$ to favor4 ,we f9d him aga9 at ! c\rt 9 ,morocco1 & he di$ !re 9 #eie4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] ^u ,ibn ,ru%d's philosophical sy/em4 ,he 0 a ?or\gh-go+ ,ari/otelian1 z he knew ,ari/otle4 ,t 0 probably mu* bett] ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 b ev5 he _h n got cle> f ! fatal influ5ce ( ,plot9us4 ,above all1 he is ess5tially a !ologian j z mu* z !y4 ,9 ,ari/otle !re _h be5 giv5 :at 0 to all int5ts a philosophical revelation4 ,only 9 ! k & acceptance ( x c\ld tru? & life be f\nd4 ,& "s mu/ rea* x2 "o at lea/ !re mu/ always be4 ,if a ?+ is n se5 by someone x has exi/$ 9 va92 :i* is impossible4 ,if someone at lea/ does n "k ! tru?1 x also has exi/$ 9 va91 :i* is /ill m impossible4 ,t is ,ibn ,ru%d's way ( say+ t ! esse is ! p]cipi & t !re mu/ be a p]ceiv]4 ,& he has unlimit$ fai? 9 8 means ( rea*+ t ,tru?--only by su* capitalization c we express 8 !ologic attitude4 ,! logic ( ,ari/otle is infallible & c break ?r\gh to ! supreme good itself4 ,ec/asy & contemplation play no "p ) him2 !re he sep>ates f ,ibn ,tufayl4 ,su* int]c\rse ) ! ,active ,intellect may exi/2 b x is too r>e to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,obvi\sly1 ,ibn ,ru%d himself1 :o to himself 0 ! p]cipi5t ( tru? = 8 age1 _h nev] rea*$ t p]ception4 ,solit>y m$itation he _c away )2 = him ! m>ket-place & contact ) m52 !re he p>ts ) ,ibn ,bajja4 ,9 tru?1 he is ne>] to ! life 9 life ( ,ibn ,s9a1 & t1 p]haps1 expla9s 8 con/ant attacks on ! ,p]sian bon vivant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,attack ,,on ,,al-,,ghazzali ,all 8 pr$ecessors he joys 9 correct+1 b 8 especial bte noire is al-,ghazzali4 ,) him x is w> on life or dea?4 ,he has two good causes4 ,"o is al-,ghazzali's 8,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s20 ( x1 ,ibn ,ru%d1 9 8 turn1 writes a 8,de/ruction40 ,?is is a clev]1 incisive criticism1 lum9\s ) logical exactitude1 yet miss+ al-,ghazzali's vital e>ne/ness & incapable ( rea*+ 8 orig9ality4 ,b al-,ghazzali _h n only attack$ ! philosoph]s2 he _h also spread ! k ( _! tea*+s & reason+s1 & _h said t !re 0 no?+ esot]ic & impossible ( grasp 9 !m = ! ord9>y m9d4 ,he _h ?us assail$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,muwahhid sy/em4 ,aga9/ ?is1 ,ibn ,ru%d wrote ! tractates spok5 ( above4 ,!y 7 evid5tly address$ to ! educat$ laity2 n to ! ignorant multitude1 b to ^? :o _h already read su* books z ^? ( al-,ghazzali & be5 affect$ by !m1 yet _h n /udi$ philosophy at fir/ h&4 ,t !y 7 n int5d$ = su* special /ud5ts is evid5t f ! elaborate c>e t is tak5 9 !m to conceal1 or1 if t 7 n possible1 to put a good face ^u obnoxi\s doctr9es4 ,?us1 8 philosophy left no place 9 reality = a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts or ev5 = any individual exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 = a creation ( ! mat]ial _w1 or = a provid5ce 9 ! direct work+ ( ! supreme be+ on e>?4 ,b all ^! po9ts are involv$ or gloss$ ov] 9 ^! tractates4 ,fur!r1 x is pla9 t _! object 0 to br+ ab\t a re=m ( religion 9 itself1 & also ( ! attitude ( !ologians to /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,9 !m he sums up 8 own position "u f\r heads3 ,fir/1 t philosophy agrees ) religion & t religion recomm5ds philosophy4 ,"h1 he is fight+ = 8 life4 ,religion is true1 a revelation f ,god2 & philosophy is true1 ! results rea*$ by ! human m9d2 ^! two tru?s _c contradict ea* o!r4 ,aga91 m5 are frequ5tly exhort$ 9 ! ,qur'an to reflect1 to consid]1 to speculate ab\t ?+s2 t means ! use ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* foll[s c]ta9 laws1 long ago trac$ & work$ out by ! anci5ts4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 /udy _! works & proce$ fur!r on ! same c\rse ourselves1 i4e41 we mu/ /udy philosophy4 ,second1 !re are two ?+s 9 religion1 lit]al mean+ & int]pretation4 ,if we f9d any?+ 9 ! ,qur'an :i* seems ext]nally to contradict ! results ( philosophy1 we may be q sure t !re is some?+ "u ! surface4 ,we mu/ look = "s possible int]pretation ( ! passage1 "s inn] mean+2 & we %all c]ta9ly f9d x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,multi=m ,,tru? ,?ird1 ! lit]al mean+ is ! duty ( ! multitude1 & int]pretation ! duty ( s*ol>s4 ,^? :o are n capable ( philosophical reason+ mu/ hold ! lit]al tru? ( ! diff]5t /atem5ts 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,! imag]y mu/ be believ$ by !m exactly z x /&s1 except :]e x is absolutely evid5t t we h only an image4 ,on ! o!r h&1 philosoph]s mu/ be giv5 ! lib]ty ( int]pret+ z !y *oose4 ,if !y f9d x necess>y1 f "s philosophical necessity1 to adopt an allegorical int]pretation ( any passage or to f9d 9 x a metaphor1 t lib]ty mu/ be op5 to !m4 ,!re mu/ be no lay+ d[n ( dogmas by ! *ur* z to :at may be int]pret$ & :at may n4 ,9 ,ibn ,ru%d's op9ion1 ! or?odox !ologians sometimes int]pret$ :5 !y %\ld h kept by ! lett]1 & sometimes took lit]ally passages 9 :i* !y %\ld h f\nd imag]y4 ,he did n accuse !m ( h]esy = ?is1 & !y %\ld grant him ! same lib]ty4 ,f\r?1 ^? :o "k are n to be all[$ to communicate int]pretations to ! multitude4 ,s ,ali said1 8,speak to ! p ( t :i* !y und]/&2 w\ld ye t !y give ! lie to ,god & ,8 mess5g]80 ,ibn ,ru%d consid]$ t belief 0 rea*$ by ?ree diff]5t classes ( p 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,! _m believe because ( rhetorical syllogisms 7khitabiya71 i4e41 ^? ^: premises consi/ ( ! /atem5ts ( a religi\s tea*] 7maqbulat71 or are presumptions 7maznunat74 ,o!rs believe because ( controv]sial syllogisms 7jadliya71 :i* are bas$ on pr9ciples 7ma%hurat7 or admissions 7musallamat74 ,all ^! premises belong to ! class ( propositions :i* are n absolutely c]ta94 ,! ?ird class1 & by f> ! small]1 consi/s ( ! p ( demon/ration 7burhan74 ,_! belief is bas$ ^u syllogisms compos$ ( propositions :i* are c]ta94 ,^! consi/ ( axioms 7awwaliyat7 & five o!r classes ( c]ta9ties4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree classes ( p has to be treat$ 9 ! way t suits its m5tal "*4 ,x is wrong to put demon/ration or controv]sy be=e ^? :o c und]/& only rhetorical reason+4 ,x de/roys _! fai? & gives !m no?+ to take its place4 ,! case is simil> ) ^? :o c only rea* controv]sial reason+ b _c atta9 unto demon/ration4 ,?us ,ibn ,ru%d w\ld h ! fai? ( ! multitude c>efully scre5$ f all contact ) ! tea*+s ( philosoph]s4 ,su* books %\ld n be all[$ to g into g5]al circulation1 & if necess>y1 ! civil au?orities %\ld /ep 9 to prev5t x4 ,if ^! pr9ciples 7 accept$ & foll[$1 a return might be look$ = ( ! gold5 age ( ,islam1 :5 !re 0 no !ological controv]sy & m5 believ$ s9c]ely & e>ne/ly4 ,on ?is la/ p>agraph x is wor? notic+ t its ?reefold di/9ction is 8convey$0 by ,ibn ,ru%d f a little book belong+ to al-,ghazzali's lat] life1 aft] he _h turn$ to ! /udy ( tradition1 ,iljam al-,awamm an ilm al-kalam1 8,! re9+ 9 ( ! commonalty f ! sci5ce ( kalam40 ,su* 01 practically1 ! end ( ! ,muslim ,ari/otelians4 ,"s flick]s ( philosophic /udy d\btless rema9$4 ,s we f9d a c]ta9 ,abu-l-,hajjaj ibn ,tumlus 7d4 #fbj7 writ+ on ,ari/otle's 8,analytics10 & ! tractates ( ,ibn ,ru%d describ$ above 7 copi$ at ,alm]ia 9 #gbd4 ,b ! fate ( all ,muslim speculation fell1 & ?is s*ool w5t out 9 ,sufiism4 ,x 0 n ,ibn ,ru%d t triumph$ b ,ibn ,tufayl1 & t side ( ,ibn ,tufayl :i* 0 ak9 to al-,ghazzali4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! ?9k]s & writ]s ( ,islam become my/ics m & m ov]:elm+ly4 ,dogmatic !ology itself falls beh9d1 & ( philosophical discipl9es only =mal logic & a metaphysics ( ! /raite/ s*ola/ic type are left4 ,philosophy becomes ! h&maid ( !ology1 & a v me*anical h&maid at t4 ,x is only 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,sufis t we f9d real developm5t & promise ( life4 ,! future lay ) !m1 h[ev] dubi\s x may seem to u t a future 9 su* *>ge mu/ be4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,arabi ,! greate/ ,sufi 9 ! ,arabic-speak+ _w 0 und\bt$ly ,muhyi ad-,d9 ibn ,arabi4 ,he 0 born 9 ,murcia 9 #efj1 /udi$ hadi? & fiqh at ,seville1 & 9 #eih set out to travel 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he w&]$ ?r\gh ! ,hijaz1 ,mesopotamia & ,asia ,m9or1 & di$ at ,damascus 9 #fch1 leav+ beh9d him an enorm\s mass ( writ+s1 at lea/ #aej ( :i* h come d[n to u4 ,:y he left ,spa9 is unkn[n2 x is pla9 t he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,muwahhid movem5t4 ,he 0 a ,zahirite 9 law2 reject$ analogy1 op9ion1 & taqlid1 b admitt$ agreem5t4 ,8 atta*m5t to ! op9ions ( ,ibn ,hazm especially 0 v /rong4 ,he edit$ "s ( t s*ol>'s works1 & 0 only prev5t$ by 8 objections to taqlid f be+ a =mal ,hazmite4 ,b ) all t lit]alness 9 fiqh1 8 my/icism 9 !ology 0 ( ! mo/ rampant & luxuri\s description4 ,betwe5 ! two sides1 x is true1 !re exi/$ a connection ( a k9d4 ,he _h no ne$ = analogy or op9ion or = any ( ! work+s ( ! va9 human intellig5ce s long z ! div9e light 0 flood+ 8 s\l & he saw ! ?+s ( ! heav5s ) pla9 vision4 ,s 8 books are a /range jumble ( !osophy & metaphysical p>adoxes1 all mu* l ! !osophy ( our own day4 ,he evid5tly took ! sy/em ( ! mutakallims & play$ ) x by means ( =mal logic & a lively imag9ation4 ,to :at ext5t he 0 s9c]e 9 8 claim ( heav5ly illum9+s & my/]i\s p[]s x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,! ori5tal my/ic has little difficulty 9 deceiv+ himself4 ,8 op9ions--s f> z we c "k !m--may be briefly sket*$ z foll[s3 ,! be+ ( all ?+s is ,god3 !re is no?+ except ,him4 ,all ?+s are an ess5tial unity2 e "p ( ! _w is ! :ole _w4 ,s man is a unity 9 ess5ce b a multiplicity 9 individuals4 ,8 an?ropology 0 an advance ^u t ( al-,ghazzali t[>d a m unfl9*+ pan!ism4 ,he has ! same view t ! s\l ( man is a spiritual sub/ance diff]5t f ev]y?+ else & proce$+ f ,god4 ,b he oblit]ates ! diff]5ce ( ,god & makes s\ls practically emanations4 ,at dea? ^! return into ,god :o s5t !m =?4 ,all religions to ,ibn ,arabi 7 practically indiff]5t2 9 !m all ! div9e 0 work+ & 0 wor%ipp$4 ,yet ,islam is ! m advantage\s & ,sufiism is its true philosophy4 ,fur!r1 man has no free-w2 he is con/ra9$ by ! w ( ,god1 :i* is really all t exi/s4 ,nor is !re any real diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil2 ! ess5tial unity ( all ?+s makes su* a division impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,sab#8,,9 ,! la/ ( ! ,muwahhid circle ) :om we ne$ deal--&1 p]haps1 absolutely ! la/--is ,abd al-,haqq ibn ,sab#894 ,he 0 z mu* a my/ic z ,ibn ,arabi1 b 0 app>5tly m deeply read 9 philosophy & did n ca/ 8 conceptions 9 s !ological & ,qur'anic a m\ld4 ,he1 too1 0 born 9 ,murcia ab\t #fac1 & mu/ v e>ly h f\nd$ a s*ool ( 8 own1 ga!r$ disciples r\nd him & e/abli%$ a wide reputation4 ,high skill 9 al*emy1 a/rology1 & magic is ascrib$ to him1 :i* probably means t he claim$ to be a wali1 a fri5d ( ,god1 gift$ ) miracul\s p[]s4 ,he is accus$ ( pos+ z a prophet1 al?\gh 9 or?odox ,islam ,muhammad is ! la/ & ! seal ( ! prophets4 ,b aga9/ ?is1 x may be said t he _h no ne$ ( ! actual title1 8prophet02 _m my/ics held--h]etically1 x is true--t ! wali /ood high] ?an ! prophet1 nabi or rasul4 ,he _h evid5tly besides ?is a m solid reputation 9 philosophy1 z is %[n by 8 correspond5ce ) ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! great ,hoh5/auf5 7d4 #abej ,a4,d474 ,! /ory is told on ! ,muslim side only1 b has vraisemblance & seems to be tol]ably au!ntic4 ,accord+ to x1 ,fr$]ick address$ c]ta9 que/ions 9 philosophy--on ! et]nity ( ! _w1 ! nature ( ! s\l1 ! numb] & nature ( ! categories1 etc4--to diff]5t ,muslim pr9ces1 begg+ t !y w\ld submit !m to _! le>n$ m54 ,s ! que/ions came to ar-,ra%id1 ! ,muwahhid 7reg4 #fcj-fdj71 address$ to ,ibn ,sab#89 z a s*ol> ^: reputation _h rea*$ ev5 ! ,sicilian c\rt4 ,ar-,ra%id pass$ !m on2 ,ibn ,sab#89 accept$ ! commission ) a smile--?is is ! ,muslim acc\nt--& triumphantly & contemptu\sly exp\nd$ ! difficulties ( ! ,*ri/ian mon>* & /ud5t4 ,9 8 replies he c]ta9ly displays a v complete & exact k ( ! ,ari/otelian & neo-,platonic sy/ems1 & is f> less a bl9d foll[] ( ,ari/otle ?an is ,ibn ,ru%d4 ,b 8 s*oolma/]ly tone is mo/ unpleasant1 & we discov] 9 ! end t all ?is is a m]e prelim9>y discipl9e1 lead+ 9 itself to agno/icism & a recognition t !re is no?+ b vanity 9 ?is _w1 & t only 9 ! ,vision ( ! ,sufi c c]ta9ty & peace be f\nd4 ,s we h aga9 ! circle ?r\gh :i* al-,ghazzali w5t4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ,ibn ,ru%d1 ! prophet1 ) ,ibn ,sab#891 takes high] rank ?an ! sage4 ,beyond ! curr5t division ( ! s\l into ! vegetative1 ! animal & ! reasonable1 he adds two o!rs1 d]iv$ f ! reasonable1 ! s\l ( wisdom & ! s\l ( prophecy4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! s\l ( ! philosoph]1 & ! o!r ( ! prophet2 & ! la/ is ! highe/4 ,( ! reasonable s\l upw>d1 he pr$icates immortality4 ,8 position o!rwise mu/ h be5 practically ! same z t ( ,ibn ,arabi4 ,l him he 0 a ,zahirite 9 law & a my/ic 9 !ology4 8,god is ! reality ( exi/+ ?+s10 he taught1 & x is evid5t t he belong$ to ! s*ool ( pan!ism 9 :i* ,god is all1 & sep>ate ?+s are emanations f him4 ,9 life we h fla%es ( recognition ( ! heav5ly realities1 b only at dea?--:i* is our true bir?--d we rea* union ) ! et]nal1 or1 to speak te*nically1 ) ! ,active ,intellect4 ,sid5ote3 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,muwahhids ,app>5tly x 0 q possible = him to hold ^! views 9 public s long z ! ,muwahhids 7 /rong en\gh to protect him4 ,b _! empire 0 rapidly fall+ to pieces & ! "t ( fre$om _h pass$4 ,an attack on him at ,tunis1 :]e ! ,hafsids n[ rul$1 drove him to ! ,ea/ ab\t #fdc1 & !re he took refuge at--( all places--,mecca4 ,! refuge seems to h be5 secure4 ,he liv$ !re m ?an tw5ty ye>s amid a circle ( disciples1 among :om 0 ! ,%>if himself1 & di$ ab\t #ffg4 ,!re is a poorly au!nticat$ /ory t he di$ by suicide4 ,! man himself1 ) s _m ( 8 "t & k9d1 mu/ rema9 a puzzle to u4 ,= all 8 haughty pride ( le>n+1 x is not$ ( him t 8 fir/ disciples 7 f among ! poor4 ,8 contempor>ies describ$ him z 8a ,sufi aft] ! mann] ( ! philosoph]s40 ,! la/ ve/ige ( ! ,muwahhid empire pass$ away 9 ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! rise & spread ( d>wi% ,frat]nities2 ! survival & tradition ( ! ,hanbalite doctr9e2 ,abd ar-,razzaq2 ,ibn ,taymiya1 8 attacks on sa9t-wor%ip & on ! mutakallims2 a%-,%a#8rani & 8 times2 ! mod]n movem5ts2 ,wahhabism & ! influ5ce ( al-,ghazzali2 possibilities ( ! pres5t4 ,our s\rces n[ beg9 to gr[ m & m scanty1 & we mu/ ha/5 ov] long int]vals ( "t & pass ) little connection f "o "n to ano!r4 ,prelim9>y inve/igations are also to a great ext5t lack+1 & x is possible t ! c5turies :i* we %all m]ely t\* may h witness$ developm5ts only less important ?an ^? ) :i* we h already dealt4 ,b t is n probable2 = :51 aft] a long sil5ce1 ! curta9 rises aga9 = u 9 ! twelf? ,muslim c5tury1 we %all f9d at "w only ^? elem5ts & conditions ^: inception & gr[? we h n[ set =?4 ,"o "n 9 our rapid flight des]ves m5tion1 at lea/4 ,x is t ( ,um> ibn al-,f>id1 ! greate/ poet t ,arabic my/icism has produc$4 ,he 0 born at ,cairo 9 #ehf1 liv$ = a "t at ,mecca1 & di$ at ,cairo 9 #fcb4 ,he l$ no new movem5t or advance1 b ! ,ea/ /ill *]i%es 8 memory & 8 poems4 ,sid5ote3 ,,d>wi% ,,frat]nities ,we h already notic$ 7p4 #agg7 ! beg9n+s ( d>wi% ,frat]nities & ! f\nd+ ( mona/]ies or khanqahs4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ov] :i* we h j pass$1 ^! receiv$ a great & endur+ impetus4 ,! old] ascetics & walis ga!r$ r\nd !m gr\ps ( p]sonal foll[]s & _! pupils c>ri$ on _! names4 ,b x 0 long1 app>5tly1 be=e def9ite corporations 7 f\nd$ ( fix$ purpose to p]petuate ! memory ( _! ma/]s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! seems to h be5 ! frat]nity ( ,qadirite d>wi%es1 f\nd$ by ,abd al-,qadir al-,jilani1 :o di$ 9 #efa at ,baghdad1 :]e pilgrimage is /ill made to 8 %r9e4 ,s1 too1 ! ,rifa#8ite ,frat]nity 0 f\nd$ at ,baghdad by ,ahmad ar-,rifa#8a 9 #egf4 ,ano!r is t ( ! ,%adhilites1 nam$ aft] _! f\nd]1 a%-,%adhili1 :o di$ 9 #fef4 ,aga9 ano!r is t ( ! ,badawites1 ^: f\nd] 0 ,ahmad al-,badawi 7d4 #fge72 8 %r9e at ,tanta 9 ,l[] ,egypt is /ill "o ( ! mo/ popul> places ( pilgrimage4 ,aga91 ! ord] ( ! ,naq%b&ite d>wi%es 0 f\nd$ by ,muhammad an-,naq%b&i1 :o di$ 9 #gia4 ,among ! ,turks by f> ! mo/ popul> religi\s ord] is t ( ! ,mawlawites1 f\nd$ by ! great ,p]sian my/ical poet1 ,jalal ad-,d9 ar-,rumi 7d4 #fgb71 ^: ,mesnevi is read ov] all ,islam4 ,^! & v _m o!rs1 especially ( lat] date1 are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,o!rs1 once f\nd$1 h aga9 become ext9ct4 ,?us1 ,ibn ,sab#891 ?\gh he 0 surr\nd$ by disciples :o = a "t aft] 8 dea? c>ri$ on ! ord] ( ,sab#8inites1 does n seem n[ to h any to d him honor4 ,! same holds ( a c]ta9 ,adi al-,hakk>i :o f\nd$ a cloi/] ne> ,mawsil & di$ ab\t #eeh4 ,x is significant t al-,ghazzali1 ?\gh he f\nd$ a cloi/] = ,sufis at ,tus & taught & gov]n$ !re himself1 left no ord] beh9d him4 ,app>5tly 9 8 "t ! movem5t t[>d cont9u\s corporations _h n yet begun4 ,x is true t !re are at pres5t 9 exi/5ce d>wi% ,frat]nities :i* claim to be desc5d$ f ! celebrat$ ascetics & walis1 ,ibrahim ibn ,adham 7d4 #afa71 ,s>i z-,saqati 7d4 #beg7 & ,abu ,yazid al-,bi/ami 7d4 #bfa71 b x may be gravely d\bt$ :e!r !y c %[ any s\nd p$igree4 ,! leg5d ( ,%aykh ,ilwan1 :o is said to h f\nd$ ! fir/ ord] 9 #di1 may be safely reject$4 ,x is significant t ! ,awlad ,ilwan1 sons ( ,ilwan1 z 8 foll[]s are call$1 =m a sect ( ! ,rifa#8ites4 ,fur!r1 j z ! ,sufis h claim$ = !mselves all ! e>ly pi\s ,muslims1 & especially ! t5 to :om ,muhammad made specific promise ( ,p>adise 7al-a%>a al-muba%%>a71 s ^! ,frat]nities are ascrib$ 9 _! orig9 to1 & put "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! fir/ ,khalifas1 &1 9 ,egypt at lea/1 a direct desc5dant ( ,abu ,bakr holds au?ority ov] all _! ord]s4 ,9 ^! ord]s all are d>wi%es1 b only ^? gift$ by ,god ) miracul\s p[]s are walis4 ,^? ( !m :o are begg+ fri>s are faqirs4 ,!y /& "u an elaborate hi]>*y grad+ 9 dignity & hol9ess f ! ,qutb1 or ,axis1 :o w&]s1 (t5 invisible & always unkn[n to ! _w1 ?r\gh ! l&s p]=m+ ! duties ( 8 (fice1 & :o has a favorite /ation on ! ro( ( ! ,ka#8ba1 ?r\gh 8 naqibs or assi/ants1 d[n to ! l[e/ faqir4 ,b ! memb]s ( ^! ord]s are n exclusively faqirs4 ,all classes are enroll$ z1 9 a s5se1 lay adh]5ts4 ,c]ta9 trades affect c]ta9 frat]nities2 9 ,egypt1 = example1 ! fi%]m5 are almo/ all ,qadirites & walk 9 procession on _! fe/ival day1 c>ry+ color$ nets z _! bann]s4 ,mu* ! same ?+ held1 & holds1 ( ! mona/ic ord]s ( ,europe1 b ! ,muslim does n wait till he is dy+ to put on ! we$s ( ,ahmad al-,badawi or a%-,%adhili4 ,f9ally1 ref]5ce may be made aga9 to ! la/ & mo/ important ( all ^! ord]s1 ! militant ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,my/ics v4 ,,traditionali/s ,we h n[ return$ to ! p]iod ( al-,iji & at-,taftazani1 :5 philosophy def9itely desc5d$ f ! ?rone & became ! s]vant & def5d] ( !ology4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! two indep5d5t =ces at "w are ! unveil+ ( ! my/ic 7ka%f7 & tradition 7naql74 ,! only place = reason 7aql7 n[ is to prove ! possibility ( a giv5 doctr9e4 ,t done1 its actual tru? is prov5 by tradition4 ,^! two !n1 ka%f & naql1 hold ! field1 & ! hi/ory ( ,muslim !ology f ?is po9t to ! pres5t day is ! hi/ory ( _! conflicts4 ,! my/ics are accus$ ( h]esy by ! traditionali/s4 ,! traditionali/s are accus$ by ! my/ics ( =malism1 hypocrisy1 &1 above all1 ( flat inability to argue logically4 ,bo? accusations are c]ta9ly true4 ,no f9e f5ce on p]sonality c conceal ! fact t ,muslim my/icism is simple pan!ism ( ! ,plot9ian type1 ! individuals are emanations f ! ,"o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =malism ( ! traditionali/s c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,!y pass ov] almo/ entirely into canon lawy]s1 m]it+ ri*ly ! f9e s>casm ( al-,ghazzali1 :o ask$ ! faqihs ( 8 day :at possible value = ! next _w c\ld lie 9 a /udy ( ! ,qur'anic law ( inh]itance or ! l4 ,tradition 7hadi?71 9 ! exact s5se ( ! say+s & do+s ( ,muhammad1 falls into ! backgr\nd1 & fiqh1 ! sy/ems built ^u x by ! g5]ations ( lawy]s1 f ! f\r ma/]s d[n1 takes its place4 ,aga91 ! accusation ( illogical reason+ is also ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,! habit ( un5d+ subdivision depriv$ ! m9ds ( ! canoni/s ( all bread? ( scope1 & _! devotion to ! pr9ciple ( acceptance on au?ority 7taqlid7 weak5$ _! feel+ = argum5t4 ,x is true1 fur!r1 t ! my/ics1 su* z !y 71 _h heir$ all ! philosophy left 9 ,islam1 & 7 ?us become ! repres5tatives ( ! intellectual life4 ,!y _h s mu* ( an advantage ov] _! m or?odox oppon5ts4 ,b ! intellectual life ) !m1 z ) ! e>li] philosoph]s1 rema9$ ( a too subjective "*4 ,! fatal /udy ( ! self1 & ! self only--t tramp+ along ! high a priori road--& neglect ( ! objective /udy ( ! outside _w :i* ru9$ _! =]unn]s1 0 _! ru9 z well4 ,outbur/s ( intellectual en]gy & revolt we may meet ) aga9 & aga92 !re w be few signs ( t sci5ce :i* seeks facts pati5tly 9 ! laboratory1 ! obs]vatory1 & ! dissect+-room4 ,sid5ote3 ,,abd ,,ar-,,razzaq ,curi\sly en\gh1 !re fall closely toge!r at ?is "t ! dea? dates ( two m5 ( ! mo/ opposite s*ools4 ,! "o 0 ,ibn ,taymiya1 ! an?ropomorphi/ free lance1 :o di$ 9 #gbh1 & ! o!r 0 ,abd ar-,razzaq1 ! pan!i/ic ,sufi1 :o di$ 9 #gcj4 ,abd ar-,razzaq ( ,sam>q& & ,ka%an 0 a close /ud5t & foll[] ( ,ibn ,arabi4 ,he comm5t$ on 8 books & def5d$ 8 or?odoxy4 ,9 fact1 s closely _h ,ibn ,arabi come to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,sufi position z a :ole t a def5ce ( him 0 a favorite =m 9 :i* to ca/ a def5ce ( ,sufiism g5]ally4 ,b ,abd ar-,razzaq did n foll[ 8 ma/] absolutely4 ,on ! fre$om ( ! w especially he left him4 ,= ,ibn ,arabi1 ! doctr9e ( ! on5ess ( all ?+s _h involv$ fatalism4 ,:atev] happ5s is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?+s1 t is1 by ! nature ( ,god4 ,s ! individuals are b\nd by ! :ole4 ,abd ar-,razzaq turn$ ?is r\nd4 ,8 pan!ism 0 ( ! same type z t ( ,ibn ,arabi2 ,god1 = him1 0 all4 ,b !re is fre$om ( ! div9e nature1 he w5t on4 ,x mu/ !re=e exi/ 9 man also1 = he is an emanation f ! div9e4 ,8 e act1 x is true1 is pr$et]m9$1 9 "t1 9 =m1 & 9 place4 ,b 8 act is br\ght ab\t by c]ta9 causes1 !mselves pr$et]m9$4 ,^! are :at we w\ld call natural laws 9 ?+s1 natural abilities1 aptitudes1 etc41 9 ! ag5t2 f9ally1 free *oice itself4 ,& t free *oice is 9 man because he is ( & f ,god4 ,fur!r1 x is evid5t t ,abd ar-,razzaq's anxiety is to pres]ve a basis = morals4 ,among ! pr$et]m9+ causes he reckons ! div9e comm&s1 w>n+s1 pro(s 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,! guidance ( religion f9ds ?us its place & ! prophets _! "w4 ,b :at ( ! exi/5ce ( evil & ! necessity ( re/ra9t 9 a _w t has emanat$ f ! div9e8 ,?is problem he faces bravely4 ,our _w mu/ be ! be/ ( all possible worlds2 o!rwise ,god w\ld h made x bett]4 ,diff]5ce1 !n1 among m5 & ?+s belongs to its ess5ce & necessity4 ,next1 ju/ice mu/ consi/ 9 accept+ ^! diff]5t ?+s & adapt+ !m to _! situations4 ,to try to make all ?+s & m5 alike w\ld be to leave "s out ( exi/5ce altoge!r4 ,t w\ld be a great inju/ice4 ,"h1 aga91 religion ent]s4 ,its object is to rectify ?is diff]5ce 9 qualities & gifts4 ,m5 are n responsible = ^!1 b !y are responsible if !y d n labor to correct !m4 ,9 ! h]eaft] all w be reabsorb$ into ! div9e be+ & ta/e su* bliss z ! rank ( ea* des]ves4 ,= ^? :o ne$ x !re w be a p]iod ( purgatorial *a/isem5t1 b t w n be et]nal1 9 %a ,allah4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 ,abd ar-,razzaq divides m5 into classes accord+ to _! insight into div9e ?+s4 ,! fir/ is ( m5 ( ! _w1 :o are rul$ by ! fle% 7nafs7 & :o live c>eless ( all religion4 ,! second is ( m5 ( reason 7aql74 ,!y ?r\gh ! reason contemplate ,god1 b see only ,8 ext]nal attributes4 ,! ?ird is ( m5 ( ! _s 7ruh7 :o1 9 ec/asy1 see ,god face to face 9 ,8 v ess5ce1 :i* is ! sub/rate ( all creation4 ,9 8 cosmogony1 ,abd ar-,razzaq foll[s1 ( c\rse1 ! neo-,platonic model & %[s great +5uity 9 weav+ into x ! crude & mat]iali/ic phrases & ideas ( ! ,qur'an4 ,l all ,muslim ?9k]s he displays an anxiety to squ>e ) 8 philosophy ! t]ms de> to ! multitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ibn ,,taymiya ,to ,ibn ,taymiya all ?is 0 ! v abom9ation ( desolation itself4 ,he _h no use = my/ics1 philosoph]s1 ,a%#8arite !ologians1 or1 9 fact1 = anyone except himself4 ,a contempor>y describ$ him z a man mo/ able & le>n$ 9 _m sci5ces1 b ) a screw loose4 ,h[ev] x may h be5 ab\t ! la/ po9t1 !re c be no "q t he 0 ! reviv] = 8 "t & ! transmitt] to our "t ( ! g5u9e ,hanbalite tradition1 & t 8 "w r5d]$ possible ! ,wahhabites & ! ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi4 ,he 0 ! *ampion ( ! religion ( ! multitude z oppos$ to t ( ! educat$ few ) :i* we h be5 deal+ s long4 ,?is popul> !ology _h be5 go+ /eadily ^u its way & produc+ its regul> riots & disput+s4 ,x is relat$ ( a c]ta9 ,a%#8arite doctor1 ,fakhr ad-,d9 ibn ,asakir 7d4 #fbj71 t1 9 ,damascus1 he nev] d>$ to pass by a c]ta9 way ?r\gh fe> ( ,hanbalite viol5ce4 ,! same ,fakhr ad-,d9 once gave1 z 9 duty b\nd1 ! normal salutation ( ! ,peace to a ,hanbalite !ologian4 ,! ,hanbalite did n return x1 :i* 0 m ?an a brea* ( c\rtesy1 & indicat$ t he did n reg>d ,fakhr ad-,d9 z a ,muslim4 ,:5 p remon/rat$ ) him1 he turn$ x z a !ological je/ & repli$1 8,t man believes 9 #8,spee* 9 ! ,m9d' 7kalam nafsi1 hadi? fi-n-nafs71 s ,i return$ 8 salutation m5tally40 ,! po9t is a hit at ! ,a%#8arites1 :o cont5d$ t ?\ght 0 a k9d ( spee* )\t lett]s or s\nds1 & t ,god's quality ( ,spee* c\ld !re=e be )\t lett]s or s\nds4 ,b ev5 ! simple or?odoxy ( ! populace _h n rema9$ un*ang$4 ,x _h receiv$ a va/ accretion ( ! mo/ multif>i\s sup]/itions4 ,! cult ( sa9ts1 alive & dead1 ( holy sites1 trees1 g>m5ts1 & ! obs]vance ( all mann] ( days & seasons _h be5 develop+ p>allel to ! advance ( ,sufiism among ! educat$4 ,! walis 7 untir+ 9 ! recital ( ! k>amat :i* ,god _h work$ = !m1 & ! populace drank 9 ! wond]s gre$ily4 ,! metaphysical & !ological side !y left unt\*$4 8,?is is a holy man10 !y said1 8:o c "w miracles2 we mu/ fe> & s]ve him40 ,& s !y w\ld d )\t mu* ?\ght :e!r 8 morality might n be ant9omian & 8 !ology pan!i/ic4 ,to abate ?is & o!r evils & br+ back ! fai? ( ! fa!rs 0 ! task :i* ,ibn ,taymiya took up4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,mujtahid ,he 0 born ne> ,damascus 9 #ffa & educat$ z a ,hanbalite4 ,8 family _h be5 ,hanbalite = g5]ations1 & he himself taught 9 t s*ool & 0 reckon$ z ! greate/ ,hanbalite ( 8 "t4 ,8 position1 too1 0 practically t ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 modifi$ by ! necessities impos$ by new controv]s>ies4 ,?us he 0 an an?ropomorphi/1 b ( :at exact %ade is obscure4 ,he 0 accus$ ( tea*+ t ,god 0 above ,8 ?rone1 c\ld be po9t$ at1 & t ,he desc5d$ f ,8 seat z a man might1 i4e41 t ,he 0 9 space4 ,b he c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ himself f ! crass] mat]iali/s4 ,he refus$ to be class$ z ! adh]5t ( any s*ool or ( any sy/em save t ( ,muhammad & ! agreem5t ( ! fa!rs4 ,he claim$ = himself ! rights ( a mujtahid & w5t back to fir/ s\rces & pr9ciples 9 ev]y?+4 ,8 self-confid5ce 0 extreme1 & he smote d[n ) pr\d words ! ,rightly ,guid$ ,khalifas1 ,um> & ,ali1 !mselves4 ,8 bases 7 ,qur'an1 tradition f ! ,prophet & f ! ,companions & analogy4 ,agreem5t1 9 ! broad s5se ( ! agreem5t ( ! ,muslim p1 he reject$4 ,if he _h accept$ x he w\ld h be5 =c$ to accept innum]able sup]/itions1 beliefs1 & practices--especially ! :ole doctr9e ( ! walis & _! wond]s--= _! basis 0 agreem5t4 ,! agreem5t ( ! ,companions he did accept1 :ile convict+ !m "r & left ( error z individuals4 ,8 life 0 fill$ up ) p]secutions & mis=tune4 ,he 0 a popul> idol1 & inquiries = 8 judgm5t on !ological & canonical que/ions kept p\r+ 9 ^u him4 ,if !re 0 no inquiry1 & he felt t a situation call$ = an expression ( op9ion f him1 he did n hesitate to s5d x out ) all =mality4 ,x is true t x is ! duty ( e ,muslim1 s f> z he c1 to d away or at lea/ to d5\nce any illegality or unor?odox view or practice :i* he may obs]ve4 ,?is duty evid5tly weigh$ heavily on ,ibn ,taymiya1 & !re 0 fe> at "o "t at ! ,mamluk c\rt le/ he might g ! way ( ,ibn ,tum>t4 ,9 "o ( ^! utt]ances he def9$ ! doctr9e ( ,god's qualities z ,ibn ,hazm _h done1 & jo9$ !reto d5unciations ( ! ,a%#8arite kalam & ( ! ,qur'anic exegesis ( ! mutakallims z a :ole4 ,!y 7 no?+ b ! heirs & s*ol>s ( philosoph]s1 idolat]s1 ,magians1 etc42 & yet !y d>$ to g beyond ! ,prophet & 8 heirs & ,companions4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is fatwa or legal op9ion 0 t he 0 sil5c$ = a "t z a tea*]4 ,on ano!r occasion he gave out a fatwa on divorce1 pron\nc+ tahlil illegal4 ,tahlil is a device by :i* an awkw>d section 9 ! canon law is evad$4 ,if a man divorces 8 wife ?ree times1 or pron\nces a ?reefold divorce =mula1 he _c rem>ry h] until %e has be5 m>ri$ to ano!r man1 has cohabit$ ) him & be5 divorc$ by him4 ,muslim ideas ( sexual purity are ess5tially diff]5t f ours1 & ! cu/om has gr[n up1 :5 a man has ?us divorc$ 8 wife 9 ha/y ang]1 ( employ+ ano!r to m>ry h] on pl$ge ( divorc+ h] aga9 next day4 ,sometimes ! man s employ$ refuses to c>ry out 8 contract2 su* refusal is a frequ5t motif 9 ori5tal tales4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! husb& n infrequ5tly employs "o ( 8 slaves & !n pres5ts him to 8 =m] wife ! next day4 ,a slave c legally m>ry a free woman1 b :5 he becomes h] prop]ty ! m>riage is ipso facto annull$1 because a slave _c be ! husb& ( 8 mi/ress or a slave woman ! wife ( h] ma/]4 ,x is to ,ibn ,taymiya's cr$it t he 0 "o ( ! few to lift up _! voices aga9/ ?is abom9ation4 ,8 indep5d5ce is %[n at its be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,controv]sy ,,) ,,sufis ,b x 0 ) ! ,sufis t he _h 8 wor/ conflicts1 & at _! h&s he suff]$ mo/4 ,9 _m po9ts 8 c>e] is p>allel to t ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 ! ,sufi movem5t tak+ ! place t 0 play$ by ,mu#8tazilism 9 ! life ( ! e>li] sa9t4 ,"o great diff]5ce1 x may be rem>k$1 0 t al-,ma'mun urg$ ! p]secution ( ,ibn ,hanbal1 :ile an-,nasir1 ! great ,mamluk ,sultan 7reg4 #fic1 #fih-gjh1 #gji-gda71 support$ ,ibn ,taymiya z f> z he possibly c\ld4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,sufi controv]sy 0 *>act]i/ic4 ,ibn ,taymiya he>d t a c]ta9 an-,nasr al-,manbiji 7d4 #gai871 a reput$ foll[] ( ,ibn ,arabi & ( ,ibn ,sab#891 _h rea*$ a position ( influ5ce 9 ,cairo4 ,t 0 en\gh to make ,ibn ,taymiya address an epi/le to him1 int5d$ to turn him f 8 h]esies4 ,x is ne$less to give 9 detail ! position & cont5t ( ! epi/le4 ,he wrote z a /rong mono!i/ ( ! old-fa%ion$ type & expos$ & assail$ unm]cifully ! doctr9e ( ,unity 7ittihad7 ( ! my/ics4 ,al-,manbiji retort$ ) c\nt]*>ges ( h]esy1 &1 z he _h beh9d him all ! ,sufis ( ,egypt--z great an army z ! ,*ri/ian monks & ascetics or e>li] ,egypt & mu* l to !m--,ibn ,taymiya _h to pay = 8 eag]ness = a fight ) long & pa9ful imprisonm5t at ,cairo1 ,alex&ria & ,damascus4 ,"h x is evid5t t he _h lo/ t\* ) ! drift ( popul>1 & especially ,egyptian1 feel+4 ,b 8 fe>lessness 0 l t ( ,ibn ,hanbal himself1 & 9 #gbf he gave out a fatwa :i* ran /ill /raight] 9 ! tee? ( ! beliefs ( ! p & :i* s5t him to a prison :i* he nev] left alive4 ,x _h long be5 a cu/om 9 ,islam to make pi\s pilgrimage to ! graves ( sa9ts & prophets & !re to d rev]5ce to _! memory & to ask _! aid4 ,x 0 "p ( t cult ( sa9ts :i* _h s ov]spread & ov]come ! e>li] simplicity ( ,islam4 ,! mo/ out/&+ case 9 po9t 01 & is1 ! pilgrimage to ! tomb ( ,muhammad at al-,mad9a1 :i* has come to be a m or less ess5tial "p ( ! ,hajj to ! ,ka#8ba itself4 ,aga9/ all ?is ,ibn ,taymiya lift$ a voice ( emphatic prote/4 ,^! %r9es 7 9 great "p false1 & :5 !y 7 g5u9e ! visitation ( !m 0 an idolatr\s imitation ( hea!n practices4 ,equally idolatr\s 0 all invok+ ( sa9ts or prophets1 includ+ ,muhammad himself2 to ,god alone %\ld pray] be direct$4 ,! clamor rais$ by ?is fatwa 0 trem5d\s4 ,?is 0 no doctr9e ( ! s*ools :i* he _h t\*$1 b a bit ( concrete religiosity :i* appeal$ to ev]yone4 ,8 public life practically end$1 & ! practices :i* he _h d5\nc$ abide to ?is day4 ,x is a bitt] satire on 8 position t :5 he di$ 9 #gbf ! populace paid to 8 relics all ^! signs ( sup]/iti\s rev]5ce aga9/ :i* he _h prote/$4 ,he became a sa9t1 malgr lui4 ,8 "w _h be5 to keep alive ! ,hanbalite doctr9e & pass x on un*ang$ to mod]n times4 ,he did n de/roy philosophy3 x 0 dead ( itself be=e he came4 ,nor ,sufiism3 x is /ill v mu* alive4 ,nor kalam3 x /ill cont9ues 9 ! =m to :i* x _h cry/alliz$ by 8 "t4 ,b he & 8 disciples made possible ! ,wahhabites & ! mono!i/ic revival ( our day4 ,! fai? ( ,muhammad himself 0 n to p]i% entirely f ! e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,a%-,,%a#8,,rani ,x w\ld n[ be possible to pass at once to ! ,wahhabite movem5t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury ( ! ,hijra4 ,all ! elem5ts = ! explanation ( x & ( ! mod]n situation are 9 our h&s4 ,b !re is "o figure :i* /&s out s cle>ly 9 an o!rwise mo/ obscure picture & is s significant = ! "t1 t "s acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( x4 ,x is t ( a%-,%a#8rani1 !ologian1 canoni/1 & my/ic4 ,he 0 a ,cair5e & di$ 9 #igc4 ,! rule ( ,egypt _h pass$ half a c5tury be=e to ! ,ottoman ,turks1 & !y gov]n$ by means ( a ,turki% ,pa%a4 ,! condition ( ! p1 z we f9d x sket*$ by a%-,%a#8rani1 0 a mo/ unhappy "o4 ,!y 7 b5t d[n1 & especially ! peasantry1 "u a load ( taxation4 ,! ,turks f\nd x advisable1 too1 to cultivate ! fri5d%ip ( ! canon lawy]s & pr(essional !ologians 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! hold ^u ! p4 ,^! canoni/s1 9 consequ5ce1 7 rapidly becom+ an (ficial class ) (ficial privileges4 ,fur!r1 ! process1 ! beg9n+s ( :i* we h already se51 by :i* religi\s sci5ce 0 n>r[$ to fiqh1 _h gone /ill fur!r4 ,practically1 ! two classes ( !ologians left 7 ! canoni/s & ! my/ics4 ,& ! my/ics _h fall5 f> f _! pride ( p[] "u ! ,mamluks4 ,!y n[ 7 ( ! poor ( ! l&1 a k9d ( ,ess5es ov] aga9/ ! ,ph>isees ( ! s*ools4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! picture ( 8 "t :i* a%-,%a#8rani gives4 ,h[ f> x is exact mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,=1 ( ! _m puzzl+ p]sonalities 9 ,islam1 a%-,%a#8rani is p]haps = u ! mo/ un9telligible4 ,he comb9$ ! mo/ abject sup]/itions ( a sup]/iti\s age & c\ntry ) l(ty e?ical indignation2 social humility ( ! mo/ extreme ) an intellectual pride & arrogance r>ely p>allel$1 a ke5 & orig9al grasp ( ! canon law ( ! f\r s*ools ) an utt] submission ( ! intellect to ! inbrea?+s ( ! div9e f )\t2 a p[] ( discreet sil5ce z to ! inconv5i5t ) an op5-m\!d vehem5ce 9 o!r ?+s4 ,he 0 a devot$ foll[] ( ,ibn ,arabi & def5d$ 8 memory aga9/ ! accusation ( h]esy4 ,yet 8 position is s+ul>ly diff]5t f t ( ,ibn ,arabi1 & a d\bt _c b rise z to ei!r 8 k1 8 intellig5ce1 or 8 hone/y4 ,practically :]e he diff]s f ! ord9>y ,muslim is 9 8 ext5sion ( ! doctr9e ( sa9ts4 ,z to ! ,mo/ ,beautiful ,names 7al-asma al-husna71 he foll[s ,ibn ,hazm4 ,s1 too1 z to ,god's qualities1 he foll[s ! old] s*ool & w\ld pref] to leave !m unconsid]$4 ,b he is1 o!rwise & 9 g5]al1 a s\nd ,a%#8arite1 e4g41 on ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 & ( man's "p 9 8 works 7iktisab74 ,!re is 9 him no sign ( ! ,plot9ian pan!ism ( ,ibn ,arabi4 ,! doctr9e ( ,god's diff]5ce 7mukhalafa7 he taught1 & t ,he creat$ ! _w by ,8 w & n by any emanation ( en]gy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,_w ,b tru? = him is n to be rea*$ by speculation & argum5t3 its only basis is ?r\gh ! unveil+ ( ! inn] eye :i* br+s u to ! imm$iate ,vision ( ! ,div9e4 ,^? :o h rea*$ t ,vision1 guide & tea* ^? :o _c or h n4 ,^u t ,vision all sy/ems are built1 & reason c only s]ve ! vision>y z a def5ce aga9/ ! ga9say] or aga9/ 8 own too wild ?\ghts4 ,naturally1 ) su* a />t+-po9t z ?is ! sup]natural side ( ?+s 7al-ghayb7 receives /rong emphasis4 ,! ,j9n & ! angels are mo/ int5se realities4 ,a%-,%a#8rani met !m 9 famili> conv]se4 ,he met1 too1 al-,khadir1 ! undy+ pilgrim sa9t :o w&]s ?r\gh ! l&s1 succor+ & guid+4 ,! details ( ^! int]views are giv5 ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,a ,j9ni 9 ! =m ( a dog ran into 8 h\se on su* a day by su* a door1 ) a piece ( ,european pap] 9 8 m\?--?is is a t\* ( g5ius--on :i* c]ta9 !ological que/ions 7 writt54 ,! ,j9ni wi%$ a%-,%a#8rani's op9ion z to !m4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( "o ( 8 books1 & ano!r sprang f a simil>ly exactly describ$ talk ) al-,khadir4 ,yet he 0 cont5t also ) small] m]cies & reckons z a k>ama t he 0 enabl$ to read ?r\gh a c]ta9 book = "s "t at ! rate ( two & a half times daily4 ,to all ?is x w\ld be possible ( c\rse to say flatly t he li$4 ,b su* a judgm5t appli$ to an ori5tal is some:at crude1 & ! knot ( ! my/ic's m9d 9 any l& is n to be s easily cut4 ,fur!r1 ! doctr9e ( ! walis is develop$ by him at l5g?4 ,!y possess a c]ta9 illum9ation 7ilham71 :i* is1 h[ev]1 diff]5t f ! inspiration 7wahy7 ( ! prophets4 ,s1 too1 !y nev] rea* ! grade ( ! prophets1 or a ne>ness to ,god :]e ! requirem5ts ( a reveal$ law fall away f !m1 i4e41 !y mu/ always walk accord+ to ! law ( a prophet4 ,!y are all guid$ by ,god1 :atev] _! p>ticul> ,rule 7t>iqa7 may be1 b ! ,rule ( al-,junayd 7p4 #agf7 is ! be/ because x is 9 mo/ ess5tial agreem5t ) ! ,law 7%>i#8a7 ( ,islam4 ,_! k>amat are true & are a consequ5ce ( _! dev\t labors1 = ^! are 9 agreem5t ) ! ,qur'an & ! ,sunna4 ,! ord] ( nature w n be brok5 = anyone :o has n a*iev$ m ?an is usual 9 religi\s k & ex]cises4 ,all walis /& "u a regul> hi]>*y head$ by ! ,qutb2 yet above him 9 hol9ess /& ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is m>ks a v mod]ate position4 ,_m ,sufis _h cont5d$ t ! walis /ood high] ?an ev5 ! prophets1 n to speak ( _! ,companions4 ,x w be se5 t 8 position is ess5tially a m$iat+ "o4 ,he wi%es to %[ t ! beliefs ( ! my/ics & ( ! mutakallims are really "o al?\gh !y are rea*$ by diff]5t pa?s4 ,9 fiqh he made a simil> attempt4 ,! ,sufis _h always look$ d[n on ^? !ologians :o 7 canoni/s pure & simple4 ,a /udy ( canon law 0 a necessity1 !y ?\ght2 b z a propdeutic only4 ,! canoni/s :o w5t no fur!r nev] rea*$ religion at all4 ,especially !y held t no ,sufi %\ld jo9 himself to any ( ! f\r cont5d+ s*ools4 ,_! controv]sies 7 ^u insignificant details :i* _h no?+ to d ) ! life 9 ,god4 ,b c\ld x n be %[n t _! diff]5ces 7 n actual--"o view be+ true & ! o!r false--b 7 capable ( be+ r$uc$ to a unity8 ,?is 0 ! problem t a%-,%a#8rani attack$4 ,^! diff]+ op9ions1 he held1 are adapt$ to diff]5t classes ( m54 ,"s m5 ( great] gifts & endurance c foll[ ! h>de/ ( ^! op9ions1 :ile ! easi] are to be recogniz$ z concessions 7rukhsa7 f ,god to ! weakness ( o!rs4 ,ea* man may foll[ freely ! view :i* appeals to him2 ,god has appo9t$ x = him4 ,a%-,%a#8rani 0 "o ( ! la/ orig9al ?9k]s 9 ,islam3 = a ?9k] he 0 despite 8 deal+s ) ! ,j9n & al-,khadir4 ,egypt keeps 8 memory4 ,a mosque 9 ,cairo be>s 8 "n1 z does also a division ( ! ,badawite d>wi%es4 ,9 mod]n times 8 books h be5 frequ5tly repr9t$1 & 8 influ5ce is "o ( ! f]m5ts 9 ! new ,islam4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,wahhabites ,we mu/ n[ pass ov] ab\t two hundr$ ye>s & come to ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury ( ! ,hijra1 a p]iod ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! end ( ! eighte5? ( our era4 ,!re ^! two movem5ts come aga9 to light4 ,wahhabism1 ! hi/orical orig9 ( :i* we h already se5 7p4 #fj71 is a bran* ( ! s*ool ( ,ibn ,taymiya4 ,manuscripts ( ! works ( ,ibn ,taymiya copi$ by ! h& ( ,ibn ,abd al-,wahhab exi/ 9 ,europe4 ,s ! ,wahhabites refus$ to accept z b9d+ ! decisions ( ! f\r or?odox sects ( canon law4 ,agreem5t z a s\rce !y also reject4 ,! :ole ,p ( ,muhammad c err & has err$4 ,only ! agreem5t ( ! ,companions has b9d+ =ce = !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! duty & "r ( e man to draw 8 own doctr9e f ! ,qur'an & ! traditions2 ! sy/ems ( ! s*ools %\ld h no weight ) him4 ,aga91 !y take ! an?ropomorphisms ( ! ,qur'an 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,god has a h&1 ,god settles ,himself on ,8 ?rone2 s x mu/ be held 8)\t inquir+ h[ & )\t comp>ison40 ,!y pr(ess to be ! only true ,muslims1 apply+ to !mselves ! t]m ,muwahhids & call+ all o!rs ,mu%riks1 assign]s ( companions to ,god4 ,aga91 l ,ibn ,taymiya1 !y reject ! int]cession ( walis ) ,god4 ,x is all[able to ask ( ,god = ! sake ( a sa9t b n to pray to ! sa9t4 ,?is applies also to ,muhammad4 ,pilgrimage to ! tombs ( sa9ts1 ! pres5t+ ( (f]+s !re1 all acts ( rev]5ce1 !y also =bid4 ,no reg>d %\ld be paid ev5 to ! tomb ( ! ,prophet at al-,mad9a4 ,all su* c]emonies are idolatr\s4 ,:5ev] possible ! ,wahhabites de/roy & level ! %r9es ( sa9ts4 ,ov] o!r details1 su* z ! prohibition ( ! use ( tobacco1 we ne$ n sp5d "t4 ,wahhabism z a political =ce is gone4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 left ! ,sanusi revolt z its direct desc5dant & :at may be ! outcome ( t ,bro!rhood we h no means ( guess+4 ,x has also left a g5]al revival & re=mation ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur* ( ,islam1 mu* p>allel1 z has be5 rem>k$1 to ! c\nt]-re=mation :i* foll[$ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 9 ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,al-,,ghazzali ,! second movem5t is ! revival ( ! influ5ce ( al-,ghazzali4 ,t influ5ce nev] became absolutely ext9ct & x seems to h rema9$ especially /rong 9 al-,yaman4 ,9 t corn] ( ! ,muslim _w g5]ations ( ,sufis liv$ comp>atively undi/urb$1 & x 0 ! ,sayyid ,murtada1 a native ( ,zabid 9 ,tihama1 :o by 8 great comm5t>y on ! ,ihya ( al-,ghazzali practically f\nd$ ! mod]n /udy ( t book4 ,!re h be5 two editions ( ?is comm5t>y 9 t5 qu>to volumes & _m ( ! ,ihya itself & ( o!r works by al-,ghazzali4 ,:e!r 8 read]s und]/& him fully or n1 !re c be no "q ( ! wide influ5ce :i* he is n[ ex]cis+4 ,at ,mecca1 = example1 ! or?odox !ological tea*+ is practically ,ghazzalian & ! controv]sy ?r\gh\t all ,arabia is :e!r ,ibn ,taymiya & al-,ghazzali c be call$ ,%aykhs ( ,islam4 ,! ,wahhabites hold t anyone :o ?us honors al-,ghazzali is an unbeliev]1 & ! ,meccans retort ! same ( ! foll[]s ( ,ibn ,taymiya4 ,^! two t5d5cies !n--t back to ! simple mono!ism ( ,muhammad & t to an agno/ic my/icism--are ! hopeful signs 9 mod]n ,islam4 ,!re are _m o!r drifts 9 :i* !re is no su* hope4 ,simple mat]ialism "u ,european1 mo/ly ,fr5*1 influ5ce is "o4 ,a seek+ ( salvation 9 ! /udy ( canon law is ano!r4 ,canon law is /ill ! field to :i* an enorm\s proportion ( ,muslim !ologians turn4 ,aga91 !re are v>i\s =ms ( frankly pan!i/ic my/icism4 ,t is especially ! case among ,p]sians & ,turks4 ,= ! body ( ! p1 religion is /ill ov]burd5$1 z 9 ,ibn ,taymiya's days1 ) a mass ( sup]/ition4 ,lives ( walis conta9+ ! wilde/ & mo/ blasphem\s /ories ab\nd & are eag]ly read4 ,! books ( a%-,%a#8rani are especially ri* 9 su* hagiology4 ,x is difficult = u to realize t /ories l ! mo/ extravagant 9 ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights are ! simple/ possibilities to ! masses ( ,islam4 ,! canon lawy]s1 /ill1 9 _! discussions1 take acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ,j9n1 & no !ologian w\ld d>e to d\bt t ,solomon seal$ !m up 9 brass bottles4 ,( philosophy1 9 ! free & l>ge s5se1 !re is no trace4 ,ibn ,ru%d's reply to al-,ghazzali's 8,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s0 has be5 pr9t$1 b only z a p5dant to t "w4 ,9 x1 too1 ,ibn ,ru%d c>efully cov]s 8 great h]esies4 ,8 tractates on ! /udy ( kalam1 spok5 ( above1 h also be5 repr9t$ at ,cairo f ! ,european edition4 ,b ^! tractates are arrang$ to give no clew to 8 real philosophy4 ,! ,arabic ,ari/otelianism has p]i%$ utt]ly f ! ,muslim l&s4 ,( ! mod]n ,indian ,mu#8tazilism no acc\nt ne$ be tak5 "h4 ,x is d]iv$ f ,europe & is ord9>y ,*ri/ian ,unit>ianism1 connect+ ) ,muhammad in/ead ( ) ,jesus4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,future ,f ! above sket* "s necess>y conditions are cle>1 :i* mu/ be fulfill$ if !re is to be a *ance = a future developm5t 9 ,islam4 ,education mu/ be widely ext5d$4 ,! proportion ( tra9$ m9ds mu/ be greatly increas$ & ! b>ri] betwe5 !m & ! commonalty remov$4 ,! economy ( tea*+ has fail$2 x has de/roy$ ! doctr9e :i* x s\ght to protect4 ,aga91 ! slav]y ( ! disciple to ! ma/] mu/ cease4 ,x mu/ always be possible = ! /ud5t1 9 defiance ( taqlid1 to g back to fir/ pr9ciples or to ! prim>y facts & to disreg>d :at ! great ,imams & ,mujtahids h taught4 ,s mu* ( heal? !re 0 9 ! ,zahirite sy/em4 ,?ird1 ^! prim>y facts mu/ include ! facts ( natural sci5ce4 ,! /ud5t1 emancipat$ f ! control ( ! s*ools1 mu/ turn f ! /udy ( himself to an exam9ation ( ! great _w4 ,& t exam9ation mu/ n be cosmological b biological2 x mu/ n lose itself 9 ! inf9ities b f9d itself 9 concrete realities4 ,x mu/ exp]im5t & te/ r ?an build l(ty hypo!ses4 ,b c ! ori5tal m9d ?us d5y itself8 ,! ,engli% educational exp]im5t 9 ,egypt may g f> to answ] t "q4 ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,illu/rative ,,docum5ts ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,arabic4 ,,ii4 ,,select$ ,,bibliography4 ,,iii4 ,,*ronological ,,table4 ,,app5dix ,i #a4 ,,a%-,,%ahra/ani ,,on ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,muslim ,,sects4 #b4 ,,two ,,traditions ,,f ,,muhammad ,,on ,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,islam4 #c4 ,a ,,%ort ,,cre$ ,,by ,,al-,,a%#8,,ari4 #d4 ,a ,,%ort ,,cre$ ,,by ,,al-,,ghazzali4 #e4 ,a ,,%ort ,,cre$ ,,by ,,an-,,nasafi 7,,mat>idite74 #f4 ,a ,,s*ola/ic ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tals ,,( ,,!ology4 #g4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,treatise ,,9 ,,canon ,,law4 ,notes h be5 add$ :]e su* appe>$ call$ =1 b ! index1 facilitat+ ref]5ce to ! body ( ! book1 r5d]s a full comm5t>y unnecess>y4 ,! /ud5t %\ld use ! index z a vocabul>y ( te*nical t]ms1 ref]r+ = _! explanation to ! passages :]e !y occur4 ,i ,,a%-,,%ahra/ani ,,on ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,muslim ,,sects ,!n ,i appli$ myself to :at ( arrangem5t 0 easy ( atta9m5t & to :at ( atta9m5t 0 easy ( arrangem5t1 until ,i _h cr[d$ !m ! diff]5t op9ions into f\r fundam5tals1 :i* are ! great pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ fundam5tal conc]ns ! ,qualities 7sifat7 ) ! ,unity 7ta:id72 x embraces ! "q ( ! et]nal 7azali7 ,qualities1 affirm$ by "s & d5i$ by o!rs1 & ( ! exposition ( ! ess5tial ,qualities 7sifat adh-dhat7 & ( ! active ,qualities 7sifat al-fi#8l7 & ( :at is necess>y 9 ,god ,mo/ ,high & :at is possible = ,him & :at is impossible2 x involves ! controv]sies betwe5 ! ,a%#8arites & ! ,k>ramites & ! ,an?ropomorphi/s 7mujassims7 & ! ,mu#8tazilites4 ,! second fundam5tal conc]ns decree 7qad>7 & ju/ice 7adl72 x embraces ! "q ( de/9y 7qada7 & decree 7qad>72 ( =ce 7jabr7 & acquisition 7kasb72 ( ! will+ ( good & ( evil & ( ! decre$ & ! kn[n1 affirm$ by "s & d5i$ by o!rs2 x involves ! controv]sies betwe5 ! ,qad>ites & ,najj>ites & ,jab>ites & ,a%#8arites & ,k>ramites4 ,! ?ird fundam5tal conc]ns promise 7wa#8d7 & ! decisions 7hukms72 x embraces ! "q ( fai? 7iman7 & rep5tance 7tawba7 & ?reat5+ 7wa#8id7 & po/pon+ 7irja7 & pron\nc+ anyone an unbeliev] 7takfir7 & lead+ anyone a/ray 7tadlil71 affirm$ by "s & d5i$ by o!rs2 x involves ! controv]sies betwe5 ! ,murji'ites & ! ,wa#8idites & ! ,mu#8tazilites & ! ,a%#8arites & ! ,k>ramites4 ,! f\r? fundam5tal conc]ns tradition 7sam7 & reason 7aql7 & ! prophetic mission 7risala7 & ! imamate2 x embraces ! que/ions ( ! det]m9ation ( actions z good 7tahs97 or vile 7taqbih72 ( ! advantage\s 7salah7 & mo/ advantage\s 7aslah72 ( b5ignity 7lutf72 ( ! prophets be+ gu>d$ aga9/ s9 7isma72 ( ! condition ( ! imamate1 by /atute 7nass7 accord+ to "s & by agreem5t 7ijma7 accord+ to o!rs1 & h[ x is transf]r$ on ! view ( ^? :o say x is by /atute1 & h[ x is fix$ on ! view ( ^? :o say x is by agreem5t2 x involves ! controv]sies betwe5 ! ,%i#8ites & ! ,kh>ijites & ! ,mu#8tazilites & ! ,k>ramites & ! ,a%#8arites4--,translat$ f ,cureton's ,arabic text1 p4 #d4 ,,ii ,,! ,,prophet ,,9 ,a ,,tradition 8,islam is built ^u five ?+s2 te/imony t !re is no god b ,god & t ,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,pray] 7salat71 ! ,poor-rate 7zakat71 ,pilgrimage 7hajj7 & ,fa/ 7sawm7 9 ,ramadan40 ,a ,,tradition ,,( ,,! ,,prophet ,jibril came 9 ! =m ( an ,arab ( ! des]t & sat d[n s t 8 knees t\*$ ! knees ( ! ,prophet & said1 8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1 :at is ,islam80 ,he said1 8,t ?\ %\ld be> witness t !re is no god save ,god & t ,i am ! ,apo/le ( ,god2 t ?\ %\lde/ p]=m ! pray]s 7salat7 & br+ ! poor-rate 7zakat7 & fa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramadan & pilgrimage to ! ,h\se if ! way is possible = !e40 ,he said1 8,?\ ha/ spok5 truly40 ,!n he said1 8,:at is ,fai? 7iman780 ,! ,prophet said1 8,t ?\ %\ld believe 9 ,god & ,8 angels & ,8 books & ,8 mess5g]s & 9 ! ,la/ ,day1 & t ?\ %\ld believe 9 ! decree+ 7qad>7 bo? ( good & ( evil40 ,he said1 8,?\ ha/ spok5 truly40 ,!n he said1 8,:at is "r do+ 7ihsan780 ,! ,prophet said1 8,t ?\ %\ld s]ve ,god z ?\gh ?\ sawe/ ,him2 = ?\gh ?\ see/ ,him n1 ,he sees !e40 ,he said1 8,?\ ha/ spok5 truly40 ,!n he said1 8,:5 %all be ! ,la/ ,day 7z-sa#8a780 ,! ,prophet said1 8,! que/ion$ kn[e? n m ( t ?an ! que/ion]40 ,!n he arose & w5t out4 ,& ! ,prophet said1 8,t 0 ,jibril2 he came to y to tea* y y\r religion 7d9740--,translat$ f ,cureton's text ( a%-,%ahra/ani1 p4 #bg4 ,,iii ,a ,,%ort ,,cre$ ,,by ,,al-,,a%#8,,ari ,our doctr9e :i* we tea* & our religion 7diyana7 :i* we foll[ consi/s 9 cl++ fa/ to ! ,book ( ,god & ! ,usage 7sunna7 ( ,8 ,prophet & to t :i* is h&$ d[n f ! ,companions1 _! imm$iate foll[]s 7tabi#8s7 & f ! lead]s 7imams7 9 tradition--) t we take refuge2 & we tea* t :i* ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal--may ,god illum9e 8 face1 exalt 8 rank & make great 8 rew>d--foll[$2 & we %un t :i* is oppos$ to 8 doctr9e4 ,= he is ! excell5t lead]1 ! p]fect *ief1 ?r\gh :om ,god made pla9 ! tru?1 :5 error 0 made manife/1 & %[$ ! pa? & smote d[n ! innovations ( ! innovators1 ! deviations ( ! deviators & ! d\bts ( ! d\bt]s4 ,s1 ! m]cy ( ,god be ^u him = an appo9t$ lead] & an in/ruct$ *ief1 & ^u all ! lead]s ( ! ,muslims4 ,! sum ( our doctr9e is ?is1 t we believe 9 ,god1 ,8 ,angels1 ,8 ,books1 ,8 ,apo/les1 9 all t has come f ,god1 & :at tru/wor?y m5 7?iqat7 h report$ f ! ,apo/les ( ,god2 we oppose no?+ !re(4 ,t ,god is ,"o ,god1 ,s+le1 ,"o1 ,et]nal2 beside ,him no ,god exi/s2 ,he has tak5 to ,himself no wife 7sahiba71 nor *ild 7walad72 & t ,muhammad is ,8 ,s]vant 7abd7 & ,8 ,apo/le4 ,t ,p>adise & ,hell are ,v]ity & t ! ,h\r 7z-sa#8a7 w come )\t d\bt1 & ,god w ar\se ^? t are 9 ! graves4 ,t ,god has settl$ ,himself 7i/awa7 ^u ,8 ?rone1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #bj1 #d72 8! ,rahman has settl$ ,himself ^u ,8 ?rone40 ,t ,god has a c\nt5ance1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #ee1 #bg72 8& ! c\nt5ance ( ?y ,"l w abide1 full ( maje/y & glory20 & two h&s1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #e1 #fi72 8mu* m6 bo? ,8 h&s are spread out10 & 7,qur4 #ch1 #ge72 8t :i* ,i h creat$ ) bo? ,my h&s20 & two eyes1 )\t ask+ h[ 7bila kayfa71 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #ed1 #ad72 8:i* swims =? "u ,our eyes40 ,t :oev] ?9ks t ,god's "n is o!r ?an ,he1 is 9 error4 ,t ,god has ,k 7ilm71 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #ce1 #ab72 8,n "o woman becomes pregnant & br+s =?1 except by ,8 k40 ,we ma9ta9 t ,god has ,p[] 7qudra71 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #da1 #ad72 8& h !y n se5 t ,god :o creat$ !m is /rong] ?an !y80 ,we ma9ta9 t ,god has ,he>+ 7sam7 & ,see+ 7bas>7 & d n d5y x1 z d ! ,mu#8tazilites1 ,jahmites & ,kh>ijites4 ,we tea* t ,god's ,^w 7kalam7 is uncreat$1 & t ,he has nev] creat$ any?+ except by say+ to x1 8,be60 & x =?) became1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #af1 #db72 8,our spee* to any?+ :5 ,we will$ x 01 #8,be' & x 040 ,no?+ exi/s ^u e>?1 be x good or bad1 b t :i* ,god wills2 b all ?+s are by ,god's ,w 7ma%ya74 ,no "o is able to d any?+ be=e ,god does x1 nei!r is anyone indep5d5t ( ,god1 nor c he )draw himself f ,god's ,k4 ,!re is no ,creator b ,god4 ,! works 7amals7 ( creatures are creat$ & pr$e/9$ by ,god1 z ,he said1 7,qur4 #cg1 #id72 8& ,god has creat$ y & :at ye d40 ,man is able to create no?+2 b !y are creat$1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #ce1 #ca72 8,is !re any ,creator except ,god80 & 7,qur4 #af1 #ag7 8& is ,he :o creat$ l him :o creat$ n80 & 7,qur4 #eb1 #ce72 87 !y creat$ out ( no?+1 or are !y ! creators80 & su* passages are _m 9 ! ,qur'an4 ,& ,god ma9ta9s ! believ]s 9 ob$i5ce to ,him1 is graci\s unto !m1 c>es = !m1 re=ms !m1 & guides !m aright2 b ! unbeliev]s ,he leads a/ray1 guides !m n aright1 v\*safes !m n ,fai? 7iman71 by ,8 ,grace1 z ! ,p ( error & pride ma9ta94 ,= %\ld ,he be graci\s unto !m & help !m aright1 !n w\ld !y be pi\s1 & %\ld ,he guide !m aright1 !n w\ld !y all[ !mselves to be guid$ aright1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #g1 #agg72 8:om ,god guide? aright1 he all[s himself to be guid$ aright1 & :om ,he leads a/ray1 !y are ! los]s40 ,god is able to help ! unbeliev+ aright & to be graci\s unto !m1 s t !y %all become believ+1 b ,he wills t !y %all be unbeliev+ z is kn[n4 ,= ,he has made !m imp]vi\s to all help & seal$ _! he>ts4 ,good & ,evil happ5 accord+ to ! ,de/9y 7qada7 & ,decree 7qad>7 ( ,god = good & evil1 = ! sweet & ! bitt]4 ,we "k t ! mis=tune t befalls u is n 9 ord] t we may g a/ray1 & t ! good =tune :i* befalls u is n 9 ord] t we may g aright4 ,we h no control ov] t :i* is good or hurtful to u1 except s f> z ,god wills4 ,we flee f our anxieties to ,god & commit at all times our di/ress & pov]ty to ,him4 ,we tea* t ! ,qur'an is ,god's ,^w1 & t x is uncreat$1 & t :osoev] says t x is creat$ is an unbeliev] 7kafir74 ,we believe t ,god at ! ,day ( ,resurrection 7yawm al-qiyama7 w be visible to ! eyes1 z ! moon is se5 ^u ! night ( ! full moon2 ! believ]s w see ,him1 accord+ to traditions :i* h come d[n f ! ,prophet4 ,we tea* t :ile ! believ]s w see ,him1 ! unbeliev]s w be sep>at$ f ,him by a wall ( division1 z ,god has said1 7,qur4 #hc1 #ae72 8,surely n6 ,!y w be sep>at$ f _! ,"l1 ^u t ,day40 ,we tea* t ,moses bes\ght ,god t he might see ,him 9 ?is _w2 !n ,god reveal$ ,himself to ! m\nta9 & turn$ x into du/ & taught ,moses !reby t he c\ld n see ,him 9 ?is _w 7,qur4 #g1 #aci74 ,we are ( ! op9ion t we may n accuse anyone ( unbelief 7kufr71 :o prays t[>ds ,mecca1 on acc\nt ( s9 committ$ by him1 su* z un*a/ity1 !ft1 w9e dr9k+1 z ! ,kh>ijites believe1 :o judge t ^! !reby become unbeliev]s4 ,we tea* t :oev] commits a great s9 7kabira71 or any?+ l x1 hold+ x to be all[$1 is an unbeliev]1 s9ce he does n believe 9 its prohibition4 ,we tea* t ,islam is a wid] idea ?an ,fai? 7iman71 s t n e ,islam is ,fai?4 ,we believe t ,god turns ! he>ts upside d[n1 & holds !m betwe5 two ( ,8 f+]s1 t ,he lays ! heav5s ^u a f+] & ! e>? ^u a f+]1 accord+ to ! tradition f ! ,prophet4 ,we believe t ,god w n leave 9 ,hell any ( ^? :o confess ,8 ,unity 7muwahhid7 & hold fa/ to ! ,fai?1 & t !re is no ,hell = him :om ! ,prophet has by 8 witness appo9t$ to ,p>adise4 ,we hope = ,p>adise = s9n]s & fe> on _! acc\nt1 t !y w be puni%$ 9 ,hell4 ,we tea* t ,god w release a few out ( ,hell1 on acc\nt ( ,muhammad's int]cession 7%afa#8a7 aft] !y h be5 scor*$ !re4 ,we believe 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! grave4 ,we believe t ! ,tank 7hawd7 & ! ,balance are ,v]ities3 t ! ,bridge z-,sirat is a ,v]ity2 t ! ,ar\s+ 7ba#8?7 aft] dea? is a ,v]ity2 t ,god w set up ,8 creatures 9 a place 7mawqif7 & w hold a reckon+ ) ! ,believ]s4#a ,we believe t ,fai? 7iman7 consi/s 9 ^w 7qawl7 & 9 "w 7amal7 & t x increases & dim9i%es4 ,we tru/ 9 ! s\nd ,traditions h&$ d[n f ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 :i* tru/wor?y p 7?iqat71 j man f j man1 up to ! ,apo/le1 h transmitt$4 ,we hold by ! love ( ! e>ly ,believ]s 7salaf71 :om ,god *ose to be ,companions to ! ,prophet1 & we praise !m ) ! praise ) :i* ,god prais$ !m1 & we c>ry on _! succession4 ,we ass]t t ! ,imam succe$+ ! ,apo/le ( ,god 0 ,abu ,bakr2 t ,god ?r\gh him made ! ,religion 7d97 mighty1 & caus$ him to conqu] ! ,apo/ates 7murtadds74 ,! ,muslims made him _! ,imam1 j z ,muhammad _h made him ,imam at pray]s4 ,!n foll[$ z legal ,imam ,um> ibn al-,khattab2 !n ,u?man ibn ,affan2 8 murd]]s kill$ him out ( wick$ness & enmity2 !n ,ali ibn ,abi ,talib4 ,^! are ! ,imams aft] ! ,apo/le1 & _! ,khalifate is t ( ! ,prophetic (fice i4e41 !y are1 ?\gh n prophets1 successors ( ! ,prophet4 ,we be> witness ( ,p>adise = ! ,t5 7al-a%>atu-l-muba%%>a71 to :om ! ,apo/le bore witness ( x1 & we c>ry on ! succession ( ! o!r ,companions ( ! ,prophet & hold ourselves f> f t :i* 0 9 dispute betwe5 !m4 ,we hold t ! f\r ,imams 7 9 ! true way1 7 rightly guid$ & excell5t1 s t no "o equals !m 9 excell5ce4 ,we hold z true ! traditions :i* ! ,p ( ,tradition 7naql7 h e/abli%$1 conc]n+ ! desc5t ( ,god to ! l[e/ heav5 7sama ad-dunya71 & t ! ,"l w say1 8,is !re a supplicant8 ,is !re a seek] = =giv5ess80 & ! re/ ( t :i* !y h h&$ d[n & e/abli%$1 contr>y to t :i* ! mi/ak5 & misl$ op9e4 ,we gr\nd ourselves 9 our opposition on ! ,qur'an1 ! ,sunna ( ! ,prophet1 ! agreem5t ( ! ,muslims & :at is 9 accordance !re)1 b put =? no novelty 7bid#8a7 n sanction$ by ,god1 & op9e ( ,god no?+ t we h n be5 taught4 ,we tea* t ,god w come on ! ,day ( ,resurrection1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #hi1 #bc72 8,:5 ! e>? %all be turn$ to du/1 & ! ,"l %all appe> & ! angels1 rank on rank10 & t ,god is ne> to ,8 s]vants1 9 :at way 7kayfa7 ,he wills1 z ,he has said1 7,qur4 #ej1 #ae72 8& ,we are ne>] to him ?an ! art]y 9 8 neck20 & 7,qur4 #ec1 #h72 8,!n ,he approa*$ & came ne> & 0 two b[s' l5g? di/ant or ev5 ne>]40 ,to our ,religion 7d97 belongs fur!r1 t we on ,fridays & on fe/ival days pray beh9d e p]son1 pi\s & pr(ane--s are ! conditions = congregational pray]s1 z x is h&$ d[n f ,abd ,allah ibn ,um> t he pray$ beh9d al-,hajjaj4 ,to our ,religion belongs ! wip+ 7ma%7 ( ! inn] boots 7khuffs7 ^u a j\rney & at home1 9 contradiction to ! d5i]s ( ?is4#b ,we uphold ! pray] = peace = ! ,imams ( ! ,muslims1 submission to _! (fice1 & ma9ta9 ! error ( ^? :o hold x "r to rise aga9/ !m :5ev] !re may be app>5t 9 !m a fall+ away f "r4 ,we are aga9/ arm$ rebellion aga9/ !m & civil w>4 ,we believe 9 ! appe>ance ( anti-,*ri/ 7ad-,dajjal7 accord+ to ! tradition h&$ d[n f ! ,prophet2 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! grave1 & 9 ,munk> & ,nakir & 9 _! que/ions to ! buri$ 9 _! graves4 ,we hold ! tradition ( ! j\rney to heav5 7mi#8raj1 ,qur4 #ag7 ( ,muhammad z true1 & decl>e _m ( ! visions 9 sleep to be true1 & we say t !re is an explanation = !m4 ,we uphold ! alms = ! dead ( ! ,muslims & pray] = !m1 & believe t ,god w help !m !re)4 ,we hold z true t !re are en*ant]s 9 ! _w1 & t en*antm5t is & exi/s4 ,we hold z a religi\s duty ! pray] :i* is held ov] ! dead ( ^? :o h pray$ t[>d ,mecca1 :e!r !y h be5 believ]s or godless2 we uphold also _! "r ( te/ation4 ,we ackn[l$ge t ,p>adise & ,hell are creat$1 & t :oev] dies or is kill$1 dies or is kill$ at 8 appo9t$ "t 7ajal72 t ! articles ( su/5ance 7rizq7 f ,god1 ) :i* ,he su/a9s ,8 creatures1 are p]mitt$ 7halal7 & =bidd5 7h>am72#c t ,satan makes evil sugge/ions to m51 & puts !m 9 d\bt1 & causes !m to be possess$1 contr>y to t :i* ! ,mu#8tazilites & ! ,jahmites ma9ta91 z ,god said1 7,qur4 #b1 #bgf72 8,^? :o take usury w at ! ,resurrection /& !re l "o :om ,satan causes to be possess$ by madness10 & 7,qur4 #aad1 #d ff472 8,i take my refuge 9 ,god1 f ! evil sugge/ion1 f ! /eal?y "o :o makes sugge/ions 9 ! he>ts ( m51 by means ( m5 & ,j9n40 ,we affirm t ,god may di/+ui% ! pi\s by signs :i* ,he manife/s ?r\gh !m4 ,our tea*+ conc]n+ ! little *ildr5 ( ! poly!i/s 7mu%riks7 is ?is1 t ,god w k9dle a fire 9 ! o!r _w = !m1 & w say1 8,run 9 !re20--z ! tradition says4#d ,we believe t ,god kn[s :at m5 d & :at !y w to d1 :at happ5s & h[ t :i* does n happ51 if x %\ld happ51 w\ld happ54 ,we believe 9 ! ob$i5ce ( ! ,imams & 9 _! c\nsel ( ! ,muslims4 ,we consid] "r ! sep>ation f e incit] to innovation 7bid#8a7 & ! turn+ aside f ! ,p ( w&]+ desires 7ahl al-ahwa74--,translat$ f ! ,arabic text 9 ,spitta's ,zur ,ges*i*te al-,z#8ari's1 pp4 #acc ff4 ,,iv ,a ,,%ort ,,cre$ ,,by ,,al-,,ghazzali ,an exposition ( ! ,cre$ ( ! ,p ( ! ,sunna on ! two ,words ( ,witness+ 7kalimata-%-%abada7 :i* =m "o ( ! ,f\ndations ( ,islam4 ,int5d$ to be committ$ to memory by *ildr54 ,x =ms ! fir/ section ( ! second book ( 8 ,ihya1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ag-db ( edit4 ( ,cairo ) comm5t>y ( ! ,sayyid ,murtada4 ,we say--& 9 ,god is our tru/--,praise belonge? unto ,god1 ! ,beg9n]1 ! ,br+] back1 ! ,do] ( :at ,he wille?1 ! ,"l ( ! ,glori\s ,?rone & ( ,mighty ,grasp1 ! ,guid] ( ,8 *os5 creatures to ! "r pa? & to ! true way1 ! ,grant] ( b5efits to !m aft] ! witness to ! ,unity 7ta:id7 by gu>d+ _! articles ( belief f obscurities ( d\bt & opposition1 ,he t br+e? !m to foll[ ,8 ,apo/le1 ! ,*os5 "o 7al-,mu/afa71 & to imitate ! traces ( 8 ,companions1 ! mo/ honor$1 ?r\gh ,8 aid & "r guidance reveal$ to !m 9 ,8 ess5ce & ,8 works by ,8 beautiful qualities :i* none p]ceives1 save he :o incl9es 8 e>4 ,he is ! witness :o make? kn[n to !m t ,he 9 ,8 ess5ce is ,"o )\t any p>tn] 7%>ik74 ,s+le )\t any simil>1 ,et]nal )\t any opposite1 ,sep>ate )\t any l4 ,he is ,"o1 ,prior 7qadim7 ) no?+ be=e ,him1 f et]nity 7azali7 )\t any beg9n+1 abid+ 9 exi/5ce ) none aft] ,him1 to et]nity 7abadi7 )\t any end1 subsi/+ )\t end+1 abid+ )\t t]m9ation4 ,he ha? n ceas$ & ,he w n cease to be describ$ ) glori\s epi!ts2 f9i%+ & end+1 ?r\gh ! cutt+ (f ( ! ages & ! t]m9at+ ( allott$ times1 h no rule ov] ,him1 b ,he is ! ,fir/ & ,la/1 ! ,ext]nal & ! ,int]nal1 & ,he kn[e? ev]y?+4 ,we witness t ,he is n a body possess+ =m1 nor a sub/ance possess+ b\nds & limits3 ,he does n resemble bodies1 ei!r 9 limitation or 9 accept+ division4 ,he is n a sub/ance & sub/ances d n exi/ 9 ,him2 & ,he is n an accid5t & accid5ts d n exi/ 9 ,him1 nay ,he does n resemble an entity1 & no entity resembles ,him2 no?+ is l ,him & ,he is n l any?+2 measure does n b\nd ,him & b\nd>ies d n conta9 ,him2 ! directions d n surr\nd ,him & nei!r ! e>? nor ! heav5s are on diff]5t sides ( ,him4 ,lo1 ,he is seat$ firmly ^u ,8 ,?rone 7ar%71 aft] ! mann] :i* ,he has said1 & 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,he will$ a be+ seat$ firmly 7i/iwa71 :i* is f> remov$ f contact & fixity ( location & be+ e/abli%$ & be+ envelop$ & be+ remov$4 ,! ,?rone does n c>ry ,him1 b ! ,?rone & ^? t c>ry x are c>ri$ by ! grace ( ,8 p[] & ma/]$ by ,8 grasp4 ,he is above ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s & above ev]y?+ unto ! limit ( ! ,pleiades1 ) an abov5ess :i* does n br+ ,him ne>] to ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s1 j z x does n make ,him fur!r f ! e>? & ! ,pleiades4 ,nay1 ,he is exalt$ by degrees f ! ,?rone & ! ,heav5s1 j z ,he is exalt$ by degrees f ! e>? & ! ,pleiades2 & ,he1 9 spite ( t1 is ne> to e entity & is 8ne>] to a creature ?an ! art]y ( 8 neck0 7,qur4 #ej1 #ae71 & ,he witnesse? ev]y?+1 s9ce ,8 ne>ness does n resemble ! ne>ness ( bodies1 j z ,8 ess5ce does n resemble ! ess5ce ( bodies4 ,he does n exi/ 9 any?+1 j z no?+ exi/s 9 ,him3 ,he has exalt$ ,himself f> !refrom t a place %\ld conta9 ,him1 j z ,he has sanctifi$ ,himself f> !refrom t "t %\ld limit ,him4 ,nay1 ,he 0 be=e ,he _h creat$ ,"t & ,place & ,he is n[ above t :i* ,he 0 above1 & di/9ct f ,8 creatures ?r\gh ,8 qualities4 ,!re is n 9 ,8 ess5ce ,8 equal1 nor 9 ,8 equal ,8 ess5ce4 ,he is f> remov$ f *ange ( /ate or ( place4 ,ev5ts h no place 9 ,him1 & mi%aps d n befall him4 ,nay1 ,he does n cease1 ?r\gh ,8 glori\s epi!ts1 to be f> remov$ f *ang+1 & ?r\gh ,8 p]fect qualities to be indep5d5t ( p]fect+ increase4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,8 ess5ce is kn[n by reason2 ,8 ess5ce is se5 ) ! eyes1 a b5efit f ,him & a grace to ! pi\s1 9 ! ,abid+ ,abode & a completion 9 beatitude f ,him1 ?r\gh gaz+ ^u ,8 graci\s face4 ,we witness t ,he is liv+1 p[]ful1 comm&+1 conqu]+2 inadequacy & weakness befall ,him n2 slumb] seizes ,him n1 nor sleep4 ,pass+ away does n happ5 to ,him1 nor dea?4 ,he is ,"l ( ! ,worlds1 ! ,visible & ! ,invisible1 t ( ,=ce & t ( ,might2 ,he possesses ,rule & ,conque/ & ,creation & ,comm&2 ! heav5s are roll$ 9 ,8 "r h& & ! creat$ ?+s are ov]come 9 ,8 grasp2 ,he is sep>ate 9 creat+ & inv5t+2 ,he is "o 9 br++ into exi/5ce & innovat+2 ,he creat$ ! creation & _! works & decre$ _! su/5ance & _! t]ms ( life2 n a decre$ ?+ escapes ,8 grasp & ! mutations ( ?+s are n di/ant f ,8 p[]2 ! ?+s :i* ,he ha? decre$ _c be reckon$ & ! ?+s :i* ,he kn[e? h no end4 ,we witness t ,he kn[e? all ! ?+s t c be kn[n1 compreh5d+ t :i* happ5e? f ! b\nds ( ! e>?s unto ! topmo/ heav5s2 no gra9 9 ! e>? or ! heav5s is di/ant f ,8 k4 ,yea1 ,he kn[s ! creep+ ( ! black ant ^u ! rugg$ rock 9 a d>k night1 & ,he p]ceives ! movem5t ( ! mote 9 ! mid/ ( ! air2 ,he kn[s ! secret & ! conceal$ & has k ( ! sugge/ions ( ! m9ds & ! movem5ts ( ! ?\ghts & ! conceal$ ?+s ( ! inmo/ p>ts1 by a k :i* is prior f et]nity2 ,he has n ceas$ to be describable by x1 f ! ages ( ! ages1 n by a k :i* r5ews itself & arises 9 ,8 ess5ce by arrival & removal4 ,we witness t ,he is a ,will] ( ! ?+s t are1 a ,director ( ! ?+s t happ52 !re does n come ab\t 9 ! _w1 se5 or unse51 little or mu*1 small or great1 good or evil1 advantage or disadvantage1 fai? or unbelief1 k or ignorance1 success or loss1 increase or dim9ution1 ob$i5ce or rebellion1 except by ,8 w4 ,:at ,he wills is1 & :at ,he wills n is n4 ,n a glance ( "o :o looks1 or a slip ( "o :o ?9ks is outside ( ,8 w3 ,he is ! ,creator1 ! ,br+] back1 ! ,do] ( t :i* ,he wills4 ,!re is no oppon5t ( ,8 comm& & no repeat] ( ,8 de/9y & no refuge = a creature f disobey+ ,him1 except by ,8 help & ,8 m]cy1 & no /r5g? to a creature to obey ,him except by ,8 w4 ,ev5 ?\gh mank9d & ! ,j9n & ! ,angels & ! ,%aytans 7 to unite to remove a s+le gra9 9 ! _w or to br+ x to re/ )\t ,8 w1 !y w\ld be too weak = t4 ,8 w subsi/s 9 ,8 ess5ce z "o ( ,8 qualities2 ,he ha? n ceas$ to be describ$ ?r\gh x z a ,will]1 9 ,8 inf9ity1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s at _! appo9t$ times :i* ,he ha? decre$4 ,s !y come into exi/5ce at _! appo9t$ times ev5 z ,he has will$ 9 ,8 inf9ity )\t prec$5ce or sequ5ce4 ,!y happ5 accord+ to ! agreem5t ( ,8 k & ,8 w1 )\t ex*ange or *ange 9 plann+ ( ?+s1 nor ) arrang+ ( ?\ghts or await+ ( "t1 & !re=e "o ?+ does n di/ract ,him f ano!r4 ,& we witness t ,he is a ,he>] & a ,se]4 ,he he>s & sees1 & no audible ?+ is di/ant f ,8 he>+1 & no visible ?+ is f> f ,8 see+1 h[ev] f9e x may be4 ,di/ance does n curta9 (f ,8 he>+ & d>kness does n dull ,8 see+2 ,he sees )\t eyeball or eyelid1 & he>s )\t e>holes or e>s1 j z ,he kn[s )\t a bra9 & seizes )\t a limb & creates )\t an in/rum5t1 s9ce ,8 qualities d n resemble ! qualities ( creat$ ?+s1 j z ,8 ess5ce does n resemble ! ess5ces ( creat$ ?+s4 ,& we witness t ,he speaks1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 prais+1 ?reat5+1 ) a spee* f all et]nity1 prior1 subsi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce n resembl+ ! spee* ( creat$ ?+s4 ,x is n a s\nd :i* orig9ates ?r\gh ! slipp+ out ( air1 or /rik+ ( bodies2 nor is x a lett] :i* is sep>at$ (f by clos+ d[n a lip or mov+ a tongue4 ,& ! ,qur'an & ! ,tawrat ! ,law ( ,moses & ! ,injil ! ,gospel & ! ,zabbur ! ,psalms are ,8 book reveal$ to ,8 ,apo/les4 ,& ! ,qur'an is repeat$ by tongues1 writt5 9 copies1 pres]v$ 9 he>ts3 yet x1 9 spite ( t1 is prior1 subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 n subject to division & sep>ation ?r\gh be+ transf]r$ to he>ts & leaves4 ,& ,musa he>d ! spee* ( ,god )\t a s\nd & )\t a lett]1 j z ! pi\s see ! ess5ce ( ,god1 9 ! o!r _w1 )\t a sub/ance or an attribute4 ,& s9ce ,he has ^? qualities1 ,he is ,liv+1 ,kn[+1 ,p[]ful1 a ,will]1 a ,he>]1 a ,se]1 a ,speak]1 ?r\gh ,life1 ,p[]1 ,k1 ,w1 ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,spee*1 n by a ?+ sep>at$ f ,8 ess5ce4 ,we witness t !re is no entity besides ,him1 except :at is orig9at$ f ,8 action & proce$s f ,8 ju/ice1 aft] ! mo/ beautiful & p]fect & complete & j ( ways4 ,he is wise 9 ,8 actions1 j 9 ,8 det]m9ations2 !re is no analogy betwe5 ,8 ju/ice & ! ju/ice ( creatures1 s9ce tyranny is conceivable 9 ! case ( a creature1 :5 he deals ) ! prop]ty ( "s o!r ?an himself1 b tyranny is n conceivable 9 ! case ( ,god4 ,= ,he nev] enc\nt]s any prop]ty 9 ano!r besides ,himself1 s t ,8 deal+ ) x might be tyranny4 ,ev]y?+ besides ,him1 consi/+ ( m5 & ,j9n & ,angels & ,%aytans & ! heav5s & ! e>? & animals & plants & inanimate ?+s & sub/ance & attribute & ?+s p]ceiv$ & ?+s felt1 is an orig9at$ ?+1 :i* ,he creat$ by ,8 p[]1 be=e any o!r _h creat$ x1 aft] x _h n exi/$1 & :i* ,he inv5t$ aft] t x _h n be5 a ?+1 s9ce ,he 9 et]nity 0 an entity by ,himself1 & !re 0 n along ) ,him any o!r ?an ,he4 ,s ,he orig9at$ ! creation !reaft]1 by way ( manife/ation ( ,8 p[]1 & v]ification ( t :i* _h prec$$ ( ,8 ,w1 & ( t :i* exi/$ 9 et]nity ( ,8 ,^w2 n because ,he _h any lack ( x or ne$ ( x4 ,& ,he is graci\s 9 creat+ & 9 mak+ = ! fir/ times & 9 impos+ ( duty--n ( necessity--& ,he is g5]\s 9 b5efit+2 & well-do+ & graci\s help+ belong to ,him1 s9ce ,he is able to br+ ^u ,8 creatures diff]5t k9ds ( puni%m5t & to te/ !m ) diff]5t v>ieties ( pa9s & ailm5ts4 ,& if ,he did t1 x w\ld be ju/ice on ,8 "p1 & w\ld n be a vile action or tyranny 9 ,him4 ,he rew>de? ,8 believ+ creatures = _! acts ( ob$i5ce by a decision :i* is ( g5]osity & ( promise & n ( "r & ( obligation1 s9ce no p>ticul> action t[>d anyone is incumb5t ^u ,him1 & tyranny is inconceivable 9 ,him1 & no "o possesses a "r aga9/ ,him4 ,& ,8 "r to acts ( ob$i5ce is b9d+ ^u ! creatures because ,he has made x b9d+ ?r\gh ! tongues ( ,8 prophets1 n by reason alone4 ,b ,he s5t apo/les & manife/$ _! tru? by pla9 miracles1 & !y br\ght ,8 comm&s & =bidd+s & promis+s & ?reat5+s4 ,s1 belief 9 !m z to :at !y h br\ght is incumb5t ^u ! creation4 ,,! ,,second ,,^w ,,( ,,witness+ is witness+ t ! apo/olate belongs to ! apo/le1 & t ,god s5t ! unlett]$ ,quray%ite prophet1 ,muhammad1 ) 8 apo/olate to ! totality ( ,arabs & =eign]s & ,j9n & m54 ,& ,he abrogat$ by 8 law ! o!r laws1 except s mu* ( !m z ,he confirm$2 & made him excell5t ov] ! re/ ( ! prophets & made him ! ,"l ( ,mank9d & decl>$ incomplete ! ,fai? t consi/s 9 witness+ ! ,unity1 :i* is say+1 8,!re is no god except ,god10 s long z !re is n jo9$ to t a witness+ to ! ,apo/le1 :i* is say+1 8,muhammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god40 ,& ,he made obligatory ^u ! creation belief 9 him1 z to all :i* he n>rat$ conc]n+ ! ?+s ( ?is _w & ! next4 ,& t ,he w\ld n accept ! fai? ( a creature1 s long z he did n believe 9 t :i* ! ,prophet n>rat$ conc]n+ ?+s aft] dea?4 ,! fir/ ( t is ! "q ( ,munk> & ,nakir2 ^! are two awful & t]rible be+s :o w cause ! creature to sit up 9 8 grave1 complete1 bo? s\l & body2 & !y w ask him1 8,:o is ?y ,"l1 & :at is ?y religion 7d971 & :o is ?y ,prophet80 ,!y are ! two te/]s 9 ! grave & _! que/ion+ is ! fir/ te/+ aft] dea?4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! grave--t x is a ,v]ity & t its judgm5t ^u ! body & ! s\l is j1 accord+ to :at ,god wills4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,balance--x ) ! two scales & ! tongue1 ! magnitude ( :i* is l unto ! /ages ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,9 x1 de$s are weigh$ by ! p[] ( ,god ,mo/ ,high2 & its weights 9 t day w be ( ! weight ( motes & mu/>d se$s1 to %[ ! exactitude ( its ju/ice4 ,! leaves ( ! good de$s w be plac$ 9 a beautiful =m 9 ! scale ( light2 & !n ! ,balance w be weigh$ d[n by !m accord+ to ! measure ( _! degree ) ,god1 by ! grace ( ,god4 ,& ! leaves ( evil de$s w be ca/ 9 a vile =m into ! scale ( d>kness1 & ! ,balance w be light ) !m1 ?r\gh ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,& t he %\ld believe t ! ,bridge 7z-sirat7 is a ,v]ity2 x is a bridge /ret*$ ov] ! back ( ,hell 7jahannam71 %>p] ?an a sword & f9] ?an a hair4 ,! feet ( ! unbeliev]s slip ^u x1 by ! decree ( ,god1 & fall ) !m into ! ,fire4 ,b ! feet ( believ]s /& firm ^u x1 by ! grace ( ,god1 & s !y pass into ! ,abid+ ,abode4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,tank 7hawd71 to :i* ! p %all g d[n1 ! ,tank ( ,muhammad f :i* ! believ]s %all dr9k be=e ent]+ ! ,g>d5 & aft] pass+ ! ,bridge4 ,:oev] dr9ks ( x a s+le draught w nev] ?ir/ aga9 !reaft]4 ,its bread? is a j\rney ( a mon?2 its wat] is :it] ?an milk & sweet] ?an honey2 ar\nd x are ew]s 9 numb]s l ! />s ( heav52 into x fl[ two canals f al-,kaw?> 7,qur4 #ajh74 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! ,reckon+ & 9 ! di/9ctions betwe5 m5 9 x1 him ) :om x w g h>d 9 ! ,reckon+ & him to :om compassion w be %[n !re91 & him :o ent]s ! ,g>d5 )\t any reckon+1--^! are ! honor$ 7muq>rab74 ,god ,mo/ ,high w ask :omsoev] ,he w ( ! prophets1 conc]n+ ! c>ry+ ( ,8 message1 & :omsoev] ,he w ( ! unbeliev]s1 conc]n+ ! rejection ( ! mess5g]s2 & ,he w ask ! innovators 7mubtadi#8s7 conc]n+ ! ,sunna2 & ! ,muslims conc]n+ works4 ,& t he %\ld believe t ! atte/ors ( ,god's ,unity 7muwahhids7 w be br\ght =? f ! ,fire1 aft] v5geance has be5 tak5 on !m1 s t !re w n rema9 9 ,hell an atte/or ( ,god's ,unity4 ,& t he %\ld believe 9 ! int]cession 7%afa#8a7 ( ! prophets1 next ( ! le>n$ 7ulama71 next ( ! m>tyrs1 next ( ! re/ ( ! believ]s--ea* accord+ to 8 dignity & rank ) ,god ,mo/ ,high4 ,& he :o rema9s ( ! believ]s1 & has no int]cessor1 %all be br\ght =? ( ! grace ( ,god1 ^: are ,might & ,maje/y4 ,s !re %all n abide et]nally 9 ! ,fire a s+le believ]1 b :oev] has 9 8 he>t ! weight ( a s+le gra9 ( fai? %all be br\ght =? !refrom4 ,& t he %\ld confess ! excell5ce ( ! ,companions--,may ,god be well pleas$ ) !m6--& _! rank2 & t ! mo/ excell5t ( mank9d1 aft] ! ,prophet1 is ,abu ,bakr1 next ,um>1 next ,u?man1 next ,ali--,may ,god be well pleas$ ) !m6 ,& t he %\ld ?9k well ( all ! ,companions & %\ld praise !m l z he praises ,god1 ^: are ,might & ,maje/y1 & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,all ?is is ( t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n 9 traditions f ! ,prophet & 9 n>ratives f ! foll[]s4 ,he :o confesses all ?is1 rely+ ^u x1 is ( ! ,p ( ! ,tru? & ! ,company ( ! ,sunna1 & ha? sep>at$ himself f ! b& ( error & ! sect ( innovation 7bid#8a74 ,s we ask f ,god p]fection ( c]ta9ty & firm /&+ 9 ! ,fai? 7d97 = u & = all ,muslims ?r\gh ,8 compassion4--lo6 ,he is ! ,mo/ ,compassionate6--& may ! bless+ ( ,god be ^u our ,"l ,muhammad & ^u e *os5 creature4 ,v ,,articles ,,( ,,belief ,,( ,,najm ,,ad-,,d9 ,,abu ,,hafs ,,an-,,nasafi ,a ,mat>idite :o d4 ,a4,h4 #ecg4 ,?is cre$ is /ill us$ z a text-book 9 s*ools4 ,x is translat$ f ,cureton's edition 7,london1 #ahdc7 ) ! assi/ance ( at-,taftazani's comm5t>y 7,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,h4 #acaj74 ,! a/]isks m>k ! po9ts on :i* al-,mat>idi diff]$ f al-,a%#8ari4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! m]ciful ,compassionator4 ,! ,%aykh1 ! ,imam1 ,najm ad-,d9 ,abu ,hafs ,um> ibn ,muhammad ibn ,ahmad an-,nasafi--may ,god h m]cy ^u him6--said2--,! ,p ( ,v]ity1 contradict+ ! ,sceptics ,sufi/iqiya1 i4e41 ,sophi/s say t ! real natures ( ?+s are validly e/abli%$ & t ! sci5ce ( !m is c]ta94 ,fur!r1 t ! s\rces ( k = mank9d are ?ree3 ! s\nd ,s5ses1 true ,n>ration 7khab>71 & ,reason 7aql74 ,z = ! ,s5ses1 !y are five3 ,he>+1 ,sight1 ,smell1 ,ta/e & ,t\*1 & by ea* s5se y are in=m$ conc]n+ t = :i* x is appo9t$4 ,true ,n>ration1 aga91 is ( two k9ds4 ,! "o is ,n>ration h&$ d[n along a l>ge numb] ( l9es ( tradition 7mutawatir72 t is1 x is e/abli%$ by ! tongues ( a numb] ( p ( :om we _c imag9e t !y w\ld agree 9 a lie4 ,x compels a k :i* is ( necessity 7d>uri71 su* z ! k ( dep>t$ k+s 9 pa/ times & ( di/ant c\ntries4 ,& ! second is ,n>ration by ! ,apo/le 7rasul7 aid$ by miracle i4e41 ,muhammad1 & x compels d$uc$ k 7i/idlali71 & ! k e/abli%$ by x resembles 9 c]ta9ty & fixity ! k e/abli%$ by necessity4 ,!n z = ,reason1 x is a cause ( k also2 & :atev] is e/abli%$ by intuition 7badaha7 is ( necessity1 z ! k t ev]y?+ is great] ?an its p>ts2 & :atev] is e/abli%$ by inf]5ce is acquir$ k 7iktisabi71 z ! exi/5ce ( fire f ! appe>ance ( smoke4 ,& ! ,inn] ,light 7ilham7 ) ! ,p ( ,v]ity is n "o ( ! causes ( k z to ! s\ndness ( any?+4#e ,fur!r1 ! _w 9 ! totality ( its p>ts is a ?+ orig9at$ 7muhda?71 9 t x consi/s ( ,sub/ances 7ayns7 & ,attributes 7arads74 ,! ,sub/ances are :at exi/ 9 !mselves1 & a sub/ance is ei!r a comp\nd1 t is a body 7jism71 or n comp\nd$ l an ess5ce 7ja:>71 namely a division t is n fur!r divid$4 ,& ! attributes are :at d n exi/ 9 !mselves b h a dep5d5t exi/5ce 9 bodies or ess5ces1 su* z colors1 ta/es1 conditions 7kawns71 odors4 ,! ,orig9ator 7,muhdi?7 ( ! _w is ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,"o1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,decree+1 ! ,kn[+1 ! ,he>+1 ! ,see+1 ! ,will+4 ,he is n an attribute1 nor a body1 nor an ess5ce1 nor a ?+ =m$1 nor a ?+ b\nd$1 nor a ?+ numb]$1 nor a ?+ divid$1 nor a ?+ comp\nd$1 nor a ?+ limit$2 & ,he is n describ$ by quiddity 7mahiya71 nor by modality 7kayfiya71 & ,he does n exi/ 9 place or "t1 & !re is no?+ t resembles ,him & no?+ t is out) ,8 k & p[]4 ,he has qualities 7sifat7 f all et]nity 7azali7 exi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,!y are n ,he nor are !y any o!r ?an ,he4 ,!y are ,k & ,p[] & ,life & ,/r5g? & ,he>+ & ,see+ & ,do+ & ,creat+ & ,su/a9+ & ,spee* 7kalam74 ,& ,he1 ^: ,maje/y is maje/ic1 speaks ) a ,^w 7kalam74 ,?is ,^w is a quality f all et]nity1 n belong+ to ! g5us ( lett]s & s\nds1 a quality t is incompatible ) com+ to sil5ce & t has no weakness4 ,god ,mo/ ,high speaks ) ?is ,^w1 comm&+ & prohibit+ & n>rat+4 ,& ! ,qur'an is ! uncreat$ ,^w ( ,god1 repeat$ by our tongues1 he>d by our e>s1 writt5 9 our copies1 pres]v$ 9 our he>ts1 yet n simply a transi5t /ate 7hal7 9 ^! i4e41 ! tongues1 e>s1 etc44 ,& ,creat+ 7takw97 is a quality ( ,god ,mo/ ,high f all et]nity1 & x is ! ,creat+ ( ! _w & ( e "o ( its p>ts at ! "t ( its becom+ exi/5t1 & ?is quality ( ,creat+ is n ! ?+ creat$1 accord+ to our op9ion499 ,& ,will+ is a quality ( ,god ,mo/ ,high f all et]nity1 exi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce4 ,& t !re is a ,vision 7ru'ya7 ( ,god ,mo/ ,high is all[$ by reason & c]tifi$ by tradition 7naql74 ,a pro( on au?ority has come d[n ) ! affirmation t believ]s h a ,vision ( ,god ,mo/ ,high 9 ,p>adise & t ,he is se51 n 9 a place or 9 a direction or by fac+ or ! jo9+ ( glances or ! plac+ ( a di/ance betwe5 him :o sees & ,god ,mo/ ,high4 ,& ,god ,mo/ ,high is ! ,creator ( all actions ( ,8 creatures1 :e!r ( unbelief or belief1 ( ob$i5ce or ( rebellion2 all ( !m are by ! w ( ,god & ,8 s5t5ce & ,8 conclusion & ,8 decree+4 ,& to ,8 creatures belong actions ( *oice 7ikhtiy>7199 = :i* !y are rew>d$ or puni%$1 & ! good 9 ^! is by ! good pleasure ( ,god 7rida7 & ! vile 9 !m is n by ,8 good pleasure499 ,& ! ability to d ! action 7i/ita#8a7 goes along ) ! action & is ! ess5ce ( ! p[] 7qudra7 by :i* ! action takes place1 & ?is ^w 8ability0 means ! s\ndness ( ! causes & in/rum5ts & limbs4 ,& ! validity ( ! imposition ( ! task 7taklif7 is bas$ ^u ?is ability199 & ! creature has n a task impos$ ^u him t is n 9 8 p[]4 ,& ! pa9 :i* is f\nd 9 "o :o is beat5 z a consequ5ce ( be+ beat5 by any man1 & ! /ate ( be+ brok5 9 glass z a consequ5ce ( its be+ brok5 by any man1 & su* ?+s1 all t is creat$ by ,god ,mo/ ,high1 & ! creature has no "p 9 its creation & a sla9 man is dead because 8 appo9t$ "t 7ajal7 has come2 & dea? exi/s 9 a sla9 man & is creat$ by ,god ,mo/ ,high1 & ! appo9t$ "t is "o4#f ,& t :i* is =bidd5 7h>am7 is /ill ,su/5ance 7rizq71 & ea* "o receives 8 own ,su/5ance :e!r x consi/s ( p]mitt$ or ( =bidd5 ?+s2 & let no "o imag9e t a man %all n eat 8 ,su/5ance or t ano!r ?an he %all eat 8 ,su/5ance4 ,& ,god leade? a/ray :om ,he wills & guide? aright :om ,he wills1 & x is n incumb5t ^u ,god ,mo/ ,high to d t :i* may be be/ 7aslah7 = ! creature4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! grave = unbeliev]s & = "s rebelli\s ones ( ! believ]s1 & ! bliss ( ! ob$i5t 9 ! grave1 & ! que/ion+ by ,munk> & ,nakir are e/abli%$ by pro(s ( au?ority4 ,& ! ,quick5+ ( ! ,dead 7ba#8?7 is a ,v]ity1 & ! ,weigh+ is a ,v]ity1 & ! ,book is a ,v]ity & ! ,tank 7hawd7 is a ,v]ity1 & ! ,bridge1 z-,sirat1 is a ,v]ity1 & ! ,g>d5 is a ,v]ity1 & ! ,fire is a ,v]ity1 & !y are bo? creat$1 exi/+1 cont9u+2 !y %all n pass away & _! p %all n pass away4 ,a great s9 7kabira7 does n exclude ! creature :o believes f ! ,belief 7iman7 & does n make him an unbeliev]4 ,& ,god does n =give him :o jo9s ano!r ) ,himself1 b ,he =gives any?+ b5ea? t to :om ,he wills1 ( s9s small 7saghira7 or great4 ,& !re may be puni%m5t = a small & p>don = a great "o1 if x be n ( ! nature ( consid]+ lawful :at is =bidd51 = t is unbelief 7kufr74 ,& ! int]cession 7%afa#8a7 ( ! ,apo/les & ( ! excell5t on behalf ( ^? :o commit great s9s is e/abli%$4 ,& ^? believ]s :o commit great s9s d n rema9 et]nally 9 ! ,fire al?\gh !y die )\t rep5tance4 ,belief 7iman7 is ass5t 7tasdiq7 to t :i* comes f ,god & confession 7iqr>7 ( x4 ,!n1 z = ,works 7amal71 !y are acts ( ob$i5ce & gradually increase ( !mselves1 b ,belief does n increase & does n dim9i%4 ,& ,belief & al-,islam are "o499 ,& :5ev] ass5t & confession are f\nd 9 a creature1 x is "r t he %\ld say1 8,i am a believ] 9 tru?40 ,& x is n fitt+ t he %\ld say1 8,i am a believ] if ,god w4099 ,! happy "o sometimes becomes mis]able & ! mis]able "o sometimes becomes happy199 & ! *ang+ is 9 happ9ess & mis]y1 & n 9 mak+ happy & mak+ mis]able3 = ^? are bo? qualities ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 & !re is no *ang+ 9 ,him nor 9 ,8 qualities4 ,& 9 ! s5d+ ( ,apo/les 7rasuls7 is an advantage & ,god has s5t ,apo/les ( fle% unto fle% ) good tid+s1 w>n+ & expla9+ to m5 ! ?+s ( ! _w & ( fai?1 ( :i* !y h ne$4 ,& ,he has aid$ !m ) miracles 7mu#8jizat7 :i* break ! ord] ( nature4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,prophets 7nabis7 0 ,adam & ! la/ is ,muhammad1 ,^u bo? ( !m be ,peace6 ,a /atem5t ( _! numb] has be5 h&$ d[n 9 sev]al traditions1 b ! m fitt+ c\rse is t !re %\ld be no limit+ to a numb] 9 nam+ !m2 ,god ,mo/ ,high has said1 8,( !m are ^? conc]n+ :om ,we h recit$ to !e1 & ( !m are ^? conc]n+ :om ,we h n recit$ to !e40 ,& !re is no security 9 a /atem5t ( numb] aga9/ !re be+ ent]$ among !m "s t are n ( !m1 or ( !re be+ exclud$ f !m "s t are ( !m4 ,!y all give intellig5ce conc]n+ ,god ,mo/ ,high1 are v]aci\s & s9c]e1 & ! mo/ excell5t ( ! ,prophets is ,muhammad--,^u him be ,peace6 ,! ,angels are s]vants ( ,god & "w accord+ to ,8 comm&s4 ,!y are n describ$ z mascul9e or fem99e4 ,& ,god has books :i* ,he has reveal$ to ,8 ,prophets1 & 9 !m are ,8 comm&s & ,8 promises4 ,! ,night ,j\rney 7mi#8raj7 ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god--,^u :om be ,bless+ & ,peace6 :ile awake1 9 ! body1 to ,heav51 !n to :at place ,god ,mo/ ,high will$ ( ! ,exalt$ ,regions1 is a ,v]ity4 ,! ,wond]s 7k>amat7 ( ! ,sa9ts 7walis7 are a ,v]ity4 ,& a ,wond] on ! "p ( a ,sa9t appe>s by way ( a contradiction ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 su* z pass+ ov] a great di/ance 9 a %ort "t1 & ! appe>+ ( meat & dr9k & clo?+ at a "t ( ne$1 & walk+ ^u ! wat] & 9 ! air1 & ! spee* ( /ones & ( bea/s1 & ! w>d+ (f ( an evil t is approa*+1 & ! gu>d+ ( him :o is anxi\s f enemies1 & o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d4 ,& su* a ?+ is to be reckon$ z an evid5ti>y miracle 7mu#8jiza7 on behalf ( ! ,apo/le foll[$ by ! ,sa9t on ^: "p ! wond] appe>s4 ,= x is evid5t by x t he is a ,sa9t & he c\ld nev] be a ,sa9t unless he 7 "r 9 8 religion & wor%ip & 9 abid+ by ! message committ$ to 8 ,apo/le4 ,! mo/ excell5t ( mank9d aft] ! ,prophets are ,abu ,bakr1 ! ,v ,v]aci\s 7z-,siddiq71 !n ,um>1 ! ,divid] 7al-,f>uq71 !n ,u?man1 he ( ! ,two ,lights 7,dhu-n-,nurayn71 !n ,ali--,! good-w ( ,god be ^u !m6 ,_! ,khalifates 7 9 ?is ord]1 & ! ,khalifate ext5d$ to ?irty ye>s2 !n1 !reaft]1 came k+s & pr9ces4 ,! ,muslims _c d )\t a lead] 7,imam7 :o %all occupy himself ) ! en=c+ ( _! decisions1 & 9 ma9ta9+ _! b\nd>ies & gu>d+ _! fronti]s1 & equipp+ _! armies1 & receiv+ _! alms1 & putt+ d[n robb]ies & ?iev+ & highwaym51 & ma9ta9+ ! ,friday s]vices & ! ,fe/ivals1 & remov+ qu>rels t fall betwe5 creatures1 & receiv+ evid5ce be>+ on legal claims1 & m>ry+ m9ors1 male & female1 & ^? :o h no gu>dians1 & divid+ booty4 ,& x is necess>y t ! lead] %\ld be visible1 n hidd5 & expect$ to appe> 7muntaz>71 & t he %\ld be ( ! tribe ( ,quray% & n ( any o!r4 ,& he is n assign$ exclusively to ! sons ( ,ha%im nor to ! *ildr5 ( ,ali4 ,& x is n a condition t he %\ld be protect$ by ,god f s9 7isma71 nor t he %\ld be ! mo/ excell5t ( ! p ( 8 "t1 b x is a condition t he %\ld h adm9i/rative ability1 %\ld be a good gov]nor & be able to c>ry out decrees & to gu>d ! re/rictive ord9ances 7hadds7 ( ,islam & to protect ! wrong$ aga9/ him :o wrongs him4 ,& he is n to be depos$ f ! lead]%ip on acc\nt ( immorality or tyranny4 ,pray] is all[able beh9d anyone :e!r pure or a s9n]4 ,& we give ! salutation ( ,peace to ! pure & to ! s9n]4 ,& we ab/a9 f ! m5tion ( ! ,companions 7sahibs7 ( ! ,prophet except ) good4 ,& we be> witness t ,p>adise is = ! t5 to :om ! ,prophet--,god bless him & give him ,peace6--gave good tid+s ( ,p>adise 7al-a%>atu-l-muba%%>a74 ,& we approve ! wip+ 7ma%7 ( ! inn]-%oes 7khuffs7 bo? at home & :5 on a j\rney4 ,& we d n reg>d nabidh z =bidd54 ,& ! ,sa9t does n rea* ! level ( ! ,prophets4 ,& ! creature does n come to a po9t :]e comm&s & prohibitions & ! details ( ! /atutes 9 _! outw>d s5se 7zahir7 fall away f him2 & ! turn+ aside f ^! to ! views :i* ! ,p ( ! ,inn] ,mean+ 7bat97 ass]t is a deviation 7ilhad7 ?r\gh unbelief4 ,& feel+ safe f ,god is unbelief4 ,& despair+ ( ,god is unbelief4 ,& rejection ( ! /atutes & contempt = ! law is unbelief4 ,& believ+ a div9] 7kah97 9 :at he tells ( ! ,unse5 7ghayb7 is unbelief4 ,& :at does n exi/ 7ma#8dum7 is kn[n ( ,god ,mo/ ,high j z :at exi/s 7mawjud7 is kn[n ( ,him & x i4e41 :at does n exi/ is nei!r a ?+ 7%ay7 nor an object ( vision 7m>'an74 ,& 9 pray] ( ! liv+ = ! dead1 & 9 alms (f]$ = !m !re is an advantage to !m4 ,& ,god ,mo/ ,high answ]s pray]s & supplies ne$s4 ,& :at ! ,prophet has report$ ( ! conditions ( ! la/ day 7z-sa#8a71 ( ! appe>ance ( ad-,dajjal & ( ! bea/ ( ! e>? cf4 ,revelations xiii1 #aa ff4 & ( ,yajuj & ,majuj & ! desc5t ( ,isa f heav5 & ! ris+ ( ! sun 9 ! we/1 t is v]ity4 ,& ! ,mujtahids sometimes err & sometimes hit ! m>k4 ,& ! ,apo/les ( mank9d are m excell5t ?an ! ,apo/les ( ! angels2 & ! ,apo/les ( ! angels are m excell5t ?an ! g5]ality ( mank9d2 & ! g5]ality ( mank9d ( ! true believ]s is m excell5t ?an ! g5]ality ( ! angels4 ,,vi ,,! ,,cre$ ,,call$ ,,! ,,suffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,commonalty ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology1 ,,by ,,muhammad ,,al-,,fudali ,d4 ,,fir/ ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,( ,,! ,,hijra ,translat$ f ! ,arabic text ( ,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #acae1 ) ! comm5t>y ( al-,bayjuri4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! m]ciful ,compassionator4 ,praise belonge? unto ,god :o alone br+e? into exi/5ce1 & bless+ & peace be ^u our ,"l ,muhammad1 8 family & companions1 possessors ( beauty & guidance4 ,to proce$3 ,! creature :o /&s 9 ne$ ( ! m]cy ( 8 exalt$ ,"l1 ,muhammad ibn a%-,%afi#8i al-,fudali says3 ,"o ( ! bre?r5 ask$ me t ,i %\ld compose a tractate on ! div9e unity 7ta:id71 & ,i agre$ to t1 foll[+ ! example ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,%aykh1 z-,sanusi1 d4 #hie1 9 ! e/abli%+ ( pro(s1 except t ,i adduc$ ea* pro( 7dalil7 9 connection ) ! doctr9e t 0 to be prov$1 & add$ to x an exposition on acc\nt ( my k ( ! limitations ( t /ud5t4 ,s1 9 ! ascription ( praise to ,god ,mo/ ,high1 x became a tractate1 useful & excell5t = ! e/abli%+ ( t :i* is 9 x4 ,& ,i call$ x1 ,,! ,,suffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,p ,,9 ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,,!m ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology 7kalam74 ,& ,i pray ,god ,mo/ ,high t ,he w make x useful1 = ,he is my suffici5cy1 & excell5t is ! ,gu>dian4 ,"k t x is incumb5t ^u e ,muslim t he %\ld "k fifty articles ( belief 7aqidas71 & = ea* article t he %\ld "k a pro(1 g5]al 7ijmali7 or detail$ 7tafsili74 ,"s say t x is requir$ t he %\ld "k a detail$ pro(1 b ! common op9ion is t a g5]al pro( suffices = ea* article ( ! fifty4 ,an example ( a detail$ pro( is :5 someone says1 8,:at is ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce 7wujud7 ( ,god80 t ! answ] %\ld be1 8,^! creat$ ?+s40 ,t ! ask] %\ld !n say1 8,d ! creat$ ?+s prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god on ! side ( _! possibility or on ! side ( _! exi/5ce aft] non-exi/5ce 7adam780 & t 8 "q %\ld be answ]$4 ,& if ! fur!r "q is n answ]$1 b ! only answ] is1 8,^! creat$ ?+s10 & ! answ]] does n "k :e!r x is on ! side ( _! possibility or ( _! exi/5ce aft] non-exi/5ce1 !n ! pro( is said to be g5]al2 b x is suffici5t accord+ to ! common position4 ,& ) reg>d to taqlid 7bl9d acceptance71 :i* is t fifty articles are kn[n b no pro( ( !m is kn[n1 ei!r g5]al or detail$1 ! le>n$ diff]4 ,"s say t x does n suffice1 & t ! mukallad 7bl9d accept]7 is an unbeliev] 7kafir74 ,ibn al-,arabi d4 #edc held ?is & z-,sanusi1 & ! latt] gave 9 8 comm5t>y on 8 kubra a l5g?y refutation ( ^? :o hold t taqlid is suffici5t4 ,yet !re is a report t he retir$ f ?is position1 & ackn[l$g$ ! suffici5cy ( taqlid2 b ,i h nev] se5 9 8 books any?+ b ! op9ion t x does n suffice4 ,,introduction ,"k t an und]/&+ ( ! fifty foll[+ articles mu/ be bas$ ^u ?ree ?+s--! necess>y 7wajib71 ! impossible 7mu/ahil71 & ! possible 7ja'iz74 ,! necess>y is t ! non-exi/5ce ( :i* _c be appreh5d$ by ! intellect 7aql71 t is1 ! intellect _c affirm its non-exi/5ce1 z b\nd>y to a body 7jirm71 i4e41 its tak+ up a c]ta9 measure ( space 7f>agh74 ,an example ( a body is a tree or a /one4 ,!n1 :5ev] a p]son says to y1 t a tree1 = example1 does n take up room 7mahall7 9 ! e>?1 y\r intellect _c affirm t1 = its tak+ up room is a necess>y ?+1 ! abs5ce ( :i* y\r intellect _c affirm4 ,! impossible is t ! exi/5ce ( :i* _c be appreh5d$2 t is1 ! intellect _c affirm its exi/5ce4 ,!n1 :5ev] anyone says t su* a body is b>e ( motion & re/ at ! same "t1 y\r intellect _c affirm t1 because be+ b>e ( motion & re/ at ! same "t is an impossibility1 ! occurr5ce & exi/5ce ( :i* ! intellect _c affirm1 & :5ev] x is said t weakness 7ajz7 is impossible 9 ,god1 ! mean+ is t ! occurr5ce or exi/5ce ( weakness 9 ,god is un?9kable4 ,s1 too1 ) ! o!r impossibilities4 ,& ! possible is t ! exi/5ce ( :i* at "o "t1 & ! non-exi/5ce at ano!r1 ! intellect c affirm1 z ! exi/5ce ( a *ild ( ,zayd's4 ,:51 !n1 someone says t ,zayd has a *ild1 y\r intellect ackn[l$ges ! possibility ( ! tru? ( t2 & :5ev] he says t ,zayd has no *ild1 y\r intellect ackn[l$ges ! possibility ( ! tru? ( t4 ,s ! exi/5ce & ! non-exi/5ce ( a *ild ( ,zayd is possible2 ! intellect c believe 9 its exi/5ce or 9 its non-exi/5ce4 ,& :5ev] x is said t ,god's su/a9+ ,zayd ) a d9> is a possibility1 ! mean+ is t ! intellect ass5ts to ! exi/5ce ( t su/a9+ 7rizq7 at "o "t & to its non-exi/5ce at ano!r4 ,on ^! ?ree di/9ctions1 !n1 is bas$ ! sci5ce ( ! articles ( belief2 & ^! ?ree are necess>y = e mukallaf "o :o has a task impos$ ^u him2 9 ?is case ( religi\s duty1 male & female1 = t ^u :i* ! necess>y is bas$ is necess>y4 ,! ,imam al-,h>amayn 7d4 #dgh7 ev5 held t an und]/&+ ( ^! ?ree con/itut$ reason itself & t he :o did n "k ! mean+ ( necess>y1 impossible & possible1 0 n a reason+ be+4 ,s1 :5ev] x is said "h t ,p[] is necess>y 7wajib7 9 ,god1 ! mean+ is t ! intellect _c affirm its non-exi/5ce1 because ! necess>y is t ! non-exi/5ce ( :i* ! intellect _c affirm1 z has prec$$4 ,b necess>y 7wajib1 incumb5t7 9 ! s5se ( t ! n do+ ( :i* is puni%$1 is an idea :i* does n ent] into ! sci5ce ( ! div9e ,unity4 ,s1 d n let ! matt] be confus$ = y4 ,x is true t if "o says t belief 9 ! ,p[] ( ,god is incumb5t 7wajib7 on ! mukallaf1 ! mean+ is t he is rew>d$ = t & puni%$ = omitt+ t4 ,?us !re is a di/9ction betwe5 say+ t belief 9 su* & su* is incumb5t & t ! k1 = example1 is necess>y4 ,= :5 x is said t k is necess>y 9 ,god1 ! mean+ is t ! intellect _c affirm ! non-exi/5ce ( k 9 ,god4 ,b :5 x is said t belief 9 t k is incumb5t1 ! mean+ is t belief 9 x is rew>d$ & lack ( belief puni%$4 ,s1 apply ?yself to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two & be n ( ^? :o reg>d taqlid 9 ! articles ( ,religion z "r1 t s y\r fai? 7iman7 %\ld diff] f ! tru? & y %\ld abide 9 ! ,fire1 accord+ to ^? :o hold t taqlid does n suffice4 ,z-,sanusi said1 8,a p]son is n a ,believ] :5 he says1 #8,i hold by ! ,articles & w n ab&on !m ?\gh ,i be cut 9 pieces2' nay1 he is n a ,believ] until he kn[s ea* ,article ( ! fifty1 along ) its pro(40 ,& ?is sci5ce ( !ology mu/ be /udi$ fir/ ( all sci5ces1 z may be ga!r$ f ! comm5t>y by at-,taftazani1 d4 #gia on z-,sanusi's ,articles2 = he made ?is sci5ce a f\ndation on :i* o!r ?+s are built4 ,s a judgm5t z to anyone's c]emonial ablution 7wudu7 or pray] is n valid unless ! p]son 9 "q kn[s ^! articles or1 on ! o!r h&1 holds !m )\t pro(4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[1 let u /ate to y ! fifty articles %ortly1 be=e /at+ !m 9 detail4 ,"k1 !n1 t tw5ty qualities are necess>y 9 ,god ,mo/ ,high1 t tw5ty are impossible 9 ,him & t "o is possible4 ,?is makes up =ty-"o4 ,& 9 ! case ( ! ,apo/les1 f\r qualities are necess>y1 f\r impossible & "o possible4 ,?is makes up ! fifty4 ,& !re %all come an accurate acc\nt ( doctr9es along ) ! /atem5t ( !m1 if x be ! w ( ,god ,mo/ ,high4 ,! fir/ ( ! qualities necess>y 9 ,god is exi/5ce 7wujud72 & !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to its mean+4 ,all except ! ,imam al-,a%#8ari & 8 foll[]s hold t exi/5ce is ! /ate 7hal7 necess>y to ! ess5ce s long z ! ess5ce abides2 & ?is /ate has no cause 7illa74 ,& ! mean+ ( x be+ a /ate is t x does n atta9 to ! degree ( an entity 7mawjud7 & does n fall to ! degree ( a non-entity 7ma#8dum71 s t x %\ld be non-exi/5ce pure1 b is half way betwe5 an entity & a non-entity4 ,s ! exi/5ce ( ,zayd1 = example1 is a /ate necess>y to 8 ess5ce2 t is1 x _c be sep>at$ f 8 ess5ce4 ,& :5 x is said t x has no cause1 ! mean+ is t x does n orig9ate 9 any?+1 z oppos$ to ,zayd's pot5tiality 7qadir1 p[]ful71 = example1 :i* orig9ates 9 8 p[] 7qudra74 ,s ,zayd's pot5tiality & 8 exi/5ce are two /ates :i* subsi/ 9 8 ess5ce1 unp]ceiv$ by any ( ! five s5ses2 only1 ! fir/ has a cause 9 :i* x orig9ates1 & x is p[]1 & ! second has no cause4 ,?is is ! description ( a p]sonal /ate 7hal nafsi7 & e /ate subsi/+ 9 an ess5ce1 )\t a cause1 is a p]sonal quality 7sifa nafsiya74 ,x is t )\t :i* ! ess5ce is un?9kable2 t is1 ! ess5ce _c be appreh5d$ by ! intellect & compreh5d$ except ?r\gh its p]sonal quality1 l limitation = a body4 ,=1 if y appreh5d & compreh5d a body1 y h compreh5d$ t x is limit$4 ,s1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e--t exi/5ce is a /ate--! ess5ce ( ,god is n ,8 exi/5ce & ! ess5ces ( ! creat$ ?+s are n _! exi/5ces4 ,b al-,a%#8ari & 8 foll[]s hold t exi/5ce is ! self 7ayn7 ( an entity1 & accord+ to _! view ! exi/5ce ( ,god is ! self ( ,8 ess5ce & n an addition to x ext]nally1 & ! exi/5ce ( a creat$ ?+ is ! self ( its ess5ce4 ,&1 on ?is view1 x is n cle> h[ exi/5ce c be reckon$ z a quality1 because exi/5ce is ! self ( ! ess5ce1 & a quality1 on ! o!r h&1 z we h se5 already1 is some?+ else ?an ! ess5ce4 ,b if he makes exi/5ce a quality1 !n ! ?+ is pla9 & ! mean+ t exi/5ce is necess>y 9 ,god1 accord+ to ! fir/ view1 is t ! p]sonal quality is a /ate e/abli%$ 9 ,god2 & its mean+1 on ! second view1 is t ! ess5ce ( ,god is an entity ) ext]nal reality1 s t if ! veil 7 remov$ f u we w\ld see x4 ,! ess5ce ( ,god1 !n1 is a reality2 only1 its exi/5ce is some?+ else ?an x1 on ! "o view1 & is x1 on ! o!r4 ,& ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god is ! orig9 7hudu?7 ( ! _w2 t is1 its exi/5ce aft] non-exi/5ce4 ,! _w consi/s ( bodies 7jirms7 l ess5ces2 & accid5ts 7arads7 l motion1 & re/ & colors4 ,& ! orig9 ( ! _w is a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god only because x is n s\nd reason+ t x %\ld orig9ate ?r\gh itself )\t someone br++ x into exi/5ce4 ,be=e x exi/$1 its exi/5ce equall$ its non-exi/5ce2 !n1 :5 x ent]$ exi/5ce & its non-exi/5ce ceas$1 we "k t its exi/5ce ov]balanc$ its non-exi/5ce4 ,b ?is exi/5ce _h previ\sly equall$ ! non-exi/5ce2 & x is n s\nd reason+ t x c\ld ov]balance ! non-exi/5ce ?r\gh itself2 s t x is cle> t !re mu/ h be5 "o :o caus$ ! ov]balanc+1 o!r ?an itself1 & x is ,he t br\ght x into exi/5ce2 = x is impossible t "o ( two equal ?+s c\ld ov]balance ! o!r )\t an ov]balanc]4 ,= example1 be=e ,zayd exi/s x is possible t he may come into exi/5ce 9 su* & su* a ye> & also t he may rema9 9 non-exi/5ce4 ,s1 8 exi/5ce is equal to 8 non-exi/5ce4 ,s1 !n1 :5 he exi/s & 8 non-exi/5ce ceases1 9 ! "t 9 :i* he exi/s1 we "k t 8 exi/5ce is by a br+]-into-exi/5ce & n ?r\gh himself4 ,! pro(1 9 %ort1 is t y say3--,! _w1 consi/+ ( bodies & accid5ts1 is a ?+ orig9at$ 7hadi?71 i4e41 an entity aft] non-exi/5ce4 ,& e orig9at$ ?+ _c help b h an orig9ator 7muhdi?74 ,!re=e1 ! _w mu/ h _h an orig9ator4 ,?is is :at c be ga9$ by an intellectual pro(4 ,b z = ! ,orig9ator be+ nam$ by ! ,glori\s & ,l(ty ,expression i4e41 ,allah1 ,god or ! o!r ,names 7asma71 k ( t is to be ga9$ f ! ,prophets only4 ,s note ?is po9t c>efully & also ! pro( :i* has prec$$1 t ! orig9at+ ( ! _w is a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,him ,mo/ ,high4 ,b z = ! pro( t ! _w has _h an orig91 "k t ! _w consi/s ( bodies & accid5ts only1 z has prec$$4 ,& ! accid5ts1 l motion & re/1 are orig9at$1 because y obs]ve _! *ang+ f exi/5ce to non-exi/5ce & f non-exi/5ce to exi/5ce4 ,y see x is s 9 ! motion ( ,zayd4 ,8 motion is lack+ if he is at re/2 & 8 re/ is lack+ if he is 9 motion4 ,!n 8 re/1 :i* comes aft] 8 motion1 exi/s aft] t x has be5 lack+ ?r\gh motion2 & 8 motion1 :i* comes aft] 8 re/1 exi/s aft] t x has be5 lack+ ?r\gh 8 re/4 ,& exi/5ce aft] non-exi/5ce means hav+ an orig94 ,& bodies are insep>able f attributes1 because !y are nev] free f ei!r motion or re/4 ,& :atev] is insep>able f a ?+ hav+ orig9 mu/ h orig92 i4e41 mu/ be an entity aft] non-exi/5ce4 ,s1 ! bodies are orig9at$ also1 l ! attributes4 ,! pro(1 9 %ort1 is t y say3 ,bodies are insep>able f attributes & ^! h an orig92 ev]y?+ t is insep>able f t :i* has an orig91 itself has an orig92 !re=e1 bodies h an orig94 ,& ! orig9 ( ! two ?+s--bodies & attributes--t is _! exi/5ce aft] non-exi/5ce1 is a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,him ,mo/ ,high1 because ev]y?+ hav+ an orig9 mu/ h an orig9ator1 & !re is no orig9ator ( ! _w save ,god ,mo/ ,high alone1 :o has no p>tn] 7%>ik7 z %all be %[n 9 ! pro( ( ,8 ,unity4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! g5]al pro(1 a k ( :i* is incumb5t ^u e mukallaf1 male & female1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ibn al-,arabi & z-,sanusi1 :o hold ^? :o d n "k x to be unbeliev]s4 ,s1 bew>e le/ !re be a contradiction 9 y\r fai?4 ,! second ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,priority 7qidam72 its mean+ is lack ( beg9n+4 ,& ! mean+ ( ,god's be+ ,prior 7qadim7 is t !re 0 no beg9n+ to ,8 exi/5ce1 z oppos$ to ,zayd1 = example4 ,zayd's exi/5ce _h a beg9n+ & x 0 ! creation f ! drop f :i* he 0 creat$4 ,& !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion :e!r ,prior & ,azali 7et]nal ) respect to pa/ "t7 mean ! same or n4 ,^? :o hold t !y mean ! same1 def9e !m z t :i* has no beg9n+1 & expla9 8t :i*0 by ?+ 7%ay74 ,t is1 prior & azali are ! ?+ :i* has no beg9n+2 s ! ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 qualities are includ$4 ,& ^? :o hold t _! mean+ is diff]5t def9e prior z ! entity :i* _h no beg9n+ & azali z t :i* _h no beg9n+1 cov]+ ?us bo? entity & non-entity4 ,s azali is broad] ?an prior1 b !y bo? come toge!r 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 exi/5tial qualities4 ,! ess5ce ( ,god is azali & ,8 ,p[] 7qudra7 is azali4 ,b only azali is said ( ! /ates 7hals7 l ,god's be+ p[]ful1 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( ! /ates4 ,= ,god's be+ p[]ful is call$ azali1 9 accordance ) t doctr9e1 & is n call$ prior1 because 9 prior !re mu/ be exi/5ce1 & 8be+ p[]ful0 does n rise to ! level ( exi/5ce to be+ an entity1 b is only a /ate 7hal74 ,& ! pro( ( ,god's ,priority is t if ,he 7 n ,prior ,he w\ld be a ?+ orig9at$ 7hadi?71 because !re is no m$ium betwe5 ! prior & ! ?+ orig9at$2 to ev]y?+ ( :i* priority is d5i$1 orig9 belongs4 ,b if ,god 7 a ?+ orig9at$1 ,he w\ld ne$ an orig9ator1 & ,8 orig9ator w\ld ne$ an orig9ator1 & s on4 ,!n1 if ! orig9ators did n co9cide1 !re w\ld be ! ,endless ,*a9 7tasalsul71 t is a sequ5ce ( ?+s1 "o aft] ano!r to inf9ity2 & ! ,endless ,*a9 is impossible4 ,& if ! s]ies ( orig9ators comes to an end by x be+ said t ! orig9ator ( ,god 0 orig9at$ by ,him1 !n we h ! ,circle 7dawr7 & x is t "o ?+ dep5ds on ano!r ?+ :i* aga9 dep5ds on ! fir/4 ,= if ,god _h an orig9ator1 ,he w\ld dep5d on ?is orig9ator2 b ! hypo!sis is t ,god orig9at$ ?is orig9ator & s ! orig9ator dep5ds on ,him4 ,b ! ,circle is impossible2 t is1 its exi/5ce is un?9kable4 ,& t :i* leads to ! ,circle & to ! ,*a91 bo? be+ impossible1 involves ! orig9at+ ( ,god4 ,s1 ! orig9at+ ( ,god is impossible2 = :at involves an impossibility is impossible4 ,! pro(1 9 %ort1 is t y say1 8,if ,god 7 o!r ?an ,prior1 ?r\gh be+ a ?+ orig9at$1 ,he w\ld h ne$ ( an orig9ator4 ,!n ! ,circle or ! ,*a9 w\ld be unavoidable2 b !y are bo? impossible4 ,s1 ! orig9at+ ( ,god is impossible & ,8 ,priority is e/abli%$2 & t is :at has be5 s\ght40 ,?is is ! g5]al pro( ( ! ,priority ( ,god1 & by x ! mukallaf escapes f ! noose ( taqlid1 ! rema9] 9 :i* w abide et]nally 9 ! ,fire1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ibn al-,arabi & z-,sanusi1 z has prec$$4 ,! ?ird ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,cont9uance 7baqa74 ,! mean+ ( x is lack ( t]m9ation ( ! exi/5ce2 & ! mean+ ( ,god's be+ cont9u+ is t !re is no end to ,8 exi/5ce4 ,& ! pro( ( ,god's cont9uance is t if x 7 possible t any lack c\ld be jo9$ to ,him1 !n ,he w\ld be a ?+ orig9at$ & w\ld ne$ an orig9ator & !n ! ,circle or ! ,*a9 w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,a def9ition ( ea* "o ( ^! two has prec$$ 9 ! pro( ( ,priority & 9 ! explanation t to a ?+ ) :i* non-exi/5ce is possible1 priority mu/ be d5i$4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ev]yone to :om non-exi/5ce is jo9$ is possible1 & ev]y?+ ^: exi/5ce is possible is a ?+ orig9at$1 & ev]y?+ orig9at$ requires an orig9ator4 ,b ,priority has be5 e/abli%$ = ,god by ! prec$+ pro(1 & non-exi/5ce is impossible = ev]y?+ = :i* ,priority has be5 e/abli%$4 ,s ! pro( ( ,cont9uance 9 ,god is ! same z ! pro( ( ,priority4 ,t pro(1 9 %ort1 is t y say1 8,if ,cont9uance is n necess>y 9 ,him1 !n ,priority mu/ be negat$ ( ,him4 ,b ,priority _c be negat$ on acc\nt ( ! prec$+ pro(40 ,?is is ! g5]al pro( ( ,cont9uance1 a k ( :i* is incumb5t on e individual4 ,& simil>ly a k ( e article is necess>y & ( its g5]al pro(4 ,!n1 if "s ( ! articles are kn[n ) _! pro(s1 & ! re/ are n kn[n ) _! pro(s1 t is n suffici5t accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o d n reg>d taqlid z suffici5t4 ,! f\r? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is diff]5ce 7mukhalafa7 f orig9at$ ?+s4 ,t is1 f creat$ ?+s 7makhluqat71 = ,god is diff]5t f e creat$ ?+1 m51 ,j9n1 angels & ! re/2 & x is n good t ,he %\ld be describ$ ) ! descriptions :i* apply to creat$ ?+s1 z walk+1 sitt+1 hav+ memb]s ( ! body1 = ,he is f> remov$ 7munazzah7 f memb]s ( ! body1 z m\?1 eye1 e> & ! l4 ,!n1 f ev]y?+ t is 9 y\r m9d ( l5g? & bread? & %ortness & fatness1 ,god is diff]5t2 ,he has remov$ ,himself f> f all descriptions :i* apply to ! creation4 ,& ! pro( ( ! necessity ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ,god is t if any orig9at$ ?+ resembl$ ,him1 t is1 if x 7 laid d[n t ,god c\ld be describ$ ) any ( ! ?+s ) :i* an orig9at$ ?+ is describ$1 !n ,he w\ld be an orig9at$ ?+4 ,& if ,god 7 an orig9at$ ?+1 !n ,he w\ld ne$ an orig9ator1 & ,8 orig9ator1 ano!r orig9ator1 & s we w\ld come necess>ily to ! circle or ! *a91 & bo? ( ^! are impossible4 ,?is pro(1 9 %ort1 is t y say1 8,if ,god resembles a creat$ ?+ 9 any?+1 ,he is an orig9at$ ?+1 because :at is possible 9 "o ( two ?+s resembl+ ea* o!r1 is possible 9 ! o!r4 ,b t ,god %\ld be orig9at$ is impossible1 = priority is necess>y 9 ,him4 ,& :5 be+ orig9at$ is d5i$ 9 ,him1 ,8 diff]5ce f creat$ ?+s /&s fa/ & !re is absolutely no resemblance betwe5 ,him & ! orig9at$ ?+s40 ,?is is ! g5]al pro(1 ! k ( :i* is necess>y1 z has prec$$4 ,! fif? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is self-subsi/5ce 7qiyam b9-nafs74 ,t is 9 ! ess5ce2 & its mean+ is t !re is indep5d5ce ( a locus 7mahall1 subject7 & a specifi] 7mukhassis74 ,! locus is ! ess5ce & ! specifi] is ! br+]-into-exi/5ce 7mujid72 !n ! mean+ ( ,god's subsi/+ 9 ,himself is t ,he is indep5d5t ( an ess5ce 9 :i* ,he may subsi/1 or ( a br+]-into-exi/5ce2 = ,he is ! br+]-into-exi/5ce ( all ?+s4 ,! pro( t ,he subsi/s 9 ,himself is t y say1 8,if ,god _h ne$ ( a locus1 t is an ess5ce1 9 :i* ,he might subsi/1 z :it5ess has ne$ ( an ess5ce 9 :i* x may subsi/1 ,he w\ld be a quality1 z :it5ess1 = example1 is a quality4 ,b x is n s\nd to say ( ,him t ,he is a quality1 = ,he is describ$ by qualities1 & a quality is n describ$ by qualities1 s ,he is n a quality4 ,& if ,he _h ne$ ( a br+]-into-exi/5ce1 ,he w\ld be an orig9at$ ?+1 & ,8 orig9ator w\ld be an orig9at$ ?+ also1 & ! ,circle or ! ,*a9 w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,!n x /&s fa/ t ,he is ! absolutely indep5d5t1 t is1 ,he is indep5d5t ( ev]y?+4 ,b ! creat$ ?+ t is indep5d5t is indep5d5t 9 a limit$ s5se only2 t is1 ( "o ?+ 9 place ( ano!r4 ,& may ,god rule ?y guidance40 ,! six? ,quality 9 ,god is ,unity 7wahdaniya74 ,x is unity 9 ess5ce & qualities & acts 9 ! s5se ( abs5ce ( multiplicity4 ,& ! mean+ ( ,god's be+ "o 9 ,8 ess5ce is t ,8 ess5ce is n comp\nd$ ( p>ts1 & ?is comp\nd+ is call$ int]nal quantity 7kamm muttasil74 ,& 9 ! s5se t !re is n 9 exi/5ce or 9 possibility an ess5ce :i* resembles ! ess5ce ( ,god1 ?is impossibility ( resemblance is call$ ext]nal quantity 7kamm munfasil74 ,! unity1 !n1 9 ! ess5ce d5ies bo? quantities1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,& ! mean+ ( ,god's ,on5ess 9 qualities is t ,he has n two qualities agree+ 9 "n & mean+1 l two ,p[]s1 or two ,kn[l$ges or two ,wills--= ,he has only "o ,p[] & "o ,w & "o ,k1 9 opposition to ,abu ,sahl1 :o held t ,he _h kn[l$ges to ! numb] ( ! ?+s kn[n4 ,& ?is1 ,i mean multiplicity 9 qualities1 is call$ int]nal quantity 9 qualities4 ,or ! s5se is1 t no "o has a quality resembl+ a quality ( ,god4 ,& ?is1 ,i mean anyone possess+ a quality1 etc41 is call$ ext]nal quantity 9 qualities4 ,on5ess1 !n1 9 qualities1 negates quantity 9 !m1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,& ! mean+ ( ,god's ,on5ess 9 acts is t no creat$ ?+ possesses an act1 = ,god is ! creator ( ! acts ( creat$ ?+s1 prophets1 angels & ! re/4 ,& z = :at happ5s :5 an individual dies or falls into pa9 on oppos+ himself to a sa9t 7wali71 t is by ! creation ( ,god1 :o creates x :5 ! sa9t is angry ) ! man :o opposes him4 ,d n !n expla9 ,on5ess 9 acts by say+ t no o!r ?an ,god has an act l ,god's act1 = t involves t "s o!r ?an ,god has an act1 b t x is n l ! act ( ,god4 ,t is false4 ,god x is :o is ! creator ( all acts4 ,:at comes f y by way ( movem5t ( ! h&1 :5 y /rike ,zayd1 = example1 is by ! creation ( ,god4 ,he has said 7,qur4 #cg1 #ii71 8,god creat$ y1 & :at d ye d80 ,& ano!r ?an ,god be+ possessor ( an act is call$ ext]nal quantity 9 acts4 ,s ! unity necess>y 9 ,god d5ies ! five impossible quantities4 ,int]nal quantity 9 ! ess5ce makes ! ess5ce a comp\nd ( p>ts2 ext]nal quantity means t !re is an ess5ce :i* resembles x4 ,int]nal quantity 9 ! qualities is t ,god has two ,p[]s1 = example2 ext]nal quantity 9 !m means t someone else has a quality :i* resembles "o ( ,8 qualities4 ,ext]nal quantity 9 acts means t "s o!r ?an ,god possesses an act4 ,^! five quantities d5y ! unity necess>y 9 ,god4 ,! mean+ ( quantity is numb] 7adad74 ,! pro( t ,unity is necess>y 9 ,god is ! exi/5ce ( ! _w4 ,if ,god _h a p>tn] 7%>ik7 9 div9ity 7uluhiya71 ! case c\ld n be 9 d\bt4 ,ei!r !y w\ld agree on ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 9 t "o ( !m w\ld say1 8,i w cause ! _w to exi/10 & ! o!r w\ld say1 8,i w cause x to exi/ along ) !e1 t we may help "o ano!r 9 x40 ,or !y w\ld disagree1 & "o ( !m w\ld say1 8,i w cause ! _w to exi/ by my p[]10 & ! o!r1 8,i w t ! exi/5ce be lack+40 ,!n1 if !y agre$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( ! _w 9 t bo? ( !m toge!r caus$ x to exi/1 & x exi/$ ?r\gh _! action1 t w\ld necess>ily involve ! co9cid5ce ( two impressors ^u "o impression1 :i* is impossible4 ,& if !y disagre$1 x is pla9 t ! w ( "o ei!r w\ld be c>ri$ out or x w\ld n be c>ri$ out4 ,if ! w ( "o1 r ?an ! o!r1 is c>ri$ out1 !n ! o!r ^: w is n c>ri$ out mu/ be weak]4 ,b our hypo!sis 0 t he 0 equal 9 div9ity to ! "o ^: w 0 c>ri$ out4 ,s :5ev] weakness is e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ! "o1 x is e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ! o!r1 = he is l ! o!r4 ,& if ! wills ( bo? are n c>ri$ out1 !y are bo? weak4 ,& ^u e alt]native1 t !y agree or diff]1 ! exi/5ce ( a s+le ?+ ( ! _w is impossible2 because if !y agree on its exi/5ce1 !re necess>ily foll[s ! co9cid5ce ( two impressors ^u "o impression if _! w is c>ri$ out1 & t is impossible4 ,s ! c>ry+ out ( _! w is n affect$1 & x is n possible t a s+le ?+ ( ! _w %\ld come into exi/5ce !n4 ,& if !y disagree & ! w ( "o ( !m is c>ri$ out1 ! o!r is weak4 ,b he is 8 l4 ,s x is n possible t !re %\ld come into exi/5ce a s+le ?+ ( ?is _w1 = he is weak4 ,s ! ,god is n except "o4 ,& if !y diff] & _! w is n c>ri$ out1 !y are weak & n able to cause ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ ( ! _w4 ,b ! _w exi/s1 by common witness 7mu%ahada74 ,s x /&s fa/ t ! ,god is "o2 & t 0 :at 0 s\ght4 ,s ! exi/5ce ( ! _w is pro( ( ! ,unity ( ,god & t ,he has no p>tn] 9 any act1 & no second cause 9 an action4 ,he is ! indep5d5t 7al-,ghani71 ! absolutely indep5d5t4 ,& f ?is pro( x may be kn[n t !re is no impression1 by fire or a knife or eat+1 ^u any?+1 consi/+ ( burn+ or cutt+ or satiety1 b ,god makes ! be+ burnt 9 a ?+ :i* fire t\*es1 :5 x t\*es x1 & be+ cut 9 a ?+ ) :i* a knife is br\ght into contact1 :5 x is br\ght into contact ) x1 & satiety at eat+ & satisfaction at dr9k+4 ,& he :o holds t fire burns by its nature 7tab71 & wat] satisfies by its nature1 & s on1 is an unbeliev] 7kafir7 by agreem5t 7ijma74 ,& he :o holds t x burns by a p[] 7quwa7 creat$ 9 x by ,god1 is ignorant & corrupt1 because he kn[s n ! true nature 7haqiqa7 ( ,unity4 ,?is is ! g5]al pro( a k ( :i* is incumb5t ^u e individual1 male & female3 & he :o kn[s x n is an unbeliev]1 accord+ to z-,sanusi & al-,arabi4 ,& may ,god rule ?y guidance4 ,& ,priority & ,cont9uance & ,diff]5ce f orig9at$ ?+s & ,self-,subsi/5ce & ,unity are negative qualities 7sifat salabiya71 t is1 _! mean+ is negation & exclusion1 = ea* ( !m excludes f ,god :at does n beseem ,him4 ,! sev5? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,p[] 7qudra74 ,x is a quality :i* makes an impression on a ?+ t is capable ( exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce4 ,s x comes into connection 7ta#8allaqa7 ) a non-entity & makes x an entity1 z x came into connection ) y be=e y exi/$4 ,& x comes into connection ) an entity & r$uces x to a non-entity1 z x comes into contact ) a body :i* ,god desires %\ld become a non-entity1 t is1 a n-?+ 7la %ay74 ,?is connection is call$ accompli%$ 7tanjizi7 9 ! s5se t x is actual 7bil-fi#8l71 & ?is accompli%$ connection is a ?+ t takes place 7hadi?74 ,b ?is quality has also an et]nal1 pot5tial connection 7saluhi qadim71 & x is its pot5tiality f et]nity ( br++ into exi/5ce4 ,x is pot5tial 9 et]nity to make ,zayd tall or %ort or broad1 or give him k2 b its accompli%$ connection is condition$ by ! /ate 9 :i* ,zayd is4 ,s x has two connections2 "o et]nal1 pot5tial1 :i* has be5 describ$1 & "o accompli%$1 happ5+4 ,! la/ is its connection ) a non-entity1 :5 x makes x an entity2 & ) an entity1 :5 x makes x a non-entity4 ,& ?is1 ,i mean its connection ) an entity or a non-entity1 is a real 7haqiqi7 connection4 ,b x has also a figurative 7majazi7 connection4 ,t is1 its connection ) an entity aft] x has become s & be=e x has become a non-entity1 z x is connect$ ) u aft] we h come to exi/ & be=e we h ceas$ to exi/4 ,x is call$ ! connection ( grasp+ 7ta#8alluqu-l-qabdati7 9 ! s5se t ! entity is 9 ! grasp 7qabda7 ( ! ,p[] ( ,god4 ,if ,god w1 ,he makes x rema9 an entity2 & if ,he w1 ,he r$uces x to non-entity4 ,& its connection ) ! non-entity be=e t ,god wills its exi/5ce is l its connection ) ,zayd at ! "t ( ! ,flood 7tufan71 = example2 x also is a connection ( grasp+ 9 ! s5se t ! non-entity is 9 ! grasp ( ! ,p[] ( ,god4 ,if ,god wills1 ,he makes x rema9 9 non-exi/5ce1 & if ,he wills1 ,he br+s x out into exi/5ce4 ,& simil> is its connection ) u aft] our dea? & be=e ! resurrection 7ba#8?74 ,x1 too1 is call$ a connection ( grasp+ 9 ! s5se ( :at has prec$$4 ,s ! quality ( ,p[] has sev5 connections3 7#a7 et]nal1 7#b7 connection ( grasp+ 7t is1 its connection ) u be=e ,god wills our exi/5ce71 7#c7 actual connection 7t is1 ,god's br++ ! ?+ into exi/5ce71 7#d7 connection ( grasp+ 7t is1 connection ) a ?+ aft] exi/5ce & be=e ,god has will$ non-exi/5ce71 7#e7 actual connection 7t is1 ,god's mak+ a ?+ a non-entity71 7#f7 connection ( grasp+ aft] non-exi/5ce & be=e ! resurrection1 7#g7 actual connection 7t is1 ,god's mak+ u exi/ on ! day ( resurrection74 ,b ! real connections ( ^! are two2 ,god's br++ into exi/5ce & br++ into non-exi/5ce4 ,?is is a detail$ /atem5t2 & a g5]al /atem5t w\ld be t ,god's ,p[] has two connections--z is commonly accept$--a pot5tial & an accompli%$2 b ! accompli%$ is limit$ to actual br++ into exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,& ! connection ( grasp+ is n to be describ$ z accompli%$1 nor z et]nal4 ,& :at has prec$$ ab\t ?is quality connect+ ) exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce is ! op9ion ( ! multitude on ! subject4 ,b "s hold t x does n connect ) non-exi/5ce2 t :5ev] ,god desires ! non-exi/5ce ( an individual1 ,he takes away f him ! aids 7imdadat7 :i* are ! cause ( 8 cont9uance4 ,! eigh? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,w 7irada74 ,x is ! quality :i* specifies ! possible ) "o ( ! ?+s possible to x4 ,= example1 tallness & %ortness are possible to ,zayd2 !n ,w specifies him ) "o1--tallness1 say4 ,p[] br+s tallness out ( non-exi/5ce into exi/5ce4 ,s ,w specifies & ,p[] br+s out4 ,& ! possibilities 7mumk9at7 ) :i* ,p[] & ,w connect are six3 7#a7 exi/5ce1 7#b7 non-exi/5ce1 7#c7 qualities1 l tallness & %ortness1 7#d7 times1 7#e7 places1 7#f7 directions4 ,& ! possibilities are call$ 8! mutual oppos]s0 7mutaqabilat71 exi/5ce opposes non-exi/5ce & tallness opposes %ortness & direction upw>d opposes direction d[nw>d1 & "o place1 l ,egypt1 opposes ano!r place1 l ,syria4 ,& ?is1 9 %ort1 means t x is possible 9 ! case ( ,zayd1 = example1 t he %\ld rema9 9 non-exi/5ce & also t he %\ld ent] exi/5ce at ?is "t4 ,!n1 :5ev] he ent]s exi/5ce1 ,w has specifi$ exi/5ce in/ead ( non-exi/5ce1 & ,p[] has br\ght out exi/5ce4 ,& x w\ld h be5 possible t he might h ent]$ exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! ,flood 7tufan7 or at "s o!r "t2 s t :i* specifies 8 exi/5ce at ?is "t in/ead ( any o!r is ,w4 ,& x is possible t he %\ld be tall or %ort2 !n t :i* specifies 8 tallness in/ead ( %ortness is ,w4 ,& x is possible t he %\ld be 9 ! direction upw>d1 !n t :i* specifies him 9 ! direction d[nw>d is ,w4 ,& ,p[] & ,w are two qualities subsi/+ 9 ,god's ess5ce--two entities2 if ! veil 7 remov$ f u we c\ld see !m4 ,!y h connection ) ! possible only2 b none ) ! impossible1 su* z a p>tn] = ,god4 ,he is f> remov$ f t6 ,nor ) ! necess>y1 l ! ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 qualities4 ,ignorance is ! say+ ( ^? :o hold t ,god has p[] to take a son 7walad72 = ,p[] has no connection ) ! impossible & tak+ a son is impossible4 ,b x %\ld n be said t because ,he has no p[] to take a son1 ,he is !re=e weak4 ,we say t weakness w\ld foll[ only if ! impossible 7 ( t :i* is allott$ to ,p[]4 ,b ,p[] has n be5 connect$ ) t1 see+ t no?+ is allott$ to x except ! possible4 ,& ,w has two connections1 "o et]nally pot5tial1 & x is its pot5tiality to specify f all et]nity4 ,s1 9 ! case ( ! tall or ! %ort ,zayd1 x is possible t he might be o!rwise ?an :at he is1 s f> z relation%ip to ! pot5tiality ( ,w is conc]n$4 ,= ,w is pot5tial t ,zayd %\ld be a ,sultan or a scav5g]1 s f> z ! pot5tial connection is conc]n$4 ,& ,w has also an et]nal accompli%$ connection1 & x is ! specify+ by ,god ( a ?+ ) a quality :i* x possesses4 ,s ,god specifi$ ,zayd f all et]nity by ,8 ,w ) ! k t he possesses4 ,& 8 be+ specifi$ ) k1 = example1 is et]nal & is call$ an et]nal accompli%$ connection4 ,& ! pot5tiality ( ,w to specify him ) k1 etc41 9 relation%ip to ! ess5ce ( ,w1 cutt+ (f all consid]ation ( actual specify+1 is call$ an et]nal pot5tial connection4 ,& "s say t ,w has also a temporal1 accompli%$ connection4 ,x is1 = example1 ! specify+ ( ,zayd ) tallness1 :5 he is actually br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,w has ?ree connections2 b ! tru? is t ?is ?ird is n a connection b is ! mak+ manife/ ( ! et]nal1 accompli%$ connection4 ,& ! connection ( ,p[] & ,w is common to e possible ?+ to ! ext5t t ! affections ( ! m9d 7khat>at7 :i* arise 9 ! m9d ( an individual are specifi$ by ! ,w ( ,god & creat$ by ,8 ,p[] z ! ,%aykh al-,malawi ,ahmad al-,malawi1 d4 #aaha has said 9 "s ( 8 books4 ,b "k t ! attribut+ ( specify+ to ,w & ( br++ out into exi/5ce to ,p[] is only metaphorical2 = ! true specifi] is ,god by ,8 ,w & ! true produc] & br+]-into-exi/5ce is ,god by ,8 ,p[]4 ,!n1 9 ! case ( ! say+ ( ! common p t ,p[] does su* & su* to s & s1 if x is meant t ! do+ belongs to ,p[] actually1 or to x & to ! ess5ce ( ,god1 t is unbelief 7kufr74 ,r1 ! do+ belongs to ! ess5ce ( ,god by ,8 ,p[]4 ,! n9? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,k 7ilm74 ,x is an et]nal quality subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 an entity by :i* :at is kn[n is reveal$ ) a reveal+ ( ! nature ( complete compreh5sion 7ihata71 )\t any concealm5t hav+ prec$$4 ,x is connect$ ) ! necess>y1 ! possible & ! impossible4 ,he kn[s ,8 own ess5ce & qualities by ,8 ,k4 ,& ,he kn[s impossibilities 9 ! s5se t ,he kn[s t a p>tn] is impossible to ,him & t1 if "o exi/$1 corruption w\ld accrue f x4 ,& ,k has an et]nal1 accompli%$ connection only4 ,= ,god kn[s ^! ?+s t h be5 m5tion$ f all et]nity ) a complete k t is n by way ( op9ion 7zann7 or d\bt 7%akk72 because op9ion & d\bt are impossibilities 9 ,god4 ,& ! mean+ ( ! say+1 8)\t any concealm5t hav+ prec$$10 is t ,he kn[s ?+s et]nally2 ,he is n fir/ ignorant ( !m & !n kn[+ !m4 ,b an orig9at$ be+ 7hadi?7 is ignorant ( a ?+ & !n kn[s x4 ,& ,god's ,k has no pot5tial connection 9 ! s5se t !re is a pot5tiality t su* & su* %\ld be reveal$ by x1 because t involves t ! ?+ 9 "q has n be5 actually reveal$1 & lack ( actual reveal+ ( x is ignorance4 ,! t5? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,life 7hayah74 ,x is a quality :i* 9 him 9 :om x subsi/s validates p]ception1 z k & he>+ & see+3 t is1 x is valid t he %\ld be describ$ !re)4 ,b be+ *>act]iz$ by actual p]ception does n necess>ily foll[ f possess+ ! quality1 ,life4 ,& x is n connect$ ) any?+1 entity or non-entity4 ,! pro( t ,k & ,p[] & ,w & ,life are necess>y is ! exi/5ce ( ! creat$ ?+s4 ,because1 if any "o ( ^! f\r is d5i$1 :y does ! creat$ _w exi/8 ,s1 s9ce ! creat$ ?+s exi/1 we "k t ,god is to be describ$ by ^! qualities4 ,& ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( ! creat$ ?+s dep5d+ on ^! f\r is ?is4 ,he :o makes a ?+ does n make x except :5 he kn[s ! ?+4 ,!n he wills ! ?+ :i* he w\ld make &1 aft] 8 will+1 he busies himself ) mak+ x by 8 p[]4 ,fur!r1 x is kn[n t ! mak] _c b be liv+4 ,& ,k & ,w & ,p[] are call$ qualities ( impression 7sifat at-ta'?ir71 = mak+ an impression dep5ds ^u !m4 ,because he :o wills a ?+ mu/ h k ( x be=e he aims at x2 !n1 aft] he has aim$ at x1 he busies himself ) do+ x4 ,= example1 :5 !re is some?+ 9 y\r h\se & y wi% to take x1 y\r k prec$es y\r wi% to take x1 & aft] y\r wi% to take x1 y take x actually4 ,! connection ( ^! qualities1 !n1 is 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 9 ! case ( an orig9at$ be+2 fir/ comes ! k ( ! ?+1 !n ! aim+ at x1 !n ! do+4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,god1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no sequ5ce 9 ,8 qualities1 except 9 our compreh5sion2 9 t1 ,k comes fir/1 !n ,w1 !n ,p[]4 ,b z = ! mak+ ( an impression ext]nally1 !re is no sequ5ce 9 ! qualities ( ,god4 ,x is n said t ,k comes into actual connection1 !n ,w1 !n ,p[]2 because all t belongs to orig9at$ be+s4 ,ord] is only accord+ to our compreh5sions4 ,! elev5? & twelf? ,qualities ( ,god are ,he>+ 7sam7 & ,see+ 7bas>74 ,^! are two qualities subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god & connect$ ) e entity2 t is1 by !m is reveal$ e entity1 necess>y or possible4 ,& ,he>+ & ,see+ are connect$ ) ! ess5ce ( ,god & ,8 qualities2 t is1 ,8 ess5ce & qualities are reveal$ to ,him by ,8 ,see+ & ,he>+1 besides ! reveal+ ( ,8 ,k4 ,& ,god he>s ! ess5ces ( ,zayd & ,amr & a wall & ,he sees !m4 ,& ,he he>s ! s\nd ( ! possessor ( a s\nd & ,he sees x1 t is ! s\nd4 ,!n1 if y say1 8,he>+ a s\nd is pla91 b he>+ ! ess5ce ( ,zayd & ! ess5ce ( a wall is n pla92 s1 too1 ! connection ( see+ ) s\nds1 = s\nds are he>d only10 we reply1 8,belief 9 ?is is incumb5t ^u u because ^! two qualities are connect$ ) e entity2 b ! h[ 7kayfiya7 ( ! connection is unkn[n to u4 ,god he>s ! ess5ce ( ,zayd1 b we d n "k h[ he>+ is connect$ ) t ess5ce4 ,& x is n meant t ,he he>s ! walk+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,zayd1 = ! he>+ ( 8 walk+ ent]s into ! he>+ ( all ! s\nds 7sawt71 b :at is meant is t ,he he>s ! ess5ce ( ,zayd & 8 body 7ju??a71 besides he>+ 8 walk+4 ,b we d n "k h[ ! he>+ ( ,god is connect$ ) ! p]son 7nafs7 ( ! ess5ce4 ,?is is :at is b9d+ ^u e individual1 male & female--,our tru/ is 9 ,god60 ,! pro( ( ,he>+ & ,see+ is ! say+ ( ,god t ,he is a ,he>] & ,se]4 ,& "k t ! connection ( ,he>+ & ,see+ 9 relation to orig9at$ ?+s is an et]nal1 pot5tial connection be=e ! exi/5ce ( ^!1 & aft] _! exi/5ce x is a temporal1 accompli%$ connection4 ,t is1 aft] _! exi/5ce1 !y are reveal$ to ,god by ,8 ,he>+ & ,see+ besides ! reveal+ ( ,8 ,k4 ,s !y h two connections4 ,& 9 relation to ,god & ,8 qualities1 ! connection is et]nal1 accompli%$1 9 ! s5se t ,8 ess5ce & ,8 qualities are reveal$ to ,him f all et]nity ?r\gh ,8 ,he>+ & ,see+4 ,s1 ,god he>s ,8 ess5ce & all ,8 exi/5tial qualities all except ! /ates & ! negative qualities1 ,p[]1 ,he>+1 & all ! re/2 b we d n "k h[ ! connection is1 & ,he sees ,8 ess5ce & ,8 qualities ( exi/5ce1 ,p[]1 ,see+ & ! re/1 b aga9 we d n "k h[ ! connection is4 ,! prec$+ /atem5t t ,he>+ & ,see+ are connect$ ) e entity is ! op9ion ( z-,sanusi & ^? :o foll[ him2 x is ! prepond]at+ "o4 ,b x is said1 also1 t ,he>+ is only connect$ ) s\nds & ,see+ ) objects ( vision4 ,& ,god's ,he>+ is n ) e> or e>-hole1 & ,8 ,see+ is n ) eyeball or eyelid4 ,! ?irte5? ,quality ( ,god is ,spee* 7kalam74 ,x is an et]nal quality1 subsi/+ 9 ,god's ess5ce1 n a ^w or s\nd1 & f> remov$ f ord] ( prec$+ & foll[+1 f inflection & /ructure1 oppos$ to ! spee* ( orig9at$ be+s4 ,& by ! ,spee* t is necess>y to ,god is n meant ! ,glori\s ,expressions 7lafz7 reveal$ to ! ,prophet1 because ^! are orig9at$ & ! quality t subsi/s 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god is et]nal4 ,& ^! embrace prec$+ & foll[+1 inflection & *apt]s & v]ses2 b ! et]nal quality is b>e ( all ^! ?+s4 ,x has no v]ses or *apt]s or inflections1 because su* belong to ! spee* :i* embraces lett]s & s\nds1 & ! et]nal quality is f> remov$ f lett]s & s\nds1 z has prec$$4 ,& ^? ,glori\s ,expressions are n a guide to ! et]nal quality 9 ! s5se t ! et]nal quality c be und]/ood f !m4 ,:at is und]/ood f ^! expressions equals :at w\ld be und]/ood f ! et]nal quality if ! veil 7 remov$ f u & we c\ld he> x4 ,9 %ort1 ^! expressions are a guide to its mean+1 & ?is mean+ equals :at w\ld be und]/ood f ! et]nal ,spee* :i* subsi/s 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,s m$itate ?is di/9ction1 = _m h err$ 9 x4 ,& bo? ! ,glori\s ,expressions & ! et]nal quality are call$ ,qur'an & ! ,^w 7kalam7 ( ,god4 ,b ! ,glori\s ,expressions are creat$ & writt5 on ! ,pres]v$ ,tablet 7al-la:-al-mahfuz72 ,jibril br\ght !m d[n i4e41 reveal$ !m to ! ,prophet aft] t !y _h be5 br\ght d[n 9 ! ,night ( ,decree 7laylatu-l-qadr2 ,qur4 #ig1 #a7 to ! ,mighty ,h\se 7baytu-l-izza71 a place 9 ! ,heav5 ne>e/ to ! e>?2 x 0 writt5 9 books 7sahifas7 & plac$ 9 ! ,mighty ,h\se4 ,x is said t x 0 br\ght d[n to ! ,mighty ,h\se all at once & !n br\ght d[n to ! ,prophet 9 tw5ty ye>s1 & "s say1 9 tw5ty-five4 ,& x is also said t x 0 br\ght d[n to ! ,mighty ,h\se only to ! am\nt t 0 to be reveal$ ea* ye> & n all at once4 ,& t :i* 0 br\ght d[n to ! ,prophet 0 expression & mean+4 ,& x is said also t only ! mean+ 0 br\ght d[n to him4 ,!re is a conflict ( op9ion on ?is2 "s say t ! ,prophet clo!d ! mean+ ) expressions ( 8 own1 & o!rs1 t he :o s clo!d ! mean+1 0 ,jibril4 ,b ! tru? is t x 0 s5t d[n 9 expressions & mean+4 ,9 %ort1 ! quality subsi/+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god is n a lett] nor a s\nd4 ,& ! ,mu#8tazilites call$ 9 d\bt ! exi/5ce ( a k9d ( ,spee* )\t lett]s4 ,b ! ,p ( ! ,sunna answ]$ t because ?\ghts 9 ! m9d 7hadi? an-nafs71 a k9d ( spee* ) :i* an individual speaks to himself1 are )\t lett] or s\nd1 !re exi/s a k9d ( spee* )\t lett]s or words4 ,by ?is ! ,p ( ! ,sunna d n wi% to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,spee* ( ,god & ?\ghts 9 ! m9d2 = ! ,spee* ( ,god is et]nal & ?\ghts 9 ! m9d are orig9at$4 ,!y wi%$ to disprove ! cont5tion ( ! ,mu#8tazilites :5 !y urg$ t spee* _c exi/ )\t lett] or s\nd4 ,! pro( ( ! necessity ( ,spee* 9 ,god is ,8 say+ 7,qur4 #d1 #afb72 8& ,god spoke to ,moses40 ,s ,he has e/abli%$ ,spee* = ,himself4 ,& ,spee* connects ) t ) :i* ,k connects1 ( necess>y & possible & impossible4 ,b ! connection ( ,k ) ^! is a connection ( reveal+1 9 ! s5se t !y are reveal$ to ,god by ,8 ,k2 & ! connection ( ,spee* ) !m is a connection ( pro(1 9 ! s5se t if ! veil 7 tak5 away f u & we he>d ! et]nal ,spee* we w\ld und]/& ^! ?+s f x4 ,! f\rte5? ,quality subsi/+ 9 ,god is ,be+ ,p[]ful 7kawn qadir74 ,x is a ,quality subsi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce1 n an entity & n a non-entity4 ,x is n ,p[]1 b betwe5 x & ,p[] is a reciprocal insep>ability4 ,:5 ,p[] exi/s 9 an ess5ce1 ! quality call$ 8,be+ ,p[]ful0 exi/s 9 t ess5ce1 equally :e!r t ess5ce is et]nal or orig9at$4 ,s1 ,god creates 9 ! ess5ce ( ,zayd ,p[] actual1 & ,he creates also 9 x ! quality call$ ,zayd's ,be+ ,p[]ful4 ,?is quality is call$ a /ate 7hal7 & ,p[] is a cause 7illa7 9 x 9 ! case ( creat$ ?+s4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,god1 ,p[] is n said to be a cause 9 ,8 ,be+ ,p[]ful2 x is only said t betwe5 ,p[] & ,god's ,be+ ,p[]ful !re is a reciprocal insep>ability4 ,! ,mu#8tazilites hold also ! reciprocal insep>ability betwe5 ! ,p[] ( an orig9at$ be+ & its ,be+ ,p[]ful4 ,b !y d n say t ! second quality is by ! creation ( ,god1 only t :5 ,god creates ,p[] 9 an orig9at$ be+1 !re proce$s f ! ,p[] a quality call$ ,be+ ,p[]ful1 )\t creation4 ,! ,fifte5? ,quality necess>y 9 ,god is ,be+ a ,will] 7kawn murid74 ,x is a quality subsi/+ 9 ,8 ess5ce1 n an entity & n a non-entity4 ,x is call$ a /ate 7hal7 & x is n ,w1 equally :e!r ! ess5ce is et]nal or creat$4 ,s1 ,god creates 9 ! ess5ce ( ,zayd ,w actual1 & ,he creates 9 x ! quality call$ ,zayd's ,be+ a ,will]4 ,& :at is said above1 ab\t ! disagreem5t betwe5 ! ,mu#8tazilites & ! ,p ( ! ,sunna on ,be+ ,p[]ful1 applies also to ,be+ a ,will]4 ,! same ?+ applies exactly to ,qualities ,sixte51 ,sev5te51 ,eighte51 ,n9ete5 & ,tw5ty1--,be+ a ,kn[] 7alim71 a ,liv+ ,"o 7hayy71 a ,he>] 7sami71 a ,se] 7basir71 a ,speak] 7mutakallim74 ,,notice4 ,! ,qualities1 ,p[]1 ,w1 ,k1 ,life1 ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,spee*1 :i* h prec$$1 are call$1 8,qualities consi/+ ( ideas0 7sifat al-ma#8ani1 ?\ght-qualities z oppos$ to active qualities2 see bel[72 on acc\nt ( ! connection ( ! g5]al ) ! p>ticul> 7idafatu-l-amm lil-khass71 or ! explanatory connection 7al-idafatu-l-bayaniya74 ,& ^? :i* foll[ ^!1 ,god's ,be+ ,p[]ful1 etc41 are call$ 8,qualities d]iv$ f ideas0 7sifat ma#8nawiya71 by way ( d]ivation 7nisba7 f ! 8,qualities consi/+ ( ideas10 because !y are insep>able f !m 9 a ?+ et]nal & proce$ f !m 9 a ?+ orig9at$1 accord+ to :at has prec$$4 ,& ! ,mat>idites add$ to ! 8,qualities consi/+ ( ,ideas10 an ,eigh? ,quality & call$ x1 ,mak+ to ,be 7takw974 ,x is a quality & an entity l ! re/ ( ! 8,qualities consi/+ ( ,ideas02 if ! veil 7 remov$ f u we w\ld see x1 j z we w\ld see ! o!r 8,qualities consi/+ ( ,ideas0 if ! veil 7 remov$ f u4 ,b ! ,a%#8arites oppos$ !m & urg$ t !re 0 no advantage 9 hav+ a quality1 ,mak+ to ,be1 besides ,p[]1 because ! ,mat>idites said t ,god br\ght into exi/5ce & out ( exi/5ce by ! quality ( ,mak+ to ,be4 ,!n ^! repli$ t ,p[] prep>$ ! possibility = exi/5ce1 t is1 made x ready to receive exi/5ce aft] x _h n be5 ready2 t !reaft] ,mak+ to ,be br\ght x into exi/5ce actually4 ,! ,a%#8arites repli$ t ! possible 0 ready = exi/5ce )\t any?+ fur!r4 ,& on acc\nt ( _! hav+ add$ ?is quality1 !y said t ! active qualities 7sifat al-af#8al71 su* z ,creat+ 7khalq71 ,br++ to ,life 7ihya71 ,su/a9+ 7razq71 ,br++ to ,dea? 7imata71 7 et]nal1 because ^! expressions are names ( ! quality ,mak+ to ,be1 :i* is a quality & an entity1 accord+ to !m4 ,b x is et]nal2 !re=e ^! active qualities are et]nal4 ,b accord+ to ! ,a%#8arites1 ! active qualities are orig9at$1 because !y are only names ( ! connections ( ,p[]4 ,s ,br++ to ,life is a "n = ! connection ( ,p[] ) ,life1 & ,su/a9+ is a "n = ! connection ( ,p[] ) ! creature to be su/a9$1 & ,creat+ is a "n = its connection ) ! ?+ to be creat$1 & ,br++ to ,dea?1 a "n = its connection ) dea?4 ,& ! connections ( ,p[]1 accord+ to !m1 are orig9at$4 ,& among ! ,fifty ,articles are tw5ty :i* express ! opposites ( ! tw5ty above4 ,!y are ,non-exi/5ce1 ! opposite to ,exi/5ce4 ,! ,second1 ,orig9 7hudu?71 is ! opposite ( ,priority4 ,! ,?ird1 ,transitor9ess 7fana71 is ! opposite ( ,cont9uance4 ,! ,f\r?1 ,resemblance 7muma?ala71 is ! opposite ( ,diff]5ce4 ,x is impossible t ,god %\ld resemble orig9at$ ?+s 9 any ( ^? ?+s ) :i* !y are describ$2 "t has no effect ^u ,him & ,he has n a place or movem5t or re/2 & ,he is n describ$ ) colors or ) a direction2 x is n said ) reg>d to ,him t ,he is above su* a body1 or on ! "r ( su* a body4 ,& ,he has no direction f ,him4 ,s x is n said1 8,i am "u ,god40 ,& ! say+ ( ! commonalty1 8,i am "u our ,"l10 & 8,my ,"l is ov] me10 is to be disapprov$4 ,unbelief is to be fe>$ on ! "p ( him :o holds ! use ( x to be an article ( 8 fai?4 ,! ,fif? is hav+ ne$ ( a locus 7ihtiyaj ila mahall71 t is1 an ess5ce 9 :i* ,he may subsi/1 or a ,specifi]1 t is a br+]-into-exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! opposite ( ,self-subsi/5ce4 ,! ,six? is ,multiplicity 7ta#8addud71 9 ! s5se ( comb9ation 9 ! ess5ce or ! qualities1 or ! exi/5ce ( a be+ simil> 9 ess5ce or qualities or acts4 ,?is is ! opposite ( ,unity4 ,! ,sev5? is ,weakness 7ajz7 & x is ! opposite ( ,p[]4 ,s1 be+ unequal to any possibility is impossible 9 ,god4 ,! ,eigh? is ,unwill+ness 7k>aha1 lit4 dislike74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,w1 & x is impossible 9 ,god t ,he %\ld br+ into exi/5ce any?+ ( ! _w1 along ) ,unwill+ness t[>d x1 t is1 lack ( ,w4 ,entities are possibilities :i* ,god br\ght into exi/5ce by ,8 ,w & ,*oice 7ikhtiy>74 ,& x is d]iv$ f ! necessity ( ,w 9 ,god1 t ! exi/5ce ( creat$ ?+s is n ?r\gh causation 7ta#8lil71 or by way ( nature 7tab74 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is t ! entity :i* exi/s ?r\gh causation is :atev] exi/s :5ev] its cause exi/s1 )\t dep5d5ce on ano!r ?+4 ,! movem5t ( ! f+] is ! cause ( ! movem5t ( ! r+2 :5 ! "o exi/s1 ! second exi/s1 )\t dep5d5ce on any?+ else4 ,& ! entity :i* exi/s1 by way ( nature1 dep5ds ^u a condition & ^u ! nullify+ ( a h9drance4 ,s1 fire does n burn except on ! condition ( contact ) wood & ! nullify+ ( moi/ness :i* is ! h9drance ( its burn+4 ,= fire burns by its nature accord+ to ^? :o hold ! doctr9e ( nature--,:om may ,god curse6--,b ! tru? is1 t ,god creates ! be+ burn$ 9 ! wood :5 x is 9 contact ) ! fire1 j z ,he creates ! movem5t ( ! r+ :5 movem5t ( ! f+] exi/s4 ,& !re is no su* ?+ z exi/5ce ?r\gh causation or nature4 ,s x is an impossibility 9 ,god t !re %\ld be a cause 9 ! _w :i* proce$s f ,him )\t ,8 *oice1 or t !re %\ld be a c\rse ( nature & t ! _w %\ld exi/ !reby4 ,! ,n9? is ,ignorance 7jahl74 ,ignorance ( any possible ?+ is impossible 9 ,god1 equally :e!r x is simple1 t is1 lack ( k ( a ?+2 or comp\nd1 t is1 p]ception ( a ?+ z diff]5t f :at x really is4 ,& ,inatt5tion 7ghafala7 & ,neglect 7dhuhul7 are impossible 9 ,god4 ,?is is ! opposite ( ,k4 ,! ,t5? is ,dea? 7mawt74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,life4 ,! ,elev5? is ,deafness 7samam74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,he>+4 ,! ,twelf? is ,bl9dness 7ama74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,see+4 ,! ,?irte5? is ,dumbness 7kh>as74 ,9 x is ! idea ( ,sil5ce 7bakam7 & x is ! opposite ( ,spee*4 ,! ,f\rte5? is ,god's ,be+ ,weak 7kawn ajiz74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ ,p[]ful4 ,! ,fifte5? is ,8 ,be+ an ,unwill+ ,"o 7kawn k>ih74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,will]4 ,! ,sixte5? is ,8 ,be+ an ,ignorant ,"o 7kawn jahil74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,kn[]4 ,! ,sev5te5? is ,8 ,be+ a ,dead ,"o 7kawn mayyit74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,liv+ ,"o4 ,! ,eighte5? is ,8 ,be+ ,deaf 7asamm74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,he>]4 ,! ,n9ete5? is ,8 ,be+ ,bl9d 7a#8ma74 ,x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,se]4 ,! ,tw5tie? is ,8 ,be+ ,sil5t 7abkam74 ,9 x is ! idea ( ,dumbness 7kh>as7 & x is ! opposite ( ,8 ,be+ a ,speak]4 ,all ^! tw5ty are impossible 9 ,god4 ,& "k t ! pro( ( ea* "o ( ! tw5ty qualities necess>y 9 ,god e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( t quality 9 ,him & d5ies to ,him its opposite4 ,& ! pro(s ( ! sev5 ?\ght-qualities are pro(s ( ! sev5 d]iv$ f ^!4 ,?us1 !re are ,=ty ,articles2 tw5ty ( !m are necess>y 9 ,god2 tw5ty are d5i$ 9 ,him2 & !re are tw5ty g5]al pro(s1 ea* pro( e/abli%+ a quality & annull+ its opposite4 ,,notice4 ,"s say t ?+s are f\r1 entities1 non-entities1 /ates & relations 7i#8tib>at74 ,! entities are l ! ess5ce ( ,zayd :i* we see2 ! non-entities are l y\r *ild be=e x is creat$2 ! /ates are l ,be+ ,p[]ful2 & s1 too1 ! relations1 l ! e/abli%+ ( /&+ 9 ,zayd4 ,?is--,i mean t ?+s are f\r--is ! view :i* z-,sanusi foll[s 9 8 ,sughra1 = he ass]ts 9 x ! exi/5ce ( /ates & makes ! necess>y qualities to be tw5ty4 ,b else:]e1 he foll[s ! op9ion :i* d5ies /ates1 & t is ! "r view4 ,accord+ to t view1 ! ,qualities are ?irte5 9 numb]1 because ! sev5 d]iv$ qualities--,god's ,be+ ,p[]ful1 etc41 drop out4 ,god has no quality call$ ,be+ ,p[]ful1 because ! "r view is d5ial t /ates are ?+s4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !n1 ?+s are ?ree3--entities1 non-entities & relations4 ,!n :5 ! sev5 d]iv$ qualities drop out f ! tw5ty necess>y qualities1 sev5 drop also f ! opposites1 & !re is no quality call$1 ,be+ ,weak1 etc41 & !re is no ne$ to numb] ^! among ! impossibilities4 ,s1 ! impossibilities are ?irte5 also2 at lea/1 if exi/5ce is reckon$ z a quality4 ,t x %\ld be is ! op9ion ( all except al-,a%#8ari4 ,b ! op9ion ( al-,a%#8ari 0 t ,exi/5ce is ! self 7ayn7 ( an entity4 ,s1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god is ! self ( ,8 ess5ce & n a quality4 ,! necess>y qualities1 on t view1 are twelve4 ,priority & ,cont9uance & ,diff]5ce & ,self-subsi/5ce--express$ also z ,absolute ,indep5d5ce--& ,unity & ,p[] & ,w & ,k & ,life & ,he>+ & ,see+ & ,spee*2 & ! d]iv$ qualities drop out1 because _! exi/5ce is bas$ ^u ! view t !re are ?+s call$ /ates2 b ! "r view is ! opposite4 ,& if y wi% to in/ruct ! commonalty 9 ! qualities ( ,god1 !n /ate !m z names 7asma7 d]iv$ f ! qualities j m5tion$4 ,s x is said t ,god is an ,entity4 ,prior1 ,diff]5t f orig9at$ ?+s1 ,indep5d5t ( ev]y?+1 ,"o1 ,p[]ful1 a ,will]1 a ,kn[]1 ,liv+1 a ,he>]1 a ,se]1 a ,speak]4 ,& !y %\ld "k _! opposites4 ,& "k t "s ( ! ,%aykhs di/+ui% betwe5 /ates & relation%ips & say ( bo? t !y are n entities & also n non-entities4 ,b ea* has a reality 9 itself1 except t a /ate has a connection ) & a subsi/5ce 9 an ess5ce1 & a relation has no connection ) an ess5ce4 ,& x is said t a relation has a reality outside ( ! m9d4 ,b to ?is x is oppos$ t a relation is a quality1 & if x has no connection ) an ess5ce & has a reality outside ( ! m9d1 :]e is ! ?+ qualifi$ by x8 ,a quality does n subsi/ 9 itself1 b mu/ ne$s h a ?+ :i* x qualifies4 ,s ! tru? is t relations h no reality except 9 ! m9d4 ,& !y are ( two k9ds2 ! inv5t$ relation 7i#8tib>a ikhtira#8i71 x is t :i* has no gr\nd 9 exi/5ce1 z y\r mak+ a g5]\s man nigg>dly2 & second1 ! appreh5d$ relation 7intiza#8i1 claim+71 x is t :i* has gr\nd outside ( y\r m9d1 z ass]t+ ! subsi/5ce ( ,zayd1 = t may be claim$ f y\r say+1 8,zayd subsi/s02 s ! describ+ ( ,zayd z subsi/+ is exi/5t outside ( y\r m9d4 ,! =ty-fir/ ,article is ,possibility 9 ! case ( ,god4 ,x is incumb5t ^u e mukallaf t he %\ld believe t x is possible = ,god to create good & evil1 to create ,islam 9 ,zayd & unbelief 9 ,amr1 k 9 "o ( !m & ignorance 9 ! o!r4 ,& ano!r ( ! ?+s1 belief 9 :i* is incumb5t ^u e mukallaf1 is t ! good & ! bad ( ?+s is by ,de/9y 7qada7 & ,decree 7qad>74 ,& !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! mean+ ( de/9y & decree4 ,x is said t de/9y is ! w ( ,god & ! et]nal 7azali7 connection ( t w2 & decree is ,god's br++ into exi/5ce ! ?+ 9 agreem5t ) ! w4 ,s ! ,w ( ,god :i* is connect$ et]nally ) y\r becom+ a le>n$ man or a ,sultan is de/9y2 & ! br++ k into exi/5ce 9 y1 aft] y\r exi/5ce1 or ! ,sultan%ip1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,w1 is decree4 ,& x is said t de/9y is ,god's et]nal k & its connection ) ! ?+ kn[n2 & decree is ,god's br++ ?+s into exi/5ce 9 agreem5t ) ,8 k4 ,s1 ,god's kn[+ t :i* is connect$ et]nally ) a p]son's becom+ a le>n$ man aft] he ent]s exi/5ce is de/9y1 & ! br++ k into exi/5ce 9 t man aft] he ent]s exi/5ce is decree4 ,& accord+ to ea* ( ^! two views1 de/9y is prior 7qadim71 because x is "o ( ! qualities ( ,god1 :e!r ,w or ,k2 & decree is orig9at$1 because x is br++ into exi/5ce1 & br++ into exi/5ce is "o ( ! connections ( ,p[]1 & ! connections ( ,p[] are orig9at$4 ,& ! pro( t possible ?+s are possible 9 ! case ( ,god is t !re is g5]al agreem5t on _! possibility4 ,if ! do+ ( any possible ?+ 7 incumb5t ^u ,god1 ! possible w\ld be turn$ into a necess>y ?+4 ,& if ! do+ ( a possible ?+ 7 h9d]$ f ,him1 ! possible w\ld be turn$ into an impossible4 ,b ! turn+ ( ! possible into a necess>y or an impossible is false4 ,by ?is1 y may "k t !re is no?+ incumb5t ^u ,god1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,mu#8tazilites1 :o say t x is incumb5t ^u ,god to d t :i* is be/ 7salah7 = ! creature4 ,s1 x w\ld be incumb5t ^u ,him t ,he %\ld su/a9 ! creature1 b ?is is falsehood aga9/ ,him & a lie f :i* ,he is f> remov$4 ,he creates fai? 9 ,zayd1 = example1 & gives him k out ( ,8 free grace1 )\t !re be+ any necessity ^u ,him4 ,& "o ( ! argum5ts :i* may be br\ght aga9/ ! ,mu#8tazilites is t afflictions come ^u little *ildr51 su* z ailm5ts & diseases4 ,& 9 ?is !re is n t :i* is be/ = !m4 ,s1 if do+ t :i* is be/ is incumb5t ^u ,him1 :y d afflictions desc5d ^u little *ildr58 ,= !y say t ,god c\ld n ab&on t :i* is incumb5t ^u ,him1 = ab&on+ x w\ld be defect1 & ,god is f> remov$ f defect1 by ,agreem5t4 ,& ,god's rew>d+ ! ob$i5t is a grace f ,him1 & ,8 puni%+ ! rebelli\s is ju/ice f ,him4 ,= ob$i5ce does n advantage ,him1 nor rebellion injure ,him2 ,he is ! ,advantag] & ! ,injur]4 ,& ^! acts ( ob$i5ce or rebellion are only signs ( ,god's rew>d+ or puni%+ ^? describ$ by !m4 ,!n him :om ,he wills to draw ne> to ,himself1 ,he helps to ob$i5ce3 & 9 him ^: ab&on+ & rejection ,he wills1 ,he creates rebellion4 ,& all acts ( good & bad are by ! creation ( ,god1 = ,he creates ! creature & t :i* ! creature does1 z ,he has said 7,qur4 #cg1 #id71 8& ,god ha? creat$ y & t :i* ye d40 ,& ! belief is also incumb5t t ,god may be se5 9 ! ,o!r ,_w by believ]s1 = ,he has jo9$ ! see+ 7ru'ya7 ( ,him ) ! /&+ fa/ ( ! m\nta9 9 ,8 say+ 7,qur4 #g1 #aci71 8,& if x /&e? fa/ 9 its place1 ?\ wilt see ,me40 ,& ! /&+ fa/ ( ! m\nta9 0 possible3 !n1 t :i* is connect$ ) x ( see+ mu/ also h be5 possible2 because :at is connect$ ) ! possible is possible4 ,b our see+ ,god mu/ be )\t inquir+ h[ 7bila kayfa72 x is n l our see+ "o ano!r4 ,god is n se5 9 a direction1 nor 9 a color1 nor 9 a body2 ,he is f> remov$ f t4 ,& ! ,mu#8tazilites--may ,god make !m vile6--d5y ! see+ ( ,god4 ,t is "o ( _! p]v]se & false articles ( belief4 ,& ano!r ( _! corrupt articles is _! say+ t ! creature creates 8 own actions4 ,= ?is1 !y are call$ ,qad>ites1 because !y say t ! actions ( ! creature are by 8 own qudra 7p[]71 j z ! sect :i* holds t ! creature is =c$ to ! action he does1 is call$ ,jabrite1 d]iv$ f _! hold+ a be+ =c$ 7jabr7 on ! "p ( ! creature1 & a be+ compell$4 ,x1 too1 is a p]v]se article4 ,& ! tru? is t ! creature does n create 8 own actions & is n =c$1 b t ,god creates ! actions :i* issue f ! creature1 along ) ! creature's hav+ a free *oice 7ikhtiy>7 9 !m4 ,z-,sa#8d ,sa#8d ad-,d9 at-,taftazani1 see above said1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,articles1 8,x is n possible to r5d] ?is free *oice by any expression1 b ! creature f9ds a diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5t ( 8 h& :5 he moves x himself & :5 ! w9d moves x aga9/ 8 w40 ,& to t :i* is possible 9 ,god belongs also ! s5d+ ( a numb] ( ,apo/les 7rasuls74 ,& ,god's s5d+ !m is by ,8 grace1 & by way ( necessity1 z has prec$$4 ,& x is necess>y to confess t ! mo/ excell5t ( creat$ be+s1 absolutely1 is our ,prophet ,muhammad1 & !re foll[ him 9 excell5cy ! re/ ( ! ,end[$ ) ,e>ne/ness & ,pati5ce 7ulu-l-azm2 see ,qur4 #df1 #cd72 !y are our ,"l ,ibrahim1 our ,"l ,musa1 our ,"l ,isa1 & our ,"l ,nuh2 & ?is is _! ord] 9 excell5cy4 ,& t !y are five along ) our ,prophet1 & f\r aft] him is ! correct view4 ,& x is said1 too1 t ! ,end[$ ) ,e>ne/ness & ,pati5ce are m num]\s4 ,& !re foll[ !m 9 excell5cy ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!n1 ! re/ ( ! ,prophets 7nabis71 !n ! ,angels4 ,& x is necess>y to confess t ,god has aid$ !m ) miracles 7mu#8jizat7 & t ,he has di/+ui%$ our ,prophet 9 t he is ! seal ( ! ,apo/les1 & t 8 law 7%>7 w n be abrogat$ till "t is fulfill$4 ,& ,isa1 aft] 8 desc5t1 w judge accord+ to ! law ( our ,prophet4 ,x is said t he w take x f ! ,qur'an & ! ,sunna4 ,x is said also t he w g to ! ,glori\s ,tomb ( ,muhammad & le>n f him4 ,& "k t he w abrogate "o "p ( ! law ( our ,prophet ) a lat] "p1 j z ! wait+ p]iod ( a woman aft] ! dea? ( h] husb& 0 *ang$ f a ye> to f\r mon?s & t5 days4 ,& 9 ?is !re is no defect4 ,& x is necess>y also t e mukallaf1 male & female1 %\ld "k 9 detail ! ,apo/les :o are m5tion$ 9 ! ,qur'an1 & %\ld believe 9 !m 9 detail4 ,z = ! o!r ,prophets1 belief is necess>y 9 !m z a :ole4 ,z-,sa#8d h&$ d[n an au?ority 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,maqasid t belief 9 all ! ,prophets z a :ole suffices1 b he 0 n foll[$4 ,& someone put !m into v]se z foll[s3 8,!re is impos$ ^u e mukallaf a k ,( ,prophets 9 detail1 :o h be5 nam$ ,9 t docum5t ( ours i4e41 ! ,qur'an4 ,( !m are eight ,aft] t5 i4e41 eighte54 ,& !re rema9 sev5 :o are ,idris1 ,hud1 ,%u#8ayb1 ,salih1 & simil>ly1 ,dhu-l-,kifl1 ,adam1 ) ! ,*os5 ,"o ,muhammad !y close40 ,& x is necess>y to confess t ! ,companions 7sahibs7 ( ! ,prophet are ! mo/ excell5t ( ! g5]ations4 ,!n _! foll[]s 7tabi#8s72 !n ! foll[]s ( _! foll[]s4 ,& ! mo/ excell5t ( ! ,companions is ,abu ,bakr1 !n ,um>1 !n ,u?man1 !n ,ali--9 ?is ord]4 ,b al-,alqami said t our ,lady ,fatima & h] bro!r1 our ,"l ,ibrahim1 7 absolutely m excell5t ?an ! ,companions1 includ+ ! ,f\r ,khalifas4 ,& our ,"l ,malik ibn ,anas 0 wont to say1 8,!re is none m excell5t ?an ! *ildr5 ( ! ,prophet40 ,?is is t ! confession ( :i* is incumb5t2 & we w meet ,god confess+ x1 if x is ,8 ,w4 ,& ( t ! confession ( :i* is also necess>y1 is t ! ,prophet 0 born 9 ,mecca & di$ 9 al-,mad9a4 ,x is incumb5t on fa!rs t !y tea* t to _! *ildr54 ,al-,ajhuri said1 8,x is incumb5t on ! individual t he "k ! g5ealogy ( ! ,prophet on 8 fa!r's side & on 8 "m's40 ,a /atem5t ( x w come 9 our ,conclusion1 if ,god w4 ,! le>n$ h said1 8,e individual ought to "k ! numb] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,prophet & ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 born1 = an individual ought to "k 8 ,lords1 & !y are ! ,lords ( ! ,p40 ,b !y d n expla91 9 :at ,i h se51 :e!r t is requir$ 7mawjub7 or desir$ 7m&ub72 ! analogy 7qiyas7 ( ?+s simil> to x w\ld say x 0 requir$4 ,8 *ildr5 7 sev51 ?ree male & f\r female1 accord+ to ! "r view4 ,_! ord] ( bir? 03 al-,qasim1 he 0 ! fir/ ( 8 *ildr51 !n ,zaynab1 !n ,ruqayya1 !n ,fatima1 !n ,umm ,kul?um1 !n ,abd ,allah1 he _h ! to-names 7laqab7 at-,tayyib & at-,tahir1 :i* are to-names ( ,abd ,allah1 n names ( two o!r diff]5t p]sons4 ,^! 7 all *ildr5 ( our ,lady ,khadija4 ,& ! sev5? 0 our ,"l ,ibrahim1 born ( ,m>iya1 ! ,copt4 ,s x /&s4 ,let u n[ return to ! conclusion ( ! ,articles4 ,! ,=ty-second is ! ,v]acity 7sidq7 ( ! ,apo/les 9 all _! say+s4 ,! ,=ty-?ird is _! tru/wor?9ess 7amana71 t is1 _! be+ pres]v$ 7isma7 f fall+ into ?+s =bidd5 7muh>ram7 or dislik$ 7makruh74 ,! ,=ty-f\r? is _! ,convey+ 7tabligh7 to ! creatures t :i* !y 7 comm&$ to convey4 ,! ,=ty-fif? is intellig5ce 7fatana74 ,^! f\r ?+s are necess>y 9 ! ,apo/les 9 ! s5se t ! lack ( !m is un?9kable4 ,& ,fai? dep5ds on ! k ( ^!1 accord+ to ! controv]sy betwe5 z-,sanusi & 8 oppon5ts4 ,! opposites ( ^! f\r are impossible 9 ! ,apo/les1 t is1 ,ly+ 7kidhb71 ,unfai?fulness 7khiyana7 9 a ?+ =bidd5 or dislik$1 ,concealm5t 7kitman7 ( a ?+ !y h be5 comm&$ to convey1 & ,/upidity 7balada74 ,^! f\r are impossible 9 !m1 9 ! s5se t ! exi/5ce ( !m is un?9kable4 ,& ,fai? dep5ds ^u ! k ( ^!1 z has prec$$4 ,^! are ,n9e & ,=ty ,articles & ! ,fiftie? is ! possibility ( ! occurr5ce ( su* fle%ly accid5ts 9 !m z d n lead to defect 9 _! l(ty rank4 ,& ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,v]acity 9 !m is t if !y 7 to lie1 !n in=mation f ,god w\ld be a lie1 = ,he has gu>ante$ ! claim ( ! ,apo/les by ! manife/ation ( miracles at _! h&s4 ,= ! miracle is reveal$ 9 place ( an utt]ance f ,god1 8,my s]vant is tru?ful 9 all t he br+s f ,me40 ,t is1 :5ev] an ,apo/le comes to 8 p & says1 8,i am an ,apo/le to y f ,god10 & !y say to him1 8,:at is ! pro( ( y\r apo/olate80 !n he %all say1 8,! splitt+ ( ?is m\nta910 = example4 ,& :5 !y say to him1 8,br+ :at y say10 ,god w split t m\nta9 at _! say+1 z a gu>antee ( ! claim ( ! ,apo/le to ! apo/olate4 ,s1 ,god's splitt+ ! m\nta9 is s5t d[n 9 place ( an utt]ance f ,god1 8,my s]vant is tru?ful 9 all :i* he br+s to y f ,me40 ,& if ! ,apo/le 7 ly+1 ?is in=mation w\ld be ly+4 ,b ly+ is impossible 9 ! case ( ,god1 s ly+ on ! "p ( ! ,apo/les is impossible4 ,& :5ev] ly+ is d5i$ 9 !m1 ,v]acity is e/abli%$4 ,& z = ! pro( ( ! ,tru/wor?9ess1 t is1 _! be+ pres]v$ int]nally & ext]nally f =bidd5 & dislik$ ?+s2 if !y 7 unfai?ful 9 committ+ su* ?+s1 we w\ld be comm&$ to d ! l4 ,b x is impossible t we c\ld be comm&$ to d a =bidd5 or dislik$ ?+1 8= ,god does n comm& a vile ?+0 7,qur4 #g1 #bg74 ,& x is evid5t t !y did no?+ except ob$i5ce1 :e!r requir$ or desir$1 & 8p]mitt$0 7mubah7 ?+s ent]$ among _! actions only to %[1 :5ev] !y did a 8p]mitt$0 ?+1 t x 0 all[able 7ja'iz74 ,& z = ! pro( ( ,intellig5ce1 if x 7 fail+ 9 !m1 h[ w\ld !y be able to e/abli% an argum5t aga9/ an adv]s>y8 ,b ! ,qur'an indicates 9 m ?an "o place1 t !y mu/ e/abli% argum5ts aga9/ adv]s>ies4 ,& su* e/abli%+ ( argum5ts is only possible ) intellig5ce4 ,& ! pro( t fle%ly accid5ts d befall !m is t !y d n cease to asc5d 9 _! l(ty rank2 = ! occurr5ce ( su* accid5ts is 9 !m = increase 9 _! l(ty rank1 = example1 & t o!rs may be consol$1 & t ! ?\ghtful may "k t ! _w is n a place ( recomp5se = ! lov]s ( ,god2 s9ce if x 71 :y %\ld aught ( ! defilem5ts ( ! _w befall ! ,apo/les8 ,! ,bless+ ( ,god be ^u !m & ^u _! ,mighty ,head1 our ,"l ,muhammad1 & ^u 8 family & ,companions & desc5dants1 all6 ,! ,fifty ,articles are complet$ ) _! ,glori\s ,pro(s4 ,let u m5tion to y n[ some:at ( t :i* mu/ be held ( ! ?+s ^: pro(s are au?ority 7sam#8i73 ,"k t x mu/ be believ$ t our ,prophet has a ,tank 7hawd72 & ignorance z to :e!r x is on "o side or ! o!r ( ! ,bridge 7z-sirat7 does n hurt4 ,on ! ,day ( ,resurrection 7yawm al-qiyama7 ! creatures w g d[n to dr9k ( x4 ,x is diff]5t f al-,kaw?>1 :i* is a ,riv] 9 ! ,g>d54 ,& x mu/ also be believ$ t he w make int]cession 7%afa#8a7 on ! ,day ( ,resurrection 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,judgm5t1 :5 we %all /& & long to dep>t1 ev5 ?\gh x be into ! ,fire4 ,!n he %all int]c$e t !y may dep>t f ! ,/ation 7mawqif72 & ?is int]cession belongs to him only4 ,& x mu/ also be believ$ t fall+ into great s9s 7kabiras71 o!r ?an ,unbelief 7kufr71 does n involve ,unbelief1 b rep5tance 7tawba7 f ! s9 is necess>y at once2 & if ! s9 be a small "o 7saghira7 rep5tance is necess>y to him :o is liable to fall into x4 ,& rep5tance is n injur$ by return+ to s92 b = ! new s9 a new rep5tance is necess>y4 ,& x is incumb5t ^u ! individual t he set aside arrogance 7kibr7 & jeal\sy 7hasad7 & sl&] 7ghiba7 on acc\nt ( :at ! ,prophet has said1 8,! gates ( ! ,heav5s h curta9s :i* reject ! works ( ! p ( arrogance1 jeal\sy & sl&]40 ,t is1 !y prev5t !m f ris+1 & s !y are n receiv$4 ,jeal\sy is a desir+ t ! well-be+ ( ano!r %\ld pass away1 equally :e!r x is desir$ t x %\ld come to ! jeal\s "o or n4 ,& arrogance is consid]+ ! tru? to be falsehood & reject+ x1 & despis+ ,god's creation4 ,& x is incumb5t also ^u him t he %\ld n spread malici\s sl&]s among ! p1 = a tradition has come d[n1 8,a sl&]] 7qattat7 %all n ent] ! ,g>d540 ,& jeal\sy is =bidd51 z is said above1 :5 ! well-be+ does n lead its possessor to transgression1 & if x does1 !n desire t ! well-be+ %\ld pass away is all[able4 ,x is necess>y also to hold t "s ( ^? :o commit great s9s w be puni%$1 ?\gh x is only "o ( !m4 ,,conclusion4 ,fai? 7iman71 9 ! usage ( ! language1 is ackn[l$gm5t t some?+ is true 7tasdiq71 9 g5]al4 ,9 t way x is us$ by ,god1 :5 he reports ! words ( ! sons ( ,ya#8qub 7,qur4 #ab1 #ag74 8,b ?\ do/ n believe u art n a believ] 7mu'm97 9 u40 ,legally1 x is belief 9 all t ! ,prophet has br\ght4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! mean+ ( belief1 :5 us$ 9 ?is way4 ,"s say t x means k 7ma#8rifa7 & t ev]yone :o kn[s :at ! ,prophet has br\ght is a believ] 7mu'm974 ,b ?is int]pretation is oppos$ by ! fact t ! unbeliev] 7kafir7 kn[s1 b is n a believ]4 ,nor does ?is int]pretation agree ) ! common say+1 t ! muqallad is a believ]1 al?\gh he does n "k4 ,& ! "r view z to ! int]pretation ( belief is t x is a m5tal utt]ance 7hadi? an-nafs7 foll[+ conviction1 equally :e!r x is conviction on acc\nt ( pro(1 :i* is call$ k1 or on acc\nt ( acceptance on au?ority 7taqlid74 ,?is excludes ! unbeliev] because he does n possess ! m5tal utt]ance1 ! idea ( :i* is t y say1 8,i am well pleas$ ) :at ! ,prophet has br\ght40 ,! m9d ( ! unbeliev] does n say ?is4 ,& x includes ! muqallad2 = he possesses ! m5tal utt]ance foll[+ conviction1 ?\gh ! conviction is n bas$ on a pro(4 ,& ( t :i* mu/ be believ$ is ! g5ealogy ( ! ,prophet1 bo? on 8 fa!r's side & on 8 "m's4 ,on 8 fa!r's side he is our ,"l1 ,muhammad1 son ( ,abd ,allah1 son ( ,abd al-,muttalib1 son ( ,ha%im1 son ( ,abd ,manaf1 son ( ,qusay1 son ( ,kilab1 son ( ,murra1 son ( ,ka#8b1 son ( ,lu'ay1 or ,luway1 son ( ,ghalib1 son ( ,fihr1 son ( ,malik1 son ( ,nadr1 son ( ,k9ana1 son ( ,khuzayma1 son ( ,mudrika1 son ( ,alyas1 son ( ,mud>1 son ( ,niz>1 son ( ,ma#8add1 son ( ,adnan4 ,& ! ,agreem5t 7ijma7 unites ^u ?is g5ealogy up to ,adnan4 ,b aft] him to ,adam !re is no sure pa? 9 t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n4 ,& z to 8 g5ealogy on 8 "m's side1 %e is ,am9a1 daught] ( ,wahb1 son ( ,abd ,manaf1 son ( ,zuhra--?is ,abd ,manaf is n ! same z 8 ance/or on ! o!r l9e--son ( ,kilab1 :o is already "o ( 8 ance/ors4 ,s ! two l9es ( desc5t jo9 9 ,kilab4 ,& x is necess>y also to "k t he 0 ( mix$ :ite & r$ complexion1 accord+ to :at "s ( !m h said4 ,?is is ! la/ ( t :i* ,god has made easy by ,8 grace4 ,8 ,bless+ be ^u our ,"l ,muhammad & ^u 8 family & 8 ,companions & 8 desc5dants1 s s long z ! m9dful are m9dful ( him & ! he$less are he$less ( ! ?\ght ( him4 ,& ,praise belonge? unto ,god1 ! ,"l ( ! ,worlds4 ,,vii ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,taqrib ,,( ,,abu ,,%uja ,,al-,,ispahani#g ,book ,i4 ,( ,c]emonial ,purity 7,tah>a7 #a4 ,! wat] :i* may be us$ = c]emonial ablutions4 #b4 ,legal mat]ials = ut5sils2 :at c be purifi$ & :at _c4 #c4 ,! use ( ! too?pick4 #d4 ,description ( ! diff]5t /ages ( a c]emonial ablution 7wudu74 #e4 ,on cleans+ f excrem5t & its ritual g5]ally4 #f4 ,! five ?+s :i* require a fre% wudu4 #g4 ,! six ?+s :i* require a complete ablution ( ! :ole body 7ghusl7 & its ritual4 #h4 ,! sev5te5 occasions on :i* a ghusl is prescrib$4 #i4 ,:5 x is all[able to wa% ! inn] %oes 7khuffs7 in/ead ( ! feet4 #aj4 ,! conditions & ritual = ! use ( s& 7tayammum7 in/ead ( wat]4 #aa4 ,on uncleannesses 7najasat7 & h[ & h[ f> !y c be remov$4 #ab4 ,on ailm5ts ( wom52 duration ( pregnancy & _! conditions4 ,book ,,ii4 ,( ,pray] #a4 ,! times ( pray] 7salat74 #b4 ,^u :om pray] is incumb5t1 & #c4 ,on :at occasions4 #d4 ,! antec$5t requirem5ts ( pray]4 #e4 ,! eighte5 ess5tial p>ts ( pray]4 #f4 ,! f\r ?+s 9 :i* ! pray] ( a woman diff]s f t ( a man4 #g4 ,! elev5 ?+s :i* nullify pray]4 #h4 ,a reckon+ ( ! occurr5ces ( c]ta9 frequ5tly repeat$ elem5ts 9 pray]4 #i4 ,on omissions 9 pray]4 #aj4 ,! five occasions on :i* pray] is n all[able4 #aa4 ,! duty & ritual ( congregational pray]4 #ab4 ,! pray] ( a travell]4 #ac4 ,! conditions "u :i* congregational pray] is requir$ & ^? "u :i* x is lawful4 #ad4 ,! requirem5ts 9 congregational pray]4 #ae4 ,! pray]s ( ! ,two ,fe/ivals & _! ritual4 #af4 ,! pray]s on occasion ( an eclipse4 #ag4 ,pray] = ra94 #ah4 ,pray] 9 pres5ce ( ! enemy4 #ai4 ,:at is =bidd5 ( clo?+4 #bj4 ,! ritual ( ! dead4 ,book ,,iii4 ,( ,rates = ! ,poor1 etc4 #a4 ,! condition ( ! rate 7zakat7 & ( ! rate-pay]2 :at x is levi$ on & consi/s (4 #b4 ,on camels4 #c4 ,on cattle4 #d4 ,on %eep4 #e4 ,h[ x affects p>tn]s4 #f4 ,on gold & silv]4 #g4 ,on gra9-/uff4 #h4 ,on m]*&ise4 #i4 ,! conditions & nature ( ! rate to be paid at ! end ( ! fa/4 #aj4 ,uses to :i* ! rate may be appli$4 ,book ,,iv4 ,( ! ,fa/ #a4 ,! conditions = ! fa/ 7siyam72 its description2 :at breaks x4 #b4 ,:at is m]itori\s 9 fa/+2 :5 & = :om x is =bidd52 h[ break+ ! fa/ mu/ be expiat$4 #c4 ,! conditions & nature ( religi\s retreat 7i#8tikaf74 ,book ,v4 ,( ! ,pilgrimage #a4 ,! conditions ( pilgrimag+ 7hajj72 its ess5tials & o!r elem5ts4 #b4 ,! t5 ?+s =bidd5 on pilgrimage4 #c4 ,! five sacrifices ( ! pilgrimage4 ,book ,,vi4 ,( ,b>t] & ,o!r ,bus9ess ,transactions #a4 ,conditions & k9ds ( b>t] 7bay72 :at may be b>t]$ & :at n4 #b4 ,description & conditions ( ! b>ga9 ) paym5t 9 advance 7salam74 #c4 ,( pl$g+ 7rahn74 #d4 ,( ^? :o are n to be p]mitt$ to adm9i/] _! own prop]ty 7haj> z-safih74 #e4 ,( bankruptcy & composition & common rights 9 a highway 7sulh74 #f4 ,! conditions = ! transf] ( debts & cr$its 7hawala74 #g4 ,( security = debts 7daman74 #h4 ,( p]sonal security = debts 7kafala74 #i4 ,( p>tn]%ip 7%irka74 #aj4 ,( ag5cy 7wakala74 #aa4 ,( confession 7iqr>74 #ab4 ,( loans 7i#8ara74 #ac4 ,( illegal seizure & use ( prop]ty2 indemnity = x & its damage 7ghasb74 #ad4 ,( "r ( pre-emption 7%uf#8a74 #ae4 ,! conditions ( advanc+ capital ) p>ticipation 9 ! pr(its 7qirad74 #af4 ,( ! lett+ ( date-palms & v9es 7musaqat74 #ag4 ,( hir+ a ?+ out 7ij>a74 #ah4 ,( rew>d = return ( a ?+ lo/ 7ja#8ala74 #ai4 ,t l& may n be let = a fix$ am\nt ( its produce 7mukhab>a74 #bj4 ,( irrigation ( wa/e l&s 7ihya al-mawat74 #ba4 ,( f\ndations 9 mortma9 7waqf74 #bb4 ,( gifts 7hiba74 #bc4 ,( f\nd prop]ty 7luqta74 #bd4 ,( f\ndl+s 7laqit74 #be4 ,( deposits 7wadi#8a74 ,book ,,vii4 ,( ,inh]itance & ,wills #a4 ,( legal heirs 7w>i?74 #b4 ,! conditions & proportions ( inh]itance 7f>ida74 #c4 ,( legacies 7wasiya74 ,book ,,viii4 ,( ,m>riage & ,relat$ ,subjects #a4 ,! conditions ( m>riage 7nikah74 ,:at wom5 a man may see & to :at ext5t4 #b4 ,! =m ( a legal m>riage4 #c4 ,! conditions ( ask+ 7khitba7 & giv+ 9 m>riage2 :om a man may n m>ry2 conditions = nullity ( m>riage4 #d4 ,! settlem5t 7mahr7 on a wife by h] husb&4 #e4 ,on ! w$d+ fea/ 7walima74 #f4 ,on ! equality ( ! rights ( ! wives & ! au?ority ( ! husb&4 #g4 ,on divorce = incompatibility 7khul74 #h4 ,! =ms ( divorce 7talaq74 #i4 ,on tak+ a wife back & ! ?reefold divorce4 #aj4 ,! oa? n to cohabit 7ila74 #aa4 ,! tempor>y sep>ation by ! =mula1 zih> ,qur4 #eh4 #ab4 ,! =m ( accusation ( adult]y & ! def5ce 7li#8an74 #ac4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* a previ\sly m>ri$ woman _c rem>ry 7idda74 #ad4 ,( relations ) female slaves4 #ae4 ,! support & behavior ( a woman1 divorc$ or a wid[2 m\rn+4 #af4 ,law ( relation%ip ?r\gh suckl+ 7irda74 #ag4 ,! support 7nafaqa7 due to a wife4 #ah4 ,! support due to *ildr5 & p>5ts1 slaves & dome/ic animals4 #ai4 ,( ! cu/ody ( *ildr5 7hidana74 ,book ,,ix4 ,( ,crimes ( ,viol5ce to ! ,p]son 7j9aya7 #a4 ,on murd]1 homicide & *ance m$ley4 #b4 ,! lex talionis 7qisas7 = murd]1 & #c4 ,= w\nds & mutilations4 #d4 ,! blood-wit 7diya74 #e4 ,use ( weak evid5ce 9 case ( murd]4 #f4 ,p]sonal p5ance = homicide4 ,book ,x4 ,( ,re/rictive ,ord9ances ( ,god 7hadd7 #a4 ,( =nication 7z9a7 ( "o :o has be5 or is m>ri$ 7muhsan71 & ( "o :o has n be5 or is n m>ri$4 #b4 ,( accus+ ( =nication4 #c4 ,( dr9k+ w9e or any intoxicat+ dr9k4 #d4 ,( !ft4 #e4 ,( highway robb]y4 #f4 ,( kill+ 9 def5ce4 #g4 ,( rebell+ aga9/ a j gov]nm5t4 #h4 ,( apo/asy4 #i4 ,( ab&on+ ! usage ( pray]4 ,book ,,xi4 ,( ! ,holy ,w> 7jihad7 #a4 ,! g5]al law ( jihad4 #b4 ,! di/ribution ( booty tak5 9 ! field 7ghanima74 #c4 ,! law ( ! tax on unbeliev]s 7fay74 #d4 ,! law ( ! poll-tax on unbeliev]s 7jizya74 ,book ,,xii4 ,( ,hunt+ & ! ,slaught] ( ,animals #a4 ,h[ an animal may be kill$ 9 ! *ase or o!rwise4 #b4 ,:at fle% may be eat54 #c4 ,! ritual ( sacrifice 7udhiya74 #d4 ,! ritual ( sacrifice = a *ild 7aqiqa74 ,book ,,xiii4 ,( ,rac+ & ,%oot+ ) ! ,b[ ,book ,,xiv4 ,( ,oa?s & ,v[s 7yam91 nadhr7 #a4 ,:at oa?s are all[able & b9d+2 h[ expiat$4 #b4 ,lawful & unlawful v[s4 ,book ,,xv4 ,( ,judgm5ts & ,evid5ce 7qada1 %ahada7 #a4 ,( ! judge 7qadi7 & c\rt usage4 #b4 ,! division 7qasm7 ( prop]ty held 9 common4 #c4 ,( evid5ce & oa?s4 #d4 ,! conditions ( be+ a legal witness 7adil74 #e4 ,! diff]5ce ( claims 7haqq71 on ! "p ( ,god1 & on ! "p ( man1 & _! legal treatm5t4 ,book ,,xvi4 ,( ,manumission ( ,slaves #a4 ,g5]al conditions ( manumission 7itq74 #b4 ,! cli5t%ip :i* foll[s 7wala74 #c4 ,( free+ at dea? 7tadbir74 #d4 ,( ! slave buy+ 8 fre$om 7kitaba74 #e4 ,( ! slave 7umm walad7 t has borne a *ild to h] ma/] or to ano!r & ( h] *ildr54 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,i4 ,,books ,,& ,,articles1 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,fundam5tal1 ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,islam4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,muslim ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,on ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,muslim ,,_w4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,muslim ,,traditions ,,& ,,law4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,muslim ,,!ology1 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,my/icism4 ,i ,,books ,,& ,,articles1 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,fundam5tal1 ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,islam ,! non-,arabi/ w ga9 mu* insight into ,muslim life & ?\ght by read+ su* translations z t ( ,ibn ,khallikan by ,de ,slane 7,p>is-,london2 #ahdc-ga71 ! ,p]sian ,tab>i1 by ,zot5b]g 7,p>is2 #ahfg-gd71 ,ibn ,batuta by ,defrm]y & ,sangu9etti 7,p>is2 #ahec-eh71 ,mas#8udi by ,c4 ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d & ,pavet de ,c\rteille 7,p>is2 #ahfa-gg71 ,ibn ,khaldun's ,prolgomnes by ,de ,slane 7,p>is2 #ahfb-fh71 ad-,dimi%qi by ,mehr5 7,cop5hag52 #ahgd71 al-,b]uni's ,*ronology by ,sa*au 7,london2 #ahgi74 ,! translations & notes 9 ,de ,sacy's ,*re/oma?ie arabe 7,p>is2 #ahbf7 c also be us$ to advantage4 ,v _m valuable articles w be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,zeits*rift ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society 7h]eaft] ,,zdmg71 ! ,j\rnal asiatique 7h]eaft] ,,ja71 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7h]eaft] ,,jras7 & ! ,vi5na ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es 7h]eaft] ,,wz74 ,x is always wor? :ile to consult ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,! be/ translations ( ! ,qur'an into ,engli% are ^? by ,e4 ,h4 ,palm] 7#b vols41 ,ox=d2 #ahhj7 & ,j4 ,m4 ,rodwell 7,london2 #ahga74 ,! fir/ m p]fectly repres5ts ! _s & tone1 & ! second m exactly ! lett]4 ,! comm5t>y add$ by ,sale to 8 v]sion & 8 introduction are /ill useful4 ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights %\ld be read 9 its entirety 9 ,arabic or 9 a translation by e /ud5t ( ,islam4 ,engli% translation by ,lane 7incomplete b accurate & ) v valuable comm5t>y72 ,burton 7la/ edition almo/ complete2 #ab vols41 ,london3 #ahid74 ,payne's translation is complete1 z is also ,burton's privately pr9t$ edition2 b1 :ile exce$+ly readable1 ,payne h>dly repres5ts ! tone ( ! orig9al4 ,!re is an almo/ complete & v *eap ,g]man v]sion by ,h5n+ 7publi%$ by ,reclam1 ,leipzig72 ,m>drus' ,fr5* v]sion is inaccurate & free to su* an ext5t z to make x useless4 ,gall&'s v]sion is a "w ( g5ius2 b x belongs to ,fr5* & n to ,arabic lit]ature4 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 ,,dozy3 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de l'islamisme4 ,leyd51 #ahgi4 ,a readable introduction4 ,a4 ,m,,ll]3 ,d] ,islam im ,morg5-und-,ab5dl&4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahhe1 #ahhg4 ,! be/ g5]al hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,,/anley ,,lane-,,poole3 ,! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies2 *ronological & g5ealogical tables ) hi/orical introductions4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahid4 ,an indisp5sable book = any /ud5t ( ,muslim hi/ory4 ,c4 ,,brockelmann3 ,ges*i*te d] arabis*5 ,litt]atur4 #b vols4 ,weim>1 #ahih1 #ahii4 ,indisp5sable = names1 dates1 & books1 b n a hi/ory 9 any true s5se4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,hughes3 ,a ,diction>y ( ,islam4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,v full ( in=mation1 b to be us$ ) caution4 ,bas$ on ,p]sian s\rces l>gely4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,lane3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians4 ,fir/ edition1 ,london1 #ahcf2 ?ird1 #ahdb4 ,_m o!rs4 ,indisp5sable4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,d\ghty3 ,travels 9 ,arabia ,des]ta4 #b vols4 ,cambridge1 #ahhh4 ,by f> ! be/ book on nomad life 9 ,arabia4 ,gives ! fulle/ & cle>e/ idea ( ! nature & work+s ( ! ,arab m9d4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,burckh>dt3 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahabys4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,burckh>dt3 ,travels 9 ,arabia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,burton3 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( a ,pilgrimage to al-,mad9ah & ,meccah4 #b vols4 ,la/ edition1 ,london1 #ahih4 ,on ! ,hajj & ,muslim life1 ?\ght & /udies g5]ally 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,readable & accurate to a degree4 ,c4 ,,sn\ck ,,hurgronje3 ,mekka4 #b vols4 & portfolio ( plates4 ,haag1 #ahhh1 #ahhi4 ,is some:at dull beside ,burton1 b v full & accurate4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,smi?3 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,new edition1 ,london1 #ahid4 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia4 ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi54 ,i1 ,halle a4 ,s41 #ahhi4 ,,ii1 #ahij4 ,epo*-m>k+ books2 z are all ,goldzih]'s contributions to ! hi/ory ( ,muslim civilization4 ,,alfr$ ,,von ,,krem]3 ,ges*i*te d] h]rs*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islams4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,,alfr$ ,,von ,,krem]3 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts unt] d5 ,*alif54 #b vols4 ,wi51 #ahge-gg4 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,,edw>d ,g4 ,,br[ne3 ,a ,ye> ,among ! ,p]sians4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,a mo/ valuable acc\nt ( mod]n ,p]sian life1 philosophy1 & !ology1 & especially ( ,sufiism & ,babism4 ,,edw>d ,g4 ,,br[ne3 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,really political & religi\s prolegom5a to su* a hi/ory4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,h]klots3 ,qanoon-e-,islam1 or ! ,cu/oms ( ! ,moosulmans ( ,india4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,,ii ,,on ,,muslim ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,on ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,muslim ,,_w ,,augu/ ,m,,ll]3 ,die ,beh]rs*] d] ,glubig54 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,a v brightly writt5 sket* bas$ on ?or\gh k4 ,,gu/av ,,weil3 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif54 #c vols4 ,mannheim1 #ahdf-ahea4 ,,sir ,,william ,,muir3 ,! ,caliphate1 its ,rise1 ,decl9e & ,fall4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,,!odor ,n,,ldeke3 ,zur t5d5tis5 ,ge/altung d] ,urges*i*te des ,islams4 ,,zdmg1 lii1 pp4 #af ff4 ,all ,nldeke's pap]s on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,islam are wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,g4 ,,von ,,vlot53 ,zur ,abbasid5 ,ges*i*te4 ,,zdmg1 lii1 pp4 #bac ff4 ,on ! e>ly ,abbasids4 ,r4 ,e4 ,,br,,nn[3 ,de ,*>ids*it5 unt] d5 er/5 ,omayyad54 ,leyd51 #ahhd4 ,,edu>d ,,sa*au3 b] e9e ,arabis*e ,*ronik aus ,zanzib>4 ,mit?4 a4d4 ,sem4 f4 ,ori5t4 ,spra*54 ,b]l91 #ahih4 ,on ,ibadites4 ,,george ,,p]cy ,,badg]3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,imams & ,seyyids ( ,oman1 by ,sall-ibn-,razk4 ,london3 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahga4 ,valuable = ,ibadite hi/ory1 law & !ology4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,de ,,goeje3 ,mmoire sur les ,c>ma!s du ,bahran et les ,fatimides4 ,leyd51 #ahhf4 ,,john ,,ni*olson3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,fatemite ,dyna/y 9 ,africa4 ,tb+5 & ,bri/ol1 #ahdj4 ,,quatrem,,re3 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur la dyna/ie des ,khalifes ,fatimites4 ,,ja1 #c1 ii4 ,,sylve/re ,,de ,,sacy3 ,expos de la religion des ,druzes et la vie du ,khalife ,hakem-biamr-allah4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,f4 ,w,,/5feld3 ,ges*i*te d] ,fatimid5-,khalif54 ,gtt+51 #ahha4 ,,/anley ,,lane-,,poole3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,= ! orig9 & f\nd+ ( ! ,fatimid ,dyna/y1 ! ,khalifa al-,hakim1 etc4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,fleis*]3 ,briefwe*sel zwis*5 d5 ,anfhr]n d] ,wahhabit5 und dem ,pa%a von ,damaskus4 ,kle9]e ,s*rift51 iii1 pp4 #cda ff4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,,zdmg = ye> #aheg4 ,e4 ,,rehatsek3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,wahhabys 9 ,arabia & 9 ,india4 ,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,no4 xxxviii 7read ,janu>y1 #ahhj74 ,turkey 9 ,europe1 by 8,odysseus40 ,london1 #aijj4 ,! pres5t situation1 ) its hi/orical antec$5ts 9 ,european ,turkey & ! ,balkans g5]ally4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,dwight3 ,con/ant9ople & its ,problems4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,:ite3 ,! ,expansion ( ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,! pres5t situation 9 ,egypt & its hi/orical antec$5ts4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,hunt]3 ,our ,indian ,mussulmans4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,sir ,,lewis ,,pelly3 ,! ,miracle ,play ( ,hasan & ,husa94 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,blunt3 ,! ,future ( ,islam4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,,iii ,,on ,,muslim ,,traditions ,,& ,,law ,! ,mi%kat1 translat$ by ,mat!ws4 ,calcutta1 #ahji4 7,a collection ( traditions47 ,! ,hidaya1 translat$ by ,c4 ,hamilton4 ,,ii edition4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,n4 ,b4 ,e4 ,,baillie3 ,a ,dige/ ( ,muhammadan ,law4 ,hanifi ,code4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,! same4 ,imameea ,code4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,! fir/ volume deals ) ,sunnite1 ! second ) ,%i#8ite law4 ,s4 ,,keijz]3 ,prcis de ,jurisprud5ce ,musulmane selon le rite ,*feite p> ,abu ,*odja2 texte arabe avec traduction et annotations4 ,leyd51 #ahei4 ,to be us$ ) caution4 ,,edu>d ,,sa*au3 ,muhammadanis*es ,re*t na* ,s*afiitis*] ,lehre4 ,/uttg>t ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,bas$ l>gely on al-,bajuri's comm5t>y to ,abu ,%uja3 cov]s r less ?an half ! mat]ial ( a corpus ( canon law & is ! be/ g5]al introduction to ! subject4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,die ,zhirit51 ihr ,lehrsy/em und ihre ,ges*i*te4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,neue ,mat]iali5 zur ,litt]atur des ,ueb]lief]ungswes5 bei d5 ,muhamm$an]n4 ,,zdmg1 ,i1 pp4 #dfe ff4 ,deals ) ,musnad ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,zur ,litt]atur des ,i*tilf al-madhhib4 ,,zdmg1 xxxviii1 pp4 #ffi ff4 ,conta9s a notice ( a%-,%a#8rani4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 b] e9e ,=mel 9 d] judis*5 ,respons5-litt]atur4 ,,zdmg1 liii1 pp4 #fde ff4 ,on fatwas & ijtihad4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,das ,pr9cip des ,i/i%ab 9 muham4 ,gesetzwiss5s*aft4 ,,wz1 i1 pp4 #bbh ff4 ,,edu>d ,,sa*au3 ,muhamm$anis*es ,erbre*t na* d] ,lehre d] ,ibaditis*5 ,arab] von ,zanzib> und /afrika4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] kn4 preuss4 ,akad41 #ahid4 ,,edu>d ,,sa*au3 ,zur lte/5 ,ges*i*te des muhamm$anis*5 ,re*ts4 ,wi54 ,akad41 #ahgj4 ,,sn\ck ,,hurgronje3 ,le droit musulman4 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 xxxvii1 pp4 #a ff1 & #agd ff4 ,,sn\ck ,,hurgronje3 ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t na* s*afiitis*] ,lehre von ,edu>d ,sa*au2 ,anzeige1 ,,zdmg1 liii1 pp4 #abe ff4 ,s4 ,k4 ,,keun ,,de ,,hoog]wo]d3 ,/udi5 zur ,e9fhrung 9 das ,re*t des ,islam4 ,erlang51 #aija4 ,conta9s introduction & "p ( section on law ( m>riage4 ,gives a good b miscellane\s bibliography & is writt5 f a ,p]sian po9t ( view2 translit]ation is peculi>ly ecc5tric & ,arabic s*ol>%ip is uns\nd4 ,j4 ,,wellhaus53 ,m$9a vor dem ,islam4 ,muhammad's ,geme9deordnung von ,m$9a4 ,9 8,skizz5 und ,vor>beit510 ,vi]tes ,heft4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ,,hu>t3 ,les ,z9diqs en droit musulman4 ,elev5? ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 "p iii1 pp4 #fi ff4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,macdonald3 ,! ,emancipation ( ,slaves "u ,muslim ,law4 ,am]ican ,mon?ly ,review ( ,reviews1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,,iv ,,on ,,muslim ,,!ology1 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,my/icism ,,!odor ,,ha>br,,ck]3 ,as*-,s*ahra/ni's ,religionsp>tei5 und ,philosoph5s*ul5 b]setzt und erklrt4 #b vols4 ,halle1 #ahej-ea4 ,! ,arabic text1 )\t :i* ,ha>brck]'s ,g]man is sometimes h>dly intelligible1 0 publi%$ by ,cureton1 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,de ,,bo]3 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie im ,islam4 ,/uttg>t1 #aija4 ,unsatisfactory b ! be/ t !re is4 ,x is only a sket* & takes h>dly suffici5t acc\nt ( !ology & my/icism4 ,,/anley ,,lane-,,poole3 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque4 ,,ii edition4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,miscellane\s essays1 lightly writt5 b tru/wor?y4 ,,krehl3 ,beitrge zur ,*>act]i/ik d] ,lehre vom ,glaub5 9 ,islam4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 ,g4 ,,von ,,vlot53 ,les ,ha*wia et ,nabita4 ,elev5? ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 "p iii1 pp4 #ii ff4 ,on e>ly religi\s sects4 ,g4 ,,von ,,vlot53 ,irdja4 ,,zdmg1 xiv1 pp4 #aha ff4 ,on ! ,murji'ites4 ,,edu>d ,,sa*au3 b] de religios5 ,ans*auung5 d] ibaditis*5 ,muhamm$an] 9 ,oman und /africa4 ,mit?4 a4 d4 ,sem4 f4 ,ori5t4 ,spra*54 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,h4 ,,/e9]3 ,die ,mu#8tazilit5 od] die ,freid5k] im ,islam4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe4 ,,wilhelm ,,spitta3 ,zur ,ges*i*te ,abu l-,hasan al-,a%#8ari's4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,! be/ z yet on al-,a%#8ari1 b to be us$ ) caution1 especially 9 ! translations ( !ological texts4 ,,m>t9 ,,s*re9]3 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,a%#8arit5?ums4 ,9 ,actes du huitime ,congress ,int]national des ,ori5tali/es1 ,i1 i1 pp4 #gg ff4 ,leid51 #ahia4 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,mehr53 ,expos de la r=me de l',islamisme comm5ce au troisime sicle de l',hgire p> ,ab\-l-,hasan ,ali el-,a%#8ari et cont9ue p> son cole4 ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 vol4 ii4 ,g4 ,,fl,,gel3 ,al-,k9di g5annt 8d] ,philosoph d] ,arab]40 ,e9 ,vorbild se9] ,zeit und se9es ,volkes4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4 ,,sir ,,william ,,muir3 ,! ,apology ( al-,k9dy1 writt5 at ! c\rt ( al-,mmn4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,e4 ,,sell3 ,! ,fai? ( ,islam4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,ii edition4 ,a valuable book1 b f ! po9t ( view ( an ,indian mission>y4 ,h5ce ! tone is polemic & ! te*nicalities are ,p]sian r ?an ,arabic4 ,,walt] ,m4 ,,patt53 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal & ! ,mihna4 ,leyd51 #ahig4 ,!re is a valuable review by ,goldzih] 9 ,,zdmg1 lii1 pp4 #aee ff4 ,x traces connection ( ,hanbalites ) ,ibn ,taymiya & ,wahhabites4 ,,he9ri* ,,ritt]3 ,ueb] uns]e ,k5ntniss d] ,arabis*5 ,philosophie4 ,gtt+51 #ahdd4 ,,fri$ri* ,,diet]ici3 ,alf>abi's philosophis*e ,abh&lung5 h]ausgegeb54 ,leid51 #ahij4 ,aus dem arabis*5 b]setzt4 ,leid51 #ahib4 ,,al-,,f>abi3 ,d] ,mu/]/aat4 ,h]ausgegeb5 und b]setzt von ,frdr4 ,diet]ici4 ,leid51 #aijj4 ,g4 ,,fl,,gel3 ,ueb] ,inhalt und ,v]fass] d] arabis*5 ,encyclopdie d] ,ikhwan z-,safa4 ,,zdmg1 xiii1 pp4 #a ff4 ,see1 too1 an excell5t article by ,augu/ ,mll] 9 ,ers* und ,grub]1 ii1 #db1 pp4 #bgb ff41 & ,/anley ,lane-,poole 9 8 ,/udies 9 a ,mosque4 ,,fri$ri* ,,diet]ici3 ,die ,philosophie d] ,arab] im ,x4 ,jahrhund]t n4 ,*r4 aus d] ,s*rift5 d] laut]5 ,brd] h]ausgegeb54 ,b]l9 & ,leipzig1 #ahfa-ahgi4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,mat]iali5 zur ,entwickelungs-ges*i*te des ,sufismus4 ,,wz1 xiii1 pp4 #ce ff4 ,,!odor ,n,,ldeke3 ,sufi4 ,,zdmg1 xlviii1 pp4 #de ff4 ,on ! d]ivation & e>ly usage ( ! "n ,sufi4 ,,adelb]t ,,m]x3 ,idee und ,grundl9i5 e9] allgeme95 ,ges*i*te d] ,my/ik4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahic4 ,,john ,p4 ,,br[n3 ,! ,d]wi%es or ,ori5tal ,spiritualism4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,a valuable b uncritical description ( mod]n ,turki% & ,p]sian ,d>wi%es4 ,,sir ,,james ,,r$h\se3 ,! ,mesnevi ( ,jelal edd9 ar-rumi translat$ into ,engli%4 ,book ,i4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,see1 too1 a translation by ,:9field1 ,london1 #ahhg1 & an edition ( select$ ghazels f ! ,diwan ) translation & valuable introduction by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahih4 ,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ottoman ,poetry4 ,vol4 i4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,a valuable /atem5t ( ! lat] ,p]sian & ,turki% my/icism & metaphysic on pp4 #ac-gj4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,palm]3 ,ori5tal ,my/icism4 ,cambridge1 #ahfg4 ,,c>ra ,,de ,,vaux3 ,avic5ne4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,conta9s an introductory sket* ( philosophy & !ology up to ! "t ( ,ibn ,s9a4 ,algazali4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,a cont9uation ( ! fir/4 ,a4 ,,von ,,krem]3 b] die philosophis*5 ,g$i*te des ,abul ,ala ,ma#8arry4 ,wi51 #ahhh4 ,a4 ,,von ,,krem]3 ,g$i*te des ,abu-l-,ala ,ma#8arri4 ,,zdmg1 xxix1 #cjd2 xxx1 #dj2 xxxi1 pp4 #dga ff42 xxxviii1 #dii ff4 ,,abu-,l-,,ala ,,al-,,ma#8,,arri3 ,lett]s ,arabic & ,engli%1 ) notes1 etc41 edit$ by ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?4 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 ,see1 too1 pap]s by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson 9 ,,jras1 ,octob]1 #aijj1 ff42 & by ,m>goli\?1 = ,april1 #aijb4 ,e4 ,,fitzg]ald3 ,! ,ruba#8iyat ( ,om> ,khayyam4 ,) a comm5t>y by ,h4 ,m4 ,batson & a biographical ,introduction by ,e4 ,d4 ,ross4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,! biography by ,ross is ! only at all adequate treatm5t ( ! life & times ( ,um> :i* yet exi/s4 ,( ! ,ruba#8iyat !mselves !re are sev]al adequate translations1 e4g4 by ,:9field1 ,payne & ,mrs4 ,cadell4 ,,m>t9 ,,s*re9]3 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,polemik zwis*5 ,jud5 und ,muhamm$an]n4 ,,zdmg1 xlii1 pp4 #eia ff4 ,deals ) ,ibn ,hazm & ,fakhr ad-,d9 ar-,razi4 ,,m>t9 ,,s*re9]3 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] !ologis*5 ,bewegung5 9 ,islam4 ,,zdmg1 lii1 pp4 #dfc ff42 #eac ff42 liii1 pp4 #ea ff4 ,a mo/ valuable collection ( mat]ials ) consid]able gaps & imp]fect dige/ion4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,macdonald3 ,! ,life ( al-,ghazzali4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 vol4 xx1 pp4 #ga-acb4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,macdonald3 ,emotional ,religion 9 ,islam z affect$ by ,music & ,s++4 ,be+ a translation ( a book ( ! ,ihya ( al-,ghazzali4 ,9 ,,jras = ,april & ,octob]1 #aija1 & ,janu>y1 #aijb4 ,,miguel ,,as9 ,,palacios3 ,algazel1 dogmatica1 moral1 ascetica4 ,z>agoza1 #aija4 ,c4 ,,b>bi] ,,de ,,meyn>d3 ,traduction n\velle du ,trait de ,ghazzali1 intitul ,le ,pres]vatif de l',erreur4 ,9 ,,ja1 vii1 #i1 pp4 #e ff4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,de ,,bo]3 ,die ,wid]spr*e d] ,philosophie na* al-,ghazzali und ihr ,ausglei* dur* ,ibn ,ro%d4 ,/rassburg1 #ahid4 ,a translation ( al-,ghazzali's ,tahafut has be5 begun by ,c>ra de ,vaux 9 ,le ,muson1 xxviii1 p4 #adc 7,june1 #ahii74 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,mat]iali5 zur ,k5ntniss d] ,almohad5bewegung 9 ,nordafrika4 ,,zdmg1 xli1 pp4 #cj ff4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,die ,bek5ntniss=meln d] ,almohad54 ,,zdmg1 xliv1 pp4 #afh ff4 ,,rob]t ,,fl9t3 ,hi/orical ,philosophy 9 ,france & ,fr5* ,belgium & ,switz]l&4 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,conta9s an excell5t e/imate ( ,ibn ,khaldun z a philosophical hi/orian4 ,a4 ,,von ,,krem]3 ,ibn ,*aldun und se9e ,culturges*i*te d] islamis*5 ,rei*e4 ,wi51 #ahgi4 ,,erne/ ,,r5an3 ,av]roes et l',av]roisme4 ,,iii edition4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,review$ by ,dozy 9 ,,ja1 #e1 ii1 pp4 #ic ff4 ,?is review conta9s a curi\s description ( a ,p>liam5t ( ,religions at ,baghdad ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,philosophie und ,!ologie von ,av]roes4 ,aus dem ,arabis*5 b]setzt von ,m4 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,mn*51 #ahge4 ,! ,arabic text 0 publi%$ by ,mll] 9 #ahei4 ,,leon ,,gau?i]3 ,ibn ,?(ail-,hayy b5 ,yaqdhan1 roman philosophique4 ,texte arabe 444 et traduction franaise4 ,alg]1 #aijj4 ,!re is an e>li] edition ( ,ibn ,tufayl's romance by ! y\ng] ,pocock ) a ,lat9 v]sion4 ,ox=d1 #afga4 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,mehr53 ,correspondance du ,philosophe ,s\fi ,ibn ,sab#89 ,abd oul-,haqq avec l',emp]eur ,frdric ,,ii4 de ,hoh5/auf54 ,9 ,,ja1 vii1 #ad1 pp4 #cda ff4 ,s4 ,,guy>d3 ,abd ar-,razzaq et son trait de la ,prde/9ation et du libre arbitre4 ,9 ,,ja1 vii1 #a1 pp4 #abe ff4 ,a4 ,,de ,,krem]3 ,notice sur ,%a'rany4 ,9 ,,ja1 vi1 #aa1 pp4 #bec ff4 ,g4 ,,fl,,gel3 ,s*a#8rani und se9 ,w]k ub] die muhammadanis*e ,glaub5slehre4 ,,zdmg1 xx1 p4 #a ff4 ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]3 ,beitrge zur ,litt]aturges*i*te d] ,%i#8a4 ,wi51 #ahgd4 ,,james ,l4 ,,m]rick3 ,! ,life & ,religion ( ,mohamm$1 z conta9$ 9 ! ,%eeah ,traditions ( ! ,hyat-ul-,kuloob4 ,bo/on1 #ahej4 ,j4 ,b4 ,r,,l+3 ,beitrge zur ,es*atologie des ,islam4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 ,l4 ,,gau?i]3 ,ad-d\rra al-fakhira2 la p]le prcieuse de ,ghazali4 ,g5ve1 #ahgh4 ,9 ,arabic & ,fr5*2 a valuable acc\nt ( ,muslim es*atology4 ,m4 ,,wolff3 ,muhamm$anis*e ,es*atologie4 ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 ,9 ,arabic & ,g]man2 an acc\nt ( popul> ,muslim es*atology4 ,,depont ,,et ,,cappolani3 ,les ,confrries religieuses ,musulmanes4 ,alg]1 #ahig4 ,,sn\ck ,,hurgronje3 ,les ,confrries religieuses1 la ,mecque et le ,panislamisme1 9 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 xliv1 pp4 #bfb ff4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,= typographical reasons ! smoo? guttural ,ha1 ! palatals ,sad1 ,dad1 ,ta1 ,za1 & ! long v[els are indicat$ by italic4 ,! same sy/em is foll[$ 9 ! index4 ,,*ronological ,,table ,a4,h4 #aa ,m4d42 ,abu ,bakr ,kh4 #ac #8,um> ,kh4 #ad ,battle ( al-,qadisiya2 fall ( ,j]usalem2 al-,basra f\nd$2 fall ( ,damascus4 #ag ,al-,kufa f\nd$2 ,syria & ,mesopotamia conqu]$4 #bj ,conque/ ( ,egypt4 #ba ,battle ( ,nahaw&2 ,p]sia conqu]$4 #bc #8,u?man ,kh4 #cj ,f9al r$action ( ! ,qur'an4 #ce #8,ali ,kh4 #cf ,battle ( ,c>mel4 #dj #8,ali d4 #da ,mu#8awiya ,i4 ,kh42 ,h]at4 #di ,al-,hasan d4 #ef ,sam>q&4 #fj ,s*ism ( ,ibadites f ,kharijites4 #fa ,k>bala d4 ( al-,husayn4 #gc ,/orm ( ,mecca d4 ( #8,abd ,allah b4 az-,zubayr4 #gd ,c>?age4 #hj ,ma#8bad execut$4 #ha ,m4 b4 al-,hanafiya d4 #ic ,tol$o4 #ii-aja #8,um> ,,ii4 ,kh4 #aaj ,hasan al-,basri d4 #aad ,*>les ! ,hamm] at ,t\rs 7,a4,d4 #gcb74 #aba ,zayd b4 ,zayn al-#8,abidin d4 #abd ,az-,zuhri d4 #abg-acb ,m>wan ,,ii4 ,kh4 #acj ,jahm b4 ,safwan kill$8 #aca ,wasil b4 #8,ata d4 #acb ,fall ( ,umayyads2 z-,saffah fir/ #8,abbasid ,kh4 #acd ,fir/ ,ibadite ,imam4 #ace ,rabi#8a d4 #acf-aeh ,al-,mansur ,kh4 #ach-dbb ,umayyads ( ,cordova4 #adj ,ibn al-,muqaffa#8 kill$4 #adc ,halley's comet4 #add #8,amr b4 #8,ubayd d48 #ade ,baghdad f\nd$2 #8,a'i%a d4 ( ,ja#8f> as-,sadiq d4 #adg ,homage to al-,mahdi z successor 9 ,kh4 #adh ,ja#8f> as-,sadiq d4 #aej ,abu ,hanifa d42 trace ( ,sufi mona/]y 9 ,damascus4 #aeg ,al-,awza#8i d4 #aeh-afi ,al-,mahdi ,kh42 ,john ( ,damascus d48 #afa ,sufyan a?-,?awri d42 ,ibrahim b4 ,adham d4 #afe ,da'ud b4 ,nusayr d4 #afg ,ba%%ar b4 ,burd kill$4 #agj-aic ,harun ar-,ra%id ,kh4 #agb-cge ,idrisids4 #agi ,malik b4 ,anas d4 #ahb ,! ,qadi ,abu ,yusuf d4 #ahg ,fall ( ,b>mecides2 al-,fudayl b4 #8,iyad d4 #ahi ,m4 b4 al-,hasan d4 #aih-bah ,al-,ma'mun ,kh4 #bjj ,ma#8ruf ( al-,k>kh d42 trace ( ,sufi mona/]y 9 ,khurasan4 #bjd ,a%-,%afi#8i d4 #bjh ,abu #8,ubayda d42 ! ,lady ,nafisa d4 #baa ,!odorus ,abuc>a d4 #bab ,decree t ! ,qur'an is creat$4 #bac ,?umama b4 ,a%ras d4 #bae ,abu ,sulayman ( ,damascus d42 #bnd decree4 #bah-bcd ,! ,mihna2 ,al-,mu#8tasim ,kh4 #bbj ,ma#8m> b4 #8,abbad4 #bbc ,fatima ( ,naysabur d4 #bbf ,abu ,hudhayl ,m4 al-#8,allaf d4 #bbg ,bi%r al-,hafi d42 al-,wa?iq ,kh4 #bca ,an-,nazzam d4 #bcb ,al-,mutawakkil ,kh4 #bcd ,decree t ,qur'an is uncreat$2 ,scotus ,erig5a transl4 pseudo-,dionysius1 ,a4,d4 #hej4 #bdj ,ibn ,abi ,duwad d4 #bda ,ahmad b4 ,hanbal d4 #bdc ,al-,hari? al-,muhasibi d4 #bde ,dhu-n-,nun d42 al-,k>abisi d4 #bej-caf #8,alids ( ,zaydite bran* 9 nor? ,p]sia4 #bee ,al-,jahiz d4 #bef ,ibn ,k>ram d4 #beg ,al-,bukhari d42 ,s>i z-,saqati d4 #bfj ,al-,k9di d48 ,m4 b4 al-,hasan al-,muntazar vani%$4 #bfa ,muslim d42 ,abu ,yazid al-,bistami d4 #bgj ,da'ud az-,zahiri d4 #bgc ,ibn ,maja d4 #bge ,abu ,da'ud z-,siji/ani d4 #bgg ,q>matians hold =tress 9 ,arab #8,iraq4 #bgi ,at-,tirmidhi d4 #bhj ,zaydite ,imams at z-,sa#8da & ,san#8a4 #bhi #8,ubayd ,allah al-,mahdi 9 ,nor? ,africa4 #bie-cbj ,al-,muqtadir #8,abbasid ,kh4 #big ,fir/ ,fatimid ,kh42 al-,junayd d4 #cjj ,return ( al-,a%#8ari4 #cjc ,an-,nasa#8i d42 ,al-,jubba#8i d4 #cji ,al-,hallaj execut$4 #cag ,umayyads ( ,cordova take title ( ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful2 ,q>matians 9 ,mecca4 #cbj-ddg ,buwayhids2 al-,a%#8ari d48 #cbb ,ibn a%-,%almaghani4 #cca ,at-,tahawi d4 #ccc ,al-,mat>idi d4 #ccc-cef ,sayf ad-,dawla4 #ccd ,buwayhids 9 ,baghdad2 a%-,%ibli d4 #cci ,return ( ,black ,/one by ,q>matians2 al-,farabi d4 #cef ,fatimids conqu] ,egypt2 ,cairo f\nd$4 #cfj ,ikhwan as-,safa fl4 #cfb ,ibn ,hani d4 #cha-dbb ,al-,qadir ,kh4 #chf ,abu ,talib al-,makki d4 #chh-dba ,mahmud ( ,ghazna4 #djc ,al-,baqilani d4 #djh ,p]secution ( ,mu#8tazilites "u al-,qadir4 #daa ,al-,hakim ,fatimid ,kh4 vani%$2 ,firdawsi d4 #dbh ,ibn ,sina d4 #dcd ,abu ,dh>r d4 #ddj ,al-,beruni d4 #ddg ,tughril ,beg1 ! ,saljuq1 9 ,baghdad4 #ddi ,abu-l-#8,ala al-,ma#8arri d4 #dej ,p]secution ( ,a%#8arites4 #dee ,alp-,arslan2 ,nizam al-,mulk ,wazir2 end ( p]secution ( ,a%#8arites4 #def ,ibn-,hazm az-,zahiri d4 #dfe ,al-,qu%ayri d4 #dgh ,imam al-,haramayn d4 #dha ,nasir b4 ,khusraw d4 #dhc ,hasan b4 as-,sabbah seizes ,alamut4 #dhe ,nizam al-,mulk assass4 #dhh ,al-,ghazzali leaves ,baghdad4 #eje ,al-,ghazzali d4 #eae #8,um> al-,khayyam d4 #eaf ,al-,baghawi d4 #ebd ,ibn ,tum>t al-,mahdi d4 #ebd-eeh #8,abd al-,mu'm94 #ebd-ffg ,! ,muwahhids4 #ecc ,abu ,bakr b4 ,bajja d4 #ecg ,abu ,hafs an-,nasafi d4 #ech ,az-,zamakh%>i d4 #edj ,yehuda ,halevi d4 ,a4,d4 #aade4 #edf ,abu ,bakr b4 al-#8,arabi d4 #edh ,a%-,%ahra/ani d4 #eeh #8,abd al-,mu'm9 ! ,muwahhid d4 #eeh #8,adi al-,hakkari d4 #eeh-ehj ,abu ,ya#8qub ! ,muwahhid4 #efa #8,abd al-,qadir al-,jilani1 f\nd] ( ord] ( d>wi%es1 d4 #efg ,conque/ ( ,egypt by ,salad9 & end ( ,fatimids4 #egf ,ord] ( ,rifa#8ites f\nd$4 #ehj ,abu ,ya#8qub d4 #ehj-eif ,abu ,yusuf al-,mansur4 #eha ,ibn ,tufayl d4 #ehg ,z-,suhraw>di execut$4 #ehi ,salad9 d4 #eij ,abu ,%uja#8 d48 #eie ,ibn ,ru%d d42 ,abu ,yusuf al-,mansur ! ,muwahhid d4 #fja ,maimonides d4 ,a4,d4 #abjd4 #fjf ,fakhr ad-,din ar-,razi d4 #fbj ,abu-l-,hajjaj b4 ,tumlus d42 ,fakhr ad-,din b4 #8,zakir d42 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi d4 ,a4,d4 #abbf4 #fbe-ida ,hafsids at ,tunis4 #fcj-fdj ,ar-,ra%id ! ,muwahhid4 #fcb #8,um> b4 al-,farid4 #fch ,ibn #8,arabi d4 #fdh ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 d4 ,a4,d4 #abej4 #fed ,end ( ,assass9s by ,mongols2 ,a%-,%adhili1 f\nd] ( ord] ( d>wi%es1 d4 #ffg ,ibn ,sab#8in d42 end ( ,muwahhids4 #fgb ,jalal ad-,din ar-,rumi d4 #fge ,ahmad al-,badawi1 f\nd] ( ord] ( d>wi%es1 d4 #fha ,ibn ,khallikan d4 #fhe ,al-,baydawi d4 #fic1 #fih-gjh1 #gji-gda ,muhammad ,an-,nzir1 ,mamluk ,sultan1 reg4 #gai ,an-,nasr al-,manbiji d48 #gbd ,ibn ,ru%d is /ill /udi$ at ,alm]ia4 #gbh ,ibn ,taymiya d42 ,mei/] ,eckh>t d4 ,a4,d4 #acbh4 #gcj #8,abd ar-,razzaq d4 #gef ,al-#8,iji d42 ,he9ri* ,suso d4 #gia ,at-,taftazani d42 an-,naq%b&i1 f\nd] ( ord] ( d>wi%es1 d4 #hjh ,ibn ,khaldun d4 #heg ,capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ,ottomans & (fice ( ,%aykh al-,islam creat$ ,a4,d4 #adec4 ,?omas ,kempis d4 ,a4,d4 #adga4 #hie ,m4 b4 ,yusuf z-,sanusi d4 #ijg ,accession ( ,safawids4 #ibb ,conque/ ( ,egypt by ,ottoman ,turks4 #ide ,dea? ( al-,mutawakkil1 la/ #8,abbasid4 #iea ,beg9n+ ( ,%>ifs ( ,morocco4 #igc ,a%-,%a#8rani d4 #abja #8,abd al-,wahhab d4 ,a4,d4 #aghg4 #abje ,sayyid ,murtada d42 al-,fudali fl4 circ4 #abbj4 #abeb ,f\ndation ( ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi ,a4,d4 #ahcg4 #abfj ,ibrahim al-,bajuri d42 ,decree ( ,porte t apo/ate ,muslims %\ld n be put to dea?4 #abge ,dea? ( f\nd] ( ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi ,a4,d4 #ahei4 ,,footnotes #a ,= ,muslim es*atology ref]5ce may /ill be made to ,sale's introduction to ! ,qur'an1 #d4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! grave is :at1 9 ! case ( unbeliev]s1 foll[s ! inquisition by ! two angels ,munk> & ,nakir2 see on !m ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians1 *ap4 xxviii2 on ! :ole subject1 see translations by ,gauti] & ,wolff & tractate by ,rl+ 7,bibliography1 p4 #cfg74 #b ,?is1 "o ( ! divid+ que/ions betwe5 ,sunnites & ,%i#8ites1 belongs to !ology z well z law4 ,see p4 #cad & ,goldzih]1 ,zur ,lit]aturges*i*te d] ,si#8a1 p4 #hg4 #c ,! ,mu#8tazilites held t articles ( su/5ance ( a =bidd5 nature1 su* z pork or w9e1 c\ld n be call$ rizq 9 ?is te*nical s5se2 t ,god c\ld n s use !m4 ,! or?odox retort$ t a man might live 8 life out on =bidd5 ?+s2 _h he !n be5 indep5d5t ( ,god z to 8 su/5ance8 ,! ,mu#8tazilites def9$ rizq z 8a possession :i* its possessor eats0 & z 8t f :i* "o is n h9d]$ f pr(it+02 ! or?odox1 z a "n = t :i* ,god s5ds to man & ! o!r animals & !y eat x & pr(it by x4 #d ,"s w run into ! fire & f9d !mselves imm$iately 9 ,p>adise2 ^! w\ld h be5 believ]s4 ,o!rs w refuse1 & w be treat$ z _! p>5ts4 #e ,?is is n ! normal doctr9e ( ,islam & ! comm5tators h to expla9 ?is passage away4 ,consult 9 ! *apt]s on !ology1 ! :ole ,sufi developm5t & especially ! views ( al-,ghazzali4 ,al-,mat>idi 0 greatly influ5c$ by ,abu ,hanifa1 :o 0 ho/ile to my/ics4 ,notice1 too1 ! philosophical basis & beg9n+ ( ?is cre$4 #f ,a sect ( ! ,mu#8tazilites held t a man c\ld h two ajals1 "o 8 end by a natural dea? appo9t$ by ,god1 ! o!r 8 end by a viol5t dea?1 n s appo9t$4 ,! 8,philosoph]s0 are said to h held t "o ajal w\ld be :5 ! me*anism ( ! body ceas$ to "w ?r\gh ! fail+ ( its ess5tial moi/ure & heat1 & ano!r ajal might come ?r\gh sicknesses & accid5t g5]ally4 #g ,see 9 bibliography1 ,s4 ,keijz]1 ,prcis1 etc4 ,mu* help z to details ( religi\s ritual & law w be f\nd 9 ,hughes's ,diction>y ( ,islam1 ,sa*au's ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t1 ,lane's ,mod]n ,egyptians1 & comm5t>y to 8 translation ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 & ,sell's ,fai? ( ,islam4 ,,index ,,( ,,names ,,& ,,arabic ,,words ,abadi1 #cjj ,al-#8,abbas1 #aj1 #cb #8,abbasids1 #aj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ci1 #de1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ef1 #eg1 #ia1 #ib-id1 #ig1 #ih1 #acb-ace1 #aec1 #aed1 #afg1 #afi1 #agd #8,abd1 #bid #8,abd ,allah1 fa!r ( ,muhammad1 #cej1 f4 #8,abd ,allah ibn az-,zubayr1 #bc1 #be #8,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun1 #dj1 #db-dd #8,abd ,allah ibn #8,um>1 #bih #8,abd al-,mu'm91 #bdh1 #beb #8,abd al-,muttalib1 #cea #8,abd al-,qadir al-,jilani1 #bfg #8,abd ar-,rahman1 ! ,umayyad1 #cc #8,abd ar-,razzaq1 #bga1 f4 #8,abid1 #agc1 #agd #8,abida1 #agd ,abkam1 #cdj ,abraham1 also ,ibrahim1 #dc1 #bbf1 #cde ,abu #8,abd ,allah ibn ,k>ram2 see ,ibn ,k>ram ,abu-l-#8,ala al-,ma#8arri1 #aii ,abu ,bakr1 #a/ ,kh41 #ac-af1 #bc1 #bd1 #cf1 #ef1 #ga1 #afe1 #bjj1 #bej1 #bfh1 #big1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cdf ,abu ,da'ud z-,siji/ani1 #ha ,abu ,dh>r1 #bjg ,abu-l-,hajjaj ibn ,tumlus1 #bfj ,abu ,hanifa1 #id-ajb1 #ajf1 #aba1 #abg1 #aic1 #cji ,abu ,ha%im1 #aei1 f4 ,abu ,hudhayl1 #acf-aci1 #aei1 #bdh ,abu ,sahl1 #cbe ,abu ,%uja#8 al-,ispahani1 #cea ,abu ,sufyan1 #bb ,abu ,sulayman ( ,damascus1 #age ,abu ,talib1 #aj ,abu ,talib al-,makki1 #agf1 f4 ,abu #8,ubayda1 #aej ,abu ,ya#8qub ibn #8,abd al-,mu'm91 #beb-bee ,abu ,yusuf1 ! ,qadi1 #if-ii ,abu ,yusuf al-,mansur1 #beb1 #bee ,active ,intellect1 #bcf1 #bej-bec1 #bef1 #bfe #8,ada1 #aac #8,adad1 #cbf ,adam1 #db1 #dc1 #aga1 #bcb1 #cab1 #ccb1 #cdf #8,adam1 #caf #8,adi al-,hakkari1 #bfg #8,adil1 #cef #8,adl1 #bia ,africa1 #ei ,africa1 ,ea/1 #bd1 #bf ,africa1 ,nor?1 #bf1 #ce1 #de1 #df1 #fb1 #bdc ,ahl al-ahwa1 #abb1 #bii ,ahl at-tawhid wal-#8adl1 #acf ,ahl kitab1 #bd ,ahmad al-,badawi1 #bfg1 #bfi ,ahmad al-,malawi1 #cca ,ahmad ar-,rifa#8a1 #bfg ,ahmad ibn #8,abd ,allah ibn ,maymun1 #dd ,ahmad ibn ,abi ,duwad1 #aef ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 #gi1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #ahg1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bic #8,a'i%a1 wife ( ,muhammad1 #aj1 #ac1 #ba #8,a'i%a1 daught] ( ,ja#8f> as-,sadiq1 #agc ,ajal1 #bih1 #caa ,al-,ajhuri1 #cdf #8,ajz1 #cag1 #cci ,al-,akhtal1 #hi #8,alam al-jab>ut1 #bcd #8,alam al-malakut1 #bcd1 #bce #8,alam al-mulk1 #bcd ,alamut1 #di1 #afi1 #bbd ,ala/u bi-rabbikum1 #aga ,aleppo1 #afb ,alex&ria1 #bda ,alg]ia1 #bd1 #bf1 #fb #8,alids1 #ah1 #cb-ce1 #cg1 #ea1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahg #8,ali ibn ,abi ,talib1 #ah-ca1 #cf1 #cg1 #dd1 #de1 #hh1 #aba1 #aee1 #ahb1 #bdi1 #bei1 #bge1 #big1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cad1 #cdf #8,alim1 #ccg2 cf4 #8ulama ,allah1 #abg1 #afa1 #cba1 #cbg ,alm]ia1 #bfj ,alp ,arslan1 #bac ,alphonso ! ,wise1 #bcc ,al-#8,alqami1 #cdf ,a#8ma1 #cdj #8,ama1 #cdj #8,amal1 #bid1 #bif1 #cab ,amana1 #cdg #8,amr ibn #8,ubayd1 #abi ,amina1 "m ( ,muhammad1 #cea ,anima ,mundi1 #bcb ,ansar1 #i1 #ac1 #ah #8,aqida1 #caf #8,aqiqa1 #cef #8,aql1 #abj1 #acf1 #adh1 #aeg1 #bad1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bib1 #cjh1 #caf ,al-'aql al-fa#8 #8al2 see ,active ,intellect ,arabs1 #h1 #ad1 #ag1 #bd1 #dj1 #dd-df1 #ej1 #ea1 #fj1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #abd1 #abe1 #abg1 #acc1 #acd1 #aej1 #aeg1 #bdc1 #cje ,arabia1 #ae1 #bc1 #be1 #cf1 #cg1 #aca ,arabia1 ,s\?1 #bh1 #cf1 #cg1 #de1 #ei ,arab #8,iraq2 see al-#8,iraq #8,arad1 #aei1 #cji1 #cbj ,arhamu-r-rahimin1 #baj ,ari/otelians1 ,ari/otelianism1 #acd1 #adj1 #add1 #afa-afc1 #afh1 #aif1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bhf ,ari/otle1 #acd1 #ach1 #adj1 #add1 #afa-afd1 #aih1 #bba1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdh1 #bec1 #bee1 #bef1 #bfj1 #bfd #8,ar%1 #cja ,asal1 #bec1 #bed ,asamm1 #cdj ,al-a%>atu-l-muba%%>a1 #bfh1 #big1 #cad ,al-,a%#8ari1 #ahg-aij1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bic1 #cjh1 #cai1 #cda ,a%#8arites1 #aia1 #bja1 #bjg-bac1 #bda-bdg1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bia1 #bib1 #cch #8,a%ura1 day (1 #bh ,asl1 #ajg1 #aji ,aslah1 #aij1 #bib1 #caa2 see1 too1 salah ,al-asma al-husna1 #baj1 #bhj1 #cba1 #cda ,assass9s1 #bg1 #di1 #ec1 #ei1 #afi1 #agj1 #aif2 see1 too1 ,isma#8ilians1 ,batinites1 ,ta#8limites #8,ata ibn ,yassar1 #abh ,a?os1 ,m\nt1 #agh ,augu/9e1 #acb1 #bae1 #baf ,av5pace1 #bej2 see1 too1 ,ibn ,bajja ,av]roes1 ,av]roism1 #bea2 see1 too1 ,ibn ,ru%d ,avic5na1 #aig2 see1 too1 ,ibn ,sina ,awlad #8,ilwan1 #bfh ,awwaliyat1 #bfj ,al-,awza#8i1 #ih #8,ayn1 #aia1 #cji1 #cai1 #cda ,azali1 #bia1 #cjj1 #cji1 #cbb1 #cdc ,babism1 #e ,badaha1 #cjh ,badakh%an1 #agj ,badan1 #ada ,badawite d>wi%es1 #bfg ,al-,baghawi1 #ha1 #bjg ,baghdad1 #e1 #ej-ec1 #ef1 #aaa1 #acc1 #aei1 #afb1 #aff-afh1 #age1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aij1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjg1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bfg ,baghdad1 ,pa%alik (1 #fj ,bakam1 #cdj ,balada1 #cdg ,balkh1 #agd ,baqa1 #cbc ,al-,baqilani1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjg ,b>mak1 ,b>mecides1 #ej ,basar1 #bid1 #ccc ,ba%%ar ibn ,burd1 #aej ,basir1 #ccg ,al-,basra1 #ah1 #bc1 #be1 #hc1 #aej1 #aei1 #afg1 #agd1 #ahg1 #ahh ,ba#8?1 #bif1 #caa1 #cbi ,bat91 #cad ,batinites1 #db1 #aif ,batn1 #db ,bay#81 #cec ,al-,baydawi1 #aie1 #bda ,al-,bayjuri1 #cae ,baytu-l-#8izza1 #cce ,b$awis1 #fb ,b]b]s1 #de1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdh1 #bdi ,al-,beruni1 #agj1 #aig ,beyr\t1 #hd ,bid#8a1 #gd1 #gh1 #adh1 #ahf1 #big1 #bii1 #cjg ,bila kayfa wala ta%bih1 #adg1 #aga1 #aia1 #bjh1 #bid1 #cdd2 cf4 kayfa ,bil-fi#8l2 see ,fi#8l ,bi%r al-,hafi1 #age1 #agf ,bi%r al-,m>isi1 #aee ,bi%r ibn al-,mu#8tamir1 #adb1 #adc1 #aea1 #aeb ,al-,bistami1 ,abu ,yazid1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #bbe1 #bfh ,bro!rhood ( z-,sanusi1 #fa1 ff4 ,buddhi/s1 #acd ,al-,bukhari1 #gi1 #hj1 #adg1 #adh ,burgundy1 #hc ,burhan1 #bei1 #bfj ,buwayhids1 #ea1 #eb1 #afg1 #aid1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjh ,cs>ea1 #hd ,cairo1 #di1 #aff1 #agc1 #aie1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bgg ,camel1 ,battle ( !1 #ba ,c>?age1 #hb1 #bdc ,*>les ! ,hamm]1 #hc ,*9ese ,muslims1 #ei ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/ianity1 #bd1 #dg1 #dh1 #abe1 #acj-acd1 #acg1 #add1 #adg1 #aea1 #aha1 #aid ,companions2 see ,sahibs ,code ,napolon1 #aad ,con/ant9e 9 ,alg]ia1 #de ,con/ant9ople1 #ed1 #aac ,crusad]s1 #di ,ad-,dajjal1 #bih1 #cae ,dalil1 #aji1 #cae ,daman1 #ced ,damascus1 #ad1 #hb1 #hh1 #aca1 #age1 #agg ,dar al-,harb1 #ee ,dar al-,islam1 #ee ,daruri1 #cjh ,d>wi%es1 #e1 #fa1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #bff1 #bfh ,da'ud az-,zahiri1 #ajc1 #ajh-aaj ,da'ud ibn ,nusayr1 #agd ,dauph91 ,le1 #hc ,dawr1 #cbc ,dhikrs1 #agd1 #agh1 #agi ,dhuhul1 #cdj ,dhu-l-faqar1 #bj ,dhu-l-,kifl1 #cdf ,dhu-n-,nun1 #agf ,dhu-n-,nurayn1 #cac ,din1 #bic1 #big1 #bih1 #cje1 #cjg ,diya1 #cee ,diyana1 #bic ,druses1 #bg1 #dh1 #ei1 #agj ,eck>t1 ! my/ic1 #ahj ,edict ( ! ,prtor1 #hg ,egypt1 ,egyptians1 #ad1 #ba1 #bc1 #cj1 #de-di1 #ec1 #fb1 #hb1 #ahg1 #bdd1 #bgg1 #bhg ,emessa1 #afc ,erig5a1 ,scotus1 #ahb ,eu*ites1 #agh ,euclid1 #acd ,euphrates1 #acc ,fakhr ad-,din ar-,razi1 #bda ,fakhr ad-,d9 ibn #8,zakir1 #bgc ,fana1 #cch ,faqih1 fuqaha1 #gc1 #he1 #bgj ,faqirs1 #bfh ,al-,farabi1 #afb-afd1 #afe1 #afg1 #afi1 #aha1 #aif1 #bae1 #bba1 #bcf1 #bej ,f>agh1 #cag ,f>d1 #gc ,f>ida1 #ced ,al-,faruq1 #cac ,fatana1 #cdg ,fatima1 daught] ( ,muhammad1 #bj1 #cj1 #cf1 #cdf1 #cdg ,fatima ( ,naysabur1 #agc ,fatimids1 #bg1 #cf1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 #afe-afg1 #afi1 #agc1 #ahd1 #aig1 #bbd1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bea ,fatwa1 #aae1 #ahd1 #bgf1 #bgg ,fay'1 #cef ,bil-fi#8l1 #cbh ,fi mahall2 see mahall ,fiqh1 #gg1 #hg1 #aaf1 #acb1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bde1 #beb1 #bfa1 #bgj1 #bgi1 #bhb2 cf4 faqih ,firdawsi1 #agj ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 #ahj ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ! ,hoh5/auf51 #bfc ,friday1 #ce1 #ea1 #bce1 #bih1 #cac ,al-,fudali1 #aia1 #cae ,al-,fudayl ibn #8,iyad1 #agd1 #age ,fustat1 #hc ,gal51 #acd ,ghafala1 #cdj ,al-,ghani1 #cbg ,ghanima1 #cef ,ghasb1 #ced ,al-,ghayb1 #aci1 #bha1 #cad ,al-,ghazzali1 #aci1 #afe1 #agf1 #ahc1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjg1 #bae-bda1 #bde-bdi1 #bec1 #beg1 #bfj-bfd1 #bfg1 #bgj1 #bhd-bhf1 #cjj1 #cji ,ghiba1 #cdi ,ghusl1 #ceb ,gonde%apur1 #acd ,greek monks1 #agh ,greek philosophy1 sci5ce1 etc41 #acc1 #ach1 #adj1 #add1 #aei1 #afa1 #afb ,habib1 #age ,hadd1 #cad1 #cee ,hadi?1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #hg1 #id1 #aba1 #aij1 #bji1 #bfa1 #bgj ,hadi?1 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cbh1 #ccb ,hadi? an-nafs1 #bgc1 #ccf1 #cej ,hadramawt1 #fj ,hafsids1 #bfe ,ha'il1 #fj ,haj> z-safih1 #ced ,hajj1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bib1 #cec ,al-,hajjaj1 #bji1 #bih ,al-,hakim ,bi'amrillah1 #dg1 #dh ,al-,hakam ibn abi-l-#8,z1 #ag ,hal1 #afj1 #agf1 #bbg1 #caj1 #cai1 #cbb1 #ccg ,hal nafsi1 #cai ,halal1 #bih ,al-,hallaj1 #ahc-ahe1 #bih ,halley's comet1 #cd ,hamdanids1 #afb1 #afe ,hamilton1 ,sir ,william1 #bcg ,hanbalites1 #aae1 #aba1 #aeh1 #afg1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bab-bad1 #bcg1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgh ,hanif1 #abe ,hanifites1 #aae ,haqiqa1 #cbh1 #cbi ,haqq1 #cef ,haram1 #gc1 #bih1 #caa ,al-,haraman1 #ef1 #bac ,al-,hari? al-,muhasibi1 #age1 #agg1 #ahg1 #bbe ,h>ran1 #acc1 #acd ,harun ar-,ra%id1 #ej1 #ig1 #ih1 #add1 #aec1 #aee1 #age ,hasad1 #cdi ,al-,hasan1 #bj1 #bg1 #bh1 #ce ,al-,hasan al-,basri1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #agb1 #agc ,hasan ibn as-,sabbah1 #bbd ,ha%im1 #aj1 #ag1 #cb1 #cac1 #cea ,hawala1 #ced ,hawd1 #bdi1 #bif1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cdi ,hayah1 #ccb ,hayy1 #ccg ,al-,hayy1 #baa ,hayy ibn ,yaqzan1 #bec1 #bed ,hebron1 #bbf ,hegel1 #adc1 #bcc ,h]at1 #hb1 #bjg ,hesy*a/s1 #agh ,hiba1 #ced ,hidana1 #cee ,hidd5 ,imam1 #ca1 #cg1 #da1 #ef1 #aaf2 cf4 ,imam1 ,imamites ,hi]o!os1 #aha ,al-,hijaz1 #bab ,hippocrates1 #acd ,hud1 #cdf ,hudu?1 #cbj1 #cch2 cf4 hadi?1 muhda? ,hukm1 #bib ,hulagu1 #di1 #ec ,hulul1 #bbh ,hume1 #bbi1 #bcj ,al-,husayn1 #bj1 #bh ,huwa-l-haqq1 #bjc ,i#8ara1 #ced ,ibadites1 #e1 #bf1 #ed1 #aae1 #aag1 #abf ,ibn#8,abd al-,wahhab2 see ,muham1 mad ibn #8,abd al-,wahhab ,ibn ,abi #8,awja1 #hj ,ibn al-#8,arabi1 #caf1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbh ,ibn #8,arabi1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bga1 #bgg1 #bhj ,ibn a%-,%almaghani1 #ahe ,ibn ,bajja1 #bej1 #beb1 #bee1 #beg ,ibn ,hani1 #agj ,ibn ,hazm1 #bji-bab1 #bde-bdh1 #bfa1 #bge1 #bhj ,ibn ,ibad1 #8,abd ,allah1 #be1 #bf1 #aaf ,ibn ,k>ram1 #agj1 ff4 ,ibn ,khaldun1 #ej1 #ha1 #bdb1 f4 ,ibn ,khallikan1 #ahe ,ibn ,maja1 #ha ,ibn al-,muqaffa#81 #aej ,ibn ,ru%d1 #afa1 #afc1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bae1 #bcf1 #bdh1 #beb1 #bee1 #bef-bfa1 #bfd-bhf ,ibn ,sab#8in1 #8,abd al-,haqq1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bgg ,ibn ,sina1 #afc1 #aga1 #aig1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bej1 #beg ,ibn ,taymiya1 #bgj-bgh1 #bhc-bhe ,ibn ,tufayl1 #beb-bef1 #bfa ,ibn ,tum>t1 #bjg1 #bde-bdh1 #beb1 #bge ,ibrahim ibn ,adham1 #agd1 #bfh ,al-idafatu-l-#8amm lil-khass1 #ccg ,al-idafatu-l-bayaniya1 #ccg #8,idda1 #cee ,idris1 #cdf ,idris ibn #8,abd ,allah1 #ce ,idrisids1 #cd1 #ajb ,ihata1 #ccb ,ihsan1 #bic ,ihtiyaj ila mahall1 #cci ,ihya1 #cch ,ihya ( al-,ghazzali1 #bhe1 #cjj ,ihya al-mawat1 #ced ,ijara1 #ced ,i#8jaz1 #aea ,al-#8,iji1 #bda1 #bfi ,ijma#81 #eg1 #eh1 #gb1 #id1 #aja1 #aje1 #bji1 #bib1 #cbh1 #cea ,ijmali1 #caf ,ikhtilaf1 #aaf ,ikhtiyar1 #aib1 #caj1 #cci1 #cde ,ikhwan as-safa1 #afg1 #afi1 #aid1 #aif1 #aii ,iktisab1 #bhj2 cf4 kasb ,iktisabi1 #cji ,ila1 #cee ,ilhad1 #cad ,ilham1 #bha1 #cji ,iljam al-#8awamm#8an #8ilm al-kalam ( al-,ghazzali1 #bfj #8,illa1 #ajg1 #cai1 #ccg2 cf4 ta#8lil #8,ilm1 #bja1 #bid1 #ccb #8,ilwan1 ! ,%aykh1 #bfh ,imam1 #bf1 #bi1 #ca1 #cf-ch1 #da-dc1 #df1 #ed1 #eg1 #adb1 #aee1 #afe1 #afg1 #ahh1 #aig1 #bab1 #bbd1 #bhf1 #bib1 #bic1 #big-bii1 #caa1 #cac1 #cah1 #cej ,imam al-,haramayn1 #bab1 #bac1 #bag1 #bcj1 #cag ,imamites1 #cg1 #eg1 #ei1 #aaf1 #abf1 #adb1 #bdg ,iman1 #abf1 #abg1 #bib-bif1 #caa1 #cab1 #cah1 #cej ,imata1 #cch ,imdadat1 #ccj ,imtihan1 #adh2 cf4 mihna ,india1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fa ,india1 ,emp]or (1 #ee ,indian ,mu#8tazilism1 #bhf ,injil1 #cjd ,9 %a' ,allah1 #bgb ,iqrar1 #cab1 #ced ,irada1 #ccj ,al-#8,iraq1 #bji #8,iraq1 ,arab1 #dd ,irda1 #cee ,irja1 #bib2 cf4 ,murji'ites #8,isa2 see ,jesus ,islam1 #g1 #ac-ae1 #ai-bg1 #cg1 #dj-dh1 #eb-ee1 #eh1 #ei1 #fh1 #ga-gd1 #aah-abj1 #abd1 #acj1 #acf1 #ada1 #adb1 #adi1 #aea-aed1 #aeh-afa1 #afg1 #agc1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj-ahc1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjf1 #bab-bae1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bch-bdd1 #bdh1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bgj1 #bgh1 #bhb-bhd1 #bib1 #bif1 #cab #8,isma1 #bdg1 #bib1 #cad1 #cdg ,isma#8il1 #da1 #db1 #dc ,isma#8ilians1 #db1 #dd1 #eg1 #ei1 #afi1 #agj1 #aif ,isnad1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi ,ispahan1 #aie ,i/awa1 ,i/iwa1 #ahf1 #bid1 #cja ,i/idlali1 #cjh ,i/ihsan1 #hg1 #id1 #if ,i/islah1 #hg1 #ajj1 #aja ,i/ita#8a1 #caj ,i/iwa2 see ,i/awa ,i#8tazala #8anna1 #acj ,i?na #8,a%>iya1 #ch ,i#8tibar1 #bja1 #cda ,i#8tibar ikhtira#8i1 #cdb ,i#8tibar intiza#8i1 #cdb ,i#8tidal1 #bba ,i#8tikaf1 #cec #8,itq1 #ceg ,ittihad1 #bbh1 #bgg ,ja#8ala1 #ced ,jab>ites1 #bib1 #cdd ,jabr1 #bia1 #cdd ,jacob1 #cej ,jadliya1 #bei ,ja#8f> as-,sadiq1 #db1 #agc ,al-,jafr1 #bdi ,jahannam1 #cjf ,al-,jahiliya1 ! ,b>b>ism1 or ! ,ignorance1 #h1 #gd1 #gg1 #agc ,al-,jahiz1 #afj1 #afa ,jahl1 #cdj ,jahm ibn ,safwan1 #abf1 #ach1 #adf1 #aej ,jahmites1 #bid1 #bii ,ja'iz1 #gc1 #caf1 #cdh ,jalal ad-,din ar-,rumi1 #bfg ,jami#81 #hj ,j>abub1 #fb ,ja:>1 #aei1 #cji ,ja:> ruhani1 #bca ,j]usalem1 #ad1 #dj1 #db1 #adf1 #bbf ,jesus1 #8,isa1 #db1 #adf1 #cae1 #cde ,jews1 #bd1 #dg1 #fh1 #gj1 #acc1 #acd1 #add1 #aid ,jibril1 #bib1 #bic1 #cce1 #ccf ,jihad1 #ee1 #fc1 #bdf1 #cef ,j9aya1 #cee ,j9n1 ,j9ni1 ,jann1 #gf1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #bii1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cbd ,jirm1 #cag1 #cbj ,jism1 #adc1 #cji ,jizya1 #ae1 #cef ,john ( ,damascus1 #hi1 #aca1 #acb1 #acg1 #adf ,al-,jubba#8i1 #aei1 #afj1 #agb1 #ahh-aij ,al-,junayd1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #bbe1 #bhb ,jurisprud5tes1 #he1 #hf ,ju??a1 #ccd ,al-,juwayni2 see ,imam al-,haramayn ,ka#8ba1 #adi1 #bfh1 #bgh ,kabira1 #abg1 #bif1 #caa1 #cdi ,kafala1 #ced ,kafir1 #bie1 #caf1 #cbh1 #cej2 cf4 kufr1 takfir 8,kalila & ,dimna10 #aej ,kah91 #cad ,kalam1 #adg1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeg1 #age1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bad1 #baf1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhf1 #bid1 #cji1 #cae1 #cce ,kalam ,allah1 #adf ,kalam nafsi1 hadi? fi-n-nafs1 #bgc1 #ccf ,kalimata-%-%ahada1 #cjj ,al-kalimatan1 #cj ,kallima-llahu ,musa taklima1 #adi ,kamm munfasil1 #cbe ,kamm muttasil1 #cbe ,kant1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bja ,al-,k>abisi1 #ahg ,k>aha1 #cci ,k>ama1 #agd1 #bac1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bgd1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cac ,k>bala1 #bh ,k>ramites1 #agj1 #aia1 #aie1 #bia1 #bib ,kasb1 #agi1 #aib1 #bib2 cf4 iktisab ,ka%f1 #abj1 #agb1 #agi1 #bae1 #bfi ,ka%%af ( az-,zamakh%>i1 #aie ,kawn1 #cji2 cf4 takwin ,kawn #8ajiz1 #cdj ,kawn jahil1 #cdj ,kawn karih1 #cdj ,kawn mayyit1 #cdj ,kawn murid1 #ccg ,kawn qadir1 #ccf ,al-,kaw?>1 #cjf1 #cdi ,kayfa1 #big ,kayfiya1 #cji1 #ccd ,kempis1 ,?omas 1 #agg1 #ahj ,khab>1 #cjh ,khadija1 #cdg ,al-,khadir1 #bha1 #bhc ,khalifa1 ,khalifate1 #ac-bh1 #cb-ch1 #de1 #dg1 #ea-eh1 #big1 #cac2 cf4 al-,khulafa ,khalq1 #cch ,khanqah1 #bbi1 #bff ,kh>aj1 #ae ,kh>as1 #cdj1 #cda ,kharijites1 #bc-bg1 #cb1 #dj1 #dd1 #eg1 #ei1 #abc-abf1 #aca1 #agb1 #bab1 #bib1 #bid1 #bif ,khatarat1 #cca ,khitabiya1 #bei ,khitba1 #cee ,khiyana1 #cdg ,khuffs1 #bih1 #cad1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cee ,khul#81 #cee ,al-,khulafa-ar-ra%idun1 #bb1 #hg1 #ii1 #aje1 #aad ,khurasan1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg ,khutba1 #ef ,khuzi/an1 #be1 #acd ,kibr1 #cdi ,kidhb1 #cdg ,al-,k9di1 #aee1 #afa1 #ahg ,kitaba1 #ceg ,kitman1 #cdg ,kubra ( z-,sanusi1 #caf ,al-,kufa1 #ah1 #bc1 #bh1 #hc ,kufr1 #aeg1 #bif1 #caa1 #ccb1 #cdi2 cf4 takfir1 kafir ,labid1 #adi ,lafz1 #adg1 #cce ,laqab1 #cdg ,laqx1 #ced ,la %ay'1 #cbh ,al-lawh al-mahfuz1 #cce ,laylatu-l-qadr1 #cce ,lebanon1 #dh ,leibnitz1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bjc ,li#8an1 #cee ,logos1 #adf-adh1 #aea ,lucretius1 #bjj ,luqta1 #ced ,lutf1 #bib ,ma#8bad al-,juhani1 #abh ,al-,madina1 #g1 #h1 #ah1 #ce1 #ef1 #fg1 #fi-ga1 #gb1 #hb1 #hg1 #hh1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #afe1 #bac1 #baf1 #bbf1 #bgh1 #bhd1 #cdf ,madrasa1 #bbi ,ma#8dum1 #aei1 #cad1 #cai2 cf4 #8adam ,mafatih al-ghayb ( ar-,razi1 #bda ,magians1 #add ,al-,maghrib1 #bdc ,mahall1 #cag1 #cbe ,mahall 7fi71 #acg ,al-,mahdi1 #bg1 #cd1 #de1 #fc1 #aad1 #bdd-bdi ,al-,mahdi1 ! #8,abbasid ,khalifa1 #ce1 #acd ,al-,mahdiya1 #afe1 #bdd ,mahiya1 #cji ,mahmud ( ,ghazna1 #agj1 #aie1 #aig ,mahr1 #cee ,maimonides1 #bcg ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #fe1 #he1 #aad ,majazi1 #cbi ,majuj1 #cae ,makhluqat1 #cbd ,makruh1 #gc1 #cdg ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 #fb ,malik ibn ,anas1 #ce1 #gh1 #ii-ajc1 #ajf1 #adg1 #ahf1 #bde1 #cdf ,malikites1 #aae ,ma#8m> ibn #8,abbad1 #adc ,mamluks1 #ec1 #ed1 #bge ,al-,ma'mun1 #ej1 #aaj1 #adj1 #add1 #aed-aei1 #afb1 #aff1 #bgg ,m&ub1 #gc1 #cdg ,mani*ans1 #acc1 #acd ,mansel1 ,h4 ,l41 #bcg ,al-,mansur1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #cc1 #cd1 #ej1 #acd1 #aec1 #aed ,maqama1 #agf ,al-,maqasid1 #cdf ,maqbulat1 #bei ,m>'an1 #cad ,ma#8rifa1 #bja1 #cej ,m>iya ! ,copt1 #cdg ,ma#8ruf ( al-,k>kh1 #age ,m>wan ,,ii41 #cb ,m>wan ibn al-,hakam1 #ag ,masabih z-sunna ( al-,baghawi1 #ha ,mash1 #bih1 #cad ,ma%hurat1 #bei ,ma%ya1 #bid ,maslaha1 #aja ,masyaf1 #di ,al-,mat>idi1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bjg1 #cjh ,mat>idites1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #ccg1 #cch ,matn1 #ge1 #gh ,mawaqif ( al #8,iji1 #bda ,mawjub1 #cdg2 cf4 wajib ,mawjud1 #aei1 #aia1 #cad1 #cai2 cf4 wujud ,mawlawite d>wi%es1 #bfg ,mawqif1 #bif1 #cdi ,mawsil1 #bfg ,mawt1 #cdj ,maymun1 #dj ,maznunat1 #bei ,mecca1 #i1 #ag1 #bc1 #be1 #cb1 #df1 #ef1 #fb1 #fh1 #agd1 #ahd1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bfe1 #bhe1 #bif1 #cdf ,m]v1 #bag ,mesnevi1 ,!1 #bfg ,mesopotamia1 #bc1 #dd1 #hb1 #aca1 #ahg ,mihna1 #aef1 #aeg ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice1 #aad ,mi#8raj1 #bih1 #cab ,mongols1 #di1 #eb1 #ec1 #afi ,monophysites1 #aha ,morocco1 #ce1 #fb ,moses1 #db1 #adi1 #aib1 #bie1 #bif1 #cjd1 #ccf1 #cde ,mu#8awiya1 #ba-bc1 #bh1 #hh ,mubah1 #gc1 #cdh ,mubtadi#81 #cjg2 cf4 bid#8a ,mufti1 #aae2 cf4 fatwa ,muhajirs1 #h1 #ac1 #bj ,muhammad1 ! ,prophet1 #g-ac1 #af-bb1 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #cg1 #db-de1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #fg-ge1 #hc1 #hf-hi1 #ie1 #ajd-ajf1 #aab1 #abj-acc1 #adj-aej1 #aee1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #aga1 #agb1 #age-ahj1 #ahh1 #baj1 #bbg-bca1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bed1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bge-bgh1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bib-bid1 #bih1 #cje1 #cjh1 #cab1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cde1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #cej1 #cea ,muhammad ,,ii41 ,ottoman ,sultan1 #aac ,muhammad al-#8,allaf2 see ,abu ,hudhayl ,muhammad al-,muntazar1 #ahg ,muhammad an-,naq%b&i1 #bfg ,muhammad ibn #8,abd al-,wahhab1 #fj1 #bhc ,muhammad ibn ,abi ,bakr1 #ah ,muhammad ibn al-,hanafiya1 #bi1 #ca ,muhammad ibn al-,hasan1 #ch1 #if1 #ajb ,muhammad ibn #8,ali z-,sanusi2 see z-,sanusi ,muhammad ibn ,isma#8il1 #db1 #dc1 #de ,muharram1 #cdg ,al-,muhasibi2 see ,al-,hari? ,muhda?1 #cji2 cf4 hadi?1 hudu? ,muhdi?1 #cji1 #cba ,muhsan1 #cee ,muhyi ad-,din ibn #8,arabi2 see ,ibn #8,arabi ,al-,mu#8izz1 ,fatimid ,khalifa1 #agj ,mujassim1 #aia1 #bia2 cf4 jism'1 tajsim ,mujid1 #cbe ,mu#8jiza1 #ada1 #aea1 #cac1 #cde ,mujtahid1 #ch1 #aaf1 #bge1 #bhg1 #cae ,mujtahidun bil-fatwa1 #aac ,mujtahidun fi-l-madhahib1 #aac ,mujtahidun mutlaq1 #aab ,mukallaf1 #bhj1 #cag1 #cah1 #cba1 #cbc1 #cdb1 #cde2 cf4 taklif ,muka%afa1 #bbg ,mukhab>a1 #ced ,mukhalafa lil-hawadi?1 #bje1 #baj1 #bcb1 #bhj1 #cbd ,mukhassis1 #cbe ,muma?ala1 #cch ,mu'm91 #abf1 #acj1 #cej ,mumk9at1 #ccj ,munk>1 #bif1 #bih1 #cje1 #caa ,munazzah1 #cbd ,muntazar1 #cac2 see1 too1 ,muhammad al-,muntazar ,muqallad1 #caf1 #cej2 cf4 taqlid ,al-,muqanna#81 #cj ,munqidh m9 ad-dalal ( al-,ghazzali1 #baf1 #bbe1 #bci ,muq>rab1 #cjf ,al-,muqtadir1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #ahd ,murabits1 #bdf1 #bea ,m>ji'ites1 #abb-abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb1 #aga1 #aic1 #bad1 #bib ,murtadd1 #bd1 #big ,musa1 see ,moses ,musa al-,qazam1 #db ,musaqat1 #ced ,musallamat1 #bei ,musannaf1 #gi ,musaylima1 #aej ,mu%abbih1 #aia2 cf4 bila kayfa ,mu%ahada1 #cbg ,mu%rik1 #bhd1 #bii2 cf4 %irk1 %>ik ,muslim1 #hj ,musnad1 #gi1 #aaj ,al-,mu/afa1 #cjj ,mu/ahabb1 #gc ,mu/ahil1 #caf ,mu/ansir1 ,fatimid ,kh41 #agj ,mutakallims1 #adg1 #ahf1 #aic-aif1 #bae1 #bca1 #bfb1 #bgf1 #ccg ,al-,mu#8tasim1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afb1 #afc ,mutaqabilat1 #ccj ,al-,mutawakkil1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #aeg1 #afb ,mutawatir1 #cjh ,mu#8tazilites1 #cg1 #eg1 #abj1 #acj1 #ace-ach1 #adj1 #adc-adf1 #aea-aei1 #aff1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd-aif1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baa-bad1 #bbj-bbf1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bia-bid1 #bih1 #bii1 #caa1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdc1 #cdd ,muwahhids1 #agi1 #bjg1 #bdf-beg1 #bfa-bfe1 #bhd1 #bif1 #cjg ,muwatta' ( ,malik ibn ,anas1 #gh1 #hb1 #aja1 #ajb ,al-,muzdar1 #aea ,mzab 9 ,alg]ia1 #bf1 #ei ,nabateans1 #dd ,nabi1 #bfc1 #cab1 #cde ,nabidh1 #cad ,nadhr1 #cef ,nafaqa1 #cee ,nafisa1 ,! ,lady1 #agc ,nafs1 #bcd1 #bgb1 #ccd ,nahaw&1 #ad1 #acc ,najasat1 #ceb ,najd1 #fj ,najjarites1 #bib ,nakir1 #bif1 #bih1 #cje1 #caa ,naqib1 #bfh ,naql1 #abj1 #adh1 #aeg1 #bad1 #bfi1 #big1 #caj ,naq%b&ite d>wi%es1 #bfg ,n>bonne1 #hc ,an-,nasafi1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bgg1 #cjh ,an-,nasa'i1 #ha1 #aeb ,nasir ibn ,khusraw1 #agj ,an-,nzir1 ,mamluk ,sultan1 #bgg ,an-,nasr al-,manbiji1 #bgg ,nass1 #bi1 #ie1 #bib ,naysabur1 #bag1 #bbi ,nazr1 #bjh ,an-,nazzam1 #adj1 #adc1 #aeb ,neo-,platonism1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #aif1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bec1 #bee1 #bfd1 #bgb ,nikah1 #ced ,nisba1 #ccg ,nizam al-,mulk1 #bac1 #bag1 #bah ,nizamite ,academy1 #bac1 #bag ,noah1 or ,nuh1 #db1 #dc1 #cde ,nusayrites1 #ei ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta91 ,%aykh al-jabal1 #di ,ottoman ,sultan1 #aj1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei ,ottoman ,turks1 #cf1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 #ei ,p>sees1 #aid ,p ( ,p>adise1 #aci ,p ( ! ,sunna1 #ccf1 #ccg ,p]sia1 ,p]sian1 #ad1 #bc1 #ca1 #cf-da1 #dd1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #hb1 #aca-acd1 #aej1 #aee1 #aeg1 #ahd ,p]sian ,gulf1 #fj ,p]sian my/icism1 #e ,plato1 #acd1 #afb-afe1 #bce ,plot9us1 ,plot9ian1 #afc-afe1 #ahb1 #bca1 #bef1 #bfi1 #bhj ,porphyrius1 #afc ,pseudo-,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 #aha1 #ahb ,ptolemaic sy/em1 #bcc ,ptolemy1 #acd ,py?agoreanism1 #afh1 #agj ,qada1 #bia1 #bie1 #cdb1 #cef ,qad>1 #abh1 #ace-acg1 #bdb1 #bia1 #bic1 #bie1 #cdb ,qad>ites1 #abb1 #abg-acb1 #ace1 #acg1 #adj1 #bib1 #cdd ,qadi1 #aae1 #aef1 #bde1 #cef ,qadim1 #adc1 #cjj1 #cbb1 #cdc ,al-,qadir1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #aic-aie ,qadir1 #cai ,qadirite d>wi%es1 #bfg1 #bfi ,al-,qadisiya1 #ad1 #acc ,qanuns1 #aad ,q>matians1 #dd1 #df1 #agj1 #ahd1 #ahh ,qasm1 #cef ,qattat1 #cej ,qawl1 #bif ,qidam1 #cbb ,qirad1 #ced ,qisas1 #cee ,al-,qiyama1 #cdi2 cf4 ,yawm ,qiyam b9-nafs1 #cbe ,qiyas1 #hg1 #id1 #bji1 #bdg1 #cdg ,qubda1 #cbi ,qudra1 #aib1 #bcd1 #bid1 #caj1 #cai1 #cbb1 #cbh1 #cdd ,al-,qudra al-azaliya1 #bcd ,qur'an1 #bd1 #db1 #fb1 #fi-ga1 #gf1 #gg1 #he1 #id-if1 #ii1 #ajc-ajf1 #aji1 #aag1 #aba1 #abh-acj1 #ace1 #ach-ada1 #ade-aeb1 #aee-aeh1 #afa-afc1 #aga1 #agh1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aie-aih1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj1 #bca1 #bce1 #bch1 #bda1 #bde-bdi1 #beb1 #bec1 #beg-bei1 #bfc1 #bga1 #bgb-bge1 #bhb-bhd1 #bie1 #big1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #caj1 #cce1 #cde1 #cdf ,quray%1 #aj1 #eg1 #cje1 #cac ,al-,qu%ayri1 #bac ,qutb1 #bfh1 #bhb ,quwa1 #cbh ,rabelais1 #aii ,rabi#8a1 #agc ,rafidites1 #bab ,rahib1 #abe1 #agb ,rahn1 #ced ,ramadan1 #ahh1 #bib1 #bic ,ar-,ra%id1 ! ,muwahhid1 #bfc1 #bfd ,rasa'il ikhwan as-safa1 #afh ,rasul1 #bfc1 #cjh1 #cab1 #cde ,ra'y1 #hf1 #id ,razq1 #cch ,r$ ,sea1 #fj ,responsa prud5tium1 #he ,rida1 #caj ,rifa#8ite d>wi%es1 #bfg1 #bfh ,risala1 #bib ,risala ( al-,qu%ayri1 #bac ,rits*l1 #bch ,rizq1 #agi1 #bih1 #bii1 #caa1 #cag ,ruh1 #ada1 #bca1 #bgb ,rukhsa1 #bhc ,ru'ya1 #caj1 #cdd ,z-sa#8a1 #bic1 #bid1 #cae ,sabil ,allah1 #ah ,sab#8inite d>wi%es1 #bfg ,sab#8iya1 #db ,sa#8da1 #cf ,sa#8d ad-,din2 see at-,taftazani ,safawids1 #ch ,z-,saffah1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #cb ,saghira1 #abg1 #caa1 #cdi ,sah>a1 #fb ,sahiba1 #bid ,sahibs1 #i1 #af1 #ai1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gi1 #hh1 #aja1 #aje1 #adg1 #ahj1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bic1 #big1 #cjg1 #cad1 #cdf ,sah'fa1 #ge1 #gg1 #cce ,sahifa ( al-,bukhari1 #ce1 #gi-ha ,sahih ( ,muslim1 #hj1 ff4 ,sa#8id ibn ,ahmad ibn #8,abd ,allah1 #de ,sa'ihs1 #agb ,salad92 see ,salah ad-,din ,z-salaf1 #aeg1 #aij1 #big ,salah1 #bib1 #cdc2 cf4 ,aslah ,salah ad-,din1 #di1 #bda ,salam1 #cec ,salaman1 #bec1 f4 ,salamiya1 #dd ,salat1 ,salawat1 #agh1 #bib1 #bic1 #ceb ,salih1 ! prophet1 #cdf ,salim1 ,ottoman ,sultan1 #ef ,saljuqs1 #bjg ,saluhi qadim1 #cbh ,sam#81 #bib1 #bid1 #ccc ,sama' ad-,dunya1 #big ,samam1 #cdj ,samanids1 #cf ,sam>q&1 #hb1 #ahg1 #bjg ,sami#81 #ccg1 #cdi ,san#8a1 #cf ,z-,sanusi1 ,muhammad ibn #8,ali1 #fa1 #abj1 #bdd1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bhd ,z-,sanusi1 ,muhammad ibn ,yusuf1 #cae-cah1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbh1 #ccd1 #cda1 #cdg ,s>i z-,saqati1 #age-agg1 #bfh ,satan1 #bih1 #bii2 cf4 %aytan ,sawm1 #bib2 cf4 ,siyam ,sayf ad-,dawla1 ! ,hamdanid1 #afb1 #afe ,sayyid ,murtada1 #bhe1 #cjj ,semites1 ,semitic1 #e1 #ea1 #abe1 #abf1 #ahb ,s]gius1 fa!r ( ,john ( ,damascus1 #aca ,se?1 #dc ,a%-,%adhili1 #bfg1 #bfi ,%adhilite d>wi%es1 #bfg ,%ahada1 #cef ,%afa#8a1 #agd1 #bif1 #cjg1 #caa1 #cdi ,a%-,%afi#8i1 #fg1 #ajc-aaa1 #agc1 #ahg ,%afi#8ites1 #aaj1 #aae ,%ahs ( ,p]sia1 #ch ,%akk1 #ccb ,%>'1 #cde ,a%-,%a#8rani1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhe ,a%-,%ahra/ani1 #bac1 #bbd1 #bia1 #bic ,%>i#8a1 #bhb ,%>ifs ( ,mecca1 #eh1 #bfe ,%>ifs ( ,morocco1 #ce1 #ei1 #bdg ,%>ik1 #cjj1 #cba1 #cbf2 cf4 %irk1 mu%rik ,%ay'1 #aei1 #cad1 #cbb ,%aykh1 #agg ,%aykh al-,islam1 #aac ,%aykh #8,ilwan1 #bfh ,%aytans1 #cjd ,%em1 #dc ,a%-,%ibli1 #agf1 #agg1 #bbe ,%ihab ad-,din z-,suhraw>di1 #bda ,%i#8ites1 ,%i#8a1 #e1 #ac1 #ai1 #bf-cf1 #ci-da1 #dh1 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #ei1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abc1 #aca1 #aei1 #afe1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aic-aie1 #bab1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bib1 #bih ,%irk1 #abc1 #abg2 cf4 %>ik1 mu%rik ,%irka1 #ced ,%u#8ayb1 #cdf ,%uf#8a1 #ced ,as-,siddiq1 #cac ,sidq1 #cdg ,sifa nafsiya1 #cai ,sifat1 #acf1 #aea1 #bia1 #cji ,sifat adh-dhat1 #bia ,sifat al-fi#8l1 #bia1 #cch ,sifat al-ma#8ani1 #ccg ,sifat #8aqliya1 #aij ,sifat at-ta'?ir1 #ccc ,sifat ma#8nawiya1 #ccg ,sifat salabiya1 #cbh ,siji/an1 #aga ,as-,sirat1 #bif1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cdi ,siyam1 #cec ,solomon1 #bhf ,spa91 #cc1 #hb1 #acb1 #aid1 #bji1 #bdf ,spani% ,islam1 #acb ,/eph5 b> ,sudaili1 #aha ,/ew>t 7,balf\r7 & ,tait1 #bce ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe1 #dh ,suf1 #acj ,sufi1 ,sufiism1 #acj1 #agb1 #agc1 #agf-agh1 #ahe1 #bac1 #baf-bai1 #bbb1 #bbe-bbi1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdh1 #bej1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bgf-bgh1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #cji ,sufistiqiya1 #cjh ,sufiya1 #agc ,sufyan a?-,?awri1 #ig1 #ih ,sughra ( z-,sanusi1 #cda ,z-,suhraw>di2 see ,%ihab ad-,din ,sulayman ! ,great1 #ed ,sulh1 #ced ,sunna1 #gd1 #ge1 #hh1 #aij1 #bhb1 #bic1 #big1 #bih1 #cjg1 #cde ,sunan1 #ge1 #ha ,sunnites1 #ai1 #ce1 #ch1 #ea1 #eb1 #ei1 #aaf1 #aid1 #bdg1 #bih ,sura1 #bcb ,suso1 ! my/ic1 #ahj ,syria1 #ba-bc1 #bh1 #de1 #df1 #di1 #ej1 #hb1 #hd1 #ih1 #aca1 #bbf ,ta#8addud1 #cci ,ta#8allaqa1 #cbh ,ta'alluqu-l-qabdati1 #cbi ,tab#81 #cbh1 #cci ,tab>i/an1 #cf ,tabi#8iyun1 #afa1 #bba1 #bic1 #cdf ,tabligh1 #cdg ,tabor1 ,m\nt1 #agh ,tadbir1 #ceg ,tadlil1 #bib ,tafsili1 #caf ,at-,taftazani1 #bdb1 #bfi1 #cjh1 #cah1 #cde1 #cdf ,tahafut ( al-,ghazzali1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #beg1 #bhf ,tahara1 #cea ,at-,tahawi1 #ahg1 #aic ,tahlil1 #bgf ,tahsin1 #bib ,tajsim1 #bji1 #bdf ,takallam1 #adg ,takfir1 #bib ,taklif1 #acg1 #caj ,takwin1 #caj1 #cch ,talaq1 #cee ,talha1 #ba1 #be ,ta#8lil1 #cci ,ta#8lim1 #aig ,ta#8limites1 #aig1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbh ,tanjizi1 #cbh ,taqbih1 #bib ,taqiya1 #abf ,taqlid1 #bji1 #bag1 #bdf1 #bfa1 #bgj1 #bhf1 #caf1 #cah1 #cbc1 #cej ,tariqa1 #bhb ,tasalsul1 #bja1 #cbb ,tasdiq1 #cab1 #cej ,tawallud1 #adb1 #add ,tawakkul1 #agi1 f4 ,tawba1 #bib1 #cdi ,tawhid1 #aef1 #age1 #agf1 #bdf1 #bia1 #cjj1 #cae1 #cdi2 cf4 muwahhid ,ta'wil1 #bdf ,tawlid1 #adb ,tawrat1 #cjc ,tayammum1 #ceb ,!odoras ,abuc>a1 #acb ,?iqa1 #bic1 #bif ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1 #ig1 #bhf ,?umama ibn ,a%ras1 #add ,tigris1 #ej1 #acc ,at-,tirmidhi1 #ha ,tol$o1 #hb ,t\rs1 #hb1 f4 ,tripolis1 #fb ,tufan1 #cbi1 f4 ,tughril ,beg1 #eb1 #bjg1 #bab1 f4 ,turki% my/icism1 #e ,tus1 #baf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bfg ,! ,twelve ,tables1 #he #8,ubayd ,allah al-,mahdi1 #de1 #df1 #bdd ,udhiya1 #cef #8,ulama1 #ed1 #bcc1 #cjg ,uluhiya1 #cbf ,ulu-l-#8azm1 #cde #8,uman1 #bd1 #bf1 #ei #8,um> ibn #8,abd al-#8,aziz1 ,umayyad ,kh41 #ajd #8,um> ibn al-,khattab1 #bnd ,kh41 #ac-ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #cf1 #dd1 #ef1 #hf1 #ic1 #afe1 #bge1 #big1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cdf #8,um> al-,khayyam1 #aih1 #aii #8,um> ibn al-,farid1 #bff ,umayya1 #aj1 #af ,umayyads1 #i1 #ag-ai1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc1 #ec1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh-ic1 #ajd1 #abc1 #aca1 #acc1 #aec1 #bji ,umayyads ( ,cordova1 #de ,umm walad1 #ceg #8,urf1 #id1 #aac #8,u?man ibn #8,affan1 #crd ,kh41 #ag-bb1 #be1 #cf1 #ga1 #big1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cdf ,v9c5t ( ,l]9s1 #aja ,volubilis1 #ce ,wa#8d1 #bib ,wadi#8a1 #ced ,wahdaniya1 #cbe ,al-,wahhab1 #baa ,wahhabites1 #fj-fb1 #aji1 #aac1 #aae1 #abj1 #bgc1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhc-bhe ,al-,wahib1 #baa ,wahy1 #bha ,wa#8id1 ,wa#8idites1 #abi1 #bib ,wajib1 #gc1 #caf1 #cah ,wakala1 #ced ,wala1 #ceg ,walad1 #bid1 #ccj ,wali1 #aci1 #agc1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bha-bhe1 #cac1 #cbf ,walima1 #cee ,waliya1 #agc ,waqf1 #ced ,wari?1 #ced ,wasil ibn #8,ata1 #cg1 #abi1 #ace1 #acf1 #aej ,wasiya1 #ced ,wasiya ( ,ibn ,sina1 #aih1 #bbh ,al-,wa?iq1 #8,abbasid ,kh41 #aeg ,wudu1 #cah1 #ceb ,wujud1 #aei1 #aia1 #caf-cai1 #ceb ,wusul1 #bbh ,yajuj1 #cae ,al-,yaman1 #fj1 #bhd ,yamin1 #cef ,ya#8qub2 see ,jacob ,ya?rib1 #fg ,yawm al-qiyama1 #bie1 #cdi ,yazid1 #ai1 #bh ,yehuda ,halevi1 #bcg ,zabbur1 #cjd ,zabid 9 ,tihama1 #bhe ,zahid1 #agc1 #ahj ,zahida1 #agc ,zahir1 #cad ,zahirites1 #aaj1 #aab1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bhg ,zahr1 #db ,zakat1 #bib1 #bic1 #cec ,az-,zamakh%>i1 #aie ,zann1 #ccb ,zanzib>1 #bf1 #ei1 #aae ,zaydites1 #cf1 #cg1 #df1 #eg1 #ei1 #aaf1 #ahh ,zihar1 #cee ,z9a1 #cee ,z9diqs1 #acd ,zoroa/rianism1 #acc1 #acd1 #ahc ,az-,zubayr1 #ba1 #be ,az-,zuhri1 #ia ,! 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