,:at ,h ! ,greeks ,done ,= ,mod]n ,civilisation8 ,! ,l[ell ,lectures ( #aijh-ji ,by ,john ,p5tl& ,mahaffy ,c4,v4,o41 ,d4,c4,l4 7,oxon471 etc4 ,( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl9 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press ,,copyright1 #aiji ,,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy ,illu/ration3 colophon ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,sanct ,,memori ,,uxoris ,,c>issim ,,cujus ,,dulci ,,consortio ,,+5ii ,,sui ,,primitias ,,abh9c ,,jam ,,annos ,,xl ,,d$icavit ,,nunc ,,s]um ,,laborem ,,consecrat ,,auctor ,,preface ,^! lectures1 deliv]$ 9 ,bo/on at ! invitation ( ! ,curator ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 #aijh-i1 are n[ publi%$ ow+ to _m reque/s bo? f ^? t he>d !m & f ^? t did n4 ,!y are an attempt to cov] ! :ole field ( ,greek influ5ce1 n only 9 ! v>i\s arts 9 :i* su* influ5ce is g5]ally realis$1 b also 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( ?9k+ 9 :i* mod]ns arrogate to !mselves an unque/ion$ sup]iority4 ,yet x w be f\nd1 ev5 9 ! foll[+ necess>ily brief & popul> sket*1 t1 z reg>ds ?9k+1 ! ,greeks 7 z supreme 9 sci5ce z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 &1 ?\gh !y did n discov] ! p[]s ( /eam or electricity1 !y nev]!less c>ri$ out 9 me*anics works t no mod]n build]1 ) all 8 vaunt$ control ( nature1 has yet equall$1 & s 9 o!r pursuits1 n only ,greek =m1 b ,greek ?\ght1 has be5 ! greate/ & ! cle>e/ t ! _w has yet se54 ,& yet ,i believ$ t ! high hon\r 9 :i* ,greek /udies 7 long held _h be5 ex*ang$ = indiff]5ce1 or ev5 contempt1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 :]e a hurri$ education plann$ = 8practical life0 0 said to be tak+ ! place ( ! old lib]al education int5d$ to bre$ g5tlem54 ,b ,i f\nd1 dur+ my actual visit to ,am]ica1 t ,i _h be5 misl$ z to ! complet5ess ( ?is degradation ( ,greek4 ,z is usual1 ! /rang] beg9s by gett+ false impressions ( ! c\ntry he visits1 & c only correct ^! gradually by detail$ exp]i5ce4 ,!re 7 _m symptoms t public op9ion 9 ! ,/ates is by no means satisfi$ ) ! ?\ght ( an absolute reign ( mod]n sci5ce1 or ( specialis+ education at ! fancy ( ! ignorant y\? or ! m ignorant p>5t4 ,ev5 employ]s 9 factories are beg9n+ to f9d out1 ) t pla9 good s5se :i* m>ks ! solid core ( ,am]ican society1 t "y m5 :o receive a lib]al education are m intellig5t & useful z tradesm5 or me*anics ?an ^? :o h ma/]$ only "o subject4 ,! intellectual outlook tells ev5 ^u ! h&icraft ( ! appr5tice4 ,!re is !re=e "s prospect t ! mi/akes ( ! la/ g5]ation 7possibly due to ! influ5ce ( ,h>v>d & o!r univ]sities7 w be correct$1 & t a prop] college education w aga9 replace ! bread-&-butt] /udies 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( all good c\rses ( tra9+4 ,if su* a recov]y ( s\nd education takes place1 x is impossible t ,greek %all n resume its old importance4 ,we n[ "k f> m ( ,hell5ic "w ?an did our =e-fa!rs4 ,we c v9dicate ,greek /udies 9 a mann] :olly /range to !m1 _h !y ev] ?\ght a v9dication call$ =4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*+ ( ,greek mu/ be re=m$4 ,x mu/ be made a human & lively /udy1 taught l a mod]n language by dictation & recitation1 z well z by writt5 composition & read+ ( au?ors4 ,9 _m ,engli% public s*ools1 !re has be5 a fa%ion n only ( tea*+ ! old languages z if !y 7 inde$ dead1 b ( spoil+ ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages by copy+ ?is mi/ake4 ,mu* ( ! prejudice aga9/ ! le>n+ ( ,greek has be5 creat$ by ?is blund]1 & by its radiation into k9dr$ /udies4 ,b ?is also ,i tru/ w be m5d$1 & we %all h a m intellig5t me?od ( tea*+ all languages z liv+ vehicles ( human expression4 ,among ^!1 ! ,greek is f> ! mo/ p]fect4 ,if ?is little book may help t[>d ?is great re=mation1 x w h amply succe$$ 9 its purpose4 ,i mu/ n s5d x out )\t ?ank+ my _m ,am]ican fri5ds = _! sympa?y & enc\ragem5t4 ,dur+ my visit1 ev]ybody seem$ ready to he> :at ,i _h to say1 & 9 "s ( ! discussions :i* 7 ! result1 notably at ,philadelphia1 !re seem$ to be q a body ( op9ion 9 my fav\r4 ,two obs]vations are wor? mak+ "h be=e ,i conclude3 ,! ,am]ican pr(essors ( ,greek & ,lat9 h exactly ! same exp]i5ce t we h 9 ,irel& reg>d+ ! ab&onm5t ( ,greek :ile pr(ess+ to reta9 ,lat94 ,nei!r !re nor 9 ,irel& h we fail$ to note ! det]ioration ( ,lat9 tea*+1 & ! conviction gr[s ^u u t a tea*] :o kn[s no ,greek _c be a ,lat9 s*ol> 9 any real s5se4 ,s mu* = ! boa/$ reta9+ ( ,lat9 :ile sacrific+ ,greek4 ,! next obs]vation conc]ns ! n[ fa%ionable att5d+ ( c\rses 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,9 no case dur+ my visit did ,i he> a lit]>y conv]sation spr+ up among ^! /ud5ts ( ,engli%4 ,!y h no d\bt admirable pr(essors 9 great numb]s1 speciali/s on e ,engli% poet & prose writ] wor? nam+4 ,b app>5tly poetry le>nt )\t lab\r 9 ! "m tongue is n assimilat$ or appreciat$ z is ! poetry ( classical languages1 & f !m ! delight 9 lit]ature z su* spreads into k9dr$ /udies4 ,:]ev] ,i cit$ ! poets1 or inde$ great prose su* z ! ,bible1 among ! "y p :o _h /udi$ ,engli% z a subject = graduation1 ,i f\nd a /range ignorance ( :at ought to h be5 mo/ famili>4 ,i 0 almo/ driv5 to believe ! p>adox t )\t a classical education ev5 ! prop] appreciation ( ,engli% lit]ature is unusual4 ,j4 ,p4 ,m4 ,on bo>d ,s4 ,s4 ,celtic1 ,janu>y #bj1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ii ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,ii4 ,,greek ,,poetry #ca ,,iii4 ,,greek ,,prose #fe ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,art--,i3 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture #ih ,v4 ,,greek ,,art--,,ii3 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,music #abe ,,vi4 ,,sci5ce3 ,,gramm>--,,logic--,,ma!matics--,,m$ic9e #adg ,,vii4 ,,politics--,,sociology--,,law #aha ,,viii4 ,,high] ,,?9k+1 ,,philosophy1 ,,speculative ,,& ,,practical ,,!ology #bac ,:at ,h ! ,greeks ,done = ,mod]n ,civilisation8 ,i ,,introductory ,aft] m ?an half a c5tury sp5t on ! /udy ( old ,greek life 9 its art1 politics1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 & sci5ce1 ,i gladly adopt ?is ample & dignifi$ occasion to give a review ( :at ,i h le>n$ to ?is audi5ce1 ^: intellectual /&>d1 & ^: sympa?y ) ! "w ( a /ud5t1 are recognis$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is a great hon\r = any man f ,europe to speak on ?is plat=m1 b x implies1 9 consequ5ce1 a grave responsibility1 & x is impossible to /& be=e y "h )\t "s feel+ ( awe1 = ,i feel ,i am address+ n m]ely ?is mo/ fa/idi\s audi5ce1 or ev5 ! l>g] ,am]ican public1 ) :om ,i gladly claim an old acqua9tance ?r\gh my books1 b ! great congregation ( ! educat$ classes 9 _m & div]se l&s4 ,i d n suppose t any ( y w be dispos$ to dispute ! fact 7:i* ! v title ( ^! lectures presupposes7--t mod]n civilisation1 f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 owes a great debt to ! old ,greeks4 ,if !re be any su* sceptic "h1 ,i tru/ he w be conv]t$ 9 ! c\rse ( my conv]sation ) him f ?is plat=m4 ,b ev5 to ^? :o readily admit ! fact1 explicit pro(s ( x may n be useless1 = !y w %[ y ! reasons t h long s9ce p]suad$ ! _w ( tea*]s to make ,greek ess5tial 9 a lib]al education4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t ! ma9 fact1 ,i ?9k ,i %all beg9 ?is disc\rse mo/ pr(itably by discuss+ ! suppos$ causes :i* gave ! ,greeks ?is curi\s pre-em95ce4 ,x is p]haps1 to use famili> words1 putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse1 b y ne$ h>dly be rem9d$ t if 9 logic we (t5 d n expla9 a /atem5t until we h e/abli%$ its tru?1 9 "t ! ord] is diff]5t4 ,! causes ( e great result are hidd5 9 pa/ ages1 %r\d$ by ! mi/s ( antiquity1 cov]$ ) ! cl\d ( oblivion1 s t 9 ! pres5t case ! consid]ation ( ! prehi/oric causes ( ! greatness ( ! ,greek intellect may well prec$e ! evid5ce ( t greatness1 :i* we ga!r by ! lamp1 (t5 dim1 ( hi/ory1 if n by ! se>*light ( ar*ological sci5ce4 ,?\gh ?is subject _c b prove dull to "s ( y1 ,i %all d my be/ to relieve ! dulness by illu/rations or ev5 by digressions into k9dr$ fields ( k4 ,i "k t !re are two consid]ations :i*1 9 ! m9ds ( p :o are easily satisfi$1 pass = an adequate acc\nt ( ?is extraord9>y g5ius ( ! ,greeks4 ,x is usual1 especially among ^? :o w n take ! tr\ble to le>n ,greek1 to say t x 0 really ?r\gh ,rome t ! greatness ( ! ,hell5ic race 0 creat$4 ,rome conqu]$ ! ,we/]n _w ) h] roads1 h] armies1 h] laws1 h] language1 & impress$ ev5 on b>b>ians ! culture :i* %e _h h]self adopt$ & develop$4 ,! ,lat9 races :i* 7 9 ! van ( civilisation up to ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 ! daught]s ( ,rome & _h little direct tea*+ f ,greece4 ,all ?is is p]fectly true1 b x only moves ! problem "o /ep backw>d4 ,assum+ t ! ,romans 7 ! c>ri]s ( enlight5m5t to ! ,nor? & ,we/ ( ,europe1 :y did !y dep5d s completely on ,greek tea*+2 :y did !y "o & all confess t ?is 0 ! unique s\rce ( _! progress8 ,!y came 9 due "t into contact ) ! culture ( ,c>?age1 ( ,syria1 ( ,egypt4 ,b ! spl5d\rs ( ^! c\ntries 7 nev] to ! ,romans m ?an m]e curiosities1 :]eas ,greek culture 0 ! v brea? ( _! intellectual life4 ,virgil1 a v great poet1 frames e "o ( 8 works on ,greek models1 & translates ev5 f second-rate ,greek "w4 ,horace1 a v great arti/1 prides himself on hav+ made ,greek lyrics at home 9 8 c\ntry1 & ,lucretius1 ^: reputation = orig9ality among mod]n critics is ma9ly due to ! total loss ( ! orig9al :i* he copi$1 himself claims z 8 ma9 cr$it t he _h v5tur$ to reproduce a yet uncopi$ species ( ,greek poetry4 ,x is h>d to conceive a m complete case made out = ! unp>allel$ influ5ce ( ,hell5ic g5ius ^u pr\d & dom9ant neighb\rs4 ,i w m]ely rem9d y h[ a fre% wave ( ,greek influ5ce1 com+ into ,romanis$ ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 caus$ su* a revolution 9 lit]ature & art z to be call$ a new bir? 7,r5asc5ce74 ,let u turn to a widely diff]5t k9d ( explanation1 :i* is wont to be set =? at ! op5+ ( mo/ mod]n hi/ories ( ,greece1 z a v]a causa to acc\nt = a wond]ful & exceptional result4 ,?is !ory is ! e*o ( ! fam\s op5+ ( ,buckle's great book on ,civilisation1 :]e9 x is ass]t$ t man is ! creature ( ext]nal circum/ances & t ^! det]m9e n only 8 physical1 b 8 intellectual increase4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! greatness ( ,egypt & its e>ly victory ov] ! ob/acles ( nature are attribut$ to ! heat & moi/ure ( ! climate2 & s we are told t ! temp]ate airs ( ! gean1 ! multitude ( its isl&s1 its ind5t$ coa/1 its fiords1 its brok5 outl9es1 & v>i$ sc5]y--^! are su* t ! p liv+ among !m w\ld naturally develop ! qualities :i* h giv5 ! primacy 9 its turn to ,greece4 ,su* conclusions are bas$ ^u v sup]ficial & inaccurate obs]vation4 ,x 0 assum$ t ,egypt _h be5 necess>ily an unity1 ow+ to ! isolation ( its l& f neighb\rs1 & to ! fact t its great high-road1 ! ,nile1 trav]s$ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,we n[ "k ?is to be false1 & t ! r$uction ( ,egypt fir/ to two1 & !n to "o /ate 0 n accompli%$ till aft] ages ( sep>ation among its nomes1 & 0 accompli%$ n by natural necessity b by ! g5ius ( a conqu]or4 ,z reg>ds ! physical peculi>ities ( t c\ntry1 !y are all to be f\nd aga9 on ! ,indus1 ) its afflu5ts f f> inl& ,alps br++ d[n a p]iodical inundation1 ) its great delta spread+ f ,hyd]abad1 ) its long c\rse ?r\gh a des]t :i* af=ds x n a rivulet ( increase3 yet ! peoples ( ! ,indus h nev] ?riv5 & wax$ great l ! ,egyptians4 ,s f> z our evid5ce leads u1 we may ass]t t _h ! ,egyptians be5 settl$ on ! ,indus1 & ! population ( ! ,indus on ! ,nile1 ! respective p>ts play$ by ^! riv]s 9 civilisation w\ld h be5 rev]s$4 ,i am equally conv9c$ t _h ! ,greek race be5 settl$ on ! ,adriatic1 ) _m fiords & isl&s1 & ov] aga9/ ,italy1 in/ead ( ,asia ,m9or1 or on ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy1 ) its headl&s & bays1 its great & fruitful isl&s )9 sight1--^! circum/ances w\ld h be5 equally fav\rable to _! g5ius1 :]eas !y 7 n suffici5t to raise ! ,corsicans & ,s>d9ians1 p]haps ! be/ situat$ ( all1 f a v l[ level among nations4 ,i w n cite ,sicily1 drawn f its obscurity by ! ,greeks1 = !y 7 already great 9 ! scale ( nations :5 !y trans=m$ t spl5did isl&1 long undi/+ui%$ "u ,sikels1 ,sicans1 ,phnicians1 into a brilliant prov9ce ( ,hell5$om4 ,x may p]haps occur to "s ( y t ! special qualities ( ! race came f its be+ a pur] bran* ( ! great ,aryan /ock ?an its bre?r52 t x 0 pre-em95tly ,japhet dwell+ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 unalloy$ ) ! dross ( l[] races1 ^: animalism has surviv$ 9 ! defects ( o!r ,aryan /ocks t dwelt among !m4 ,b ! v opposite seems to be ! case4 ,! m we /udy ! ,greek language1 ! m we are impress$ ) ! numb] ( /range roots1 :i* po9t to a non-,aryan orig94 ,_m ( ! words 9 commone/ use1 su* z & 1 are n to be expla9$ f ,aryan roots1 & anyone :o has /udi$ su* place-names z ,tiryns1 ,assos1 & _! cong5]s w fairly conclude t ! ,greeks 7 n pur] f admixture ?an ! ,slavs or ! ,celts4#a ,aft] all t has be5 adduc$1 !re=e1 to acc\nt = ! intellectual supremacy ( ! ,greeks1 we are compell$ to fall back on ! ultimate fact--:i* has n be5 expla9$--t !y possess$ a national g5ius d5i$ to _! bre?r5 & _! neighb\rs4 ,x is z yet an ultimate fact t ! human race is n promot$1 except 9 numb]s1 by heat & moi/ure4 ,"s h be5 high] f ! e>lie/ mom5t t we c obs]ve1 or inf]1 _! conditions4 ,o!rs h rema9$ l[] 9 spite ( ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances4 ,?is is a riddle :i* no hi/orian has yet solv$4 ,b is x /rang]1 ,i ask1 ?an ! sporadic & unacc\ntable appe>ance1 9 a settl$ & kn[n society1 ( individual g5ius8 ,?is is ! p>allel case :]e) ,i _c expla91 b only v9dicate my position4 ,is x /rang] t "o nation %\ld em]ge into hi/ory ) exceptional gifts ?an t !re em]ges into life1 accord+ to no law t we "k1 individual g5ius8 ,if y look back at ! family hi/ory ( ^? t h made or upset empires1 t h add$ new doma9s to sci5ce1 t h creat$ ! poetry ( ! _w1 y w f9d no law or reason to expla9 _! sporadic appe>ance1 l t ( brilliant meteors across ! ord]ly />s ( ! sky4 ,!y g5]ally come f undi/+ui%$ p>5ts2 !y h undi/+ui%$ bro!rs & si/]s2 !y d n transmit _! great qualities1 save 9 "s r>e occasions1 z if to %[ t !re is ev5 "h no prohibitive law4 ,!y may be s+le1 or elde/1 or y\nge/1 *ildr51 or 9 ! middle ( a l>ge family4 ,!y ne$ n be not$ = physical heal?4 ,!re 0 once a po/hum\s & yet prematurely born infant1 s puny & wret*$ t1 b = ! sorr[s ( ! wid[$ "m1 little pa9s w\ld h be5 tak5 to keep x alive1 = x 0 h] fir/ born4 ,*>itable neighb\rs nurs$ x ) amaz+ c>e1 & s sav$ its mis]able sp>k ( life f ext9ction4 ,aft] a delicate & monoton\s y\?1 ! *ild w5t to ,cambridge2 he 0 kn[n 9 lat] ye>s z ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,b if1 s long z civilis$ societies cloak ! fir/ beg9n+s ( individual human life 9 my/]y1 we c only ref] ! sporadic occurr5ce ( g5ius to *ance1 is x any wond]1 aft] ! lapse ( ages has cov]$ ) its mi/s ! *ildhood ( nations1 t we %\ld be unable to give any bett] answ] to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( national g5ius 9 "o race1 :ile its bro!rs & si/]s are n above ! vulg> av]age8 ,on "o ?+ only ,i insi/3 let u n d5y a great fact because we _c expla9 x4 ,assum+ !n z ultimate t "o nation may be gift$ above ! re/ ) g5ius1 let u consid] 9 :at ! pre-em95ce consi/s4 ,& "h aga9 we %all be aid$ by ! analogy ( individual g5ius4 ,! fir/ & mo/ sup]ficial answ] is t g5ius is orig9al1 t x /rikes out new ideas1 new solutions ( problems1 new l9es ( rese>*1 :ile ! av]age man c only le>n :at o!rs h already discov]$ = him4 ,b a deep] & m c>eful inquiry reveals to u t absolutely new ideas are ( ! v r>e/ occurr5ce2 almo/ ! :ole "w ( human g5ius consi/s 9 assimilat+ :at o!rs h ?\ght1 9 comb9+ :at o!rs h imag9$ sep>ate1 9 reca/+ ! =m ( _! ?\ght1 & s produc+ :at seems a p]fectly new ?+1 & yet is only ! old "u a new aspect4 ,no in/ance ( ?is is m signal ?an t ( a great compos] 9 music4 ,! gift ( orig9al melody1 z x is call$1 is r>e & preci\s4 ,! possessor ( x is ju/ly consid]$ a g5ius4 ,b no melody c\ld possibly speak to u except a comb9ation ( p]fectly well kn[n elem5ts4 ,! only orig9ality is 9 _! assimilation & reproduction4 ,if !n we admit t ! assimilation ( :at o!rs h done is a mo/ important feature 9 g5ius1 we c affirm n only t ! ,greeks 7 gift$ ) ?is p[]1 b we c g fur!r & say t !y settl$ 9 a "p ( ! _w em95tly suit$ to sugge/ new ideas & to af=d scope = all ! comb9ations :i* _! g5ius prompt$ !m to make4 ,i h already expla9$ h[ widely ,i diff] f ^? :o h laid great /ress on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! c\ntry occupi$ by ?is race4 ,ext]nal nature 0 ! v ?+ t ! ,greeks1 all ?r\gh _! great hi/ory1 felt less ke5ly ?an we %\ld h expect$4 ,_! want ( a s5se ( ! picturesque 9 nature has ev5 be5 cit$ z a notable defect4 ,b1 ?\gh repudiat+ all ?is k9d ( argum5t1 ,i am q ready = widely diff]5t reasons to lay mu* weight on ! geographical position ( ,greece4 ,x is an argum5t :i* y w n f9d1 ,i ?9k1 9 y\r hi/ories4 ,?is p e/abli%$ _! home on ! conf9es ( two v div]se civilisations1 s t !y 7 able to assimilate ideas f bo? & to weave !m into a fabric ( _! own4 ,conc]n+ ! influ5ces com+ f ! s\?-ea/1 !re 0 nev] any d\bt4 ,all ! leg5ds ab\t ,cadmus1 ,danaus1 & ! l ass]t ! importation ( ! culture ( ,phnicia & ( ,egypt into ,greece4 ,! same ?+ is said ( ! empire ( ,m9os ( ,crete1 :i* is n[ f\nd to h be5 a reality1 & f :i* a v e>ly culture pass$ ?r\gh ! gean ,isl&s to ! coa/s ( ,greece4 ,:e!r ! e>ly graphic sy/ems us$ at ,cnossos made _! way to ,myc5 or ,tiryns we h no evid5ce to det]m9e4 ,mo/ probably !y did1 & ^! may h be5 ! 8dire symbols0 :i* ,hom] m5tions z s5t ) ,bell]ophon to seal 8 fate ) ! ,lycian k+4 ,b 9 any case ! ,phnician alphabet came 92 ! use ( engrav$ seals 0 c>ri$ by ! same trad]s f ,babylon2 ! o/ri* eggs1 ! ivory f ,africa1 ! designs on _m objects1 tell no unc]ta9 tale4 ,= all t1 ! e>lie/ art ( ,greece--,i w n call x ,hell5ic z yet--is n ,ori5tal b ,european1 & ) features ( its own4 ,& ?is ne$ n be ref]r$ to its orig9ality2 f> m probably 0 x caus$ by assimilat+ ano!r k9d ( culture1 :i* _h features ( its own & :i* c be %[n to h _h its influ5ce on ,myc5an art4 ,?is civilisation dwelt 9 c5tral ,europe & came f ! nor? to ,greece4 ,x has be5 call$ ,keltic1 x has be5 call$ ,pelasgian2 we f9d x 9 tombs1 & 9 ra?s ev5 z f> z ,irel&4 ,x 0 f ?is s\rce t came ! fancy = ,baltic amb] z an ornam5t--a ?+ z /range 9 ,greece z ! o/ri* egg4 ,f "h too came ! %ape ( e>ly bronze weapons1 probably ! habit ( bury+ ! dead 9 beehive tombs2 actually _m ( ! patt]ns us$ = ornam5t on tools & weapons4 ,& :o c tell h[ mu* m filt]$ 9 f ?is s\rce1 :i* ! old ,greeks call$ ,pelasgian8 ,?us ! ,hell5ic race 0 on ! v]ge ( two k9ds ( culture1 & creat$ f bo? t di/9ct type :i* ultimately became ! mo/ p]fect 9 ! _w4 ,! g5ius = assimilat+ might seem to imply a collat]al weakness--! dang] ( absorption or deg5]ation into ! nations ^: ideas are adopt$ & develop$4 ,!re are cases 9 ! hi/ory ( man :]e a conqu]$ race has ab&on$ its language & religion & adopt$ ^? ( its conqu]ors4 ,!re are o!r cases :]e ! conqu]or has be5 absorb$ & ! subject race has reass]t$ itself 9 spite ( dom9ant language & legislation int5d$ to secure its ultimate absorption4 ,x is "o ( ! sali5t features ( ! ,hell5ic race t1 ?\gh v receptive ( =eign ideas1 ?\gh always ready to pr(it by ! discov]ies ( neighb\rs1 x nev] ab&on$ its primacy 9 type1 & 0 nev] absorb$ into any o!r population1 except p]haps 9 isolat$ cases & aft] c5turies ( sep>ation f ! "m /ock4 ,! ,eretrians :om ,d>ius br\ght z prison]s to ,asia & settl$ 9 ! ri* fields ( ,babylonia 7 d\btless 9 ! long run absorb$ by ! surr\nd+ nationalities1 b !y 7 /ill recognisable :5 ,alex&] conqu]$ 8 ,empire ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 & possibly !y too may h kept up ! affect+ cu/om ( ! p ( ,posidonia 7,p/um 9 ,italy7 at ! o!r extremity ( ! civilis$ _w1 :o 7 inde$1 z ,/rabo tells u1 c5turies lat]1 b>b>is$ out & out by ! ,samnites1 b :o nev]!less /ill met once a ye> to lam5t _! fate1 & to deplore _! loss ( ,hell5ic life4 ,ap>t f ^! few & small exceptions1 ?is race has absolutely refus$ to be absorb$ by any o!r1 h[ev] civilis$1 h[ev] dom9ant1 & has rema9$ ! same 9 language & 9 *>act]i/ics f ! days :5 ,hom] compos$ = ! ,a*an *iefs1 d[n to ?is day1 :5 e s*ol> or /ud5t looks ^u ,a!ns z ! goal ( 8 pilgrimage4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! ,greek language is a great & /rik+ evid5ce4 ,!re 0 nev]1 ,i suppose1 a g5]ation ( ,greeks f ! #h? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! #bj? ,a4,d4 :i* did n und]/& ,hom]2 b if y are dispos$ to ascribe ?is to s5tim5tal causes1 !n ,i say t ! e>lie/ ,attic prose diff]s f ! ,attic prose ( to-day s little z to af=d u an unique example ( p]si/5cy4 ,let me /ate x 9 ?is way3 ,h]odotus1 if y recall$ him f 8 grave & put a ,greek newspap] ( to-day into 8 h&s1 w\ld at fir/ f9d ! type novel1 b w\ld pres5tly recognise 9 x 8 own alphabet4 ,he w\ld !n discov] a dialect ( 8 ,greek1 z he he>d x at ,a!ns1 & ?\gh he w\ld d\btless call x v vulg>1 & ev5 b>b>is$1 he w\ld 9 a day or two read x q flu5tly4 ,s f> z my k goes1 y w f9d no?+ l ?is 9 ,europe4 ,turn+ to p]si/5ce ( *>act]i/ics1 x is sup]flu\s = me to exp\nd to y ?is topic at any l5g?1 = 9 ! book :i* =ms ! basis ( ! old acqua9tance betwe5 y & me1 ,i mean my ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 ! ma9 !sis1 !n1 b n[ no long]1 a p>adox1 0 t1 ?\gh ! classical ,greeks did great intellectual & arti/ic "w :i* _! desc5dants c\ld n attempt to rival1 yet ! moral features ( ! ,hom]ic1 ! ,alcaic1 ! ,p9d>ic1 ! ,platonic1 ! ,x5ophontic1 ! ,demo/h5ic ,greek 7 mu* ! same z ^? ( our fri5ds :o are n[ lay+ claim to ,mac$onia4 ,!re is ! same clev]ness1 n )\t a special delight 9 ov]rea*+ an oppon5t1 ! same dilig5ce1 ! same g5u9e patriotism1 b also ! same undy+ jeal\sy ( ! success ( o!rs1 ! same want ( spirituality 9 religion1 ! same light e/eem = v]acity4 ,! models ( ,phidias & ,polycletus1 ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles1 7 d\btless to be f\nd 9 real life#b2 s 7 ! *>act]s ( ,plato's ,dialogues1 & 9 ?is consi/$ ! g5ius ( _! art & _! lit]ature1 t !y appreh5d$ & p]petuat$ ! ideal1 :ile ! av]age man & av]age society 9 ,greece =m$ a /&>d ( cultivat$ society1 high1 b by no means p]fect4 ,i only m5tion _! av]age qualities 9 ord] to emphasise ! fact t ,i d n /& be=e y a p$ant see+ no?+ b ! greatness ( 8 fav\rite /udy1 b z a pla9 man e/imat+ ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ 9 ! light ( common-s5se4 ,yet ?is is n easy :5 we /& face to face ) ! wond]ful p]=mances ( ?is undy+ race4 ,:at h ! ,greeks n accompli%$ on ! /age ( ! _w's hi/ory s9ce !y accept$ ! h]itage ( ! old] & ri*] civilisations8 ,fir/ !y dom9at$ & s f> absorb$ ! pre-exi/+ population z to feel !mselves ! only possessors ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( !m ev5 boa/$1 & )\t rais+ any controv]sy1 t !y 7 indig5\s to t soil4 ,!n !y spread !mselves ov] all ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 beg9n+ ) ,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y collid$ ) ! successive empires ( ,mesopotamia4 ,!y w5t to ,italy & ,sicily1 :i* became ,greek l&s1 s f> z !y 7 civilis$1 & !n !y successfully resi/$ ! great ef=t ( ! ,p]sian ,empire to make !m a subject prov9ce4 ,ev5 _! ,asiatic bre?r51 :o did fall "u ,p]sian sway = sev]al g5]ations1 nev] lo/ _! nationality1 nor c\ld !y be said to h resum$ x aga9 :5 ! ,p]sian ,empire fell "u ,mac$onian sway4 ,:5 ! ,hell5ic nationality came to dom9ate ! k+doms ( ,mac$onia1 hi!r ,asia1 & ,egypt1 & ev5 :5 ! ,romans sup]v5$1 :o treat$ x fir/ ) respect1 pres5tly ) contempt1 ^! arrogant conqu]ors c\ld nev] %ake (f ! spiritual dom9ation ( ,greek lit]ature1 ,greek philosophy1 ,greek art1 & ,greek urbanity4 ,nay1 s imp]i%able 0 ! ,greek influ5ce t x caus$ a new b\nd>y l9e to be drawn betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 & f\nd$ on ! old ,greek ,byzantium a new capital1 :]e ,hell5ic ref9em5t & ,hell5ic art 7 /ill to all ! rud] ,we/]n _w ! acme ( dignity & ( spl5d\r4 ,ev5 :5 ?is magnific5ce _h be5 plund]$ by b>b>\s crusad]s1 & aga9 by less b>b>\s ,turks1 ! fugitive h&ful ( le>n$ ,greeks1 ) _! immortal h]itage ( lett]s1 lit up an intellectual flame 9 ,we/]n ,europe t has nev] s9ce be5 qu5*$4 ,?is la/ great revival by means ( ! ,greeks is1 ,i ?9k1 peculi>ly in/ructive to u to-day4 ,= no?+ c %[ m cle>ly1 or 9 a l>g] example1 h[ diff]5t is ! effect ( second-h& or traditional k f t ( direct contact ) ! orig9als4 ,x 0 no d\bt held 9 ! lat] ,roman ,empire1 & 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 t all ! value ( ,hell5ic culture _h pass$ into ,roman life1 t ,roman law1 ,roman ar*itecture1 ,roman organisation 7 f> m p]fect ?an ^? ( _! tea*]s4 ,ev5 ! late/ bloom ( ,greek ar*itecture1 t ,byzant9e /yle :i* is /ill liv+ 9 ! unapproa*able ,/4 ,sophia ( ,con/ant9ople1 _h be5 c>ri$ into ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 :]e1 "u ! "n ( decorat$ ,norman1 x holds its place ( hon\r 9 our *ur* ar*itecture4 ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice is ! ri*e/ because x is a decad5t example ( t ,greek /yle1 & s o!r ,lat9 adaptations ( ,greek 7 suppos$ to af=d all ! b5efits ( ! orig9als2 nay1 9 "o case--t ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate--,sa9t ,j]ome w5t s f> z to comp>e 8 v]sion1 ) ! ,greek & ,hebrew orig9als writt5 on ea* side ( x1 to ,*ri/ crucifi$ betwe5 ! two ?ieves4 ,!re 7 ,greek /atues & ,greek temples 9 pl5ty to copy4 ,ari/otle1 confess$ly ! greate/ & mo/ encyclop$ic ( ,greek philosoph]s1 c\ld be _h 9 a ,lat9 translation & n>r[ly escap$ be+ canonis$ z a ,lat9 sa9t4 ,0 n ,virgil f> deep] & m arti/ic ?an ,hom]8 ,0 n ! ,dies ir f> gr&] 9 s\nd1 z well z 9 s5se1 ?an ! trivialities ( ,horace or ,ovid8 ,s ! ,we/]n _w became ,lat91 & m5 7 cont5t ) ! e*oes ( ,greek 9 _! ,roman culture4 ,b :5 ! real ?+ came to !m aga91 z x 7 by accid5t1 m>k ! sudd5 & a/oni%+ *ange4 ,x 0 at once discov]$ t ! ,romanis$ culture ( previ\s c5turies _h deg5]at$ f ! nobl] types1 t new influ5ces f ! nor? _h 9 ar*itecture & 9 art alt]$ its purity2 t ! gloomy spl5d\r ( ,dante1 ! mightie/ outcome ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _h put out ! *e]fulness & light ( ,greek life1 ev5 z ,virgil und]/ood !m1 ) a cruel & rel5tless cre$4 ,) ! return ( ,hell5ic s]5ity1 !re 0 no d\bt mu* irreligion & paganism associat$1 b ev5 to t po9t a revolt aga9/ ! spiritual tyranny ( ! ,roman ,*ur* _c be regrett$ by ^? :o refuse to believe t m5 c only be kept f crime by ?reat5+ !m ) great] crime--,i mean ! infliction ( et]nal torture ^u any s5ti5t be+4 ,! ,go?ic fane 0 no d\bt ! ideal gloom :]e9 to wor%ip a rel5tless ,god & 8 tortur$ ,*ri/2 ! ,r5aissance palace 0 a place ( light & gladness1 :]e9 m5 c\ld read ) amazem5t ! epic ( ,hom]1 ! trag$y ( s*ylus1 ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes1 & le>n f !m :at human culture _h once atta9$4 ,& s ,greek /udies resum$ _! place z ! noble/ "p ( a lib]al education4 ,we got to "k & appreciate ,greek lett]s deeply & ?or\ghly z no ,roman _h ev] kn[n !m2 we got to analyse & und]/& ,greek logic & philosophy & :at is /ill m subtle1 ! delicacies ( ,greek art4 ,we began to add to ! treasures une>!d = u by ! ,r5aissance1 by prob+ = buri$ temples 9 ,greece1 & se>*+ ! s&s ( ,egypt = new texts4 ,! culture ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may fairly be call$ a culture t owes its greatness l>gely to a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! unique excell5ce ( classical ,greek "w4 ,nev] 0 ,i m impress$ ) ?is fact ?an 9 visit+1 ?ree or f\r ye>s ago1 a little collection ( old ,greek fragm5ts ga!r$ f private own]s1 & exhibit$ by ! ,burl+ton ,art ,club 9 ,london4 ,!y 7 small ?+s1 bronze /atuettes1 bu/s1 ornam5ts1 vases1 b no intellig5t man c\ld avoid ! /rong & in/ant conviction t all 0 ess5tially patrician art 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,!re 0 n a plebeian note 9 ! :ole exhibition4 ,^! ?+s be+ s1 x seem$ to m5 br\ght up z ,i h be51 t ! supremacy ( ,greek /udies1 especially = ! education ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 0 a fact t no man c\ld conte/4 ,yet1 /range to say1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & possibly due to ! reaction ( ,am]ican influ5ces ^u ,europe1 ! tide has turn$ & ! great fl[ ( ,greek /udies is be+ succe$$ by an ebb4 ,high] education--=m]ly & inde$ 9 ! true/ s5se always--an ari/ocratic privilege1 is n[ to be ! "r ( ! democracy1 :i* has no "t = x1 & all ( u1 poor & ri*1 work]s = our bread & ^? ^: bread is provid$1 are to pursue ! same ends1 & atta9 ! same cultivation4 ,ne$ ,i add t ! doma9 ( mod]n sci5ce is s enl>g$ z to dem& a high place 9 ! in/ruction ( ^? :o w pres5tly e>n _! liv+ by "s ( its applications8 ,?us ! program has be5 enl>g$ & div]sifi$ beyond ! capacity ( any le>n]1 & we beg9 to ?9k :at c be/ be sacrific$ 9 ord] to save ! re/4 ,! advocates ( mod]n sci5ce naturally set !mselves aga9/ :at !y are pleas$ to call ! dead languages1 & s1 z ,greek seem$ m remote to !m1 because ( its /range alphabet1 !y h s f> prevail$ z to get rid1 f a va/ numb] ( s*ools1 ( ! /udy ( t language4 ,ev5 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe !re is an irresi/ible t5d5cy to make x a volunt>y subject ( /udy4 ,! innovators1 mo/ ( :om are ignorant 9 any prop] s5se bo? ( ,greek & ,lat91 /ill pr(ess a great respect = ,lat9 & l\dly ass]t its importance ev5 9 mod]n education4 ,b d n be deceiv$4 ,! day w come %ortly :5 ! same attack w be direct$ aga9/ ! second 8dead language10 z !y call x1 & we %all be expect$ to ?r[ out ano!r memb] ( our spiritual family to ! wolves4 ,= ! attack is made 9 total ignorance ( ! relative value ( ! topics assail$4 ,anyone ) ! smalle/ insight into ! matt] kn[s full well t ! loss ( ,lat9 is z no?+ comp>$ to t ( ,greek4 ,i am n go+ to argue t "q be=e ! pres5t audi5ce4 ,if at lea/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! good we get f ,lat9 is because ,lat9 civilisation is bas$ on ,greek1 is x n inf9itely bett] to /udy ! great orig9al ?an any copy1 h[ev] successful8 ,& ?is br+s u to ! po9t = ! sake ( :i* ,i h made an app>5t digression4 ,q ap>t f ! sci5ti/s 7a v plebeian1 b expressive1 mod]n t]m7 :o pret5d t ,lat9 is suffici5t = ! dep>tm5t ( language or ! /udy ( gramm>1 or ( anci5t hi/ory1 we he> a great _m1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 :o are really fond ( high] cultivation1 :o feel obscurely t x is f ,greek t su* cultivation comes1 & :o long to obta9 f x :at !y f9d lack+ 9 mod]n ref9em5t4 ,b !y /rive to d ?is m]ely ?r\gh second-h& s\rces4 ,!y h rec\rse to ,engli% translations & ,engli% comm5t>ies & to lectures l ! pres5t1 9 ord] to fill up ! gap :i* !y feel 9 _! own e>ly tra9+4 ,n[ ,i w n d5y t mod]n translations are f> m fai?ful ?an ^? ( m indep5d5t imitators1 :o 7 n afraid to col\r ,greek art ) hues f _! own palette4 ,i w n d5y t ! skill ( ! photograph] has reproduc$ = u ! outl9es ( build+s & /atues f> m accurately ?an ! be/ ( pa9t]s1 albeit ,turn]'s conception ( ,p/um 7= example7 is tru] 9 its own way ?an all ! photographs ev] tak5 ( t temple4 ,b ?is br+s me to /ate a some:at subtle tru?1 ( ! greate/ import 9 ! pres5t context2 a great orig9al is g5]ally susceptible ( div]s int]pretations1 :]eas a copy1 h[ev] excell5t1 seldom gives u m ?an "o2 s t1 :ile ! =m] is em95tly sugge/ive1 ! latt] limits our appreciation4 ,! copy ( a copy1 9 law wor?less1 is s also 9 matt]s ( art4 ,9 ea* reproduction some?+ is lo/1 & rememb] t ! m m9utely c>eful ! copy+1 ! m slavi% is ! "w likely to be4 ,i "k t !re are su* ?+s z copies great] ?an _! orig9als4 ,t is true ( ! ,gospels 9 our ,engli% ,bible2 x is also true ( ^? portions ( ,virgil's ,georgics :i* are translat$ f ,aratus4 ,b ^! r>e exceptions d n invalidate ! g5]al tru? ( ! pr9ciple ,i h en\nc$4 ,& :5 ev5 ,virgil1 probably ! mo/ compet5t translator t ev] liv$1 came to deal ) a ma/] l ,!ocritus1 h[ feeble ! result6 ,i may safely say t if we _h no k ( ,!ocritus save ?r\gh ,virgil's ,eclogues1 he w\ld nev] h rank$ z m ?an a ?ird-rate poet ) u4 ,! pla9 d$uction is ?is3 get at ! orig9als at all co/4 ,d n be satisfi$ ) essays1 or diss]tations1 or comm5t>ies4 ,g & see ! orig9als1 unlock ! secrets ( ! tongue 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ pres5t$1 & !n !re w op5 ^u y su* a ,r5aissance z dawn$ ^u ! a/oni$ humani/s ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! ma9 use ( su* a lecture z t :i* ,i am n[ deliv]+ is t y %\ld be discont5t$ ) x1 & %\ld desire to pass f ! illu/ration1 ! comm5t>y1 ! appreciation1 to a direct /udy ( ! great orig9als4 ,su* a c\rse may inde$ be impracticable = _m ( y1 :o 9 middle life _c turn aside to ! lab\r ( acquir+ ano!r language2 = ! ma/]+ ( a language is always an ardu\s task1 & all ! m s z we advance 9 ye>s4 ,b if we _c ourselves le>n1 ?is g5]ation ought at lea/ to /imulate & direct ! next4 ,= ,i fe> t ! pres5t k ( ,greek 9 ?is c\ntry is conf9$ to a small m9ority1 :ile !re is /ill a great majority :o h "s ambition to be really cultivat$4 ,i rememb] "s ye>s ago und]tak+ to tea* a class at ,*autauqua ! ,alce/is ( ,euripides4 ,! difficulty t confront$ me 0 t a score ( ,greek texts ( ! play 7 n =?com+1 & t ev5 9 ,new ,york !y 7 n f\nd )\t se>* & delay4 ,! ,greek ma/]pieces %>e inde$ ?is quality ) o!r examples ( p]fect art1 t ev5 a copy is well wor? hav+1 & s ! _m excell5t translations f ! ,greek :i* y h 9 all y\r libr>ies1 are by no means to be despis$4 ,b if y c atta9 ! orig9als1 & ma/] !m1 ! translations1 ev5 if !y h help$ y 9 ?is task1 lose all _! value4 ,i rememb] see+ 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's libr>y at ,haw>d5 a :ole section ( 8 great accommodation = books devot$ to translations ( ! ,iliad into _m languages4 ,!re 7 scores1 p]haps hundr$s1 ( v]sions 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,dani%1 ,norwegian1 ,russian1 ,h9du/ani1 & _m o!r tongues1 s5t to him by ! translators z tributes ( e/eem = 8 own ,hom]ic /udies4 ,i ask$ him did he ev] op5 any ( !m8 ,he said1 8,no2 all ! "t ,i c sp>e ,i devote to /udy+ ! great orig9als40 ,b 0 !re ev] a cle>] demon/ration ?an ^! myriad translations ( ! greatness ( a lit]>y ma/]piece8 ,ev5 :5 !re are _m excell5t v]sions already publi%$ 9 _! own language m5 w n be cont5t ) ^! ef=ts1 b w ev] attempt aga9 ! fasc9at+1 nev] end+1 nev] conv9c+ task4 ,y c\ld tell1 )\t kn[+ any tongue b ,engli%1 t !re are f\r supreme poems :i* h ex]cis$ a fasc9ation ov] m5 t nev] gr[s old4 ,!y are ! ,iliad ( ,hom]1 ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus1 ! ,inf]no ( ,dante1 ! ,fau/ ( ,goe!4 ,two ( ^! are ,greek2 b note also t1 :ile we c\ld f9d 9 ,greek sev]al rivals#c :i* are ( h>dly less importance & by v>i\s poets1 !re is nei!r 9 ,g]man nor 9 ,italian any poem t c = "o mom5t comp>e ) ! supreme pieces ,i h nam$4 ,s pre-em95t are ! ,greeks 9 lit]ature4 ,_! o!r art has n surviv$ save 9 ru9s or fragm5ts4 ,b ask any real speciali/1 su* z ! late ,mr4 ,p5rose1 or ,dr4 ,drpfeld1 :at place ! be/ ,greek ar*itecture holds 9 ! build+s ( ! _w1 & he w tell y t nev] aga9 c any?+ equal to ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns be con/ruct$4 ,! huge temple at ,k>nak 9 ,egypt1 ! m>vell\s *ur* ( ,ju/9ian at ,con/ant9ople1 ! lovely ca!dral ( ,rheims are probably ! be/ specim5s ( p]fection 9 build+ :i* we possess1 yet ! ,p>!non1 ) its app>5t simplicity1 %[s a subtle dep? ( arti/ic k :i* ju/ifies u 9 call+ x ! f9e/ ( e>?ly build+s4 ,ne$ ,i say "o ^w ( ,greek supremacy 9 o!r arts "h1 see+ t ! details mu/ =m ! subject ( subsequ5t lectures8 ,! dang] ,i see be=e ?is g5]ation is t :i* came ^u ! ,roman _w ins5sibly & :i* result$ 9 a decad5ce n arre/$ till x sank into ! night ( ! d>k ages4 ,! lat] empire 0 cont5t to take ,greek art & ,greek lett]s at second h&1 & to sub/itute ,lat9 culture = ! models :i* _h educat$ _! greate/ ma/]s4 ,b z ,i h already told y ! copy _h n ! life ( ! orig9al4 ,s we too1 ) all our sci5ce1 ) our increase ( mat]ial k & our re/less runn+ to & fro1 may s9k into an ugly1 tame1 joyless conglom]ation ( societies1 = :om new discov]ies supply ho/s ( new conv5i5ces1 b no return to ! happ9ess & ! cont5tm5t ( a simpl] age4 ,our purbl9d too?less *ildr5 may h _! cong5ital defects vamp$ up by sci5ce1 & )\t x we %\ld inde$ be /r&$ ^u ! reefs ( despair4 ,b happ9ess does n lie "h1 no1 nor 9 motors1 nor 9 turb9es1 nor 9 wireless messages across ! globe1 nor 9 daily newspap]s full ( inextricable fact & falsehood4 ,i _c believe t ! civilis$ _w w rema9 satisfi$ ) ?is d>k outlook1--! monopoly ( ^! factories ( mat]ial discov]y1 :]e furnace & electric light replace ! glori\s rays ( ! ,sun-,god wor%ipp$ by ! ,greeks4 ,!re has g5]ally be5 a great p[] ( recov]y 9 our race at l>ge2 & p]iods ( decay h be5 foll[$ by p]iods n only ( r5asc5ce b ( rejuv5esc5ce4 ,at all epo*s :5 ! _w grew dull & despond+ & ! times 7 out ( jo9t1 we h ! my/ical t5d5cy1 ! incl9ation to bru% aside human joys & c>es & to fix ! m9d on ! ,et]nal1 on ! ineffable delights ( communion ) ! ,_s ( ! ,univ]se4 ,t ?is t5d5cy is alive ev5 9 mod]n ,am]ica1 _c b be obvi\s to ^? :o h /udi$ ! pa?ology ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,! o!r t5d5cy is ! humani/1 t :i* seeks to recov] = u ! joys & beauties ( life1 enhanc$ by art & protect$ by ! ref9em5t ( a s\nd education4 ,?is 0 ! aspect ( human happ9ess :i* is mo/ p]fectly repres5t$1 s f> z ! _w has yet run1 by ! ,greeks1 & h5ce ! c>eful & m9ute /udy ( _! life mu/ always appeal to ^? :o desire ! /hetic re=mation ( mod]n society4 ,once & aga9 ! ,greeks h ex]cis$ ?is va/ & b5efic5t influ5ce2 is x va9 to hope t ev5 /ill x is n exhau/$1 b pot5t to cure ! ills ( man8 ,p]adv5ture1 ! prophecy ( our great & mo/ ,hell5ic ( poets may yet come true1 ) a fulfilm5t wid] & deep] ?an ev5 8 l>ge vision c\ld compass3-- ,a bright] ,hellas re>s its m\nta9s1 f waves s]5] f>2 ,a new ,p5eus rolls 8 f\nta9s aga9/ ! morn+ />4 ,:]e fair] ,tempes bloom1 !re sleep ,"y ,cyclads on a sunni] deep6 ,,ii ,,greek ,,poetry ,9 com+ be=e y to-day to treat ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek poetry on ! mod]n _w1 ,i feel "u a special advantage1 :i* is also a disadvantage4 ,_m ( y w "k t two volumes ( my ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature are devot$ to ,greek poetry1 & ^? ( y :o h read !m mu/ already be famili> ) my treatm5t ( ! au?ors & _! works 9 detail4 ,to su* ( y1 !re c be no difficulty 9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! pres5t lecture4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is h>d = me to give to su* he>]s new mat]ial1 see+ t ,i h already done my be/ 9 two volumes to satisfy _! curiosity4 ,to ^? t are n famili> ) ! subject1 !re is ! disadvantage1 9 he>+ a man ^: intimacy ) ! subject is ( su* long /&+1 t he may allude to ?+s z obvi\s :i* to 8 audi5ce are n s1 be+ beyond ! b\nds ( _! ord9>y read+4 ,b ,i may v possibly be und]rat+ ! cultivation ( ?is audi5ce1 :i* is said to be on a v diff]5t level f t ( any simil> audi5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,if s1 y1 l all compet5t critics1 9 contra/ to ! vulg> & ! ignorant1 w appreciate ! difficulties ( my task & w judge x ) due all[ance = ^! difficulties4 ,x is obvi\sly my fir/ duty to-day to put be=e y ! g5]al features ( ,greek poetry :i* h made x a model = succe$+ ages & nations4 ,!n ,i %all proce$1 ) z mu* detail z "t p]mits1 to give in/ances ( ! effects1 direct or indirect1 ( ,greek poetry on ! poetry ( ,engli%-speak+ nations4 ,y w f9d t ! features :i* are really ! mo/ important are n ! obvi\s features1 & h>dly ^? :i* we might "n if we spoke ha/ily1 or at r&om4 ,! *iefe/ & mo/ rem>kable1 :i* p]meates e ,greek poet f ,hom] to ,!ocritus1 is t _! "w is c>efully /udi$1 & 9 no s5se ! m]e spontane\s outp\r+ ( ! human he>t4 8,i lisp$ 9 numb]s1 = ! numb]s came10 said1 z a matt] ( pride1 a v artificial poet4 ,no?+ w\ld seem less wor?y ( x to a ,greek poet4 ,he always despis$ :at we call an untutor$ g5ius4 ,we he> talk inde$ ( div9e madness & ( ! inspiration ( ! ,muses1 b s f> z we "k1 !y nev] inspir$ an ignorant man1 & nev] taught an educat$ man to violate ! traditions ( 8 s*ool4 ,?is /udi$ "w comes be=e u 9 its full artificiality 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,x is m ?an d\btful :e!r su* a language 0 ev] spok54 ,x is full ( /range =ms1 & ! mix$ dialect1 sometimes ev5 to u ungrammatical1 0 ! dialect inv5t$ or p]fect$ by a s*ool ( b>ds :o did n pr(ess to reproduce ord9>y spee*1 b some?+ f> high] & bett]1 :i* only ! educat$ poet c\ld compose4 ,& :5 ,i use ! t]m artificial1 :i* has come 9 mod]n ,engli% to signify some?+ contra/$ ) natural1 & !re=e inf]ior1#d ,i mu/ say a ^w 9 explanation ( my mean+4 ,x is n ! prop] prov9ce ( art to atta9 to a p]fect repres5tation ( nature1 b a repres5tation ( p]fect nature4 ,= example1 ! m ! art ( sculpture develop$ 9 ,greece1 ! m !y atta9$ to ! repres5tation ( a natural b an ideally beautiful figure1 su* z ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,s ! la/ triumph ( a great actor is to reproduce p]fectly human nature 9 its g5]al features1 if n 9 its ideal features1 & s ! philosoph] exclaims 9 wond] at ! plays ( ,m5&]1 8,o ,m5&] & human life1 :i* ( y has copi$ ! o!r80 ,b if anyone imag9es t art consi/s m]ely 9 photograph+ vulg> ev]yday life1 he c easily lapse into absurdity4 ,all our habits1 s f> z !y are civilis$1 dep>t f m]e nature & employ artifice to conceal or improve x4 ,if any ( y came "h 9 purely natural attire1 imag9e ! sc5e6 ,i believe su* ?+s 7 attempt$ 9 ! wild society ( ,p>is 9 ! heyday ( ! great ,revolution1 b ev5 !n _! attire1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 quantity1 0 9 quality n less artificial ?an ! op9ions ( ! we>]s4 ,x foll[s f ^! consid]ations t ,greek poetry 0 always develop$ 9 s*ools possess+ fix$ traditions1 & foll[+ /rict laws bo? 9 metre & 9 diction4 ,if any man ?\ght to break loose f ^! re/rictions1 & write 9 a mann] :olly free & un*eck$1 he w\ld get no he>+ 9 ,greece4 ,su* a ph5om5on1 = example1 z y\r ,walt ,:itman w\ld h be5 impossible1 or at lea/ we %\ld nev] h he>d ( x4 ,x is inde$ q true t ?is does n exclude ! rise ( new s*ools ( ?\ght & new modes ( expression4 ,:5 epic poetry 0 exhau/$ new sorts ( poetry arose2 :5 ^! prov$ insuffici5t !re 0 /ill fur!r developm5t1 b all ?is is to be acc\nt$ = ) adh]5ce to law & tradition ( "s k9d4 ,i w take ! la/ & !re=e ! mo/ obvi\s case fir/4 ,we h 9 ,!ocritus1 ! late/ bloom ( pure ,greek poetry1 bucolic sc5es & pa/oral language :i* 7 long ?\ght to be ! m]e e*o ( ! primitive %eph]ds :o f$ _! flocks 9 ! upl&s ( ,sicily4 ,we "k bett] n[4 ,!ocritus 0 a le>n$ man1 full ( lit]>y jeal\sies1 :o wrote 9 ! sultry atmosph]e ( ! univ]sity ( ,alex&ria & at ! highly artificial c\rt ( ! second ,ptolemy4 ,he 0 probably z remote f :at we call simple human nature z any mod]n ,am]ican c\ld be4 ,b he 0 a great lit]>y arti/1 & he felt t :ile all ! o!r s*ools ( poetry _h gradually lo/ _! contact ) real life1 & 7 becom+ obtrusively artificial & outworn 9 public e/imation1 !re 0 /ill a ve9 ( folk-song1 9 sc5]y contra/+ utt]ly ) ! cr[d$ s&hills ( ,alex&ria1 :i* might1 if treat$ ) delicate art1 appeal once m to ! sympa?y ( a we>y & decad5t society4 ,no d\bt !re 7 pl5ty ( p$ants 9 ,alex&ria1 :o despis$ ?is return to homely & common life1 ) its vulg> passions1 j z ! great ,fr5* critics repudiat$ ) scorn ! homely sc5es & *>act]s 9 ! trag$ies ( ,%akespe>e4 ,! exp]im5t nev]!less succe$$1 & ?is ?or\ghly artificial b arti/ic repres5tation ( ! sorr[s & joys ( illit]ate peasants1 9 lovely metre & ) c>efully *os5 lib]ties ( diction1 fasc9at$ ! ,greek1 !n ! ,roman _w1 & incit$ ! ,r5aissance to simil>1 b unsuccessful attempts4 ,x has produc$ its effects ^u ,engli% poetry d[n to ! "w ( ,t5nyson1 :o %[s m traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,!ocritus ?an ( ! influ5ce ( any o!r ,greek poet4 ,! secret ( x 0 t1 :5 o!r s*ools became exhau/$1 ,!ocritus w5t back to ! p1 f\nd among !m rude & simple songs :i* _h nev] yet be5 adopt$ by any s*ool or put into arti/ic =m1 & rais$ ^! f ! co>s5ess ( nature into ! ref9em5t ( a subtle & le>n$ art4 ,0 n ! same process ! orig9 ( ,greek dramatic poetry1 ?\gh 9 an e>li] & f> less consci\s age8 ,are we n told t trag$y1 & com$y too1 arose f ! rude songs ( ! p & ! rude attempts at act+ among simple c\ntry folk8 ,! trag$y ( s*ylus1 nay1 ev5 ! p]fect diction & metre ( ,ari/ophanes1 are z f> remov$ f popul> song z x is possible to conceive1 yet ^! too arose & matur$ ) m>vell\s quickness f ! rude essays ( untutor$ peasants1 ^: ef=ts 7 :olly b5ea? ! att5tion ( civilis$ society4 ,we "k no?+1 alas6 ( ! cradles ( ! lyric poetry ( ,ar*ilo*us1 ( ,alcu1 ( ,sappho2 we c tell y no?+ ( ! incunabula ( t great & v>i$ developm5t :i* compris$ sev]al s*ools4 ,ov] ! :ole surface ( ^? primeval wat]s1 :i* cov] ! _w ( ,greek lit]ature d[n to ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c41 we h b ! "o great solit>y beacon1 ! poetry ( ,hom]1 :i* tells u1 l ! ,nantucket light-%ip1 t we are f>1 & yet n f>1 f ! utt]ances ( a lit]>y age3 ,z ! tall %ip1 t _m a dre>y ye>1 ,knit to "s dismal s&bank f> at sea1 ,all ?ro' ! livelong h\rs ( utt] d>k ,%[]s slant+ light ^u ! dolor\s wave6 ,b s mu* ! scanty lyric fragm5ts d tell u ) a cle> voice3 ^! poets 7 ?or\ghly & ev5 elaborately arti/ic1 & _! v c>eful workman%ip1 if x did arise f an appeal to ! songs ( ! p1 %[s ! v same fa/idi\s c>e :i* we f9d 9 ,!ocritus1 to purify _! art f ! clay or ! dross ( ev]yday language4 ,h5ce foll[s z a natural consequ5ce1 among a p ( g5ius l ! ,greeks1 a p]fection bo? 9 =m & 9 _s1 :i* we ju/ly call classical & :i* =ms ! model = almo/ all subsequ5t poetry4 ,!re are no vag>ies ( metre or diction2 !re are no exagg]ations ( s5tim5t4 ,e civilis$ man ( any epo*1 e critic ( judgm5t1 :o ma/]s ! poetry 9 ! orig9al1 f9ds 9 x models ( ta/e :i* h n s9ce be5 excell$ & only seldom equall$4 ,i ne$ n delay long ov] a few app>5t or real exceptions1 s few t !y are only en\gh = cavil1 n = s]i\s criticism4 ,we h recov]$ rec5tly ! ,p]sians ( ,timo!us1 ^: musical p]=mances 7 v popul> 9 8 day4 ,! poem is ! wor/ t we "k com+ f its age & c\ntry4 ,b we also "k t we %\ld m]ely reg>d x z ! libretto ( a musical p]=mance1 su* z ! libretti ( ! ,italian op]as we us$ to frequ5t 9 our y\?1 9 :i* ! text 0 n ( ! slighte/ importance & 0 g5]ally v bad4 ,! music 0 ! only "p ( ! p]=mance we criticis$4 ,s ! ,p]sians ( ,timo!us is ridicul\s z a poem on ! great battle ( ,salamis1 b ev5 s is pron\nc$ by ! au?orities on metre1 su* z ,wilam[itz1 to be v c>eful & poli%$ 9 t respect4 ,! ,mimes ( ,h]ondas1 ano!r rec5t discov]y1 are also bad poetry1 b !n !y are m]e v]sifications ( prose pieces1 su* z ^? ( ,sophron 71 & meant1 ,i believe1 = act+ on a *eap /age or = dramatic recitation4 ,!y c h>dly be call$ poetry4 ,9 mu* e>li] days1 !re 0 a good deal ( tame moral tea*+ & prov]bial philosophy express$ 9 v]se4 ,b t also 0 s1 because z yet prose _h n become an ord9>y vehicle ( writ+1 & any man :o desir$ to tea*1 su* z ,solon1 or ,!ognis1 or ,emp$ocles1 mu/ express himself 9 v]se4 ,i w m5tion b "o m feature 9 :i* ,greek poetry _h obvi\sly an advantage ov] mod]n art ( ! same k9d4 ,be+ almo/ altoge!r compos$1 n = a read+1 b a li/5+ public1 x 0 closely associat$ ) o!r arts1 especially ^? ( music & danc+1 s z to =m an ess5tial "p ( _m great public fe/ivals4 ,x 0 ! s\l :i* animat$ ! frame ( e national pageant4 ,if a poet laureate n[adays is ask$ to celebrate a great public occasion by a poem1 he writes an ode or an elegy1 su* z ,t5nyson's 8,bury ! ,great ,duke1 ) a nation's lam5tation10 & s5ds x out to c\ntless read]s4 ,! ,greek poet1 on simil> occasions1 w\ld h a solemn procession1 or a dance1 or a sc5ic display1 ) appropriate music1 to assi/ him4 ,^! environm5ts secur$ two great qualities1 or r t5d$ to secure !m1 = we mu/ n assume p]fection z a g5]al result 9 any human product4 ,x secur$ t ! poet w\ld aim at dignity1 avoid+ all mean & trivial topics4 ,x also secur$ brevity1 avoid+ discursiv5ess1 :i* is a fault ( mu* mod]n poetry4 ,?us ,wordswor?'s ,excursion w\ld h be5 intol]able to ! poet himself1 _h he be5 a ,greek1 & to come to a m appropriate illu/ration1 ! exub]ant & unlimit$ *oruses 9 ,mr4 ,sw9burne's ,atalanta--o!rwise a spl5did reflection ( ,greek trag$y--w\ld n h be5 tol]at$ on acc\nt ( _! r$undancy1 b ! poet w\ld h compress$ !m )9 su* limits z w\ld n put 8 *orus out ( brea?1 or produce dizz9ess 9 8 he>]s4 ,! production ( poetry = local & special public occasions 0 also a ma9 cause ( ! use ( di/9ct dialects1 :i* did n become national prop]ty till "s great "w _h sanction$ _! lit]>y use4 ,?us ! artificial ,hom]ic dialect became ! l+ua franca ( all epic poets1 :atev] _! c\ntry or _! date1 d[n to ! end ( old ,greek hi/ory4 ,doric *oral hymns 7 adopt$ by ! ,attic trag$ies & put into ! int]ludes ( ,attic dialogue4 ,luckily = u ! ,greeks wrote phonetically & did n conceal _! local spee* "u ! cloak ( an artificial & false or?ography4 ,?us ! poetry ( ! nation has come to u 9 v>i\s dialects1 b nev]1 except ) delib]ate dramatic aim at vulg>ity1#e 9 ! m]e language ( ! common p4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ ab&on ^! g5]al consid]ations & turn to ! task ( %[+ y1 9 "s fam\s examples1 h[ ,greek poetry1 possess+ ! excell5ce requisite = a high model1 act$ ^u ! greate/ & be/ ( our own poets1 z well z on o!rs 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,e "o kn[s t ! ,greeks h left u ?ree long epic poems--"o ! epic ( w>1 ! second ! epic ( voyage1 ! ?ird1 t ( ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ! epic ( adv5ture comb9$ ) a great love /ory4 ,!re 7 _m o!r e>ly epic poems compos$ 9 imitation ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 b !y h be5 laid aside & =gott51 mo/ probably because _! mat]ial has be5 work$ up by ! ,greeks into ! nobl] =m ( trag$y4 ,=1 z y "k1 ! ,greeks1 :o conf9$ !mselves to my?ical subjects = ^! trag$ies1 avoid$ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & utilis$ :at 7 call$ ! ,cyclic poets4 ,x is m]e commonplace to tell y t ! ,iliad & ,odyssey h be5 ! unapproa*able ideals = all subsequ5t "t4 ,! fir/ & greate/ =eign imitator 0 ,virgil1 & ?r\gh 8 immortal epic1 indirectly m ev5 ?an directly1 ! _w ( poets has be5 sway$4 ,x is nev]!less v rem>kable t ^! two ma/]pieces1 com+ complete f ! e>ly g5ius ( ,greece1 z ,a!na leap$ full-arm$ f ! bra9 ( ,zeus1 appe>+1 l ,mel*is$ec1 )\t fa!r1 "m1 or desc5t1 to bless ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 %\ld nev] aga9 h be5 equall$ among m54 ,! be/ epic ( mod]n ,europe s9ce ! classical ,r5aissance is ! ,p>adise ,lo/ ( ,milton4 ,he has giv5 u ample evid5ce t he 0 a great poet1 & yet h[ f> bel[ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey does he fall6 ,i ne$ h>dly tell y t ! controv]sies :i* agitat$ 8 m9d1 & ! m9d ( 8 age1 di/urb$ ! s]5ity ( 8 poetic vision & dictat$ to him _m digressions :i* are blots on ! purity ( 8 gold5 pages4 ,b t is n to my m9d 8 greate/ defect4 ,! action ( ! gods :i* 9 ! ,iliad is a m]e preamble to ! g5]al action ( ! poem1 or an irrelevant episode1 & h>dly int]f]es ) its ?or\ghly human "*1 is 9 ! !ological poet f> too prom95t4 ,x occupies 9 ,milton's poem ! =efront1 comp>$ to :i* ! episodes 9 ,ed5 are b a small matt]4 ,! trem5d\s "p ( ! poem is n ,p>adise lo/ by man1 b heav5 lo/ by ! angels t fell4 ,x is ! conflict betwe5 gods & ,titans1 z ! ,greeks w\ld h put x1 & n ! conflicts or mortal h]oes t fasc9ate u4 ,ano!r rem>k obtrudes itself z we pass on4 ,! weake/ book 9 all ! ,iliad is ! ,battle ( ! ,gods4 ,x might readily be expung$ f ! poem )\t loss4 ,9 ,milton ! ,div9e :olly outweighs ! human 9 gr&eur & is ! ess5ce ( ! poem4 ,!re is ano!r feature 9 ?is epic :i* di/urbs our admiration--! great ri*ness & ev5 r$undancy ( ! le>n$ similes4 ,9 ?is ,milton seems to h tak5 z 8 model ! ?ird ,greek epic1 :i* is n[ =gott51 b :i* _h a great vogue 9 ! ,r5aissance1 ,i mean ! ,argonautics ( ,apollonius4 ,8 direct obligations to ?is poet h be5 notic$ 9 _m places by ! comm5tators4 ,i h no d\bt t a c>eful /udy w\ld %[ _m m1 & x is all ! m int]e/+ to reflect h[ a n[ =gott5 ,greek s\rce has _h s la/+ an influ5ce4 ,! greate/ contribution ,i "k f ,apollonius to mod]n poetry is ! fam\s sc5e at ! op5+ ( ,goe!'s ,fau/1 :]e ! _w-we>y philosoph] det]m9es to take a cup ( poison1 b is sudd5ly recall$ to life by ! ,ea/] dawn ) its ,resurrection hymn4 ,y h b to read ! sc5e :]e ,m$ea1 wrack$ by :at %e believes a hopeless passion1 turns at ! end ( a night ( wakeful agony to ! same escape1 a cup ( poison4 ,b ) ! dawn & ! awak5+ ( human life1 ! s\nds ( m5 react ^u h] tr\bl$ _s & cause h] to put aside h] dread resolve4 ,) h] also1 & ) ! ,greek poet1 ! conception is fre%] & bett]4 ,x is ! y\? & heal? ( ,m$ea1 ! w9e ( life gl[+ 9 h] ve9s :i* calls h] back f suicidal gloom :5 *e]ful s\nds ( human life illum9e ! dawn4 ,! effect ( ! ,ea/] hymn on ,fau/1 beautiful z x is ) our ,*ri/ian associations1 does n seem s natural & is !re=e on a less] scale z poetry4 ,b :5 ,i h />t$ ^u ! effects ( ! ,greek epic 9 m\ld+ ! great ,engli% epic1 :i* /rives s h>d to assume a diff]5t tone1 ) a diff]5t subject1 ,i am und]/at+ ! g5]al influ5ce ( ,greek poetry on ,milton4 ,9 ! days be=e him we may assume t mo/ ( ! ,engli% poets knew _! ,greek at second h&1 ?r\gh ,lat9 copies1 or ?r\gh ,fr5* translations4 ,b5 ,jonson inde$1 we are assur$1 knew ,greek1 & ,*apman _h 9 8 excell5t translation made ! ,engli% _w acqua9t$ ) ,hom]'s ,iliad4 ,x is easy to und]rate ?is second-h& influ5ce & to say t aft] all x 0 ,lat9 & n ,greek4 ,no?+ w\ld be m mislead+4 ,a poet may feel ! greatness ( ano!r ev5 ?\gh he does n compreh5d 8 tongue4 ,?us ,%akespe>e1 ^: drama z a :ole 0 cle>ly outside ( all ,hell5ic influ5ces ( /yle1 z soon z he read 9 ,nor?'s translation ,plut>*'s ,lives1 saw 9 !m subjects fit = 8 immortal plays4 ,& n only z to subject1 b z to treatm5t1 he adh]es s closely to ! ,greek ma/] ( biography t y c feel ! pr(\nd respect & admiration ! playwright _h = 8 "w4 ,?us ! ,antony & ,cleopatra1 to cite b "o example1 adh]es po9t = po9t to ! fam\s n>rative ( ,plut>*1 & adds no?+ to 8 picture4 ,! influ5ce ( ,plut>* on ! ruffians ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution is n less rem>kable1 & w1 ,i ?9k1 occupy u 9 ano!r connection4 ,b !n ^! m5 _h = a c5tury previ\sly be5 taught by _! classical drama to look to ! ,greeks = l(ty pr9ciples & ideal *>act]s4 ,yet = my purpose x is m relevant to cite a mod]n in/ance4 ,no "o w\ld say = a mom5t t ! ,greek tone 9 ,keats 0 got ?r\gh ,lat9 or ,fr5* v]sions4 ,yet he seems nev] to h kn[n ,greek en\gh to read ! orig9als1 ^: _s he caught f ! e*oes ( classical diction>ies4 ,b ! indirect k ( e>li] poets1 su* = example z ! /ray citation by ,%akespe>e ( ! words ( ,eteocles f ,gascoigne's play1 are z no?+ :5 we come to ,milton1 :o %[s himself transfus$ n only ) ,greek epic1 b ) ! ,greek drama4 ,& f ,milton1 z ! great ma/]1 comes t p]fection ( poetic /yle & ( metre :i* has m\ld$ all ,engli% poetry f 8 "t onw>d4 ,mat!w ,arnold ev5 speaks ( him z /&+ above all 8 successors 9 ?is unique di/9ction4 ,b :5 ,arnold comp>es ?is excell5ce ) t ( ,virgil1 he %\ld h add$ t ,virgil also ow$ x to ! ,greeks4 ,nor d ,i f9d 9 ,virgil's neid any?+ l ! famili>ity ) ,greek trag$y :i* ,i f9d 9 ,milton4 ,?us ! :ole situation at ! op5+ ( ,p>adise ,lo/ is n due to ,hom]1 b r to ! ,prome!us ,v9ctus ( s*ylus1 :]e ! ,titan1 ov]come & *a9$ to ,mt4 ,caucasus by ! sup]ior might ( ,zeus1 nev]!less proclaims 8 undaunt$ _s2 & ( c\rse ?is /ruggle betwe5 gods & ,titans1 :i* appe>s s frequ5tly 9 ,greek my?ology1 & h5ce 9 ,greek poetry1 is con/antly pres5t to ,milton1 & sugge/s to him simile & metaphor all ?r\gh 8 poem4 ,b :y delay ov] ^! desultory allusions mix$ ) ^? ( o!r leg5d>y cycles1 all grasp$ by 8 va/ erudition8 ,consid] ! ,samson ,agoni/es4 ,"h we h ! poet delib]ately go+ back to /rictly ,greek =m & ev51 9 8 notable preface to ! play1 def5d+ dramatic poetry aga9/ ,puritan objections by appeal+ to s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 8! ?ree tragic poets10 he says1 8unequall$ yet by any1 & ! be/ rule to all :o endeav\r to write trag$y40 ,y wond] :5 y consid] t he _h ,%akespe>e be=e him1 :om he m5tions else:]e ) admiration4 ,b ! same preface tells u cle>ly :y he w\ld n conc$e to ,%akespe>e's trag$y ! rank he gives to ! ,greek ma/]s4 ,he says trag$y _h fall5 into 8l[ e/eem or r infamy1 happ5+ ?r\gh ! poet's error ( int]mix+ comic /uff ) tragic sadness & gravity1 or introduc+ trivial & vulg> *>act]s1 :i* by all judici\s p]sons has be5 c\nt$ absurd40 ,he took !re=e exactly ! view ( ,voltaire1 :o is %ock$ at ! grav$igg] 9 ,hamlet1 & ! drunk5 port] 9 ,macbe?4 ,su* 0 also ! view ( ,milton's great ,fr5* contempor>y ,rac9e1 :o believ$ t he _h compos$ 8 plays 9 ! /ricte/ accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts4 ,& yet ! s*ool ( ,%akespe>e might easily h def5d$ !mselves by cit+ ! practice ( ^? v ma/]s1 ^: example !y 7 recomm5d$ to foll[4 ,9 ! fir/ place e ,greek tragic poet compos$ a m]ry aft]lude1 call$ f its (ficial *orus ( ,satyrs1 a ,satyric drama1 & ?is foll[$ imm$iately ^u _! trag$y4 ,secondly1 ev5 9 ?is1 ! greate/ ma/]1 s*ylus1 does n disda9 to br+ 8vulg> & trivial p]sons0 ^u 8 /age1 su* z ! wat*man at ! op5+ ( ! ,agamemnon1 & ! nurse ,kilissa1 :o int]mix comic /uff ) ! tragic sadness ( ! play1 & ev5 enhance ! gloom by ! contra/4 ,( c\rse ! trag$y ( ,euripides1 :o delib]ately s\ght to br+ 8 /age ne>] to our ord9>y life1 c\ld n b exhibit su* passages1 z any /ud5t ( him kn[s p]fectly well4 ,tak+ h[ev] ,milton's own view ( ! nature ( ,greek trag$y1 we h 8 ,samson ,agoni/es n only con/ruct$ on ! frame ( an ,attic play1 b 9 e sc5e full ( rem9isc5ces & allusions %[+ a m9ute famili>ity ) ! tragic ,?ree4 ,! op5+1 ) its bl9d & _w-worn h]o1 seek+ = repose1 is tak5 f ! op5+ ( ! second dipus ( ,sophocles4 ,s is ! entry ( ! *orus1 ) _! surprise at ! doleful sight1 b pres5tly !y assume mu* ! same "p z ! ocean nymphs 9 ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus1 & x is f ^! two plays t he has borr[$ mo/ freely4 ,9 ! developm5t !re is no d\bt t ,euripides 0 8 real ma/]4 ,! litigi\s elem5t1 if ,i may s call x1 :i* 0 de> to ! ,a!nians2 ! introduction ( an insol5t giant2 ( ! trea*]\s ,dalila1 :o put =? argum5ts to be refut$ by ,samson1 & s to fill up long sc5es 9 ! play--all ?is is 9 ,euripides' be/ mann]4 ,s is ! irruption ( ! di/ract$ mess5g] ne> ! close1 :o n>rates ! cata/rophe4 ,b n[h]e is ! ?or\gh appreciation ( ! _s ( ,greek trag$y1 z well z its =m1 m manife/ ?an 9 ! *oruses1 & 9 ! lyrical monodies :i* are ! f9e/ features ( ! play4 ,he tells u 9 ! preface1 already quot$1 t he did n obs]ve ! =m ( /rophe & anti/rophe1 /rictly correspond+1 because ?is implies a musical accompanim5t & p]=mance 9 s++ :i* 0 =eign to 8 purpose4 ,/ill less w\ld he b9d himself to rhyme1 a %ackle unkn[n or r v r>e 9 ! poetry ( ! ,greeks4 ,he writes bo? lyrical compla9ts ( ,samson1 & ! *oral odes :i* are int]ludes to ! action1 9 irregul> ry?m1 :i* we c h>dly call metre1 & :i* are yet 9 ! /ricte/ s5se l(ty poetry4 ,^! ?+s are n to ! ta/e ( ! ord9>y comm5tator4 ,?us ,sir ,eg]ton ,brydges1 9 a h&some & inde$ le>n$ edition adorn$ by ,turn]'s draw+s1 says at ! end ( ! fir/ *orus3 8,?\gh !re are magnific5t passages 9 ?is *orus1 ,i _c q reconcile my e> to ! ry?m1 nor to "s ( ! expressions1 :i* are1 ,i confess1 too l prose40 ,x is int]e/+ = y to "k t ,cic]o said ne>ly ! same ?+ ab\t ,p9d>4 ,8 elaborate metres s\nd$ to ! ,roman l prose4 ,b to any "o :o is intimate ) ,greek *oruses1 no?+ has ev] be5 compos$ 9 ,engli% :i* reproduces _! effect s p]fectly4 ,i ne$ n add t 9 sub/ance ^! odes1 p>tly poetic reflections ( a g5]al sort1 p>tly 9 direct sympa?y ) ! action ( ! play1 are exactly ! rle ( ! *orus 9 ,greek trag$y4 ,9 "o po9t only we may say t "h ,milton is defici5t--9 t lyrical sweetness :i* m>ks _m ( ! *oruses ( ,sophocles & ,euripides1 s t we c recite !m z indep5d5t poems4 ,probably ,milton felt 8 subject too great & gloomy = su* poetical digressions4 ,= :5 he *ose to give u lyrical sweetness1 :at c exce$ 8 ,comus8 ,nor d ,i "k any?+ m ,greek ?an ! lovely ?\gh le>n$ lyrical poetry t[>d ! close ( t immortal masque4 ,i n[ pass f ! fa!r ( ,engli% classical poetry to lat] b n m v>i$ manife/ations ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "w 9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 :i* took all ,engl& by /orm1 0 ,pope's translation ( ! ,iliad4 ,*apman's 0 already !re1 a v m]itori\s "w1 & n[ rat$ m highly ?an its successor4 ,b 9 ,pope's day /yle 0 p>am\nt4 ,! ,iliad mu/ read z a great ,engli% poem1 & we h ,hom] dress$ 9 eighte5?-c5tury co/ume1 j z ! boys t play$ ,t]5ce at ,we/m9/] play$ him 9 wigs1 p[d]1 & pat*es4 ,x is v easy to criticise ,pope's translation4 ,8 :ole attitude 0 l t ( ,watteau 9 l&scape2 8 epi!ts 7 g5]ally wrong1 & wrong 9 pr9ciple4 8,& ! consci\s swa9 blesses ! useful light0 is ! conclusion ( a simile4 ,n[ ,hom]'s swa9 0 n consci\s1 nor did he bless ! light z useful4#f ,?us we see 9 ,jacques ,c>rey's n[ invaluable draw+s ( ! ,p>!non--= !y 7 done a few ye>s be=e its disa/]--t he c\ld n ev5 copy ,phidias's "w be=e him1 )\t import+ ! /yle ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury ,fr5*man4 ,all ^! ?+s are true & obvi\s1 & yet ! poet1 :o 9 translat+ ano!r1 reca/s him into 8 own m\ld1 ?\gh he be fai?less z a translator1 may be f> great] z a poet4 ,ev] s9ce ,i 0 introduc$ to ,hom] by ,pope1 m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 ,i h felt t1 ) all its ana*ronisms1 ,pope's poem is ! greate/ & be/ v]sion ( ! ,greek ma/]1 & a prop] "o = ^? to read :o _c approa* ! orig9al4 ,no prose translation1 h[ev] s*ol>ly & accurate1 c give ! lea/ idea ( ! sw+ ( ! great epic1 & s ,i feel t ! influ5ce ( ,hom] ?r\gh ,pope has be5 wide & la/+ & t ! v defects ( s great a p]=mance h /imulat$ (t-r5ew$ attempts at reproduc+ ! great ma/]piece4 ,dryd5's ,virgil ( c\rse l$ public ta/e 9 ! same direction1 s t we h an age v div]se f ,greek 9 ta/e1 & v incongru\s to x1 nev]!less dom9at$1 p]haps ev5 m ?an p !n imag9$1 by ,greek classical models4 ,! case ( lyrical poetry is n dissimil>4 ,! poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h be=e !m ,horace's v]sions ( ,alcu & ,sappho1 & ! text ( ,p9d>1 :o 01 z ,horace _h told !m1 ! greate/ ma/] ( all4 ,b z he 0 difficult ev5 = ,horace to und]/&1 s he 0 to ! eighte5?-c5tury poets b vaguely intelligible4 ,above all1 ! v ess5ce ( 8 /udi$1 c>eful1 & le>n$ g5ius 0 :olly misund]/ood4 ,he 0 conceiv$ to be a poet beyond ! b\nds ( /rict art1 drunk ) ! muse & p\r+ =? a torr5t ( spl5did ?\ghts 9 disreg>d ( all ! %ackles ( metre1 :i* 0 s obvi\s 9 ! olic s*ool4 ,?us !y /rove to imitate 8 app>5t impetuosity1 & ! suppos$ irregul>ities ( 8 metre1 & produc$ _m good poems1 inspir$ inde$ by ! ,greek1 b :olly =eign to _! model4 ,! greate/ ( !m 0 he :o knew ! orig9als f> bett] ?an ! re/1 & took ! pa9s to ma/] !m ) s*ol>ly c>e4 ,we h 9 ,gray a poet ( really ,greek temp] & _s1 v le>n$1 v fa/idi\s1 v /rict 9 =m1 ?\gh t =m be ri* & v>i\s1 & to my ?9k+ well wor?y ( comp>ison ) ,simonides or ,bac*ylides1 bo? 9 purity ( /yle & spl5d\r ( diction4 ,an excell5t ,am]ican critic 7,w4 ,l4 ,phelps7 has %[n v cle>ly h[ ,gray1 beg9n+ ) classical tra9+ & mak+ ! pseudo-classical ,dryd5 8 model1 0 nev]!less 9 middle life swept away by ! ,romantic wave :i* flood$ ,engl& & :i* made him pref] ,keltic & national subjects to ^? d]iv$ f ,greek & ,lat9 traditions4 ,all ?is is p]fectly true1 yet equally true is x1 t no *ange ( subject c\ld *ange or m> ! spl5did =m1 ! pure diction1 ! delicate ta/e :i* ,gray d]iv$ f 8 c>eful /udy ( ! ,greek poets1 & :i* is z cle> 9 8 8,wel% b>d10 z 9 8 8progress ( classical poesy40 ,no ,engli% poet _h hi!rto grasp$ ! real spl5d\r ( ,p9d>1 n ev5 ,milton1 & s ! ,p9d>ic odes ( less] m51 su* z ,c[ley & ,%5/one1 h n surviv$ z popul> poems1 :]eas ,dryd5's ,ode to ,/4 ,cecilia1 & a :ole s]ies ( ,gray's poems1 %[ cle>ly ! mat*less tra9+ :i* ,greek poetry af=ds ! mod]n poet1 :atev] be 8 subject or 8 s*ool4 ,x is 9 fact mu* m important & int]e/+ to po9t out ^! indirect influ5ces1 ?an to lay /ress on ! direct borr[+ f ! ,greek 9 =m & diction4 ,?is v conflict or contra/ may be exemplifi$ 9 ,byron's poetry4 ,he 0 a lead+ memb] ( ! ,romantic s*ool or fa%ion1 & yet all 8 life he lov$ & hon\r$ ! classical p]fection ( ! ,greeks1 & n infrequ5tly by a /ray passage proves h[ m9ute 8 k ev5 ( fragm5ts ( ,greek poetry4#g ,! political circum/ances ( mod]n ,greece 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 ! great /ruggle ( ! population aga9/ ,turki% tyranny--all ?is gave a romantic =egr\nd to ! classical ta/e fo/]$ by ! high] s*ools & colleges ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & s ! admiration ( ! old ,greeks 9 art1 politics1 & lit]ature 0 a sort ( classical ju/ification = ! ,romantici/s :o _h sprung f ! reaction aga9/ ! false ,fr5* classicism ( an e>li] g5]ation4 ,byron 0 fir/ 9 add+ ! realities ( actual ,greece to its int]e/ z a m]e frame or imag9>y locus = classical poetry4 ,none ( ! eighte5?-c5tury poets1 or ev5 ! e>li] hi/orians ( ,greece1 %[$ ! smalle/ curiosity ab\t ! actual home ( ,greek lit]ature1 ! actual cradle t nurs$ all ?is unequall$ g5ius4 ,ev5 ,grote & ,?irlwall1 long aft] ! poets _h discov]$ :at inspiration 0 to be d]iv$ f ! m\nta9s & fiords ( ,hellas1 wrote _! immortal hi/ories1 )\t any feel+ t !y w\ld h ga9$1 by a k ( ! gr\nd1 a new & liv+ flav\r4 ,= !y _h bo? means & leisure to travel & yet !y s\ght no help outside ! books ( _! libr>ies4 ,b ,byron br\ght into poetry at lea/ t realism ab\t ,greece :i* made a /udy ( ,greek & ( ,greece at fir/-h& ! desire ( poets & ( arti/s4 ,( ,keats1 :o _h n ! opportunities1 ,i h spok54 ,9 ,%elley1 we h t p]fect comb9ation ( romantic imag9ation ) pr(\nd ,greek culture t makes him ! greate/ & probably ! mo/ la/+ ( t galaxy t illum9$ ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! lea/ ,greek ( !m all 0 ,wordswor?1 & ,i v5ture to say t _h he /udi$ ,greek poetry1 x w\ld h taught him ! ess5tial diff]5ces :i* sep>ate x f prose--l(ty /yle1 select diction1 above all1 compression )9 /rict b\nds & mod]ate limits--& ?us h sav$ bo? u & him f ! dre>9ess ( 8 prosaic ,excursion4 ,let none ( y ?9k t ,i und]rate 8 poetic "w4 ,b 9 8 highe/ mom5ts x is ! gl[ ( ,greek spl5d\r1 ! spiritual lessons ( ! augu/ ,plato t illum9e 8 sob] g5ius1 & translate him = ! h\r into ! company ( ! immortals4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we see ! /rong desire to reproduce ! ,greek ma/]pieces n only by p :o 7 poets = ! occasion1 l ,"l ,d]by or ,miss ,swanwick1 b also by ! ma/]s :o _h already prov$ _! greatness to ! ,engli% _w4 ,rob]t ,br[n+ has giv5 u v]sions ( sev]al plays1 ! ,agamemnon1 ! ,mad ,h]akles1 ! ,alke/is4 ,9 ! la/1 he lays /ress r on ! psy*ological attitude ( ,euripides1 on 8 "*-draw+1 ?an on ! lyrical portions1 :i* are n reproduc$ 9 lyrical metre4 ,b h[ easily he c\ld d ?is he prov$ to me :5 ,i ask$ him to r5d] a fam\s ode ( ! poet 9 a =m approa*+ ! orig9al4 ,writ+ to ,london f ,dubl9 on a ,monday1 ,i _h 8 v]sion on ,w$nesday ev5+4 ,! orig9al manuscript ,i h giv5 to an ,am]ican fri5d :o treasures x2 ! words appe> 9 my little monograph on ,euripides publi%$ ye>s ago4 ,sw9burne & ,mat!w ,arnold h n translat$ old ,greek dramas1 b h compos$ plays aft] t model4 ,to an intellig5t read] :o has no k ( ,greek1 ,i "k no bett] approa* ?an to read ! ,atalanta or ! ,ere*!us ( ,sw9burne1 or1 if he pref] x1 ! ,m]ope ( ,arnold1 :i* is n s great a poem z ei!r ( ! o!rs1 b j z fai?ful a mirror ( ,greek m9d2 = ! exub]ance ( ,sw9burne's *oruses1 ! unre/ra9$ riot ( 8 ebullitions aga9/ ! provid5ce ( ! ,gods1 may be spl5did poetry--!y are =eign to ! *a/e & mod]ate diction :i* *>act]ises almo/ all ,greek lit]ature4 ,if !re be a great exception1 x is 9 ! gloomy gr&eur ( s*ylus1 & accord+ly no play has be5 s (t5 attempt$ 9 ,engli% z ! ,agamemnon4#h ,:5 we pass f ?is l>ge influ5ce ( ,greek drama to t ( ! lyric fragm5ts or ! idylls & love /ories ( our mod]n poets1 ,i am met by an old ass]tion ( ! p$ants1 t ! ,greeks 7 want+ 9 t love & feel+ = nature :i* is ! pr]ogative ( ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,i see no su* contra/ betwe5 ,classical & ,romantic4 ,gray1 ! mo/ classical ( our lyric poets1 0 ! fir/ to insi/ ^u ! necessity ( a poet refre%+ 8 s\l ) ! wild beauties ( m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,if we _h m ( ,sappho1 we %\ld f9d t %e too 0 romantic 9 t z 9 e o!r reasonable s5se4 ,! la/ fragm5t recov]$1 :i* prophesies t h] girl fri5d w %9e at ,s>dis l ! moon among ! />s 9 a summ] night1 pa9ts ! spl5d\rs ( su* a night 9 ! gl[+ col\rs ( a true poet ( nature4 ,!re is 9 ,!ocritus1 !re is 9 ,apollonius1 ample evid5ce ( a delight 9 ! sights1 & /ill m ! s\nds1 ( nature1 & s ! mo/ classical ( our mod]n lyric poets1 ,t5nyson1 %[s great intimacy ) ,!ocritus1 & takes n only 8 images b /ill m 8 tone f t delightful orig9al4 ,su* images z ,sleep t g5tli] on ! _s lies ,?an tir$ eyelids ^u tir$ eyes1 & aga91 ,! moan ( doves 9 immemorial elms1 ,& murmur+s ( innum]able bees1 are1 if n translat$ f ,!ocritus1 c]ta9ly sugge/$ by him4 ,a m explicit borr[+ f ! ,greek w be f\nd 9 ! comp>ison ( a /rong man's biceps to ! pass+ ( runn+ wat] ov] a /one t does n break x3 ,& b>$ ! knott$ column ( 8 ?roat1 ,! massive squ>e ( 8 h]oic brea/1 ,& arms on :i* ! /&+ muscle slop$ ,z slopes a wild brook o'er a little /one1 ,runn+ too vehem5tly to break ^u x4 ,b 9 e page ( t poet :i* is n m]e famili> home life1 ,i feel 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 /yle ! v e*o ( ,greek "w1 & ,i c well imag9e h[ ,euripides w\ld h revell$ 9 ! l9es1 ,8 hon\r root$ 9 di%on\r /ood1 ,& fai? unfai?ful kept him falsely true4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek com$y is too complicat$ to be discuss$ at ! close ( ?is disc\rse4 ,= ! greate/ ( ! ,greek ma/]s1 ,ari/ophanes1 has s int5sely ,attic a quality t we might z well try to imitate ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,b 8 g5teel successor ,m5&] has become1 ?r\gh ! v]sions ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 ! fa!r ( g5teel com$y 9 ,europe4 ,he 0 extravagantly prais$ & popul> 9 decad5t ,greece4 ,i = "o _c hold t 8 legacy /&s high among ! priceless treasures bequea!d to u by 8 nation4 ,b ( 8 influ5ce !re c be no "q4#i ,x rema9s = me to say a ^w to ^? :o ask h[ f> ?is great poetry ( ! ,greeks 0 r$uc$ to !ory1 among a nation :o lov$ to r$uce ev]y?+ to !ory4 ,! climax ( ?is t5d5cy is %[n 9 ! "w ( ,ari/otle1 z we %all see 9 ano!r connection1 & ,ari/otle has ei!r writt51 or caus$ to be writt51 among 8 multif>i\s tracts1 an essay call$ ! ,poetic1 :i* is ma9ly1 s f> z we h x1 an analysis ( ! mean+ ( ,tragic poetry4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 "s v important utt]ances 9 ?is tract1 notably ! fam\s def9ition ( trag$y1 ^u :i* s _m volumes h be5 writt54 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ,i "k no poor] & m jejune exposition ( a great subject1 s mu* s t ,i _c b suspect t x is "o ( ! _m outly+ rese>*es t he entru/$ to 8 pupils4 ,"h is ! k9d ( criticism to :i* ,i take exception z unwor?y ( ,ari/otle3 ,9 ! ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis ,euripides has giv5 u "o di/9ct type 9 8 wond]ful gall]y ( h]o9es1 all fac+ dea? = ! real or suppos$ public good1 ei!r freely or "u ! co]cion ( c[>dly or cruel pr9ces4 ,?is ,iphig5ia is a "y fre% creature j bloom+ into life1 & %e he>s ! fir/ news ( h] fate ) an outbur/ ( passionate te>s1 & ( supplication aga9/ ! cruel s5t5ce4 ,yet pres5tly1 :5 %e f9ds h] doom seal$1 %e resigns h]self ) ! spl5did dignity ( an inborn g5tlewoman1 & s adds greatly to ! 8pity & ! t]ror0 ( ! trag$y4 ,! au?or ( ! ,poetic says ! "* is n consi/5tly drawn1 & !re=e faulty4 ,:at a contemptible judgm5t6 ,x is only to be mat*$ by ! obs]vation ( ! wor?less p$ant :o tells u 9 8 s*olium t ! ,m$ea ( ,euripides _h no bus9ess to %$ te>s ov] h] *ildr51 z %e 0 a h>d & cruel "* & ab\t to murd] !m4 ,s aga9 ?is ,ari/otle says t poetry is ess5tially diff]5t f prose1 & gives z an example t ! "w ( ,h]odotus w\ld n cease to be hi/ory ev5 7 x ca/ 9 metrical =m4 ,?is obs]vation misses ! deep] di/9ction ( poetic & prosaic ?\ght1 :i* does n dep5d on metrical =m4 ,!re are _m passages 9 ,h]odotus :i* despite _! prose =m are ess5tially poetry1 z we %all see 9 ! next lecture4 ,^! criticisms w1 ,i tru/1 console y :5 ,i add t ,i h no "t left = a full consid]ation ( ! ,poetic4 ,x is n always giv5 to ^? :o d great "w to exp\nd h[ !y did x4 ,ev5 among ! ,greeks !re 0 a curr5t !ory t ! poet suff]$ "u t div9e madness :i* we call inspiration1 & knew n ! full =ce ( :at ! ,muse spoke ?r\gh 8 lips4 ,t ?is inspiration did n disp5se ) c>eful prep>ation1 ) elaborate metrical p]fection1 ,i h already told y4 ,we h b rec5tly le>n$ f ! ,p]sians ( ,timo!us t ?is metrical p]fection may also be us$ to convey ! mo/ ludicr\sly silly conceits4 ,let u !re=e take :at ,"t has left u ) ?ankfulness1 & n di/urb ourselves or m> our enjoym5t by ! application ( b>r5 !ories4 ,f ,hom] to ! ,an?ology1 y c f9d great poems & spl5did fragm5ts t w exalt y into ! high] _w res]v$ = ^? t c lay aside mat]ial c>es4 ,!re y w enl>ge ! weal? ( y\r s\ls2 !re y w ent] ^u ! h]itage left y by ^? t _h atta9$ & tak5 possession ( ! ideal to :i* all our love ( beauty t5ds z its goal4 ,b let me repeat to ^? :o _c quaff ?is poetry at ! s\rce3 take x f ! vessels ( ! ,engli% poets t are ready to y\r h&s1 n f ! lab\r$ prose ( ! mod]n s*ol>4 ,take ,calv]ley's ,!ocritus2 take ,br[n+'s ,euripides2 take ,:itelaw's ,sophocles2 take ,fr]e's ,ari/ophanes4 ,?us may y rea* n ! real %r9e1 b1 l "s proselyte ( old1 ! out] c\rt ( ! mat*less ,temple4 ,,iii ,,greek ,,prose ,i suppose ! ord9>y critic1 :5 review+ ! great subject be=e u1 w\ld h>dly ?9k to-day's title "o ( suffici5t importance to occupy a ,bo/on audi5ce1 & yet x ought to be %[n t 9 prose1 fully z mu* z 9 poetry1 ! ,greeks h be5 ! tea*]s ( civilis$ ,europe4 ,probably also ! subject w h to y ?is int]e/1 t x is n at all s obvi\s z t ( ! la/ lecture4 ,ev]yone kn[s ab\t ! ,greek poets2 _m ( !m are ! h\sehold prop]ty ( ! mod]n _w4 ,b ! orig9 & ! developm5t ( ,greek prose is n s g5]ally /udi$1 & its f>-rea*+ influ5ce n s widely und]/ood4 ,moreov]1 we "k some?+ m ( ! e>ly /ages ( its hi/ory1 & ?\gh x also surprises u ) its absolute p]fection 9 our e>lie/ au?ors1 & seems to leap f ! bra9 ( ! god z fully arm$ z ! poetry ( ,hom]1 yet we h "s traces ( e>li] ef=ts2 we h "s inkl+ ( :at w5t be=e ,h]odotus1 m ?an we h ( :at w5t be=e ,hom]4 ,t is mo/ly due to ! late orig9 ( prose writ+ among ! ,greeks4 ,at fir/1 v]se =m 0 univ]sal = record+ all topics ( int]e/4 ,ev5 g5ealogies 7 compos$ 9 hexamet]s4 ,all ! prov]bial wisdom ( ! ,sev5 ,sages 0 9 metrical =m4 ,solon1 ! greate/ ( ^! sages1 ev5 prea*es 8 politics1 & gives u 8 autobiography1 9 elegiac metre4 ,we seem to h travell$ a long way f ! epo* :5 su* a man z ,mr4 ,glad/one or ,mr4 ,roosevelt w\ld address ! ,s5ate or ! p 9 v]se2 yet = all t ,solon 0 a lawgiv]1 probably z great z ei!r ( !m1 & a v mod]n man1 too1 f> m mod]n 9 tone & _s ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,nor am ,i sure t ,mr4 ,roosevelt w\ld n enjoy compos+ 8 messages to 8 ,s5ate 9 v]se2 /ill less %\ld ,i affirm t ! ,g]man ,emp]or w\ld n revel 9 h]oic v]se1 z ! prop] vehicle = 8 exhortations to 8 subjects4 ,i note ?is 9 ord] to br+ home to y ! fact t late 9 ,greek spiritual hi/ory ! greate/ m5 & _! audi5ces rema9$ satisfi$ ) ! %ackles ( metre1 z convey+ s]i\s tea*+ 9 a m p]man5t & m popul> =m ?an prose4 ,= ( c\rse at ! beg9n+ ( society1 :5 !re are no writt5 records1 m5 are wont to clo! _! leg5ds & tales 9 t =m1 z x is a great aid to ! memory1 & c be easily taught to *ildr51 :o rememb] ! s\nd long be=e !y pay att5tion to ! s5se4 ,i w n speak ( inscriptions 9 prose1 z !y are n int5d$ 9 e>ly days = works ( art1 any m ?an ! e>lie/ lett]s1 :i* are m]e messages convey$ by writ+4 ,b !re 0 an e>ly attempt made1 9 ! ri* society ( ,ionia1 to clo! ?\ght 9 an arti/ic =m )\t ! %ackles ( metre1 & t 0 ! writ+ ( ! philosoph] ,h]acleitus4 ,i w speak ( 8 great & pregnant !ory h]eaft]2 :at conc]ns u n[ is t 8 obscure aphorisms 7 int5d$ to /rike ! read] by _! =m1 z well z _! matt]4 ,he _h app>5tly a s+le pr$ecessor 9 ,ph]ecydes ( ,syros4 ,! subjugation ( ,ionia by ! ,p]sians1 & especially ! fall ( ,miletus1 seem to h put an end to ?is e>ly picturesque writ+ & ?9k+ until x woke up z ! sci5tific vehicle ( ! ,greek s*ool ( ,hippocrates1 ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e4 ,x 0 9 ! opposite extreme ( ! ,greek _w1 ! f> we/1 peopl$ ma9ly n by ,ionians b by ,dorians1 t lit]>y prose made a new beg9n+1 :i* no political *anges 7 able to cru%1 till all ,greece fell "u =eign dom9ation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! attempts 0 ! composition1 at ,syracuse1 ( a treatise tea*+ citiz5s h[ to plead _! cases 9 c\rt4 ,x 0 a "t :5 revolutions 9 ! /ate & consequ5t *anges ( prop]ty1 aris+ f confiscations & exiles1 (t5 rev]s$ by a turn ( ! :eel ( =tune1 made x vital = e pla9tiff or def5dant to be able to prove 8 case to a jury by p]suasion4 ,?is s*ool1 ?\gh ,doric 9 orig91 pass$ to ,attica1 br$ !re a s*ool ( fam\s plead]s1 f ,antiphon to ,demo/h5es1 :o paid ! close/ att5tion to ! =m ( _! spee*es1 & s p]fect$ ! eloqu5ce ( ! b> = all "t4 ,9 /rong contra/ to ?is s*ool 0 ! eloqu5ce ( display1 ref]r$ to ,gorgias z its e>lie/ ma/]1 :i* made elegant composition & spl5did deliv]y an end 9 itself1 &1 9 ! h&s ( ! educators call$ ,sophi/s1 (t5 *ose a contemptible or repulsive subject 9 ord] to %[ h[ ev5 ! mo/ trivial cause 0 capable ( glorification by art1 j z ,t5i]s makes ! po?\se & its drunk5 boors fit to take _! place among ! treasures t decorate a great mansion4 ,9 ^! widely contra/$ pursuits ( c>eful speak+1 !re 7 sev]al po9ts 9 common4 ,9 bo?1 ! subject 0 ei!r ephem]al or might be trivial2 x 0 ! treatm5t :i* 0 ! great po9t ( int]e/ & :i* gave rise to !ories & sy/ems4 ,9 nei!r 0 x ! int5tion to in/ruct or improve ! he>]4 ,9 ! "o1 to effect p]suasion = ! mom5t1 9 ! o!r to ga9 admiration = ! mom5t1 0 ! object ( ! speak]4 ,9 bo? also1 ?\gh mo/ c>efully compos$1 0 ! writt5 ^w :olly subord9ate to ! spok5 s\nd4 ,:5 ^! /udies fir/ arose1 !re 0 z yet no read+ public1 no ga!r+ ( books1 & /udy+ !m at home2 b a public va/ly fond ( talk+1 & ( he>+ brilliant talk4 ,!re 7 o!r occasions & int]e/s 9 ,greek life1 :]e ! subject 0 ( su* p>am\nt importance1 t = a long "t /yle 0 reg>d$ ) suspicion1 z giv+ a flav\r ( unreality to ! /atem5ts ( ! speak] or writ]4 ,"o 0 ! n>rative ( ^? ev5ts t _h tak5 place 9 pa/ "t2 ! o!r 0 ! grave delib]ation ( public m5 reg>d+ ! future ( ! /ate1 que/ions ( ju/ice & ( policy 9 ! treatm5t ( citiz5s1 or 9 ! deal+ ) neighb\r+ p[]s4 ,! e>li] lead]s ( ,greece1 su* z ,ari/ides1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 & ! ambiti\s m5 :o made !mselves tyrants1 all mu/ h /udi$ ! art ( p]suasion ) due c>e1 b x 0 n = "s g5]ations t a pr(essional orator l ,demo/h5es 0 intru/$ ) ! *>ge ( public affairs1 & t ! words orator & politician came to mean ! same ?+4 ,yet ev5 "h1 ! t5d5cy 9 ! ,greek m9d to submit ev]y?+ to law & tra9+1 to turn e k9d ( human "w into an art1 0 s /rong1 t no =m ( prose writ+ escap$ ?is s*ool+1 & all ( x %[s a /rictness ( rhetorical =m :i* seems1 at fir/ /udy ( x1 artificial1 until we come to le>n t ! highe/ products ( human art are n spontane\s1 b ! result ( c>eful reflection4 ,:ile ^! v>i\s ef=ts t[>ds spok5 eloqu5ce 7 occupy+ m51 we f9d t e>ly annali/s set d[n ei!r 9 rude metrical =m1 or ev5 9 prose1 pa/ ev5ts1 ?us lay+ ! f\ndation = ! greate/ developm5t ( prose4 ,i mean hi/ory1 n m]ely z a record ( pa/ ev5ts1 b z an arti/ic product1 on ! same level z dramatic poetry or z fresco pa9t+4#aj ,! e>li] attempts are kn[n to u only ?r\gh names & scraps ( writ+2 we _c n[ tell h[ f> ,hecatu & ,xan?us ! ,lydian 7 hi/orians 9 ! arti/ic s5se2 b !re is no d\bt :atev] t 9 ,h]odotus ! ,greeks h giv5 n only to ! anci5t1 b to ! mod]n _w1 a model ( ! art ( hi/ory :i* has nev] be5 excell$4 ,& z if t 7 n en\gh1 we h 9 ,?ucydides ano!r model 7"o :i* pr(esses n ! *>m ( arti/ic n>rative1 b ! /rict analysis ( positive facts7 & 9 ?is model1 :i* has impos$ itself1 or has impos$1 on g5]ations ( hi/orians1 we h ano!r specim5 ( ! use ( prose1 :i* is likewise ! highe/ model ( ! s-call$ sci5ce ( hi/ory4 ,?is latt] in/ance is all ! m rem>kable because ! writ] did n1 l ,h]odotus1 *ose a great _w-subject1 b a long & dull civil w>1 9 :i* no gigantic int]e/s 7 at /ake1 & yet by 8 consummate art1 by 8 int5se s]i\sness1 little skirmi%es 9 :i* a few hundr$s ( m5 7 engag$ h become h\sehold words 9 mod]n life1 :ile else:]e _m a %ock ( myriads has pa/ into oblivion4 ,?us ! little actions ( ! ,a!nian ,phormio ) 8 well tra9$ boats aga9/ a sup]ior =ce h giv5 rise to a f> l>g] lit]ature ?an ! great _w-battles ( ,actium or ,lepanto 9 ! same seas4 ,!re 0 no ,?ucydides to write ab\t ^! latt]4 ,z ,i ?9k x easi] to impress a mod]n audi5ce ) ! importance ( ,greek prose /yle 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( its excell5ce1 ,i %all put x 9 ! =emo/ place4 ,no?+ /rikes a read] ( ! ,poetic ( ,ari/otle 7or ( ! treatise s call$7 z m incompet5t ?an ! illu/ration ! writ] uses to %[ t dramatic poetry is m philosophical ?an hi/ory4 ,he says t ! =m] portrays ! g5]al features ( human "*1 z !y mu/ naturally develop1 :]eas hi/ory has no object b to n>rate ! details ( :at has happ5$1 e4g4 :at ,alcibiades did or suff]$4 ,i h already po9t$ out to y ! a/\nd+ /upidity ) :i* he has criticis$ ! developm5t ( a noble tragic "* by a great dramati/--! ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis ( ,euripides4 ,8 notion ( ! portraiture ( human nature z x ought to develop is "o ( commonplace consi/5cy1 exclud+ all ^? /orms & passions :i* sudd5ly sup]v5e & :i* give to human "* all its int]e/ & its v>iety4 ,i h spok5 to y ( ,ari/otle's judgm5ts on tragic *>act]s2 b ,i am n[ conc]n$ ) 8 view ( hi/ory1 z a m]e n>rative ( p>ticul>s1 & ,i come to consid] aga9 8 /atem5t t ,h]odotus if put into metre w\ld nev]!less be only hi/ory1 & n dramatic poetry4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t we c "h refute ! critic f hi/orical facts :i* he %\ld h1 nay mu/ h1 kn[n4 ,"o episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus _h already become a fam\s trag$y 9 ! h&s ( s*ylus1 :om we may fairly ass]t to be a v excell5t judge ( :at 0 prop] = a tragic subject4 ,ano!r hi/oric episode1 ! ,fall ( ,miletus1 0 made ! subject ( a trag$y by ,phryni*us1 & if x displeas$ ! ,attic audi5ce1 :o f9$ ! poet1 x 0 n because ! subject 0 fail+ 9 tragic int]e/1 b because x possess$ too mu*1 = x melt$ ! :ole audi5ce into te>s1 & br\ght home to !m _! pres5t mis=tunes1 z well z _! rec5t blund]s 9 policy1 & _! crav5 des]tion ( _! k9dr$ 9 ,ionia4 ,! :ole ess5ce ( prose hi/ory1 z an art1 fir/ compreh5d$ by ,h]odotus1 is to reg>d ! c\rse ( human affairs n z a m]e catalogue ( ev5ts b z a great human drama dep5d+ on l>ge & et]nal pr9ciples1 :]e9 ! rise & fall ( great nations1 /ill m ! rise & fall ( ! great m5 :o sway great nations1 af=d u ! contemplation ( 8de$s1 or s]ies ( ev5ts ( importance & complet5ess1 produc+ ?r\gh ! excitem5t ( ! feel+s ( pity & t]ror 9 ! read] ! purification ( ^! emotions40 ,ari/otle adds to ?is 8 def9ition ( trag$y t ! subject mu/ be sweet5$ by graces ( diction 9 e "p1 & ?is is exactly :at ! fir/ great hi/orian did1 & :at e "o ( 8 successors is b\nd to d1 if 8 "w is to live z a "w ( art1 & n to be laid by z a m]e rep]tory = le>n$ ref]5ce4 ,hi/ory z a matt] ( /yle is !re=e "o ( ! great legacies ( ! ,greeks to mank9d4 ,b n only 9 ! /yle does ,h]odotus agree ) ! def9ition ( trag$y 9 ,ari/otle4 ,he does s also 9 8 subject4 ,?is mu/ be great or dignifi$1 x mu/ h complet5ess 9 itself1 & x mu/ conta9 ^? *anges ( =tune :i* are s peculi>ly affect+ to e read]4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ,p]sia & ,greece1 its inception1 its v>y+ =tunes1 ! subjugation ( ,ionia1 ! angui% ( ,greece--all lead+ to ! climax at ,salamis & ,platea1 & ! crav5 flight ( ,x]xes to 8 home--:at great] or m complete subject c\ld a hi/orian *oose8 ,& 9 ord] to sweet5 x ) words1 !re are _m pauses 9 ! action1 fill$ ) delightful digressions1 f> m v>i\s & m re/ful ?an ! *oruses 9 a ,greek trag$y4 ,^!1 & all ! ma9 n>rative1 & ! dramatic dialogues :i* he composes = 8 actors1 are pres5t$ to u 9 t easy & fl[+ /yle :i* seems natural & obvi\s1 because x is ! mo/ p]fect art4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is admirable simplicity is ev] ! spontane\s product ( human g5ius4 ,:5ev] ,i h be5 able to rea* ! evid5ce1 ,i h f\nd x ! result ( great lab\r & fa/idi\s c>e4 ,i w give y an in/ance4 ,!re 0 no "o m rem>kable 9 ,europe 9 8 g5]ation = pellucid simplicity ( /yle ?an ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,i once saw 9 a fri5d's room a pro( :i* ,r5an _h s5t him = revision4 ,i 0 n all[$ to /udy x1 b a glance %[$ me t a ?9 /rip ( pr9t$ matt]1 ! fir/ draft1 _h be5 laid d[n on a l>ge blue %eet ( pap]1 all ! wide m>g9s ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) corrections1 alt]ations1 & reh&l+s ( ! pr9t$ s5t5ces4 ,!re 0 mu* eras$1 mu* add$1 mu* *ang$ m ?an once4 ,!re 0 p]haps ?ree times z mu* 9 ! corrections z 9 ! orig9al draft4 ,! result1 z we "k1 0 some?+ s easy & natural t x seem$ to h fl[$ )\t ! smalle/ ef=t f 8 p54 ,b ,h]odotus is n ! only model by :om ! ,greeks h e/abli%$ a /&>d = mod]n writ]s4 ,he has ab\t him ! air ( a /ory-tell]1 & he repeats _m leg5ds & wond]s1 s t grav] & m sceptical g5]ations set him d[n z a cr$ul\s travell] easily deceiv$ by ly+ reports1 if n z a delib]ate writ] ( fiction4 ,s _m ( ^! s-call$ lies or inv5tions h turn$ out aft] all to be true or probable 7e4g41 ! tradition t ! ,etruscans came to ,italy f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or by sea7 t ev5 f ?is po9t ( view ,h]odotus has be5 v9dicat$ by mod]n rese>*4 ,if y want a model ( ! o!r k9d ( hi/ory--t :i* pr(esses to be a sob] record ( c>efully sift$ facts1 :i* pr(esses to disc>d all t is miracul\s or leg5d>y1 & insi/ ^u te/imony1 !n 9 ! op9ion ( all ! ages y f9d its p]fection 9 ,?ucydides4 ,!re us$ to be a g5]al agreem5t t 9 contra/ to ! obvi\sly arti/ic turn ( ,h]odotus1 8 successor _h exalt$ hi/ory1 z f> z 0 possible1 to ! rank ( an exact sci5ce4 ,we n[ "k t ?is view is v f> f ! tru?4 ,?ucydides1 z 8 spee*es %\ld always h cle>ly demon/rat$1 0 an arti/ j z consci\sly z ,h]odotus1 nay r a m subtle arti/1 9 t he conceal$ 8 art & delud$ mank9d "u ! guise ( a solemn & dignifi$ p]son1 tell+ no?+ b ! unv>ni%$ tru?4#aa ,= he too felt t ! trag$ies ( human affairs 7 a fit & noble subject = ! contemplation ( m52 he too felt t ! lessons convey$ by ! cata/rophes 9 ! affairs ( brilliant polities & brilliant m5 are z valuable z ^? borr[$ f leg5d>y /ory = ! tragic /age4 ,! spee*es he puts into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s are n ^? actually deliv]$1 ei!r 9 language1 or probably ev5 9 sub/ance4 ,!y are r rhetorical expositions ( ! political situations1 z ! hi/orian conceiv$ !m1 & reflections :i* he ?9ks ! read] ought to make4 ,he also kn[s ! m mod]n way ( deal+ ) ?is side ( hi/ory4 ,8 reflections on ! ,corcyrean massacre#ab are a fam\s specim5 ( ?is arti/ic or subjective writ+4 ,i h tak5 pa9s else:]e to %[ t 8 picture ( ! degradation ( politics 9 ,greece s f> z he repres5ts x to be new & sudd51 is false4 ,all ! vices :i* make up 8 brilliant b lurid sket* 7 old1 well kn[n1 & +ra9$ 9 ! ,greek "*4#ac ,b x 0 "p ( 8 arti/ic s*eme to repres5t ! vices ( t age1 & especially at ,a!ns1 culm9at+ 9 a brutal & :olly unhi/orical dialogue ) ! ,melians1 z ! prop] prelude to ! great disa/] 9 ,sicily & ! consequ5t fall ( ,a!ns4 ,?us *oos+ a f> small] & poor] subject ?an ,h]odotus1 treat+ x also 9 a f> poor] & n>r[] way1 he has by ^? v re/rictions int5sifi$ 8 book1 & infus$ into x su* dignity & pa?os z to make x arti/ically wor?y ( ! age ( ,phidias1 ( ,ari/ophanes1 ( ,socrates4 ,:5 we ask :e!r ! diction ( ?is great "w is adequate to its arti/ic conception1 ! answ] is n1 ,i ?9k1 f> to seek4 ,!re are two k9ds ( diction 9 ,?ucydides1 a cle>1 *a/e attractive n>rative ( facts1 )\t ornam5t1 b ris+ ) its subject to a pa!tic e>ne/ness1 :i* has seldom be5 surpass$4 ,?is n>rative1 l ! dialogue ( trag$y1 is int]rupt$ at suitable mom5ts by ! pret5d$ spee*es ( ! actors1 :i* by a curi\s inv]sion are l ! *orus 9 ! play1 giv+ ! motives ( ! action & (t5 ! disguis$ op9ions ( ! writ]4 ,^! are express$ 9 obscure & contort$ language1 :i* anci5t critics did n hesitate to /igmatise z ?or\ghly bad /yle4 ,) models ( cle>ness be=e him1 su* z ,h]odotus1 ,euripides1 ,antiphon1 ?is fault is an idiosyncrasy ( ,?ucydides1 & yet a defect :i* has n fail$ to br+ to him c]ta9 advantages4 ,= obscurity always produces ! impression ( pr(undity1 especially :5 x occurs 9 a solid & weighty au?or4 ,?us ! _m platitudes 9 ,?ucydides' spee*es1 & ! recurr5ce ( obvi\s ideas1 are disguis$ by contortions ( expression1 s t ! discov]y ( ! mean+ is a m5tal ex]cise :i* flatt]s & ?us pleases ! read]1 if he be curi\s 9 su* ?+s1 /ill m ! comm5tator1 :o f9ds wond]ful scope = 8 (t5 m$iocre tal5t 9 su* lab\r4 ,?is is ! quality 9 ,mr4 ,george ,m]$i? :o makes 8 admir]s ?9k highly ( !mselves1 :ile !y despise o!rs4#ad ,"t fails me to illu/rate fur!r1 9 ,x5ophon & 9 ,polybius1 ?is arti/ic conception ( a p]iod ( human hi/ory z a great drama1 9 :i* ! rise1 ! spl5d\r1 & ! fall ( great m51 great cities1 great nations are told u ) arti/ic selection ( ! details & arti/ic p]fection ( /yle4 ,?is 0 ! conception :i* mov$ ,gibbon to write ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,he saw ar\nd him1 at ,rome1 ! gigantic relics ( a bygone civilisation4 ,he felt )9 him ! p[] ( /yle to pres5t ! facts 9 adequate =m2 & s we obta9$ ano!r "w ( art1 9 :i* ! pres5tation ( ! facts is n less important ?an ! facts !mselves4 ,z ! ,greeks put x ov] & ov] aga91 & z ,cic]o repeats x1 hi/ory is a =m ( eloqu5ce1 & t hi/ory only w la/ :i* possesses ! s9e qua non ( a great or an attractive /yle4 ,?is is :at ! ,greeks h taught u1 & :at _m ( u h ignor$ to our own ru9 z p]man5t tea*]s4 ,i w conclude ?is "p ( my subject by rem9d+ y t 9 biography1 :i* z ! idyll gives a s+le sc5e1 or z a cameo gives ! portrait ( an individual--,plut>* has be5 ! model to all mod]n biograph]s4 ,h[ truly dramatic 0 8 conception & 8 treatm5t ( individual great lives w come home to y at once :5 ,i rem9d y t ,%akespe>e f\nd 9 8 ,lives subjects = a s]ies ( trag$ies1 & 9 8 diction language :i* requir$ v little p>aphrase4 ,let u n[ turn back to ! si/] developm5ts ( eloqu5ce1 :]e9 ! writ+ ( hi/ory _h accompli%$ su* triumphs4 ,^! are 9 brief ! eloqu5ce ( debate1 & ! eloqu5ce ( display4 ,& ! eloqu5ce ( debate may ei!r be t ( ! c\rts1 :]e9 private individuals1 ! pla9tiff & def5dant1 are pitt$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 or t ( ! public assembly1 :]e political delib]ations are held & 9 :i* ! orator seeks to p]suade ! majority to adopt 8 policy or to reject ! policy ( a political oppon5t4 ,rememb] t 9 all ^! cases ! ,greeks 7 equally adv]se to extemporane\s effusions4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! arti/ic arrangem5t & poli%$ expression ( e argum5t4 ,9 ! law c\rts1 :]e litigants _h to appe> 9 p]son1 & n by c\nsel1 x 0 ! advocate's duty to compose ! cli5t's spee* = him be=eh&1 & probably to in/ruct him 9 its prop] deliv]y4 ,z we nev] he> ( any break+ d[n 9 c\rt1 ( any cli5t unable to rememb] or speak out :at ! advocate _h prep>$ = him1 ,i ?9k x possible t ! litigants 7 all[$ to read _! spee*es4 ,9 any case1 ! composition ( ^! spee*es became a well-kn[n & lucrative pr(ession1 & 0 accord+ly adopt$ by ! able/ m54 ,! practice _h long sugge/$ ! !ory1 & s f e>ly times !re 7 treatises compos$1 kn[n z 1 :]e9 ! subtleties ( ! art ( p]suasion 7 c>efully analys$ & r$uc$ to rule4 ,! e>ly treatises ( ?is k9d are lo/1 b we feel _! results 9 ! rema9s ( ,antiphon & ,isu1 & c affirm t !y 7 em95tly practical1 & ?or\ghly oppos$ to ! fro? & fury ( :at we call popul> eloqu5ce4 ,! use ( figures ( spee* is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! s-call$ fl[]s ( rhetoric are :olly abs5t4 ,all is tame1 sev]e1 temp]ate1 n pret5d+ to influ5ce ! passions b to conv9ce ! reason4 ,& yet ?is latt] is to be done n by speak+ ! language ( ! he>t1 b by ! c>eful tra9+ ( ! intellect1 & ! p]fection ( ! deliv]y4#ae ,to u mod]ns ^! ?+s appe> at fir/ he>+ to flav\r ( artificiality2 ! great bugbe> ( ! mod]n m9d1 :i* contra/s x ) ! purity & s9c]ity ( nature4 ,! ,greeks knew ?is contra/ p]fectly1 & !y met x1 n by ! folly ( leav+ nature to foll[ its own devices1 b by mak+ nature ! highe/ arti/ic product4 ,?us ! c\rt advocates1 compos+ = v>i\s cli5ts1 /udi$ n only ! prop] argum5ts to be urg$1 b t ^! argum5ts mu/ be pres5t$ 89 "*0 & s !y c>efully kept be=e !m ! p]sonality ( ! speak]4 ,9 ,lysias especially1 ?is expression ( "* 9 ! speak] is "p ( 8 art1 :i* s p]fectly apes simplicity t x requires a c>eful analysis to detect beh9d ! simple utt]ance ( ! homely citiz5 ! subtle rhetorician4 ,?is ref9em5t ( legal rhetoric seems to me to h be5 disreg>d$ or ab&on$ :5 ! plead]s became s celebrat$ t ! fiction ( a cli5t speak+ = himself 0 no long] plausible1 & :5 ! public t ?rong$ ! c\rts w5t to he> an oration ( ,demo/h5es or ,hyp]eides deliv]$ by 8 cli5t4 ,h5ce ! spee*es ( ,demo/h5es are n s v>i\s 9 e?os1 & _m ( !m be+ deliv]$ ab\t 8 own private affairs1 _h already taught ! public to recognise 8 great /yle4 ,9 p>ticul>1 s _m ( 8 orations 7 n c\rt spee*es b political h>angues t ?is latt] bran* ( eloqu5ce may be reg>d$ z t 9 :i* he be/ %[$ 8 pre-em95ce4 ,& !re are n a few in/ances :]e ! o/5sible case 0 only an excuse = promot+ or v9dicat+ a great policy4 ,! acme ( all ?is bran* ( ,greek lit]ature is ! fam\s de ,corona ( ,demo/h5es1 :i* great lawy]s & political orators l ,"l ,br\gham h decl>$ to be ! v ne plus ultra ( eloqu5ce int5d$ n only to p]suade1 b also to p]suade by all ! arts ( subtle logic1 ( brilliant sophi/ry1 ( r$ hot argum5t4 ,& rememb] m5 l ,"l ,br\gham1 ?\gh inf9itely bett] practical judges ( ! effect ( su* a spee* ?an are m]e s*ol>s1 did n "k "o ti! ( ! subtleties ( /yle1 :i* h only be5 detect$ by ! m9ute /udies1 n only ( ! old ,greek critics1 b ( mod]n ,g]man s*ol>s4 ,ev5 9 su* a mighty spee* z ?is y w notice ! v scanty use ( ornam5t4 ,!re are none ( :at we mod]ns call ! fl[]s ( rhetoric2 !re is no s\nd+ p]oration4 ,x is ! picture ( a grave patriot v9dicat+ 8 life's "w aga9/ ! c>p+ ( 8 enemies & ! criticism ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,!re are inde$ passages ( gross vitup]ation1 :]e9 by sca?+ reflections on 8 oppon5t's previ\s life1 he replies to s*9es' ins9uations ab\t 8 private "*4 ,nor has ! "* ( s*9es ev] recov]$ f ?is 8rak+ ( 8 record10 :i* 0 probably n at all kept )9 ! limits ( ! tru?4 ,b ! re/ra9ts :i* h be5 usual among mod]n g5tlem5 9 debate1 especially ! mod]n ,engli% g5tlem5 ( ! la/ c5tury1 7 n reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! dignity ( ! highe/ ,greek c\rt oration1 & t 0 probably because ! jury 0 compos$ ( ! middle & l[] classes :o 7 n %ock$ by any want ( ref9em5t4 ,not)/&+ ?is limitation1 !re c be no "q t 9 ! oratory ( debate ! ,greeks taught ! ,romans1 !n ?r\gh !m ,m$ival ,europe1 !n aft] ! ,r5aissance1 mod]n ,europe directly1 s t ev5 n[ !y are ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]s 9 ?is spl5did art4 ,x is all ! m a/oni%+1 z we might naturally ?9k t a society )\t pr9t+ & consequ5tly )\t a great read+ public w\ld n h aim$ at produc+ an eloqu5ce :i* 0 n only spl5did to read :5 ! heat ( controv]sy 0 allay$1 b wor?y ( /udy & ( analysis by ! critics ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,nev]!less1 ) no bett] means ( publication = read]s ?an manuscript copies1 & )\t any hope ( great celebrity1 or ( great pr(it z ! au?ors ( writt5 spee*es1 ^! ,greeks produc$ "w :i* has p]fectly /ood ! te/ ev5 ( new & exact+ conditions4 ,9 spite ( _! limit$ public1 ! orators _h atta9$ to z cle> a notion z we h ( ! importance ( appeal+ to a read+ & ?9k+ public :i* c\ld /udy _! argum5ts & _! /yle at full leisure1 & s1 n cont5t ) ! orations prim>ily int5d$ = deliv]y1 !y also p]fect$ ! prose essay1 & ev5 ! prose dialogue1 a v peculi> =m ( lit]ature1 inasmu* z x is ! lit]>y /]eotyp+ ( an app>5tly spontane\s conv]sation4 ,b :5 ,i speak ( a read+ public1 p]haps ,i %\ld limit x some:at1 & say a public accu/om$ to he> read+ al\d4 ,t is ! int]m$iate /age betwe5 a m]e audi5ce & ! m]e read]s ( books4 ,i am q accu/om$ to t int]m$iate /age 9 ,irel&4 ,y may see !re any day gr\ps ( p he>+ a newspap] or book read out1 & if ! great body ( ! public is ( ?is class1 !n ! writ] mu/ ?9k n only ( :at he has to say b h[ x w s\nd :5 read al\d4 ,i take ! same pr9ciple to h animat$ ! compos]s ( ! spl5did ,engli% ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,!y desir$ to affect ! he>] n only by ! s5tim5t1 b by ! s\nd ( _! ,liturgy4 ,n[ ?is is ! v /ep 9 prose writ+ :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,greek /ud5ts ( eloqu5ce1 & mo/ notably by ,isocrates1 ! fa!r ( ! political prose essay 9 ,europe4 ,!re 7 no d\bt accid5tal or p]sonal causes :i* conspir$ to ?is result at ?is mom5t4 ,isocrates1 ) great natural gifts = /yle & = composition1 0 :olly defici5t 9 voice & 9 physique = ! pr(ession ( public speak+1 nor _h he ! extraord9>y en]gy & p]sev]ance %[n by ,demo/h5es 9 ov]com+ ^! defects4 ,s x occurr$ to him t he might ex]cise 8 influ5ce by prose writ+ 9 ! =m ( op5 lett]s or political pamphlets1 :]e he puts 8 ?\ghts into ! mo/ poli%$ p]iods & ! mo/ ref9$ language4 ,i _c b quote to y a curi\s p>allel ( a man ( g5ius turn+ a natural defect into a spl5did success4 ,:5 ,ri*>d ,wagn] began to compose op]as ( ! receiv$ =m1 he fail$ because ( 8 want ( facility to produce a su/a9$ melody4 ,he !n be?\ght himself ( ! use ( %ort phrases in/ead ( su/a9$ songs1 & 9 spite ( 8 orig9al defect he has obta9$ a v great & des]v$ popul>ity4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r great qualities 9 ,wagn]1 especially 8 novel & spl5did use ( ! or*e/ra4 ,b ! "q ( melody is always ! vital "o 9 music1 & no man ev] atta9$ ! fir/ rank t has left u s few su/a9$ melodies4 ,8 ,ri5zi %[s :at he c\ld d :5 he attempt$ !m4 ,! laws ( prose composition1 z devis$ & p]fect$ by ,isocrates1 are ! mo/ subtle & complete ev] put into practice by any liv+ man1 & ?\gh ( c\rse "s ( !m are only applicable to ! ,greek language1 & inde$ to ,attic ,greek1 ! g5]al pr9ciples he exp\nd$ h be5 appli$ by _m writ]s & 9 _m languages4#af ,x is well kn[n t ,cic]o modell$ himself on ?is /yle & ?r\gh him x became dom9ant 9 ,europe4 ,! greate/ ,engli% example 9 old] days is ! ,areopagitica ( ,milton1 :o ?\gh manife/ly inspir$ by ,isocrates1 is f> f possess+ 8 p]fect control ( language1 p]fect smoo?ness ( p]iod1 p]fect cle>ness ( ?9k+1 all ( :i* make up ! *>m ( ! great ma/]4 ,isocrates 0 ! tea*] ( ?is great /yle1 n only to plead]s & pamphlete]s1 b to hi/orians1 & he 0 blam$ = mak+ m5 l ,ephorus & ,!opompus1 8 fav\rite pupils1 9 writ+ _! once fam\s works1 ?9k m ( _! diction ?an ( _! imp>tiality or _! rese>*4 ,b surely ! duty ( mak+ hi/ory eloqu5t1 su* z we h x 9 ,gibbon1 is ( p>am\nt value4 ,to ?is ,i %all n n[ return4 ,i r desire to call y\r att5tion to ! supremacy ( a great p]iodic /yle ev5 9 ,engli%1 & 9 ^! latt] days1 :5 brevity1 epigram1 impati5ce ( /yle & an affect$ neglect ( =m are 9 high fa%ion4 ,among ! writ]s ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,i take by f> ! greate/ /yli/ to be ,john ,rusk91 & ,i consid] t f> ! l>ge/ "p ( 8 influ5ce arose n f 8 ideas1 :i* 7 (t5 fanta/ic1 b f ! admirable way 9 :i* !y 7 set =?4 ,b he 0 ess5tially ! ma/] ( ! long p]iod1 = ) him y may f9d a :ole page consi/+ ( "o gr& s5t5ce1 9 :i* _m clauses are co-ord9at$1 _m less] ideas balanc$1 _m /r&s wov5 into ! "o great tissue :i* comes f ! writ]'s p5 z f a loom4 ,& t is ! reason :y he 0 a great] /yli/ ?an all ! ,fr\des & ,newmans & ,pat]s1 :o ei!r use %ort s5t5ces1 or if !y attempt ! p]iod1 are nei!r melodi\s nor cle>4 ,! same law holds good 9 eloqu5ce1 :5 we c f9d a ma/] to illu/rate x4 ,! two greate/ ,engli% orators ,i h he>d dur+ ! la/ g5]ation 7 ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,ar*bi%op ,magee4 ,bo? dealt 9 ! long p]iod--! =m] f con/ant habit1 :i* 0 ev5 notable 9 8 ord9>y life1 & :i* spoilt 8 conv]sation2 ! o!r1 :o 0 brief & pung5t en\gh 9 ord9>y talk1 tra9$ himself ^u ! model ( ,*alm]s1 a great ,scot* orator be=e my day4 ,i h se5 ,magee's copy ( ,*alm]s1 & h not$ h[ m9utely he _h dissect$ & analys$ x4 ,b bo? produc$ ! same wond]ful effect by 7if ,i may say s7 emb>k+ ! audi5ce ) !m on ! bill[s ( great p]iods1 :i* excit$ wond] h[ !y w\ld ev] come safely to l&4 ,! r\nd+ (f & conclud+ ( su* a p]iod n only ) safety b ) spl5d\r produc$ an effect ^u _! audi5ce unlike any?+ else t ,i h exp]i5c$4 ,! /yle ( nei!r1 ?\gh bo? knew ,greek well1 0 bas$ directly on ,isocrates2 b mo/ c]ta9ly _! spee* 0 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples he _h taught & impress$ s well ^u ,cic]o & 8 l1 ^u ,milton1 ^u ,j]emy ,taylor1 ^u ,edmund ,burke1 all ( :om appreciat$ & practis$ ?is supreme prose /yle4 ,b if ! ,greeks "h %[$ ! mod]n _w ! model ( ! highe/ p]fection 9 ! prose essay1 !y w\ld n h be5 ,greeks if !y _h n also %[n u ! p]fection ( easy conv]sation1 ( ev]yday talk1 ( ! play ( v>i\s /yles1 & ! expression ( v>i\s *>act]s 9 ! cultivat$ language ( ! day4 ,& s ,plato 9 8 ,dialogues has %[n ! _w an unapproa*able example ( conv]sation rais$ to a high art1 :i* aga9 creat$ a di/9ct lit]>y =m t has nev] di$ out4#ag ,all ^! developm5ts are 7) ! exception ( biography7 ^? ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greek ,lit]ature1 & are ! discov]y ( great ma/]s :o 7 ! glory ( t age4 ,b z we %all see frequ5tly 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 ! silv] age ( ,greece 0 almo/ z fruitful 9 ! creation ( models = ! imitation ( mod]n ,europe4 ,x 0 only aft] a great body ( spl5did au?ors _h liv$1 t we c\ld expect to f9d lit]>y criticism assum+ an important place4 ,= ! lit]>y critic is aft] all a sort ( p>asite1 :o lives on ! bodies ( great] & m dignifi$ animals4 ,we "k t :5 ! libr>y ( ,alex&ria came to be collect$1 & ! sift+ ( au?ors & ( ! texts ( au?ors became necess>y1 !re arose a great s*ool ( critical s*ol>s1 :o purifi$ ! receiv$ copies1 :o apportion$ ! respective value ( ! texts1 & :o develop$ t c5sori\s attitude t[>d ! classical ma/]pieces :i* is ! bane ( ! mod]n _w4 ,we /ill h 9 ! critical essays ( ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus & /ill m 9 ! ,tract on ! ,sublime1 belong+ to ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d41 excell5t models ( :at is good & useful 9 ?is reflexive attitude ( a lat] age1 & ( second rate ability4 ,! great age ( production _h be5 v simple & nave 9 criticism2 ! attitude ( ,ari/ophanes1 & ev5 ( ,plato1 9 judg+ poets is m]ely a moral judgm5t & seems nev] to take into consid]ation /hetic que/ions4 ,9 ! ,tract on ! ,sublime we f9d q a mod]n /&po9t1 & ! judgm5ts ( ?is au?or h _h no small effect on ! lit]ature ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,no less a p]son ?an ,edmund ,burke ?\ght x wor? :ile to translate ?is tract1 & h[ wide 0 ! au?or's sympa?y w appe> at once f ?is fact1 t he quotes z a signal in/ance ( ! sublime ! op5+ ( a "w f> remov$ 9 _s f classical ,greek lit]ature--! book ( ,g5esis1 9 ! ,greek v]sion4 ,i ne$ n delay ov] ! _m & v>i\s ,epi/les left u by ! ,greeks1 & :i* y may see collect$ 9 "o ( ,didot's big volumes ( ,epi/olographi ,graeci4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t we c call lett] writ+ a di/9ct =m ( lit]ature1 & x is v c]ta9 t e nation t c\ld use writ+ mat]ials c\ld h>dly fail to adopt x 9 "s =m4 ,nor d ,i ?9k ! lett]s extant are 9 any way rem>kable1 p]haps because mo/ ( !m are ! compilations ( m5 attribut+ ^! docum5ts falsely to ! great anci5ts4 ,! lett]s ascrib$ to ,plato1 ,isocrates1 & o!rs give u no?+ additional ( lit]>y importance4#ah ,i w !re=e pass f ^!1 z well z f ! moral h>angues ( ! lat] rhetors & sophi/s ( :om ,dion ,*ryso/om is f> ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,i wi% mod]n s]mons w\ld borr[ m f ?is admirable & little us$ s\rce1 = ,dion 0 a man ( ! _w1 a travell]1 a s\nd moral tea*]1 & gift$ ) a great ta/e = ! picturesque4 ,b ,i _c conclude )\t a ^w ab\t ! prose novel ( ! ,greeks1 :o "h also f\nd$ a =m ( lit]ature t has assum$ gigantic importance 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! novel may be reg>d$ z ! la/ legitimate (f]+1 a *ild born out ( due "t1 z ,sa9t ,paul calls himself1 b l ,sa9t ,paul a great] influ5ce 9 our mod]n life ?an any ( 8 old] bre?r54 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t f ! mod]n ,com$y ( ,m5&] & 8 rivals to a prose novel 9 ! mod]n s5se 0 b a small & inevitable /ep1 & yet no bran* ( ,greek lit]ature _h less influ5ce ^u ! rise & developm5t ( s k9dr$ a subject4 ,! v frame on :i* all ,m5&]'s plays 7 /ret*$ ) we>isome it]ation1 ,i mean ! rehabilitation ( a respectable girl1 :o solely ?r\gh ! neglect or ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 has become a "m )\t be+ a wife--su* a topic w\ld be :olly repugnant to any ,greek noveli/ we "k4 ,= 9 all ! /ories we possess ! ma9 int]e/ turns ^u ! pres]vation ( ! h]o9e's purity ?r\gh e sort ( temptation1 & e sort ( attempt$ viol5ce4 ,?is 0 a topic q /range to ,greek s5tim5t & =eign to ,greek lit]ature till x 0 import$ f ! ,ea/ by ^? :o _h !re le>n$ t sort ( love-/ory4 ,!re are indications ( x 9 ! romantic episodes ( ,x5ophon's ,cyrus1 b ! adoption ( x z a /rik+ topic is lat]1 & due to ,callima*us1 ^: poem call$ ,acontius & ,cydippe 0 p]haps ! fir/ love-/ory ( our mod]n type (f]$ to ! ,greek _w4 ,a y\? & a maid51 ^: beauties 7 describ$ 9 great detail1 meet at a religi\s c]emony1 & fall deeply 9 love at fir/ sight4 ,! v>i\s & commonplace ob/acles to _! union :i* are famili> 9 e mod]n society--worldly p>5ts1 a ri*] suitor = ! maid51 ?reats ( brok5 he>ts & ( suicide--^! occupy ! /ory1 :i* ?r\gh _m unt[>d delays ends 9 a happy m>riage4#ai ,x may cause amazem5t 9 ?is audi5ce t su* a plot %\ld ev] h be5 new 9 lit]ature1 especially 9 t ( ! ,greeks1 :o _h e sort ( human exp]i5ce be=e !m4 ,yet x 0 new 9 ! ,alex&ria ( ! ,ptolemies1 & made its =tune 9 t _w-we>y & artificial society4 ,9 all ! ,greek novels we possess1 "s su* love-/ory is ! necess>y ?read :i* glitt]s ?r\gh ! tissue1 s mu* s t ! ,g]man p$ants edit !m "u ! title ,scriptores ,erotici ,graeci4 ,yet ! relation betwe5 ! lov]s be+ absolutely pure1 any temptations :i* occur arise f ! passions ( viol5t p :o create no int]e/ 9 ! read]4 ,by f> ! be/ specim5 we h1 ow+ to its simplicity & its natural sc5]y1 is ! fam\s ,daphnis & ,*loe1 :i* has f\nd s _m imitators ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* ( ,amyot has made x accessible to mod]n ,europe4 ,we feel inde$ t ! unkn[n au?or 0 f> f possess+ ! innoc5ce ( 8 *>act]s1 or ! spontane\s appreciation ( ! nature he describes4 ,! "w is f ! "t ( ,decad5ce 9 ,greek lit]ature1 & has ! faults ( its g5]ation4 ,b = all t x is a beautiful "w ( art1 j z ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus are beautiful1 j z ! ,h]o & ,le&] ( ,musu is beautiful1 j z ! ,m>t9mas summ] ( y\r woods is beautiful1 & all ! m belov$ because we feel x is b 8! gild$ halo hov]+ r\nd decay60 ,i said x 0 our be/ specim5 because ( its simplicity1 & yet x is n want+ 9 viol5t & improbable adv5tures t[>d its close4 ,b ^! are z no?+ comp>$ to ! adv5tures ( lov]s 9 ! o!r /ories ( ?is k9d1 because !re !n 0 a :olly diff]5t ve9 ( prose /ory1 :i* came into fa%ion ) ! love-/ory1 & became amalgamat$ ) x1 to ! great detrim5t ( bo?--,i mean ! /ories ( wild adv5tures 9 /range & fabul\s l&s4 ,) ! wond]ful invasion ( ! ,ea/1 !re 7 op5$ to ! a/oni%$ ,greeks new regions ( fabul\s spl5d\r1 ( a/\nd+ treasure1 ( amaz+ nature4 ,s viol5tly 0 _! imag9ation /imulat$ by :at !y saw t !y set !mselves to con/ruct books ( travels beyond ! ris+ sun & b5ea? ! ocean wave1 into ! homes ( mon/r\s bea/s1 & /ill m mon/r\s m54 ,! s*emes ( ,alex&] himself 7 baulk$ by 8 soldi]s1 :o positively refus$ to emb>k 9 8 wild dreams ( univ]sal conque/1 b !re 0 no?+ to imp$e ! imag9ation ( ! writ]s ( 8 de$s1 :o comb9$ ! real n>rative ( 8 conque/s ) 8 que/ aft] ! hidd5 wond]s ( ! ,ea/4 ,h5ce we h ! s-call$ ,life ( ,alex&]1 :i* ,i consid] to h orig9at$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 b to h be5 amplifi$ & glorifi$ by succe$+ g5]ations ( ^? t told _! /ories to delight$ audi5ces4 ,9 ?is ,life & ,acts we h ! />t+ po9t ( a :ole lit]ature ( ,fabul\s ,travels1 mix$ ) descriptions n only ( odi\s savages1 b ( ideal societies t liv$ hidd5 away f ! vices & tr\bles ( old & decrepit civilisation4 ,b ?is lit]ature1 s popul> 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 is outside ! pale ( ,hell5ism4 ,x is n only ! la/ *ild1 b ! illegitimate *ild ( _! once pure & l(ty imag9ation4 ,,iv ,,greek ,,art--,i3 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture ,x is ( c\rse an illogical division to sep>ate art f lit]ature4 ,among ! ,greeks1 at all ev5ts1 lit]ature 9 all its =ms1 0 n only an art b ! mo/ p]fect art4 ,no /atue ( ,lysippus is m p]fect ?an a drama ( ,sophocles4 ,b = conv5i5ce' sake1 & 9 ?is age :]e lit]ature is seldom an art1 we may speak ( ,greek art z t division ( _! "w :]e !y dealt n ) words1 b ) o!r mat]ials1 & :]e !y comb9$ ! uses ( life ) ! love ( ! beautiful1 z no o!r nation ev] did4 ,we may add t 9 reg>d to ,greek influ5ce on mod]n life 7:i* is our prop] subject71 none has be5 great] & m p]man5t ?an t ( art 9 ?is s5se4 ,?\s&s ( m5 h copi$1 or imag9$ !y copi$1 ,greek art1 :o 7 nev] able to read "o ^w ( ,greek & :o nev] c>$ "o jot ab\t ,greek lit]ature4 ,i take to-day its m solid & l>g] expressions--ar*itecture & sculpture1 res]v+ = my next lecture ! m subjective arts & ^? ( m]e ornam5t4 ,x is n true1 z y might suppose1 t ^! latt] 7 lat] 9 developm5t ?an ! art ( ar*itecture4 ,f> f x4 ,9 rude pre-hi/oric ages1 :5 ! k ( build+ _h n advanc$ beyond ! "q ( m]e safety1 we f9d delicate & beautiful ornam5ts put ^u arms & on p]sonal decorations4 ,! mo/ elaborate tattoo+ ( ! savage is consi/5t ) extreme rud5ess 9 8 dwell+4#bj ,! e>lie/ =m ( h\se we "k1 :i* 0 design$ n only = %elt] & durability1 b also = safety1 is ! und]gr\nd beehive h\se4 ,beehive huts ( /one are common 9 _m nations1 & may p]haps be/ be se5 n[ 9 ! huts ( ! monks on ! wild rock ( ,skellig ,mi*ael1 :i* is ! ne>e/ l& 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s to ! travell] com+ f ,am]ica4 ,b su* huts are n easily def5d$ aga9/ an enemy4 ,?is latt] advantage is obta9$ by mak+ ! hut a *amb] und]gr\nd1#ba & only to be ent]$ by a passage long1 n>r[1 & l[1 9 fact a sort ( horizontal %aft into :i* ! enemy c only creep on h&s & feet1 & s c h 8 head *opp$ (f z soon z x appe>s )9 ! *amb]1 )\t possibility ( us+ 8 weapons4 ,i h se5 ?is =m ( h\se 9 ! mo/ primitive village ( ! /one & bone age1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,weem ( ,scale1 on a v wild bay ( ! ma9 isl& ( ! ,orkneys1 look+ nor?we/ into ! ,atlantic4 ,!re1 "u ! s&s accumulat$ by ! gales ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we f9d small subt]ranean huts1 ) nooks 9 ! /one "w to hold rude vessels & implem5ts1 & ) a l[ cov]$ way = ! own] to creep 9 & f9d himself at home4 ,! weapons f\nd 9 su* h\ses1 _m ( :i* are yet unexplor$1 are ei!r ( /one or bone or %ell4 ,^! dwell+s1 once a v g5]al type--= rememb]1 simil> wants 9 mank9d produce simil> satisfactions ( t want 9 ! mo/ widely sev]$ p>ts ( ! _w--usually come to u 9 ! /age ( survival1 :5 m5 _h already le>n$ o!r k9ds ( ar*itecture4 ,h5ce !y (t5 pres]v$ = ! dwell+s ( ! dead ?is type ( und]gr\nd beehive h\se ) a long & n>r[ approa*1 ?\gh z "t w5t on ! h\se 0 made high]1 & ! av5ue ( approa* bett] 7z we h x 9 ! fam\s ,new ,grange 9 ,irel&71 & !y ev5 ornam5t$ ! inn] surface ( ! slabs t =m$ ! walls4 ,z usual1 ! prehi/oric ,greeks did x all m p]fectly ?an ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! beehive h\se kn[n 9 =m] days z ! ,treasury ( ,atreus1 b n[ recognis$ z a tomb ( "s prehi/oric k+1 is a spl5did build+ fifty feet high1 & made ( ?irty-?ree horizontal c\rses ( /one ov]lapp+ z !y rise1 ) ! inn] surfaces cut to =m a conical *amb]4 ,n only are l>ge l9tel /ones us$1 b !re 7 rosettes ( bronze ornam5t+ ! inn] surface ( ! walls1 & ! /ately av5ue 7dromos7 l9$ ) /one "w ( great f9i% & op5 to ! sky1 l$ to an ornam5t$ gate or entrance4 ,a re/oration ( ?is entrance1 made by ! aid ( ! actual pill>s c>ri$ home long ago by ! ,m>quis ( ,sligo1 n[ a/oni%es ! /ud5t ( prehi/oric art 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bb ,:y d ,i1 h[ev]1 delay ov] ?is v p]fect & beautiful k9d ( build+ ( :i* ano!r not$ specim5 is ! ,tomb ( ! ,m9y at ,or*om5os 9 ,botia8#bc ,9 ! fir/ place1 to %[ y h[ ! highly develop$ & f9i%$ =ms 7 ! gradual p]fection ( ! olde/ & rude/ protect$ h\se1 to :i* !y m]ely add$ height1 c>eful f9i%1 & ornam5t1 :i* ornam5t we "k f ,egyptian p>allels to date "s fifte5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/2 secondly1 to br+ home to y ! important fact t ! beehive or r\nd h\se 0 at an e>ly date ab&on$ to ! use ( ! dead1 & n employ$ = ! use ( ! liv+ till q late 9 ,greek hi/ory1 :5 a few r\nd public build+s %[ t ! idea _h n be5 lo/4 ,! m5 t built ! great & elaborate tomb ( ,atreus probably nev] !mselves liv$ 9 a r\nd or beehive1 b 9 a squ>e h\se4 ,!y only ma9ta9$ ! r\nd =m out ( respect = ! dead1 & inde$ = ! sake ( ! safety ( ! treasures buri$ ) ! dead4 ,to ! squ>e h\se 7( c\rse ,i include "u ?is %ort ^w all rectangul> build+s7 we n[ turn4 ,x seems to me t ! e>lie/ model :i* sugge/$ ?is =m 0 ! hut ( logs1 laid "o ov] ! o!r alt]nately at "r angles s z to enclose a squ>e space4 ,two upright po/s ) a horizontal beam ov] !m w\ld supply ! fir/ rude doorway 9 an op5+ left by us+ %ort] logs on ea* side ( x1 & !n x 0 v obvi\s t a gable ro( to cov] ! h\se w\ld be made by lay+ logs f ! top ( ! wall to re/ "o aga9/ ! o!r at _! upp] ends1 or ( c\rse a flat ro( 9 a simil> way4 ,we c d]ive f ?is simple =m ! :ole classical ar*itecture ( ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! gaps betwe5 ! logs 7 fill$ ) clay1 & s ev5 ! great /ones at ,tiryns are treat$4 ,?us ! wall 0 made /aun* aga9/ ra9 & w9d4 ,b !n someone discov]$ t by mak+ clay into bricks & dry+ !m sl[ly 9 ! sun1 !y w\ld h a build+ mat]ial mu* m s]viceable ?an wood5 logs or /ones4 ,& s ! fill+ up /uff became ! ma9 /uff ( ! wall2 yet h[ p]si/5t ! idea ( us+ wood c be inf]r$ f ! fact t e>ly brick walls h wood5 beams built into !m longitud9ally by way ( giv+ firmness1 b also af=d+ a dang] ( complete ru91 if ! build+ 0 attack$ by fire4 ,! door po/s & ! l9tels 7 ( wood2 = ! mud brick wall end+ beside ! door w\ld rapidly suff] if n protect$ by a fac+ ( wood1 & lat] on1 t]ra cotta cas+ 0 us$ to replace ! wood4 ,ultimately1 /one door frames & pill>s replac$ ! old] wood5 "w4 ,b ev]y:]e ! traces ( ! primitive wood "w survives4 ,! olde/ pill>s 7 tree /ems set on a /one base4 ,at ! top :]e ! weight laid on !m t5d$ to flatt5 !m out1 !y 7 probably b\nd ) a metal b&4 ,?is y see p]petuat$ by ! ,doric pill>1 /&+ on its base )\t pl9?1 & at ! top we h a b& runn+ r\nd1 & ov] x a splay+ capital ) a slab or abacus ov] x1 to protect ! inw>ds ( ! wood f be+ soak$ ) ra94 ,!re is no m p]si/5t ornam5t 9 a ,doric ,temple ?an t c\rse ov] ! actual wall :i* consi/s ( :at are call$ metopes & triglyphs4 ,! metopes are n =eheads 77 z ev5 "s p]sons :o "k ,greek might imag9e1 b int]/ices 771 9 fact op5 spaces or holes betwe5 ! triglyphs4 ,orig9ally1 :5 ! ro(s 7 ( opaque tiles1 ^! op5+s 7 necess>y to let 9 light4 ,b ! triglyphs1 :at 7 !y8 ,vitruvius notes !m z beam ends1 = he calls ! metopes int]tignia2 & :y 7 !y always m>k$ ) ?ree grooves1 z _! "n implies8 ,app>5tly because two horizontal beams1 int5d$ to make a ceil+1 _h a ?ird p9n$ betwe5 !m :i* rose to ! gable1 :]e x met ano!r1 & s =m$ ! skeleton ( ! slop+ ro(4 ,:5 m>ble tiles1 :i* 7 semi-transp>5t1 or :5 a high] false ro( 0 set on1 ! metopes 7 no long] necess>y to let 9 light1 & ! ,greeks made ! n[ clos$ int]/ice an ornam5t$ surface1 %[+ gr\ps1 ei!r pa9t$1 or c>v$ 9 relief1 to v>y ! sev]e l9es ( ! build+4 ,we h drift$ into "s ( ! lead+ features ( temples1 & !y are inde$ ! build+s :i* h mo/ influ5c$ subsequ5t c5turies1 b ! features ( ! temple 7 orig9ally ^? ( ! /ately h\se1 z we c see cle>ly 9 ! rema9s discov]$ at ,tiryns4 ,! ro(s & upp] /ories are all gone1 b ! arrangem5ts ( ! doorways are q ! same 9 pr9ciple z ^? ( ! hi/oric temples1 except t 9 ! ,tiryn?ian doorways1 !re are _m evid5ces rema9+ ( ! actual use ( wood5 pila/]s & pill>s4 ,pausanias 9 ! second c5tury /ill f\nd "o or two wood5 pill>s surviv+ 9 ! anci5t temple ( ,h]a at ,olympia4 ,z !y got worn out1 !y 7 replac$ by /one1 & ,dr4 ,drpfeld f\nd t ^! sub/itutions 7 n all uni=m1 b 9 accord ) ! alt]+ ta/e ( ! day4 ,! capitals 9 p>ticul> v>i$ f pill> to pill>1 to judge f ^? f\nd among ! dbris ( ! temple1 :i*1 by ! way1 conta9$ ! fam\s ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,! ultimate sep>ation betwe5 ! dwell+ h\se & ! temple 0 t ! h\se includ$ a c5tral c\rt ) rooms ar\nd x1 :i* 0 too l>ge to ro( ov]1 & s ! model 0 h&$ on to all s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,italian palaces1 = example1 are all d>k & =tifi$ t[>d ! /reet1 & conta9 an inn] c\rt & a gall]y runn+ r\nd x on ! build+ )91 on :i* ! rooms op54 ,s p]man5t are ! "r pr9ciples ( ar*itecture :5 once discov]$ by a race ( g5ius4 ,! temple or h\se ( ! gods 01 ( c\rse1 a s+le *amb] ( mod]ate size ) a treasure h\se beh9d x1 & ! gradual developm5t ( x f a simple squ>e *amb] ) "o end op5$ = a door1 & adorn$ ) two pill>s betwe5 ! pila/]s :i* =m$ ! ends ( ! h\se wall--! doorway 9 antis1 to ! elaborate p]ipt]al temple ) d\ble r[s ( pill>s runn+ r\nd x--all ?is is to be f\nd 9 any h&book ( anci5t art4 ,f ! v use ( ! temple z comp>$ ) ! private h\se1 x foll[$ t :ile ! temple look$ outw>d1 & 0 meant to %[ its beauty to ^? t approa*$ x1 ! private h\se look$ inw>d--all its beauties 7 res]v$ = ! occupants1 & c>e 0 ev5 tak5 to prev5t any curi\s obs]vation on ! "p ( ! public4 ,b x is only ( rec5t ye>s t ! extant ru9s h be5 m9utely measur$ & /udi$1 & n[ we "k t1 9 addition to build+ ?is rectangul> h\se = ! god1 !re 7 ! mo/ elaborate & m9ute laws obs]v$ 9 ! proportions ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 & 9 ! optical corrections ( /raight l9es1 :i* 7 f\nd to appe> curv$4 ,?is p]fection1 !re=e1 ( ,greek religi\s ar*itecture 0 n m]ely ! adoption ( a good practical =m1 & ! c>ry+ out ( x 9 preci\s mat]ials & ) cle> & compet5t workman%ip4 ,! mo/ delicate adaptation ( curves1 ! mo/ curi\s & subtle applications ( h>monies 9 l5g?s & heights1 7 utilis$ to produce an effect :i* all obs]v]s h long felt to be ! mo/ m>vell\s 9 ! _w4 ,b be=e ,i g fur!r ,i w dispose ( an int]e/+ po9t :i* _m h ?\ght a defect 9 ! ar*itectural g5ius ( ! ,greeks4 ,y w see 9 e book t ! use ( ! ar* 0 unkn[n to !m1 & t = ?is capital feature 9 our build+s we are :olly indebt$ to ! ,romans4 ,t ! ar* 0 n 9 use among ! ,greeks1 ,i attribute to ! fact t ! r\nd h\se & conical ro( 7 delib]ately reject$ by !m 9 fav\r ( ! squ>e h\se & wood5 /ructure ( doorways & ro(s4 ,z already obs]v$1 ?is =m 0 long s9ce devot$ to fun]al purposes & to ! bury+ 7n burn+7 ( ! dead1 & s its associations 7 gloomy4 ,b x seems to me absurd to say t p :o c\ld frame a conical /one ro(1 by horizontal lay]s ( /ones gradually clos+ inw>ds1 %\ld n h advanc$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* ) its key/one4 ,?is 9 fact ,pausanias assum$ !m to h done 9 ! ,tomb ( ! ,m9y at ,or*om5os4 ,he says ! top /one ( ! vault is ! ( ! :ole vault4 ,if ?is 0 n accurate 9 ! case ( ,or*om5os1 x at lea/ %[s t ,pausanias1 a v exp]i5c$ obs]v] ( old ,greek build+1 did n hold t ?is g5]ic di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 ,greek & ,roman build+4 ,b1 z ,i said1 ! ,greeks reject$ r\nd or conical =ms = rectangul>1 & ! ,roman comb9ation ( ! two1 :i* pass$ on to ! ,r5aissance1 is di/9ctly a modification ( =m to :i* ! ,greeks w\ld n h agre$4 ,/ill less w\ld !y h approv$ ( ! use ( ar*es & ( ar*itraves z ! m]e ornam5t ( a build+1 & support+ no?+4 ,to ! ,greeks e memb] ( _! build+ 0 !re = use4 ,a pill> 0 set to support an ar*itrave1 ?is latt] to support ! beams ( a ro(4 ,flat surfaces 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+1 or ) reliefs1 b ^! flat surfaces 7 necess>y to close 9 ! build+ f ! wea!r4 ,?us1 to illu/rate bad build+ by an example1 :5 y look at ! portal ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 y w see gr\ps ( m>ble pill>s ) a highly decorat$ ar* ov] !m1 mak+ a ri* doorway4 ,b !re are m pill>s ?an are want$ to support ! ar*1 s t "s ( !m /& idle1 z a m]e add$ ornam5t4 ,t is only "o in/ance ( ! tawdr9ess :i* infects ! decad5ce ( a great /yle--9 ?is case ( ! ,romanesque ar*itecture ( ea/]n ,italy & ,sicily4 ,!re is a v widespread belief t ! ar* 0 inv5t$ & fir/ us$ 9 ,italy1 & high au?orities1 l ,viollet-le-,duc 9 8 fam\s ,entreti5s sur l'ar*itecture1 put =? ! !ory t ! ,romans le>n$ its use f ! ,etruscans1 f :om !y borr[$ s mu* ( _! e>ly civilisation4 ,b if !y did1 is x c]ta9 t ! real orig9 0 n ,greek8 ,is x likely t ?is enigmatical nation f\nd out a great pr9ciple ( con/ruction unkn[n to ! ,greeks8 ,i ?9k n2 & all ! m s1 z ,i hold all ! e>ly ,etruscan culture to h be5 /imulat$ by ! ,greeks1 ) :om ,etruria _h an old] & deep] connection ?an 0 suspect$ a g5]ation ago4 ,= n[ we come back to ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus1 t ?is nation came f ,asia ,m9or1 & by sea1 to ,italy4 ,! settl]s ( ! e>lie/ ,greek colony 9 ,italy--,cum--foll[$ 9 _! track1 & _! immigration seems n to h be5 v e>ly4 ,h5ce !y may v well h borr[$ _! use ( ! ar* f e>ly ,greek tea*]s1 & ?us impos$ x ^u ! ,romans & ^u ! _w4 ,b does x really matt] to my argum5t8 ,ev5 ! ,romans1 :o p]fect$ ! use ( ! ar*1 7 n satisfi$ ) x unless !y _h put x inside a ,greek face ( pill>s & ar*itraves4 ,! ,greek temple has af=d$ a model :i* has be5 copi$ 9 e capital ( ,europe1 & 9 its mo/ p]fect =m has an arti/ic spl5d\r :i* is second to none among ! build+s ( ! _w4 ,i w repeat t1 z ! ,greeks det]m9$ at a v e>ly age t dom$ or circul> build+s 7 ! prop] receptacle ( ! dead1 s !y h transmitt$ t decision ?r\gh ! ,romans to mod]n ,europe4 ,! ,pan!on1 :atev] its orig9al use1 has come to be ! solemn re/+-place ( national h]oes4 ,! great tomb ( ,hadrian1 n[ ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 0 built "u ! same prepossession1 & s ?r\gh all ages d[n to ! ,invalides 9 ,p>is1 & ! memorial to ,%elley at ,ox=d1 all ^! h\ses ( ! dead are ! (fspr+ arti/ically ( ! ,treasure-h\se ( ,atreus1 ( ! ,tomb ( ! ,m9y1 & ( ! re/1 consecrat$ by ! old ,greeks4 ,q rec5tly1 :5 our ,k+ br\ght me to see ! ,mausoleum ( ,que5 ,victoria & h] ,consort at ,frogmore1 ,i 0 able to po9t out to him t ! build]s ( ?is circul> *amb] also1 ?\gh !y probably knew x n !mselves1 7 copy+ ! anci5t & almo/ univ]sal model ( a h\se = ! dead4 ,! ,greeks v possibly d]iv$ ?is old idea f a nor!rn race4 ,! occurr5ce ( simil> =ms 9 ! e>ly tombs ( ,irel& & ( o!r p>ts ( ,europe seem to %[ t !re 0 "s prehi/oric agreem5t ab\t ?is =m ( tomb--! mo/ di/+ui%$1 z well z ! safe/1 resid5ce !y c\ld devise1 fir/ = liv+ m51 !n = dep>t$ k+s or *iefs :o dem&$ cult & sacrifice4 ,t may be all v true1 b x does n alt] ! fact t x 0 f ! ,greeks t civilis$ ,europe adopt$ ! idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i n[ pass to ano!r field ( art1 9 :i* ?is gift$ nation has ex]cis$ an und\bt$ supremacy d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! v idea ( exce$+ ! excell5ce ( a great ,greek /atue h>dly ent]s ! m9d ( ! mod]n sculptor4 ,if he c\ld b approa* ! "w ( ,praxiteles1 or ev5 ( ! nameless work]s :o c>v$ ! great tomb ( ,sidon1 he w\ld reg>d x z an a/\nd+ a*ievem5t4 ,we %all f9d n a few :o attribute ?is p]fection ( ,greek sculpture to ! great opportunities !y _h ( obs]v+ ! play ( limb & muscle 9 _! daily ex]cises 9 ! pal/ra1 :]e m5 & boys ex]cis$ nak$4 ,t ,i take to be s f> true1 t ,i h (t5 sugge/$ to mod]n sculptors1 :o compla9 ( ! insuffici5cy ( _! models1 to make a pilgrimage = a c\ple ( ye>s to ,samoa1 or ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 :]e !y may /udy v noble =ms1 ex]cis+ 9 ! pure/ /ate ( nature1 s f> z !y h n be5 deprav$ into clo!s by well-mean+1 b mis*iev\s1 mission>ies2 & ,i ?9k t ! fir/ sculptor :o v5tures ^u ?is education may d great ?+s 9 8 art4 ,b x only t\*es a fr+e ( ! "q z reg>ds ! old ,greek triumphs4 ,nak$ figures 7 n ! e>lie/ or greate/ ,greek a*ievem5t 9 sculpture4 ,!re are inde$ "s ar*aic nude ,apollos1 b all ! e>ly goddesses1 s f> z ,i "k1 7 drap$1 & x is 9 drap]y also t ,greek sculpture is unique = its supreme grace4 ,ne$ ,i add t x is n only 9 s+le figures1 b 9 composition t ! ,greeks are /ill our ma/]s8 ,if any ( y w comp>e ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 ev5 z we h x1 ) any mod]n composition ( ! same sort1 x w require no argum5t to p]suade him ( ! tru? ( :at ,i say4 ,!re is ano!r some:at m subtle reason giv5 = ?is /range sup]iority 9 art ( a p :o _h n a ti! ( our exp]i5ce or ( our me*anical res\rces3 ,i %all give x to y 9 ! words ( a gift$ ,italian essayi/4 ,pr(essor ,pasquale ,vill>i3 8,! problem10 he says1 8set be=e ! fam\s sculptor ,donatello1 at ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance1 c\ld n be solv$ by ! m]e /udy ( anci5t art4 ,! ,greeks _h no means ( express+ ,*ri/ian _s or emotion4 ,_! que/ 0 = outw>d beauty ( =m1 & _! nature1 be+ simpl]1 m spontane\s1 & m h>moni\s ?an ours1 c\ld be adequately express$ 9 m>ble4 ,!y _h no exp]i5ce ( ! m5tal maladies1 ! tortures ( remorse1 or ! :ole inn] life creat$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 _! times1 no ascetics1 no h]mits1 no an*orites1 no m>tyrs1 no crusad]s1 no knight errants _h appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,b 9 ,donatello's day all ?+s 7 *ang$2 ! faculties ( ! human m9d _h be5 alt]$ & multipli$4 ,!re=e1 a new art 0 ne$$ to repres5t ! new inn] life4 ,assur$ly1 ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 _c be *isell$ 9 ! same way z a ,v5us or an ,apollo4 ,outw>d beauty 0 no long] ! sole aim ( art4 ,x 0 n[ b\nd to express "*1 :i* is ! m9d's outw>d =m4 ,ev5 ! v s\l ( man1 ) all its load ( new /ruggles1 sorr[s1 & unc]ta9ties1 mu/ %[ ?r\gh ! envelope ( m>ble4 ,0 ?is possible1 & if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,t 0 ! "q put to ,donatello40#bd ,to criticise ?is int]e/+ passage1 to %[ :at a p>tial & imp]fect view x expresses ( ,greek g5ius1 might be a task in/ructive to my he>]s1 b too wide & irrelevant to my pres5t disc\rse4 ,"s po9ts1 h[ev]1 w help u directly to ! und]/&+ ( ,greek sculpture4 ,x is only too true t ! ,middle ,ages1 f :i* ,donatello's g5]ation 0 em]g+1 7 a p]iod ( spiritual gloom & depression4 ,b ?is 0 due n to ! l>g] tr\bles & exp]i5ces ( m51 b to ! spiritual tyranny ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h di/ort$ ! sweetness & b5evol5ce ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ to include a hide\s eng9e ( torture4 ,! cle>e/ picture ( ?is odi\s manufacture ( artificial horrors may be se5 n only 9 ! _m grotesque repres5tations ( ! tortures ( hell1 :i* 7 any?+ b grotesque to ! public ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b by att5d+ a m$ival play1 :i* has be5 br\ght out 9 ,bo/on1 z well z 9 ,london--! play call$ ,ev]yman1 :i* magnifies ! horrors ( dea? by repres5t+ ! ,deity z a gloomy tyrant1 s]v$ by a gre$y & he>tless ,*ur*1 :i* exacts half a man's =tune = ! boon ( sav+ him f et]nal torm5ts4 ,^! artificial horrors 7 n inde$ unkn[n to ! ,greeks1 = we he> t ! puni%m5ts ( ! wick$1 n to speak ( ,tantalus1 ,ixion1 & ! re/1 =m$ "p ( ! revelations ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 b !y w\ld on no acc\nt h be5 p]mitt$ a place 9 ord9>y life or 9 art4 ,if ! ,attic public f9$ ! poet ,phryni*us #aj1jjj dra*mas = br++ be=e !m _! national sorr[s 9 8 ,fall ( ,miletus1 :at w\ld !y n h f9$ ! au?or ( ,ev]yman1 = import+ d>kness & horror into ! day ( dea? & libell+ ! gods z cruel tyrants ) no m]cy = ! frailties ( m58 ,b1 ap>t f ?is import$ gloom1 x is 9 my op9ion false to say t ! ,greek 0 n j z exp]i5c$ z any mod]n man 9 ! great problems & ! inevitable sorr[s ( human life4 ,! :ole ( ,greek trag$y consi/s 9 ! repres5tation ( ^! dol\rs1 & if ,pr(essor ,vill>i wants pro(s t ! t]rors ( consci5ce1 ! agonies ( remorse1 7 p]fectly kn[n to ! ,greeks1 ,i ask him to turn to ! picture ( ! tyrant's s\l 9 ! eigh? book ( ,plato's ,republic or to ,x5ophon's ,hi]o4 ,! ,greeks 7 n at all t simple1 joy\s1 spontane\s set ( gr[nup *ildr5 :o appe> 9 _m ( our books ^u ! subject4 ,!y _h a l>ge & v>i$ exp]i5ce ( life4#be ,b !y _h ! good s5se--or %all ,i say ! g5ius8--to conf9e _! art to :at x ought to convey4 ,!y felt t m>ble & bronze %\ld n be us$ to repres5t ! viol5t emotions ( trag$y1 ! viol5t mom5ts 9 human life1 & :5 !y lo/ ?is res]ve1 _! sculpture _h begun its decad5ce4 ,! ,laocoon ) ! two little m5 repres5t+ 8 *ildr5 is inde$ a "w ( art ( :i* a mod]n sculptor might well be pr\d4 ,x w\ld n h be5 approv$ by ! ,greeks ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 & ,phidias w\ld h look$ ^u ! gr\p ) contempt1 9 spite ( its te*nical excell5ce4 ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( sculpture w illu/rate ?is pr9ciple4 ,9 ! fir/ place y mu/ hold fa/ to ! tru?1 n frequ5tly en\gh insi/$ ^u1 t sculpture among ! ,greeks develop$ ) extraord9>y quickness aft] a long infancy into its p]fect manhood4 ,! "w ( #eej ,b4,c41 9 ! full brilliancy ( ! c\rts ( ,polycrates & ,p]i&] 0 /ill rude & helpless1 want+ altoge!r ! beauty :i* we desid]ate 9 t art4 ,z soon z we turn #ejj ,b4,c4 we h su* ?+s z ! ,*>iote] ( ,delphi1 figures :i* are on ! v ?re%old ( p]fection1 & inde$ 9 "s respects1 su* z ! modell+ & texture ( ! arms & feet1 q p]fect4 ,9 ano!r fifty ye>s we h ! spl5d\rs ( ,phidias4 ,n less rem>kable ?an ?is rapid gr[? is ! v gradual decay ( ! art4 ,! age ( animals1 z is well kn[n1 is 9 proportion to ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,x 0 n s ) ,greek sculpture4 ,com+ to p]fection 9 a c\ple ( g5]ations1 x la/$ all ?r\gh ! greatness ( ,greek hi/ory into ,mac$onian times1 :5 x produc$ su* wond]s z ! ,nike ( ,samo?race1 d[n to ! ,roman conque/1 :5 x gave u ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos1 & ev5 /ill lat]1 :5 empresses borr[$ f x ^? spl5did portrait figures :i* we admire 9 ! ,vatican & ! ,lat]an museums at ,rome4 ,& x is n only ! ,gold5 ,age b ! ,silv] ,age ( ?is sculpture :i* is ! et]nal model = mod]n arti/s4 ,! next feature ( great importance :i* conc]ns u is t ?is bran* ( art began 7z did m$ival art7 9 ! s]vice ( religion4 ,x 0 to repres5t ! figure ( ! god1 x 0 to decorate 8 temple1 t ! sculptor made 8 great ef=ts4 ,& ,i ha/5 to add t ! art 0 nev] dissociat$ f its si/] art ( pa9t+1 = ! ,greeks always call$ 9 ! help ( col\r2 n only 9 ar*itecture1 b ev5 9 repres5t+ s+le human figures4 ,!y felt ! utt] coldness ( ,p>ian or ,p5telican m>ble & !y 7 n afraid to use ri* col\rs & ev5 k9dr$ mat]ials to increase ! maje/y ( _! repres5tations ( ! ,div9e4 ,x is v rem>kable h[ timid & sporadic1 ma9ly f a mis9t]pretation ( ,greek tea*+1 h hi!rto be5 ! attempts to return to ?is s\nd pr9ciple4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 inde$1 admirable "w 0 done by ! sculptor 9 produc+ col\r$ /atues1 g5]ally1 ,i ?9k1 ( wood4 ,?us ! k+s & bi%ops ( t "t 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,h5ry ! ,lion at ,brunswick are mo/ /rik+ & lifelike specim5s ( ! art1 & !re are _m m 9 ! *ur*es & ! museums ( ,nor!rn ,europe4#bf ,b x seems t ! discov]y 9 ! ,r5aissance ( ,grco-,roman /atues f :i* all ! col\r _h be5 effac$ by ! action ( "t1 damp1 & ! contact ) clay1 misl$ ! e>ly sculptors ( t day into ! belief t ,greek /atues 7 always 9 ! pure/ :ite m>ble2 t =m only & n col\r 0 ! aim ( t art2 & s we h _h our gall]ies flood$ ) cold figures1 :i* are only beg9n+ to give way1 z may be se5 9 ! rec5t exhibitions ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 ,london1 to m or less delicate t9t+1 or ev5 to relief 9 high col\rs1 us+ o!r mat]ials ?an m>ble4 ,?us ! ,greeks h be5 our ma/]s z well 9 our mi/akes z 9 our successes4 ,b we c n[ h no d\bt z to _! pr9ciples4 ,ev5 9 _! bronze /atues1 !y 7 s anxi\s to give expression by col\r t !y commonly made ! eyes ( _! figures 9 black & :ite4 ,i turn n[ to speak = a mom5t on ! pr9ciples ( composition 9 ,greek sculpture1 = 9 su* a disc\rse z ?is x is obvi\sly bett] to sp5d "t on g5]al consid]ations ?an 9 emphasis+ details4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 f ar*aic times s+le figures1 fir/ ( gods1 !n ( m51 :i* ultimately became portrait /atu>y2 b 9 e>ly days a composition ( figures 9 /one or wood 0 unkn[n till !y came to decorate ar*itecture ) friezes & p$im5ts4 ,?us ! /atues :i* adorn$ ! /ate entrance to ! old temple at ,miletus 7 simply a r[ ( sitt+ figures l ! r[s ( sph9xes gu>d+ ! approa* to ! ,egyptian temple1 b !re is no composition4 ,x 0 n till ! rise ( ! fa%ion ( ornam5t+ build+s ) ! sculptor's art t1 z be=e said1 compositions come into play2 & ma9ly 9 two =ms--triangul> p$im5ts :i* fill$ ! once op5 end or gable ( a ro(1 & b&s ( decoration along ! walls ( ! build+4 ,! =m ( ! gable--a v flat triangle1 ) ! obtuse angle at ! v]tex--det]m9$ ! sculptor1 j z ! %ackles ( metre det]m9e ! poet4 ,b ev5 z ^! app>5t %ackles h produc$ ! mo/ spl5did effects 9 poetry1 s ! limitations ( space h sugge/$ to ! ,greek sculptors ! mo/ poetical devices4 ,we n[ "k t ev5 ! pre-,p]sian ,p>!non _h su* a composition on its gable1 ( :i* great s]p5t9e mon/]s1 c>v$ 9 local /one1 & !n col\r$1 h be5 rec5tly recov]$4 ,b :5 ! art rea*$ its p]fection1 we h ! device ( a notable my?ical ev5t1 or a /ruggle1 ) agitat$ or combat+ figures1 arrang$ symmetrically on ei!r side ( a c5tral god1 :o is great]1 calm] ?an ! re/2 :ile 9 ! acute angles1 ! aspects ( nature--riv]s1 woods1 ! ris+ & sett+ sun--7 sugge/$ by graceful ly+ figures1 :i* %[ t air ( peaceful & sil5t indiff]5ce t is ! usual aspect ( nature ar\nd a great human trag$y4#bg ,^! m>vell\s compositions1 full ( symmetry & ( v>iety1 h be5 ! examples set be=e scores ( ,european sculptors1 9 _! imitations ( classical ar*itecture2 b ,i _c say t ,i "k a s+le specim5 t ,i %\ld l to %[ "h to y 9 direct comp>ison ) ! "w ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m walks ( art3 all ! mod]n res\rces ( sci5ce1 all ! /udy ( ! old ma/]pieces1 h n suffic$ to k9dle ! sp>k ( g5ius 9 our in>ti/ic age4 ,we h a ?\s& res\rces t ! ,greeks _h n--we h a ?\s& volumes ( exposition1 analysis1 criticism1 tell+ h[ ^! ?+s 7 done--yet we are l ! civilis$ man try+ to elicit flame f ! /icks :i* furni% ! primitive man ) 8 fire4 ,all our ef=ts only succe$ 9 produc+ smoke2 ! liv+ sp>k w n come4#bh ,mu* ! same may be said ( ! second fav\rite =m ( ,greek composition 9 sculpture1 ! ornam5t+ ( long flat surfaces ) r[s or successions ( figures1 ( :i* ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non is ! mo/ famili>1 b n ! only example4 ,we n[ "k f ! recov]ies at ,delphi1 especially ! s-call$ treasury ( ,siphnos1 t ?is !me 0 d]iv$ by ,phidias f old] examples4 ,:at is ! /range fasc9ation 9 ?is long r[ ( figures8 ,!re is t peculi> comb9ation ( sam5ess & ( v>iety :i* af=ds u delight 9 all ! occupations ( our life4 ,?is procession has "o g5]al scope4 ,x is br++ (f]+s to d hon\r to ! gods1 & br++ !m ) pomp & circum/ance4 ,b :ile all ^! m5 & maid5s are b5t on ! same pursuit1 !y are repres5t$ ) an endless v>iety 9 detail4 ,"s are on curvett+ horses1 "s are lead+ bulls bo? quiet & uneasy1 "s are c>ry+ weights ^u _! %\ld]s1 "s h !m on ! gr\nd--& are lift+ !m4 ,!re is ! unity & diff]5ce :i* 9 music we "k z h>mony1 & ea* figure is c>ri$ out ) su* simple p]fection1 ) su* unassum+ grace & beauty1 t x is h>d inde$ to po9t out any insuffici5cy or defect4 ,!re is ev5 ?is subtlety 9 ! detail ( ! "w--t1 z ?is b& ( figures 0 int5d$ to be se5 high above ! spectator1 c>e 0 tak5 to c>ve ! l[] limbs 9 slightly flatt] relief ?an ! upp]1 & ! limbs ( ! horses 7 ev5 made a little light] ?an 9 nature1 9 ord] to c\nt]balance ! pr$om9ance :i* ! "p ne>] to ! spectator's vision might assume4 ,:5 su* are ! %att]$ fragm5ts ( an art :i* once adorn$ e city & e public build+ 9 ,greece1 x seems impossible to conjecture :at w\ld h be5 ! effect on mod]n ,europe _h ! great mass ( x surviv$4 ,p]haps n s great z we %\ld be dispos$ to ass]t at ! fir/ blu% ( ! sugge/ion4 ,= we c\ld h>dly avoid call+ 9 ! analogy ( o!r arts1 & ( o!r times1 :]e ! works ( g5ius pres]v$ & kn[n d n inspire mod]n arti/s4 ,!re is pl5ty ( spl5did m$ival ar*itecture exi/+1 & yet our mod]n ar*itects h n be5 able to take _! place z indep5d5t successors4 ,9 lit]ature we h _h _m simil> facts discuss$ dur+ previ\s lectures4 ,all ! models 9 ! _w w n suffice )\t ! div9e sp>k 9 ! tea*] z well z ! pupil1 & ?is gift is r>e & sporadic n only 9 ! individual1 b among ! nations :i* h hi!rto appe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 us+ work]s ( a remote age or c\ntry z models1 "o concomitant circum/ance :i* may make our ef=ts :olly incomm5surate ) !irs4 ,x is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* e society lives1 by :i* x has be5 creat$ or at lea/ f$1 & :i* x creates 9 its turn4 ,z ! mod]n arti/ _c possibly reproduce ^! surr\nd+s1 x is wellnigh impossible t he %\ld reproduce ! subtle _s1 once ! v brea? ( ,greek art1 :i* has long vani%$1 & :i* has nev] s9ce be5 recall$ by ! wit ( man4 ,v ,,greek ,,art--,,ii3 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,music ,:5 we pass f ! monum5tal arts ( ar*itecture & sculpture to ^? ( a m subjective "*1 :i* use m fleet+ vehicles = _! expression1 we h 9 mod]n life pa9t+ & music1 :i* we may expect to be m indep5d5t ( ,greek models ?an ! re/4 ,=1 ex hypo!si1 pictures s f> z !y are on panels ( wood or canvas c h>dly survive ! lapse ( ages ( neglect1#bi & z = music1 ! notation is s small & poor a clue to its real mean+1 t ev5 if we und]/ood x p]fectly1 we %\ld /ill be a long way f grasp+ ! full mean+ z felt by ! ,greek public4 ,i w give y an illu/ration ( ?is f my own exp]i5ce4 ,!re is 9 our ,engli% & ,iri% ca!drals a tradition ( ! way 9 :i* c]ta9 an!ms are to be sung--a tradition g5]ally d]iv$ f ^? :o sang !m 9 ! compos]'s pres5ce1 or "u 8 influ5ce4 ,! old] editions ( ^! an!ms seldom give any expression m>ks1 ! p]=mance be+ entru/$ to ! ta/e ( ! *oir or its k ( ! compos]'s int5tions4 ,a signal example is ! f9e/ ( ,bl['s an!ms1 8,i beheld & lo6 a great multitude10 compos$ 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 7#afhj71 & sung ev] s9ce by sundry ca!dral *oirs1 among/ o!rs ^? ( ,dubl91 :]e !re has f long s9ce be5 a great s*ool ( *ur* music4 ,9 ,dubl91 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ mov+ & dramatic an!ms1 ow+ to ! great lib]ties tak5 ) ! "t by ! ,vic>s ,*oral1 :o h kept ! tradition unbrok54 ,i *anc$ to he> x sung by ! v excell5t *oir ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 on _! high day--,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 :5 x is annually p]=m$4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t !y m]ely sang x f ! text )\t any ( ! traditional lib]ties4 ,! effect 0 s poor & unmean+ z to be almo/ ridicul\s to "o :o _h be5 taught to und]/& ! inn] s5se ( ! "w4 ,we are n q s de/itute z to ,greek pa9t+1 = we h at lea/ a good _m fresco pictures1 by m or less obscure & incompet5t workm5 ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 to %[ u :at ! ,greeks aim$ at2 we h on ! _m beautiful examples ( pott]y pres]v$ to u ! repres5tations ( my?ical or o!r sc5es :i* mu/ h _h "s analogy ) ! pa9t+s ( ! same or simil> sc5es4 ,la/ly1 we h _m descriptions & epigrams f ^? :o admir$ ! ma/]pieces ( ?is art1 & al?\gh ^! are inadequate1 & are (t5 ! obs]vations ( incompet5t rhetorical critics1 !y /ill give u f> m def9ite ideas ?an any description ( a musical "w c\ld possibly supply4 ,z to ! ,gold5 ,age ( pa9t+1 we h no?+ b ^!1 = our specim5s ( frescoes on ! walls are all ei!r f pre-hi/oric palaces1 or f ,grco-,roman h\ses4 ,if we wi%1 !re=e1 to obta9 any und]/&+ ( ?is side ( ,greek art1 we mu/ n be cont5t ) our poor & sporadic examples1 b mu/ ent] ^u "s g5]al consid]ations :i* w af=d a l>g] & deep] basis = our judgm5t4 ,= our inf]5ces f ! ,pompeiian frescoes to ! lo/ ma/]pieces are j z haz>d\s z if we _h lo/ all ! ma/]pieces ( sculpture1 & endeav\r$ to judge ( _! quality by reason+ f ! t]ra cotta figur9es ( ,tanagra & o!r places1 :i* are (t5 graceful1 b almo/ always faulty 9 _! modell+4 ,%\ld we inde$ h inf]r$ t ! modell+ ( /atues 9 m>ble & 9 bronze 0 absolutely p]fect8 ,! two /hetic qualities requisite = success 9 pa9t+ are obvi\sly a s5se ( =m1 & a s5se ( col\r2 )\t a natural appreciation ( ! beauty inh]+ 9 ea* ( ^!1 ! highe/ te*nical skill1 h[ev] valuable1 does n suffice4 ,aft] :at y h he>d ab\t ,greek ar*itecture & sculpture1 ,i ne$ n say ano!r ^w to %[ t 9 ! s5se ( =m ! ,greeks 7 supreme & unapproa*able4 ,b :at ab\t _! s5se ( col\r8 ,on ?is ! evid5ce is n s cle> & has giv5 rise to div]s int]pretations4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,hom]ic poets1 9 _! vivid pictures ( old ,greek life1 are s+ul>ly vague & confus$ 9 _! words = col\r1 s mu* s t p us$ to imag9e t ! poet1 because he 0 bl9d1 or ! poets1 because !y 7 primitive1 _h no di/9ct col\r-s5se4 ,i rememb] ?is latt] view be+ press$ ^u me by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 conv]sation1 toge!r ) ! reply he _h f ,*>les ,d>w91 :i* he gave me to read1 t z ev5 insects are guid$ by a v cle> s5se ( col\r1 x 0 absurd to say t ! mo/ primitive m5 %\ld n possess x4 ,?is argum5t seam$ bo? to him & to me h>dly conclusive1 = ! faculties :i* are n[ human ne$ n h develop$ at ! same rate f l[] =ms1 or kept abrea/ ( "o ano!r 9 acut5ess4 ,?us human developm5t might n require an acute s5se ( col\r1 :ile t ( ! insect made x ess5tial1 & s l[] =ms ( life might be inf9itely m develop$ 9 "s respects ?an ^? f> high] 9 ! g5]al condition ( _! s5ses & _! intellig5ce4 ,i !re=e took ano!r l9e 9 my objection3 t we "k ! ,egyptians1 c5turies be=e ! olde/ date all[$ = ,hom]1 _h at lea/ t5 di/9ct names = col\r4 ,& ?is 0 n because !y felt ! diff]5ce m di/9ctly1 b because 9 _! arts & crafts !y produc$ ! v>i$ %ades1 & !re=e f\nd names = !m4 ,ev5 n[adays1 x is n ! poet1 or ev5 ! arti/1 t inv5ts names = subtle %ades ( col\rs1 b ! mill9] or ! modi/e4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 !re 7 two %ades ( grey kn[n 9 ! phraseology ( ^! p--"o z gris de s\ris1 ! o!r z gris de s\ris p\rsuivie4 ,?is is b a m m9ute subdivision ( our s5sations ( col\r inv5t$ by ^? t produce x = trade purposes4 ,! want ( names = col\rs is !re=e n conf9$ to ! ,greeks4 ,m important is ! fact t _! e>ly pa9t]s are kn[n to h us$ b a few & prim>y col\rs1 & also ! fur!r fact t _! temples1 :i* !y always col\r$ 7&1 to my m9d1 rightly7 = effect1 7 adorn$ on a simple & primitive plan1--r$1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 be+1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! col\rs g5]ally us$4 ,n[ ^! facts seem to me to h>monise ) ! small developm5t ( a s5se ( ! picturesque 9 l&scape1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greeks4 ,! pr9ciples ( reproduc+ p]spective ) l9es & col\rs on a flat surface 7 inde$ discov]$ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 by a c]ta9 ,aga?>*us1 ^: book on %ade pa9t+ seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a "w on sc5e-pa9t+1 z an aid to produc+ illusions on ! /age4 ,nor does ! idea ( repres5t+ ext]nal nature seem to h be5 a want felt by ,greek arti/s1 see+ t !y _h adopt$ ! v peculi> device ( repres5t+ m\nta9s & riv]s by figures ( ! gods & nymphs :i* inhabit$ !m & 9 :i* !y 7 p]sonifi$4 ,! heads ( ! horses ris+ f ! sea repres5t$ on ! ,p>!non ! adv5t ( ! day4 ,! graceful figures ( nymphs on ! p$im5ts ( ! great temple at ,olympia repres5t$ ! sc5]y 9 :i* ! action 0 laid4 ,look+ d[n ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek pa9t+1 f ! rude frescoes at ,tiryns to ! decorations ( h\ses at ,pompeii1 ,i _c f9d t l&scape z su* ev] occupi$ ,greek arti/s1 & "h !re=e we h "o ( ! v few dep>tm5ts 9 :i* ! mod]n _w may boa/ itself indep5d5t ( its almo/ univ]sal tea*]4 ,x is n s 9 ! case ( portrait-pa9t+1 & pa9t+ ( sc5es 9 my?ical or 9 real life1 = "h ev5 ! fa9t e*oes ( ,greek g5ius affect$ p[]fully ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ?is field1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture & ( relief "w 0 s comb9$ ) t ( ! few specim5s ( actual pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & o!r sites1 t ! sep>ate effect ( ,greek pa9t+ on ! mod]n arti/s is n s easily appreciat$4 ,! my?ical subjects at all ev5ts 7 told & glorifi$ 9 c\ntless epigrams ( ! ,an?ology1 & z soon z ?is collection became kn[n & popul>1 x 0 sure to dom9ate ! fancy ( s5tim5tal arti/s l ,botticelli4 ,b if ! direct influ5ce ( ,greek on mod]n pa9t+ 0 baulk$ = want ( models1 ! indirect effect ( ,greek art on ! be/ ( mod]n pa9t]s is v great4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! two mo/ ref9$ ( mod]n ,engli% pa9t]s1 ! late ,"l ,leighton1 & ! /ill liv+ & work+ ,sir ,edw>d ,alma-,tadema4 ,! latt] g5]ally calls 8 subjects ,roman1 b anyone t kn[s :at ! elegances ( ,roman life owe to ! ,greeks1 sees at once t ! :ole _s ( ! arti/1 & ( ! subjects he delights 91 is ,greek4 ,! case is /ill m undisguis$ ) ,leighton4 ,all 8 mo/ /rik+ pictures are f ,greek life or f ,greek leg5d2 8 :ole conception ( beauty is d]iv$ f ! same models1 & ,i well rememb]1 :5 ,i us$ to visit him 9 8 delightful /udio 9 ,k5s+ton1 see+ x all set r\nd ) copies ( ,greek sculpture1 & 8 f]vid utt]ance t to ^! unapproa*able models he ow$ all 8 art4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! actual pa9t+s1 great use has be5 made ( ! sc5es pa9t$ on ,greek vases ( ! be/ p]iod1 "s ( :i* atta9 to q a high level1 & we _c b feel ) ,sir ,alma-,tadema t f ?is s\rce he has drawn n a few ( 8 ideas4 ,surely ! products t inspir$ ,keats ) 8 exquisite ,ode make cle> to u h[ ! fruitfulness ( ,greek g5ius is n dead or ev5 exhau/$1 b /ill k9dles a pure light 9 mod]n m9ds s5sitive en\gh to cat* ! flame4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 be=e we pass on to ano!r subject1 t ! art ( pa9t+ among ! ,greeks began1 & long rema9$1 a bran* ( decoration1 & 0 !re=e subsidi>y to ar*itecture1 or /ately furniture1 or f9e pott]y4 ,! fa%ion ( produc+ easel pictures pa9t$ = _! own sake1 readily movable & !re=e display$ 9 gall]ies1 z well z ^u ! walls ( palaces1 only came 9 ) ! decad5ce or at lea/ ! full rip5ess ( o!r arts4 ,! products ( ! pa9t] 7 ak9 to ^? ( ! epigrammati/1 ^: elegance may well be call$ by a poor] ^w--f9i%--& is to u r ! exhibition ( great clev]ness ?an ! outcome ( g5ius4 ,x 0 ! day also ( social decad5ce1 :5 ! m]e arti/ became ! idol ( society1 & c\ld p>ade 8 conceit & 8 vulg>ity )\t fe> ( c5sure f patrons :o only valu$ him z ! ephem]al fa%ion4 ,! gossip we he> ab\t ! old pa9t]s (t5 exhibits ?is pa9fully mod]n triviality4 ,i n[ turn to ! topic ( music1 9 int]e/ second to none1 b "o 9 :i* ,i mu/ endeav\r to make my discussion intelligible to ^? :o h only a practical k ( ?is subject4 ,9 mo/ hi/ories ( ,greek art1 music is simply omitt$2 9 ! special works ^u x1 !re is mu* t is n only s difficult1 b s dry & te*nical t ! av]age /ud5t ( ,greek life c h>dly be expect$ to approa* x4 ,z reg>ds exi/+ specim5s1 we are j z mis]ably provid$ z we are 9 ! case ( pa9t+4 ,we h recov]$ a few scraps ( ! musical notation accompany+ poetical words2 & z we und]/& ?is notation1 x is an easy task to reproduce ! s-call$ melody4 ,we h also a scrap or two 9 ! notation ( in/rum5tal music 7app>5tly an accompanim5t71 a notation1 /range to say1 diff]+ f ! oral4 ,b "h ! melody is miss+4 ,& let me tell y at once t no liv+ musician c\ld attempt to supply x ) ! smalle/ v]isimilitude4 ,! same is ! case ) our texts ( melody4 ,!re 0 a mu* laud$ hymn f\nd a few ye>s ago on ! wall ( "o ( ! h\ses uncov]$ at ,delphi4 ,9 "s places ! surface ( ! /one 0 brok52 s t !re 7 gaps "h & !re ( a b> or two 9 ! music4 ,no liv+ musician :o kn[s 8 bus9ess w\ld und]take to supply any "o ( ^! gaps4#cj ,7 x a mod]n composition1 we c\ld ) c]ta9ty (f] two or ?ree alt]natives1 & we c\ld exclude a va/ numb] ( re/orations z absolutely impossible4 ,su* is n ! case ) ! ,greek specim5s we "k1 nei!r d !y appeal to our mod]n ta/e4 ,to say t ^! specim5s1 :5 play$ = u1 are hide\s1 is m]ely ! expression ( t violat$ ta/e4 ,!re are _m1 p]haps ev5 "s 9 ?is audi5ce1 :o w\ld say ! same ?+ ( ! pla9 song :i* ! pres5t ,pope has ord]$ to be us$ 9 ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es to ! exclusion ( m mod]n music4 ,! real conclusion is t s f> ,greek music is to u un9telligible2 & yet 9 all ! o!r arts no?+ is m intelligible to mod]n m9ds ?an ! products ( ,greek ta/e :i* are our be/ & cle>e/ models4 ,is x t a highly arti/ic nation may be want+ 9 "o p>ticul> dep>tm5t8 ,we h be=e u ! case ( ! mod]n ,japanese1 ^: arti/ic "w 9 mo/ directions is ( great excell5ce & fully appreciat$ by ! _w1 b :o confess 7at lea/ ,i h he>d "o mo/ intellig5t native confess7 t _! music is f> bel[ ! level ( ,european compositions4 ,b "h we probably />t f a diff]5ce ( scale1 :]eas ! ,greek scales 7or at lea/ ! diatonic7 are ! p>5ts ( all mod]n ,european scales4 ,& n[ t y h be=e y ! actual problem rais$ by ! extant remnants ( ,greek music1 let u turn to ! ,greeks !mselves1 & see :at light _! writ+s ?r[ ^u ! matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place music 0 n only popul> b univ]sal among ! ,greeks4 ,^? :o did n cultivate x 7 worse ?an ,%aksp]e's 8man t has n music 9 8 s\l40 ,all ,greek poetry1 ev5 ! epic ( ,hom]1 0 recit$ musically2 ! lyric poets 7 z mu* musicians z poets2 great trag$ians compos$ ! music = _! *oral odes1 & inde$ a ,greek trag$y :5 p]=m$ mu/ h f> m resembl$ an ,italian op]a ?an a play 9 our s5se4 ,?is is ! comb9ation :i* ,ri*>d ,wagn] /rove to realise4 ,b to be gift$ 9 two directions ( art is inde$ v r>e4 ,! music ( s*ylus & ,sophocles 0 probably z inf]ior to _! text z ,wagn]'s text is inf]ior to 8 music4 ,all ,greek educators imply t e boy c le>n music2 we nev] he> a ^w ab\t want ( e>1 a want ( musical faculty4 ,?is 0 to me 9 =m] ye>s a great puzzle1 =1 l all ( y1 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 a society :]e a few _h gifts = music1 & ! rema9d] 7 incapable ( s++ 9 "t or 9 tune1 or ( le>n+ to play an in/rum5t ) intellig5ce--& s we drift$ away f ! old] fa%ion ( mak+ at lea/ e girl play or s+ z an inevitable infliction on society1 & n[ only ^? :o %[ a ke5 desire = x sp5d _! "t at music4 ,b 9 ! new s*ools1 :]e *oirs are taught on ! tonic sol-fa sy/em1 ,i am in=m$ by ! mo/ compet5t tea*]s t an inability to appreciate music1 or to s+ 9 tune1 is q r>e1 & t ! great body ( our *ildr5 c be taught to make & to appreciate good music4 ,if ?is be s1 ! ,greeks 7 aga9 "r1 & we 9 our old] g5]ation less wise ?an !y4 ,9 _! op9ion1 ?is g5]al possibility ( le>n+ music 0 a necess>y condition ( ano!r settl$ conviction among educators1 :i* is =eign to u--,i mean ! conviction t ! practice ( music has a direct & p[]ful effect ^u ! morals ( av]age m54 ,on ?is po9t ! ,greek educators 7 v explicit1 & x is ( great practical importance to u n[adays to consid] :at !y say4 ,x 0 n at all id5tical ) a v widespread belief among mod]n p>5ts t ! pursuit ( music g5]ally is a ref9$ pleasure1 & w save ! "y f "s l[] or m mis*iev\s recreation4 ,t view 0 q famili> to ! ,greeks4 ,b _! di/9ctive !ory 0 ?is3 t ! p]=m+ or he>+ ( c]ta9 k9ds ( music _h a direct effect1 ei!r moral or immoral1 ^u ! m9d1 & t !re=e wise educators mu/ enc\rage ! "r sort ( music only1 & bani% ! re/ f _! pupils4 ,i "k v well t !re 7 /ray voices1 especially f ! ,epicurean philosoph]s1 say+ t ?is is all nons5se1 t music c h no su* effect1 & t ! only moral or immoral "p ( ! p]=mance lies 9 ! words4#ca ,b ?is only %[s t ! op9ion ( ! va/ majority & ( ! wise/ m5 0 n adopt$ )\t criticism1 & )\t ! o!r side ( ! "q be+ cle>ly be=e !m4 ,! mod]n _w is "u m5tal conditions su* z ! ,epicureans4 ,we h g5]ally assum$ t music z su* _h no influ5ce 9 m\ld+ morals4 ,we feel t x may be s 9 ! accessories--t ! con/ant s++ ( love duets & ! associat+ ) !atrical company may d h>m & ! associat+ ) s]i\s musicians may d good--b mod]n p seem h>dly to dream t music su* z ,wagn]'s1 ap>t f ! words1 may h a direct effect ^u morals4 ,& yet x is "h t we might h incurr$ a great & hon\rable debt to ! ,greeks1 & h us$ _! wisdom to save our y\? f s]i\s dang]4 ,?is is a conviction ( m9e1 n ( to-day or ye/]day1 b ( =ty ye>s' /&+1 d]iv$ inde$ f ! sugge/ions ( ,plato1 b v]ifi$ by frequ5t contact ) music & musicians4 ,i w "h give y "o /rik+ illu/ration4 ,anyone at fir/ he>+ ( ,wagn]'s ,tri/an und ,isolde w\ld p]ceive t x 0 a mo/ immoral subject1 express$ 9 highly emotional music4 ,x is an arti/ic glorification ( adult]y1 palliat$ by ! old & vulg> excuse ( a magical love-potion4 ,all ?is is s obvi\s t ,i wond] sob] p w\ld n keep _! *ildr5 f witness+ ! "w j z !y endeav\r to keep !m f read+ immoral novels4 ,to me x seem$ ev5 worse1 = ,i c\ld n b p]ceive1 & _h (t5 & long s9ce ass]t$1 t ! compos] himself wrote ! music "u ! influ5ce ( "s su* moral ab]ration1 & t1 ap>t f ! words1 x 0 int5d$ to express 8 crim9al long+s & disappo9tm5ts4 ,x is only a ye> or two s9ce ! correspond5ce ( a lady1 publi%$ aft] h] dea?1 %[$ t ?is anticipation 0 lit]ally true1 t ^! phrases ( love-sickness 7 actually compos$ & s5t to h] because %e _h awak5$ 9 him a passion :i* %e 0 n wick$ en\gh to satisfy4 ,i "k !re are p :o ?9k transc5d5t g5ius su* z t ( ,napoleon1 or1 9 8 way1 ( ,wagn]1 af=ds a ju/ification1 or at lea/ an excuse1 = su* lawlessness4 ,& y h he>d mu* talk ab\t ! ,sup]man1 ^: ma9 attribute seems to me infra human1 :5 ! rights ( o!rs are conc]n$4 ,to me ! v]itable ,sup]man is n ! slave ( 8 own passions1 :o satisfies !m at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 b ! ma/] ( himself1 :o1 because he is pure1 feels & helps ! weakness ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,n ,sir ,lancelot b ,sir ,galahad is ! ideal ( *ivalry4 ,( ! "o1 8,8 hon\r root$ 9 di%on\r /ood1 ,& fai? unfai?ful kept him falsely true02 b ( ! o!r1 8,my /r5g? is z ! /r5g? ( t51 because my he>t is pure60 ,p]haps1 dur+ ?is digression1 ! objection may h be5 ris+ 9 y\r m9ds t if ,greek music 0 s univ]sally believ$ to h a moral or immoral influ5ce1 ?is 0 because x diff]$ :olly 9 quality f t :i* we pursue1 & t !re=e an inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r is v haz>d\s4 ,?is is support$ by ! fact already adduc$1 t ! actual rema9s ( ,greek music1 ?\gh legible & intelligible 9 ! lit]al s5se1 h no p[] :atev] to speak to our musical emotions4 ,we mu/ !re=e turn back f practice to !ory & prove to y t1 9 spite ( ^! difficulties1 ,greek music 0 di/9ctly ! s\rce & =]unn] ( our own4 ,& ,i may say by way ( preface to ?is "p ( my disc\rse t ! simplicity ( music1 f> f be+ a cause ( its less] emotional effect1 may be ! v reason :y ! great mass ( p feel x m deeply4 ,! intricacy & difficulty ( our mod]n music t5d to e/range x f ! feel+s ( ! l>g] public & to conf9e its influ5ce to ! special class ( tra9$ musicians4 ,! ,greeks left u no practical "w on music1 no criticism ( exi/+ compositions1 no comp>ison ( ! effects produc$ on audi5ces by ?is or t arti/1 by ?is or t k9d ( in/rum5t4 ,we f9d only obvi\s g5]alities1 su* z ! flute be+ m excit+ ?an ! h>p4 ,!re is inde$ "o passage :]e ,plato goes deep] & inveighs aga9/ purely in/rum5tal music z m excit+ & !re=e possibly m mis*iev\s ?an vocal music ) an accompanim5t1 %[+ t he did n lay ! /ress ( ! emotion ^u ! words4 ,^? :o h gone deeply into mod]n music w agree ) him2 !y feel t ! emotions produc$ by a symphony ( ,bee?ov5 are m subtle1 &1 because m subtle1 deep] & m la/+ ?an ^? produc$ by any vocal music1 unless x be eight-"p music1 :i* approa*es ! ri*ness ( an or*e/ra4 ,b ?is sugge/ive rem>k is q an exception4 ,! extant musical tracts are :olly !oretical1 & are conc]n$ ) ! sci5tific basis ( music1 n its application to practice4 ,& ! fir/ problem to :i* !y appli$ !mselves1 :i* !y solv$1 & h h&$ d[n to u1 _! heirs 9 art1 is ! det]m9ation ( ! prop] scale or scales 9 :i* music %\ld be compos$4 ,?is 0 no easy ?+ to d1 & if y take ! tr\ble to he> ! music ( any p :o h n adopt$ ! ,greek solution1 or "o l x1 y w at once p]ceive ! diff]5ce4 ,i well rememb] p]suad+1 ) great difficulty1 a b& ( gipsies1 9 ,hung>y1 to play = me n ! music ( ! ,hung>ians1 = :i* !y are s celebrat$1 b "s ( _! own ,ori5tal /uff1 :i* !y play among !mselves 9 private4 ,i f\nd x :olly un9telligible on acc\nt ( ! scale1 :i* seem$ to h ?irte5 or f\rte5 notes )9 ! octave4 ,all ?is ! ,greeks _h contemplat$1 & 9 "s ( _! e>ly scales !y us$ qu>t]-tones & int]vals /range & disagreeable to u4 ,b1 aft] mu* hesitation1 !y fix$ ^u ! diatonic scale1 :i* became ! basis ( _! music1 & 9 due "t ( ours4 ,! v>ieties ( ?is scale :i* !y us$ 7 f> great] ?an ours4 ,we are cont5t$ ) ! v>iation ( major & m9or1 & repeat ! same int]vals 9 ! same ord] ) a m]e diff]5ce ( pit*1 v slightly modifi$ by ! temp]am5t ( our tun+4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght ! position ( ! two semitones f> m important1 & consid]$ t ! quality ( ! scale1 q ap>t f pit*1 0 produc$ by ! v>iety 9 ! plac+ ( ^! int]vals4 ,b ,i mu/ repeat t our extant treatises are s absolutely sci5tific & n practical t x w\ld be impossible to attempt an analysis ( !m 9 a popul> lecture4 ,! discov]y ( ! sci5tific basis ( concord or h>mony & its diff]5ce f discord _h be5 made v e>ly by ! ,py?agoreans1 & ,i h (t5 ?\ght t _! fam\s !ory t num]ical relations 7 ! key ( ! univ]se 0 mu* /imulat$ & =tifi$ by f9d+ t octaves1 fif?s1 & f\r?s1 :i* are recognis$ by ! e> z concords1 c be produc$ by /opp+ a vibrat+ /r+ at ! po9ts divid+ x into portions repres5t$ by #a3b1 #b3c1 & #c3d4 ,!y did n ackn[l$ge our favorite major z a concord1 ! proportion be+ m complex1 viz4 #d3e or #e3f2 & inde$ if ! major on our in/rum5ts be tun$ to its full height ( two full tones1 x s\nds %>p & v disagreeable4 ,9 ?is z 9 mo/ detail we c foll[ & und]/& ! ,greek !ory4 ,:5 ,ari/otle tells u t ! middle note ( ! scale is t to :i* ! melody always returns1 he is evid5tly speak+ ( ! unaccompani$ melody1 & !re are scores ( our melodies t move up & d[n r\nd ?is keynote1 :i* may 9 ^! cases well repres5t ! c5tral note ( ! scale4 ,x is n possible = me to delay long] on ?is topic4 ,i !re=e sum up ! result ?us3 ! ,greeks _h a music to "s ext5t homog5e\s ) ours2 !y attribut$ to its v>ieties great & direct effects on ! morals ( m54 ,see+ t 9 all _! o!r arts !y 7 s s+ul>ly mod]n & reasonable1 x is surely well wor? ! c>eful consid]ation ( educators :e!r simil> effects be n lat5t 9 our music1 e4g4 :e!r ! /udy ( ,h&el1 ,corelli1 ,pale/r9a1 may n h a /r5g!n+ effect on ! m9d1 :]eas ! /udy ( ,*op91 ( ,v]di1 ev5 ( ,bee?ov51 ) all ! vague ,welts*m]z :i* !y conta91 ! unsatisfi$ long+s1 ! unreason+ discont5t1 ! susp5d$ h>mony1 may n contribute directly to ! vices ( mod]n society1 vices n unkn[n 9 ! fa%ionable cities ( ?is ,commonweal?4 ,we n[ turn to ! subject ( h\sehold furniture & decoration1 9 :i* y w f9d t !re are _m & ! be/ ( our ideas borr[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,we h n _h ! good =tune to une>? a ,greek t[n ( ! be/ epo* f "u lava or f b5ea? ! dbris ( an e>?quake4 ,b x is likely t ev5 if ! ru9s ( ,antio* 7 cle>$ ( ! great rocks t tumbl$ d[n ^u x1 9 ! _m e>?quakes ( ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 "s spl5did h\ses might be discov]$4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ,i d n "k t1 except at ,delos1 we h be5 able to f9d cle> evid5ces t ! wall decorations & ! furniture ( a ,greek h\se 7 ! same 9 k9d z ^? :i* a c5tury & a half ( excavation has br\ght up f ! dead 9 ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,^! t[ns1 z well z ,naples1 :i* 0 well kn[n to ,cic]o z an ess5tially ,greek t[n1 7 9 close proximity to ,puteoli1 :i* aga9 0 = sev]al c5turies ! great port = all ,alex&rian luxuries s9ce ! second ,ptolemy _h made fri5ds ) ! ,romans4 ,?r\gh ,puteoli1 !n1 ,greek arti/s & ,greek designs made _! way to t coa/1 & ev5 ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 & ! frequ5t use ( ! ibis & ! crocodile 9 _! designs1 %[ t ! ,hell5i/ic arti/s _h felt ! influ5ce ( native ,egyptian "w1 j z ! workman ( ! ,fr5* 8,empire0 felt ! brea? ( old ,egypt1 :5 ,napoleon's ,commission br\ght out its spl5did "w on t my/]i\s c\ntry4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 all ! little texts scrawl$ ^u ! walls by *ildr5 are 9 ,lat91 ,i take x ! furniture & decoration ( ! sm>t h\ses or villas uncov]$ are 9 ,greek /yle1 & may ?us give u "s sugge/ion ( ! inside ( a ,greek h\se4 ,& let me add at once1 t ! discov]ies ( su* ru9s & rema9s at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance m\ld$ all ! ta/e ( t age1 & produc$ h\se decoration1 9 direct imitation ( ! antique1 :i* has be5 copi$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,,note4--,i ?\ght t ,i c\ld n br+ be=e ! audi5ce ! "* ( ?is decoration adequately1 except by %[+ "s ( ! designs1 & "s ( ! furniture1 on a scre54 ,"s ( ! pictures 7 tak5 f ,niccol9i's magnific5t ,art ( ,pompeii 7,naples1 #ahgf-ib71 ! ,curator hav+ all[$ me to use ! exp5sive process ( photograph+ 9 col\rs1 9 ord] to %[ n only ! design1 b ! ri* col\rs ( ! ,pompeian walls4 ,,vi ,,sci5ce3 ,,gramm>--,,logic--,,ma!matics--,,m$ic9e ,:5 ,i speak to y ( ,greek ,sci5ce1 ( c\rse ,i use ! ^w 9 ! old & prop] s5se to include all /rict reason+1 especially ( ! d$uctive k9d1 p>ticul>ly !re=e pure ,ma!matics1 & n m]ely ! inf]5ces f obs]vation & exp]im5t :i* n[ commonly assume & ev5 monopolise ! title ( ,sci5ce4 ,i (t5 see 9 educational programmes ,sci5ce & ,ma!matics contra/$ z di/9ct ?+s1 :i* inde$ 9 ?is case !y are1 only because ! ,sci5ce s-call$ is (t5 unwor?y ( ! "n4 ,sci5ces ( obs]vation 71 ,i ?9k1 n =mulat$ by ! ,greeks except 9 ! case ( ,m$ic9e1 9 :i* _! results are /ill quot$ ) respect2 9 ! case ( ,hydro/atics1 z ,h]on's great book %[s2 & 9 ! case ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 :i* !y made ! fir/ collection ( facts t mod]n m5 ( sci5ce c use2 b we h lo/ :at !y said on _! arti/ic obs]vations1 namely _! m9ute obs]vations ( ! anatomy ( ! human body1 :i*1 z ,i h told y1 _! sculptors le>n$ to repres5t ) su* accuracy t no mod]n anatomi/ c f9d a flaw 9 _! "w4 ,?is 0 done by c>eful ext]nal obs]vation1 = ! practice ( dissect+ ! human body w\ld h seem$ to !m impi\s & horrible4 ,b1 :5ev] x 0 possible1 ! ,greeks w5t back to fir/ pr9ciples & fram$ a !ory f :i* !y d$uc$ ! facts2 & ?is x is :i* has made _! sci5ce s valuable4 ,x w n be h>d to %[ y h[ 9 ,logic--! ,sci5ce ( ,reason+1--9 ,ari?metic1 & 9 ,geometry--! sci5ce ( ! laws ( l9es1 ( figures1 & ( solid bodies 9 space--!y are our tea*]s to ! pres5t day4 ,x is well to approa* ! subject ( ,logic ?r\gh ! av5ue by :i* ! ,greeks approa*$ x1 ?r\gh ! analysis ( ord9>y language & z ! natural expression ( ?9k+4 ,! e>ly poets & great prose writ]s _h s f> p]fect$ ! use ( language t ! ,greeks 9 ! catalogue ( human acquisitions came to put _! spee* on a v high p$e/al4 ,delight$ ) x1 & despis+ all o!r tongues z b>b>\s1 !y conv9c$ !mselves t ! ,greek ^w adequately express$ ! nature ( ! ?+ x signifi$1 & !re=e t to und]/& _! language prop]ly 0 to und]/& ! nature ( ?+s4 meant n only spee* 7oratio71 b reason 7ratio71 & s1 aft] fir/ seek+ to obta9 cle> conceptions ( ab/ract ideas1 !y advanc$ to ! /ructure ( s5t5ces & analys$ spee* 9 s accurate a way t _! te*nical t]ms are our te*nical t]ms ( to-day4 ,:5 y talk ( inf9itives1 or g5itives1 or p>ticiples1 y are only us+ words borr[$ f ,lat9 translations1 (t5 mi/ranslations1 ( ! ,greek4 ,y f9d ^! logical /udies 9 _! beg9n+1 b by no means 9 _! infancy1 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,:ole conv]sations are employ$ 9 try+ to fix ! connotation ( important moral t]ms1 su* z hol9ess1 or val\r1 or temp]ance4 ,& we also f9d 9 "s ( ! dialogues an appreciation ( ! difficulties conta9$ 9 ! =m ( simple propositions1 ! mean+ ( affirmation or negation1 & ! nature ( ! d$uction ( "o proposition f ano!r4 ,b ,i ne$ n deta9 y ) p>ticul>s ab\t ^! e>ly prep>ations = sci5ce1 :5 we h be=e u 9 ,ari/otle v>i\s treatises on ! analysis ( spee* f its logical side1 & ! lay+ d[n ( ! laws ( =mal ?9k+ ) su* accuracy & complet5ess t no?+ ( importance has ev] be5 add$ to x4 ,we he> x (t5 said t a s+le man appreh5d$ & sy/ematis$ ^! laws4 ,t is n true2 !re 7 pl5ty ( t5tative essays be=e 8 "t4 ,b if !re be "o a*ievem5t :i* has made 8 "n & fame ev]la/+1 x is 8 treatm5t ( ! !ory ( ,reason+4 ,! m$ival univ]sities knew ?is well1 & s d ! mod]n univ]sities ( ,europe :i* are wor?y ( ! "n4 ,i ne$ n be> witness to ! va/ importance ( common ,logic by tell+ y t 9 my own y\? no?+ ev] woke me up l hav+ a good ,logic put into my h&s at ! age ( f\rte54 ,= s9ce t "t ,i h be5 (t5 tea*+ x & h wat*$ its effects on hundr$s ( intellig5t y\?s4 ,among all ! subjects t we tea*1 n = ! purpose ( supply+ m]e facts1 b = ! purpose ( tra9+ y\? to judge facts & co-ord9ate _! k1 ,i "k no?+ t b5efits ! av]age /ud5t l ! /udy ( ,ari/otelian ,logic4 ,may ,i add t1 s f> z ,i "k ,am]ican education1 ! mo/ s]i\s defect ,i h obs]v$ 9 x is ! small att5tion paid to ?is subject1 & h5ce ! va/ numb] ( y\r m5 & wom5 :o are unable to di/+ui% a s\nd f an uns\nd argum5t1 /ill less to po9t out :]e ! fallacy lies4 ,!re are "h pres5t1 ,i h no d\bt1 a l>ge numb] ( p1 o!rwise highly educat$1 :o1 7 ,i to propose a /ock example = _! criticism1 w\ld feel at a loss h[ to deal ) x4 ,let me give an illu/ration4 8,e h5 comes f an egg2 e egg comes f a h52 !re=e e egg comes f an egg40 ,is ?is a correct argum5t8 ,if n1 :]e is x at fault8 ,if y _h all be5 tra9$ 9 ,:ately's ,logic1 or any o!r ,logic ( ! k9d1 z we 7 9 our y\?1 su* a "q w\ld pres5t no difficulty :atev]4 ,b if y h fail$ to d]ive ?is lesson f ! old ,greeks1 y\r ,engli% ance/ors 7 bett] advis$4 ,all ! subtlety ( ! m$ival s*ools1 all ! disputations ( _! univ]sities1 7 bas$ on ,greek ,logic2 &1 if !y (t5 wa/$ _! "t on idle problems1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t by ?is means ,europe 0 tra9$ to accuracy & subtlety 9 argum5t1 & h5ce to weigh vague & r&om !oris+ & to make m5 compet5t critics ( any new dogma4 ,we (t5 rem>k f our side ( ! ,atlantic h[ _m wild !ories 9 religion1 h[ _m %am !ories 9 sci5ce1 blossom & fl\ri% 9 ?is c\ntry1 inhabit$ ?\gh x may be by a mo/ %rewd & intellig5t population4 ,! simple/ answ] is to po9t to _! ignorance ( common ,logic1 & h5ce _! liability to be deceiv$ by ! mo/ vulg> fallacies4 ,x w\ld be easy to m5tion a book popul> 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! pages ( :i* any logically tra9$ p w\ld only use to wrap s>d9es or to heat a /ove4 ,! ,greeks d n p>ade _! logic 9 _! writ+s1 ?\gh we "k !y 7 fond ( subtleties2 !re are inde$ examples ( x 9 ! ,sophi/ ( ,plato1 :]e ?is sort ( ?+ is ridicul$ 9 8 trave/y ( two pr(essional educators4 ,b !re are two great & solid pro(s ( ! p[] :i* /rict ,logic _h ^u _! m9ds4 ,! fir/ comes out 9 _! lit]ature4 ,:]ev] !y und]take to argue an issue1 :e!r political1 social1 or religi\s1 _! reason+ is cle> & easily foll[$4 ,!y ( c\rse (t5 />t f traditional beliefs1 :i* may n n[ comm& ass5t1 b !y always reason f ^! ) cle> & sob] ?9k+4 ,!re 0 no m important cause = ! p]man5ce ( t great lit]ature4 ,its s\nd ?9k+ has kept x f all extravagance & made x acceptable to educat$ m5 ( all ages & nations4 ,! second pro( is my *ief subject to-day3 x is ! peculi>ly logical "* ( ,greek ma!matics :i* has made ?is too ! model ( ! sci5tific ?9k+ ( ! _w4 ,let me g back to ! infancy ( ,greek sci5ce & give y evid5ce = ?is /atem5t4 ,sett+ aside = ! pres5t ! metaphysical ?9k]s1 :o w occupy u 9 ano!r *apt]1 we may safely say t ! e>lie/ ma!maticians 7 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 & also t _! "w />t$ 7s f> z !y did n />t f ! highe/ ( all--pure ?9k+7 f ,ari?metic4 ,to ?is sci5ce ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool atta*$ su* importance t !y 7 suppos$ to hold t numb]s 7 ! ess5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,if y ?9k t su* a !ory is m]e nons5se1 ,i may tell y t ,i h (t5 he>d my colleagues1 di/+ui%$ 9 mod]n sci5ce1 discuss a !ory1 alive at ! pres5t day1 t ! s-call$ mat]ial univ]se consi/s ( m]e motion1 )\t any?+ to be mov$6 ,at ! root ( ^! speculations lies ! fundam5tal di/9ction ( =m & matt]1 ( ! def9ite & ! indef9ite2 & ! ,py?agoreans _h got a glimpse ( ! et]nal tru? t x is only ?r\gh our intuitions ( space & "t1 & ?r\gh ab/ract concepts explicat+ ^!1 t we c br+ ! myriad ph5om5a ( nature "u intelligible law4 ,x 0 an e>ly anticipation1 s f> z we c expla9 x1 ( ! great !ory ( ,desc>tes1 t all ! univ]se c\ld be r$uc$ to ma!matical relations1 & ^! h&l$ by algebra1 :i* is 9 its ess5ce b a v ab/ract & g5]alis$ ari?metic4 ,if !re=e all p>ts ( ! _w /& 9 mutual ari?metical relations1 ( :i* ! *emical law ( def9ite proportions is ! mo/ signal example1 ! sci5ce ( numb]s mu/ be ! capital ( e sci5tific man4 ,& rememb] t 9 ,greek p>lance ?is 0 ! /rict mean+ ( _! ari?metic--a pure sci5ce1 :ile !y us$ ! t]m logi/ic 7or computation7 = ! work+ ( practical rules4 ,at ! basis ( _! !ory ( numb]s lay ( c\rse ! "o great assumption :i* makes ! sci5ce possible--,i mean ! absolute equality ( ! units ( any numb] us$ = ! purpose ( calculation4 ,?is is n m]ely ! ab/raction f all _! diff]5ces1 z :5 ,i say t ! pres5t audi5ce consi/s ( five hundr$ p1 reg>dless ( ! c\ntless v>iations exi/+ betwe5 ! units ( ?is cr[d4 ,x is ! assumption ( an ideal & accurate id5tity betwe5 ea* ( ! units1 z to magnitude1 :i* makes ! expression ( geometrical tru?s ari?metically possible4 ,! tru? t #c #d #e applies n only to numb]s b to l9es1 & probably sugge/$ ! geometrical pro( to ,euclid 7#a1 #dg74 ,b x is only true if ! units 9 ! measurem5t ( ea* l9e are exactly equal4 ,/>t+ f ?is fir/ assumption1 ! ,py?agoreans began to speculate on ! peculi>ities ( ! natural s]ies ( units 9 use among m51 & to d$uce f ^! g5]al consid]ations v>i\s !orems1 :i* !y believ$ might solve ! secrets ( nature4 ,at ! v outset !y 7 /ruck ) ! obvi\s contra/ betwe5 odd & ev51 :i* ,plato1 foll[+ !m1 reg>d$ z a fundam5tal di/9ction 9 nature4 ,_h !y be5 told t1 ?\s&s ( ye>s lat]1 m5 ( sci5ce w\ld f9d t a mo/ primitive & fundam5tal di/9ction among animals is f\nd$ on ?is diff]5ce1 ,i mean t ( artio-dactyle1 & p]isso-dactyle1 actually call$ by ! ,greek words1 !y w\ld h said t ?is caus$ !m no surprise1 z _! ari?metic _h long s9ce laid d[n ! di/9ction z a law ( nature4 ,z simple specim5s ( ! sort ( treatm5t t ! sci5ce ( numb]s receiv$ f !m1 ,i may cite ! foll[+3 ,! successive additions ( ! odd numb]s produce ! squ>es ( ! s]ies ( ev5 & odd4#cb ,! s]ies ( ev5 numb]s :5 add$ give u no su* result1 b r ?is--t ! addition ( ev5 numb]s gives u figures :i* are ! products ( successive numb]s diff]+ by only "o1 e4g4 #b #d #c #b2 #b #d #f #d #c1 & s on4 ,^! latt] numb]s 7 reg>d$ z rectangles1 :5 express$ 9 l9es4 ,x 0 by ! discov]y ( ! relation ( ! sides to ! base ( a "r-angl$ triangle t !y1 s to speak1 /umbl$ ^u irrational numb]s4 ,if ! two sides are ea* equal to #a1 ! hypo!nuse is equal to #b1 :i* is no integral numb]1 b a problem 9 itself4#cc ,all ! results ( ?is ,py?agorean rese>* liv$ ?r\gh into ! days ( ,plato & ,ari/otle & !n1 z we "k f ,euclid & ,!on1 into ! le>n+ ( ,alex&ria4 ,! importance recognis$ by !m 9 ! numb]s t5 & twelve 0 %[n by ! g5]al adoption ( a decimal sy/em ( notation1 & ( ! division ( "t on a duodecimal sy/em4 ,y w ask me :at symbols ! ,greeks _h :i* c\ld enable !m to treat ari?metical figures ( any complexity1 & on ?is ,i c\ld give y n[ a v def9ite reply1 b ! details w\ld lead u away f our subject1 see+ t ?is notation 0 lo/ 9 ! ,d>k ,ages & 0 ultimately replac$ by ! ,arabic num]als4 ,b we n[ "k t !y _h a v practical sy/em ( decimal notation bas$ on ! use ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet2 & ! fact t sev]al lett]s obsolete 9 ! alphabet ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 appe> z symbols1 proves t x 0 curr5t z e>ly z ,py?agorean days4 ,! sign = #f is ! digamma1 t = #ij is ! koph ( ! ,phnician alphabet1 :i* is /ill f\nd 9 ,locrian inscriptions2 ! ,phnician lett] kn[n z sampi is us$ = #ijj4 ,we "k ! practical managem5t ( ?is easy notation p]fectly f ! mass ( acc\nts bo? private & public f\nd on ,egyptian papyri4 ,x c express l>ge numb]s f> m comp5di\sly ?an ! ,roman sy/em1 (t5 m comp5di\sly ev5 ?an ours4 ,suppose y desire to express any l>ge numb]1 say #bj1jej1 "h x is _/2 say #dg1fgh1 x is _/1 & if !re be small ga9 9 simplicity "h1 ,i w give y #hjj1jjj #aj1jjj #hj _/4 ,b ^! are practical matt]s1 ?\gh )\t an easy notation ev5 ! mo/ sci5tific ?9k]s c\ld n make l>ge progress4#cd ,! next great /ep 0 to pass f ari?metic to geometry z ! sci5ce ( space & to %[ h[ f> ! same laws gov]n$ bo?4 ,if we are n well in=m$ ^u ! beg9n+s ( ari?metic1 we are m =tunate 9 ! case ( geometry1 & "h1 if any:]e1 ! old ,greeks h be5 ! ackn[l$g$ tea*]s ( mod]n ,europe4 ,= we h 9 ! s-call$ ,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 compos$ mo/ probably at ,alex&ria ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 a summ>y ( all t _h be5 discov]$ up to 8 day1 d\btless ) _m new ?+s ( 8 own4 ,he _h di/9ctly built ^u 8 pr$ecessors2 he has be=e him all ?r\gh 8 book a problem discuss$ 9 ,plato1 t ( ! possible numb] ( regul> polyh$ra1 & its solution =ms ! climax ( 8 "w4 ,b he beg9s f ! v beg9n+ & builds up 8 :ole doctr9e ) su* accuracy t a flaw 9 ! demon/ration is h>d to be f\nd4 ,h[ did ?is great ma/] atta9 to su* p]fection8 ,! =m ( 8 demon/rations does n sugge/ an intimacy ) ! logic ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessor ,ari/otle2 b f him he might easily h obta9$ ! :ole notion ( a /rictly d$uctive sci5ce1 :i*1 />t+ f ! smalle/ possible numb] ( prim>y data1 proce$s to d]ive f ^! by /rict demon/ration proposition aft] proposition4 ,philosoph]s ( our own "t h (t5 express$ wond] at ! cle>ness ) :i* ^! data are laid d[n4 ,!y are ?ree 9 k9d3 fir/ ! common notions1 :i* apply to all sci5ce & all practical life1 su* z 8! :ole is great] ?an its "p02 secondly1 ! axioms peculi> to our intuition ( space1 su* z 8two "r l9es _c enclose a space02 & ?irdly ! v simple po/ulates1 :i* am\nt to ! use ( a rul] & compass ) a p5cil4 ,!re are besides v c>eful def9itions1 s c>eful t !y are at fir/ obscure1 because !y apply to ! ideal con/ruction ( ! m9d 9 its intuition ( pure space & d n conc]n !mselves ab\t ! flaws ( actual figures4 ,?us 8 8po9t :i* has no p>ts0 is n no?+ at all1 b ! m9imum ( def9ite place2 8 "r l9e1 8:i* lies 9 ! same way 77 betwe5 any two po9ts tak5 ^u its l5g?10 is simply unity ( direction4 ,e o!r l9e v>ies 9 direction 9 "s ( its successive p>ts4 ,?is is a direct appeal to intuition1 )\t :i* we c make no beg9n+ 9 ! sci5ce ( space4 ,su* also is ! axiom ab\t p>allel l9es4 ,su* is also ! pro( by sup]position1 to %[ t two triangles1 if "s ( _! measurem5ts be ! same1 mu/ :olly co9cide4 ,b ,i mu/ n attempt to give y a lecture on ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 ( :i* "s ( y may h evil recollections4 ,= x is ! mis=tune1 z well z ! glory1 ( a great "w n only to be repeat$ = c5turies1 b to be p>rot$ & trave/i$ by ^? :o m]ely accept its greatness f ! voice ( ages1 & :o come to ?9k t ! words ( inspiration only require bl9d repetition to in/ruct m54 ,s if ,euclid has become 9 _m classical s*ools a sort ( amulet or feti% 7:i* mu/ = common dec5cy be put 9 ! programme b :i* may be le>n$ by committ+ ! pro(s to memory )\t any intellig5ce7 su* a mis=tune is n ! fault ( ,euclid1 b ! mo/ pa!tic tribute to 8 g5ius4 ,let me also add1 = ! b5efit ( ^? ( y :o h nev] se5 m ?an six books ( ! ,elem5ts1 & :o probably ?\ght six m ?an en\gh1 t ^! are b ! introduction to ! discussion ( high] & m complex que/ions1 :i* %[ ! l>ge advance made by ! ,greeks 9 ?is sci5ce1 & :i* expla9 also h[ 9 o!r arts1 su* z ar*itecture1 !re is no defect = want ( sci5tific accuracy4 ,books ,,vii-,x are n on geometry1 b on high] ari?metic1 & ev5 treat1 z 9 ,book ,x1 ( incomm5surable or irrational quantities4 ,) ,,xi he beg9s to tea* solid geometry1 ! measurem5t ( pyramids1 cones1 sph]es1 & ! l1 end+ 7,,xiii7 ) ! discussion ( ! five regul> polyh$ra1 ( :i* ,plato _h long s9ce spok54 ,f ! great sequ5ce ( discov]]s & tea*]s ( pure ma!matics1 ,i ne$ only "h pick out ?ree immortal names3 ,apollonius ( ,p]ga1 liv+ ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 ^: geometrical treatm5t ( conic sections is1 ,i am in=m$1 a spl5did monum5t ( g5ius1 :i* w\ld /ill be ! basis ( mod]n /udy _h n ! treatm5t ( ^! figures by analysis entirely sup]s$$ ! geometrical me?od4 ,!n !re is ,pappus 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 :o gives u 9 eight books a review ( all ! previ\s ma/]s1 ) important additions ( 8 own4 ,! ?ird "n is ,diophantus1 :o liv$ mu* lat]1 p]haps 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & ^: "w is consid]$ ! fir/ great /ep t[>d ! sci5ce ( ,algebra4 ,all ^! speculations 7 develop$ 9 ! direction ( ma!matical physics by ,ar*im$es1 ,h]on1 & o!r great m5 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,! triumphs ( ,ar*im$es 9 me*anics a/oni%$ ! ,romans1 :o1 9 ! def5ce ( ,syracuse aga9/ _! attack1 f\nd him equal to a ho/4 ,b h[ little ,ar*im$es conf9$ himself to practical problems is %[n by 8 fam\s me?od ( det]m9+ ! area ( a circle by approximation1 by inscrib+ & circumscrib+ polygons ( a great numb] ( sides1 :i* c ( c\rse be treat$ & measur$ z a complex ( triangles4 ,?is is /ill1 ,i am told1 ! pro( admitt$ by mod]n ma!maticians z ! be/4 ,! works ( ,h]on %[ n only an excell5t practical k ( me*anics1 b ( hydro/atics1 f :i* he d$uces a numb] ( mo/ +5i\s inv5tions1 su* z our p5ny 9 ! slot1 & ev5 ! con/ruction ( a :ole sc5e act$ by m>ionettes mov+ by a mo/ elaborate hidd5 ma*9]y4 ,x#ce is a f9e specim5 ( 8 +5uity 9 us+ ! ord9>y me*anical contrivances4 ,he po/ulates a tall holl[ basis1 adorn$ ) pila/]s1 & hav+ an ar*itrave1 ) bo>ds cov]+ its upp] surface4 ,ov] ?is /&s a little r\nd temple1 visible f all sides1 ) six pill>s4 ,x is cov]$ ) a conical ro(1 & on ! apex is a figure ( ,victory ) outspread w+s & hold+ 9 h] "r h& a g>l&4 ,"u ! c5tre ( ! ro( /&s a figure ( ,bac*us1 hold+ a ?yrsus 9 8 left h&1 & a cup 9 8 "r4 ,at 8 feet lies a little /uff$ pan!r4 ,be=e & beh9d ,bac*us1 & outside ! temple1 /&s an alt> ) dry %av+s ( wood4 ,also on ea* side1 outside ! temple1 a ,bac*ante1 9 a prop] co/ume & attitude4 ,! :ole conc]n be+ set up at "s suitable spot1 ! exhibitor w retire1 & ! automatic ma*9e w pres5tly move =w>d to a fix$ spot4 ,! mom5t x /ops1 ! alt> fire 9 front ( ,bac*us w light up1 & f 8 ?yrsus w fl[ milk or wat]1 & f 8 cup w9e w be p\r$ out on ! pan!r b5ea? him1 ! pila/]s b5ea? w be adorn$ ) g>l&s1 ! ,bac*antes w dance r\nd ! temple2 drums & cymbals w be he>d4 ,:5 ?is noise ceases1 ! figure ( ,bac*us w turn r\nd to ! o!r alt> & all ! movem5ts be repeat$ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,z soon z ?is has happ5$ ! second "t1 ! %[ is ov]1 & ! :ole ma*9e w return to its orig9al place4 ,we h felt b\nd1 he adds1 to make ! measurem5ts 7:i* he gives7 small1 = if made l>ge1 ! suspicion naturally arises 9 ! audi5ce t !re is a man inside ! ma*9e produc+ all ! movem5ts4 ,?is precaution1 !n1 %\ld be obs]v$ 9 mak+ any automatic ma*9e4 ,he !n proce$s to give 9 great detail ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e4 ,x is z +5i\s z any con/ruction ( ! pres5t day1 b _c be pres5t$ to y )\t a s]ies ( figures1 :i* are giv5 9 8 book4 ,any ( y may read x 9 ! ,greek 7,teubn] text71 to :i* is add$ an excell5t ,g]man translation4 ,x w be en\gh to m5tion t ! light+ ( ! alt> fires is done by conceal+ a lamp inside ! alt> imm$iately "u ! wood1 & by )draw+ a metal plate :i* sep>ates !m4 ,! fl[+ ( milk & w9e is produc$ by conceal+ two little res]voirs 9 ! summit ( ! build+1 & lead+ ! liquor by pipes d[n ! inside ( ! pill>s1 & up ! inside ( ! figure ( ,bac*us1 s t1 :5 ! cocks are turn$ by ma*9]y1 ! milk & w9e fl[ & rise to ! level ( ! ?yrsus & ! cup1 :i* are set und]nea? ! level ( ! ci/]ns4 ,x is evid5t en\gh t p :o c\ld d ^! ?+s 7 capable ( inv5t+ ! sakia n[ 9 use ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 :]e a horizontal :eel work$ r\nd a cap/an by ox5 moves ano!r set p]p5dicul>ly1 at "r angles to x1 furni%$ ) j>s1 :i* get fill$ bel[ &1 :5 !y pass ov] ! highe/ po9t ( _! revolution1 are empti$ into a wat] c\rse1 & s irrigate a high] level4 ,?is is well kn[n to h be5 ! inv5tion ( ^! ,alex&rian me*anicians1 ^: !ory _h long prec$$ _! practice1 & ^: applications ( sci5ce !y nev] valu$ s highly z _! pure speculations4 ,p]haps be=e leav+ ! subject ,i %\ld tell y :at 0 ! mov+ =ce 9 ! automatic ma*9]y4 ,x 0 a weight susp5d$ 9 ! air by a rope ov] a pulley1 :i*1 z soon z x 0 all[$ to s9k f its support1 made ! rope1 wrapp$ r\nd ! axle ( a l>ge :eel1 move ! :eel1 t 0 9 its turn connect$ ) o!r :eels4 ,) v great & +5i\s contrivance1 z ! ma*9]y 0 all c>efully conceal$1 ! exhibitor c\ld take 8 seat among ! spectators1 & make ! ignorant believe t ! :ole effect 0 produc$ by "s magic4 ,nor 7 ! laws ( optics & ! correction ( ! illusions ( sight neglect$4 ,euclid wrote a "w on ! subject :i* is n[ lo/2 b ! praise ( x by compet5t m5 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool %[s t x 0 on a level ) 8 o!r sci5tific productions4 ,to our educat$ public1 ! "w ( ! ,greeks 9 mo/ fields is kn[n at lea/ by he>say2 ! great libr>y ( ,greek ma!matics1 scores ( volumes1 "s ( :i* are only q rec5tly publi%$1 is1 except = ,euclid1 absolutely unkn[n4 ,yet f x is d]iv$ n only ! scanty k ( sci5ce t filt]$ ?r\gh ! ,romans into ,we/]n ,europe1 b also t adopt$ by ! ,arabs1 & :i* 9 translations f ,arabic v]sions came f !m into awak5+ ,italy & ,g]many & ,france4 ,b let me add t n[1 :5 _! discov]ies 9 pure ma!matics are be+ weigh$ by ! light ( exp]t k1 we are assur$ by all ^? really compet5t to judge t 9 no field ( le>n+ h ! old ,greeks %[n _! amaz+ orig9ality & acut5ess m signally ?an 9 high] ari?metic & 9 high] geometry4 ,! great fa!rs ( ! exact sci5ces are !re=e 9 ari?metic ! ,py?agoreans1 ^: hi/ory is too obscure to m5tion f x any s+le "n be=e ,ar*ytas1 ,euclid1 & ,!on ( ,smyrna2 9 geometry1 ,euclid2 9 me*anics1 ,ar*im$es2 9 conic sections1 ,apollonius ( ,p]ga2 9 hydro/atics1 ,h]on2 9 a/ronomy1 ,eudoxus & ,hipp>*us2 la/1 b n lea/1 9 high] ari?metic & algebra1 ,diophantus2 all ( ^! 71 moreov]1 m5 :o did n conf9e !mselves to any s+le dep>tm5t1 b promot$ accurate ?9k+ 9 _m4 ,^!1 & o!rs h>dly less great1 h left a record & a legacy to po/]ity second to none 9 its mighty consequ5ces4 ,b among !m all ,ari/otle /&s out z ! 8ma/] ( ^? t knew0--! man :o atta9$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages su* celebrity & au?ority t he n>r[ly escap$ be+ canonis$ z a sa9t 9 ! ,roman cal5d>4 ,if t di/9ction really belong$ to ! b5efactors ( mank9d1 ,i "k n t any man ev] liv$ :o _h a bett] claim to x4 ,= 8 life & activity m>k an epo* n only 9 ! progress ( _m sci5ces1 b 9 ! g5]al culture ( ! human m9d1 to :i* ,i "k no p>allel4 ,he 0 br\ght up "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,socratic me?od ( inquiry z p]fect$ by ,plato1 b1 ?\gh 9 "s popul> works 7n[ lo/7 he adopt$ ! dialogue z ! correct me?od ( tea*+1 !re c be no d\bt t ! sob] & practical tone ( 8 m9d made him despise all ! delays & delights ( "*-draw+1 & ( sp9n+ out ! subject1 = :at we h f him is pre-em95tly pla9 & sci5tific 9 =m4 ,!re is seldom an unnecess>y s5t5ce2 if !re be a metaphor1 x is a m]e fla% ( col\r across ! cold sev]ity ( 8 argum5t4 ,he writes l a man :o _h no "t to wa/e & a va/ _w ( subjects to tea*4 ,if x 0 /ill an age :5 ! sci5ces _h n ent]$ ^u ! pa? ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 b 7 philosophical speculations1 ,ari/otle did m ?an any man to e/abli% a sep>ation betwe5 philosophy & sci5ce1 :ile fully recognis+1 :at 9 our day mo/ sci5ti/s ignore1 t positive sci5ce )\t a s\nd k ( philosophy is apt to run into fatal mi/akes4 ,( c\rse ?is imm5se programme :i* ,ari/otle set be=e him c\ld n be c>ri$ out )\t l>ge collaboration1 & s we "k t1 z ,plato seems to h und]rat$ su* collaboration1 & ?us h fail$ 9 fruitfulness among 8 pupils1 ,ari/otle1 :o 0 n *os5 z 8 successor by ! s*ool 7,i suppose z usual !re 7 jeal\sies among ! commonplace & docile pupils t[>d ! great orig9al ?9k]71 =m$ & /imulat$ a b& ( help]s1 :o ga!r$ special obs]vations 9 botany1 m9]alogy1 zology1 physics z ! sci5ce ( nature1 & o!rs :o put into %ape 8 views on rhetoric & on poetry1 on e?ics & on !ology4 ,we h1 9 my op9ion1 a new specim5 ( su* delegat$ "w 9 ! n[ fam\s ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 :i* 0 kn[n & quot$ z ,ari/otle's ?r\gh lat] antiquity1 b :i* is r ! "w ( a pupil & n a brilliant "o4 ,b !n we "k t ,ari/otle ei!r wrote or br\ght out #aeh ( ^! tracts on ,greek con/itutions4 ,to ?is ,i %all return 9 a subsequ5t lecture4 ,!ophra/us1 ,eudemus1 & ,ari/ox5us are among ! be/-kn[n names ( ^! help]s1 & f ^! we h valuable "w extant4 ,physical geography 0 entru/$ to ,dikar*us4 ,all ^! rese>*es 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! same _s1 & ) t unity ( purpose t m>ks a s*ool4 ,!re 0 app>5tly b "o division ( all ! doma9 ( sci5ce 9 :i* ,ari/otle did no orig9al "w1 & yet 8 contribution to x is n to be und]rat$4 ,?is 0 ! field ( pure ma!matics4 ,= we "k t he entru/$ to 8 able/ pupil1 ,eudemus ! ,rhodian1 ! task ( writ+ ! hi/ory ( :at o!r m5 _h done 9 ?is field4 ,^! books on ! hi/ory ( ari?metic1 ( geometry1 & ( a/ronomy 7!n call$ a/rology7 7 well kn[n & valu$1 & ! mod]n critics decl>e t :atev] is n[ kn[n ab\t ! e>li] developm5t ( ma!matics 0 d]iv$ f ?is pure & ri* s\rce4 ,/ill m rem>kable is x t ?is1 ! "p ( ! edifice to :i* ,ari/otle himself did n contribute1 %\ld h be5 ! only "o t took root & fl\ri%$ )\t any p]iod ( corruption or decay4 ,z to ,ari/otle's p]sonal compet5ce 9 ?is matt]1 ,i am assur$ by ! be/ ma!maticians t 8 n infrequ5t allusions to ma!matics1 by way ( metaphor or illu/ration1 %[ a cle> & s\nd und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 ! vag>y ( an idle admir]1 b ! delib]ate expression ( a weighty judge1 :5 we le>n f him 9 8 ,discussion on ,beauty--:i* he1 be+ a ,greek1 ( c\rse seeks 9 =m1 symmetry1 & proportion--t ! highe/ & noble/ examples ( e>?ly beauty are to be f\nd 9 ma!matics4 ,euclid 0 almo/ ! contempor>y ( ,ari/otle1 & s ! ,p]ipatetic ,ma!matics f\nd at ,alex&ria a new home & a mighty developm5t1 :i* la/$ = c5turies & is n /ay$ to ?is day4 ,b ! re/ ( ! va/ sy/em ( ,ari/otle seems1 aft] ab\t two g5]ations1 to h fall5 into incompet5t h&s4 ,! activity ( ! ,greek intellect pass$ into o!r *annels & became aga9 purely philosophical & e?ical in/ead ( sci5tific1 z ,i %all %[ :5 ,i speak ( ! ,/oic & ,epicurean sy/ems4 ,b !re 0 ano!r bran* ( practical sci5ce :i*1 if n creat$ by ,ari/otle1 0 c]ta9ly promot$ by 8 /udies 9 zology & botany4 ,we /ill reg>d ^! sci5ces z a necess>y introduction to m$ic9e1 & we may be sure t 9 old days ! ord] ( su* /udies 0 n diff]5t4 ,! di/9ction ( be+ ! fa!r ( rational m$ic9e ne$ n be add$ to ! o!r cr[ns :i* adorn ! great sage4 ,bo? ,greeks & mod]ns are unanim\s 9 aw>d+ t hon\r to ,hippocrates ( ,kos1 :]e !re 0 an old guild ( physicians1 ( :i* he 0 nei!r ! fir/ nor ! la/ ( 8 "n4 ,h5ce ! works n[ kn[n z ^? ( ,hippocrates may n all be ! actual writ+ ( "o man2 = z ) ,ari/otle1 s ) ,hippocrates1 !re 0 a s*ool1 & ! pupils foll[$ 9 ! ma/]'s pa?4 ,b !re is no d\bt :atev] z to ! "* & tone ( 8 tea*+4 ,we f9d ev5 a lit]>y gr&eur 9 8 prose1 t is n ! writ+ ( any b a great ma/]4 ,! fam\s op5+ ( 8 ,aphorisms is probably kn[n to mo/ ( my he>]s4 ,b x is a puzzle to translate )\t dull amplification4 ,"h is a p>aphrase3 8,life is brief1 yet craft gr[s sl[ly2 ! "r "t is in/antane\s1 yet exp]i5ce is trea*]\s1 & decision burd5some40 ,z is ! /yle1 s is ! ?9k+ out ( ! problems be=e him4 ,/>t+ f hygi5e z ! prop] basis ( m$ic9e1 he ?9ks ^? %\ld be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ physicians :o improv$ ! food ( primitive m5 by cru%+ gra91 by cook+ meat1 & by select+ edible vegetables4 ,f t "t onw>d1 !re 0 gr[+ up an exp]i5ce ( :at 0 heal?y & :at ! rev]se4 ,x is ?is exp]i5ce :i* he seeks to sy/ematise by c>eful obs]vation & s to e/abli% laws ( hygi5e1 & ! probable natural prophylactics or rem$ies af=d$ by air1 wat]1 & climate4 ,he analyses ) c>e ! prop] aspect = a t[n & decides 79 ! latitudes :i* he knew7 = ! ea/]n z ! be/ & ! we/]n z ! wor/4 ,he discusses ! quality ( ! wat] supply1 & lays great /ress ^u its altitude4 ,he sets d[n c>eful cl9ical records ( cases ( fev]--typhus1 pu]p]al1 mal>i\s1 & ! l4 ,! results ( ?is rational treatm5t ( disease 7 f>-rea*+ & p]man5t4 ,to cite to y ! cl\d ( witnesses w\ld be m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,b ,i w take "o in/ance1 closely relat$ to ! hi/ory ( my great college & ( m$ic9e 9 ,irel&4#cf ,! f\nd] ( ! ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,irel& "u ! ,cromwellians & ,*>les ,,ii4 0 ,john ,/e>ne1 a gr&-nephew ( ,ar*bi%op ,us%]1 himself also a !ologian & metaphysician4 ,driv5 out ( ,irel& by ! /ress ( ! ,rebellion ( #afda1 & educat$ 9 all ! m$ical le>n+ ( ,cambridge1 he return$ ) ! ,cromwellian re/oration ( ord] & became n only a ,fell[ ( 8 college 7along ) "s em95t ,puritans f ,h>v>d7 b a di/+ui%$ practition] 9 ,dubl94 ,by 8 influ5ce 0 f\nd$ ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 once an adjunct to ! ,univ]sity & ev] s9ce a great & dignifi$ corporation1 :i* has = _m g5]ations contribut$ em95t m5 to m$ical sci5ce4 ,b ,/e>ne1 l ,hippocrates1 n only practis$2 he wrote works on life & dea?2 he 0 a !ori/ & a philosoph]4 ,?is man1 writ+ f ! highe/ /&po9t ( ,cambridge & ( ,dubl9 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 tells u ov] & ov] aga9 t ! works ( ,hippocrates are wellnigh infallible1 & are ! only sure guide to m$ical sci5ce 9 8 day4#cg ,! causes ( ?is attitude are n f> to seek4 ,all m$ival m$ic9e _h be5 ru9$ by ! admission ( sup]natural influ5ces1 special int]v5tions1 ! action ( evil spirits1 ! conjunction ( ho/ile con/ellations1 & o!r rubbi% at :i* we n[ smile1 b :i* m5 ( sci5ce !n deplor$4 ,! fir/ great feature 9 ,hippocrates is ! utt] ignor+ ( any su* influ5ces z ! special causes ( disease or cure4 ,he is afraid ( no gho/ or gobl91 he nev] m5tions an incantation4 ,& "h is a mom5t\s passage1 :i* probably few ( y h ev] read1 t expresses ! m5tal attitude ( 8 s*ool4 ,he is speak+ ( a class ( pati5ts affect$ ) impot5ce :o are v5]at$ among ! ,scy?ians & ev5 wor%ipp$1 ea* man fe>+ = himself1 z he attributes ! sickness to a special visitation ( 8 ,god4 8,well n[ ,i also ?9k t ^! diseases are ( div9e ord9ance & s are all ! re/1 b n "o ( !m m div9e or human ?an ! re/1 b all are homog5e\s1 & all f ! gods4 ,yet ea* ( !m has its nature1 & no?+ happ5s )\t a natural cause40 ,he !n goes on to expla9 ! disease f ! practice ( too mu* rid+1 & obs]v+ t x attacks ! ri* m usually ?an ! poor1 because ! latt] d n live on horseback1 he argues3 ,if ?is disease 7 inde$ m div9e 9 orig9 ?an ! re/1 x ought n to attack ! ri* & well br$ among ! ,scy?ians1 b all alike2 nay r ! poor 9 pref]5ce1 if inde$ ! gods delight 9 hon\r & s]vice f m51 & %[ !m fav\r accord+ly4 ,= x is b natural t ! ri* %\ld (f] _m sacrifices to ! gods z !y h bo? weal? & hon\r2 b ! poor less s1 ei!r f want ( means1 or want ( good w t[>d ! gods :o h n fav\r$ !m1 s t ! poor ought to be specially subject to puni%m5t = _! transgressions or mi/akes4 ,b z ,i said be=e1 ?is disease is heav5-s5t l ! re/4 ,= ev]y?+ happ5s accord+ to nature4 ,?is 0 ! _s t di$ out :5 ! ,greek _w decay$1 & ,europe fell a victim to ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,!n came ! heyday ( miracul\s images1 ( relics ) p[] to cure1 ( pilgrimages1 ( int]cessions1 ( all t m5tal degradation :i* ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 f> f repudiat+1 us$ = its own purposes4 ,& s ! resurrection ( m$ical sci5ce 0 connect$ ) rebellion aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,among e ?ree physicians1 are two a!i/s1 0 ! ^w1 & ev5 ! pi\s ,/e>ne1 :om ,i h m5tion$1 prea*es a purely ,/oic cre$1 & sy/ematically ignores all ! rites ( 8 *ur*4 ,hippocrates & 8 s*ool _h 9 _! day to combat simil> sup]/itions1 j z ! sci5tific m$ic9e ( our day has to deal ) ,l\rdes & ) ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 we h recov]$ f oblivion ! ru9s ( ! temple & t[n ( ,epidauros1 :]e ! god sculapius _h a fam\s %r9e1 & :]e hundr$s ( pilgrims assembl$ to seek cures = _! sev]al ailm5ts4 ,_! recreation 0 z well look$ aft] z 9 any mod]n wat]+-place2 ! !atre 0 ! mo/ spl5did ?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,greece1 & !re 7 porticoes1 & ba?s1 & groves to secure t com=t & idle amusem5t :i* h a great effect on heal?4 ,b z we "k f ! ridicule ( ,ari/ophanes1 corroborat$ by numb]s ( inscriptions commemorat+ cures1 ! me?od ( ^! ,asklepiads 0 f> beh9d ^? ( ,kos2 x 0 sup]/iti\s & n sci5tific4 ,dreams & om5s1 *>ms & c]emonial acts /ill /ood 9 ! way ( s\nd hygi5e & c>eful cl9ical obs]vation4 ,n t ,i d5y ! occurr5ce ( cures "u su* treatm5t4 ,! mo/ sceptical exam9ation ( ! annals ( ,l\rdes %[s t m5tal influ5ces w cure n only m5tal diseases1 & diseases kn[n z n]v\s1 b ev5 ^? t seem$ absolutely physical4 ,& :at ! ,bless$ ,virg9 does = ! fai?ful ( ,l\rdes may d\btless be done by ! influ5ce ( m human & tangible causes4 ,^! admissions1 :i* ,i make freely1 w n *ange ! op9ion n[ held by e true man ( sci5ce4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,hippocrates & 8 s*ool1 & t :i* he s\ght to en=ce by 8 !ory & 8 practice4 ,! great tru? t "w is :at exhau/s ! human frame1 & t food supplies ?is wa/e1 0 laid d[n cle>ly 9 _! practice4 ,! equally important pr9ciple1 t no organ w keep 9 heal? & vig\r )\t ex]cise ( its natural function & t if disus$ x w %r9k or decay1 0 also cle>ly pron\nc$4 ,!y ev5 guess$ t ! greate/ problem ( m$ic9e 7:i* !y fail$ to solve7 0 ! passage f inorganic into organic sub/ances4 ,x is ( c\rse idle to say t ^! practition]s 7 n encumb]$ & %ackl$ by _m false guesses1 _m pret5d$ discov]ies1 _m gr\ndless speculations ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,b z ! fam\s oa?1 :i* e practition] 9 ! s*ool ( ,kos took1 expresses cle>ly ! high moral aim ) :i* ev5 n[ ! physician ent]s on 8 noble "w1 ! solemn decl>ation t he w n abuse 8 influ5ce or intimacy 9 any h\se = selfi% or immoral purposes1 s 9 _! sci5tific aims ^! ,greeks s\ght to advance human k by record+ hone/ly _! obs]vations1 ev5 by tell+ ( _! failures1 & by seek+ to leave beh9d !m su* cl9ical "w z might enlight5 n only successors b oppon5ts4 ,if we comp>e ?is truly mode/ & sci5tific attitude ) t ( ! doctors :om ,molire sc\rg$1 & ^: practice is b too well kn[n to u f ! m9ute acc\nt ( _! treatm5t ( pr9cely or ev5 royal pati5ts1 we %all aga9 come to ! conclusion t :]e ! ,greeks fail$ to tea* mod]n ,europe x 0 n = want ( ri* sugge/ion & spl5did anticipations ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,i ne$ h>dly tell y 79 conclusion7 t ,i h n only conf9$ myself to t\*+ ! fr+es ( ^! va/ subjects2 ,i h delib]ately omitt$ l>ge topics su* z optics1 & ! correction ( optical delusions1 :i* ! ,greeks atta9$ by a subtle use ( curves1 n m]ely sections ( a l>ge circle1 b p>ticul>ly by ! use ( ! conic section /ill kn[n by its ,greek "n ( hyp]bola4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t _! a/ronomy1 ) its pr$iction ( eclipses1 its application to ! cal5d>1 & its use z ! basis ( sci5tific geography4 ,_h ,i attempt$ to weave all ^! matt]s into ! pres5t lecture1 ,i mu/ h giv5 y a kaleidoscope & n a picture4 ,! ma9 fact to be impress$ ^u y is t ! great triumphs ( ! ,greeks 9 art & 9 lit]ature 7 n atta9$ )\t a /rict education 9 h>d ?9k+ & close reason+4 ,plato is said to h made x ! fir/ condition ( ent]+ on a c\rse ( philosophy t ! pupil %\ld h /udi$ geometry4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) t pr9ciple t 9 our old] univ]sities e /ud5t1 ?\gh he 7 a speciali/ 9 classics1 mu/ %[ an adequate k ( ma!matics4 ,no man 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 c take ! degree 9 languages )\t hav+ be5 taught1 & hav+ qualifi$ 91 pure ma!matics1 physics1 & a/ronomy4 ,t 0 ! k9d ( education giv5 by ! ,greeks4 ,s f> z we h dep>t$ f x 9 our education2 s f> z we h sub/itut$ hurry = delib]ation1 quantity ( facts = quality ( k1 miscellane\s in=mation = sy/ematic ?9k+1 s f> we h r5d]$ mod]n culture impot5t to rival _! excell5ce4 ,,vii ,,politics--,,sociology--,,law ,!re is no dep>tm5t ( ,greek life :]e we feel its mod]nness m int5sely ?an :5 we come to consid] political & social philosophy4 ,! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans t le>n$ f !m1 write & talk l ?or\ghly mod]n m52 ! discussions ( ,ari/otle & ! treatises ( ,cic]o are q fit to in/ruct u 9 ! pres5t day on ! possibilities ( organis+ human society4 ,! rights ( wom51 = example1 are a topic ) :i* !y 7 p]fectly famili>4 ,pass into :at are ju/ly call$ ! ,d>k ,ages or e>ly ,middle ,ages1 & y feel t ! _w has gone c5turies back & n =w>d4 ,! reign ( sup]/ition1 ! tyranny ( ! prie/1 ! mis]ies ( ! *url1 ! *ildi%ness ( art1 ! utt] /agnation ( lit]ature1 ! sub/itution ( =tresses = free cities1 viol5ce = law1 savage rud5ess = poli%$ urbanity--^! are ! a/\nd+ conditions ( an ,europe mo/ ( :i* once _h enjoy$ real civilisation4 ,among o!r causes ( ?is /range retrogression 9 hi/ory1 n ! lea/ is ! disappe>ance ( ,greek life & culture into ! ,ea/1 :]e ,con/ant9ople /ill adh]$ to great ,hell5ic traditions at lea/ 9 law1 9 language1 & 9 art4 ,all t ,roman life & ?\ght _h borr[$ f ,greece 0 unable to make ,lat9 culture fruitful & p]man5t1 because x 0 borr[$ f ,greece & n really assimilat$2 s x came to pass t1 comp>$ ) ! brightness & buoyancy ( ,greek culture1 ! reign ( ! ,lat9 ?r\gh civilis$ ,europe 0 an epo* ( /&/ill1 ( =malism1 ( intellectual b>r5ness1 ( ossification4 ,s long z ! ,romans 7 m]e docile pupils ( ! ,greeks1 !y made great progress 9 ! arts ( life2 z soon z !y felt !mselves ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]s ( ! _w & came to look d[n ^u _! tea*]s1 _! inborn co>s5ess & want ( g5ius began to reass]t itself1 & b = ! influ5ce ( an ,ori5tal cre$1 dome/icat$ among !m by ! ,greeks1 !y w\ld h relaps$1 along ) _! b>b>ian invad]s1 into intellectual insignificance4 ,:5 we inquire into ! causes t made politics s develop$ a feature among ! ,greeks1 we %all 9 ! fir/ place f9d1 ev5 9 ,hom]'s societies1 ! habit ( op5 discussion a lead+ fact 9 ev]yday life4 ,!re is a sort ( in/9ct to h ?+s talk$ ov] & reason$ out1 s mu* s t ! v k+1 :o has come to a decision ) 8 c\ncil1 & has ample au?ority to fulfil x1 w n d s )\t call+ toge!r an assembly ( ! soldi]s 9 ! camp or ! free citiz5s 9 ! m>ket-place1 & seek+ to obta9 _! approval by acclamation4 ,?is assembly1 call$ toge!r to approve1 )\t any p[] ( vot+ or ( rev]s+ ! pr9ce's decision1 is reg>d$ by all hi/orians z ! embryo ( ! long-subsequ5t sovran assemblies ( citiz5s 9 e ,greek democracy4 ,!re seem ev5 to h be5 ass]tions ( absolute p[] 9 ! m\? ( ! k+s 9 "s ( ! old texts ( ! ,iliad1 :i* 7 expung$ by editors1 c]ta9ly n ^? ( ,alex&ria1 to :om su* an ass]tion c\ld conta9 no (f5ce1 b by e>li] editors :o prep>$ ! poems = ! free cities ( ,greece4#ch ,! next /imulant to ! developm5t ( politics 0 ! coexi/5ce ( _m small city-/ates1 ) only a few miles squ>e ( t]ritory1 ea* a little sovranty :]e no k+ c\ld ma9ta9 ! my/]y ( seclusion or ! ob/acle ( a solemn etiquette1 :i* ,x5ophon p]ceiv$ to be ess5tial conditions ( ! great absolute mon>*y ( ! ,p]sians4 ,s x came t ! old sovranties1 :i* ,ari/otle tells u _h be5 h]$it>y & limit$#ci z x 7 a model to lat] nations 9 con/itutional sovranty1 pass$ away1 (t5 )\t revolution1 into ari/ocracies1 :i* 7 ! lead+ type ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w bo? 9 classical & 9 m$ival times1 s long z ! mass ( ! p 7 too ignorant to take ^u !m ! managem5t ( public affairs4 ,ari/otle tells u t ! masses easily rema9 quiet & cont5t$1 provid$ !y are kept 9 employm5t & 9 com=t by ! good managem5t ( ! few4 ,su* an example y are all famili> ) 9 ! ,v5etian ,republic1 :i*1 l ,c>?age ( old1 ma9ta9$ = a long p]iod1 )\t s]i\s int]nal di/urbance1 a consid]able empire ) a population busy & ri* by _! trade4 ,:]e ! viol5ce or ! selfi%ness ( ! few 9 p[] :o 7 desc5dants ( ! old families ( nobles :i* _h once be5 ! c\ncil ( ! k+s1 or :o _h !mselves be5 local *iefs--:]e1 ,i say1 ! neglect or viol5ce ( ^! m5 produc$ intol]able h>d%ips1 we h sangu9>y revolutions1 at fir/ usually "u ! lead]%ip ( an ambiti\s r5egade or soldi] ( noble orig91 :o set ! masses aga9/ ! classes4 ,lat]1 ! masses 7 /rong en\gh to make _! revolutions by con/itutional or semi-con/itutional means1 & s ga9$ a political p[] :i* !y c\ld seldom ma9ta9 )\t putt+ to dea? or exil+ ! lead]s ( ! nobles4 ,a read] ( ,?ucydides or ,x5ophon w recall ! mann] 9 :i* ! exiles work$ c\nt]-revolutions1 & ?us /a9$ ! face ( ,greece ) viol5ce & blood%$4 ,^! sc5es ( viol5ce play s l>ge a "p 9 our ,greek hi/ories t y w wond] h[ any su* p c\ld be a model to o!rs 9 me?ods ( politics1 & x is = t reason t ,i ?9k x necess>y to notice ! matt]4 ,:5 we look bel[ ! surface we %all f9d t !re 7 elem5ts ( ord] nev] eradicat$1 & t ! crimes ( ! lead]s ( society did n infect ! common-s5se1 or de/roy ! safety1 ( ! mass ( ! p1 until ! g5]al decad5ce 9 ! days ( ,polybius & ! ,roman int]f]5ce4 ,:at is ?is evid5ce8 ,x is n to be f\nd )\t "s reflection1 =1 z ,i h said1 x is bel[ ! surface4 ,!re is no common] phrase 9 ! m\? ( ,greek revolutioni/s1 or 9 ! m\? ( ^? t dread$ !m1 ?an 8abolition ( debts1 & r$ivision ( ! l&40#dj ,ari/otle m5tions ^! z ! wat*word ( ! mob-lead]s4 ,b :5 ,i 0 ask$1 ye>s ago1 by ! late ,h5ry ,sidgwick ( ,cambridge1 to f9d him actual in/ances ( su* a revolution 9 au!ntic ,greek hi/ory1 ,i well rememb] my own surprise1 & 8 also1 :5 ,i said !re 7 none to be f\nd4 ,"s su* ?+s may possibly h happ5$ 9 ! great ,sicilian tr\bles1 :5 a tyrant drove out ! old free population1 & settl$ a t[n ) ! surr\nd+ *urls & 8 m]c5>y troops2 b on ! g5]al face ( ,greek hi/ory1 & 9 ! records ( ! well kn[n /ates1 y w n f9d an in/ance4#da ,! mo/ radical measure to :i* ,i c po9t is ! r$uction ( debts tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 by ,solon1 :o 0 a v cons]vative /atesman1 & "o mo/ anxi\s to gu>d ! m]cantile good "* ( 8 city4 ,z !re 0 no loss ( public cr$it to ,a!ns 9 8 "t1 x is cle> t ! debts light5$ by ?is exceptional proce$+ mu/ h be5 only ! debts ( a class1 probably ^? due f poor f>m]s or lab\r]s to _! oppressive l&lords4 ,if s1 x 0 n m tr5*ant ?an ! pres5t l& legislation ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 :]e ! annual r5ts ( t5ants h1 9 violation ( old & =mal private contracts1 be5 cut d[n by ! /ate1 (t5 z mu* z tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 ,! ,greeks 7 great trad]s by sea & l& & no trade c be c>ri$ on )\t assur$ public cr$it4 ,unless inve/m5ts are fairly safe1 no m]cantile society c ?rive4 ,! ord9>y rate ( int]e/ 9 ,greece1 twelve p] c5t4 p] annum1 appe>s at fir/ he>+ to be evid5ce ( insecurity4 ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x 0 n high] ?an ! av]age int]e/#db at ,rome :5 t dom9ant p held ! trade ( ! _w1 & made !mselves z safe z c\ld be4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 t & our ?ree p] c5t4 arises f ! g5]al sc>city at ! "t ( great =tunes 9 money1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( transit & ! imp]fect k ( a tok5 curr5cy4 ,banks & bills ( ex*ange !y commonly us$1 b to l5d money to citiz5s ( a neighb\r+ /ate1 liv+ "u diff]5t laws & ) /range c\rts ( law1 0 nev] easy1 & s ! areas ( l5d+ & borr[+ 7 n z !y are n[1 a :ole cont95t or ev5 ! :ole globe4 ,y might imag9e su* a /ate ( ?+s "h 9 y\r c\ntry if ea* ,/ate 0 conf9$ to seek inve/m5ts )9 its own limits1 9 :i* case y might soon f9d a rate ( int]e/ = import$ capital n l[] ?an t among ! ,greeks4 ,!re 0 ano!r /rong *eck+ p[] :i* mu/ always h mod]at$ ! revolution>y transports ( ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 ! exi/5ce 9 all ! great] cities ( a l>ge population ( slaves4 ,we "k f ! hi/ory bo? ( ,argos & ( ,sp>ta t ?is 0 a /&+ dang] to ! free population1 & we may be sure t 9 _m cases free m5 compos$ _! diff]5ces1 or at lea/ mod]at$ _! victory ov] _! oppon5ts1 r ?an risk hav+ bo? subdu$ by a =eign elem5t4 ,y w tell me p]haps t ! fact t all ! ,greek _w held slaves is ano!r antiquat$ /&po9t1 :i* prev5ts !m f be+ fit tea*]s = mod]n nations4 ,b to me t "q does n appe> s simple1 & p]haps ) ! exp]i5ces ( ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ev5 ! ,am]ican public t has "t = reflection may h "s d\bts on ! matt]4 ,s great a ?9k] z ,ari/otle felt q cle> ab\t x2 he believ$ t !re 7 inf]ior races fit only to be controll$1 n to control1 & he held t x 0 = _! good :5 ^! 7 co]c$ by ! sup]ior intellig5ce & education ( ,greeks4 ,he does n express himself1 s f> z ,i "k1 ab\t ! _m slaves :o 7 ,greek prison]s ( w>1 b f 8 g5]al views x is c]ta9 t he w\ld n approve ( ?is =m ( slav]y4 ,let me add 9 ?is connection t he repeat$ly says analog\s ?+s ( ^? occupi$ ) l[ h&icrafts1 su* z t9k]s or cobbl]s1 :i* require all _! "t & leave !m no leisure to educate !mselves or to le>n high] ?+s4 ,he ?9ks ^! work]s :olly unfit to be 9 ! gov]n+ class ( any /ate1 & ma9ta9s t :]ev] !y ga9$ p[] x 0 9 an extreme democracy :i* soon display$ ! vices ( t sort ( gov]nm5t4 ,y mu/ rememb] t 9 ! small ,greek polity1 :i* consi/$ ( a city & a t]ritory ( tw5ty or ?irty miles squ>e1 ! exp$i5t ( *oos+ repres5tatives locally & s5d+ !m to ! c5tral assembly 0 nev] felt to be necess>y4 ,! citiz5 mu/ g himself to ! assembly & sp5d 8 day !re2 he 0 liable to be *os5 7(t5 by lot1 t consid]s no conv5i5ce7 = duties ei!r adm9i/rative or judicial4 ,x 0 evid5t t ^? b\nd to e>n _! daily bread mu/ /& aside & p]mit ! m leisur$ classes to d ?is "w4 ,?is leisur$ class1 moreov]1 0 greatly enl>g$ by ! exi/5ce ( slaves1 = ev5 ! poor ,a!nian _h 8 manual lab\r done = him & s _h ! necess>y "t = att5d+ public duties4 ,! ,greeks nev] dreamt ( giv+ _! judges or politicians l>ge sal>ies1 z we d1 hold+ t ! /ate _h a "r to claim ! :ole life & en]gy ( its citiz5s4 ,aga9/ "o ano!r ^! citiz5s 7 amply protect$ by ! laws2 !re 0 no protection aga9/ ! dem&s ( /ate1 ev5 :5 ^! involv$ ! sacrifice ( life itself4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al frame ( m9d among ?\ghtful ,greeks & ! great object ( ! mo/ p]fect /ate be+ to secure ! happ9ess1 & !re=e ( c\rse ! lib]ty1 ( ! mass ( its citiz5s1 we ne$ n wond] t !y paid e>ly & con/ant att5tion to ! fram+ ( _! laws1 s t ^! (f]$1 fir/ to ! ,romans 7:o us$ ! ,attic ,code :5 draw+ up ! ,laws ( ! ,,xii ,tables7 & !n to o!r nations1 models ( prud5t legislation4 ,all _! !ori/s fur!r insi/$1 ) no unc]ta9 voice1 t ! success ( any code ( laws mu/ dep5d ^u ! enlight5m5t ( ! public t uses !m4 ,i proce$ !re=e to speak briefly on ?ree aspects ( ,greek legislation1 ! crim9al1 ! civil1 & :at ,i may call ! int]national1 9 ord] to make cle> 9 h[ _m ways ! ,greeks 7 our ma/]s1 s t we may /ill /udy _! me?ods ( gov]nm5t ) pr(it4 ,! crim9al law naturally comes fir/1 = ! mo/ urg5t ess5tial ( civilis$ life is public safety1 enabl+ ! citiz5 to g ab\t :5 & :]e he likes )\t fe> ( p]sonal mole/ation1 or ev5 ( be+ ! witness ( viol5ce4 ,! ,greeks 7 s well aw>e ( ?is t !y did n ?9k any polity civilis$ till m5 _h :olly ab&on$ ! habit ( c>ry+ weapons1 & if ,ari/otle or ,?ucydides _h be5 told t 9 ,am]ica a numb] ( respectable citiz5s ( free /ates /ill g arm$1 !y w\ld h said1 8,t 0 once ! habit 9 ,greece also1 b n[ we are civilis$1 & reg>d su* a practice z ess5tially b>b>\s40 ,if !re _h be5 any likelihood ( its be+ reviv$ !y w\ld c]ta9ly h made x p5al1 & su* seems ! prop] c\rse 9 any c\ntry :]e ! los+ ( a man's temp] may cause ! los+ ( 8 life1 z well z t ( o!rs4 ,9 mod]n ,europe we h happily rea*$ t /age1 & ev5 9 ,irel&1 :]e !re are (t5 p ?reat5$ = agr>ian disputes1 & protect$ by ! police1 ! re/ ( ! population walks ab\t securely night & day1 9 cr[d$ cities & 9 lonely wilds1 )\t ev] ?9k+ ( c>ry+ a weapon4 ,! ,attic law1 :i* repres5ts ! highe/1 & also ! pure/ ,greek feel+1 0 extremely jeal\s n only ( ! safety1 b ( ! dignity ( ! citiz51 & any assault 9 ! /reets1 ev5 if x caus$ no dang]\s hurt1 0 sev]ely puni%$ by ! law4 ,z 9 mod]n societies1 ev5 to t\* a man rudely1 or aga9/ 8 w1 0 puni%$ z an assault1 & if ! man assault$ happ5$ to be p]=m+ any (ficial duty = ! /ate1 ! (f5ce might be consid]$ 9 ! light ( lse-maje/1 or treason aga9/ ! dignity ( ! /ate4 ,! p5alty ( dea? 0 inde$ inflict$1 especially 9 ! old] codes1 ) a frequ5cy rem9d+ u ( ! ,european codes ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b z reg>ds citiz5s !re 7 two mitigations :i* made ev5 ^! sev]e laws mild] & m civilis$ ?an mo/ ( ours4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 g5]ally facility giv5 to ! man :o 0 condemn$ to escape ov] ! fronti]1 & except 9 cases ( great crimes aga9/ ! /ate1 extradition 0 n ?\ght (4 ,exile 0 ( c\rse a sev]e p5alty1 = x meant liv+ abroad z a =eign]1 n protect$ by ! safegu>ds t encompass$ ! citiz5s ar\nd him4 ,secondly1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! dea? s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ out 0 inf9itely m humane & polite ?an our abom9able executions4 ,! case ( ,socrates is no d\bt famili> to y all4 ,he 0 left free ( *a9s to talk ) 8 fri5ds & ! cup ( poison 0 plac$ beside him1 to be tak5 be=e ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,ev5 ! jailor is repres5t$ z a humane & civil man1 :o c>ri$ out 8 function ) e consid]ation4 ,i w n d5y t ^! v advanc$ features 9 ,greek law 7 9 contra/ to "s /ill b>b>\s survivals2 ,i mean ! tortur+ ( slaves & ! sev]ity ( mak+ a dea? s5t5ce foll[ on ! majority ( "o 9 a v l>ge jury4 ,b survivals ( b>b>ism 7 b ye/]day frequ5t en\gh ) ourselves4 ,let u n[ turn to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! civil law1 by :i* ,i mean ! laws controll+ ! hold+ ( prop]ty1 ! mak+ ( contracts1 & beque/s by te/am5t4 ,i _c see 9 ! _m contracts we h f ,greece1 or f ,egyptian ,greece1 :5 settl$ by ,greece immigrants1 t ! g5]al _s or ! accuracy ( ^! docum5ts diff]s f ^? ( our day1 except t ! p5alties = brea* ( contract seem mu* sev]] ?an ours4 ,9 ! case ( a money obligation1 ! debtor :o did n repay )9 a fix$ date 0 commonly f9$ fifty p] c5t4 = 8 delay4 ,!re may h be5 _m cases ( loans 9 k9d1 e4g41 ( se$ corn1 :]e su* a p5alty 0 n unreasonable1 = !re are ?+s :i* are v valuable at a c]ta9 season1 & :i* aft] t mu/ lie useless = _m mon?s4 ,b on ! :ole ,i ?9k ! ,greek idea ( keep+ a contract 0 /rict] ?an ours1 & ! law m sev]e4 ,su* 0 also ! case ) ! ,roman law1 :i* 0 borr[$ f ! ,greek4 ,9 s cursory a review ( a l>ge subject1 ,i c only select "o or two po9ts z illu/rations1 & speak ( !m z specim5s ( ! g5]al enlight5m5t ( ! age4 ,i !re=e turn to a p>ticul> class ab\t :i* we n[ "k a great deal1 m p>ticul>ly ow+ to a l>ge discov]y ( docum5ts :i* ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to make 9 #ahij4 ,x is ! ,greek w or te/am5t4 ,lawsuits conc]n+ su* docum5ts also =m ! majority ( ! spee*es ( ,isu1 ! collection ( :i* has be5 edit$ ) great skill & le>n+ by ,mr4 ,william ,wyse ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t all ?is matt] ( te/am5t 0 due to ! ,romans4 ,x seems n[ tol]ably c]ta9 t 9 ?is z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r ref9em5ts ( life ! ,romans only transmitt$ to u :at ! ,greeks _h taught !m4 ,9 mo/ e>ly /ates x is only gradually1 & n )\t "s jeal\sy1 t ! individual is p]mitt$ to bequea? 8 prop]ty z he pleases4 ,at fir/1 he is reg>d$ z ! memb] ( a clan1 to :i* 8 prop]ty rev]ts "u c]ta9 fix$ conditions2 lat] on1 ! /ate controls ! division ( x among ! imm$iate family ( ! te/ator1 & w n p]mit any pass+ ( x away to /rang]s1 /ill less to ^? :o are n citiz5s4 ,:e!r ! ,greek /ates ev] left absolute lib]ty to _! citiz5s 9 ?is matt] may be d\bt$1 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate be+ mu* m jeal\sly gu>d$ among ^! small polities ?an among ! l>ge mod]n ,/ates1 :5 an occasional misuse ( su* a p[] does no grave public mis*ief1 & only excites mod]ate c5sure4 ,b ! :ole =m ( ! wills we h 9 ,egyptian papyri1 & ( :i* we h examples 9 /one inscriptions1 su* z ! record ( ! w ( "o ,epicteta :o bequea!d h] e/ate to public & religi\s objects1 is p]fectly mod]n4 ,"h ,i quote y ! usual =mula4 ,fir/ comes ! date accord+ to ! ye>s ( k+s or eponym\s magi/rates4 ,!n 8,?is is ! w ( ,peisias ! ,lycian1 son ( ,x41 ( s\nd m9d & delib]ate int5tion4 ,may x be my lot to live on 9 heal? & manage m9e own prop]ty1 b %\ld any?+ human happ5 to me1 ,i bequea? to my *ildr5 s mu*1 to my wife su* & su* ?+s 7(t5 specify+ ! articles71 ,i set free c]ta9 slaves1 ,i set ap>t money = religi\s purposes4 ,& ,i appo9t z executors su* & su* p10 9 ! case ( soldi]s 9 ,egypt g5]ally ! ,k+ & ,que5 & _! *ildr52 & !n !re foll[ ! names ( sev]al1 (t5 sev5 or eight1 witnesses4#dc ,^! habits1 :i* imply a settl$ society1 ) ord9>y habits & traditions1 _h spread f ,greece to ,greek ,egypt ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y spread simil>ly n only to ! we/1 b ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or & ,syria s f> z !y 7 n 9 ^! regions already 9 vogue4 ,i w only add t if y desire to read h[ cle>ly & c>efully a long case involv+ ! claim ( a ,greek 9 ,egypt aga9/ a native corporation 0 exam9$ & decid$1 y w f9d x 9 ! ,papyrus ,i ( ,tur9#dd :i* 0 publi%$ ye>s ago by ,amde ,peyron1 & :i* ought to be republi%$ & made easi] ( access4 ,we h ! :ole f9al decision ( ! c\rt ext5d+ ov] _m pages ( ,greek4 ,! record mu/ h be5 f\nd intact 9 ! e>!n j> 9 :i* x 0 pres]v$4 ,x rehe>ses ! =tunes ( ! case f its outset1 =ty ye>s be=e ! decision4 ,x gives ! e>li] decisions & a summ>y ( ! new evid5ce adduc$2 & x sums up ! :ole & gives judgm5t = ! native corporation aga9/ ! ,greek ) a cle>ness :i* c\ld n be exce$$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,am]ica4 ,e ^w ( x speaks /rict law & pla9 common-s5se4 ,x 0 a case ( conflict+ evid5ce1 & ?is is weigh$ ) absolute fairness4 ,!re is n a ^w ( sup]/ition1 ( appeals to ! provid5ce ( ! gods or to any au?ority beyond t ( educat$ human reason4 ,z su*1 x is a docum5t absolutely mod]n 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,?is !n 0 ! tone ( ! civil law transmitt$ by ,greece to succe$+ c5turies4 ,i n[ approa* a l>g] subject1 & "o ( ev5 m p]man5t int]e/--! lessons ( ,greek hi/ory reg>d+ ! int]national relations ( adjo9+ civilis$ /ates1 or ! relations ( "o /rong] /ate to o!rs ( less] =ce or size4 ,! condition ( ,greece all ?r\gh its e>ly hi/ory af=ds an unique field = ! /udy ( int]national law2 = ^! num]\s small cities1 z we reg>d !m1 7 p]fectly di/9ct polities or /ates1 ea* liv+ "u its own laws & traditions1 & z sep>ate "o f ! o!r 9 idea z are ! capitals ( any two mod]n k+doms4 ,9 practice ! sep>ation 0 ev5 great]1 = int]m>riage betwe5 _! citiz5s1 or ! acquir+ ( prop]ty by citiz5s ( ano!r polity1 7 aga9/ ! _s ( ! age1 & 7 g5]ally =bidd5 by law4 ,! numb]1 !re=e1 ( treaties1 ( alliances1 ( qu>rels betwe5 ^! city /ates 0 n only enorm\s1 b (f]$ e v>iety1 s mu* s t if y look at any good edition ( ! e>lie/ ,european "w on ?is sort ( law1 ! fam\s treatise ( ,hugo ,grotius1 ,de ,jure ,pacis et ,belli1 y w f9d t ! great body ( 8 illu/rations is tak5 f ,greek hi/ory1 & ackn[l$g$ z ,greek 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text4 ,let u approa* fir/ ! "q ( w>4 ,ev5 f ,hom]'s "t1 !re 0 a gr[+ feel+ :i* s(t5$ ! h>d%ips ( w> betwe5 ,hell5ic peoples4 ,poison$ weapons 7 n tol]at$1 & if ! prison]s became ! slaves ( ! victors1 ransom 0 v g5]al1 & accord+ to ,h]odotus !re 0 ev5 an ackn[l$g$ t>iff--two m9--accept$ ?r\gh\t ,peloponnesus = ! release ( su* a prison]4 ,i w n pret5d t ! w>s ev5 ( ! ,gold5 ,age 7 n mu* fi]c] & m cruel ?an ! rose-wat] campaigns we n[ c>ry on1 :5 ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! enemy are support$ 9 com=t1 & he is accord+ly enc\rag$ to prolong a conflict :i* only affects 8 p]sonal conv5i5ce4 ,= w> is a %ock+ ?+1 & to sweet5 x by su* am5ities is only to enhance its co/ ( life & ( treasure to ! victor4 ,b if y 7 to comp>e ,greek w>s ) ^? ( ! e>li] c5turies ( mod]n ,europe1 say ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many1 y w\ld f9d ! balance ( humanity mo/ decid$ly on ! side ( ! ,greeks4 ,! non-combatants 9 a /orm$ ,greek city1 ?\gh by ! laws ( w> !y became slaves1 7 9 a f> bett] plight ?an ! un=tunate p ( a ,g]man t[n captur$ by ! ,p&urs & ,croats ( ,tilly or ,wall5/e94 ,i gladly turn f ?is griev\s subject4 8,w>10 says ,?ucydides1 8is a /]n taskmak]1 & makes m5's he>ts z h>d z _! circum/ances40 ,let u ent] on a m grateful & m in/ructive task1 ! int]national relations ( ,greek /ates 9 peace & p>ticul>ly _! political comb9ations or alliances = protection aga9/ ext]nal dang]s4 ,x 0 obvi\s t a numb] ( di/9ct small city-/ates mu/ be at ! m]cy ( a /rong invad+ =ce :i* c\ld conqu] !m "o by "o1 & t !re=e comb9ations & alliances among !m 7 absolutely necess>y4 ,su* comb9ations c\ld also be made = (f5sive purposes1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! ,siege ( ,troy1 & s 9 aft] times _m ,greek !ori/s actually recomm5d$ ?is policy z an eng9e ( conque/1 ! v conque/ c>ri$ out by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,b = a long "t1 alliances 7 only made = ! mom5t1 & to w>d (f an imm95t dang]1 & !y soon fell to pieces aga91 ow+ usually to ! rev]t+ ( bo? p>ties into a selfi% & jeal\s policy ( isolation4 ,f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 onw>d1 ! wax+ ( ! p[] ( ,sp>ta made a sort ( semi-compulsory league among ! small] cities ( ! ,peloponnesus1 & lat] on1 aft] ! crisis ( ! ,p]sian w> 0 ov]1 ! ,asiatic ,greeks put !mselves "u ! lead]%ip ( ,a!ns4 ,let me call x by its te*nical "n1 hegemony4 ,?is 0 an alliance "u a presid5t /ate1 :i* 0 to guide ! policy ( ! league 9 w>1 b 0 n suppos$ to int]f]e ) ! sev]al polities 9 peace4 ,y all "k h[ ! lead+ p[] gradually encroa*$ ^u ! lib]ties ( ! allies1 :o really became subjects pay+ tribute2 & :5 !y attempt$ reass]tion ( _! =m] indep5d5ce1 x 0 treat$ by ,a!ns z revolt1 & cru%$ ) milit>y & naval =ce4 ,! conduct ( ,sp>ta :5 %e succe$$ to ! hegemony ( ,greece 0 9 no way diff]5t2 p]haps x 0 h>%]1 & s we h a va/ am\nt ( prote/ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ^! lead+ /ates1 & _! 8enslav+0 ( ! re/ ( ,greece4 ,!y on _! side po9t$ to ! necessity ( union to prev5t =eign dom9ation2 !y po9t$ to ! lab\rs & sacrifices ! citiz5s ( ! lead+ /ate _h und]gone1 to ! security ( ! seas f pirates1 to ! increase ( trade1 & ( ! reputation ( ,greek civilisation1 all produc$ by _! ef=ts2 b g5]ally ?is came 9 at ! end ( ! argum5t3 t hav+ acquir$ _! p[] !y int5d$ to keep x4 ,"h !n 0 a great con/itutional "q & "o /ill "u dispute 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,suppos+ t sev]al indep5d5t /ates comb9e to promote common objects1 & make a solemn league or union2 is x lawful = any "o ( ! contract+ p>ties to )draw f ! union if x consid]s its lib]ties infr+$8 ,i ne$ n to take into acc\nt ! fur!r complication1 :5 "s ( ! /ates involv$ 7 creat$ subsequ5tly by & = ! union1 9 fact 7 daught]s & n mo!rs ( ! union4 ,y "k h[ 9 ?is c\ntry t con/itutional problem 0 only solv$ by a great w>1 & ?is 0 b ! e*o ( ! same k9d ( conflict endemic 9 ,greece4 ,yet ! tone & temp] ( ! _w _h *ang$ 9 ! long int]val4 ,! creation & success ( _m great /ates l$ m5 to appreciate ! advantages ?us obta9$1 & ?\gh !re 01 & /ill is1 a /rong s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( small nationalities co]c$ by ! great]--y rememb] ! s5tim5t ( all ! ,european press dur+ ! rec5t ,bo] w>--yet on ! :ole ! imp]ial idea is n unpopul>4 ,9 ,greece x 0 ! rev]se4 ,f ! outset to ! end1 ! "r ( ! small] memb]s ( an union to sec$e 0 always ma9ta9$ 9 !ory & produc$ fatal results 9 practice4 ,! v same problem assum$ a slightly diff]5t =m :5 twelve insignificant ,a*an cities comb9$ into ! ,a*an ,league :i* ,polybius has made s fam\s4 ,! c\ncil & gov]n+ (fic]s 7 elect$ 9 an assembly conv5$ 9 "o ( ! cities1 :i!r all ! memb]s ( ! ,league 7 entitl$ to g1 b :i* ( c\rse only m5 ( leisure c\ld af=d to att5d4 ,moreov] ea* city _h "o collective vote1 s t numb]s 7 ( no direct consequ5ce4 ,! meet+s 7 conf9$ to ?ree days1 & to bus9ess prep>$ = !m by ! executive4 ,! :ole s*eme 7:i* 0 an e>ly & excell5t essay 9 ,f$]ation1 mu* /udi$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,union7 %ipwreck$ on ! "q :e!r s+le /ates _h a "r to ent] into sep>ate agreem5ts ) p[]s =eign to ! ,league4 ,p]fect int]nal indep5d5ce 0 ( c\rse ess5tial to ,greek ideas1 b t ! p[] ( sep>ate alliances ) =eign p[]s %\ld be all[$1 seems to u absurd4 ,nev]!less ! s5tim5t ( ! ,greeks "h z else:]e 0 9 fav\r ( ?is absolute indep5d5ce1 & s ! ,league 0 pull$ to pieces by ! int]f]5ce ( jeal\s or ambiti\s neighb\rs4 ,?us y h a conglom]ate ( civilis$ communities1 all speak+ ! same language & ) simil> ideals ( culture1 n sep>at$ by ho/ile cre$s1 & ) ! p[]1 :5 unit$1 ( ex]cis+ a dom9ant influ5ce ^u ! _w ar\nd !m2 & yet _! p[] & _! developm5t are p>alys$ by mutual jeal\sies & con/ant qu>rels1 result+ 9 frequ5t & desolat+ w>s4 ,we h no cases 9 ,europe at all p>allel except ! condition ( ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance & ( ,g]many 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy & we travell$ 9 a c>riage ?r\gh t c\ntry 7railways _h n yet be5 introduc$7 we us$ 9 ! c\rse ( a day to pass ?r\gh a :ole pr9cipality & across a bord] ) cu/om h\ses1 & a new flag1 & (t5 a new co9age4 ,!re 7 !n1 ,i believe1 sixty-six reign+ p]sonages--gr& dukes1 electors1 etc4--9 ,g]many4 ,y "k h[ all 7 ei!r absorb$ or r$uc$ to "o empire1 or all[$ to live on z vassal /ates1 to use r a h>d ^w1 )9 ! compass ( a few ye>s4 ,t 0 :at happ5$ ultimately 9 ,greece1 :]e ! ,mac$onian p[] play$ a "p analog\s to t ( ,prussia1 & made itself by a successful w> aga9/ a =eign p[] n only accept$ b popul>4 ,! important po9t 9 :i* ,greece gives mod]n nations a fur!r lesson is ?is2 ,revolution>y or extemporis$ mon>*ies 9 su* a case w n succe$4 ,! ,greeks1 especially 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,sicily1 :]e !re 0 dang] f =eign p[]s1 _h come to ! conclusion t a mon>* 0 necess>y to comb9e !m into a /rong milit>y & f9ancial p[]1 & !y 7 !re=e aga9 will+ to submit !mselves to tyrants or despots1 z !y _h be5 ( old1 :5 !y want$ relief f ! int]nec9e disputes betwe5 ! classes & ! masses4 ,!re 7 "s brilliant essays 9 ?is direction made1 notably by ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 & by ,mausollus ( ,halic>nassus4 ,b !y fail$ to f\nd a dyna/y1 ev5 z ! ,bonap>tes fail$1 9 spite ( _! greatness & ! b5efits !y _h conf]r$4 ,?us n only ! a*ievem5ts1 b ! failures ( ! ,greeks may convey to u valuable lessons1 because !y con/itut$ a ?or\ghly 8mod]n0 society & suff]$ f ! weaknesses & vices ( su* societies4 ,z ?is la/ /atem5t may seem to "s ( y a p>adox1 ,i proce$ 9 conclusion to illu/rate x1 by "s obs]vations on ! condition ( ,greek society z describ$ to u by ,ari/otle & by ,polybius4 ,! =m]1 9 describ+ 8 ideal 7= he _h n yet r5\nc$ x7 ( a small1 well-ord]$ /ate1 gov]n$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! majority ( ! citiz5s by good laws & humane rul]s1 makes x 8 s9e qua non t ! middle class %all outweigh 9 public importance bo? ! weal?y & ! indig5t4 ,n[ t 0 exactly ! condition :i* 9 ! days ( ,polybius 0 becom+ r>] & r>]1 nay1 practically unkn[n4 ,?is 0 ! v class disappe>+ rapidly f e /ate 9 ,greece4 ,& :y8 ,! economic conditions 7 *ang+1 & ow+ to ! great influx ( gold f ! ,ea/ & o!r causes1 liv+ 0 becom+ de>] e day4 ,luxuries 7 also com+ to be reg>d$ z necessities1 & s = ! poor :o _h ! bribe ( l>ge pay & great lic5se (f]$ !m 9 ! m]c5>y s]vice ( ,hell5i/ic k+s1 emigration became ! rule1 & ! want ( lab\r turn$ f>m+ f ! agricultural to ! pa/oral type4 ,h5ce ! middle classes1 :i* _h no capital to "w l>ge f>ms1 became poor] & ! ri* ri*] & m selfi%4 ,& :at 0 ! rem$y adopt$ by ! middle classes to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 com=t8 ,an exp$i5t n unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry & = n v dissimil> reasons4 ,x 0 ! limitation ( families1 ! avoidance ( ! duty & co/ ( br++ up *ildr51 s t ,polybius speaks ( x z ! signal feature ( ! ,greece ( 8 day--! /range b>r5ness t _h come ^u ! once prolific inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,su* a mis=tune c be avoid$ only :5 great immigration exi/s1 & ev5 !n x results 9 replac+ ! old population1 ! cream ( ! c\ntry1 by ! scum ga!r$ f abroad4 ,!re 7 no inducem5ts = immigration into ,greece & s ! c\ntry :i* 0 once teem+ ) population sunk into somnol5ce & decay4 ,c\ld ,i (f] y a cle>] pro( ( ! mod]n "* ( ?is civilisation1 :i* _h n only a y\? & an age ( gold1 b !n a silv] autumn or a ,m>t9mas summ]1 :5 ,plut>* liv$ 9 8 little des]t$ t[n1 surr\nd$ by a complete & t]rible decad5ce8 ,& x may n be out ( place to rem9d y t ev5 ) _m diff]5ces ( age1 ( place1 & ( circum/ances1 ! same moral causes t produce decay 9 "o civilisation are likely to produce x 9 ano!r4 ,! societies t fell into ^! vices 7 n ignorant or un$ucat$4 ,! av]age ,greek public 0 probably bett] tra9$ 9 ! k ( great ideas & ! enjoym5t ( great lit]ature ?an any public n[adays4 ,grote said v delib]ately t ! ord9>y ,attic citiz5 :o att5d$ ! assemblies :]e ,p]icles & ,!ram5es & ,demo/h5es spoke1 & :]e _m o!rs ( l culture jo9$ 9 ! debate--t su* a man 0 bett] educat$1 9 ! political s5se1 ?an ! av]age memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 8 day2 & ,grote _h att5d$ to ! bus9ess ( t ,h\se = t5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,x 0 !n1 moreov]1 an assembly ( ,engli% g5tlem51 ( ! middle & upp] classes1 ) a /rong ari/ocratic flav\r4 ,:at language w\ld he h us$ _h he comp>$ 8 ,p]iclean citiz5 to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ( ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,b 9 any case1 we may say "o ?+ ) c]ta9ty1 & x is "o ( ! greate/ lessons :i* ! ,greeks h to tell u3 ,intellectual culture by itself is no c]ta9 antidote to decad5ce 9 any society--nay1 n ev5 9 t ( ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! moral conditions ( ref9$ ,attic life 9 ^! dy+ days are be/ kn[n f ! rema9s1 or f ! ,lat9 translations ( ! society plays ( ! fam\s ,m5&]4 ,! life :i* ,m5&] portray$ has be5 discuss$ & e/imat$ 9 a *apt] ( my ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 & y w !re see at l5g? h[ trivial1 h[ selfi%1 h[ immoral1 h[ ignoble t life 04 ,if su* 0 inde$ ! true "* ( ,attic society 9 ,m5&]'s days1 we may well congratulate ! _w t ! ,mac$onian conqu]] arose to %[ ! _w t !re 7 great] ideals ?an to :ile away "o's "t 9 ! rott5 ref9em5ts ( decad5t ,a!ns4 ,:5 ,i wrote t *apt]1 we 7 /ill dep5d5t = our e/imate ( ,m5&] & 8 society 9 ! ,lat9 translations1 or adaptations1 by ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 & !re 7 ^? t ?\ght ! ,roman adapt]s _h *os5 ! trivial side ( a society :i* might be n only ref9$ b s]i\s & ?\ghtful4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( l>ge fragm5ts ( f\r plays on a papyrus roll 9 ,egypt has dissipat$ any su* hopes4 ,! same triviality1 ! same /upid repetition ( vulg> & immoral plots & topics meet u ?r\gh\t ^! sc5es4 ,if !re be any moral lesson convey$ by ! picture we "h h ( ,attic society1 x is ?is3 t ! slave & ! pro/itute 7 n only m intellig5t1 b less immoral ?an _! ma/]s4 ,9 all ^! s-call$ pictures ( life1 n a s+le p]son ( ! lea/ di/9ction appe>s--n a s+le philosoph]1 or politician1 or poet1 or man ( lett]s1 or b5efactor--?\gh we "k t ! walls ( temples & cities 7 be+ cov]$ ) panegyrics ( lead+ citiz5s & _! civic & private virtues4 ,n a s+le problem ( religi\s or political importance is ev] discuss$4 ,!re is n ev51 9 ! new fragm5ts1 any weal? ( t vulg> prov]bial wisdom1 or s5t5ti\sness pos+ z wisdom1 :i* 0 ga!r$ f ! plays ( ,m5&] by dilig5t collectors1 & :i*1 surviv+ 9 ?\s&s ( l9es1 has giv5 him a false importance 9 ! hi/ories ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,b "h1 z else:]e1 ! lapse ( ages _h sep>at$ ! :eat f ! *aff2 ! lat] s*olia/s & comm5tators ga!r$ f ,m5&] ! /ray gems1 z "o might pick f ! array ( a gay b /upid lady ! real diamonds ) :i* %e _h adorn$ h] wor?less p]son4 ,9 relation to ,greek politics1 :i* is our subject to-day1 ?is is no idle digression4 ,= x %[s u cle>ly t ! high] society ( ,a!ns _h ab&on$ ?is great human int]e/ & s _h n>r[$ & impov]i%$ _! spiritual life4 ,x is usual to repeat 9 our hi/ories t ! gr[? ( ! ,mac$onian p[]1 ( ! ,hell5i/ic k+s1 ( ! ,roman ,republic1 kill$ all possibility ( any s]i\s ,greek politics1 & t 9 consequ5ce s]i\s m5 7 driv5 into anti-social philosophy at home1 active m5 into m]c5>y s]vice abroad4 ,9 ,m5&]'s day & long aft] x1 !re 0 /ill pl5ty ( "w = hone/ & capable m5 9 sav+ ! lib]ties & ! dignities ( _! native cities4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ,polybius %[s h[ ! total ru9 ( ,greece & ! disa/r\s conque/ by ,mummius 7 ma9ly produc$ by ! follies & viol5ces ( /upid & corrupt demagogues4 ,b ^! demagogues 7 inve/$ ) (ficial p[] by ! votes ( ^? t /ill practis$ politics1 :5 ! bett] classes _h retir$ 9 disgu/4 ,if ?is disgu/ dat$ f ,m5&]'s "t1 !n we c only reflect t ^? :o h abdicat$ _! influ5ce 9 ! day ( _! c\ntry's prosp]ity1 are n likely to rega9 x :5 a crisis comes1 & :5 ! masses h f\nd = !mselves o!r lead]s4 ,i h se5 a v simil> cata/rophe 9 ! ,irel& ( my own "t4 ,i h se5 ! old l&$ g5try1 :o _h long liv$ a gay1 idle1 hospitable life1 :5 _! privileges & _! prop]ties 7 attack$ by a dang]\s agitation1 %[ su* want ( public _s1 su* mis]able mi/ru/ 9 "o ano!r1 su* reckless folly 9 n sp5d+ "t1 money1 & en]gy 9 resi/+ _! plund]]s1 t !y lo/ ! sympa?y ( all _! fri5ds1 & :ile !y call$ on ,engli% influ5ce to protect !m1 & rail$ aga9/ all concession & compromise1 !y h se5 _! l& fil*$ f !m by successive legislative inroads ^u _! rights1 & _! =tunes ru9$ ev5 by ^? on :om !y reli$ to def5d !m4 ,_m a "t did ,i w>n ^? ab\t me ( ^! inevitable consequ5ces1 b !re ,i h se5 ano!r in/ance1 & "o :i* came home to me ) poignant regret1 ( ! mis]ies induc$ by m]e incompet5ce4 ,quem ,deus vult p]d]e1 prius dem5tat4 ,,viii ,,high] ,,?9k+1 ,,philosophy1 ,,speculative ,,& ,,practical ,,!ology ,9 my la/ lecture ,i spoke ( ! small effect1 or want ( effect1 :i* a m]e intellectual tra9+ 9 ! lib]al arts might h ^u ! av]age morals ( a l>ge society4 ,to-day ,i propose to take y into a high] atmosph]e1 & consid] :at occupi$ ! lite ( ,greek society 9 _! advanc$ education1 & 9 _! speculations on ! nature ( ?+s4 ,y mu/ n und]rate ! enorm\s advantages ! well-born y\? !n possess$ 9 tra9+ 8 m9d1 z comp>$ ) ! y\? ( to-day4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a v mod]ate income w\ld keep a h\sehold 9 com=t1 & remove all ! gr9d+ c>e :i*1 9 ?is our mod]n life ) its myriad exig5cies1 torm5ts s _m respectable families4 ,9 ! next place1 ! demon ( competition _h n invad$ ^! /ates1 nor 0 x possible to d z ,i & _m o!rs h done1 to be a slave = "s ye>s 9 ord] to obta9 a compet5ce by pass+ fir/ 9 a s+le exam9ation4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re 0 no object 9 travell+ long di/ances4 ,:at 0 wor? see+1 lay )9 easy rea*4 ,9 mod]n life !re is only ,holl&1 & p]haps ,nor!rn ,italy1 :i* (f]s ! same delights )9 %ort di/ances4 ,! huge am\nt ( "t sp5t by ,am]icans 9 travell+ is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles to _! intellectual advancem5t4 ,if ,nor? ,am]ica 7 compress$ into "o t5? its size1 its inhabitants might ga9 "s leisure = bett] education4 ,! obvi\s ?+ t w /rike any intellig5t ,am]ican1 :o has only he>d ( ,plato1 & wants to make 8 acqua9tance ?r\gh ,j[ett's noble translation1 is ! am\nt ( "t ^! ,dialogues wa/e 9 arriv+ at a conclusion4 ,nay (t5 !y repres5t a v long conv]sation :i* comes to no conclusion at all4 ,yet t feature is ess5tial to all high] tra9+ ( ! human m9d4 ,y may appe> to ! vulg> to be wa/+ "t1 & yet x is n wa/+ "t1 b do+ ! be/ y c = a great object4 ,! e>? mov+ 9 its orbit ne$ n delay its regul> c\rse because x revolves ^u its axis1 & causes its :ole surface to enjoy ! bless$ light ( ! sun4 ,& ! next ?+ y w f9d 9 ,plato's ,dialogues 7! be/ expon5t ( high] education ,i "k7 is t ! objects 9 view are n ^? ( s5se1 or ( ! mat]ial ne$s ( life1 or ( obta9+ success 9 ! _w4 ,!y all1 l ,sa9t ,paul's reason+s ) ,felix1 h to d ) righte\sness & temp]ance1 & judgm5t to come4 ,b ev5 ?is field1 t ( e?ical inquiry1 is n ! highe/ to :i* ,greek education atta9$4 ,= _! e>ly tea*]s taught !m to ?9k ab\t ! univ]se & its con/itution1 ! nature ( m9d1 ! nature ( matt]1 & o!r high que/ions ( ab/ract metaphysic4 ,a notable po9t ab\t ?is ,greek philosophy is t ! prie/ or ! en*ant] has no?+ to say to x4 ,! sage 0 a layman1 :o ne$ fe> no pope1 no ban ( ! ,*ur*1 9 us+ 8 reason freely ^u ! problems ev5 ( !ology4 ,!re 7 inde$ isolat$ cases1 :]e a man :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! traditional gods1 or 0 suppos$ s to d1 0 pursu$ by popul> indignation4 ,diagoras ( ,melos1 call$ ! a!i/1 0 driv5 f ! societies :i* ?\ght su* tea*+ dang]\s2 ,socrates 0 prosecut$ 9 l mann]1 because he 0 suspect$ ( spread+ scepticism among ! y\?1 b he 0 execut$ only because he behav$ 9 a mann] highly contumaci\s to ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ! ,/ate4 ,_h he def5d$ himself 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e1 he w\ld at mo/ h be5 subject$ to a f9e4 ,^! isolat$ cases are only m5tion$ le/ y %\ld imag9e t !y 7 typical4 ,greek philosophy be+ secul>1 0 !re=e free4 ,! e>lie/ ?9k]s1 ^? ( ! ,ionic s*ool1 set !mselves to solve by speculation ! v "q :i* n[ engrosses our deepe/ rese>*es 9 physics4 ,!y ?\ght out1 or !y inf]r$ f _! obs]vations1 t 8?+s are n z !y seem02 !y f\nd out1 :at we h atta9$ by long exp]im5t1 t ! _m qualities our s5ses p]ceive are n fundam5tal or prim>y1 t z ,desc>tes & ,locke & ,sp9oza taught1 me*anical composition & v>y+ degrees ( motion 9 m9ute p>ticles ( ! same k9d may produce :olly div]se impressions4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & /rik+ ( ^! to ! ord9>y man is ! case ( col\r4 ,desc>tes _h anticipat$ t ! pace ( ! rotation ( p>ticles made ! diff]5ces2 we "k n[ t x is n rotation1 b vibration ( e!r1 & s ) v>iation 9 tones4 ,b ! diff]5ces bo? ( col\rs & s\nds are due to ! m or less rapid motion ( ! vibration4 ,?is 0 :at ,?ales & ,anaxim5es & ,anaxim&] felt :5 !y said t ! _w consi/$ ( "o elem5t1 t moi/ure1 caloric1 e!r1 7 ! primitive /uff ( :i* ! _w 0 compos$4 ,& ^! fam\s m5 7 n m]e metaphysicians1 !y %[$ _! intellectual greatness 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?ales actually pr$ict$ an eclipse1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 contempor>ies4#de ,he %[$ !m t ! less] be>1 end+ 9 ! pole />1 0 a bett] indication = ! sailor to use ?an ! great]4 ,he solv$ ! problem ( measur+ ! height ( an inaccessible object by comp>+ its %ad[ ) t ( a small "o )9 rea*4 ,he gave valuable advices 9 politics4 ,s t 8 metaphysic 0 bo? ! s\rce & ! climax ( a wide m5tal activity4 ,s ) ,anaxim&]4 ,he attempt$ ! fir/ map ( ! kn[n _w & made signal advances 9 a/ronomy4 ,anaxim5es decl>$ t eclipses 7 ! conceal+ ( "o heav5ly body by ! int]position ( ano!r4 ,^! 7 great feats2 b !y 7 no?+ 9 comp>ison to ! bold attempts at solv+ ! problem ( ! orig9 & nature ( ! _w1 :]e9 _! speculations1 (t5 errone\s1 nev]!less left a residuum ( ?\ghts t 7 ! se$s ( all our high] philosophy4 ,if ,?ales laid x d[n t 9 all ! v>ieties ( plant & animal life !re 0 a common elem5t :i* 0 _! real or orig9al sub/ance1 ,anaxim&] ?\ght t caloric 7or ! igne\s pr9ciple7 0 necess>y to develop ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,8 book is lo/1 & 8 views n cle> to u1 b we "k t 8 geological obs]vations told him t our _w _h once be5 cov]$ ) wat]1 f :i* l& _h em]g$4 ,he 0 moreov] ! fir/ to ma9ta9 t no?+ 0 et]nal except ! primeval sub/ance ( ?+s4 ,! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1 ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all dissolve1 ,&1 l ! baseless fabric ( ?is vision1 ,leave n a rack beh9d4 ,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made on2 & our little life ,is r\nd$ ) a sleep4 ,9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 ev5 apply+ x to ! gods ( ! ,greek ,pan!on1 did he ass]t ?is colossal doctr9e4 ,anaxim5es w5t fur!r1 &1 assum+ t ! p>ticles ( e!r are ! mo/ subtle 9 ! univ]se1 he set up ! pr9ciple ( r>ification & cond5sation ( matt]1 ass]t+ t ?is 0 ! "o great cause ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! bodies we p]ceive4 ,?is !n 0 ! fir/ expression ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,atomi/s1 :i* has la/$ to ! pres5t day4 ,x is a common piece ( arrogance among exp]im5tali/s to say t ^! wond]ful anticipations ( mod]n sci5ce 7 m]e grop+s 9 ! d>k1 support$ n by exp]im5t1 b by :at we %\ld call sup]ficial obs]vations4 ,! wond] is all ! great] t ^! m5 %\ld 9 _! !ories h gone to ! root ( ! matt]1 & ?\ght out ! metaphysical possibilities ( ! composition ( ! _w4 ,ab/ract ?9k+--!ory--is aft] all ! true basis ( e great discov]y4 ,9 complete disreg>d ( ! !ological cosmogony d]iv$ f ! old poets1 !y op5ly inaugurat$ ! bir? ( a natural sci5ce eng5d]$ by pure & high ?9k+4 ,?is is ev5 m signally ! case ) ,h]acleitus ( ,ephesus4 ,b ,i c only give y "s ( 8 m>vell\s anticipations 9 a few words2 to g into any "o ( ^! sy/ems w\ld require a :ole lecture1 n a passage 9 ?is disc\rse4 ,9 ! fir/ place he agre$ ) bo? 8 pr$ecessors1 t "o subtle elem5t 0 ! f\ndation ( all nature & ?is he s\ght 9 :at ! vulg> call fire1 b ) him a f> m subtle ess5ce1 nev] /ill = an in/ant4 ,f ?is all ! univ]se _h be5 evolv$ by a process ( cool+1 & _h develop$ into e>?1 wat]1 & ! re/1 b 9 ! end ^! w\ld return into _! orig9al condition1 8s t ! e>? w\ld be roll$ up z a scroll1 & ! elem5ts dissolv$ ) f]v5t heat40 ,?is f>-(f glimpse ( ,laplace's !ory1 :i* po/ulates our :ole planet>y sy/em />t+ f a revolv+ mass at :ite heat1 is less /rik+ ?an ano!r t lays d[n ! pr9ciple t !re are endless motions 9 ?+s :i* ! s5ses _c p]ceive1 & t absolute re/ is impossible 9 nature4 ,! _w 0 nev] made2 ,x w *ange1 b x w n fade4 ,s let ! w9d range ,= ev5 & morn1 ev] w be1 ?ro' et]nity4 ,no?+ 0 born1 no?+ w die1 ,all ?+s w *ange4#df ,x is b ye/]day t ! newe/ physical philosoph]s h decl>$ !mselves = ?is doctr9e1 & tell u t e p>ticle ( matt] is made up ( less] p>ticles 9 p]petual motion4 ,h]acleitus 0 no less cle> on ! relativity ( ! qualities ( matt]1 :i* are good or bad accord+ to ! p]cipi5t1 & f t he drew ! conclusion t app>5t contradictions may coexi/ & t all nature consi/s 9 a p]petual conflict betwe5 opposites4 ,nature is a /ate ( w> said he1 us+ ! t]m 9 a f> deep] s5se ?an did lat] m54 ,^! amaz+ conjectures 7 set d[n 9 a qua9t1 picturesque1 b ab/ruse treatise1 :i* ev5 ,ari/otle f\nd difficult to grasp1 b if ev] a great imag9ation s[$ se$s 9 ! m9ds ( m51 :i* aft] long g5]ations g]m9at$ into mod]n sci5ce1 x 0 t ( ,h]acleitus4 ,8 d>k enigmas1 season$ ) pessimi/ic utt]ances1 ) supreme contempt ( ! ord9>y public1 7 always attractive & /imulat+ to ke5 m9ds4 ,! next great "n 9 ?is magnific5t s]ies is ,py?agoras1 ^: influ5ce revolutionis$ n only ! sci5ce b ! politics & e?ics ( ,greece1 & creat$ new ideals among m51 high] & pur] ?an ^? ( traditional morality4 ,b z ,i h already said some?+ ( him 9 a =m] disc\rse1 ,i w hurry on to 8 contempor>ies & 8 successors4 ,! f\nd] ( ! great s*ool ( ,elea1 an old ,greek colony ( ,ionians 9 ! ,italian bay s\? ( ,p/um1 0 ,x5ophanes1 ^: ma9 feature 0 a bold criticism ( ! popul> !ology1 z repres5t$ by ! poetry ( ,hom]4 ,he c\ld easily %[ ! moral defects ( ! d5iz5s ( ! ,hom]ic ,olympus1 & h5ce inf]r+ _! unreality1 he press$ home ! great doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! univ]se1 :e!r ideal or real1 & ! id5tification ( ! ,mak] 7if !re ev] 0 a ,mak]7 ) 8 "w--a !ory :i* has exi/$ f t day to ?is "u ! "n ( ,pan!ism1 & z su* has fasc9at$ ! high] spirits ev5 among ! cold & practical ,anglo-,saxons4 ,?is feel+ ( unity 9 all ! _w ) ! ,et]nal ,cause ( ! _w has inde$ appe>$ 9 ! f> ,ea/ 9 o!r & /range sy/ems ( philosophy2 b nev] 0 ! doctr9e discuss$ ) su* v>iety z among ! ,greeks4 ,l(ty poetry1 h>d logic1 bitt] controv]sy 7 all call$ 9 to support x1 & among a cle>-sight$1 sceptical race1 l ! ,greeks1 s vague & transc5d5t a !ory is f> m /rik+ & !re=e m fruitful 9 its spiritual consequ5ces1 ?an :5 pr(ess$ by m]e ascetics or an*orites :o h no contact ) common life1 & :o w n condesc5d to argum5t4 ,! ,greek ,pan!i/s ( ! e>ly p]iod 7 m5 ( high "* 9 public life1 respect$ = _! practical wisdom & _! lit]>y em95ce1 & x 0 !y t =c$ ^u ! _w ! a/\nd+ !ory t n only are all ! data ( our s5ses illusory & va91 b t ev5 ! assumption ( any numb] ( orig9al elem5ts or sub/ances is idle1 & mu/ t]m9ate 9 ! great ,"o1 :i* embraces !m all1 & m]ges gods & m51 matt] & m9d1 into t all-embrac+ ,s+le ,be+1 ( :om a =gott5 my/ic 9 a lat] age 7b /ill a ,greek7 has us$ ?is trem5d\s metaphor3 ! 8gods are 8 laught]1 ! race ( mortal m5 8 te>s40 ,! positive side ( ! doctr9e 0 ma9ly due to ,p>m5ides1 ( :om ,plato speaks ) great] respect ?an ( any o!r ?9k] except ,socrates1 & x 0 cle>ly a fur!r developm5t1 or urg+ to _! extreme consequ5ces1 ( ! old] !ories :i* r$uc$ all ! v>i\s qualities ( ! _w ( s5se to ! manife/ations ( a s+le sub/ance4 ,b !y _h ea* made "s "o res]vation & upheld "o ( ! data ( ! s5ses1 b ea* a diff]5t "o4 ,0 n !re=e ! inf]5ce cle> t ?is 0 b a half-way h\se1 & t :at we call m9d & matt] are aft] all n radically di/9ct b only sep>ate aspects ( ! primeval "o8 ,if y ?9k ?is old-_w & idle speculation1 ,i ne$ only ref] y to ,desc>tes1 ! fa!r ( mod]n sci5tific metaphysic1 :o held t 8 two univ]sal factors1 ext5sion & ?\ght1 7 aft] all b qualities ( ! "o all-embrac+ sub/ance :i* he call$ ,god2 or ,i may ref] to ,sp9oza1 ! spiritual pupil ( ,desc>tes1 & ! mo/ important ,pan!i/ ( ! sev5te5?1 or p]haps ( any1 c5tury4 ,! positive argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is subtle speculation1 :i* to ! vulg> public ( any age mu/ always rema9 absurd1 7 9 ! fir/ place ! untru/wor?y "* ( our s5ses1 :i* c\ld be %[n n only to be mislead+ b to give contradictory reports conc]n+ ! same ?+2 next ! g5]al cons5t ( all ?9k]s t !re mu/ be some?+ p]man5t & inde/ructible 9 ! mid/ ( all ! *anges ( ph5om5a2 !n ! inability ( any p]ceiv$ sub/ance1 su* z wat]1 or air1 h[ev] subtle1 to satisfy ?is condition ( p]man5ce1 & to take a position sup]ior to ! attacks ( rival !ories4 ,y mu/ !re=e ab/ract m & m f all qualities till y rea* t pure ,be+1 :i* is all & none1 _s & body1 unity & inf9ity1 et]nal1 inde/ructible1 inv>iable1 ! s\rce & sub/ance ( all t ev] did or ev] w exi/4 ,y c well imag9e h[ ^! spl5did dreams 7 reg>d$ by ! clev] & practical ,greek public1 z inde$ !y h be5 by av]age m5 f t day to ?is1 :5ev] ! great !ory has be5 /at$ afre% by metaphysicians or by my/ics4 ,x 0 ! special m]it ( ! ,eleatic ,z5o 7n ! great ,/oic :o liv$ f> lat]7 to %[ ! c>p+ critic t ! difficulties :i* _h l$ ! philosoph] to disc>d ! s5ses z guides to tru?1 c be rais$ 9 ! case ( ! common facts ( our ev]yday life1 & t ! sc(f] _c solve !m4 ,i lay /ress on ^! intellectual puzzles1 because !y h occupi$ philosoph]s p]petually d[n to ! pres5t day1 & 9 no p>ticul> case c we affirm m decid$ly t ! ,greeks 7 ! fa!rs ( mod]n ?9k+4 ,& d n = a mom5t imag9e t because ^! subtleties lead to no imm$iate result1 !y are !re=e b>r54 ,y might z well say t physical games & ex]cises are ( no use1 because !y m]ely result 9 /r5g!n+ & improv+ ! human frame & ! human temp]1 ap>t f any fur!r result4 ,n[ :at 7 ,z5o's puzzles8 ,i w m5tion b ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,is x conceivable t s\nd %\ld be made up ( non-s\nd+ ?+s8 ,& yet ?is absurdity is demon/rable4 ,drop a s+le millet se$ f y\r h& ^u ! grass4 ,x w n make ! smalle/ noise4 ,g on ) a second1 a ?ird1 & s on1 till y rea* ?\s&s2 x is s ) !m all4 ,yet if y turn out a c>tful ( su* se$s1 x w make a consid]able noise4 ,h[ is x possible1 if ea* individual gra9 is sil5t8 ,aga91 y imag9e t if two bodies are mov+ 9 ! same direction1 "o sl[]1 ! o!r fa/]1 ! latt] w soon ov]take ! =m]4 ,x is n s1 & c be prov$ impossible4 ,conceive ! swift-foot$ ,a*illes try+ to ov]take a tortoise1 & t he runs "o hundr$ y>ds1 :ile ! o!r is crawl+ b t54 ,:5 he has complet$ 8 "o hundr$1 ! tortoise is /ill "o ahead1 :5 he has add$ ?is "o1 ! tortoise is /ill #a_/aj ahead1 !n #a_/ajj1 !n #a_/ajjj1 & s on ad inf9itum1 = x is ma!matically c]ta9 t nei!r s]ies c ev] rea* ! limit1 9 ! "o case ( ,,iii1 9 ! o!r ( ,,ii y>ds4 ,!re=e x is demon/rat$ t ,a*illes c nev] 9 all "t ov]take ! tortoise4 ,b we may g ev5 f>!r & say t ! v idea ( motion is inconceivable4 ,e mov+ body mu/ move 9 "t1 & "t is divid$ into mom5ts ( "t4 ,at ea* mom5t ! mov+ body mu/ ei!r be 9 ! place :]e x is1 or ! place :]e x is n4 ,! latt] be+ manife/ly absurd1 ! body mu/ be 9 ! place :]e x is4 ,b !n ( c\rse x is n mov+1 = motion c only be def9$ z a *ange ( place4 ,cont9u\s motion is !re=e inconceivable4 ,i ne$ n d m ?an m5tion to y1 t ^! v problems1 h&$ d[n by ,z5o to ! s*ools1 =m$ ! subject ( int]m9able disputes = c5turies1 & if y ev5 n[1 ) all y\r boa/$ progress1 take !m 9 h&1 y w n easily f9d a logical solution4 ,happily we are no long] 9 ! condition ( ^? m$ival p$ants1 ( :om we he> t n a few w5t mad1 or di$ ( bra9 fev]1 because !y c\ld n reconcile ! =ekn[l$ge & =eorda9+ ( ?+s by ,god ) ! absolute free w ( m54 ,nor are any ( y1 ,i s9c]ely tru/1 encumb]$ ) ! extraord9>y fairness ( m9d ( ! m$ival ass ( ,buridanus :i* be+ set betwe5 two bundles ( hay exactly & precisely alike1 di$ ( />vation because x c\ld see no possible reason = pref]r+ to eat ! "o be=e ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ,i tru/ y w appreciate t ! m5tal subtlety we inh]it f ! ,greeks is no small "p ( our education4 ,b x is n m]ely 9 ! h>d logic ( controv]sy t ! ,greek ,pan!i/s h left a great legacy to mank9d4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ! high] poetry ( ^! latt] days is deeply indebt$ to t gr&iose !ory1 t all nature is b "o1 t all ?+s :e!r mute or speak+1 :e!r /ill or mov+1 :e!r fair or hide\s1 are all ! manife/ations ( ! "o great ,all1 ! ineffable sub/ance :i* "s call a _w-s\l1 "s ! univ]se1 "s ,god1 ! supreme ,"o1 )\t v>iabl5ess or %ad[ ( turn+1 ?\gh only appreh5d$ by man 9 myriad v>iations4 ,y c f9d t view ( ?+s 9 ,%elley1 9 ,wordswor?1 9 ,t5nyson1 & x is n too mu* to say t at _! highe/ mom5ts1 & 9 _! noble/ v]se1 !y are all inspir$ ) ?is ,div9e intoxication4 ,x is common to call x ,platonism1 & my old fri5d ,mr4 ,%or?\se ev5 wrote an essay to %[ t ! respectable & ord]ly ,wordswor? c\ld h>dly be call$ a ,*ri/ian1 s saturat$ 0 he ) ?is ,pan!i/ic feel+4 ,8 visions ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! human s\l--^! 7 inde$ ,platonic2 8 ,pan!i/ic passages come f ! influ5ce :i* ,plato ackn[l$ges1 b :i* he does n all[ to subjugate him4 ,wordswor? is ! mo/ unev5 & (t5 prosaic ( poets1 b 9 8 greate/ mom5ts he too feels t int]communion ( all nature :i* is unmi/akably ,greek & n ,engli%-- ,a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man1-- ,a motion & a _s1 t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ghts1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,"t fails me to g into ! fasc9at+ subject ( ! ,pan!ism ( ,t5nyson1 & ( o!r ( our poets4 ,x is inde$ only spasmodic1 b x is !re1 & is a /range note 9 ! s++ ( an o!rwise tame & prosaic race4 ,let u n[ return to ! great procession ( ! sages ( ,hellas4 ,x does n seem necess>y to delay long ^u ,anaxagoras & ,emp$ocles1 ?\gh bo? 7 v great figures 9 _! day4 ,! pr9ciple feature 9 bo? _! sy/ems 0 t !y felt ! want ( "s ideal1 or semi-ideal pr9ciple to "w z a cause 9 produc+ ! *anges 9 nature4 ,anaxagoras po/ulat$ ! orig9al p>ticles to be v div]se 9 quality & to ent] into ! composition ( ord9>y ?+s s z to make up :at we call _! v>i\s qualities4 ,! food we eat1 = example1 affects all ! v>i\s p>ts ( human bodies1 h[ev] diff]5t1 su* z ! tissue ( ! fle%1 ! hair1 ! nails1 ! visc]a1 because !re is 9 ?is food1 :i* is made up f corn or o!r vegetable & animal sub/ances1 an assortm5t ( p>ticles ea* ( :i* contributes to n\ri% ! memb] or "p ak9 to x4 ,if we ask h[ ext]nal bodies are br\ght toge!r1 & made up into unities1 ,anaxagoras felt s ke5ly ! necessity ( a mov+ cause t he set up 8 fam\s ,n\s1 :i* we _c translate by ! ^w m9d1 = x 0 /ill a mat]ial cause1 ?\gh f> m subtle & active ?an ! re/1 su* z we n[ imag9e e!r to be4 ,b ev5 s1 ,ari/otle speaks ( ,anaxagoras z a great & fruitful innovator1 inasmu* z he saw t brute matt] _c beg9 to act or ev5 to move )\t "s non-mat]ial or spiritual1 or ideal cause4 ,f :at we "k ( ,anaxagoras1 he advanc$ b a little /ep 9 ?is direction himself2 he 0 only grop+ 8 way1 b to h be5 pione] to ,plato & to ,ari/otle is itself no mean praise4 ,9 a simil> direction1 ! fam\s ,emp$ocles po/ulat$ ! pr9ciples ( ,love & ,hate1 mu* z we n[ po/ulate ,attraction & ,repulsion1 to expla9 ! v>ieties1 & ! movem5ts1 9 ext]nal nature4 ,obs]ve t n "o ( ^! ,ionic philosoph]s _h yet ass]t$ ! great contra/ ( m9d & matt]1 ! /ill great] contra/ ( a ,div9e ar*itect & 8 "w4 ,! ph5om5a ( m9d seem$ to !m b to be ! result ( a subtle & m impalpable comb9ation ( elem5ts n diff]+ 9 k9d f ! nature ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,s :5 a :olly diff]5t s*ool came to review :at ! anci5ts _h accompli%$1 ! ,n\s ( ,anaxagoras1 & ! ,love & ,hate ( ,emp$ocles1 7 h>dly felt to be /eps 9 advance4 ,9 fact = a :ile ! developm5t seem$ to be ! o!r way1 = ! la/ great !ory we h to notice1 be=e we come to ! ideal philosophy ( ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 is m decid$ly mat]iali/ic ?an all its pr$ecessors4 ,t is ! fam\s ,atomic !ory ( ,leucippus & ,democritus1 :i* ma9ta9$ t ! univ]se conta9s no elem5ts b atoms & ! void1 ! atoms be+ h>d physical p>ticles ( only "o quality b capable ( myriad me*anical comb9ations 9 & by means ( ! void1 or empty space :i* exi/$ m or less 9 e body4 ,z a hypo!sis1 ?is is ! simple/ t has ev] be5 (f]$ to expla9 ! con/itution ( matt]2 x has consequ5tly la/$ all ?r\gh ! ,r5asc5ce ( le>n+ into ! new] age & has =m$ ! v basis ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,! orig9al atoms 7 n conceiv$ z ma!matical po9ts1 or z hav+ any spiritual quality l ! monads ( ,leibnitz2 !y 7 m]ely v small1 imp5etrable1 & diff]+ 9 figure4 ,x 0 ! d5sity ( _! comb9ation & h5ce ! small fraction ( void spaces 9 any body :i* made ! diff]5ce ( specific gravity1 & ! diff]5ce ( _! %ape produc$ o!r qualities4 ,b h[ did ^! atoms come toge!r8 ,"h ,democritus %[$ a prophetic cle>ness ( sight :i* may well a/oni% mod]n critics4 ,he reg>d$ motion 9 ^! atoms z a primal fact1 probably d]iv+ x f ! !ory ( ,h]acleitus4 ,he held t z ^! atoms collid$ 9 ! void1 n always directly1 b obliquely1 ! /rik+ & ! /ruck assum$ a rotatory motion1 & s e/abli%$ vortices :i* ei!r attract$ suitable atoms or reject$ o!rs by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ?is rotation4 ,?us 7 con/ruct$ n only ! great sph]es t we obs]ve 9 ! sky1 b all ! ord9>y objects ar\nd u4 ,into 8 explanations ( ! causes ( ! irregul> =ms ( ^! objects ,i _c ent]1 by reason ( _! intricacy4 ,b to :at consequ5ces 8 !ory l$ him may be told y 9 a s5t5ce4 ,he ma9ta9$1 ) ! imag9ation ( a great sci5tific m9d1 t !re 7 an endless numb] ( _w-sy/ems ?r\gh space1 diff]+ m]ely 9 magnitude1 "s furni%$ ) sev]al moons1 "s 9 process ( becom+1 o!rs1 ow+ to collisions1 9 process ( de/ruction1 "s ( !m :olly defici5t 9 moi/ure1 & h5ce devoid ( animal & plant life4 ,^! are all consequ5ces :i* we h drawn f ! use ( ! telescope & ev5 ! spectroscope1 b :i* ?is wond]ful man rea*$ by way ( philosophical ?9k+4 ,ari/otle makes x 8 *ief objection to ! ,atomic !ory t x is purely descriptive ( ph5om5a )\t assign+ any cause = ! primeval motion ( ! atoms2 t x recognises no ,ar*itect1 no ,demiurge :o set ! myriad cr[d ( p>ticles into motion1 & !n into regulat$ action4 ,b ,ari/otle 0 misl$ by an assumption :i* has infect$ philosophy d[n to ! pres5t day--! assumption t a /ate ( re/ is prior to1 & m natural to matt] ?an a /ate ( motion4 ,?is prejudice did n mislead ,democritus1 ?\gh x is an idol n only ( ! cave1 z ,bacon w\ld say1 b also ( ! =um4 ,we h be5 misl$ & deceiv$ by relative want ( motion1 to consid] t until di/urb$ by an active impulse matt] occupies a fix$ place4 ,b n[1 ,i w\ld almo/ say s9ce ! tw5tie? c5tury dawn$1 ?is old fallacy is giv+ way to ! new] conception t !re is no su* ?+ z re/ 9 nature1 nay n ev5 )9 ! p>ticles ( any solid body4 ,s !n ! primal assumption ( ! ,greek ?9k] t motion is ! natural /ate ( matt] 0 a wond]ful anticipation ( sci5ce1 & %[s once m :at giant /rides ! human race may make by ?9k+ z comp>$ ) ! m]e record+ ( exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 /ud5ts ( exp]im5tal physics are deg5]at+ into m]e me*anics1 :o seek to int]rogate nature by ! use ( delicate ma*9]y1 & c>efully record$ occurr5ces1 ,i am assur$ by ^? 9 our great ,univ]sity :o h be5 compell$ 9 e>li] life to acquire a s\nd k ( ,greek philosophy1 t ! /udy ( ! old ,hylozoi/s--! ,ionic s*ools we h review$--is ! v be/ introduction to ! high] task ( fram+ !ories f exp]im5ts1 & :5 ,i h he>d read 9 ! s*ools essays writt5 9 ignorance ( ^! !ories1 ,i h (t5 wond]$ at ! abs5ce ( sci5tific logic ( consi/5t ?9k+1 ( cle> imag9+ :i* *>act]ises ! mod]n sci5ti/4 ,& :5 we are fac$ 9 our univ]sities by ! gigantic dem&s ( mod]n sci5ti/s = laboratories1 ma*9]y1 upkeep1 & :at n1 by way ( promot+ :at !y call v ridicul\sly orig9al rese>*1 !y %\ld be told op5ly & con/antly t no m]e me*anic1 no m]e tradesman1 h[ev] spl5didly equipp$1 w ev] be wor? "o /raw 9 orig9al rese>*4 ,su* a high call+1 if x is n to be m]e "n1 a m]e impo/ure1 requires z its fir/ implem5t a tra9$ intellect1 taught to speculate1 & to devise !ories :i* may or may n be v]ifi$ or illu/rat$ by me*anical tools4 ,! greate/ discov]]s 9 mod]n sci5ce 7 m5 ) bad tools1 & small equipm5t4 ,! old ,greeks _h none at all1 & yet h[ _m ( ! _w's my/]ies did !y approa* & solve1 m]ely by ! =ce ( pure & s\nd speculation6 ,:5 we he> little mod]n m5 ( sci5ce wond]+ h[ ! ,greeks c\ld h got s f> )\t mod]n in/rum5ts1 we feel r incl9$ to tell !m we wond] ! mod]ns h done s mu* ) ! help ( ^!1 = 9 ab/ract ?9k+ lies ! real basis ( e great discov]y4 ,s f>1 ! c\rse ( ,greek philosophy has l$ u to ! side ( sci5ce1 to ! con/itution ( ! _w1 to ! imm5sity ( space1 to ! physical con/ruction ( animal & vegetable life1 to ! problem ( ! duration ( ! univ]se1 to ! dreams ab\t its orig94 ,reg>d+ all ?is z natural philosophy 7to use an obsolete b conv5i5t expression71 !re rema9s ano!r orb ( ,greek speculation :i* took rise ) ,socrates1 pass$ on ?r\gh ,plato & ,ari/otle to ! ,/oic & ,epicurean s*ools1 & ev5 illum9$ ) its sett+ rays ! old _w pass+ into ! night ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,two ?+s1 says ! philosoph] ,kant1 impress me always ) _! pe]less maje/y--! />ry heav5 above1 & ! ,moral ,law )94 ,x is ?is latt] aspect ( human philosophy1 b\nd up z x is on ! "o side ) pr(\nd metaphysic1 on ! o!r ) ord9>y practical life1 t ,i mu/ n[ speak4 ,b "h1 :]e ! mat]ial is l>ge1 & our evid5ce v complete1 x is n exp$i5t t ,i %\ld deta9 y at any l5g?4 ,x may be new to "s ( y t ,p>m5ides or ,leucippus h be5 ! fa!rs ( mod]n sy/ems2 b none ( y w d\bt = a mom5t ! colossal influ5ce ( ,plato & ,ari/otle ^u mod]n ?\ght4 ,y mu/ bew>e ( exagg]at+ ! revolution 9 philosophy produc$ by ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s4 ,x may inde$ be true 9 _! case t !y despis$ sci5tific speculation1 & did n c>e to make rese>*es into ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,gorgias ev5 erect$ into a !ory 8 scepticism reg>d+ ! reality ( our k1 & wrote a fam\s tract on ! impossibility ( kn[+ any?+2 & he 0 by no means ! only nihili/ 9 ! c\rse ( ,greek philosophy4 ,b :5 we come to ,plato1 we f9d high physical speculation1 we f9d high !ories ( ! univ]se1 we f9d all ! le>n+ ( 8 pr$ecessors wov5 into 8 sy/em1 or utilis$ by way ( illu/ration4 ,! ideas ( ! ,py?agoreans 9 p>ticul>1 influ5c$ him con/antly1 & 8 advocacy ( a tra9+ 9 geometry1 :i* may1 m ?an p ?9k1 h %ap$ ! curriculum ( mod]n public s*ools 9 ,europe1 is ,py?agorean 9 _s4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is /rong recomm5dation1 x does n appe> t ,plato himself made any advances 9 t sci5ce4 ,8 aim 0 = ! moral re=m ( ! individual1 & ) him ( society1 by metaphysical & e?ical tra9+4 ,he _h a high] op9ion ( ! value ( education ?an ev5 ! mod]n democrat1 or ,engli% ,radical1 :o imag9es t by infus+ k into ! masses1 y c make !m equal to ! classes 9 ref9em5t & 9 ! am5ities ( life4 ,b ,plato's education 0 int5d$ /rictly = ! rul+ m9ority2 he did n ?9k ! artisan or ! lab\r] fit = ?is high privilege1 & 9 all 8 ideal s*emes1 he set up ei!r ! exceptional man z a mon>* 79 ! ,politicus71 a small olig>*y ( gu>dians 79 ! ,republic71 or a fix$ code ( /rict ,laws1 ) sev]e p5alties = any violation or ev5 que/ion+ ( !m--all cle>ly ari/ocratic =ces1--z ! safegu>ds ( society4 ,& 9 spite ( all ^! e?ical safegu>ds1 he did n believe t any /ate1 ev5 if ideally con/ruct$1 w\ld la/ = ev]1 b t x mu/ live ?r\gh a y\? & a maturity & ultimately rea* ! decrepitude ( age4 ,i w n rev]t to ! political speculations ( ,plato1 :i* belong to ano!r "p ( my subject4 ,my pres5t conc]n is ) 8 !ology & 8 metaphysic4 ,is x any wond] t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ?9k]s1 su* z ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 delight$ 9 him & call$ him ! ,attic ,moses8 ,9 8 ,republic he goes s f> z to propose = 8 ideal /ate ! expulsion ( ,hom] & ! o!r ,epic poets1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a l(ti] cre$1 z necess>y = pure & s\nd morals4 ,! true deity mu/ be "o1 & ! au?or ( all good4 ,he mu/ be free f all di/urbance ( passion or caprice1 )\t love or jeal\sy1 )\t pride or int]e/4 ,any defects !re may be 9 ! _w are due1 n to 8 want ( b5evol5ce1 b to 8 want ( omnipot5ce 9 controll+ ! necessities ( ?+s1 or p]haps r because no be+1 omnipot5t or n1 c possibly be conceiv$ z reconcil+ absolute contradictories4 ,x may1 = example1 be bett] & nobl] = ! creation t be+s %\ld exi/ :i* h a free w ( _! own & :i* are n l ma*9es controll$ by inv9cible necessity4 ,b if !y h inde$ free w1 h[ is x possible !y %\ld n g wrong1 & cause evil 9 ! _w z ! outcome ( _! lib]ty8 ,yet if ?is be ! cause ( evil 9 ! _w1 x implies a high] & bett] /ate ?an "o ( p]fect ord]1 ) ! ideas ( virtue & m]it expung$ f exi/5ce4 ,plato goes fur!r ?an any b ! highe/ ,*ri/ian !ologians :5 he decl>es ! ,moral ,law to be et]nal & immutable1 & to be b9d+ ev5 on ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,9 o!r words1 ! great m$ival controv]sy1--:e!r ,god does a ?+ because x is "r1 or :e!r a ?+ mu/ be "r because ,god does x1--?is controv]sy is solv$ 9 ! s5se ( :at ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s h call$ ,immutable ,morality4 ,if su* be ! obligation "u :i* ev5 ! ,deity acts1 x is an obvi\s coroll>y t no?+ 9 ! conduct ( m5 is comp>able to ju/ice1 no?+ 9 dignity equal to ! obey+ ( ! ,moral ,law1 )\t any reg>d ( consequ5ces4 ,nay m1 to be puni%$ = wrong-do+ is f> happi] & bett] ?an to escape ! consequ5ces1 & s to miss ! great lesson t crime br+s ) x mis]y z a j consequ5ce4 ,accord+ly1 a cle> k ( moral pr9ciples is ( ! fir/ mom5t to all m51 & 9 ,plato's day x 0 (t5 a m difficult problem to *oose ! "r c\rse1 ?an to foll[ x :5 discov]$4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ^? _m rese>*es into ! prop] connotation ( t]ms express+ moral ideas4 ,:at is ju/ice1 :at is temp]ance1 :at is *a/ity1 :at is hol9ess8 ,on all ^!1 !re 0 little difficulty 9 %[+ by discussion t ! popul> notions 7 vague1 & (t5 self-contradictory4 ,! fir/ /ep to a pur] life 0 to und]/& its conditions1 to br+ ! intellect1 z well z ! w1 to be> ^u ! conduct ( m54 ,h5ce a man :o felt no difficulty 9 do+ 8 duty1 :5 he once saw x pla9ly be=e him1 might well say ) ,socrates & ) ,plato1 t virtue 0 k1 t "r liv+ 0 a sci5ce1 & t !re=e a high education 0 ! necess>y condition ( a noble "*4 ,?is attitude is =eign to ! morals ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* accepts ! *ild & ! ignorant z bett] fitt$ = salvation ?an ! wise & prud5t4 ,b su* a !ory1 l t ( a primitive ,*ur* :]e ! memb]s _h all ?+s 9 common1 may be v practical at ! op5+ ( a revolution1 yet may aft]w>ds be f\nd impracticable4 ,x 0 n m]ely ow+ to its suppos$ corruption & decad5ce t ! ,m$ival ,*ur* came to ignore t pov]ty & equality ( all ,*ri/ians :i* we f9d at ,j]usalem 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!re is an ari/ocracy among m5 :i* no sy/em ( religion1 ( morals1 ( politics c ignore )\t disa/r\s consequ5ces1 & t is ! ari/ocracy ( intellect4 ,?is 0 ! lesson :i* ,plato taught 9 e page1 & ?is x 0 :i* made him speculate ^u ! nature ( ! s\l1 & its relation to ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 & to ! k ( ?+s high] & deep] ?an m]e ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 only gradually t he arriv$ at 8 conviction ( ! immortality1 or r ( ! et]nity ( ! s\l2 probably x 0 sugge/$ to him by ! my/ics & !ologians among ! ,greeks4 ,b 9 8 dialogue kn[n z ! ,phd1 he has discuss$ ?is n[ accept$ belief ) all its difficulties4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,socrates1 he has c\rt$ all ! objections1 & has endeav\r$ to %[ on metaphysical pr9ciples t ! s\l1 be+ a p]fectly simple active pr9ciple1 di/9ct f1 & sup]ior to1 ! body1 w n pass away ) ! dea? ( its tab]nacle b w exi/ h]eaft]1 z x has exi/$1 f et]nity to et]nity4 ,! late ,erw9 ,rohde1 a critic n at all fav\rable to reveal$ religion1 says1 ,i ?9k ) great tru?1 t 8no human tea*] has ev] done s mu* z ,plato to ext5d ?is belief10 :i* has produc$ n only ! noble/ spiritual life1 b also ! noble/ poetry4 ,y "k x 9 y\r ,engli% poets1 be/ ( all p]haps 9 ! sob] ,wordswor?-- ,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+2 ,! ,s\l t rises ) u1 our life's ,/>1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,& come? f af>4 ,& aga93 ,h5ce 9 a season ( calm wea!r ,?\gh inl& f> we be1 ,our ,s\ls h sight ( t immortal sea ,:i* br\ght u hi!r1 ,c 9 a mom5t travel ?i!r1 ,& he> ! *ildr5 sport+ on ! %ore1 ,& he> ! mighty waves1 roll+ = ev]more4 ,ne$ ,i pass on to ,ari/otle1 & %[ 9 detail h[ 8 philosophy s dom9at$ m$ival le>n+ t x 0 adopt$ & protect$ by ! ,*ur*1 & t x became "o ( ! ef=ts ( ! _s ( re=m 9 logic & 9 psy*ology to break ! %ackles :i* ?is great ?9k] _h1 z ! mod]n spirits (t5 compla9$1 =g$ to keep ! human intellect f its advance8 ,ne$ ,i tell y t ?is 0 ow+ to a trave/y ( ! great man1 le>n$ n f 8 own pregnant words b ?r\gh translations & comm5t>ies8 ,i w conclude ) a ref]5ce to ! two great sy/ems t dom9at$ ! ,roman _w aft] ,plato & ,ari/otle _h turn$ philosophy into an e?ical *annel--,i mean ^? ( ! ,/oics & ( ! ,epicureans1 :o mapp$ out human "* ) a cle>ness t makes !m our tea*]s to ! pres5t day4 ,n t !y avoid$ speculat+ on ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,! physics ( ,epicurus1 borr[$ f ,democritus1 are among ! mo/ difficult ( /udies1 & ! ,/oics embrac$ 9 _! view z ! motive ( action ( _! wise man all ! h>mony ( ! univ]se4 ,^! speculations may n[ be antiquat$1 b z ! tea*]s ( e?ical types1 z ! exp\nd]s ( :at ! highe/ human wisdom f9ds 9 its se>* = happ9ess1 ^! two s*ools h fix$ ! types ( civilis$ m5 = all "t4 ,e man 9 ?is audi5ce is born ei!r a ,/oic or an ,epicurean1 or :at is p]haps f> m common1 alt]nates f "o to ! o!r accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 its simple/ =m ! great "q is3 ,are we to live = duty1 or live = pleasure--n ( c\rse m]e vulg> pleasure ( ! s5ses1 b t ref9$ balance ( intellectual & moral pleasure :i* y w f9d be/ expla9$ 9 my old fri5d ,walt] ,pat]'s ,m>ius ! ,epicurean2 or else are we to seek = our /&>d outside ourselves1 9 ! laws :i* ! ,moral ,gov]nor ( ! _w has e/abli%$ = its welf>e1 & co-op]ate ) ,him 9 ! promotion ( ,8 great ends8 ,su* is ! ideal wise man ( ! ,/oics1 :o despis$ all e>?ly delights1 all physical pleasures1 = ! sake ( ! great law ( duty1 & ! great mission ( liv+ = "s nobl] purpose ?an m]e animal or social com=ts4 ,we h its be/ expression 9 ! p]oration ( ,cic]o's acc\nt ( ! sy/em#dg2 or if y w h x 9 a m famili> %ape1 9 ! l\d cl>ion ( ,sa9t ,paul3 8,z deceiv]s1 & yet true2 z unkn[n1 & yet well kn[n2 z dy+1 & behold1 we live2 z sorr[ful1 yet alway rejoic+2 z poor1 yet mak+ _m ri*2 z hav+ no?+1 yet possess+ all ?+s40#dh ,= he too 0 br$ a ,/oic1 & 0 n afraid 9 8 addresses to cultivat$ m5 ( 8 day to prea* ,/oic !ology1 ak9 to ,pan!ism4 ,if ! "t %\ld ev] come :5 m5 w no long] be l$ by revelation1 :5 !y w reject miracle & prophecy1 & det]m9e to be l$ by ! m]e light ( reason 7m5 h (t5 anticipat$ su* a future1 reg>dless ( ! fact t hi!rto religi\s scepticism has always end$ 9 a recoil f ?is lib]ty1 & a revival ( positive & ev5 sup]/iti\s cre$s7--if1 ,i say1 su* an age %\ld ev] lay aside ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 !re w /ill rema9 ! e?ical types :i* ,z5o & ,epicurus h cry/allis$ 9 _! sy/ems--!re w always rema9 ! man ( duty & ! man ( pleasure1 ! man :o lives = o!rs & he :o lives = himself1 9 t]ms ( mod]n philosophic j>gon1 ! ,altrui/ & ! ,egoi/1 ! ,spirituali/ & ! ,mat]iali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h ,i break (f my unf9i%$ task1 unf9i%$ inde$ z x mu/ be1 = beyond ! _m ?+s t ,i h omitt$ ?\gh ,i knew !m1 !re are _m m omitt$ because ,i knew !m n1 because ,i h n fa?om$ ! unfa?omable dep? & ! myriad v>iety ( t g5ius :i* is liv+1 & sugge/+1 & work+ all ?r\gh ! ideal aspects ( our mod]n life4 ,!re are probably few m5 :o h liv$ long] & m intimately ) ! old ,greeks1 9 m phases ( _! life1 ev] prob+ & seek+ = deep] & bett] k ( _! va/ legacy to mank9d1 ( :i* ! rod5t too? ( "t1 ! sacrilegi\s h&s ( m51 h lo/ or de/roy$ s mu*4 ,! f>!r ,i seek1 ! wid] ! vi/as ,i see op5+ be=e me4 ,s n[1 :5 my "p 9 ! race is ne>ly run1 !re rema9s to me no high] e>?ly satisfaction ?an ?is1 t ,i h c>ri$ ! tor* ( ,greek fire alight ?r\gh a long life--no high] e>?ly hope ?an ?is1 t ,i may pass t tor* to o!rs1 :o 9 _! turn may keep x aflame ) great] brilliancy p]haps1 b n ) m e>ne/ devotion1 89 ! ,p>liam5t ( m51 ! ,f$]ation ( ! _w40 ,,index ,a ,a*an ,league1 organisation & dissolution1 #bjc1 #bjd ,acontius & ,cydippe1 love /ory ( a mod]n type1 #id ,actium1 battle1 #ga neid ( ,virgil1 see ,virgil olic s*ool1 *>act]i/ic1 #ec s*ylus1 s\rce ( 8 trag$y1 #cf1 #cg2 "o ( ! 8?ree tragic poets10 #dg2 ,milton's view (1 #dg2 *>act]s ( 8 plays1 #dh2 judge ( trag$y1 #gc2 music (1 #acf ,agamemnon3 great play1 #bg2 op5+ (1 #dh2 8vulg> & trivial p]sons10 #dh2 contributes to ,byron1 #ee2 ,br[n+'s v]sion1 #eg2 (t5 translat$ into ,engli%1 #eh ,prome!us ,v9ctus3 model = ,p>adise ,lo/1 #dg sculapius1 %r9e (1 #agf ,agamemnon1 see s*ylus ,aga?>*us1 discov]s pr9ciples ( p]spective1 #acj ,alcu1 poet1 #cg ,alex&]1 ,life (1 #ig ,alex&ria1 libr>y1 collect+ (1 gives impetus to lit]>y criticism1 #ia ,alex&rian s*ool1 developm5t ( me*anics1 #afb2 inv5tion ( ! sakia1 #afe ,alke/is1 see ,euripides ,alma-,tadema1 ,sir ,edw>d1 influ5c$ by ,greek art1 #aca1 #acb ,amyot1 imitat$ ,greek novel1 #if ,anatomy1 h[ /udi$ by ,greeks1 #adh ,anaxagoras1 pr9cipal feature ( 8 sy/em1 #bbi2 on orig9al p>ticles1 #bbi2 ,ari/otle on1 #bbi2 8 fam\s ,n\s1 #bcj1 #bca ,anaxim&]1 makes advances 9 a/ronomy1 #baf1 #bag2 geological obs]vations (1 #bah ,anaxim5es1 idea ( ! fundam5tal elem5t ( ! _w1 #baf1 #bag2 !ory ( eclipses1 #bag ,antiphon1 treatises (1 #hb ,antony & ,cleopatra1 see ,%akespe>e ,aphrodite ( ,melos1 m5tion$1 #aah ,apollonius ( ,p]ga1 treatm5t ( conic sections1 #afa1 #afg ,apollonius ,rhodius1 delights 9 nature1 #ei ,argonautics3 great epic1 #da2 model = ,milton1 #dc2 & ,goe!'s ,fau/1 #dd ,arabic num]als1 #aeg ,ar*ilo*us1 poet1 #cg ,ar*im$es1 triumphs (1 9 me*anics1 #afb1 #afg ,ar*itecture1 e>lie/ =m ( h\se1 #ii2 h\ses ( ! dead1 #ajj-ajb1 #aaj1 #aaa2 squ>e h\se1 #ajb2 evolution ( classical1 #ajc2 build+ mat]ials1 #ajc2 ,doric1 #ajd2 temples1 #aje1 #aaj2 di/9ction betwe5 h\se & temple1 #ajf1 #ajg2 p]fection ( religi\s1 #ajf1 #ajg2 ar* n us$ by ,greeks1 #ajg1 #ajh2 ,greek & ,roman1 comp>$1 #ajh2 purpose 9 p>ts ( a build+1 #aji2 orig9 ( ar*1 #aji2 ,roman use ( ar*1 #aaj2 ornam5tation (1 by sculpture1 #abj ,ar*ytas1 #afg ,areopagitica1 see ,milton ,argonautics1 see ,apollonius ,rhodius ,argos1 slaves 91 #ahh ,ari/ides1 /udi$ oratory1 #gj ,ari/ocracies1 9 classical & m$ival times1 #ahd ,ari/ophanes1 z critic1 #ib2 ridicules ,asklepiads1 #agf ,ari/ophanes1 diction & metre1 #cg2 greate/ ma/] ( ,greek com$y1 #fj1 #fa2 ,fr]e's translation1 #fa1 #fd2 ,rog]s's translation1 #fa2 influ5ce & legacy1 #fa ,birds & ,frogs3 #bg ,ari/otle1 almo/ canonis$1 #ai2 criticism ( ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis1 #fb1 #gb2 criticism ( ,m$ea1 #fb2 di/9ction betwe5 prose & poetry1 #fb1 #fc2 on ,h]odotus1 #fb1 #fc1 #gc2 on dramatic poetry & hi/ory1 #gb1 #gd2 & ,h]odotus1 on /yle & subject ( hi/ory1 #gd2 treatise on ,language1 #adi2 treatise on ,reason+1 #aej2 ari?metical pro( ( !orem 9 geometry1 #aef2 on geometry1 #aei2 8ma/] ( ^? t knew10 #afg2 br\ght up 9 ,socratic me?od1 #afg2 /yle ( writ+1 #afg1 #afh2 sy/em ( collaboration1 #afh1 #aga2 collaborators1 #afi2 does no orig9al "w 9 ma!matics1 #afi2 compet5ce 9 ma!matics1 #agj2 sci5ces promot$ by1 #aga2 views on slav]y1 #ahi2 views on craftsm51 #ahi2 ess5tial 9 8 ideal ( a /ate1 #bjf2 objection to atomic !ory1 #bcc2 influ5ce on mod]n ?\ght1 #bcg2 8 philosophy & ! ,*ur*1 #bdb ,con/itution ( ,a!ns3 #afi ,poetic3 on tragic poetry1 #fa2 on dramatic poetry & hi/ory1 #gb ,ari/ox5us1 collaborator ) ,ari/otle1 #afi ,ari?metic1 />t+-po9t ( ma!matics1 #aec2 importance (1 to ,py?agoras1 #aec2 numb]s ! ess5ce ( ! univ]se1 #aec1 #aed2 ,greek mean+ (1 #aed2 ,py?agorean speculations on natural s]ies ( units1 #aee2 specim5s ( treatm5t by ,py?agoras1 #aef2 importance ( numb]s t5 & twelve1 #aef2 ,greek notation1 #aeg2 ,euclid's works on1 #afa2 books on hi/ory (1 #agj ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 comp>es ,milton's /yle ) ,virgil's1 #df2 writes plays aft] ,greek models1 #eh ,m]ope3 #eh ,art1 e>lie/ ,greek1 #ab2 prop] prov9ce (1 #cc1 #cd2 use ( ! t]m1 #ih ,artificiality ( ,greek poetry1 def9$1 #cc1 #cd ,asklepiads1 me?od (1 #agf ,assemblies1 9 ,greek democracies1 #ahc ,a/ronomy1 books on hi/ory (1 #agj ,atalanta1 see ,sw9burne ,a!ns1 debts 91 #ahf2 lead]%ip1 #bja2 deg5]ation ( spiritual life 91 #baj ,atomic !ory1 develop$ by ,leucippus & ,democritus1 #bca1 #bcb2 results (1 #bcc2 ,ari/otle's objections to1 #bcc ,atomi/s1 doctr9e (1 #bah1 #bai ,atreus1 tomb (1 #ajb1 #aaa ,attic citiz5s1 "*1 #bjh ,attic ,code ( laws1 #aij1 #bfa ,attic life1 portray$ by ,m5&]1 #bjh1 #bji ,b ,bac*ylides1 comp>ison ( ,gray )1 #ed ,beehive huts1 e>lie/ =m ( h\se1 #ii2 extant examples1 #ii1 #ajj2 n easily def5d$1 #ii2 once a g5]al type1 #ajj2 h\ses ( ! dead1 #ajj-ajb2 ,treasury ( ,a!ns1 #aja2 developm5t (1 #ajb ,biography1 ,plut>*1 model1 #hj ,birds & ,frogs1 ( ,ari/ophanes1 #bg ,bl['s an!m1 8,i beheld & lo6 a great multitude10 #abf ,boccaccio1 & ,greek novels1 #ie ,botany1 promot$ by ,ari/otle1 #aga ,botticelli1 ,greek influ5ce on1 #aca ,br\gham1 ,"l1 on ,demo/h5es1 #hd ,br[n+1 ,rob]t1 8 v]sion ( ,agamemnon1 #eg2 v]sion ( ,euripides1 #eg1 #eh1 #fd ,brydges1 ,sir ,eg]ton1 on *oruses 9 ,samson ,agoni/es1 #ej ,buckle's ,civilisation1 fam\s op5+1 #e ,burke1 ,edmund1 /yle influ5c$ by ,isocrates1 #ij2 translation ( ! ,tract on ! ,sublime1 #ib ,burl+ton ,art ,club ( ,london1 collection ( ,greek fragm5ts1 #ba ,byron1 ,"l1 lead] ( ,romantic s*ool1 #ee2 k ( ,greek poetry1 #ee2 borr[s f s*ylus1 #ee2 int]e/$ 9 ,greek life & ,greece1 #ef2 int]e/s ,romantici/s 9 ,greece1 #ef ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 #ah ,c ,calv]ley's ,!ocritus1 #fd ,cambridge ,platoni/s1 #bdj ,c>rey1 ,jacques1 draw+s ( ,p>!non1 #eb ,ca!dral ( ,h5ry ! ,lion at ,brunswick1 #aai ,*alm]s1 ,?omas1 ,scot* orator1 /yle1 #ij ,*apman1 translation ( ! ,iliad1 #de1 #ea ,*>iote] ( ,delphi1 #aag ,*oral hymns1 ,doric1 #da ,cic]o on ,p9d>1 #ej2 on hi/ory1 #hj2 /yle modell$ on t ( ,isocrates1 #hh1 #ij ,de ,f9ibus3 #bde ,city /ates1 9 ,greece1 #ahc2 comb9ations & alliances1 #bjj ,col\rs1 use1 #aah ,com$y1 ,greek1 influ5ce1 #fj1 #fa ,composition 9 sculpture1 #abj1 #abb ,comus1 see ,milton ,con/ant9ople1 adh]es to ,hell5ic traditions1 #ahb ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 #afi ,contracts1 civil1 #aid ,conv]sation1 p]fection ( ,greek /yle1 #ij1 #ia2 ,plato's ,dialogues1 #ia ,corcyrean massacre1 ,?ucydides on1 #gg ,corn=d1 ,mr41 ,?ucydides ,my?i/oricus1 ref]r$ to1 #gg ,criticism1 lit]>y1 beg9n+s1 #ia2 models (1 #ib2 ,tract on ! ,sublime1 #ib ,cyclic poets1 #db ,cyrus1 ( ,x5ophon1 #id ,d ,dante1 gloomy spl5d\r1 #ai ,inf]no3 #bg ,daphnis & ,*loe1 au?or unkn[n1 #if2 be/ specim5 ( ,greek novel1 #if ,d>k ,ages1 conditions 91 #aha2 causes ( retrogression1 #bhb ,d>w91 ,*>les1 on s5se ( col\r1 #abh ,dea? 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,/oic1 #bde ,zology promot$ by ,ari/otle1 #aga ,,footnotes3 #a ,! rec5t book ( ,augu/ ,fick ^u ! place-names 9 ,greek l&s %[s t ! great majority are n ,greek1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,attica1 ! pure/ home ( culture1 %[+ t ev5 "h !re surviv$ a l>ge indig5\s population4 ,?is is ! new signification ( ! ,a!nian claim to be auto*?on\s1 or native *ildr5 ( ! soil4 #b ,! read]s ( my ,rambles & ,/udies 9 ,greece w rememb] h[ ,i 0 once %ipwreck$ 9 ! v h>b\r ( g9a1 & compell$ to seek hospitality 9 a mode/ private h\se4 ,:5 ,i saw ! woman ( ! h\se 9 ! morn+1 by ! light ( day1 ,i %\t$ to my companions t "o ( ! figures ( ! ,p>!non _h walk$ into ! room4 ,! spl5did type 0 !re 9 its p]fection4 #c ,! ,odyssey ( ,hom]1 ! two trag$ies on dipus ( ,sophocles1 ! ,birds & ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! ,py?ian odes ( ,p9d>1 n to speak ( small] gems su* z ! scraps ( ,sappho & ,simonides1 ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus4 #d ,( c\rse ?is common inf]5ce may be q mi/ak54 ,artificial ?+s are (t5 a real & great improvem5t on nature4 #e ,?is is probably ! case ) ,hipponax4 #f ,?is rem>k is f ,h>e's almo/ =gott5 ,guesses at ,tru?1 an excell5t book4 #g 8,ke5 7 8 pangs b ke5] f> to feel ,he nurs$ ! p9ion :i* impell$ ! /eel0 is /raight f s*ylus4 #h ,i "k no translation ( ! :ole sev5 plays ( s*ylus t ,i c recomm5d1 ?\gh !re be _m admirable v]sions ( ! ,agamemnon1 b among ! ,engli% reproductions ( ,sophocles let me call y\r att5tion to t ( ,mr4 ,:itelaw1 ( mo/ ( ,euripides to t ( ,mr4 ,way4 ,bo? ( ^! are em95tly ! "w ( s*ol>s :o are also poets4 #i ,i ne$ h>dly add t ! brilliant com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes are to be f\nd 9 ! well kn[n books ( ,j4 ,hookham ,fr]e & ( ,mr4 ,rog]s1 :o has q rec5tly br\ght out ano!r play4 #aj ,i say fresco because ?is is usually occupi$ ) hi/orical sc5es4 #aa ,! read] c n[ consult ! brilliant & sugge/ive ,?ucydides ,my?i/oricus ( ,mr4 ,corn=d on ?is aspect ( ! hi/orian & 8 "w4 #ab ,book iii41 #hb-d #ac ,cf4 = example :at ,h]odotus tells u 9 8 f\r? book ( ! affairs ( ,cyr5e4 #ad ,i mu/ ref] ! audi5ce = details to ! *apt] on ,?ucydides 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature4 #ae ,! m9uti ( ry?m & h>mony to :i* !y condesc5d$ are su* t ,i c\ld n possibly make !m cle> to y 9 a %ort passage ( a lecture1 b mu/ ref] y to ! *apt]s on ,isocrates & ,demo/h5es 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature4 #af ,cf4 #deg ( my ,greek ,lit]ature4 #ag ,on ?is ,cf4 #daf1 #dcg ( my ,greek ,lit]ature4 #ah ,an exception may be made = ! g5u9e lett]s ( :i* we h f\nd ! actual orig9als among ! papyri ( ,egypt4 ,"h we f9d1 among ,greeks scatt]$ abroad1 ! (fspr+ ( adv5tur\s & m]c5>y soldi]s1 all ! urbanities ( mod]n lett] writ+4 ,all ! ,roman =mul ( polit5ess we f9d 9 ,cic]o's lett]s1 7 d]iv$ f ?is s\rce--! long curr5t ,greek =ms ( correspond5ce4 #ai ,if ,%akspe>e's ,romeo & ,juliet ends n 9 happ9ess1 b 9 disa/]1 ! devices ( ! play--! sleep+ drug1 ! hid+ 9 ! tomb :]e ! lov]s aga9 unite1 ^! are ! /ock devices ( our ,greek novels1 s cle>ly1 t ! /ory mu/ h be5 d]iv$ ?r\gh ,italian v]sions f a ,greek novel ( ?is k9d4 ,boccaccio 0 cle>ly influ5c$ by ?is lit]ature4 #bj ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( music1 9 ! =m ( :i/les or pipes1 are f\nd among prehi/oric rema9s ( p :o _h nev] le>n$ to write1 b only to draw pictures4 #ba ,9 ! rude/ cases ! h\se 0 n excavat$ b 0 built on ! surface1 & !n cov]$ ) a m\nd ( e>?4 #bb ,! inn] l9tel /one #cj feet long1 #af deep1 & ov] #c ?ick1 weighs ab\t #aab tons4 ,! dromos is #aae long & #ai wide4 ,! doorway is #ag feet high & #h feet wide at ! top swell+ to #h at ! gr\nd4 ,! :ole *amb] ab\t #ej feet high & #ej across ! floor4 ,read description 9 ,ba$ek]1 p4 #cbd4 #bc ,! beehive *amb] ,i take to be an importation f nor!rn & c5tral ,europe & !re=e probably due to t /ra9 9 e>ly ,greek civilisation4 #bd ,vill>i's ,/udies1 p4 #beh4 #be ,god--says ,h]odotus 9 ! fam\s dialogue ( ,x]xes & ,artabanus on ! fugitive "* ( human happ9ess--,god1 t has giv5 to man a sweet ta/e ( life1 is f\nd grudg+ 9 8 dole4 #bf ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 ! old *ur*es ( su* t[ns z ,lneburg1 ,wism>1 ,ro/ock1 ?an ! repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion on ! c>v$ wood5 "w us$ z ! r]$os 9 v>i\s *apels z well z ov] ! high alt>4 ,! ma9 figures are 9 high relief1 ! cr[d /&+ 9 front ( !m 9 ! cle>1 all col\r$ ri*ly & 9 _m col\rs z well z gild+4 ,b = ! pa9ful subject1 ^! triumphs ( ! c>v] are p]haps ! mo/ spl5did 9 m$ival art4 ,! magnific5t tombs ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy at ,dijon are _! wor?y rivals 9 /one4 #bg ,! foam+ heads ( ! horses ( ! ris+ sun at ! left corn] ( ! ea/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non are a spl5did exception to ?is calm 9 ! angles ( ! p$im5t1 & ! subdu$ calmness ( ! horses ( ,sel5e1 :i* repres5t h] sett+1 acc5tuates ?is exception4 #bh ,?is ,i tell y f ! fir/-h& evid5ce ( my son :o 0 = ye>s 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s & saw x done a hundr$ times by natives1 b nev] ev5 aft] desp]ate ef=ts by any ,european4 #bi ,a curi\s exception is n[ to be made = ! panels ) portraits ( ! dead f\nd on mummy cases ( ! fir/ & second c5turies 9 ,roman ,egypt4 #cj ,& yet !re 7 sev]al ignorant & r&om attempts made to reproduce x ) mod]n h>monies4 #ca ,?is is ! view advocat$ 9 ! ,tract on ,music by ,philodemus1 l>ge fragm5ts ( :i* 7 recov]$ on a *>r$ papyrus f ,h]culaneum4 ,!re is ano!r fragm5t ( a simil> "* rec5tly discov]$ & pr9t$ by ,messrs4 ,gr5fell & ,hunt4 #cb ,viz43 #a #c #b2 #a #c #e #c2 #a #c #e #g #d1 & s on4 #cc ,!re is ev5 an ari?metical pro( m5tion$ by ,ari/otle t ! ratio ( side to diagonal ( a squ>e _c be "o ( :ole numb]s4 ,if x 71 ! ratio w be t ( two numb]s 9 its l[e/ t]ms1 & h5ce "o mu/ be ev5 & ! o!r odd1 else bo? 7 /ill divisible by #b4 ,illu/ration3 graphic "h b #b;a a is odd & b ev54 ,n[ let b #b;c !n #d;c #b;a & #b;c a a is ev5 & b odd1 :i* is absurd4 #cd ,read]s :o wi% to prosecute ?is subject fur!r w f9d ! be/ exposition ( x 9 ,pr(4 ,smyly's pap] 9 ! volume ( ,essays d$icat$ to ,pr(4 ,nicole ( ,g5eva4 #ce ,h]on1 1 caps4 iii4 & iv4 #cf ,see my ,epo* ( ,iri% ,hi/ory1 la/ *apt]4 #cg ,8 !ory is laid d[n 9 sev]al n[ =gott5 books brimful ( le>n+4 ,x is ! !ory ( f\r fundam5tal h>monies1 or elem5ts1 ! relations ( :i* produce 9 e body heal? & disease4 #ch 11 said ,agamemnon1 accord+ to ! copy :i* ,ari/otle quotes4 #ci 7,pol474 #dj & #da ,! abortive attempt ( ,agis ,,iii4 ( ,sp>ta only l$ to 8 own ru94 #db ,c5tesim usur #dc ,! phrase ( 8s\nd m9d & delib]ate int5tion0 7 7 po9ts to :at is told repeat$ly 9 ! spee*es ( ,isu2 on que/ions ( disput$ inh]itances1 ev5 if a w 7 prov$ g5u9e & fully atte/$1 x c\ld be set aside if pro( 7 giv5 ( undue influ5ce1 su* z lunacy1 ! effects ( a philtre1 or ! coz5+ ( wom51 ev5 ! te/ator's wife4 ,! cases he argues might occur to-day1 & be discuss$ 9 l mann]4 #dd ,9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,tur91 #ahbf4 #de ,x happ5$ ,may #bh1 #ehe ,b4,c4 #df ,s ,t5nyson 9 a poem ( 8 boyhood4 #dg ,de ,f9ibus1 lib4 iii41 sub4 f94 #dh #b ,cor4 vi41 #i1 #aj4