,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,! ,=am9if]a ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,protozoa by ,,fr$]ick ,,*apman1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,?is book has be5 writt5 ) a view ( meet+ a dem& :i* has aris5 = a concise acc\nt ( ! ,=am9if]a1 suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! /ud5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ,palaeontology4 ,) #ad plates & #db illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,,demy #hvo4 ,,clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,key/one ,pr9t+ ,co41 #eeb-d ,lonsdale ,/41 ,melb4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fossil ,,cr9oid 7,helicocr9us plumosus71 ab\t #e_/f nat4 size1 9 ,silurian ,mud/one1 ,brunswick1 ,victoria4 7,spec4 9 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,melb\rne74 ,au/ralasian ,fossils ,a ,/ud5ts' ,manual ( ,palaeontology ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,*apman1 ,palaeontologi/ to ! ,national ,museum1 ,melb\rne4 ,=m]ly ,assi/ant 9 ! ,geological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london4 ,assoc4 ,l9nean ,soc4 ,lond41 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 etc4 ,au?or ( ,! ,=am9if]a1 ,a ,monograph ( ! ,silurian ,bivalv$ ,mollusca ( ,victoria1 ,new or ,little-kn[n ,victorian ,fossils 9 ! ,national ,museum1 etc4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,,skeats1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,george ,,rob]tson ,,company ,,propy4 ,,ltd41 ,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 ,adelaide1 ,brisbane & ,london4 #aiad4 ,to ,,pr(essor ,,john ,,wesley ,,judd ?is "w is d$icat$ z a slight tribute ( e/eem1 & 9 grateful ackn[l$gem5t ( k9dly help & enc\ragem5t ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,preface #aj ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,skeats1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 #ac ,,"p ,i4--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,*ap4 ,i4--,nature & uses ( ,fossils #ba ,,ii4--,classification ( ,fossil ,animals & ,plants #cd ,,iii4--,! ,geological ,epo*s & ,"t-range ( ,fossils #da ,,iv4--,h[ ,fossils are ,f\nd1 & ! ,rocks ,!y ,=m #ea ,,"p ,,ii4--,,sy/ematic ,,palaeontology4 ,*ap4 ,v4--,fossil ,plants #hb ,,vi4--,fossil ,=am9if]a & ,radiol>ia #ie ,,vii4--,fossil ,sponges1 ,corals & ,graptolites #ajg ,,viii4--,fossil ,/>fi%es1 ,sea-lilies & ,sea-ur*9s #acc ,,ix4--,fossil ,worms1 ,sea-mats & ,lamp-%ells #aeb ,x4--,fossil ,%ell-fi% #agd ,,xi4--,fossil ,trilobites1 ,cru/acea & ,insects #bbj ,,xii4--,fossil ,fi%es1 ,amphibians1 ,reptiles1 ,birds & ,mammals #beg ,app5dix4--,notes on ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,fossils #cae ,index #cba ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,fig4 ,page #a4 ,fossil ,%ells 9 clay #bb #b4 ,tracks1 probably ( ,cru/aceans #bb #c4 ,/ructure ( ,silicifi$ ,wood 9 tang5tial section3 ,arauc>ioxylon ,da9treei1 ,*apm4 #bd #d4 ,portrait ( ,william ,smi? #bf #e4 ,rais$ ,bea*3 ,brighton1 ,engl& #bh #f4 ,rais$ ,bea*3 ,torquay1 ,victoria #bh #g4 ,m>9e ,fossils 9 ,volcanic ,tuff3 ,summit ( ,sn[don #bi #h4 ,kit*5 ,midd5s3 ,torquay1 ,victoria #cj #i4 ,subm]g$ ,=e/ on ! ,*e%ire ,coa/ #cj #aj4 ,pect5 murrayanus1 ,tate4 ,a fossil %ell alli$ to a liv+ species #cb #aa4 ,cliff section3 ,torquay1 ,victoria #db #ab4 ,diagram ( sup]position ( ,/rata #db #ac4 ,diagram ( ! ,range-9-"t ( ,au/ralasian ,fossils #ej #ad4 ,diprotodon skeletons 9 situ3 ,lake ,callabonna1 ,s4 ,au/ralia #ea #ae4 ,bird rema9s on s& dunes3 ,k+ ,isl&1 ,bass ,/rait #eb #af4 ,impression ( ,bird's fea!r 9 ,iron/one3 ,we/]n ,victoria #eb #ag4 ,a ,fossil ,turtle3 ,noto*elone co/ata1 ,ow5 sp4 #eb #ah4 ,a ,ganoid ,fi%3 ,pri/isomus crassus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d #ed #ai4 ,a fossil ,insect 9 amb] 7,tipula sp47 #ed #bj4 ,a fossil ,cru/acean3 ,?alass9a em]ii1 ,bell #ee #ba4 ,an ,ammonite3 ,desmoc]as fl9d]si1 ,mc,coy sp4 #ee #bb4 ,belemnites3 ,belemnites dipty*a1 ,mc,coy #ef #bc4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,lamp-%ells3 ,magellania flavesc5s1 ,lam4 sp4 #ef #bd4 ,zo>ium ( a liv+ ,polyzoan3 ,retepora sp4 #eh #be4 ,a fossil ,polyzoan3 ,macropora cl>kei1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 #eh #bf4 ,fossil ,worm-tubes3 787 ,s]pula #fj #bg4 ,a liv+ ,sea-ur*93 ,/rongyloc5trotus ery?rogrammus1 ,val4 #fj #bh4 ,a fossil ,sea-ur*93 ,l9?ia antiau/rails1 ,tate #fj #bi4 ,a fossil ,brittle-,/>3 ,ophiod]ma eg]toni1 ,brod4 sp4 #fj #cj4 ,a fossil ,cr9oid3 ,taxocr9us simplex1 ,phillips sp4 #fb #ca4 ,graptolites on ,slate3 ,tetragraptus fruticosus1 ,j4 ,hall sp4 #fb #cb4 ,a ,/romatoporoid3 ,act9o/roma #fc #cc4 ,corals 9 ,devonian ,m>ble3 ,favosites #fd #cd4 ,silice\s ,skeleton ( a liv+ ,sponge3 787 ,*onelasma #fd #ce4 ,spicules ( a fossil ,sponge3 ,ecionema newb]yi1 ,mc,coy sp4 #fe #cf4 ,nummulites3 ,n4 gizeh5sis1 ,ehr4 v>4 *ampollioni1 ,de la ,h>pe #fe #cg4 ,ca9ozoic ,radiol>ia #ff #ch4 ,radiol>ia 9 ,silice\s ,lime/one #fg #ci4 ,trav]t9 ,lime/one1 ) leaves ( ,bee* 7,fagus7 #fg #dj4 ,fre%wat] ,lime/one ) %ells 7,bul9us7 #fh #da4 ,h>d5$ mud/one ) ,bra*iopods 7,or?is1 etc47 #fi #db4 ,diatomace\s ,e>? #gb #dc4 ,lepidocycl9a ,lime/one #gc #dd4 ,coral 9 ,lime/one3 ,favosites gr&ipora1 ,e?4 fil4 #gd #de4 ,cr9oidal ,lime/one #gd #df4 ,turritella ,lime/one #ge #dg4 ,o/racodal ,lime/one #ge #dh4 ,halim$a ,lime/one #gg #di4 ,tasmanite3 a ,spore ,coal #gg #ej4 ,k]os5e ,%ale #gg #ea4 ,bone ,b$ #gg #eb4 ,bone ,breccia #gi #ec4 ,ca9ozoic ,iron/one ) ,leaves 7,banksia7 #hj #ed4 ,girvanella conf]ta1 ,*apm41 9 ,silurian ,lime/one #hc #ee4 ,palaeozoic ,plants #hc #ef4 ,re/oration ( ,lepidod5dron #hd #eg4 ,/em ( ,lepidod5dron 7,lepidophloios71 %[+ leaf-sc>s #hd #eh4 ,upp] ,palaeozoic ,plants #he #ei4 ,map ( ,gondwana-,l& #hg #fj4 ,mesozoic ,plants #hh #fa4 ,ca9ozoic ,plants #ij #fb4 ,eucalyptus leaves f ! ,deep ,leads #ib #fc4 ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic ,=am9if]a #ig #fd4 ,lepidocycl9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*4 sp4 ,sections ( %ell %[+ /ructure #ii #fe4 ,ca9ozoic ,=am9if]a #ajj #ff4 ,fossil ,radiol>ia #ajc #fg4 ,palaeozoic ,sponges & ,ar*aeocya?9ae #ajh #fh4 ,ca9ozoic ,sponges #aaa #fi4 ,silurian ,corals #aaa #gj4 ,upp] ,palaeozoic ,corals #aaf #ga4 ,ca9ozoic ,corals #aah #gb4 ,/romatoporoidea & ,cladophora #aba #gc4 ,l[] ,ordovician ,graptolites #abe #gd4 ,l[] ,ordovician ,graptolites #abe #ge4 ,upp] ,ordovician & ,silurian ,graptolites #abg #gf4 ,fossil ,cr9oids #ace #gg4 ,fossil ,/>fi%es #adj #gh4 ,prota/] bris+oides1 ,gregory1 9 ,silurian ,s&/one #adb #gi4 ,gregoriura spryi1 ,*apm41 9 ,silurian ,mud/one #adc #hj4 ,ca9ozoic ,sea-ur*9s #ade #ha4 ,ca9ozoic ,sea-ur*9s #adg #hb4 ,fossil ,worms #aec #hc4 ,palaeozoic ,polyzoa #aef #hd4 ,ca9ozoic ,polyzoa #aeg #he4 ,l[] ,palaeozoic ,bra*iopods #aei #hf4 ,silurian & ,devonian ,bra*iopods #afa #hg4 ,c>bop]mian ,bra*iopods #afc #hh4 ,mesozoic ,bra*iopods #afe #hi4 ,ca9ozoic ,bra*iopods #afg #ij4 ,l[] ,palaeozoic ,bivalves #agf #ia4 ,palaeozoic ,bivalves #agi #ib4 ,c>bop]mian ,bivalves #ahj #ic4 ,l[] ,mesozoic ,bivalves #aha #id4 ,cretace\s ,bivalves #ahc #ie4 ,ca9ozoic ,bivalves #ahe #if4 ,ca9ozoic ,bivalves #ahf #ig4 ,fossil ,scaphopods & ,*itons #ahh #ih4 ,l[] ,palaeozoic ,ga/]opoda #aib #ii4 ,silurian ,ga/]opoda #aid #ajj4 ,upp] ,palaeozoic ,ga/]opoda #aie #aja4 ,mesozoic ,ga/]opoda #aig #ajb4 ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opoda #aii #ajc4 ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opoda #bjj #ajd4 ,late ,ca9ozoic & ,plei/oc5e ,ga/]opoda #bja #aje4 ,palaeozoic ,cephalopoda #bjf #ajf4 ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic ,cephalopoda #bjh #ajg4 ,diagram re/oration ( an ,au/ralian ,trilobite 7,dalmanites7 #bbd #ajh4 ,cambrian ,trilobites #bbf #aji4 ,old] ,silurian ,trilobites #bbh #aaj4 ,new] ,silurian ,trilobites #bcj #aaa4 ,c>bonif]\s ,trilobites & a ,phyllopod #bcb #aab4 ,silurian ,o/racoda #bcf #aac4 ,upp] ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic ,o/racoda #bch #aad4 ,ca9ozoic ,o/racoda #bci #aae4 ,fossil ,cirrip$es #bdb #aaf4 ,cirrip$es4 ,lepas anatif]a1 ,l9n43 liv+ goose b>nacle1 & ,l4 prit*>di1 ,hall3 ,ca9ozoic #bdb #aag4 ,c]atioc>is papilio1 ,salt] #bdd #aah4 ,ordovician ,phylloc>ids #bde #aai4 ,silurian ,phylloc>ids #bde #abj4 ,fossil ,crabs & ,insects #bdg #aba4 ,silurian ,eurypt]ids #bdi #abb4 ,?ye/es magnificus1 ,*apm4 #bei #abc4 ,gyracan?ides murrayi1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,re/oration #bfj #abd4 ,tee? & ,scales ( ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic ,fi%es #bfj #abe4 ,clei?rolepis granulatus1 ,eg]ton #bfc #abf4 ,too? ( ,c]atodus avus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,w41 & phalangeal ( a c>nivor\s ,de9osaur #bfd #abg4 ,scale ( ,c]atodus 8 avus #bfe #abh4 ,! ,que5sl& ,lung-fi%3 ,neoc]atodus =/]i1 ,krefft #bff #abi4 ,leptolepis greg>ius1 ,a4 ,s4 ,w4 #bff #acj4 ,cretace\s & ,ca9ozoic ,fi%-tee? #bfh #aca4 ,ca9ozoic ,fi% rema9s #bgj #acb4 ,bo?riceps major1 ,a4 ,s4 ,w4 #bgc #acc4 ,i*?yosaurus au/ralis1 ,mc,coy #bgg #acd4 ,fossil ,reptiles #bgh #ace4 ,impression ( ,bird's fea!r1 magnifi$1 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria #bha #acf4 ,cnemiornis calcitrans1 ,ow5 #bhd #acg4 ,d9ornis maximus1 ,ow54 ,great ,moa #bhd #ach4 ,pa*yornis elephantopus1 ,ow5 #bhe #aci4 ,skeleton ( ,s>cophilus urs9us1 ,h>ris sp4 #bhh #adj4 ,skull ( fossil specim5 ( ,s>cophilus urs9us #bhh #ada4 ,?ylac9us major1 ,ow54 ,h9d "p ( m&ible #bhi #adb4 ,phascolomys plioc5us1 ,mc,coy4 ,m&ible #bij #adc4 ,ca9ozoic ,tee? & ,otoli? #bia #add4 ,skeleton ( ,diprotodon au/ralis1 ,ow5 #bia #ade4 ,"r h9d foot ( ,diprotodon au/ralis #bib #adf4 ,re/oration ( ,diprotodon au/ralis #bib #adg4 ,skull & m&ible ( ,?ylacoleo c>nifex1 ,ow5 #bic #adh4 ,wyny>dia bassiana1 ,sp5c] #bid #adi4 ,too? ( ,scaldicetus macgeei1 ,*apm4 #big #aej4 ,impressions ( footpr9ts 9 dune s&-rock1 ,w>rnambool #cja ,map ( ,au/ralia1 %[+ *ief fossilif]\s localities4 ,,preface4 ,! m important discov]ies ( fossils 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e h receiv$1 z a rule1 v meagre notice 9 _m ( ! text-books ( ,geology & ,palaeontology publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,am]ica1 & us$ by ,au/ralasian /ud5ts4 ,x is ?\ght1 !re=e1 t ! "t has arriv$ :5 an attempt %\ld be made to collect ! ma9 facts be>+ ^u ?is subject1 9 ord] to pres5t !m f an ,au/ralasian /&po9t4 ,) ?is 9 view1 ref]5ces to fossils occurr+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e are subord9at$1 see+ t ^! may be easily obta9$ on ref]5ce to ! accept$ text-books 9 g5]al use4 ,! pres5t "w does n presume to furni% a complete record ( ,au/ralasian palaeontology1 s9ce t w\ld mean ! production ( a mu* m ext5sive & co/ly volume4 ,suffici5t in=mation is "h giv51 h[ev]1 to =m a gr\ndwork = ! /ud5t ( ?is section ( natural sci5ce1 & a guide to ! collector ( ^! m$als ( creation4 ,! sy/ematic portion ( ?is book has be5 arrang$ prim>ily f ! biological side1 s9ce ,palaeontology is ! /udy ( anci5t life4 ,tak+ ea* life-gr\p1 !re=e1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ types1 all ! divisions repres5t$ by fossils are dealt ) 9 turn1 beg9n+ ) _! occurr5ce 9 ! olde/ rocks & end+ ) ^? 9 ! newe/ /rata4 ,if a comm5dation ( ! /udy ( fossils1 ap>t f its sci5tific utility1 7 ne$$1 x c\ld be po9t$ out t palaeontology z a bran* ( geology is1 p> excell5ce1 an op5-air /udy3 & s9ce x requires z h&maids all ! si/] sci5ces1 is a subject ( f>-rea*+ int]e/4 ,microscopy & photography are ( imm5se value 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( fossil rese>*1 ! =m] 9 ! exam9ation ( ! m9ute =ms ( mollusca1 =am9if]a & o/racoda1 ! latt] 9 ! exact portraiture ( specim5s too intricate to copy ) ! bru%1 or too evanesc5t to long reta91 :5 out ( _! matrix1 _! clean fre% surfaces4 ,) geology or palaeontology z an objective1 a c\ntry walk may be a s\rce ( mu* enjoym5t to its /ud5ts1 = 9 _! h& is ,nature l an op5 book2 & ! specim5s collect$ on a summ] excursion may be closely & pr(itably /udi$ 9 ! sp>e "t ( ! w9t] recess4 ,! au?or s9c]ely tru/s t /ud5ts may %>e ! same pleasure :i* he has d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ^! relics ( pa/ life2 & t ! pres5t attempt to %[ _! relation%ip bo? 9 geological "t & biological organisation1 may be ! means ( induc+ _m to make fur!r advances 9 ?is fasc9at+ subject4 ,9 ! production ( ?is "w sev]al fri5ds & collaborators h mat]ially assi/$1 _! aid consid]ably increas+ its value4 ,x is !re=e ) grateful ?anks t ! au?or ackn[l$ges ! help & enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,skeats1 ,d4,sc41 :o has n only be5 good en\gh to write ! ,introductory passages1 b :o has c>efully gone ov] ! ,,ms4 & made _m helpful sugge/ions4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dun1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,palaeontologi/ to ! ,geological ,survey ,bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 ,sydney1 has also r5d]$ g5]\s help 9 giv+ ! b5efit ( 8 full acqua9tance ( ! palaeontology ( 8 own ,/ate4 ,to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,national ,museum ! au?or is "u special obligations = p]mission to photograph _m unique fossil specim5s 9 ! ,museum collection1 compris+ ,figs4 #c1 #af-ah1 #bj-bb1 #bh-ca1 #ce1 #ci1 #dj1 #de1 #df1 #ea-ed1 #eg1 #fb1 #gh1 #gi1 #abg1 #acc1 #acf1 #adg & #adh4 ,! au?or's ?anks are also due to ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/irl+1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 = p]mission to use ,figs4 #adc1 #add & #ade1 :il/ simil> privileges h be5 accord$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,sew>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,ba!r1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,b>rett4 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,w4 ,edgewor? ,david1 ,f4,r4,s41 has k9dly cle>$ up "s d\btful po9ts ( /ratigraphy & fur!r increas$ ! au?or's indebt$ness by ! loan ( a unique slide ( ,radiol>ia figur$ on p4 #fi4 ,mr4 ,ea/wood ,moore1 to :om special ?anks are due1 has greatly add$ to ! pictorial side ( ?is "w by 8 skillful help 9 prep>+ _m ( ! illu/rations = ! press1 z well z 9 ! draw+ ( ! sev]al maps4 ,! gr\p$ sets ( fossils h be5 especially drawn = ?is "w by ! au?or4 ,!y are ei!r copi$ f au!ntic specim5s or f previ\sly publi%$ draw+s2 ref]5ces to ! au?orities be+ giv5 9 ! accompany+ leg5ds4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall has k9dly read ! section on ,graptolites & ,mammalia4 ,= _m helpful sugge/ions & ! c>eful read+ ( pro(s1 ?anks are especially ow+ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,g4 ,simons1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,keble1 & to my wife4 ,,introduction4 ,geological ,dep>tm5t1 ,! ,univ]sity1 ,melb\rne4 ,william ,smi?1 ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1 us$ to apologize = ! /udy ( palaeontology by claim+ t ! se>* = a fossil is at lea/ z rational a proce$+ z ! pursuit ( a h>e4 ,^? ( u :o are accu/om$ to take ! field1 arm$ ) a hamm]1 9 ! se>* = m$als ( creation & f "t to "t h exp]i5c$ ! sport+ enjoym5t ( br++ to light a r>e or p]fect specim5 are q prep>$ to support 8 claim4 ,b ! /ud5t ( fossils ne$s ! help ( a text book to guide him to ! lit]ature on ! subject1 to help him ) 8 id5tifications or to indicate t "s ( 8 f9ds are new & hi!rto undescrib$4 ,european & ,am]ican work]s h long be5 provid$ ) excell5t books treat+ g5]ally ( fossils1 b ! illu/rations h be5 q naturally tak5 ma9ly f =ms occurr+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,our own fossil =ms bo? plants & animals are num]\s1 int]e/+ & 9 _m cases peculi>1 b ! lit]ature conc]n+ !m is s widely scatt]$ 9 v>i\s sci5tific publications t a w>m welcome %\ld be giv5 to ?is book ( ,mr4 ,*apman's1 9 :i* ! ,au/ralian evid5ce is br\ght toge!r & summ>is$ by "o1 ^: tra9+1 long exp]i5ce1 & p]sonal rese>* qualify him to und]take ! task4 ,especially w tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ,geology & ,palaeontology value su* an und]tak+4 ,work]s 9 o!r c\ntries :o h only p>tial access to ! ,au/ralian lit]ature on ! subject %\ld also f9d ?is a valuable book ( ref]5ce4 ,9 ! /udy ( fossils we are conc]n$ ) ! nature1 evolution & di/ribution ( ! =m] inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,! /udy ( ,palaeontology may be ju/ifi$ z a means ( sci5tific discipl9e1 = ! contributions ! subject makes to ! increase ( natural k & ! unfold+ ( panoramas ( anci5t life4 ,x also provides p]haps ! mo/ positive evid5ce 9 ! /ory ( evolution4 ,s1 too1 ! /ud5t ( ! pres5t day di/ribution ( animals & plants f9ds ! key to _m a problem 9 zoo-geography 9 ! records ( pa/ migrations yield$ by ! /udy ( fossils 9 diff]5t l&s4 ,! /ratigraphical geologi/ is ( c\rse pr9cipally conc]n$ ) two important aspects ( ! /udy ( fossils4 ,! ma/]ly g5]alisation ( ,william ,smi? t /rata c be id5tifi$ by _! fossil cont5ts e/abli%$ by close /udy ( ! rocks & fossils ( ! ,briti% ,oolites has be5 confirm$ g5]ally by subsequ5t "w4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! fossil cont5ts ( rocks 9 widely sep>at$ areas has prov$ to be ! mo/ valuable means by :i* ! correlation ( ! rocks c be effect$ & _! id5tity ( age e/abli%$4 ,9 "s cases ! recognition ( a s+le fossil species 9 two areas sep>at$1 p]haps1 by ?\s&s ( miles may suffice to demon/rate t ! rocks are ( ! same age4 ,= example1 a graptolite su* z ,phyllograptus typus is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 b has only a v re/rict$ range 9 "t4 ,x has be5 f\nd only 9 rocks ( ,l[] ,ordovician age4 ,its occurr5ce 9 ,wales & 9 ! rocks ( ,b5digo practically suffices to e/abli% ! id5tity 9 age ( ! rocks 9 ^! widely sep>at$ areas4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 mu* clos] /udy & a m detail$ exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( ! fossils ( a rock s]ies are requir$ be=e ! age ( ! rocks c be surely e/abli%$ & a safe correlation made ) di/ant localities4 ,! /ratigraphical g5]alisations to be made f ! /udy ( fossils h[ev] mu/ be qualifi$ by c]ta9 consid]ations4 ,among ^! are ! fact t our k ( ! life =ms ( a giv5 geological p]iod is necess>ily incomplete1 t ! diff]5ces 9 ! fossil cont5ts ( rocks may dep5d n only on diff]5ces ( age b also 9 ! conditions "u :i* ! organisms liv$ & ! rocks 7 accumulat$1 & t =ms ( life orig9at+ 9 "o area d n spread !mselves imm$iately ov] ! e>? b migrate at velocities dep5d+ on _! mode ( life & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( b>ri]s to _! progress4 ,our incomplete k ( ! =ms liv+ 9 remote geological p]iods arises p>tly f ! fact t "s =ms _h no p]man5t skeleton & 7 !re=e incapable ( pres]vation1 p>tly to ! oblit]ation ( ! skeletons ( organisms ?r\gh subsequ5t e>? movem5ts 9 ! rocks or ?r\gh ! solv5t action ( wat]4 ,_m l& =ms1 too1 probably dis9tegrat$ on ! surface be=e deposits 7 =m$ ov] ! area4 ,ap>t f ^! causes :i* det]m9e t a full k ( ! fossils f anci5t rocks 9 p>ticul>1 w nev] be acquir$1 our k is incomplete by reason ei!r ( difficulty ( access to c]ta9 areas or incomplete se>*4 ,z a result ( lat] discov]ies e>li] conclusions bas$ on incomplete evid5ce z to ! age ( a rock s]ies1 h n infrequ5tly be5 modifi$4 ,! /udy ( ! pres5t di/ribution ( animals & plants ov] ! e>? is a help 9 ! attempt to decide h[ f> ! fossil diff]5ces 9 ! sets ( rocks are due to diff]5ces 9 ! ages ( ! rocks or to diff]5ces 9 ! conditions "u :i* ! organisms liv$4 ,! pres5t1 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r geological problems1 is ! key to ! pa/4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t diff]5ces ( climate l>gely control ! geographical di/ribution ( l& animals & especially ( l& plants1 & = t reason among o!rs1 fossil plants are g5]ally less tru/wor?y guides to geological age ?an fossil animals4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( m>9e animals at ! pres5t day we f9d t organisms ( simple /ructure are g5]ally m wide-spread & less susceptible to *anges 9 _! environm5t ?an are ! m complex organisms ) specialis$ /ructures4 ,h5ce we f9d1 = in/ance1 a fossil species ( ! ,=am9if]a may p]si/ un*ang$ ?r\gh sev]al geological p]iods1 :ile a species ( fossil fi% has 9 g5]al n only a %ort range 9 "t b (t5 a re/rict$ geographical ext5t4 ,if we consid] ! m>9e organisms f\nd at ! pres5t day we f9d a numb] ( free-swimm+ =ms v widely di/ribut$1 :ile a l>ge numb] are re/rict$ ei!r by reason ( climate or ( dep?4 ,c]ta9 organisms are only to be f\nd betwe5 high & l[ tide levels1 o!rs betwe5 l[ tide level & a dep? ( ?irty fa?oms1 :ile _m q diff]5t =ms live 9 deep] wat]s4 ,if we conf9e our att5tion to %all[-wat] m>9e =ms we note t c]ta9 =ms are at ! pres5t day re/rict$ to wat]s ( a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 a contra/ betwe5 arctic & tropical faunas1 :ile o!r types *>act]ize temp]ate latitudes4 ,climatic & ba?ymetrical diff]5ces at ! pres5t day !re=e lead to di/9ct diff]5ces 9 ! di/ribution ( c]ta9 organisms1 :ile o!r =ms1 less s5sitive to ^! factors1 range widely & may be almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$4 ,simil> conditions obta9$ 9 pa/ geological times1 & !re=e 9 attempt+ to correlate ! rocks ( "o area ) ^? ( ano!r ^? fossils :i* are mo/ wide-spread are (t5 f\nd to be ! mo/ valuable4 ,att5tion %\ld also be paid to ! conditions "u :i* ! deposits accumulat$1 s9ce x is cle> t rocks may be =m$ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t areas & yet conta9 _m di/9ct fossils by reason ( climatic or ba?ymetrical diff]5ces4 ,among liv+ m>9e organisms we f9d c]ta9 =ms re/rict$ to s&y or muddy sea-bottoms & o!rs to cle> wat]1 & ^! *anges 9 ! conditions ( deposition ( s$im5t h play$ _! "p 9 pa/ geological p]iods 9 det]m9+ diff]5ces 9 ! fossil faunas ( rocks :i* 7 laid d[n simultane\sly4 ,we n infrequ5tly f9d mud/ones pass+ lat]ally into lime/ones1 & ?is li?ological *ange is always accompani$ by a m or less notable *ange 9 ! fossil cont5ts ( ! two rock types4 ,su* facts emphasize ! close connection betwe5 /ratigraphy & palaeontology1 & indicate t ! successful trac+ out ( ! geological hi/ory ( any area is only possible :5 ! evid5ce ( ! /ratigraph] is re9=c$ by t provid$ by ! palaeontologi/4 ,! fact t species ( animals & plants :i* h be5 develop$ 9 a p>ticul> area d n spread all ov] ! _w at once b migrate v sl[ly l$ ,huxley _m ye>s ago to put =w>d 8 hypo!sis ( homotaxis4 ,he agre$ t :5 ! ord] ( succession ( rocks & fossils has be5 made out 9 "o area1 ?is ord] & succession w be f\nd to be g5]ally simil> 9 o!r areas4 ,! deposits 9 two su* contra/$ areas are homotaxial1 t is1 %[ a simil>ity ( ord]1 b1 he claim$1 are n necess>ily syn*ron\s 9 _! =mation4 ,9 :atev] p>ts ( ! _w ,c>bonif]\s1 ,devonian & ,silurian fossils may be f\nd1 ! rocks ) ,c>bonif]\s fossils w be f\nd to ov]lie ^? ) ,devonian1 & ^! 9 _! turn re/ ^u ^? conta9+ ,silurian fossils4 ,& yet ,huxley ma9ta9$ t if1 say1 ,africa 0 ! area 9 :i* faunas & floras orig9at$1 ! migration ( a ,silurian fauna & flora might take place s sl[ly t by ! "t x rea*$ ,brita9 ! succe$+ ,devonian =ms _h develop$ 9 ,africa1 & :5 x rea*$ ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,devonian =ms _h rea*$ ,brita9 & ,c>bonif]\s =ms _h develop$ 9 ,africa4 ,if ?is 7 s a ,devonian fauna & flora 9 ,brita9 may h be5 contemporane\s ) ,silurian life 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ) a ,c>bonif]\s fauna & flora 9 ,africa4 ,?is c\ld only be true if ! "t tak5 = ! migration ( faunas & floras 0 s great z to transc5d ! b\nd>ies betwe5 great geological p]iods4 ,?is does n appe> to be ! case1 & ,huxley's idea 9 its extreme =m has be5 g5]ally ab&on$4 ,at ! same "t c]ta9 anomalies 9 ! range 9 "t ( individual g5]a h be5 not$1 & may possibly be expla9$ on su* l9es4 ,= in/ance1 among ! gr\p ( ! graptolites1 9 ,brita9 ! g5us ,bryograptus occurs only 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian & ! g5us ,leptograptus only 9 ! ,upp] ,ordovician rocks4 ,9 ,victoria ^! two g5]a1 toge!r ) typical ,l[] ,ordovician =ms1 may be f\nd ne> ,lancefield pres]v$ on a s+le slab ( %ale4 ,9 ! same way1 9 a s+le qu>ry 9 ,triassic rocks 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 a numb] ( fossil fi% h be5 f\nd & describ$1 "s ( :i* h be5 comp>$ to ,jurassic1 o!rs to ,p]mian1 & o!rs to ,c>bonif]\s =ms 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,ano!r po9t :i* ! palaeontologi/ may occasionally f9d evid5ce = is ! exi/5ce ( biological asylums1 areas :i* by means ( l& or o!r b>ri]s may be = a long p]iod sep>at$ f ! ma9 /ream ( evolution4 ,we "k t ! pres5t fauna & flora ( ,au/ralia is l>gely ( ar*aic aspect1 z x includes a numb] ( types :i* else:]e h long ago become ext9ct or 7 nev] develop$4 ,?is appe>s to be due to ! long isolation ( ,au/ralia &1 z ,pr(essor ,gregory happily puts x--its developm5t 9 a biological backwat]4 ,we h "s evid5ce t simil> asylums h exi/$ 9 pa/ geological p]iods1 ) ! result t 9 c]ta9 areas :]e uni=m conditions prevail$ = a long "t or :]e isolation f competition prev5t$ rapid evolution1 "s organisms :i* became ext9ct 9 o!r areas1 p]si/$ un*ang$ 9 ! asylum into a y\ng] geological p]iod4 ,! broad g5]alizations t rocks may be id5tifi$ by _! fossil cont5ts & t ! te/imony ( ! rocks demon/rates ! g5]al ord] ( evolution f simple to complex =ms1 h only be5 plac$ on a sur] foot+ by long cont9u$ inve/igations4 ,! modifications produc$ by conditions ( deposit1 ( climate & ( natural b>ri]s to migration1 :ile introduc+ complexities into ! problems ( ,palaeontology1 are e ye> becom+ bett] kn[n2 & :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! v>iations 9 ! *>act]s ( ! rocks1 provide valuable & int]e/+ evid5ce t[>ds ! solution ( ! ultimate problems ( geology & palaeontology1 :i* include ! trac+ out ( ! evolution ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? f ! mo/ remote geological p]iod to t po9t at :i* ! geologi/ h&s ov] 8 /ory to ! ar*aeologi/1 ! hi/orian1 & ! geograph]4 ,,erne/ ,w4 ,,skeats4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,fossils4 ,scope ( ,geology4-- ,! sci5ce ( ,,geology1 ( :i* ,,palaeontology or ! /udy ( fossils1 =ms a "p1 is conc]n$ ) ! nature & /ructure ( ! e>?1 ! physical =ces t h %ap$ x1 & ! organic ag5cies t h help$ to build x4 ,nature ( ,fossils4-- ,! rema9s ( animals & plants t =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? are spok5 ( z fossils4 ,!y are f\nd1 m or less pl5tifully1 9 su* common rocks z clays1 %ales1 s&/ones1 & lime/ones1 all ( :i* are compris$ 9 ! great s]ies ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks 7,fig4 #a74 ,accord+ to ! surr\nd+s ( ! organisms1 :e!r !y exi/$ on l&1 9 riv]s1 lakes1 e/u>ies1 or ! sea1 !y are spok5 ( z belong+ to t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 lacu/r9e1 e/u>9e1 or m>9e deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,fossil ,%ells ,emb$d$ 9 ,s&y ,clay4 ,ab\t #c_/d nat4 size4 ,( ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y ,age 7,kalimnan ,s]ies74 ,grange ,burn1 ne> ,hamilton1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 7,g ,glycim]is4 ,l ,limopsis4 ,n ,natica74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,tracks probably ( ,cru/aceans 7,phylloc>ids74 ,ab\t #c_/d nat4 size4 ,impression ( a ,slab ( ,upp] ,ordovician ,%ale4 ,digg]s' ,re/1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,! "n fossil1 f ! ,lat9 'fod]e' to dig1--'fossilis1' dug out1--is appli$ to ! rema9s ( any animals or plants :i* h be5 buri$ ei!r 9 s$im5ts laid d[n 9 wat]1 9 mat]ials ga!r$ toge!r by ! w9d on l& z s&-dunes1 9 b$s ( volcanic a%1 or 9 cave e>?s4 ,b n only rema9s ( organisms are ?us call$ fossils1 = ! "n is also appli$ to /ructures only indirectly connect$ ) once liv+ objects1 su* z ra9-pr9ts1 ripple-m>ks1 sun-cracks1 & tracks or impressions ( worms & insects 7,fig4 #b74 ,pres]vation ( ,fossils4-- ,9 ord9>y t]ms1 fossils are ! durable p>ts ( animals & plants :i* h resi/$ complete decay by be+ cov]$ ov] ) ! deposits above-nam$4 ,x is due1 !n1 to ! fact t !y h be5 kept f ! action ( ! air1 ) its de/ructive bact]ia1 t we are able to /ill f9d ^! relics ( life 9 ! pa/4 ,petrifaction ( ,fossils4-- ,:5 organisms are cov]$ by a t5aci\s mud1 !y sometimes und]go no fur!r *ange4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 moi/ure conta9+ m9]al matt] su* z c>bonate ( lime or silica1 p]colates ?r\gh ! /ratum :i* conta9s ! fossils1 & !n !y n only h _! pores fill$ ) ! m9]al1 b _! actual sub/ance may also und]go a molecul> *ange1 :]eby ! orig9al composition ( ! %ell or ! h>d "p is entirely alt]$4 ,?is t5ds almo/ inv>iably to h>d5 ! fossils /ill fur!r1 :i* *ange ( condition is call$ petrifaction1 or ! mak+ into /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,?9 ,slice ( ,petrifi$ or ,silicifi$ ,wood 9 ,tang5tial ,section4 ,arauc>ioxylon ,da9treei1 ,*apm4 ,dadoxylon au/rale1 ,arb]2 #bh4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,newca/le1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,/ructure ,pres]v$4-- ,petrifaction does n necess>ily de/roy ! /ructure ( a fossil4 ,= example1 a piece ( wood1 :i* orig9ally consi/$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog51 may be entirely replac$ by fl9t or silica3 & yet ! orig9al /ructure ( ! wood may be s p]fectly pres]v$ t :5 a ?9 slice ( ! petrifaction is exam9$ "u a high p[] ( ! microscope1 ! tissues ) _! compon5t cells are se5 & easily recognis$ 7,fig4 #c74 ,e>ly ,obs]v]s4-- ,rema9s ( animals buri$ 9 ! rocks 7 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times1 & frequ5t ref]5ces to ^! 7 made by ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s4 ,x5ophanes4-- ,x5ophanes1 :o liv$ ,b4,c4 #ece1 wrote ( %ells1 fi%es & seals :i* _h become dri$ 9 mud1 & 7 f\nd inl& & on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! buri$ %ells & bones 0 ascrib$ by ! anci5ts to a pla/ic =ce lat5t 9 ! e>? itself1 :ile 9 "s cases !y 7 reg>d$ z freaks ( nature4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4-- ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ,italian obs]v]s came to ! =e 9 cle>ly demon/rat+ ! true nature ( fossils4 ,?is 0 no d\bt due 9 "p to ! fact t ! ,italian coa/ af=ds a ri* field ( obs]vation 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! celebrat$ pa9t] ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury71 :o c>ri$ out "s eng9e]+ works 9 connection ) canals 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 %[$ t ! mud br\ght d[n by riv]s _h p5etrat$ into ! int]ior ( %ells at a "t :5 !y 7 /ill at ! bottom ( ! sea ne> ! coa/4 ,/5o4-- ,9 #affi1 ,/5o1 a ,dani% physician resid+ 9 ,italy1 wrote a "w on organic petrifactions :i* are f\nd enclos$ 9 solid rocks1 & %[$ by 8 dissection ( a %>k :i* _h be5 rec5tly captur$ & by a comp>ison ( its tee? ) ^? f\nd fossil 9 ! cliffs1 t !y 7 id5tical4 ,! same au?or also po9t$ out ! resemblance betwe5 ! %ells discov]$ 9 ! ,italian /rata & ^? liv+ on ! adjac5t %ores4 ,x 0 n until ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 t ! /udy ( fossil rema9s receiv$ a decid$ impetus4 ,x is curi\s to note t _m ( ^! lat] au?ors ma9ta9$ ! occurr5ce ( a univ]sal flood to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( fossil %ells & bones on ! dry l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,william ,smi? 7#agfi-ahci47 ,! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1 at ! age ( #fi4 7,f ,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat47 ,fossils an ,index to ,age4-- ,a l>ge "p ( ! cr$it ( %[+ h[ fossils are re/rict$ to c]ta9 /rata1 & help to fix ! succession & age ( ! b$s1 is due to ! ,engli% geologi/ & surveyor1 ,william ,smi? 7,fig4 #d74 ,! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1 z he has be5 call$1 publi%$ two works#a 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 9 :i* he express$ 8 view ( ! value ( fossils to ! geologi/ & surveyor1 & %[$ t !re 0 a regul> law ( sup]position ( "o b$ ^u ano!r1 & t /rata c\ld be id5tifi$ at di/ant localities by _! includ$ fossils4 ,^u ?is f\ndation ! "w ( lat] geologi/s has be5 firmly e/abli%$2 & /ud5ts ( /rata & ( fossils "w h& 9 h&4 ,footnote #a3 ,/rata id5tifi$ by ,organis$ ,fossils1 #ahaf-ahai2 & ,/ratigraphical ,sy/em ( ,organis$ ,fossils1 #ahag4 ,/ratigraphy4-- ,t bran* ( geology :i* discusses ! nature & relations ( ! v>i\s s$im5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 laid d[n1 is call$ ,/ratigraphy4 ,f x we le>n t 9 bygone times _m ( ^? places t are n[ occupi$ by dry l& h be51 (t5 m ?an once1 cov]$ by ! sea2 & ?us ,t5nyson's l9es are =cibly br\ght to m9d-- ,!re :]e ! long /reet ro>s ha? be5 ,! /illness ( ! c5tral sea4 ,elevat$ ,sea-b$s4-- ,a /rik+ illu/ration 9 pro( ( ?is em]g5ce ( ! l& f ! sea is ! occurr5ce ( m>9e %ells simil> to ^? n[ f\nd liv+ 9 ! sea1 9 sea-cliffs sometimes _m hundr$s ( feet above sea-level4 ,:5 ^! uprais$ b$s consi/ ( %+le or s& ) %ore-lov+ %ells1 z limpets & mussels1 !y are spok5 ( z ,rais$ ,bea*es4 ,elevat$ bea*es are (t5 f\nd ma9ta9+ ! same level along coa/-l9es = _m miles1 l ^? record$ by ,d>w9 at ,*ili & ,p]u1 or 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& 7,fig4 #e74 ,!y also occur int]mitt5tly along ! ,victorian coa/1 especially ar\nd ! ind5ts1 :]e !y h surviv$ ! we> & te> ( tides along ! coa/ l9e 7,fig4 #f74 ,!y are also a common feature1 z a capp+1 on _m coral isl&s :i* h und]gone elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,a ,rais$ ,bea* at ,black ,rock1 ,brighton1 ,engl&4 7,orig9al74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,rais$ ,bea* 7a7 & ,native ,midd5s 7b7 ,torquay1 ,victoria4 7,orig9al74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,m>9e ,fossils 7,or?is flabellulum1 ,s[]by47 ,ab\t nat4 size4 ,9 ,volcanic ,tuff ( ,ordovician ,age4 ,f ! ,summit ( ,sn[don1 ,nor? ,wales1 at an elevation ( #cega feet above sea level4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,sea-b$s f> f ! ,pres5t ,coa/4-- ,m>9e b$s ( deep] wat] orig9 may be f\nd n only close to ! coa/-l9e1 b frequ5tly on ! tops ( inl& hills "s miles f ! sea-coa/4 ,_! includ$ sea-%ells & o!r organic rema9s are (t5 f\nd cov]$ by f9e s$im5t =m+ ext5sive b$s2 & !y may frequ5tly occur 9 ! position 9 :i* !y liv$ & di$ 7,fig4 #g74 ,al?\gh x is well kn[n t sea-birds c>ry %ell-fi% = "s di/ance inl&1 yet ?is w\ld n acc\nt = m ?an a few isolat$ examples4 ,rais$ ,bea*es z ,di/9ct f ,midd5s4-- ,aga91 x may be argu$ t ! primitive inhabitants ( c\ntries bord]+ ! coa/ 7 9 ! habit ( pil+ up ! empty %ells ( ! edible molluscs us$ by !m = food3 b ^! kit*5 midd5s are easily di/+ui%$ f fossil deposits l %elly bea*es1 by ! abs5ce ( /ratifi$ lay]s2 &1 fur!r1 by ! %ells be+ conf9$ to edible species1 z ! ,cockle 7,c>dium71 ! ,blood-cockle 7,arca71 ! ,mussel 7,mytilus71 & ! ,oy/] 7,o/rea7 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,rema9s ( ,edible ,%ell ,fi% 7,kit*5-midd5--native1 mirrn-yong7 9 ,s& ,dunes ne> ,spr+ ,creek1 ,torquay1 ,victoria4 7,orig9al74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,"p ( a ,subm]g$ ,=e/ se5 at l[ wat] on ! ,*e%ire coa/ at ,leas[e1 ,engl&4 7,f ,sew>d's ,fossil ,plants7 ,subm]g$ ,=e/s4-- ,evid5ce ( *ange 9 ! coa/-l9e is %[n by ! occurr5ce ( subm]g$ =e/-l&1 kn[n z fossil =e/s1 :i* consi/ ( ! /umps ( trees /ill emb$d$ 9 ! black1 loamy soil4 ,su* =e/s1 :5 ( comp>atively rec5t age1 are f\nd ne> ! exi/+ coa/-l9e1 & may sometimes ext5d = a consid]able di/ance out to sea 7,fig4 #i74 ,f ! =ego+ we le>n t3-- #a4--;,fossils af=d data ( ! v>i\s ,*anges t h tak5 place 9 pa/ times 9 ! ,relative ,positions ( ,l& & ,wat]4 ,*anges ( ,climate 9 ! ,pa/4-- ,at ! pres5t day we f9d special gr\ps ( animals 7fauna71 & plants 7flora71 re/rict$ to tropical climates2 & o!rs1 conv]sely1 to ! arctic regions4 ,cycads & tree-f]ns1 = example1 seem to fl\ri% be/ 9 w>m or sub-tropical c\ntries3 yet 9 pa/ times !y 7 abundant 9 nor!rn ,europe 9 :at are n[ temp]ate & arctic regions1 z 9 ,york%ire1 ,spitzb]g51 & ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 :]e inde$ at "o "t !y =m$ ! pr9cipal flora4 ,! re9-de] & musk-%eep1 n[ to be f\nd only 9 ! arctic regions1 once liv$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! dw>f will[ 7,salix pol>is7 & an arctic moss 7,hypnum turgesc5s71 n[ re/rict$ to ! same cold region1 occur fossil 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia & 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! m>9e %ells :i* liv$ dur+ ! e>li] & middle ,t]ti>y times belong to g5]a & species :i* are indicative ( a w>m] climate ?an t n[ prevail+2 ?is anci5t fauna be+ l t met ) 9 dr$g+ ar\nd ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,au/ralia 7,fig4 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,a ,fossil ,%ell 7,pect5 murrayanus1 ,tate74 ,( ,oligoc5e to ,l[] ,plioc5e ,age 9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia2 closely alli$ to1 if n id5tical )1 a species liv+ (f ! coa/ ( ,que5sl&4 ,ab\t nat4 size4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,f ! above evid5ce we may say t3-- #b4--;,fossils tea* u t 9 ,=m] ,times ! ,climate ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface 0 ,diff]5t f t n[ exi/+4 ,fossils z ,guides to ,age ( ,/rata4-- ,9 pass+ f fossil deposits ( fairly rec5t orig9 to ^? ( old] date1 we f9d ! proportion ( liv+ species gradually dim9i%1 be+ replac$ by =ms n[ ext9ct4 ,aft] ?is ! g5]a !mselves are replac$ by m anci5t types1 & if we p5etrate /ill deep] into ! s]ies ( geological /rata1 ev5 families & ord]s ( animals & plants give place to o!rs entirely unkn[n at ! pres5t day4 ,f ?is we conclude t3-- #c4--;,fossil ,types1 or ,guide ,fossils1 are ( great value 9 indicat+ ! ,relative ,age ( ,geological ,=mations4 ,gradual ,evolution ( ,life-=ms f ,l[] to ,high] ,types4-- ,z a g5]al rule ! v>i\s types ( animals & plants become simpl] 9 organisation z we desc5d ! geological scale4 ,= example1 9 ! olde/ rocks ! animals are conf9$ to ! gr\ps ( ,=am9if]a1 ,sponges1 ,corals1 ,graptolites1 ,%ell-fi% & ,trilobites1 all back-boneless animals3 :il/ x 0 n until ! ,devonian p]iod t ! primitive fi%es appe>$ z a well-def9$ gr\p2 & 9 ! next =mation1 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,s]ies1 ! fir/ traces ( ! ,batra*ians 7,frog-l animals7 & ,reptiles are f\nd4 ,birds d n appe>1 s f> z _! rema9s are kn[n1 until ne> ! close ( ! ,jurassic2 :il/ ,mammals are sp>sely repres5t$ by ,monotremes & ,m>supials 9 ! ,triassic & ,jurassic1 becom+ m abundant 9 ,ca9ozoic times1 & by ! ,eu!ria 7,high] ,mammals7 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,eoc5e p]iod4 ,x is cle> f ! above & o!r facts 9 ! geological di/ribution ( animal types t3-- #d4--,! ,geological ,record supports 9 ! ma9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution f ,simpl] to m ,complex types2 & fossils ?r[ mu* light ^u ! ,ance/ry ( ,animals & ,plants n[ f\nd ,liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,fossil ,,animals ,,& ,,plants4 ,an elem5t>y k ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! classification ( animals & plants is ess5tial to ! beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( fossils4 ,! ,nam+ ( ,animals4-- ,9 ord] to make a cle>ly und]/ood ref]5ce to an animal1 or ! rema9s ( "o1 x is z necess>y to give x a "n z x is 9 ! case ( a p]son or a place4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,l9naeus 7#agjg-aggh71 x 0 ! cu/om to ref]1 = example1 to a %ell1 9 ,lat9#b z ! little spiral %ell1 ) cross m>k+s & tub]cles1 l a ram's horn2 or to a worm z ! r\nd$ worm ) an elevat$ back4 ,improvem5ts 9 ?is cumb]some me?od ( nam+ 7 made by sev]al ( ! e>li] au?ors by %ort5+ ! description2 b no /rict rule 0 e/abli%$ until ! t5? edition ( ,l9naeus' ,sy/ema ,naturae 7#ageh71 :5 t au?or in/itut$ 8 b9omial nom5clature by giv+ ea* =m enum]at$ bo? a g5]ic & specific "n4 ,9 pla9 words1 ?is me?od takes c]ta9 life-=ms closely relat$1 b diff]+ 9 m9ute p>ticul>s1 & places !m toge!r 9 a g5us or k9dr$ gr\p4 ,?us ! true dogs belong to ! g5us ,canis1 b s9ce ?is gr\p also includes wolves1 jackals1 & foxes1 ! v>i\s can9e animals are respectively designat$ by a specific "n2 ?us ! dog 7,canis famili>is71 ! d+o 7,c4 d+o71 ! wolf 7,c4 lupus71 ! jackal 7,c4 aureus71 & ! fox 7,c4 vulpes74 ,! g5]ic "n is plac$ fir/4 ,alli$ g5]a are gr\p$ 9 families1 7= example1 ,canidae71 ^! into ord]s 7ex4 ,c>nivora71 ! ord]s into classes 7ex4 ,mammalia71 & ! classes into phyla or subk+doms 7ex4 ,v]tebrata74 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,lat9 description 0 us$ m commonly ?an x is at pres5t1 z a univ]sal sci5tific language4 ,plants are classifi$ 9 mu* ! same way1 ) ! exception t families & ord]s are1 by "s au?ors1 reg>d$ z ( equal value1 or ev5 rev]s$ 9 value2 & in/ead ( ! t]m phylum ! "n s]ies is us$4 ,classification ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,,"n ,,( ,,phylum4 ,,=ms ,,f\nd ,,fossil ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,i4--,,protozoa ,=am9if]a1 ,radiol>ia4 ,,ii4--,,coel5t]ata ,sponges1 ,corals1 ,/romatoporoids1 ,graptolites4 ,,iii4--,,e*9od]mata ,cr9oids1 ,/>fi%es1 ,brittle-/>s1 ,sea-ur*9s4 ,,iv4--,,v]mes ,worms 7tube-mak+ & burr[+ k9ds74 ,v4--,,molluscoidea ,polyzoa or ,sea-mats1 ,bra*iopods or ,lamp-%ells4 ,,vi4--,,mollusca ,%ell-fi%3 z ,bivalves1 ,tusk-%ells1 ,*itons or ,mail-%ells1 ,ga/]opods or ,snails1 ,pt]opods or ,sea-butt]flies2 ,cuttle-fi%es4 ,,vii4--,,ar?ropoda ,jo9t-foot$ animals3 z ,trilobites1 ,cyprids1 ,crabs & ,lob/]s1 ,c5tip$es1 ,spid]s & ,insects4 ,,viii4--,,v]tebrata ,fi%es1 ,amphibians1 ,reptiles1 ,birds & ,mammals4 ,classification ( ,animal ,k+dom4 ,! fir/ sev5 gr\ps ( ! above classification are back-boneless animals or ,inv]tebrata2 ! eigh? division alone compris+ ! animals ) a v]tebra or backbone4 ,*>act]s ( ! ,sev]al ,phyla4-- ,9 ! fir/ gr\p are plac$ ^? animals :i*1 :5 liv+1 consi/ ( only "o cell1 or a s]ies ( simil> cells1 b :]e ! cells 7 nev] comb9$ to =m tissues hav+ special functions1 z 9 ! high] gr\ps4 ,,protozoa4-- ,! ,amoeba ( fre%wat] ponds is an example ( su*1 b ow+ to its sk9 or cortex be+ s(t1 & its consequ5t inability to be pres]v$1 x does n conc]n u "h4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 m>9e animals ( ?is simple type ( ! ,protozoa :i* secrete c>bonate ( lime to =m a *amb]$ %ell 7,=am9if]a72 or silica to =m a nett$ & conc5trically coat$ %ell held toge!r ) radial rods 7,radiol>ia72 & bo? ( ^! types are f\nd abundantly z fossils4 ,!y are ma9ly microscopic1 except 9 ! case ( ! nummulites & a few o!r k9ds ( =am9if]a1 :i* are occasionally z l>ge z a cr[n piece4 ,,coel5t]ata4-- ,! second gr\p1 ! ,coel5t]ata1 %[s a decid$ advance 9 organisation1 = ! body is multicellul>1 & provid$ ) a body-cavity :i* s]ves = circulation & dige/ion4 ,! important divisions ( ?is gr\p1 9 :i* ! organisms h h>d p>ts capable ( be+ fossilis$1 are ! limy & fl9ty ,sponges1 ! ,corals1 & alli$ gr\ps1 z well z ! delicate ,graptolites :i* (t5 cov] ! surface ( ! old] slates ) _! s]rat$1 l9e> =ms1 resembl+ pieces ( fret-saws4 ,,e*9od]mata4-- ,! ?ird gr\p1 ,e*9od]mata1 comprises ! ,sea-lilies 7,cr9oids71 ,/>fi%es & ,sea-ur*9s1 besides a few o!r less important types2 & all ^! m5tion$ are f\nd liv+ at ! pres5t day4 ,_! bodies are arrang$ 9 a radial mann]1 ! sk9 be+ /r5g!n$ by spicules & h>d5$ by limy deposits ultimately =m+ plates4 ,!y h a dige/ive canal & a circulatory sy/em1 & are ?us "o remove high] ?an ! prec$+ gr\p4 ,,v]mes4-- ,! f\r? gr\p1 ,v]mes 7,worms71 are animals ) a bilat]al or two-sid$ body1 :i* is sometimes divid$ into segm5ts1 b )\t jo9t$ app5dages4 ,^? :i* conc]n ! /ud5t ( fossils are ! tube-mak+ worms1 ! errant or w&]+ worms :i* =m ca/s l ! lob-worm1 & ! burr[+ k9ds ^: crypts or dwell+s become fill$ ) solid mat]ial d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+ mud4 ,,molluscoidea4-- ,gr\p five1 ! ,molluscoidea1 conta9s two types2 ! ,flu/ras or ,sea-mats 7,polyzoa7 & ! ,lamp-%ells 7,bra*iopoda74 ,!y are at fir/ sight totally unlike2 = ! fir/-nam$ are colonies ( comp\nd animals1 & ! second are simple1 & enclos$ betwe5 two valves4 ,!y %[ 9 common1 h[ev]1 a bilat]al symmetry4 ,! m\? is furni%$ ) f9e t5tacles1 or ) spirally roll$ hair-l or ciliat$ processes4 ,,mollusca4-- ,! six? gr\p1 ! ,mollusca1 includes all %ell-fi%4 ,!y are s(t-bodi$1 bilat]ally symmetrical animals1 )\t def9ite segm5ts4 ,! %ells1 on acc\nt ( be+ =m$ ( c>bonate ( lime on an organic basis1 are (t5 f\nd pres]v$ 9 fossilif]\s /rata4 ,,ar?ropoda4-- ,! sev5? gr\p1 ! ,ar?ropoda1 or jo9t-foot$ animals1 are di/+ui%$ by _! segm5t$1 lat]al limbs1 & by hav+ a body compos$ ( a s]ies ( segm5ts or somites4 ,! body & app5dages are usually protect$ by a horny cov]+1 ! 'exoskeleton4' ,! gr\p ( ! ,trilobites play$ an important "p 9 ! fir/ era ( ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/2 :il/ ! o!r gr\ps 7 m sp>sely repres5t$ 9 e>li] geological times1 b became m & m pr$om9ant until ! pres5t day4 ,,v]tebrata4-- ,! great gr\p ( ! ,v]tebrata comes la/1 ) its *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! backbone /ructure1 :i* advances 9 complexity f ! ,fi%es to ! ,high] ,mammals4 ,a ,simplifi$ ,classification ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,,s]ies4 ,,=ms ,,f\nd ,,fossil4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i4--,,?allophyta ,sea-we$s3 z ,corall9es & ,calc>e\s ,algae4 ,,ii4--,,bryophyta ,mosses1 ,liv]worts4 ,,iii4--,,pt]idophyta ,f]n-l plants1 z ,horse-tails1 ,club-mosses & true ,f]ns4 ,,iv4--,,pt]idosp]meae,olde/ ,se$-be>+ plants1 ) f]n-l foliage4 ,v4--,,gymnosp]meae ,plants ) nak$ se$s1 z ,cycads 7,f]n-palms71 ,g9kgo 7,maid5-hair ,tree71 & ,conif]s 7,p9e trees74 ,,vi4--,,angiosp]meae ,fl[]+ plants1 z ,grasses1 ,lilies & all ord9>y trees & plants4 ,*>act]s ( ! ,plant ,s]ies4 ,,?allophyta4-- ,! fir/ s]ies1 ! ,?allophytes1 are simple unicellul> plants1 & occupy ! same position 9 ! vegetable k+dom z ! ,protozoa d 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,fossil rema9s ( ^! organisms seem to be fairly well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire geological s]ies1 b1 ow+ to ! s(t /ructure ( ! fronds 9 mo/ ( ! types1 x is (t5 a matt] ( d\bt :e!r we are deal+ ) a true ?allophyte or n4 ,_m ( ! s-call$ sea-we$s 7fucoids7 may be only trails or m>k+s left by o!r organisms1 z %ell-fi% & cru/aceans4 ,,bryophyta4-- ,! second s]ies1 ! ,bryophytes or moss plants1 are repres5t$ 9 ! fossil /ate by a few unimportant examples4 ,,pt]idophyta4-- ,! ?ird s]ies1 ! ,pt]idophytes1 includes ! ,f]ns f\nd f ! ,devonian up to ! pres5t day1 ,horse-tails & alli$ =ms1 l ,equisetites1 & ! ,club-mosses & ,lepidod5dron ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,pt]idosp]meae4-- ,! f\r? s]ies1 ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 comprises "s ( ! e>lie/ se$-be>+ plants1 z ,ale?opt]is & ,neuropt]is4 ,!y occur 9 rocks ( ,upp] ,palaeozoic age z f> z kn[n4 ,,gymnosp]meae4 ,! fif? s]ies1 ! ,gymnosp]meae1 conta9s ! mo/ important types ( plants f\nd fossil1 especially ^? ( ! prim>y & second>y rocks3 !y 7 m abundant1 ) ! exception ( ! ,conif]ae1 9 ! e>li] ?an 9 ! m rec5t geological p]iods4 ,,angiosp]meae4-- ,! six? s]ies1 ! ,angiosp]meae1 comprises all ! ,fl[]+ ,trees & ,plants =m+ ! bulk ( ! flora n[ liv+1 & is divid$ into ! k9ds hav+ s+le or d\ble se$-leaves 7,monocotyl$ones ! ,dicotyl$ones respectively74 ,?is important gr\p came into exi/5ce t[>ds ! close ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod simultane\sly ) ! high] mammals1 & increas$ 9 abundance until mod]n times4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,geological ,,epo*s3 ,,& ,,! ,,"t ,,range ,,( ,,fossils4 ,sup]position ( ,/rata4-- ,fossils are *iefly f\nd 9 rocks :i* h be5 =m$ ( s$im5ts laid d[n 9 wat]1 su* z s&/one1 %ale & mo/ lime/ones4 ,^! rocks1 broadly speak+1 h be5 deposit$ 9 a horizontal position1 ?\gh really slightly incl9$ f %ore to deep-wat]4 ,"o lay] has be5 =m$ above ano!r1 s t ! olde/ lay] is at ! bottom1 & ! newe/ at ! top1 ( ! s]ies 7,fig4 #aa74 ,let u1 = in/ance1 exam9e a cliff %[+ ?ree lay]s3 ! l[]1 a s&/one1 we w ,call ,a2 ! int]m$iate1 a %ale or clay b$1 ,b2 & ! upp]mo/1 a lime/one or m>l1 ,c 7,fig4 #ab74 ,9 =m+ a conclusion ab\t ! relative ages ( ! b$s1 we %all f9d t ,a is always old] ?an ,b1 & ,b ?an ,c1 provid$ no di/urbance ( ! /rata has tak5 place4 ,= in/ance1 ! b$s once horizontally deposit$ may h be5 curv$ & fold$ ov]1 or ev5 brok5 & ?ru/ out ( place1 )9 limit$ areas2 b occurr5ces l ^! are extremely r>e4 ,moreov]1 an exam9ation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 or ( deep cutt+s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 w tell u if !re is any probability ( ?is inv]sion ( /rata hav+ tak5 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,horizontal ,lay]s ( ,fossilif]\s ,clays & ,s&s4 ,9 ,sea ,cliff1 ,torquay ,coa/1 ,victoria1 look+ t[>ds ,bird ,rock4 7,orig9al74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,cliff-,section to ,%[ ,sup]position ( ,/rata4 ,a ,s&/one4 ,b ,%ale4 ,c ,lime/one4 ,?is law ( sup]position holds good ?r\gh\t ! mass ( s$im5t>y rocks =m+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 7#a74 ,?us1 ! position ( ! /rata %[s ! relative ages ( ! b$s4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,fossil ,faunas4-- ,turn+ once aga9 to our ideal cliff section1 if we exam9e ! fossils obta9$ f b$ ,a1 we %all f9d !m diff]+ 9 ! numb] ( k9ds or species common to ! o!r b$s above & bel[4 ,?us1 !re w be m species alike 9 b$s ,a & ,b or 9 ,b & ,c4 ,9 o!r words ! faunas ( ,a & ,b are m ne>ly relat$ ?an ^? ( ,a & ,c4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t !re is a gradual *ange 9 specific =ms z we pass ?r\gh ! "t s]ies ( /rata f bel[ upw>ds2 s t ! ne>] "o collect+ plat=m is to ano!r1 z a rule1 ! /rong] is ! community ( species4 ,guide ,fossils4-- ,c]ta9 k9ds ( fossils are typical ( p>ticul> =mations4 ,!y are kn[n z guide fossils1 & by _! occurr5ce help u to ga9 "s idea ( ! approximate age ( rocks widely sep>at$ by ocean & cont95t4 ,?us we f9d fossils typical ( ! ,middle ,devonian rocks 9 ,europe1 :i* also occur 9 p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 & we !re=e conclude t ! ,au/ralian rocks conta9+ ^? p>ticul> fossils belong to ! same =mation1 & are ne>ly ( ! same age4 7#b74 ,! includ$ fossils1 !re=e1 give evid5ce ( ! age ( ! b$s4 ,value ( ,li?ological ,evid5ce4-- ,! te/ ( age by rock-/ructure has a m re/rict$ use1 b is ( value :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! sequ5ce ( ! /rata & ! "* ( _! includ$ fossils4 ,to expla9 bo? ! valuable & ! unc]ta9 elem5ts ( ?is la/ me?od z a det]m9ant ( age1 we may cite1 = in/ance1 ! ,upp] ,ordovician slates ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales z an example ( uni=m rock =mation2 :il/ ! yell[ mud/ones & ! grey lime/ones ( ! ,upp] ,silurian 7,y]+ian s]ies7 ( ! same /ates1 are in/ances ( div]se li?ological /ructures 9 /rata ( simil> age4 ,a ref]5ce 9 ! latt] case to ! assemblages ( fossils f\nd !re91 spe$ily settles ! "q4 7#c74 ,h5ce1 ! /ructure & composition ( ! rocks 7li?ology71 gives only p>tial evid5ce 9 reg>d to age4 ,/rata ,v]tically ,arrang$4-- ,! ,/ratigraphical ,s]ies ( fossilif]\s s$im5ts comprises b$d$ rocks f all p>ts ( ! _w1 :i* geologi/s arrange 9 a v]tical column accord+ to age4 ,a g5]al computation ( su* a column = ! fossilif]\s rocks ( ,europe gives a ?ickness ( ab\t #ad miles4 ,?is is equival5t to a mass ( /rata ly+ edgewise f ,melb\rne to ,r+wood4 ,! ,au/ralian s$im5ts =m a mu* ?ick] pile ( rocks1 = !y c h>dly fall %ort ( #cg miles1 or ne>ly ! di/ance f ,melb\rne to ,healesville4 ,?is v]tical column ( /rata 0 =m$ dur+ ?ree great eras ( "t4 ,! olde/ is call$ ! ,prim>y or ,palaeozoic 7anci5t life71 9 :i* ! animals & plants are ( primitive types4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! ,second>y or ,mesozoic 7middle life71 9 :i* ! animals & plants are int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! ,palaeozoic & ! lat]1 ,ca9ozoic4 ,! ?ird era is ! ,t]ti>y or ,ca9ozoic 7rec5t life71 9 :i* ! animals & plants are mo/ ne>ly alli$ to liv+ =ms4 ,^! great p]iods are fur!r subdivid$ into epo*s1 z ! ,silurian epo*2 & ^! aga9 into /ages1 z ! ,y]+ian /age4 ,v]tical ,column ( ,fossilif]\s ,/rata1 ,au/ralia4 ,,era4 ,,epo*s ,,9 ,,equival5t ,,/rata ,,europe4 ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,holoc5e ,dunes1 ,bea*es1 & ,%ell-b$s n[ =m+4 ,,plei/oc5e ,rais$ ,bea*es1 ,riv] ,t]races1 ,swamp ,deposits ) ,diprotodon1 ,cave ,breccias1 ,helix ,s&/one4 ,,ca9ozoic ,,plioc5e ,upp]4--,e/u>9e b$s ( or bores 9 ! ,murray bas91 ,,t]ti>y ,m>9e b$s ( 7,note #a74 ,lime/one ,creek1 ,gl5elg ,riv]1 ,vic4 7,w]rikooian74 ,l[]4--,kalimnan r$ s&s 7t]re/rial7 & %ell m>ls 7m>9e7 ( ,victoria1 ,deep ,leads 7fluviatile7 9 "p1 ,upp] ,ald+an ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,ca9ozoic ,,mioc5e ,deep ,leads 9 "p3 ,leaf-b$s or ( ,bac*us ,m>%1 ,,t]ti>y ,dalton & ,gunn+4 7,cont9u$74 ,janjukian ,s]ies ( ,c4 ,otway1 ,spr+ ,creek1 & ,table ,cape4 ,bates=d ,lime/one4 ,polyzoal ,rock ( ,mt4 ,gambi] & ! ,null>bor ,pla9s4 ,old] ,ca9ozoic ( ,murray bas91 ,l[] ,ald+an ,s]ies ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 ,corio ,bay & ,bairnsdale ,s]ies4 ,,oligoc5e ,%elly clays & leaf-b$s ( ! ,balcombian ,s]ies at ,morn+ton2 also ,%ell-m>ls & clays ) ,br[n ,coal1 ,altona ,bay1 & l[] b$s at ,muddy ,creek1 ,w4 ,vict4 ,,eoc5e ,probably no repres5tatives4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s ,upp]4--,leaf-b$s ( ,croydon1 or ,q4 ,des]t ,s&/one1 ,,second>y ,q4 ,radiol>ian ,rock1 ,n4 ,t]ritory4 ,g9-g9 ,*alk1 ,w4,a4 ,l[]4--,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mn41 ,q4 ,lake ,eyre b$s1 ,s4,a4 ,,jurassic ,m>9e4--,g]aldton1 ,w4,a4 ,fre%wat]4--,c>bonace\s s&/one ( ,s4 ,gippsl&1 ! ,wannon1 ,c4 ,otway & ,b>rabool ,hills4 ,ipswi* ,s]ies1 ,q4 ,mesozoic ( ,tasmania1 ,talbrag> b$s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,,triassic ,upp] leaf-b$s at ,bald ,hill1 ,bac*us ,m>%1 ,vict4 ,hawkesbury ,s]ies 7,p>ramatta ,%ales1 ,hawkesbury ,s&/one1 ,n>rabe5 b$s71 ,n4,s4,w4 ,burrum ,b$s1 ,q4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,palaeozoic ,,p]mian & ,c>bop]mian 7,note #b71 or ,,c>bonif]\s1 ,coal ,measures ( ,new ,,prim>y ,,upp] ,s\? ,wales1 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,que5sl& 7,gympie ,s]ies7 & ,tasmania4 ,gangamopt]is b$s ( ,bac*us ,m>%1 ,vict4 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,cl>5ce ,t[n1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,,c>bonif]\s1 ,fi% & ,plant b$s1 ,,l[] ,mansfield1 ,vict4 ,grampian s&/one2 ,avon ,riv] s&/one1 ,vict4 787 ,/> b$s1 ,que5sl&4 ,lepidod5dron b$s ( ,kimb]ley1 ,w4,a4 7,note #c74 ,,devonian ,upp]4--,s&/ones ( ,iguana ,creek1 ) plant rema9s4 ,lepidod5dron b$s ) ,l+ula1 ,nyrang ,creek1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,middle4--,fossilif]\s m>bles & mud/ones ( ,bu*an1 ,b9di & ,tabb]abb]a1 ,vict4 ,rocks ( ! ,murrumbidgee1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & ( ,burdek91 ,que5sl&4 ,,silurian ,upp]4--7,y]+ian /age74--,lilydale1 ,loyola1 ,?omson ,riv]1 & ,w>atah ,bay1 ,vict42 ,b[n+ & ,yass 79 "p71 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ,que5sl&4 ,l[] 7,melb\rnian /age74--,melb\rne1 ,hea?cote1 ,vict42 ,b[n+ & ,yass 79 "p71 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,gordon ,r4 ,lime/one4 ,,ordovician1 ,slates 7graptolitic74--,victoria ,,upp] & & ,new ,s\? ,,l[] ,wales4 787 ,gordon ,riv] ,lime/one1 ,tas41 9 "p 7,note #d74 ,l>ap9t9e s]ies ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,,cambrian ,mud/ones & lime/ones ( ,tasmania1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,victoria & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,,pre-,,cambrian ,fossilif]\s rocks d\btful2 *iefly repres5t$ by s*i/ose & o!r metamorphic rocks4 #a4--,! classification ( ! ,ca9ozoics z employ$ "h is virtually ! same z giv5 by ,mc,coy 9 connection ) 8 "w = ! ,victorian ,geological ,survey4 ,! writ] has obta9$ fur!r evid5ce to support ^! conclusions f special /udies 9 ! gr\ps ( ! cetacea1 mollusca & ! protozoa4 ,! alt]native classification ( ! ca9ozoics z giv5 by "o or two lat] au?ors1 introduc+ ! useful local t]m9ology ( ,hall & ,prit*>d = ! v>i\s /ages or assises is z foll[s3-- ,,tate ,,& ,,d5nant4 ,,hall ,,& ,,prit*>d4 ,/ages4 ,/ages4 ,w]rikooian ,plei/oc5e ,w]rikooian ,plioc5e4 ,plioc5e ,kalimnan ,mioc5e ,kalimnan ,mioc5e4 ,janjukian 787 ,oligoc5e ,balcombian ,eoc5e4 ,balcombian ,eoc5e ,janjukian & ,ald+an ,eoc5e ,ald+an ,eoc5e4 7l[] b$s 9 "p at t loc47 #b4--,or ,p]mo-c>bonif]\s4 ,z ! s]ies is held by "s au?orities to p>take ( ! faunas ( bo? epo*s1 x is pref]able to use ! %ort] ^w1 :i* moreov] gives ! natural sequ5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( us+ ! t]m ,p]mian = ?is important s]ies4 #c4--,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dun reg>ds ! ,lepidod5dron b$s ( ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl& z ( ,upp] ,devonian age4 ,!re is no d\bt1 f a broad view ( ! :ole "q z to ! respective age ( ^! b$s 9 ,au/ralia1 t ! "o s]ies is cont9u\s1 & probably repres5ts ! ,upp] ,devonian & ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 #d4--,^! lime/ones conta9 a fauna ( bra*iopods & corals :i*1 at pres5t1 seems to po9t to ! s]ies z int]m$iate betwe5 ! old] ,silurian & ! ,upp] ,ordovician4 ,v]tical ,column ( ,fossilif]\s ,/rata1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,epo*s ,,9 ,,equival5t ,,/rata ,,era4 ,,europe4 ,,9 ,,new ,,zeal&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,holoc5e ,riv] ,alluvium4 ,bea* ,s&s & ,gravel4 ,,ca9ozoic ,,plei/oc5e ,rais$ ,bea*es4 ,old] ,gravel or ,drifts4 ,,t]ti>y ,mora9es4 ,b\ld] ,clays4 ,,plioc5e ,upp]4--,petane s]ies4 ,l[]4--,waitot>a ,wanganui & ,awat]e s]ies4 sy/em4 ,,mioc5e ,oam>u s]ies4 ,,oligoc5e ,waimang>oa s]ies4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,cretace\s ,waip>a s]ies 7( ,hutton74 ,,mesozoic ,,jurassic ,mataura & ,putataka or s]ies4 ,,second>y ,,triassic ,wairoa1 ,otapiri & ,kaihiku s]ies4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,p]mian ,aorangi 7unfossilif]\s7 s]ies4 787,,c>bonif]\s ,maitai s]ies 7) ,spirif] & ,productus47 787,te ,anau s]ies 7unfossilif]\s74 ,,palaeozoic or ,,silurian ,wangapeka s]ies4 ,,prim>y ,,ordovician ,kakanui s]ies 7) ,l[] ,ordovician graptolite facies74 ,,cambrian ,unfossilif]\s4 ,metamorphic s*i/s ( ! ,maniototo s]ies4 #a4--;,bas$ = ! mo/ "p1 b ) "s slight modifications1 on ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p>k's classification 9 ,geology ( ,new ,zeal&1 #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,range-9-,"t ( ,fossils 9 ,au/ralasian ,s$im5t>y ,rocks4 ,e4,m41 del4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,skeleton ( ,diprotodon au/ralis1 ,ow54 ,uncov]$ 9 ,morass at ,lake ,callabonna1 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 7,by p]mission ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/irl+74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,fossils ,,are ,,f\nd3 ,,& ,,! ,,rocks ,,!y ,,=m4 ,z already notic$1 x is ! h>d p>ts ( buri$ animals & plants t are g5]ally pres]v$4 ,we w n[ consid] ! gr\ps ( organisms1 "o by "o1 & note ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ea* :i* we may reasonably expect to f9d 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,,mammals4--,! bones & tee?3 z ! ,diprotodon rema9s ( ,lake ,callabonna 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,fig4 #ad71 ( ,we/ ,melb\rne ,swamp1 ,victoria1 & ! ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,que5sl&4 ,r>ely ! sk91 z 9 ! c>cases ( ! froz5 ,mammo? ( ! tundras ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia2 or ! dri$ rema9s ( ! ,grypo!rium ( ,s\? ,am]ican caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,bird ,bones4 ,expos$ on ,s&-bl[ at ,seal ,bay1 ,k+ ,isl&4 7,photo by ,c4 ,l4 ,b>rett74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,impression ( a ,bird's ,fea!r 9 ,iron/one4 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,( ,ca9ozoic 78 ,janjukian7 ,age4 ,r$ru?1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,noto*elone co/ata1 ,ow5 sp4 7,ant]ior portion ( c>apace47 ,ab\t #a_/d nat4 size4 ,a ,m>9e ,turtle f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,fl9d]s ,riv]1 ,que5sl&4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,,birds3--,bones3 z ! ,moa bones ( ,new ,zeal& & ! ,emu bones ( ! ,k+ ,isl& s&-dunes 7,fig4 #ae74 ,v r>ely ! impressions ( ! fea!rs ( birds are f\nd1 z 9 ! iron/one occurr+ 9 ! ,wannon di/rict ( ,victoria 7,fig4 #af71 & o!rs 9 f9e clays & m>ls on ! cont95t ( ,europe & 9 ,engl&4 ,fossil eggs ( sea-birds are occasionally f\nd 9 coa/al s&-dunes ( ,holoc5e age4 ,,reptiles4--,skeletons ( fossil turtles 7,noto*elone7 are f\nd 9 ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #ag74 ,:ole skeletons & ! d]mal arm\r 7sp9es & bony plates7 ( ! gigantic1 specialis$ reptiles are f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,fi%es4--,:ole skeletons are sometimes f\nd 9 s& & clay rocks1 z 9 ! ,trias ( ,gos=d1 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #ah71 & 9 ! ,jurassic ( ,s\? ,gippsl&4 ,! ganoid or enamel-scal$ fi%es are common fossils 9 ! ,devonian & ,jurassic1 notably 9 ,g]many1 ,scotl& & ,canada3 & !y also occur 9 ! s&y mud/one ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,mansfield1 ,victoria4 ,,insects4--,not)/&+ _! fragility1 insects are (t5 well pres]v$ z fossils1 = ! reason t _! sk9 & w+s consi/ ( ! horny sub/ance call$ *it94 ,! ,t]ti>y m>ls ( ,europe are v prolific 9 insect rema9s 7,fig4 #ai74 ,f ! ,mioc5e b$s ( ,florissant1 ,colorado1 ,u4,s4,a41 sev]al hundr$ species ( insects h be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a ,fossil ,fi% ) ,ganoid ,scales 7,pri/isomus crassus1 ,a4,s4 ,woodw474 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 ,trias 7,hawkesbury ,s]ies71 ( ,gos=d1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ai4--;,a ,fossil ,insect 7,tipula sp47 9 ,amb]4 ,nat4 size4 ,oligoc5e b$s2 ,baltic ,prussia4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,a ,fossil ,lob/] 7,?alass9a em]ii1 ,bell74 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,f ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,port ,d>w91 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,an ,ammonite 7,desmoc]as fl9d]si1 ,mc,coy sp47 ,half nat4 size4 ,%[+ complex sutures4 ,l4 ,cretace\s3 ,m>a?on1 ,fl9d]s ,riv]1 ,que5sl&4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,,cru/acea4--,! out] cru/1 or exoskeleton1 ( ^! animals is (t5 h>d1 be+ =m$ ( a comp\nd ( c>bonate & phosphate ( lime on an organic1 *it9\s base4 ,! e>lie/ =ms ( ?is gr\p 7 ! trilobites1 comm5c+ 9 ,cambrian times1 & ( :i* !re is a good repres5tative s]ies 9 ,au/ralian rocks4 ,rema9s ( crabs & lob/]s are f\nd 9 ! v>i\s ,ca9ozoic deposits 9 ,au/ralia 7,fig4 #bj71 & also 9 ! ,jurassic 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,mollusca4--,! ,cuttle-fi% gr\p 7,cephalopoda1 head-foot$71 is well repres5t$ by ! ,nautilus-l1 b /raight ,or?oc]as %ells comm5c+ 9 ,ordovician times1 &1 9 lat] p]iods1 by ! beautiful1 coil$ ,ammonites 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! true cuttle-fi%es possess an int]nal bone1 ! sepio/aire1 :i* "o may see at ! pres5t day drift$ on to ! s& at high-wat] m>k on ! sea-%ore4 ,! rod-l ,belemnites are ( ?is nature1 & occur abundantly 9 ! ,au/ralian ,cretace\s rocks ( ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,belemnites 7,belemnites dipty*a1 ,mc,coy74 #a_/c nat4 size4 ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,c5tral ,s\? ,au/ralia4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,a ,gr\p ( ,lamp ,%ells 7,magellania flavesc5s1 ,lam4 sp47 ,atta*$ to a ,polyzoan4 ,ab\t #a_/c nat4 size4 ,dr$g$ f ,we/]nport1 ,victoria4 7,c4,j4 ,gabriel ,coll47 ,elephant-tusk %ells 7,scaphopoda7 are frequ5t 9 our ,t]ti>y b$s3 !y are also sp>+ly f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s1 & "s d\btful rema9s occur 9 ! ,palaeozoic /rata ( ,au/ralia4 ,! %ells ( ! ord9>y mollusca1 su* z ! snails1 :elks1 mussels1 & scallops1 are abundant 9 almo/ all geological /rata f ! e>lie/ p]iods4 ,_! calc>e\s %ells =m a cov]+ :i*1 aft] ! decay ( ! animal )91 are f _! nature among ! mo/ easily pres]v$ ( fossil rema9s4 ,!re is h>dly an e/u>y b$1 lake-deposit1 or sea-bottom1 b conta9s a m or less abundant assemblage ( ^! %ell-fi% rema9s1 or te/acea z !y 7 =m]ly call$ 7te/a1 a %ell or pot%]d74 ,we see1 !re=e1 ! importance ( ?is gr\p ( fossils = purposes ( comp>ison ( "o fauna ) ano!r 7antea1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! *itons or mail-%ells1 by _! jo9t$ nature1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( p5t-ro(-%ap$ valves unit$ by ligam5tal tissue1 are ne>ly always repres5t$ 9 ! fossil /ate by sep>ate valves4 ,fossil examples ( ?is gr\p occur 9 ,au/ralia bo? 9 ,palaeozoic rocks &1 m num]\sly1 9 ! ,ca9ozoic s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,zo>ium ( a ,liv+ ,polyzoan4 7,retepora7 #b_/c nat4 size4 ,fl9d]s1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,a ,fossil ,polyzoan 7,macropora cl>kei1 ,t4 ,woods1 sp47 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian74 ,muddy ,creek1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,,molluscoidea4--,! ,bra*iopods or ,lamp-%ells consi/ g5]ally ( two calc>e\s valves z 9 ! true mollusca 7,fig4 #bc71 b are sometimes ( horny texture4 ,l ! previ\s class1 !y are also easily pres]v$ z fossils4 ,!y possess b5t1 loop-l or spiral arms1 call$ bra*ia1 & by ! movem5t ( f9e ciliat$ 7hair-l7 processes on _! out] edges conduct small food p>ticles to ! m\?4 ,! bra*ia are support$ by %elly processes1 to :i* are atta*$1 9 ! ,spirif]s1 delicate spirally coil$ ribbons4 ,^! int]nal /ructures are (t5 beautifully pres]v$1 ev5 ?\gh !y are s delicate1 f ! fact t on ! dea? ( ! animal ! commissure or op5+ r\nd ! valves is s tightly clos$ z to prev5t ! co>se mud f p5etrat+ :ile p]mitt+ ! f9] silt1 & m r>ely m9]al matt] 9 solution1 to pass1 & subsequ5tly to be deposit$ )9 ! cavity4 ,at ! ,murray ,riv] cliffs 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 a b$ ( ,ca9ozoic lime/one conta9s _m ( ^! bra*iopod %ells 9 a unique condition1 = ! holl[ valves h be5 fill$ 9 ) a cle> cry/al ( sel5ite or gypsum1 ?r\gh :i* may be se5 ! loop or bra*ial support pres]v$ 9 its entirety4 ,! ,sea-mats or ,polyzoa1 repres5t$ by ,retepora 7! ,lace-coral7 7,fig4 #bd7 & ,flu/ra 7! ,sea-mat7 ( ! pres5t sea-%ore1 h a calc>e\s skeleton1 or zo>ium1 :i* is easily pres]v$ z a fossil4 ,polyzoa are v abundant 9 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & else:]e 7,fig4 #be74 ,9 ! ,mesozoic s]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are n s well repres5t$2 b 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica !y play an important "p 9 =m+ ! ,cretace\s & "s ,jurassic /rata by ! abundance ( _! rema9s4 ,,worms 7,,v]mes74--,! h>d1 calc>e\s tubes ( ,sea-worms1 ! ,poly*aeta 7_m bri/les7 are (t5 f\nd 9 fossilif]\s deposits1 & sometimes =m l>ge masses1 due to _! greg>i\s habits ( life2 !y also occur atta*$ to %ells su* z oy/]s 7,fig4 #bf74 ,! burr[s ( ! w&]+ worms are f\nd 9 ,silurian /rata 9 ,au/ralia2 & ! s$5t>y =ms likewise occur f ! ,devonian upw>ds4 ,,e*9od]mata4--,sea-ur*9s 7,e*9oidea7 possess a h>d1 calc>e\s1 _m-plat$ te/ or cov]+ &1 :5 liv+ are cov]$ ) sp9es 7,fig4 #bg74 ,bo? ! te/s & sp9es are f\nd fossil1 ! =m] sometimes :ole :5 ! s$im5t has be5 quietly ?r[n d[n ^u !m2 b m frequ5tly1 z 9 ! ,%eph]d's cr[n type 7,cid>is71 are f\nd 9 disjo9t$ plates1 ow+ to ! fact t curr5t action1 go+ on dur+ entombm5t has caus$ ! plates to sep>ate4 ,! sp9es are v r>ely f\nd atta*$ to ! te/1 m frequ5tly be+ scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m>l or s&y clay 9 :i* ! sea-ur*9s are buri$4 ,! be/ conditions = ! pres]vation ( ?is gr\p is a m>ly lime/one deposit1 9 :i* case ! process ( fossilisation w\ld be tranquil 7,fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,fossil ,worm ,tubes 78 ,s]pula47 ,atta*$ to a ,pect54 ,slightly ,enl>g$4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian74 ,muddy ,creek1 ,hamilton1 ,victoria4 7,f4 ,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a ,regul> ,sea-,ur*9 7,/rongyloc5trotus ery?rogrammus1 ,val47 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,%[+ ,sp9es atta*$4 ,liv+4 ,victoria4 7,f4 ,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,fossil ,sea-,ur*9 7,l9?ia antiau/ralis1 ,tate74 ,te/ d5ud$ ( ,sp9es4 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,curlewis1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,ophiod]ma eg]toni1 ,brod]ip1 sp4 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 ,a ,brittle ,/> f ! ,lias ( ,seaton1 ,devon1 ,engl&4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,! true ,/>fi%es 7,a/]oidea71 are ei!r cov]$ ) calc>e\s plates1 or ! sk9 is h>d5$ by r\gh tub]cles2 & ^! m la/+ portions are pres]v$ 9 rocks ( all ages4 ,! %ape ( ! animal is also (t5 pres]v$ 9 an exquisite mann] 9 b$s ( f9e mud or clay4 ,! ,brittle-/>s 7,ophiuroidea7 h _! body cov]$ ) h>d1 calc>e\s plates4 ,_! rema9s are f\nd 9 rocks z old z ! ,ordovician 9 ,bohemia b _! hi/ory 9 ,au/ralia beg9s ) ! ,silurian p]iod 7,fig4 #bi74 ,f !nce onw>d !y are occasionally f\nd 9 successive /rata 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! bag-l e*9od]ms 7,cy/idea7 =m a r>e gr\p1 re/rict$ to ,palaeozoic /rata4 ,! plates ( ! sack1 or !ca1 & ^? ( ! sl5d] arms are calc>e\s1 & are capable ( be+ pres]v$ 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,a few d\btful rema9s ( ?is gr\p occur 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! bud-%ap$ e*9od]ms 7,bla/oidea7 also occur *iefly 9 ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,?is is also a r>e gr\p1 & is repres5t$ by sev]al =ms f\nd only 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,! well kn[n & beautiful fossil =ms1 ! ,/one-lilies 7,cr9oidea7 h a v ext5d$ geological hi/ory1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,cambrian2 :il/ a few species are liv+ 9 ! ocean at ! pres5t day4 ,! _m-jo9t$ skeleton l5ds itself well to fossilisation1 & rema9s ( ! cr9oids are common 9 ,au/ralia ma9ly 9 ,palaeozoic /rata 7,fig4 #cj74 ,9 ,europe !y are f\nd abundantly also 9 ,jurassic /rata1 especially 9 ! ,lias4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,fossil ,cr9oid 7,taxocr9us simplex1 ,phillips sp47 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 ,w5lock ,lime/one 7,silurian71 ,dudley1 ,engl&4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,graptolites on ,slate 7,tetragraptus fruticosus1 ,j4 ,hall1 sp47 ,nat4 ,size4 ,l[] ,ordovician4 ,b5digo1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,poli%$ ,v]tical ,section ( a ,/romatoporoid4 7,act9o/roma74 ,nat4 size4 ,middle ,devonian4 ,s\? ,devon1 ,engl&4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,,hydrozoa4--,! ,graptolites 7/one-writ+7 h a *it9\s sk9 7p]id]m7 to ! body or hydrosome1 :i* is capable ( pres]vation to a rem>kable degree2 = _! mo/ delicate /ructures are pres]v$ on ! surfaces ( ! f9e black mud deposits :i* subsequ5tly became h>d5$ into slates4 ,9 ,au/ralia graptolites occur f ! base ( ! ,ordovician to ! top ( ! ,silurian 7,fig4 #ca74 ,ano!r section ( ! ,hydrozoa is ! ,/romatoporoidea4 ,^! are ess5tially calc>e\s1 & _! /ructure rem9ds "o ( a d5se coral4 ,! polyps build _! ti]s ( cells 7co5o/eum7 9 a regul> mann]1 & seem to h play$ ! same "p 9 ! build+ ( anci5t reefs 9 ,silurian1 ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s times z ! ,millepora at ! pres5t day 7,fig4 #cb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,fossil ,corals 7,favosites74 ,photograph ( a ,poli%$ ,slab1 #b_/c nat4 size4 ,9 ,devonian ,lime/one1 ,bu*an1 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,silice\s ,skeleton ( a ,liv+ ,hexact9ellid ,sponge4 ,probably ,*onelasma4 #d4 ,mauritius4 7,view$ 9 ,two ,directions47 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,,an?ozoa4--,! true ,corals h a /ony skeleton1 & ?is is capable ( easy pres]vation z a fossil4 ,!re is h>dly any fossilif]\s /ratum ( importance :i* has n its repres5tative corals4 ,9 ,au/ralia _! rema9s are especially abundant 9 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian 7,fig4 #cc71 & ,c>bonif]\s =mations1 & aga9 9 ! ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e4 ,,sponges4--,! framework ( ! sponge may consi/ ei!r ( fl9ty1 calc>e\s1 or horny mat]ial 7,fig4 #cd74 ,! two =m] k9ds are well repres5t$ 9 our ,au/ralian rocks1 ! fir/ appe>+ 9 ! ,l[] ,ordovician associat$ ) graptolites1 & aga9 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y rocks 7,fig4 #ce72 :il/ ! calc>e\s sponges are f\nd 9 ,silurian /rata1 ne> ,yass1 & aga9 9 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s ( ,fl9d]s1 ,curlewis & ,morn+ton 9 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,spicules ( a ,silice\s ,sponge 7,ecionema newb]yi1 ,mc,coy sp47 ,highly magnifi$4 ,ca9ozoic ,%ell-,m>l4 ,altona ,bay ,coal-,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,nummulites 7,n4 gizeh5sis ,ehr4 v>4 *ampollioni1 de la ,h>pe74 ,ab\t nat4 size4 ,middle ,eoc5e ,lime/one4 ,cyr5e1 ,nor!rn ,africa4 7,coll4 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gregory74 ,,protozoa4--,! important & widely-di/ribut$ gr\p ( ! ,=am9if]a 7hole-be>]s7 belong+ to ! l[e/ phylum1 ! ,protozoa1 g5]ally possess a calc>e\s %ell4 ,! te/s range 9 size f t9y specks ( ! fiftie? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 to ! giant ,nummulite1 equall+ a five %ill+ piece 9 size 7,fig4 #cf74 ,_! v>i$ & beautiful =ms are v attractive1 b _! great int]e/ lies 9 _! multif>i\s di/ribution 9 all k9ds ( s$im5ts3 !y are also ( importance because c]ta9 ( ! m complex =ms indicate di/9ct life zones1 be+ re/rict$ to p>ticul> /rata occurr+ 9 widely-sep>at$ areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,silice\s ,skeletons ( ,radiol>ia4 #eh4 ,late ,ca9ozoic ,age4 ,bissex ,hill1 ,b>bados1 ,we/ ,indies4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,memb]s ( ! alli$ ord] ( ! ,radiol>ia h a fl9ty %ell 7,fig4 #cg72 & ^! organisms are (t5 f\nd build+ up silice\s rocks su* z *]ts 7,fig4 #ch74 ,,plants4--,! h>d] portions ( plants :i* are f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate are1--! wood1 ! co>s] vascul> 7vessel-be>+7 tissue ( ! leaves1 & ! h>d] p>ts ( fruits & se$s4 ,fossil wood is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,palaeozoic1 ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic /rata 9 ,au/ralia1 z1 = in/ance1 ! wood ( ! trees call$ ,arauc>ioxylon & ,dadoxylon 9 ! ,coal measures ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 7see antea1 ,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,radiol>ia 9 ,silice\s ,lime/one4 #dj4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,tamwor?1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 7,f ,pr(4 ,david's ,collection74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,trav]t9 ,lime/one ) ,leaves ( ,bee* 7,fagus74 ,nat4 size4 ,plei/oc5e3 ne> ,hob>t1 ,tasmania4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,fossil leaves frequ5tly occur 9 pipe-clay b$s1 z at ,b]wick1 ,victoria1 & 9 trav]t9e f ne> ,hob>t1 ,tasmania 7,fig4 #ci74 ,fossil fruits are f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! anci5t riv] gravels at sev]al hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! surface1 9 ! deep leads ( ,haddon1 ,victoria1 & o!r localities 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,tasmania4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj--;,fre%wat] ,lime/one ) ,%ells 7,bul9us74 ,ab\t #d_/e nat4 size4 ,m\nt ,arapiles1 ,we/]n ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,fossilif]\s ,mud/one ( ,silurian 7,y]+ian7 ,age4 ,) ,bra*iopods4 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,ne> ,lilydale1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,,fossilif]\s ,,rocks4 ,section ,i4--,,argillace\s ,,rocks4 ,"u ?is head are plac$ ! muds1 clays1 mud/ones1 %ales & slates4 ,,muds are usually ( a silty nature1 t is1 conta9+ a v>iable proportion ( s& 7qu>tz7 gra9s4 ,su* are ! e/u>9e muds ( ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t age1 conta9+ bracki% wat] =am9if]a & o/racoda1 & ^? %ells ( ! mollusca usually f\nd associat$ ) bracki% conditions4 ,lacu/r9e mud c be di/+ui%$ by ! includ$ fre%wat] %ells1 z ,limnaea1 ,coxiella 7bracki%71 ,cyclas & ,bul9us1 z well z ! fre%wat] o/racoda or cyprids 7,fig4 #dj74 ,,clays are t5aci\s mud deposits1 hav+ ! g5]al composition ( a hydr\s silicate ( alum9a ) "s iron4 ,:5 a clay deposit t5ds to split into leaves or lam9ae1 ei!r ?r\gh mod]ate pressure or by ! includ$ fossil rema9s occupy+ di/9ct planes 9 ! rock1 !y are call$ ,,%ales4 ,clays & ,%ales ( m>9e orig9 are (t5 cr[d$ ) ! rema9s ( mollusca4 ,! %ells are sometimes associat$ ) leaves & o!r vegetable rema9s1 if =m+ "p ( an alt]nat+ s]ies ( fre%wat] & m>9e conditions4 ,an example ( ?is type ( s$im5ts is se5 9 ! ,morn+ton b$s ( ! ,balcombian s]ies 9 ,victoria4 ,,mud/one is a t]m appli$ to a h>d5$ clay deposit d]iv$ f ! alt]ation ( an impure lime/one1 & is m (t5 f\nd 9 ! old] s]ies ( rocks4 ,mud/ones are frequ5tly cr[d$ ) fossils1 b ow+ to *emical *anges )9 ! rock1 ! calc>e\s organisms are z a rule repres5t$ by ca/s & m\lds4 ,at times ^! s fai?fully repres5t ! surface & cavities ( ! organism t !y are almo/ equival5t to a well pres]v$ fossil 7,fig4 #da74 ,,slate4--,:5 %ale is subject$ to great pressure1 a plane ( regul> splitt+ call$ cleavage is induc$1 :i* is r>ely p>allel to ! b$d+ plane or surface spread out on ! orig9al sea-floor3 ! cleavage m (t5 tak+ place at an appreciable angle to ! b$d+ plane4 ,! graptolitic rocks ( ,victoria are ei!r %ales or slates1 accord+ to ! abs5ce or developm5t ( ?is cleavage /ructure 9 ! rock4 ,section ,,ii4--,,silice\s ,,rocks4 ,9 ?is gr\p are compris$ all granul> qu>tzose s$im5ts1 & organic rocks ( fl9ty composition4 ,,s&/ones4--,al?\gh ! base ( ?is type ( rock is =m$ ( qu>tz s&1 x (t5 conta9s fossils4 ,ow+ to its por\s nature1 p]colation ( wat] conta9+ dissolv$ ,,co#b t5ds to br+ ab\t ! solution ( ! calc>e\s %ells1 ) ! result t only ca/s ( ! %ells rema94 ,,fl9ts & ,,*]ts4--,^! are f\nd 9 ! =m ( nodules & b&s 9 o!r /rata1 pr9cipally 9 lime/one4 ,9 ,europe1 fl9t is usually f\nd 9 ! ,*alk =mation1 :il/ *]t is f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,gre5s&s1 ! ,jurassics1 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one & 9 ,cambrian rocks4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 fl9t occurs 9 ! ,mioc5e or ,polyzoal-rock =mation ( ,m\nt ,gambi]1 ,cape ,liptrap & ! ,mallee bor+s4 ,fl9t is di/+ui%$ f *]t by its be+ black 9 ! mass1 (t5 ) a :ite cru/1 & transluc5t 9 ?9 flakes2 *]t be+ m or less granul> 9 texture & sub-opaque 9 ! mass4 ,bo? k9ds appe> to be =m$ z a pseudomorph or replacem5t ( a portion ( ! lime/one /ratum by silica1 probably introduc$ 9 solution z a soluble alkal9e silicate4 ,bo? fl9t & *]t (t5 conta9 fossil %ells & o!r organic rema9s1 su* z radiol>ia & sponge-spicules1 :i* c be easily se5 ) a l5s 9 ?9 flakes /ruck (f by ! hamm]4 ,,diatomite is ess5tially compos$ ( ! t9y fru/ules or fl9ty cases ( diatoms 7unicellul> algae71 usually admix$ ) "s spicules ( ! fre%wat] sponge1 ,spongilla4 ,x g5]ally =ms a lay] at ! bottom ( a lake b$ 7,fig4 #db74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,diatomace\s ,e>?4 7,po/-,t]ti>y74 ,conta9+ fre%wat] =ms1 z ,p9nul>ia1 ,cocconeis & ,syn$ra4 #aej4 ,talbot1 ,victoria4 ,section ,,iii4--,,calc>e\s ,,rocks4 ,,lime/ones ,,=m$ ,,by ,,organisms4--,organic lime/ones con/itute by f> ! mo/ important gr\p ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,rocks ( ?is class are compos$ ei!r :olly ( c>bonate ( lime1 or conta9 o!r m9]al matt] also1 9 v>y+ proportion4 ,_m k9ds ( lime/ones owe _! orig9 directly to ! ag5cy ( animals or plants1 :i* extract$ ! calc>e\s matt] f ! wat] 9 :i* !y liv$ 9 ord] to build _! h>d ext]nal cases1 z = example ! sea-ur*9s2 or _! int]nal skeletons1 z ! /ony corals4 ,! accumulat$ rema9s ( ^! organisms are g5]ally compact$ by a cry/all9e cem5t to =m a coh]5t rock4 ,! *ief gr\ps ( animals & plants =m+ su* lime/one rocks are3-- 7a7 ,,=am9if]a4--,example4 ,=am9if]al lime/one z ! ,nummulitic lime/one ( ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 or ! ,lepidocycl9a lime/one ( ,bates=d1 ne> ,geelong1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #dc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,lime/one compos$ ( ,polyzoa & ,=am9if]a 7,lepidocycl9a74 #f4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,bates=d1 ne> ,geelong1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 7b7 ,,corals4--,ex4 ,madrepore lime/one1 or ,devonian m>ble1 ) ,pa*ypora4 ,also ! ,lilydale lime/one1 ) ,favosites1 ( ,silurian age1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,a ,fossil ,coral 7,favosites gr&ipora74 #b_/c nat4 size4 ,f ! ,silurian ( ,lilydale1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,poli%$ ,slab ( ,m>ble =m$ ( ,jo9ts ( ,cr9oids4 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,silurian4 ,toongabbie1 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 7c7 ,,/one-,,lilies4--,ex4 ,cr9oidal or ,entro*ial lime/one1 ,silurian1 ,toongabbie1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #de74 ,also ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,m\nta9 lime/one1 ,d]by%ire1 ,engl&4 7d7 ,,worm-,,tubes4--,ex4 ,s]pulite lime/one ( ,hanov]1 ,g]many4 ,ditrupa lime/one ( ,torquay & ,wormbete ,creek1 ,victoria4 7e7 ,,polyzoa4---,ex4 ,polyzoal lime/one1 z ! s-call$ ,corall9e ,crag ( ,suffolk1 ,engl&2 & ! ,polyzoal ,rock ( ,m\nt ,gambi]1 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 7f7 ,,bra*iopoda4--,ex4 ,bra*iopod lime/one ( ,silurian age1 ,dudley1 ,engl&4 ,or?is lime/one ( ,cambrian age1 ,dolodrook ,riv]1 ,n4 ,e4 ,gippsl&4 7g7 ,,mollusca4--,ex4 ,%ell lime/one1 z ! ,turritella b$ ( ,table ,cape1 ,tasmania1 & ( ,camp]d[n1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #df71 or ! ,purbeck ,m>ble ( ,swanage1 ,dorset1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,turritella ,lime/one4 7,t4 acricula1 ,tate72 #c_/d nat4 size4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,lake ,bull5 ,m]ri1 ne> ,camp]d[n1 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,lime/one compos$ ( ! ,valves ( an ,o/racod 7,cypridea74 ,upp] ,jurassic4 #i4 ,swanage1 ,dorset1 ,engl&4 7h7 ,,o/racoda4--,ex4 ,cypridif]\s lime/one1 =m$ ( ! m9ute valves ( ! bivalv$ o/racoda1 z t ( ,durl/on1 ,dorset1 ,engl& 7,fig4 #dg74 7i7 ,,caddis ,,fly ,,l>vae4--,ex4 ,indusial lime/one1 =m$ ( tubul> cases con/ruct$ by ! l>vae ( ! ,caddis fly 7,phryganea74 ,occurs at ,durckheim1 ,rh9e ,di/rict1 ,g]many4 7j7 ,,r$ ,,seawe$s4--,ex4 ,nullipore lime/one1 =m$ by ! /ony ?allus 7frond7 ( ! calc>e\s sea-we$ ,li?o?amnion1 z 9 ! ,lei?akalk1 a common build+ /one ( ,vi5na4 7k7 ,,gre5 ,,seawe$s4--,ex4 ,halim$a lime/one1 =m+ l>ge masses ( rock 9 ! late ,ca9ozoic reefs ( ! ,new ,hebrides 7,fig4 #dh74 7l7 787 ,,blue-,,gre5 ,,seawe$s4--,ex4 ,girvanella lime/one1 =m+ ! ,peagrit ( ,jurassic age1 ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,engl&4 ,section ,,iv4--,,c>bonace\s & ,,miscellane\s ,,rocks4 ,,coals & ,,k]os5e ,,%ales 7,cannel ,coal74--,^! c>bonace\s rocks are =m$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! deposits 9 e/u>ies & lagoon swamps4 ,!y result f ! sometimes va/ aggregation ( vegetable mat]ial 7leaves1 wood & fruits71 br\ght d[n by flood$ riv]s f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 :i* =m a deposit 9 a swampy or bracki% area ne> ! coa/1 or 9 an e/u>y4 ,lay] ^u lay] is ?us =m$1 alt]nat+ ) f9e mud4 ,! latt] effectually seals up ! organic lay]s & r5d]s _! *ange into a c>bonace\s deposit m c]ta94 ,:5 %ale occurs betwe5 ! coal-lay]s x is spok5 ( z ! "u-clay1 :i* 9 mo/ cases is ! anci5t sub-soil relat$ to ! coal-lay] imm$iately above4 ,x is 9 ! %ales t ! be/ examples ( fossil f]ns & o!r plant-rema9s are (t5 f\nd4 ,! coal itself is compos$ ( a p>tially decompos$ mass ( vegetation :i* has become h>d5$ & b$d$ by pressure & gradual dry+4 ,spore coals are f\nd 9 ?ick deposits 9 "s ,engli% m9es1 z at ,burnley 9 ,york%ire4 ,!y result f ! accumulation ( ! spores ( giant club-mosses :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! coal-p]iod4 ,!y are g5]ally ref]r$ to "u ! head ( ,cannel ,coals4 ,! :ite coal or ,tasmanite ( ! ,m]sey ,bas9 9 ,tasmania is an example ( an impure spore coal ) a s&y matrix 7,fig4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,rock compos$ ( ! calc>e\s jo9ts ( ,halim$a 7a gre5 sea-we$74 ,ab\t #b_/c nat4 size4 ,late ,ca9ozoic4 ,reef-,rock4 ,malekula1 ,new ,hebrides4 7,coll4 by ,dr4 ,d4 ,mawson47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,?9 ,slices ( ,:ite ,coal or ,tasmanite1 %[+ cru%$ ,megaspores4 #bh4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,latrobe1 ,tasmania4 7,f4 ,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,?9 ,slice ( ,k]os5e ,%ale4 #bh4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,h>tley1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 7,f4 ,c4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,bone ,b$1 ) ,fi% & ,reptilian ,rema9s4 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 7,rhaetic74 ,au/ ,cliff1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,engl&4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,! ,k]os5e ,%ale ( ,new ,s\? ,wales is relat$ to ! ,torbanite ( ,scotl& & ,c5tral ,france4 ,x occurs 9 l5ticul> b$s betwe5 ! bitum9\s coal4 ,x is a v important deposit1 comm]cially speak+1 = x yields k]os5e oil1 & is also us$ = ! manufacture ( gas4 ,! rock is compos$ ( myriads ( little cell-bodies1 ref]r$ to z ,re9s*ia1 & fir/ suppos$ to be alli$ to ! fre%wat] alga1 ,volvox2 b ?is has lately be5 que/ion$1 & an alt]native view is t !y may be ! megaspores ( club-mosses 7,fig4 #ej74 ,! coals ( ,jurassic age 9 ,au/ralia are d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( conif]\s trees & f]ns2 & "s beautiful examples ( ^! plants may (t5 be f\nd 9 ! h>d5$ clay or %ale associat$ ) ! coal seams4 ,! ,br[n ,coals ( ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y age 9 ,au/ralia are /ill b little advanc$ f ! e>ly /age1 lignite4 ,! leaves f\nd 9 !m are m or less l ! pres5t types ( ! flora4 ,! wood is f\nd to be ( ! ,cypress type 7,cupress9oxylon74 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 h[ev]1 important deposits ( coal ( a m bitum9\s nature occur 9 ! ,oligoc5e ( ,we/port & ! ,grey ,riv] ,valley1 9 ! ,nelson ,di/rict4 ,,bone ,,b$s4--,! bones & excreta ( fi% & reptiles =m consid]able deposits 9 "s ( ! s$im5t>y =mations2 especially ^? p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( l& or swamp conditions4 ,!y con/itute a k9d ( conglom]ate 9 :i* are f\nd bone-fragm5ts & tee? 7,fig4 #ea74 ,^! bone-b$s are usually ri* 9 phosphates1 & are consequ5tly valuable z a s\rce ( manure4 ,! ,mioc5e bone-b$ ) fi% tee? at ,florida1 ,u4,s4,a41 is a notable example4 ,! nodule b$ ( ! ,victorian ,ca9ozoics conta9s an assemblage ( bones ( cetaceans 7:ales1 etc474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,bone ,breccia1 ) rema9s ( ,m>supials4 ,ab\t #c_/d nat4 size4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,limeburn]s ,po9t1 ,geelong1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,,bone ,,breccias4--,^! are usually =m$ ( ! rema9s ( ! l>g] mammals1 & consi/ ( a consolidat$ mass ( fragm5ts ( bones & tee? emb$d$ 9 a calc>e\s matrix4 ,bone-breccias are ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! floors ( caves :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! resort ( c>nivor\s animals1 & into :i* !y dragg$ _! prey4 ,! surface wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ calc>e\s /rata dissolv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lime1 & ?is 0 re-deposit$ on ! animal rema9s ly+ scatt]$ ov] ! cave floor4 ,a deposit s =m$ con/itutes a /alagmite or floor encru/ation4 ,z examples ( bone-breccias we may ref] to ! lime/one at ,limeburn]s ,po9t1 ,geelong 7,fig4 #eb72 & ! /alagmitic deposits ( ! ,bu*an ,caves4 ,,iron/one4--,rocks =m$ almo/ entirely ( limonite 7hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron7 are (t5 due to ! ag5cy ( unicellul> plants kn[n z diatoms1 :i* sep>ate ! iron f wat]1 & deposit x z hydr\s p]oxide ( iron )9 _! silice\s skeletons4 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$5 !re are l>ge & important deposits ( bog iron-ore1 :i* h presumably be5 =m$ 9 ! b$s ( lakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,ca9ozoic ,iron/one ) ,leaves 7,banksia 8 m>g9ata1 ,cavanilles74 ,slightly enl>g$4 ,bel[ ,wannon ,falls1 ,r$ru?1 ,victoria4 ,clay iron/one nodules 7spha]osid]ite7 h g5]ally be5 =m$ z accretions ar\nd "s decay+ organic body4 ,_m clay iron/one nodules1 :5 brok5 op51 reveal a fossil )91 su* z a coprolitic body1 f]n frond1 fir-cone1 %ell or fi%4 ,oolitic iron/ones are compos$ ( m9ute granules :i* may h orig9ally be5 calc>e\s gra9s1 =m$ by a primitive plant or alga1 b s9ce replac$ by iron oxide or c>bonate4 ,! ,t]ti>y iron/one ( we/]n ,victoria is f\nd to conta9 leaves1 :i* 7 wa%$ into lakes & swamps 7,fig4 #ec72 & ! f]rug9\s gr\ndmass may h be5 orig9ally due to ! pres5ce ( diatoms1 ?\gh ?is yet rema9s to be prov$4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,sy/ematic ,,palaeontology4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,cambrian ,plants4-- ,! olde/ ,au/ralian plant-rema9s belong to ! g5us ,girvanella4 ,?is curi\s little tubul> unicellul> organism1 once ?\ght to be a =am9if]1 %[s mo/ aff9ity ) ! blue-gre5 algae 7,cyanophyceae71 an important type ( plant ev5 n[ =m+ calc>e\s deposits su* z ! calc>e\s gra9s on ! %ores ( ! ,salt ,lake1 ,utah1 & ! pea-grit ( ! ,c>lsbad hot spr+s4 ,girvanella problematica occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian lime/ones ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 at ,ardrossan & else:]e4 ,silurian ,plants4-- ,among/ ,silurian plants may be m5tion$ ! d\btful sea-we$s kn[n z ,by?otrephis4 ,_! bran*-l impressions are fairly common 9 ! mud/ones ( ,silurian age f\nd 9 & ar\nd ,melb\rne4 ,!y g5]ally occur 9 association ) %all[-wat] m>9e %ells & cru/acea ( t p]iod4 ,! g5us ,girvanella be=e m5tion$ is also f\nd 9 ! ,silurian 7,y]+ian7 ( ,lilydale & ! ,ty]s ,riv] lime/one1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,section ?r\gh pellet ( ,girvanella conf]ta1 ,*apm4 #ce4 ,f ! ,silurian 7,y]+ian7 ,lime/one ( ,ty]s ,riv]1 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,halis]ites is a primitive plant ( ! type ( ! club-mosses s common 9 ! rocks ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,?is g5us is f\nd 9 "s abundance 9 ! ,y]+ian /age ( ! ,silurian 9 ,gippsl& 7,fig4 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,palaeozoic ,,plants4 7,approximate dim5sions 9 fractions74 ,a--,by?otrephis t5uis1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,silurian4 ,victoria4 ,b--,halis]ites ,de*5ianus1 ,gpp]t4 ,silurian4 ,victoria4 ,c--,cordaites au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,upp] ,devonian4 ,victoria4 ,d--,sph5opt]is iguan5sis1 ,mc,coy4 ,upp] ,devonian4 ,victoria4 ,e--,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongni>t4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,re/oration ( ,lepidod5dron elegans4 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale1 ,mc,coy4 ,portion ( ,/em %[+ ,leaf-cu%ions4 ,slightly r$uc$4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,manilla ,riv]1 ,co4 ,d>l+1 ,n4,s4,w4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ,plants4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,upp] ,,palaeozoic ,,plants4 ,a--,rhacopt]is inaequilat]a1 ,gpp]t sp4 ,up4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,/r\d1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 7,aft] ,fei/mantel74 ,b--,gangamopt]is spatulata1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,bac*us ,m>%1 ,victoria4 ,plant-life 0 n abundant1 h[ev]1 until ,upp] ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s times4 ,9 ! rocks ( ^! p]iods we meet ) ! l>ge /rap-%ap$ leaves ( ,cordaites & a f]n1 ,sph5opt]is1 9 ! fir/-nam$ s]ies2 & ! widely di/ribut$ ,lepidod5dron ) its h&some loz5ge-sc>r$ /ems 9 ! lat] s]ies 7,fig4 #ef74 ,cordaites has be5 f\nd 9 ,victoria 9 ! ,iguana ,creek b$s 7,upp] ,devonian71 & x also probably occurs at ! same horizon at ,nungatta1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,lepidod5dron occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ,victoria & ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #eg73 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales x is f\nd at ,mt4 ,lambie1 ,goonoo1 ,tamwor? & ,copel& 9 b$s g5]ally reg>d$ z ,upp] ,devonian4 ,bo? ( ^! plants are typical ( ,c>bonif]\s 7,coal ,measure7 b$s 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! f]n ,rhacopt]is is *>act]i/ic ( ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s %ales & s&/ones ne> ,/r\d1 & o!r localities 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales z well z 9 ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #eh74 ,^! b$s yield a few inf]ior seams ( coal4 ,girvanella is aga9 se5 9 ! oolitic lime/ones ( ,c>bonif]\s age 9 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,c>bop]mian ,plants4-- ,! high] division ( ! ,au/ralian ,c>bonif]\s usually spok5 ( z ! ,p]mo-c>bonif]\s1 & "h designat$ ! ,c>bop]mian 7see ,footnote #b1 page #dh71 is typifi$ by a sudd5 accession ( plant =ms1 *iefly belong+ to f]ns ( ! ,glossopt]is type4 ,! l+ulate or tongue-%ap$ fronds ( ?is g5us1 ) _! *>act]i/ic reticulate v5ation1 are (t5 f\nd entirely cov]+ ! slabs ( %ale int]calat$ ) ! coal seams ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & x is also a common fossil 9 ,tasmania & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! alli$ =m1 ,gangamopt]is1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f ,glossopt]is by hav+ no def9ite midrib1 is f\nd 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,tasmania4 ,^! plant rema9s are also f\nd 9 ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,?is wide di/ribution ( su* anci5t f]ns indicates t ^? n[ isolat$ l&-surfaces 7 once connect$1 =m+ an ext5sive cont95t nam$ by ,pr(4 ,suess ,gondwana-,l&1 f ! ,gondwana di/rict 9 ,india 7,fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,m4 del4 7,aft] ,j4 ,w4 ,gregory74 ,fig4 #ei4--,map ( ! ,_w 9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ,era4 ,triassic ,plants4-- ,! widely di/ribut$ p9nate f]n kn[n z ,?9nfeldia is fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,trias2 9 ! ,n>rabe5 %ales ne> ,manly1 & ! ,hawksbury s&/one at ,m\nt ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,x is also a common fossil ( ! ,jurassic ( ,s\? ,gippsl&1 & o!r p>ts ( ,victoria4 ,! grass-l leaves ( ,pho5icopsis are frequ5tly met ) 9 ,triassic /rata1 z 9 ! upp] s]ies at ,bald ,hill1 ,bac*us ,m>%1 & also 9 ,tasmania4 ,! l>ge ,banana-palm-l leaves ( ,ta5iopt]is 7,macrota5iopt]is7 are common to ! ,triassic & ,l[] ,jurassic b$s ( ,india3 !y are also met ) 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & 9 ! upp] b$s at ,bald ,hill1 ,bac*us ,m>%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,,mesozoic ,,plants4 ,a--,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides4 ,morris sp4 ,trias4 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,b--,cladophlebis d5ticulata1 ,brongn4 sp4 v>4 au/ralis1 ,morr4 ,jurassic1 ,victoria4 ,c--,ta5iopt]is spatulata1 ,mc,clell4 v>4 ,da9treei1 ,mc,coy4 ,jurassic1 ,victoria4 ,d--,bra*yphyllum gippsl&icum1 ,mc,coy4 ,jurassic1 ,victoria4 ,e--,g9kgo robu/a1 ,mc,coy4 ,jurassic1 ,victoria4 ,jurassic ,plants4-- ,! ,jurassic flora ( ,au/ralasia is v prolific 9 plant =ms4 ,^! range f liv]worts & horse-tails to f]ns & conif]s4 ,! commone/ f]ns 7 ,cladophlebis1 ,sph5opt]is1 ,?9nfeldia & ,ta5iopt]is4 ,! conif]s are repres5t$ by ,arauc>ites 7cone-scales1 leaves & fruits71 ,palissya & ,bra*yphyllum 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! ,g9kgo or ,maid5-hair tree1 :i* is /ill liv+ 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 & also z a cultivat$ plant1 0 extremely abundant 9 ,jurassic times1 accompani$ by ! relat$ g5us1 ,bai]a1 hav+ m deeply incis$ leaves2 bo? g5]a occur 9 ! ,jurassic ( ,s4 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria1 & 9 ,que5sl&4 ,! ,jurassic flora ( ,au/ralasia is 9 _m respects l t ( ! ,york%ire coa/ ne> ,sc>bor\gh4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ?is flora is repres5t$ 9 ! ,mataura s]ies1 9 :i* !re are _m =ms id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,au/ralian ,jurassic1 & ev5 ( ,india4 ,cretace\s ,plants4-- ,an upp] ,cretace\s f]n1 787 ,didymosorus glei*5ioides1 is f\nd 9 ! s&/ones ( ! ,croydon ,gold-field1 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,plants ( ! ,ca9ozoic4--,balcombian ,/age4-- ,! old] "p ( ! ,ca9ozoic s]ies 9 ,au/ralasia may be ref]r$ to ! ,oligoc5e4 ,^! are m>9e b$s ) occasional1 ?ick seams ( lignite1 & sometimes ( pipe-clay ) leaves1 ! evid5ce ( riv] influ5ce 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,! fossil wood 9 ! lignite b$s appe>s to be a ,cupress9oxylon or ,cypress wood4 ,leaves ref]able to plants liv+ at ! pres5t day are also f\nd 9 c]ta9 clays1 z at ,morn+ton1 conta9+ ,eucalyptus precoriacea & a species ( ,podoc>pus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,,ca9ozoic ,,plants4 ,a--,c9namomum polymorphoides1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria4 ,b--,laurus w]ribe5sis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria4 ,c--,banksia ,campbelli1 ,ett+%4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,vegetable ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,d--,fagus ,risdoniana1 ,ett+%4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,tasmania4 ,e--,spondylo/robus ,smy?i1 ,muell]4 ,ca9ozoic4 7,deep ,leads71 ,victoria4 ,mioc5e ,leaf-b$s4--,janjukian ,/age4-- ,lat] ,ca9ozoic deposits1 evid5tly accumulat$ 9 lakes1 & sometimes f]rug9\s1 may be ref]r$ to ! ,mioc5e4 ,!y are comp>able 9 age ) ! ,janjukian m>9e b$s ( ,spr+ ,creek & ,waurn ,ponds 9 ,victoria4 ,^! occur f> inl& & occupy di/9ct bas9s1 z at ! ,wannon1 ,bac*us ,m>% 7,madd+ley71 & ,pitfield ,pla9s4 ,leaf-b$s ( ?is age occur also on ! ,otway coa/1 ,victoria1 conta9+ ! g5]a ,coprosmaephyllum1 ,p]soonia & ,phyllocladus4 ,9 all probability ! ,dalton & ,gunn+ leaf-b$s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales belong "h4 ,examples ( ! g5]a f\nd 9 b$s ( ?is age are ,eucalyptus 7a species ne> ,e4 amygdal9a71 ,banksia or ,native ,honeysuckle1 ,c9namomum or ,c9namon1 ,laurus or ,laurel1 & ,fagus 7,not(agus7 or ,bee* 7,fig4 #fa74 ,9 ! leaf-b$s cov]$ by ! old] basalt on ! ,d>go ,high ,pla9s1 ,gippsl&1 leaves ( ! ,g9kgo ,murrayana occur4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia sev]al occurr5ces ( leaf b$s h be5 record$1 conta9+ simil> species to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,ca9ozoic ( ,dalton & ,vegetable ,creek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,= example1 ,magnolia ,br[nii occurs at ,lake ,frome1 ,bombax ,/urtii & ,eucalyptus ,mit*elli at ,elizabe? ,riv]1 & ,apocynophyllum ,mack9layi at ,arcoona4 ,fruits ( ! ,deep ,leads4-- ,! ,deep ,leads ( ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania probably beg9 to date f ! p]iod j nam$1 = !y seem to be contemporane\s ) ! ,old] ,gold ,drift ( ,victoria2 a deposit sometimes conta9+ a m>9e fauna ( ,janjukian age4 ,?is upl& riv] sy/em p]si/$ into ,l[] ,plioc5e times1 & _! buri$ silts yield _m fruits1 ( types n n[ f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 su* z ,platycoila1 ,p5teune & ,pleiocl9is1 along ) ,cupressus 7,spondylo/robus7 & ,eucalyptus ( ! exi/+ flora 7,fig4 #fb74 ,plei/oc5e ,plants4-- ,! ,plei/oc5e volcanic tuffs ( ,m\nt ,gambi] h be5 %[n to conta9 fronds ( ! liv+ ,pt]is 7,pt]idium7 aquil9a or ,brack5 f]n1 & a ,banksia 9 e way comp>able ) ,b4 m>g9ata1 a species ( ! ,native ,honeysuckle /ill liv+ 9 ! same di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,leaves ( a ,fossil ,eucalyptus4 7,e4 pluti1 ,mc,coy74 ,ab\t #c_/d nat4 size4 ,f ! ,ca9ozoic ,deep ,leads1 ,dayles=d1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,! silice\s valves ( fre%wat] diatoms con/itute ! infusorial e>?s ( ,victoria1 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! commone/ g5]a met ) are ,melosira1 ,navicula1 ,cymbella 7or ,cocconema71 ,syn$ra1 ,tabell>ia1 ,/auroneis & ,gomphonema4 ,!y are1 g5]ally speak+1 ( ,plei/oc5e age1 z !y are (t5 f\nd fill+ holl[s 9 ! new] basalt fl[s4 ,9 ,victoria diatomace\s e>?s are f\nd at ,talbot 7,see ,fig4 #db71 ,seba/opol & ,lancefield2 9 ,que5sl&1 at ,p9e ,creek2 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 at ,cooma1 ,b>raba1 & ! ,ri*mond ,riv]2 & 9 ,new ,zeal& at ,pak>aka1 ,bay ( ,isl&s4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry !re is also a m>9e diatomace\s rock 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies1 ( ,mioc5e age4 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,girvanella problematica1 ,ni*olson & ,e!ridge4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,by?otrephis t5uis1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,halis]ites ,de*5ianus1 ,gpp]t sp4 ,silurian & ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,cordaites au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,upp] ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,lepidod5dron au/rale1 ,mc,coy4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria & ,que5sl&4 ,up4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,rhacopt]is inaequilat]a1 ,gpp]t sp4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,glossopt]is ,br[niana1 ,brongni>t4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,tasmania & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,gangamopt]is spatulata1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania4 ,?9nfeldia odontopt]oides1 ,morris sp4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria1 ,que5sl& & ,tasmania4 ,cladophlebis d5ticulata41 ,brongn4 sp41 v>4 au/ralis1 ,morris4 ,jurassic3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal&4 ,ta5iopt]is spatulata1 ,mc,clelland4 ,jurassic3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,tasmania4 787 ,didymosorus glei*5ioides1 ,e!ridge fil4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,eucalyptus precoriacea1 ,deane4 ,oligoc5e3 ,victoria4 ,eucalyptus1 ,banksia1 ,c9namomum1 ,laurus & ,fagus4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania4 ,spondylo/robus ,smy?i1 von ,muell]4 7,fruits & wood74 ,l[] ,plioc5e3 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,pt]is 7,pt]idium7 aquil9a1 ,l9n1 & ,banksia cf4 m>g9ata1 ,cavanilles4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,girvanella4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 vol4 ,,xiii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 & ,c>d1 ,g4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,que5sl&1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ab1 #aijj1 pp4 #bf1 #bg1 #cb4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rep4 ,au/r4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,adelaide ,meet+ 7#aijg71 #aijh1 p4 #ccg4 ,devonian ,f]ns & ,cordaites4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict4 ,dec4 ,v41 #ahgf1 p4 #ba4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,v4 pt4 #c1 #ahig1 p4 #aag4 ,lepidod5dron4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,i4 #ahgd1 p4 #cg4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,ii41 pt4 #c1 #ahia1 p4 #aai4 ,idem1 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #aif4 ,c>bonif]\s ,fungi4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4,a41 ,bull1 ,no4 #aj1 #aijc1 pp4 #be-ca4 ,c>bonif]\s ,f]ns4--,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #b1 #aije1 pp4 #aeg-afa1 pls4 ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiii4 ,glossopt]is4--,fei/mantel1 ,o4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #c1 #ahij4 ,arb]1 ,n4 ,cat4 ,foss4 ,plants1 ,glossopt]is ,flora1 ,brit4 ,mus41 #aije4 ,gangamopt]is4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,ii4 #ahge1 p4 #aa4 ,jurassic ,plants4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vic41 ,dec4 ,,ii4 #ahge1 p4 #ae4 ,woods1 ,t4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 ,i4 #ahhc1 p4 #cg4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #cad4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 7,ta5iopt]is71 ,rep4 ,au/r4 ,asso4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,sydney1 #ahih1 pp4 #chd-djj4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vic41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #c1 #aijd2 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,ibid41 vol ,,ii4 pt4 #d1 #aijh2 vol4 ,,iii41 pt4 #a1 #aiji4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #d1 #aiji1 p4 #caa4 ,old] ,ca9ozoic ,plants4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vic41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 #ahgf1 p4 #ca4 ,ett+%aus51 ,c4 von4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #b1 #ahhh4 ,idem1 ,trans4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 7#ahij71 #ahia1 p4 #bcg4 ,deane1 ,h4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #a1 #aijb1 pp4 #ae1 #bj4 ,l[] ,plioc5e ,deep ,leads4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 #ahgf1 p4 #bi4 ,muell]1 ,f4 von4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vic41 ,new ,veg4 ,foss41 #ahgd & #ahhc4 ,plei/oc5e & o!r ,diatom ,e>?s4--,c>d1 ,g4 ,w4 & ,dun1 ,w4 ,s41 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,v4 pt4 #c1 #ahig1 p4 #abh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fossil ,,=am9if]a ,,& ,,radiol>ia4 ,protozoans1 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,! animals =m+ ! sub-k+dom ,,protozoa 7l[lie/ animals71 are unicellul> 7"o-cell$71 z di/+ui%$ f all ! succe$+ high] gr\ps1 :i* are kn[n z ! ,,metazoa 7animals beyond74 ,! =m] gr\p1 ,protozoa1 h all _! functions p]=m$ by means ( a simple cell1 any additions to ! cell-unit m]ely =m+ a repetitional or aggregat$ cell-/ructure4 ,a famili> example ( su* occurs 9 pond-life1 9 ! ,amoeba1 a =m :i* is n f\nd fossilis$ on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( any h>d p>ts or cov]+ capable ( pres]vation4 ,=am9if]a & ,radiol>ia1 h[ev]1 h su* h>d p>ts1 & are frequ5tly f\nd fossilis$4 ,=am9if]a3 ,_! ,habitats4-- ,! ,,=am9if]a are a gr\p :i*1 al?\gh ess5tially "o-cell$1 h ! protoplasmic body (t5 num]\sly segm5t$4 ,! %ell or te/ =m$ ^u1 & enclos+ ! jelly-l s>code1 may consi/ ei!r ( c>bonate ( lime1 cem5t$ s&-gra9s1 or a sub-calc>e\s or *it9\s 7horny7 cov]+4 ,! ,=am9if]a1 ) v few exceptions1 z ,mikrogromia1 ,lieb]kuehnia1 & "s =ms ( ,gromia1 are all m>9e 9 habit4 ,"s g5]a1 h[ev]1 z ,miliol9a1 ,rotalia & ,nonion9a1 affect bracki% wat] conditions4 ,s9ce ,=am9if]a are ( s l[ly a grade 9 ! animal k+dom1 we may naturally expect to f9d _! rema9s 9 ! olde/ kn[n rocks t %[ any evid5ce ( life4 ,!y are1 inde$1 fir/ se5 9 rocks ( ,cambrian age1 al?\gh !y h n yet be5 detect$ !re 9 ,au/ralian /rata4 ,cambrian ,=am9if]a4-- ,9 p>ts ( ,sib]ia & 9 ! ,baltic ,prov9ces1 bo? ,cambrian & ,ordovician rocks conta9 num]\s glauconite ca/s ( ,=am9if]a1 g5]ally ( ! ,globig]9a type ( %ell4 ,9 ,engl& "s ,middle ,cambrian rocks ( ,%rop%ire are fill$ ) t9y exquisitely pres]v$ spiral %ells belong+ to ! g5us ,spirill9a1 9 :i* all ! *>act]s ( ! te/ are se5 z cle>ly z 9 ! specim5s pick$ out ( %ore-s& at ! pres5t day4 ,silurian ,=am9if]a4-- ,! ,silurian rocks 9 all c\ntries are v poor 9 =am9if]al %ells1 only occasional examples be+ f\nd4 ,9 rocks ( ?is age at ,lilydale1 ,victoria1 ! g5us ,ammodiscus1 ) f9e s&y1 coil$ te/s1 is f\nd 9 ! ,cave ,hill ,lime/one4 ,s f> z kn[n1 h>dly any =ms ( ?is gr\p occur 9 ,devonian /rata1 al?\gh "s ill-def9$ %ells h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,eifel1 ,g]many4 ,c>bonif]\s ,=am9if]a4-- ,! ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w yield an abundant =am9if]al fauna4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! ,saccamm9a & ,endo?yra ,lime/ones ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ! ,nor? ( ,irel&4 ,! ,au/ralian rocks ( ?is age h n af=d$ any examples ( ! gr\p1 s9ce !y are ma9ly ( e/u>9e or fre%wat] orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,,palaeozoic & ,,mesozoic ,,=am9if]a4 ,a--,nubecul>ia /eph5si1 ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,b--,frondicul>ia woodw>di1 ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,c--,ge9itz9a triangul>is1 ,*apman & ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,d--,valvul9a plicata1 ,brady4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,e--,vag9ul9a intumesc5s1 ,reuss4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,f--,flabell9a dilatata1 ,wisni[ski4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,g--,m>g9ul9a solida1 ,t]quem4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,h--,frondicul>ia gault9a1 ,reuss4 ,cretace\s4 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,c>bop]mian ,=am9if]a4-- ,9 ,au/ralia1 z at ,pokolb91 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 ! ,m]sey ,riv] di/rict1 ,tasmania1 & 9 ! ,irw9 ,riv] di/rict1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ! ,p]mian rocks1 or ,p]mo-c>bonif]\s z !y are g5]ally call$1 (t5 conta9 b$s ( impure lime/one cr[d$ ) ! *alky :ite te/s ( ,nubecul>ia3 o!r int]e/+ g5]a occur at ! fir/ nam$ locality z ,pelos9a1 ,hyp]amm9a1 ,haplophragmium1 ,placopsil9a1 ,lituola1 ,?uramm9a1 ,ammodiscus1 ,/a*eia1 ,monog5]9a1 ,valvul9a1 ,bulim9a1 787,pleuro/omella1 ,lag5a1 ,nodos>ia1 ,frondicul>ia1 ,ge9itz9a1 ,lunucamm9a1 ,m>g9ul9a1 ,vag9ul9a1 ,anomal9a & ,truncatul9a4 ,! s&y matrix ( c]ta9 ,glossopt]is leaf-b$s 9 ! ,collie ,coal measures 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia h yield$ "s dw>f$ examples belong+ to ! g5]a ,bulim9a1 ,endo?yra1 ,valvul9a1 ,truncatul9a & ,pulv9ul9a2 :il/ 9 ! ,irw9 ,riv] di/rict simil> b$s conta9 ,nodos>ia & ,frondicul>ia 7,fig4 #fc74 ,triassic ,=am9if]a4-- ,! ,triassic & ,rhaetic clays ( ,europe occasionally %[ traces ( =am9if]al %ells1 probably ( e/u>9e habitat1 z d ! ,wianamatta b$s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* also belong to ! ,triassic epo*4 ,! ,au/ralian repres5tatives are plac$ 9 ! g5]a ,nubecul>ia1 ,haplophragmium1 ,endo?yra1 ,discorb9a1 ,truncatul9a1 & ,pulv9ul9a4 ,^! %ells are dim9utive ev5 = =am9if]a1 & _! />v$ condition indicates uncong5ial environm5t4 ,jurassic ,=am9if]a4-- ,! ,jurassic lime/ones ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 at ,g]aldton1 conta9 _m species ( ,=am9if]a1 pr9cipally belong+ to ! spirally coil$ & slipp]-%ap$ ,cri/ell>iae4 ,o!r g5]a pres5t are ,haplophragmium1 ,textul>ia1 ,bulim9a1 ,flabell9a1 ,m>g9ul9a1 ,vag9ul9a1 ,polymorph9a1 ,discorb9a1 & ,truncatul9a4 ,cretace\s ,=am9if]a4-- ,9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks kn[n z ! ,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mation 9 ,que5sl&1 %ells ( ! ,=am9if]a are f\nd 9 "s abundance at ,wollumbilla4 ,!y are repres5t$ *iefly by ,cri/ell>ia & ,polymorph9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,/ructure 9 ,lepidocycl9a4 ,a--,v]tical section ?r\gh te/ ( ,lepidocycl9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*elotti sp43 %[+ ! equatorial *amb]s 7eq4 c7 & ! lat]al *amb]s 7l4c47 ,b--,section ?r\gh ! m$ian disc1 %[+ ! hexagonal & ogive *amb]s4 #ah4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,bates=d1 ne> ,geelong1 ,victoria4 7,f4,c4 ,coll47 ,ca9ozoic ,=am9if]a4-- ,! ,ca9ozoic /rata 9 all p>ts ( ! _w are v ri* 9 ,=am9if]a1 & ! g5]a1 & ev5 _m species are simil> to ^? n[ f\nd liv+4 ,c]ta9 types1 h[ev]1 _h a re/rict$ range1 & are !re=e useful z indicators ( age4 ,su* are ! ,nummulites & ! ,orbitoides ( ! ,eoc5e & ! ,oligoc5e ( ,europe1 ,india & ! ,we/ ,indies2 & ! ,lepidocycl9ae ( ! ,mioc5e ( ,europe1 ,india1 ,japan & ,au/ralia 7,fig4 #fd74 ,! g5us ,lepidocycl9a is typically repres5t$ 9 ! ,bates=d b$s ne> ,geelong1 ,victoria by ,l4 t\rn\]i1 a fossil ( ! ,burdigalian /age 7,middle ,mioc5e7 9 ,europe1 z well z by ,l4 m>g9ata4 ,a lime/one ) l>ge1 well-pres]v$ te/s ( ! same g5us1 & belong+ to a slightly l[] horizon 9 ! ,mioc5e has lately be5 discov]$ 9 ,papua4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,,ca9ozoic ,,=am9if]a4 ,a--,miliol9a vulg>is1 d',orb4 sp4 ,oligoc5e-,rec5t4 ,vict4 & ,s4,a4 ,b--,textul>ia gibbosa1 d',orb4 ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e4 ,vict4 ,s4,a4 ,c--,nodos>ia aff9is1 d',orb4 ,oligoc5e4 ,victoria4 ,d--,polymorph9a elegantissima4 ,p4 & ,j4 ,oligoc5e-,rec5t4 ,vict4 & ,s4,a4 ,e--,truncatul9a ung]iana1 d',orb4 sp4 ,oligoc5e-,rec5t4 ,vict4 ,s4,a4 ,f--,amphi/eg9a vulg>is1 d',orb4 ,oligoc5e-,l4 ,plioc5e4 ,vict4 ,s4,a4 ,"s ( ! common] ,=am9if]a f\nd 9 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia are--,miliol9a vulg>is1 ,textul>ia gibbosa1 ,nodos>ia aff9is1 ,polymorph9a elegantissima1 ,truncatul9a ung]iana & ,amphi/eg9a lessonii 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! fir/-nam$ has a *alky or porcellan\s %ell2 ! second a s&y te/2 ! ?ird & f\r? glassy or hyal9e %ells ) excessively f9e tubules2 ! fif? a glassy %ell ) num]\s surface punctations due to co>s] tubules ?an usual 9 ! %ell-walls2 :il/ ! la/-nam$ has a smoo?1 l5ticul> %ell1 also hyal9e1 & occurr+ 9 su* abundance z (t5 to con/itute a =am9if]al rock 9 itself4 ,plei/oc5e ,=am9if]a4-- ,! e/u>9e deposits ( ,plei/oc5e age 9 s\!rn ,au/ralia (t5 conta9 innum]able %ells ( ,miliol9a1 ,rotalia & ,poly/omella4 ,"o ?9 seam ( s&y clay /ruck by ! bores 9 ! ,victorian ,mallee consi/s almo/ entirely ( ! %ells ( ! %all[-wat] & e/u>9e species1 ,rotalia becc>ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,radiol>ia3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,! organisms belong+ to ! ord] ,,radiol>ia are microscopic1 & !y are all ( m>9e habitat4 ,! body ( a radiol>ian consi/s ( a c5tral mass ( protoplasm enclos$ 9 a membran\s capsule1 & conta9s ! nuclei1 vacuoles1 granules & fat globules2 :il/ outside is a jelly-l portion :i* ?r[s (f pseudopodia or ?9 radiat+ ?reads4 ,! skeleton ( ,radiol>ia is ei!r *it9\s or compos$ ( cle>1 glassy silica1 & is (t5 ( exquisitely ornam5tal & regul> =m4 ,habitat4-- ,^! t9y organisms g5]ally live 9 ! op5 ocean at v>i\s dep?s1 & s9k+ to ! bottom1 sometimes z deep z #b1jjj to #d1jjj fa?oms1 !y =m an ooze or mud4 ,subdivisions4-- ,radiol>ia are divid$ into ! f\r legions or ord]s1--,acan?>ia1 ,spumell>ia1 ,nassel>ia & ,phaeod>ia3 only ! second & ?ird gr\ps are f\nd fossil4 ,! ,spumell>ians are sph]ical1 ellipsoidal1 or disc-%ap$1 & ! ,nassel>ians conical or helmet-%ap$4 ,cambrian ,radiol>ia4-- ,c]ta9 *]ts or h>d1 silice\s rocks ( ! palaeozoic era are (t5 cr[d$ ) ! rema9s ( ,radiol>ia1 giv+ ! rock a spott$ appe>ance4 7,see antea1 ,fig4 #ch74 ,"s ( ! g5]a ?us f\nd are id5tical ) ^? liv+ at ! pres5t day1 :il/ o!rs are peculi> to ^? old s$im5ts4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 rema9s ( _! silice\s %ells h be5 f\nd 9 *]ts ( ,l[] ,cambrian age ne> ,adelaide4 ,^! h be5 provisionally ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,c>pospha]a & ,c5ellipsis 7,fig4 #ff74 ,ordovician ,radiol>ia4-- ,radiol>ia h be5 detect$ 9 ! ,l[] ,ordovician rocks ( ,victoria1 9 b$s associat$ ) ! ,graptolite slates ( ?is s]ies4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,radiol>ian rema9s are f\nd 9 ! *]ts & slates ( ,upp] ,ordovician age at ,cooma & ,m&urama4 ,silurian ,radiol>ia4-- ,! ,silurian black *]ts ( ! ,j5olan ,caves 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales conta9 ca/s ( ,radiol>ia4 ,devonian ,radiol>ia4-- ,! ,l[] ,devonian r$ jasp]s ( ,b+]a & ,b>raba 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales h af=d$ "s ca/s ( ,radiol>ia1 resembl+ ,c>pospha]a & ,c5ospha]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,,fossil ,,radiol>ia4 ,a--,aff4 ,c>pospha]a 7aft] ,david & ,h[*974 ,cambrian4 ,brighton1 ,s4,a4 ,b--,c5ospha]a aff9is1 ,h9de4 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,tamwor?1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,c--,amphibra*ium truncatum1 ,h9de4 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,pt4 ,d>w94 ,d--,dictyomitra triangul>is1 ,h9de4 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,pt4 ,d>w94 ,! l>ge numb] ( fifty-?ree species h be5 f\nd 9 ! radiol>ian rocks ( ,middle ,devonian age at ,tamwor? 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #ff74 ,^! h be5 ref]r$ to tw5ty-n9e g5]a compris+ among/ o!rs1 ,c5ospha]a1 ,xiphospha]a1 ,/aurolon*e1 ,heliospha]a1 ,acan?ospha]a & ,spongodiscus4 ,cretace\s ,radiol>ia4-- ,al?\gh c]ta9 silicifi$ rocks 9 ! ,jurassic 9 ,europe h furni%$ a l>ge s]ies ( ,radiol>ia1 ! ,au/ralian m>9e lime/ones ( ?is age h n yield$ any ( _! rema9s up to ! pres5t4 ,!y h be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,que5sl&1 & 9 ! 787,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,port ,d>w91 ,n4 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,radiol>ia f ! latt] locality belong to ! sub-ord]s ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea & ,cyrtoidea 7,fig4 #ff74 ,! rock :i* conta9s ^! m9ute fossils is /at$ to be eat5 by ! natives = m$ic9al purposes4 ,z its composition is almo/ pure silica1 its efficacy 9 su* cases mu/ be m imag9>y ?an real4 ,ca9ozoic ,radiol>ia4-- ,ca9ozoic rocks ( ,plioc5e age1 compos$ entirely ( ,radiol>ia1 occur at ,b>bados 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,no ,ca9ozoic ,radiol>ia1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd ei!r 9 ,au/ralia or ,new ,zeal& up to ! pres5t "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,=am9if]a4 ,nubecul>ia /eph5si1 ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian3 ,tasmania & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,frondicul>ia woodw>di1 ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ge9itz9a triangul>is1 ,*apm4 ,h[*94 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pulv9ul9a insignis1 ,*apman4 ,trias 7,wianamatta ,s]ies73 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,m>g9ul9a solida1 ,t]quem4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,flabell9a dilatata1 ,wisni[ski4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,vag9ul9a /riata1 d',orbigny4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,truncatul9a lobatula1 ,w4 & ,j4 sp4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,miliol9a vulg>is1 d',orb4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,textul>ia gibbosa1 d',orb4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,nodos>ia aff9is1 d',orb4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,polymorph9a elegantissima1 ,p>k] & ,jones4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,tasmania1 & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,truncatul9a ung]iana1 d',orb4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,k+ ,isl&1 & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,amphi/eg9a lessonii1 d',orb4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,lepidocycl9a m>t9i1 ,s*lumb]g]4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian & ,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,l4 t\rn\]i1 ,lemo9e & ,d\vill4 ,ca9ozoic 7,junjukian73 ,victoria4 ,cycloclypeus pu/ulosus1 ,*apman4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,fabul>ia h[*9i1 ,s*lumb]g]4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,hau]9a int]m$ia1 ,h[*94 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,rotalia becc>ii1 ,l9n sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,poly/omella /riatopunctata1 ,fi*tel & ,moll sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,,radiol>ia4 787 ,c>pospha]a sp4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 787 ,c5ellipsis sp4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,c5ospha]a aff9is1 ,h9de4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,/aurolon*e davidi1 ,h9de4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,amphibra*ium truncatum1 ,h9de4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 ,dictyomitra triangul>is1 ,h9de4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,=am9if]a4 ,c>bop]mian4--,h[*91 ,w4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xix4 #ahie2 pp4 #aid-aih4 ,*apman1 ,f4 & ,h[*91 ,w4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #ad1 #aije4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4 ,au/r41 ,no4 #bg1 #aijg1 pp4 #ae-ah4 ,trias4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #ccf-cci4 ,jurassic4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii41 #aijd1 pp4 #ahf-aii4 ,cretace\s4--,moore1 ,c4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahgj1 pp4 #bci & #bdb4 ,h[*91 ,w4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,viii4 #ahhf1 pp4 #gi-ic4 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xix41 #ahie1 pp4 #aih-bjj4 ,idem1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4 ,au/r41 ,no4 #bg1 #aijg1 pp4 #ch-dc4 ,ca9ozoic4--,h[*91 ,w4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xii4 #ahhi1 pp4 #a-bj4 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xiv4 #ahia1 pp4 #cej-cef4 ,j5s51 ,h4 ,i4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,xxix4 pt4 #d1 #aije1 pp4 #hbi-hca4 ,godd>d1 ,e4 ,j4 & ,j5s51 ,h4 ,i4 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxxii4 pt4 #b1 #aijg1 pp4 #cjh-cah4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,lond4 ,zool41 vol4 ,,xxx4 #aijg1 pp4 #aj-ce4 ,g5]al4--,h[*91 ,w4 ,rep4 ,au/r4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,adelaide ,meet+1 #ahic1 pp4 #cdh-cgc4 ,,radiol>ia4 ,l[] ,cambrian4--,david1 ,t4 ,w4 ,e4 & ,h[*91 ,w4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,xxi4 #ahig1 p4 #ega4 ,devonian4--,david1 ,t4 ,w4 ,e4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,xxi4 #ahig1 pp4 #eec-egj4 ,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,lv4 #ahij1 pp4 #ch-fd4 ,upp] ,cretace\s4--,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xlix4 #ahic1 pp4 #bba-bbf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fossil ,,sponges1 ,,corals ,,& ,,graptolites4 ,,sponges4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,sponges4-- ,! ,sponges are sometimes plac$ by !mselves z a sep>ate phylum1 ! ,porif]a4 ,) ! exception ( a few fre%wat] g5]a1 !y are ( m>9e habit & to be f\nd at all dep?s betwe5 l[ tide 7littoral7 & deep wat] 7abyssal74 ,sponges are ei!r fix$ or lie loosely on ! sea-floor4 ,!y possess no organs ( locomotion1 & h no di/9ct axis or lat]al app5dages4 ,!y exi/ by sett+ up curr5ts 9 ! wat] :]eby ! latt] is circulat$ ?r\gh ! sy/em1 c>ry+ ) x num]\s food p>ticles1 _! tissues be+ at ! same "t oxyg5at$4 ,_! framework1 9 ! silice\s & calc>e\s sponges1 is /r5g!n$ by a m9]al skeleton1 :olly or p>tially capable ( pres]vation z a fossil4 ,cambrian & ,ordovician ,sponges4-- ,! olde/ rocks 9 ,au/ralia conta9+ ! rema9s ( ,sponges are ! ,cambrian lime/ones ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 at ,ardrossan & else:]e4 ,"s ( ^! sponge-rema9s are ref]r$ to ! g5us ,protospongia1 a memb] ( ! ,hexact9ellid gr\p hav+ #f-ray$ skeletal elem5ts4 ,:5 complete1 ! ,protospongia has a cup- or funnel-%ap$ body1 compos$ ( l>ge & small modifi$ spicules1 :i* =m quadrate areas1 (t5 se5 9 isolat$ or aggregat$ pat*es on ! wea!r$ surface ( ! rock4 ,protospongia also occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,ordovician slates & %ales ( ,lancefield 7,p4 oblonga71 & ,b5digo 7,p4 reticulata & ,p4 cruci=mis71 9 ,victoria 7,fig4 #fg ,a74 ,at ,/4 ,david's1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 ! g5us is f\nd 9 rocks ( ,middle ,cambrian age4 ,! ,s\? ,au/ralian lime/ones 9 :i* ,protospongia occurs are usually plac$ 9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,,palaeozoic ,,sponges1 c4 ,a--,protospongia reticulata1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l[4 ,ordovician4 ,b5digo4 ,b--,receptaculites f]gusoni1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,wombat ,creek1 ,vict4 ,c--,r4 au/ralis1 ,salt]4 7,section ( wall1 et*$1 aft] ,e?4 ,dun7 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,co4 ,murray1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,d--,protoph>etra sc\l>i1 ,e?4 fil4 ,cambrian4 ,s4,a4 ,ano!r g5us ( ,sponges1 ,hyalo/elia1 ^: aff9ities are n v cle>1 occurs 9 ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,cambrian at ,curramulka4 ,?is type is repres5t$ by ! long1 slightly b5t1 rod-l spicules ( ! root-tuft1 & ! skeletal spicules ) six rays1 "o ( :i* is mu* elongat$4 ,/ephanella maccoyi is a ,monact9ellid sponge1 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,ordovician 7,b5digo ,s]ies7 ( ,b5digo1 ,victoria4 ,silurian ,sponges4-- ,num]\s ,sponges ( ,silurian age are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* belong to ! ,li?i/id gr\p1 hav+ irregul>1 knotty & bran*+ spicules4 ,^! sponges resemble c]ta9 fossil fruits1 g5]ally l dim9utive melons2 _! peculi> spicul> /ructure1 h[ev]1 is usually visible on ! outside ( ! fossil1 especially 9 wea!r$ specim5s4 ,! commone/ g5us is ,c>pospongia4 ,receptaculites3 ,silurian to ,c>bonif]\s4-- ,9 ,upp] ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s times ! curi\s sauc]- or funnel-%ap$ bodies kn[n z ,receptaculites mu/ h be5 fairly abundant 9 ,au/ralia1 judg+ by _! frequ5t occurr5ce z fossils4 ,!y are f\nd z impressions or m\lds & ca/s 9 "s ( ! mud/ones & lime/ones ( ,silurian age 9 ,victoria1 z at ,loyola & ,wombat ,creek1 9 we/ & nor?-ea/ ,gippsl& respectively4 ,9 ! ,devonian lime/ones ( ,new ,s\? ,wales !y occur at ,f]nbrook1 ne> ,mudgee1 at ! ,goodradigbee ,riv]1 & at ,cavan1 ne> ,yass2 also 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ,victoria1 at ,b9di1 & ,bu*an 7,fig4 #fg1 ,b4,c474 ,receptaculites also occur 9 ! ,/> ,b$s ( ,upp] ,devonian or ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age 9 ,que5sl&1 at ,m\nt ,wyatt4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ?is g5us has an ext5sive geological range4 ,c>bop]mian ,sponges4-- ,a ,monact9ellid ,sponge1 provisionally ref]r$ to ,lasiocladia1 has be5 describ$ f ! ,gympie b$s ( ! ,rockhampton ,di/rict1 ,que5sl&4 ,lasiocladia1 z well z ! ,hexact9ellid ,sponge ,hyalo/elia1 occurs 9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,cretace\s ,sponges4-- ,no sponge-rema9s seem to occur above ! ,c>bop]mian 9 ,au/ralia until we rea* ! ,cretace\s rocks4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s s]ies 9 ,que5sl& a d\btful memb] ( ! ,hexact9ellid gr\p is f\nd1 namely1 ,purisiphonia cl>kei4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ! ,d>l+ ,d[ns ,di/rict pyritiz$ ,sponges occur :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ! g5us ,siphonia1 a memb] ( ! ,li?i/id gr\p1 well kn[n 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,europe4 ,ca9ozoic ,sponges4-- ,a :ite silice\s clay1 suppos$ to be f a ,deep ,lead1 9 ! ,norseman di/rict 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 has prov$ to consi/ almo/ entirely ( silice\s sponge-spicules1 belong+ to ! ,monact9ellid1 ! ,tetract9ellid1 ! ,li?i/id1 & ! ,hexact9ellid gr\ps 7,fig4 #fi ,a1 ,b74 ,! ref]5ce ( ! deposit to a deep lead or alluvial deposit pres5ts a difficulty1 s9ce ^! sponge-spicules repres5t mod]ately deep wat] m>9e =ms4 ,?is deposit resembles 9 "s respects ! spicule-be>+ rock ( ,oam>u1 ,new ,zeal&1 :i* is ( ,mioc5e age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,,ca9ozoic ,,sponges4 ,a--,latrunculia sp4 7aft] ,h9de74 ,ca9ozoic4 ,deep ,lead1 ,norseman1 ,w4,a4 ,b--,geodia sp4 7aft] ,h9de74 ,ca9ozoic4 ,deep ,lead1 ,norseman1 ,w4,a4 ,c--,ecionema newb]yi4 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,boggy ,creek1 ,gippsl&1 ,vict4 ,d--,plectron9ia halli1 ,h9de4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,moorabool1 ,vict4 ,e--,tretocalia pezica1 ,h9de4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,fl9d]s1 ,vict4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,,silurian ,,corals4 ,a--,cya?ophyllum approximans1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]474 ,gippsl&1 ,vict4 ,b--,favosites gr&ipora1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,y]474 ,lilydale1 ,vict4 ,c--,favosites gr&ipora1 v]tical section4 ,ditto4 ,d--,f4 gr&ipora1 transv]se section4 ,ditto4 ,e--,pleurodictyum mega/omum1 ,dun4 ,lilydale1 ,vict4 ,f--,halysites p]i/ephesicus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,g--,heliolites int]/9cta1 ,wahl sp ,vict4 7transv4 sect74 ,silurian44 ,9 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s ( s\!rn ,au/ralia ,sponges ) calc>e\s skeletons are n at all uncommon4 ,! majority ( ^! belong to ! ,li?on9e section ( ! ,calcispongiae1 9 :i* ! spicules are regul>1 & n fix$ toge!r4 ,liv+ examples ( ^! sponges1 closely relat$ to ! fossils1 h be5 dr$g$ f ! ,japanese ,sea4 ,! fossils are f\nd ma9ly 9 ! ,janjukian1 at ,curlewis1 9 ! ,moorabool ,riv] lime/ones1 & 9 ! polyzoal rock ( ,fl9d]s1 all 9 ,victoria4 ,!y belong to ! g5]a ,bactronella1 ,plectron9ia & ,tretocalia 7,fig4 #fh1 ,d & ,e74 ,"s dim9utive =ms also occur 9 ! old] s]ies1 ! ,balcombian1 at ,morn+ton1 namely1 ,bactronella p>vula4 ,at ,boggy ,creek1 ne> ,sale1 9 ,victoria1 a ,tetract9ellid ,sponge1 ,ecionema newb]yi1 is f\nd 9 ! ,janjukian m>ls2 spicules ( ?is =m h also be5 not$ f ! clays ( ! ,altona ,bay coal-%aft 7,fig4 #fh ,c74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,ar*aeocya?9ae3 an anci5t class ( organisms relat$ bo? to ! ,sponges & ! ,corals4 ,ar*aeocya?9ae 9 ,cambrian ,/rata4-- ,^! curi\s rema9s h be5 lately made ! subject ( detail$ rese>*1 & x is n[ conclud$ t !y =m a gr\p probably ance/ral bo? to ! sponges & ! corals4 ,!y are calc>e\s1 & g5]ally cup-%ap$ or conical1 (t5 furni%$ at ! po9t$ base ) roots or /r&s = atta*m5t to ! surr\nd+ reef4 ,!y h two walls1 bo? ! inn] & ! out] be+ p]=at$ l sponges4 ,z 9 ! corals1 !y are divid$ by transv]se septa & ^! are also p]=at$4 ,c]ta9 ( ! g5]a z ,protoph>etra 7,fig4 #fg ,d71 ,cosc9ocya?us1 & ,ar*aeocya?9a1 are common to ! ,cambrian ( ,s>d9ia & ,s\? ,au/ralia1 :il/ o!r g5]a ( ! class are also f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 ,*9a1 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a species ( ,protoph>etra 0 rec5tly detect$ 9 a pebble d]iv$ f ! ,cambrian lime/one 9 ! ,ant>ctic1 z f> s\? z #he deg4 ,an ,ar*aeocya?9a lime/one has also be5 f\nd 9 situ f ,%ackleton's f>!/ s\?4 ,,corals 7,class ,an?ozoa74 ,rugose ,corals4-- ,_m ( ! old] types ( ,corals f ! ,palaeozoic rocks belong to ! ,tetracoralla 7septa 9 multiples ( f\r71 or ,rugosa 7i4e41 ) wr9kl$ ext]ior74 ,ordovician ,corals4-- ,9 ,great ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica ,rugose ,corals are f\nd z e>ly z ,ordovician times1 repres5t$ by ,/reptelasma1 ,petraia1 etc4 ,9 ,au/ralia !y seem to fir/ make _! appe>ance 9 ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,silurian ,corals4-- ,9 rocks ( ,silurian age 9 ,au/ralia we f9d g5]a l ,cya?ophyllum 7) s+le cups or comp\nd coralla71 ,diphyphyllum1 ,tryplasma & ,rhizophyllum1 ! fir/-nam$ (t5 be+ v abundant4 ,! comp\nd corallum ( ,cya?ophyllum approximans pres5ts a v h&some appe>ance :5 cut transv]sely & poli%$4 ,?is coral is f\nd 9 ! ,new] ,silurian lime/one 9 ,victoria2 x %[s an alliance ) ,c4 mit*elli ( ! ,middle ,devonian ( ! ,murrumbidgee ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #fi ,a74 ,silurian ,hexacoralla4-- ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ! next gr\p1 ! ,hexacoralla1 ) septa 9 multiples ( six1 twelve1 & tw5ty-f\r1 t we turn = ! mo/ v>i$ & abundant types ( ,corals 9 ,silurian times4 ,! g5us ,favosites 7,honey-comb ,coral7 is extremely abundant 9 ,au/ralian lime/ones 7,fig4 #fi ,b1 ,c71 su* z ^? ( ,lilydale1 ,walhalla1 & ,w>atah ,bay 9 ,victoria1 & ( ,hatton's ,corn] & o!r localities ne> ,yass1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pleurodictyum is also a famili> type 9 ! ,au/ralian ,silurian1 be+ "o ( ! commone/ corals 9 ! ,y]+ian /age2 al?\gh1 /range to say1 9 ,g]many & ,n4 ,am]ica1 x is typical ( ,devonian /rata 7,fig4 #fi ,e74 ,pleurodictyum _h a curi\s habit ( gr[+1 b>nacle fa%ion1 on ! side ( ! column ( ! cr9oids or sea-lilies :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ^? times4 ,syr+opora1 ) its funnel-%ap$ tabulae or floor p>titions1 is typical ( _m ,au/ralian lime/ones1 z ^? f ,lilydale1 ,victoria1 & ! ,delegate ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,halysites 7,*a9 ,coral71 ) its neat /r+s ( tubul> & tabulat$ corallites jo9$ toge!r by _! edges1 is ano!r /rik+ ,coral ( ! ,silurian p]iod 7,fig4 #fi ,f74 ,?is & ! e>li] m5tion$ ,syr+opora1 is by "s au?ors reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,alcyon>ian ,corals 7typically ) eight t5tacles74 ,halysites is kn[n f ! lime/ones ( ! ,mitta ,mitta ,riv]1 ,n4,e4 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria2 f ! ,molong & ,canobolas di/ricts 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 f ! ,gordon ,riv] lime/one 9 ,tasmania2 & f ,*illagoe 9 ,que5sl&4 ,abroad x is a well kn[n type ( ,coral 9 ! ,w5lockian ( ,gotl& 9 ,sc&9avia1 & ,%rop%ire 9 ,engl&1 z well z 9 ! ,niag>a ,lime/one ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,silurian ,octocoralla4-- ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! ,octocoralla is ,heliolites 7,sun/one71 :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,blue ,coral1 ,heliopora1 a frequ5t con/itu5t ( our mod]n coral reefs4 ,! g5us ,heliolites has a massive1 calc>e\s corallum1 be>+ two k9ds ( pores or tubes1 l>ge 7autopores7 conta9+ complete polyps1 & small 7siphonopores7 conta9+ ! co5os>c or fle% ( ! colony4 ,bo? k9ds ( tubes are closely divid$ by tabulae1 :il/ ! =m] are septate4 ,heliolites is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,silurian lime/ones ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria 7,fig4 #fi ,g74 ,devonian ,corals4-- ,! ,middle ,devonian b$s ( ,au/ralia are *iefly lime/ones1 su* z ! ,bu*an lime/one1 ,victoria2 ! ,burdek9 ,s]ies1 ,que5sl&2 & ! ,tamwor? lime/one ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,^! rocks1 z a rule1 are v fossilif]\s1 & ! *ief con/itu5t fossils are ! ,rugose & ,p]=ate ,corals4 ,campophyllum gregorii is a common =m 9 ! ,bu*an lime/one 7,fig4 #gj ,a71 z well z "s l>ge mu%room-%ap$ ,favosites1 z ,f4 go?l&ica & ,f4 multitabulata4 ,o!r g5]a :i* may be m5tion$ z common to ! ,au/ralian ,middle ,devonian rocks are1 ,cya?ophyllum1 ,sanidophyllum & ,spongophyllum1 ,heliolites is also f\nd 9 lime/ones ( ?is age 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,,upp] ,,palaeozic ,,corals4 ,a--,campophyllum gregorii1 ,e?4 fil4 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,bu*an1 ,vict4 ,b--,pa*ypora m]idionalis1 ,ni*4 ,e?4 fil4 ,mid ,devonian4 ,que5s4 ,c--,aulopora rep5s1 ,kn4 ,w4 7aft] ,h9de74 ,devonian4 ,kimb]ley di/rict1 ,w4,a4 ,d--,zaphr5tis cull5i1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,e--,tra*ypora wilk9soni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian 7,up4 ,m>9e ,s]47 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,f--,/5opora cr9ita1 ,lonsdale4 ,c>bop]mian 7,up4 ,m>4 ,s]47 ,n4,s4,w4 ,9 ! ,burdek9 ,s]ies 7,middle ,devonian7 9 ,que5sl& we also f9d ,cy/iphyllum1 ,favosites go?l&ica1 & ,pa*ypora m]idionalis 7,fig4 #gj ,b71 :il/ 9 b$s ( ! same age at ,r\gh ,range 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia are f\nd ,aulopora rep5s 7,fig4 #gj ,c71 & ano!r species ( ,pa*ypora1 namely1 ,p4 tumida4 ,c>bop]mian ,corals4-- ,! only true ,c>bonif]\s m>9e fauna occurr+ 9 ,au/ralia1 appe>s to be t ( ! ,/> ,b$s 9 ,que5sl&1 b s f> no corals h be5 f\nd4 ,! s-call$ ,c>bonif]\s ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia may be reg>d$ z ,c>bop]mian or ev5 ( ,p]mian age4 ,! m>9e ,c>bop]mian b$s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales conta9 sev]al g5]a ( ,corals belong+ to ! gr\p ,rugosa1 z ,zaphr5tis 7,fig4 #gj ,d71 ,lophophyllum1 & ,campophyllum4 ,( ! ,tabulate corals may be m5tion$ ,tra*ypora wilk9soni1 v typical ( ! ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies 7,fig4 #gj ,e7 & ,clado*onus4 ,9 ! ,gympie b$s ( ! same sy/em 9 ,que5sl& occur ! foll[+ rugose corals1 ,zaphr5tis pr(unda & a species ( ,cya?ophyllum4 ,9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! rugose corals are repres5t$ by ,amplexus1 ,cya?ophyllum1 & ,pl]ophyllum1 :i* occur 9 rocks on ! ,gascoyne ,riv]4 ,! imp]fectly und]/ood gr\p ( ! ,monticuliporoids1 by "s au?ors plac$ ) ! ,polyzoa 7,ord] ,trepo/omata71 are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ! g5us ,/5opora 7,fig4 #gj ,f74 ,! corallum is a massive colony ( long tubes set side by side & turn$ outw>ds1 ! polyp mov+ upw>ds 9 gr[? & cutt+ (f ! l[] "p ( ! tube by plat=ms l ^? 9 ! tabulate corals4 ,"s ( ! species ( ,/5opora1 l ,s4 tasmani5sis1 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania1 are f\nd alike 9 ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies4 ,s4 au/ralis is conf9$ to ! ,b[5 ,riv] ,coal-field ( ,que5sl&4 ,/5opora (t5 atta9s a l>ge size1 ! corallum rea*+ ov] a foot 9 l5g?4 ,nei!r ,jurassic or ,cretace\s ,corals h be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralasia1 al?\gh else:]e z 9 ,europe & ,india1 ! repres5tatives ( mod]n corals are f\nd 9 "s abundance4 ,ca9ozoic ,corals4-- ,9 ,t]ti>y times ! m>9e areas ( s\!rn ,au/ralia 7 ! home ( _m typical solit>y ,corals ( ! gr\p ( ! ,hexacoralla4 ,9 ! ,balcombian b$s ( ,morn+ton1 ,victoria1 = in/ance1 we h g5]a su* z ,flabellum1 ,placotro*us1 ,sph5otro*us1 ,c]atotro*us1 ,conosmilia1 ,trematotro*us1 ,notophyllia & ,balanophyllia 7,fig4 #ga74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,,ca9ozoic ,,corals4 ,a--,flabellum victoriae1 ,duncan4 ,balcombian4 ,morn+ton1 ,vict4 ,b--,placotro*us deltoideus1 ,dunc4 ,balcombian4 ,muddy ,creek1 ,hamilton1 ,vic4 ,c--,balanophyllia sem9uda1 ,dunc4 ,balcombian4 ,muddy ,creek1 ,hamilton1 ,vic4 ,d--,/ephanotro*us tatei1 ,d5nant4 ,janjukian4 ,torquay1 ne> ,geelong1 ,vict4 ,e--,?amna/raea s]a1 ,duncan4 ,janjukian4 ,table ,cape1 ,tas4 ,f--,graphul>ia s5esc5s4 ,tate sp4 ,janjukian4 ,waurn ,ponds1 ne> ,geelong1 ,vic4 ,g--,trematotro*us cl>kii1 ,d5nant4 ,kalimnan4 ,gippsl& ,lakes1 ,vic4 ,corals especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,janjukian ,s]ies are ,p>acya?us tasmanicus1 ,/ephanotro*us tatei1 ,montlivaltia v>i=mis1 ,?amna/raea s]a & ,d5drophyllia epi!cata4 ,! /ony axis ( ! ,sea-p51 ,graphul>ia s5esc5s1 a memb] ( ! ,octocoralla1 is also typical ( ?is /age1 & are call$ squ>e-bones by ! qu>rym5 at ,waurn ,ponds1 ne> ,geelong1 :]e ^! fossils occur4 ,! ,kalimnan ,corals are n s abundantly repres5t$ z 9 ! =ego+ /ages1 b c]ta9 species ( ,flabellum & ,trematotro*us1 z ,f4 curtum & ,t4 cl>kii1 are peculi> to ^? b$s4 ,sev]al ( ! ,janjukian ,corals p]si/ into ,kalimnan times1 "s dat+ z f> back z ! ,balcombian1 z ,sph5otro*us em>ciatus4 ,! ,sea-p51 ,graphul>ia s5esc5s is aga9 f\nd at ?is high] horizon1 at ,beaum>is2 x probably repres5ts a v>ietal =m1 ! axis be+ small] & m sl5d]4 ,o!r examples ( ! ,octocoralla are se5 9 ,mopsea1 two species ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,janjukian at ,cape ,otway2 ! deep] b$s ( ! ,mallee2 & ! ,m\nt ,gambi] ,s]ies4 ,a species ( ! ,a/raeidae 7,/>-corals7 ( ! reef-=m+ section1 ,plesia/raea /4v9c5ti1 is f\nd 9 ! ,kalimnan ( ,hallett's ,cove1 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,,hydrozoa4 ,! few animals ( ?is gr\p met ) 9 fossil faunas are repres5t$ by ! liv+ ,millepora 7abundant z a coral reef organism71 ,hydract9ia 7p>asitic on %ells1 etc471 & ,s]tul>ia 7,sea-firs74 ,milleporids & ,/yla/]ids4-- ,al?\gh s abundant at ! pres5t "t1 ! g5us ,millepora does n date back beyond ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! ,eoc5e g5us ,axopora is suppos$ to belong "h1 b is n ,au/ralian4 ,( ! ,/yla/]ids "o example is se5 9 ,deontopora1 repres5t$ by ! bran*lets ( ,d4 moorabool5sis1 f ! ,janjukian lime/one ( ! ,moorabool ,valley1 ne> ,geelong4 ,hydract9ia4-- ,hydract9ia dates f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,au/ralia its encru/+ polypidom is f\nd atta*$ to %ells 9 ! polyzoal lime/one ( ,m\nt ,gambi] 7,mioc5e74 ,/romatoporoids4 ,an important gr\p ( reef-build]s 9 ,palaeozoic times 0 ! organism kn[n z ,/romatopora1 & its allies4 ,! /ructures ( ^! hydroid polyps resemble successional & repetitional /ages ( a =m l ,hydract9ia4 ,z 9 t g5us x always comm5c$ to gr[ ^u a base ( atta*m5t su* z a %ell1 increas+ by successive lay]s1 until ! organic colony (t5 rea*$ an enorm\s size1 & =m$ great m\nds & reefs 7see antea1 ,fig4 #cb74 ,! /romatoporoid /ructure 0 =m$ by a lay] ( polyp cells sep>at$ by v]tical p>titions1 ^u :i* lay] aft] lay] 0 add$ until a great v]tical ?ickness 0 atta9$4 ,?is lime/one-mak+ gr\p fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,silurian1 & probably rea*$ its maximum developm5t 9 ,middle ,devonian times1 :5 x almo/ disappe>$1 except to be repres5t$ 9 ,c>bop]mian /rata by a few dim9utive =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,,/romatoporoidea & ,,cladophora4 ,a--,act9o/roma cla?ratum1 ,ni*4 ,devonian4 ,r\gh ,range1 ,w4,a4 ,b--,act9o/roma cla?ratum1 ,ni*4 ,devonian4 ,r\gh ,range1 ,w4,a4 ,v]tical section4 7,aft] ,g4 ,j4 ,h9de74 ,c--,callograptus sp4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,san ,remo1 ,vict4 7,aft] ,t4 ,s4 ,hall74 ,d--,ptilograptus sp4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,san ,remo1 ,vict4 7,aft] ,t4 ,s4 ,hall74 ,e--,dictyonema pul*ellum1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordov4 ,lancefield1 ,vict4 ,f--,dictyonema macgillivrayi1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordov4 ,lancefield1 ,vict4 ,silurian ,/romatoporoids4-- ,9 ! ,silurian lime/ones ( ,victoria 7,lilydale1 ,w>atah ,bay1 ,walhalla & ,loyola71 & ,new ,s\? ,wales 7ne> ,yass71 ,/romatoporoids belong+ to ! g5]a ,cla?rodictyon 7probably ,c4 regul>e71 ,/romatopora & ,idio/roma occur4 ,/romatoporella has be5 record$ f ! ,silurian rocks ( ! ,j5olan ,caves1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,devonian ,/romatoporids4-- ,! ,middle ,devonian /rata ( ,b9di1 ,victoria1 yield l>ge1 massive examples ( ,act9o/roma4 ,?is g5us is di/+ui%$ f ! closely alli$ ,cla?rodictyon by its v]tical pill>s pass+ ?r\gh sev]al lam9ae 9 succession4 ,rocks ( ! same age 9 ,que5sl& conta9 ,/romatopora1 :il/ 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! ,r\gh ,range ,lime/one has be5 %[n to conta9 ,act9o/roma cla?ratum 7,fig4 #gb ,a1 ,b7 & ,/romatoporella eifeli5sis4 ,cladophora4 ,palaeozoic ,cladophora4-- ,"s bran*+ & d5droid =ms ( ,hydrozoa probably relat$ to ! mod]n ,calyptobla/ea 7cov]$ buds71 su* z ,s]tul>ia & ,campanul>ia1 are includ$ 9 ! ,cladophora 7,bran* be>]s74 ,!y exi/$ f ,cambrian to ,devonian times1 & consi/ ( sl5d]1 =k+ bran*es sometimes connect$ by transv]se processes or dissepim5ts1 ! bran*es be>+ on "o or bo? sides little cups or hydro!cae :i* evid5tly conta9$ ! polyps1 & o!rs ( modifi$ =m1 p]haps = ! purpose ( reproduction4 ,! out] lay]1 call$ ! p]id]m 0 ( *it9\s mat]ial4 ,!y 7 probably atta*$ to ! sea-floor l ! ,s]tul>ians 7,sea-firs74 ,dictyonema & ,allies4-- ,rema9s ( ! above gr\p are repres5t$ 9 ! ,au/ralian rocks by sev]al species ( ,dictyonema 7,fig4 #gb ,e1 ,f7 occurr+ 9 ! ,l[] ,ordovician ( ,lancefield1 & 9 simil> or old] %ales ne> ,mansfield4 ,"s ( ^! species are ( l>ge size1 ,d4 gr&e measur+ ne>ly a foot 9 wid?4 ,! g5]a ,callograptus1 ,ptilograptus 7,fig4 #gb ,c1 ,d7 & ,d5drograptus are also sp>sely repres5t$ 9 ! ,upp] ,ordovician ( ,victoria1 ! two =m] f ,san ,remo1 ! latt] f ,bulla4 ,graptolites 7,graptolitoidea74-- ,value ( ,graptolites to ,/ratigraphi/4-- ,! ,graptolites 7 s nam$ by ,l9naeus f _! resemblances to writ+ on ! slates 9 :i* _! compress$ rema9s are f\nd4 ,!y =m a v important gr\p ( ,palaeozoic fossils 9 all p>ts ( ! _w :]e ^! rocks occur1 & are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,! species ( ! v>i\s ,graptolite g5]a are (t5 re/rict$ to p>ticul> b$s1 & h5ce !y are ( great value z indicators ( c]ta9 horizons or lay]s 9 ! black1 grey or v>i\sly col\r$ slates & %ales ( ,l[] ,ordovician to ,silurian times4 ,by _! aid a /ratum or set ( /rata c be trac$ across c\ntry = long di/ances1 & ! typical species c be correlat$ ev5 ) ^? 9 ! old] slates & %ales ( ,great ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,nature ( ,graptolites4-- ,! ,graptolites 7 comp\nd animals1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( polyps ins]t$ 9 cups or !cae :i* budd$ out 9 a l9e f ! prim>y sicula or conical *amb]1 :i* *amb] 0 probably atta*$ to float+ sea-we$1 ei!r by a f9e ?read 7nema71 or a disc-l expansion4 ,?is budd+ ( ! polyp-be>+ !cae gives to ! polyp>y or colony ! appe>ance ( a fret-saw1 ) ! tee? direct$ away f ! sicula4 ,! habit ( ! e>li] graptolites 0 to bran* repeat$ly1 z 9 ,clonograptus1 or to %[ a comp\nd leaf-l /ructure z 9 ,phyllograptus4 ,lat] on ! _m-bran*$ =ms _h _! bran*es r$uc$ until1 z 9 ,didymograptus1 !re 7 only two bran*es4 ,sometimes ! bran*es op5$ out to direct ! !cae upw>ds1 ! bett] to procure _! food supply4 ,9 ,diplograptus ! !cae turn$ upw>ds & acquir$ a support by ! =mation ( a m$ium rod 7virgula71 (t5 end+ 9 a disc or float4 ,9 ,silurian times ,monograptus prevail$1 a g5us hav+ only a s+le r[ ( !cae support$ by a /raight or curv$ virgula4 ,9 ,retiolites ! polyp>y op5$ out by means ( a net-"w ( f9e /r&s1 r5d]+ x bett] able to float1 at ! same "t reta9+ its orig9al /r5g?4 ,l[] ,ordovician ,graptolites1 ,victoria4-- ,! ,l[] ,ordovician slates & %ales ( ,victoria h be5 successfully divid$ into sev]al di/9ct s]ies by means ( ! ,graptolites4 ,^!1 comm5c+ at ! olde/1 are3-- 7#a7 ,lancefield ,s]ies4 ,*>act]is$ by ,bryograptus cl>ki1 ,b4 victoriae1 ,didymograptus prit*>di1 ,d4 taylori & ,tetragraptus decipi5s4 ,o!r =ms less re/rict$ are1 ,clonograptus magnificus 7measur+ ov] a y>d 9 bread?71 ,c4 flexilis1 ,c4 rigidus1 ,leptograptus antiquus & ,tetragraptus approximatus 7,fig4 #gc74 7#b7 ,b5digo ,s]ies4 ,*>act]is$ by ,tetragraptus fruticosus1 ,t4 p5d5s1 ,tri*ograptus f]gusoni & ,goniograptus ?ureaui4 ,?is s]ies also conta9s ,tetragraptus s]ra 7rang+ into ,d>riwill ,s]ies71 ,t4 bryonoides1 ,t4 quadribra*iatus1 ,t4 approximatus 7base ( ! s]ies71 ,phyllograptus typus1 ,di*ograptus octobra*iatus1 ,goniograptus mac] & _m ,didymograpti1 includ+ ,d4 bifidus 7,fig4 #gd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,,l[] ,,ordovician ,,graptolites4 ,a--,bryograptus cl>ki1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield1 ,vict4 ,b--,tetragraptus fruticosus1 ,j4 ,hall sp4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield4 ,c--,phyllograptus typus1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield4 ,d--,goniograptus mac]1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield4 ,e--,didymograptus caduceus1 ,salt]4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield4 ,f--,trigonograptus wilk9soni1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordov4 ,d>riwill1 ,vict4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,,l[] ,,ordovician ,,graptolites4 ,a--,loganograptus logani1 ,j4 ,hall sp4 ,l4 ,ordov4 ,ne:am1 ,vict4 ,b--,tetragraptus approximatus1 ,ni*4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,canada & ,victoria4 7,aft] ,ni*olson7 ,c--,tetragraptus s]ra1 ,brongn4 sp4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,lancefield1 ,vict4 ,d--,didymograptus bifidus1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,guild=d1 ,vict4 7#c7 ,ca/lema9e ,s]ies4 ,*>act]is$ by ,didymograptus bifidus1 ,d4 caduceus & ,loganograptus logani4 ,phyllograptus p]si/s f ! ,b5digo ,s]ies4 ,x also conta9s ,tetragraptus s]ra1 ,t4 bryonoides1 ,t4 quadribra*iatus1 ,goniograptus mac] & sev]al ,didymograpti4 7#d7 ,d>riwill ,s]ies4 ,*>act]is$ by ,trigonograptus wilk9soni4 ,also conta9 ,diplograptus1 ,glossograptus & ,lasiograptus1 :il/ ,didymograptus is r>e4 ,l[] ,ordovician ,graptolites1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,9 ,new ,zeal& ,l[] ,ordovician ,graptolites are f\nd 9 ! ,kakanui ,s]ies1 at ,nelson1 nor?-we/ ( ,s\? ,isl&4 ,"s ( ! common] =ms are ,didymograptus ext5sus1 ,d4 caduceus1 ,loganograptus logani1 ,phyllograptus typus1 ,tetragraptus similis & ,t4 quadribra*iatus4 ,graptolites agree+ closely ) ^? ( ! ,lancefield ,s]ies ( ,victoria occur ne> ,pres]vation ,inlet 9 ! extreme ,s\?-we/1 & h be5 id5tifi$ z ,clonograptus rigidus1 ,bryograptus victoriae & ,tetragraptus decipi5s4 ,upp] ,ordovician ,graptolites1 ,victoria4-- ,! ,upp] ,ordovician rocks ( ,victoria1 z at ,wombat ,creek & ,m\nt ,well+ton 9 ,gippsl&1 & at ,digg]s' ,re/ ne> ,sunbury1 conta9 ! d\ble bran*$ =ms l ,dicranograptus ramosus1 ,dicellograptus elegans & ,d4 sextans2 ! sigmoidal =m ,/ephanograptus gracilis2 & ! diprionidian 7bis]ial7 =ms z ,diplograptus t>dus1 ,climacograptus bicornis1 ,cryptograptus tricornis1 ,glossograptus h]mani & ,lasiograptus m>g>itatus 7,fig4 #ge74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,,upp] ,,ordovician & ,,silurian ,,graptolites4 ,a--,dicranograptus ramosus1 ,j4 ,hall sp4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria4 ,b--,dicellograptus elegans1 ,c>ru!rs sp4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria4 ,c--,diplograptus c>nei1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales4 ,d--,climacograptus bicornis1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria4 ,e--,glossograptus h]mani1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria4 ,f--,retiolites au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian4 ,keilor1 ,victoria4 ,g--,monograptus dubius1 ,suess4 ,silurian4 ,wood's ,po9t1 ,victoria4 ,upp] ,ordovician ,graptolites1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4-- ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 at ,tallong1 ! ,upp] ,ordovician ,graptolites are well repres5t$ by su* =ms z ,dicellograptus elegans1 ,dicranograptus ni*olsoni1 ,diplograptus c>nei1 ,d4 foliaceus1 ,cryptograptus tricornis & ,glossograptus quadrimucronatus1 etc4 ,o!r localities 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales = ?is ,graptolite fauna are ,/ocky>d ,creek1 ,curr[ang1 ,t+>+i1 ,lawson1 & ,m&urama4 ,tasmania4-- ,f ,tasmania a ,diplograptus has be5 record$1 b ! p>ticul> horizon & locality are unc]ta94 ,silurian ,graptolites1 ,victoria4-- ,9 ! ,silurian %ales at ,keilor1 9 ,victoria1 ,monograptus is a common g5us1 & ,cyrtograptus & ,retiolites au/ralis 7,fig4 #ge ,f7 also occur4 ,sev]al species ( ,monograptus h also be5 f\nd at ,s\? ,y>ra & ,/udley ,p>k4 ,at ! latt] place & ,walhalla ,monograptus dubius1 :i* is a ,w5lock & ,ludl[ fossil 9 ,brita91 has be5 f\nd 9 "s abundance 7,fig4 #ge ,g74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,sponges4 ,protospongia sp4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,hyalo/elia sp4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,protospongia oblonga1 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,/ephanella maccoyi1 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,c>pospongia sp4 ,silurian3 ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,receptaculites f]gusoni1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,receptaculites au/ralis1 ,salt] sp4 ,devonian3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,que5sl&4 787 ,lasiocladia h9dei1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,purisiphonia cl>kei1 ,b[]bank4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,geodia sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,te?ya sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,ecionema newb]yi1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,plectron9ia halli1 ,h9de4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,tretocalia pezica1 ,h9de4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,,ar*aeocya?9ae4 ,protoph>etra sc\l>i1 ,e!ridge1 fil4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,cosc9ocya?us au/ralis1 ,taylor4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,ar*aeocya?9a ajax1 ,taylor4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,,corals4 ,cya?ophyllum approximans1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,tryplasma lilii=mis1 ,e!ridge1 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,favosites gr&ipora1 ,e!ridge fil4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,pleurodictyum mega/omum1 ,dun4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,halysites p]i/ephicus1 ,e!ridge1 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,heliolites int]/9cta1 ,l9n sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,campophyllum gregorii1 ,e?4 fil4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,victoria & ,que5sl&4 ,cy/iphyllum au/ralasicum1 ,e?4 fil4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,favosites multitabulata1 ,e?4 fil4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pa*ypora m]idionalis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,que5sl&4 ,zaphr5tis cull5i1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,lophophyllum corniculum1 de ,kon9ck4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,zaphr5tis pr(unda1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,campophyllum column>e1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,tra*ypora wilk9soni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,/5opora tasmani5sis1 ,lonsdale4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,tasmania & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,flabellum gambi]5se1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,placotro*us deltoideus1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,sph5otro*us em>ciatus1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 & ,tasmania4 ,c]atotro*us exilis1 ,d5nant4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,conosmilia elegans1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,balanophyllia armata1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,?amna/raea s]a1 ,duncan4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,graphul>ia s5esc5s1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,,hydrozoa4 ,cla?rodictyon 787 regul>e1 ,ros5 sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,act9o/roma cla?ratum1 ,ni*olson4 ,devonian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,/romatoporella eifeli5sis1 ,ni*4 ,devonian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,dictyonema pul*ella1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l[] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,ptilograptus sp4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,callograptus sp4 ,l[] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,,graptolites4 ,bryograptus victoriae1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l[] ,ordovician 7,lancefield ,s]ies73 ,victoria4 ,tetragraptus fruticosus1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician 7,b5digo ,s]ies73 ,victoria4 ,didymograptus caduceus1 ,salt]4 ,l4 ,ordovician 7,ca/lema9e ,s]ies73 ,victoria4 ,also ,new ,zeal&4 ,didymograptus bifidus1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician 7,ca/lema9e ,s]ies73 ,victoria4 ,also ,new ,zeal&4 ,trigonograptus wilk9soni1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,l4 ,ordovician 7,d>riwill ,s]ies73 ,victoria4 ,dicranograptus ramosus1 ,j4 ,hall sp4 ,upp] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,monograptus dubius1 ,suess4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,retiolites au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,sponges4 ,cambrian4--,tate1 ,r4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 #ahib1 p4 #ahh4 ,ordovician4--,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 ,i4 #ahhi1 pp4 #fj1 #fa 7,protospongia74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #ahii1 pp4 #aeb-aee 7,protospongia & ,/ephanella74 ,silurian to ,c>bonif]\s4--,salt]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,canad4 ,org4 ,rem4 ,dec4 ,i4 #ahei1 p4 #dg4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahih1 pp4 #fb-ge4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xviii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 #a1 #aije1 pp4 #e-ae4 ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,q41 #ahib1 p4 #aii4 ,cretace\s4--,b[]bank1 ,j4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,lond41 #ahfi1 p4 #cdb4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #dch1 #dci 7,purisiphonia74 ,ca9ozoic4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,v4 #ahgg4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xx4 7,n4,s471 pt4 #b1 #aijh1 pp4 #baj-bab 7,ecionema74 ,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,lvi41 #aijj1 pp4 #ej-ef 7calcisponges74 ,idem1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4 ,au/r41 ,no4 #cf1 #aiaj1 pp4 #g-ba 7sponge-spicules74 ,,ar*aeocya?9ae4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xiii4 #ahij1 pp4 #aj-bb4 ,taylor1 ,t4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,ii41 pt4 #b1 #aiaj 7a monograph74 ,,corals4 ,silurian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #a1 #ahij1 pp4 #ae-ba 7,silurian & ,devonian74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #d1 #ahib1 pp4 #afe-agd 7,silurian & ,devonian74 ,idem1 9 ,pal4 & ,geol4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib4 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #aj1 #ahia1 pp4 #bja-bje 7,rhizophyllum74 ,id41 ibid41 vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #b1 #ahig1 pp4 #cj-cc 7,column>ia74 ,id41 ,prog4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 ,no4 #aa1 #ahii1 pp4 #cj-cf4 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,no4 #ac1 pt4 ,i41 #aijd 7,halysites74 ,id41 ibid41 ,no4 #ac1 pt4 #b1 #aijg 7,tryplasma74 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ibid41 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih4 ,%e>sby1 ,a4 ,j4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,v41 vol4 ,,iii4 #aijf1 pp4 #edg-eeb4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #a1 #aijg1 pp4 #fg-hj4 ,devonian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,foord1 ,a4 ,h4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 ,v41 vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahhd1 pp4 #age-agi 7,alveolites & ,amplexopora ,litophyllum74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib4 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,ix4 #ahie1 pp4 #eah-eci4 ,id41 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vi4 pt4 #c1 #ahii1 pp4 #aeb-ahb 7,tamwor? ,di/rict74 ,id41 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #g1 #aijb1 pp4 #bec-bfj4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 pp4 #bae-bbb4 ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 #ahia4 ,idem1 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib4 ,id41 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,w4 ,au/r41 ,no4 #aj1 #aijc1 pp4 #h-aj4 ,ca9ozoic4--,duncan1 ,p4 ,m4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahgj1 pp4 #bhd-cah2 vol4 ,,xxxi4 #ahge1 pp4 #fgc-fgh2 vol4 ,,xxxii4 #ahgf1 pp4 #cda-cea4 ,woods1 ,t4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 pp4 #ahc-aie2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxx4 #ahgi1 pp4 #eg-fa4 ,idem1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,i41 #ahgh1 pp4 #ajd-aai4 ,d5nant1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vols4 ,,xxiii4 7#ahii7 to ,,xxviii4 7#aijd74 ,,/romatoporoids4 ,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahij1 p4 #aic4 ,,graptolites4 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,decades ,i4 7#ahgd73 ,,ii4 7#ahge73 ,v4 7#ahgg74 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 ,i4 #ahib1 pp4 #g1 #h 7,dictyonema74 ,idem1 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iv4 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahii1 pp4 #dch-dea2 ,id41 ,rep4 ,au/r4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,brisbane1 #aiji1 pp4 #cah-cbj4 ,id41 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #d1 #aijf1 pp4 #bff-bgh4 ,id41 ibid41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 pp4 #ahh-baa4 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vii4 "p #a1 #aiaj1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,ibid41 pp4 #di-ei4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fossil ,,sea-,,lilies1 ,,/>fi%es1 ,,brittle-,,/>s ,,& ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,divisions ( ,e*9od]mata4-- ,! sub-k+dom ( ,,e*9od]mata includes ! above gr\ps compris$ 9 ! ,classes ,cr9oidea1 ,a/]oidea1 ,ophiuroidea & ,e*9oidea4 ,besides ^! are ! less important classes ( ! ,cy/idea or sac-%ap$ e*9od]ms 7( :i* no def9ite rema9s are record$ f ,au/ralian rocks72 ! ,bla/oidea or bud-%ap$ e*9od]ms 7( :i* f\r g5]a are kn[n f ,au/ralia72 ! ,edrioa/]oidea or sessile />fi%es 7unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia72 & ! ,holo?uroidea or sea-cucumb]s 7repres5t$ z fossils by ! sk9 spicules & plates1 an example ( :i* has be5 record$ f ,au/ralia74 ,,cr9oidea1 or ,sea-lilies4 ,cr9oidea1 _! ,g5]al ,/ructure4-- ,^! (t5 beautiful & graceful animals resemble a />fi% m\nt$ on a /alk4 ,!y are compos$ ( calc>e\s jo9ts & plates1 & are !re=e important z rock-=m]s4 ,! /alk or column may be ei!r %ort or long1 & is g5]ally root$1 9 ! adult /age1 9 ! mud ( ! sea-floor4 ,fossil ,cr9oids 7 sometimes furni%$ ) a coil$ t]m9ation1 :i* c\ld be entw9$ ar\nd su* objects z ! /ems ( sea-we$s4 ,! cr9oid column is compos$ ( num]\s plates1 & is r\nd or p5tagonal4 ,^u ?is is fix$ ! calyx or cup1 ) its atta*$ arms1 :i* s]ve to br+ food to ! m\?1 situat$ on ! upp] "p ( ! cup4 ,! arms are groov$1 & ! wat]1 be+ *>g$ ) food p>ticles 7animalcula71 p\rs d[n ^! *annels into ! m\?4 ,! /em elevates ! animal above ! mud or silt ( ! sea-floor1 ?us mak+ x m easy = x to obta9 its food supply4 ,! /alks ( fossil ,cr9oids sometimes rea*$ ! enorm\s l5g? ( #ej feet4 ,_! calc>e\s skeleton is built ^u a plan hav+ five planes ( symmetry2 ?is p5tam]ism is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! cr9oids1 ! bla/oids & ! free-mov+ e*9od]ma4 ,cr9oids range f mod]ately %all[- to deep-wat]1 & at ! pres5t day are almo/ re/rict$ to abyssal conditions4 ,! m anci5t types usually f\nd _! habitats among/ reefs or 9 comp>atively cle> wat]1 :]e !re 0 a m>k$ fre$om f s$im5t1 al?\gh t 0 n an ess5tial1 z se5 by _! num]\s rema9s 9 ! ,au/ralian mud/ones & s&/ones4 ,cambrian ,cr9oids4-- ,! gr\p ( ! ,cr9oidea fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian1 & p]si/s to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! g5us ,d5drocr9us occurs 9 ! ,cambrian & ,ordovician2 & "s /em-jo9ts f ! ,upp] ,cambrian lime/one ( ! ,m\nt ,well+ton di/rict1 ,victoria1 may be provisionally ref]r$ to ?is g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,,fossil ,,cr9oids4 ,a--787 ,pisocr9us yass5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,side ( calyx4 ,silurian4 ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,b--787 ,pisocr9us yass5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,dorsal ,surface4 ,silurian4 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 ,c--,botryocr9us longibra*iatus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,flem+ton1 ,vict4 ,d--,helicocr9us plumosus1 ,*apm4 ,/em1 di/al end4 ,brunswick1 ,victoria4 ,e--,phialocr9us kon9cki1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian 7,up4 ,m>4 ,s]47 ,n[ra1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,f--,isocr9us au/ralis1 ,moore sp4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,wollumbilla1 ,q'ld4 ,ordovician ,cr9oids4-- ,no und\bt$ ,cr9oid rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,au/ralian ,ordovician2 al?\gh _m g5]a are f\nd else:]e 9 t sy/em1 *iefly 9 ,n4 ,am]ica1 z ,reteocr9us1 ,hybocr9us1 ,het]ocr9us & ,d5drocr9us1 & 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 z ,rhodocr9us & ,taxocr9us4 ,silurian ,cr9oids4-- ,! ,silurian ,cr9oidea ( ,au/ralia are l>gely repres5t$ by ! rema9s ( ! columns or /alks1 :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 su* abundance z to con/itute l>ge masses ( sub-cry/all9e lime/one1 z t ( ,toongabbie1 ,victoria4 ,! columns ( ! ,cr9oids d n usually possess suffici5t *>act]s to enable ! =ms to be id5tifi$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 m p]fect & id5tifiable rema9s ( sev]al v int]e/+ g5]ic types 9 ! ,silurian faunas z foll[s3-- ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,pisocr9us is repres5t$ ) "s res]vation by 787 ,p4 yass5sis1 f\nd at ,lime/one ,creek1 ne> ,yass 7,fig4 #gf ,a1 ,b74 ,9 ,victoria1 ,helicocr9us plumosus & ,botryocr9us longibra*iatus occur at ,brunswick & ,flem+ton1 respectively 7,fig4 #gf74 ,! =m] is a delicate & h&some species1 hav+ a small cup ) f9ely p9nate arms1 :i* are =k$ once1 & ) a p5tagonal /em coil$ at ! di/al end 7see ,frontispiece74 ,! g5us ,botryocr9us is f\nd 9 rocks ( a simil> age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,engl&4 ,hapalocr9us victoriae1 a memb] ( ! ,platycr9idae1 has be5 describ$ f ! mud/one ( ,s\? ,y>ra1 ne> ,melb\rne4 ,! species above m5tion$ are ( ,melb\rnian age1 belong+ to ! l[] /age ( ! ,silurian sy/em4 ,devonian ,cr9oids4-- ,9 ! ,middle ,devonian ( ,que5sl&1 fragm5t>y cr9oid /ems are f\nd int]b$d$ ) ! lime/one ( ! ,brok5 ,riv]4 ,?9 slices ( ! lime/one ( ! same age f ,bu*an1 ,victoria1 %[ num]\s ossicles & /em-jo9ts ( ,cr9oids4 ,simil> rema9s h also be5 record$ f ! ,devonian ( ! ,kimb]ley di/rict & ! ,gascoyne ,riv] 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,c>bonif]\s ,cr9oids4-- ,! ,c>bonif]\s 7,/> ,b$s7 ( ,que5sl& has yield$ rema9s ( ,act9ocr9us4 ,! ,matai ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* may be reg>d$ z almo/ c]ta9ly ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 conta9s rema9s ( a ,cya?ocr9us1 f\nd 9 ! lime/one ( ! ,wairoa ,gorge4 ,c>bop]mian ,cr9oids4-- ,! ,c>bop]mian 7,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies7 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales yields ! int]e/+ ,cr9oid hav+ a l>ge1 globul> cup1 kn[n z ,phialocr9us2 ! be/ kn[n species ( ?is g5us are ,p4 kon9cki 7,fig4 #gf ,e7 & ,p4 pr9ceps4 ,b$s ( ! same age 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 also 9 ! ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies1 conta9 ! ab]rant ,cr9oid ) /rongly sculptur$ plates ( ! calyx 9 ! decorticat$ condition1 ,tribra*iocr9us cl>kei4 ,pot]iocr9us & ,platycr9us are1 ) "s res]vation1 record$ f ! ,gympie ,s]ies at ,/anwell & ! m>9e b$s ( ! ,b[5 ,riv] ,coal-field respectively1 bo? 9 ,que5sl&4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! ,c>bop]mian rocks ( ! ,gascoyne ,riv] are kn[n to conta9 cr9oid /ems1 t5tatively ref]r$ to ei!r ! ,rhodocr9idae or ! ,act9ocr9idae4 ,!re is also a species ( ,platycr9us kn[n f ! ,gascoyne & ,irw9 ,riv]s1 & f ! ,kimb]ley ,di/rict4 ,triassic ,cr9oids4-- ,! ,kaihiku ,s]ies ( ,nelson1 ,new ,zeal&1 has yield$ "s cr9oid /ems1 b ! g5us has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,cretace\s ,cr9oids4-- ,9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ,lime/one ( ,que5sl&1 at ,mit*ell ,d[ns & ,wollumbilla1 a typical ,cr9oid1 closely alli$ to ! liv+ ,p5tacr9us is f\nd1 namely1 ,isocr9us au/ralis 7,fig4 #gf ,f74 ,! ,upp] ,cretace\s opal deposits ( ,:ite ,cliffs 9 ,wilcannia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 conta9 _m opalis$ fossil rema9s1 among/ !m be+ ,isocr9us au/ralis1 already notic$ z occurr+ 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,que5sl&4 ,ca9ozoic ,cr9oids4-- ,p5tacr9us /ellatus is a species f\nd$ on "s deeply ind5t$ p5tagonal /em-jo9ts f\nd 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies 7,mioc5e7 at ,curiosity ,%op1 ,s\? ,cant]bury1 ,new ,zeal&1 & also occurr+ 9 ! ,*a?am ,isl&s4 ,?is species has be5 id5tifi$ 9 ! ,aire ,coa/al b$s 9 ,victoria1 ( ! same age4 ,ano!r g5]ic type1 ,ant$on1 ! beautiful ,fea!r ,/>1 is frequ5tly met ) 9 ,janjukian /rata 9 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia1 z at ,bates=d & ,m\nt ,gambi]1 repres5t$ by ! d5ud$ cr[n & ! ossicles ( ! arms ( a comp>atively l>ge species2 :il/ ano!r & small] =m has be5 describ$ f b$s ( ! same age f bor+s 9 ! ,victorian ,mallee1 "u ! "n ( ,a4 protomacronema4 ,,bla/oidea--,bud-%ap$ ,e*9od]ms4 ,di/ribution & ,*>act]s ( ,bla/oidea4-- ,?is =ms a small class :i* has a few repres5tatives 9 ! rocks ( ,au/ralia4 ,else:]e !y are *iefly ( ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ages4 ,9 ,au/ralia !y are conf9$1 s f> z kn[n1 to s$im5ts ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em4 ,! animal 0 root$ to ! sea-floor & a jo9t$ /em 0 usually pres5t4 ,! cup or !ca1 z be=e not$1 is bud-%ap$1 & consi/s ( basal1 radial & deltoid plates1 ! edges ( :i* are fold$ inw>ds into ! !cal cavity1 & ?us ! int]nal organs came into contact ) ! incurr5t wat]4 ,! cup be>s five food grooves1 bord]$ by num]\s arms or bra*ioles1 :i* direct$ ! incurr5t p>ticles into ! !cal cavity4 ,c>bop]mian ,bla/oids4-- ,?ree g5]a ( bla/oids h be5 record$ f ! ,gympie ,b$s1 or ,c>bop]mian1 ( ! ,rockhampton ,di/rict ( ,que5sl&4 ,!y are1 ,mesobla/us1 ,granatocr9us & ,tricoelocr9us4 ,a simil> fossil 9 b$s ( l age1 & provisionally ref]r$ to ! g5us ,metabla/us1 has be5 lately record$ f ,gl5william1 ,cl>5ce ,t[n1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,a/]oidea1 or ,/>fi%es4 ,*>act]s ( ,true ,/>fi%es4-- ,^! free-mov+ e*9od]ms are usually five-sid$1 ?\gh sometimes />-%ap$1 ) num]\s arms surr\nd+ a c5tral disc4 ,! m\? is c5tral on ! "u side ( ! disc1 & ! anus above & ne> ! c5tre 7exc5tric71 ! latt] be+ cov]$ by a por\s plate call$ ! madreporite4 ,! hydraulic sy/em ( />fi%es consi/s ( tubes ext5d+ along ! groov$ arms & giv+ (f side bran*es :i* end 9 processes call$ podia & t]m9at+ 9 suck]s4 ,! podia pass ?r\gh pores 9 ! floor plates ( ! grooves1 & communicate )9 ! body ) di/5sions call$ ampulla4 ,by ?is means ! podia s]ve z feet1 & c be )drawn by ! expulsion ( ! wat] 9 !m into ! ampulla4 ,! /\t flexible cov]+ ( ! />fi% is /r5g!n$ by calc>e\s plates & b>s1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( :i* !y are (t5 pres]v$ z fossils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,,fossil ,,/>fi%4 ,a--,palaea/] smy?i4 ,mc,coy sp4 ,silurian4 ,flem+ton1 ,victoria4 ,b--,ura/]ella selwyni1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian4 ,kilmore1 ,victoria4 ,c--,palaea/] giganteus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,ne> ,f>ley1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,d--,p5tagona/] sp4 ,t]ti>y 7,janjukian74 ,bore 9 ,mallee1 ,victoria4 ,silurian ,/>fi%es4-- ,! olde/ ,au/ralian fossil ,/>fi%es are f\nd 9 ! ,silurian4 ,9 ,victoria !y occur 9 "s abundance 9 ! l[]1 ,melb\rnian1 s]ies1 b appe> to be abs5t or at all ev5ts v sc>ce 9 ! upp]1 or ,y]+ian s]ies4 ,! commone/ g5us is ,palaea/]1 ( :i* !re are two species1 ,p4 smy?i 7,fig4 #gg ,a7 & ,p4 m]idionalis1 f\nd alike 9 ! s&y & argillace\s /rata ne> ,melb\rne4 ,ura/]ella is ano!r g5us f\nd 9 ! ,silurian rocks ne> ,melb\rne1 9 :i* ! m>g9al s]ies ( plates se5 9 ,palaea/] are want+1 giv+ to ! />fi% a sl5d]1 long-arm$ aspect 7,fig4 #gg ,b74 ,c>bop]mian ,/>fi%es4-- ,9 ! ,l[] ,m>9e ,s]ies ( ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales a v l>ge species ( ,palaea/] occurs 7,p4 giganteus71 measur+ #g in*es f po9t to po9t across ! disc 7,fig4 #gg ,c74 ,two o!r species ( ! same g5us occur 9 ?is s]ies 7,p4 /ut*burii & ,p4 cl>kei7 ! latt] also rang+ into ! ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies4 ,ca9ozoic ,/>fi%es4-- ,no rema9s ( true ,/>fi%es h be5 record$ f ,au/ralia betwe5 ! ,c>bop]mian & ! ,t]ti>y sy/ems4 ,9 ! ,janjukian ,s]ies ( ,victoria ! m>g9al plates ( a species ( ,p5tagona/] are typical fossils4 ,!y h be5 record$ f ,waurn ,ponds1 ,spr+ ,creek ne> ,torquay1 & ,bates=d 7,fig4 #gg ,d74 ,9 ! ,mallee ,bores1 bo? m>g9al & abact9al plates ( ?is g5us are f\nd 9 polyzoal lime/one 7,mioc5e74 ,p5tagona/] also occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,muddy ,creek b$s 7,oligoc5e71 & ! ,upp] b$s ( ! same locality 7,l[] ,plioc5e74 ,a species ( ,a/ropect5 has be5 describ$ f ! ,waik>i ,riv]1 ,new ,zeal& 7,oam>u ,s]ies74 ,,ophiuroidea1 or ,brittle-/>s4 ,*>act]s ( ,brittle-,/>s4-- ,! ,brittle-/>s are frequ5tly f\nd at ! pres5t day ca/ up on ! f9e s&y bea*es ( ! coa/4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f true />fi%es by hav+ a def9ite c5tral disc1 to :i* ! arms are atta*$4 ,! arms are us$ = locomotion & preh5sion1 & h _! grooves cov]$ ov] ) plates4 ,! ossicles ( ! arms are moveable & controll$ by muscles :i* enable !m to be us$ z feet4 ,! l[] surface ( ! disc has a c5tral arrangem5t ( five rhomboidal sets ( jaws1 =m$ ( modifi$ ossicles1 call$ ! m\? frame1 :il/ ! upp] surface be>s1 betwe5 "o set ( arms1 ! madreporite or cov]+ plate to ! wat] vascul> sy/em1 z 9 />fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,prota/] bris+oides1 ,gregory4 ,negative ca/ ( ! calc>e\s skeleton4 ,nat4 size4 ,silurian ,s&/one1 ,flem+ton1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,silurian ,brittle-,/>s4-- ,! ,brittle-/>s 9 ,au/ralia fir/ appe> 9 ! ,silurian1 b 9 ,engl& & ,bohemia date back to ! ,ordovician4 ,prota/] is ! commone/ g5us1 & is repres5t$ by ,p4 bris+oides ( ! ,melb\rnian /age ( ,silurian /rata at ,flem+ton 7,fig4 #gh74 ,x also occurs r>ely 9 ! ,y]+ian b$s at ,y]+1 bo? ,victorian localities4 ,a v ornam5tal =m1 ,gregoriura spryi1 occurs 9 ! same division ( ! ,silurian at ,s\? ,y>ra4 ,9 ?is fossil ! delicate sp9es atta*$ to ! adambulacral ossicles are well pres]v$ & =m a m>g9al fr+e to ! arm 7,fig4 #gi74 ,/urtzura is ano!r ,silurian g5us1 f\nd 9 ! ,w5lock ( ,engl& & 9 ! ,melb\rnian ( ,flem+ton1 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,a ,brittle-,/>4 7,gregoriura spryi1 ,*apm47 ,nat4 size4 ,f ! ,silurian ,mud/one ( ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,victoria4 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,ca9ozoic ,brittle-,/>s4-- ,f ! ,victorian ,ca9ozoic b$s1 9 ! ,l[] ,plioc5e ( ,grange ,burn1 ,hamilton1 a v]tebral ossicle ( an ophiurian has be5 obta9$1 :i* has be5 provisionally ref]r$ to ! g5us ,sigsbeia4 ,,e*9oidea1 or ,sea-ur*9s4 ,?is gr\p is an important "o among/ ,au/ralian fossils1 especially ^? ( ,ca9ozoic age4 ,*>act]s ( ,sea-ur*9s4-- ,e*9oids are animals enclos$ 9 a sph]oidal box or te/ compos$ ( num]\s calc>e\s plates1 dispos$ geometrically z 9 ! ,/>fi%es1 along five pr9cipal l9es4 ,! te/ 9 ! liv+ condition is m or less d5sely cov]$ ) sp9es4 ,! m\? is on ! "u surface4 ,! anus is ei!r on ! top ( ! te/ 7dorso-c5tral71 or some:]e 9 ! m$ian l9e betwe5 ! two l[] ambulacra4 ,! ambulacra 7a g>d5 pa?7 are ! r[s ( p]=at$ plates on ! upp] 7abact9al7 surface sometimes ext5d+ to ! l[] surface1 ?r\gh :i* protrude ! podia1 :i* 9 ,/>fi%es are situat$ 9 grooves on ! l[] surface4 ,silurian ,palaee*9oids4-- ,! ,palaee*9oids are repres5t$ 9 ! ,silurian ( ,au/ralia by occasional plates1 z at ,b[n+1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ne> ,kilmore1 ,victoria1 :il/ sp9es are n uncommon 9 c]ta9 ,silurian lime/ones at ,ty]'s ,riv]1 ,gippsl&4 ,c>bop]mian ,palaee*9oids4-- ,9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 te/s ( ,ar*aeocid>is h be5 record$1 & also a plate ( ! same g5us 9 ! ,gympie ,b$s ( ,rockhampton1 ,que5sl&4 ,regul> ,e*9oids4-- ,! regul> ,e*9oids date f ,p]mian times4 ,!y h two v]tical r[s ( plates = ea* ambulacrum & int]-ambulacrum4 ,! m\? is on ! und]side1 & ! anus abact9al 7on ! upp] side7 & ne> ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,,ca9ozoic ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,a--,cid>is 7,leiocid>is7 au/raliae1 ,duncan sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,cape ,otway1 ,victoria ,b--,psamme*9us woodsi1 ,laube4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,murray ,riv] ,cliffs1 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,c--,fibul>ia gregata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,ald+a1 ,s4,a4 ,d--,e*9ocyamus 7,scutell9a7 patella1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,torquay1 ,victoria ,e--,clypea/] gippsl&icus1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,bairnsdale1 ,victoria ,f--,/ud]ia elegans1 ,laube4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,murray ,riv] ,cliffs1 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,ca9ozoic ,regul> ,e*9oids4-- ,9 ,au/ralasia !y make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 /rata ( ,t]ti>y age1 & "s species1 z ,p>adoxe*9us novus1 range ?r\gh ,balcombian /rata to ,kalimnan 9 ,victoria1 or ,oligoc5e to ,l[] ,plioc5e1 b are m typically ,janjukian4 ,e*9us 7,psamme*9us7 woodsi 7,fig4 #hj ,b7 is common 9 ,janjukian /rata 9 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia & occurs sp>+ly 9 ! ,kalimnan4 ,ano!r common =m ( ! regul> ,e*9oids 9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia is ,cid>is au/raliae 7,fig4 #hj ,a71 rang+ f ,janjukian to ,kalimnan1 occurr+ m frequ5tly 9 ! old] s]ies4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& a species ( ,cid>is 7,c4 /riata71 is kn[n f ! ,oam>u ,s]ies at ,brighton4 ,an ,e*9us occurs 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies ( ,brok5 ,riv]1 & two species ( t g5us 9 ! ,wanganui =mation ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff4 ,temne*9us macleayana has be5 record$ f ! ,ca9ozoic 7,mioc5e or ,plioc5e7 ( ,yule ,isl&1 ,papua4 ,irregul> ,e*9oids4-- ,! irregul> ,e*9oids are n kn[n be=e ! ,upp] ,cretace\s 9 ,au/ralia1 & are v common 9 ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! anus 7p]iproct7 pass+ backw>d f ! apex1 z comp>$ ) ! regul> =ms1 & by ! elongation ( ! te/ & ! loss ( ! /rong solid sp9es1 :i* are replac$ by ?91 sl5d] hair-l sp9es4 ,! animal is ?us bett] fitt$ to burr[ ?r\gh ! ooze on :i* x fe$s4 ,cretace\s ,irregul> ,e*9oids4-- ,an int]e/+ =m1 ,micra/] sweeti1 is f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s or ,des]t ,s&/one ( ,m>ybor\gh 9 ,que5sl&1 :i* rem9ds "o ( typical ,european species ( ?is g5us4 ,ca9ozoic ,irregul> ,e*9oids4-- ,among/ ! ,au/ralian ,ca9ozoic ,e*9oids ( ! irregul> type ! foll[+ may be m5tion$4 ,! little subglobul> te/ ( ,fibul>ia gregata1 & ,e*9ocyamus 7,scutell9a7 patella 7,fig4 #hj ,c1 ,d7 are ,janjukian 9 age4 ,! l>ge ,clypea/]1 ,c4 gippsl&icus 7,fig4 #hj ,e71 ranges f ! ,oligoc5e to ,l[] ,plioc5e 9 ,victoria 7,balcombian to ,kalimnan71 & vies 9 size1 especially 9 ! ,janjukian1 ) "s l>ge species l ^? f ,malta & ,egypt4 ,?is g5us includes "s ( ! l>ge/ kn[n sea-ur*9s4 ,! biscuit ur*91 ,ara*noides 7,mono/y*ia7 au/ralis1 is commone/ 9 ! ,janjukian1 b ranges f ,balcombian to ,kalimnan4 ,a common ur*9 f ! polyzoal rock ( ,mt4 ,gambi] is ,e*9olampas gambi]5sis1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,l[] b$s ( ,muddy ,creek4 ,a typical ,janjukian fossil is ,duncania/] au/raliae1 =m]ly ?\ght to belong to ! ,cretace\s g5us ,hola/]4 ,al?\gh f\nd liv+1 ! g5us ,l9?ia atta9$ its maximum developm5t bo? 9 size & abundance1 9 ,janjukian or ,mioc5e times1 z se5 9 ,l4 gigas 7hav+ a l5g? ( #g-a_/b in*es7 & ,l4 moorabool5sis4 ,e*9oneus d5nanti is re/rict$ to ! ,janjukian4 ,sev]al species ( ,eupatagus occur 9 ! ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,victoria & ,new ,zeal&2 ,lov5ia =besi 7,fig4 #ha ,c7 is common 9 ! ,janjukian to ,kalimnan1 bo? 9 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! latt] ,/ate also occur ! foll[+ g5]a3--,/ud]ia1 ,cassidulus1 ,e*9olampas1 ,plesiolampas1 ,l9?ia1 ,s*iza/] & ,brissopsis4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! foll[+ ,ca9ozoic g5]a1 among/ o!rs ( ! irregul> sea-ur*9s1 may be cit$3--,hemipatagus1 ,brissopsis1 ,hemia/]1 & ,s*iza/] 7,fig4 #ha74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha--;,,ca9ozoic ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,a--,hemia/] plan$eclivis1 ,gregory4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,morgan1 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,b--,s*iza/] sph5oides1 ,t4 ,s4 ,hall4 ,ca9ozoic 7,b>wonian74 ,%]brooke ,riv]1 ,victoria ,c--,lov5ia =besi1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,murray ,riv] ,cliffs1 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,a clypea/roid1 ,p]onella decagonalis has be5 describ$ f ! 787 ,l[] ,plioc5e ( ,papua4 ,ca9ozoic ,holo?uroidea4-- ,! ,,holo?uroidea 7,sea-,cucumb]s7 are repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralian deposits by a unique example ( a d]mal spicule ( :eel-l =m1 ref]r$ to ,*iridota1 obta9$ f ! ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian7 b$s ( ,torquay4 ,?is g5us is also kn[n f ! calcaire grossi] or ,middle ,eoc5e ( ! ,p>is ,bas91 & is f\nd liv+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,cr9oids4 787 ,pisocr9us yass5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,helicocr9us plumosus1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,botryocr9us longibra*iatus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,hapalocr9us victoriae1 ,ba!r4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,act9ocr9us sp4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,cya?ocr9us sp4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,phialocr9us kon9cki1 ,cl>ke sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,phialocr9us pr9ceps1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,tribra*iocr9us cl>kei1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 787 ,platycr9us sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,platycr9us sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,isocr9us au/ralis1 ,moore sp4 ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,p5tacr9us /ellatus1 ,hutton4 ,mioc5e3 ,new ,zeal&1 ,*a?am ,ids4 & ,victoria4 ,ant$on protomacronema1 ,*apman4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria 7deep bor+s74 ,,bla/oids4 787 ,mesobla/us au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,,/>fi%es4 ,palaea/] smy?i1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,palaea/] m]idionalis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,ura/]ella selwyni1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,palaea/] giganteus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian 7,l4 ,m>4 ,s]473 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,palaea/] cl>kei1 de ,kon9ck4 ,c>bop]mian 7,l4 & ,up4 ,m>4 ,s]473 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,p5tagona/] sp4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,a/ropect5 sp4 ,mioc5e3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,brittle-,,/>s4 ,prota/] bris+oides1 ,gregory4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,gregoriura spryi1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,/urtzura leptosomoides1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 787 ,sigsbeia sp4 ,l[] ,plioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,,e*9oids4 ,palaee*9us sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 787 ,ar*aeocid>is selwyni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,micra/] sweeti1 ,e?4 fil4 ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,cid>is 7,leiocid>is7 au/raliae1 ,duncan4 ,mioc5e & ,l[] ,plioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,cid>is /riata1 ,hutton4 ,mioc5e3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,e*9us 7,psamme*9us7 woodsi1 ,laube sp4 ,mioc5e & ,l4 ,plioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,temne*9us macleayana1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic 78 ,l[] ,plioc5e73 ,papua4 ,fibul>ia gregata1 ,tate4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,e*9ocyamus 7,scutell9a7 patella1 ,tate sp4 ,oligoc5e to ,mioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,clypea/] gippsl&icus1 ,mc,coy4 ,oligoc5e to ,l4 ,plioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,ara*noides 7,mono/y*ia7 au/ralis1 ,laube sp4 ,oligoc5e to ,l4 ,plioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,e*9oneus d5nanti1 ,hall4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,duncania/] au/raliae1 ,duncan sp4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,lov5ia =besi1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 ,mioc5e & ,l4 ,plioc5e3 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,hemia/] plan$eclivis1 ,gregory4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria4 ,,holo?urian4 ,*iridota sp4 ,mioc5e3 ,victoria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,cr9oids4 ,silurian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #e1 #aijd1 pp4 #bhg-bib 7,pisocr9us74 ,ba!r1 ,f4 ,a4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,xv4 vol4 ,,iv4 #ahig1 pp4 #ccg-cde 7,hapalocr9us74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #ajg-aji 7,helicocr9us & ,botryocr9us74 ,ba!r1 ,f4 ,a4 ,ottawa ,nat41 vol4 ,,xx4 ,no4 #e1 #aijf1 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 ,c>bonif]\s & ,c>bop]mian4--,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #aba-abf4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #bjg-bai4 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 #ahib1 pp4 #ge-aai4 ,cretace\s4--,moore1 ,c4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahgj1 p4 #bdc4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #dci 7,isocr9us74 ,ca9ozoic4--,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,cat4 ,t]t4 ,moll4 & ,e*4 ( ,new ,zeal&1 #ahgc1 p4 #ch4 ,,bla/oids4 ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #baj-bac4 ,taylor1 ,t4 ,g4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #aijh1 pp4 #ed-ei 78 ,metabla/us74 ,,/>fi%es4 ,silurian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,i41 #ahgd1 pp4 #da-dc4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #aj1 #ahia1 pp4 #aii1 #bjj4 ,c>bonif]\s & ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 pt4 #b1 #ahib1 pp4 #gj-ge4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,ibid41 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 p4 #abg4 ,ca9ozoic4--,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc41 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijb1 pp4 #ha1 #hb 7,p5tagona/]74 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,cat4 ,t]t4 ,moll1 & ,e*4 ,new ,zeal&1 #ahgc1 p4 #ch4 ,,brittle-,,/>s4 ,silurian4--,gregory1 ,j4 ,w4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahhi1 pp4 #bd-bg4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xix4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijg1 pp4 #ba-bg4 ,ca9ozoic4--,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijb1 p4 #hb 7cf4 ,sigsbeia74 ,,e*9oids4 ,silurian4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #a1 #aijg1 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 pt4 #b1 #ahib1 pp4 #fg-fi4 ,cretace\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr41 9 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #eei1 #efj4 ,ca9ozoic4--,t4 ,woods4 ,trans4 ,adelaide ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahfg4 ,laube1 ,g4 ,c4 ,sitz1 k4 k4 ,ak4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 vol4 ,,lix4 #ahfi1 pp4 #ahc-aih4 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,cat4 ,t]t4 ,moll1 & ,e*4 ,new ,zeal&1 #ahgc1 pp4 #ch-dc4 ,duncan1 ,p4 ,m4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii4 #ahgg1 pp4 #db-gc4 ,tate1 ,r4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii4 #ahgg1 pp4 #bef-beh4 ,idem1 ,s\!rn ,sci5ce ,record1 #ahhe1 p4 #d4 ,idem1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xiv4 pt4 #b1 #ahia1 pp4 #bgj-bhb4 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 #ahgi1 #ahhc4 ,gregory1 ,j4 ,w4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #dha-dib4 ,ibid41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,ix4 #ahib1 pp4 #dcc-dcg4 ,cotteau1 ,g4 ,h4 ,mem4 ,zool4 ,france1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #d1 #ahhi1 p4 #bbh2 vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #e1 #ahij1 pp4 #ecg-eej2 vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #e1 #ahia1 pp4 #fbj-fcc4 ,bittn]1 ,a4 ,sitz4 k4k4 ,ak4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 #ahib1 vol4 #aja1 pp4 #cca-cga4 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,xix4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijf1 pp4 #dh1 #ec4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xx4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijh1 pp4 #bad-bah4 ,prit*>d1 ,g4 ,b4 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijh1 pp4 #cib-djj4 ,,holo?urian4 ,ca9ozoic4--,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc1 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,x4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijb1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fossil ,,worms1 ,,sea-,,mats & ,,lamp-,,%ells4 ,! fir/-nam$ gr\p1 ! r+$ worms1 belong to ! phylum ,annelida1 s-call$ because ( ! r+-l /ructure ( _! bodies4 ,! two rema9+ gr\ps1 ! ,polyzoa or ,sea-mats & ! ,bra*iopods or ,lamp-%ells1 are compris$ 9 ! phylum ,molluscoidea1 or mollusc-l animals4 ,,worms 7,annelida74 ,annelida & _! ,fossil ,repres5tatives4-- ,^! animals1 ow+ to ! sc>city ( h>d p>ts )9 _! bodies1 play a r insignificant role z a fossil gr\p4 ,worms are lat]ally symmetrical animals1 ) a dorsal & a v5tral surface4 ,!y are segm5t$1 ! body be+ =m$ ( num]\s r+s4 ,only ^? ( ! ,class ,*aetopoda 7bri/le-feet7 are repres5t$ by id5tifiable fossil rema9s4 ,fossil worms1 moreov]1 *iefly belong to ! ,ord] ,poly*aeta 7_m bri/les74 ,! horny jaws ( ^! worms are sometimes f\nd 9 ! old] rocks & are kn[n z conodonts4 ,silurian ,conodonts4-- ,conodonts belong+ to ?ree g5]a are kn[n f ,au/ralia4 ,!y are all f ! ,silurian ( ! ,b[n+ ,di/rict1 ne> ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & are ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,eunicites1 ,o5onites & ,arabellites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb--;,,fossil ,,worms4 ,a--,tra*yd]ma crassituba1 ,*apm1 ,silurian4 ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,vict4 ,b--,cornulites tasmanicus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,heazlewood1 ,tas4 ,c--,spirorbis ammonius1 ,m4 ,edw>ds1 v>4 truncata1 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,bu*an1 ,victoria ,d--,torlessia mackayi1 ,ba!r4 8 ,trias4 ,mt4 ,torlesse1 ,n4 ,zeal&4 ,palaeozoic ,errant ,worms4-- ,! w&]+ ,worms 7,poly*aeta errantia7 are also recognis$ by _! impressions1 trails1 bor+s & ca/+s4 ,burr[s =m$ by ^! worms are se5 9 ,ar5icolites1 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian s&/one ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ne> ,yass1 & 9 ! ,c>bop]mian 7,gympie ,s]ies7 ne> ,rockhampton1 ,que5sl&4 ,! membran\s-l9$ burr[s ( ,tra*yd]ma 7,t4 crassituba71 occur 9 "s abundance 9 ! ,silurian mud/ones 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,melb\rne1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #hb ,a74 ,! g5us ,tra*yd]ma is common also to ,great ,brita9 & ,burmah1 9 b$s ( ! same age4 ,worm ,tracks4-- ,"s ( ! curi\s m>k+s on ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ,mansfield1 ,victoria1 may be due to worm trails & ca/+s1 especially s9ce !y are associat$ ) sun-cracks & ripple-m>ks4 ,s$5t>y ,worms4-- ,! s$5t>y or tube-mak+ ,worms 7,poly*aeta tubicola7 are repres5t$ by num]\s =ms4 ,! long conical tube ( ,cornulites tasmanicus is record$ f ! ,silurian ( ,zeehan1 ,tasmania 7,fig4 #hb ,b74 ,spirorbis occurs 9 ! ,middle ,devonian ( ,victoria 7,fig4 #hb ,c71 & ,w4 ,au/ralia1 & also 9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,torlessia is f\nd 9 ! ,trias or ,l[] ,jurassic ( ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury1 ,new ,zeal& 7,fig4 #hb ,d74 ,! g5us ,s]pula is widely di/ribut$1 occurr+ 9 ! ,c>bop]mian 7,upp] ,jurassic ,s]ies71 ne> ,ea/ ,maitl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,s4 te/atrix71 9 ! ,jurassic ( ,w4 ,au/ralia 7,s4 con=mis71 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,wollumbilla1 ,que5sl& 7,s4 inte/9alis71 & ! ,d>l+ ,riv]1 nor? we/ ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 7,s4 subtra*9us71 z well z 9 ,ca9ozoic deposits 9 ,victoria 7,s4 ouy55sis74 ,ditrupa is v abundant 9 "s %elly deposits ( ,janjukian age 9 ,victoria4 ,,molluscoidea4 ,! ,sea-mats 7,polyzoa7 & ! ,lamp-%ells 7,bra*iopoda7 con/itute a natural gr\p1 ! ,,molluscoidea1 :i*1 al?\gh unlike 9 outw>d =m1 h sev]al physiological /ructures 9 common4 ,! respiratory organs lie 9 front ( ! m\?1 & are 9 ! =m ( fle%y t5tacles or spiral app5dages4 ,^! animals are m ne>ly alli$ to ! worms ?an to ! molluscs4 ,,polyzoa4 ,*>act]s ( ,polyzoa4-- ,^! are almo/ exclusively m>9e =ms1 & are important z fossils4 ,!y =m colonies 7polyp>y or zo>ium71 & by _! bran*+1 foliace\s or tufty gr[? resemble sea-we$s4 ,! cells 9 :i* ! sep>ate zoids liv$ h peculi> *>act]s ( _! own1 :i* s]ve to di/+ui% ! diff]5t g5]a4 ,subdivisions ( ,polyzoa4-- ,polyzoa are divid$ into ! ,sub-classes ,phylactolaemata1 9 :i* ! m\? ( ! zoid has a lip1 & ! s]ies ( t5tacles is horse-%oe %ap$2 & ! ,gymnolaemata1 9 :i* !re is no lip to ! m\?1 & ! t5tacles =m a complete circle4 ,! fir/ gr\p =ms its polyp>y ( s(t or horny mat]ial1 :i* is n pres]v$ fossil4 ,! latt] has a calc>e\s polyp>y1 & is ( mu* importance z a fossil gr\p4 ,?is latt] sub-class is fur!r subdivid$ into ! foll[+ ,ord]s1 viz43--,trepo/omata 7turn$ m\?s71 ,crypto/omata 7hidd5 m\?s71 ,cyclo/omata 7r\nd m\?s71 & ,*eilo/omata 7lip m\?s furni%$ ) a moveable op]culum74 ,trepo/omata 7,palaeozoic74-- ,! ,ord] ,trepo/omata may include "s g5]a z ,monticulipora & ,fi/ulipora1 previ\sly ref]r$ to "u ! corals4 ,!y become ext9ct aft] ,p]mian times4 ,fi/ulipora occurs 9 c]ta9 ,gippsl& lime/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc--,,palaeozoic ,,polyzoa4 ,a--,f5e/ella m>g>itif]a1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,ne> ,y]+1 ,vict4 ,b--,polypora au/ralis1 ,h9de4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,gascoyne ,riv]1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ,c--,rhombopora t5uis1 ,h9de4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,gascoyne ,riv]1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ,d--,protoretepora ampla1 ,lonsdale sp4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,crypto/omata 7,palaeozoic74-- ,9 ! ord] ,crypto/omata we h ! g5us ,rhombopora ) its long1 sl5d] bran*es1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,silurian ( ,victoria & ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,que5sl& & ,w4 ,au/ralia 7,fig4 #hc ,c74 ,( ?is ord] a v important ,au/ralian g5us is ,f5e/ella1 ! funnel-%ap$ zo>ia ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,silurian ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & also 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ! latt] ,/ate4 ,f5e/ella also occurs 9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,w4 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania 7,fig4 #hc ,a74 ,accompany+ ! rema9s ( ,f5e/ella 9 ! ,c>bop]mian rocks1 & closely relat$ to x1 are f\nd ! g5]a ,protoretepora & ,polypora 7,fig4 #hc ,b1 ,d74 ,polyzoa h be5 notic$ 9 ,jurassic rocks 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 b no species h be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd--;,,ca9ozoic ,,polyzoa4 ,a--,li*5opora au/ralis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,balcombian4 ,hamilton1 ,victoria ,b--,het]opora pisi=mis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,janjukian4 ,moorabool1 ,victoria ,c--,cell>ia au/ralis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,balcombian4 ,hamilton1 ,vict4 ,d--,sel5>ia cupola1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 ,balcombian4 ,hamilton1 ,vict4 ,e--,lepralia elongata1 ,mac,gill4 ,balcombian4 ,hamilton1 ,victoria ,*eilo/omata 7,cretace\s74-- ,species ( ! g5]a 787 ,membranipora & 787 ,lepralia1 belong+ to ! ,*eilo/omata1 h be5 describ$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ! ,d>l+ ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,wollumbilla1 ,que5sl&1 respectively4 ,ca9ozoic ,polyzoa4-- ,a v l>ge numb] ( g5]a ( ! ,polyzoa h be5 describ$ f ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,victoria4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal ( ^! are ,crisia1 ,idmonea1 ,/omatopora1 ,li*5opora1 ,horn]a1 ,entalophora & ,het]opora ( ! ord] ,cyclo/omata2 & ,cat5icella1 ,cell>ia1 ,membranipora1 ,lunulites1 ,sel5>ia1 ,macropora1 ,tess>odoma1 ,adeona1 ,lepralia1 ,bipora1 ,smittia1 ,por9a1 ,cellepora & ,retepora ( ! ord] ,*eilo/omata4 ,_m ( ^! g5]a1 & n a few ,au/ralian species1 are f\nd also 9 ! ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,orakei ,bay1 ,new ,zeal& 7,fig4 #hd74 ,,bra*iopoda 7,lamp-%ells74 ,bra*iopods3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,^! are m>9e animals1 & are enclos$ 9 a bivalv$ %ell4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f true bivalves 7,pelecypoda7 9 hav+ ! %ell on ! back & front ( ! body1 in/ead ( on ea* side z 9 ! bivalv$ mollusca4 ,ea* valve is equilat]al1 b ! valves diff] f "o ano!r 9 t "o is l>g] & g5]ally s]ves to atta* ! animal to rocks & o!r objects ( support by a /alk or p$icle4 ,?us ! l>g] valve is call$ ! p$icle valve & ! small]1 on acc\nt ( its be>+ ! calc>e\s supports = ! bra*ia or arms1 ! bra*ial valve4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! %ell ( ! valve is p5etrat$ by num]\s canals1 :i* give ! %ell a punctate appe>ance4 ,"s bra*iopod %ells1 z ,atrypa & ,rhyn*onella1 are1 h[ev]1 devoid ( ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he--,,l[] ,,palaeozoic ,,bra*iopods4 ,a--,or?is 787 l5ticul>is1 ,wahl5b]g4 ,up4 ,cambrian4 ,flor5t9e ,valley1 ,tasmania ,b--,siphonotreta maccoyi1 ,*apm4 ,up4 ,ordovician4 ,bulla1 ,vict4 ,c--,l+ula y>ra5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,victoria ,d--,orbiculoidea selwyni1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,m]ri ,creek1 ,victoria ,e--,*onetes melb\rn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,vict4 ,f--,/ropheodonta alata1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,ne> ,lilydale1 ,vict4 ,cambrian ,bra*iopods4-- ,bra*iopods are v important fossils 9 ,au/ralasian rocks4 ,!y fir/ appe> 9 ,cambrian /rata1 z = example1 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,valley1 9 ,tasmania1 :]e we f9d ,or?is l5ticul>is 7,fig4 #he ,a74 ,9 ,victoria1 ne> ,m\nt ,well+ton1 9 ! m\nta9\s region ( ,n4,e4 ,gippsl&1 ,or?is platy/rophioides is f\nd 9 a grey lime/one4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia ! grey ,cambrian lime/one ( ,wirrialpa conta9s ! g5us ,hu5ella 7,h4 e!ridgei74 ,?is g5us is also f\nd 9 ! ,middle & ,upp] ,cambrian ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,ordovician ,bra*iopods4-- ,com+ to ,ordovician rocks1 ! lime/ones ( ! ,upp] ,f9ke ,bas9 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia conta9 ,or?is levi5sis & ,o4 di*otomalis4 ,! ,victorian mud/one at ,hea?cote may be ( ,ordovician age or ev5 old]2 x has af=d$ a limit$ fauna ( bra*iopods & trilobites1 among/ ! =m] be+ v>i\s species ( ,or?is1 ,*onetes1 & ,siphonotreta4 ,! latt] g5us is repres5t$ 9 bo? ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,ordovician rocks ( slaty "* 9 ,victoria 7,fig4 #he ,b74 ,silurian ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,silurian sy/em 9 ,au/ralasia z 9 ,europe1 ,n4 ,am]ica & else:]e1 is v ri* 9 bra*iopod life4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate ev5 all ! g5]a 9 a limit$ "w l ! pres5t1 ! mo/ typical only be+ m5tion$4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! palaeozoic fauna is at pres5t imp]fectly work$ out1 b ! foll[+ g5]a f ! ,wangapekian 7,silurian7 h be5 id5tifi$1 viz41 ,*onetes1 ,/rickl&9ia1 ,or?is1 ,wilsonia1 ,atrypa1 & ,spirif]4 ,! specific id5tification ( ^! =ms ) ,european types is /ill op5 to "q1 b ! species are und\bt$ly closely alli$ to "s ( ^? f ,great ,brita9 & ,sc&9avia4 ,! ,victorian ,silurian ,bra*iopods are repres5t$ by ! horny-%ell$ ,l+ula1 ! conical ,orbiculoidea1 a l>ge species ( ,siphonotreta1 ,/ropheodonta 7) too!d h+e-l9e71 ,/rophonella1 ,*onetes 7) holl[ sp9es project+ f ! v5tral valve1 "o ( ! species ,c4 melb\rn5sis be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,melb\rnian division ( ,silurian rocks71 ,or?is1 ,p5tam]us1 ,cam>otoe*ia1 ,rhyn*otrema1 ,wilsonia1 ,atrypa 7repres5t$ by ! _w-wide ,a4 reticul>is71 ,spirif] & ,nucleospira 7,figs4 #he1 #hf74 ,new ,s\? ,wales has a v simil> assemblage ( g5]a2 :il/ ,tasmania possesses ,cam>otoe*ia1 ,/ropheodonta & ,or?is4 ,devonian ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,devonian lime/ones & associat$ /rata are fairly ri* 9 ,bra*iopods4 ,! ,victorian rocks ( ?is age at ,b9di & ,bu*an conta9 g5]a su* z ,*onetes 7,c4 au/ralis71 ,spirif] 7,s4 yass5sis & ,s4 h[itti7 & ,a?yris4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales we aga9 meet ) ,spirif] yass5sis1 v]itable %ell-banks ( ?is species occurr+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,yass1 associat$ ) a species ( ,*onetes 7,c4 cull5i7 7,fig4 #hf ,d1 ,e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf--,,silurian & ,,devonian ,,bra*iopods4 ,a--,cam>otoe*ia decemplicata1 ,s[4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,b--,nucleospira au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,c--,atrypa reticul>is1 ,l4 sp4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,d--,*onetes cull5i1 ,dun4 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,e--,spirif] yass5sis1 de ,kon9ck4 ,devonian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria ,9 ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales abundant rema9s occur ( bo? ,spirif] disjunctus & ,cam>otoe*ia pleurodon 7v>474 ,! ,upp] ,devonian ,s]ies at ,nyrang ,creek ne> ,can[9dra1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 conta9s a ,l+ula 7,l4 greg>ia7 associat$ ) ! ,lepidod5dron plant b$s ( t locality4 ,que5sl& ,devonian rocks conta9 ,p5tam]us1 ,atrypa & ,spirif]4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! ,devonian species are ,atrypa reticul>is1 ,spirif] cf v]neuili1 ,s4 musakheyl5sis & ,unc9ulus cf4 timor5sis4 ,c>bonif]\s ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,bra*iopod fauna is repres5t$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales at ,cl>5ce ,t[n & o!r localities by a species :i* has an ext5sive "t-range1 ,lepta5a rhomboidalis v>4 analoga1 & ! foll[+1 a few ( :i* ext5d upw>ds into ! ,c>bop]mian3--,*onetes papilionacea1 ,productus semireticulatus1 ,p4 punctatus1 ,p4 cora1 ,or?o!tes cr5i/ria1 ,or?is 7,rhipidomella7 au/ralis1 ,o4 7,s*izophoria7 resup9ata1 ,spirif] /riatus1 ,s4 bisulcatus1 ,cyrt9a c>bon>ia & ,a?yris planosulcatus4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! ,matai s]ies1 ref]r$ to ! ,jurassic by ,hutton1 z =m]ly reg>d$ by ,hector1 & latt]ly by ,p>k1 z ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 on ! gr\nd ( a suppos$ discov]y ( ,spirif] subradiatus 7,s4 glab]7 & ,productus bra*y?a]us 9 ! ,wairoa ,gorge4 ,al?\gh ^! species may n occur1 ! g5]a ,spirif] & ,productus are pres5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?omson1 are di/9ctly ( pre-,triassic types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg--;,,c>bop]mian ,,bra*iopods4 ,a--,productus bra*y?a]us1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 c4 ,b--,/rophalosia cl>kei1 ,e?4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w41 c4 ,c--,spirif] convolutus1 ,phillips4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w41 c4 ,d--,spirif] 7,m>t9iopsis7 subradiatus1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 c4 ,c>bop]mian ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,bra*iopod fauna ( ,c>bop]mian age 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales is ri* 9 species ( ,productus & ,spirif]4 ,among/ ! =m] are ,p4 cora 7also f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,que5sl& & ,tasmania71 ,p4 bra*y?a]us 7also f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&71 7,fig4 #hg ,a71 ,p4 semireticulatus 7also f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,que5sl& & ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 & a common species 9 ,europe71 & ,p4 undatus 7also f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&1 z well z 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,russia74 ,/rophalosia is an alli$ g5us to ,productus4 ,x is a common =m 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! be/ kn[n species is ,s4 cl>kei 7,fig4 #hg ,b74 ,?is type ( %ell is di/+ui%$ f ,productus 9 be+ cem5t$ by ! umbo ( ! v5tral valve1 :i* valve is also g5]ally less sp9ose ?an ! dorsal4 ,:5 wea!r$ ! %ells pres5t a peculi> silky or fibr\s appe>ance4 ,! g5us ,spirif] is repres5t$ 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia by su* =ms z ,s4 vesp]tilio1 ,s4 convolutus1 ,s4 h>dmani1 ,s4 musakheyl5sis1 & ,s4 /riatus2 :il/ ,s4 vesp]tilio & ,s4 convolutus are common also to ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #hg ,c71 & ! latt] only to ,tasmania4 ,s4 vesp]tilio is f\nd 9 ! ,gympie b$s ne> ,rockhampton1 ,que5sl&2 & ,s4 tasmani5sis 9 ,que5sl& 7,b[5 ,riv] ,coal-field1 ,m>9e ,s]ies71 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania4 ,( ! smoo!r1 /\t =ms1 ref]r$ to ! sub-g5us ,m>t9iopsis1 we may m5tion ,s4 7,m47 subradiatus1 :i* occurs 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,tasmania 7,fig4 #hg ,d74 ,9 ! ,que5sl& fauna1 ! ,gympie s]ies conta9s1 among/ o!r ,bra*iopods ,productus cora1 ,lepta5a rhomboidalis v>41 analoga1 ,spirif] vesp]tilio & ,s4 /rzeleckii4 ,o!r ,c>bop]mian ,bra*iopod g5]a f\nd 9 ,au/ralian faunas are ,cleio?yris1 ,dielasma1 ,hypo?yris1 ,reticul>ia1 ,sem9ula1 ,cyrt9a1 & ,syr+o?yris4 ,triassic ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,kaihiku ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal& 7,hokonui ,hills & ,nelson7 are probably ref]able to ! ,trias4 ,! suppos$ basal b$s conta9 plants su* z ,ta5iopt]is1 ,cladophlebis1 ,palissya & ,bai]a4 ,above ^! are m>9e b$s conta9+ ,bra*iopods belong+ to ,spirif]9a1 ,rhyn*onella1 ,dielasma & ,a?yris4 ,! succession ( ^! b$s pres5ts "s palaeontological anomalies /ill to be expla9$1 = ! flora has a decid$ lean+ t[>ds a ,jurassic facies4 ,next 9 ord] ( succession ! ,wairoa ,s]ies1 9 ! ,hokonui ,hills & ,nelson1 ,new ,zeal&1 conta9s ,dielasma & ,a?yris wreyi4 ,! succe$+ s]ies 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,otapiri1 or ,upp] ,triassic conta9s ! ,bra*iopod g5]a ,a?yris#c & ,spirif]9a1 f\nd at ,well's ,creek1 ,nelson4 ,footnote #c3 ,ref]r$ by ,hector to a new sub-g5us ,clavig]a1 :i* "n1 h[ev]1 is preoccupi$4 ,jurassic ,bra*iopods4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh--,,mesozoic ,,bra*iopods4 ,a--,rhyn*onella v>iabilis ,s*lo?4 sp4 ,jurassic4 ,w4 ,au/ralia ,b--,t]ebratella davidsoni1 ,moore4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,c--,l+ula subovalis1 ,davidson4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,d--,rhyn*onella croydon5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,! m>9e ,jurassic b$s ( ,w4 ,au/ralia1 z at ,%>k ,bay & ,gre5\gh ,riv]1 conta9 c]ta9 ,rhyn*onellae alli$ to ,european species1 z ,r4 v>iabilis 7,fig4 #hh ,a71 & ,r4 cf4 solit>ia4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,l[] ,cretace\s or ,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mation ( ,que5sl& has yield$ a fair numb] ( ,bra*iopods1 pr9cipally f ,wollumbilla1--z ,t]ebratella davidsoni 7,fig4 #hh ,b71 787 ,argiope wollumbill5sis1 787 ,a4 punctata1 ,rhyn*onella ru/ica1 ,r4 solit>ia1 ,disc9a apicalis & ,l+ula subovalis4 ,f b$s ( simil> age 9 ,c5tral ,s\? ,au/ralia & ! ,lake ,eyre ,bas9 ,l+ula subovalis 7,fig4 #hh ,c71 & ,rhyn*onella eyrei h be5 record$2 ! latt] has be5 comp>$ ) a species 7,r4 walk]i7 f ! ,middle ,neocomian ( ,tealby 9 ,york%ire4 ,upp] ,cretace\s ,bra*iopod4-- ,a solit>y species ( ! ,bra*iopoda occurs 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,au/ralia1 namely1 ,rhyn*onella croydon5sis 7,fig4 #hh ,d7 ( ! ,des]t ,s&/one ( ! ,croydon ,gold-fields & ,m\nt ,angas1 ,que5sl&4 ,ca9ozoic ,bra*iopods4-- ,! ,bra*iopoda ( ! ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& are well repres5t$ by ! g5]a ,t]ebratula1 ,magellania1 ,t]ebratul9a1 ,t]ebratella1 ,magasella & ,acan?o?yris4 ,9 ! ,balcombian or ,oligoc5e ( s\!rn ,au/ralia occur ! foll[+3--,t]ebratula tateana1 ,magellania corio5sis1 ,m4 g>ibaldiana & ,magasella compta 7,figs4 #hi ,a1 ,d72 & mo/ ( ^! range into ! next /age1 ! ,janjukian1 :il/ "s ext5d ev5 to ! ,kalimnan4 ,t]ebratul9a suessi1 ,hutton sp4 7 ,t4 sc\l>i1 ,tate7 ranges ?r\gh ! ,balcombian & ,janjukian1 b is mo/ typical ( ! ,janjukian b$s 9 ,victoria3 x also occurs 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal& 7 ,janjukian74 ,acan?o?yris squamosa 7,fig4 #hi ,f7 is typical ( ! ,janjukian ( s\!rn ,au/ralia1 & x occurs also 9 ! ,p>eora b$s ( ! ,brok5 ,riv]1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! latt] are gre51 s&y1 fossilif]\s /rata imm$iately succe$+ ! ,oam>u /one ( ! ,hut*9son ,qu>ry b$s4 ,a4 squamosa is said to be /ill liv+ s\? ( ,k]guel5 ,isl&4 ,magellania insolita is a ,victorian species :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi--;,,ca9ozoic ,,bra*iopods4 ,a--,t]ebratula tateana1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,b--,magellania corio5sis1 ,mc,coy1 sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,c--,magellania g>ibaldiana1 ,dav4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,d--,magasella compta1 ,s[4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,e--,t]ebratul9a cat9uli=mis1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,f--,acan?o?yris squamosa1 ,hutton sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,tasmania ,:il/ _m ( ! old] ,t]ti>y bra*iopods range into ! next succe$+ /age ( ! ,kalimnan 9 ,victoria1 su* z ,magellania insolita1 ,t]ebratul9a cat9uli=mis 7,fig4 #hi ,e7 & ,magasella compta1 "o species1 ,t]ebratella pumila1 is re/rict$ to ! ,kalimnan1 occurr+ at ! ,gippsl& ,lakes4 ,! next /age1 ! ,w]rikooian1 typical 9 uprais$ m>9e b$s on ! banks ( ! ,gl5elg ,riv] 9 we/]n ,victoria1 conta9s ,magellania flavesc5s1 a species /ill liv+ 7see antea1 ,fig4 #bc71 & ,m4 insolita1 hav+ ! extraord9>ily wide range ( ! :ole ( ! ,ca9ozoic /ages 9 s\!rn ,au/ralia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,worms4 ,eunicites mit*elli1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,o5onites hebes1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,arabellites b[n+5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ar5icolites sp4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,tra*yd]ma crassituba1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,cornulites tasmanicus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,tasmania4 ,spirorbis ammonius1 ,m4 ,edw4 v>4 truncata1 ,*apm4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,spirorbis omphalodes1 ,goldfuss4 ,devonian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,s]pula te/atrix1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,torlessia mackayi1 ,ba!r4 ,l[] ,mesozoic3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,s]pula con=mis1 ,goldfuss4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,s]pula inte/9alis1 ,phillips4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,s]pula subtra*9us1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,s]pula ouy55sis1 ,*apm4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,ditrupa cornea1 ,l4 sp4 v>4 wormbeti5sis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,,polyzoa4 ,rhombopora gippsl&ica1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,f5e/ella au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,protoretepora ampla1 ,lonsdale4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 & ,tasmania4 ,polypora au/ralis1 ,h9de4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,rhombopora t5uis1 ,h9de4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,rhombopora laxa1 ,e!ridge sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,membranipora wilson5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 787 ,lepralia oolitica1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,li*5opora au/ralis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,het]opora pisi=mis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,cell>ia au/ralis1 ,mac,gillivray4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,membranipora macro/oma1 ,reuss4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,sel5>ia m>g9ata1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,macropora cl>kei1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,adeona obliqua1 ,mac,gill4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,lepralia burl+toni5sis1 ,wat]s4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria4 ,bipora philipp95sis1 ,busk sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,por9a gracilis1 ,m4 ,edw>ds sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,cellepora fossa1 ,haswell1 sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,retepora fissa1 ,mac,gill4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 ,,bra*iopoda4 ,or?is l5ticul>is1 ,wahl5b]g sp4 ,cambrian3 ,tasmania4 ,or?is platy/rophioides1 ,*apm4 ,cambrian3 ,victoria4 ,hu5ella e!ridgei1 ,walcott4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,or?is levi5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 787 ,victoria4 ,siphonotreta discoidalis1 ,*apm4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,siphonotreta maccoyi1 ,*apm4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,l+ula y>ra5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,orbiculoidea selwyni1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,*onetes melb\rn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,/ropheodonta alata1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,or?is elegantula1 ,dalman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,p5tam]us au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,con*idium knightii1 ,s[4 sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,cam>otoe*ia decemplicata1 ,s[4 sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,rhyn*otrema liopleura1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,atrypa reticul>is1 ,l4 sp4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,w4 ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&4 ,spirif] sulcatus1 ,his+] sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,nucleospira au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,*onetes au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,*onetes cull5i1 ,dun4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,spirif] yass5sis1 de ,kon9ck4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,spirif] cf4 v]neuili1 de ,kon4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,l+ula greg>ia1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,spirif] disjunctus1 ,s[4 ,up4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,productus cora1 d',orb4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,or?o!tes cr5i/ria1 ,s[4 sp4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,spirif] /riatus1 ,s[4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,productus bra*y?a]us1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,/rophalosia cl>kei1 ,e?4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,spirif] 7,m>t9iopsis7 subradiatus1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,spirif] convolutus1 ,phillips4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,cleio?yris macleayana1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,dielasma elongata1 ,s*lo!im sp4 ,trias 7,kaihiku ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,a?yris wreyi1 ,suess sp4 ,trias 7,wairoa ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,a?yris sp4 ,trias 7,otapiri ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,rhyn*onella v>iabilis1 ,s*lo!im sp4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,t]ebratella davidsoni1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,rhyn*onella solit>ia1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,l+ula subovalis1 ,davidson4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,rhyn*onella croydon5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,t]ebratula tateana1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian & ,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,magellania corio5sis1 ,mc,coy1 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian & ,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,magellania g>ibaldiana1 ,davidson sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian & ,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,magasella compta1 ,s[4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian to ,kalimnan73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,t]ebratula suessi1 ,hutton sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balcombian & ,janjukian73 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& 7,oam>u ,s]ies47 ,acan?o?yris squamosa1 ,hutton sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal& 7,oam>u ,s]ies7 7also liv+74 ,t]ebratella pumila1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,magellania flavesc5s1 ,lam4 sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria 7also liv+74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,worms4 ,silurian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #cci1 #cdj4 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,tas4 7= #ahif71 #ahig1 p4 #cg4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #ajb-aje4 ,devonian4--,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,ii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 p4 #aii4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 p4 #bbj4 ,c>bonif]\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,no4 #aj1 #aijc1 p4 #aj4 ,c>bop]mian4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 #ahib1 pp4 #aai-aba4 ,l[] ,mesozoic4--,ba!r1 ,f4 ,a4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,v4 vol4 ,,ii4 #aije1 pp4 #ecb-eda4 ,l[] ,cretace\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #aa4 #aijb1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 ,ca9ozoic4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aiac1 pp4 #ahb-ahd4 ,,polyzoa4 ,silurian4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijc1 pp4 #fa-fc4 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,ii41 pt4 #a1 #aijg1 p4 #gh4 ,c>bonif]\s4--,h9de1 ,g4 ,j4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #aii-bjc4 ,c>bop]mian4--,de ,kon9ck ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #abh-adj4 ,ca9ozoic4--,/olicka1 ,f4 ,nov>a ,exp$41 ,geol4 ,!il41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #b1 pp4 #hg-aeh4 ,wat]s1 ,a4 ,w4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvii4 #ahha1 pp4 #cji-cdg2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxxviii4 #ahhb1 pp4 #beg-bgf & pp4 #ejb-eac2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxxix4 #ahhc1 pp4 #dbc-ddc2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xl4 #ahhd1 pp4 #fgd-fig2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xli4 #ahhe1 pp4 #bgi-caj2 ibid41 vol4 ,,xliii4 #ahhg1 pp4 #dj-gb & #ccg-cej4 ,mac,gillivray1 ,p4 ,h4 ,mon4 ,t]t4 ,polyzoa ,vict41 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vict41 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #ahie4 ,maple/one1 ,c4 ,m4 ,fur!r ,descr4 ,polyzoa ,vict41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #ahih1 pp4 #ad-ba1 et seqq4 ,,bra*iopoda4 ,cambrian4--,tate1 ,r4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xv4 #ahib1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,v4 pt4 #b1 #aijd1 p4 #aja4 ,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 ,smi?s4 ,misc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,liii4 #aijh1 p4 #aji4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aiaa1 pp4 #caj-cac4 ,ordovician4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,p>l4 ,pap]s1 ,s4 ,au/41 ,no4 #aeh1 #ahia1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,tate1 ,r4 ,rep4 ,horn ,exp$41 pt4 #c1 #ahif1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #c1 #aijd1 pp4 #bbb-bbd4 ,silurian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vic4 ,dec4 ,v4 #ahgg1 pp4 #ai-bi4 ,e?41 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 #c1 pt4 #b1 #ahib1 pp4 #di-fj 7,silurian & ,devonian ,p5tam]idae74 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,tas41 7= #ahif71 #ahig1 pp4 #ch-da4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #bj-bi4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 #d1 #aijd1 pp4 #cah-cbe 7,silurian to ,c>bonif]\s74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #c1 #aijg1 pp4 #bfe-bfi4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 #a1 #aijc1 pp4 #fd-gi4 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xxi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 #a1 #aijh1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 7,n4,s47 pt4 #a4 #aiac1 pp4 #ii-aac4 ,devonian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,iv41 #ahgf1 pp4 #af-ah4 ,foord1 ,a4 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ajj-ajb4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #fd-fh4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal41 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #fd-he4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xviii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 #a1 #aije1 pp4 #af-ai4 ,c>bonif]\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #c1 #aija1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 ,idem1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4 ,au/r41 ,bull4 ,no4 #aj1 #aijc1 pp4 #ab-bc4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vii41 pt4 #b1 #aijb1 pp4 #gb-hh & #ia-ic4 ,c>bop]mian4--,s[]by1 ,g4 ,b41 9 ,/rzelecki's ,phys4 ,descr4 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 etc41 #ahde1 pp4 #bge-bhe4 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xx4 #ahdg1 pp4 #bca-bcf4 ,foord1 ,a4 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #aje & #ade-aed4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #bbe-bfd4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal41 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #adj-bjc4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #bic-cjd4 ,l[] ,cretace\s4--,moore1 ,c4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahgj1 pp4 #bdc-bde4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #a1 #aijb1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,upp] ,cretace\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #efj4 ,ca9ozoic4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,v4 #ahgg1 pp4 #aa-ac4 ,tate1 ,r4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,iii4 #ahhj1 pp4 #adj-agj4 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 #ahii1 pp4 #bej-bei4 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,xxxvii4 #aije1 pp4 #dgd-dha 7,revn4 ,t]t4 ,bra*474 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fossil ,,%ell-,,fi% 7,,mollusca74 ,molluscan ,*>act]s4-- ,! phylum or sub-k+dom ,mollusca is a gr\p ( s(t-bodi$ animals 7mollis1 s(t71 :i*1 al?\gh hav+ no ext]nal skeleton1 usually possess ! protective cov]+ ( a %ell4 ,?is %ell is secret$ f ! out] sk9 or mantle1 & is compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime 7calc>e\s7 ) a v>y+ proportion ( organic mat]ial4 ,h>d ,p>ts4-- ,fossil molluscan rema9s consi/ practically ( ! %ells1 b ! calc>e\s ap]tural lid 7op]culum7 ( "s k9ds is (t5 pres]v$1 z 9 ,turbo & ,hyoli!s2 or ! horny lids ( o!rs1 z ,bi?ynia ( ! ,european ,plei/oc5e brick e>?s4 ,! cuttle-fi%es h h>d1 horny beaks & int]nal bones1 & ! latt] are frequ5tly f\nd fossil 9 ,au/ralia4 ,*>act]s ( ,pelecypoda4-- ,! class = fir/ consid]ation is ! important "o ( ! ,bivalv$ ,mollusca1 ! ,,lamellibran*iata 7plate-gills7 or ,,pelecypoda 7hat*et foot74 ,! %ells are d\ble1 h+$ dorsally & plac$ on ei!r side ( ! animal1 t is1 !y are left & "r4 ,! height is measur$ on a v]tical l9e drawn f ! beaks or umbones to ! v5tral m>g94 ,! l5g? is ! greate/ di/ance betwe5 ! m>g9s p>allel ) a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! m\? & po/]ior adductor impression4 ,! ?ickness is measur$ by a l9e at "r angles to ! l9e ( height4 ,! %ell be+ plac$ m\? =w>d1 ! valves are ?us left & "r4 ,! ant]ior is usually %ort]1 except+ 9 "s cases1 z 9 ,donax & ,nucula4 ,h+e ,/ructure4-- ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! animal1 ! "* ( ! h+e-/ructure is v important4 ,"s are )\t tee? 7ed5tul\s74 ,! olde/ =ms h be5 gr\p$ z ! ,palaeocon*a1 & x has be5 %[n t "h1 al?\gh well-develop$ tee? 7 abs5t1 ! radial ribs ( ! surface & v5tral areas 7 c>ri$ ov] to ! dorsal m>g9 & became a fix$ "* 9 ! =m ( cr5ulations or primitive tee?4 ,! taxodont type ( h+e tee? %[s alt]nat+ tee? & sockets1 z 9 ,nucula4 ,! s*izodont type is se5 9 ! heavy1 v>iable tee? ( ,trigonia & ,s*izodus4 ,! isodont type ( h+em5t is a modification ( ! taxodont1 repres5t$ by two ridges orig9ally div]g5t bel[ ! beak1 & =m+ an int]lock+ s]ies ( two pairs ( tee? & sockets z 9 ,spondylus2 or :]e ! primitive h+e disappe>s z 9 ,pect51 ! div]g5t ridge-tee? 7crura7 may only p>tially develop4 ,! dysodonts h a feeble h+e-/ructure d]iv$ f ! ext]nal sculpture imp++ on ! h+e-l9e1 z 9 ,cr5ella4 ,! pantodonta are an anci5t palaeozoic gr\p :i* seems alli$ to ! mod]n teleodont or long too!d %ells1 b ! lat]als may exce$ a pair 9 a s+le gr\p1 z 9 ,allodesma4 ,! diog5odonta h lat]al & c>d9al tee? ^u a h+e-plate1 b nev] m ?an two lat]als & ?ree c>d9als 9 any "o gr\p1 z 9 ,crassatellites4 ,! cyclodonta h extremely ar*$ tee?1 :i* curve out f "u ! beaks1 z 9 ,c>dium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij--,,l[] ,,palaeozoic ,,bivalves4 ,a--,ambony*ia macropt]a1 ,tate4 ,cambrian4 ,s4 ,au/ralia ,b--,grammysia cunei=mis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,c--,pan5ka gippsl&ica1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,d--,nucula melb\rn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,e--,nuculites maccoyianus4 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,f--,palaeoneilo victoriae1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,! teleodonts include ! m highly develop$ types ( h+e1 ) att5uat$ tee? & sockets4 ,common %ells ( our coa/1 & f ,ca9ozoic b$s1 belong+ to ?is gr\p are ,v5us1 ,mactra & ,m]etrix4 ,! a/h5odonta are bor+ & burr[+ molluscs t h lo/ ! h+e d5tition f disuse z ,corbula & ,pholas4 ,cambrian ,bivalve4-- ,! e>lie/ example ( a bivalv$ %ell 9 ,au/ralian rocks is ,ambony*ia macropt]a 7,fig4 #ij ,a71 :i* occurs 9 ! ,cambrian ,lime/one ( ,curramulka1 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,x is q a small =m1 be+ less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,ordovician ,bivalve4-- ,9 ! basal ,ordovician mud/one ( ,hea?cote1 ,victoria1 !re is a bivalve :i* 9 "s respects resembles a ,modiolopsis 78,m4 kn[sley5sis71 b ! exact relation%ip is /ill d\btful4 ,silurian ,bivalves4-- ,! ,silurian s&/ones1 mud/ones1 slates & lime/ones ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 unlike ! old] rocks j m5tion$1 conta9 a ri* assemblage ( bivalve fossils4 ,9 ,victoria ! l[] division or ,melb\rnian /age conta9s ! foll[+ pr9cipal g5]a3--,or?onota1 ,grammysia1 ,leptodomus1 ,edmondia1 ,c>diola1 ,ct5odonta1 ,nuculites1 ,nucula1 ,palaeoneilo1 ,conoc>dium1 ,modiolopsis & ,p>acyclas4 ,! upp] division or ,y]+ian /age conta9s o!r species ( simil> g5]a to ^? 9 ! ,melb\rnian1 z ,grammysia1 ,palaeoneilo & ,conoc>dium2 :il/ ,pan5ka1 ,mytil>ca1 ,sph5otus1 ,act9odesma1 ,lunulic>dium1 ,act9opt]ia & ,cypric>d9ia are1 s f> z kn[n1 peculi> to ?is & a /ill high] /age4 ,c>diola is a widely di/ribut$ g5us1 occurr+ z well 9 ,tasmania2 :il/ 9 ,europe x is f\nd bo? 9 ,bohemia & ,great ,brita94 ,its "t-range 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is v ext5sive1 be+ f\nd 9 b$s rang+ f ,upp] ,ordovician to ,devonian4 ,act9opt]ia is f\nd also 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,new ,zeal&1 & ,pt]9ea & ,act9odesma 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! molluscs ) a taxodont h+e-l9e 7beset ) num]\s little tee? & sockets7 are q pl5tiful 9 ! ,au/ralian ,silurian2 su* z ,nucula1 a =m common ar\nd ,melb\rne 7,n4 melb\rn5sis 7,fig4 #ij ,d772 ,nuculites1 :i* has an int]nal radial buttress or clavicle sep>at+ ! ant]ior muscle-sc> f ! %ell-cavity1 & :i* is f\nd likewise 9 ! ,melb\rne %ales 7,n4 maccoyianus 7,fig4 #ij ,e772 ,ct5odonta1 repres5t$ 9 bo? ! ,melb\rnian & ,y]+ian /ages 7,c4 portlocki72 & ,palaeoneilo1 a h&some1 subro/rate g5]ic type ) conc5tric lamellae or /riae1 commone/ 9 ! ,melb\rnian1 b occasionally f\nd 9 ! y\ng] /age 7,p4 victoriae ,fig4 #ij ,f1 ,melb\rnian2--,p4 r>ico/ae1 ,y]+ian74 ,conoc>dium is repres5t$ by two species 9 ,victoria 7,c4 bellulum & ,c4 co/atum72 :il/ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,c4 davidis is f\nd at ,oakey ,creek4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ,act9opt]ia & ,pt]9ea occur 9 ! ,wangapeka s]ies 7,silurian74 ,devonian ,bivalves4-- ,! compact lime/one & "s %ales ( ,middle ,devonian age 9 ! ,n4,e4 ,gippsl& area 9 ,victoria1 conta9 sev]al z yet undescrib$ species belong+ to ! g5]a ,sph5otus1 ,act9odesma & ,p>acyclas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia--,,palaeozoic ,,bivalves4 ,a--,mytil>ca acutiro/ris1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,b--,modiolopsis melb\rn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,c--,goniophora au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,d--,p>acyclas siluricus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,e--,act9opt]ia au/ralis1 ,dun4 ,devonian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,f--,lyriopect5 gracilis1 ,dun4 ,devonian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,! g5]a ,p>acyclas1 ,aviculopect5 & ,pt]9ea h be5 record$ f ,new ,s\? ,wales1 *iefly f ! ,yass di/rict4 ,! d]iv$ b\ld]s f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s =m+ ! opal-fields at ,:ite ,cliffs1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 h be5 det]m9$ z ( ,devonian age4 ,!y conta91 among/ o!r g5]a1 examples ( ,act9opt]ia 7,a4 au/ralis71 ,lyriopect5 7,l4 gracilis7 7,fig4 #ia ,f71 & ,leptodesma 7,l4 inflatum & ,l4 obesum74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib--;,,c>bop]mian ,,bivalves4 ,a--,/ut*buria f>ley5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,b--,deltopect5 limae=mis1 ,morris sp4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,c--,aviculopect5 spr5ti1 ,john/on4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,d--,*a5omya e!ridgei1 de ,kon4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,e--,pa*ydomus globosus ,j4 de ,c4 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,c>bop]mian ,bivalves4-- ,"o ( ! mo/ prolific palaeozoic s]ies = bivalv$ mollusca is ! ,c>bop]mian4 ,to select f ! num]\s g5]a & species we may m5tion ,/ut*buria f>ley5sis 7,fig4 #ib ,a7 & ,edmondia nobilissima f ,f>ley1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ,deltopect5 limae=mis 7,fig4 #ib ,b71 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,m>9e ,s]ies at ,rav5sfield1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & 9 ! ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies at ,burragorang & ,pokolb9 9 ! same ,/ate1 9 ,que5sl& at ! ,m\nt ,britton ,gold-field1 & 9 ,m>ia ,id41 ,tasmania4 ,deltopect5 fittoni occurs 9 bo? s]ies 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & 9 ! ,upp] ,m>9e ,s]ies associat$ ) ,tasmanite %ale 9 ,tasmania4 ,aviculopect5 squamulif]us is a h&some species f\nd alike 9 ,tasmania & ,new ,s\? ,wales2 :il/ ,a4 t5uicollis is common to ,w4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,o!r *>act]i/ic bivalves ( ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales are ,*a5omya e!ridgei 7,fig4 #ib ,d7 & ,pa*ydomus globosus 7,fig4 #ib ,e74 ,! gigantic ,eurydesma cordatum is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,s\? ,wales ,l[] ,m>9e ,s]ies1 & is also f\nd 9 ,tasmania4 ,all ?ree species are f\nd 9 ,que5sl&4 ,triassic ,bivalves4-- ,! ,triassic rocks ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 7 accumulat$ "u ei!r t]re/rial1 lacu/r9e1 or bracki% 7e/u>9e7 conditions4 ,h5ce ! only bivalv$ mollusca f\nd are ref]r$ to ! fre%wat] g5]a ,unio 7,u4 dun/ani7 & ,unionella 7,u4 b[ral5sis & ,u4 c>nei 7,fig4 #ic ,a774 ,! latt] g5us diff]s f ,unio 9 ! /ructure ( ! adductor muscle-impressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic--,,l[] ,,mesozoic ,,bivalves4 ,a--,unionella c>nei1 ,e?4 fil4 ,triassic4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,b--,mytilus problematicus1 ,zittel4 ,triassic4 ,new ,zeal& ,c--,monotis sal9>ia1 ,zittel4 ,triassic4 ,new ,zeal& ,d--,trigonia moorei1 ,lycett4 ,jurassic4 ,w4 ,au/ralia ,e--,a/>te cliftoni1 ,moore4 ,jurassic4 ,w4 ,au/ralia ,! ,que5sl& ,trias 7,burrum ,=mation7 conta9s a solit>y species ( bivalv$ mollusca1 ,corbicula burrum5sis4 ,?is g5us is g5]ally f\nd associat$ ) fre%wat] or bracki% conditions4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& m>9e ,triassic b$s occur1 conta9+1 among/ o!r g5]a1 a species ( ,l$a4 ,9 ! succe$+ ,wairoa ,s]ies ! int]e/+ fossil1 ,daonella lommeli occurs4 ,?is %ell is typical ( ! ,norian 7,upp] ,trias7 ( ! ,s\!rn ,tyrol4 ,above ! ,daonella b$ occurs ! ,trigonia b$1 ) t g5us & ,edmondia4 ,9 ! next y\ng] /age1 ! ,otapiri ,s]ies1 ne> ,nelson1 !re are f9e-gra9$ s&/ones pack$ full ( ! rema9s ( ,mytilus problematicus 7,fig4 #ic ,b7 & ,monotis sal9>ia 7,fig4 #ic ,c71 ! latt] also a ,norian fossil4 ,jurassic ,bivalves4-- ,jurassic bivalv$ molluscs are pl5tiful 9 ! ,w4 ,au/ralian lime/ones1 z at ,gre5\gh ,riv]4 ,among/ o!rs may be m5tion$ ,cucullaea semi/riata1 ,o/rea1 ,gryphaea1 ,trigonia moorei 7,fig4 #ic ,d71 ,pect5 c9ctus1 ,ct5o/reon pect9i=me & ,a/>te cliftoni 7,fig4 #ic ,e74 ,sev]al ( ! species f\nd are id5tical ) ,european ,jurassic fossils4 ,jurassic /rata 9 ,victoria1 be+ ( a fre%wat] & lacu/r9e nature1 yield only species ( ,unio1 z ,u4 dacombei1 & ,u4 /irl+i4 ,! ,jurassic b$s ( ,s4 ,au/ralia conta9 a species ( ,unio nam$ ,u4 eyr5sis4 ,9 ! same /rata :i* conta9s ?is %ell1 plant rema9s are f\nd1 z ,cladophlebis & ,?9nfeldia1 two well-kn[n types ( ,jurassic f]ns4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,bivalves4-- ,9 ,que5sl& ! ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/ones & m>ls conta9 a l>ge assemblage ( bivalves1 ! m important ( :i* are ,nucula truncata 7,fig4 #id ,a71 ,maccoyella reflecta 7,fig4 #id ,b71 ,m4 b>kleyi1 ,pect5 socialis & ,fissilunula cl>kei 7,fig4 #id ,c71 f ,wollumbilla2 & ,inoc]amus p]noides1 ,i4 c>soni & ,aucella hugh5d55sis f ! ,fl9d]s ,riv] 7! latt] also f ,new ,s\? ,wales74 ,9 ! ,lake ,eyre ,di/rict ( ,s4 ,au/ralia we f9d ,maccoyella b>kleyi1 :i* also occurs 9 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales 7at ,:ite ,cliffs71 ,trigonia c9ctuta1 ,mytilus rugoco/atus & ,modiola eyr5sis4 ,! h&some bivalve1 ,pleuromya plana occurs ne> ,broome 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id--;,,cretace\s ,,bivalves4 ,a--,nucula truncata1 ,moore4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,b--,maccoyella reflecta1 ,moore sp4 ,up4 & ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,q'l&4 ,c--,fissilunula cl>kei1 ,moore sp4 ,up4 & ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,q'l&4 ,d--,inoc]amus c>soni1 ,mc,coy4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,e--,cyr5opsis opallites1 ,e?4 fil4 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,f--,con*o?yra p>asitica1 ,hutton4 ,cretace\s4 ,new ,zeal& ,upp] ,cretace\s ,bivalves4-- ,! ,upp] ,cretace\s or ,des]t ,s&/one at ,m>ybor\gh1 ,que5sl&1 has yield$ among/ o!rs1 ! foll[+ %ells3--7,nucula gigantea1 ,maccoyella reflecta also f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s4 ,au/ralia71 & ,fissilunula cl>kei 7also f\nd 9 ! ,l4 ,cretace\s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia74 ,"s ( ^! b$s1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 hi!rto believ$ to belong to ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,s]ies respectively may yet prove to be on "o horizon--! ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,cyr5opsis opallites 7,fig4 #id ,e7 ( ,:ite ,cliffs1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 appe>s to be a truly re/rict$ ,upp] ,cretace\s species4 ,! ,cretace\s ( ,new ,zeal& 7,amuri ,sy/em7 conta9s ,trigonia sulcata1 ,inoc]amus sp4 & ! curi\s1 contort$ %ell1 ,con*o?yra p>asitica 7,fig4 #id ,f7 :i* is relat$ to ,pugnellus1 a =m usually consid]$ z a sub-g5us ( ,/rombus4 ,f ,papua an ,inoc]amus has be5 record$ f probable ,cretace\s b$s4 ,ca9ozoic ,bivalves4-- ,9 ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ! ,n4,w4 ( ,tasmania1 z well z 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ,ca9ozoic m>9e b$s are well develop$1 & conta9 an ext5sive bivalv$ molluscan fauna4 ,( ^! fossils only a few common & /rik+ examples c "h be notic$1 on acc\nt ( ! limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! commone/ g5]a are3--,o/rea1 ,placunanomia1 ,dimya1 ,spondylus1 ,lima1 ,pect51 ,arca1 ,b>batia1 ,plagi>ca1 ,cucullaea1 ,glycim]is1 ,limopsis1 ,nucula1 ,l$a1 ,trigonia1 ,c>dita1 ,cuna1 ,crassatellites1 ,c>dium1 ,protoc>dium1 ,*ama1 ,m]etrix1 ,v5us 7,*ione71 ,dos9ea1 ,g>i1 ,mactra1 ,corbula1 ,luc9a1 ,tell9a1 ,semele & ,myodora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie--;,,ca9ozoic ,,bivalves4 ,a--,dimya dissimilis1 ,tate4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,b--,spondylus pseudoradula1 ,mc,coy4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,c--,pect5 polymorphoides1 ,zittel4 ,janjukian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,d--,l$a vagans1 ,tate4 ,janjukian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,e--,modiola pra]upta1 ,prit*>d4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,p]si/5t ,species4-- ,to m5tion a few species ( p]si/5t range1 f ,balcombian to ,kalimnan1 we may cite ! foll[+ f ! ,ca9ozoic ( s\!rn ,au/ralia3--,dimya dissimilis 7,fig4 #ie ,a71 ,spondylus pseudoradula 7,fig4 #ie ,b71 ,lima 7,limatula7 jeffreysiana1 ,pect5 polymorphoides 7f\nd also 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies1 ,new ,zeal&7 7,fig4 #ie ,c71 ,amusium zitteli 7f\nd also 9 bo? ! ,waimang>oa & ,oam>u ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&71 ,b>batia celleporacea1 ,cucullaea corio5sis1 ,limopsis maccoyi1 ,nucula t5isoni1 ,l$a vagans 7,fig4 #ie ,d71 ,corbula ephamilla & ,myodora t5uilirata4 ,balcombian ,bivalves4-- ,on ! o!r h&1 _m species h a re/rict$ range1 & ^! are invaluable = purposes ( /ratigraphical correlation4 ,= example1 9 ! ,balcombian we h ,modiola pra]upta 7,fig4 #ie ,e71 ,modiol>ia balcombei1 ,cuna regul>is1 ,c>dium cuculloides1 ,cryptodon mactrae=mis1 ,v]ticordia pect9ata & ,v4 excavata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if--;,,ca9ozoic ,,bivalves4 ,a--,modiola puebl5sis1 ,prit*>d4 ,janjukian4 ,victoria ,b--,c>dita tasmanica1 ,tate4 ,janjukian4 ,tasmania ,c--,luc9a planatella1 ,tate4 ,janjukian4 ,tasmania ,d--,o/rea manubriata1 ,tate4 ,kalimnan4 ,victoria ,e--,limopsis beaum>i5sis1 ,*ap4 ,kalimnan4 ,victoria ,f--,v5us 7,*ione7 subroborata1 ,tate sp4 ,kalimnan4 ,victoria ,janjukian ,bivalves4-- ,9 ! ,janjukian ,s]ies re/rict$ =ms ( bivalves are exceptionally num]\s1 among/ !m be+3--,dimya sigillata1 ,plicatula ramulosa1 ,lima polynema1 ,pect5 praecursor1 ,p4 eyrei1 ,p4 gambi]5sis1 ,p9na cordata1 ,modiola puebl5sis 7,fig4 #if ,a71 ,arca dissimilis1 ,limopsis multiradiata1 ,l4 insolita1 ,l$a leptorhyn*a1 ,l4 crebreco/ata1 ,c>dita maud5sis1 ,c4 tasmanica 7,fig4 #if ,b71 ,cuna radiata1 ,lepton crassum1 ,c>dium pseudomagnum1 ,v5us 7,*ione7 multita5iata1 ,sol5ocurtus legr&i1 ,luc9a planatella 7,fig4 #if ,c71 ,tell9a porrecta & ,myodora lamellata4 ,9 ,papua a ,pect5 7,p4 novaegu9eae7 has be5 record$ f ! 8 ,l[] ,plioc5e ( ,yule ,isl&4 ,kalimnan ,bivalves4-- ,! ,kalimnan b$s conta9 ! foll[+ re/rict$ or upw>d rang+ species3--,o/rea ar5icola1 ,o4 manubriata 7,fig4 #if ,d71 ,pect5 antiau/ralis 7also 9 ! ,w]rikooian ,s]ies71 ,p]na p]crassa1 ,mytilus hamilton5sis1 ,glycim]is halli1 ,limopsis beaum>i5sis 7also ,w]rikooian7 7,fig4 #if ,e71 ,l$a crassa 7also liv+71 ,trigonia h[itti1 ,c>dita solida1 ,c4 calva 7also liv+71 ,eryc9a micans1 ,m]etrix paucirugata1 ,sunetta gibb]ula1 ,v5us 7,*ione7 subroborata 7,fig4 #if ,f71 ,donax depressa1 ,corbula scaphoides 7also liv+71 ,b>nea ti>a1 ,luc9a aff9is1 ,tell9a alb9elloides & ,myodora corrugata4 ,w]rikooian ,bivalves4-- ,! next /age1 ! ,w]rikooian 7,upp] ,plioc5e71 conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( liv+ species1 z ,o/rea angasi1 ,placunanomia ione 7rang+ d[n into ,janjukian71 ,glycim]is radians1 ,l$a crassa 7also a common ,kalimnan fossil71 v>i\s species ( ,v5us 7,*ione71 z ,v4 /rigosa & ,v4 placida1 & ,b>nea au/ralasiae4 ,plei/oc5e ,bivalves4-- ,! bivalv$ %ells ( ! ,plei/oc5e are simil> to ^? n[ f\nd liv+ r\nd ! ,au/ralian coa/1 z ,pect5 asp]rimus1 ,mytilus latus1 ,l$a crassa1 ,soletell9a biradiata & ,spisula p>va4 ,plei/oc5e %ells ( bivalv$ g5]a occur 9 ! coa/al hills ( ,papua1 includ+ ! foll[+3--,cultellus1 ,corbula1 ,mactra1 ,tell9a1 ,v5us 7,*ione71 ,dione1 ,dos9ea1 ,l$a & ,arca4 ,! ,,scaphopods 7digg] foot7 or ! ,elephant-tusk %ells are adapt$1 by _! well-develop$ foot1 to burr[ into ! mud & s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig--;,,fossil ,,scaphopods & ,,*itons4 ,a--,d5talium huttoni1 ,ba!r4 ,jurassic4 ,new ,zeal& ,b--,d5talium mantelli1 ,zittel4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,c--,*elodes calceoloides1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,d--,is*no*iton granulosus1 ,a%by & ,torr sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc74 ,victoria ,e--,cryptoplax prit*>di1 ,hall4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan74 ,victoria ,devonian ,scaphopods4-- ,?is gr\p ( mollusca makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,au/ralasian s$im5ts 9 ! ,middle ,devonian 7,murrumbidgee b$s7 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 repres5t$ by ,d5talium t5uissimum4 ,jurassic ,scaphopods4-- ,9 ! ,jurassic /rata ( ! ,mataura ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&1 ,d5talium huttoni 7,fig4 #ig ,a7 occurs at ! ,k[hai ,riv] & ,wilb]=ce4 ,cretace\s ,scaphopods4-- ,d5talium wollumbill5sis occurs 9 ! drab & d>k-col\r$ lime/ones ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ! ,lake ,eyre ,bas9 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 & ! same species is also f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s 7,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mation7 ( ,wollumbilla1 ,que5sl&4 ,ca9ozoic ,scaphopods4-- ,! ,ca9ozoic b$s bo? ( ,new ,zeal& & s\!rn ,au/ralia yield _m species ( ,d5talium1 ! commone/ & mo/ widely di/ribut$ be+ ! longitud9ally ribb$ ,d4 mantelli 7,fig4 #ig ,b71 :i* ranges f ! ,balcombian to ! ,w]rikooian /ages 9 ,au/ralia1 & is also typical ( ! ,oam>u ,s]ies 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :]e x is accompani$ by ! pond]\s species1 ,d4 giganteum1 :i* atta9$ a l5g? ( ov] six in*es4 ,ano!r =m common 9 our ,ca9ozoics is ! smoo?-%ell$ ,d4 subfissura2 ?is also has a wide range1 namely ,balcombian to ,kalimnan4 ,palaeozoic ,*itons4-- ,! ,,polyplacophora or ,*itons 7,mail-%ells71 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,ordovician4 ,9 ,au/ralia ,*elodes calceoloides 7,fig4 #ig ,c7 is f\nd 9 ! ,silurian ( ,d]r5gull5 ,creek1 ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ano!r species ( ! g5us is f\nd 9 b$s ( ! same age at ,lilydale1 ,victoria4 ,betwe5 t p]iod & ! ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y !re is a gap 9 _! hi/ory 9 ,au/ralia4 ,ca9ozoic ,*itons4-- ,is*no*iton granulosus 7,fig4 #ig ,d7 is a ,balcombian species ( ! mod]n type ( mail-%ell1 occurr+ n infrequ5tly 9 ! clays ( ,balcombe's ,bay1 ,port ,phillip1 ,victoria4 ,cryptoplax prit*>di 7,fig4 #ig ,e7 is a curi\s =m belong+ to ! att5uat$1 worm-l gr\p ( ! ,cryptoplacidae1 until lately unkn[n 9 ! fossil /ate2 x is f\nd 9 ! ,kalimnan ,s]ies ne> ,hamilton1 ,victoria4 ,sev]al o!r g5]a ( ! *itons are f\nd fossil 9 ! ,au/ralian ,ca9ozoics :i* /ill live on our coa/s1 z ,lorica1 ,plaxiphora & ,*iton4 ,! fir/-nam$ g5us is repres5t$ fossil by ,lorica duniana f ! ,turritella b$ 7,janjukian7 ( ,table ,cape1 ,tasmania4 ,*>act]s ( ,ga/]opoda4-- ,! ,,ga/]opoda 7belly-foot7 or univalve %ells possess a muscul> foot plac$ b5ea? ! /oma* & visc]a4 ,9 ! ,het]opoda ?is foot is modifi$ z a v]tical f91 & 9 ! ,pt]opoda z two w+-l swimm+ membranes close to ! head4 ,! mantle lobe is elevat$ along ! back l a hood1 & its surfaces & edges secrete ! %ell :i* conta9s ! animal4 ,! %ell is typically a cone 7example1 ,patella or ,limpet7 :i* is (t5 spirally coil$ ei!r 9 a plane 7ex4 ,planorbis71 conically turb9oid 7ex4 ,tro*us71 or turret$ 7ex4 ,turritella74 ,! body & %ell are atta*$ by muscles1 ! spiral =ms be+ atta*$ to ! columella or axial pill>1 & ! b[l-%ap$ =ms to ! inn] surface ( ! %ell4 ,ga/]opod %ells are normally "r-h&$ 7dextral71 b a few g5]a z ,clausilia1 ,bul9us & ,physa1 are left-h&$ 7s9i/ral74 ,! height or l5g? ( ! %ell is measur$ f ! apex to ! l[] m>g9 ( ! m\?4 ,9 coil$ %ells we may reg>d !m z a m or less elongat$ cone w\nd r\nd a c5tral pill>1 ! columella1 or ar\nd a c5tral tube4 ,a turn or coil ( ! %ell is a :orl1 & toge!r1 ) ! exception ( ! la/1 =m ! spire4 ,! l9e betwe5 two adjac5t :orls is ! suture4 ,:5 ! columella is solid ! %ell is said to be imp]=ate1 & :5 a c5tral tube is left by ! imp]fect fusion ( ! :orls1 x is p]=ate4 ,! op5+ ( ! tubul> columella is t]m$ ! umbilicus1 & ?is is sometimes contract$ by ! encroa*m5t ( %ell matt] t]m$ ! callus4 ,! ap]ture is entire :5 ! rim is un9t]rupt$2 & *annell$ :5 !re is a basal not*1 :]e ! siphon :i* conducts wat] to ! gills is lodg$4 ,z a rule ! l>ge heavy ga/]opods inhabit %all[ wat]4 ,! foll[+ liv+ g5]a are *>act]i/ic ( rocky %ore-l9es2 ,risella1 ,bucc9um1 ,purpura & ,patella4 ,g5]a typical ( s&y %ores are ,nassa1 ,natica1 ,cypraea1 ,turritella & ,scala4 ,cambrian ,ga/]opods4-- ,f ! ,cambrian ( ,s\? ,au/ralia ,pr(4 ,tate describ$ "s m9ute ,ga/]opods :i* he ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,/5o!ca 7,s4 rugosa1 v>4 paup]a71 ,ophileta 7,o4 subangulata7 7,fig4 #ih ,a71 & ,platyc]as 7,p4 e!ridgei74 ,9 ^! b$s at ,curramulka ! foll[+ ,pt]opods 7 f\nd by ! same au?ority1 viz41 ,salt]ella planoconvexa1 ,hyoli!s communis 7,fig4 #ih ,c7 & ,h4 conul>ioides4 ,! ,cambrian ,lime/one ( ! ,kimb]ley ,di/rict1 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 conta9s ! *>act]i/ic ,pt]opod ,salt]ella h>dmani 7,fig4 #ih ,b74 ,! %ell is a conical tube1 /raight or slightly curv$1 & measur+ sc>cely an in* 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih--,,l[] ,,palaeozoic ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,ophileta subangulata1 ,tate4 ,cambrian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,b--,salt]ella h>dmani1 ,foord4 ,cambrian4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,c--,hyoli!s communis1 ,bill+s4 ,cambrian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,d--,sc5ella t5ui/riata1 ,*apm4 ,cambrian4 ,victoria ,e--,raphi/oma br[ni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,f--,helicotoma john/oni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,tasmania ,! ,upp] ,cambrian ( ! ,m]sey ,riv] ,di/rict 9 ,tasmania has af=d$ "s d\btful examples ( ! g5us ,ophileta4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian ,lime/ones ( ! ,dolodrook ,valley1 ne> ,mt4 ,well+ton1 ,victoria1 a m9ute limpet %ap$ ,ga/]opod occurs1 nam$ ,sc5ella t5ui/riata 7,fig4 #ih ,d74 ,ordovician ,ga/]opods4-- ,ordovician lime/ones ) fossil %ells occur 9 ! ,leigh's ,creek ,di/rict 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & also at ,tempe ,d[ns & ,pet]mann & ,laurie's ,creeks1 ,w4 ( ,alice ,spr+s4 ,! euomphaloid %ell ,ophileta gilesi 0 describ$ f ,laurie's ,creek1 & ,eunema l>ap9ta f ! ,tempe ,d[ns4 ,a pleurotom>id1 ,raphi/oma br[ni 7,fig4 #ih7 occurs ne> ,leigh's ,creek1 & at ,laurie's & ,pet]mann ,creeks4 ,a ,pt]opod1 ,hyoli!s leptus1 has be5 describ$ f ! ,l[] ,ordovician ( ,coole ,b>ghurk ,creek1 ne> ,m]$i?1 ,victoria4 ,silurian ,ga/]opods4-- ,! ,silurian ,ga/]opods are fairly well repres5t$1 especially 9 ! upp] /age1 & are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,au/ralian fossilif]\s localities4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! species are id5tical ) ^? f\nd z f> (f z ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,9 ,victoria ! %ales & s&/ones ( ! l[] /age 7,melb\rnian7 conta9 ! g5]a ,bell]ophon1 ,cyrtolites & ,loxonema4 ,! ,pt]opoda include ,t5taculites1 ,coleolus1 ,hyoli!s & ,conul>ia 7,c4 s[]bii 7,fig4 #ii ,f71 a species also f\nd 9 ,great ,brita974 ,! ,victorian lime/ones & mud/ones ( ! upp] /age 7,y]+ian7 are some:at ri* 9 ,ga/]opods1 su* g5]a occurr+ z ,pleurotom>ia1 ,phan]otrema 7) cancellat$ %ell & l>ge slit-b&71 ,mur*isonia1 ,gyrodoma1 ,bell]ophon1 ,trematonotus 7a spiral %ell ) a l>ge trumpet-%ap$ m\? & a dorsal r[ ( p]=ations 9 place ( a slit-b&71 ,euomphalus1 ,cyclonema1 ,tro*us 7,scalaetro*us71 ,niso 7,vetotuba71 ,loxonema1 ,platyc]as & ,capulus4 ,! section ,pt]opoda conta9s ,t5taculites1 ,hyoli!s & ,conul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii--,,silurian ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,hyoli!s spryi1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,b--,gyrodoma e!ridgei1 ,cressw4 sp4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian74 ,vict4 ,c--,bell]ophon cresswelli4 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian74 ,victoria ,d--,euomphalus nor?i1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian74 ,victoria ,e--,tro*onema montgom]ii4 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,silurian4 ,tasmania ,f--,conul>ia s[]bii1 ,defr4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian74 ,victoria ,9 ! ,silurian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! *ief ,ga/]opod g5]a are ,bell]ophon 7,b4 jukesi71 ,euomphalus1 ,omphalotro*us1 & ,conul>ia 7,c4 s[]bii474 ,9 ,tasmania are f\nd ,raphi/oma1 ,mur*isonia1 ,bell]ophon1 ,helicotoma1 ,tro*onema & ,t5taculites4 ,devonian ,ga/]opods4-- ,! d]iv$ b\ld]s ( ! ,:ite ,cliffs opal field h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,devonian sy/em1 b ( ?is !re is "s d\bt1 z ! ,ga/]opods not$ f ^! b\ld]s closely resemble ^? ( ! ,silurian fauna3 !y are ,mur*isonia ,euomphalus 7,e4 cull5i71 & ,loxonema4 ,! g5us ,mur*isonia has also be5 record$ f ! ,baton ,riv]1 ,new ,zeal& 7,wangepeka ,s]ies7 by ,mac,kay4 ,! ,middle ,devonian ,ga/]opod fauna 9 ,victoria1 z f\nd 9 ! ,bu*an & ,b9di ,lime/ones1 comprises ,mur*isonia1 ,tro*us1 & ,platyc]as4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj--,,upp] ,,palaeozoic ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,gosselet9a au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,b--,yvania kon9cki1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,c--,loxonema babb9doon5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,d--,pleurotom>ia 7,pty*omphal9a7 morrisiana1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,e--,platys*isma oculum1 ,s[4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,f--,mur*isonia c>9ata1 ,e?4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,que5sl& ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! be/ kn[n g5]a are ,pleurotom>ia1 ,mur*isonia1 ,bell]ophon1 ,euomphalus & ,loxonema4 ,! two latt] g5]a h also be5 obta9$ at ,b>k] ,gorge1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,c>bonif]\s ,ga/]opods4-- ,c>bonif]\s ,ga/]opoda h be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,gosselet9a 7,g4 au/ralis7 7,fig4 #ajj ,a7 & ,yvania 7,y4 kon9cki7 7,fig4 #ajj ,b71 bo? ( :i* h _! c\nt]types 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ,belgium4 ,y4 kon9cki is also f\nd 9 ! ,c>bop]mian 7,gympie b$s7 ( ,rockhampton1 ,que5sl&1 :ile ,y4 levellii is f\nd 9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,c>bop]mian ,ga/]opods4-- ,! ,c>bop]mian ga/]opods ( ,new ,s\? ,wales are ,pleurotom>ia 7,m\rlonia71 ,ke5eia platys*ismoides1 ,mur*isonia1 ,euomphalus1 ,platys*isma 7,p4 oculum7 7,fig4 #ajj ,e71 ,loxonema & ,macro*eilus4 ,examples ( ! g5us ,conul>ia are sometimes f\nd1 probably atta9+ a l5g?1 :5 complete1 ( #dj c5timetres4 ,9 ,tasmania we f9d ,conul>ia tasmanica1 a h&some ,pt]opod1 also ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,platys*isma1 ,pleurotom>ia 7,m\rlonia71 ,bell]ophon & ,porcellia are among/ ! ,c>bop]mian ,ga/]opods ( ,que5sl&4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ,pleurotom>ia 7,m\rlonia71 ,bell]ophon1 ,euomphalus1 ,euphemus1 ,platyc]as1 & ,loxonema occur 9 ! ,c>bop]mian4 ,jurassic ,ga/]opods4-- ,jurassic ga/]opods are f\nd sp>+ly 9 ! lime/one ( ! ,g]aldton ,di/rict & o!r localities 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! m important ( ^! are ,pleurotom>ia 7,p4 gre5\ghi5sis71 ,turbo 7,t4 au/ralis7 7,fig4 #aja ,a7 & ,risso9a 7,r4 au/ralis7 7,fig4 #aja ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja--,,mesozoic ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,turbo au/ralis1 ,moore4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,b--,risso9a au/ralis1 ,moore4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,c--,natica ornatissima1 ,moore4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,d--,pseudamaura v>iabilis1 ,moore sp4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,e--,ro/ell>ia waip>5sis1 ,hector4--,cretace\s4 ,new ,zeal& ,cretace\s ,ga/]opods4-- ,! ,que5sl& ga/]opod fauna comprises ,c9ulia a typical ,cretace\s g5us1 ,actaeon & ,natica4 ,^! occur 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s or ,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mation4 ,c9ulia is also f\nd 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia at ,lake ,eyre ) ,natica 7,n4 ornatissima7 7,fig4 #aja ,c74 ,pseudamaura v>iabilis 7,fig4 #aja ,d7 is f\nd 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,s\? ,au/ralia2 :il/ ,an*ura wilk9soni occurs 9 ,que5sl& & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! ,waip>a ,gre5s&s 7,cretace\s7 conta9 a species ( ,ro/ell>ia 7,r4 waip>5sis7 7,fig4 #aja ,e74 ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opods4-- ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opods are exce$+ly abundant 9 b$s ( t sy/em 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,! ,ca9ozoic m>9e fauna 9 ,au/ralia is practically re/rict$ to ! ,/ates ( ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,tasmania2 :il/ ,new ,zeal& has _m species 9 common ) ,au/ralia4 ,g5]a4-- ,! commone/ g5]a ( ! m>9e ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y deposits are3--,haliotis1 ,fissurellidea1 ,em>g9ula1 ,subem>g9ula1 ,a/ralium1 ,liotia1 ,gibbula1 ,eulima1 ,niso1 ,odo/omia1 ,scala1 ,sol>ium1 ,crepidula1 ,calyptraea1 ,natica1 ,rissoa1 ,turritella1 ,siliqu>ia1 ,c]i?ium1 ,newtoniella1 ,tylospira1 ,cypraea1 ,trivia1 ,morio1 ,semicassis1 ,lotorium1 ,murex1 ,typhis1 ,columbella1 ,phos1 ,nassa1 ,siphonalia1 ,eu?ria 7,d5nantia71 ,fusus1 ,columb>ium1 ,fasciol>ia1 ,latirus1 ,m>g9ella1 ,mitra1 ,volutili!s1 ,voluta1 ,h>pa1 ,ancilla1 ,cancell>ia1 ,t]ebra1 ,pleurotoma1 ,drillia1 ,conus1 ,bull9ella & ,vag9ella4 ,p]si/5t ,species4-- ,among/ ! ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opoda ( s\!rn ,au/ralia :i* h a p]si/5t range ?r\gh ,balcombian to ,kalimnan times1 we f9d3--,niso psila1 ,crepidula ungui=mis 7also ,w]rikooian & ,rec5t71 ,natica p]spectiva1 ,n4 hamilton5sis1 ,turritella murrayana1 ,c]i?ium apheles1 ,cypraea leptorhyn*a1 ,lotorium gibbum1 ,volutili!s antiscal>is 7also 9 ,w]rikooian71 ,m>g9ella prop9qua1 ,ancilla pseudau/ralis1 ,conus ligatus & ,bull9ella exigua4 ,balcombian ,ga/]opods4-- ,species re/rict$ to ! ,balcombian /age include ,scala doli*o1 ,segu5zia radialis1 ,disso*eilus eburneus1 ,trivia erugata1 ,cypraea ampullacea 7,fig4 #ajb ,a71 ,c4 ga/roplax1 ,colubr>ia leptoskeles1 ,murex didymus 7,fig4 #ajb ,b71 ,eburnopsis aulacoessa 7,fig4 #ajb ,c71 ,fasciol>ia conc9na1 ,mitra uniplica1 ,h>pa abbreviata1 ,ancilla lanceolata1 ,cancell>ia calvulata 7,fig4 #ajb ,d71 ,bu*ozia oblongula1 ,pleurotoma optata1 ,t]ebra leptospira & ,vag9ella eligmo/oma 7,fig4 #ajb ,e71 7also f\nd at ,gellibr& ,riv]74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb--;,,ca9ozoic ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,cypraea ampullacea1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc47 ,victoria ,b--,murex didymus1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc47 ,victoria ,c--,eburnopsis aulacoessa1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc47 ,victoria ,d--,cancell>ia calvulata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc47 ,victoria ,e--,vag9ella eligmo/oma1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc47 ,victoria ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc--;,,ca9ozoic ,,ga/]opoda4 ,a--,eutro*us font9alis1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,vict4 ,b--,morio wilsoni1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,victoria ,c--,scala lampra1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,d--,natica gibbosa1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,e--,volutili!s antic+ulatus1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,victoria ,f--,/ru?iol>ia sulcata1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,awat]e s]ies74 ,new ,zeal& ,janjukian ,ga/]opods4-- ,species ( ,ga/]opods re/rict$ to ! ,janjukian /age include3--,pleurotom>ia t]ti>ia1 ,haliotis moorabool5sis1 ,liotia lamellosa1 ,?alotia alt]nata1 ,eutro*us font9alis 7,fig4 #ajc ,a71 ,a/ralium hudsonianum1 ,turbo atk9soni1 ,odo/omia polita1 ,scala lampra 7,fig4 #ajc ,c71 ,natica gibbosa 7,fig4 #ajc ,d7 7also f\nd 9 ! ,p>eora ,s]ies ( ! ,oam>u sy/em & 9 ! ,wanganui b$s ( ,new ,zeal&71 ,calyptraea subtabulata1 ,turritella ald+ae1 ,c]i?iopsis muld]i1 ,c]i?ium flem+ton5se1 ,cypraea platyrhyn*a1 ,c4 consobr9a1 ,morio wilsoni 7,fig4 #ajc ,b71 ,lotorium abbotti1 ,murex otway5sis1 ,eburnopsis tesselatus1 ,tudicla co/ata1 ,latirus semiundulatus1 ,fusus m]$i?ae1 ,columb>ium sp9if]um1 ,voluta puebl5sis1 ,v4 heptagonalis1 ,v4 macropt]a 7also record$ f ,hall's ,s\nd1 ,papua7 7,fig4 #ajc ,e71 ,volutili!s antic+ulatus 7also f ,papua71 ,h>pa cla?rata1 ,bela woodsi1 ,ba?ytoma p>acan?a & ,volvulella inflatior4 ,dolium co/atum1 alli$ to ! ,fig-,%ell has be5 not$ f ! ,ca9ozoic clays 78 ,l[] ,plioc5e71 ,yule ,isl&1 ,papua4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd--,,late ,,ca9ozoic & ,,plei/oc5e ,,ga/]opoda ,a--,bankivia h[itti1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,b--,eglisia triplicata1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,c--,voluta masoni1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,d--,ancilla papillata4 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,e--,t]ebra g5iculata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,f--,helix simsoniana1 ,john/on4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,tasmania ,kalimnan ,ga/]opods4-- ,species ( ,ga/]opods re/rict$ to ! ,kalimnan ,/age1 or only pass+ upw>ds include3--,bankivia h[itti 7,fig4 #ajd ,a71 ,liopyrga quadric+ulata1 ,calyptraea corrugata1 ,natica subv>ians1 ,turritella pagodula1 ,eglisia triplicata 7,fig4 #ajd ,b71 ,tylospira cla?rata1 ,cypraea jonesiana1 ,lotorium ovoideum1 ,si/rum subreticulatum1 ,voluta masoni 7,fig4 #ajd ,c71 ,ancilla papillata 7,fig4 #ajd ,d71 ,cancell>ia wannon5sis1 ,drillia wanganui5sis 7also 9 ! ,petane ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&71 ,t]ebra cat5if]a1 ,t4 g5iculata 7,fig4 #ajd ,e7 & ,r+icula tatei4 ,new ,zeal& ,ca9ozoic ,ga/]opods4-- ,*>act]i/ic ,ga/]opoda ( ! ,oam>u ,s]ies 9 ,new ,zeal& are ,pleurotom>ia t]ti>ia 7also 9 ! ,au/ralian ,janjukian71 ,scala lyrata1 ,natica d>w9ii1 ,turritella cav]%am5sis1 ,ancilla heb]a 7also 9 ! ,au/ralian ,balcombian & ,janjukian7 & ,pleurotoma hamiltoni4 ,ga/]opods ( ! ,awat]e ,s]ies 9 ,new ,zeal& are ,natica ovata1 ,/ru?iol>ia sulcata 7,fig4 #ajc ,f71 & ,scaphella corrugata 7f\nd also 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies74 ,! ,putiki b$s ( ! ,petane ,s]ies 9 ,new ,zeal& conta9 ,trophon expansus1 ,pisania drewi & ,pleurotoma wanganui5sis4 ,w]rikooian ,ga/]opods4-- ,! m>9e ga/]opods ( ! ,w]rikooian ( s\!rn ,au/ralia1 z f\nd at ,lime/one ,creek1 ,gl5elg ,riv]1 ,we/]n ,victoria1 & ! ,moorabool ,viaduct ne> ,geelong1 are ne>ly all liv+ at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! exception ( a few old] ,ca9ozoic species4 ,among/ ^! latt] are ,conus ralphi1 ,pleurotoma murndaliana1 ,volutili!s antiscal>is & ,columb>ium crasp$otum4 ,plei/oc5e ,ga/]opoda4-- ,! ,plei/oc5e l& mollusca1 & especially ! ga/]opods ( ,au/ralia1 pres5t "s /rik+ po9ts ( int]e/1 = :il/ mo/ ( ! species are /ill liv+1 "s appe> to be ext9ct4 ,! trav]t9e deposits ( ,geil/on1 ne> ,hob>t1 ,tasmania conta9 ,helix geil/on5sis & ,h4 /anleyana1 ! latt] /ill liv+4 ,! calc>e\s ,helix s&/one ( ! isl&s 9 ,bass ,/rait are l>gely compos$ ( %ells ( t g5us & g5]ally repres5t consolidat$ s&-dunes :i* h und]gone a c]ta9 am\nt ( elevation4 ,"o ( ! preval5t species is ,helix simsoniana 7,fig4 #ajd ,f71 a h&some keel$ =m1 some:at relat$ to ! liv+ ,h4 launce/on5sis4 ,x is f\nd 9 "s abundance 9 ! ,k5t's ,gr\p & 9 ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,! l>ge ovoid l&-%ells1 ,p&a atomata1 al?\gh /ill exi/+1 are f\nd associat$ ) ext9ct m>supials1 z ,?ylacoleo1 9 ! /alagmitic floor ( ! ,bu*an ,caves1 ,gippsl&4 ,! ,diprotodon-breccias ( ,que5sl& h af=d$ sev]al species ( ,helix & o!r l&-%ells1 z well z ! bracki%-wat] g5us ,melania4 ,! ,rais$ ,bea*es ( ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,tasmania all conta9 species ( l& & fre%wat] %ells id5tical ) ^? n[ f\nd liv+ 9 ! same localities4 ,! ,rais$ ,bea*es ( ,new ,zeal& conta9 num]\s m>9e %ells all hav+ liv+ repres5tatives4 ,"s ( ^! elevat$ bea*es occur z high z #aej feet above sea-level at ,t>anaki1 & at #bjj feet ne> ,cape ,pallis] 9 ,cook ,/rait4 ,_m species ( ,plei/oc5e ,mollusca id5tical ) ^? n[ liv+ 9 ,torres ,/rait1 ! ,*9a ,sea & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s are f\nd 9 ,papua4 ,!y occur 9 ! gre5i% s&y clay ( ! hills ne> ! pres5t coa/ l9e & comprise ! foll[+ g5]a ( ,ga/]opods3--,ranella1 ,nassa1 ,mitra1 ,oliva1 ,t]ebra1 ,conus1 ,/rombus1 ,bulla & ,atys4 ,*>act]s ( ,cephalopoda4-- ,! highe/ class ( ! mollusca is ! ,,cephalopoda 7head-feet74 ,9 ^! %ell-fi% ! extremity ( ! body or foot is modifi$1 & furni%$ ) eyes1 a funnel & t5tacles4 ,x has also /rong horny beaks or jaws :i* make x a =midable enemy to ! surr\nd+ life 9 ! sea4 ,9 ! *amb]$ =ms ( ?is gr\p ! animal p>titions (f its %ell at regul> int]vals1 l ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus & ! ,ammonite1 inhabit+ only ! la/ *amb] cavity1 b /ill communicat+ ) ! e>li] s]ies by a cont9u\s spiral tube 7siphuncle74 ,9 "s =ms l ! liv+ squid & ! ext9ct ,belemnite1 ! %ell is int]nal & ei!r spoon-%ap$1 or d>t-%ap$1 t is1 subcyl9drical & po9t$4 ,*>act]s ( ,cephalopod ,%ells4--,nautiloidea4-- ,9 geological times ! nautiloid =ms 7 ! fir/ to appe> 79 ! ,ordovician71 & !y 7 ei!r /raight %ells1 z ,or?oc]as1 or only slightly curv$1 z ,cyrtoc]as4 ,lat] on !y became m closely coil$1 & z !y 7 ?us less likely to be damag$1 !y gradually replac$ ! /raight =ms4 ,! ,ammonites h ! siphuncle close to ! outside ( ! %ell1 :il/ 9 ! ,nautilus x is m or less m$ian4 ,! sutures or edges ( ! septa 9 ,nautilus & its allies are curv$ or wavy1 b n s %>ply flex$ or foliace\s z 9 ,ammonites4 ,! ,nautiloidea range f ! ,ordovician & are /ill f\nd liv+4 ,ammonoidea4-- ,! ,ammonoidea appe> 9 ,devonian times & die out 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,!y 7 v abundant 9 ,jurassic times1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,belemnoidea4-- ,! ,belemnoidea1 rang+ f ! ,trias to ,eoc5e1 comprise ! ext9ct ,belemnites1 ! int]e/+ g5us ,spiruliro/ra ( ,mioc5e times1 & ! liv+ ,spirula4 ,sepioidea4-- ,! ,sepioidea or true ,cuttle-fi%es 7p5-&-ink fi%7 range f ! ,trias to ! pres5t day4 ,octopoda4-- ,! ,octopoda1 ) ,octopus & ,argonauta 7! pap] ,nautilus7 are pres5t-day modifications4 ,! male ( ! latt] is )\t a %ell1 ! female only be+ provid$ ) a delicate boat-%ap$ %ell secret$ by ! mantle & ! two f9-l expansions ( ! dorsal arms4 ,ordovician ,cephalopods4-- ,! ,ordovician cephalopods ( ,au/ralasia are n num]\s1 & are1 s f> z kn[n1 practically re/rict$ to ! lime/ones ( ! ,l>ap9t9e s]ies at ,laurie's ,creek & ,tempe ,d[ns1 9 ,c5tral ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,among/ !m may be m5tion$ ,endoc]as w>burtoni 7,fig4 #aje ,a71 7a /raight =m 9 :i* ! siphuncle is p>tially fill$ ) organic deposits72 ,or?oc]as gossei2 ,o4 ibici=me2 ,tro*oc]as retico/atum 7a coil$ =m72 & ,act9oc]as tatei 7a g5us *>act]is$ by swoll5 siphuncul> beads betwe5 ! septa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje--,,palaeozoic ,,cephalopoda4 ,a--,endoc]as w>burtoni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,b--,or?oc]as l9e>e1 ,mn/] sp4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,c--,cycloc]as ibex1 ,s[4 sp4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,d--,phragmoc]as subtrigorium1 ,mc,coy4 ,mid ,devonian4 ,victoria ,e--,ga/rioc]as jacksoni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,w4 ,au/ralia ,f--,aga?ic]as micromphalum1 ,morris sp4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,silurian ,cephalopods4-- ,silurian cephalopods are m g5]ally di/ribut$1 & 9 ,victoria con/itute an important factor 9 ! molluscan fauna ( t sy/em4 ,or?oc]as & ,cycloc]as are ! be/ kn[n g5]a1 repres5t$ by ,or?oc]as capillosum1 f\nd ne> ,kilmore1 ,victoria2 ,o4 l9e>e 7,fig4 #aje ,b71 f ! ,upp] ,y>ra2 ,cycloc]as bullatum1 f ! ,melb\rnian ( ,coll+wood & ,:ittlesea2 & ,c4 ibex 7,fig4 #aje ,c7 f ,s\? ,y>ra & ,flem+ton1 9 bo? ,melb\rnian %ale & s&/one4 ,! latt] species occurs also at ,rock ,flat ,greek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,o!r ,victorian species are ,kionoc]as /riatopunctatum1 a well-kn[n ,european fossil ) a reticulat$ & bead$ ornam5t1 f\nd ne> ,w>burton & at ,mc,mahon's ,creek1 ,upp] ,y>ra4 ,or?oc]as is also record$ f ,tasmania & f ! ,wangapeka b$s ( ,baton ,riv]1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,cyclolituites1 a p>tially coil$ nautilian is record$ f ,b[n+1 ne> ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 :il/ ! closely relat$ ,lituites is not$ f ! ,silurian ( ,tasmania4 ,devonian ,cephalopods4-- ,! only g5us ( cephalopoda at pres5t record$ f ! ,devonian ( ,victoria is ,phragmoc]as 7,p4 subtrigonum7 7,fig4 #aje ,d71 :i* occurs 9 ! ,middle ,devonian ,lime/one ( ,bu*an1 ,e4 ,gippsl&4 ,f b$s ( simil> age 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,or?oc]as1 ,cyrtoc]as & ,goniatites h be5 not$2 :il/ ! latt] g5us also occurs ne> ,kimb]ley1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,que5sl& ,gyroc]as philpi is a *>act]i/ic %ell1 f\nd 9 ! ,fann+ & ,reid ,gap ,lime/ones ( ! ,burdek9 ,=mation 7,middle ,devonian74 ,c>bop]mian ,cephalopods4-- ,! ,c>bop]mian rocks ( ,new ,s\? ,wales h yield$ ,or?oc]as /riatum1 ,cam]oc]as1 ,nautilus & ,aga?ic]as micromphalum 7,fig4 #aje ,f74 ,9 ,que5sl& ! ,gympie ,=mation conta9s ,or?oc]as1 ,gyroc]as1 ,nautilus1 ,aga?ic]as micromphalum & ,a4 planorbi=me4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! ,kimb]ley rocks conta9 ,or?oc]as1 ,glyphioc]as spha]icum & ,aga?ic]as micromphalum2 :il/ ! l>ge/ kn[n ,au/ralian goniatite1 ,ga/rioc]as jacksoni 7,fig4 #aje ,e7 is f\nd 9 ! ,irw9 ,riv] ,di/rict4 ,act9oc]as h>dmani is an int]e/+ fossil f ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,l5n>d ,riv]1 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,tasmania ! g5]a ,or?oc]as & ,goniatites h be5 record$ f b$s ( simil> age4 ,triassic ,cephalopods4-- ,= ,triassic cephalopoda we look to ,new ,zeal&1 :]e1 9 ! ,m\nt ,potts ,spirif]9a ,b$s ( ! ,kaihiku ,s]ies a species ( ,or?oc]as has be5 record$4 ,! ,wairoa ,s]ies next 9 succession conta9s ,or?oc]as & an ,ammonite4 ,jurassic ,cephalopods4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf--,,mesozoic & ,,ca9ozoic ,,cephalopoda4 ,a--,p]isph9ctes *ampion5sis1 ,crick4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,b--,nautilus h5d]soni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,c--,haploc]as da9treei1 ,e?4 sp4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,d--,crioc]as au/rale1 ,moore4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,e--,aturia au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,f--,spiruliro/ra curta1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian74 ,victoria ,! ,jurassic ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia yields a ri* cephalopod fauna1 f :i* may be select$ z typical examples ! ,nautilus1 ,n4 p]ornatus & ! foll[+ ,ammonites3 ,dorset5sia cl>kei2 ,normanites au/ralis2 & ,p]isph9ctes *ampion5sis 7,fig4 #ajf ,a74 ,^! all occur 9 ! ,gre5\gh ,riv] ,di/rict1 & at sev]al o!r ,jurassic localities 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! ,jurassic sy/em ( ,new ,zeal& 7,putataka ,s]ies7 conta9s ,ammonites auckl&icus & ,belemnites auckl&icus1 bo? f ! upp] m>9e horizon ( t s]ies4 ,upp] ,jurassic ,ammonites belong+ to ! g5]a ,macrocephalites 7,m4 cf4 callovi5sis7 & ,erymnoc]as 7,e4 cf4 coronatum7 h be5 record$ f ,papua4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,cephalopods4-- ,rema9s ( ,cephalopoda are fairly abundant 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,au/ralasia4 ,f among/ !m may be select$ ! foll[+--,nautilus h5d]soni 7,fig4 #ajf ,b7 7,q472 ,haploc]as da9treei 7,fig4 #ajf ,c7 7,q4 & ,n4,s4,w472 ,desmoc]as fl9d]si 7,q4 & ,n4,s4,w472 ,s*lo5ba*ia inflatus 7,q472 ,scaphites cruci=mis 7,n4 ,t]r472 ,ancyloc]as fl9d]si 7,q4 & ,n4,s4,w472 ,crioc]as au/rale 7,fig4 #ajf ,d7 7,q4 & ,s4,a472 ,belemites au/ralis 7,q472 ,b4 oxys 7,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 & ,s4,a472 ,b4 sellheimi 7,q4 & ,s4,a472 ,b4 dipty*a1 canhami1 ,tate1 7,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 & ,s4,a472 & ,b4 eremos 7,c5tr4 ,s4,a474 ,upp] ,cretace\s ,cephalopods4-- ,9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s 7,des]t ,s&/one7 ( ,que5sl& !re occurs a ,belemnite some:at resembl+ ,belemnites dipty*a1 b ) a v po9t$ apex4 ,cretace\s ,cephalopods1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! ,amuri ,sy/em 7,cretace\s7 conta9s fossils :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,ammonites1 ,baculites1 ,hamites1 ,ancyloc]as & ,belemnites1 b probably ^! det]m9ations require "s fur!r revision4 ,a species ( ,belemnite has also be5 not$ f probable ,cretace\s b$s 9 ,papua4 ,! ,ca9ozoic ,sy/em 9 ,victoria conta9s a true ,nautilus1 ,n4 geelong5sis2 & ,aturia au/ralis 7,fig4 #ajf ,e71 a nautiloid %ell hav+ zig-zag suture l9es & septal necks enclos+ ! siphuncle4 ,a4 au/ralis is also f\nd 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies ( ,new ,zeal&2 9 ,victoria x has an ext5sive v]tical range1 f ,balcombian to ,kalimnan 7,oligoc5e to ,l[] ,plioc5e74 ,species ( ,nautilus are also f\nd 9 ! ,janjukian ( ! ,murray ,riv] ,cliffs2 :]e1 9 "s cases ! %ell has be5 infill$ ) cle> gypsum or sel5ite1 ?r\gh :i* c be se5 ! tubul> siphuncle 9 its orig9al position4 ,spiruliro/ra curta 7,fig4 #ajf ,f7 is an int]e/+ cuttle-bone ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,! g5us is repres5t$ by two o!r species only1 occurr+ 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,italy & ,g]many4 ,9 ,victoria x is occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,janjukian m>ly lime/one at ,bird ,rock ne> ,torquay4 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,pelecypoda4 ,ambony*ia1 macropt]a1 ,tate4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 787 ,modiolopsis kn[sley5sis1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,or?onota au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,grammysia cunei=mis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,leptodomus maccoyianus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,edmondia p]obliqua1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,c>diola cornucopiae1 ,goldfuss sp4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,pan5ka gippsl&ica1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,silurian 7,tanjilian73 ,victoria4 ,ct5odonta portlocki1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,nuculites maccoyianus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,nucula melb\rn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,palaeoneilo victoriae1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,pt]9ea l9eata1 ,goldfuss4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,lunulic>dium anti/riatum1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,tanj473 ,victoria4 ,conoc>dium co/atum1 ,cressw4 sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,conoc>dium davidis1 ,dun4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,act9opt]ia boydi1 ,conrad sp4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,aviculopect5 spryi1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,modiolopsis complanata1 ,s[]by sp4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,goniophora au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,cypric>d9ia contexta1 ,b>r&e4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,p>acyclas siluricus1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,act9opt]ia au/ralis1 ,dun4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,lyriopect5 gracilis1 ,dun4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,leptodesma inflatum1 ,dun4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,/ut*buria f>ley5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,edmondia nobilissima1 de ,kon9ck4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,deltopect5 limae=mis1 ,morris sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,tasmania4 ,aviculopect5 squamulif]us1 ,morris sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,tasmania4 ,aviculopect5 t5uicollis1 ,dana sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,*a5omya e!ridgei1 de ,kon9ck sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,maeonia elongata1 ,dana4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pa*ydomus globosus1 ,j4 de ,c4 ,s[4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,tasmania & ,que5sl&4 ,eurydesma cordatum1 ,morris4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,unio dun/ani1 ,e?4 fil4 ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,unionella c>nei1 ,e?4 fil4 ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,corbicula burrum5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,trias3 ,que5sl&4 ,daonella lommeli1 ,wissm4 sp4 ,trias3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,mytilus problematicus1 ,zittel4 ,trias3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,monotis sal9>ia1 ,zittel4 ,trias3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,cucullaea semi/riata1 ,moore4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,trigonia moorei1 ,lycett4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,ct5o/reon pect9i=me1 ,s*lo!im sp4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,a/>te cliftoni1 ,moore4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,unio dacombei1 ,mc,coy4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria4 ,unio eyr5sis1 ,tate4 ,jurassic3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,nucula truncata1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,maccoyella reflecta1 ,moore sp4 ,l4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& 7also ,u4 ,cretace\s71 & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,maccoyella b>kleyi1 ,moore sp4 ,l4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,fissilunula cl>kei1 ,moore sp4 ,l4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 & ,s4 ,au/ralia2 also ,up4 ,cret4 9 ,que5sl& & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,inoc]amus c>soni1 ,mc,coy4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,trigonia c9ctuta1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,mytilus rugoco/atus1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,cyr5opsis opallites1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,con*o?yra p>asitica1 ,hutton4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,dimya dissimilis1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,spondylus pseudoradula1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,pect5 polymorphoides1 ,zittel4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia2 also ,new ,zeal&4 ,cucullaea corio5sis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,l$a vagans1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,corbula ephamilla1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,modiola pra]upta1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,pect5 praecursor1 ,*apm4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,modiola puebl5sis1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,limopsis insolita1 ,s[4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,also ,oam>u ,s]41 ,n4,z4 ,c>dita tasmanica1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,tasmania4 ,luc9a planatella1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,pect5 novaegu9eae1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic 78,l[] ,plioc5e71 ,yule ,isl&1 ,papua4 ,o/rea manubriata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,glycim]is halli1 ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,limopsis beaum>i5sis1 ,*apm4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan & ,w]rikooian73 ,victoria4 ,trigonia h[itti1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,m]etrix paucirugata1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,v5us 7,*ione7 subroborata1 ,tate1 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,,scaphopoda4 ,d5talium t5uissimum1 de ,kon9ck4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,d5talium huttoni1 ,ba!r4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,d5talium wollumbill5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l4 ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,d5talium1 mantelli1 ,zittel4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,,polyplacophora4 ,*elodes calceoloides1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,is*no*iton granulosus1 ,a%by & ,torr sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,lorica duniana1 ,hull4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,tasmania4 ,cryptoplax prit*>di1 ,hall4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,,ga/]opoda4 ,ophileta subangulata1 ,tate4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,platyc]as e!ridgei1 ,tate4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,salt]ella planoconvexa1 ,tate4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,salt]ella h>dmani1 ,foord4 ,cambrian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,hyoli!s communis1 ,bill+s4 ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,sc5ella t5ui/riata1 ,*apm4 ,cambrian 7,upp]73 ,victoria4 ,ophileta gilesi1 ,tate4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,raphi/oma br[ni1 ,tate4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,hyoli!s leptus1 ,*apm4 ,l[] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,helicotoma john/oni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician3 ,tasmania4 ,coleolus 787 aciculum1 ,j4 ,hall4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,hyoli!s spryi1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,conul>ia ornatissima1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb473 ,victoria4 ,phan]otrema au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,gyrodoma e!ridgei1 ,cressw4 sp4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,trematonotus prit*>di1 ,cressw4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,bell]ophon cresswelli1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria4 ,euomphalus nor?i1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,cyclonema au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,tro*onema montgom]ii1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,silurian3 ,tasmania4 ,bell]ophon jukesii1 de ,kon9ck4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,conul>ia s[]bii1 ,defrance4 ,silurian3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,euomphalus cull5i1 ,dun4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,gosselet9a au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,yvania kon9cki1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,bell]ophon co/atus1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,m\rlonia humilis1 de ,kon9ck4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,we/ ,au/ralia & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pleurotom>ia 7,pty*omphal9a7 morrisiana1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ke5eia platys*ismoides1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian 7,l[] ,m>9e73 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,platys*isma oculum1 ,s[4 sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,macro*eilus filosus1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,loxonema babb9don5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,conul>ia t5ui/riata1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,conul>ia tasmanica1 ,c>bop]mian3 ,tasmania4 ,mur*isonia c>9ata1 ,e!ridge4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,pleurotom>ia gre5\ghi5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,turbo au/ralis1 ,moore4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,risso9a au/ralis1 ,moore4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,c9ulia ho*/ett]i1 ,moore4 ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,natica ornatissima1 ,moore4 ,cretace\s3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,pseudamaura v>iabilis1 ,moore sp4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,an*ura wilk9soni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,ro/ell>ia waip>5sis1 ,hector4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,niso psila1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,crepidula ungui=mis1 ,lam4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,rec5t73 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,natica hamilton5sis1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,rec5t73 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,turritella murrayana1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,c]i?ium apheles1 ,t4 ,woods4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria4 ,volutili!s antiscal>is1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,w]rikooian73 ,victoria4 ,ancilla pseudau/ralis1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,cypraea ampullacea1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,murex didyma1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,eburnopsis aulacoessa1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,cancell>ia calvulata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,vag9ella eligmo/oma1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc473 ,victoria4 ,eutro*us font9alis1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,turbo atk9soni1 ,prit*>d4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,tasmania & ,victoria4 ,scala lampra1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,natica gibbosa1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,also ,oam>u & ,wanganui ,s]ies3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,morio wilsoni1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,voluta heptagonalis1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,volutili!s antic+ulatus1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,also ,papua4 ,ba?ytoma p>acan?a1 ,t4 ,woods sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,also ,papua4 ,dolium co/atum1 ,de%ayes4 ,ca9ozoic4 78 ,l[] ,plioc5e73 ,yule ,isl&1 ,papua4 ,bankivia h[itti1 ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,eglisia triplicata1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,voluta masoni1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,ancilla papillata1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,drillia wanganui5sis1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,also ,petane ,s]ies3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,t]ebra g5iculata1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,pleurotom>ia t]ti>ia1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,also ,oam>u ,s]ies3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,scala lyrata1 ,zittel sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,natica d>w9ii1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,turritella cav]%am5sis1 ,h>ris4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,ancilla heb]a1 ,hutton sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,also 7,balc4 & ,janj473 ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,pleurotoma hamiltoni1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,natica ovata1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,awat]e ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,/ru?iol>ia sulcata1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,awat]e ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,trophon expansus1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,petane ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,pisania drewi1 ,hutton4 ,ca9ozoic 7,petane ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,bankivia fasciata1 ,m5ke4 ,ca9ozoic 7,w]rikooian-,rec5t73 ,victoria4 ,a/ralium aureum1 ,jonas sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,w]rikooian-,rec5t73 ,victoria4 ,natica sub9fundibulum1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,w]r473 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,nassa paup]ata1 ,lam4 ,ca9ozoic 7,w]r4-,rec473 ,victoria4 ,helix tasmani5sis1 ,s[4 ,ca9ozoic 7,plei/oc5e73 ,tasmania4 ,helix geil/on5sis1 ,john/on4 ,ca9ozoic 7,plei/oc5e73 ,tasmania4 ,p&a atomata1 ,gray sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,plei/4-,rec473 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,cephalopoda4 ,endoc]as w>burtoni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,or?oc]as gossei1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,or?oc]as ibici=me1 ,tate4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,tro*oc]as retico/atum1 ,tate4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,act9oc]as tatei1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,ordovician3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,or?oc]as capillosum1 ,b>r&e4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,or?oc]as l9e>e1 ,mn/] sp4 ,silurian 7,y]473 ,victoria4 ,cycloc]as bullatum1 ,s[4 sp4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,cycloc]as ibex1 ,s[4 sp4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,kionoc]as /riatopunctatum1 ,mn/] sp4 ,silurian 7,tanjilian73 ,victoria4 ,phragmoc]as subtrigonum1 ,mc,coy4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,gyroc]as philpi1 ,e?4 fil4 ,mid4 ,devonian3 ,que5sl&4 ,or?oc]as /riatum1 ,s[4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,aga?ic]as micromphalum1 ,morris sp4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,ga/rioc]as jacksoni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,act9oc]as h>dmani1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,nautilus p]ornatus1 ,crick4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,dorset5sia cl>kei1 ,crick4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,normanites au/ralis1 ,crick sp4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,p]isph9ctes *ampion5sis1 ,crick4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,ammonites auckl&icus1 ,hector4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,belemnites auckl&icus1 ,hector4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,nautilus h5d]soni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,haploc]as da9treei1 ,e!ridge sp4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ancyloc]as fl9d]si1 ,mc,coy4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,crioc]as au/rale1 ,moore4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl& & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,scaphites eruci=mis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 ,belemnites dipty*a1 ,mc,coy4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,belemnites eremos1 ,tate4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,nautilus geelong5sis1 ,foord4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,aturia au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,balc4-,kal473 ,victoria4 ,oam>u ,s]ies3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,spiruliro/ra curta1 ,tate4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,mollusca4 ,cambrian4--,foord1 ,a4 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ih1 #ii 7,pt]opoda74 ,tate1 ,r4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xv4 #ahib1 pp4 #ahc-ahe 7,pelec4 & ,ga/r471 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg 7,pt]opoda74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xxix4 #aije1 p4 #bea 7,pt]opoda74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #cac1 #cad 7,ga/r474 ,ordovician4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,p>l4 ,pap]s1 ,leg4 ,assemb41 ,s4 ,au/r41 ,no4 #aeh1 #ahia1 pp4 #i1 #aj 7,ga/r4 & ,ceph474 ,tate1 ,r4 ,rep4 ,horn4 ,sci4 ,exp$41 pt4 #c1 #ahif1 pp4 #ih-aaj4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,xv4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #aai1 #abj 7,hyoli!s74 ,silurian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vic41 ,dec4 ,,vi4 #ahgi1 pp4 #bc-bi4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #c1 #ahij1 pp4 #fb-fg 7,ga/r474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #g1 #ahia1 pp4 #abf-acj 7,pelec4 & ,ga/r474 ,cresswell1 ,a4 ,w4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,v4 #ahic1 pp4 #da-dd4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jun4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #d1 #ahih1 pp4 #ga-gg 7,ga/r474 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,v4 pt4 #b1 #ahih1 pp4 #fg-gj 7,*elodes74 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geo4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #bi-ce4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,prog4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 ,no4 ,,xi4 #ahii1 pp4 #cd1 #ce 7,pelec474 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #b1 #aijd1 pp4 #ge-gg 7,ceph474 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc41 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 pt4 #aa4 #aijd1 pp4 #ccf-cda 7,pt]opoda74 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,melb\rne1 ,no4 #b1 #aijh 7,pelecypoda74 ,devonian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal41 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 #ahgf1 pp4 #ah1 #ai 7,ceph474 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #fi 7,gyroc]as74 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #he-aje4 ,c>bonif]\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #a1 #ahig1 pp4 #g-i 7,act9oc]as74 ,idem1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4,a41 ,bull4 ,no4 #bg1 #aijg1 pp4 #cb-cg4 ,c>bop]mian4--,morris1 ,j41 9 ,/rzelecki's ,phys4 ,descr4 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 etc41 #ahde1 pp4 #bgj-bgh & #bhe-bia4 ,foord1 ,a4 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #bfd-bif4 ,idem41 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,ix4 #ahie1 pp4 #ecj-ecg 7,pelec4 & ,ga/r474 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #bjc-bgd4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #e1 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 ,i4 #aijf 7,palaeopect574 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,ii41 pt4 #b1 #aiaj 7,eurydesma74 ,trias4--,zittel1 ,k4 ,nov>a ,exp$41 vol4 ,i4 ,ab?4 ,,ii4 ,geol4 ,!il41 #ahfd1 pp4 #bf-bi4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #a1 #ahhh1 pp4 #h-ad4 ,jurassic4--,zittel1 ,k4 ,nov>a ,exp$41 vol4 ,i41 ,ab?4 ,,ii4 ,geol4 ,!il41 #ahfd1 pp4 #bj-cd4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 pp4 #bde-bfj 7,jurassic & ,cretace\s ,moll474 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxviii4 #ahgb1 pp4 #cag-cei 7,palaeozoic1 ,jur4 & ,cret4 ,moll474 ,crick1 ,g4 ,c4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 vol4 ,i4 #ahid1 pp4 #che #cic & #dcc-dda 7,ceph474 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijd1 pp4 #cbg-ccb4 ,m>%all1 ,p4 ,trans4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/41 vol4 ,,xli4 #aiji1 pp4 #adc-ade 7,new ,zeal& ,ceph474 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,w4,a4 ,bull4 ,no4 #cf1 #aiaj1 pp4 #cj-dj4 ,cretace\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #dde-ejc & #efa-egd4 ,idem1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,que5sl&1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ac1 #aija1 pp4 #ac-ce4 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 #a1 #aijb 7,s4,a4 ,moll474 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #aa1 #aijb1 pp4 #af-di 7,new ,s\? ,wales ,moll474 ,ca9ozoic4--,zittel1 ,k4 ,nov>a ,exp$4 ,geol4 ,!il41 vol4 ,i4 ,ab?4 ,,ii4 #ahfd1 pp4 #cd-ee 7,pelec4 & ,ga/r4 ,new ,zeal&74 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod41 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,i4 #ahgd2 ,dec4 ,,ii4 #ahge2 ,dec4 ,,iii4 #ahgf2 ,dec4 ,v4 #ahgg2 ,dec4 ,,vi4 #ahgi4 ,woods1 ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,tas4 7#ahge71 #ahgf1 pp4 #ac-bf 7,table ,cape ,moll474 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 #ahgi1 pp4 #bbb-bdj 7,muddy ,creek ,moll474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,iv4 #ahhj1 pp4 #a-bd4 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,trans4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/4 vol4 ,,ix4 #ahgg1 pp4 #eic-eih4 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xvii4 #ahhe1 pp4 #cac-ccb 7,new ,zeal& ,pelec4 & ,ga/r474 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,i4 #bnd s]4 7#ahhf71 #ahhg1 pp4 #bje-bcg1 7di/r4 li/s1 ,p>eora & ,oam>u74 ,idem1 ,macleay1 ,mem4 ,vol4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #ahic1 pp4 #ce-ib 7,plioc5e ,moll4 ,new ,zeal&74 ,tate1 ,r4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahhf1 pp4 #if-aeh1 & vol4 ,,ix41 #ahhg1 pp4 #adb-ahi 7,pelec472 ibid41 pp4 #aij-aid 7,scaphopoda72 ibid41 #aid-aif 7,pt]opoda74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,x4 #ahhh1 pp4 #ia-agf2 vol4 ,,xi4 #ahhi1 pp4 #aaf-agd2 vol4 ,,xiii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ahe-bce2 & vol4 ,,xvii4 #ahic1 pp4 #caf-cde 7,ga/r474 ,idem1 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,soc41 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,xxvii4 #ahic1 pp4 #afi-aia4 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxxi4 #ahig1 pp4 #cib-daj 7,ga/r4 & ,pelec474 ,idem1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 #ahii1 pp4 #bfj-bgg 7,revision ( ,moll474 ,prit*>d1 ,g4 ,b4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahie1 pp4 #bbe-bca 7,pelec474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,viii4 #ahif1 pp4 #gi-ada 7,moll4 ( ,t4 ,cape74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xi4 pt4 ,i4 #ahih1 pp4 #if-aaa 7,ga/r474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xiv4 pt4 ,i4 #aija1 pp4 #bb-ca 7,pelec474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xvi4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #hg-ajc 7,pelec474 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xvi4 pt4 ,i4 #aijc1 pp4 #hc-ia 7,pleurotom>ia74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xvii4 pt4 ,i4 #aijd1 pp4 #cbj-ccg 7,ga/r47 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxvi4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aiac1 pp4 #aib-bja 7,volutes74 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvii4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aije1 pp4 #cia-cic 7,*itons74 ,a%by1 ,e4 & ,torr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xxv4 #aija1 pp4 #acf-add 7,*itons74 ,?omson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,trans4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,xl4 #aijh1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc 7,n4,z4 ,moll474 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xx4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijh1 pp4 #bah-bbj 7,*iton74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxv4 pt4 ,i4 #aiab1 pp4 #ahf-aib 7,ga/r474 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fossil ,,trilobites1 ,,cru/acea ,,& ,,insects4 ,ar?ropods & _! ,/ructure4-- ,! above-nam$ fossil gr\ps are includ$ by zoologi/s 9 ! sub-k+dom ,ar?ropoda 7jo9t-foot$ animals74 ,! ,ar?ropods possess a body & limbs compos$ ( a numb] ( jo9t$ segm5ts cov]$ ext]nally ) a h>d1 %elly mat]ial & sep>at$ by a s(t]1 flexible sk94 ,!y h no int]nal skeleton1 & !re=e ! only portion :i* c be pres]v$ 9 ! fossil /ate is ! h>d] "p ( ! out] cov]+4 ,"u exceptional conditions ( fossilisation1 h[ev]1 ev5 frail insects su* z ants1 wasps & dragon-flies are sometimes f\nd m or less :olly pres]v$ & %[+ _! orig9al m9ute /ructure4 ,subdivisions ( ,ar?ropoda4-- ,! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ! gr\p ( ! ,ar?ropods :i* are f\nd z fossils include ! ,trilobites2 v>i\s ,cru/acea prop]1 z ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 ,%rimps1 ,pod-%rimps & ,wat]-fleas2 ! ,insects2 & occasionally ,spid]s & ,scorpions 7,ara*nida74 ,! ,k+-crabs & ,eurypt]ids 7z ! ext9ct ,pt]ygotus7 =m a sep>ate sub-class1 ! ,m]o/omata1 :i* are plac$ by "s au?ors 9 ! gr\p ( ,spid]s & ,scorpions3 _! rema9s date back to ! "t :5 ! old] ,palaeozoic /rata 7 deposit$4 ,cru/acea1 an ,ar*aic ,gr\p4-- ,a typical division ( ! ,ar?ropod gr\p1 & "o :i* 0 well repres5t$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod up to ! pres5t day1 is ! ,,cru/acea4 ,z ! "n d5otes1 ^! animals are g5]ally inve/$ ) a /rong %elly cov]+ or cru/1 usually ( horny or *it9\s mat]ial1 :i* 9 "s =ms is /r5g!n$ by deposits ( phosphate ( lime4 ,( ! horny condition ( ! %ell ! gr\ps ( ! bivalv$ ,cru/acea 7,o/racoda7 & ! wat]-fleas 7,entomo/raca7 supply notable in/ances2 :il/ ! limy-/ructur$ %ell is se5 9 ! common crab4 ,"s au?orities sep>ate ! great ext9ct gr\p ( ! ,trilobites f ! re/ ( ! ,cru/acea2 b x w "h be conv5i5t1 9 a prelim9>y /udy1 to consid] !m toge!r4 ,developm5t ( ,cru/acea4-- ,! developm5t ( ! l[] =ms ( ! ,cru/acea is int]e/+1 f ! fact t ! "y usually escapes f ! egg 9 a l>val /ate kn[n z a nauplius4 ,9 ?is /age !re are no segm5ts to ! body1 & b a solit>y m$ian eye1 su* z may be se5 9 ! common wat]-flea kn[n to microscopi/s z ,cyclops4 ,! ?ree pairs ( app5dages se5 9 ?is l>val cru/acean repres5t ! two pairs ( ant5nae & ! jaws or m&ibles ( ! full-gr[n =m4 ,among ! high] ,cru/acea1 h[ev]1 !re is no l>val =m2 ! "y escap+ f ! egg 9 a m or less highly develop$ condition resembl+ ! adult4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,crabs1 ,lob/]s & ,%rimps 7or ,decapoda1 i4e41 hav+ t5 ambulatory feet7 exhibit a l>val /age 9 :i* ! "y =m 7zoea7 has a segm5t$ abdom5 & sev5 pairs ( app5dages4 ,trilobites4-- ,! fir/ gr\p ( ar?ropods "h describ$ is t ( ! ,,trilobites4 ,^! 7 s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! ?ree-lob$ =m ( ! body4 ,?is p>ticul> feature di/+ui%es !m f ! ,cru/acea prop]2 :i* includes ! ,phyllopods 7) leaf-l limbs71 z ! fre%wat] ,e/h]ia1 ! ,o/racoda or ,bivalv$ ,wat]-fleas1 ! ,b>nacles or ,cirrip$ia & ! ,high] ,cru/acea 7,malaco/raca71 includ+ ,%rimps1 ,crabs1 & ,lob/]s1 ( :i* ! olde/ repres5tatives are ! ,pod-%rimps 7,phylloc>ida74 ,habits ( ,trilobites4-- ,! rema9s ( ^! primitive b (t5 /rik+ly ornam5t$ cru/acean-l animals1 ! trilobites1 are f\nd 9 comp>ative abundance 9 ! lime/ones1 mud/ones1 & ev5 ! s&/ones ( ! old] s$im5t>y rocks ( ,au/ralasia4 ,!y 7 among/ ! mo/ prolific types ( animal life exi/+ 9 ! seas ( ,palaeozoic times1 & are especially *>act]i/ic ( ,cambrian1 ,ordovician & ,silurian rocks4 ,trilobites1 z a gr\p1 seem to h adapt$ !mselves to almo/ all conditions ( m>9e life3 "s are f\nd 9 ! h>d5$ black mud ( %all[ wat]s1 :il/ o!rs are to be look$ = 9 ! lime/ones & excessively f9e s$im5ts ( deep] wat]s4 ,9 all probability c]ta9 ( ^! =ms crawl$ ov] ! s(t1 oozy sea-b$ 9 ord] to obta9 _! food1 & consequ5tly _! rema9s 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks w\ld be re/rict$ to ! f9e black %ales2 :il/ ! freely swimm+ =ms c\ld *ange _! habitat at w1 & w\ld be f\nd alike 9 s&y or clayey deposits4 ,z "s indication ( _! v>i$ habits1 ! eyes ( trilobites diff] greatly 9 size4 ,!y are always comp\nd l ! eye ( ! h\se-fly1 ?\gh ( a semi-lun> %ape4 ,9 "s =ms ! eyes are v small or ev5 abs5t1 :il/ 9 o!rs !y are exce$+ly l>ge & prom95t4 ,?is latt] feature probably indicates _! frequ5t+ mod]ately deep wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg--;,diagram-re/oration ( an ,au/ralian ,trilobite4 7,dalmanites m]idianus1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*1 sp47 ,to %[ ! sutures or jo9ts1 & ! /ructure ( ! back ( ! c>apace4 ,ab\t #b_/c natural size4 ,/ructure ( ,trilobites4-- ,! complete /ructure & zoological relation%ip ( ! trilobites has always be5 op5 to "s d\bt4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 )9 rec5t ye>s exceptionally well-pres]v$ specim5s f ! ,utica ,slates & ! ,c9c9nati ,lime/one ( ,ohio1 rocks ( ,ordovician age1 h be5 discov]$ & dissect$1 :]eby our k ( ! organisation ( ?is gr\p is greatly advanc$4 ,^! rem>kable fossil rema9s %[ t ! ,trilobites bore on _! "u surface a numb] ( app5dages1 "o pair to ea* segm5t1 except t ( ! anal4 ,! front pair is :ip-l & s]v$ z ant5nae2 ! o!rs are bran*$1 ! =w>d portion be+ a crawl+ limb1 & ! h9d]1 :i* 0 fr+$ ) bri/les or ?9 plates1 may h s]v$ ei!r = swimm+ or brea?+4 ,at ! base ( ! f\r pairs ( app5dages atta*$ to ! head !re 0 an arrangem5t = bit+ ! food1 f :5ce x 0 pass$ to ! m\?4 ,tak+ "o ( ! commone/ ,au/ralasian trilobites1 ,dalmanites m]idianus1 = an example ( g5]al /ructure1 & look+ at ! back ( ! %ell or upp] surface1 we see ! trilobate 7?ree-lob$7 =m well def9$ 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,! c5tral ridge is t]m$ ! axis1 & on ei!r side ( ?is are arrang$ ! pleural lobes1 ea* well m>k$ transv]se division ( :i*1 9 ! c5tral or ?oracic region1 be+ a pleuron or rib4 ,! :ole body is divid$ into ?ree m or less di/9ct portions1--! head-%ield or cephalon1 ! ?orax1 & ! tail-%ield or pygidium4 ,! c5tral area ( ! head-%ield is call$ ! glabella or cranidium1 aga9/ :i*1 on ei!r side1 are plac$ ! free *eeks c>ry+ ! comp\nd sessile eyes :5 pres5t4 ,! app5dages ( ! head are p$i=m or leglike1 arrang$ 9 five pairs1 & biram\s or =k$1 except+ ! ant5nae1 :i* are simple & us$ z s5sory organs4 ,9 front ( ! m\? is ! hypo/oma or =elip1 & beh9d x is ! meta/oma or h9d-lip4 ,! segm5ts ( ! head-%ield are mo/ closely unit$1 & 9 all ! trilobites are ( ! same numb]4 ,^? ( ! ?orax h flexible jo9ts & are v>iable 9 numb]4 ,! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are fus$ toge!r & =m a caudal %ield or pygidium4 ,! l>val /age ( ! trilobite 0 a protonauplian =m 7t is m primitive ?an ! nauplius71 ! protoaspis2 ! adult /age1 be+ atta9$ by ! addition ( segm5ts at ! successive m\lts4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n trilobites 9 ,au/ralia are "s ,cambrian species f ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,victoria1 & ,tasmania4 ,l[] ,cambrian ,trilobites4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh--;,,cambrian ,,trilobites4 ,a--,pty*op>ia h[*9i1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l4 ,cambrian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,b--,doli*ometopus tatei1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,cambrian4 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,c--,agno/us au/rali5sis1 ,*apm4 ,up4 ,cambrian4 ,victoria ,d--,pty*op>ia ?ielei1 ,*apm4 ,up4 ,cambrian4 ,victoria ,e--,dikellocephalus flor5t95sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l4 ,cambrian4 ,tasmania ,9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian ,lime/one ( ,yorke ,p59sula1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ! foll[+ trilobites occur3--a species d\btfully ref]r$ to ,ol5ellus 78 ,o4 prit*>di72 ,pty*op>ia h[*9i 7,fig4 #ajh ,a72 ,p4 au/ralis2 ,doli*ometopus tatei 7,fig4 #ajh ,b72 & ,microdiscus subsagittatus4 ,! ,cambrian ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory conta9s ,ol5ellus br[nii4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ,ol5ellus =re/i is f\nd 9 simil> b$s4 ,upp] ,cambrian ,trilobites4-- ,! ,dolodrook ,lime/one 7,upp] ,cambrian7 ( ,gippsl&1 ,victoria1 conta9s ! rema9s ( ! primitive little trilobite ,agno/us 7,a4 au/rali5sis1 ,fig4 #ajh ,c72 ,crepicephalus 7,c4 e!ridgei72 & ,pty*op>ia 7,p4 ?ielei 7,fig4 #ajh ,d7 & ,p4 m9ima74 ,! ,upp] ,cambrian s&/ones ( ,c>ol9e ,creek1 ,tasmania1 conta9 ,dikellocephalus 7,d4 tasmanicus72 a species ( ,asaphus & ,pty*op>ia 7,p4 /eph5si74 ,b$s ( ! same age 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,valley1 ,tasmania1 h yield$ ,dikellocephalus 7,d4 flor5t95sis1 ,fig4 #ajh ,e74 ,ordovician ,trilobites4-- ,trilobites ( ,l[] ,ordovician age or ev5 old]1 are f\nd 9 ! ,kn[sley b$s ne> ,hea?cote 9 ,victoria4 ,!y are ref]r$ to two g5]a1 ,d9esus & ,notasaphus4 ,bo? =ms belong to ! anci5t family ( ! ,asaphidae4 ,associat$ ) ^! trilobites are "s d\btful species ( sea-we$1 spicules ( silice\s sponges1 traces ( ?readlike hydrozoa1 "s fragm5ts ( graptolites alli$ to ,bryograptus1 & sev]al bra*iopods4 ,at ! ,lyndhur/ ,gold-fields1 ne> ,m&urama1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 trilobites relat$ to ! g5us ,%um>dia h be5 f\nd associat$ ) bra*iopods 7lamp-%ells71 pt]opods 7sea-butt]flies71 & graptolites 7hydrozoa7 ( an ,upp] ,ordovician facies4 ,! lime/one b$s at ,laurie's ,creek & o!r localities 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia conta9 rema9s ( ,asaphus ill>5sis1 ,a4 h[*9i & ,a4 lissopelta2 :il/ 9 ! lime/one & qu>tzite ( ,middle ,valley1 ,tempe ,d[ns1 ,a4 ?orntoni also occurs4 ,silurian ,trilobites4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji--,,old] ,,silurian ,,trilobites4 ,a--,ampyx p>vulus1 ,=bes1 v>4 jika5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,b--,cypaspis spryi1 ,gregory4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,c--,homalonotus h>risoni1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,d--,phacops latig5alis1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,trilobites are well-kn[n fossils 9 ! ,au/ralasian ,silurian /rata4 ,z !y occur r abundantly along ) o!r fossils 9 rocks ( ?is age !y are extremely useful aids 9 sep>at+ ! sy/em into ! diff]5t b$s or zones4 ,9 ,victoria ! ,silurian is divisible into two sets ( b$s3 an old]1 or ,melb\rnian /age 7! b$-rock ( ,melb\rne7 & a y\ng]1 ,y]+ian 7,lilydale s]ies74 ,trilobites ( ,melb\rnian age are f\nd to belong to ! g5]a ,ampyx1 ,illa5us1 ,proetus1 ,cyphaspis1 ,encr9urus 7,cromus7 & ,homalonotus4 ,! commone/ species are ,cyphaspis spryi 7,fig4 #aji ,b71 & ,encr9urus 7,cromus7 spryi f ! ,s\? ,y>ra mud/ones2 & ,ampyx p>vulus1 v>4 jika5sis 7,fig4 #aji ,a71 & ,homalonotus h>risoni 7,fig4 #aji ,c71 f ! s&/one ( ,moonee ,ponds ,creek4 ,! h&some ,dalmanites m]idianus & ,homalonotus vom] occur at ,w&ong 9 :at appe> to be passage b$s betwe5 ! ,melb\rnian & ,y]+ian4 ,! ,y]+ian ( ,victoria is f> ri*] 9 trilobites ?an ! prec$+ s]ies1 & includes ! g5]a ,proetus1 ,cyphaspis1 ,bronteus1 ,li*as1 ,odontopleura1 ,encr9urus1 ,calym5e1 ,homalonotus1 ,*eirurus1 & ,phacops4 ,! rocks 9 ?is division occur z mud/ones1 lime/ones1 & occasionally s&/ones & conglom]ates4 ,! mud/ones1 h[ev]1 prevail1 & ^! pass ins5sibly into impure lime/ones ( a blue-black col\r1 wea!r+ to br[n1 z at ,seville2 ! *ange ( /ructure indicat+ less turbid wat]4 ,at ,lilydale1 & on ! ,?omson ,riv]1 z well z at ,loyola & ,w>atah ,bay1 almo/ pure lime/one occurs1 :i* repres5ts cle> wat] conditions1 n necess>ily deep2 !re1 h[ev]1 trilobites are sc>ce1 & ! prevail+ fauna is t ( an anci5t coral reef4 ,"s describ$ ,y]+ian species are ,li*as au/ralis 7,fig4 #aaj ,a71 ,odontopleura j5k9si 7,fig4 #aaj ,b7 7f\nd also 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales71 ,encr9urus punctatus 7,fig4 #aaj ,c71 ,calym5e tub]culosa1 ,bronteus enormis1 ,phacops sweeti1 & ,p4 s]ratus 7,fig4 #aaj ,e74 ,9 ,calym5e 7cov]$ up7 ! jo9ts ( ! ?orax are facett$ at ! angles1 s t ea* pleuron c\ld "w ov] t imm$iately beh9d2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is x c\ld roll itself up l a woodl\se or slat]1 h5ce ! "n ( ! g5us4 ,?is trilobite also occurs 9 ,engl&1 & is !re kn[n among/ ! qu>ry m5 & fossil collectors z ! ,dudley ,locu/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & common trilobite ( ! ,y]+ian s]ies 9 ,victoria is ,phacops sweeti 7,fig4 #aaj ,d71 =m]ly id5tifi$ ) ,b>r&e's ,p4 fecundus1 f :i* x diff]s 9 ! long] & l>g] eye ) m num]\s l5ses4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,victoria 9 ! ,upp] ,y>ra di/rict ne> ! junction ( ! ,woori ,yallock & ! ,y>ra ,riv]s2 nor?-we/ ( ,lilydale2 ne> ,seville2 at ,loyola ne> ,mansfield2 & at ,fras]'s ,creek ne> ,spr+field1 ,kilmore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj--,,new] ,,silurian ,,trilobites4 ,a--,li*as au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian74 ,victoria ,b--,odontopleura j5k9si4 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,c--,encr9urus punctatus1 ,brunni* sp4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,d--,phacops sweeti1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,e--,phacops s]ratus1 ,fo]/e4 ,silurian4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales trilobites are abundant 9 ! ,yass di/rict1 among/ o!r localities1 :]e ! upp] b$s1 correspond+ to ! ,y]+ian ( ,victoria1 are well develop$4 ,dalmanites m]idianus is common to ! ,silurian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,tasmania4 ,9 ,victoria ?is h&some species is f\nd 9 ! h>d1 br[n1 s&y mud/one ( ,broadhur/'s & ,kilmore ,creeks1 &1 z previ\sly not$1 9 ! h>d1 blue mud/one ( ,w&ong4 ,at ! latt] locality specim5s may be f\nd 9 ! railway balla/ qu>ry1 :]e !y are kn[n to ! workm5 z fossil butt]flies4 ,! species also occurs at ! fam\s fossil locality ( ,hatton's ,corn]1 ,yass2 at ,b[n+2 & at ,lime/one ,creek1 all 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,o!r trilobites occurr+ 9 ! ,silurian ( ,new ,s\? ,wales are ,odontopleura j5k9si1 ,o4 b[n+5sis1 ,*eirurus insignis & ,phacops latig5alis 7,fig4 #aji ,d74 ,9 ! ,wangapeka s]ies ( ,new ,zeal& ! calc>e\s %ales & lime/ones ( ! upp] division conta9 ,calym5e blum5ba*ii1 ,homalonotus knightii & ,h4 expansus4 ,devonian ,trilobites4-- ,trilobites sudd5ly became r>e 9 ! ,au/ralian ,devonian4 ,! only kn[n examples ( trilobite rema9s belong to a species ( ,*eirurus occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,devonian lime/one ( ,bu*an1 ,victoria2 & a species ( ,proetus 9 ! ,devonian ( ,b>k] ,gorge1 ,napi] ,range1 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,c>bop]mian ,trilobites4-- ,trilobites ( ,c>bop]mian age are f\nd 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,all ! g5]a belong to ! family ,proetidae4 ,! g5]a ,phillipsia 7,p4 sem9if]a1 ,fig4 #aaa ,a71 ,griffi?ides 7,g4 ei*waldi1 ,fig4 #aaa ,b71 & ,bra*ymetopus 7,b4 /rzelecki1 ,fig4 #aaa ,c7 occur 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,griffi?ides ei*waldi is also f\nd 9 ,que5sl&4 ,o!r ,que5sl& species are ,phillipsia woodw>di1 ,p4 sem9if]a v>4 au/ralasica & ,p4 dubia4 ,phillipsia gr&is is f\nd 9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ! ,gascoyne ,riv]1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa--;,,c>bonif]\s ,,trilobites & a ,,phyllopod4 ,a--,phillipsia sem9if]a1 ,phillips4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,b--,griffi?ides ei*waldi1 ,waldheim4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,c--,bra*ymetopus /rzelecki1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,d--,e/h]ia coghlani1 ,cox4 ,triassic4 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,phyllopoda 9 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,triassic & ,jurassic4 ,! ,,phyllopoda1 :i* belong to ! ,cru/acea 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 comprise ! ,e/h]iidae & ,cladoc]a 7wat]-fleas74 ,! =m] gr\p is repres5t$ by ,leaia mit*elli1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s or ,c>bop]mian ( ! ,newca/le ,di/rict1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ! /ill lat] ,hawkesbury s]ies 7,triassic7 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,e/h]ia coghlani 7,fig4 #aaa ,d7 occurs4 ,?is species is a m9ute =m1 ! c>apace measur+ f #a4bemm4 to #bmm4 9 ! long] diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,wairoa ,s]ies 7,triassic7 ( ,nelson1 ,new ,zeal&1 !re is f\nd ano!r species ( ,e/h]ia1 id5tifi$ ) a ,european =m ,e4 m9uta4 ,e/h]ia mangali5sis is ano!r =m occurr+ 9 ! ,jurassic 7,ipswi* s]ies7 ( ,que5sl&4 ,at ! pres5t day ^! little ,e/h]iae sometimes sw>m 9 c\ntless numb]s 9 fre%wat] lakes or salt m>%es4 ,o/racoda3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,pass+ on to ! next gr\p1 ! bivalv$ ,,o/racoda1 we note t ^! h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ geological p]iods to ! pres5t day4 ,!y are usually ( m9ute size1 commonly ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 al?\gh "s atta9$ a l5g? ( ne>ly "o in* 7,lep]ditia74 ,_! bodies are indi/9ctly segm5t$1 & are enclos$ )9 a horny or calc>e\s %ell4 ,?is %ell consi/s ( two valves :i* are jo9$ along ! back by a ligam5t or h+e1 ! ends & v5tral edge rema9+ q free4 ,! pairs ( app5dages pres5t are ! ant5nae 7#b71 m&ibles 7#a71 maxillae 7#b71 & ?oracic feet 7#b74 ,! only portion f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate is ! bivalv$ c>apace1 ! two valves be+ frequ5tly met ) /ill unit$1 especially :5 ^! t9y animals h settl$ d[n quietly on ! sea-b$ & h be5 quickly cov]$ ) s$im5t4 ,features ( ! ,o/racod ,c>apace4-- ,s9ce ! body p>ts ( ! o/racod are want+ 9 ! fossil examples1 ! g5]ic det]m9ation is att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 especially 9 reg>d to ! smoo? or bean-%ap$ =ms4 ,! *ief di/9ctive *>act]s to note are1 ! cont\r ( ! c>apace se5 9 ?ree directions 7top1 side & end views71 ! /ructure ( ! h+e1 & ! position & figure ( ! muscle-spots or po9ts ( adhesion ( ! muscul> b&s :i* hold or relax ! two valves4 ,! valves 9 c]ta9 g5]a fit closely ^u "o ano!r4 ,9 o!rs1 "o ov]laps ! o!r1 ! l>g] be+ sometimes ! "r 7z 9 ,lep]ditia71 sometimes ! left 7z 9 ,lep]ditella74 ,! h+e-l9e is (t5 simple or flange-l1 or x may consi/ ( a groove & correspond+ b>1 or !re may be a s]ies ( tee? & sockets4 ,lat]al eye-tub]cles are sometimes se5 on ! surface ( ! valve1 :il/ 9 ! animal !re 0 also a small eye4 ,habits ( ,o/racoda4-- ,o/racoda sw>m$ 9 _m ( ! /reams1 lakes & seas ( pa/ geological times1 & !y /ill exi/ 9 va/ numb]s "u simil> conditions4 ,l "s o!r m9ute =ms ( life1 !y play$ a mo/ important "p 9 build+ up ! rock =mations ( ! s$im5t>y s]ies ( ! e>?'s cru/2 & by ! decomposition ( ! organism itself !y are ( real economic value1 see+ t 9 "s cases _! decay result$ 9 ! subsequ5t production ( oil or k]os5e %ales & bitum9\s lime/ones4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s oil %ales 9 ! ,lo?ians ( ,scotl&1 = example1 are cr[d$ ) ! c>apaces ( ,o/racoda associat$ ) ! rema9s ( fi%es4 ,cambrian ,o/racoda4-- ,"s undescrib$ =ms ( ! g5us ,lep]ditia occur 9 ! h>d1 sub-cry/all9e ,cambrian ,lime/one ( ,curramulka1 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,silurian ,o/racoda4-- ,9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales ! olde/ rocks f :i* we h obta9$ ! rema9s ( ,o/racoda up to ! pres5t1 are ! upp]mo/ ,silurians1 9 :i* s]ies !y occur bo? 9 ! lime/one & ! mud/one4 ,9 ,victoria _! bivalv$ c>apaces are m (t5 f\nd 9 ! lime/one2 b "o g5us1 ,beyri*ia1 is also met ) 9 abundance 9 ! mud/one4 ,^! mud/ones1 by ! way1 mu/ h orig9ally conta9$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime1 s9ce ! ca/s ( ! %ells ( mollusca are (t5 excessively abundant 9 ! rock1 & ! mud/one is cav]n\s1 resembl+ an impure1 decalcifi$ lime/one4 ,^! ,y]+ian mud/ones ( ,victoria seem1 !re=e1 to be ! equival5t ( ! calc>e\s %ales met ) 9 ! ,w5lock & ,gotl& ,s]ies 9 ,europe2 a view entirely 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! rema9d] ( ! fauna4 ,"o ( ! commone/ ( ! ,silurian o/racods is ,beyri*ia klo$5i1 a =m hav+ an ext5sive di/ribution 9 ,europe4 ,x occurs 9 ! ,silurian mud/one ( ! ,upp] ,y>ra ,di/rict4 ,o!r species ( ! same g5us are ,b4 wooriyallock5sis 7,fig4 #aab ,a71 di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! lobes & its long] valves2 also a =m ) n>r[ lobes1 ,b4 kilmori5sis2 & ! ornate ,b4 maccoyiana1 v>4 au/ralis4 ,( ! smoo?-valv$ =ms1 m5tion may be made ( ,by?ocypris hollii1 ,b4 caudalis 7,fig4 #aab ,d71 & ! /rik+ =m1 ,macrocypris flexuosa4 ,reg>d+ ! gr\p ( ! ,primitiae1 ( :i* z _m z ?irte5 species & v>ieties h be5 describ$ f ! ,lilydale ,lime/one1 we may m5tion z common =ms ,p4 reticri/ata 7,fig4 #aab ,e7 & ,p4 punctata4 ,?is g5us is di/+ui%$ by ! bean-%ap$ or purse-%ap$ c>apace1 ) its well develop$ m>g9al flange & mid-dorsal pit4 ,o!r g5]a :i* occur 9 our ,silurians & are ( great int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! di/ribution else:]e4 are ,iso*il9a1 ,ap>*ites1 ,xe/oleb]is1 ,ae*m9a1 & ,argilloecia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab--,,silurian ,,o/racoda4 ,a--,beyri*ia wooriyallock5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,b--,xe/oleb]is lilydal5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,c--,argilloecia acuta1 ,jones & ,kirkby4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,d--,by?ocypris caudalis1 ,jones4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,e--,primitia reticri/ata1 ,jones4 ,silurian 7,y]47 ,victoria ,! l>ge/ o/racod yet describ$ f ,au/ralia1 measur+ m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 occurs 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian ( ,cliftonwood1 ne> ,yass1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,x belongs to ! g5us ,lep]ditia 7,l4 %e>sbii71 & is closely relat$ to ,l4 m>g9ata1 ,keys]l+ sp42 :i* occurs 9 /rata ( simil> age 9 ! ,sw$i% & ,russian ,baltic area4 ,a lime/one at ,fifield1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 probably ( ,silurian age1 conta9s ,primitia1 ,klo$5ia1 & ,beyri*ia4 ,devonian ,o/racoda4-- ,! little ,primitia cuneus 7,fig4 #aac ,a7 ) a bean-%ap$ c>apace & m$ian pit or depression occurs some:at frequ5tly 9 ! ,middle ,devonian ,lime/one ( ,bu*an1 ,victoria4 ,ano!r species1 ,primitia yass5sis1 is f\nd 9 ! %aly rock ( ,n>r5gull5 ,greek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,x is probable t _m o!r species ( ! gr\p ( ! o/racoda rema9 to be describ$ f ,au/ralian ,devonian rocks4 ,c>bonif]\s ,o/racoda4-- ,9 ,que5sl& a conspicu\s little o/racod is ,beyri*ia v>icosa f ! ,/> ,b$s ( ,corn] ,creek4 ,c>bop]mian ,o/racoda4-- ,9 ! ,c>bop]mian ( ,cessnock1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,primitia dunii occurs2 & 9 t ( ,f>ley is f\nd ,jones9a e!ridgei4 ,f bo? ^! localities ,lep]ditia prom95s 0 also obta9$4 ,ano!r species f ,new ,s\? ,wales is ,entomis jonesi 7,fig4 #aac ,b71 describ$ f ! ,muree ,s&/one by de ,kon9ck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac--,,upp] ,,palaeozoic & ,,mesozoic ,,o/racoda4 ,a--,primitia cuneus1 ,*apm4 ,mid4 ,devonian4 ,victoria ,b--,entomis jonesi1 de ,kon4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,c--,synaphe mesozoica1 ,*apm4 sp4 ,triassic4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,d--,cy!re lobulata1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,e--,p>adoxorhyn*a foveolata1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,f--,loxocon*a jurassica1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,g--,cy!ropt]on au/rali5se1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic4 ,we/ ,au/ralia ,triassic ,o/racoda4-- ,! ,triassic 7,wiannamatta ,%ales7 ( ,grose ,vale1 ,new ,s\? ,wales has af=d$ a few specim5s ( o/racoda belong+ to ,synaphe 7,s4 mesozoica1 ,fig4 #aac ,c71 8 ,d>w9ula1 & 8 ,cy!ridea4 ,jurassic ,o/racoda4-- ,! m>9e ,jurassic /rata ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia at ,g]aldton1 h yield$ a small b int]e/+ s]ies ( o/racoda1 l>gely ( mod]n g5]ic types4 ,! g5]a1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 a rubbly ,trigonia-,lime/one1 are ,cy!re1 ,p>adoxorhyn*a1 ,loxocon*a1 & ,cy!ropt]on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad--;,,ca9ozoic ,,o/racoda4 ,a--,bairdia amygdaloides1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,b--,cy!re clavig]a1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,c--,cy!re scabrocuneata1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,d--,cy!rella punctata1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,balcombian4 ,victoria ,ca9ozoic ,o/racoda4-- ,! fossilif]\s clays & calc>e\s s&s ( ! s\!rn ,au/ralian ,ca9ozoic b$s (t5 conta9 abundant rema9s ( o/racoda4 ,! mod]ately %all[ seas 9 :i* ! fossilif]\s clays1 su* z ^? ( ,balcombe's ,bay1 7 laid d[n1 teem$ ) ^! m9ute bivalv$ ,cru/acea4 ,all ! =ms f\nd 9 ^! b$s are microscopic4 ,!y ei!r belong to liv+ species1 or to species closely alli$ to exi/+ =ms4 ,"s ( ! m prom95t ( ! ,balcombian species are ,cy!re s5ticosa1 a =m :i* is n[ f\nd liv+ at ,t5$os1 & ,c4 clavig]a 7,fig4 #aad ,b71 ) ! "y =m sometimes ref]r$ to z ,c4 milit>is1 a species :i* may /ill be dr$g$ alive 9 ,hobson's ,bay4 ,o!r g5]a common 9 ^! clays are ,bairdia1 ) its broad1 pe>-%ap$ c>apace1 repres5t$ by ! /ill liv+ ,b4 amygdaloides 7,fig4 #aad ,a74 ,cy!rella1 ) its compress$1 subquadrate c>apace1 z se5 9 ,c4 punctata 7,fig4 #aad ,d71 a species hav+ an elaborate s]ies ( muscle-spots1 & :i*1 l ! previ\s species1 is f\nd liv+ 9 ,au/ralian seas2 & ,macrocypris1 ) its sl5d]1 po9t$1 pe>-%ap$ outl9e4 ,cirrip$ia3 ,_! ,habits & ,/ructure4-- ,,cirrip$ia ,,or ,,b>nacles4--,^! curi\s modifications ( ! high] gr\p ( ,cru/acea 7,eucru/acea7 date back to ,ordovician times4 ,!y appe> to h tri$ e possible condition ( exi/5ce2 & al?\gh !y are mo/ly ( %all[ wat] habits1 "s are f\nd at ! great dep? ( #b1jjj fa?oms 7ov] two miles74 ,^? :i* secrete lime or h calc>e\s %ells1 atta* !mselves to /ones1 pieces ( wood1 %ell-fi%1 crabs1 corals & sea-we$s4 ,o!rs are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! ?ick sk9 ( :ales & dolph9s1 or 9 cavities :i* !y h bor$ 9 corals or %ells ( molluscs4 ,"s are f\nd p>asitic 9 ! /oma*s ( crabs & lob/]s1 or )9 o!r cirrip$es4 ,!y beg9 life1 aft] escap+ f ! egg1 z a free-swimm+1 unsegm5t$ l>va 7nauplius /age71 & be=e settl+ d[n1 pass ?r\gh ! free-swimm+1 segm5t$ cypris /age1 :i* repres5ts ! pupa condition1 & 9 :i* /ate !y explore _! surr\nd+s 9 se>* ( a suitable re/+ place = _! f9al *ange & fix$ condition4 ,j be=e ?is occurs1 gl&s are develop$ 9 ! pupa b>nacle1 :i* op5 into ! suck]s ( ! fir/ pair ( app5dages or ant5nae4 ,:5 a suitable place = fixation has be5 f\nd1 ^! gl&s p\r out a secretion :i* is n dissolv$ by wat]1 & ?us ! b>nacle is fix$ head d[nw>ds to its p]man5t position4 ,! comp\nd eyes ( ! cypris /age disappe>1 & h5ce=? ! b>nacle is bl9d4 ,! *>act]i/ic plates cov]+ ! b>nacle are n[ develop$1 & ! six pairs ( swimm+ feet become ! cirri or plumes1 ) :i* ! b>nacle1 by incessant wav+1 procures its food4 ,9 %ort1 z rem>k$ by "o au?ority1 x is a cru/acean fix$ by its head1 & kick+ ! food into its m\? ) its legs4 ,cirrip$es may be r\ghly divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! ,acorn ,b>nacles & ! ,goose ,b>nacles4 ,al?\gh dissimil> 9 g5]al appe>ance1 !y pass ?r\gh id5tical /ages1 & are closely relat$ 9 mo/ ( _! ess5tial *>act]s4 ,! latt] =ms are affix$ by a *it9\s /alk or p$uncle1 :il/ ! acorn b>nacles are m or less conical & affix$ by ! base4 ,silurian ,cirrip$es4-- ,! /alk$ b>nacles are probably ! olde/ gr\p1 be+ f\nd z f> back z ! ,ordovician p]iod4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! g5us ,turrilepas occurs 9 ,silurian rocks1 ,t4 mit*elli 7,fig4 #aae ,a7 be+ f\nd at ,b[n+ 9 ! ,yass ,di/rict ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! isolat$ plume-l plates ( ,t4 y]+iae 7,fig4 #aae ,b7 are n uncommon 9 ! olive mud/one ( ! ,lilydale ,di/rict 9 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae--;,,fossil ,,cirrip$ia4 ,a--,turrilepas mit*elli1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,b--,turrilepas y]+iae1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,c--787 ,pollicipes auckl&icus1 ,hector sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u s]ies74 ,new ,zeal& ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf--,,liv+ ,,& ,,fossil ,,cirrip$es4 ,a--,lepas anatif]a1 ,l4 ,common ,goose ,b>nacle4 ,liv+ ,b--,lepas prit*>di1 ,hall4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,ca9ozoic ,lepadidae4-- ,! g5us ,lepas 7! mod]n goose b>nacles7 is repres5t$ by isolat$ plates 9 ! ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian7 lime/ones & m>ls ( ,waurn ,ponds1 & ,torquay ne> ,geelong3 x also occurs 9 a /ratum ( ab\t ! same age1 ! nodule b$1 at ,muddy ,creek1 ne> ,hamilton1 ,victoria 7,l4 prit*>di1 ,fig4 #aaf74 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! gigantic cirrip$e1 8,pollicipes auckl&icus 7,fig4 #aae ,c71 occurs 9 ! ,motutapu b$s4 ,ca9ozoic ,balanidae4-- ,! ,acorn ,b>nacles are repres5t$ 9 our ,ca9ozoic %ell m>ls & clays by a species ( ,balanus f ! ,janjukian ( ,torquay2 :il/ two species ( ! g5us occur 9 ! ,kalimnan b$s at ,beaum>is1 ,port ,phillip1 9 simil> b$s 9 ! ,hamilton ,di/rict1 & at ! ,gippsl& ,lakes4 ,phylloc>ida3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,a l>ge & important gr\p ( ! high] ,cru/acea1 b conf9$ to ! old] rocks ( ,victoria1 is ! ord] ,,phylloc>ida4 ,?is seems to =m a l9k betwe5 ! ,entomo/raca1 includ+ ! bivalv$ ,o/racoda & ! well-kn[n gr\p ( ! lob/]s1 %rimps & crabs4 ,! body ( ^! phylloc>ids consi/s ( five segm5ts to ! head1 eight to ! ?orax1 & f two to eight to ! abdom54 ,! portion usually pres]v$ 9 ?is gr\p is ! c>apace1 :i* cov]s ! head & ?orax1 & al?\gh (t5 9 "o piece1 is sometimes h+$1 or o!rwise articulat$ along ! back4 ,9 front ( ! c>apace !re is a moveable plate1 ! ro/rum or beak 7,fig4 #aag74 ,!re are two pairs ( ant5nae to ! head1 & ! animal is provid$ ) a pair ( /alk$ comp\nd eyes4 ,! ?oracic segm5ts are furni%$ ) s(t leaf-l legs z 9 ! ,phyllopods4 ,! abdom5 is =m$ ( r+-l segm5ts1 & g5]ally t]m9ates 9 a %>p tail-piece or telson1 (t5 furni%$ ) lat]al sp9es4 ,9 _m respects ! anci5t phylloc>ids correspond ) ! liv+ g5us ,nebalia1 :i* is f\nd inhabit+ ! %all[ wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag--;,c]atioc>is papilio1 ,salt]4 ,silurian4 ,lan>k%ire4 7,aft] ,h4 ,woodw>d7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah--,,ordovician ,,phylloc>ids4 ,a--,rh9opt]oc>is maccoyi1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria ,b--,c>yoc>is angu/a1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria ,c--,saccoc>is tetragona1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician4 ,victoria ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai--,,silurian ,,phylloc>ids4 ,a--,c]atioc>is prit*>di1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,b--,c]atioc>is cf4 mur*isoni1 ,agassiz sp4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,c--,c]atioc>is p+uis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian4 ,victoria ,ordovician ,phylloc>ids4-- ,phylloc>ids ( ! ,l[] ,ordovician slates are ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,rh9opt]oc>is1 ,c>yoc>is1 ,saccoc>is & ,hym5oc>is4 ,! fir/-nam$ is ! commone/ type2 & is f\nd 9 slates ( ! ,lancefield1 ,b5digo & ,ca/lema9e ,s]ies at ! localities nam$1 z well z at ,dromana4 ,rh9opt]oc>is 7,fig4 #aah ,a7 is readily di/+ui%$ by its long--ovate outl9e1 & ?is1 toge!r ) its wr9kl$ *it9\s appe>ance makes x resemble ! w+ ( a dipt]\s insect4 ,c>yoc>is 7,fig4 #aah ,b7 is a small] & n>r[] =m :i* occurs 9 ! ,victorian ,l[] ,ordovician slates1 z well z 9 ice-borne blocks d]iv$ f ! ,ordovician1 at ,wyny>d1 9 ,n4,w4 ,tasmania4 ,silurian ,phylloc>ids4-- ,! *ief type ( ,phylloc>id 9 ! ,silurian is ,c]atioc>is 7,fig4 #aai74 ,! c>apace is typically ovate1 /raight on "o edge1 ! dorsal1 & convexly curv$ on ! o!r1 ! v5tral4 ,!y resemble bean-pods 9 outl9e1 h5ce ! "n pod-%rimps4 ,sev]al species are kn[n f ! ,victorian %ales1 mud/ones1 & s&/ones2 ! =ms f\nd 9 ,au/ralia if complete w\ld seldom atta9 five in*es 9 l5g?1 :il/ "s ,briti% species are kn[n to rea* ! exceptional l5g? ( two feet4 ,! long1 groov$ & jo9t$ telson is n uncommon 9 ! s&/ones ( ,melb\rne & ,kilmore4 ,o!r g5]a describ$ f ,victoria are ,apty*opsis & ,di?yroc>is4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,crab4-- ,! e>lie/ example ( ! ,,decapoda 9 ! ,au/ralian rocks1 s f> record$1 is ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ,prosopon e!ridgei 7,fig4 #abj ,a7 f ,que5sl&1 :i* has aff9ities ) "s ,jurassic & ,neocomian crabs f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,o!r cru/acean rema9s ( less deciph]able nature occur 9 ?is same deposit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj--;,,fossil ,,crabs & ,,insects4 ,a--,prosopon e!ridgei1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,b--,ommatoc>c9us corio5sis1 ,cressw4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,jan47 ,vic4 ,c--,h>pactoc>c9us tumidus1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u74 ,new ,zeal& ,d--,aes*na fl9d]s5sis1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,e--,ephem]a cull5i1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,olliff4 ,ca9ozoic 7,deep ,leads74 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,ca9ozoic ,crabs4-- ,( ! ,ca9ozoic decapod ,cru/acea !re is a ,victorian species ( a /alk-ey$ crab1 ,ommatoc>c9us corio5sis 7,fig4 #abj ,b71 f\nd 9 ! m>ls ( ,curlewis & ,port ,campbell1 & probably ( ,janjukian age4 ,v>i\s portions ( simil> ,cru/acea1 consi/+ ( claws & fragm5t>y c>apaces1 are f\nd f "t to "t 9 ! ,victorian clays & lime/ones ( ,balcombian & ,janjukian ages1 b !y are insuffici5t = id5tification4 ,a c>apace ( "o ( ! ,oxy/omata 7) r\nd$ cephalo-?orax & non-sali5t frontal region7 has occurr$ 9 ! ,kalimnan m>l ( ! ,beaum>is ,cliffs1 ,port ,phillip4 ,x is closely alli$ to a crab n[ f\nd 9 ,hobson's ,bay & g5]ally along ! ,victorian coa/4 ,rema9s ( a %ore-crab 7,fam4 ,cancridae7 are f\nd at ?ree localities1 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies1 9 ,new ,zeal&2 ne> ,brighton1 9 ,nelson & at ,:>ekuri 9 ! ,waitaki ,valley4 ,x has be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,h>pactoc>c9us tumidus 7,fig4 #abj ,c71 a g5us ( ! ,cyclometopa or b[ crabs4 ,plei/oc5e ,lob/]4-- ,num]\s rema9s ( a lob/]1 ,?alass9a em]ii 7see antea1 ,fig4 #bj71 suppos$ to be ( ,plei/oc5e age1 occur 9 nodules f\nd on ,que5sl& & ,nor? ,au/ralian 7,port ,d>w97 bea*es4 ,eurypt]ids 9 ! ,silurian4-- ,! ord] ,,eurypt]ida comprises an ext9ct gr\p ( ,cru/acea closely alli$ to ! mod]n ,k+-crab 7,limulus74 ,! body 0 cov]$ ) a ?9 *it9\s skeleton1 ornam5t$ ) regul> scale-l m>k+s4 ,?is gr\p is repres5t$ 9 ,victorian rocks by ! rema9s ( ,pt]ygotus 7,sea-scorpions71 animals :i* (t5 atta9$ a l5g? ( six feet4 ,pt]ygotus 7see ,fig4 #aba ,a7 _h ! =e "p ( ! body fus$1 =m+ ! cephalo-?orax1 :i* 0 furni%$ ) ant]ior1 m>g9al facett$ eyes & c5tral ocelli or small] simple ones4 ,to ! v5tral surface ( ! body 7 atta*$ six pairs ( app5dages4 ,! fir/ pair are modifi$ ant5nae ) p9c]-l t]m9ations1 us$ = preh5sile purposes4 ,!n come f\r pairs ( sl5d] walk+ feet4 ,! six? pair ( app5dages is 9 ! =m ( p[]ful swimm+ feet or paddles1 at ! bases ( :i* are ! comb-l jaws4 ,! abdom5 consi/s ( ?irte5 jo9ts1 ! la/ ( :i*1 ! telson1 is spatulate & po/]iorly po9t$4 ,fragm5ts ( a tol]ably l>ge species ( ,pt]ygotus occur 9 ! ,silurian %ales ( ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,melb\rne1 ,victoria4 ,x 0 probably ab\t #ah in*es 9 l5g? :5 complete4 ,( ?is =m1 kn[n z ,p4 au/ralis 7,fig4 #aba ,b71 portions ( ! *elate 7claw$7 app5dages1 & p>ts ( ! abdom9al segm5ts h be5 f\nd f "t to "t1 b no complete fossil has yet be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba--,,silurian ,,eurypt]ids4 ,a--,pt]ygotus osili5sis1 ,s*midt4 ,i4 ( ,oesel4 7,aft] ,s*midt7 ,b--,pt]ygotus au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,"p ( a body-segm5t4 ,silurian 7,melb47 ,victoria ,jurassic ,insects4-- ,( ! gr\p ( ! ,,insecta1 ! ,ipswi* ,coal measures 7,jurassic7 ( ,que5sl& h yield$ an int]e/+ bupre/id beetle 7,meso/igmod]a71 :il/ b$s ( ! same age 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales conta9 ! rema9s ( a probable ,cicada1 associat$ ) leaves ( ! f]n ,ta5iopt]is4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,dragon-fly4-- ,f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ! ,fl9d]s ,riv] di/rict1 ,que5sl&1 !re has be5 obta9$ a fossil dragon-fly1 ,aes*na fl9d]s5sis 7,fig4 #abj ,d74 ,ca9ozoic ,insects4-- ,c]ta9 ,ca9ozoic b$s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ( ! age ( ! ,deep-leads ( ,victoria1 & probably equival5t to ! ,kalimnan t]re/rial s]ies1 conta9 a species ( ,cydnus1 a bug-l insect belong+ to ! ord] ,rhyn*ota2 & !re are 9 ! same s]ies a ,midge 7,*ironomus71 a ,day-fly 7,ephem]a1 ,fig4 #abj ,e7 & sev]al beetles 78 ,lagria1 ,palaeolycus1 ,cyphon & ,oxytelus74 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! insects ( ! ,deep-leads helps to complete ! l&scape picture ( ^? f>-(f ,l[] ,plioc5e times1 :5 ! old riv] sy/ems br\ght d[n l>ge contributions ( vegetable wa/e f high] l&s1 9 ! =m ( twigs ) leaves & fruits2 ) occasional evid5ces ( ! ri* & v>i$ fauna ( insect life :i* 0 especially promot$ 9 ! damp & vegetative areas ( ! l[] l&s4 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,species ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,trilobites4 ,pty*op>ia h[*9i1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,doli*ometopus tatei1 ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,ol5ellus br[ni1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 ,agno/us au/rali5sis1 ,*apm4 ,upp] ,cambrian3 ,victoria4 ,pty*op>ia ?ielei1 ,*apm4 ,upp] ,cambrian3 ,victoria4 ,dikellocephalus flor5t95sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,cambrian3 ,tasmania4 ,d9esus ida1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,asaphus ill>5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,ordovician3 ,c5tral ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,ampyx p>vulus1 ,=bes1 v>4 jika5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,illa5us jutsoni1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,proetus euryceps1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,cyphaspis spryi1 ,gregory4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,bronteus enormis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,li*as au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,odontopleura j5k9si1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,encr9urus punctatus1 ,brunni* sp4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,encr9urus 7,cromus7 mur*isoni1 de ,kon9ck4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,encr9urus 7,cromus7 spryi1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,calym5e blum5ba*ii1 ,brongn4 ,silurian 7,wangapeka ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,homalonotus expansus1 ,hector4 ,silurian 7,wangapeka ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,homalonotus knightii1 ,knig4 ,silurian 7,wangapeka ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,homalonotus h>risoni1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,homalonotus vom]1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,*eirurus insignis1 ,beyri*4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,phacops sweeti1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,phacops s]ratus1 ,fo]/e4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,dalmanites m]idianus1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,mit*1 sp4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,*eirurus sp4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,proetus sp4 ,devonian3 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,phillipsia sem9if]a1 ,phillips4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,phillipsia gr&is1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&4 ,griffi?ides ei*waldi1 ,waldheim4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,bra*ymetopus /rzelecki1 ,mc,coy4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,phyllopoda4 ,leaia mit*elli1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,e/h]ia coghlani1 ,cox4 ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,e/h]ia m9uta1 ,alb]ti sp4 ,trias3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,e/h]ia mangali5sis1 ,jones4 ,jurassic3 ,que5sl&4 ,,o/racoda4 ,lep]ditia sp4 ,l[] ,cambrian3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,beyri*ia klo$5i1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,beyri*ia wooriyallock5sis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,beyri*ia maccoyiana1 ,jones1 v>4 au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,by?ocypris hollii1 ,jones4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,macrocypris flexuosa1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian7 ,victoria4 ,primitia reticri/ata1 ,jones4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,lep]ditia %e>sbii1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,primitia cuneus1 ,*apm4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,beyri*ia v>icosa1 ,t4 ,r4 ,jones4 ,c>bonif]\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,primitia dunii1 ,*apm4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,jones9a e!ridgei1 ,*apm4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,entomis jonesi1 de ,kon9ck4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,synaphe mesozoica1 ,*apm4 sp4 ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,cy!re lobulata1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,p>adoxorhyn*a foveolata1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,loxocon*a jurassica1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,cy!ropt]on au/rali5se1 ,*apm4 ,jurassic3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,bairdia amygdaloides1 ,brady4 ,ca9ozoic & liv+3 ,victoria4 ,cy!re s5ticosa1 ,baird4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,also liv+3 ,victoria4 ,cy!re clavig]a1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,ca9ozoic & liv+3 ,victoria4 ,cy!rella punctata1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,ca9ozoic & liv+3 ,victoria4 ,cy!rella pul*ra1 ,g4 ,s4 ,brady4 ,ca9ozoic & liv+3 ,victoria4 ,,cirrip$ia4 ,turrilepas mit*elli1 ,e?4 fil4 ,silurian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,turrilepas y]+iae1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,y]+ian73 ,victoria4 ,lepas prit*>di1 ,hall4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 787 ,pollicipes auckl&icus1 ,hector sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,balanus sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian & ,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,,phylloc>ida4 ,rh9opt]oc>is maccoyi1 ,e?4 fil4 sp4 ,l[] ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,hym5oc>is hepburn5sis1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,c>yoc>is m>ri1 ,jones & ,woodw4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,c>yoc>is angu/a1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,saccoc>is tetragona1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,ordovician3 ,victoria4 ,c]atioc>is cf4 mur*isoni1 ,agassiz sp4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,c]atioc>is p+uis1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,c]atioc>is prit*>di1 ,*apm4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,apty*opsis victoriae1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,di?yroc>is praecox1 ,*apm4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,,decapoda4 ,prosopon e!ridgei1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,ommatoc>c9us corio5sis1 ,cresswell sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,ebalia sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,h>pactoc>c9us tumidus1 ,h4 ,woodw4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,?alass9a em]ii1 ,bell4 787 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl& & ,nor!rn ,t]ritory4 ,,eurypt]ida4 ,pt]ygotus au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,silurian 7,melb\rnian73 ,victoria4 ,,insecta4 ,meso/igmod]a typica1 ,e!ridge fil4 & ,olliff4 ,jurassic3 ,que5sl&4 787 ,cicada l[ei1 ,e!ridge fil4 & ,olliff4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,aes*na fl9d]s5sis1 ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,*ironomus v5]abilis1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,oll4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ephem]a cull5i1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,oll4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,palaeolycus problematicum1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,oll4 ,ca9ozoic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,trilobites4 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 #ahgf1 pp4 #ac-bj1 pls4 ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiii4 7,silurian74 ,hector1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,ix4 #ahgg1 p4 #fjb1 pl4 ,,xxvii4 7,homalonotus74 ,woodw>d1 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,i4 #ahhd1 pp4 #cdb-cdd1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,cambrian74 ,mit*ell1 ,j4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,ii4 #ahhh1 pp4 #dce-ddj1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,silurian74 ,fo]/e1 ,a4 ,f4 ,bull4 ,sci4 ,lab4 ,d5ison ,univ41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 ,v4 #ahhh1 pp4 #abb-abh1 pl4 ,,xiii4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,v4 pp4 #eja-ejd1 pl4 ,,xviii4 7,bronteus74 ,idem1 ,p>l4 ,pap]s1 ,leg4 ,assemb4 ,s4,a41 vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #bc1 #ahib2 ibid41 vol4 #b1 ,no4 #eb1 #ahic 7,asaphus74 ,id41 ,geol4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #bad-baf1 pls4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 & ,,xliv4 7,c>bonif]\s74 ,id41 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,vi4 7,n4,s471 #ahid1 pp4 #ahi-aid1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,bronteus74 ,id41 ibid1 vol4 ,,viii4 7,n4,s471 #ahif1 pp4 #ef1 #eg1 pl4 ,i4 7,d9esus74 ,id41 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #b1 #aijd1 pp4 #ih-aja1 pl4 ,x4 7,cambrian74 ,id41 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,,xxii4 #ahih1 pp4 #a-c1 pl4 ,,iv4 7,cambrian74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,mit*ell1 ,j4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahib1 pp4 #caa-cbj1 pl4 ,,xxv42 ibid41 vol4 ,,viii4 #ahid1 pp4 #afi-agh1 pls4 ,,vi4 ,,vii42 ibid41 vol4 ,x4 #ahif1 pp4 #dhf-eaa1 pls4 ,,xxxviii4-,,xl42 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxi4 #ahig1 pp4 #fid-gba1 pls4 ,l4-,,lv4 ,tate1 ,r4 ,rep4 ,horn ,exp$41 #ahif1 ,"p #c1 ,palaeontology1 pp4 #aaa1 #aab1 pl4 ,,iii4 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #cf-dg pl4 ,i4 7,silurian72 pp4 #bgf-bha1 pl4 ,,xxiv4 7,c>bonif]\s74 ,gregory1 ,j4 ,w4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xiii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii1 #aija1 pp4 #agi-ahb1 pl4 ,,xxii4 7,cyphaspis74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #aed-aef1 pl4 ,,xxvi4 7,d9esus & ,notasaphus47 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxiii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #cad-cbb1 pls4 ,,lviii4 & ,,lix4 7,cambrian74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xxiv4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiab1 pp4 #bic-cjj1 pls4 ,,lxi4-,,lxiii4 7,silurian74 ,,phyllopoda4 ,cox1 ,j4 ,c4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,v41 pt4 #c1 #ahha1 p4 #bgf 7,e/h]ia74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ibid41 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahic1 pp4 #cjg-caj1 text fig4 7,leaia74 ,idem1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #a1 #ahhh1 pp4 #f-h1 pl4 ,i4 7,e/h]ia74 ,,o/racoda4 ,brady1 ,g4 ,s4 9 ,e!ridge1 jnr4 ,geol4 ,mag41 #ahgf1 p4 #ccd 7,ca9ozoic74 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 pp4 #cc1 #cf 7,silurian72 ibid41 pp4 #bge1 #bgf1 pl4 ,,xxiv4 7,c>bonif]\s74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijd1 pp4 #aii-bjd1 pl4 ,,xxiii4 7,jurassic74 ,idem1 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aiji1 pp4 #a-e1 pl4 ,i4 7,lep]ditia74 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #a-c1 pl4 ,,liv4 7,triassic74 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 p4 #bba1 pl4 ,,xxxvi4 7,primitia74 ,idem1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #aji-aac1 pl4 ,,xvi4 7,beyri*ia74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,xvii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aijd1 pp4 #bii-cab1 pls4 ,,xiii4-,,xvii4 7,silurian74 ,,cirrip$ia4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahij1 pp4 #ccg1 #cch1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,turrilepas74 ,hall1 ,t4,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aijb1 pp4 #hc1 #hd1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,lepas74 ,b5ham1 ,w4 ,b4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 vol4 ,x4 pp4 #aaj-aai1 pls4 ,,ix4 ,x4 78 ,pollicipes74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xxii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #aje-aig1 pls4 ,,xxviii4 ,,xxix4 7,turrilepas74 ,,phylloc>ida4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 ,i4 #ahid1 pp4 #e-h1 pl4 ,,iv4 7,ordovician74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #aac-aag1 pl4 ,,xviii4 7,ordovician72 ibid41 vol4 ,,xvii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aijd1 pp4 #cab-cae1 pl4 ,,xvii42 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaj1 pp4 #ajg-aaj1 pl4 ,,xxviii4 7,silurian74 ,idem1 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 pp4 #bab1 #bac1 pls4 ,,xvii4 ,,xviii4 7,ordovician74 ,,decapoda4 ,bell1 ,t4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,i4 #ahde1 pp4 #ic1 #id4 ,text-fig4 7,?alass9a74 ,woodw>d1 ,h4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxii4 #ahgf1 pp4 #ea-ec1 pl4 ,,vii4 7,h>pactoc>c9us74 ,idem41 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vii4 7#b71 pt4 #b1 #ahib1 pp4 #cja-cjd pl4 ,,iv4 7,prosopon74 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii4 #aije1 pp4 #cef-cfj1 pl4 ,,xxiii4 7,ommatoc>c9us74 ,,eurypt]ida4 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iv4 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahii1 pp4 #aic1 #aid1 text fig4 7,pt]ygotus74 ,,insecta4 ,woodw>d1 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,i4 #ahhd1 pp4 #ccg-cci1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,aes*na74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,olliff1 ,a4 ,s4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #g1 #ahij 7,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic74 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fossil ,,fi%es1 ,,amphibians1 ,,reptiles1 ,,birds1 ,,& ,,mammals4 ,v]tebrates4-- ,! above-nam$ classes ( animals are di/+ui%$ f ^? previ\sly dealt )1 by ! pres5ce ( a v]tebral column4 ,! v]tebral axis may be ei!r c>tilag9\s z 9 "s fi%es1 or bony z 9 ! great] numb] ( animals belong+ to ?is sub-k+dom4 ,*ordata4-- ,,l9ks ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,inv]tebrates ,,& ,,fi%es4--,! curi\s little ascidians or sea-squirts1 belong+ to ! gr\p ,tunicata1 are held by "s au?orities to be ! deg5]ate desc5dants ( a free-swimm+ animal hav+ a complete noto*ord & n]ve-tube1 /ructures :i* are n[ only se5 9 ! tails ( _! tadpole-l l>vae4 ,! fully develop$ tunicate is g5]ally sessile & provid$ ) a ?ick out] coat 7tunic7 & muscul> inn] l9+4 ,?is out] coat 9 "s =ms1 z ,leptocl9um1 is /r5g!n$ ) t9y calc>e\s spicules1 & ^! are sometimes f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate 9 ,ca9ozoic clays1 z well z 9 "s ( ! calc>e\s deep-sea oozes4 ,! little /ellate spicules ( ,leptocl9um are abundant 9 ! ,balcombian clays ( ,morn+ton1 ,victoria4 ,ano!r primitive =m ) a noto*ord is ! ,lancelet1 b ?is1 hav+ no h>d p>ts1 is n f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,primitive ,types ( ,fi%es4-- ,,fi%es4--,! rema9s ( fi%es are naturally m abundant 9 ! fossil condition1 ow+ to _! aquatic habits1 ?an ^? ( o!r v]tebrates4 ,! e>lie/ fi%es 7 probably entirely c>tilag9\s1 & "s h left only a m]e trace or impression on ! rocks 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$4 ,^! primitive fi%es h no l[] jaw1 & are )\t pair$ limbs4 ,!y are sometimes plac$ 9 a class by !mselves 7,,agna?a74 ,! ord]s ( ?is primitive fi% s]ies z repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralasia are ! ,o/eo/raci 7bony %ells71 ( :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,cephalaspis-l head-%ield ( ,?ye/es has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian ( ,n4,e4 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria 7,fig4 #abb72 & ! ,anti>*i1 ) its _m-plat$ cuirass1 arm\r$ body-app5dages1 int]nal bony tissue1 & co>sely tub]culat$ ext]ior1 z se5 9 ,a/]olepis au/ralis1 a fossil occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,devonian ,lime/one ( ,bu*an1 ,gippsl&4 ,true ,fi%es4--,devonian4-- ,( ! true fi%es 7,pisces71 ! ,elasmobran*ii 7slit-gills71 a sub-class to :i* ! mod]n %>ks belong1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,devonian s]ies by ! pair$ sp9es ( a =m resembl+ ,climatius1 f\nd bo? 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,rema9s ( ,dipnoi 7d\ble-brea!r or lung-fi%es7 occur 9 ! ,devonian ( ,b>k] ,gorge1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 repres5t$ by a new species alli$ to ,cocco/eus 7b]ry-bone fi%72 & 9 a b$ ( ! same age at ! ,murrumbidgee ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales by ! cranial buckl] ( ,ganorhyn*us sssmil*i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb--;,incomplete ,head-,%ield ( ,?ye/es magnificus1 ,*apm4 ,f ! ,silurian 7,y]+ian7 ( ,wombat ,creek1 ,n4,e4 ,gippsl&4 #d_/e nat4 size ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc ,gyracan?ides murrayi1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,mansfield1 ,victoria4 7,re/oration74 ,ab\t #a_/ab nat4 size ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd--,,tee? & ,,scales ( ,,palaeozoic & ,,mesozoic ,,fi%es4 ,a--,/repsodus decipi5s1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,victoria ,b--,eloni*?ys sweeti1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,victoria ,c--,corax au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,que5sl& ,d--,bel\o/omus sweeti1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,woodw4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,q4 ,c>bonif]\s ,fi%es4-- ,! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ,burnt ,creek & o!r localities ne> ,mansfield1 ,victoria1 conta9s an abundant fi% fauna1 associat$ ) /ems ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,! slabs ( s&/one are (t5 ripple-m>k$ & %[ signs ( tracks & ca/+s ( %ore-liv+ animals4 ,^! deposits 7 probably laid d[n 9 %all[ wat] at ! %ore m>g9 or 9 salt lagoons or bracki% areas skirt+ ! coa/1 into :i* at int]vals ! rema9s ( ! giant lycopods 7 drift$4 ,! m important ( ^! fi% rema9s are ,elasmobran*s1 z ,gyracan?ides murrayi 7,fig4 #abc7 & ,acan?odes au/ralis2 ! ,dipnoan1 ,ct5odus breviceps2 a ,rhizodont or fr+e-f9n$ ganoid1 ,/repsodus decipi5s 7,fig4 #abd ,a72 & a g5us relat$ to ,palaeoniscus1 ,eloni*?ys 7,e4 sweeti1 ,fig4 #abd ,b1 & ,e4 gibbus74 ,! def5ce sp9es ( ,gyracan?ides are fairly abundant 9 ! s&/ones2 :il/ on "s slabs ! l>ge enamell$ scales ( ,/repsodus are equally conspicu\s4 ,f ! s&/ones ( ! same age1 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 9 ! ,grampians ( ,we/]n ,victoria1 "s small b well-pres]v$ sp9es belong+ to ! g5us ,physonemus h be5 f\nd associat$ ) a new v>iety ( ! well-kn[n ,european ,c>bonif]\s bra*iopod1 ,l+ula squami=mis 7v>4 borung5sis74 ,c>bop]mian ,fi%es4-- ,9 ! ,c>bop]mian 7,gympie ,b$s7 ( ! ,rockhampton ,di/rict1 ,que5sl&1 a too? ( a ,co*liodont 7snail too?7 occurs1 :i* has be5 d\btfully ref]r$ to ! g5us ,deltodus 78 ,d4 au/ralis74 ,! ,co*liodontidae %[ d5tition rem>kably l t ( ! ,ce/racion or ,port ,jackson ,%>k4 ,ano!r too? hav+ ! same family relation%ip has be5 ref]r$ to ,tomodus 8 convexus1 ,agassiz2 ?is is f ! ,c>bop]mian ( ! ,port ,/eph5 di/rict ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,f ! ,newca/le ,coal ,measures 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales a ,palaeoniscus-l fi%1 ,uro/h5es au/ralis has be5 describ$4 ,c>bop]mian fi% rema9s are r>e 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,!y comprise a wr9kl$ too? ( ,ede/us 7,e4 davisii7 f ! ,gascoyne ,riv]1 belong+ to a fi% closely relat$ to ! ,port ,jackson %>k2 & a co*liodont1 ,poecilodus 7,p4 jonesi1 ,ag47 f ! ,kimb]ley di/rict4 ,triassic ,fi%es4-- ,fossil fi%es are important & num]\s 9 ,au/ralian ,triassic b$s1 especially 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,at ! base ( ! ,hawkesbury or close ( ! ,n>rabe5 s]ies1 ! railway balla/ qu>ry ne> ,gos=d has yield$ an ext5sive & extremely int]e/+ collection4 ,ne> ! floor ( ! qu>ry !re is a b& ( s&y %ale & lam9at$ s&/one #e feet #i in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ?is conta9s ! foll[+ g5]a3--,a dipnoan1 ,gos=dia2 & ! foll[+ ganoids or enamell$ scale fi%es--,myriolepis1 ,apateolepis1 ,dictyopyge1 ,belonorhyn*us1 ,semionotus1 ,pri/isomus 7see antea1 ,fig4 #ah71 ,clei?rolepis 7,fig4 #abe71 ,pholidophorus & 8 ,peltopleurus4 ,upp] ,triassic ,fi%es4-- ,9 ! middle ( ! ,wianamatta or ,upp] ,trias ,s]ies at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ne> ,sydney1 :i* conta9s a fauna describ$ z slightly old] 9 aspect ?an t ( ,gos=d1 hav+ ,c>bop]mian aff9ities1 !re occur 9 ! h>d %ale or clay /one ! g5]a ,pleuracan?us 7a ,palaeozoic %>k72 ,sag5odus 7a dipnoan relat$ to ,ct5odus ( ! ,victorian ,c>bonif]\s72 & ! foll[+ ganoids1--,palaeoniscus1 ,eloni*?ys1 ,myriolepis1 ,elpisopholis1 ,platysomus & ,ac5trophorus4 ,f ! s(t %ales 7 obta9$ ,palaeoniscus1 ,semionotus1 ,clei?rolepis & ,pholidophorus2 an assemblage ( g5]a some:at comp>able ) ! ,gos=d fauna4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe--;,clei?rolepis granulatus1 ,eg]ton4 ,triassic 7,hawkesbury ,s]ies74 ,gos=d1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 #c_/d nat4 size4 7,aft] ,smi? ,woodw>d47 ,l[] ,mesozoic ,fi%es4-- ,f ! ,l[] ,mesozoic s&/one 78,triassic7 ( ,tasmania1 two species ( ,acrolepis h be5 describ$1 viz41 ,a4 hamiltoni & ,a4 tasmanicus4 ,! =m] occurs 9 ! ?ick b$ ( s&/one1 ( ne>ly #a1jjj feet1 at ,knockl(ty2 ! latt] species 9 ! s&/one ) ,v]tebr>ia con=mably ov]ly+ ! ,c>bop]mian at ,t9d]box ,bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf--,,rema9s ( ,,jurassic & ,,o!r ,,v]tebrates4 #a--;,c]atodus avus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,left spl5ial ) l[] too?4 ,cape ,pat]son1 ,victoria4 ,ab\t #a_/c nat4 size #b--;,c]atodus =/]i1 ,krefft4 ,left l[] too?4 ,liv+4 ,que5sl&4 ,ab\t #a_/c nat4 size #c--,phalangeal ( ,c>nivor\s ,d9osaur4 ,cape ,pat]son4 ,ab\t #a_/c nat4 size #d--,phalangeal ( ,megalosaurian4 ,weald51 ,sussex1 ,engl&4 #a_/d nat4 size ,jurassic ,fi%es4-- ,! ,jurassic b$s ( ,victoria conta9 ?ree g5]a4 ,psili*?ys selwyni1 a d\btful palaeoniscid 0 describ$ f ,c>apook1 ,co4 ,dundas2 :il/ ,leptolepis1 a g5us f\nd 9 ! ,trias ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ! ,lias & ,oolite ( ,europe1 is repres5t$ by ,l4 crassicauda f ,ca/]ton1 associat$ ) ! typical ,jurassic f]n1 ,ta5iopt]is4 ,9 ! ,jurassic b$s ( ,s\? ,gippsl&1 at ,cape ,pat]son1 an int]e/+ spl5ial too? ( ! mudfi%1 ,c]atodus1 0 f\nd1 nam$ ,c4 avus 7,fig4 #abf74 ,s9ce !n1 9 a bore-core f ,kirrak ne> ! same place a fi% scale 0 discov]$ 7,fig4 #abg7 :i*1 by its %ape1 size & /ructure seems to diff] 9 no way f ! liv+ lung-fi% ( ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #abh74 ,x is reasonable to inf] t too? & scale belong to ! same species2 & 9 view ( ! close relation%ip ( ! too? ) t ( ! liv+ mudfi%1 r ?an ) t ( ! ,c]atodus f\nd fossil 9 ! ,mesozoic ( ,europe1 x may be ref]r$ to ,neoc]atodus1 9 :i* g5us ! liv+ species is n[ plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg--,scale ( ,c]atodus 7,neoc]atodus7 787avus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic4 ,kirrak1 ,s4 ,gippsl&1 ,victoria4 ,ab\t nat4 size ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh--,! ,que5sl& ,lung-,fi% or ,b>ramunda 7,neoc]atodus =/]i74 ,ab\t #a_/ab?4 nat4 size 7,aft] ,lydekk]1 9 ,w>ne's ,natural ,hi/ory7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi--,leptolepis greg>ius1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,talbrag> ,s]ies1 ,jurassic4 ,talbrag> ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales #a_/b nat4 size ,f ! ,jurassic b$s 7,talbrag> ,s]ies7 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 an int]e/+ collection ( ganoid fi%es has be5 describ$1 compris+ ,coccolepis au/ralis1 ,aphnelepis au/ralis1 ,ae!olepis mirabilis1 ,ar*aeoma5e t5uis1 ,a4 robu/us1 ,leptolepis talbrag>5sis1 ,l4 l[ei & ,l4 greg>9a 7,fig4 #abi74 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,fi%es4-- ,fi% rema9s are fairly abundant 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,que5sl&4 ,!y comprise bo? ! %>ks & ! ganoids4 ,( ! %>ks1 a specim51 %[+ sev5 conjo9$ v]tebrae has be5 nam$ ,lamna daviesii1 f ! ,ri*mond ,d[ns1 ,fl9d]s ,riv] di/rict2 & a too? ref]r$ to ,lamna app5diculatus1 ,agassiz1 f ,kamil]oy1 ,lei*h>dt ,riv]1 ,n4,w4 ,que5sl&4 ,! typical ,cretace\s g5us ,corax is repres5t$ by a small too? nam$ ,c4 au/ralis 7,fig4 #abd ,c71 f ! ,hamilton ,riv]1 ,que5sl&1 & :i* closely approa*es ! too? ( ,corax aff9is1 ,agassiz1 f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,europe4 ,( ! ganoid fi%es two g5]a1 bo? memb]s ( ! family ,aspidorhyn*idae1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,que5sl&4 ,aspidorhyn*us sp4 & ,belono/omus sweeti 7,fig4 #abd ,d7 h bo? occurr$ at ,hugh5d51 ,fl9d]s ,riv] di/rict4 ,! =m] g5us has a sl5d] body & produc$ ro/rum2 9 ,europe x is m *>act]i/ic ( ,jurassic /rata4 ,belono/omus ranges f ! ,upp] ,oolite1 ,bav>ia1 to ! ,upp] ,cretace\s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,rema9s ( a species ( ,por!us1 "o ( ! pr$ace\s fi%es :i* liv$ 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 consi/+ ( a portion ( ! cranium ) ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaws1 has be5 obta9$ f ! ,roll+ ,d[ns ,=mation 7,l[] ,cretace\s7 ne> ,hugh5d51 ,que5sl&4 ,cretace\s ,fi%es1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj--;,,cretace\s & ,,ca9ozoic ,,fi%-,,tee?4 ,a--,notidanus m>g9alis1 ,davis4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,new ,zeal& ,b--,callorhyn*us hectori1 ,newton4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,new ,zeal& ,c--,oxyrh9a ha/alis1 ,ag4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,d--,lamna apiculata1 ,ag4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,e--,c>*>odon auriculatus1 ,bla9v4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,victoria ,f--,s>gus laticonus1 ,davis4 ,ca9ozoic4 ,new ,zeal& ,! ,cretace\s b$s ( ,new ,zeal& are gr\p$ 9 asc5d+ ord] z ! ,waip>a ,gre5s&s1 ! ,amuri ,lime/one & ! ,weka ,pass ,/one4 ,9 ! ,waip>a b$s occur ! tee? ( ,notidanus m>g9alis 7,fig4 #acj ,a71 & ,n4 d5tatus4 ,9 ! ,amuri ,lime/one ,n4 d5tatus is aga9 f\nd1 z well z ! g5us ,lamna1 repres5t$ by ,l4 compressa1 ,ag4 7orig9ally describ$ z ,l4 m>g9alis1 ,davis71 ,l4 c>9ata & ,l4 hectori4 ,two =ms ( ,elephant fi% are repres5t$ by _! d5tal plates1 namely ,callorhyn*us hectori 7,fig4 #acj ,b7 & ,is*yodus ?urmanni1 ,pictet & ,campi*e 7record$ z ,i4 breviro/ris1 ,ag474 ,ca9ozoic ,fi%es4-- ,fi% rema9s pr9cipally consi/+ ( tee?1 are common fossils 9 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s ( s\!rn ,au/ralia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,victoria1 & also 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,balcombian ,s]ies1 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4-- ,! ,balcombian b$s z se5 at ,morn+ton & 9 ! ,l[] ,b$s at ,muddy ,creek1 ,hamilton1 conta9 ! tee? ( %>ks z ,odontaspis contortid5s1 ,lamna crassid5s1 ,l4 apiculata1 ,oxyrh9a ha/alis 7r>ely71 ,o4 m9uta1 ,c>*>odon megalodon1 & ,c4 robu/us4 ,janjukian4-- ,! ,janjukian ,s]ies 7,mioc5e71 repres5t$ at ,torquay1 ,waurn ,ponds & ,table ,cape1 conta9s an abundant fi% fauna1 includ+ among/ %>ks1 ,ce/racion ca9ozoicus1 ,a/]acan?us eoca5icus1 ,galeoc]do davisi1 ,c>*>oides totus]ratus1 ,odontaspis contortid5s1 ,o4 incurva1 ,o4 cuspidata1 ,lamna crassid5s1 ,l4 apiculata 7,fig4 #acj ,d71 ,l4 compressa1 ,l4 bronni1 ,oxyrh9a ha/alis 7occasional7 7,fig4 #acj ,c71 ,o4 desori1 ,o4 retr(lexa1 ,o4 m9uta1 ,c>*>odon auriculatus 7,fig4 #acj ,e71 ,c4 megalodon & ,c4 robu/us4 ,a species ( *ima]oid or ,elephant fi% is repres5t$ by a left m&ibul> too? nam$ ,is*yodus mortoni1 f ! ,table ,cape ,b$s1 ,tasmania4 ,! ,corio ,bay s]ies conta9s tee? ( ,acan?ias geelong5sis1 ,sphyrna prisca1 ,odontaspis contortid5s1 ,o4 att5uata1 ,oxyrh9a m9uta1 ,c>*>odon megalodon1 among/ %>ks2 :il/ ! sp9e ( a ,porcup9e ,fi%1 ,diodon connew>r5sis has be5 obta9$ f ! clays ( ,lake ,connew>re1 ,victoria4 ,kalimnan4-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca--;,,ca9ozoic ,,fi% ,,rema9s4 ,a--,c>*>oides t5uid5s1 ,*apm4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj47 ,victoria ,b--,odontaspis contortid5s4 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,c--,galeoc]do latid5s1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,d--,myliobatis morrabb95sis1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,victoria ,e--,labrodon conf]tid5s4 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,vict4 ,f--,diodon =mosus1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal47 ,vict4 ,! ,kalimnan ,s]ies is also prolific 9 ! rema9s ( fi%es1 ! pr9cipal localities be+ ,beaum>is & ,grange ,burn1 ,hamilton4 ,among/ ! %>ks !re f\nd are1 ,notidanus j5n+si 7relat$ to ! ,indian ,grey ,%>k71 ,ce/racion ca9ozoicus 7relat$ to ! ,port ,jackson ,%>k71 ,a/]acan?us eoca5icus1 ,galeoc]do davisi1 ,g4 latid5s 7,fig4 #aca ,c71 ,g4 aduncus1 ,odontaspis contortid5s 7,fig4 #aca ,b71 ,o4 incurva1 ,o4 cuspidata1 ,o4 att5uata1 ,lamna apiculata1 ,l4 compressa1 ,oxyrh9a ha/alis 7abundant71 ,o4 desori1 ,o4 retr(lexa1 ,o4 eoca5a1 ,o4 m9uta1 ,c>*>odon auriculatus & ,c4 megalodon4 ,an ext9ct species ( ,/+ ,ray1 ,myliobatis moorabb95sis 7,fig4 #aca ,d71 is f\nd at ,beaum>is1 repres5t$ by occasional palatal tee?4 ,m&ibul> & palat9e tee? ( an ext9ct g5us ( ,elephant ,fi%1 ,edaphodon 7,e4 sweeti7 are occasionally f\nd at ,beaum>is1 & at ,grange ,burn ne> ,hamilton4 ,two ext9ct =ms ( ! ,wrasse family1 ! ,labridae1 are f\nd 9 ,victoria2 ! ph>yngeals ( ,labrodon conf]tid5s 7,fig4 #aca ,e71 occurr+ at ,grange ,burn1 ,hamilton1 & ^? ( ,l4 depressus1 at ,beaum>is4 ,! palatal jaws ( a ,porcup9e ,fi%1 ,diodon =mosus 7,fig4 #aca ,f71 are frequ5tly met ) at ! base ( ! ,kalimnan ,s]ies1 bo? at ,grange ,burn & ,beaum>is4 ,oam>u ,s]ies1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! ,oam>u ,s]ies1 :i* is comp>able 9 age ) ! ,victorian ,janjukian1 conta9s num]\s fi% rema9s1 *iefly tee? ( %>ks4 ,^! are3 ,notidanus primig5ius1 ,n4 m>g9alis 7also occurr+ 9 ! ,waip>a ,s]ies71 ,galeoc]do davisi1 ,odontaspis incurva1 ,o4 cuspidata1 ,o4 att5uata1 ,lamna apiculata1 ,l4 compressa1 ,oxyrh9a retr(lexa1 ,c>*>odon auriculatus1 ,c4 megalodon & ,c4 robu/us4 ,! tee? ( a ,/+ ,ray1 ,myliobatis plicatilis & ( a species ( ,sea-bream1 ,s>gus laticonus1 also occur 9 ?is s]ies 7,fig4 #acj ,f74 ,plei/oc5e4-- ,a species ( fi% belong+ to ! family ( ! ,p]*es1 ,ct5olates avus1 has be5 describ$ f fre%wat] c>bonace\s %ale ( ,plei/oc5e age f ,nimb9 on ! ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,amphibians3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,,amphibians4--,?is gr\p includes among/ liv+ =ms ! ,frogs1 ,toads1 ,newts1 & ,salam&]s4 ,! rema9s ( amphibia are r>e 9 ,au/ralasian rocks1 & practically limit$ to ! gr\p ( ! ,triassic ,labyr9?odonts4 ,! ,amphibia are di/+ui%$ f ,reptiles by c]ta9 *anges :i* _! "y und]go aft] leav+ ! egg4 ,9 ?is int]m$iate /age !y brea! by ext]nal gills1 ^! be+ sometimes reta9$ toge!r ) ! int]nal lungs 9 ! adult /age4 ,9 ! old] =ms ( ?is gr\p ! v]tebra is ( ! nature ( a noto*ord1 ! jo9ts consi/+ ( a ?9 bony r+ ) a gelat9\s int]ior4 ,! ,labyr9?odontia h a long1 liz>d-l body1 %ort pectoral limbs z comp>$ ) ! pelvic1 & five-to$ feet4 ,! skull is completely ro($ ov]4 ,! tee? are po9t$1 ) a l>ge pulp cavity & wall ( infold$ or plicat$ d5t9e 7h5ce ! "n labyr9?odont--maze-too?74 ,! v]tebrae are holl[ on bo? sides1 sometimes imp]fectly ossifi$1 & ) a noto*ordal canal4 ,v5tral aspect ) bony ?oracic plates4 ,cranial bones deeply sculptur$1 & c>ry+ mucus canals4 ,c>bop]mian ,labyr9?odonts4-- ,! g5us ,bo?riceps1 probably an ,ar*egosaurian1 is repres5t$ by two species1 ,b4 au/ralis & ,b4 major f ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #acb74 ,! latt] species occurs 9 ! ,oil ,%ale 7,c>bop]mian7 ( ,airly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb--;,bo?riceps major1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,c>bop]mian4 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ab\t #a_/aa?4 nat4 size 7,aft] ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d74 ,triassic ,labyr9?odonts4-- ,f ! ,hawkesbury ,s]ies ne> ,gos=d1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! labyr9?odont1 ,platyceps wilk9soni has be5 describ$4 ,! skeleton is ne>ly complete & expos$ on ! v5tral face2 ! head is #bgmm4 long & #cbmm4 broad4 ,?is specim5 is associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ganoid fi%es1 z ,palaeoniscus & ,clei?rolepis1 toge!r ) ! equisetum-l plant ,phyllo!ca4 ,o!r1 some:at d\btful rema9s hav+ simil> aff9ities to ! labyr9?odonts are also record$ f ! ,wianamatta b$s 7,upp] ,trias7 at ,b[ral1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 consi/+ ( a maxilla ) tee? & #aa v]tebrae ) ribs ( ! left side4 ,rema9s ( a labyr9?odont1 ,biloela1 suppos$ to be relat$ to ,ma/odonsaurus1 h be5 record$ f ! ,hawkesbury ,s]ies ( ,cockatoo ,isl&1 ,port ,jackson1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,/eph5s1 & consi/+ ( a pectoral plate comp>$ by t au?or ) ,m4 robu/us 7n[ transf]r$ to ! g5us ,capitosaurus74 ,! only o!r record$ rema9s ( ?is gr\p 9 ,au/ralasia are ^? not$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,/eph5s f ! ,kaihiku ,s]ies 7,trias7 at ,nugget ,po9t1 ,otago2 & 9 ! ,otapiri ,s]ies 7,upp] ,trias7 ( ! ,wairoa di/rict1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,reptilia3 ,_! ,/ructure4-- ,,reptilia4--,! ,reptiles are cold-blood$1 v]tebrat$ animals1 ) a scaly sk9 or arm\r4 ,_! respiration is ess5tially by means ( lungs1 & !y are t]re/rial or aquatic 9 habit4 ,! skeleton is completely ossifi$ 7bony74 ,reptiles1 al?\gh resembl+ amphibians ext]nally1 are m diff]5tiat$ 9 /ructure & ( g5]ally l>g] proportions4 ,!y exhibit great div]sity ( =m1 especially z reg>ds _! extremities4 ,!y 7 ev5 adapt$ = fly+1 z 9 ! ,pt]osaurs 7,fly+ ,dragons7 ) _! membran\s w+ atta*$ to ! ant]ior limb4 ,! ,de9osaurs 7,t]rible ,reptiles7 7 (t5 ( great size1 exce$+ ! dim5sions ( any l& mammals1 & _! limbs 7 adapt$ = walk+4 ,! m>9e reptiles1 z ! ,i*?yosauria 7,fi%-liz>ds7 & ,sauropt]ygia 7liz>d-f9n$7 _h ! limbs trans=m$ into paddles4 ,! neural sp9es 9 ! v]tebra ( ! ,turtles are lat]ally exp&$ into a c>apace & unit$ ) d]mal plates4 ,! v]tebrae ( ,reptilia %[ great v>iation ( =m1 be+ biplanate 7amphiplatyan71 biconcave 7amphicoelus71 holl[ 9 front 7procoelus71 or holl[ at ! back 7opi/hocoelus74 ,9 ! case ( ,reptiles hav+ bo? pairs ( limbs develop$1 ! c]vical1 dorsal1 sacral & caudal regions may be sep>ately di/+ui%$4 ,among/ ! ,ophidia 7,snakes71 ,py?onomorpha 7,sea-liz>ds7 & ,i*?yosaurs 7,fi%-liz>ds7 !re is no diff]5tiat$ sacral region4 ,! skull ( ! ,reptiles is ne>] t ( ,birds ?an ,amphibians4 ,! basiocciput 7basal bone ( ! skull at ! back7 articulates ) ! atlas 7top jo9t ( ! backbone7 by means ( a s+le condyle 7protub]ance74 ,all reptiles1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*elonians 7,turtles71 & a few o!rs1 are furni%$ ) tee?3 ^! are =m$ *iefly ( d5t9e ) a lay] ( enamel4 ,d5tition4-- ,"s tee? h solid cr[ns 7pleodont72 "s gr[ f p]si/5t pulps 7coelodont72 socket$ tee? 7!codont7 are ins]t$ 9 alveoli2 "s are fus$ ) ! support+ bone along ! out] rim or top 7acrodont72 :il/ o!rs are develop$ lat]ally along ! flange-l inn] rim ( ! jaw 7pleurodont74 ,p]mian & ,triassic ,reptiles4-- ,! hi/ory ( ,reptilia comm5ces 9 ,p]mian & ,triassic times1 :5 !y 7 notably repres5t$ by ! ,!romorphs1 ,p>eiasaurus & ,tritylodon 9 ,s\? ,africa2 ! ,prot]osauria ( ! ,european & ,am]ican ,p]mian & ,trias1 repres5t$ by ! liz>d-l ,palaeohatt]ia & ! dorsally frill$ ,dimetrodon1 ) its =midable array ( neural sp9es2 also ! ,rhyn*osauria1 ) _! beak-l jaws ( ! same =mations4 ,^! two gr\ps con/itute ! ord] ,rhyn*ocephalia1 :i* is repres5t$ at ! pres5t day by ! ,tuat]a ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,triassic ,reptile1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,! e>lie/ ,au/ralian reptilian record is t ( a v]tebra ( ,i*?yosaurus f ! ,kaihiku ,s]ies ( ,m\nt ,potts1 ,new ,zeal& 7,triassic74 ,?is specim5 0 nam$ ,i4 au/ralis by ,hector1 b s9ce t species "n 0 preoccupi$ by ,mc,coy 9 #ahfg x is sugge/$ "h t ! ,new ,zeal& species %\ld be di/+ui%$ z ,i4 hectori4 ,! ,new ,zeal& occurr5ce ( ,i*?yosaurus makes ! geological hi/ory ( ! g5us v anci5t 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,jurassic ,reptiles4-- ,at ,cape ,pat]son1 ,victoria1 9 ! ,jurassic coal-be>+ s&/one an extremely int]e/+ discov]y 0 made a few ye>s ago1 ( ! ungual bone 7claw7 ( a c>nivor\s ,de9osaur1 probably relat$ to ,megalosaurus ( ! ,european ,jurassic & ,cretace\s b$s 7,see ,fig4 #abf1 #c1 #c ,a74 ,! pres5ce ( an animal l ?is 9 ,au/ralia po9ts to ! =m] exi/5ce ( a concomitant t]re/rial animal fauna1 ^u :i* ! de9osaur mu/ h prey$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc--;,i*?yosaurus au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,a--,"p ( head1 %[+ eye protect$ by scl]otic plates ,b--,left pectoral paddle4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,fl9d]s ,riv]1 ,que5sl&4 #a_/h nat4 size 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,reptiles4-- ,! ,roll+ ,d[ns =mation 7,l[] ,cretace\s7 ( ! ,?ompson & ,fl9d]s ,riv]s 9 ,que5sl& has yield$ rema9s ( a ,tortoise1 ,noto*elone co/ata 7see antea1 ,fig4 #ag72 & ! int]e/+ ,fi%-liz>d ,i*?yosaurus4 ,num]\s & well pres]v$ rema9s ( ,i4 au/ralis ,mc,coy come f ! ,fl9d]s ,riv] 7,fig4 #acc72 :il/ ,i4 m>a?on5sis is record$ f ,m>a?on ,/ation1 ,que5sl&4 ,! =m] species is typically repres5t$ by a ne>ly complete skeleton1 & 0 consid]$ by ,mc,coy to be "o ( ! l>ge/ examples ( ! g5us1 s9ce a p]fect specim5 w\ld probably rea* ! l5g? ( #be feet4 ,its tee? resemble ^? ( ,i4 campylodon1 ,c>t]1 f ! ,engli% ,*alk4 ,( ! ,sauropt]ygia two species ( ,pliosaurus 7,p4 macrospondylus & ,p4 su!rl&i7 h be5 describ$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ! ,fl9d]s ,riv]2 :il/ ! latt] species has also occurr$ at ,pit*]y ,creek1 ,c5tral ,que5sl& & at ,m>a?on4 ,p4 macrospondylus is di/+ui%$ f ,p4 su!rl&i by ! r\gh5$ edges ( ! v]tebral c5tra4 ,ano!r g5us ( ! liz>d-f9n$ reptiles 7,sauropt]ygia71 viz41 ,cimoliosaurus1 occurs 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,:ite ,cliffs1 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,fig4 #acd ,b1 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd--;,,fossil ,,reptiles4 ,a--,tani:asaurus ow5i4 ,hector4 7,l[] jaw74 ,cretace\s4 ,new ,zeal& ,b--,cimoliosaurus leucoscopelus1 ,e?4 fil4 7,tee?74 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,c--,cimoliosaurus leucoscopelus1 ,e?4 fil4 7,phalangeal74 ,up4 ,cretace\s4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,d--,miolania ow5i1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,que5sl& ,cretace\s ,reptiles1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,! ,waip>a ,s]ies 7,cretace\s7 ( ,new ,zeal& conta9s a fairly l>ge numb] ( reptilian species belong+ to sev]al g5]a among :i* may be m5tion$ ,plesiosaurus1 ,polycotylus1 & ,cimoliosaurus among ! ,sauropt]ygia2 & ,tylosaurus & ,tani:asaurus 7,fig4 #acd ,a71 m>9e liz>d-l reptiles1 belong+ to ! sub-ord] ,py?onomopha4 ,ca9ozoic & ,plei/oc5e ,reptiles4-- ,! lat] ,ca9ozoic deposits ( ,que5sl& conta9 rema9s ( ,crocodiles ref]r$ to ,pallymn>*us poll5s 7f ,m>yvale ,creek7 & ,crocodilus porosus 7f ,*9*illa & ,arcola1 ne> ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&74 ,! =m] species has also occurr$ at ,clunes1 :il/ ,crocodilus porosus is record$ f ! ,loddon ,valley1 bo? 9 ,victoria4 ,ano!r late ,t]ti>y reptile is ! rem>kable ,horn$ ,turtle1 ,miolania ow5i1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,que5sl& 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits 7,fig4 #acd ,d71 & 9 ! ,plioc5e 7,deep ,leads7 ( ,gulgong1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 :il/ a second species ( ! same g5us1 ,m4 platyceps1 is f\nd 9 coral s& at ,"l ,h[e ,isl&1 #djj miles di/ant f ,au/ralia4 ,?is g5us has a skull ) l>ge bony protub]ances1 giv+ x a horn$ appe>ance1 & ! tail is encas$ 9 a bony %ea?4 ,a species ( ,miolania is also describ$ f ,patagonia4 ,! ,cave deposits ( ,well+ton ,valley1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 z well z ! fluviatile deposits ( ,que5sl&1 h1 yield$ ! bones ( sev]al g5]a ( liz>ds1 includ+ ! ,giant ,liz>d 7,megalania71 :i*1 9 its l5g? ( #bj feet exce$$ t ( mo/ liv+ crocodiles4 ,birds4-- ,,birds 7,,aves74--,^! w>m-blood$ animals are closely relat$ to ,reptiles 9 _m ess5tial p>ticul>s2 & are g5]ally consid]$ to m ne>ly approa* ! ,de9osaurs ?an any o!r gr\p4 ,! ,ratitae 7,raft-brea/$ or keel-less birds7 & ,c>9atae 7) keel$ brea/-bones71 a sub-class includ+ mo/ mod]n birds1 7 probably diff]5tiat$ be=e ! ,ca9ozoic p]iod4 ,jurassic ,bird4-- ,! olde/ record$ bird1 ! rem>kable ,ar*aeopt]yx1 ( ! ,upp] ,jurassic ( ,bav>ia 9 ,europe1 belong+ to ! ,saururae 7,reptilian-tail$7 is1 s f>1 re/rict$ to ! b$s ( t age4 ,mioc5e ,bird1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,! e>lie/ kn[n birds 9 ,au/ralasia occur 9 ! ,mioc5e rocks 7,oam>u ,s]ies71 ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 ?is s]ies1 9 ! ,m>a:5ua ,gre5s&s1 a ,giant ,p5gu91 ,palaeeudyptes ant>cticus is f\nd at ,kakanui ne> ,oam>u1 at ,curiosity ,%op ne> ,*ri/*ur* & at ,brighton ne> ,nelson1 ,new ,zeal&3 ?is int]e/+ occurr5ce %[s t ^! re/rict$ ant>ctic birds _h already become an e/abli%$ type z e>ly z ! ,mioc5e4 ,victorian ,ca9ozoic ,bird4-- ,! impression ( a bird's fea!r1 probably ( a ,wad]1 has lately be5 describ$ f ,we/]n ,victoria 7see antea ,fig4 #af & ,fig4 #ace74 ,?is occurs 9 iron/one1 on ! surface ( :i* are also impressions ( ,gum 7,eucalyptus7 & ,native ,honeysuckle 7,banksia7 leaves1 ( species closely relat$ to ^? n[ gr[+ 9 ! same locality4 ,?is iron/one is probably ( ,janjukian age1 & may !re=e be co9cid5t ) ! ,new ,zeal& occurr5ce ( ! ,palaeeudyptes 9 ! ,oam>u ,s]ies4 ,plioc5e ,moa1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,9 ! ,wanganui ,sy/em 7,plioc5e7 ! ,putiki ,b$s h yield$ bones ( a small ,moa 7,d9ornis71 probably ! olde/ example ( ! gr\p ( great flightless birds :i* lat] pr$om9at$ 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace--;,impression ( ,bird's ,fea!r 9 ,iron/one4 ,wannon ,riv]1 ,victoria4 7,enl>g$74 ,plei/oc5e ,/ru?i\s ,birds1 ,au/ralia4-- ,bones ( a /ru?i\s or ,o/ri*-l bird1 describ$ by ,ow5 "u ! "n ( ,dromornis au/ralis1 a bird z l>ge z ! ,moa1 h be5 record$ f ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,peak ,d[ns & ! ,p>oo ,riv]1 ,que5sl&4 ,indet]m9ate species ( ! same g5]a occur 9 ,phillip ,co41 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ! ,m\nt ,gambi] ,caves1 ,s\? ,au/ralia2 :il/ ,dromaeus patricius is kn[n f ,k+'s ,creek1 ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,que5sl&4 ,g5yornis newtoni is an ext9ct bird alli$ to ! ,emeus2 x has be5 f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits at ,lake ,callabonna1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & o!r fragm5t>y rema9s h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,/irl+ & ,mr4 ,zietz f ,m\nt ,gambi] & ,que5sl&4 ,reg>d+ ! build & habits ( ,g5yornis1 ^? au?ors rem>k t ,its legs comb9e a huge femur ne>ly z massive1 9 all b l5g?1 z t ( ,d9ornis maximus1 & a tibia equall+ t ( ,pa*yornis elephantopus ) ! relatively sl5d] metat>se ( ,d9ornis novae-zeal&iae 7+5s7 & toes :i* are insignificant beside ^? ( any ( ! l>g] moas4444 ,9 height x may be confid5tly /at$ to h be5 f #f feet to #f feet #f in*es1 t is if ! neck %\ld h be5 ( proportions simil> to ^? ( ,pa*yornis elephantopus4 ,^? au?ors also attribute a sl[1 sluggi% habit to ! bird1 & sugge/ t h]bage r ?an roots =m$ its food4 ,x is v probable t ! footpr9ts ( birds f\nd 9 ! old] dune rock ( ,w>rnambool1 ,victoria1 associat$ ) ! d\btful human footpr9ts may h be5 made by ,g5yornis or a relat$ =m4 ,an ext9ct ,emu1 ,dromaeus m9or1 has lately be5 describ$ f ! sub-rec5t deposits 9 ,k+ ,isl&1 ,bass ,/rait4 ,plei/oc5e ,c>9ate ,birds1 ,au/ralia4-- ,_m g5]a ( c>9ate birds belong+ to liv+ ,au/ralian types h be5 id5tifi$ by ,de ,vis f ! fluviatile deposits on ! ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,que5sl&4 ,^! include ,falcons 7,taphaetus & ,necra/ur72 a ,pelican 7,pelicanus72 an ,ibis 7,palaeopel>gus72 a ,spoonbill 7,platalea72 ,ducks 7,anas1 ,d5drocygna1 ,biziura & ,nyroca72 a ,d>t] 7,plotus72 a ,pigeon 7,li?ophaps72 a ,gr\nd-pigeon 7,progura72 a ,m\nd-build] 7,*osornis72 a ,rail 7,porphyrio72 ,moor-h5s 7,gall9ula1 ,tribonyx & ,fulica72 & a ,/ork 7,x5orhyn*us74 ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e ,birds1 ,new ,zeal&4-- ,9 ,new ,zeal& num]\s rema9s ( birds are f\nd1 *iefly 9 ! ,plei/oc5e /rata1 associat$ ) ,moa bones3 su* are ,cnemiornis1 ! ,flightless ,pigeon ,goose 7,fig4 #ace72 ,h>pagornis1 a pr$atory hawk-l bird l>g] ?an any exi/+ eagle2 & ,aptornis1 an ext9ct ,rail4 ,! s&-dunes1 peat bogs1 swamps1 riv] alluvium1 caves & rock %elt]s ( ,new ,zeal& (t5 conta9 num]\s rema9s ( ! gigantic ,moa birds includ$ 9 ! g5]a ,d9ornis1 ,pa*yornis & ,anomalopt]yx1 ( :i* p]haps ! be/ kn[n are ,d4 giganteus1 ,d4 maximus 7,fig4 #acf71 ,d4 robu/us1 ,p4 elephantopus 7,fig4 #acg71 & ,a4 antiqua4 ,"s ( ! species h become s rec5tly ext9ct t rema9s ( _! sk9 & fea!rs h be5 pres]v$ 9 fissures 9 ! rocks :]e !y 7 %ield$ f ! influ5ce ( air & moi/ure4 ,! rema9s ( ,moa birds are v abundant 9 "s ( ! localities z at ,hamilton 9 ,s\?l&1 :]e1 z ,hutton e/imat$1 ! rema9s ( at lea/ #djj birds 7 conta9$ )9 a radius ( #be feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf--;,cnemiornis calcitrans1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e4 ,new ,zeal&4 #a_/ae?4 nat4 size 7,aft] ,ow574 ,illu/ration3,fig4 #acg--;,d9ornis maximus1 ,ow54 7,great ,moa74 ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e4 ,new ,zeal&4 ,v]tical height1 #h ft4 ,measur$ along sp9e1 #aj ft4 #h 94 7,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach--,pa*yornis elephantopus1 ,ow5 sp4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,new ,zeal&4 ,ab\t #a_/bf?4 nat4 size4 7,aft] ,ow574 ,mammalia3 ,e>ly ,types4-- ,,mammalia4--,! hi/ory ( ^? w>m-blood$ animals1 ! mammals1 comm5ces 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,x 0 !n t ! skull began to assume ! *>act]s se5 9 ! mod]n quadrup$s1 & _! well-=m$ limb-bones1 & fusion ( ! ?ree bones on ea* side ( ! pelvic ar* to =m ! innom9ate bone1 also %[ relation%ip to ! lat] types4 ,! e>lie/ ance/ral mammalian =ms seem to be relat$ to ! !romorphic reptiles1 pr$om9ant 9 ! ,p]mian & ,trias4 ,! mammals fir/ to make _! appe>ance 7 probably relat$ to ^? ( ! ,monotreme & ,m>supial ord]s4 ,m ne>ly relat$ to ! =m] is ! gr\p ( mammals ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 ! ,multitub]culata4 ,multitub]culata4-- ,?is gr\p comprises ! ,triassic ,tritylodon 7,s\? ,africa & ,g]many72 ! ,upp] ,jurassic ,bolodon 7,engl& & ,unit$ ,/ates72 ! ,upp] ,jurassic to ,l[] ,ca9ozoic ,plagiaulax 7,engl&1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france72 & ! ,l[] ,eoc5e ,polyma/odon 7,new ,mexico74 ,! mol> tee? are ridg$ longitud9ally1 & c>ry num]\s tub]cles1 h5ce ! "n ( ! gr\p1 & resemble ! decidu\s tee? ( ! ,duck-bill$ ,platypus 7,orni?orhyn*us74 ,monotremata4-- ,! ,monotremata are repres5t$ at ! pres5t day 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea by ! ,e*idna or ,sp9y ,anteat]1 & by ! ,orni?orhyn*us or ,duck-bill$ ,platypus ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,^! egg-lay+ mammals %[ relation%ip t[>ds ! reptiles bo? 9 /ructure & 9 me?ods ( reproduction4 ,a ,plioc5e species ( ,orni?orhyn*us 7,o4 maximus7 has be5 record$ f ! ,deep-leads ( ,gulgong1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ! same b$s h yield$ ! rema9s ( ,e*idna 7,proe*idna7 robu/a4 ,rema9s ( ano!r species1 ,e*idna1 7,p47 ow5i1 h be5 describ$ f ! ,plei/oc5e ,cave-breccias ( ! ,well+ton ,valley ,caves1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ,orni?orhyn*us agilis is f\nd 9 deposits ( simil> age 9 ,que5sl&4 ,m>supials4-- ,! ,m>supials or p\*$ mammals belong to ! sub-class ,meta!ria4 ,!y are divid$ into ,diprotodontia & ,polyprotodontia1 accord+ly z !y possess a s+le pair ( incisor tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 or _m front tee?1 h5ce ! names ( ! two sub-ord]s4 ,a lat] classification ( ! ,m>supials is t ( _! division into syndactyla & diadactyla4 ,! diadactyla h ! second & ?ird toes sep>ate1 & are repres5t$ by ! family ,dasyuridae or ,native ,cats4 ,^! are polyprotodont4 ,!y are ! mo/ ar*aic ( ! m>supial gr\p4 ,rema9s ( ,dasyurus1 bo? ( ext9ct & /ill liv+ species are f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e ,cave-breccias 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! ,tasmanian ,devil 7,s>cophilus urs9us7 7,fig4 #ach1 #aci7 & ! ,tasmanian ,wolf 7,?ylac9us cynocephalus71 /ill liv+ 9 ,tasmania1 h left num]\s rema9s on ! ma9l&1 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,( ! latt] g5us an ext9ct species is ,t4 major f ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,que5sl& 7,fig4 #adj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci ,skeleton ( ,s>cophilus urs9us1 ,h>ris sp4 7,tasmanian devil74 7,f4 ,j4 ,moore1 prep47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj ,skull ( ,s>cophilus urs9us1 ,h>ris sp4 7,tasmanian devil74 ,plei/oc5e4 ,que5scliff1 ,victoria4 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size 7,aft] ,mc,coy74 ,! syndactyla h ! second & ?ird toes enclos$ 9 a common sk94 ,! ,p]amelidae & ! ,notoryctidae are polyprotodont4 ,! rema9d] are all diprotodont4 ,! ,p]amelidae or ,b&icoot family are repres5t$ 9 ,plei/oc5e ,cave-breccias 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales by ! g5]a ,p]agale & ,p]ameles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada--,?ylac9us major1 ,ow54 ,h9d "p ( m&ible1 out] side4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,que5sl&4 #a_/b nat4 size ,plei/oc5e ,diprotodonts4-- ,plei/oc5e rema9s ( ! diprotodont =ms ( ?is syndactyl\s gr\p are ,phascolomys 7! ,wombat71 p]haps rang+ z l[ z ,upp] ,plioc5e 7,p4 plioc5us7 7,fig4 #ada72 ,phascolonus 7,p4 gigas7 7,fig4 #adb ,a7#d1 a l>ge ,wombat f ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s\? ,au/ralia2 ! ,giant ,kang>oos1 z ,macropus titan 7,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia71 ,procoptodon goliah 7,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria71 ,/h5urus atlas 7,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia71 ,palor*e/es azael 7,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&72 also ! great ,diprotodon1 ! l>ge/ kn[n m>supial1 z l>ge z1 & r tall] ?an1 a rh9oc]os1 f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ,au/ralia1 ) an alli$ =m ref]r$ to ,noto!rium occurr+ also 9 ,tasmania 7,figs4 #adc1 #add1 #ade74 ,noto!rium 7,que5sl&1 ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,victoria71 0 a small] animal ?an ,diprotodon1 ) a %ort] & broad] skull & simil> d5tition4 ,rema9s ( ! ext9ct ,m>supial ,lion1 ,?ylacoleo c>nifex1 an animal alli$ to ! phalang]s1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,cave-deposits 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,victoria & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,incis$ bones ( o!r animals1 :i* are believ$ to h be5 gnaw$ by ,?ylacoleo1 h be5 f\nd associat$ ) its rema9s4 ,?ylacoleo possess$ a peculi> d5tition1 ! fir/ pair ( incisors 9 ! upp] jaw be+ v l>ge & tr5*ant1 :il/ ! can9e & two ant]ior premol>s are small & functionless3 ! l[] jaw has also a pair ( l>ge fir/ incisors1 beh9d :i* are two small premol>s1 & an enorm\s *isel-edg$ la/ premol> bit+ aga9/ a simil> too? 9 ! upp] jaw 7,fig4 #adf74 ,footnote #d3 ,?is g5us 0 describ$ by ,ow5 9 #ahgb z a sub-g5us ( ,phascolomys f\nd$ on "s *eek-tee?2 & subsequ5tly1 9 #ahhd1 ! same au?or describ$ "s incisors "u ! "n ( ,scep>nodon ramsayi1 :i* are n[ kn[n to belong to ! same animal t bore ! *eek-tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb--,m&ible ( ,phascolomys plioc5us1 ,mc,coy4 787 ,upp] ,plioc5e 7,gold ,cem5t47 ,dunolly1 ,vict4 ,ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 7,aft] ,mc,coy74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc--;,,ca9ozoic ,,tee? & ,,otoli?4 ,a--,phascolonus gigas1 ,ow54 7,mol>74 ,plei/oc5e4 ,que5sl& ,b--,p>asqualodon wilk9soni1 ,mc,coy4 7,mol>74 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj47 ,vict4 ,c--,p>asqualodon wilk9soni1 ,mc,coy4 7,incisor74 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj47 ,vict4 ,d--,metasqualodon h>woodi1 ,sang] sp4 7,mol>74 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj47 ,s\? ,au/ralia ,e--,kek5odon onamata1 ,hector4 7,mol>74 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>uian74 ,new ,zeal& ,f--,cetotoli!s nelsoni1 ,mc,coy4 7,tympanic bone74 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj47 ,victoria ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add--;,diprotodon au/ralis1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e4 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 7,aft] ,/irl+ & ,zeitz74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade--,upp] ,surface ( ! ,"r ,h9d ,foot ( ,diprotodon au/ralis4 ,a--,) ! ,a/ragalus 7ankle-bone7 9 position4 ,b-- remov$4 ,cir4 #a_/h nat4 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf--;,diprotodon au/ralis1 ,ow54 7,re/or$74 ,f a sket* by ,c4 ,h4 ,angas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg--,?ylacoleo c>nifex1 ,ow54 ,"r lat]al aspect ( skull & m&ible4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,au/ralia4 #a_/e? nat4 size4 c1 can9e4 i1 incisors4 m1 mol>s4 pm1 premol>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh--,wyny>dia bassiana1 ,sp5c]4 ,upp] ,ca9ozoic 7,turritella b$74 ,table ,cape4 ,tasmania4 #b_/g? nat4 size4 7,ca/s 9 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,coll47 ,olde/ ,kn[n ,m>supial4 ,! olde/ m>supial f\nd 9 ,au/ralia is probably ,wyny>dia bassiana 7,fig4 #adg71 ^: rema9s occurr$ 9 ! ,turritella-b$ at ,table ,cape1 :i* is ei!r ( ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e age4 ,?is /ratum occurs above ! well-kn[n ,crassatellites-b$ 7,mioc5e7 ( t locality4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f its incomplete d5tition1 ,wyny>dia repres5ts an annectant =m betwe5 ! ,diprotodonts & ! ,polyprotodonts4 ,plei/oc5e ,g5]a1 also ,liv+4-- ,besides ! g5]a above enum]at$1 _m o!r m>supials ( well-kn[n liv+ species are repres5t$ by fossil rema9s 9 ,cave-deposits & on s&-bl[s 9 mo/ ( ! ,au/ralian ,/ates4 ,! g5]a ?us repres5t$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ,au/ralia are ,bettongia 7,preh5sile ,rat-,kang>oo72 ,dasyurus 7,native ,cat72 ,hypsiprymnus 7,rat-,kang>oo72 ,macropus 7,kang>oo72 ,p]ameles 7,b&icoot72 ,petaurus 7,fly+ ,phalang]72 ,phalang] 7,cuscus72 ,phascolomys 7,wombat72 ,s>cophilus 7,tasmanian ,devil72 ,?ylac9us 7,tasmanian ,wolf74 ,cetacea4-- ,! ord] ,cetacea includes ,:ales1 ,dolph9s & ,porpoises4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n =ms belong to ! sub-ord] ,ar*aeoceti1 & :il/ abs5t f ,au/ralian deposits1 are f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e ( ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,odontoceti3 ,too!d ,:ales4-- ,rema9s ( ,cetacea are fir/ met ) 9 ,au/ralian rocks 9 ! ,oligoc5e 7,balcombian7 ( ,victoria4 ,at ,muddy ,creek ne> ,hamilton fragm5ts ( ribs & o!r bones ( cetacea1 n yet det]m9$1 occur 9 ! t5aci\s blue clays ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,clifton ,bank section4 ,9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& ! olde/ det]m9able rema9s ( ?is ord] belong to ! ,odontoceti1 memb]s ( :i* range f ,mioc5e to ,plioc5e4 ,tee? ( ! too!d :ales l ,squalodon ( ! ,mioc5e ( ,france & ,bav>ia h be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal& 7,kek5odon72 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,metasqualodon72 & 9 ,victoria 7,p>asqualodon74 ,9 ,victoria ! tee? ( ,squalodontidae occur 9 ! ,janjukian b$s ( ,cape ,otway1 ,waurn ,ponds & ,torquay1 repres5t$ by mol>s & ant]ior tee? ( ,p>asqualodon wilk9soni 7,fig4 #adb ,b1 ,c74 ,! same species also occurs at ,table ,cape1 ,tasmania1 9 b$s ( simil> age4 ,tee? ( ,metasqualodon h>woodi 7,fig4 #adb ,d7 occasionally occur 9 ! :ite polyzoal rock ( ! ,m\nt ,gambi] di/rict1 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! gigantic too!d :ale1 ,kek5odon onamata 7,fig4 #adb ,e7 occurs 9 ! ,m>a:5ua ,gre5s&s 7,oam>u ,s]ies7 at ,waitaki ,valley1 ,waihao1 ,ngap>a1 ,waik\aiti & ,milburn 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! mol> tee? ( ?is /rik+ species1 ) _! s]rat$ cr[ns1 measure ne>ly five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,e>-bones ( ,:ales4-- ,! tympanic bones ( :ales are n uncommon 9 ! ,janjukian b$s ( ,waurn ,ponds1 ne> ,geelong1 ,victoria2 & !y are occasionally f\nd 9 ! basem5t b$ ( ! ,kalimnan at ,beaum>is1 ,port ,phillip4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any di/9ctive g5]ic *>act]s !y h be5 ref]r$ to ! quasi-g5us ,cetotoli!s 7,fig4 #adb ,f74 ,mc,coy has express$ ! op9ion t !y may p]haps be ref]able to ! ziphioid or beak$ :ales1 = und\bt$ rema9s ( t gr\p1 z tee? ( ,ziphius geelong5sis1 occur 9 ^! same b$s2 z well z portions ( _! ro/rate crania1 9 ! ,kalimnan basem5t b$s at ,grange ,burn1 ne> ,hamilton4 ,! l>ge curv$ & flatt5$ tee? ( ,ziphius 7,doli*odon7 geelong5sis are occasionally f\nd1 m or less fragm5t>y1 9 ! polyzoal rock ( ,waurn ,ponds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,too? ( ,scaldicetus macgeei1 ,*apm4 ,an ,ext9ct ,sp]m ,:ale4 ,f ! ,kalimnan b$s ( ,beaum>is1 ,port ,phillip1 ,victoria4 ,ab\t #c_/d nat4 size4 ,kalimnan-,scaldicetus4-- ,f ! ,kalimnan ,s]ies 7,l[] ,plioc5e7 ( ,beaum>is1 ,port ,phillip1 !re 0 describ$ a %ort "t s9ce1 a rem>kably well pres]v$ specim5 ( ,scaldicetus too? belong+ to a new =m1 ,s4 macgeei 7,fig4 #adh74 ,ano!r species ( ! g5us1 ) tee? ( a sl5d] =m1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! same geological s]ies1 at ,grange ,burn1 ne> ,hamilton4 ,9 only "o o!r locality besides ,au/ralia does ! g5us occur1 viz41 at ,antw]p1 ,belgium1 9 ,crag deposits ( ,l[] ,plioc5e age4 ,sir5ia4-- ,! ord] ,sir5ia 7,manatees & ,dugongs7 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,au/ralian ,plei/oc5e by ,*ronozon au/rale4 ,! rema9s consi/ ( ! p>ietal & upp] "p ( ! occipital bones ( ! skull1 & 7 discov]$ 9 ! fluviatile deposits on ! ,d>l+ ,d[ns1 ,que5sl&4 ,?is fossil skull1 accord+ to ,de ,vis1 _h a %all[] temporal fossa & feebl] ma/icat+ muscles1 z well z a less highly develop$ bra9 ?an ! exi/+ ,dugong4 ,c>nivora4-- ,! ord] ,c>nivora is repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ! ,native ,dog or ,d+o 7,canis d+o74 ,x is by no means a settl$ "q :e!r ! ,d+o c boa/ ( v great antiquity4 ,! evid5ce ( its rema9s hav+ be5 f\nd "u volcanic tuff b$s 9 ,victoria is n v conv9c+1 = ! orig9al record does n indicate ! precise position :]e ! bones 7 f\nd4 ,! fact ( ! rema9s ( ! ,d+o hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,cave deposits (t5 associat$ ) ext9ct m>supials1 goes a good way to prove its antiquity4 ,mc,coy 0 /rongly incl9$ to ! view ( its ,plei/oc5e age1 & po9ts out t x %[s cranial *>act]s int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,dogs ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,old ,_w4 ,fossil rema9s ( ! ,d+o1 associat$ ) ,plei/oc5e mammalian =ms h be5 record$ f ! ,well+ton1 ,valley ,caves1 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 f ! ,m\nt ,mac$on ,cave1 ne> ,gisborne2 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,w>rnambool1 ,we/]n ,victoria4 ,p9nip$ia4-- ,( ! f9-foot$ ,c>nivores or ,seals & ,walruses1 ! e>lie/ ,au/ralasian record is t ( ! rema9s ( a small seal 9 ! ,okehu %ell-b$s ne> ,wanganui1 f\nd 9 association ) ! bones ( a small ,moa-bird 7,d9ornis74 ,new] ,plioc5e ,seal4-- ,?is seal 0 ref]r$ by ,hector to ,arctocephalus c9]eus1 a species synonym\s1 h[ev]1 ) ! widely di/ribut$ liv+ ,seal1 ,ot>ia =/]i1 ,lesson1 ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,ano!r & l>g] species ( e>$ seal alli$ to ! liv+ ,fur ,seal1 ,ot>ia =/]i1 occurs 9 ,victoria4 ,plei/oc5e ,seal4-- ,?is fossil 0 nam$ ,arctocephalus williamsi by ,mc,coy1 & 0 f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits at ,que5scliff1 ,port ,phillip1 at #e feet bel[ ! surface1 9 m>l & s& /one ov]la9 ) lime/one4 ,al?\gh ref]r$ at ! "t ( description to ! ,plioc5e1 x has s9ce be5 prov$ t at ?is locality !re is a consid]able ?ickness ( practically sub-rec5t mat]ial :i* is m accurately class$ ) ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,simil> rema9s ( e>$ seals are n uncommon 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ! ,otway ,coa/4 ,subrec5t ,human ,rema9s4 ,on turn+ to ! occurr5ce ( human fossils 9 ,au/ralia we f9d ! geological evid5ce = any great antiquity ( man on ?is cont95t to be v scanty & inconclusive4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 imply t man's exi/5ce 9 ,au/ralia w n ev5tually be prov$ to date back f> beyond ! p]iod ( ! kit*5 midd5s ( mod]n aspect1 su* z are n[ expos$ on ! slopes beh9d ! sea-bea*es1 & on ! inl& camp+ gr\nds4 ,almo/ all ! records ( ,au/ralian human rema9s t h be5 f\nd 9 o!r ?an ord9>y burial places1 h prov$ to be ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,= example1 ! p>tially lime-encru/$ body f\nd 9 ! cave 9 ! ,mosquito ,pla9s1 nor? ( ,p5ola1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 record$ by ,t5ison ,woods1 is t ( an aborig9e :o1 9 ! e>ly days ( settlem5t1 crawl$ into ! cave 9 a w\nd$ condition4 ,o!r occurr5ces ( human rema9s 9 caves1 b ( fairly rec5t date are1 a *ild's skull f\nd 9 a small cave at ,bungonia1 ,co4 ,argyle1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 record$ by ,e!ridge2 & ! non-petrifi$ limb-bones f\nd 9 a cave at ,well+ton1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 record$ by ,krefft1 :i* 7 probably wa%$ 9 f ! surface 9 rec5t times4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 z obs]v$ by ,froggatt1 ! natives at ! pres5t "t seek %elt] 9 caves1 :]e ^! occur1 in/ead ( build+ mia-mias4 ,a m int]e/+1 because probably mu* old]1 occurr5ce ( human rema9s has be5 describ$ by ,e!ridge & ,trickett f "o ( ! ,j5olan ,caves 7,skeleton ,cave72 & ^? au?ors conclude f ,! great lapse ( "t t mu/ h accru$ to enable ! *anges already outl9$ to h tak5 place s9ce ! introduction ( ! rema9s into ! ,skeleton ,cave1 t ^! rema9s are anci5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej--;,impressions ( ,footpr9ts 9 dune s&-rock4 ,w>rnambool1 ,victoria4 #a_/i nat4 size4 7,f4 ,c4 ,photo74 7,w>rnambool ,museum74 ,curi\s footpr9ts suppos$ to resemble impressions ( human feet ) accompany+ impress z if made by natives seat$1 h be5 long kn[n f ! old] s&-dune rock ( ,w>rnambool4 ,!y 7 f\nd at ,kellas' ,qu>ry1 on ! ,port ,fairy ,road 9 #ahij & at a dep? ( #ed feet4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 a fur!r discov]y ( simil> footpr9ts 7 f\nd at ,messrs4 ,/e]e ,bros4' ,qu>ry1 ,w>rnambool1 at a dep? ( #aj feet1 z a block ( /one 0 be+ remov$ = build+ purposes4 ,^! footpr9ts are ev5 m obscure ?an ^? previ\sly f\nd1 & x w\ld be unsafe to affirm _! human orig91 al?\gh !y are sugge/ive ( su*4 ,_! antiquity is c]ta9ly great1 s9ce ! lavas & tuffs ( ! ,t[] ,hill di/rict are f\nd ov]ly+ ?is old dune-rock4 ,o!r footpr9ts associat$ ) ^! resemble ^? ( ! ,d+o & a gigantic bird1 possibly l ,g5yornis4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,aborig9es4-- ,e?nology appe>s to ?r[ m light ^u ! subject ?an does geology4 ,au/ralia has 9 ! pa/ be5 peopl$ by two di/9ct types ( man4 7#a71 ! ance/ors ( ! ,tasmanians1 n[ alas1 ext9ct1 :o accord+ to "s au?orities came by way ( ,au/ralia f ,papua ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula1 pass+ ov] to ,tasmania f ! ma9l& be=e ! sep>ation caus$ by ! subsid5ce ( ! ,bass ,/rait area2 & :o 7 repres5t$ by a negroid or woolly-hair$ type3 7#b71 ! pres5t aborig9als ( ,au/ralia1 %[+ aff9ities ) ! ,dravidians ( ,s\!rn ,india1 a primitive race f ^: orig9al /ock ! :ite ,caucasian races ( ,europe 7 d]iv$4 ,by int]m>riage ) a negroid race l ! ,melanesian1 x is suppos$ t ! black ,caucasian gave rise to ! pres5t ,au/ralian mix$ aborig9al type1 ) negroid features1 b possess+ ! long black hair & ke5] intellect ( ! melano*roi1 z ! d>k ,eurasian /ock 0 t]m$ by ,huxley4 ,aborig9al ,implem5ts4-- ,! /one implem5ts fa%ion$ by ! ,tasmanian aborig9als 7 r\ghly *ipp$ & ( primitive type1 ( su* =ms z us$ at ! pres5t day by ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa1 & repres5t+ ! eoli?s & palaeoli?s ( e>ly man 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,! implem5ts ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9als on ! o!r h& include besides ^! bo? flakes & work$ & poli%$ tools1 su* z 7 produc$ by ! ,neoli?ic m5 ( ,europe1 z contra/$ ) ! typically r\gh palaeoli?ic tools ( ! ,tasmanian1 :o nev] groov$ 8 axes = haft+ z did ! ,au/ralian aborig9al4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities ! ,tasmanians repres5t palaeoli?ic or ev5 eoli?ic man 9 ! "* ( _! implem5ts2 :il/ ! ,au/ralian resembles ! ,middle or ,m\/]ian /age ( e>ly man 9 c]ta9 ( _! e?nological *>act]s & 9 ! =ms ( _! implem5ts1 al?\gh a m>k$ exception is se5 9 _! manufacture ( poli%$ adzes1 ( ! neoli?ic p]iod & 9 ! use ( bone implem5ts su* z 7 us$ 9 ,europe 9 ,upp] ,palaeoli?ic times4 ,s f> no human rema9s or h&iwork 9 ! =m ( *ipp$ implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 o!r ?an sup]ficial deposits1 ei!r 9 ,tasmania or ,au/ralia4 ,! incis$ bone-fragm5t f\nd ne> ,ball>at1 9 a b$ ( silt b5ea? a %eet ( basalt :i* fl[$ f ,m\nt ,bun9yong1 is believ$ by "s to be evid5ce ( man's h&iwork 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 ?\gh by o!rs ?\ght to h be5 cut by ! tee? ( ! m>supial lion 7,?ylacoleo74 ,a /one axe ( basalt1 groov$ = ! purpose ( m\nt+ 9 a h&le1 0 f\nd 9 gravel at ,ball>at at a dep? ( #bb in*es f ! surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no pro( ( man's antiquity1 = sup]ficial deposits ( mu* great] dep? are easily accumulat$ )9 a %ort p]iod4 ,ano!r implem5t 0 f\nd at ,m>ybor\gh 9 ,que5sl& 9 gravels at a dep? ( #d feet f ! surface1 b n bel[ ! basalt ( ! ma9 lead4 ,9 ?is case x is believ$ t ! implem5t may h fall5 into a natural holl[ or wombat-burr[4 ,a bone po9t]1 su* z us$ by native m$ic9e m51 0 "s ye>s ago f\nd buri$ 9 ! ,mioc5e m>ls ( ,waurn ,ponds ne> ,geelong4 ,its pres5ce 9 s old a rock is easily expla9$ f ! fact t 9 ! aborig9al c]emonies ! po9t] 0 buri$ aft] ! incantations4 ,see+ ! difficulties 9 ! way ( discov]+ reliable occurr5ces ( man's h&iwork 9 isolat$ examples among/ ! old] sup]ficial deposits ( silt & gravels1 ! anci5t s&-dunes ( ,victoria1 :i* date back at lea/ to ,upp] ,plioc5e1 %\ld af=d fav\rable conditions = ! pres]vation ( any really anci5t kit*5 midd5s1 did su* exi/4 ,moreov]1 ^! deposits w\ld h be5 less liable to di/urbance :5 once !y 7 cov]$1 ?an ! inl& deposits1 = ! =m] are n[ consolidat$ into a tol]ably h>d /one4 ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,au/ralia4-- ,a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( a consid]able antiquity = man 9 ,au/ralia is ! fact t ! dialects are _m1 & m>riage & tribal cu/oms m complex & intricate ?an w\ld be f\nd 9 a comp>atively rec5t primitive race4 ,9 any case1 x is q possible1 if n probable1 t man 0 9 s\!rn ,au/ralia be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! la/ phase ( volcanic activity1 s9ce ! tuff b$s ( ,koroit1 = example1 are q mod]n & 7 laid d[n on a mod]n sea-bea* /rewn ) %ells id5tical 9 species & condition ) ^? n[ f\nd ?r[n up 9 ! vic9ity at high tide4 ,?is view is q compatible ) ! occurr5ce ( d+o rema9s 7assum+ ?is animal 0 introduc$ by man7 9 cave deposits 9 ,au/ralia1 associat$ ) ext9ct =ms ( m>supials4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,common ,,or ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]4 ,,fi%es4 ,?ye/es magnificus1 ,*apman4 ,silurian3 ,victoria4 ,a/]olepis au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,middle ,devonian3 ,victoria4 ,ganorhyn*us sssmil*i1 ,e!ridge fil4 ,devonian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,gyracan?ides murrayi1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 ,acan?odes au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 ,ct5odus breviceps1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 ,/repsodus decipi5s1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 ,eloni*?ys sweeti1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 ,physonemus micracan?us1 ,*apman4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s3 ,victoria4 787 ,deltodus au/ralis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,que5sl&4 ,tomodus 787 convexus1 ,agassiz4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ede/us davisii1 ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,peocilodus jonesi1 ,agassiz4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,gos=dia truncata1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,myriolepis cl>kei1 ,eg]ton4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,apateolepis au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,dictyopyge robu/a1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,belonorhyn*us gigas1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,semionotus au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pri/isomus latus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,clei?rolepis granulatus1 ,eg]ton4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pholidophorus greg>ius1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pleuracan?us p>vid5s1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sag5odus laticeps1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,palaeoniscus crassus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,eloni*?ys armatus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,elpisopholis dun/ani1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,pholidophorus au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,upp] ,trias3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,psili*?ys selwyni1 ,hall4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria4 ,leptolepis crassicauda1 ,hall4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria4 ,c]atodus avus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria4 ,coccolepis au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,aphnelepis au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ae!olepis mirabilis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,ar*aeoma5e t5uis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,leptolepis talbrag>5sis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,jurassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,lamna daviesii1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,lamna app5diculatus1 ,agassiz4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,corax au/ralis1 ,*apm4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,aspidorhyn*us sp4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,belono/omus sweeti1 ,e?4 fil4 & ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,por!us au/ralis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,cladocyclus sweeti1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,notidanus m>g9alis1 ,davis4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,lamna compressa1 ,agassiz4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,callorhyn*us hectori1 ,newton4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,is*yodus ?urmanni1 ,pictet & ,campi*e4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,odontaspis contortid5s1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,bal4 & ,janj473 ,victoria4 ,lamna apiculata1 ,ag4 sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,bal4 & ,janj473 ,victoria4 ,also ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,c>*>odon megalodon1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,bal4 ,janj4 & ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,also ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,ce/racion ca9ozoicus1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj4 & ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,a/]acan?us eoca5icus1 ,tate sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj4 & ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,galeoc]do davisi1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria4 ,also ,cretace\s 7,waip>a ,s]ies7 & ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,c>*>oides totus]ratus1 ,amegh9o4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria4 ,odontaspis incurva1 ,davis sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj4 & ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,also ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,oxyrh9a retr(lexa1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria4 ,also ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,c>*>odon auriculatus1 ,bla9ville sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj4 & ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,acan?ias geelong5sis1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,victoria4 ,is*yodus mortoni1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janj473 ,tasmania4 ,notidanus j5n+si1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,galeoc]do aduncus1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,oxyrh9a ha/alis1 ,agassiz4 ,ca9ozoic 7r>e 9 ,balc4 & ,janj41 abundant 9 ,kal473 ,victoria4 ,myliobatis moorabb95sis1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,edaphodon sweeti1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,labrodon conf]tid5s1 ,*ap4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,diodon =mosus1 ,*apm4 & ,prit*4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kal473 ,victoria4 ,notidanus m>g9alis1 ,davis4 ,cretace\s 7,waip>a ,s]ies72 & ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,myliobatis plicatilis1 ,davis4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,s>gus laticonus1 ,davis4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,ct5olates avus1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,neoc]atodus =/]i1 ,krefft1 sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,amphibia4 ,bo?riceps au/ralis1 ,huxley4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,bo?riceps major1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,c>bop]mian3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,platyceps wilk9soni1 ,/eph5s4 ,triassic3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,reptilia4 ,i*?yosaurus hectori1 ,*4 7nom4 mut474 ,triassic3 ,new ,zeal&4 787 ,megalosaurus sp4 ,jurassic3 ,victoria4 ,noto*elone co/ata1 ,ow5 sp4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,i*?yosaurus au/ralis1 ,mc,coy4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,i*?yosaurus m>a?on5sis1 ,e?4 fil4 ,l[] ,cretace\s3 ,que5sl&4 ,cimoliosaurus leucoscopelus1 ,e?4 fil4 ,upp] ,cretace\s3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,plesiosaurus au/ralis1 ,ow54 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,polycotylus t5uis1 ,hector4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,cimoliosaurus haa/ii1 ,hector sp4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,tylosaurus haumuri5sis1 ,hector sp4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,tani:asaurus ow5i1 ,hector4 ,cretace\s3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,pallymn>*us poll5s1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl& & ,victoria4 ,crocodilus porosus1 ,s*neid]4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl& & ,victoria4 ,miolania ow5i1 ,a4 ,s4 ,woodw4 ,plioc5e 7,deep-leads73 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,miolania platyceps1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,"l ,h[e ,isl&4 ,megalania prisca1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,,birds4 ,palaeeudyptes ant>cticus1 ,huxley4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,d9ornis sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,petane ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,pelecanus proavis1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,platalea subt5uis1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,anas elapsa1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,gall9ula /r5uipes1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,fulica prior1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,dromornis au/ralis1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,dromaeus patricius1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e4 ,que5sl&4 ,dromaeus m9or1 ,sp5c]4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,k+ ,isl&4 ,g5yornis newtoni1 ,/irl+ & ,zietz4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,cnemiornis calcitrans1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,h>pagornis moorei1 von ,haa/4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,aptornis otidi=mis1 ,ow5 sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,zeal&4 ,d9ornis giganteus1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e3 ,n4 ,id41 ,new ,zeal&4 ,pa*yornis elephantopus1 ,ow5 sp4 ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e3 ,s4 ,id41 ,new ,zeal&4 ,anomalopt]yx antiqua1 ,hutton4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,s4 ,id41 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,mammalia4 ,orni?orhyn*us maximus1 ,dun4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan or ,l4 ,plioc5e73 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,e*idna 7,proe*idna7 robu/a1 ,dun4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,orni?orhyn*us agilis1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,e*idna 7,proe*idna7 ow5i1 ,krefft4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,wyny>dia bassiana1 ,sp5c]4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,tasmania4 ,dasyurus maculatus1 ,k]r sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,liv+3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,phascolomys plioc5us1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,w]rikooian73 ,victoria4 ,s>cophilus urs9us1 ,h>ris sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,liv+3 ,tasmania4 ,?ylac9us cynocephalus1 ,h>ris sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,liv+3 ,tasmania4 ,?ylac9us spelaeus1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,?ylac9us major1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,p]agale lagotis1 ,reid sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,liv+3 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,p]ameles gunni1 ,gray4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria4 ,liv+3 ,que5sl& & ,victoria4 ,phascolomys p>vus1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,phascolonus gigas1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,macropus titan1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,macropus anak1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,procoptodon goliah1 ,ow5 sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,/h5urus atlas1 ,ow5 sp4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,/h5urus occid5talis1 ,glau]t4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,palor*e/es azael1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,diprotodon au/ralis1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,noto!rium mit*elli1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,victoria4 ,?ylacoleo c>nifex1 ,ow54 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria & ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,p>asqualodon wilk9soni1 ,mc,coy sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria & ,tasmania4 ,metasqualodon h>woodi1 ,sang] sp4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,kek5odon onamata1 ,hector4 ,ca9ozoic 7,oam>u ,s]ies73 ,new ,zeal&4 ,cetotoli!s nelsoni1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,ziphius 7,doli*odon7 geelong5sis1 ,mc,coy4 ,ca9ozoic 7,janjukian73 ,victoria4 ,scaldicetus macgeei1 ,*apm4 ,ca9ozoic 7,kalimnan73 ,victoria4 ,*ronozon au/ralis1 ,de ,vis4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,que5sl&4 ,canis d+o1 ,blum5ba*4 ,late ,plei/oc5e or ,holoc5e3 ,victoria4 ,ot>ia =/]i1 ,lesson4 ,plioc5e 7,petane ,s]ies73 ,n4 ,id41 ,new ,zeal&4 ,arctocephalus williamsi1 ,mc,coy4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,victoria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lit]ature4 ,,fi%es4 ,silurian4--,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xviii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijf1 pp4 #ic-ajj1 pls4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 7,?ye/es74 ,devonian4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,iv4 #ahgf1 pp4 #ai1 #bj1 pl4 ,,xxxv4 figs4 #g1 #g;a1 #g;b 7,a/]olepis74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,au/r4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,vi4 pp4 #abi-acb1 pl4 ,,xxviii4 7,ganorhyn*us74 ,c>bonif]\s & ,c>bop]mian4--,woodw>d1 ,h4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iii4 vol4 ,,iii4 #ahhf1 pp4 #a-g1 pl4 ,i4 7,ede/us74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #bif1 pl4 ,,xxxix4 fig4 #a 7,deltodus74 ,de ,kon9ck1 ,l4 ,g4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #f1 #ahih1 p4 #bha1 pl4 ,,xxiv41 fig4 #aa 7,tomodus74 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,mem4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,melb\rne1 ,no4 #a4 #aijf 7,mansfield ,s]ies74 ,triassic4--,john/on1 ,r4 ,m4 & ,morton1 ,a4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,tasmania 7#ahhi71 #ahij1 pp4 #ajb-ajd2 ibid4 7#ahij71 #ahia1 pp4 #aeb-aed 7,acrolepis74 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #d1 #ahij 7,gos=d74 ,ibid4 ,no4 #aj1 #aijh 7,/4 ,pet]s74 ,jurassic4--,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,pal4 ,no4 #i1 #ahie4 ,id41 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,s]4 ,,vii4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 #aijf1 pp4 #a-c1 pl4 ,i4 7,c]atodus74 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xii4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijj1 pp4 #adg-aea1 pl4 ,,xiv4 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 pp4 #bcd-bce1 pl4 ,,xxxix4 7,c]atodus74 ,cretace\s4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 s]4 #b1 #ahhi1 pp4 #aef-afa1 pl4 ,,iv4 ,idem1 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #ejc-ejd4 ,davis1 ,j4 ,w4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,dubl4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,iv4 s]4 #b4 #ahhh1 pp4 #a-dh1 pls4 ,i4-,,vii4 7,cretace\s & ,ca9ozoic ( ,new ,zeal&74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,ii4 pt4 ,,ii4 #ahib1 pp4 #a-g1 pl4 ,i4 7,belono/omus74 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #f1 vol4 ,,xix4 #ahid1 pp4 #ddd-ddg1 pl4 ,x4 7,por!us & ,cladocyclus74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiji1 pp4 #deb1 #dec 7,corax74 ,ca9ozoic4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,,ii4 #ahge1 pp4 #h-aj1 pl4 ,,xi4 7,c>*>odon74 ,*apman1 ,f4 & ,prit*>d1 ,g4 ,b4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xvii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijd1 pp4 #bfg-big1 pls4 ,v4-,,viii4 ,idem1 ibid1 vol4 ,,xx4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aijg1 pp4 #ei-ge1 pls4 ,v4-,,viii4 ,see also ,davis1 ,j4 ,w4 7,cretace\s74 ,plei/oc5e4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 p4 #fdf 7,neoc]atodus74 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 #b1 #aijb1 pp4 #hh-ia1 pl4 ,,xxiv4 7,ct5olates74 ,,amphibia4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xv4 #ahei1 pp4 #fdg-fdi1 pl4 ,,xxii4 figs4 #a1 #b 7,bo?riceps74 ,/eph5s1 ,w4 ,j4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 s]4 #b4 vol4 ,i4 #ahhf1 pp4 #ica-idj4 ,ibid41 #ahhg1 pp4 #aage-aahb1 pl4 ,,xxii4 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,ii4 #ahhg1 pp4 #aef-aeh4 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #cag-cai1 pl4 ,,li4 7,bo?riceps74 ,,reptilia4 ,jurassic & ,cretace\s4--,hector1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,vi4 #ahgd1 pp4 #ccc-ceh4 ,cretace\s4--,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vic41 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 ,i4 #ahfh1 p4 #db 7,plesiosaurus74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,ix4 pt4 ,,ii4 #ahfi1 p4 #gg 7,i*?yosaurus74 ,ow51 ,r4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,i4 vol4 ,,vii4 #ahgj1 pp4 #di-ec1 pl4 ,,iii4 7,plesiosaurus74 ,id41 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xxxviii4 #ahhb1 pp4 #agh-ahc 7,noto*elys ,noto*elone74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,iii4 #ahhi1 pp4 #dje-dac1 pls4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 7,i*?yosaurus74 ,id41 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #eje-eaj4 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/4 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahid1 pp4 #ced-ceh1 #a pl4 7,cimoliosaurus74 ,plei/oc5e4--,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #c1 #ahhi1 pp4 #adi-aeb 7,miolania74 ,id41 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #fdg-fec4 ,,aves4 ,mioc5e4--,huxley1 ,t4 ,h4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ,,xv4 #ahei1 pp4 #fgj-fgg4 ,also ,hector1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/4 vol4 ,,iv4 #ahgb1 pp4 #cda-cdf1 #a pl4 7,palaeeudyptes74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 7,n4,s47 pt4 ,i4 #aiaj1 pp4 #ba-bf1 pls4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 ,plei/oc5e & ,holoc5e4--,von ,haa/1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,iv41 #ahgb1 pp4 #aib-aif2 & vol4 ,,vi4 #ahgd1 pp4 #fb-ge 7,h>pagornis74 ,ow51 ,r4 ,memoirs on ! ,ext9ct ,w+less ,birds ( ,new ,zeal&1 ,london1 #ahgi1 #b vols4 ,de ,vis1 ,c4 ,w4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,que5sl&1 vol4 ,,vi4 pt4 ,i4 #ahhi1 pp4 #f-h4 ,id41 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 s]4 #b1 #ahhh1 pp4 #abgg-abib1 pls4 ,,xxxiii4-,,xxxvi4 7,c>9atae74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,i4 pt4 #b1 #ahhi1 pp4 #abf-acf1 pls4 ,,xi4-,,xiii4 7,dromornis74 ,id41 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #fec-ffc4 ,hutton1 ,f4 ,w4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,xxiv4 #ahib1 pp4 #ic-agb 7,moas74 ,id41 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxv4 #ahic1 pp4 #ad-af1 #a pl4 7,anomalopt]yx74 ,id41 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxix4 #ahig1 pp4 #dda-eeg1 figs4 7,moas74 ,id41 ibid41 vol4 ,,xxxviii4 #aijf1 pp4 #ff & #fg 7,emeus crassus74 ,hamilton1 ,a4 ,ibid1 vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahid1 pp4 #bbg-beg 7,bibliography ( ,moas74 ,ibid1 vol4 ,,xxx4 #ahih1 pp4 #dde & #ddf 7,euryapt]yx74 ,/irl+1 ,e4 ,c4 & ,zietz1 ,a4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mem4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/r41 vol4 ,i4 pt4 ,,ii4 #aijj1 pp4 #da-hj1 pls4 ,,xix4-,,xxiv4 7,g5yornis74 ,sp5c]1 ,w4 ,b4 ,vict4 ,nat4 vol4 ,,xxiii4 #aijf1 pp4 #aci & #adj2 also ,sp5c]1 ,w4 ,b4 & ,k]%aw1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mem4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,melb\rne ,no4 #c1 #aiaj1 pp4 #e-ce1 pls4 ,i4-,,vii4 7,dromaeus m9or74 ,,mammals4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xv4 #ahei1 pp4 #fgf-fgg 7,phoca5opsis74 ,mc,coy1 ,f4 ,prod4 ,pal4 ,vict41 ,dec4 ,i4 #ahgd1 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 pls4 ,,iii4-,v4 7,phascolomys74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,,ii4 #ahge1 pp4 #g-h1 pl4 ,,xi4 & ,dec4 ,,vi4 #ahgi1 pp4 #bj & #ba1 pl4 ,,lv4 7,squalodon74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,,iii4 #ahgf1 pp4 #g-ab1 pl4 ,,xxi4 7,?ylacoleo74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,,iv4 #ahgf1 pp4 #g-aa1 pl4 ,,xxxi4-,,xxxiii4 7,diprotodon74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,v4 #ahgg1 pp4 #g-i1 pl4 ,,xli4 & ,,xlii4 7,arctocephalus74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,,vi4 #ahgi1 pp4 #e-g1 pl4 ,,li4 7,macropus73 pp4 #i-aa1 pl4 ,,li4-,,liii4 7,procoptodon73 pp4 #ac-ag1 pl4 ,,liv4 7,cetotoli!s72 pp4 #ai & #bj1 pl4 ,,lv4 7,physetodon74 ,ibid1 ,dec4 ,,vii4 #ahhb1 pp4 #g-aj1 pl4 ,,lx4 7,canis d+o73 pp4 #aa-ac1 pl4 ,,lxxii4 & ,,lxii4 7,s>cophilus73 pp4 #bc-bf1 pl4 ,,lix4 7,ziphius74 ,ow51 ,r4 ,ext9ct ,mammals ( ,au/ralia1 ,london #ahgg1 #b vols4 ,hector1 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4,z4 ,in/41 vol4 ,,xiii4 #ahha1 pp4 #dcd-dcf1 #a pl4 7,kek5odon74 ,lydekk]1 ,r4 ,cat4 ,foss4 ,mammalia1 ,brit4 ,mus4 "p ,v4 #ahhg4 ,id41 ,h&book to ! ,m>supialia1 & ,monotremata4 ,all5's ,nat4 ,libr>y1 #ahid1 pt4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bdi-bhf4 ,de ,vis1 ,c4 ,w4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,viii4 pt4 #c1 #ahhc1 p4 #cie 7,sir5ian74 ,id41 ibid1 vol4 ,x4 #ahie1 pp4 #ge-acc1 pls4 ,,xiv4-,,xviii4 7,macropodidae74 ,id41 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i1 #ahii1 pp4 #ajg-aa 7,m>supials74 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,geol4 & ,pal4 ,que5sl&1 #ahib1 pp4 #ffc-fhc 7,plei/oc5e ,mammals74 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #d1 #ahic1 pp4 #abj-abd1 pl4 ,,xvi4 7,palor*e/es74 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,iv4 pt4 #c1 #ahie1 pp4 #aah-abf1 pls4 ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 7,monotremes74 ,/irl+1 ,e4 ,c4 & ,zietz1 ,a4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mem4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 vol4 ,i4 pt4 ,i4 #ahii 7,descr4 ( ,diprotodon1 ,manus & ,pes474 ,sp5c]1 ,w4 ,b4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #aijj1 pp4 #ggf-gid1 pls4 ,,xlix4 & ,l4 7,wyny>dia74 ,hall1 ,t4 ,s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict4 vol4 ,,xxiii4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,,ii4 #aiaa1 pp4 #beg-bfe1 pl4 ,,xxxvi4 7,rev4 ( ,squalodontidae74 ,sp5c]1 ,w4 ,b4 & ,walcott1 ,r4 ,h4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,xxiv4 7,n4,s471 pt4 ,i4 #aiab1 pp4 #ib-abc1 pls4 ,,xxxvi4-,,xxix4 7,?ylacoleo74 ,*apman1 ,f4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vict41 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #b1 #aiab1 pp4 #bcf-bch1 pl4 ,,xl4 7,scaldicetus74 ,woods1 ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,geol4 ,obs]vations 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 #ahfb1 pp4 #cbi & #ccj 7,human ,rema9s73 also ,krefft1 ,g4 ,au/ralian ,v]tebrata1 ,rec5t & ,fossil1 #ahfg1 p4 #ia2 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 ,,iii4 pt4 #d1 #ahic1 pp4 #abh-acb2 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 jnr4 & ,trickett1 ,o4 ,ibid41 vol4 ,,vii4 pt4 #d1 #aijd1 pp4 #cbe-cbh4 ,,app5dix4--,,on ,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fossils4 ,! tools & o!r p>aph]nalia necess>y = fossil collect+ are =tunately )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is a geological hamm]1 pref]ably ) a pick at "o end ( ! head & ! opposite end squ>e-fac$4 ,! pick end is useful = digg+ out fossils f s(t clays1 or = extract+ a block ( fossils entire4 ,! squ>e end is employ$ = break+ up ! slabs or masses conta9+ fossils4 ,to get good results1 mu* w ( c\rse dep5d ^u "o's skill 9 /rik+ ! "r face ( a block4 ,if b$d+ planes are pres5t on ! lump f :i* we wi% to extract our fossils1 x w be well to /rike at "r angles to ^! lay]s 9 ord] to split !m asund]1 ?us expos+ a %ell-lay] correspond+ to ! orig9al surface ( ! anci5t sea-b$ ^u :i* ! organisms accumulat$4 ,9 "s cases ! splitt+ ( fossilif]\s rocks may be be/ c>ri$ out ) ! pick end1 provid$ x be n too %>ply curv$4 ,! hamm] %\ld be fac$ ) /eel1 = _m fossilif]\s rocks1 especially compact lime/ones1 are apt to sev]ely try ! temp] ( an ill-made tool4 ,a *isel1 ( *ill$ /eel1 %\ld accompany ! hamm]1 s9ce ?is is (t5 ( ! greate/ use 9 work+ out l>ge fossils1 m p>ticul>ly ^? t are buri$ 9 a cliff or qu>ry face4 ,! process ( extract+ difficult specim5s %\ld nev] be hurri$1 = "o (t5 gets surpris+ly good results ) a little extra c>e4 ,a /rong pocket knife may be us$ 9 trimm+ specim5s & p>tially clean+ %ells t c be safely manipulat$ on ! spot1 b ! f9al clean+ %\ld be left until ! return home4 ,! knife is also useful = clean+ slates & %ales1 s9ce ! *isel-edge is frequ5tly a trifle too ?ick = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,= ! m delicate fossils1 means = c>eful pack+ %\ld be provid$2 *ip-boxes & cotton-wool be+ indisp5sable = ! small] specim5s4 ,a ready me?od ( pack+ ! fossils obta9$ f ! friable1 s&y t]ti>y deposits is to /ore !m 9 t9s1 ! cont5ts ( :i* c be firmly secur$ f rattl+ by fill+ up ) s&4 ,?is s&1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tak5 f ! same b$ 9 :i* ! fossils occur1 s z to get no admixture ( ! small] %ells f ano!r =mation or deposit2 = al?\gh we may n wi% to exam9e ! f9] mat]ial ourselves1 x w yield 9 _m cases a ri* h>ve/ to our microscopical fri5ds1 su* residues conta9+ microzoa1 z %ells ( =am9if]a1 polyzoa & c>apaces ( ! o/racoda4 ,! residues ref]r$ to may be obta9$ f _m ( our m>ls & rubbly lime/ones by ! simple process ( wa%+ 9 wat]1 & repeat$ly p\r+ (f ! f9e/ clayey mud1 until only a s&y deposit rema9s1 :i* c !n be dri$ & sort$ ov] by ! aid ( a l5s or l[ p[] microscope4 ,h9ts on ,fossil ,collect+4-- ,z reg>ds ! places mo/ suitable = collect+ fossils1 ! ,ca9ozoic b$s are p]haps1 ! mo/ accessible to a beg9n]1 especially 9 ,victoria4 ,= in/ance1 ! cliff exposures at ,beaum>is1 ,port ,phillip1 w af=d a pl5tiful supply ( ! little he>t-%ap$ sea-ur*91 ,lov5ia1 & an occasional ,trigonia & ,limopsis1 z well z _m o!r fossils ( ! great gr\p ( ! %ell-fi% or mollusca4 ,! ri*e/ b$ conta9+ ! %>ks' tee? at ! above locality is almo/ p]petually cov]$ ) a b$ ( %+le1 b c be rea*$ by digg+ at ! cliff-base4 ,isolat$ specim5s1 h[ev]1 al?\gh r ! worse = we>1 may (t5 be pick$ up among/ ! %+le1 hav+ be5 wa%$ up f ! =e%ore by ! tide4 ,an entic+ b& ( l>ge bivalve %ells 7,dos9ea71 c be se5 halfway up ! cliffs1 ne> ! ba?s at ?is locality1 b are some:at disappo9t+1 = :5 obta9$ !y crumble to pieces 9 ! h&1 s9ce _! %ells are compos$ ( ! *angeable =m ( c>bonate ( lime call$ aragonite1 :i* has decompos$ 9 place 9 ! b$1 aft] ! %ells 7 cov]$ up by ! deposit4 ,good collections ( %ells ( ! ,balcombian s]ies may be easily made at ,balcombe's ,bay & ,grice's ,creek1 ,port ,phillip4 ,!y c !re be dug out ( ! grey-blue clay ) a knife1 & aft]w>ds clean$ at leisure by means ( a s(t too? bru% dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,9 ! cem5t /one at ! same place !re are num]\s %ells ( pt]opods or sea-butt]flies 7,vag9ella71 & specim5s ( ! /one may be obta9$1 %[+ myriads ( ! porcela9-l %ells1 & also _! int]nal ca/s 9 ! h>d gre5i% col\r$ matrix4 ,! f]rug9\s or iron/one b$s se5 9 ! ,flem+ton ,railway cutt+1 ,melb\rne1 is an old m>9e %ell-bank1 re/+ on basalt4 ,! %ells h all be5 dissolv$ away1 & only _! ca/s & m\lds rema94 ,^! impressions are1 h[ev]1 s fai?fully m\ld$ t ! ornam5tation ( ea* %ell c (t5 be reproduc$ on a squeeze tak5 ) a piece ( modell+ wax or pla/ic9e4 ,su* fossil rema9s are easily collect$ by c>efully break+ up ! blocks ( iron/one ) a hamm]4 ,qu>ries 9 ! old] lime/ones & mud/ones 9 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & o!r ,/ates1 are (t5 good hunt+ gr\nds = fossils4 ,! qu>ry at ,cave ,hill1 ,lilydale1 = example1 w be f\nd v pr(itable1 = ! lime/one is full ( corals & molluscan %ells2 :il/ ! friable or rubbly portion is wor? break+ d[n = ! small] fossils4 ,! b$-rock 7,silurian7 ( ,melb\rne is 9 places v fossilif]\s2 ! s&/ones ( ,moonee ,ponds ,creek g5]ally af=d+ a fair numb] ( bra*iopods1 & occasionally corals4 ,! mud/ones ( ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,/udley ,p>k1 ,yan ,yean1 & o!r places on ! same geological horizon1 conta9 a ri* fauna1 to be obta9$ only by ! assidu\s collector :o w se>* ov] & break up a l>ge numb] ( blocks4 ,practice 9 ?is "w makes a good collector2 al?\gh ( c\rse "o mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! objects look$ =1 s9ce _m app>5tly obscure fossil rema9s ( great int]e/ might easily be pass$ ov] = lack ( k z to :at %\ld be expect$ to occur at ea* p>ticul> locality4 ,_m o!r good collect+ gr\nds might "h be allud$ to1 b we h purposely cit$ only a few ne> ,melb\rne1 s9ce a selection f o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralasia may easily be made f ! localities m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! v>i\s gr\ps ( fossils dealt ) 9 ! sy/ematic portion ( ?is "w4 ,pres]vation ( ,fossils4-- ,_m ( ! ,ca9ozoic fossils f ! %elly s&s & clays are extremely delicate1 ow+ 9 "s cases to _! be+ imp]fectly pres]v$1 see+ t !y frequ5tly conta9 9 _! %ell-/ructure lay]s ( ! un/able =m ( c>bonate ( lime call$ aragonite4 ,fossils conta9+ aragonite are3--,calc>e\s ,sponges2 ,corals2 ,bivalv$ %ells1 except ,oy/]s1 ,pect5s1 & ! out] lay] ( ,spondylus1 ,p9na1 & ,mytilus2 ,ga/]opods 7) a few exceptions72 & ,cephalopods4 ,9 "s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 a trans=mation ( ! aragonite into calcite enables ! fossil to be p]man5tly pres]v$4 ,! delicate fossils ref]r$ to %\ld be dipp$ 9 weak glue or gelat9e & left to dry2 aft] :i* _! f9al clean+ c be done ) ! aid ( a little w>m wat] & a s(t bru%4 ,c]ta9 ( ! clays & mud/ones1 bo? ( ,ca9ozoic & ,jurassic ages :i* %[ rema9s ( plants1 su* z leaves & f]n fronds1 are (t5 be/ treat$ ) a ?9 surface lay] ( pap] v>ni%1 be=e !y lose ! natural moi/ure ( ! rock2 = :5 !y become p]fectly dry ! ?9 c>bonace\s film repres5t+ ! orig9al leaf-sub/ance peels (f1 & ! fossil is consequ5tly de/roy$4 ,a me?od ( treatm5t = ,ca9ozoic leaves1 by dipp+ !m 9 w>m vasel9e & bru%+ (f ! sup]flu\s mat]ial1 has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,deane4 ,/or+ ,fossils = ,ref]5ce4-- ,fossils specim5s are g5]ally be/ display$ 9 c>dbo>d trays2 or if ?9 wood5 pap]-cov]$ tablets are us$1 say ( ab\t #c-af;94 ?ickness & cut to proportionate sizes1 ! fossils %\ld be held 9 place by p9s = easy removal1 unless m ?an "o example c be %[n toge!r1 exhibit+ all aspects1 :5 !y c be secur$ to ! tablet by a t\* ( seccot9e4 ,! small] %ells may be display$ 9 glass topp$ boxes1 :i* 9 turn may be /uck d[n to tablets or plac$ 9 trays4 ,,index4 ,aborig9al implem5ts1 #cjc ,aborig9es1 probable orig9 (1 #cjb ,acan?ias1 #bgj ,acan?odes1 #bfa ,acan?ospha]a1 #ajc ,acan?o?yris1 #aff1 #afg ,ac5trophorus1 #bfc ,acrolepis1 #bfc ,actaeon1 #aig ,act9oc]as1 #bje1 #bjg ,act9ocr9us1 #acf ,act9odesma1 #agh1 #agi ,act9opt]ia1 #agh1 #agi ,act9o/roma1 #aba1 #abb ,adeona1 #aeh ,ae*m9a1 #bcg ,aes*na1 #bej ,ae!olepis1 #bfg ,aga?ic]as1 #bjg ,,agna?a1 #beh ,agno/us1 #bbg ,allodesma1 #agf ,ambony*ia1 #agg ,ammodiscus1 #if1 #ig ,ammonites1 #bjd1 #bji1 #baj ,,ammonoidea1 #bje ,amoeba1 #cf1 #ie ,,amphibia1 /ructure (1 #bgb ,amphi/eg9a1 #ajj ,amplexus1 #aag ,ampyx1 #bbi ,amusium1 #ahe ,anas1 #bhc ,an*ura1 #aig ,ancilla1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjb ,ancyloc]as1 #bji1 #baj ,,angiosp]meae1 *>act]s (1 #dj ,,annelida1 #aeb ,anomal9a1 #ih ,anomalopt]yx1 #bhc ,ant$on1 #ach ,,an?ozoa1 #fd1 #aac ,antiquity ( man 9 ,au/ralia1 #cjd ,ap>*ites1 #bcg ,apateolepis1 #bfb ,aphnelepis1 #bfg ,apocynophyllum1 #ia ,aptornis1 #bhc ,apty*opsis1 #bdf ,arabellites1 #aec ,ara*noides1 #adf ,arauc>ioxylon1 #fh ,arauc>ites1 #hi ,arca1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahh ,ar*aeocid>is1 #add ,ar*aeocya?9a1 #aac ,,ar*aeocya?9ae1 #aab ,ar*aeoma5e1 #bfg ,ar*aeopt]yx1 #bhj ,arctocephalus1 #bii ,ar5icolites1 #aec ,argillace\s rocks1 #fi ,argilloecia1 #bcg 8,argiope1 #aff ,argonauta1 #bje ,,ar?ropoda1 /ructure & subdivisions (1 #ch1 #bbj ,asaphus1 #bbg1 #bbh ,aspidorhyn*us1 #bfg ,a/>te1 #ahb ,a/]acan?us1 #bfi1 #bga ,,a/]oidea1 #aci ,a/]olepis1 #beh ,a/ralium1 #aih1 #bjj ,a/ropect51 #ada ,a?yris1 #afa1 #afb1 #afe ,atrypa1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb ,aturia1 #baj ,atys1 #bjd ,aucella1 #ahc ,aulopora1 #aaf ,au/ralian fossilif]\s /rata1 #de-dh4 ,,aves1 #bhj ,aviculopect51 #agi1 #ahj ,axopora1 #aai ,bactronella1 #aab ,baculites1 #baj ,bai]a1 #hi1 #afd ,bairdia1 #bdj ,balanophyllia1 #aah ,balanus1 #bdc ,balcombian bivalves1 #ahf ga/]opods1 #aii ,b&icoot1 #bhi1 #bie ,bankivia1 #bja ,banksia1 #ia1 #bha ,b>batia1 #ahd1 #ahe ,b>nacles1 #bdj ,b>nea1 #ahg ,ba?ytoma1 #bja ,bela1 #bja ,belemnites1 #bje1 #bji1 #baj ,,belemnoidea1 #bje ,bell]ophon1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif ,belonorhyn*us1 #bfb ,belono/omus1 #bfg ,bettongia1 #bie ,beyri*ia1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg ,biloela1 #bgd ,bipora1 #aeh ,birds1 fossil1 #ec1 #bhj ,biziura1 #bhc ,,bla/oidea1 di/ribution & *>act]s (1 #fa1 #ach ,blue-gre5 ,algae1 #gf1 #hb ,bog iron-ore1 #hj ,bolodon1 #bhf ,bombax1 #ia ,bone-b$s1 #gh ,bone-breccias1 #gi ,bo?riceps1 #bgc ,botryocr9us1 #acf ,,bra*iopoda1 /ructure (1 #eg1 #aeh ,bra*iopod lime/one1 #gd ,bra*ymetopus1 #bcb ,bra*yphyllum1 #hi ,brack5 f]n1 #ia ,brissopsis1 #adh ,brittle-/>s1 *>act]s (1 #fa1 #ada ,bronteus1 #bbi1 #bcj ,bryograptus1 #abd1 #abf1 #bbg ,,bryophyta1 *>act]s (1 #ci ,bucc9um1 #aia ,bu*ozia1 #aii ,bulim9a1 #ig1 #ih ,bul9us1 #fi1 #aia ,bulla1 #bjd ,bull9ella1 #aih1 #aii ,by?ocypris1 #bcf ,by?otrephis1 #hb ,ca9ozoic ,balanidae1 #bdc bird1 ,victoria1 #bha bivalves1 #ahd bra*iopods1 #aff brittle-/>s1 #adc *itons1 #aij corals1 #aah crabs1 #bdg e*9oids1 irregul>1 #adf e*9oids1 regul>1 #ade fi%es1 #bfi ,=am9if]a1 #ii ga/]opods1 #aih ga/]opods1 ,new ,zeal&1 #bjb ,holo?uroidea1 #adh insects1 #bej ,lepadidae1 #bdc ,o/racoda1 #bci & ,plei/oc5e reptiles1 #bgi plants1 #hi ,polyzoa1 #aeh ,ca9ozoic ,radiol>ia1 #ajd scaphopods1 #ahi sponges1 #aaj />fi%es1 #ada /rata1 #de1 #df ,calc>e\s rocks1 #gb sponges1 #aab ,callograptus1 #abb ,callorhyn*us1 #bfi ,calym5e1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca ,,calyptobla/ea1 #abb ,calyptraea1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja ,cam>otoe*ia1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,cambrian bivalves1 #agg bra*iopods1 #aei cr9oids1 #acd ,=am9if]a1 #if ga/]opods1 #aib ,o/racoda1 #bce plants1 #hb ,radiol>ia1 #ajb sponges1 #ajg ,cam]oc]as1 #bjg ,campanul>ia1 #abb ,campophyllum1 #aae1 #aag ,cancell>ia1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjb ,canis1 #bih ,cannel coal1 #gf ,capitosaurus1 #bgd ,capulus1 #aid ,c>bonace\s rocks1 #gf ,c>bonif]\s bra*iopods1 #afb cr9oids1 #acf fi%es1 #bei ,=am9if]a1 #if ga/]opods1 #aif ,o/racoda1 #bcg plants1 #he ,c>bop]mian bivalves1 #agi bla/oids1 #aci bra*iopods1 #afc cephalopods1 #bjg corals1 #aaf cr9oids1 #acg fi%es1 #bfa ,=am9if]a1 #ig ga/]opods1 #aif labyr9?odonts1 #bgc ,o/racoda1 #bcg palaee*9oids1 #add ,phyllopoda1 #bcc plants1 #hf sponges1 #aaj />fi%es1 #ada trilobites1 #bcb ,c>*>odon1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga ,c>*>oides1 #bfi ,c>diola1 #agg1 #agh ,c>dita1 #ahd1 #ahg ,c>dium1 #agf1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg ,,c>nivora1 #bih ,c>pospha]a1 #ajb ,c>pospongia1 #aji ,c>yoc>is1 #bdd1 #bdf ,cassidulus1 #adh ,cat5icella1 #aeh ,cell>ia1 #aeh ,cellepora1 #aeh ,c5ellipsis1 #ajb ,c5ospha]a1 #ajb1 #ajc ,,cephalopoda1 *>act]s (1 #bjd ,c]atioc>is1 #bdf ,c]atodus1 #bfe1 #bfg ,c]atotro*us1 #aah ,c]i?iopsis1 #bjj ,c]i?ium1 #aih1 #bjj ,ce/racion1 #bfa1 #bfi1 #bga ,,cetacea1 #bie ,cetotoli!s1 #bif ,*a5omya1 #aha ,,*aetopoda1 #aeb ,*ama1 #ahe ,*anges ( climate 9 ! pa/1 #ca ,,*eilo/omata1 #aee1 #aeg ,*eirurus1 #bbi1 #bca ,*elodes1 #aij ,*]ts1 #ga ,*ione1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh ,*iridota1 #adh ,*ironomus1 #bej ,*iton1 #aij ,*onetes1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,,*ordata1 #beg ,*osornis1 #bhc ,*ronozon1 #bih ,cicada1 #bej ,cid>is1 #ade ,cimoliosaurus1 #bgi ,c9namomum1 #ia ,c9ulia1 #aig ,,cirrip$ia1 habits & /ructure (1 #bdj ,clado*onus1 #aag ,cladophlebis1 #hi1 #afd1 #ahb ,,cladophora1 #abb ,classification ( animals1 #ce ,cla?rodictyon1 #aba ,clausilia1 #aia ,clavig]a1 #afe ,clays1 #fi ,cleio?yris1 #afd ,clei?rolepis1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bgd ,climacograptus1 #abg ,climatius1 #beh ,clonograptus1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf ,clypea/]1 #adf ,cnemiornis1 #bhc ,coals1 #gf ,coccolepis1 #bfg ,cocconema1 #ib ,cocco/eus1 #bei ,,coel5t]ata1 *>act]s (1 #cg ,coleolus1 #aic ,collect+ fossils1 #cag ,colubr>ia1 #aii ,columb>ium1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb ,columbella1 #aih ,con*o?yra1 #ahd ,conoc>dium1 #agg1 #agh ,conodonts1 #aec ,conosmilia1 #aah ,conul>ia1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif ,conus1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjb1 #bjd ,coprosmaephyllum1 #ij ,coral lime/one1 #gc ,corals1 #fd1 #aac ,corax1 #bfg ,corbicula1 #ahb ,corbula1 #agg1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh ,cordaites1 #he ,cornulites1 #aed ,cosc9ocya?us1 #aac ,coxiella1 #fi ,crassatellites1 #agf1 #ahd ,cr5ella1 #agf ,crepicephalus1 #bbg ,crepidula1 #aih ,cretace\s 7,l[] & ,upp]7 cephalopods1 #bji cephalopods1 ,new ,zeal&1 #baj ,*eilo/omata1 #aeg cr9oids1 #acg e*9oids 7irregul>71 #adf 7,l[]7 fi%es1 #bfg fi%es1 ,new ,zeal&1 #bfh ,=am9if]a1 #ih ga/]opods1 #aig plants1 #hi ,radiol>ia1 #ajc 7,l[]7 reptiles1 #bgg reptiles1 ,new ,zeal&1 #bgi scaphopods1 #ahi sponges1 #aaj ,cr9oidal lime/one1 #gd ,,cr9oidea1 occurr5ce & /ructure (1 #fa1 #acc ,crioc]as1 #bji ,crisia1 #aeh ,cri/ell>ia1 #ih ,crocodilus1 #bgi ,cromus1 #bbi ,cru/acea1 an ar*aic gr\p1 #bba developm5t (1 #bba fossil1 #ed ,cryptodon1 #ahf ,cryptograptus1 #abg ,cryptoplax1 #aij ,crypto/omata1 #aee1 #aef ,ct5odonta1 #agg1 #agh ,ct5odus1 #bfa1 #bfc ,ct5olates1 #bgb ,ct5o/reon1 #ahb ,cucullaea1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe ,cultellus1 #ahh ,cuna1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg ,cupress9oxylon1 #gh1 #hi ,cupressus1 #ia ,cuscus1 #bie ,cuttle-fi%es1 #bje ,,cyanophyceae1 #hb ,cya?ocr9us1 #acg ,cya?ophyllum1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag ,cyclas1 #fi ,cycloc]as1 #bjf ,cyclolituites1 #bjg ,cyclometopa1 #bdh ,cyclonema1 #aid ,,cyclo/omata1 #aee ,cydnus1 #bej ,cymbella1 #ib ,cyphaspis1 #bbi ,cyphon1 #bej ,cypraea1 #aia1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb ,cypric>d9ia1 #agh ,cyprid lime/one1 #ge ,cyr5opsis1 #ahd ,cyrtoc]as1 #bjd1 #bjg ,cyrtograptus1 #abh ,cyrt9a1 #afb1 #afd ,cyrtolites1 #aic ,cy/ideans1 #fa ,cy/iphyllum1 #aaf ,cy!re1 #bci1 #bdj ,cy!rella1 #bdj 8,cy!ridea1 #bch ,cy!ropt]on1 #bci ,dadoxylon1 #fh ,dalmanites1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bca ,daonella1 #ahb ,d>t]1 #bhc 8,d>w9ula1 #bch ,dasyurus1 #bhg1 #bie ,,decapoda1 #bdf ,deep ,leads1 fruits (1 #ia insects f1 #bej ,deltodus1 #bfa ,deltopect51 #ahj ,d5drocr9us1 #acd1 #ace ,d5drocygna1 #bhc ,d5drograptus1 #abb ,d5drophyllia1 #aai ,d5nantia1 #aih ,d5talium1 #ahi ,d5tition ( ,reptiles1 #bge ,deontopora1 #abj ,desmoc]as1 #bji ,devonian bivalves1 #agh bra*iopods1 #afa cephalopods1 #bjg corals1 #aae cr9oids1 #acf fi%es1 #beh ga/]opods1 #aie ,o/racoda1 #bcg plants1 #he ,radiol>ia1 #ajb scaphopods1 #ahi /romatoporoids1 #aba trilobites1 #bca ,,diadactyla1 #bhg ,diatomite1 #gb ,diatoms1 #ib ,dicellograptus1 #abf1 #abg ,di*ograptus1 #abf ,dicranograptus1 #abf1 #abg ,dictyonema1 & allies1 #abb ,dictyopyge1 #bfb ,didymograptus1 #abd1 #abf 8,didymosorus1 #hi ,dielasma1 #afd1 #afe ,dikellocephalus1 #bbg ,dimetrodon1 #bgf ,dimya1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf ,d9esus1 #bbg ,d+o1 #bih1 #cje ,d9ornis1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bii ,diodon1 #bgj1 #bga ,dione1 #ahh ,diphyphyllum1 #aac ,diplograptus1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh ,diprotodon1 #ea1 #bij1 #bic ,diprotodon-breccias1 #bjc ,,diprotodontia1 #bhg ,disc9a1 #aff ,discorb9a1 #ih ,disso*eilus1 #aii ,di?yroc>is1 #bdf ,ditrupa1 #aed ,ditrupa lime/one1 #gd ,doli*odon1 #bif ,doli*ometopus1 #bbf ,dolium1 #bja ,donax1 #age1 #ahg ,dorset5sia1 #bji ,dos9ea1 #ahe1 #ahh ,drillia1 #aih1 #bjb ,dromaeus1 #bhb1 #bhc ,dromornis1 #bhb ,duck1 #bhc ,duncania/]1 #adg ,e>-bones ( :ales1 #bif ,e>ly obs]v]s1 #bd ,eburnopsis1 #aii1 #bjj ,e*idna1 #bhf1 #bhg ,e*9ocyamus1 #adf ,,e*9od]mata1 *>act]s (1 #cg1 #ei divisions (1 #acc ,,e*9oidea1 #adc ,e*9olampas1 #adg1 #adh ,e*9oneus1 #adg ,e*9us1 #ade ,ecionema1 #aab ,edaphodon1 #bga ,ede/us1 #bfb ,edmondia1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahb ,eglisia1 #bjb ,elephant-fi%1 #bfi1 #bga ,elephant-tusk %ells1 #ahh ,elevat$ sea-b$s1 #bg ,eloni*?ys1 #bfa1 #bfc ,elpisopholis1 #bfc ,em>g9ula1 #aih ,emu1 #bhc ,encr9urus1 #bbi ,endoc]as1 #bje ,endo?yra1 #if1 #ih ,entalophora1 #aeh ,entomis1 #bch ,ephem]a1 #bej ,equisetites1 #dj ,errant worms1 #aec ,eryc9a1 #ahg ,erymnoc]as1 #bji ,e/h]ia1 #bcc ,eucalyptus1 #ij1 #ia1 #bha ,eulima1 #aih ,eunema1 #aic ,eunicites1 #aec ,euomphalus1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif ,eupatagus1 #adg ,euphemus1 #aif ,eurydesma1 #aha ,,eurypt]ida1 #bdh ,eu?ria1 #aih ,eutro*us1 #bjj ,evolution ( life-=ms1 #cc ,fagus 7,not(agus71 #ia ,falcon1 #bhc ,fasciol>ia1 #aih1 #aii ,favosites1 #gc1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,fea!r-/>1 #ach ,f5e/ella1 #aef1 #aeg ,fibul>ia1 #adf ,fi%es1 fossil1 #ec primitive types1 #beh true1 #beh ,fi%-liz>ds1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh ,fissilunula1 #ahc1 #ahd ,fissurellidea1 #aih ,fi/ulipora1 #aee1 #aef ,flabell9a1 #ih ,flabellum1 #aah1 #aai ,flightless pigeon goose1 #bhc 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,?alass9a1 #bdh ,,?allophyta1 *>act]s (1 #ci ,?alotia1 #bjj ,?amna/raea1 #aah ,?9nfeldia1 #hh1 #hi1 #ahb ,?uramm9a1 #ig ,?ye/es1 #beh ,?ylac9us1 #bhg1 #bie ,?ylacoleo1 #bic1 #cjc ,"t-range ( fossils1 #ej ,tomodus1 #bfb ,too!d :ales1 #bie ,torbanite1 #gg ,torlessia1 #aed ,tra*yd]ma1 #aec1 #aed ,tra*ypora1 #aag ,trematonotus1 #aid ,trematotro*us1 #aah1 #aai ,,trepo/omata1 #aee ,tretocalia1 #aab ,triassic bivalves1 #aha bra*iopods1 #afd cephalopods1 #bjh cr9oids1 #acg fi%es1 #bfb ,=am9if]a1 #ih labyr9?odonts1 #bgc ,o/racoda1 #bch ,phyllopoda1 #bcc plants1 #hh reptiles1 ,new ,zeal&1 #bgf ,tribonyx1 #bhc ,tribra*iocr9us1 #acg ,tri*ograptus1 #abd ,tricoelocr9us1 #aci ,trigonia1 #age1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahg ,trigonograptus1 #abf ,,trilobites1 habits (1 #bbb /ructure (1 #bbc ,tritylodon1 #bgf1 #bhf ,trivia1 #aih1 #aii ,tro*oc]as1 #bje ,tro*onema1 #aie ,tro*us1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie ,trophon1 #bjb ,truncatul9a1 #ih1 #ajj ,tryplasma1 #aac ,tuat]a1 #bgf ,tudicla1 #bja ,,tunicata1 #beg ,turbo1 #aig1 #bjj ,turrilepas1 #bda1 #bdc ,turritella1 #aia1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb ,turritella -lime/one1 #gd ,tylosaurus1 #bgi ,tylospira1 #aih1 #bjb ,typhis1 #aih ,unc9ulus1 #afb ,unio1 #aha1 #ahb ,unionella1 #aha ,upp] ,cambrian trilobites1 #bbg ,cretace\s bivalves1 #ahd ,cretace\s bra*iopod1 #aff ,cretace\s cephalopod1 #aff ,triassic fi%es1 #bfb ,ordovician graptolites1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #abg ,ordovician graptolites1 ,victoria1 #abf ,ura/]ella1 #adj ,uro/h5es1 #bfb ,vag9ella1 #aih1 #aii ,vag9ul9a1 #ih ,valvul9a1 #ig1 #ih ,v5us1 #agg1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh ,,v]mes1 *>act]s (1 #cg ,v]tebr>ia1 #bfd ,,v]tebrata1 *>act]s (1 #ch1 #beg ,v]ticordia1 #ahf ,vetotuba1 #aid ,voluta1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb ,volutili!s1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb ,volvox1 #gh ,volvulella1 #bja ,w>rnambool footpr9ts1 #cja ,w]rikooian bivalves1 #ahg ga/]opods1 #bjb ,:ales1 #bie ,:ite coal1 #gg ,wilsonia1 #afj ,wombat1 #bhi1 #bie ,worms1 fossil1 #ei1 #aeb ,worm-tracks1 #aed ,wrasse family1 #bga ,wyny>dia1 #bid ,x5ophanes1 #bd ,x5orhyn*us1 #bhc 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,gl5elg ,riv]1 ,v41 #bjb ,lime/one ,creek1 ,yass1 ,n4,s4,w42 #acf1 #bca ,loddon ,valley1 ,v41 #bgi ,"l ,h[e ,id41 #bgi ,loyola1 ,v41 #aji1 #aba1 #bbi1 #bca ,lyndhur/1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bbg ,madd+ley1 ,v41 #ij ,mallee1 ,v41 #ga1 #aja1 #aai1 #ach1 #ada ,m&urama1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ajb1 #abg1 #bbg ,manly1 ,n4,s4,w41 #hh ,mansfield1 ,v41 #ec1 #abb1 #aed1 #bca1 #bei ,m>a?on ,/ation1 ,q41 #bgg ,m>ia ,id41 ,t41 #ahj ,m>ybor\gh1 ,q41 #adf1 #ahd1 #cjd ,m>yvale ,creek1 ,q41 #bgi ,mc,mahon's ,creek1 ,v41 #bjg ,melb\rne1 ,v41 #hb1 #acf1 #adj1 #aec1 #agh1 #bdf ,m]sey ,riv]1 ,t41 #gg1 #ig1 #aic ,milburn1 ,n4,z41 #bif ,mit*ell ,d[ns1 ,q41 #acg ,mitta ,mitta ,riv]1 ,v41 #aad ,molong1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aad ,moonee ,ponds ,creek1 ,v41 #bbi1 #cah ,moorabool ,riv]1 ,v41 #aab1 #abj1 #bjb ,morn+ton1 ,v41 #fe1 #gj1 #ij1 #aab1 #aah1 #beh1 #bfi ,mosquito ,pla9s1 ,s4,a41 #cjj ,m\nt ,angas1 ,q41 #aff ,bun9yong1 ,v41 #cjc ,gambi]1 ,s4,a41 #ga1 #ia1 #aai1 #abj1 #ach1 #adg1 #bhb1 #bif ,lambie1 ,n4,s4,w41 #he ,mac$on ,cave1 #bih ,potts1 ,n4,z41 #bgf ,victoria1 ,n4,s4,w41 #hh ,well+ton1 ,v41 #abf1 #acd1 #aei1 #aic ,wyatt1 ,q41 #aji ,muddy ,creek1 ,hamilton1 ,v41 #ada1 #adg1 #bdc1 #bfi1 #bie ,mudgee1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aji ,muree1 ,raymond ,t]race1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bch ,murray ,riv] ,cliffs1 ,s4,a41 #eh1 #baj ,murrumbidgee ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aad1 #ahi1 #bei ,napi] ,range1 ,w4,a41 #bcb ,n>r5gull5 ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bcg ,nelson1 ,n4,z41 #gh1 #abf1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahb1 #bcc1 #bdh ,newca/le1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bcc ,ngap>a1 ,n4,z41 #bif ,nimb91 ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bgb ,norseman di/rict1 ,w4,a41 #aaj ,nugget ,po9t1 ,otago1 ,n4,z41 #bgd ,nungatta1 ,n4,s4,w41 #he ,nyrang ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #afb ,oakey ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #agh ,oam>u1 ,n4,z41 #aaj1 #bhj ,orakei ,bay1 ,n4,z41 #aeh ,otway ,coa/1 ,v41 #ij ,pak>aka1 ,n4,z41 #ic ,papua1 #ajj1 #adf1 #adh1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bji1 #baj ,p>oo ,riv]1 ,q41 #bhb ,peak ,d[ns1 ,q41 #bhb ,p5ola1 ,s4,a41 #cjj ,pet]mann ,creek1 ,s4,a41 #aic ,phillip ,co41 ,n4,s4,w41 #bhb ,p9e ,creek1 ,q41 #ic ,pitfield ,pla9s1 ,v41 #ij ,pit*]y ,creek1 ,q41 #bgh ,pokolb91 ,n4,s4,w41 #ig1 #ahj ,port ,campbell1 ,v41 #bdg ,port ,d>w91 ,n4,t41 #ajc1 #bdh ,port ,/eph51 ,n4,s4,w41 #bfb ,pres]vation ,inlet1 ,n4,z41 #abf ,rav5sfield1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ahj ,reid ,gap1 ,q41 #bjg ,ri*mond ,d[ns1 ,q41 #bfg ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ic ,rock ,flat ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bjf ,rockhampton1 ,q41 #aaj1 #aci1 #add1 #aec1 #afd1 #aif1 #bfa ,r\gh ,range1 ,w4,a41 #aaf1 #abb ,sale1 ,v41 #aab ,san ,remo1 ,v41 #abb ,seba/opol1 ,v41 #ic ,seville1 ,v41 #bbi1 #bca ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 ,n4,z41 #adf ,s\?l&1 ,n4,z41 #bhe ,s\? ,y>ra1 ,v41 #abh1 #acf1 #adc1 #bjf1 #bbi1 #bdi1 #cah ,spr+ ,creek1 ,torquay1 ,v41 #ada ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bfb ,/anwell1 ,q41 #acg ,/ocky>d ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #abg ,/r\d1 ,n4,s4,w41 #hf ,/udley ,p>k1 ,v41 #abh1 #cah ,sunbury1 ,v41 #abf ,table ,cape1 ,t41 #gd1 #aij1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bid1 #bif ,talbot1 ,v41 #ic ,talbrag>1 #bfg ,tallong1 ,n4,s4,w41 #abg ,tamwor?1 ,n4,s4,w41 #he1 #ajc1 #aae ,t>anaki1 ,n4,z41 #bjc ,tempe ,d[ns1 ,s4,a41 #aic1 #bje1 #bbh ,?ompson ,riv]1 ,q41 #bgg ,?omson ,riv]1 ,v41 #bbi ,t9d]box ,bay1 ,t41 #bfd ,t+>+i1 ,n4,s4,w41 #abg ,toongabbie1 ,v41 #gd1 #ace ,torquay1 ,v41 #gd1 #ada1 #adh1 #bdc1 #bfi1 #bif ,ty]'s ,riv]1 ,v41 #hb1 #add ,upp] ,f9ke ,bas91 ,s4,a41 #aei ,upp] ,y>ra1 ,v41 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bca1 #bcf ,vegetable ,creek1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ia ,waihao1 ,n4,z41 #bif ,waik>i ,riv]1 ,n4,z41 #ada ,waik\aiti1 ,n4,z41 #bif ,wairoa1 ,n4,z41 #bgd ,wairoa ,gorge1 ,n4,z41 #acg1 #afb ,waitaki ,valley1 ,n4,z41 #bif ,walhalla1 ,v41 #aad1 #aba1 #abh ,w&ong1 ,v41 #bbi1 #bca ,wanganui1 ,n4,z41 #bii ,wannon ,riv] di/rict1 ,v41 #ec1 #ij ,w>atah ,bay1 ,v41 #aad1 #aba1 #bbi ,w>burton1 ,v41 #bjg ,w>rnambool1 ,v41 #bhb1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjb ,waurn ,ponds1 ,v41 #ij1 #aai1 #ada1 #bdc1 #bfi1 #bif ,well+ton ,valley1 ,n4,s4,w41 #bhg1 #bih1 #cjj ,well's ,creek1 ,n4,z41 #afe ,we/ ,melb\rne ,swamp1 ,v41 #ea ,we/port1 ,n4,z41 #gh ,:>ekuri1 ,n4,z41 #bdh ,:ite ,cliffs1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ach1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aie1 #bgi ,:ittlesea1 ,v41 #bjf ,wilb]=ce1 ,n4,z41 #ahi ,wilcannia1 ,n4,s4,w41 #ach ,wirrialpa1 ,s4,a41 #aei ,wollumbilla1 ,q41 #ih1 #acg1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahc1 #ahi ,wombat ,creek1 ,v41 #aji1 #abf ,woori ,yallock ,creek1 ,v41 #bca ,wormbete ,creek1 ,v41 #gd ,wyny>d1 ,t41 #bdf ,yan ,yean1 ,v41 #cah ,yass1 ,n4,s4,w41 #fe1 #aji1 #aad1 #aba1 #aec1 #afa1 #agi1 #aij1 #bjg1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bda ,y]+1 ,v41 #adb ,yorke ,p59sula1 ,s4,a41 #bbf ,yule ,id41 ,papua1 #adf1 #ahg1 #bja ,zeehan1 ,t41 #aed 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralia ,%ew+ *ief fossilif]\s localities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrig5da4 ,page #fe1 = head-l9e ,protozoa read ,h[ ,fossils are ,f\nd4 ,page #adg1 = head-l9e ,*>act]i/ic ,fossils read ,sea-ur*9s4 ,page #bgc1 = head-l9e ,reptiles read ,amphibians4 ,transcrib] ,note3 ,^! *anges 7 n utiliz$ "h z !y only apply to ! titles at ! top ( ! pr9t$ pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erratum--,page #dg4 ,9 #a/ column--= ,mesozoic or ,second>y 7cont9u$74 ,read ,palaeozoic or ,prim>y & omit divisional l9e4 ,transcrib] ,note3 ,^! *anges 7 appli$ to ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,images 7 mov$ s p>agraphs 7 n split4 ,m9or typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$ to ! mo/ preval5t =m utiliz$4 ,z ! ligature 0 only us$ five times & ae 0 us$ m ?an #ej times1 ! ligature 0 conv]t$ to ae4