,transcriber's ,note3 ,text delimited by underscores is italics4 ,text delimited by equal signs is bold4 ,,popular ,,information ,,at ,a ,,popular ,,price ,uniform with this ,volume in ,size1 ,style and ,price ,,each1 ,,postpaid1 #ej ,,cents4 ,dancing without an ,instructor by ,prof4 ,wilkinson ,dream ,book ,the ,national ,dream ,book1 by ,mme4 ,claire ,rougemont4 ,etiquette ,the ,twentieth ,century ,guide to ,etiquette1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,sheldon4 ,fortune ,teller ,the ,zingara ,fortune ,teller1 by a ,gypsy ,queen4 ,fun ,doctor 8,blessed are those who laugh for they shall grow fat40 ,hoffmann1 ,prof4 ,tricks with ,cards ,tricks with ,dice1 ,dominoes1 ,etc4 ,tricks with ,coins1 ,watches1 ,rings1 ,etc4 ,miscellaneous ,tricks4 ,how to be ,beautiful1 or ,women's ,secrets by ,grace ,shirley4 ,hypnotism ,the ,key to ,hypnotism1 by ,robert ,g4 ,ellsworth1 ,m4 ,d4 ,letter ,writer ,the ,twentieth ,century ,letter ,writer1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,sheldon4 ,lovers ,guide ,the ,twentieth ,century ,lovers ,guide to ,love1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 by ,grace ,shirley4 ,paragrapher's ,reveries1 by ,mary ,wilson ,little4 ,riddles ,one thousand and ,one with a few thrown in4 ,toasts ,the ,twentieth ,century ,book of ,toasts4 ,an entirely new collection arranged according to subjects4 by ,paul ,e4 ,lowe1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,dancing ,without an ,instructor ,,by ,,professor ,,wilkinson ,,philadelphia ,,david ,mc,k,a,y1 ,,publisher #faj ,,south ,,washington ,,square ,entered according to act of ,congress in the year #aijd ,by ,,street ,,smith ,in the office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dancing ,without an ,instructor ,,contents ,,page ,introduction #i ,the ,etiquette of the ,ballroom #aa ,the ,five ,positions #ad ,the ,two-,step ,slide #bj ,the ,grand ,march #bb ,the ,march in ,file #bb ,the ,march in ,column #bd ,the ,march by ,platoons #be ,the ,arbor ,march #bg ,the ,serpentine ,march #bh ,square ,dances #cj ,the ,plain ,quadrille #ca ,additional ,quadrille ,figures #ci ,the ,basket ,figure #ci ,the ,nine-,pin #db ,minuet ,figure #dc ,the ,star ,figure #de ,the ,cheat ,figure #dg ,the ,jig ,figure #dh ,the ,sociable #ej ,lancers #eb ,saratoga ,lancers #eh ,waltz ,lancers #fc ,the ,caledonians #ff ,the ,glide ,caledonians #gb ,the ,waltz ,quadrille1 ,no4 #a #gd ,the ,waltz ,quadrille1 ,no4 #b #gf ,prince ,imperial ,quadrille #gi ,parisian ,varieties #hf ,national ,guard ,quadrille #ij ,contra ,dances #ie ,the ,virginia ,reel #ie ,pop ,goes the ,weasel #ii ,spanish ,dance #aja ,the ,sicilian ,circle #ajc ,round ,dancing #ajd ,the ,waltz #ajd ,the ,glide ,waltz #ajh ,the ,two-,step #aji ,the ,galop #aaa ,the ,polka #aac ,the ,polka ,mazourka #aae ,the ,schottische #aag ,military ,schottische #abj ,the ,highland ,schottische #abb ,the ,racquet #abe ,la ,bohemienne #abf ,the ,berlin #abg ,the ,yorke #abi ,the ,caprice #aca ,the ,redowa #acb ,the ,varsoviana #acd ,half-,time ,dancing #acf ,the ,cotillion #acg ,the ,figures of the ,cotillion #ada ,the ,flower ,figure #ada ,the ,magic ,hat #ada ,the ,scarf #adb ,follow ,my ,leader #adb ,ping ,pong #adb ,the ,toast #adc ,the ,umbrella #adc ,the ,signal of ,distress #adc ,the ,chair #add ,forfeits #add ,puss in the ,corner #add ,thread-the-,needle ,archway #ade ,the ,kneeling ,knight #ade ,the ,mask #ade ,blind ,man's ,buff #adf ,the ,auction #adf ,the ,gay ,deceiver #adg ,the ,rope #adg ,the ,fan #adg ,the ,basket1 ,ring and ,flower #adh ,the ,inscriptions #adh ,the ,basket #adi ,the ,inconstants #adi ,the ,columns #aej ,the ,carnival #aej ,the ,handkerchief ,chase #aea ,the ,cards #aea ,scissors to ,grind #aeb ,the ,skaters #aeb ,the ,spiral #aeb ,the ,pyramid #aec ,the ,grand ,round #aec ,the ,star and ,circle #aed ,the ,double ,pastourelle #aee ,the ,labyrinth #aee ,letter ,carrier ,figure #aef ,the ,serpent #aef ,the ,pursuit #aeg ,the ,changing ,star #aeh ,the ,virginia ,reel #aeh ,the ,double ,quadrille #aeh ,the ,final ,round #aei ,,dancing ,,without ,,an ,,instructor4 ,,introduction4 ,time was when to be a dancer meant a thorough acquaintance with ,mazourkas1 ,galops1 ,reels1 ,minuets1 ,polkas and other dances too numerous to mention2 but nowadays one can get along very well with even a slight knowledge of but three3 the ,waltz1 the ,two-,step and the ,lancers4 ,it is a pity that such should be the case2 but the fact remains the same2 and the beginner must not be dismayed by glancing through these pages1 for but few of the dances here described ever appear on a ball program4 ,special attention must1 then1 be given to these three dances1 and no great difficulty should be found in learning the steps4 ,dancing properly so-called1 is the active exertion of the body in sprightly1 graceful movement1 accompanied with exhilaration of the mind1 and when indulged in by the young is a most beneficial and healthful recreation4 ,it is no argument against dancing in itself1 that it is so often connected with many things that are injurious1 such as heated room1 late hours and the like1 these belong to other considerations2 but as an exercise1 congenial both to the minds and the physical requirements of the young1 it is like every exercise in which the mind enters with pleasure and interest into the exercise of the body1 a most efficient promoter of health1 and it is much to be regretted that its abuse and associations in many instances1 both with physical and moral evil1 should cause its abandonment in any place where there are young people4 ,,the ,,etiquette ,,of ,,the ,,ballroom4 ,before giving a description of the various dances1 a hint or two as to the etiquette of the ballroom may be found useful4 ,in the case of a private dance1 the guests1 on entering the ballroom1 must seek out the hostess and pay their respects to her and those who may be assisting her in receiving4 ,if it is a public ball1 the gentleman conducts his partner to the ladies' dressing room1 and then proceeds to the gentlemen's dressing room4 ,when ready to descend to the ballroom1 he seeks his partner at the door of the apartment where he previously left her2 or1 if a sitting room be provided in addition to the dressing room1 the lady will meet her partner there4 ,they then enter the ballroom1 and the necessary introductions are made4 ,an introduction given for the mere purpose of enabling a lady and gentleman to go through a dance together does not constitute an acquaintanceship4 ,the lady is at liberty to pass the gentleman in the street the next day without recognition4 ,no lady should accept refreshments from a stranger at a public ball1 for she would thereby lay herself under a pecuniary obligation4 ,good taste forbids that a lady should dance too frequently with the same partner at either a public or private ball4 ,engagements for one dance should not be made while another dance is in progress4 ,never attempt to take a place in a dance which has been previously engaged4 ,withdraw from a private ballroom as quietly as possible4 ,it is not customary for married persons to dance together in society4 ,at the beginning and end of a lancers1 the gentleman bows to his partner1 and bows again on conducting her to a seat4 ,he may stay and chat with her for a few moments4 ,should a lady decline your hand for a dance1 and afterward dance with another partner1 you will do well to attribute her error to either forgetfulness or ignorance of the laws of etiquette4 ,a gentleman conducts his last partner to supper2 waits upon her there1 and then re-conducts her to the ballroom4 ,a gentleman escorting a lady to a party or ball1 should invariably dance the first number with her1 or offer to do so1 and afterwards see that she is provided with a partner whenever she wishes to dance4 ,a gentleman may1 with propriety1 ask another gentleman1 whether known to him or not1 if he wishes a partner1 then introduce him to his lady acquaintances4 ,the master of ceremonies is privileged to ask any lady or gentleman whether they wish to dance1 make himself known1 and procure partners for them if they so desire4 ,,the ,,five ,,positions4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the beginner1 by learning the two or three steps necessary for the waltz or two-step1 can dance correctly4 ,there is a beginning in dancing1 as in everything else1 and the first thing to learn is how to stand properly4 ,this seems absurdly simple at first thought1 but1 as a matter of fact1 comparatively few persons possess the secret4 ,either the arms get in the way1 or the legs are awkwardly bent1 or the body is too rigid4 ,the correct standing position is as follows3 ,stand with the heels close together1 toes pointing outward4 ,now sway the entire body forward a little1 so as to bring the weight on the balls of the feet4 ,the heels should just touch the floor1 but the weight should all be forward4 ,allow the arms to swing freely from the shoulder2 in fact1 forget that you have arms for the time being4 ,this position is the key to the various steps that are to follow4 ,having learned how to stand correctly1 we are now ready to study what are known as 8the five positions40 ,these positions embrace the various steps used in all dances1 and must be mastered4 ,,the ,,first ,,position4 8,the first position10 so called1 is in reality the standing position just described1 and when practicing the subsequent positions1 it is essential that the student always begin with this4 ,remember that all-important detail3 weight forward1 heels just touching the floor4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,illustration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,the ,,second ,,position4 ,in the second position we change the ,v-shape of the feet by sliding the right foot to the side1 in a line with the body1 bending the left knee slightly4 ,the weight will1 of course1 be transferred to the left foot4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,,figure #b4 ,repeat this movement by sliding the left foot sideways1 transferring the weight to the right foot4 ,,the ,,third ,,position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #c4 ,again taking the standing position1 with toes pointing outward1 the right foot is swung in a small circle to the right and brought behind the left foot1 the hollow of the right foot pressing close against the heel of the left foot4 ,at the beginning of this movement the weight is thrown on the ball of the left foot4 ,repeat by transferring the weight to the right foot1 and swinging the left foot to the rear4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,,the ,,fourth ,,position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d4 ,in the fourth position1 throw the weight on the left foot and slide the right foot forward and a little to the side4 ,at the end of the slide1 the right foot should be in a direct line with the hollow of the left foot1 so that if brought back it should fit into the hollow1 as in the third position4 ,this1 however1 is only to test the accuracy of the step4 ,after the slide1 the foot should be returned to standing position and the movement repeated with the other foot4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,instead of sliding1 the foot can be raised from the floor and placed in the position indicated4 ,in this case1 remember to keep the toe well pointed downward1 and do not raise the foot farther from the floor than is necessary4 ,there is a variation of this position which will be found useful in two-step and half-time dancing4 ,this is to slide the right foot to the rear and slightly outward after completing the forward movement4 ,,the ,,fifth ,,position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e4 ,standing with the heels together1 allow the weight to fall on the ball of the left foot1 and move the right foot forward until the heel of that foot is at the side of the toe of the other foot4 ,the feet should form a right angle4 7,see ,fig4 #e47 ,repeat with the left foot1 transferring the weight to the right foot4 ,these positions are very important and should be practiced until they can be performed with perfect ease4 ,they can be alternated at will4 ,for instance1 the fifth position may follow the first1 and so on4 ,,the ,,two-,,step ,,slide4 ,of recent years the two-step has become one of the most popular dances1 and it is one of the simplest4 ,the method of practicing the step is as follows3 ,standing in the first position1 slide the right foot to the side4 ,bring the left foot alongside1 and instantly repeat the sliding movement with the right foot1 only do not make the slide quite so long as in the first instance4 ,now slide to the left with the left foot1 bring the right foot alongside1 and continue the slide with the left foot4 ,at the beginning of the movement the weight is borne by the left foot1 while the right foot slides to the side4 ,then the weight is taken by the right foot1 while the left foot is brought into position4 ,at this point the weight must be transferred instantly to the left foot1 and the right foot shot out quickly to the other side4 ,it may help the beginner to call out the words3 8,slide and slide10 when practicing this step4 ,thus3 ,,slide3 ,right foot to the side4 ,,and3 ,bring up left foot4 ,both feet together4 ,transfer weight to left foot4 ,,slide3 ,right foot to the side4 ,half the length of the first slide4 ,and continue the movement with the other foot1 thus3 ,,slide3 ,left foot to the side4 ,,and3 ,bring up right foot4 ,both feet together4 ,transfer weight to right foot4 ,,slide3 ,left foot to the side4 ,half the length of first slide4 ,when dancing the two-step1 never hop4 ,always slide the feet4 ,keep the weight on the balls of the feet2 this makes the sliding much easier and destroys the tendency to hop4 ,,the ,,grand ,,march4 ,the ,grand ,march is a feature of all formal balls4 ,it generally marks the beginning of the evening's festivities1 but may1 for special reasons1 be deferred to a later point in the programme4 ,in order to make the march an agreeable feature of the evening's pleasures1 it should be led off by a gentleman and lady who understand the details of the necessary evolutions1 assisted1 in case of necessity1 by one or more of the floor committee1 whose services may be called upon to preserve uniformity of action through the march4 ,all marching should be done in straight lines1 following the direction of the walls of the rooms1 the change of direction being made precisely at each corner4 ,the leader and his partner should lead the march2 moving slowly once or twice round the room1 to give all the couples time to fall in and follow4 ,,the ,,march ,,in ,,file4 ,as soon as all are in order the leader should head the line of march up the middle of the room2 when he has reached the top1 he turns to the left1 and his partner to the right2 the gentlemen all follow him in single file1 the ladies following the leading lady in the same manner2 when the leaders of the two lines arrive at the bottom1 they pass to the left of each other1 the gentlemen marching round the room on the outside1 and the ladies inside them1 and in the opposite direction4 ,when the first gentleman meets his partner again at the top of the room1 they both march together again round the room to the right1 followed by the other couples in their order4 ,the leader should be careful to introduce sufficient plain marching between each figure to get all the couples following him in column before commencing a new evolution4 ,,the ,,march ,,in ,,column4 ,the first couple lead round the room until the leader reaches the bottom left-hand corner4 ,there1 instead of turning upwards at right angles up the side of the room1 the first couple should file to the right and march in a line parallel with the advancing couples1 but in an opposite direction across the room2 as each couple successively arrives at the same corner1 they file to the right and follow their leader4 ,when the leader has got across the room1 the first couple should file to the left1 and march straight across back again1 and so on1 forming a serpentine line of march backwards and forwards across the room until the top of the room is reached4 ,to make this effective1 it requires a considerable number of couples1 so that there will be at least four lines1 constantly passing each other in opposite directions1 and forming a very pleasing appearance4 ,when the first couple reach the top of the room1 they lead the march round the room again1 until all the couples are following them in regular column4 ,,the ,,march ,,by ,,platoons4 ,the first couple lead the march up the center of the room4 ,as they reach the top1 the first couple passes round to the right2 the second couple to the left2 the remaining odd couples in their order to the right1 and the even couples following to the left4 ,all thus march down their side of the room1 until they meet in the middle at the bottom4 ,there they turn up the center again four abreast4 ,arriving at the top1 the first four wheel round by the right2 the second four wheel round by the left1 and so on alternately1 each division marching down its side of the room4 ,when they meet at the bottom1 they advance up the center again1 eight abreast4 ,at the top of the room the first and third eight wheel to the right1 and the second and fourth wheel to the left1 each succeeding eight wheeling right and left alternately1 down the sides of the room1 meeting at bottom1 and marching up the center sixteen abreast1 thus forming full lines4 ,at the top of the room all halt1 the first1 third1 etc4 7odd7 lines face all to the right2 the second1 fourth1 etc4 7even7 lines all to the left1 the gentlemen step up by the side of their lady partners1 and the front line marches off in couples to the right1 the other lines following in their track1 in the same manner as in the ,march in ,columns1 and finishing in the same way laid down in that march4 ,,the ,,arbor ,,march4 ,all the couples march round the room in order4 ,the first couple join right hands1 stop1 and raise their hands1 forming an arch4 ,the second couple pass underneath the arch1 the gentleman first1 and form another arch2 the third couple pass under both1 and also form an arch1 and so on1 each couple passing through the arches ahead of them in turn1 until one continuous arch has been formed4 ,the first couple 7now in the rear7 then passes through and out at the front end of the arbor1 followed by each rear couple in succession1 until the arches have all disappeared4 ,if the number of couples is large1 the first couple can follow the last couple at once under the arches1 if preferred1 and repeat the arbor continuously as long as may be desired4 ,the plain march in couples is then resumed1 until the line of march is in regular order again4 ,,the ,,serpentine ,,march4 ,the serpentine figure is executed in single file4 ,the leader steps in front of his lady and leads the way up the center of the room2 as each couple turns to go up the center1 each gentleman steps into single line ahead of his lady1 forming by degrees the whole couples into single file4 ,when the first gentleman reaches the top of the room1 he leads the way to the right entirely round and round the room1 each successive round passing inside the former1 describing a spiral track towards the center of the room4 ,as soon as the inner coil becomes small1 the leader turns sharp round to the left and retraces his step between the coils1 until he marches between the coils entirely out of them4 ,he continues his march until all the coils are unwound1 and then each gentleman retires a step to the left of his lady partner1 and the march is continued in column until all the couples have fallen into regular order again4 ,at the conclusion of the march1 the leader stops1 gives a signal for the music to be changed into a waltz1 and leads off with his partner1 followed by the other couples in succession4 ,in order to insure success in a ,grand ,march1 no gentleman can be allowed to act as cavalier to two ladies1 as the movements require all to march in couples4 ,the leader should regulate his pace to suit circumstances1 endeavoring always to keep the line of march unbroken1 and the couples at uniform distances from each other4 ,the couples1 also1 must follow exactly in the track of those before them and of the leader1 keeping correct time with the music4 ,,square ,,dances4 ,very little knowledge of dancing is needed in order to take part in square dances4 ,the various figures1 however1 must be learned thoroughly1 or the attempt to go through a quadrille will end in disaster4 ,illustration3 ,lady ,x ,gentleman ,the dancers arrange themselves in 8sets10 four couples forming a 8set10 all facing the center4 ,the positions are taken as in the diagram1 gentlemen to the left of the ladies1 and forming a square4 ,the couple facing the stage is called the first couple1 and the couple opposite1 the second couple4 ,these are also called the 8head couples40 ,the other couples1 the third and fourth1 are called the 8side couples40 ,,the ,,plain ,,quadrille4 ,the ,plain ,quadrille is usually danced with four couples1 that is1 eight dancers2 but sometimes a double formation is used1 and four dancers face each other at each side of the square4 ,in the ,plain ,quadrille there are five figures1 and eight bars of music are given to each4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,address partners and corners #h ,head couples right and left #h ,head couples balance #h ,ladies' chain1 head couples #h ,head couples balance #h ,repeat with sides4 ,the dance is begun by the couples first addressing each other1 and then addressing the lady or gentleman in the nearest couple4 ,thus the gentleman will first bow to his partner1 then to the lady on his left1 and the lady will courtesy first to her partner1 then to the gentleman on her right4 ,during this1 eight measures of introductory music are played4 ,every square dance is begun with these salutations4 ,,head ,,couples ,,right ,,and ,,left4--,the first and second couples join nearest hand and cross over1 between opposite couples4 ,each gentleman and opposite lady touch right hands in passing4 ,the gentleman and his partner join left hands1 and the lady moves halfway round4 ,at the end of this movement each couple will stand in the opposite ends of the set1 occupying the opposite couple's place4 ,the same movement is repeated in returning to places4 ,,head ,,couples ,,balance4--,each gentleman crosses hands with his partner2 that is1 he extends his left hand and takes his partner's left1 and takes his partner's right hand in his right4 ,in taking this position the right hands should be above the left4 ,with hands crossed thus1 the couple promenade across the set1 passing the opposite couple to the right4 ,return to places in same manner4 ,,head ,,couples ,,ladies' ,,chain4--,the ladies of first and second couples cross to opposite gentlemen1 touching right hands as they pass4 ,they offer left hand to opposite gentlemen1 who turn them half round4 ,ladies return1 again touching right hands in passing1 and turning partner with left hand to places4 ,,head ,,couples ,,balance4--,repeat movement as before4 ,the entire figure as described above is repeated by the side couples4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,head couples1 forward two3-- ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,cross over #d ,chassez to partners #d ,cross to places #d ,balance #h ,this figure is then repeated by head couples1 and is danced twice by the side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,two4--,this includes the four movements following4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,each gentleman extends right hand to partner and takes lady's left hand4 ,starting with right foot1 he takes four steps forward and four steps backward4 ,,cross ,,over4--,the couples drop hands1 and walk straight across set1 ladies passing between gentlemen1 but without touching hands4 ,,chassez ,,to ,,partners4--,the partners face each other and take four steps forward to the right1 and four steps backward to the left1 passing partners on the right4 ,,cross ,,to ,,places4--,walk to places as before1 ladies passing inside4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples right hands across #d ,left hands back #d ,balance in center #d ,half promenade to opposite places #d ,two ladies forward and back #d ,two gentlemen forward and back #d ,forward four and back #d ,half right and left #d ,this figure is then repeated by head couples1 and danced twice by side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,right ,,hands ,,across4--,the head couples cross over and give right hands to opposite dancers in passing4 ,ladies pass between opposite couple1 and1 when doing so1 touch the opposite gentleman's hand4 ,,left ,,hands ,,back4--,on the return1 each gentleman takes the left hand of the opposite lady in his left4 ,the hands are retained while passing1 then all face the center and the ladies cross right hands to partners4 ,,balance ,,in ,,center4--,the four dancers perform this movement1 stepping forward and back1 thus3 ,slide the right foot to the right1 and bring the left foot in front of the right in third position2 count two2 slide the left foot to the left1 and bring the right foot in front of the left in the third position2 count two2 repeat the above2 count four4 ,,half ,,promenade4--,all drop left hands1 each gentleman retaining his partner's right1 and promenade to position originally occupied by opposite couple4 ,,two ,,ladies ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,two ladies move forward four steps1 and retire four steps4 ,,two ,,gentlemen ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,gentlemen repeat movement4 ,,forward ,,four ,,and ,,back4--,gentlemen join hands with partners and move forward four steps1 and retire four steps4 ,,half ,,right ,,and ,,left4--,both couples cross over2 each person gives right hand in passing to the opposite person1 and left hand to partner1 and turn to places4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward four1 first lady cross over #d ,forward three and back #d ,forward1 ladies cross over #d ,forward three #d ,forward again #d ,four hands half around #d ,half right and left #d ,the head couples repeat the figure1 and it is then danced twice by the side couples1 the first1 second1 third and fourth gentleman taking the lead alternately4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the gentlemen of the head couples extend right hand to partners1 taking four steps forward1 and retiring four steps4 ,,forward ,,four1 ,,first ,,lady ,,cross ,,over4--,the two gentlemen advance four steps2 first gentleman leaves his partner1 who joins left hand with opposite gentleman4 ,latter retires with both ladies1 the first gentleman retiring to his place alone4 ,,forward ,,three ,,and ,,back4--,the second gentleman and two ladies advance four steps1 and retire four steps4 ,,forward ,,again ,,and ,,ladies ,,cross ,,over4--,the second gentleman advances with ladies4 ,ladies cross over to first gentleman1 who advances to meet them4 ,second gentleman retires1 the other three dancers retiring at the same time4 ,,forward ,,three4--,the first gentleman and two ladies advance four steps1 and retire four steps1 second gentleman remaining in place4 ,,forward ,,again4--,the first gentleman and two ladies advance again and meet second gentleman1 all joining hands in a circle4 ,,four ,,hands ,,half ,,around4--,the four dancers turn half around to the left1 and each couple retires to the place occupied by opposite couple4 ,,half ,,right ,,and ,,left4--,head couples cross over1 each lady passing between opposite couple and touching opposite gentleman's right hand in passing4 ,ladies then give left hands to partners and turn to places4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,hands all around #h ,head couples forward two #af ,balance #h ,repeat #cb ,hands all around #h ,side couples forward two #af ,balance #h ,repeat #cb ,all chassez4 ,,hands ,,all ,,around4--,all join hands in a circle and slide to the left1 taking eight steps4 ,then slide back again to the right4 ,this is sometimes varied by sliding around the complete circle1 instead of halfway4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,two4--,same as in the second figure4 ,,all ,,chassez4--,partners face each other1 chassez four steps to the right and return4 ,address and retire4 ,the fifth figure is sometimes danced by substituting the ladies' chain for hands all around4 ,for description of ladies' chain see first figure4 ,,additional ,,quadrille ,,figures4 ,instead of the second or fifth figures in the plain quadrille1 the following figures may be introduced3 ,the basket figure4 ,the nine-pin figure4 ,the minuet figure4 ,the star figure4 ,the cheat figure4 ,the jig figure4 ,the sociable4 ,,the ,,basket ,,figure4 ,the calls for the ,basket ,figure are as follows3 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,cross over #d ,chassez to partners #d ,cross to places #d ,balance #h ,ladies forward and back #d ,forward and join hands #d ,gentlemen1 hands around #h ,form basket ,pause ,all balance #d ,turn partners to places #d ,repeat4 ,danced twice by side couples1 with gentlemen in the center4 ,the first five movements of the basket figure are the same as those described for the second figure of the plain quadrille4 ,,ladies ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,here all the ladies take four steps forward and retire four steps1 then advance again four steps and join hands in the center1 standing close together4 ,,gentlemen ,,forward4--,all the gentlemen advance and form a circle around the ladies by joining hands4 ,,gentlemen ,,hands ,,around4--,all the gentlemen slide around the circle to the left 7sixteen steps71 and stop when they arrive at the left side of their partners4 ,instead of completing the circle1 this movement is sometimes varied by the gentlemen sliding around to the left only halfway 7eight steps71 and then sliding back to original positions 7eight steps74 ,,form ,,basket4--,all the gentlemen raise their arms over the ladies' heads1 with hands still joined1 and bring them down in front of the ladies4 ,all retain hands1 and the ladies step back a little1 so that one complete circle is formed1 with arms intertwined4 ,,balance4--,all balance in place1 with hands still joined4 ,,turn ,,partners ,,to ,,places4--,all turn partners and resume original positions in quadrille4 ,,the ,,nine-,,pin4 ,this figure is not generally introduced into a regular quadrille1 but is danced separately4 ,it requires an extra gentleman1 who takes his place in the center4 ,the movements are performed at the will of the leader2 forward four1 ladies' chain1 ladies to the center1 right and left all around1 or any other movements being called in succession4 ,it is preferable to introduce those movements which require all the dancers1 or at least one partner out of each couple4 ,at an unexpected moment1 generally in the middle of a movement where the gentlemen are separated from their partners1 a signal is given1 when each gentleman secures the nearest lady for a partner1 the music stops1 and each lady resumes her place with her new partner2 the gentleman who fails to secure a partner becomes the nine-pin1 and takes his place in the center2 the music recommences and dancing proceeds as before1 until another signal is given4 ,this is repeated at will1 generally ending with all chassez4 ,,minuet ,,figure4 ,the calls for ,minuet ,figure are as follows3 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,dos a dos #d ,sides1 four forward and back #d ,forward and exchange partners #d ,all1 ladies' chain #h ,sides1 four forward and back #d ,turn partners to places #d ,danced twice with head couples leading1 and twice with sides leading4 ,,dos ,a ,,dos4--,head couples forward and pass each other2 then each gentleman and opposite lady pass round each other back to back1 without turning round1 and go backward to places4 ,,sides ,,four1 ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the first couple joins the third and the second couple joins the fourth1 thus forming two diagonal lines facing each other4 ,both lines forward and back2 forward and turn opposite partners1 with gentlemen exchanging places with each other1 the ladies remaining where they were4 ,this brings each gentleman to the other line1 facing his own partner4 ,,the ,,star ,,figure4 ,the calls for the ,star ,figure are3 ,measures4 ,four ladies forward and back #d ,gentlemen forward and back #d ,ladies cross right hands #d ,ladies cross left hands #d ,right hand to partners -- ,balance #d ,turn partners to place #d ,,four ,,ladies ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the four ladies advance four steps and return four steps4 ,,four ,,gentlemen ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,repeat2 perform same movement4 ,,ladies ,,cross ,,right ,,hands4--,in this movement all the ladies step to the center1 cross right hands and walk halfway round to the left in the form of a cross4 ,,ladies ,,cross ,,left ,,hands4--,ladies turn halfway round1 drop right hand and join left hands in the center2 then circle moves back again till each lady is opposite her own partner4 ,,right ,,hand ,,to ,,partner4--,each lady gives disengaged hand 7the right one7 to her partner4 ,they retain the opposite lady's left at the same time1 and thus a star is formed4 ,,balance4--,all drop left hands1 but still keeping in the form of a star1 balance two steps to the right1 then return to the left and repeat4 ,,turn ,,partners ,,to ,,place4--,here the star is broken by the ladies relinquishing left hands4 ,gentlemen then turn partners to place with right hands4 ,repeat three times4 ,on the first repetition1 the figure is danced the same as before2 but on the subsequent repetitions the gentlemen go to the center and cross right hands1 the ladies forming the outer points of the star4 ,,the ,,cheat ,,figure4 ,the calls for the ,cheat ,figure are3 ,measures4 ,first couple balance to the right #h ,balance to second couple #h ,balance to fourth couple #h ,balance to partners #h ,this is repeated in turn by the second1 third and fourth couples in succession1 each balancing to the couple on the right4 ,at the beginning of this figure the first couple turn toward the right and take four steps forward1 balance to the third couple1 and retiring four steps4 ,simultaneously the third couple moves forward to the first couple1 and retires4 ,then the two couples advance again1 and each dancer turns opposite partner with both hands4 ,at the moment when the dancers are about to turn the opposite lady or gentleman it is allowable for either to suddenly withdraw and either dance alone or turn any other dancer in the set4 ,this is how the dance derives its name4 ,,the ,,jig ,,figure4 ,the calls for the ,jig ,figure are3 ,measures4 ,all hands around #h ,ladies to the right #cb ,all hands around #h ,gentlemen to the right #cb ,all hands around #h ,all chassez #h ,,all ,,hands ,,around4--,the four couples join hands in a circle and swing once round to place4 ,,ladies ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,the gentlemen remain in place1 and each lady balances to the gentleman on her right1 and turns him with both hands4 ,she repeats the same with the next gentleman1 and so continues round the set1 ending by balancing and turning with her own partner4 ,then she resumes her place4 ,,gentlemen ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,the ladies remain in place1 and the gentlemen execute the figure in the same manner as the ladies1 turning each of the ladies in succession4 ,,all ,,hands ,,around4--,all join hands and swing around in a circle to places4 ,each gentleman has a chance to introduce his jig-steps1 for he balances with each lady in succession4 ,,the ,,sociable4 ,the calls for the ,sociable are3 ,measures4 ,head couples1 right and left #h ,side couples1 right and left #h ,all ladies to the right1 turn and change partners #h ,all promenade #h ,head couples1 ladies' chain #h ,side couples1 ladies' chain #h ,all ladies to the right #h ,all promenade #h ,head couples1 four hands around to left and reverse #h ,side couples1 the same #h ,ladies to the right #h ,all promenade #h ,head couples1 right hands across1 half around and reverse #h ,side couples1 the same #h ,ladies to the right #h ,all promenade #h ,chassez to places -- ,repeat4 ,the first two movements in the sociable are the same as before described4 ,,all ,,ladies ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,four ladies balance to the right1 turn and change partners1 each lady taking the place of the next lady on the right4 ,this movement keeps all the couples in constant motion and calls for a continual change of partners4 ,this is why1 in a private dance1 the sociable is always popular4 ,,all ,,promenade4--,give both hands to partners and glide in a circle to the right1 all around the set1 till original position is reached4 ,,lancers4 ,the calls for the ,lancers are3 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,head couples forward and turn opposite partners #d ,cross over #d ,return to places #d ,balance to corners #h ,danced twice by head couples1 except in 8cross over10 when the second couple first pass between4 ,the same for side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,first and second couples simultaneously move forward four steps1 and retire four steps4 ,,forward ,,and ,,turn4--,repeat first movement1 but instead of retiring1 each gentleman first turns the opposite lady once with both hands1 then all retire to places4 ,,cross ,,over4--,first couple join hands and cross set4 ,second couple advances and separates to allow first couple to pass between4 ,on returning1 the second couple join hands and the first couple separate1 to allow second couple to pass between4 ,,balance ,,to ,,corners4--,all the ladies turn to the right and balance to gentlemen2 all the gentlemen turn to the left and balance to ladies4 ,thus the lady of the head couple will balance with the gentleman of the third couple2 the lady of the third couple will balance with the gentleman of the second couple1 and so on4 ,the 8balance0 is performed by taking four steps forward and retiring four steps1 then again advancing and turning corner partner once with both hands and retiring to place4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples1 forward and back #d ,forward and leave ladies in center #d ,chassez to right and left #d ,turn partners to places #d ,side couples1 divide1 all forward in two lines #d ,forward again and turn partners to places #d ,repeated by head couples and danced twice by side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,first and second couples advance four steps and retire four steps4 ,,forward ,,and ,,leave ,,ladies ,,in ,,center4--,advance again1 leaving ladies in center4 ,ladies turn and address partners1 remaining back to back4 ,gentlemen retire to places4 ,,chassez4--,glide four steps to the right and return4 ,,turn ,,partners4--,gentlemen advance and turn partners to place with both hands4 ,,side ,,couples ,,divide4--,the side couples separate1 the gentleman of the third couple and the lady of the fourth joining the first couple1 and the lady of the third couple and the gentleman of the fourth joining the second couple1 thus forming two lines of four dancers each1 facing each other4 ,,forward ,,again ,,and ,,turn ,,partners ,,to ,,places4--,the two lines advance and each gentleman turns own partner to place4 ,the third and fourth times the figure is danced the head couples separate and join the side couples4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,ladies' chain #d ,repeated by head couples2 danced twice by side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,advance four steps1 retire four steps4 ,,forward ,,and ,,address4--,advance four steps1 address opposite partners and retire4 ,,ladies' ,,chain4--,as described in first figure of plain quadrille4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples to the right and address #d ,to the left and address #d ,to place and address partners #d ,right and left across #h ,danced twice by head couples and twice by side couples4 ,,head ,,couples ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,first and second couples lead to the right and address third and fourth couples respectively4 ,then lead to the side couple on their left and address4 ,return to places and address partners4 ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,across4--,same as in the first figure of the plain quadrille4 ,the second time the head couples execute the figure1 they lead to the couples on their left1 instead of on their right1 address and visit the couple on the right4 ,when the side couples dance the figure they lead first to the right1 then to the left4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all right and left all around #af ,first couple face out #h ,all chassez across #h ,first couple down the center and back #h ,all forward and back #d ,forward again4 ,turn partners to places #d ,danced four times1 each couple leading in rotation1 the figure ending with right and left all around4 ,,all ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,all ,,around4--,all face partners1 address1 and join right hands4 ,pass partner1 and give left hand to next person1 right hand to next1 left hand to next1 and meet partner in opposite couple's place and address4 ,pass partner again1 and continue in the same manner1 going around the entire circle1 until original places are reached4 ,,first ,,couple ,,face ,,out4--,the first couple join hands and promenade or two-step in the center of the set1 and return to their place1 facing outward4 ,then the third couple take position behind the first1 next follow the fourth couple1 and the second couple remain in their place4 ,,all ,,chassez ,,across4--,the four gentlemen and ladies take four steps across--the gentlemen passing to the right behind their partners1 then return with four steps to the left4 ,the four gentlemen retire1 and step back to the left1 and the four ladies repeat the movement to the right1 forming in two single files1 and facing partners4 ,,first ,,couple ,,down ,,the ,,center ,,and ,,back4--,the first couple join hands and promenade or glide down between the lines1 and return to head of line and separate4 ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,all move forward in two lines1 advancing four steps and retiring four steps4 ,,forward ,,and ,,turn ,,partners4--,advance again and turn partners to places4 ,give right hand to partner and stand in readiness for the right and left all around1 with which the figure concludes4 ,,saratoga ,,lancers4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures ,head couples to the right #d ,all forward and turn #d ,cross over #d ,places #d ,balance to corners #h ,head couples to the left #d ,all forward and turn #d ,cross over #d ,places #d ,this figure is repeated4 ,,head ,,couples ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,the head couples lead to the right1 the side couples advancing to meet them4 ,thus1 first couple and third couple move toward each other1 and simultaneously second and fourth couples execute same movement4 ,,all ,,forward ,,and ,,turn4--,first couple and third couple again advance and turn opposite partners4 ,second couple and fourth couple the same4 ,,cross ,,over4--,forward again1 the head couples passing through the side couples4 ,on returning1 the side couples pass through the head couples4 ,,places4--,return to places4 ,,balance ,,to ,,corners4--,ladies balance to right1 gentlemen to the left4 ,the head couples then lead to the left1 the fourth couple advancing to meet them1 and the second and third couples execute same movement4 ,first and fourth couples and second and third couples continue to dance the remainder of the figure4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all forward and back #d ,ladies in the center #d ,gentlemen hands around #h ,form basket2 all around to places #h ,forward and back #d ,gentlemen in the center #d ,ladies hands around #h ,form basket2 all around to places #h ,danced twice4 ,the couples join hands1 advance four steps and retire4 ,advance again1 and leave ladies in center4 ,gentlemen join hands and chassez around ladies4 ,form basket1 as before described1 and all chassez in circle4 ,retire to places4 ,all advance four steps and retire4 ,advance again1 and leave gentlemen in center4 ,ladies join hands and chassez around gentlemen4 ,form basket4 ,all chassez and retire to places4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,ladies' grand chain #h ,all forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,gentlemen3 grand chain #h ,danced twice4 ,the four couples advance four steps and retire4 ,advance again and address4 ,four ladies cross right hands1 walk halfway round set1 turn opposite gentlemen with left hands1 cross right hands again and walk halfway round to place4 ,repeat movement1 with gentlemen crossing left hands in center4 ,sometimes1 when the gentlemen join left hands in center1 they give disengaged arm to ladies1 and either promenade around the circle1 or promenade halfway1 drop hands1 ladies turn in1 join right hands in center1 and return thus to places4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples to the right and address #d ,to the left and address1 change couples #d ,turn partners to places #d ,right and left #h ,to the left and address #d ,to the right and address1 change couples #d ,turn partners to places #d ,right and left #h ,repeated by side couples1 beginning by leading to the left1 then to the right4 ,the first and second couples lead to and address couple on the right2 then lead to the left1 address1 and ladies change partners1 the lady on the right becoming the partner of the gentleman on the left1 and vice versa4 ,turn partners to place4 ,then give right hand to partner and execute right and left movement as before described4 ,head couples then lead to the left4 ,,note4--,in changing partners1 gentlemen extend right hand1 ladies left4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,address partners -- ,right hand to partners -- ,grand right and left1 half way #h ,reverse1 grand right and left #h ,first couple face out and promenade #h ,all chassez across #h ,ladies to the right1 gentlemen to the left1 march #h ,all forward and back #d ,forward and turn partners to places #d ,danced four times1 alternately by first four and sides4 ,after giving right hand to partner and passing halfway round set1 stop at opposite partner1 walk halfway round that partner and return1 giving right and left hands in passing4 ,,first ,,couple ,,face ,,out ,,and ,,promenade4--,the first couple promenade around inside of set1 facing outward4 ,third and fourth couple fall in line1 second couple bringing up the rear4 ,all chassez across and return4 ,all march1 ladies moving to the right1 gentlemen to the left1 describing a semicircle1 and halt in two lines facing each other4 ,both lines move forward and back4 ,forward again and turn partners to places4 ,,waltz ,,lancers4 ,the ,glide1 or ,waltz1 ,lancers consist of figures similar to those of the plain lancers1 but they are somewhat curtailed to allow the waltz movement to be introduced at intervals4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and turn opposite partners #d ,cross over1 first couple inside #d ,return to places1 second couple inside #d ,waltz #af ,all balance to corners #h ,repeat movement4 ,danced twice by side couples4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward again1 ladies in the center #d ,chassez and turn partners to places #h ,all ladies to the right #h ,all waltz #af ,repeat movement4 ,danced twice by side couples4 ,when all the ladies balance to the right they turn and remain with new partners1 then waltz4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,waltz #af ,ladies' chain #h ,repeat4 ,danced twice by side couples4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples to the right and address #d ,to the left and address #d ,waltz #af ,right and left across #h ,repeat4 ,danced twice by side couples4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all right and left all around #af ,first couple waltz 7inside set1 facing out7 #h ,couples form in column1 march #h ,face partners1 forward and back #d ,forward and turn partners to places #d ,third1 second and fourth couples waltz inside set in rotation4 ,the figure ends with right and left all around4 ,danced four times4 ,,finale4 ,all waltz around the room2 or each set right and left all around4 ,,the ,,caledonians4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples cross right hands half around #d ,left hands back #d ,balance to partners1 and turn #h ,ladies' chain #h ,half promenade #d ,half right and left #d ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same4 ,,head ,,couples ,,cross ,,right ,,hands4--,advance and cross right hands1 the two gentlemen joining right hands above the ladies' hands4 ,all take eight steps to the left1 half around1 thus arriving at opposite sides of the set4 ,drop right hands1 turn1 cross left hands and take eight steps back to place4 ,,balance ,,to ,,partners4--,partners face each other1 advance four steps and retire four steps2 turn partners with both hands4 ,,ladies' ,,chain4--,opposite ladies advance1 take right hands in passing1 then join hands with opposite gentleman and turn half around1 returning to places4 ,,half ,,promenade4--,partners join hands and cross to opposite side of set1 turning to right in passing the opposite couple4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,all ladies balance to the right #h ,all promenade #h ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward4--,advance four steps and retire2 forward again and address1 and retire4 ,,ladies ,,balance ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,each lady moves forward four steps to the gentleman on her right1 and turns him with both hands1 and remains at his side4 ,in this manner each gentleman gets an exchange of partners4 ,,all ,,promenade4--,the four couples then promenade with their new partners4 ,this movement is repeated by the head gentlemen with their new partners2 then the sides execute the same twice1 which brings each lady to her own partner4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and dos a dos #d ,cross over1 first couple inside #d ,back to place1 second couple inside #d ,balance to corners #h ,all join hands1 forward to center #d ,forward and turn partners #d ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,advance four steps and retire4 ,,forward ,,and ,,dos ,a ,,dos4--,forward again1 each gentleman going to the left of opposite lady1 passing around behind her1 back to back1 from left to right1 and retire to place4 ,,cross ,,over1 ,,first ,,couple ,,inside4--,first couple join hands and cross over1 passing between opposite couple4 ,,back ,,again1 ,,second ,,couple ,,inside4--,second couple join hands and cross over inside opposite couple to place4 ,,balance ,,to ,,corners4--,ladies advance four steps to the right2 retire four steps4 ,advance again and turn gentlemen on their right and return to places4 ,,all ,,join ,,hands1 ,,forward ,,to ,,center4--,all join hands1 thus forming a circle1 and take four steps toward center1 and four steps back to place4 ,,forward ,,and ,,turn ,,partners4--,all1 still with hands joined1 advance four steps again and turn partners to places4 ,when the figure is repeated the second couple1 in crossing over1 pass inside first1 and outside on returning4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and turn partners to places #d ,four ladies to the right #d ,four gentlemen to the left #d ,four ladies to the right #d ,four gentlemen to the left #d ,all promenade #h ,danced twice by head couples and twice by sides4 ,,four ,,ladies ,,to ,,the ,,right1 ,,etc4--,each lady advances four steps to the gentleman at her right1 turns with him1 and takes his former partner's place4 ,each gentleman then advances to the lady at his left1 turns her and assumes her former partner's side4 ,this movement1 repeated by both ladies and gentlemen1 brings original partners together1 but at the side of the set opposite to their original position4 ,all then promenade entirely around the set4 ,the second and fourth times the figure is danced the couples will be restored to their original positions4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,first couple promenade #h ,four ladies forward and back #d ,four gentlemen forward and back #d ,all balance to partners and turn #h ,right and left half around #h ,half promenade to places and turn partners #h ,chassez across and turn at corners #h ,danced four times1 each couple in turn leading with the promenade4 ,,first ,,couple ,,promenade4--,the first couple join hands1 crossed1 and promenade entirely around the inside of the set1 returning to places4 ,,four ,,ladies ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the four ladies advance to center four steps and retire4 ,,four ,,gentlemen ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the four gentlemen advance to center four steps and retire4 ,,all ,,balance ,,to ,,partners4--,partners1 facing each other1 make four steps to the right and four to the left1 and swing around with both hands4 ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,half ,,around4--,each gentleman holds his partner's right hand1 passing to the right2 the lady passes outside to the left2 the gentlemen give alternately left and right hands to the ladies in passing1 until they meet their original partners halfway around4 ,then stop1 take partners by the right hand1 and swing once around4 ,,all ,,half ,,promenade ,,to ,,places ,,and ,,turn ,,partners4--,partners join hands and promenade to places2 then turn partners in places4 ,,chassez ,,across ,,and ,,turn ,,at ,,corners4--,the gentlemen make four steps to the right1 the ladies four to the left1 and turn corners with right hands once around2 all make four steps back to partners and turn them with left hands to places4 ,the figure is repeated1 each couple leading off in the promenade in turn4 ,finish with all chassez and address4 ,,the ,,glide ,,caledonians4 ,the ,glide ,caledonians is similar to the ,plain ,caledonians1 except that waltzing is introduced4 ,all the movements have been described before4 ,the calls are as follows3 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples right hands across #h ,balance to partners #h ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back1 forward and address #h ,all ladies to the right2 change partners #h ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back1 and dos a dos #h ,all balance at corners1 exchanging partners #h ,waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples3 forward and back #d ,forward and turn partners to place #d ,ladies to the right #d ,gentlemen to the left #d ,ladies to the right #d ,gentlemen to the left #d ,all waltz #af ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,hands all around #h ,ladies forward and back #d ,gentlemen forward and back #d ,balance to partners #h ,all waltz #af ,,the ,,waltz ,,quadrille1 ,no4 #a4 ,the two ,waltz ,quadrilles are founded upon the ,plain ,quadrilles already described4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples right and left #h ,all waltz 7keeping within limits of original set2 each couple maintaining same relative distance between other couples7 #af ,head couples1 ladies' chain #h ,all waltz #af ,side couples3 the same4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward two 7same movements as in second figure of ,plain ,quadrille7 #af ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward four #d ,forward again1 ladies cross and change partners #d ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all join hands and forward and back #d ,turn partners to places #d ,all waltz #af ,danced four times4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all right hand to partners1 right and left half around #h ,all waltz back to places #af ,head couples forward two #af ,all waltz2 places #af ,side couples the same4 ,all1 at the close1 address #h ,,the ,,waltz ,,quadrille1 ,no4 #b4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples right and left #h ,balance #h ,ladies' chain #h ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward two #af ,all waltz #af ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples right hands across 7to opposite couples7 #d ,left hands back to center #d ,balance in center #d ,half promenade to opposite places #d ,all waltz #af ,repeat4 ,side couples3 the same twice4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples balance to the right #d ,exchange partners 7gentlemen lead new partners to places7 #d ,ladies' grand chain #h ,all forward and back #d ,turn new partners to places #d ,all waltz #af ,head couples repeat 7bringing original partners together again74 ,side couples3 the same twice4 ,,ladies' ,,grand ,,chain4--,this is executed by the four ladies simultaneously4 ,they cross right arms1 each lady taking the hand of the opposite lady4 ,with hands joined1 ladies walk round1 halting with opposite partners4 ,turn opposite gentleman with left hand1 and return to place1 crossing right arms in center as before and turning partner with left hand4 ,a variation of this figure is sometimes introduced as follows3 ,when the exchange of partners has been effected1 instead of resuming positions in quadrille1 the head couples remain facing their respective side couples1 and a 8ladies' chain0 is made on each side of the quadrille by each two facing couples4 ,there is no objection to this if there be plenty of room1 but where limited1 it is better to execute a 8ladies' grand chain0 with the couples at their places4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,all right hand to partner1 right and left half around #h ,reverse to places #h ,head couples forward and back #d ,forward and address #d ,all ladies balance to the right 7exchange partners7 #h ,all waltz 7with new partners7 #af ,head couples repeat4 ,side couples3 the same twice4 ,all right and left hand around #h ,reverse to places and address #h ,,prince ,,imperial ,,quadrille4 ,as usual in all quadrilles1 during the first eight bars of music1 each gentleman addresses first his own partner1 then the lady on his left4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples to the right and address #d ,take side ladies1 and go opposite #d ,ladies' grand chain 7without gentlemen7 #h ,all chassez to right and left #d ,turn partners1 head couples at opposite places4 #d ,head couples repeat as they stand4 ,side couples3 the entire figure1 twice4 ,,head ,,couples ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,and ,,address4--,the first couple moves to the right and stops1 facing the third couple1 and the second couple stops facing the fourth couple4 ,all address4 ,,take ,,side ,,ladies ,,and ,,go ,,opposite4--,retaining his partner's right hand in his right hand1 the first gentleman takes the third lady's right hand in his left and conducts the two ladies to the second couple's place4 ,in the same way the second gentleman leads his partner and the fourth lady to the first couple's place4 ,,ladies' ,,grand ,,chain 7,,without ,,gentlemen74--,the four ladies cross over1 touching right hands in passing4 ,they then cross from side to side of the set1 touching left hands4 ,these two movements are repeated1 ending with each lady standing in front of and facing her own partner4 ,,all ,,chassez4--,all take four steps to the right and four to the left1 and then turn partners4 ,this leaves the first couple in the second couple's place1 and the second couple in the first couple's place2 the side couples remaining in their proper places4 ,the repetition of the figure restores the head couples to original positions4 ,the figure is then danced twice with side couples leading4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,first gentleman and second lady forward #b ,turn with both hands1 and both face first lady #b ,cross over and turn with left hand #d ,head couples forward and back #d ,half ladies' chain #d ,all chassez and turn corners1 right hands #d ,turn partners1 left hands1 to places #d ,this figure is danced four times1 each gentleman and opposite lady commencing in turn4 ,,first ,,gentleman ,,and ,,second ,,lady ,,forward4--,turn with both hands1 the gentleman half around1 and the lady entirely around1 and stop in center1 both facing the first lady4 ,,cross ,,over ,,and ,,turn ,,with ,,left ,,hands4--,the first lady passes between the couple in front of her1 crosses over and turns second gentleman with left hand in second couple's place2 at the same time the first gentleman and second lady turn one another in first couple's place4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,head couples advance four steps and retire four steps to places4 ,,half ,,ladies' ,,chain4--,the first and second ladies cross over1 touching right hands in passing1 and turn partners to place with left hands4 ,,all ,,chassez ,,and ,,turn ,,corners4--,all take four steps to right and turn corner partners with right hand4 ,,turn ,,partners ,,to ,,places4--,all take four steps back to place and turn partners with left hand4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,first couple forward #b ,gentlemen back to place1 leaving lady in center1 facing him #b ,second couple the same #d ,third couple the same #d ,fourth couple the same #d ,ladies join hands1 back to back2 circle #d ,gentlemen forward and all address #d ,all balance #d ,turn partners to places #d ,the entire figure is performed four times1 the first1 second1 third and fourth couples leading in rotation4 ,,first ,,couple ,,forward4--,the first couple walk four steps forward4 ,the lady then turns facing her partner1 who retires1 with a bow1 to place4 ,the same movement is performed by each of the other couples in succession4 ,this leaves the four ladies standing in the center1 back to back4 ,,ladies ,,join ,,hands1 ,,circle4--,the ladies join hands and swing around in a circle to the left1 ending face to face with partners1 as before4 ,ladies then release hands4 ,,gentlemen ,,forward ,,and ,,all ,,address4--,the four gentlemen step forward1 each giving his right hand to his partner and his left to the lady at the left and address4 ,,balance ,,and ,,turn ,,partners ,,to ,,places4--,balance in position and turn partners to places4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,first lady and second gentleman to sides #d ,six forward and back1 twice #h ,two forward and back #d ,two forward1 address1 and face partners #d ,four hands half around #d ,half right and left #d ,danced twice by head couples and twice by sides4 ,,head ,,couples ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the head couples walk four steps forward and retire four steps4 ,,first ,,lady ,,and ,,second ,,gentleman ,,to ,,sides4--,the head couples forward again2 the first lady places herself on the left of the third gentleman2 the second gentleman takes his position on the right of the fourth lady2 the first gentleman and second lady return to their respective places4 ,,six ,,forward ,,and ,,back1 ,,twice4--,the three on each side forward and back2 repeat this movement4 ,,two ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the first gentleman and second lady 7at top and bottom7 forward and retire4 ,,two ,,forward1 ,,address ,,and ,,face ,,partners4--,the same two forward and address1 and each turns to the right1 facing original partner4 ,,four ,,hands ,,half ,,around4--,the four on each side join hands and swing half around in circle4 ,gentlemen release the hands of ladies on their left1 and head couples retire to opposite places2 the side couples remaining in original position4 ,,half ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,to ,,places4--,head couples cross over to their original places1 joining right hands with opposite partners in passing1 and each couple turns with left hands to places4 ,head couples repeat the figure1 the first gentleman and the second lady joining the side couples at their left4 ,the third time the figure is danced1 the third lady and fourth gentleman join the head couples at their right4 ,the fourth time1 the third gentleman and fourth lady join the head couples at their left4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,four ladies to the right1 four times #af ,first gentleman and opposite lady forward and back #d ,forward1 and swing to face partners #d ,head couples chassez to right and left #d ,turn partners to places #d ,head couples repeat the whole figure1 with second gentleman and opposite lady4 ,side couples3 the same1 twice4 ,,four ,,ladies ,,to ,,the ,,right4--,each lady takes four steps to the right1 and turns the gentleman at her right with the right hand4 ,continuing all around the set in the same direction1 she turns the next gentleman with the left hand1 the next with the right hand1 and1 finally1 her partner with the left hand4 ,,first ,,gentleman ,,and ,,opposite ,,lady ,,forward ,,and ,,back2 ,,forward ,,and ,,swing ,,to ,,face ,,partners4--,the same two walk forward four steps1 then backward four steps1 forward again1 join right hands and swing half round1 so that each faces original partner4 ,,head ,,couples ,,chassez4--,four steps to the right2 four to the left4 ,ending with turning partners to places4 ,,the ,,parisian ,,varieties4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples advance and address right side couples #b ,back to places #b ,head couples advance and address left side couples #b ,back to places #b ,head couples right and left across and back #h ,all waltz #af ,danced four times1 head couples and side couples alternating in lead4 ,,head ,,couples ,,advance4--,the head couples advance towards the side couples on the right1 address1 and step backward to places4 ,advance toward the left1 address1 and retire to places4 ,,head ,,couples ,,right ,,and ,,left ,,across4--,the first and second couples cross over2 each gentleman and opposite lady touch right hands in passing1 the gentleman then extends his left hand to his partner1 turning her half round1 occupying opposite couple's place4 ,this same movement is repeated in returning1 which brings the couples to their original positions4 ,,all ,,waltz4--,all four couples waltz around the set once4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,all ladies to the right #d ,polka #h ,danced four times1 the head couples and side couples alternating in lead4 ,the head couples walk forward four steps and backward four steps4 ,the ladies then all pass to the gentlemen at their right1 and all polka round the set with their new partners4 ,the side couples1 still with changed partners1 then advance four steps and retire four steps1 and the ladies each pass on to the next gentleman at the right4 ,each lady now occupies a position opposite to her original place in the set4 ,all polka round the set again4 ,head couples forward and back1 and the ladies pass again to the right4 ,all polka round the set4 ,side couples again forward and back1 and the ladies pass on to the right1 and are thus restored to their original partners4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,first gentleman to center #b ,ladies form circle #b ,hands around #d ,all waltz #af ,the first gentleman advances to the center of the set4 ,the four ladies step forward and join hands1 forming a circle around him4 ,they then circle around to the left until opposite their own partners1 when they turn partners to places4 ,finish by all waltzing around the set4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples to the right and address #d ,hands around #d ,all mazourka #af ,danced four times1 the head couples and side couples alternating in lead4 ,the head couples lead to the side couples at their right1 address1 and join hands with the side couples4 ,the two circles of four each now slide around to the left twice 7or once to left and once to right7 and stop in original places4 ,all then dance the mazourka once around the set4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,separate to sides #d ,six forward and salute #d ,ladies cross right hands in center #h ,all waltz #af ,danced four times1 heads and sides leading alternately4 ,the head couples forward four steps and back again to place4 ,the first and second gentlemen then lead their partners to the side couples at their right1 and1 leaving them there1 return to place4 ,the three at each side then advance four steps1 salute1 and return to place4 ,the four ladies cross right hands in the center of the set1 and walk around in a circle until they reach their original places in the set4 ,at the same time their partners dance around the set in the opposite direction1 meeting their partners in original positions1 and turning them to places4 ,,national ,,guard ,,quadrille4 ,this quadrille is dedicated to the ,national ,guard and the ,united ,states ,army4 ,the first figure is dedicated to the ,national ,guard1 north2 the second to the ,national ,guard1 south2 the third to the ,national ,guard1 east2 the fourth to the ,national ,guard1 west1 and the fifth and last figure to the ,united ,states ,army4 ,,first ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,lead to the right and address #d ,cross right hands and turn #d ,cross left hands and return #d ,form in two lines1 facing partners -- ,all balance to partners #d ,turn partners to places #d ,,cross ,,right ,,hands4--,when side couples have led to the right and addressed couples there1 the two ladies in each group join right hands and the two gentlemen do the same4 ,with hands joined1 they walk halfway around2 then release right hands1 turn1 join left hands1 and return to position4 ,all turn and form two lines4 ,balance and turn partners to places4 ,,second ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,turn partners #d ,side couples forward and back #d ,turn partners #d ,ladies to the center1 back to back #d ,ladies hands round1 to the right #d ,all balance to partners1 and turn #h ,danced four times1 twice by head couples and twice by sides4 ,first and second times1 head couples forward1 back and turn2 then side couples the same4 ,third and fourth times1 side couples forward1 back and turn2 then head couples the same4 ,first and third time1 ladies to the center2 second and fourth times1 gentlemen to the center4 ,,ladies ,,to ,,the ,,center4--,the ladies advance four steps and turn back to back4 ,,hands ,,around4--,the ladies join hands and slide around to the right until they reach again the place from which they started1 facing their partners4 ,,third ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,first and second ladies forward and back #d ,first and second ladies cross over #d ,side ladies forward and back #d ,side ladies cross over #d ,all address corners #b ,address new partners #b ,turn new partners with right hand #d ,promenade #h ,danced four times4 ,first time1 the first and second ladies forward and back and cross over2 then side ladies the same4 ,second time1 the first and second gentlemen forward and back and cross over2 then side gentlemen the same4 ,third time1 the third and fourth ladies forward and back and cross over2 then head ladies the same4 ,fourth time1 the third and fourth gentlemen forward and cross over2 then side gentlemen the same4 ,the first and second ladies advance four steps and retire four steps1 and then cross over1 thus exchanging partners4 ,the third and fourth ladies do the same4 ,all address corners1 then address new partners and turn new partners once with right hand4 ,,fourth ,,figure4 ,measures4 ,head couples forward and back #d ,lead to the right and address #b ,form two lines #b ,all forward and back #d ,all forward again #d ,head couples forward and back #d ,turn partners to place #d ,danced four times4 ,,form ,,two ,,lines4--,head couples separate from partners and join the sides2 the first lady now goes to the left of third gentleman1 and the first gentleman goes to the right of third lady2 the second lady goes to the left of fourth gentleman1 and the second gentleman goes to the right of fourth lady4 ,,all ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the two lines advance and retire four steps1 advance again and side couples retire to places4 ,head couples give hands to partners1 advance two steps and retire two steps1 then turn to places4 ,,fifth ,,figure4 ,measures ,salute to the ,united ,states ,army #d ,ladies to the right1 four times #cb ,tirior2 head couples cross over and back #h ,tirior on the sides3 side couples cross over and back #h ,all turn corners with right hands #d ,turn partners #d ,after the entire figure has been performed four times1 address opposite4 ,,coda4 ,all forward and address opposite #d ,address partners #d ,the four ladies leave their partners1 advance four steps to gentlemen at their right1 address1 and turn with right hand4 ,they then pass on to the next gentleman1 and so on around the set1 turning original partners last4 ,the first couple then join hands1 their arms crossed4 ,the first and second couples then cross over1 the second couple separating to let the first couple pass between them4 ,they then return to place1 the second couple joining hands and the first couple separating4 ,this is repeated by the third and fourth couples4 ,all advance four steps to corner partners and turn with right hands2 then take four steps back to original places and turn partners with left hands4 ,,contra ,,dances4 ,the ,contra ,dances take their names from the positions of the dancers1 the word contra meaning 8against0 or 8opposite to40 ,instead of the partners standing side by side1 they face each other1 being arranged in two parallel lines1 ladies on one side and gentlemen on the other4 ,,the ,,virginia ,,reel4 ,this is one of the most lively of all the ,contra ,dances1 and is a universal favorite4 ,form in sets of six couples1 the six ladies ranging in line1 and their partners ranging in another line1 facing each other2 the gentleman and lady of the head couple standing at the end of their respective lines at the top of the room4 ,the space between the lines should be about four feet4 ,the couples1 for the sake of description1 may be numerically designated first1 second1 third1 and so on 7in their order as they stand7 to the last couple2 the top and bottom couple being that couple which happens during the dance to occupy the position at top or bottom of the lines4 ,each couple in turn becomes top couple and bottom couple at least once during the progress of the dance4 ,,first ,,gentleman ,,and ,,last ,,lady ,,forward ,,and ,,back4--,the two take four steps directly towards each other and four steps backward to place1 without turning4 ,,first ,,gentleman ,,and ,,last ,,lady ,,forward ,,and ,,swing ,,right ,,hands4--,the two dance forward to the center1 join right hands1 swing once around1 and step backward to place4 ,,first ,,gentleman ,,and ,,last ,,lady ,,forward ,,and ,,swing ,,with ,,left ,,hands4--,exactly like preceding movement1 only joining left hands instead of right4 ,,first ,,gentlemen ,,and ,,last ,,lady ,,dos ,a ,,dos4--,they advance to middle1 pass each other on right hands1 move around each other to the right1 back to back1 without turning1 and back1 passing to left of each other1 to places4 ,,first ,,couple ,,turn ,,with ,,right ,,hands4--,the first gentleman and his partner join hands across the head of lines1 turn fully once around1 and drop right hands4 ,,separate ,,and ,,turn ,,second ,,couple4--,the gentleman joins left hands with second lady1 and swings her half around2 at the same time the first lady joins left hands with second gentleman and swings half around2 the first gentleman and his partner meet1 facing each other4 ,the first couple repeat these movements with each other1 and each succeeding couple until they reach the bottom4 ,then the first couple join hands and dance up the middle to their former places at the top4 ,the gentlemen march to the left and the ladies to the right in line1 and come up the middle to places4 ,the top couple dance down the middle to the bottom and become bottom couple4 ,top and bottom couples begin the figure over again1 and continue until the first couple have reached their places again at the top4 ,sometimes1 in the march1 when the first couple1 having marched down the outside1 meet at the bottom of the set1 they stop1 join hands and raise their arms1 allowing all the other couples to pass under4 ,this leaves them at the bottom of the lines4 ,the calls for the ,virginia ,reel are as follows3 ,first gentleman and last lady forward and back4 ,first lady and last gentleman the same4 ,first gentleman and last lady swing right hands4 ,first lady and last gentleman the same4 ,first gentleman and last lady swing left hands4 ,first lady and last gentleman the same4 ,first gentleman and last lady swing both hands4 ,first lady and last gentleman the same4 ,first gentleman and last lady dos a dos4 ,first lady and last gentleman the same4 ,first couple turn right hands4 ,separate and turn second couple1 left hands4 ,turn right hands4 ,separate and turn third couple1 left hands4 ,and so on to the bottom4 ,join hands and back to places at top4 ,all gentlemen to left1 ladies to right1 march down outside and up the middle4 ,head couple down the middle to bottom4 ,,pop ,,goes ,,the ,,weasel4 ,the dancers take their positions as in the ,virginia ,reel1 face to face4 ,commence with the music1 and end each movement in exact time with it4 ,the calls for ,pop ,goes the ,weasel are3 ,measures4 ,head couple down the middle and back #h ,down outside and back #h ,right hands across with second lady #h ,three left hands across1 second lady under #h ,head couples right hands across with second gentleman #h ,three left hands across1 second gentleman under #h ,the head couple repeat the figure1 with each side couple in succession4 ,the head couple begin by taking exactly eight steps down and eight steps back4 ,,down ,,the ,,outside4--,the gentleman turns to the left1 and the lady to the right1 outside their respective lines back again to places4 ,,right ,,hands ,,across ,,with ,,second ,,lady4--,head couple and second lady cross right hands1 and swing to the left4 ,,three ,,left ,,hands ,,across4--,the three drop right hands1 turn1 cross left hands and swing to the right4 ,the second lady passes quickly under the raised hands of the first couple1 all singing1 8,pop ,goes the ,weasel10 to her place4 ,the head couple repeat the same movement with the second gentleman1 and so on down the set4 ,as soon as a couple have been 8popped0 they move up a step on their respective lines1 so as to leave a little space between themselves and the next couple4 ,the first couple then repeat the whole figure1 turning and 8popping0 the next couple1 and so continue throughout the set4 ,in passing outside they do not go to the ends of the lines1 but pass between the couples whom they have 8popped0 and the rest of the line4 ,as soon as the first couple have turned and 8popped0 two or three couples1 the second couple also starts1 and as many couples are kept in lively motion as can dance without confusion4 ,,spanish ,,dance4 ,the dance can be performed by any number of couples arranged in a complete circle1 each alternate couple facing the opposite way to the rest4 ,this produces a series of squares or sets1 each consisting of two couples facing one another4 ,the same movements are executed in all the sets at once4 ,the couples in each set have their backs towards the couples in the adjoining sets4 ,each set may be regarded as a little square1 the ends of which are occupied by the two couples1 while the sides are vacant4 ,one set consists of two couples1 standing facing one another1 the first gentleman and first lady constituting the first couple2 the second gentleman and second lady the second couple4 ,the square has four sides--two opposite two--the two opposite sides now occupied by the couples will be designated the ends2 the two other opposite sides will be called the sides4 ,the music is in waltz time1 with three beats in a measure4 ,the calls for the ,spanish dance are3 ,measures4 ,two couples forward four #b ,change partners #b ,forward four #b ,change partners #b ,repeat #h ,cross right hands #d ,cross left hands to places #d ,all waltz #h ,the movements have all been described before4 ,after all have returned to places1 each couple waltz around in their own square once1 and then take another half turn into he adjoining set1 where they stop4 ,thus the couples have new vis-a-vis each time the dance is performed4 ,,the ,,sicilian ,,circle4 ,in this dance the sets are arranged exactly as in the ,spanish dance4 ,the movements are adapted from the ,plain ,quadrille1 and the music is in #b-d time4 ,the dance calls are as follows3 ,measures4 ,two couples right and left #h ,balance and turn partners #h ,forward and back #d ,forward and through to next set #d ,,round ,,dancing4 ,,the ,,waltz4 ,in the waltz the partners stand facing each other1 the gentleman a little to the right1 encircling the lady's waist with his right arm1 supporting her firmly1 yet gently1 and holding her right hand with his left1 extending it nearly to the height of his waist1 the left arm being only slightly bent at the elbow4 ,the lady's left hand should rest lightly upon her partner's right shoulder1 while the right arm should be extended nearly straight1 with the palm of her hand turned downward4 ,the gentleman then places the inner side of the fingers of his left hand against the inner side of the fingers of the lady's right hand4 ,it is the duty of the gentleman to guide his partner in the dance1 and he should hold her with sufficient firmness to make this guidance unmistakable1 but by no means so closely as to interfere with absolute freedom of movement4 ,the lady should yield entirely to her partner's guidance4 ,unnecessarily close personal contact should be1 strictly avoided1 both because it is unrefined and because it leads1 inevitably1 to awkwardness in posture and movement4 ,the lady should not lean upon her partner4 ,he is not supposed to sustain any portion of her weight4 ,the gentleman should adapt his step to that of the lady1 and especially guard against taking too long steps4 ,in all the round dances1 the lady commences with the right foot and the gentleman with the left4 ,both dancers should look to the front1 over one another's shoulders4 ,in the modern style of waltzing1 four bars or twelve beats may be occupied in completing one entire turn4 ,this renders it equally easy to turn forward or reverse1 or1 in fact1 in any direction that the fancy may suggest or circumstances--a crowded room1 for instance--may demand4 ,the main distinction between the old and new style may be concisely summed up as follows3 ,in the old style1 the slide of the left foot in beat one1 and the right in beat four1 is sideways and partially turning at the same time2 in the new style1 the glide of the left foot in beat one is exactly backward1 and that of the right in beat four is exactly forward in a straight line1 without a 8shadow of turning10 the turn being confined solely to beats two1 three1 and five1 six4 ,waltz music contains three beats in a measure1 the first of the three being accented4 ,the waltz step consists of six movements1 one to each beat of the music1 thus occupying two measures4 ,the rhythm of the step corresponds to the rhythm of the music4 ,thus the first and fourth movements are accented4 ,the following are the various steps for the gentlemen1 but the ladies have the same steps1 though they begin with the fourth step and right foot1 and continue with the fifth and sixth1 and go on to the first without changing2 thus the gentleman is executing one1 two1 three1 while the lady executes four1 five1 six2 this continues without variation throughout the waltz4 ,,first ,,step4 ,take the third position1 right foot in front4 ,glide the left foot directly backward about twelve inches 7fourth position74 ,,second ,,step4 ,pass the right foot two or three inches behind the left heel1 at the same time turning on the ball of each foot count two4 ,,third ,,step4 ,complete the turn by bringing the right foot front in the third position2 count three4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,glide the right foot directly forward about twelve inches 7fourth position72 count four4 ,,fifth ,,step4 ,advance the left foot about six inches in front of the right1 at the same time turning on the ball of each foot2 count five4 ,,sixth ,,step4 ,complete the turn by bringing the right foot in front in the third position2 count six4 ,,the ,,reverse4 ,the movement in the reverse direction is effected by substituting the left foot for the right foot in the foregoing explanation4 ,the left foot is glided directly forward at the fourth step1 instead of the right2 and the right foot glides directly backward at the first step1 instead of the left4 ,,the ,,glide ,,waltz4 ,the following are the six steps in the ,glide ,waltz3 ,,first ,,step4 ,step straight backward with the left foot to fourth position2 count one4 ,,second ,,step4 ,draw right foot to the left1 to first position2 count two4 ,,third ,,step4 ,step slightly backward to nearly third position2 count three1 making quarter turn4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,step straight forward with the right foot to fourth position2 count four4 ,,fifth ,,step4 ,draw left foot to right in first position2 count five4 ,,sixth ,,step4 ,step slightly forward with right foot toward third position1 making quarter turn2 count six4 ,,the ,,two-,,step4 ,of recent years the ,two-step has become very popular4 ,it is similar to the ,galop1 its characteristic feature consisting in a difference of accentuation4 ,the movements of the ,two-step occur and are counted on the first and third beats of the bar1 a pause being made on the second beat1 thus--one and two4 ,the steps for the gentlemen are as follows3 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left foot sideways to the left1 bringing the right foot behind1 close up to the left1 in the third position2 count one4 ,,second ,,step4 ,slide the left foot diagonally forward1 turning half round on the left foot1 and bringing the right foot1 toe pointing to the floor1 behind and close up to the ankle of the left foot2 count two4 ,the same is now repeated with the right foot1 using each foot alternately to commence the step4 ,the couples may dance forward or backward1 turning either to the right or left1 as inclination may direct2 or they may make the movement in a straight line4 ,in the latter case1 the gentleman straightens his arm1 placing the lady a little more to his right4 ,he then slides backward1 making the steps in the same manner as described1 without turning1 the lady1 of course1 moving forward simultaneously4 ,,the ,,galop4 ,this step is very simple1 and consists of but two movements4 ,the music is in #b-d time1 and as a rule1 played quickly4 ,there are two kinds of steps used--one for going forward and the other for turning round4 ,the forward movement is a perfectly natural one1 and will be easily understood4 ,the turning movement is accomplished by using the ordinary waltz step1 counting one and two1 one and two1 letting the second and fifth steps come in at the word 8and40 ,position4--,right foot in front4 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left foot straight to the side with a gentle spring on the right1 allowing the weight to rest on the left foot4 ,,second ,,step4 ,bring right foot up to the left1 with a light spring on left4 ,repeat three times1 making in all four slides to the right4 ,accent the slides1 and give as little time as possible to the change4 ,the fourth time1 instead of transferring the weight to the left foot1 pivot on the right foot1 making a half turn to the right4 ,then take four slides1 with the left foot leading4 ,pivot to the right on the left foot1 and repeat1 with the right foot again leading4 ,,the ,,polka4 ,the ,polka is in #b-d time1 and consists of three steps and one rest4 ,at the beginning1 the gentleman slides right foot forward to the right1 and brings the left foot to the side of the right ankle4 ,continue thus3 ,,first ,,step4 ,spring on the right foot1 and at the same time slide the left foot forward4 ,,second ,,step4 ,bring the right foot up close behind the left and transfer weight to left foot4 ,,third ,,step4 ,slide the left foot forward1 as in the first step4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,spring on the left foot1 and at the same time turn half around1 bringing the right foot up behind1 slightly pointed downwards1 and close to the ankle of the left4 ,the three steps to complete the circle are the same as described1 but made by commencing with the right foot1 which is the foot the lady commences with4 ,these steps may be taken forward or backward1 and to right or left1 by a slight alteration of the first step4 ,all the steps should be made entirely on the toes1 and with elasticity1 the knees being slightly bent4 ,,the ,,polka ,,mazourka4 ,the music for this dance is in #c-d time1 and consists of one ,mazourka step and one ,polka step1 counting three to each step1 six in all4 ,some years ago the ,polka ,mazourka obtained a marked degree of popularity4 ,it is a pleasing dance for those who enjoy subdued motion1 but it was supplanted in popular favor by a prevailing taste for something fast4 ,the following are the steps3 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left foot forward to the left2 count one4 ,,second ,,step4 ,bring the right foot up to the left2 at the same time raise the left foot1 extending it1 pointing the foot down2 count two4 ,,third ,,step4 ,bring the left foot back close to the right1 the toe pointing downwards and raised from the floor1 at the same time springing on the right foot1 without touching the left on the floor2 count three4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,slide the left foot forward2 count four4 ,,fifth ,,step4 ,bring the right foot up to where the left was1 raising the left foot in front2 count five4 ,,sixth ,,step4 ,face on the left foot1 raising the right foot1 resting at the same time1 turning halfway round2 count six4 ,then commence with the right foot as at 8first10 and continue4 ,the first three steps should be taken sideways1 partners facing each other4 ,,the ,,schottische4 ,in this dance partners stand side by side and facing the same way4 ,the gentleman's right hand rests lightly on the lady's waist1 and her left hand rests on his right shoulder4 ,the lady starts with the right foot1 the gentleman with the left4 ,,first ,,part4 ,this part should be danced by each couple in a direction towards and from the center of the room4 ,following are the steps for the gentlemen3 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left foot sideways4 ,,second ,,step4 ,draw the right foot up close to the left4 ,,third ,,step4 ,slide the left foot sideways again4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,spring on the left foot1 and at the same time bring the right behind1 raised from the floor1 and close to the ankle of the left foot4 ,repeat the same with the right foot1 thus3 ,,fifth ,,step4 ,slide the right foot sideways4 ,,sixth ,,step4 ,bring the left foot up close to the right4 ,,seventh ,,step4 ,slide the right foot sideways again4 ,,eighth ,,step4 ,spring on the right foot1 and at the same time bring the left behind1 raised from the floor1 and close to the ankle of the right foot4 ,,second ,,part4 ,the second part is a rotary movement1 performed by hopping on alternate feet1 or waltzing twice round4 ,the steps are as follows3 ,,first ,,step4 ,spring forward from the right foot to the left1 bringing the right foot1 toe pointing to the floor1 behind1 and close to the ankle of the left foot4 ,,second ,,step4 ,hop on the left foot1 at the same time turning half around4 ,,third ,,step4 ,spring from the left to the right foot4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,hop on the right foot4 ,,concluding ,,steps4 ,repeat the same with the other foot1 counting five1 six1 seven1 eight4 ,,military ,,schottische4 7,or 8,barn ,dance407 ,the position of partners for the first part 7#d bars7 is standing side by side1 the lady's left hand resting lightly in the right hand of her partner4 ,in the second part 7#d bars7 partners dance together as in an ordinary round dance4 ,,first ,,part 7#d ,,bars74 ,the following are the steps for the first part3 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left foot to fourth position4 ,,second ,,step4 ,with a light spring on the left bring the right foot to the place of the left1 and in so doing point the latter 7slightly raised in front7 in the fourth position4 ,,third ,,step4 ,spring forward on the left foot1 raising the right behind4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,make a slight hop on the sole of the left foot1 and extend the right in front with toe pointed downwards4 ,repeat the movement1 commencing with the right foot 7the foot the lady commences with74 ,the two movements are again repeated to complete the first four bars4 ,,second ,,part 7#d ,,bars74 ,holding1 as in an ordinary round dance1 the couple waltz four bars as explained in the ,schottische4 ,,the ,,highland ,,schottische4 ,this dance differs from the original ,schottische in the introduction of motions 7steps7 taken from the ,highland ,fling2 also in the length of the two phrases1 which are extended to four bars each1 instead of two4 ,during the first phrase of four bars1 while dancing the ,highland ,fling steps1 the dancers do not take hands1 but remain face to face4 ,those who are familiar with all the movements of the ,fling raise one hand above the head1 while resting the other upon the hip1 as it is done when dancing that active dance4 ,great latitude is taken at this part of the dance1 as any steps 7motions7 belonging to the ,fling may be introduced4 ,like the ,barn ,dance1 it occupies #h bars of music1 and is divided into two parts of #d bars each4 ,in order to perform the first part1 the couples should face each other at a very short distance1 both commencing with the right foot1 the left arms raised above the head and the right arms akimbo4 ,,first ,,part4 ,following are the steps for the first part3 ,,first ,,step4 ,spring upwards from both feet and alight on the left foot 7toes7 with the right foot pointed in the second position4 ,,second ,,step4 ,hop on the left and simultaneously bring the right behind the left4 ,,third ,,step4 ,repeat the first step exactly as first performed4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,repeat the second step1 but instead of bringing the right foot behind1 let it pass in front4 ,,concluding ,,steps4 ,schottische step to right4 ,in the last four steps the dancers pass away from each other4 ,repeat the eight steps1 beginning with the left foot4 ,the last four steps should bring the dancers opposite each other again4 ,,second ,,part4 ,link right arms1 each raising the left1 place the right foot down and hop1 counting one1 two1 then place left foot down and hop1 counting three1 four2 repeat1 counting one1 two1 three1 four2 while doing this1 begin to move forward and round each other4 ,during the last hop release the partner's right arm and link left1 now raise the right and make a corresponding tour in the reverse direction with the same steps4 ,in finishing the last hop1 separate from your partner and commence the first movement by pointing the right foot1 with a slight hop on the left4 ,,the ,,racquet4 ,,first ,,part4 ,the music for the ,racquet is in #c-d time4 ,no full turn is made2 the dance consists of but two long slides1 taken in every possible direction4 ,on the first accented beat take two long ,galop slides with the left foot1 and as the right foot is brought alongside1 pause a moment and raise left foot slightly from the floor4 ,then continue by sliding forward twice with right foot1 the first slide always being taken on the first1 or accented beat in the measure4 ,hop forward again on the left foot1 release lady's hand1 turn around1 gentleman takes lady's right hand in his left4 ,the movements are then repeated1 facing in the opposite direction4 ,,second ,,part4 ,the couples then take positions as in the waltz and dance the polka or two-step for four measures1 after which they again join hands and advance as before4 ,,la ,,bohemienne4 ,the music for ,la ,bohemienne1 or the ,heel-and-,toe ,polka1 as it is popularly termed1 is in #b-d time4 ,it is danced as follows3 ,,first ,,step4 ,place left heel on the floor in second position1 resting on right foot1 count one2 bring the toe of left foot behind the right1 count two2 and take full polka step1 count one1 two1 three4 ,,second ,,step4 ,place the right heel on the floor1 resting on left foot1 count one2 bring the toe of right foot behind the left1 count two2 then take full polka step1 count one1 two1 three4 ,the ,heel-and-,toe and the ,plain ,polka are alternated throughout the dance4 ,,the ,,berlin4 ,the music for the ,berlin is in polka time1 two beats in a measure4 ,it is composed of two parts4 ,the partners stand side by side1 the gentleman taking the lady's left hand in his right4 ,both dance in same direction4 ,both start together1 gentlemen beginning with left foot1 ladies with the right4 ,,first ,,part4 ,the following steps are for gentlemen4 ,ladies substitute 8right0 for 8left40 ,,first ,,step4 ,slide the left forward and bring hollow of right foot to heel of left foot1 transferring the weight to ball of right foot1 the heel being raised slightly from the floor4 ,,second ,,step4 ,throw the left foot forward1 carrying the weight of the body with it1 raising the right foot1 with toe pointing downward4 ,,third ,,step4 ,hop forward on the left foot4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,hop again on the right foot1 turn half round 7lady to left1 gentleman to right71 change hands and bring the left foot1 raised1 to third position behind the right 7#d74 ,,second ,,part4 ,repeat the above1 moving now in the opposite direction from that in which the start was made4 ,at the end of the fourth measure 7eight counts71 take waltz position and dance the two-step for four measures1 alternating thus throughout the dance4 ,,the ,,yorke4 ,the ,yorke is an evolution of the old polka mazourka1 and introduces a mazourka movement at pleasure4 ,the lady slides right foot about twenty inches to the side in second position count #a1 bring left to right 7change7 and almost simultaneously slide right foot to side1 count and #b2 draw left foot to first position 7change71 thereby placing the weight on the left foot and raise the right foot from the floor1 toe pointed #c4 ,the first three movements are all made to the side without turning--one bar of music4 ,hop lightly on the left foot and place the weight on the right foot1 sliding it sideways and forward about #f inches 7hop slide71 count #a2 draw left to right foot in first position 7change7 count #b2 leap from left to right foot1 count #c2 slide the left foot round to position to commence the sideways movement with that foot1 count #a4 ,repeat1 with opposite foot1 making the leap in the #dth bar a leap backward as in the waltz4 ,in order to give the mazurka effect1 one must strike the heels together1 although it is not necessary1 and to be graceful in this dance1 special attention must be paid to the hop slide4 ,,the ,,caprice4 ,this is a popular variation of the waltz1 and is danced to the same music4 ,eight measures are required for a single execution of the movements4 ,the steps in the first four measures are taken straight to the side4 ,a half turn is made in the fifth measure1 in which the plain waltz step is used2 also in the sixth1 and again on the first two counts of the seventh measure4 ,the last two slides are also made to the side4 ,,the ,,redowa4 ,this is a very graceful1 attractive dance1 and performed in the same time as the ,polka-,mazourka1 i4 e41 three-four time4 ,when first introduced it was customary to begin with a promenade movement1 but is now generally commenced with the circular figure4 ,the original style of this dance is almost lost1 a kind of elongated polka step being substituted for it4 ,no one who is really acquainted with the original method would ever commit this error4 ,position4--,third1 right foot in front4 ,,first ,,step4 ,spring onto the left foot into the second position1 turning half round and well bending the knee2 the right foot meanwhile being drawn up close in front over the instep of the left1 gliding it along the floor in the second position4 ,,second ,,step4 ,transfer the weight of the body to the right foot4 ,,third ,,step4 ,draw up left foot into fifth position behind1 and rest the weight onto it1 raising the right foot slightly in front4 ,,fourth ,,step4 ,spring onto the right foot in fourth position with bended knee2 then turn half round1 at the same time bringing the left foot close up behind the right1 and slide the left foot into second position4 ,,fifth ,,step4 ,transfer the whole weight of the body to the left4 ,,sixth ,,step4 ,draw up your right foot into the fifth position in front1 and rest the weight thereon4 ,,the ,,varsoviana4 ,the ,varsoviana was a very simple1 easy dance1 but such unwarrantable liberties were taken with it1 and so vulgarly was it performed by the mass1 that its existence was very brief1 and is now only thought of as a thing of the past4 ,the first step was1 in fact1 nothing but the polka with the knee well bent on the jette1 or third movement1 turning half round1 the opposite foot being slightly raised behind in fifth position2 this occupies #a bar4 ,at #d 7the commencement of the second bar71 the bent knee is gradually straightened 7without any jerk71 and the other foot at the same time being gracefully slid into the second position1 the toe being extensively pointed1 and the head and body inclining towards it1 passing in that position till the remainder of the bar is finished4 ,the same step is again performed with the right foot1 and continued alternately for #af bars1 each step requiring #b bars of music for its completion4 ,the first movement is repeated eight times4 ,the second step consists of the first part of the polka-mazourka 7where the beat behind occurs74 ,this is done twice1 occupying #b bars of music1 and is followed by one step of the first movement1 requiring #b more bars4 ,this step1 as well as the third1 requiring #d bars for its completion1 is only performed four times4 ,the first movement being repeated after each of them4 ,the third part1 sometimes called ,redowa1 is in reality nothing but the first step danced three times1 before pointing the foot in second position1 pausing2 or1 in other words1 it is the polka movement danced with a bent knee three times successively before pointing the opposite foot4 ,,half-,,time ,,dancing4 ,a recent fad which has become popular in certain dancing circles is the ,half ,time4 ,this is merely a curtailment of the number of steps in the dance1 with a pause to fill out the measure4 ,the positions are similar to those in the ordinary waltz and two-step except that the lady is placed a little more to the gentleman's right4 ,in half-time waltzing only two steps are taken instead of three2 the couples pausing for the third beat in the measure4 ,the gentleman leads backward with the right foot1 count one2 simultaneously the lady advances with the right at the side of the gentleman's right4 ,the gentleman slides the left foot alongside his right1 the lady executing the same movement1 count two2 pause in this position1 count three4 ,the same movements are repeated4 ,,the ,,cotillion4 ,the ,cotillion1 or ,german1 is one of the most social of dances1 and is deservedly popular4 ,it may be composed of any number of couples2 but in a large party of twenty-four couples or more1 it is better for the leader to seat himself in the center1 and to select the dancers from each end of the circle alternately2 this shortens the dance1 and prevents it from becoming tedious4 ,should the ladies be in the minority1 the gentlemen who are without partners are always permitted to engage any of the ladies for a single figure without any formal introduction4 ,where ladies are without escorts1 they are generally under the special care of the leader1 who either dances with them himself1 or presents them to some of the gentlemen4 ,while it is absolutely necessary that all authority in regard to the cotillion should be placed in a single individual1 it is also necessary that the ladies and gentlemen who compose the set should render to the leader all possible assistance in carrying out his orders1 or rather suggestions4 ,to be a successful leader requires a combination of tact1 patience1 courtesy1 vivacity and common sense4 ,he must know exactly what program is to be carried out1 and arrange all the details beforehand1 so that there may be no delay or confusion4 ,it is his place to call the different dancers to the floor1 and to see to it that no one is neglected1 but that1 so far as possible1 all have an equal chance to enjoy themselves4 ,he signals to the musicians when the music is to begin1 to stop1 or to change to a different rhythm1 and to the dancers when they are to stop dancing and to return to their seats4 ,these signals are given by clapping the hands1 or by blowing a whistle1 the latter being the favorite method4 ,castanets are sometimes used for the same purpose4 ,the figures to be danced should be selected with reference to the space available for dancing and the number of guests participating4 ,when it is time for the dance to begin1 the leader's first duty is to seat the dancers4 ,this is generally done by lot4 ,the chairs are numbered in pairs4 ,each couple draws a card1 also numbered1 and seat themselves in the chairs whose number corresponds to the number on the card4 ,there should be an equal number of ladies and gentlemen participating4 ,but1 in case there are any of either sex who have no partners1 they are seated at the end of the line1 and the leader will see that they receive a due share of attention from the others4 ,favors are used in many of the figures4 ,these generally consist of little trifles made of bright-colored ribbons1 tissue paper1 tinsel1 etc4 ,they may be as inexpensive or as elegant as the taste and means of the hostess permit4 ,cut flowers may also be used4 ,those favors are most popular which can be pinned to the coat or dress and worn as decorations throughout the evening4 ,two tables are provided1 one for the gentlemen's favors and one for those designed for the ladies4 ,the leader may distribute the favors himself1 but it is more customary to invite some lady to preside over each table4 ,favors may be used in any figure1 and should be used in at least every other one4 ,when all are seated1 the leader1 as briefly and clearly as possible1 explains the figure to be danced1 and calls the requisite number of dancers to the floor1 beginning at the head of the line4 ,the couples thus designated dance once around the room and then perform the figure as directed1 which is repeated until all have danced4 ,the leader should be constantly on the floor1 directing and assisting where it is necessary to do so4 ,at the conclusion of the dance1 the leader generally stands with the hostess to receive the adieux of the guests1 an honor certainly due to the one upon whom the success of the evening chiefly depends4 ,it is the duty of the guests to cordially second the efforts of the leader4 ,the closest attention should be given when he is explaining a figure1 and all should be ready to enter into it with heartiness and animation4 ,it is in bad taste for any couple to get up and dance on their own account1 regardless of the figure which is being executed4 ,it would seem as if this caution should be unnecessary1 but1 unfortunately1 observation proves that even among well-bred people there are occasionally some who are thoughtless enough to offend in this way4 ,in such cases the leader is fully justified in stopping the music and kindly but decidedly requesting the intruders to return to their seats4 ,,the ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,cotillion4 #a4--,,the ,,flower ,,figure4 ,seat a lady in center of room with flowers placed loosely on a tray4 ,one couple waltz at signal1 each take a flower and favor some one with whom they dance4 ,repeat this until by changes the thirty-two persons are up4 ,signal1 form circle1 grand right and left1 waltz4 ,another lady will then be left4 ,she takes her seat in the vacated chair1 and the dancers in waltzing around1 throw the flowers in her lap1 with which she makes a bouquet4 ,the leader then appoints a gentleman to waltz with the lady or waltzes with her himself4 #b4--,,the ,,magic ,,hat4 ,the gentleman leaves his partner in the middle of the room1 and gives her a hat4 ,all the gentlemen form a circle round the lady1 turning their backs to her1 circle rapidly to the left4 ,the lady places the hat on the head of one of the gentlemen1 with whom she dances4 ,the other gentlemen return to seats4 #c4--,,the ,,scarf4 ,first couple leads off4 ,the leader stands in center of room holding scarf2 his partner1 with all of the other ladies1 form a circle around him and turn rapidly to the left2 the leader tries to throw scarf over the shoulder of one of the ladies1 and dances with her4 ,other ladies retire to seats4 #d4--;,,follow ,,my ,,leader4 ,all the couples form in column behind the first4 ,the head couple waltz in a zigzag course in and out between the other couples1 and stop at the end of the line about three feet behind the last couple4 ,as soon as the first couple have danced past two of the other couples1 the second couple also starts1 and this is continued until all have danced the zigzag waltz1 at which point the first couple will again be at the head of the column4 ,all then waltz to seats4 #e4--,,ping ,,pong4 ,the leader selects five ladies1 and his partner selects six gentlemen4 ,leader and his partner hold sheet for net4 ,ladies on one side1 gentlemen on the other4 ,ladies bat ball over the sheet in rotation2 the gentleman catching the ball will step around the net and waltz with the lady who served the ball4 #f4--,,the ,,toast4 ,three chairs are set on a line1 the center one being placed in a direction opposite to the other two4 ,the leader places his lady upon the center chair1 gives her a glass of wine1 and brings forward two gentlemen1 whom he seats on the two other chairs4 ,the lady hands the glass of wine to one of the gentlemen to 8toast0 her health1 and dances with the other gentleman4 #g4--,,the ,,umbrella4 ,the leader's partner takes an umbrella1 opens it1 and hands it to any gentleman in the circle4 ,the gentleman with the umbrella will hold it up and walk around the circle until some lady takes him out of the rain by arising and waltzing once around with him4 ,the lady then hands umbrella to another gentleman in the circle1 who in turn walks around until relieved4 #h4--,,the ,,signal ,,of ,,distress4 ,a tin horn is placed in center of circle4 ,the leader selects one gentleman and requests him to take the horn and walk around blowing it until one of the ladies relieves him4 ,she dances with him1 then hands the tin horn to a gentleman she may select from the circle4 #i4--,,the ,,chair4 ,the leader places a chair in the center of the room1 and upon it seats his partner1 to whom he next presents two gentlemen4 ,the lady dances with one of the gentlemen1 and the other gentleman seats himself in the chair just vacated by the lady4 ,the leader then presents to the gentleman two ladies2 he dances with one of them1 and the other takes the chair4 #aj4--;,,forfeits4 ,the leader hands his lady a hat or basket1 with which she proceeds to receive forfeits from the other ladies present1 such as rings1 handkerchiefs1 fans1 etc42 she then takes the hat or basket around to the gentlemen1 who each select1 at random1 one of the articles1 and dance with the lady owning it4 #aa4--,,puss ,,in ,,the ,,corner4 ,four chairs are placed in the center of the room1 separated so as to make four corners4 ,the leader places his partner upon one of the chairs1 and brings forward three ladies and places them upon the three remaining chairs1 and takes up a position in the center4 ,the ladies then endeavor to change seats1 using the two-step when passing from one chair to another2 when the gentleman can seize a chair left vacant by the movement of the ladies1 he dances with the lady who is deposed4 ,the next gentleman places himself in the center and another lady takes the vacant chair4 #ab4--,,thread-,,the-,,needle ,,archway4 ,the first lady selects another lady1 and the two stand in the center of the room with their hands joined and raised as high as possible4 ,the gentleman then calls up other gentlemen1 who pass under in couples1 until two are accepted as partners by the two ladies1 who lower their arms1 thus capturing the favored ones4 ,the rejected gentlemen either seek other partners or return to seats4 #ac4--,,the ,,kneeling ,,knight4 ,the first gentleman presents to his lady a cushion1 which she offers to several gentlemen1 inviting them to kneel upon it4 ,she may cheat the gentlemen or bestow the cushion at will4 ,she withdraws it from those she desires to cheat1 and places it before the gentleman with whom she desires to dance4 #ad4--,,the ,,mask4 ,the gentlemen mask themselves4 ,they then arrange themselves behind a screen1 and raise their heads above it4 ,the ladies then select partners from the group1 and waltz4 ,the gentlemen keep their masks on until the finish4 ,repeated by the others4 #ae4--;,,blind ,,man',s ,,buff4 ,three chairs are placed in the center of the room4 ,first couple lead off4 ,the conductor takes another gentleman1 whom he blindfolds and seats on the center chair4 ,the lady selects another gentleman1 whom she leads 7walking on tiptoe7 to one of the chairs next to the 8blind0 man1 while she seats herself on the other chair4 ,the first gentleman then asks the blindfolded man with whom he will dance1 the person on his right or the one on his left8 ,if fortunate enough to select the lady1 he dances with her4 ,if he indicates the gentleman1 he must waltz with him1 while the lady dances with her partner4 #af4--,,the ,,auction4 ,the leader selects a gentleman and places him on a chair in the center of the room1 and proceeds either to auction him off himself1 or selects a good humorist from the circle to play 8auctioneer40 ,the ladies must then enter into a spirited competition1 and the one offering the highest bid dances with him4 ,the auctioneering is continued until all the gentlemen have been 8sold40 #ag4--,,the ,,gay ,,deceiver4 ,the first gentleman leads his lady by the hand round the circle1 and approaches several ladies1 feigning to solicit them to dance4 ,the moment the lady rises to accept him1 he suddenly turns round and addresses another1 and plays the same game till he has made his selection4 ,the first lady dances with the partner of the lady on whom the choice has fallen4 #ah4--,,the ,,rope4 ,three gentlemen choose partners1 and their partners select other gentlemen4 ,the ladies retire to one end of the room and the gentlemen to the other1 while the leader and his partner stretch a rope across the room1 over which the gentlemen must jump to regain their partners4 ,as the rope is managed so as to trip the gentlemen as much as possible1 a great deal of amusement is afforded4 #ai4--,,the ,,fan4 ,the leader places his lady in the center of the room1 and gives her a fan4 ,he then presents two gentlemen to her4 ,she presents the fan to one and dances with the other4 ,the gentleman receiving the fan hops around and fans the couple while they waltz4 #bj4--,,the ,,basket1 ,,ring ,,and ,,flower4 ,the first couple advance4 ,the gentleman gives to his partner a basket containing a flower and a ring4 ,he then presents to her three gentlemen4 ,to one she gives the flower1 to another the ring1 and to the third the basket4 ,the gentleman who receives the basket must dance alone1 holding the basket in his hand2 the one who has the ring may choose a lady to dance with him1 and the one who has the flower dances with the lady who presented it to him4 ,when they have danced around the room two or three times they all resume seats1 and the next couple do same until end of circle4 #ba4--,,the ,,inscriptions4 ,several plain cards are prepared2 upon one side of each is a number1 and upon the other side a ludicrous inscription2 a gentleman and lady waltz2 the lady then takes her place by the table1 upon which are the cards2 the gentleman presents a basket containing corresponding numbers with those on the cards to another gentleman1 who after drawing one presents it to the lady2 she then selects the card having that number1 and attaches it to the gentleman's back1 with the inscription exposed to view2 they then waltz together4 #bb4--,,the ,,basket4 ,three or four couples waltz2 the gentlemen then choose another lady1 and the ladies another gentleman4 ,all join hands in a circle1 and take four steps forward and four back1 again four steps forward1 when the gentlemen take each other's hands above and the ladies below1 as in the 8,quadrille ,basket40 ,then all balance in place2 the leader then drops the hand of the gentleman on his left1 and his partner drops the hand of the lady on her right1 then all array themselves in a straight line4 ,the gentlemen then lift their arms and disengage the ladies1 who pass under and waltz forward1 followed by the gentlemen4 ,at a signal1 the ladies turn round and dance with the opposite gentlemen4 #bc4--,,the ,,inconstants4 ,the first four couples waltz and then range themselves in a column1 the first couple at the head4 ,the first gentleman turns round and gives the left arm1 crossed at the elbow1 to the left arm of the gentleman behind him1 with whom he changes place4 ,he continues this movement until he reaches the front of the column1 where he stops4 ,the second gentleman 7now at the head7 performs the same figure1 and each of the other gentlemen in turn does the same1 until1 finally1 all have regained their own partners4 ,then all dance4 #bd4--,,the ,,columns4 ,the conductor leads off with a tour de valse1 and leaves his lady in the middle of the room4 ,he takes a gentleman1 whom he places back to back with his partner2 he then brings another lady1 whom he places facing the gentleman1 and in the same manner with the others1 until a column of five or six couples is formed1 which must terminate with a lady1 the leader himself standing back to back with the last lady4 ,at a signal by leader1 all turn about and waltz with his or her vis--vis4 ,two or three lines can be formed by starting two or three couples4 ,the columns can also be used as a final figure4 #be4--,,the ,,carnival4 ,all the couples are divided1 the ladies being arranged in one circle1 and the gentlemen in another1 both circles facing outwards4 ,a sufficient number of paper costumes1 packed as 8favors10 being in readiness1 the leader takes one of the ladies' 8favors0 and presents it to one of the ladies1 whom he leads inside the ladies' circle1 where costumes are put on1 and then leads her to her seat4 ,the leader's partner at the same time hands a gentleman's 8favor0 to one of the gentlemen1 and leads him into his ring to be robed or decorated1 and then is in turn led by him to her seat4 ,the second couple proceed in like manner1 until all have been accommodated4 ,the conductor then can organize some short figures for dancing1 forming also groups and tableaux appropriate to the decorations4 #bf4--,,the ,,handkerchief ,,chase4 ,the first three or four couples waltz2 the gentlemen leave their ladies in the center of the room2 each lady holds a handkerchief in her hand4 ,the leader then selects one more gentleman1 who1 with the others1 form a circle about the ladies1 presenting their backs1 and turn rapidly to the left4 ,the ladies throw their handkerchiefs in the air1 and waltz with those gentlemen who have been fortunate enough to catch them4 ,the unfortunate gentleman who does not get a handkerchief selects a lady from the company4 ,the figure is performed successively by all the other couples4 #bg4--,,the ,,cards4 ,first couple leads off4 ,leader presents four ladies the four queens of a deck of cards2 the leader's lady presents four gentlemen with four kings of the same deck4 ,the gentlemen seek the ladies of their suit and dance with them4 #bh4--,,scissors ,,to ,,grind4 ,leader and partner waltz once around4 ,leading lady1 who has been provided with a tin horn1 hands this horn to one of the gentlemen4 ,he begins to walk around the circle blowing his horn and calling out 8,scissors to grind10 until some lady has scissors to grind4 ,then1 taking from him the tin horn1 hands it to another gentleman1 who in turn imitates a 8,scissors to grind0 character4 ,gentleman waltzes once around with the lady who has rescued him from his honored position of 8,scissors to grind40 #bi4--,,the ,,skaters4 ,two chairs are placed in the room about eight feet apart4 ,first couple lead off and waltz around the chairs1 describing the figure eight as skaters do4 ,each couple in succession repeats the same skating movement4 #cj4--,,the ,,spiral4 ,form in line1 one couple behind another1 all facing the same way4 ,the first couple turns and passes beneath the joined hands of the second couple2 then separate1 passing outside of the third couple2 then separate1 passing under the hands of the fourth couple1 and so continue to the end of the line4 ,each couple repeats the figure in turn4 ,partners then face each other1 stepping back so as to form two lines1 one of gentlemen and one of ladies4 ,the two lines forward1 and all dance with partners4 #ca4--,,the ,,pyramid4 o o o o o o o o o o ,ladies form pyramid1 equal number of gentlemen join hands in line and wind around first lady1 next two1 etc42 then reverse the movement until conductor arrives in front of first lady1 with whom he waltzes2 other gentlemen waltz with nearest ladies4 #cb4--,,the ,,grand ,,round4 ,any number 7four or more7 lead off1 then each lady selects another lady and each gentleman selects another gentleman4 ,the dancers form a circle1 the gentlemen forming one half of it and the ladies the other half1 the leading gentleman being next to his partner4 ,all join hands and circle around to the left4 ,still retaining hold of hands1 the first lady and gentleman advance across the circle and pass under the raised arms of the opposite lady and gentleman4 ,when outside the circle1 the leading couple unclasp hands and the gentleman1 drawing the other gentlemen after him1 turns to the left and passes around outside the circle1 the lady at the same time turning to the right and drawing the other ladies after her4 ,when the leading couple again meet1 they dance together to place1 and each successive couple does the same4 #cc4--,,the ,,star ,,and ,,circle4 ,four couples waltz around1 then each lady selects another gentleman1 and each gentleman another lady4 ,the eight couples are arranged in two lines1 the four couples in one line facing the four in the other line4 ,the four ladies belonging to the middle couples cross right hands forming a moulinet1 and swing entirely round to the left1 returning with left hands across to the right4 ,the gentlemen all join hands and form a circle around these four ladies4 ,the remaining four ladies now advance1 giving their left hands to the right hands of the ladies composing the moulinet1 forming a star of ladies1 and a circle of gentlemen4 ,the gentlemen swing round to the right under the uplifted arms of the ladies1 who move around to the left4 ,at a signal1 the gentlemen regain their partners and waltz to places4 ,this figure may be varied1 the gentlemen forming the star and the ladies the circle4 #cd4--,,the ,,double ,,pastourelle4 ,the first four couples lead off with a tour de valse1 and place themselves as for a quadrille4 ,the first and second gentlemen retaining their partners' hands1 take with their left hands the side ladies on their left1 who leave their partners1 thus forming two threes at the head2 they forward and back four bars2 the gentlemen pass the ladies to the side gentlemen1 the lady on the left passing under their right arms2 the three forward and back four bars1 the ladies going to the gentlemen at the head4 ,this figure is repeated four times1 when all dance4 #ce4--,,the ,,labyrinth4 ,in this figure all form a general round1 going to the left4 ,at a given signal the conductor releases the hand of his lady1 who is on his left1 and while continuing to turn in the same direction1 enters the circle1 making a colimaon1 while his lady turns to the right to wind about the other circles1 that go on narrowing4 ,a circular space should be contrived to be able to extend themselves in waltzing4 ,in this position the conducting couple set out waltzing1 and follow the passes of the labyrinth formed by the general chain rolling on itself till they have arrived at the last couple1 to which the first lady gives her hand to renew the circle4 ,as each new couple arrives it places itself behind the one previous4 ,when all have arrived they conclude by a general waltz or mazourka4 ,when this figure is executed in polka1 you dance through the passes of the labyrinth with the waltz deux pas1 which requires less space2 when the figure is executed in mazourka1 you have recourse to the mazourka waltz4 ,the ,labyrinth is one of the final figures of the cotillion4 #cf4--,,letter ,,carrier ,,figure4 ,boy or girl in uniform of letter carrier with bag and whistle4 ,ladies inclose their cards in envelopes 7each separately72 they are then collected by the carrier4 ,gents form in line1 carrier then hands letters1 one by one1 to leader1 who calls the names as they are handed to him4 ,first lady called dances with first gentleman and so on until five couples have waltzed around1 when1 from a signal from carrier's whistle1 they find seats and so on with each succeeding five couples4 #cg4--,,the ,,serpent4 ,first couple leads off4 ,the gentleman leaves his lady in a corner of room facing the wall2 then he brings forward four or five more ladies and places them in a line behind his partner singly1 leaving about two feet space between each one4 ,he then selects as many gentlemen 7including himself7 as there are ladies1 with whom he forms a loose chain and conducts them rapidly in a course between the ladies 7commencing with the last lady7 until he reaches his partner2 he then claps his hands and each gentleman dances with the lady nearest him4 #ch4--,,the ,,pursuit4 ,three or four couples waltz1 and the leader1 who is not dancing1 calls other gentlemen to the floor1 to act as rovers and rob the dancing gentlemen of their partners4 ,a rover gets in front of a dancing couple and claps his hands1 when the gentleman must relinquish his partner4 ,he immediately seeks to indemnify himself1 however1 by securing one of the other ladies in a similar manner4 ,this figure continues until each gentleman has again got possession of his lady to conduct her to her place4 ,to execute this figure with all the animation required1 it is necessary that as fast as each gentleman possesses himself of a lady another should replace him4 ,the ,pursuit is one of the final figures of the cotillion4 #ci4--,,the ,,changing ,,star4 ,each lady selects a gentleman and each gentleman selects a lady4 ,the second1 fourth and sixth gentlemen1 holding their partner's left hands in their right1 form a moulinet by joining left hands1 and all six revolve slowly to the left4 ,at the same time the first1 third and fifth gentlemen1 with their partners1 waltz around to the right in the space between each of the gentlemen in the moulinet and his partner and under their raised arms4 ,at a signal1 those who have been waltzing form the moulinet1 and the others waltz4 #dj4--,,the ,,virginia ,,reel4 ,four couples proceed to place themselves in the middle of the room1 as for a ,virginia ,reel4 ,the first couple lead off by waltzing around the couple on their right1 and in the same manner make a turn around the other couples4 ,the other three couples repeat the same figure4 ,when all the four have done so1 they return to their places1 waltzing4 #da4--,,the ,,double ,,quadrille4 ,four couples waltz1 and then form a quadrille4 ,four other couples take up positions so that a new couple stand exactly behind each one of the couples that form the quadrille4 ,the figure commences by the four inside ladies crossing right hands2 they move entirely round1 giving left hands to partners and swinging round to places4 ,while the inner couples are thus engaged1 the four outer couples waltz half round1 outside the quadrille1 to opposite places4 ,then the inner couples waltz entirely round1 resuming their places1 but facing outwards4 ,all chassez at places2 turn at corners with right hands1 and turn partners with left hands to places4 ,all the gentlemen then waltz to seats with the ladies standing opposite them4 #db4--,,the ,,final ,,round4 ,all form a large circle by joining hands4 ,the leader and his lady separate from the circle1 which must be at once reconnected1 and waltz around inside the circle4 ,he stops at a signal1 and the lady passes through the circle and takes her seat4 ,he then selects another lady1 with whom he dances4 ,at a signal1 he retires from the circle1 and the lady with whom he has just danced selects a new partner from the circle1 and so on for the others4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,the #bj,,th ,,century ,,guide ,,to ,,etiquette ,,by ,l4 ,w4 ,,sheldon ,,has ,,been ,,issued ,,in ,,the ,,popular ,,handbook ,,series ,,at #ej ,,cents ,in this book the author has clearly set forth the best and most simple rules governing society and has also given many practical and useful hints as to the best way of gaining social prominence4 ,a book no ,young ,man or ,woman1 or1 in fact1 any one desiring to be a social success should be without4 ,to be had from all booksellers1 or sent postpaid1 on receipt of price1 by the publisher1 ,,david ,mc,k,a,y1 ,,philadelphia ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer errors corrected silently4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4