,a ,,*ild',s ,,guide ,,to ,,pictures ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aijf1 by ,detroit ,publi%+ ,company4 ,view on ! ,se9e4 ,hom] ,d4 ,m>t94 7,also call$ 8,! ,h>p ( ! ,w9ds407 ,a ,,*ild',s ,,guide ,,to ,,pictures ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,caff9 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,pictures0 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company #aijh ,,copyright1 #aijh1 ,,by ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,publi%$1 ,july1 #aijh ,,! ,,tr[ ,,press1 ,,new ,,york ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,feel+ ,,= ,,beauty #aa ,,ii4 ,,art ,,& ,,h] ,,tw9 ,,si/]1 ,,nature #ba ,,iii4 ,,nature ,,is ,,haphaz>d2 ,,art ,,is ,,arrangem5t #cj ,,iv4 ,,contra/ #dj ,v4 ,,geometric ,,composition #ee ,,vi4 ,,geometric ,,composition 7,cont9u$7 #fc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,action1 ,,movem5t1 ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,figure #ge ,,viii4 ,,! ,,classic ,,l&scape #hc ,,ix4 ,,naturali/ic ,,composition #ie ,x4 ,,naturali/ic ,,composition 7,cont9u$7 #ajf ,,xi4 ,,! ,,naturali/ic ,,l&scape #aag ,,xii4 ,,=m ,,& ,,color #abi ,,xiii4 ,,color #add ,,xiv4 ,,color--,,values--,,subtlety #afj ,,xv4 ,,color--,,texture1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,tone #ahj ,,xvi4 ,,color--,,tone #bjd ,,xvii4 ,,bru%-,,"w ,,& ,,draw+ #bai ,,xviii4 ,,subject1 ,,motive1 ,,& ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #bcj ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,view on ! ,se9e ,hom] ,d4 ,m>t9 ,frontispiece ,la ,disput del ,sacram5to ,raphael #ef ,jurisprud5ce ,raphael #ff ,! ,manit\ ,lunette ,e4 ,h4 ,bla%field #hf ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] #ib ,! ,s[] ,j4 ,f4 ,millet #ajj ,"y ,woman ,op5+ a ,w9d[ ,j4 ,v]me] #ajh ,cross+ ! ,brook ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] #aah ,paysage ,j4 ,b4 ,c4 ,corot #abh ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e ,e4 ,leutze #adj ,pr9ce ,bal?az> ,c>los ,velasquez #afh ,! ,little ,:ite ,girl ,j4 ,m4 ,:i/l] #agf ,! ,my/ic ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,correggio #aib ,light & ,%ade ,george ,inness #bjb ,ev5+ ,anton ,mauve #bdf ,a ,,*ild',s ,,guide ,,to ,,pictures ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,feel+ ,,= ,,beauty ,"s ( y1 ,i expect1 collect photographs ( pictures 9 connection ) y\r hi/ory /udies4 ,^! portraits ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s & pictures1 illu/rat+ great ev5ts1 places1 co/umes1 & modes ( liv+ ( ! p]iod1 add greatly to ! int]e/ ( y\r read+4 ,!y br+ ! pa/ "t vividly be=e y\r eyes4 ,b x is n ?is view ( pictures t we are go+ to talk ab\t 9 ! pres5t book4 ,i %all h v little to say ab\t ! subjects ( pictures--p>tly because y c f9d out = y\rselves :at subjects int]e/ y2 b mo/ly1 because ! subject ( a picture has s v little to d ) its beauty z a "w ( art4 ,= x is ?is view ( a picture1 z be+ a "w ( art1 t ,i %all try to keep be=e y4 ,i rememb] see+ ! photograph ( a picture hang+ 9 a place ( honor on ! wall ( a girl's room2 & ,i ask$ h] :y %e _h *os5 ?is p>ticul> "o out ( _m t %e _h4 ,y see t1 9 ord] to help anyone1 y h to try to get into _! m9ds1 & f9d out h[ _! m9ds are work+2 & z mu* ( my "w is ) girls & boys1 ,i try to get f !m h9ts z to ! be/ way ( help+ !m4 ,well1 ?is girl1 let me tell y1 bubbl$ ov] ) life & fun1 swam l a fi% & climb$ trees l a squirrel2 b %e _h h] ?\ghtful moods1 :51 z (t5 z n1 %e w\ld lay out h] collection ( photographs ( pictures on ! floor1 & n only look at !m1 b ?9k ab\t !m4 ,& ,i h no d\bt t %e 0 9 "o ( ^? moods1 :5 %e *ose out ?is p>ticul> pr9t & hung x on h] wall1 9 ord] t %e might see x (t54 ,s ,i ask$ h] :y %e _h *os5 x1 & %e said3 8,because ,i lik$ x40 ,i ask$ h] :y8 8,oh1 ,i don't "k10 %e said4 ,n[ t is j ! sort ( girl or boy = :om ,i am writ+ ?is book4 ,n t ,i ?9k t girl w\ld h lik$ h] picture any bett] = kn[+ :y %e lik$ x4 ,!n1 8,:at is ! good10 y ask1 8( writ+ a book to help h] to "k80 ,a v %rewd "q & q to ! po9t4 ,let me try to answ] x4 ,:5 ! girl said %e did n "k :y %e lik$ ! picture1 ,i ?9k %e meant t %e c\ld n put into words :at %e felt4 ,x 0 ! feel+ ) :i* ! picture fill$ h] t made h] l x4 ,i c\ld und]/& :at %e meant1 because ,i rememb]$ an exp]i5ce ( my own4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i saw ,raphael's ,disput1 :i* decorates a wall 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,vatican 9 ,rome1 ,i _h set out ) my guidebook1 int5d+ to /udy all ! pa9t+s by ,raphael t decorate ^! rooms4 ,i ent]$ ! fir/ room &1 ,i suppose1 look$ r\nd ! walls & saw ?ree o!r pa9t+s2 b all ,i recall dur+ ?is visit 0 ! ,disput4 ,i sat d[n be=e x & rema9$ seat$6 ,i d n "k h[ long1 b ! morn+ slipp$ away4 ,:at ,i ?\ght ab\t z ,i look$ at ! picture ,i _c tell y4 ,my impression is t ,i did n ?9k at all2 ,i only felt4 ,my _s 0 lift$ up & purifi$ & /r5g!n$ ) happ9ess4 ,return+ to my hotel1 ,i read ab\t ! picture 9 ! guidebook4 ,x appe>$ t "o ( ! figures repres5t$ ,dante4 ,i _h n notic$ x1 & z ,i read on ,i f\nd out o!r ?+s t ,i _h miss$2 t1 inde$1 ! :ole subject1 s f> z x c\ld be put into words1 _h escap$ me4 ,i _h no k ( :at ! pa9t+ 0 ab\t2 only ,i _h felt its beauty4 ,s9ce !n ,i h /udi$ ! picture & discov]$ "s ( ! means t ,raphael employ$ to ar\se ?is dep? ( feel+1 & ! k has help$ me to f9d beauty 9 o!r ?+s4 ,s1 to g back to my girl fri5d1 ,i w\ld n di/urb ! beauty ( h] feel+ ) tea*y-tea*y talk1 any m ?an ,i w\ld talk :ile beautiful music 0 be+ play$4 ,b1 suppose 9 a simple way ,i c\ld make h] und]/& t ,i1 too1 felt ! beauty ( ! picture2 &1 z ,i h le>n$ a little h[ to express feel+ 9 words1 %\ld try to tell h] h[ ,i felt ! beauty4 ,might x n add to h] pleasure1 if %e discov]$ t ,i 0 putt+ into words "s ( ! feel+ t %e h]self _h1 & p]haps sugge/+ o!r beauties t %e _h n felt8 ,well1 t is :at ,i hope to d = y 9 ?is book1 to put "s ideas into y\r head1 t w lead y to look = & f9d m & m beauty 9 pictures & 9 nature & 9 life4 ,ideas1 m>k y1 n words4 ,we %all h to use words1 b words are ( no acc\nt1 unless !y make y feel ! idea conta9$ 9 !m4 ,i say feel2 & y w notice ,i h us$ ^! words1 feel & feel+1 sev]al times already4 ,i h done s because ,i want to impress ^u y t ! enjoym5t ( beauty1 :e!r 9 pictures or any o!r =m1 comes to u ?r\gh feel+4 ,x may lead to ?9k+1 & p]haps %\ld1 b x does n beg9 ) ?9k+ or reason+1 z does1 = example1 algebra or geometry4 ,nor c we1 z we say1 8get x d[n f9e10 9 ! way we d ) ! ,lat9 decl5sions4 ,:5 y h le>n$ !m ?or\ghly1 y "k !m once & = all1 & y "k ab\t !m j :at e o!r girl & boy :o has le>n$ !m kn[s4 ,) feel+ x is o!rwise4 ,:at y feel is diff]5t to :at ,i feel2 we c nev] feel alike4 ,no two p c4 ,s ,i am n go+ to tell y :at y ought to feel ab\t pictures2 nor am ,i go+ to try & p]suade y to l "o & n l ano!r4 ,!re=e1 ?is book w\ld n be mu* help to y 9 pass+ an exam9ation ab\t pictures1 if any?+ s fooli% c\ld be suppos$4 ,b ,i hope x may />t y\r imag9ation (f 9 a great _m new directions1 & help y to discov] m & m ( beauty n only 9 pictures1 b 9 life4 ,= we %\ld /udy pictures n solely = _! own sake1 b also z a means ( mak+ our lives full] & bett]4 ,if y ask me :at is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ 9 ! _w1 ,i %all n say art1 al?\gh ,i am writ+ ab\t pictures--b life--its fullness ( possibility & abundance ( opportunity4 ,especially "y life2 ! lives ( y girls & boys1 :o1 z yet1 h s few mi/akes to regret1 s mu* to look =w>d to ( promise & fulfillm5t4 ,:at y w make ( ^? lives ( y\rs may dep5d a little ^u s*ools & tea*]s1 p>5ts & fri5ds1 money & heal?1 & _m o!r ?+s1 b mo/ ( all ^u y\r own wills4 ,i wond] if y h read ! life ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son8 ,he _h only su* education z _m o!r boys ( 8 "t _h1 little or no money1 & v poor heal?4 ,b :at a deal he made ( 8 own life & h[ he help$ ! lives ( o!rs6 ,:at a fell[ he 0 = fun1 & h[ he lov$ wisdom2 a great work] & a greatly consci5ti\s "o2 n satisfi$ unless 8 "w 0 ! v be/ t he c\ld make x4 ,& ! reason 0 t he lov$ beauty z well z wisdom2 & 9 8 life & writ+s1 because 9 8 own inw>d ?\ghts wisdom & beauty w5t h& 9 h&4 ,i "k ( no bett] example ( ! full life2 ( a life made ! mo/ (1 9 ! be/ & true/ s5se1 ) gladness & /r5g? = itself & = ! lives ( o!rs4 ,:ile 8 body sleeps on an isl& m\nta91 ov]look+ ! va/ beauty ( sky & ocean1 8 _s /ays ) u4 ,! secret ( ! fullness ( ,/ev5son's life 0 t1 s f> z 9 him lay1 he left no portion ( ! g>d5 ( 8 life uncultivat$4 ,!re 7 no wa/e places1 e "p 0 fruitful4 ,he did ! be/ t he c\ld = 8 poor1 weak body2 kept 8 intellect bright ) le>n+1 8 fun al]t ) hope1 8 fri5d%ips w>m ) sympa?y2 & kept 8 life & "w sweet5$ & purifi$ & /r5g!n$ by ! love ( beauty4 ,he 0 9 a high s5se 9 love ) life--8 own life1 ! lives ( o!rs1 & life 9 art & nature1 & ! abundant h>ve/ ( 8 g>d5 is ! love t c\ntless m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 bore him & /ill ma9ta94 ,su* fullness ( life is r>e4 ,boys & girls1 & = t matt] m5 & wom51 cultivate "s "p ( !mselves1 & let ! re/ g to wa/e4 ,& ! "p :i* is mo/ apt to be ov]look$ is ! s5se ( beauty4 ,we tra9 our bodies & our m9ds1 b neglect ^? five s5ses1 :i* are j z mu* a "p ( u4 ,x is true t m5 tra9 _! s5ses = ! practical purposes ( bus9ess3 ! wat*mak]1 = in/ance1 8 delicacy ( t\*2 ! tea produc]1 8 s5ses ( ta/e & smell2 ! m>9]1 8 s5ses ( sight & s\nd4 ,b bus9ess1 ?\gh necess>y1 is n ev]y?+4 ,we d n conf9e ! ex]cise ( our bodies & m9ds to "w & bus9ess1 b use !m also = enjoym5t1 & tra9 !m = ?is purpose4 ,d we n le>n to swim1 play ball & t5nis1 & practice o!r bodily ex]cises = ! pure enjoym5t ( !m8 ,or 9 our leisure mom5ts busy our bra9s ) /udy ( bees1 ma*9]y1 hi/ory1 all k9ds ( difficult subjects n z "w1 b z a relief f "w8 ,we call !m our 8hobbies10 & indulge !m = pleasure1 & f9d t ! pleasure improves our heal? & spirits1 & 9 ! end ev5 makes u d our necess>y "w bett]1 & s f9d m pleasure 9 t also4 ,= x is 9 :at we "k be/ & c d be/ t we really take mo/ pleasure4 ,& ?\gh life _c be all pleasure1 yet pleasure1 rightly und]/ood1 %\ld be "o ( ! *ief aims ( life4 ,& "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( pleasure is to be f\nd 9 ! beauty t rea*es our m9ds ?r\gh ! s5ses1 especially ?r\gh ! s5ses ( sight & s\nd4 ,let me illu/rate 9 a simple way h[ "o *ild w ga9 pleasure f h] s5ses :ile ano!r doesn't4 ,bo? h _! five s5ses 9 work+ ord]--smell1 ta/e1 t\*1 sight1 & s\nd--& h be5 9 ! woods ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,!y rea* home4 ,"o ?r[s h] h&ful d[n on a s(a1 table1 or *air1 or ! ne>e/ bit ( furniture1 & goes (f to d some?+1 or x may be no?+1 leav+ ! fl[]s to )] & become an untid9ess4 ,:at made h] ga!r !m8 ,p]haps1 because %e is full ( heal? & _h to run ab\t & d some?+2 p]haps1 because %e has n q gott5 ov] ! fondness t mo/ ( u _h1 z babies1 = break+ & te>+ ?+s4 ,x amus$ h] to break ! big /ems & te> (f ! v9es or pull up ! little plants4 ,or possibly %e 0 really attract$ by ! beauty ( ! fl[]s1 b soon tir$ ( !m1 & w5t (f to o!r ?+s4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) h] companion4 ,%e spreads a pap] on ! table1 lays out h] fl[]s1 br+s "o or two vases1 & settles d[n to ! pleasure ( arrang+ !m4 ,%e picks up a fl[]1 & :ile %e waits to decide 9 :i* vase x %all be put1 see h[ delicately %e h&les x6 ,y c tell 9 a mom5t %e has a feel+ ( love & t5d]ness t[>d ! fl[]4 ,%e puts x 9 a vase1 & !n h] eye travels ov] ! o!r fl[]s to decide :i* %all be> x company4 ,:at color1 :at =m ( fl[] w mat* be/ ! fir/ "o8 ,& :ile %e is mak+ ! *oice almo/ unconsci\sly %e sniffs ! fragrance ( t spray ( honeysuckle4 ,well1 %e l+]s s long ov] ! pleasure ( arrang+ h] fl[]s t we h n "t to /ay & wat* ! :ole proce$+2 b pres5tly1 :5 we come back1 we f9d ! vases fill$ & set ab\t ! room :]e !y w look _! be/2 ?is "o 9 ! d>k corn] ) ! wall beh9d x2 ano!r on ! w9d[ sill1 s t ! light may %9e ?r\gh ! petals ( ! fl[]s4 ,& we ?9k to ourselves :at ta/e ! girl has6 ,= 7h y ev] ?\ght ( x87 we use ! ^w ta/e1 :i* orig9ally describ$ only ! s5se ( ta/+ ?+s ) ! tongue1 9 ord] to sum up a f9] use ( ! s5ses ( sight & s\nd4 ,& ?is f9] use ( ! s5ses1 su* z ,/ev5son cultivat$1 s t 8 life & works are beautiful z well z wise & good1 we too may cultivate1 & x is ! object ( ?is book to help u d x4 ,i call x a guide to pictures1 b ,i want to make x mu* m ?an t--a guide = ! wond]ful organs1 y\r s5ses1 t !y may gr[ m & m to feel ! beauty t is all ab\t u 9 nature & 9 life1 z well z 9 pictures & o!r works ( art4 ,s beauty is really our subject1 beauty 9 nature & 9 art4 ,! two are sep>ate1 ?\gh unit$ z tw9 si/]s4 ,z ,i write1 _m ( y are enjoy+ y\r summ] vacations1 face to face ) nature4 ,! heal? ( ! m\nta9s or ! sea is 9 y\r blood2 y\r bodies "k ! joy ( active movem5t2 y\r m9ds are fill$ ) ! int]e/ ( new sc5es & adv5tures1 ( sports & fun ) fri5ds4 ,b e once 9 a :ile ,i ?9k x likely t y\r happ9ess is increas$ by some?+ beautiful y h se5 9 nature4 ,p]haps ev5 n[1 z y read ^! words1 !re comes to y ! memory ( "s sunset1 or moonlight on ! wat]1 ( e>ly morn+ mi/ creep+ among ! tree tops1 or ,i "k n :at ( nature's beauty1 sudd5ly reveal$ to y because y 7 9 ! mood to receive x4 ,y 7 9 ! company ( a fri5d1 & y drew y\r arm clos] ?r\gh 8 or h]s1 & bo? 7 ! happi] = ! beauty t 0 be=e y & _h ent]$ into y\r he>ts4 ,or p]haps y 7 alone1 & ! eag]ness came ov] y to make "s record ( y\r joy--9 a lett] to a fri5d or 9 "s poem = no eyes b y\r own4 ,y felt ! ne$ to give utt]ance to y\r joy 9 nature's beauty4 ,y _h 9 y a little ( ! desire t /irs ! arti/4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! o!r k9d ( beauty1 :i* is n ( nature1 ?\gh x is ( nature's prompt+--! beauty creat$ by ! arti/4 ,we are go+ to /udy ! "w ( arti/s :o create beauty 9 pictures4 ,b d n make ! mi/ake "s p d1 ( ?9k+ t x is only pa9t]s :o are arti/s4 ,an arti/ is "o :o fits "s beautiful conception ) "s beautiful =m ( expression4 ,8 =m ( expression1 or z we say1 8 art1 may be sculpture1 pa9t+1 or ar*itecture2 or "s h&icraft1 z ( metal or porcela9 or embroid]y2 or x may be music1 ! compos+ ( music or ! r5d]+ ( x by in/rum5t or voice2 x may be act+ or "s =ms ( danc+2 x may be poetry or ev5 prose4 ,! arti/1 9 a ^w1 is "o :o n only takes beauty into 8 own s\l1 b has ! gift ( art t enables him to communicate ! beauty to o!rs by giv+ x a =m or body4 ,if he be a musician1 he gives x a =m ( s\nd2 if a pa9t]1 a =m visible to ! eye4 ,x is 8 p[] ( creat+ a =m = ! beauty :i* he feels t makes him an arti/4 ,& 9 its v>i\s =ms--poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & ! re/--art is man's highe/ expression ( 8 rev]5ce = & joy 9 beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,art ,,& ,,h] ,,tw9 ,,si/]1 ,,nature ,a ,"w ( ,art is ,di/+ui%$ by ,selection ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we talk$ ab\t beauty1 & not$ t !re 7 two k9ds--beauty 9 nature & beauty 9 art4 ,let u n[ look a little m closely into ?is di/9ction1 s t we may grasp ! idea ( :at a "w ( art is4 ,s9ce :at ! pa9t] puts onto 8 canvas is visible to ! eye1 x w g5]ally repres5t or sugge/ "s =m 9 nature4 ,s ! pa9t] is a /ud5t ( nature4 ,b n 9 ! same way z ! botani/ :o /udies ! =ms ( trees & plants :i* gr[ above ! gr\nd1 or ! geologi/ :o explores ! secrets ( ! e>? bel[ ! gr\nd4 ,^! we call sci5ti/s or sci5tific /ud5ts1 because ! object ( _! /udy is exact k ( nature4 ,!y address !mselves directly to our intellects & tea* u to "k ! facts ( nature accurately2 b ! pa9t] appeals fir/ to our s5se ( sight & helps u to feel m deeply ! beauty ( ! visible _w4 ,unless we ?or\ghly grasp ?is diff]5ce we %all nev] prop]ly und]/& :at pa9t]s try to d1 nor be able prop]ly to enjoy _! pictures4 ,s "h1 at ! beg9n+ ( our talks toge!r1 let u look into ?is diff]5ce4 ,we h said t ! pa9t] repres5ts or sugge/s "s =m 9 nature4 ,sometimes he repres5ts ! actual appe>ance ( nature1 z :5 he pa9ts a portrait or a l&scape4 ,at o!r times he sugge/s ! possible appe>ance ( ?+s1 :i* he has nev] se5 b only imag9es1 z ! old ,italian pa9t]s did :5 !y made pictures ( ,/4 ,george1 kill+ ! dragon1 or ( ,*ri/ 9 ! mang]1 ) a *oir ( angels hov]+ above4 ,!y _h nev] se5 a dragon1 b f _! /udy ( ! liz>d1 :i* 9 hot c\ntries l ,italy may con/antly be se5 bask+ on ! hot rocks or d>t+ away at y\r approa*1 !y imag9$ a =m & pa9t$ x s t x sugge/s an actual creature4 ,s1 = _! angels1 !y /udi$ ! =ms & movem5t ( *ildr51 z !y ran & play$1 ) hair & skirts /ream+ 9 ! w9d2 also ! w+s & ! flight ( birds1 & ! appe>ance ( ! sky4 ,nature 01 z x /ill rema9s1 ! arti/'s tea*]4 ,j 9 :at way he le>ns ( h] & uses h] lessons1 ,i am go+ to try & %[ y4 ,b fir/ let me rem9d y t nature & art1 ?\gh s close toge!r t ,i h call$ !m tw9 si/]s1 are q sep>ate4 ,i d s because _m p confuse !m toge!r4 ,frequ5tly y w he> a p]son say ( "s view ( nature t x is 8beautiful z a picture40 ,well1 v likely x is1 b z we %all see1 n 9 ! same way4 ,or "s "o w exclaim1 z he /&s 9 front ( a picture1 8,x looks l nature40 ,s x does2 & yet x is n really l nature4 ,:y bo? ^! rem>ks are 9 a small way true1 b 9 ! big s5se n true1 we %all discov]1 ,i hope1 pres5tly4 ,mean:ile1 suppose we lay ! book aside & look out ( ! w9d[4 ,are y liv+ 9 ! c\ntry or city8 ,9 ei!r case y are look+ out at nature1 z ! pa9t] und]/&s ! ^w4 ,=1 :ile we :o are n pa9t]s1 :5 we talk ( nature1 h 9 m9d ! e>? & sky & wat]1 & ! liv+ ?+s t move !re91 z bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 & ! =ms t live b d n move1 trees & fl[]s & seawe$1 = example1 & also ! *ief ( liv+ & mov+ creatures--man2 ! pa9t] uses ! ^w nature 9 a wid] s5se4 ,) him x means ev]y?+ outside himself1 s t x includes ?+s made by man3 /reets1 build+s1 *airs1 & tables--! ?\s& & "o objects t man's bra9 & h&iwork h fa%ion$ out ( ! mat]ials ( nature4 ,b y are wait+ at ! w9d[1 look+ out1 p]haps1 ^u a /reet--a r[ ( build+s1 _m p on ! sidewalks1 c>riages & c>ts1 pass+ be=e y\r eyes2 or else into ! g>d5 ( y\r c\ntry home1 ) its trees & %rubs & fl[]s1 & possibly a view ( fields & hills & woods4 ,9 ea* case ! woodwork ( ! w9d[ frames 9 ! view4 ,move sl[ly backw>d & y w notice t ! view gr[s small] & small]2 advance aga9 & ! view spreads out f>!r & f>!r2 /ep to ! left & "s ( ! view on t side disappe>s1 b y w see m t[>d ! o!r side4 ,imag9e = a mom5t t ! woodwork ( ! w9d[ is a picture frame & y are decid+ h[ mu* ( ! outside view y w include 9 ! picture4 ,if y own a kodak & are 9 ! habit ( tak+ pictures1 y move ! cam]a or y\r position until ! image 9 ! 8f9d]0 seems to be ab\t :at y wi% to photograph4 ,:e!r y ?us use ! 8f9d]0 or ! w9d[ frame1 y are select+ a bit ( nature = a picture4 ,?is %\ld make cle> to y "o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 nature & art4 ,nature ext5ds 9 e direction all r\nd ! arti/1 an un5d+ panorama f :i* he selects "s little portion to =m ! subject ( 8 "w ( art4 ,b he c>ries 8 selection /ill f>!r1 = ev5 9 ! "p ( nature t he has select$ !re is s mu* m ?an he c\ld ev] put into 8 picture4 ,take ano!r look out ( ! w9d[4 ,:at a mass ( details ! :ole pres5ts6 ,&1 if we fix our eye on any "o ( its p>ts1 x also is made up ( a numb] ( details4 ,x w\ld be impossible = ! arti/ to pa9t !m all4 ,& s1 also1 if y\r view f ! w9d[ is a c\ntry sc5e & y look at "o object1 t elm1 = example4 ,d y ?9k x w\ld be possible = an arti/ to pa9t all ! scales ( ! b>k1 all ! spread+ limbs1 mu* less all ! little bran*es & twigs & ! c\ntless leaves8 ,z ! arti/ _c possibly pa9t ev]y?+1 he mu/ *oose or select :at he w leave out & :at he w put 94 ,once m1 ! *>act]i/ic ( art is selection1 :ile t ( nature is abundance4 ,we talk ( nature's prodigality2 we say t %e is prodigal ( h] res\rces1 fl++ !m ar\nd z a prodigal or wa/eful man fl+s ar\nd 8 money4 ,y "k1 = example1 h[ ! d&elion scatt]s its se$s broadca/ ov] ! lawn2 h[ ! daisies spread ov] ! fields until ! f>m] calls !m ! 8:ite we$02 h[ ! woods become *ok$ ) und]gr[? & ! trees ov]head cr[d "o ano!r ) _! tangle ( bran*es4 ,! lawns & fields mu/ be cont9ually we$$2 ! woods cle>$ & ?9n$4 ,man1 9 fact1 :5 he br+s nature "u ! "w ( 8 h&1 is cont9ually select+ :at he %all we$ out & :at he %all let rema94 ,& s ! arti/ ) ! "w ( 8 h&--8 "w ( art4 ,suppose we make believe t we are wat*+ an arti/ z he beg9s 8 "w ( selection4 ,! "o ov] !re1 sitt+ "u a big1 :ite umbrella ) 8 easel 9 front ( him1 w s]ve our turn4 ,if he w let u look ov] 8 %\ld]1 we %all see t ) a few /rokes ( *>coal ^u 8 canvas he has already select$ h[ mu* ( ! wide view 9 front ( him he w include 9 8 picture4 ,x f9i%es1 y see1 on ! "r ) a bit ( t r[ ( trees t /& aga9/ ! sky1 & on ! left ) t small bu%1 s t 9 betwe5 is a little bit ( ! w9d+ road1 ) a mead[ beyond dott$ ) c[s4 ,he has squeez$ "s ( ! pa9t f ! tubes on to 8 palette1 & takes up 8 bru%es4 ,n[ wat* him 8lay 910 z he w\ld say1 8! local colors02 t is to say1 ! g5]al color ( ea* locality or "p ( ! sc5e4 ,! g5]al color ( ! sky is a fa9t blue2 ( ! trees on ! "r1 a grayi% gre52 ( ! bu% on ! left1 a deep] gre52 ( ! mead[1 a yell[i% gre51 :ile t ( ! road is a p9ki% br[n1 = ! soil ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 we w suppose1 is r$ clay4 ,all ^! local colors he lays 91 cov]+ ea* "p ) a flat lay] ( pa9t s t 8 canvas n[ pres5ts a patt]n ( color$ spaces4 ,yet already x beg9s to 8look l some?+40 ,we c see1 z x 71 ! gr\nd plan1 on :i* ! arti/ is go+ to build up 8 picture4 ,b n[ he mu/ /op1 = 8 pa9ts are mix$ ) oils & take "s "t to dry1 & he _c "w ov] ! pa9t :ile x is /icky4 ,a few days lat] we pay him ano!r visit4 ,he has be5 busy 9 our abs5ce2 ! picture looks to u to be f9i%$1 & we beg9 to comp>e x ) ! natural sc5e 9 front ( u4 ,9 nature ^? trees on ! "r /& s %>ply aga9/ ! sky t we c c\nt _! bran*es4 ,evid5tly ! arti/ hasn't1 = 9 8 picture he has left out a great _m ( !m2 inde$1 he has put 9 only a few ( ! m prom95t ones4 ,see1 too1 h[ he has pa9t$ ! trees2 he hasn't put 9 a s+le leaf4 ,in/ead he has repres5t$ ! foliage 9 masses1 light] 9 "s p>ts :]e ! sun /rikes1 d>k] 9 ! %ad[s4 ,:5 we comp>e 8 trees ) ! real ones1 !y are n a bit ! same1 & yet ! pa9t$ ones look all "r2 we c see at once t !y are maples & 9 a g5]al way v l ! real ones4 ,! arti/ he>s u talk+1 & he says3 8,my bus9ess1 y see1 is n to make real trees2 t's nature's bus9ess2 ,i'm a mak] ( pictures1 & 9 !m ,i only sugge/ t ! trees are real4 ,i try to make y feel t ^! are maple trees0--& he po9ts to t "p ( ! picture ) 8 bru%--8& ,i hope also to make y feel _! beauty4 ,i don't give y an imitation ( nature1 b a sugge/ion ( nature's tru?4 8,n[ see10 he says1 8h[ ,i h pa9t$ ^? c[s3 j a few dabs ( br[ni% r$ & black & :ite1 %[+ aga9/ ! gre5 ( ! grass4 ,d !y sugge/ c[s to y80 8,yes10 we say 9 *orus4 8,well1 ,i hope !y d10 he replies1 8& t y don't say #8yes' m]ely to please me4 ,b if y _h nev] se5 a c[ w\ld y "k f ^! dabs :at a c[ is really l8 8,i am sure y w\ldn't10 he goes on )\t wait+ = an answ]2 8& if ! f>m] gave me a commission to pa9t 8 favorite prize c[1 ,i am sure he w\ldn't be satisfi$ ) ^! dabs4 ,& ,i %\ld n blame him4 ,no1 9 t case ,i %\ld place ! c[ :]e ,i c\ld /udy x closely3 ! long1 /raight l9e ( ! back1 ! big angle ( ! hips1 ! /rong-ribb$ c>cass1 & its cov]+ ( glossy hair1 ! mild liquid eyes1 & damp nose4 ,^! & a great deal m ,i %\ld pa9t1 if ,i 7 ne> ! c[4 ,b look at ^? c[s ov] yond]4 ,!y are a long way (f1 & consequ5tly look v small4 ,i c't see 9 !m ! diff]5t po9ts t ,i "k a c[ has2 to my eyes f :]e ,i sit !y look z ,i h pa9t$ !m4 ,= an arti/ does n pa9t :at he kn[s to be !re1 b :at he c see f "h4 8,look10 he cont9ues1 pick+ up a t9y po9t$ bru%4 8,see :at happ5s1 :5 ,i pa9t :at ,i "k to be !re60 ,& ) quick1 deft /rokes he proce$s to %>p5 ! l9es ( ! back ( "o ( 8 c[s 9 ! picture1 & give h] f\r v decid$ legs2 to hang a tail2 & give h] horns2 & titivate ! head1 put 9 an eye & make ! tongue curl r\nd ! muzzle4 8,:y1 x looks l a toy c[60 we exclaim4 ,& s x does4 ,& n[1 in/ead ( intrud+ any long] on our arti/ fri5d's "t1 let u see :]e our visit to him has br\ght u4 ,we h not$ t "o diff]5ce betwe5 nature & art is1 t nature is inexhau/ible 9 h] effects1 & t an arti/ selects f h] only "s little "p to make 8 "w ( art4 ,secondly1 t he does n pa9t ! :ole ( :at he has select$1 b out ( x aga9 selects c]ta9 p>ts2 suffici5t n to imitate ! orig9al1 b to sugge/ its appe>ance4 ,?irdly1 t natural tru? is n ! same z arti/ic tru?2 t :ile ! sci5tific man /udies "o ?+ at a "t s t he may "k :at is !re1 ! arti/ tries to obta9 an impression ( ! :ole sc5e1 & pa9ts ea* "p ( x1 n z he kn[s x to be1 b z he c see x f 8 fix$ position4 ,by ?is "t y c bett] und]/& t to say ( nature 8,x is z beautiful z a picture10 is a loose way ( talk+4 ,nature is beautiful 9 ! endless v>iety ( its effects2 a picture1 = ! "o or two effects1 *oicely select$ by ! arti/4 ,& to say ( a picture t x looks l nature is equally inaccurate1 = ! arti/ does n imitate nature b sugge/s x1 :i*1 z we h se51 is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %\ld tell y1 t "s pa9t]s d imitate nature4 ,i h se5 a picture 9 :i* ! pa9t] _h repres5t$ a five-doll> bill1 p9n$ on a bo>d1 & s accurately _h he imitat$ ! bill & ! bo>d t1 until y 7 close to !m & pass$ y\r h& ov] ! flat canvas1 y w\ld n "k x 0 a picture4 ,& !re is a /ory told ( a ,greek pa9t]1 ,zeuxis1 t he once imitat$ a bun* ( grapes s exactly1 t ! birds flew d[n & peck$ at x4 ,b1 al?\gh x is a fact t a great _m p ?9k ?is exact imitation ( nature a v f9e ?+1 !y d s because !y h n se5 _m pictures or f\nd out :at a "w ( art really is4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t1 by ! "t y h f9i%$ ?is book1 if n soon]1 y w look ^u su* examples ( skill & pati5ce z labor 9 va91 s f> z art is conc]n$4 ,x is all v well = ! conjur] to boa/ t ! quickness ( 8 h& deceives y\r eye4 ,b ! aim ( ! arti/ is n deception4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,nature ,,is ,,haphaz>d3 ,,art ,,is ,,arrangem5t ,we h se5 t ! *>act]i/ic ( nature is abundance1 :ile t ( art is selection4 ,n[ let u note ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two--nature is haphaz>d1 art is arrangem5t4 ,i d n =get t nature works by laws2 t ! work+s ( nature are n accid5tal1 b ! result ( c]ta9 causes :i* produce c]ta9 effects2 s t ! op]ations ( nature produce an endless *a9 ( cause & effect4 ,?us 9 ! fall1 because ! sap fl[s d[nw>d 9 ! tree1 ! fib] ( ! leaf's /alk is gradually weak5$1 until ! leaf by degrees loses its hold on ! bran*1 &1 because ev]y?+ obeys ! law ( gravitation1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b :]e w x fall8 ,t may dep5d ^u ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d4 ,x may happ5 t ! w9d is f ! nor? or f ! we/2 t its brea? is s(t1 or t x bl[s a gale4 ,i say x 8may happ50 s or s2 = ?is is our habit ( spee*4 ,:5 we don't und]/& ! cause f :i* an effect spr+s1 we use ! ^w 8happ510 z if ! affair 7 an accid5t or *ance4 ,b a sci5tific man w\ld say t su* words z 8accid5t0 & 8*ance0 are inaccurate1 & w\ld tell u :y ! w9d 0 bl[+ f a c]ta9 direction at a c]ta9 mom5t1 & tell u :y x 0 s(t or fi]ce4 ,& yet1 :y %\ld ! t9y leaf h be5 ready to let g j at ! mom5t :5 ! breeze came8 ,^u :at p>ticul> spot w ! d&elion se$1 aft] float+ f> 9 ! air1 alight8 ,we may believe t ! mom5t & ! place are controll$ by "o ,great ,m9d to :om ev]y?+ is pla94 ,b to our f9ite m9ds1 ^: capacity to und]/& is limit$1 su* ?+s are n pla94 ,!y seem to u l *ance1 & _! results appe> to our eyes haphaz>d4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! appe>ance ( nature ) t ( a well-kept g>d54 ,! latt] has /raight pa?s1 int]sect+ "o ano!r2 trim bord]s ) r[s ( lettuces & radi%es2 sep>ate plots1 res]v$ = peas1 corn1 sp9a*1 potatoes1 & o!r crops4 ,ev5 ! /raggl+ v9es ( ! cucumb]s are kept )9 c]ta9 b\nds4 ,ev]y:]e is an appe>ance ( ord] & arrangem5t1 beside :i* ! tangle ( gr[? 9 ! woods1 or ev5 ! dott+ ( trees on ! hillside1 seems haphaz>d4 ,or look out into ! /reet1 :i*1 z y rememb]1 9 ! pa9t]'s s5se ( ! ^w is a "p ( nature4 ,! city au?orities h laid out ! l9es ( ! /reet1 b ! build+s v>y 9 size & /yle2 ea* "o accord+ to :at happ5$ to be ! ne$ & ! ta/e ( ! man :o built x4 ,& ! appe>ance ( ! sidewalk & roadway w v>y f day to day & h\r to h\r1 accord+ to :at may be ! numb] & ! "* ( ! p & ( ! vehicles1 z !y happ5 to move or /& /ill4 ,comp>$ ) t g>d51 ! appe>ance ( ! /reet is haphaz>d4 ,comp>e two p>lors4 ,"o is a m$ley ( furniture & bric-a-brac1 ( all sorts ( sizes & %apes & colors1 pick$ up at auction sales1 or 9 ! %ops1 ea* because x happ5$ to be a b>ga9 or to /rike a mom5t's :im1 & !n set 9 ! p>lor :]e !re happ5$ to be room = x4 ,! o!r p>lor1 on ! contr>y1 %[s signs ( ord] & arrangem5t4 ,!re are few] objects 9 x1 & !y h be5 c>efully *os5 & arrang$ = ! d\ble purpose ( mak+ ! room com=table & agreeable to ! eye4 ,x is an illu/ration ( good ta/e 9 selection & arrangem5t4 ,! haphaz>d ( nature we enjoy4 ,b ! confusion ( ! p>lor di/resses u1 if we h any s5se ( selection & arrangem5t4 ,?is s5se ! arti/ possesses 9 a m>k$ degree1 & on x he bases ! mak+ ( 8 picture4 ,we h already notic$ h[ he selects1 b may h to m5tion x aga9 9 describ+ h[ he arranges1 s9ce ! two acts are mix$ up toge!r1 z :5 y select "s fl[]s & !n arrange !m 9 a vase4 ,:5 we fir/ made ! acqua9tance ( ! arti/ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 he _h already1 y w rememb]1 8r\gh$ 90 ) 8 *>coal ! objects he 0 go+ to pa9t4 ,we 7 s int]e/$ 9 :at he _h select$1 t we paid little att5tion to ! arrangem5t ( ! objects4 ,x is ?is t we are n[ go+ to /udy4 ,8 canvas is on ! easel1 its b>e :ite surface inclos$ )9 ! f\r sides4 ,he is go+ to fill ?is space1 n only = ! purpose ( sugge/+ to u ! appe>ance ( ! sc5e he has select$1 b 9 su* a way t ! actual arrangem5t ( ! objects--! patt]n :i* !y make ^u ! canvas--%all give u pleasure4 ,?is he calls 8 composition4 ,! ^w1 z y "k1 if y h /udi$ ,lat91 means simply 8putt+01 or 8plac+ toge!r40 ,b1 z ! arti/ uses x1 x always means t ! plac+ toge!r %all produce an effect t is pleas+ to ! eye4 ,x is only :5 x does1 t ! result c prop]ly be call$ a "w ( art4 ,= y w recall :at we said 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t ! arti/ is "o :o fits 8 conception ) a beautiful =m4 ,& ?is =m is 8 composition4 ,n[1 be=e we g any f>!r ) ! arti/'s me?od ( composition1 let me invite y to d a little compos+ on y\r own acc\nt4 ,t wall 9 y\r special room or d5 :]e y hang y\r favorite photographs--h[ is x arrang$8 ,are ! photographs p9n$ up higgl$y-piggl$y1 s z to cr[d z _m z possible on ! wall8 ,is y\r only idea j to hang !m up :]e y c see !m8 ,or h y plac$ !m toge!r 9 su* a way t _! actual arrangem5t1 z !y spot ! op5 space ( y\r wall1 is agreeable to y\r eye8 ,=1 9 a way1 y\r wall1 be=e y hung ! photographs1 0 l ! b>e canvas ( ! arti/4 ,! f\r edges inclos$ x2 ! space is y\rs to d ) x :at y wi%4 ,suppose1 n[1 t y are />t+ ) ! wall b>e4 ,y\r family has mov$ into a new h\se1 or ! old "o is be+ repair$4 ,!re is y\r pla/] wall1 z :ite z ! arti/'s canvas4 ,y are all[$ to decide :at %all be done ) x4 ,:at w y d ) x8 ,oh6 y are go+ to *oose a pap]4 ,well1 :at %all x be8 ,yes1 pretty1 ( c\rse4 ,b pretty by itself1 or :5 y\r pictures are hung8 ,=1 if y *oose a pap] ) a l>ge patt]n ( _m bright colors1 x may int]f]e ) ! effect ( ! pictures4 ,y don't wi% to d ?is8 ,!n x w be well to *oose a pap] t is n too prom95t2 "o t has a small patt]n1 or none at all1 only a s+le t9t4 ,"s p pref] a neutral t9t2 "o1 t is to say1 :i* is nei!r "o ?+ nor ! o!r2 n v gre51 or blue1 or r$1 or yell[1 b r s2 "s color t is difficult to def9e4 ,=1 because ?is pap] does n attract p>ticul> att5tion1 x all[s ! photographs1 hung ^u x1 to %[ up m prom95tly4 ,h[ev]1 ! pap]+ is y\r affair1 & y h made y\r selection4 ,at la/ ! workm51 _! ladd]s1 _! pa/e pots1 & %av+s are cle>$ out ( ! room & y c beg9 to arrange x4 ,y h plac$ ! furniture :]e x be/ fits 91 looks be/1 & seems mo/ com=table1 & n[ y turn y\r att5tion to ea* ( ! f\r walls4 ,once m1 is ! plac+ ( ! photographs to be higgl$y-piggl$y1 8any-old-h[10 j to %[ !m1 or are y go+ to arrange !m c>efully1 s z to make ea* wall a pleas+ composition8 ,we w suppose y decide ^u ! latt] plan4 ,h[ w y proce$8 ,i c imag9e y *oos+ "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r y w select y\r bigge/ picture1 or ! "o y prize mo/1 & place x 9 ! middle ( ! wall1 & !n place ! o!rs on ea* side ( x1 s z to balance "o ano!r4 ,or1 y w feel t su* an arrangem5t w\ld be too /iff & =mal1 too obvi\sly balanc$1 & w spr9kle ! pictures ov] ! wall space1 s t _! arrangem5t is irregul> & looks z if x 7 accid5tal1 & yet seems balanc$4 ,=1 if y are try+ to arrange y\r pictures 9 ! way 9 :i* !y seem to y to look be/1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly y are work+ to secure a balance4 ,yes1 "o ( ! pr9ciples ( arti/ic composition is balance4 ,l all ! pr9ciples1 adapt$ by arti/s1 x is f\nd$ on an in/9ct ( human nature4 ,h y ev] notic$ t :5 a man c>ries a bucket ( wat]1 he holds ! free arm away f 8 body8 ,he does x by in/9ct1 to (fset ! drag ( ! bucket on 8 o!r arm & to balance 8 body4 ,h y ev] walk$ ^u ! /eel rail ( a railroad track8 ,mo/ ( u h1 ,i imag9e4 ,we tread pretty firmly = a little :ile1 & !n we tott]4 ,out g our arms imm$iately to re/ore our balance4 ,we walk up & d[n ! deck ( an ocean l9]1 :5 ! sea is r\gh1 & slope our bodies to ! movem5t ( ! vessel4 ,:y8 ,to keep our balance4 ,if we lose x we are hurl$ across ! deck 9 a v undignifi$ fa%ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at a beautiful spectacle is pres5t$ :5 a good skat] balances backw>d & =w>d2 p]haps an ev5 m beautiful "o1 :5 a good danc] :o feels ! joy ( movem5t sways to ! rhy?m ( ! music4 ,s1 to ma9ta9 a balance is an in/9ct ( human nature2 to lose x produces ugly results2 :ile beautiful ones may be secur$ f x1 especially if ! balance is rhy?mic4 ,ano!r pr9ciple1 !n1 ( arti/ic composition is rhy?m1 & ?is1 too1 is f\nd$ on an in/9ct ( human nature4 ,let u see :at rhy?m is4 ,a small boy has f\nd an old pot1 cat*es up a /ick1 & beg9s to belabor ! pot & make himself a nuisance4 ,by & by he gets tir$ ( 8 own noise1 imag9es 8 pot a drum1 & hits x ) rhy?mic /rokes1 "o foll[+ ! o!r 9 measur$ beats4 ,wat* h[ 8 legs beg9 to move to ! "t ( ! /rokes1 & h[ ! o!r y\ng/]s fall 9 beh9d him4 ,left1 "r1 left1 "r1 on !y m>*2 _! legs & %\ld]s sw++ to ! rhy?mic beat4 ,i wond] if !y "k !y are foll[+ an in/9ct1 pretty ne>ly z old z humanity4 ,probably !y don't1 & w\ldn't c>e if !y did4 ,all !y "k is t !y are hav+ a good "t4 ,t's j x6 ,& !y are hav+ ! same sort ( good "t t ! primitive man gave 8 fri5ds1 :5 he fir/ hit on ! idea ( clapp+ 8 h&s toge!r 9 rhy?m4 ,lat] on he f\nd he c\ld get m /irr+ effects & save 8 h&s by rhy?mic hamm]+ ( "o piece ( wood ^u ano!r4 ,!n came along a primitive ,edison :o p]fect$ ! pr9ciple & put tom-toms on ! m>ket4 ,& s1 9 "t1 music came to be inv5t$4 ,= ! basis ( music & ( ! pleasure t is receiv$ f x is its measur$ beat or rhy?m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n only f ! actual measur$ beat1 appeal+ to our e>1 t we ga9 pleasure1 b also f ! sugge/ion ( rhy?m to our s5se ( sight4 ,a man /one deaf c enjoy wat*+ a dance4 ,he has nev] he>d a s\nd 9 8 life1 b 8 s5se ( sight is /irr$ to pleasure by ! spectacle ( measur$ repetition ( ! movem5ts4 ,simil>ly1 ! measur$ repetitions ( /ation>y objects gives u pleasure1--! measur$ repetition1 = example1 pres5t$ by ! ,we/ ,po9t cadets1 z !y sudd5ly halt1 ei!r 9 close =mation or 9 op5 ranks4 8,h[ beautiful60 we exclaim4 ,& x is because ! ,a!nians realiz$ ! beauty ( measur$ repetition & ! pleasure t x gives to ! s5se ( sight1 t !y surr\nd$ _! great temple1 ! ,p>!non1 ) ranks ( columns1 arrang$ at equal di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,=1 ?\gh !y may h le>n$ ! beauty ( repetition f /udy+ ! tree /ems 9 ! woods1 yet1 :5 !y built _! "w ( art1 !y avoid$ ! haphaz>d ( nature1 & introduc$ ord] & arrangem5t by mak+ ! repetitions measur$4 ,beh9d ! columns1 h[ev]1 high up on ! outside ( ! temple wall !y set a frieze or b& ( figures4 ,x ext5d$ cle> ar\nd ! temple1 repres5t+ a procession ( p on _! way to ! great fe/ival ( ! goddess ,a!ne4 ,! rema9s are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 b1 d\btless1 y h se5 ca/s ( portions ( x1 & w recall "s 9 :i* "y m5 are rid+1 ! head ( ea* horse ov]lapp+ ! body ( ! "o 9 front ( x4 ,!re is "h no long] an actual measur$ repetition1 z 9 ! case ( ! columns4 ,! bodies are n sep>at$ by exact int]vals1 nor d !y repeat ! same =ms4 ,! y\?s diff]1 s d ! horses1 & ! actions ( ! =ms are dissimil>4 ,& yet ! ar*+ ( ! horses' necks1 ! pranc+ ( ! =elegs1 & ! bodies ( ! y\?s sway+ to ! movem5t ( ! horses are s arrang$1 t !re is no break or int]ruption or confusion1 b ! :ole seems to fl[ up & d[n regul>ly4 ,!re are no actual1 measur$ int]vals or actual repetitions1 yet ! feel+ ( bo? is sugge/$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! =ms is rhy?mic1 9 t x sugge/s rhy?m4 ,& ! pr9ciple ( ?is also ! ,greeks f\nd 9 nature1 z y may1 if y wat* ! waves roll+ %orew>d4 ,b all ?is :ile ! arti/'s canvas is /&+ :ite & b>e ^u ! easel1 & mu/ cont9ue to /&4 ,=1 :5 he gets to "w1 ,i want y1 n only to see :at he does1 b feel ! mean+ ( 8 int5tion4 ,& we c be/ ent] into ano!r p]son's feel+1 if we h exp]i5c$ some?+ ( 8 feel+ 9 ourselves4 ,s1 ,i h rummag$ among our own exp]i5ces1 9 ord] to make y feel h[ mu* we h 9 common ) ! arti/4 ,he & ourselves are creatures ( l nature1 ) simil> s5ses1 simil> s\rces ( pleasure & pa91 & simil> in/9cts lead+ u to d & to l simil> ?+s4 ,only ! arti/ has ke5] s5ses1 & has cultivat$ 8 in/9cts & /udy ( nature1 & has drawn f !m c]ta9 practical h9ts to help him create 8 "w ( art4 ,among ! in/9cts t we %>e ) him are1 z ,i h tri$ to %[--fir/1 an in/9ctive pref]5ce = ord] & arrangem5t2 secondly1 ! ne$ ( balance & ! pleasure we receive f x2 ?irdly1 ! increas$ pleasure we d]ive f balance1 :5 x is accompani$ ) rhy?mic repetitions4 ,^! are ! pr9ciples on :i* he relies :5 he makes 8 composition4 ,= let me repeat1 & n = ! la/ "t1 t ! purpose ( 8 composition is n only to sugge/ "s sc5e ( nature1 b to make ! composition itself a s\rce ( pleasure to our s5se ( sight4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,contra/ ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we discuss$ balance & repetition z elem5ts ( composition4 ,we h n[ to /udy ano!r elem5t--t ( contra/4 ,?is also results f a natural love ( *ange & v>iety4 ,h[ sick we %\ld get ( c&y1 if we _h no?+ else to eat6 h[ tir$ ( sun%9e1 if !re 7 nev] a cold or wet day to make ! sun seem extra beautiful by contra/6 8,jack10 z we "k1 8w become a dull boy10 if 8 /udies are n enliv5$ by play2 b h[ worse ?an dull--/upid & ill-temp]$--if 8 play 7 n reliev$ by some?+ s]i\s4 ,yes1 contra/ is ! salt ( life1 )\t :i* liv+ w\ld be ta/eless & insipid4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,i c h>dly believe t a boy or girl c gr[ up to be brave & true1 a really f9e specim5 ( manhood or womanhood1 unless "s %ad[ ( h>d%ip & pa9 has pass$ ov] ! sunny p]iod ( y\?4 ,we h to le>n to take ! bitt] ) ! sweet1 & x is ?r\gh meet+ ea*1 z x comes along1 z a "p ( ! day's "w1 t we gradually build up "*4 ,s contra/1 x seems1 s]ves two purposes 9 life--x adds to ! pleasure ( life1 & x gives =ce & wor? to "*4 ,its effects 9 art are v simil>4 ,! arti/ employs x to give v>iety & at ! same "t "* & di/9ction to ! patt]n ( 8 compositions4 ,y c f9d out = y\rselves h[ he does ?is1 if y take a piece ( pap]1 a p5cil1 a pair ( compasses1 & a /raight-edge4 ,fir/ draw a rectangle4 ,?is is ! space to be fill$ or develop$ into a composition4 ,n[ draw a v]tical l9e up ! c5t] ( x4 ,y w admit t ?is is n int]e/+ by itself2 b cut x at "r angles ) a horizontal l9e1 & imm$iately ! figure beg9s to h "s "*4 ,imm$iately1 also1 if y h any eye = balance--& almo/ ev]ybody has--y w beg9 to notice t x makes a great diff]5ce at j :at po9t ! horizontal l9e cuts ! v]tical4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r ! arms ( ! horizontal are or are n ! same l5g?--!n1 at h[ high or h[ l[ a po9t on ! v]tical l9e !y bran* out4 ,y c exp]im5t ) ^! two l9es until ! cross seems to y to look its be/4 ,y c\ld n draw any?+ mu* simpl] ?an ?is figure2 & yet x is suffici5t to illu/rate two pr9ciples ( contra/ 9 composition--fir/1 t ! contra/ is int]e/+1 & second1 t x is made m int]e/+1 :5 ! contra/$ p>ts are c>efully balanc$4 ,n[ take ! compasses &1 c5t]+ on ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two l9es1 describe a circle4 ,! latt] w introduce into ! figure a /ill fur!r contra/ betwe5 curv$ & /raight l9es4 ,& aga9 y\r s5se ( balance w be br\ght into play4 ,h[ f> w y make y\r circle ext5d8 ,x is = y to say1 because y are try+ to satisfy y\r own feel+ = :at w look be/4 ,n[1 z a contra/ to ?is circle1 add f\r small] ones at ! extremities ( ! cross4 ,next1 f ! c5t] ( ! big circle draw radiat+ l9es4 ,z a la/ t\* ( contra/1 suppose y draw a segm5t ( a circle 9 ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! rectangle4 ,by ?is "t we h built up a composition1 ! patt]n ( :i* consi/s ( contra/s4 ,b1 z ,i d>e say y h notic$1 x also consi/s ( repetitions4 ,& once m ,i w rem9d y t bo? ! repetitions & ! contra/s are balanc$4 ,contra/1 repetition1 & balance--^! are ! simple elem5ts ( composition4 ,our patt]n or composition is a v simple =m ( geometric figure4 ,if y feel dispos$1 y c amuse y\rself by devis+ o!r k9ds ( simple patt]ns2 />t+1 = example1 ) a circle inside y\r rectangul> space2 or1 select+1 to beg9 )1 a circul> frame & />t+ ) a triangle or squ>e inside ( x1 & 9 ei!r case cont9u+ to build up or embroid] y\r design ) additional features4 ,9 ?is way by v>y+ ! %ape ( y\r orig9al frame & ! "* ( ! patt]n t y put 9 x1 y c g on indef9itely inv5t+ designs4 ,all ^!1 ,i want y to obs]ve1 are geometric 9 "*4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! figures :i* y f9d 9 geometry--! squ>e1 rectangle1 triangle1 & circle4 ,n[ j z ! acorn may 9 "t become ! great oak tree1 s ?is simple basis ( geometric design is at ! root ( ! compositions ( ! great ,italian pictures & ( ?\s&s ( o!r pictures1 ev5 to our own day4 ,_! compositions are bas$ ^u a geometric plan4 ,! only diff]5ce is t y\r plan is cle>ly visible1 :ile !irs is m or less disguis$4 ,! reason is t !y d n fill _! spaces1 z y did1 ) simple l9es1 b ) =ms--figures1 columns1 build+s1 drap]ies1 trees1 hills1 & s on4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we speak ( ! 8l9es0 ( _! compositions1 we (t5 mean r ! direction :i* ! figure1 or ! object :atev] x may be1 takes4 ,?us1 a /&+ figure may take ! place ( y\r v]tical l9e2 ! slightly undulat+ top ( ! hills beh9d x may correspond to y\r horizontal l9e2 a curv+ gr\p ( angels1 float+ 9 ! air1 may sugge/ y\r circle2 :ile y\r diagonal l9e may be replac$ 9 ! picture by ! bran*es ( a tree t spread 9 a diagonal direction4 ,9 o!r words1 :at y h done 7%all ,i say87 /iffly ) compasses & /raight-edge1 ! arti/s d freely & loosely4 ,yet1 ,i repeat x1 und]nea? ?is seem+ fre$om1 if y se>* = x1 y w f9d ! basis ( a geometric design4 ,?is ,i hope to %[ y 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,mean:ile1 !re is ano!r use = contra/ t y %\ld "k4 ,x is ! contra/ betwe5 ! light & ! d>k p>ts ( a picture4 ,x is employ$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to make ! objects 9 ! picture look m real4 ,if y fix y\r eyes on any object 9 ! room or out ( doors1 y w obs]ve t "s p>ts ( x are light & "s d>k1 & t !re are v>i\s degrees ( lightness & d>kness4 ,x is ! light on an object t enables u to see x4 ,if !re 7 no light on x--if x 7 9 complete d>kness1 t is to say--no?+ w\ld be visible4 ,&1 :ile x is ! light t enables u to see ! object1 x is ! degree ( light on "s p>ts ( x & ! v>i\s degrees ( d>kness on o!rs t enable u to realize ! %ape ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! contra/ ( light & d>k1 receiv$ by ! eyes1 communicates to our bra9 ! s5se ( =m & bulk4 ,t x %\ld d s seems to be ! gradual result ( a habit1 unconsci\sly acquir$4 ,^? :o /udy su* ?+s tell u t we began to p]ceive ?+s1 n ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight1 b by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! baby rea*es out its little h& to feel = ! "m's brea/2 x burr[s its way to h] w>m body2 is com=t$ by ! feel ( h] arms ar\nd x4 ,:5 ! *ild is old] & y pres5t h] ) a doll1 y may be disappo9t$ t %e does n at once %[ pleasure4 ,in/ead ( h] face light+ up ) joy1 z y hop$ x w\ld1 %e />es at ! doll 9 r a dull way4 ,b pres5tly %e /ret*es out h] h&s1 & takes ! doll into !m & beg9s to feel x all ov]1 & at l5g? clasps x 9 h] arms aga9/ h] body4 ,x is by ! s5se ( t\* t %e seems to h assur$ h]self t ! doll is 8real40 ,:5 %e is old]1 h[ev]1 if y (f] h] a new doll1 imm$iately h] face light5s ) gladness ( welcome4 ,=1 9 ! meantime %e has le>n$ to "k a doll by sight1 & n[ :5 %e gets x into h] h&s %e turns x r\nd & r\nd t %e may look at x1 patt+ ! face1 h[ev]1 & ! dress1 & lift+ up ! lace ( ! petticoats & h&l+ ! sa%1 because1 al?\gh %e has gr[n to recognize ?+s by h] s5se ( sight1 %e has n lo/ h] delight 9 ! s5se ( t\*4 ,nor w %e1 ,i hope1 z %e gr[s old]4 ,inde$1 arti/s1 kn[+ h[ mu* pleasure p d]ive f ! feel ( ?+s1 take great pa9s1 z we %all see 9 ano!r *apt]1 to pa9t ! surfaces1 or1 z !y sugge/ x1 ! texture ( objects1 9 su* a way z to make u feel h[ pleasant x w\ld be to t\* !m4 ,besides1 x makes ! figure seem s mu* m real1 if !y sugge/ to u t1 if we t\*$ ! face1 x w\ld feel l fle%2 or1 if we c\ld pass our h& ov] ! dress1 x w\ld seem s(t & mossy l velvet1 or smoo? & poli%$ l sat94 ,b1 to return to ! contra/ ( light & d>k4 ,al?\gh x is by ?is contra/ t we get an impression ( ! =m or bulk ( an object1 mo/ p are n aw>e ( ! fact4 ,!y h gr[n up 9 ! habit ( recogniz+ ?+s by sight1 )\t be+ consci\s ( h[ !y d s4 ,!y j see ?+s4 ,arti/s1 h[ev]1 h _h to le>n ! reason & h[ to apply x to pa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n pa9t+ ext5ds back ab\t six hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! pa9t+s :i* decorat$ "s ( ! *ur*es 9 ,italy 7 pa9t$ 9 :at is call$ a conv5tional way4 ,t is to say1 a c]ta9 cu/om 0 foll[$ by all ! pa9t]s4 ,!y repres5t$ ! heads & h&s ( _! figures1 b ! bodies 7 cov]$ ) drap]ies1 "u :i* !re 0 little or no sugge/ion ( any =m or bulk4 ,= ! :ole figure appe>$ flat4 ,x 0 z if y %\ld make a little figure ( clay or pa/e1 & !n pass a roll] ov] x1 until its ?ickness is flatt5$ d[n into no?+ b l5g? & bread?4 ,! figures1 9 fact1 gave no appe>ance ( be+ real & lifelike because1 z arti/s w\ld say1 !re 0 no draw+ 9 !m4 ,!re 0 no?+ to sugge/ t ! figures _h real bodies4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 p grew tir$ ( ^! unlifelike figures1 & a pa9t] nam$ ,giotto 7#abff8-accg7 became ! lead] ( a new motive 9 pa9t+4 ,x 0 simply to try & make ! figures look real & ! sc5es 9 :i* !y appe>$ seem natural4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ a conv5tion1 he us$ 8 eyes & /udi$ nature4 ,he 0 no long] satisfi$ to fill 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8 picture ) a flat gold t9t z ! conv5tional pa9t]s _h done4 ,he wi%$ to increase ! reality ( 8 figures by repres5t+ !m 9 real surr\nd+s1 sometimes 9 a room1 sometimes out ( doors4 ,in/ead ( be+ cont5t to make 8 pictures flat1 repres5t+ only l5g? & bread?1 he set to "w to create ! sugge/ion ( ! ?ird dim5sion--dep?4 ,he w\ld try & make y feel t y c\ld walk f ! =egr\nd ( 8 picture1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh to ! backgr\nd2 & t1 z y rea*$ ea* figure or object 9 ! sc5e1 y c\ld pass y\r h& r\nd x & feel t x _h real bulk4 ,i said 8/ep by /ep0 & ,i lay /ress on x4 ,= :at ,giotto tri$ to repres5t 0 n m]ely "s figures 9 front & !n a big gap t y _h to jump ov] be=e y rea*$ ! backgr\nd1 b :at ! arti/s call ! 8successive planes0 ( ! sc5e--! /ep-by-/ep appe>ance ( ! sc5e4 ,p]haps y w grasp bett] :at ?is means if1 :5 y next g to ! !at]1 y c>efully obs]ve ! sc5]y1 repres5t+ "s outdoor effect4 ,on ea* side ( ! /age1 v likely repres5t+ tree trunks1 !re is a s]ies ( 8w+s10 "o beh9d ano!r at a di/ance ( say five feet1 :ile across ! /age1 hang+ d[n f ! 8flies10 is a s]ies ( cut clo?s1 repres5t+ foliage1 t correspond ) ! w+s & seem to be bran*es ( ! tree trunks4 ,well1 ^! clo?s & _! w+s correspond to ! 8successive planes0 ( a picture4 ,!y lead gradually back & y c actually walk 9 & out ( !m4 ,b1 :5 y rea* ! back clo?1 y are /opp$1 s f> z y\r legs are conc]n$4 ,if y are sitt+ 9 ! auditorium1 h[ev]1 y\r eye goes travel+ on & on a long di/ance1 = ! back clo? is itself a picture1 9 :i* !re is an illusion ( successive planes4 ,! arti/'s ^w = repres5t+ ! successive planes is p]spective4 ,if y /& betwe5 ! rails ( a trolley l9e or railroad & look along x1 ! l9es seem to draw toge!r or conv]ge4 ,yet 9 reality y "k t !y are equidi/ant f ea* o!r all ! way along4 ,b1 s9ce our p[] ( see+ becomes less & less z objects are f>!r remov$ f u1 s to our dim9i%+ sight ! size & di/9ctness ( ! space betwe5 ! rails appe>s also to dim9i%4 ,9 ! same way y w obs]ve t ! wid? ( ! /reet seems to dim9i%1 & ! p & wagons appe> small] & small]1 accord+ z !y are se5 f>!r & f>!r back 9 ! successive planes4 ,! h\ses1 too--y "k t if y /ood 9 front ( any ( ! h\ses1 exactly fac+ x1 ! upright sides w\ld appe> to be1 z !y are1 ( equal height1 & t ! w9d[s & cornice w\ld appe> 9 p>allel horizontal l9es4 ,yet1 z y /& 9 ! /reet & look along ! h\ses on ei!r side1 !y pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,9 ! case ( ea* h\se ! upright side1 ne>] to y1 seems high] ?an ! "o f>!r (f1 & ! r[s ( w9d[s & ! l9e ( ! cornice appe> to slope d[nw>d4 ,= ! h\ses z !y take _! places 9 ! rec$+ or successive planes seem to dim9i% 9 size4 ,?is1 y see1 is ano!r example ( :at we h already said1 t ! arti/ does n pa9t :at he kn[s to be facts1 b ! appe>ances1 z he sees !m f ! po9t :]e 8 eyes are--8 8po9t ( sight40 ,y rememb] h[ 9 an e>li] *apt] t arti/ repres5t$1 or r sugge/$ ! c[s 9 ! di/ance by a few dabs4 ,t 0 h[ he saw !m f 8 po9t ( sight4 ,i c\ld n tell y !n1 b y w und]/& n[1 t he 0 obey+ ! law ( p]spective1 & 0 repres5t+ ! c[s z !y appe>$ 9 _! own prop] plane ( ! sc5e4 ,d y rememb] t :5 he drew 9 _! horns & tails & o!r details1 !y look$ l toy c[s8 ,we c n[ see :y4 ,!y contradict$ _! surr\nd+s2 !y no long] 7 at home 9 _! own plane2 _! plane 0 a good way (f1 b !y 7 repres5t$ z if close to our eyes2 &1 z we saw h[ small !y 71 !y seem$ to u l toy c[s4 ,y see1 x is entirely a matt] ( h[ ?+s look to ! eyes4 ,! pa9t]1 z ,i h said1 does n repres5t ! facts z he kn[s !m to be1 b ! impressions :i* ! facts make ^u 8 eyesight2 & ^! impressions1 by ! way 9 :i* he r5d]s !m1 he h&s on to u4 ,8 picture is n nature1 b a sugge/ion or illusion ( nature4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,giotto _h discov]$ t1 to make y feel t y c\ld walk back ?r\gh 8 pictures1 he mu/ repres5t ! successive planes1 he only p>tly f\nd out h[ to d x4 ,x 0 n until ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s lat] t a pa9t] nam$ ,masaccio le>n$ h[ to fill ! :ole ( 8 picture ) a sugge/ion ( atmosph]e1 s t ! objects took _! places prop]ly 9 _! prop] planes1 & x 0 /ill lat] be=e arti/s ?or\ghly work$ out ! me?ods ( p]spective4 ,! greate/ difficulty t !y _h to surm\nt 0 h[ to 8=e%ort50 _! figures1 or repres5t !m 9 8=e%ort5+40 ,a simple way ( und]/&+ :at ?is means is to /& 9 front ( a mirror & /ret* out y\r arms to left & "r1 l ! arms ( a cross4 ,ea* ext5ds a long way4 ,b n[ br+ !m 9 front ( y & /ret* !m t[>d ! mirror4 ,at once !y look %ort]1 or at any rate y _c see _! l5g?4 ,!y appe> =e%ort5$4 ,or y may practice a /ill m 8viol5t0 example ( =e%ort5+1 if y are able to place ! mirror :]e y c see y\r body1 :5 ly+ d[n ) ! feet t[>d x1 = n[ ! :ole l5g? ( ! body appe>s =e%ort5$ 9 ! mirror4 ,! surface ( ! latt]1 y obs]ve1 corresponds exactly ) ! surface ( a picture4 ,x is a flat plane ^u :i* is produc$ ! appe>ance ( successive or rec$+ planes1 & ?\gh y _c see ! l5g? ( y\r body because x is =e%ort5$1 y are made to feel its l5g?4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e arti/s ov]came ! difficulty ( repres5t+ ?is effect2 & ! fir/ pictures 9 :i* x 0 accompli%$ 7 naturally reg>d$ z wond]s4 ,s9ce x is n ! purpose ( ?is book to tea* y to draw ,i w m5tion only "o ( ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,x is ! "o we h already be5 discuss+--! contra/ ( light & d>k1 or1 z x is call$1 8*i>oscuro40 ,arti/s soon discov]$ t1 if an object has bulk1 t "p ( x :i* is ne>e/ to ! light w reflect mo/ light2 ! p>ts less ne>1 less light2 :ile ! p>ts t are expos$ to no light w appe> d>k4 ,z ?is 0 h[ ! arti/s saw ! objects1 x 0 s !y tri$ to repres5t !m4 ,!y le>n$ to 8model0 ! object1 t is to say1 to repres5t x z hav+ bulk1 by reproduc+ 9 _! pictures ! contra/s ( light & d>k4 ,at fir/ ! contra/s 7 crude1 *iefly ( ! v light & v d>k1 b by degrees ! arti/s became m skillful & le>n$ to repres5t also all ! v>y+ gradations ( less light & less d>k4 ,by ?is "t !y 7 bett] able to surm\nt ! difficulty ( =e%ort5+4 ,y w see h[1 if y w aga9 /& 9 front ( ! mirror & /ret* out "o arm t[>d x4 ,! simple/ te/ is made1 if y c arrange t ! light %all be directly at y\r back1 = !n x is reflect$ by ! mirror on to ! front ( y4 ,9 ?is case y w notice t y\r out/ret*$ h& receives ! mo/ light1 because x is ne>e/ to ! light4 ,if x 7 repres5t$ 9 ?is way 9 a picture1 our habit ( see+ ! highe/ or brighte/ light on ! highe/ or mo/ directly expos$ surface ( an object w\ld make u feel t ! h& project$ 9 front ( ! body4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y /& be=e ! mirror ) light fall+ ^u y f "o side1 ! picture 9 ! mirror w be q diff]5t 9 appe>ance4 ,! light & %ad[ w be m brok5 up & div]sifi$4 ,"s "p ( y\r h&1 x may be simply ! edges ( ! f+]s1 w cat* a high light1 ev5 if x is n ! highe/2 & light probably w fall on y\r =e>m1 betwe5 ! wri/ & elb[1 & aga9 ^u ! upp] "p ( ! arm4 ,broadly speak+1 y\r arm pres5ts ?ree planes ( =m--! h&1 ! =e>m1 & ! upp] arm4 ,&1 ?\gh to y\r untra9$ eye ! light on all ( ^! planes may seem ! same1 to an arti/'s eye x w\ld v>y accord+ to ! angle at :i* ! light hits ! plane1 or1 z ! arti/ himself w\ld say1 accord+ to ! angle ( ! plane4 ,^! angles v>y all ov] ! figure1 z y may be able to see if y exam9e y\r picture 9 ! mirror4 ,to m5tion a few1 9 a g5]al way1 !re are sev]al angles ar\nd ea* ( ! %\ld]s1 ab\t ! brea/1 r\nd ! neck1 :ile ! face1 ) its project+ nose1 its rec$+ eye sockets1 its r\nd$ *eeks & s on1 pres5ts a regul> pat*work ( angles ( plane4 ,or %all ,i say1 ! :ole figure pres5ts a :ole multitude ( facets l a cut diamond8 ,only1 unlike ! diamond1 its facets are unev5 9 size & irregul> 9 %ape4 ,& j z ! light on ! facets1 "h v light & else:]e n s light1 in=ms u ( ! %ape ( ! diamond1 s d ^! diff]5tly light$ angles ( plane1 :5 pres5t$ 9 a picture1 give u ! sugge/ion ( ! figure's %ape4 ,& n[ /udy ! %ad[s 9 y\r mirror picture4 ,!y result f ! opposite ( :at we h be5 talk+ ab\t4 ,9 _! case ! angles ( plane are turn$ away f in/ead ( t[>d ! light1 & "s p>ts1 su* z ! holl[s ( ! folds ( y\r dress or coat1 seem to cat* no light at all & to be q d>k4 ,i expect y f9d x mu* easi] to detect ! v>i\s gradations ( d>k or %ad[s ?an ^? ( ! light4 ,& a great _m arti/s1 especially 9 old5 times1 seem to h se5 ! %ad[s m ?an ! lights--= !y repres5t ! =m] ) m subtlety1 t is to say1 ) a ke5] eye = v>iations1 ?an !y d ! latt]4 ,inde$1 ! subtle r5d]+ ( light is p>ticul>ly an accompli%m5t ( mod]n arti/s4 ,well1 if y h c>efully /udi$ y\r portrait 9 ! mirror1 ,i ?9k y mu/ h discov]$ h[ l>ge a "p ! contra/ ( light & %ad[ plays 9 ! appe>ance ( ! figure1 & !re=e1 :at an equally important "p x plays 9 produc+ an illusion ( reality 9 ! picture4 ,i d n =get t an arti/ by simply draw+ an outl9e ) a p5 or p5cil c also sugge/ to u ! appe>ance ( an object4 ,b1 if he does s1 x is by ! help ( ourselves1 = he relies on our imag9ation to supply :at he has omitt$4 ,f9ally1 be=e we leave ! mirror portrait1 ,i %\ld l to ask y 9 :i* ( ! foll[+ ways y see x3 ,d y see x z a bold1 simple composition ( light & d>k8 ,or are y consci\s ( a hundr$ & "o little details ab\t ! clo!s & face & hair & s on8 ,! =m] is :at arti/s call ! 8broad0 way ( see+ nature4 ,_m arti/s see nature 9 ?is way & repres5t 9 a bold1 free1 broad mann] simply ! big g5]al facts4 ,o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 z y may be1 are consci\s at once ( ! great v>iety ( details ( :i* ! :ole is compos$1 & repres5t ! subject 9 a highly detail$ mann]4 ,nei!r is ! "r nor ! wrong way4 ,?\s&s ( f9e pictures h be5 pa9t$ 9 bo? ways4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y f9d y gr[ to l "o way m ?an ano!r1 x w be because y y\rself1 z well z ! arti/1 h ! habit ( receiv+ impressions 9 t way4 ,d n on t acc\nt ?9k o!r p wrong = receiv+ impressions diff]5tly & !re=e pref]r+ ! o!r sort ( picture4 ,we _c help hav+ pref]5ces1 b !y %\ldn't prejudice u aga9/ ! pref]5ces ( o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,geometric ,,composition ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s we talk$ ab\t ! elem5ts ( composition4 ,we f\nd t ! composition or arrangem5t ( figures & objects 9 ! picture is design$ by arti/s = two purposes3 ,fir/ly1 to repres5t "s subject2 &1 secondly1 to repres5t x 9 su* a way t ! arrangem5t itself w be a s\rce ( pleasure4 ,?is second purpose is :at makes ! picture a "w ( art4 ,& we f\nd t ! arti/1 9 ord] to make 8 composition give pleasure to our s5se ( sight1 relies ^u ! pleasure t we d]ive f repetition & contra/1 & ^u ! in/9ct t we all h = keep+ our balance4 ,! elem5ts ( composition1 9 fact1 are repetition & contra/ 9 a /ate ( balance1 sometimes ) ! add$ *>m ( rhy?m4 ,we also f\nd t "o way 9 :i* arti/s contrive to make ?is balance ( repetition & contra/ is by play+1 z we may say1 ^u ! simple geometrical patt]ns ( ! rectangle1 triangle1 & circle4 ,n[ let u /udy an actual example1 & = ! purpose ,i h *os5 ,raphael's ,disput4#a ,x is pa9t$ on a wall ( "o ( ! 8,/anze0 or suite ( rooms 9 ! ,vatican1 ! home ( ! ,pope1 9 ,rome4 ,raphael pa9t$ _m o!r decorations 9 ^! rooms1 b ?is 0 8 fir/ "o1 execut$ :5 z a "y man ( tw5ty-five he _h be5 summon$ f ,flor5ce to "w = ! p[]ful pope1 ,julian ,,ii4 ,raphael _h be5 a pupil ( ,p]ug9o1 & he took "o ( ! geometrical designs t 8 ma/] _h already us$4 ,! pupil1 h[ev]1 improv$ ^u x4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! %ape ( ! space t ,raphael 0 call$ ^u to decorate4 ,x is kn[n z a lunette or moon-%ape4 ,n[ x 0 ?is space & no o!r1 t = ! "t be+1 he _h to decorate4 ,:at he put into x1 mu/ be sugge/$ by1 "o may almo/ say1 mu/ gr[ out (1 ! p>ticul> %ape ( ?is space4 ,9 fact1 ! outside l9es ( ! lunette1 & ! l9es inside1 mu/ toge!r =m ! patt]n ( ! composition4 ,n[ obs]ve h[ he did x4 ,briefly1 he put into x a numb] ( curv$ l9es1 t w\ld repeat ! curve ( ! outside1 & sometimes also be 9 contra/ to x4 ,likewise he introduc$ horizontal l9es1 to repeat ! bottom edge1 & v]tical ones 9 contra/4 ,let u exam9e x m closely4 ,n q 9 ! c5t] b ne>ly s1 is a small circle1 on :i* appe>s a dove4 ,?is circle arre/s our eye1 & its effect is to make u feel v c]ta9ly t "p ( ! composition is above x & "p bel[4 ,x is repeat$ above by a mu* l>g] circle4 ,?is is n complet$2 = its regul>ity ( ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,la ,disput del ,sacram5to4 ,raphael4 %ape is int]rupt$ by ! two figures1 seat$ "o on ea* side4 ,! circle seems to pass beh9d ^! till x m]ges ) ! cl\ds bel[4 ,bo? ! small & ! l>ge circles repeat ! outside curves ( ! lunette4 ,on ! o!r h& ! curve ( ! cl\ds1 & ! figures seat$ ^u !m =m a contra/+ curve1 & !re is ano!r "o high] up1 =m$ by ! two gr\ps ( float+ angels4 ,9 ! c5t]1 above ! l>g] circle1 is a figure ) a nimbus t po9ts up1 c>ry+ our eye t[>d an imag9>y c5t]1 some:]e outside ! picture1 f :i* />t ! radiat+ l9es4 ,s ! impression ( t "p ( ! picture t we h be5 exam9+ is ( uplift4 ,by successive /eps ! eye &1 ?r\gh x1 ! imag9ation1 are invit$ to m\nt up4 ,& n[ = ! "p bel[ ! small circle1 sep>at$ f :at is above by an op5 space ( cle> blue sky4 ,d y notice t ! b& ( figures /ret*+ across ?is "p takes ! =m ( a curve1 repeat+ ! curves ( ! circles b contra/$ ) ! two important curves ( cl\d8 ,its effect is to prev5t "o's gaze f so>+ altoge!r upw>d4 ,?is d[nw>d curve1 z x 71 te!rs ! composition to ! gr\nd firmly 9 ! two corn]s4 ,& n[ note t ! c5tral feature ( ?is l[] "p is ! alt>1 an equilat]al1 9 /ronge/ possible contra/ to ! curves & circles above x4 ,t x may h /ill /rong] emphasis1 obs]ve h[ its horizontal l9es are repeat$ d[n to ! bottom ( ! picture by ! /eps1 s t ! eye1 z x 71 m\nts ! /eps to ?is c5tral feature4 ,fur!r ! equilat]al is aga9 en=c$ & also balanc$ by ! v]tical & horizontal l9es1 =m+ a sugge/ion ( equilat]al figures 9 ! corn]s4 ,! "o on ! "r is actually a doorway2 ! black "p is ! door4 ,"s arti/s might h felt x 0 a drawback to h a bit ?us cut out ( ! picture4 ,n s ,raphael4 ,!re1 z else:]e 9 ^! rooms1 he takes ! doorway into 8 composition & makes x s]ve a v useful purpose ( emphasis+ ! corn]1 & !n inv5ts ano!r /ructure to /r5g!n equally ! corn] opposite4 ,n[ note ! radiat+ l9es ( ! pavem5t4 ,9 a g5]al way !y repeat ! radiation ( ! l9es at ! top ( ! picture2 b !y are f>!r ap>t & bold]1 z befits ! bold] "* ( ! l[] "p4 ,h y discov]$ ! po9t f :i* ^! l9es ( ! pavem5t radiate8 ,by us+ a /raight edge to ea* 9 turn1 y w f9d t all ! l9es1 if cont9u$ w\ld meet )9 ! little circle ( ornam5t t /&s ^u ! alt>4 ,to ?is po9t also ! gaze ( _m ( ! figures is direct$4 ,"s ( ! figures1 h[ev]1 are /&+ s t ?\gh !y gaze t[>ds ?is c5t]1 ! l9es ( _! bodies lead our gaze upw>d z well z t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,!n aga91 beside ! alt> is a figure ) its arm po9t+ upw>d1 s t our eye & imag9ation are n p]mitt$ to /op at ! little circle4 ,= ,raphael _h to b9d ! l[] & upp] p>ts toge!r & make "o unit$ composition4 ,v easily ! /ret* ( ! sky might h divid$ ! :ole into two p>ts4 ,le/ x %\ld1 he has s(t5$ ! contra/ ( ! l[] & upp] curves by introduc+ on ! "o side a build+1 on ! o!r a l[ hill ) delicate trees spr++ upw>d4 ,n[ let u pause = a mom5t1 & obs]ve ! g5]al effect ( ! l9es1 :i* we c d by turn+ to ! skeleton draw+ on transp>5t pap]4 ,x lays b>e ! plan ( ! composition1 & we c see t x is a geometric composition ( repetition & contra/s1 ( horizontal1 v]tical1 diagonal & curv$ l9es1 balanc$ s z to unite into "o s+le impression4 ,to myself ! impression is ( look+ into ! int]ior ( a circul> build+1 ) a vault$ ro(4 ,i rememb] j su* a build+ 9 ,rome2 ! ,pan!on1 built 9 honor ( all ! gods1 b n[1 z 9 ,raphael's "t1 a temple ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z y ent] x an alt> faces y across ! /ret* ( pavem5t1 & ! l9es ( ! ar*itecture1 z x circles r\nd y & above y1 are v simil> to ^! l9es1 :ile ov]head ! ribs or radiat+ l9es ( ! vault$ ceil+ sudd5ly /op1 = !re is a circul> op5+ at ! top1 ?r\gh :i* y c see ! sky1 & ! light /rikes d[n ?r\gh x 9 diagonal %afts ( light4 ,i wond] if ,raphael _h ! ,pan!on 9 m9d :5 he compos$ ?is picture8 ,v likely1 = he mu/ h se5 x2 & he _h a wond]ful gift = receiv+ impressions & mak+ use ( !m4 ,& ?is build+1 bo? = its unusual %ape & p>ticul>ly f t wond]ful op5+1 c>ry+ "o's imag9ation upw>d f f9ite space to ! inf9ite spaci\sness ( sky1 is peculi>ly impressive4 ,x fits 9 also ) ! conception t ,raphael seems to h =m$ ( ! subject :i* ! picture commemorates4 ,= ! "n ( ! picture is mislead+4 ,x does n repres5t a dispute or argum5t1 z ! title ,disput w\ld sugge/4 ,! real subject is an allegory ( ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*--! ,*ur* on ,e>? & ! ,*ur* 9 ,heav51 ! ,*ur* ,militant & ! ,*ur* ,triumphant4 ,& x is ! idea ( ! ,*ur* on ,e>? z held by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* t is repres5t$4 ,y may n be a ,roman ,ca?olic y\rself1 any m ?an ,i am1 b none ! less let u try to ent] rev]5tly = a few m9utes into ! conception ( ! picture1 s9ce x w help u to see h[ wond]fully ! composition gr[s out ( ! idea4 ,to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ! highe/ act ( wor%ip is ! s]vice ( ! ,mass4 ,"h1 9 consequ5ce1 ! alt> at :i* x is celebrat$ is made ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! l[] "p ( ! picture4 ,x =ms1 z x 71 a key/one ( ! ar* ( figures2 ! bi%ops1 doctors1 & fai?ful ( ! ,*ur* on ,e>?4 ,_! wor%ip is direct$ t[>ds ! alt> on :i* re/s ! receptacle 9 :i* ! ,sacr$ ,bread is res]v$4 ,on e>? ! ,*ur* rev]es ! ,bread z ! ,body ( ,*ri/2 a symbol ( ! ,body ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ 9 ,heav54 ,above ! alt> hov]s a dove1 symbol ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ?r\gh :om ! ,words ( ,holy ,scripture make kn[n ! ,glory ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! sacr$ books are borne by baby =ms1 8= ( su* is ! ,k+dom ( ,heav540 ,above ! symbol ( ! ,holy ,_s1 sits en?ron$ ! ,*ri/1 ) h&s uplift$1 %[+ ! w\nds t ! nails made4 ,on "o side sits ! ,virg9 ,"m1 on ! o!r1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o prep>$ ! way be=e ,him2 :ile to "r & left is a r[ ( ,apo/les1 ,sa9ts1 & ,m>tyrs4 ,above ! circle ( glory appe>s ! figure ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ) h&s uprais$ 9 bless+4 ,on ei!r side ( ,him float angels & ! sky is ?ick ) baby faces ( ,*]ubs & ,s]aphs1 s++ 8,hosanna40 ,d[n ?r\gh _! mid/ desc5d %afts ( gold5 light f ! f> (f inf9ite ,sun ( ,righte\sness4 ,:e!r or n ,raphael _h 9 m9d ! ,pan!on1 8 r5d]+ ( ! allegory f> excels ! gr&eur ev5 ( ! beautiful temple4 ,= 8 own temple is compos$ ( e>? & sky4 8,! ,e>? is ,8 ,tab]nacle10 & ! ceil+ !re( ! vault ( ! ,heav5s !mselves4 ,susp5d$ 9 x is ! vision ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 & ! ?rongs ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 ^: praise & adoration are ! mighty e*o ( ! pray]s & praises d[n bel[ on e>?4 ,?us1 y see1 ) :at simple cle>ness ,raphael grasp$ ! idea t ,pope ,julian ,,ii ask$ him to commemorate4 ,x is z logical z a proposition 9 geometry1 & on simple pr9ciples ( geometric design he built up ! idea into a picture4 ,h[ ! simplicity ( ! idea has be5 elaborat$ ) a v>iety ( beautiful ?\ghts1 & h[ ! simplicity ( ! design ( ! /ructure has be5 hung1 z x 71 ) ri* embroid]ies ( detail1 ,i mu/ leave y to se>* out = y\rselves4 ,if y d1 y w f9d t ea* figure repres5ts "s example ( repetition or contra/1 ea* a sep>ate beauty & mean+4 ,9 conclusion ,i w ask y "o "q4 ,d y p]ceive ! rhy?m t prevails 9 ?is balance ( repetition & contra/3 h[ f ! bottom ( ! composition ! successive waves ( patt]n fl[ upw>d1 z ! ?\ghts ( ! ,fai?ful m\nt 9 successive waves ( pray] & adoration8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,geometric ,,composition 7,cont9u$7 ,"h is ano!r example ( geometric composition4 ,x is also by ,raphael & is pa9t$ on "o ( ! walls 9 ! same room t ! ,disput decorates4 ,b1 :ile ! latt]'s geometric plan 0 v noticeable1 ?is "o is m disguis$ & ! :ole design has a mu* great] appe>ance ( fre$om4 ,x is recognis$ by arti/s z "o ( ,raphael's mo/ beautiful compositions1 & "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( space decoration 9 exi/5ce4 ,b be=e we exam9e ! plan on :i* ! decoration ( ?is space has be5 built up1 let u /udy ! subject4 ,x is usually call$ ,jurisprud5ce1 t is to say ! pr9ciple ( ,law--bo? ! mak+ & ! adm9i/]+ ( laws4 ,9 ! ,disput ! subject1 z y rememb]1 0 ,religion2 9 two ( ! o!r panels 9 ?is same room ,raphael has repres5t$ ,philosophy & ,poetry4 ,"h he set himself to repres5t ! idea ( ,law4 ,! idea1 y obs]ve4 ,9 all ^! f\r panels1 x is an idea1 n an ev5t or incid5t1 t is repres5t$2 b an idea--some?+ t has exi/5ce only 9 ! m9d4 ,= all ! subjects repres5t ab/ract ideas2 ideas1 t is to say1 ab/ract$ or remov$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,we _c1 = example1 see religion or ,law2 nor t\*1 ta/e1 smell1 nor he> !m4 ,we c see ! policeman on 8 beat1 or ! judge 9 c\rt1 or ! memb]s ( ! legislature--! m5 :o1 respectively1 ma9ta91 adm9i/]1 & make ! laws2 & we c see ! record ( ! laws 9 books4 ,b ! idea or pr9ciple ( ,law :i* has caus$ m5 to con/ruct all ?is ma*9]y = ! mak+ & en=c+ ( ! laws1 exi/s only 9 ! m9d4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,raphael 0 ask$ to pa9t ! subject ( ,jurisprud5ce or ,law1 some?+ t no "o has ev] se5 or w see1 :at did he d8 ,he ask$ himself ! "q3 ,:5 p h a respect = ,law1 h[ does x %[ itself 9 _! acts8 ,9 ! fir/ place !y are v c>eful 9 ! mak+ ( ! laws2 !y f\nd !m ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ & %ape !m to fit ! ne$s ( ! future2 !y exhibit ,,prud5ce4 ,secondly1 9 ! en=c+ ( ! laws1 !y exhibit two qualities3 ,,firmness & ,,mod]ation4 ,?\gh !y firmly uphold ! law1 !y rememb] t 8e>?ly p[] do? !n %[ like/ ,god's ,:5 m]cy seasons ju/ice40 ,raphael1 !n1 det]m9$ to repres5t ! idea ( ,law1 by repres5t+ ?ree ( its qualities3 ,prud5ce1 ,firmness & ,mod]ation4 ,^! ?ree aga9 are ab/ract ideas4 ,no "o has ev] se5 !m or w see !m2 we c only see ! results ( !m1 ! acts :i* !y influ5ce man to d4 ,s if ,prud5ce1 ,firmness & ,mod]ation h no visible %ape1 h[ c\ld he repres5t !m to ! eye8 ,he probably took a h9t f a =m ( a /age play t 0 popul> 9 8 day4 ,at any rate he did :at ! au?ors ( ^! 8,moralities0 or 8,allegories0 7 9 ! habit ( do+4 ,= !y introduc$ z *>act]s 9 _! plays ! ,vices & ,virtues2 mak+ an actor1 = example1 p]sonify ,gluttony or embody 9 8 own p]son ! idea ( ,gluttony4 ,?us1 a fat man w\ld be *os5 = ! "p1 & he w\ld pad himself s z to look /ill fatt]2 he w\ld make 8 face %9+ & greasy1 & p]haps cov] ! front ( 8 coat ) grease1 to sugge/ :at a gre$y & dirty fe$] he 04 ,he w\ld come on ! /age eat+1 & any?+ he _h to say or d w\ld help ! audi5ce to realise t ! only ?+ he liv$ = 0 to /uff himself ) food4 ,?is 0 call$ an embodim5t or p]sonification ( ,gluttony2 = ! idea ( ,gluttony 0 sugge/$ 9 ! p]son ( ! actor by ! peculi>ities ( 8 body & behavi\r4 ,:ile ! p]sonifications ( ! ,vices 7 = ! mo/ "p comic1 ^? ( ! virtues 7 beautiful or h]oic1 s t ^! ,moralities or ,allegories 7 z popul> ) ! cr[d z ) p ( ta/e4 ,sometimes ! allegory 0 repres5t$1 n ) figures mov+ ab\t ! /age1 speak+ & act+1 b z a /ation>y gr\p1 9 :i* ! figures 7 rais$ on /eps1 s t a v impos+ composition or tableau 0 pres5t$4 ,& no d\bt1 :5 ^! 7 giv5 on a gr& scale arti/s (t5 arrang$ ! spectacle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/s 7 n sl[ to adopt ! same idea 9 _! pictures4 ,! great alt>pieces & l>ge decorations1 pa9t$ by ! ,italian arti/s ( ! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies are to all int5ts & purposes allegories4 ,su* c]ta9ly is ?is ,jurisprud5ce ( ,raphael's4 ,he has p]sonifi$ ! ?ree virtues ( ,prud5ce1 ,firmness & ,mod]ation4 ,to ,prud5ce he has giv5 two faces4 ,"o is old1 = x gazes back ov] ! long pa/2 ! o!r has ! fre%ness ( y\?1 z x pe]s into ! future4 ,x is look+ at itself 9 a mirror4 ,:y8 ,= ev]y?+ 9 ^! allegories is int5d$ to convey a mean+ to ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,p]haps !re are two reasons4 ,! face is gaz+ at ! reflection ( itself1 z x n[ is2 = ,prud5ce1 besides tak+ note ( ! pa/ & look+ t[>d ! future1 mu/ "k ! pres5t4 ,aga91 s9ce a mirror reflects :at is 9 front ( x & %[s u our face z o!rs see x1 x 0 us$ by ! arti/s z an emblem ( ,tru?4 ,& to "k ! tru? is wisdom1 & to act accord+ to tru? & wisdom is prud5ce4 ,s1 :5 y see a figure hold+ ! emblem ( ! mirror1 y may be sure ! arti/ is p]sonify+ ! idea ( ,tru?1 or ,wisdom1 or ,prud5ce1 or all ?ree comb9$4 ,on ! bosom ( ,prud5ce is a w+$ head2 p]haps int5d$ = ! head ( ,m$usa1 :i* turn$ to /one e "o :o look$ at x4 ,if s1 x is an ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,jurisprud5ce4 ,raphael4 emblem "h ( ! t]ribl5ess ( ,prud5ce1 :5 (f5d$4 ,%e is g5tle 9 h]self1 b a t]ror to evil do]s4 ,at h] side a baby =m holds a tor*4 ,?is 0 us$ z ! emblem ( t :i* enlight5s ! _w--,le>n+2 & sugge/s "h t ,prud5ce is illum9at$ by le>n+1 p]haps also1 t tru? & wisdom & prud5ce are !mselves lights :i* light5 ! d>kness ( ! _w4 ,! figure to ! "r ( ! ,tor*-be>] (f]s ,prud5ce a bit & re9s4 ,x is ) ^! t m5 control horses2 s !y 7 adopt$ by pa9t]s z an emblem ( control2 &1 kn[+ ?is1 we recognise t ! woman :o holds !m is int5d$ to p]sonify ,mod]ation4 ,h] :ole be>+ sugge/s mode/y1 :i* is a =m ( mod]ation1 = bo? words imply t a p]son has ! s5se to "k h[ f> x is "r to g1 & :]e x is fit to /op4 ,b note ! figure ( ! woman on ! "r4 ,%e is ( p[]ful build1 seat$ 9 a positive sort ( attitude t has no?+ ( ! g5tle retir+ "* ( ! o!r figures4 ,%e is a p]sonification ( ,firmness1 arm$ = def5se1 ) helmet1 cuirass1 & greaves4 ,b1 ?\gh %e c>ries no weapon ( (f5se1 %e holds 9 lea% "o ( ^? pumas ) :i* ! anci5ts us$ to hunt big game4 ,%e w1 if necess>y1 pursue & pull d[n ! law's transgressors4 ,mean:ile %e be>s an oak bran*1 ! emblem ( /r5g? & victory 9 civil life1 z oppos$ to ! laurel ( w>1 = h] victories are ^? ( peace4 ,! little ,cupids1 or ,amor9i1 z ! ,italians call !m1 except ! two :o c>ry ! mirror & tor*1 are put 9 simply to increase ! beauty ( ! composition4 ,i h dwelt fir/ ^u ! subject ( ?is decoration1 because x is a key to s _m ( ! old pa9t+s & to _m mod]n ones z well4 ,_! subjects repres5t ab/ract ideas p]sonifi$1 embodi$ 9 human =m2 ! p>ticul> idea be+ %[n by ! emblems :i* accompany ea* figure4 ,p _h come to recognise t su* & su* an emblem indicat$ su* & su* an idea1 &1 :5ev] a pa9t] wi%$ to sugge/ t idea1 he repres5t$ a figure ) ! famili> emblem4 ,n[1 too1 t we h grasp$ ! mean+ ( ?is allegory ( ,raphael's we c bett] ent] into 8 mann] ( repres5t+ x4 ,s9ce ! idea is an ab/ract "o1 he has express$ x 9 an ab/ract way4 ,t is to say1 he has n attempt$ to repres5t real life1 or ! figures z do+ any real ?+4 ,x is true !y are life-l & _! actions are q natural2 b ! positions 9 :i* !y h be5 plac$ 7 *os5 9 ord] t ! arrangem5t ( _! limbs & bodies might produce an effect ( beautiful rhy?mic balance4 ,p]haps ?is 0 ,raphael's only ?\ght1 = he 0 above ev]y?+ an arti/1 ^: "w 9 life x is to create =ms ( beauty4 ,yet he _h a m9d s ready to receive all k9ds ( impressions t1 liv+ z he did 9 a v lawless age1 :5 m5 7 guid$ m by self ?an ju/ice1 he may h realis$ h[ beautiful w\ld be a reign ( law & ord]4 ,anyh[1 ?is decoration 9 a wond]ful way possesses j ^? *>act]i/ics t w\ld belong to a /ate ( society 9 :i* ju/ice or ju/ness 7 ! natural habit & n m]ely a ?+ en=c$ by law4 ,h[ simple life w\ld be if e man did to o!rs :at he w\ld h !m d to him1 & in/ead ( rivalry & suspicion1 :at a h>mony !re w\ld be6 ,x is h>mony & simplicity t are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ?is decoration4 ,! simplicity is v m>k$4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal figures4 ,i believe1 if !re 7 no?+ else b ^!1 ! balance ( ! composition w\ld be complete1 & c]ta9ly ! allegory w\ld be expla9$4 ,b balance is n necess>ily h>mony4 ,9 a s*ool debate1 = in/ance1 t5 ( y on ! "r ( ! room may say 8aye10 & t5 on ! left may say 8no10 to a subject :i* is be+ discuss$ betwe5 y4 ,!re is a balance--t5 on "o side1 oppos$ to t5 on ! o!r4 ,b 9 ?is decoration !re is h>mony4 ,y h only to look at ! picture to be sure ( x4 ,y _c detect any rivalry betwe5 ! ?ree figures1 al?\gh "o ( !m is s mu* m massive ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,all ( !m seem drawn toge!r into "o *ord ( feel+1 ! lead+ note ( :i* is ! head ( ,prud5ce1 lift$ above ! heads ( h] companions & se5 alone aga9/ ! op5 space ( ! sky & 9 ! place ( *ief importance--! c5t] ( ! arc ( space4 ,please rem9d me pres5tly to say a ^w ab\t ! plac+ ( ?is head1 = j n[ ,i d n wi% to int]rupt ! subject t we are consid]+--! h>mony ( ! composition4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t p>ticul>ly by ! ,amor9i t1 z x 71 b9d ! ?ree figures into a g>l& ( fe/oons4 ,note1 fir/1 ! two :i* are on ! extreme "r & left4 ,! w+ & arm ( ! =m] & ! incl9ation ( ! latt]'s :ole body sugge/ diagonal l9es4 ,^! cut across ! angles ( ! space1 or z !y say 9 geometry1 subt5d ! angles2 ty+ _! two arms toge!r & also (f]+ a /rong contra/ to _! direction4 ,! baby figures also keep ! composition f runn+ away to no?+ at ! corn]s1 = !y s]ve ! purpose ( mak+ ! patt]n curl up at ea* end4 ,or suppose we ?9k ( ! patt]n ( ! composition1 z if x 7 p>tly made up ( a wrea?1 su* z we use at ,*ri/mas "t to fe/oon our h\ses4 ,imag9e a nail driv5 into ! wall :]e ! head ( ! baby on ! left h& is4 ,atta* ! wrea? to x4 ,n[ drive ano!r nail into ! puma's head & betwe5 ?is "o & ! fir/ nail1 let a loop ( ! wrea? hang d[n s t x foll[s ! direction ( ! baby's body & a bit ( ! oak /em4 ,?is direction1 if y look at ! picture1 sugge/s a fe/oon4 ,n[ cont9ue to make fe/oons--fir/ along ! arm ( ,firmness up to ! h& ( ! ,cupid2 n[ ano!r f t po9t along ! l9e on ! ,cupid's w+ & arm & up ! arm ( ! next little figure2 ano!r f ! top ( ! mirror1 foll[+ ! curve ( ! arm ( ,prud5ce up to h] head4 ,s f>1 on ! left side ( ! pa9t+ we h f\r small fe/oons4 ,b ,i wond] if y c make out ano!r "o a long "o1 ! ends ( :i* are fa/5$ to ! head ( ,prud5ce & t ( ! baby 9 ! left corn]4 ,x foll[s ! slope ( ! figure ( ,prud5ce until x rea*es h] foot1 ! direction ( :i* />ts x across ! gap betwe5 h] & ,firmness1 :]e ! l9e reappe>s1 foll[+ ! folds ( ! latt]'s drap]y1 at fir/ along ! floor & !n above h] greave up to ! baby's head4 ,& n[ = ! "r h& side ( ! pa9t+4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a repetition ( ! long fe/oon4 ,?is "o is susp5d$ f ! head ( ,prud5ce to ! top ( ! w+ ( ! ,cupid 9 ! "r h& corn]4 ,x dips d[n along ! curve ( ! tor*1 d[n ?r\gh ! folds ( ,mod]ation's drap]y to h] feet & !n rises up & passes r\nd ! back ( ! *ild4 ,b hang+ above ?is ma9 fe/oon are two r[s ( small] ones4 ,fir/ly we f9d a v %all[ fe/oon f ! head ( ,prud5ce to ! h& :i* holds ! bit2 ano!r f ?is po9t to ! top ( ! head ( ,mod]ation4 ,bel[ ?is1 h[ev]1 is aga9 a fe/oon f ! bit1 along ! droop ( ! re9s to ! h& :i* holds !m1 f :i* po9t !re is /ill ano!r along ! arm up to ! head4 ,n[1 ,i d n = a mom5t wi% y to ?9k t ,raphael *ose po9ts 9 8 composition & !n arrang$ t ! l9es ( ! limbs & drap]ies %\ld =m fe/oons betwe5 !m4 ,9 exam9+ 8 "w1 ,i am try+ n to tell y h[ he did x1 b to expla9 :at has be5 done4 ,& "h1 cle>ly visible1 are :at ,i h call$1 fe/oons4 ,we might describe !m by "s o!r "n--z ripples ( movem5t4 ,= z ! wat] 9 "s %all[ brook ripples ov] & betwe5 ! /ones danc+ 9 ! sun%9e1 s ^! curves ( movem5t1 n[ 9 light & n[ 9 %ad[1 fl[ betwe5 ^! figures & fl[ ov] !m1 until ! :ole composition is a wov5 mass ( rhy?mic undulations4 ,rhy?mic8 ,yes1 x is j because ^! ripples or fe/oons pres5t su* a beautiful example ( rhy?m1 t ,i h dwelt ^u !m4 ,9 fact x is ! rhy?mic movem5t ( ! composition t gives to ?is pa9t+ its greate/ *>m4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,i %all h m to say ab\t ! rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! figures4 ,let u conclude ?is "o ) a few words ab\t ! geometric plan on :i* ! composition ( ! 8,jurisprud5ce0 is bas$4 ,z ,i h said1 x is n ne>ly s app>5t z t ( ! ,disput4 ,! latt]'s plan looks z if x might h be5 laid out ) /raight edge & compasses4 ,x 01 z ,i h told y1 adapt$ f a composition by ,raphael's ma/]1 ,p]ug9o1 & he1 v possibly1 may h adapt$ x f "s "o else's plan2 = 9 ^? days1 arti/s did n see any h>m 9 />t+ ) ano!r man's design1 & alt]+ x a little1 or p]haps mak+ x m elaborate to suit _! own purpose = ! mom5t4 ,b 9 ! %ort "t t elaps$ betwe5 ! pa9t+ ( ! ,disput & ! ,jurisprud5ce ! pupil _h made great /rides4 ,he _h f\nd 8 own /r5g? & 0 work+ 9 ! glory ( x4 ,!re=e ! ,jurisprud5ce exhibits a fre$om ( design1 :i* s disguises ! gr\nd plan1 t x is difficult to be sure ( :at x is1 al?\gh "o /ill feels t x is geometrical4 ,! fir/ ?+ we note is t ! arti/ has /r5g!n$ ! bottom l9e ( ! lunette by repetition4 ,he has c>ri$ a /one b5* along ! entire wid?1 :i* also s]ves z a seat = ! figures4 ,d y see ! advantage ( mak+ ! figures seat$8 ,if ,raphael _h repres5t$ !m 9 a /&+ position1 he w\ld h _h to make !m small] 9 ord] to get !m entirely into ! space2 & ?is w\ld h less5$ ! feel+ ( bigness 9 ! composition4 ,s he inv5t$ a device by :i* he c\ld repres5t !m seat$4 ,fur!r1 he has rais$ ! b5* 9 ! c5t] by ! addition ( ano!r /ep1 s z to lift ! composition naturally 9 ! "p :]e ! space to be decorat$ is highe/4 ,?us f ! corn]s1 or angles ( ! lunette !re is on ea* side a gradual rise up to ! head ( ,prud5ce1 t sugge/s a pyramid or a triangle )9 ! curv$ space4 ,! same triangul> effect is repeat$ 9 ! patt]n1 made by ! figures ( ,prud5ce & ! ,cupid :o holds ! tor*4 ,! curve ( ! tor* is s arrang$ z to balance ! slope ( ! woman's legs4 ,s ! geometric plan may be ! repetition ( a small]1 inside a l>g] triangle1 contra/$ ) ! curve ( ! lunette4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y look at ! pa9t+ aga91 y notice t ! ,cupid ) ! tor* is balanc$ by ! "o :o holds ! mirror4 ,_! bodies h a v]tical or upright direction1 & !n ! tops ( ! tor* & ! mirror supply po9ts :i* ! eye seems to jo9 by a horizontal l9e1 s t a rectangle occupies ! c5t] ( ! composition z x does 9 ! ,disput4 ,?is /rong contra/ ( a rectangul> =m to ! curve ( ! lunette1 & !n aga9 ! contra/ ( ! diagonal l9es1 =m$ by ! ,cupids' figures across ! angles ( ! space1 may be ! simple geometric elem5ts out ( :i* ?is composition grew4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,action1 ,,movem5t ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,figure ,:5 a few pages back ,i spoke ( ! movem5t ( ! figures ,i 0 us+ ! ^w z arti/s und]/& x4 ,!y d n mean by x t ! figure is repres5t$ z mov+ its limbs or body4 ,= ?is !y use ! ^w 8action40 ,!y speak ( ! action ( ! figure4 ,b :5 !y talk ( 8movem5t0 !y ref] to ! way 9 :i* ! action is express$4 ,!y mean t "o1 cont9u\s /ream ( en]gy w9ds 9 & out ?r\gh all ! undulations ( ! action4 ,?us1 9 ! figure ( ,mod]ation3 ! action consi/s 9 ! fact t %e is seat$1 ) h] legs ext5d$ to "o side1 :ile h] body turns 9 ! opposite direction1 & :ile ! h&s are /ret*$ out 9 ! direction t ! body faces1 ! head is turn$ away4 ,if y comp>e ! action ( ?is figure ) t ( ei!r ( ! o!rs1 y w see h[ mu* m complicat$ x is2 h[ _m m w9d+s x makes4 ,& an arti/ w\ld say t ?is figure has a f9e movem5t1 because ?r\gh all ! w9d+s or undulations ( action "o c feel a cont9u\s /ream ( en]gy2 s t e "p ( ! figure contributes exactly its natural %>e to ! action1 & ! l9es ( ! figure1 f ! toe to ! h& t holds ! bit1 fl[ cont9u\sly & h>moni\sly4 ,! only way 9 :i* y c see = y\rself h[ f9e ! movem5t is1 is to /udy x v c>efully1 & by degrees y w beg9 to discov] h[ wond]fully ! fl[ ( movem5t is express$4 ,x may help y1 if y put y\rself into ! same position1 t is to say1 make y\r own body repres5t ?is action4 ,at fir/ x may seem a little awkw>d1 b pres5tly1 z y adju/ y\r body to ! actions1 y w f9d t x seems easy & natural1 = y w h secur$ a p]fect poise4 ,&1 aft] all1 x is ! p]fect poise 9 ! action ( ?is figure ( ,mod]ation t helps to make ! movem5ts s f9e4 ,n[ turn to ! figure ( ,prud5ce4 ,"h ! action is mu* simpl]4 ,! body faces 9 ! same direction t ! legs ext5d4 ,b x leans back a little4 ,if y try ! action y\rself1 y w f9d x difficult1 = ! /ret*+ out ( ! legs makes y wi% to br+ y\r body =w>d1 s z to make ! balance easy4 ,b ,raphael1 kn[+ ?is1 has made ,prud5ce prop up h] body1 z x 71 by lean+ its weight on h] left arm4 ,d y see h[ ?is =ces up h] left %\ld]8 ,! repres5tation ( ?is & ! draw+ ( ! arm make u feel :at a pressure ( weight d[nw>ds ! h& has to support4 ,arti/s1 y w f9d1 usually make "s "o "p ( ! figure c>ry ! *ief weight4 ,sometimes !y may pa9t a /&+ figure 9 :i* ! weight passes /raight d[n ?r\gh ! figure & is support$ ev5ly by ! two feet1 l a column be>+ d[n on to its base4 ,b1 m (t51 !y make "o leg c>ry ! *ief weight1 or1 z 9 ?is figure1 "o arm4 ,!n x becomes v int]e/+2 fir/1 to /udy ! "p ( *ief muscul> /ra91 & secondly1 to note h[ all ! o!r p>ts ( ! action h>monise ) x4 ,= example1 9 ?is figure ( ,prud5ce1 al?\gh ! arm su/a9s ! *ief pressure1 a consid]able am\nt mu/ be> d[n ?r\gh h] trunk#b on to ! seat4 ,b1 if we comp>e h] trunk ) t ( ,mod]ation1 ,i ?9k we %all feel at once t ! latt] is support+ ! great] weight4 ,9 fact1 ! po9t ( greate/ muscul> action 9 ! figure ( ,mod]ation is at ! base ( ! trunk4 ,b to return to ,prud5ce4 ,we h not$ t ! left %\ld] is rais$ high] ?an ! "r4 ,n[ obs]ve ! incl9ation ( ! head z x leans g5tly =w>d on ! neck to gaze into ! mirror & ! easy action ( ! arm t holds ! light mirror4 ,equally easy & )\t ef=t is ! action ( ! legs4 ,9 fact1 except = ! firm quiet pressure on ! arm1 ! :ole figure sugge/s a graci\s repose4 ,n only is ! expression ( ! face sweetly m$itative1 b ! same feel+1 z ! arti/s w\ld say1 ( exquisite repose p]vades ! entire figure4 ,y %\ld le>n to look = ?is 9 pictures4 ,d n be satisfi$ only ) a beautiful face2 b expect to f9d ! beauty & ! same k9d ( beauty express$ 9 ! action & movem5t ( ! figure4 ,= x is 9 ?is expression ( feel+ t an arti/ %[s 8 skill4 ,comp>e ! feel+ 9 ! figure ( ,mod]ation4 ,x is no less m>k$1 ?\gh ! feel+ express$ is a diff]5t "o4 ,x is also quiet & graci\s1 b x does n sugge/ repose4 ,correspond+ ) ! flexible1 w9d+ movem5t1 ! feel+ is r "o ( rea*+ out1 z if 9 plead+ or t5d] invitation4 ,h[ev]1 x is (t5 v difficult to expla9 9 words j :at ! feel+ ( a figure expresses2 & p]haps x is bett] n to try to d s4 ,! ma9 ?+ = y is to get ! habit ( feel+ ! feel+4 ,n[ let u /udy ! feel+ ( ,firmness4 ,l t ( ! c5tral figure1 x sugge/s repose2 b a repose n s mu* ( graci\s m$itation1 z ( /r5g? & =ce4 ,9 a mom5t1 if ne$ be1 ?is figure w\ld rise to its feet1 ?rill ) al]tness & put =? its /r5g?4 ,mean:ile1 z x sits1 ! l9e ( pressure is /raight d[n ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! trunk1 & x is ! l[] muscles ( ! back t are support+ ! *ief weight4 ,"o %\ld] is rais$1 n h[ev]1 because x has to be> any pressure z 9 ! case ( ! c5tral figure1 b simply because ! trunk incl9es a little t[>d ! puma4 ,obs]ve1 ?\gh1 t ! head is held erect ov] ! c5tral l9e ( ! figure4 ,if x 7 n1 ! feel+ ( firm /r5g? 9 ! figure w\ld be less5$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! face is turn$ to "o side1 9 ord] t by its contra/ ( direction ! movem5t ( ! :ole figure may be m effective4 ,=1 ,i wond] if y h notic$ t ! movem5t 9 e case pres5ts a *a9 ( contra/s & repetitions4 ,/>t1 = example1 ) ! left foot ( ,firmness1 & move y\r f+] ov] ! direction ( ! figure2 fir/ up ! calf ( ! leg to ! knee2 !n (f t[>d ! "r to ! hip2 !n leftw>d up ! body1 !n aga9 to ! "r at ! slope ( ! %\ld]s2 !n slightly to ! left up ! neck1 & la/ly note ! face turn$ to ! "r4 ,y w h f\nd t y\r f+] has describ$ a s]ies ( zig-zags4 ,if y />t ) ! o!r foot1 ! figure w equally pres5t a s]ies ( zig-zags1 ?\gh "s diff] f ! =m] ones4 ,simil>ly1 if y beg9 ) ! foot ( ,prud5ce1 y\r eye travels up to ! knee2 !n horizontally t[>d ! lap2 next up ! slight backw>d slope ( ! body2 !n 9 ! opposite direction1 :5 y rea* ! neck & head4 ,! contra/s 9 ! figure ( ,mod]ation are s m>k$1 t ,i am sure y c make ! zig-zag = y\rself4 ,i h us$ ! ^w zig-zag because ,i want y to feel h[ m>k$ ! contra/s are1 & to realise t x is by means ( ^! contra/s t an arti/ composes 8 figures4 ,! zig-zag1 h[ev]1 9 ! actual figure has r\nd$ angles2 x is inde$ r a s]ies ( alt]nate curves to "r & left1 some:at l ! curves describ$ by a skilful & graceful skat]1 cutt+ figures on ! ice4 ,& x is ?is s]ies ( curves t give ! effect ( rhy?m z well z h>mony to ! figures 9 ?is picture4 ,=1 z y may h se5 = y\rself1 ! pr9ciples on :i* an arti/ composes a s+le figure are ! same z ^? he uses 9 ! composition ( sev]al figures into "o picture4 ,he relies ^u repetitions & contra/s to produce a balance1 :i* because ( its rhy?m ( p>ts %all ensure a h>moni\s :ole4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! case ( ! picture is t ! composition is made up1 n only ( figures1 b ( ! empty spaces ( ! backgr\nd also4 ,z arti/s w\ld say1 ! composition is an arrangem5t ( full & empty spaces2 & its beauty dep5ds ^u ! h>mony & balance betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ,jurisprud5ce1 = example1 x is rem>kable h[ ! space fill$ by ! figure ( ,prud5ce1 corresponds 9 size & ev5 9 its w$ge %ape to ! empty space =m$ by ! upp] & l[] /ep ( /onework4 ,= ! re/1 ! quantity ( space occupi$ by ! o!r two figures seems to be ab\t equal to ! empty spaces ar\nd !m1 ?\gh ! latt]1 in/ead ( be+ solid masses are brok5 up & di/ribut$4 ,b y w notice1 h[ l>ge a /ret* ( empty space is left at ! top ( ! lunette1 s t ! eye is drawn upw>d & ! dignity ( ! :ole decoration !reby elevat$4 ,note also1 :at a quiet impressive spot ! head ( ,prud5ce makes aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sky4 ,!re is1 z x 71 no?+ to di/urb its graci\s repose4 ,?is device ( sett+ a figure aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sky1 ,raphael may h le>n$ f "o ( 8 ma/]s1 ,p]ug9o4 ,at any rate1 bo? employ$ x1 ) beautiful effect4 ,y may (t5 see 9 nature ! beauty ( ?is effect2 :51 = example1 on ! top ( "s ris+ gr\nd a tree1 or a figure1 or a *ur* spire1 /&s aga9/ ! sky4 ,if ! object is motionless1 x seems to become m impressive because ( ! va/ness ( ! sky4 ,or1 %\ld ! objects be *ildr5 at play 7,i c rememb] a picture ( ?is71 !n _! sport seems to take on m joy\sness1 fre$om1 & buoyancy1 f ! va/ness ( ! sky4 ,& n[1 a %ort description ( ! way 9 :i* ?is decoration 0 pa9t$4 ,x is :at is call$ 8fresco10 an ,italian ^w t means 8fre%40 ,! "n is us$ because ! pa9t+ is done :ile ! pla/] ( ! wall is /ill fre%1 t is to say1 n 8set0 or dry4 ,! foll[+ is ! process4 ,! wall 0 fir/ cov]$1 z 9 our h\ses to-day1 ) a coat ( r\gh-ca/ pla/]1 :i* 0 all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! arti/ _h prep>$ full-siz$ draw+s ( 8 figures4 ,z soon z he 0 ready1 a ?9 coat+ ( smoo?-f9i% pla/] 0 spread ov] su* portion ( ! lunette z he c\ld pa9t 9 a day4 ,^u ?is ! draw+ 0 plac$ & an assi/ant w\ld g ov] all ! l9es ) a blunt-po9t$ tool1 press+ h>d en\gh on ! pap] to leave a m>k 9 ! pla/] und]nea?4 ,!re1 :5 ! pap] 0 remov$1 appe>$ ! figure1 enclos$ 9 groov$ l9es4 ,!n ! arti/ set to "w & laid 9 ! color1 us+ pa9t t 0 mix$1 n ) oil1 b ) wat] to :i* "s gluey sub/ance 0 add$4 ,! pla/]1 y rememb]1 0 /ill damp1 b s9ce x conta9$ pl5ty ( cem5t1 dri$ or 8set0 quickly1 & z x dri$1 ! pa9t dri$ ) x1 & became a "p ( ! pla/]4 ,:5 x 0 done1 ! arti/1 if he wi%$1 c\ld add a few decisive /rokes4 ,! foll[+ day ano!r portion ( ! lunette w\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann] & s on until ! :ole 0 pa9t$4 ,x is a me?od1 y see1 t left ! arti/ no *ance ( fumbl+ ov] 8 "w4 ,he _h to make up 8 m9d be=eh& exactly :at he meant to d1 & to d x quickly4 ,h5ce1 ) an arti/ s skill$ z ,raphael1 ! "w has ! extra *>m t belongs to :at has be5 done easily & flu5tly4 ,y "k h[ mu* pleasant] x is to li/5 to an easy1 flu5t speak] ?an to "o :o hesitates & corrects himself cont9ually4 ,s1 too1 9 a "w ( art1 ! feel+ t x has gr[n easily "u ! arti/'s h& adds to our enjoym5t ( x4 ,x seems to be a spontane\s expression ( himself4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,classic ,,l&scape ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]s h[ ,raphael built up composition f a simple geometric plan1 on ! pr9ciples ( repetition & contra/1 rhy?mically balanc$4 ,o!r ,italian arti/s work$ ^u ! same l9es1 & ) su* skill & gr&eur ( inv5tion t ! ,italian pictures1 especially ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 are /ill consid]$ ! f9e/ examples ( ?is sort ( composition4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by be+ :at we may call 8=mal10 or 8conv5tional40 ,! figures are arrang$1 t is to say1 n z y w\ld be likely to see !m 9 actual life1 b accord+ to a rule or =mula or conv5tion4 ,! idea has be5 n to repres5t a real sc5e1 b to display ! figures & _! surr\nd+s 9 su* a way z to produce an effect ( beauty2 sometimes a simple "o1 m (t5 "o ( great impressiv5ess or magnific5t spl5dor4 ,! figures & o!r objects h be5 s arrang$ & s drawn z to furni% an ord]ly patt]n ( beauty & dignity4 ,! subjects ( ! pictures might be tak5 f ! ,bible /ory or f ! leg5ds ( anci5t ,greece1 or be simply inv5t$ to set =? ! pride t ! p took 9 _! cities--! pomp & glory ( ,v5ice1 = example4 ,b1 no matt] :at ! subject might be1 ! aim ( ! arti/ 0 fir/ & =emo/ to pa9t a ?+ ( beauty4 ,& 9 ?is se>* = beauty he soon discov]$ h[ mu* dep5d$ ^u ! surr\nd+s ( 8 figures & ! objects t he introduc$4 ,:5 he desir$ ! simpl] k9d ( beauty he set 8 figures 9 lovely l&scape sc5]y ) hills & trees & w9d+ /reams2 :5 he 0 b5t on gr&] effects1 he add$ ar*itectural sett+s4 ,= ! ar*itects ( t day 7 erect+ noble build+s ) columns & ar*es1 vault$ ro(s & domes2 p>tly 9 imitation ( ! rema9s ( ,roman ar*itecture1 b also design$ 9 a fre% _s ( inv5tion to fit ! new purposes = :i* ! build+s 7 requir$4 ,?us arose t va/ temple ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,x is :at is call$ a classic build+2 because its /yle is 9 _m respects l t ( ! old classic ,roman temples1 :i* 9 _! turn _h repres5t$ a new use ( ! /ill old] classic /yle ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,! pa9t]s1 !n1 inspir$ by ! "w ( ! ar*itects1 discov]$ h[ mu* dignity !y c\ld give to _! own compositions by introduc+ ar*itectural features4 ,sometimes !y w\ld introduce columns1 or a flight ( /eps or a balu/rade1 sometimes a :ole build+2 or repres5t ! figures gr\p$ 9 a /reet or squ>e1 surr\nd$ by build+s1 or (t5 inside a build+1 /&+ "u a vault$ ceil+4 ,^! are only a few ( ! ar*itectural features1 s freely us$ by ! ,italian pa9t]s4 ,let u /udy _! value to ! composition4 ,"s p :o live 9 c\ntry homes are fond ( fl[]s4 ,!y gr[ clu/]-roses1 honeysuckle1 wi/>ia & o!r long-arm$ climb+ plants ov] _! v]&ahs4 ,if !y are fond ( g>d5+ & n satisfi$ m]ely ) a lawn & a few %rubs1 !y w erect ar*es & trellis-"w on :i* v9es may cl+ & clu/]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y "k t ^! sl5d]1 /raggl+ plants w ?rive bett]1 if !y h "s support2 !y w n be s torn by ! buffets ( ! w9d1 & _! limbs & leaves & fl[]s w get m sun%9e4 ,secondly1 !y w %[ to bett] advantage1 because ( ! contra/ ( _! w9d+1 wrea?+ =ms & irregul> masses ) ! firm1 /rong1 simple l9es ( ! v]&ah or trellis-"w4 ,unit$ !y =m a pretti] composition1 ?an w\ld ! v9es & clu/]-roses1 if huddl+ 9 an unsupport$ tangle4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same 9 ! composition ( a picture1 :]e ! v9es are repres5t$ by ! action ( ! figures4 ,to _! irregul> masses ( drap]y & undulat+ l9es ( limbs ! ar*itecture pres5ts at once ! contra/ & support ( decid$ l9es & cle>ly def9$ masses4 ,& s9ce ! classic /yle ( ar*itecture1 :i* 0 us$1 is s noble1 x add$ nobility to ! composition4 ,ev5 ! p5ny photographs ( ! ,italian pictures w prove to y t ?is is s4 ,/udy !m & f9d ?is out = y\rselves4 ,n[1 ! example ( ! ,italians1 9 ?is respect1 0 foll[$ by o!r nations1 especially ! ,fr5*4 ,! latt] cont9ue to ?is day ! pa9t+ ( beautiful pictures 9 :i* ! figures are comb9$ ) l&scape & ar*itecture4 ,& our own ,am]ican arti/s are do+ ! same ?+1 z y c see if y h a *ance ( visit+ ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton1 or any o!r ( ! public build+s ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* ! walls h be5 decorat$ ) mural pa9t+s4#c ,s f> we h be5 speak+ ( ! use ( ar*itecture to support ! figures4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 arti/s f\nd a new use = x4 ,!y employ$ x to support ! l&scape2 :i* br+s u to a talk ab\t :at is call$ ! 8,classic ,l&scape40 ,n[adays1 :5 s _m arti/s pa9t no?+ else b l&scape pictures1 x may seem /range t ! ,italians ( ! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies us$ l&scape only z a support = ! figures4 ,x 0 n because !y 7 bl9d to ! beautiful sc5]y ( _! own c\ntry1 =1 :5 !y did introduce x into _! pictures1 !y repres5t$ x 9 a v lovely way4 ,b always z a backgr\nd to ! figures1 :i* y are made to feel are ! pr9cipal features ( ! picture4 ,! reason is t ! public = :om !y pa9t$ dem&$ figure subjects4 ,! ,*ur* requir$ pictures t w\ld br+ home to ! he>ts ( ! p :o c\ld n read ! beauty ( ! ,bible ,illu/ration3 ,! ,manit\ ,lunette4 ,e4 ,h4 ,bla%field4 ,/ory2 ri* m5 & wom5 wi%$ to decorate _! palaces ) sc5es f ! old ,greek leg5ds2 :ile cities adorn$ _! public build+s ) allegorical subjects 9 :i* ! pride !y took 9 _! own municipal life 0 set =? 9 figures1 p]sonify+ ! "* ( its greatness4 ,moreov]1 ^? 7 /irr+ times 9 :i* ! rivalry betwe5 ! cities & betwe5 ! noble families l$ to con/ant w>s & plott+s4 ,m51 beg9n+ z nobodies1 rose rapidly to p[]4 ,n1 z !y d to-day 9 our c\ntry1 by us+ _! bra9s & en]gy 9 ! peaceful pursuits ( indu/ry & trade & le>n+2 b ?r\gh brute =ce1 guid$ by bra9s t s*em$ to w9 by fraud & viol5ce4 ,s x 0 man t1 z we say1 cut ! *ief figure 9 ^! times2 man's p[] & woman's beauty4 ,mank9d 0 s int]e/$ 9 itself t x sp>$ little ?\ght = ! beauty ( nature4 ,x is true t ar*itects built noble h\ses on sites comm&+ beautiful views & laid out ! g>d5s ) f\nta9s1 trees & fl[]s4 ,ev5 ?is h[ev]1 0 = ! glorification ( "s man or woman4 ,b ! love ( nature :i* leads arti/s to pa9t l&scapes & ! public to value su* pictures is a diff]5t ?+4 ,9 ! love ( nature man =gets himself2 he is absorb$ 9 ! beauty ( ! natural _w outside himself2 he is fond ( nature = its own sake4 ,x 0 n until ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury t arti/s began to /udy & pa9t ! l&scape 9 ?is _s4 ,:5 !y did s1 ! l&scape took ! fir/ place 9 _! pictures1 & ! figures1 if any 7 introduc$1 became ! unimportant features1 kept small & put 9 m]ely to enliv5 ! sc5e4 ,by ?is "t l&scape pa9t+1 z a subject di/9ct 9 itself1 bran*$ out into two directions--! naturali/ic & ! =mal4 ,! naturali/ic 0 practis$ by ! ,dut* arti/s1 :o pa9t$ ! out ( door life & appe>ance ( ,holl& s tru?fully1 t to-day :5 we look at _! pictures we c see ! mead[s & /reams1 ! mills & ! f>ms1 exactly z !y 7 ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b ! subject ( natural l&scape we w /udy lat] on4 ,! o!r k9d ( l&scape ,i h call$ =mal because1 in/ead ( be+ drawn directly f nature1 x 0 made up1 l ! ,italian figure pictures1 accord+ to a rule or =mula or conv5tion4 ,j z 9 ^? pictures ! figures 7 repres5t$ z gr&] & m beautiful ?an p usually are 9 real life1 & 7 arrang$ = ! purpose ( a h&some composition 9 attitudes t p d n usually assume1 s ) ! =mal l&scapes4 ,! arti/s tri$ to make !m m gr& & impos+ ?an ord9>y nature1 & compos$ !m accord+ to an artificial plan4 ,!y did n 9 _! picture repres5t any real sc5e 9 nature1 b built up a numb] ( natural details into a composition1 con/ruct$ on a geometric plan4 ,& especially !y introduc$ details ( classic ar*itecture2 s t ^! =mal designs are (t5 call$ classic l&scapes4 ,if y turn to ! illu/ration y w see at once t ! arti/ has n repres5t$ ! natural l&scape4 ,! v title1 ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age1 %[s ! classic influ5ce4 ,! subject is tak5 f ,virgil's neid1 ,book ,i1 l9e #dbj4 ,turn]1 ! great ,engli% arti/1 :o 9 #ahae pa9t$ ?is picture1 _h nev] se5 ,c>?age2 nor _h he ev] se5 any spot on e>? l ! "o repres5t$ "h4 ,:at he _h se5 0 ! "w ( ,claude ,lorra91 a ,fr5* arti/ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 :o liv$ 9 ,italy & inv5t$ ?is k9d ( l&scape4 ,turn] himself pref]r$ to pa9t ! natural l&scape2 b1 s9ce ! p ( 8 own day admir$ ! classic l&scape ( ,claude & 8 foll[]s1 he wi%$ to prove t he also c\ld pa9t l ,claude1 if he *ose2 & z well z ! ,fr5* arti/4 ,!re=e1 :5 he di$1 he left ?is picture & ano!r classic l&scape1 ,! ,sun ris+ 9 a ,mi/ to ! ,national ,gall]y1 on condition t !y %\ld be hung alongside ( two by ,claude ,lorra94 ,s1 :ile /udy+ ?is picture we are really /udy+ ! pr9ciples on :i* ,claude built up ! classic l&scape1 & on :i* 8 foll[]s work$ = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 until ! love ( nature won out & ! naturali/ic l&scape took its place4 ,! geometric plan ( ?is picture is v simple4 ,y c discov] x by jo9+ ! upp] & l[] opposite corn]s by two diagonal l9es t cut ea* o!r 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is produces f\r triangles2 ( :i* ! top is giv5 to ! sky1 ! bottom to ! wat]1 & ! two sides to ! l& & build+s & trees4 ,sky & wat] occupy m space ?an ! o!r two p>ts2 b s9ce ! latt] are fill$ ) details ( bold design1 !y attract extra att5tion1 s t ! balance betwe5 ! full & empty spaces is kept true4 ,! balance is a h>moni\s "o4 ,y w p]haps realise bett] :at ?is means if y ?9k = a mom5t ( a balance t is n h>moni\s2 = in/ance ( a pair ( hang+ scales1 9 "o pan ( :i* !re is a flat r\nd "o p\nd weight1 exactly balanc+ a p\nd ( c&y 9 ! o!r pan4 ,we %\ld n call ?is a h>moni\s balance4 ,if we exam9e :y x is n1 x w help u to und]/& ! mean+ ( h>mony 9 composition4 ,! reason is t !re is no relation betwe5 ! box ( c&y & ! "o p\nd weight1 except t ea* weighs ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! picture e detail has "s relation to ! o!r details1 & all are relat$ to ! :ole4 ,! :ole1 9 fact1 is a wov5 mass ( contra/s & repetitions1 9 exact relation2 v mu* z a composition ( music is made up ( exactly relat$ contra/s & repetitions ( s\nd notes4 ,alt] "o ( ^! & !re w be a discord1 unless "s o!r notes are alt]$ to re/ore ! h>mony4 ,simil>ly if ! arti/ _h alt]$ ! %ape ( "o ( ! details 9 8 picture1 or its color1 or its lightness or d>kness1 !re w\ld h be5 a discord 9 ! effect ( 8 picture2 x w\ld no long] pres5t ! appe>ance ( p]fect on5ess4 ,he w\ld h to alt] "s o!r p>ts to re/ore ! h>mony4 ,9 /udy+ ! picture to try & discov] h[ ! effect ( h>mony is produc$ we f9d ourselves /udy+ ! contra/s & repetitions ( :i* x is compos$4 ,&1 fir/ ! contra/s4 ,"o big "o is ! contra/ ( ! ar*itecture ) ev]y?+ else 9 ! picture--! contra/ ( ^! quiet /ately masses1 :i* seem s firm & /rong1 comp>$ ) ! %imm]+ surface ( ! wat] & ! tremul\s mi/9ess ( ! sky2 ! contra/ also ( _! decid$ l9es ) ! irregul> spott+ ( ! figures1 & ) ! irregul> masses ( ! trees & foliage4 ,! big tree1 al?\gh x is motionless 9 ! quiet air1 seems z if a breeze w\ld /ir x2 ! wat] has ripples ( motion2 "s ( ! figures appe> to be mov+1 :ile o!rs are only /ill = ! mom5t1 & ! sky--x is palpitat+ ) ! actual /ir ( ! atmosph]e1 z ! upp] air gradually cools & draws up ! w>m] air f bel[1 & ?is w>m] air cools into mi/9ess4 ,b ! build+s /& immovable & solid4 ,:ile all ar\nd !m ei!r moves or c\ld move1 !y seem to sugge/ ! =ce & p]man5ce ( :at does n *ange4 ,or p]haps we may feel t gr& z ! build+s are1 /ately & magnific5t1 yet ! sky is loveli]1 = ! build+s are limit$ to _! "o size & %ape1 :ile ! sky seems a "p ( t :i* has no limits or b\nd>ies4 ,x draws (f our imag9ation into ! my/]y ( di/ance & ( ! unkn[n4 ,s ! impressions :i* ! contra/ ( ! ar*itecture ar\ses are n only su* z ! eye c see1 b su* also z ! imag9ation c feel4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is "o ( ! secrets ( ! pleasure :i* s _m p h f\nd & /ill f9d 9 classic l&scapes4 ,& n[ = ano!r s]ies ( contra/s3 ^? suppli$ by ! lights & d>ks4 ,9 ! orig9al picture ^! contra/s w\ld dep5d p>tly on ! color ( ! v>i\s objects2 b "h1 9 ! black & :ite reproduction1 we may ?9k ( ! patt]n simply z "o ( v d>k spots & v light ones1 ?read$ toge!r by o!rs ( v>y+ dep?s ( greyness4 ,aga91 :at an important "p ! sky plays6 ,x is a flood ( light1 aga9/ :i* ev]y?+ =ms a silh\ette1#d m or less d>k1 reliev$ by spots & /reaks ( light4 ,! wat]1 b = ! pa?way ( reflection1 is %r\d$ 9 %ad[4 ,%ad[1 too1 is wrapp+ itself r\nd ! tall build+ on ! left1 & slumb]s dr[sily among ! trees on ! opposite hill slopes4 ,! arti/1 y w notice1 has v>i$ ! di/ribution ( %ad[s4 ,on ! left ! gradation f v d>k to v light is cont9u\s4 ,x is z if ! fir/ build+ /ruck a l\d /rong note1 & ! s\nd gradually dim9i%$ t[>d ! di/ance4 ,on ! "r1 h[ev]1 ! =egr\nd is light]1 & ! d>k gradually increases1 swell+ up1 z !y say 9 music1 9 a cresc5do effect & !n pass+ 9 a dim9u5do f> (f into ! di/ance4 ,9 fact1 on bo? sides ( ,illu/ration3 ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age4 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ! picture ! arrangem5t ( d>k & light is rhy?mical4 ,i h only t\*$ ^u ! broad g5]al plan ( contra/$ d>ks & lights1 & mu/ leave y to /udy = y\rselves ! intricate & subtle effects ) :i* ! picture ab\nds2 = example1 ! f9e ?reads & little dots ( light & d>k t =m a tangle on ! left bank2 or1 on ! "r1 ! mass ( leafage 9 half %ad[ aga9/ :i* ! trunk ( ! tree %[s v d>k4 ,y "k ! old prov]b ab\t lead+ a horse to ! wat]4 ,i c draw y\r att5tion to ^! ?+s1 b ,i c n make y feel _! beauty4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ,i c promise y1 t1 if y are suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 :at we are talk+ ab\t to really /udy ?is picture1 to explore c>efully ! light] p>ts & pe] into ! %ad[s to see :at lurks )9 !m1 its beauty w make itself kn[n to y4 ,z ,i myself am exam9+ a black & :ite reproduction ( ?is picture1 t lies be=e me :ile ,i write ^! l9es1 !re is music com+ f ! next room4 ,x has /opp$1 & ,i wi% x w\ld beg9 aga92 = music seems to fit 9 ) ! impressions t ?is picture /irs 9 my imag9ation4 ,nor is ?is m]ely a fanciful idea4 ,music is "o art & pa9t+ is ano!r4 ,!y are diff]5t1 x is true1 b yet are si/]s ) mu* 9 common4 ,& :y n8 ,= !y come f ! same p>5ts--! h& & ! m9d ( man4 ,& ?r\gh ! h>mony ( ! light & d>k ( :i* ?is picture is compos$ !re floats1 x seems to me1 ! fancy ( a melody4 ,i ?9k x comes f out ! endless di/ance ( t sky2 g5tly float+ t[>d u1 & croon+ ov] ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd1 z a "m murmurs a lullaby ov] h] baby :ile x falls asleep4 ,b x is n altoge!r croon+1 = see t tree's d>k1 r\nd mass ( tone6 ,h[ x ?umps itself into our notice1 :ile its =ce spreads up ! hill1 & !n leaps across ! wat]1 & /irs ) a diff]5t k9d ( en]gy 9 ! d>k build+ on ! left4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! feebl5ess & ! helplessness ( a baby 9 ?is picture4 ,x sugge/s r1 big & mighty ef=t1 gr[+ t[>d ! "t ( re/4 ,x is n ! music ( a lullaby ,i seem to he>1 b ! ev5+ hymn ( /urdy work]s z !y cease = a little f _! toil4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,naturali/ic ,,composition ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h be5 /udy+ =mal1 or conv5tional1 composition4 ,we h se5 h[ ! arti/s arrange _! gr\ps ( figures & ! position & ge/ures ( ea* figure accord+ to a rule or =mula or conv5tion1 ! basis ( :i* is a geometric plan1 on :i* !y build up a balance ( repetitions & contra/s4 ,& we h not$ t ^! =mal compositions are artificial arrangem5ts2 t ! figures are n gr\p$ z y might expect !m to be 9 real life1 nor 9 positions t m5 & wom5 usually assume4 ,& ^! =mal compositions we h se5 7 also call$1 classic2 ! la/ example be+ ! classic l&scape 9 :i* nature has be5 made to look m gr& by ! addition ( features ( classic ar*itecture4 ,we rea* n[ ano!r pr9ciple ( composition4 ,x is ! arrangem5t adopt$ by ! arti/1 ^: motive is to make 8 picture repres5t nature naturally2 s ,i call x naturali/ic composition4 ,b1 z we h not$ be=e1 ! arti/ is n satisfi$ m]ely to repres5t nature2 he wi%es 9 ! fir/ place to make 8 picture a ?+ ( beauty4 ,nature is n always beautiful2 s he selects f nature & arranges 8 subject 9 su* a way1 t we %all n only recognise h[ true ! picture is to nature1 b feel also h[ beautiful x is z a "w ( art4 ,its beauty1 y see1 is f\nd$1 n ^u a =mal plan1 b on its tru? to nature4 ,"h = example1 is ,! ,s[] by ! ,fr5* arti/1 ,jean ,franois ,millet4 ,if we h ev] se5 a man scatt]+ gra91 we recognise at once ! picture's tru? to life4 ,b ,millet's int5tion 0 n only to make u "k :at ! man is do+1 b to create an impression on our m9ds t %all make u feel a s5se ( beauty1 ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* ! picture repres5ts ! incid5t4 ,z a "y man1 ,millet _h /udi$ ! examples ( ,greek & ,roman sculpture 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is1 & le>nt ?r\gh !m ! classic pr9ciples ( composition--! balance obta9$ by rhy?mical repetition & contra/4 ,& ^! pr9ciples1 z we %all see pres5tly1 are appli$ to ?is figure ( ,! ,s[]4 ,i hope to %[ y t ?is is ! secret ( ! picture's beauty4 ,al?\gh ! action ( ! figure inside ! %abby clo!s is q natural1 ! movem5t is rhy?mical4 ,9 fact x repres5ts a mixture ( ! classical & ! naturali/ic motive4 ,fir/ly1 ! naturali/ic4 ,we "k at a glance :at ! man is do+4 ,! =ms 9 ! picture1 ! colors1 ! light & %ade1 make an impression on ! eye :i* is imm$iately telegraph$ to "o ( ! c5t]s ( ! bra94 ,! result is t we "k ! picture repres5ts a man 9 a field s[+ gra91 :ile f ! color & light 9 ! sky1 & ! %ad[s creep+ ov] ! field1 we "k t x is twilight4 ,?is direct ?\ght /irs u to fur!r ?9k+2 = we recall t labor]s />t = _! "w 9 e>ly morn+1 s ?is "o has probably be5 toil+ all ?r\gh ! day4 ,b we notice t 8 actions are /ill vigor\s1 he %\ld be tir$1 yet he is work+ z /urdily z at any "t dur+ ! day2 p]haps ) ev5 m en]gy1 9 ord] t he may f9i% s[+ ! field be=e ! d>kness comes4 ,9 fact1 ! arrangem5t ( =ms1 colors1 & light & %ade has made a /rong impression on ! ?9k+ "p ( ! bra91 /irr+ u n only to obs]ve1 b to draw conclusions4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at ,millet meant t x %\ld d4 ,b ?is 0 n all t he int5d$4 ,mo/ p ( 8 day mu/ h ?\ght x 02 = ne>ly all ! critics1 or p]sons :o are suppos$ to be able to judge ( ! value ( a picture1 & ne>ly all ! connoisseurs1 :o are suppos$ to be able to appreciate its beauty1 turn$ up _! noses & %rugg$ _! %\ld]s4 8,?is is horrible60 !y exclaim$4 8,a common labor] 9 8 dirty clo!s1 do+ 8 mis]able "w4 ,ugh6 h[ vulg>6 ,?is is n art2 = art %\ld be conc]n$ ) beauty4 ,:y does n ! fell[ pa9t "s beautiful girl 9 beautiful drap]ies8 ,phew6 ,take ! picture away1 x smells ( ! f>m40 ,y see !y conf9$ _! criticisms & appreciation to :at ! picture 0 ab\t--its subject2 & because !y did n l ! subject1 !y condemn$ ! picture4 ,!y got no fur!r ?an kn[+ & ?9k+1 !y did n p]mit !mselves to feel4 ,b x 0 on _! feel+s also t ,millet wi%$ to make an impression4 ,?r\gh ! arrangem5t ( l9e1 =m1 color1 & light & %ade he s\ght to /ir t o!r "p ( ! bra9 to :i* messages are telegraph$ by ! s5ses1 ) a result t we are made to feel4 ,let u analyse ! composition2 & see h[ x illu/rates ! pr9ciple t we h be5 discuss+ ( balance1 & rhy?mic repetition1 & contra/4 ,we w beg9 ) ! latt]4 ,note1 !n1 h[ ! slop+ l9e ( ! field cuts across ! picture4 ,?is diagonal l9e is contra/$ ) ! p]p5dicul> sides ( ! picture1 & ) ! upright direction ( ! figure ( ! man4 ,x =ms1 h[ev]1 ano!r contra/2 x divides ! light f ! d>k4 ,! sun has gone d[n beh9d ! slope2 s t1 :ile ! sky is /ill lum9\s ) a lovely gl[1 ! gr\nd is 9 %ad[1 dre>y & heavy look+4 ,s1 too1 ! figure ( ! man4 ,! light is at 8 back1 s t :at we see ( him is %r\d$ 9 gloom4 ,aga9/ ! gloom ( ! gr\nd 8 figure %[s comp>atively indi/9ctly1 b ! upp] "p /&s v %>p aga9/ ! light4 ,!re is a /rong contra/ betwe5 its heav9ess & gloom & ! lovely radiance ( ! wan+ light2 :ile d[n bel[ ! figure looms out ( ! gloom & heav9ess1 z if x 7 a "p ( !m t _h ga!r$ into def9ite %ape4 ,yes1 ?\gh 8 head may /& aga9/ ! sky1 ! man is "p ( ! e>?4 ,"r away1 is !re no?+ 9 ?is to make u feel8 ,millet1 at any rate1 _h (t5 felt ! poignancy ( contra/1 9 8 own life & 9 ! lives ( o!rs4 ,he _h kn[n :at x 0 to see 8 wife & *ildr5 %ort ( food1 to h 8 own /oma* empty1 :ile 8 m9d 0 full ( beautiful ideas1 & 8 cottage full ( pictures1 t "s day m5 w\ld buy1 b n yet4 ,he _h se5 little bright fac$ *ildr5 /&+ at ! op5 grave ( ! fa!r or ! "m2 ! happy "y bride at ! alt>1 & among ! congregation ! "y wid[2 & ev5+ aft] ev5+1 z ! d>kness fell1 ! lonely figures 9 ! field1 toil+ out _! %ort lives1 :il/ beh9d !m spread ! ev]la/+ beauty ( ! sunset1 & a few miles (f 9 ,p>is1 :]e he came f1 ! lights 7 gleam+ & p 7 mak+ ready = pleasure1 ?\gh !re too1 z he knew f 8 own exp]i5ce1 p />v$4 ,yes1 x is ?r\gh exp]i5ce t we le>n to feel deeply1 & x is to exp]i5ce t ! contra/ ( ?is picture appeals4 ,:5 we recognise t by ?is contra/ ( light & d>kness1 ,millet s\ght to express ! dre>y r\t9e1 day 9 day out1 e>ly & late1 ( ! peasant's lot 9 a _w :]e nature is s beautiful1 & !re c be s mu* beauty 9 life1 we may imag9e to ourselves :at w\ld be ! effect ( rais+ or l[]+ ! diagonal l9e4 ,to h giv5 m light$ space1 w\ld h made ! figure /& out too prom95tly s t x w\ld h dom9at$ ! sc5e1 & ! sc5e itself w\ld h seem$ too spaci\s4 ,velasquez1 9 8 eque/rian portraits1 kept ! horizon l9e l[1 s t ,philip ,,iv1 = example1 or 8 m9i/]1 ,oliv>ez1 is made to appe> a v important p]son 9 a v l>ge _w4 ,b ,millet wi%$ u to feel ! l[l9ess ( ! peasant1 b\nd close to ! e>? 9 v n>r[ surr\nd+s4 ,aga91 to h rais$ ! horizon l9e1 w\ld h de/roy$ ! balance betwe5 light & d>kness1 :i* n[ is absolutely true4 ,?is balance sugge/s a feel+ ( repose2 %all ,i say ( acquiesc5ce 9 ! necessity ( ! contra/8 ,= ,millet did n consid] himself a re=m] ^: "w is to set ?+s "r & to d away ) contra/s2 b an arti/1 ^: aim 0 to h>monise ! contra/s & to f9d "s balance betwe5 ! lights & d>ks ( life2 j z ,/ev5son out ( 8 weakness & /r5g? made 8 life a beautiful "o4 ,& n[ let u /udy ! l9es ( ! figure4 ,9 ! fir/ place y w agree t !y enclose a =m :i* is unmi/akably t ( a man s[+ gra94 ,x 0 necess>y = ,millet to arrange ! l9es1 9 "s way t %\ld convey ?is impression4 ,b !re are _m o!r ways 9 :i* !y might h be5 arrang$1 s z to obta9 ?is result4 ,= 9 ! act ( s[+ a man takes _m positions & any "o ( ^! w\ld h done1 if all ! arti/ _h desir$ 0 to make u "k t ! man 0 s[+4 ,b ,millet wi%$ to d m4 ,z a boy he toil$ 9 8 fa!r's fields1 s he _h ,illu/ration3 ,! ,s[]4 ,j4 ,f4 ,millet4 a fell[-feel+ = ! peasants2 & z he wat*$ !m1 day aft] day labor+ s fai?fully1 he f\nd a big idea 9 _! "w4 ,x 0 some?+ l ?is--"w is necess>y1 & to d our own %>e ( x z well z we c is ! big ?+ = ea* ( u4 ,& ! olde/ "w ( all & ! mo/ necess>y is ! gr[+ ( ! :eat4 ,to-day ! se$ is laid 9 r[s by ma*9e-drills2 b 9 ,millet's "t x 0 scatt]$ by h&1 j z x _h be5 s9ce man began to s[4 ,?is s[]1 !n1 t he wat*$ 0 a desc5dant ( a long l9e ( s[]s1 /ret*+ back to ! beg9n+ ( civilisation2 & /ill 9 ! fields ( ,b>bizon he 0 do+ 8 humble %>e ( ! _w's necess>y "w4 ,millet felt ! bigness ( ?is idea2 & 9 8 imag9ation ! man 0 no long] ,jacques or ,jean--a s[]2 he became 8,! ,s[]10 a type--a big h]oic type4 ,!n1 z ,millet felt him to be1 s he set to "w to pa9t him1 *oos+ su* l9es z w\ld convey ?is big feel+ to u4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! balance ( ! figure3 h[ ! weight ( ! body is plant$ almo/ equally on bo? feet4 ,if y try to put y\rself 9 ! position1 y w f9d t y c raise nei!r foot )\t mov+ ! body4 ,if y wi% to raise ! back foot1 y mu/ move ! body =w>d till ! weight is on ! "r foot2 or1 if y w\ld raise ?is latt]1 y mu/ move ! body back till ! weight is ov] ! left foot4 ,! c5t] ( gravity or ( mass runs d[n ?r\gh ! body & betwe5 ! legs4 ,n[ sway y\r body backw>d & =w>d a few times1 & !n br+ =w>d ! left leg 9 front ( ! "r1 s t ! position ( ! feet is rev]s$4 ,n[ sway aga9 =w>d & backw>d4 ,i ask y to d ?is t y may feel h[ freely ! body moves 9 ?is position4 ,& ,i ask y to /ride1 t y may feel t ! position 9 ! picture is only a mom5t>y "o1 lead+ on to a natural advance4 ,= ?is p]fect poise ( ! body on ! feet is n a /ation>y "o1 t 9 "t w seem /iff1 b "p ( a mov+ "o1 t has ! fre$om & ! naturalness ( life4 ,& ! movem5t is a swift "o4 ,we c feel x is s f ! l5g? ( ! /ride2 = x is only :5 y are mov+ quickly1 t y c take long /rides1 & /ill pres]ve ! balanc$1 rhy?mic sw+ ( ! body4 ,we h spok5 ( ! poise ( ! body on ! legs2 n[ let u note ! action ( ! "r arm4 ,! action1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 beg9s ) tak+ a h&ful ( gra9 f ! bag2 !n ! arm is swung back to ! "r to its full ext5t1 & !n aga9 br\ght back to ! bag4 ,betwe5 ^! two po9ts--t ( ! bag & t ( ! full ext5t--! arm is pois$ 9 motion1 j z ! action ( ! body 0 pois$ betwe5 ! backw>d & =w>d motion ( ! legs4 ,we c feel t ! arm is mov+1 &1 at ?is in/ant x is mov+ backw>d1 = our own exp]i5ce :5 we walk & sw+ our arms naturally is t ea* arm goes back z ! leg on t side goes =w>d4 ,! man's arm w rea* its fur!/ po9t backw>d :5 he br+s 8 full weight on ! "r foot4 ,9 a ^w1 ! poise ( ! arm & ! poise ( ! leg correspond4 ,!y pres5t an example ( repetition ( balance4 ,x is en=c$1 y w obs]ve1 9 ! composition by ! arm be+ made p>allel to ! direction ( ! backw>d leg4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( repetition2 & !re are /ill o!rs3 ! repetitions ( ! wai/ l9e1 ! %\ld]s1 & ! hat brim2 ( ! b&age on ! left leg1 ! l9e f ! %\ld] ?r\gh ! ?igh1 ! apron1 hang+ ov] ! arm1 & ( ! e*o1 z x 71 ( ^!1 9 ! tail ( ! di/ant ox & ! arm ( ! driv]4 ,^! repetitions1 & o!rs t y may discov] = y\rself1 help to b9d ! composition toge!r & also to make x rhy?mic4 ,& n[ = contra/1 we h not$ ! big "o made by ! diagonal l9e1 divid+ ! composition into light & d>k4 ,let u note ^? appe>+ 9 ! figure4 ,fir/ !re is ! big contra/ ( ! figure's own diagonal l9e f ! %\ld]s d[n ?r\gh ! "r leg4 ,x is contra/$ mo/ =cibly ) ! sides ( ! picture1 ! horizon l9e1 & ! direction ( ! "r arm & ! left leg4 ,! latt] are practically at "r angles to ! figure--/ronge/ ( all contra/s ( l9e4 ,x is to all ^! vigor\s contra/s t ! en]gy & ass]tion ( ! figure are ma9ly due4 ,b !re are o!r contra/s 9 ! figure4 ,d y notice t ! sw+ ( ! arm br+s ! trunk ( ! body1 or ! torso1 z x is call$1 along ) x8 ,sw+ y\r own arm & y w f9d y\r torso foll[+ its direction4 ,if ! man's arm 7 to rea* its full ext5sion1 8 left %\ld] w\ld appe> & 8 torso w\ld front u ne>ly full4 ,if 8 h& %\ld rea* ! bag1 ! "r %\ld] w\ld come =w>d until ! torso w\ld be se5 almo/ 9 pr(ile4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r ( ^! extremes is pres5t$4 ,! sw+ ( ! torso is pois$ betwe5 ! two4 ,b d y obs]ve t ! sw+ ( ! torso & arms is across ! pa? ( direction ( ! sw+ ( ! legs8 ,:ile !y sw+ =w>d & backw>d1 ! arms & torso sw+ alt]nately f "r to left & left to "r4 ,imitate ?is action ) y\r own body1 /ep =w>d briskly ) a sw++ /ride & at ! same "t sw+ y\r arms & torso4 ,if y feel ! exhil>ation ( ! action z ,i ?9k y w1 y w realise t x is ! wond]ful way 9 :i* ,millet has sugge/$ ?is contra/ ( ! sw+1 t makes ! action ( ! figure s /irr+4 ,by ! contra/ ( its l9es1 x expresses en]gy2 by ! contra/ ( sw+1 s free1 s rhy?mic1 s vigor\s1 x lifts u to en?usiasm4 ,b f9ally obs]ve ! position ( ! head & ! direction ( its gaze4 ,:ile bel[ x ! torso & arms sw+ f side to side1 ! head is fix$1 lean+ a little =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! onw>d movem5t1 its eyes firmly set on :at is ahead4 ,)9 ! head is ! bra9 :i* directs all ! action ( ! figure4 ,b ! face is %ad[$ ov]1 & ?r\gh ! %ad[ ! features appe> co>se & heavy4 ,we feel t ! bra91 ?\gh prompt+ ! man to d 8 "w to ! utmo/1 is aft] all a dull bra91 9 pitiful contra/ to ! vigor ( ! body4 ,h]oic ?\gh ! figure is 9 ! gr&eur ( its free1 swift movem5t1 z gr&1 if y w take my ^w = x1 z a ,greek /atue1 yet x is b t ( a humble peasant1 unconsci\s t he is do+ aught b t :i* he has to d4 ,!re y h ! idea z x pres5t$ itself to ! imag9ation ( ,millet6 8,! ,s[]0 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! po9t ) :i* ,i />t$ ?is book2 t ! beauty ( a picture does n dep5d ^u ! subject1 b ^u ! way x is repres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,naturali/ic ,,composition 7,cont9u$7 ,9 ,! ,s[]1 by ,millet1 we f\nd t1 ?\gh ! composition 0 naturali/ic1 x 0 bas$ ^u ! classic pr9ciple ( rhy?m ( l9e4 ,we %all n discov] ?is pr9ciple 9 ! pres5t picture ( a ,"y ,woman ,op5+ a ,w9d[4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! figure & its surr\nd+s is simply natural4 ,! picture is by ,johannes ,v]me]#e ( ,delft1 s call$ because ?is t[n 9 ,holl& 0 8 bir?place & ! sc5e ( 8 life's "w4 ,born 9 #afcb1 he is "o ( ^? fam\s ,dut* arti/s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ( :om ,i h already spok54 ,we 7 talk+ ( l&scape pa9t+ & m5tion$ t 9 ?is c5tury ! art bran*$ out 9 two directions4 ,l&scape up to t "t hav+ be5 us$ z a backgr\nd = figures1 became !n an indep5d5t art1 cultivat$ = its own sake2 & ! arti/s treat$ x 9 two ways4 ,on ! "o h&1 "s appli$ ! pr9ciples ( geometric composition to an artificial build+ up ( bits ( nature into :at is call$ ! =mal1 or classic l&scape2 :ile o!r pa9t]s repres5t$ ! natural l&scape naturally4 ,^! latt] 7 ! ,dut*m51 :o treat$ figures also 9 ! same reali/ic _s4 ,t is to say1 :e!r !y pa9t$ portraits or figure pictures or l&scapes1 _! aim 0 to repres5t ! actual subject z !y really saw x4 ,!y did n sub/itute an artificial arrangem5t = ! natural appe>ance ( p & ?+s2 nor did !y try to obta9 beauty by alt]+ & improv+ ^u nature4 ,_! motive or purpose 0 to r5d] ! beauty t is actually 9 nature4 ,s1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y *ose subjects ( famili> e day life4 ,?is picture1 = example1 repres5ts simply a glimpse ( home life1 ( a ,dut* girl 9 well-to-d circum/ances4 ,p]haps ! arti/ int5d$ to make a portrait ( h]2 probably 8 int5tion 0 only to pa9t a g5re picture1 t is to say1 an incid5t ( e day life4 ,n s mu*1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( repres5t+ ! incid5t1 z ( mak+ x contribute to a subject ( ab/ract beauty4 ,h[ he has done ?is ,i hope we %all see pres5tly4 ,mean:ile1 ,i want y to grasp ! di/9ction betwe5 simply repres5t+ an incid5t1 z y or ,i might h se5 x1 if we _h be5 pres5t1 & ,v]me]'s motive ( us+ ! incid5t z a peg on :i* to hang "s beauty ( light & color & texture4 ,i mean1 x 0 ! beauty ( light & color & texture t made him pleas$ to pa9t ?is picture2 & probably he w\ld h be5 j z pleas$ if "s o!r girl _h be5 /&+ !re1 or "s o!r objects _h be5 spread ^u ! table4 ,p]haps a famili> example w illu/rate ?is di/9ction4 ,two p />t (f = an aft]noon's walk4 ,"o sets out because he wi%es to call ^u a fri5d :o lives on ! o!r side ( ! wood4 ,to pay ?is call is ! object ( 8 walk2 = ! fri5d is build+ a new h\se4 ,z he walks along he is busy wond]+ h[ f> x is advanc$1 :e!r ! pla/]]s h f9i%$ _! "w2 & z he returns home he is ?9k+ ab\t ! h\se he has se5 & h[ he himself1 :5 he builds a h\se ( 8 own1 w plan x diff]5tly4 ,9 fact1 ! incid5t ( 8 fri5d's be+ engag$ 9 build+ is :at int]e/s him1 & has be5 ?r\gh\t ! aft]noon ! motive ( 8 walk4 ,8 companion1 on ! o!r h&1 agrees to g along ) him1 n s mu* because he is int]e/$ 9 ! h\se1 al?\gh he is to "s ext5t1 b mo/ly because he loves a walk4 ,he enjoys ! exhil>ation ( ! ex]cise2 he is fond ( ! wood ?r\gh :i* !y h to pass4 ,he w h a *ance to hunt = ! fir/ signs ( spr+--! e>ly skunk-cabbage1 ! %y peep ( ! violet ?r\gh ! dead leaves und]foot1 ! rose blu% ( ! maples ov]head1 ! pip+ & flick] ( ! fir/ bird-arrivals & s on4 ,! real motive ( 8 walk is ! joy ( ex]cise & ( ! beauties met ) on ! way4 ,visit+ ! h\se 0 b an excuse4 ,!re is ! same di/9ction among pa9t]s4 ,to "s ! repres5tation ( ! incid5t is ! ma9 ?+2 to o!rs1 ! r5d]+ ( ! beauties :i* x involves4 ,v]me]1 l ! o!r ,dut* arti/s1 ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 belong$ to ! latt] ,illu/ration3 ,"y ,woman ,op5+ a ,w9d[4 ,johannes ,v]me]4 7,prop]ty ( ,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art47 class4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 8 subject is ! peg on :i* he hangs 8 arrangem5t ( light & color1 let u beg9 by exam9+ x4 ,a "y woman is /&+ betwe5 a table & a w9d[4 ,) "o h& %e op5s ! casem5t :ile ! o!r grasps ! h&le ( a brass pit*] t /&s 9 an ew] ( ! same mat]ial4 ,p]haps %e is go+ to wat] "s fl[]s t are outside on ! w9d[ sill4 ,h] co/ume consi/s ( a d>k blue skirt1 buff-color$ bodice1 & a broad coll> & hood-l cap ( ?9 :ite l954 ,! table is cov]$ ) an ori5tal clo?1 on :i* is a yell[ jewel case1 :ile ov] ! blue *air lies a cloak ( light] blue4 ,on ! gray wall hangs a map4 ,?is & ! table clo? may rem9d u1 t ! ,dut* ( t p]iod1 al?\gh !y 7 fight+ = _! political lib]ty aga9/ ,spa91 f\nd means to build %ips & c>ry on trade across ! sea ) f> di/ant c\ntries4 ,possibly ! girl 0 ! daught] ( "s sea-capta9 or prosp]\s m]*ant4 ,anyh[ ! picture1 beside be+ a beautiful pa9t+1 is v int]e/+ to u to-day z an illu/ration ( ! dome/ic life ( a ,dut* girl ( "s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,& ! same int]e/ belongs to all ! old g5re pictures4 ,!y make ! pa/ /ill alive to our eyes2 j z ! g5re pictures pa9t$ to-day w %[ "s future g5]ation h[ we liv$4 ,b ?is1 ,i repeat1 0 n ,v]me]'s fir/ ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n wi% y to ?9k t he 0 n himself int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( 8 picture4 ,he 01 ,i am sure2 b 9 ano!r way4 ,he1 no d\bt1 arrang$ ! figure ) great c>e & c>efully select$ & gr\p$ ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,b1 9 plac+ ! girl1 he did n try to get ! graceful l9es t ,raphael1 = example1 w\ld h imag9$4 ,v]me]'s desire 0 to keep ! pose & ge/ure natural4 ,9 ?is he 0 simply foll[+ ! g5]al motive ( ! arti/s ( 8 c\ntry & ( t "t4 ,b 8 own p>ticul> motive 9 repres5t+ ! girl 9 ! act ( op5+ ! w9d[ 0 t ! cle> outside light might /ream 9 at ! back ( h] figure & bl5d ) ! dimm] light ( ! int]ior4 ,i said t we w\ld /udy ! k9d ( beauty t ?is picture possesses2 & x is to be f\nd 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! light4 ,! ,italians1 busy ) _! gr& classic compositions1 w\ld n h ?\ght ( ?is4 ,_! motive 0 ! beauty ( =m1 array$ 9 beautiful drap]ies1 & s arrang$ t ! figures %\ld produce beautiful patt]ns ( l9e & =m4 ,to make a motive ( ! beauty ( natural light 0 a discov]y ( ! ,dut*4 ,!y 7 arti/s1 y see1 & !re=e 9 love ) beauty4 ,b !y conf9$ !mselves1 almo/ entirely1 to real subjects ( e day life1 & accord+ly _h to f9d out ! beauty t may be 9 ^! famili> ?+s4 ,& x 0 n long be=e !y le>n$ h[ mu* ! beauty ( ?+s dep5ds ^u ! light 9 :i* !y are se54 ,be=e we g any fur!r 9 our /udy ( ! picture1 let u see if we _c be sure ( ?is f our own exp]i5ce4 ,:e!r y live 9 a city or 9 ! c\ntry1 h[ diff]5tly y feel :5 y />t out 9 ! morn+1 accord+ z ! day is f9e or n4 ,"u a bright sky ev]y?+ takes on a *e]fulness t is communicat$ to our own _s4 ,let ! sky become d[nca/ & ! appe>ance ( objects becomes dull$4 ,(t5 too1 "s famili> object t we h pass$ "t & "t aga9 )\t p>ticul> notice1 sudd5ly attracts u4 ,h[ beautiful6 we exclaim4 ,if we try to discov] ! reason ( ! beauty1 we %all f9d v likely1 t x is due to "s effect ( light4 ,x ne$ n be a bright light1 on ! contr>y1 x may be a s(t light1 su* z wraps itself ar\nd objects l a gauzy veil1 :5 ! sky is ?ick ) vapor4 ,d y rememb] t l9e ( ,t5nyson's--8,waves ( light w5t ov] ! :eat08 ,he _h be5 wat*+ a field ( :eat1 spread out smoo?ly l a pale gold5 c>pet 9 ! yell[ sun%9e4 ,sudd5ly1 a s(t breeze passes ov] x1 & z ! /ems b5d _! heavy heads ( gra91 & recov] !mselves1 ripples ( light travel across ! field4 ,! poet notes x 9 8 memory1 = a future poem4 ,s1 if we use our eyes1 we may note c\ntless examples ( ! beauty :i* is add$ to ! simple/ ?+s by light4 ,9 fact1 ! *ang+ effect ( light w correspond to ! *ang+ expressions t pass ov] ! human face4 ,! ,dut* arti/s1 z soon z !y became really int]e/$ 9 ! nature & life ar\nd !m1 quickly recognis$ ?is fact1 & made x ! *ief motive ( _! pictures4 ,!y 7 no long] satisfi$ ) m]e realism2 t is to say1 to make ! figure & ! objects ar\nd x look z real 9 ! pictures z !y did 9 actual reality4 ,!y s\ght to r5d] ! expression ( :i* ^! objects 7 capable1 "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,if y d n und]/& ?is ,i ?9k y w1 if y place a bun* ( fl[]s 9 "s d>k corn] ( ! room1 look at x a little :ile1 & !n move x to ! w9d[4 ,n[1 z ! light falls ^u ! fl[]s & %9es ?r\gh ! petals1 ! :ole bun* is transfigur$4 ,x has tak5 on a new appe>ance ( beauty4 ,l a face t has sudd5ly light$ up ) an expression ( happ9ess1 ! fl[]s seem alive ) radiance4 ,!y too1 h _! expression & x w *ange ) ! *ang+ ( light4 ,= look at !m aga9 t[>d ev5+1 :5 ! light is l[1 & _! faces1 n less beautiful1 w %[ a q diff]5t expression4 ,n[ ! light :i* /ream$ 9 at t w9d[ 9 ,delft1 :5 ,v]me] pa9t$ ?is picture1 0 a v cool1 pure light2 "o w\ld say1 f see+ ! orig9al picture1 a morn+ light 9 ,spr+1 x is s pure & fre% & fragrant4 ,yes1 "o c ev5 feel ! fragrance ( its fre%ness1 s exquisitely has ! arti/ sugge/$ to u ! impression ( ! light$ air t /eals into ! room1 fill+ x ) purity4 ,see1 h[ x ba!s ! wall2 ev5 ! b>e gray becomes radiant2 h[ x gleams on ! girl's %\ld]1 & filt]s ?r\gh h] cap1 mak+ x 9 p>ts transp>5t1 s t "o sees ! backgr\nd color ?r\gh x4 ,note also1 h[ x roams among ! objects 9 ! room1 c>ess+ ! "u "p ( ! girl's "r arm1 br++ out ! s(tness & plumpness ( h] left wri/2 spla%+ ! ew] & t\*+ ! pit*]1 ! table clo?1 & o!r details ) gl9ts ( sp>kle1 l notes ( gladness 9 a melody ( t5d] fre%ness4 ,ev5 9 ! reproduction "o c feel ! fre%ness t p]vades ! room1 & ! delicate quality ( ! light$ atmosph]e t envelopes ! figures & fills e "p ( ! sc5e4 ,i mean1 t n only is ?is effect ( light visible to our eyes1 b x also /irs 9 u a s5tim5t or feel+ ( gladness & refre%m5t4 ,/ill m w ! orig9al1 if y h a *ance ( see+ x 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 :]e1 ?\gh a v small picture1 x is "o ( ! gems ( ! collection4 ,= !re y w feel also ! effect ( ! color1 yell[1 gray1 & v>i\s hues ( blue4 ,!y are all cool colors1 ! blues especially1 & v pure 9 hue1 :i* increases ! s5sation ( fre%ness4 ,a mom5t ago ,i spoke ( ! picture z be+ l a melody4 ,x w sugge/ to "s imag9ations ! bli!ness ( a spr+-song4 ,! fact t a pa9t+ may sometimes seem to h ! tunefulness or h>mony ( music ,i h already m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! reason is t pa9t+ & music1 al?\gh diff]5t arts1 h c]ta9 elem5ts 9 common4 ,lat] on1 :5 we %all speak ( color1 ,i %all try to sugge/ to y ! correspond5ce betwe5 s\nd notes 9 music & color notes 9 pa9t+4 ,b = ! pres5t ,i w rem9d y ( an elem5t1 common to bo? arts1 ( :i* we h already spok5--rhy?m4 ,9 ,raphael's ,jurisprud5ce1 ,i po9t$ out to y ! rhy?m ( movem5t 9 ! figures4 ,x fl[s ?r\gh ! =ms ( ! figures 9 rippl+1 wave-l l9es ( direction4 ,b no?+ ( t sort is app>5t 9 ,v]me]'s picture4 ,!re are repetitions & contra/s 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! full & empty spaces2 b !y repres5t r a patt]n ( spots2 we are n consci\s ( any rhy?m ( l9e4 ,!n1 9 :at does ! rhy?m consi/8 ,if y ?9k ( t l9e ( ,t5nyson's--8,waves ( light w5t ov] ! :eat10 y may p]haps discov] = y\rselves ! k9d ( rhy?m 9 ?is picture4 ,to give y "t to ?9k x out1 be=e ,i tell y1 let me ask y1 if y h notic$ t 9 a fl[]-b$ 9 ! g>d5 a numb] ( blossoms ( diff]5t colors w 8dwell toge!r 9 unity10 b if y pick "s ( ^! & br+ !m indoors & beg9 to arrange !m 9 a vase1 ! colors w seem to cla%4 ,t !y d n appe> to cla% 9 ! fl[] b$ is because ! out-(-door light envelopes ev]y?+1 soo!s ! viol5ce ( ! colors & br+s !m all into an appe>ance ( h>mony4 ,simil>ly 9 ?is picture1 ! light /ream+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ br+s all ! diff]5t spots ( color into a s+le h>mony ( effect4 ,!y are no long] sep>ate & indep5d5t1 b drawn toge!r & unit$ by ! veil ( light$ atmosph]e4 ,( ?is aga91 we w speak :5 we rea* ! subject ( color4 ,b ! rhy?m ( ?is picture1 9 :at does x consi/8 ,yes1 9 ! movem5t1 n ( =m1 b ( light4 ,unit+ all ! colors into a s+le h>mony1 x fl[s 9 & out ?r\gh ! light] & d>k] p>ts ( ! composition2 sometimes 9 a broad sweep+ flood1 z on ! wall2 sometimes 9 little pulses ( movem5t1 z x leaps f po9t to po9t2 n[ los+ itself 9 ! holl[ ( a %ad[1 !n reappe>+ 9 ! gleam ( a fold2 all ! :ile /ream+ ?r\gh ! picture 9 a cont9u\s ebb & fl[4 ,9 fact1 z we /udy x1 we gradually f9d t ! light does = ! p>ts ( ?is composition :at ! l9es ( direction did 9 ,raphael's--x unites !m 9 a rhy?mic movem5t4 ,d n be di/urb$1 if at fir/ read+ ^! words convey little mean+ to y2 or if at fir/ sight y d n feel ! rhy?m ( ! composition4 ,x is !re1 h[ev]1 & "s day1 if y are really go+ to be a /ud5t ( pictures1 y w feel x y\rself4 ,= ! pres5t1 if y w accept my ^w = x1 ,i wi% y to und]/& t ?is rhy?mic effect ( out-(-door light repres5t$ a new motive 9 pa9t+4 ,! ,italians ( ! great p]iod did n see x4 ,x 0 ! discov]y ( ! ,dut* reali/s1 ^? arti/s ( ,holl& 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ^: /udy 0 ! real appe>ances ( nature & life4#f ,_! pictures 7 n z gr& z ! ,italians'2 = !y 7 small 9 size1 & 7 n built up on ! magnific5tly =mal plan t gives su* a dignity & di/9ction to ! ,italian pictures4 ,nor are _! subjects s h]oic & impressive4 ,!y repres5t only ! facts ( e day life4 ,yet !y h a great beauty ( _! own1 because !y rely on ! inexhau/ible beauty ( light4 ,x is on ?is same beauty t aft] two hundr$ ye>s arti/s ( our own day are rely+4 ,!y h gone back to ! example ( ,v]me] & ! o!r ,dut* arti/s1 & are apply+ x to ! /udy ( simil> subjects4 ,!y are pa9t+ nature z x %[s itself to !m 9 its envelope ( light$ atmosph]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,naturali/ic ,,l&scape ,we come n[ to ! o!r arm ( ! ,y1 ab\t :i* we spoke 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,l&scape _h be5 us$ z a backgr\nd to ! figures1 until 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury "s arti/s began to make x ! *ief subject ( _! pictures4 ,b no soon] 0 l&scape pa9t+ practis$ z a sep>ate art ?an x bran*$ into two directions4 ,we foll[$ "o ( ^! & saw h[ ,claude ,lorra9 inv5t$ ! =mal1 or classic l&scape2 tak+ bits ( nature1 "s f "o place1 "s f ano!r1 & build+ !m up into an artificial composition1 :i* he made m gr& by ! addition ( classic ar*itecture4 ,x 0 n unlike ! way 9 :i* a h&some h\se is built2 ! mat]ials1--/one1 wood1 m>ble1 & s on--are br\ght toge!r f v>i\s places1 hew$ to c]ta9 %apes design$ by ! ar*itect1 & !n put toge!r accord+ to ! rule or =mula ( build+4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is t1 ?\gh ! classic l&scape does n repres5t any actual spot 9 nature1 x /ill be>s a resemblance to nature4 ,b x is nature work$ ov] by ! fancy ( man1 & improv$ accord+ to 8 own idea ( :at is beautiful4 ,! arti/ did n pa9t nature because he lov$ x z x is b because x furni%$ him ) mat]ial = mak+ a h&some picture4 ,& ?is picture-mak+ use ( l&scape cont9u$ to be popul> ) arti/s & ! public well on into ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,mean:ile ! o!r bran* ( l&scape pa9t+ _h be5 />t$ 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury by ! ,dut*m54 ,!y1 z we h se51 7 int]e/$ above ev]y?+ 9 !mselves1 _! own lives & surr\nd+s4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( m9d ( ! :ole p1 & ! arti/s gave expression to x 9 _! pictures4 ,!y too1 7 picture-mak]s1 :o by _! skill ( pa9t+ & _! love ( beauty made _! pictures beautiful works ( art4 ,b ! subjects t !y repres5t$ 7 seldom imag9>y ones4 ,!y pa9t$ :at !y actually saw2 & ) s mu* tru? t _! art has be5 call$ an art ( portraiture4 ,!y made portraits ( p1 portraits ( ! outdoor & indoor life1 & portraits ( _! t[ns & h>bors1 & ( ! c\ntry t surr\nd$ !m4 ,s1 by comp>ison ) ! =mal or classic l&scape1 we may call _! l&scapes naturali/ic1 = !y repres5t$ nature z x actually appe>$ to _! eyes4 ,b _! art di$ ) !m4 ,z soon z ,holl& _h secur$ h] indep5d5ce1 h] arti/s began to travel to =eign c\ntries1 especially to ,italy4 ,!re !y set !mselves to imitate ! great ,italians1 & s f> z l&scape 0 conc]n$1 jo9$ 9 ! popul> ta/e = ! classic k9d4 ,x 0 n ,illu/ration3 ,cross+ ! ,brook4 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 until a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 namely at ! end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 t an ,engli% arti/1 ,con/able1 reviv$ ! naturali/ic /yle ( l&scape4 ,he 0 a mill]'s son1 ^: boyhood _h be5 sp5t amid ! simple lovel9ess ( nature4 ,lat] he w5t to ,london & /udi$ pa9t+2 b :ile he work$ 9 ! big city1 8 he>t 0 9 ! c\ntry1 & he sudd5ly made up 8 m9d to g back to ! old sc5es1 & pa9t :at he knew & lov$4 ,he _h se5 "s ( ! l&scapes ( ! old ,dut*m51 & resolv$ t he w\ld d :at !y _h done4 ,9 8 own words1 he w\ld be a 8natural pa9t]40 ,x 0 n long be=e ! example ( ,con/able l$ "s ( ! y\ng] ,fr5* arti/s to /udy ! old ,dut* pictures 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!y 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! me?ods ( pa9t+ upheld by ! old] arti/s4 ,x seem$ to !m a wa/e ( "t to set up a model 9 a /udio1 & !n1 in/ead ( draw+ x z !y saw x1 to correct x accord+ to "s /&>d ( p]fection4 ,nor did !y f9d any int]e/ 9 putt+ a numb] ( su* figures into artificial gr\ps1 9 ord] to build up "s gr& composition1 suppos$ to repres5t "s classical subject or /ory ( ! old "t4 ,!y 7 full ( int]e/ 9 ! life ( _! own "t1 :i* 0 ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,revolution1 :5 ,france felt "y aga9 & vigor\s1 & ! "y arti/s & poets & fiction-writ]s 7 eag] to express 9 _! "w _! joy 9 ! reality ( life4 ,:5 life 0 s real & s full ( promise1 :y %\ld !y look back to ! times ( ! great ,italians & occupy !mselves ) ! artificial & make-believe8 ,among ^! y\ng] m5 0 "o1 ,!odore ,r\sseau4 ,he 0 n only indep5d5t 9 "* & det]m9$ to see ?+s ) 8 own eyes & to repres5t !m z he saw !m & felt !m1 b he _h a great love ( nature4 ,?is l$ him away f ! city into ! c\ntry2 :]e he /udi$ ! skies & ! trees1 & all ! objects ( ! l&scape ) an ev] increas+ love & k1 until he came to "k nature1 z few h done1 & to feel t[>d x1 z a man feels t[>d t :i* he loves be/ 9 all ! _w4 ,8 favorite spot 9 nature 0 t :i* surr\nds ! ,palace ( ,fonta9ebleau1 an anci5t resid5ce "s ?irty miles f ,p>is1 ( ! k+s ( ,france4 ,x is a roll+ tract ( gr\nd1 brok5 up ) rocky gl5s & ?ick ) =e/ trees1 especially ! oak4 ,on ! outskirts ( ?is en*ant+ g>d5 ( wildness1 9 ! little village ( ,b>bizon1 ,r\sseau made 8 home1 & ar\nd him ga!r$ o!r arti/s1 fasc9at$ by ! beauty ( nature4 ,among !m 0 ! ,jean ,franois ,millet ^: picture1 ,! ,s[]1 we h already /udi$4 ,he = ! mo/ "p pa9t$ ! peasants1 work+ 9 ! fields or t5d+ _! flocks2 b ! o!rs1 among !m ,dupr1 ,corot1 & ,diaz1 pa9t$ ! l&scape1 :ile ,troyon introduc$ c[s into 8 pictures & ,jacque1 %eep4 ,) all ( !m ! motive 0 to repres5t nature z !y saw & felt x4 ,!y are kn[n z ! ,fonta9ebleau-,b>bizon gr\p ( arti/s1 & _! example has _h v great influ5ce on mod]n art4 ,i %all speak ( x pres5tly2 mean:ile w cont9ue ! /ory ( naturali/ic l&scape4 ,x is a v int]e/+ fact t :ile ^! ,fr5* arti/s 7 go+ /raight to nature = _! subjects & inspiration1 "s ,am]ican arti/s1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! ,fr5*m51 7 do+ ! same ?+4 ,a simil> love ( nature & long+ to pa9t x z !y saw & felt x drew !m f ! city to ! beautiful spots t bord] on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,_! lead] 0 ,?omas ,cole1 :o made 8 headqu>t]s among ! hills & valleys1 ! wat]falls & luxuriant vegetation ( ! romantic ,catskills4 ,o!r names are ^? ( ,?omas ,d\ghty1 ,a%] ,b4 ,dur&1 ,john ,f4 ,k5sett4 ,sometimes !y pa9t$ ! gr&] aspects ( ! sc5]y2 ! broad ,hudson sweep+ pa/ its headl&s1 or ! lakes ) _! girdle ( m\nta9s2 b q z (t5 ! simpl] lovel9ess ( smil+ mead[s & cosy f>ms4 ,b always ) ! s9c]e wi% to repres5t1 z fai?fully z !y c\ld1 ! natural beauty t !y lov$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! c\ntry exp&$ ,we/w>d & ! pione] _s ( ! nation 0 ar\s$1 ,am]ican arti/s began to attempt bigg] subjects4 ,*ur*1 ,bi]/adt1 & ,?omas ,moran attack$ ! colossal wond]s ( ! ,yell[/one & ! ,rockies4 ,x 0 no long] ! beauty ( nature t inspir$ !m1 s mu* z its m>vel\sness & imm5sity4 ,z _m p believe1 !y tri$ to d some?+ t is beyond ! p[] ( pa9t+ to express4 ,= on ! comp>atively t9y space ( _! canvasses !y did succe$ 9 express+ "s ( ! appe>ances ( nature's gr&eur1 b !y h>dly made y feel x4 ,i believe myself x is impossible t !y %\ld2 = an arti/ c only make y feel 9 8 picture some?+ ( :at he himself has felt2 & he mu/ h ?or\ghly ma/]$ 8 own feel+ be=e he c express x4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! /up5d\s works ( nature1 z f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 ! feel+ ma/]s ourselves4 ,amid ! va/ness ( ! height & dep? & bread? & ! gr&eur & glory & m>vel ( x all1 our _s is swept out ( u4 ,we see ! mighty volume ( wat] com+ ov] ,niag>a & he> ! ro> ( its might2 b n z we gaze into ! face ( a fri5d & li/5 to ! voice t we h le>n$ to "k & love s well4 ,9 ! "o case our feel+ is all br\ght to a c5t] ( attraction1 9 ! o!r x is caught away & c>ri$ beyond our compreh5sion4 ,we c only lose ourselves 9 wond]4 ,well1 arti/s discov]$ ! tru? ( ?is4 ,con/able & ,r\sseau lead ! way1 & n[ x is ! usual habit ( ! l&scape arti/s to /udy nature z "o /udies ! face & =m1 ! expression & action ( a fri5d4 ,"o _c "k a numb] ( fri5ds z intimately z "o or two4 ,s !y h conf9$ _! pictures to ! few & simple aspects ( nature2 "o little fragm5t at a "t1 /udi$ ) lov+ intimacy & repres5t$ ) ! fai?fulness ( s9c]e & ?or\gh k4 ,9 do+ s1 !y h le>n$ l ,johannes ,v]me] & o!r ,dut* arti/s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 t mu* ( ! beauty & almo/ all ! expression on ! face ( nature are due to ! effects ( natural light4 ,light has become ! special /udy ( ! mod]n pa9t]s ( ! naturali/ic l&scape4 ,& !y h c>ri$ x fur!r ?an ! o!r arti/s did4 ,help$ by ! sci5tific m51 :o h exam9$ into ! color ( light1 ! mod]n arti/ has f\nd out h[ to repres5t a great v>iety ( ! effects ( light3 cool or w>m light1 ! light at a p>ticul> h\r ( ! day1 at a p>ticul> season ( ! ye>1 & 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( wea!r4 ,9 fact1 ! light t he repres5ts 9 8 pictures is a fai?ful r5d]+ ( "s "o ( ! c\ntless conditions ( natural light4 ,y rememb] h[ ! light 9 ,v]me]'s picture drew all ! p>ts ( ! composition into a h>moni\s :ole & gave x rhy?m4 ,s too1 9 ^! mod]n naturali/ic l&scapes ! arti/ has ceas$ to dep5d ^u l9e & =m 9 mak+ ! composition4 ,! latt] is n[ r an arrangem5t ( masses ( light$ color4 ,we w talk m ab\t ?is :5 we come to color2 = ! pres5t1 x is en\gh to rememb] t we mu/ n expect to f9d 9 mod]n naturali/ic l&scapes ! same h&some patt]ns ( composition t we f9d 9 ! classical4 ,! mod]n h less dignity1 b a m intimate *>m4 ,we d n /& ap>t f ! sc5e & admire x2 we r ent] 9 to x & enjoy x4 ,x is some?+ ) :i* we are famili> 9 nature1 b we are made to feel a great] beauty 9 x ?r\gh ! p]sonal feel+ t ! arti/ has put into 8 "w4 ,! ,fr5* h a t]m = ?is k9d ( l&scape1 :i* well expresses ! arti/'s motive & ! feel+s :i* 8 picture inspires 9 u4 ,!y call x ! 8paysage intime40#g ,lit]ally translat$ ?is means 8intimate l&scape02 b x may be r5d]$ m freely a l&scape 9 :i* we recognise h[ intimately ! arti/ has /udi$ 8 subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h giv5 y a sket* ( ! gr[? ( naturali/ic l&scape 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury up to our own day1 :5 ?is bran* ( pa9t+ has become fully z important z t ( figure subjects4 ,n[ let me briefly describe ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! motive ( ! l&scape pa9t]4 ,! motive1 or aim ( ! e>ly ,dut*m5 0 to make _! pictures resemble z mu* z possible ! actual l&scape4 ,!y 71 z ,i h said1 8portraits0 ( ! natural surr\nd+s4 ,9 _! desire t ! portraits %\ld be lifelike ^! arti/s pa9t$ 9 z _m ( ! details z !y c\ld4 ,moreov] _! po9t ( view 0 objective4 ,by 8po9t ( view0 ,i mean ! way 9 :i* !y look$ at ! l&scape2 & ,i call x 8objective10 because !y look$ at x simply z an object 9 front ( !m to be pa9t$ z ne>ly z possible lifelike4 ,?is is ! usual po9t ( view ( ! mod]n photograph]4 ,y g to him to h y\r portrait tak54 ,he poses y z an object 9 front ( 8 cam]a4 ,8 aim is to make a portrait t w be l y1 & w also please y because x is a good-look+ picture4 ,he w d ! same = ! next p]son t comes to him1 & = ! next1 & s on4 ,all ( !m are simply objects to be photograph$4 ,he has no p]sonal feel+ t[>d any ( !m2 8 po9t ( view is objective4 ,b1 suppose he makes a portrait ( 8 own *ild4 ,he w wi% x to be m ?an a lik5ess t any "o w\ld recognise4 ,he wants x to be a rem9d] 9 aft] ye>s1 :5 %e is gr[n up & *ang$1 ( h[ %e us$ to look z a little "o1 9 mom5ts :5 to h] "m & himself %e seem$ m ?an ev] a d>l+4 ,to him1 y see1 %e is n m]ely an object to be photograph$2 8 po9t ( view t[>ds 8 own *ild is n objective2 on ! contr>y x is influ5c$ by 8 p]sonal love = h]2 ! picture is to be a lik5ess plus some?+ m--a reflection ( 8 own feel+4 ,?is p]sonal k9d ( po9t ( view is call$ 8subjective10 ! opposite to objective4 ,p]haps y w und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two m cle>ly by ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,! photograph] photographs ,mrs4 ,x40 ,! photograph] is ! subject ( ! v]b1 photographs1 8,mrs4 ,x40 is ! object4 ,9 ?is case ! object is ( m importance ?an ! subject because x is ,mrs4 ,x4 :o pays ! money & has to be consid]$4 ,b *ange ! words 9 ?is way--8,! fa!r photographs 8 little "o40 ,n[1 s f> z ! tak+ ( ! photograph is conc]n$1 ! fa!r is ! m important4 ,he is ! subject ( ! v]b1 ! "o :o is go+ to d some?+ & d x 8 own way1 s z to repres5t some?+ :i* he1 ! subject1 has 9 8 m9d4 ,8 po9t ( view is entirely 8 own--! subjective4 ,obs]ve h[ ?is w affect ! way 9 :i* he takes ! photograph4 ,! little "o has j come 91 we w say1 f a romp 9 ! mead[4 ,h] hair is tumbl$ & ! light plays ?r\gh ! silky /r&s2 !re is a sp>kle ( sun%9e 9 h] eyes2 h] lips are p>t$ 9 a sunny smile z %e /ret*es out to h] fa!r a podgy h&1 tightly clasp+ a bun* ( daisies4 8,little love0 he ?9ks to himself1 8:at a picture60 ,he seizes 8 cam]a1 & tells h] to /& /ill a m9ute4 ,:at is x1 d y ?9k t he is go+ to try & cat*8 ,i ne$ h>dly say x is ! radiance 9 h] face4 ,p]haps h] podgy h& too2 b fir/ & *iefly t expression ( happ9ess & love2 = x is an e*o1 z x 71 ( ! happ9ess & love t he feels 9 8 own he>t t[>d h]4 ,if he succe$1 ! picture w be z mu* an expression ( 8 own subjective feel+ t[>d ! *ild1 z ( ! *ild h]self4 ,if y see :at ,i mean y c n[ beg9 to und]/& h[ ,con/able1 &1 ev5 m1 ,r\sseau & ! o!r ,fonta9ebleau-,b>bizon arti/s look$ at nature4 ,no long] an objective po9t ( view1 l ! old ,dut*m5's1 x 0 a subjective "o4 ,to !m nature 0 n m]ely an object ( :i* to make a portrait4 ,x 0 some?+ !y lov$1 &1 because !y lov$ x1 !y pa9t$ x1 & 9 su* a way t _! pictures embodi$ ! feel+ :i* !y _h = nature4 ,!y are full ( ! arti/'s p]sonal feel+1 or z x is sometimes call$1 s5tim5t4 ,a l&scape ( ,r\sseau's sets our imag9ation work+4 ,x may repres5t an oak tree & a rocky b\ld]1 half hidd5 9 f]ns & v9es1 "s little spot 9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,z we look at x we become m & m consci\s ( ! /r5g? & vigor ( ! tree2 ! firmness ( its huge trunk1 ! mighty muscles ( its brawny arms1 ! grip :i* x has ^u ! gr\nd1 & our imag9ation may beg9 ?9k+ ( ! roots hidd5 bel[ ! gr\nd4 ,:ile ! bran*es spread out to ! sun%9e & ! air1 ! unse5 roots rea* out & grip ! soil & grapple ) ! rocks1 an*or+ firmly ! tree aga9/ ! /orms ( wea!r & "t4 ,& p]haps we beg9 to feel1 z ,r\sseau himself did1 t ! oak is a symbol ( ! might ( nature2 & h[ %e sil5tly works on reg>dless ( ! *anges t happ5 9 ! lot ( comp>atively %ort-liv$ m54 ,or we look at "o ( ,corot's pictures ( ! twilight1 9 :i* ! trees seem to h sunk asleep 9 blurs ( %ade aga9/ ! pale1 fa9t light t is fad+ f ! sky2 & ! hu% & t5d]ness ( ! daily miracle ( nature's re/ /eals ov] our spirits4 ,x is z if we 7 li/5+ to ! p5sive melody ( "s sweet lyrical poem1 v g5tly & rev]5tly read2 su* a "o1 p]haps1 z ,longfell['s 8,hymn to ! ,night40 ,on ! o!r h&1 to receive an impression l t ( ,r\sseau's picture1 we mu/ *oose a poem t tells1 n ( re/1 b ( ! gr&eur ( human ef=t1 & mu/ read x 9 a /rong voice & confid5tly1 z if we 7 sure t to be /rong & fai?ful to ! end 0 a gr& ?+4 ,inde$1 s _m l&scapes1 n only by ! ,fonta9ebleau-,b>bizon arti/s1 b also by mod]n m5 :o are foll[+ 9 _! foot/eps1 are full ( ! sugge/ion ( poetry1 & we speak ( !m z poetic l&scapes4 ,?is does n mean t !y illu/rate any p>ticul> poem1 b t !y affect "o's imag9ation 9 some:at ! same way z poetry does4 ,! reason is t su* arti/s h ! _s ( poets4 ,= nature ar\ses 9 !m deep emotions1 & _! pictures1 l ! poet's v]ses1 n only describe ! beauty ( nature1 b express ! s5tim5t1 or feel+1 ( _! own s\ls4 ,on ! o!r h& y mu/ n expect to f9d ?is sugge/ion ( poetry 9 all mod]n naturali/ic l&scape4 ,!re are /ill arti/s ^: po9t ( view1 l t ( ! old ,dut*m51 is objective4 ,!y are cont5t to pa9t ! beauty ( nature simply z x %[s itself to _! eyes4 ,nor ne$ we argue z to :i* is ! bett] way1 ?is1 or ! subjective po9t ( view4 ,we may pref] ! "o or ! o!r2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x is bett] = u to keep our m9ds op5 to ! beauties ( bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,paysage4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c4 ,corot4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,=m ,,& ,,color ,:5 we began to speak ab\t composition we cont9ually us$ ! words 8l9e & =m40 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z we left ! subject ( =mal composition & talk$ ( naturali/ic composition1 we f\nd ourselves sub/itut+ ! words 8color$ masses40 ,x w\ld seem !n z if !re 7 a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two ?+s2 t =m 0 on "o side ( ! f5ce & color on ! o!r4 ,yet t w\ld contradict our exp]i5ce2 = we "k t ev]y?+ :i* has a =m or %ape1 visible to ! eye1 has also color t we c see4 ,& mo/ ?+s t h color are se5 to h a %ape or =m4 ,n all2 = example1 :5 ! sky is a cl\dless blue1 or :5 we gaze ov] a di/ant expanse ( sea4 ,/ill1 z a g5]al exp]i5ce1 color & =m are id5tical4 ,! face ( a fri5d--y recognise x by its color z well z by ! =m ( ! features2 &1 %\ld y h ! sorr[ ( look+ ^u t face :5 x is dead1 ! *ange 9 ! color w\ld make y recognise ! once famili> features z /rangely diff]5t4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! id5tity ( =m & color1 we f9d a c]ta9 sep>ation betwe5 ! two1 :5 we come to /udy pictures4 ,! reason is t "s arti/s are m s5sitive to =m1 o!rs to color4 ,z ,i h already said1 an arti/ pa9ts only ! p>ticul> impression ( an object :i* 8 eye receives4 ,e eye has its own p>ticul> way ( see+4 ,ev5 ! eye1 mo/ s5sitive to =m1 w n see x z o!r eyes w2 nor w any "o color seem ! same to e eye t is *iefly int]e/$ 9 color4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! v>ieties 9 nature are inexhau/ible4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh no two elm trees are exactly alike1 all elm trees are suffici5tly simil> to be recognis$ at once z elm trees4 ,s ) arti/s1 "s gr\p !mselves z pa9t]s ( =m2 o!rs1 ( color4 ,9 ! old ,italian days ?is di/9ction sep>at$ ! arti/s ( ,flor5ce f ^? ( ,v5ice4 ,! ,flor5t9es--,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael1 among ! greate/--7 ma/]s ( =m2 ! ,v5etians1 especially 9 ! p]sons ( ,giorgione1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,paul ,v]onese1 7 ma/]s ( color4 ,! "o gr\p saw especially ! %apes ( ?+s1 ! o!r saw ! _w z an arrangem5t ( spots or masses ( color4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 9 consequ5ce ( _! int]e/ 9 =m1 took great pa9s ) ! outl9es ( _! figures4 ,! outl9es 7 cle>ly def9$2 9 ! mural pa9t+s ! figures 7 enclos$ by an actual l9e2 & always ! figure %[s di/9ctly aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,=1 hav+ drawn ! figure v c>efully1 ! arti/ did n let ! color1 t 0 aft]w>ds laid on1 lap ov] ! l9e or int]f]e ) ! subtle undulations ( ! outl9e4 ,!y 7 9 fact1 a s*ool ( great draughtsm51 :o reli$ pr9cipally on ! beauty & vigor ( ! draw+4 ,! ,v5etians1 h[ev]1 7 great colori/s1 rely+ on color2 & may be spok5 ( z pa9t]s r ?an draughtsm54 ,yet !y too1 ( c\rse1 7 ma/]s ( draw+4 ,!y c\ld repres5t ! action ( ! figure z well z ! ,flor5t9es1 b unlike ! latt]1 did n c>e = ! cle> outl9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y s(t5$ or blurr$ ! outl9e slightly1 9 clos] imitation ( nature4 ,if1 = example1 y look c>efully at a tree1 y w n f9d t its %ape is enclos$ by a h>d l9e4 ,! light creeps r\nd ! edges ( ! trunk & ( ! masses ( foliage 9 su* a way t ! outl9es are s(t5$ or slightly blurr$4 ,x is ! same ) a figure seat$ 9 a room2 "h & !re its edges may seem %>ply cut out aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 b 9 o!r p>ts ! edges w seem to melt into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 z we look at ! figure1 :at we are mo/ consci\s ( is n its outl9e1 b its mass ( color 9 relation to ! o!r masses ( color t surr\nd x4 ,n[1 ?is di/9ction1 betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ! ,flor5t9es & ! ,v5etians saw & repres5t$ objects1 /ill appe>s 9 mod]n art4 ,9 fact1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ! great ,italians !re h be5 arti/s :o reli$ on draw+ & arti/s :o reli$ on color4 ,= ov] a hundr$ ye>s ! importance ( draw+ has be5 upheld by ! great s*ool ( art 9 ,p>is ma9ta9$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( its fam\s tea*]s1 ,+res1 us$ to tell 8 pupils 8=m is ev]y?+1 color is no?+40 ,p]haps he only meant by ?is t1 z long z !y 7 pupils1 ! only necess>y ?+ = !m to ?9k ab\t & le>n to repres5t 0 =m4 ,because to draw well is s important = any arti/1 & x is a ?+ t c be ?or\ghly taught & le>n$4 ,! ,fr5* s*ool takes z its /&>d ( excell5ce ! p]fect =ms ( classic sculpture & ! great works ( ! ,flor5t9e arti/s4 ,al?\gh ! /ud5t may be draw+ f a liv+ model ^: =m is n p]fect1 he is taught to correct ! imp]fections ( ?is or t "p1 9 ord] t ! figure1 z x appe>s 9 8 draw+1 may be z ne> z he c get x to classic p]fection4 ,b color1 z we %all see pres5tly1 is s mu* a matt] ( ea* p]son's feel+1 t x is impossible to r$uce ! tea*+ ( x to any me?od or /&>d4 ,s p]haps t is :at ,+res _h 9 m9d4 ,he meant t1 = ! "t be+1 8 /ud5ts %\ld consid] =m to be ev]y?+1 color no?+4 ,on ! o!r h& x is g5]ally und]/ood t he meant mu* m ?an ?is1 t he 0 tell+ 8 pupils :at he himself consid]$ to be ! :ole duty ( an arti/4 ,let u try & ent] into 8 po9t ( view4 ,i c imag9e "s ( my read]s say+ t ! phrase1 8=m is ev]y?+2 color1 no?+10 is nons5se2 because color plays s important a "p 9 our enjoym5t ( sight4 ,j ?9k :at a dre>y _w x w\ld be1 if ev]y?+1 = in/ance1 7 a uni=m gray6 ,q true1 & ,+res probably w\ld h agre$4 ,z a man1 he no d\bt enjoy$ ! pleasures ( color4 ,b x 0 z an arti/ t he 0 speak+4 ,he 0 /at+ :at he believ$ to be ! prop] subject ( 8 own art4 ,9 ! fir/ place he 0 evid5tly "o ( ^? arti/s :o see ! %ape r ?an ! color ( ?+s2 to :om =m makes an irresi/ible appeal4 ,9 ! second place--& m>k1 = ?is is v important--he 0 n ?9k+ ( h[ ?+s appe> 9 ! actual _w1 b h[ !y %\ld be repres5t$ 9 art4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? arti/s :o are n int]e/$ 9 naturali/ic pa9t+2 :o d n pr(ess to pa9t nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 l ! great ,italians1 he only borr[$ f nature c]ta9 mat]ials 9 ord] to build !m up into a =mal composition ( 8 own creation4 ,he w\ld h told y t he 0 n repres5t+ ! works ( nature b creat+ = himself a totally diff]5t ?+--a "w ( art4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m arti/s w reply1 t ! "w ( art ne$ n be a totally diff]5t ?+4 ,t !y !mselves1 l ! ,dut* ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury & all ! mod]n pa9t]s ( ! naturali/ic composition1 comb9e ! two4 ,x is by repres5t+ nature1 t !y create a "w ( art4 ,"h1 y see1 is a %>p conflict ( po9ts ( view4 ,"o gr\p ( arti/s1 lov+ nature1 desires to repres5t x2 ! o!r1 p]haps n lov+ nature less1 c]ta9ly loves art m4 ,?is latt] gr\p1 !re=e1 tries to improve on nature1 & to use x only = ! creation ( some?+ t x feels to be diff]5t & sup]ior to nature4 ,:ile ! "o set ( m5 w$ nature to art1 ! o!r divorce art f nature4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is a ,great ,divide1 :i* no am\nt ( talk+ c bridge ov]4 ,! only conclusion to be rea*$ is t !re is "r on bo? sides4 ,= ! "o gr\p1 because ( ! k9d ( m5 compos+ x1 its own way is ! "r way2 & = ! o!r1 = ! same reason1 its way4 ,we1 z look]s on at ! dispute1 w d well to le>n to see ! beauty 9 bo? k9ds ( picture4 ,y may z well "k ! names by :i* ! two po9ts ( view are kn[n4 ,) "o1 ! naturali/ic1 we h already become acqua9t$4 ,! o!r is call$ by ! arti/s :o practise x ! 8ideali/ic40 ,!y w tell y t !y pa9t 8ideal0 subjects4 ,by ^?1 h[ev]1 :o disagree ) !m1 _! po9t ( view & me?od are apt to be call$ ,academic4 ,! ^w ideal1 us$ 9 ?is s5se1 has ! mean+ 8m p]fect ?an 9 real life40 ,:5 a p]son says3 8,! ideal way to sp5d a summ] holiday0--we "k ev5 be=e he utt]s ! next words1 8w\ld be10 t he is go+ to tell u some?+ t he does n expect to enjoy4 ,x is h[ he w\ld h ?+s1 if he c\ld arrange !m accord+ to 8 own idea ( p]fection4 ,n[ ?is is :at ! arti/ means :5 he calls 8 picture an ideal "o4 ,p]sonally1 ,i d n l ?is use ( ! ^w1 because x seems to imply t ?is k9d ( picture is sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,& ! arti/s :o pa9t ?is k9d ( picture believe t x is2 we1 h[ev]1 :o are simply /ud5ts ( pictures1 long+ to enjoy ! beauty ( all k9ds ( motive & ways ( pa9t+1 w n admit ?is4 ,we g back to ! fact ) :i* ,i />t$ ?is book3 t ! value ( a picture does n dep5d ^u ! subject b ! way 9 :i* ! arti/ has r5d]$ x4 ,because a man portrays "s noble incid5t f poetry or ! ,bible1 or inv5ts "s sc5e out ( 8 bra91 x does n foll[ t 8 picture w repres5t a high] degree ( beauty or a f9] imag9ation ?an "o :i* only repres5ts "s simple sc5e 9 nature4 ,i w g fur!r & say t "s ( ! pictures ( 8/ill life0#h by ! ,fr5*man1 ,anto9e ,vollon1 or our own ,am]ican arti/1 ,emil ,c>ls51 exhibit m beauty1 yes1 & ev5 m imag9ation ?an _m ambiti\s figure subjects4 ,:y is ?is8 ,h[ c a picture ( a pumpk9 & vegetables by ,vollon1 or "o ( ,c>ls5's subjects1 su* z a creamy porcela9 vase1 & a lemon1 & "o or two o!r delicately color$ objects on a :ite tableclo?1 %[ m beauty & imag9ation ?an1 = in/ance1 an impos+ picture l ,leutze's ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e8 ,! answ] is t ,vollon & ,c>ls5 exhibit m feel+ = beauty & m imag9ation 9 matt]s t especially belong to pa9t+1 :ile ,leutze w5t outside ( pa9t+4 ,let me expla9 myself4 ,leutze saw beauty 9 ! h]oism ( ,wa%+ton & 8 soldi]s1 fight+ aga9/ trem5d\s odds = a great cause 9 ! t]rible cold ( w9t]4 ,8 imag9ation 0 k9dl$ by ! importance ( ! cause & ! devotion ( ^? :o f\ght = x4 ,x 0 ! facts1 z !y appeal$ to 8 m9d1 & ! ideas t 8 m9d =m$ ab\t !m :i* he tri$ to repres5t4 ,b ! special field = ! arti/1 z ,i h already said1 is n cov]$ by 8 m9d b by 8 eyes4 ,x is ) :at he c see t he %\ld be fir/ & *iefly conc]n$--! beauty ( ! visible _w4 ,& 8 imag9ation z an arti/ is *iefly %[n 9 ! capacity t 8 m9d has = discov]+ unexpect$ beauties & r5d]+ !m4 ,?us to ourselves1 & ev5 to "s arti/s1 a pumpk9 may seem b a bright orange mass1 ) a r\gh or %9y r9d z ! case may be2 an attractive spot ( color & %ape1 a ?+ to be admir$ = a mom5t & !n =gott54 ,ano!r arti/1 on ! contr>y1 sees a great deal m 9 x4 ,he sees subtle diff]5ces ( color1 accord+ to ! way ! light falls on x1 v>i\s delicate diff]5ces 9 ! r\ghness or smoo?ness ( ! r9d2 curi\sly beautiful accid5ts ( color1 z x reflects ! colors ( o!r objects ne> x2 my/]ies ( %ad[1 "s deep & /rong1 o!rs s fa9t t an ord9>y eye might n detect !m4 ,^! & o!r qualities1 t 8 s5sitive eyes p]ceive1 create impressions 9 8 bra9 t fill 8 imag9ation ) a s5se ( beauty some:at z music does4 ,he _c tell y :y he enjoys x s mu*1 or expla9 9 words ! effect x has on 8 imag9ation4 ,! :ole impression is a vision ( 8 imag9ation1 excit$ by ! s5se ( sight1 & ?is vision he sets to "w to int]pret on 8 canvas1 9 ord] t x may be communicat$ to our eyesight1 &1 9 turn1 excite our imag9ation4 ,we receive f =m & color feel+s ( pleasure t we _c describe 9 words b :i* are n less real on t acc\nt4 ,x is an ab/ract enjoym5t1 free f any di/9ct connection ) words or facts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e x is ! record ( facts1 pres5t$ 9 ! picture1 t *iefly int]e/s u4 ,nei!r ! =ms nor ! arrangem5t ( color h 9 !mselves any sep>ate ab/ract quality ( beauty4 ,s1 x is n ^u ! beauty ( ! ?+s se5 by ! eyes1 b ^u ! int]e/ ( ?+s und]/ood by ! m9d t ,leutze dep5d$4 ,he really neglect$ 8 own prop] field ( pa9t+1 = t ( ! writ] or orator4 ,!re=e1 he put himself at a disadvantage2 = ,i ?9k y w admit1 t a good speak] or writ] c\ld describe ! incid5t 9 a mu* m ?rill+ way ?an ! picture does4 ,b we h /ray$ some:at f our po9t4 ,we 7 speak+ ( ideali/ic pictures1 & not$ t !y are s call$ because ! arti/ in/ead ( repres5t+ nature z x is1 corrects x & improves ^u x 9 ord] to br+ x up to :at he consid]s an 8ideal0 /&>d ( p]fection4 ,i m5tion$ t ^! pictures & ! motive :i* prompts !m are also call$ 8,academic40 ,! reason is t ! s*ool 9 ,p>is :i* tea*es ^! pr9ciples ( pa9t+ is ma9ta9$ by ! ,academy ( ! ,f9e ,arts2 & its example has be5 foll[$ by _m o!r ,european ,academies ( pa9t+4 ,s1 :5 we speak ( a picture be+ ,academic 9 "*1 we mean t its motive & mann] ( pa9t+ foll[ ! rules laid d[n by ! s*ools4 ,to repeat a ^w we h frequ5tly us$ be=e1 !y are bas$ on ! ,academic ,=mula4 ,previ\sly x 0 ! ,classic =mula ( :i* we spoke4 ,?is1 y rememb] 0 ! rule or plan = build+ up a =mal composition1 sometimes /r5g!n$ by ! introduction ( classic ar*itecture & (t5 repres5t+ "s sc5e or /ory ( classic leg5d4 ,& x is ^u ?is classic =mula t ! ,academic practice is l>gely bas$4 ,s :5 a mod]n arti/ pa9ts a picture aft] ! fa%ion ( ,raphael's ,jurisprud5ce1 we c speak ( its mann] & motive z be+ ,academic1 ,classic1 or ,ideali/ic4 ,sometimes1 9 fact1 ! mean+ ( ^! words is practically ! same1 b n always4 ,= at times an ,academic pa9t] w *oose an ev]yday subject ( ord9>y life1 yet 8 picture w n be naturali/ic4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* he may miss ! tru? ( nature4 ,ei!r he w try to improve ^u ! actual facts1 or he w leave out ! light & atmosph]e 9 :i* ! objects appe> 9 nature4 ,we may f9d examples ( bo? ^! contradictions ( ! natural tru? 9 ,leutze's picture4 ,he 0 tra9$ 9 ! ,academy ( ,dsseldorf1 a city on ! ,rh9e2 at a "t :5 t s*ool _h ab&on$ ,classical subjects = incid5ts f hi/ory1 or sc5es f ,g]man leg5ds1 or :at x call$ g5re-pictures ( peasant life4 ,b ^! la/ 7 n g5re 9 ! s5se t ! old ,dut* pictures 74 ,= ! latt] reproduc$ ! actual habits & life ( ! times1 :]eas ! ,dsseldorf arti/s pres5t$ fancy pictures 9 :i* ! peasants 7 gr\p$1 z if !y 7 tak+ "p 9 "s sc5e 9 an op]a or o!r !atrical p]=mance4 ,?is artificial treatm5t appe>s 9 ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e4 ,x is suppos$ to repres5t a hi/orical incid5t4 ,d y ?9k x has ! value ( hi/ory2 t ! incid5t really happ5$ z x is "h depict$8 ,! arti/1 ( c\rse1 0 n pres5t2 he 0 compell$ to %ape ! facts ( ! incid5t accord+ to :at he _h read ab\t !m1 or1 z ,i r suspect1 accord+ to :at 8 fancy _h pictur$ !m4 ,hi/ory tells u t ! cross+ began e>ly 9 ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #be1 #aggf1 & la/$ until f\r a4m4 ! foll[+ morn+4 ,does ?is picture repres5t ! dimness ( a w9t] twilight1 mu* less ! gloom ( night8 ,i might ask ! fur!r "q1 is any k9d ( natural light sugge/$ 9 ?is picture8 ,i feel confid5t ! answ] is 8no40 ,leutze probably _h no ?\ght ( repres5t+ ?is aspect ( ! tru?2 ! ,dsseldorf ,s*ool paid no att5tion to ! real appe>ances ( light2 or to ! effect t light w\ld h ^u ! appe>ance ( ! figures4 ,_! outl9es are %>ply def9$2 e figure is r5d]$ ) ab\t equal di/9ctness2 no ef=t has be5 made to repres5t !m 9 relation to "o ano!r1 ) v>y+ degrees ( cle>ness & obscurity4 ,a simil> artificiality appe>s 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ice4 ,x is true ! lights & %ad[s & gleam ( ! surfaces ( real ice h be5 /udi$2 s t ! pa9t+ conveys ! idea ( ice2 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! pa9t$ blocks repres5t+ ! effects ( real ice1 z se5 9 real light4 ,s we f9d t ,leutze1 ?\gh wi%+ to give u a vivid repres5tation ( ! incid5t1 has neglect$ a numb] ( important facts relat+ to ! h\r ( ! occurr5ce & to ! conditions ( atmosph]e & light1 z !y mu/ h affect$ ! appe>ance ( ! sc5e4 ,he 0 simply n int]e/$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,!n1 :at ( ! po9t on :i* he evid5tly reli$--! gr\p+ ( ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd8 ,x is a tickli% job to pull a boat ?r\gh a mass ( float+ ice-cakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e4 ,emanuel ,leutze4 7,prop]ty ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art47 ,d y ?9k t ,wa%+ton & ! flag-be>] w\ld h increas$ ! difficulty & p]il by /&+ up8 ,don't y "k t to /& up 9 a boat ev5 on smoo? wat] is a foolh>dy ?+ to d8 ,x is a frequ5t cause ( accid5t & loss ( life 9 pleasure p>ties4 ,on an occasion s s]i\s z ?is w\ld ! lead] h be5 guilty ( su* folly8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,wa%+ton & e man1 n actually engag$ 9 navigat+ ! boat1 w\ld h be5 sitt+ l[ d[n1 s z to help pres]ve ! balance & (f] z little resi/ance z possible to ! w9d4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r indiff]5ce to facts 9 ?is s-call$ hi/oric picture4 ,b ,leutze did n c>e ab\t facts4 ,8 motive 0 to br+ out ! h]oic "* ( ! ev5ts4 ,s he made ,wa%+ton /rike a h]oic attitude4 ,x is ! way 9 :i* a popul> actor takes ! c5t] ( ! /age & /rikes an attitude & waits = ! applause4 ,leutze want$ a c5tral figure ar\nd :i* to build up 8 composition &1 9 ord] to support ! c5tral figure1 re>$ ano!r beh9d x hold+ al(t ! flag4 ,?us he w9s applause1 at once1 = ! /> actor & ! patriotic s5tim5t ( ! sc5e4 ,9 fact 8 composition is simil> 9 int5tion & arrangem5t to ! gr\p+ ( figures on ! /age ( a popul> !at]4 ,x is !atrical4 ,i d n say dramatic1 b !atrical1 betwe5 :i* two ideas !re is ?is di/9ction4 ,:5 we speak ( a sc5e be+ dramatic we mean t ! action ( ! plot has be5 vividly express$ by means t create an illusion ( tru?--t ! *>act]s behave z !y might be expect$ to d 9 real life "u ! circum/ances4 ,by !atrical1 on ! o!r h&1 we imply t ! behavi\r ( ! actors1 in/ead ( 8hold+ ! mirror up to nature10 is regulat$ s z to produce an artificial effectiv5ess4 ,su* a sc5e we call !atrical1 or /agey4 ,& ! same words1 9 my op9ion1 c be appli$ to ?is picture4 ,= ,leutze fail$ to realise1 n only t tru? may be /rong] ?an fiction1 b also t x may be m impressive ?an artificial effectiv5ess4 ,! true ^w spok5 9 simple e>ne/ness1 ! true act done simply1 (t5 move m5's imag9ation1 :]e l\d rhetoric & o/5tati\s conduct leave x cold4 ,s1 too1 9 a picture1 a deep] s5tim5t may be ar\s$ by simple tru? ( repres5tation1 ?an by a display ( mock h]oics4 ,9 ?is picture1 y w obs]ve1 we h be5 discuss+ ! ,academic po9t ( view appli$ to ! repres5tation ( an incid5t t really happ5$4 ,! pa9t] und]took a real subject1 b has n r5d]$ x z x w\ld h really appe>$ to u1 _h we be5 !re to see ! ev5t4 ,?is is a *>ge t c be br\ght aga9/ _m s-call$ hi/orical pictures1 & aga9/ ^? small] ones1 ! g5re pictures1 :i* are suppos$ to repres5t incid5ts ( actual ev]yday life4 ,:5 pa9t$ 9 ! ,academic mann] !y are n true to life1 b artificially concoct$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h said1 _m ,academic pictures1 *oos+ classical or ideali/ic subjects1 make no pret5ce ( repres5t+ life4 ,!y try to improve on life by mak+ _! =ms m beautiful ?an !y actually are 9 nature2 & build up compositions :i* mu/ n be comp>$ ) ! way 9 :i* p gr\p !mselves 9 real life4 ,9 su* pictures we d n look = natural beauty b = t ( ! arti/'s own inv5tion4 ,s1 to br+ ! subject to a f9i%1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are two di/9ct ways ( pa9t+ a picture4 ,if ! arti/ has tri$ to repres5t nature1 we mu/ le>n to comp>e x ) nature2 if on ! contr>y1 he has tri$ to pa9t a subject ( 8ideal p]fection10 we mu/ n f9d fault ) its unnaturalness4 ,we may pref] ! "o or ! o!r k9d2 b %\ld n let our pref]5ce int]f]e ) our judgm5t ( ! diff]5t m]its ( ea*4 ,until we recognise ! 8,great ,divide0 betwe5 ! ,academic & ! ,naturali/ic po9ts ( view1 we %all n get v f> 9 our appreciation ( pictures4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,color ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] t arti/s may be divid$ into two classes3 ^? :o are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! %ape or =m ( :at !y see1 & ^? :o see ! _w z an arrangem5t ( 8color$ masses40 ,x is ! latt] way ( see+ ?+s t we are n[ go+ to consid]4 ,we "k t ev]y?+ visible to ! eye has color4 ,:5 we ?9k ( a g>d5 lawn1 an impression ( gre5 comes into our m9d4 ,gre51 an arti/ w\ld say1 is ! local color ( ! lawn--! g5]al hue :i* di/+ui%es x f ! pa?s & fl[] b$s4 ,!re may be d&elions spott$ ab\t ! grass2 inde$ x is a lucky lawn t is n ov]run ) !m2 yet1 not)/&+ ! yell[ pat*es1 ! local color ( ! lawn is gre54 ,& ?is is true1 al?\gh "h & !re ! grass may appe> yell[ 9 ! w>m sun%9e1 or1 :]e ! %ad[s ( ! trees lie1 may h a blui% t+e2 or aga91 9 ! di/ance may appe> to be almo/ gray4 ,y see !n1 t :5 we beg9 to talk ab\t color1 we d n ?9k only ( ! g5]al hue or local color1 b also ( ! *anges :i* take place 9 its appe>ance1 accord+ z x is subject to light & %ad[ or is se5 ne> or fur!r (f4 ,n[ let u take ano!r case4 ,a woman1 we w suppose1 has a quantity ( :ite cotton mat]ial :i* %e proposes to dye blue4 ,%e buys "s indigo1 & puts x 9 a tub ( wat]4 ,into ?is dye-ba? %e plunges ! cotton1 & !n hangs x on a l9e to dry4 ,:5 %e has tak5 x d[n & iron$ x1 x pres5ts a uni=m hue ( blue1 its local color4 ,b :at happ5s :5 %e has made x up into a dress8 ,! local color rema9s ! same2 b ! appe>ance is no long] ( a uni=m hue4 ,9 "s p>ts ! blue is pal] or :it] ?an ! local color1 9 o!r p>ts d>k]2 = n[ ! mat]ial is n spread out smoo?ly1 ! light no long] falls ^u e "p ( x 9 ! same way4 ,! skirt1 = example1 hangs 9 folds2 & ! full light /rikes directly only on ! rais$ edges ( ! pleats4 ,into ! holl[ ( ! fold less light p5etrates1 & at diff]5t angles4 ,j :at d we mean by angle ( light8 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! rays ( light com+ f ! sun1 radiate or travel outw>d 9 /raight l9es1 z ! spokes ( a :eel radiate f ! hub2 except t ! spokes ( light are n conf9$ to a flat circle1 b radiate 9 all directions f e "p ( ! sun's orb4 ,b to return to ! :eel4 ,let u suppose t x is a buggy's :eel1 & t ! buggy is jack$ up1 s t we c turn ! :eel easily4 ,we w d s until "o ( ! spokes is po9t+ /raight d[n to ! gr\nd1 &1 to make sure t x is exactly v]tical1 we w susp5d 9 front ( x a /r+ ) a weight atta*$ to its l[] end4 ,if ! spoke foll[s exactly ! direction ( ?is plumb l9e1 !n we "k t x is po9t+ d[n directly to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ! direction ( ! spoke is at "r angles to ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 we may say t ! surface ( ! gr\nd is at "r angles to ! direction ( ! spoke4 ,b :at ab\t ! direction ( ! o!r spokes ( ! :eel8 ,) !m ! plumb l9e w n help u4 ,we mu/ get a /raight /ick1 say ! h&le ( ! /able broom4 ,if we hold ?is along ! direction ( ei!r ( ! spokes1 ne>e/ to ! c5t] "o1 we %all f9d t :5 ! h&le t\*es ! gr\nd1 x w be at a po9t fur!r (f f ! hub1 & n at a "r angle to ! gr\nd b at an acute angle4 ,if we try ! same exp]im5t ) ! next spoke1 we may ne$ a long] /ick1 = ! po9t :]e x rea*es ! gr\nd w be /ill fur!r f ! hub1 & ! angle ( direction w be /ill m acute4 ,if we foll[ on to ! next spoke1 we %all probably f9d t its direction1 :5 ext5d$1 does n rea* ! gr\nd4 ,x po9ts above x4 ,p]haps x hits ! b>n wall2 & !n aga9 comes ! "q3 does x hit ! wall at a "r angle or at an acute angle8 ,! answ] to ?is1 if y ?9k a mom5t1 w dep5d ^u ! position1 n only ( ! spoke1 b also ( ! wall4 ,= example1 ! spoke may po9t directly at ! wall1 s t :5 y /& at ! corn] ( ! b>n & run y\r eye along ! wall1 ! spoke w make a "r angle ) ! wall's v]tical direction4 ,b ! wall has ano!r direction--a horizontal "o2 & ?is may slope away f ! direction ( ! spoke1 s t if y /& 9 front ( ! wall1 y\r /ick makes ) x an acute angle4 ,evid5tly "u "s circum/ances a s+le direction may make ) ! surface ( ! wall bo? an acute & a "r angle4 ,by ?is "t our exp]im5t1 :i* />t$ out s simply1 has become p]haps a little puzzl+ to foll[4 ,b ,i don't m9d if x has2 = ,i wi% y to realise t1 al?\gh ?is matt] ( direction & angles is simple 9 pr9ciple1 x works out 9 a v complicat$ way4 ,! m we realise ?is1 ! m we %all realise ! wond]ful effects ( light ^u color4 ,z a beg9n+1 let u imag9e t ! hub ( ! :eel is a c5t] ( heat1 :ite-hot1 & t ! spokes are rays ( light1 n /ation>y l ! woodwork b travell+ outw>d at great spe$4 ,! %aft ( light t runs /raight d[n & /rikes ! gr\nd at "r angles to ! surface1 w\ld make ! spot :]e x t\*es v bright4 ,! second %aft1 h[ev] z x rea*es ! gr\nd fur!r (f f ! hub w illum9e ! spot ) less light4 ,moreov]1 s9ce x hits an acute angle & is travell+ fa/1 "s ( x w glance (f ! spot4 ,x w be reflect$ f ! surface back & =?1 some:at z a ball is toss$ backw>ds & =w>ds f ! h&s ( a gr\p ( *ildr54 ,?is fact ( reflection & ! fact t ! s-call$ angle ( reflection is ! same z ! angle ( incid5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! angle at :i* ! light falls ^u ! object1 expla9s a famili> sight4 ,h y nev] se51 late 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! sun is above ! horizon1 a blaze ^u a hill side1 s bright t y\r fir/ ?\ght is x mu/ be a h\se on fire8 ,y saw x sudd5ly2 &1 if y walk a few /eps to ! "r or left1 x z sudd5ly disappe>s2 to reappe>1 h[ev]1 :5 y resume y\r =m] position4 ,by ?is "t y "k x is n a fire1 b ! reflection ( ! sun f "s w9d[ or t9 ro(4 ,! light1 /rik+ d[n ^u x1 glances (f1 &1 z y happ5 to be 9 ! l9e ( its angle ( reflection1 /rikes y full 9 ! eyes4 ,b move y\r position1 s z to get out ( ! 8l9e ( fire10 & ! reflect$ ray passes y by )\t attract+ y\r notice4 ,"h is ano!r example ( reflect$ light1 :i* y y\rself c control4 ,d y rememb] ! fairy ,t9k] ,bell1 9 8,pet] ,pan02 h[ %e appe>$ z a pat* ( light1 danc+ ov] ! walls8 ,v likely :5 y return$ f ! !at] y made h] appe> on ! walls ( y\r home4 ,z y sat at ! breakfa/ table y pick$ up a tumbl] ( wat]1 or a bright blad$ knife1 & mov$ x ab\t until x caught ! light & toss$ x across ! room on to ! wall1 :]e y c\ld make ! fairy hov] by g5tly %ak+ ! glass or knife4 ,on ! o!r h& by *ang+ ! position ( ! glass or knife y c\ld cause h] to disappe>2 to reappe> if y wi%$ x1 on ano!r "p ( ! wall4 ,n[ aft] consid]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct & reflect$ light1 let u g back to ! blue dress4 ,we 7 say+1 y w rememb]1 t ! skirt no long] pres5t$ an appe>ance ( uni=m hue4 ,= ! local color ( ! mat]ial _h become affect$ by ! way 9 :i* ! light rea*$ ! folds4 ,on ! rais$ edges ! blue appe>s almo/ :ite2 9 ! bottom ( ! holl[s1 :]e no light p5etrates1 x appe>s to be almo/ black4 ,mean:ile on ! slop+ edges ( ! folds !re are v>y+ degrees ( light] or d>k] blue1 accord+ z ! mat]ial approa*es ne>] to ! light1 or rec$es fur!r f x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! light /rikes ! surfaces ( ! dress at diff]5t angles2 !re are v>ieties ( reflections1 & "s p>ts ( ! skirt are almo/ entirely remov$ f ! action ( ! light4 ,b all ?is "t we h be5 speak+ ( light1 & yet ! subject ( ?is *apt] is color4 ,well1 ! reason is1 t color is light & light is color4 ,if we 7 %ut up 9 a cell> f :i* all light 0 exclud$1 we %\ld see no color4 ,our eyes w\ld exp]i5ce no s5sations ( sight :atev]1 &1 if we 7 left !re a long "t1 our eyes1 n be+ us$1 w\ld probably lose _! s5se ( sight4 ,b1 if aft] we _h be5 9 a cell> a little :ile surr\nd$ by 8?ick d>kness0 z ! old ,engli% expression is--mean+ a d>kness s opaque t ! eye _c p5etrate x--! w9d[ %utt] %\ld be op5$ a trifle1 !n imm$iately our eyes w\ld exp]i5ce a s5sation ( color4 ,! %aft ( light1 cutt+ across ! d>kness1 w\ld look :ite2 b1 if x hit ^u a %elf ( apples1 our eye w\ld receive a s5sation ( gre5 or r$ or yell[4 ,if light is color1 :y %\ld x seem :ite 9 "o case & "s o!r hue 9 ano!r8 ,x is because 9 ! :it5ess ( light are conta9$ all ! colors ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,v likely y "k ! exp]im5t by :i* ! tru? ( ?is is %[n4 ,suppos+ y are /ill 9 ! cell> & place 9 ! pa?way ( ! %aft ( light a prism--t is to say1 a b> ( glass n r\nd or squ>e1 b triangul>--:at w happ58 ,! glass be+ transp>5t1 ! light w pass ?r\gh x4 ,b n 9 a /raight l9e2 =1 z x hits "o ( ! slop+ surfaces ( ! prism1 x w be b5t out ( its c\rse2 & !n1 z x rea*es ! opposite slop+ side1 x w aga9 be b5t into ano!r direction4 ,s ! light 9 its passage ?r\gh ! prism w h be5 twice b5t out ( its orig9al direction2 &1 :5 x em]ges1 x w be no long] a s+le %aft ( :ite light1 b w appe> z a broad b& ( _m color$ lights2 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet4 ,we may call ?is succession1 a scale ( color lights4 ,!y correspond 9 hue & ord] to ! b&s or scale ( color$ lights 9 ! ra9b[1 = ! latt] is ! result ( an act ( nature1 :i* on a v l>ge scale is l our exp]im5t ) ! prism4 ,only nature's prism is =m$ by a b> ( ra9 on :i* /rikes a %aft ( light ?r\gh a slit 9 ! ?ick upp] cl\ds4 ,) ?is scale ( color$ lights sci5ti/s h made delicate exp]im5ts4 ,!y h analys$ ! colors m exactly2 discov]+1 t is to say1 ! di/9ct degrees ( color1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! r$ & ! orange1 z ! "o passes into ! o!r2 & aga9 betwe5 ! orange & ! yell[1 ! yell[ & ! gre51 & s on4 ,!n1 aft] discov]+ ! succession ( mono*romatic t9ts1 z !y call !m1 by optical in/rum5ts1 !y h te/$ ! p[] ( ! human eye to discrim9ate1 or detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! v>i\s t9ts4 ,not)/&+ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! latt] is s slight1 !y h f\nd t ! eye is s5sitive to some?+ l two million mono*romatic t9ts4 ,i m5tion x n to tr\ble y ) figures b to /ir y\r imag9ation2 = su* a fact %\ld fill u ) admiration n only ( ! m>vell\s qualities ( light b also ( ! m>vell\s capacity ( ! human eye4 ,x helps u to beg9 to realise ! miracle ( light & ! imm5se field ( /udy t lies op5 to ! arti/ :o is a colori/1 to :om1 t is to say1 x is ! color ( ! visible _w t mo/ appeals4 ,light1 !n1 conta9s )9 itself all colors4 ,:5 light falls ^u an object1 = example1 a leaf1 ! latt] absorbs "s ( ! colors ( ! light & ?r[s (f o!rs4 ,! "p ?r[n (f 9 ! case ( ! leaf is :at we call its color3 gre51 or x may be gre5i% yell[1 or a blui% gre51 or 9 autumn1 crimson4 ,e sub/ance has ?is p[] ( absorb+ "s ( ! light & ( ?r[+ (f ! re/2 & x is ! diff]5t *emical prop]ties ( diff]5t sub/ances t decide :i* ( ! colors ( light !y w absorb & :i* !y w ?r[ (f2 or1 z we say1 causes !m to be a c]ta9 color4 ,we h spok5 ( ! human eye be+ s5sitive to an imm5se v>iety ( colors4 ,let u consid] ! mean+ ( s5sitive4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! eye receives an impression t causes x to telegraph to ! bra9 a record ( ! hue2 b x means m1 = ! ^w s5sitive implies a capacity to feel4 ,9 "s way or o!r ! bra9 receives an impression ( feel+4 ,j h[ x does1 ,i und]/&1 is n kn[n2 b sci5ti/s tell u t ^! impressions ( sight1 :ile !y are n q simil> to ! feel+s ar\s$ by s\nd1 h some?+ 9 common4 ,j z "s s\nds give pleasure :ile o!rs are di/urb+1 s ) colors--we receive f !m s5sations ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,accord+ to ! degree ( our s5sitiv5ess to s\nd or color our feel+s are ar\s$4 ,x may be only slightly1 or x may be m int5sely4 ,x is pleasant1 = example1 to he> ! s\nd ( ! rob9's note1 &1 z we peep out ( our b$room w9d[ to look at him1 we may cat* sight ( ! yell[ or r$ notes ( color t ! tulips are beg9n+ to make aga9/ ! d>k e>?4 ,!y too w give u pleasure4 ,& 9 bo? cases our pleasure may g no fur!r ?an j a little enjoym5t ( _! note ( color or s\nd4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may /ir our imag9ation4 ,we recognise _! notes z ! fir/ signs ( spr+4 ,nature 9 h] my/]i\s way has :isp]$ alike to ! rob9 & ! tulip t ! rigor ( w9t] is ov]2 t spr+ is come ) its bir? ( new life1 br++ beauty & happ9ess 9 its tra94 ,& 9 ourselves1 z we recognise ! notes ( spr+1 life leaps up ) a new s5se ( ! beauty & happ9ess ( liv+4 ,^? notes1 9 fact1 :i* began by giv+ only simple pleasure to our e>1 h /irr$ ideas 9 our m9ds2 !y h become associat$ 9 our imag9ation ) a full] & high] s5se ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s notes ( s\nd di/ress u4 ,! unexpect$ dis*>ge ( a gun may /rike u unpleasantly2 ! ro> ( ! w9d & ! ra9 aga9/ ! w9d[ fill u ) melan*oly2 ! cry ( a creature 9 pa91 ev5 be=e we "k :5ce ! cry comes or ! reason ( x1 may cut u l a knife4 ,i mean1 t s\nds1 q ap>t f any def9ite ?\ghts t we associate ) !m1 may hurt u4 ,s may colors4 ,i might illu/rate ?is by say+ t sometimes :5 we ent] a room ! color ( ! c>pet1 p]haps gre5 ) r$ roses z big z cabbages1 & ! color ( ! furniture1 :i* may be ( gold uphol/]$ 9 blue1 seem to />t up & hit u a bang 9 ! eye4 ,b p]haps y l sm>t colors1 s ,i w (f] ano!r example4 ,%akespe>e said-- ,%e nev] told h] love1 ,b let concealm5t1 l a worm i' ! bud1 ,fe$ on h] damask *eek4 ,%e p9$ 9 ?\ght1 ,& ) a gre5 & yell[ melan*oly1 ,%e sat1 l pati5ce on a monum5t1 ,smil+ at grief4 ,%akespe>e's opportunity ( see+ pictures _h be5 v limit$4 ,9 fact1 ,i am sure t he 0 n ?9k+ ( pictures :5 he describ$ melan*oly z 8gre5 & yell[40 ,ei!r he _h an in/9ctive dislike ( ?is comb9ation t probably he c\ld n h expla9$2 simply he felt x to be disagreeable2 or he may h associat$ x 9 8 imag9ation ) some?+ he _h obs]v$4 ,p]haps = in/ance1 s9ce he speaks 9 ! next l9e ( a 8monum5t10 he may h be5 ?9k+ ( ! gre5 & yell[ /a9s on old tomb/ones1 s t 8gre5 & yell[0 sugge/$ to him ! v opposite ( 8damask *eek0 ) its ros9ess ( heal?y life2 9 fact ! signs ( wa/+ & decay4 ,anyh[1 to ,%akespe>e's imag9ation ^! colors repres5t$ some?+ disagreeable4 ,t is ! po9t4 ,colors1 l s\nds1 may excite feel+s ( di/ress or pleasure4 ,&1 if s+le notes may give pleasure1 h[ mu* m a numb] ( !m4 ,x is :5 a numb] ( !m are comb9$ into a composition t a h>mony is produc$4 ,! musician creates a h>mony ( s\nd1 ! pa9t] a h>mony ( color4 ,! secret ( a h>mony is ! relation t ! sep>ate notes ( s\nd or color 9 x be> to "o ano!r4 ,if ,i try to expla9 ?is1 x is n because ,i wi% to tell y h[ to make a color h>mony1 b because ,i hope ! explanation may help y to enjoy x4 ,p]haps we may get an idea ( :at relation means if we ?9k ( a football team4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( individuals ) sep>ate duties4 ,"s play =w>d1 o!rs half-back1 qu>t]-back1 & s on4 ,:5 ea* memb] n only does 8 own "w z well z possible b plays well into ! h&s ( ! o!r memb]s1 we speak ( ! excell5ce ( ! team "w4 ,& 9 n9e cases out ( t5 x is n brilliant individual play1 b f9e all-r\nd team-"w t w9s ! game4 ,! diff]5t memb]s are s well relat$ to "o ano!r1 t ! :ole team works h>moni\sly4 ,x is simil> 9 a h>mony ( colors4 ,= p]haps y see t :at ,i wi% y to und]/& is n t a few bright colors make a h>mony1 b t x is ! result ( a comb9ation4 ,!re mu/ be team-"w among ! colors4 ,!y c\nt z individual spots ( color1 b /ill m 9 relation to all ! o!r colors4 ,!re may be "o or m crack play]s--,i mean pr$om9ant#i notes ( color1--b !y w h colleagues or assi/ants--colors ( ! same hue b diff]+ 9 degree--:i* w repeat or e*o _! effect1 ) v>iations all ov] ! canvas4 ,^! subord9ate colors & ! crack ones w play 9 & out1 back+ "o ano!r up1 &1 z x 71 pass+ ! ball backw>d & =w>d into "o ano!r's h&s2 act+ 9 su* exact relation to "o ano!r1 t _! ef=ts result 9 a p]fect h>mony ( effect4 ,b s f> we h be5 ?9k+ only ( "o team1 work+ out its s*eme ( attack & def5se 9 practice play4 ,!re is a m complicat$ play1 namely1 :5 ! team is pitt$ aga9/ a rival team4 ,s 9 color4 ,an arti/ w introduce rivalry1 or competition into 8 color s*eme2 namely1 two crack notes ( color t1 se5 by !mselves1 w\ld produce a disagreeable s5sation4 ,:y does he d s8 ,because he kn[s ! value ( contra/ & discord2 j z y "k x is m fun to wat* a game ( football betwe5 two well-mat*$ rival teams ?an ! m]ely practice play ( "o ( !m4 ,= n[ ! arti/ is pitt+ "o set ( colors aga9/ ano!r set2 ! crack play]s on bo? sides & _! back]s-up--! colors ( diff]5t b closely relat$ hue2 & ! game betwe5 !m is fa/ & furi\s--an int]play ( likes & unlikes1 ( repetitions & ( contra/s4 ,! excitem5t ( ! game results f ! ev5 balance ( ! two rival sets ( colors1 sway+ backw>d & =w>d ov] ! gridiron--,i mean ! canvas--mass+ "h & !re1 !n scatt]+ 9 a bur/ ( animation--! two teams s ev5ly mat*$ t _! rivalry only makes ! give & take ( ! game m brilliantly h>moni\s4 ,su*1 9 a way1 is ! h>mony ( color1 z x appe>s 9 ! pictures ( a true colori/4 ,x has a focal po9t ( int5sity :]e ! effect is mass$1 b all ab\t x1 scatt]$ ov] ! canvas1 is ! int]play ( relat$ simil>ities & contra/s1 all ( :i* comb9e into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,x may help y1 z x has help$ me1 to und]/& ! comb9ation ( ^! numb]less repetitions & contra/s ( color1 if ,i tell y ( an exp]i5ce ( s\nd t ,i rememb]4 ,i 0 "o ( a p>ty walk+ 9 ! ,swiss m\nta9s1 & at a turn 9 ! pa? we came ^u a man1 sitt+ ) a gun across 8 knees4 ,= a small am\nt ?is m\nta9e] 0 prep>$ to let (f 8 gun4 ,we paid1 he fir$4 ,!re 0 a %>p report--a focal po9t ( s\nd--!n a neighbor+ m\nta9 side s5t back an e*o1 :i* 0 caught by ano!r t s5t x back1 :5ce aga9 x 0 re-e*o$ f ano!r m\nta9 peak1 & s on1 back & =?1 until 9 a mom5t or two1 ! :ole m\nta9 _w res\nd$ ) a wondr\s ro>4 ,f a s+le note ( s\nd1 :i* made a v slight impression _h gr[n a multiplication ( slightly diff]+ s\nds4 ,= ! fir/ e*o 0 slightly diff]5t to ! orig9al note1 & !n aga9 ! e*o ( ?is e*o diff]$ slightly1 s too ! e*o t came next & ! "o t foll[$ t1 & s on ?r\gh a scale ( slightly v>y+ tones1 t f9ally m]g$ into "o huge swell ( ?robb+ s\nd1 z ( "s mighty organ music--a h>mony ( tumult4 ,x 0 a wond]ful s5sation1 & has help$ me to realise ! wond] ( color h>mony4 ,= an arti/ g5]ally f\nds 8 color s*eme ^u "o or two notes ( color1 & !n by repres5t+ ! e*oes ( ^! colors1 z !y are reflect$ at diff]5t angles f ! v>i\s planes ( surface1 gradually elaborates or works out a maze ( relat$ colors t m]ge into a h>mony4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n only by pa9t+ ! int]play ( reflections t an arti/ produces a h>mony ( color4 ,!re is a less complicat$ way1 repres5t$ 9 ,japanese pr9ts & pa9t+s1 & 9 ! "w done by "s ( our arti/s :o h adopt$ _! me?od4 ,9 ?is case ! color is flat2 ! objects1 t is to say1 are n model$ by lights & d>ks4 ,! =m1 in/ead ( be+ actually repres5t$ is only sugge/$4 ,consequ5tly !re are no reflections & ! colors are laid on flatly & smoo?ly4 ,b !y are mo/ c>efully relat$ to "o ano!r2 bo? 9 quantity & t9t4 ,! arti/1 = example1 may use only rose & lav5d] & black4 ,b 8 s5se ( color is fir/ %[n 9 8 *oice ( ! p>ticul> t9ts ( rose & lav5d] & black1 & !n secondly1 9 8 di/ribution ( ^! on ! :ite pap]4 ,p]haps he det]m9es to make ! black 8 crack play]4 ,b he wi%es to produce a balance ( h>mony ( all 8 colors1 s he c>efully consid]s h[ l>ge a space ! *ief spot ( black %all occupy1 & !n :at quantity ( ! rema9+ spaces %all be occupi$ by ! rose & lav5d] & ! :ite pap]4 ,hav+ ?us work$ out ! gr\nd plan ( ! s*eme1 he may elaborate x by repeat+ "s ( ! black 9 o!r p>ts ( ! picture1 & by introduc+ e*oes ( ! rose & lav5d] 9 ! l>ge spot ( black4 ,! e*oes1 9 ?is case1 y obs]ve1 are n reflections1 !y are simply repetitions 9 small] quantities ( ! colors ( ! ma9 spots4 ,8 composition1 9 fact1 is a patt]n ( ma9 spots1 & _! e*oes2 ! :ole pres5t+ a unity & h>mony because ! colors are 9 exact relation4 ,& :5 ?is has be5 done ei!r 9 a simple h>mony or a m elaborate "o1 ) ! true feel+ ( a colori/1 no alt]ation c be made 9 any "p ( ! picture )\t produc+ a discord1 de/roy+1 t is to say1 ! exquisite balance ( ! :ole4 ,i mean1 t if1 = in/ance1 y 7 to cut (f a "p ( ! picture 9 ord] to make x fill a frame1 y w\ld de/roy ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,= n[ ! relation ( ! colors w h be5 di/urb$4 ,!re is no long] ! same balance 9 ! quantity ( ea*1 nor d !y occupy ! same relat$ position 9 ! composition4 ,9 a ^w1 z we said above1 ! secret ( color h>mony is ! relation ( ! sep>ate colors to "o ano!r & ! :ole4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,color 7,cont9u$7--,,values--,,subtlety ,s f> 9 our talk on color we h laid /ress on ?ree po9ts3 fir/1 t color is light2 secondly1 t color is affect$ by light2 ?irdly1 t ! pa9t] :o is a colori/ arranges color 9 relation to o!r colors1 s z to produce a h>mony4 ,! reason 01 t ,i wi%$ y n to ?9k ( color z pa9t4 ,pa9ts1 or z arti/s call !m1 pigm5ts1 are only ! mat]ials t man has inv5t$ to imitate ! real ?+4 ,! real ?+ is nature's color4 ,pigm5ts we w speak ( lat]4 ,f e>ly ages man has be5 attract$ by nature's colors & has tri$ to imitate !m 9 ord] to bright5 up 8 own p]son & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,he began by sme>+ 8 own body ) "s =m ( dye or pigm5t1 ei!r to make himself m attractive or to /rike t]ror into 8 enemies4 ,z he became m civilis$ & le>n$ to weave wool & cotton & flax1 he dy$ 8 blankets & clo?+1 & add$ gay bord]s & patt]ns to ! local color4 ,gr[+ m skilful 9 ! fa%ion+ ( clay pots1 & b[s & arr[s1 & o!r articles ( w> & dome/ic use1 he decorat$ !m ) color$ designs4 ,little by little he le>n$ h[ to imitate ! beauty ( nature's color+4 ,b1 at fir/1 x seems to h be5 ! brightness ( color t attract$ him2 j z to-day1 a great _m *ildr5 &1 = t matt]1 gr[n-ups z well1 pref] gay colors4 ,manufactur]s & m]*ants "k ?is4 ,accord+ly1 to suit ! ta/e ( a great _m cu/om]s :o /ill h ! primitive *ild-man's love ( gay-color$ ?+s1 !y fill ! m>kets ) gaudy-color$ c>pets & wall-pap]s1 & gaudily uphol/]$ furniture1 gaudy curta9s1 cu%ions & s =?4 ,& p buy !m1 s t ?\s&s ( h\seholds are furni%$ 9 a way t to any "o :o loves nature's color+1 seems horrible4 ,yes1 ?is is a /rong ^w4 ,b if y w believe me1 n too /rong to express ! feel+s ( di/ress t su* p>lors excite 9 p ^: ta/e is m civilis$4 ,!y are z mu* di/ress$1 z if ! p>lor 7 fill$ ) roo/]s1 p>rots & monkeys1 all cr[+1 & scree*+ & *att]+ toge!r 9 a horrible discord ( s\nd4 ,p]haps y d n l my h9t+ t p :o pref] ^! noisy colors are n yet fully civilis$4 ,y h be5 taught t we are liv+ 9 a v civilis$ age1 ) all sorts ( mod]n improvem5ts t ! p ( ! pa/ nev] ?\ght (1 mu* less enjoy$4 ,?is ( c\rse is p]fectly true4 ,sci5ce & me*anical inv5tions h made liv+ easi]2 travel is *eap]1 education has advanc$1 books are )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody &1 be/ ( all1 we h m pity = ! poor1 & ! sick & ! afflict$1 & try to make _! lot less t]rible4 ,yes1 & 9 ?\s&s ( o!r ways we are m civilis$4 ,yet1 ev5 s1 we may be f> f enjoy+ all ! opportunities ( civilisation t ?is wond]ful age (f]s4 ,h[ _m girls & boys1 ,i wond]1 :o h enjoy$ ! b5efits ( a good education1 :5 !y rea* ! age 9 :i* !y c *oose = !mselves :at !y w read1 select ! be/ books8 ,i mean by ! be/ books1 ^? t 9 hi/ory1 poetry1 biography1 travel1 sci5ce1 & fiction1 really give u ! be/ k9d ( k ( m5 & life4 ,are !re n ?\s&s ( read]s :o are satisfi$ to read no?+ else b ! late/ novel1 no matt] h[ tra%y x may be8 ,?\s&s1 inde$1 :o are n bett]+ _! m9ds & lives1 z really civilis$ p %\ld try to d2 b all[+ ! g>d5 ( _! he>ts & s\ls to become laid wa/e & b>r51 j z y\r fl[] g>d5 w\ld soon be1 if y turn$ loose 9 x ! p\ltry & ! pigs4 ,! tru? ) su* read]s is1 t1 ?\gh !y enjoy ! bless+s ( civilisation1 !y h miss$ "o ( civilisation's f9e/ products4 ,!y h n good ta/e1 _! ta/e is bad4 ,& bad ta/e is l a poison4 ,if x is all[$ to rema9 9 ! sy/em x w 9 "t affect ! :ole body4 ,none ( u c make a habit ( read+ tra% )\t soon] or lat] becom+ tra%y & *eap & commonplace 9 our ?\ghts1 conv]sation1 *oice ( fri5ds & conduct4 ,h[ev]1 z y are read+ ?is book1 ,i hope x is a sign t y d n c>e = tra%y read+4 ,s let u get back to ! subject ( ta/e 9 matt]s ( color4 ,if "o looks back ov] ! pa/1 !re is no d\bt t z p became m civilis$1 "o ( ! ways 9 :i* !y %[$ improvem5t 0 9 color ta/e4 ,!y gradually ceas$ to be attract$ only by ! brightness ( color2 !y began to f9d beauty 9 ! relation ( "o color to ano!r2 to try to produce a h>mony ( colors4 ,i wond] :e!r1 z y h be5 read+1 x has occurr$ to y to ?9k3 ,:y does ! au?or object to bright colors8 ,he says we le>n to love color by /udy+ nature's color+4 ,are !re n bright colors 9 nature8 ,is x wrong to l !m8 ,c]ta9ly n2 nor d ,i object to bright colors4 ,i am (t5 delight$ ) !m4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 bright colors d n look ! same 9 nature z !y d 9 a p>lor4 ,secondly1 art1 z we h said be=e1 is diff]5t to nature4 ,! arti/ does n imitate ev]y?+ he sees 9 nature1 b f x selects ?is & t to make 8 "w ( art4 ,no?+ 9 our g>d5 makes a bright] spot ?an ! giant poppy4 ,its wide & fl>+ crimson cup1 /a9$ ) ! purple ( its /am5s1 burns l a flame4 ,i love ! brave %[ poppies make1 rang$ at int]vals along ! bord]s or mass$ 9 a clump ) a sett+ ( gre5]y ar\nd !m4 ,=1 to prev5t _! brilliance ov]p[]+ ! g>d51 !y ne$ pl5ty ( space & abundance ( contra/+ colors4 ,i _c imag9e any?+ m noisy & gaudy ?an a little y>d entirely fill$ ) !m4 ,! reason !y ne$ space is t !y may be surr\nd$ ) pl5ty ( atmosph]e4 ,x is ?is :i* makes s great a diff]5ce betwe5 effects ( color out ( doors & indoors4 ,out ( doors ! atmosph]e acts l a veil1 s(t5+ ! %>pness ( colors & =ms & help+ to draw !m toge!r into a unity ( effect4 ,x is inde$1 m l a succession ( veils1 = betwe5 u & ne>by objects is a c]ta9 am\nt ( atmosph]e2 :ile objects fur!r (f1 & /ill fur!r (f1 & fur!r (f /ill1 are sep>at$ f u by cont9ually increas+ quantities ( atmosph]e4 ,& ^! planes ( atmosph]e1 z we call$ !m 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 act l veils ( gauze ?r\gh :i* ev]y?+ is se54 ,z ,i h said1 !y help to subdue ! colors & draw !m into relation ) "o ano!r1 & s sugge/ an effect ( h>mony4 ,9 a room1 h[ev]1 especially a small "o1 we _c get f> en\gh away f objects to p]mit mu* atmosph]e to come 9 betwe54 ,!re is n s mu* di/ance to l5d en*antm5t to ! view4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh we may enjoy ! beauty ( a few ( ^? poppies 9 a b[l on our table1 we %\ld f9d a c>pet or curta9s or s(a ( ! same color mu* too gaudy & ov]p[]+4 ,! effect w\ld be mu* z if1 :ile ! piano 0 be+ play$1 someone %\ld bl[ l\dly on a t9 horn4 ,! noise w\ld di/urb ! h>mony ( ! music2 we %\ld %ut our e>s or turn ! t9 horn di/urb] out ( ! room4 ,s :5 we ent] a gaudily furni%$ room1 we %\ld l to %ut our eyes to ! discord ( color1 &1 if we _h our way1 w\ld bani% ! di/urb+ objects to ! junk-%op4 ,b n[ = ! second reason :y "s ( nature's colors1 beautiful 9 !mselves1 may be less s :5 introduc$ into a room or picture4 ,= ! furni%+ ( a room1 l ! compos+ ( a picture1 %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be a "w ( art1 & ! arti/1 z y recollect1 does n imitate nature4 ,he selects f nature4 ,out ( h] unlimit$ /oreh\se ( =m & color he *ooses = 8 purpose "s few effects at a "t & comb9es !m 9 8 "w ( art2 guid$ 9 8 *oice & arrangem5t by ! pr9ciples ( beauty he has discov]$ 9 nature1 p>ticul>ly by ! pr9ciple ( h>mony4 ,& 9 ?is respect he has an advantage ov] nature4 ,= ! light & atmosph]e _c *oose ! colors & objects :i* !y help to h>monise4 ,ev5 aft] !y h done _! be/1 !re may be s _m ( ^? poppies t1 :ile _! colors are subdu$ & br\ght into "s relation ) ! o!r colors1 ! relation%ip is /ill too di/ant--! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two colors too wide--to produce a p]fect h>mony4 ,b ! arti/1 s9ce he c pick & *oose :at he w put into 8 picture1 is able to avoid ?is difficulty2 j z a "y c\ple :5 !y />t h\sekeep+ c g5]ally avoid hav+ ?+s t w di/urb ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( _! p>lor4 ,i say 8g5]ally10 = sometimes1 not)/&+ _! own ta/e1 !y receive f "s k9d b ta/eless fri5d1 ! pres5t ( a piece ( furniture t plays ! t9-horn to all _! ideas ( h>mony4 ,?is is a h>d case4 ,!y d n wi% to (f5d ,mrs4 ,s-&-s or ,aunt ,jane1 & yet !y d n l hav+ to live ) some?+ (f5sive to _! own feel+s6 ,we h said s mu* ab\t ! arti/ work+ = a h>mony ( colors1 t ,i ought to w>n y t y w n see color h>monies 9 all pictures4 ,= a great _m pa9t]s are n colori/s4 ,b\gu]eau1 = example1 0 int]e/$ *iefly 9 =m4 ,if he repres5t$ a "y girl1 draw+ wat] f a well1 he pa9t$ h] fle% p9k2 h] dress1 p]haps1 blue2 ! /one-"w ( ! wall1 gray2 ! wood "w ( ! bucket1 br[n2 &1 if !re 0 a bu% 9 ! picture1 ( c\rse1 pa9t$ x gre54 ,8 only purpose 9 *oos+ ?is color or t color 0 to repres5t ! g5]al appe>ances ( ! figure & o!r objects4 ,he only saw color1 nev] felt x4 ,he nev] ev5 saw x1 z x really is2 or he w\ld h>dly h pa9t$ all 8 girls & wom5 ! same k9d ( p9ky or creamy *9a-color4 ,9 fact1 color to him 0 q unimportant4 ,if he c\ld draw ! girl beautifully he 0 satisfi$4 ,s x is beautiful =m we mu/ look = 9 8 pictures2 ! color does n c\nt4 ,!n !re is ano!r k9d ( pa9t]2 ,vib]t1 = example1 ^: pictures 7 popul> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he lik$ to pa9t a c>d9al 9 a sc>let cassock1 ei!r 9 or out ( doors4 ,! sc>let makes a big bright spot 9 ! pictures4 ,vib]t 0 evid5tly fond ( color2 b 9 a v crude or unref9$ sort ( way4 ,he _h ! primitive man's or *ild's fondness = gay or brilliant hues2 & s9ce !re are _m p ) ! same *ild-l in/9ct1 he sold 8 pictures easily4 ,he too1 = ! mo/ "p only saw color4 ,or1 if he felt x at all1 only 9 ! v simple way ( lik+ "o color bett] ?an ano!r4 ,color nev] /irr$ 9 him deep feel+s4 ,he nev] felt x z a musician feels s\nd4 ,he nev] wove ! relat$ colors into a h>mony4 ,he 0 a gay pa9t]1 b n a colori/4 ,i wond] :e!r y are beg9n+ to und]/& ! diff]5ce8 ,:at ,i h said may help to po9t ! way to an und]/&+1 b no am\nt ( read+ c make y feel ! beauty ( color1 or ent] into ! feel+s ( an arti/ :o is a colori/2 & enjoy 8 "w4 ,?is y c only d = y\rself by us+ y\r own eyes4 ,nor d ,i mean by ?is t y %\ld n[ & !n look at a picture1 or once 9 a :ile op5 y\r eyes to ! beauty ( nature4 ,:at ,i sugge/ is t y %\ld get into ! habit ( keep+ y\r eyes op5 to ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,if y d1 y w h y\r rew>d4 ,& ! m y wat* out = beauty1 & s tra9 y\r feel+ & ta/e1 ! m y w discov] beauty 9 unexpect$ directions4 ,especially y w f9d t "s ( ! mo/ beautiful color h>monies are made up ( colors1 t a little :ile ago y w\ld n h felt to be beautiful4 ,x is n difficult1 = example1 to enjoy ! beauty ( nature's color+ :5 ! sun is %9+ brightly4 ,b1 because x is s easy1 "s pa9t]s :o are colori/s w n c>e to repres5t x 9 _! pictures4 ,!y w wait = :at !y call a gray day--:5 ! sun is hidd5 beh9d cl\ds ( mi/4 ,or1 l ,corot1 !y w pref] ! e>ly morn+ or late ev5+1 :5 ! sky is v pale1 & ! colors ( nature are v subdu$4 ,or1 l ,:i/l]1 :o pa9t$ ,! ,:ite ,girl1 a girl 9 :ite1 /&+ on a :ite rug 9 front ( a :ite wall1 !y w *oose "s subject 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! colors is v slight4 ,9 a ^w !y are look+1 n = spl5did b = subtle h>monies4 ,^? gr& ,v5etian colori/s ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,paul ,v]onese1 & ! great ,flemi% colori/ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 = ! mo/ "p glori$ 9 h>monies ( spl5d\r1 ,velasquez1 h[ev]1 ,rub5s's contempor>y1 ^: life 0 sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,iv ( ,spa91 prov$ himself to be "o ( ! _w's greate/ colori/s by ! sob]ness & subtlety ( 8 h>monies4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 "w consi/$ 9 pa9t+ ! portraits ( ! ,k+1 ! ,royal ,family1 & ! *ief ,/ate (fic]s4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,c\rt 0 oppos$ to bright color$ co/umes2 inde$ ! prevail+ colors 7 black & gray1 ) occasional t\*es ( relief1 su* z blue or pale rose4 ,yet out ( ^! few colors he made wond]ful h>monies4 ,to 8 s5sitive eye a black cloak 0 n a mass ( ?ick d>kness4 ,z ! light %one ^u ! v>i\s surfaces at diff]5t angles1 he discov]$ all sorts ( nuances1 z ! ,fr5* say1 or ,illu/ration3 ,pr9ce ,bal?az> ,c>los4 ,velasquez4 %ades & degrees ( light] & d>k] black1 9 fact1 a scale ( t9ts out ( :i* he compos$ a h>mony4 ,x 0 ! same way ) ! grays & drabs4 ,we (t5 call ^! neutral colors1 by :i* we mean t !re is no p>ticul> color 9 !m4 ,b ,velasquez did n look at grays & drabs 9 ?is way4 ,hav+ to pa9t !m he se>*$ !m = possibilities ( beauty1 & f\nd !m 9 ! nuances1 occasion$ by ! action ( light4 ,& out ( ! scale ( ^! nuances he compos$ h>monies4 ,to ^! nuances arti/s h giv5 a "n--values4 ,we "k ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w4 ,x repres5ts ! relation ( some?+ to a c]ta9 fix$ /&>d4 ,?us1 we take a doll> z a /&>d2 & say ! value ( ?is knife is fifty c5ts1 or ( t two doll>s4 ,^! knives diff] 9 value2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 we may h two or m knives t correspond 9 value4 ,or1 aga91 if "s ( y are arrang+ a picnic z a ,dut* treat1 "o ( ! p>ty may und]take to br+ t5 c5ts' wor? ( eggs1 ano!r t5 c5ts' wor? ( crack]s1 & s on4 ,?\gh e "o ( tw5ty boys & girls br+s some?+ diff]5t1 ! value ( ea* contribution is ! same4 ,n[ apply+ ?is to colors1 y may see t ! po9t to :i* ,i am lead+ y is ?is4 ,j z ! knife v>ies 9 value f o!r knives1 s may "o t9t ( black v>y f ano!r t9t ( black2 "o t9t ( r$ f ano!r t9t ( r$2 "o t9t ( yell[ f ano!r t9t ( yell[4 ,equally1 s9ce a c]ta9 quantity ( crack]s may h ! same value z a c]ta9 quantity ( *eese1 s may a c]ta9 t9t ( r$ h ! same value z a c]ta9 t9t ( yell[4 ,b :at is ! /&>d by :i* "o k9d ( color c be comp>$ ) ano!r8 ,! /&>d ( value adopt$ by a pa9t]1 is light4 ,! value ( any color dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( light reflect$ f x4 ,?us1 if y look at a man dress$ 9 black1 y w notice t ! black ^u ! %\ld]1 or ! *e/1 or :atev] "p receives ! greate/ quantity ( light1 w seem less black ?an ^? p>ts :i* receive less light4 ,& x may be only 9 ! holl[s or %ad$ p>ts t ! black looks really black4 ,well1 ea* "o ( ^! sep>ate degrees ( black repres5ts to ! pa9t] a sep>ate value ( black4 ,p]haps y w say--,:y ?is is only a repetition ( :at 0 said ab\t ! pa9t+ ( reflections ( light & ! %ad[s on ! blue skirt6 ,y are "r4 ,!n--:y1 y ask1 ?is new t]m--values8 ,well1 x 0 :5 ! mod]n man discov]$ t ! pa9t+ ( ^! reflections & %ad[s c\ld be made a means ( produc+ h>monies ( color2 t1 inde$1 h>monies c\ld be produc$ out ( ! reflections alone1 t !y inv5t$ ?is new "n4 ,!y _h discov]$ a new pr9ciple ( h>mony1 dep5d+ ^u ! v>ieties ( light on color1 & !y gave to ^! v>ieties ! new "n ( values4 ,n t ! pr9ciple 0 really a new "o4 ,x 0 an old "o discov]$ by ,velasquez & at ! same "t by ! ,dut*--,v]me] among !m4#aj ,b ab\t #ahfj "s mod]n arti/s f /udy+ ! works ( ^! m5 made a new discov]y ( ! pr9ciple4 ,be=e discuss+ ! importance ( ! r$iscov]y1 let u turn back to ! o!r use ( t ^w values4 ,if y rememb]1 ! ^w is us$ n only ( ! diff]5ces 9 degree 9 t9t ( "s "o color2 = example1 ! diff]5t values ( black1 ( gre51 ( r$ & s on1 b x is also us$ z a /&>d to comp>e a color ( "o hue ) a color ( ano!r hue4 ,let me rem9d y ( t ,dut* treat picnic to :i* ev]ybody br\ght a contribution ( equal value4 ,i ne$ n tell y t ! t5 c5ts' wor? ( soda crack]s w make a bigg] p>cel ?an ! t5 c5ts' wor? ( *eese1 :ile t5 c5ts' wor? (----'s 8f9e *ocolate0 w\ld make a v small p>cel inde$4 ,n[1 colors diff] 9 ! same way4 ,all colors ?r[ (f a c]ta9 quantity ( light1 b ! am\nt v>ies4 ,y rememb]1 we said t ! cause ( color 0 ! fact1 t light :i* is made up ( all colors p5etrates e object 9 nature2 t ea* object absorbs a c]ta9 quantity ( ! color & ?r[s (f ! rema9d]4 ,& t ?is rema9d] is :at appe>s to our eyes z ! color ( ! object4 ,b :ile we ?9k ( ?is rema9d] z color1 d n let u =get t x is light4 ,&1 recollect+ t color is light1 we c und]/& t "o color has m or less light 9 x ?an ano!r4 ,i wi% to make sure t y d und]/& ?is1 s let u try to illu/rate x4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( e/imat+ ?+s by p]c5tage4 ,suppose !n t we ?9k ( ! light ( ! sun z repres5t+ "o hundr$ po9ts4 ,sci5ti/s h discov]$ t objects :i* we call yell[ absorb only "s tw5ty ( ^! po9ts2 t1 9 fact1 ! quantity ( light ?r[n (f by :at we call yell[1 or 9 o!r words its value1 is "s eighty p] c5t4 ,:at we call r$1 h[ev]1 repres5ts "s sixty p] c5t4 ( light2 gre51 ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ,n[ suppos+ an arti/ wi%es to comb9e ^! colors 9 a ,dut* picnic2 if he wi%es1 t is to say1 to comb9e ^! colors1 s t !y w contribute equally to ! :ole composition ( color4 ,he w use a great deal less yell[ ?an r$1 & less ( ei!r ( ^! colors ?an gre54 ,! packet ( gre51 l ! crack]s2 w be bigg] ?an ! *eese1 or r$2 ! yell[1 or *ocolate1 smalle/ ( all4 ,let u imag9e a picture t w illu/rate ?is4 ,b be=e we d s ,i mu/ rem9d y t :at we are talk+ ab\t is color h>monies1 & p>ticul>ly ^? h>monies ( color 9 :i* ! mod]n arti/ delights4 ,he le>n$ !m1 z ,i h said1 f ,velasquez1 :o 0 deb>r$ f us+ brilliant colors1 he le>n$ !m also f ! old pictures ( ! ,dut*m51 l ,v]me]2 la/ly he le>n$ !m f /udy+ ! pictures & pr9ts ( ! ,japanese4 ,! effect ( all ^! examples 0 to make him pref] subtlety to spl5d\r4 ,i h already expla9$ ! mean+ ( subtlety & subtle4 ,bo? are d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w :i* means 8f9ely wov50--f9e spun ?reads ( silk or l951 wov5 closely toge!r into a /rong b v delicate & ?9 fabric4 ,s :5 we speak ( a subtle di/9ction we h 9 m9d a di/9ction t is v slight2 z betwe5 two t9ts ( yell[4 ,to _m eyes !y w seem ! same2 :]eas an eye m subtly s5sitive to degrees ( color c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce4 ,we may say ( su* an eye1 t x has a v delicate s5se ( sight1 or subtlety ( vision4 ,subtlety implies delicacy2 & :5 we speak ( ! subtlety ( an arti/'s color h>monies--h[ subtle !y are--we h 9 m9d a delicate1 exquisite1 ref9$ use ( color4 ,he has n us$ _m colors2 nor obta9$ 8 effects by =ce ( /rong contra/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is by subtle relation ( a few colors1 by ! subtle diff]5ces 9 _! values t a h>mony1 di/+ui%$ by its exquisite delicacy1 is produc$4 ,our own ,am]ican arti/1 ! late ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l]1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! mod]n arti/s to pa9t ?is sort ( h>mony4 ,he pa9t$ f\r pictures ( a girl 9 a :ite dress1 :i* he aft]w>ds entitl$ 8,symphonies 9 ,:ite10 numb]+ !m "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r1 j z a musician's works are di/+ui%$ by a numb]4 ,= ,:i/l] felt t !re is "s simil>ity betwe5 ! h>monies ( color & ^? ( s\nd notes1 & tri$ 9 8 pictures to produce subtle effects z musicians d4 ,9 "o ( ?is s]ies he repres5ts ! girl 9 a :ite dress1 /&+ on a :ite rug1 be=e a :ite wall4 ,! only v>iation f ! :ite is af=d$ by h] d>k hair & ! fle% color+ ( h] face & h&s4 ,^! are :at we may call 8acc5ts0--notes ( color t /& out ) prom95ce & decision4 ,! re/ is a symphony 9 :ite4 ,he might h made 8 problem easi] by ?r[+ a /rong light ^u ! figure f "o side4 ,?is w\ld h made "s p>ts ( ! dress %9e out ) ! brightness ( v high lights1 & w\ld h caus$ ! figure to ca/ a %ad[ on ! wall4 ,?is w\ld h produc$ a h>mony ( contra/s2 a bold contra/ ( color values1 easi] to pa9t4 ,b ,:i/l] 0 int5t on some?+ v subtle--a h>mony ( simil>ities4 ,s he plac$ ! figure 9 a dull light1 t 0 ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! rug1 ! figure1 & ! wall1 ) ! result t ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! color values 7 v slight1 v subtle4 ,?is means t x 0 difficult to make ! diff]5t masses ( :ite di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,! arti/1 y see1 _h to make x appe> t ! girl's :ite figure 0 ne>] to u ?an ! :ite wall2 to make u feel t1 :ile ! wall is flat1 ! figure has r\ndness & bulk2 & t1 :ile ! wall is an upright surface1 ! rug repres5ts a horizontal "o4 ,yes x 0 inde$ a v difficult problem1 because ! only possible way ( solv+ x 0 to r5d] ! v slight diff]5ces 9 ! quantity ( light1 reflect$ f ea* & e "p ( ! :ite surfaces1 accord+ to ! angle at :i* ! light rea*$ any "p1 & ! di/ance ea* "p 0 f ! eye ( ! arti/4 ,& no d\bt ! ke5 m9d ( ,:i/l] 0 int]e/$ 9 ! subtlety ( ! problem4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,8 feel+ z an arti/ 0 equally subtle4 ,x delight$ 9 ! subtleties ( color values4 ,h[ev]1 he also enjoy$ effects ( bright] color4 ,i h ask$ y to imag9e ?is picture ( ,:i/l]'s because x illu/rates ! fir/ mean+ ( 8values0--namely ! diff]5t quantities ( light t may be conta9$ 9 "o & ! same color4 ,i wi% to illu/rate n[ ! o!r mean+ ( 8values0--:i* has to d ) ! quantity ( light conta9$ 9 "o color z comp>$ ) t 9 ano!r color2 = example1 ) ! p]c5tage ( light conta9$ 9 r$ z comp>$ ) t conta9$ 9 blue1 or gre51 or :ite1 or any o!r color4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h *os5 ! second 9 ,:i/l]'s s]ies ( symphonies 9 :ite3 ,! ,little ,:ite ,girl4 ,y c look at ! reproduction & see = y\rself t "p ( ! color s*eme1 or color h>mony1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ important "p1 consi/s ( ! figure ( ! girl 9 :ite4 ,y w notice h[ x illu/rates :at we h be5 say+ ab\t ! o!r :ite girl4 ,x is ev5ly light$1 !re are no contra/s ( extreme light & d>k2 ! dress is a wov5 tissue ( subtly diff]5t values ( :ite4 ,b 9 ?is case ,:i/l] has treat$ ! :ite dress z ! !me or *ief motive1 z a musician w\ld say1 & has wov5 ar\nd x a composition ( v>iations4 ,x is ! v>iations t ,i wi% y n[ p>ticul>ly to notice4 ,!y may be put "u two heads4 ,fir/1 ! reflection ( ! girl's head 9 ! mirror2 second1 ! v>i\s spots ( color t surr\nd h]4 ,suppose we beg9 ) ! latt]4 ,on ! mantel-%elf1 close to ! fle%-color ( ! girl's h& & ! :ite ( h] sleeve is a ,japanese j>1 decorat$ 9 :ite & blue1 & beside x a ,japanese box cov]$ ) t smoo? %9y surface call$ lacqu]1 & ( a sc>let color1 l a g]anium4 ,d[n bel[ appe> ! sprays ( camelias ) d>k gre5 glossy leaves & :ite & rosy blossoms4 ,! fan repeats ^! colors1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,!re is r$ 9 x1 b ( a diff]5t value to ! r$ ( ! box & fl[]s2 blue1 b ( ano!r value ?an t on ! vase2 gre51 :i* diff]s 9 value f ! leaves4 ,secondly1 9 ! mirror is a repetition ( ! girl's head & ( c]ta9 colors 9 ! room4 ,b ! reflect$ head1 z y c see 9 ! reproduction1 is 9 a l[] key ?an ! real "o4 ,! colors are l[] 9 value2 !re is n s mu* light 9 !m2 = ! mirror has absorb$ "s ( x4 ,y may te/ a mirror's appetite = light by hold+ y\r h&k]*ief close to x4 ,y w see t ! :ite ( ! reflection is mu* grey] ?an ! h&k]*ief1 or accord+ to ! quality ( ! glass1 x may seem slightly blue4 ,at any rate its value w be l[] ?an t ( ! h&k]*ief2 j z 9 ?is picture1 ! reflect$ colors ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,! ,little ,:ite ,girl4 ,j4 ,m4 ,:i/l]4 fle% & hair are l[] 9 value ?an ! actual head4 ,n[1 look+ at ! picture1 we note t ! figure occupies ab\t "o half ( ! composition4 ,x illu/rates1 z did ,! ,s[]1 ! use ( a ma9 diagonal l9e1 ?\gh ! feel+ sugge/$ by x is diff]5t4 ,9 ,! ,s[]1 y w rememb]1 ! diagonal help$ to give vigor & al]tness to ! figure2 :ile "h1 on ! contr>y1 its sugge/ion is "o ( v graci\s quiet4 ,= ! slope ( ?is diagonal is n s /eep z 9 ! o!r picture2 nor d ! directions ( ! arms & head pres5t su* abrupt contra/s4 ,! left arm x is true1 is ne>ly at "r angles--itself a /rong contra/2 b x is s quietly laid along ! mantel-%elf1 :i* supports its weight1 t !re is no sugge/ion ( ef=t4 ,mean:ile1 ! o!r arm1 hang+ s easily1 is almo/ p>allel to ! ma9 diagonal4 ,! l9e also ( ! neck g5tly c>ries on ! l9es ( ! %\ld]s1 &1 z ! head is slightly tilt$ back1 its d[nw>d pressure is support$ by ! %\ld] t re/s on ! %elf4 ,! :ole sugge/ion ( ! figure1 9 fact1 is "o ( re/4 ,!re is no consci\s bodily ef=t to int]f]e ) ! rev]ie 9 :i* ! girl's m9d is wrapt4 ,%e may be buri$ 9 h] ?\ghts or %e may be absorb$ 9 ! beauty ( ! box & vase1 at :i* %e seems to be look+4 8,seems10 ,i say1 = x is difficult to be sure t %e is consci\s ( !m4 ,h] gaze seems fix$ to a f> vision1 z if %e _h begun by look+ at ^! objects1 & !n1 z h] ?\ghts pass$ beyond !m1 _h let ! gaze ( h] eyes foll[4 ,%e seems buri$ 9 "s girli% rev]ie1 wrapt 89 maid5 m$itation1 fancy free40 ,to me x is a v lovely figure n because ( ! features ( ! face--op9ions may diff] ab\t ! face be+ beautiful 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( hav+ beautiful features4 ,its beauty to me lies 9 its expression2 9 its expression ( "s lovely mood ( a girl's _s4 ,& ,i f9d ! figure beautiful1 because all ?r\gh x is ! movem5t ( ! same expression4 ,?is mu/ h be5 9 ,:i/l]'s m9d :5 he pa9t$ h]4 ,b he 0 consci\s1 p]haps1 ( ano!r side ( h] nature2 t %e _h moods ( brightness z well4 ,at any rate he *ose to contra/ ) ! p5sive calm ( ! girl h]self ! bright animat$ spots ( color t surr\nd h]4 ,^! spots ( color1 if y exam9e ! picture c>efully1 really play ! "p ( ! %ad[s 9 ! *i>oscuro ( old pictures4 ,*i>oscuro1 y rememb]1 is ! patt]n ( light & d>k4 ,"h ! r$ box & ! blue ( ! vase & ! gre5 & rose1 ( ! camelias1 yes1 & ev5 ! face 9 ! mirror1 ! m>ble %elf & fireplace--all repres5t ! d>k spots4 ,b n d>k 9 ! old way ( be+ %ad[s4 ,!y are d>k z comp>$ ) ! :ite ( ! dress1 because _! colors reflect less light ?an ! :ite2 _! values are l[]4 ,?us !y s]ve ! purposes ( a d>k contra/ & yet !y !mselves are v light4 ,?is1 9 a nut%ell1 is :at ! new /udy ( values1 t 0 le>nt f ,velasquez & f ,v]me]1 & ! o!r ,dut*m51 really means4 ,x has enabl$ ! arti/ to be ev5 m true to life 9 ! repres5tation ( objects1 & at ! same "t to make 8 color-h>monies pur]1 cle>] & m transp>5t2 9 "o ^w1 lum9\s2 p]meat$1 t is to say1 ) a sugge/ion ( light1 t 9 nature p]meates ! atmosph]e & br+s all objects into an appe>ance ( h>moni\s unity4 ,h[ ?is p>ticul> picture is help$ by a contra/1 n ( ! old fa%ion$ d>k & light1 z 9 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross b ( values ( color1 y c see = y\rself1 ev5 f ! reproduction4 ,/ill m w\ld y realize x c\ld y see ! fre%ness & purity & gladsom5ess ( ! orig9al4 ,contra/s are ne$ful 9 ! composition ( a "w ( art--!y are "o ( ! s\rces ( its beauty4 ,b imag9e if y c1 hav+ %ad[s & d>kness br\ght into contra/ ) ?is :ite rob$ figure6 ,h[ !y w\ld contradict ! expression ( its exquisite purity & lovel9ess6 ,z x is1 ! contra/ ( l[] values does n 9 ! lea/ j> ^u ! expression2 on ! contr>y1 x gives x a great] mean+1 s9ce x sugge/s ! atmosph]e ( happ9ess & brightness t has help$ to color ! beauty ( ! girl's _s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,color 7,cont9u$7--,,texture1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,tone ,9 our previ\s talk ab\t color we h laid great /ress on ! relation ( "o color to ano!r4 ,we h n ?\ght ( r$1 = example1 z beautiful by itself1 b z "o ( a family ( colors1 ^: beauty consi/s 9 _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,& ?is relat$ beauty we h spok5 ( z color h>mony4 8,behold h[ good & joyful a ?+ x is1 bre?r51 to dwell toge!r 9 unity40 ,s said ! ,psalmi/1 & 8 words might be appli$ to ! unity ( colors4 ,he did n mean t ev]ybody %all be ( a l m9d2 !re w always be diff]5ces ( "* among relations & ! be/ ( fri5ds2 b !y w agree to diff]2 & _! v diff]5ces make _! unity or h>mony ! m real & good4 ,su* is ! h>mony among colors2 a union ( diff]5ces or contra/s1 z well z ( simil>ities2 ( v>iety ( values ( color relat$ into a h>moni\s unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! beauty ( colors is *iefly to be f\nd 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 !re are sep>ate possibilities ( beauty to ea* color4 ,& if ea* displays its own %>e ( ^! ! g5]al beauty ( ! h>mony w be increas$4 ,"s ( ! possibilities are texture1 quality1 & tone4 ,texture fir/4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w1 textum1--some?+ wov54 ,texture1 9 its orig9al mean+1 repres5ts :at has be5 produc$ by weav+4 ,a lady1 :5 %e is %opp+1 presses ! l95 or silk1 or cotton goods betwe5 h] f+]s 9 ord] to judge ( _! texture2 :e!r x is closely or loosely wov51 :e!r x is h>d or smoo? to ! t\*4 ,secondly1 ! ^w is us$ ( a ?+ made by any o!r means ?an weav+4 ,we speak1 = example1 ( ! texture ( pap]2 & judge ( its texture by ! feel ( x4 ,?irdly1 x has come to be us$ ( any mat]ial1 :e!r made by man or nature4 ,?us we say t oak has a v close texture2 glass is ( firm b brittle texture2 butt] is greasy 9 texture1 & s on4 ,f9ally1 ! ^w is us$ 9 a v g5]al way to describe ! "* ( any sub/ance1 especially ! k9d ( surface t x has4 ,s we say ( ! fle% ( a heal?y baby1 t its texture is firm & silky2 & we speak ( ! glossy texture ( a poli%$ table2 ! d[ny texture ( a "y *ick5's brea/1 or ! velvety texture ( a pea*4 ,9 "o ^w1 texture is ! quality ( a ?+ t we discov] by t\*+ x4 ,texture appeals to our s5se ( t\*4 ,x excites 9 u a v>iety ( feel+s1 pleasant or unpleasant4 ,i ne$ n tell y h[ disagreeable ! texture ( %>p rocks may be to y\r b>e feet1 :5 y are ba?+2 :at a relief x is to !m to feel ! texture ( s&4 ,"s ( y1 ,i am sure1 are consci\s ( ! pleasure y d]ive f h&l+ ?+s4 ,y h discov]$ = y\rselves :at a lot ( feel+ y h 9 ! tips ( y\r f+]s4 ,y w\ld enjoy h&l+ ! r$ box 9 ,:i/l]'s picture3 & y\r t\* w\ld be v c>eful & delicate4 ,n alone because ! box is valuable1 b because x is only ) a delicate t\* t y c appreciate ! exquisite smoo?ness ( ! lacqu]4 ,! latt] is a v>ni% compos$ ( ! gum ( a c]ta9 tree4 ,! ,japanese workman lays x ov] ! box v ?9ly1 &1 :5 x is ?or\ghly dri$1 rubs ! surface until x is p]fectly smoo?4 ,!n he applies ano!r coat+ ( lacqu] & aga9 rubs1 cont9u+ ! process sev]al times1 until at la/1 ! surface %[s n a s+le flaw or inequality1 & is smoo? & silky beyond ! description ( any words4 ,x is only by ! look ( x1 & /ill m1 by ! feel ( x1 t y c appreciate ! exquisite f9i% ( ! surface2 & y\r delight 9 x is m+l$ ) almo/ a rev]5ce = ! pati5ce & love ( ! craftsman1 :o c\ld "w s long & s fai?fully to make ?is little "w ( art p]fect 9 its beauty & beautiful 9 its p]fection4 ,comp>$ ) ?is lacqu] box1 ! texture ( an ord9>y poli%$ table or piano seems co>se & commonplace4 ,i might g on to speak ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( s5sation t y w\ld enjoy if y t\*$ ! waxy petals ( ! camelia4 ,b x is n necess>y4 ,= if y h a joy 9 ! s5se ( t\* ,i ne$ n try to tell y ab\t x4 ,i w only ask y to wait a few m9utes1 until we see h[ ! enjoym5t d]iv$ f texture ent]s into ! appreciation ( a picture4 ,mean:ile1 if any ( y h n z yet be5 consci\s ( gett+ ?is sort ( pleasure ?r\gh y\r f+]s1 let me say t ?is does n prove t y h no feel+ = textures4 ,i ?9k t y h _h x unconsci\sly2 = ,i suspect t ! pleasure t y take 9 fl[]s is n only because ( _! %ape & color4 ,z y h exam9$ ! beauty ( roses1 ! texture ( _! petals has n escap$ y4 ,9 "o case1 h[ silky2 9 ano!r1 h[ s(tly crumpl$2 9 ano!r1 h[ delicately wax56 ,y may nev] h put ^! ideas into words1 or ev5 be5 consci\s ( !m2 b d y n see1 n[ ,i m5tion ^! textures1 t !y h _h a good deal to d ) y\r pleasure 9 ! roses8 ,x may be1 aft] all1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! texture t makes y pref] "o rose to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ?is be s or n1 ! fact rema9s t a great numb] ( p d]ive pleasure f ! textures ( objects4 ,s let u n[ see h[ ! arti/1 :o1 z ,i h said be=e1 has in/9cts & feel+s l our own1 takes advantage ( ?is feel+ = texture to add to ! beauty ( 8 picture4 ,we %all (t5 see a picture 9 :i* ! textures are n repres5t$4 ,ev5 mod]n pictures sometimes fail 9 ?is respect2 & x is a v common fault ) e>ly ,am]ican pictures1 pa9t$ by arti/s :o _h n ! advantage ( tra9+ t ! mod]n /ud5t enjoys4 ,i w quote ! case ( ,john ,s+leton ,copley1 a v fam\s pa9t] ( ! ,colonial ,p]iod1 :o liv$ 9 ,bo/on & made portraits ( ! well-to-d m5 & wom5 ( ! "t1 j prec$+ ! ,revolution4 ,be=e ! latt] broke out1 he w5t to ,engl&1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life & 0 highly ?\ght (4 ,8 portraits are h&some z pictures = !y repres5t m5 & wom51 mo/ly ( elegant mann]s 9 h&some clo!s4 ,!y also give ! impression ( be+ good lik5esses4 ,yet 8 pictures lack animation4 ,! figures & ! co/umes are /iff & h>d4 ,?is is p>tly due to !re be+ no sugge/ion ( atmosph]e surr\nd+ !m4 ,! picture is n fill$ ) air & light1 z we f\nd ,v]me]'s 04 ,b !re is ano!r reason4 ,copley 0 unskilful 9 ! pres5tation ( textures4 ,! fle% & hair1 ! mat]ials ( ! co/umes1 ! furniture & ornam5ts1 pres5t no diff]5ces ( texture4 ,all seem to h a uni=mly h>d surface1 z if !y 7 made ( wood or t94 ,! result is t ! :ole picture seems h>d & /iff--lack+ 9 animation4 ,if y ask me :y ?is lack ( animation is caus$ by ! arti/'s neglect ( textures1 ,i ?9k ! answ] is t ,copley has n giv5 to ev]y?+ 9 8 picture its own sep>ate1 p>ticul> "*4 ,= :5 y come to ?9k ( x1--& ! diction>y mean+ ( ! ^w textures1 be>s me out--! "* ( ev]y?+ dep5ds s mu* ^u its texture2 :e!r x is h>d or s(t1 smoo? or r\gh1 glossy or dull1 & s on4 ,n[1 if !re 7 a numb] ( girls & boys 9 ! room1 all sitt+ r\nd ) ! same dull expression on _! faces1 we %\ld say t ! :ole gr\p lack$ animation4 ,:at makes a p>ty animat$ & lively1 is ! fact t x is compos$ ( a numb] ( p]sons1 ea* hav+ a sep>ate "* to :i* he or %e gives free play4 ,! m easily & naturally ea* exhibits 8 or h] "*1 ! m animat$ & lively w be ! fun ( ! p>ty4 ,n[1 d y n see h[ ?is applies to a picture8 ,! arti/ invites a numb] ( diff]5t textures to 8 p>ty or composition4 ,surely ! p>ty w be lack+ 9 animation if he does n br+ out ! special "* ( ea*4 ,! lady's face & h&s w n contribute _! full %>e to ! animation ( ! :ole composition1 unless ! "* ( _! texture is express$4 ,x w n be en\gh to repres5t only ! color+ ( ! fle%1 = its beauty dep5ds also ^u its firmness & s(tness4 ,h] sat9 dress w lose half its *>m1 if we are only made to see its %9e & gloss4 ,we "k sat9 to be also s(t & ?91 ready to arrange itself 9 all sorts ( delicate folds4 ,?is is a *ief *>m 9 ! "* ( sat92 & if ?is p>ticul> sat9 does n exhibit ^! qualities ( texture1 ! dress w n d its prop] %>e 9 help+ ! animation ( ! figure4 ,well6 if y agree ) me ab\t ! sat9 dress1 ,i ?9k t y w see t ! same ?+ holds good ( ! table on :i* h] arm is re/+1 & ! glass vase ) c>nations 9 x t /&s ne> h] h&4 ,d y n ?9k t ! "* ( ! h& w be bett] express$1 if ! sep>ate *>act]s also ( ! poli%$ wood1 ! h>d %9y cut glass1 & ! s(t velvety fl[]s are play+ _! "p8 ,!y may n be s important z ! woman & h] dress1 b 9 a composition z 9 a p>ty1 ev]ybody mu/ d _! %>e1 if ! affair is to be a complete success4 ,! fir/ great ma/]s 9 ! r5d]+ ( textures 7 ! old ,flemi% arti/s ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--! bro!rs ,hub]t & ,jan van ,eyck1 = example1 & ,hans ,meml+4 ,_! c\ntry1--:at we n[ call ,belgium--_h long be5 fam\s = its textiles4 ,silks1 l95s1 clo?s & velvets--its gold & silv] & o!r metal "w1 its manufacture & decorat+ ( glass4 ,! ,flemi% 7 a nation ( craftsm51 skill$ 9 ! production ( ! mo/ beautiful articles ( dome/ic use & *ur* wor%ip4 ,& ?is love = objects ( beautiful workman%ip 0 %>$ by h] pa9t]s4 ,!y repres5t$ !m 9 _! pictures4 ,!y pa9t$ n only ! "* ( ! m5 & wom5 ( ! "t1 b ! "* ( ! life 9 :i* !y liv$1 & did ?is by surr\nd+ !m ) ! furniture & objects t gave di/9ction to _! lives4 ,s ! v rug on ! floor1 ! glass 9 ! w9d[s1 ! mirror on ! wall 9 its highly wr\ght frame1 z well z ! clo!s worn by ^! quiet1 s]i\s m5 & wom51 h a *oic5ess ( feel+4 ,! room is n simply furni%$1 mu* less is x clutt]$ up ) all k9ds ( ta/eless ,dep>tm5t ,/ore 8objets d'art40 ,e ?+ 9 x has its own di/9ction ( beauty1 sugge/+ ! ta/e & ref9em5t ( its own]s1 & s by its own "* contribut+ to our appreciation ( ! "* ( ! m5 & wom5 9 ! picture4 ,ano!r great ma/] ( texture 0 ! ,g]man arti/ ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,hans ,holbe9 ! y\ng]4 ,he too lov$ ?+s ( delicate & exquisite craftsman%ip & (t5 made designs ( su* ?+s = ! workm5 ( 8 native city1 ,augsburg4 ,s he 0 fond ( introduc+ su* articles into 8 pictures4 ,x 0 a joy to him to pa9t !m1 ea* "o ) its own individual "* ( texture4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ 8 love ( !m1 he only puts !m into 8 pictures :5 _! "* w help ! "* ( 8 ma9 subject4 ,s1 :5 he pa9ts ! portrait ( a ri* m]*ant ( ta/e1 l ,georg ,gyze 9 8 (fice1 he surr\nds him ) _m objects relat$ to 8 "w--inkpot1 seal1 scissors1 l$g]1 & c = hold+ /r+1 lett]s1 & a scale = weigh+ money4 ,!re is a pr(usion ( beautifully fa%ion$ objects1 b !y all by _! sep>ate *>act]s help u to und]/& m fully ! "* ( ! m]*ant himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce *>act]ization 0 ,holbe9's ma9 purpose1 he treats ! portrait ( ! great s*ol> ,erasmus1 diff]5tly4 ,"h he introduces only a small writ+ desk1 a %eet ( pap] on x1 & a p5 9 ! s*ol>'s h&4 ,^! rem9d u t ,erasmus 0 a writ]2 :ile ! h&some r+s on 8 f+]s & a piece ( f9ely wov5 mat]ial on ! wall1 tell u ( ano!r side ( 8 "*--t beside 8 love ( le>n+1 he _h a ta/e = ! beautiful ?+s ( life4 ,look+ back !n ov] :at we h be5 say+1 we f9d t :5 ! arti/ sugge/s to u ! diff]5t k9ds ( s5sation we may receive f t\*+ ?+s1 he greatly increases ! expressiv5ess ( 8 pictures4 ,by r5d]+ or repres5t+ ! textures1 z well z ! =m & color ( objects1 he accompli%es at lea/ f\r results4 ,fir/ly1 he makes ! objects m life-l2 we feel z if we might really h&le !m & receive ! s5sation t su* objects1 if !y 7 real1 w\ld give u4 ,secondly1 he gives u a m ke5 enjoym5t ( _! beauty2 consci\sly or unconsci\sly we receive a s5sation ( ! pleasure ( h&l+ !m4 ,?irdly1 ! increas$ life-lik5ess & beauty increases ! g5]al animation ( ! :ole picture4 ,f\r?ly1 ?is r5d]+ ( ! sep>ate "* ( ea* object contributes to our und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! "* ( ! :ole subject4 ,to sum up1 ! r5d]+ ( textures sugge/s reality1 beauty1 animation1 & "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,atmosph]e we h already allud$ to 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,we saw h[ ,v]me] fill$ ! sc5e ( 8 picture ) light$ air2 &1 9 discuss+ color1 we talk$ ( x fir/ z light1 & !n w5t on to /udy h[ ! light :i* is 9 ! air affects ! light :i* is reflect$ f all objects t are visible4 ,we f\nd t colors diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! quantity ( light !y conta93 9 :at arti/s call _! values2 ! value ( r$1 = example1 be+ diff]5t f ! value ( blue or gre54 ,also we f\nd t ea* s+le color may h v>iations ( value1 accord+ to ! quantity & direction ( ! light :i* falls ^u x4 ,all ?is1 y may say1 has m to d ) light ?an atmosph]e4 ,b ! two are really unit$4 ,:at we call atmosph]e1 z y "k1 is ! volume ( gases :i* surr\nds ! e>?4 ,! p>ticles f ^! gases are lit up by ! light4 ,we _c see ! p>ticles1 only ! reflections ( light ?r[n (f by !m4 ,b ?\gh we _c see ! p>ticles !mselves1 !y c int]f]e ) our see+ ( o!r ?+s4 ,x is ! lay]s or veils ( atmosph]e t lie betwe5 u & a di/ant hill1 t prev5t our see+ ! bright gre5 grass on ! latt] & ! d>k gre5 fir trees4 ,se5 ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 ! colors ( ! hill appe> subdu$1 ! v =m & bulk ( ! gr\nd flatt5$ &1 p]haps1 indi/9ct4 ,?is effect ( atmosph]e is "o ( ! ?+s t we are n[ go+ to discuss4 ,! o!r is t atmosph]e p5etrates ev]y:]e4 ,suppose we beg9 ) ! second po9t4 ,! atmosph]e is 9 "o respect l wat]2 x is a fluid4 ,x fl[s 9 & out & ar\nd ab\t & fills ! :ole space t is n occupi$ by "s o!r body4 ,b h y ?\ght :at ?is means to an arti/8 ,or at lea/ to "s arti/s2 = we said t ,copley's pictures conta9$ little or no sugge/ion ( atmosph]e4 ,& ! same may be said ( a great _m pictures by mod]n arti/s4 ,!y repres5t ! =m & color ( ?+s1 b d n sugge/ t !y are surr\nd$1 or1 z is (t5 said1 envelop$ 9 atmosph]e4 ,:y is ?is8 ,well6 9 ! fir/ place1 z y rememb]1 !re are _m arti/s :o d n pr(ess to repres5t nature4 ,:5 !y use nature z a model1 x is = ! purpose only ( gett+ ! =ms ( nature1 & ^! !y improve ^u1 z !y w tell y1 s z to make ! =ms 9 _! picture 8ideally p]fect40 ,^! 8,academic0 or 8classic0 pa9t]s#aa z ,i h already said1 ?9k ( art z sep>ate f nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 among ^? :o ?9k ( art z a means ( int]pret+ nature1 !re are _m arti/s :o nev] put atmosph]e into _! pictures4 ,or1 if !y d1 x is n nature's atmosph]e4 ,!n :at sort ( atmosph]e is x8 ,i call x a /udio atmosph]e1 because x is manufactur$ 9 ! /udio4 ,! arti/1 feel+ ! ne$ ( s(t5+ ! h>d outl9es ( 8 figures & ( subdu+ any h>%ness ( color1 spreads ov] ! picture ?9 lay]s ( transp>5t1 slightly color$ v>ni%4 ,?r\gh ^! glazes1 z !y are call$1 ! =ms & colors are se51 some:at z if y 7 look+ at !m ?r\gh a piece ( color$ glass1 & ! effect is to m]ge or ba! !m 9 a gl[ ( atmosph]e4 ,?is 0 a usual practice ) ! great colori/s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,correggio's pictures1 = example1 are priz$ = _! gold5 gl[4 ,x is "o ( ! reasons ( _! beauty4 ,b !n1 8 idea 0 n to int]pret nature4 ,8 subjects 7 drawn f ! ,bible1 or ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or ,greek ,my?ology1 & he treat$ !m z 8 imag9ation sugge/$4 ,he saw !m ?r\gh ! gl[ ( 8 own imag9ation1 & surr\nd$ !m ) a gl[ t seems to place !m f> away f actual ?+s 9 a beautiful _w ( _! own4 ,simil>ly1 mod]n colori/s1 :5 !y create pictures out ( _! own imag9ation1 w suffuse !m ) an artificial atmosph]e t helps to express ! _s ( ! sc5e4 ,9 fact1 ^! atmosph]ic effects1 produc$ by glaz+1 are beautiful & prop] 9 _! place4 ,b _! place is n 9 pictures t pr(ess to be /udies ( nature4 ,9 ^! x is z wrong to sugge/ an unnatural atmosph]e1 z x is to leave out all sugge/ion ( atmosph]e :atsoev]1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! m usual fault4 ,s9ce ! true r5d]+ ( atmosph]e is a "p ( ! true repres5tation ( light & color1 y w n be surpris$ to le>n t x appe>$ 9 ! pictures ( ,velasquez & ( ! ,dut*m5 ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,we h already spok5 ( x 9 ! case ( ,v]me]4 ,x 0 f ^! arti/s t mod]n colori/s1 beg9n+ ab\t #ahfj1 h le>n$ to /udy ! effects ( atmosph]e & light4 ,!y h c>ri$ ! /udy ev5 fur!r ?an ! old] m54 ,inde$1 ! r5d]+ ( light & atmosph]e has be5 ! mo/ di/9ct triumph ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is4 ,"o is1 t ) ! advance ( sci5tific /udies & me*anical inv5tions1 p h become m ?an ev] int]e/$ 9 ! e day facts ( life2 & ! writ]s1 pa9t]s1 & sculptors1 foll[+ ) ! /ream1 h /udi$ m & m h[ to repres5t life & its surr\nd+s1 n z we may dream !y %\ld be1 b z !y are kn[n to our actual exp]i5ce4 ,!y h become ard5t 8reali/s0 or 8naturali/s40 8,reali/s10 because !y are occupi$ ) :at we are 9 ! habit ( call+ ! realities ( life4#ab 8,naturali/s10 because !y love nature & try to repres5t h] actual appe>ances1 z !y are envelop$ 9 & affect$ by light & atmosph]e4 ,! second cause ( ! mod]n advance 9 r5d]+ ^! qualities is aga9 due to sci5tific discov]ies4 ,sci5tific m5 h made a close /udy ( light & color & ! pa9t]s h pr(it$ by ! results4 ,pa9t+1 9 a measure1 has jo9$ h&s ) sci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 n[ t we h se5 :y "s arti/s d n put atmosph]e into _! pictures1 & ,illu/ration3 ,! ,my/ic ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e4 ,correggio4 t among ^? :o d "s manufacture an atmosph]e ( _! own1 :ile o!rs try to r5d] nature's atmosph]e1 let u /udy = ourselves ! effect ( atmosph]e 9 nature4 ,x w help u1 if ,i beg9 by tell+ :at we expect to f9d4 ,fir/ !n1 t ! outl9es ( objects are s(t5$2 secondly1 t ! bulk ( ?+s seems flatt5$2 & ?irdly1 t z objects rec$e or /& fur!r (f f our eyes1 _! =ms becomes m & m indi/9ct & _! colors *ange4 ,z to ! fir/4 ,suppose y are /&+ on a /reet or c\ntry road1 & a wagon passes y4 ,:ile x is close 9 front ( y1 ! body ( ! wagon & ! :eels & ! man driv+1 all are cle>ly outl9$2 y c di/+ui% di/9ctly ! p>ts ( ! wagon & ! "* ( ! man's figure1 :e!r x is fat or ?91 /rong or weak-look+1 & s on4 ,b1 z ! wagon passes along ! road1 its appe>ance *anges4 ,at fir/1 x is ! small] details t disappe>2 !y h become m]g$ 9 ! g5]al mass2 !n ! outl9es ( ?is mass gr[ less & less di/9ct2 y c\ld n be sure n[1 unless y _h se5 ! wagon close1 exactly :at its build is2 nor does "o "p seem ne>] to y ?an ano!r1 its bulk has become flatt5$1 & gradually ! :ole affair looks to be only a pat* ( color aga9/ ! color ( ! road4 ,d y rememb]1 x 0 z pat*es we saw ! c[s :i* we met e>ly 9 our talk8 ,! reason !n giv5 = _! appe>ance 0 t our eyes 7 n /rong en\gh to di/+ui% _! details at su* a di/ance4 ,& ?is reason also holds good 9 ! case ( ! wagon4 ,b x is n only ! di/ance t r$uces our p[] ( see+1 b also ! lay]s1 or veils ( atmosph]e t hang betwe5 u & ! object4 ,we are sure ( ?is on a foggy day1 :5 ! mi/ lies l[ ov] ! c\ntry or city1 & trees & tall build+s loom up l blurs1 & ev]y?+ beyond ! di/ance ( a few hundr$ paces is blott$ f sight4 ,b ! fog or mi/ is only ! atmosph]e m moi/ ?an usual & ) its moi/ure cond5s$ by cool+4 ,:5 y brea! on a mirror1 ! damp ( y\r brea? is cond5s$ by ! coolness ( ! glass4 ,a film ( mi/ =ms ov] ! mirror4 ,( an ev5+ y may see ! mi/ ly+ ov] ! riv] or mead[s2 = ! sun is gone d[n & ! e>? & air are cool+4 ,b ! upp] air cools m quickly ?an ! l[] "p1 s9ce ! latt] is /ill w>m$ by ! heat /or$ 9 ! e>?4 ,s1 z ! cool] air f above drops d[n1 x acts l a mirror to ! brea? ( ! e>? or ! air t lies close ov] x2 & ?is air is cond5s$ into mi/4 ,all ?r\gh ! night bo? air & e>? are cool+1 b ! e>? m sl[ly1 s t !re is /ill a meet+ ( cool] & w>m] air & consequ5t cond5sations1 & ! mi/ is hov]+ ov] ! mead[s :5 ! next morn+'s sun rises4 ,z ! sun m\nts up1 x beg9s to spread its w>m? & ! upp] air is ! fir/ to feel x4 ,gr[+ w>m1 x rises1 draw+ up aft] x ! cool] air bel[4 ,& z ! cool] air is suck$ up1 ! w>m] air closes 9 beh9d x2 until1 z ?is circulation ( cool & w>m cont9ues1 ! w>m? at la/ rea*es d[n to ! mi/s above ! e>?4 ,& !n comm5ces t beautiful sight t y may see on "s summ] morn+s4 ,! mi/s1 t a :ile ago lay l a blanket ov] ! sleep+ e>?1 beg9 to /ir1 z if !y !mselves 7 awak5+ f sleep4 ,!y tremble a little1 !n sl[ly /ret* !mselves1 & beg9 to rise to meet ! w>m? ( day4 ,& z !y rise1 little wisps ( mi/ become deta*$ f ! ma9 body & float up & disappe>1 until gradually ! :ole ris+ mass is r5t asund] by ! curr5ts ( w>m air into %r$s & wrea?s1 :i* curl & float & so> & at la/ lose !mselves 9 ! w>m? t n[ wraps ! e>?4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 if ! wea!r is v hot ! air1 close above ! gr\nd1 becomes s heat$ t x rises v quickly1 & we see a %imm] ( light ^u its %ift+ pat*es4 ,i m5tion ?is1 because ,i wi% y to ?9k ( atmosph]e1 n only z veils ( gauze hung betwe5 u & objects we are look+ at1 b also z a mov+1 palpitat+1 vibrat+ fluid4 ,we w talk a little m ab\t ?is pres5tly4 ,mean:ile1 let u note "s ( ! effects ( atmosph]e ^u =m & color4 ,we h m5tion$ t x s(t5s ! outl9es ( objects4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! objects appe> less di/9ct2 t ev5 a *imney1 ?\gh x cuts aga9/ ! sky 9 /rong contra/1 has n really h>d %>p outl9es4 ,at fir/ sight y w ?9k1 p]haps1 t x has2 j z ! cornices ( ! ro(s may seem to y to h h>d l9es1 & ! w9d[s & doorways to be %>ply outl9$4 ,b !y d n appe> s to an arti/'s eye1 & w n to y\rs 9 "t1 if y are obs]vant4 ,suppose an arti/ ) p5 & ink %\ld draw "o ( ^! h\ses1 us+ a /raight edge to make ! outl9e h>d & %>p4 ,?is is h[ an ar*itect draws ! design ( a h\se1 because 8 object is to make an exact draw+ = ! build] to "w by4 ,b1 if y h se5 "o ( ^! ar*itectural draw+s1 y w recognise1 ,i ?9k1 t x does n look natural2 t someh[ or o!r x is too precise & tight & h>d to sugge/ ! appe>ance ( an actual h\se4 ,if ?is 7 8 object1 ! ar*itect himself w\ld draw ! h\se diff]5tly4 ,he w\ld make :at is call$ a free-h& draw+4 ,he w\ld no long] repres5t ! edges ( cornices & *imneys & s on1 ) cont9u\s l9es2 he w\ld 8break !m up02 lift+ 8 p5 = a mom5t & leav+ a t9y space ( :ite be=e he cont9ues ! l9e2 mak+ ! l9e ?ick] or ?9n] z he w5t along1 & occasionally press+ on 8 p5 to produce a dot4 ,9 ^! ways he w break up all ! edges & outl9es t !y may n be too h>d1 b may h ! less di/9ct appe>ance t ! l9es ( ! actual h\se pres5t to 8 eye4 ,= ! same reason :5 he draws any bits ( c>v+1 su* z ! capitals ( ! columns ( ! front door1 he w n repres5t e detail exactly1 z if he 7 mak+ a work+ draw+ = ! c>v]4 ,he w leave out "s & break up o!rs1 s t1 al?\gh he pla9ly indicates ! /yle & "* ( ! ornam5t1 x w n seem h>d & %>p1 b s(t5$1 & a trifle indi/9ct1 z ! capital appe>s to 8 eye4 ,he w1 9 fact1 make all[ances = ! s(t5+ effects ( atmosph]e4 ,up to ?is po9t we h imag9$ ! p5man%ip to be conc]n$ only ) ! l9es4 ,n[ let u see h[ a great p5-arti/1 l ,joseph ,p5nell1 or ,edw9 ,a4 ,abbey1 w\ld c>ry 8 draw+ fur!r4 ,he w\ld see ! h\se1 n z a skeleton ( l9es1 b z a mass1 "p ( :i* is silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky1 :ile ! re/ is se5 9 relation to ! o!r build+s or objects t /& ne> x4 ,ea* accord+ to 8 own individual te*nique1 t is to say1 8 own p>ticul> way ( us+ ! p51 w make 8 build+ a mass di/9ct f ! masses ( ! o!r build+s1 ( ! gr\nd1 & ( ! sky4 ,& on ! masses ( build+s he w make ! w9d[s appe> z !y d 9 ! actual build+--namely1 z pat*es1 d>k] 9 color ?an ! walls4 ,all ?is he w d1 because to 8 eye ! diff]5t objects1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 appe> z masses ( v>i\s colors 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,m ?an ?is1 :5 y h gr[n to appreciate fully ! "w ( ,p5nell & ,abbey1 y w f9d t1 ?\gh x is done 9 black & :ite1 x seems to sugge/ color4 ,else:]e ,i h spok5 ( ! fact t _m arti/s1 especially mod]n ones1 see nature z an arrangem5t ( color$ spaces or masses 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,?is implies t !y are v little consci\s ( ! edges or outl9es ( ! masses4 ,if !y ?9k ( !m at all1 x is to try & prev5t y\r notic+ !m 9 _! pictures4 ,!y pa9t1 = example1 ! head1 & %\ld]s1 & *eek ( a man1 a bu/ portrait--) a d>k backgr\nd4 ,if y exam9e ! picture closely1 y w n f9d a %>p l9e1 sep>at+ ! head f ! backgr\nd4 ,9 fact ! color ( ! hair & *eek seems to ext5d a little way into ! d>k ( ! backgr\nd4 ,! arti/ has dragg$ 8 bru% r\nd ! head1 s t x is impossible to say j :]e ! backgr\nd beg9s4 ,! reason = ?is y und]/&1 z soon z y /ep back & look at ! picture f a %ort di/ance (f4 ,! head appe>s v solid2 we c believe !re is really a h>d skull b5ea? ! full fle% ( ! *eeks & ! tight sk9 ( ! =ehead4 ,yet ! head does n seem to be /uck aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 l a po/age /amp on an envelope4 ,inde$1 if ! picture is well pa9t$1 ! d>k "p is n really a backgr\nd4 ,t is to say1 x is n m]ely some?+ beh9d ! head2 x seems to h dep? & to g back1 b x also comes =w>d & surr\nds ! head4 ,! latt] does n /ick out ( ! picture1 x keeps its place back )9 ! frame1 envelop$ 9 atmosph]e t1 ?\gh x is v d>k1 is p5etrable4 ,y feel1 t is to say1 t y\r h& c\ld be pu%$ ?r\gh x )\t com+ up aga9/ "s wall1 z x 71 t w\ld /op x4 ,n[ ,i p>ticul>ly wi%$ y to notice t ! head sugge/$ to u t h>dness ( ! skull & ! v>y+ firmness & tightness ( ! fle%4 ,= x proves t ! s(t5+ ( ! outl9e w n int]f]e ) ! feel+ ( h>dness & /r5g?1 or firmness 9 ! mass4 ,! effect1 inde$1 is to increase x1 s9ce out att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! head & n di/ract$ to ! outl9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d n suppose t ! s(t5+ ( outl9es is always int5d$ to increase ! sugge/ion ( solidity4 ,x may be "p ( an entirely opposite int5tion2 namely1 to lose sight ( ! idea ( solidity ( mass4 ,= example1 ! ,fr5* l&scape arti/1 ,corot1 (t5 repres5t$ ! masses ( ! trees z s(t1 d>k blurs aga9/ ! s(t light ( ! sky4 ,= he lov$ especially ! e>ly dawn & late ev5+1 :5 ! light is v fa9t & 9 ! hu% ! trees loom up l quiet spirits4 ,he wi%$ y to feel _! pres5ce1 b n to be consci\s ( _! solidity & bulk4 ,he1 y see1 us$ ! s(t5$ outl9e = a diff]5t purpose2 :i* %[s t 9 art1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 a s+le pr9ciple may be appli$ v>i\sly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,^! tree-pres5ces ( ,corot are pa9t$ v flatly4 ,! r\ndness ( _! bulk disappe>s into a flat mass4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ways 9 :i* he avoid$ ! sugge/ion ( solidity4 ,b "h aga9 comes 9 ! fact t a pr9ciple may h o!r applications2 = flatness does n necess>ily make ! object appe> unsub/antial4 ,a h\se does n look s1 yet its front may be flat4 ,& ,corot1 z o!r arti/s1 & z y may1 if y use y\r eyes1 _h discov]$ t 9 ! op5 air all objects appe> flatt] ?an !y d indoors4 ,! reason is t 9 ! case ( a room light$ by w9d[s1 ! light is always /rong] ne> ! w9d[s ?an x is 9 p>ts ( ! room fur!r remov$4 ,! light is unequally di/ribut$1 s t !re are m %ad[s to ?r[ up ! bulk ( objects4 ,b out ( doors ! light is m diffus$2 m equally di/ribut$4 ,moreov]1 we view ?+s f a great] di/ance1 s t m atmosph]e int]v5es4 ,! effect ( bo? ^! facts is to make ! masses ( objects seem flatt]4 ,! lawn f a little di/ance may look v smoo?2 b1 :5 y walk ov] x1 y f9d ! grass ne$s to be cut & ! bumps to be roll$ be=e y c play croquet4 ,t maple1 too1 is a /urdy1 solid fell[1 b z y see its mass ( pale gre5 aga9/ ! d>k] mass ( hemlock1 bo? seem flatt] ?an !y d :5 y are climb+ among _! bran*es4 ,9 speak+ ( ! s(t5+ ( outl9e & flatt5+ ( bulk due to atmosph]e we h frequ5tly allud$ to ! effect ( di/ance on ! appe>ance ( objects4 ,! fur!r (f ! latt] are1 ! m atmosph]e w int]v5e1 ! less di/9ct w !y appe>4 ,9 ! case ( di/ant hills1 ! ups & d[ns ( ! gr\nd1 ! bulk ( ! trees1 ev5 ! /ability & massiv5ess ( 8! ev]la/+ hills10 may be s(t5$ & flatt5$ into :at seems to be only a fa9t mass ( color4 ,p]haps we h walk$ ov] ^! hills & "k !m to be c>pet$ ) grass2 ! gre5s also ( ! maples1 oaks1 cypress1 ea* ) its sep>ate hue1 attract$ our att5tion4 ,b to-day1 f a di/ance1 all ^! gre5s are lo/ 9 a vapor\s hue ( blue4 ,x is ?is effect ( atmosph]e on color t we w n[ talk ab\t4 ,x is easy to notice 9 ! case ( ! hills because ( ! great quantity ( atmosph]e t int]v5es betwe5 u & !m4 ,b1 if !re 7 a r[ ( maples ext5d+ f ! hills to u1 s plac$ t we c\ld look along _! entire l5g?1 we %\ld f9d ! appe>ance ( _! color gradually *ang+1 z !y rec$e f our eyes4 ,9 a ^w1 to ! s5sitive eye ( ! arti/ ! colors ( ev5 ne>by objects are affect$ by atmosph]e4 ,n[1 ^? hills appe> to be blue2 ano!r day1 !y w incl9e m to grey2 yet ano!r day to violet or purple1 or p9ki%4 ,9 w9t] "t1 ar\nd ,new ,york1 !y w\ld v likely take on a dry1 :iti% color4 ,9 fact1 ! color w v>y accord+ to ! condition ( ! atmosph]e & ! quality ( ! light2 dep5d+ ^u h[ moi/ or dry1 h[ w>m or *ill1 ! atmosph]e may be1 & :e!r ! light is yell[ or gold51 grey or :ite1 full or feeble1 & s on4 ,x is ^! con/ant v>iations ( light$ atmosph]e t give cont9ually fre% int]e/ to ! beauty ( nature4 ,nature nev] we>ies u by be+ always ! same4 ,x is l a human face1 ^: expression is cont9ually *ang+4 ,sometimes we see a beautiful human face1 ) almo/ p]fect features4 ,b beh9d t beautiful mask may be a v dull1 un9t]e/+ m9d4 ,if s1 ! expression ( ! face w be passive1 ! opposite1 t is to say1 to active4 ,x w n leap f grave to gay2 k9dle1 sp>kle1 gr[ t5d]1 or angry & joyful by turns4 ,x w be--8faultily faultless1 icily regul>1 spl5didly null0--no expression4 ,& we may ev5 tire ( its beauty2 :ile a face1 less p]fect 9 features1 may w9 u m & m & hold our int]e/ by ! *>m ( its cont9ually v>y+ expression4 ,! m we ?9k ( x1 ! m d we realise t beauty dep5ds ^u expression4 ,x is ! same ) nature z ) ! human face4 ,its beauty is affect$ by expression & ?is is produc$ by ! v>ieties 9 ! light$ atmosph]e4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w satisfy y ( ?is4 ,nature's features v>y ) ! seasons1 b *ange little f day to day4 ,e morn+1 dur+ ! summ] vacation1 ! same objects greet y\r eye1 b h[ diff]5tly y feel t[>ds !m1 accord+ to :at we call ! wea!r1 :i* aft] all is ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"o day ! famili> features ( ! l&scape w take on an expression ( gladness1 "s o!r day ( dullness2 & ! m we /udy ! features1 ! m v>iable w _! expression appe> f h\r to h\r1 day to day1 & season to season4 ,i spoke j n[ ( ! movem5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is a fluid1 t "o day may be z /ill z a =e/ pool1 ano!r day may be /irr$ l ! ,illu/ration3 ,light & ,%ade4 ,george ,inness4 ocean4 ,we _c see its p>ticles1 b we d see ! light reflect$ f !m2 &1 ,i suppose1 x is ! diff]5ces 9 ! appe>ances ( ! light$ reflections t make u consci\s ( ! /illness or movem5t ( ! atmosph]e on days :5 !re is no w9d4 ,we ne$ n be v s5sitive to nature to notice ^! diff]5ces ( ! atmosph]e at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 h[1 on c]ta9 w9t] days1 ! air seems absolutely motionless2 :ile on o!r days x seems al]t & sprightly2 h[ 9 e>ly spr+ x seems a/ir ) g5tle life1 :ile 9 summ] or autumn x may be alive ) animation or heavy ) dr[sy languor4 ,! motionless air ( w9t] has be5 r5d]$ ) m>vell\s tru? by ,john ,h4 ,twa*tman2 ! /ir ( spr+ by ,dwight ,w4 ,tryon2 ! active air ( summ] by ,*ilde ,hassam1 & its languor\s dr[s9ess by ,george ,inness4 ,all ^! are ,am]ican arti/s1 :om ,i m5tion only z examples4 ,= mu* ( ! beauty ( mod]n art1 bo? ,am]ican & =eign1 is due to ! s5sitive r5d]+ ( ! v>iations 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,=1 ! be/ arti/s n[-a-days are n satisfi$ to pa9t ! features ( nature only2 !y aim to depict ! v>y+ expressions on h] face4 ,& ! *ief cause1 z ,i h said1 ( ^! v>iations is ! con/ant *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! light$ atmosph]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,color 7,cont9u$7--,,tone ,we %all frequ5tly he> ! words tone1 tonal1 tonality1 appli$ to pictures4 ,p say1 = example1 ?is picture is ri* 9 tone2 t has f9e tonal qualities2 ano!r has a delicate tonality4 ,x is r difficult to expla9 :at ^! words mean1 = !y d n seem to be us$ 9 ! same way by ev]ybody4 ,h[ev]1 let u try4 ,x is cle>ly a ^w d]iv$ f music1 :]e its mean+ is m def9ite4 ,we speak ( a piano's tone1 by :i* we mean t1 ?\gh x s\nds ! same notes z ano!r piano1 ! quality ( ! s\nds diff]s4 ,we %all be us+ ! ^w quality (t5 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 s let u be sure we und]/& its mean+4 ,x is f ! ,lat9 ^w qualis1 :i* means ( :at k9d4 ,( :at k9d is ?is piece ( dress goods2 :at is its quality1 comp>$ ) ano!r piece1 at fir/ sight simil>8 ,is x all wool1 = example1 :ile ! o!r is cotton mixture8 ,is x s(t]1 :ile ! o!r is h>d] & dri]8 ,w ! "o /& wa%+1 :ile ! o!r w %r9k8 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! same note is /ruck on two pianos ! tone ( "o may be ri*1 mell[1 resonant1 :ile t ( ! o!r is ?91 raw1 & metallic4 ,:y is ! tone sup]ior8 ,y "k1 ,i suppose1 t :5 a piano /r+ is /ruck x vibrates4 ,t is to say1 x ceases to be a /raight l9e1 & becomes agitat$ into a s]ies ( waves4 ,9 ord] to increase ! volume ( ! s\nd a ?9 lay] ( wood1 call$ ! s\nd bo>d1 is plac$ b5ea? ! /r+s4 ,z ! /r+ vibrates1 ?is bo>d vibrates 9 sympa?y1 & s ! volume ( s\nd is increas$ & enri*$4 ,n[ ! lea/ ?+ may di/urb ! p]fection ( ?is sympa!tic vibration4 ,accord+ly1 ! sup]iority ( ! "o piano is due to ! fact t all its p>ts are ( f9] make & mat]ial1 & are m p]fectly adju/$ to "o ano!r4 ,!y are 9 s p]fect a relation1 t !re is no j> 9 any "p1 & ?us ! body ( ! in/rum5t is a unit$ :ole4 ,! tone ( ! piano1 !n1 is due to ! p]fect relation exi/+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! piano4 ,apply+ ?is idea to a picture3 x w\ld seem t tone is ! result ( all ! colors be+ s p]fectly relat$ to "o ano!r1 t ! vibration or rhy?m ( ! :ole color-h>mony is increas$4 ,n[ ?is is c]ta9ly1 9 a g5]al way1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w tone4 ,s1 al?\gh ! ^w itself is new to y1 ! idea conta9$ 9 x is n4 ,we h talk$ a good deal ab\t color-relations1 rhy?m1 & h>mony4 ,y rememb] our talk on ,v]me]'s picture4 ,well1 8 is a tonal picture1 because ( ! p]fect relation ( all ! colors to "o ano!r4 ,x is beautiful 9 tone2 its tonality is exquisite4 ,& d y rememb] "o p>ticul> feature ( its exquisit5ess8 ,i po9t$ out to y t x is full ( light$ atmosph]e1 & t ! atmosph]e seems to vibrate2 t its rhy?m passes ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! picture1 unit+ all ! masses ( color into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,we not$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( rhy?m & t 9 ,raphael's ,jurisprud5ce1 :]e ! rhy?m is ! result ( l9e4 ,y c\ld n describe t picture z tonal2 = 9 x color plays a v unimportant "p4 ,raphael 0 busi$ ) ! relations1 n ( color1 b ( l9e4 ,i h rem9d$ y ( ! rhy?m ( atmosph]e 9 ,v]me]'s picture1 because "s p describe tone1 z ! result ( fus+ all ! =ms & colors into a :ole by envelop+ !m 9 atmosph]e4 ,b ,i ?9k1 if y h foll[$ our talks c>efully1 y w see t ?is use ( ! ^w tone is pretty mu* ! same z ! "o we h arriv$ at4 ,= y _c see ! effects ( atmosph]e except 9 relation to ! color+ ( nature4 ,& ,i l our explanation bett] ?an ?is "o1 because x is broad]1 & !re=e includes m4 ,x includes1 = example1 all ,japanese pr9ts4 ,_m ( !m exhibit no sugge/ion ( atmosph]e2 yet !y are always tonal 9 ! s5se t _! colors are 9 p]fect relation4 ,n[1 let me tell y ( ano!r def9ition ( tone1 :i* aga9 is includ$ 9 our own4 ,"s p w tell y t a picture is tonal1 because !re is "s "o prevail+ hue ( color 9 x4 ,by 8prevail+0 we mean t "s "o color plays ! mo/ important "p4 ,9 ,v]me]'s picture1 y may rememb]1 x 0 blue4 ,! girl's skirt made a /rong spot ( blue4 ,we are aw>e ( o!r colors 9 ! picture1 b !y play subsidi>y p>ts4 ,:at we are mo/ consci\s ( is a s5se ( blue ?r\gh\t ! picture--a prevail+ tone ( blue4 ,s 9 ,:i/l]'s ,:ite ,girl--,symphony 9 ,:ite1 ,numb] ,"o1 !re is a prevail+ tone ( :ite4 ,b ?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t 9 ea* picture ! colors are 9 a p]fect relation to "o ano!r4 ,:e!r !re are m or few] colors1 & :e!r we receive an impression ( _m colors or "o 9 p>ticul>1 does n really affect ! "q4 ,:5 all is said & done1 tone is ! result ( color relations1 s arrang$ t !y produce a rhy?mic h>mony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an arti/1 :5 he pa9ts a tonal picture1 has 9 m9d ! relative d>k & light ( colors1 & _! relative coolness & w>m?4 ,let me expla94 ,fir/ ! relative coolness or w>m? ( colors4 ,! arti/ reg>ds blue z ! coole/ hue4 ,z a matt] ( fact violet reflects ev5 less light ?an blue2 /ill1 = 8 practical purposes1 an arti/ says t ! cool hue is blue1 & he associates ) x violet & gre54 ,on ! o!r h&1 yell[1 he treats z w>m1 & associates ) x r$ & orange4 ,&1 if y consid] = a mom5t1 ! di/9ction ( w>m & cool hues1 :i* is practis$ by arti/s & f\nd$ on ! nature ( light1 appeals to our own exp]i5ce4 ,y w h no hesitation 9 feel+ t a bun* ( violets1 surr\nd$ by gre5 leaves1 gives y a feel+ ( coolness1 z comp>$ ) ano!r bun* compos$ ( r$ & yell[ poppies4 ,accord+ly1 if an arti/ has made up 8 m9d t 8 tonal h>mony %all be a cool "o1 he ei!r composes x entirely ( cool hues1 or sees to x t "s "o or all ( !m %all 8prevail40 ,! w>m] hues may be introduc$ = ! sake ( contra/1 b v sp>+ly4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 he w rev]se 8 use ( ! hues1 if he wi%es ! tone to be a w>m "o4 ,?is y c\ld h guess$ = y\rselves2 b ,i po9t x out because mo/ p1 ,i believe1 pref] a w>m picture4 ,if x repres5ts ! sun sett+ 9 a mass ( crimson ov] :i* ! sky is orange1 pass+ to yell[2 & ! effect ( ?is w>m light is %[n on ! surr\nd+ trees & mead[1 s t ev]y?+ seems to be k9dl$ into a dreamy w>m?1 we easily f9d ! picture v beautiful4 ,x is s attractive 9 its ri*ness & mell[ w>m?1 t ! quiet coolness ( t picture opposite may seem tame by comp>ison1 & we pass x by4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 recognis+ ! diff]5ce ( ! int5tion1 we /udy ! latt] picture c>efully1 we may v likely come to admire x ev5 m ?an ! w>m] "o1 by reason ( ! v quietness ( its appeal1 or because ( ! purity & fre%ness ( feel+ t probably p]vade x4 ,& n[ = ! arti/'s o!r habit ( consid]+ ! relative lightness & d>kness ( hues4 ,x comes into play1 :e!r 8 tonal arrangem5t be a cool "o or a w>m "o4 ,= by ?is means he introduces contra/s ( color2 & z we h po9t$ out1 x is by contra/s z well z by simil>ities1 t a h>mony is produc$4 ,!re are two ways ( consid]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & d>k4 ,"o is to treat x z an arrangem5t ( *i>oscuro1 ! o!r z an arrangem5t ( values4 ,?is is a di/9ction t ,i h already expla9$2 b ,i w refre% y\r memory ( x1 9 its special application to tone4 ,*i>oscuro1 z y rememb]1 means light & d>k4 ,s x c\ld be us$ ( ! light & d>k ( values2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is appli$ to ! di/ribution ( light & %ad[s1 adopt$ by ! arti/s ( old] times1 & /ill us$ by _m mod]n ones4 ,9 apply+ x1 !y repres5t$ ! light1 z com+ f "o direction1 usually f beh9d _! backs2 & z /rik+ ! objects & figures 9 ! picture at an angle1 ei!r on ! "r side or on ! left4 ,!y also took c>e t ! light %\ld be conc5trat$ or p>ticul>ly bright at "o spot4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! arti/ :o consid]s ! light & d>k ( values1 sees ! light 9 ! sc5e he is pa9t+1 & obs]ves t x p]vades all p>ts ( x4 ,b1 to return to ! *i>oscuro2 its effect is to produce /rong contra/s ( light & %ade3 high lights1 ne>ly :ite 9 ! p>ts mo/ expos$ to ! light1 & %ad[s almo/ black1 9 ! p>ts mo/ remov$4 ,to (fset ^! /rong contra/s ! arti/ uses /rong hues4 ,! pure colors ( r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 may be us$ 9 l>ge masses4 ,! result is a tonal h>mony ( great ri*ness1 /rik+ magnific5ce1 or surpris+ impressiv5ess4 ,( ! la/ k9d is ,rub5s' ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,if y /udy a photograph ( x1 y w see t ! light does come f )9 ! sc5e4 ,x fl[s f ! ,savi\r's body2 & ! light1 z x spreads1 illum9es c]ta9 p>ts ( ! surr\nd+ figures1 especially ! heads & h&s2 j ! p>ts 9 fact1 9 :i* !re is mo/ expression ( feel+4 ,! sacr$ ,body has ! pallor ( dea?1 x is almo/ :ite1 :ile black prevails else:]e ?r\gh\t ! picture1 ! only o!r colors be+ ! fle% t9ts ( ! faces & h&s1 & "s dull gre5 & r$4 ,x is an admirable example ( ! /rong contra/ ( black & :ite1 &1 let me add1 ( ! amaz+ effect t su* contra/ has on ! imag9ation4 ,= x is a picture t ar\ses "o's emotions ( awe & pity & rev]5ce to an extraord9>y degree2 & ! m y /udy x1 ! m y w realise t ! s\rce ( its appeal is ! *i>oscuro4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh ! light is )9 ! sc5e1 is purely arbitr>y4 ,rub5s1 t is to say1 did n try to imitate ! effects ( real light & d>kness2 he *ose to be ! arbit] or judge ( h[ he w\ld di/ribute !m4 ,& 9 ! arrangem5t he _h ?ree purposes4 ,fir/1 he wi%$ to secure ! model+ ( ! figures2 note ! muscul> =ce he has giv5 to "s ( ! m52 ! pa!tic droop ( ! ,virg9's figure2 & ! pitiable limpness ( ! ,savi\r's =m4 ,secondly1 he 0 able to make ?is composition ( contra/s "o ( mo/ impressive gr&eur4 ,?irdly1 z ,i h already h9t$ 9 speak+ ( ! figures ( ! ,savi\r & ! ,virg91 he c\ld by means ( ?is sup]b inv5tion ( light & d>kness1 fill u ) pr(\nd emotion4 ,s mu* = ! old] me?od ( consid]+ ! relations betwe5 light & d>k4 ,! mod]n "o1 dep5d+ on ! light & d>k ( values1 d]iv$ f ! example ( ,velasquez & ( ,v]me] & o!r ,dut*m5 ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,i h rec5tly expla9$ 9 connection ) ,:i/l]'s ,:ite ,girl1 ,symphony 9 ,:ite ,numb] ,two4 ,s ,i w only rem9d y t 9 ?is picture !re is practically no contra/ ( %ad[4 ,! :ole sc5e is ba!d 9 a uni=m light4 ,b ! contra/ ( d>k is obta9$ by putt+ 9 c]ta9 objects1 ! r$ box1 ! blue vase1 & s on1 ! values ( :i* are l[] ?an t ( ! :ite dress4 ,! arti/ has ?\ght ( d>kness1 n z ! result ( %ad[1 b ( c]ta9 colors be+ d>k] 9 !mselves1 because !y reflect less light ?an o!rs4 ,if ?is is n q cle> to y1 p]haps x w be1 if y ref] to ! *apt] 9 :i* ?is picture is discuss$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mod]n arti/1 ev5 if he works by values r ?an by *i>oscuro1 mu/ (t5 wi% to pa9t a sc5e t does involve %ad[s4 ,we "k t ! sc5e may be fill$ ) light & yet !re w be c]ta9 places :]e ! light is int]cept$1 s t %ad[s are =m$4 ,our lawn 9 summ] is agl[ ) w>m light1 b e tree & bu% ca/s its %ad[4 ,or ! same spot 9 w9t] is cov]$ ) sn[ & ! air is bright ) cool light2 yet "h & !re a trunk ( a tree spreads a ?9 lay] ( %ad[4 ,b ! diff]5ce is 9 ! way ! mod]n arti/ reg>ds %ad[4 ,he has /udi$ nature = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! actual effects ( nature2 &1 9 s do+1 has discov]$ t ! secret ( all effects is due to ! action ( light4 ,s he has le>n$ to look at ev]y?+1 %ad[s includ$1 9 its relation to light4 ,a %ad[ to him1 !n1 is n some?+ diff]5t f light2 x is a less5+ ( ! light4 ,"s ( ! light has be5 int]cept$ by ! foliage ( ! tree1 s t less light rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,x may be t v little light filt]s ?r\gh ! leaves4 ,b1 :e!r m or little1 ! spot f :i* ! light has be5 int]cept$1 /ill conta9s "s light4 ,ev5 :at we usually call ! %ad[s h light 9 !m4 ,s1 :ile *i>oscuro is a contra/ ( light & d>k1 ! contra/ ( values may bett] be describ$ z "o ( light & less light4 ,obs]ve h[ ?is works4 ,s9ce ! mod]n arti/ sees light 9 %ad[s1 he also sees color 9 !m4 ,& _! color v>ies accord+ to ! quality ( ! light & accord+ to ! local color ( ! spot affect$4 ,! local color ( y\r lawn is gre52 !re=e1 ev5 "u ! trees1 :]e little light rea*es ! grass1 ! latt] w /ill conta9 a gre5i% hue1 ?\gh ! value ( x w be mu* l[] ?an t ( ! sunlit lawn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hue ( ! %ad[ w also be affect$ by ! quality ( ! light1 diff]+ accord+ z ! light is dull or brilliant1 & z x incl9es to :ite or yell[4 ,?is is too intricate a subject to attempt to discuss "h1 b ,i m5tion x 9 ord] t1 if y are wide awake & int]e/$1 y may amuse y\rself by /udy+ ^! effects 9 y\r walks abroad4 ,a simple way ( />t+ ! subject is to /udy ! hue ( ! %ad[ ca/ by y\r h& on a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,i am work+ by ! light ( a ,welsba* burn]1 & ! %ad[ ( my h& is a pale r$di% purple4 ,! o!r day1 on a bright ,febru>y morn+1 ,i laid my h& on a piece ( :ite pap] & ! %ad[ 0 blui%4 ,9 ea* case1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( light reflect$ f ! :ite pap]1 ! %ad[ 0 v transp>5t1 & beautiful 9 its delicacy & s(tness4 ,well1 ?is little example illu/rates :at arti/s h discov]$ ab\t %ad[s ly+ on sn[4 ,!y are v transp>5t1 v delicate1 & t5d t[>d a hue ( blue or plum color1 accord+ to ! quantity ( light4 ,n[ to sum up our rem>ks on tone4 ,:5 we speak ( a picture hav+ tonal qualities1 we mean t ! arti/ has s comb9$ ! relat$ d>ks & lights & ! relat$ coolness & w>m? ( 8 colors t he has produc$ a h>mony1 ?read$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) a sugge/ion ( rhy?m or vibration4 ,& ! vibration w be mo/ felt1 :5 ! sugge/ion ( atmosph]e p]vades ! picture4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross we h already h9t$ at ! p[] ( tone to ar\se emotion4 ,i may add t tone always makes a /rong appeal to feel+--to ab/ract feel+4 ,! tonal h>mony ( an opal1 ^: p9ks & gre5s are suffus$ ) creamy atmosph]e1 ar\ses 9 u delight1 q ap>t f any sugge/ion to our m9d4 ,! delight is "o ( pure feel+4 ,c y n see t1 if an arti/ uses ! tonal h>mony ( ! opal z a color s*eme = a picture1 ! h>mony w\ld /ill delight u 9 an ab/ract way8 ,x w\ld be int]wov5 n[ ) ! subject ( 8 picture1 & we ne$ n try1 nor d we wi% to sep>ate !m4 ,b ! s5tim5t ( ! figure or ! sc5e w be all ! m t5d] & lovely = ! h>mony ) :i* x is suffus$4 ,i h 9 m9d1 = example1 ! pictures by ! ,am]ican arti/1 ,?omas ,w4 ,dew+4 ,!y %[ y "o or two wom5 /&+ or sitt+1 app>5tly lo/ 9 rev]ie1 :ile plac$ beside !m may be a table & a vase & on ! wall a mirror4 ,if y ask me :at ! picture is ab\t1 ,i w say3 ,no?+4 ,!re is no subject to !m 9 ! s5se t y c describe3 :o ! girl is1 :y %e is !re1 & :at %e is do+4 ,s1 in/ead ( talk+ to y ab\t ! figures1 ,i %\ld try to draw y\r att5tion to ! subtlety & beauty ( ! tonal h>mony4 ,i %\ld recomm5d y to look at x ) a m9d z free f outside ?\ghts1 z :5 y 7 look+ at ! opal4 ,!n by degrees1 p]haps1 z ! beauty ( ! tone w9ds itself ab\t y\r imag9ation1 y w beg9 to f9d "s s5tim5t ( beauty sugge/$ by ! girl h]self4 ,:at ,i wi% y to und]/& is t an arti/1 :o has ! gift ( compos+ tonal h>monies1 employs !m to express ! ab/ract feel+s or emotions t he has reg>d+ 8 subject4 ,a celebrat$ example is ,:i/l]'s ,portrait ( ! ,arti/'s ,"m1 t n[ hangs 9 ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y1 9 ,p>is4 ,i expect y h se5 photographs ( x & rememb] t x repres5ts an oldi% lady1 9 a :ite lace cap & black g[n1 ) h] h&s fold$ ov] a h&k]*ief on h] lap4 ,we see h] figure seat$ 9 pr(ile1 9 front ( a grey wall4 ,on x are two little black-fram$ pictures1 & on "o side hangs a d>k gre5 curta94 ,:5 x 0 fir/ exhibit$ ! arti/ call$ x 8,an ,arrangem5t 9 ,black & ,grey40 ,x may be t he did n wi% to drag 8 ,"m into publicity or make a p>ade ( 8 feel+s z a son4 ,b !re 0 ano!r reason1 a mu* great] "o4 ,! ab/ract feel+s t he _h = 8 ,"m--! love1 rev]5ce1 & appreciation ( h] dignity & t5d]ness--took color 9 8 arti/'s m9d 9 an arrangem5t ( black & grey4 ,:at a poet might h put into ! rhy?m & h>mony ( 8 v]se1 ,:i/l] has express$ ?r\gh ! rhy?m ( a tonal h>mony ( color4 ,ano!r arti/ :o 0 n a tonali/1 might h contriv$ to put into ! face & h&s & into ! l9es ( ! figure z mu* dignity & graci\s t5d]ness4 ,b 8 picture w\ld n move u s deeply z ?is "o4 ,= ,:i/l]--h[ %all ,i describe x8--has wov5 ! dignity & t5d]ness into e "p ( ! canvas4 ,! "m sits alone ) h] own ?\ghts1 b all ab\t h] is ! music ( color1 *oir+ ! love & rev]5ce ( h] son4 ,no wond] ! picture takes its hold ^u u2 until we see 9 x n a "m1 b ! type ( :at ! conception ( ,"m means to u4 ,its tonal h>mony is "o t is di/+ui%$ by sobriety & retic5ce4 ,x consi/s ( quiet & sob] colors2 x does n talk to our he>ts 9 brilliant gl[+ words4 ,x moves u r by its sil5ce & res]ve1 its retic5ce4 ,i m5tion ?is because1 at fir/1 p]haps1 y w be m attract$ by brilliant & gl[+ h>monies2 & !y are beautiful too4 ,!y may fill u1 z ^? ( ,rub5s d1 ) triumphant joy2 or plunge u into poignant emotion z d ,r\sseau's sunsets4 ,b1 j z our capacity ( feel+ kn[s no limits1 s !re is no limit to ! v>iety ( ! tonal h>monies t may /ir x4 ,& we %all gr[ to f9d "s ( ! mo/ exalt+ & beautiful s5sations 9 ^? h>monies t are v quiet1 subtle1 & t speak to our imag9ation 9 a 8/ill small voice40 ,z a f>ewell illu/ration1 to sum up ! mean+ ( ! quality & expression ( tone1 let me return to s\nd tones4 ,h y ev] ?\ght ( quality & expression 9 ! case ( y\r own voice8 ,i d n mean ! s++ voice4 ,_m ( u d n possess ?is k9d ( voice2 b we all h a speak+ & read+ voice4 ,:at are ! quality & expression ( y\rs8 ,i am ?9k+ n[ ( ! way y use x2 ( ! quality & expression ( ! s\nds y utt]4 ,:5 y speak2 d y drawl 8?r\gh y\r nose0 or *att] v quickly8 ,are ! s\nds %rill or h>% or monoton\s8 ,p]haps y h nev] /opp$ to consid]4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ few p d4 ,mo/ p ?9k ( _! voice only z a contrivance = utt]+ words3 !y turn x on & (f l a faucet & let ! words run4 ,h[ frequ5tly "o sees a pretty girl or woman1 ta/efully dress$ & ( *>m+ mann]s1 :o is altoge!r pleas+ z long z %e keeps h] m\? %ut4 ,b ! mom5t %e op5s x1 half h] *>m vani%es4 ,!re is no tone 9 h] voice2 no v>ieties ( light & %ade 9 ! pit* ( ! s\nds1 no v>ieties ( quietness or w>m? 9 h] spee*2 no rhy?m ( effect4 ,ev5 if x is n h>%1 x is disagreeably monoton\s4 ,or somebody else reads a passage f ,%akespe>e1 say ,! ,balcony ,sc5e 9 8,romeo & ,juliet40 ,he is n z bad a read] z he might be2 = example1 he does n /umble ov] ! words or jump ov] ! punctuation4 ,9 fact1 he reads intellig5tly1 ) consid]able att5tion to ! mean+ ( ! spee*es4 ,& yet1 aft] all1 he reads v badly1 = 8 voice fails entirely to br+ out ! music ( ! v]se4 ,! sc5e is "o ( ! lovelie/ ev] writt51 & x 0 writt5 to be spok5 al\d1 s t ! lovel9ess ( ! ?\ght might be convey$ 9 s\nds ( correspond+ lovel9ess4 ,b ( ?is our read] seems ignorant4 ,he does n appe> to "k t ,%akespe>e int5d$ e v[el s\nd to be utt]$ 9 su* a way z to br+ out ! p>ticul> quality ( its beauty2 & arrang$ ! sequ5ce ( ! s\nds1 s t "o %\ld fl[ into ano!r 9 an exquisite rhy?m ( ris+ & fall+ melody4 ,?is read] 8murd]s0 ! beauty ( ! sc5e1 because !re is no quality 9 ! tone ( 8 voice & no tonal expression4 ,d y und]/& :at ,i mean8 ,if y h n ?\ght ( ?is be=e1 ,i hope y w give x "s att5tion 9 future4 ,= x is 9 ! p[] ( ev]yone ( u to improve ! quality & expression ( our voices4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,bru%-,,"w ,,& ,,draw+ ,n[ t we h come to an end ( our talk ^u color1 ,i mu/ say a little ab\t bru%work4 ,i hope to %[ y t a good pa9t] may use 8 bru% 9 su* a way t !re is quality & expression 9 ! actual /rokes4 ,i say a good 8pa9t]10 because ,i am ?9k+ ( t di/9ction ,i po9t$ out to y1 betwe5 arti/s :o are really pa9t]s or colori/s1 & ^? :o are1 m /rictly speak+1 draughtsm54 ,! latt]1 y w rememb]1 pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! l9es ( _! figures1 & !n 9 spread+ ! pa9t1 are c>eful t x %all n int]f]e ) ! outl9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o is1 /rictly speak+1 a pa9t]1 sees 8 figures z color$ masses4 ,i tri$ to %[ y t ea* me?od is "r f its sep>ate po9t ( view4 ,b at ! "t we talk$ ab\t ?is1 we _h n /udi$ ! mean+ ( quality & expression4 ,s ,i put (f tell+ y ab\t ! possibilities ( quality & expression 9 l9e4 ,we w talk ab\t x n[1 & !n return to ! bru%work4 ,rememb]1 :at we are to ?9k ( n[ is a draw+ ( a figure or object1 repres5t$ simply 9 outl9e1 ) no add$ /rokes to sugge/ light & %ade4 ,x may h be5 done ) a p5cil or bru%1 or 9 "o ( _m o!r ways2 b x is only outl9e4 ,n[ _m p ?9k ! only purpose ( ! outl9e is to enclose ! figure1 s t we may see :at ! figure is4 ,!y may ?9k ! figure is beautiful1 because x repres5ts some?+ ( :i* !y are fond2 ! plump body ( a baby1 = in/ance4 ,b suppose ! figure repres5ts an old worn-out begg>1 ) long scraggy arms & b>e1 mis%ap5 feet4 ,w\ld !y see any beauty 9 x8 ,i expect n4 ,yet1 al?\gh !re may be no beauty 9 ! figure1 !re may be a great deal 9 ! l9es :i* enclose x4 ,if s1 ! beauty ( l9e1 ( :i* we are n[ talk+1 mu/ be an ab/ract beauty2 due to some?+ 9 ! l9e itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! figure ) :i* x is associat$4 ,suppose y draw a l9e on a piece ( pap]4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! l9e has tak5 a c]ta9 direction1 & x is ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,x is ?ick or ?91 or x beg9s ?91 gr[s ?ick] & !n dim9i%es 9 wid?1 or vice v]sa4 ,x may be fa9t or di/9ct2 firm or wav]+1 & s on4 ,:i* ev] k9d x is x w be s1 ei!r because y wi%$ x to be ( t k9d1 or because y c\ldn't make x o!rwise4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is y t h made ! l9e :at x is4 ,if y h en\gh skill1 y c make ! l9e exactly :at y wi%4 ,aga91 ! direction ( ! l9e is ! result ( a movem5t ( y\r h& & arm4 ,v likely y mov$ unc]ta9ly3 y 7 n ev5 sure 9 :at direction x 0 mov+4 ,b1 if y 7 a skilful & practis$ draughtsman1 don't y suppose y c\ld s regulate ! movem5t ( y\r h& & arm1 t ! l9e w\ld take ! exact direction y desir$8 ,yes1 y w\ld h z mu* control ov] ! direction & "* ( ! l9e1 z a musician has ov] ! keys ( a piano1 ov] :i* 8 h&s move 9 v>i\s directions1 s\nd+ ! v>i\s notes4 ,b is ! skill 9 do+ ?is all t makes a good musician8 ,y "k t he mu/ also play1 z we say1 ) feel+4 ,?is means1 fir/1 t he mu/ be able to feel ! beauty ( ! music2 secondly1 t he kn[s h[ to move 8 arms & t\* ! notes s z to draw =? f !m j ! quality ( s\nd t ! feel+ dem&s1 & to make ! :ole body ( s\nds r5d] an expression ( ! feel+4 ,n[1 j z ! feel+ passes f ! bra9 ( ! musician into ! tips ( 8 f+]s1 s x does ) an arti/4 ,y w see him1 z he tries to tell y ab\t ! beauty ( some?+1 circl+ 8 h& 9 ! air1 mean:ile curv+ 8 f+]s & ?umb1 z if he 7 try+ to grasp ! beauty4 ,x is an in/9ctive movem5t1 due to 8 habit ( express+ 8 conception ) 8 h&4 ,a sculptor w d mu* ! same ?+1 only he is m apt to close 8 f+]s & express 8 mean+ ) 8 ?umb--! "p ( 8 h& t he uses mo/ 9 model+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( feel+ 9 ! h& is illu/rat$ 9 ! model+ ( a vase4 ,! pott] /&s be=e a 8:eel10 or table1 ! top ( :i* revolves4 ,!re is a spike 9 x t holds 9 place ! lump ( clay4 ,b :ile we wat*1 x has ceas$ to be a lump4 ,x has gr[n up "u ! pott]'s h&s & is a holl[ vessel1 e mom5t *ang+ its %ape slightly1 z ) 8 f+]s or ! palm ( 8 h& he br+s x ne>] & ne>] to ! design t is 9 8 bra94 ,he /ops = a mom5t1 & we ?9k t he has f9i%$4 ,b1 no1 he is only criticis+ x4 ,x is n yet q z he feels x %\ld be2 & aga9 ! :eel revolves & ! h&1--oh6 s t5d]ly--coaxes ! clay to receive exactly ! l9e ( beauty t he feels4 ,& f ! pott] we may ga9 ano!r insight into ! beauty ( an arti/'s l9e4 ,i said t ! clay grew up into ! requir$ =m4 ,& c]ta9ly if y h se5 ! op]ation1 y w say t gr[? is j ! ^w4 ,n[ 9 ! l9e ( all beautiful draw+s !re is ! feel+ ( gr[?4 ,n 9 a metaphorical way1 b mo/ lit]ally1 ! l9e gr[s "u ! arti/'s h&1 impell$ by ! feel+ 9 him t he is try+ to express4 ,let me tell y a little exp]i5ce ( my own4 ,?\gh ,i am n an arti/1 ,i h (t5 made draw+s4 ,"o day ,i 0 enl>g+ a piece ( ornam5t1 9 :i* !re 7 scrolls ( acan?us leaves2 big cabbagy sort ( leaves1 ) a curv+ sp9e & cr9kly edges4 ,! *ief po9t 0 to get f9e w9d+ l9es into ! curves4 ,= a long "t ,i imitat$ ! copy z well z ,i c\ld1 :5 sudd5ly ,i seem$ to feel )9 me j h[ ! curve %\ld g4 ,x 0 n a matt] ( see+ ! copy1 b ( feel+ ! actual gr[? 9 my bra94 ,& lo6 a miracle1 = "o mom5t my h& 0 able to d :at my bra9 prompt$4 ,t leaf actually grew "u my h&4 ,i c\ld feel x gr[+4 ,& ( c\rse t 0 ! be/ bit ( ! :ole draw+4 ,! re/ 0 me*anical2 ?is bit really liv$4 ,well1 9 my case t 0 a miracle & has nev] be5 repeat$4 ,b 9 t mom5t ,i le>n$ two ?+s--fir/ly1 :at mu/ be ! joy ( an arti/ 9 ! act ( creation2 &1 secondly1 t an arti/'s l9e may be a liv+ gr[?2 &1 9 ! case ( really f9e draughtsm51 always is4 ,s9ce !n ,i h wat*$ ! gr[? ( trees & plants1 & discov]$1 z y may = y\rself1 ! sep>ate beauty & "* t belong to ! l9es ( gr[? ( ea* sep>ate plant & tree4 ,&1 :5 y h done s1 y w come back to ! /udy ( l9e 9 draw+1 conv9c$ t ! beauty ( l9e consi/s 9 its expression ( life & "*4 ,n only ! life & "* ( ! object repres5t$1 b ! life & "* ( feel+ 9 ! arti/4 ,n[ p]haps y w realise h[ a draw+1 ?\gh x repres5ts only an ugly old begg> man1 may be beautiful4 ,life1 9 all its =ms is wond]ful1 ev5 if sometimes horrible4 ,& ! expression ( x by a ?+ s slight z a l9e is beautiful1 because we ne$ n tr\ble ab\t ! object repres5t$1 b be satisfi$ to enjoy only ! life & "* t ! l9e expresses4 ,x w also help y to und]/& & appreciate ! ab/ract quality ( l9e1 if y /udy ,japanese draw+s & pr9ts4 ,= _! way ( repres5t+ figures & objects is n ! same z ours1 nor d we always "k :at ! subject ( ! picture is ab\t4 ,!re=e we are bett] able to enjoy ! l9e 9 an ab/ract way1 ap>t f all consid]ation ( ! ?+s t are repres5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ?is little talk on l9e1 we may n[ pass to bru%work4 ,x is no long] ! ?9 edge t we are to keep 9 m9d1 b ! mass1 great or small1 z ! case may be2 ! mass ( a g[n1 = example1 or ! mass ( "o ( its folds4 ,i ne$ n tell y t an arti/'s h&s may be alive ) feel+ :5 he holds a bru%1 j z :5 he has a p5cil 9 !m4 ,9 fact1 :at we h said ab\t feel+ & expression 9 l9e may be appli$ to bru%work4 ,9 ! case ( a man :o is n m]ely a fill] 9 ( spaces ) pa9t1 b is by in/9ct a pa9t]1 ! bru%work gr[s into life b5ea? 8 h&4 ,sometimes he lays aside 8 bru% & takes a palette-knife1 ) :i* to spread ! pa9t on ! surface or to scrape ! "p already pa9t$4 ,sometimes he uses no tool at all1 b kneads ! pa9t ) 8 ?umb4 ,:e!r he employs ^! or o!r me?ods1 is a matt] ( comp>ative unimportance4 ,! ma9 ?+ = u to realise is t1 :atev] means he employs1 x is because he is giv+ expression to "s feel+ 9 8 m9d4 ,!re is a passage ( feel+ f 8 m9d ?r\gh 8 arm to 8 h&1 & !nce to ! canvas4 ,! swift] ! passage is1 ! m vitality1 z a rule1 w !re be 9 ! bru%work4 ,! reason is1 t 9 su* a case ! arti/ is sure ( himself4 ,! feel+ 9 8 m9d is s cle>ly compreh5d$2 he s ?or\ghly feels :at he wi%es to express1 & is s sure ( ! way to r5d] x1 t !re is no hesitation or sign ( fumbl+ 9 ! result4 ,x has gr[n freely & naturally & ! result gives u t ke5 & direct pleasure t we d]ive f :at is brimful ( life4 ,y "k h[ /imulat+ x is to li/5 to a speak]1 ^: words fl[ f 8 ?\ghts )\t any humm+ & haw+2 & ^: words naturally & exactly express ! ?\ght4 ,9 su* a man's talk !re is a liv+ gr[? ( ?\ght4 ,z y proce$ 9 y\r /udy ( pa9t+ y w le>n to feel 9 bru%work ei!r ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( su* liv+ gr[?4 ,y w f9d sometimes1 h[ev]1 t ! bru%work1 :i* at fir/ seems v mu* alive1 is n really a liv+ gr[?4 ,x is m l ! clev] tricks t y p]=m ) y\r bodies 9 a gymnasium4 ,x is m]ely an exhibition ( vigor4 ,i may lik5 ?is to ! oratory ( ano!r sort ( speak]1 :o has a great gift ( ! gab b v few ideas4 ,he p\rs out ( 8 m\? a /ream ( vigor\s1 %[y1 f9e-s\nd+ words2 & fasc9ates y = a few m9utes ) ! 8exub]ance ( 8 v]bosity40 ,b pres5tly1 :5 y come to ?9k x ov]1 y discov] h[ pret5ti\s & slip-%od ! :ole spee* 04 ,he 0 exhort+ to patriotism2 b1 :]e ,l9coln w\ld h left u ) a few *oice ?\ghts1 s p]fectly express$ t !y w rema9 = ev] 9 ! memory1 ?is man has only b$eck$ 8 g5]alities ) a confusion ( words4 ,8 spee* is n gold51 b *eap t9sel4 ,well6 y w f9d t !re are pa9t]s also1 s mu* 9 love ) ! exub]ance ( _! own clev]ness1 t !y are satisfi$ to d no?+ b make a gymna/ic display ( x4 ,y w f9d too1 t !re are o!rs1 to :om ! m]e manual dext]ity is s objectionable1 t !y delib]ately try to make y lose sight ( any bru%work 9 _! pictures4 ,:i/l] 0 "o ( ^!4 ,he us$ to say t a picture is f9i%$1 :5 ! arti/ has completely disguis$ ! means by :i* x has be5 produc$4 ,he wi%$ ! expression ( 8 feel+ to rea* our imag9ation imm$iately & fully1 )\t any o!r consid]ation block+ ! way or int]f]+ ) our appreciation4 ,8 me?od ( pa9t+ 0 delib]ate2 a little add$ to-day1 some?+ m ano!r day2 ! :ole process ext5d+1 frequ5tly1 ov] sev]al ye>s4 ,= ! feel+ :i* he wi%$ to express 0 a v subtle "o1 s ! liv+ gr[? ( x1 z ( _m ?+s 9 nature1 0 sl[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! great pa9t]s seem to h be5 swift work]s2 or at any rate _! f9al result gives "o ! impression ( hav+ be5 execut$ 9 ! vigor & gl[ ( a swiftly work+ m9d4 ,! be/ way to le>n to appreciate bru%work is to /& close to a picture1 & obs]ve ! v>i\s k9ds ( /rokes & dabs & /reaks4 ,!y seem to h no mean+4 ,b /ep back4 ,!n all or mo/ ( ! sep>ate bru% m>ks w h disappe>$4 ,!y are m]g$ into "o ano!r & _! mean+ becomes cle>4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ ?or\ghly /udi$ ! effect :i* ! arti/ has produc$1 y may aga9 /ep close up to ! canvas & exam9e ! means by :i* he has atta9$ x4 ,if x is a l&scape y are /udy+1 y w f9d1 possibly1 t ! sky1 :i* f a di/ance seems to be grey1 is really compos$ ( /reaks ( blue & p9k & grey4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ^! /reaks ( ! bru%1 &1 secondly1 by ! infusion ( sev]al colors1 t ! arti/ has succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 sky h ! appe>ance ( atmosph]e1 ext5d+ f> & f> back4 ,!n1 if y exam9e ! trees1 y may possibly f9d ! /rokes %ort & /ubby1 s z to br+ out ! "* ( ! foliage2 :ile1 :at f a di/ance gave ! impression ( be+ simply gre51 is also f\nd on clos] inspection to conta9 _m spots ( o!r colors4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! action ( light ^u ! foliage has be5 sugge/$2 s t ! trees f a di/ance d n seem h>d & heavy b p5etrat$ ) light & atmosph]e4 ,9 ?is way1 /epp+ ne>] to & fur!r f ! picture1 & cont9ually ask+ y\rself3 ,:at is ! impression t ! arti/ wi%$ to convey & :y has he done s & s8 y w soon f9d t y are gett+ an insight into ! quality & expression ( bru%work4 ,n[ "o ^w m4 ,a little :ile ago ,i allud$ to 8f9i%40 ,:at is 8f9i%08 ,mo/ p ?9k x means t e "p ( a picture %\ld be br\ght up to a uni=m degree ( poli% & precision4 ,x %\ld be sleek & %9y1 l our %oes1 :5 ! man has f9i%$ %9+ !m4 ,c]ta9ly y w see _m pictures t seem to ju/ify ?is explanation4 ,b z a rule !y w n be examples ( good pa9t+4 ,y rememb] our talk on texture4 ,well1 only "s textures are sleek & %9y & poli%$4 ,s1 if ?is :ole picture is ( t "*1 "s ( ! textures mu/ h suff]$4 ,!n aga91 life is n uni=m1 x does n %[ itself 9 all p & ?+s 9 ! same way4 ,!re=e x is v likely t ! uni=m poli% & precision ( ?is picture has int]f]$ ) its expression ( life4 ,! :ole ?+ is me*anical r ?an vital4 ,no1 y mu/ be prep>$ to f9d 9 well pa9t$ pictures1 all sorts ( conditions ( n seem+ to be f9i%$2 all k9ds ( diff]5t /yles1 co>se1 ref9$1 bold1 da%+1 retic5t1 & t5d]1 brilliant1 & mode/2 almo/ z _m diff]5t /yles & conditions z !re are pa9t]s4 ,= a pa9t]'s use ( ! bru% is an expression ( 8 own individuality & life1 z well z ( ! life & "* ( ! subjects he repres5ts4 ,i h already told y ,:i/l]'s def9ition ( 8f9i%$40 ,x is p]haps too mu* a product ( 8 own p]sonality to be ( g5]al s]vice4 ,"o m applicable to all k9ds ( pa9t]s & pictures is ! foll[+4 ,an arti/ has f9i%$ 8 picture1 :5 he has succe$$ 9 mak+ x express ! feel+ t inspir$ x4 ,?is w include ,:i/l]'s def9ition1 & also ! practice ( a ,titian1 a ,rub5s1 or a ,velasquez1 ^: bru% /rokes are visible to ?is day1 z witnesses ( ! liv+ gr[? ( _! conceptions4 ,fur!r x w include _m pictures t to y\r eyes seem unf9i%$4 ,!y look l sket*es1 &1 !re=e1 y ?9k1 _c be consid]$ z a f9i%$ picture4 ,b g sl[ly ) a ?\ght ( t sort4 ,z y advance 9 appreciation y w f9d t _m a draw+ ( a few l9es only1 & _m a little picture1 compos$ ( a few t\*es ( color1 h 9 !m m ( ! liv+ gr[? ( feel+1 m ( ! *>m ( ab/ract beauty ?an ?\s&s ( s-call$ f9i%$ pictures1 9 :i* ! orig9al feel+1 if !re 7 any1 has be5 subm]g$ 9 an ocean ( trivialities4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,subject1 ,,motive1 ,,& ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,at ! beg9n+ ( our talks1 y may rememb]1 ,i told y ,i %\ld n h mu* to say ab\t ! subjects ( pictures4 ,= ,i wi%$ at ! />t to make y realise1 t :at a picture is ab\t is ( mu* less importance ?an ! way 9 :i* ! subject is treat$4 ,a f9e subject may be treat$ 9 su* a way z to make a v bad picture1 :ile a good picture may be compos$ ( a subject 9 :i* "o is n p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,9 fact1 ,i wi%$ to help y to look at a picture fir/ & =emo/ z a "w ( art2 a ?+ beautiful 9 itself because ( its composition ( =m & color2 beautiful 9 an ab/ract way1 t is to say1 ap>t f ! ideas sugge/$ by ! subject4 ,my aim has be5 to try to tea* y to admire a picture 9 an ab/ract way1 z y admire a ,japanese or ,*9ese vase1 simply & solely = its beauty ( =m & color4 ,?is is n ! usual way4 ,mo/ p beg9 by tak+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ( a picture1 & v _m nev] get any fur!r 9 _! appreciation4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i felt t1 if ,i c\ld once get y int]e/$ 9 ! ab/ract qualities ( a picture1 y w\ld be />t$ "r1 & t y\r int]e/ 9 ! subject w\ld be sure to foll[ aft]4 ,s our talk ab\t subject has be5 put (f until n[4 ,pictures are sometimes sort$ into gr\ps accord+ to _! subject4 ,!re are religi\s pictures2 pictures ( my?s & leg5ds or imag9>y subjects2 portraits2 l&scapes2 hi/orical pictures1 l ,wa%+ton cross+ ! ,delaw>e2 g5re pictures or sc5es ( e day life2 /ill-life subjects1 repres5t+ fl[]s & fruits1 dead birds1 bea/s & fi%es1 & objects ( man's h&iwork2 decorative subjects & mural pa9t+s4 ,b ?is gr\p+ does n settle ! matt]1 s9ce ea* ( ^! subjects c be treat$ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,h[ x is treat$ dep5ds ^u ! motive & po9t ( view ( ! arti/4 ,s1 ! simple/ way to grasp ?is matt] ( subject is fir/ ( all to f9d out :at is meant by an arti/'s motive & po9t ( view4 ,z usual1 let u />t ) diction>y mean+s ( ^! words & !n see _! application to :at we are discuss+4 ,motive1 !n1 is t :i* causes a ?+ to move1 :i* impels x4 ,:at is ! motive p[] ( t tra98 ,is ! p[] t moves x /eam or electricity8 ,:at is ! motive ( any p>ticul> arti/1 ! =ce :i* impels him to adopt a c]ta9 me?od or to "w 9 a c]ta9 direction8 ,po9t ( view on ! o!r h&1 is ! po9t at :i* a p]son /&s to view some?+4 ,y may wat* a procession 9 ! /reet f ! po9t ( view ( a w9d[4 ,b ! ^w is m (t5 us$1 n ( :]e y\r body /&s1 b ( :]e y\r m9d /&s4 ,accord+ to our bir? & br++ up2 t is to say1 z ! result ( :at we inh]it f our =ebe>s1 & h acquir$ by education & exp]i5ce1 we ea* h our own po9t ( view4 ,= example1 y w n hesitate to say t y\r po9t ( view is ,am]ican4 ,y read ab\t ! ,panama canal4 ,y are n only int]e/$1 b pr\d1 because ,am]icans are digg+ x4 ,if ! ,fr5*1 :o began x1 7 c>ry+ on ! "w1 y\r int]e/ 9 x w\ld be less & y\r pride nil4 ,:5 y travel abroad1 at any rate = ! fir/ "t1 y w n be able to help mak+ critical comp>isons betwe5 ! way !y d ?+s 9 ,europe & at home4 ,y w be apt to see ev]y?+ f ! po9t ( view ( an ,am]ican4 ,y\r po9t ( view is ! result ( y\r be+ :at y are4 ,& x is ! same ) an arti/4 ,be+ :at he is1 & :at he _c help be+1 he has 8 own p>ticul> p]sonal po9t ( view4 ,be+ :at he is1 he also has 8 own individual motive4 ,?r\gh ! union ( motive & po9t ( view1 he sees ?+s 9 8 own way & 9 8 own way is impell$ to repres5t !m4 ,s9ce ea* arti/ is a p]son diff]5t to all o!r p]sons1 ! v>ieties ( motive & po9t ( view are inf9ite4 ,!re is no end to ! v>iety2 &1 z y gr[ old]1 & cont9ue y\r /udy ( pictures1 y w f9d m & m int]e/ 9 look+ into & discov]+ j :at is ! p>ticul> motive & po9t ( view ( ea* arti/4 ,= he _c help betray+ !m 9 8 pictures1 any m ?an y c help betray+ y\rs1 if1 be+ a p>tisan ( ,yale1 y are wat*+ a football game betwe5 ,yale & ,h>v>d4 ,j z y\r behavior w betray y\r feel+s1 s is a picture ! expression ( an arti/'s p]sonal likes & dislikes4 ,9 /udy+ pictures1 !re=e1 y are also /udy+ ! p]sonality ( ! m5 :o pa9t$ !m4 ,i wi% y to feel t ?is sort ( /udy has no limits4 ,its int]e/ w la/ y1 z long z y live4 ,at ! same "t my aim is to help y to ent] ^u ! /udy4 ,& at ! />t ev]y?+ %\ld be made z simple z possible4 ,s1 al?\gh motives & po9ts ( view are inf9ite 9 v>iety1 let u see if we _c f9d "s simple clue to ! /udy ( !m4 ,i ?9k x may be f\nd 9 divid+ all arti/s into two big gr\ps4 ,on ! "o side1 ^? :o are incl9$ to repres5t ! _w z !y see x to be2 on ! o!r side1 ^? :o repres5t ?+s accord+ to _! own ideas4 ,x is ! great division betwe5 ! naturali/ic or reali/ic & ! ideali/ic motive & po9t ( view4 ,"s arti/s are naturali/s1 or reali/s2 o!rs are ideali/s2 a great _m are a m+l+ ( ! two4 ,?is broad g5]al di/9ction mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,= y c see t x w\ld be impossible to ent] into ! m]its ( an ideali/ic picture1 if y insi/ on approa*+ ! /udy ( x f ! naturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,& vice v]sa4 ,! only way to appreciate a picture is to approa* x f ! po9t ( view ( ! man :o pa9t$ x4 ,we mu/ try to ent] into 8 m9d & f9d out 8 motive & see ! subject z he saw x4 ,:5 we h done s1 we may n l 8 picture4 ,t is ano!r matt]4 ,p]haps 8 motive & po9t ( view1 :5 we h discov]$ !m1 d n please u4 ,our own are s diff]5t1 t he & we _c really agree4 ,or possibly1 :ile we agree ) 8 motive & po9t ( view1 we d n feel t he has express$ !m well4 ,9 ei!r case1 8 picture is n = u4 ,at lea/1 n to-day2 =1 z we gr[ old]1 we %all f9d t our own motive & po9t ( view are apt to *ange4 ,we h /udi$ m1 & "k m1 & may f9d t pictures1 we once did n c>e =1 we n[ admire2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! pictures we once lik$ h ceas$ to please u4 ,n[ = a talk ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 naturali/ic or reali/ic & ideali/ic4 ,:5 ! art ( pa9t+ began to revive 9 ,italy at ! end ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 ! fir/ aim ( ! arti/s 0 to make _! pictures m really resemble life & nature4 ,i h already told y ( ,giotto1 :o gave r\ndness & natural ge/ures to 8 figures1 made ! objects look m real1 & sugge/$ ! dep? & di/ance ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,next ( ,masaccio1 :o gave 8 figures /ill m resemblance to life1 & fill$ 9 _! surr\nd+s ) a sugge/ion ( atmosph]e4 ,!n ,i told y ( ,mantegna1 :o f ! /udy ( ! rema9s ( classic sculpture gave fur!r naturalness ( life & vigor to 8 figures2 until1 by degrees1 f ! obs]vation ( nature & ! /udy ( ! classic sculpture1 arti/s rea*$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! natural r5d]+ ( ! figure4 ,s f> z =m 0 conc]n$1 _! figures 7 absolutely natural4 ,b1 z yet1 ! naturali/ic motive & po9t ( view _h n includ$ ! see+ & r5d]+ ( nature's light4 ,t 0 to come lat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /udy ( classic sculpture1 :ile help+ ! progress t[>d naturalism1 _h />t$ "s arti/s 9 ! direction ( a new motive & po9t ( view4 ,= n[ ! appreciation ( ! antique sculpture became increas$ & supplem5t$ by ! /udy ( s*ol>s1 :o 7 translat+ & expla9+ ! newly discov]$ writ+s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,plato 0 ! special favorite1 & ! ,italians ( ! end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury le>n$ f him ! motive ( idealism & ! ideali/ic po9t ( view4 ,!y le>n$ f 8 writ+s to ?9k n only ( ?+s1 b ( ideas4 ,ev5 to consid] ideas ( m importance ?an ?+s2 especially ! idea ( beauty4 ,y w rememb] t 9 speak+ ( ,raphael's ,allegory ( ,jurisprud5ce1 we said t ,jurisprud5ce repres5t$ an ab/ract idea3 ! conception ( :at ju/ice is 9 itself & ( ! qualities ( ,prud5ce1 ,firmness1 & ,temp]ance t x involves1 ap>t f ! ma*9]y = mak+ & adm9i/]+ ! law4 ,m5 make laws1 & "s are good & "s are bad4 ,ev5 ! good ones are n always p]fectly adm9i/]$4 ,to-day1 9 ,am]ica1 our conception or idea ( law is high] ?an our me?ods ( putt+ x 9 practice4 ,ev]y:]e1 always1 m5's ideals are high] ?an _! conduct4 ,ideals1 !n1 :i* are ! motives1 result+ f ideas1 repres5t ! highe/ ef=t ( man aft] :at is be/ & mo/ beautiful4 ,mo/ beautiful because x is be/ & be/ because x is mo/ beautiful4 ,su* 0 "p ( :at arti/s le>n$ f ,plato4 ,d y see h[ !y appli$ x to _! art8 ,to ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 "o ( ! fir/ ,italian arti/s to become influ5c$ by ! classic _s1 ! tea*+ appeal$ 9 "s su* way z ! foll[+3 ,! idea ( ,beauty is sep>ate f ! ?+s or objects 9 :i* x is manife/$2 j z we may h an idea ( smell ap>t f any p>ticul> fl[]2 or ( love1 ap>t f ! object ( our love4 ,! highe/ ideal = an arti/ is to express 9 8 pictures some?+ ( ?is ab/ract idea ( beauty1 to give to 8 figures beauty & gr&eur ( =m & noble heads2 to put !m 9 positions ( grace & dignity4 ,he w n pa9t human nature z he sees x to be1 ) all its imp]fections1 b w p 8 pictures ) a race ( m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 ( ideal beauty4 ,?is 0 ! motive t inspir$ ^? noble ,italian pictures ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 f ! high /&po9t ( ab/ract beauty t ! arti/s look$ at _! subject4 ,_! po9t ( view 0 ideali/ic4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only ?+ t made _! pictures noble4 ,! arti/s 7 inspir$ also by a great dem& on ! "p ( ! p ( _! day4 ,religion held a /rong place 9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,!y call$ = pictures to beautify ! *ur*es &1 at ! same "t1 to tea* ^? t c\ld n read ! beauties ( religion4 ,to-day p h le>n$ to read1 & books to a l>ge ext5t s]ve ! purpose t pictures us$ to d4 ,b 9 ^? days ! p ne$$ pictures2 & x 0 ?is /rong ne$1 act+ l ri* soil to ! beautiful plant ( idealism1 t help$ to produce ^! wond]ful pictures4 ,!y are ! mo/ wond]ful t ! mod]n _w has ev] se51 j because ( ?is union ( two mo/ /rong motives--! religi\s ne$ ( ! p & ! exalt$ love ( beauty ( ! arti/s4 ,b note ! "* ( ^! pictures4 ,sometimes1 = example1 ! ,virg9 is seat$ on a ?rone1 surr\nd$ by angels & apo/les1 sa9ts & bi%ops2 or at o!r times1 ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les are repres5t$ 9 "s sc5e f ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory4 ,! fir/ pres5ts an entirely imag9>y arrangem5t ( ! figures2 ! second makes no pret5ce to repres5t+ ! sc5e z x may h actually occurr$4 ,! apo/les1 _m ( :om 7 fi%]m51 h heads z noble z philosoph]s2 robes arrang$ 9 beautiful folds ( drap]y1 & conduct !mselves ) ! grace & dignity ( "s f9e classic /atue4 ,e l9e1 e arrangem5t ( =m & space1 is design$ to assi/ 9 build+ up a composition ( ideal beauty4 ,or ) ! same motive ! arti/ w\ld treat "s subject ( ,greek my?ology1 su* z ! /ory ( ,psy*e4 ,?is aga9 0 a response to a /rong ne$ ( ! public4 ,n s wide a "o z ! religi\s ne$1 b /ill a /rong "o1 = among ! cultivat$ classes !re 0 an int5se int]e/ 9 ! old classic my?s4 ,or f ! same ideali/ic po9t ( view ! arti/ w\ld decorate ! walls ( a ,city ,hall4 ,to ?is also he 0 impell$ by a /rong public ne$3 ! desire ( ! citiz5s to express _! pride 9 !mselves & _! city by means ( beauty4 ,= by ?is "t ! ,italians _h le>n$ to express all _! highe/ ideals 9 =ms ( ideal beauty4 ,b a *ange came4 ,! ,italians1 long a prey to =eign enemies & qu>rell+ among !mselves1 at l5g? lo/ _! lib]ty & _! pride 9 !mselves4 ,o!r nations surpass$ !m 9 le>n+ & culture2 & ev5 ,religion lo/ its int5se hold on ! public m9d4 ,) ! loss ( high ideals ! glory ( ideali/ic pa9t+ 9 ,italy wan$ & disappe>$4 ,b arti/s ( o!r l&s cont9u$ to reg>d ! ideali/ic pa9t+ ( ! ,italians z a model ( :at came to be call$ 8! ,gr& ,/yle40 ,dur+ ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,spani% arti/s imitat$ x 9 _! religi\s pictures4 ,b else:]e x 0 us$ *iefly = great works ( decoration2 z by ,rub5s 9 ,fl&]s 7,belgium7 & ,le ,brun 9 ,france4 ,! =m]1 = example1 built up a s]ies ( magnific5t compositions 9 honor ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis1 ! wife ( ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france4 ,!y are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is4 ,le ,brun's va/ pa9t+s & tape/ries1 t decorate ! palace ( ,v]sailles1 7 design$ to extol ! glory 9 w> & peace ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o at ! end ( 8 long reign left 8 c\ntry poor & 8 subjects mis]able4 ,9 fact1 ideali/ic pa9t+ t _h once be5 great1 because n\ri%$ by an int5se religi\s motive or by ! motive ( civic pride1 _h sunk to be+ a means ( flatt]+ ! vanity ( mon>*s or p&]+ to ! luxury ( ! idle ri*4 ,s dur+ ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury x cont9u$ to langui%4 ,! =m alone rema9$1 gr[+ less & less beautiful2 ! old _s ( x 0 dead4 ,a new "o1 h[ev]1 arose & _h a brief spell ( life1 = x 0 bas$ on ! awak5$ desire ( ! ,fr5* p = lib]ty4 ,9 ! ye>s be=e ! ,revolution ,david pa9t$ ideali/ic pictures4 ,he *ose 8 subjects f ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,republic1 9 ord] t by ! example ( its patriotism he might /ir 8 own c\ntrym5 to action4 ,! models = 8 figures he took f old ,roman sculpture4 ,8 pictures fitt$ ! temp] ( ! "t & help$ ! cause ( lib]ty2 b :5 ,napoleon made himself ,emp]or ,david pass$ into 8 s]vice1 & ! high motive = 8 ideali/ic pictures ceas$4 ,lat] pa9t]s h turn$ aga9 to ,italy1 & by build+ up impos+ arrangem5ts ( figures h tri$ to make ! _s ( ,italian idealism live aga94 ,!y h n succe$$4 ,p]haps = two reasons4 ,fir/1 t ! old ,italian compositions are mo/ly ( an allegorical "*1 & allegory does n int]e/ ! mod]n m9d4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 realities4 ,second1 t ^? compositions 7 bas$ on ! beauty ( =m ( ! human figure2 ! arti/s made _! =ms z p]fect z possible & plac$ !m 9 an artificial arrangem5t t w\ld produce a patt]n or composition ( beauty & dignity4 ,b mod]n art is m conc]n$ ) r5d]+ ! natural appe>ances ( ! _w2 &1 if x idealises !m1 does s1 z we %all pres5tly see1 by means ( light & atmosph]e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile1 t ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 9 :i* ,italian ideali/ic pa9t+ dw9dl$1 saw a new outbur/ ( ! naturali/ic or reali/ic motive 9 two p>ts ( ! _w2 simultane\sly1 9 ,spa9 & ,holl&4 ,i h already told y h[ ,velasquez 9 ,spa9 & ! ,dut* arti/s devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ! p]sons & ?+s actually pres5t to _! eyes4 ,!y 7 reali/s or naturali/s4 ,holl& _h cut h]self (f f ,fl&]s & ! spl5did vice-regal ,c\rt ( ,brussels1 & h] own noblem5 7 busy fight+ = _! c\ntry's fre$om4 ,s !re 0 no dem& = h] arti/s to pa9t h&some decorations4 ,%e _h also cut h]self (f f ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion2 & 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,re=m$ ,fai? !re 0 no dem& = great religi\s pictures4 ,^! two motives 7 lack+2 b %e _h ano!r "o--a v /rong "o--! love ( c\ntry & ! pride ( ! p 9 !mselves4 ,x 0 /rong en\gh to produce a great s*ool ( pa9t]s ( little pictures1 di/+ui%$ = _! great tru? to nature4 ,among ^! ,dut* arti/s1 h[ev]1 0 at lea/ "o :o 0 n only a reali/ b an ideali/4 ,?is 0 ,rembr&t4 ,x is ( 8 idealism t ,i w speak "h2 &1 to illu/rate x1 w tell y ( a small religi\s picture 9 ! ,l\vre3 ,! ,visit to ,emmaus4 ,y rememb] t ,*ri/ 9 ! ev5+ ( ! day ( 8 ,resurrection came ^u two ( 8 disciples & jo9$ !m 9 _! walk to ! village ( ,emmaus4 ,n recognis+ him1 !y talk$ ( :at _h happ5$4 ,x 0 n until ! little p>ty _h rea*$ ! inn1 & ! ,savi\r rais$ 8 h&s 9 bless+ ! food1 t _! eyes 7 op5$ & !y knew him4 ,x is ?is mom5t t ,rembr&t repres5t$4 ,:5 y see ?is picture y w f9d no gr&eur 9 x su* z ! ,italian pictures h4 ,! figures are ^? ( poor ord9>y m54 ,rembr&t1 be+ also a reali/1 drew !m f ! real types ( poor ,jews 9 ! ,ghetto1 or ,jew-qu>t] ( ,am/]dam4 ,!re is no?+ ( impos+ dignity ev5 9 ! ,savi\r's =m & face4 ,:atev] may be ! idealism 9 ! picture1 x does n dep5d on =m4 ,its motive is diff]5t f t ( ! ,italians4 ,its motive is light4 ,f ,*ri/'s figure spreads a light4 ,is n "o ( 8 titles--,! ,light ( ! ,_w8 ,& ! light1 fl[+ f ?is humble figure1 illum9es ! faces ( 8 humble companions &1 pass+ up to ! vault$ ceil+1 %$s ?r\gh ! gloom a my/]y ( tremul\s gl[4 ,! picture l ! subject x celebrates1 is a miracle--a miracle ( light4 ,d y see h[ ?is 0 an expression ( idealism8 ,rembr&t 9 /udy+ ! _w ar\nd him _h discov]$1 l o!r arti/s ( 8 "t1 ! beauty ( light4 ,light by degrees repres5t$ to him ! highe/ elem5t ( beauty 9 ! visible _w4 ,:ile ! great ,italians _h f\nd ! ideal or highe/ conception ( ab/ract beauty 9 =m1 ,rembr&t f\nd x 9 light4 ,!re=e1 :5 he pa9t$ ?is picture & wi%$ to %[ t ^! figures1 ?\gh humble look+1 7 n ord9>y m51 & t ! ev5t 0 no ord9>y meet+ at a village inn1 he proce$$ to idealise ! sc5e accord+ to 8 own conception ( ideal beauty4 ,he introduc$ into x ! beauty & my/]y ( light4 ,please note t ^w my/]y4 ,a my/]y is :at passes beyond our k & und]/&+1 some?+ t _c be grasp$ by our m9d & intellig5ce4 ,?us we speak ( ! my/]y ( life3 sci5ti/s h discov]$ h[ ! v>i\s =ms ( life h be5 develop$ on ! e>?1 b ! orig9 ( life is /ill a my/]y to !m4 ,ev5 :5 !y h trac$ life back to ! smalle/ conceivable beg9n+1 !y are z f> (f f kn[+ :at />t$ t smalle/ beg9n+ into life4 ,b because !y d n "k1 d !y say 8,oh1 :at we d n "k is n wor? ! kn[+08 ,no inde$6 !y realise1 t hidd5 9 ! my/]y is a tru?1 ev5 m wond]ful ?an :at !y "k4 ,or aga91 "s beautiful summ] night by ! sea-%ore y are look+ out ov] ! wat]4 ,! moon is l[ & h] rays make a pa?way ( light4 ,y gaze along x & at fir/ ! waves are cle>ly visible1 heav+ 9 ! light2 fur!r (f1 ! movem5t ( ! waves disappe>s2 only a lum9\s gl[ rema9s1 gr[+ fa9t] & fa9t]1 till f> away x melts into t ?9 l9e :]e sky & wat] meet--! horizon4 ,d y "k t horizon really means b\nd>y1 ! limit ( our sight1 ! po9t beyond :i* our eye has no p[] to see8 ,b is !re no?+ beyond8 ,if we took %ip & sail$ beyond t pa?way ( light1 %\ld we ev] rea* ! horizon8 ,we %\ld only sail on to f9d ! horizon cont9ually beyond our rea*4 ,or we turn our gaze f ! wat] to ! sky4 ,above u1 fur!r ?an eye c travel1 x ext5ds4 ,x is /udd$ ) innum]able />s4 ,we may "k ! names ( "s ( !m1 & h le>n$ ab\t _! movem5ts & _! di/ance f ! e>?2 b :at d we "k1 :at does any "o1 ev5 ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$1 "k ( !m1 comp>$ ) our ignorance ( !m8 ,x w be well = u1 z we gaze into ! my/]y ( ! heav5s1 to be ?9k+ less ( ! little k t we h ?an ( ! miracle1 ! wond]1 ( :at transc5ds man's und]/&+2 ( ! va/1 imp5etrable my/]y t surr\nds our lives4 ,to d s w fill u )1 :at we call1 a spiritual joy2 a joy1 t is to say1 :i* goes beyond k1 & affects t high] capacity ( feel+ t1 n kn[+ :at x is1 we call _s4 ,?is highe/ feel+1 t we call spiritual1 has always 9 x "s elem5t ( my/]y4 ,! tru? ( ?is 0 curi\sly express$ by a little girl ( my acqua9tance1 :o 0 v fond ( hav+ h] "m read poetry to h]4 ,i ask$ h] if %e und]/ood a c]ta9 poem4 8,( c\rse n10 0 h] quick reply1 8:at fun w\ld !re be 9 poetry if y c\ld und]/& x80 ,well1 ,i h spok5 at l5g? ( ,rembr&t1 because 8 way ( idealis+ a sc5e ?r\gh ! beauty & my/]y ( light1 has become ! way ( mod]n arti/s4 ,b x 0 n until ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea? t ! _w came r\nd to ?is way4 ,9 ! mean "t ,rembr&t & ! o!r ,dut* pa9t]s ( 8 ,c5tury1 l ,velasquez1 _h be5 =gott54 ,! pa9t]s 7 busy try+ to keep alive ! o!r notion ( idealism1 ! ,italian "o1 bas$ on =m4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until naturalism aga9 became popul>1 t idealism by means ( light 0 r5ew$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h already told y ( ! revival ( naturalism at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 h[ ! ,engli% l&scape pa9t]1 ,con/able1 0 foll[$ by ! ,fr5* l&scapi/s ( ! ,b>bizon-,fonta9ebleau gr\p4 ,y rememb] t _! po9t ( view 0 nature z x is visible to ! eye1 b _! motive 0 also to express ! feel+s ( love ) :i* x inspir$ !mselves4 ,!n1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ,c5tury appe>$ ,gu/ave ,c\rbet :o l\dly proclaim$ himself a reali/4 ,he meant by ?is t he 0 n mov$ by s5tim5t1 z ! ,b>bizon naturali/s 72 t he believ$ t ! only ?+ :i* conc]n$ a pa9t] 0 to pa9t :at he c\ld see1 z x appe>$ to 8 eye alone4 ,he wi%$ to limit 8 art to :at is visible to sight4 ,s he ?\ght x 0 fooli% = an arti/ to attempt to repres5t a sc5e f ! ,bible or any hi/orical subject or subject inv5t$ by ! imag9ation4 ,z ! arti/ _h nev] se5 ^! ?+s1 he _h no bus9ess1 z a pa9t]1 to try & repres5t !m4 ,he 0 go+ outside 8 own art & m$dl+ ) "s "o else's3 ! art ( ! writ] or actor1 = example4 ,c\rbet's po9t ( view ( realism & 8 motive1 to pa9t only :at he c\ld see1 7 c>ri$ fur!r by ano!r ,fr5*man1 d\>d ,manet4 ,he _h become a /ud5t ( ! works ( ,velasquez1 f :om he _h le>nt3 fir/ly1 a new way ( view+ 8 subject2 secondly a new way ( r5d]+ :at he saw4 ,?is new way ( view+ ! subject is :at is n[ call$ 8impressionism40 ,i am sorry to h to tr\ble y ) a new ^w2 b ,i ?9k y are prep>$ = x1 s9ce impressionism pr(esses to be only a m natural & real way ( see+ ?+s4 ,( see+ ?+s1 t is ! po9t4 ,x does n take acc\nt ( :at ?+s are1 b ( ! impression !y produce ^u our m9d1 :5 !y appe> be=e our eyes4 ,y are at "w 9 s*ool1 & a /rang] ent]s ! class room4 ,he conv]ses = a few m9utes ) ! tea*] & !n goes out4 ,:at sort ( man 0 he8 ,if !re are tw5ty *ildr5 9 ! class1 & ea*1 on arriv+ home1 relates ! circum/ance ( ! visit1 !re w probably be tw5ty diff]5t impressions ( ! visitor's appe>ance4 ,!y w agree 9 "s po9ts & diff] 9 o!rs2 yet ea* "o ( ! impressions may be a true "o--z f> z x goes4 ,h[ f> x goes w dep5d on ! quickness & ?or\ghness ( y\r obs]vation4 ,b anyh[1 x w n include a great numb] ( details2 x w r be a g5]al impression4 ,if y look out ( w9d[ into a /reet1 y may see a numb] ( figures on ! sidewalks4 ,y receive a g5]al impression ( figures1 mov+ or /&+ /ill2 "s m51 "s wom51 repres5t+ v>i\s spots ( "o color4 ,n[ a reali/ic pa9t] might say1 8,ea* "o ( ^? figures repres5ts a real p]son2 ,i w pa9t him z he really is2 &1 to d s1 w ask him to /& /ill long en\gh = me to /udy him exactly 9 all 8 visible details40 8,& if y d10 retorts ! impressioni/ pa9t]1 8y w pa9t some?+ s real1 t x w be too real4 ,= y nev] c\ld see ^! p 9 ,illu/ration3 ,ev5+4 ,anton ,mauve4 ?is way1 if y look at !m on ! /reet4 ,! great] "p ( ! details w\ld be lo/ 9 ! g5]al impression40 ,well6 ! m y ?9k ( x1 ! m "r y see ! impressioni/ is--f 8 po9t ( view4 ,he says1 if y are go+ to be natural1 be really natural2 if y want to make y\r pictures look real1 make !m real 9 a natural way4 ,if ! only ?+ 9 art is to be z l nature z possible1 & to repres5t ?+s only z !y w\ld appe>1 if y sudd5ly look$ at !m1 ! impressioni/ is "r4 ,& :at makes ?is way ( look+ at ?+s p>ticul>ly int]e/+ is ! fact1 t x is s (t5 ! mom5t>y effect 9 nature t is mo/ beautiful3 ! effect t la/s b a mom5t1 t is fugitive or fleet+1 caught 9 an in/ant1 be=e x *anges to some?+ else4 ,y "k :at ,i mean f y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,a c]ta9 expression passes ov] y\r fri5d's face4 8,oh6 if ,i c\ld only photograph h] n[10 y exclaim2 b by ! "t y h arrang$ y\r cam]a1 x is gone1 & _c be br\ght back to ord]4 ,well1 x is j t fugitive1 fleet+ expression ( a subject t ! reali/1 :o is an impressioni/1 tries to repres5t 9 8 pictures4 ,s f> ,i h tri$ to expla9 ! impressioni/'s po9t ( view4 ,n[ let u consid] 8 way ( r5d]+ :at he sees4 ,! :ole secret ( x is ! "p :i* light plays 9 ! appe>ance ( ?+s4 ,manet & ! o!r impressioni/s1 among :om ,claude ,monet & ,:i/l] are ! mo/ important1 see e ?+1 z ,v]me] did1 envelop$ 9 light4 ,b !y h gone fur!r ?an he4 ,!y h /udi$ mu* m closely ! ev] v>y+ qualities ( light1 z x diff]s accord+ to place & season & ev5 "t ( day4 ,monet has pa9t$ a s]ies ( pictures ! subject ( e "o ( :i* is ! same hay/ack4 ,at lea/ t is h[ "s p might describe !m4 ,b1 if !y ent] into ,monet's po9t ( view1 !y w\ld say t ! real subject is n ! hay/ack b ! effect ( light ^u its surface1 &1 z ! effect ( light is diff]5t 9 e case1 none ( ! pictures are simil> to "o ano!r4 ,ea* repres5ts a sep>ate fugitive expression ( light4 ,monet1 9 !m & o!r pictures1 has record$ ) extraord9>y subtlety ! impression pres5t$ to 8 eye4 ,= ,monet's impressionism 0 also naturali/ic4 ,:i/l]1 on ! o!r h&1 ) no less subtlety1 r5d]$ also ! impression t ! ?+s se5 _h made on 8 imag9ation4 ,he 0 an ideali/ic impressioni/4 ,he pa9t$1 = example1 a numb] ( night-sc5es1 or 8nocturnes10 z he call$ !m4 ,! actual objects 9 !m are ( less importance ?an ,monet's hay/ack1 because 9 ! dim light ( twilight or night !y are only fa9tly visible4 ,:i/l] did n wi% u to be aw>e ( ! =m ( ! bridge1 or ! boat1 ! sea & %ore1 or :atev] ! objects may be4 ,he wi%$ u to be consci\s ( !m only z ,pres5ces loom+ up l _s-=ms 9 ! my/]y ( ! unc]ta9 light4 ,su* nocturnes z ,batt]sea ,bridge & ! sea-%ore picture1 ,bognor-,nocturne1 appeal to u l ,rembr&t's ,visit to ,emmaus4 ,j z ! latt]'s =ms 7 humble1 s ! bridge itself is an ord9>y sort ( /ructure1 & ! sea-%ore & ! boats are )\t any unusual di/9ction4 ,yet 9 ea* case ! sc5e has be5 idealis$ ?r\gh ! my/]y ( light1 & appeals to our spiritual imag9ation4 ,aft] two hundr$ ye>s ,rembr&t's new pr9ciple ( idealisation1 f\nd$ ^u ! ab/ract beauty ( light in/ead ( on ! ab/ract p]fection ( =m1 has be5 accept$ by mod]n arti/s4 ,to a great] or less degree all arti/s1 :e!r naturali/s or ideali/s1 :o are pa9t+ 9 ! mod]n _s h be5 influ5c$ by ,monet & ,:i/l]4 ,! example ( ^! two has spread f> & wide ! /udy & r5d]+ ( light4 ,b1 :ile _! foll[]s agree 9 ?is motive1 !y are indep5d5t 9 _! po9ts ( view4 ,!re are "s ^: po9t ( view1 l ,monet's1 is objective4 ,!y are cont5t to r5d] ! impression made ^u _! eyes4 ,b1 z _! eyes see diff]5tly f ,monet's1 _! pictures are diff]5t f 84 ,ea* is ! record ( a sep>ate p]sonality4 ,equally1 :ile o!rs1 l ,:i/l] are subjective1 record+ ! impression produc$ ^u _! m9ds1 _! pictures v>y accord+ to ! "* & quality ( _! sep>ate m9ds4 ,9 fact1 9 lat] times1 a notable feature ( pa9t+ is its div]sity ( motives & po9ts ( view4 ,let me try to expla9 ?is4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* ,revolutions1 !re has be5 a gradually increas+ int]e/ 9 :at we call individuality4 ,! ma9 object ( ^! revolutions 0 to e/abli% ! "r ( ea* & e individual to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 & ! idea ( gov]nm5t n[ is to give e individual ! *ance ( mak+ ! mo/ ( 8 or h] possibilities4 ,y\r tea*]s1 = example1 are n runn+ _! classes z ma*9es2 !y are try+ to make a p]sonal /udy1 s f> z possible1 ( ea* "o ( y1 9 ord] to help y to develop y\r p>ticul> individuality4 ,= a long "t ?is has be5 ! pr9ciple ( education & gov]nm5t4 ,! result is t !re has be5 a univ]sal increase 9 individuality1 s9ce numb]s ( p :o _h "s special possibility h _h a *ance to develope x4 ,to-day1 9 fact1 !re is probably no?+ t c\nts m ?an individuality4 ,?is be+ s x is natural t we %\ld look = x 9 art4 ,&1 if we d1 we %all f9d x4 ,9 =m] times !re 7 8s*ools ( art40 ,9 ,italian art1 we speak1 = example1 ( ! ,flor5t9e ,s*ool1 ! ,v5etian ,s*ool1 ! ,roman ,s*ool2 or we speak ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool1 & ,dut* ,s*ools & s on4 ,9 ea* case ! arti/s1 liv+ 9 a c]ta9 city or c\ntry1 _h suffici5t resemblance among !mselves 9 _! motives & me?ods ( pa9t+ to produce a c]ta9 sep>ate /yle4 ,s1 to-day1 if an exp]t sees an old picture1 he is able to say at once &1 m (t5 ?an n correctly1 t x belongs to su* & su* a s*ool4 ,b an exp]t ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 :5 he sees our mod]n pictures1 w n speak ( ,s*ools4 ,he may see at once t ! picture is by an ,am]ican1 a ,g]man1 or a ,fr5* arti/1 = diff]5ce ( race & habit ( life & ?\ght d /ill /amp 9 a g5]al way ! pictures ( ea* sep>ate c\ntry4 ,b ev5 )9 ! limits ( any "o c\ntry !re are z _m v>ieties ( motive & po9t ( view z !re are individuals4 ,s 9 mod]n times1 m ?an ev] be=e1 !re is an individual1 p]sonal note 9 pictures1 j z !re is 9 books4 ,! arti/ makes ! picture an expression ( 8 own p]sonal feel+s4 ,?is is "o reason :y mod]n pictures are inf]ior to ! old ones 9 gr&eur & dignity4 ,! old] ones 7 n only l>g] 9 size1 z a rule1 b !y 7 imp]sonal1 l a f9e build+ is4 ,! ar*itects :o design$ ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton put _! own p]sonal expression into x4 ,b we d n feel x1 z we look at _! "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! imp]sonal1 monum5tal dignity ( ! "w t impresses u4 ,b 9 mo/ mod]n pictures1 in/ead ( :at is imp]sonal1 we receive a di/9ct impression ( intimacy1 ( %>+ ! arti/'s feel+4 ,& x is ! expression ( ?is t we n only look = b enjoy discov]+4 ,we (t5 speak ( x z ! s5tim5t ( ! picture4 ,?is s5tim5t may be ( all sorts & %ades ( feel+1 8f grave to gay1 f lively to sev]e40 ,x may be romantic 9 _s1 appeal+ to u ?r\gh ! sugge/ion ( :at is weird & surpris+2 x may be full ( ! t5d]ness or ( ! trumpet call ( poetry2 x may invite u to g5tle rev]ie1 or /ir 9 u a pr(\nd & poignant emotion4 ,b ,i h said en\gh to po9t y\r way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 conclusion let me sum up ! cont5ts ( ?is long *apt]4 ,we h se5 t !re are two ma9 /reams ( motive & po9t ( view2 ! ideali/ic & ! naturali/ic4 ,! =m] fl[s f ! arti/'s desire to repres5t 8 conception ( ideal beauty1 ! latt] f 8 love ( nature4 ,we h se5 t !y h alt]nately rea*$ _! highe/ flood1 because ! conditions ( ! times suppli$ a great public ne$ to :i* ea* 9 turn respond$4 ,la/ly1 we h se5 t gradually bo? t5d5cies h und]gone a *ange4 ,:]eas orig9ally bo? ! naturali/ic & ! ideali/ic motive 7 conc]n$ ) =m1 !y came to be conc]n$ p>ticul>ly ) light4 ,!re=e1 :5 y look at a picture1 ask y\rself3 ,has ! arti/ simply tri$ to r5d] ! visible appe>ance1 or has he also tri$ to make ! subject int]pret "s feel+ ( 8 own8 ,if he is simply r5d]+ ! visible appe>ance3 ,has he be5 consci\s only ( =m1 or has he view$ ! =m 9 its envelope ( light$ atmosph]e8 ,fur!r1 has he tri$ to repres5t ! visible appe>ance1 z we %\ld f9d x to be1 if we /udi$ ea* & e "p ( x sep>ately2 or he has tri$ to give ! impression ( ! entire sc5e1 z x really rea*$ 8 eyes8 ,if he is int]pret+ ?r\gh ! subject 8 own feel+3 ,:at is ! quality ( ! feel+8 ,does ! picture simply express ! arti/'s consci\sness ( ! gr&eur or ! lovel9ess ( nature1 or does x also int]pret 8 feel+ = ! my/]y ( ?+s n se58 ,"h are a few h9ts = y 9 sett+ out to explore ! va/ c\ntry ( motive & po9t ( view4 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes3 #a ,pron\nc$ dees-poo-th1 ) ! acc5t on ! la/ syllable4 ,see page #ac4 #b ,! body betwe5 ! neck & ! comm5cem5t ( ! legs4 #c ,mural--7,lat9 murus1 a wall71 hav+ to d ) a wall2 9 ?is case a decoration on a wall4 #d ,9 #agei a ,m4 de ,silh\ette 0 m9i/] ( f9ance1 & he 0 s economical t ! ,fr5* us$ 8 "n z a nickname = *eap ?+s1 among o!rs = ! pr(ile portraits cut out ( black pap]1 :i* 7 !n popul>4 ,9 "t1 ! ^w came to be us$ = any d>k mass se5 aga9/ a light "o4 #e ,pron\nc$ ,yo-hann-es ,fair-mair4 #f ,we %all f9d x 0 discov]$ also by ! ,spani% arti/1 ,velasquez1 9 ! same c5tury4 #g ,pron\nc$ pa-ee-sahje an-teem4 #h ,/ill life1 or z ! ,fr5* call x 8dead nature0 includes1 fir/ly1 pick$ fl[]s1 fruit & vegetables1 & dead animals1 & secondly1 vases1 pots1 & o!r objects ( man's h&icraft4 #i ,%[+ a ma/]y ov] o!rs4 #aj ,turn back to 8 picture & see h[ all ?is t we are n[ discuss+ is !re illu/rat$4 #aa ,see page #hh4 #ab ,lat] on ,i %all h some?+ to say ab\t ^! s call$ reali/s4 ,i %all say to !m1 z ,hamlet said to ,horatio1 8,!re are m ?+s 9 ,heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 our philosophy40