,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! und]score "* z italic4 ,bold face type is delimit$ ) ! equals sign z bold4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! *apt]s 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic ,,! ,,roman ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,republic ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,romans ,,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,sub-,,rector ,,( ,,l9coln ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ahii ,all rights res]v$ ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,fratris ,,filiis ,i4 ,c4 ,h4 ,f ,h4 ,g4 ,c4 ,f ,,bonae ,,spei ,,adolesc5tibus ,,preface ,a ^w ( explanation seems ne$$ ab\t ! =m ?is book has tak54 ,_m ye>s ago ,i became specially int]e/$ 9 ! old ,roman religion1 *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 ?r\gh /udy+ ,plut>*'s ,quae/iones ,romanae1 at a "t :5 bad eyesight 0 compell+ me to ab&on a project = an elaborate /udy ( all ,plut>*'s works4 ,! #8scrappy' "* n only ( ! ,quae/iones1 b ( all ! mat]ial = ! /udy ( ,roman ritual1 suit$ weak eyes bett] ?an ! cont9ual read+ ( ,greek text2 b ,i soon f\nd x necess>y to discov] a ?read on :i* to hang ^! fragm5ts 9 "s regul> ord]4 ,?is ,i naturally f\nd 9 ! ,fa/i z edit$ by ,momms5 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um2 & x gradually dawn$ on me t ! only sci5tific way ( treat+ ! subject 0 to foll[ ! cal5d> ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & to deal ) ea* fe/ival sep>ately4 ,i _h advanc$ "s way 9 ?is "w1 :5 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon ( ,greek & ,roman ,my?ology began to appe> 9 p>ts1 & at once conv9c$ me t ,i %\ld h to d my "w all ov] aga9 9 ! increas$ light af=d$ by ! indefatigable indu/ry ( ! writ]s ( ! ,roman articles4 ,i !re=e dropp$ my "w = sev]al ye>s :ile ! ,lexicon 0 9 progress1 & %\ld h wait$ /ill long] = its completion1 _h n ,messrs4 ,macmillan invit$ me to contribute a volume on ! ,roman religion to _! s]ies ( ,h&books ( ,ar*aeology & ,antiquities4 ,hav+ once set out on ! plan ( foll[+ ! ,fa/i1 ,i c\ld n well ab&on x1 & ,i /ill hold x to be ! only s\nd "o3 especially if1 z 9 ?is volume1 ! object is to exhibit ! religi\s side ( ! native ,roman "*1 )\t gett+ entangl$ to any s]i\s ext5t 9 ! colluvies religionum ( ! la/ age ( ! ,republic & ! e>li] ,empire4 ,! book has ?us tak5 ! =m ( a comm5t>y on ! ,fa/i1 cov]+ 9 a compress$ =m almo/ all ! public wor%ip ( ! ,roman /ate1 & includ+ incid5tally "h & !re c]ta9 c]emonies :i* /rictly speak+ lay outside t public wor%ip4 ,compression has be5 unavoidable2 yet x has be5 impossible to avoid /at+ & (t5 discuss+ ! conflict+ views ( em95t s*ol>s2 & ! result probably is t ! book z a :ole w n be f\nd v int]e/+ read+4 ,b ,i hope t ,briti% & ,am]ican /ud5ts ( ,roman hi/ory & lit]ature1 & possibly also an?ropologi/s & hi/orians ( religion1 may f9d x useful z a book ( ref]5ce1 or may le>n f x :]e to g = m elaborate inve/igations4 ,! task has (t5 be5 an ungrateful "o--"o inde$ ( ,dipp+ buckets into empty wells ,& gr[+ old ) draw+ no?+ up4 ,! m c>efully ,i /udy any p>ticul> fe/ival1 ! m 7at lea/ 9 _m cases7 ,i h be5 driv5 into d\bt & difficulty bo? z to report$ facts & _! int]pretation4 ,_h ! nature ( ! s]ies p]mitt$ x1 ,i %\ld h wi%$ to pr9t ! *ief passages quot$ f anci5t au?ors 9 full1 z 0 done by ,mr4 ,f>nell 9 8 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 & s to pres5t to ! read] ! actual mat]ial on :i* conclusions are rightly or wrongly bas$4 ,i h only be5 able to d ?is :]e x 0 indisp5sable3 b ,i h done my be/ to v]ify ! correctness ( ! o!r ref]5ces1 & h pr9t$ 9 full ! entries ( ! anci5t cal5d>s at ! head ( ea* section4 ,pr(essor ,g>dn]1 ! editor ( ! s]ies1 has help$ me by contribut+ two valuable notes on co9s1 :i* w be f\nd at ! end ( ! volume3 & ,i hope he may "s day f9d "t to turn 8 att5tion m closely to ! be>+ ( numismatic evid5ce on ,roman religi\s hi/ory4 ,x happ5s1 by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 t ,i am writ+ ?is on ! la/ day ( ! old ,roman ye>2 & ! l9es :i* ,ovid has atta*$ to t day may fitly express my relief on arriv+ at ! end ( a v labori\s task3 ,v5imus 9 portum1 libro cum m5se p]acto1 ,naviget h9c alia iam mihi l9t] aqua4 ,w4 ,w4 ,f4 ,ox=d3 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction #a ,cal5d> #ba ,fe/ivals ( ,m>* #cc ,fe/ivals ( ,april #ff ,fe/ivals ( ,may #ih ,fe/ivals ( ,june #abi ,fe/ivals ( ,july #agc ,fe/ivals ( ,augu/ #ahi ,fe/ivals ( ,septemb] #bae ,fe/ivals ( ,octob] #bcf ,fe/ivals ( ,novemb] #beb ,fe/ivals ( ,decemb] #bee ,fe/ivals ( ,janu>y #bgg ,fe/ivals ( ,febru>y #bih ,conclusion #ccb ,notes on ,two ,co9s #cej ,indices #cec ,,abbreviations4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important abbreviations :i* occur 9 ! notes3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 /&s = ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um4 ,:]e ! volume is n indicat$ ! ref]5ce is inv>iably to ! second edition ( t "p ( vol4 i :i* conta9s ! ,fa/i 7,b]l91 #ahic74 ,m>qu>dt or ,m>q4 /&s = ! ?ird volume ( ,m>qu>dt's ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 second edition1 edit$ by ,wiss[a 7,b]l91 #ahhe74 ,x is ! six? volume ( ! complete ,h&bu* d] ,rmis*5 ,alt]?m] ( ,momms5 & ,m>qu>dt4 ,prell]1 or ,prell]-,jordan1 /&s = ! ?ird edition ( ,prell]'s ,rmis*e ,my?ologie by ,h4 ,jordan 7,b]l91 #ahha74 ,my?4 ,lex4 or ,lex4 /&s = ! ,ausfhrli*es ,lexicon d] ,grie*is*5 und ,rmis*5 ,my?ologie1 edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 :i* z yet has only be5 complet$ to ! lett] ,n4 ,fe/us1 or ,paulus1 /&s = ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]'s edition ( ! fragm5ts ( ,fe/us1 ,de ,significatione ,v]borum1 & ! ,exc]pta ex ,fe/o ( ,paulus ,diaconus2 quot$ by ! page4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,! ,roman ,me?od ( ,reckon+ ! ,ye>4#a ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ! ye> may be calculat$4 ,x c be reckon$-- #a4 ,by ! revolution ( ! moon r\nd ! e>?1 twelve ( :i* #ced days1 or a r+ 7annus71 suffici5tly ne> to ! sol> ye> to be a practicable sy/em ) modifications4 #b4 ,by ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun i4 e4 #cfe-a_/d days2 a sy/em :i* ne$s p]iodical adju/m5ts1 z ! odd qu>t] 7or1 m /rictly1 #e h\rs #dh m9utes #dh seconds7 _c ( c\rse be c\nt$ 9 ea* ye>4 ,9 ?is purely sol> ye> ! mon?s are only artificial divisions ( "t1 & n reckon$ accord+ to ! revolutions ( ! moon4 ,?is is our mod]n sy/em4 #c4 ,by comb9+ 9 a s+le sy/em ! sol> & lun> ye>s z describ$ above4 ,?is has be5 done 9 v>i\s ways by diff]5t peoples1 by adopt+ a cycle ( ye>s ( v>y+ l5g?1 9 :i* ! resultants ( ! two bases ( calculation %\ld be br\ght into h>mony z ne>ly z possible4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s+le sol> ye> & a s+le lun> ye> is m ?an #aa days1 x is possible1 by tak+ a numb] ( ye>s toge!r & reckon+ !m z lun> ye>s1 "o or m ( !m be+ l5g!n$ by an additional mon?1 to make ! :ole p]iod v ne>ly co9cide ) ! same numb] ( sol> ye>s4 ,?us ! ,a!nians adopt$ = ?is purpose at diff]5t times gr\ps or cycles ( #h & #ai ye>s4 ,9 ! ,octaet]is or #h-ye> cycle !re 7 #ii lun> mon?s1 #c mon?s ( #cj days be+ add$ 9 #c ( ! #h ye>s--a plan :i* falls %ort ( accuracy by ab\t #cf h\rs4 ,lat] on a cycle ( #ai ye>s 0 sub/itut$ = ?is1 9 :i* ! discrepancy 0 greatly r$uc$4 ,! ,roman ye> 9 hi/orical times 0 calculat$ on a sy/em ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh ) su* inaccuracy & c>elessness z to lose all real relation to ! revolutions bo? ( e>? & moon4 ,b !re 0 a tradition t be=e ?is hi/orical cal5d> came into use !re _h be5 ano!r sy/em1 :i* ! ,romans connect$ ) ! "n ( ,romulus4 ,?is ye> 0 suppos$ to h consi/$ ( #aj mon?s1 ( :i* #d--,m>*1 ,may1 ,july1 ,octob]--_h #ca days1 & ! re/ #cj2 9 all #cjd4 ,b ?is 0 nei!r a sol> nor a lun> ye>2 = a lun> ye> ( #aj mon?s #bie days #g h\rs #bj m9utes1 :ile a sol> ye> #cfe-a_/d4 ,nor c x possibly be expla9$ z an attempt to comb9e ! two sy/ems4 ,momms5 has !re=e conjectur$ t x 0 an artificial ye> ( #aj mon?s1 us$ 9 bus9ess transactions1 & 9 p]iods ( m\rn+1 truces#b1 c41 to rem$y ! unc]ta9ty ( ! primitive calculation ( "t2 & t x nev] really 0 ! basis ( a /ate cal5d>4 ,?is view has ( c\rse be5 ! subject ( mu* criticism#c4 ,b no bett] solution has be5 f\nd2 ! hypo!sis t ! ye> ( #aj mon?s 0 a real lun> ye>1 to :i* an undivid$ p]iod ( "t 0 add$ at ea* ye>'s end1 to make x correspond ) ! sol> ye> & ! seasons1 has n mu* to recomm5d x or any analogy among o!r peoples4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 ! s-call$ ye> ( ,romulus :i* 0 ! basis ( ! e>lie/ /ate-cal5d>1 b ano!r sy/em :i* ! ,romans !mselves usually ascrib$ to ,numa4 ,?is 0 orig9ally p]haps a lun> ye>2 at any rate ! numb] ( days 9 x is v ne>ly t ( a true lun> ye> 7#ced days #h h\rs #dh m9utes7#d4 ,x consi/$ ( #ab mon?s1 ( :i* ,m>*1 ,may1 ,july1 ,octob] _h #ca days1 & ! re/ #bi1 except ,febru>y1 :i* _h #bh4 ,all ! mon?s !re=e _h an odd numb] ( days1 except ! "o :i* 0 specially devot$ to purification & ! cult ( ! dead2 accord+ to an old sup]/ition1 probably adopt$ f ! ,greeks ( ,s\!rn ,italy#e1 t odd numb]s 7 ( good om51 ev5 numb]s ( ill om54 ,?is pr9ciple1 z we %all see1 holds good ?r\gh\t ! ,roman cal5d>4 ,b ?is reckon+ ( ! ye>1 if x ev] exi/$ at all1 c\ld n h la/$ long z x /ood4 ,z we "k x 9 hi/orical times1 x has become modifi$ by apply+ to x ! pr9ciple ( ! sol> ye>4 ,! reason = ?is %\ld be not$ c>efully4 ,a lun> ye>1 be+ ab\t #aa days %ort ( ! sol> ye>1 w\ld 9 a v %ort "t become out ( h>mony ) ! seasons4 ,n[ if !re is "o ?+ c]ta9 ab\t ! ,roman religi\s cal5d>1 x is t _m at lea/ ( its olde/ fe/ivals m>k ^? op]ations ( husb&ry on :i* ! population dep5d$ = its subsi/5ce1 & = ! prosp]\s result ( :i* div9e ag5cies mu/ be propitiat$4 ,^! fe/ivals1 :5 fix$ 9 ! cal5d>1 mu/ ( c\rse occur at ! "r seasons1 :i* c\ld n be ! case if ! cal5d> 7 t ( a purely lun> ye>4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to "w 9 ! sol> pr9ciple2 & ?is 0 done#f by a some:at rude exp$i5t1 n unlike t ( ! ,a!nian ,octaet]is1 & probably d]iv$ f x#g4 ,a cycle ( #d ye>s 0 devis$1 ( :i* ! fir/ _h ! #cee days ( ! lun> ye>1 ! second #cee #bb1 ! ?ird #cee aga91 & ! f\r? #cee #bc4 ,! extra p]iods ( #bb & #bc days 7 ins]t$ 9 ,febru>y1 n at ! end1 b aft] ! #bcrd 7,t]m9alia7#h4 ,! total numb] ( days 9 ! cycle 0 #adfe1 or ab\t #a day too mu* 9 ea* ye>2 & 9 c\rse ( "t ev5 ?is sy/em got out ( h>mony ) ! seasons & _h to be rectifi$ f "t to "t by ! ,pontifices1 :o _h *>ge ( ! cal5d>4 ,ow+ to ignorance on _! "p1 misuse or neglect ( int]calation _h put ! :ole sy/em out ( ge> be=e ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic4 ,all relation to sun & moon 0 lo/2 ! cal5d>1 z ,momms5 says1 #8w5t on its own way tol]ably unconc]n$ ab\t moon & sun4' ,:5 ,caes> took ! re=m ( ! cal5d> 9 h& ! discrepancy betwe5 x & ! seasons 0 v s]i\s2 ! =m] be+ 9 advance ( ! latt] probably by "s weeks4 ,caes>1 aid$ by ! ma!matician ,sosig5es1 put an end to ?is confusion by ext5d+ ! ye> #df ,b4,c4 to #dde days1 & />t+ afre% on ,jan4 #a1 #de ,b4,c4#i--;a day h5ce=w>d to be t ( ! new ye>--) a cycle ( #d ye>s ( #cfe days#aj2 9 ! la/ ( :i* a s+le day 0 add$1 aft] ! ,t]m9alia4 ,?is cycle produc$ a true sol> ye> ) a slight adju/m5t at %ort int]vals2 & aft] a few prelim9>y blund]s on ! "p ( ! ,pontifices1 la/$ )\t *ange until ,a4,d4 #aehb1 :5 ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii set "r a slight discrepancy by a fre% regulation4 ,?is regulation 0 only adopt$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ageb1 & is /ill reject$ 9 ,russia & by ! ,greek ,*ur* g5]ally4 ,,ii4 ,ord] ( ,mon?s 9 ! ,ye>4 ,t ! ,roman ye> orig9ally began ) ,m>* is c]ta9#aa1 n only f ! evid5ce ( ! names ( ! mon?s1 :i* aft] ,june are reckon$ z #e? 7,qu9ctilis71 #f? 7,sextilis71 & s on1 b f ! nature ( ! ,m>* fe/ivals1 z w be %[n 9 treat+ ( t mon?4 ,9 ! "* ( ! religi\s fe/ivals !re is a di/9ct break betwe5 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 & ! op]ations bo? ( nature & ( man take a fre% turn at t po9t4 ,betwe5 ! fe/ivals ( ,decemb] & ^? ( ,janu>y !re is no su* break4 ,no d\bt ,janu>y #a1 j aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 0 ev5 at an e>ly "t consid]$ 9 "s s5se z a beg9n+2 b x is go+ too f> to assume1 z "s h done1 t an anci5t religi\s or prie/ly ye> began at t po9t#ab4 ,x 0 n on ,janu>y #a1 b on ,m>* #a1 t ! sacr$ fire 9 ! ,a$es ,ve/ae 0 r5ew$ & fre% laurels fix$ up on ! ,regia1 ! two build+s :i* 7 ! c5tral po9ts ( ! olde/ ,roman religion#ac4 ,m>* #a1 :i* 9 lat] times at lea/ 0 consid]$ ! bir?day ( ! special protect+ deity ( ! ,romans1 cont9u$ to be ! ,roman ,new ,ye>'s ,day long aft] ! (ficial beg9n+ ( ! ye> _h be5 *ang$ to ,janu>y #aad4 ,x 0 probably n till #aec ,b4,c41 :5 ! consuls began to ent] on (fice on ,janu>y #a1 t ?is (ficial *ange took place2 & ! date 0 !n adopt$1 n s mu* = religi\s reasons z because x 0 conv5i5t1 :5 ! bus9ess ( adm9i/ration 0 increas+1 to h ! consuls 9 ,rome = "s "t be=e !y left = _! prov9ces at ! op5+ ( ! w> season 9 ,m>*4 ,no rational acc\nt c 9 my op9ion be giv5 ( ! ,roman religi\s cal5d> ( ! ,republic unless x be tak5 z beg9n+ ) ,m>*2 & 9 ?is "w ,i h !re=e re/or$ ! old ord] ( mon?s4 ,) ! ,julian cal5d> ,i am n conc]n$2 ?\gh x is un=tunate t all ! ,roman cal5d>s we possess1 includ+ ! ,fa/i ( ,ovid1 date f aft] ! ,julian era1 & !re=e pres5t u ) a di/ort$ view ( ! true c\rse ( ! old ,roman wor%ip4 ,next aft] ,m>* came ,aprilis1 ! mon? ( op5+ or unfold+ vegetation2 !n ,maius1 ! mon? ( gr[+1 & ,junius1 t ( rip5+ & p]fect+4 ,aft] ?is ! names cease to be descriptive ( ! op]ations ( nature2 ! six mon?s t foll[ 7 call$1 z f\r ( !m /ill are1 only by _! positions relative to ,m>*1 on :i* ! :ole sy/em ( ! ye> ?us turn$ z on a pivot4 ,! la/ two mon?s ( ! twelve 7 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,!y /& alone among ! lat] mon?s 9 be>+ names in/ead ( m]e numb]s1 & ?is is suffici5t to sugge/ _! religi\s importance4 ,t !y 7 n m]e app5dages to a ye> ( t5 mon?s is almo/ c]ta9 f ! antique "* ( ! rites & fe/ivals :i* occur 9 !m--,agonia1 ,c>m5talia1 ,lup]calia1 c42 & x is saf] to consid] !m z m>k+ an anci5t p]iod ( religi\s importance prep>atory to ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & itself co9cid+ ) ! op5+ ( ! natural ye> aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?is latt] po9t seems to be indicat$ 9 ! "n ,janu>ius1 :i*1 :e!r d]iv$ f janua1 #8a gate1' or ,janus1 #8! god ( entrances1' is appropriate to ! fir/ l5g!n+ ( ! days1 or ! entrance ( ! sun on a new c\rse2 :ile ,febru>y1 ! mon? ( purify+ or reg5]ative ag5cies 7februa71 01 l ! ,l5t ( ! ,*ri/ian cal5d>1 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! liv+ 7 made ready = ! civil & religi\s "w ( ! com+ ye>1 & 9 :i* also ! ye>ly duties to ! dead 7 paid4 ,x is z well "h to ref] to a passage ( ,ovid 7,fa/i1 ii4 #dg foll471 itself probably bas$ on a /atem5t ( ,v>ro1 :i* has l$ to a controv]sy ab\t ! relative position ( ^! two mon?s3 ,s$ tam5 antiqui ne nescius ord9is erres1 ,primus1 ut e/1 ,iani m5sis et ante fuit4 ,qui sequitur ,ianum1 vet]is fuit ultimus anni1 ,tu quoque sacrorum1 ,t]m9e1 f9is eras4 ,primus enim ,iani m5sis1 quia ianua prima e/2 ,qui sac] e/ imis manibus1 imus erat4 ,po/modo cr$untur spatio di/antia longo ,tempora bis qu9i cont9uasse viri4 ,?is pla9ly means t f ! "t :5 ,m>* ceas$ to be ! fir/ mon?1 ! ye> always began ) ,janu>y & end$ ) ,febru>y2 9 o!r words ! ord] 0 ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 ,april1 & s on1 end+ ) ,febru>y2 until ! "t ( ! ,decemvirate1 :5 ,febru>y became ! second mon?1 & ,decemb] ! la/1 z at pres5t1 ,janu>y /ill reta9+ its place4 ,a little consid]ation ( ,ovid's l9es w1 h[ev]1 sugge/ ! conclusion t he1 & 8 au?ority1 :oev] t may h be51 7 argu+ aetiologically r ?an on def9ite k4 ,janu>y1 !y ?\ght1 mu/ always h be5 ! fir/ mon?1 because janua1 #8a door1' is ! fir/ ?+1 ! entrance1 ?r\gh :i* y pass into a new ye> z into a h\se or a temple4 ,h[1 !y w\ld argue1 c\ld a mon? ?us nam$ h ev] be5 ! elev5? mon?8 ,?is once suppos$ impossible1 x 0 necess>y to inf] t ! place ( ,janu>y 0 ! fir/1 f ! "t ( its introduction1 & t x 0 foll[$ by ,m>*1 ,april1 c41 ,febru>y com+ la/ ( all1 imm$iately aft] ,decemb]2 & f9ally t at ! "t ( ! ,decemvirs1 :o are kn[n to h made "s alt]ations 9 ! cal5d>1 ! positions ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y 7 rev]s$1 ,janu>y rema9+ ! fir/ mon?1 b ,febru>y becom+ ! second4 ,,iii4 ,! ,divisions ( ! ,mon?4 ,! ,romans1 ) _! usual cons]vatism1 pres]v$ ! %ell ( ! lun> sy/em ( reckon+ long aft] ! reality _h disappe>$4 ,! mon? 0 at all times divid$ by ! real or imag9>y phases ( ! moon1 ?\gh a week ( eight days 0 introduc$ at an e>ly p]iod1 & ?\gh ! mon? 0 no long] a lun> "o4 ,! two c]ta9 po9ts 9 a lun> mon? are ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! cresc5t#ae & ! full moon2 betwe5 ^! is ! po9t :5 ! moon rea*es ! fir/ qu>t]1 :i* is a less c]ta9 "o4 ,ow+ to ?is unc]ta9ty ( ! reckon+ ( ! fir/ days ( ! mon? !re 7 no fe/ivals 9 ! cal5d>s on ! days be=e ! fir/ qu>t] 7,nones71 ) a s+le exception ( ! obscure ,poplifugia on ,july #e4 ,! day ( ! new moon 0 call$ ,kal5dae1 z ,v>ro tells u1 #8quod 8 diebus calantur eius m5sis nonae a pontificibus1 qu9tanae an septimanae s9t futurae1 9 ,capitolio 9 curia ,calabra sic3 ,dies te qu9que calo1 ,iuno ,covella4 ,septem dies te calo ,iuno ,covella'#af4 ,all ! ,kal5ds 7 sacr$ to ,juno1 ^: connexion ) ! moon is c]ta9 ?\gh n easy to expla94 ,) ! ,nones1 :i* 7 sacr$ to no deity1 all unc]ta9ty ceas$4 ,! ,ides1 or day ( ! full moon1 0 always ! eigh? aft] ! fir/ qu>t]4 ,?is day 0 sacr$ to ,jupit]2 a fact :i* is n[ g5]ally expla9$ z a recognition ( ! cont9u\s light ( ! two great heav5ly bodies dur+ ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs#ag4 ,on ! ,nones ! ,rex sacrorum 7& !re=e be=e him ! k+ himself7 ann\nc$ ! dates ( ! fe/ivals = ! mon?4 ,!re 0 ano!r int]nal division ( ! mon?1 ) :i* we are n "h specially conc]n$1 t ( ! ,roman week or nund9al p]iod ( eight days1 :i* is indicat$ 9 all ! cal5d>s by ! lett]s ,a to ,h4 ,! nund9ae 7 m>ket days1 on :i* ! ru/ic population came into ,rome2 :e!r !y 7 also fea/ days 7f]iae7 0 a disput$ "q ev5 9 antiquity4 ,,iv4 ,! ,days4 ,e day 9 ! ,roman cal5d> has a c]ta9 m>k atta*$ to x1 viz4 ! lett]s ,f1 ,c1 ,n1 ,,np1 ,,en1 ,q4,r4,c4,f41 ,q4,/4,d4,f41 or ,,fp4 ,all ( ^! h a religi\s significance1 positive or negative4 ,f1 i4 e4 fas or fa/us1 means t on ! day s m>k$ civil & especially judicial bus9ess might be transact$ )\t fe> ( div9e displeasure#ah4 ,correctness 9 ! "t z well z place ( all human actions 0 9 ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,roman ( ! mo/ vital importance2 & ! float+ traditional ideas :i* gov]n$ 8 life be=e ! =mation ( ! ,/ate 7 sy/ematiz$ & kept secret by k+s & prie/s1 z a "p1 s to speak1 ( ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,n till ,b4,c4 #cjd 0 ! cal5d> publi%$1 ) its p]missive & prohibitive regulations#ai4 ,c 7comitialis7 means t ! day s m>k$ 0 "o on :i* ! comitia might meet#bj1 & on :i* also legal bus9ess might be transact$1 z on ! days m>k$ ,f1 if !re 7 no o!r h9drance4 ,! total numb] ( days ?us available = secul> bus9ess1 i4e4 days m>k$ ,f & ,c1 0 9 ! ,julian cal5d> #bci out ( #cfe4 ,n1 i4 e4 nefa/us1 meant t ! day s m>k$ 0 religiosus1 vitiosus1 or at]2 z ,gellius has x#ba1 #8tri/i om9e et infames imp$itique1 9 quibus et res div9as fac]e et rem quampiam novam exordiri temp]&um e/4' ,"s ( ^! days receiv$ ! m>k 9 hi/orical times = a special reason1 e4 g4 a disa/] to ! ,/ate2 among ^! 7 ! po/riduani or days foll[+ ! ,kal5ds1 ,nones & ,ides1 because two t]rible defeats _h occurr$ on su* days#bb4 ,b mo/ ( !m 79 all !y are #eg7 7 probably s m>k$ z be+ devot$ to lu/rations1 or wor%ip ( ! dead or ( ! p[]s ( ! e>?1 & !re=e unsuitable = worldly bus9ess4 ,"o long s]ies ( su* dies nefa/i occurs ,feb4 #a-ad1 ! "t ( purification2 ano!r1 ,april #e-bb1 9 ! mon? occupi$ by ! rites ( deities ( gr[+ vegetation2 a ?ird1 ,june #e-ad1 :5 ! rites ( ! ,ve/als prep>atory to h>ve/ 7 tak+ place2 & a f\r?1 ,july #a-i1 = reasons :i* are un=tunately by no means cle> to u4 ,,np 0 n a m>k 9 ! pre-,julian cal5d>s1 = x 0 app>5tly unkn[n to ,v>ro & ,ovid4 ,v]rius ,flaccus seems to h di/+ui%$ x f ,n1 b 8 explanation is mutilat$1 ev5 z x survives 9 ,fe/us#bc4 ,no "o has yet det]m9$ = c]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! sign1 & discussion ( ! v>i\s conjectures w\ld be "h sup]flu\s#bd4 ,x appe>s to di/+ui%1 9 ! ,julian cal5d>s1 ^? days on :i* fell ! fe/ivals ( deities :o 7 n ( an e>?ly & !re=e d\btful "* f ^? m>k$ ,n4 ,?us 9 ! s]ies ( dies nefa/i 9 ,febru>y & ,april ! ,ides 9 ea* case h ! m>k ,,np z be+ sacr$ to ,jupit]4 ,,en4 ,we h a mutilat$ note 9 ! cal5d> ( ,pra5e/e :i* indicates :at ?is abbreviation meant1 viz4 endot]cisus int]cisus1 i4 e4 #8cut into p>ts'#be4 ,9 morn+ & ev5+1 z ,v>ro tells u1 ! day 0 nefa/us1 b 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! slay+ ( ! victim & ! plac+ ( ! entrails ^u ! alt>1 x 0 fa/us4 ,b :y eight days 9 ! cal5d> 7 ?us m>k$ we d n "k1 & h no data = conjectur+4 ,all ! eight 7 days com+ be=e "s fe/ival1 or be=e ! ,ides4 ,( ! eight two occur 9 ,janu>y & two 9 ,febru>y1 ! o!rs 9 ,m>*1 ,augu/1 ,octob] & ,decemb]4 ,b on su* facts no conjectures c be built4 ,q4,r4,c4,f4 7,qu&o ,rex ,comitiavit ,fas7 w be expla9$ "u ,m>* #bd2 ! only o!r day on :i* x occurs is ,may #bd4 ,q4,/4,d4,f4 7,qu&o /]cus delatum fas7 only occurs on ,june #ae1 & w !re be fully dealt )4 ,,fp occurs ?rice1 b only 9 ?ree cal5d>s4 ,feb4 #ba 7,f]alia7 is ?us m>k$ 9 ,ca]4#bf1 b is ,f 9 ,maff4 ,april #bc 7,v9alia7 is ,,fp 9 ,ca]4 b ,,np 9 ,maff4 & ,f 9 ,pra54 ,aug4 #ai 7,v9alia ru/ica7 is ,,fp 9 ,maff4 & ,amit1 ,f 9 ,antiat4 & ,allif41 ,,np 9 ,vall4 ,momms5 expla9s ,,fp z fa/us pr9cipio1 i4 e4 ! e>ly "p ( ! day 0 fa/us1 & sugge/s t 9 ! case ( ! ,f]alia1 z ! rites ( ! dead 7 p]=m$ at night1 !re 0 no reason :y ! e>li] "p ( ! day %\ld be nefa/us4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! two ,v9alia we c h>dly ev5 guess at ! mean+ ( ! m>k1 & x does n seem to h be5 kn[n to ! ,romans !mselves4 ,v4 ,! ,cal5d>s /ill surviv+4 ,! basis ( our k ( ! old ,roman religi\s ye> is to be f\nd 9 ! fragm5ts ( cal5d>s :i* /ill survive4 ,none ( ^! inde$ is old] ?an ! ,julian era2 & all b "o are m]e fragm5ts4 ,b f ! fragm5ts & ! "o almo/ p]fect cal5d> we c inf] ! "* ( ! e>li] cal5d> ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,! cal5d>1 z ! ,romans g5]ally believ$1 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,cnaeus ,flavius1 curule a$ile1 9 #cjd ,b4,c41 :o plac$ ! fa/i conspicu\sly 9 ! ,=um1 9 ord] t e "o might "k on :at days legal bus9ess might be transact$#bg2 9 o!r words1 a cal5d> 0 publi%$ ) ! m>ks ( ! days & ! indications ( ! fe/ivals4 ,aft] ?is we he> no?+ until #ahi ,b4,c41 :5 a consul1 ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior1 adorn$ 8 temple ( ,h]cules & ! ,muses ) a cal5d> :i* conta9$ explanations or notes z well z dates#bh4 ,^! are ! only indications we h ( ! way 9 :i* ! pre-,julian cal5d> 0 made kn[n to ! p4 ,b ! rectification ( ! cal5d> by ,julius1 & ! *anges !n introduc$1 br\ght ab\t a multiplication ( copies ( ! orig9al "o issu$ "u ! dictator's edict#bi4 ,n only 9 ,rome1 b 9 ! municipalities r\nd ab\t h]1 :]e ! anci5t religi\s usage ( ea* city _h s9ce ! enfran*isem5t ( ,italy be5 sup]s$$1 (ficially at lea/1 by t ( ,rome1 bo? public & private copies 7 made & set up ei!r on /one1 or pa9t$ on ! walls or ceil+ ( a build+4 ,( su* cal5d>s we h 9 all fragm5ts ( "s ?irty1 & "o :i* is all b complete4 ,f\rte5 ( ^! fragm5ts 7 f\nd 9 or ne> ,rome1 elev5 9 municipalities su* z ,pra5e/e1 ,ca]e1 ,amit]num1 & o!rs z f> away z ,allifae & ,v5usia2 f\r are ( unc]ta9 orig9#cj2 & "o is a curi\s fragm5t f ,cisalp9e ,gaul#ca4 ,mo/ ( !m are /ill extant on /one1 b = a few we h to dep5d on writt5 copies ( an orig9al n[ lo/#cb4 ,no day 9 ! ,roman ye> is )\t its annotation 9 "o or m ( ^!2 ! ye> is almo/ complete1 z ,i h said1 9 ! ,fa/i ,maffeiani2 & sev]al o!rs conta9 ?ree or f\r mon?s ne>ly p]fect#cc4 ,two1 ?\gh 9 a fragm5t>y condition1 are ( special int]e/4 ,"o ( ^!1 t ( ! anci5t bro!rhood ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 discov]$ 9 #ahfg & foll[+ ye>s 9 ! grove ( ! bre?r5 ne> ,rome1 conta9s "s valuable additional notes 9 ! fragm5ts :i* survive ( ! mon?s f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,! o!r1 t ( ,pra5e/e1 conta9+ ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 ,april & p>ts ( ,febru>y & ,decemb]1 is /ill m valuable f ! comm5ts x conta9s1 mo/ ( :i* we c believe ) confid5ce to h come f ! h& ( ! great ,augu/an s*ol> ,v]rius ,flaccus4 ,we are told by ,suetonius t ,v]rius put up a cal5d> 9 ! =um at ,pra5e/e#cd1 drawn up by 8 own h&2 & ! date#ce & matt] ( ^! fragm5ts f\nd at ,pra5e/e agree ) :at we "k ( ! life & writ+s ( ,v]rius4 ,x is unlucky t rec5t attempts to f9d additional fragm5ts %\ld h be5 entirely )\t result2 = ! :ole annotat$ cal5d>1 if we possess$ x1 w\ld probably ?r[ light on _m d>k corn]s ( our subject4 ,to ^! fragm5ts ( ,julian cal5d>s1 all drawn up betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ca & ,a4,d4 #df1 !re rema9 to be add$ two 9 ,,mss43 7i7 t ( ,philocalus1 ,a4,d4 #ced1 7ii7 t ( ,polemius ,silvius1 ,a4,d4 #ddh2 nei!r ( :i* are ( mu* value = our pres5t purpose1 ?\gh !y w be occasionally ref]r$ to4 ,la/ly1 we h two f>m]'s almanacs on cubes ( bronze1 :i* omit ! individual days1 b are ( use z %[+ ! c\rse ( agricultural op]ations "u ! lat] ,empire#cf4 ,all ^! cal5d>s1 "s ( :i* _h be5 pr9t$ :olly or 9 "p long ago1 :ile a few h only be5 discov]$ ( late1 h be5 br\ght toge!r = ! fir/ "t 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 edit$ by ,momms5 ) all 8 incomp>able skill & le>n+1 & furni%$ ) ample elucidations & comm5t>ies4 ,& we n[ h ! b5efit ( a second edition ( ?is by ! same editor1 to ^: lab\rs 9 ?is z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ,roman hi/ory x is almo/ impossible to express our debt 9 adequate words4 ,all ref]5ces to ! cal5d>s 9 ! foll[+ pages w be made to ?is second edition4 ,a ^w rema9s to be said ab\t ! ,fa/i ( ,ovid#cg1 :i* is a poetical & (t5 fanciful comm5t>y on ! cal5d> ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,julian ye>1 i4e4 ,janu>y to ,june inclusive2 ea* mon? be+ conta9$ 9 "o book4 ,ovid tells u himself#ch t he complet$ ! ye> 9 twelve books2 b ! la/ six 7 probably nev] publi%$1 = !y are nev] quot$ by lat] writ]s4 ,! fir/ six 7 writt5 b n publi%$ be=e ! poet's exile1 & tak5 9 h& aga9 aft] ! dea? ( ,augu/us1 b only ! fir/ book _h be5 revis$ :5 ! "w 0 cut %ort by ,ovid's dea?4 ,ovid's "w m]its all praise z a lit]>y p]=mance1 = ! neatness & felicity ( its v]sification & diction2 b z a s\rce ( k x is too mu* ( a m$ley to be us$ )\t c>eful criticism4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great deal 9 x t helps u to und]/& ! views ab\t ! gods & _! wor%ip1 n only ( ! s*ol>s :o pleas$ !mselves & ,augu/us by inve/igat+ ^! subjects1 b also ( ! common p bo? 9 ,rome & 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b ! value v>ies greatly ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,:]e ! poet describes "s bit ( ritual :i* he has himself se51 or tells "s ,italian /ory he has himself he>d1 he is invaluable2 b z a sub/itute = ! "w ( ,v>ro on :i* he drew1 he only increases our ?ir/ = ! orig9al4 ,no great s*ol> himself1 he aim$ at produc+ a popul> acc\nt ( ! results ( ! "w ( s*ol>s1 pick+ & *oos+ "h & !re z suit$ 8 purpose1 & n tr\bl+ himself to write ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,moreov]1 he probably made free use ( ,alex&r9e poets1 & especially ( ,callima*us1 ^: ,aetia is 9 "s degree 8 model = ! :ole poem2 & ?us x is t ! "w conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ,greek my?1 :i* is (t5 h>d to di/+ui% f ! fragm5ts ( g5u9e ,italian leg5d :i* are "h & !re imb$d$ 9 x4 ,/ill1 :5 all is said1 a /ud5t ( ! ,roman religion %\ld be grateful to ,ovid2 & :5 aft] ! mon? ( ,june we lose him z a companion1 we may well feel t ! subject n only loses ) him :at little lit]>y int]e/ x c boa/ (1 b becomes = ! mo/ "p a m]e inve/igation ( fossil rites1 f :i* all life & mean+ h dep>t$ = ev]4 ,,vi4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ! ,republic & its ,religi\s ,fe/ivals4 ,all ! cal5d>s /ill surviv+ belong1 z we saw1 to ! e>ly ,empire1 & repres5t ! ,fa/i z revis$ by ,julius4 ,b :at we h to d ) is ! cal5d> ( ! ,republic4 ,c x be recov]$ f ^? we /ill possess8 ,=tunately ?is is q an easy task1 z ,momms5 himself has po9t$ out#ci2 we c recon/ruct = c]ta9 ! s-call$ cal5d> ( ,numa z x exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,republican era4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations mu/ be borne 9 m9d3 #a4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,caes> & 8 advis]s w\ld alt] ! famili> cal5d> z little z possible1 act+ 9 ! _s ( p]si/5t cons]vatism f :i* no true ,roman 0 ev] free4 ,!y add$ #aj days to ! old normal ye> ( #cee days1 i4 e4 two at ! end ( ,janu>y1 ,augu/1 & ,decemb]1 & "o at ! end ( ,april1 ,june1 ,septemb]1 & ,novemb]2 b !y reta9$ ! names ( ! mon?s1 & _! division by ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 & ,ides1 & also ! signs ( ! days1 & ! names ( all fe/ivals ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,lat] on fur!r additions 7 made1 *iefly 9 ! way ( glorification ( ! ,emp]ors & _! families2 b ! skeleton rema9$ z x _h be5 "u ! ,republic4 #b4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,republican cal5d> itself _h nev] be5 *ang$ f its fir/ publication d[n to ! "t ( ,caes>4 ,!re is no hi/orical record ( any alt]ation1 ei!r by ! introduction ( new fe/ivals or 9 any o!r way4 ,! orig9 ( no fe/ival is record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,republic1 except ! second ,c>m5talia1 ! ,saturnalia1 & ! ,c]ealia#dj2 & 9 ^! ?ree cases we c be morally c]ta9 t ! record1 if su* x c be call$1 is errone\s4 #c4 ,if ,julius & 8 successors alt]$ only by slight additions1 & if ! cal5d> :i* !y _h to "w on 0 ( great antiquity & un*ang$ dur+ ! ,republic1 h[1 9 ! next place1 are we to di/+ui% ! skeleton ( t anci5t cal5d> f ! ,julian & po/-,julian additions8 ,no?+ is easi]2 9 ,momms5's words1 x is n a matt] ( calculation2 a glance at ! ,fa/i is suffici5t4 ,9 all ^! x w be se5 t ! numb]s1 names1 & signs ( ! days 7 cut or pa9t$ 9 l>ge capital lett]s2 :ile ludi1 sacrifices1 & all additional notes & comm5ts appe> 9 small capital lett]s4 ,x _c be demon/rat$ t ! l>ge capital lett]s repres5t ! ,republican cal5d>2 b ! circum/antial evid5ce1 s to speak1 is conv9c+4 ,= inscrib$ 9 ^! l>ge capitals is all ! in=mation :i* ! ,roman ( ! ,republic w\ld ne$2 ! dies fa/i1 comitiales1 nefa/i1 c42 ! numb] ( ! days 9 ! mon?2 ! position ( ! ,nones & ! ,ides & ! names ( ^? days on :i* fix$ fe/ivals took place2 all ?is 9 an abbreviat$ b no d\bt famili> =m4 ,! m9or sacrificial rites1 :i* conc]n$ ! prie/s & magi/rates r ?an ! p1 he did n f9d !re2 !y w\ld only h confus$ him4 ,! moveable fe/ivals1 too1 he did n f9d !re1 z !y *ang$ _! date f ye> to ye> & 7 fix$ by ! prie/hood z ! "t = ea* came r\nd4 ,! ludi1 or public games1 7 also abs5t f ! old cal5d>1 = !y 71 orig9ally at lea/1 only adjuncts to c]ta9 fe/ivals out ( :i* !y _h gr[n 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,la/ly1 all rites :i* did n te*nically conc]n ! ,/ate z a :ole1 b only its p>ts & divisions#da1 i4 e4 ( g5tes & curiae1 ( pagi 7paganalia71 montes 7,septimontium7 & sacella 7,sacra ,argeorum71 c\ld n be includ$ 9 ! public cal5d> ( ! ,roman p4 ,b ! ,roman ( ! ,republic1 ev5 if 8 cal5d> 7 conf9$ to ! indications giv5 by ! l>ge capital lett]s 9 ! ,julian cal5d>1 c\ld f9d 9 ^! ! ess5tial outl9e ( ! ye>ly r\nd ( 8 religi\s life4 ,?is outl9e we too c recon/ruct1 ?\gh ! detail is (t5 :olly beyond our rea*4 ,= ?is detail we h to fall back ^u o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 :i* are (t5 mo/ unsatisfactory & difficult to int]pret4 ,:at are ^! o!r s\rces1 ( :at value are !y1 & h[ c t value be te/$8 ,ap>t f ! surviv+ ,fa/i1 we h to dep5d1 bo? = ! completion ( ! religi\s cal5d>1 & = ! /udy & int]pretation ( all its details1 *iefly on ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( ! works ( ! two great s*ol>s ( ! age ( ,julius & ,augu/us1 viz4 ,v>ro & ,v]rius ,flaccus1 & on ! lat] gramm>ians1 comm5tators1 & o!r writ]s :o drew ^u _! volum9\s writ+s4 ,v>ro's book de ,l+ua ,lat9a1 ?\gh n complete1 is 9 great "p pres]v$1 & conta9s mu* in=mation tak5 f ! books ( ! pontifices1 :i*1 did we b possess !m1 w\ld d\btless con/itute our "o o!r mo/ valuable record besides ! ,fa/i !mselves#db4 ,su*1 too1 is ! value ( ! diction>y ( ,v]rius ,flaccus1 :i*1 ?\gh itself lo/1 survives 9 ! =m ( two s]ies ( cond5s$ exc]pts1 made by ,fe/us probably 9 ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d41 & by ,paulus ,diaconus z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9?#dc4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ,v>ro & ,v]rius is also imb$d$ 9 ! grammatical writ+s ( ,s]vius ! comm5tator on ,virgil1 9 ,macrobius1 ,nonius1 ,gellius1 & _m o!rs1 & also 9 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 & 9 "s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 especially ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,t]tullian2 b all ^! ne$ to be us$ ) c>e & caution1 except :]e !y quote directly f "o or o!r ( _! two great pr$ecessors4 ,! same may be said ( ,laur5tius ,lydus#dd1 :o wrote 9 ,greek a "w de ,m5sibus 9 ! six? c5tury1 :i* /ill survives4 ,to ^! mat]ials mu/ be add$ ! great hi/orical writ]s ( ! ,augu/9e age2 ,livy1 :o1 uncritical z he 01 & incapable ( di/+ui%+ ! g5u9e ,italian elem5ts 9 religi\s tradition f ! accretions ( ,greek & ,graeco-,etruscan my?1 yet supplies u ) mu* mat]ial = criticism2 & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 :o z a =eign] resid5t = "s "t 9 ,rome1 occasionally describes ritual ( :i* he 0 himself a witness4 ,! ,roman lives ( ,plut>*1 & 8 curi\s collection entitl$ ,roman ,que/ions1 also conta9 mu* int]e/+ matt]1 tak5 f sev]al s\rces1 e4g4 ,juba1 ! le>n$ k+ ( ,mauritania1 b z a rule ultimately ref]able to ,v>ro4 ,beyond ^! !re is no "o au?or ( real importance2 b ! #8plant' ( ! inve/igator w include ( c\rse ! :ole ( ,roman lit]ature1 & ,greek lit]ature s f> z x t\*es ,roman life & hi/ory4 ,( epigraphical evid5ce !re is n mu* = ! p]iod ( ! ,republic1 beyond ! fragm5ts ( ! ,fa/i2 by f> ! mo/ valuable ,italian religi\s inscription is n ,roman b ,umbrian2 & ! ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium only beg9 ) ! ,empire4 ,yet f ^!#de1 & f a few works ( art1 h[ev] h>d ( int]pretation1 "s light has occasionally be5 ?r[n ^u ! difficulties ( our subject2 & ! /udy ( e>ly ,italian culture is fa/ progress+ "u ! admirable sy/em ( excavation n[ be+ sup]vis$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,all ?is mat]ial has be5 collect$1 sift$1 & built ^u by mod]n s*ol>s1 & *iefly by ,g]mans4 ,! "w ( collect+ 0 done to a great ext5t 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies2 ! re/ ( ! process ma9ly 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,! *ief writ]s w be quot$ z occasion dem&s2 "h c only be m5tion$1 honoris causa1 ! writ+s ( ,ambros*1 ,prell]1 ,s*wegl]1 ,m>qu>dt#df1 & ( "s ( ! writ]s 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon1 edit$ by ,ros*]1 especially ,pr(essor ,wiss[a ( ,b]l91 ^: %ort b pi?y articles1 z well z 8 treatises de ,f]iis & de ,dis ,indigetibus are models ( s*ol>ly inve/igation#dg4 ,( late1 too1 an?ropologi/s & folk-lori/s h _h some?+ to say ab\t ,roman religi\s antiquities2 ( ^!1 ! mo/ conspicu\s is ! late lam5t$ ,dr4 ,mannh>dt1 :o appli$ a new me?od to c]ta9 problems bo? ( ! ,greek & ! ,roman religion1 & evolv$ a new !ory = _! int]pretation4 ,among o!r works ( ?is k9d1 :i* incid5tally ?r[ light on our difficulties1 ! mo/ useful to me h be5 ^? ( ,pr(essor ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 & ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,9 ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 by ! la/ nam$ s*ol>1 ,i seem to see a deep] insight into ! modes ( religi\s ?\ght ( anci5t peoples ?an 9 any o!r "w ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is accumulation ( le>n+ & acum51 x mu/ be confess$ t ! /udy ( ! olde/ ,roman religion is /ill "o ( insup]able difficulty1 & apt to try ! pati5ce ( ! /ud5t all ! m z he sl[ly becomes aw>e ( ! conditions ( ! problem be=e him4 ,!re are fe/ivals 9 ! cal5d> ab\t :i* we really "k no?+ at all1 & mu/ frankly confess our ignorance2 !re are o!rs ab\t :i* we "k j en\gh to be d\btful2 o!rs aga91 9 int]pret+ :i* ! ,romans !mselves pla9ly w5t a/ray1 leav+ u p]haps no?+ b a baseless leg5d to aid u 9 guess+ _! orig9al nature4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,roman religion 0 9 ru9s :5 ! ,julian cal5d> 0 drawn up1 & t ! ar*aeological rese>* :i* 0 br\ght to be> ^u x by ,v>ro & ,v]rius 0 n ( a /rictly sci5tific "*4 ,& dur+ ! la/ two c5turies ( ! ,republic1 z ! once /ately build+ crumbl$ away1 x became ov]laid ) gr[?s ( =eign & especially ( ,greek orig91 "u :i* x n[ lies hopelessly buri$4 ,! gr\nd-plan alone rema9s1 9 ! =m ( ! cal5d> z x has be5 expla9$ above2 to ?is we mu/ hold fa/ if we w\ld obta9 any true conception ( ! religion ( ! e>lie/ ,roman ,/ate#dh4 ,"h & !re "s portion ( ! build+ ( :i* x 0 ! basis c h[ev] /ill be conjecturally re/or$ by ! aid ( ,v>ro & ,v]rius & a few o!r anci5t writ]s1 te/$ by ! criticism ( mod]n s*ol>s1 & sometimes by ! results ( ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion4 ,su* p>ticul> re/oration is :at has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is "w1 n )\t mu* misgiv+ & con/ant d\bt4 ,! fall ( ! ,republic is 9 any case a conv5i5t po9t f :i* to survey ! religi\s ideas & practice ( ! conqu]ors ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is n inde$ a m significant epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion ?an ! era ( ! ,punic w>s1 :5 ,rome ceas$ to be a p59sul>1 & began to be a cosmopolitan /ate2 b x is a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cal5d> & ( religi\s wor%ip z well z ( ! con/itution4 ,h5ce=w>d1 9 spite ( ! /r5u\s ef=ts ( ,augu/us to revive ! old =ms ( wor%ip1 all religi\s rites h a t5d5cy to become trans=m$ or ov]%ad[$1 fir/ by ! cult ( ! ,caes>s#di2 secondly1 by ! /eadily increas+ influ5ce ( =eign & especially ( ,ori5tal cults2 & la/ly1 by ,*ri/ianity itself#ej4 ,tak+ our /&1 !n1 9 ! ye> #df ,b4,c41 ! la/ ye> ( ! pre-,julian cal5d>1 we are able 9 a small volume1 by c>efully work+ ?r\gh t cal5d>1 to lay a firm f\ndation ( mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! religi\s life & ?\ght ( ! ,roman p :ile x 0 /ill 9 "s s5se really ,roman4 ,! plan has inde$ its disadvantages2 x excludes ! introduction ( a sy/ematic acc\nt ( c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( ! subject1 su* z ! developm5t ( ! prie/hoods1 ! sacrificial ritual1 ! auspicia1 & ! dome/ic practice ( religi\s rites#ea4 ,b if x is true1 z x und\bt$ly is1 t 9 deal+ ) ! ,roman religion we mu/ beg9 ) ! cult#eb1 & t = ! cult ! "o #8s9c]um docum5tum' is to be f\nd 9 ! surviv+ ,fa/i1 ^! drawbacks may fairly be deem$ to be c\nt]balanc$ by di/9ct advantages4 ,& 9 ord] to neutralize any bewild]m5t t may be caus$ by ! con/ant v>iety ( ! rites we %all meet )1 bo? 9 reg>d to _! orig91 hi/ory1 & mean+1 "s attempt w be made1 :5 we h complet$ ! r\nd ( ! ye>1 to sum up our results1 to sket* 9 outl9e ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s ideas1 & to e/imate ! influ5ce ( all ?is elaborate c]emonial on ! life & "* ( ! ,roman p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ord] to fit ! cal5d> ( ea* mon? into a s+le page ( ?is "w x has be5 necess>y to pr9t ! names ( ! fe/ivals1 & ! indications ( ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 c4 9 small capital lett]s in/ead ( ! l>ge capitals 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! orig9als 7see above1 p4 #ae74 ,9 ! head+s to ! days z !y occur ?r\gh\t ! book ! me?od ( ! orig9als w be reproduc$ exactly1 i4 e4 l>ge capitals repres5t 9 e case ! mo/ anci5t cal5d> ( ! ,republic1 & small capitals ! additam5ta ex fa/is4 ,footnote #a3 ,! difficult que/ions connect$ ) ?is subject _c be discuss$ "h4 ,s9ce ,momms5 wrote 8 ,rmis*e ,*ronologie x has at lea/ be5 possible to give an intelligible acc\nt ( x1 su* z t 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiquities 7second edition71 9 ,m>qu>dt's ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bha foll41 & 9 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,pontifes1 p4 #bcj foll4 ,!re is a useful summ>y 9 ,h4 ,pet]'s edition ( ,ovid's ,fa/i 7p4 #ai74 ,momms5's views h be5 criticiz$ by ,hus*ke1 ,das ,rmis*e ,jahr1 & ,h>tmann1 ,d] ,rm4 ,kal5d]2 ! =m] a v unsafe guide1 & ! latt]1 un=tunately1 an unf9i%$ & po/hum\s "w4 ,! *ief anci5t au?ority is ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 a "w writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 on ! basis ( a treatise ( ,suetonius4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ron4 #dh foll42 ,m>q4 #bhd & notes4 ,footnote #c3 ,hus*ke1 op4 cit4 #h foll42 ,h>tmann1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #d3 #a ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 #bj4 #d4 ,footnote #e3 ,momms5 7,*ron4 #ac7 believes x to h be5 a ,py?agorean doctr9e :i* spread 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,h>tmann1 on ! contr>y1 calls x an old ,italian "o adopt$ by ,py?agoras4 ,see a valuable note 9 ,s*wegl]1 ,rm4 ,ges*4 i4 #efa1 incl9+ to ! latt] view4 ,footnote #f3 ,probably by ! ,decemvirs1 ,b4,c4 #dej1 :o are said to h made "s alt]ation 9 ! cal5d> 7,macrob4 #a4 #ac4 #ba47 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,dict4 ,ant4 i4 #ccg & #cdb4 ,x is highly probable t !re 0 a /ill old] plan1 :i* gave way to ?is at ! "t ( ! ,decemvirate3 ! evid5ce = ?is1 :i* is conjectural only1 is /at$ by ,momms5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,*ronologie4 ,! numb] ( days 9 ?is cycle 7also ( #d ye>s7 is comput$ at #adge1 & ! av]age 9 ea* ye> at #cfh-c_/d4 ,footnote #h3 ,or1 accord+ to ,momms51 9 alt]nate ye>s aft] ! #bcrd & #bd?1 i4 e4 9 ! ye> ( #cgh days #bc days 7 ins]t$ aft] ! ,t]m9alia2 9 ! ye> ( #cgg days #bb days 7 ins]t$ aft] ! #bd? 7,regifugium74 ,?us ,febru>y w\ld 9 ! "o case h #bc1 & 9 ! o!r #bd days2 ! rema9+ #e & #d be+ add$ to ! int]calat$ p]iod4 ,! object ( ! ,decemvirs 7if x 0 !y :o made ?is *ange7 9 ?is curi\s arrangem5t 01 9 "p at lea/1 to keep ! fe/ival ( ! god ,t]m9us on its orig9al day 7,momms51 ,*ron4 #ch74 ,t]m9us w\ld budge nei!r f 8 seat on ! ,capitol 7,liv4 #a4 #ee7 nor f 8 place 9 ! cal5d>4 ,footnote #i3 ,probably 9 ord] t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> might co9cide ) a new moon2 :i* actually happ5$ on ,jan4 #a1 #de1 & 0 d\btless reg>d$ z a good om54 ,footnote #aj3 ,he add$ #aj days to ! normal ye> ( #cee3 ,janu>y1 ,sextilis1 ,decemb]1 receiv+ two2 ,april1 ,june1 ,septemb]1 ,novemb]1 "o only4 ,^! new days 7 plac$ at ! end ( ! mon?s1 s t ! days on :i* religi\s fe/ivals fell might rema9 z be=e4 ,footnote #aa3 ,momms51 ,*ron4 #bbj4 ,9 no o!r ,italian cal5d> ( :i* we h any k is ,m>* ! fir/ mon? 7ib4 #bah foll473 b !re _c be mu* d\bt t ^! too _h und]gone *anges4 ,fe/us 7#aej71 repres5t+ ,v]rius ,flaccus1 says1 #8,m>tius m5sis initium fuit anni et 9 ,latio et po/ ,romam conditam1' c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #aa foll4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see bel[1 "u ,m>* #a4 ,footnote #ad3 ,momms51 ,*ron4 #ajc foll4 ,footnote #ae3 ,n ! real new moon1 :i* is invisible4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! new moon & ! fir/ qu>t] v>ies4 ,footnote #af3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bg4 ,?is 0 ! me?od be=e ! publication ( ! cal5d> by ,flavius3 ,macr4 #a4 #ae4 #i4 ,! mean+ ( ,covella is d\btful2 x has g5]ally be5 connect$ ) cavus & 1 & expla9$ ( ! #8holl[' cresc5t ( ! new moon4 ,see ,ros*]1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno #ehf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,au/1 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 p4 #fee4 ,footnote #ah3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bi #8,dies fa/i1 p] quos praetoribus omnia v]ba 7i4 e4 d1 dico1 addico7 s9e piaculo licet f>i4' ,footnote #ai3 ,liv4 #i4 #df4 ,footnote #bj3 ,macr4 #a4 #af4 #ad4 ,cp4 ! mutilat$ note ( ,v]rius 9 ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i 7,jan4 #c74 ,footnote #ba3 ,gell4 #d4 #i4 #e4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bi4 #cj4 ,footnote #bb3 ,livy1 #f4 #a4 #aa4 ,macrob4 i4 #af4 #bb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,fe/us #afe4 ,see ,momms5's re/oration ( ! passage 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bij ,b42 ano!r1 less satisfactory1 9 ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #bdj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,momms5 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bij1 ,a7 /ill holds to 8 view t ,,np is only an old =m ( ,n1 br\ght into use = purposes ( diff]5tiation4 ,8 criticism ( o!r views makes x difficult to put fai? 9 !m2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! object ( ! m>k 0 n only to di/+ui% ! religi\s "* ( ! days f ^? m>k$ ,n1 b to %[ t civil bus9ess might be transact$ on !m aft] ! sacrificial rites 7 ov]1 ow+ to ! rapid increase ( legal bus9ess4 ,ovid may be allud+ to ?is1 ?\gh confus+ ,,np ) ,,en1 9 ,fa/i i4 #ea1 :]e ! words1 #8,nam simul exta deo data sunt1 licet omnia f>i1' d n suit ) ,v]rius' note on ,,en1 b may really expla9 ,,np4 ,footnote #be3 ,fa/i ,pra541 ,jan4 #aj4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ca4 ,ma]4 #a4 #af4 #c4 ,footnote #bf3 ,= ! names ( ! fragm5ts ( ,fa/i1 see next section4 ,footnote #bg3 #8,fa/os circa =um 9 albo proposuit1 ut qu&o lege agi posset sciretur1' ,liv4 #i4 #df4 #e2 ,cic4 ,att4 #f4 #a4 #h4 ,on ! latt] passage ,momms5 has bas$ a reasonable conjecture t ! ,fa/i _h be5 already publi%$ 9 "o ( ! la/ two ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 & subsequ5tly aga9 )drawn4 7,*ron4 #ca & note47 ,footnote #bh3 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #af4 ,footnote #bi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bjg ,b4 ,petronius 7,c5a #cj7 sugge/s ! way 9 :i* copies might be set up 9 private h\ses4 ,9 municipia copies might be made & giv5 to ! t[n by private p]sons 7s probably 7 ,maff4 & ,pra547 or put up by ord] ( ! decuriones4 ,footnote #cj3 ,includ+ ! ,fa/i ,maffeiani1 :i* is almo/ complete4 ,footnote #ca3 ,no4 #bj 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 7,guidizzol5ses71 f\nd at ,guidizzolo betwe5 ,mantua & ,v]ona4 ,footnote #cb3 ,maffeiani1 ,tusculani1 ,p9ciani1 ,v5us9i4 ,footnote #cc3 ,^? ( ,ca]e1 ,pra5e/e1 ,amit]num1 & ,antium4 ,footnote #cd3 ,suet4 de ,grammaticis1 #ai4 ,footnote #ce3 ,circ4 ,a4,d4 #aj3 cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bjf4 ,!re are a few additional notes app>5tly by a lat] h&4 ,footnote #cf3 ,m5ologium ru/icum ,colotianum1 & ,m54 ru/icum ,vall5se 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bhj1 #bha4 ,footnote #cg3 ,m]kel's edition 7#ahda71 ) its valuable ,prolegom5a1 is indisp5sable2 v useful too is t by ,h4 ,pet]2 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #ch3 ,tri/ia1 ii4 #edi4 ,footnote #ci3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #big foll4 7de f]iis74 ,footnote #dj3 ,to ^! we may p]haps add ! ,poplifugia & ,luc>ia 9 ,july1 ! leg5ds ab\t :i* we c nei!r accept nor refute4 ,footnote #da3 ,see ,fe/us1 #bde2 & ,dict4 ,ant4 s4 v4 ,sacra4 ,footnote #db3 ,v>ro's works1 de ,antiquitatibus humanis & div9is1 & _m o!rs1 only survive 9 ! fragm5ts quot$ by lat] au?ors4 ,footnote #dc3 ,paul ! deacon 0 "o ( ! s*ol>s :o f\nd enc\ragem5t at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,8 "w is an abridgem5t ( t ( ,fe/us1 n ( ,v]rius himself4 ,on ,v]rius & 8 epitomators1 z well z on ! o!r writ]s :o us$ 8 glosses1 see ,h4 ,nettle%ip's valuable pap]s 9 ,essays 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #bja foll4 ,footnote #dd3 ,= m in=mation ab\t ,lydus see ,bury1 ,lat] ,roman ,empire1 ii4 #ahc1 & bel[ "u ,m>* #ad4 ,footnote #de3 ,!y w be f\nd 9 ,b*el]'s ,umbrica 7conta9+ ! processional inscription ( ,iguvium ) comm5t>y & translation71 & ,h5z5's ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium4 ,footnote #df3 ,prell]'s ,rmis*e ,my?ologie 7ed4 #c1 by ,h4 ,jordan7 & ,m>qu>dt's ?ird volume ( 8 ,/aatsv]waltung 7ed4 ,wiss[a7 are bo? ma/]pieces1 n only 9 matt] b 9 mann]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,among ! o!rs may especially be m5tion$ ,au/1 a pupil ( ,wiss[a1 to :om we owe ! excell5t & exhau/ive article on ,jupit]2 & ,r4 ,pet]1 ! au?or ( ! article ,=tuna & o!rs1 :o l>gely reflects ! views ( ! late ,pr(4 ,reiff]s*eid ( ,breslau4 ,footnote #dh3 #8,hoc pa5e unum sup]e/ s9c]um docum5tum1' ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium ref]r$ to above4 ,footnote #ej3 ,a succ9ct acc\nt ( ^! t5d5cies w be f\nd 9 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #gb foll4 ,!re is a ,fr5* translation ( ?is invaluable volume4 ,footnote #ea3 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ^! w be f\nd 9 ! au?or's articles 9 ! new edition ( ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,antiquities1 on #8,sacra1' #8,sac]dos1' & #8,sacrificium4' ,on ! dome/ic rites1 !re is an excell5t book 9 ,italian1 :i* might well be translat$3 ,il ,culto privato di ,roma antica1 by ,pr(4 ,de-,m>*i ( ,milan1 ( :i* only ,"p ,i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 has z yet appe>$4 ,footnote #eb3 ,m>qu>dt1 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 p4 #b4 ,cal5d>4 ,,m5sis ,,m>tius ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,f]iae ,m>ti4 #a4 ,matronalia7874 ,,np ,iunoni ,luc9ae4 #b ,f #c ,c #d ,c #e ,c #f ,,np #g ,,non4 #g4 ,v$iovi4 ,f #h ,f #i ,c #i4 ,arma ancilia mov5t4 #aj ,c #aa ,c #ab ,c #ac ,,en #ad ,,np ,,equirria #ad 7or #ae874 ,f]iae #ad4 ,mamuralia7874 ,m>ti4 #ae ,,eid4 #ae4 ,f]iae ,annae ,,np ,p]5nae4 #af ,f #af 7& #ag874 ,sacra ,argeorum4 #ag ,,np ,,lib]alia ,,agonia #ah ,c #ai ,n ,,qu9quatrus #ai4 ,f]iae ,m>ti4 #bj ,c #ba ,c #bb ,n #bc ,,np ,,tubilu/rium #bd ,q4,r4,c4 ,f #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,,np #bh ,c #bi ,c #cj ,c #ca ,c #ca4 ,lunae 9 ,av5t9o4 ,,m5sis ,,aprilis ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,v5]alia7874 ,f ,=tunae virili 9 balneis 7,v]r4 ,flacc474 #b ,f #c ,c #d ,c #d4 ,matri ,magnae4 #d-aj4 ,ludi ,megalesiaci4 #e ,,non4 #e4 ,=tunae publicae ,n cit]iori 9 colle4 #f ,,np #g ,n #h ,n #i ,n #i-aj or #aj-aa4 ,oraculum ,=tunae patet 7at ,pra5e/e74 #aj ,n #aa ,n #ab ,n #ab-ai4 ,ludi ,c]eales #ac ,,eid4 ,,np #ad ,n #ae ,,np ,,=dicidia #af ,n #ag ,n #ah ,n #ai ,n ,,c]ealia #ai4 ,c]]i ,lib]o ,lib]ae4 #bj ,n #ba ,,np ,,p>ilia #ba4 ,natalis urbis 7,philoc474 #bb ,n #bc ,,np ,,v9alia #bc4 ,v5]i ,eryc9ae4 ,iovi4 #bd ,c #bd4 ,f]iae ,lat9ae 7conceptivae7 usually ab\t ?is "t4 #be ,,np ,,robigalia #be4 ,sacrificium et ludi4 #bf ,f #bg ,c #bh ,,np #bh4 ,ludi ,florae1 to #bh4 ,floralia ,v4 ,non4 ,mai4 7,may 7,pl9474 #c74 #bi ,c ,,m5sis ,,maius ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,l>ibus #a4 ,dies natalis ( ,f 7prae/itibus74 temple ( ,bona ,dea 7,ovid74 #b ,f #c ,c #d ,c #e ,c #f ,c #g ,,non4 #ec;,f #h ,f #i ,n ,,lemuria #aj ,c #aa ,n ,,lemuria #ab ,,np #ac ,n ,,lemuria #ad ,c #ae ,,eid4 #ae4 ,f]iae ,iovi #ae4 ,sacra ,argeorum ,,np ,m]curio ,maiae4 7,ovid1 c474 #af ,f #ag ,c #ah ,c #ai ,c #bj ,c #ba ,,np ,,agonia #ba4 ,v$iovi4 #bb ,n #bc ,,np ,,tubilu/rium #bc4 ,volcano4 #bd ,q4,r4,c4 ,f #be ,c #be4 ,=tunae publicae ,populi ,romani4 #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,c #bi4 ,amb>valla 7f]iae conceptivae74 #cj ,c #ca ,c ,,m5sis ,,iunius ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,iunoni ,monetae4 #a4 ,kal5dae fab>iae ,n 7,pl947 ,ludi4 #b ,f #c ,c #c4 ,bellonae 9 circo4 #d ,c #e ,,non4 #e4 ,dio ,fidio 9 ,n colle4 #f ,n #g ,n #h ,n #h4 ,m5ti 9 ,capitolio4 #i ,n ,,ve/alia #aj ,n #aa ,n ,,matralia #ab ,n #ac ,,eid4 #ac4 ,f]iae ,iovi4 #ac4 ,qu9quatrus ,,np m9usculae4 #ad #ed,n #ae ,q4,,/4,d4 ,f #af ,c #ag ,c #ah ,c #ah4 ,annae sacrum4 #ai ,c #bj ,c #bj4 ,summano ad circum maximum4 #ba ,c #bb ,c #bc ,c #bd ,c #bd4 ,=ti ,=tunae4 #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,qu9tilis ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 ,n #b ,n #c ,n #d ,,np #e ,,np ,,poplifugia #f ,n #f-ac4 ,ludi ,apoll9>es4 #g ,,non4 ,n #g4 ,nonae ,caprot9ae 7,v>ro74 #h ,n #i ,n #i4 ,vitulatio 7,v>ro74 #aj ,c #aa ,c #ab ,c #ac ,c #ad ,c #ad-ai4 ,m]catus4 #ae ,,eid4 ,,np #af ,f #ag ,c #ah ,c #ah4 ,dies ,alli5sis4 #ai ,,np ,,luc>ia #bj ,c #ba ,,np ,,luc>ia #bb ,c #bc ,,np ,,neptunalia #bd ,n #be ,,np ,,furr9alia #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,c #cj ,c #cj4 ,=tunae huiusque diei 9 campo4 #ca ,c ,,m5sis ,,sextilis ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 ,f #a4 ,spei ad =um #a4 ,l>ibus holitorium4 compitalibus8 7,ovid1 #e4 #adg74 #b ,,np #c ,c #d ,c #e ,,non4 ,f #e4 ,saluti 9 colle ,quir4 #fee ,f #g ,c #h ,c #h 7or #i87 ,soli ,indigiti 9 colle ,quir4 #i ,f #aj ,c #aa ,c #ab ,c #ab4 ,h]culi invicto ad circ4 max4 #ac ,,eid4 ,,np #ac4 ,f]iae ,iovi4 #ad ,f ,dianae 9 ,av5t9o4 #ae ,c ,vortumno 9 ,av5t9o1 c4 7see p4 #aih74 #af ,c #ag ,,np ,,portunalia #ag4 ,ianoad !atrum ,m>celli4 #ah ,c #aief ,,fp ,,v9alia #bj ,c #ba ,,np ,,consualia #ba4 ,conso 9 ,av5t9o4 #bb ,,en #bc ,,np ,,volcanalia #bc4 ,volcano 9 circo ,flam9io1 c4 #bd ,c #bd4 ,mundus patet 7,fe/us74 #be ,,np ,,opiconsivia #bf ,c #bg ,,np ,,volturnalia #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,septemb] ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 ,f #b ,f #c ,f #d ,c #d-ab4 ,ludi ,romani4 #e ,,non4 ,f #f ,f #g ,c #h ,c #i ,c #aj ,c #aa ,c #abeg ,n #ac ,,eid4 #ac4 ,iovi epulum4 ,,np ,f]iae ,iovi4 #ad ,f #ad4 ,equorum probatio4 #aeeh ,n #ae-ai4 ,ludi ,romani 9 circo4 #af ,c #ag ,c #ah ,c #ai ,c #bj ,c #bj-bc4 ,m]catus4 #ba ,c #bb ,c #bc ,f #bd ,c #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,octob] ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,tigillo sororio ,n ,acili4 ,fidei 9 ,capitolio4 #b ,f #c ,c #d ,c #e ,c #e4 ,mundus patet4 #fei ,c #g ,,non4 #g4 ,iovi fulguri4 ,f ,iunoni ,curriti 9 campo4 #h ,f #i ,c #aj ,c #aa ,,np ,,m$itr9alia #ab ,c #ac ,,np ,,font9alia #ac4 ,f]iae ,fonti4 #ad ,,en #ae ,,eid4 #ae4 ,f]iae ,iovi4 #ae4 ,sacrifice ( ,,np ,octob] horse 7,fe/us74 #af ,f #ag ,c #ah ,c #ai ,,np ,,armilu/rium #bj ,c #ba ,c #bb ,c #bc ,c #bd ,c #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,c #cj ,c #ca ,c ,,m5sis ,,novemb] ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 ,f #b ,f #c ,c #d ,c #d-ag4 ,ludi plebeii4 #e ,f #f ,,non4 ,f #g ,c #h ,c #i ,c #aj ,c #aa ,c #ac4 ,f]iae ,iovi4 ,iovi epulum4 #ab ,c #ac ,,eid4 #ac4 7or #ad874 ,,np ,f]oniae 9 campo4 ,=tunae ,primig5iae4 #ad ,f #ae ,c #af ,c #ag ,c #ad4 ,equorum probatio4 #ah ,c #ah-bj4 ,m]catus4 #ai ,c #bj ,c #ba ,c #bb ,c #bc ,c #bd ,c #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,decemb] ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,neptuno ,pietati #a4 ,=tunae muliebri ,n ad circ4 max4 7,dionys474 #b ,n #c ,n #c4 ,sacra ,bonae ,deae 7,plut>*1 c474 #d ,c #e ,,non4 #e4 ,faunalia ru/ica ,f 7,horace74 #f ,f #g ,c #h ,c #h4 ,tib]9o 9 insula4 #i ,c #aj ,c #aa ,,np ,,ag,,onia ,,94 #aa4 ,septimontium 7,fe/us2 ,v>ro74 #ab ,,en #ab4 ,conso 9 ,av5t9o4 #ac ,,eid4 #ac4 ,telluri et ,,np ,c]]i 9 ,c>9is4 #ad ,f #ae ,,np ,,consualia #af ,c #ag ,,np ,,saturnalia #ah ,c #ai ,,np ,,opalia #bj ,c #ba ,,np ,,divalia #bb ,c #bb4 ,l>ibus p]m>9is 9 porticu ,m9ucia4 #bc ,,np ,,l>5talia #bd ,c #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,ianu>ius ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 ,f #a4 ,aesculapio ,v$iovi 9 insula #b ,f #c ,c #c-e 7circa74 ,compitalia or ludi compitales4 #d ,c #e ,,non4 ,f #f ,f #g ,c #h ,c #i ,,np ,,agonia #aj ,,en #aa ,,np ,,c>m5talia #aa4 #8,inturnalia' ,s]vius4 #ab ,c #ac ,,eid4 ,,np #ad ,,en #ae ,,np ,,c>m5talia #af ,c #ag ,c #ah ,c #ai ,c #bj ,c #ba ,c #bb ,c #bc ,c #bd ,c #bd-bf4 ,sem5tivae or ,paganalia 7,ovid7 7f]iae conceptivae74 #be ,c #bf ,c #bg ,c #bg4 ,ca/ori et ,polluci 7d$ication ( temple74 #bh ,c #bi ,f ,,m5sis ,,febru>ius ,fa/i antiquissimi4 ,additam5ta ex ,additam5ta ex fa/is4 scriptoribus4 #a ,,kal4 #a4 ,iunoni ,sospitae ,n 7,ovid74 #b ,n #c ,n #d ,n #e ,,non4 #e4 ,concordiae 9 ,,np arce 7,pra5474 #f ,n #g ,n #h ,n #i ,n #aj ,n #aa ,n #ab ,n #ac ,,eid4 #ac4 ,fauno 9 insula #ac-ba4 ,p>5talia4 ,,np 7,esq474 #ad ,n #ae ,,np ,,lup]calia #af ,,en #ag ,,np ,,quir9alia #ag4 ,la/ day ( ,=nacalia 7f]iae conceptivae74 #8,/ultorum f]iae' 7,paulus1 c474 #ah ,c #ai ,c #bj ,c #bafj ,,fp ,,f]alia #bb ,c #bc ,,np ,,t]m9alia #bd ,n ,,regifugium #be ,c #bf ,,en #bg ,,np ,,equirria #bh ,c ,footnote #ec3 ,n4 ,maff4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bid b4 ,footnote #ed3 ,f4 ,tusc4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bid b4 ,footnote #ee3 ,,np4 ,antiat4 ,n4 m9ores #f4 ,footnote #ef3 ,f4 ,antiat4 ,allif4 ,,np ,vall4 ,footnote #eg3 ,,np ,vall4 ,c4 ,antiat4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bid4 ,footnote #eh3 ,c4 ,vall4 ,antiat4 ,footnote #ei3 ,n4 ,antiat4 ,cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bid4 ,footnote #fj3 ,f4 ,maff4 ,,m5sis ,,m>tius4 ,! m5sis ,m>tius /&s alone among ! ,roman mon?s4 ,n only 0 x ! fir/ 9 matt]s bo? civil & religi\s d[n to ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>1 b x is m closely associat$ ) a s+le deity ?an any o!r1 & t deity ! protector & ance/or ( ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! city4 ,x be>s too ! "n ( ! god1 :i* is n ! case ) any o!r mon? except ,janu>y2 & x is less c]ta9 t ,janu>y 0 nam$ aft] ,janus ?an t ,m>* 0 nam$ aft] ,m>s4 ,! cult ( ,janus is n specially obvi\s 9 ,janu>y except on a s+le day2 b ! cult ( ,m>s is p>am\nt all ?r\gh ,m>*1 & gives a peculi> "* to ! mon?'s wor%ip4 ,x foll[s on a p]iod :i* we may call "o ( purification1 or ! p]=mance ( piacul> duties t[>ds dead ance/ors & t[>ds ! gods2 & ?is has itself succe$$ a "t ( g5]al fe/ivity 9 ! home/ead1 ! gr\p ( home/eads1 ! m>ket1 & ! cross-roads4 ,! rites ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y are = ! mo/ "p fe/ive & social1 ^? ( ,febru>y my/ic & melan*oly--*>act]i/ics :i* h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ri/mas1 ,new ,ye>1 & ,l5t4 ,! rites ( ,m>* are di/9ct f ^? ( ei!r p]iod1 z we %all see4 ,!y aga9 are foll[$ by ^? ( ,april1 ! op5+ mon?1 :i* are gay & apt to be lic5ti\s2 !n comes ! m5sis ,maius or mon? ( gr[?1 :i* is a "t ( p]il = ! crops1 & has a c]ta9 "* ( d\bt & d>kness 9 its rites2 la/ly comes ,june1 ! mon? ( maturity1 :5 h>ve/ is close at h&1 & life beg9s to bright5 up once m4 ,aft] ?is ! ,roman mon?s cease to d5ote by _! names ^? work+s ( nature on :i* ! husb&man's =tune = ! ye> dep5ds4 ,by a process ( elim9ation we c make a guess at ! k9d ( ideas :i* mu/ h be5 associat$ ) ! mon? :i* ! ,romans call$ ,m>tius1 ev5 be=e exam9+ its rites 9 detail4 ,x is ! "t :5 ! spr+1 ^: fir/ brea? has be5 felt 9 ,febru>y1 beg9s to %[ its p[] ^u ! l&#fa4 ,"s great num5 is at "w1 quick5+ vegetation1 & call+ into life ! p[]s ( reproduction 9 man & ! animals4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is quick5+ ,p[] or ,_s 0 reg>d$ by primitive man has be5 v c>efully inve/igat$ ( rec5t ye>s1 & ?\gh ! v>iation is endless bo? 9 my? & 9 ritual1 we may n[ safely say t he 0 look$ on z com+ to new life aft] a p]iod ( dea?1 or z return+ aft] an abs5ce 9 ! w9t]1 or z conqu]+ ! ho/ile p[]s t w\ld h9d] 8 activity4 ,among civiliz$ peoples ^! ideas only survive 9 leg5d or poetry1 or 9 "s qua9t bit ( rural cu/om1 (t5 semi-dramatic1 :i* may or may n h f\nd its way into ! organiz$ cults ( a city /ate ( ,greece or ,italy1 or ev5 into ! cal5d> ( a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b :5 ^! survivals h be5 collect$ 9 va/ numb]s bo? f mod]n ,europe & f classical antiquity1 & comp>$ ) ! exi/+ ideas & practices ( savage peoples1 !y c leave no d\bt 9 our m9ds z to ! g5]al "* ( ! primitive husb&man's conception ( ! my/]i\s p[] at "w 9 spr+-"t4 ,x 0 ?is ,p[]1 we c h>dly d\bt1 t ! ,lat9s knew by ! "n ( ,m>s1 ! god ^: cult is s prom95t ?r\gh\t ! critical p]iod ( ! quick5+ processes4 ,we "k him 9 ,roman lit]ature z a full-gr[n deity1 ) *>act]i/ics p>tly tak5 f ! ,greeks1 p>tly ext5d$ & develop$ by a /ate prie/hood & ! usage ( a gr[+ & cosmopolitan city4 ,we _c trace him back1 /ep by /ep1 to 8 e>lie/ vague =m z an undef9$ ,_s1 ,p[]1 or num52 x is v d\btful :e!r we c id5tify him1 z my?ologi/s h (t5 done1 ) any?+ s obvi\s & def9ite z ! sun1 :i* by itself does n seem to h be5 held responsible by primitive peoples = ! work+s ( nature at ?is "t ( ye>4 ,we d n ev5 "k = c]ta9 ! mean+ ( 8 "n1 & c get no sure help f comp>ative philology4 ,nev]!less !re is a good deal ( cumulative evid5ce :i* sugge/s a comp>atively humble orig9 = ?is great god1 "s po9ts ( :i* we %all meet ) 9 /udy+ 8 cult dur+ ! mon?4 ,! :ole subject has be5 work$ up by ,ros*] 9 ! article on ,m>s 9 8 ,my?ological ,lexicon1 :i* has ! great advantage ( be+ bas$ on an entire re-exam9ation ( ! ,m>s-cult1 :i* he _h h&l$ 9 an e>li] essay on ,apollo & ,m>s4 ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,,m>* #a74 ,,np4 ,,f]iae ,,m>ti4 7,,pra547 ,n ,,m>tis4 7,,philoc47 ,,iun,o,,ni ,,luc9ae ,e,s,,quiliis ,,quod ,,eo ,,die ,,a$es ,,ei ,,d$ica,,ta ,,e/ ,,p] ,,matronas ,,quam ,,vov]at ,,albi,,nia 444 ,,vel ,,uxor 444 ,,si ,,pu]um 444 ,,at,,que ,,ipsa,m4444 7,,pra547 ,?is 0 ! ,new ,ye>'s day ( ! ,roman religi\s cal5d>4 ,f ,macrobius#fb we le>n t 9 8 day ! sacr$ fire ( ,ve/a 0 n[ r5ew$1 & fre% laurels fix$ on ! ,regia1 ! ,curiae1 & ! h\ses ( ! flam5s2 ! cu/om !re=e 0 kept up long aft] ! fir/ ( ,m>* _h ceas$ to be ! civil ,new ,ye>4 ,ovid alludes to ! same rites1 & adds ! ,a$es ,ve/ae z also fre%ly decorat$#fc3 ,neu dubites1 primae fu]9t qu9 ante ,kal5dae ,m>tis1 ad haec animum signa ref]re potes4 ,laurea flam9ibus quae toto p]/itit anno ,tollitur1 et frondes sunt 9 honore novae4 ,ianua tunc regis posita viret arbore ,phoebi2 ,ante tuas fit idem1 curia prisca1 =es4 ,ve/a quoque ut folio niteat velata rec5ti1 ,c$it ab ,iliacis laurea cana focis4 ,! m5tion ( ^! build+s c>ries u back to ! v e>lie/ ,rome1 :5 ! rex & 8 sons & daught]s#fd 7,flam9es & ,ve/ales1 9 _! lat] =m7 p]=m$ betwe5 !m ! :ole religi\s duty ( ! community2 to ^! we may p]haps add ! w>rior-prie/s ( ,m>s 7,salii74 ,! connexion ( ! decoration ) ! ,m>s-cult is probable1 if n c]ta92 ! laurel 0 sacr$ to ,m>s1 = 9 front ( 8 sacr>ium 9 ! regia !re grew two laurels#fe1 & x has be5 conjectur$ t !y suppli$ ! b\ghs us$ on ?is day#ff4 ,m>* #a is also m>k$ 9 ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus z ! bir?day ( ,m>s 7,n natalis ,m>tis74 ,?is appe>s 9 no o!r cal5d> z yet discov]$1 & is conspicu\sly abs5t 9 ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i2 x is !re=e v d\btful :e!r any weight %\ld be giv5 to a f\r?-c5tury writ] ^: cal5d> _h c]ta9ly an urban & n a ru/ic basis#fg4 ,!re is no trace ( allusion to a bir? ( ,m>s on ?is day 9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 ?\gh ! day is (t5 m5tion$4 ,!re 0 inde$ a pretty leg5d ( su* a bir?1 told by ,ovid "u ,may #bfh1 :i* has its p>allels 9 o!r my?ologies2 ,juno became pregnant ( ,m>s by t\*+ a c]ta9 fl[] ( :i* ! secret 0 told h] by ,flora3 ,prot9us ha]5tem dec]psi pollice florem2 ,tangitur et tacto concipit illa s9u4 ,iamque gravis ,?rac5 et ,iaeva ,propontidis intrat ,fitque pot5s voti1 ,m>sque creatus erat4 ,( ?is tale ,prell] rem>k$ long ago t x has a ,greek sett+3 x is 9 fact 9 its ,ovidian =m a reflex f /ories su* z ^? ( ! bir? ( ,a!na & ( ,kora4 ,yet x has be5 /\tly ma9ta9$#fi t x sprang f a real ,italian g]m1 & is a fragm5t ( ! lo/ ,italian my?ology4 ,n[1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly untrue t ! ,italians _h no native my?ology1 & ?\gh !re are fa9t traces1 z we %all see1 ( tales ab\t ,m>s himself1 yet ! ,lat9s at lea/ s r>ely took ^! lib]ties ) _! deities#gj1 t e app>5t case ( a div9e my? ne$s to be c>efully exam9$ & well support$4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ conclude t !re is h>dly any evid5ce = a g5]al belief t ,m>* #a 0 ! bir?day ( ,m>s2 & t ,ovid's /ory ( ,juno & ,m>s mu/ be look$ on ) suspicion s f> z ^! deities are conc]n$4 ,! idea t ,m>s 0 born on ,m>* #a might arise simply f ! fact t ! day 0 ! fir/ ( 8 mon? & also ! fir/ ( ! ye>4 ,x is possible h[ev] to acc\nt = x 9 ano!r way4 ,x 0 ! dies natalis ( ! temple ( ,juno ,luc9a on ! ,esquil9e1 z we le>n f ! note 9 ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i2 & ?is ,juno _h a special p[] 9 *ildbir?4 ,! temple itself 0 n ( v anci5t date#ga1 b ,juno _h no d\bt always be5 especially ! matrons' deity1 & 9 a s5se repres5t$ ! female pr9ciple ( life#gb4 ,to h] all kal5ds 7 sacr$1 & m especially ! fir/ kal5ds ( ! ye>1 on :i* we f9d t wives receiv$ pres5ts f _! husb&s#gc1 & ent]ta9$ _! slaves4 ,9 fact ! day 0 sometimes call$ ! ,matronalia#gd1 ?\gh ! "n has no te*nical or religi\s s5se4 ,surely1 if a "m 0 to be f\nd = ,m>s1 no "o c\ld be m suitable t ,juno ,luc9a2 & if a day 7 to be fix$ = 8 bir?1 no day c\ld be bett] ?an ! fir/ kal5ds ( ! ye>1 :i* 0 also ! d$ication-day ( ! temple ( ! goddess4 ,at :at date ! "m & ! bir?day 7 f\nd = him x is impossible to discov]4 ,! latt] may be z late z ! ,empire2 ! =m] may h be5 an old] inv5tion1 s9ce ,m>s seems to h be5 apt to l5d himself1 "u ,greek or ,etruscan influ5ce1 some:at m easily to leg5d>y treatm5t ?an "s o!r deities#ge ,b we may at any rate feel pretty sure t x 0 ! ,matronalia on ,m>* #a t sugge/$ ! mo!rhood ( ,juno & ! bir? ( ,m>s2 & we _c1 z ,ros*] does1 use ! ,matronalia to %[ t ^! my?s 7 old & native#gf4 ,yet ano!r leg5d 0 atta*$ to ?is day4 ,x 0 said t ! orig9al ancile1 or sacr$ %ield ( ,m>s1 fell d[n f heav5#gg1 or 0 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ,numa#gh1 on ,m>* #a4 ,?is 0 ! type f :i* 7 copi$ ! o!r elev5 belong+ to ! collegium ( ,salii ,palat9i2 9 ! leg5d ! smi? :o did ?is "w 0 nam$ ,mamurius1 & 0 commemorat$ 9 ! ,salian hymn#gi4 ,^! are simply fragm5ts ( a tangle ( my? :i* grew up out ( ! my/]y atta*+ to ! ,salii1 or danc+ prie/s ( ,m>s1 & to ! curi\s %ields :i* !y c>ri$1 & ! hymns :i* !y sang#hj2 9 ! latt] we "k t ! ^w ,mamuri (t5 occurr$1 :i* is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z be+ only a v>iant ( ! "n ,m>s#ha4 ,we %all meet ) ! ^w aga9 lat] 9 ! mon?4 ,?is also 0 ! fir/ day on :i* ! %ields 7 #8mov$1' z x 0 call$2 i4 e4 tak5 by ! ,salii f ! sacr>ium ,m>tis 9 ! ,regia#hb1 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! city 9 procession4 ,dionysius 7ii4 #gj7 has left u a valuable description ( ^! processions1 :i* cont9u$ till ! #bd? ( ! mon?2 ! ,salii leap$ & danc$1 rem9d+ ! writ] ( ! ,greek ,curetes1 & cont9ually /ruck ! %ields ) a %ort spe> or /aff#hc z !y sang _! anci5t hymns & p]=m$ _! rhy?mical dances4 ,! orig9al object & mean+ ( all ^! /range p]=mances is n[ fairly well made out1 ?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,mll5h(f1 ,mannh>dt1 ,ros*]1 ,fraz] & o!rs4 ,ros*]1 9 8 comp>ison ( ,apollo & ,m>s#hd1 po9t$ out ! lik5ess 9 ! spr+ fe/ivals ( ! two gods4 ,at ,delphi1 at ! ,!ophania 7#g? ( ,bysios ,m>*71 !re 7 decorations1 sacrifices1 dances1 & songs2 & ( ^! la/1 "s 7 1 or invocations to ! god to appe>1 "s 1 or %\ts ( enc\ragem5t 9 8 great fight ) ! dragon1 or p]haps int5d$ to sc>e ! dragon away4 ,= ,apollo 0 believ$ to return 9 ! spr+1 to be born anew1 & to /ruggle 9 8 infancy ) ! demon ( evil4 ,at o!r places 9 ,greece simil> p]=mances are f\nd2 at ,delos#he1 at ,ortygia#hf ne> ,ephesus1 at ,tegyra1 & else:]e4 ,at ,ortygia ! /ood & cla%$ _! arms to fright5 away ,h]a ! enemy ( ,apollo's "m ,leto1 9 ! annual dramatic repres5tation ( ! p]il\s lab\r ( ! "m & ! bir? ( h] son4 ,^! practices 7& simil> ones among nor!rn peoples7 seem to be ! result ( ! poetical my?ology ( an imag9ative race act+ on /ill m primitive ideas4 ,f all p>ts ( ! _w ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ examples ( rites ( ?is k9d occurr+ at "s p]iod ( real or suppos$ p]il1 & (t5 at ! op5+ ( a new ye>1 9 :i* dances1 h[l+1 ! beat+ ( pots & pans1 br&i%+ ( arms1 & ev5 fir+ ( guns are ?\ght efficaci\s 9 driv+ out evil spirits :i* br+ hurt ( "s k9d to mank9d or to ! crops :i* are ! fruits ( 8 lab\r#hg4 ,?is notion ( evil spirits & ! possibility ( expell+ !m is at ! root ( ! :ole s]ies ( practices1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ! ,greeks became adorn$ ) a beautiful my?ical col\r+1 :ile ! ,romans aft] _! fa%ion embodi$ !m 9 ! cult ( _! city ) a special prie/hood to p]=m !m1 & connect$ !m ) ! "n ( _! great prie/ k+4 ,9 an elaborate note#hh ,mr4 ,fraz] has attempt$ to expla9 ! rites ( ! ,salii 9 ! light ( ! mat]ial he has collect$4 ,he is incl9$ to see two objects 9 _! p]=mances3 7#a7 ! r\t+ out ( demons ( all k9ds 9 ord] to collect !m = transf]5ce to ! human scapegoat1 ,mamurius ,veturius 7see bel[ on ,m>* #ad71 :o 0 driv5 out a =tnight lat]2 & 7#b7 to make ! corn gr[1 by a *>m consi/+ 9 leap+ & danc+1 :i* is kn[n 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x w p]haps be saf] to keep to g5]alities 9 matt]s ( :i* we h b sl5d] k2 & to conclude t ! old ,lat9s believ$ t ! ,_s :i* 0 beg9n+ to make ! crops gr[ mu/ at ?is "t be protect$ f ho/ile demons1 9 ord] t he might be free to p]=m 8 own fri5dly functions = ! community4 ,?\gh ! few words pres]v$ ( ! ,salian hymns are too obscure to be ( mu* use#hi1 we seem to see 9 !m a trace ( a deity ( vegetation2 & ! pray] to ,m>s1 :i* is giv5 9 ,cato's agricultural treatise1 is mo/ in/ructive on ?is po9t#ij4 ,! ,salii 9 ^! processions 7 clo!d 9 a trabea & tunica picta#ia1 ! #8full dress' ( ! w>rior inspir$ by "s special religi\s zeal1 we>+ helmet1 brea/plate1 & sword4 ,!y c>ri$ ! ancile on ! left arm1 & a /aff or club ( "s k9d to /rike x )#ib4 ,at c]ta9 sacr$ places !y /opp$ & danc$1 _! praesul giv+ !m ! /ep & rhy?m2 & "h we may suppose t !y also sang ! song ( :i* a few fragm5ts h come d[n to u1 :]e ! recurr+ ^w ,mamurius seems beyond d\bt to be a v>iant ( ,m>s#ic4 ,ea* ev5+ !y re/$ at a diff]5t place--mansiones ,saliorum1 z !y 7 call$--& "h ! sacr$ arms 7 hung up till ! next day1 & ! ,salii fea/$4 ,!y 7 tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 twelve ,palat9i & twelve ,coll9i 7orig9ally ,agonales or ,agon5ses71 ! =m] specially devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,m>s ,gradivus1 ! latt] to t ( ,quir9us#id4 ,! antiquity ( ! prie/hood is prov$ by ! fact t ! ,salii mu/ be ( patrician bir?1 & patrimi & matrimi 7i4 e4 ) bo? p>5ts liv+7 accord+ to ! anci5t rule :i* desc5d$ f ! wor%ip ( ! h\sehold#ie4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! %ields 7ancilia7 :i* ! ,salii c>ri$1 be+ twelve 9 numb] = ea* ( ! two guilds1 repres5t$ ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 ei!r z twelve suns#if 7! sun be+ r5ew$ ea* mon?71 or z twelve moons1 :i* is a little m reasonable4 ,?is idea implies t ! numb] ( ! ,salii 7:i* 0 ! same z t ( ! ,fratres ,arvales7 0 bas$ on ! numb] ( mon?s 9 ! ye>1 :i* is v f> f likely2 x w\ld seem also to assume t ! %ape ( ! %ields 0 r\nd1 l sun or moon1 :i* 0 almo/ c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! orig9al %ield fell on ! fir/ new moon ( ! ye>2 b x is q unnecess>y to jump to ! conclusion t ! o!rs repres5t elev5 o!r new moons4 ,x w\ld r seem probable to a cauti\s inquir] t ?\gh an incru/ation ( late my? may h gr[n ^u ! ,salii & _! c>m5 & _! curi\s arms1 no am\nt ( +5i\s comb9ation has z yet succe$$ 9 prov+ t su* my?s _h _! orig9 9 any really anci5t belief ( ! ,romans4 ,:at we "k = c]ta9 is t !re 7 twelve w>rior-prie/s ( ! old ,palat9e city1 & t !y c>ri$ twelve %ields ( an antique type1 :i* ,v>ro comp>es to ! ,?racian peltae 7,l4 ,l4 #g4 #dc72 %ap$ n unlike ! body ( a viol91 ) a curv$ ind5tation on ea* side#ig1 :i*1 :5 ! %ield 0 slung on ! back1 w\ld leave space = ! arms to move freely4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 ! re/ ( 8 equipm5t1 ! ,salius simply repres5t$ ! old ,italian w>rior 9 8 #8w>-pa9t4' ,9 ! examples ( expulsion ( evils ref]r$ to above z collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 x is int]e/+ to notice h[ (t5 ! expell]s use milit>y arms1 or are dress$ 9 milit>y fa%ion4 ,?is may p]haps help u to und]/& h[ attributes app>5tly s di/9ct z ! milit>y & ! agricultural %\ld be f\nd unit$ 9 ,m>s & 8 cult4 ,,non4 ,,m>t4 7,,m>* #g74 ,f4 444 ,,v$i,,ovi4 ,,artis ,,v$iovis ,,int] ,,duos ,,lucos4 7,,pra547 ,v>i\s conjectures h be5 made = correct+ ?is note4 ,we may take x t ! fir/ ^w is rightly complet$3 "s lett]s seem to h prec$$ x1 & f]iae has be5 sugge/$#ih1 b n g5]ally accept$4 ,! next ^w1 ,artis1 mu/ be a slip ( ! /one-cutt]4 ,t x 0 n ,m>tis we are sure1 z ,ovid says t !re 0 no note 9 ! ,fa/i = ?is day except on ! cult ( ,v$iovis#ii4 ,ev5 ,momms5 is 9 despair1 b sugge/s ,a$is z a possibility1 & t d$icata 0 accid5tally omitt$ aft] x4 ,we d n "k :5 ! temple 0 d$icat$#ajj4 ,! cult ( ,v$iovis seems to h no special connexion ) o!r ,m>* rites3 & x seems z well to po/pone consid]ation ( x till ,may #ba1 ! d$ication-day ( ! temple 9 arce4 ,see also on ,jan4 #a4 ,,vii ,,id4 ,,m>t4 7,,m>* #i74 ,c4 ,,arma ,,ancilia ,,mov5t4 7,,philoc47 ,z we h se51 ! fir/ #8mov+' ( ! ancilia 0 on ! #a/4 ,?is is ! second m5tion$ 9 ! cal5d>s2 ! ?ird1 accord+ to ,lydus 7#d4 #db71 0 on ! #bcrd 7,tubilu/rium1 q4v474 ,z ! ,salii seem to h danc$ ) ! %ields all ?r\gh ! mon? up to ! #bd?#aja1 x has be5 suppos$ t ^! 7 ! ?ree pr9cipal days ( #8mov+'2 & ,mr4 ,m>9d9 sugge/s t !y correspond to ! ?ree mo/ important mansiones ,saliorum1 ( :i* two 7 probably ! ,curia ,saliorum on ! ,palat9e & ! ,sacr>ium ,m>tis 9 ! ,regia#ajb4 ,,prid4 ,,id4 ,,m>t4 7,,m>* #ad74 ,,np4 ,,equirr,,ia4 7,,maff4 ,,vat4 ,,esq47 ,,f]iae ,,m>ti4 7,,vat47 ,,sacrum ,,mamurio4 7,,ru/ic ,,cal5d>s#ajc47 ,,mamuralia4 7,,philoc47 ,^! notes involve sev]al difficulties4 ,to beg9 )1 ?is day is an ev5 numb]1 & !re is no o!r in/ance 9 ! cal5d> ( a fe/ival occurr+ on su* a day4 ,wiss[a#ajd1 usually a v cauti\s inquir]1 "h boldly cuts ! knot by conjectur+ t ! ,m>s fe/ival ( ?is day _h orig9ally be5 on ! next1 i4e4 ! ,ides1 b 0 put back "o day to enable ! p to frequ5t bo? ! horse-races 7,equirria7 & ! fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na#aje4 ,! latt]1 he might h add$1 0 obvi\sly extremely popul> ) ! l[] classes1 z we %all see f ,ovid's description2 & ?\gh ! sc5e ( x 0 close to t ( ! ,equirria1 or c]ta9ly n f> away1 x is n impossible t x may h div]t$ att5tion f ! nobl] & m manly amusem5t4 ,wiss[a /r5g!ns 8 argum5t by po9t+ out an app>5t p>allel betwe5 ! fe/ival dates ( ,m>* & ,octob]4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 9 ! cal5d>1 we f9d an int]val ( ?ree days betwe5 two fe/ivals1 viz4 betwe5 ,m>* #ai 7,qu9quatrus7 & ,m>* #bc 7,tubilu/rium71 & betwe5 ,oct4 #ae 7#8,octob] horse'7 & ,oct4 #ai 7,armilu/rium74 ,n[1 z we %all see1 ! rites ( ,m>* #ai & ,oct4 #ai seem to correspond to ea* o!r#ajf2 & if !re 7 a *>iot-race on ,m>* #ae1 x w\ld also answ] to ! race on ! day ( ! #8,octob] horse1' ,oct4 #ae1 ) a ?ree days' int]val z 9 ,octob]4 ,! argum5t is n a v /rong "o1 b !re is a good deal to be said = x4 ,a mu* m s]i\s difficulty lies 9 ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ?ree old] cal5d>s 9 :i* we h notes = ?is day & ! almanacs ( ! lat] ,empire1 viz4 t ( ,philocalus 7,a4,d4 #ced7 & ! ru/ic cal5d>s4 ,! =m] tell u ( a ,m>s-fe/ival1 ) a horse-race2 ! latt] "k no?+ ( ^!1 b note a fe/ival ( ,mamurius1 a "n :i*1 z we saw1 occurr$ 9 ! ,sali>e ,c>m5 app>5tly z a v>iant ( ,m>s1 & came to be affix$ to ! leg5d>y smi? :o made ! elev5 copies ( ! ancile4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! *ange ( ,m>s into ,mamurius1 & ( f]iae ,m>ti into ,mamuralia8 ,& are we to suppose t ! lat] cal5d>s "h indicate a late gr[? ( leg5d1 bas$ on ! "n ,mamurius z occurr+ 9 ! ,c>m5 ,sali>e1 or t !y h pres]v$ ! %ad[ ( an e>li] & popul> side ( ! ,m>* rites1 :i* ! ,/ate-cal5d>s left out ( acc\nt8 ,app>5tly ,momms5 holds ! =m] op9ion#ajg4 ,9 8 note on ?is day he says t x is easy to und]/& h[ ! second ,equirria came to be kn[n to ! vulgus z ,mamuralia 7i4e4 s di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ ,equirria on ,feb4 #bg71 see+ t ,mamurius :o made ! ancilia belongs :olly to ! cult ( ,m>s1 & t ?is day 0 "o ( ^? on :i* ! ,salii & ! ancilia 7 famili> sights 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,salian songs gave rise to ! leg5d ( ,mamurius1 & ?is 9 its turn gave a new "n to ! second ,equirria or f]iae ,m>ti4 ,& ?is ,i believe to be ! mo/ rational explanation ( our difficulty1 see+ t we h no m5tion ( a fea/ ( ,mamurius e>li] ?an ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 :i* _c be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se repres5t+ le>n+ or rese>*#ajh4 ,b ( rec5t ye>s mu* has be5 writt5 9 fav\r ( ! o!r view1 t ! late cal5d>s h "h pres]v$ = u a trace ( v anci5t ,roman belief & ritual#aji4 ,?is view re/s almo/ entirely on a /atem5t ( a /ill lat] writ]1 ,laur5tius ,lydus ( ,apamea1 :o wrote a "w1 de ,m5sibus1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 pres]v$ 9 "p 9 ! =m ( two summ>ies or collections ( extracts4 ,lydus 0 no d\bt a man ( le>n+1 z is %[n by 8 o!r "w1 de ,magi/ratibus2 b he does n give u 8 au?ority = p>ticul> /atem5ts1 & 8 second- or ?ird-h& k mu/ always be cauti\sly us$4 ,lydus tells u t on ! ,ides ( ,m>* 7a mi/ake1 x is suppos$#aaj1 = ! #ad?--:i*1 h[ev]1 he %\ld n h made71 a man clo!d 9 sk9s 0 l$ out & driv5 ) long peel$ w&s 7out ( ! city1 z we may guess f :at foll[s7 & %\t$ at z #8,mamurius4' ,h5ce ! say+1 :5 any "o is beat51 t !y are #8play+ ,mamurius ) him4' ,= ! leg5d runs t ,mamurius ! smi? 0 beat5 out ( ! city because mis=tune fell on ! ,romans :5 !y sub/itut$ ! new %ields 7made by ,mamurius7 = ^? t _h fall5 f heav5#aaa4 ,?is is cle>ly a late =m ( ! ,mamurius-my?3 9 all ! e>li] acc\nts#aab only "o ancile is said to h fall5 f heav54 ,lydus seems r to be ?9k+ ( twelve orig9al ones#aac1 & twelve copies--p]haps ( ! ,palat9e & ,coll9e ancilia respectively4 ,if ! =m ( ! my?1 !n1 is ( late gr[?1 suspicion may well be ar\s$ z to ! antiquity ( ! rite x 0 meant to expla91 = ) ! old] type ( my? ! rite does n seem to suit4 ,& ?is suspicion is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t 9 ! :ole ( ,lat9 lit]ature !re is no c]ta9 allusion to a rite s /rik+ & peculi>1 & only "o t c possibly1 ev5 by =cible treatm5t1 be tak5 z su*4 ,9 ,prop]tius v 7iv47 #b4 #fa1 we h ! foll[+ l9es1 put into ! m\? ( ! god ,v]tumnus3 ,at tibi1 ,mamuri1 =mae caelator a5ae1 ,tellus artifices ne premat ,osca manus1 ,qui me tam docilis potui/i fund]e 9 usus4 ,unum opus e/3 op]i non datur unus honos4 ,us5] took ?is to mean1 or to imply1 t ,mamurius 0 driv5 out ( ! city to its enemies ! ,oscans2 b h[ we are to get ?is out ( ! words1 :i* w be> v diff]5t int]pretations1 obscure z !y are1 x is n easy to see4 ,& c we easily believe t1 ) ?is exception1 no allusion %\ld be f\nd to ! rite 9 ei!r ,lat9 or ,greek writ]s--n 9 ,ovid1 ,dionysius1 ,s]vius1 ,plut>*#aad1 or 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,v>ro1 ,v>rius1 & o!rs--if t curi\s rite _h really be5 enact$ ye> by ye> be=e ! eyes ( ! ,roman p8 ,x c]ta9ly is n impossible t x may h slipp$ _! notice1 or h be5 m5tion$ 9 works t are lo/ to u2 b x is s improbable z to ju/ify u 9 hesitat+ to base conclusions z to ! antiquity ( ! rite on ! /atem5t ( ,lydus alone4 ,!re are inde$ "o or two passages :i* seem to prove t sk9s 7 us$ by ! ,salii1 & t ^! sk9s 7 beat54 ,s]vius#aae says ( ,mamurius t !y consecrat$ a day to him1 on :i* #8pellem virgis ca$unt ad artis similitud9em1' i4 e4 on :i* !y imitate ! smi?'s art by beat+ a sk94 ,s also ,m9ucius ,felix#aaf3 #8alii 7we %\ld probably read ,salii7 inc$unt pileati1 scuta vet]a#aag circumf]unt1 pelles ca$unt4' ,if we may judge by ^! passages ( writ]s ( ! second c5tury1 !re 0 some?+ done by ! ,salii :i* involv$ ! beat+ ( sk9s2 b if x 0 a sk9-clad ,mamurius :o 0 beat51 :y is he n m5tion$1 & :y did !y1 z ,s]vius says 7& ! context %[s t he is speak+ ( him ) all respect71 set ap>t a day 9 8 hon\r8 ,yet ,lydus' acc\nt is s int]e/+ f ! po9t ( view ( folk-lore1 t ,us5] 0 l$ by x into v f>-rea*+ conclusions4 ,^! h be5 s well cond5s$ 9 ,engli% by ,mr4 ,fraz] t my lab\r w be light5$ if ,i may borr[ 8 acc\nt#aah3 #8,e ye> on ,m>* #ad a man clad 9 sk9s 0 l$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome1 beat5 ) long :ite rods1 & driv5 out ( ! city4 ,he 0 call$ ,mamurius ,veturius#aai1 t is1 8! old ,m>s10 & z ! c]emony took place on ! day prec$+ ! fir/ full moon ( ! old ,roman ye>#abj 7:i* began on ,m>* #a71 ! sk9-clad man mu/ h repres5t$ ! ,m>s ( ! pa/ ye>1 :o 0 driv5 out at ! beg9n+ ( a new "o4 ,n[ ,m>s 0 orig9ally n a god ( w>1 b ( vegetation4 ,= x 0 to ,m>s t ! ,roman husb&man pray$ = ! prosp]ity ( 8 corn & v9es1 8 fruit-trees & 8 copses2 x 0 to ,m>s t ! ,arval ,bro!rs1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to sacrifice = ! gr[? ( ! crops1 address$ _! petitions almo/ exclusively4444 ,once m1 ! fact t ! v]nal mon? ( ,m>* 0 d$icat$ to ,m>s seems to po9t him out z ! deity ( ! spr\t+ vegetation4 ,?us ! ,roman cu/om ( expell+ ! old ,m>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,ye> 9 spr+ is id5tical ) ! ,slavonic cu/om ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?#aba10 if ! view "h tak5 ( ! latt] cu/om is correct4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,roman & ,slavonic cu/oms has be5 already rem>k$ by s*ol>s1 :o appe>1 h[ev]1 to h tak5 ,mamurius ,veturius & ! correspond+ figures 9 ! ,slavonic c]emonies to be repres5tatives ( ! old ye> r ?an ( ! old god ( vegetation4 ,x is possible t c]emonies ( ?is k9d may h come to be ?us int]pret$ 9 lat] times ev5 by ! p :o practis$ !m4 ,b ! p]sonification ( a p]iod ( "t is too ab/ract an idea to be primitive4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,roman1 z 9 ! ,slavonic c]emony1 ! repres5tative ( ! god appe>s to h be5 treat$ n only z a deity ( vegetation1 b also z a scape-goat#abb4 ,8 expulsion implies ?is2 = !re is no reason :y ! god ( vegetation1 z su*1 %\ld be expell$ ! city4 ,b x is o!rwise if he is also a scape-goat2 x !n becomes necess>y to drive him beyond ! b\nd>ies1 t he may c>ry 8 sorr[ful burd5 away to o!r l&s4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,mamurius ,veturius appe>s to h be5 driv5 away to ! l&s ( ! ,oscans1 ! enemies ( ,rome#abc4' ,my exam9ation ( ! evid5ce w1 ,i hope1 h made x cle> :y ,i hesitate to endorse ^! conclusions 9 _! entirety 7z ,i did = _m ye>s71 int]e/+ z !y are4 ,i r incl9e to believe t ! :ole ,mamurius-leg5d grew out ( ! ,c>m5 ,sali>e1 & t we may ei!r h "h "o ( ^? comp>atively r>e examples ( lat] ritual gr[+ itself out ( my?1 or a po9t ( anci5t ritual1 su* z ! use ( sk9s--p]haps ^? ( victims--mis9t]pret$ & possibly alt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! my?4 ,z to ,lydus' /atem5t1 x is bett] to susp5d our judgem5t2 he may1 = all we "k1 h confus$ "s =eign cu/om1 or t ( "s o!r ,italian t[n :]e !re 7 ,salii1 ) ! ritual ( a ,roman prie/hood#abd4 ,9 any case1 8 acc\nt is too mu* op5 to "q to be> ! weight ( conjecture t has be5 pil$ ^u x4 ,,id4 ,,m>t4 7,,m>* #ae74 ,,np4 ,,f]iae#abe ,,annae ,,p]5nae ,,via ,,flam,,inia ,,ad ,,lapidem ,,prim,,um4 7,,vat47 ,,annae ,,p]4 7,,f>n47 ,?is is a survival ( an old popul> fe/ival1 z is cle>ly se5 f ,ovid's acc\nt ( x2 b ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( x 9 ! ru/ic cal5d>s or 9 ^? ( ,philocalus & ,silvius leads u to suppose t x _h di$ out 9 ! e>ly ,empire4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! p came to be m & m attract$ by spectacles & games2 & also by ! ev]-increas+ cosmopolitanism ( ! city populace1 :i* w\ld be cont9ually los+ int]e/ 9 old ,roman cu/oms :i* x c\ld n und]/&4 ,on ?is day1 ,ovid tells u#abf1 ! #8plebs' /ream$ out to ! #8fe/um g5iale' ( ,anna ,p]5na1 & tak+ up a position 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 n f> f ! ,tib]#abg1 & ly+ ab\t on ! grass 9 pairs ( m5 & wom51 pass$ ! day 9 revelry & dr9k+#abh4 ,"s lay 9 ! op52 "s pit*$ t5ts & "s con/ruct$ rude huts ( /akes & bran*es1 /ret*+ _! togas ov] !m = %elt]4 ,z !y drank !y pray$ = z _m ye>s ( life z !y c swall[ cups ( w9e2 mean:ile s++ snat*es ( song ) mu* ge/iculation & danc+4 ,! result ( ^! p]=mances 0 naturally t !y return$ to ! city 9 a /ate ( intoxication4 ,ovid tells u t he _h se5 ?is spectacle himself#abi4 ,:e!r !re 0 any sacrificial rite 9 imm$iate connexion ) ^! revels we d n "k4 ,macrobius inde$ tells u#acj t sacrifice 0 (f]$ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* to ,anna ,p]5na #8ut ann>e p]ann>eque commode liceat'#aca2 & ,lydus1 t on ! ,ides !re 7 2 b we d n "k :at 0 ! relation betwe5 ^! & ! sc5e describ$ by ,ovid4 ,:o 0 ! ,anna ,p]5na 9 ^: hon\r ^! revels1 sacrifices1 & pray]s took place1 :atev] _! relation to ea* o!r8 ,ovid & ,silius ,italicus#acb tell leg5ds ab\t h] :i* are h>dly g5u9e ,italian1 & 9 :i* ,anna ,p]5na is confus$ ) ! o!r ,anna :om !y knew1 ! si/] ( ,dido4 ,hidd5 "u su* /ories may sometimes be f\nd traces ( a belief or a cult ( :i* we h no o!r k2 b 9 ?is poetical m$ley !re seems to be only "o feature t calls on u to pause4 ,aft] h] w&]+s ,anna disappe>s 9 ! wat]s ( ! riv] ,numicius3 ,cornig] hanc cupidis rapuisse ,numicius undis ,cr$itur1 et /agnis occuluisse suis4 ,h] companions trac$ h] foot/eps to ! bank3 %e seem$ to tell !m ,placidi sum nympha ,numici1 ,amne p]5ne lat5s ,anna ,p]5na vocor4 ,?is tale l$ ,klaus5#acc into "s v /range fancies ab\t ! goddess1 :om he reg>d$ z a wat]-nymph1 ?9k+ t all h] o!r *>act]i/ics 7e4g4 ! ye>7 might be expla9$ symbolically2 ! runn+ wat] repres5t+ ! fl[ ( "t1 c4 ,b x is probable t %e only came into connexion ) ! riv] ,numicius because ,a5eas 0 !re already4 ,if ,a5eas1 z ,jupit] ,indiges1 0 buri$ on its banks#acd1 :at c\ld be m natural ?an t ano!r figure ( ! ,dido leg5d %\ld be br\ght !re too8 ,!re does n inde$ seem to be any reason = connect+ ! real ,anna ,p]5na ) wat]#ace4 ,all g5u9e ,roman tradition seems to repres5t h]1 z we %all see directly1 z an old woman2 & :5 %e appe>s 9 ano!r %ape1 %e mu/ h become mix$ up ) o!r ideas & /ories4 ,x may p]haps be j possible t on ?is day "s k9d ( an image ( h] may h be5 ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 z 0 ! case ) ! /raw puppets 7,argei7 on ,may #ae1 & t ! c]emony dropp$ out ( practice1 b j surviv$ 9 ! ,numicius leg5d#acf4 ,b ?is is simply hypo!sis4 ,! fact is t1 :atev] else ,anna ,p]5na may h be51 all t we c confid5tly say ( h] is t %e repres5t$ 9 "s way ! circle or r+ ( ! ye>4 ,?is is indicat$ n only by ! "n1 :i* c h>dly be any?+ b a fem99e =m ( annus1 b by ! "t at :i* h] fe/ival took place1 ! fir/ full moon ( ! new ye>4 ,! "o leg5d pres]v$ ab\t h] :i* is ( und\bt$ ,italian orig9 is ?\ght to po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,ovid1 wi%+ to expla9 #8cur cant5t obsc5a puellae' 9 t revel ( ! #8plebs' on ! ,tib]-bank1 tells u#acg h[ ,m>s1 once 9 love ) ,m9]va#ach1 came to ,anna & ask$ h] aid4 ,x 0 at l5g? grant$1 & ,m>s _h ! nuptial c\* prep>$3 ?i!r a bride 0 l$1 b n ! desir$ "o2 x 0 old ,anna ) h] face veil$ l a bride :o 0 play+ ! passionate god su* a trick z we may suppose n uncommon 9 ! rude c\ntry life ( old ,latium4 ,!re is no ne$ to be />tl$ at ! rude h&l+ ( ! gods 9 ?is /ory1 :i* seems s unlike ! /ately & ord]ly ideas ( ,roman !ology4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t folk-tales l ?is ne$ n orig9ally h be5 appli$ to ! gods at all4 ,!y are probably only anci5t c\ntry /ories ( human be+s1 bas$ on "s rude m>riage cu/om--/ories su* z delight$ ! l[] f>m folk & slaves on holiday ev5+s2 & !y h surviv$ simply because !y became 9 c\rse ( "t atta*$ to ! p]sons ( ! gods1 z ! conception ( div9ities grew to be m an?ropomorphic4 ,grant$ t ,anna or ,p]5na#aci 0 ! old woman ( ! pa/ ye>1 t ,m>s 0 ! god ( ! fir/ mon?1 & t ! /ory z appli$ to human be+s 0 a fav\rite "o1 we c easily und]/& h[ x came to atta* itself to ! p]sons ( ! gods#adj4 ,yet ano!r /ory is told by ,ovid ( an ,anna#ada1 9 writ+ ( :om he does n add ! "n ,p]5na4 ,! ,plebs _h sec$$ to ! ,mons ,sac]1 & 7 beg9n+ to suff] f />vation1 :5 an old woman f ,bovillae1 nam$ ,anna1 came to ! rescue ) a daily supply ( ru/ica liba4 ,?is my? seems to me to h gr[n out ( ! cu/om1 to be describ$ directly1 ( old wom5#adb sell+ liba on ! #ag? 7,lib]alia71 ! cu/om hav+ be5 transf]r$ to t day ?r\gh an etymological confusion betwe5 liba & ,lib]alia4 ,us5]1 h[ev]1 saw "h a connexion betwe5 ,anna & ,annona#adc2 & rec5tly x has be5 sugge/$ t a c]ta9 ,egyptian ,anna1 :o is said by ,plut>* to h inv5t$ a m\ld = bread-bak+1 may h f\nd h] way to ,rome ?r\gh ,greek *annels#add4 ,,xvi ,,kal4 ,,apr4 7,,m>* #ag74 ,,np4 ,,lib,,eralia4 7,,maff4 ,,f>n4 ,,ru/47 ,,lib4 ,,ag,,onia4 ,,lib]o ,,lib4 7,,ca]47 ,,ag,,onia4 7,,vat47 ,,lib]o ,,9 ,,ca,,pitolio4 7,,f>n47 ,?is is "o ( ! f\r days m>k$ ,,ag4 or ,,agon4 9 ! ,fa/i 7,jan4 #i1 ,may #ba1 ,dec4 #aa7ade4 ,x is curi\s t on ?is day two ( ! old cal5d>s %\ld m>k ! ,lib]alia only1 & "o ! ,agonia only1 & "o bo?4 ,! day 0 g5]ally kn[n z ,lib]alia#adf2 ! o!r "n seems to h be5 kn[n to ! prie/s only1 & m especially to ! ,salii ,coll9i or ,agon5ses#adg1 :o mu/ h _h *>ge ( ! sacrifice4 ,wiss[a seems to be "r 9 ?9k+ 7de ,f]iis xii7 t ! conjunction ( ,lib]alia & ,agonia is purely accid5tal1 & t ! day took its common "n f ! =m] simply because1 z ! latt] occurr$ f\r times 9 ! ye>1 confusion w\ld be likely to arise4 ,lib] is beyond d\bt an old ,italian deity1 ^: true nature1 l t ( s _m o!rs1 came to be ov]gr[n ) ,greek ideas & rites4 ,!re is no sign ( any connexion betwe5 ?is fe/ival & ! cult ( ,dionysus2 h5ce we inf] t !re 0 an old ,lat9 ,lib] be=e ! arrival ( ! ,greek god 9 ,italy4 ,:at ?is god 01 h[ev]1 c h>dly be inf]r$ f 8 cult1 ( :i* we only "k a s+le feature1 record$ by ,ovid#adh4 ,he tells u t old wom51 sac]dotes ,lib]i1 sat cr[n$ ) ivy all ab\t ! /reets on ?is day ) cakes ( oil & honey 7liba71 & a small portable alt> 7foculus71 on :i* to sacrifice = ! b5efit ( ! buy] ( ^! cakes4 ,?is tells u no?+ sub/antial1 & we h to fall back on ! "n--always an unc]ta9 me?od4 ,! be/ au?orities seem n[ agre$ 9 reg>d+ ! ^w ,lib] 7:atev] be its etymology7 z hav+ some?+ ( ! same mean+ z g5ius1 =m+ an adjective lib]alis z g5ius =ms g5ialis1 & mean+ a creative1 productive _s1 full ( bless+1 & s g5]\s1 free1 c4#adi ,if ?is 7 s x w\ld n be unnatural t ! *>act]i/ics & rites ( ,dionysus %\ld f9d "h a /em on :i* to engraft !mselves1 or t ,lib] %\ld become ! object ( obsc5e c]emonies :i* ne$ n be detail$ "h1 & also ! god ( ! ,italian v9e-gr[]s4 ,x is possible t ,lib] may h be5 an anci5t cult-title ( ,jupit]2 we d 9 fact f9d a ,jupit] ,lib] 9 inscriptions1 ?\gh ! comb9ation is uncommon#aej4 ,9 t case ,lib] may h be5 an emanation or (f-%oot f ,jupit]1 z ,silvanus probably 0 f ,m>s#aea4 ,b ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! *>act]i/ics ( ,lib]1 s f> z we "k !m1 are n 9 keep+ ) ^? ( ,jupit]2 & t ! process 0 r ( ! opposite k9d1 t is1 ! cult ( ,lib] 9 its lat] =m became atta*$ to t ( ,jupit]1 :o 0 always ! presid+ deity ( v9ey>ds & w9e-mak+#aeb4 ,?is 0 also ! usual day on :i* boys assum$ ! toga virilis 7toga recta1 pura1 lib]a73 ,re/at ut inv5iam qu>e toga lib]a detur ,lucif]o pu]is1 c&ide ,bac*e1 tuo4 ,sive quod es ,lib]1 ve/is quoque lib]a p] te ,sumitur et vitae lib]ioris it]#aec4 ,we "k inde$ t 9 ! late ,republic & ,empire o!r days 7 us$ = ?is c]emony3 ,virgil took 8 toga on ,oct4 #ae1 ,octavian on ,oct4 #ah1 ,tib]ius on ,april #bd1 ,n]o on ,july #gaed2 b x is likely t ?is day 0 9 e>li] times ! regul> "o1 9 spite ( ! inconv5i5ce ( a disp>ity ( age !nce result+ among/ ! tirones4 ,= :e!r or no ! toga lib]a has any real connexion ) ! ,lib]alia1 ?is 0 ! "t :5 ! army 0 call$ out = ! ye>1 & :5 ! tirones w\ld be requir$ to pres5t !mselves#aee4 ,ovid tells u t on ?is day ! ru/ic population flock$ into ! city = ! ,lib]alia1 & ! opportunity 0 d\btless tak5 to make kn[n ! li/ ( tirones1 z ! boys 7 call$ :5 ! toga 0 assum$ & !y 7 ready = milit>y s]vice4 ,!y sacrific$1 x appe>s1 be=e leav+ home & aga9 on ! ,capitol1 ei!r to ,pub]tas or ,lib]1 or bo?#aef4 ,on ?is day also1 accord+ to ,ovid1 & also on ! previ\s "o1 "s k9d ( a procession #8w5t to ! ,argei'#aeg2 by :i* ^w is meant1 we may be almo/ sure1 ! ,argeorum sacella4 ,!re 7 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! f\r regions ( ! ,s]vian city a numb] ( sacella or sacr>ia1 :i* 7 call$ ,argei1 ,argea1 or ,argeorum sacella4 ,:at ^! 7 we nev] %all "k = c]ta92 b we may be fairly sure t _! numb] 0 tw5ty-f\r1 six = ea* region2 ! same numb] z t ( ! ru% puppets or simulacra also call$ ,argei1 :i* 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib] by ! ,ve/al ,virg9s on ,may #ae4 ,! id5tity ( ! "n & numb] leads to ! belief t !re 0 a connexion betwe5 ^! sacella & ! simulacra2 b ! v difficult que/ions :i* arose ab\t bo? mu/ be po/pon$ till we h be=e u ! :ole ( ! c]emonial1 i4 e4 t ( ,may #ae z well z t ( ,m>* #ag4 ,ab\t ?is la/ we "k no?+ & c at be/ attempt to inf] its "* f ! c]emony 9 ,may1 ( :i* we =tunately h "s p>ticul>s on :i* we c fully rely4 ,,kal4 ,,xiv ,,apr4 7,,m>* #ai74 ,,np ,,ca]4 ,,vat4 ,n4 ,,maff4 ,,qu9q,,vatrus4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,pra54 ,,vat4 ,,f>n47 ,,qu9quatria4 7,,ru/4 ,,phil4 ,,silv47 ,a note is app5d$ 9 ,pra541 :i* is ?us complet$ by ,momms5 ) ! help ( a ,v]rian gloss 7,fe/4 #bed74 ,,rectius ,,tam5 ,,alii ,,put>unt ,,dictum ,,ab ,,eo ,,quod ,,hic ,,dies ,,e/ ,,po/ ,,diem ,v ,,idus4 ,,quo,d ,,9 ,,latio ,,po/ ,,idus ,,dies ,,simili ,,f]e ,,ratione ,,decli,,n>5tur4 ,,f]iae ,,m>ti 7,,vat47 ,,sali ,,faciunt ,,9 ,,comitio ,,saltus ,,ad/antibus ,,po,,ntificibus ,,et ,,trib,,unis ,,cel],,um4 ,pra541 9 :i* we f9d yet ano!r note3 ,,artificum ,,dies ,,quod ,,m9]vae ,,a$is ,,9 ,,av5t9o ,,eo ,,die ,,e/ ,,d$icata4 ,! orig9al significance ( ?is day is indicat$ by ! note ,f]iae ,m>ti 9 ,vat41 & also by t 9 ,pra541 :i* has be5 amplifi$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,! ,salii 7 active ?is day 9 ! wor%ip ( ,m>s1 & ! sc5e ( _! activity 0 ! ,comitium4 ,) ?is agrees1 z ,momms5 has po9t$ out1 ! /atem5t ( ,v>ro#aeh t ! ,comitium 0 ! sc5e ( "s ( _! p]=mances1 ?\gh he does n m5tion :i*4 ,m light is ?r[n on ! matt] by ! gramm>ian ,*>isius#aei1 :o1 9 sugge/+ an explanation ( ! "n ,qu9quatrus by :i* ?is day 0 g5]ally kn[n1 rem>ks t x 0 d]iv$ f a v]b qu9qu>e1 to purify1 #8quod eo die arma ancilia lu/r>i s9t solita4' ,8 etymology is und\bt$ly wrong1 b ! reason giv5 = x is valuable#afj4 ,! ancilia 7 purifi$ on ?is day 7p]haps by ! ,salii danc+ ar\nd !m71 & ?us x exactly answ]s to ! ,armilu/rium on ,oct4 #ai1 j z ! horse-races on ! ,ides ( ,m>*1 if t inde$ 7 ! orig9al day1 correspond to ! c]emony ( ! #8,octob] horse'#afa4 ,! object & mean+ ( ! lu/ratio 9 ea* case is n1 h[ev]1 q cle>4 ,s9ce 9 ,m>* ! season ( w> began1 & end$1 no d\bt1 orig9ally 9 ,octob]#afb1 & z ! ,salii seem to be a k9d ( l9k betwe5 ! religi\s & milit>y sides ( ! /ate's life1 we are tempt$ to guess t ! lu/ration ( ! ancilia repres5t$ 9 "s way ! lu/ration ( ! arms ( ! entire ho/1 or p]haps t ! latt] 7 all lu/rat$ s z to be ready = use1 on ?is day1 & once aga9 on ,oct4 #ai be=e !y 7 put away = ! w9t]4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! ,salii w\ld be ! lead]s (1 z well z %>]s 91 a g5]al purify+ process4 ,& t ?is is ! "r view seems to be indicat$ by ,v]rius' note 9 ! ,pra5e/9e cal5d>1 f :i* x is cle> t ! tribuni cel]um 7 pres5t1 & took "s "p 9 ! c]emony4 ,^! tribuni 7 almo/ c]ta9ly ! ?ree lead]s ( ! orig9al cavalry =ce ( ! ?ree anci5t tribes1 & !y seem to h unit$ bo? prie/ly & milit>y *>act]i/ics#afc2 & f _! pres5ce 9 ! ,comitium may p]haps also be inf]r$ t ( ! lead]s ( ! infantry tribuni militum4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times1 !re=e1 ! arms ( ! :ole ho/ may h be5 lu/rat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( its lead]s1 ! ,salii1 s to speak1 p]=m+ ! s]vice2 b 9 lat] times ! ,salii alone 7 left1 & _! arms alone lu/rat$1 ?\gh possibly individuals repres5t+ ! anci5t tribuni cel]um may h appe>$ z congregation4 ,b ?is day 0 g5]ally kn[n z ,qu9quatrus1 simply because x 0 ! fif? day aft] ! ,ides#afd2 i4e4 !re 0 a space ( ?ree days betwe5 ! ,ides & ! fe/ival4 ,su* int]vals ( ?ree days1 ei!r betwe5 ! ,ides & ! fe/ival or betwe5 "o fe/ival & ano!r1 occur sev]al times 9 ! ,roman cal5d>#afe1 ?\gh 9 ?is in/ance alone ! day foll[+ ! int]val appe>s 9 ! cal5d>s z ,qu9quatrus4 ,! t]m 0 no d\bt a pontifical "o1 & ! mean+ 0 unkn[n to ! common p2 9 any case x came to be misund]/ood1 & 0 9 lat] times popul>ly appli$ to ! f\r days foll[+ ! fe/ival z well z ! fe/ival itself2 its fir/ syllable be+ tak5 to indicate a five-day p]iod in/ead ( ! fif? day aft] ! ,ides4 ,?is popul> mi/ake l$ to /ill fur!r confusion ow+ to a curi\s *ange 9 ! religi\s "* ( ^! days1 ab\t ! nature ( :i* !re c be no s]i\s d\bt4 ,! #ai? came to be consid]$ z sacr$ to ,m9]va#aff1 because a temple to t goddess 0 consecrat$ on ?is day1 on ! ,caelian or ! ,av5t9e1 or possibly bo?#afg4 ,!re is no obvi\s connexion betwe5 ,m>s & ,m9]va2 & x is n[ ?\ght probable t ,m9]va has "h simply tak5 ! place ( ano!r goddess1 ,n]io--"o almo/ lo/ to sight 9 hi/orical times1 b ( ^: e>ly connexion ) ,m>s "s fa9t traces are to be f\nd4 ,?us :]e we f9d ,m9]va br\ght into close relation ) ,m>s1 z 9 ! my? ( ,anna ,p]5na1 x is ?\ght t we %\ld read ,n]io in/ead ( ,m9]va#afh4 ,?is conclusion is /r5g!n$ by a note ( ,porphyrion on ,horace ,epi/4 ii4 #b4 #bji #8,maio m5se religio e/ nub]e1 et etiam ,m>tio1 9 quo de nuptiis habito c]tam9e a ,m9]va ,m>s victus e/3 obt5ta virg9itate ,n]i5e e/ appellata4' ,z ,n]i5e mu/ ,n]io#afi1 ?is looks mu* l an attempt to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( two female names1 ,m9]va & ,n]io1 9 ! same /ory2 ! orig9al h]o9e1 ,n]io1 hav+ be5 supplant$ by ! lat] ,m9]va#agj4 ,( ?is ,n]io mu*1 p]haps too mu*1 has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s by +5i\s s*ol>s4 ,a complete love-/ory has be5 discov]$1 9 :i* ,m>s1 at fir/ defeat$ 9 8 woo+1 z ,porphyrion tells u 9 ! passage j quot$1 ev5tually becomes victori\s2 = ,n]io is call$ wife ( ,m>s 9 a fragm5t ( an old com$y by ,lic9ius ,imbrex1 9 a passage ( ,plautus1 & 9 a pray] put into ! m\? ( ,h]silia by ,gellius ! annali/1 :5 %e ask$ = peace at ! h& ( ,t4 ,tatius#aga4 ,& ?is /ory has be5 fitt$ on1 )\t suffici5t w>rant1 to ! ,m>s-fe/ivals ( ?is mon?4 ,m>s is suppos$ to h be5 born on ! ,kal5ds1 to h gr[n wondr\sly betwe5 ,kal5ds & ,ides1 to h fall5 !n 9 love ) ,n]io1 to h be5 fool$ z we saw by ,anna ,p]5na1 to h be5 reject$ & defeat$ by 8 swee!>t1 & f9ally to h won h] z 8 wife on ! #ai?#agb4 ,are we to f9d "h a fragm5t ( real ,italian my?ology1 or an elaborate example ( ! ,graeciz+ an?ropomorphic t5d5cies ( ! ?ird & second c5turies ,b4,c48 ,! "q is a difficult "o1 & lies r outside ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,^? :o h read ,us5]'s brilliant pap] w f9d x h>d to %ake !mselves free ( ! conviction t he has une>!d a real my?1 unless !y c>efully /udy ! *apt] ( ,aulus ,gellius :i* is its *ief f\ndation4 ,su* a /udy has br\ght me back to ! conviction t ,plautus & ! o!rs 7 writ+ 9 t]ms ( ! fa%ionable modes ( ?\ght ( _! day1 & 7 n appeal+ to popul> ideas ( ! relations ( ,italian deities to ea* o!r#agc4 ,aulus ,gellius beg9s by quot+ a comprecatio f ! book ( ! ,libri sac]dotum populi ,romani4 #8,9 8 scriptum e/3 ,luam ,saturni1 ,salaciam ,neptuni1 ,horam ,quir9i1 ,virites ,quir9i1 ,maiam ,volcani1 ,h]iem ,iunonis1 ,moles ,m>tis ,n]i5emque ,m>tis4' ,a glance at ! names ?us c\pl$ toge!r is en\gh to %[ t ,m>s is n "h ?\ght ( z ! husb& ( ,n]i5e2 ! names ,lua1 ,salacia1 c41 seem r to express "s *>act]i/ic ( ! deity ) ^: "n !y are jo9$ or "s mode ( 8 op]ation#agd2 & ,gellius himself1 work+ on an etymology ( ,n]io :i* has g5]ally be5 accept$ z correct1 expla9s ! "n ?us3 #8,n]io igitur ,m>tis vis et pot5tia et maie/as qua$am esse ,m>tis demon/ratur4' ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 *apt]1 aft] quot+ ,plautus1 he says t he has he>d ! poet blam$ by an em95t critic = ! /range & false notion t ,n]io 0 ! wife ( ,m>s2 b he is incl9$ to ?9k t !re 0 a real tradition to t effect1 & cites 8 namesake ! annali/ & ,lic9ius ,imbrex 9 support ( 8 view4 ,b nei!r annali/ nor play-writ] c /& aga9/ t passage f ! sacr$ books ) :i* he began 8 *apt]2 & if we give ! latt] its due weight1 ! value ( ! o!rs is relatively dim9i%$4 ,x appe>s to me t ! "o repres5ts ! true primitive ,italian idea ( div9e p[]s1 :i* ) its abundance ( names (f]$ excell5t opportunities to an?ropomorphic t5d5cies ( ! ,graeciz+ s*ool1 :ile ! o!rs %[ ^? t5d5cies actually produc+ _! results4 ,any conclusion on ! po9t mu/ be ( ! nature ( a guess2 b ,i am /rongly dispos$ to ?9k 7#a7 t ,n]io 0 n orig9ally an indep5d5t deity1 b a "n atta*$ to ,m>s expressive ( "s aspect ( 8 p[]1 7#b7 t ! "n gradually became end[$ ) p]sonality1 & 7#c7 t out ( ! comb9ation ( ,m>s & ,n]io ! ,graeciz+ s*ool develop$ a my? ( :i* ! fragm5ts h be5 tak5 by ,us5] & 8 foll[]s z pure ,roman4 ,hav+ once be5 displac$ by ,m9]va1 ,n]io vani%$ f ! cal5d>1 & ) h] t special aspect ( ,m>s--:atev] x may h be5--:i* ! "n 0 int5d$ to express4 ,! five days1 #ah? to #bcrd1 became p]man5tly associat$ ) ,m9]va4 ,! #ai? 0 ! d$ication-day ( at lea/ "o ( h] temples1 & c\nt$ z h] bir?day#age3 ! #bcrd 0 ! ,tubilu/rium1 ) a sacrifice to #8dea =tis1' :o seems to h be5 tak5 = ,m9]va1 ow+ to an incorrect idea t ! latt] 0 specially ! deity ( trumpet-play]s#agf4 ,%e 0 no d\bt an old ,italian deity ( artific]s & trade-guilds2 b ! ,tubilu/rium 0 really a ,m>s-fe/ival1 & ,m9]va _h no imm$iate connexion ) x4 ,x ,,kal4 ,,apr4 7,,m>* #bc74 ,,np4 ,,tubilu/,,rium4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,vat4 ,,f>n4 ,,m94 ,,iii47 ,,tubilu/rium4 7,,philoc47 ,note 9 ,pra543 ,,f]iae ,,m>ti#agg4 ,,hic ,,dies ,,appellatur ,,ita1 ,,quod ,,9 ,,atrio ,,sutorio ,,tubi ,,lu/rantur1 ,,quibus ,,9 ,,sacris ,,utuntur4 ,,lutatius ,,quidem ,,clavam ,,eam ,,ait ,,esse ,,9 ,,ru9is ,,pala,,ti ,i,,nc5si ,a ,,gallis ,,rep]tam1 ,,qua ,,romulus ,,urbem ,,inaugurav]it4 ,,ix ,,kal4 ,,apr4 7,,m>* #bd74 ,,np4 ,q4 ,r4 ,c4 ,f4 7,,vat4 ,,ca]47 ,q4 ,,rex4 ,c4 ,f4 7,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,note 9 ,pra543 ,,hunc ,,diem ,,pl]ique ,,p]p]am ,,int]pretantes ,,putant ,,appell>,i ,,quod ,,eo ,,die ,,ex ,,comitio ,,fug]it ,,rex3 ,n,,am ,,neque ,,t>qu9ius ,,abiit ,,ex ,,comitio ,,urbis1 ,,et ,,alio ,,quoque ,,m5se ,,eadem ,,sunt ,,idemque ,s,,ignificant4 ,,qu,,are ,,comitiis ,,p]actis ,,iudici,a ,,fi]i ,,indica,,ri ,,iis ,,magis ,,putamus#agh4 ,^! two days mu/ be tak5 9 connexion ) ! #bcrd & #bd? ( ,may1 :i* are m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>s 9 exactly ! same way4 ,! explanation sugge/$ by ,momms5 is simple & satisfactory#agi2 ! #bd? ( ,m>* & ( ,may 7 ! two fix$ days on :i* ! comitia curiata met = ! sanction+ ( wills#ahj "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,rex4 ,! #bcrd 9 ea* mon?1 call$ ,tubilu/rium1 w\ld be ! day ( ! lu/ration ( ! tubae or tubi us$ 9 summon+ ! assembly4 ,! lett]s ,q4 ,r4 ,c4 ,f4 7qu&o rex comitiavit fas7 mean t on ! days s m>k$ proce$+s 9 ! c\rts might only beg9 :5 ! k+ _h dissolv$ ! ,comitia4 ,! tuba1 z di/+ui%$ f ! tibia1 :i* 0 ! typical ,italian in/rum5t1 0 a long /raight tube ( brass ) a bell m\?#aha4 ,x 0 us$ *iefly 9 milit>y#ahb & religi\s c]emonies2 & z ! comitia curiata 0 an assembly bo? = milit>y & religi\s objects1 ?is w\ld suit well ) ,momms5's idea ( ! object ( ! lu/ration4 ,! ,tubilu/rium 0 ! day on :i* ^! in/rum5ts1 :i* 7 to be us$ at ! meet+ ( ! comitia on ! foll[+ day1 7 purifi$ by ! sacrifice ( a lamb4 ,( ! ,atrium ,sutorium1 :]e ! rite took place1 we "k no?+4 ,!re are "s words at ! end ( ,v]rius' note 9 ! ,pra5e/9e ,cal5d>1 :i*1 z ,momms5 has po9t$ out#ahc1 come 9 abruptly & look z if some?+ _h dropp$ out3 #8,lutatius quidem clavam eam ait esse 9 ru9is ,palati inc5si a ,gallis rep]tam1 qua ,romulus urbem inaugurav]it4' ,?is clava mu/ be ! lituus ( ,romulus1 m5tion$ by ,cic]o#ahd1 :i* 0 f\nd on ! ,palat9e & kept 9 ! ,curia ,saliorum4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 see cle>ly :at ,v]rius or 8 exc]ptor meant to tell u ab\t x2 !re w\ld seem to h be5 a confusion betwe5 lituus 9 ! s5se ( baculum & lituus 9 ! s5se ( a tuba incurva4 ,! latt] 0 9 use z well z ! ord9>y /raight tuba#ahe2 9 %ape x closely resembl$ ! clava ( ! augur1 & p]haps ! resemblance l$ to ! notion t x 0 ! clava ( ,romulus & n a tuba :i* 0 ?is day purifi$ ) ! o!r tubae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we c le>n little or no?+ f ! cal5d> ( ?is mon? ab\t ! orig9 ( ,m>s1 & we h no o!r suffici5t evid5ce on :i* to base a satisfactory conjecture4 ,b f ! cults ( ! mon?1 & p>tly also f ^? ( ,octob]1 we c see pretty cle>ly :at ideas 7 prom95t 9 8 wor%ip ev5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,!y 7 *iefly two1 & ! two 7 closely connect$4 ,he 0 ! ,p[] :o mu/ be specially invok$ to procure ! safety ( crops & cattle2 & secondly1 9 8 keep+ 7 ! safety & success ( ! fre%ly-enroll$ ho/ ) its arm\r & its trumpets4 ,9 %ort1 he 0 t deity to :om ! mo/ anci5t ,romans look$ = aid at ! season :5 all liv+ ?+s1 man includ$1 broke into fre% activity4 ,he repres5ts ! *>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly ,roman m exactly ?an any o!r god2 = !re are two ?+s :i* we may believe ) c]ta9ty ab\t ! ,roman p 9 ! e>lie/ times--7#a7 t _! life & habits ( ?\ght 7 ^? ( an agricultural race2 & 7#b7 t !y cont9ually increas$ _! cultivable l& by tak+ =cible possession 9 w> ( t ( _! neighb\rs4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,niss51 ,itali5is*e ,l&eskunde1 i4 #djd2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #bce-- ,quid1 quod hiems adop]ta gelu tunc d5ique c$it1 ,et p]eunt victae sole tep5te nives1 ,arboribus r$eunt detonsae frigore frondes1 ,uvidaque 9 t5]o palmite gemma tumet3 ,quaeque diu latuit1 nunc se qua tollat 9 auras1 ,f]tilis occultas inv5it h]ba vias4 ,nunc fecundus ag]3 pecoris nunc hora cre&i1 ,nunc avis 9 ramo tecta l>emque p>at4 ,tempora iure colunt ,latiae fecunda p>5tes ,qu>um militiam votaque p>tus habet4 ,"h we h ! f]tility ( man1 bea/1 & crop1 all br\ght toge!r3 ! poet is writ+ ( ,m>* #a4 ,! ,romans reckon$ spr+ f ,favonius 7,feb4 #g7 to ab\t ,may #aj 7,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #ch72 ,m>* #a w\ld !re=e usually be a day on :i* its fir/ effects w\ld be obvi\s to e "o4 ,footnote #fb3 ,sat4 #a4 #ab4 #f2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #ace foll4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ovid only m5tions "o #8curia'3 9 ,macrobius ! ^w is 9 ! plural4 ,ovid mu/1 ,i ?9k1 ref] to ! curia ,saliorum on ! ,palat9e 7,m>q4 #dca71 z ?is 0 ! day on :i* ! ,salii began _! rites4 ,macrobius may be includ+ ! curia ( ! ,quir9al ,salii 7,prell]1 i4 #ceg74 ,footnote #fd3 ,see bel[1 on ! ,ve/alia 9 ,june1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,julius ,obsequ5s1 #ai4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ros*]1 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 #bdbg4 ,ros*] reg>ds ! use ( laurel 9 ! ,m>s-cult z p>allel ) t 9 ! ,apollo-cult & n d]iv$ f x4 ,! po9t is n h[ev] c]ta94 ,! laurel 0 us$ z an at ! ,robigalia1 :i* seems closely connect$ ) ! ,m>s-cult 7,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #ah1 #afa72 "h x c\ld h>dly h be5 tak5 ov] f ! wor%ip ( ,apollo4 ,footnote #fg3 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bed4 ,footnote #fh3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #bec4 ,!re is a good p>allel 9 ,celtic my?ology3 ! wife ( ,llew ! ,sun-h]o 0 born ( fl[]s 7,rhys1 ,celt4 ,my?4 #chd74 ,! my? is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w 7,lang1 ii4 #bb1 & note74 ,footnote #fi3 ,by ,us5]1 9 8 rem>kable pap] 9 ,rhe94 ,museum1 xxx4 #bae foll41 on #8,italis*e ,my!n4' ,he unluckily made ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ,ovid told ?is /ory "u ,june #a 7i4 e4 n9e mon?s be=e ! suppos$ bir?day ( ,m>s74 ,!re is inde$ a k9d ( conjunction ( ,june & ,m>s on ,june #a1 z bo? _h temples d$icat$ on t day2 b nei!r ( ^! c well be e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( !m z hav+ any be>+ on ! bir? ( ,m>s b = ,us5]'s blund] 7,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris ,pop4 ,rom4 pp4 #h & #aj1 & 8 valuable note 9 ,ros*]'s article on ,m>s1 p4 #bcij74 ,us5] also adduces ! d]ivation ( ,gradivus 9 ,fe/4 #ig #8quia gram9e sit ortus4' ,footnote #gj3 ,! practical ,roman m9d appli$ ! my? *iefly to ! hi/ory ( its /ate1 & 9 su* a way t its true my?ic "* 0 lo/1 or ne>ly s4 ,:at became 9 ,greece my?ic lit]ature became quasi-hi/ory at ,rome4 ,?us x is t ,romulus is s closely connect$ ) ,m>s 9 leg5d3 ! race-h]o & ! race-god h almo/ a my?ical id5tity4 ,! /ory ( ! %e-wolf may be at lea/ z mu* a my? ( ! bir? ( ,m>s z ,ovid's /ory ( ,juno1 9 spite ( ! fa!rhood ( ,m>s 9 t leg5d4 ,footnote #ga3 ,au/1 z quot$ above4 ,! date 0 probably #cgi ,b4,c4 7,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #af4 #bce74 ,footnote #gb3 ,ros*] 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,juno1 p4 #egf4 ,footnote #gc3 ,m>q4 #ega1 :]e is a li/ ( passages ref]r+ to ^! gifts4 ,"s are famili>1 e4 g4 ,horace1 ,od4 #c4 #h1 & ,juv5al1 #i4 #ec 7) ! s*olia/ 9 ea* case74 ,footnote #gd3 ,s*ol4 ,cruq4 on ,horace1 l4 c41 & ! s*olia/ on ,juv5al1 l4 c4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see e4 g4 ! my/]i\s sc5e on a ci/a f ,pra5e/e giv5 9 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 #bdjg1 to :i* ! clue seems entirely lo/4 ,footnote #gf3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 #bcii2 s4 v4 ,juno1 #ehd4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ovid1 #c4 #cea foll42 ,plut4 ,numa1 #ac4 ,footnote #gh3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #ga4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #cha foll4 ,footnote #hj3 ,m>q4 #dcj1 & note4 ,footnote #ha3 ,fe/us1 p4 #aca2 ,us5] 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxx4 #bji foll4 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 p4 #efd foll4 ,jordan 7,prell]1 i4 #ccf7 _h h[ev] d\bts ab\t ! id5tification ( ,m>s & ,mamurius4 ,footnote #hb3 ,! place is n q c]ta94 ,ambros* 7,/udi51 #g71 :o believ$ !m to be "p ( ! arm\r ( ! god1 plac$ !m 9 8 sacr>ium 9 ! k+'s h\se1 ) ,s]v4 ,a54 #g4 #fjc1 & ?is falls 9 ) ,dionysius' v]sion ( ! my?1 t ! %ield 0 f\nd 9 ,numa's h\se4 ,) ?is view ,prell] agre$4 ,m>qu>dt1 7#dca7 h[ev]1 believ$ !y 7 "p ( ! arm\r ( ! prie/s1 & z su* 7 kept 9 ! ,curia ,saliorum1 :i* might also be call$ sacr>ium ,m>tis4 ,! "q is n ( ! fir/ importance4 ,footnote #hc3 ,dionysius 7#b4 #gj4 #b7 says t ea* 0 girt ) a sword1 & c>ri$ 9 8 "r h&1 4 ,app>5tly1 assum+ t he _h se5 ! procession1 he did n see or rememb] cle>ly :at ^! objects 74 ,a relief f ,anagnia 7,annali del ,in/4 #ahfi1 #gj foll47 %[s !m l a d\ble drum/ick1 ) a knob at ea* end4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see also ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 p4 #bdjd & ,apollo1 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #he3 ,virg4 ,a54 #d4 #adc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,/rabo1 #fci foll4 ,! same also appe> 9 ! cult ( ,zeus2 ,prell]-,rob]t1 ,greek ,my?4 i4 #acd4 ,footnote #hg3 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #aeg-ahb2 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 i4 #bih foll4 ,we h survivals at ,rome1 n only 9 ! p]iodic ,salian rites1 b on p>ticul> occasions2 ,m>tial #ab4 #eg4 #ae 7( an eclipse72 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #e4 #dda2 ,tibull4 #a4 #h4 #ba2 ,tac4 ,ann4 #a4 #bh 7?is 0 9 ,g]many74 ,i h kn[n ! *ur* bells rung at ,z]matt 9 ord] to /op a cont9u\s d[np\r ( ra9 9 hay-h>ve/4 ,footnote #hh3 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #baj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,jordan1 ,krit4 ,beitrge1 p4 #bjc foll4 ,footnote #ij3 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #adc4 ,footnote #ia3 ,liv4 #a4 #bj4 ,cp4 #i4 #dj1 :]e ! *os5 ,samnite w>riors wore tunicae v]sicolores4 ,9 ea* case ! dress is a religi\s "o1 ( ! same "* z t ( ! triumphator1 & w\ld h its ultimate orig9 9 ! w>-pa9t ( savages1 :i* probably also has a religi\s signification4 ,! trabea 0 ! old %ort cavalry coat4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,m>q4 #dcb1 & ,dict4 ( ,antiq4 s4 v4 ,salii = details4 ,footnote #ic3 ,fe/4 #aca4 ,! fragm5ts may be se5 9 ,wordswor?'s ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 pp4 #efd foll4 ,9 ! *ief fragm5t ! "n ( ,janus seems almo/ c]ta9ly to occur 7cf4 ,lydus1 #d4 #b72 & 9 ano!r ,lucetius 7 ,iupit]874 ,juno & ,m9]va are also m5tion$4 ,see ,dict4 ( ,antiq4 s4 v4 ,salii4 ,x is curi\s t ,m>s is m prom95t 9 ! song ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs4 ,footnote #id3 ,liv4 #e4 #eb4 #g4 ,footnote #ie3 ,dionysius1 #b4 #ga4 ,footnote #if3 ,us5] 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxx4 #bah2 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s #bdai1 c only quote two v vague & d\btful passages f late writ]s 9 support ( ! view t ! %ields 7 symbols ( ! mon?s2 ,lydus #d4 #b4 :o says t ! ,salii sang 9 praise ( ,janus1 2 & ,lib] gloss>um1 ,cod4 ,vat4 ,palat4 #aggc f4 #dj v43 ,ancilia3 scuta unius anni4 ,footnote #ig3 ,= ! evid5ce on ?is po9t1 & o!rs connect$ ) ! ,salii1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,m>9d9's excell5t article #8,salii' 9 ! new edition ( ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ! mo/ complete & at ! same "t s5sible acc\nt t has appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 7,! article #8,ancilia' 9 ! new edition ( ,pauly's ,real-,encycl4 is disappo9t+47 ,dionysius1 ,v>ro1 & ,plut>* are all at "o ab\t ! %ape ( ! %ields1 & ,mr4 ,m>9d9 is q "r 9 insi/+ t ,ovid does n contradict !m4 7,see ! passages quot$ 9 ! article47 ,! co9s ( ,lic9ius ,/olo & ( ,anton9us ,pius 7,coh51 ,md4 ,cons4 plate xxiv4 #i1 #aj1 & ,md4 ,imp4 ii1 no4 #dfg7 give ! same peculi> %ape4 ,! bronze ( ,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #hh 7,coh51 ,md4 ,imp4 i4 plate xvii71 & ! co9s ( ,sanqu9ius1 ,b4,c4 #af 7bo? issu$ 9 connexion ) ludi saecul>es71 on :i* are figures suppos$ to be ,salii ) r\nd %ields1 h c]ta9ly be5 mis9t]pret$ 7e4 g4 9 ,m>q4 #dca74 ,see note at end ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #ih3 ,jordan1 9 ,comm5tationes 9 hon4 ,momms4 p4 #cfe4 ,!re c\ld n b f]iae on ?is day1 z x 0 a dies fa/us4 ,footnote #ii3 ,fa/4 #c4 #dbi #8,una nota e/ ,m>ti ,nonis2 sacrata quod illis ,templa putant lucos ,v$iovis ante duos4' ,footnote #ajj3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #aja3 ,polyb4 #ba4 #aj 7#ac72 ,liv4 #cg4 #cc4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see 8 article 9 ,dict4 ,ant4 ,he fur!r sugge/s t 9 ,philocalus' note ancilia is an adjective1 & t arma ancilia means ! %ields only1 z ! spe>s ( ,m>s d n seem to h be5 us$ by ! ,salii4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! day is ( c\rse n giv5 9 ^! almanacs2 b ! position is betwe5 ,isidis navigium 7,m>* #e7 & ,lib]alia 7,m>* #ag74 ,footnote #ajd3 de ,f]iis1 ix4 foll4 ,cp4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #caa4 ,footnote #aje3 ,! usual sacrifice to ,jupit] on ! ,ides is also m5tion$ by ,wiss[a 9 ?is connexion2 b ,i %\ld h>dly imag9e t x w\ld h _h a suffici5tly popul> "* to cause any su* alt]ation z he is argu+ =4 ,b ! fir/ full moon ( ! ye> may h become ov]-cr[d$ ) rites2 & x 0 ! day on :i* at "o "t ! consuls ent]$ on (fice1 ,b4,c4 #bbb to #aed 7,momms51 ,*ron4 #ajb & notes74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,wiss[a takes bo? z lu/rations ( cavalry4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #ccb1 disapproves ( ,wiss[a's reason+ ab\t ?is day4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #caa4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bed4 ,footnote #aji3 ,cf4 ,us5]'s article on ,italian ,my?s 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 vol4 xxx--a mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive piece ( "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be read ) a critical m9d1 & has be5 too uncritically us$ by lat] writ]s1 e4 g4 ,ros*] 9 8 article on ,m>s4 ,fraz] 7,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bjh7 adopts 8 conclusions ab\t ,mamurius1 b1 ) 8 usual c>e1 po9ts out "s ( ! difficulties 9 a footnote4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,us5]1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,lydus1 #c4 #bi & #d4 #cf4 ,! words are r obscure1 b ! mean+ is fairly obvi\s4 ,see ,us5]'s p>aphrase1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,see above1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aac3 ,cp4 :at he says ( ! ,salii s++ ( ,janus 7#d4 #b74 ,footnote #aad3 e4 g4 9 ,numa #ac4 ,footnote #aae3 ,a54 #g4 #ahh4 ,?ilo & ,hag5 seem to ?9k t ,s]vius wrote peltas 7%ields7 on ! evid5ce ( "o ,,ms1 wrongly1 ,i ?9k4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,octavius1 #bd4 #c4 ,footnote #aag3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( vet]a "h8 ,footnote #aah3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aai3 ,mr4 ,fraz] is c>eful to po9t out 9 a note t ,lydus only m5tions ! "n ,mamurius4 ,b z we "k t ,mamurius 0 call$ ,veturius 9 ! ,salian hymn1 & z ,veturius may p]haps mean old1 x is inf]r$ t ! sk9-clad man 0 #8! old ,m>s4' ,! argum5t is %aky2 its only /r5g? lies 9 ! ,slavonic & o!r p>allels4 ,footnote #abj3 ,lydus is ?\ght to h made a mi/ake 9 attribut+ x to ! #ae? 7,ides72 if s1 he may h confus$ o!r matt]s 9 ?is curi\s note4 ,b he is c]ta9ly explicit en\gh "h 7#d4 #cf71 & ref]s to ! usual sacrifice to ,jupit] on ! ,ides1 & to #8public pray]s = ! salubrity ( ! com+ ye>1' :i* we may be sure w\ld be on ! ,ides1 & n on a day ( ev5 numb]4 ,i d n feel at all sure t ,lydus 0 wrong z to ! date1 ! m s z ! ,ides ( ,may 7:i* mon? has a c]ta9 p>allelism ) ,m>*7 is ! date ( ano!r curi\s c]emony ( ?is primitive type1 t ( ! ,argei4 ,footnote #aba3 ,?is 0 fir/ notic$ by ,grimm 7,teutonic ,my?ology1 ,eng4 ,trans41 vol4 ii4 #gfd foll474 ,s9ce !n ,mannh>dt 7,baumkultus1 #daj foll47 & ,mr4 ,fraz] 7,g4 ,b4 i4 #beg foll4 & #bfd foll47 h work$ x out & expla9$ x 7see especially i4 #bge74 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ,dea?1 or :atev] be ! "n appli$ to ! human be+ or figure expell$ 9 ^! rites1 signifies ! ext9ct _s ( vegetation ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z aga9/ ,us5] & ,ros*] 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s71 t x is n any ab/ract conception ( ! ye>1 or at lea/ 0 n su* orig9ally4 ,footnote #abb3 ,?is fusion ( two app>5tly diff]5t ideas 9 a s+le c]emony has previ\sly be5 expla9$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 pp4 #bje foll4 ,on p4 #baj he notices ! curi\s & well-au!nticat$ rite ( driv+ out hung] at ,*a]onea 7,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 #f4 #h71 :i* w\ld (f] an int]e/+ p>allel to ! ,roman1 if we c\ld b be sure ( ! details ( ! latt]4 ,ano!r f ,delphi 7,plut4 ,quae/4 ,graec4 #ab1 m5tion$ by ,us5]1 does n seem to me conclusive72 b t ( ! #8man 9 c[hide' f ! ,highl&s 7,g4 ,b44 ii4 #ade7 is s+ul>ly l ! ,roman rite z ,lydus describes x1 & took place on ,new ,ye>'s eve4 ,footnote #abc3 ,see above1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,i am ! m dispos$ to suspect ,lydus' acc\nt1 z 9 ! same s5t5ce he m5tions a sacrifice :i* is conduct$ by prie/s ( ! ,magna ,mat] ,idaea3 444 ,= ! difficulties ( ?is passage1 & sugge/$ em5dations1 see ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cab1 note on ,id4 ,m>t2 ,m>q4 #cid1 note #e4 ,:at confusion ( cults may n h tak5 place1 ei!r 9 ,lydus' m9d or 9 actual fact8 ,footnote #abe3 ,bo? ^! notes are additam5ta3 ,anna does n appe> 9 ! l>ge lett]s ( ! ,numan cal5d>4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 inf] f ?is t h] fe/ival 0 n an anci5t "o2 =1 z ,wiss[a po9ts out1 ! same is ! case ) ! v primitive rite ( ! #8,octob] horse' 7de ,f]iis1 xii74 ,! day is only m>k$ ,,eid 9 ,maff4 ,vat41 ! two cal5d>s 9 :i* ?is "p ( ! mon? is pres]v$2 i4 e4 ! usual sacrifice to ,jupit] on ! ,ides 0 indicat$ 7cp4 ,lydus1 #d4 #cf71 & ! ,ides fix$ = ! #ae?4 ,! additional notes1 accord+ to ,wiss[a1 7 = ! use ( ! prie/s2 b1 consid]+ ! popul> "* ( ! fe/ival1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt ?is rule hold+ good 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #ebc foll4 ,footnote #abg3 #8,via ,flam9ia ad lapidem primum' 7,vat473 ?is w\ld be ne> ! pres5t ,porta del ,popolo1 & close to ! riv]4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bdj1 = ! jovial "* ( "s primitive =ms ( religion1 & ! abs5ce ( a s5se ( s94 ,footnote #abi3 ,ov4 l4 c4 #eda #8,occurri nup]3 visa e/ mihi digna relatu ,pompa4 ,s5em potum pota trahebat anus4 ,footnote #acj3 ,sat4 #a4 #ab4 #f4 ,cp4 ,lydus1 de ,m5s4 #d4 #cf4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ann>e p]5n>e is to complete ! circle ( ! ye>3 cp4 ,suet4 ,vespas4 #e #8puella nata non p]5navit4' ,anna ,p]5na h]self is probably a deity manufactur$ out ( ^! words1 & ! idea !y convey$ 7cf4 ,janus ,patulcius & ,clusius1 ,c>m5ta ,prorsa ,po/v]ta72 n exactly a deity ( ! ye>1 b "o :om x w\ld be desirable to propitiate at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ov4 l4 c4 #ede foll4 ,sil4 ,ital4 #h4 #ej foll4 ,ovid also says t "s ?\ght %e 0 ! moon1 #8quia m5sibus impleat annum' 7#c4 #feg73 b ?is notion has no value1 except z indicat+ ! belief t %e repres5t$ ! circle ( ! ye>4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a5eas und die ,p5at51 ii4 #gag foll4 ,! cauti\s ,m]kel long ago repudiat$ su* fancies2 preface to ,ovid's ,fa/i1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #acd3 ,liv4 #a4 #b4 ,! ,punic ,anna is n[ ?\ght to be a deity ,dido ,elissa3 see ,rossba* 9 ! new edition ( ,pauly's ,encyl4 i4 #bbbc4 ,footnote #ace3 ,h] grove 0 n ev5 on ! ,tib]-bank1 b some:]e betwe5 ! ,via ,flam9ia & ! ,via ,sal>ia1 i4e4 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,villa ,borghese3 z we see f ! obscure l9es ( ,m>tial1 #d4 #fd4 #ag 7he is look+ f ! ,janiculum73 ,et quod virg9eo cruore gaudet ,annae pomif]um nemus ,p]5nae4 ,ill9c ,flam9iae ,sal>iaeque ,ge/ator patet ess$o tac5te1 c4 ,!re is no explanation ( virg9eo cruore3 b ,i w\ld r reta9 x ?an adopt ev5 ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro's virg9e nequiore4 ,see ,fri$lnd]1 ad loc4 ,footnote #acf3 ,?is seems to be ,us5]'s sugge/ion1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #acg3 ,fa/i1 #c4 #fge4 ,footnote #ach3 ,no d\bt ?is %\ld be ,n]io3 see bel[ on ,m>* #ag4 ,footnote #aci3 ,!re is "s gr\nd = believ+ t ! two words impli$ two deities on occasion or orig9ally3 ,v>ro1 ,sat4 ,m5ipp4 fr4 #ejf #8,te ,anna ac ,p]anna' 7,riese1 p4 #bai74 ,footnote #adj3 ,wiss[a 7de ,f]iis x7 ?9ks ,ovid's tale m]e nugae3 b ?is le>n$ s*ol> nev] seems to be able to compreh5d ! significance ( folk-lore4 ,footnote #ada3 ,fa/i1 #c #ffa foll4 ,footnote #adb3 ,v>ro 7,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ad7 calls !m #8sac]dotes ,lib]i1' by c\rtesy1 we may presume3 & x is noticeable t ,ovid describes ?is old ,anna z we>+ a mitra1 :i*1 9 ,prop]t4 v4 7iv47 #b4 #ca1 is *>act]i/ic ( ,bac*us3 #8,c+e caput mitra3 speciem furabor ,iac*i4' ,footnote #adc3 ,op4 cit4 #bjh4 ,footnote #add3 ,see ,pauly1 ,encycl4 vol4 i4 #bbbc4 ,?is is ,wiss[a's op9ion4 ,footnote #ade3 ,see on ,jan4 #i4 ,footnote #adf3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 #ab4 #be4 #a2 ,att4 #i4 #i4 #d2 ,auct4 ,bell4 ,hisp4 #ca4 ,footnote #adg3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ad #8,9 libris ,saliorum1 quorum cognom5 ,agon5sium1 =sitan 8 dies ideo appellatur potius ,agonia4' ,s ,masurius ,sab9us 79 ,macrob4 ,sat4 #a4 #d4 #ae71 #8,lib]alium dies a pontificibus agonium ,m>tiale appellatur4' ,footnote #adh3 ,see above1 p4 #ec1 :]e ,i h express$ a d\bt :e!r ?is cu/om orig9ally belong$ to ! ,lib]alia4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #gbe foll41 & ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ad4 ,footnote #adi3 ,?is is ! view ( ,wiss[a 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,lib]1 #bjbb4 ,cp4 ,au/1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #ffb4 ,footnote #aej3 ,x is only once atte/$ ( ,roman wor%ip1 viz4 9 ! cal5d> ( ! ,fratres ,arvales 7,sept4 #a #8,iovi ,lib]o1 ,iunoni ,reg9ae 9 ,av5t9o1' ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #bad72 b is met ) sev]al times among ! ,osco-,sabellian peoples4 ,footnote #aea3 ,s ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz51 c41 p4 #gj foll4 ,b ,hehn is only ?9k+ ( ! lat] ,lib]1 :om he consid]s an #8emanation' f ,jupit] ,lib] ,dionysus1 introduc$ ) ! v9e f ,greece4 ,see ,au/1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #ffb4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,see on ,april #bc4 ,footnote #aec3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #gga foll4 ,footnote #aed3 ,m>q4 ,privatleb51 i4 #abb note #b4 ,footnote #aee3 ,ovid1 l4 c41 #ghc foll42 ,m>q4 l4 c4 & #abc1 #abd4 ,milit>y s]vice began anci5tly at sev5te5 7,tub]o1 ap4 ,gell4 #aj4 #bh73 ?\gh ev5 praetextati sometimes s]v$ volunt>ily 7,m>q4 op4 cit4 #aca74 ,ev5 if n call$ out at once1 ! boys w\ld beg9 ! practice ( arms f ! assumption ( ! toga virilis4 ,footnote #aef3 ,m>q4 op4 cit4 #abd4 ,lib]o 9 ,capitolio1 ,f>n4 ,= ,iuv5tas1 ,dion4 ,hal4 #c4 #fi1 #d4 #ae4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,?is result is obta9$ by comp>+ ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #gia ,itur ad ,argeos--qui s9t1 sua pag9a dicet-- ,hac1 si commem9i1 praet]itaque die4 7:]e he ref]s to 8 description ( ! rite ( ,may #ae1 & appe>s to id5tify ! simulacra & sacella71 ) ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 #aj4 #ae1 :o says t ! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #8cum x ad ,argeos' 0 9 m\rn+ dress3 also ) ! fragm5ts ( ! #8,sacra ,argeorum' 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #df-ed4 ,^! h be5 %[n by ,jordan 7,topogr4 ii4 #bga foll47 to be fragm5ts ( an it9]>y1 meant = ! guidance ( a procession1 an idea fir/ sugge/$ by ,o4 ,mll]4 ,! fur!r que/ions ( ! r\te tak51 & ! di/ribution ( ! sacella 9 ! f\r ,s]vian regiones1 are v difficult1 & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,see ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #abc foll4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #he #8,salii a salit&o1 quod fac]e 9 comitio 9 sacris quotannis et sol5t et deb5t4' ,footnote #aei3 i4 p4 #ha 7,keil74 ,:y ! ,comitium 0 ! sc5e does n appe>4 ,prell] has sugge/$ a reason 7i4 #cfd71 :i* is by no means conv9c+4 ,footnote #afj3 ,x 0 adopt$ by ,us5] 7p4 #bbb1 note #f71 b has obta9$ no fur!r support4 ,= ano!r curi\s etymology ( ! latt] "p ( ! ^w latrus1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n assi/ u "h1 see ,deecke1 ,falisk]1 p4 #ij 7,dies at] dies alt] po/ridie74 ,footnote #afa3 ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 ix4 ,footnote #afb3 ,momms51 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cab4 ,footnote #afc3 ,momms51 ,r4 ,h4 i4 #gh1 note #a4 ,footnote #afd3 ,fe/us1 #bed #8,qu9quatrus appell>i quidam putant a num]o di]um qui f]e 8 78 f]iis iis7 celebrantur3 qui scilicet errant tam h]cule quam qui triduo ,saturnalia1 et totidem diebus ,compitalia2 nam omnibus 8 s+ulis diebus fiunt sacra4 ,=ma autem vocabuli eius exemplo multorum populorum ,italicorum enuntiata e/1 quod po/ diem qu9tum ,iduum e/ is dies fe/us1 ut apud ,tusculanos ,triatrus1' c4 ,footnote #afe3 ,wiss[a1 op4 cit4 viii4 ,we f9d "o 9 ,april1 betwe5 ! ,=dicidia 7,april #ae7 & ,c]ialia 7,april #ai74 ,footnote #aff3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #hji #8,una dies m$ia e/1 et fiunt sacra ,m9]vae1' c4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #hce foll4 ,caelius ex alto qua mons desc5dit 9 aequum1 ,hic ubi non plana e/ s$ prope plana via1 ,p>va licet videas ,captae delubra ,m9]vae ,quae dea natali coepit hab]e suo4 ,z f ! note 9 ,pra54 we le>n t ,m>* #ai 0 also ! d$ication-day ( ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e1 !re mu/ ei!r be a confusion betwe5 ! two1 or bo? _h ! same f\ndation-day4 ,ab\t ! day ( ,m9]va ,capta !re is no d\bt2 = t ( ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e see ,au/1 de ,a$ibus1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #afh3 ,prell]1 i4 #cdb2 ,us5]1 ,rh4 ,mus41 xxx4 #bba2 ,ros*]1 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 #bdaj2 ,lyd4 de ,m5s4 #d4 #db2 ,gell4 #ac4 #bc 7f ,gellii ,annales7 is ! locus classicus = ,n]io4 ,footnote #afi3 ,n]io g54 ,n]i5is 7,gell4 l4 c41 :o comp>es ,anio ,ani5is74 ,footnote #agj3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #hej3 #8=ti sacrific>e deae1' ?\gh cle>ly meant to ref] to ,m9]va1 is ?\ght to be a rem9isc5ce ( a *>act]i/ic ( ,n]io 7#8! /rong "o'71 atta*$ to h] supplant]4 ,footnote #aga3 ,aul4 ,gell4 l4 c4 ,footnote #agb3 ,us5]1 l4 c41 passim4 ,footnote #agc3 ,h4 ,jordan express$ a some:at diff]5t view 9 8 ,symbolae ad hi/4 ,ital4 religionum alt]ae1 p4 #i4 ,he ?9ks t #8volg>i op9ione hom9um fem99i num9is cum masculo coniunctionem non potuisse non pro coniugali ae/im>i4' ,b ?is w\ld seem to imply t ! op9io volg>is 0 a mi/ak5 "o3 & if s1 h[ %\ld x h aris5 b "u ,greek influ5ce8 ,footnote #agd3 ,momms51 9 a note on ! ,f]iale ,cumanum 7,h]mes1 #ag4 #fcg71 calls !m weibli*e ,hilfsgtt9n52 & ?is is n f> remov$ f ! view ,i h express$ 9 ! text4 ,! o!r alt]native1 viz t we h 9 ^! names traces ( an old ,italian an?ropomorphic age1 ) a my?ology1 is 9 my view inadmissible4 ,i see 9 !m survivals ( a mode ( ?\ght ab\t ! sup]natural :i* might easily l5d itself to a =eign an?ropomorphiz+ influ5ce4 ,footnote #age3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #hce foll4 ,footnote #agf3 ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m9]va #bihf3 a model article1 to :i* ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ = fur!r in=mation ab\t ,m9]va4 ,footnote #agg3 ,lydus1 #d4 #db1 adds #8,n]9e1' & fur!r tells u t ?is 0 ! la/ day on :i* ! ancilia 7 #8mov$' 7 74 ,! ,salii 7 also active on ! #bd? 7,fe/4 #bgh74 ,footnote #agh3 ,! note is ?us complet$ by ,momms5 f ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ca #8,dies qui vocatur sic1 ,qu&o ,rex ,comitiavit ,fas1 is dictus ab eo quod eo die rex sacrificulus itat we %\ld probably read litat ad comitium1 ad quod tempus e/ nefas1 ab eo fas' 7see ,m>q4 #cbc1 note #h74 ,! ,,ms4 has #8dicat ad comitium4' ,if we adopt litat ) ,hirs*feld & ,jordan1 we are n on t acc\nt committ$ to ! belief correct$ 9 ,pra541 t x 0 on ?is day & ,may #bd t ! ,rex fl$ aft] sacrific+ 9 comitio 7see ,h>tmann1 ,rm4 ,kal4 #afb foll474 ,! "q w be discuss$ "u ,feb4 #bd4 ,footnote #agi3 ,rm4 ,*ronol4 p4 #bda2 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #cge4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,gaius1 #b4 #aja #8,comitia calata quae bis 9 anno te/am5tis faci5dis de/9ata erant4' ,cp4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 #aii4 ,footnote #aha3 ,x may h be5 ( ,etruscan orig93 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #bjf4 ,a special k9d ( tuba seems to h be5 us$ at fun]als3 ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 #bj4 #b2 ,m>q4 ,privatleb51 i4 #cda4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,= ! milit>y use1 ,liv4 ii4 #fd4 ,!y 7 also us$ 9 sacris ,sali>ibus ,paul4 #ai1 s4 v4 ,armilu/rium4 ,wiss[a 7de ,f]iis xv7 m5tions a relief 9 :i* ! ,salii are prec$$ by tubic9es laureati 7publi%$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh by ,e4 ,s*ulze1 #ahgc74 ,footnote #ahc3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cac4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! note 0 among ^? #8non tam a ,v]rio scriptas quam male ex scriptis eius exc]ptas4' ,footnote #ahd3 de ,div4 i4 #ag4 #cj4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ia4 ,,m5sis ,,aprilis4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ?is mon? takes its "n1 n f a deity1 b f ! v]b ap]io2 ! etymology is z old z ,v>ro & ,v]rius1 & seems p]fectly natural#ahf4 ,! ye> 0 op5+ & ! "y corn & ! "y cattle 7 gr[+4 ,x 0 !re=e a critical "t = crops & h]ds2 b !re 0 n mu* to be done by man to secure _! safety4 ,! crops might be ho$ & clean$#ahg1 b mu/ = ! mo/ "p be left to ! protection ( ! gods4 ,! olde/ fe/ivals ( ! mon?1 ! ,robigalia & ,=dicidia1 cle>ly _h ?is object4 ,s also ) ! cattle2 oves lu/rantur1 say ! ru/ic cal5d>s#ahh2 & su* a lu/ratio ( ! cattle ( ! anci5t ,romans surviv$ 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,p>ilia4 ,?us1 if we keep cle> ( fanciful notions1 su* z ^? ( ,hus*ke#ahi1 ab\t ^! e>ly mon?s ( ! ye>1 :i* he seems to imag9e 0 ?\ght ( z gr[+ l an organic creature1 we ne$ f9d no great difficulty 9 ,april4 ,we ne$ n conclude too ha/ily t ?is 0 a mon? ( purification prelim9>y to ,may1 z ,febru>y 0 to ,m>*4 ,l ,febru>y1 inde$1 x has a l>ge numb] ( dies nefa/i#aij1 & its fe/ivals are ( a ca?>tic "*1 :ile ,m>* & ,may h "s po9ts 9 common2 b beyond ?is we _c safely v5ture4 ,! lat] ,romans w\ld h>dly h connect$ ,april ) ,v5us#aia1 _h x be5 a s9i/] mon?2 x 0 n 9 ,april1 b 9 ,m>* & ,may1 t w$d+s 7 ill-om5$4 ,we may note ! preval5ce 9 ?is mon? ( female deities1 or ( ^? :i* fluctuate betwe5 male & female--a sure sign ( antiquity4 ,^! are deities ( ! e>?1 or vegetation1 or g5]ation1 su* z ,tellus1 ,pales1 ,c]es1 ,flora1 & p]haps also ,=tuna4 ,h5ce ! mon? became easily associat$ 9 lat] times ) ,v5us1 :o 0 orig9ally1 p]haps1 a g>d5 deity#aib1 b 0 ov]laid 9 c\rse ( "t ) ideas br\ght f ,sicily & ,greece1 & possibly ev5 f ,cyprus & ! ,ea/4 ,la/ly1 we may note t ! ,magna ,mat] ,idaea f\nd a suitable position = h] wor%ip 9 ?is mon? t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,kal4 ,,apr4 7,,april #a74 ,f4 ,,v5]alia3 ,,ludi4 7,,philoc47 ,note 9 ,pra543 #8,,frequ5t] ,,muli]es ,,supplicant ,,=tunae ,,virili1 ,,humiliores ,,etiam ,,9 ,,bal9eis1 ,,quod ,,9 ,,iis ,,ea ,,p>te ,,corpor,,is ,,utique ,,viri ,,nudantur1 ,,qua ,,fem9>um ,,gratia ,,desid]atur4' ,lydus#aic seems to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is note ( ,v]rius 9 ! ,fa/i ( ,pra5e/e2 if s1 we may guess t "s words h be5 omitt$ by ! man :o cut ! inscription1 & we %\ld ins]t ) ,momms5#aid1 aft] #8supplicant1' ! words #8hone/iores ,v5]i ,v]ticordiae4' ,if we comp>e ! passage ( ,lydus ) ! "n ,v5]alia giv5 to ?is day 9 ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus1 we may guess t ! cult ( ,v5us on ,april #a came into fa%ion 9 late times among ladies ( rank1 :ile an old & gross cu/om 0 kept up by ! humiliores 9 hon\r ( ,=tuna ,virilis#aie4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( ! concurr5ce ( ! two goddesses on ! same day2 !y 7 probably id5tifi$ or amalgamat$ "u ! ,empire1 = example by ,lydus1 :o does n m5tion ,=tuna by "n1 & seems to confuse h] wor%ip on ?is day ) t ( ,v5us4 ,b ! two are /ill di/9ct 9 ,ovid1 ?\gh he seems to %[ "s t5d5cy to amalgamation#aif4 ,=tuna ,virilis1 ?us wor%ipp$ by ! wom5 :5 ba?+1 w\ld seem f ,ovid to h be5 t ,=tuna :o gave wom5 good luck 9 _! relations ) m5#aig4 ,! cu/om ( ba?+ 9 ! m5's ba?s may probably be tak5 z "s k9d ( lu/ration1 m especially z ! wom5 7 adorn$ ) myrtle1 :i* _h purify+ virtues#aih4 ,h[ old ?is curi\s cu/om 0 we _c guess4 ,plut>*#aii m5tions a temple ( ?is ,=tuna d$icat$ by ,s]vius ,tullius2 b !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy1 z we %all see lat] on1 to attribute all ,=tuna-cults to ?is k+4 ,! ,v5us :o ev5tually supplant$ ,=tuna is cle>ly ,v5us ,v]ticordia#bjj1 ^: e>lie/ temple 0 f\nd$ 9 #aad ,b4,c41 9 ob$i5ce to an injunction ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 aft] ! discov]y ( ince/ on ! "p ( ?ree ve/al virg9s1 #8quo facilius virg9um muli]umque m5s a libid9e ad pudicitiam conv]t]etur#bja4' ,macrobius insi/s t ,v5us _h orig9ally no %>e 9 ! wor%ip ( ?is day or mon?#bjb2 %e mu/ !re=e h be5 introduc$ into x z a =eign]4 ,rob]tson ,smi?#bjc has %[n "s gr\nd = ! conjecture t %e 0 ! ,cyprian ,aphrodite 7h]self id5tical ) ! ,semitic ,a/>te71 :o came to ,rome by way ( ,sicily & ,latium4 ,= if ,lydus c be tru/$1 ! ,roman c]emony ( ,april #a 0 f\nd also 9 ,cyprus1 on ! same day1 ) v>iations 9 detail4 ,if t be s1 ! addition ( ! "n ,v]ticordia is a curi\s example ( ! accretion ( a ,roman cult-title expressive ( dome/ic morality on a =eign deity ( que/ionable reputation#bjd4 ,,prid4 ,,non4 ,,apr4 7,,april #d74 ,c4 ,,matr,i ,,mag,,nae4 7,,maff47 ,,ludi ,,megalesiaci4 7,,philoc47 ,note 9 ,pra543 ,,ludi ,m,,atri ,d,,eum ,m,,agnae ,i,,daeae4 ,,megalesia ,,vocantur ,,quod ,,ea ,,dea ,,megale ,,appellatur4 ,,nobilium ,,mutitationes ,,c5>um ,,solitae ,,sunt ,,frequ5t] ,,fi]i1 ,,quod ,,mat] ,,magna ,,ex ,,libris ,,sibull9is ,,arcessita ,,locum ,,mutavit ,,ex ,,phrygia ,,romam4 ,! introduction ( ! ,magna ,mat] ,idaea into ,rome c only be briefly m5tion$ "h1 z be+ m important = ! hi/ory ( religion at ,rome ?an = t ( ! ,roman religion4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #bjd1 9 accordance ) a ,sibyll9e oracle :i* _h previ\sly prophesi$ t ! pres5ce ( ?is deity alone c\ld drive ! enemy out ( ,italy1 ! sacr$ /one repres5t+ ! goddess arriv$ at ,rome f ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia#bje4 ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 _h acquir$ ?is t]ritory1 & n[1 z a fai?ful fri5d to ,rome1 cons5t$ to ! transportation ( ! /one1 :i* 0 receiv$ at ,rome ) en?usiasm by an excit$ & n[ hopeful p#bjf4 ,scipio 0 ab\t to leave ) 8 army = ,africa2 a f9e h>ve/ foll[$2 ,hannibal 0 =c$ to evacuate ,italy ! next ye>2 & ! goddess did ev]y?+ t 0 expect$ ( h]#bjg4 ,! /one 0 deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ,victory on ! ,palat9e on ,april #dbjh4 ,! day 0 made a fe/ival2 ?\gh no ,roman fe/ival occurs betwe5 ! ,kal5ds & ,nones ( any mon?1 ! rule app>5tly did n hold good 9 ! case ( a =eign wor%ip#bji4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to keep up ! =eign "* ( ! cult4 ,! "n ( ! fe/ival 0 a ,greek "o 7,megalesia71 z ,cic]o rem>k$#baj2 all ,romans 7 =bidd5 by a s5atus consultum to take any "p 9 ! s]vice ( ! goddess#baa4 ,! temple d$icat$ ?irte5 ye>s lat] on ,april #ajbab seems to h be5 frequ5t$ by ! nobilitas only1 & ! cu/om ( giv+ d9n]-p>ties on ,april #d1 :i* is well atte/$1 0 conf9$ to ! upp] classes#bac1 :ile ! plebs wait$ = its fe/ivities till ! ensu+ ,c]ealia4 ,! lat] & m extravagant developm5ts ( ! cult did n come 9 until ! ,empire#bad4 ,! /ory told by ,livy ( ! introduction ( ! goddess is an int]e/+ episode 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,x illu/rates ! f>-rea*+ policy ( ! ,s5ate 9 enli/+ ,ea/]n k+s1 religions1 & oracles 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate at a critical "t1 & also ! curi\s read9ess ( ! ,roman p to believe 9 ! efficacy ( cults utt]ly =eign to _! own religi\s practices4 ,at ! same "t x %[s h[ c>eful ! gov]nm5t 0 !n1 z always1 to keep su* cults "u /rict sup]vision4 ,b ! long /ress ( ! ,hannibalic ,w> _h its natural effect on ! ,italian peoples2 & less ?an tw5ty ye>s lat] ! introduction ( ! ,bac*ic orgies =c$ ! s5ate to /ra9 e n]ve to c\nt]act a s]i\s dang] to ! national religion & morality4 ,,xvii ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,april #ae74 ,,np4 ,,=d,,icidia#bae4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,vat4 ,,pra547 ,?is is beyond d\bt "o ( ! olde/ sacrificial rites 9 ! ,roman religion4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! slaught] ( pregnant c[s 7hordae or =dae71 "o 9 ! ,capitol & "o 9 ea* ( ! ?irty curiae#baf2 i4 e4 "o = ! /ate & ! re/ = ea* ( its anci5t divisions4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ fe/ival ( ! curiae2 ! o!r1 ! ,=nacalia1 w be treat$ ( "u ,febru>y #ag4 ,! c[s 7 (f]$1 z all au?orities agree1 to ,tellus#bag1 :o1 z we %all see1 may be an indigitation ( ! same e>? p[] repres5t$ by ,c]es1 ,bona ,dea1 ,dea ,dia1 & o!r female deities4 ,! unborn calves 7 torn by att5dants ( ! virgo ve/alis maxima f ! womb ( ! "m & burnt#bah1 & _! a%es 7 kept by ! ,ve/als = use at ! ,p>ilia a few days lat]#bai4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ c]emony 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,ve/als took an active "p1 & x 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( acts all ( :i* are connect$ ) ! fruits ( ! e>?1 _! gr[?1 rip5+ & h>ve/+4 ,! object ( burn+ ! unborn calves seems to h be5 to procure ! f]tility ( ! corn n[ gr[+ 9 ! womb ( "m e>?1 to :om ! sacrifice 0 (f]$#bbj4 ,_m *>ms ( ?is sacrificial k9d h be5 notic$ by v>i\s writ]s2 "o may be m5tion$ "h :i* 0 describ$ by ,sir ,john ,b>r[1 :5 ,briti% ,ambassador 9 ,*9a 9 #ahjd4 ,9 a spr+ fe/ival 9 ! temple ( ,e>?1 a huge porcela9 image ( a c[ 0 c>ri$ ab\t & !n brok5 9 pieces1 & a numb] ( small c[s tak5 f inside x & di/ribut$ among ! p z e>ne/s ( a good season#bba4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z a survival ( a rite :i* 0 no d\bt orig9ally "o ( ! same k9d z ! ,roman4 ,,iii ,,id4 ,,apr4 7,,april #aa74 ,n4 ,on ?is day#bbb ! oracle ( ! great temple ( ,=tuna ,primig5ia at ,pra5e/e 0 op5 to suppliants1 z we le>n f a fragm5t ( ! ,pra5e/9e ,fa/i4 ,?\gh n a ,roman fe/ival1 ! day des]ves to be notic$ "h1 z ?is oracle 0 by f> ! mo/ r5[n$ 9 ,italy4 ,! cult ( ,=tuna w be discuss$ "u ,june #be & ,sept4 #ac4 ,x does n seem to be kn[n :e!r ! oracle 0 op5 on ^! days only2 see ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,=tuna1 #aede4 ,,xiii ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,april #ai74 ,,np4 ,,c],,ialia4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,pra54 ,,esq47 ,,c]]i ,,lib]o 7,,lib]ae7 ,,esq4 ,note3 ,all ! days f #ab? to #ai? are m>k$ ludi1 ludi ,c]41 or ludi ,c]iales1 9 ,tusc4 ,maff4 ,pra54 ,vat41 tak5 toge!r3 loid4 ,c]]i 9 ,esq41 :]e ! #ah? only is pres]v$3 lo$i ,c 9 ,ca]4 ,philocalus has ,c]ealici c4 m4 7circ5ses missus7 xxiv on #ab? & #ai?4 ,! orig9 ( ! ludi ,c]eales1 prop]ly s call$1 _c be prov$ to be e>li] ?an ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,! games fir/ appe> z fully e/abli%$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bjbbbc4 ,b f ! fact t ,april #ai is m>k$ ,,c] 9 l>ge lett]s 9 ! cal5d>s we may inf]1 ) ,momms5#bbd1 t !re 0 a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,c]es z f> back z ! p]iod ( ! mon>*y4 ,! "q !re=e arises :e!r ?is anci5t ,c]es 0 a native ,italian deity1 or ! ,greek ,demet] aft]w>ds kn[n to ! ,romans z ,c]es4 ,t !re 0 su* an ,italian deity is plac$ almo/ beyond d\bt by ! "n itself1 :i* all au?orities agree 9 connect+ ) c]us g5ius1 & ) ! c]fus & c]fia ( ! great inscription ( ,iguvium#bbe4 ,! v]bal =m seems cle>ly to be cre>e#bbf2 & ?us1 /range to say1 we actually get "s def9ite aid f etymology1 & c safely see 9 ! e>lie/ ,c]es1 if we recollect h] id5tification ) ! ,greek goddess ( ! e>? & its fruits1 a deity presid+ ov] or repres5t+ ! g5]ative p[]s ( nature4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 feel sure :e!r ?is deity 0 orig9ally fem99e only1 or mascul9e also1 z ,arnobius seems to sugge/#bbg4 ,judg+ f ! occurr5ce ( =ms su* z ^? quot$ above1 x is q likely1 z 9 ! case ( ,pales1 ,lib]1 & o!rs1 t ?is num5 0 ( bo? sexes1 or ( undet]m9$ sex4 ,s anxi\s 7 ! primitive ,italians to cat* ! e> ( _! deities by mak+ no mi/ake 9 ! ritual ( address+ !m1 t !re 0 a di/9ct t5d5cy to avoid m>k+ _! sex too di/9ctly2 & phrases su* z #8sive mas sive fem9a1' #8si deus si dea1' are famili> to all /ud5ts ( ! ,roman religion#bbh4 ,we may be satisfi$1 !n1 t ! olde/ ,c]es 0 n simply an importation f ,greece4 ,x is curi\s h[ev]1 t ,c]es is n f\nd exactly :]e we %\ld expect to f9d h]1 viz4 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales#bbi4 ,yet ?is v fact may ?r[ fur!r light on ! primitive nature ( ,c]es4 ,! c5tral figure ( ! ,arval ritual 0 ! nameless ,dea ,dia2 & 9 a ritual entirely relat+ to ! fruits ( ! e>? we c fairly acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ,c]es by suppos+ t %e is !re repres5t$ by ! ,dea ,dia--9 fact1 t ! two are id5tical#bcj4 ,no "o at all acqua9t$ ) ,italian ideas ( ! gods w be surpris$ at ?is4 ,x is surely a m reasonable hypo!sis ?an t ( ,birt1 :o ?9ks t an old "n = se$ & bread 7i4 e4 ,c]es7 0 transf]r$ to ! ,greek deity :o disp5s$ se$ & bread :5 %e 0 introduc$ 9 ,rome#bca4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only ! "n ,c]es t is want+ 9 ! ,arval ritual1 n ! num5 itself2 & ?is is less surpris+ if we assume t ! names giv5 by ! e>lie/ ,romans to sup]natural p[]s 7 n fix$ b v>iable1 repres5t+ no di/9ctly conceiv$ p]sonalities2 9 o!r words1 t _! religion 0 p&aemonic r ?an poly!i/ic1 ?\gh ) a t5d5cy to l5d itself easily to ! influ5ce ( poly!ism4 ,we may agree1 !n1 ) ,prell]#bcb1 t ,c]es1 ) ,tellus1 & p]haps ,ops & ,acca ,l>5tia1 are diff]5t names =1 & aspects (1 ! num5 :om ! ,arval bro!rs call$ ,dea ,dia4 ,at ! same "t we _c entirely expla9 :y ! "n ,c]es 0 pick$ out f among ^! to repres5t ! ,greek ,demet]4 ,"s light may1 h[ev]1 be ?r[n on ?is po9t by /udy+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,c]es-cult4 ,! fir/ temple ( ,c]es 0 f\nd$1 accord+ to tradition1 9 consequ5ce ( a fam9e 9 ! ye> #dif ,b4,c41 9 ob$i5ce to a ,sibyll9e oracle#bcc4 ,x 0 at ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e1 by ! ,circus ,maximus#bcd1 & 0 d$icat$ on ,april #ai1 #dic1 to ,c]es1 ,lib] & ,lib]a1 repres5t+ ,demet]1 ,dionysus1 & ,p]sephone4#bce ,?us f ! outset ! sy/ematiz$ cult ( ,c]es 9 ! city 0 n ,roman b ,greek4 ,! temple itself 0 adorn$ 9 ,greek /yle in/ead ( ! ,etruscan usual at ?is p]iod#bcf4 ,h[ is all ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,let u notice 9 ! fir/ place t f ! v f\ndation ( ! temple x is 9 ! close/ way connect$ ) ! plebs4 ,! ye> ( its d$ication is t ( ! fir/ secession ( ! plebs & ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tribuni & a$iles plebis#bcg4 ,! two ev5ts are connect$ by ! fact1 repeat$ly /at$1 t any "o violat+ ! sacrosanctitas ( ! tribune 0 to be held sac] ,c]]i#bch2 we are also told t ! f9es impos$ by tribunes 7 sp5t on ?is temple#bci4 ,x 0 "u ! c>e ( ! plebeian a$iles1 & 0 to !m :at ! temple ( ,saturnus 0 to ! quae/ors#bdj4 ,its position 0 9 ! plebeian qu>t]1 & at ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e1 :i* 9 ,b4,c4 #def is said to h become ! prop]ty ( ! plebs#bda4 ,n[ x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! *oice ( ,c]es 7) h] fell[ deities ( ! trias71 z ! goddess ^: temple %\ld s]ve z a c5tre = ! plebeian community1 _h "s def9ite mean+4 ,t mean+ mu/ be f\nd 9 ! traditions ( fam9e & di/ress :i* we read ( z imm$iately foll[+ ! expulsion ( ,t>qu9ius4 ,^! traditions h (t5 be5 put aside z untru/wor?y#bdb1 & may inde$ be s 9 reg>d to details2 b !re is "s reason = ?9k+ !m to h _h a f\ndation ( fact1 if we c b accept ! o!r tradition ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple & its connexion ) ! plebs4 ,x is likely en\gh t "u ,t>qu9ius ! population 0 increas$ by #8outsid]s' employ$ on 8 great build+s4 ,"u pressure f ! attack ( enemies1 & f a sudd5 ari/ocratic reaction1 ?is population1 we may guess1 0 ?r[n out ( "w1 depriv$ ( a raison d'tre1 & />v$#bdc2 f9ally rescu+ itself by a secession1 :i* result$ 9 ! in/itution ( its (fic]s1 tribunes & a$iles1 ! latt] ( :om "s to h be5 *>g$ ) ! duty ( look+ aft] ! corn-supply#bdd4 ,h[ ! corn-supply 0 c>$ = we _c tell = c]ta92 b "h aga9 is a tradition :i* fits 9 curi\sly ) :at we "k ( ! temple & its wor%ip1 ?\gh x has be5 reject$ by ! sup]flu\s +5uity ( mod]n ,g]man criticism4 ,livy tells u t 9 ,b4,c4 #dib1 ! ye> aft] ! d$ication ( ! temple1 corn 0 br\ght f ,etruria1 ,cumae1 & ,sicily to relieve a fam9e#bde4 ,we are n oblig$ to believe 9 ! pur*ase ( corn at ,syracuse at s e>ly a date1 ?\gh x is n impossible2 b if we rememb] t ! decorations & ritual ( ! temple 7 ,greek beyond d\bt1 we get a s+ul> confirmation ( ! tradition 9 outl9e :i* has n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,if x 0 f\nd$ 9 #dic1 plac$ "u plebeian (fic]s1 & closely connect$ ) ! plebs2 if its rites & decorations 7 ,greek f ! beg9n+2 we _c af=d to disc>d a tradition tell+ u ( a comm]cial connexion ) ,greek cities1 ! object ( :i* 0 to relieve a />v+ plebeian population4 ,& surely !re is no?+ /range 9 ! supposition t ,greek influ5ce ga9$ gr\nd1 n s mu* ) ! patricians :o _h _! own outfit ( religi\s arm\r1 b ) ! plebs :o _h no %>e 9 ! sacra ( _! bett]s1 & ) ! ,etruscan dyna/y :i* fav\r$ ! plebs#bdf4 ,we may hesitate to ass5t to ,momms5's curi\s ass]tion t ! m]*ants ( t day 7 none o!r ?an ! great patrician l&hold]s#bdg2 we may r be dispos$ to conjecture t x 0 ! m p[]ful plebeians1 incapable ( hold+ l>ge areas ( public l&1 :o turn$ _! att5tion to comm]ce1 & came 9 contact ) ! ,greeks ( ,italy & ,sicily4 ,! position ( ! plebeian qu>t] along ! ,tib] bank1 & ne> ! spot :]e ! quays ( ,rome h always be51 may possibly po9t 9 ! same direction#bdh4 ,to return to ! ,c]ealia ( ,april #ai4 ,we h /ill to notice a relic ( app>5tly g5u9e ,italian antiquity :i* surviv$ 9 x d[n to ,ovid's "t1 & may be tak5 z evid5ce t !re 0 a real ,roman sub/ratum on :i* ! lat] ,greek ritual 0 sup]impos$4 ,e "o :o reads ,ovid's acc\nt ( ! ,c]ealia w be /ruck by 8 /atem5t t on ! #ai? x 0 ! practice to fa/5 burn+ br&s to ! tails ( foxes & set !m loose to run 9 ! ,circus ,maximus#bdi3 ,cur igitur missae v9ctis ard5tia ta$is ,t]ga f]ant volpes1 causa doc5da mihi e/4 ,he tells a *>m+ /ory to expla9 ! cu/om1 le>nt f an old man ( ,c>seoli1 an ,aequian t[n1 :]e he 0 seek+ in=mation :ile writ+ ! ,fa/i4 ,a boy ( twelve ye>s' old caught a vix5 fox :i* _h done damage to ! f>m1 & ti$ x up 9 /raw & hay4 ,?is he set on fire1 b ! fox escap$ & burnt ! crops4 ,h5ce a law at ,c>seoli =bidd+--some?+ ab\t foxes1 :i* ! corruption ( ! ,,mss4 has obscur$ = u#bej4 ,!n he concludes3 ,utque luat po5as g5s haec1 ,c]ialibus ardet2 ,quoque modo segetes p]didit1 ipsa p]it4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 rem9d$ ( ,samson burn+ ! corn ( ! ,phili/9es#bea2 & x is probable t ! /ory 9 ea* case is a my? explanatory ( "s old practice l ! "o ,ovid describes at ,rome4 ,b :at ! practice meant x is n v easy to see4 ,prell] has 8 explanation ready#beb2 x 0 a #8s9nbildli*e ,er9n]ung' ( ! robigo 7i4 e4 #8r$ fox'71 :i* 0 to be fe>$ & gu>d$ aga9/ at ?is "t ( ye>4 ,mannh>dt ?9ks r ( ! corn-foxes or corn-spirits ( ,france & ,g]many1 ( :i* he gives _m in/ances#bec4 ,if ! foxes 7 corn spirits1 "o does n q see :y !y %\ld h br&s fa/5$ to _! tails#bed4 ,no exactly p>allel practice seems to be =?com+1 & ! fox does n appe> else:]e 9 anci5t ,italian or ,greek folk-tales1 z f> z ,i c discov]4 ,all t c be said is t ! fox's tail seems to h be5 an object ( int]e/1 & possibly to h _h "s f]tiliz+ p[]#bee1 & "s curi\s relation to e>s ( corn4 ,pr(4 ,gub]natis believes ?is tail to h be5 a phallic symbol#bef4 ,we ne$ n accept 8 explanation1 b we may be grateful to him = a mod]n ,italian folk-tale1 f ! region ( ,leghorn & ! ,m>emma1 9 :i* a fox is fright5$ away by *ick5s :i* c>ry ea* 9 its beak an e> ( millet2 ! fox is told t ^! e>s are all foxes' tails1 & runs = x4 ,"h we mu/ leave ?is puzzle#beg2 b :oev] c>es to read ,ovid's l9es ab\t 8 j\rney t[>ds 8 native ,pelignian c\ntry1 8 turn+ into ! famili> lodg+-- ,hospitis antiqui solitas intravimus a$es1 & ! tales he he>d !re--among !m t ( ! fox--w f9d !m bett] wor? read+ ?an ! great] "p ( ! ,fa/i4 ,,xi ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,apr4 #ba74 ,,np4#beh ,,p>,,ilia4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,,roma ,,cond,,ita ,,f]iae ,,coronatis ,,om,,nibus4 7,,ca]47 ,n,,atalis ,,urbis4 ,,circ5ses ,,missus ,,xxiv4 7,,philoc47 ,a note 9 ,pra54 is hopelessly mutilat$1 ) ! exception ( ! words ,,ignes & ,,pr9cipio ,,an,,ni ,,pa/oricii#bei8 ,! ,p>ilia#bfj1 at once "o ( ! olde/ & be/ atte/$ fe/ivals ( ! :ole ye>1 is at ! same "t ! "o ^: features h be5 mo/ cle>ly expla9$ by ! inve/igations ( p>allels among o!r races4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice is t ! fe/ival 0 bo? public & private1 urban & ru/ic#bfa4 ,ovid cle>ly di/+ui%es ! two2 l9es #gba-gcd deal ) ! urban fe/ival1 #gce-ghb ) ! ru/ic4 ,! explanations :i* foll[ deal ) bo?4 ,pales1 ! deity 7app>5tly bo? mascul9e & fem99e#bfb7 ^: "n ! fe/ival be>s1 01 l ,faunus1 a common deity ( ,italian pa/ure l&4 ,a ,palatium 0 said by ,v>ro to h be5 nam$ aft] ,pales at ,reate1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,sab9e hill-c\ntry#bfc2 & ?\gh ?is may n g = mu*1 ! "* ( ! ,p>ilia1 & ! fact t ,pales is call$ ru/icola1 pa/oricia1 silvicola1 c41 are suffici5t to %[ ! orig9al non-urban "* ( ! deity4 ,he 7or %e7 0 a %eph]d's deity ( ! simple/ k9d1 & surviv$ 9 ,rome z little m ?an a "n#bfd f ! olde/ times1 :5 ! e>lie/ invad]s drove _! cattle ?r\gh ! ,sab9e m\nta9s4 ,"h1 !n1 we seem to h a cle> example ( a rite :i* 0 orig9ally a ru/ic "o1 & surviv$ z su*1 :ile at ! same "t "o local =m ( x 0 kept up 9 ! great city1 & _h become entangl$ ) leg5d & probably alt]$ 9 "s po9ts ( ritual4 ,we w take ! ru/ic =m fir/4 ,"h we may di/+ui% 9 ,ovid's acc\nt#bfe ! foll[+ rituali/ic acts4 #a4 ,! %eep-fold#bff 0 deck$ ) gre5 b\ghs & a great wrea? 0 hung on ! gate3 ,frondibus et fixis decor5tur ovilia ramis1 ,et tegat ornatas longa corona =es4 ,) ?is ,mannh>dt#bfg aptly comp>es ! l concomitants ( ! midsumm] fires 9 ,nor? ,g]many1 ,scotl&1 & ,engl&4 ,9 ,scotl&1 = example1 be=e ! bonfires 7 k9dl$ on midsumm] eve1 ! h\ses 7 decorat$ ) foliage br\ght f ! woods#bfh4 ,! cu/om ( decoration at special seasons1 ,may-day1 mid-summ]1 h>ve/1 & ,*ri/mas1 is ev5 n[1 ) ! exception ( midsumm]1 univ]sal1 & is probably desc5d$ f ^! primitive rites1 by :i* our ance/ors s\ght 9 "s my/]i\s way to influ5ce ! work+ ( ! p[]s ( vegetation4 #b4 ,at ! e>lie/ glimm] ( daybreak ! %eph]d purifi$ ! %eep4 ,?is 0 done by spr9kl+ & sweep+ ! fold2 !n a fire 0 made ( heaps ( /raw1 olive-bran*es1 & laurel1 to give good om5 by ! crackl+1 & ?r\gh ?is app>5tly ! %eph]ds leapt1 & ! flocks 7 driv5#bfi4 ,= ?is we h1 ( c\rse1 num]\s p>allels f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,burn+ sulphur 0 also us$3 ,ca]ulei fiant vivo de sulfure fumi ,tactaque fumanti sulfure balet ovis#bgj4 #c4 ,aft] ?is ! %eph]d br\ght (f]+s to ,pales1 ( :om !re may p]haps h be5 9 ! f>my>d a rude image made ( wood#bga2 among ^! 7 baskets ( millet & cakes ( ! same1 pails ( milk1 & o!r food ( appropriate k9ds4 ,! meal :i* foll[$ ! %eph]d himself appe>s to h %>$ ) ,pales#bgb4 ,!n he prays to ! deity to av]t all evil f himself & 8 flocks2 :e!r he or !y h unwitt+ly trespass$ on sacr$ gr\nd & caus$ ! nymphs or fauni to fly f human eyes2 or h di/urb$ ! sacr$ f\nta9s1 & us$ bran*es ( a sacr$ tree = secul> ends4 ,9 ^! petitions ! g5u9e _s ( ,italian religion--! awe ( ! unkn[n1 ! fe> ( committ+ unwitt+ly "s act t may br+ d[n wra? ^u y--is mo/ vividly br\ght out 9 spite ( ! ,greek t\*es & names :i* are introduc$4 ,he !n goes on to 8 ma9 object#bgc3 ,pelle procul morbos3 valeant hom9esque gregesque1 ,et valeant vigiles1 provida turba1 canes4 ,absit iniqua fames4 ,h]bae frondesque sup]s9t1 ,quaeque lav5t artus1 quaeque bibantur1 aquae4 ,ub]a pl5a premam3 ref]at mihi caseus a]a1 ,d5tque viam liquido vim9a r>a s]o4 ,sitque salax aries1 conceptaque sem9a coniunx ,r$dat1 et 9 /abulo multa sit agna meo4 ,lanaque prov5iat nullas laesura puellas1 ,mollis et ad t5]as quamlibet apta manus4 ,quae precor ev5iant3 et nos faciamus ad annum ,pa/orum dom9ae gr&ia liba ,pali4 ,?is pray] mu/ be said f\r times ov]#bgd1 ! %eph]d look+ to ! ea/ & wett+ 8 h&s ) ! morn+ dew#bge4 ,! position1 ! holy wat]1 & ! pray] 9 its sub/ance1 ?\gh n[ address$ to ! ,virg91 h all desc5d$ to ! ,ca?olic %eph]d ( ! ,campagna4 #d4 ,!n a b[l is to be br\ght1 a wood5 antique b[l app>5tly#bgf1 f :i* milk & purple sapa1 i4 e4 heat$ w9e1 may be drunk1 until ! dr9k] feels ! influ5ce ( ! fumes1 & :5 he is well set he may leap ov] ! burn+ heaps3 ,moxque p] ard5tes /ipulae crepitantis ac]vos ,traiicias cel]i /r5ua membra p$e#bgg4 ,! ,p>ilia ( ! urbs 0 celebrat$ 9 mu* ! same way 9 its ma9 features2 b ! day 0 reckon$ z ! bir?day ( ,rome1 & d\btless on ?is acc\nt x came "u ! influ5ce ( prie/ly organization#bgh4 ,x is connect$ ) two o!r v anci5t fe/ivals3 t ( ! ,=dicidia & t ( ! #8,octob] horse4' ,! blood :i* /ream$ f ! head ( ! horse sacrific$ on ! ,ides ( ,octob] 0 kept by ! ,ve/als 9 ! ,p5us ,ve/ae1 & mix$ ) ! a%es ( ! unborn calves burnt at ! ,=dicidia2 & ! mixture seems to h be5 ?r[n ^u heaps ( burn+ bean-/raw to make x smoke1 :ile ov] ! smoke & flames m5 & wom5 leap$ on ! ,palat9e ,hill#bgi4 ,! object 0 ( c\rse purification2 ,ovid calls ! blood1 a%es1 & /raw februa ca/a1 i4 e4 holy ag5ts ( purification1 & adds 9 allusion to _! hav+ be5 kept by ! ,ve/als3 ,ve/a dabit3 ,ve/ae mun]e purus eris4 ,ovid _h himself tak5 "p 9 ! rite2 _h fet*$ ! suffim51 & leap$ ?ree times ?r\gh ! flames1 8 h&s spr9kl$ ) dew f a laurel bran*4 ,:e!r ! februa 7 consid]$ to h individually any special significance or p[]1 x is h>d to say4 ,mannh>dt1 :o believ$ ! #8,octob] horse' to be a corn-demon1 ?\ght t ! burn+ ( its blood symboliz$ ! r5ewal ( its life 9 ! spr+1 :ile ! a%es ?r[n into ! fire signifi$ ! safe passage ( ! gr[+ crops ?r\gh ! heat ( ! summ]#bhj2 b ab\t ?is s judici\s a writ] is naturally n dispos$ to dogmatize4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 be pretty sure t ! purification 0 suppos$ to c>ry ) x protection f evil influ5ces bo? = man & bea/1 & also to aid ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,! !ory ( ,mannh>dt1 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 t ! :ole class ( c]emonies to :i* ! ,p>ilia cle>ly belongs1 i4 e4 ! ,ea/] & ,midsumm] fires & ,ne$-fires ( c5tral & nor!rn ,europe1 may be/ be expla9$ z *>ms to procure sun%9e1#bha has mu* to be said = x1 b does n seem to f9d any special support 9 ! ,roman rite4 ,x may be not$ 9 conclusion t a cu/om ( ! same k9d1 & "o p]haps connect$ ) a cult ( ! sun1#bhb took place n f> f ,rome1 at ,m\nt ,soracte2 at :at "t ( ye> we d n "k4 ,on ?is hill !re 0 a wor%ip ( ,apollo ,soranus1#bhc a local deity1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a k9d ( guild ( wor%ipp]s call$ ,hirpi ,sorani1 or wolves ( ,soranus2#bhd & ( ^! we may guess1 f ! leg5d told ( _! orig91 t 9 ord] to av]t pe/il5ce1 c41 !y dress$ or behav$ !mselves l wolves4#bhe ,also on a p>ticul> day1 p]haps ! summ] sol/ice1 ^! ,hirpi ran ?r\gh ! flames1 #8sup] ambu/am ligni /ruem ambulantes non aduruntur1'#bhf & on ?is acc\nt 7 excus$ by a s5atus consultum f all milit>y or o!r s]vice4 ,a /rik+ p>allel ) ?is la/ feature is quot$ by ,mannh>dt1 f ,mysore1 :]e ! ,h>aw>a are degrad$ ,brahm9s :o act z prie/s 9 h>ve/-"t1 & make a liv+ by runn+ ?r\gh ! flames unhurt ) nak$ soles3 b 9 ?is case !re seems to be no animal repres5tation4 ,mannh>dt tries to expla9 ! ,hirpi z dramatic repres5tations ( ! ,corn-wolf or vegetation _s4#bhg ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to consid] !m z survivals ( an orig9al clan :o wor%ipp$ ! wolf z a totem#bhh2 a view adopt$ by ,mr4 ,lang#bhi1 :o comp>es ! be>-maid5s ( ,artemis at ,brauron 9 ,attica4 ,b ! la/ ^w has yet to be said ab\t ^! obscure animali/ic rites4 ,,ix ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,apr4 #bc74 ,,fp 7,,ca]47 ,,np 7,,maff47 ,f 7,,pra547#bij ,,ve9,,alia 7,,ca]47 ,,v9,,alia 7,,maff4 ,,pra54 ,,esq47 ,pra54 has a mutilat$ note beg9n+ ,,io,,vi1 & end+ ) ,,cum ,,lat9i ,,bello ,,preme,,r5tur ,a ,,rutulis1 ,,quia ,,mez5tius ,,rex ,,etrus,,co,,rum ,,paciscebatur1 ,,si ,,subsidio ,,v5isset1 ,,omnium ,,annorum ,,v9i ,,fructum4 7,cp4 ,fe/us1 #fe & #cgd1 :]e x appe>s t libations ( all new w9e 7 made to ,jupit]47 ,,v5]i 7,,ca]47 ,v,,eb]i ,,eruc4 ,,extr,a ,,portam ,,coll9,,am4 7,,arv47 ,?is day 0 g5]ally kn[n z ,v9alia ,priora1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica ( ,augu/ #ai4 ,bo? days 7 believ$ to be sacr$ to ,v5us#bia2 ! e>li] "o1 accord+ to ,ovid1 0 ! f\ndation-day ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,eryc9a1 ) :i* he connect$ ! leg5d ( ,a5eas & ,mez5tius4 ,b z bo? ,v>ro & ,v]rius are agre$ t ! days 7 sacr$1 n to ,v5us b to ,jupit]#bib1 we may leave ! leg5d alone & cont5t ourselves ) ask+ h[ ,v5us came into ! connexion4 ,! mo/ probable supposition is t ?is day be+1 z ,ovid implies1 ! dies natalis ( "o ( ! temples ( ,v5us#bic1 ! ,v9alia also came to be consid]$ z sacr$ to ! goddess4 ,! date ( ! f\ndation 0 #aha ,b4,c41 exactly at a "t :5 _m new wor%ips1 & especially ,greek ones1 7 be+ introduc$ into ,rome#bid4 ,t ( ! ,sicilian ,aphrodite1 "u ! "n ( ,v5us1 seems to h become at once popul> ) its ,graecus ritus & lascivia maior#bie2 & ! old] connexion ( ! fe/ival ) ,jupit] t5d$ h5ce=w>d to disappe>4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! day ( ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica 9 ,augu/ 0 also ! dies natalis ( "o if n two o!r temples ( ,v5us#bif1 & "o ( ^! 0 z old z ! ye> ,b4,c4 #bic4 ,?us we c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t !re 01 ev5 at an e>ly date1 "s connexion 9 ! popul> m9d betwe5 ! goddess & w9e4 ,! explanation is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,v5us 0 specially a deity ( g>d5s1 & !re=e no d\bt ( v9ey>ds#big4 ,an int]e/+ inscription f ,pompeii confirms ?is1 & atte/s ! connexion ( ,v5us ) w9e & g>d5s1 z x is writt5 on a w9e-j>#bih3 ,,pre/a ,,mi ,,s9c]u,m ,,ita ,,te ,,amet ,,que ,,cu/odit ,,ortu,m ,,v5us4 ,! ,v9alia1 !n1 bo? 9 ,april & ,augu/1 0 really & orig9ally sacr$ to ,jupit]4 ,! leg5d>y explanation is giv5 by ,ovid 9 #aa4 #hgg-ijj4 ,:atev] ! true explanation may h be51 ! fact c be illu/rat$ f ! ritual employ$2 = x 0 ! ,flam5 ,dialis#bii :o #8v9demiam auspicatus e/1' i4 e4 aft] sacrific+ pluck$ ! fir/ grapes4 ,:e!r ?is auspicatio took place on ei!r ( ! ,v9alia has inde$ be5 d\bt$1 = ev5 ,augu/ #ai w\ld h>dly seem to suit ! c]emony ,v>ro describes#cjj2 b ! fact t x 0 p]=m$ by ! prie/ ( ,jupit] is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,( ?is day1 ,april #bc1 we may guess t x 0 ! "o on :i* ! w9e-sk9s 7 fir/ op5$1 & libations f !m made to ,jupit]4 ,^! are probably ! libations ab\t :i* ,plut>*#cja asks #8,:y d !y p\r mu* w9e f ! temple ( ,v5us on ! ,v5]alia' 7i4 e4 ,v9alia78 ,! same libations are atte/$ by ,v]rius3 #8,v9alia diem fe/um habebant quo die v9um novum ,iovi libabant'#cjb4 ,aft] ! libation ! w9e 0 ta/$1 z we le>n f ,pl9y#cjc2 & x seems probable t x 0 br\ght f ! c\ntry into ,rome = ?is purpose only a few days be=e4 ,v>ro has pres]v$ an int]e/+ notice :i* he saw po/$ 9 v9ey>ds at ,tusculum3 #8,9 ,tusculanis hortis 7,,mss4 sortis7 e/ scriptum3 #8,v9um novum ne vehatur 9 urbem ante quam v9alia kal5tur'#cjd2 i4 e4 w9e-gr[]s 7 w>n$ t ! new w9e 0 n to be br\ght into ! city until ! ,v9alia _h be5 proclaim$ on ! ,nones4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be add$ t ?is notice may h _h ref]5ce to ! ,v9alia 9 ,augu/2 = ,v]rius1 if he is rightly report$ by ,paulus#cje1 gives ,augu/ #ai z ! day on :i* ! w9e might be br\ght into ,rome4 ,paulus may be wrong1 & h confus$ ! two ,v9alia#cjf2 b 9 t case we rema9 9 ! d>k z to :at 0 done at ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica1 unless inde$ we expla9 x z a rite int5d$ to secure ! v9tage t 0 to foll[ aga9/ malignant influ5ces4 ,?is w\ld seem to be indicat$ by ,pl9y 7,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #bhd71 :]e he classes ?is ,augu/ fe/ival ) ! ,robigalia & ,floralia#cjg1 & fur!r on quotes ,v>ro to prove t its object 0 to appease ! /orms 7i4 e4 to be expect$ 9 ,septemb]74 ,z reg>ds ! connexion ( ! v9e-culture ) ,jupit]1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! god is n spok5 ( z ,jupit] ,lib]1 b simply ,jupit]2 & ?\gh ! v9e 0 c]ta9ly introduc$ into ,italy f ,greece1 we ne$ n assume t ,dionysus1 com+ ) x1 0 f ! beg9n+ atta*$ to or id5tifi$ ) ,jupit]4 ,! gift ( w9e might naturally be attribut$ to ! great god ( ! air1 light1 & heat2 ! ,flam5 ,dialis :o #8v9demiam auspicatus e/' 0 n ! prie/ ( ,jupit] ,lib]2 nor does ! aetiological leg5d1 9 :i* ! ,lat9s avoid ! necessity ( yield+ _! fir/-fruits to ! ,etruscan tyrant ,mez5tius by d$icat+ !m to ,jupit]1 po9t to any o!r ?an ! protect+ deity ( ,latium4#cjh ,,vii ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,april #be74 ,,np4 ,,rob,,igalia4 7,,ca]4 ,,esq4 ,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,note 9 ,pra53 ,,f]iae ,,robigo ,,via ,,claudia ,,ad ,,milli>ium ,v ,,ne ,,robigo ,,frum5tis ,,noceat4 ,,sacrificium ,,et ,,ludi ,,cursoribus ,,maioribus ,,m9oribusque ,,fiunt4 ,,fe/us ,,e/ ,,pu]orum ,,l5oniorum1 ,,quia ,,proximus ,,sup]ior ,,m]etricum ,,e/4 ,robigo means r$ ru/ or mildew :i* attacks c]eals :5 ! e> is beg9n+ to be =m$#cji1 & :i* is bett] kn[n & m dread$ on ! cont95t ?an ) u4 ,?is de/ructive disease is n caus$ by ! sun's heat1 z ,pl9y#caj tells u 0 ! notion ( "s ,italians1 b by damp act+ 9 conjunction ) a c]ta9 height ( temp]ature1 z ,pl9y himself 9 fact expla9s x4 ,robigus#caa is ! _s :o works 9 ! mildew2 & x has be5 conjectur$ t he 0 a =m or indigitation ( ,m>s#cab1 s9ce ,t]tullian tells u t #8,m>ti et ,robig9i ,numa ludos in/ituit'#cac4 ,?is is q consi/5t ) all we "k ( ! ,m>s ( ! f>m-wor%ip1 :o is invok$ to av]t evil simply because he c be ! creator ( x#cad4 ,! same feature is f\nd 9 ! wor%ip ( ,apollo1 :o _h at ,rhodes ! cult-title #cae1 or ,apollo ( ! blight1 z else:]e he is ,apollo ,sm9!us1 i4 e4 ! p[] t c br+ & also av]t ! pe/ ( field-mice4 ,robigus _h a grove ( 8 own at ! fif? mile/one on ! ,via ,claudia2 & ,ovid relates 9 pretty v]ses h[1 z he 0 return+ f ,nom5tum 7d\btless by way ( 8 own g>d5s1 :i* 7 at ! junction ( ! ,via ,claudia ) ! ,via ,flam9ia ne> ! ,milvian bridge#caf71 he met ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis ) ! exta ( a dog & a %eep to (f] to ! god#cag4 ,he jo9$ ! procession1 :i* 0 app>5tly some?+ q new to him1 & witness$ ! c]emony1 not+ ! m]i pat]a1 ! turis ac]ra1 & ! r\gh l95 napk9#cah1 at ! prie/'s "r h&4 ,he v]sifi$ ! pray] :i* he he>d1 & :i* is n unlike t :i* ,cato directs ! husb&man to address to ,m>s 9 ! lu/ration ( ! f>m#cai3 ,asp]a ,robigo1 p>cas ,c]ialibus h]bis1 ,et tremat 9 summa leve cacum5 humo4 ,tu sata sid]ibus caeli nutrita secundi ,cresc]e1 dum fiant falcibus apta1 s9as4 ,p>ce1 precor1 scabrasque manus a messibus auf]1 ,neve noce cultis3 posse noc]e sat e/1 c4 ,ovid !n ask$ ! flam5 :y a dog--nova victima--0 sacrific$1 & 0 told t ! dang]\s ,dog-/> 0 9 ! asc5dant#cbj3 ,e/ ,canis1 ,ic>ium dicunt1 quo sid]e moto ,to/a sitit tellus1 praecipiturque seges4 ,pro cane sid]eo canis hic imponitur arae1 ,et qu>e p]eat1 nil nisi nom5 habet4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 bo? he & ! prie/ 7 c]ta9ly mi/ak54 ,sirius does n rise1 b disappe>s on ,april #be1 at sunset2 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! sacrifice ( ! dog _h no?+ to d ) ! />4 ,! real mean+ ( ! *oice ( victim 0 unkn[n bo? to prie/ & poet3 b mod]n rese>* has made a reasonable attempt to recov] x#cba4 ,we are told#cbb ( a sacrifice ( r$di% suck+ :elps1 & ( augury made f _! exta1 :i* mu/ h be5 closely connect$ ) ! ,robigalia1 if n 79 lat] times at lea/7 id5tifi$ ) x4 ,orig9ally x 0 n on a fix$ day1 z is prov$ by an extract f ! comm5t>ii pontificum quot$ by ,pl9y#cbc2 b x is q possible t = conv5i5ce1 z ! religio ( ! urbs got m & m dissociat$ f ! agriculture 9 :i* x _h its orig91 ! date 0 fix$ = ,april #be--! rites ( ! ,robigalia be+ ( ! same k9d1 & ! date suitable4 ,! :elps 7 r$ or r$di%2 & f ! language ( ,fe/us1 quot+ ,ateius ,capito1 we ga!r t ?is col\r 0 suppos$ to resemble t ( ! corn :5 ripe3 #8,rufae canes immolabantur1 ut fruges flavesc5tes ad maturitatem p]duc]5tur' 7p4 #bhe74 ,we %\ld inde$ naturally h expect$ t ! ruf\s col\r 0 ?\ght to resemble ! r$ mildew1 z ,mannh>dt expla9s x#cbd2 b we d n "k = c]ta9 t ^! puppies 7 (f]$ to ,robigus4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 we may p]haps see 9 !m an animal repres5tation ( ! corn1 & 9 ! rite a piece ( #8sympa!tic magic'#cbe1 ! object ( :i* 0 to br+ ! corn to its gold5 p]fection1 or to keep (f ! robigo1 or bo?4 ,if we knew m ab\t ! dog-(f]+ at ! grove ( ,robigus1 we might f9d t x too1 if n inde$ id5tical ) ! augurium1 _h a simil> int5tion4 ,! r$ mildew 0 at times s t]rible a sc\rge t ! ,robigalia mu/ 9 e>ly ,rome1 :5 ! population liv$ on ! corn gr[n ne> ! city1 h be5 a fe/ival ( v real mean+4 ,b lat] on x became obscur$1 & gave way to ! races m5tion$ 9 ! note 9 ! ,pra5e/9e cal5d>#cbf1 & "u ! lat] empire to ! ,*ri/ian litania maior1 ! orig9al object ( :i* 0 also ! safety ( ! crops#cbg4 ,! #be? is at pres5t ,/4 ,m>k's day4 ,,iv ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,apr4 #bh74 ,,np4 ,,lo$i ,,flor,,ae 7,,ca]47 ,,ludi ,,flor,,ae4 7,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,v ,,non4 ,,mai4 7,,may #c74 ,c4 ,,florae 7,,v5474 ,on ! int]v5+ days 7 also ludi 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cag74 ,note 9 ,pra54 7,apr4 #bh73 ,,eodem ,,die ,,a$is ,,florae1 ,,quae ,,rebus ,,floresc5dis ,,praee/1 ,,d$icata ,,e/ ,,propt] ,,/]ilitatem ,,frugum4 ,?is 0 n a v anci5t fe/ival & is n m>k$ 9 ! ,cal5d>s 9 ^? l>ge lett]s :i* are believ$ to indicate extreme antiquity#cbh4 ,its hi/ory seems to be z foll[s3 9 #bch ,b4,c4 9 consequ5ce ( a de>?1 ! ,sibyll9e ,books 7 consult$1 & games 9 hon\r ( ,flora 7 held = ! fir/ "t by plebeian a$iles#cbi2 also a temple 0 d$icat$ to h] ad circum maximum on ,april #bh ( t ye>#ccj4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 connexion betwe5 ! acc\nts ( ! in/itution ( ! ,floralia & ! ,c]ialia4 ,de>? 0 ! alleg$ cause 9 ea* case2 & ! position ( ! temple ( ,flora ne> t ( ,c]es3 ! f\ndation by plebeian magi/rates1 9 ?is case ! two ,publicii#cca1 :o z a$iles 7 able to sp5d "p ( ! f9es exact$ f default+ hold]s ( ag] publicus on ?is object#ccb3 & ! co>se "* ( ! games z ,ovid describes !m1 all seem to %[ t ! f\ndation 0 a plebeian "o1 l t ( ! ,c]ialia#ccc4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 some?+ 9 ! nature ( ludi be=e ?is date & at ! same "t ( ye>1 b n ( a regul> or public "*4 ,flora 0 beyond d\bt an old ,italian deity#ccd1 probably closely relat$ to ,c]es & ,v5us4 ,!re 0 a ,flam5 ,floralis ( v old /&+#cce2 & ,flora is "o ( ! deities to :om piacula 7 (f]$ by ! ,fratres ,arvales#ccf--;a li/ beg9n+ ) ,janus & end+ ) ,ve/a4 ,!re is no d\bt1 !n1 t !re 0 a ,flora-cult 9 ,rome long be=e ! f\ndation ( ! temple & ! games 9 #bch2 & ?\gh its "* may h *ang$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 we may be able to glean "s p>ticul>s z to its orig9al t5d5cy4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,ovid & f o!r h9ts we ga!r-- #a4 ,t indec5cy 0 let loose#ccg at any rate on ! orig9al day ( ! ludi 7,april #bh71 :i* 7 9 lat] times ext5d$ to ,may #c4 ,! num5 ( ,flora1 says ,ovid1 0 n /rict4 ,drunk5ness 0 ! ord] ( ! day1 & ! usual results foll[$3 ,ebrius ad durum =mosae lim5 amicae ,cantat3 hab5t unctae mollia s]ta comae4 ,! pro/itutes ( ,rome hail$ ?is z _! fea/-day1 z well z ! ,v9alia on ! #bcrd2 & if we may tru/ a /ory told by ,val]ius ,maximus#cch1 ,cato ! y\ng] )drew f ! !atre r ?an behold ! mimae unclo! !mselves1 ?\gh he w\ld n int]f]e ) ! cu/om4 ,flora h]self1 l ,acca ,l>5tia1 0 said by late writ]s to h be5 a h>lot ^: ga9s enabl$ h] to leave money = ! ludi#cci4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ! fe/ival 7 no d\bt develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( luxury 9 a l>ge city1 & grew /ill m objectionable "u ! ,empire#cdj4 ,b x is difficult to believe t su* practices w\ld h gr[n up z !y did at ?is p>ticul> "t ( ye>1 _h !re n be5 "s previ\s cu/oms ( ! k9d exi/+ be=e ! ludi 7 regul>ly in/itut$4 #b4 ,we f9d ano!r curi\s cu/om belong+ to ! la/ days ( ! ludi1 :i* became common en\gh "u ! ,empire#cda1 b may yet h _h an orig9 9 ! cult ( ,flora4 ,h>es & goats 7 let loose 9 ! ,circus ,maximus on ^! days4 ,ovid asks ,flora3 ,cur tibi pro ,libycis clauduntur rete#cdb lea5is ,imbelles capreae sollicitusque lepus8 & gets ! answ]3 ,non sibi1 respondit1 silvas cessisse1 s$ hortos ,arvaque pugnaci non adeunda f]ae4 ,if we take ?is answ] z at lea/ appropriate1 we may add to x ! reflection t h>es & goats are prolific animals & also t !y are gram9ivor\s4 ,flora z a goddess ( f]tility & bloom c\ld h no?+ 9 common ) fi]ce c>nivora4 ,b we are also rem9d$ ( ! foxes t 7 let loose 9 ! ,circus at ! ,c]ialia#cdc1 & may see 9 ^! bea/s z 9 ! foxes animal repres5tations ( ! _s ( f]tility4 #c4 ,ano!r cu/om is possibly significant 9 some?+ ! same way4 ,f a passage 9 ,p]sius we le>n t vet*es1 beans1 & lup9es 7 scatt]$ among ! p 9 ! circus#cdd4 ,! comm5tators expla9 ?is z mean+ t !y 7 ?r[n simply to be scrambl$ = z food2 & we "k t o!r objects besides eatables 7 ?r[n on simil> occasions1 at any rate at a lat] "t#cde4 ,b x is noticeable t among ^! objects 7 m$als ) obsc5e repres5tations on !m2 & putt+ two & two toge!r x is n unreasonable to guess t ! orig9al cu/om _h a mean+ connect$ ) fructification4 ,dr4 ,mannh>dt#cdf has collect$ a v l>ge numb] ( examples ( ! practice ( spr9kl+ & ?r[+ all k9ds ( gra91 includ+ rice1 peas1 beans1 c41 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! m>riage rite & at ! bir? ( *ildr52 amply suffici5t to prove t ! cu/om is symbolic ( f]tility4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! "t ( ye>1 ! nature ( ,flora1 ! "* ( ! ,april rites g5]ally1 & ! occurr5ce ( ! wom5's cult ( ! ,bona ,dea on ,may #a1 viz4 "o ( ! days ( ! ludi1 we may p]haps conjecture t ! cu/om 9 "q 0 a v old "o--f> old] ?an ! organiz$ games--& _h ref]5ce to ! f]tility bo? ( ! e>? & ( man himself#cdg4 ,f]iae ,lat9ae4 ,a brief acc\nt may be "h giv5 ( ! great ,lat9 fe/ival :i* usually 9 hi/orical times took place 9 ,april4 ,?\gh x 0 n held at ,rome1 b on ! ,alban ,m\nt1 x 0 "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! ,roman /ate1 & 0 9 reality a ,roman fe/ival4 ,! consuls on _! entrance ^u (fice on ! ,ides ( ,m>* _h to fix & ann\nce ! date ( x#cdh2 & :5 9 #aec ,b4,c4 ! day ( entrance 0 *ang$ to ,janu>y #a1 ! date ( ! fe/ival does n seem to h be5 *ang$ to suit x4 ,! consuls mu/ be pres5t !mselves1 leav+ a praefectus urbi at ,rome#cdi2 or 9 case ( ! compulsory abs5ce ( bo? consuls a dictator might be appo9t$ ,f]i>um ,lat9>um causa4 ,only :5 ! fe/ival 0 ov] c\ld !y leave ,rome = _! prov9ces4 ,x 0 !re=e a fe/ival ( ! highe/ importance to ! ,roman /ate4 ,b ! ritual w %[ t x mu/ 9 fact h be5 mu* old] ?an t /ate z we "k x 9 hi/orical times2 x 0 a common fe/ival ( ! mo/ anci5t ,lat9 communities#cej1 celebrat$ on ! l(ty hill :i* arose 9 _! mid/1 :]e dwelt ! great protect+ deity ( _! race4 ,at :at date ,rome became ! presid+ city at ! fe/ival we d n "k4 ,! f\ndation ( ! temple on ! hill 0 ascrib$ to ! ,t>qu9ii1 & ?is tradition seems to be borne out by ! "* ( ! f\ndations discov]$ !re1 :i* resemble ^? ( ! ,capitol9e temple#cea4 ,no d\bt ! ,t>qu9ii may h r5ovat$ ! cult or ev5 giv5 x an ext5d$ significance2 b ! ,roman presid5cy mu/ conjecturally be plac$ /ill fur!r back4 ,p]haps no fe/ival1 ,greek or ,roman1 c>ries u ov] su* a va/ p]iod ( "t z ?is2 its features betray its orig9 9 ! pa/oral age1 & x cont9u$ 9 almo/ un9t]rupt$ gr&eur till ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 or ev5 lat]#ceb4 ,! ritual z kn[n to u 0 z foll[s#cec4 ,:5 ! magi/rates or 7_! deputies7 ( all ! ,lat9 cities tak+ "p _h assembl$ at ! temple1 ! ,roman consul (f]$ a libation ( milk1 :ile ! deputies f ! o!r cities br\ght %eep1 *eeses1 or o!r su* (f]+s4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic rite 0 ! slaught] ( a pure :ite heif] t _h nev] felt ! yoke4 ,?is sacrifice 0 ! duty ( ! consul1 :o act$ on behalf ( ! :ole numb] ( cities4 ,:5 x 0 conclud$1 ! fle% ( ! victim 0 divid$ among/ all ! deputies & consum$ by !m4 ,to be left out ( ?is common meal1 or sacram5t1 w\ld be equival5t to be+ exclud$ f communion ) ! god & ! ,lat9 league1 & ! desire to obta9 ! allott$ fle% is m ?an once allud$ to#ced4 ,a g5]al fe/ivity foll[$ ! sacrifice1 :ile oscilla1 or little puppets1 7 hung f ! bran*es ( trees z at ! ,paganalia#cee4 ,z usual 9 ,italy1 ! lea/ ov]sight 9 ! c]emony or evil om5 made x necess>y to beg9 x all ov] aga92 & ?is occasionally happ5$#cef4 ,la/ly1 dur+ ! fe/ival !re 0 a truce betwe5 all ! cities1 & x w\ld seem t ! alliance betwe5 ,rome & ! ,lat9s 0 ye>ly r5ew$ on ! day ( ! ,f]iae#ceg4 ,"s ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,italian ,jupit] w be consid]$ fur!r on#ceh4 ,b ?is fe/ival may tea* u t we are "h 9 ! pres5ce ( ! olde/ & f9e/ religi\s conception ( ! ,lat9 race1 :i* ye>ly ackn[l$ges its common k9%ip ( blood & seals x by p>tak+ 9 ! common meal ( a sacr$ victim1 ?us ent]+ into communion ) ! god1 ! victim1 & ea* o!r#cei4 ,! (f]+s are *>act]i/ic r ( a pa/oral ?an an agricultural age1 & sugge/ an antiquity t is fully confirm$ by ! anci5t ut5sils dug up on ! ,alban ,m\nt#cfj4 ,z ,helbig has po9t$ out1 ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( w9e proves t ! orig9 ( ! fe/ival mu/ be dat$ e>li] ?an ! introduction ( ! grape into ,italy4 ,! :ite victim may be a rem9isc5ce ( "s primitive :ite bre$ ( cattle4 ,! common meal ( ! victim's fle% is a survival f ! age :5 cattle 7 sacr$ animals1 & 7 nev] sla9 except on ! solemn annual occasions :5 ! clan r5ew$ its k9%ip & its mutual obligations by a solemn sacram5t#cfa4 ,z ,rome absorb$ ,latium1 s ,jupit] ,lati>is gave way be=e ! great god ( ! ,capitol1 :o is ! symbol ( ! lat] victori\s & imp]ial ,rome2 b ! god ( ! ,alban hill & 8 ye>ly fe/ival cont9u$ to recall ! e>ly %>e ( ! ,lat9s 9 ! rise ( _! lead+ city1 long aft] ! population ( _! t[ns _h be5 s t]ribly ?9n$ t "s ( !m c\ld h>dly f9d a surviv+ memb] to repres5t !m at ! fe/ival & take _! portion ( ! victim#cfb4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cc2 ,c5sor9us1 #b4 #bj4 ,v]rius ,flaccus 9 ! head+ to ,april 9 ,fa/i ,pra543 444 #8quia fruges flores animaliaque et m>ia et t]rae ap]iuntur4' ,momms51 ,*ron4 #bbb4 ,ovid qua9tly =sakes ! s*ol>s to claim ! mon? = ,v5us 7,aphrodite71 ,fa/i1 #d4 #fa foll4 ,i d n "k :y ,mr4 ,grang] %\ld call x ! bo>-mon? 7f ap]71 9 8 ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,segetes runcuri1 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 ,i4 #cj4 ,columella's in/ructions are ( ! same k9d 7,,ii4 #b74 ,footnote #ahh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bhj4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #baf4 ,footnote #aij3 ,febru>y has ?irte51 all b two betwe5 ,kal4 & ,ides4 ,! ,nones & ,ides are ,,np4 ,april has ?irte5 betwe5 ,nones & #bbnd2 or f\rte5 if we include ! #ai?1 :i* is ,,np 9 ,ca]4 ,! ,ides are ,,np1 ,nones ,n4 ,footnote #aia3 ,see ! fragm5t>y head+ to ! mon? 9 ,fa/i ,pra542 ,ovid1 l4 c42 ,lydus1 #d4 #de2 ,tutela ,v5]is1 9 ru/ic cal5d>s2 ,v5]alia 7,april #a71 ,philocalus4 ,footnote #aib3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #a4 #f3 #8,item adv5]or ,m9]vam et ,v5]em1 qu>um unius procuratio oliveti1 alt]ius hortorum4' ,cp4 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bj #8,quod tum 7,aug4 #ai7 d$icata a$es et horti ei deae dicantur ac tum fiant f]iati holitores4' ,cf4 ,prell]1 ,my?4 i4 #dcd foll4 ,! olde/ ,v5us-temple 0 9 ! l[ gr\nd ( ! ,circus ,maximus 7,b4,c4 #bie74 8,v5us1 l ,c]es1 may h be5 an old ,roman deity ( ! plebs1 b %e nev] ent]$ into ! ,/ate-wor%ip 9 e>ly times40 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #ab quotes ,c9cius 7de ,fa/is7 & ,v>ro to prove t %e _h orig9ally no?+ to d ) ,april1 & t !re 0 no dies fe/us or insigne sacrificium 9 h] hon\r dur+ ! mon?4 ,footnote #aic3 #d4 #de 1 1 444 ,cp4 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #ae4 ,footnote #aid3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cae4 ,footnote #aie3 ,we %all f9d "s reason = believ+ t 9 ! e>ly ,republican p]iod new cults came 9 r ?r\gh plebeian ?an patrician ag5cy 7see bel[1 on ,c]ealia74 ,b 9 ! p]iod ( ! new nobilitas ! l[] classes seem r to h held to _! own cults1 :ile ! upp] social /ratum 0 m ready to accept new ones4 ,see bel[1 on ,april #d1 = ! conditions ( su* acceptance4 ,! t5d5cy is to be expla9$ by ! wide & increas+ sph]e ( ! =eign relations ( ! ,s5atorial gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #aif3 ,fa/i1 #d4 #acc-afd4 ,footnote #aig3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #adi foll4 ,footnote #aih3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #def4 ,footnote #aii3 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #gd4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,ovid1 l4 c41 #d4 #afj #8,inde ,v5us v]so nom9a corde t5et4' ,footnote #bja3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #bh4 ,ab\t a c5tury e>li] a /atue ( ?is ,v5us 0 said to h be5 erect$ 7,val4 ,max4 #h4 #ae4 #ab2 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #g4 #abj71 z ,wiss[a po9t$ out 9 8 ,essay1 #8de ,v5]is ,simulacris1' p4 #ab4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,see above1 p4 #fg1 note #b4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #dej foll4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,prell]1 i4 #ddf4 ,footnote #bje3 ,livy1 #bi4 #aj & #ad2 ,ovid 7,fa/i1 #d4 #bei foll47 has a fanciful edition ( ! /ory :i* well illu/rates ! "* ( 8 "w1 & t ( ! leg5d-mong]s2 cp4 ,prell]1 ii4 #eg4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,prell]1 ii4 #ee4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #af2 ,arnobius1 #g4 #di4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,livy1 #bi4 #aj1 #ad4 ,footnote #bji3 ,see above1 ,introduction1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #baj3 de ,h>usp4 ,resp4 #ab4 #bd #8,qui uni ludi ne v]bo quidem appellantur ,lat9o1 ut vocabulo ipso et appetita religio ext]na et ,matris ,magnae nom9e suscepta decl>etur4' ,footnote #baa3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #ai4 ,a v int]e/+ passage1 9 :i*1 among o!r comm5ts1 ! hi/orian po9ts out t 9 receiv+ ! goddess ! ,romans elim9at$ 4 ,footnote #bab3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 pp4 #bb & #di4 ,footnote #bac3 ,gell4 #ah4 #b4 #aa 7patricii72 cp4 #b4 #bd4 #b 7pr9cipes civitatis74 ,cp4 ,lydus1 #d4 #de2 ,v]rius' note 9 ,pra541 #8,nobilium mutitationes c5>um solitae sunt frequ5t] fi]i1' c4 ,footnote #bad3 ,see ,m>q4 #cgj foll4 ,! ,ludi ev5tually ext5d$ f ! #d? to ! #aj? inclusive 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cad74 ,footnote #bae3 ,or ,hordicidia1 ,fe/4 #ajb2 ,hordicalia1 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #b4 #e4 #f2 ,=dicalia1 ,lydus1 #d4 #di4 #8,=da f]5s bos e/ fecundaque1 dicta f]5do1' ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #fca4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #fce #8,p>s cadit arce ,iovis4 ,t] d5as curia vaccas ,accipit1 et l>go sp>sa cruore madet4' ,cp4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ae4 ,prell]1 ii4 #f1 und]/&s ,ovid's #8p>s' z mean+ m ?an "o c[4 ,footnote #bag3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #fcc #8,nune gravidum pecus e/1 gravidae nunc sem9e t]rae2 ,telluri pl5ae victima pl5a datur4' ,footnote #bah3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #fcg4 ,a/ ubi visc]ibus vitulos rapu]e m9i/ri1 ,sectaque fumosis exta d$]e focis1 ,igne cremat vitulos quae natu maxima ,virgo1 ,luce ,palis populos purget ut ille c9is4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see bel[1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,?is appe>s pla9ly 9 ,ovid's acc\nt 7,fa/i1 #d4 #fcc foll471 & also 9 t ( ,lydus 7#d4 #di73 4 ,bo? d\btless drew on ,v>ro4 ,lydus adds "o or two p>ticul>s1 t ! 787 scatt]$ fl[]s among ! p 9 ! !atre1 & w5t 9 procession outside ! city1 sacrific+ to ,demet] at p>ticul> /ations2 b he may be confus+ ?is fe/ival ) ! ,amb>valia4 ,footnote #bba3 ,see ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #aij2 cp4 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #dc4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,fa/i ,pra542 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bce1 & ,momms5's note 7:]e ,apr4 is mispr9t$ ,aug474 #8,hoc biduo sacrificium maximum ,=tunae ,primig4 utro eorum die oraclum patet1 ,,ii viri vitulum ,i4' ,footnote #bbc3 ,liv4 #cj4 #ci2 ,fri$lnd] 9 ,m>q4 #ejj2 ,momms51 ,mnzwes51 p4 #fdb1 note2 ,/aatsre*t1 i4 #ehf4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bih4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,9 ! ,salian hymn duonus c]us creator bonus 7( ,janus73 cf4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #bf2 ,momms51 ,unt]italis*e ,dialekt51 #acc4 ,see articles c]us 7,wiss[a7 & ,c]es 7,birt7 9 ,my?4 ,lex42 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #hj & #ii4 ,footnote #bbf3 #8,c]es a cre&o dicta1' ,s]v4 ,georg4 #a4 #g4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 #dd1 c]riti l>vati1 :]e c]us seems to mean a gho/4 ,if s1 we h a good example ( a common orig9 ( gho/s & gods 9 ! animi/ic ideas ( e>ly ,italy4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,arnob4 #c4 #dj1 quot+ "o ,caesius1 :o foll[$ ,etruscan tea*+1 & held t ,c]es ,g5ius ,iovialis et ,pales4 ,see ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #ha4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #fb4 ,!y 7 n ev5 c]ta9 :e!r ! ,g5ius ,urbis 0 mascul9e or fem99e2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #b4 #cea4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fr4 ,arv4 p4 #dh4 ,9 lat] times ,c]es took ! place ( ,m>s at ! ,amb>valia1 "u ,greek influ5ce4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,s ,h5z51 l4 c4 & 8 ,introduction1 p4 ix4 ,footnote #bca3 ,my?4 ,lex1 s4v4 ,c]es1 #hfa4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 dogmatize1 & has little to adduce 9 fav\r ( 8 op9ion1 save ! /atem5t ( ,s]vius 7,georg4 #a4 #g7 t #8,sab9i ,c]]em ,panem appellant4' ,footnote #bcb3 ,prell] ,jordan1 ii4 #bf4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus1 pp4 #e & #dj4 ,prell]-,jordan1 ii4 #ch4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,birt 7,my?4 ,lex4 #hfb7 gives ! au?orities4 ,footnote #bce3 ,! trias ( itself w\ld prove ! ,greek orig93 cf4 ,kuhfeldt1 de ,capitoliis1 p4 #gg foll4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #ce4 #aed4 ,! names ( two ,greek arti/s 7 inscrib$ on ! temple4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 ii4 #b1 #dfh1 note4 ,footnote #bch3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #f4 #hi2 #aj4 #db2 ,liv4 #c4 #ee says sac] ,iovi1 b ! prop]ty 0 to be sold at ! temple ( ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a4 ,! corn-/eal] also 0 sac] ,c]]i4 ,footnote #bci3 ,liv4 #aj4 #bc2 #bg4 #f2 #cc4 #be4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,momms51 ,hi/4 i4 #bhd1 note4 ,cp4 ,s*wegl]1 ,rm4 ,ges*4 ii4 #bge1 note #c1 :o ?9ks ( an a]>ium plebis !re4 ,see also i4 #fjf & ii4 #bgh1 note #c4 ,accord+ to ,liv4 #c4 #ee s5atus consulta _h to be deposit$ 9 ?is temple4 ,footnote #bda3 ,burn1 ,rome & ! ,campagna1 p4 #bjd2 ,liv4 #c4 #ca & #cb f942 cp4 #aj4 #ca4 ,footnote #bdb3 e4 g4 by ,ihne1 vol4 i4 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #ghc foll4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 ii4 #b4 #dfh1 note #b1 is d\btful z to ! date ( ! cura annonae ( ! plebeian a$iles4 ,b ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #c4 #ae attributes x to an a$ile ( e>li] date ?an ,spurius ,maelius 7,b4,c4 #dch72 & ?\gh ! ,consuls may h _h ! g5]al sup]vision1 ! imm$iate cura1 z f> z ! plebs 0 conc]n$1 w\ld surely lie ) _! (fic]s4 ,two po9ts %\ld be borne 9 m9d "h--7#a7 t ! plebeian population to be reliev$ w\ld be a surplus population )9 ! city1 n ! f>m]-population ( ! c\ntry2 7#b7 t x w\ld probably be easi] to transport corn by sea ?an by l&1 z roads 7 few1 & enemies all ar\nd4 ,footnote #bde3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #g4a1 exposes ! absurdity ( ,roman annali/s 9 attribut+ ! corn-supply to ,dionysius2 b he himself talks ( ,gelo4 ,cp4 ,ihne1 i4 #afj4 ,ihne disbelieves ! :ole /ory1 believ+ x to be copi$ f ev5ts :i* happ5$ long aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,ambros*1 ,/udi51 p4 #bjh4 ,tradition told t ! ,t>qu9ii _h /or$ up great quantities ( corn 9 ,rome1 i4 e4 _h f$ _! workm54 ,cp4 ,liv4 #a4 #ef & #b4 #i4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,momms51 ,r4 ,h41 bk4 i4 *4 #ac f94 ,footnote #bdh3 ,see "u ,augu/ #ac 7bel[1 p4 #aih7 = ! p>allel f\ndation ( ! temple ( ,diana on ! ,av5t9e1 :i* also _h a ,greek & plebeian "*4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,fa/i1 #d4 #fha foll4 ,ovid does n di/9ctly say t ! foxes 7 let loose 9 ! ,circus1 b seems to imply x4 ,footnote #bej3 #8,factum abiit1 monim5ta man5t2 nam viv]e captam ,nunc quoque lex volpem ,c>seolana vetat4' ,! be/ ,,mss4 h #8nam dic]e c]tam4' ,b]gk conjectur$ #8namque ic]e captam4' ,! read+ giv5 above is adopt$ f "s inf]ior ,,mss4 by ,h4 ,pet] 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 foll[+ ,he9sius & ,riese4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,ow5 ( ,*4 ,*41 our be/ au?ority on ! text ( ,ovid1 has k9dly s5t me ! sugge/ion namque ire rep]tam1 comp>+1 = ! use ( ire1 ,ovid1 ,am4 #c4 #f4 #bj #8sic aet]nus eas4' ,?is conjecture1 :i* occurr$ indep5d5tly to myself1 suits ! s5se & is close to ! read+ ( ! be/ ,,mss4 ,footnote #bea3 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,re9h>dt d] ,fu*s1 cclxix 7quot$ by ,pet]74 ,ovid's explanation is ( c\rse wrong2 ! /ory is beyond d\bt meant to expla9 ! ritual1 or a law to :i* ! ritual gave rise4 ,footnote #beb3 ,prell]-,jordan1 ii4 #dc4 ,see "u ,robigalia4 ,footnote #bec3 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #ajg foll4 ,footnote #bed3 ,ovid's ^w is t]ga1 b he mu/1 ,i ?9k1 mean #8tails4' ,footnote #bee3 ,mannh>dt1 op4 cit4 #ahe4 ,cp4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #djh2 ii4 #c & #bh 7= f]tiliz+ p[] ( tail74 ,footnote #bef3 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #ach4 ,footnote #beg3 ,x may be z well to note t ! cu/om ( ty+ "s object 9 /raw--:eel1 pole ) cross-piece1 man :o slips out 9 "t1 c4--& !n burn+ x & c>ry+ x ab\t ! fields1 is common 9 ,europe & else:]e 7,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bdf foll474 ,at ! same "t animals are sometimes burnt 9 a bonfire3 e4g4 squirrels1 cats1 foxes1 c4 7,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bhc74 ,! explanation ( ,mannh>dt1 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 is t !y 7 corn-spirits burnt z a *>m to secure sun%9e & vegetation4 ,if ! foxes 7 ev] really let loose among ! fields1 damage might occasionally be done1 & /ories might arise l t ( ,c>seoli1 or ev5 laws =bidd+ a dang]\s practice4 ,footnote #beh3 ,9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cae ?is m>k is confus$ ) ^? ( ! #bcrd4 ,footnote #bei3 ,! lett]s an also appe> 9 a fragm5t ( a lo/ note 9 ,esq4 ,momms5 quotes ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #gge1 & ,tibull4 #b4 #e4 #ha = ! idea ( an annus pa/orum beg9n+ on ?is day4 ,i c f9d no explanation ( x1 a/ronomical or o!r4 ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #hh calls ! day ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 :i* x c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,= ! =m ( ! ^w see ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cae4 7,9 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ae1 x is ,palilia47 ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #daf4 ,footnote #bfa3 #8,palilia tam privata quam publica sunt4' ,v>ro1 ap ,s*ol4 9 ,p]sium1 #a4 #ge4 ,see on ,compitalia1 bel[1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,s]v4 ,georg4 #c4 #a3 #8,pales 444 dea e/ pabuli4 ,hanc 444 alii1 int] quos ,v>ro1 mascul9o g5]e vocant1 ut hic ,pales4' ,!re c be no bett] pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! deity 9 ,italy4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ec4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,!re 0 a flam5 ,palatualis 7,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #de1 & ,fe/4 #bde7 & an (f]+ ,palatu> 7,fe/4 #cdh71 connect$ ) a ,diva ,palatua ( ! ,palat9e1 :o may h be5 ! urban & pontifical =m ( ,pales4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ovid is borne out or supplem5t$ by ,tibull4 #b4 #e4 #hg foll42 ,prop]t4 #d4 #d4 #ge foll42 ,probus on ,virg4 ,georg4 #c4 #a2 ,dionys4 #a4 #hh1 c4 ,footnote #bff3 ,x is noticeable t %eep alone are m5tion$ 9 ! ritual z ,ovid describes x4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 p4 #caj4 ,cp4 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bdf foll4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahdb4 ,= ! cu/om 9 ,london1 ,br&1 ,pop4 ,antiquities1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,s ,i und]/& ,ovid3 b 9 l9e #gdb 9 m$iis focis might r indicate a fire 9 ! atrium ( ! h\se1 & s ,mannh>dt takes x4 ,9 t case ! fire ov] :i* !y leap$ 7l9e #hje7 0 made lat] on 9 ! c]emony4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,cp4 ,hom4 ,od4 #bb4 #dha 1 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #bga3 ,tibull4 #b4 #e4 #bh #8,et facta agre/i lignea falce ,pales4' ,tib4 seems "h to be transf]r+ a ru/ic practice ( 8 own day to ! e>lie/ ,romans ( ! ,palat9e4 ,b he may be simply indulg+ 8 imag9ation2 & we _c safely conclude t we h "h a rude ,italian orig9 ( an?ropomorphic ideas ( ! gods4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #gdc-gdf4 esp #8dapibus resectis4' ,we c h>dly escape ! conclusion t ! idea ( ! common meal %>$ ) ! gods 0 a g5u9e ,italian "o2 x is f\nd "h1 9 ! ,t]m9alia 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fee71 & 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jupit]4 ,see on ,sept4 #ac & ,feb4 #bc4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,fa/i1 #d4 #gfc foll4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,f\r is unusual2 ?ree is ! common numb] 9 religi\s rites4 ,footnote #bge3 #8,conv]sus ad ortus ,die quat]1 et vivo p]lue rore manus4' ,ovid may p]haps be us+ ros = fre% wat] ( any k9d2 see ,h4 ,pet]'s note 7,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #gj74 ,b ! virtues ( dew are great at ?is "t ( ye> 7e4 g4 ,may-day74 ,see ,br&1 ,pop4 ,ant4 #bah1 & ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #cab4 ,pepys records t 8 wife w5t out to ga!r ,may-dew2 ,di>y1 ,may #aj4 #affi4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,! ^w is camella 9 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #ggi2 cp4 ,petron4 ,sat1 #ace1 & ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 #af #g4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,or z ,prop]tius has x 7#d4 #d4 #gg73 #8,cumque sup] r>os fo5i flammantis ac]vos ,traiicit immundos ebria turba p$es4' ,footnote #bgh3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #hja foll42 ,prop4 #d4 #d4 #gc2 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #b4 #a4 #i4 ,_m o!r ref]5ces are collect$ 9 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #ddd1 note #a4 ,! tradition 0 c]ta9ly an anci5t "o1 & ! pa/oral "* ( ! rite is 9 keep+ ) t ( ! leg5d4 ,x is to be not$ t ! sacrific+ prie/ 0 orig9ally ! ,rex ,sacrorum 7,dionys4 #a4 #hh71 a fact :i* may well c>ry u back to ! e>lie/ ,roman age4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #gcc foll4 #8,sanguis equi suffim5 erit vitulique favilla4 ,t]tia res durae culm5 inane fabae4' ,:e!r ! bonfire 0 burnt on ! ,palat9e itself does n seem c]ta91 b x is a reasonable conjecture4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,he po9ts out 7p4 #caf7 t ! ?r[+ ( bones or burnt pieces ( an animal into ! flames is common 9 nor!rn ,europe3 h5ce bonfire bonefire4 ,footnote #bha3 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #caf2 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bgd foll4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #bfh4 ,soranus is ?\ght to be connect$ etymologically ) ,sol4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 ,deecke disagrees 7,falisk]1 #if74 ,footnote #bhc3 ,s call$ by ,virg4 ,a54 ,,ii4 #ghe & ,s]v4 ad loc4 ,:o ! deity really 01 we d n "k4 ,apollo "h _h no d\bt a ,graeco-,etruscan orig94 ,deecke 7,falisk]1 #ic7 ?9ks ( ,dis ,pat] or ,v$iovis2 quot+ ,s]vius' acc\nt & explanation ( ! cult4 ,t ! god 0 ,sab9e1 n ,etruscan1 is %[n by ! ^w hirpi4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,or ( ,soracte1 if ,soranus ,soractnus 7,deecke74 ,footnote #bhe3 ,s]v4 l4 c4 tells ! aetiological leg5d4 ,cp4 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #g4 #aa4 ,x has be5 dealt ) fully by ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #cah foll4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,pl94 l4 c42 ,v>ro 7ap4 ,s]v4 l4 c47 ass]t$ t !y us$ a salve = _! feet :i* protect$ !m4 ,! same ?+ is said1 ,i believe1 ( ! ,h>aw>a 9 ,india4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,accord+ to ,/rabo1 p4 #bbf1 ?is fire-c]emony took place 9 ! grove ( ,f]onia1 at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,f]onia may h be5 a corn- or h>ve/-deity1 & ( ?is ,mannh>dt makes all he c4 ,we may at lea/ guess t ! rite took place at ,midsumm]4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,cp4 ! cult ( ,zeus ,lykaios 9 ,arcadia2 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #da4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,my?41 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ii4 #bab4 ,footnote #bij3 ,?is peculi> notation is common to ?is day & ,aug4 #ai 7! ,v9alia ,ru/ica71 & to ! ,f]alia 7,feb4 #ba74 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bia3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #hgg1 asks3 #8,cur igitur ,v5]is fe/um ,v9alia dicant1 ,qua]itis8#8 ,footnote #bib3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #af2 ,fe/4 #fe & #cgd4 ,! latt] gloss is3 #8,v9alia diem fe/um habebant1 quo die v9um novum ,iovi libabant4' ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #hii1 aft] tell+ ! ,mez5tius /ory 7allud$ to 9 ! note 9 ,pra5471 adds ,dicta dies h9c e/ ,v9alia3 ,iuppit] illam ,v9dicat1 et fe/is gaudet inesse suis4 ,footnote #bic3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #hga ,templa frequ5t>i ,coll9ae proxima portae ,nunc decet2 a ,siculo nom9a colle t55t4 ,he seems to h confus$ ?is temple ) t on ! ,capitol 7,au/1 de ,a$ibus1 #bc74 ,footnote #bid3 ,liv4 #dj4 #cd4 #d4 ,footnote #bie3 ,au/1 ib4 p4 #bd4 ,v>ro wrote a satire #8,v9alia 4' ,plut>* 7,q4 ,r4 #de7 confuses ,v9alia & ,v5]alia4 ,footnote #bif3 ,fe/us1 #bfd & #bfe2 9 ! ,vallis ,murcia 7or ,circus maximus71 & ! lucus ,libit9ae4 7,9 #bfe1 xiii ,kal4 ,sept4 %\ld be xiv47 ,= ! date ( ! =m] temple1 #bic ,b4,c41 ,liv4 #aj4 #ca4 #i4 ,footnote #big3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #a2 ,fe/4 #bfe2 ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #dda4 ,footnote #bih3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 iv4 #bggf4 ,footnote #bii3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #af4 ,see ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #gjd foll4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbf4 ,v9demia is ! grape-h>ve/4 ,h>tmann1 ,rm4 ,kal4 #ach1 diff]s f ,momms5 on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #cja3 ,q4 ,r4 #de4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,fe/4 #fe4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #bhg4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #af4 ,hortis is ,momms5's v probable em5dation = sortis ( ! ,,mss4 ,o4 ,mll] has sacris1 :i* is pref]r$ by ,jordan 7,prell]1 i4 #aif74 ,footnote #cje3 #bfd4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,momms5 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbf7 ?9ks t !re is no mi/ake 9 ! gloss2 b t ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica repres5t a lat] & luxuri\s fa%ion ( all[+ a :ole ye> to elapse be=e ta/+ ! w9e1 in/ead ( six mon?s4 ,f ! v9tage1 h[ev] 7end ( ,septemb] or beg9n+ ( ,octob]71 to ,augu/ #ai is n a :ole ye>4 ,see "u ,augu/ #ai4 ,footnote #cjg3 #8,tria namque tempora fructibus metuebant1 propt] quod in/itu]unt f]ias diesque fe/os1 ,robigalia1 ,floralia1 ,v9alia4' ,t ! ,v9alia "h ref]r$ to is ! ,augu/ "o is cle>1 n only f ! ord] ( ! words1 b f :at foll[s1 d[n to ! end ( sec4 #bhi4 ,secs4 #bhg to end ( #bhh deal ) ! ,v9alia priora p>5!tically2 9 #bhi ,pl9y returns to ! ,v9alia alt]a 7or ru/ica71 aft] ?us cle>+ ! gr\nd by mak+ x cle> t ! ,april ,v9alia #8nihil ad fructus att95t4' ,he !n quotes ,v>ro to %[ t 9 ,augu/ ! object is to av]t /orms :i* might damage ! v9ey>ds4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbf1 seems to me to h misread ?is passage4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #hgg foll43 ! leg5d 0 an old "o = x is quot$ by ,macrob4 7,sat4 #c4 #e4 #aj7 f ,cato's ,orig9es4 ,see also ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz51 #fe foll41 :o is1 h[ev]1 9 error z to ! id5tification ( ,jupit] 7,lib]7 ) 4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see ,columella1 #b4 #ab2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,,ii4 #ah4 #ia2 & article1 #8,mildew1' 9 ,encycl4 ,brit4 ,= ! botanical "* ( ?is p>asite see ,wor?+ton ,smi?'s ,diseases ( ,field & ,g>d5 ,crops1 *s4 #ba & #bc2 & ,hugh ,macmillan's ,bible ,tea*+s f ,nature1 p4 #abj foll4 ,footnote #caj3 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #bgc3 cp4 #aed4 ,pl9y ?\ght x *iefly ! result ( dew 7cf4 mildew1 ,g]man mehl?au71 & 0 n :olly wrong4 ,footnote #caa3 ,! masc4 is no d\bt correct4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #ijg1 uses ! fem99e ,robigo1 b is alone among ! old] writ]s 9 do+ s3 see ,prell]-,jordan1 ii4 #dd1 note #b4 ,footnote #cab3 ,indigitation is ! fix+ ( ! local action ( a god to be invok$1 by means ( 8 "n1 if ,i und]/& rightly ,reiff]s*eid's view z giv5 by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,indigitam5ta1 p4 #acg4 ,! prie/ ( ! ,robigalia 0 ! flam5 ,quir9alis3 ,quir9us is "o =m ( ,m>s4 ,footnote #cac3 de ,spectaculis1 #e4 ,footnote #cad3 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ada2 ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #cdj4 ,footnote #cae3 ,/rabo1 #fac3 see ,ros*]1 ,apollo & ,m>s1 p4 #fb4 mildew1 ( :i* is ! ,rhodian =m4 ,footnote #caf3 ,see ,momms5's +5i\s explanation 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #caf4 ,footnote #cag3 ,fa/i1 #d4 #ija foll4 ,! victims _h be5 sla9 at ,rome & 9 ! morn+2 & 7 (f]$ at ! grove lat] 9 ! day 7see ,m>q4 #ahd74 ,footnote #cah3 ,villis mantele solutis 7cp4 ,s]v4 ,a54 #ab4 #afi74 ,footnote #cai3 ,r4 ,r4 #ada4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,s we may p]haps translate quo sid]e moto3 b ,ovid c]ta9ly ?\ght ! /> rose 7cf4 #ijd74 ,h>tmann expla9s ,ovid's blund] by ref]5ce to ,s]v4 ,georg4 #a4 #bah 7,rm4 ,kal4 #aic74 ,see also ,h4 ,pet]1 ad loc4 ,footnote #cba3 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #ajg foll4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,fe/us1 #bhe2 ,paul1 #de4 ,x 0 outside ! ,porta ,catul>ia1 ( :i*1 unluckily1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #ad #8,ita e/ 9 comm5t>iis pontificum3 ,augurio can>io ag5do dies con/ituantur priusquam frum5ta vag9is exeant et antequam 9 vag9as p]v5iant4' ,= #8et antequam' we %\ld p]haps read #8nec antequam4' ,! vag9a is ! %ea? :i* protects ! e> & f :i* x ev5tually protrudes2 & x seems t 9 ?is /age1 :i* 9 ,italy w\ld occur at ! end ( ,april or beg9n+ ( ,may1 ! corn is peculi>ly liable to #8ru/4' 7,s ,virg4 ,georg4 #a4 #aea #8,ut mala culmos ,esset robigo'3 i4 e4 ! /alks includ+ ! vag9a47 ,see ,hugh ,macmillan1 op4 cit4 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #ajf4 ,mr4 ,fraz] 7,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ei3 cp4 i4 #cjf7 takes ! o!r view ( ?is & simil> sacrifices1 b ) "s hesitation4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! occurr5ce ( r$ col\r 9 victims _c well be always expla9$ 9 ?is way2 e4 g4 ! r$ heif] ( ! ,israelites 7,numb]s xix71 & ! r$ ox5 ( ! ,egyptians 7,plut4 ,isis & ,osiris1 #ca74 ,b 9 ?is rite1 occurr+ s close to ! ,c]ialia1 :]e1 z we h se51 foxes 7 turn$ out 9 ! circus maximus1 ! col\r ( ! puppies mu/ h _h "s mean+ 9 relation to ! gr[+ crops4 ,footnote #cbf3 #8,ludi cursoribus maioribus m9oribusque4' ,:at ^! 7 is n kn[n3 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cag4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,us5]1 ,religionsges*i*te1 i4 #bih foll4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #bhf2 two ye>s e>li]1 accord+ to ,velleius1 #a4 #ad4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only case 9 :i* a deity tak5 9 h& by ! decemviri sacris faciundis _c be trac$ to a ,greek orig92 b ! *>act]i/ics ( ,flora are s l ^? ( ,v5us t 9 ! =m]1 z 9 ! latt]1 ,aphrodite may be conceal$4 ,! games z ev5tually organiz$ _h po9ts 9 common ) ! cult ( ,aphrodite at ,hi]apolis 7,lucian1 ,dea ,syr4 #di2 ,f>nell1 ,cults1 ii4 #fdc72 & x is wor? not+ t _! date 7#agc ,b4,c47 is subsequ5t to ! ,syrian w>4 ,up to t "t ! games 7 n regul> or annual 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #e4 #bie74 ,footnote #ccj3 ,tac4 ,ann4 #b4 #di2 ,au/1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #cca3 ,plebis ad a$iles3 ,ovid1 ib4 v4 #bhg2 ,fe/us1 #bch1 probably 9 error1 calls ! ,publicii curule a$iles4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,ovid1 ib4 #e4bgg foll41 9 :i* he draws a picture ( ! misdo+s ( ! l&hold]s4 ,cp4 ,liv4 #cc4 #db1 = ! temple ( ,faunus 9 insula1 f\nd$ by ! same means4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,ovid1 ib4 #e4 #ceb4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,/eud+ 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,flora4 ,!re 0 a ,sab9e mon? ,flusalis 7,momms4 ,*ron4 #bai7 ,floralis1 & answ]+ to ,july4 ,v>ro consid]$ ,flora a ,sab9e deity 7,l4 ,l4 #e4 #gd74 ,footnote #cce3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #de4 ,flora _h an anci5t temple 9 colle1 ne> ! s-call$ ,capitolium vetus 7,/eud+1 l4 c471 i4 e4 9 ! #8,sab9e qu>t]4' ,footnote #ccf3 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 #adf4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,ov4 #e4 #cca foll #8,volt sua plebeio sacra pat]e *oro4' ,footnote #cch3 ,val4 ,max4 #b4 #aj4 #h4 ,/eud+ 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 has oddly misund]/ood ?is passage1 mak+ ,val4 ,max4 write ( ?is cu/om z an anci5t "o1 :]eas he cle>ly implies ! opposite4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! relic ( "s rude c\ntry practice1 deg5]at$ "u ! influ5ce ( city life4 ,footnote #cci3 ,lactantius1 ,de falsa religione1 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,aug4 ,civ4 ,dei1 ii4 #bg4 ,footnote #cda3 ,fri$lnd] on ,m>tial1 #h4 #fg4 #d4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,h4 ,pet] takes ?is to mean t !y 7 let loose f a net & hunt$ into x aga94 ,see note ad loc4 #e4 #cga4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,see above1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,sat4 #e4 #agg3 ,vigila et cic] +]e l>ge ,rixanti populo1 no/ra ut ,floralia poss9t ,aprici mem9isse s5es4--,cp4 ,hor4 ,sat4 #b4 #c4 #ahb4 ,footnote #cde3 ,fri$lnd]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te1 ii4 #bhf2 & 8 note on ,m>tial1 #h4 #gh4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,k9d4 u4 ,korn4 #cea foll4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,ano!r po9t t may /rike ! read] ( ,ovid is ! we>+ ( p>ti-col\r$ dress on ^! days 7#e4 #cee3 cp4 ,m>tial1 #e4 #bc7-- ,cur tam5 ut dantur ve/es ,c]ialibus albae1 ,sic haec e/ cultu v]sicolore dec5s8 ,flora answ]s him d\btfully4 ,0 ?is a practice ( comp>atively late date8 ,see ,fri$lnd]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ii4 #bge4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 p4 #dee 7,tabula f]4 ,lat474 ,! day 0 ,m>* #ae f ,b4,c4 #bbb to #aec2 9 e>li] times x _h be5 frequ5tly *ang$4 ,see ,momms54 ,*ron4 p4 #hj foll4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,on ?is (fice & its connexion ) ! f]iae see ,vigneaux1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de la praefectura urbis1 p4 #cg foll4 ,footnote #cej3 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #c4 #fi2 ,dionys4 #d4 #di4 ,! difficult que/ions aris+ out ( ! numb]s giv5 by ^! au?orities are discuss$ by ,belo*1 ,italis*] ,bund1 #agh foll41 & ,momms5 9 ,h]mes1 vol4 xvii4 #db foll4 ,footnote #cea3 ,au/1 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #fhi4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #bjba4 ,footnote #cec3 ,cond5s$ f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,au/1 l4 c4 ,see also ,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #baj foll4 ,! *ief au?ority is ,dionys4 #d4 #di4 ,footnote #ced3 e4 g4 ,liv4 #cb4 #a1 #cg4 #c1 9 :i* cases "s "o city _h n receiv$ its portion4 ,! result 0 an in/auratio f]i>um4 ,footnote #cee3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bid 7,f]iae ,sem5tivae74 ,! mean+ ( ! oscilla 0 n really kn[n to ! lat] ,romans1 :o freely indulg$ 9 conjectures ab\t !m4 ,macrob4 #a4 #g4 #cd2 ,s]v4 ,georg4 #b4 #chi2 ,paul4 #aba4 ,my own belief is t1 l ! bullae ( *ildr51 !y 7 only "o ( ! _m means ( av]t+ evil influ5ces4 ,footnote #cef3 ,see ! passages ( ,livy quot$ above1 & add #dj4 #de 7on acc\nt ( a /orm72 #da4 #af 7a failure on ! "p ( ,lanuvium74 ,footnote #ceg3 ,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #af #8,cum ,lati>1 hoc e/ ,lat9>um solemne concipitur1 nefas e/ proelium sum]e3 quia nec ,lat9>um tempore1 quo publice quondam indutiae int] populum ,romanum ,lat9osque firmatae sunt1 in*o>i bellum decebat4' ,footnote #ceh3 ,see "u ,sept4 #ac4 ,footnote #cei3 ,= ! *>act]i/ics & mean+ ( ! common sacrificial meal see especially ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lect4 viii4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 #ga4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit41 #bgh foll4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,cic4 pro ,plancio1 #i4 #bc4 ,,m5sis ,,maius4 ,0 ! "n ( ?is mon? tak5 f a deity ,maia1 or _h x orig9ally only a signification ( gr[+ or increas+1 su* z we might expect 9 a ^w d]iv$ f ! same root z maior1 maie/as1 c48 ,! foll[+ passage ( ,macrobius w %[ h[ entirely ! ,roman s*ol>s 7 at sea 9 _! answ] to ?is "q#cfc3 #8,maium ,romulus t]tium posuit4 ,de cuius nom9e int] auctores lata diss5sio e/4 ,nam ,fulvius ,nobilior 9 ,fa/is quos 9 a$e ,h]culis ,mus>um posuit#cfd ,romulum dicit po/quam populum 9 maiores iunioresque diuisit1 ut alt]a p>s consilio alt]a armis rem publicam tu]etur1 9 honorem utriusque p>tis hunc ,maium1 sequ5tem ,iunium m5sem uocasse#cfe4 ,sunt qui hunc m5sem ad no/ros fa/os a ,tusculanis transisse commemor5t1 apud quos nunc quoque uocatur deus ,maius1 qui e/ ,iuppit]1 a magnitud9e scilicet ac maie/ate dictus#cff4 ,c+ius#cfg m5sem nom9atum putat a ,maia quam ,vulcani dicit uxorem1 argum5toque utitur quod flam5 ,vulcanalis ,kal5dis ,maiis huic deae rem diu9am facit4 ,s$ ,piso uxorem ,vulcani ,maie/am non ,maiam dicit uoc>i4 ,cont5dunt alii ,maiam ,m]curii matrem m5si nom5 d$isse1 h9c maxime probantes quod hoc m5se m]catores omnes ,maiae p>it] ,m]curioque sacrificant#cfh4 ,adfirmant quidam1 quibus ,cornelius ,labeo cons5tit1 hanc ,maiam cui m5se ,maio res diu9a celebratur t]ram esse hoc adeptam nom5 a magnitud9e1 sicut et ,mat] ,magna 9 sacris uocatur ads]tionemque ae/imationis suae etiam h9c colligunt quod sus praegnans ei mactatur1 quae ho/ia propria e/ t]rae4 ,et ,m]curium ideo illi 9 sacris adiungi dicunt quia uox nasc5ti hom9i t]rae contactu datur1 scimus autem ,m]curium uocis et s]monis pot5tem4 ,auctor e/ ,cornelius ,labeo huic ,maiae id e/ t]rae a$em ,kal5dis ,maiis d$icatam sub nom9e ,bonae ,deae et e&em esse ,bonam ,deam et t]ram ex ipso ritu occultiore sacrorum doc]i posse confirmat4 ,hanc e&em ,bonam deam ,faunamque et ,opem et ,fatuam pontificum libris indigit>i1 c4' ,x is cle> f ?is passage t ! ,romans !mselves 7 n agre$1 ei!r 9 ! case ( ,may or ,june1 t ! "n ( ! mon? 0 d]iv$ f a deity4 ,no ,roman s*ol> d\bt$ t ,m>tius 0 d]iv$ f ,m>s1 ! *>act]i/ic god ( ! ,roman race2 b ,maia 0 a deity kn[n app>5tly only to ! prie/s & ! le>n$4 ,_h %e be5 a popul> "o1 :at ne$ c\ld !re h be5 to "q s obvi\s an etymology8 ,& if %e 7 an obscure "o1 h[ c\ld %e h giv5 h] "n to a mon?8 ,z a matt] ( fact ,m>* is ! only mon? ( :i* we c be sure t x 0 nam$ aft] a god4 ,ev5 ,janu>y is d\btful1 ,june /ill m s4 ,! natural assumption ab\t ?is latt] ^w w\ld be t x comes f ,juno1 m especially z we f9d 9 ,latium ! words ,junonius & ,junonalis z names ( mon?s#cfi4 ,b if ,junius came f ,juno1 x mu/ h come by ! dropp+ out ( a syllable2 & ?is1 9 ! case ( a long & acc5t$ o1 w\ld be at lea/ unlikely to happ5#cgj4 ,nor c we discov] any suffici5t reason :y ! mon? ( ,june %\ld be call$ aft] ,juno2 none at any rate su* z acc\nts = ! connexion ( ,m>s ) ! initial mon? ( ! ye>4 ,?is is en\gh to %[ t ! d]ivation ( ,june f ,juno mu/ be left d\btful2 & if s1 c]ta9ly t ( ,may f ,maia4 ,9 ! case ( ?is mon?1 n only does ! natural mean+ ( m5sis ,maius suit well z foll[+ ! m5sis ,aprilis1 b !re is no cult ( a deity ,maia :i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! mon?4 ,any "o :o reads ! passage ( ,macrobius ) "s k ( ! ,roman !ological sy/em w h>dly fail to conclude t ,maia is only a prie/ly indigitation ( ano!r deity1 & t ! "n ?us inv5t$ 0 simply tak5 f ! "n ( ! mon? z expla9$ above4 ,?is deity 0 m g5]ally kn[n1 z ,macrobius implies1 by ! "n ,bona ,dea1 & h] temple 0 d$icat$ on ! ,kal5ds ( ,may4 ,x is difficult to *>act]ize ! position ( ! mon? ( ,may 9 ! religi\s cal5d>4 ,x 0 to "s ext5t no d\bt a mon? ( purification4 ,at ! ,lemuria ! h\se 0 purifi$ ( ho/ile gho/s2 ! curi\s c]emony ( ! ,argei on ! ,ides is call$ by ,plut>* ! greate/ ( ! purifications2 & at ! end ( ! mon? took place ! lu/ratio ( ! gr[+ crops4 ,we note too t x 0 consid]$ ill-om5$ to m>ry 9 ,may1 z x /ill is 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! agricultural op]ations ( ! mon? 7 n ( a m>k$ "*4 ,mu* "w _h inde$ to be done 9 olivey>ds & v9ey>ds2 "s crops _h to be ho$ & clean$1 & ! hay-h>ve/ probably began 9 ! latt] "p ( ! mon?4 ,9 ! ma9 x 0 a "t ( some:at anxi\s expectation & prep>ation = ! h>ve/ to foll[2 & ?is falls 9 fairly well ) ! g5]al "* ( its religi\s rites4 ,,kal4 ,,mai4 7,,may #a47 ,f4 ,,l>,,ibus4 7,,v547 ,l----4 7,,esq47 ,?is 0 ! day on :i*1 accord+ to ,ovid#cga1 an alt> & #8p>va signa' _h be5 erect$ to ! ,l>es prae/ites4 ,!y 7 orig9ally ( great antiquity1 b _h fall5 into decay 9 ,ovid's "t3 ,b9a gemellorum qua]ebam signa deorum1 ,viribus annosae facta caduca morae#cgb4 ,ovid himself _h app>5tly n se5 ! signa1 ?\gh he look$ = !m2 & no d\bt he took f ,v>ro ! description he gives4 ,!y _h ! figure ( a dog at _! feet#cgc1 &1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 7 clo!d 9 dogs' sk9s4 ,bo? ,ovid & ,plut>* expla9$ ! dog z symboliz+ _! wat* ov] ! city2 ?\gh ,plut>*1 foll[+1 z he says1 c]ta9 ,romans1 pref]r$ to ?9k ( !m r z evil demons se>*+ out & puni%+ guilt l dogs4 ,! m5tion ( ! sk9s is v curi\s1 & we c h>dly sep>ate x f ! num]\s o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! images ( deities are kn[n to h be5 clo!d 9 ! sk9s ( victims sacrific$ to !m#cgd4 ,we may inde$ fairly conclude t ! ,l>es 7 *?onic deities1 & z su* 7 orig9ally appeas$1 l ,hekate 9 ,greece#cge1 by ! sacrifice ( dogs4 ,we h already _h "o example ( ! dog us$ z a victim#cgf4 ,two o!rs are m5tion$ by ,plut>*#cgg2 9 "o case ! deity 0 ! obscure ,g5ita ,mana1 & 9 ! o!r ! unkn[n god ( ! ,lup]calia1 bo? ( :i* belong 9 all probability to ! same /ratum ( ,italian religi\s antiquity z ! ,l>es4 ,:e!r we %\ld g fur!r1 & inf] f ! use ( ! sk9s t ! ,l>es 7 orig9ally wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( dogs#cgh1 is a "q ,i mu/ leave undecid$2 ! evid5ce is v scanty4 ,!re is no trace ( any connexion ) ! dog 9 ! cult ( ! ,l>es dome/ici#cgi1 or ,compitales4 ,?is is also ! traditional day ( ! d$ication ( a temple to ! ,bona ,dea1 on ! slopes ( ! ,av5t9e1 "u a big sacr$ rock4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,ovid#chj3 ,e/ moles nativa loco4 ,res nom9a fecit3 ,appellant ,saxum4 ,p>s bona montis ea e/4 ,huic ,remus in/it]at fru/ra1 quo tempore fratri ,prima ,palat9ae signa d$i/is aves4 ,templa ,patres illic oculos exosa viriles ,l5it] acclivi con/itu]e iugo4 ,d$icat haec vet]is ,clausorum nom9is h]es1 ,virg9eo nullum corpore passa virum4 ,livia re/ituit1 ne non imitata m>itum ,esset et ex omni p>te secuta virum4 ,! allusion to ,remus fixes ! site on ! ,av5t9e4 ,! date is unc]ta9#cha2 s too ! alleg$ f\ndation by ,claudia1 :i* may be only a reflection f ! /ory ( ! "p play$ by a ,claudia 9 ! introduction ( ! ,magna ,mat] ,idaea to ,rome#chb4 ,! temple1 z ,ovid says1 0 re/or$ by ,livia1 9 accordance ) ! policy ( h] husb&1 also at an unkn[n date4 ,( ! cult belong+ to ?is temple we h c]ta9 traces1 :i* also help u to "s vague conception ( ! nature ( ! deity4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?\gh 9 "o ess5tial p>ticul>1 viz4 ! exclusion ( m51 ?is cult 0 simil> to t ( ,decemb]1 x mu/ h be5 q di/9ct f x1 z ! latt] took place1 n 9 a temple1 b 9 ! h\se ( a magi/rate cum imp]io#chc4 #a4 ,! temple 0 c>$ =1 & ! cult celebrat$1 by wom5 only#chd4 ,!re 0 an old /ory t ,h]cules1 :5 driv+ ! cattle ( ,g]yon1 ask$ = wat] by ! cave ( ,cacus ( ! wom5 celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ! goddess1 & 0 refus$1 because ! wom5's fe/ival 0 go+ on1 & m5 7 n all[$ to use _! dr9k+-vessels2 & t ?is l$ to ! correspond+ exclusion ( wom5 f ! wor%ip ( ,h]cules#che4 ,! my? obvi\sly arose out ( ! practice4 ,! exclusion ( m5 po9ts to ! e>?-nature ( ! ,bona ,dea2 ! same 0 ! case 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,a!nian ,demet] ,!smophoros4 ,! e>? seems always to be spiritualiz$ z fem99e ev5 among savage peoples#chf1 & ! reason ( ! exclusion ( m5 is n difficult to conjecture1 j z ! exclusion ( wom5 f ! wor%ip ( ,h]cules is expla9$ by ! fact t ,h]cules repres5ts ! male pr9ciple 9 ! anci5t ,roman religion#chg4 #b4 ,macrobius#chh tells u t w9e c\ld n be br\ght into ! temple suo nom9e1 b only "u ! "n ( milk1 & t ! vase 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ 0 call$ mell>ium1 i4 e4 a vase = honey4 ,a leg5d grew up to acc\nt = ! cu/om1 to :i* we %all ref] aga91 t ,faunus _h beat5 8 daught] ,fauna 7i4 e4 ,bona ,dea7 ) a rod ( myrtle because %e w\ld n yield to 8 ince/u\s love or dr9k ! w9e he press$ on h]#chi4 ,?is may indicate a survival f ! "t :5 ! h]dsman us$ no w9e 9 sacr$ rites1 b milk & honey only2 ,pl9y tells u ( su* a "t#cij1 & 8 evid5ce is confirm$ by ! poets4 ,9 any case milk w\ld be ! appropriate (f]+ to ! ,e>?-"m1 & x is h>d to see :y x %\ld h be5 *ang$ to w9e1 unless x 7 t life 9 ! city & ,greek influ5ce alt]$ ! "* bo? ( ! ,bona ,dea & h] wor%ipp]s4 ,! really ru/ic deities _h milk (f]$ !m1 e4 g4 ,silvanus1 ,pales1 & ,c]es4 ,! g5]al inf]5ce f ?is survival is t ! ,bona ,dea 0 orig9ally ( ! same nature ) ^! deities1 b lo/ h] ru/icity :5 %e became "p ( an organiz$ city wor%ip4 #c4 ,myrtle 0 n all[$ 9 ?is temple2 h5ce ! my? t ,faunus beat 8 daught] ) a myrtle rod#cia4 ,b c\ld ! exclusion ( myrtle by itself h sugge/$ ! beat+8 ,dr4 ,mannh>dt answ]s 9 ! negative1 & conjectures t !re mu/ h be5 "s k9d ( beat+ 9 ! cult itself1 :i* gave rise to ! /ory#cib4 ,dr4 ,mannh>dt nev] made a conjecture )\t a l>ge collection ( facts on :i* to base x2 & "h he dep5ds ^u a numb] ( in/ances f ,greece & ,nor!rn ,europe1 9 :i* man or woman1 or "s object su* z ! image ( a deity1 is :ipp$ ) rods1 nettles1 /rips ( lea!r1 c41 9 ord]1 z x w\ld seem1 to produce f]tility & drive away ho/ile influ5ces4 ,we %all see ! same peculi>ity occurr+ at ! ,lup]calia 9 ,febru>y#cic1 :]e its object & mean+ are almo/ beyond d\bt4 ,_m ( ^! practices occur1 x is wor? not+1 on ,may-day4 ,if ! ,bona ,dea 0 a repres5tative 9 any s5se ( ! f]tility ( wom51 z well z ( ! fructify+ p[]s ( ! e>?--& ! two ideas seem naturally to h run toge!r 9 ! primitive m9d--we may provisionally accept ,dr4 ,mannh>dt's +5i\s sugge/ion4 ,if x be object$ t z myrtle 0 exclud$ f ! cult x c\ld n h be5 us$ !re9 = ! purpose ( :ipp+1 ! answ] is simply t z be+ inve/$ ) "s my/]i\s p[] x 0 taboo$ f ord9>y use1 b1 l c]ta9 k9ds ( victims1 0 introduc$ on special & mom5t\s occasions4 #d4 ,! temple 0 a k9d ( h]b>ium 9 :i* h]bs 7 kept ) heal+ prop]ties#cid4 ,a gr\p ( int]e/+ inscriptions %[s t ! ,bona ,dea did n conf9e h] heal+ p[]s to cases ( wom51 b cur$ ! ailm5ts ( bo? sexes#cie4 ,?is attribute ( ! goddess is borne out by ! pres5ce ( snakes 9 h] temple1 ! usual symbol ( ! m$ic9al art1 & at ! same "t appropriate to ! ,bona ,dea z an ,e>?-goddess#cif4 ,x is possible t ?is feature is a ,greek importation2 b on ! :ole ,i see no reason :y ! female m9i/rants ( ! temple %\ld n h ex]cis$ su* heal+ p[]s1 or h sold or giv5 h]bs at reque/1 ev5 at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,no d\bt ,greek m$ic9al le>n+ became associat$ ) x1 b t ! k ( simples 0 indig5\s 9 ,italy we h abundant pro(#cig2 & t x %\ld h be5 connect$ ) no cult ( a deity until ,aesculapius 0 introduc$ f ,greece1 is mo/ improbable4 #e4 ,! sacrifice m5tion$ is t ( a porca#cih4 ,! pig is also ! victim 9 ! wor%ip ( ,c]es1 ( ,juno ,luc9a#cii 7z alt]native = a lamb71 & z a piacul> sacrifice 9 ! ritual ( ! deity ( ! ,fratres ,arvales 7,dea ,dia72 x seems 9 fact1 z 9 ,greece1 to be appropriate to deities ( ! e>? & ( wom54 ,!re is no reason to suppose t :]ev] x is f\nd x _h a ,greek orig92 ev5 9 ! cult ( ,c]es1 :i*1 z we saw1 became e>ly ov]laid ) ,greek practice#djj1 ! pig may h be5 ! victim be=e t *ange took place4 ,b x is a s+ul> fact t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,bona ,dea1 ei!r at ! temple ( ! ,av5t9e1 or 9 ! ,decemb] rite--m probably p]haps 9 ! latt]--! victim 0 call$ by a "n :i* looks suspici\sly ,greek1 viz4 ,damium#dja4 ,x seems t !re 0 a deity ,damia :o 0 wor%ipp$ "h & !re 9 ,greece1 & also 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 e4 g4 at ,t>5tum1 :]e %e _h a fe/ival call$ ,dameia#djb4 ,x looks z if ?is ,greek deity _h at "o "t migrat$ f ,t>5tum to ,rome1 & become engraft$ ^u ! indig5\s ,bona ,dea2 = we are expressly told t ,damia 0 id5tical ) ! ,bona ,dea1 & t ! prie/ess ( ! latt] 0 call$ ,damiatrix#djc4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ^! v obscure names1 )\t any v def9ite result2 b x seems to be g5]ally agre$ t ! =m ( ! ^w damiatrix indicates a high antiquity = ! ,graeciz$ =m ( ! cult1 & may inde$ possibly sugge/ an ,italian orig9 = ! :ole gr\p ( names4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty conjectures are almo/ useless4 ,we h se5 en\gh ( ! cult to ga9 "s idea ( ! nature ( ?is my/]i\s deity1 ^: real "n 0 n kn[n1 ev5 if %e _h "o#djd4 ,we ne$ n id5tify h] ) ,ve/a1 z "s h done#dje1 nor ) ,juno ,luc9a1 nor ) any o!r female deity ( ! class to :i* %e seems to h belong$4 ,%e mu/ at "o "t h be51 :atev] %e aft]w>ds became1 a protective deity ( ! female sex1 ! ,e>?-"m#djf1 a k9dly & helpful1 b %y & unkn[able deity ( f]tility4 ,! "n ,bona ,dea is probably to be reg>d$ z "o indigitation ( ! ,e>?-_s kn[n by a v>iety ( o!r names & appe>+ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t phases4 ,!re is inde$ a rem>kable indef9it5ess ab\t ! ,italian female deities ( ?is class2 !y nev] ga9$ :at we may call complete specific di/9ctness1 b are r half-=m$ species develop$ f a common type4 ,!y =m1 9 fact1 an excell5t illu/ration ( ! nature ( t e>lie/ /ratum ( ,roman religi\s belief :i* has be5 call$ p&aemonism--a belief 9 a _w ( spiritual p[]s n yet gr[n into ! =ms ( individual deities1 b ready at any mom5t1 "u influ5ces ei!r native or =eign1 to take a m def9ite %ape4 ,,vii4 ,,id4 ,,mai4 7,,may #i74 ,n4 ,,lem,,vria4 7,,v54 ,,maff47 ,v4 ,,id4 ,,mai4 7,,may #aa74 ,n4 ,,lem,,vria4 7,,tusc4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,,iii4 ,,id4 ,,mai4 7,,may #ac74 ,n4 ,,lem,,vria4 7,,tusc4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,! ^w ,lemuria indicates cle>ly en\gh "s k9d ( wor%ip ( ! dead2 b we "k ( no su* public cult on ^! ?ree days except f ! cal5d>s4 ,:at ,ovid describes z tak+ place at ?is "t is a private & dome/ic rite p]=m$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold#djg2 & ,ovid is our only in=mant 9 reg>d to details4 ,9 hi/orical times ! public fe/ival ( ! dead 0 t ( ! dies p>5tales 9 ,febru>y1 end+ ) ! ,f]alia on ! #ba/4 ,h[1 !n1 is x t ! ?ree days ( ! ,lemuria appe> 9 ^? l>ge lett]s 9 ! anci5t cal5d>s1 :i*1 z we h se5#djh1 indicate ! public fe/ivals ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ! ,republic8 ,!re is no c]ta9 answ] to ?is "q4 ,we c b guess t ! ,lemuria 0 at "o "t1 l ! ,f]alia1 a public fe/ival1 b desc5d$ f a m anci5t deposit ( sup]/ition :i* 9 hi/orical times 0 buri$ deep b5ea? ! civilization ( a develop$ city life#dji4 ,ovid himself implies t ! ,lemuria 0 an old] fe/ival ?an ! ,f]alia#daj1 & we may suppose him to be foll[+ ,v>ro z a guide4 ,& if we comp>e 8 acc\nt ( ! grotesque dome/ic rites ( ! ,lemuria ) ^? ( ,febru>y1 :i* 7 ( a sy/ematic1 *e]ful1 & ev5 beautiful "*1 we may feel fairly sure t ! latt] repres5ts ! organiz$ life ( a city /ate1 ! =m] ! ideas ( an age :5 life 0 wild] & less secure1 & ! fe> ( ! dead & ( demons g5]ally 0 a p[]ful factor 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,if we may argue f ,ovid's acc\nt1 to be describ$ directly1 x is n impossible t ! ,lemuria may h be5 "o ( ^? p]iodical expulsions ( demons ( :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has told u s mu* 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh#daa1 & :i* are p]=m$ on behalf ( ! community z well z 9 ! dome/ic circle among/ savage peoples4 ,x is noticeable t ! (f]+ ( food to ! demons is a feature common to ^! practices1 & t x also appe>s 9 ^? describ$ by ,ovid4 ,! diff]5ce ( "* 9 ! two ,roman fe/ivals ( ! dead is p]haps also indicat$ by ! fact t ! days ( ! ,lemuria are m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>s ) ! lett] ,n1 :ile ! ,f]alia is m>k$ ,f or ,,fp#dab4 ,?is may p]haps po9t to two diff]5t views ( ! attitude ( ! dead to ! liv+1 affect+ ! "* ( ! fe/ival days2 !y are fri5dly or ho/ile1 z !y h be5 buri$ ) due rites & c>efully look$ aft]1 or z !y h fail$ ( ^! dues & are consequ5tly angry & jeal\s#dac4 ,! latt] ( ^! attitudes is m 9 keep+ ) ! notions ( unciviliz$ man1 & ( a life n z yet :olly br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! civilization ( ! city-/ate4 ,to be m c]ta91 h[ev]1 on ?is po9t1 we mu/ try & discov] ! real mean+ ( ! ^w lemur4 ,! def9ition giv5 by ,porphyrio is #8,umbras vagantes hom9um ante diem mortuorum atque ideo metu5das#dad4' ,nonius has ! foll[+3 #8,lemures l>vae nocturnae et t]rificationes imag9um et be/i>um#dae4' ,f ^! passages x w\ld seem t lemures & l>vae mean mu* ! same ?+2 on ! o!r h& ,appuleius#daf implies t lemures is a g5]al ^w = spirits aft] !y h left ! body1 :ile ^? t haunt h\ses are especially call$ l>vae4 ,b on a "q ( ?is k9d1 ! philosophical & uncritical ,appuleius is n to be weigh$ z an au?ority aga9/ ei!r ,nonius or ,porphyrio1 :o may q possibly be "h repres5t+ ! le>n+ ( ! ,augu/an age2 & a p]usal ( ! :ole ( 8 passage w %[ t he is simply try+ to classify gho/s by ! light ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,judg+ f ! h9ts ( ! two o!r s*ol>s1 we may p]haps conclude t lemures & l>vae are to be di/+ui%$ z ho/ile gho/s f manes1 ! good p 7z ! ^w is g5]ally expla9$71 i4 e4 ^? duly buri$ 9 ! city ( ! dead1 & :om _! liv+ desc5dants h no ne$ to fe> s long z !y pay !m _! due rites at ! prop] seasons z memb]s ( ! family4 ,& ?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! curi\s etymology ( ,ovid#dag1 reproduc$ by ,porphyrio1 d]iv+ ,lemuria f ,remus4 ^: viol5t dea? 0 suppos$ to h be5 expiat$ by ! in/itution ( ! fe/ival4 ,! difficulty is to see :y1 if ! lemures 7 unburi$1 evil1 or ho/ile spirits1 a special fe/ival ( ?ree days %\ld h be5 necess>y to appease or quiet !m2 & ,i c only acc\nt = ?is by suppos+ t su* spirits 7 especially num]\s 9 an age ( unciviliz$ life & con/ant w> & viol5ce1 & t !y =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! :ole _w ( evil demons ^: expulsion 0 p]iodically dem&$4 ,x may h be5 ! case t at ?is p>ticul> "t 9 ,may1 :5 ! days 7 nefa/i & m>riages 7 ill-om5$1 ^! spirits became p>ticul>ly re/less & ne$$ to be laid4 ,su* an explanation z ?is ( ! ,lemuria is on ! :ole pref]able to t :i* w\ld reg>d x z ! orig9al ,roman fe/ival ( all ! dead2 = !re is n[ abundant evid5ce t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,italian life ! practice ( ord]ly burial 9 necropoleis 0 univ]sal#dah1 & ?is is a practice t seems inconsi/5t ) a g5]al belief 9 ! dead z ho/ile & haunt+ spirits4 ,! foll[+ is ,ovid's description ( ! way 9 :i* ! gho/s 7 laid at ! ,lemuria by ! fa!r ( a family4 ,at midnight he rises1 & ) b>e feet#dai & wa%$ h&s1 mak+ a peculi> sign ) 8 f+]s & ?umbs to keep (f ! gho/s1 he walks ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,he has black beans 9 8 m\?1 & ^! he spits out z he walks1 look+ ! o!r way1 & say+1 #8,) ^! ,i r$eem me & m9e4' ,n9e times he says ?is )\t look+ r\nd2 !n come ! gho/s beh9d him1 & ga!r up ! beans unse54 ,he proce$s to wa% aga9 & to make a noise ) brass vessels2 & aft] n9e times repeat+ ! =mula #8manes#dbj exite pat]ni1' he at la/ looks r\nd1 & ! c]emony is ov]4 ,! only po9t 9 ?is qua9t bit ( ritual :i* ne$ deta9 u is ! use ( beans4 ,we h _h bean-/raw us$ at ! ,p>ilia1 & we %all f9d t beans 7 also us$ at ! fe/ival ( ! dead 9 ,febru>y4 ,assur$ly x is n easy to see :at c\ld h made !m into su* valuable #8m$ic9e4' ,beans 7 n a newly discov]$ vegetable4 ,_! exclusion f ! rites ( ,demet] mu/ h be5 ( great antiquity1 & ! notions ( ! ,py?agoreans ab\t !m 7 probably bas$ on v anci5t popul> sup]/itions#dba4 ,no "o1 z f> z ,i "k1 has z yet successfully solv$ ! problem :y beans _h s /range a religi\s "* ab\t !m#dbb2 !y probably 7 an anci5t symbol ( f]tility1 b x is impossible n[ to discov] h[ or :y ! ideas gr\p$ !mselves ar\nd !m1 :i* we s con/antly f9d bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,if we ask :y ! gho/s pick$ !m up1 or 7 suppos$ to d s1 !re is "s reason = believ+ t by eat+ !m !y might possibly hope to get a new lease ( life#dbc4 ,:atev] 0 ! real basis ( ! sup]/ition1 x 0 a widely spread "o1 & ramifi$ 9 m ?an "o direction2 ! ,roman prie/ ( ,jupit]1 = example1 might n t\* beans nor ev5 m5tion !m#dbd4 ,9 8 case ! taboo 0 no d\bt v old1 b might h gr[n out ( "s su* practice z t j describ$1 all ?+s ill-om5$ & my/]i\s be+ c>efully kept out ( 8 rea*4 ,! days f ,may #g to #ad 7 occupi$ by ! ,ve/al ,virg9s 9 prep>+ ! mola salsa1 or sacr$ salt-cake1 = use at ! ,ve/alia 9 ,june1 on ! ,ides ( ,septemb]1 & at ! ,lup]calia#dbe4 ,?is 0 made f ! fir/ e>s ( /&+ corn 9 a primitive fa%ion by ! ?ree s5ior ,ve/als1 & is no d\bt1 l mo/ ( _! ritual1 a relic ( ! dome/ic functions ( ! daught]s ( ! family4 ,b we mu/ po/pone fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,ve/als & _! duties till we come to ! ,ve/alia 9 ,june4 ,,id4 ,,mai4 7,,may #ae74 ,,np4 ,,f],,iae ,,iovi4 ,,m]cur,,io ,,maiae4 7,,v5us#dbf47 ,,maiae ,,ad ,,circ,,um ,m,,aximum4 7,,ca]47 ,,m]c,,urio4 7,,tusc47 ,! v curi\s rite :i* took place on ?is day is n m5tion$ 9 ! cal5d>s2 x belong$ to ^? :i*1 l ! ,paganalia1 7 publica inde$ & pro populo1 b repres5t$ ! p z divid$ 9 c]ta9 gr\ps r ?an ! ,/ate z a :ole#dbg4 ,b its obvi\s antiquity1 & ! int]e/+ que/ions :i* arise out ( x1 tempt me to treat x 9 detail1 at ! risk ( becom+ t$i\s4 ,i h already m5tion$#dbh t !re 0 a procession 9 ,m>*1 z we inf] f ! sacra ,argeorum quot$ by ,v>ro1 :i* w5t r\nd ! sacella ,argeorum1 or tw5ty-f\r *apels situat$ 9 ! f\r ,s]vian regions ( ! city#dbi4 ,:at 0 done at ^! sacella we d n "k2 ! procession & its do+s _h become s obscure 9 ,ovid's "t t he c\ld dispose ( x 9 two l9es ( 8 ,fa/i1 & express a d\bt z to :e!r x took place on "o day or two#dcj4 ,nor d we "k :at ! sacella really 74 ,! be/ conjecture is t ( ,jordan1 :o has br\ght "s evid5ce toge!r to %[ t !y 7 small *apels or sacr$ places :]e holy ?+s 7 deposit$ until ! "t came r\nd = !m to be us$ 9 "s religi\s c]emony#dca4 ,b on ,may #ae !re 0 ano!r rite 9 :i* ! ^w ,argei plays a prom95t "p2 & "h ! details h 9 "p at lea/ surviv$4 ,! ,argei 9 ?is case are n *apels1 b a numb] ( puppets or bundles ( ru%es1 resembl+ 7z ,dionysius has record$7 m5 b\nd h& & foot1 :i* 7 tak5 d[n to ! pons sublicius by ! ,pontifices & magi/rates1 & ca/ into ! riv] by ! ,ve/al ,virg9s#dcb4 ,! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 ! prie/ess ( ,jupit]1 0 pres5t at ! c]emony 9 m\rn+4 ,! numb] ( ! puppets 0 probably ! same z t ( ! sacella ( ! same "n#dcc4 ,explanations ( ^! rites 7 inv5t$ by ,roman s*ol>s4 ,! sacella 7 ! graves ( ,greeks :o _h come to ,italy ) ,h]cules2 & ! puppets repres5t$ ! foll[]s ( ,h]cules :o _h di$ on _! j\rney & 7 to return home z x 7 by proxy#dcd4 ,ap>t f ! !ories ( ! le>n$1 x 0 ! fact t ! common p at ,rome believ$ ! puppets to be sub/itutes = old m51 :o at "o "t us$ to be ?r[n into ! ,tib] z victims4 ,sexag5>ios de ponte 0 a well-kn[n prov]b :i* 9 ,cic]o's "t 0 expla9$ by suppos+ t ! bridges allud$ to 7 ^? ov] :i* ! vot]s pass$ 9 ! ,comitia#dce2 b ?is view may at once be put aside4 ,^? bridges 7 c]ta9ly a comp>atively late inv5tion1 :ile ! prov]b 0 ( remote antiquity4 ,b1 giv5 ! details ( ! rite1 & ! popul> belief ab\t ! old m5 z victims1 :at explanation c we hope to arrive at8 ,we may freely admit t no satisfactory etymology ( ! ^w ,argei is =?com+2 b ?is is p]haps1 9 a negative s5se1 an advantage to our inquiry#dcf4 ,! ,romans d]iv$ x f ! ,greek 2 & to ?is etymology ,momms5 is n[ dispos$ to return4 ,! writ] ( ! article #8,argei' 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon d]iv$ x f v>ka-s #8wolf'2 o!rs h believ$ x to come f a root arg #8:ite' or #8%9+1' & ?\gh ! t]m9ation eus is h>dly a ,lat9 "o1 x may be t ?is is ! true basis ( ! ^w#dcg4 ,in/ead ( prejudg+ ! case by fanciful etymologies1 or by attempt+ to decide ! "q :e!r ! ,romans ev] practis$ ! rites ( human sacrifice1 we w take ! lead+ features ( ! c]emony1 & see 9 :at direction !y may on ! :ole direct u4 ,t done1 x may be possible to sum up ! debate1 ?\gh a f9al & decisive v]dict is n to be expect$4 ,! features :i* dem& att5tion are 7#a7 ! processional "* ( ! rites2 7#b7 ! pres5ce ( ! ,pontifices & ! ,ve/als2 7#c7 ! m\rn+ ( ! ,flam9ica ,dialis2 7#d7 ! ru%-puppets & _! imm]sion 9 ! ,tib]4 #a4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t !re 0 a procession to ! pons sublicius1 ?\gh ! fact is n expressly /at$4 ,we are tempt$ to believe t x visit$ ea* sacellum1 & !re f\nd1 or possibly made1 ! puppet 7simulacrum71 :i* ?us repres5t$ ! di/rict ( :i* ! sacellum 0 ! sacr$ c5tre2 & t x !n proce$$1 be>+ ! puppets1 probably by ! ,=um & ,vicus ,tuscus to ! bridge#dch4 ,n[ if ?is feature c help u at all--if we accept ! connexion ( ! ,m>* & ,may c]emonies & _! processional "*--x mu/ po9t 9 ! direction ( ! purification ( l& or city1 on ! analogy ( o!r ,italian c]emonies ( ! same k9d4 ,at ! end ( ?is mon? took place ! ,amb>valia1 :5 ! prie/s w5t r\nd ! l& ) pray] & sacrifice to ensure ! good gr[? ( ! crops2 & we h a rem>kable in/ance ( ! same k9d ( practice 9 ! celebrat$ inscription ( ,iguvium4 ,n only ea* city1 b ea* pagus1 & ev5 ea* f>m]1 duly purifi$ 8 l& 9 "s su* way1 cleans+ x f ! p[]s ( evil & /]ility1 :ile at ! same "t ! b\nd>ies 7 r5ew$ 9 ! memories ( all conc]n$4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & also ! season ( ! ye>1 we may fairly guess t ! ,argean processions _h "s relation to agriculture1 & to ! welf>e ( ! prec>i\s /ock ( weal? ( an agricultural community4 #b4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,pontifices & ,ve/als4--,! =m] w\ld be pres5t1 p>tly z ! repres5tative sacr$ college ( ! unit$ city#dci1 p>tly z hav+ "u _! special c>e ! sacr$ bridge f :i* ! puppets 7 ?r[n4 ,:e!r or n ! ^w pontifex be directly d]iv$ f pons#ddj1 x is c]ta9 t ! anci5t bridge1 ) its /rong religi\s associations1 0 "u _! c>e1 & t ! riv] 0 an object ( _! con/ant liturgical att5tion#dda4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! :ole c]emony 0 "o ( bridge-wor%ip#ddb2 b ?is view1 z we %all see1 w h>dly expla9 all ! facts4 ,x leaves ! ,m>* rites unexpla9$1 & also ! pres5ce ( ! ,ve/als2 nor does x seem to suit ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,ve/als is m significant2 & x 0 !y1 z x seems1 :o p]=m$ ! act ( ?r[+ ! puppets f ! bridge#ddc4 ,9 all ! public duties p]=m$ by !m 7z we %all see m fully 9 deal+ ) ! ,ve/alia#ddd7 a ref]5ce c be trac$ to "o lead+ idea1 viz4 t ! food & n\ri%m5t ( ! ,/ate1 ( :i* ! sacr$ fire 0 ! symbol1 dep5d$ = its ma9t5ance on ! accurate p]=mance ( ^! duties4 ,we h j se5 t !y sp5t ! sev5 days prec$+ ! ,ides ( ,may 9 prep>+ _! sacr$ cakes f ! fir/ rip5+ e>s ( corn4 ,we %all see !m us+ ^! cakes 9 ,june1 ,septemb]1 & at ! ,lup]calia4 ,at ! ,p>ilia & ! ,=dicidia !y also take a prom95t "p1 bo? ( !m fe/ivals relat+ to ! fruitfulness ( h]ds & flocks2 s also at ! h>ve/ fe/ivals 9 ,augu/ ( ,ops ,consiva & ,consus4 ,& we c h>dly suppose t _! pres5ce at ! rite "u discussion %\ld h a diff]5t significance f t ( _! public s]vice on all o!r occasions4 ,ev5 if we _h no o!r evid5ce to g ^u1 we might on ! facts j adduc$ base a fair inf]5ce t ?is c]emony too _h "s relation to ! processes & p]ils await+ ! rip5+ crops4 #c4 ,! ,flam9ica ,dialis _h on ?is day to lay aside h] usual bridal dress1 & to appe> 9 m\rn+#dde4 ,! same rule 0 laid d[n = h] dur+ ! #8mov+' ( ! ancilia 9 ,m>*1 & dur+ ! ,ve/alia up to ! completion ( ! purification ( ! temple ( ,ve/a4 ,x is n easy to see :at ! mean+ ( ?is rule may h be54 ,on ! o!r two occasions !re is no?+ to lead u to suppose t x 0 "s su* t]rible rite z human sacrifice :i* caus$ ! *ange ( co/ume2 we ne$ n !re=e suppose t x 0 s on ,may #ae4 ,b if all ?ree occasions are times ( purification & ! av]t+ ( evil influ5ces3 if !y ea* m>k ! conclusion ( an old season1 & ! necessity ( great c>e 9 ent]+ on a new "o1 we c bett] und]/& x4 ,?is 0 ! case1 z we saw1 :5 9 ,m>* ! ,salii 7 p]vad+ ! city1 & x 0 s also at ! ,ve/alia1 :i* 0 prep>atory to ! +a!r+ ( ! crops4 ,"s su* critical mom5t1 ,i ?9k1 ! day we are discuss+ mu/ also h be54 ,"s light may be ?r[n on ?is aspect ( ! "q by practices :i* h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,mannh>dt f ,nor!rn ,europe#ddf1 "s ( :i* /ill survive4 ,i w give a s+le in/ance f ,russia4 ,at ,murom on ,june #bi a figure ( /raw1 dress$ 9 female clo?+1 is laid on a bi] & c>ri$ to ! edge ( a lake or riv]2 x is ev5tually torn up & ?r[n into ! riv]1 :ile ! spectators hide _! faces & behave z ?\gh !y bewail$ ! dea? ( ,ko/roma4 ,9 ano!r di/rict on ! same day an old man c>ri$ out ( ! t[n a puppet repres5t+ ! spr+1 & 0 foll[$ by ! wom5 s++ m\rnful songs & express+ by _! ge/ures grief & despair4 #d4 ,! ,puppets & _! imm]sion 9 ! ,tib]4--,!re are two possible explanations ( ?is curi\s practice4 7#a7 ,! puppets 7 sub/itutes = human victims1 & probably = old m54 ,! evid5ce = ?is view is--fir/1 ! ,roman tradition express$ 9 ! say+ sexag5>ios de ponte#ddg1 & support$ by ! fact t ! puppets appe>$1 to ,dionysius at lea/1 l m5 b\nd h& & foot#ddh2 secondly1 ! fact t human sacrifice 0 n entirely unkn[n at ,rome1 ?\gh !re is no trace ( any su* cu/om regul>ly recurr+4 ,we may all[ t ,italy c\ld n h be5 entirely free f a practice :i* exi/$ ev5 9 ,greece1 & also t ! habit ( sub/itut+ "s object = ! orig9al victim is common & well atte/$ 9 religi\s hi/ory2 b :e!r ei!r ! ,argei1 or ! oscilla or maniae1 :i* are (t5 comp>$ ) ! ,argei1 really _h ?is orig91 may well inde$ be d\bt$#ddi4 ,?irdly1 !re is evid5ce t n only human sacrifice1 b ! sacrifice ( old m51 0 by no means unkn[n 9 primitive times4 ,pass+ ov] ! g5]al evid5ce z to human sacrifice1 we "k t ! old & weak 7 sometimes put to dea?#dej4 ,be+ ( no fur!r use 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !y 7 got rid ( 9 v>i\s ways--an act p]haps n s mu* ( cruelty z ( k9dness1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances n incompatible ) filial piety#dea4 ,! *ief objections to ?is explanation are--fir/1 t x obliges u to ascribe to ! e>ly ,romans a habit :i* seems q incompatible ) _! well-kn[n respect = old age & _! horror ( p>ricide2 secondly1 t x does n expla9 :y a practice1 :i* c h>dly h ev] be5 a regul>ly recurr+ "o1 %\ld h pass$ into a ye>ly c]emony#deb4 7#b7 ,! rite 0 ( a dramatic r ?an a sacrificial "*#dec1 & belongs to a class ( :i* we h num]\s examples bo? f ,greek1 ,teutonic1 & ,slavonic peoples4 ,9 ,greece1 or r 9 ,egypt1 we h ! cult ( ,adonis1 9 :i* a puppet is imm]s$ 9 ! wat] amid wail+s & lam5tations4 ,9 ,greece prop] semi-dramatic rites are f\nd at ,*a]onea & ,a!ns#ded1 ?\gh some:at diff]5t 9 "* to ^? ( ! ,argei & ,adonis4 ,tacitus describes ! imm]sion 9 wat] ( ! image ( ! ,g]man goddess ,n]?us#dee4 ,b mo/ significant are ! _m examples1 ( :i* ,mannh>dt =m$ an ample collection1 9 :i* puppets are f\nd1 made z a rule ( /raw1 c>ri$ along 9 procession & ?r[n into a riv] or wat] ( "s k9d1 (t5 f a bridge#def4 ,sometimes ! place ( ^! puppets is tak5 by a %eaf1 a small tree1 or a man or boy dress$ up 9 foliage or fa/5$ 9 ! %eaf#deg3 b 9 almo/ all cases ! object is duck$ 9 wat] or at lea/ spr9kl$ ) x1 ?\gh n[ & !n x is burnt or buri$4 ,! be/ kn[n example is t ( ! ,bav>ian #8,wass]vogel1' :i* is ei!r a boy or a puppet1 z ! cu/om may be 9 diff]5t places2 he or x 0 decorat$1 c>ri$ r\nd ! fields at ,:itsuntide#deh1 & ?r[n f ! bridge into ! /ream4 ,s con/ant & inconv5i5t 0 ?is k9d ( cu/om 9 ! ,middle ,ages t a law ( #acea1 /ill extant1 =bade ! duck+ ( p at ,erfurt 9 ! wat] at ,ea/] & ,:itsuntide#dei4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases ! simulacrum may h be5 sub/itut$ = a human be+#dfj2 b ,i f9d none :]e ! notion ( sacrifice surviv$1 or :]e !re 0 any trace ( a popul> belief t ! object 0 a sub/itute = an actual victim4 ,:at ^! curi\s cu/oms1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,mannh>dt1 d really repres5t1 is ! dep>ture ( w9t] & ! arrival ( ! fruitful season1 or possibly ! exhau/ion ( ! v]nal ,p[] ( vegetation aft] its "w is done#dfa4 ,two features 9 ^! old cu/oms may /rike u z int]e/+ 9 connexion ) ! ,argei--7#a7 ,! fact t ! c5tral object is (t5 ei!r actually an old man1 or is at lea/ call$ #8! old "o4' ,a ,:itsuntide cu/om at ,halle %[s u1 = example1 a /raw puppet call$ ,d] alte#dfb4 7#b7 ,! con/ant occurr5ce ( :ite objects 9 ^! cu/oms2 ! puppet is call$ #8! :ite man ) ! :ite hair1 ! sn[-:ite husb&1' or is dress$ 9 a :ite %irt#dfc4 ,9 ^! expressions x is p]haps n impossible t we may f9d a clue to ! long-lo/ mean+ ( ! ^w ,argei4 ,c x be t ! ,roman puppets 7 orig9ally call$ #8! :ite ones1' i4 e4 old ones1 f a root arg #8:ite'#dfd2 & t f a natural mi/ake z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w !re arose n only ! /ory ab\t ! ,greek victims b also ! common belief ab\t sexag5>ii be+ ?r[n ov] ! bridge8 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h to *oose betwe5 ! two explanations giv5 above4 ,i am1 on ! :ole1 dispos$ to agree ) ,dr4 ,mannh>dt1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( conv9c+ evid5ce z to ! regul> & p]iodical occurr5ce ( human sacrifice 9 anci5t ,italy1 to reg>d ^! /range survivals z semi-dramatic p]=mances r ?an sacrificial rites4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 ne$ n exclude ! possibility ( ! union ( bo? drama & sacrifice at a v remote p]iod1 probably be=e ! ,lat9s settl$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! imm]sion 9 wat]1 :e!r or no x involv$ ! dea? ( a victim1 is reasonably expla9$1 on ! basis ( comp>ative evid5ce1 to h be5 a ra9-spell#dfe4 ,9 ! cases already m5tion$ ( ,adonis1 ,n]?us1 c41 ?is idea seems ! prom95t "o4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! notion ( purification 0 also pres5t--! two unit+ 9 ! idea ( reg5]ation4 ,plut>* calls ! ,argean rite #8! greate/ ( ! purifications1' & he is "h mo/ probably reproduc+ ! op9ion ( ,v>ro#dff4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! prie/s & ! ,ve/als1 by ! processions1 & by ! m\rn+ ( ! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 z we h already se54 ,we may reg>d ! rite z 9 fact a ca/+ out ( old ?+s1 & 9 t s5se a purification2 & also at ! same "t z a spell or e>ne/ ( ra9 & f]tility 9 ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! puppets 7 p]haps hung 9 ! sacella 9 ! c\rse ( ! procession 9 ,m>*1 z a symbol ( ! f]tility !n beg9n+1 & ca/ into ! riv] z #8! old ones' :5 t f]tility _h rea*$ its height#dfg4 ,9 ! la/ place1 x might be ask$ 9 hon\r ( :at deity ! rite 0 p]=m$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 & c]ta9ly is n possible1 to answ] a "q ab\t :i* ! ,romans !mselves 7 n agre$4 ,ovid & ,dionysius#dfh believ$ x 0 ,saturnus1 probably foll[+ an old ,greek oracle :i* 0 kn[n to ,v>ro#dfi4 ,v]rius ,flaccus ?\ght x 0 ,dis ,pat]#dgj4 ,mod]n writ]s h conclud$ on ! g5]al evid5ce ( ! rite t x 0 ! riv]-god ,tib]9us2 ,jordan1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ ! "q z irrelevant#dga4 ,we may agree ) him1 & at lea/ return a v]dict ( non liquet4 ,if x 0 a sacrificial act1 ! anci5t riv]-god is inde$ likely en\gh2 if x 0 a quasi-dramatic "o1 x does n foll[ t any deity 0 specially conc]n$ 9 x4 ,b we may g s f> z to guess t x 0 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ^? vaguely-conceiv$ deities ( vegetation ^: influ5ce on ! cal5d> we h be5 trac+ s9ce ,m>* #a4 ,?is same day is m>k$ 9 "o cal5d> z ,f]iae ,iovi1 ,m]curio1 ,maiae4 ,! conjunction ( ^! deities is to "s ext5t accid5tal4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,ides ( e mon? 7 sacr$ to ,jupit]2 & ! addition ( ,m]curius is probably to be expla9$ simply by ! adaptation ( a ,greek my? :i* made ,h]mes ! son ( ,jupit]1 sugge/+ ! selection ( ! ,ides z an appropriate day = ! cult ( ! ,lat9 repres5tative ( ,h]mes#dgb4 ,m]curius1 aga91 0 associat$ ) ,maia1 p]haps simply because ! d$ication-day ( 8 olde/ temple 9 ,rome 7ad circum maximum7 0 ! ,ides ( ! ,m5sis ,maius#dgc4 ,! ,roman ,m]curius 0 consid]$ especially z ! god ( trade1 & dat$1 l ,c]es1 f ! "t :5 an ext5sive corn trade fir/ began 9 ,rome#dgd4 ,x is highly probable t ! ,t>qu9ian dyna/y _h enc\rag$ ,roman trade1 & t ! increase ( population :i* 0 ! result1 toge!r ) ! w>s :i* foll[$ _! expulsion1 _h occasion$ a s]ies ( sev]e fam9es4 ,to ?is we trace ! ,roman k ( ! ,greek or ,graeco-,etruscan ,h]mes1 ?r\gh a trade 9 corn ) ,sicilian ,greeks or ,etruscans1 & ! appe>ance ( ! god at ,rome z ,m]curius1 ! god ( trade4 ,8 fir/ temple 0 d$icat$ 9 ,b4,c4 #die1 & z 9 o!r cases1 ! d$ication 0 celebrat$ ea* ye> by ^? specially int]e/$ 9 ! wor%ip1 9 ?is case ! m]catores1 :o 7 already1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 =m$ into an organiz$ guild#dge4 ,,xii ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,may #ba74 ,,np4 ,,agon,,ia#dgf4 7,,esq4 ,,ca]4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,,v$iovi4 7,,v547 ,! o!r days sacr$ to ,v$iovis 7 ,janu>y #a & ! ,nones ( ,m>*1 f :i* latt] day we po/pon$ ! consid]ation ( ?is my/]i\s deity1 9 hopes ( future enlight5m5t4 ,b ,v$iovis is wrapp$ /ill1 & always w be1 9 at lea/ z pr(\nd an obscurity = u z he 0 = ,v>ro & ,ovid4 ,we h b 8 "n to g ^u1 & two or ?ree indi/9ct traces ( 8 cult4 ,! "n seems c]ta9ly to be ,v$iovis1 i4 e4 app>5tly #8! opposite (1' or #8sep>at$ f1' ,jupit] 7 ,diovis72 or1 z ,prell] has x#dgg1 comp>+1 l ,ovid1 vegr&ia f>ra 7#8corn t has gr[n badly'71 vescus1 c41 ,jupit] 9 a s9i/] s5se4 ,b ?is la/ explanation mu/1 on ! :ole1 be reject$4 ,x is true t ea* deity has a s9i/] or ?reat5+ aspect z well z a smil+ "o2 b 9 no o!r case 0 ?is sep>ately p]sonifi$1 & ! "n1 if its orig9 be rightly giv5 z above 7:i* is n inde$ c]ta971 might be expla9$ by ! well-kn[n ,roman habit ( call+ deities by _! qualities & _! bus9ess r ?an by sub/antival names4 ,9 ?is case ! "n w\ld be negatively d$uc$ f t ( "o ( ! few gods :o really _h a "n4 ,:at we "k ( ! cult is only ?is4 ,fir/1 x 0 peculi>1 s f> z we "k1 to ,rome & ,bovillae#dgh2 secondly1 ! temples 9 ,rome 7 9 ! space betwe5 ! arx & ,capitolium1 #8int] duos lucos'#dgi1 & ano!r 9 ! ,tib] isl&#dhj--two places outside ! ,s]vian wall1 & ( importance = ! security ( ! city2 ?irdly1 ! god 0 repres5t$ z "y1 hold+ arr[s1 & hav+ a goat /&+ beside him1 on acc\nt ( :i* *>act]i/ics he 0 usually1 accord+ to ,gellius1 id5tifi$ ) ,apollo#dha2 f\r?ly1 ! usual victim 0 a goat :i* 0 sacrific$ humano ritu#dhb4 ,on su* fa9t traces x w be obvi\s t no s\nd conclusion c be bas$4 ,! connexion ) ,bovillae & ! g5s ,julia po9ts to a g5u9e ,lat9 orig94 ,! sites on ! ,capitol & ! isl& d n lead to any def9ite conclusion2 9 ! =m] ! god seems to h be5 connect$ ) ! s-call$ ,asylum1 9 ! latt] ) ,aesculapius2 b bo? ^! connexions may be accid5tal or lat] developm5ts4 ,prell] conjectur$ clev]ly t ,v$iovis 0 a god ( crim9als :o might take refuge 9 ,rome & !re f9d purification2 b ! idea ( an ,asylum1 on :i* ?is is bas$1 is ,greek1 & ( mu* lat] date ?an any age :i* c\ld h giv5 a def9ite mean+ to su* a deity4 ,we mu/ "h1 z occasionally else:]e1 give up ! attempt to discov] ! orig9al nature ( ?is god4 ,x ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,may #bc74 ,,np4 ,,tubil,,u/rium4 7,,esq4 ,,ca]4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,,f],,iae ,,volcano4 7,,v54 ,,amit47 ,i h already expla9$#dhc ! view tak5 by ,momms5 ( ! two pairs ( days1 ,m>* #bc & #bd & ,may #bc & #bd1 accept+ 8 !ory t ! #bd? 9 ea* mon? 0 ! day on :i* wills c\ld be made & witness$ 9 ! ,comitia calata1 & t ! #bcrd 9 ea* mon? 0 ! day on :i* ! tubae 7 lu/rat$ by :i* ! assembly 0 summon$4 ,b ,may #bc is also m>k$ 9 two cal5d>s z f]iae ,volcano2 & ,ovid has notic$ ?is 9 a s+le c\plet3#dhd ,proxima ,volcani lux e/3 ,tubilu/ria dicunt2 ,lu/rantur purae1 quas facit ille1 tubae4 ,! difficult "q ( ! orig9al "* ( ,volcanus mu/ be po/pon$ until we come to 8 fe/ival 9 ,augu/4 ,we only ne$ "h to ask :e!r ,ovid 0 "r 9 reg>d+ ,volcanus z ! smi? :o made ! trumpets4 ,?is has be5 /r5u\sly d5i$ by ,wiss[a#dhe1 :o goes s f> z to believe t ! deity orig9ally invok$ on ?is day 0 n ,volcanus b ,m>s--s9ce ! correspond+ day 9 ,m>* 0 a fe/ival ( t deity--& t ,volcanus 0 at an e>ly p]iod ?ru/ into 8 place "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek notions ( ,hephae/us z a smi? :o made arm\r & also trumpets4 ,wiss[a has1 h[ev]1 to ?r[ ov] ! two cal5d>s quot$ above 7,v54 ,amit47 9 ord] to support 8 argum5t--& s f> we are h>dly entitl$ to g4 ,x is saf] to take ,volcanus z an anci5t ,roman deity ^: cult 0 closely connect$ ) t ( ,maia1 or ! ,bona ,dea1 & 0 prom95t 9 ?is mon? z well z 9 ,augu/4 ,! ,flam5 ,volcanalis sacrific$ to ! ,bona ,dea on ,may #a2 & ,maia 0 address$ 9 invocations z ,maia ,volcani#dhf4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ?is fe/ival ( 8 ) ! ,tubilu/rium ,i take to h be5 accid5tal2 b x l$ naturally1 z ! ,romans became acqua9t$ ) ,greek my?ology1 to ! errone\s view repres5t$ by ,ovid t ,volcanus 0 himself a smi?#dhg4 ,,viii ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,may #be74 ,c4 ,,=tunae ,p,,ublicae ,p,,opuli ,r,,omani ,q,,uiritium ,,9 ,,colle ,,quir9,,ali4 7,,ca]47 ,,=tun,,ae ,,public,,ae ,p,,opuli ,r,,omani ,,9 ,,coll,e4 7,,esq47 ,,=tun,,ae ,,prim,,ig5iae ,,9 ,,col,,le4 7,,v547 ,?is 0 ! d$ication-day ( "o ( ?ree temples ( ,=tuna on ! ,quir9al2 ! place 0 kn[n z #8tres ,=tunae#dhh4' ,! goddess 9 ?is case 0 ,=tuna ,primig5ia1 import$ f ,pra5e/e--( :om some?+ w be said lat] on#dhi4 ,! temple 0 v[$ aft] ! ,second ,punic ,w> 9 ,b4,c4 #bjd1 & d$icat$ t5 ye>s lat]#dij4 ,our consid]ation ( ,=tuna may be po/pon$ till ! fe/ival ( ,=s ,=tuna1 an old] ,roman =m ( ! cult1 on ,june #bd4 ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,may #bi74 ,c4 ,! ,amb>valia1 orig9ally a religi\s procession r\nd ! l& ( ! e>ly ,roman community1 ! object ( :i* 0 to purify ! crops f evil influ5ces1 does n appe> 9 ! ,julian cal5d>s1 n be+ f]iae /ativae2 b x is indicat$ 9 ! lat] ru/ic cal5d>s by ! words1 ,segetes lu/rantur4 ,its date may be tak5 z ,may #bidia3 & ?is fixity w n appe> incompatible ) its "* z a sacrum conceptivum1 if we accept ,momms5's explanation ( ! way 9 :i* "s fea/s might be fix$ to a day accord+ to ! usage ( ! ,italian f>m]1 b ( v>y+ date accord+ to ! civil cal5d>#dib4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion :e!r ! ,amb>valia 0 id5tical ) ! simil> fe/ival ( ! ,fratres ,arvales4 ,on ! gr\nd t ! acta fratrum ,arvalium seem$ to prove a g5]al simil>ity ( ! two 9 "t & place1 & at lea/ 9 "s po9ts ( ritual1 ,momms51 ,h5z51 & ,jordan answ] 9 ! affirmative#dic4 ,on ! o!r side !re is no au?ority ( any real weight4 ,! judici\s ,m>qu>dt#did f\nd a difficulty 9 ! abs5ce ( any m5tion 9 ! acta fratrum ,arvalium ( a lu/ratio 9 ! =m ( a procession2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ 7#a7 t we h n ! :ole ( ! acta2 7#b7 t x is almo/ c]ta9 t1 z ! ,roman t]ritory cont9u$ to increase1 ! bre?r5 mu/ h dropp$ ! duty ( driv+ victims r\nd x1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,a passage 9 ,paulus#die places ! matt] beyond d\bt if we c be sure ( ! read+3 #8,amb>vales ho/iae dicebantur quae pro arvis a duodecim 7,,mss4 duobus7 fratribus sacrificantur4' ,z no duo fratres are kn[n1 ! old em5dation duodecim seems c]ta91 b w ( c\rse n conv9ce ^? :o disbelieve 9 ! id5tity ( ! ,amb>valia & ! sacra fratrum ,arvalium4 ,! "q is1 h[ev]1 = u ( no great importance1 z ! acta d n add to our k ( :at 0 done at ! ,amb>valia4 ,! be/ description we h ( su* lu/rations z ! ,amb>valia is t ( ,virgil2 x is n inde$ to be tak5 z an exact description ( ! ,roman rite1 b r z ref]r+ to ,italian cu/oms g5]ally3 ,9 primis v5]>e deos1 atque annua magnae ,sacra ref] ,c]]i laetis op]atus 9 h]bis1 ,extremae sub casum hiemis1 iam v]e s]5o4 ,tum p+ues agni1 et tum mollissima v9a2 ,tum somni dulces d5saeque 9 montibus umbrae4 ,cuncta tibi ,c]]em pubes agre/is adoret1 ,cui tu lacte favos et miti dilue ,bac*o1 ,t]que novas circum felix eat ho/ia fruges1 ,omnis quam *orus et socii comit5tur ovantes1 ,et ,c]]em clamore voc5t 9 tecta2 neque ante ,falcem maturis quisquam supponat ari/is1 ,quam ,c]]i torta r$imitus tempora qu]cu ,det motus inconpositos et c>m9a dicat#dif4 ,x is n cle> to :at fe/ival or fe/ivals ,virgil is allud+ 9 ! fir/ few ( ^! l9es#dig2 probably to c]ta9 ru/ic rites :i* did n exactly correspond to ^? 9 ! city ( ,rome4 ,b f l9e #cdc onw>ds ! ref]5ce is c]ta9ly to ,amb>valia ( "s k9d1 p]haps to ! private lu/ratio ( ! f>m] be=e h>ve/ began1 ( :i* ! ,roman fe/ival 0 a magnifi$ copy4 ,8 description answ]s closely to ! well-kn[n directions ( ,cato#dih2 & if x is ,c]es :o appe>s 9 ,virgil's l9es1 & n ,m>s1 ! deity mo/ prom95t 9 ,cato's acc\nt1 ?is may be expla9$ by ! und\bt$ ext5sion ( ! wor%ip ( ,c]es1 & ! correspond+ contraction ( t ( ,m>s1 z ! latt] became m & m conv]t$ into a god ( w>#dii4 ,! lead+ feature 9 ! orig9al rite 0 ! procession ( victims--bull1 %eep1 & pig--all r\nd ! fields1 driv5 by a g>l&$ cr[d1 c>ry+ olive bran*es & *ant+4 ,^! victims repres5t all ! f>m]'s mo/ valuable /ock1 ?us devot$ to ! appeas+ ( ! god4 ,! "t 0 t :5 ! crops 7 rip5+1 & 7 9 greate/ p]il f /orms & diseases2 be=e ! h>ve/ 0 begun1 & be=e ! ,ve/alia took place 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,june1 :i* 01 z we %all see1 a fe/ival prelim9>y to h>ve/4 ,?ree times ! procession w5t r\nd ! l&2 at ! end ( ! ?ird r\nd ! victims 7 sacrific$1 & a solemn pray] 0 (f]$ 9 antique language1 :i* ran1 9 ,cato's =mula ( ! f>m]'s lu/ration1 z foll[s3 #8,fa!r ,m>s1 ,i pray & besee* !e to be will+ & propiti\s to me1 my h\sehold1 & my slaves2 = ! :i* object ,i h caus$ ?is ?reefold sacrifice to be driv5 r\nd my f>m & l&4 ,i pray !e keep1 av]t1 & turn f u all disease1 se5 or unse51 all desolation1 ru91 damage1 & unseasonable influ5ce2 ,i pray !e give increase to ! fruits1 ! corn1 ! v9es1 & ! plantations1 & br+ !m to a prosp]\s issue4 ,keep also 9 safety ! %eph]ds & _! flocks1 & give good heal? & vig\r to me1 my h\se1 & h\sehold4 ,to ?is end x is1 z ,i h said--namely1 = ! purification & mak+ due lu/ration ( my f>m1 my l& cultivat$ & uncultivat$--t ,i pray !e to bless ?is ?reefold sacrifice ( suckl+s4 ,o ,fa!r ,m>s1 to ?is same end ,i pray !e bless ?is ?reefold sacrifice ( suckl+s#ejj4' ,n only 9 ?is pray]1 b 9 ! ritual t foll[s1 z also 9 o!r religi\s directions giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we may no d\bt see examples ( ! olde/ agricultural type ( ! g5u9e ,italian wor%ip4 ,!y are simple ru/ic specim5s ( ! same type z ! elaborate urban ritual ( ,iguvium1 =tunately pres]v$ to u#eja2 & we may fairly assume t !y /ood 9 mu* ! same relation to ! ,roman ritual ( ! ,amb>valia4 ,( all ! ,roman fe/ivals ?is is ! only "o :i* c be said ) any tru? to be /ill surviv+4 ,:5 ! ,italian prie/ leads 8 flock r\nd ! fields ) ! ritual ( ! ,litania major 9 ,rogation week he is do+ v mu* :at ! ,fratres ,arvales did 9 ! infancy ( ,rome1 & ) ! same object4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ,engl& among !m1 ! same cu/om 0 tak5 up by ! ,*ur*1 :i* rightly appreciat$ its utility1 bo? spiritual & mat]ial2 ! b\nds ( ! p>i% 7 fix$ 9 ! memory ( ! "y1 & ! wra? ( ,god 0 av]t$ by an act ( duty f man1 cattle1 & crops4 #8,x 0 a g5]al cu/om =m]ly1 & is /ill obs]v$ 9 "s c\ntry p>i%es1 to g r\nd ! b\nds & limits ( ! p>i% on "o ( ! ?ree days be=e ,asc5sion-day2 :5 ! ,m9i/]1 accompani$ by 8 ,*ur*w>d5s & ,p>i%ion]s1 0 wont to deprecate ! v5geance ( ,god1 beg a bless+ on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & pres]ve ! rights & prop]ties ( ! p>i%#ejb4' ,at ,ox=d1 & x is to be hop$ 9 "s o!r places1 ?is laudable cu/om /ill survives4 ,b ! mod]n cl]gy1 f want ( int]e/ 9 ritual1 except su* z is c>ri$ on )9 _! *ur*es1 or f "s /rong di/ru/ ( any m]ry-mak+ n initiat$ by _! own zeal1 are apt to drop ! c]emonies2 & !re is "s dang] t ev5 9 ,ox=d ! processions & peel$ w&s may soon be ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,to all su* m9i/]s ,i w\ld recomm5d ! practice ( ! judici\s ,hook]1 z describ$ by 8 biograph]1 ,isaak ,walton3 #8,he w\ld by no means omit ! cu/om>y "t ( procession1 p]suad+ all1 bo? ri* & poor1 if !y desir$ ! pres]vation ( ,love1 & _! ,p>i% rights & lib]ties1 to accompany him 9 8 ,p]ambulation--& mo/ did s2 9 :i* ,p]ambulation he w\ld usually express m pleasant ,disc\rse ?an at o!r times1 & w\ld !n always drop "s lov+ & faceti\s ,obs]vations1 to be rememb]$ aga9/ ! next ye>1 especially by ! ,boys & "y p2 /ill incl9+ !m1 & all 8 pres5t ,p>i%ion]s1 to meekness & mutual ,k9dnesses & ,love4' ,at ,*>lton-on-,otmoor1 ne> ,ox=d1 !re 0 a survival ( ! #8agri lu/ratio' until rec5t ye>s4 ,on ! beautiful rood-scre5 ( ! p>i% *ur* !re is a cross1 :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! p>i%#ejc1 fre%ly decorat$ ) fl[]s1 on ,may-day2 x 0 !n re/or$ to its place on ! scre51 & rema9$ !re until ! ,may-day ( ! next ye>4 ,x may /ill be se5 !re1 b x is no long] c>ri$ r\nd1 & its decoration seems to h be5 transf]r$ f ,may-day to ! h>ve/-fe/ival#ejd4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,sat4 #a4 #ab4 #af4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,see above1 ,introduction1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,s ,v>ro also 7,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cc74 ,b ,c5sor9us 7,de die natali1 #bj4 #b7 expressly ascribes to ,v>ro ! d]ivation f ,maia2 ! great s*ol> app>5tly *ang$ 8 view4 ,footnote #cff3 ,= ,iup4 ,maius see ,au/1 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #fej4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,?is 0 probably n ! e>ly hi/orian ,c9cius ,alim5tus1 b a contempor>y ( ,augu/us1 ,teuffel1 ,hi/4 ( ,roman ,lit]ature1 sec4 #ajf4 ,= ! flam5 ,volcanalis see on ,aug #bc4 ,footnote #cfh3 i4 e4 on ! ,ides3 see bel[1 p4 #abj4 ,! connexion betwe5 ,m]curius & ,maia seems to arise simply f ! fact t ! d$ication ( ! temple ( ! =m] 0 on ! ,ides ( ?is mon?4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #ei foll42 ,momms51 ,*ron4 #bah4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,! etymology 0 def5d$ by ,ros*] 9 ,fleckeis5's ,jahrbu* = #ahge1 & 9 8 ,iuno und ,h]a1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #cga3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #abi foll4 ,= ! d\btful read+ ,curibus 9 #aca see ,pet]1 ad loc42 ,prell]-,jordan1 ii4 #aad4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #adc2 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #ea4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,?is appe>s on co9s ( ! g5s ,caesia3 ,coh51 ,md4 ,cons4 pl4 viii4 ,wiss[a1 9 ,my?4 ,lex41 s4 v4 ,l>es1 gives a cut ( ! co91 on :i* ! ,l>es are repres5t$ sitt+ ) a dog betwe5 !m4 ,see note at ! end ( ?is "w 7,note ,b7 on ! fur!r int]pretation ( ^! co9s4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #dad foll4 ,footnote #cge3 ,f>nell1 ,cults1 ii4 #eae4 ,hekate 0 c]ta9ly a deity ( ! e>?4 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #fh4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see on ,robigalia1 ,april #be4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #eb & #aaa2 cf4 ,romulus #ba4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,s ,jevons1 ,roman ,que/ions1 ,introduction1 xli4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,de-,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 #dh4 ,wiss[a 7,my?4 ,lex41 s4 v4 ,l>es1 p4 #ahgb7 pref]s ! old int]pretation1 mu* z ,plut>* gives x4 ,footnote #chj3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #adi foll4 ,footnote #cha3 ,au/1 ,de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #bg4 ,x 0 app>5tly be=e #abc ,b4,c41 :5 a ,ve/al ,virg91 ,lic9ia1 add$ an a$icula1 pulv9>1 & ara to x 7,cic4 de ,domo1 #acf74 ,footnote #chb3 ,wiss[a1 9 ,pauly's ,real-,encyclopdie1 s4 v4 ,bona ,dea1 #fij4 ,see above1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #chc3 ,see bel[1 "u ,dec4 #c4 ,!re c be h>dly a d\bt t ?is ,decemb] rite 0 ! "o fam\s = ! sacrilegium ( ,clodius 9 #fb ,b4,c41 ?\gh ,pr(4 ,beesly ra%ly assum$ ! contr>y 9 8 essay on ,clodius 7,catil9e1 ,clodius1 & ,tib]ius1 p4 #de note74 ,plut>*1 ,cic4 #ai & #bj2 ,dio ,cass4 #cg4 #ce4 ,footnote #chd3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #8oculos exosa viriles4' ,cp4 ,ars ,amat4 #c4 #fcg4 ,on ?is & o!r po9ts 9 ! cult see ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,my?4 ,lex41 & ,wiss[a1 l4 c4 ,! latt] seems to ref] mo/ ( !m to ! ,decemb] rite2 b ,ovid & ,macrobius expressly connect !m ) ! temple4 ,macr4 #a4 #ab4 #be foll4 ,footnote #che3 ,prop]t4 #d4 #i2 ,macr4 #a4 #ab4 #bh4 ,footnote #chf3 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bde foll4 ,footnote #chg3 ,see bel[1 p4 #adc4 ,lex4 ,my?4 s4 v4 ,h]cules1 #bbeh4 ,footnote #chh3 ,macr4 l4 c4 ,plut>* also knew ( ?is 7,quae/4 ,rom4 #bj74 ,footnote #chi3 ,o!rwise 9 ,lactantius1 #a4 #bb4 #aa1 & ,arnob4 #e4 #ah1 :]e ,fauna is said to h be5 beat5 because %e drank w9e2 no d\bt a lat] v]sion4 ,lactantius quotes ,sext4 ,clodius1 a contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,footnote #cij3 ,h4 ,n4 #ad4 #hh4 ,see above on f]iae ,lat9ae1 p4 #ig4 ,virg4 ,ecl4 #e4 #ff2 ,georg4 #a4 #cdd2 ,a54 #e4 #gg4 ,9 ! la/ passage milk is (f]$ to ! inf]iae ( ,an*ises3 we may note ! simil>ity ( ! cult ( ,e>?-deities & ( ! dead4 ,footnote #cia3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #bj2 ,macrob4 l4 c42 ,lactant4 l4 c4 ,! my? has be5 expla9$ z ,greek 7,wiss[a1 9 ,pauly1 #fhh71 b its peculi> feature1 ! :ipp+1 c\ld h>dly h become atta*$ to a ,roman cult unless !re 7 some?+ 9 ! cult to atta* x to1 or unless ! cult itself 7 borr[$ f ! ,greek4 ,t ! latt] 0 ! case x is impossible to prove2 & ,i pref] to believe t bo? cult & my? 7 ,roman4 ,footnote #cib3 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 #aae foll4 ,cp4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bac foll4 ,footnote #cic3 ,bel[1 p4 #cbj4 ,see also on ,july #g 7,nonae ,caprot9ae74 ,footnote #cid3 ,macrob4 l4 c4 #8,quidam ,m$eam putant1 quod 9 a$e eius omne g5us h]b>um sit ex quibus anti/ites dant pl]umque m$ic9as4' ,footnote #cie3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #ed foll4 ,footnote #cif3 ,?is no d\bt gave rise to ! my? t ,faunus #8coisse cum filia' 9 ! =m ( a snake4 ,"h aga9 ! my? may possibly be ,greek1 b we h no "r to d5y t x may h _h a ,roman basis4 ,snakes 7 kept 9 great numb]s bo? 9 temples & h\ses 9 ,italy 7,prell]-,jordan1 i4 #hg1 #che74 ,footnote #cig3 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #bi passim1 especially #ad1 c41 :]e ,cato is quot$ z dete/+ ! new ,greek art1 & urg+ 8 son to /ick to ! old simples2 "s ( :i*1 ) _! absurd *>ms1 are giv5 9 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #aef foll4 ,footnote #cih3 ,macrob4 l4 c42 ,juv4 ,sat4 #b4 #hf4 ,footnote #cii3 ,m>q4 #agc4 ,gilb]t 7,ges*4 und ,topogr4 ii4 #aei1 note7 has "s impossible comb9ations on ?is subject1 & concludes t ! ,bona ,dea 0 a moon-goddess4 ,footnote #djj3 ,see above1 p4 #gb foll4 ,footnote #dja3 ,paulus1 #fh #8,damium sacrificium1 quod fiebat 9 op]to 9 honorem ,bonae deae1 444 dea quoque ipsa ,damia et sac]dos eius damiatrix appellabatur4' ,footnote #djb3 ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,my?4 ,lex41 s4 v4 ,damia2 ,wiss[a1 l4 c4 ,footnote #djc3 ,paulus1 l4 c4 ,footnote #djd3 ,lactantius1 #a4 #bb2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #cad4 ,footnote #dje3 ,preun]1 ,he/ia-,ve/a1 #djg foll4 ,= ,luc9a1 ,gilb]t1 l4 c4 ,footnote #djf3 ,! comb9ation ( ! idea ( female fecundity ) t ( ! e>? is ( c\rse common en\gh4 ,"h is a good example f ,abyss9ia3 #8,%e 7,atetie7 is ! goddess ( fecundity1 & wom5 are h] pr9cipal vot>ies2 b1 z %e c also make ! e>? prolific1 (f]+s are made to h] = t purpose' 7,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my?1 p4 #db74 ,footnote #djg3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #dba foll4 ,footnote #djh3 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #dji3 ,hus*ke 7,rm4 ,jahr1 #ag7 tri$ to prove t ! ,lemuria 0 ! #8,todt5fe/' ( ! ,sab9e city1 ! ,f]alia t ( ! ,lat92 b 8 argum5ts h conv9c$ no "o4 ,footnote #daj3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #dbc4 ,footnote #daa3 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #aeg foll42 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my?1 *4 vi4 ,footnote #dab3 ,introduction1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #dac3 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #bd4 ,! fri5dly attitude is well illu/rat$ 9 ,f4 de ,c\langes' ,la ,cit antique1 *4 ii4 ,footnote #dad3 ,on ,hor4 ,ep4 #b4 #b4 #bji4 ,footnote #dae3 ,non4 p4 #ace4 ,cp4 ,fe/us1 s4 v4 faba3 #8,lemuralibus iacitur l>vis1' i4 e4 #8! bean is ?r[n to l>vae at ! ,lemuralia4' ,s]v4 ,a54 #c4 #fc4 ,footnote #daf3 de ,g5io ,socratis1 #ae4 ,! passage is int]e/+1 b hi/orically wor?less1 z is t ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 #b4 #afb4 ,footnote #dag3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #dea foll42 ,porph4 l4 c4 ,remus1 z "o dead be=e 8 "t1 w\ld n lie quiet3 #8,umbra cru5ta ,remi visa e/ adsi/]e lecto1' c4 ,footnote #dah3 ,see e4 g4 ,von ,duhn's pap] on ,italian excavations1 translat$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies = #ahig4 ,footnote #dai3 #8,hab5t v9cula nulla p$es' 7,fa/i1 #e4 #dcb74 ,9 p]=m+ sacr$ rites a man mu/ be free2 e4 g4 ! ,flam5 ,dialis might n we> a r+1 or any?+ b9d+1 & a fett]$ prison] _h to be loos$ 9 8 h\se 7,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #aaa74 ,cp4 ,numa 9 8 int]view ) ,faunus 7,ov4 ,fa/i1 #d4 #feh71 #8,nec digitis annulus ullus ine/4' ,s]v4 ,a54 #d4 #eah2 ,hor4 ,sat4 #a4 #h4 #bd4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,manes mu/ be "h us$1 ei!r loosely by ! poet1 or euphemi/ically by ! h\se-fa!r4 ,footnote #dba3 ,x is curi\s to f9d !m us$ = ! v same purpose ( gho/-ridd+ z f> away z ,japan 7,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #agf74 ,= _! antiquity z food1 ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz51 #dei2 ,s*rad]1 ,spra*v]glei*ung1 #cfb4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,a4 ,lang1 ,my?1 c41 ii4 #bfe2 ,jevons1 ,roman ,que/ions1 ,introd4 p4 lxxxvi2 ,o4 ,crusius1 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxix4 #afd foll42 & especially ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph4 #bea foll4 ,= sup]/itions ( a simil> k9d atta*$ to ! m&rake & o!r plants see ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne's ,vulg> ,errors1 bk4 ii4 *4 #f2 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,my?ology1 p4 #cef 7! b]ries ( ! r[an74 ,footnote #dbc3 ,!re 0 a notion t beans s[n 9 a manure-heap produc$ m54 ,cp4 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #aah #8quoniam mortuorum animae s9t 9 ea4' ,footnote #dbd3 ,gell4 #aj4 #ae4 #b 7f ,fabius ,pictor74 ,footnote #dbe3 ,s]v4 ,ecl4 #h4 #hb2 ,m>q4 #cdc note4 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #bfi1 attempts an explanation ( ! difficulty aris+ "h f ! fact t 9 hi/orical times ! cal5d> 0 "s weeks 9 advance ( ! seasons1 b )\t mu* success4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,?is note is wrongly ent]$ 9 ! ,fa/i ,v5us9i1 "u ,may #af4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,fe/us1 #bde1 s4 v4 ,publica sacra4 ,cp4 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #abc4 ,fe/us di/+ui%es pagi1 montes1 sacella1 ( :i* ! fe/ivals w\ld seem to be ! ,paganalia1 ,septimontium1 & sacra ,argeorum1 respectively4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,see "u ,m>* #ag4 ,we arrive at ! procession by comp>+ ! ,v>ronian extracts f ! sacra ,argeorum 7,l4 ,l4 #ede7 ) ,gellius1 #aj4 #ae4cj1 & ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #gia4 ,see a re/oration ( ! it9]>y ( ! procession 9 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 ii4 #fjc4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,sacella 9 ,v>ro 7,l4 ,l4 #ede72 sacr>ia1 ib4 #edh2 ,argea 9 ,fe/us1 #ccd1 :]e ! ^w seems to be an adjective2 ,argei 9 ,liv4 #a4 #bd #8loca sacris faci5dis1 quae ,argeos pontifices vocant4' ,! numb] dep5ds on ! read+ ( ,v>ro1 #g4 #dd1 xxiv or xxvii2 ,jordan decid$ = xxiv3 b see ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #abc4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,fa/i1 #c4 #gia4 ,footnote #dca3 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 ii4 #bga foll4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,dionysius1 #a4 #ch2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #e4 #fba foll42 ,fe/us1 p4 #ccd1 s4 v4 ,sexag5>ii2 ,plut>*1 ,q4 ,r4 #cb & #hf4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,dionysius says !re 7 ?irty2 he _h probably se5 ! c]emony1 b may h only made a r\gh guess at ! numb] or h ?\ght ( ! ?irty ,curiae4 ,ovid writes ( two3 #8,falcif]o libata s5i duo corpora g5tis ,mittite1' c4 7,jordan propos$ to read #8s5ilia' = #8s5i duo4'7 ,footnote #dcd3 ,fe/us1 #ccd4 ,footnote #dce3 ,fe/us1 l4 c42 ,cic]o1 pro ,roscio ,am]9o1 #ce4 #ajj4 ,sexag5>ios de ponte 0 app>5tly an old say+ 7cp4 #8depontani1' ,fe/us1 #ge72 ! e>lie/ notice we h ( x1 :i* comes f ! poet ,afranius1 seems to connect x ) ! pons sublicius4 ,footnote #dcf3 #8,! etymology w ( c\rse expla9 a ^w1 b only if x happ5s to be "r2 ! hi/ory ( ! ^w is a sur] guide' 7,skeat74 ,9 ?is case we h n ev5 ! hi/ory4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,see ,s*wegl]1 i #chc4 note2 ,m>q4 #ahc4 ,momms5 7,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #abc7 rev]ts to ! op9ion t ,argei is simply 1 & pres]ves a rem9isc5ce ( ,greek captives4 ,nettle%ip1 9 8 ,notes 9 ,lat9 ,lexicography1 p4 #bga1 is incl9$ to connect ! ^w ) #8arc]e'1 9 ! s5se ( conf9+ prison]s4 ,m fanciful developm5ts 9 a pap] by ,o4 ,kell]1 9 ,fleckeis5's ,jahrbu*1 cxxxiii4 #hde foll4 ,footnote #dch3 ,! puppets may h be5 made 9 ,m>*1 & !n hung 9 ! sacella till ,may3 s ,jordan1 ,topogr4 l4 c4 ,! writ] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 ?9ks t human victims 7 orig9ally kept 9 ^! sacella1 = :om ! puppets 7 surrogates4 ,footnote #dci3 ,!re is an int]e/+ mod]n p>allel 9 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #agh4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #hc1 & ,jordan1 ,topogr4 i4 #cih4 ,! g5]al op9ion seems n[ to fav\r ! view t !re 0 an orig9al connexion betwe5 ! pontifices & ! pons sublicius4 ,footnote #dda3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #hc2 ,dionys4 #b4 #gc1 #c4 #de4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,?is 0 ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 a note 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #aef4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip once express$ ?is view to me4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,paulus1 p4 #ae #8p] ,virg9es ,ve/ales'2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #e4 #fba4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,see bel[1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #dde3 ,plut4 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #hf2 ,gell4 #aj4 #ae2 ,m>q4 #cah4 ,h] usual head-dress 0 ! flammeum1 or bride's veil4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! ,flam5 h] husb&2 ! prom95ce ( wom5 9 all ^! rites is noticeable4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,baumkultus1 #aee1 #daa1 #daf4 ,! cult ( ,adonis has "s features l t ( ! ,argei3 e4 g4 ! puppet1 ! imm]sion 9 wat] & ! m\rn+ 7see ,lex4 s4 v4 ,adonis1 p4 #gc2 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #bgf74 ,footnote #ddg3 i4 e4 #8old m5 mu/ g ov] ! bridge4' ,see ,cic4 pro ,roscio ,am]9o1 #ce1 :]e ! old edition ( ,os5brgg5 has a useful note4 ,also ,v>ro1 apud ,lactant4 ,in/4 #a4 #ba4 #f4 ,ovid alludes to ! prov]b 7#e4 #fbc foll47 #8,corpora po/ decies s5os qui cr$idit annos ,missa neci1 scel]is crim9e damnat avos4' ,footnote #ddh3 ,dionys4 #a4 #ch4 ,b he may h be5 deceiv$ simply by ! appe>ance ( ! b9d+s ( ! %eaves or bundles1 especially if he _h be5 told be=eh& ( ! prov]b4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,! be/ kn[n in/ances ( human sacrifice at ,rome are collect$ 9 a note to ,m]ivale's ,hi/ory 7vol4 iii4 #ce72 & by ,sa*se1 ,die ,arge]1 p4 #ag4 ,o4 ,mll] ?\ght t x came to ,rome f ,etruria 7,etrusk]1 ii4 #bj74 ,= ,greece1 see ,h]mann1 ,grie*4 ,alt4 ii4 sec4 #bg2 ,/rabo4 #aj4 #h4 ,see also "s valuable rem>ks 9 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cfb1 on sub/itution 9 sacrifice4 ,footnote #dej3 ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 #f4 #af2 ,tac4 ,g]m4 #i & #ci4 ,/rabo1 #aj4 #h1 is int]e/+1 z giv+ an example ( ! dropp+ out ( ! actual kill+1 :ile ! =m surviv$4 ,see bel[ on ,lup]calia1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #dea3 ,a po9t sugge/$ to me "s ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,evans4 ,footnote #deb3 ,sir ,a4 ,lyall 7,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #ai7 writes ( human sacrifice z hav+ be5 common 9 ,india z a la/ resort = appeas+ div9e wra? :5 manife/$ 9 "s /range mann]2 i4 e4 x 0 nev] regul>4 ,s ,procopius1 ,bell4 ,go?4 #c4 #ac4 ,tacitus1 inde$1 writes ( #8c]tis diebus' 7,g]m4 #i71 b x is n cle> t he meant fix$ recurr+ days4 ,z a rule 9 human sacrifice & cannibalism ! victims are captives1 :o w\ld n be always at h&4 ,footnote #dec3 ,dionysius 7#a4 #ch7 speaks ( sacrifice be=e ! imm]sion ( ! puppets3 4 ,footnote #ded3 ,! & 1 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #abi foll4 ,footnote #dee3 ,g]mania1 #dj3 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 #efg foll4 ,! evid5ce is p]haps h>dly adequate z to detail4 ,footnote #def3 ,baumkultus1 *apt]s #c1 #d1 & #e1 :i* %\ld be us$ by all :o wi% to =m "s idea ( ! am\nt ( evid5ce collect$ on ?is "o head4 ,footnote #deg3 ,our ,jack-9-!-,gre5 is probably a survival ( ?is k9d ( rite4 ,footnote #deh3 ,ne>ly all ^! cu/oms occur ei!r at ,:itsuntide or h>ve/4 ,mannh>dt conjectur$ t ! ,argei-rite 0 orig9ally a h>ve/ cu/om 7,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #bfi72 q ne$lessly1 ,i ?9k4 ,footnote #dei3 ,baumkultus1 #cca4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,mannh>dt all[s ?is1 ,baumkultus1 #ccf note4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,baumkultus1 #ceh foll4 ,8 !ory is express$ 9 judici\s & by no means dogmatic language4 ,x may be t he runs 8 ,vegetation-_s some:at too h>d--& no my?ologi/ is free f ! error ( see+ 8 own discov]y exemplifi$ :]ev] he turns4 ,b ! _s ( vegetation _h be5 f\nd at ,rome long be=e ,mannh>dt's "t 7see e4 g4 ,prell]'s acc\nt ( ,m>s & ! deities relat$ to him74 ,footnote #dfb3 ,baumkultus1 #cei1 #dbj2 ,korndmon51 #bd4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,baumkultus1 #cdi foll41 #cfe1 #dad4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,cp4 ! root cas-1 :i* 7accord+ to ,corss51 ,ausspra*e1 i4 #feb note71 appe>s bo? 9 canus & cascus1 & also 9 ! ,oscan casn> #8an old man4' ,! ^w casn> is us$ by ,v>ro 7ap4 ,nonium1 #hf7 = sexag5>ius1 or possibly argeus3 #8,vix ecfatus erat cum m maiorum c>nales 7 casnales7 arripiunt et de ponte deturbant4' ,cf4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #gc2 ,momms51 ,unt]italis*e ,dialekt51 p4 #bfh4 ,! root arg may p]haps h meant holy z well z old or :ite1 l ! ,wel% gw5 7,rhys1 ,celtic ,my?ology1 #ebg note74 ,footnote #dfe3 ,baumkultus1 #bad-af1 #cee1 c4 ,on p4 #cef is a valuable note giv+ examples f ,am]ica1 ,india1 c4 ,= a rem>kable case f anci5t ,egypt1 ( :i* ! object is n ra91 b inundation1 see ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cfh4 ,see also ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology 7,e4 ,t471 p4 #eic foll4 ,footnote #dff3 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #hf4 ,?is "w is und\bt$ly drawn *iefly f ,v>ro's writ+s1 b l>gely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? ( ,juba ! k+ ( ,mauretania1 :o wrote 9 ,greek 7,b>? de ,jubae 9 ,plut>*o expressis3 ,gtt+51 #ahgf74 ,footnote #dfg3 ,p>allels 9 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #agj1 #agh1 #baa1 #dji4 ,^! are examples ( ,may-trees & o!r objects1 sometimes deck$ out z human be+s1 :i* are hung up 9 ! home/ead = a c]ta9 "t--e4 g4 9 ,au/ria f ,may-day to ,/4 ,john ,bapti/'s day1 a p]iod closely correspond+ bo? 9 l5g? & season to t at ,rome1 f ,m>* #ae to ,may #ae4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,*>lton-on-,otmoor1 ne> ,ox=d1 x is hung on ! rood-scre5 f ,may #a onw>ds4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #e4 #fbg2 ,dionys4 #a4 #ch4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,see ,macrob4 #a4 #g4 #bh4 ,9 ,dionysius' v]sion1 h[ev]1 ( ! l9e x is to :om ! sacrifice is (f]$4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,fe/us1 #ccd4 ,footnote #dga3 ,topogr4 ii4 #bhe4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m]curius1 p4 #bhjd4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,x seems to me probable t !re 0 a ,m]curius at ,rome be=e ! introduction ( ,h]mes2 b ?is _c be prov$4 ,x seems likely t ! temple-cult e/abli%$ 9 #die ,b4,c4 0 really t ( ,h]mes "u an ,italian "n1 z 9 ! p>allel case ( ,c]es4 ,?is 0 "o ye> lat] ?an ! date ( ! ,c]es-temple 7above1 p4 #gd74 ,footnote #dge3 ,m]curiales1 or ,m]catores 7,jordan1 ,topogr4 i4 #a4 #bgh74 ,!y belong$ to ! collegia ( ! pagi4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,see on ,m>* #ag & ,janu>y #i4 ,footnote #dgg3 i4 #bfb foll42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #dde2 ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 #e4 #ab4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #hjg2 ! d$ication ( an alt> 7,v$iovei ,patrei g5teiles ,iuliei7 f\nd at ,bovillae4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #dbi2 ,gell4 #e4 #ab4 ,x 0 ?is temple :i* _h ,may #ba z its #8dies natalis4' ,footnote #dhj3 ,liv4 #ca4 #ba4 #ab 7read+ ,v$iovi = deo ,iovi1 ) ,m]kel & ,jordan74 ,footnote #dha3 ,gell4 l4 c42 ,prell]1 i4 #bfd1 & ,jordan's note4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,gell4 #e4 #ab4 ,! mean+ ( ! expression is n cle>4 ,paulus 7#afe7 writes3 #8,humanum sacrificium dicebant quod mortui causa fiebat'--:i* does n greatly help u4 ,prell] reasonably sugge/$ t ! goat might be a sub/itutory victim 9 place ( a #8homo sac]' or crim9al 7i4 #bfe74 ,footnote #dhc3 ,above1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,fa/i1 #e4 #gbe4 ,footnote #dhe3 de ,f]iis1 xv4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,gell4 #ac4 #bc4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,! ,hephae/us-my? has be5 treat$ on ! comp>ative me?od by ,f4 von ,s*rd] 7,grie*4 ,gtt] u4 ,h]o51 i4 #gi foll471 & by ,rapp 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t x may h be5 kn[n to ! e>ly ,italians1 b :at we "k ( ,volcanus does n fav\r ?is4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,vitruvius1 #c4 #b4 #b2 x 0 #8proxime portam ,coll9am4' ,footnote #dhi3 ,see bel[1 pp4 #afe1 #bbc4 ,footnote #dij3 ,liv4 #cd4 #ec2 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #dia3 ,?is seems to h be5 ! date among ! ,anauni ( ,n4 ,italy z late z #cic ,a4,d43 see ! ,acta ,m>tyrum1 p4 #ecf 7,v]ona1 #agca74 7,= ! ,anauni1 ,ru%=?1 ,lat9 ,hi/orical ,inscriptions1 p4 #ii foll47 ,footnote #dib3 ,*ron4 #gj foll43 a difficult bit ( calculation4 ,footnote #dic3 ,momms51 l4 c4 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fr4 ,arv4 xlvi-xlviii2 ,jordan on ,prell]1 i4 #dbj1 & ,topogr4 i4 #bhi1 ii4 #bcf4 ,! latt] w\ld also id5tify ,amb>valia & ,amburbium2 b ! two seem cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ,s]vius 7,ecl4 #c4gg74 ,footnote #did3 p4 #bjj4 ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #fc4 ,footnote #die3 p4 #e4 ,see ,jordan on ,prell]1 i4 #dbj1 note #b2 ,m>q4 #bjj1 note #c4 ,footnote #dif3 ,georg4 #a4 #cch foll4 ,footnote #dig3 #8,extremae sub casum hiemis' might possibly suit ! ,italian ,april1 b c]ta9ly n ! ,italian ,may4 ,may #a is ! e>lie/ date we h = an agri lu/ratio1 i4 e4 9 ,campania 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 x4 #cgib74 #8,tunc mollissima v9a' may conta9 a ref]5ce to ! ,v9alia ( ,april #bc1 :5 ! new w9e 0 fir/ drunk2 & if t 7 s1 ! g5]al ref]5ce might be to ! ,c]ialia or its ru/ic equival5t4 ,footnote #dih3 ,r4 ,r4 #ada4 ,cp4 ,siculus ,flaccus 9 ,gromatici ,vet]es1 p4 #afd4 ,! lu/ratio %\ld be celebrat$ be=e ev5 ! e>lie/ crops 7e4 g4 beans7 7 cut4 ,footnote #dii3 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fr4 ,arv4 xlviii4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #ada4 ,i h avail$ myself ( ! ,italian translation & comm5t>y ( ,pr(4 ,de ,m>*i 9 8 "w on ! dome/ic religion ( ! ,romans1 p4 #abh foll4 ,footnote #eja3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica2 ,bral1 ,les ,tables ,eugub9es4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,i am in=m$ t x visit$ "o hamlet1 ,horton1 :i* is n at pres5t 9 ! p>i% ( ,*>lton2 ( ?is !re %\ld be "s topographical explanation4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,! cross is v commonly c>ri$ ab\t on ! cont95t1 & 9 ,holl& ! week is call$ cross-week = ?is reason4 ,b at ,*>lton !re seems to h be5 a confusion betwe5 ?is cross & ! ,may-que5 or ,may-doll2 = on ,may-day1 #ahih1 ! old woman :o deck$ x call$ x #8my lady1' & spoke ( #8h] wai/1' c4 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,e4 ,prior1 ! pres5t incumb5t1 = in=mation ab\t ?is int]e/+ survival4 ,,m5sis ,,iunius4 ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,june #a74 ,n4 ,,iunoni ,,monetae 7,,v547 ,,fab>ici ,c,,irc5ses ,m,,issus4 7,,philoc47 ,on ! "n ( ! m5sis ,junius "s rem>ks h already be5 made "u ,may #a4 ,!re is no sure gr\nd = connect+ x ) ,juno#eje4 ,! fir/ day ( ,june 0 sacr$ to h]1 b s 7 all ,kal5ds2 & if ?is 0 also ! dies natalis ( ! temple ( ,juno ,moneta 9 arce1 we h no reason to suppose ! *oice ( day to be specially significant#ejf4 ,we "k ! date ( ?is d$ication2 x 0 9 #cdd ,b4,c4 & 9 consequ5ce ( a v[ made by ,l4 ,furius ,camillus ,dictator 9 a w> aga9/ ! ,aurunci#ejg4 ,( a ,juno ,moneta ( e>li] date we h no k2 &1 9 spite ( mu* t has be5 said to ! contr>y1 ,i imag9e t ! title 0 only giv5 to a ,juno ( ! arx 9 consequ5ce ( ! popul> belief t ! ,capitol 0 sav$ f ! attack ( ! ,gauls 7#cij ,b4,c47 by ! w>n+ voices ( h] sacr$ geese4 ,:at tru? !re 0 9 t /ory may be a matt] ( d\bt1 b x seems easi] to believe t x _h a basis ( fact ?an to acc\nt = x aetiologically#ejh4 ,!re may well h be5 an alt> or sacellum#eji ( ,juno on ! arx1 ne> :i* h] noisy birds 7 kept#eaj2 & :5 a temple 0 ev5tually built "h 9 #cdd ,b4,c41 x 0 appropriately d$icat$ to ,juno ( ! w>n+ voice4 ,f ! fact t "p ( ?is temple 0 us$ z a m9t#eaa1 ! ^w ,moneta gradually pass$ into ano!r s5se1 :i* has f\nd its way into our mod]n languages#eab4 ,"o tradition connect$ ! "n ( ! mon? ) ,m4 ,junius ,brutus1 :o is said to h p]=m$ a sacrum on ?is day aft] ! flight ( ,t>qu9ius1 on ! ,caelian ,hill#eac4 ,?is sacrum _h no connexion ) ,juno1 & ! tradition :i* ?us absurdly br+s ,brutus into ! "q %[s pla9ly t ! d]ivation f ,juno 0 n univ]sally accept$#ead4 ,! real deity ( ! ,kal5ds ( ,june 0 n ,juno1 b an antique goddess ^: antiquity is atte/$ bo? by ! meagr5ess ( our k ( h]1 & ! /range confusion ab\t h] :i* ,ovid displays4 ,_h ,c>na be5 m successful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ,roman deities1 we might n h be5 s sure ( h] extreme antiquity2 b no =eign cult graft$ on h] gave h] a new lease ( life1 & by ! end ( ! ,republic %e 0 all b dead4 ,:at little we d "k ( h] sav\rs ( ! agricultural life & folk-lore ( ! old ,lat9s4 ,h] sacrifices 7 ( bean-meal & l>d#eae2 & ?is day w5t by ! "n ( ,kal5dae fab>iae#eaf1 #8quia hoc m5se adultae fabae div9is rebus adhib5tur4' ,! fact 0 t x 0 ! "t ( bean-h>ve/#eag2 & beans1 z we h already se51 7 mu* 9 reque/ = sacr$ purposes4 #8,maximus honos fabae1' says ,pl9y#eah1 allud+ to ! value ( ! bean z food1 to its suppos$ n>cotic p[]1 & its use 9 religi\s ritual4 ,we h already f\nd beans us$ 9 ! cult ( ! dead & ! ejection ( gho/s f ! h\se#eai2 & ,pr(4 ,wiss[a has ( late +5i\sly conjectur$ t ?is day 7,june #a7 0 conc]n$ ) rites ( ! same k9d#ebj4 ,he quotes an inscription1 a w 9 :i* a legacy is left #8ut rosas ,c>n>iis ducant'#eba4 ,und\bt$ly ! ref]5ce "h is to rites ( ! dead 7cf4 ,rosalia71 & ,momms5 may be "r 9 sugge/+ t by ,c>n>iis is meant ! ,kal5ds ( ,june4 ,b x is go+ a little too f> to argue on ?is sl5d] evid5ce1 ev5 if we add to x ! fact t ! day 0 nefa/us1 t ! fe/ival ( ,c>na 0 ( ! same k9d z ! ,p>5talia1 ,rosalia1 c42 a c>eful read+ ( ,ovid's comm5ts seems to %[ t !re 7 curi\s survivals ( folk-lore connect$ ) ! day & ) ,c>na :i* _c all be expla9$ by ref]5ce to rites ( ! dead4 ,ovid does inde$ at once mislead 8 read]s by id5tify+ ,c>na & ,c>dea1 & ?us mak+ ! =m] ! deity ( door-h+es1 & br++ h] into connexion ) ,janus#ebb4 ,b we may guess t he does ?is simply because he wants to squeeze 9 a pretty folk-tale ( ,janus & ,c>dea1 = :i* 8 read]s may be grateful1 & :i* ne$ n deceive !m4 ,:5 he writes ( ! ritual ( ,c>na#ebc--our only safe guide--he makes x q pla9 t he is mix+ up ! attributes ( two di/9ct deities4 ,he br+s ! two toge!r by contriv+ t ,janus1 z a rew>d to ,c>dea = yield+ to 8 advances1 %\ld be/[ on h] n only ! *>ge ( c>d9es1 b also t ( protect+ infants f ! /riges#ebd1 creatures ( ! nature ( vampires1 b describ$ by ,ovid z owls1 :o 7 wont to suck _! blood & dev\r _! vitals4 ,b ?is la/ duty surely belong$ to ,c>na1 ( :om ,macrobius says #8,hanc deam vitalibus humanis praeesse cr$unt'3 & ?us ,c>na's attribute is conjo9$ ) ,c>dea's4 ,! l9es are wor? quot+ 9 :i* ,ovid describes ! *>ms :i* are to keep (f ! /riges1 = z pres]v+ a remnant ( old ,italian folk-lore !y are m int]e/+ ?an ! d\btful nature ( an obscure deity#ebe3 ,prot9us arbutea#ebf po/es t] 9 ord9e tangit ,fronde1 t] arbutea lim9a fronde notat3 ,sp>git aquis aditus--et aquae m$icam5 habebant-- ,extaque de porca cruda bim5/re t5et#ebg4 ,atque ita #8noctis aves1 extis pu]ilibus' inquit #8,p>cite3 pro p>vo victima p>va cadit4 ,cor pro corde1 precor1 pro fibris sumite fibras4 ,hanc animam vobis pro meliore damus4' ,sic ubi libavit1 prosecta sub ae!re ponit1 ,quique ads9t sacris1 respic]e illa vetat#ebh4 ,virgaque ,ianalis de sp9a ponitur alba#ebi ,qua lum5 ?alamis p>va f5e/ra dabat4 ,po/ illud nec aves cunas violasse f]untur1 ,et r$iit pu]o qui fuit ante color4 ,hav+ told 8 folk-tale & describ$ 8 *>ms1 ,ovid returns to ,c>na1 & asks :y p eat bean-gruel on ! ,kal5ds ( ,june1 ) ! ri* fat ( pigs4 ,! answ] is t ! cult ( ,c>na is ( anci5t date1 & t ! heal?y food ( man 9 e>ly times is reta9$ 9 x#ecj4 ,sus erat 9 pretio2 caesa sue fe/a colebant4 ,t]ra fabas tantum duraque f>ra dabat4 ,quae duo mixta simul sextis quicunque ,kal5dis ,ed]it1 huic la$i visc]a posse negant4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! real popul> belief--t by eat+ ?is food on ,c>na's day y\r dige/ion 0 secur$ = ! ye>4 ,macrobius#eca makes ! practice into a mu* m def9ite piece ( ritual4 #8,pray]s are (f]$ to ?is goddess1' he says1 #8= ! good pres]vation ( liv]1 he>t1 & ! o!r int]nal organs ( our bodies4 ,h] sacrifices are bean-meal & l>d1 because ?is is ! be/ food = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body4' ,ovid is "h ! g5u9e ,italian1 ,macrobius ! s*ol> & !ologian3 bo? may be "r4 ,:atev]1 !n1 may be ! mean+ or etymology ( ! "n ,c>na1 we may at lea/ be sure t ! cult belongs to ! age ( anci5t ,lat9 agriculture#ecb1 s9ce x 0 9 connexion ) h] "n t ! popul> belief surviv$ 9 ,ovid's "t ( ! virtue ( bean-eat+ on ! ,kal5ds ( ,june4 ,we le>n f ,ovid 7l9e #aia7 t ?is same day 0 ! dies natalis ( ! temple ( ,m>s extra portam ,cap5am1 i4 e4 on ! ,via ,appia--a fav\rite spot = ! mu/]+ ( armies1 & ! />t+-po9t = ! ye>ly transvectio equitum#ecc4 ,i h already allud$ to ! baseless fabric ( conjecture built on ! conjunction ( ,m>s & ,juno on ?is day#ecd2 & ne$ "h only repeat t 9 no well-atte/$ ,roman my? is ,m>s ! son ( ,juno1 or ,juno ! wife ( ,jupit]4 ,& x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ,june #a 0 ! orig9al d$ication-day ( ?is temple ( ,m>s3 ! ,v5usian cal5d> does n m5tion x1 & ,ovid may be ref]r+ to a re-d$ication by ,augu/us#ece4 ,!re is absolutely no gr\nd = ! my?-mak+ ( ,us5] & ,ros*] ab\t ,m>s & ,juno3 b x is to ! cr$it ( ! latt] t he has ins]t$ 9 8 article on ,m>s a valuable note by ,au/1 9 :i* 8 own conclusions are cog5tly controv]t$4 ,,iii4 ,,non4 ,,iun4 7,,june #c74 ,c4 ,,bellon,,ae ,,9 ,,circ,o ,,flam,,inio4 7,,v547 ,?is temple 0 v[$ by ! ,consul ,ap4 ,claudius 9 an ,etruscan w>#ecf 7#bif ,b4,c473 ! date ( d$ication is unkn[n4 ,9 front ( ! temple 0 an area ( :i* ! truly ,roman /ory is told#ecg1 t be+ unable to decl>e w> ) ,pyrrhus ) ! or?odox ritual ( ! fetiales1 z he _h no l& 9 ,italy into :i* !y c\ld ?r[ ! *all5g+ spe>#ech1 !y caught a ,pyrrhan soldi] & made him buy ?is spot to suit _! purpose4 ,"h /ood ! #8columella' f :i* h5ce=w>d ! spe> 0 ?r[n#eci4 ,! temple became well kn[n z a suitable meet+-place = ! ,s5ate outside ! pomo]ium1 :5 x 0 necess>y to d bus9ess ) g5]als & ambassadors :o c\ld n legally ent] ! city#edj4 ,b ( ! goddess v little is kn[n4 ,!re is no suffici5t reason to id5tify h] ) t ,n]io ) :om we made acqua9tance 9 ,m>*1 z is done too confid5tly by ! writ] ( ! article 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon#eda4 ,,prid4 ,,non4 ,,iun4 7,,june #d74 ,c4 ,,h]c,,uli ,,magn,o ,,cu/o,,di4 7,,v547 ,,sacrum ,,h]culi4 7,,ru/47 ,?is temple also 0 ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius#edb4 ,x 0 a f\ndation ( ,sulla's1 #hb ,b4,c41 & ! cult 0 ,greek1 answ]+ to t ( #edc4 ,,non4 ,,iun4 7,,june #e74 ,n4#edd ,,dio ,,fidio ,,9 ,,colle4 7,,v547 ,! temple on ! ,quir9al ( :i* ?is 0 ! dies natalis is said by ,dionysius#ede to h be5 v[$ by ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 & d$icat$ by ,sp4 ,po/umius 9 ,b4,c4 #dff4 ,b t !re 0 a fanum or sacellum ( ?is deity on or ne> ! same site at a mu* e>li] "t is almo/ c]ta92 su* a sacellum #8ad portam ,sanqualem' is m5tion$1 also by ,dionysius#edf1 z 1 & we "k t 9 _m cases ! f9al a$es or templum 0 a developm5t f an uncov]$ alt> or sacr$ place4 ,dius ,fidius1 z ! adjectival "* ( 8 "n %[s1 0 a g5u9e old ,italian religi\s conception1 b "o t 9 hi/orical times 0 buri$ almo/ out ( sight4 ,among gods & h]oes !re has be5 a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z among animals & plants2 ) "s peoples a /ruggle betwe5 indig5\s & exotic deities1 9 :i* ! latt] usually w9 ! day1 & displace or modify ! native species#edg4 ,:at laws1 if any1 gov]n ?is /ruggle = exi/5ce x is n possible to disc]n cle>ly2 ! result is d\btless ! survival ( ! fitte/1 if by ! fitte/ we und]/& ^? :i* fl\ri% be/ "u ! exi/+ conditions ( society & ?\ght2 b x w\ld h>dly seem to be ! survival ( ^? :i* are mo/ b5eficial to ! wor%ipp+ race4 ,among ! ,romans ! fa%ionable exotic deities ( ! lat] ,republic & ,empire _h no su* e?ical influ5ce on ! "* ( ! p z ^? old] ones ( ! type ( ,dius ,fidius1 :o 9 hi/orical times 0 kn[n to ! ord9>y ,roman only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an old-fa%ion$ oa?4 ,ovid kn[s v little ab\t ,dius ,fidius#edh3 ,qua]ebam ,nonas ,sanco ,fidione ref]rem1 ,an tibi1 ,semo pat]3 cum mihi ,sancus ait #8,cuicunque ex illis d$]is1 ego munus habebo2 ,nom9a tr9a f]o1 sic volu]e ,cures4' ,he f9ds ?ree names = ! deity1 b two w\ld h suffic$2 ! only individual ,semo kn[n to u is ,sancus himself4 ,! ,semones1 s f> z we c guess1 7 spirits ( ! #8p&aemonic' age1 nameless l ! ,l>es ) :om !y are associat$ 9 ! hymn ( ! ,fratres ,arvales#edi2 b "o only1 ,semo ,sancus1 seems to h tak5 a "n & surviv$ into a lat] age1 & ?is "o 0 id5tifi$ ) ,dius ,fidius4 ,aelius ,/ilo1 ! ,v>ro ( ! sev5? c5tury ,a4 ,u4 ,c41 seems to h />t$ ?is id5tification#eej4 ,v>ro does n comm5t on x2 b ,v]rius accept$ x3 he writes ( an #8a$es ,sancus1 qui deus ,dius ,fidius vocatur'#eea4 ,! evid5ce ( inscriptions is explicit = a lat] p]iod2 an alt>1 = example1 f\nd ne> ! suppos$ site ( 8 temple on ! ,quir9al1 be>s ! inscription #8,sanco ,sancto ,semoni deo fidio sacrum'#eeb4 ,& !re is no?+ 9 ! words ,sancus & ,fidius to =bid ! id5tification1 = bo? po9t to ! same class ( ideas--t ( ! bond :i* religi\s feel+ places on m5 9 _! duties to1 & contracts )1 ea* o!r4 ,!y are 9 fact two diff]5t names = ! same religi\s conception4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d !m bo? occurr+ 9 ! great processional inscription ( ,iguvium 9 ,umbria3 ,fisus or ,fisovius ,sancius1 :o is !re invok$ next aft] ,jupit]1 seems to unite ! two deities 9 a s+le "n#eec4 ,?is conjunction w\ld seem to save u f ! necessity ( discuss+ ! "q :e!r ,sancus1 z has (t5 be5 insi/$ on by s*ol>s bo? anci5t & mod]n#eed1 0 really ! ,sab9e =m ( ,dius ,fidius2 = if 9 ,umbria ! two are f\nd toge!r1 z at ,rome1 !re is no reason :y ! same %\ld n h be5 ! case ?r\gh\t c5tral ,italy4 ,! "q w\ld nev] h be5 ask$ _h ! fluid nature ( ! e>lie/ ,italian deities & ! adjectival "* ( _! names be5 duly tak5 acc\nt (4 ,we are all ( u too apt to speak ( ?is primitive _s-_w 9 t]ms ( a lat] poly!i/ic !ology1 & to suppose t ! d\bl+ ( a "n implies "s di/9ction ( orig9 or race4 ,dius ,fidius1 !n1 & ,semo ,sancus are bo? ,lat9 names = ! same religi\s conception1 ! imp]sonality ( :i* caus$ x to lose vitality z new & an?ropomorphic ideas ( ! div9e came into vogue at ,rome4 ,b !re is at lea/ "s probability t x surviv$ 9 a fa%ion "u ! "n ( an intrud]1 ,h]cules2 & ! connexion ) ,h]cules w %[1 :at we might already h guess$1 t ! religi\s conception we are speak+ ( 0 v ne> ak9 to t ( ,jupit] himself4 ,!re is cle> evid5ce t ! be/ ,roman s*ol>s id5tifi$ n only ,dius ,fidius ) ,semo ,sancus1 b bo? ( ^! ) ,h]cules4 ,v>ro1 9 a passage already quot$1 tells u t ,/ilo believ$ ,dius ,fidius to be ! ,sab9e ,sancus & ! ,greek ,h]cules2 ,v]rius ,flaccus1 if 8 exc]ptors repres5t him rightly1 9 two sep>ate glosses id5tifi$ all ^! ?ree#eee4 ,aga91 ! ,roman oa?s me dius fidius & me h]cule are synonym\s2 t ! =m] 0 ! old] c h>dly be d\bt$1 & ! latt] mu/ h come into vogue :5 ! ,greek oa? by ,h]acles became famili>4 ,?us ! orig9 ( me h]cule mu/ be f\nd 9 a union ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,h]cules ) ^? ( ! native ,dius ,fidius4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 pron\nc+ bo? ^! oa?s x 0 ! cu/om to g out into ! op5 air#eef4 ,"h is a po9t at :i* bo? ,h]cules & ,dius ,fidius seem to come into l9e ) ,jupit]2 = ! mo/ solemn oa? ( all 0 p] ,iovem 7lapidem71 also tak5 "u ! light ( heav5#eeg1 z 0 ! case ) ! oa? at ! alt> ( 9 ,greece#eeh4 ,yet ano!r po9t ( conjunction is ! ara maxima at ! entrance to ! ,circus ,maximus1 :i* 0 also a place :]e oa?s 7 tak5 & treaties ratifi$#eei2 ?is 0 ! alt> ( ,h]cules ,victor1 to :om ! ti!s ( spoil 7 (f]$2 & ?is 0 also associat$ ) ! leg5d ( ,h]cules & ,cacus4 ,9 ! deity by :om oa?s 7 sworn1 & 9 ! deity ( ! ti!s & ! leg5d1 x is n[ ackn[l$g$ on all h&s t we %\ld recognize a great ,p[] :om we may call ,dius ,fidius1 or ,semo ,sancus1 or ! ,g5ius ,iovius1 or ev5 ,jupit] himself#efj4 ,ti!s1 oa?s1 & ! my? ( ! /ruggle ( light ) d>kness1 _c be associat$ ) su* a figure z ! ,h]cules :o came to ,italy f ,greece2 ti!s are ! due ( "s great god1 or "l ( ! l&#efa1 oa?s are tak5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god ( heav51 & ! great nature my? only desc5ds by degrees to atta* itself to semi-human figures4 ,we are "h inde$ 9 ! pres5ce ( v anci5t ,italian religi\s ideas1 :i* we c only v dimly appreh5d1 & = ! explanation ( :i*--s f> z explanation is possible--!re is n space 9 ?is "w4 ,b be=e we leave ,dius ,fidius1 ,i w briefly indicate ! evid5ce on :i* we may re/ our belief 7#a7 t z ,semo ,sancus1 he is connect$ ) ,jupit] z ! god ( ! heav5 & ?und]2 & 7#b7 t z ,h]cules he is closely relat$ to ! same god z se5 9 a diff]5t aspect4 #a4 ,9 ! ,iguvian inscription ref]r$ to above ,sancius 9 "o place appe>s 9 conjunction ) ,iovius#efb2 &1 z we h se51 x is also f\nd 9 ! same ritual ) ,fisu or ,fisovius4 ,9 ?is same passage ( ! inscription 7:i* is a manual ( ritual = ! ,fratres ,attidii1 an anci5t religi\s bro!rhood ( ,iguvium71 ! prie/ is direct$ to h 9 8 h& an urfita 7orbita71 i4 e4 ei!r disk or globe2 & ?is urfita has be5 comp>$#efc1 n )\t reason1 ) ! orbes m5tion$ by ,livy#efd z hav+ be5 made ( brass aft] ! capture ( ,priv]num & plac$ 9 ! temple ( ,semo ,sancus4 ,if we may safely believe t su* symbols occur *iefly 9 ! wor%ip ( deities ( sun & heav51 z seems probable1 we h "h "s evid5ce1 h[ev] imp]fect1 = ! common orig9 ( ,sancus & ,jupit]4 ,aga91 !re 0 9 ,roman augural lore a bird call$ sanqualis avis1 :i* c h>dly be dissociat$ f ! cult ( ,sancus2 = !re 0 also an anci5t city gate1 ! porta ,sanqualis1 ne> ! sacellum ,sancus on ! ,quir9al#efe4 ,pl9y's language ab\t ?is bird %[s t ?is bit ( anci5t lore 0 almo/ lo/ 9 8 "t2 b at ! same "t he makes x cle> t x 0 believ$ to belong to ! eagle family1 :i* play$ su* an important "p 9 ! sci5ce ( augury4 ,! only concrete fact t seems to be told u ab\t ?is bird is t 9 ,b4,c4 #agg "o /ruck ) its beak a sacr$ /one at ,cru/um]ium--a /one1 x w\ld seem1 t _h fall5 f heav51 i4 e4 a ?und]-/one or a meteorite#eff4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we are n surpris$ to f9d fur!r traces ( a connexion betwe5 ,sancus & ?und]bolts4 ,!re 0 at ,rome a decuria ( sac]dotes bid5tales1 9 close association ) ! cult ( ,sancus4 ,?ree votive alt>s are extant1 d$icat$ to ! god by ?is decuria#efg2 two ( !m 7 f\nd on ! ,quir9al1 close to ! site ( ! sacellum ,sancus4 ,n[ ! mean+ ( ! ^w bid5tal %[s t ! decuria _h z its duty ! c>e ( ! sacr$ spots :i* _h be5 /ruck by ?und]bolts2 su* a spot1 :i* 0 also call$ puteal f its resemblance to a well f5c$ ) a circul> wall1 bore ! "n bid5tal1 presumably because two-ye>-old %eep 7bid5tes7 7 sacrific$ !re#efh4 ,consequ5tly we aga9 h ,sancus br\ght into connexion ) ! augural lore ( lightn+1 :i* made x a religi\s duty to bury ! bolt1 & f5ce (f ! spot f pr(ane intrusion4 ,yet ano!r /ep =w>d 9 ?is dim light4 ,a bid5tal 0 "o k9d ( templum1 z we are expressly told#efi2 & ! temple ( ,sancus itself seems to h _h ?is peculi>ity4 ,v>ro says t its ro( 0 p]=atum1 s t ! sky might be se5 ?r\gh x#egj4 ,9 a fragm5t ( augural lore1 app>5tly g5u9e ?\gh pres]v$ by a writ] ( late date1 ! caeli templum seems to h be5 conceiv$ z a dome1 or a ball 7orbis7 cut 9 half1 ) a hole 9 ! top#ega4 ,we may all[ t we are "h gett+ out ( our dep?2 b ! g5]al result ( :at has be5 put =w>d is t ,sancus ,dius ,fidius 0 orig9ally a _s or num5 ( ! heav51 & a wield] ( ! lightn+1 closely alli$ to ! great ,jupit]1 ^: cult1 comb9$ ) t ( ,h]cules1 _h almo/ oblit]at$ him 9 hi/orical times4 ,f9ally1 x w\ld seem t ^? moral attributes ( ,jupit] :i* give him a unique position 9 ! ,roman !ology z ! god ( tru?1 ord]1 & concord1 belong$ at "o p]iod also to ,sancus z ,dius ,fidius2 = 9 8 temple 0 kept ! mo/ anci5t treaty ( :i* ! ,romans knew1 t said to h be5 made by ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus ) ,gabii1 :i* ,dionysius mu/ himself h se5#egb1 & :i* he describes z consi/+ ( a wood5 clypeus1 b\nd ) ! hide ( a sacrific$ ox1 & be>+ anci5t lett]s4 ,"h also 0 ! reput$ /atue ( ,gaia ,caecilia or ,tanaquil1 ! ideal ,roman matron2 ( :i* x has be5 conjectur$1 ra%ly p]haps1 b by an au?ority ( weight1 t x really repres5t$ a humaniz$ female =m ( ,dius ,fidius1 /&+ to him z ! ,junones ( wom5 /ood to ! ,g5ii ( m51 or z ,juno 9 ! ab/ract to ,g5ius 9 ! ab/ract#egc4 #b4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ! prec$+ p>agraph may aptly br+ u to our second po9t1 viz4 ! relation to ,jupit] ( ,dius ,fidius z ,h]cules4 ,^? :o read ! article #8,dius ,fidius' 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon w be /ruck by ! fact t s cauti\s a writ] z ,pr(essor ,wiss[a %\ld boldly id5tify ?is deity1 at ! v outset ( 8 acc\nt1 ) ! #8,g5ius ,iovis'2 & ?is conjecture1 :i* is n 8 own1 b r t ( ! late ,pr(essor ,reiff]s*eid ( ,breslau#egd1 calls = a ^w ( explanation4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago ,reiff]s*eid publi%$ a pap] 9 :i* he comp>$ c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! cults ( ,juno & ,h]cules1 ( :i* we h a meagre k f ,roman lit]ature1 ) "s works ( art ( ,etruscan or anci5t ,italian orig9 7i4 e4 n ,greek71 & f\nd t !y seem$ to ?r[ new & unexpect$ light on ea* o!r4 ,! ,roman wom51 we are told#ege1 did n swe> by ,h]cules1 b by #8_! ,juno'2 ! m5 swore by ,h]cules1 ,dius ,fidius1 or by _! ,g5ius#egf4 ,wom5 7 exclud$ f ! cult ( ,h]cules at ! ara maxima#egg2 m5 7 exclud$1 n inde$ f ! cult ( ,juno1 b 7z ,reiff]s*eid puts x7 #8f t ( ,bona ,dea1 :o 0 n f> remov$ f ,juno#egh4' ,at ! bir? ( a *ild1 a c\* 7lectus7 0 spread 9 ! atrium = ,juno1 a m5sa = ,h]cules#egi4 ,! bride's girdle 7c+ulum7 seems to h giv5 rise to a cult-title ( ,juno1 viz4 ,c9xia1 :ile ! knot 9 x :i* 0 loos$ by ! bridegroom at ! lectus g5ialis 0 call$ ! nodus h]culaneus#ehj4 ,n[ ,reiff]s*eid believ$ t he f\nd ! same conjunction ( ,juno & ,h]cules 9 sev]al works ( art1 :i* may be suppos$ to be reflections f ! same set ( ideas :i* produc$ ! usages j indicat$4 ,9 ! mo/ important ( ^! !re is inde$ no d\bt ab\t x2 ?is is a mirror ( ,etruscan workman%ip#eha1 9 :i* ?ree figures are m>k$ ) ! ,lat9 names ,,iovei 7,jupit]71 ,,iuno & ,,h]cele4 ,jupit] sits on an alt> 9 ! middle1 & ) 8 "r h& is t\*+ ,juno1 :o has h] left h& on 8 %\ld]2 ,h]cules /&s ) 8 club1 app>5tly expectant1 on ! left4 ,f c]ta9 indications 9 ! mirror 7= :i* ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! illu/ration on p4 #bbei ( ,ros*]'s ,lexicon7 ,reiff]s*eid conclud$ t ,jupit] 0 "h giv+ ,juno 9 m>riage to ,h]cules2 &1 9 spite ( "s criticism1 ?is int]pretation has be5 g5]ally accept$#ehb4 ,9 o!r works ( art he f\nd ! same conjunction1 ?\gh no names m>k ! figures2 9 ^! ,h]cules & ,juno1 if su* !y be1 appe> to be cont5d+ = ! ma/]y1 r ?an unit+ peacefully 9 w$lock#ehc4 ,?is conjunction1 or opposition1 ( ,juno & ,h]cules1 is ?us expla9$ by ,reiff]s*eid4 ,! "n ,juno repres5ts ! female pr9ciple 9 human nature#ehd2 ! #8g5ius' ( a woman 0 call$ by ?is "n1 & ! cult ( ,juno z a develop$ goddess %[s _m features t be> out ! proposition#ehe4 ,if ^! facts be s1 !n ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! conjunction or opposition ( ,juno & ,h]cules is t ! "n ,h]cules indicates ! male pr9ciple 9 human nature4 ,b ! male pr9ciple is also express$ 9 ! ^w ,g5ius1 z we see e4 g4 9 ! t]m lectus g5ialis2 ,h]cules !re=e & ,g5ius mean ! same ?+--! =m] "n hav+ encroa*$ ^u ! doma9 ( ! latt]1 z a ,lat9iz$ =m ( ,h]acles1 ( all ,greek h]oes or div9ities ! mo/ virile4 ,& if ,h]cules1 ,semo ,sancus & ,dius ,fidius are all diff]5t names = ! same idea1 !n ! ^w ,g5ius may be tak5 z equival5t to ! two la/ ( ^! z well z to ,h]cules#ehf4 ,b :y does ,reiff]s*eid g on to tell u t ?is ,g5ius1 i4 e4 ,h]cules ,sancus ,dius ,fidius1 is ! ,g5ius ,iovis8 ,h[ does he connect ?is _m-titl$ conception ) ! great fa!r ( ! sky8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he has b sl5d] evid5ce = ?is2 he relies on ! mirror 9 :i* he f\nd ,jupit] giv+ ,juno to ,h]cules1 & on ! conjecture t ! ,greek ,h]cules1 ! son ( ,zeus1 w\ld easily come to occupy 9 ,italy ! position ( ,g5ius1 if ! latt] 71 9 an ab/ract =m & ap>t f individual human life1 reg>d$ z ! ,g5ius ( ,jupit]#ehg4 ,& 9 ?is he is foll[$ by ,wiss[a & o!r writ]s 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon4 ,x w\ld p]haps h be5 wis] n to g s f> z ?is4 ,he has already c>ri$ u back to a _w ( ideas old] ?an ^! v>y+ names :i* s (t5 bewild] u 9 ! ,roman wor%ip--to a _w ( spirits1 ,semones1 ,l>es1 ,c]ri1 gho/s ( deceas$ ance/ors1 vegetation demons1 & m5's #8o!r s\ls4' ,:5 he talks ( a ,g5ius ,iovis#ehh1 he is surely us+ ! language ( lat] poly!ism to express an idea :i* belong$1 n to a poly!i/ic age1 b to t old] _w ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,he is do+1 9 fact1 ! v ?+ :i* ! ,romans !mselves 7 do+ all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,republic--! "o ?+ :i* above all o!rs has made ! /udy ( _! religi\s ideas su* a trea*]\s quagmire = ! mod]n /ud5t4 ,,vi ,,id4 ,,iun4 7,,june #h74 ,n4 ,,m5ti ,,9 ,,capitolio4 7,,v54 ,,maff4 ,,vi ,,m9ores47 ,! temple ( ,m5s 0 v[$ by ,t4 ,otacilius 7praetor7 9 #bag ,b4,c41 aft] ! battle ( ,trasim5us #8propt] negleg5tiam ca]imoni>um auspiciorumque#ehi1' & d$icat$ 9 #bae ,b4,c41 by ! same man z duumvir a$ibus d$ic&is#eij4 ,! v[ 0 ! result ( an inspection ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 f :i* we might inf] t ! goddess 0 a /rang]#eia4 ,if s1 :o 0 %e1 & :5ce8 ,reason+ f ! fact t 9 ! same ye>1 9 ! same place1 & by ! same man1 a temple 0 d$icat$ to ,v5us ,eryc9a#eib1 ,prell] guess$ t ?is ,m5s 0 n a m]e ab/raction1 b ano!r =m ( ! same ,v5us2 = a ,v5us ,mimn]mia or ,mem9ia is m5tion$ by ,s]vius#eic1 #8quod mem9]it omnium4' ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! f\ndation ( a cult ( ,m5s at s critical a mom5t ( _! =tunes is v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman _s ( t age2 x 0 an appeal to #8some?+ n !mselves :i* made = righte\sness' to help !m to rememb] _! ca]imoniae1 & n to neglect _! auspicia4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is temple ( ,m5s 0 re/or$ by ,m4 ,aemilius ,scaurus probably amid ! disa/]s ( ! ,cimbrian w> a c5tury lat]#eid4 ,,vii ,,id4 ,,iun4 7,,june #g74 ,n4 ,,ve/a ,,ap]it4 7,,philoc47 ,v ,,id4 ,,iun4 7,,june #i74 ,n4 ,,ve/alia4 7,,tusc4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,,xvii ,,kal4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,june #ae74 ,n4 ,,ve/a ,,cluditur4 7,,philoc47 ,,xvii ,,kal4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,june #ae74 ,q4 ,,/4 ,d4 ,f4 ,x w\ld seem f ^! notes 9 ! cal5d>s1 & f passages 9 ,ovid & ,fe/us#eie1 t bo? be=e & aft] ! day ( ! true ,ve/alia !re 7 days set ap>t = ! cult ( ! goddess1 :i* 7 nefa/i & also religiosi#eif4 ,ovid's l9es are wor? quot+2 he consults ! ,flam9ica ,dialis#eig ab\t ! m>riage ( 8 daught]3 ,tum mihi po/ sacras mon/ratur ,iunius idus ,utilis et nuptis1 utilis esse viris1 ,primaque p>s huius ?alamis ali5a rep]ta e/1 ,nam mihi sic coniunx sancta ,dialis ait2 #8,donec ab ,iliaca placidus purgam9a ,ve/a ,detul]it flavis 9 m>e ,?ybris aquis1 ,non mihi detonsos cr9es depect]e buxo1 ,non ungues f]ro subsecuisse licet1 ,non tetigisse virum1 quamvis ,iovis ille sac]dos1 ,quamvis p]petua sit mihi lege datus4 ,tu quoque ne prop]a4 ,melius tua filia nubet ,ignea cum pura ,ve/a nitebit humo4' ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is s+ul> aspect ( ! ,ve/a-cult8 ,:y %\ld ^! days be s ill-om5$ or s sacr$ t dur+ !m m>riages might n be celebrat$1 & ! prie/ess ( ,jupit] might n hold any int]c\rse ) h] husb&1 cut h] hair1 or p>e h] nails8 ,& :at is ! explanation ( ! annotation ,qu&o ,/ercus ,delatum ,fz#eih1 :i* on ! #ae? indicat$ ! break+ ( ! spell1 & a return to ord9>y ways ( life8 ,be=e attempt+ to answ] ^! que/ions1 x w be z well to say a few words ab\t ! nature & probable orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ,ve/a4 ,ow+ to ! rem>kable vitality & purity ( ?is cult ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,roman hi/ory1 we d n meet "h ) ^? baffl+ obscurities :i* s (t5 beset u 9 deal+ ) deities t _h lo/ all life & %ape :5 ,roman s*ol>s began to inve/igate !m4 ,& yet we "k t we are "h 9 ! pres5ce ( rites & ideas ( immemorial antiquity4 ,9 an article ( great int]e/ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology = #ahheeii1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] fir/ plac$ ! orig9 ( ! cult 9 a cle> light = ,engli% s*ol>s4 ,by comp>+ x ) simil> practices ( exi/+ peoples /ill 9 a primitive condition ( life1 he made app>5t ! real g]m ( ! in/itution ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s4 ,helbig1 9 8 ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e#fjj1 _h already recogniz$ t g]m 9 ! necessity ( keep+ "o fire always alight 9 ea* settlem5t1 s t its memb]s c\ld at any "t supply !mselves ) ! flame1 !n s h>d to procure at a mom5t's notice2 & ,mr4 ,fraz] _h only to g "o /ep fur!r1 & %[ t ! task ( keep+ ?is fire alight 0 t ( ! daught]s ( ! *ief4 ,?is /ep he 0 able to take1 support$ by evid5ce f ,dam>al& 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :]e ! prie/ess ( ! p]petual fire is ! *ief's daught]2 quot+ also ! foll[+ example f ,calabria 9 ,s\!rn ,italy3 #8,at ! pres5t day ! fire 9 a ,calabrian peasant's h\se is nev] 7except aft] a dea?7 all[$ to die q out1 ev5 9 ! heat ( summ]2 x is a bad om5 if x %\ld *ance to be ext+ui%$1 & ! girls ( ! h\se1 ^: special c>e x is to keep at lea/ a s+le br& burn+ on ! he>?1 are sadly dismay$ at su* a mi%ap4' ,! evid5ce ( ! ,roman ius sacrum q confirms ?is mod]n evid5ce2 ! ,ve/als 7 "u ! patria pote/as ( ! pontifex maximus1 :o repres5t$ 9 republican times ! legal p[]s ( ! ,rex1 & f ?is fact we may safely argue t !y _h once be5 ! daught]s ( ! primitive *ief4 ,! flam9es too1 or k9dl]s1 z be+ "u ! pote/as ( ! pontifex1 may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! sons ( ! primitive h\sehold#fja4 ,b f v>i\s reasons#fjb ! duties ( ! flam9es became obsolete or obscure2 :ile ^? ( ! ,ve/als rema9$ to give u an almo/ p]fect picture ( life 9 ! h\sehold ( ! olde/ ,lat9s4 ,f ! fir/1 no d\bt1 ! t5d+ ( ! fire 0 9 "s s5se a religi\s s]vice1 & ! flame a sacr$ flame#fjc4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m /ages ( gr[? f ?is beg9n+ to ! fully develop$ ,ve/a ( ! ,republic & ,empire2 yet we c see t ! l9es ( developm5t 7 s+ul>ly simple & consi/5t4 ,! sacr$ fire = example 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! a$es ,ve/ae1 adjo9+ ! k+'s h\se#fjd 7regia72 & ! p5us ,ve/ae1 :i* mu/ orig9ally h conta9$ ! /ores on :i* ! family dep5d$ = _! su/5ance1 0 always believ$ to pres]ve ! mo/ sacr$ & valuable objects possess$ by ! ,/ate#fje4 ,we return to ! ,ve/alia1 ( :i* ! ritual 0 z foll[s4 ,on ,june #g1 ! p5us ,ve/ae1 :i* 0 %ut all ! re/ ( ! ye>1 & to :i* no man b ! pontifex maximus _h at any "t "r ( entry1 0 ?r[n op5 to all matrons4 ,dur+ ! sev5 foll[+ days !y cr[d$ to x b>efoot#fjf4 ,ovid relates 8 own exp]i5ce#fjg3 ,=te rev]teb> fe/is ,ve/alibus illa ,qua nova ,romano nunc via iuncta =o e/4 ,huc p$e matronam vidi desc5d]e nudo3 ,ob/ipui tacitus su/9uique gradum4 ,! object ( ?is 0 p]haps to pray = a bless+ on ! h\sehold4 ,on pla9 & old-fa%ion$ w>e (f]+s ( food 7 c>ri$ into ! temple3 ! ,ve/als !mselves (f]$ ! sacr$ cakes made ( ! fir/ e>s ( corn pluck$1 z we saw1 9 ! e>ly days ( ,may#fjh2 bak]s & mill]s kept holiday1 all mills 7 g>l&$1 & donkeys decorat$ ) wrea?s & cakes#fji4 ,ecce coronatis panis dep5det asellis ,et velant scabras florida s]ta molas4 ,on ,june #ae ! temple 7a$es1 n templum7 0 swept & ! refuse tak5 away & ei!r ?r[n into ! ,tib] or deposit$ 9 "s p>ticul> spot#faj4 ,!n ! dies nefa/i came to an end2 & ! #ae? itself became fa/us z soon z ! la/ act ( cleans+ _h be5 duly p]=m$3 #8,qu&o /]cus delatum fas4' ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ! ritual ( ^! days1 two features claim special att5tion3 7#a7 ! duties ( ! ,ve/als 9 connexion ) ! provision ( food2 7#b7 ! fact t ! days 7 religiosi1 z is illu/rat$ by ! prohibition ( m>riage & ! m\rn+ ( ! ,flam9ica ,dialis4 ,t ^! two features 7 9 "s way connect$ seems prov$ by ! cessation ( ! m\rn+ :5 ! p5us ,ve/ae 0 once m clos$4 #a4 ,x ne$s b little inve/igation to discov] t1 ?\gh ! g]m ( ! cult 0 d\btless ! p]petual fire 9 ! k+'s h\se1 ! cult itself 0 by no means conf9$ to att5dance on ! fire2 & ?is 0 s probably f ! v fir/4 ,! k+'s daught]s fet*$ ! wat] f ! spr+1 bo? = sacr$ & dome/ic purposes2 & ?is duty 0 kept up ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 = wat] 0 nev] #8laid on' to ! h\se ( ! ,ve/als1 b c>ri$ f a sacr$ f\nta9#faa4 ,!y also cru%$ ! corn ) pe/le & mort>1 & prep>$ ! cakes = ! use ( ! family--duties :i* surviv$ 9 all _! pri/9e simplicity 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mola salsa 9 ! e>ly days ( ,may#fab2 & !y swept ! h\se1 z ! ,ve/als aft]w>ds cont9u$ to cleanse ! p5us ,ve/ae1 on ,june #ae4 ,! p5us1 or /ore-closet ( ! h\se1 0 "u _! *>ge2 on ! /ate ( its cont5ts ! family dep5d$ = its com=t & prosp]ity1 & f ! v outset x mu/ h _h a k9d ( sacr$ "*#fac4 ,! close connexion ( ,ve/a & h] m9i/rants ) ! simple mat]ials & processes ( ! h\se & ! f>m is ?us q pla92 & we may trace x 9 e rite 9 :i* !y took any "p4 ,! ,=dicidia & ! ,p>ilia 9 ,april 7 directly conc]n$ ) ! flocks & h]ds ( ! community2 9 ,may ! fe/ival ( ! ,bona ,dea & ! my/]i\s c]emony ( ! ,argei po9t to ! season ( p]il dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! crops4 ,aft] ! ,ve/alia ! ,ve/als 7 pres5t at ! ,consualia & ! fe/ival ( ,ops ,consiva 9 ,augu/1 :i*1 z we %all see1 7 probably h>ve/ fe/ivals2 & on ! ,ides ( ,octob] ! blood ( ! #8,octob] horse' 0 deposit$ 9 _! c>e = use at ! ,=dicidia z a *>m = f]tility4 ,s con/ant is ! connexion ( ,ve/a ) ! fruits ( ! e>?1 t x is n surpris+ t "s ,roman s*ol>s#fad %\ld h consid]$ h] an e>? goddess2 especially z1 9 a volcanic region1 ! prop] home ( fire w\ld be ?\ght to be b5ea? ! e>?4 ,b su* explanations1 & also ! views ( mod]n s*ol>s :o h s\ght to f9d 9 ,ve/a a deity ( ab/ract ideas1 su* z #8! n\ri%+ elem5t 9 ! fire'#fae1 are really sup]flu\s4 ,! associations :i* grew up ar\nd ! sacr$ he>?-fire c all be trac$ to ! orig9al g]m1 if x be borne 9 m9d t ! fire1 ! provision-/ore1 & ! protect+ deities ( t /ore1 7 all plac$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! h\se1 & t all dome/ic op]ations1 sacrificial or cul9>y1 took place at or by means (1 ! necess>y fire4 #8,:at is home b ano!r ^w = cook+8' ,nor mu/ we =get t ! liv+ fire 0 = primitive man a my/]i\s ?+1 & inve/$ f ! fir/ ) div9e attributes#faf4 #b4 ,! fact t f ! #e? to ! #ae? ! days 7 n only nefa/i b also religiosi is n easy to expla94 ,x is true t 9 two o!r mon?s1 ,febru>y & ,april1 we f9d a p>allel s]ies ( dies nefa/i 9 ! fir/ half ( ! mon?2 9 ,febru>y x ext5d$ f ! ,kal5ds to ! ,lup]calia 7#ae?71 & 9 ,april f ! ,nones to ! ,v9alia 7#bcrd7#fag4 ,b ^! days 9 ,febru>y & ,april 7 nefa/i 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 i4 e4 ! cessation ( judicial bus9ess1 & we are n told ( !m t !y 7 also religiosi1 or t ! ,flam9ica ,dialis lay dur+ !m "u any special re/rictions1 z 9 ! days we are speak+ (4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d to our surprise t ! o!r days on :i* ?is prie/ess 0 =bidd5 to comb hair or cut nails 7 n ev5 nefa/i 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 viz4 ^? ( ! #8mov+' ( ! ancilia & ( ! c]emony ( ! ,argei#fah3 s t we are baffl$ at e po9t 9 look+ = a solution to ! cal5d>4 ,b !re is "o fact t is q cle>1 namely1 t ! tempus nefa/um 0 9 "s way or o!r ! result ( ! purification ( ! a$es ,ve/ae1 s9ce x ceas$ at ! mom5t ! la/ act ( cleans+ 0 complet$4 ,n[ x does seem to be ! case t among "s peoples liv+ by agriculture b z yet comp>atively unciviliz$1 special importance is atta*$ to ! days imm$iately be=e h>ve/ & ! ga!r+ ( ! fir/-fruits--at :i* "t !re is a g5]al clean+ out ( h\se1 b>ns1 & all receptacles & ut5sils1 & foll[+ ^u ?is a p]iod ( rejoic+4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh has collect$ "s examples ( ?is practice1 ?\gh he has n br\ght !m toge!r "u "o head or giv5 !m a s+le explanation4 ,! mo/ /rik+1 & at ! same "t ! be/ atte/$1 example is z foll[s#fai3 #8,among ! ,creek ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! busk1 or fe/ival ( fir/fruits1 0 ! *ief c]emony ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 held 9 ,july or ,augu/1 :5 ! corn 0 ripe1 & m>k$ ! end ( ! old ye> & ! beg9n+ ( ! new "o4 ,be=e x took place none ( ! ,indians w\ld eat or ev5 h&le any ( ! new h>ve/4444 ,be=e celebrat+ ! ,busk1 ! p provid$ !mselves ) new clo!s & new h\sehold ut5sils & furniture2 !y collect$ _! old clo!s & rubbi%1 toge!r ) all ! rema9+ gra9 & o!r old provisions1 ca/ !m toge!r 9 "o common heap & consum$ !m ) fire4 ,z a prep>ation = ! c]emony all ! fires 9 ! village 7 ext+ui%$1 & ! a%es swept clean away4 ,9 p>ticul> ! he>? or alt> ( ! temple 0 dug up1 & ! a%es c>ri$ out4444 ,mean:ile ! wom5 at home 7 clean+ out _! h\ses1 r5ew+ ! old he>?s1 & sc\r+ all ! cook+ vessels t !y might be ready to receive ! new fire & ! new fruits4 ,! public or sacr$ squ>e 0 c>efully swept ( ev5 ! smalle/ crumbs ( previ\s fea/s1 = fe> ( pollut+ ! fir/-fruit (f]+s4 ,also e vessel t _h conta9$ any food dur+ ! expir+ ye> 0 remov$ f ! temple be=e sunset4' ,a g5]al fa/ foll[$1 we are told2 #8& :5 ! sun 0 decl9+ f ! m]idian1 all ! p 7 comm&$ by ! voice ( a cri] to /ay )9 doors1 to d no bad act1 & to be sure to ext+ui% & ?r[ away e sp>k ( ! old fire4 ,univ]sal sil5ce n[ reign$4 ,!n ! high prie/ made ! new fire by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood1 & plac$ x on ! alt> "u ! gre5 arb\r4 ,?is new fire 0 believ$ to atone = all pa/ crimes except murd]4 ,!n a basket ( new fruits 0 br\ght2 ! high prie/ took out a little ( ea* sort ( fruit1 rubb$ x ) be>'s oil1 & (f]$ x toge!r ) "s fle% to ! b\ntiful _s ( fire z a fir/-fruit (f]+ & an annual oblation = s94444 ,f9ally ! *ief prie/ made a spee*1 exhort+ ! p to obs]ve _! old rites & cu/oms1 ann\nc+ t ! new div9e fire _h purg$ away ! s9s ( ! pa/ ye>1 & e>ne/ly w>n+ ! wom5 t if any ( !m _h n ext+ui%$ ! old fire1 or _h contract$ any impurity1 !y mu/ =?) dep>t le/ ! div9e fire %\ld spoil bo? !m & ! p4' ,! f\r *ief po9ts 9 ?is v int]e/+ acc\nt are1 7#a7 ! extremely solemn & critical "* ( ! :ole c]emonial1 z indicat$ 9 ! g5]al fa/2 7#b7 ! idea ( ! necessity ( purification prep>atory to ! reception ( fir/-fruits1 a purification :i* seems to ext5d to human be+s z well z to h\ses1 receptacles1 & ut5sils2 7#c7 ! r5ewal ( ! sacr$ fire1 :i* 0 co9cid5t ) ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>2 7#d7 ! solemn reception ( ! fir/-fruits4 ,comp>+ ^! ) ,roman usage1 we notice t ! fir/ two are fully repres5t$ at ! ,ve/alia1 ! "o by ! religi\s "* ( ! days1 & ! m\rn+ ( ! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 ! o!r by ! cleans+ ( ! p5us ,ve/ae1 & ! c>eful removal ( all its refuse4 ,! ?ird is repres5t$1 n at ! ,ve/alia1 b at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> on ,m>* #a1 :5 ! sacr$ fire 0 r5ew$1 z we saw1 9 ! primitive fa%ion by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood1 & ! temple ( ,ve/a 0 adorn$ ) fre% laurels1 z 0 ! case also ) ! alt> 9 ! ,am]ican example j quot$4 ,! f\r? po9t is repres5t$ nei!r 9 ,m>* nor ,june1 b r by ! pluck+ ( ! fir/ e>s ( corn by ! ,ve/als be=e ! ,ides ( ,may1 f :i* !y made ! sacr$ salt-cakes ( sacrifice4 ,n[ we ne$ n g ! l5g? ( assum+ t ! ,roman c]emonies ( ,m>*1 ,may & ,june 7 ?ree p>ts ( "o & ! same rite :i* 9 c\rse ( "t _h be5 sep>at$ & atta*$ to diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>2 ?\gh ?is inde$ may n be :olly impossible4 ,b we may at lea/ pr(itably notice t all ! f\r /rik+ features ( ! ,indian c]emony are f\nd 9 ! cult ( ,ve/a1 & desc5d$ no d\bt to ! lat] ,romans f an age 9 :i* bo? ! crops1 ! fire & ! /ore-h\ses 7 reg>d$ z hav+ mu* ! same sacr$ "* z !y _h = ! ,creek ,indians4 ,to me inde$ x _h seem$ probable1 ev5 be=e ! publication ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 t ! cleans+ ( ! p5us ,ve/ae 0 no?+ b a survival ( a g5]al purification ( /ore-h\ses1 b>ns1 ut5sils1 & probably ( all ! app>atus ( f>m+1 includ+ p]haps human be+s1 be=e ! completion ( ! h>ve/ :i* 0 n[ close at h&4 ,! date ( ! ,ve/alia is inde$ too e>ly to let u suppose x to h be5 a real h>ve/ fe/ival1 nor _h x any ( ! joy\s "* f\nd 9 su* rites2 &1 z we %all see1 ! true h>ve/ fe/ivals are to be f\nd 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! corn h>ve/ 9 middle ,italy took place 9 ! latt] half ( ,june & 9 ,july#fbj2 &1 z is ev]y:]e /ill ! practice1 ! fe/ivals prop] did n occur until ! :ole "w ( h>ve/+ 0 done4 ,b at ! "t ( ! ,ve/alia ! crops 7 c]ta9ly rip5+2 9 ,may we h already _h ! pluck+ ( ! fir/ e>s by ! ,ve/als1 & ! lu/ratio segetum :i* has be5 describ$ "u ! head ( ,amb>valia on ,may #bh4 ,i mu/ leave to an?ropologi/s ! fur!r inve/igation ( ! ideas und]ly+ ! ritual we h be5 exam9+2 x is some?+ to h be5 able to co-ord9ate x ) rites :i* are s well atte/$ z ^? ( ! ,creek ,indians1 & :i* admit )\t difficulty ( a reasonable int]pretation#fba4 ,,iii ,,id4 ,,iun4 7,,june #aa74 ,n4 ,,mat,,ralia4 7,,tusc4 ,,v54 ,,maff47 ,,matr,i ,,matut,,ae4 7,,v547 ,,matralia4 7,,philoc47 ,! temple ( :i* ?is day 0 app>5tly ! dies natalis dat$ f ! ,vei5t9e ,w>1 #cif ,b4,c41 & 0 ! result ( a v[ made by ,l4 ,furius ,camillus#fbb4 ,an e>li] temple 0 attribut$ to ,s]vius ,tullius2 b x is extremely improbable t any?+ m ?an a sacellum or alt> exi/$ at su* an e>ly date#fbc4 ,! cult ( ,mat] ,matuta 0 widely ext5d$ 9 ,italy1 & cle>ly ( g5u9e & anci5t ,italian orig92 %e c be sep>at$ ) c]ta9ty f ! ,greek goddess ,leuco!a ) :om ,ovid mixes h] up1 & f :om %e d]iv$ a connexion ) h>b\rs :i* did n orig9ally belong to h]#fbd4 ,! evid5ce = ! wide spread ( h] cult consi/s ( 7#a7 two extremely old inscriptions f ,pisaurum 9 ,umbria1 ( :i* ,momms5 obs]ves1 #8l+ua m]am vetu/atem spirat'#fbe2 7#b7 c]ta9 inscriptions & passages ( ,livy :i* prove t h] wor%ip exi/$ among ! ,volsci1 9 ,campania1 & at ,pra5e/e#fbf4 ,at ,satricum %e 0 app>5tly ! *ief deity ( ! place & probably also at ,pyrgi1 ! port ( ,ca]e 9 ,etruria#fbg4 ,! cult seems to h _h "s m>k$ peculi>ities1 ( :i* "o or two fragm5ts h come d[n to u4 ,only ! wife ( a fir/ m>riage c\ld deck ! image ( ! goddess#fbh2 no female slaves 7 all[$ 9 ! temple except "o1 :o 0 also driv5 out ( x ) a box on ! e>1 app>5tly z a ye>ly recurr+ memorial ( ! rule#fbi2 ! sacr$ cakes (f]$ 7 cook$ 9 old-fa%ion$ e>!nw>e#fcj2 &1 la/ly1 ! wom5 are said to h pray$ to ?is goddess = _! nephews & nieces 9 ! fir/ place1 & = _! own *ildr5 only 9 ! second#fca4 ,all t c be d$uc$ f ^! fragm5ts is t ! ,mat] ,matuta 0 an anci5t deity ( matrons1 & p]haps ( ! same type z o!r deities ( wom5 su* z ,c>m5ta1 ,=tuna1 & ,bona ,dea#fcb4 ,! be/ mod]n au?orities expla9 h] z a goddess ( ! dawn's light & ( *ild-bir?1 & see a p>allel 9 ,juno ,luc9a#fcc2 & ,momms5 has po9t$ out t ! dawn 0 ?\ght to be ! lucky "t = bir?1 & t ! ,roman names ,lucius & ,manius h _! orig9 9 ?is belief#fcd4 ,lucretius %[s u t 9 8 day ,mat] ,matuta 0 c]ta9ly associat$ ) ! dawn#fce3 roseam ,matuta p] oras ,ae!ris auroram diff]t et lum9a p&it4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be glad to be m c]ta9 t ,matuta 0 orig9ally a sub/antive mean+ dawn or morn+4 ,v]rius ,flaccus#fcf seems to h believ$ t ! words mane1 maturus1 matuta1 manes1 & mnus1 all _h ! mean+ ( #8good' conta9$ 9 !m2 s t ,mat] ,matuta might aft] all be only ano!r =m ( ! ,bona ,dea1 :o is also specially a woman's deity4 ,b ?is cult 0 n pres]v$1 l t ( ,ve/a1 by be+ tak5 up into ! ess5tial life ( ! ,/ate1 & we are no long] able to disc]n its mean+ ) any approa* to c]ta9ty4 ,x is noticeable t ?is day 01 accord+ to ,ovid#fcg1 ! d$ication ( a temple ( ,=tuna1 also 9 =o bo>io3 b no imm$iate connexion c be discov]$ betwe5 ?is deity & ,mat] ,matuta4 ,?is temple 0 rem>kable z conta9+ a wood5 /atue1 veil$ 9 drap]y1 :i* 0 popul>ly believ$ to repres5t ,s]vius ,tullius#fch1 ( ^: connexion ) ,=tuna we %all h m to say fur!r on4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 really knew :at ! /atue 02 ,v>ro & ,pl9y#fci write ( "o ( ,=tuna h]self :i* 0 heavily drap$1 & may h be5 ! "o 9 ?is temple4 ,pl9y says t ! /atue ( ,=tuna 0 cov]$ ) ! togae praetextae ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 :i* la/$ intact d[n to ! dea? ( ,seianus2 & x is s+ul> t ,seianus himself is said to h possess$ a /atue ( ,=tuna :i* dat$ f ! "t ( ,s]vius#fdj1 & :i* turn$ its face away f him j be=e 8 fall4 ,seianus 0 ( ,etruscan desc5t1 we may rememb]2 ,s]vius ,tullius1 or ,ma/>na1 0 c]ta9ly ,etruscan2 & among ,etruscan deities we f9d c]ta9 %r\d$ gods#fda4 ,^! facts seem to sugge/ t ! /atue 7or /atues1 if we _c ref] all ! passages above quot$ to "o /atue7 came f ,etruria1 & 0 on t acc\nt a my/]y bo? to ! le>n$ & ! ignorant at ,rome4 ,to u x mu/ also rema9 unexpla9$#fdb4 ,,id4 ,,iun4 7,,june #ac74 ,,np4 ,,f]iae ,,iovi4 7,,v547 ,,iovi4 7,,tusc47 ,to ^! notes 9 ! cal5d>s we may add a few l9es f ,ovid3 ,idibus ,invicto sunt data templa ,iovi4 ,et iam ,qu9quatrus iubeor n>r>e m9ores3 ,nunc ades o coeptis1 flava ,m9]va1 meis4 ,cur vagus inc$it tota tibic5 9 urbe8 ,quid sibi p]sonae1 quid /ola longa volunt8 ,all ,ides1 z we h se51 7 sacr$ to ,jupit]2 !y are s not$ 9 ! surviv+ cal5d>s 9 ,may1 ,june1 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & 7 probably orig9ally s not$ 9 all ! mon?s#fdc4 ,on ?is day ! collegium or guild ( ! tibic9es fea/$ 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us#fdd4 ,! temple ref]r$ to by ,ovid ( ,jupit] ,invictus z hav+ be5 d$icat$ on ?is day may possibly h be5 "o ( two m5tion$ by ,livy z d$icat$ on ! ,capitol 9 ,b4,c4 #aibfde2 b ! co9cid5ce ( a d$ication-day ) ! ,ides may p]haps sugge/ a high] antiquity#fdf4 ,= ! "r mean+ & d]ivation ( ! ^w ,qu9quatrus ! read] is ref]r$ to :at has be5 already said "u ,m>* #ai4 ,june #ac 0 usually call$ ,qu9quatrus m9usculae1 n because x 0 really ,qu9quatrus 7i4 e4 five days aft] ! ,ides71 b because ?r\gh ! fea/ ( ! tibic9es x 0 associat$ ) _! patron ,m9]va#fdg1 9 ^: temple on ! ,av5t9e !y met1 app>5tly be=e !y set out on ! revell+ procession to :i* ,ovid ref]s#fdh4 ,v>ro makes ?is cle> :5 he writes #8,qu9quatrus m9usculae dictae ,iuniae ,idus ab similitud9e maiorum'#fdi1 i4 e4 x 0 n really ,qu9quatrus1 b 0 popul>ly s call$ because ! o!r fe/ival ( ,m9]va & h] foll[]s bore t "n4 ,v]rius ,flaccus 0 equally explicit on ! po9t3 #8,m9usculae ,qu9quatrus appellantur quod is dies fe/us e/ tibic9um1 qui colunt ,m9]vam cuius deae proprie fe/us dies e/ ,qu9quatrus m5se ,m>tio'#fej4 ,! revelry ( ! tibic9es1 dur+ :i* !y wore ! masks & long robes m5tion$ by ,ovid1 0 expla9$ by a /ory :i* ! poet goes on to tell1 & :i* is told also by ,livy & by ,plut>* ) "s v>iations#fea2 h[ !y fl$ to ,tibur 9 ang] at be+ depriv$ by ,appius ,claudius ! c5sor ( _! fea/ 9 ! ,capitol3 h[ !y 7 badly miss$ at ,rome1 trick$ & made drunk by a fre$man at ,tibur1 & s5t home unconsci\s on a big waggon4 ,! /ory is g5u9ely ,roman 9 its rud5ess & 9 ! r\gh hum\r :i* ,ovid fully appreciates2 ! fav\rite feature ( a secession is se5 9 x1 & also ! peaceful settlem5t ( difficulties by compromise & contract4 ,i see no reason :y x %\ld n be ! e*o ( an actual ev5t1 ?\gh 9 detail x is obvi\sly int5d$ to expla9 ! masks & ! long robes4 ,^! are to be se5 repres5t$ on a co9 ( ! g5s ,plautia#feb1 to :i* ! fi]ce c5sor's mild] colleague belong$1 :o negotiat$ ! return ( ! truants4 ,plut>* calls ! #8/olae longae' wom5's clo!s2 b x is m natural to suppose t !y 7 simply ! dress ( ,etruscan pipe-play]s ( ! old5 "t#fec4 ,! /ory well %[s ! univ]sal use ( ! tibia 9 all sacr$ rites2 ! tibic9es 7 indisp5sable1 & _h to be got back f ,tibur by fair means or f\l4 ,z ,ovid says3 ,cantabat fanis1 cantabat tibia ludis1 ,cantabat mae/is tibia fun]ibus4 ,! in/rum5t 0 probably indig5\s 9 ,italy1 & ! only indig5\s "o ( :i* we "k4 #8,! ^w tibia1' says ,pr(essor ,nettle%ip#fed1 #8is purely ,italian1 & has1 s f> z ,i c f9d1 no p>allel 9 ! cognate languages4' ,mll]1 9 8 "w on ! ,etruscans1 does inde$ assume t ! ,roman tibic9es 7 ( ,etruscan orig91 :i* w\ld leave ! ,romans )\t any musical in/rum5t ( _! own4 ,! probability may r be t x 0 ! g5]al in/rum5t ( old ,italy1 specially cultivat$ by ! "o ,italian race end[$ ) any?+ l an arti/ic temp]am5t4 ,,xii ,,kal4 ,,iun4 7,,june #bj74 ,c4 ,,summan,o ,,ad ,,circ,,um ,,maxim,,um4 7,,v54 ,,esq4 ,,amit47 ,to ?is note may be add$ t ( ,ovid#fee3 ,r$dita1 quisquis is e/1 ,summano templa f]untur1 ,tum cum ,romanis1 ,pyrrhe1 tim5dus eras4 ,! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple ( ,summanus 0 probably betwe5 #bgh & #bge ,b4,c4#fef2 ! f\ndation 0 ! result ( ! de/ruction by lightn+1 no d\bt at night1 ( a figure ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol#feg4 ,:o 0 ?is ,summanus8 ,ovid's language1 quisquis is e/1 %[s t ev5 9 8 "t ?is god1 l ,semo ,sancus1 ,soranus1 & o!rs1 _h be5 fairly %\ld]$ out ( ! c\rse by m important or pu%+ deities4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,s4 ,augu/9e#feh1 well read 9 ! works ( ,v>ro & ! ,roman antiqu>ians1 c\ld write z foll[s3 #8,sicut enim apud ipsos legitur1 ,romani vet]es nescio quem ,summanum1 cui nocturna fulm9a tribuebant1 colu]unt magis quam ,iovem--s$ po/quam ,iovi templum insigne ac sublime con/ructum e/1 propt] a$is dignitatem sic ad eum multitudo confluxit1 ut vix inv5iatur1 qui ,summani nom51 quod audire iam non pote/1 se saltem legisse mem9]it4' ,9 spite ( ! decay & disappe>ance ( ?is god we may believe t ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!r has pres]v$ ! correct tradition z to 8 nature :5 he tells u t he 0 ! wield] ( ! lightn+ ( ! night1 or 9 o!r words a nocturnal ,jupit]4 ,we d 9 fact f9d a mu* e>li] /atem5t to ! same effect traceable to ,v]rius ,flaccus#fei4 ,v>ro also m5tions him & classes him ) ,veiovis1 & ) ! ,sab9e deities :om he believ$ to h be5 br\ght to ,rome by ,tatius#ffj4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to suppose ) ,v>ro t he 0 ,sab9e1 or ) ,mll] t he 0 ,etruscan#ffa2 ! "n is ,lat9 & probably ,submanus1 i4 e4 ! god :o s5ds ! lightn+ be=e ! dawn4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ! :eel symbol "h aga91 z is notic$ by ,gaidoz 9 8 ,/udies ( ,gallic ,my?ology#ffb4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,summanalia :i* ,fe/us expla9s z #8liba f>9acea 9 modum rotae ficta#ffc#81 7 cakes (f]$ or eat5 on ?is day3 x is h>d to see :at o!r connexion !y c\ld h _h4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans has "s int]e/+ rem>ks#ffd on :at seem to be m\lds = mak+ religi\s cakes ( ?is k9d1 f\nd at ,t>5tum2 !y are decorat$1 n only ) ! :eel or cross1 b ) _m curi\s symbols4 #8,x is *>act]i/ic1' he writes1 #89 a :ole class ( religi\s cakes t !y are impress$ ) a :eel or cross1 & 9 o!r cases divid$ into segm5ts z if to facilitate di/ribution4 ,?is symbolical division seems to connect itself ) ! wor%ip ( ! ance/ral fire r ?an ) any sol> cult4 ,9 a modifi$ =m !y are /ill famili> to u z 8hot-cross buns40' ,summanus1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h _h any?+ to d ) ! ance/ral fire4 ,,viii ,,kal4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,june #bd74 ,c4 ,,=ti ,,=tunae ,,trans ,,tib],,im ,,ad ,,milli>,,ium ,,prim,,um ,,et ,,sext,,um4 7,,amit47 ,,=tis ,,=tunae4 7,,v54 ,,philoc47 ,,sacrum ,,=tis ,,=tunae4 7,,ru/47 ,ovid writes ( ?is day z foll[s#ffe3 ,ite1 deam laeti ,=tem celebrate1 ,quirites6 ,9 ,tib]is ripa mun]a regis habet4 ,p>s p$e1 p>s etiam cel]i decurrite cymba1 ,nec pudeat potos inde r$ire domum4 ,f]te coronatae iuv5um convivia l9tres3 ,multaque p] m$ias v9a bibantur aquas4 ,plebs colit hanc1 quia1 qui posuit1 de plebe fuisse ,f]tur1 et ex humili sceptra tulisse loco4 ,conv5it et s]vis2 s]va quia ,tullius ortus ,con/ituit dubiae templa prop9qua deae4 ,h4 ,pet]1 9 8 additional notes to ,ovid's ,fa/i#fff1 has "o s lucid on ! subject ( ! temples ( ,=s ,=tuna m5tion$ 9 ?is passage t ,i _c d bett] ?an reproduce x4 #8,we f9d ?ree temples ( ! goddess m5tion$1 all ( :i* lay on ! fur!r side ( ! ,tib]4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( ,s]vius ,tullius m5tion$ by ,v>ro 9 ! foll[+ passage#ffg3 8,dies ,=tis ,=tunae appellatus ab ,s]vio ,tullio rege1 quod is fanum ,=tis ,=tunae secundum ,tib]im extra urbem ,romam d$icavit ,iunio m5se40 ,! second is "o /at$ by ,livy#ffh to h be5 built by ! consul ,spurius ,c>vilius 9 #dfj ,b4,c4 ne> ! temple ( ,s]vius4 ,! ?ird is m5tion$ by ,tacitus#ffi z hav+ be5 d$icat$ at ! end ( ! ye> #ag ,a4,d4 by ,tib]ius1 also on ! fur!r side ( ! ,tib] 9 ! g>d5s ( ,caes>4 ,( ^! ?ree temples ! ?ird does n conc]n u 9 deal+ ) ,ovid's l9es1 because x 0 complet$ & d$icat$ long aft] ! composition ( ! six? book ( ! ,fa/i1 p]haps at a "t :5 ,ovid 0 already dead2 we h to d only ) ! fir/ two4 ,n[ we f9d 9 ! ,fa/i ( ,amit]num#fgj ! foll[+ note on ! #bd? ( ,june3 8,=ti ,=tunae trans ,tib]im ad milli>ium primum et sextum02 & ?is tak5 toge!r ) ,ovid sugge/s t ei!r besides ! temple ( ,c>vilius !re 7 two temples ( ,=s ,=tuna attribut$ to ,s]vius1 or 7& ?is appe>s to me m probable7 ! temple ( ,c>vilius itself 0 tak5 = a f\ndation ( ,s]vius z x _h ! same d$ication-day & 0 9 ! same locality4 ,9 ?is way ! difficulties may be solv$4' ,i am dispos$ to accept ! second sugge/ion ( ,pet]'s2 =1 z ,momms5 has rem>k$#fga1 x is q accord+ to ,roman usage t ,c>vilius %\ld h plac$ 8 temple close to a mu* m anci5t fanum ( ! same deity2 i4 e4 ! pr9ciple ( ! locality ( cults (t5 held good ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,_m cults ( ,=tuna 7 ref]r$ to ,s]vius ,tullius1 b especially ?is "o1 because1 z ,ovid says1 x 0 p>ticul>ly a fe/ival ( ! plebs ( :i* he 0 ! traditional h]o2 & also because x 0 op5 to slaves1 a fact :i* 0 naturally connect$ ) ! suppos$ s]vile bir? ( ?is k+4 ,! jollity & p]haps loos5ess ( ! occasion seem$ to indicate a connexion betwe5 ! l[] /ratum ( population & ! wor%ip ( ,=tuna3 #8,on foot & 9 boats1' says ,ovid1 #8! p enjoy$ !mselves ev5 to ! ext5t ( gett+ drunk4' ,we are rem9d$ 9 fact ( ! plebeian lic5se ( ! fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na 9 ,m>*#fgb4 ,x is p]haps wor? not+ t on ,june #ah ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus has ! note ,annae ,sacrum1 :i* unluckily f9ds no corroboration f any o!r s\rce4 ,:e!r x 0 an e>ly popul> cult1 :e!r x 0 connect$ 9 any way ) t ( ,=s ,=tuna1 & :e!r bo? or ei!r ( !m _h any imm$iate relation to ! summ] sol/ice1 are que/ions admitt+ app>5tly ( no solution4 ,x has r>ely happ5$ t any ,roman cult has be5 discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! ,engli% language1 especially by s*ol>s ( unque/ionable le>n+ & res\rce4 ,b on ! subject ( ,=tuna1 & ,=s ,=tuna1 an int]e/+ pap] appe>$ "s ye>s ago by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 9 8 volume entitl$ ,biographies ( ,words#fgc1 :i* ,i h be5 at great pa9s to weigh c>efully4 ,! skill & lucidity ) :i* ! ,pr(essor's argum5ts are1 z usual1 pres5t$1 make ?is an unusually pleasant task4 ,he />ts1 we mu/ note1 ) a me?od :i* 9 deal+ ) ,italian deities has be5 ju/ly & emphatically condemn$#fgd2 he beg9s ) an etymology 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( ! deity1 & goes on to support ?is by select+ a few features f ! v>i\s =ms ( ! cult4 ,?is me?od w n ( c\rse be dang]\s1 if ! etymology be absolutely c]ta92 & absolute c]ta9ty1 s f> z our pres5t k rea*es1 is inde$ :at ! ,pr(essor claims = 84 ,?\gh we may d\bt :e!r ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,philology is z yet old & sure en\gh to ju/ify u 9 violat+ a useful pr9ciple 9 ord] to pay our fir/ att5tions to its results1 we may waive ?is scruple = ! pres5t & take ! etymology 9 ?is case at ! outset4 ,! ,pr(essor alludes to ! well-kn[n & univ]sally accept$ d]ivation ( ,=s & ,=tuna f f]re1 b rejects x3 #8,i appeal to ^? :o h /udi$ ! biographies ( simil> ,lat9 words1 :e!r !y d n feel "s misgiv+ ab\t s vague & ab/ract a goddess z 8,dea quae f]t10 ! goddess :o br+s4' ,b feel+ ! difficulty t ,=tuna may n inde$ h be5 orig9ally a deity at all1 b an ab/ract n\n :i* became a deity1 l ,fides1 ,spes1 c41 9 :i* case 8 objection to ! d]ivation f f]re w\ld n apply1 he ha/5s to remove x by try+ to %[ f ! e>ly cr$5tials ( ,=tuna1 t %e did n belong to ?is latt] class1 b has *>act]i/ics :i* 7 und\bt$ly heav5-born4 ,! process !re=e 0 ?is3 ! ord9>y etymology1 ?\gh q possible1 is vague & does n seem to lead to any?+2 is !re ano!r to be discov]$1 :i* w fulfil philological requirem5ts & also tell u some?+ new ab\t ,=tuna8 ,& are !re any features to be f\nd 9 ! cult :i* w be> out ! new etymology :5 x is discov]$8 ,he !n goes on to d]ive ! ^w f ! ,sanskrit root ,,ha]1 #8to gl[1' f :i* _m names expressive ( ! light ( day h come3 #8,f ?is too comes ! ,greek ) ! 1 ! goddess ( morn+2 & f ?is we may safely d]ive =s1 =tis1 tak+ x ei!r z a m]e contraction1 or a new d]ivative1 correspond+ to :at 9 ,sanskrit w\ld be ,h>-ti1 & w\ld mean ! brightness ( ! day1 ! ,=tuna huiusce diei4' ,s mu* = ! etymological argum5t2 on :i* we ne$ only rem>k1 7#a7 t :ile x may be p]fectly possible 9 itself1 x does n impugn ! possibility ( ! old] d]ivation2 7#b7 t x introduces an idea #8bright1' h>dly less vague & unsub/antial ?an t convey$ by #8! ?9 & unmean+ "n' %e :o br+s or c>ries away4 ,:51 inde$1 ! ,pr(essor goes on1 by means ( ?is etymology1 to trace ,=tuna to a concrete ?+1 viz4 ! dawn1 he is really mak+ a jump :i* ! etymology does n specifically ju/ify4 ,all he c say is t x w\ld be #8a mo/ natural "n = ! brighte/ ( all goddesses1 ! dawn1 ! morn+1 ! day4' ,he looks1 h[ev]1 = fur!r ju/ification ( ! etymology to ! cult & my?ology ( ,=tuna4 ,f among h] _m cult-names he selects two or ?ree :i* seem suitable4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,=tuna huiusce diei4 ,?is ,=tuna 01 he tells u1 l ! ,u%as ( ! ,v$a1 #8! bright light ( ea* day1 v mu* l :at we might call 8,good morn+40' ,b z a matt] ( fact all we "k ( ?is ,=tuna is t ,aemilius ,paullus1 ! victor ( ,pydna1 v[$ a temple to h] 9 :i* he d$icat$ c]ta9 /atues#fge2 t ,catulus1 ! h]o ( ,v]cellae1 may h repair$ or rebuilt x1 & t on ,july #cj1 ! day ( ! latt] battle1 !re 0 a sacrifice at ?is temple#fgf4 ,:atev] !re=e 0 ! orig9 ( ?is cult 7& x may date no fur!r back ?an ,pydna7 x seems to h be5 specially conc]n$1 z its "n implies1 ) ! ev5ts ( p>ticul> fam\s days4 ,x is pure guesswork to imag9e t its connexion ) su* days may h aris5 f an old] mean+1 viz4 ! bright light ( ea* day4 ,no?+ is m natural ?an ! huiusce diei1 if we believe t ?is ,=tuna simply repres5t$ *ance1 t inexplicable p[] :i* appeal$ s /rongly to ! lat] sceptical & ,graeciz$ ,roman1 & :i* we see 9 ! majority ( cult-names by :i* ,=tuna 0 kn[n 9 ! lat] ,republic4 ,! advocate ( ! dawn-!ory1 on ! o!r h&1 has to acc\nt = ! total loss 9 ! popul> belief ( ! nature-mean+ ( ! epi!t & cult--a loss :i* is inde$ q possible1 b "o :i* mu/ necess>ily make ! !ory less obvi\s & acceptable ?an ! ord9>y "o4 ,secondly1 ! ,pr(essor po9ts out1 t on ,june #aa1 ! day ( ! ,matralia1 ,=tuna 0 wor%ipp$ co9cid5tly ) ,mat] ,matuta--! latt] be+1 z he assumes beyond d\bt1 a dawn-goddess4 ,b we h already se5 t ?is assumption is n a v c]ta9 "o#fgg2 & we may n[ add t ! co9cid5t wor%ip mu/ simply mean t two temples _h ! same d$ication-day1 :i* may be m]ely accid5tal#fgh4 ,b ! *ief argum5t is bas$ on ! cult ( ,=tuna ,primig5ia1 #8! fir/-born ( ! gods1' z he translates ! ^w1 9 accordance ) a rec5t elaborate inve/igation ( its mean+#fgi4 ,?is cult does inde$ %[ v curi\s & int]e/+ *>act]s4 ,x belong$ orig9ally to ,pra5e/e1 :]e ,=tuna 0 ! presid+ deity ( an anci5t & fam\s oracle4 ,"h h be5 f\nd inscriptions to ,=tuna1 #8,,diovo,s ,,filea,i ,,primog5ia,i1' ! fir/-born daught] ( ,jupit]#fhj4 ,"h also1 /range to say1 ,cic]o describes#fha an enclosure sacr$ to ,jupit] ,pu]1 :o 0 repres5t$ !re ) ,juno z sitt+ 9 ! lap ( ,=tuna #8mammam appet5s4' ,?is v naturally attract$ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s ke5e/ att5tion1 & he _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ 8 explanation3 ,=tuna is #8! fir/-born ( all ! bright p[]s ( ! sky1 & ! daught] ( ! sky2 b likewise f ano!r po9t ( view ! "m ( ! daily sun :o is ! bright *ild %e c>ries 9 h] arms4' ,?is is *>m+2 b x is ! language & ?\ght1 n ( anci5t ,italians1 b ( ,v$ic poets4 ,! great ,lat9 s*ol>1 :o _h = ye>s be5 soak+ 8 m9d 9 ,italian antiquities1 w h>dly v5ture on an explanation at all3 #8haud ign>us quid deceat eum qui ,aborig9um regiones att+at#fhb4' ,i %all h occasion lat] on#fhc to say some?+ ( ?is v int]e/+ & my/]i\s cult at ,pra5e/e4 ,at pres5t ,i mu/ be cont5t ) po9t+ out t x is altoge!r unsafe to reg>d x z repres5tative ( any g5]al ideas ( anci5t ,italian religion4 ,z ,italian ar*aeologi/s are aw>e1 ,pra5e/e 0 a city 9 :i* ,etruscan & ,greek influ5ces are mo/ di/9ctly traceable1 & 9 :i* =eign deities & my?s seem to h become mix$ up ) native ones1 to ! extreme bewild]m5t ( ! c>eful inquir]#fhd4 ,we may accept ! ,pr(essor's explanation ( x ) all respect z a mo/ int]e/+ hypo!sis1 b z no m ?an a hypo!sis :i* ne$s mu* m in=mation ?an we z yet possess to r5d] x ev5 a probable "o4 ,by 8 own acc\nt ! ,pr(essor w\ld n h be5 l$ s f> afield = an explanation ( ,=tuna if he _h n be5 /ruck by ! app>5t difficulty involv$ 9 su* a goddess z #8%e :o br+s4' ,t[>ds ! removal ( ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 ! late ,mr4 ,vigfusson did some?+ 9 a lett] to ! ,academy ( ,m>* #ag1 #ahhhfhe4 ,he equat$ ,=s & ,=tuna ) ! ,icel&ic buror1 f a v]b hav+ q z wide & g5]al a mean+ z f]o1 & be+ its etymological equival5t4 #8,!re is a dep>tm5t ( its mean+s1' he tells u1 #8?r\gh :i* runs ! notion ( an invisible1 passive1 sudd51 involunt>y1 *ance ag5cy'2 & ano!r1 9 :i* b]a means to give bir?1 & produces a n\n mean+ bir?1 & s lucky bir?1 hon\r1 c4 ,! two ideas come toge!r 9 ! ,norse notion ( ! ,norns :o presid$ at ! bir? ( ea* *ild1 %ap+ at t h\r ! *ild's =tune#fhf4 ,x is r to ! ideas ( peoples l ! e>ly ,teutons & ,celts t we mu/ look = m5tal conditions resembl+ ^? ( ! e>ly ,italians1 ?an to ! highly develop$ poetical my?ology ( ! ,v$as2 & x is 9 ! direction :i* ,mr4 ,vigfusson po9t$ out t ,i ?9k we %\ld se>* = ! olde/ ,italian ideas ( ,=tuna & = ! causes :i* l$ to h] popul>ity & developm5t4 ,9 a valuable pap]1 to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] aga91 ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip#fhg sugge/$ t ,c>m5ta 7or ,c>m5tes7 may be expla9$ ) ,s4 ,augu/9e#fhh z ! goddess or prophetess :o tells ! =tunes ( ! *ildr51 & t ?is 0 ! reason :y %e 0 especially wor%ipp$ by matrons1 l ,mat] ,matuta1 ,=tuna & o!rs4 ,! ,c>m5tes 7 9 fact ! ,norns ( ,italy4 ,su* a practical ne$ z ! desire to "k y\r *ild's =tunes w\ld be q 9 h>mony ) :at we "k ( ! old ,italian "*2 & ,i ?9k x f> f impossible t ,=tuna1 z an oracul> deity 9 ,italy1 may h be5 orig9ally a conception ( ! same k9d1 p]haps n only a prophetess z reg>ds ! *ildr51 b also ( ! good luck ( ! "m 9 *ildbir?4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ fact 9 h] multif>i\s cults is ! pr$om9ance 9 !m ( wom5 z wor%ipp]s4 ,( ! v ,=tuna ,primog5ia ( :om we h be5 speak+ ,cic]o tells u t h] anci5t home at ,pra5e/e 0 ! object ( ! special devotion ( mo!rs#fhi4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ,=tuna ,virilis1 ,muliebris1 ,mammosa1 & o!rs4 ,if we look at h] 9 ?is light1 !re is really no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y :at seems to u at fir/ sight a v vague conception1 #8! goddess :o br+s1' %\ld n h meant some?+ v real & concrete to ! e>ly ,italian m9d4 ,& aga91 if t be s1 if ,=tuna be once recogniz$ z a great p[] 9 ways :i* t\*$ ^! ess5tial & practical ne$s ( human nature1 we may feel less a/oni%m5t at f9d+ h] repres5t$ ei!r z ! daught] or ! "m ( ,jupit]4 ,su* repres5tation c\ld inde$ h>dly h be5 ! "w ( really primitive ,italians2 x arose1 "o may conjecture1 if n f "s confusion :i* we _c n[ unravel1 f ! fame ( ! oracle--"o ( ! v few 9 ,italy--& ! consequ5t fame ( ! goddess ^: "n came to be atta*$ to t oracle4 ,or1 z ,jordan seems to ?9k1 x may h be5 ! vic9ity ( ! rock-oracle to ! temple ( ,jupit] :i* gave rise to ! connexion betwe5 ! two 9 popul> belief2 a belief :i* 0 express$ 9 t]ms ( relation%ip1 p]haps "u ,greek influ5ce1 b c]ta9ly 9 a mann] = ! mo/ "p abs5t f ! unmy?ological ,italian religion4 ,:y inde$ 9 ! same place %e %\ld be "m z well z daught] ( ,jupit] 7if ,cic]o be accurate 9 8 acc\nt1 :i* is p]haps n q c]ta97 may well puzzle u all4 ,^? :o _c d )\t an explanation may accept t ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 if !y c also accept 8 etymology4 ,^? :o h acquir$ :at ,momms5 has call$ ! #8difficillima ars nesci5di1' w be cont5t ) ,jordan's cauti\s rem>k1 #8,non desunt ve/igia div9um num5 ,italis notum fuisse deis deabusve omnibus et hoc ipso 9 quo vivimus mundo antiquius#fij4' ,b ,=tuna has n only be5 conjectur$ to be a deity ( ! dawn2 %e has be5 made out to be bo? a moon-goddess & a sun-goddess4 ,= h] orig9 9 ! moon !re is really no?+ ( any weight to be urg$2 ! advocate ( ?is view is "o ( ! lea/ judici\s ( ,g]man speciali/s1 & 8 argum5ts ne$ n deta9 u#fia4 ,b = h] connexion ) ! sun !re is some?+ m to be said4 ,! d$ication day ( ! temple ( ,=s ,=tuna 0 exactly at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,x is n[ ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/'s day1 & "o on :i* a great v>iety ( curi\s local cu/oms1 "s ( :i* /ill survive1 regul>ly occur2 & especially ! midsumm] fires :i* 7 until rec5tly s common 9 our own isl&s4 ,att5tion has (t5 be5 drawn to ! fondness = p>allelism :i* prompt$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to place ! bir? ( ,*ri/ at ! w9t] sol/ice1 :5 ! days beg9 to gr[ long]1 & t ( ! ,bapti/--= ,june #bd is 8 reput$ bir?day z well z fe/ival--at ! summ] sol/ice :5 !y beg9 to %ort52 foll[+ ! text1 #8,he mu/ increase & ,i mu/ decrease#fib4' ,c]ta9ly ! sun is an object ( special reg>d at all midsumm] fe/ivals1 & is suppos$ to be (t5 symboliz$ 9 !m by a :eel1 :i* is set on fire & 9 _m cases roll$ d[n a hill#fic4 ,n[ ! :eel is ( c\rse a symbol 9 ! cult ( ,=tuna1 & is sometimes f\nd 9 ,italian repres5tations ( h]1 ?\gh n s regul>ly z ! cornucopia & ! %ip's rudd] :i* almo/ inv>iably accompany h]#fid4 ,putt+ ?is 9 conjunction ) ! date ( ! fe/ival ( ,=s ,=tuna1 ! ,celtic s*ol> ,gaidoz has conclud$ t ,=tuna 0 ultimately a sol> deity#fie4 ,! sol> orig9 ( ! symbol 01 he ?9ks1 q =gott52 b ! :eel1 or ! globe :i* sometimes replaces x1 0 c]ta9ly at "o "t sol>1 & p]haps came f ,assyria4 ,if s 7he concludes71 ! e>lie/ =m ( ,=tuna mu/ h be5 a female d\ble ( ! sun4 ,all h9ts are useful 9 ,roman antiquities1 & some?+ may yet be made ( ?is4 ,b x _c be accept$ until we are sure ( ! hi/ory & desc5t ( ?is symbol 9 ! repres5tations ( ,=tuna2 x is f> f impossible t ! :eel or globe may 9 ?is case h no?+ m to d ) ! sun ?an ! rudd] :i* always accompanies x4 ,9 any case x c h>dly be d\bt$ t x is n ( ,italian orig92 x is f\nd1 e4 g4 also 9 ! cult ( ,nemesis1 :o1 l ,ty*e1 ,eili?yia1 & ,leuco!a1 is probably responsible = mu* v>iation & confusion 9 ! wor%ip ( ,italian female deities#fif4 ,z to ! o!r fact adduc$ by ,gaidoz1 viz4 ! date ( ! fe/ival1 x is c]ta9ly /rik+1 & mu/ be giv5 its full weight4 ,x is surpris+ t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has made no use ( x4 ,b we mu/ be on our gu>d4 ,x is rem>kable t we f9d 9 ! ,roman cal5d>s no o!r evid5ce t ! ,romans atta*$ ! same importance to ! summ] sol/ice z "s o!r peoples2 ! ,roman summ] fe/ivals are conc]n$1 9 accordance ) ! true ,italian _s1 mu* m ) ! op]ations ( man 9 deal+ ) nature ?an ) ! ph5om5a ( nature tak5 by !mselves4 ,x is p]haps bett] to avoid a ha/y conclusion t ?is fe/ival ( ,=s ,=tuna 0 on ! #bd? because ! #bd? 0 ! end ( ! sol/ice1 & r to all[ ! equal probability t x 0 fix$ !n because h>ve/ 0 go+ on4 ,columella seems to be allud+ to x 9 ! foll[+ l9es#fig3 ,s$ cum maturis flavebit messis ari/is ,allia cum cepis1 c]eale papav] ane?o ,iungite1 dumque vir5t1 nexos def]te maniplos1 ,et celebres ,=tis ,=tunae dicite laudes ,m]cibus exactis1 hil>esque recurrite 9 hortos4 ,! p[] ( ,=tuna z a deity ( *ance w\ld be z important = ! p]ils ( h>ve/ z = ^? ( *ildbir?2 & x is 9 ?is connexion t ! ,italians und]/ood ! mean+ ( t cornucopia :i* is p]haps h] mo/ con/ant symbol 9 art#fih4 ,la/ly1 !re is a =midable "q1 :i* may easily lead ! unw>y into endless complications1 & on :i* ,i %all only t\* v briefly4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ! leg5d>y connexion betwe5 ! cult ( ,=tuna & ,s]vius ,tullius8 ,t k+1 ! s-call$ second f\nd] ( ,rome1 0 said1 z we h se51 to h erect$ m ?an "o sanctu>y to ,=tuna1 & 0 ev5 believ$ to h _h illicit deal+s ) ! goddess h]self#fii4 ,! d$ication-day ( ,=s ,=tuna 0 said to h be5 select$ by him1 &1 z ,ovid describes x1 0 a fe/ival ( ! poor] k9d ( p1 :o ?us kept up ! cu/om initiat$ by ! popul> fri5d ( ! plebs4 ,s9ce ! ,etruscan orig9 ( ,s]vius ,tullius has be5 plac$ beyond a d\bt by ! discov]y ( ! fam\s tomb at ,vulci1 ) ! pa9t+s ( ,cales ,vib5na releas$ f 8 bonds by ,ma/>na#gjj1 :i* has ?us confirm$ ! ,etruscan tradition ( ! id5tity ( ,ma/>na & ,s]vius pres]v$ by ! emp]or ,claudius 9 8 fam\s spee*#gja1 x w\ld seem t we may consid] x z highly probable t if ,s]vius did really in/itute ! cult ( ,=tuna at ,rome1 t cult came ) him f ,etruria4 ,?is by no means compels u to look on ,=tuna z an ,etruscan deity only2 b x seems to be a fact t !re 0 an ,etruscan goddess :o 0 recogniz$ by ! ,romans z ! equival5t ( _! ,=tuna#gjb4 ,?is 0 ,nortia1 a great deity at ,vols9ii1 z is fully prov$ by ! rema9s f\nd !re#gjc2 & we may note t ! city 0 ne> to & 9 close alliance ) ,vulci1 :]e ! tomb 0 f\nd conta9+ ! pa9t+s j allud$ to4 ,seianus1 a native ( ,vols9ii#gjd1 0 suppos$ to be "u ! protection ( ?is deity1 &1 z we h already se51 to possess an anci5t /atue ( h]4 ,9 h] temple a nail 0 driv5 e ye> z 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us#gje1 & h5ce "s h conclud$ t %e 0 a goddess ( "t4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z c]ta9 :e!r ?is nail-driv+ 0 orig9ally symbolical only1 or at all1 ( "t2 x may q z well rem9d u ( ! fam\s ,=tuna ( ,antium & ! #8clavos trabales' ( ,horace's ,ode#gjf4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is a fair guess1 ?\gh x mu/ be made ) hesitation1 t ! ,=tuna ( ,s]vius 0 ! equival5t ( ?is ,nortia1 to :om ! ,roman plebs gave a "n ) :i* !y 7 9 "s way already famili>4 ,ma/>na cont9u$ to wor%ip 8 native deity aft] he 0 settl$ 9 ,rome2 & ! plebs cont9u$ to rev]e h]1 n because ( 8 luck1 :i* 0 inde$ imp]fect1 b simply because %e 0 8 protectress#gjg4 ,if we try to get beyond ?is we lose our foot+2 & ev5 ?is is only conjecture1 ?\gh bas$ ^u evid5ce :i* is n entirely )\t weight4 ,footnote #eje3 ,:at c be said = ?is view may be read 9 ,ros*]'s article 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 p4 #ege1 note4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,ros*]'s treatm5t ( ,juno ,moneta 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 #eic7 seems to me pure fancy2 ?is writ] is apt to twi/ 8 facts & 8 inf]5ces to suit a prepossession--9 ?is case ! notion ( a ( ,jupit] & ,juno4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,liv4 #g4 #bh2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #ahc2 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #cj4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,on ?is po9t see ,lewis1 ,cr$ibility ( ,e>ly ,roman ,hi/4 vol4 ii4 #cde4 ,footnote #eji3 ,dionys41 #ac4 #g1 says1 2 b ?is is no evid5ce = an e>ly temple ( ,juno ,moneta4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,app>5tly %e 0 fond ( su* birds3 cr[s also 7 #89 tutela ,iunonis' at a c]ta9 spot nor? ( ! ,tib] 7,paul4 #fd71 & at ,lanuvium 7,prell]1 i4 #bhc74 ,footnote #eaa3 ,liv4 #f4 #bj4 ,footnote #eab3 ,i h assum$ t ,moneta is connect$ ) moneo2 b !re are o!r views 7,ros*]1 ,lex4 #eic74 ,livius ,&ronicus 7ap4 ,priscian1 p4 #fgi7 helps u to ! mean+ by translat+ 7( ! ,odyssey7 by ,moneta4 ,footnote #eac3 ,macrob4 ,sat4 #a4 #ab4 #bb & #ca4 ,!re 0 no temple ( ,c>na !re b ,t]tullianus 7ad ,nat4 #b4 #i7 m5tions a fanum4 ,footnote #ead3 ,cp4 also ! explanation f iuniores 7e4 g4 9 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #hc foll474 ,footnote #eae3 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #cc #8,cui pulte fabacia et l>ido sacrificatur4' ,footnote #eaf3 ,ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ?is 0 s3 see ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus4 ,footnote #eag3 ,colum4 ,,ii4 #b4 #bj2 ,pallad4 #g4 #c2 ,h>tmann1 ,das ,rm4 ,kal4 #ace4 ,footnote #eah3 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #aag4 ,footnote #eai3 ,see above on ,lemuria1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #ebj3 de ,f]iis1 xiii4 ,footnote #eba3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 iii4 #chic4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,!re is really no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! two3 see ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,c>na1 foll[+ ,m]kel1 clxv4 ,:at ! real etymology ( ,c>na may be is undecid$2 ,curtius & o!rs h connect$ x ) cor1 & on ?is ,o4 ,gilb]t has built mu* fooli% conjecture 7ii4 #ai foll474 ,i w\ld r comp>e x ) ! words ,g>anus or ,rec>anus ( ! ,h]cules leg5d 7,bral1 ,h]c4 et ,cacus1 pp4 #ei1 #fj71 & p]haps ) ,gradivus1 ,grabovius4 ,! "n ( ! #8nymph' ,cranae 9 ,ovid's acc\nt is 9 "s ,,mss4 ,grane or ,crane4 ,h4 ,pet] 7,fa/i1 pt4 ii4 p4 #hi7 adopts ! connexion ) c>o3 %e is #8die das ,fleis* krftig5de ,gtt9' 7cp4 ,ossipago74 ,footnote #ebc3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #afi-ahb4 ,l9es #aja-acj are conc]n$ ) ,c>dea2 #acj to #afh1 or ! middle section ( ! comm5t1 seem1 z ,m>qu>dt sugge/$ 7p4 #ac1 note71 to be ref]able to ,c>na 7z ! av]t] ( /riges71 ?\gh ! *>ms fix$ on ! po/es %[ t ,ovid is /ill conf\nd+ h] ) ,c>dea4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,! ^w /rix is ,greek1 or at lea/ id5tical ) ! ,greek ^w4 ,b ! belief 9 vampires is s widely spread 7cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #age foll47 t we mu/ n conclude ha/ily t x came to ,italy ) ! ,greeks3 x is met ) z e>ly z ,plautus 7,pseud4 #c4 #b4 #bj74 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 #aa4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #aee foll4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,! arbutus does n seem to be m5tion$ 9 connexion ) *>ms except 9 ?is passage2 we might h expect$ ! laurel4 ,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 #cbd4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,! suck+-pig is sacrific$1 z we ga!r f prosecta bel[2 i4 e4 to ,c>na3 cp4 ! cakes ( l>d eat5 ?is day 7#afi foll474 ,footnote #ebh3 ,cp4 9 ! process ( gho/-lay+ 7above1 p4 #aji7 ! prohibition to look at ! beans scatt]$4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,= ! black?orn 7,g]m4 ,weissdorn7 see ,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 #cfa4 ,v>ro1 ap4 ,*>isium1 p4 #aag #8fax ex sp9u alba praef]tur1 quod purgationis causa adhibetur4' ,footnote #ecj3 ,?is is ! passage t mu/ h inspir$ ,o4 ,crusius 9 8 pap] on beans 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxix4 #afd foll4 #8,beans1' he says1 #87 ! olde/ ,italian food1 & l /one knives1 c41 surviv$ 9 ritual4' ,we want1 inde$1 "s m def9ite pro( t !y 7 really ! olde/ food2 & anyh[ _! use _h n di$ out l t ( /one implem5ts4 ,!y 7 a common article ( food at ,a!ns3 ,ari/oph4 ,knights1 #da2 ,lysi/4 #ecg & #fia4 ,b x is n unlikely t _! use 9 ! cult ( ! dead may be a survival1 ^u :i* odd sup]/itions graft$ !mselves4 ,= a p>allel argum5t see ,ros*]1 ,nekt> und ,ambrosia1 #cf2 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,my?ology1 #cef4 ,footnote #eca3 ,sat4 #a4 #ab4 #cb4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,no safe conclusion c be drawn f ,t]tullian's inclusion 7ad ,nat4 #b4 #i7 ( ! fanum ( ,c>na on ! ,caelian among ^? ( di adv5ticii4 ,o4 ,gilb]t has lately tri$ to make mu* ( ?is 7ii4 #db foll471 & to f9d an ,etruscan orig9 = ,c>na3 b see ,au/ on ! position ( temples outside ! pomo]ium 7de ,a$ibus sacris1 #dg74 ,footnote #ecc3 ,liv4 #g4 #bc2 ,dionys4 #f4 #ac4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,see on ,m>* #a1 above1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ece3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #h4 ,! ,fa/i ,v5us9i are #8omnium accuratissimi'2 ib4 p4 #dc4 ,au/ goes s f> z to d\bt ! true ,roman "* ( ?is ,m>s1 & believes him to be ! ,greek god ,ares4 ,see 8 note 9 ,lex4 #bcia4 ,! date ( f\ndation is n c]ta91 b 0 probably n e>li] ?an ! ,gallic w>1 #chh ,b4,c41 if x is ?is to :i* ,livy alludes 9 #f4 #e4 #h4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,liv4 #aj4 #ai4 ,!re 0 a tradition t ,ap4 ,claudius1 ,cos4 #die ,b4,c41 _h d$icat$ /atues ( 8 ance/ors 9 a temple ( ,bellona 7,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #ce4 #ab74 ,footnote #ecg3 ,s]v4 ,a54 ix4 #ec4 ,footnote #ech3 ,liv4 #a4 #cb4 #ab2 ,m>q4 #dbb4 ,footnote #eci3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bje foll42 ,paulus1 #cc4 ,footnote #edj3 ,willems1 ,le ,snat de la ,rpublique1 ii4 #afa4 ,footnote #eda3 ,?is 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ,gellius 7#ac4 #bc71 #8p]haps n )\t "s reason1' says ,m>qu>dt 7#ge74 ,?is sugge/ion has gr[n almo/ into a c]ta9ty = ! writ] 9 ! ,lexicon1 9 a mann] v *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t age ( rese>*4 ,!re w\ld be "s reason to ?9k t ,bellona 7or ,duellona7 0 an anci5t goddess ( c5tral ,italy1 if we c\ld be sure t ! inscription on an anci5t cup1 9 ! museum at ,flor5ce1 :i* may be read #8,belolae poculum' 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #dd71 ref]s to ?is deity4 ,see ,lex4 s4 v4 ,belola4 ,footnote #edb3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bji4 ,see ,comm5t>ii 9 honorem ,?4 ,momms5i1 #bfb foll4 7,klgmann71 & ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,h]c4 p4 #bigi4 ,footnote #edc3 ,prell]-,jordan1 ii4 #bif4 ,footnote #edd3 ,see bel[1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #ede3 #i4 #fj1 :]e ,dius ,fidius4 ,footnote #edf3 #d4 #eh3 cp4 ,liv4 #h4 #bj2 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ea4 ,( ! porta ,sanqualis ,i %all h a ^w to say pres5tly4 ,footnote #edg3 ,mr4 ,lang 7,my?1 ,ritual1 c41 ii4 #aia7 has "s excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,footnote #edh3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bac4 ,footnote #edi3 ,see ,wordswor?'s ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 p4 #aeg #8,semunes alt]nos advocapit cunctos4' ,i foll[ ,jordan's explanation ( #8,semunes1' 9 ,krit4 ,beitrge1 #bjd foll4 ,footnote #eej3 ,aelius ,dium ,fidium dicebat ,diovis filium1 ut ,graeci ,ca/orem1 et putabat hunc esse ,sancum ab ,sab9a l+ua et ,h]culem a ,graeca' 7,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ff74 ,footnote #eea3 ,fe/us1 #bda4 ,?is is probably ! sacellum ( ,livy1 #h4 #bb4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #efh3 aga9 7ib4 #efg71 #8,semoni ,sanco deo fidio4' ,sancus is1 ( c\rse1 a "n1 n an adjective3 we f9d ,sangus 9 "s ,,mss4 ( ,livy1 #cb4 #a4 ,= ! well-kn[n curi\s confusion ) ,simon ,magus1 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 #b4 #ac4 ,footnote #eec3 ,bral1 ,tables ,eugub9es1 #ga2 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #fe foll4 ,z ,prell] rem>ks1 ,fisus /&s to ,fidius z ,clausus to ,claudius 7ii4 #bga74 ,at ,iguvium !re 0 a hill1 important 9 ! rites1 :i* bore ?is "n--ocris fisius4 ,footnote #eed3 ,aelius ,/ilo ap4 ,v>ro1 l4 c42 ,ovid1 l4 c42 ,prop]t4 #d4 #i4 #gd2 ,lactantius1 #a4 #ae4 #h2 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #cfd2 ,prell]1 ii4 #bgb2 ,o4 ,gilb]t1 i4 #bge1 note2 ,ambros*1 ,/udi51 #agj4 ,jordan1 h[ev]1 9 a note on ,prell] 7#bgc7 emphatically says t ! ,sab9e orig9 ( ! god is a fable2 & = ! illusory di/9ction betwe5 ,lat9s & ,sab9es 9 ,rome see ,momms51 ,r4 ,h4 i4 #fg1 note1 & ,bral1 ,h]cule et ,cacus1 p4 #ef4 ,sancus 0 no d\bt a ,sab9e deity & reput$ ance/or ( ! race 7,cato ap4 ,dionys4 #b4 #di3 cp4 #d4 #eh72 b x does n foll[ t he came to ,rome z a ,sab9e importation4 ,footnote #eee3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ff2 ,fe/us1 #bbi 7,propt] viam72 & ,paulus1 #adg 7m$ius fidius74 ,footnote #eef3 ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #bh 7#8,:y are boys made to g out ( ! h\se :5 !y wi% to swe> by ,h]cules8#87 ) ,v>ro1 ap4 ,nonium1 s4 v4 rituis1 & ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ff4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,see bel[ on ,sept4 #ac1 p4 #bca4 ,! silex 0 tak5 out ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius 7,paulus1 #ib74 ,footnote #eeh3 ,eu/a?4 ad ,od4 #bb4 #cce2 ,h]mann1 ,gr4 ,ant4 ii4 #gd4 ,cp4 ,a4 ,lang1 ,my?1 c4 ii4 #ed3 #8! sky he>s u1' said ! ,indian :5 tak+ an oa?4 ,footnote #eei3 ,dionys4 #a4 #dj4 ,footnote #efj3 ,see ! op9ions ( ,h>tung1 ,s*wegl]1 & ,prell]1 summ$ up by ,bral1 ,h]cule et ,cacus1 #ea foll42 & ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,h]cules1 #bbee foll4 ,footnote #efa3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #efb3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #g2 ,bral1 ,tables ,eugub9es1 #bgj4 ,footnote #efc3 ,prell]1 ii4 #bgc1 & ,jordan's note4 ,9 ,m4 ,gaidoz's tudes de ,my?ologie ,gauloise1 i4 #fd1 w be f\nd figures ( a h& hold+ a :eel1 f ,b>-le-,duc 7! wri/ ?ru/ ?r\gh "o ( ! holes71 :i* may possibly expla9 ! urfita1 & :i* he connects ) ! ,celtic sun-god4 ,9 ?is connexion we may notice ! l>ge s]ies ( ,umbrian & ,etruscan co9s ) ! six-ray$ :eel-symbol 7,momms51 ,mnzwes51 #bbb foll471 :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,g>dn] tells me1 is m probably a sun-symbol ?an m]ely ! *>iot-:eel conv5i5t = unskilful co9]s4 ,footnote #efd3 #h4 #bj4 ,footnote #efe3 ,= ! bird1 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #aj4 #bj2 ,fe/us1 #aig s4 v4 osc9es1 & #cag 7sanqualis avis74 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div9ation1 iv4 #bjj4 ,= ! gate cp4 ,paulus1 #cde1 ) ,liv4 #h4 #bj2 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 ii4 #bfd4 ,footnote #eff3 ,liv4 #da4 #ac1 ) ,weiss5born's note4 ,! /one 0 p]haps ! same z "o :i* _h %ortly be=e fall5 into ! grove ( ,m>s at ,cru/um]ium 7#da4 #i74 ,footnote #efg3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #efg4 #efh2 & ,bull4 dell',in/41 #ahha1 p4 #ch foll4 7,?is la/ ) a /atue1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may n belong to x3 ,jordan's note on ,prell]1 ii4 #bgc47 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscr4 ,lat4 #acjj4 ,footnote #efh3 ,m>q4 #bfc2 ,b4-,lecl]cq1 iv4 #ea foll4 ,! ,s*olia/ on ,p]sius1 #b4 #bg1 is explicit on ! po9t4 ,b ,deecke1 9 a note to ,mll]'s ,etrusk] 7ii4 #bge7 d\bts ! connexion ( ! decuria ) bid5tal puteal4 ,footnote #efi3 ,fe/us1 s4 v4 ,scribonianum 7p4 #ccc3 ! re/oration c h>dly be wrong7 #8quia nefas e/ integi1 semp] ibi =amine ap]to caelum patet4' ,footnote #egj3 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ff #8ut ea videatur divum1 id e/ caelum4' ,he connects ! ^w divum ) ,dius ,fidius4 ,see ,jordan 9 ! collection ( essays #89 honorem ,?4 ,momms5i1' p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ega3 ,m>tianus ,capella1 #a4 #de 7p4 #dg 9 ,eyss5h>dt's edition74 ,see ,niss5's explanation 9 ,das ,templum1 p4 #ahd1 & plate iv4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ,jupit] occupies ! *ief place3 ,sancus is !re1 alone 9 ! #ab? regio4 ,b d\bt has be5 ca/ on ,niss5's view by ! discov]y ( an actual repres5tation ( ! caeli templum 7see ,au/1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iupit]1 #ffh74 ,footnote #egb3 ,dionys4 #d4 #eh4 ,9 #i4 #fj he says t ?is temple 0 only v[$ by ,t>qu9ius1 & n d$icat$ till #dff ,b4,c4 7,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #f72 b !re mu/ h be5 a /ill e>li] sanctu>y ( "s k9d 7,livy writes ( a sacellum1 #h4 #bj4 #h74 ,dionysius is int]e/+ & explicit2 he calls ,dius ,fidius 1 & adds ! "n 4 ,! treaties next 9 date1 ^? ) ,c>?age1 7 kept 9 ! a$ilium !saurus1 close to ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us 7,polyb4 #c4 #bb2 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 ii4 #a 7ed4 #b7 #dha note74 ,"h we seem to see ! au?ority ( ! anci5t ,dius ,fidius already los+ gr\nd4 ,footnote #egc3 ,plut4 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #cj2 ,v>ro1 ap4 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #h4 #aid2 ,fe/us1 #bch4 ,x 0 ,reiff]s*eid's conjecture t %e 0 a female ,dius ,fidius 7see ,wiss[a1 ,lex4 #aaij74 ,fe/4 #bda adds #8cuius ex zona p]iclitantes ram5ta sumunt4' ,footnote #egd3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfg1 #ceb foll4 ,reiff]s*eid 0 prev5t$ by dea? f work+ 8 view out m fully2 b ,r4 ,pet] 7see ,lex4 s4 v4 ,h]cules1 #bbfg7 pres]v$ notes ( 8 lectures4 ,footnote #ege3 ,gellius1 #aa4 #f4 #a4 ,= ,juno z female equival5t ( ,g5ius see article #8,iunones' 9 ,lex4 ,b x does n seem prov$ t ?is 0 ! old "n1 & n an idea ( comp>atively late times4 ,footnote #egf3 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ab4 #b4 ,footnote #egg3 ,see bel[1 on ,aug4 #ab1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #egh3 ,?is seems a weak po9t4 ,bona ,dea 0 n m closely relat$ to ,juno ?an "s o!rs4 ,i d n feel sure t ! "n ,juno is n z mu* an intrusion "h z ,h]cules1 & t ! real female c\nt]p>t ( ,g5ius1 c41 0 n a nameless num5 l ! ,bona ,dea4 ,! rise ( ! cult ( ,juno ,luc9a may h produc$ ?is intrusion4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 ,etruria ,m9]va takes ! place ( ,juno 7,lex4 #bbff1 & ! illu/ration on #bbfg74 ,footnote #egi3 ,s]v4 ,ecl4 #d4 #fb4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,paulus1 #fc4 ,footnote #eha3 ,g]h>d1 ,etruskis*e ,spiegel1 #adg4 ,x is also figur$ 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,h]cules1 #bbei4 ,footnote #ehb3 e4 g4 by e writ] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon :o has t\*$ on ! subject4 ,jordan seems to h diss5t$ 7,prell]1 ii4 #bhd74 ,footnote #ehc3 ,! opposition or conflict ( ! two is p>allel$ by ! suppos$ my? ( ! cont5tion ( ,m>s & ,m9]va 7,n]io7 7see above1 p4 #fj2 ,lex4 #bbfe74 ,footnote #ehd3 ,see article #8,iunones' 9 ,lex42 & ,de-,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,ros*]'s article #8,juno' 9 ,lex4 passim4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,i _c agree ) ,mr4 ,jevons 7,introduction to ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #ahf foll47 :5 he makes ! ,roman g5ius a relic ( totemism1 simply because g5ii 7 (t5 repres5t$ by s]p5ts4 ,! snake 0 too univ]sally wor%ipp$ & dome/icat$ to be easily expla9$ z a totem4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has an int]e/+ example f ,zulul&1 :i* is s+ul>ly sugge/ive 9 connexion ) ! doctr9e ( ,g5ius 7see ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ccb71 :i* c h>dly be expla9$ on a totemi/ic basis4 ,! doctr9e ( ,g5ius may c]ta9ly h _h its roots 9 a totemi/ic age2 b by ! "t x rea*es u 9 ,roman lit]ature x has pass$ ?r\gh s _m /ages t its orig9 is n to be dogmatiz$ ab\t4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,i _c atta* mu* weight to ! argum5t 7see ,lex4 #bbfh7 t because ,aelius ,/ilo expla9$ ,dius ,fidius z ,diovis ,filius he !re=e _h 9 8 head "s su* relation ( ,g5ius to ,jupit]4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,if he _h writt5 ,g5ius ,iovius1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,iguvian inscription1 ) its adjectival =ms :i* pres]ve a rem9isc5ce ( ! old] _s-_w1 he might h be5 ne>] ! m>k4 ,x may be t we get back to ,jupit] himself z ! ,g5ius p> excell5ce1 b !re is no direct pro( ( ?is4 ,! g5ius ( a god is a late idea1 z ,mr4 ,jevons po9ts out 9 a note to ,roman ,que/ions1 p4 liii4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,livy1 #bb4 #i2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bda foll42 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #eij3 ,livy1 #bc4 #ca & #cb2 ,m>q4 #bgj4 ,footnote #eia3 ,m>q4 #ceh foll42 ,article #8,sibyll9i libri' 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ed4 #b4 ,footnote #eib3 ,livy1 #bb4 #i1 #aj2 #bc4 #cj1 #ca4 ,footnote #eic3 ,ad ,a54 #a4 #gbj4 ,footnote #eid3 ,plut4 de ,=t4 ,rom4 #e4 #aj2 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deor4 #b4 #fa4 ,au/ 7de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ai7 puts x 9 ,b4,c4 #aae1 9 ,scaurus' consul%ip4 ,footnote #eie3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bai foll42 ,fe/us1 #bej1 s4 v4 ,p5us3 #8,p5us vocatur locus intimus 9 a$e ,ve/ae1 tegetibus saeptus1 qui c]tis diebus circa ,ve/alia ap]itur4 ,ii dies religiosi hab5tur4' ,footnote #eif3 ,= ! mean+s ( nefa/us & religiosus see ,introduction1 p4 #i2 ,m>q4 #bia4 ,footnote #eig3 ,no d\bt ?is 0 done1 & ! l9es compos$1 9 ord] to please ,augu/us & reflect ! revival ( ! old religio4 ,footnote #eih3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cb4 ,footnote #eii3 ,vol4 xiv1 ,no4 #bh4 ,footnote #fjj3 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #fja3 ,m>q4 #bej4 ,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s bo? sons & daught]s take "p 9 ! "w ( ma9ta9+ ! fires 7,man's ,&aman ,isl&s1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aec74 ,footnote #fjb3 ,see my article #8,sac]dos' 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ed4 #b4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,ve/a h]self 0 orig9ally simply ! fire on ! he>? 7,fraz]1 op4 cit4 #aeb74 ,note t ! flame 0 obta9$ afre% ea* ye> on ,m>* #a1 ev5 9 hi/orical times1 by ! primitive me?od ( ! friction ( ! wood ( a #8lucky' tree 7,fe/us1 #ajf71 or f ! sun's rays4 ,we are n told :i* prie/ p]=m$ ?is rite4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,middleton1 ,rome 9 #ahhe1 p4 #aha foll4 ,footnote #fje3 ,?is belief1 & ! nature ( ! treasures1 are fully discuss$ by ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bea1 ) additions by ,wiss[a4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,cp4 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #dd 7( ! aquaelicium74 ,footnote #fjg3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #cie foll4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,above1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #fji3 ,z ! bea/ t usually work$ 9 mills8 ,!re is a ,pompeian pa9t+ ( ?is sc5e 7,g]h>d1 ,ant4 ,bild4 pl4 #fb74 ,footnote #faj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cb #8,dies qui vocatur ,q4 ,/4 ,d4 ,f4 ab eo appellatur quod eo die ex a$e ,ve/ae /]cus ev]ritur et p] ,capitol9um clivum 9 locum def]tur c]tum4' ,x is ,ovid :o tells u x 0 ?r[n into ! ,tib] 7,fa/i1 #f4 #gac74 ,footnote #faa3 ,jordan1 ,tempel d] ,ve/a1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #fab3 ,! cru%+ ( ! gra9 no d\bt comes d[n f a "t :5 !re 7 no mills 7,helbig1 ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 #ag & #gb74 ,! prep>ation ( ! cakes 0 also peculi>1 & ev5 t ( ! salt :i* 0 us$ 9 !m 7,fe/us1 #aei2 cp4 ,s]v4 ,ecl4 #h4 #hb74 ,! latt] passage is ! locus classicus = all ^! duties3 #8,virg9es ,ve/ales tres maximae ex nonis ,maiis ad pridie ,idus ,maias alt]nis diebus 7i4 e4 on #g?1 #i?1 #aa?87 spicas adoreas 9 corbibus messu>iis ponunt1 easque spicas ipsae virg9es torr5t1 p9sunt1 molunt1 atque ita molitum condunt4 ,ex eo f>re virg9es t] 9 anno molam faciunt1 ,lup]calibus1 ,ve/alibus1 ,idibus ,septembribus1 adiecto sale cocto et sale duro4' ,= examples ( ! primitive me?od ( cook+ see ,miss ,k+sley's ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #bjh2 & ,sir ,joseph ,banks's ,j\rnal 7ed4 ,hook]71 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #fac3 ,p5us means1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 food4 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deorum1 #b4 #fh #8,e/ omne quo vescuntur hom9es p5us4' ,h5ce x came to mean ! /ore-closet 9 ! c5tre ( ! h\se1 ( :i* ! ,p5ates 7 ! gu>dian spirits4 ,its sacr$ "* is indicat$ 9 a passage ( ,columella 7,r4 ,r4 #ab4 #d2 & see my pap] on ! toga praetexta ( ,roman *ildr51 9 ,classical ,review1 ,oct4 #ahif74 ,footnote #fad3 ,v>ro1 ap4 ,s4 ,aug4 de ,civ4 #g4 #bd2 cp4 #g4 #af4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bfg1 writes1 #8,ve/a eadem quae t]ra1' b m correctly 9 #bia1 #8,nec tu aliud ,ve/am quam vivam intellige flammam4' ,"s mod]ns d]ive ,ve/a f root vas #8dwell+1' & make h] ! e>? 9 special relation to ! dwell+2 e4 g4 ,o4 ,gilb]t1 i4 #cdh note4 ,footnote #fae3 ,preun]1 ,he/ia-,ve/a1 p4 #bba #8,got!it des ,feu]s1 s(]n religise1 e?is*e ,ide5 si* 9 demselb5 abspiegeln1 ni*t des ,feu]s als bloss5 ,elem5ts4' ,?is is surely turn+ ! "q upside d[n4 ,footnote #faf3 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #bea2 ,grimm1 ,g]man ,my?ology 7,eng4 trans471 p4 #fja foll4 ,footnote #fag3 ,9 ,july also ! days 7 nefa/i f ! ,kal5ds to ! #i?2 b to ! mean+ ( ?is we h no clue :atev]4 ,footnote #fah3 ,see above1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #fai3 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ge4 ,9 an app5dix 7p4 #cgc foll4 & esp4 #chb7 w be f\nd "s o!r examples ( ! same type ( ritual4 ,cp4 also ii4 #agf 7f ,punjaub71 :i* example1 h[ev]1 does n seem 9 any way connect$ ) h>ve/4 ,b ! practice ( ! ,creek ,indians is s unusually well atte/$ t x des]ves special att5tion4 ,x is describ$ by no less ?an f\r indep5d5t au?orities 7see ,mr4 ,fraz]'s note on p4 #gf74 ,footnote #fbj3 ,niss51 ,l&eskunde1 #cii4 ,footnote #fba3 ,! :ole ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s section on ! sacram5tal eat+ ( new crops %\ld be read 9 connexion ) ! ,ve/alia4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #g2 ,liv4 #e4 #ai & #bc4 ,! temple 0 9 ! ,=um bo>ium1 ne> ! ,circus maximus4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,wiss[a 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,mat] ,matuta1 #bdfc4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #dgc foll42 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deor4 #c4 #dh2 ,tusc4 #a4 #bh4 ,plut>* 7,quae/4 ,rom4 #af4 #a7 not$ a lik5ess betwe5 h] cult & t ( ,leuco!a 9 8 own city ( ,*a]oneia2 an int]e/+ passage1 ?\gh q inconclusive z to ! ,greek orig9 ( ,mat] ,matuta4 ,plut>*1 l ,s]vius 7,a54 #e4 #bda7 & o!rs1 has adopt$ ,ovid's leg5d ( ,ino by way ( explanation ( ! id5tity ( ,leuco!a & ,matuta4 ,m]kel 7,fa/i1 clxxxiv7 believ$ ! cult to be :olly ,greek2 ,b\*-,lecl]cq 7,hi/4 de ,div9ation1 iv4 #adg7 foll[s ,klaus5 9 id5tify+ ,mat] ,matuta ) ,te?ys 7cf4 ,plut4 ,rom4 #b7 & ) ! deity ( ! oracle at ,pyrgi4 ,b see ,wessel+ on ,diod4 ,sic4 #ae1 p4 #ccg2 & ,/rabo1 ,bk4 #e1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #agf1 #agg4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,liv4 #f4 #cc4 #d2 ,wiss[a1 ,lex4 #bdfb4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,diod4 ,sic4 #ae4 #ad1 p4 #ccg1 & ,wessel+'s note4 ,! temple at ,pyrgi 0 an important "o1 & ri* en\gh to be plund]$ by ,dionysius ,i ( ,syracuse4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! id5tification ( ! deity ( ,pyrgi ) ,mat] ,matuta is n absolutely c]ta94 ,/rabo1 l4 c41 calls h] ,eilei?yia1 ,ari/otle 7,oecon4 #acdi b7 ,leuco!a2 & x is ?\ght t ,mat] ,matuta alone comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! two4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! goddess ( ,pyrgi 0 ! deity ( ! oracle1 %e might almo/ z well h be5 a ,=tuna1 l ^? ( ,antium & ,pra5e/e4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,t]tullian1 de ,monogam4 #ag4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #dha1 ) ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #af2 ,camill4 #e4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ajf4 ,ovid 7#dhb7 writes ( liba to/a1 i4 e4 cakes cook$ 9 pans r ?an bak$1 l ! mola salsa4 ,see above1 p4 #adi2 & cp4 ,ovid1 #ecb #89 subito cocta foco4' ,footnote #fca3 ,plut4 ll4 cc42 ,ovid1 #eei foll4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,see bel[ on ,jan4 #aa4 ,i _c expla9 ! rule t a woman pray$ = nephews & nieces be=e h] own *ildr51 :i* is peculi> to ?is cult4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,prell]1 i4 #cbb2 ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,r4 ,h4 7,eng4 trans47 i4 #afb4 ,footnote #fce3 ,lucr4 #e4 #fed4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,paulus1 #abb #8,matrem ,matutam antiqui ob bonitatem appellabant1 et maturum idoneum usui1' c4 ,see also ,curtius1 ,gk4 ,etym4 ,i4 #djh4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #efi foll42 #fbe foll43 cp4 ,dionysius1 #d4 #dj4 ,ovid has ?ree fanciful explanations ( ! drap+4 ,footnote #fch3 ,ovid1 l4c42 ,dionys4 #d4 #dj4 ,footnote #fci3 ,v>ro ap4 ,nonium1 p4 #ahi2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #h4 #aid1 #aig4 ,see ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #gab1 note #c1 & a full discussion 9 ,lex4 by ,r4 ,pet]1 s4v4 ,=tuna1 p4 #aeji4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,dio ,cassius1 #eh4 #g4 ,footnote #fda3 ,s5eca1 ,q4 ,n4 #b4 #da2 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #hc2 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 i1 ,introduction lvi4 ,! passage ( ,s5eca is a v curi\s "o ab\t ! ,etruscan lightn+-lore4 ,o4 ,mll] guesses t ! di involuti 7 ,fates 7,s*icksalsgot!it571 :i* w\ld suit ,=tuna 7cp4 ,hor4 ,od4 #a4 #ce74 ,footnote #fdb3 ,!re is j a possibility t x 0 confus$ ) a /atue ( ,pudicitia1 also 9 =o bo>io1 & also said to h be5 veil$ 7,fe/us1 #bdb74 ,v>ro1 l4 c41 calls ! goddess ( ! /atue1 ,=tuna ,virgo1 & ,prell] sugge/$ t %e 0 id5tical ) ,pudicitia4 ,! l9es ( ,ovid seem to fav\r ?is view 7,fa/i1 #f4 #fag foll473 ,ve/e data tegitur4 ,vetat hanc ,=tuna mov]i ,et sic e templo e/ ipsa locuta suo2 #8,ore revelato qua primum luce patebit ,s]vius1 haec positi prima pudoris erit4 ,p>cite1 matronae1 vetitas att+]e ve/es3 ,sollemni satis e/ voce mov]e preces4' ,footnote #fdc3 ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b1 #bih4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,livy1 #i4 #cj2 ,val4 ,max4 #b4 #e4 #d2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ag4 ,cp4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #cfif ,magi/ri qu9q7u5nales7 collegi teib7ic9um7 ,rom7anorum7 qui s7acris7 p7ublicis7 p7rae/o7 s7unt7 ,iov7i7 ,epul7oni7 s7acrum74 ,footnote #fde3 ,s ,prell]1 i4 #aih4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,au/1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fhj4 ,bo? "h & 9 8 "w de ,a$ibus sacris1 ?is s*ol> decl9es to di/+ui% betwe5 ,iup4 ,invictus & ,iup4 ,victor4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,= ,m9]va z ! patron ( all su* guilds see ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m9]va1 #bihd foll4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ag4 ,!re 7 ?ree days ( revelry1 accord+ to ,livy 7#i4 #cj73 did !y meet 9 ?is temple on ea* day8 ,! #ac? 0 ! day ( ! epulum2 :i* ! o!r days 7 we d n "k4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ag4 ,footnote #fej3 ,fe/us1 #adi1 s4 v4 m9usculae4 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #fie4 ,footnote #fea3 ,livy1 l4 c4 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #ee1 :o confuses two ,appii ,claudii1 & ref]s ! /ory to ! ,decemvir in/ead ( to ! ,c5sor ( #caa ,b4,c4 ,livy omits ! v ,roman trait 7,ov4 #fgc foll47 ( ! lib]tus feign+ to be surpris$ by 8 patronus4 ,footnote #feb3 ,coh51 ,md4 ,pl4 #cc2 ,borghesi1 ,op4 i4 #bja 7quot$ by ,m>q4 #egg74 ,footnote #fec3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #bjb4 ,footnote #fed3 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 vol4 xi4 p4 #ahi4 ,x 0 a %ort pipe play$ ) a re$1 & no d\bt almo/ ! same ?+ z ! %ort r\gh oboes :i* are /ill fav\rites 9 ,italy1 & :i* are /ill sometimes play$ two at a "t 9 ! m\? z ( old4 ,_! antiquity is v\*$ = by ! law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 :i* limit$ ! play]s at a fun]al to t54 ,see ,pr(essor ,&]son's article #8tibia' 9 ,dict4 ( ,ant4 7ed4 #b74 ,footnote #fee3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #gca4 ,footnote #fef3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #feg3 ,n to be confus$1 z 9 ,livy1 ,epit4 #ad1 ) a /atue ( ,summanus himself on ! same temple 79 fa/igio ,iovis3 ,cic]o1 ,div4 #a4 #aj74 ,footnote #feh3 de ,civ4 ,dei1 #d4 #bc4 ,footnote #fei3 ,fe/us1 #bbi1 s4 v4 ,prov]sum fulgor3 #8,quod diurna ,iovis1 nocturna ,summani fulgura hab5tur4' 7,cp4 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #b4 #eb47 ,an int]e/+ inscription 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #bjf7 runs1 #8,summanium fulgus conditum1' i4 e4 #8a bolt :i* fell be=e dawn 0 buri$ "h4' ,footnote #ffj3 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #gd4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #fj4 ,footnote #ffb3 tudes de ,my?ologie ,gauloise1 i4 p4 #ib4 ,m4 ,gaidoz looks on ^! :eel-cakes z #8emblematic ( ,summanus' z a god ( sun & sky4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,fe/us1 p4 #cdh4 ,! ,,ms4 has #8f9ctae4' ,footnote #ffd3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 vii1 ,no4 #a 7#ahhf71 p4 #dd foll4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #gge foll4 ,footnote #fff3 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,l4 ,l4 #fa4 #g4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,livy1 #aj4 #df4 #ag4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,ann4 #b4 #da4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,see above1 ! head+ ( ?is section4 ,footnote #fga3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbj4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,see above1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #fgc3 *4 i4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #fge3 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #cd4 #ed4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,plut4 ,m>ius1 #bf2 ,pl9y1 l4 c4 ,i foll[ ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,above1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,ovid is ! only au?ority = ! wor%ip ( ,=tuna on ,june #aa 7,fa/i1 #f4 #efi72 x is n m5tion$ 9 ! cal5d>s 7,tusc4 ,v54 ,maff47 :i* h notes surviv+ = ?is day4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,by ,h4 ,jordan1 ,symbolae ad hi/oriam religionum ,italic>um alt]ae 7,knigsb]g1 #ahhe74 ,see also ,r4 ,pet]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,=tuna1 #aedb1 & ,au/1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fdg4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xiv4 #bhfc4 ,footnote #fha3 de ,div4 #b4 #da4 #he4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,jordan1 op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bbc foll41 "u ,sept4 #ac4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,f]nique1 tude sur ,prne/e1 pp4 #h & #aci foll4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,see also 8 previ\s lett] ( ,m>* #c4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,he held #8bir?' & #8=tune' to be words etymologically relat$4 ,cp4 a communication f ,pr(4 ,kluge 9 ! same numb] ( ! ,academy4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 vol4 xi4 #agh2 ,/udies 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #fhh3 de ,civ4 ,dei1 #d4 #aa4 ,cp4 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #ccf4 ,footnote #fhi3 l4 c4 #8,ca/issime colitur a matribus4' ,"o ( ! anci5t inscriptions f ,pra5e/e 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xi4 #bhfc7 is a d$ication #8nationu cratia' nationis gratia1 :i* may surely mean #89 gratitude = *ildbir?1' ?\gh ,momms5 w\ld ref] x to cattle1 on ! gr\nd ( a gloss ( ,fe/us 7p4 #afg74 ,footnote #fij3 ,jordan1 op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #fia3 ,o4 ,gilb]t1 ,ges*4 u4 ,topogr4 d] ,/adt ,rom1 ii4 #bfj foll4 ,footnote #fib3 ,/4 ,john1 iii4 #cj2 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]mo xii 9 ,nativitate ,dom9i3 #8,9 nativitate ,*ri/i dies crescit1 9 ,johannis nativitate decrescit4 ,pr(ectum plane facit dies1 quum mundi ,salvator oritur2 defectum patitur quum ultimus prophet>um nascitur4' ,footnote #fic3 ,see _m examples 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #beh foll41 & ,br&'s ,popul> ,antiquities1 p4 #cjf4 ,footnote #fid3 ,see ,r4 ,pet]1 9 ,lex41 s4 v4 ,=tuna1 #aejf4 ,footnote #fie3 tudes de ,my?4 ,gaul4 i4 #ef foll4 ,on p4 #eh we f9d1 #8,la ,=tune n\s p>at donc sortir1 p> l'int]mdiaire d'une image1 d'une div9it du soleil4' ,footnote #fif3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ^! symbols 9 ,greek cults1 & especially t ( ,ty*e1 see a pap] by ,pr(4 ,g>dn] 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 ix4 p4 #gh1 on #8,c\ntries & ,cities 9 anci5t art4' ,! rudd] seems to connect ,=tuna ) sea-f>+2 x is (t5 accompani$ by a %ip's pr[ 7,r4 ,pet]1 ,lex4 #aejg72 9 connexion ) :i* we may notice t ev5 9 ,italy h] cult is r>ely f\nd f> f ! sea4 ,cp4 ,horace1 ,od4 #a4 #ce1 #f #8dom9am aequoris4' ,footnote #fig3 #aj4 #caa foll42 ,m>q4 #egh4 ,footnote #fih3 ,r4 ,pet]1 ,lex4 #aeje4 ,%e is also (t5 repres5t$ ) a modius1 & ) e>s ( corn4 ,cp4 ,horace1 l4 c4 7( ! ,=tuna ( ,antium73 #8,te paup] ambit sollicita prece ,ruris colonus4' ,footnote #fii3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #egc foll4 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #gaa foll42 ,prell]1 ii4 #ahj4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejf2 ,g>d?aus51 #8,ma/>na1' figures ! pa9t+ 7plate i74 ,footnote #gja3 ,tac4 ,ann4 ,,ii4 #bd2 ! fragm5ts ( ! orig9al spee* are pr9t$ f ! inscription at ,lyons 9 ,mr4 ,furneaux's ,annals ( ,tacitus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,juv5al1 #aj4 #gd1 & note ( ! ,s*olia/4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #eb2 ,d5nis1 ,cit4 & ,cem4 ii4 #bd4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,juv5al1 l4c4 ,footnote #gje3 ,see bel[ on ,sept4 #ac1 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ii4 #cjh4 ,gaidoz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ef1 on ! connexion betwe5 ,=tuna1 ,necessitas1 & ,nemesis4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,g]h>d1 ,aga?odaemon1 p4 #cj1 has o!r explanations4 ,,m5sis ,,qu9ctilis4 ,! fe/ivals ( ?is mon? are s exce$+ly obscure t x seems hopeless to try to connect !m 9 any def9ite way ) ! op]ations ei!r ( nature or ( man4 ,we "k t ?is 0 ! "t :5 ! sun's heat became oppressive & dang]\s2 /ati/ics %[ at ! pres5t day t ! rate ( mortality rises at ,rome to its greate/ height 9 ,july & ,augu/1 z inde$ is ! case 9 s\!rn latitudes g5]ally4 ,we "k also t h>ve/ ( v>i\s k9ds 0 go+ on 9 ?is mon?3 #8,qu>to int]vallo int] sol/itium et caniculam pl]ique messem faciunt1' writes ,v>ro 7,r4 ,r4 #a4 #cb74 ,we %\ld h expect$ t ! unheal?y season & ! h>ve/ w\ld h left _! m>k on ! cal5d>2 b 9 ! scant9ess ( our in=mation we c f9d v few traces ( _! influ5ce4 ,we "h lose ! company ( ,ovid1 :o might1 9 spite ( 8 inevitable ignorance1 h incid5tally ?r[n "s ray ( light ^u ! d>kness2 b x is cle> t ev5 ,v>ro & ,v]rius knew h>dly any?+ ( ! almo/ obsolete fe/ivals ( ?is mon?4 ,! ,poplifugia1 ! ,luc>ia1 ! ,neptunalia1 & ! ,furr9alia1 _h all at "o "t be5 great fe/ivals1 = !y are m>k$ 9 l>ge capitals 9 ! anci5t cal5d>s2 b !y _h no m mean+ = ! ,roman ( ,v>ro's "t ?an ! less] sa9ts'-days ( our cal5d> h = ! ord9>y ,engli%man ( to-day4 ,! ludi ,apoll9>es1 ( mu* lat] date1 :i* always ma9ta9$ _! int]e/1 did n fall ^u ! days ( any ( ^! fe/ivals1 or oblit]ate !m 9 ! m9ds ( ! p2 !y mu/ h decay$ f pure inanition--want ( practical correlation ) ! life & int]e/s ( a great city4 ,,iii ,,non4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,july #e74 ,,np4 ,,poplif,,ugia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit4 ,,ant47 ,,f]iae ,,iovi4 7,,amit47 ,! note #8f]iae ,iovi' 9 ! cal5d> ( ,amit]num is confirm$ 9 a curi\s way1 by a /atem5t ( ,dio ,cassius#gjh1 :o says t 9 ,b4,c4 #db ! ,s5ate pass$ a decree t ,caes>'s bir?day %\ld be celebrat$ on ?is day#gji1 & t any "o :o refus$ to take "p 9 ! celebration %\ld be #8sac] ,iovi et ,divo ,iulio4' ,b we "k f> too little ( ! rites ( ?is day to enable u to make ev5 a guess at ! mean+ ( its connexion ) ,jupit]4 ,x is j wor? not+ t two days lat] we f9d a fe/ival ( ,juno1 ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae2 ! two days may h _h "s connexion ) ea* o!r1 be+ sep>at$ by an int]val ( "o day1 z is ! case ) ! ?ree days ( ! ,lemuria1 ! two days ( ! ,luc>ia 9 ?is mon?1 & 9 o!r in/ances#gaj2 & _! rites 7 expla9$ by two p>ts ( ! same aetiological /ory--viz4 t ! ,romans fl$ be=e ! ,fid5ates on ! #e?1 & 9 turn defeat$ !m on ! #g?#gaa4 ,b we are q 9 ! d>k z to ! mean+ ( su* a connexion1 if su* !re 04 ,nor c we expla9 ! s+ul> fact t ?is is ! only fe/ival 9 ! :ole ye>1 m>k$ 9 l>ge capitals 9 ! cal5d>s1 :i* falls be=e ! ,nones#gab4 ,!re is h>dly a ^w 9 ! :ole cal5d> ! mean+ ( :i* is s entirely unkn[n to u z ?is ^w ,poplifugia4 ,( ! p>allel "o1 ! ,regifugium 9 ,febru>y1 some?+ c be made out1 z we %all see#gac2 & x is n unlikely t ! rituali/ic mean+ conceal$ 9 bo? may be mu* ! same4 ,b all attempts to f9d a def9ite explanation = ,poplifugia h s f> be5 fruitless1 ) ! s+le exception p]haps ( t ( ,s*wegl]#gad1 :o himself made ! s]i\s blund] ( conf\nd+ ?is day ) ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae4 ,x is true t ! two days & _! rites 7 confus$ ev5 9 antiquity1 b only by late writ]s#gae2 ! cal5d>s1 on ! o!r h&1 are p]fectly pla9 & s is ,v>ro#gaf1 :o proce$s f ! "o to ! o!r 9 a way t c leave no d\bt t he und]/ood !m z di/9ct4 ,! simple fact is t ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,poplifugia _h :olly vani%$ :5 ! cal5d> began to be /udi$4 ,+5uity & fancy1 z usual1 took ! place ( k1 & two leg5ds 7 ! result--! "o connect+ ! ^w ) ! flight ( ! ,romans f an army ( _! neighb\rs ( ,fid5ae1 aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,gauls f ! city#gag2 ! o!r int]pret+ x z a memorial ( ! flight ( ! p aft] ! disappe>ance ( ,romulus 9 ! d>kness ( an eclipse or sudd5 tempe/#gah4 ,! fir/ ( ^! leg5ds may be dismiss$ at once2 ! l>ge capitals 9 :i* ! "n ,poplifugia appe>s 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ?ree cal5d>s :i* pres]ve x1 are suffici5t evid5ce t x mu/ h be5 f> old] ?an ! ,gallic invasion#gai4 ,! second leg5d might sugge/ t ! /ory itself ( ! dea? ( ,romulus _h gr[n out ( "s religi\s rite p]=m$ at ?is "t ( ye>2 & x 0 inde$ traditionally connect$ ) ! ,nones ( ?is mon?#gbj4 ,b t day is unluckily n ! day ( ! ,poplifugia1 :i* x is h>dly possible to connect ) ! disappe>ance ( ,romulus4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a connexion betwe5 ! rites ( ! two days1 z has be5 po9t$ out above2 & ?is be+ s1 x is wor? :ile to notice a sugge/ion made by ,s*wegl]1 9 spite ( ! fact t he confus$ ! two days toge!r4 ,he saw t ! disappe>ance ( ,romulus 0 said to h occurr$ :ile he 0 hold+ a lu/ratio ( ! citiz5s#gba1 & conclud$ t ! ,poplifugia may h be5 an anci5t rite ( lu/ration--an idea :i* o!r writ]s h be5 cont5t to foll[ )\t always giv+ him ! cr$it ( x#gbb4 ,su* a rite may v well be indicat$ by ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ,v>ro#gbc--! only "o :i* gives u any solid in=mation on ! "q3 ,aliquot huius diei ve/igia fugae 9 sacris app>5t1 de quibus rebus antiquitatum libri plura ref]unt4 ,x seems n unreasonable to guess t ! rite 0 "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! prie/1 or 9 ?is case1 z x w\ld seem1 ! p also1 fl$ f ! spot aft] ! sacrifice _h be5 conclud$4 ,z ! slay] ( ! ox at ! ,a!nian ,b\phonia 7:i* curi\sly en\gh took place j at ?is same "t ( ye>7 fl$ z "o guilty ( blood1 s x may possibly h be5 t prie/ & p at ,rome fl$ aft] "s simil> sacrifice1 & = ! same reason#gbd4 ,or x may h be5 t !y fl$ f ! victim z a scapegoat :i* 0 de/9$ to c>ry away f ! city "s pollution or pe/il5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d at ,iguvium 9 ,umbria "s #8ve/igia fugae1' n ( ! p1 inde$1 b ( victims1 at a lu/ratio populi :i* seems to h _h "s object ( ?is k9d#gbe4 ,heif]s 7 put to flight1 !n caught & kill$1 app>5tly 9 ord] to c>ry (f evils f ! city#gbf1 z well z to repres5t & secure ! defeat ( its enemies4 ,su* p]=mances seem especially apt to occur at sickly seasons#gbg2 & z ! unheal?y season began at ,rome 9 ,july#gbh1 x is j possible t ! ,poplifugia 0 a c]emony ( ?is class4 ,,non4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,july #g74 ,n4 ,?is day does n appe> z a fe/ival 9 ! old cal5d>s2 b ! late "o ( ,silvius#gbi notes x z ,ancill>um ,f]iae1 or ,fea/ ( ,h&maids1 & adds ! explanatory /ory :i* is f\nd also 9 ,plut>* & ,macrobius#gcj4 ,! victori\s ,fid5ates hav+ dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ! wives ( ! ,romans1 ! latt] made ov] to !m _! ancillae1 dress$ 9 _! mi/resses' robes1 by ! advice ( a c]ta9 ,philotis1 or ,tutula#gca1 "o ( ! h&maids4 ,ausonius alludes to ! cu/om t gave rise to ! /ory3 ,fe/a ,caprot9is memorabo celebria ,nonis ,cum /ola matronis dempta teget famulas#gcb4 ,plut>* also tells u t on ?is day ! ancillae n only wore ! matron's dress1 b _h lic5se = :at may be describ$ z a game ( romps2 !y beat ea* o!r1 ?rew /ones at ea* o!r1 & sc(f$ at ! pass]s by#gcc4 ,?is la/ po9t supplies u ) a possible clue bo? to ! orig9 ( ! cu/om & ! explanatory leg5d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t cu/oms at h>ve/-"t us$ to be1 & /ill is 9 "s places1 = ! h>ve/]s to mock at1 & ev5 to use r\ghly1 any /rang] :o appe>s on ! field2 frequ5tly he is ti$ up ) /raw1 ev5 by ! wom5 b9d+ ! %eaves1 & only releas$ on promise ( money1 br&y1 c42 or he is duck$ 9 wat]1 or half-buri$1 or 9 pret5ce behead$#gcd4 ,! /rang] 9 su* cases is expla9$ z repres5t+ ! _s ( ! corn2 ! examples collect$ by ,mannh>dt & ,mr4 ,fraz] seem fairly conclusive on ?is po9t#gce4 ,! we>+ ( ! matron's dress also seems to be a comb9ation ( ! famili> practices ( ! w9t] ,saturnalia ) h>ve/ cu/oms1 :i* 9 v>i\s =ms is by no means uncommon#gcf1 ?\gh ,i h n f\nd a case ( ex*ange ( dress aft] h>ve/4 ,?us x w\ld seem possible t we h "h a relic ( ,italian h>ve/-cu/om2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! /atem5t ( ,t]tullian t !re 0 on ?is day a sacrifice to ! h>ve/-god ,consus#gcg1 at 8 und]gr\nd alt> 9 ! ,circus ,maximus1 ( :i* we %all h m to say "u ,aug4 #ba 7,consualia74 ,x is wor? not+ "h t j z ! leg5d ( ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es 0 connect$ ) ! ,consualia#gch1 s ! analog\s /ory ( ! dem& ( ! ,fid5ates = ,roman wom5 is associat$ ) ! ,ancill>um ,f]iae1 & ! day ( ! sacrifice to ,consus4 ,?is n only s]ves to connect toge!r ! two days ( ,consus-wor%ip1 b sugge/s t h>ve/ 0 a fav\rable opportunity = ! practice ( captur+ wives 9 primitive ,italy1 :5 ! wom5 7 out 9 ! fields1 & might be c>ri$ (f by a sudd5 incursion4 ,?is day 0 also kn[n z ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 because ! wom51 presumably ^? :o _h be5 help+ at ! h>ve/1 bo? bond & free#gci1 sacrific$ to ,juno ,caprot9a "u a wild fig-tree 7caprificus7 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius#gdj4 ,juno ,caprot9a 0 a ,lat9 goddess1 ( great r5[n at ,fal]ii#gda1 :]e ! goat f :i* %e took h] "n appe>s 9 ! leg5d ( h] cult4 ,! "* ( ,juno z ! repres5tative ( ! female pr9ciple ( human life#gdb suits well en\gh ) ! prom95ce ( wom5 bo? 9 ! cu/oms & leg5ds connect$ ) ! day2 & ! fig-tree ) its milky juice1 :i* 0 us$1 accord+ to ,macrobius1 9 ! sacrifice to ,juno in/ead ( milk1 has also its significance#gdc4 ,v>ro adds t a rod 7virga7 0 also cut f ?is tree#gdd1 )\t tell+ u = :at purpose x 0 us$2 & x has be5 +5i\sly conjectur$ t x 0 ) ?is t ! h&maids beat ea* o!r z ,plut>* describes1 to produce f]tility1 j z at ! ,lup]calia ! wom5 7 beat5 ) /rips cut f ! sk9s ( ! victims 7amiculum ,junonis74 ,b ?is is m]e conjecture1 & ,v>ro's /atem5t is too indef9ite to be press$#gde4 ,,viii ,,id4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,july #h74 ,n4 #8,piso ait vitulam victoriam nom9>i1 cuius rei hoc argum5tum pr(]t1 quod po/ridio nonas ,iulias re b5e ge/a1 cum pridie populus a ,tuscis 9 fugam v]sus sit 7unde ,populifugia vocantur71 po/ victoriam c]tis sacrificiis fiat vitulatio#gdf4' ,i mu/ be cont5t ) quot+ ?is passage1 & )\t comm5t2 x w suffice to %[ t ! mean+ ( ! ^w #8vitulatio' 0 entirely unkn[n to ,roman s*ol>s4 ,:y !y %\ld n h connect$ x ) vitulus ,i "k n3 we may rememb] t 9 ! ,iguvian ritual vituli seem to h p]=m$ ! function ( scapegoats#gdg4 ,if ! vitulatio is 9 any way to be connect$ ) ! ,poplifugia1 z x 0 inde$ 9 ! leg5d z giv5 by ,macrobius above1 x may be wor? :ile to rememb] t t day is m>k$ 9 "o cal5d> z #8f]iae ,iovi1' & t ! vitulus 7heif]7 0 ! special victim ( ,jupit]#gdh4 ,,prid4 ,,non4 ,,qu9ct4--,,iii ,,id4 ,,qu9ct4 7,,july #f-ac74 ,,ludi ,,apoll9>es4 ,all ^! days are m>k$ #8ludi' 9 ,maff4 ,amit4 ,ant42 ! #f? #8ludi ,apollini1' & ! #ac? #8ludi 9 circo4' ,^! games#gdi 7 in/itut$ 9 #bab ,b4,c41 = a s+le occasion only1 at ! mo/ dang]\s p]iod ( ! w> ) ,hannibal1 :5 he _h tak5 ,t>5tum & invad$ ,campania4 ,rec\rse 0 _h to ! ,sibyll9e books & to ! ,italian oracles ( ,m>cius1 & ! latt] answ]$ z foll[s#gej3 #8,ho/es ,romani si expell]e voltis1 vomicamque quae g5tium v5it longe1 ,apoll9i vov5dos c5seo ludos1 qui quotannis ,apoll9i fiant1' c4 ,! games 7 held1 z we may suppose1 on ! analogy ( ! ludi plebeii1 orig9ally on ! #ac? day ( ! mon?#gea1 & 71 9 c\rse ( "t1 ext5d$ backw>ds till 9 ! ,julian cal5d> we f9d !m la/+ f ! #f? to ! #ac?4 ,!y _h a ,greek "* f ! fir/2 !y 7 sup]9t5d$ by ! ,decemviri sacris faciundis1 :o consult$ ! ,sibyll9e books & organiz$ ! ritual ( =eign cults2 & !y includ$ sc5ic %[s1 aft] ! ,greek fa%ion1 z well z *>iot races#geb4 ,x 0 matt] ( dispute :e!r 9 ?is ye>1 #bab1 ,apollo 0 expect$ to %[ 8 fav\r to ,rome z a conqu]or ( h] foe or z an av]t] ( pe/il5ce 9 ! summ] heats2 bo? functions 7 )9 8 range4 ,b 9 #bjh we are told t ! ludi 7 r5ew$ by a lex1 made p]man5t1 & fix$ = ,july #ac 9 consequ5ce ( a pe/il5ce#gec2 & we may fairly assume t ?is 01 9 "p at lea/1 ! cause ( _! in/itution f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,:at little we "k ( ! traditions ( ,apollo-wor%ip at ,rome po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,8 olde/ temple 9 ! ,flam9ian fields1 :]e1 accord+ to ,livy1 a /ill m anci5t %r9e once /ood#ged1 0 v[$ 9 #dcb ,b4,c4 9 consequ5ce ( a pe/il5ce2 & ! god _h also ! cult-title ,m$icus#gee4 ,! next occasion on :i* we meet ) ! cult is t ( ! fir/ in/itution ( a lecti/]nium 9 #cig ,b4,c41 ,livy's acc\nt ( :i* is wor? cond5s+#gef4 ,t ye> 0 rem>kable = an extremely cold w9t]1 :i* 0 foll[$ by an equally unheal?y summ]1 de/ructive to all k9ds ( animals4 ,z ! cause ( ?is pe/il5ce c\ld n be discov]$1 ! ,sibyll9e books 7 consult$2 ! result ( :i* 0 ! introduction ( a lecti/]nium1 at :i* ?ree c\*es 7 laid out ) great magnific5ce1 on :i* repos$ ,apollo & ,latona1 ,diana & ,h]cules1 ,m]curius & ,neptunus1 ^: fav\r ! p bes\ght = eight days4 ,! cult ( ,apollo1 ?\gh ?us introduc$ 9 its full magnific5ce at ,rome 9 hi/orical times1 01 #8s old 9 ,italy z almo/ to give ! impression ( be+ indig5\s#geg4' ,tradition ascrib$ to ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus ! introduction f ,cumae ( ! ,sibyll9e oracles1 :i* 7 intimately connect$ ) ,apollo-wor%ip2 & t ,etruscan k+ may well h be5 famili> ) ! ,greek god1 :o 0 well kn[n 9 ,etruria z ,aplu#geh1 & :o 0 wor%ipp$ at ,ca]e1 ! home ( ! ,t>qu9ian family1 :i* city _h a #8treasury' at ,delphi#gei4 ,! ,romans !mselves1 accord+ to a tradition :i* is by no means improbable1 _h v e>ly deal+s ) ! ,delphic oracle4 ,x does n seem c]ta9 t ,apollo displac$ any o!r deity :5 transplant$ to ,rome4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! obscure ,veiovis became clo!d ) "s ( ,apollo's *>act]i/ics1 b ?is is extremely d\btful#gfj4 ,! my/]i\s deity ( ,soracte1 ,soranus1 is call$ ,apollo by ,virgil#gfa2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n a true displacem5t1 l t1 e4 g41 ( ! anci5t ,c]es by ! *>act]i/ics ( ,demet]1 b m]ely a poetical sub/itution ( a famili> "n = an unfamili> "o :i* 0 unque/ionably old ,italian4 ,x does n seem probable t 9 ! ,republican p]iod ! cult ( ,apollo _h any special influ5ce1 ei!r religi\s or e?ical1 = ! ,roman p g5]ally4 ,x 0 a prie/ly exp]im5t--a new physician 0 call$ 9 at p]il\s times1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! ,roman olig>*y1 ei!r to give advice by 8 oracles1 or to receive hon\rs = 8 b5efits z 4 ,x is 9 ! age ( ,augu/us t ! cult beg9s to be important2 ! family ( ! ,caes>s 0 said to h _h an anci5t connexion ) x#gfb1 & aft] ! victory at ,actium1 :]e a temple ( ,apollo /ood on ! promontory1 ,augu/us n only enl>g$ & adorn$ ?is "o1 b built ano!r on ! ,palat9e1 ne> 8 own h\se1 to ,apollo ,palat9us4 ,b = ! #8,apoll9ism' ( ,augu/us1 & = ! important "p play$ by ! god 9 ! ludi saecul>es ( ,b4,c4 #ag1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to o!r works#gfc4 ,,xiv ,,kal4 ,,sext4 7,,july #ai74 ,,np4 ,,luc>,,ia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,,xii ,,kal4 ,,sext4 7,,july #ba74 ,,np4 ,,luc>,,ia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,"h1 z 9 ! next two fe/ivals we h to consid]1 we are b #8dipp+ buckets into empty wells4' ,! ritual1 & !re=e ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is fe/ival1 is :olly lo/ to u1 z inde$ x 0 to ! ,romans ( ,v>ro's "t4 ,v>ro1 9 8 li/ ( fe/ivals1 does n ev5 m5tion ?is "o2 b x is possible t "s words h "h dropp$ out ( 8 text#gfd4 ,! only light we h comes at second-h& f ,v]rius ,flaccus#gfe4 #8,luc>ia fe/a 9 luco colebant ,romani1 qui p]magnus int] viam ,sal>iam et ,tib]im fuit1 pro eo1 quod victi a ,gallis fugi5tes#gff e praelio ibi se occultav]9t4' ,?is passage rem9ds u ( ! /ory explanatory ( ! ,poplifugia1 & might sugge/1 z 9 t case1 an expiatory sacrifice & flight ( ! p f a scapegoat de/9$ to c>ry away disease4 ,b "h we "k ( no ve/igia fugae 9 ! cult1 su* z ,v>ro tells u 7 app>5t at ! ,poplifugia4 ,! only possible guess we c make mu/ re/ on ! "n itself1 tak5 toge!r ) :at ,fe/us tells u ( ! great wood once exi/+ betwe5 ! ,via ,sal>ia & ! ,tib]1 9 :i* ! fe/ival 0 held--a wood :i* no d\bt occupi$ ! ,p9cian hill1 & ! region aft]w>ds laid out 9 g>d5s by ,lucullus1 ,pompeius1 & ,sallu/ ! hi/orian4 ,luc>ia is =m$ f luc> z ,lemuria f lemur2 & luc>1 ?\gh 9 lat] times x meant #8! sum disburs$ f ! a]>ium = ! games#gfg1' drawn probably f ! receipts ( ! sacr$ groves1 may also at "o "t itself h meant a grove4 ,an inscription f ! ,lat9 colony ( ,luc]ia %[s u luc> 9 ?is s5se#gfh3 ,,9 ,,hoce ,,luc>id ,,/ircus ,,ne ,,is ,,fundatid1 c4 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! great importance ( woods1 or r ( cle>+s 9 !m1 9 ! anci5t ,italian religion4 #8,nemus & lucus1' says ,prell]#gfi1 #8l s _m o!r words1 rem9d u ( ! old ,italian life ( woodl& & cle>+4 ,nemus is a pa/urage1 lucus a 8light0 or cle>+#ggj1 9 ! =e/1 :]e m5 settl$ & imm$iately began to look to ! int]e/s ( ! spirits ( ! woodl&1 & especially ( ,silvanus1 :o is at once ! god ( ! wild life ( ! woodl& & ( ! settl] 9 ! =e/--! backwoodsman4' ,! woods left /&+ z civilization & agriculture advanc$ cont9u$ to be ! abodes ( num9a1 n only ( ! great ,jupit]1 :o1 z we %all see1 0 wor%ipp$ 9 groves all ov] ,italy#gga1 & ( ,diana1 :o at ,aricia bore ! title ( ,nemor5sis1 b ( innum]able spirits ( ! old wor%ip1 ,fauni1 ,silvani1 & o!r manife/ations ( ! idea mo/ def9itely conceiv$ 9 ! great god ,m>s#ggb4 ,b m5 c\ld n ( c\rse "k = c]ta9 :at spirits dwelt 9 a wood1 ^: ang] might be r\s$ by intrusion or tree-fell+2 & old ,cato1 among 8 _m prescriptions1 mat]ial & religi\s1 gives "o 9 ! =m ( an invocation to su* unkn[n deities if an intrusion _h to be made4 ,x is wor? quot+1 & runs z foll[s#ggc3 #8,lucum conluc>e ,romano m sic oportet4 ,porco piaculo facito4 ,sic v]ba concipito3 ,si ,deus1 si ,dea es1 quoium illud sacrum e/1 uti tibi ius siet porco piaculo fac]e1 illiusce sacri co]c5di ergo4 ,h>umce r]um ergo1 sive ego1 sive quis iussu meo fec]it1 uti id recte factum siet4 ,eius rei ergo te hoc porco piaculo immol&o bonas preces precor1 uti sies vol5s propitius mihi1 domo familiaeque meae1 lib]isque meis4 ,h>umce r]um ergo macte hoc porco piaculo immol&o e/o4' ,apply+ ^! facts to ! problem ( ! ,luc>ia1 ?\gh necess>ily ) hesitation1 & rememb]+ ! position ( ! wood & ! date ( ! fe/ival1 we may p]haps arrive at ! foll[+ conclusion2 t ?is 0 a propitiatory wor%ip (f]$ to ! deities inhabit+ ! woods :i* bord]$ on ! cultivat$ ,roman ag]4 ,! "t :5 ! corn 0 be+ ga!r$ 91 & ! m5 & wom5 7 9 ! fields1 w\ld be by no means unsuitable = su* propitiation4 ,x ne$ n h be5 address$ to any special deity1 any m ?an t ( ,cato1 or z ,i believe1 ! ritual ( ! ,lup]calia#ggd2 x belong$ to ! mo/ primitive ( ,roman rites1 & p>tly = t reason1 p>tly also f ! absorption ( l& by l>ge private own]s#gge1 x fell into desuetude4 ,! grove ( ! ,fratres ,arvales & ! decay ( _! cult 7also address$ to a nameless deity7 (f]s an analogy on ! o!r side ( ,rome1 t[>ds ,o/ia4 ,su* a hypo!sis seems n unreasonable1 ?\gh x is bas$ r on g5]al ?an p>ticul> evid5ce4 ,x is at any rate bett] ?an ! wild guess+ ( "o ,g]man inquir]1 :o is always at home :5 !re is no in=mation4 ,hus*ke#ggf believes t ! words ,luc>ia & ,luc]es 7! anci5t ,roman tribe-"n7 are bo? d]iv$ f lucus because ! ,luc>ia take place 9 ,july1 :i* is ! auspication-mon? ( ! ,luc]es4 ,& !re are two days ( ?is fe/ival1 because ! ,luc]es ow$ protection bo? to ! ,romani & ,quirites 7,rhamnes & ,tities7 & !re=e wor%ipp$ bo? ,janus & ,quir9us4 ,x ,,kal4 ,,sext4 7,,july #bc74 ,,np4 ,,nept,,unalia4 7,,p9c4 ,,maff47 ,,f]iae ,,neptuno4 7,,p9c4 ,,allif47 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,neptunus is a my/]y1 & we le>n h>dly any?+ ab\t him f 8 fe/ival4 ,we "k t x took place 9 ! heat ( summ]1 & t boo?s or huts made ( ! foliage ( trees 7 us$ at x1 to keep ! sun (f ! wor%ipp]s--& t is all#ggg4 ,nei!r ( ^! facts sugge/s a sea-god1 su* z we are accu/om$ to see 9 ,neptune2 yet !y are h>dly /rong en\gh to enable u to build on !m any o!r hypo!sis z to 8 "* or functions4 ,nor does 8 "n help u4 ,?\gh x con/antly appe>s 9 ,etruscan art z ! "n ( a god :o has ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,greek ,poseidon1 x is said n to be ( g5u9e ,etruscan orig9#ggh4 ,if ?is be s1 ! ,etruscans mu/ h borr[$ x f "s p :o already us$ x ( a sea-god :5 ! loan 0 made2 b "o does n see :y ?is great seaf>+ p %\ld h gone outside ! language ( _! own religion = a "n = _! deity ( ! sea4 ,9 ! anci5t cult-=mulae pres]v$ by ,gellius#ggi1 ,neptunus is c\pl$ ) a female "n ,salacia2 & ( ?is ,v>ro writes #8,salacia ,neptuni a salo'--an etymology no d\bt sugge/$ by ! lat] id5tification ( ,neptunus ) ,poseidon4 ,salacia is 9 my op9ion r to be ref]r$ to salax 7#8lu/ful1' c471 &1 l ,n]io ,m>tis#ghj1 to be tak5 z indicat+ ! virile =ce ( ,neptunus z ! div9e prog5itor ( a /ock#gha4 ,?is seems to be confirm$ by ! fact t ?is god 0 kn[n z ,neptunus pat]1 l ,m>s1 ,janus1 ,saturnus1 & ,jupit] himself#ghb2 all ( :om are associat$ 9 cult or leg5d ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,lat9 /ocks4 ,:5 ,neptunus fir/ meets u 9 ,roman hi/ory1 he has already put on ! attributes ( ! ,greek ,poseidon2 ?is 0 9 ,b4,c4 #cii1 at ! fir/ lecti/]nium1 :]e he is 9 company ) ,apollo & ,latona1 ,diana & ,h]cules1 & is specially c\pl$ ) ,m]curius 7 ,h]mes7#ghc4 ,:at *>act]i/ics ( 8 sugge/$ ! id5tification1 ei!r "h or 9 ,etruria1 we _c tell4 ,we f9d no trace ( any evid5ce connect+ him ) ! sea2 & ! c\pl+ ) ,h]mes ne$ mean no m ?an t bo? ?is god & ,poseidon f\nd _! way to ,rome ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,greek trade4 ,x has rec5tly be5 conjectur$#ghd t ! object ( bo? ! ,luc>ia & ,neptunalia 0 to av]t ! heat & dr\ght ( ,july1 & to propitiate ! deities ( wat] & spr+s1 ( :om ,neptunus 7judg+ f 8 id5tification ) ,poseidon7 may possibly h be5 "o2 b ?is is no m ?an a vague guess1 :i* its au?or only puts =w>d #8) all res]ve4' ,,viii ,,kal4 ,,sext4 7,,july #be74 ,,np4 ,,furr,,inalia4 7,,p9c4 ,,allif4 ,,maff47 ,,f]iae ,,furr9ae 7,,p9c4 ,,allif47 ,x seems to be ! lesson ( ! fe/ivals ( ,july t !re 0 an e>ly /age ( ! ,roman religion :i* _h lo/ all mean+ = ! ,romans !mselves :5 !y began to inquire into ! hi/ory ( _! own religion4 ,( ?is la/ fe/ival ( ! mon? we "k no s+le item 9 ! cult1 & !re=e h no?+ sub/antial to guide u4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ev5 ,v>ro & ,v]rius ,flaccus#ghe knew no?+ ( ! fe/ival b its "n z x /ood 9 ! cal5d>4 ,nor did !y "k any?+ ( ! goddess ,furr9a or ,fur9a4 ,v>ro is explicit2 he says t %e 0 celebrat$ #8apud antiquos1' = !y gave h] an annual fe/ival & a flam51 b t 9 8 day !re 7 h>dly a doz5 ,romans :o knew ei!r h] "n or any?+ ab\t h]4 ,v>ro is no d\bt "r 9 argu+ f ! fe/ival & ! flam5 to ! anci5t hon\r 9 :i* %e 0 held2 & ^! facts also t5d to prove t %e 0 a s+le deity1 & q di/9ct f ! ,furiae ) :om ! lat] ,romans z well z ! ,greeks naturally conf\nd$ h]--an inf]5ce :i* is confirm$ by ! long u indicat$ by ! d\ble r 9 ! cal5d>s#ghf4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ b ! etymology to tell u any?+ ab\t ! goddess1 & f ?is s\rce we _c expect to le>n any?+ c]ta94 ,prell] plausibly sugge/$ a connexion ) fur1 furvus1 & fuscus1 f a root mean+ d>k or secret2 & if ?is 7 correct %e might be a deity ( ! "u-_w or ( ! d>kness4 ,b*el] 9 8 ,umbrica#ghg sugge/$ a comp>ison ) ! ,umbrian furf>e febru>e 7#8to purify'71 :i* w at lea/ s]ve to %[ ! difficulty ( bas+ conclusions on etymological reason+4 ,jordan conjectur$ t ! fe/ival _h to d ) ! av]t+ ( dang]\s summ] heat#ghh--;a conclusion t is natural en\gh1 b does n seem to re/ on any evid5ce b its date4 ,la/ly1 ,hus*ke#ghi1 aga9 9 8 elem5t1 boldly ass]ts t ! ,furr9alia s]v$ to appease ! deities ( rev5ge :o hail$ f ! black region ( ,v$iovis--wrongly confus+ ,furr9a & ! ,furiae4 ,x w be q obvi\s f ^! in/ances t x is z hopeless z x is useless to attempt to discov] ! nature ( ei!r goddess or fe/ival by means ( etymological reason+4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,bk4 #dg4 #ah4 ,we owe ! ref]5ce to ,m]kel1 ,praef4 9 ,ovidii ,fa/os1 clix4 ,footnote #gji3 ,8 real bir?day seems to h be5 ! #ab?1 :i*1 0 already occupi$ by ! ludi ,apoll9>es4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cba 7on ,july #g74 ,footnote #gaa3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4#f4 #ah2 ,m>q4 #cbe4 ,footnote #gab3 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #g4 ,?is anomaly l$ ,hus*ke to ! inadmissible supposition t ?is 0 ! s+le addition made to ! cal5d> ( ,numa 9 ! republican p]iod4 ,he accepts ,v>ro's explanatory /ory1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #gac3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #gad3 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #ecb3 see ,momms5's criticism 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l #cba f4 ,footnote #gae3 ,macrob4 #f4 #aa4 #cf2 ,plut4 ,rom4 #bi1 ,camill4 #cc4 ,see also ,o4 ,mll]'s note on ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ah4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ah4 ,footnote #gag3 ,?is is ,v>ro's acc\nt2 ! ,etruscans are a v>iant 9 ,macrobius1 l4 c4 ,footnote #gah3 ,dionys4 #b4 #ef2 ,plut4 ,rom4 #bi4 ,see ,lewis1 ,cr$ibility ( ,e>ly ,roman ,hi/ory1 i4 #dcj4 ,footnote #gai3 ,introduction1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,cic4 de ,rep4 #a4 #af2 ,plut4 ,rom4 #bg4 ,footnote #gba3 ,liv4 #a4 #af #8,ad ex]citum rec5s5dum4' ,lu/ratio came to be ! ^w = a review ( troops because ?is 0 prec$$ by a religi\s lu/ratio populi4 ,footnote #gbb3 e4 g4 ,gilb]t1 i4 #bij2 ,m>q4 #cbe4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ah4 ,details h vani%$ ) ! great "w "h quot$1 ! ,antiquitates div9ae4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,s*wegl] sugge/$ ! p>allel1 i4 #ecd1 note #bj4 ,= ! ,b\phonia see especially ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #fh4 ,= o!r su* rites1 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 #fgi1 #fhj4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #aad4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,! idea ( ! scapegoat 0 c]ta9ly n unkn[n 9 ,italy2 ,b*el] quotes ,s]v4 7,a54 #b4 #adj7 #8,ludos ,taureos a ,sab9is propt] pe/il5tiam in/itutos dicunt1 ut lues publica 9 has ho/ias v]t]etur4' ,see on ! ,regifugium1 bel[1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,see examples 9 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #afj foll4 ,! "o f ! ,key ,isl&s is int]e/+ z includ+ a flight ( ! p4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,niss51 ,l&eskunde1 #djf4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,macrob4 #a4 #aa4 #cf2 ,plut4 ,camill4 #cc4 ,footnote #gca3 ,aug4 de ,civ4 ,dei1 #d4 #h4 ,footnote #gcb3 de ,f]iis1 #i4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,! la/ po9t is 9 ,camill4 #cc-f3 cp4 ,rom4 #bi4 #f4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,! be>+ ( ^! cu/oms on ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 & on ! ,greek /ory ( ,lity]ses1 0 sugge/$ by ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #cb4 ,mr4 ,fraz] gives a useful collection ( examples1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cfc foll4 ,! cu/om survives 9 ,d]by%ire 7s ,i am told by ,mr4 ,s4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,s*ol> ( ,l9coln ,college71 b only 9 ! =m ( mak+ ! /rang] #8pay 8 foot+4' ,footnote #gce3 ,g4 ,b4 i4 #cha4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,x 0 ! cu/om1 says ,macrobius 7i4 #aj7 #8ut patres famili>um1 frugibus et fructibus iam coactis1 passim cum s]vis vesc]5tur1 cum quibus pati5tiam laboris 9 col5do rure tol]av]ant4' ,! old ,engli% h>ve/- or mell-supp]1 _h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,saturnalia 7,br&1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ccg foll474 ,footnote #gcg3 ,t]tullian1 de ,spect4 #e4 ,footnote #gch3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #gci3 ,?is po9t--! union ( free- & bond-wom5 9 ! sacrifice--seems to prove t ,nonae ,caprot9ae & ancill>um f]iae 7 only two names = ! same ?+4 ,macrobius connects ! leg5d ( ! latt] ) ! rite ( ! =m] 7i4 ,,ii4 #cf74 ,footnote #gdj3 ,plut4 ,rom4 #bi4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ah writes #89 ,latio4' ,footnote #gda3 ,deecke1 ,die ,falisk]1 #hi2 ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,juno1 p4 #eii4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,see above1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,"o naturally comp>es ! ficus ,rum9alis & ! f\ndation-leg5d ( ,rome4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,x is curi\s t ! practice 9 husb&ry call$ caprificatio1 or ! introduction ( bran*es ( ! wild tree among ^? ( ! cultivat$ fig to make x rip5 7,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #ae4 #gi2 ,colum4 ,,ii4 #b7 took place 9 ,july2 & x /rikes me z j possible t !re may h be5 a connexion betwe5 x & ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae4 ,footnote #gde3 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 l4 c4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,macrob4 #c4 #b4 #aa & #ad4 ,macrobius also quotes ,v>ro 9 ! #ae? book ( 8 ,res ,div9ae #8,quod pontifex 9 sacris quibusdam vitul>i soleat1 quod ,graeci vocant4' ,p]haps we may comp>e visc]atio3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #e4 #bae4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,above1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,m>q4 #agj4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,see ,m>q4 #chd1 & ,lex4 s4 v4 ,apollo #ddg4 ,footnote #gej3 ,liv4 #be4 #ab4 ,footnote #gea3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,livy 7#bg4 #bc7 h a4d4 iii ,nonas1 no d\bt 9 error = a4d iii ,idus4 ,m]kel1 ,praef4 xxviii42 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cba4 ,footnote #geb3 ,liv4 #be4 #ab2 #bf4 #cc2 ,fe/us1 #cbf2 ,cie4 ,brutus1 #bj1 #gh1 :5ce x appe>s t ,ennius produc$ 8 ,?ye/es at ^! ludi4 ,cp4 ! /ory 9 ,macrob4 #a4 #ag4 #be4 ,footnote #gec3 ,liv4 #bg4 #bc4 ,footnote #ged3 ,liv4 #c4 #fc4 ,?is old] %r9e ,livy calls ,apoll9>4 ,! temple t foll[$ x 0 ! only ,apollo-temple 9 ,rome till ,augu/us built "o on ! ,palat9e aft] ,actium2 ?is is cle> f ,asconius1 p4 #ha 7ad ,cic4 9 toga c&ida71 quot$ by ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 #g4 ,x 0 outside ! ,porta ,c>m5talis1 ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius4 ,a /ill m anci5t ,apoll9> is assum$ by "s to h exi/$ on ! ,quir9al2 b x re/s on an unc]ta9 em5dation ( ,o4 ,mll] 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #eb4 ,footnote #gee3 ,liv4 #dj4 #ea4 ,! ,romans seem orig9ally to h call$ ! god ,apello1 & connect$ ! "n ) pell]e4 ,paulus1 #bb2 ,macrob4 #a4 #ag4 #ae4 ,footnote #gef3 ,liv4 #e4 #ac4 ,footnote #geg3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,apollo1 #ddf4 ,footnote #geh3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #fi4 ,footnote #gei3 ,/rabo1 p4 #bad2 ,h]odotus1 #a4afg4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,jordan on ,prell]1 i4 #bfe4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,a54 #aa4 #ghe #8,summe deum1 sancti cu/os ,soractis ,apollo1' c4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #aj4 #caf #8,omnes qui secto matris v5tre procreantur1 ideo sunt ,apoll9i consecrati1 quia deus m$ic9ae e/1 p] quam lucem sortiuntur4 ,unde ,aesculapius eius f+itur filius3 ita enim eum esse procreatum supra 7#g4 #gfa7 diximus4 ,caes>um etiam familia ideo sacra ret9ebat ,apoll9is1 quia qui primus de eorum familia fuit1 exsecto matris v5tre natus e/4 ,unde etiam ,caes> dictus e/4' ,footnote #gfc3 ,a concise acc\nt by ,ros*]1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,apollo #ddh2 ,boissi]1 ,religion ,roma9e1 i4 #if foll42 ,g>d?aus51 ,augu/us1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hgc4 ,= ! ludi saecul>es see especially ,momms5's edition ( ! great b mutilat$ inscription rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius 7,eph4 ,epigr4 viii4 #a foll472 ,diels1 ,sibyll94 ,bltt]1 p4 #aji foll42 & ! ,c>m5 ,saecul>e ( ,horace1 ) ! comm5t>ies ( ,orelli & ,wickham4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ah f94 & #ai init4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,fe/us1 #aai4 s4 v4 ,luc>ia4 ,footnote #gff3 ,! battle ( ! ,allia 0 f\ght on ! #ah?1 ! day be=e ! fir/ ,luc>ia4 ,?is no d\bt sugge/$ ! leg5d connect+ ! two1 especially z ! ,via ,sal>ia1 ne> :i* 0 ! grove ( ! fe/ival1 cross$ ! battle-field "s t5 miles nor? ( ,rome4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,see ,fri$lnd] 9 ,m>q4 #dhg2 ,plut>*1 ,q4 ,r4 #hh4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,momms5 9 ,ephem]is ,epigraphica1 ii4 #bje4 ,footnote #gfi3 i4 ,,iii2 ,liv4 #bd4 #c2 ,cato1 ap4 ,priscian1 #fbi4 ,mu* useful matt] be>+ on luci z us$ = b\nd>ies1 asyla1 m>kets1 c41 w be f\nd 9 ,rudorff1 ,gromatici ,vet]es1 ii4 #bfj4 ,footnote #ggj3 #8,light' is n uncommon 9 ,engl& = a #8ride' or cle>+ 9 a wood4 ,footnote #gga3 ,bel[1 pp4 #bbb1 & #bbh4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,on ! :ole subject ( ! religi\s ideas aris+ f ! fir/ cultivation ( l& 9 a wild di/rict ,i "k no?+ m in/ructive ?an ,rob]tson ,smi?'s rem>ks 9 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lecture iii42 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t !y ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( ,m>s & k9dr$ num9a4 ,! mo/ anci5t settlem5ts 9 c5tral ,italy are n[ f\nd to be on ! tops ( hills1 probably once =e/-clad 7see ,von ,duhn's pap] on rec5t excavations1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 #ahif1 p4 #abe74 ,= a curi\s survival ( ! feel+ ab\t woods & hill-tops 9 ,b5gal1 see ,crooke1 ,religion1 c41 9 ,india1 ii4 #hg4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,r4 ,r4 #aci4 ,= piacula ( ?is k9d see also ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 #acf foll42 ,m>q4 #def4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #gge3 ,see a passage 9 ,front9us 7,grom4 ,vet4 #a4 #ef3 cp4 #b4 #bfc74 ,footnote #ggf3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 p4 #bba1 & note #ha on p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,fe/us1 #cgg #8,umbrae vocantur ,neptunalibus casae frondeae pro tab]naculis4' ,wiss[a 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,neptunus1 #bjb7 comp>es ! ( ! ,sp>tan ,c>neia 7also 9 ! heat ( summ]71 describ$ 9 ,a!naeus1 #d4 #ada ,f4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #ed1 ) ,deecke's note #ea b4 ,! ,etruscan =ms are ,ne?unus & ,ne?uns4 ,! =m ( ! ^w is adjectival l ,portunus1 c42 b :at is ! etymology ( ! fir/ syllable8 ,we are rem9d$ ( c\rse ( ,nepe or ,nepete1 an inl& t[n ne> ,fal]ii2 & to ?is di/rict ! cult seems specially to h belong$4 ,messapus1 #8,neptunia proles1' leads ! ,falisci & o!rs to w> 9 ,virg4 ,a54 #g4 #fia1 & ,halesus1 ,neptuni filius1 0 eponym\s h]o ( ,fal]ii 7,deecke1 ,falisk]1 #ajc74 ,!re is no kn[n connexion ( ,neptunus ) any coa/ t[n4 ,footnote #ggi3 #ac4 #bc4 #b3 cp4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #gb4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,see above1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #gha3 ,cp4 ,s]v4 ,a54 #e4 #gbd #87,v5us7 dicitur et ,salacia1 quae proprie m]etricum dea appellata e/ a vet]ibus4' ,footnote #ghb3 ,gell4 #e4 #ab2 ,h5z51 ,act4 ,fratr4 ,arv4 #abd4 ,wiss[a1 9 8 article #8,neptunus1' goes too f>1 z x seems to me1 :5 he ass]ts t ! #8pat]' belong$ to all deities ( ! olde/ religion4 ,see bel[1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,liv4 #e4 #ac4 #f2 ,dionys4 #ab4 #i4 ,wiss[a1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,nept4 #bjc1 = 8 fur!r hi/ory z ,poseidon4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 l4 c4 ,i d\bt if mu* c be made ( ! argum5t t ! ,neptunalia on ! #bcrd is necess>ily connect$ ) ! ,luc>ia on ! #ag? & #ai?--i4 e4 ?ree alt]nate days1 l ! ?ree days ( ! ,lemuria 9 ,may4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #hd #8,fur9alis 7flam57 a ,fur9a quoius etiam 9 fa/is ,fur9ales f]iae sunt'3 cp4 #f4 #ai #8,ei sacra in/ituta annua et flam5 attributus3 nunc vix nom5 notum paucis4' ,footnote #ghf3 ,see ,wiss[a's %ort & s5sible note 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,furr9a4 ,= ! confusion ) ,furiae1 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 #c4 #df2 ,plut4 ,c4 ,grac*4 #ag2 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,furiae4 ,jordan1 9 ,prell]1 ii4 #gj1 is d\btful on ! etymological "q4 ,footnote #ghg3 p4 #ga4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,9 ,prell]1 ii4 #aba4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #bba4 ,,m5sis ,,sextilis4 ,augu/ is ) u ! mon? :5 ! corn-h>ve/ is begun2 9 ,italy x is usually complet$ 9 ,july1 & ! f9al h>ve/-fe/ivals1 :5 all ! op]ations ( h\s+1 c41 h be5 br\ght to a close1 w\ld naturally h fall5 = ! primitive ,roman f>m] 9 ! six? mon?4 ,! ,kal5ds ( ,qu9ctilis w\ld be too e>ly a date = notice to be giv5 ( ^!2 "s f>m]s might be beh9dh&1 & s cut (f f p>ticipation4 ,! ,kal5ds ( ,sextilis w\ld d well en\gh2 = by ! ,nones1 be=e :i* no fe/ival c\ld be held1 !re w\ld be a g5]al cessation f lab\r4 ,no o!r agricultural op]ations w\ld !n = a "t be specially incumb5t on ! f>m]#gij4 ,be=e ! ,ides we f9d no great fe/ival 9 ! old cal5d>1 ?\gh ! sacrifice on ! #ab? at ! ara maxima 0 )\t d\bt ( great antiquity4 ,! li/ beg9s ) ! ,portunalia on ! #ag?2 & !n foll[1 ) a day's int]val betwe5 ea*1 ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica1 ,consualia1 ,volcanalia1 ,opeconsivia1 & ,volturnalia4 ,! ,v9alia _h ( c\rse no?+ to d ) h>ve/1 & ! "* ( ! ,portunalia & ,volturnalia is almo/ unkn[n2 b all ! re/ may probably h _h "s relation to ! h>ve/+ & safe-keep+ ( crops1 & ! "o or two scraps ( in=mation we possess ab\t ! ,portunalia be> 9 ! same direction4 ,deities ( fire & wat] seem to be propitiat$ at ?is "t1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! h>ve/ f disa/] by ei!r elem5t4 ,! rites are secret & my/]i\s1 ! places ( wor%ip n famili> temples1 b ! ara maxima1 ! und]gr\nd alt> ( ,consus1 or ! ,regia2 :i* may p]haps acc\nt = ! comp>atively e>ly neglect & decad5ce ( "s ( ^! fea/s4 ,we may also note two o!r po9ts3 fir/1 ! rites ga!r = ! mo/ "p 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,av5t9e1 ! ,circus ,maximus1 & ! bank ( ! ,tib]2 :i* 9 ! e>lie/ days mu/ h be5 ! "p ( ! cultivat$ l& ne>e/ ! city#gia1 or at any rate t "p ( x :]e ! crops 7 /or$4 ,secondly1 !re is a fa9t trace ( comm]ce & connexion betwe5 ,rome & h] neighb\rs--,lat9s & ,sab9es--bo? 9 ! rites & leg5ds ( ?is mon?1 :i* may p]haps po9t to an int]c\rse1 :e!r fri5dly or ho/ile1 br\ght ab\t by ! fre$om & fe/ivities ( h>ve/ "t4 ,,non4 ,,sext4 7,,aug4 #e74 ,f4 7,,np4 ,,ant47 ,,saluti ,,9 ,,colle ,,quir9ale ,,sacrificium ,,publicum4 7,,vall47 ,,saluti ,,9 ,,colle4 7,,amit4 ,,ant47 ,,natalis ,,salutis4 7,,philoc47 ,! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple ( ,salus 0 #cjb ,b4,c41 dur+ ! ,samnite w>s#gib4 ,! cult 0 probably n :olly new4 ,! ,augurium ,salutis1 :i* we "k ?r\gh its revival by ,augu/us1 0 an anci5t religi\s p]=mance at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ye>1 or at ! accession ( new consuls1 :i* involv$1 fir/ ! asc]ta9+ :e!r pray]s w\ld be acceptable to ! gods1 & secondly ! (f]+ ( su* pray]s on an auspici\s day#gic4 ,two v old inscriptions also sugge/ t ! cult 0 well di/ribut$ 9 ,italy at an e>ly p]iod#gid4 ,su* imp]sonations ( ab/ract ideas z ,salus1 ,concordia1 ,pax1 ,spes1 c41 d n belong to ! olde/ /age ( religion1 b 7 no d\bt ( pontifical orig91 i4 e4 belong$ to ! lat] mon>*y or e>ly republic#gie4 ,we ne$ n suppose t !y 7 due to ! importation ( ,greek cults & ideas1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y became ev5tually ov]laid ) ^!4 ,!y 7 g5]at$ by ! same process z ! gods ( ! ,indigitam5ta#gif--;be+ 9 fact an application to ! life ( ! /ate ( t peculi>ly ,roman type ( religi\s ?\ght :i* conceiv$ a di/9ct num5 z presid+ ov] e act & suff]+ ( ! individual4 ,?is aga91 z ,i believe1 9 its product ! ,indigitam5ta1 0 an artificial prie/ly exagg]ation ( a v primitive t5d5cy to see a _w ( nameless spirits surr\nd+ & influ5c+ all human life4 ,! hi/ory ( ! temple is int]e/+#gig4 ,n long aft] its d$ication its walls 7 pa9t$ by ,gaius ,fabius1 consul 9 #bfi ,b4,c41 ^: desc5dants1 among !m ! hi/orian1 bore ! "n ( ,pictor1 9 commemoration ( a feat s s+ul> = a ,roman ( t age#gih4 ,x 0 /ruck by lightn+ no less ?an f\r times1 & burnt d[n 9 ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,livy#gii tells u t 9 #ahj ,b4,c41 by ord] ( ! decemviri a supplicatio 0 held1 9 consequ5ce ( a sev]e pe/il5ce1 9 hon\r ( ,apollo1 ,aesculapius1 & ,salus2 :i* %[s pla9ly t ! goddess 0 already be+ trans=m$ into ! lik5ess ( ! ,greek 1 & associat$ r ) public heal? ?an ) public weal? 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,,vi ,,id4 ,,sext4 7,,aug4 #i74 ,f4 7,,allip47 ,,np4 7,,amit4 ,,maff4 ,,etc47 ,,soli ,,indigiti ,,9 ,,colle ,,quir9ale4 7,,amit4 ,,allif47 ,,sol,,is ,,indigitis ,,9 ,,colle ,,quir9ale ,,sacrificium ,,publicum4 7,,vall47 ,!re 0 an anci5t wor%ip ( ,sol on ! ,quir9al1 :i* 0 believ$ to be ( ,sab9e orig94 ,a ,solis pulv9> close to ! temple ( ,quir9us is m5tion$1 & ! ,g5s ,aurelia 0 said to h _h *>ge ( ! cult#hjj4 ,b ! ,sol ( ,augu/ #i is call$ 9 ! cal5d>s ,sol ,indiges4 ,:at are we to und]/& by ?is ^w1 :i* appe>s 9 ! names ,di ,indigetes1 ,jupit] ,indiges1 or ,indigetes simply8 ,! ,roman s*ol>s !mselves 7 n agre$ on ! po9t2 ! g5]al op9ion 0 t x meant #8( or belong+ to a c]ta9 place1' i4 e4 fix$ !re by orig9 & protect+ x#hja4 ,?is view has also be5 g5]ally adopt$1 on etymological or o!r gr\nds1 by mod]n writ]s1 includ+ ,prell]#hjb4 ,rec5tly a some:at diff]5t explanation has be5 put =w>d 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon1 sugge/$ by ,reiff]s*eid 9 8 lectures at ,breslau4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,indiges 7f indu & root ag 9 ag]e7 0 a deity work+ 9 a p>ticul> act1 bus9ess1 place1 c41 ( m5's activity1 & 9 no o!r2 x is ( pontifical orig91 l its cognate indigitam5ta1 & is !re=e n a survival f ! olde/ religi\s =ms#hjc4 ,! second ( ^! explanations does n seem to help u to und]/& :at 0 meant by ,sol ,indiges2 & its expon5t 9 ! ,lexicon1 9 ord] to expla9 ?is1 falls back on an +5i\s sugge/ion made long ago by ,prell]4 ,9 deal+ ) ,sol ,indiges1 ,prell] expla9$ ,indiges z index1 & conjectur$ t ! "n 0 n giv5 to ,sol until aft] ! eclipse :i* =etold ! dea? ( ,caes>1 comp>+ ! l9es ( ,virgil 7,georg4 #a4 #dfc foll473 ,sol tibi signa dabit4 ,solem quis dic]e falsum ,audeat8 ille etiam caecos in/>e tumultus ,saepe monet1 fraudemque et op]ta tumesc]e bella4 ,ille etiam ex/9cto mis]atus ,caes>e ,romam3 ,cum caput obscura nitidum f]rug9e texit1 ,impiaque aet]nam timu]unt saecula noctem4 ,prell] may be "r2 & if he 71 we %\ld h no fur!r tr\ble 9 ?is case4 ,9 ! pre-,julian cal5d>1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ! ^w ,indiges 0 abs5t4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ! la/ s*ol> :o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has t\*$ ! "q2 b ,wiss[a#hjd1 ) reason z ,i ?9k1 rev]ts to ! fir/ explanation giv5 above ( ! ^w ,indiges 7#8( or belong+ to a c]ta9 place'71 & believes t ! ^w1 :5 add$ to ,sol 9 ! ,julian cal5d>1 0 simply meant to di/+ui% ! real indig5\s ,sun-god f =eign sol> deities4 ,,prid4 ,,id4 ,,sext4 7,,aug4 #ab74 ,c4 ,,h]culi ,,invicto ,,ad ,,circum ,,maxim,,um4 7,,allif4 ,,amit47 ,,h]culi ,,magno ,,cu/odi ,,9 ,,circo ,,flam9,,io 7,,vall47 is g5]ally tak5 z a confusion ) ,june #dhje4 ,?is is ! only day to :i* we c ascribe1 on ! evid5ce ( ! cal5d>s1 ! ye>ly rites ( ! ara maxima1 & ( ! a$es ,h]culis 9 ! ,=um bo>ium4 ,^! two %r9es 7 close toge!r2 ! =m] j at ! entrance ( ! ,circus maximus1 ! latt]1 z has be5 made cle> by a long s]ies ( rese>*es1 a little to ! nor?-ea/ ( x#hjf4 ,we are l$ to suppose t ! two mu/ h be5 closely connect$ 9 ! cult1 ?\gh we are n explicitly in=m$ on ! po9t4 ,! r\nd temple indicates a v anci5t wor%ip1 z 9 ! case ( ! a$es ,ve/ae1 & ! leg5ds confirm ?is4 ,! /ory ( ,h]cules & ,cacus1 ! f\ndation-leg5d ( ! cult1 :atev] be its orig91 %[s a prie/hood ( two anci5t patrician families1 ! ,potitii & ,p9>ii#hjg4 ,appius ,claudius1 ! c5sor ( #cab ,b4,c41 is said to h brib$ ! ,potitii1 ! *ief celebrants1 to h& ov] _! duties to public slaves#hjh2 b 9 ! ye>ly rites1 consi/+ *iefly 9 ! sacrifice ( a heif]1 ^! 7 presid$ ov] by ! praetor urbanus1 ^: connexion ) ! cult is atte/$ by inscriptions#hji4 ,t !re 0 at "o "t a recon/ruction ( ! cult1 especially 9 ! direction ( ,greek usage1 seems inde$ probable2 = ! praetor wore a laurel wrea? & sacrific$ ) 8 head uncov]$ aft] ! ,greek fa%ion#haj4 ,b !re is en\gh ab\t x t 0 g5u9e ,roman to prove t ! f\ndation-leg5d _h "s ( its roots 9 an anci5t cult2 e4 g4 at ! sacr$ meal :i* foll[$ ! previ\s sacrifice 9 ! ev5+1 ! wor%ipp]s did n lie d[n b sat1 z 0 ! mo/ anci5t practice bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy#haa4 ,wom5 7 exclud$1 :i* is 9 keep+ ) ! ,italian conception ( ,h]cules z ,g5ius1 or ! deity ( mascul9e activity#hab4 ,! sacrifice 0 foll[$ by a meal on ! rema9d]1 :i* 0 p]haps an old practice 9 ,italy1 z 9 ,greece4 ,9 ?is feature1 z 9 two o!rs1 we h a v int]e/+ p>allel ) ?is cult1 :i* does n seem to h be5 notic$1 9 ! prescription giv5 by ,cato = ! invocation ( ,m>s on behalf ( ! f>m]'s cattle#hac4 ,aft] prescrib+ ! mat]ial ( ! (f]+ to ,m>s ,silvanus1 he goes on z foll[s3 #8,eam rem div9am vel s]vus1 vel lib] licebit faciat4 ,ubi res div9a facta erit1 /atim ibidem consumito4 ,muli] ad eam rem div9am ne adsit1 neve videat quomodo fiat4 ,hoc votum 9 annos s+ulos1 si voles1 licebit vov]e4' ,"h we h ! eat+ ( ! rema9d]#had1 ! exclusion ( wom51 & ! p>ticipation 9 ! cult by slaves2 ! exclusion ( wom5 is v curi\s 9 ?is case1 & seems to %[ t su* a practice 0 n conf9$ to wor%ips ( a sexual "*4 ,x is also wor? not+ t j z ,cato's =mula invokes ,m>s ,silvanus1 s 9 ,virgil's description ( ! cult ( ! ara maxima#hae1 we f9d "o special feature ( ,m>s-wor%ip1 namely ! pres5ce ( ! ,salii#haf4 ,x is h>dly possible to suppose t ,virgil "h 0 guilty ( a wilful confusion3 is x possible1 !n1 t 9 ?is cult "s =m ( ,m>s is hidd5 beh9d ,h]cules1 & t ! ,h]cules ( ! ara maxima is n ! ,g5ius aft] all1 z mod]n s*ol>s h p]suad$ !mselves8 ,b :at m>ks out ?is curi\s cult m especially f all o!rs is ! practice ( (f]+ on ! ara maxima #8decumae' or ti!s1 ( booty1 comm]cial ga9s1 sudd5 w9dfalls1 & s on#hag4 ,! cu/om seems to be peculi> to ?is cult1 ?\gh x is prov$ by inscriptions ( ,h]cules-cults else:]e 9 ,italy--e4 g4 at ,sora ne> ,arp9um1 at ,reate1 ,tibur1 ,capua & else:]e#hah4 ,b ^! inscriptions1 old z "s ( !m are1 _c prove t ! practice !y atte/ 0 n ultimately d]iv$ f ,rome4 ,at ,rome1 inde$1 !re is no "q ab\t x2 x is abundantly prov$ by lit]>y allusions1 z well z by fragm5ts ( div9e law#hai4 ,0 x an urban survival f an old ,italian rural cu/om1 or 0 x an importation f else:]e8 ,9 fav\r ( ! fir/ ( ^! explanations is ! fact t ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits 0 common1 if n univ]sal1 9 rural ,italy#hbj4 ,!y are n1 inde$1 kn[n to h be5 (f]$ specially to ,h]cules2 b ! date1 ,aug4 #ab1 ( ! sacrifice at ,rome might sugge/ an orig9al (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! ,roman ag]1 be=e ! gr[? ( ! city _h pu%$ agriculture to "s di/ance away4 ,n[ fir/-fruits are ! olde/ =m ( tribute to a god z #8! "l ( ! l&1' develop+ 9 due "t into fix$ ti!s z temple-ritual becomes m elaborate & exp5sive#hba4 ,9 _! primitive =m !y are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n u 9 an app5dix to ! second volume ( 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh#hbb4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible t 9 ?is way ! ,augu/ cult ( ! ara maxima may be connect$ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! ,augu/ fe/ivals2 t ! (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits ( h>ve/ gave way to a regulat$ sy/em ( ti!s#hbc1 ( :i* we f9d a survival 9 ! (f]+s ( ! t5? "p ( _! booty by great g5]als l ,sulla & ,crassus4 ,z ! city grew1 & agriculture became less prom95t ?an milit>y & m]cantile pursuits1 ! practice pass$ into a =m adapt$ to ^!--i4 e4 ! decumae ( milit>y booty or m]cantile ga9#hbd4 ,b !re is ano!r possibility :i* mu/ at lea/ be sugge/$4 ,! my? atta*$ to ! ara maxima & ! ,av5t9e1 t ( ,h]cules & ,cacus1 /&s alone among ,italian /ories1 z ! sy/em ( ti!-giv+ does among ,italian practices4 ,we may be c]ta9 t ! practice did n spr+ f ! my?2 r t an addition 0 made to ! my?1 :5 ,h]cules 0 describ$ z giv+ ! t5? ( 8 booty1 9 ord] to expla9 an unusual practice4 ,yet my? & practice /& 9 ! close/ relation to ea* o!r1 & ! /range ?+ ab\t ea* is t x is unlike its ,italian k9dr$4 ,( late ye>s x has become ! fa%ion to claim ! my? z g5u9e ,italian1 9 spite ( its ,graeco-,ori5tal "*1 on ! evid5ce ( comp>ative my?ology#hbe3 b no explanation is =?com+ ( its unique "* among ,italian my?s1 all ( :i* h a m>k$ practical t5d5cy1 & a relation to "s human in/itution su* z ! f\ndation ( a city4 ,!y are leg5ds ( human be+s & practices3 ?is is an elem5tal my? famili> 9 diff]5t =ms to ! ,ea/]n m9d4 ,aga91 ! ,h]cules ( ! my? has no?+ 9 common ) ! g5u9e ,italian ,h]cules1 :om we may n[ accept z g5ius1 or ! mascul9e pr9ciple--z may be se5 f ! sorry lam5ess ( ! attempt to h>monize ! two#hbf4 ,beyond d\bt !re 0 an ,italian _s or deity to :om ! "n ,h]cules 0 atta*$3 b !re is no ne$ to =ce all ! =ms ( ,h]cules t meet u into exact connexion ) ! g5u9e "o4 ,we h se5 above t ! ,h]cules ( ! ara maxima may possibly h conceal$ ,m>s himself1 9 8 orig9al =m ( a deity ( cattle1 pa/ure1 & cle>+s4 ,b !re is yet ano!r possible explanation ( ?is tangl$ problem4 ,! ,roman =m ( ! ,cacus-my?1 9 :i* ,cacus /eals ! cattle f ,h]cules1 & tries to conceal 8 !ft by dragg+ !m backw>ds into 8 cave by _! tails1 has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,sicily depict$ on a pa9t$ vase1 :i!r1 z ,pr(essor ,g>dn] has sugge/$1 x may h be5 br\ght by way ( ,cyprus by ,pho5ician trad]s#hbg2 & ! inf]5ce ( s cauti\s an ar*aeologi/ is1 app>5tly1 t ! my? may h f\nd its way f ,sicily to ! ,tib]4 ,no?+ c be m probable2 = x is c]ta9 t ev5 be=e ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! :ole we/]n coa/ ( ,italy 0 op5 fir/ to ,pho5ician trade & !n to ,greek4 ,& we are int]e/$ to f9d t ! only o!r traces ( ! my? to be f\nd 9 ,italy are locat$ 9 places :i* w\ld be op5 to ! same influ5ce4 ,f ,capua we h a bronze vase on :i* is depict$ :at seems to be ! puni%m5t ( ,cacus by ,h]cules#hbh2 & a fragm5t ( ! annali/ ,gellius gives a /ory connect+ ,cacus ) ,campania1 ,etruria1 & ! ,ea/#hbi4 ,at ,tibur also1 :i* claim$ a ,greek orig91 !re is a fa9t trace ( ! my? 9 an inscription#hcj4 ,n[ assum+ = a mom5t t ! my? 0 ?us import$1 is x impossible t ! anomalies ( ! cult %\ld be =eign also8 ,t "o ( !m at lea/ :i* /&s out mo/ prom95tly is a peculi>ly ,semitic in/itution2 ti!-giv+ 9 its sy/ematiz$ =m is f\nd 9 ! s]vice ( t ,melc>? :o s (t5 appe>s 9 ,hellas z ,h]akles#hca4 ,! co9cid5ce at ! ,av5t9e ( ! "n1 ! my?1 & ! practice1 is too /rik+ to be entirely pass$ ov]--especially if we _c f9d c]ta9 evid5ce ( a pure ,italian orig91 & if we d f9d traces ( all ?ree :]e ,pho5icians & ,greeks are kn[n to h be54 ,we may take x z n impossible t ! ara maxima 0 old] ?an ! traditional f\ndation ( ,rome1 & t its cult 0 orig9ally n t ( ! *>act]i/ic ,italian ,h]cules1 b ( an adv5titi\s deity e/abli%$ !re by =eign adv5tur]s4 ,,id4 ,,sext4 7,,aug4 #ac74 ,,np4 ,,f],,iae ,,iovi4 7,,amit4 ,,allif47 ,,dianae ,,9 ,,av5t9o4 7,,amit4 ,,vall4 ,,ant4 ,,allif47 ,,sacrum ,,deanae4 7,,ru/47 ,,natalis ,,dianes4 7,,philoc47 ,,vortumno ,,9 ,,av5t9o4 7,,amit4 ,,allif47 ,,h]c,,uli ,,invicto ,,ad ,,portam ,,trigem9am4 7,,allif47 ,,ca/ori ,,polluci ,,9 ,,circo ,,flam9io4 7,,amit4 ,,allif47 ,,florae ,,ad ,c,,ircum ,,maximum4 7,,allif47 ,all ,ides1 z we h se51 7 sacr$ to ,jupit]2 & x does n seem t !re is "h any fur!r significance 9 ! note #8f]iae ,iovi4' ,?\gh !re 0 a conjunction "h ( _m cults1 ?is day 0 be/ kn[n z t ( ! d$ication ( ! temple ( ,diana on ! ,av5t9e1 :i* 0 traditionally ascrib$ to ,s]vius ,tullius4 ,!re are int]e/+ features 9 ?is cult1 & inde$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ?is goddess ?r\gh\t ,latium & ,italy4 ,= ! mo/ fam\s ( all h] cults1 t ( ,aricia#hcb1 ,i ne$ only ref] to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh--! mo/ elaborate & conv9c+ exam9ation ( any anci5t wor%ip t has yet appe>$4 ,( ! goddess 9 g5]al x w be suffici5t to say "h t :atev] be ! etymology ( h] "n or ! e>lie/ conception ( h] nature--& bo? are v f> f c]ta9--%e 0 = ! old ,lat9s second only to ,jupit] ,lati>is 9 ! p[] %e ex]cis$ ( unit+ communities toge!r & s work+ 9 ! cause ( civilization4 ,?is 0 ! ease ) ! cult on ! ,av5t9e1 z x 0 also ) t at ,aricia#hcc4 ,ab\t ! political orig9 ( ! temple on ! ,av5t9e tradition 0 explicit#hcd4 ,livy says t ,s]vius ,tullius p]suad$ ! *iefs ( ! ,lat9s to build a temple ( ,diana 9 conjunction ) ! ,romans2 & ,v>ro calls x #8commune ,lat9orum ,dianae templum4' ,! #8lex templi1' or ord9ance = ! common wor%ip ( ,romans & ,lat9s1 0 se5 by ,dionysius--s he decl>es--writt5 9 ,greek *>act]s & pres]v$ 9 ! temple#hce4 ,! horns ( a c[#hcf1 hung up 9 front ( ?is temple1 gave rise to leg5ds1 "o ( :i* is pres]v$ by ,livy1 & seems to br+ ! ,sab9es also into ! connexion4 ,?is temple 01 !n1 f ! beg9n+ 9 "s s5se extra-,roman1 i4 e4 did n belong to ! purely ,roman g5tile wor%ip4 ,& x _h o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! same k9d2 x 0 specially connect$ ) ! ,plebs & ) slaves1 & z1 9 ! case ( ! neighb\r+ temple at ,c]es1 !re 0 a ,greek "* 9 ! cult f ! beg9n+4 ,i4 ,! ,connexion ) ! ,plebs4 ,! position on ! ,av5t9e w\ld ( itself be "s evid5ce ( a non-patrician orig92 s also ! traditional ascription to ,s]vius ,tullius z ! f\nd]4 ,m direct evid5ce seems want+#hcg1 b x is n impossible t ! temple m>ks a settlem5t ( ,lat9s 9 ?is "p ( ! city4 ,,ii4 ,! ,connexion ) ,slaves4 ,! day 0 a holiday = slaves#hch1 p]haps aft] ! "w ( h>ve/4 ,!re 0 "o o!r ,lat9 goddess1 ,f]onia1 :o 0 especially belov$ by emancipat$ slaves#hci2 & z ,f]onia 0 a deity bo? ( m>kets & h>ve/s1 !re is some?+ to be said = ! sugge/ion#hdj t bo? slave holidays & slave emancipation w\ld f9d a natural place on occasions ( ?is k9d4 ,x w\ld seem also t ?is temple 0 an asylum = runaway or crim9al slaves--a fact :i* slips out 9 ,fe/us' curi\s reproduction ( a gloss ( ,v]rius ,flaccus#hda3 #8,s]vorum dies fe/us vulgo exi/imatur ,idus ,aug41 quod eo die ,s]vius ,tullius1 natus s]vus1 a$em ,dianae d$icav]it 9 ,av5t9o1 cuius tutelae s9t c]vi1 a quo cel]itate fugitivos voc5t s]vos4' ,! /ag1 z ! fav\rite bea/ ( ,diana1 may p]haps h a ,greek orig92 b ! inf]5ce f ! false etymology rema9s ! same4 ,,iii4 ,! ,greek ,"* 9 ! ,cult4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,c]es1 ! temple-f\ndations ( ?is age might naturally h a ,greek "*1 ow+ to ! =eign relations ( ! ,etruscan dyna/y 9 ,rome#hdb4 ,we h already notic$ ! lex templi1 said to h be5 writt5 9 ,greek *>act]s4 ,x is a /ill m /rik+ fact t !re 0 9 ?is temple a 1 or wood5 /atue ( ,diana1 closely resembl+ t ( ,artemis at ,massilia1 :i* 0 itself d]iv$ f ! fam\s temple at ,ephesus#hdc4 ,! transf]5ce to ,diana ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,artemis 0 no d\bt q natural & easy2 =1 h>d z x is to di/+ui% ! ,greek & ,italian elem5ts 9 ! cult1 we "k en\gh ( "s at lea/ ( ! latt] to be sure t !y w\ld easily l5d !mselves to a ,greek trans=mation4 ,?is trans=mation mu/ h begun at a v e>ly p]iod1 = 9 ,b4,c4 #cih we f9d ,diana already associat$ ) ,apollo & ,latona1 9 ! fir/ lecti/]nium celebrat$ at ,rome1 :]e %e c]ta9ly repres5t$ ,artemis#hdd4 ,on ! :ole ?is temple & its cult seem a k9d ( anticipation ( ! great temple on ! ,capitol1 9 m>k+ an advance 9 ! progress ( ,rome f ! n>r[ life ( a small city-/ate to a position ( influ5ce 9 ,we/]n ,italy4 ,! advance ( ! ,plebs1 ! emancipation ( slaves1 ! new relations ) ,lat9 cities1 & ! introduction ( ,greek religi\s ideas are all reflect$ "h4 ,new ?reads are be+ wov5 into ! tissue ( ,roman social & political life4 ,! close relation ( ,diana to human life is n v difficult to expla94 ,l ,=tuna1 ,juno ,luc9a1 ,bona ,dea1 & o!rs1 %e 0 a special object ( ! wor%ip ( wom52 %e assi/$ ! m>ri$ woman at *ildbir?#hde2 & on ?is day ! ,roman wom5 made a special po9t ( wa%+ _! heads#hdf--;an unusual p]=mance1 p]haps1 :i* has be5 expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! sanctity ( ! head among primitive peoples#hdg4 ,b ,diana1 l ,silvanus1 ) :om %e is f\nd 9 connexion#hdh1 0 no d\bt orig9ally a _s ( holy trees & woods1 i4 e4 ( wild life g5]ally1 :o became gradually reclaim$ & br\ght into fri5dly & useful relations ) ! ,italian f>m]1 8 wife1 & 8 cattle#hdi4 ,?is 0 also ! dies natalis ( ano!r temple on ! ,av5t9e1 t ( ,vortumnus1 :i* 0 d$icat$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bfd by ! consul ,m4 ,fulvius ,flaccus#hej4 ,ab\t ! "* ( ?is god !re is =tunately no d\bt4 ,lit]ature "h comes to our aid1 z x too r>ely does3 ,prop]tius#hea describes him elaborately z presid+ ov] g>d5s & fruit1 & ,ovid#heb tells a picturesque /ory ( 8 love = ,pomona ! fruit-goddess1 ^: antiquity at ,rome is prov$ by ! fact t %e _h a flam5 ( h] own#hec4 ,! date1 ,augu/ #ac1 :5 ! fruit w\ld be ripe1 suits well en\gh ) all we "k ( ,vortumnus4 ,! god _h a bronze /atue 9 ! ,vicus ,tuscus1 & p]haps = t reason 0 believ$ to h come to ,rome f ,etruria#hed4 ,b 8 "n1 l ,picumnus1 is beyond d\bt ,lat91 & may be suppos$ to indicate ! turn or *ange 9 ! ye> at ! fruit-season#hee2 & if he really 0 an immigrant1 :i* is possible1 8 orig9al cult 9 ,etruria 0 n ,etruscan prop]1 b old ,italian4 ,?ree o!r d$ications are m5tion$ 9 ! cal5d>s z occurr+ on ,aug4 #ac3 to ,h]cules invictus ad portam trigem9am2 to ,ca/or & ,pollax 9 circo ,flam9io2 & to ,flora ad circum maximum4 ,( ^! cults no?+ ( special int]e/ is kn[n1 & ! deities are treat$ ( 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w4 ,,xvi ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #ag74 ,,np4 ,,port,,unalia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit4 ,,vall47 ,,tib]9alia4 7,,philoc47 ,,f]iae ,,portuno4 7,,amit4 ,,ant47 ,,portuno ,,ad ,,pontem ,,aemilium4 7,,amit4 ,,vall4 ,,allif47 ,,iano ,,ad ,,!atrum ,,m>celli4 7,,vall4 ,,allif47 ,:o 0 ,portunus1 & :y 0 8 fe/ival 9 ,augu/8 ,:y 0 x at ! ,pons ,aemilius1 & :]e 0 t bridge8 ,c any connexion be f\nd betwe5 ?is & ! o!r ,augu/ rites8 ,^! que/ions _c be answ]$ satisfactorily2 ! scraps ( evid5ce are too few & too d\btful4 ,we h "h to d ) ano!r anci5t deity1 :o survives 9 ! cal5d>s only1 & 9 ! solit>y record t he _h a special flam54 ,?is flam5 might be a plebeian#hef1 :i* seems to suit ) ! "* ( o!r cults 9 ! di/rict by ! ,tib]1 & may p]haps po9t to a some:at lat] orig9 ?an t ( ! mo/ anci5t city wor%ips4 ,!re are b two or ?ree texts :i* help u to make an unc]ta9 guess at ! nature ( ,portunus4 ,v>ro#heg wrote #8,portunalia et ,portuno1 quoi eo die a$es 9 portu ,tib]9o facta et f]iae in/itutae4' ,momms5 takes ! portus "h z mean+ ,o/ia at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 & imag9es a ye>ly procession ?i!r f ,rome on ?is day#heh4 ,?is ( c\rse is pure hypo!sis2 b if1 z he insi/s1 portus is r>ely or nev] us$ = a city :>f on a riv] su* z t at ,rome1 we may p]haps accept x provisionally2 b 9 do+ s we h to yield ano!r po9t to ,momms51 viz4 ! id5tity ( ,portunus & ,tib]9us4 ,9 ! v late cal5d> ( ,philocalus ?is day is call$ ,tib]9alia1 & f ?is ,momms5 inf]s ! id5tity ( ! two deities#hei4 ,b x may be t ! orig9al ,portunus _h no imm$iate connexion ei!r ) riv] or h>b\r4 ,we f9d a curi\s b mutilat$ note 9 ! ,v]onese comm5t>y on ,virgil#hfj3 #8,portunus1 ut ,v>ro ait1 deus portuum portarumque praeses4 ,qu>e huius dies fe/us ,portunalia1 qua apud vet]es claves 9 focum add 444 m>e in/itutum4' ,hus*ke#hfa "h conjectur$ #8add]e et infum>e1' & inf]r$ t we %\ld see 9 ,portunus ! god ( ! gates & keys :i* secur$ ! /ock ( corn1 c41 9 /oreh\ses4 ,wild z ?is writ]'s conjectures usually are1 9 ?is case x seems to me possible t he has hit ! m>k4 ,if ! words #8claves 9 focum' are g5u9e1 z !y seem to be1 we c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t some?+ 0 done to keys on ?is day2 p]haps ! old keys ( v h>d wood 7 held 9 ! fire to h>d5 !m afre%#hfb4 ,x is wor? not+ t accord+ to ,v]rius#hfc ,portunus 0 suppos$ #8clavim manu t5]e et deus esse port>um4' ,?is w\ld suit v well ) h>ve/-"t1 :5 b>ns & /oreh\ses w\ld be repair$ & _! gates & fa/5+s look$ to--m especially z x is n unlikely t ! ^w portus orig9ally meant a safe place ( any k9d1 & only z civilization advanc$ became specially appropriat$ to h>b\rs#hfd4 ,?is appropriation may h come ab\t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( /oreh\ses ne> ! ,tib]2 & x 0 long ago sugge/$ by ,jordan t ^! 7 "u ! p>ticul> c>e ( ,portunus#hfe4 ,if ,portunus 7 really a god ( keys & doors & /oreh\ses1 x w\ld be natural to look = "s close relation betwe5 him & ,janus4 ,b :at c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( su* a relation does n am\nt to mu*#hff2 & x may h be5 m]ely by accid5t t ?is 0 ! d$ication-day ( a temple ( ,janus #8ad !atrum ,m>celli'#hfg4 ,,xiv ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #ai74 ,,fp4 7,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,f4 7,,ant4 ,,allif47 ,,np4 7,,vall4#hfh7 ,,v9,,alia4 7,,maff4 ,,vall4 ,,amit4 ,,etc47 ,,f]iae ,,iovi4 7,,allif47 ,,v5]i ,,ad ,,circum ,,maximum4 7,,vall47 ,! #8,a$es ,v5]is ad ,circum ,maximum' allud$ to 9 ! ,fa/i ,vall5ses 0 d$icat$ 9 #bie ,b4,c41 & ! build+ 0 begun at ! exp5se ( c]ta9 matrons :o 7 f9$ = adult]y#hfi4 ,z has be5 already expla9$1 no e>ly connexion c be prov$ betwe5 ,v5us & w9e or ! v9tage#hgj2 ?\gh bo? ,augu/ #ai & ,april #bc1 ! days ( ! two ,v9alia1 7 d$ication-days ( temples ( ! goddess4 ,! difficult "q ( ! two fe/ivals call$ ,v9alia has be5 t\*$ ^u "u ,april #bc4 ,! "o 9 ,augu/ 0 kn[n z ,v9alia ,ru/ica#hga1 & might naturally be suppos$ to be conc]n$ ) ! rip5+ grapes4 ,x has be5 conjectur$#hgb t x 0 on ?is day1 :i* "o cal5d> m>ks z a fe/ival ( ,jupit]1 t ! ,flam5 ,dialis p]=m$ ! auspicatio v9demiae1 i4 e4 pluck$ ! fir/ grapes1 & pray$ & sacrific$ = ! safety ( ! :ole crop#hgc4 ,if x be argu$ t ,augu/ #bc 0 too e>ly a date = su* a rite1 s9ce ! v9tage 0 nev] e>li] ?an ! middle ( ,septemb]1 we may rememb] t ! ,ve/al ,virg9s pluck$ ! fir/ e>s ( corn z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ,may = ! purpose ( mak+ sacr$ cakes1 "s weeks be=e ! actual h>ve/#hgd4 ,b x is c]ta9ly possible t bo? ,v9alia h to d ) w9e1 & n ) ! v9tage4 ,fe/us says t ?is day 0 a fe/ival because ! new w9e 0 !n fir/ br\ght into ! city#hge2 & ?is does n conflict ) ,v>ro#hgf1 :o tells u t on ?is day fiunt f]iati olitores--= x w\ld naturally be a day ( rejoic+ = ! gr[]s4 ,momms51 ) "s reason1 ref]s ^! passages to ! lat] cu/om ( n op5+ ! w9e ( ! la/ v9tage = a ye>#hgg1 9 :i* case ! ye> mu/ be und]/ood r\ghly z f ,octob] to ,augu/4 ,he w\ld1 9 fact1 expla9 ?is second ,v9alia z in/itut$ :5 ?is lat] & m luxuri\s cu/om arose1 ! old rule ( a six mon?s' p]iod surviv+ 9 ! ,april c]emony4 ,if we ask :y ! ,augu/ ,v9alia are call$ ,ru/ica1 ,momms5 answ]s t ! c\ntry gr[]s 7 n[ at lib]ty to br+ 9 _! w9e4 ,x is difficult to decide betwe5 ^! conflict+ views4 ,:5 an au?ority l ,momms5 bids u bew>e ( connect+ ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica ) ! auspicatio v9demiae1 we feel t x is at our p]il t we diff] f him4 ,he is evid5tly q unable to look ^u su* a date z ,augu/ #ai z 9 any way associat$ ) ! v9tage :i* foll[$ "s weeks lat]4 ,yet ,i _c help ?9k+1 t ?is association is by no means impossible2 = ! grapes w\ld by ?is "t be fully =m$ on ! v9es1 & ! next few weeks w\ld be an anxi\s "t = ! gr[]s#hgh4 ,c]emonies l t ( ! ,auspicatio1 int5d$ to av]t f crops ! p]ils ( /orm or disease1 are kn[n sometimes to take place :5 ! crops are /ill unripe4 ,i h already allud$ to ! proce$+s ( ! ,ve/als 9 ,may4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 an ,app5dix to 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh#hgi1 gives a curi\s in/ance ( ?is k9d f ,tonga 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e :at we may call ! auspicatio ( ! ,yam-crop took place be=e ! :ole crop 0 fit = ga!r+4 ,x 0 celebrat$ #8j be=e ! yams 9 g5]al are arriv$ at a /ate ( maturity2 ^? :i* are us$ 9 ?is c]emony be+ plant$ soon] ?an o!rs1 & consequ5tly !y are ! fir/fruits ( ! yam season4 ,! object ( ?is (f]+ is to ensure ! protection ( ! gods1 t _! fav\r may be ext5d$ to ! welf>e ( ! nation g5]ally & 9 p>ticul> to ! productions ( ! e>?1 ( :i* yams are ! mo/ important4' ,,xii ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #ba74 ,,np4 ,,cons,,ualia4 7,,p9c4 ,,maff4 ,,vall4 ,,etc47 ,,conso ,,9 ,,av5t9o ,,sacrificium4 7,,vall47 ,!re 0 a second fe/ival ( ,consus on ,dec4 #ae2 b ! note #8,conso 9 ,av5t9o' !re appe>s ?ree days e>li]1 ,dec4 #ab4 ,! temple on ! ,av5t9e 0 a comp>atively late f\ndation#hhj2 b z ! cult ( ?is old god became gradually obscur$1 x seems to h be5 confus$ ) ! mo/ anci5t c5tre ( ,consus-wor%ip1 ! und]gr\nd alt> 9 ! ,circus maximus1 #8ad primas metas'#hha4 ,x is ) ?is latt] t we mu/ connect ! two ,consualia4 ,:at ! alt> 0 l we d n exactly "k2 x 0 only uncov]$ on ! fe/ival days4 ,dionysius calls x a 1 ,s]vius a #8templum sub tecto'2 & ,t]tullian1 :o explicitly says t x 0 #8sub t]ra1' ass]ts t !re 0 engrav$ on x ! foll[+ inscription3 #8,consus consilio1 ,m>s duello1 ,l>es coillo#hhb pot5tes4' ,wiss[a rem>ks t ?is /atem5t #8is n free f suspicion'2 & we may take x z pretty c]ta9 t if x 0 really !re x 0 n v anci5t4 ,! false etymology ( ,consus1 & ! connexion ( ,m>s ) w>1 bo? %[ ! h& ( "s comp>atively late int]pret] ( religion2 & ! =m ( ! inscription1 nom9ative & descriptive1 is mo/ suspici\sly abnormal4 ,= ! true etymology ( ,consus we are1 /range to say1 h>dly 9 d\bt2 & x helps u to conjecture ! real orig9 ( ?is curi\s alt>4 ,consus is connect$ ) #8cond]e'#hhc1 & may be int]pret$ z ! god ( ! /or$-up h>ve/2 ! buri$ alt> w ?us be a rem9isc5ce ( ! v anci5t practice--sometimes ( late sugge/$ z wor? reviv+ = hay--( /or+ ! corn und]gr\nd#hhd4 ,or if ?is practice _c be prov$ ( anci5t ,italy1 we may aptly rememb] t sacrifices to *?onic deities 7 sometimes buri$2 a practice :i* may 9 e>lie/ times h giv5 rise to ! connexion ( su* gods ) weal?--:5 agricultural produce r ?an ! preci\s metals 0 ! common =m ( weal?#hhe4 ,or aga9 we may comb9e ! two int]pretations1 & guess t ! corn /or$ up und]gr\nd 0 conceiv$ z 9 "s s5se sacrific$ to ! *?onic deities4 ,if ^! views ( ! alt> are correct1 we might naturally inf] t ! ,consualia 9 ,augu/ 0 a h>ve/ fe/ival ( "s k9d4 ,plut>*#hhf asks :y at ! ,consualia horses & asses h a holiday & are deck$ out ) fl[]s2 & su* a cu/om w\ld suit excell5tly ) h>ve/-home4 ,unluckily 9 ! only trace ( ?is cu/om pres]v$ 9 ! cal5d>s1 x is attribut$ to ! ,decemb] fe/ival1 & is s mutilat$ z to be useless = detail#hhg4 ,,f]iae ,,conso ,,equi ,,et ,,muli ,,floribus ,,coronantur4 ,,quod ,,9 ,,eius ,,tu,,tela ,,sunt4 ,,ita,,que ,,rex ,,equo ,,vectus4 ,! amplifications "h are ,momms5's1 ! fir/ two bas$ on ,plut>*'s /atem5t4 ,x is a difficulty1 z reg>ds ! fir/1 t ! middle ( ,decemb] w\ld be a bad "t = fl[]s3 p]haps ?is did n occur to ! great s*ol>4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ei!r ,v]rius' note is "h accid5tally misplac$1 or t ! lacunae mu/ be fill$ up diff]5tly4 ,9 any case ,i d n ?9k we ne$ fe> to ref] ,plut>*'s passage to ! ,consualia ( ,augu/1 & !re=e to h>ve/ rejoic+s on t day4 ,! connexion ( ! ,consus-cult ) horses 0 s obvi\s z to give rise ev5tually to ! id5tification ( ! god ) ,poseidon ,hippios4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re 7 horse-races 9 ! ,circus maximus at "o ( ! two ,consualia1 & z ,dionysius#hhh connects !m ) ! day ( ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es1 :i* ,plut>* puts 9 ,augu/1 we may be fairly sure t !y took place at ! ,augu/ fe/ival4 ,mules also rac$--accord+ to ,fe/us#hhi1 because !y 7 said to be ! mo/ anci5t bea/s ( burd54 ,?is looks l a h>ve/ fe/ival1 & may c>ry u back to ! mo/ primitive agricultural society & expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,circus maximus2 = ! only o!r horse-races kn[n to u f ! old cal5d> 7 ^? ( ,m>s 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius on ,feb4 #bg & ,m>* #achij4 ,we may suppose t :5 ! "w ( h>ve/ 0 done1 ! f>m]s & lab\r]s enjoy$ !mselves 9 ?is way & laid ! f\ndation = a great ,roman social in/itution#hia4 ,once m1 x is n impossible t 9 ! leg5d>y connexion ( ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9e wom5 ) ! ,consualia#hib we may see a reflection ( ! jollity & lic5se :i* accompanies ! completion ( h>ve/ among s _m peoples4 ,romulus 0 said to h attract$ ! ,sab9es by ! fir/ celebration ( ! ,consualia4 ,is x n possible t ! meet+ ( neighb\r+ communities on a fe/ive occasion ( ?is k9d may h be5 a fav\rable opportunity = captur+ new wives#hic8 ,! sexual lic5se common on su* occasions has be5 abundantly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh#hid4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,consualia we may j rem>k t ,consus _h no flam5 ( 8 own1 9 spite ( 8 und\bt$ antiquity2 d\btless because 8 alt> 0 und]gr\nd1 & only op5$ once or p]haps twice a ye>4 ,on ,augu/ #ba 8 sacrifice 0 p]=m$1 says ,t]tullian#hie1 by ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,ve/als4 ,?is flam5 seems to h _h a special relation to ! corn-crops1 = x 0 he :o also sacrific$ a dog to ,robigus on ,april #behif1 to av]t ! mildew f !m2 & ?us we get "o m confirmation f ! cult ( ! view tak5 z to ! agricultural orig9 ( ! ,consualia4 ,x ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #bc74 ,,np4 ,,volcanalia4 7,,p9c4 ,,maff4 ,,vall4 ,,etc47 ,,volcano ,,9 ,,circo ,,flam9io4 7,,vall47 ,,volcano4 7,,p9c47 7,a mutilat$ fragm5t ( ! cal5d> ( ! ,fratres ,arvales gives ,,quir,,ino ,,9 ,,colle1 ,,volk,,ano ,,9 ,,comit,,io4 ,,opi ,,opif],,ae ,,9 4441 ,,nymp,,8787 ,,9 ,,campo74 ,( ! cult ( ?is day1 ap>t f ! extracts f ! cal5d>s1 we "k no?+1 except t ! heads ( ,roman families ?rew into ! fire c]ta9 small fi% ) scales1 :i* 7 to be _h f ! ,tib] fi%]m5 at ! #8area ,volcani'#hig4 ,we _c expla9 ?is2 b x rem9ds u ( ! fi% call$ ma5a1 ) magical prop]ties1 :i* ! old woman (f]$ to ,tacita & ! gho/-_w at ! ,p>5talia#hih4 ,fi%-sacrifices 7 r>e2 & if 9 "o rite fi% are us$ to propitiate ! inhabitants ( ! und]world1 !y seem n inappropriate 9 ano!r ( :i* ! object is app>5tly to propitiate ! fire-god1 :o 9 a volcanic c\ntry l t ( ,rome mu/ surely be a *?onic deity4 ,! antiquity ( ! cult ( ,volcanus is %[n by ! fact t !re 0 a ,flam5 ,volcanalis#hii1 :o on ,may #a sacrific$ to ,maia1 ! equival5t1 z we saw1 ( ,bona ,dea1 ,t]ra1 c4 ,) ,volcanus we may rememb] t ,maia 0 c\pl$ 9 ! old pray] =mula pres]v$ by ,gellius 7#ac4bc7--,maia ,volcani4 ,f ^! fa9t indications ,prell]#ijj conjectur$ t ! orig9al notion ( ,volcanus 0 t ( a fav\r+ nature-_s1 p]haps ( ! w>m? & f]tiliz+ p[] ( ! e>?4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 lat] times1 "u influ5ces :i* c only be guess$ at1 he became a ho/ile fire-god1 h>d to keep "u control4 ,( ?is aspect ( him ,wiss[a has writt5 concisely at ! conclusion ( 8 little treatise de ,f]iis4 ,he sugge/s t ! appe>ance ( ! nymphs#ija 9 ! rites ( ?is day indicates ! use ( wat] 9 conflagrations1 & t ,ops ,opif]a 0 p]haps invok$ to protect h] own /oreh\ses4 ,! "n ,volcanus became a poetical ^w = dev\r+ fire z e>ly z ! "t ( ,ennius1 & is famili> to u 9 ?is s5se 9 ,virgil#ijb4 ,aft] ! great fire at ,rome 9 ,n]o's "t a new alt> 0 erect$ to ,volcanus by ,domitian1 at :i* 7& at all ,volcanalia7 on ?is day a r$ calf & a bo> 7 (f]$ = sacrifice#ijc4 ,at ,o/ia ! cult became celebrat$2 !re 0 an #8a$es' & a #8pontifex ,volcani' & a #8praetor sacris ,volcani faciundis4' ,9 ,augu/ ! /oreh\ses at ,o/ia w\ld be full ( new gra9 arriv$ f ,sicily1 ,africa1 & ,egypt1 & 9 t hot mon? w\ld be especially 9 dang] f fire2 an elaborate cult ( ,volcanus ! fire-god 0 !re=e at ?is place p>ticul>ly desirable4 ,! a$es ,volcani 9 circo ,flam9io 0 d$icat$ be=e #bae ,b4,c42 ! exact date is n kn[n#ijd4 ,its position 0 expla9$ by ,vitruvius#ije z hav+ ! object ( keep+ conflagrations away f ! city4 ,mr4 ,jevons1 9 8 ,introduction to a translation ( ,plut>*'s ,quae/iones ,romanae#ijf1 has argu$ f ?is position1 outside ! pomo]ium1 & f a d\btful etymology1 t ! cult ( ,volcanus 0 a =eign introduction2 b ! position ( ! temple is no argum5t1 z has be5 well %[n by ,au/#ijg1 & ! *ief area ,volcani1 or ,volcanal1 0 9 ! ,comitium1 9 ! he>t ( ! city#ijh4 ,,ix ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #bd74 ,,mundus ,,patet4 ,?is does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>s4 ,we le>n f ,fe/us#iji t on ?is day1 on ,oct4 #e1 & ,nov4 #h1 ! #8mundus' 0 op54 ,?is mundus 0 a r\nd pit on ! ,palat9e1 ! c5tre ( ,roma quadrata#iaj--! concave holl[ be+ p]haps suppos$ to correspond to ! concave sky above#iaa4 ,x 0 clos$1 s x 0 popul>ly believ$1 by a #8lapis manalis' 7,fe/us s4 v474 ,:5 ?is 0 remov$1 on ! ?ree days !re 0 suppos$ to be free egress = ! d5iz5s ( ! und]world#iab4 ,i am mu* incl9$ to see 9 ?is la/ idea a lat] ,graeco-,etruscan accretion ^u a v simple orig9al fact4 ,o4 ,mll] long ago sugge/$ ?is--po9t+ out t 9 ,plut>*'s description ( ! f\ndation ( ,roma quadrata ! ca/+ into ! tr5* ( fir/-fruits ( all necess>ies ( life gives u a clue to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! mundus4 ,if we suppose t x 0 ! p5us ( ! new city--a sacr$ place1 ( c\rse--us$ = /or+ gra91 we c see :y x %\ld be op5 on ,aug4 #bdiac4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& :y1 :5 ! orig9al use & mean+ _h vani%$1 ! ,graeco-,etruscan doctr9e ( ! und]world %\ld be engraft$ on ?is simple ,roman /em4 ,dis & ,pros]p9a claim ! mundus3 x is #8ianua ,orci1' #8faux ,plutonis'#iad--;ideas famili> to ,romans :o _h come "u ! spell ( ,etruscan religi\s beliefs4 ,,viii ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #be74 ,,np4 ,,opic,,onsivia4 7,,allif4 ,,maff4 ,,vall47 ,,opicid4 7,,p9c47 ,! la/ two lett]s mu/ be a cutt]'s error4 ,,f]iae ,,opi2 ,,opi ,,consiv4 ,,9 ,,regia4 7,,arv47 ,! la/ f\r words seem to belong to ,aug4 #bf 7see ,momms5 ad loc474 ,?is fe/ival foll[s t ( ,consus aft] an int]val ( ?ree days2 & ,wiss[a#iae has po9t$ out t 9 ,decemb] ! same int]val occurs betwe5 ! ,consualia 7#ae?7 & ! ,opalia 7#ai?74 ,?is & ! epi!t or cognom5 ,consiva1 :i* is fully atte/$#iaf1 l$ him to fancy t ,ops 0 ! wife ( ,consus1 & n ! wife ( ,saturnus1 z has be5 g5]ally suppos$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times#iag4 ,we may agree ) him t !re is no real evid5ce = any primitive connexion ( ,saturnus & ,ops ( ?is k9d2 z f> z we c tell ! idea 0 adopt$ f ! relation ( ,cronos & ,rhea4 ,b !re 0 no ne$ to f9d any husb& = ,ops2 ! "n ,consiva ne$ imply no su* relation1 any m ?an ,lua ,saturni1 ,moles ,m>tis1 ,maia ,volcani1 & ! re/#iah1 or ! ,tursa ,iovia ( ! ,iguvian inscription s (t5 quot$4 ,bo? adjectival & g5itive =ms are 9 my view no m ?an examples ( ! old ,italian in/9ct = cov]+ z mu* gr\nd z possible 9 invok+ sup]natural p[]s#iai2 & ?is is aga9 a result ( ! indi/9ctness ) :i* ^? p[]s 7 conceiv$1 9 reg>d bo? to _! nature & function4 ,a di/9ct specialization ( function 01 ,i am conv9c$1 ! lat] "w ( ! pontifices4 ,ops & ,consus are obvi\sly closely relat$2 & ,wiss[a is probably "r 9 treat+ ! "o z a deity #8messis cond5dae1' & ! o!r z repres5t+ ! #8opima frugum copia quae horreis conditur4' ,b :5 he goes fur!r ?an ?is1 8 argum5ts r+ holl[#ibj4 ,( ! ritual ( ! ,opiconsivia we "k only :at ,v>ro tells u#iba3 #8,opeconsiva dies ab dea ,ope ,consiva1 quoius 9 ,regia sacr>ium1 quod ideo actum 7s ,,mss47 ut eo praet] ,virg9es ,ve/ales et sac]dotem publicum introeat nemo4' ,_m conjectures h be5 made = ! correction ( #8quod ideo actum'#ibb2 b ! real value ( ! passage does n dep5d on ^! words4 ,! ,regia is ! k+'s h\se1 & repres5ts t ( ! anci5t head ( ! family3 ! sacr>ium ,opis 0 surely !n ! sacr$ p5us ( t h\se--! treasury ( ! fruits ( ! e>? on :i* ! family subsi/$4 ,x suits admirably ) ?is view t1 z ,v>ro says1 only ! ,ve/als & a #8publicus sac]dos' 7 all[$ to ent] x--i4 e4 ! =m 0 reta9$ f remote antiquity t ! daught]s ( ! h\se 7 9 *>ge ( x#ibc--! ma/] ( ! h\se be+ "h repres5t$ by ! sac]dos--! rex sacrorum or a pontifex4 ,9 ?is connexion x is wor? :ile to quote a passage ( ,columella#ibd :i* seems to be d]iv$ f "s anci5t practice ( ! rural h\sehold3 #8,ne contract5tur pocula vel cibi nisi aut ab impube aut c]te ab/95tissimo rebus v5]eis1 quibus si fu]it op]atus vel vir vel fem9a deb]e eos flum9e aut p]5ni aqua priusquam p5ora cont+ant ablui4 ,propt] quod 8 necess>ium esse pu]i vel virg9is m9i/]ium1 p] quos promantur quae usus po/ulav]it4' ,,vi ,,kal4 ,,sept4 7,,aug4 #bg74 ,,np4 ,,volt,,urnalia4 7,,allif4 ,,maff4 ,,vall47 ,,f]iae ,,volturno4 7,,arv4 ,,int] ,,addita ,,po/]iora47 ,,volturno ,,flum9i ,,sacrificium4 7,,vall47 ,( ?is v anci5t & p]haps obsolete rite no?+ seems to h be5 kn[n to ! lat] ,lat9 s*ol>s1 or !y did n ?9k x wor? comm5t4 ,v>ro m5tions a ,flam5 ,volturnalis1 b tells u no?+ ab\t him4 ,f ! occurr5ce ( ! "n = a riv] 9 ,campania x may be guess$ t ! god 9 ?is case 0 a riv] also2 & if s1 x mu/ be ! ,tib]4 ,?is is ,momms5's conclusion1 & ! only difficulty he f9ds 9 x is t 79 8 view7 ,portunus is also ! ,tib]#ibe4 ,:y did he n see t ! same riv]-god1 ev5 if be>+ diff]5t names1 c\ld h>dly h two flam9es8 ,i am cont5t to see 9 ,volturnus an old "n = ! ,tib]1 signify+ ! w9d+ snake-l riv]#ibf1 & 9 ,portunus a god ( /oreh\ses1 z ,i h expla9$ above4 ,"h1 !n1 we p]haps h a trace ( ! lo/ cult ( ! ,tib]1 :i* assur$ly mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ times--& ! flam5 is ! pro( ( its p]man5t importance4 ,:5 ! "n 0 *ang$ to ,tib] we d n "k1 nor :e!r #8,albula' m>ks an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! two2 b t ?is 0 ! "w ( ! pontifices seems likely f ,s]vius#ibg1 :o writes #8,tib]9us 444 a pontificibus indigit>i solet4' ,( a god ,tib]9us !re is no s+le e>ly record4 ,x %\ld j be m5tion$ t ,jordan#ibh1 rely+ on ,lucretius1 #e4 #gde1 ?\ght x probable t ,volturnus might be a god ( :irlw9ds2 & ,hus*ke#ibi has an ev5 wild] sugge/ion1 :i* ne$ n "h be m5tion$4 ,footnote #gij3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 ,i4 #cc1 has only ! foll[+3 #8,qu9to int]vallo1 int] caniculam et aequ9octium auctumnale oportet /ram5ta desec>i1 et ac]vos con/rui1 aratro (fr+i1 frondem ca$i1 prata irrigua it]um sec>i4' ,footnote #gia3 ,?is is ! natural position = ! ag] ( ! olde/ community on ! ,palat9e4 ,! ,campus ,m>tius 0 believ$ to h be5 #8k+'s l&' ( ! lat] develop$ city 7,liv4 #b4 #e74 ,footnote #gib3 ,liv4 #aj4 #a4 #i2 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #gic3 ,m>q4 #cgg2 ,dio ,cass4 #cg4 #bd & #be2 ,tac4 ,ann4 #ab4 #bc4 ,footnote #gid3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #di & #agi4 ,footnote #gie3 ,see ,prell]1 ii4 #bbh2 & article #8,sac]dos' 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 new edition4 ,footnote #gif3 ,on ?is difficult subject see ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 s4v4 ,indigitam5ta2 & ! long & exhau/ive article by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon 7:i* is1 h[ev]1 badly writt51 & 9 "s respects1 ,i ?9k1 mislead+74 ,footnote #gig3 ,see ! valuable summ>y ( ,au/ 79 t5 l9es74 ,footnote #gih3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #ce4 #ai4 ,footnote #gii3 #dj4 #ai4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,paulus1 #bc2 ,qu9til4 #a4 #g4 #ab2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #eb 7f ! #8sacra ,argeorum'71 if we read #8adv]sum ,solis pulv9> cis a$em ,salutis4' ,! "n is said to be connect$ ) ! ,umbrian & ,etruscan god ( light1 ,usil1 a ^w ?\ght to be recognizable 9 ,aurelius 7 ,auselius1 ,v>ro1 l4 c471 & 9 ! ,ozeul ( ! ,salian hymn 7,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 p4 #efd foll474 ,footnote #hja3 ,s e4 g4 ,virgil1 ,georg4 #a4 #dih #8,di patrii indigites et ,romule ,ve/aque ,mat]4' ,pet]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,indigitam5ta1 #acb4 ,footnote #hjb3 i4 #cbe4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,indigitam5ta1 #acg4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,wiss[a1 de ,romanorum ,indigetibus et ,nov5sidibus 7,m>burg1 #ahib74 ,footnote #hje3 ,m]kel1 ,praef4 9 ,ov4 ,fa/os1 cxxxv2 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbd4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,h]cules1 #bijc foll41 :]e ,r4 ,pet] has summ>iz$ & criticiz$ all ! v>i\s op9ions4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,liv4 ,i4 #g4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,dionys4 ,i4 #dj1 :o says t ! duties 7 p]=m$ by slaves 9 8 day4 ,see ,lex4 #bibe = a long li/ ( conjectures ab\t ?is "p ( ! leg5d4 ,! ,potitii nev] occur 9 inscriptions2 & ,i ?9k ) ,jordan 7,prell]1 ii4 #bia7 t ! "n is imag9>y1 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! functions ( ! slaves4 ,footnote #hji3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #cab-cai1 f\nd on ! site ( ! a$es4 ,footnote #haj3 ,macrob4 #c4 #ab4 #b2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ae4 ,! uncov]$ head also occurs 9 ! cult ( ,saturnus2 & ,r4 ,pet] argues t ! cu/om may aft] all be old-,italian 7,lex4 #bibh74 ,footnote #haa3 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 vol4 i1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #hab3 ,see above1 p4 #adb foll4 ,plut4 ,qu4 ,rom4 #fj2 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #ch4 ,9 ,q4 ,r4 #ij ,plut>* notes t no o!r god might be m5tion$ at ! sacrifice1 & no dog might be admitt$4 ,footnote #hac3 de ,re ,ru/ica1 #hc4 ,footnote #had3 ,! ^w 0 pr(anatum1 oppos$ to polluctum 7see ,m>q4 #adi74 ,footnote #hae3 ,a54 #h4 #bha foll4 ,footnote #haf3 ,salii are f\nd 9 ! cult ( ,h]cules also at ,tibur3 ,macrob4 #c4 #ab4 #g4 ,see a note ( ,jordan 9 ,prell]1 i4 #ceb4 ,footnote #hag3 ,lex4 #bica foll42 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #adi foll4 ,footnote #hah3 ,! examples are collect$ by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,lex4 #bice4 ,footnote #hai3 ,fe/us1 #bec1 s4 v4 polluc]e m]ces2 ,plut4 ,qu4 ,rom4 #ah2 ,vita ,sullae1 #ce2 ,crassi1 #b2 ,lex4 #bjcb foll4 ,footnote #hbj3 ,m>q4 #dfi2 ,fe/us1 p4 #cah1 s4 v4 sacrima4 ,footnote #hba3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #hbb3 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cgc foll4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,9 ! leg5d ,h]cules gave a t5? "p ( 8 booty to ! inhabitants ( ! place 7,dionys #a4 #dj74 ,footnote #hbd3 ,see ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #aej4 ,footnote #hbe3 e4 g4 9 ,bral1 ,h]cule et ,cacus4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,see ,lex4 #bbhf 7,r4 ,pet]1 quot+ ,reiff]s*eid74 ,footnote #hbg3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xiii4 #gc4 ,pr(essor ,g>dn] is incl9$ to consid] ! my? z ,pho5ician r ?an ,greek1 & atta*$ to ! ,pho5ician ,melc>? ,h]akles4 ,! vase is 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 & 0 f\nd by ! ,keep]1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans4 ,footnote #hbh3 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 v4 #be4 ,b ! "* ( ! vase is ar*aic ,ionian1 z ,pr(4 ,g>dn] tells me2 ,lex4 #bbge4 ,footnote #hbi3 ,h4 ,pet]1 ,fragm5ta ,hi/4 ,rom4 p4 #aff 7 ,sol9us1 i4 #g74 ,footnote #hcj3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xiv4 #ceee2 ,lex4 #bbgh4 ,footnote #hca3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbh foll41 & additional note ,f4 ,footnote #hcb3 ,! day ( ! fe/ival at ,aricia is ?\ght to h be5 also ,aug4 #ac 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,diana1 #ajjf74 ,footnote #hcc3 ,belo*1 ,italis*] ,bund1 #ahj2 ,cato 7ap4 ,priscian1 #g4 #ccg1 ed4 ,jordan1 p4 #da7 gives ! names ( ! t[ns unit$ 9 & by ! ,arician cult--,aricia1 ,tusculum1 ,lanuvium1 ,laur5tum1 ,cora1 ,tibur1 ,pometia1 ,ardea4 ,footnote #hcd3 ,liv4 ,i4 #de ,dionys4 #d4 #bf2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #dc4 ,footnote #hce3 ,dionys4 l4 c4 ,see ,jordan1 ,krit4 ,beitrge1 #bec4 ,footnote #hcf3 ,s ,liv4 l4 c43 o!r temples ( ,diana _h de]s' horns1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,q4 ,r4 #d4 ,! c[ 0 ,diana's fav\rite victim 7,m>q4 #cfa72 b we _c be sure t ?is 0 n a feature borr[$ f ! cult ( ,artemis 7,f>nell1 ,greek ,cults1 ii4 #eib74 ,footnote #hcg3 ,! passages f ,livy quot$ by ,/eud+ 7,lex4 #ajjh7 are h>dly to ! po9t1 z ! cult is n m5tion$ 9 !m4 ,footnote #hch3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #ajj4 ,footnote #hci3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #efd3 cp4 ,liv4 #bb4 #a1 #bf4 #aa4 ,footnote #hdj3 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #cbh foll4 ,footnote #hda3 ,fe/us1 #cdc1 #8,s]vorum dies4' ,footnote #hdb3 ,see above1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,/rabo1 ,bk4 #d1 p4 #ahj2 ,f>nell1 ,greek ,cults1 ii4 #ebi & #eib4 ,footnote #hdd3 ,liv4 #e4 #ac3 ,apollo & ,latona1 ,diana & ,h]cules1 ,m]curius & ,neptunus4 ,footnote #hde3 ,lex4 #ajjg4 ,! excavations at ,nemi h produc$ sev]al votive (f]+s 9 t]ra cotta ( wom5 ) *ildr5 9 _! arms4 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #bfi4 ,plut>* tells u 7,q4 ,r4 #c7 t m5 7 exclud$ f a %r9e ( ,diana 9 ! ,vicus ,patricius2 b ( ?is no?+ fur!r is kn[n4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #ajj2 ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 lxviii4 ,footnote #hdg3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ahg4 ,footnote #hdh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #fef1 #feh4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 i4 #aje3 cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #abh foll4 ,s]v4 ,georg4 #c4 #ccb #8,ut omnis qu]cus ,iovi e/ consecrata1 et omnis lucus ,dianae4' 7,hor4 ,od4 #a4 #ba47 ,! reclaim+ ( ,diana f ! woodl& to ! home/ead is curi\sly illu/rat$ by an inscription f ,aricia 7,wilmanns1 ,exempla1 #agfg7 9 :i* %e is id5tifi$ ) ,ve/a4 ,footnote #hej3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #hea3 #e4 7#d47 #b4 ,footnote #heb3 ,metaph4 #ad4 #fbc foll42 ,prell]1 i4 #dea4 ,footnote #hec3 ,v>ro4 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #de4 ,a god ,pomonus 7g54 ,puemones7 occurs 9 ! ,iguvian ritual 7,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #aeh72 :o may h be5 id5tical ) ,vortumnus4 ,footnote #hed3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #df4 ,footnote #hee3 ,prell]1 i4 #deb1 & ,jordan's note4 ,footnote #hef3 ,fe/us1 #bag1 s4 v4 p]sillum4 ,all we "k ( 8 duties is t he #8unguit arma ,quir9i'2 ! ^w = ! oil or grease he us$ 0 #8p]sillum4' ,quir9us _h 8 own flam51 :o might be suppos$ to d ?is (fice = him2 h5ce ,m>q4 7#cbh note7 inf]r$ t ! god 9 ?is case 0 a =m ( ,janus1 ,janus ,quir9us4 ,b !re is no o!r s\nd evid5ce = a ,janus ,quir9us1 ?\gh ,janus & ,portunus may be closely connect$4 ,footnote #heg3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ai4 ,footnote #heh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbe4 ,he ?9ks t ! atria ,tib]9a m5tion$ by ,ovid 7,fa/i1 #d4 #cbi7 7 a /ation on ! r\te ( ! procession4 ,footnote #hei3 ,momms5 has n conv9c$ o!r s*ol>s1 e4 g4 ,jordan on ,prell]1 ii4 #acc1 & ,m>q4 #cbh1 :o po9ts out t if ,volturnus is an old "n = ! ,tib]1 t riv]-god 0 already provid$ ) a flam5 7,volturnalis71 & a fe/ival 9 ?is mon? 7see bel[ on ,volturnalia74 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ,momms5's critics h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ,footnote #hfj3 ,on ,a54 #e4 #bda4 ,footnote #hfa3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 p4 #bej4 ,jordan re/or$ ! passage ?us3 #8,quo apud vet]es a$es 9 portu et f]iae in/itutae' 7,prell]1 i4 #agh note74 ,footnote #hfb3 ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]?m]1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,paulus1 #ef4 ,footnote #hfd3 ,9 ,fe/us1 #bcc1 portus is said to h be5 us$ = a h\se 9 ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,topogr4 i4 #dcj2 ,m>q4 agrees 7#cbg note74 ,footnote #hff3 ,prell]1 i4 #agg4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,x 0 a late f\ndation1 v[$ by ,c4 ,duilius 9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w> 7,b4,c4 #bfj74 ,:5 rebuilt by ,tib]ius 7,tac4 ,ann4 #b4 #di7 ! d$ication-day became ,oct4 #ah4 ,see ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,see above on ,april #bc1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,livy1 #aj4 #ca2 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #hgj3 ,see above1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #hga3 ,paulus1 #bfd4 ,footnote #hgb3 ,prell]1 i4 #aif2 ,m>q4 #ccc note4 ,footnote #hgc3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #af #8,v9alia a v9o2 ,hic dies ,iovis1 non ,v5]is2 huius rei cura non levis 9 ,latio2 nam aliquot locis v9demiae primum a sac]dotibus publicae fiebant1 ut ,romae etiam nunc2 nam flam5 ,dialis auspicatur v9demiam1 et ut iussit v9um leg]e1 agna ,iovi facit1 int] quoius exta caesa et porrecta flam5 primus v9um legit4' ,b ?is note1 com+ betwe5 o!rs on ! ,c]ialia & ,robigalia1 cle>ly ref]s to ,april #bc1 & ! latt] "p ( x mu/ be tak5 z simply expla9+ #8huius rei cura non levis' )\t ref]5ce to a p>ticul> day4 ,footnote #hgd3 ,see above1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #hge3 p4 #bfd4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bj4 ,! passage 9 #f4 #af1 quot$ above1 ends ?us3 #8,9 ,tusculanis hortis 7sortis 9 ,,ms47 e/ scriptum3 ,v9um novum ne vehatur 9 urbem antequam ,v9alia cal5tur1' :i* may ref] to a notice put up 9 ! v9ey>ds4 ,ano!r read+ is #8sacris4' ,footnote #hgg3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #caf & #cbf2 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #fe4 ,footnote #hgh3 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #bhd4 #8,tria namque tempora fructibus metuebant1 propt] quod in/itu]unt f]ias diesque fe/os1 ,robigalia1 ,floralia1 ,v9alia4' ,i d n see :y ! ,v9alia "h %\ld n be ! ,v9alia ,ru/ica4 ,cp4 ,virg4 ,georg4 #b4 #dai #8,et iam maturis metu5dus ,iuppit] uvis4' ,h>tmann1 ,rm4 ,kal4 #acg foll4 ,footnote #hgi3 ,vol4 ii4 #cgi4 ,footnote #hhj3 ,b4,c4 #bgb 7,fe/us1 #bji2 ,au/1 p4 #ad74 ,footnote #hha3 ,= ?is alt>1 ,t]tull4 ,spect4 #e & #h2 ,dionys4 #a4 #cc2 ,tac4 ,ann4 #ab4 #bd2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #fcf4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,no correction ( ?is ^w seems satisfactory3 see ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbf4 ,footnote #hhc3 ,wiss[a1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,consus1 #ibf4 ,footnote #hhd3 ,sugge/$ by ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbf1 & accept$ by ,wiss[a4 ,unluckily ,columella 7r4 #f71 9 allud+ to ! practice1 says no?+ ( its occurr5ce 9 ,italy4 ,! alt]native explanation 0 sugge/$ to me by ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ajg73 see also a note 9 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #ajj2 & bel[ on ,t]m9alia 7p4 #cbe74 ,footnote #hhe3 ,! und]gr\nd alt> ( ,dis ,pat] 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 at :i* ! ludi saecul>es 7 9 "p celebrat$ 7,zosimus1 #b4 #a71 may h _h a l orig94 ,footnote #hhf3 ,qu4 ,rom4 #dj3 cf4 ,dionys4 #a4 #cc4 ,footnote #hhg3 ,fa/4 ,pra542 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bcg4 ,footnote #hhh3 #b4 #ca1 :]e he says t !y 7 kept up 9 8 own day3 cf4 ,/rabo1 ,bk4 #e4c4 #b4 ,footnote #hhi3 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #hij3 ,fri$lnd] 9 ,m>q4 #dhb4 ,= ! connexion ( games ) h>ve/ see ,mannh>dt4 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #agb foll4 ,footnote #hia3 ,v>ro 7ap4 ,non4 p4 #ac7 quotes an old v]se :i* seems to ! po9t "h3 #8,sibi pa/ores ludo faciunt coriis consualia4' ,footnote #hib3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bj2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #fcf2 ,dionys4 #b4 #ca2 ,cic4 ,rep4 #b4 #ab4 ,footnote #hic3 ,see above1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #hid3 ,vol4 ii4 #aga foll41 #cgb foll4 ,footnote #hie3 de ,spect4 #h4 ,footnote #hif3 ,see above1 p4 #hi2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #ijh4 ,footnote #hig3 ,fe/us1 p4 #baj1 s4 v4 piscatorii ludi 7,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f #bj74 ,! latt] uses ! ^w #8animalia1' & does n m5tion fi%4 ,! fi% 7 app>5tly sacrific$ at ! dome/ic he>?2 b x is d\btful :e!r ,volcanus 0 ev] a deity ( ! he>?-fire 7see ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #gad2 ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 xlv74 ,footnote #hih3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cji2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ega foll4 ,footnote #hii3 ,see above on ,may #bc1 p4 #abc2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #hd2 ,macrob4 #a4 #ab4 #ah2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #afbh4 ,footnote #ijj3 ii4 #adi4 ,footnote #ija3 ,9 ! mutilat$ note 9 ,fa/4 ,pra54 giv5 above4 ,= ,wiss[a's views z to ! mi/ake ( suppos+ ,volcanus to h be5 a god ( smi?s1 see above1 p4 #abc 7,may #bc74 ,footnote #ijb3 ,ennius1 ,fragm4 #e4 #dgg2 ,virg4 ,a54 #e4 #ffb4 ,footnote #ijc3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #hbf4 ,footnote #ijd3 ,liv4 #bd4 #aj4 #i4 ,footnote #ije3 ,vitruv4 #a4 #g4 #a4 ,footnote #ijf3 ,roman ,que/ions1 xviii4 ,footnote #ijg3 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #dg foll4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,:at ?is 0 we d n really "k3 !re 7 sev]al ( !m 7,prell]1 ii4 #aej74 ,footnote #iji3 ,fe/4 #aed1 f ,ateius ,capito2 ,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #ag4 ,footnote #iaj3 ,plut4 ,rom4 #aa2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #hba4 ,plut>* wrongly describes x z be+ 9 ! ,comitium4 ,footnote #iaa3 ,?is seems to be meant by ,cato's words quot$ by ,fe/us1 l4 c4 #8,mundo nom5 impositum e/ ab eo mundo quod supra nos e/ 444 eius inf]iorem p>tem veluti consecratam dis ,manibus clausam omni tempore nisi 8 diebus 7i4 e4 ! ?ree above m5tion$7 maiores censu]unt hab5dam1 quos dies etiam religiosos judicav]unt4' ,footnote #iab3 ,fe/4 #abh4 ,s ,v>ro1 ap4 ,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #ah #8,mundus cum patet1 deorum tri/ium atque inf]um ianua patet4' ,lex4 s4 v4 ,dis ,pat]1 #aahd2 ,prell]1 ii4 #fh4 ,footnote #iac3 ,mll]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #ajj4 ,plut>* is explicit3 1 1 1 4 ,see above on ! ,consualia = ! practice ( bury+ gra91 c4 ,footnote #iad3 ,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #ag4 ,= simil> ideas 9 ,greece see ,a4 ,momms51 ,heortologie1 #cde foll4 ,footnote #iae3 de ,f]iis1 vi4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ba2 ,fe/us1 #ahg4 ,footnote #iag3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l44 #e4 #eg & #fd2 ,fe/us1 #ahf2 ,macrob4 #a4 #aj4 #ai4 ,s ,prell]1 ii4 #bj4 ,! ke5-sight$ ,ambros* _h1 ,i ?9k1 a d\bt ab\t x 7,/udi51 #adi71 & ab\t ! conjugal tie g5]ally among ,italian deities4 ,see 8 note on p4 #adi4 ,footnote #iah3 ,gell4 #ac4 #bc4 ,ops ,toitesia 7if ! read+ be "r7 ( ! ,esquil9e vase 7,jordan 9 ,prell]1 ii4 #bb7 may be a comb9ation ( ?is k9d 7toitesia1 conn4 tutus873 cf4 ,ops opif]a4 ,footnote #iai3 ,wiss[a himself goes s f> z to say t male & female div9ities 7 jo9$ toge!r #8non p] iu/um matrimonium s$ ex (ficiorum adf9itate1' op4 cit4 vi4 ,footnote #ibj3 ,op4 cit4 vii42 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbg decl9es to foll[ him "h4 ,footnote #iba3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bj4 ,! ,,mss4 read ,ope ,consiva2 s ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbg4 ,wiss[a adopts ! o!r =m4 ,footnote #ibb3 ,see ,momms51 l4 c41 & ,m>qu>dt1 #bab4 ,footnote #ibc3 ,see on ,ve/alia above1 p4 #adg1 & ,m>q4 #bea4 ,footnote #ibd3 ,colum4 #ab #d4 ,cit$ 9 ,de ,m>*i1 ,il ,culto privato di ,roma ,antica 7,milan1 #ahif71 p4 #ef4 ,see my pap] 9 ,classical ,review = ,oct4 #ahif3 vol4 x4 p4 #cag foll4 ,footnote #ibe3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbg4 ,footnote #ibf3 ,prell]1 ii4 #adb4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,a54 #h4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,9 ,prell]1 ii4 #adc4 ,9 ! passage ( ,lucretius ,volturnus is c\pl$ ) ,au/]3 #8,inde aliae tempe/ates v5tique secuntur1 ,altitonam ,volturnus et ,au/] fulm9e poll5s4' ,columella 7#aa4 #b4 #fe7 says t "s p use ! "n = ! ea/ w9d 7cp4 ,liv4 #bb4 #dc74 ,footnote #ibi3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #bea4 ,,m5sis ,,septemb]4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ?is mon? is almo/ a blank4 ,only ! ,kal5ds1 ,nones & ,ides are m>k$ 9 ! l>ge lett]s ) :i* we h become famili>2 no o!r fe/ival is "h associat$ ) a special deity4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! mon? is occupi$ ) ! ludi ,romani 7#e? to #ai?7#icj1 & ! #ac? 7,ides71 z we "k f two ,cal5d>s1 0 n only1 l all ,ides1 sacr$ to ,jupit]1 b 0 di/+ui%$ z ! day ( ! fam\s #8epulum ,jovis1' & also z ! dies natalis ( ! great ,capitol9e temple4 ,! explanation ( ! abs5ce ( great fe/ivals 9 ?is mon? is comp>atively simple4 ,septemb] 0 = ! ,italian f>m]1 & !re=e = ! primitive ,roman agricultural community1 a p]iod ( comp>ative re/ f urg5t lab\r & f religi\s duties2 = no op]ations 7 !n go+ on :i* call$ = ! invocation ( special deities to fav\r & protect4 ,a glance at ! ru/ic cal5d>s w %[ ?is well en\gh#ica4 ,! messes :i* figure 9 ,july & ,augu/ h come to an end1 & ! v9tage does n appe> until ,octob]4 ,!re is ( c\rse "w to be done1 z always1 b x is ! easy "w ( ! g>d5 & or*>d4 #8,dolia picantur3 poma legunt3 arborum oblaqueatio4' ,v>ro1 :o divides ! ye> = agricultural purposes into eight irregul> p]iods1 has little to say ( ! fif? ( ^!1 i4 e4 t :i* prec$$ ! autumn equ9ox4 #8,qu9to int]vallo int] caniculam et aequ9octium autumnale oportet /ram5ta desec>i1 et ac]vos con/rui1 aratro (fr+i1 frondem ca$i1 prata irrigua it]um sec>i#icb4' ,?is 0 also ! "t :5 milit>y "w w\ld be com+ to an end4 ,9 e>ly times !re 7 ( c\rse no l5g?y campaigns2 & su* fight+ z !re 01 ! object ( :i* w\ld be to de/roy y\r enemies' crops & h>ve/1 w\ld z a rule be ov] 9 ,augu/4 ,ev5 9 lat] times1 :5 campaigns 7 long]1 ! same w\ld usually be ! case2 & ! p]=mance ( v[s made by ! g5]als 9 ! field1 & also _! vacation ( (fice1 w\ld naturally fall 9 ?is mon?4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t ! ludi :i* occupi$ s l>ge a numb] ( ,septemb] days1 _h _! orig9 9 ! p]=mance ( ! vota ( k+s or consuls aft] ! close ( ! w>s#icc2 & we h evid5ce t ! ,ides ( ,septemb] 0 ! day on :i* ! e>lie/ consuls laid d[n _! (fice#icd4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 e opportunity = a l5g!n$ "t ( ease2 ! p 7 at leisure & 9 good temp] aft] h>ve/ & victory2 ev5 ! horses :i* took "p 9 ! games 7 home f w> s]vice or re/+ f _! lab\rs on ! f>m#ice4 ,x is n /rictly )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to describe ! ludi ,romani1 :i* 9 _! fully organiz$ =m 7 ( comp>atively late date2 b _! close connexion ) ! cult ( ,jupit] af=ds an opportunity = "s rem>ks on t mo/ impos+ ( all ! ,roman wor%ips4 ,! ludi ,romani came 9 c\rse ( "t1 z has be5 said above1 to ext5d f ! #e? to ! #ai?2 !y spread out 9 fact on ea* side ( ! ,ides#icf1 ! day on :i* took place ! #8epulum ,jovis' 9 ! ,capitol9e temple4 ,z ?is day 0 also ! dies natalis ( ! same temple1 & t on :i* ! nail 0 driv5 into ! wall ( ! cella ,jovis#icg1 we h a v close connexion betwe5 ! ludi & ! cult ( ,jupit]4 ,! l9k is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 ! ludi votivi1 :i* 7 develop$ into ludi ,romani1 ! v[s 7 made & paid to ! supreme god ( ! ,/ate#ich4 ,we h f a lat] "t ! =mula ( su* a v[ pres]v$ by ,livy#ici4 #8,si duellum quod cum rege ,antio*o sumi populus iussit id ex s5t5tia s5atus populique ,romani confectum erit1 tum tibi1 ,iuppit]1 populus ,romanus ludos magnos dies decem cont9uos faciet1 donaque ad omnia pulv9>ia dabuntur de pecunia1 quantam s5atus decrev]it3 quisquis magi/ratus eos ludos qu&o ubique faxit1 hi ludi recte facti donaque data recte sunto4' ,! epulum ,jovis1 ?us occurr+ 9 ! middle ( ! ludi1 is believ$ by "s writ]s to h orig9ally belong$ to ! ,ides ( ,novemb] & to ! ludi plebeii1 z x does n happ5 to be allud$ to by ,livy 9 connexion ) ! ludi ,romani1 & our fir/ notice ( x 9 ,septemb] is 9 ! ,augu/an cal5d>s#idj4 ,b x is surely e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #bcj1 ! receiv$ date ( ! ludi plebeii1 & ( ! circus ,flam9ius 9 :i* !y took place4 ,we may agree ) ! late/ inve/igator ( ! ,jupit]-cult t ! orig9 ( ! epulum is to be look$ = 9 a =m ( ?anksgiv+ to ,jupit] = ! pres]vation ( ! /ate f ! p]ils ( ! w> season1 & t no bett] day c\ld be f\nd = x ?an ! f\ndation-day ( ! ,capitol9e temple#ida4 ,?is epulum 0 "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & /rik+ sc5es 9 ,roman public life4 ,x began ) a sacrifice2 ! victim is n m5tion$1 b 0 no d\bt a heif]1 & probably a :ite "o#idb4 ,!n took place ! epulum prop]#idc1 :i* ! ?ree deities ( ! ,capitol seem to h %>$ 9 visible =m ) ! magi/rates & s5ate4 ,! images ( ! gods 7 deck$ out z = a fea/1 & ! face ( ,jupit] pa9t$ r$ ) m9ium1 l t ( ! triumphator4 ,jupit] _h a c\*1 & ,juno & ,m9]va ea* a sella1 & ! meal w5t on 9 _! pres5ce#idd4 ,n[ an inve/igator ( ! ,roman religi\s sy/em is "h confront$ ) a difficult problem4 ,0 ?is simply a ,greek practice l t ( ! lecti/]nium1 & "o :i* began ) ! ,etruscan dyna/y & ! f\ndation ( ! ,capitol9e temple ) its triad ( deities8 ,or is x possible t 9 ! cult ( ! ,roman ,jupit] !re 0 ( old a common fea/ ( "s k9d1 %>$ by gods & wor%ipp]s1 on :i* ?is gorge\s ritual 0 ev5tually graft$8 ,m>qu>dt has gone s f> z to sep>ate ! epulum ,jovis altoge!r f ! lecti/]nia1 & app>5tly also f ! inundation ( ,greek influ5ce#ide4 ,x answ]s r1 he says1 to su* dome/ic rites z ! (f]+ to ,jupit] ,dapalis describ$ ?us by ,cato 9 ! ,de ,re ,ru/ica#idf3 #8,dapem hoc modo fi]i oportet4 ,iovi dapali culignam v9i quantum vis polluceto4 ,eo die f]iae bubus et bubulcis1 et qui dapem faci5t4 ,cum polluc]e oportebit1 sic facies4 ,iupit] dapalis1 quod tibi fi]i oportet1 9 domo familia mea culignam v9i dapi1 eius rei ergo macte hac illace dape polluc5da e/o4 ,manus int]luito4 ,po/ea v9um sumito4 ,iupit] dapalis1 macte i/ace dape polluc5da e/o4 ,macte v9o inf]io e/o4 ,ve/ae1 si voles1 dato#idg4 ,daps ,iovi ass>ia pecu9a1 urna v9i lovis ca/e4' ,i confess t ,i d n see :]e9 lies ! po9t ( ! comp>ison ( ?is passage ) ! c]emony ( ! epulum2 & ,m>qu>dt himself does n attempt to elaborate x4 ,!re is no m5tion "h ( a visible pres5ce ( ,jupit] 9 ! =m ( an image1 :i* is ! "o /rik+ feature ( ! epulum4 ,m>qu>dt1 z x seems to me1 might bett] h adduc$ "s example f old ,italian usage ( ! belief t ! gods 7 spiritually pres5t at a common religi\s meal--a belief on :i* might easily be engraft$ ! practice ( pres5t+ !m !re 9 actual iconic =m4 ,ovid1 = example1 writes ?us ( ! cult ( ! ,sab9e ,vacuna#idh3 ,ante focos olim scamnis consid]e longis ,mos erat1 et m5sae cr$]e adesse deos4 ,nunc quoque cum fiunt antiquae sacra ,vacunae1 ,ante ,vacunales /antque s$5tque focos4 ,or aga9 9 ! sacra ( ! curiae1 if ,dionysius reports !m rightly#idi1 we f9d a cle> case ( a common meal 9 :i* ! gods took "p4 ,he tells u t he saw tables 9 ! #8sacr$ h\ses' ( ! curiae spread = ! gods ) simple food 9 v primitive e>!nw>e di%es4 ,he does n m5tion ! pres5ce ( any images ( ! gods1 b x is probable f 8 int]e/+ description t ea* curia p>took ) its gods ( a common meal ( a religi\s "*1 & "o n likely to h come "u ,greek influ5ce#iej4 ,?is la/ example may sugge/ a hypo!sis :i* is at lea/ n likely to d any s]i\s h>m4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ea* curia 0 a con/itu5t "p ( ! :ole ,roman community4 ,we might naturally expect to f9d a common religi\s meal ( ! same k9d 9 :i* ! :ole /ate took "p ?r\gh its magi/rates & s5ate4 ,?is is j :at we d f9d 9 ! epulum ,jovis1 ?\gh ! "* ( its c]emonial is diff]5t2 & x is c]ta9ly possible t ?is epulum _h its orig9 9 a fea/ l t :i* ,dionysius saw1 b "o :i* aft]w>ds und]w5t vital *anges at ! h&s ( ! ,etruscan dyna/y ( ,roman k+s4 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to believe t x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! k+s t ! meal came to take place on ! ,capitol1 & 9 ! temple ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 :i* !y int5d$ to be ! new c5tre ( ! ,roman dom9ion#iea2 & to !m also ,i w\ld ascribe ! pres5ce at ! fea/ ( ! ?ree deities 9 iconic =m4 ,x may be t be=e t critical era 9 ,roman hi/ory ! epulum took place n on ! ,capitol b 9 ! ,regia1 :i* ) ! temple ( ,ve/a h>d by =m$ ! olde/ c5tre ( ! unit$ ,rome2 & t ! pres5ce ( ,jupit]#ieb or any o!r god 0 !re a matt] ( belief1 l t ( ,vacuna ) ! ,sab9es1 & n ( ! actual evid5ce ( eyesight4 ,b ?is conjecture is a some:at bold "o2 & x seems wor? :ile to take ?is opportunity ( exam9+ m closely into ! cult ( ,jupit]1 ) ! object ( det]m9+ :e!r ! great god 0 apt1 9 any "p ( ,italy b ,etruria1 to l5d himself easily to an?ropomorphic ideas & practices#iec4 ,! cult ( ,jupit] is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,italy "u sev]al =ms ( ! same "n1 ) or )\t ! suffix -pit] pat]1 :i*1 s f> z we c guess1 po9ts to a conception ( ! god z protector1 if n orig9ator1 ( a /ock4 ,?is pat]nal title1 :i* 0 appli$ to o!r deities also1 does n necess>ily imply an e>ly advance beyond ! #8daemoni/ic' conception ( div9e be+s2 x r sugge/s t "s "o su* be+ _h be5 br\ght into peculi>ly close relations ) a p>ticul> /ock1 & does no m ?an indicate a possibility ( fur!r individual developm5t 9 ! future#ied4 ,! #8fa!r' 9 ?is case has no wife1 ?\gh we f9d ! ^w #8mat]' appli$ to goddesses#iee2 ,juno is und\bt$ly ! female pr9ciple1 b %e is n1 z has s (t5 be5 imag9$1 ! wife ( ,jupit]4 ,! attempt to prove ?is by argu+ f ! ,flam5 ,dialis & 8 wife ! ,flam9ica _c succe$3 ! =m] 0 ! prie/ ( ,jupit]1 b 8 wife 0 n ! prie/ess ( ,juno#ief4 ,!re is inde$ a c]ta9 my/]i\s dualism ( male & female among ! old ,italian div9ities1 z we "k f ! locus classicus 9 ,gellius 7,n4 ,a4 #ac4 #bc4 #b72 b we are n entitl$ to say t ! relation 0 a conjugal "o#ieg4 ,be=e we proce$ to exam9e traces ( ! olde/ ,jupit] 9 ,rome & ,latium let u see :at survivals are to be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,9 ,umbria we f9d ,jovis hold+ ! fir/ place among ! gods ( ! great inscription ( ,iguvium1 :i* beyond d\bt reta9s ! primitive features ( ! cult1 ?\gh x dates probably f ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & records rites :i* indicate a fully develop$ city-life#ieh4 ,8 cult-titles "h are ,grabovius1 ( :i* ! mean+ is /ill unc]ta91 & ,sancius1 :i* br+s him into connexion ) ! ,semo ,sancus & ,dius ,fidius ( ! ,romans4 ,! sacrifices & pray]s are elaborately record$1 b !re is no trace 9 ! ritual ( any?+ approa*+ to an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! god1 unless x be ! app>5t m5tion ( a temple#iei4 ,no image is m5tion$1 & !re is no sign ( a common meal4 ,! titles ( ! deities too h ! common old-,italian fluidity1 i4 e4 ! same title belongs to m ?an "o deity#ifj4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to a /age ( religi\s ?\ght 9 :i* ! p]sonality ( gods _h no di/9ct place4 ,! c5tre-po9t ( ! cult seems to be a hill1 ! ocris fisius1 )9 ! t[n ( ,iguvium1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! habits ( ! ,greek ,zeus & ! physical or elem5tal "*--unan?ropomorphiz$--:i* seems to belong to t e>li] /age 9 8 wor%ip#ifa4 ,x is on a hill also t we f9d ! cult among ! ,sabellians4 ,an inscription f ,rap9o 9 ! l& ( ! ,m>ruc9i tells u ( a fe/al procession 9 hon\r ( #8,iovia ,ioves patres ocris ,t>9cris1' i4 e4 ,jovia 7,juno87 belong+ to ! ,jupit] ( ! hill ,t>9cris#ifb4 ,among ! ,oscan peoples ! cult-title ,lucetius is ! mo/ /rik+ fact4 ,s]vius#ifc says3 #8,sane l+ua ,osca ,lucetius e/ ,iuppit] dictus a luce quam prae/>e hom9ibus dicitur4' ,! same title is f\nd 9 ! hymn ( ! ,roman ,salii#ifd1 & is evid5tly connect$ ) lux2 ,jupit] be+ beyond d\bt ! giv] ( light1 :e!r t ( sun or moon4 ,s ,macrobius#ife3 #8,nam cum ,iovem accipiamus lucis auctorem1 unde et ,lucetium ,salii 9 c>m9ibus canunt et ,cret5ses vocant1 ipsi quoque ,romani ,diespitrem appellant ut diei patrem4 ,iure hic dies ,iovis fiducia vocatur1 cuius lux non f9itur cum solis occasu1 s$ spl5dorem diei et noctem cont9uat inlu/rante luna1' c4 ,! ,ides ( all mon?s1 i4 e4 ! days ( full moon1 7 sacr$ to ,jupit]4 ,b 9 all c]emonies kn[n to u 9 :i* ! god appe>s 9 ?is capacity ( 81 !re is1 z we might expect1 no trace :atev] ( a p]sonal or an?ropomorphic conception4 ,! ,etruscan ,t9a1 or ,t9ia1 is n[ g5]ally id5tifi$1 ev5 etymologically1 ) ,jupit]#iff4 ,! attributes ( ! two are ess5tially ! same1 ?\gh "o p>ticul> side ( ! ,etruscan god's activity1 t ( ! lightn+-wield]1 is specially develop$4 ,b ,t9a is also ! protector ( cities1 along ) ,juno & ,m9]va 7,cupra & ,m5vra72 & x is 9 connexion ) ?is function ( 8 t we fir/ meet ) a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds an an?ropomorphic conception4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! /imulus c h>dly be said to h come f ,italy4 #8,! "o fact1' says ,au/#ifg1 #8:i* is at pres5t q cle> is t ! olde/ ,etruscan repres5tations ( gods c be trac$ back to ,greek models4 ,t9ia 0 completely id5tifi$ 9 co/ume & attributes ) ! ,greek ,zeus by ,etruscan arti/s4' ,! insignia ( ,etruscan magi/rates 7 aga9 copi$ f ^!1 & h surviv$ = u 9 ! co/ume ( ! ,roman triumphator#ifh1 & 9 "p 9 ! insignia ( ! curule magi/rate1 i4 e4 9 sceptrum1 sella1 toga palmata1 c41 & 9 ! sme>+ ( ! face ( ! triumphator ) m9ium4 ,com+ ne>] to ,rome we f9d at ,fal]ii1 a t[n subject to ,roman & ,sabellian z well z ,graeco-,etruscan influ5ce1 ! curi\s rite ( ! describ$ by ,ovid 7,amores1 #c4 #ac71 & f\nd also 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece#ifi4 ,9 ?is elaborate procession ,juno is app>5tly ! bride1 b ! bridegroom is n m5tion$4 ,at ,argos1 ,zeus 0 ! bridegroom1 & ! inf]5ce is an obvi\s "o t ,jupit] 0 ! bridegroom at ,fal]ii4 ,b ?is _c be prov$1 & is 9 fact support$ by no real evid5ce z to ! old-,italian relation ( ! god & goddess4 ,! rite is extremely int]e/+ z po9t+ to :at seems to be an e>ly p5etration ( ,greek religi\s ideas & practices into ! t[ns ( ,we/]n ,italy2 b x has no o!r be>+ on ! ,jupit]-"q1 nor are we enlight5$ by ! little else we "k ( ! ,fal]ian ,jupit]#igj4 ,b at ,pra5e/e1 t rem>kable t[n p]*$ high ^u ! hills :i* enclose ! ,lat9 ,campagna to ! nor?1 we f9d a v rem>kable =m ( ! ,jupit]-cult1 & "o :i* mu/ be m5tion$ "h1 puzzl+ & ev5 inexplicable z x c]ta9ly is4 ,! great goddess ( ,pra5e/e 0 ,=tuna ,primig5ia--a cult-title :i* _c well mean any?+ b fir/-born#iga2 & t %e 01 or came to be ?\ght ( z1 ! fir/-born daught] ( ,jupit] is plac$ beyond a d\bt by an inscription ( great antiquity fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhbigb4 ,b ?is is n ! only anomaly 9 ! ,jupit]-wor%ip ( ,pra5e/e4 ,!re 0 ano!r cult ( ,=tuna1 di/9ct1 app>5tly1 f t ( ,=tuna ,primig5ia1 9 :i* %e took ! =m n ( a daught] b ( a "m1 &1 /range z x may seem1 ( ! "m bo? ( ,jupit] & ,juno4 ,on ?is po9t we h ! explicit evid5ce ( ,cic]o 7de ,div9atione1 #b4 #he71 :o says1 :5 speak+ ( ! place :]e ! fam\s #8sortes' ( ,pra5e/e 7 fir/ f\nd by a c]ta9 ,num]ius ,suffu/ius3 #8,is e/ hodie locus saeptus religiose propt] ,iovis pu]i 7sacellum87 qui lact5s cum ,iunone ,=tunae 9 gremio s$5s1 ca/issime colitur a matribus4' ,?us we h ,=tuna wor%ipp$ 9 ! same place z ! daught] & z ! "m ( ,jupit]2 & n[h]e else 9 ,italy c we f9d a trace ( a simil> conception ( ! relations ei!r ( ^! or any o!r deities4 ,we _c well reject ! evid5ce ( ,cic]o1 utt]ly unsupport$ ?\gh x be3 we mu/ face ! difficulty t we h "h to acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( a ,jupit] :o is ! *ild ( ,=tuna & also app>5tly ! bro!r ( ,juno1 z well z ( a ,jupit] :o is ! fa!r ( ,=tuna4 ,z reg>ds ?is la/ feature1 ! fa!rhood ( ,jupit]1 ,jordan says emphatically#igc--;& no s*ol> 0 m c>eful 9 8 judgem5ts--t 9 ! :ole range ( ,italian religions #8lib]orum procreatio nulla e/ unquam'3 & he w\ld und]/& #8filia' 9 ! inscription quot$ above 9 a metaphorical r ?an a physical s5se4 ,yet h[ev] we *oose to ?9k ( x1 ,momms5 is ju/ifi$ 9 rem>k+#igd on ! peculi>ly an?ropomorphic idea ( ,=tuna 7& we may add ( ,jupit]7 at :i* ! ,lat9s ( ,pra5e/e mu/ h arriv$1 9 comp>ison ) ! "* ( ,italian religion g5]ally4 ,ev5 m s+ul> ?an ?is is ! son%ip ( ,jupit] & ! fact t he appe>$ toge!r ) ,juno 9 ! lap ( ,=tuna #8mammae appet5s4' ,cic]o's language leaves no d\bt t !re 0 "s "w ( art at ,pra5e/e 9 :i* ! ?ree 7 s repres5t$1 or believ$ to be repres5t$4 ,yet !re are consid]ations :i* may sugge/ t we %\ld hesitate be=e ha/ily conclud+ t all ?is is a g5u9e ,italian developm5t ( g5u9e ,italian ideas4 #a4 ,italy pres5ts u ) no real p>allel to ?is *ild-,jupit] ?\gh 9 ,greece we f9d _m4 ,jordan has m5tion$ ?ree possible ,italian p>allels1 b reject$ !m all3 ,caeculus ,volcani1 ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ,pra5e/e1 ,h]cules bullatus1 & ! be>dless ,veiovis4 ,! attributes ( ! la/-nam$ are expla9$ by a late id5tification ) ,apollo#ige2 ,h]cules bullatus is und\bt$ly ,greek3 ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,caeculus is a f\ndation-leg5d1 truly ,italian 9 "*1 b belong+ to a diff]5t class ( religi\s ideas f t we are discuss+4 ,to ^! we may add t ! boy-,m>s f\nd on a ,pra5e/9e ci/a is cle>ly ( ,etruscan orig91 z is %[n by ,deecke 9 ! ,lexicon1 s4 v4 ,m>is4 #b4 ,cic]o's /atem5t is n confirm$ by any inscription f ,pra5e/e4 ,^? :i* 7 =m]ly ?\ght to ref] to ,iupit] ,pu]#igf are n[ prov$ to belong to ,=tuna z ,iovis pu] 7 filia74 ,x is mo/ s+ul> t ,=tuna %\ld be ?us /yl$ ,iovis pu] 9 ! same place :]e ,jupit] himself 0 wor%ipp$ z pu]2 /ill m s t 9 "o inscription 7#bhfh7 ! cutt] %\ld h dropp$ out ! #8s' 9 ,iovis1 s t we actually read ,iovi pu]o4 ,x may seem tempt+ to guess t ! "n ,jupit] ,pu] arose f a misund]/&+ ( ! ^w pu] z appli$ to ,=tuna3 b ! evid5ce z x /&s supplies no safe gr\nd = ?is4 #c4 ,! fact t ,cic]o describes a /atue is itself suspici\s1 9 ! abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce ( any o!r k9d#igg3 = x sugge/s t ! cult may h aris51 & h tak5 its peculi> =m1 z a result ( ! introduction ( ,greek or ,graeco-,etruscan works ( art4 ,9 ,pra5e/e itself1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,latium & ( ,campania1 innum]able t]ra-cottas h be5 f\nd#igh1 ( ! type ( ! ,greek 1 i4 e4 a "m1 sitt+ or /&+1 ) a *ild1 & occasionally two *ildr5#igi 9 h] lap4 ,^! may1 inde$1 be simply votive (f]+s1 to ,=tuna & o!r deities ( *ildbir?3 b su* objects may q well h s]v$ z ! f\ndation f :i* ! idea ( ,=tuna & h] infants arose4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,s]vius :i* seems to me to %[ a trace ( a simil> confusion else:]e 9 ?is region ( ,italy4 #8,circa hunc tractum ,campaniae colebatur pu] ,iuppit] qui ,anxyrus dicebatur quasi 1 id e/ s9e novacula3 quia b>bam nunquam rasisset3 et ,iuno virgo quae ,f]onia dicebatur#ihj4' ,true1 ! ,jupit] ( ,anxur is a boy or y\?#iha1 n an infant3 b ! passage s]ves well to %[ ! fluidity ( ,italian deities1 at any rate 9 reg>d to ! names atta*$ to !m4 ,t ?is pu] ,iuppit] 0 orig9ally "s o!r deity1 & v possibly a ,greek "o1 ,i h little d\bt3 :ile ,juno ,virgo1 ,f]onia1 ,=tuna1 ,pros]p9a1 all seem to slide into ea* o!r 9 a way :i* is v bewild]+ to ! inve/igator#ihb4 ,?is is no d\bt ow+ to two *ief causes--! daemoni/ic "* ( ! e>ly ,italian religion1 9 :i* _m ( ! spiritual conceptions 7 ev5 unnam$2 &1 secondly1 ! confusion :i* arose :5 ,greek arti/ic types 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,italy4 ,two curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght met at ?is po9t1 p]haps 9 ! eigh? & foll[+ c5turies ,b4,c42 & ! result 0 a :irlpool1 9 :i* ! deities 7 toss$ ab\t1 lo/ su* %ape z !y possess$1 or got inextricably entangl$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,fr5* /ud5t ( ,pra5e/9e antiquities writes ) reason ( #8! neglig5ce ) :i* ! ,pra5e/9e arti/s plac$ ! names ( div9ities & h]oes on designs borr[$ f ,greek models1 & (t5 repres5t+ a subject :i* !y did n und]/&#ihc4' #d4 ,& la/ly1 !re is no d\bt t ,pra5e/e1 9 spite ( its l(ty position on ! hills1 0 at an e>ly /age ( its exi/5ce subject to =eign influ5ces1 l s _m o!r t[ns on or ne> ! we/]n coa/ ( c5tral ,italy4 ,?is has be5 made c]ta9 by works ( art f\nd 9 its olde/ tombs#ihd4 ,:e!r ^! objects came f ,greece1 ,pho5icia1 ,c>?age1 or ,etruria1 ! /ory !y tell is = u ! same1 & may well make u c>eful 9 accept+ a /atem5t l t ( ,cic]o's )\t "s hesitation4 ,!re 0 ev5 a ,greek f\ndation-leg5d ( ,pra5e/e1 z well z ! pure ,italian "o ( ,caeculus#ihe4 ,evid5ce is sl[ly ga!r+ :i* po9ts to a c]ta9 basis ( fact 9 ^! f\ndation-/ories--( fact1 at lea/1 9 s f> z !y seem to indicate t ! trans=mation ( ! e>ly ,italian community into a city & a c5tre ( civilization 0 co9cid5t ) ! era ( ! introduction ( =eign trade4 ,:ile1 !n1 we _c hope z yet to acc\nt = ! s+ul> anomaly 9 ! ,jupit]-cult1 :i* is pres5t$ to u at ,pra5e/e1 we may at lea/ hesitate to make use ( x 9 answ]+ ! ma9 "q ) :i* we set out--viz4 h[ f> we c f9d 9 ! cult ( ! g5u9e ,italian ,jupit] any t5d5cy t[>ds an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! god4 ,be=e we return to ,rome a ^w is ne$$ ab\t ! ,lat9 ,jupit]4 ,! ,lat9 fe/ival has already be5 describ$#ihf3 x w be suffici5t "h to po9t out t none ( its features %[ any advance t[>ds an an?ropomorphic conception ( ,jupit] ,lati>is4 ,! god "h is ( ! same type z at ,iguvium1 "o ^: sanctu>y--:atev] x may orig9ally h be5--is 9 a grove on a hill-top#ihg1 ! conspicu\s religi\s c5tre ( ! :ole ,lat9 /ock inhabit+ ! pla9 bel[4 ,( ?is /ock he is ! unit+ & protect+ deity2 & :5 once a ye> 8 sacr$ victim is sla91 aft] (f]+s h be5 made to him by ! repres5tatives ( ea* memb] ( ! league1 x is ess5tial t ea* %\ld also receive 7& probably consume ?r\gh its deputies7 a portion ( ! sacrificial fle% 7c>nem pet]e74 ,?is1 ! ma9 feature1 & o!r details ( ! ritual1 po9t to a survival f a v e>ly /age ( religi\s culture1 & "o t we may fairly call aniconic4 ,! victim1 a :ite heif]1 ! abs5ce ( w9e 9 ! libations1 & ! m5tion ( milk & *eese among ! (f]+s1 all sugge/ an orig9 9 ! pa/oral age2 & x w\ld seem t =eign ideas nev] really p5etrat$ into ?is wor%ip ( a pa/oral race4 ,! objects t h be5 f\nd dur+ excavations ne> ! site ( ! anci5t temple#ihh %[ t1 z 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,fratres ,arvales & 9 t ( ! curiae1 s "h1 ! mo/ antique type ( sacr$ vessels rema9$ 9 use4 ,und\bt$ly !re 0 9 lat] times a temple1 & also a /atue ( ! god#ihi3 & x is j possible t1 z ,niebuhr suppos$#iij1 ^! 7 ! goal ( an anci5t ,alban triumphal procession1 old] ?an ! lat] magnific5t rite ( ! ,capitol4 ,b we "k = c]ta9 t ! anci5t cult "h sugge/s nei!r gorge\s ritual nor iconic usage4 ,we see no?+ b ! unadorn$ practices ( a simple cattle-bre$+ p4 ,com+ n[ once m to ,rome itself1 :]e ( c\rse we h full] in=mation1 fragm5t>y ?\gh x be1 we f9d suffici5tly cle> indications ( an anci5t cult ( ,jupit] %[+ *>act]i/ics ( mu* ! same k9d z ^? we h already notic$ z be+ g5u9e ,italian4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! cult is associat$ ) hills & also ) trees4 ,x is f\nd on t "p ( ! ,esquil9e :i* 0 kn[n z lucus ,fagutalis or ,fagutal3 "h !re 0 a sacellum ,iovis #89 quo fuit fagus arbor quae ,iovis 7s ,,mss47 sacra habebatur#iia#83 & ! god himself 0 call$ ,fagutalis4 ,n f> (f on ! ,vim9al1 or hill ( ! osi]s1 !re 0 also an alt> ( ,jupit] ,vim9ius1 :i* we may suppose to h be5 anci5t#iib4 ,! my/]i\s ,capitolium vetus on ! ,quir9al may be assum$ z tell+ ! same tale1 ?\gh 9 hi/orical times ! memory ( ! cult !re includ$ ,m9]va & ,juno ) ,jupit]1 i4 e4 ! ,etruscan #8,trias4' ,la/ly1 on ! ,capitol itself 0 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 reput$ to be ! olde/ 9 ,rome#iic4 ,x 0 attribut$ to ,romulus1 :o1 aft] slay+ ! k+ ( ! ,ca595ses1 d$icat$ ! fir/ spolia opima on an anci5t oak #8pa/oribus sacram1' & at ! same "t #8designavit templo ,iovis f9es cognom5que addidit deo4' ,! oak1 we may assume1 0 ! orig9al dwell+ ( ! god1 & ^u x 7 fix$ ! arms tak5 f ! conqu]$ enemy z a ?ank-(f]+ = 8 aid#iid4 ,9 ?is case we seem to be able to guess ! developm5t ( ! cult f ?is beg9n+ 9 ! tree-wor%ip ( primitive #8pa/ores4' ,! next /ep w\ld be ! erection ( an alt> bel[ ! tree1 9 a small enclosure1 i4 e4 a sacellum ( ! same k9d z ^? ( ! ,argei or ! ,sacellum ,l>um#iie4 ,! ?ird /age w\ld be ! build+ ( ! a$es kn[n to u 9 hi/ory1 :i* ,cornelius ,nepos says _h fall5 into decay 9 8 "t1 & 0 rebuilt by ,augu/us on ! sugge/ion ( ,atticus4 ,ev5 ?is 0 a v small build+1 = ,dionysius saw ! f\ndations ( x & f\nd !m only fifte5 feet wide4 ,?is olde/ cult ( ,jupit] 0 completely ov]%ad[$ by ! lat] "o ( ! ,etruscan ,trias--! aniconic by ! iconic1 ! pure ,italian by ! mongrel ritual f ,etruria4 ,t ?is ,jupit] ,f]etrius#iif 0 ! great ,jupit] ( pre-,etruscan ,rome seems to be prov$ by 8 connexion ) oa?s & treaties1 9 :i* he resembles ! god ( ! ,lat9 fe/ival4 ,to him app>5tly belong$ ! prie/ly college ( ! ,fetiales1 :o play$ s important a "p 9 ! decl>+ ( w> & ! mak+ ( treaties3 at any rate x 0 f 8 temple t ! lapis silex & ! sceptrum 7 tak5 :i* accompani$ !m on _! (ficial j\rneys#iig4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is lapis silex 0 a symbol ( ! god himself1 l ! spe> ( ,m>s 9 ! ,regia1 & o!r su* objects ( cult#iih4 #8,we recognize "h ! primitive =ms ( a nature-wor%ip1 9 :i* ! simple fl9t 0 suffici5t to br+ up 9 m5's m9ds ! idea ( ! heav5ly p[] ( lightn+ & ?und]1' i4 e4 ! fl9t if /ruck w\ld emit sp>ks & rem9d ! behold] ( lightn+4 ,unluckily ! exi/5ce ( a /one 9 ?is temple z an object ( wor%ip is n cle>ly atte/$4 ,s]vius 7,a54 #h4 #fda7 says t ! ,fetials took to us+ a /one in/ead ( a sword to slay _! victims )1 #8quod antiquum ,iovis signum lapidem silicem putav]unt esse4' ,! le>n$ comm5tator makes a mi/ake "h :i* w be obvi\s to all ar*aeologi/s1 9 putt+ ! age ( iron be=e t ( /one2 b x has n be5 equally cle> to s*ol>s t he by no means implies 8 belief t ,jupit] 0 ev] wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a /one4 ,he only says t ! ,fetials fanci$ t ?is 0 s3 & ! :ole passage has an aetiological col\r+ :i* %\ld put u on our gu>d#iii4 ,x is n support$ by any o!r /atem5t or tradition1 except an allusion 9 ,s4 ,augu/9e#ajjj to a #8lapis ,capitol9us1' :i* is surely ! /one ( ,t]m9us 7see bel[73 & by ! oa? #8p] ,iovem lapidem1' :i* has be5 int]pret$ by "s z mean+ #8,jupit] 9 ! =m ( a /one4' ,b ?is int]pretation is at lea/ op5 to grave d\bt2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( cle>] evid5ce = ! #8,iuppit] lapis' ( ! temple x is bett] to und]/& ! oa? z be+ sworn by ! god & also by ! /one1 #8two di/9ct aspects ( ! transaction be+ run toge!r1' 9 a way n uncommon 9 ,lat9 =mulae#ajja4 ,x only rema9s to conjecture :at ! #8silex' or #8lapis' 0 :i* ! ,fetials took f ! temple toge!r ) ! sceptrum4 ,helbig has attempt$ to prove t x 0 n a survival ( ! /one age1 e4 g4 an axe ( /one4 ,_h t be5 s1 he argues1 ! ,roman antiqu>ies1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) su* implem5ts#ajjb1 w\ld h notic$ x3 & ^? :o describe ! rites ( ! ,fetials w\ld h /at$ t ! /one 0 artificially %>p5$4 ,b ?is negative argum5t is n a /rong "o2 & ,i am r incl9$ to agree ) ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,tylor#ajjc1 t x 0 a /one celt believ$ to h be5 a ?und]-bolt4 ,!re may inde$ h be5 m ?an "o ( ^! kept 9 ! temple1 = 9 ,b4,c4 #bja ! ,fetials :o w5t to ,africa took ) !m ea* a /one#ajjd 7privos lapides silices7 along ) _! #8sagm9a1' c4 ,?is fact seems to me to prove t ! silices1 l ! sagm9a & sceptrum1 7 only "p ( ! rituali/ic app>atus ( ! ,fetials#ajje1 & n objects 9 :i* ! god 0 suppos$ to be manife/$4 ,! idea t he 0 orig9ally wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a /one may well h aris5 f ?is use ( /ones 9 ! ritual1 especially if ^? /ones 7 believ$ to be 9 "s way 8 h&iwork#ajjf4 ,we may ?9k !n ( ! cult ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius z an example ( primitive tree-wor%ip1 b we are n ju/ifi$ 9 go+ fur!r & f9d+ him also 9 ! =m ( a /one4 ,!re is yet ano!r /one t may h belong$ to ! e>lie/ ,roman cult ( ,jupit]1 b ! connexion is n v c]ta94 #8,! 7rite (7 ,aquaelicium1' says ,fe/us#ajjg1 #8is :5 ra9 is procur$ 7elicitur7 by c]ta9 me?ods1 z = example :5 ! lapis manalis is c>ri$ into ! city4' ,?is /one lay by ! temple ( ,m>s1 outside ! ,porta ,cap5a2 we le>n f o!r passages t x 0 c>ri$ by ! pontifices#ajjh1 b we are n told :at !y did ) x )9 ! walls4 ,x has be5 +5i\sly sugge/$ t ?is ra9-spell1 z we may call x1 0 a "p ( ! cult ( ,jupit] ,elicius1 to :om !re 0 an alt> close by "u ! ,av5t9e#ajji1 ! cult-title be+ id5tical ) ! latt] "p ( ! ^w #8aquaelicium#ajaj4' ,we may agree t ! /one _h no?+ to d ) ! temple ( ,m>s1 :i* happ5$ to be ne> x1 & also t any su* ra9-spell z ?is w\ld be m likely to belong to ! cult ( ,jupit] ?an ( any o!r deity4 ,! heav5-god1 :o laun*es ! ?und]-bolt1 is naturally & almo/ ev]y:]e also ! ra9-giv]#ajaa3 & t ?is 0 "o ( ! functions ( ,jupit] is fully atte/$1 = lat] times at lea/#ajab4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! evid5ce is v slight#ajac3 & x is z well "h to rememb] t ! fur!r we probe back into old ,italian rites1 ! less di/9ctly c we expect to be able to connect !m ) p>ticul> deities4 ,! =mula #8si deus1 si dea es' %\ld always be borne 9 m9d 9 attempt+ to connect gods & c]emonies4 ,& ?is c]emony1 l t ( ! ,argei#ajad 7:i* also wants a cle>ly-conceiv$ deity z its object71 is obvi\sly a survival f a v primitive class ( p]=mances :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has call$ acts ( #8sympa!tic magic#ajae4' ,i am indebt$ to ! ,gold5 ,b\gh = a /rik+ p>allel to ! rite ( ! lapis manalis1 among _m o!rs :i* m or less resemble x4 #8,9 a ,samoan village a c]ta9 /one 0 c>efully h\s$ z ! repres5tative ( ! ra9-mak+ god3 & 9 "t ( dr\ght 8 prie/s c>ri$ ! /one 9 procession & dipp$ x 9 a /ream#ajaf4' ,:at 0 done ) ! lapis manalis we are n told1 b x is pretty pla9 f ! ^w #8manalis1' & f ! fragm5ts ( explanation :i* h come d[n to u f ,roman s*ol>s1 t x 0 ei!r ! object ( "s spla%+ or p\r+1 or 0 itself holl[ & 0 fill$ ) wat] :i* 0 to be p\r$ out 9 imitation ( ! desir$ ra9#ajag4 ,su* rites ne$ n necess>ily be connect$ by u ) ! "n ( a god3 & ! ,jupit] ,elicius1 ) :om x is s\ght to connect ?is "o1 0 always associat$ by ! ,romans n ) ?is obsolete rite1 b ) ! elaborat$ sci5ce ( augury :i* 0 9 ! ma9 ,etruscan#ajah4 ,b ?is discussion has already be5 c>ri$ on z f> z ! scope ( ?is "w p]mits4 ,x may be complet$ by any "o :o has ! pati5ce to "w ?r\gh ,au/'s exhau/ive article1 exam9+ 8 conclusions ) ! aid ( 8 abundant ref]5ces2 b ,i d\bt if any?+ w be f\nd1 beyond :at ,i h m5tion$1 :i* be>s closely on ! "q ) :i* we set out4 ,t "q 01 :e!r ! di/9ctly an?ropomorphic treatm5t ( ,jupit] 9 ! #8epulum ,iovis' c\ld be expla9$ by any native ,italian practice 9 8 cult 7z ,m>qu>dt tri$ to expla9 x71 or mu/ be ref]r$ ) ,au/ to =eign1 i4 e4 ,graeco-,etruscan1 influ5ce4 ,i am driv5 to ! conclusion t ,au/ is probably "r4 ,!re is no real trace 9 ,italy ( an indig5\s iconic repres5tation ( ,jupit]4 ,trees & hills are app>5tly sacr$ to him1 & possibly /ones1 ?\gh ?is la/ is d\btful3 we f9d a sacrificial meal at ! ,lat9 fe/ival1 b no sign t he takes "p 9 x z an image or /atue4 ,else:]e1 z at ,pra5e/e1 peculi> repres5tations ( him ar\se /rong suspicions ( =eign iconic influ5ce4 ,i ?9k1 on ! :ole1 t ! ,italian peoples ow$ ! sacr$ image to =eign works ( art3 & t ! #8epulum ,iovis' 0 introduc$ f ,etruria by ! ,etruscan dyna/y :i* built ! ,capitol9e temple4 ,x may1 inde$1 h be5 engraft$ ^u an e>li] sacrificial meal l t ( ! f]iae ,lat9ae1 or t ( ! curiae1 or ! ru/ic "o ( ,jupit] dapalis3 b1 if s1 ! meal 0 "o at :i* ! anci5t ,romans 7 cont5t to believe1 z ,ovid says1 t ! gods 7 pres5t1 & did n ne$1 l ! ,greeks1 ! evid5ce ( _! eyes to help out _! belief4 ,_! gods 7 /ill aniconic :5 ! wave ( =eign ideas broke ov] !m4 ,we may say ( ! e>lie/ ,roman cult ( ,jupit] :at ,tacitus ass]ts ( ! ,g]mans ( 8 day#ajai3 #8nec cohib]e p>ietibus deos neque 9 ullam humani oris speciem adsimul>e ex magnitud9e caele/ium arbitrantur3 lucos ac nemora consecrant1 deorumque nom9ibus appellant secretum illud quod sola rev]5tia vid5t4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,septemb] #ac 0 also ! day on :i*1 accord+ to ,livy#ajbj & ,v]rius ,flaccus#ajba1 a nail 7clavus7 0 driv5 annually by ! #8,praetor maximus' into ! wall ( ! cella ( ,m9]va 9 ! ,capitol9e temple1 9 ob$i5ce to an old lex :i* 0 fix$ up on ! wall ( ! temple adjo9+ ?is same cella4 ,b ,momms5's tr5*ant criticism#ajbb ( ! locus classicus = ?is subject 9 ,livy has made x almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,roman s*ol>s 7 "h 9 error3 t ! c]emony 0 n an annual "o1 b took place once 9 a c5tury1 9 commemoration ( a v[ made 9 #dfc ,b4,c41 to commemorate ! great pe/il5ce ( t ye>1 :i* c>ri$ (f bo? ! consuls & sev]al o!r magi/rates#ajbc3 t x _h no special connexion ) ! cult ( ,jupit]1 & 0 n int5d$1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 to m>k ! ye>s z !y pass$4 ,! nail is really ! symbol ( ,=tuna or ,necessitas2 ! rite 0 ,etruscan1 & 0 also celebrat$ at ,vols9ii 9 ! temple ( ! ,etruscan deity ( ,fate2 :5 br\ght to ,rome x 0 v naturally locat$ 9 ! great temple ( ! ,etruscan ,trias1 ! religi\s c5tre ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,orig9ally a dictator 0 *os5 7i4 e4 ,praetor maximus7 clavi fig5di causa2 & :5 ! dictator%ip 0 dropp$ aft] ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 ! c]emony 0 all[$ to fall into oblivion4 ,lat] on ! ,roman antiqu>ians une>!d & mis9t]pret$ x1 believ+ x to h be5 a ye>ly rite ( :i* ! object 0 to m>k ! succession ( ye>s4 ,?is brief acc\nt ( ,momms5's view may suffice = ! purpose ( ?is "w3 b ! subject is "o t might ) advantage be re9ve/igat$4 ,footnote #icj3 ,?is repres5ts ! l5g? :i* ! ludi _h atta9$ 9 ,cic]o's "t 7,v]r4 i4 #aj4 #ca74 ,septemb] #d 0 probably add$ aft] ,caes>'s dea? 7,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbh74 ,footnote #ica3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #bha4 ,footnote #icb3 ,r4 ,r4 ,i4 #cc4 ,footnote #icc3 ,see ,momms5's ma/]ly essay 9 8 ,rmis*e ,=s*ung51 vol4 ii4 p4 #db foll4 ,au/1 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #gcb4 ,footnote #icd3 ,momms51 ,rm4 ,*ronol4 #hf foll4 ,footnote #ice3 ,! #8equorum probatio1' prelim9>y to ! races 9 ! circus1 took place on ! day aft] ! ,ides3 see above1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #icf3 ,momms5 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbh1 & ,rm4 ,=s*4 ii4 #dc foll47 po9ts out t ! real c5tre-po9t & orig9al day ( ! ludi prop] 0 ! day ( ! great procession 7pompa7 f ! ,capitol to ! ,circus maximus2 & t ?is 0 probably ! #ae?1 two days aft] ! epulum1 because ! #ad?1 be+ po/riduanus1 0 unlucky1 & t day 0 also occupi$ by ! #8equorum probatio4' 7,see ,fa/i ,sab41 ,maff41 ,vall41 ,amit4 & ,antiat47 ,footnote #icg3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bcd4 ,= ! dies natalis1 see ,au/1 9 ,lex4 s4v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #gjg2 ,plut>*1 ,poplic4 #ad4 ,footnote #ich3 ,momms51 ,rm4 ,=s*4 l4 c4 ,footnote #ici3 ,livy1 #cf4 #b4 #c4 ,! passage ref]s to ludi magni1 i4 e4 special votive games1 v[$ aft] ! fix$ organization ( ! ludi ,romani2 b x is none ! less illu/rative ( ! latt]1 z !y orig9at$ 9 votive games4 ,footnote #idj3 ,s ,m>q4 #cdi & note2 ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cbi1 #cce4 ,i foll[ ,au/1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #gcb4 ,! #8epulum ,m9]vae' ( ! ru/ic cal5d>s is b sl5d] evid5ce = an anci5t & special connexion ( ! goddess ) ?is day2 b ,momms5 ?9ks t ! epulum #8magis ,m9]vae quam ,iovis fuisse4' ,footnote #ida3 ,au/1 l4 c4 ,footnote #idb3 ,au/1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fgj1 #gce4 ,footnote #idc3 ,9 ,capitolio 7,gellius1 #ab4 #h4 #b2 ,liv4 #ch4 #eg4 #e74 ,= ! collegium ( epulones1 :i* f #aif ,b4,c4 _h *>ge ( ?is & o!r public fea/s1 see ,m>q4 #cdg foll4 ,footnote #idd3 ,val4 ,max4 #b4 #a4 #b2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #cc4 #aaa2 ,au/1 l4 c42 ,prell]1 i4 #abj4 ,footnote #ide3 ,m>q4 #cdh4 ,footnote #idf3 ,r4 ,r4 #acb4 ,fe/us 7#fh7 expla9s daps z #8res div9a quae fiebat aut hib]na sem5te aut v]na1' & ,cato directs ! f>m] to beg9 to s[ aft] ! c]emony he describes4 ,i d n cle>ly und]/& :e!r ,m>qu>dt int5d$ also to connect ! epulum ,jovis ( ,nov4 #ac ) ! autumn s[+4 ,footnote #idg3 ,i am unable to (f] any explanation ( ^! words1 ?\gh half incl9$ to suspect t ,ve/a 0 ! orig9al deity ( ?is rite ( ! f>m1 & t ,jupit] & ! w9e-(f]+ are lat] intrusions4 ,footnote #idh3 ,fa/i1 #f4 #cjg4 ,= ,vacuna see ,prell]1 i4 #djh4 ,footnote #idi3 ,bk4 #b4 #bc 7cp4 #b4 #ej72 ,m>q4 #aie foll4 ,= a comp>ison ( ,greek & ,roman usage ( ?is k9d see de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 p4 #acb foll4 ,footnote #iej3 ,he comp>es ?is common meal ) ^? ( ! ( ,greek cities1 & also ) ! at ,sp>ta4 ,b x is mo/ unlikely t ! practice ( ! curiae %\ld h _h any b a native orig94 ,footnote #iea3 ,see cap4 #g ( ,ambros*'s ,/udi52 & cp4 cap4 #a on ! ,regia z ! old] c5tre4 ,footnote #ieb3 ,i may relegate to a footnote ! fur!r conjecture t ! orig9al deity ( ! epulum 0 ,ve/a4 ,we "k t ?is ,sept4 #ac 0 "o ( ! ?ree days on :i* ! ,ve/als prep>$ ! mola salsa 7,s]v4 ,ecl4 #h4 #cb74 ,we _c connect ?is mola salsa ) ! cult ( ,jupit] on ?is day1 = ! ,ve/als h no direct connexion ) t cult at any p]iod ( ! ye>2 b x is possible t x 0 a survival f ! "t :5 ! common meal took place 9 ! ,regia4 ,footnote #iec3 ,see ,au/'s admirable & exhau/ive article on ,jupit] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon4 ,footnote #ied3 ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,religion ( ! ,semites1 #db foll47 seems to trace ! idea back to an actual physical fa!rhood4 ,mr4 ,f>nell1 on ! o!r h& 7,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #di71 believes t 9 ! case ( ,zeus x expresses #8r a moral or spiritual idea ?an any real !ological belief conc]n+ physical or human orig9s4' ,9 ,italy1 ,i ?9k1 ! suffix pat] indicates a special connexion ) a p>ticul> /ock1 & "o r ( gu>dian%ip ?an ( actual fa!rhood4 ,see above on ,neptunalia4 ,footnote #iee3 ,see ,jordan's note on ,prell]1 i4 #ef4 ,footnote #ief3 ,see my pap] 9 ,classical ,review1 vol4 ix4 #dgd foll4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 p4 #f1 9 ! true _s ( ,italian wor%ip1 concludes t x 0 #8non p] iu/um matrimonium1 s$ ex (ficiorum aff9itate4' ,footnote #ieh3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica2 ,bral1 ,les ,tables ,eugub9es4 ,footnote #iei3 ,tab4 #a ,b4 7,b*el]1 p4 #b1 takes x z a temple or sacellum ( ,juno74 ,footnote #ifj3 ,grabovius is an epi!t ( ,m>s2 ,sancius ( ,fisius2 ,jovius or ,juvius ( m ?an "o deity4 ,footnote #ifa3 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 i4 #ej & notes4 ,footnote #ifb3 ,momms51 ,unt]italis*e ,dialekt51 #cda2 ,lex4 #fcg4 ,! ,jupit] ,cacunus ( ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #f4 #cga & #i4 #dhgf also po9ts to high places1 & !re are o!r examples4 ,footnote #ifc3 ,a54 #i4 #efg4 ,footnote #ifd3 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s1 p4 #efd4 ,footnote #ife3 ,sat4 #a4 #ae4 #ad4 ,footnote #iff3 ,deecke1 ,etruskis*e ,=s*ung51 iv4 #gi foll4 ,footnote #ifg3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #fcd4 ,footnote #ifh3 ,s]vius ,ecl4 #aj4 #bg2 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities 7ed4 #b71 s4 v4 ,triumphus4 ,footnote #ifi3 ,f>nell1 i4 #ahd foll4 ,see also ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #ba4 #b2 ,deecke1 ,die ,falisk]1 p4 #hh2 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,juno1 #eia2 ,ros*]1 ,juno und ,h]a1 #gf4 ,footnote #igj3 ,lex4 #fdc4 ,footnote #iga3 ,h4 ,jordan1 ,symbolae ad hi/oriam religionum ,italic>um alt]ae4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #igb3 #8,orc]ia,num]inationucratia,=tuna,diovo fileiprimoc5iadonom d$i' 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xiv4 #bhfc74 ,!re are lat] inscriptions 9 :i* %e appe>s z #8,iovis 7or ,iovi7 pu]o1' 9 ! s5se ( female *ild 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xiv4 #bhfb1 #bhfh74 ,! subject is discuss$ by ,momms5 9 ,h]mes = #ahhd1 p4 #dee1 & by ,jordan op4 cit4 ,see also ,lex4 s4 v4 ,=tuna1 #aedb foll41 & s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fdh4 ,footnote #igc3 ,symbolae1 i4 p4 #h1 & cp4 #ab4 ,= ! app>5t p>allel 9 ! my? ( ! bir? ( ,m>s see on ,m>* #a4 ,footnote #igd3 ,h]mes1 #ahhd1 p4 #dee foll4 ,footnote #ige3 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 #e4 #ab2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #dbi foll42 & see above on ,may #ba4 ,= ,h]cules1 ,jordan l4 c4 & 8 note on ,prell]1 ii4 #bih4 ,= ,caeculus1 ,wiss[a1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,footnote #igf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 xiv4 #bhfb & #bhfh4 ,footnote #igg3 ,! tria signa ( ,liv4 #bc4 #ai1 plac$ #89 a$e ,=tunae' by ,m4 ,anicius aft] 8 escape f ,hannibal1 ) a d$ication1 may possibly h be5 ^? ( ,=tuna & ! two babes 7,prell]1 ii4 #aib4 note #a73 b ?is is v d\btful4 ,footnote #igh3 ,jordan1 ,symbolae1 #aj2 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,=tunae1 #aedc2 ,f]nique1 tude sur ,prne/e1 #gh4 ,footnote #igi3 ,g]h>d1 ,antike ,bildw]ke1 ,tab4 iv4 no4 #a1 gives an example3 ! *ildr5 "h1 h[ev]1 are n babes1 & ! "m has h] arms r\nd _! necks4 ,x seems m to resemble ! types ( ,leto ) ,apollo & ,artemis z infants 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,leto1 #aigc71 z ,pr(4 ,g>dn] sugge/s to me4 ,footnote #ihj3 ,ad ,a54 #g4 #gii4 ,footnote #iha3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fdj4 ,footnote #ihb3 ,see ,f]nique1 tude sur ,prne/e1 pp4 #gi-ha4 ,footnote #ihc3 ,f]nique1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #ihd3 ,f]nique1 #aci foll4 ,wiss[a writes ( ,pra5e/e z #8a special po9t ( connexion betwe5 ,lat9 & ,etruscan culture' 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,m]curius1 #bhac74 ,footnote #ihe3 ,plut>*1 ,p>allela1 #da4 ,footnote #ihf3 ,see at end ( ,april1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ihg3 ,liv4 #a4 #ca4 #c #8visi etiam audire vocem +5tem ex summi cacum9is luco1 ut patrio ritu sacra ,albani fac]5t4' ,footnote #ihh3 e4 g4 ! vases ( v primitive make 7,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 #cj74 ,footnote #ihi3 ,liv4 #bg4 #aa 7,b4,c4 #bji74 ,footnote #iij3 ,niebuhr1 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 ii4 #cg4 ,/rong argum5ts are urg$ aga9/ ?is view by ,au/1 ,lex4 #fif4 ,footnote #iia3 ,paul4 ,diac4 #hg4 ,! lucus is m5tion$ 9 ! corrupt fragm5ts ( ! ,argean it9]>y 7see on ,may #ae7 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ej 7see ,jordan1 ,topogr4 ii1 #bdb73 :]e ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! real read+ is #8,esquiliis cis ,iovis lucum fagutalem'2 #8,iuppit] ,fagutalis' 9 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #af4 #cg2 a #8vicus ,iovis ,fagutalis1' ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #deb 7#aaj ,a4,d474 ,footnote #iib3 ,= ,iuppit] ,vim9ius & 8 ara1 ,fe/4 #cgf4 ,footnote #iic3 ,liv4 #a4 #aj2 ,dionys4 #b4 #cd2 ,prop]t4 #e4 7#d47 #aj4 ,footnote #iid3 ,= o!r examples ( ?is practice see ,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #gc & #acd2 ,virgil1 ,a54 #aj4 #dbc1 & ,s]vius1 ad loc42 ,/atius1 ,!b4 #b4 #gjg4 ,footnote #iie3 ,corn4 ,nep4 ,atticus1 #bj2 cf4 ,momms51 ,res ,ge/ae ,divi ,augu/i1 p4 #ec2 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #cd4 #d4 ,?is is app>5tly :at ,livy alludes to 9 #a4 #aj1 attribut+ x1 aft] ,roman fa%ion1 to ,romulus3 #8,templum 8 regionibus1 quas modo animo metatus sum1 d$ico s$em opimis spoliis4' ,= a discussion ( ! %ape ( ?is temple see ,au/1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fgc4 ,he is incl9$ to attribute x 7#fgi7 to ! ,a4 ,cornelius ,cossus :o d$icat$ ! second spolia opima 9 ,b4,c4 #dbh 7,liv4 #d4 #bj74 ,footnote #iif3 ,! mean+ ( ! cult-title is obscure2 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #fgc4 ,footnote #iig3 ,paul4 ,diac4 #ib2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #ab4 #bjf4 ,footnote #iih3 ,au/1 9 ,lex4 #fgf4 ,! idea is t ( ,helbig 9 8 ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 #ia foll4 ,cp4 ,s*wegl]1 ,rm4 ,ges*4 i4 #fha1 & ,prell]1 i4 #bdh foll4 ,h4 ,nettle%ip1 ,essays 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #ce1 & ,/ra*an-,davidson 7,polybius1 ,prolegom5a1 viii7 discuss ! oa? p] ,iovem lapidem usefully4 ,nettle%ip saw t ! passage ( ,s]vius is ! only "o :i* #8gives any real support' to ! notion t ! god 0 repres5t$ by a /one2 & ,/ra*an-,davidson notes ! aetiological me?od ( ,s]vius4 ,footnote #iii3 ,cp4 8 note on ! #8sceptrum' 7,a54 #ab4 #bjf71 :i* he expla9s z be+ ! sub/itute = a #8simulacrum' ( ,jupit]4 ,0 ?is #8simulacrum' a /one8 ,if s he w\ld h said s4 ,obvi\sly he knew little or no?+ ab\t ^! cult-objects4 ,footnote #ajjj3 de ,civ4 ,dei #b4 #bi4 ,s4 ,augu/9e c\ples x ) ! focus ,ve/ae1 z some?+ well kn[n3 & ?is c\ld n be said at t "t ( any object 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius4 ,! epi!t ,capitol9us w\ld suit ! /one ( ,t]m9us f> bett]2 & ?is is1 9 fact1 made almo/ c]ta9 by ,s]vius' language :5 speak+ ( ,virgil's #8,capitoli immobile saxum' 7,a54 #i4 #ddh71 :i* he id5tifies ) ! #8lapidem ipsum ,t]m9i4' ,d\btless if we c\ld be sure t su* a /one exi/$1 we might guess t x 0 an a]olite 7,/ra*an-,davidson1 p4 #gf1 :o quotes examples74 ,footnote #ajja3 ,s ,nettle%ip1 l4 c43 & ,/ra*an-,davidson1 l4 c4 ,footnote #ajjb3 ,he quotes ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #cg4 #ace #8c]auniae nigrae rub5tesque et similes securibus4' ,footnote #ajjc3 ,communicat$ to ,mr4 ,/ra*an-,davidson1 & m5tion$ by him 9 a note 7op4 cit4 p4 #gg74 ,an in/ance 9 ,retzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 vol4 i4 p4 #age4 ,! o!r sugge/ion1 t x 0 a meteoric /one1 is also q possible3 = ,greek examples1 see ,s*mann1 ,grie*4 ,alt]?m]1 ii4 #aga foll4 ,footnote #ajjd3 ,liv4 #cj4 #dc4 ,footnote #ajje3 ,we may comp>e ! #8orbita' ( ! cult ( ,jupit] ,sancius at ,iguvium3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 #ada4 ,see above1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #ajjf3 ,x may be z well to say1 be=e leav+ ! subject1 t ,i c]ta9ly agree ) ,mr4 ,/ra*an-,davidson t ! ord9>y oa?1 #8p] ,iovem lapidem1' :]e ! swe>] ?r[s ! /one away f him 7describ$ by ,polybius1 #c4 #be71 has no?+ to d ) ! ritual ( ! ,fetials4 ,footnote #ajjg3 ,fe/us1 p4 #b4 ,cp4 #abh1 :]e ?is /one is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r1 :i* 0 ! #8o/ium ,orci4' ,s]v4 ,a54 #c4 #age4 ,footnote #ajjh3 ,s]v4 l4 c4 ,m>qu>dt1 & ,au/ foll[+ him1 add ! matrons ) b>e feet & ! magi/rates )\t _! praetexta3 b ?is re/s on ! au?ority ( ,petronius 7,sat4 #dd71 :o surely is n writ+ ( ,rome1 :]e ! c]emony 0 only a tradition1 to judge by ,fe/4 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ajji3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #id4 ,footnote #ajaj3 ,o4 ,gilb]t1 ii4 #aed3 adopt$ by ,au/1 #feh1 :o adds "s slight additional evid5ce3 e4 g4 ! #8,iovem aquam exorabant' ( ! passage f ,petronius4 ,footnote #ajaa3 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #bce-g3 = ! ,greek ,zeus1 ,f>nell1 ,cults1 i4 #dd foll4 ,footnote #ajab3 ,prell]1 i4 #aij4 ,i _c say t ,i f9d evid5ce e>li] ?an ! passage ( ,tibullus1 #a4 #g4 #bf 7,jupit] ,pluvius74 ,footnote #ajac3 ,note t ! ,flam5 ,dialis is n m5tion$ along ) ! ,pontifices by ,s]vius1 l4c4 ,footnote #ajad3 ,see on ,may #ae4 ,footnote #ajae3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aa foll42 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 #eie foll42 abundant examples 9 ! works ( ,mannh>dt1 see indices4 ,footnote #ajaf3 ,f ,samoa1 by ,g4 ,turn]1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #ajag3 ,comp>e toge!r ,nonius1 #edg4 #aj2 #eei4 #ai 7s4 v4 trulleum71 f ,v>ro2 ,fe/us1 #abh1 s4 v4 #8manalis lapis1' f ,v]rius ,flaccus4 ,! sugge/ion t ! /one 0 holl[ is ,o4 ,gilb]t's4 ,footnote #ajah3 ,au/1 ,lex4 #feg1 :o believes ! ,romans to h be5 mi/ak54 ,! locus classicus is ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #bhe foll42 a m rational acc\nt 9 ,liv4 #a4 #bj2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #b4 #adj4 ,note ! position ( ! alt> ( ?is ,jupit]1 i4 e4 ! ,av5t9e4 ,footnote #ajai3 ,g]mania1 #i4 ,footnote #ajbj3 #g4 #c4 ,footnote #ajba3 ,fe/us1 #ee4 ,footnote #ajbb3 ,9 ,rm4 ,*ronologie1 p4 #age foll4 ,prell] 7i4 #beh7 _h already se5 t ! c]emony 0 a religi\s "o1 b believ$ x to be annual1 & us$ = ! reckon+ ( "t4 ,footnote #ajbc3 #8,an si* hat d] ,nagel gewiss mit dem ,jahre ni*ts zu ?un1 sond]n /eht 9 se9] natrli*5 und wohlbekannt5 ,b$eutung d] ,s*icksalsfe/ung1 9 wel*] er als ,attribut d] graus5 ,no?w5digkeit 7saeva ,necessitas71 d] ,=tuna1 d] ,atropos bei rmis*5 ,s*rift/ell]n und auf italis*5 ,bildw]k5 begegnet4' ,momms51 op4 cit4 #agi4 ,he alludes1 ( c\rse1 to ,horace1 ,od4 #a4 #ce1 & #c4 #bd1 & to ! ,etruscan mirror m5tion$ by ,prell] 7p4 #bei73 see ,g]h>d1 ,etr4 ,spiegel1 i4 #agf4 ,b ! int]pretation ( ?is mirror1 z giv5 by ,prell]1 seems to me v d\btful4 ,,m5sis ,,octob]4 ,9 ! ,italy ( hi/orical times1 ! "o agricultural feature ( ?is mon? 0 ! v9tage4 ,! ru/ic cal5d>s m>k ?is ) ! s+le ^w v9demiae#ajbd4 ,! v9tage might beg9 dur+ ! la/ few days ( ,septemb]1 b ,octob] 0 its natural "t1 ?\gh x is n[ some:at e>li]3 ?is po9t is cle> bo? f ,v>ro & ,pl9y#ajbe4 ,b ! old cal5d>s h pres]v$ h>dly a trace ( ?is2 & 9 fact ! only fea/ :i* we c 9 any way connect ) w9e mak+ 7! ,m$itr9alia on ! #aa?7 is obscure 9 "n & its ritual unkn[n to u4 ,we may inf] t ! practice ( viticulture 0 a comp>atively late introduction2 & ?is is borne out by su* facts z ! abs5ce ( w9e 9 ! ritual ( ! ,lat9 fe/ival#ajbf1 & ! words ( a lex regia 7ascrib$ to ,numa7 :i* =bade w9e to be spr9kl$ on a fun]al pile#ajbg4 ,pl9y also express$ a decid$ op9ion t viticulture 0 multo s]ior3 & lately ,hehn#ajbh has trac$ x to ! ,italian ,greeks on etymological gr\nds4 ,x c h>dly h become a common occupation 9 ,latium be=e ! sev5? or possibly ev5 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,probably if ,ovid _h cont9u$ 8 ,fa/i to ! end ( ! ye> we might h le>nt mu* ( int]e/ ab\t ?is mon?3 z x is1 we h only scraps ( in=mation ab\t a v few primitive rites1 only "o ( :i* c be said to be kn[n to u 9 any detail2 & ! int]pretation ( t "o is extremely d\btful4 ,,kal4 ,,oct4 7,,octob] #a74 ,n4 ,,fidei ,,9 ,,capitolio4 ,,tigill,o ,,soror,,io ,,ad ,,compitum ,,acili4 7,,arv47 ,! sacrifice "h indicat$ to ,fides 9 ! ,capitol is cle>ly ! "o :i* ,livy ascribes to ,numa#ajbi3 #8,et soli ,fidei sollemne in/ituit4 ,ad id sacr>ium flam9es bigis1 curru arcuato 7i4 e4 #8cov]$'7 vehi iussit1 manuque ad digitos usque involuta rem div9am fac]e3 significantes fidem tut&am1 s$emque eius etiam 9 dextris sacratam esse4' ,dionysius also m5tions ! f\ndation1 )\t allud+ to ! peculi> ritual1 b dwell+ on ! moral influ5ce ( ! cult bo? 9 public & private life#ajcj4 ,! p]sonification ( a moral idea w\ld h>dly seem likely to be z old z ,numa2 yet !re are po9ts 9 ! ritual :i* sugge/ a high antiquity1 ap>t f tradition4 ,x 0 ! ?ree *ief flam9es :o ?us drove to ! ,capitol--i4 e4 ^? ( ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 & ,quir9us2 ^! at lea/ 7 ! ?ree :o _h be5 j in/itut$ by ,numa 7,liv4 #a4 #bj71 & to !m ,livy mu/ be ref]r+4 ,z has be5 (t5 po9t$ out1 ! pres5ce ( flam9es at a rite is always evid5ce ( its antiquity2 & 9 ?is case !y may h repres5t$ ! union ( ! two communities ( ,septimontium & ,quir9al 9 a common wor%ip on ! ,capitol1 ?is c5tral po9t be+ repres5t$ by ! ,flam5 ,dialis4 ,! curi\s fact t ! "r h&s ( ^! flam5s 7 wrapp$ up to ! f+]s 9 :ite clo? is ano!r obvi\s sign ( antiquity1 & is expla9$ z mean+ t ! "r h&1 :i* 0 giv5 to ano!r 9 pl$g+ "o's ^w1 !n z n[#ajca1 0 pure & clean1 z 0 ! m9d ( ! pl$g]#ajcb4 ,a sacr$ object1 /atue or victim1 0 (t5 ?us wrapp$ or ti$ ) fillets 7vittae72 & ! 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies seem to h worn a crocus-col\r$ b& on ! "r h& & "r foot#ajcc4 ,! /atue ( ! goddess 9 h] temple _h probably ! "r h& s cov]$1 if at lea/ we are at lib]ty s to int]pret ! words ( ,horace1 #8albo ,fides velata panno'#ajcd4 ,a ^w ab\t ! tigillum sororium#ajce4 ,:at ?is 01 & :]e x 01 c be made out ) "s c]ta9ty2 beyond t all is obscure4 ,x 0 a beam1 r5ew$ f "t to "t1 let into ! opposite walls ( a /reet :i* l$ d[n f ! ,c>9ae to ! ,vicus ,cyprius1 n[ ! via del ,colosseo#ajcf4 ,x rema9$ till at lea/ ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x is n[ g5]ally expla9$ z a primitive ,janus-ar*1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t "o ( ! alt>s bel[ x 0 to ,janus ,curiatius#ajcg4 ,z x seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a s+le beam1 )\t supports except ! /reet walls#ajch1 ,i am unable to und]/& ?is conclusion2 & z ! ,roman antiqu>ies nev] suppos$ x to be su*1 we c h>dly d s safely4 ,!y believ$ x to be a memorial ( ! expiation und]gone by ! leg5d>y ,horatius = ! murd] ( 8 si/]4 ,acquitt$ by ! p on appeal1 he _h to make religi\s expiation1 & ?is he did by ! erection ( an alt> to ,janus ,curiatius1 & ano!r to ,juno ,sororia#ajci1 & by pass+ "u a yoke1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds repres5t$ by ! tigillum4 ,we may leave ! tigillum z really inexplicable1 unless we are to accept ! sugge/ion ( ,ros*]#ajdj1 t ! g]m ( ! leg5d is to be f\nd 9 ! practice ( creep+ ?r\gh a split tree to get rid ( spell or disease4 ,! two alt>s dem& a ^w4 ,livy's language seems to sugge/ t ^! 7 9 ! c>e ( ! g5s ,horatia#ajda3 #8,quibusdam piacul>ibus sacrificiis factis1 quae de9de g5ti ,horatiae tradita sunt4' ,if s1 p]haps ! :ole leg5d ( ,horatius1 or at any rate its connexion ) ?is spot1 arose out ( ?is g5tile wor%ip ( two deities1 ( :om ! cult-titles 7 respectively ,curiatius & ,sororia4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ,janus & ,juno is natural en\gh2 bo? 7 associat$ ) ! ,kal5ds#ajdb4 ,b ! orig9al mean+ ( _! cult-titles at ! ,tigillum rema9s unkn[n4 ,all we c say is t ! ,janus ( ! curiae & ! ,juno ( a si/] may c]ta9ly h giv5 po9t to a leg5d ( :i* ! h]o 0 acquitt$ by ! ,comitia ,curiata = ! murd] ( a si/]#ajdc4 #c ,,non4 ,,oct4 7,,octob] #e74 ,c4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! ?ree days on :i* ! mundus 0 op53 see on ,augu/ #bd4 ,,non4 ,,oct4 7,,octob] #g74 ,f4 ,,iovi ,,fulguri1 ,,iunoni ,,curriti#ajdd ,,9 ,,campo4 7,,arv4 ,,paul47 ,( ^! wor%ips 9 ,rome no?+ else is kn[n4 ,iuno ,curitis is ! goddess ( ,fal]ii1 ^: suppos$ 0 ref]r$ to above#ajde4 ,v ,,id4 ,,oct4 7,,octob] #aa74 ,,np4 ,,m$itr,,inalia4 7,,sab4 ,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,,f]iae ,,iovi4 7,,amit47 ,?is 0 ! day on :i* ! new w9e 0 ta/$4 ,!re is no real evid5ce ( a goddess ,m$itr9a4 ,! acc\nt 9 ,paulus is z foll[s3 #8,mos erat ,lat9is populis1 quo die quis primum gu/>et mu/um1 dic]e om9is gratia 8,vetus novum v9um bibo1 vet]i novo morbo m$eor40 ,a quibus v]bis etiam ,m$itr9ae deae nom5 conceptum1 eiusque sacra ,m$itr9alia dicta sunt#ajdf4' ,v>ro _h already giv5 ! same acc\nt3 #8,octobri m5se ,m$itr9alia dies1 dictus a m$5do1 quod ,flaccus flam5 ,m>tialis dicebat hoc die solitum v9um novum et vetus lib>i et gu/>i m$icam5ti causa3 quod fac]e sol5t etiam nunc multi quom dicunt3 ,novum vetus v9um bibo1 novo vet]i v9o morbo m$eor4' ,note a4 ,a p>allel practice ( ta/+ bo? old & new crops is to be f\nd 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 :o 9 ,may #8fruges aridas et virides contig]unt1' i4 e4 ! old gra9 & ! new#ajdg4 ,note b4 ,! belief t ! new w9e 7mu/um7 0 :olesome & non-inebriat+ is discuss$ *>m+ly by ,plut>* 7,quae/4 ,conv4 vii4 #a74 ,note c4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #a4 #b4 #ccb1 po9ts out t ! real deity "h conc]n$ 0 d\btless ,jupit]3 see "u ,v9alia1 p4 #hf4 ,,iii ,,id4 ,,oct4 7,,octob] #ac74 ,,np4 ,,font,,inalia4 7,,sab4 ,,maff4 ,,amit4 ,,m94 ,,ix47 ,,f]iae ,,fonti4 7,,amit47 ,all we "k ( ?is v anci5t fe/ival is conta9$ 9 a few words ( ,v>ro#ajdh3 #8,font9alia a ,fonte1 quod is dies f]iae eius2 ab eo tum et 9 fontes coronas iaciunt et puteos coronant4' ,! hol9ess ( wells & spr+s is too famili> to ne$ illu/ration "h4 ,! orig9al object ( ! g>l&+ 0 probably to secure abundant wat]4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t !re 0 a god ,fons or ,fontus1 to :om ?is day 0 sacr$4 ,!re 0 a delubrum ,fontis#ajdi2 an ara ,fonti on ! ,janiculum#ajej2 & a porta ,font9alis 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius4 ,fons also appe>s ) ,flora1 ,mat] ,l>um1 ,summanus1 c41 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales#ajea4 ,! case seems to be "o ( ^? 9 :i* multiplicity passes into a quasi-unity3 b ,fons did n survive long 9 ! latt] /age4 ,,id4 ,,oct4 7,,oct4 #ae74 ,,np4 ,,equus ,,ad ,,nixas ,,fit4 7,,philoc47 ,no cal5d> b ! late "o ( ,philocalus m5tions ! und\bt$ly primitive rite ( horse-sacrifice :i* took place on ?is day4 ,wiss[a has tri$ to expla9 ?is difficulty1 :i* meets u else:]e 9 ! ,cal5d>1 e4 g4 on ! ,ides ( ,may 7,argei71 ,june #a 7fe/ival ( ,c>na7#ajeb4 ,:]e two fe/ivals fell on ! same day1 bo? w\ld n be f\nd 9 cal5d>s :i* 7 meant = ! use1 n ( ! pontifices !mselves1 b ( ! unle>n$ vulg>2 = ! latt] w\ld n be able to di/+ui%1 or to get "o cle> "n = ! day1 & confusion w\ld result4 ,n[ all ,kal5ds & ,ides 7 sacr$ to ,juno & ,jupit] respectively2 all o!r rites fall+ on ^! days w\ld /& a *ance ( be+ omitt$1 unless inde$ !y 7 notic$ 9 lat] annotations su* z we f9d cut 9 small] lett]s 9 ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i & o!rs4 ,luckily ! entry 9 ,philocalus' cal5d> is supplem5t$ suffici5tly f o!r s\rces4 ,! e>lie/ h9t we get comes f ! ,greek hi/orian ,timaeus1 & is pres]v$ 9 a fragm5t ( ! twelf? book ( ,polybius#ajec4 ,timaeus aft] ! ,greek fa%ion connects ! horse-sacrifice ) ! leg5d ( ,troy & ! wood5 horse3 b he also tells u ! important detail t on a c]ta9 day a w>-horse 0 kill$ ) a spe> 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius#ajed4 ,! passage is no d\bt *>act]i/ic ( ,timaeus1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! detail1 & ! my?ology :i* ,polybius despis$4 ,b ?\gh we d n "k t ,timaeus 0 ev] at ,rome1 we may hope t he 0 correct 9 ! "o p>ticul> :i* we d n le>n f o!r s\rces1 viz4 ! slaught] ( ! horse ) ! sacr$ weapon ( ,m>s4 ,full] in=mation comes f ,v]rius ,flaccus1 z repres5t$ 9 ! epitomes ( ,fe/us & ,paulus ,diaconus#ajee4 ,on ?is day !re 0 a two-horse *>iot race 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius2 & ! ne> horse ( ! w9n+ pair 0 sacrific$ to ,m>s--kill$ ) a spe>1 if we may believe ,timaeus4 ,! place is indicat$ 9 ,philocalus' cal5d> z #8ad nixas1' i4 e4 ! ciconiae nixae1 :i* seem to h be5 ?ree /orks c>v$ 9 /one ) bills cross+ ea* o!r#ajef3 ?is h[ev] 0 non-exi/5t "u ! ,republic4 ,! real sc5e ( ! sacrifice mu/ h be5 an old #8ara ,m>tis1' & t !re 0 su* an alt> 9 ! ,campus we "k = c]ta91 ?\gh we _c def9itely fix its position#ajeg4 ,! tail ( ! horse 0 cut (f & c>ri$ ) spe$ to ! ,regia s t ! w>m blood might drip ^u ! focus or sacr$ he>? !re4 ,! head also 0 cut (f & deck$ ) cakes2 & at "o "t !re 0 a h>d fight = its possession betwe5 ! m5 ( ! two neighb\r+ qu>t]s ( ! ,via ,sacra & ! ,subura4 ,if ! =m] c>ri$ (f ! prize1 !y fix$ x on ! wall ( ! ,regia2 if ! latt]1 on ! turris ,mamilia#ajeh4 ,x is probable#ajei1 ?\gh n q c]ta91 t ! congeal$ blood f ! tail 0 us$1 toge!r ) ! a%es ( ! unborn calves sacrific$ on ! ,=dicidia1 z #8m$ic9e' to be di/ribut$ to ! p at ! ,p>ilia on ,april #ba4 ,! rite ( ! #8,octob]-horse' _h be5 adequately describ$ & 9 "s degree expla9$ by ,prell]1 ,m>qu>dt1 ,s*wegl]1 & o!rs#ajfj1 be=e ! late ,dr4 ,mannh>dt took x 9 h& n long be=e 8 dea?#ajfa4 ,mannh>dt /udi$ x 9 ! light ( 8 f>-rea*+ rese>*es 9 folk-lore1 & succe$$ 9 treat+ x z all su* survivals %\ld be treat$1 i4e4 9 br++ x into relation ) ! practices ( o!r peoples--n s mu* by way ( expla9+ its orig9al mean+ precisely1 z 9 ord] to make "s progress by its help t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! attitude ( primitive man to ! sup]natural4 ,8 conclusions h be5 g5]ally accept$1 &1 ) v slight modifications1 are to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh 7ii4 #fd71 & 9 ,ros*]'s article #8,m>s' 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon 7#bdaf74 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 call$ 9 "q by no less a p]son ?an ,pr(4 ,wiss[a#ajfb ( ,b]l91 :o seems to take a diff]5t view ( ! ,m>s-cult f t at :i* we ?\ght we _h at la/ safely arriv$3 x may be z well !re=e to give yet ano!r acc\nt ( ,mannh>dt's treatm5t ( ! "q1 & to foll[ 8 track some:at m elaborately ?an ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t he has said ! la/ ^w2 b x is z well to beg9 by mak+ cle> :at he has said4 #a4 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( h>ve/ fe/ivals1 z we may call !m g5]ically4 ,we h _h ! ,amb>valia & ! pluck+ ( ! fir/ e>s by ! ,ve/als 9 ,may3 ! ,ve/alia 9 ,june#ajfc2 ! fe/ivals ( ,consus & ,ops ,consiva 9 ,augu/2 & la/ly we f9d ?is "o com+ aft] all ! fruits ( ! l& h be5 ga!r$ 94 ,9 ?is respect x is p>allel to ! ,pyanepsia & ,os*ophoria ( ! ,greeks1 to ! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,tab]nacles#ajfd1 & to ! true ,mi*aelmas h>ve/-fe/ivals ( mod]n ,europe1 :i* foll[ at an int]val ! great v>iety ( qua9t h>ve/ cu/oms :i* occur at ! actual 9-ga!r+4 ,ev5 n[ 9 ! ,roman ,campagna !re is a lively fe/ival ( ?is k9d 9 ,octob]4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! h>ve/ "* ( ! rite 0 sugge/$ to ,mannh>dt by ! passage f ,paulus 7#bbj71 f :i* we le>n t ! head ( ! sacrific$ horse 0 deck$ ) cakes1 l ^? ( ! live draught-animals at ! ,ve/alia & ,consualia & f]iae ,sem5tivae q4 v44 ,?is1 ,paulus adds1 0 done #8quia id sacrum fiebat ob frugum ev5tum1' :i* la/ words c h>dly mean any?+ b #8on acc\nt ( ! pa/ h>ve/#ajfe4' ,!re are1 ,i may add1 two po9ts op5 to d\bt "h1 :i* ,mannh>dt does n po9t out3 7#a7 ! reason "h giv5 may be only a guess ( ,v]rius'1 & n "o g5]ally und]/ood at ,rome#ajff4 7#b7 ,! conclud+ words ( ! gloss seem to make no s5se1 a fact :i* ?r[s "s d\bt on ! :ole passage4 ,! rite is #8ob frugum ev5tum1' yet #8a horse1 & n an ox1 is ! victim1 because a horse is suit$ = w>1 & an ox is n#ajfg4' ,h[ev] ?is may be und]/ood1 we ne$ n qu>rel ) ! conclusion#ajfh1 t ! real mean+ ( ! adornm5t 0 to %[ t ! head 0 an object possess$ ( p[] to procure f]tility--an inf]5ce confirm$ by ! eag]ness ( ! rival city-qu>t]s to get possession ( x4 #b4 ,! sacrific$ horse repres5t$ a ,corn-_s4 ,! ,corn-_s 0 ,mannh>dt's *ief discov]y1 & its v>i\s =ms are n[ famili> to ,engli% read]s ( ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & ( ,f>nell's ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates4 ,almo/ e common animal1 wild or tame1 may be f\nd to repres5t ! ,corn-_s at h>ve/-"t 9 "o locality or ano!r1 :]e ! nomadic age has giv5 place to an agricultural "o2 or a man1 woman1 boy or puppet repres5ts ! animal1 & s indirectly ! ,corn-_s#ajfi4 ,mannh>dt produces f 8 /ores ( folk-lore _m in/ances 9 :i* ! horse ?us figures1 includ+ ! hobby-horse :i* 9 old ,engl& us$ to prance r\nd ! ,may-pole4 ,^? examples1 h[ev]1 are n /rong en\gh to conv9ce u t ! ,octob] horse 0 a ,corn-_s1 ?\gh !y prove well en\gh t ! ,corn-_s (t5 took ?is %ape#ajgj4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t he is only sugge/+ an orig9 9 ! simple rites ( ! f>m1 indicat+ a class ( ideas to :i* ?is survival may be traceable#ajga4 ,he does1 h[ev]1 produce an example :i* has "o or two features 9 common ) ! ,roman rite1 only 9 ?is case ! animal is a goat in/ead ( a horse4 ,9 ,dauph9 a goat is deck$ ) ribbons & fl[]s & let loose 9 ! h>ve/-field4 ,! reap]s run aft] x1 & f9ally ! f>m] cuts (f its head#ajgb1 :ile 8 wife holds x4 ,p>ts ( its body 7we are n told :e!r ! head is among !m7 are kept z #8m$ic9e' till ! next h>ve/4 ,s too ! head1 & also ! tail & ! blood1 ( ! ,octob] horse 7 ! seat ( "s great ,p[]2 b :e!r ?is 0 a vegetation-_s does n seem satisfactorily %[n4 #c4 ,! *>iot-race 0 an elaborat$ & p]haps ,graeciz$ =m or survival ( ! simple race ( m5 & wom5 s (t5 met ) 9 ! h>ve/-field1 (t5 9 pursuit ( a repres5tative ( ! ,corn-_s4 ,mannh>dt gives examples f ,france & ,g]many ( races 9 pursuit ( cock1 calf1 kid1 %eep1 or :atev] %ape may be ! "o 9 vogue = ! ,corn-_s2 (t5 ! animal is 9 "s way decorat$ = ! occasion4 ,two ( a r diff]5t k9d may be m5tion$ "h1 ?\gh !y occur1 n on ! h>ve/-field1 b at ,:itsuntide & ,ea/] respectively2 b !y %[ h[ horse-races may orig9ate 9 ! cu/oms ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! ,h>tz ! f>m-horses1 gaily decorat$1 are rac$ by ! lab\r]s = possession ( a wrea?1 :i* is hung on ! neck ( ! w9n+ horse4 ,9 ,silesia ! f9e/ ne> horse ( ! team1 decorat$ by ! girls1 is ridd5 7rac$87 r\nd ! b\nd>y ( ! f>m1 & !n r\nd a neighb\r+ village1 :ile ,ea/] hymns are sung4 ,we h already notic$ ! rac+ ( horses & mules at ! ,consualia 9 ,augu/3 accord+ to ,dionysius1 ^! too 7 deck$ out ) fl[]s#ajgc4 ,mannh>dt makes also a some:at l5g?y digression to po9t out ! possibility t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! ,passov] 7on :i* 0 aft]w>ds engraft$ ! ,jahvi/ic wor%ip & ! hi/ory ( ! escape f ,egypt7 a race or some?+ ( ! k9d may be indicat$ by ! cu/om ( eat+ ! victim ) ! lo9s girt4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a possible orig9 = ! horse-rac+ ( ,greeks & ,romans 9 ! cu/oms ( ! f>m at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & ,i accept ,mannh>dt's view s f>1 ) a probability1 n c]ta9ty1 z to ! ,corn-_s4 ,we may p]haps be able to trace ! developm5t ( ! cu/om a little fur!r 9 ?is case4 #d4 ,! horse's head1 fix$ on ! ,regia or ! turris ,mamilia1 is ! effigy ( ! ,corn-_s1 :i* is to br+ f]tility & to keep (f evil influ5ces = ! ye> to come4#ajgd ,examples ( ?is practice ( fix+ up "s object aft] h>ve/ 9 a prom95t place 9 f>m or village are s num]\s z almo/ to defy selection1 & are n[ famili> to all /ud5ts ( folk-lore#ajge4 ,sometimes x is a bun* ( corn or fl[]s1 z 9 ! ,greek ,eiresione#ajgf1 & to ?is day at ,*>lton-on-,otmoor1 :]e x is plac$ ov] ! beautiful rood-scre5 9 ! *ur*4 ,su* bun*es are (t5 call$ by ! "n ( "s animal2 occasionally _! place is tak5 by ! effigy ( an animal's head1 e4 g4 t ( a horse#ajgg1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t becomes a p]man5cy4 #e4 ,! cutt+ (f ! tail is expla9$ by ! idea t a remnant ( ! body ( ! repres5tative ( ! ,corn-_s is suffici5t to produce ?is _s afre% 9 ! vegetation ( ! com+ ye>4 ,! examples ,mannh>dt quotes are num]\s1 & only ga9 =ce :5 br\ght toge!r3 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to 8 "w = !m#ajgh4 ,! ^w tail n only occurs frequ5tly 9 h>ve/ cu/oms 7e4 g4 ! cutt] ( ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! :eat-tail or b>ley-tail#ajgi71 b !re is little d\bt t virtue 0 believ$ to reside 9 a tail#ajhj4 ,:o kn[s b t ! pres]vation ( ! fox's bru% by fox-hunt]s has "s orig9 ( ?is k9d8 #f4 ,! use made ( ! blood1 :i* 0 kept & mix$ ) ! a%es ( ! unborn calves ( ! ,=dicidia1 & ) sulphur & bean-/raw z a m$ic9e to be di/ribut$ to ! p at ! ,p>ilia1 tells its own /ory )\t ne$ ( illu/ration 7see on ,april #ae & #ba74 ,! blood 0 ! life#ajha2 ! fire & sulphur-fumes 7 to purify & av]t evil4 ,bo? m5 & bea/s leapt ov] ! fire into :i* ?is mixture 0 ?r[n at ! ,p>ilia1 to ga9 new life & /r5g?1 & to av]t ! influ5ces :i* might ret>d !m4 ,f9ally1 ,mannh>dt has "s rem>ks on ! orig9 ( ! rite1 :i* 7 sugge/$ by ,s*wegl] & ,ambros*#ajhb4 ,! ,campus ,m>tius1 ! sc5e ( ! sacrifice1 0 orig9ally t]ra regis1 cultivat$ = him by ! p#ajhc4 ,:5 ! k+ 0 ! *ief f>m]1 ! horse's head 0 c>ri$ to 8 h\se 7regia7 & fix$ !reon1 & ! tail all[$ to drip on to 8 he>?4 ,:5 ! neighb\r+ community ( ! ,subura 0 unit$ ) t ( ! ,palat9e1 ! seat ( ! olde/ community1 ! remembrance ( _! duality surviv$ 9 ! conte/ = ! head3 if ! m5 ( ! ,subura won x1 !y fix$ x on ! turris ,mamilia1 :i* may h be5 ! dwell+ ( _! own *ief4 ,su* conte/s are ev5 n[ well kn[n1 or h#ajhd b lately disappe>$2 & "s ( !m may owe _! orig9 to a fight = ! ,corn-_s4 ,mannh>dt gives "s examples--"o v curi\s "o f ,granada1 & "o f ,brittany4 ,at ,d]by1 ,hawick1 ,ludl[1 & o!r places 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y or ! recollection ( !m may /ill be f\nd4 ,on ! :ole we may agree ) him t ! rite 0 9 its orig9 "o ( ! type to :i* he has ref]r$ x--a f9al h>ve/ fe/ival ( ! ,lat9 f>m4 ,!re is yet1 h[ev]1 a ^w to be said4 ,he does n treat x f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,roman cal5d>1 & ?us fails to note ! turn x took :5 ,lat9 f>m]s became ,roman citiz5s4 ,wiss[a1 on ! o!r h&1 takes ! cal5d> z 8 sole basis = judg+ ( x1 & ) a /range p]v]sity1 z x seems to me1 bru%es ,mannh>dt's conclusions aside1 & w\ld expla9 ! rite simply z a sacrifice to ! god ( w>#ajhe4 ,n[ d\btless x _h come to be ?is 9 ! organiz$ city-cal5d>1 z ,m>s himself began to be br\ght into prom95ce 9 a new light1 z ! iuv5es ( ! community came to be m & m employ$ 9 w> z well z agriculture1 & z ! ,campus ,m>tius came to be us$ z an ex]cis+-gr\nd = ! arm$ ho/4 ,! ,cal5d>s %[ u a curi\s correspond5ce betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! season ( arms1 i4 e4 ! middle ( ,m>* & ! middle ( ,octob]1 :i* leaves little d\bt ( ! *ange :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! accept$ "* ( ! rites ( ! two p]iods by ! "t ! ,numan cal5d> 0 drawn up4 ,?is correspond5ce has already be5 not$#ajhf2 x may be "h briefly ref]r$ to aga94 ,on ,m>* #adajhg !re 0 a horse-race 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius2 on ! #ai? 7,qu9quatrus7 0 ! lu/ratio armorum = ! com+ w>-season1 z is se5 f ! fact t ! ancilia ( ! ,salii at lea/--if n all arms--7 lu/rata on t day#ajhh4 ,s too on ,octob] #ae !re 0 a horse-race1 z we h se51 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & on ! #ai? we f9d ! ,armilu/rium 9 ! olde/ cal5d>s#ajhi1 a "n :i* tells its own tale4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! horse-races on ,oct4 #ae & ,m>* #ad _h mu* ! same orig91 & x is j ?is :i* induces ,wiss[a to slight ,mannh>dt's explanation ( ! =m]4 ,he ?9ks t on ea* day ! horses1 l ! arms1 7 lu/rat$ 7p4 x471 i4 e4 be=e ! w>-season began1 & aft] x 0 ov]4 ,?is is likely en\gh2 b might n ! same h be5 ! case ) ! horses ( ! f>m8 ,! ,roman f>m]'s ye> began ) ,m>*1 & ! heavy "w ( c>ry+1 c41 w\ld be ov] 9 ,octob]4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t we mu/ look on organiz$ w>-mat]ial z a developm5t lat] ?an ! primitive times to :i* ,mannh>dt w\ld c>ry u back1 a side ( ,roman life :i* only 9 c\rse ( "t became highly specializ$4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t ! olde/ ,roman cal5d> is ! record ( ! life ( an agricultural p4 ,s mu* is cle> on ! face ( x2 & 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 ! ,amb>valia1 ,ve/alia1 ,consualia1 & 9 ! ,octob] rite we h be5 discuss+1 some?+ ( ! orig9al int5t c be made out f rese>*es into mod]n folk-lore or savage cu/om4 ,yet ?is cal5d> is at ! same "t ! table ( fea/s ( a fully develop$ city-/ate1 & 9 ! process ( its developm5t ! orig9al mean+ ( ! fea/s 0 (t5 lo/1 or !y 7 expla9$ by "s my?ical or hi/orical ev5t1 or aga9 !y !mselves may h *ang$ "* z ! life ( ! p *ang$ f an agricultural to a political "o4 ,9 ! rite ( ! ,octob] horse we may see an agricultural h>ve/ cu/om tak+ a new %ape & mean+ z ! ,/ate grew to be accu/om$ to w>1 j z ,m>s1 orig9ally p]haps ! protector ( man1 h]ds1 & crops alike1 becomes--x may be ev5 be=e ,greek influ5ce is br\ght to be> ^u him--! deity ( w>riors & w>-horses1 ( ! ye>ly r5ew$ /r5g? ( a /ruggl+ community#ajij4 ,x is look+ ) mod]n eyes at ! in/itution ( an old _w if we try to sep>ate ! ,roman w>rior f ! ,roman husb&man1 or ! w>like aspect ( 8 god f 8 univ]sal c>e = 8 p4 ,,xiv ,,kal4 ,,nov4 7,,octob] #ai74 ,,np4 ,,arm,,ilu/rium4 7,,arv4 ,,sab4 ,,maff4 ,,amit4 ,,ant47 ,! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ?is ^w1 :i* alone appe> 9 ! cal5d>s1 are expla9$ by ,v>ro & ,v]rius3 #8,armilu/rium ab eo quod 9 armilu/rio armati sacra faciunt 444 ab lud5do aut lu/ro1 quod circumibant lud5tes ancilibus armati#ajia4' ,?is passage may be tak5 z ref]r+ bo? to ,m>* #ai & ,oct4 #ai1 & z %[+ t ! ,salii ) ! sacr$ %ields 7 active on bo? days4 ,?is c also be inf]r$ f ! fact t 9 #aij ,b4,c4 a ,roman army1 on its m>* into ,asia1 _h to halt at ! ,hellespont1 #8quia dies =te1 quibus ancilia mov5tur4 religiosi ad it] incid]ant'#ajib--;its comm&] ,scipio be+ "o ( ! ,salii4 ,x c be %[n t ?is 0 9 ! autumn1 z ! army did n leave ,italy till ,july #aeajic4 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta91 !n1 t ?is 0 ! la/ day on :i* ! ,salii appe>$1 & t arma & ancilia 7 n[ purifi$#ajid1 & put away = ! w9t]4 ,!re are no fe/ivals 9 any way connect$ ) ,m>s f ?is day to ! ,roman new ye>1 ,m>* #a4 ,z ,ros*] has rem>k$1 8 activity1 l t ( ,apollo1 is all 9 ! w>m season--! season ( vegetation & ( arms4 ,8 prie/s1 :o seem 9 _! dances1 _! song1 & _! equipm5t1 to =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 8 f]tiliz+ p[]s & 8 w>like activity1 are se5 no m f ?is day till 8 p[] is felt aga9 on ! ?re%old ( spr+4 ,we le>n f ,v>ro#ajie t ! place ( lu/ratio on ?is day 0 ! ,av5t9e #8ad circum maximum4' ,i c f9d no explanation ( ?is3 we "k ( no ,m>s-alt> 9 t "p ( ,rome1 :i* 0 ! seat ( ! cults ( ,h]cules & ,consus4 ,x 0 probably ! la/ po9t 9 a procession ( ! ,salii#ajif4 ,footnote #ajbd3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i #b4 #bha4 ,footnote #ajbe3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #cd4 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #cae3 #8,v9demiam antiqui nunquam exi/imav]e maturam ante aequ9octium1 iam passim rapi c]no4' ,sec4 #cai #8,iu/um v9demiae tempus ab aequ9octio ad ,v]gili>um occasum dies xliii4' ,footnote #ajbf3 ,see above1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #ajbg3 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #ad4 #hh #8,v9o rogum ne resp>gito4' ,cp4 #ah4 #bd4 ,footnote #ajbh3 ,kulturpflanz51 c41 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #ajbi3 #a4 #ba4 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #ge4 ,! significance ( ?is cov]$ vehicle seems to be unkn[n4 ,footnote #ajcj3 ,_m passages might be collect$ to be> out ,dionysius' rem>ks3 ! read] may ref] to ,prell]1 i4 #bej foll4 ,footnote #ajca3 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xi4 #bej4 ,s #8dextram fidemque d>e4' ,footnote #ajcb3 ,wiss[a1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,fides1 ,prell]4 i4 #bea4 ,s]v4 ,a54 #a4 #bib & #h4 #fcf3 b ,s]v4 9 ! latt] note says #8,quia fides tecta esse debet et velata4' ,footnote #ajcc3 ,libanius1 ,decl4 #ai2 ,photius1 s4 v4 7,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #dc7 4 ,footnote #ajcd3 ,hor4 ,od4 #a4 #ce4 #ba4 ,footnote #ajce3 ,! au?orities = ?is & ! alt>s connect$ ) x are ,livy1 #a4 #bf2 ,dion4 ,hal4 #c4 #bb2 ,fe/us1 #big & ,paul4 #cjg2 ,aur4 ,vict4 #d4 #i2 ,s*ol4 ,bob4 ad ,cic4 p4 #bgg ,orelli2 ,lydus de ,m5sibus1 #d4 #a4 ,footnote #ajcf3 ,kiep]t u4 ,huels51 ,=mae urbis ,romae antiquae1 p4 #ib & map #a2 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 ii4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ajcg3 ,s ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,ianus1 #ba2 ,gilb]t1 ,topogr4 #a4 #ahj1 :o w\ld make x ! #8porta ,ianualis' ( ,macrob4 #a4 #ai4 #ag1 wrongly4 ,footnote #ajch3 ,x is always 9 ! s+ul>1 e4 g4 #8,transmisso p] viam tigillo1' ,livy1 l4 c4 ,dionys4 writes z if x 7 orig9ally a iugum1 i4 e4 two uprights & a cross-beam1 b does n imply t x 0 s 9 8 day4 ,footnote #ajci3 ,! alt>s are m5tion$ by ,fe/us1 ,dionys1 & ,s*ol4 ,bob4 ,footnote #ajdj3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,janus1 #ba2 quot+ ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?4 7,e4 ,t4 #aaeg1 ) quotation f ,:ite's ,selborne74 ,footnote #ajda3 ,m>qu>dt1 #ehd4 ,footnote #ajdb3 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #af #8,ianum ,iunonium quia non solum m5sis ,ianu>ii s$ m5sium omnium +ressum t55tem3 9 dicione autem ,iunonis sunt omnes ,kal5dae4' ,footnote #ajdc3 ,?is ,juno may be ! #8,weibli*e ,g5ius e9] ,frau1' z ,ros*] sugge/s 7s4 v4 ,janus1 #bb2 s4 v4 ,juno4 #eih1 he seems to ?9k o!rwise74 ,b z %e is connect$ ) ,janus1 ,i %\ld d\bt x4 ,= an explanation ( #8,ianus ,curiatius' cp4 ,lydus1 l4 c4 4 ,footnote #ajdd3 ,curriti ,arv43 ,quiriti ,paul4 ,footnote #ajde3 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #ajdf3 ,paulus1 #abc2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ba4 ,footnote #ajdg3 ,h5z51 ,act4 ,fr4 ,arv4 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #ad4 ,footnote #ajdh3 ,l4 ,l4 vi4 #bb4 ,cp4 ,fe/us1 #he4 ,footnote #ajdi3 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 iii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ajej3 ,prell]1 i4 #agf4 ,footnote #ajea3 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fr4 ,arv4 #adf4 ,! deities to :om piacula are "h to be sacrific$ are deities ( ! grove ( ! ,bre?r53 h5ce ,i %\ld conclude t ?is ,fons simply repres5t$ a p>ticul> spr+ !re4 ,footnote #ajeb3 de ,f]iis1 c41 p4 xi4 ,to me ?is explanation does n seem q satisfactory1 ?\gh x seems to be sanction$ by ,momms5 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b4 #ccb1 note on ,id4 ,oct4 sub f9474 ,x is h[ev] und\bt$ly pref]able to ! view ,i _h tak5 be=e read+ ,wiss[a's tract1 t ! omission 0 due to an ari/ocratic neglect ( usages :i* only surviv$ among ! common p & _h ceas$ to conc]n ! :ole community4 ,footnote #ajec3 ,polyb4 xii4 #d;b4 ,footnote #ajed3 4 ,?is is quot$ f 8 40 ,footnote #ajee3 ,fe/4 #agh #8,octob] equus appellatur1 qui 9 campo ,m>tio m5se ,oct4 immolatur quotannis ,m>ti1 big>um victricum dext]ior4 ,de cuius capite non levis cont5tio solebat esse int] ,suburan5ses et ,sacravi5ses1 ut hi 9 regiae p>iete1 illi ad turrim ,mamiliam id fig]5t2 eiusdemque coda tanta cel]itate p]f]tur 9 regiam1 ut ex ea sanguis di/illet 9 focum p>ticip&ae rei div9ae gratia1 quem ho/iae loco quidam ,m>ti bellico deo sacr>i dicunt1' c4 ,!n foll[ ?ree examples ( horse-sacrifices4 ,paul4 #agi adds no fre% in=mation4 ,paul4 #bbj #8,panibus r$imibant caput equi immolati idibus ,octobribus 9 campo ,m>tio1 quia id sacrificium fiebat ob frugum ev5tum1 et equus potius quam bos immolabatur1 quod hic bello1 bos frugibus p>i5dis e/ aptus4' 7,! mean+ ( ^! la/ words w be consid]$ pres5tly47 ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,qu4 ,rom4 #ig2 probably f ,v]rius1 p]haps indirectly ?r\gh ,juba4 ,plut4 by a mi/ake puts ! rite on ! ,ides ( ,decemb]4 ,footnote #ajef3 ,see note 9 ,prell]'s ,region5 d] ,/adi ,rom1 p4 #agd4 ,!y are plac$ by ,kiep]t & ,hls5 7map #b7 close to ! ,tib] & ne> ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us1 & a long way f ! old ara ,m>tis4 ,p]haps ! position ( ! latt] _h *ang$ z ! ,campus came to be built ov]4 ,footnote #ajeg3 ,livy1 #ce4 #aj2 #dj4 #de 7! c5sors aft] _! election sat 9 ,campo on _! curule *airs #8ad aram ,m>tis'74 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 #bchi4 ,footnote #ajeh3 ,:at ?is 0 is n kn[n3 "s ?9k a k9d ( peel-t[]4 ,possibly a t[] 9 quadriviis3 cf4 def9ition ( compitum 9 ,s*ol4 ,p]s4 #d4 #bh4 ,footnote #ajei3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #gca foll42 ,prop4 #e4 7#d47 #a4 #ai4 ,see on ,p>ilia & ,=dicidia4 ,footnote #ajfj3 ,prell]1 #a4 #cff2 ,m>qu>dt1 #ccd2 ,s*wegl]1 ,rm4 ,ges*4 ii4 #df2 ,ros*]1 ,apollo und ,m>s1 #fd foll4 ,footnote #ajfa3 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 #aef-bja4 ,footnote #ajfb3 de ,f]iis1 ix4 ,footnote #ajfc3 ,i add ?is 7see on ,ve/alia74 ,mannh>dt _h n h&l$ x4 ,footnote #ajfd3 ,levit4 #bc f94 ,footnote #ajfe3 ,_h !y ref]r$ to ! crops ( ! next season we might h expect$ #8ob bonum frugum ev5tum4' ,footnote #ajff3 ,s ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 ix4 ,he ?9ks t x 0 only an attempt to expla9 ! panes3 b he is wrong 9 insi/+ t ! ,ve/alia 7:]e1 z we saw1 ! same decoration occurs7 _h no?+ to d ) #8frugum ev5tus4' ,footnote #ajfg3 ,to me x looks z if "s words _h dropp$ out ( ! text1 p]haps aft] ! ^w ev5tum2 see ! passage quot$ above1 p4 #bdb1 note #a4 ,footnote #ajfh3 ,giv5 9 ,mannh>dt's next section1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ajfi3 ,see "u ,may #ae 7,argei74 ,footnote #ajgj3 ,mannh>dt has n sugge/$ :at seems n impossible1 t ! horse repres5t$ ,m>s himself--9 :i* case we might all[ t ,m>s 01 among o!r ?+s1 a vegetation deity4 ,footnote #ajga3 ,see 8 language at ! top ( p4 #afd4 ,footnote #ajgb3 ,he +5i\sly sugge/s t ^! cases ( decapitation may be expla9$ by ! old cu/om ( cutt+ (f ! corn-e>s s z to leave almo/ ! :ole ( ! /alk4 7,see 8 ,korndmon51 p4 #ce47 ,t ?is me?od exi/$ 9 ,latium seems prov$ by a passage 9 ,livy1 #bb4 #a #8,antii met5tibus cru5tas 9 corbem spicas cecidisse4' ,footnote #ajgc3 ,dion4 ,hal4 i4 #cc1 :o comp>es an ,arcadian ,hippokrateia4 ,footnote #ajgd3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ajge3 ,see ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #fh foll41 & ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #bad foll4 ,footnote #ajgf3 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 l4 c4 ,footnote #ajgg3 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 #afg4 ,footnote #ajgh3 p4 #ahe foll4 ,! tail 9 ,roman ritual 0 #8(fa p5ita4' ,m>q4 #cce1 note #a4 ,footnote #ajgi3 ,9 ,silesia1 c41 ! ^w is ,zl1 ,zl1 :i* ,i suppose tail4 ,footnote #ajhj3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #fe4 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 p4 lxix4 ,he quotes an example f ,africa4 ,footnote #ajha3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lect4 ix4 ,9 ?is case1 accord+ to ,m41 x 0 ! life ( ! ,corn-_s--s ( g5]ation 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #ajhb3 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #gci2 ,ambros*1 ,/udi51 #bjj foll4 ,footnote #ajhc3 ,evid5ce = ?is 9 ,liv4 i #b2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #i4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ajhd3 ,see e4 g4 ,crooke's ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #agf & #cba4 ,crooke looks on ^! fights 7he %\ld h said1 ! possession ( ! object :i* is ! cause ( ! fight7 z *>ms = ra9 or f]tility4 ,s 9 ! pla9s ( ,n4-,w4 ,india1 #8pl5ty is suppos$ to foll[ ! side :i* is victori\s4' ,footnote #ajhe3 ,v]am huius sacri rationem int] vet]es ii vid]unt quorum s5t5tiam ita ref]t ,fe/us #8equum ho/iae loco ,m>ti bellico deo sacr>i' 7de ,f]iis1 p4 x74 ,footnote #ajhf3 ,see "u ,m>* #ad & #ai4 ,footnote #ajhg3 ,wiss[a ?9ks x 0 orig9ally ! #ae? 7,ides72 b ,momms5 diss5ts 9 8 note on ,oct4 #ae 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #ccb74 ,x is ! only fea/-day 9 ! cal5d> :i* is an ev5 numb]4 ,p]haps x 0 *ang$ because ( ! popul>ity ( ! revels1 c41 on ! ,ides4 ,footnote #ajhh3 ,*>isius1 p4 #ha2 ,m>q4 #dce4 ,footnote #ajhi3 ,?is po9t ( ! p>allel 0 fir/ notic$ by ,wiss[a1 :o1 z j not$1 believes ! day ( ,equirria to h be5 9 ea* case ! ,ides4 ,footnote #ajij3 ,an apt illu/ration ( ?is aspect ( ,m>s1 9 comb9ation ) ! old] primitive =m ( ritual1 is suppli$ by ! /range sacrifice by ,julius ,caes> ( two mut9\s soldi]s1 record$ by ,dio ,cassius1 #dc4 #bd4 ,!y 7 (f]$ to ,m>s 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius by ! ,flam5 ,m>tialis 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,pontifices1 & _! heads 7 nail$ up on ! ,regia4 7,h5ce ,m>q4 inf]s t x 0 ?is flam5 :o sacrific$ ! ,octob] horse47 ,caes> 0 9 ,rome 9 ,octob] ( ! ye> to :i* ,d4 ,c4 attributes ?is de$1 ,b4,c4 #df4 ,footnote #ajia3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #fb4 ,cp4 ,fe/us1 #ai #8,armilu/rium fe/um erat apud ,romanos1 quo res div9as armati faciebant ac dum sacrific>5t tubis canebant4' ,see on ,m>* #ai & #bc4 ,footnote #ajib3 ,liv4 #cg4 #cc4 #g4 ,cp4 ,polyb4 #ba4 #aj4 #ab4 ,footnote #ajic3 ,m>q4 #dcg1 note #a4 ,! sugge/ion 0 ,hus*ke's1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #cfc4 ,footnote #ajid3 ,*>isius1 pp4 #ha4 #bj 7,keil71 = lu/ratio 9 ,m>*4 ,! ^w ,armilu/rium1 us$ = ?is day1 speaks = itself4 ,footnote #ajie3 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #aec4 ,footnote #ajif3 ,we h a fa9t indication t !y rea*$ ! pons sublicius1 :i* 0 q ne> to ! ,circus maximus4 ,see ,m>q4 #dcc1 note #h4 ,,m5sis ,,novemb]4 ,( all ! mon?s 9 ! ,roman ye> ,novemb] is ! lea/ important f a religi\s po9t ( view4 ,x 0 ! mon? ( pl\gh+ & s[+--n ( holiday-"t#ajig2 !n1 z n[1 x 0 a quiet mon?1 & 9 ! cal5d>s1 ) ! exception ( ! ludi plebeii1 n a fe/ival appe>s ( any importance4 ,lat] on1 ! wor%ip ( ,isis ga9$ a hold ^u ! mon?#ajih1 :i* rema9$ op5 to intrud]s long aft] city-life _h tak5 ! place ( ,novemb] agricultural op]ations4 ,! ludi plebeii1 z a public fe/ival1 date f #bbj ,b4,c42 !y took place 9 ! ,circus ,flam9ius1 :i* 0 built 9 t ye>#ajii2 !y & ! epulum ,iovis 7,nov4 #ac7 are fir/ m5tion$ by ,livy f\r ye>s lat]4 ,! epulum has already be5 discuss$ 9 connexion ) ! ludi ,romani4 ,! plebeian games 7 probably at fir/ on a s+le day 7,nov4 #ac71 & 7 gradually ext5d$1 l ! ludi ,romani2 f9ally1 !y la/$ f ,nov4 #d to ,nov4 #agaajj4 ,! #h? 0 "o ( ! ?ree days on :i* ! mundus 0 op53 see "u ,oct4 #e4 ,,id4 ,,nov4 7,,nov4 #ac74 ,,np4 ,,f]oniae ,,9 ,,campo#aaja4 7,,arv41 a lat] addition to ! orig9al47 ,,=tunae ,,primig5iae ,,9 ,,colle4 7,,arv41 a lat] addition to ! orig9al47 ,?is is ! only m5tion we h ( ,f]onia 9 ,rome4 ,%e 0 a goddess ( r5[n 9 ,latium & c5tral ,italy1 b nev] made h] m>k at ,rome1 z did o!rs ( h] k9d--,diana1 ,=tuna1 ,c]es1 ,flora--all ( :om appe> !re ) plebeian associations ab\t !m1 z n belong+ to ! e>lie/ patrician community#aajb4 ,x is curi\s to f9d ?is ,f]onia too 9 ! cal5d> only 9 ! middle ( ! ludi plebeii1 & probably on ! day :i* 0 ! orig9al nucleus ( ! games4 ,we may ei!r date ! cult f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ludi or guess t x 0 !re be=e !m1 & 0 subsequ5tly eclips$ by ! cult ( ,jupit]4 ,! latt] is p]haps ! m probable conjecture2 = ! little t we "k ( ! cult else:]e po9ts to a possible orig9 ( ! games :i* has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 notic$4 ,!y took place1 be x rememb]$1 9 ! ,circus ,flam9ius1 :i* 0 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius2 :]e also 0 ?is cult ( ,f]onia4 ,n[ ! mo/ fam\s %r9e ( ,f]onia 9 ,italy1 t ( ,trebula ,mutusca1 0 ! c5tre ( a great fair or m>ket held on ! fea/-days ( ! goddess#aajc1 & on ! :ole h] attributes seem to be ^? ( a deity ( f]tility & pl5ty#aajd4 ,is x impossible t %e _h also "s %>e 9 a fair 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius long be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ludi8 ,! connexion ( ,f]onia ) ! plebs seems sugge/$ n only by h] position 9 ! cal5d>1 b by ! devotion ( lib]t9i#aaje4 ,9 ! ye> #bag ,b4,c4 ! ,roman fre$wom5 collect$ a sum ( money z a gift to ,f]onia#aajf2 ?\gh ?is (f]+ ne$ n be tak5 z de/9$ = ! ,roman goddess1 b r = h] ( ,soracte1 to :om fir/-fruits & o!r gifts 7 frequ5tly (f]$4 ,! temple ( ,f]onia at ,t]rac9a 0 specially devot$ to ! manumission ( slaves1 ( :i* ! process1 z describ$ by ,s]vius1 pres5ts at lea/ "o feature ( special int]e/#aajg4 ,manumissions w\ld take place on public occasions1 su* z m>kets1 :5 ! necess>y au?orities & witnesses 7 to be easily f\nd1 & ! temple ( ! m>ket-goddess 0 at h&2 & ?is may be ! orig9al po9t ( relation betwe5 ?is cult & ! ,roman plebs1 :i* 0 beyond d\bt by ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 l>gely compos$ ( desc5dants ( manumitt$ slaves4 ,! conjunction ( ,f]onia on ?is day ) ,=tuna ,primig5ia 79 colle7 is curi\s1 z bo? 7 goddesses ( ,pra5e/e1 :]e ,f]onia 9 leg5d 0 ! "m ( ,erulus1 a daemon ) ?reefold body & s\l1 :o _h to be kill$ ?ree times by ,ev&]#aajh4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( ?is cult ( ,=tuna at ,rome is #bjd ,b4,c4#aaji ,footnote #ajig3 ,ru/ic cal5d>s3 #8,sem5tes tritic>iae et hordi>iae4' ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #cd4 ,footnote #ajih3 ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b1 #ccc4 ,footnote #ajii3 ,fri$lnd] 9 ,m>q4 #dii2 ,liv4 #bc4 #cj4 ,footnote #aajj3 ,see ! table 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b1 #cce4 ,footnote #aaja3 ,probably ^! notes belong to ! ,ides4 ,9 ! ,arval cal5d> ! entry is opposite ! #ad?1 b f its position may be really meant z an additional note to ! ,ides4 ,!re is no o!r example ( religi\s rites on a day aft] ,ides4 7,h5z51 ,arv4 #bdj2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b1 #bif47 ,! same 0 ! case ) all #8dies po/riduani4' ,footnote #aajb3 ,see "u ,c]ialia & ,floralia4 ,footnote #aajc3 ,liv4 #a4 #cj4 ,roman m]*ants 7 seiz$ by ! ,sab9es 9 ?is m>ket 7,dion4 ,hal4 #c4 #cb74 ,footnote #aajd3 ,/eud+ 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,f]onia2 ,liv4 #bf #aa4 ,i _c see any reason to connect h] ) ,novemb] s[+1 z ,/eud+ does1 p4 #adhj4 ,footnote #aaje3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #efd4 ,footnote #aajf3 ,liv4 #bb4 #a4 ,footnote #aajg3 ,! cutt+ ( ! hair1 & putt+ on ( ! pileus4 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ,semites1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #aajh3 ,s]v4 ,a54 l4 c4 ,! my? mu/ be ,graeco-,etruscan4 ,footnote #aaji3 ,liv4 #bi4 #cf4 ,! d$ication 0 #aid ,b4,c4 7,liv4 #cd4 #ec74 ,,m5sis ,,decemb] ,9 ! middle ( w9t]1 until well on 9 ,janu>y1 ! ,roman husb&man _h comp>atively little to d4 ,v>ro#aaaj writes ( s[+ lilies1 crocuses1 c41 & ( clean+ out dit*es & prun+ v9es1 & su* light op]ations ( ! f>m4 ,columella#aaaa tells u t ! autumn s[+ %\ld be end$ by ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 ?\gh "s s[ beans 9 ?is mon?2 & 9 ?is he agrees ) ! ru/ic cal5d>s :i* m5tion1 besides ?is op]ation1 only ! manur+ ( v9ey>ds & ! ga!r+ ( olives4 ,x is n unnatural1 !n1 t we %\ld f9d 9 ?is #8slack "t'#aaab sev]al fe/ivals :i* are at once antique & obscure1 & almo/ all ( :i* seem to c>ry u back to husb&ry & ! primitive ideas ( a c\ntry life4 ,on ! night ( ! #crd or !reab\ts 0 ! wom5's sacrifice to ! ,bona ,dea2 on ! #e? ! ru/ic ,faunalia 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 ?\gh probably n 9 ,rome2 on ! #ae? ! w9t] ,consualia2 on ! #ag? ! ,saturnalia2 & on ! #ai? ! ,opalia2 & s on to ! ,compitalia & ,paganalia4 ,all ?is is 9 curi\s contra/ ) ! abs5ce ( fe/ivals 9 ! busy mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,wom5's ,sacrifice to ! ,bona ,dea4 ,?is fell1 9 ! ye> #fc ,b4,c41 on ! night betwe5 ,dec4 #c & #d1 if we may tru/ ,plut>* & ,dio#aaac2 b ! date does n seem to h be5 a fix$ "o#aaad4 ,! rite does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>s1 &1 ?\gh att5d$ by ! ,ve/als1 did n take place 9 ! temple ( ! goddess1 b 9 ! h\se ( a consul or praetor1 #89 ea domo quae e/ 9 imp]io#aaae4' ,x seems to h be5 9 "s s5se a ,/ate sacrifice1 i4 e4 x 0 #8pro populo ,romano' 7accord+ to ,cic]o72 b x 0 n #8publico sumptu'#aaaf1 & x 0 nev] wov5 into ! cal5d> by ! pontifices1 or x c\ld h>dly h occurr$ betwe5 ! ,kal5ds & ! ,nones4 ,its v nature w\ld exclude ! int]f]5ce ( ! pontifical college1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ to give public notice ( x4 ,! "* ( ! goddess & h] rites h already be5 discuss$ "u ,may #a4 ,all t ne$ be said ( ! ,decemb] sacrifice is t x 0 cle>ly a survival f ! "t :5 ! wife ( ! *ief ( ! community--himself its prie/--toge!r ) h] daught]s 7repres5t$ 9 lat] times by ! ,ve/als71 & ! o!r matrons1 made sacrifice ( a "y pig or pigs#aaag to ! deity ( f]tility1 f all %>e 9 :i* m5 7 rigor\sly exclud$4 ,x mu/ h be5 orig9ally a p]fectly decor\s rite1 & s h cont9u$ to ! fam\s sacrilege ( ,clodius2 x 0 only "u ! empire t x became ! sc5e ( su* orgies z ,juv5al describes 9 8 second & six? satires#aaah4 ,,non4 ,,dec4 7,,dec4 #e74 ,f4 ,"h we h ano!r fe/ival unkn[n to ! cal5d>s1 ! ,faunalia ru/ica1 z x has be5 call$4 ,our k ( x comes f ! famili> ode ( ,horace 7iii4 #ah71 & f ! comm5ts ( ! s*olia/s !reon3 ,faune1 ,nymph>um fugi5tum amator1 ,p] meos f9es et aprica rura ,l5is inc$as abeasque p>vis ,aequus alumnis1 ,si t5] pl5o eadit ha$us anno1 ,l>ga nec desunt ,v5]is sodali ,v9a crat]ae1 vetus ara multo ,fumat odore4 ,ludit h]boso pecus omne campo ,cum tibi ,nonae r$eunt ,decembres2 ,fe/us 9 pratis vacat otioso ,cum bove pagus2 ,int] audaces lupus errat agnos2 ,sp>git agre/es tibi silva frondes2 ,gaudet invisam pepulisse fossor ,t] p$e t]ram4 ,no picture c\ld be *oic] or neat] ?an ?is2 = once x is a treat to h our be/ evid5ce 9 ! =m ( a p]fect "w ( art4 ,we are = a mom5t let into ! he>t & m9d ( anci5t ,italy1 z !y %[$ !mselves on a w9t] holiday4 ,!re is an anci5t alt>--n a temple--to a sup]natural be+ :o is n yet fully god1 :o c play pranks l ! #8,br[nies' & d h>m1 b is capable ( do+ good if duly propitiat$4 ,on ! ,nones ( ,decemb]1 possibly ( o!r mon?s too#aaai1 he is coax$ ) t5d] kid1 libations ( w9e1 & inc5se#aabj2 ! little rural community ( f>m]s 7pagus71 ) _! lab\r]s1 take "p 9 ! rite1 & br+ _! cattle into ! common pa/ure1 pl\gh-ox5 & all4 ,!n1 aft] ! sacrifice1 !y dance 9 triple measure1 l ! ,salii 9 ,m>*4 ,horace is ( c\rse describ+ a rite :i* 0 entirely rural1 z ! ^w pagus w\ld indicate suffici5tly1 ap>t f o!r features4 ,unless he 7 ! god ( ! ,lup]calia1 :i* is op5 to mu* d\bt#aaba1 ,faunus 0 n introduc$ into ! city ( ,rome till #aif ,b4,c41 :5 ! a$iles v appropriately built him a temple 9 ! ,tib]-isl& ) money tak5 z f9es f default+ pecu>ii#aabb1 or hold]s ( public l& us$ = cattle-runs4 ,we may assume t 8 settlem5t 9 ! city 0 sugge/$ by ! pontifices1 & t we h "h a case ( ! trans=mation ( a purely ru/ic cult into an urban "o by prie/ly manipulation4 ,x is n impossible t ! idea t ,faunus 0 ! deity ( ! ,lup]calia came 9 ab\t ! same "t#aabc4 ,bo? prie/s & annali/s got hold ( him1 & did _! be/ to rob him ( 8 true "* z an intelligible & useful god ( woodl& & pa/ure4 ,he became a ,rex ,aborig9um#aabd1 & ! ?ird on ! li/ ( my?ical k+s ( ,latium#aabe4 ,he became id5tifi$ ) ! ,greek ,pan4 ,b1 9 spite ( all _! ef=ts1 ,faunus w\ld n tamely accept 8 new position4 ,we he> no m ( ! a$es 9 ! isl&3 ! ,roman vulgus d n seem to h recogniz$ him at ! ,lup]calia1 & 8 ins]tion 9 ! leg5ds _h no political effect4 ,! fact t n a s+le inscription f ,rome or its vic9ity records 8 "n %[s pla9ly t he nev] took ! popul> fancy z a deity ) city functions3 & ! abs5ce ( inscriptions 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts also1 9 mo/ s+ul> contra/ to ! ubiquit\s /one records ( ,silvanus-wor%ip1 seems to %[ t he rema9$ always mu* z wild z he 0 be=e ! age ( inscriptions began1 :ile ! k9dr$ deity 0 adopt$ into ! organiz$ life & culture ( ! ,italian & prov9cial f>m]#aabf4 ,x may be z well1 be=e leav+ ! subject ( ?is s+ul> be+1 to sum up "u a v few heads :at is really kn[n ab\t him4 ,b s little is kn[n ab\t ! cult ( ,faunus--& inde$ x c h>dly be said t any elaborate cult ev] grew up ar\nd him--t x may be legitimate = once fir/ to glance at ! etymological explanations ( 8 "n :i* h be5 sugge/$ by s*ol>s4 7#a7 ,faunus is connect$ ) fav]e1 & means #8! k9d or propiti\s "o1' l ,fau/us & ,fau/ulus1 & z "s ?9k1 ,favonius#aabg & ,fons4 ,?is d]ivation 0 kn[n to ,s]vius#aabh3 #8quidam ,faunos putant dictos ab eo quod frugibus faveant4' ,x is n 9 itself inconsi/5t ) :at we "k ( ! rural ,faunus1 or ) analog\s sup]natural be+s1 l ! #8good p4' ,x 0 accept$ by ,prell] & ,s*wegl]1 & has affect$ _! conclusions ab\t ,faunus2 e4 g4 ,s*wegl] bas$ on x ! view1 n[ g5]ally held1 t ,ev&] is a ,greek translation ( ,faunus#aabi4 7#b7 ,faunus is f f>i1 i4 e4 ! speak]1 or =etell]4 ,?is too 0 kn[n to ,lat9 s*ol>s3 ?us ,isidorus 7p]haps f ,v>ro#aacj71 #8fauni a f&o1 dicti1 quod voce non signis o/5d]e vid]5tur futura4' ,x 0 reviv$ n long ago by ! late ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip3 #8,once imag9e ,faunus z a 8speak]10 & all becomes cle>4 ,he is n only ! compos] & recit] ( v]ses#aaca1 b g5]ally ! se] or wise man1 ^: sup]ior k entitles him to ! admiration & dread ( ! c\ntry folk :o consult him4 ,b z 8 real nature & functions are sup]s$$1 8 "* is misconceiv$3 he becomes a div9ity1 ! e>lie/ k+ ( ,latium1 ! god ( prophecy1 ! god ( agriculture4' ,we may comp>e ) ?is ,scalig]'s note on ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #cf3 #8,! ,fauni 7 a class ( m5 :o ex]cis$1 at a v remote p]iod1 ! same functions :i* belong$ to ! ,magi 9 ,p]sia1 & to ! ,b>ds 9 ,gaul4' 7#c7 ,faunus may ,favonius1 :i* itself may come f ! same root z ,pan 7i4 e4 pu purify74 ,?us ,faunus1 l ,pan1 might be tak5 z a my?ological expression ( ! #8purify+ breeze1' ! god ( ! g5tl] w9ds#aacb4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,faunus are ( c\rse v l ^? ( ,pan2 b z x is no easy matt] to det]m9e h[ f> ^? ( ! ,italian 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,roman litt]ati f ! ,greek deity1 & z ! etymology itself is confess$ly a que/ionable "o1 ?is conjecture mu/ be left to take its *ance4 ,b ! fir/ two are wor? att5d+ to1 & ea* f9ds "s support 9 :at we "k ( ,faunus f o!r s\rces4 ,let u see 9 ! next place :at ?is am\nts to4 7#a7 ,!re is fairly /rong evid5ce t ,faunus 0 n orig9ally conceiv$ z a s+le deity1 b z multiplex4 ,v>ro quotes ! l9e ( ,ennius3 ,v]sibus quos olim ,fauni vatesque canebant1 & comm5ts ?us#aacc3 #8,fauni dii ,lat9orum1 ita ut ,faunus et ,fauna sit4' ,! evid5ce ( ,virgil1 always valuable = rural antiquities1 is equally cle>3 ,et vos agre/um praes5tia num9a1 ,fauni1 ,f]te simul ,faunique p$em ,dryadesque puellae#aacd4 ,s]vius has an int]e/+ note on ^! l9es3 :y1 he asks1 does ! poet put ,faunus 9 ! plural1 :5 !re is b "o8 ,we might be tempt$ to ?9k ,virgil wrong & 8 comm5tator "r1 ! poet repres5t+ ,greek ideas & ! s*ol> ,italian1 b = a /ill m curi\s note ( ,probus on ! same passage3 #8,plures 7,fauni7 exi/imantur esse etiam praes5tes3 idcirco ru/icis p]suasum e/ incol5tibus eam p>tem ,italiae quae suburbana e/1 saepe eos 9 agris conspici4' ,my belief is t ^! words give u ! g5u9e idea ( ,faunus 9 ! ru/ic m9d1 surviv+ 9 c5tral ,italy long aft] he _h be5 appropriat$ z a conv5tional ,roman deity4 ,we seem 9 ! case ( ,faunus to be able to cat* a deity 9 ! process ( manufacture--( elevation f a l[]1 multiplex1 daemoni/ic =m1 to a high] & m uni=m & m rigid "o4 ,yet s excell5t a s*ol> z ,wiss[a holds exactly ! opposite view1 t !re 0 b "o ,faunus1 & t 8 multiplication is simply ! result ( ,roman acqua9tance ) ,pan & ! ,satyrs#aace4 ,x w\ld h be5 m satisfactory if he _h giv5 u an explanation f 8 po9t ( view ( ! passage ( ,probus j quot$1 or _h %[n u h[ ^! ,greek notions c\ld h p5etrat$ into ! rural p>ts ( ,italy4 7#b7 ,ano!r po9t :i* comes out di/9ctly--unless our ,roman au?orities 7 :olly misl$--is ! woodl& "* ( ! ,fauni4 ,a passage ( ,v>ro1 ( :i* ,i quot$ ! fir/ words j n[1 goes on ?us3 #8hos v]sibus quos vocant ,saturnios 9 silve/ribus locis traditum e/ solitos f>i futura1 a quo f&o ,faunos dictos4' ,?is seems to be a g5u9e ,italian tradition4 ,virgil 0 n talk+ ,greek :5 he wrote#aacf ,haec nemora indig5ae ,fauni ,nymphaeque t5ebant ,g5sque virum truncis et duro robore nata1 ,queis neque mos neque cultus erat1 c4 ,! poet imag9es an anci5t race1 sprung f ! trees !mselves3 a #8g5us indocile et disp]sum montibus altis1' liv+ on ! =e/-clad hills#aacg1 to :om =eign invad]s br\ght ! means ( civilization4 ,:y %\ld n ?is tradition be a native "o8 ,x is s+ul>ly 9 accord ) ! mo/ rec5t results ( ,italian excavation2 = x is n[ absolutely c]ta9 t ! olde/ inhabitants ( c5tral ,italy dwelt on ! hill-tops1 & t ! fir/ traces ( =eign influ5ce only occur 9 l[] & lat] settlem5ts#aach4 ,! valleys 7 /ill undra9$ & mal>i\s4 ,^! e>lie/ inhabitants :o h left _! traces = ! excavator1 or a /ill old] race scatt]$ on ! hills aft] _! invasion1 may h be5 ! traditional repres5tatives ( :at ,prell] has call$ #8! p]iod ( ,faunus#aaci1' reg>d$ by ! lat] civilization1 f _! wild & woodl& habits1 z half demons & half m54 ,! "n ( ! k9dr$ ,silvanus tells its own tale2 & 8 actual connexion ) trees 0 ev5 clos] ?an t ( ,faunus#aadj4 7#c7 ,a ?ird well-atte/$ po9t is ! attribution to ,faunus or ! ,fauni ( p[] = good or evil ov] ! crops & h]ds1 z we h se5 x already impli$ 9 ,horace's ode4 ,porphyrion#aada 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is ode tells u t ,faunus1 on ! ,nones ( ,decemb]1 wi%es ! cattle1 :i* are "u 8 protection1 to be free f dang]4 ,j be=e ?is passage he _h spok5 ( him z #8deum inf]um et pe/il5tem1' ?us giv+ u ! d>k & hurtful side ( 8 p[] z well z ! bright & graci\s4 ,! same comb9ation ( ! p[]s ( do+ & av]t+ h>m is se5 9 ,m>s1 z we h already le>nt f ! hymn ( ! ,arval ,bre?r5 & ! =mula ( pray]s pres]v$ by ,cato#aadb4 ,"u ?is head may be m5tion$ ! belief t bo? ,faunus & ,silvanus 7 dang]\s = wom51 an idea :i* f9ds expression 9 ! significant ^w incubus1 s (t5 appli$ to !m#aadc4 ,we may p]haps f9d a reason = ! id5tification ( ,faunus z god ( ! ,lup]calia 9 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! fe/ival--! pursuit ( ! wom5 by ! creppi1 :o /ruck !m ) ?ongs 9 ord] to r5d] !m productive#aadd4 7#d7 ,! la/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fauni to be notic$ is t !y _h ! p[] ( =etell+ ! future4 ,! v]se ( ,ennius already quot$ is ! e>lie/ lit]>y evid5ce we h ( ?is2 b ! qua9t /ory ( ! capture ( ,picus & ,faunus by ,numa#aade1 :o caught !m by mak+ !m drunk ) w9e at ! f\nta9 :]e !y came to dr9k1 & compell$ !m z ! price ( _! lib]ty to reveal ! art ( /ay+ a disa/]1 has an unmi/akeable old-,italian r+4 ,! idea seems to h be51 n t ,faunus 0 a #8god ( prophecy1' z ,prell] seems to fancy1 b t !re 0 an anci5t race ( ,fauni1 :o might be coax$ or compell$ to reveal secrets4 ,sometimes inde$ !y #8spoke' ( _! own accord2 :5 a ,roman army ne$$ to be w>n$ or enc\rag$ on its m>*1 _! voice 0 he>d by all z x issu$ f ?icket or =e/4 ,cic]o & ,livy#aadf write ( ^! voices ) a di/9ctness :i* 7z x seems to me7 admits ( no suspicion t !y are ins]t+ ,greek ideas into ,roman annals4 ,!re are also traces to be f\nd ( a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( local woodl& oracles ( ,faunus & 8 k9d4 ,x 0 9 a grove sacr$ to ,faunus t ,numa1 9 ,ovid's vivid description#aadg1 slew two %eep1 ! "o to ,faunus1 ! o!r to ,sleep1 & aft] twice spr9kl+ wat] on 8 head1 & twice wrea?+ x ) bee*-leaves1 /ret*$ himself on ! fleeces to receive ! prophetic inspiration z he slumb]$4 ,almo/ e t\* 9 ?is /ory seems to me to be g5u9e2 & especially ! conditions necess>y to success--! cont95ce ( ! devotee1 & ! removal ( ! metal r+ f ! f+]4 ,virgil1 ) some?+ m ( =eign adornm5t1 tells 9 exquisite v]se :at is really ! same /ory z ,ovid's#aadh4 ,& a lat] poet writes ( a sacr$ bee*-grove1 :]e "u l conditions ( temp]ance1 c41 ! %eph]ds might f9d ! oracles ( ,faunus inscrib$ on ! b>k ( a bee*-tree#aadi4 ,all ?is rem9ds u ( ,dodona & ! olde/ ,greek oracles3 we h "h ! qua9t me?ods ( primitive %eph]ds1 appeal+ to prophetic p[]s localiz$ 9 p>ticul> woodl& spots4 ,roman exig5cies ( /ate drew by degrees ! :ole ( ! secrets ( =e-k into ! h&s ( a prie/ly ari/ocracy1 ) its fix$ doctr9e & me?ods ( div9ation2 b ! c\ntry folk long reta9$ _! fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( an anci5t race1 possess$ ( prophetic p[]1 :i* haunt$ =e/ & m\nta94 ,^! f\r po9ts1 tak5 toge!r1 i4 e4 ! multiplicity ( ! ,fauni1 _! woodl& "*1 & _! suppos$ p[]s ( productivity & prophecy1 seem by no means to exclude ! possibility ( ! human orig9 sugge/$ long ago by ,scalig]1 & rec5tly by ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip1 ?\gh ,i w\ld %ape ! explanation some:at diff]5tly4 ,wild m5 f ! hills & woods1 = example1 might well be suppos$ to be possess$ ( sup]natural p[]s1 l ! gipsies ( mod]n times#aaej4 ,& ! /rik+ abs5ce ( any epigraphical survivals ( a def9ite cult may possibly be expla9$ by a p]si/5ce ( ! belief 9 ! ,italian m9d t ,faunus 0 nev] really & truly a god1 b "o ( a race ) "s sup]human attributes--a l9k 9 ! *a9 t always 9 antiquity connect$ toge!r ! human & ! div9e4 ,horace's ode %[s ! div9e elem5t pr$om9at+2 "s local ,faunus has1 s to speak1 be5 caught & half deifi$2 & yet1 ev5 !n1 ! process is h>dly complete4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r explanation ( conceptions ( ?is k9d to :i* ,i mu/ briefly allude1 :i* 0 bas$ by ,dr4 ,mannh>dt on an exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! attributes ( creatures l ! ,fauni1 z !y occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & else:]e#aaea4 ,! g5]al result ( 8 inve/igation may be /at$ ?us4 ,spirits :i* seem to h _! orig9 9 woods & m\nta9s f9d outw>d expression = _! be+ 9 ! w9d2 s also d ^? :i* seem to h _! orig9 9 corn & vegetation g5]ally4 ,we ?us f9d ?ree +r$i5ts 9 _! composition3 7#a7 trees1 7#b7 corn1 7#c7 w9d4 ,we h only to ?9k h[ ! invisible w9d moves ! bran*es ( ! trees1 or b[s ! corn be=e x1 to see h[ closely1 9 ! eyes ( m5 us$ to attribute life to inanimate ?+s1 ! idea ( ! w9d might run toge!r ) t ( objects to :i* x seems to give motion & life4 ,! result ( its my/]i\s ag5cy is ! gr[? ( a v>iety ( creatures ( ! imag9ation1 (t5 half be/ial1 l ,pan & ! ,russian ,ljes*i1 sometimes entirely animal1 l ! ,rye-wolf & _m ano!r animal corn-_s n[ famili> to read]s ( ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh2 sometimes entirely human1 l ,silvanus1 p]haps ,faunus himself#aaeb1 or ! ,teutonic #8wild man ( ! woods4' ,mannh>dt endeav\rs1 n :olly )\t success1 to br+ ! attributes ( ,faunus into h>mony ) ?is !ory4 ,8 prophetic vox comes f ! =e/ 9 :i* ! w9d raises /range noises2 8 relation to crops & flocks is p>allel to t ( _m o!r spirits :o c be trac$ to a woodl& orig92 & ! ^w ,favonius1 us$ = ! we/]n moi/ & f]tiliz+ breeze1 is k9dr$1 if n id5tical1 ) ,faunus2 & s on4 ,?is !ory1 re/+ z x does on a v wide induction f unque/ionable facts1 beyond d\bt expla9s _m ( ! conceptions ( primitive agricultural man2 :e!r x c be appli$ satisfactorily to ! ,italian ,faunus is p]haps less evid5t4 ,at pres5t ,i r pref] to ?9k ( ! ,fauni z aris+ f ! contact ( ! fir/ cle>]s & cultivators ( ,italian soil ) a wild aborig9al race ( ! hills & woods4 ,b on su* que/ions c]ta9ty is impossible1 & dogmatism entirely out ( place4 ,,iii ,,id4 ,,dec4 7,,dec4 #aa74 ,,np4 ,,ag4 ,,94444 7,,amit474 ,,ag,,onia 7,,maff4 ,,pra54 ,,ant47 ,,septimontia 7,,philoc474 ,,septimontium1 ,,guid4 ,,silv4#aaec ,= ,agonia see on ,jan4 #i4 ,?is 7,dec4 #aa7 is ! ?ird day on :i* ?is my/]i\s ^w appe>s 9 ! cal5d>s4 ,! ,,ag4 ,,94 ( ! ,amit]nian cal5d> 0 conjectur$ by ,momms5 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,c4 ,i4 ,l41 vol4 i1 to indicate #8,agonium ,inui'#aaed2 b 9 ! new edition he )draws ?is2 #8ab inc]tis coniecturis ab/9ebimus4' ,?is is done 9 def]5ce to ,wiss[a1 :o has po9t$ out t !re is no o!r case 9 ! cal5d>s ( a fe/ival-"n inscrib$ 9 l>ge lett]s be+ foll[$ imm$iately by ! "n ( a deity#aaee4 ,we mu/ fall back on ! supposition t ,,ag4 ,,94 444 is simply a cutt]'s error = ! ,,agon4 ( ?ree o!r cal5d>s4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e :at 0 ! relation betwe5 ?is agonium1 or solemn sacrifice1 & ! ,septimontium or ,septimontiale sacrum1 :i* appe>s only 9 v late cal5d>s1 or :e!r inde$ !re 0 any relation at all4 ,x is n absolutely c]ta9 t ! s-call$ ,septimontium took place on ?is day4 ,x 0 only a conjecture ( ,scalig]'s 7?\gh a clev] "o7 t complet$ ! gloss 9 ,fe/us on ! ^w #8,septimontium'#aaef ,septimontium dies appellatur m5se ,decembri qui dicitur 9 fa/is agonalia4 ,! ^w ,septimontium sugge/$ itself1 z ! gloss occurr$ "u lett] ,s4 ,o!r support = ! conjecture is f\nd 9 ! two late cal5d>s1 & 9 a fragm5t ( ,lydus#aaeg1 :o connects ! two c]emonies4 ,b ev5 if ,scalig]'s conjecture be "r1 x does n foll[ t ! ,agonium 0 id5tical ) or 0 "p ( ! ,septimontiale sacrum4 ,! latt] does n appe> 9 ! old cal5d>s1 z x 0 n #8pro populo1' b only #8pro montibus' 7see bel[72 & if x 0 !re repres5t$ by ! ^w ,agonium1 x is n easy to see h[ ! latt] %\ld h f\nd its way into ! cal5d>4 ,x seems bett] to conclude t ! two 7 di/9ct4 ,ab\t ! ,septimontium itself we h j en\gh in=mation to div9e its nature1 b )\t details4 ,! ^w is us$ by ,v>ro bo? 9 a topographical & a religi\s s5se3 #8,ubi nunc e/ ,roma1 erat olim ,septimontium2 nom9atum ab tot montibus1 quos po/ea urbs muris compreh5dit#aaeh4' ,"h he implies t ! old "n = ,rome 0 ,septimontium2 b ?is is only a guess bas$ on ! "n ( ! fe/ival3 #8,dies ,septimontium nom9atur ab 8 septem montibus1 9 quis sita urbs e/2 f]iae non populi s$ montanorum modo1 ut ,paganalia1 quae sunt aliquoius pagi#aaei4' ,! montes "h meant are ! ?ree divisions ( ! ,palat9e1 viz4 ,palatium1 ,c]malus1 ,velia2 ! ?ree ( ! ,esquil9e1 viz4 ,mons ,oppius1 ,mons ,cispius1 & ! ,fagutal1 toge!r ) ! l[] gr\nd ( ! ,subura#aafj4 ,i believe t ,momms5 is "r 9 ?9k+ t ^! 7 nev] political divisions--9 o!r words1 t !y 7 n orig9ally di/9ct communities#aafa1 b probably religi\s divisions ( a city :i* began on ! ,palat9e1 & gradually took 9 new gr\nd on ! ,esquil9e4 ,! same process c be trac$ at ,fal]ii1 & at ,n>ce a few miles above x2 :at we seem to see is n ! accretion ( villages--n --b ! ext5sion ( a city f "o /rong position to ano!r#aafb4 ,?is is especially cle> at ,n>ce1 :]e x is di/9ctly prov$ by ! pott]y f\nd 9 ! excavations1 t ! hill 7,monte li ,santi7 subsequ5tly add$ to ! orig9al city 0 n co-eval ) ! latt] z a settlem5t2 i4 e4 t x 0 ! absorption by an old] settlem5t ( a probably un9habit$ position :i* "h took place1 & n ! synoeciz+ ( di/9ct political communities#aafc4 ,9 ! lat] ,rome ! montani ( ! sev5 di/ricts1 toge!r ) ! pagani1 or inhabitants ( :at _h orig9ally be5 ! f>m-c\ntry ar\nd ,rome1 =m$ ! unit$ city#aafd4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to f9d t ! e>lie/ divisions1 i4 e4 ( ! montes1 7 imitat$ 9 ! f\ndation ( "s colonies--we %\ld f9d !m probably 9 _m if we _h ! necess>y in=mation#aafe4 ,all we "k ( ! cult ( ! montani on ?is day is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,!re 0 a sacrifice on ! ,palatium 7:i* seems to h be5 ! fir/ 9 dignity ( ! montes7 by ! ,flam5 ,palatualis#aaff2 b we d n "k to :at deity1 & c only guess t x 0 ,pales1 or ,palatua#aafg4 7#b7 ,on ?is day no c>ts or o!r vehicles drawn by bea/s ( burd5 7 all[$ 9 ! city1 z we le>n f ,plut>*1 :o asks ! reason ( ?is1 & gives "s qua9t answ]s#aafh4 ,b ! explanations are useless to u1 & we _c ev5 guess :5ce ,plut>* drew 8 k ( ! fact1 unless x 0 f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,let u rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 a fea/ ( montani3 is x n likely t ?is 0 a survival f a "t :5 ! f>m-waggons ( ! pagani really nev] asc5d$ to ! #8hills'8 ,,prid4 ,,id4 ,,dec4 7,,dec4 #ab74 ,,en4 ,,conso ,,9 ,,av5t9,o4 7,,amit47 ,,xviii 7,,ante ,,caes4 ,,xvi#aafi7 ,,kal4 ,,ian4 7,,dec4 #ae74 ,,np4 ,,cons,,ualia4 7,,maff4 ,,pra54 ,,amit4 ,,ant47 ,,f]iae ,,conso 7,,pra54 ,,amit47 ,= ^! see on ,aug4 #ba4 ,if ! conclusions !re arriv$ at are s\nd we might guess t ^! w9t] rites ( ,consus arose f ! habit ( inspect+ ! condition ( ! corn-/ores 9 mid-w9t]#aagj4 ,x is ?is day t has ! note atta*$ to x 9 ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i1 #8,equi et muli floribus coronantur quod 9 eius tutela 444 itaque rex equo vectus81' :i* 0 comm5t$ on "u ,aug4 #ba4 ,see also "u ,aug4 #be 7,opeconsivia72 ,wiss[a1 s4 v4 ,consus1 9 ,lex4 ,my?42 & de ,f]iis1 vi foll4 ,,xvi 7,,ante ,,caes4 ,,xiv#aaga7 ,,kal4 ,,ian4 7,,dec4 #ag74 ,,np4 ,,saturnalia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit4 ,,guid4 ,,ru/4 ,,philoc47 ,,f]iae ,,saturno4 7,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,,saturn,o ,,ad ,,fo,,rum4 7,,amit47 ,,f]iae ,,s]vorum4 7,,silv47 ,?is 0 ! orig9al day ( ! ,saturnalia#aagb1 &1 9 a /rictly religi\s s5se1 x 0 ! only day4 ,! fe/ival1 9 ! s5se ( a popul> holiday1 0 ext5d$ by common usage to z mu* z sev5 days#aagc3 ,augu/us limit$ x to ?ree 9 respect ( legal bus9ess1 & ! ?ree 7 lat] increas$ to five#aagd4 ,probably no ,roman fe/ival is s well kn[n to ! g5]al read] z ?is1 :i* has left its traces & f\nd its p>allels 9 great numb]s ( m$iaeval & mod]n cu/oms#aage1 occurr+ ab\t ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,un=tunately1 x is "h once m a matt] ( difficulty to det]m9e :at features 9 ! fe/ival 7 really ( old ,lat9 orig91 9 spite ( in=mation z to detail1 :i* is unusually full2 = bo? ,saturnus himself & 8 cult came to be v heavily ov]laid ) ,greek ideas & practice4 ,t ,saturnus 0 an old agricultural god admits1 h[ev]1 ( no d\bt2 ! old =m ( ! ^w 0 probably ,sturnus1 :i* is f\nd on an inscription on an anci5t vase#aagf1 & ?is leads u to connect him ) s]]e & satio2 & popul> tradition attribut$ to him ! discov]y ( agricultural processes#aagg4 ,b ! ,roman ( ! hi/orical age knew v little ab\t him1 & c>$ only = 8 ,graeciz$ fe/ival2 l ,faunus1 he is ! object ( no votive inscriptions 9 ,rome & its neighb\rhood#aagh2 & ?is conclusively proves t he 0 nev] :at may be call$ popul> z a deity4 ,z ! fir/ k+ ( ,latium !re 7 pl5ty ( leg5ds ab\t him1 or z ! fir/ civiliz] ( 8 p1 ! repres5tative ( a ,gold5 ,age#aagi2 b no "o has z yet ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ^!#aahj1 ) a view to di/+ui% any ,italian precipitate 9 ! mixture ( elem5ts ( :i* !y c]ta9ly consi/4 ,we are /ill )\t ! invaluable aid ( ! contributors to ,ros*]'s ,lexicon4 ,m promis+ at fir/ sight is ! tradition :i* connects him 9 ,rome itself ) ! ,capitol9e hill4 ,v>ro tells u positively t ?is hill 0 orig9ally call$ ,mons ,saturnius2 & t !re 0 once an oppidum !re call$ ,saturnia1 ( :i* c]ta9 ve/iges surviv$ to 8 own "t1 includ+ a #8fanum ,saturni 9 faucibus1' i4 e4 app>5tly ! ara ,saturni ( :i* ,dionysius records t x 0 at ! #8root ( ! hill1' by ! road lead+ to ! summit#aaha1 9 fact on ! same spot :]e /ood lat] ! temple ( :i* eight columns are /ill /&+4 ,close to ?is1 x may be not$1 0 a sacellum ( ,dis ,pat]#aahb1 ! ,lat9iz$ =m ( ,plutus2 9 ! temple 0 ! a]>ium ( lat] ,rome#aahc1 & built into ! rock beh9d1 ! *amb]s ( records 7tabul>ia74 ,b x w\ld be idle to f\nd ^u ^! facts or traditions any s]i\s hypo!sis z to ! orig9al nature ( ! ,roman cult ( ,saturn2 all attempts mu/ fail 9 ! bewild]+ fog ( anci5t fancy & anci5t le>n+4 ,saturnus belongs1 l ,janus1 ) :om he 0 closely connect$ 9 leg5d#aahd1 to an age into ^: religi\s ideas we _c p5etrate1 & surviv$ into ,roman wor%ip only ?r\gh ,greek resuscitation#aahe1 & 9 ! fea/ ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,all we seem to see is t he is someh[ connect$ ) ?+s t are put 9 ! e>?#aahf--se$1 treasure1 p]haps /ores ( produce2 to :i* may j be add$ t ! "o spot 9 ,rome at all times associat$ ) him is close to ! m>ket1 & t m>ket-days 7nund9ae7 7 said to be sacr$ to him#aahg4 ,! temple ( ,janus is also close by1 & x is n impossible t bo? ^! anci5t gods _h "s clos] relation to ! ,=um & ! bus9ess done !re ?an we c at pres5t und]/& ) our limit$ k4 ,nei!r ( !m1 x may be not$1 _h a flam5 atta*$ to 8 cult2 f :i* we may inf] t !y did n desc5d f ! primitive h\sehold or ! e>lie/ =m ( community1 b r repres5t$ "s place or process common to sev]al communities1 su* z a =um & ! bus9ess transact$ !re#aahh4 ,x is precisely su* gods :o figure 9 tradition z k+s1 n ( a s+le city1 b ( ,latium4 ,b to turn to ! fe/ival2 if ! god 0 obscure & un9t]e/+1 ?is 0 n ! case ) 8 fea/4 ,x seems /eadily to h ga9$ 9 popul>ity d[n to ! "t ( ! empire1 & /ill ma9ta9$ x :5 ,macrobius wrote ! dialogue suppos$ to h tak5 place on ! ?ree days ( ! ,saturnalia1 & call$ by t "n4 ,s5eca tells u t 9 8 day all ,rome seem$ to g mad on ?is holiday#aahi4 ,probably its vogue 0 l>gely due m]ely to ! accid5t ( fa%ion1 p>tly p]haps to mi/y ideas ab\t ! ,gold5 ,age & ! reign ( ,saturn#aaij2 b x seems to be almo/ a g5]al human in/9ct to re/ & enjoy oneself ab\t ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 & to %[ "o's good-w t[>ds all "o's neighb\rs#aaia4 ,9 ,latium1 z else:]e1 ?is 0 ! "t :5 ! autumn s[+ _h come to an end1 & :5 all f>m-lab\r]s c\ld enjoy a re/#aaib4 ,macrobius alludes also to ! completion ( all 9-ga!r+ by ?is date3 #8,itaque omni iam fetu agrorum coacto ab hom9ibus hos deos 7,saturnus & ,ops7 coli quasi vitae cultioris auctores#aaic4' ,! close concurr5ce ( ,consualia1 ,opalia1 & ,saturnalia at ?is "t seems to %[ t "s f9al inspection ( ! h>ve/ "w ( ! autumn may 9 reality h be5 co9cid5t )1 or h imm$iately prec$$1 ! rejoic+s ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,!re are sev]al well-atte/$ features ( ! ,saturnalia z x 0 9 hi/orical times#aaid4 ,on ,dec4 #ag !re 0 a public sacrifice at ! temple 7=m]ly ! ara7 ( ,saturn by ! ,=um#aaie1 foll[$ by a public fea/1 9 break+ up f :i* ! fea/]s %\t$ #8,io ,saturnalia'#aaif4 ,dur+ ! sacrifice ,s5ators & ,equites wore ! toga1 b laid x aside = ! convivium1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 except t ! toga 0 9 ! latt] case ! praetexta#aaig4 ,^! proce$+s ( ! fir/ & orig9al day ( ! fe/ival might seem pretty cle>ly to desc5d f ! religion ( ! f>m1 yet ! convivium is said by ,livy to h be5 introduc$ z late z #bag ,b4,c4#aaih4 ,on ! #ah? & #ai?1 :i* 7 g5]al holidays1 ! day began ) an e>ly ba?#aaii2 !n foll[$ ! family sacrifice ( a suck+ pig1 to :i* ,horace alludes 9 famili> l9es3 ,cras g5ium m]o ,curabis et porco bim5/ri ,cum famulis op]um solutis#abjj4 ,!n came calls on fri5ds1 congratulations1 games1 & ! pres5tation ( gifts#abja4 ,all mann] ( pres5ts 7 made1 z !y are /ill at ,*ri/mas3 among !m ! wax c&les 7c]ei7 des]ve notice1 z !y are ?\ght to h "s ref]5ce1 l ! yule log1 to ! return+ p[] ( ! sun's light aft] ! sol/ice4 ,!y desc5d$ f ! ,saturnalia into ! ,*ri/mas ritual ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*#abjb4 ,! sigill>ia1 or little pa/e or e>!nw>e images :i* 7 sold all ov] ,rome 9 ! days be=e ! fe/ival#abjc1 & us$ z pres5ts1 also surviv$ into ,*ri/ian times2 ?us1 9 ! anci5t ,romi% ,cal5d>1 we f9d t all k9ds ( little images 7 on sale at ! confection]s' %ops1 & ev5 9 ,engl& ! bak]s made little images ( pa/e at ?is season#abjd4 ,:at 0 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! cu/om we d n "k2 b x rem9ds u ( ! oscilla ( ! ,lat9 fe/ival & ! ,compitalia#abje4 ,b ! be/ kn[n feature ( ! ,saturnalia is ! "p play$ 9 x by ! slaves1 :o1 z we all "k1 7 wait$ on by _! ma/]s1 & treat$ z be+ 9 a position ( entire equality4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ?is is 9 a fragm5t ( ,accius1 quot$ by ,macrobius#abjf3 ,iamque diem celebrant1 p] agros urbesque f]e omnes ,ex]c5t epulas laeti1 famulosque procurant ,quisque suos3 no/rique itidem1 et mos traditus ill9e ,i/e1 ut cum dom9is famuli epul5tur ibidem4 ,b ev5 ?is cu/om1 z ,m>qu>dt po9ts out1 may n h be5 ( g5u9e ,lat9 orig93 #8,?\gh ! ,romans look$ on x z a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,gold5 ,age :5 all m5 7 equal1 x may h begun ) ! lecti/]nium ( #bag ,b4,c41 = su* ent]ta9m5ts 7 a *>act]i/ic ( lecti/]nia4' ,:5 we turn1 h[ev]1 to ! same au?or's acc\nt#abjg ( ! ,greek =ms ( religion introduc$ ?r\gh ! ,sibyll9e oracles1 ( :i* ! lecti/]nium 0 "o1 we d n f9d slaves includ$ 9 ! ritual ( any ( !m4 ,!re 0 no g5]al exclusion ( outsid]s or wom51 b no?+ is said ( slaves4 ,& on ! :ole we may /ill p]haps consid] ! o!r explanation possible1 t ! slaves "h repres5t ! f>m-s]vants ( old5 "t1 :atev] social position !y may h held1 :o at ! end ( _! ye>'s "w 7 all[$ to enjoy !mselves #8exaequato omnium iure4' ,,xiv 7,,ante ,,caes4 ,,xii7 ,,kal4 ,,dec4 7,,dec4 #ai74 ,,np4 ,,opal,,ia4 7,,maff4 ,,amit47 ,,f]iae ,,opi3 ,,opi ,,ad ,,=um4 7,,amit47 ,= ,ops see on ,aug4 #be1 :5 ! sacrifice 0 9 ! ,regia1 ! significance ( :i* ,i endeav\r$ to expla94 ,"h x is #8ad =um1' :i* has lately ar\s$ a little unfruitful dispute4 ,is ! temple ( ,saturn meant1 :i* 0 also describ$ z #8ad =um' 9 ! same cal5d>8 ,?is is /ill ! view ( ,momms5#abjh1 :o seems to hold ! old op9ion t !re 0 a sacellum ,opis atta*$ to ! a$es ,saturni1 or t ?is a$es 0 d$icat$ to bo? deities#abji4 ,h4 ,jordan made up 8 m9d t #8ad =um' meant ! ,regia#abaj2 b ?is is n support$ by any simil> entry 9 ! ,fa/i4 ,au/ & ,wiss[a believe t ,ops _h a sep>ate temple #8ad =um1' ( :i* all traces are lo/1 z has happ5$ ) _m o!rs#abaa2 & ! latt]1 z we h already se51 disbelieves 9 any connexion betwe5 ,saturnus & ,ops1 attribut+ x entirely to ,greek influ5ce4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! "o int]e/+ fact ab\t ! temple--or :atev] x 0--is t x 0 #8ad =um4' ,! conjunction ( ,saturnus & ,ops at ?is place & "t mu/ surely indicate "s connexion ( function betwe5 ! two4 ,b :at x 0 is n discov]able2 "u ,saturnalia ,i h m]ely sugge/$ ! direction 9 :i* we may look = x4 ,,xii 7,,ante ,,caes4 ,x74 ,,kal4 ,,ian4 7,,dec4 #ba74 ,,np4 ,,diva,,lia4 7,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,pra54 adds a t]ribly mutilat$ note1 :i* ,momms5 ?us fills up f /ray h9ts 9 ,v>ro1 ,pl9y 7foll[+ ,v]rius71 & ,macrobius#abab3 ,,f]iae ,,diva,e ,,ang]onae1 ,,quae ,,ab ,,ang9ae ,,morbo ,,appell,,atur1 ,,quod ,,rem$ia ,,eius ,,quondam ,,prae,,cepit4 ,,/atu]unt ,,eam ,,ore ,,obligato ,,9 ,,ar,a ,,volupiae1 ,,ut ,,qui ,,no,,sset ,n,,om5 ,,occul,,tum ,,urbis1 ,,tac]et4 ,s,,unt ,,tam51 ,,qui ,,fi]i ,,id ,,sacru,m ,,aiunt ,,ob ,,an,,num ,,novum2 ,,mani,,fe/um ,,esse ,,enim ,,pr9cipiu,m ,a,,nni ,,nov,i4 ,! date giv5 by ,pl9y & ,macrobius proves t ,ang]ona 0 ! deity ( ! ,divalia2 b ! etymology ( ! latt] is useless1 & ! /atem5t ( ,pl9y z to ! /atue ) ! m\? gagg$ & seal$ fails to give u any clue to ! nature or function ( ! goddess#abac4 ,ang]ona is1 9 fact1 ! ,nor? ,pole ( our exploration3 no "o has ev] rea*$ h]1 & probably no "o ev] w4 ,! m5tion ( ,volupia by ,macrobius gives no help2 %e is only else:]e m5tion$ z "o ( ! num9a ( ! ,indigitam5ta by ,augu/9e#abad4 ,! only possible clue is t ( :i* ,momms5 has tak5 advantage 9 ! v clev] completion ( ,v]rius' la/ words1 viz4 ! fact t ?is day 7#ba/7 is ! c5tre "o ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,he "h ev5 all[s himself an etymology1 & d]ives ,ang]onalia #8ab ang]5do1 id e/ '3 quot+ ,plut>* 7de ,iside1 *4 #eb7 = simil> ,egyptian ideas ( ! sun's bir? at ?is "t4 ,?\gh ! etymology may be d\btful1 ! inf]5ce f ! date ( ! fe/ival is c]ta9ly acceptable1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ m def9ite3 & ! #8,pra5e/9e fragm5ts' cle>ly sugge/ ! ^w #8annus4' ,x 7,,ante ,,caes4 ,,viii7 ,,kal4 ,,ian4 7,,dec4 #bc74 ,,np4 ,,l>,,entalia4 7,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,"h aga9 ,pra54 has a valuable note1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is fairly well pres]v$3 ,,f]iae ,,iovi4 ,,accae ,,l>5tiae4 444 ,,hanc ,,alii ,,remi ,,et ,,rom,,uli ,,nutricem ,,alii ,,m]etricem1 ,,h]culis ,,scortum ,,fuisse ,,dic,,unt3 ,,p>5t>i ,,ei ,,publice1 ,,quod ,p,,opulum ,r,,omanum ,,he,,r$em ,,fece,,rit ,,magnae ,,pecuniae1 ,,quam ,,accepe,,rat ,,te/ame,,nto ,,t>utili ,,amatoris ,,sui#abae4 ,z reg>ds ! f]iae ,iovi we are utt]ly 9 ! d>k4 ,macrobius expla9s x ?us3 #8,iovique f]iae consecratae1 quod ae/imav]unt antiqui animas a ,iove d>i et rursus po/ mortem eidem r$di1' :i* is obvi\sly a late inv5tion4 ,i c see no possible connexion ( ,jupit] ) ! ,l>5talia1 & believe ! conjunction to be accid5tal4 ,momms5 writes3 #8,de orig9e ,l>5talium ipsiusque ,l>5t9ae indole ac natura p>um con/at4' ,he himself has inve/igat$ ! my? ( ,acca ,l>5tia 9 a memorable essay#abaf1 & we may take 8 op9ion on ! ,l>5talia z at pres5t conclusive4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! view he =m]ly held z to ! impossibility ( connect+ ,lr5tia & ,lres#abag is n re-ass]t$ 9 ! new edition ( ! ,corpus 7vol i72 ! connexion1 he says1 may be "r1 b does n help u to expla9 ! #8f]iae ,iovi' or ! p>5tatio 7p]=mance ( fun]al rites7 at ! grave ( ,l>5t9a 7or ,l>5tia74 ,?is p>5tatio seems to me ! "o ?+ kn[n to u ab\t ! ,l>5talia :i* c possibly aid u4 ,we are told by ,v>ro t x took place 9 ! ,velabrum1 #8qua 9 ,novam viam exitur1 ut aiunt quidam1 ad sepulcrum ,accae#abah4' ,! ,flam5 ,quir9alis took "p 9 x1 & ! ,pontifices#abai4 ,n[ ! ,p>5talia took place 9 ,febru>y4 ,is x possible t ?is is a survival f a "t :5 x 0 9 ,decemb]--a survival1 because x 0 at ! tomb ( a semi-deity1 & 0 a public function#abbj8 ,x is v curi\s t we h a record ( a private p>5tatio wilfully transf]r$ f ,febru>y to ,decemb]1 & probably to ?is day4 ,cic]o1 9 a mutilat$ passage f :i* ,plut>* has app>5tly drawn "o ( 8 #8,roman ,que/ions1' seems to h /at$ t ,dec4 ,brutus 7consul #ach ,b4,c47 us$ to d 8 p>5tatio 9 ,decemb]#abba4 ,:e!r ,cic]o 0 "h allud+ to ! ,l>5talia we d n "k2 b ,plut>* notes ! fact ( ! p>5tatio ( ,l>5tia 9 ,decemb]1 & is l$ !reby to write ! quae/io next 9 ord] on ! /ory ( ,l>5tia#abbb4 ,0 ! le>n$ ,brutus simply a p$ant1 *ang+ 8 p>5tatio to a date :i* he believ$ to be ! real orig9al "o1 or _h he "s special reason = connect+ 8 family ) ,decemb] & ,l>5tia8 ,h[ev] we may answ] ?is "q1 !re is1 p]haps1 a b>e possibility t ! ,l>5talia 0 orig9ally a fea/ ( ! dead ( ! old ,rome on ! ,palat9e1 pres]v$ 9 ! cal5d> ( ! complet$ city only ?r\gh ! reput$ survival ( ! tomb ( ,l>5tia 9 ! ,velabrum at ! foot ( ! rock4 ,footnote #aaaj3 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #ce4 #b2 ,colum4 #b4 #h4 #b4 ,footnote #aaaa3 xi4 #b4 ,footnote #aaab3 ,cp4 ,hor4 ,od4 #c4 #ah1 #i-ab4 ,ovid 7,fa/i1 #c4 #eg7 says ( ,decemb]--,ve/] 7i4 e4 ,fau/uli et ,l>5tiae7 honos v5iet1 cum ,l>5talia dicam2 ,acceptus ,g5iis illa ,decemb] habet4 ,is ?is only an allusion to ,l>5tia & ,fau/ulus1 or also to ! g5]al "* ( ! mon? & its fe/ivals8 ,footnote #aaac3 ,plut4 ,cic4 #ai2 ,dio ,cass4 #cg4 #ce4 ,footnote #aaad3 ,cic4 ad ,att4 #a4 #ab1 & #ae4 #be4 ,footnote #aaae3 ,cic4 de ,h>usp4 resp4 #ag4 #cg #8fit p] ,virg9es ,ve/ales1 fit pro populo ,romano1 fit 9 ea domo quae e/ 9 imp]io4' ,9 #fb ,b4,c4 x 0 9 ,caes>'s h\se1 & app>5tly 9 ! ,regia1 if z pontifix maximus he resid$ !re4 ,see ,m>q4 #cdf1 note #a2 #bej1 note #b4 ,footnote #aaaf3 ,fe/4 #bde publica sacra are #8quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt4' ,see my article #8,sacra' 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities4 ,footnote #aaag3 ,juv5al1 #b4 #hf4 ,footnote #aaah3 #b4 #hc foll42 #f4 #cad foll4 ,footnote #aaai3 ,probus on ,virg4 ,georg4 #a4 #aj #8,9 ,italia quidam annuum sacrum1 quidam m5/ruum celebrant4' ,footnote #aabj3 ,! ^w is #8odore1' i4e4 sweet h]bs ( ! g>d5 7,m>q4 #afi & note74 ,footnote #aaba3 ,see on ,lup]calia1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #aabb3 ,lev4 #cc4 #db4 ,footnote #aabc3 ,! e>lie/ h9t ( ! connexion ( ,faunus ) ,ev&] & ! ,palat9e leg5d is f\nd 9 a fragm5t ( ,c9cius ,alim5tus1 :o wrote at ?is "t 7,h4 ,pet]1 ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,lat4 #da1 f ,s]vius1 ,georg4 #a4 #aj74 ,footnote #aabd3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #ca2 ,suet4 ,vitell4 #a4 ,cp4 = a m truly ,italian view1 ,virgil1 ,a54 #h4 #cad foll4 ,footnote #aabe3 ,a54 #g4 #de foll4 ,! ord] 0 ,saturnus1 ,picus1 ,faunus1 ,lat9us4 ,footnote #aabf3 ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,faunus1 #adeh3 :o1 h[ev]1 does n suffici5tly expla9 ! contra/4 ,silvanus became tutor f9ium1 & cusios hortuli 7cp4 ,gromatici ,vet]es4 p4 #cjb74 ,x 0 probably ?is turn giv5 to 8 cult :i* sav$ him f ! fate ( ,faunus4 ,he takes ov] def9ite duties to ! cultivator1 :ile ,faunus is /ill roam+ ! c\ntry 9 a wild /ate4 ,footnote #aabg3 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div9ation1 iv4 #abb4 ,footnote #aabh3 ,ad ,georg4 #a4 #aj4 ,footnote #aabi3 ,s*wegl]1 ,rm4 ,ges*4 i4 #cea4 ,footnote #aacj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #cf #8,faunos 9 silve/ribus locis traditum e/ solitos f>i futura4' ,s]vius id5tifies ,faunus & ,fatuus2 ad ,a54 #f4 #gge4 ,footnote #aaca3 #8,v]sibus quos olim ,fauni vatesque canebant4' ,ennius 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #cf4 ,see ,nettle%ip1 ,essays 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #ej foll4 ,footnote #aacb3 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #aac foll4 ,footnote #aacc3 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #cf4 ,footnote #aacd3 ,georg4 #a4 #aj4 ,! introduction ( ! ,greek ,dryads may be ?\ght to ?r[ suspicion ^u ! ,lat9ity ( ^! ,fauni ( ,virgil4 ,b 9 ,a54 #h4 #cad1 ! simil> conjunction ( ,fauni & ,nymphae is foll[$ by words :i* seem to m>k a true ,italian conception4 ,footnote #aace3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,faunus1 #aded4 ,footnote #aacf3 ,a54 #h4 #cad4 ,footnote #aacg3 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #cae #8,di sumus agre/es et qui dom9emur 9 altis ,montibus1' c4 ,cp4 ,prell]1 i4 #chf4 ,footnote #aach3 ,monum5ti ,anti*i1 vol4 v4 7,b>nabei74 ,von ,duhn1 translat$ 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 #ahif1 p4 #abj foll4 ,footnote #aaci3 ,rm4 ,my?4 i4 #ajd foll4 ,footnote #aadj3 ,virg4 ,a54 #h4 #fja1 & ,s]v4's note3 #8,prud5tiores dicunt eum esse 1 hoc e/ deum 4' ,silvanus may h be5 a true tree-_s2 ,mannh>dt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 #aah foll42 ,prell]1 i4 #cib4 ,footnote #aada3 ,vol4 i4 #cce1 ed4 ,hau?al4 ,footnote #aadb3 ,see above1 p4 #abf4 ,x may be notic$ t ! ,bona ,dea1 ^: solemn rite occurs also at ! beg9n+ ( ?is mon?1 0 id5tifi$ ) ,fauna1 ! female =m ( ,faunus 7,r4 ,pet]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,fauna72 i4 e4 _! p[]s = good & evil 7 ?\ght to be mu* alike4 ,footnote #aadc3 ,prell]1 i4 #cha & reff4 ,footnote #aadd3 ,see "u ,lup]calia1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #aade3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #bia foll4 ,i am glad to see t ,wiss[a accepts ?is /ory z g5u9e ,italian 7,lex4 s4 v4 #adef74 ,footnote #aadf3 ,cic4 de ,div4 #a4 #aja2 ,livy1 #b4 #g 7,silvanus71 & ,dion4 ,hal4 #e4 #af 7,faunus7 ( ! battle by ! wood ( ,arsia4 ,footnote #aadg3 ,fa/i1 #d4 #fdi foll4 ,footnote #aadh3 ,a54 #g4 #ha foll4 ,footnote #aadi3 ,calpurnius1 ,ecl4 #a4 #h foll4 ,footnote #aaej3 ,cp4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cda foll42 ,sir ,a4 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 *4 #b4 ,footnote #aaea3 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #aaeb3 ,see ! cuts ( two bronze /atuettes :i* ,wiss[a1 foll[+ ,reiff]s*eid1 believ$ to repres5t ! un-,graeciz$ ,italian ,faunus1 at ! end ( ! article #8,faunus' 9 ,lex4 #adfj4 ,b x is at lea/ v d\btful :e!r ,reiff]s*eid 0 "r 9 8 op9ion4 ,footnote #aaec3 ,by an error ,silvius has ent]$ x on ! #ab?4 ,footnote #aaed3 ,= ,inuus see on ,lup]calia1 & ,livy1 i4 #e4 ,footnote #aaee3 de ,f]iis1 xii4 ,8 o!r argum5t1 t ,inuus is n a nom51 b a cognom51 is less satisfactory4 ,c we always be sure :i* is :i*8 7e4 g4 ,saturnus1 ,janus74 ,footnote #aaef3 ,fe/us1 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #aaeg3 de ,m5sibus1 p4 #aah1 ed4 ,bekk42 quot$ by ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i #b14 #ccf4 ,footnote #aaeh3 ,l4 ,l4 v4 #da4 ,footnote #aaei3 ,ibid4 vi4 #bd4 ,footnote #aafj3 ,anti/ius ,labeo1 ap4 ,fe/um1 #cdh3 #8,septimontio1 ut ait ,anti/ius ,labeo1 hisce montibus f]iae4 ,palatio1 cui sacrificium quod fit ,palatu> dicitur4 ,veliae1 cui item sacrificium1 ,fagutali1 ,suburae1 ,c]malo1 ,oppio1 ,cispio monti4' ,be=e #8,cispio' ! ,,ms4 has #8,caelio monti1' :i* mu/ be a copyi/'s blund]4 ,! ,subura is by c\rtesy a mons2 also a pagus 7,fe/us1 #cji71 a regio 7ib471 & a tribus 7ib474 ,footnote #aafa3 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #aab4 ,o4 ,gilb]t has made a great to-d ab\t ! developm5t ( ^! communities2 ,ges*4 u4 ,topogr4 i4 #ci foll4 ,b :]e else w he f9d ?ree di/9ct settlem5ts 9 a space z small z t ( ! ,palat9e8 ,! discov]ies at ,fal]ii & ,n>ce w\ld h sav$ him ! lab\r ( mu* web-sp9n+4 ,plut>*1 ,q4 ,r4 #fi1 has 7accid5tally p]haps7 express$ ! matt] rightly4 ,footnote #aafb3 ,monum5ti ,anti*i1 vol4 v4 p4 #ae foll4 ,footnote #aafc3 ,mon4 ,ant4 p4 #aaj foll4 7,b>nabei74 ,footnote #aafd3 ,cic4 de ,domo1 #bh4 #gd4 ,footnote #aafe3 ,at ,arim9um1 & ,antio* 9 ,pisidia 7,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #aac1 note74 ,footnote #aaff3 ,fe/us1 #cdh1 cp4 #bde4 ,footnote #aafg3 ,prell]1 i4 #dad4 ,footnote #aafh3 ,q4 ,r4 #fi4 ,plut>* does n say 9 :at p>ts ( ! city ! vehicles 7 =bidd54 ,! fea/ exi/$ 9 8 day1 & inde$ long aft]w>ds 7,t]tull4 ,idololatr4 #aj74 ,x seems to h become a g5]al fea/ ( ! :ole p4 ,footnote #aafi3 ,macrob4 i4 #aj4 #b4 ,footnote #aagj3 ,see bel[ on ,saturnalia1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #aaga3 ,macrob4 #a4 #aj4 #b4 ,macr4 tells u t aft] ! *ange "s p 9 error held ! fe/ival on ! #ai?1 i4 e4 on ! day :i* 0 n[ xiv ,k4 ,ian4 ,footnote #aagb3 ,h>tmann1 ,d] ,rm4 ,kal5d]1 p4 #bjc foll41 ?9ks x 0 orig9ally "o ( ! f]iae conceptivae1 l ! ,compitalia1 ,paganalia1 c41 & only became fix$ 7/ativae7 :5 x 0 reorganiz$ 9 #bag ,b4,c4 ,b if s1 :y is x m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>s 9 l>ge lett]s8 ,& ,h>tmann himself po9ts out 7p4 #bjh7 t ,dec4 #ag is ! fir/ day ( ,capricornus1 i4 e4 ! colde/ season1 :i* 9 ! olde/ natural reckon+ w\ld be likely to fix ! day 7,colum4 #aa4 #b4 #id74 ,footnote #aagc3 ,macr4 l4 c42 ,cic4 ,att4 #ac4 #eb4 ,footnote #aagd3 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #ccg4 ,footnote #aage3 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #agb2 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 *4 #ac2 ,us5]1 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung51 #a4 #bad foll4 ,see = ,italy1 ,academy1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #aagf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #dh4 ,b ,pr(4 ,g>dn] tells me t ! read+ ,saet4 is n c]ta94 ,footnote #aagg3 ,macrob4 #a4 #aj4 #ai foll42 #a4 #g4 #bd & #be2 ,m>q4 p4 #aa note #c4 ,! conjunction ( ,ops ) him 9 ?is function is reject$ 7rightly1 ,i ?9k7 by ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 iv4 ,b see bel[ on ,opalia4 ,footnote #aagh3 ,jordan's note on ,prell]1 ii4 #aj4 ,footnote #aagi3 e4 g4 ,virg4 ,a54 #h4 #cba4 ,footnote #aahj3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #bbc foll4 ,footnote #aaha3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #db2 ,dion4 ,hal4 i4 #cd 7cp4 #f4 #a72 ,fe/4 #cbb2 ,sol9us1 #a4 #ac2 ,s]vius1 ,a54 #b4 #aae2 ,middleton1 ,rome 9 #ahhe1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #aahb3 ,r4 ,pet]1 s4 v4 ,dis 9 ,lex4 #aaha2 ,macr4 #a4 #aa4 #dh4 ,footnote #aahc3 ,lucan1 #c4 #aec2 ,middleton1 op4 cit4 #afg4 ,footnote #aahd3 ,prell]1 ii4 #ac2 i4 #ahb4 ,footnote #aahe3 ,! temple 0 traditionally dat$ ,b4,c4 #dig 7,livy1 #b4 #ba72 cp4 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #d3 s too ! fe/ival1 ?\gh bo? _h an old] orig9 7,ambros*4 ,/ud4 #adi74 ,! latt] 0 reorganiz$ 9 ,greek fa%ion 9 ob$i5ce to a ,sibyll9e oracle 9 ,b4,c4 #bag 7,livy1 #bb4 #a74 ,footnote #aahf3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #cd notes ! cult ( su* gods :5 all fruits h be5 ga!r$4 ,footnote #aahg3 ,macr4 #a4 #h4 #c & #a4 #af4 #cj 7also1 b probably 9 error1 attribut$ to ,jupit]74 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #db1 & ,poplic4 #ab1 /ates x di/9ctly2 b !re is no indication ( ! s\rce f :i* he drew4 ,footnote #aahh3 ,cp4 ! leg5d>y connexion ( bo? ) %ip-build+ & ! co9+ ( money2 ?\gh x is ( c\rse possible t ?is 0 simply sugge/$ by ! ,janus-head & ! %ip ( e>ly ,roman co9s4 ,footnote #aahi3 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ah4 #a4 ,m>tial is full ( ,saturnalian allusions2 e4 g4 #ab4 #fb4 ,footnote #aaij3 ,popul>iz$1 ( c\rse1 by ! poets3 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #ech2 ,tibull4 i4 #c4 #ce2 c4 ,footnote #aaia3 ,0 ?is "o ( ! reasons :y ,*ri/mas 0 fix$ at ! w9t] sol/ice8 ,cp4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 tom4 iii4 #dig;e3 quot$ by ,us5]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #aaib3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #ce4 #b #8,dum 9 xv diebus ante et po/ brumam ut pl]aque ne facias4' ,columella1 #b4 #h4 #b1 seems to foll[ ,v>ro4 ,virg4 ,georg4 #a4 #baa ext5ds ! "t #8usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem' 7cp4 ,s]v4 ad loc474 ,footnote #aaic3 ,sat4 i4 #aj4 #ai & #bb1 & ,dion4 ,hal4 #c4 #cb2 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #cd4 ,footnote #aaid3 ,see ,m>qu>dt's excell5t summ>y 9 ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #ceg1 & ,prell]1 ii4 #ae foll4 ,footnote #aaie3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #f4 #a4 ,fa/i ,amit4 ,dec4 #ag4 ,we d n "k :o 0 ! sacrific+ prie/2 p]haps ! ,rex ,sacrorum1 or a magi/rate4 ,footnote #aaif3 ,macrob4 #a4 #aj4 #ah4 ,footnote #aaig3 ,m>tial1 #ad4 #a2 at lea/ ?is seems to be ! inf]5ce f #8,syn!sibus dum gaudet eques dom9usque s5ator4' ,cp #f4 #bd4 ,footnote #aaih3 ,livy1 #bb4 #a4 #ai #8lecti/]nium imp]atum et convivium publicum4' ,footnote #aaii3 ,t]tull4 ,apol4 #db4 ,footnote #abjj3 ,odes1 #c4 #ag4 ,cp4 ,m>tial1 #ad4 #gj4 ,! pig-(f]+ indicates an e>?-deity3 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #bb2 ,m>q4 #agc4 ,footnote #abja3 ,m>tial1 bk4 #ad1 is ! locus classicus = all ?is4 ,footnote #abjb3 ,br&1 ,pop4 ,ant4 #ahc4 ,footnote #abjc3 ,macr4 i4 #aj4 #bd2 #aa4 #di4 ,9 ! latt] passage he says #8quae hom9es pro se atque suis piaculum pro ,dite ,saturno fac]5t4' ,footnote #abjd3 ,br&1 #ahj4 ,footnote #abje3 ,m>q4 #aib1 & ! passages !re quot$4 ,footnote #abjf3 ,sat4 #a4 #g4 #cg4 ,= lat] evid5ce see ,m>q4 #ehh4 ,footnote #abjg3 p4 #ej1 & note #ac4 ,footnote #abjh3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i #b4 #ccg4 ,footnote #abji3 ,o4 ,gilb]t 7#a4 #bdg note7 holds ?is latt] view4 ,footnote #abaj3 ,ephem4 ,epigr4 #a4 #cg4 ,wiss[a 7de ,f]iis1 v7 po9ts out t all su* entries1 9 :i* ! god's "n 9 ! dative is foll[$ by ! place ( sacrifice1 apply to consecrat$ temples only--& ! ,regia 0 n "o4 ,footnote #abaa3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris ,populi ,romani1 p4 #dj4 ,wiss[a1 l4 c41 :o %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 write ( an a$es 9 =o4 ,footnote #abab3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bc #8,ang]onalia ab ,ang]ona1 cui sacrificium fit 9 curia ,acculeia et cuius f]iae publicae is dies4' ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #c4 #e4 #fe #8,nom5 alt]um dic]e nisi arcanis ca]imoni>um nefas habetur2 444 non ali5um videtur hoc loco exemplum religionis antiquae ob hoc maxime sil5tium in/itutae2 namque diva ,ang]ona1 cui sacrificatur a4d4 xii ,kal4 ,ian41 ore obligato obsignatoque simulacrum habet4' ,macr4 ,sat4 i4 #aj #8xii 7,kal4 ,ian47 f]iae sunt divae ,ang]oniae1 cui pontifices 9 sacello ,volupiae sacrum faciunt2 quam ,v]rius ,flaccus ,ang]oniam dici ait1 quod angores ac sollicitud9es animorum propitiata depellat4' ,footnote #abac3 ,see ,wiss[a1 s4 v4 ,ang]ona1 ,lex4 #cej4 ,footnote #abad3 ,civ4 ,dei1 #d4 #h4 ,footnote #abae3 ,macrob4 ,sat4 #a4 #aj4 #aa2 ,fe/4 #aai2 & ,lact4 ,in/4 #a4 #bj4 #d m5tion ! ,l>5talia4 ,footnote #abaf3 ,rm4 ,=s*ung51 vol4 ii4 p4 #a foll4 ,see also ,ros*]1 s4 v4 9 ,lex4 #e4 ,footnote #abag3 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #c4 #ee4 ,footnote #abah3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bc4 ,! passage is 9 "p hopelessly corrupt4 ,footnote #abai3 ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 #g4 #g2 = ! ,flam5 ,quir4 cf4 ,gilb]t1 #a4 #hh4 ,cic4 ,ep4 ad ,brut4 #a4 #ae4 #h4 ,v>ro1 l4 c4 says vaguely #8sac]dotes no/ri4' ,plut4 ,romulus1 #d1 gives 1 wrongly4 ,footnote #abbj3 #8,sac]dotes no/ri publice p>5tant' 7,v>ro1 l4 c474 ,footnote #abba3 ,cic4 de ,legibus1 #b4 #ba4 #ed2 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #cd4 ,footnote #abbb3 ,plut>* is (t5 l$ on 9 ?is "w f "o "q to ano!r by some?+ he f9ds 9 ! book he is consult+ = ! fir/4 ,,m5sis ,,ianu>ius4 ,! p]iod ( w9t] leisure :i* began = ! agriculturi/ 9 ,decemb] cont9u$ into ,janu>y4 ,f ! sol/ice to ,favonius 7i4 e4 ,feb4 #g7 is ,v>ro's eigh? & la/ division ( ! agricultural ye>1 9 :i* !re is no h>d "w to be done out ( doors 7,r4 ,r4 i4 #cf3 cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 #a4 #cab2 ,colum4 xi4 #b74 ,s too ! ru/ic cal5d>s2 #8palus aquitur1 salix h>undo ca$etur4' ,columella tells u1 h[ev]1 t if ! wea!r be fav\rable1 x may be possible f ! ,ides ( ,janu>y #8auspic>i cultur>um (ficia4' ,we h se5 t 9 ,decemb] ?is easy "t 0 occupi$ ) a s]ies ( religi\s rites ( su* extreme antiquity t _! mean+ 0 almo/ entirely lo/ = ! ,roman ( lat] ages4 ,aft] ! sol/ice ?is s]ies _c be said to cont9ue3 ! cal5d>s h only ?ree fe/ivals 9 ,janu>y m>k$ ) l>ge lett]s1 ! ,agonia on ! #i?1 & ! two ,c>m5talia on ! #aa? & #ae?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 two f]iae conceptivae 9 ?is mon? :i* d n appe> 9 ! cal5d>s2 ! ,compitalia 7:i* might1 h[ev]1 fall be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?71 & ! ,paganalia t[>ds ! end ( x4 ,bo? ^! 7 orig9ally fe/ive meet+s 9 :i* rural folk took "p toge!r1 & seem to indicate t agricultural lab\rs _h n yet really begun4 ,,kal4 ,,ian4 7,,jan4 #a74 ,f4 ,,aescu,,lapio1 ,,v$iovi ,,9 ,,insula4 7,,pra547 ,?is temple ( ,v$iovis 0 v[$ by ! praetor ,l4 ,furius ,purpureo 9 #bjj ,b4,c41 & d$icat$ six ye>s lat]#abbc4 ,= ?is obscure deity see on ,may #ba4 ,! connexion betwe5 him & ,aesculapius 7if !re 7 any7 is unexpla9$4 ,! latt] 0 a mu* old] inhabitant ( ! ,tib] isl& 7#bia ,b4,c471 & became 9 "t ! special deity ( t spot#abbd1 :i* is call$ by ,dionys4 7#e4 #ac7 4 ,is x possible t an id5tification ( ,v$iovis ) ,apollo#abbe--s (t5 a god ( pe/il5ce--br\ght ! =m] to ! isl& seat ( ! heal+ deity8 ,! connexion betwe5 ,apollo & ,aesculapius is well kn[n4 ,ano!r invasion ( ! isl& took place almo/ at ! same "t4 ,9 #aid ,b4,c4 a temple ( ,faunus 0 d$icat$ !re :i* _h be5 v[$ two ye>s e>li]#abbf2 & x may be wor? not+ t ,faunus also _h p[] to av]t pe/il5ce & unfruitfulness1 z is se5 9 ! /ory ( ,numa & ! ,faunus-oracle4 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #d4 #fda foll47 ,on ,jan4 #a1 "u ! lat] ,republic1 i4 e4 aft] ! ye> #aec ,b4,c41 9 & aft] :i* ! consuls began _! ye> ( (fice on ?is day1 x 0 ! cu/om to give ,new ,ye> pres5ts by way ( good om51 call$ /r5ae#abbg2 a ^w :i* survives 9 ! ,fr5* tr5nes4 ,x is likely en\gh t ! cu/om 0 mu* old] ?an #aec ,b4,c43 ! ^w 0 said to be d]iv$ f a ,sab9e goddess ,/r5ia1 ^: sacellum at ! head ( ! ,via ,sacra is m5tion$ by ,v>ro 7,l4 ,l4 v4 #dgabbh71 & f ^: grove c]ta9 sacr$ twigs 7 c>ri$ to ! arx 79 procession along ! ,sacr$ ,way87 at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ye>#abbi4 ,b we are n told :e!r ?is latt] rite always took place on ,jan4 #a1 or 0 transf]r$ to t day f "s o!r 9 #aec ,b4,c4 ,,iii ,,non4 ,,ian4-,,non4 ,,ian4 7,,jan4 #c-e74 ,c4 #c ,,ludi ,,ludi #d ,,ludi 7,,philoc47 ,,ludi ,,compitales 7,,silv47 #e ,,ludi 7,,comitalis1 ,,ms47 ,! ,compitalia 7 n f]iae /ativae until late 9 ! ,empire1 & !n p]haps only s by tradition#abcj4 ,!y took place at "s date betwe5 ! ,saturnalia 7,dec4 #ag7 & ,jan4 #e2 & we may inf] f ,philocalus & ,silvius z quot$ above t ! t5d5cy 0 to put !m late 9 t p]iod4 ,n be+ a great /ate-fe/ival1 !y c\ld be put betwe5 ,kal5ds & ,nones4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( compitum is expla9$ by ! ,s*olia/ on ,p]sius1 #d4 #bhabca #8,compita sunt loca 9 quadriviis1 quasi turres1 ubi sacrificia1 f9ita agricultura1 ru/ici celebrabant4444 ,compita sunt non solum 9 urbe loca1 s$ etiam viae publicae ac div]ticulae aliquorum conf9ium1 ubi a$iculae consecrantur pat5tes4 ,9 8 fracta iuga ab agricolis ponuntur1 velut em]iti et elaborati op]is indicium#abcb4' ,f ?is we ga!r t :]e c\ntry cross-roads met1 or :]e 9 ! p>cell+ out ( agricultural allotm5ts "o semita cross$ ano!r#abcc1 "s k9d ( alt> 0 erect$ & ! spot held sacr$4 ,?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! usage ( o!r peoples3 ! #8hol9ess' ( cross-roads is a well-kn[n fact 9 folk-lore#abcd4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,s*olia/ is "r 9 8 explanation ( ! #8fracta iuga1' :i* may r h be5 us$ z a spell ( "s k9d1 ?an z #8em]iti op]is indicium4' ,?us ,crooke#abce m5tions an ,indian practice ( fix+ up a h>r[ p]p5dicul>ly :]e f\r roads met1 app>5tly ) ! object ( appeas+ ! ra9-god4 ,9 ! city ( ,rome ! compita 7 ! meet+-places ( vici 7/reets ) h\ses71 :]e sacella 7 erect$ to ! ,l>es compitales#abcf--two 9 ea* case4 ,= ! inhabitants ( ! vici :i* ?us cross$ ea* o!r1 ! compitum 0 ! religi\s c5tre2 & ?us arose a quasi-religi\s organization1 :i*1 z includ+ ! l[e/ ( ! population & ev5 slaves#abcg1 became ( mu* importance 9 ! revolution>y p]iod 9 connexion ) ! ma*9]y ( electione]+4 ,! #8collegia compitalicia' 7 aboli%$ by ! ,s5ate 9 ,b4,c4 #fd1 & recon/itut$ 9 ,b4,c4 #eh by a bill ( ,clodius de collegiis4 ,caes> aga9 prohibit$ !m1 & ! ludi compitalicii ) !m2 b ! latt] 7 once m reviv$ by ,augu/us & made "p ( 8 g5]al reorganization ( ! city & its wor%ip#abch4 ,! ,compitalia1 :i* ! ,romans ascrib$ to ,s]vius ,tullius or ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus#abci1 0 probably fir/ organiz$ z "p ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ! unit$ city 9 ! ,etruscan p]iod1 ?\gh x d\btless _h its orig9 9 ! ru/ic ideas & practice ( :i* we get a glimpse 9 ! passage quot$ f ! ,s*olia/ on ,p]sius4 ,two features ( x seem to fit 9 conv5i5tly ) ?is conjecture3 7#a7 t already m5tion$1 t ev5 ! slaves _h a "p 9 x1 z well z ! plebs2 7#b7 ! fact t ! magi/ri vicorum1 :o 7 responsible = ! fe/ival1 wore ! toga praetexta on ! day ( its celebration#abdj--:i* looks l a ,t>qu9ian innovation 9 an anti-ari/ocratic s5se4 ,v ,,id4 ,,ian4 7,,jan4 #i74 ,,np8 ,,agon4 7,,maff4 ,,pra547 ,a mutilat$ note 9 ,pra54 gives ! ^w ,agonium4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! ,roman s*ol>s !mselves knew = c]ta9 :at 0 meant by ,,agon1 & :e!r ! explanations !y give are any?+ bett] ?an guesses bas$ on analogy#abda4 ,ovid calls ! day #8dies agonalis'3 ,ianus agonali luce pi&us erit 7,fa/i1 #a4 #cah74 ,nom5 agonalem cr$it hab]e diem 7,ibid4 #a4 #cbd74 & gives a numb] ( amus+ d]ivations :i* prove 8 entire ignorance4 ,fe/us#abdb gives ,agonium z ! "n ( ! day 7:i* agrees ) ,v]rius 9 ,fa/4 ,pra5471 & says t agonia 0 an old ^w = ho/ia4 ,v>ro calls ! day #8agonalis'#abdc2 ,ovid 9 ano!r place ,agonalia#abdd4 ,a god ,agonius m5tion$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e#abde is probably only an inv5tion ( ! pontifices4 ,! fact is t ! ,romans knew nei!r :at ! real =m ( ! ^w 01 nor :at x meant4 ,! attempt to expla9 x by ! app>itor's ^w at a sacrifice1 agone8 7%all ,i slay87 is /ill approv$ by "s1 b is q unc]ta9#abdf4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w1 if x ev] 7 9 common use1 mu/ h vani%$ long be=e ,lat9 0 a writt5 language4 ,! only traces ( x1 besides its appe>ance 9 ! cal5d>s1 are 9 ! traditional "n = ! ,quir9al hill1 ,collis ,agonus1 9 its gate1 #8porta agon5sis1' & its college ( ,salii agon5ses#abdg4 ,x w\ld seem ?us to h _h "s special connexion ) ! ,coll9e city4 ,! same ^w appe>s 9 ! cal5d>s = ?ree o!r days1 ,m>* #ag 7,lib]alia71 ,may #ba 7,agon4 ,v$iovi71 ,dec4 #aa 7,septimontium72 b x is impossible to make out any connexion betwe5 ^! & ,jan4 #i4 ,nor c we be sure t ! sacrifice 7if su* x 071 indicat$ by ,agon1 _h any relation to ! o!r c]emonies ( ! days ?us m>k$#abdh4 ,on ,jan4 #i ,ovid does inde$ say t ,janus 0 #8agonali luce pi&us1' & on ,may #ba ! ,fa/i ,v5us9i add a note #8,v$iovi' to ! lett]s ,,agon2 b !re is no di/9ct pro( t ! agonium 0 a sacrifice to ,janus or to ,v$iovis4 ,we are utt]ly 9 ! d>k#abdi4 ,on ?is day ! ,rex sacrorum (f]$ a ram 7to ,janus87 9 ! ,regia4 ,ovid says#abej t ?\gh ! mean+ ( ,agon is d\btful1 ita rex plac>e sacrorum ,num9a lanig]ae coniuge debet ovis4 ,x is provok+ly unc]ta9 :e!r ?is ram 0 actually sacrific$ to ,janus3 ,v>ro does n say s1 & ,ovid only implies x#abea4 ,b we may p]haps assume x on ! gr\nd t once at lea/ 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales#abeb ! ram is m5tion$ z ,janus' victim4 ,if ?is be s1 we are c>ri$ back by ?is sacrifice to ! v beg9n+s ( ,rome1 & get a useful clue to ! nature ( ! god ,janus4 ,! ,rex sacrorum 0 ! special repres5tative 9 lat] times ( ! k+2 ! k+1 liv+ 9 ! ,regia1 0 ! equival5t 9 ! ,/ate ( ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,! two mo/ important & sacr$ p>ts ( ! h\se are ! door 7ianua1 ianus71 & ! he>? 7ve/a7#abec1 & ! num9a inhabit+ & gu>d+ ^! are ,janus & ,ve/a1 :o1 z is well kn[n1 7 respectively ! fir/ & ! la/ deities to be invok$ at all times 9 ,roman religi\s cu/om4 ,! :ole h\se c]ta9ly _h a religi\s importance1 l ev]y?+ else 9 intimate relation to man2 & ,macrobius is n romanc+ :5 he says 7quot+ my?ici7 #8,regnante ,iano omnium domos religione et sanctitate fuisse munitas#abed4' ,b ! door & ! he>? 7 ( special importance1 z ! folk-lore ( e p fully atte/s2 & x is h>dly possible to avoid ! conclusion t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ,janus 9 ! ideas connect$ ) ! h\se-door1 j z we h always f\nd ,ve/a 9 ! fire on ! he>?4 ,:atev] be ! true etymology ( ,janus1 & h[ev] wild ! int]pretations ( 8 nature & cult bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 we %all always h firm gr\nd to /& on if we view him 9 relation to ! primitive wor%ip ( ! h\se#abee4 ,!re is h>dly an attribute or a cult-title ( ,janus t _c be d$uc$ ) reason f ?is root-idea4 ,! old ,roman s*ol>s1 :o knew z little ab\t ,janus z we d1 />t$ sev]al explanations ( a cosmical k9d1 :i* mu/ h be5 q /range to ! av]age ,roman wor%ipp]4 ,he 0 a sun-god#abef1 & 8 "n is ! mascul9e =m ( ,diana 7 moon72 he 0 ! mundus1 i4 e4 ! heav51 or ! atmosph]e#abeg4 ,^! 71 ( c\rse1 m]e guesses *>act]i/ic ( a p$antic age :i* knew no?+ ( ! old ,roman religi\s m9d4 ,if ,janus ev] _h be5 a nature-deity1 8 attributes z su* 7 completely worn away 9 hi/orical times1 or _h lo/ _! ess5tial "* 9 ! process ( con/ant application to practical matt]s by a prosaic p4 ,h[ f> ! ,roman ( ! ,augu/an age und]/ood 8 great deorum deus may be ga!r$ f ,ovid's treatm5t ( ! subject1 itself no d\bt a poetical v]sion ( ! le>n$ speculation ( ,v>ro & o!rs4 ,! poet #8int]views' ! deity ) ! object ( f9d+ out ! lo/ & hidd5 mean+ ( 8 mo/ obvi\s peculi>ities1 & ! old god condesc5ds to answ] ) a promptness & good temp] t w\ld d cr$it to ! victims ( ! mod]n j\rnali/4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t ! real orig91 humble1 simple1 & truly ,lat91 escap$ ! obs]vation bo? ( ! int]view] & ! deity4 ,be=e ,i /ate m def9itely ! gr\nds on :i* ?is simple explanation ( ,janus is bas$1 x w be z well to deal %ortly ) ! m ambiti\s ones4 #a4 ,! !ory t ,janus 0 a sun-god has ! support ( ,roman antiqu>ians#abeh1 & 0 probably sugge/$ by !m to ! mod]ns4 ,nigidius ,figulus1 ! ,py?agorean my/ic1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to broa* ! idea3 we h no evid5ce t ,v>ro gave 8 sanction to x4 ,x 0 ,nigidius :o fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( ! relation ( ,janus to ,diana 7,dianus1 ,diana ,janus1 ,jana71 :i* f\nd mu* fav\r ) ,prell] & ,s*wegl]#abei at a "t :5 nei!r comp>ative philology nor comp>ative my?ology 7 z well und]/ood z n[4 ,b ! common argum5t1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 has be5 t :i* ,macrobius quotes f c]ta9 speculators :om he does n "n3 #8,ianum quidam solem demon/r>i volunt1 et ideo gem9um quasi utriusque ianuae coele/is pot5tem1 qui exori5s ap]iat diem1 occid5s claudat1' c4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is is pure speculation by a ,roman ( ! cosmopolitan age3 x is an attempt to expla9 ! ,janus gem9us z ! repres5tation ( "o ( ! great =ces ( nature4 ,b x has no?+ to d ) ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,italian f>m]4 #b4 ,! !ory t ,janus 0 a god ( ! #8vault ( heav5' 0 also />t$ by ! anci5ts1 z may be se5 f ! *apt] ( ,macrobius quot$ above4 ,rec5tly x has be5 adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,deecke 9 8 ,etruscan rese>*es#abfj4 ,he seems to hold t ,janus 9 ,etruria1 z a god ( ! ar* ( heav51 0 repres5t$ on ar*es & gates 9 t c\ntry1 & came to ,rome :5 ! ,romans le>nt ! secret ( ! ar* f ! ,etruscans4 ,t ! ,romans 7 ! pupils ( ! ,etruscans 9 ?is p>ticul> seems to be true2 b if ,janus only came to ,rome ) ! ar* 7,deecke says 9 ,numa's "t7 x is h>d to see h[ he c\ld h s quickly ga9$ 8 peculi> place 9 ,roman wor%ip & leg5d4 ,i _c ?9k t ,deecke has "h improv$ on ! conclusions ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,speculations ab\t ,janus z a heav5-god h be5 pu%$ /ill fur!r4 ,"h is a passage f a book :i* is almo/ a "w ( g5ius#abfa1 yet embodies _m !ories ( :i* its au?or may by ?is "t h rep5t$3 #8,he :o pray$ 79 anci5t ,italy7 began 8 pray] look+ to ! ,ea/1 b end$ x look+ to ! ,we/4 ,h]e9 we f9d express$ ! conception ( ! unity & indivisibility ( ,nature2 ^: symbol is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic figure ( ! ,italian religion1 ! d\ble-head$ ,janus1 ! highe/ god1 & ! god ( all ?+s1 all times1 & all gods4 ,he unites ! duali/ic opposites :i* complete ! _w--beg9n+ & end1 morn+ & ev5+1 outgo+ & +o+4 ,he is ! god ( ! ye>1 :i* f9ds its completion 9 its own orbit1 & z he is ! god ( "t1 s he is ! god ( ! ,kosmos1 :i* l a circle displays bo? beg9n+ & end at once4' ,he !n quotes a passage f ,messalla1 :i* ,macrobius has pres]v$1 9 support ( ?is a/oni%+ product ( ! rude m9d ( ! primitive ,roman#abfb4 ,( ?is ,messalla we only "k t he 0 consul 9 #ec ,b4,c41 & t 7z ,macrobius tells u7 he 0 augur = fifty-five ye>s1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* p]iod1 aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 day1 he wrote works ( :i* ! object 0 to f9d a philosophic basis = ! qua9t ph5om5a ( ! ,roman religion4 ,8 speculations on ! d\ble head ( ,janus _c help u to discov] ! primitive nature ( our deity2 ,janus may h be5 ! anci5t heav5-god ( ! ,lat9s1 b ^! guesses are ! product ( a spuri\s & eclectic ,greek philosophy4 #c4 ,!re is ano!r possible explanation ( ,janus1 :i* is n m5tion$ 9 ,ros*]'s article1 b is p]haps wor? z mu* consid]ation z ! two la/4 ,pr(essor ,rhys1 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,celtic ,my?ology#abfc1 some:at casually id5tifi$ ,janus ) ! ,celtic god ,c]nunnos1 :om he consid]s to be ! ,gallic deity call$ by ,caes> ,dis ,pat]4 ,! "o /rik+ fact 9 fav\r ( ?is equation is t ,c]nunnos 0 repres5t$ z hav+ ?ree faces1 & l ,janus1 z a head )\t a body--! l[] portion ( ! block be+ utiliz$ = o!r purposes#abfd4 ,he seems to h be5 a *?onic deity1 & is comp>$ to & ev5 id5tifi$ by ,rhys ) ,heimdal ( ! ,norsem5 & ,teutons1 :o 0 ! w>d] or port] ( ! gods1 & ( ! und]world#abfe1 :o sits z ! #8w9d-li/5+' god1 ^: e>s are ( miracul\s %>pness1 :o is ! fa!r ( man1 & ! sire ( k+s4 ,bo? ,c]nunnos & ,heimdal are ?\ght fur!r to h be5 l ,janus1 ! fons et origo ( all ?+s4 ,accord+ to ,caes> ! ,gauls believ$ !mselves to be desc5d$ f _! deity2 & bo? ! ,celtic & ,sc&9avian gods seem to h _h1 l ! ,roman1 "s connexion ) ! divisions ( "t4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t ^! two gods tak5 toge!r supply p>allels to ,janus' mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ics2 & ev5 to "o or two ( ! less prom95t & m puzzl+ ones1 su* z ! connexion ) spr+s#abff4 ,x is n impossible t all ?ree may h gr[n out ( a common root2 b 9 ! cases ( ,c]nunnos & ,heimdal x does n seem any long] possible to trace ?is1 ow+ to heavy incru/ations ( poetical my?ology4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,roman1 ! *ance is a bett] "o1 9 spite ( philosophical speculation1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,we return f philosoph]s & my?ologi/s to e>ly ,rome4 ,! "o fact on :i* we mu/ fix our att5tion is t on ! nor?-ea/ ( ! =um ,romanum 0 ! fam\s ,janus gem9us1 :i* f repres5tations on co9s#abfg we c see 0 n a temple1 b a gateway1 ) entrance & exit connect$ by walls1 )9 :i* 01 we may suppose1 ! d\ble-head$ figure ( ,janus :i* is famili> on ,roman co9s4 ,! same ^w janus is appli$ to ! gate & to ! num5 :o gu>d$ x1 liv$ 9 x1 & 0 z insep>able f x z ,ve/a f ! fire on ! he>?#abfh4 ,! ^w does n seem to h be5 us$ = ! gate ( a city1 b = ! po9t ( passage into a space )9 a city1 su* z a m>ket1 or a /reet4 ,at ,rome !re 7 sev]al su* jani#abfi2 probably two or m lead+ into ! =um1 z well z ! m fam\s "o1 :i* alone appe>s to h _h a /rictly religi\s signification#abgj4 ,! connexion ( ! god ) entrances is ?us a c]ta9ty1 ?\gh we are puzzl$ by 8 app>5t abs5ce f ! gates ( ! city#abga4 ,! d\ble head w\ld signify no?+ transc5d5tal1 b simply t ! num5 ( ! entrance to h\se or m>ket 0 conc]n$ bo? ) entrance & exit4 ,x is n peculi> to ,italy1 or to ,janus1 b is f\nd on co9s 9 e "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7,ros*]1 ,lex4 #ec foll473 9 no case1 x is wor? not+1 does ! d\ble head repres5t any ( ! great gods ( heav51 su* z ,zeus1 ,apollo1 c41 b ,dionysus1 ,boreas1 ,argos1 unkn[n female heads#abgb1 c4 ,its hi/ory does n seem to h be5 work$ out2 b we c be almo/ sure t x does n repres5t ! sun1 & has no relation to ! ar* ( heav54 ,n[ keep+ 9 m9d ! fact t ,janus is ! gu>dian _s ( entrances1 let u recall aga9 ! fact t he 0 ! fir/ deity 9 all invocations bo? public & private#abgc1 & t ,ve/a 0 ! la/#abgd4 ,ve/a 9 ! h\se 01 z ,cic]o expresses x1 #8r]um cu/os intim>um'2 %e presid$ ov] ! p5etralia--! la/ "p ( ! h\se to :i* any /rang] c\ld be admitt$2 exactly ! opposite position to t ( ,janus at ! entrance#abge4 ,bo? deities reta9$ at all times ! ess5tial m>k ( primitive ideas ( ! sup]natural3 !y resid$ 9 & 9 a s5se 71 ! doorway & ! he>? respectively4 ,:at we "k ( ! prie/s :o s]v$ !m tells ! same tale ( an orig9 9 ! h\se1 & ! family--! f\ndation ( all ,italian civilization4 ,ve/a 0 s]v$ by h] sacr$ virg9s1 & ^!1 we c no long] d\bt1 7 ! lat] repres5tatives ( ! daught]s ( ! head ( ! family1 or ! headman ( ! community#abgf2 ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! h\se 0 !irs1 ! c>e ( ! fire1 ! /ores 7p5us71 & ! cook+4 ,to ! fa!r1 ! def5d] ( ! family1 belong$ naturally ! c>e ( ! entrance1 ! dang]\s po9t1 :]e bo? evil m5 & evil spirits might f9d a way 94 ,& surely ?is mu/ be ! explanation ( ! fact t no prie/ is to be f\nd = ,janus 9 ! ,roman sy/em b ! ,rex sacrorum#abgg1 ! l9eal repres5tative ( ! anci5t religi\s duties ( ! k+1 & !re=e1 we may inf] ) c]ta9ty1 ( ^? ( ! primitive *ief1 & ( ! head ( ! h\sehold#abgh4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t ord] ( ! prie/hoods1 ! ,rex sacrorum came fir/1 j z ,janus 0 ! fir/ ( all ! gods#abgi3 !n came ! ?ree great ,flam9es1 & !n ! ,pontifex maximus1 9 ^: c>e & p[] 7 ! ,ve/als4 ,translat+ ! ord] into t]ms ( ! primitive family1 we h fir/ ! head ( ! h\se1 next ! sons1 & la/ly 7z wom5 d n appe> 9 ^! li/s71 ! daught]s repres5t$ by ! lat] prie/hood1 to :i* !y 7 legally subord9at$4 ,! ord] ( ! gods1 ! ord] ( ! prie/s1 & ! natural position ( ! entrance to ! h\se1 all seem to lead u to ! same conclusion1 t ! beg9n+ ( ,janus & 8 cult are to be s\ght1 & may be f\nd1 9 ! e>ly ,italian family dwell+4 ,we may agree ) ,ros*]1 :o has work$ out ?is "p ( ! subject ) skill1 t ?is position ( ,janus 9 ! wor%ip ( ! family & ! /ate is ! orig9 ( all ! practices 9 :i* he appe>s z a god ( beg9n+s4 ,= ^! ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ,ros*]'s article#abhj1 or to ,prell]1 or to ,momms51 :o sees 9 ?is aspect ( ! god1 & rightly no d\bt1 t :i* *iefly reflects ! notion ( him held by ! ord9>y ,roman4 ,he 0 himself ! olde/ god1 ! beg9n] ( all ?+s1 & ( all acts#abha2 to him 9 leg5d is ascrib$ ! introduction ( ! arts1 ( agriculture1 %ip-build+1 c4#abhb4 ,he is an object ( wor%ip at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 ! mon?1 & ! day#abhc4 ,all ?is sprang1 n f an ab/ract idea ( beg9n+--an idea :i* has no ,roman p>allel 9 be+ sanctifi$ by a presid+ deity1 b f ! concrete fact t ! entrance ( ! h\se 0 ! initium1 or beg9n+ ( ! h\se1 & at ! same "t ! po9t f :i* y />t$ on all und]tak+s4 ,su* developm5ts ( ! orig9al ,janus 7 no d\bt z old z ! ,/ate itself4 ,9 ! ,salian hymn he is already #8deorum deus'#abhd1 & #8duonus c]us'#abhe1 :i* ,fe/us tells u meant creator bonus4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,/ate !re are1 z we h se51 suffici5tly cle> traces ( 8 orig9al nature to =bid u to attribute ^! titles to any l(ty & ab/ract philosophical ideas ( religion4 ,! kn[n cult-titles ( ,janus are = ! mo/ "p explicable 9 ! same way4 ,gem9us1 ,patulcius1 ,clusius1 & ,matut9us1 speak = !mselves4 ,junonius probably arose f ! concurr5ce ( ! cults ( ,janus & ,juno on ! ,kal5ds ( ea* mon?1 z ,macrobius tells u#abhf4 ,consivius#abhg is expla9$ by ,ros*] z connect$ ) s]]e1 & us$ ( ,janus z creator 7beg9n] ( life3 cf4 duonus c]us74 ,curiatius1 ,patricius1 & ,quir9us#abhh are titles aris+ f ! wor%ip ( ! god 9 g5tes1 curiae1 & ! complet$ /ate1 & h no significance 9 reg>d to 8 nature4 ,,iii ,,id4 ,,ian4 7,,jan4 #aa74 ,,np4 ,,k>m,,entalia4 7,,pra54 ,,maff47 ,,xviii ,,kal4 ,,feb4 7,,jan4 #ae74 ,,np4 ,,k>,,m5talia4 7,,pra54 ,,maff4 ,,phil4 ,,ca]47 ,! full "n ( ! fe/ival is suppli$ by ,philoc4 & ,silv4 ,!re is a mu* mutilat$ note 9 ,pra54 on ,jan4 #aa :i* is complet$ by ,momms5 ?us#abhi3 #8,f]iae ,c>m5ti 444 quae p>tus curat omniaque futura2 ob quam causam 9 a$e eius cavetur ab scorteis tanquam om9e mortic9o4' ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$ "h is t ! same deity has two fe/ival days1 ) an int]val ( ?ree days betwe5 !m4 ,!re is no exact p>allel to ?is 9 ! cal5d>1 ?\gh !re are sev]al in/ances ( some?+ analog\s#abij4 ,! ,lemuria are on ,may #i1 #aa1 #ac2 b "h are ?ree days1 & no special deity4 ,k9dr$ deities h _! fe/ivals sep>at$ by ?ree days1 z ,consus & ,ops 7,aug4 #ba1 #be72 & we may comp>e ! ,=dicidia & ,c]ealia on ,april #ae & #ai1 & ! ,qu9quatrus & ,tubilu/rium1 bo? app>5tly sacr$ to ,m>s1 on ,m>* #ai & #bc4 ,all fe/ivals occur on days ( unev5 numb]2 & if !re 0 an ext5sion to two or m days1 ! ev5 numb]s 7 pass$ ov]#abia4 ,b ! ,romans did n app>5tly consid] ! two ,c>m5talia to be two p>ts ( ! same fe/ival1 b two diff]5t fe/ivals1 or !y w\ld n h tri$ to acc\nt z !y did = ! orig9 ( ! second day4 ,x 0 said to h be5 add$ by a victori\s g5]al :o left ,rome by ! ,porta ,c>m5talis to attack ,fid5ae#abib1 or by ! matrons :o _h refus$ to p]=m ! function ( wom51 9 ang] at be+ depriv$ by ! ,s5ate ( ! "r ( rid+ 9 c>p5ta2 & :o1 :5 ! decree 0 )drawn1 te/ifi$ _! satisfaction 9 ?is curi\s way4 ,x does n seem possible to discov] ! real mean+ ( ! d\ble fe/ival4 ,x has be5 sugge/$#abic t ! two days repres5t ! s-call$ ,roman & ,sab9e cities1 l ! two bodies ( ,salii & ,lup]ci4 ,?is guess is h>dly an impossible "o1 b x is only a guess1 & has no?+ to support x b a casual /atem5t by ,plut>* t ! ,c>m5talia 7 in/itut$ at ! "t ( ! synoikismos ( ,lat9 & ,sab9e cities#abid4 ,!re is =tunately little d\bt ab\t ! nature ( ,c>m5ta & ! g5]al mean+ ( ! cult4 ,9 all ! leg5ds into :i* %e 0 wov5#abie h] mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic is ! gift ( prophecy2 %e is ! #8vates fatidica1' c41 ,cec9it quae prima futuros ,a5eadas magnos et nobile ,pallanteum4 ,s ,ovid1 at ! end ( 8 acc\nt ( h]3 ,at felix vates1 ut dis gratissima vixit1 ,possidet hunc ,iani sic dea m5se diem4 ,! p[] is express$ 9 h] v "n1 = c>m5 signifies a spell1 a *>m1 a prophecy1 z well z a poem4 ,n[ !re is cle> evid5ce t ei!r wom5 alone _h access to ! temple at ! ,porta ,c>m5talis1 or t !y 7 ! *ief frequ5t]s ( x2 & !y are ev5 said to h built a temple !mselves#abif4 ,:]e we f9d wom5 wor%ipp+ a deity ( prophecy we may be fairly sure t t deity also has "s influ5ce on *ildbir?4 #8,! reason1' writes ! late ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip#abig1 #8:y ! ,c>m5tes are wor%ipp$ by matrons is because !y tell ! =tunes ( ! *ildr5'--& also1 surely1 because !y tell ! =tunes ( ! wom5 9 *ildbir?#abih4 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) my old tutor t ! ,c>m5tes may orig9ally h be5 wise wom5 ^: skill & spells assi/$ ! op]ation ( bir?4 ,i d n ?9k we c look = an explanation ( ! titles ,porrima & ,po/v]ta else:]e ?an 9 ! two positions 9 :i* ! *ild may issue f ! womb1 ov] ea* ( :i* a ,c>m5tis wat*$#abii2 & !re is 9 fact no d\bt t ,c>m5ta 0 a bir?-goddess#acjj4 ,! argum5t !n w\ld be t ! spiritual orig9 attribut$ to sup]ior k trans=ms ! own] ( ! k into a div9e p]son4 ,z ,sir ,a4 ,lyall says#acja 7( ! g5esis ( local deities 9 ,b]>71 #8,! imm$iate motive 7( deification7 is no?+ b a vague inf]5ce f great natural gifts or f /range =tunes to sup]natural visitation1 or f p[] dur+ life to p[] prolong$ beyond x4' ,( ! cult ( ,c>m5ta we "k h>dly any?+4 ,%e _h a flam5 ( h] own#acjb1 l o!r anci5t goddesses1 ,palatua1 ,furr9a1 ,flora4 ,8 sacrificial duties mu/ h be5 conf9$ to ! prep>+ ( c]eal (f]+s1 = !re 0 a taboo 9 ?is cult exclud+ all sk9s ( animals--all lea!r--f ! temple4 ,scortea non illi fas e/ inf]re sacello#acjc1 ,ne viol5t puros exanimata focos4 ,v>ro writes #8,9 aliquot sacris et sacellis scriptum habemus3 ,ne quid scorteum adhibeatur ideo ne mortic9um quid adsit4' ,we c\ld wi% t he _h told u :at ^! sacra & sacella 7#acjd2 z x is we mu/ be cont5t to suppose t a goddess ( bir? c\ld h no?+ to d ) ! slaught] ( animals4 ,! position ( ! temple 0 at ! foot ( ! s\!rn end ( ! ,capitol1 ne> ! ,porta ,c>m5talis#acje1 :]e1 accord+ to ,s]vius1 %e 0 said to h be5 buri$ 7cp4 ,acca ,l>5tia1 ,dec4 #bc74 ,x is noticeable t ! fe/ivals ( ?is w9t] p]iod are connect$ ) sites ne> ! ,capitol & ,=um2 we h already _h ,saturnus1 ,ops1 & ,janus4 ,if ! read] %\ld ask :y a goddess ( bir? %\ld be specially wor%ipp$ 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 he may p]haps f9d a reason = x aft] read+ ! ?ird *apt] ( ,we/]m>ck's ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage4 ,z f> z we c judge f ! cal5d>1 ,april 0 ! mon? at ,rome :5 m>riages & less legal unions 7 especially frequ5t#acjf2 dur+ ,may & ! fir/ days ( ,june m>riages 7 n desirable#acjg4 ,9 ,janu>y !re=e bir?s might naturally be expect$4 ,ovid tells u 7#a4 #dfc7 t ,juturna 0 also wor%ipp$ on ,jan4 #aaacjh2 b :e!r 9 any close connexion ) ,c>m5ta we d n "k4 ,!y are bo? call$ ,nymphs2 b f ?is we c h>dly make any inf]5ce4 ,juturna 0 c]ta9ly a f\nta9-deity3 ,i c f9d no good evid5ce t ?is 0 "o ( ,c>m5ta's attributes4 ,! f\nt ( ,juturna 0 ne> ! ,ve/a-temple#acji1 & !re=e close to ! ,=um3 its wat] 0 us$1 says ,s]vius1 = all k9ds ( sacrifices1 & itself 0 ! object ( sacrifice 9 a dr\ght4 ,all took "p 9 ! fe/ival :o us$ wat] 9 _! daily "w 7#8qui artificium aqua ex]c5t'74 ,b ! ,juturnalia appe>s 9 no cal5d>1 & ,au/ is no d\bt "r 9 expla9+ x only z ! d$ication-fe/ival ( ! temple built by ,augu/us 9 ,b4,c4 #bacaj4 ,f]iae ,sem5tivae#acaa4 ,paganalia4 ,"u date ( ,jan4 #bd-bf1 ,ovid#acab writes 9 *>m+ v]se ( ! f]iae conceptivae call$ ,sem5tivae 7or -t9ae71 :i* f 8 acc\nt w\ld seem to be id5tical ) ! s-call$ ,paganalia#acac4 ,j z ! ,compitalia ( ! city probably _h its orig9 9 ! c\ntry 7see on ,jan4 #c-e71 ?\gh ! ru/ic compita 7 almo/ unkn[n to ! lat] ,romans1 s ! fe/ival ( s[+ 0 kept up 9 ! city 7#8a pontificibus dictus1' ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bf7 z ,sem5t9ae1 long aft] ! ,roman population _h ceas$ to s[4 ,9 ! c\ntry x 0 kn[n--s we may guess--by ! less te*nical "n ( ,paganalia#acad1 z be+ celebrat$ by ! rural gr\p ( home/eads kn[n z ! pagus4 ,z to ! object & nature ( ! fe/ival1 let ,ovid speak = himself3 ,/ate coronati pl5um ad praesaepe iuv5ei3 ,cum tepido ve/rum v]e r$ibit opus4 ,ru/icus em]itum palo susp5dat aratrum#acae3 ,omne re=midat frigida volnus humus4 ,vilice1 da requiem t]rae1 sem5te p]acta3 ,da requiem t]ram qui colu]e viris4 ,pagus agat fe/um3 pagum lu/rate1 coloni1 ,et date paganis annua liba focis4 ,plac5tur frugum matres1 ,tellusque ,c]esque1 ,f>re suo1 gravidae visc]ibusque suis4 ,(ficium commune ,c]es et ,t]ra tu5tur3 ,haec praebet causam frugibus1 illa locum4 ,c]es & ,tellus1 #8consortes op]is1' are to be invok$ to br+ to maturity ! se$ s[n 9 ! autumn1 by pres]v+ x f all pe/s & hurtful ?+s2 & also to assi/ ! s[] 9 8 "w 9 ! spr+ t is at h&4 ,?is at lea/ is h[ ,i und]/& ! l9es 7#fha1 #fhb73 ,cum s]imus1 caelum v5tis ap]ite s]5is2 ,cum latet1 ae!ria sp>gite sem5 aqua4 ,or if x be argu$ t bo? ^! l9es may v well ref] to ! spr+1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! poet und]/ood ! fe/ival to cov] ! pa/ autumn s[+3 ,utque dies inc]ta sacro1 sic tempora c]ta1 ,sem9ibus iactis e/ ubi fetus ag]#acaf4 ,v>ro tells u#acag t ! "t ( ! autumn s[+ ext5d$ f ! equ9ox to ! w9t] sol/ice2 aft] :i*1 z we h se51 ! husb&m5 re/$ f _! lab\rs 9 ! fields1 & enjoy$ ! fe/ivals we h be5 discuss+ s9ce ,dec4 #ag 7,consualia74 ,! la/ ( ^! is ! ,paganalia1 i4 e4 ! "o ne>e/ 9 date1 if we may g by ,ovid1 to ! "t = sett+ to "w at ! spr+ s[+1 :i* began on or ab\t ,feb4 #g 7,favonius74#acah ,x w\ld ?us be q natural t ?is fe/ival %\ld h ref]5ce n only to ! se$ already 9 ! gr\nd1 b also to t :i* 0 /ill to be s[n4 ,if ,ovid lays /ress on ! =m]1 ,v>ro & ,lydus seem to be ?9k+ *iefly ( ! latt]#acai4 ,ovid has told u :at 0 ! nature ( ! rites4 ,accord+ to him1 ,c]es & ,tellus 7 ! deities conc]n$1 & ) ?is ,lydus agrees4 ,we ne$ n be too c]ta9 ab\t ! names#acbj1 consid]+ ! #8fluidity' & imp]sonality ( e>ly ,roman num9a ( ?is type2 b ! type itself is obvi\s4 ,!re 7 (f]+s ( cake1 & a sacrifice ( a pregnant s[2 ! ox5 :i* _h s]v$ 9 ! pl\gh+ 7 decorat$ ) g>l&s2 pray]s 7 (f]$ = ! protection ( ! se$ f bird & bea/ & disease4 ,if we may believe a note ( ,probus'#acba1 oscilla 7 hung f ! trees1 z at ! ,lat9 fe/ival1 c41 d\btless z a *>m aga9/ evil influ5ces4 ,,vi ,,kal4 ,,feb4 7,jan4 #bg74 ,c4 ,,a$is ,,ca/oris ,,et ,,po,,llucis ,,d$ica,,ta ,,e/ 4444 7,,pra547 ,momms5's re/oration ( ?is note 9 ! ,fa/i ( ,pra5e/e is bas$ on ,ov4 ,fa/4 #a4 #gje-h3 ,at quae v5turas praec$et sexta ,kal5das1 ,hac sunt ,l$aeis templa dicata deis4 ,fratribus illa deis fratres de g5te deorum ,circa ,iuturnae composu]e lacus4 ,b ,livy#acbb gives ! ,ides ( ,july z ! day ( d$ication1 & a diff]5ce ( le>n$ op9ion has aris5#acbc4 ,july #ae1 ,b4,c4 #dif1 is ! traditional date ( ! battle ( ,lake ,regillus1 & ! temple 0 d$icat$ ,b4,c4 #dhd--! result ( ! ,consul's v[ 9 t battle#acbd4 ,momms5 inf]s t ,livy confus$ ! date ( ! d$ication ) t ( ! battle1 & t ,jan4 #bg is "r4 ,au/ & o!rs diff]1 & ref] ! latt] date to a re/oration by ,tib]ius1 probably 9 ,a4,d4 #facbe4 ,! mi/ake 9 ,livy is easy to expla91 & ,momms5's explanation seems suffici5t#acbf4 ,?ree beautiful columns ( ,tib]ius' temple are /ill to be se5 at ! s\?-ea/]n end ( ! ,=um1 ne> ! temple ( ,ve/a1 & close to ! ,iacus ,juturnae1 :]e ! ,tw9s wat]$ _! /e$s aft] ! battle#acbg4 ,! v e>ly introduction ( ! ,dioscuri into ! ,roman wor%ip is int]e/+ z be+ capable ( unusually di/9ct pro(4 ,!y mu/ h be5 kn[n long be=e ! battle ( ! ,regillus2 & !y took a peculi>ly firm hold on ! ,roman m9d1 z we see f ! common oa?s ,edepol1 ,meca/or1 f _! repres5tation on ! e>lie/ d5>ii#acbh1 f _! connexion ) ! equites ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 & f ! great popul>ity ( _! leg5d1 :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 connexion ) lat] battles#acbi4 ,! spread ( ! cult ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,italy to ,latium & ,etruria 7:]e x 0 also a fav\rite7 is ! subject ( a ,fr5* monograph#accj4 ,footnote #abbc3 ,livy1 #ca4 #ba2 #cd4 #ec4 ,! ,,mss h #8deo ,iovi' 9 ! =m] passage1 & #8,iovis' 9 ! second2 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t ,v$iovis is ! deity ref]r$ to4 ,see ,momms5 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #b4 #cje = ! confusion 9 ^! passages1 & 9 ,livy1 #ce4 #da4 7,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #bia-c47 ,footnote #abbd3 ,livy1 ,epit4 #aa1 & #aj4 #dg2 ,prell]1 ii4 #bda2 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #id2 ,jordan1 9 ,comm4 9 hon4 ,momms4 p4 #cdi foll4 ,footnote #abbe3 ,see "u ,may #ba4 ,deecke1 ,falisk]1 #if4 ,footnote #abbf3 ,livy1 #cc4 #db1 #cd4 #ec2 ,jordan1 l4 c4 ,footnote #abbg3 ,^! & _! lat] hi/ory are ! subject ( a mo/ exhau/ive treatise by ,m>t9 ,lip5ius1 9 ,graevius' ,!saurus1 vol4 xii1 p4 #dje4 ,see also ,m>q4 ,privatleb51 #a4 #b1 #bde4 ,= ! s5tim5t impli$ 9 ! /r5ae see ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #a4 #ga foll4 & #age4 ,footnote #abbh3 ,cp4 ,fe/4 #bij4 ,footnote #abbi3 ,symma*us1 ep4 #aj4 #ce #8,ab exortu pa5e urbis ,m>tiae /r5>um usus adolevit1 auctoritate ,tatii regis1 qui v]b5as felicis arboris ex luco ,/r5uae anni novi auspices primus accepit4' ,footnote #abcj3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #be #8quotannis is dies concipitur' 7= ! "r read+ ( ! re/ ( ! passage see ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #cje74 ,macrobius 7#a4 #af4 #f7 reckons !m z conceptivae1 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 ,philoc4 & ,silv4 may be repres5t+ a traditional date = a fea/ :i* 0 iure conceptivus4 ,s ,momms4 ,cp4 ,gell4 #aj4 #bd4 #c1 :]e ! =mula = fix+ ! date is giv52 & ,cic4 9 ,pis4 #d4 #h4 ,x 0 ! praetor 7urbanus87 :o 9 ?is case made ! ann\ncem5t4 ,footnote #abca3 ,cp4 ,phil>gyrius1 ,georg4 #b4 #chb #8compita ubi pagani agre/es bucc9a convocati sol5t c]ta inire consilia'2 no d\bt discussion ab\t agricultural matt]s4 ,footnote #abcb3 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #a4 #ffe1 ( ! ,paganalia3 #8,ru/icus em]itum palo susp5dat aratrum4' 7,cp4 ,tibull4 ii4 #a4 #e47 ,su* features 7 p]haps common to all ^! ru/ic w9t] rejoic+s4 ,footnote #abcc3 ,grom4 ,vet4 #cjb4 #bj foll4 ,footnote #abcd3 ,= ,greece see ,f>nell1 ,cults1 ii4 #efa & #eih4 ,footnote #abce3 ,folklore 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 i4 #gg4 ,footnote #abcf3 ,m>q4 #bjc2 ,dion4 ,hal4 #d4 #ad2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fae & #e4 #adj4 ,wiss[a 7,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,l>es1 p4 #ahgd7 w\ld limit !m 9 orig9 to ! pagi outside ! septem montes1 z ! latt] _h _! own sacra4 ,footnote #abcg3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #d4 #ad 7i4 e4 ,s]v4 ,tull47 1 7,cic4 pro ,se/io1 #ae4 #cd74 ,footnote #abch3 ,m>q4 #bjd2 ,ru%=?1 ,lat9 ,hi/orical ,inscriptions1 p4 #ei foll4 ,footnote #abci3 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 #cf4 #bjd2 ,macrob4 #a4 #g4 #cd2 ,dion4 l4 c4 ,footnote #abdj3 ,asconius1 p4 #f1 ,k4 ,s*4 ,livy1 #cd4 #g4 #b4 ,footnote #abda3 ,s ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 xii note4 ,cp4 8 article #8,agonium' 9 ! new edition ( ,pauly's ,real-,encycl4 ,footnote #abdb3 p4 #aj4 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #a4 #cca #8,et pecus antiquus dicebat agonia s]mo4' ,footnote #abdc3 ,he uses ! plural3 #8,agonales 7dies7 p] quos rex 9 regia arietem immolat' 7,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ab74 ,b only ,jan4 #i seems to be allud$ to4 ,footnote #abdd3 ,fa/i1 #a4 #cbe2 cf4 ,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #e4 ,footnote #abde3 ,civ4 ,dei1 #d4 #aa4 #af4 ,ambros* 7,/udi51 #adi7 ?9ks x possible t ,agonius may h be5 a god ( ! ,coll9e city4 ,footnote #abdf3 ,b*el]1 ,umbrica1 p4 #cj4 ,b4 app>5tly sees 9 ! ,umbrian #8sakreu p]akneu' an equival5t to #8ho/ias agonales4' ,! ,iguvian ritual is c]ta9ly ! mo/ likely docum5t to be useful2 x at lea/ %[s h[ l>ge 0 ! /ore ( sacrificial vocabul>y4 ,footnote #abdg3 ,fe/4 p4 #aj4 ,= ! ,salii1 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ad4 ,footnote #abdh3 ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 xii4 ,footnote #abdi3 ,:5 ,v>ro writes 7,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ab7 t ! dies agonales are ^? 9 :i* ! ,rex sacrorum sacrifices a ram 9 ! ,regia1 he may be includ+ all ! f\r days1 & n only ,jan4 #i4 ,i ?9k ?is is likely2 b we only "k x ( ,jan4 #i4 ,footnote #abej3 ,fa/i1 i4 #ccc4 ,v>ro ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ab #8,agonales 7dies7 p] quos rex 9 regia arietem immolat4' ,footnote #abea3 ,cp4 l9es #cah & #ccc4 ,footnote #abeb3 ,h5z51 #add4 ,an #8agna' is ! only o!r animal sacrifice we "k ( to ,janus 7,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 #db74 ,footnote #abec3 ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,ianus1 #bi foll4 7cp4 = mu* int]e/+ k9dr$ matt]1 ,de-,m>*i1 ,il ,culto privato1 p4 #bj foll474 ,ros*]'s attempt to f9d an analogy betwe5 ! ,=um & ! h\se is int]e/+1 b unluckily ! positions #8ad ,=um' ( ! #8,ianus gem9us' & ! #8a$es ,ve/ae' d n exactly answ] to ^? ( ! door & he>? ( a ,roman h\se4 ,footnote #abed3 ,sat4 i4 #i4 #b2 ,procopius1 ,b4 ,g4 #a4 #be1 :o says t #8,janus belong$ to ! gods :om ! ,romans 9 _! tongue call$ ,p5ates1' seems to be allud+ to ! same connexion ( ?is god & ! h\se4 ,footnote #abee3 ,we owe ?is explanation ( ,janus *iefly to ,ros*]'s article1 & ,ros*] himself ow$ x to ! fact t 8 /udy ( ,janus = ! article 0 a second & n a fir/ attempt4 ,9 ,h]mes d] ,w9dgott 7,leipzig1 #ahgh7 he _h arriv$ at a v diff]5t & a f> less rational conclusion4 ,! influ5ce ( ,mannh>dt & ! folk-lori/s set him on ! "r track4 ,footnote #abef3 ,nigidius ,figulus 9 ,macrob4 i4 #i4 #h4 ,footnote #abeg3 ,see ,ros*]1 ,lex4 #dd4 ,footnote #abeh3 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #i2 ,lydus1 de ,m5sibus1 #d4 #f 7:o quotes ,lutatius74 ,footnote #abei3 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #bah foll42 ,prell]1 #a4 #afh foll4 ,! etymology is weak2 ! god & goddess h no?+ common 9 cult or my?2 x is n c]ta9 t ,diana 0 orig9ally ! moon2 & ! great ,italian deities are n c\pl$ toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,footnote #abfj3 ii4 #abe foll4 ,cf4 ,mll]'s ,etrusk] 7ed4 ,deecke71 ii4 #eh foll4 ,mll]1 ) 8 usual good s5se1 conclud$ f ! evid5ce t ! ,lat9 ,janus 0 a god ( gates2 b he ?\ght t an ,etruscan deity ( ! vault or ar* ( heav5 _h be5 amalgamat$ ) him4 ,?is is n impossible1 if !re 0 really su* an ,etruscan god2 & ,deecke f9ds him 9 ,ani1 :o 9 ,etruscan !ology seems to h _h 8 seat 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! heav5 7,m>t4 ,capell4 #a4 #de7 :]e ,janus 0 also repres5t$ 9 ! templum ( ,piac5za 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,janus1 p4 #bh74 ,b ?is mu/ rema9 a d\btful po9t1 ev5 ?\gh ,lydus 7#d4 #b7 tells u t ,v>ro said t ! god 4 ,footnote #abfa3 ,niss51 ,templum1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #abfb3 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #af4 ,footnote #abfc3 p4 #ic foll42 ,caes4 ,b4 ,g4 #f4 #ah4 ,footnote #abfd3 ,m4 ,m[at ?\ght t ?is 0 ,janus naturaliz$ 9 ,gaul2 b ) ,pr(4 ,rhys 7p4 #ha note7 ,i _c b ?9k ?is unlikely4 ,footnote #abfe3 ,see ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 ii4 #dfe4 ,footnote #abff3 ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 #ah2 ,rhys1 #a4 c4 #hh4 ,footnote #abfg3 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 #ag2 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 #a4 #b4 #cea4 ,footnote #abfh3 ,cic4 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 #b4 #bg4 #fg #8,transitiones p]viae iani1 =esque 9 lim9ibus pr(an>um a$ium ianuae nom9antur4' ,cp4 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #g4 ,footnote #abfi3 ,on ! :ole "q see ,jordan1 ,topogr4 #a4 #b4 #bae foll4 ,ovid 7,fa/i1 #a4beg7 asks ! god #8,cum tot s9t iani1 cur /as sacratus 9 uno8#8 ,footnote #abgj3 ,f ,fal]ii came ano!r janus1 ) a f\r-head$ simulacrum1 :i* 0 set up 9 ! ,=um transitorium 7,macr4 #a4 #i4 #ac2 ,jordan1 ,top4 #a4 #b4 #cdh74 ,footnote #abga3 ,prell] made an attempt1 :i* ,ros*] approves1 to id5tify ,portunus ) ,janus1 ,portunus be+1 accord+ to ,v>ro1 #8,deus portuum port>umque praeses' 7,int]pr4 ,v]on4 ,a54 v4 #bda74 ,b see on ,aug4 #ag4 ,footnote #abgb3 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ,janus is ! ,h]mes or 7s+le head only87 & ,h]mes ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r heads at ! meet+-po9ts ( /reets4 ,^! are po9ts :i* sugge/$ to ,ros*] 9 8 old] "w an elaborate comp>ison ( ,h]mes & ,janus 7p4 #aai foll474 ,footnote #abgc3 ,see ,m>q #be1 #bf & notes4 ,footnote #abgd3 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 #b4 #bg2 ,prell]1 ii4 #agb4 ,footnote #abge3 ,= ! evid5ce ( ?is position ( ,janus 9 ! cults ( ! h\se see ,ros*]1 ,lex4 #cb2 x is indirect1 b suffici5tly conv9c+4 ,footnote #abgf3 ,see my article #8,ve/ales' 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ed4 #b4 ,footnote #abgg3 ,m>q4 #cba foll4 ,besides ! sacrifice 9 ! ,regia on ,jan4 #i1 ! ,rex & 8 wife1 ! ,reg9a sacrorum1 sacrific$ to ,juno 9 ! ,regia on ! ,kal5ds ( e mon?1 & app>5tly also to ,janus 7,junonius7 to :om !re 7 twelve alt>s 79 ! ,regia87 "o = ea* mon?4 ,macr4 #a4 #i4 #af & #a4 #ae4 #ai4 ,footnote #abgh3 ,= ! fa!r z ! natural def5d] ( ! family1 see ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/4 ( ,human ,m>riage1 *4 #c4 ,footnote #abgi3 ,fe/us1 #ahe #8,maximus videtur ,rex1 de9 ,dialis1 po/ hunc ,m>tialis1 qu>to loco ,quir9alis1 qu9to pontifex maximus4' ,= ! correspond+ place ( ,janus1 ,liv4 #h4 #i4 #f2 ,cato1 ,r4 ,r4 #acd2 ,m>q4 #bf4 ,footnote #abhj3 ,lex4 #cg foll42 ,prell]1 #a4 #aff foll42 ,momms51 ,r4 ,h4 i4 #agc4 ,footnote #abha3 1 says ,lydus1 #d4 #b1 quot+ ,v>ro2 cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #afe foll4 ,footnote #abhb3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #bb4 ,footnote #abhc3 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #af2 ,horace1 ,sat4 ii4 #f4 #bj foll4 ,footnote #abhd3 ,macrob4 #a4 #i4 #ad4 ,footnote #abhe3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #bf2 ,fe/4 #abb4 ,footnote #abhf3 ,macr4 #a4 #i4 #af4 ,footnote #abhg3 ,macr4 l4 c4 ,wiss[a 7de ,f]iis1 vi7 says ! true =m is consevius2 b ! etymology holds4 ,footnote #abhh3 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 #ba1 #bf1 #dj4 ,footnote #abhi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #a4 #cjg1 on ! evid5ce ( ,ovid1 ,fa/4 #a4 #fbi & ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #hd4 ,footnote #abij3 ,wiss[a1 de ,f]iis1 viii4 ,footnote #abia3 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #a4 #bhh4 ,footnote #abib3 ,fa/4 ,pra54 on ,jan4 #ae 7mutilat$74 ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 #a4 #fai1 & ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #ef4 ,fe/us1 #bde4 ,footnote #abic3 ,by ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #aii4 ,!re 0 probably m ?an "o ,c>m5ta 7,gell4 #af4 #af4 #d71 if we consid] ,porrima & ,po/v]ta z two =ms ( ! goddess2 & ! two days may h "s relation to ?is duality4 ,p]haps !re 7 two alt>s 9 ! temple4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #a4 #fbg4 ,footnote #abid3 ,plut4 ,romulus1 #ba4 ,footnote #abie3 ,see ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 ,my?4 i4 #hea2 ,ovid4 ,fa/i1 #a4 #dfa foll42 ,virg4 ,a54 #h4 #ccf4 ,! eigh? ,a5eid1 x may be rem>k$1 %\ld be le>nt by he>t by all inve/igators into ,roman antiquity4 ,footnote #abif3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #ef3 cp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #ca4 #a-i1 f :om ,plut>* may h drawn 8 in=mation1 directly or p]haps ?r\gh ,juba4 ,= ! temple !y built cp4 ,gell4 #ah4 #g4 #b4 ,if ?is temple be a diff]5t "o f t "u ! ,capitol1 x may sugge/ an explanation ( ! d\ble fe/ival4 ,footnote #abig3 ,/udies 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #dh foll42 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 xi4 #agh4 ,footnote #abih3 ,see on ,=tuna1 above1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #abii3 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 #a4 #fcc2 ,v>ro 9 ,gell4 #af4 #f4 #d4 ,nettle%ip takes a diff]5t view ( ^! words4 ,b see ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 #a4 #hec2 ,prell]1 i4 #djf4 ,footnote #acjj3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,c4 ,d4 #d4 #aa #8,9 illis deabus quae fata nasc5tibus canunt et vocantur ,c>m5tes4' ,footnote #acja3 ,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #acjb3 ,cic4 ,brut4 #ad4 #ef2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #cgbj2 & ,eph4 ,ep4 iv4 #gei4 ,! rite ( ,jan4 #aa is call$ #8sacrum pontificale' by ,ovid 7,fa/4 #a4 #dfb71 :5ce we inf] t ! pontifices _h a "p 9 x z well z ! flam54 ,footnote #acjc3 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 #a4 #fbi4 ,cp4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #g4 #hd4 ,?is passage ( ,v>ro may possibly raise a d\bt :e!r ! taboo did n arise f a mi/ak5 int]pretation ( ! words scortum & pellicula1 z ,c>m5ta 0 especially wor%ipp$ by matrons4 ,footnote #acjd3 ,! m s z we h no inscriptions relat+ to ,c>m5ta4 ,?\gh h] flam9ium cont9u$ to exi/ "u ! ,empire1 %e h]self practically disappe>$4 ,i am incl9$ to guess t h] attributes 7 to "s ext5t usurp$ by ! m popul> & plebeian ,=tuna4 ,footnote #acje3 ,sol9us1 #a4 #ac2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #ccf & #ccg4 ,footnote #acjf3 ,see especially "u ,april #a & #bh1 ! days ( ,=tuna virilis & ,flora4 ,footnote #acjg3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #f4 #bbc foll4 ,footnote #acjh3 ,juturnalia1 ,s]v4 ,a54 #ab4 #aci4 ,footnote #acji3 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 #a4 #b4 #cgj2 ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuturna4 ,footnote #acaj3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #acaa3 ,sem5t9ae1 accord+ to ,jordan 9 ,prell4 #b4 #e1 note #b4 ,footnote #acab3 ,fa/i1 #a4 #feh foll4 ,footnote #acac3 ,paganicae 7f]iae71 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bf4 ,v>ro seems to sep>ate ! two3 aft] m5tion+ ! ,sem5t9ae1 :i* he says 0 #8sationis causa susceptae1' he goes on #8,paganicae eiusdem agriculturae susceptae1 ut hab]5t 9 agris omnes pagi1' c4 ,b ! di/9ction is p]haps only ( place2 or if ( "t also1 yet n ( object & mean+4 ,footnote #acad3 ,s ,m>q4 #aii1 & ,h>tmann1 ,rm4 ,kal4 #bjc4 ,prell] ?9ks ! ,sem5t9ae 7 9 ,septemb]1 be=e ! autumn s[+2 & x is possible t !re 7 two fea/s ( ! "n1 "o be=e ! autumn1 ano!r be=e ! spr+1 s[+4 ,lydus 7de ,m5s4 #c4 #c7 speaks ( two days sep>at$ by sev5 o!rs2 on ! =m] !y sacrific$ to ,tellus 7,demet]71 on ! latt] to ,c]es 772 two successive nund9ae 7m>ket-days7 are "h meant4 ,footnote #acae3 ,cp4 ,s*olia/ on ,p]sius1 #d4 #bh2 & see "u ,compitalia1 ,jan4 #c-e4 ,footnote #acaf3 ,ovid1 #a4 #ffa4 ,footnote #acag3 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #cd2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 #ah4 #bjd4 ,footnote #acah3 ,cp4 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #bi1 #cf4 ,cp4 ! ,ru/ic ,cal5d>s = ,febru>y4 ,footnote #acai3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #bf #8sationis causa'2 & ,lydus says t ! fea/ c\ld n be #8/ativae1' because ! _c be fix$ to a day4 ,lydus' reason is n a good "o1 if ! s[+ did n beg9 till ,feb4 #g2 b x is pla9 t he und]/&s ! rites z prophylactic4 ,i may note t ,columella seems to "k little ab\t spr+ s[+ 7,,ii4 #b3 cp4 #b4 #h74 ,momms51 ,r4 ,h4 ii4 #cfd1 says t spr+ s[+ 0 exceptional4 ,footnote #acbj3 ,see "u ,c]ialia1 ,april #ai4 ,footnote #acba3 ,ad ,virg4 ,georg4 #b4 #che2 ,m>q4 #bjj & #aib1 :]e ! old explanation 7,macr4 #a4 #g4 #cd7 seems to be adopt$1 t ^! 7 sub/itutes = human or o!r victims 7cp4 ,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 #hj foll474 ,we h no cle> evid5ce = ?is1 & ,i am n dispos$ to accept x4 ,footnote #acbb3 #b4 #db4 ,s ,plut4 ,coriol4 #c4 ,footnote #acbc3 ,momms4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #a4 #cjh2 ,jordan1 ,eph4 ,ep4 #a4 #bcf2 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 #dc4 ,footnote #acbd3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #f4 #ac2 ,liv4 #b4 #bj4 ,footnote #acbe3 ,suetonius1 ,tib4 #bj2 ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #f4 ,footnote #acbf3 ,weight mu/1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ! fact t ! transvectio equitum took place on ,july #ae4 ,au/1 #dc1 & ,furtwngl] 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,dioscuri4 ,footnote #acbg3 ,middleton1 ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #agd2 ,lanciani1 ,ru9s & ,excavations ( ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #bga foll4 ,footnote #acbh3 ,momms51 ,mnzwes51 #cja1 #eei4 ,footnote #acbi3 ,pydna1 ,cic4 ,n4 ,d4 #c4 #e4 ,,ii2 ,v]ona 7#aja ,b4,c471 ,plut4 ,m>4 #bf4 ,! mo/ fam\s application ( ! /ory is 9 ! acc\nts ( ! great fight betwe5 ,locri & ,kroton at ! riv] ,sagra3 ?is 0 probably ! orig9 ( ! ,italian leg5ds4 ,see ,prell]1 ii4 #cja4 ,footnote #accj3 ,alb]t1 le ,culte de ,ca/or et ,pollux en ,italie1 #ahhc4 ,cp4 ,furtwngl]1 l4 c4 ,,m5sis ,,febru>ius ,! "n ( ! la/ mon? ( ! old ,roman ye> is d]iv$ f ! ^w februum1 usually und]/ood z an in/rum5t ( purification#acca4 ,?is ^w1 & its d]ivatives 71 z we %all see1 be/ kn[n 9 connexion ) ! ,lup]calia1 ! mo/ prom95t ( ! fe/ivals ( ! mon?4 ,n[ ! ritual ( ! ,lup]calia seems to sugge/ t our ^w #8purification' does n cov] all ! gr\nd occupi$ by ! #8religio' ( t fe/ival2 nor does x precisely suit "s ( ! o!r rites ( ,febru>y4 ,we are inde$ "h on difficult & dang]\s gr\nd4 ,c]ta9ly we mu/ n assume t !re 0 any g5]al lu/ration ( ! :ole p1 or any p]iod correspond+ 9 religi\s int5t to ! ,*ri/ian ,l5t1 :i* 9 "t only is desc5d$ f ! ,roman ,febru>y4 ,assur$ly !re 7 no su* ideas z p5it5ce or =giv5ess ( s9s involv$ 9 ! ritual ( ! mon?4 ,let s mu* be said = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are only acqua9t$ ) ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,:at at lea/ is c]ta9 is t at ?is "t ! "* ( ! fe/ivals *anges4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ,decemb] we h _h a s]ies ( joyful ga!r+s ( an agricultural p 9 home/ead1 m>ket-place1 cross-roads2 n[ we f9d !m fulfill+ _! duties to _! dead ance/ors at ! common necropolis1 or engag$ 9 a my/]i\s piacul> rite "u ! walls ( ! olde/ ,rome4 ,! ,p>5talia & ! ,lup]calia are ! *>act]i/ic rites ( ,febru>y2 we %all see lat] on :e!r any ( ! o!rs c be br\ght into ! same category4 ,if pleasure is ! object ( ! mid-w9t] fe/ivals1 ! fulfilm5t ( duties t[>ds ! gods & ! manes w\ld seem to be t ( ! succe$+ p]iod4 ,f an agricultural po9t ( view ,febru>y 0 a some:at busy mon?2 b 9 ! "t ( ,v>ro ! "w 0 *iefly ! prep>atory op]ations 9 ! culture ( olives1 v9es & fruit-trees#accb4 ,! "o great op]ation 9 ! olde/ & simple/ agricultural sy/em 0 ! spr+ s[+4 ,spr+ 0 und]/ood to beg9 on ,feb4 #g 7,favonius7#accc1 & x is precisely at ?is po9t t ! rites *ange _! "*4 ,we are 9 fact close ^u ! new ye>1 :5 ! p[]s ( vegetation awake & put on /r5g?2 b ! ,romans approa*$ x z x 7 ) hesitation1 prep>+ = x c>efully by /eady devotion to "w & duty1 ! :ole community endeav\r+ to place itself 9 a prop] position t[>d ! num9a ( ! l&'s f]tility1 & ! dead repos+ 9 ! l&'s embrace4 ,be=e tak+ ! rites "o by "o1 x w p]haps be z well to say a ^w 9 g5]al ab\t ! nature ( ,roman expiatory rites1 9 ord] to det]m9e 9 :at s5se we are to und]/& ^? ( ,febru>y4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice is t ^! rites 7 applicable only to involunt>y acts ( commission or omission--an (f5ce aga9/ ! gods 7nefas7 if witt+ly committ$1 0 inexpiable4 ,9 ?is case ! (f5d] 0 impius1 i4 e4 _h wilfully fail$ 9 8 duty2 & him no rites c\ld absolve#accd4 ,b by ord9>y (f5ces aga9/ ! gods we are n to und]/& s91 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! ^w2 !y 7 r mi/akes 9 ritual1 or involunt>y omissions--9 fact any real or suppos$ or possible errors 9 any ( a man's relations to ! num9a ar\nd him4 ,he might always be putt+ himself 9 ! wrong 9 reg>d to ^! relations1 & he mu/ z s$ul\sly endeav\r to "r himself4 ,9 ! life ( ! #8privatus' ^! trespasses 9 sacr$ law w\ld *iefly be 9 matt]s ( m>riages & fun]als & ! regul> sacrifices ( ! h\sehold2 9 ! life ( ! magi/rate !y w\ld be mi/akes or omissions 9 8 duties on behalf ( ! ,/ate#acce4 ,:e!r 9 private or public life1 !y mu/ be duly expiat$4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out h[ p[]ful a factor ?is belief mu/ h be5 9 ! gr[? ( a consci5ce & ( ! s5se ( duty2 or h[ /r+5t a #8religio' 0 t :i*1 assum+ t a man c\ld h>dly commit an (f5ce except unwitt+ly1 made ! possible exceptional case fatal to 8 position z a memb] ( a community :i* dep5d$ = its :olesome exi/5ce on ! good w ( ! gods4 ,rememb]+ t among ! div9e be+s to :om x 0 mo/ ess5tial = ea* family to fulfil its duties1 7 ! di manes1 or dead ance/ors & memb]s ( ! family1 we see at once t ,febru>y ) its ,p>5talia 0 an important mon? 9 ! matt] ( expiatory rites4 ,ovid1 ?\gh sugge/+ a fancy d]ivation = ! "n ( ! mon?1 expresses ?is idea cle>ly en\gh3 ,aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris ,tum cum f]ales praet]i]e dies#accf4 ,b ! o!r etymology giv5 by ! poet is1 z we h se51 ! "r "o1 & may br+ u to ano!r class ( piacula1 ( :i* we f9d an example ?is mon? 9 ! ,lup]calia4 ,m5sis ab 8 dictus1 secta quia pelle ,lup]ci ,omne solum lu/rant1 idque piam5 hab5t#accg4 ,n only 0 ! ,roman mo/ c>eful to expiate involunt>y (f5ces1 & also to appease ! wra? ( ! gods1 if %[n 9 any special active way1 e4g4 by lightn+ & _m o!r prodigia#acch1 b he also s\ght to av]t evil influ5ces be=e-h&1 :i* might possibly emanate f ho/ile or (f5d$ num9a4 ,?is religi\s object is well illu/rat$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ! ho/ia praecidanea1 :i* 0 (f]$ be=eh& to make up = any involunt>y errors 9 ! ritual t foll[$#acci4 ,b x is also se5 9 num]\s o!r rites ( :i* we h _h _m examples2 all ^?1 = in/ance1 :i* includ$ a lu/ratio4 ,we g5]ally translate ?is ^w by #8purification'2 b x also involves ! ideas ( int]cession1 & ( ! removal ( unse5 ho/ile influ5ces :i* may be likely to int]f]e ) ! heal? & prosp]ity ( man1 bea/1 or crop4 ,at su* rites special victims 7 sometimes (f]$1 or ! victim 0 treat$ 9 a peculi> mann]2 we f9d1 p]haps1 "s "p ( x us$ z a *>m or pot5t spell1 z ! /rips ( sk9 at ! ,lup]calia1 or ! a%es ( ! unborn calves at ! ,=dicidia1 or ! tail & blood ( ! ,octob] horse#acdj4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^!1 at lea/1 if n to ! o!r two1 ! ^w februum 0 appli$1 & we may assume x ( ! o!rs3 also to _m o!r objects :i* _h "s magical p[]1 & c>ry u back to a v remote religi\s antiquity4 ,ovid gives a catalogue ( !m#acda3 ,februa ,romani dix]e piam9a patres1 ,nunc quoque dant v]bo plurima signa fidem4 ,pontifices ab rege petunt et flam9e lanas1 ,quis vet]um l+ua februa nom5 erat4 ,quaeque capit lictor domibus purgam9a t]nis#acdb ,torrida cum mica f>ra1 vocantur idem4 ,nom5 idem ramo1 qui caesus ab arbore pura ,ca/a sac]dotum tempora fronde tegit4 ,ipse ego flam9icam posc5tem februa vidi3 ,februa posc5ti p9ea virga data e/4 ,d5ique quodcunque e/1 quo corpora no/ra piantur1 ,hoc apud intonsos nom5 habebat avos4 ,objects su* z ^!1 call$ by a "n :i* is expla9$ by piam51 or purgam5tum1 mu/ h be5 und]/ood z *>ms pot5t to keep (f evil influ5ces1 & s to enable nature to take its ord9>y c\rse unh9d]$4 ,only 9 ?is s5se c we call !m in/rum5ts ( purification4 ,! use ( ! februa 9 ! ,lup]calia 01 z we %all see1 to procure f]tility 9 ! wom5 ( ! community4 ,"h !n1 z well z 9 ! rites ( ! ,=nacalia & ,p>5talia1 is "s reason = call+ ! mon? a p]iod ( purification2 b only if we be> 9 m9d t at ! ,p>5talia ! process consi/$ simply 9 ! p]=mance ( duties t[>ds ! dead1 :i* fre$ or purifi$ a man f _! possible ho/ility2 :ile at ! ,lup]calia ! wom5 7 fre$ or purifi$ f influ5ces :i* might h9d] !m 9 ! fulfilm5t ( _! natural duties to _! families & ! ,/ate4 ,beyond ?is x is n safe to g 9 ?9k+ ( ,febru>y z a mon? ( expiation4 ,,kal4 ,,feb4 ,,iunoni ,,sospitae4 ,n4 ,?is 0 ! d$ication-day ( a temple ( ! great ,lanuvian goddess1 ,juno ,sospita1 9 ! ,=um olitorium#acdc4 ,x 0 v[$ 9 ! ye> #aig ,b4,c4 by ! consul ,cornelius ,ce!gus1 b _h fall5 into decay 9 ,ovid's "t#acdd4 ,= ! fam\s cult ( ?is deity at ,lanuvium1 see ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 #eie4 ,,id4 ,,feb4 ,,fauno ,i,n ,,insul,a4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #bcjb4 ,,np4 ,?is temple 0 v[$ almo/ at ! same "t z ! la/1 #bif ,b4,c41 by plebeian a$iles2 x 0 built by f9es exact$ f hold]s ( ag] publicus :o _h n paid _! r5ts#acde4 ,see "u ,dec4 #e1 p4 #beg4 ,,=nicalia3 ,,f]iae ,,conceptivae1 end+ ,feb4 #ag4 ,i h drawn att5tion to ! *ange 9 ! "* ( ! fe/ivals at ?is season4 ,b be=e we g on to ! ,p>5talia & ,lup]calia1 :i* *iefly m>k ?is *ange1 we h to consid] "o fe/ival :i* seems to belong r to ! class :i* we f\nd 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,?is 0 ! ,=nacalia1 or fea/ ( ov5s2 "o :i* does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>s1 z x 0 a moveable fea/ 7conceptivae72 & "o :i* 0 a sacrum publicum only 9 ! s5se ( be+ pro curiis1 z ! ,paganalia 7 pro pagis1 ! ,septimontium pro montibus1 & ! ,argean rite pro sacellis#acdf4 ,ea* curia conduct$ its own rites1 "u ! sup]vision ( its curio & 7= ! la/ day7 ( ! ,curio ,maximus#acdg3 ! great prie/s ( ! ,/ate _h no (ficial "p 9 x4 ,9 ?is x diff]s 9 "s degree f ! ,=dicidia 7,april #ae71 ! o!r fea/ ( ! curiae1 :i* appe>s 9 ?ree ( our cal5d>s1 & 9 :i* ! ,pontifices & ,ve/als took "s "p#acdh4 ,?is is n ! place to inve/igate ! difficult "q ( :at ! curiae really 74 ,s mu* at lea/ is cle>1 t :ile1 l ! montes1 pagi1 & sacella 7argea71 !y 7 divisions ( ! p & ! l&1 !y 7 m important ?an ! o!rs1 9 t !y =m$ ! basis ( ! e>lie/ political & milit>y organization#acdi4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ea* curia _h also itself a religi\s organization3 _! places ( assembly1 ?\gh n temples1 7 quasi-religi\s build+s#acej1 us$ = sacr$ purposes1 b furni%$ ) he>? & eat+-room l an ord9>y h\se#acea4 ,we he> also ( tables 7m5sae1 7 #89 quibus immolabatur ,iunoni quae ,curis appellata e/#aceb4' ,!re is no ne$ to assume any etymological connexion betwe5 ,cris & ,cria#acec2 b ! cult ( ! goddess ( ! spe> is int]e/+ "h1 z seem+ at once to illu/rate ! milit>y importance ( ! curiae1 ! p[] ( ! pat]familias#aced1 & ! necessity ( cont9u+ ! family ?r\gh ! f]tility ( woman1 an idea :i* we %all come ^u aga9 at ! ,lup]calia#acee4 ,la/ly1 ea* curia _h its own curio1 or religi\s sup]9t5d5t1 & its own flam51 & at ! head ( all ! curiae 0 ! ,curio ,maximus2 (fic]s :o co9cide ) ! g5]al "* ( ! curiae 9 be+ 7l ! heads ( families7 n /rictly prie/s1 b capable ( religi\s duties1 = ! p]=mance ( :i* !y are said to h be5 in/itut$#acef4 ,! ritual ( ! ,=nacalia has be5 evolv$ ) difficulty1 & )\t mu* c]ta9ty1 f a few passages 9 ,ovid1 ,dionysius1 ,v>ro1 ,fe/us1 & ,pl9y#aceg4 ,we seem to see--#a4 ,an (f]+ 9 ea* private h\se 9 ea* curia3 x consi/$ ( f>1 i4 e4 meal ( ! olde/ k9d ( ,italian :eat1 roa/$ 9 antique fa%ion 9 ! ov5 :i* 0 to be f\nd 9 ! pi/r9a ( ea* h\se1 & made into cakes by cru%+ 9 ! mann] /ill common 9 ,india & else:]e#aceh4 #b4 ,a rite 9 :i* ea* curia took "p z a :ole4 ,?is is d$uc$ f ! fact t on ! #ag? 7,quir9alia7 any "o :o by =getfulness or ignorance _h omitt$ to p]=m 8 sacra on ! day fix$ by ! curio = ! meet+ ( 8 own curia1 might d s !n at a g5]al assembly ( all ! ?irty curiae#acei4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y ! ,quir9alia 0 call$ #8/ultorum f]iae4' ,x has also be5 conjectur$ t ! b\nds ( ea* curia 7 beat5 on ?is day1 on :i* its memb]s ?us met3 = ,pl9y says #8,numa et ,=nacalia in/ituit f>ris torr5di f]ias et aeque religiosas t]m9is agrorum#acfj4' #c4 ,:at happ5$ on ! ,quir9alia ,ovid %all tell u himself#acfa3 ,curio legitimis nunc ,=nacalia v]bis ,maximus indicit1 nec /ata sacra facit2 ,inque =o1 multa circum p5d5te tabella1 ,signatur c]ta curia quaeque nota3 ,/ultaque p>s populi1 quae sit sua curia1 nescit1 ,s$ facit extrema sacra relata die4 ,x %\ld be not$ t no c]ta9 connexion c be made out betwe5 ,quir9us & curia1 & ,i imag9e x 0 only accid5t or conv5i5ce t made ?is day ! la/ ( ! ,=nacalia#acfb4 ,ovid's words #8nec /ata sacra facit' seem to me to imply t ! ,curio ,maximus c>efully ab/a9$ f us+ a =mula ( ann\ncem5t likely to confuse ! #8/ultorum f]iae' ) ! ,quir9alia1 :i* 0 always on ! same day4 ,b x may well h be5 ! case t by usage ! two co9cid$4 ,ovid's l9es make x cle> t on ! #ag? 7z a rule7 ! ,=um 0 ! sc5e ( a g5]al meet+ ( curiae1 ea* ( :i* _h a c]ta9 space assign$ x1 indicat$ by a plac>d4 ,is x possible t ?is 0 m]ely a survival ( ! assembly ( ! arm$ ho/ 9 comitia curiata1 n[ us$ only = religi\s purposes8 ,if s1 ! t5d5cy to fix x on ! fe/ival ( ,quir9us might f9d a natural explanation4 ,! mean+ & object ( ! ,=nacalia are v f> f be+ cle>4 ,prell]#acfc fanci$ x 0 ! occasion ( ! fir/ eat+ ( ! fruits ( ! la/ h>ve/3 b x is h>dly possible to imag9e ?is po/pon$ z late z ,febru>y4 ,on ! o!r h& ,dionysius' description#acfd1 already quot$1 ( :at he saw 9 ! curiae1 w\ld suit ?is well en\gh if x c\ld be set d[n to a suitable "t ( ye>3 x sugge/s a common meal1 9 :i* ! fir/ fruits are (f]$ to ! god1 :ile ! wor%ipp]s eat ( ! new gra94 ,b ?is _c h be5 9 ,febru>y4 ,/eud+ 79 ! ,lex47 sugge/s t ! object 0 to ?ank ! gods = pres]v+ ! corn ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & to pray = ! welf>e ( ! se$ /ill 9 ! gr\nd 7i4 e4 9 a lu/ratio74 ,ovid says 7?\gh ,/eud+ does n quote him7 ,facta dea e/ ,=nax3 laeti ,=nace coloni ,orant1 ut fruges temp]et illa suas#acfe4 ,b nei!r ,/eud+'s conjecture1 nor ! ,g]man p>allels he appeals to1 seem conv9c+4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! mak+ ( cakes 9 ea* h\sehold 0 simply a prelim9>y to ! sacra t foll[$ 9 ! curia1 i4 e4 ea* family br\ght its contribution to a common religi\s meal4 ,! roa/+ 0 naturally accompani$ by an (f]+ to ! _s ( ! ov5#acff 7=nax72 h5ce ! "n ,=nacalia4 ,! object ( ! sacra 9 ! curia is d\btful2 b !y probably _h "s relation to ! l& & its f]tility1 9 view ( ! new ye> ab\t to beg94 ,( ! f9al meet+ ( all ! curiae 9 ! =um ,i h already sugge/$ an explanation3 ! phrase #8/ultorum f]iae' 01 9 my op9ion1 ( late orig91 & illu/rates ! dim9i%+ importance ( ! curiate organization aft] ! admission ( plebeians#acfg4 ,,id4 ,,feb4 7,,feb4 #ac74 ,,np4 ,,virgo ,,ve/alis ,,p>5tat4 7,,phil47 ,,p>5tatio ,,tumulorum ,,incipit4 7,,silv47 ,! dies p>5tales1 or days ( wor%ipp+ ! dead 7plac&is ,manibus71 began at ! six? h\r on ?is day1 & cont9u$ ei!r to ! #ba/ 7,f]alia71 or ! #bbnd 7c>a cognatio7#acfh4 ,! p>5tatio ( ! ,ve/al 0 at ! tomb ( ,t>peia1 h]self a ,ve/al#acfi4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! ,f]alia 7#ba/7 0 ! olde/ & ! be/ kn[n ( ^! days1 & ! only "o :i* 0 a public fe/ival3 x appe>s 9 ?ree cal5d>s 7,ca]4 ,maff4 ,f>n47 9 l>ge lett]s4 ,yet !re is reason = believ+ t ev5 ! ,f]alia 0 n ! olde/ day = wor%ipp+ ! manes3 x 0 9 "p at lea/ a dies fa/us1 & none ( ! dies p>5tales are m>k$ ,n 9 ! cal5d>s2 & ?is1 accord+ to ,momms5#acgj1 %[s t ! rites ( ^? days 7 ( lat] orig9 ?an ^? ( ! ,lemuria 7,may #i-ac71 :i* are all m>k$ ,n4 ,?is seems also to h be5 ! op9ion ( ,lat9 s*ol>s#acga4 ,:atev] ! ,lemuria may h be51 x is c]ta9 t ! ,p>5talia 7 n days ( t]ror or ill-om52 b r days on :i* ! p]=mance ( duty 0 ! lead+ idea 9 m5's m9ds4 ,nor 0 ! duty an unpleasant "o4 ,!re 0 a g5]al holiday3 ! dead to be propitiat$ _h be5 duly buri$ 9 ! family tomb 9 ! great necropolis1 _h be5 well c>$ = s9ce _! dep>ture1 & 7 /ill memb]s ( ! family4 ,!re 0 no?+ to fe> f !m1 s long z ! liv+ memb]s p]=m$ _! duties t[>ds !m "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate & its ,pontifices#acgb4 ,!y _h _! iura1 & ! relations betwe5 !m & _! liv+ relations 7 all regulat$ by a ius sacrum3 !y liv$ on 9 _! city outside ! walls ( ! city ( ! liv+#acgc1 ea* family 9 _! own dwell+3 !y did n int]f]e ) ! com=t ( ! liv+1 or 9 any way %[ !mselves ho/ile or spiteful4 ,su* ideas z ^! are ( c\rse ! result ( a well develop$ city life2 exp]i5ce has taught ! citiz5 h[ 8 conduct t[>ds ! ,di ,manes c be/ be regulat$ & organiz$ = ! b5efit ( bo? p>ties4 ,! ,p>5talia belong to a lat] /age ( developm5t ?an ! ,lemuria1 ?\gh bo? h ! same orig9al basis ( ?\ght4 ,! ,p>5talia 0 practically a ye>ly r5ewal ( ! rite ( burial4 ,z sacra privata !y took place on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( a deceas$ memb] ( ! family1 & x 0 a special *>ge on ! heir t he %\ld keep up _! obs]vance#acgd4 ,on t day ! family w\ld g 9 procession to ! grave1 n only to see t all 0 well ) him :o abode !re1 b to pres5t him ) (f]+s ( wat]1 w9e1 milk1 honey1 oil1 & ! blood ( black victims#acge3 to deck ! tomb ) fl[]s#acgf1 to utt] once m ! solemn greet+ & f>ewell 7,salve1 sancte p>5s71 to p>take ( a meal ) ! dead1 & to petition !m = good =tune & all ?+s ne$ful4 ,?is la/ po9t comes out cle>ly 9 ,virgil's picture3 ,poscamus v5tos1 atque haec me sacra quotannis ,urbe velit posita templis sibi f]re dicatis4 ,! true mean+ ( ^! l9es is1 z ,h5ry qua9tly puts x#acgg1 #8,let u try if we _c kill two birds ) "o /one1 & n only pay my sire ! hon\rs due to him1 b at ! same "t help ourselves =w>d on our j\rney by gett+ him to give u fair w9ds = our voyage4' ,z we h se51 ! dies p>5tales began on ! #ac?2 f t day till ! #ba/ all temples 7 clos$1 m>riages 7 =bidd51 & magi/rates appe>$ )\t _! insignia#acgh4 ,on ! #bbnd 0 ! family fe/ival ( ! ,c>i/ia1 or c>a cognatio3 ! date ( its orig9 is unkn[n1 b ,ovid#acgi writes ( x z well e/abli%$ 9 8 "t1 & x may be v mu* old]4 ,he describes x z a reunion ( ! liv+ memb]s ( ! family aft] !y h paid _! duties to ! dead3 ,scilicet a tumulis et qui p]i]e1 prop9quis ,prot9us ad vivos ora ref]re iuvat2 ,po/que tot amissos quicquid de sangu9e re/at1 ,aspic]e1 et g5]is d9um]>e gradus4 ,x 0 a k9d ( love-fea/ ( ! family1 & gives a mom5t>y glimpse ( ! g5tl] side ( ,roman family life4 ,all qu>rels 7 to be =gott5#achj 9 a g5]al h>mony3 no guilty or cruel memb] may be pres5t#acha4 ,! c5tre ( ! wor%ip 0 ! ,l>es ( ! family1 :o 7 #8inc9cti1' & %>$ 9 ! sacr$ meal#achb4 ,we might naturally expect t1 especially 9 ,italy--s t5aci\s ( old ideas & sup]/itions--we %\ld f9d "s survival ( primitive folk-lore1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ?is highly organiz$ civic cult ( ! dead4 ,ovid supplies u ) a curi\s contra/ to ! e?ical beauty ( ! ,c>i/ia1 9 describ+ ! spells :i* an old woman works1 app>5tly on ! day ( ! ,f]alia#achc4 #8,an old hag sitt+ among ! girls p]=ms rites to ,tacita3 ) ?ree f+]s %e places ?ree bits ( inc5se at ! entrance ( a m\se-hole4 ,mutt]+ a spell1 %e weaves wooll5 ?reads on a web ( d>k col\r1 & mumbles sev5 black beans 9 h] m\?4 ,!n %e takes a fi%1 ! ma5a1 sme>s its head ) pit*1 sews its m\? up1 drops w9e ^u x1 & roa/s x be=e ! fire3 ! re/ ( ! w9e %e dr9ks ) ! girls4 ,n[1 quo? %e1 we h b\nd ! m\? ( ! enemy3 ,ho/iles l+uas inimicaque v9ximus ora1 ,dicit disc$5s1 ebriaque exit anus4' ,9 spite ( ! names ( deities we f9d "h1 ,tacita & ,dea ,muta#achd1 & ( ! pretty /ory ( ! "m ( ! ,l>es :i* ! poet's fancy has add$ to x1 x is pla9 t ?is is no m ?an "o ( a ?\s& savage spells = c\nt]act+ ho/ile spirits#ache4 ,! picture is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! survival ( wit*craft 9 ! civiliz$ ,rome ( ,ovid's "t1 & rem9ds u ( ! horrible hags 9 ,horace's fif? epode2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r x has any real connexion ) ! ,f]alia4 ,d\btless its p>allel c\ld be f\nd ev5 9 ! ,italy ( today#achf4 ,,xv4 ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,,feb4 #ae74 ,,np4 ,,lup]7,,calia74 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,f>n4 ,,philoc4 ,,silv4 ,,& ,,ru/ic ,,cal5d>s47 ,!re is h>dly ano!r fe/ival 9 ! cal5d> s int]e/+ & s well kn[n z ?is4 ,ow+ to ! s+ul> int]e/ atta*+ to its celebration 9 ,b4,c4 #dd1 only a mon? be=e ,caes>'s dea?1 we are unusually well in=m$ z to its details2 b ^! pres5t great difficulties 9 int]pretation1 :i* ! late/ rese>* has n altoge!r ov]come#achg4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) describ+ x1 & po9t+ out su* explanations ( ritual z seem to be fairly well e/abli%$4 ,on ,feb4 #ae ! celebrants ( ?is anci5t rite met at ! cave call$ ! ,lup]cal1 at ! foot ( ! /eep s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! ,palat9e ,hill--! spot :]e1 accord+ to ! tradition1 ! flood$ ,tib] _h deposit$ ! tw9 *ildr5 at ! foot ( ! sacr$ fig-tree#achh1 & :]e !y 7 n\ri%$ by ! %e-wolf4 ,! "n ( ! cave is almo/ )\t d\bt built up f lupus1 #8a wolf'#achi2 b we _c be equally sure :e!r ! "n ( ! fe/ival is d]iv$ directly f ,lup]cal1 or on ! analogy ( ,quir9alia1 ,volcanalia1 & o!rs1 f ,lup]cus1 ! alleg$ "n ( ! deity conc]n$ 9 ! rites1 & also ( ! celebrants !mselves#acij4 ,9 any case we are fairly ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ?is ! wolf-fe/ival2 ! m s z ! wolf 0 ! sacr$ animal ( ,m>s1 :o 0 9 a special s5se ! god ( ! e>lie/ settl]s on ! ,palat9e#acia4 ,! fir/ act ( ! fe/ival seems to h be5 ! sacrifice ( goats 7we are n told h[ _m71 & ( a dog#acib2 & at ! same "t 7 (f]$ sacr$ cakes made by ! ,ve/als1 f ! fir/ e>s ( la/ ye>'s h>ve/4 ,?is 0 ! la/ bat* ( ! mola salsa1 "s ( :i* _h be5 us$ at ! ,ve/alia 9 ,june1 & "s on ! ,ides ( ,septemb]#acic4 ,next1 two y\?s ( high rank1 belong+1 we may suppose1 "o to ea* ( ! two collegia ( ,lup]ci 7( :i* m directly71 7 br\ght =w>d2 ^! _h _! =eheads sme>$ ) ! knife bloody f ! slaught] ( ! victims1 & !n wip$ ) wool dipp$ 9 milk4 ,z soon z ?is 0 done !y 7 oblig$ to laugh4 ,!n !y girt !mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! slaught]$ goats1 & fea/$ luxuri\sly#acid2 aft] :i* !y ran r\nd ! base ( ! ,palat9e ,hill1 or at lea/ a l>ge "p ( its circuit1 app>5tly 9 two companies1 "o l$ by ea* ( ! two y\?s4 ,z !y ran !y /ruck at all ! wom5 :o came ne> !m or (f]$ !mselves to _! bl[s1 ) /rips ( sk9 cut f ! hides ( ! same victims2 :i* /rips1 z we h se51 7 among ! objects :i* 7 call$ by ! prie/s februa4 ,"h1 9 :at at fir/ sight looks l a grotesque jumble1 !re are two cle>ly di/+ui%able elem5ts2 7#a7 an extremely primitive ritual1 probably desc5d$ f ! pa/oral /age ( society2 7#b7 a c]ta9 co-ord9ation ( ?is ) def9ite local settlem5ts4 ,! sacrifices1 ! sme>+ & wip+1 ! we>+ ( ! sk9s1 & ! /rik+ ) ! februa1 all seem to be survivals f a v e>ly /age ( religi\s conceptions2 b ! two companies ( runn]s1 & _! c\rse r\nd ! ,palat9e1 :i* app>5tly foll[$ ! mo/ anci5t l9e ( ! pomo]ium1 br+ u into t\* ) ! beg9n+ & ) ! developm5t ( urban life4 ,surviv+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,republican p]iod1 ) a t5acity :i* ! ,roman tal5t = organization alone c\ld give x1 ! ,lup]calia 0 /ill fur!r develop$ = 8 own purposes by ! dictator ,caes>1 & !nce=w>d liv$ on = c5turies "u 8 successors into ! age ( imp]ial ,*ri/ianity4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! sev]al acts ( ! fe/ival1 to see h[ f> !y admit ( explanation "u ! light ( mod]n rese>* into primitive ideas & ritual4 ,x began1 z we saw1 ) ! sacrifice ( goats & a dog4 ,unluckily we _c be sure ( ! god to :om !y 7 (f]$1 nor ( ! sacrific+ prie/4 ,accord+ to ,ovid#acie ! deity 0 ,faunus2 accord+ to ,livy x 0 a c]ta9 my/]i\s ,inuus1 ( :om h>dly any?+ else is kn[n#acif1 ?\gh mu* has be5 writt54 ,!re 0 no ,lup]cus1 z "s h va9ly imag9$2 mu* less any su* comb9ation z ,faunus ,lup]cus1 :i* has be5 ne$lessly creat$ out ( a passage ( ,ju/9#acig4 ,lib] is sugge/$ by ,s]vius#acih2 :o adds t o!rs fanci$ x 0 a #8bellicosus deus4' ,rec5tly ,juno has be5 sugge/$1 because ! /rips :i* ! runn]s c>ri$ 7 call$ #8,iunonis amiculum'#acii4 ,?us x is q pla9 t ! ,roman ( ! lit]>y age did n "k :o ! god 04 ,! common idea t he 0 ,faunus is discr$it$ by ,livy's acc\nt & 8 m5tion ( ,inuus1 & also by ! fact t ,faunus is n associat$ ) urban settlem5ts3 & may easily be acc\nt$ = by ! my? ( ,ev&] & ! ,arcadians1 ^: ,pan ,lycaeus 0 ( c\rse id5tifi$ ) ,faunus#adjj1 or by ! gird+ ( ! ,lup]ci ) sk9s1 :i* made !m resemble ! popul> conception ( ! ,fauni#adja4 ,possibly ! "n 0 a secret2 = !re 0 a t5d5cy to avoid fix+ a god's "n 9 ritual1 9 ord] to escape mak+ mi/akes1 & s (f5d+ him4 #8,iure pontificum cautum e/ ne suis nom9ibus dii ,romani appell>5tur1 ne exaugur>i poss9t#adjb4' ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,lup]calia und\bt$ly desc5ds f ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,roman religion1 :5 ! individuality ( deities 0 n cle>ly conceiv$1 & :5 _! names 7 unkn[n1 d\btful1 or adjectival only4 ,9 fact1 we ne$ n greatly tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! "n ( ! god3 8 nature is d$ucible to "s ext5t f ! ritual4 ,! connexion ) ! ,palat9e1 ) ! wolf1 & ) fructification1 seems to me to po9t v cle>ly 9 ! direction ( ,m>s & 8 *>act]i/ics4 ,x w\ld be almo/ m pr(itable if we c\ld be sure ( ! sacrific+ prie/2 b "h aga9 we are 9 ! d>k4 ,ovid says1 #8,flam5 ad haec prisco m ,dialis erat#adjc#82 b x is impossible t ?is prie/ c\ld h be5 ! sacrific] 7?\gh ,m>qu>dt committ$ himself to ?is71 = he 0 expressly =bidd5 to t\* ei!r goat or dog#adjd1 :i* seem to h be5 exclud$ f ! cult ( ,jupit]4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( su* exceptional piacula z ?is no d\bt 01 we c h>dly v5ture )\t fur!r evid5ce to ascribe ! slaught] ( ! sacr$ animal to ! great prie/ ( ! heav5ly deity 9 ^: cult x 0 taboo$4 ,plut>* says t ! ,lup]ci !mselves sacrific$#adje2 & ?is is m probable1 & is borne out by comp>ison ) o!r cases 9 :i* ! prie/ clo!s himself1 z ! ,lup]ci did1 9 ! sk9 ( ! victim4 ,x does n inde$ seem c]ta9 t ! two y\?s :o ?us girt !mselves _h also p]=m$ ! sacrifice2 b !y repres5t ! two collegia ( ,lup]ci1 & lead ! race#adjf1 z ,romulus & ,remus did 9 ! explanatory leg5d4 ,z reg>ds ! victims1 !re is "h at lea/ no d\bt t bo? goat & dog 7 exceptional animals 9 sacrifice#adjg1 & t _! use "h betok5s a piacul> rite ( unusual #8hol9ess4' ,?us _! (f]+ is a my/ic sacrifice1 & belongs to t #8small class ( exceptional rites 9 :i* ! victim 0 drawn f "s species ( animals t reta9$ ev5 9 mod]n times _! anci5t repute ( natural hol9ess#adjh4' ,x is exactly 9 ?is k9d ( sacrifice t we f9d su* peculi> po9ts ( ritual z meet u 9 ! ,lup]calia4 #8,! victim is sacrosanct1 & ! peculi> value ( ! c]emony lies 9 ! op]ation p]=m$ on its life1 :e!r t life is m]ely convey$ to ! god on ! alt> 7i4 e4 z 9 burnt-sacrifices7 or is also appli$ to ! wor%ipp]s by ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood1 or "s o!r lu/ral c]emony#adji4' ,! writ] might v well h be5 ?9k+ ( ! ,lup]calia :5 he wrote ^! l9es4 ,! mean+ ( ^! rites 0 orig9ally1 z he /ates x1 t ! hol9ess ( ! victim means k9%ip to ! wor%ipp]s & _! god1 #8t all sacr$ relations & all moral obligations dep5d on physical unity ( life1 & t physical unity ( life c be creat$ or re9=c$ by common p>ticipation 9 liv+ fle% & blood4' ,we may po/pone consid]ation ( ?is view z appli$ to ! ,lup]calia till we h exam9$ ! rema9+ features ( ! c]emony4 ,aft] ! sacrifice 0 complet$1 ,plut>*#adaj tells u t ! =eheads ( ! two y\?s 7 t\*$ ) ! bloody knife t _h sla9 ! victims1 & ! /a9 0 !n wip$ (f ) wool dipp$ 9 milk1 aft] :i* ! y\?s _h to laugh4 ,?is has (t5 be5 suppos$ to indicate an orig9al human sacrifice#adaa1 ! he-goats be+ sub/itut$ = human victims1 & ! dea? ( ! latt] symboliz$ by ! sme>+ ) _! blood4 ,?is explanation might be admissible if ?is 7 ! only feature ( ! c]emony2 b x is s entirely out ( keep+ ) ^? t foll[--! we>+ ( ! sk9s & ! runn+--t x is pref]able to look = ano!r be=e adopt+ x4 ,at ! same "t x may be obs]v$ t no reasonable hypo!sis c be rul$ out ( c\rt :]e our k ( ! rite is s meagre & s h>d to br+ satisfactorily into h>mony ) o!rs occurr+ among o!r peoples#adab4 ,!re is a curi\s passage 9 ,apollonius ,rhodius#adac1 :]e purification f a murd] is effect$ by sme>+ ! h&s ( ! murd]] ) ! blood ( a "y pig1 & !n wip+ x (f 2 & ! ,s*olia/ on ! l9es describes a some:at simil> me?od ( purification :i* 0 practis$ 9 ,greece4 ,?is w\ld raise a presumption t ! y\?s 7 n orig9ally ! victims at ! ,lup]calia1 b r ! slay]s2 & t !y _h to be purifi$ f ! guilt ( ! blood ( ! sacrosanct victim#adad4 ,:5 ?is 0 done !y became "o ) ! victim & ! god by ! gird+ on ( ! sk9s1 & 7 able to communicate ! new life ?us acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! lu/ratio ( ! city by means ( ! /rips ( sk9 to ! wom5 :o met !m4 ,?is explanation is op5 to "o or two objections2 = example1 x h>dly acc\nts = ! laught] ( ! y\?s1 unless we are to suppose t x 0 an expression ( joy at _! release f blood-guilt9ess#adae4 ,& we h inde$ no direct evid5ce t ! y\?s 7 ev] !mselves ! sacrific]s1 ?\gh ! collat]al evid5ce on ?is po9t1 z ,i h already said1 seems to be fairly /rong#adaf4 ,yet ,i _c b ?9k t ! true significance ( ! ess5tial features ( ! c]emony is to be look$ = some:]e 9 ! direction ?us indicat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r explanation ( ! application ( ! bloody knife1 ! wip+1 & ! laugh+1 :i* ,mannh>dt propos$1 n )\t "s mode/ hesitation1 9 8 po/hum\s "w#adag4 ,9 8 view ^! 7 symbolic or quasi-dramatic acts1 signify+ dea? & r5ew$ life4 ,! y\?s 7 nev] actually kill$1 b !y 7 ! figures 9 a k9d ( act$ p>able4 ,! sme>+ ) blood d5ot$ t !y p>took ( ! dea? ( ! victim#adah2 ! wip+ ) milky wool signifi$ ! revival to a new life1 = milk is ! s\rce ( life4 ,! laugh+ is ! outw>d sign ( su* revival3 ! dead are sil5t1 _c laugh#adai4 ,& ! mean+ ( all ?is 0 ! dea? & ! revival ( ! ,vegetation-_s4 ,i h already m ?an once pr(it$ by ,mannh>dt's rese>*es into ?is type ( ,european cu/om1 & !y are n[ famili> to ,engli%m5 9 ! works ( ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,f>nell1 & o!rs4 ,und\bt$ly !re are _m bits ( grotesque cu/om :i* c be/ be expla9$ if we suppose !m to mean ! dea? ( ! ,p[] ( gr[? at h>ve/-"t1 or its resuscitation 9 ! spr+1 p]haps aft] ! dea? ( ! p[]s ( w9t] & d>kness4 ,b :e!r ! ,lup]calia is "o ( ^! ,i _c be s sure4 ,^! rites d n seem to h any obvi\s ref]5ce to crops1 b r to h come d[n f ! pa/oral /age ( society3 & x is n 9 ?is case ! fields :i* are lu/rat$ by ! runn]s1 b ! urbs & its wom5#adbj4 ,& ! e>li] p>ts ( ! ritual be> ! m>ks ( a piaculum s di/9ctly t x seems unnecess>y & confus+ to introduce into x a diff]5t set ( ideas4 ,!re is a simil> div]g5ce ( op9ion 9 expla9+ ! next feature1 ! we>+ ( ! sk9s ( ! victims#adba4 ,dr4 ,mannh>dt believ$ t ?is 0 "o ( ! innum]able in/ances 9 :i*1 at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 animals are p]sonat$ by human be+s1 e4 g4 at ,*ri/mas1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t 7,c>nival71 & at h>ve/4 ,^! he expla9$ z repres5tations ( ! ,vegetation-_s1 :i* 0 conceiv$ to be dead 9 w9t]1 to come to life 9 spr+1 & at h>ve/ to die aga91 & :i* 0 believ$ to assume all k9ds ( animal =ms4 ,?is has be5 g5]ally accept$ z expla9+ sev]al curi\s rites bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy1 e4 g4 t ( ! ,hirpi ,sorani at ,soracte n f> f ,rome#adbb4 ,b x is a "q :e!r x w equally well expla9 ! ,lup]ci & _! goat-sk9s4 ,9 ?is case ,mannh>dt is driv5 to some:at f>-fet*$ hypo!ses2 he d]ives ,lup]cus f lupus-hircus#adbc 7p4 #ij71 & sugge/s t ! two collegia repres5t$ respectively wolves & goats1 accord+ to ! view ( ! ,vegetation-_s tak5 by ! two communities ( ,palat9e & ,quir9al#adbd4 ,b ?is solution1 ! result ( a bias 9 fav\r ( 8 fav\rite ,vegetation-_s1 does n /rike u z happy1 & ,dr4 ,mannh>dt himself does n seem well pleas$ ) x#adbe4 ,x w\ld seem saf] to take ?is z "o ( ! _m well-kn[n piacula 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] we>s ! sk9 ( a v holy victim1 !reby ent]+ sacram5tally into ! v nature ( ! god to :om ! victim is sacrific$#adbf4 ,:e!r or no we are to look = ! orig9 ( ^! practices 9 a totemi/ic age1 is a "q t _c be discuss$ "h2 & !re is no sign ( totemism 9 ! ,lup]calia save ?is "o#adbg4 ,b if ?is be ! "r explanation1 :at1 we may ask1 0 meant by ! "n ,lup]ci8 ,if x meant wolves1 are we n r ?r[n back on ,mannh>dt's !ory8 ,to ?is x may be answ]$2 7#a7 t no classical au?or sugge/s t ! runn]s 7 look$ ^u z repres5t+ wolves2 by ! common p we are told t !y 7 call$ creppi#adbh1 ! mean+ ( :i* is q unc]ta91 ?\gh x has be5 expla9$ z capri1 & z simply aris+ f ! fact t ! runn]s 7 clad 9 goat-sk9s#adbi4 ,!re is 9 fact no necess>y connexion at all betwe5 ! sk9s & ! "n ,lup]ci4 ,if t "n orig9ally meant wolf-prie/s1 its explanation is to be f\nd r 9 connexion ) ! wolf ( ,m>s1 & ! cave ( ! %e-wolf1 ?an 9 ! sk9s ( ! sacrific$ goats1 :i* 7 worn by only two memb]s ( ! two collegia be>+ ! "n4 ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! la/ features ( ! fe/ival2 ! c\rse tak5 by ! runn]s r\nd ! ,palat9e ,hill1 & ! :ipp+ ( wom5 ) ! /rips ( sacr$ sk94 ,! two y\?s1 hav+ gird$ on ! sk9s 7?\gh o!rwise nak$7 & also cut /rips f !m1 proce$$ to run a c\rse :i* seems almo/ c]ta9ly to h foll[$ t ( ! pomo]ium at ! foot ( ! ,palat9e4 ,! />t+-po9t 0 ! ,lup]cal1 or a po9t ne> x1 & ,tacitus#adcj has describ$ ! c\rse ( ! pomo]ium z f> z ! #8sacellum ,l>um =umque ,romanum'3 9 8 day x 0 m>k$ out by /ones 7#8cippi'74 ,we are conc]n$ ) x "h only s f> z x affects ! "q :e!r ! runn+ 0 a lu/ratio ( ! ,palat9e city4 ,! la/ po9ts m5tion$ by ,tacitus1 ! #8sacellum ,l>um1 =umque ,romanum#adca1' %[ pla9ly t ! c\rse 0 r\nd ! ,palat9e f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 b !y d n br+ ! runn]s back to ! po9t f :i* !y />t$1 & complete ! circle#adcb4 ,v>ro is1 h[ev]1 q cle> t ! runn+ 0 a lu/ratio3 #8,lup]cis nudis lu/ratur antiquum oppidum ,palat9um gregibus humanis c9ctum4' ,! passage is obscure1 & attempts h be5 made to am5d x2 b !re c be no d\bt t x po9ts to a religi\s c]emony#adcc4 ,?is lu/ratio1 !n1 z we may safely call x1 0 at ! same "t a beat+ ( ! b\nds & a rite ( purification & f]tilization4 ,j z ! peel$ w&s ( our ,ox=d b\nd-beat]s on ,asc5sion ,day#adcd may p]haps h orig9ally _h a use p>allel to t ( ! februa1 s ! p>i% b\nd>ies correspond to ! ,roman pomo]ium4 ,we h already _h examples ( processional b\nd-beat+ 9 ! rites ( ! ,argei & ! ,amb>valia2 9 all !re is ! same d\ble object--! comb9ation ( a religi\s ) a juri/ic act2 b ! ,lup]calia /&s alone 9 ! qua9tness ( its ritual1 & may probably be ! olde/ ( all4 ,be=e we g on to ! februa & _! use1 m5tion mu/ be made ( a difficulty 9 reg>d to ! duality ( ! collegia ( ,lup]ci & ! runn]s4 ,^! h be5 suppos$ to h orig9at$ f two g5tile prie/hoods ( ! ,fabii & ,qu9ctii#adce2 & z we "k t ! g5s ,fabia _h a cult on ! ,quir9al#adcf1 x is conjectur$ t ! ,lup]ci ,fabiani repres5t$ ! ,sab9e city1 & ! ,qu9ctiales ! ,romans ( ! ,palat9e1 j z we also f9d two collegia ( ,salii1 viz4 ,palat9i & ,coll9i#adcg4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! runn+ ( ! ,lup]ci 0 really a lu/ratio ( ! ,palat9e1 we mu/ suppose t ! lu/ratio ( ! ,quir9al city by its own ,lup]ci 0 giv5 up & m]g$ 9 t ( ! old] settlem5t#adch2 & su* an ab&onm5t ( a local rite w\ld be mo/ surpris+ 9 ,roman antiquity4 ,x is true t !re is no o!r explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! two guilds2 b we may hesitate to accept ?is "o1 if we h to pay = x by s bold a hypo!sis#adci4 ,! la/ po9t to be notic$1 ! :ipp+ ) ! /rips ( sk9#addj1 might h attract$ little notice z a relic ( antiquity 9 ! late ,republic b = ! fam\s incid5t 9 ! life ( ,caes>1 :5 ,antonius 0 "o ( ! runn]s4 ,we h x on excell5t evid5ce1 n only t ! runn]s /ruck wom5 :o met !m ) ! /rips1 b t !y did s 9 ord] to produce f]tility#adda4 ,su* an explanation ( ! object w\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$1 & x tallies closely ) "s at lea/ ( a great numb] ( practices ( ! k9d :i* h be5 inve/igat$ by ,mannh>dt#addb4 ,8 p>allel are n inde$ all ei!r complete or conv9c+2 b ! collection is valuable = _m purposes1 & ! g5]al result is to %[ t :ipp+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body ) "s in/rum5t suppos$ to possess magic p[] is efficaci\s 9 driv+ away ! p[]s ( evil t int]f]e ) f]tilization4 ,:e!r ! ?+ beat5 be man1 woman1 image1 or human or animal repres5tative ( ! ,vegetation _s1 ! object is always m or less directly to quick5 or re/ore ! natural p[]s ( reproduction2 ! notion be+ t ! ho/ile or h9d]+ _s 0 ?us driv5 out1 or t ! beat+ actually woke up & en]giz$ ! p[]4 ,! latt] is p]haps a lat] idea1 rationaliz$ f ! e>li]4 ,9 any case ! ?ongs1 z "p ( ! sacrosanct victim1 7 suppos$ to possess a special magical p[]#addc2 & ! ^w appli$ to !m1 februa1 ?\gh n mean+ /rictly in/rum5ts ( purification 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 may be translat$ ca?>tic objects1 s9ce !y _h p[] to free f ho/ile influ5ces & quick5 natural =ces4 ,& ^? :o wield$ !m 7 reg>d$ 9 "s at lea/ z prie/s or magicians2 !y 7 nak$ b = ! goat-sk9s1 & probably _h wrea?s on _! heads#addd4 ,_! wild & lascivi\s behavi\r z !y ran is p>allel$ 9 _m c]emonies ( ! k9d#adde4 ,x is s+ul> t a fe/ival ( a "* s rude & ru/ic %\ld h liv$ on 9 ! great city = c5turies aft] x _h become cosmopolitan & ev5 ,*ri/ian4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m results due to ! religi\s ent]prise ( ,augu/us1 :o rebuilt ! decay$ ,lup]cal1 & set ! fea/ on a new foot+#addf4 ,x cont9u$ to exi/ d[n to ! ye> #did ,a4,d4 :5 ! ,pope1 ,gelasius ,i1 *ang$ ! day 7,feb4 #ae7 to t ( ! ,purification ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y#addg4 ,,xiii ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,feb4 #ag74 ,,np4 ,,quir,,inalia4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,f>n4 ,,philoc47 ,,quir9o ,,9 ,,colle4 7,,f>n4 ,,ca]47 ,h[ ! fe/ival ( ,quir9us came to be plac$ at ?is "t ,i _c expla93 we "k no?+ ( x1 & _c assume t x 0 ( an expiatory "*1 l ! ,lup]calia prec$+ x1 & ! ,f]alia foll[+4 ,( ! temple #89 colle' we also "k no?+#addh t c help u4 ,we h already le>nt t ?is day 0 call$ #8/ultorum f]iae1' & :y2 b ! conjunction ( ! la/ day ( ! sacra ( ! curiae ) ^? ( ,quir9us is probably accid5tal2 we _c safely assume any connexion ?r\gh ! ^w #8curia4' ,! "n ,quir9alia 0 famili> en\gh#addi2 b x may be t x only surviv$ ?r\gh ! /ultorum f]iae4 ,! ,roman ( ! lat] ,republic id5tifi$ ,quir9us ) ,romulus2 ,virgil1 e4 g4 9 ! fir/ ,a5eid 7#bib7 speaks ( #8,remo cum fratre ,quir9us#adej4' ,we h no clue to ! orig9 ( ?is id5tification4 ,x may h be5 sugge/$ by ! use ( ! "n ,quirites2 b nei!r d we "k :5 or :y t "n came to signify ! ,roman p 9 _! civil capacity1 & ! etymology ( ^! words & _! relation to ea* o!r /ill entirely baffles rese>*#adea4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a g5]al agreem5t t ,quir9us 0 ano!r =m ( ,m>s1 hav+ 8 abode on ! hill :i* /ill goes by 8 "n4 ,t ,m>s & ,quir9us 7 ev] ! same deities 0 inde$ d5i$ by s acute an inquir] z ,ambros*#adeb2 b he d5i$ x p>tly on ! gr\nd t no trace ( ! wor%ip ( ,m>s _h be5 f\nd on ! ,quir9al2 & s9ce 8 "t two inscriptions h be5 f\nd !re on ! same spot1 "o at lea/ ( great antiquity1 :i* indicate votive (f]+s to ,m>s & ,quir9us respectively#adec4 ,f ^! ,momms5 concludes t ,quir9us 0 at "o "t wor%ipp$ !re "u ! "n ( ,m>s2 :i* involves also ! conv]se1 t ,m>s 0 once wor%ipp$ "u ! adjectival cult-title ,quir9us4 ,unluckily ,m>s ,quir9us is a comb9ation z yet undiscov]$2 & z ! exi/5ce ( a patrician ,flam5 ,quir9alis di/9ct f ! ,flam5 ,m>tialis po9ts at lea/ to a v e>ly diff]5tiation ( ! two1 x may be saf] to ?9k ( ! two1 n z id5tical deities1 b r z equival5t cult-expressions ( ! same religi\s conception 9 two closely alli$ communities#aded4 ,t ! ,quir9al 0 ! seat ( ! cult ( ,quir9us admits ( no d\bt2 & ! "n ( ! hill1 :i* we are told 0 orig9ally ,agonus or ,agonalis#adee1 arose no d\bt f ! cult#adef4 ,"h 7 probably two temples ( ! god1 ! "o dat+ f ,b4,c4 #bic1 & hav+ ,june #bi z its day ( d$ication2 ! o!r ( unkn[n date1 :i* celebrat$ its bir?day on ! ,quir9alia#adeg4 ,a #8sacellum ,quir9i 9 colle' is also m5tion$ at ! "t ( ! ,gallic invasion#adeh 7?is 0 p]haps ! pr$ecessor ( ! temple ( ,june #bi71 & also ! h\se ( ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis :i* adjo9$ x4 ,to ! ,quir9al also belong ! ,salii ,agon5ses1 ,coll9i1 or ,quir9ales1 :o correspond to ! ,salii ( ! ,palat9e & ( ,m>s#adei4 ,& "h1 la/ly1 seems to belong ! my/]i\s ,flora or ,horta ,quir9i1 ^: temple1 accord+ to ,plut>*#adfj1 0 #8=m]ly' always op54 ,ab\t ! cult ( ,quir9us on 8 hill we "k1 h[ev]1 no?+1 except t !re 7 two myrtles gr[+ 9 front ( 8 temple1 "o call$ ! patrician & ! o!r ! plebeian#adfa1 & to :i* a curi\s /ory is atta*$4 ,prell]#adfb not$ t ^! correspond to ! two laurels 9 ! sacr>ium ,m>tis 9 ! ,regia1 & conjectur$ t ea* pair symboliz$ ! union ( ! /ate 9 ! cults ( ! two communities4 ,( ! duties ( ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis we h already se5 some?+#adfc3 unluckily !y ?r[ little or no new light on ! cult ( ,quir9us4 ,he 0 conc]n$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,robigus1 ( ,consus1 & ( ,acca ,l>5tia1 all ( !m anci5t cults ( agricultural ,rome2 & he seems to h be5 9 close connexion ) ! ,ve/al ,virg9s#adfd4 ,^! are j su* duties z we might h expect$ w\ld fall to ! ,flam5 ( ,m>s2 & probably ! two cults 7 mu* alike 9 "*4 ,,vii ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,,feb4 #bc47 ,,np4 ,,t],,m9alia4 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,ru/4 ,,philoc4 ,,silv47 ,0 !re any connexion betwe5 ! ,t]m9alia & ! end ( ! ye>8 ,! ,roman s*ol>s ?\ght s2 ,v>ro#adfe writes1 #8,t]m9alia quod is dies anni extremus con/itutus2 duodecimus enim fuit ,febru>ius1 et quum int]calatur1 inf]iores qu9que dies duodecimo demuntur m5se4' ,s ,ovid1 ,tu quoque sacrorum1 ,t]m9e1 f9is eras4 ,b ,t]m9us is ! god ( ! b\nd>ies ( l&1 & has no?+ to d ) "t2 & ! ,t]m9alia is n ! la/ fe/ival ( ! ye> 9 ! olde/ cal5d>s4 ,! ,romans mu/ h be5 misl$ by ! co9cid5ce ( ! day ( ,t]m9us ) ! la/ day be=e int]calation4 ,! position 9 ! ye> ( ! rites to be describ$ seems p>allel to t ( ! ,compitalia & ,paganalia1 :i* 7 conc]n$ ) matt]s ( common int]e/ to a society ( f>m]s3 & we may rememb] t ,pl9y#adff said ( ! ,=nacalia t x 0 #8f>ris torr5di f]iae et aeque religiosae t]m9is agrorum4' ,! ritual ( ! ,t]m9alia 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts is describ$ by ,ovid#adfg4 ,! two l&[n]s g>l&$ ea* 8 side ( ! b\nd>y-/one1 & all (f]+s 7 d\ble#adfh4 ,an alt> is made2 & fire is c>ri$ f ! he>? by ! f>m]'s wife1 :ile ! old man cuts up /icks & builds !m 9 a framework ( /\t /akes4 ,!n ) dry b>k ! fire is k9dl$2 f a basket1 held ready by a boy#adfi1 ! little daught] ( ! family ?rice %akes ! fruits ( ! e>? into ! fire1 & (f]s cakes ( honey4 ,o!rs /& by ) w9e2 & ! neighb\rs 7or dep5dants7 look on 9 sil5ce & clo!d 9 :ite4 ,a lamb is sla91 & a suck+-pig1 & ! b\nd>y-/one spr9kl$ ) _! blood2 & ! c]emony ends ) a fea/ & songs 9 praise ( holy ,t]m9us4 ,?is rite 01 no d\bt1 practically a ye>ly r5ewal ( t by :i* ! /one 0 orig9ally fix$ 9 its place4 ,! latt] is describ$ by ! gromatic writ] ,siculus ,flaccus#adgj4 ,fruits ( ! e>?1 & ! bones1 a%es1 & blood ( a victim :i* _h be5 (f]$ 7 put into a hole by ! two 7or ?ree7 own]s ^: l& conv]g$ at ! po9t1 & ! /one 0 ramm$ d[n on ! top & c>efully fix$4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is 0 ( c\rse t ! /one might be id5tifi$ 9 ! future1 e4 g4 by an arbit]1 if "o %\ld be call$ 9#adga2 b x also rem9ds u ( ! practice ( bury+ ! rema9s ( a victim#adgb1 & ! use ( ! blood %[s ! extreme sanctity ( ! op]ation4 ,t ! /one 0 reg>d$ z ! dwell+-place ( a num5 is prov$ by ! fact t x 0 spr9kl$ ) blood & g>l&$#adgc2 & ! developm5t ( a god ,t]m9us is p]fectly 9 keep+ ) ,roman religi\s ideas4 ,x is m difficult to det]m9e :at 0 ! relation ( ?is ,t]m9us to ! great ,jupit] :o 0 s intimately associat$1 z we h se5#adgd ) ! idea ( keep+ fai? ) y\r neighb\rs4 ,0 he ! num5 orig9ally ?\ght to occupy ! /one1 & is ! "n ,t]m9us1 z m>k+ a di/9ct deity1 a lat] gr[?8 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ?is 0 s2 = we saw t !re is "s reason to believe t ,jupit] did n disda9 to dwell 9 objects su* z trees & /ones1 & !re is no ne$ to look to ,greece = ! orig9 ( 8 connexion ) b\nd>ies#adge4 ,b ,jupit] & ,t]m9us rema9$ on ! :ole di/9ct2 & a ,jupit] ,t]m9us or ,t]m9alis is fir/ f\nd on ! co9s ( ,v>ro ! great s*ol>1 probably 9 ,b4,c4 #gfadgf4 ,! close connexion ( ! two is se5 9 ! leg5d t :5 ,jupit] 0 to be introduc$ into ! great ,capitol9e temple1 f ! ,capitolium vetus on ! ,quir9al1 all ! gods made way = him b ,t]m9us#adgg4 ,quid nova cum fi]5t ,capitolia8 nempe deorum ,cuncta ,iovi cessit turba1 locumque d$it4 ,t]m9us1 ut vet]es memorant1 inv5tus 9 a$e ,re/itit1 et magno cum love templa t5et4 ,?is1 z ,prell] truly obs]ves1 is only a poetical way ( express+ 8 /ubbornness1 & 8 close relation to ,jupit]1 ) :om he cont9u$ to %>e ! great temple4 ,x seems c]ta9 t !re 0 9 t temple a /one suppos$ to be t ( ,t]m9us1 ov] :i* !re 0 a hole 9 ! ro(#adgh3 = all sacrifice to ,t]m9us mu/ be made 9 ! op5 air4 ,nunc quoque1 se supra ne quid nisi sid]a c]nat1 ,exiguum templi tecta =am5 hab5t#adgi4 ,precisely ! same feature is f\nd 9 ! cult ( ,semo ,sancus or ,dius ,fidius#adhj1 :o 0 conc]n$ ) oa?s & treaties2 & ( ,h]cules we are told t ! oa? tak5 9 8 "n mu/ be tak5 out ( doors#adha4 ,( ! /one itself we "k no?+4 ,x is op5 to u to guess t x 0 orig9ally a b\nd>y-/one1 p]haps betwe5 ! ag] ( ! ,palat9e city & t ( ! ,quir9al4 ,! mons ,capitol9us seems to h be5 neutral gr\nd1 z we may guess by ! tradition ( ! asylum !re2 x 0 outside ! pomo]ium1 & 9 ! e>ly ,republic 0 ! prop]ty ( ! prie/ly collegia#adhb4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a v appropriate place = a t]m9us betwe5 two communities#adhc4 ,f ,ovid 7#fgi foll47 we ga!r t !re 0 a t]m9us-/one at ! six? mile/one on ! via ,laur5t9a1 at :i* public sacrifices 7 made1 p]haps on ! day ( ! ,t]m9alia3 ?is 0 probably at "o "t ! limit ( ! ag] ,romanus 9 t direction4 ,,vi ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,,feb4 #bd74 ,n4 ,,regif,,ugium1 7,,ca]4 ,,maff4 ,,philoc47 ,,regifugium1 ,,cum ,,t>qu9ius ,,sup]bus ,,f]tur ,,ab ,,urbe ,,expulsus4 7,,silv47 ,?is note ( ,silvius is bas$ on a v old & natural misappreh5sion4 ,ovid#adhd1 & probably mo/ ,romans1 believ$ t ! expulsion ( ,t>qu9 0 commemorat$ on ?is day4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /rong indirect evid5ce to %[ t ! #8flight ( ! k+' on ,feb4 #bd 0 some?+ v diff]5t4 #a4 ,we h already _h a #8flight ( ! p' 7,poplifugia7 on ,july #e2 & we saw t ?is 0 probably a purificatory rite ( :i* ! mean+ _h be5 lo/--! sacrifice p]haps ( a sacr$ animal foll[$ by ! flight ( ! cr[d z f a murd]4 ,x seems impossible1 at any rate unwise1 to sep>ate ,poplifugia & ,regifugium 9 g5]al mean+1 = !re is no o!r p>allel to !m 9 ! cal5d>4 ,bo? 7 expla9$ hi/orically by ! ,romans1 because 9 bo? ! obscure 7& p]haps obsolete7 religi\s rite 0 inexplicable o!rwise2 & we mu/ also endeav\r to treat bo? on ! same pr9ciple4 #b4 ,x seems pretty cle> t ,v]rius ,flaccus did n believe 9 ! hi/orical explanation ( ! ,regifugium4 ,9 ,fe/us1 page #bgh1 we f9d a mutilat$ gloss :i* evid5tly ref]s to ?is day1 & is ?us complet$ by ,momms5#adhe3-- ,regifugium notatur 9 fa/is dies a4d4 vi kal4 ,m>t4 qui cr$itur sic dictu quia eo die ,t>qu9ius rex fug]it ex urbe4 ,quod falsum e/2 nam e ca/ris 9 exilium abisse cum rettulerunt annales4 ,rectius explicabit qui regem et ,salios#adhf hoc die 444 fac]e sacrificium 9 comitio eoque p]fecto illum inde fug]e nov]it 444 ,x may be said t ?is is all guesswork1 & no evid5ce2 b x is borne out by ! foll[+ passage 9 ,plut>*'s sixty-?ird ,roman "q3 1 4 ,:5ce ,plut>* drew ?is /atem5t we _c tell4 ,he does n give ! day on :i* ! sacrifice & flight took place2 & ,hus*ke#adhg has d5i$ t he ref]s to ! ,regifugium at all4 ,he believes t ,plut>* is ?9k+ ( ! days m>k$ ,q4 ,r4 ,c4 ,f4 7,m>* #bd & ,may #bd71 on :i* ,v>ro says1 or seems to say1 t ! ,rex sacrorum sacrific$ 9 ! ,comitium#adhh2 & ?is may h be5 s1 = ! note 9 ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i on ,m>* #bd %[s t !re 0 a popul> mis9t]pretation ( ,q4 ,r4 ,c4 ,f41 :i* took ! lett]s to mean1 #8quod eo die ex comitio fug]it rex4' ,9 ?is confusion we c b appeal to ! ^w ,regifugium1 :i* is atta*$ to ,feb4 #bd only4 ,tak+ ?is toge!r ) ,plut>*'s /atem5t1 & rememb]+ ! great improbability ( ! hi/orical explanation be+ ! true "o1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ,momms5's completion ( ! passage 9 ,fe/us1 & 9 conclud+ t !re 0 really on ,feb4 #bd a flight ( ! ,rex aft] a sacrifice4 ,& ?is view is /r5g!n$ by ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( sac]dotal flights 9 anci5t & primitive religions4 ,^! 7 fir/ collect$ by ,lobeck#adhi1 & h ( late be5 treat$ ( & v>i\sly expla9$ by ,mannh>dt1 ,fraz]1 & ,rob]tson ,smi?#adij4 ,! be/ kn[n examples are ^? ( ! ,b\phonia 7#8ox murd]'7 at ,a!ns1 9 :i* e feature %[s t ! sla9 ox 0 reg>d$1 #8n m]ely z a victim (f]$ to a god1 b 9 itself a sacr$ creature1 ! slaught] ( :i* 0 sacrilege or murd]'#adia2 & ! sacrifice ( a bull-calf to ,dionysus at ,t5$os1 :]e ! prie/ 0 attack$ ) /ones1 & _h to flee = 8 life#adib4 ,we d n yet "k = c]ta9 :e!r ! orig9 ( ^! ideas is to be f\nd 9 totemism1 or 9 ! sanctity ( cattle 9 ! pa/oral age1 or 9 ! repres5tation ( ! _s ( vegetation 9 animal =m4 ,! second ( ^! explanations1 z elucidat$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 w\ld seem mo/ applicable to ! ,a!nian rite2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,roman "o1 we d n "k :at ! victim 04 ,x is also j possible1 z ,h>tung long ago sugge/$#adic1 t ! victim 0 a scapegoat c>ry+ away pollution1 & !re=e to be avoid$2 b ,i d n f9d any example ( flight f a scapegoat1 among ! _m in/ances collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] 7,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ahb foll474 ,,iii ,,kal4 ,,m>t4 7,,feb4 #bg74 ,,np4 ,,eq,,uirria4 7,,maff4 ,,ca]43 cp4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac74 ,we h no data :atev] = guess+ :y a horse-race %\ld take place on ! la/ day ( ,febru>y1 or :y !re %\ld be two days ( rac+1 ! second be+ ,m>* #ad4 ,?is has n1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ,hus*ke#adid f mak+ "s m>vell\s conjectures1 9 :i* +5uity & le>n+ h be5 utt]ly ?r[n away4 ,we saw#adie t ! olde/ races ( ?is k9d 7 connect$ ) h>ve/ rejoic+s2 & ,mannh>dt#adif sugge/$ t !y orig9at$ 9 ! desire to cat* ! _s ( vegetation 9 ! la/ %eaf or 9 "s animal =m4 ,races also occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe 9 ! spr+--e4 g4 at ! ,c>nival1 at ,ea/]1 & at ,:itsuntide2 & ( ^! he says t !y correspond ) ! o!rs1 & t ! idea at ! bottom ( !m is #8die ,vor/ellung des wetteif]nd5 ,frhl+se9zuges d] ,vegetationsdmon54' ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we _c b be puzzl$ by ! d\bl+ ( ! ,equirria1 & are tempt$ to ref] x to ! same cause z t ( ! ,salii & ,lup]ci#adig4 ,t bo? 7 connect$ ) ! cult ( ,m>s is almo/ beyond "q4 ,!y 7 held 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & 7 suppos$ to h be5 e/abli%$ by ,romulus 9 hon\r ( ,m>s#adih2 & we h already _h an example ( ! occurr5ce ( horses 9 ! ,m>s-cult4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! peculi> features ( ! wor%ip ( ,m>s began ev5 be=e ,m>* #a4 ,prell] notic$ ?is long ago#adii1 & sugge/$ t ev5 ! ,lup]calia & ! ,quir9alia h "s relation to ! ,m>s-cult1 & t ^! fall at ! "t :5 ! fir/ beg9n+s ( spr+ are felt--e4 g4 :5 ! fir/ swall[s arrive#aejj4 ,we may p]haps add ! appe>ance ( ! ,salii at ! ,regifugium to ^! =e%ad[+s ( ! ,m>* rites4 ,ovid seems to be> out ,prell] 9 8 l9es on ?is day#aeja3 ,iamque duae re/ant noctes de m5se secundo1 ,m>sque citos iunctis curribus urget equos3 ,ex v]o positum p]mansit ,equirria nom51 ,quae deus 9 ,campo prospicit ipse suo4 ,iuro v5is1 ,gradive4 ,locum tua tempora poseunt1 ,signatusque tuo nom9e m5sis ade/4 ,i may aptly add ,ovid's next c\plet1 n[ t we h at la/ rea*$ ! end ( ! ,roman ye>3-- ,v5imus 9 portum1 libro cum m5se p]acto4 ,naviget h9c alia iam mihi l9t] aqua4 ,footnote #acca3 ,paulus1 #he #8,quaecumque purgam5ti causa 9 quibusque sacrificiis adhib5tur1 februa appellantur4 ,id v]o quod purgatur1 dicitur februatum4' ,! v]b febru>e also occurs4 ,v>ro 7,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac7 says t februum 0 ! ,sab9e equival5t = purgam5tum3 #8,nam et ,lup]calia februatio1 ut 9 ,antiquitatum libris demon/ravi' 7cp4 #f4 #cd74 ,ovid r5d]s ! ^w by #8piam5' 7,fa/i1 #b4 #ai74 ,februus1 a div9ity1 is m5tion$ 9 ,macr4 #a4 #ac4 #c2 he is almo/ c]ta9ly a lat] inv5tion 7see ,lex4 ,my?4 s4 v474 ,! etymology ( ! ^w is unc]ta94 ,footnote #accb3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #bi4 ,cp4 ,colum4 xi4 #b2 & ! ru/ic cal5d>s4 ,footnote #accc3 ,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a4 #bh4 ,see above1 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #accd3 ,?is is v di/9ctly /at$ by ,cic]o 7de ,legibus1 #a4 #ad4 #dj #8,9 deos impietatum nulla expiatio e/'3 cp4 #b4 #i4 #bb #8,sacrum commissum quod neque expi>i pot]it1 impie commissum e/'74 ,ev5 ! sailor 9 ,horace's ode 7#a4 #bh71 ^: duty does n seem exactly b9d+1 is told1 if he omits x1 #8teque piacula nulla resolv5t4' ,on ! g5]al "q1 cp4 ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 #bdf2 & ,m>q4 #beg4 ,! pontifex ,scaevola #8assev]abat prud5tem expi>i non posse' 7,macrob4 #a4 #af4 #aj74 ,ovid's acc\nt 7,fa/i1 #b4 #ce foll47 is t ( a layman & a mod]n1 b n less int]e/+ = t reason4 ,footnote #acce3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cj #8,praetor qui tum 7i4e4 die nefa/o7 fatus e/1 si imprud5s fecit1 piacul>i ho/ia facta piatur2 si prud5s dixit1 ,q4 ,mucius ambigebat eum expi>i ut impium non posse4' ,footnote #accf3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #cc4 ,footnote #accg3 ,ib4 #ca4 ,footnote #acch3 ,see ,m>q4 #bei2 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,les ,pontifes1 #aja foll4 ,footnote #acci3 ,m>q4 #ahj1 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 #agh4 ,footnote #acdj3 ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #acda3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ai foll4 ,footnote #acdb3 ,?is difficult l9e has occasion$ mu* conjecture1 & seems /ill inexplicable4 ,see ,m]kel1 ,fa/i1 clxvi foll42 & ,de-,m>*i1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #acdc3 ,au/1 ,de ,a$ibus sacris1 pp4 #ba1 #de1 #dh4 ,on ?is la/ page are "s useful rem>ks on ! dang] ( draw+ conclusions z to ! indig5\s or =eign orig9 ( deities f ! position ( _! temples inside or outside ! pomo]ium4 ,footnote #acdd3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ee foll4 ,footnote #acde3 ,livy1 #cc4 #db2 #cd4 #ec4 ,jordan1 9 ,comm5tationes 9 hon4 ,momms4 #cei foll42 ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #acdf3 ,see ,dict4 ( ,antiq4 s4v4 sacra4 ,fe/4 #bde a #8,publica sacra1 quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt3 quaeque pro montibus1 pagis1 curiis1 sacellis4' ,footnote #acdg3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ebg4 ,see "u ,quir9alia4 ,footnote #acdh3 ,see on ,april #ae4 ,!re mu/ h be5 at "o "t a t5d5cy to amalgamate ! two k9ds ( sacra publica4 ,! argei 7 also att5d$ by ,pontifices & ,ve/als4 ,i %\ld conjecture t ! ,pontifices claim$ sup]vision ov] rites 9 :i* !y _h orig9ally no (ficial locus /&i1 & br\ght ! ,ve/als ) !m4 ,footnote #acdi3 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t4 iii4 #a4 #hi foll4 ,footnote #acej3 1 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #bc2 ,fe/4 #agd b2 ,m>q4 #aie4 ,footnote #acea3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #bc4 ,footnote #aceb3 ,ib4 #b4 #ej4 ,! ,lat9 words are f ,paul1 #fd4 ,footnote #acec3 ,jordan1 on ,prell]1 i4 #bgh note4 ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 #eif4 ,curis ha/a 9 ,sab9e2 ,fe/4 #di2 ,ros*]1 l4 c42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #dgg4 ,footnote #aced3 ,cp4 ! p>t+ ( ! bride's hair ) a spe>1 ,m>q4 vii4 #dd & note #e2 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #hg2 ,btti*]1 ,baumkultus1 #dhe2 ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #dfi4 ,footnote #acee3 ,! same connexion betwe5 curiae & ! arm$ deity ( ! female pr9ciple is f\nd at ,tibur 7,s]v4 ,a54 #a4 #ag71 #89 sacris ,tiburtibus sic precantur3 ,iuno curritis 7sic7 tuo curru clipeoque tu]e meos curiae v]nulas1' ,jordan1 9 ,h]mes1 #h4 #bag foll4 ,possibly also at ,lanuvium 7,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 #eie74 ,footnote #acef3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #hc & #aee2 ,m>q4 #aie4 ,footnote #aceg3 ,?is has be5 done by ,o4 ,gilb]t 7,ges*4 und ,topogr4 #b1 #abi foll471 an au?or :o is n (t5 s helpful4 ,he is foll[$ by ,/eud+1 9 ,lex4 ,my?4 s4 v4 ,=nax4 ,footnote #aceh3 ,paul4 #ic 7cp4 #hc71 #8,=nacalia f]iae in/itutae sunt f>ris torr5di gratia quod ad =nacem quae 9 pi/r9is erat sacrificium fi]i solebat4' ,dionysius 0 probably ref]r+ to ?is :5 he wrote 7#b4 #bc7 t he _h himself se5 anci5t wood5 tables spread ) rude cakes ( primitive fa%ion 9 baskets & di%es ( primitive make4 ,he also m5tions 7cp4 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #ebj71 :i* might inde$ sugge/ a fea/ ( curiae at a diff]5t "t ( ye>4 ,= ! f>1 see ,m>q4 vii4 #cii foll4 ,! cakes 7 februa1 accord+ to ,ovid2 see above1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #acei3 ,comp4 ,ovid1 l4 c4 ) ,fe/4 #bed2 ,paul4 #caf2 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac2 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #hi4 ,footnote #acfj3 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #h2 ,lange1 ,rm4 ,alt4 #a4 #b4 #bde4 ,footnote #acfa3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ebg foll4 ,footnote #acfb3 ,t x 0 s is prov$ by ,fe/4 #bed1 & ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac4 ,x mu/ h be5 a cu/om fairly well fix$4 ,footnote #acfc3 ii4 #i4 ,footnote #acfd3 #b4 #bc1 1 c4 ,footnote #acfe3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ebe4 ,:at does ,ovid mean by fruges8 ,footnote #acff3 ,paul4 #ic1 quot$ above2 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #ebe4 ,=nax z a _s may be at lea/ z old z ^? ( o!r p>ts ( ! h\se1 ,janus1 ,ve/a1 ,lim5t9us1 c4 ,footnote #acfg3 ,momms51 ,rm4 ,=s*ung51 i4 #adi foll4 ,footnote #acfh3 ,lydus1 de ,m5s4 #d4 #bd4 ,lydus gives ! #bbnd z ! f9al day2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #efi1 gives ! #ba/ 7,f]alia74 ,footnote #acfi3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #dj4 ,footnote #acgj3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,i4 #cji3 cf4 #big 7,introduction1 p4 #i74 ,! ,lup]calia 7#ae?7 is an exception2 b = reasons connect$ ) t fe/ival4 ,! #ba/ 7,f]alia7 is ,f ,p 7,ca]47 ,f 7,maff474 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #aj4 ,f ,p1 accord+ to ,momms51 fa/us pr9cipio4 ,footnote #acga3 ,if ,ovid reflects x rightly 9 ,fa/i1 #e4 #dai foll4 ,cp4 ,porph4 on ,hor4 ,ep4 #b4 #b4 #bji4 ,see on ,lemuria1 above1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #acgb3 ,on ! va/ subject ( ! jus ,manium & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! works t may be consult$3 ,m>q4 #cjg foll41 & vii4 #cej foll42 ,de-,m>*i1 ,il ,culto ,privato1 p4 #ahj foll42 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 articles ,manes & ,inf]i2 ,b\*-,lecl]eq1 ,pontifes1 #adg foll42 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #fcj foll4 ,two old treatises /ill =m ! basis ( our k3 ,gu!rius1 de iure ,manium1 9 ,graevius' ,!saurus1 vol4 xii42 & ,kir*mann1 de ,fun]ibus 7#afje74 ,valuable matt] has /ill to be collect$ 7= lat] times7 f ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum4 ,footnote #acgc3 ,?is 0 ! univ]sal practice 9 ,italy f ! e>lie/ times1 s f> z we h z yet le>nt f excavations4 ,= ! "q :e!r burial 9 or close to ! h\se1 or )9 ! city walls1 prec$$ burial 9 necropoleis1 see ,classical ,review1 = ,febru>y1 #ahig1 p4 #cb foll4 ,s]vius 7,ad ,a54 #e4 #fd2 #f4 #aeb2 cp4 ,isidorus1 #ae4 ii4 #a7 tells u t !y once buri$ 9 ! h\se1 & !re 7 facts t might sugge/ ?is 9 ! cult ( ! ,l>es1 & 9 ! private gho/-driv+ ( ! ,lemuria2 b we _c prove x1 & x is n true ( ! ,romans at any p]iod4 ,n ev5 ! well-kn[n law ( ! ,,xii ,tables c prove t burial ev] regul>ly took place )9 ! exi/+ walls ( a city4 ,footnote #acgd3 ,cic4 ,de ,legg4 #b4 #dh4 ,cp4 ,virg4 ,a54 #e4 #di3 ,iamque dies1 ni fallor1 ade/1 qu]n semp] ac]bum1 ,semp] honoratum--sic di volui/is--habebo4 ,footnote #acge3 ,m>q4 #caa foll4 ,footnote #acgf3 ,purpureosque iacit flores1 ,virg4 ,a54 #e4 #gi4 ,cp4 ,cic4 pro ,flacco1 #ch4 #ie4 ,footnote #acgg3 ,a5eidea1 #c4 #ae4 ,he well comp>es ,lucan1 #i4 #iij4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #ccb4 ,a5eas is "h1 z always1 ! true type ( ! practical ,roman4 ,footnote #acgh3 ,m>q4 #caa & reff4 ,footnote #acgi3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fag foll4 ,among ! cal5d>s x is only m5tion$ 9 ^? ( ,philocalus & ,silvius1 & 9 ! ru/ic cal5d>s4 ,val]ius ,maximus is ! next writ] aft] ,ovid :o m5tions x3 #b4 #a4 #h4 ,cp4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 vi4 #ajbcd4 ,m>tial calls x #8lux prop9quorum' 7#i4 #ee1 cp4 #ed74 ,= an int]e/+ conjecture z to ! special mean+ ( c>us1 see ,lattes quot$ 9 ,de-,m>*i1 op4 cit4 #bad1 note #b4 ,footnote #achj3 ,val4 ,max4 l4 c4 & ,silvius' ,cal5d>4 ,footnote #acha3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fbc1 ,innocui v5iant3 procul h9c1 procul impius e/o ,frat]1 et 9 p>tus mat] ac]ba suos4 ,footnote #achb3 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fcc-fcd4 ,on su* occasions ! ,l>es 7 clo!d 9 tunics girt at ! lo9s2 see a figure ( a ,l> on an alt> f ,ca]e 9 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml]1 vol4 i4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #achc3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ega foll4 ,footnote #achd3 ,l9e #ehc4 ,see ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,dea ,muta4 ,footnote #ache3 ,see e4 g4 ,crooke1 ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 *4 #e 7! ,black ,art71 & especially pp4 #bfd foll4 ,footnote #achf3 ,see e4 g4 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman rema9s 9 popul> leg5d1 pp4 #c & #aie foll4 ,footnote #achg3 ,! *ief attempts are ^? ( ,ung]1 9 ,rhe94 ,mus41 #ahha1 p4 #ej1 & ,mannh>dt 9 8 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 pp4 #gb-aee4 ,! =m] is +5i\s1 b unsatisfactory 9 _m ways2 ! latt] consci5ti\s1 & valuable z a /udy 9 folk-lore1 :e!r its imm$iate conclusions be "r or wrong4 ,see also ,s*wegl]1 ,r4 ,g4 i4 #cef foll42 ,prell]1 i4 #chg foll42 & article s4 v4 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities 7#bnd edition72 ,m>q4 #ddb foll4 ,! anci5t au?orities are ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #cb4 #e1 #gi1 #hj2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #bfg foll42 ,plut>*1 ,caes4 #fa1 ,rom4 #ba2 ,val4 ,max4 #b4 #b4 #i2 ,prop]t4 #e4 7#d47 #a4 #bf2 & _m o!r passages :i* w be ref]r$ to :5 necess>y4 ,footnote #achh3 ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #cb4 #e4 ,footnote #achi3 ,jordan1 ,kritis*e ,beitrge1 #afd foll4 ,ung]'s attempt1 aft] ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #cdc4 to d]ive ! ^w f luo 7#8to purify'7 is g5]ally reject$4 ,footnote #acij3 ,wiss[a1 ,lex4 7s4 v4 ,lup]cus7 takes ! latt] view1 b rightly1 z ,i ?9k1 rejects ! deity4 ,footnote #acia3 ,virg4 ,a54 #h4 #fcj #8,mavortis 9 antro4' ,ros*]1 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,m>s1 #bchh2 ,prell]1 i4 #ccd4 ,footnote #acib3 ,plut4 ,rom4 #ba4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! goats1 he says1 7cp4 ,q4 ,r4 iii74 ,footnote #acic3 ,m>q4 #afe4 ,see above1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #acid3 ,s ,val4 ,max4 l4c4 ,f ,ovid's v]sion ( ! aetiological /ory ( ,romulus & ,remus 7,fa/i1 #b4 #cga foll47 we might inf] t ! fea/+ took place aft] ! runn+4 ,footnote #acie3 #8,cornip$i ,fauno caesa de m capella' 7,fa/i1 #b4 #cfa74 ,cp4 #e4 #aja4 ,s ,plut4 ,rom4 l4 c4 ,footnote #acif3 ,livy1 #a4 #e4 ,ung] 7p4 #ga foll47 has mu* to say ab\t ,inuus 9 ! wor/ /yle ( ,g]man pseudo-rese>*4 ,see ,lex4 s4 v4 7,/eud+74 ,footnote #acig3 ,s*wegl]1 i4 #cea foll42 ,ju/91 #dc4 #a4 ,i _h long ago arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 & 0 glad to see x sanction$ by ,wiss[a 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,lup]cus4 ,footnote #acih3 ,a54 #h4 #cdc3 ! only reason giv5 is t ! goat 0 ,lib]'s victim4 ,footnote #acii3 ,arnobius1 #b4 #bc4 ,see ,mannh>dt1 #he2 ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #ab4 ,footnote #adjj3 ,s*wegl]1 i4 #ced foll43 ! g5]al result is giv5 9 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,ev&]1 vol4 #a4 #acie4 ,ev&] himself ,faunus4 ,x is possible t !re may be "s basis ( tru? 9 ! ,arcadian leg5d3 we await fur!r ar*aeological inquiry4 ,footnote #adja3 ,see on ,dec4 #e2 & ,lex4 s4 v4 ,faunus1 p4 #adeh4 ,footnote #adjb3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #b4 #cea4 ,! :ole passage is v int]e/+4 ,see on ,dec4 #ba2 & ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,pontifes1 #bh & #di4 ,footnote #adjc3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #bhb2 ,m>q4 #ddc4 ,footnote #adjd3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #aaa2 ,gell4 #aj4 #ae2 ,arnob4 #g4 #ba4 ,footnote #adje3 ,rom4 #ba3 quot$ above1 p4 #caa4 ,val4 ,max4 l4 c4 seems also to imply x3 #8,facto sacrificio caesisque capris1 epul>um hil>itate ac v9o l>giore provecti1 divisa pa/orali turba1 c9cti pellibus immolat>um ho/i>um1 iocantes obvios petiv]unt4' ,footnote #adjf3 ,ev5 ?is po9t is n q c]ta92 b see ,h>tung1 ,rel4 d] ,rm]1 ii4 #agh1 & ,mannh>dt1 #gh4 ,footnote #adjg3 ,ox1 %eep & pig 7 ! usual victims2 ! dog 0 only (f]$ to ,robigus 7see on ,april #be71 to ! ,l>es ,prae/ites & to ,mana ,g5eta2 ! goat only to ,bac*us & ,aesculapius1 =eign deities 7,m>q4 #agb74 ,! goat-sk9 ( ,juno ,sospita is c]ta9ly ,greek3 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuno1 #eie4 ,! goat 0 a special ,hebrew piaculum 7,rob]tson ,smi?1 #ddh2 cf4 #dec74 ,footnote #adjh3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 #cgi4 ,footnote #adji3 ,ib4 #cha4 ,footnote #adaj3 ,rom4 #ba 1 ' 4 4 ,footnote #adaa3 ,s ,s*wegl]4 l4 c4 & reff4 9 ,m>q4 #ddc notes #aa-ac4 ,dion4 ,hal4 7#a4 #cb7 comp>$ ! human sacrifice 9 ! cult ( ,zeus ,lycaeus 9 ,arcadia4 ,see ,f>nell1 ,cults1 i4 #dj foll4 ,footnote #adab3 ,we ought to h ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,lup]calia if we are to expla9 x rightly2 x is impossible to guess ?r\gh :at /ages & *anges x may h pass$4 ,footnote #adac3 #d4 #dgh 7quot$ 9 a valuable section 7#bc7 ( ,h]mann's ,gottesdi5/li*e ,alt]?m] d] ,grie*574 ,footnote #adad3 ,= examples ( ?is idea see "u ,feb4 #bd 7,regifugium72 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 #bhf2 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #eh foll4 ,footnote #adae3 ,x may inde$ be misrepres5t$ by ,plut>* 7:o is ! only writ] :o m5tions x71 & may h be5 orig9ally an 4 ,= ! confusion ( m\rnful & joyful cries at a sacrifice see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 #daa4 ,footnote #adaf3 ,rob]tson ,smi? notes 7p4 #cif7 t "y m51 or r lads1 occur z sacrific]s 9 ,exodus xxiv4 #e4 ,footnote #adag3 p4 #ia foll4 ,footnote #adah3 ,mannh>dt is n lucid on ?is po9t2 he 0 evid5tly 9 difficulties 7pp4 #ig-ii74 ,he seems cle> t ! application ( ! blood produces an id5tity betwe5 victim & y\?s2 b 9 simil> cases x is n ?r\gh dea? t victim1 god1 & prie/ become id5tical1 b ?r\gh ! life-giv+ virtue ( ! blood4 ,! blood-application mu/ surely mean ! acquisition ( new life2 b he makes x symbolic ( dea?4 ,footnote #adai3 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bdb4 ,footnote #adbj3 ,mannh>dt seems to h felt ?is difficulty 7p4 #hf71 & to h tri$ to ov]come x1 b )\t success4 ,footnote #adba3 ,i "h omit ! fea/+1 z x is by no means c]ta9 at :at po9t ( "t x took place4 ,if ! victims !mselves 7 eat51 x w\ld be "p ( ! sacrificial act & w\ld prec$e ! runn+2 b ?is is n common 9 ! case ( su* piacula1 & "o victim1 we mu/ rememb]1 0 a dog4 ,x is m likely t ,val4 ,max4 is "h wrong 7see above1 p4 #caa1 note #f74 ,footnote #adbb3 ,see ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 #cah foll41 & = o!r examples1 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a foll42 ,prell]-,rob]t1 ,grie*4 ,my?4 i4 #add 7,zeus-fe/ival on ,pelion74 ,footnote #adbc3 ,aft] ,s*wegl]1 i4 #cfa2 reject$ by ,m>q4 7#dci1 note #d74 ,footnote #adbd3 p4 #aja4 ,! #8wolves' repres5t ( c\rse ! ,palat9e city4 ,footnote #adbe3 ,see 8 em95tly mode/ & s5sible rem>ks at ! end ( 8 #e? section1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #adbf3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #daf foll42 ,encycl4 ,brit4 art4 #8,sacrifice'2 & = ! ,lup]calia1 ,academy1 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahhh1 :]e a totemi/ic orig9 is sugge/$4 ,footnote #adbg3 ,see also ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph4 pp4 #ahc-f2 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 #agg 7cp4 #ajf7 & reff41 #bac2 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 art4 #8,sacrificium1' p4 #ehd4 ,footnote #adbh3 ,fe/us1 p4 #eg #8,creppos1 id e/ lup]cos1 dicebant a crepitu pellicul>um1' c4 ,footnote #adbi3 ,prell]1 i4 #chi4 ,on ?is ,jordan has add$ no comm5t4 ,footnote #adcj3 ,ann4 #ab4 #bd2 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 i4 #afc foll41 has exam9$ ,tacitus's acc\nt ) great c>e4 ,tacitus />ts ! pomo]ium f ! ,=um bo>ium1 :ile ,dionysius & ,plut>* />t ! runn]s f ! ,lup]cal2 b ! two are close toge!r4 ,footnote #adca3 ,! read+ is n q c]ta92 ! ,,mss4 h #8,l>um de =umque4' ,footnote #adcb3 ,! ,sacellum ,l>um has g5]ally be5 suppos$ to be t 9 summa sacra via 7,jordan1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bfi74 ,kiep]t & ,huels5 make x ! sacellum or ara ,l>um prae/itum at ! head ( ! ,vicus ,tuscus4 ,footnote #adcc3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #cd4 ,momms5 propos$ #8a regibus ,romanis mo5ibus c9ctum4' ,b x is saf] to keep to ! ,,ms4 read+ & make ! be/ ( x4 ,jordan sees 9 ! words a #8scurril\s' allusion to ! lup]ci4 ,footnote #adcd3 ,= mod]n practices ( ! k9d 9 ,engl& see ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 *4 #cf2 & = ,ox=d1 p4 #bji4 ,z ,br& puts x1 ! beat]s 7i4 e4 m9i/]s1 *ur*w>d5s1 c471 #8beg a bless+ on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & pres]ve ! rights & b\nd>ies ( _! p>i%4' ,! analogy ) ! old ,italian processions is v close4 ,footnote #adce3 ,s ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 #f4 #aicc #8lup]cus ,qu9ctialis vetus4' ,see ,momms51 ,=s*4 i4 #aag4 ,ung]1 h[ev] 7p4 #ef foll471 argues = ! =m ,qu9tilianus1 z x appe>s 9 ,fe/4 #hg1 & ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #cgh2 & also d5ies t ! names indicate g5tile prie/hoods4 ,b 8 argum5ts dep5d on a d\btful etymology4 ,see ,m>q4 #ddj1 note4 ,footnote #adcf3 ,liv4 #e4 #df4 ,momms5 connects ! "n ,kaeso1 :i* is f\nd 9 bo? g5tes1 ) ! cutt+ ( ! /rips at ! ,lup]calia4 ,! ,fabii 9 ,ovid's /ory 7#cfa foll47 are l$ by ,remus1 & ! ,qu9tilii by ,romulus4 ,footnote #adcg3 ,see "u ,m>* #a1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #adch3 ,s ,mannh>dt1 #aja1 :o tries to expla9 x z we h se54 ,footnote #adci3 ,gilb]t1 ,ges*4 und ,topogr4 i4 #hf1 note1 tries to make out t ! ,fabii belong$ to ! ,palat9e prop]2 & ! o!r guild1 n to ! ,quir9al1 b to ! ,c]malus1 & ?us also to acc\nt = ! fact t 9 ,ovid's /ory ! ,fabii come fir/ to ! fea/2 b all ?is is pure guesswork4 ,footnote #addj3 ,plut4 ,rom4 #ba & ,caes4 #fa2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #dbe foll42 ,paul4 #eg2 ,liv4 fragm4 #ab 7,madvig72 ,s]v4 ,a54 #h4 #cdc4 ,all ^! passages make x cle> t ! object 0 to procure f]tility 9 wom54 ,nic4 ,damasc41 ,vita ,caes>is #ba1 does n specify wom5 7cp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 #a4 #hj74 ,footnote #adda3 ,liv4 l4 c4 & ,s]v4 l4 c4 are explicit on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #addb3 ,op4 cit4 #aac foll4 & 8 ,baumkultus1 p4 #bea foll4 7see also ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bad & #bcb foll474 ,an example ( ! same k9d ( practice 9 ,india is 9 ,crooke1 ,religion & ,folklore1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajj4 ,see "u ,may #a 7,bona ,dea71 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #addc3 ,!y 7 also call$ #8amiculum ,iunonis' 7,fe/4 #he3 cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #dbg foll472 ,juno "h1 z s (t51 repres5t+ ! female pr9ciple4 ,f>nell 7,cults1 i4 #ajj7 aptly comp>es ) ?is ! ,a!nian cu/om ( c>ry+ ,a!na's aegis r\nd ,a!ns1 & tak+ x into ! h\ses ( m>ri$ wom54 ,footnote #addd3 ,lactantius1 ,in/4 #a4 #ba4 #de1 describes !m z #8nudi1 uncti1 coronati1 p]sonati1 aut luto obliti currunt'2 b we h no c]ta9 confirmation f e>li] s\rces except z to ! nak$ness 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 #b4 #bfg74 ,footnote #adde3 #8,iocantes obvios petiv]unt' 7,val4 ,max474 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #adj foll4 ,footnote #addf3 ,mon4 ,ancyr4 iv4 #b2 ,m>q4 #ddf4 ,footnote #addg3 ,b>onius1 ,annal4 ,eccles4 viii4 #fj foll4 ,footnote #addh3 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus sacris1 p4 #aa2 ,jordan1 ,eph4 ,epigr4 iii4 #bch4 ,footnote #addi3 e4 g4 ,cic4 ad ,qu9t4 ,fratr4 #b4 #c4 #b4 ,footnote #adej3 ,see o!r ref]5ces 9 ,prell]1 i4 #cgd1 note4 ,ambros* 7,/udi51 #afi1 note #ej7 obs]ves t ,cic]o 7de ,(f4 #c4 #aj7 writes ) a trace ( scepticism3 #8,romulus fratre int]empto s9e controv]sia peccavit1 pace vel ,quir9i vel ,romuli dix]im4' ,footnote #adea3 ,see ,jordan on ,prell]1 i4 #cfi4 ,! article #8,quir9us' 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 has n yet appe>$ z ,i write4 ,footnote #adeb3 ,/udi51 #afi4 ,footnote #adec3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #da vi4 #dge & i4 #fcj vi4 #efe4 ,! old] "o is attribut$ by ,momms5 to ! consul ,p4 ,cornelius ( ,b4,c4 #bcf3 #8,p4 ,cornelios ,l4 f4 cosol probavit ,m>te sacrom4' ,! o!r1 #8,quir9o ,l4 ,aimilius ,l4 f4 praitor1' mu/ be set d[n to an ,aemilius praetor 9 #bjd1 #aia1 or #aij4 ,! inf]5ce is t ,m>s became kn[n z ,quir9us 9 t spot at ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! leg5d>y smi?1 ,mamurius1 _h a /atue on ! ,quir9al 7,jord4 ,top4 ii4 #abe74 ,footnote #aded3 ,?is is mu* :at ,dion4 ,hal4 #b4 #dh says 0 "o view held 9 8 "t3 4 ,footnote #adee3 ,see on ,jan4 #i4 ,fe/4 #bed4 ,footnote #adef3 ,gilb]t1 i4 #bhc1 po9ts out t 9 ! ,argean it9]>y 7,jord4 ,top4 ii4 #bcg foll47 "o ( ! divisions ( ! ,quir9al be>s ! "n1 & inf]s ! gradual spread ( ! cult ( ,quir9us ov] ! :ole hill2 b he insi/s t x 0 introduc$ f ! ,palat9e4 ,! g5]al result ( 8 wild b +5i\s comb9ations is to inf] a religi\s conque/ ( ! ,quir9al f ! ,palat9e4 ,footnote #adeg3 ,au/1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aa & #cc4 ,momms51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #caj1 takes ! "o ( unkn[n date z ! old]4 ,footnote #adeh3 ,au/1 op4 cit4 #ea1 :]e = ,liv4 #d4 #ba read ,liv4 #e4 #dj4 ,footnote #adei3 ,prell]1 i4 #cef4 ,footnote #adfj3 ,q4 ,r4 #df2 ,ennius ap4 ,nonium #abj2 ,gell4 #ac4 #bc4 ,footnote #adfa3 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 #ae4 #abj4 ,footnote #adfb3 i4 #cgc4 ,footnote #adfc3 ,see "u ,april #be1 ,aug4 #ba1 ,dec4 #bc4 ,m>q4 #cce2 ,s*wegl]1 i4 #ccd4 ,footnote #adfd3 ,liv4 #e4 #dj1 #g & #h4 ,footnote #adfe3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac4 ,accord+ to ,macrob4 7#a4 #ac4 #ae7 ! five la/ days ( ,febru>y 7 add$ aft] ! int]calation1 9 ord] t ,m>* might foll[ on ,feb41 & n on ! int]calat$ days4 ,footnote #adff3 ,h4 ,n4 #ah4 #h4 ,see above1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #adfg3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fdc foll4 ,footnote #adfh3 ,te duo div]sa dom9i pro p>te coronant1 ,b9aque s]ta tibi b9aque liba f]unt4 ,footnote #adfi3 ,?is mu/ be a son ( ! family4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ?is *>m+ picture ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,rex1 ! ,reg9a sacrorum1 ! flam9es1 & ! ,ve/al ,virg9s4 ,/at pu] et manibus lata cani/ra t5et4 ,inde ubi t] fruges m$ios immisit 9 ignes1 ,porrigit incisos filia p>va favos4 ,de-,m>*i1 p4 #bca1 gives a cut ( a pa9t+ at ,h]culaneum :i* may repres5t a sc5e ( ?is k9d4 ,footnote #adgj3 ,gromatici vet]es1 i4 #ada4 ,see ,rudorff 9 vol4 ii4 #bcf = an int]e/+ discussion ( ! religio t]m9orum & its e?ical & legal results4 ,footnote #adga3 ,rudorff1 l4 c4 #bcg4 ,footnote #adgb3 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 #adi4 ,footnote #adgc3 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahg foll4 ,footnote #adgd3 ,see "u ,septemb]1 p4 #bbi foll4 ,i may "h notice ! v curi\s #8oraculum' 9 ,grom4 ,vet4 p4 #cej 7ex libris ,vegoiae7 :i* connects ,jupit] ) ! introduction ( t]m9i 9 ,etruria4 ,footnote #adge3 he is call$ by ,dion4 ,hal4 7#b4 #gd71 :]e ! cult is ascrib$ to ,numa4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates i4 #aei4 ,footnote #adgf3 ,au/1 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 v4 ,iuppit]1 #ffh4 ,footnote #adgg3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #ffg2 ,liv4 #a4 #ee2 ,s]v4 ,a54 #i4 #ddh4 ,augu/9e1 ,c4 ,d4 #d4 #bc1 adds ,m>s1 & ,dion4 ,hal4 #c4 #fi ,iuv5tus to ,t]m9us1 :o c\ld n be #8exauguratus4' ,footnote #adgh3 ,s]v4 ,a54 #i4 #ddh #8,unde 9 ,capitolio prona p>s tecti patet1 quae lapidem ipsum ,t]m9i spectat4' ,?is is ! #8,capitoli immobile saxum' ( ,virgil2 see above1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #adgi3 ,ovid1 l4 c4 #fga4 ,footnote #adhj3 ,see above1 p4 #adj4 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #e4 #ff4 ,footnote #adha3 ,plut4 ,q4 ,r4 #bh4 ,footnote #adhb3 ,ambros*1 ,/udi51 #aii foll4 ,footnote #adhc3 ,x w\ld exactly correspond to ! spot ( sacr$ gr\nd on :i* ! t]m9us-/one /ood betwe5 two prop]ties 7,rudorff1 l4 c74 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is wor? not+1 ! sacrifices & sacrific]s are d\bles1 z ) ! ,salii1 ,lup]ci1 c1 ( ! two ,roman settlem5ts4 ,mr4 ,grang] 7,wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 #afc7 sugge/s t ?is /one 0 #8a relic f ! orig9al dwell]s by ! ,tib]1' i4e4 pre-,roman4 ,b ! "q is1 ,h[ did ! ,romans come to associate x ) ,t]m9us8 ,footnote #adhd3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #fhe foll4 ,he is probably foll[+ ,v>ro & common op9ion1 :i* latt] ,v]rius ref]s to 7,paul4 #bgi7 #8,regifugium sacrum dicebant1 quo die rex ,t>qu9ius fug]it e ,roma4' ,! ^w dicebant seems to %[ t ?is 0 n ,v]rius' own op9ion4 ,footnote #adhe3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 i4 #bhi4 ,?is gloss is no d\bt ! equival5t 9 ,fe/us to t ( ,paulus j quot$2 b ! lead+ ^w ,regifugium is lo/4 ,i h only quot$ s mu* z is ne$$ = our purpose4 ,= o!r completions ( ! gloss see ,mll]1 ,fe/us1 l4 c1 & ,hus*ke1 ,rm4 ,jahr1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #adhf3 ,if ?is gloss really ref]s to ,feb4 #bd1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,salii is difficult to acc\nt =1 z _! p]iod ( activity beg9s 9 ,m>*4 ,fraz] 9 an int]e/+ note 7,g4 ,b4 ii4 #baj7 sugge/s t ! use ( ! ,salii 0 to drive away evil demons2 if ! ,regifugium 0 a solemn piaculum1 & ! victim a scapegoat1 ?is explanation might s]ve = ,feb4 #bd4 ,footnote #adhg3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #aff foll4 ,footnote #adhh3 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ca1 :]e ,hirs*feld has conjectur$ #8litat ad comitium' = ! ,,ms4 #8dicat4' ,footnote #adhi3 ,aglaophamus1 #fgf4 ,footnote #adij3 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #eh foll42 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ce foll42 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #bhf foll4 ,cp4 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 ii4 #bcc foll4 ,see also ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 i4 #hh foll41 :o agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,footnote #adia3 ,fraz]1 l4 c4 ,footnote #adib3 ,aelian1 ,n4 ,a4 #ab4 #cd4 ,footnote #adic3 ,relig4 d] ,rm]1 ii4 #ce4 ,cp4 ,gilb]t1 i4 #cdc1 note4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,salii 7see above1 p4 #cbh71 if a fact1 w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ?is explanation4 ,footnote #adid3 ,rm4 ,jahr1 #aii4 ,footnote #adie3 ,see on ,aug4 #ba 7,consualia74 ,footnote #adif3 ,my?4 ,=s*4 #agj foll42 ,baumkultus1 #chb foll4 ,footnote #adig3 ,?is1 ?\gh ) impossible comb9ations1 is :at ,hus*ke does 7#aii1 note #ec74 ,feb4 #bg is ! ,roman1 ,m>* #ad ! ,quir9al ,equirria1 9 8 view4 ,t ! ,quir9alia falls 9 ,febru>y may p]haps give "s support to ! view4 ,footnote #adih3 ,v>ro1 ,l4 ,l4 #f4 #ac2 ,fe/4 #ha4 ,see "u ,oct4 #ae4 ,footnote #adii3 i4 #cfa4 ,footnote #aejj3 ,s ,ovid1 on ,feb4 #bf1 writes 7#b4 #hec72 ,fallimur1 an v]is pra5untia v5it hirundo1 ,et metuit ne qua v]sa recurrat hiems8 ,?is w\ld be e>ly n[ = c5tral ,italy2 b ,columella1 #aa4 #b1 gives ,feb4 #bc z ! date4 ,footnote #aeja3 ,fa/i1 #b4 #heg foll4 ,,conclusion ,at ! end ( ! introductory *apt] a promise 0 made t :5 we _h complet$ ! r\nd ( ! ye>1 we w\ld sum up our results1 sket* 9 outl9e ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s ideas1 & e/imate ! influ5ce ( all ?is elaborate c]emonial on ! life & "* ( ! ,roman p4 ,?is und]tak+ ,i mu/ n[ endeav\r to fulfil1 ?\gh ) d\bt & diffid5ce2 = ev5 aft] ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,cal5d>1 bo? ! "* & ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religi\s sy/em mu/ /ill 9 great degree rema9 a my/]y4 ,) su* k h[ev] z may h be5 glean$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! read] may be able to appreciate or criticize a few conclusions ( a m g5]al "*4 ,! ,roman religion has be5 ably discuss$ 9 g5]al t]ms by sev]al writ]s ( note 9 ! c5tury j clos+4 ,momms5's *apt]s 9 ! e>ly books ( 8 ,roman ,hi/ory are famili> to e "o4 ,! introduction to ,m>qu>dt's volume on our subject is indisp5sable2 & ,prell]1 less exact p]haps1 b m sympa!tic & inspir+1 /ill holds ! field ) ! op5+ *apt]s ( 8 "w on ,roman ,my?ology4 ,to ^! classical works may be add$ ! section on ! ,roman religion 9 ! second volume ( ! ,religionsges*i*te ( ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1 & ! fir/ *apt] ( ,boissi]'s "w on ! ,roman religion f ,augu/us onw>ds4 ,pr(essor ,grang]'s ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans also conta9s "h & !re "s sugge/ive rem>ks1 ?\gh z a rule ^! are n bas$ ^u any elaborate inve/igation ( ! cult4 ,la/ly ,i may m5tion a small b valuable treatise1 publi%$ z long ago z #ahcg by ,leopold ,krahn]1 on ! hi/ory ( ! decay ( ! ,roman religion d[n to ! "t ( ,augu/us1 :i* fell into my h&s _m ye>s ago1 & is 9 almo/ e s5t5ce ( value to ! /ud5t ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,9 all ^! works ! "o po9t insi/$ on at ! outset is ?is3 t ! ,romans 7 m int]e/$ 9 ! cult ( _! deities1 t is1 9 ! ritual & r\t9e by :i* !y c\ld be rightly & successfully propitiat$1 ?an 9 ! "* & p]sonality ( ! deities !mselves4 ,?is is inde$ a tru? :i* has be5 abundantly borne out 9 our exam9ation ( ! ,cal5d>1 & might be fur!r illu/rat$ 9 almo/ e public act ( proc$ure 9 ! ,roman ,/ate4 ,cic]o himself expresses x well 9 ! second book ( 8 ,de ,natura ,deorum 7#b4 #c4 #h7 #8,si conf]re volumus no/ra cum ext]nis1 cet]is rebus aut p>es aut etiam inf]iores rep]iemur1 religione1 id e/ cultu deorum1 multo sup]iores4' ,! second book ( 8 "w ,de ,legibus is also an invaluable witness to ! conviction1 la/+ on ev5 9 an age ( scepticism & indiff]5ce among ! educat$1 t ! due p]=mance ( sacr$ rites 0 a necess>y function ( ! ,/ate1 on :i* its v exi/5ce dep5d$4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 "s ( :om1 l ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,t]tullian1 7 m5 ( le>n+ :o _h /udi$ ! volum9\s works ( ,v>ro1 7 well aw>e ( ?is "*2 & ,t]tullian 9 a curi\s passage w5t s f> z to sugge/ t ! ,devil _h "h p]petrat$ an imitation or p>ody ( ! m9ute ritual ( ,leviticus#aejb4 ,s f> z ext]nals g1 ! comp>ison he sugge/$ is a useful "o2 b !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! religi\s _s :i* lay at ! root ( ! two c]emonial sy/ems--a diff]5ce t makes x impossible t any "w %\ld be writt5 on ! ,roman religion z inspir+ = ! /ud5t ( religi\s hi/ory z ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites s (t5 quot$ 9 ^! pages4 ,?is elaborate ,roman c]emonial consi/$ 9 ! ma9 ( sacrifices ( diff]5t k9ds1 conduct$ ) an endless b ord]$ v>iety ( detail1 ( pray]s1 processions1 & fe/ivities1 ! object ( :i* 0 ei!r to obta9 c]ta9 practical results1 to discov] ! w ( ! gods1 or to rejoice ) ! div9e inhabitants ( ! city ov] ! prosp]\s ev5t ( "s und]tak+4 ,:5 we survey x 9 ! ,cal5d> z a :ole1 x seems to fall naturally into ?ree divisions1 :i* correspond ) & illu/rate ! developm5t ( ! ,/ate f its con/itu5t mat]ials4 ,! ,cal5d> conta9s 9 fact 9 a fossiliz$ condition ! rema9s ( ?ree diff]5t /rata ( religi\s or social developm5t4 7#a7 ,"h & !re we f9d survivals ( :at we c only reg>d z ! mo/ primitive condition ( human life 9 anci5t ,latium3 t ( m5 dwell+ on =e/-clad hill-tops1 surr\nd$ by a _w ( spirits1 "s ( :i* h tak5 habitation 91 or are 9 "s sort repres5t$ by1 objects su* z trees1 animals1 or /ones4 ,examples ( su* objects are ! oak ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 ! sacr$ fig-tree ( ,rum9a1 ! /one ( ,t]m9us ) its buri$ sacrifice1 & ! wolf1 ! wood-peck]1 & spe> ( ,m>s4 ,to ?is e>lie/ /ratum may also belong 9 _! ultimate orig9 ^? qua9t sacrificial or semi-dramatic rites ( :i* we h _h examples 9 ! ,lup]calia1 ! ,=dicidia1 & ! ,p>ilia4 ,! ca/+ ( ! ,argei into ! ,tib] may p]haps also be reckon$ "h1 ?\gh connect$ lat] on ) c]ta9 divisions ( ! develop$ city ( :i* ! mean+ & orig9 are lo/ to u4 ,?is primitive population knew also ( *>ms & spells & om5s1 n r$uc$ inde$ z yet to a def9ite sy/em1 ( :i* ! ,cal5d> naturally supplies h>dly any indications1 :ile 9 ,ovid & ,cato n a few survivals meet u4 ,b ! inve/igation ( ! olde/ culture ( c5tral ,italy is m especially ! prov9ce ( ar*aeology1 & to ! ar*aeologi/s1 :o are n[ 9 ,italy do+ excell5t & elaborate "w1 ,i mu/ be cont5t to leave x4 7#b7 ,we next come conjecturally to cle>ly-def9$ evid5ce ( a p]iod 9 :i* ! ord]$ processes ( agriculture1 & ! settl$ life ( ! f>m-h\se1 are ! di/9ctive features4 ,we h ! beg9n+s ( a cal5d> 9 ! obs]vation ( ! qu>t]s ( ! moon & _! connexion ) ! deities ( light4 ,we h ! discipl9e ( ! h\se1 repres5t$ 9 ! cult ( ,ve/a ! he>?-_s1 "u ! c>e ( ! daught]s ( ! family1 :ile ! sons z flam9es h _! special sacrificial duties1 ! head ( ! h\se presid+ ov] all1 & hav+ z 8 own special dep>tm5t ! wor%ip ( ! _s ( ! door-way 7,janus74 ,! occupations ( ! family are reflect$ 9 ! s]ies ( fe/ivals :i* repres5t ! processes & p]ils ( pa/oral & agricultural indu/ry3 e4g4 ! ,robigalia1 ,amb>valia1 ,ve/alia1 ,consualia1 ,opiconsivia1 ,v9alia1 ,saturnalia1 & ,t]m9alia3 ?is la/ indicat+ also ! idea ( prop]ty1 :e!r ( ! community or ! individual4 ,we h also cle> traces ( ! union ( f>ms 9 a gr\p 7pagus72 = ! ,paganalia /ill surviv$ 9 ! full-gr[n city1 & bo? at ! ,saturnalia & ,compitalia ! h\seholds met toge!r at ! w9t] p]iod ( ease & rejoic+4 7#c7 ,! fur!r developm5t ( social life is also reflect$ 9 ! annual rites we h be5 inve/igat+4 ,we see ! aggregation ( small communities 9 ! ,septimontium1 9 ! ,=nacalia or fea/ ( ! ,curiae1 possibly also 9 ! ritual ( ! tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-sev5 ,sacella ,argeorum1 r\nd :i* a procession seems to h gone 9 ,m>* & ,may4 ,! ,p>5talia aga9 is ! sy/ematiz$ cult ( ! dead 9 _! own city1 outside ! walls ( ! city ( ! liv+4 ,! ,l>es ,prae/ites1 wor%ipp$ on ,may #a1 are ! gu>dian spirits ( ! :ole community4 ,! ,regia1 ! dwell+ ( ! k+1 is its political & religi\s c5tre1 ) its sacr>ium ( ,m>s1 ! peculi> deity ( ! /ock1 & ) ! h\se & he>? ( ,ve/a close by1 n[ gr[n to be ! symbol ( ! ,/ate's vitality4 ,! ,ve/als & ,flam9es h become prie/s ( special wor%ips 9 an organiz$ /ate1 & at ! head ( all is ! ,rex1 /ill specially conc]n$ ) ! cult ( ,janus1 b repres5t+ 9 8 prie/ly capacity ! :ole community4 ,! /eadily increas+ t5d5cy to organize1 a t5d5cy root$ 9 ! v fibre ( ?is p1 is produc+ colleges ( pontifices & augurs1 to assi/ by associat$ ef=t 9 mak+ sure ( ! laws ( int]c\rse ) ! unse5 _w1 & ( ! be/ me?ods ( div9+ its w & int5tion4 ,& la/ly1 n only h we f\nd 9 ! fe/ivals traces ( ! gr[? & sy/ematization ( ! life ( ! city1 b 9 ! great ,lat9 fe/ival we h also religi\s evid5ce ( ! e>ly t5d5cy ( ! cities ( ,lat9 blood to comb9e 9 "s sort ) ea* o!r4 ,we h ?us rea*$ :at has be5 call$ by ,prell] ! p]iod ( ,numa1 ! k+ ) ^: "n & p]sonality ! ,romans always associat$ ! r$action ( ! ,fa/i & ! /ate-organization ( _! religion3 a p]sonality s cle>ly conceiv$ by !m z to be> witness at once to its own hi/orical reality1 & to _! conviction ( ! vital importance ( 8 "w4 ,be=e we g fur!r1 let u pause "h to int]rogate ! ,cal5d> z to ! nature ( ! div9e be+s :o 9 ^! same /ages ( developm5t 7 ! objects ( popul> wor%ip4 ,! simple/ way to d ?is w be to pres5t a table %[+ ! li/ ( ! mo/ anci5t fe/ivals1 ) ! deities conc]n$ 9 !m1 s f> z !y c be id5tifi$1 9 a p>allel column3-- ,fe/ivals4 ,deities4 ,,kal5ds ,,juno4 ,,ides ,,jupit]4 ,,equirria ,,m>s4 ,,lib]alia ,,lib]4 ,,=dicidia ,,tellus8 ,,c]ialia ,,c]es4 ,,p>ilia ,,pale8 ,,robigalia ,,robigus4 ,,lemuria ,gho/s 7unburi$74 ,,argeorum ,,sacra ,unkn[n4 ,,agonia ,,v$iovis8 ,,ve/alia ,,ve/a4 ,,matralia ,,mat] ,,matuta4 ,,poplifugia ,unkn[n4 ,,luc>ia ,unkn[n4 ,,neptunalia ,,neptunus4 ,,furr9alia ,,furr9a8 ,,portunalia ,,portunus4 ,,v9alia ,,jupit]4 ,,consualia ,,consus4 ,,volcanalia ,,volcanus4 ,,opiconsivia ,,ops ,,consiva4 ,,m$itr9alia ,unkn[n4 ,,font9alia ,,fons8 ,,agonia ,unkn[n4 ,,consualia ,,consus4 ,,saturnalia ,,saturnus4 ,,opalia ,,ops4 ,,divalia ,,ang]ona8 ,,l>5talia ,,l>5tia8 ,,agonia ,,janus8 ,,c>m5talia4 ,,c>m5ta4 ,,lup]calia ,unkn[n4 ,,quir9alia ,,quir9us4 ,,f]alia ,,buri$ ,,ance/ors4 ,,t]m9alia ,,t]m9us4 ,,regifugium ,unkn[n4 ,"h x w be notic$ t 9 ^? fe/ivals :i* seem to be survivals f ! olde/ /ratum ( civilization 7! p]iod ( ,faunus1 z ,prell] has nam$ x71 viz4 ! ,lup]calia1 ,p>ilia1 ,=dicidia1 ,argeorum ,sacra1 ! deities conc]n$ are ei!r altoge!r d\btful1 or s want+ 9 cle>ness & prom95ce z to be altoge!r subord9ate 9 int]e/ to ! details ( ! c]emony4 ,! ,p>ilia & ,=dicidia 7 believ$ 9 lat] times to h belong$ to ,pales & ,tellus2 b our au?ority = ! gr\nds ( su* belief is n /rong1 & z a matt] ( fact ^! two1 toge!r ) ! sacrifice ( ! ,octob] horse1 7 int]connect$ by details ( antique c]emonial1 r ?an sep>ately def9$ by _! relation to p>ticul> num9a4 ,9 o!r fe/ivals :i* may h possibly come d[n f ! olde/ p]iod1 ! deity is almo/ entirely lo/4 ,"h is good evid5ce ( ! indi/9ctness ( ! ,roman conception ( ! div9e2 ! cult appeal$ to ?is p z ! practical me?od ( obta9+ _! desires1 b ! unse5 p[]s ) :om !y dealt 9 ?is cult 7 beyond _! k51 (t5 unnam$1 & only visible 9 ! s5se ( be+ seat$ 91 or 9 "s sort symboliz$ by1 tree or /one or animal4 ,!y are (t5 multiplex1 l ! ,fauni1 ,silvani1 ,l>es1 ,p5ates1 ,semones1 ,c>m5tes2 or !y run into ea* o!r1 l ,bona ,dea1 ,maia1 ,tellus1 ,c]es1 ,dea ,dia1 & o!rs4 ,only ! great deity ( ! /ock /&s out at all cle>ly2 ,fa!r ,m>s ( ! ,romans2 ,fa!r ,diovis ( ! :ole ,lat9 race2 to ^! we may p]haps add ! ,h]cules or ,g5ius1 & ,juno1 repres5t+ respectively ! male & female pr9ciples ( human life4 ,9 ! second & ?ird ( ! /rata :i* ! ,cal5d> (f]s to ! excavator1 repres5t+ ! ord]$ life ( ! h\sehold & aft]w>ds ( ! city1 we /ill f9d mu* ( ! same indi/9ctness4 ,ve/a inde$1 ! _s ( ! he>?-fire1 becomes cle>ly ?\gh n p]sonally del9eat$2 s too1 b 9 a less degree1 does ,janus ! _s ( ! doorway4 ,two o!r gr\ps ( spirits also occupy ! h\se2 ! ,l>es1 :o may h be5 ! spirits ( dead ance/ors duly buri$1 & ! ,p5ates or spirits ( ! /ore-*amb]2 bo? ( !m becom+ suffici5tly cle> 9 ! popul> conception to be repres5t$ by images at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,b 9 ! r\nd ( anci5t fe/ivals1 "s at lea/ ( ! s-call$ gods1 s f> z we c guess at _! orig9al nature1 h>dly des]ve t "n4 ,lib] & ,c]es seem to h be5 orig9ally g5]al names = an ill-def9$ class ( spirits2 ,robigus is ! _s ( ! mildew2 ,consus & ,ops are n p]sonalities1 b num9a protect+ ! ga!r$ h>ve/1 z ,saturnus probably protect$ ! s[n se$4 ,! ,compitalia 0 conc]n$ only ) ! ,l>es ,compitales1 spirits ( ! crossways2 9 ! ,paganalia we h b v indi/9ct in=mation z to ! object ( wor%ip4 ,! ,v9alia1 m>k+ a lat] & m skill$ agricultural process1 seems on ! o!r h& always to h be5 cle>ly connect$ ) ,jupit] himself4 ,?us 9 ! s-call$ p]iod ( ,numa1 ! p]iod ( ! e>li] mon>*y & ! fir/ organization ( ! city-/ate1 ! religi\s life ( ! community _h become highly sy/ematiz$ 9 respect ( ! cult1 ( ! prie/ 9 *>ge ( x1 & ! ius :i* gov]n$ all ! citiz5s 9 _! relation to ! _w ( div9ities4 ,( any real *ange h[ev] 9 ! "* ( ^! div9ities1 ( any approa* to poly!ism 9 ! way ( an increas$ individuality ( conception1 ( iconic repres5tation1 or def9ite temple-wor%ip1 ! ,cal5d> !n drawn up supplies no c]ta9 evid5ce4 ,!re may inde$ h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds a cle>] def9ition ( num9a1 aris+ f ! v fact ( ! def9ite organization ( pray] & sacrifice1 & ( ! allotm5t ( cults to p>ticul> prie/hoods or families4 ,!re may1 ev5 at t e>ly /age 9 ,roman hi/ory1 h be5 an influ5ce at "w on ! ,roman m9d1 com+ f ,etruria & ,greece1 :]e poly!ism f\nd its n\ri%m5t 9 works ( art & my?ological fancy4 ,^! are possibilities ( :i* we mu/ take acc\nt1 b ! ,cal5d> has no?+ positive to tell u ( !m4 ,x is :5 we advance to ! lat] mon>*y1 :i* we may speak ( )\t hesitation z an ,etruscan dyna/y1 t we f9d a *ange beg9n+1 bo? 9 ! =ms & objects ( ! cult1 :i* m>ks an epo* 9 ,roman religi\s hi/ory4 ,! olde/ ,cal5d>1 t ( ! l>ge lett]s 9 ! ,fa/i1 tells u ( c\rse no?+ ( ?is4 ,b 9 ! additam5ta ex fa/is1 & 9 lat] lit]>y allusions1 we h a consid]able body ( mat]ial to help u 9 foll[+ out ! "* & consequ5ces ( ?is *ange4 ,x is at ?is po9t1 or r at ! end ( ! mon>*y1 t we beg9 to he> ( ! build+ ( real temples1 z di/9ct f luci1 sacella1 arae1 or fana2 ( ! introduction into ^! ( /atues ( ! gods1 ( ! ,graecus ritus 9 sacrifice1 & ( ! appe>ance ( new deities1 "s ( !m app>5tly connect$ ) new elem5ts ( population4 ,?is epo* is mo/ cle>ly m>k$ by ! build+ ( ! great temple on ! ,capitol ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 an ,etruscan ,trias1 p]haps ultimately ( ,greek orig91 ^: /atues1 z we h se51 7 invit$ 9 true poly!i/ic fa%ion to p>take ( a fea/ e ye> on ! ,ides ( ,septemb]1 ! dies natalis ( ! temple4 ,?is temple 0 d$icat$ 9 ,b4,c4 #eji1 directly aft] ! expulsion ( ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus4 ,! next ( :i* we he> is t ( ! old ,roman ,saturnus 7,b4,c4 #dig71 n[ /rangely repres5t$ by a fett]$ /atue1 & wor%ipp$ h5ce=w>d ,graeco ritu1 ) ! head uncov]$4 ,next comes ,m]curius 7,b4,c4 #die71 a god unkn[n to ! mo/ anci5t ,fa/i2 !n ,c]es1 ! ,greek ,demet] "u a famili> ,italian "n 7,b4,c4 #dic72 next ,=tuna ) a /atue 7,b4,c4 #dhf71 an import$ goddess1 to :om ,s]vius ,tullius1 if tradition c be tru/$1 _h already erect$ temples4 ,to ?is same age belongs probably ! temple ( ,diana on ! ,av5t9e1 ) a ,greek & ! introduction ( ,apollo-wor%ip z a popul> cult4 ,if we foll[ ! catalogue ( d$ications dur+ ! two c5turies foll[+ ! abolition ( ! mon>*y#aejc1 we f9d t out ( f\rte5 ( :i* ! dates are kn[n to u1 six are ,greek or ,graeco-,etruscan1 ?ree m admit be=e long a non-,roman ritual "u ! influ5ce ( ! duoviri sacris faciundis1 & five are kn[n to h conta9$ /atues f an e>ly p]iod4 ,only ?ree1 ^? ( ,dius ,fidius1 ( ,juno ,luc9a1 & ( ,mat] ,matuta1 c be said to h be5 g5u9e ,roman f\ndations4 ,)\t d\bt a great *ange is "h indicat$ :i* has come ov] ! ,roman religion1 bo? 9 cult & !ology4 ,new elem5ts ( population1 new relations ) conqu]ors or conqu]$1 new comm]cial ent]prise1 new exp]i5ces ( w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce1 br+ 9 new deities1 sugge/ rec\rse to new div9e aids4 ,! old ,rome is almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/2 ! cults & deities ( ! ,numan p]iod no long] suffice1 & are p]haps already beg9n+ to be =gott52 ! olde/ prie/hoods beg9 to give place 9 all except empty ext]nals to ! semi-political colleges ( pontifices & augurs1 & to ! important new f\ndation ( duoviri sacris faciundis2 ! old ,italian ritual ( simple app>atus & detail$ c]emony is becom+ ov]%ad[$ by ! %[y c]emonial ( lecti/]nia & supplicationes4 ,0 !re no reaction1 we may well ask1 aga9/ a t5d5cy s expansive & d5ationaliz+8 ,i answ] ?is "q ) hesitation1 = s f> z ,i am aw>e x has nev] yet be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,b ,i am /rongly dispos$ to believe t !re 0 su* a reaction 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 9 ! p]iod1 t is1 betwe5 ! ,samnite w>s & ,hannibal's invasion ( ,italy4 ,?is1 unlike ! prec$+ c5tury1 0 a p]iod ( almo/ uni=m success ( ! ,roman arms1 & "o 9 :i* ! ,/ate 0 at no "t 9 s]i\s p]il2 & ! temptation to h rec\rse to /range div9ities1 z a pati5t betakes himself to new physicians1 w\ld n pres5t itself to ! m9ds ( ! s5ate or ! prie/hoods4 ,if we pursue ! hi/ory ( ! temple-f\ndations ( ?is p]iod1 "u ,au/'s invaluable guidance1 ! result is v rem>kable4 ,betwe5 #cjd & #bag ,b4,c4 we "k ! dates ( tw5ty-five f\ndations2 & ( ^! no less ?an tw5ty are 9 hon\r ( indig5\s1 or at lea/ :at ,i may p]haps call1 home-made deities4 ,no d\bt !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to id5tify ,roman gods ) ,greek2 b ?is does n %[ itself pla9ly till ! end ( ! c5tury1 & ! only g5u9e ,greek f\ndation is t ( ,aesculapius1 ! consequ5ce ( a sev]e pe/il5ce 9 #bic ,b4,c4 ,?ree or f\r1 e4 g4 ^? ( ,=s ,=tuna1 ,m9]va ,capta1 & ,f]onia1 7 probably ( non-,roman orig92 b !y 7 transplant$ f ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ,rome & may almo/ c\nt z indig5\s4 ,9 contemplat+ ! ,roman f\ndations ( ?is p]iod we are /ruck by c]ta9 indications ( ! activity ( ! pontifices1 z di/+ui%$ f ! duoviri sacris faciundis2 i4 e4 ! activity ( t college ( prie/s ^: special *>ge 0 ! ,roman religion prop]1 & :o 7 only indirectly conc]n$ ) =eign introductions4 ,= example1 we may note ) int]e/ a gr\p ( f\r agricultural deities1 to :om temples 7 d$icat$ 9 ! eight ye>s betwe5 #bgb & #bfd ,b4,c41 ! ye>s1 t is1 ( ! pacification & settlem5t ( ,italy aft] ! invasion ( ,pyrrhus#aejd4 ,^! deities 7 ,consus1 ,tellus1 ,pales1 & ,vortumnus4 ,ow+ to ! loss ( ,livy's second decade we _c be v c]ta9 ( ! imm$iate object ( ^! f\ndations2 b we may guess t !y _h a def9ite mean+ 9 connexion ) ! ev5ts ( ! "t1 & t !y 7 *iefly ! "w ( ! pontifical college4 ,less di/9ct p]haps1 b /ill wor? notic+1 is a gr\p ( f\ndations 9 hon\r ( deities connect$ ) wat]#aeje1 i4e4 to ,tempe/ates1 ,juturna & ,fons1 :i* seem to h _h "s ref]5ce to ! naval op]ations ( ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>4 ,! temple ( ,juturna 0 v[$ by ,lutatius ,catulus 9 ! battle at ! ,aegates ,insulae 9 #bda ,b4,c42 t to ! ,tempe/ates by ,cornelius ,scipio1 :5 ! fleet 0 almo/ de/roy$ ne> ,corsica 9 #bei ,b4,c42 & t ( ,fons 9 ! ,corsican w> 9 #bca ,b4,c4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman m9d1 & ( ! pontifical me?ods1 ?us to connect ! spirits ( ! spr+s 9 ,rome ) ^? ( ! sea & its tempe/s4 ,x is at ?is "t also t we notice ! appe>ance ( ab/ractions resolv$ into deities1 su* z ,salus1 ,spes1 ,fides1 ,honos et ,virtus1 ,concordia1 & ,m5s4 ,^!1 z ,i h said else:]e#aejf1 are n g5u9e old ,roman cults1 b pontifical creations 9 ! _s ( ! old ,roman imp]sonal & daemonic ideas ( div9e ag5cy4 ,9 connexion ) ^! ,i may m5tion ! conviction :i* has gr[n ^u me 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations1 t x 0 9 ?is reaction>y p]iod1 z we may call x1 t ! pontifices drew up t extraord9>y li/ ( deities1 classifi$ accord+ to _! functions 9 relation to man & 8 activity & suff]+1 :i* we "k z ! ,indigitam5ta4 ,?is seems to me *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 inasmu* z x 0 probably bas$ on ! old ,roman ideas ( div9e ag5cy1 n[ sy/ematiz$ by some?+ l sci5tific t]m9ology & ord]$ classification4 ,x is ! old national belief 9 ! ubiquity ( ! _w ( spirits1 n[ edit$ & organiz$ by skill$ legal !ologians4 ,b x w\ld be beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is "w to v5ture f>!r into ?is tangl$ "q4 ,f ! ,hannibalic w> to ! end ( ! ,republic is ! p]iod ( ! decay & d[nfall ( ! old ,roman religion4 ,?is p]iod ne$ n deta9 u long2 x has be5 no "p ( my plan to exhibit ?is religion on its dea?-b$1 = ! ,fa/i d n admit u to t sc5e4 ,!y %[ u a liv+ & g5u9e1 n a spuri\s & enfeebl$ religi\s life4 ,a few sali5t facts %all suffice z illu/rations ( ! sl[ process ( ?is dissolution4 ,at ! v outset ( ! p]iod we m>k ! solemn introduction into ,rome ( ,cybele1 ! ,magna ,mat] ,idaea1 & ! /one :i* 0 suppos$ to repres5t h]2 & we are ?us w>n$ t ev5 ! ,greek cults1 ) all _! adjuncts ( art & my?ology1 are no long] suffici5t = ,roman ne$s4 ,! ,/ate is once m 9 p]il1 & ! f>-rea*+ /ruggle ) ,hannibal has br\ght h] into t\* ) new peoples & cults4 ,! ,greeks d inde$ cont9ue to be ! *ief invad]s ( ! ,roman religi\s t]ritory1 b ! religion !y br+ ) !m is a debas$ "o4 ,! extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* ! orgia/ic rites ( ,dionysus spread ov] ,italy 9 #ahf ,b4,c4 proves at once t ! ,italian religi\s =ms 7 we>+ out1 & t ! ,greek sub/itute 0 no long] a :olesome "o#aejg4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! l[] /rata ( population %[ a t5d5cy to run aft] excit+ ,ori5tal =ms ( wor%ip1 :i* nei!r ! attempt$ re/oration ( ! old religion by ,augu/us1 nor ! subsequ5t rapid gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld entirely & p]man5tly *eck4 ,among ! educat$ classes ! old beliefs 7 be+ eat5 away by ! acids ( a second-h& philosophy4 ,! ,greeks _h long begun to inquire into ! nature ( ! gods1 & !y pass$ on _! dis9tegrat+ criticism to _! conqu]ors4 ,euhem]us1 ! ar*-de/roy] ( anci5t fai?s1 became kn[n to ! ,romans ?r\gh a translation by ,ennius at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 & x took only ano!r c5tury & a half to produce ! sceptical & eclectic treatise ( ,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum4 ,aga91 no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ?an ! contempt & neglect into :i* ! old prie/hoods gradually fell2 ,rome n[ sw>m$ ) a mongrel population t knew little ( !m & c>$ less4 ,9 ! ye> #bji ,b4,c4 ev5 ! prie/hood ( ,jupit] 0 fill$ by ! y\?ful black %eep ( an old patrician family1 app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an ! hope t s objectionable a "* might be re=m$ by ! _m qua9t re/rictions impos$ ^u ! (fice#aejh4 ,( ! flam9es 9 g5]al1 ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 ,salii1 ,sodales ,titii1 & o!rs ( ! anci5t prie/hoods we h5ce=w>d he> little or no?+ until ! revival ( le>n+ & religion 9 ! ,augu/an age4 ,old =ms cont9u$ to be us$1 b ma9ly = political purposes1 l ! obnuntiatio or obs]vation ( lightn+2 & only ^? religi\s (fices :i* _h consid]able political p[] cont9u$ to be s\ght aft] by m5 ( light & lead+4 ,temples cont9u$ to be v[$ & built1 especially 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is p]iod2 b _! cults are1 ) few exceptions1 ( ,greek orig91 or are new & fanciful =ms ( old wor%ips1 su* z ! ,l>es ,p]m>9i1 ,v5us ,v]ticordia1 ,=tuna ,eque/ris1 ,ops ,opif]a1 ,=tuna ,huiusce ,diei4 ,be=e ! fall ( ! ,republic a great numb] ( ! old temples _h fall5 almo/ irretrievably into decay2 ,augu/us tells u 9 8 record ( 8 own reign t he re/or$ no less ?an eighty-two ( !m4 ,?is too is ! p]iod :5 ! id5tification ( ,roman gods ) ,greek became a g5]al fa%ion2 a process :i* _h begun long be=e1 b orig9ally ) a g5u9e mean+ & object1 n z ! sport ( a sceptical society educat$ 9 ,greek speculation4 ,salus takes ! attributes ( ,hygieia1 ,mat] ,matuta becomes ,leuco!a1 ,faunus ,pan1 ,sancus ,h]cules1 ,c>m5ta ,nico/rate1 ,neptunus ,poseidon1 ! god ( ,soracte1 ,apollo ,soranus2 & ev5 ! great] gods l ,m>s1 ,diana1 & o!rs assume m & m ! lik5ess & my?ical adornm5t ( _! suppos$ ,greek equival5ts4 ,! civil tr\bles ( ! age ( revolution complet$ ! "w ( dis9tegration4 ,m5 became c>eless1 reckless1 self-reg>d+2 ! ( :i* ,polybius c\ld say only j be=e ! revolution began1 t m ?an any?+ else x s]v$ to knit ! ,roman /ate toge!r1 0 lo/ to view 9 ! tumult ( political passion & p]sonal gre$4 ,n inde$ t x 0 altoge!r ext9ct2 t c\ld nev] be1 & nev] has be5 ! case 9 ,italy4 ,augu/us1 :o came by degrees to "k ! p he gov]n$ bett] ?an any /atesman 9 ,italian hi/ory1 0 well aw>e t to inspire ! ,roman _w once m ) confid5ce1 he mu/ br+ ! religi\s in/9ct into play aga94 ,! task he ?us set himself he accompli%$ ) extraord9>y skill & tact2 ! old religion seem$ to live aga91 ! old prie/hoods 7 reviv$1 ! old m9utiae ( wor%ip 7 re/or$4 ,he did :at he c\ld to br+ to life aga9 ev5 ! _s & ! pr9ciples ( ! old religio2 & 9 ! ,c>m5 ,saecul>e ( ,horace1 writt5 to 8 ord] at a mom5t :5 he wi%$ to make ^! ?+s obvi\s to ! eyes ( all ,romans1 we probably h ! be/ succ9ct exposition ( !m to be f\nd 9 ,roman lit]ature#aeji4 ,b ( ! ,augu/an revival1 & ( ! reasons :y x c\ld n be p]man5t1 ,i mu/ =be> "h to speak fur!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h yet to say a few words 9 answ] to ! int]e/+ "q :e!r ! religi\s sy/em we h be5 exam9+ _h any appreciable influ5ce on ! "* ( ! ,roman p3 :e!r x contribut$ to build up t virtus ( ! ,/ate & ! individual :i* enabl$ !m to subdue & gov]n ! _w1 z ! pietas ( ,a5eas 9 ! poem arm$ him = ! subjugation & civilization ( ! wild ,italian tribes4 ,! "q may at fir/ sight seem a sup]flu\s "o1 s9ce ! religion ( a p is r ! expression ( its own g5ius = deal+ ) ! p]plexities ( human life1 ?an a v]a causa 9 det]m9+ its "*2 yet x is wor? ask+1 = x is unque/ionable t ! peculi> turn tak5 by a nation's religi\s beliefs & practices does 9 c\rse ( "t come to react ^u its "* & morals4 ,x has (t5 be5 said ( ! ,roman religion t x _h no?+ to d ) righte\sness1 & 0 )\t e?ical value4 ,! admirable criticism ( x giv5 by ,momms5 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/ory may orig9ally h sugge/$ ?is view2 b if s1 ! copyi/s h exagg]at$ ! op9ion ( ! ma/] 9 "o p>ticul> po9t1 fail+ to give due weight to ! g5]al t5or ( 8 exposition4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we c]ta9ly are n[ always invit$ to conclude t ?is great p1 :i* 9 its deal+s ) human be+s discov]$ an extraord9>y g5ius = expansion & adaptation1 9 its attitude to ! sup]natural rema9$ coop$ up )9 curi\sly n>r[ m5tal limits1 draw+ no real su/5ance ei!r f its primitive beliefs or its qua9t & detail$ practice4 ,! curr5t views ( ?is k9d h j lately be5 s well summ$ up 9 an admirable ,engli% "w on ! late/ age ( ,roman society & ?\ght1 t ,i _c d bett] ?an borr[ a few s5t5ces f x#aeaj3-- #8,! old ,roman !ology 0 a h>d1 n>r[1 unexpansive sy/em ( ab/raction & p]sonification1 :i* /rove to repres5t 9 its ,pan!on ! ph5om5a ( nature1 ! relations ( man 9 ! ,/ate or 9 ! clan1 e act & feel+ & incid5t 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,unlike ! my?ologies ( ,hellas & ! ,ea/1 x _h no native pr9ciple ( gr[?1 or adaptation to alt]$ ne$s ( society & ! individual imag9ation4 ,x 0 also s+ul>ly want+ 9 awe & my/]y4 ,! religi\s _s :i* x cultivat$ 0 =mal1 timid1 & scrupul\s4444 ,! old ,roman wor%ip 0 bus9esslike & utilit>ian4 ,! gods 7 p>tn]s 9 a contract ) _! wor%ipp]s1 & ! ritual 0 *>act]iz$ by ! h>d & lit]al =malism ( ! legal sy/em ( ,rome4 ,! wor%ipp] p]=m$ 8 "p to ! lett] ) ! scrupul\s exactness requir$ 9 plead+s be=e ! praetor4 ,to all[ devotional feel+ to transgress ! b\nds prescrib$ by immemorial cu/om 0 8sup]/itio40' ,x is impossible to d5y t !re is mu* tru? 9 all ?is2 yet ,i may v5ture to express a d\bt :e!r x conta9s ! :ole tru?4 ,! fact is t ! subject ne$s a m hi/orical treatm5t1 & p]haps also some?+ ( ! hi/orical imag9ation1 to d x full ju/ice4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,roman civilization1 ^? ( ! family & ! beg9n+s ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,roman attitude t[>ds ! sup]natural 01 if ,i am n mi/ak51 a real contribut+ cause t[>ds ! =mation ( virtus4 ,x 0 n m]ely an attitude ( bus9ess & b>ga9+4 ,s f> z we "k x1 ! common =m ( address to ! gods 0 n #8s5d me :at ,i want--sun1 ra91 victory1 c41 & y %all !n h ^! gifts'2 b #8,i give y ^! sacrifices & expect y to d y\r "p2 9 tak+ all ?is tr\ble to act correctly by y1 ,i e/abli% a "r z aga9/ y4' ,x is true t 9 "o p>ticul> =m ( deal+ ) ! gods1 ! v[1 or solemn und]tak+ 7votum71 ! transaction we>s m ! "* ( a def9ite b>ga92 if ! god w d c]ta9 ?+s1 he %all !n h 8 rew>d4 ,s ,cloan?us 9 ,virgil addresses ! gods ( ! sea#aeaa-- ,di1 quibus imp]ium e/ pelagi1 quorum aequora curro1 ,vobis laetus ego hoc c&5tem 9 litore taurum ,con/ituam ante aras1 voti reus1 extaque salsos ,proiciam 9 fluctus et v9a liqu5tia fundam4 ,b ! votum 0 ! exception1 n ! rule2 x 0 a promise made by an individual at "s critical mom5t1 n ! ord]$ & recurr+ ritual ( ! family or ! ,/ate4 ,x takes its peculi> =m simply because ! mak] ( ! v[ is n at ! p>ticul> mom5t 9 a position to fulfil x4 ,! normal attitude ( ! ,roman 9 pray] & sacrifice 0 n ?is2 x is mu* m exactly express$ 9 ! =mula ( ! f>m]'s pray] already quot$ 9 ^! pages3 #8,fa!r ,m>s1 ,i pray & besee* !e be will+ & propiti\s to me1 my h\sehold1 & my slaves2 = ! :i* object ,i h caus$ ?is ?reefold sacrifice to be driv5 r\nd my f>m & l&4' ,?is is ! usual & natural attitude ( all peoples 9 sacrific+ to _! gods1 & is f> f be+ peculi> to ,rome2 b x 0 ! nature ( ! ,roman to express x 9 a m =mal & def9ite way ?an o!rs1 & ?is l$ to an outw>d religion ( =mulae :i* has done mu* to obscure = u1 z inde$ = ! ,romans !mselves1 ! real ?\ght und]ly+ !m4 ,^! exact =mulae ( invocation & sacrifice 7 really ! outw>d expression ( a fe> ( ! unkn[n1 & its p[] to h9d] & injure man2 = ! old ,roman did n "k 8 gods intimately1 inasmu* z !y took no human %ape1 & did n dwell 9 build+s made by h&s4 ,we h illu/rat$ ?is ignorance ( 8 aga9 & aga91 & ! vagu5ess & fluidity ( ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,roman m9d4 ,! rem$y = ?is weakness 0 f\nd1 z ) ! ,jews1 9 a rem>kable =mul>ity ( ritual1 bo? z reg>ds "t1 place1 & me?od ( wor%ip3 9 a s]ies ( elaborate prescriptions drawn up by exp]ts1 go+ ev5 s f> z to anticipate ! consequ5ce ( an un9t5tional omission or error by piacul> acts4 ,?is 9 "t1 & "u ,/ate organization1 became a sci5ce1 & f9ds its p>allel 9 ! sci5ce ( legal =mulae4 ,b !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sci5ces1 ev5 = ! ,roman4 ,9 religi\s acts1 ! human m9d is deal+ ) ! unse5 & unkn[n1 n ) human be+s :o c be calculat$ ) or outwitt$4 ,8 fe> ( ! unkn[n 0 ?us = ! primitive ,roman a :olesome discipl9e2 & 8 attitude t[>ds x he aptly & *>act]i/ically call$ religio1 because x b\nd him to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 regulat$ duties1 calculat$ to keep 8 foot/eps /raight z he walk$ daily 9 ?is unse5 _w3 duties :i* ev5 9 ! family & clan mu/ h be5 to "s ext5t sy/ematiz$1 & :i* :5 ! city-/ate 0 rea*$ took ! def9ite =m ( a cal5d> ( public pray]s1 sacrifices1 & fe/ivities4 ,n[ surely 9 ?is motive ( fe>1 ?us rem$i$ by exact ritual1 we may trace a true civiliz+ elem5t--! idea ( ,duty1 ,pietas1 :i* z ,cic]o def9$ x1 0 #8iu/itia erga deos'3 righte\s deal+ t[>ds ! gods1 9 expectation ( righte\s treatm5t on _! "p4 ,& he w\ld be a bold man :o %\ld ass]t t #8iu/itia erga deos' _h no effect 9 induc+ ! habit ( #8iu/itia erga hom9es'3 9 o!r words t x c\ld n react ^u conduct4 ,9 ! pietas ( ! "o typical ,roman 9 lit]ature bo? ^! elem5ts are equally pres5t4 ,! pietas ( ,a5eas is a s5se ( duty t[>ds god & man alike2 to 8 fa!r1 8 son1 & 8 p1 z well z to ! w ( ! gods1 & to t solemn mission :i* is at once ! religion ( 8 life & ! key to ! great ,roman poem#aeab4 ,?is is inde$ t same s5se ( duty & responsibility :i* gov]n$ e ,roman 9 au?ority 9 ! be/ days ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r pat]familias1 patronus1 prie/1 or magi/rate1 & :i* 0 ! motive p[] 9 ! work+ ( a con/itution :i* la/$ = c5turies ?\gh only re/+ on a basis ( tru/4 ,9 ?is pietas1 x is true1 we f9d no s5se ( contrition = s91 no humbl+ ( ! individual self be=e an almighty ,gov]nor ( ! _w2 b we d f9d a v s5sitive consci5ti\sness1 aris+ f ! dread ( neglect or trespass 9 ! dis*>ge ( religi\s obs]vance1 9 ! tru/ committ$ by family or ,/ate to its con/itut$ repres5tative4 ,& ?is tru/ includ$ also ! dis*>ge ( duties to o!r m51 ! neglect ( :i* might br+ d[n ! ang] ( ! ,unkn[n1 & ev5 compel ! surr5d] ( a crim9al z sac] to an (f5d$ deity4 ,we f9d abundant evid5ce ( ?is aspect ( ! religio 9 ! language ( solemn oa?s & treaties1 & especially 9 connexion ) ! cult ( ! great ,jupit]4 ,i ma9ta9 !n t 9 ?is ,roman religion1 9 spite ( its dryness & =mality1 !re 0 a di/9ct e?ical & civiliz+ elem5t4 ,& 9 conclusion ,i may p]haps raise ! "q :e!r x 0 really1 z has be5 s (t5 ass]t$1 su* a conception ( ! unse5 z c\ld nev] admit ( elevation & expansion4 ,a religion1 :i* 9 its be/ & simple/ =ms1 c\ld b9d m5 toge!r 9 ! ord]ly dutiful life ( family1 g5s1 /ate1 & f$]ation1 c\ld h>dly1 if left to itself1 h spe$ily become an inanity1 ev5 ?\gh bas$ on ! motive ( fe> r ?an t ( bro!rly love4 ,b ?is religion1 z ! ,/ate became m fully matur$1 came "u ! influ5ce ( two ret>d+ causes4 ,fir/1 its ritual1 always obnoxi\s to =mul>ism1 0 gradually depriv$ ( its mean+ by great prie/hoods :i* f causes :i* ne$ n be "h discuss$ became p[]ful political ag5cies4 ,secondly1 ! contact ) a mature sy/em ( poly!ism1 adorn$ & 9 "s sort mat]ializ$ by art & lit]ature1 drew away ! m9d ( ! simple & wond]+ ,roman f ! task ( develop+ 8 religi\s ideas 9 8 own way4 ,:5 a new _w ( ?\ght broke on ! conqu]+ ,roman ( ! ,republic1 8 own religi\s motives 7 already dry+ up "u ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful ,/ate-organization4 ,8 pietas liv$ on aft] a fa%ion = c5turies1 b m & m x lo/ t hold on ! consci5ce1 t appeal to tru/ & responsibility1 :i* _h once promis$ x a vigor\s life & gr[?4 ,:ile =eign gods & cults attract$ 8 att5tion & admiration1 or appeal$ to 8 s5se t !re 0 no qu>t] f :i* sup]natural aid might n be call$ 9 = ! advancem5t ( 8 ,/ate1 !y fail$ to b9d 8 consci5ce ) ! :olesome motives :i* lay at ! root ( 8 old native religio4 ,& nei!r 9 ! reaction ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 nor 9 ! prote/s ( an au/]e ,cato 9 ! second1 nor 9 ! elaborate revival ( ,augu/us1 mu* less 9 any lat] ef=t ( philosoph] or autocrat to return to ! old ways1 0 any p]man5t resuscitation ( discipl9e or conduct possible4 ,! problem ( giv+ a real religion to ! _w-/ate into :i* ! ,roman dom9ion _h !n gr[n1 0 n to be solv$ ei!r by ,roman pietas or ,hell5ic poly!ism4 ,footnote #aejb3 ,t]tullian1 de ,praescriptionibus ,ha]eticorum1 #dj4 ,footnote #aejc3 ,collect$ by ,au/ 9 8 "w de ,a$ibus sacris1 pp4 #d foll4 ,footnote #aejd3 ,au/1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad1 note #a4 ,footnote #aeje3 ,above1 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #aejf3 ,au/1 op4 cit41 p4 #ae1 note #a4 ,footnote #aejg3 ,see especially ! spee* ( ! consul ,po/umius 9 ,livy #ci4 #ae4 ,footnote #aejh3 ,see a pap] by ! au?or 9 ,classical ,review1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aic foll4 ,footnote #aeji3 ,note = example ! way 9 :i* ,horace has contriv$ to introduce 9 comb9ation ! ideas ( ! f]tility ( crops & h]bs1 ( m>riage & ! increase ( population1 ( public morality & prosp]ity4 ,footnote #aeaj3 ,x gives me pleasure to quote ?is passage f ,roman ,society 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire 7p4 #fc7 by my old fri5d ,pr(essor ,dill4 ,footnote #aeaa3 ,a54 #e4 #bce4 ,footnote #aeab3 ,see ,nettle%ip1 ,essays 9 ,lat9 ,lit]ature1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,,notes ,,on ,,two ,,co9s4 ,a4 ,d5>ius ( ,p4 ,lic9ius ,/olo 7p4 #db74 ,obv4 ,,avgv/vs ,,tr ,,pot ,augu/us1 laureate1 on horse-back to r4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,,/olo ,helmet 7apex7 betwe5 two %ields4 ,,iiivir ,illu/ration ,! =ms ( ! helmet & %ields are v ar*aic & int]e/+1 appe>+ to po9t to a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! helmet be>s a m>k$ lik5ess to t worn on ,egyptian monum5ts by ! ,%>dana1 "o ( ! races t invad$ ,egypt ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! %ield seems to consi/ ( two small r\nd bosses connect$ by an oval boss4 ,x is /rik+ly l ! ,myc5aean %ield z %[n on a numb] ( monum5ts1 & f> e>li] ?an ! s-call$ ,boeotian %ield :i* 0 common 9 ,greece f ! six? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! ,roman writ]s !mselves seem to h be5 puzzl$ by ?is %ape 7,m>9d91 article #8,salii' 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ,antiq471 & !re c be little d\bt t x came d[n f a "t :5 ! #8,myc5aean' civilization 0 common to ,greece & ,italy4 ,! figure on ! co9s ( ,m4 ,sanqu9ius 7,babelon1 ,mon4 de la ,rpub4 ,rom4 ii4 #dag71 :o we>s a horn$ helmet & long tunic & c>ries a h]ald's /aff & r\nd %ield1 has be5 id5tifi$ by sev]al au?orities z "o ( ! ,salii4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly wrong4 ,bo? on ?is co91 & lat] co9s ( ,domitian1 ! p]sonage is closely connect$ ) ! ,ludi ,saecul>es4 ,dr4 ,dressel1 9 ! ,ephem4 ,epigr4 viii4 #cad1 ma9ta9s him to be a h]ald proclaim+ ! fe/ival4 ,?is w\ld admirably suit ! caduceus2 b ! decorations ( ! helmet seem to me to be n plumes1 z ,dr4 ,dressel ?9ks1 b horns1 l ^? on ! headpiece ( ,juno ,lanuv9a4 ,9 any case ! p]son is no ,salius4 ,b4 ,,d5>ius ,,( ,l4 ,,caesius 7p4 #aja74 ,obv4 ,y\?ful bu/ l41 hair disord]$1 /rik+ ) ?und]bolt4 ,beh9d1 a monogram4 ,illu/ration ,rev4 ,l4 ,,caesi ,two "y male figures seat$ to r4 ,ea* has drap]y wrapp$ r\nd wai/1 & grasps a spe>4 ,betwe5 !m1 a dog1 :i* "o ( !m c>esses4 ,9 field1 9 monograms1 ,,l>e ,above1 head ( ,vulcan & p9*]s 7money]'s m>k74 ,! monogram ( ! obv]se 0 read by ,momms5 ,,ap = ,apollo2 b ! clos$ ,p 0 n at t "t 9 use3 ! int]pretation ( ,montagu 7,numismatic ,*ronicle1 #ahie1 p4 #afb7 z ,roma is !re=e to be pref]r$4 ,! head appe>s to be t ( ,v$ius or ,vejovis1 ^: /atue at ,rome c>ri$ 9 ! h& a %eaf ( arr[s1 :i* w\ld naturally be confus$ ) ! ,greek ?und]bolt4 ,o!r heads ( ,vejovis on ,roman co9s1 z ^? ( ! ,g5s ,fonteia1 are m ,apoll9e 9 type1 ) long curls & laurel-wrea?4 ,! two seat$ figures ( ! rev]se are id5tifi$ by ! inscription z ,l>es4 ,!y are cle>ly assimilat$ to ! ,greek ,dioscuri1 e>ly adopt$ at ,rome4 ,! dog1 h[ev]1 :i* sits betwe5 !m is an attribute prop]ly belong+ to !m4 ,dr4 ,wiss[a 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon 7p4 #ahgb7 says t !y are clad 9 dogs' sk9s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly n ! case1 an ord9>y cloak or *lamys falls ov] _! knees4 ,?is repres5tation ( ! ,l>es /&s by itself1 ! deities are frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 lat] art1 especially wall-pa9t+s & bronze /atuettes1 b _! type is t ( boys :o hold cornucopiae or dr9k+ vessel1 & are fully clad4 ,p4 ,g4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,acca ,l>5tia1 #gd1 #ic1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cbd4 ,a$es ,h]culis3 see ,=um ,bo>ium4 ,a$es ,ve/ae3 see ,ve/a4 ,a$iles1 plebeian1 #ge1 #gf1 #ib4 ,aesculapius1 #aje1 #aia1 #bgh2 connexion ) ,v$iovis1 #abb1 #bgh2 temple1 #bgh1 #cdj4 ,agonia3 ,decemb]1 #bfe1 #bha2 ,janu>y1 #bgg1 #bhj-b2 ,m>*1 #ed1 #bha2 ,may1 #aba1 #bha4 ,agonus 7or ,agonalis71 #cbc4 ,agriculture3 fe/ivals1 #c1 #ga1 #gi-hb1 #he-h1 #hh-ia1 #aac-d1 #abd-h1 #ade-ed1 #bjd-f1 #bjf-i1 #bab-d1 #bef-h1 #bfh-gc1 #cbd-g1 #cce4 ,alban ,m\nt3 ,f]iae ,lat9ae held at1 #ie1 #ig1 #bbg-h2 temple ( ,jupit] ,lati>is1 #ie-f1 #bbh4 ,amb>valia1 #aad1 #abd-h1 #aed4 ,ancilia1 #ch-i1 #da-c1 #de-f1 #bej2 lu/ration1 #eg-i1 #bdh1 #bej2 mov+1 #ci1 #da1 #dc-d1 #aae ,ancill>um ,f]iae1 #agf-h4 ,ang]ona1 #bgd-e2 goddess ( ,divalia1 #bgd1 #ccf4 ,anna ,p]5na3 fe/ival1 #dd1 #ej-a1 #ec1 #afc2 leg5ds1 #ea-d1 #fj2 popul>ity ) l[] classes1 #dd1 #ej-a2 repres5tative ( ye>1 #eb-c4 ,aphrodite3 connexion ) ,v5us1 #fi1 #hf4 ,aplu1 #aha4 ,apollo1 #hi1 #aia1 #bej2 comp>ison ) ,m>s1 #ci-dj2 connexion ) ,aesculapius1 #bgh2 ) ,v$iovis1 #abb1 #aha1 #bbe1 #bgh2 c\pl$ ) ,latona1 #aha1 #ahf1 #bjj2 fe/ivals1 #agc1 #agi-ha2 functions1 #ahj1 #bgh2 ,m$icus1 #ahj2 re/oration ( wor%ip by ,augu/us1 #ahj 7n4 #d71 #aha-b2 ,soranus1 #hd1 #aha2 temples1 #ahj1 #ahb2 wor%ip1 #aag1 #agi-hb1 #cci4 ,april3 "*1 #f1 #i1 #cc1 #ff-g2 connexion ) ,v5us1 #fg1 #fi2 fe/ivals1 #ff-ig2 orig9 ( "n1 #f1 #cc1 #ff2 preval5ce ( female deities1 #fg4 ,ara ,maxima3 see ,circus ,maximus4 ,argei3 see also ,sacella ,argeorum1 #aej1 #aea2 explanations ( cu/om1 #aad1 #aaf-bj2 m\rn+ ( ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #aab1 #aae1 #aai1 #aea2 orig9 ( "n1 #aab-c2 #aah-i2 puppets ?r[n into ,tib]1 #eb1 #eg1 #ajj1 #aaa-bj2 sub/itution = human victims1 #aab1 #aae1 #aaf-g1 #aai4 ,armilu/rium1 #de1 #eh1 #bdi1 #bej-a4 ,army3 importance ( curiae1 #cjc1 #cje2 mu/]+1 #acc4 ,artemis1 #bjj4 ,asylum1 #abb1 #ahc 7n4 #c71 #cbg2 connexion ) ,v$iovis1 #abb4 ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 #fi4 ,augu/3 "*1 #ahi-ij2 fe/ivals1 #ahi-bad4 ,augu/us1 revival ( religion1 #ai1 #aha-b1 #aij1 #bhj1 #cdb1 #cdc-d1 #cdi4 ,av5t9e3 plebeian qu>t]1 #ge-f1 #aii2 temples1 #ei1 #gd-f1 #aja-e1 #aeh1 #aih-bjj1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bcb1 #bfg1 #cci4 ,beans3 h>ve/1 #acj1 #bee2 use z food1 #acb-c2 use 9 ritual1 #hc1 #aji-aj1 #aca2 religi\s "*1 #ia1 #aaj1 #acj-a4 ,beat+ b\nds1 see ,lu/rations2 productive ( f]tility1 #ajd1 #agh-i1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cae1 #cah-ba4 ,bellona1 #acd-e4 ,birds3 us$ 9 augury1 #aci-dj4 ,bona ,dea1 #ie2 connexion ) ,damia1 #aje-f2 ) ,maia1 #ii1 #ajj1 #abc1 #baj2 e>? goddess1 #ga1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf2 functions1 #ajd-e1 #ajf2 m5 exclud$ f wor%ip1 #ajb-c1 #adb1 #bef2 myrtle n all[$ 9 temple1 #ajc-d2 temple1 #aja-e2 wom5's sacrifice1 #bee-f2 wor%ip1 #ajb-f1 #aej4 ,b\phonia1 #agf1 #cbi4 ,brutus1 ,m4 ,junius1 #acj4 ,caes> 7,julius73 bir?day1 #agd2 cal5d>1 #d1 #e-f1 #aa1 #ad-e4 ,cakes3 see also ,salt-cake2 heads ( animals deck$ )1 #adh1 #bdb1 #bdd2 sacrifices1 #ec-e1 #aee1 #afa1 #bie1 #cjd4 ,cal5d>3 see also ,ye>1 #bdh-ej2 au?orities on1 #ac-d1 #af-i2 div]g5ces1 #cf1 #de1 #bda1 #bfe-f2 ,julian3 see ,caes>2 m>ks ( days1 #h-aj2 republican1 #ad-bj2 secrecy1 #h-i1 #aa2 surviv+1 #e-f1 #aa-d4 ,campus ,m>tius1 #bdg-h2 fe/ivals1 #ej-a2 races1 #dd-e1 #bjh1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #ccj2 sacrifice ( ,octob]-horse1 #bda-c1 #bdg-i4 ,capitolium1 #abi-cj1 #cbg2 connexion ) ,saturnus1 #bfi-gj2 temples1 #dc1 #he1 #abi-cj1 #ade1 #aeg-h1 #bad1 #baf-g1 #bbi1 #bia1 #bic1 #cbf-g4 ,caprot9ae1 ,nonae3 see ,nones4 ,c>dea3 confusion ) ,c>na1 #aca-b4 ,c>i/ia1 #cjh-i4 ,c>m5ta1 #afg1 #bia-c2 fe/ival1 #bgg1 #bij-c2 temple1 #bia1 #bic4 ,c>m5talia1 #ae1 #bgg1 #bij-c4 ,c>m5tes3 see ,c>m5ta4 ,c>na1 #acj2 confusion ) ,c>dea1 #aca-b2 fe/ival1 #acj-c4 ,ca/or & ,pollux3 see ,dioscuri4 ,c]ealia1 #ae1 #gb-c1 #gg-i1 #ib2 foxes loos$ 9 ,circus ,maximus1 #gg-i1 #id2 plebeian "*1 #gj1 #gg1 #ib4 ,c]es1 #gc-d1 #bie1 #cch2 connexion ) ,demet]1 #gc1 #gd1 #aha2 ) plebeians1 #gd-g1 #ib2 fe/ival1 #gb-c1 #gg-i1 #ib1 #bid-f2 goddess ( crops1 #fg1 #ga1 #gc1 #abf2 ,greek influ5ce on1 #gc1 #ge-f1 #aje2 sacrifices1 #ajc1 #aje1 #bie2 temple1 #gd-f1 #ib4 ,c]nunnos3 id5tification ) ,janus1 #bhf4 ,"* ( ,romans1 #fe2 influ5ce ( religion on1 #cdd-i4 ,*>lton-on-,otmoor3 lu/ration ( fields1 #abh1 #bdf4 ,circus ,flam9ius3 games1 #bag1 #beb1 #bec2 temples1 #acd1 #ace1 #ahj1 #bjb1 #baa4 ,circus ,maximus1 #aij2 alt> ( ,consus1 #agh1 #aij1 #bjf-g1 #bji2 ,ara ,maxima1 #ach1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aic-g2 fe/ivals1 #gg-h1 #id2 races1 #bjh2 temples1 #ib1 #afj1 #bjb1 #bjd4 ,cnaeus ,flavius1 #aa4 ,co9s1 #cej-b2 heads on1 #bhf-g1 #cea4 ,comitia ,curiata3 meet+s1 #fc1 #fd1 #abc1 #cje4 ,comitium1 #eg-h4 ,compitalia1 #bee1 #bgg1 #bgi-hj1 #bid1 #cce1 #cch4 ,consualia1 #aae1 #agh1 #ahi1 #bjf-i1 #bij2 ,ve/al ,virg9s pres5t1 #aae1 #aej2 w9t]1 #bfg-h4 ,consuls3 connexion ) ,f]iae ,lat9ae1 #ie1 #if2 entrance on (fice1 #e1 #ie1 #aij1 #bgh2 lay+ d[n ( (fice1 #baf4 ,consus1 #cbd1 #cch2 alt> 9 ,circus ,maximus1 #agh1 #aij1 #bjf-g1 #bji2 connexion ) horses1 #bjg-h2 ) ,ops1 #bab-c2 fe/ivals1 #aae1 #agh1 #bjf-i1 #bfg-h2 temple1 #bjf1 #bfg4 ,corn3 supply1 #gf2 trade1 #aba2 wolf3 see ,corn-_s4 ,corn-_s3 animal repres5tation1 #gh1 #hc1 #ij-a1 #id1 #bdd-e1 #bfd2 dea? & r5ewal ( life1 #hc1 #aah1 #bdf-g1 #caf-g2 human repres5tation1 #agg1 #bde2 races 9 rites1 #bde-f1 #ccj2 rites to aid gr[? ( corn1 #da1 #hc-d2 rites to propitiate1 #ij-a1 #bdd-h4 ,creek ,indians3 fe/ivals ( fir/-fruits1 #aeb-c4 ,cross-roads1 #bgi-hj4 ,curiae1 #af1 #ga1 #cjc-d2 fe/ivals1 #ga-b1 #bai1 #cjb-f1 #cce2 flam51 #cjd4 ,curio ,maximus1 #cjc-d4 ,curis1 #cjc4 ,damia3 connexion ) ,bona ,dea1 #aje-f4 ,days3 cal5d> m>ks 91 #h-aj2 m>ket1 #h2 numb] 9 mon?s1 #b-c4 ,dead3 ance/or wor%ip1 #afa1 #bge-f1 #cjj1 #cjh-i2 burial1 #ajh1 #aji1 #cjg2 cult *iefly 9 ,febru>y1 #c1 #f1 #cc1 #ajg1 #bii1 #cjj2 fe/ivals1 #ajf-aj1 #aca1 #bge-f1 #cjf-aj2 (f]+s1 #cjh2 spirits3 see ,gho/s4 ,dea ,dia1 #ga1 #aje2 c5tre ( ritual ( ,fratres ,arvales1 #gd1 #aje2 connexion ) ,c]es1 #gd4 ,decemb]1 #g2 "*1 #bee2 fe/ivals1 #cc1 #bee-gf4 ,deities3 ab/ractions resolv$ into1 #aij-a1 #cda2 *?onic1 #bjg1 #baj1 #baa-b2 dualism ( male & female1 #fa-b1 #bab-c1 #bba2 female1 #fg1 #ga1 #gd1 #ajf2 fluctuation betwe5 male & female1 #fg1 #gc1 #hj1 #bcb-c2 images3 see ,images2 imp]sonality1 #ajf1 #acg1 #aci1 #bac1 #bba-b1 #bie1 #caa1 #ccg2 multiplicity1 #add1 #afg1 #bda1 #bei-fj1 #bia-c1 #ccg2 pray]s3 see ,pray]s2 symbols1 #abb1 #aci1 #afa1 #afi1 #agj1 #bcj1 #bce2 wom5's3 see ,wom54 ,delphi3 ,roman deal+s )1 #aha4 ,demet]1 #ajc1 #aaj2 connexion ) ,c]es1 #gc1 #gd1 #aha4 ,demons3 see ,evil spirits4 ,diana3 connexion ) ,artemis1 #bjj2 c\pl$ ) ,h]cules1 #aha1 #ahf2 fe/ival1 #aih-bjj2 functions1 #aih1 #bjj-a2 ,nemor5sis1 #ahc2 temples1 #aih-bjj1 #cci4 ,dionysus3 connexion ) ,lib]1 #ed-e1 #gd1 #hh2 introduction ( cult into ,italy1 #hh1 #cdb2 sacrifice at ,t5$os1 #cbi4 ,dioscuri1 #bif-g1 #cea2 temples1 #bjb1 #bif4 ,dis ,pat]1 #abj1 #bab1 #bfi4 ,dius ,fidius1 #cbg2 antiquity1 #ace-f2 connexion ) ,g5ius ,jovis1 #adb-e2 ) ,h]cules1 #acg-i1 #adb-d2 ) ,jupit]1 #ach-da1 #bba2 ) ,semo ,sancus1 #acf-h1 #add2 temple1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada4 ,divalia1 #bgd-e4 ,dogs3 connexion ) ,l>es prae/ites1 #aja1 #cea-b2 sacrifices1 #hi-ia1 #aja1 #bji1 #caa1 #cab1 #cad4 ,e>?3 deities1 #fg1 #ga1 #gd1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #bef1 #bid-e2 spiritualiz$ z fem99e1 #ajc1 #ajf4 ,epulum ,jovis3 see ,jupit]4 ,equirria1 #dd-f1 #ccj-a4 ,esquil9e3 cults1 #bbh2 divisions1 #bff2 temples1 #ch4 ,etruscans3 influ5ce on ,roman religion1 #aga-b1 #ahe-f1 #bjj1 #bai-bj1 #bbb-c1 #bbi1 #bcd-e1 #cch-dj2 trias1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bce1 #bci4 ,evil spirits3 expulsion1 #dj-a1 #dc1 #ajg2 human scapegoat1 #dj-a1 #df-i4 ,fairs1 #bec4 ,fa/i3 see ,cal5d>2 ,ovid's1 see ,ovid4 ,fauna1 #ajc4 ,faunalia1 #bee1 #bef-h4 ,faunus1 #ajc1 #beg-h2 connexion ) ,lup]calia1 #beg-h1 #bfb1 #cab-c2 ) ,pan1 #beh1 #bei1 #cac2 d]ivation ( "n1 #beh-i2 fe/ival1 #bef-h2 functions1 #hj1 #bfa-c1 #bgh2 multiplicity1 #bei-fj1 #cac2 orig91 #beg-h1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfc-e2 temples1 #beg-h1 #bgh1 #cjb2 woodl& "*1 #bfj-a4 ,favonius1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfd2 ,feb4 #g?1 #bgg1 #bii4 ,febru>y1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g2 "*1 #f1 #ff1 #bii2 fe/ivals1 #c1 #f1 #cc1 #bih-cca2 orig9 ( "n1 #f1 #bih4 ,f]alia1 #aj1 #ajg1 #cjf1 #cji-aj4 ,f]etrius3 see ,jupit]4 ,f]iae ,lat9ae1 #ie-g1 #bbg-h1 #cce4 ,f]iae ,sem5tivae1 #bid-f4 ,f]onia1 #aii1 #beb-d2 temple1 #bec4 ,f]tility3 cu/oms to produce1 #id-e1 #ajd1 #agh-i1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cae1 #cah-ba4 ,fe/ivals1 #ae1 #ah-i1 #dd1 #ccf2 agricultural1 #c1 #ga1 #gi-hb1 #he-h1 #hh-ia1 #aac-d1 #abd-h1 #ade-ed1 #bjd-f1 #bjf-i1 #bab-d1 #bef-h1 #bfh-gc1 #cbd-g1 #cce2 ( curiae1 #af1 #ga-b1 #bai1 #cjb-f1 #cce2 dome/ic1 #ajg1 #cjf-aj2 h>ve/1 #abd-h1 #ade-ed1 #ahi-ij1 #aie-f1 #bjg-i1 #bab-d1 #bdc-d1 #bid-f2 m>k$ 9 cal5d>s1 #ae-f2 m5's1 #ajb-c1 #adb1 #aid2 ( montes1 #af1 #bfe-g1 #cce2 moveable1 #ae1 #ie1 #abd1 #bee-f1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bid1 #cjc2 pagi1 #af1 #beg1 #bid-f1 #cce2 pa/oral1 #if-g2 patrician1 #fh 7n4 #b71 #gj2 plebeian1 #dd1 #ej-a1 #fh1 #gj1 #ib1 #afc1 #aga1 #bec2 ( sacella1 #af1 #aaa-bj1 #cce2 survival (1 #abg-h1 #cab1 #cba2 times (1 #g1 #ei1 #gj1 #afi-gj1 #agd1 #ahi1 #bef1 #bij2 transition f ru/ic to urban3 see ,religion2 wom5's1 #ch1 #fg-h1 #ajb-c1 #adb1 #adh1 #aed-f1 #agh-i1 #bee-f1 #bia4 ,fetiales1 #bcj-a2 decl>ation ( w>1 #acd1 #bcj2 lapis silex1 #bcj-a4 ,fid5ates3 leg5ds ab\t1 #agd1 #age1 #agg1 #agh4 ,fides1 #bcg2 fe/ival1 #bcg-h4 ,fig-tree ( ,rum9a1 #caj1 #ccd4 ,fire3 deities1 #ahi1 #bji-aj2 sacr$ fire ( ,ve/a3 see ,ve/a4 ,fir/fruits3 ga!r+1 #aea-c2 (f]+1 #aie1 #baa-b4 ,fisovius ,sancius3 see ,fisus4 ,fisus1 #acg1 #aci4 ,flam9es1 #ce1 #bhh1 #cce1 #cdb-c2 antiquity ( deity prov$ by1 #ib1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bcg2 ,flam5 ,c>m5talis1 #bib2 ,flam5 curiae1 #cjd2 ,flam5 ,dialis1 #hf-h1 #bjd1 #bba1 #cac2 ,flam5 ,floralis1 #ib2 ,flam5 ,fur9alis1 #ahg2 ,flam5 ,m>tialis1 #bcg1 #cbc2 ,flam5 ,palatualis1 #bfg2 ,flam5 ,pomonalis1 #bja2 ,flam5 ,portunalis1 #bjb2 ,flam5 ,quir9alis1 #hi1 #bji1 #bcg1 #bgf1 #ccc1 #ccd2 ,flam5 ,volcanalis1 #abc1 #baj2 ,flam5 ,volturnalis1 #bad2 ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #ef 7n4 #e71 #aab1 #aae1 #adf1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec1 #bba2 repres5tative ( sons ( ! family1 #cf1 #adg1 #bhh1 #ccd4 ,flora1 #ib-c1 #bdj1 #cbd2 fe/ivals1 #ia-e functions1 #fg1 #ic1 #id2 temples1 #ib1 #bjb1 #cbd4 ,floralia1 #ia-e2 h>es & goats loos$ 9 ,circus ,maximus1 #id4 ,fons 7or ,fontus71 #bdj-a1 #beh2 temple1 #cda4 ,font9alia1 #bdj-a4 ,=dicidia1 #ga-b1 #hc1 #bdc2 "*1 #ff1 #aae1 #aej2 %>e ( ,ve/al ,virg9s 91 #ga1 #hc1 #aae1 #aej4 ,=nacalia1 #cjb-f1 #cce4 ,=s ,=tuna3 see ,=tuna4 ,=tuna1 #fg2 connexion ) ,jupit]1 #aff1 #afh1 #bbc-e2 ) ,nortia1 #aga-b2 ) ,s]vius ,tullius1 #fh1 #aef-g1 #afb1 #aga-b2 expla9$ z dawn-goddess1 #afd-f2 expla9$ z moon-goddess1 #afh-i2 expla9$ z sun-goddess1 #afh-ga2 fe/ivals1 #fg-i2 #afa-gb2 ,=s1 #abd1 #afa-c1 #cdj2 functions1 #afg-h1 #agj-a2 huiusce diei1 #afd-e1 #cdc2 orig9 ( "n1 #afc-d1 #aff-g2 ,primig5ia1 #gb1 #abd1 #afe-f1 #afg-h1 #bbc-d1 #bed2 /atues1 #aef-g1 #cci2 symbols1 #afi1 #agj-a2 temples1 #fh1 #gb1 #abd1 #aef-g1 #afa-b1 #aff1 #cci1 #cdc2 ,virilis1 #fh2 wom5 especially wor%ip1 #afg-h2 wor%ipp$ at ,pra5e/e1 #gb1 #abd1 #aff1 #afh1 #bbc4 ,=um3 meet+ ( curiae 91 #cje1 #cjf2 temples1 #bga1 #bgc-d1 #bif1 #cci4 ,=um ,bo>ium3 ,a$es ,h]culis1 #aic2 temples1 #aed1 #aef-g1 #cci4 ,=um ,olitorium3 temple1 #cjb4 ,foxes1 #gh2 loos$ at ,c]ealia1 #gg-i2 #id4 ,fratres ,arvales1 #db2 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium1 #ag1 #abe2 cal5d>1 #ab2 decl9e (1 #ahd-e1 #cdc2 ritual (1 #dh1 #gd1 #ib-c1 #aje1 #abe1 #abg1 #acf1 #bdj-a1 #bga1 #bhb4 ,fre$wom53 wor%ip ( ,f]onia1 #bec4 ,furiae3 confusion ) ,furr9a1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,furr9a 7or ,fur9a71 #ahg-h4 ,furr9alia1 #agc1 #ahg-h4 ,gaia ,caecilia1 #ada4 ,games 7ludi71 #ae1 #ej2 ,apoll9>es1 #agc1 #agi-hj2 ,c]eales1 #gb-c2 compitales1 #bgi-hj2 ,florae1 #ia-e2 horse races1 #dd-e1 #eh1 #ia1 #ahj1 #bjh1 #bdb1 #bde-f1 #bdh-i2 ,megalesiaci1 #fi-ga2 plebeii1 #ahj1 #bag1 #beb1 #bec2 ,romani1 #bae1 #baf-g1 #beb2 saecul>es1 #ahb4 ,gates3 see ,porta4 ,geese3 sacr$ to ,juno1 #abi-cj4 ,g5ita ,mana4 #aja4 ,gho/s3 purification ( h\se f1 #ajj1 #aji-aj1 #aca2 classification (1 #ajh-i4 ,gods3 see ,deities4 ,guilds1 #fb1 #aba2 tibic9es1 #aeg-h4 ,h>aw>a1 #hd4 ,h>es3 loos$ at ,floralia1 #id4 ,h>ve/1 #aed1 #ahi2 cu/oms1 #agg-h1 #bde-f2 fe/ivals1 #abd-h1 #aec-d1 #ahi-ij1 #aie-f1 #bjg-i4 ,heal+ deities1 #ajd-e1 #ahj1 #aia1 #bgh4 ,heimdal3 equation ) ,janus1 #bhf4 ,hephae/us1 #abc4 ,h]cules3 connexion ) ,dius ,fidius or ,semo ,sancus1 #acg-i1 #adb-d2 ) ,g5ius1 #adc-d1 #aid-e1 #aif1 #ccg2 ) ,juno1 #adb-d2 ) ,m>s1 #aid-e1 #aif2 c\pl$ ) ,diana1 #aha1 #ahf2 ,invictus1 #bja2 leg5ds1 #ajb1 #aab1 #ach1 #aic1 #aif-g2 repres5tative ( male pr9ciple1 #ajc1 #adc1 #aid2 temples1 #ace1 #bja2 ,victor1 #ach2 wor%ip1 #aic-g2 wor%ip conf9$ to m51 #ajb1 #ajc1 #adb1 #aid4 ,h]mes1 #abj-a2 connexion ) ,m]cury1 #aba1 #ahf4 ,hirpi ,sorani3 rites at ,soracte1 #hd1 #cag4 ,horatius3 leg5d1 #bch-i4 ,horses3 connexion ( ,consus )1 #bjg-h2 ( ,m>s )1 #ccj2 deck$ ) fl[]s1 #bjg-h2 heads deck$ ) cakes1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,horta ,quir9i1 #cbd4 ,ides1 #h2 sacr$ to ,jupit]1 #h1 #aj1 #abj1 #aeg1 #aih1 #bae1 #bda4 ,iguvium3 inscription f\nd at1 #ag1 #aad1 #abg1 #acg1 #aci1 #agf1 #bba4 ,images & /atues ( gods1 #ha1 #ada1 #aef-g1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bah1 #bbh1 #bci4 ,indigitam5ta1 #ga1 #aia1 #aib1 #bgd1 #cda4 ,indigites1 #aib4 ,inuus1 #cab-c4 ,isis wor%ip1 #beb4 ,janu>y1 #e-g2 "*1 #f1 #cc1 #bgg2 consuls ent] (fice 91 #e1 #ie1 #bgh2 fe/ivals1 #f1 #bgg-ig2 orig9 ( "n1 #f1 #g1 #cc1 #ii4 ,janus1 #bgj2 connexion ) ,c>dea1 #aca-b2 ) ,janu>y1 #f1 #cc1 #ii2 ) ,saturnus1 #bgj2 ) tigillum sororium1 #bch-i2 ) ,ve/a1 #bhb-c1 #bhg-h1 #ccd-e2 cult-titles1 #bhi-ij2 gem9us1 #bhf2 god ( entrances1 #bhb-c1 #bhf-i1 #cce1 #ccg2 orig9 ( cult1 #bhb-i2 ,rex sacrorum connect$ ) wor%ip (1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #ccd-e2 temples1 #bjd1 #bgj4 ,july1 #b1 #c1 #agc2 fe/ivals1 #agd-hh4 ,june3 "*1 #f1 #cc2 fe/ivals1 #acj-gb2 orig9 ( "n1 #f1 #ii-ajj1 #abi-cj4 ,juno1 #cab2 ,caprot9a1 #agh2 connexion ) ,bona ,dea1 #adb2 ) ,h]cules1 #adb-d2 ) ,june1 #ii-ajj1 #abi2 ) ,jupit]1 #acd1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc-e2 ) ,m>s1 #cg-h1 #acc-d2 ) tigillum sororium1 #bch-i2 cult at ,pra5e/e1 #aff1 #bbd2 ,curitis1 #bbc1 #bci2 fe/ivals1 #agd1 #agh-i2 ,kal5ds sacr$ to1 #h1 #ch1 #abi1 #bci1 #bda2 ,luc9a1 #ch1 #aje1 #aef2 ,moneta1 #abi-cj2 "o ( ,etruscan trias1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bce1 #cci2 repres5tative ( female pr9ciple1 #ch1 #ada1 #adc1 #agh1 #bba1 #cba 7n4 #a71 #ccg2 ,sospita1 #cjb2 temples1 #ch1 #aeg-h1 #bae1 #baf-g1 #cjb1 #cbf-g4 ,jupit]1 #ig1 #bbj-a1 #cac2 ,capitol9us1 #ig1 #aeh2 cella ,jovis1 #bag2 connexion ) ,dius ,fidius or ,semo ,sancus1 #ach-da1 #bba2 ) ,=tuna1 #aff1 #afh1 #bbc-e2 ) ,juno1 #acd1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc-e2 ) ,m]curius1 #abj2 ) ,t]m9us1 #cbf-g2 ) w9e1 #ee1 #hh1 #bdj2 ,elicius1 #bcb1 #bcc2 epulum ,jovis1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag-bj1 #bcc-d1 #bec2 ,fagutalis1 #bbh2 ,f]etrius1 #bbi-cj1 #bcb1 #ccd2 fe/ivals1 #he-h1 #aeg-i1 #agd1 #baf-bj1 #bge1 #cch2 ,fulgur1 #bci2 functions1 #ee1 #hh1 #ig1 #ada1 #bbb1 #bbi-cj1 #bcb1 #cbf2 ,ides sacr$ to1 #h1 #aj1 #abj1 #aeg1 #aih1 #bae1 #bda2 ,indiges1 #aib2 ,invictus1 #aeh2 ,lati>is1 #ig1 #aih1 #bbg-h2 ,lib]1 #ee1 #hh2 ,lucetius1 #bbb2 "o ( ,etruscan trias1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bce1 #cci2 ,pu]1 cult at ,pra5e/e1 #aff1 #bbd-g2 /ones connect$ )1 #bcj-c1 #bcd2 temples1 #ie-f1 #aeg-h1 #bae1 #baf-g1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #cbf-g1 #cci2 ,vim9ius1 #bbi2 wor%ip 9 groves1 #ahc1 #bbg2 wor%ip 9 ,italy1 #bba-c2 wor%ip on hills1 #ie1 #bbb1 #bbg1 #bcd4 ,juturna1 #bic2 temple1 #cda4 ,kal5ds1 #h2 sacr$ to ,juno1 #h1 #ch1 #abi1 #bci1 #bda4 ,k+s1 #cf1 #fc1 #bhb2 repres5t$ by ,pontifex ,maximus1 #adg1 #bhh2 repres5t$ by ,rex sacrorum1 #h1 #bac1 #bhb1 #bhh4 ,lapis3 see ,/ones4 ,l>5talia1 #bge-f4 ,l>5tia3 see ,acca ,l>5tia4 ,l>es1 #acf1 #cji1 #ccg2 compitales or dome/ici1 #aja1 #cch2 prae/ites1 #ajj-a1 #cce4 ,lat9 ,fe/ival3 see ,f]iae ,lat9ae4 ,lat9s1 common wor%ip ( ,romans &1 #ie-g1 #aih-i1 #cce4 ,latona1 c\pl$ ) ,apollo1 #aha1 #ahf1 #bjj4 ,laurel1 #hc2 sacr$ to ,m>s1 #ce-f4 ,lecti/]nium1 #ahj-a1 #ahf1 #bjj1 #bgc2 connexion ) epulum ,jovis1 #bah4 ,lemuria1 #ajj1 #ajf-aj1 #aca1 #agd1 #bij4 ,leuco!a1 #aed4 ,lib]1 #cab1 #cch2 connexion ) ,dionysus1 #ed-e1 #gd1 #hh4 ,lib]a1 #gd4 ,lib]alia1 #ed-f2 cakes us$ at1 #ec-d1 #ee4 ,litania ,maior1 #ia1 #abg4 ,luc>ia1 #ae 7n4 #a71 #agc1 #agd1 #ahb-e1 #ahf-g4 ,luc]es1 #ahe4 ,ludi3 see ,games4 ,lup]cal1 #caj-a1 #cah4 ,lup]calia1 #bih1 #bii1 #caj-ba2 deity (1 #beg-h1 #bfb1 #cab-c2 sacrifices at1 #aja1 #caa1 #cab-d2 salt-cake us$1 #aaj1 #aae1 #caa2 :ipp+ to produce f]tility1 #ajd1 #agi1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cae1 #cah-ba4 ,lup]ci1 #caa1 #cab-c1 #cai-bj2 d]ivation ( "n1 #caa1 #cag4 ,lup]cus1 #caa1 #cab4 ,lup9es1 #id4 ,lu/rations1 #fh1 #hc-e1 #bih2 a$es ,ve/ae1 #adh-i1 #aea-d2 ,argei1 #ajj1 #aac-d1 #aae1 #aai2 arms1 #eh-i1 #bdh-i1 #bej-a2 b\nd-beat+1 #aad1 #abe-h1 #cjd1 #cai2 crops1 #ajj1 #aad1 #abd-h1 #aed2 gho/s1 #ajj2 ,lup]calia1 #cae-f1 #cai-ba2 p1 #age-f2 processions1 #aaa1 #aac-d1 #abe-f1 #cce2 rites1 #bii-cjb2 %eep1 #ha2 %ields1 #eh-i1 #bdh1 #bej2 trumpets1 #fc-d1 #abc4 ,magna ,mat] ,idaea3 fe/ival1 #fg1 #fi-ga2 introduction into ,rome1 #fg1 #fi-gj1 #ajb1 #cdb2 /one repres5t+1 #fi-gj1 #cdb2 temple1 #gj4 ,maia1 #ih-ajj2 connexion ) ,bona ,dea1 #ii1 #ajj1 #abc1 #abi2 ) ,m]curius1 #ih-i1 #abj2 ) ,volcanus1 #abc1 #baj4 ,mamuralia1 #de-ej4 ,mamurius3 expulsion ( ,mamurius ,veturius1 #dj-a1 #df-i2 fe/ival1 #dd-ej2 smi?1 #ci1 #de-f2 v>iant = ,m>s1 #ci1 #da1 #de4 ,manes1 #ajh1 #cjj1 #cjh4 ,m>*1 #b1 #c2 beg9n+ ( ye>1 #e1 #cc1 #ch2 connexion ) ,m>s1 #cc-e1 #dh1 #fd-e1 #ii2 fe/ivals1 #e1 #ce-fe2 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #e1 #ce-dc1 #bgh2 orig9 ( "n1 #cc1 #ii4 ,m>cus ,fulvius ,nobilior1 #aa4 ,m>ket days1 #h4 ,m>riages1 #bic2 cu/oms1 #adb2 ill-om5$ 9 ,m>* & ,may1 #fj1 #fg1 #ajj1 #aji1 #bic2 prohibit$1 #adf1 #cjh4 ,m>s1 #ec1 #fj1 #cac2 bir?day1 #e1 #cf-h1 #fj2 comp>ison ) ,apollo1 #ci-dj2 connexion ) ,h]cules1 #aid-e1 #aif2 ) ,juno1 #cg-h1 #acc-d2 ) ,m>*1 #cc-e1 #dh1 #fd-e1 #ii2 ) ,m9]va1 #ec1 #ei-fj1 #fb2 ) ,n]io1 #fj-b1 #ahf2 ) ,quir9us1 #cbb-c2 ) ,robigus1 #hi1 #cbd2 ) ,romulus1 #cc1 #cg 7n4 #c72 ) ,silvanus1 #ee1 #aid2 fe/ivals1 #dd-f1 #eg-fc1 #abc1 #bda-ej1 #bij1 #cac1 #ccj-a2 functions1 #cd-e1 #da1 #dc1 #fd-e1 #hi1 #bdh-i1 #bej1 #bfb2 god ( p[]s ( vegetation & reproduction1 #cd-e2 #da1 #dh-i1 #fd1 #abf-g1 #aif2 ,greek influ5ce1 #ce1 #cg2 laurel sacr$ to1 #ce-f2 orig91 #cd-e1 #fd2 prie/s3 see ,salii2 ,sacr>ium ,m>tis1 #ci1 #dd1 #cbd1 #cce2 %ields3 see ,ancilia2 temples1 #acc-d1 #bcb2 w>-god1 #abf1 #bjg1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,mat] ,l>um1 #bdj4 ,mat] ,matuta1 #aed-f1 #afe4 ,matralia1 #aed-f1 #afe4 ,matronalia1 #ch4 ,may1 #b1 #c2 "*1 #f1 #cc1 #ajj2 fe/ivals1 #cc1 #ih-abh2 orig9 ( "n1 #f1 #cc1 #ih-ajj4 ,meals3 see also ,epulum ,jovis2 sacrificial1 #ha1 #if-g1 #aid1 #bah-bj1 #cjh1 #cji4 ,m$itr9alia1 #bcf1 #bci-dj4 ,megalesia1 #fi-ga4 ,m53 exclusion f cults1 #ajb-c1 #adb1 #bef2 oa?s (1 #ach-i1 #adb4 ,m5s1 #ade4 ,m]curius3 connexion ) ,h]mes1 #aba1 #ahf2 ) ,jupit]1 #abj2 ) ,maia1 #ih-i1 #abj2 c\pl$ ) ,neptunus1 #aha1 #ahf2 god ( trade1 #aba2 temples1 #aba1 #cci4 ,mildew3 see ,ru/4 ,m9]va3 connexion ) ,m>s1 #ec1 #ei-fj1 #fb2 ) ,n]io1 #ei-fb2 fe/ivals1 #ei1 #fb1 #aeh2 goddess ( trumpet play]s1 #fb1 #aeh2 nail driv5 into cella (1 #bcd-e2 "o ( ,etruscan trias1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bce1 #cci2 temples1 #ei1 #aeg-h1 #bae1 #baf-g1 #cbf-g1 #cci4 ,mola salsa3 see ,salt-cake4 ,montes1 #bff-g2 fe/ivals (1 #af1 #bfe-g1 #cce4 ,mon?s1 #e-g1 #cc-d2 divisions1 #g-h2 lun>1 #g2 names1 #e-g1 #cc-d1 #ii-ajj2 numb] ( days1 #b-c2 sol>1 #a4 ,mundus1 #baa-b2 op51 #baa-b1 #bci1 #beb4 ,myrtle1 #fh2 exclud$ f temple ( ,bona ,dea1 #ajc-d4 ,nails driv5 into temples1 #agb1 #bag1 #bcd-e4 ,nemesis1 #agj4 ,neptunalia1 #agc1 #ahe-g4 ,neptunus1 #ahe-g2 connexion ) ,poseidon1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ) ,salacia1 #ahf2 c\pl$ ) ,m]curius1 #aha1 #ahf2 functions1 #ahe1 #ahg4 ,n]io1 #acd-e2 connexion ) ,m>s1 #fj-b1 #ahf2 ) ,m9]va1 #ei-fb4 ,n]?us1 #aag4 ,new ,ye>3 see ,m>*4 ,nones1 #g1 #h2 ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 #agd1 #age1 #agh-i4 ,nortia1 #bce2 connexion ) ,=tuna1 #aga-b4 ,novemb]3 "*1 #beb2 fe/ivals1 #beb-d4 ,numa3 connexion ) cal5d>1 #d1 #cce-f2 leg5ds1 #bfb-c1 #bgh4 ,numb]s3 lucky & unlucky1 #c4 ,oak ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #ccd4 ,oa?s1 #ach-i1 #adb1 #bca1 #big1 #cbg2 ,jupit]'s connexion )1 #aci1 #bbi-cj1 #cbf2 tak5 at ,ara ,maxima1 #ach-i4 ,octaet]is cycle1 #b-c4 ,octob]1 #b1 #c2 "*1 #bcf-g2 fe/ivals1 #bcg-ea4 ,octob]-horse1 #de1 #eh1 #bda-ej2 blood kept by ,ve/al ,virg9s1 #hc1 #aej1 #bdc1 #bdg2 corn-_s repres5t$ by1 #hc1 #bdd-h2 races1 #de1 #eh1 #bdb1 #bde-f2 sacrifice (1 #hc1 #bda-b4 ,opalia1 #bee1 #bgc-d4 ,opeconsivia1 #aae1 #aej1 #ahi1 #bab-d1 #bij4 ,ops1 #gd1 #cch2 connexion ) ,consus1 #bab-c2 ) ,saturnus1 #bab1 #bgc-d2 ,consiva1 #bab2 fe/ival1 #aae1 #aej1 #bab-d1 #bgc-d2 ,opif]a1 #baj2 temple1 #bgc-d4 ,oracles3 ,faunus1 #bfb-c4 ,oscilla3 see ,puppets4 ,ovid3 ,fa/i1 #f-g1 #ac1 #ad1 #cf-g1 #agc1 #bcf-g4 ,paganalia1 #af1 #bid-f1 #cce1 #cch4 ,pagus1 #beg1 #bid1 #cce2 fe/ivals1 #af1 #beg1 #bid-f1 #cce1 #cch4 ,palat9e3 divisions1 #bff2 ,lup]cal3 see ,lup]cal2 mundus3 see ,mundus2 rites celebrat$1 #bgf1 #caj-b1 #cah-i2 temples1 #gj1 #ahj 7n4 #d71 #ahb2 union ) ,subura1 #bdg4 ,palatua1 #bfg4 ,pales1 #fg1 #hj1 #bfg2 fe/ival1 #gi-he2 (f]+s1 #ha1 #ajc4 ,pan3 connexion ) ,faunus1 #beh1 #bei1 #cac4 ,p>5talia1 #baj1 #bgf1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjf-aj1 #cce4 ,p>ilia1 #ff1 #gi-he1 #aaj1 #bdc1 #bdg2 "*1 #ff1 #aae1 #aej2 %>e ( ,ve/al ,virg9s 91 #ga1 #hc1 #aae4 ,p5ates1 #ccg4 ,p]sephone1 #ge4 ,picumnus1 #bja4 ,p9>ii1 #aic4 ,plebeians3 fe/ivals1 #dd1 #ej-a1 #fh1 #gj1 #ib1 #afc1 #aga1 #bec2 qu>t]1 #ge1 #gg2 secession1 #ec1 #ge-g2 temples1 #ge-f1 #ib1 #aii4 ,pomona1 #bja4 ,pons sublicius1 ,argei ?r[n f1 #aab1 #aac-d4 ,pontifices1 #aad2 decl9e1 #cdb-c2 gr[+ importance1 #cci-da2 influ5ce on religion1 #aij-a1 #aib1 #bac1 #bad1 #beg-h1 #cda2 ,pontifex ,maximus1 #adg1 #bhh2 prie/esses1 #aje-f2 %>e 9 fe/ivals1 #aab1 #aad1 #bgf4 ,poplifugia1 #g1 #ae 7n4 #a71 #agc1 #agd-f1 #agi1 #ahc1 #cbh4 ,porta3 ,agon5sis1 #bha2 ,cap5a1 #acc1 #bcb2 ,c>m5talis1 #ahj 7n4 #c71 #bij1 #bia1 #bic2 ,font9alis1 #bdj2 ,sanqualis1 #ace1 #adj2 ,trigem9a1 #bja4 ,portunalia1 #ahi1 #bjb-d4 ,portunus1 #bjb-d1 #bad1 ,poseidon3 connexion1 ) ,neptunus1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,hippios1 #bjh4 ,potitii1 #aic4 ,pra5e/e1 #bed2 cult ( ,=tuna1 #gb1 #abd1 #aff1 #afh1 #bbc-d1 #bed2 cult ( ,jupit] ,pu]1 #aff1 #bbd-g2 =eign influ5ce1 #aff1 #bbg4 ,pray]s1 #ha-b1 #hi-ij1 #abf-g1 #acc1 #aee1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bie1 #cjh1 #cdf4 ,pres5ts giv5 at fe/ivals1 #ch1 #bgb1 #bgh4 ,prie/s3 see ,pontifices4 ,primig5ia3 see ,=tuna4 ,pros]p9a1 #bab4 ,pro/itutes1 fe/ival (1 #ic4 ,punic ,w>s1 #ai1 #fi-ga1 #agi2 in/itution ( fe/ivals & temples due to1 #ai1 #fi1 #agi1 #cda1 #cdb4 ,puppets3 ,argei ?r[n into ,tib]1 #aaa-bj2 oscilla hung on trees1 #if1 #aaf1 #bif4 ,purification3 see ,lu/ration4 ,py?agoreans1 #aaj4 ,qu9ctilis3 see ,july4 ,qu9quatrus1 #de1 #eg-fb1 #bij2 m9usculae1 #aeg-i4 ,quir9al1 #bcg1 #bha1 #cbb2 cults1 #bbi1 #cbb-d2 temples1 #abd1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada1 #aij-a1 #cbb1 #cbd4 ,quir9alia1 #cjd-e1 #cbb-d4 ,quir9us1 #cje1 #cbb-d2 temples1 #aia1 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,quirites1 #cbb4 ,races3 see ,games4 ,regia1 #aij1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bhb1 #cce2 laurel fix$ on1 #e1 #ce2 sacr>ium ,m>tis 91 #ci1 #dd1 #cbd1 #cce2 sacr>ium ,opis 91 #bac4 ,regifugium1 #agd1 #cbg-cj1 #cca4 ,religion1 #ah-bj2 au?orities1 #ccb-c2 bas$ on cult1 #bj1 #ccc-d2 daemoni/ic "*1 #gd1 #ajf1 #acg1 #aci1 #bac1 #bba-b1 #bbf-g1 #bcb-c1 #bie1 #cac2 decl9e1 #cda-c2 ,etruscan influ5ce1 #aga-b1 #bai-bj1 #bbi1 #bcd-e2 ,graeco-,etruscan influ5ce1 #ahe-f1 #baa-b1 #bbc1 #cch-dj2 ,greek influ5ce1 #aia1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bah1 #bbf-g1 #bfh-i1 #bgc1 #cdb1 #cdc2 influ5ce on "*1 #cdd-i2 ,ori5tal influ5ce1 #ai1 #beb2 pontifices' influ5ce1 #aij-a1 #aib1 #bac1 #bad1 #beg-h1 #cda2 reaction aga9/ =eign influ5ce1 #cdj-a1 #cdi2 repres5tative ( /ages ( gr[?1 #ccd-h2 revival by ,augu/us3 see ,augu/us2 transition f aniconic to iconic1 #bai-bj1 #bbi1 #bcc-d2 transition f ru/ic to urban1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajc1 #aie-f1 #bdh-ej1 #beg-h1 #bgi-hj1 #bid4 ,reproduction1 _s3 see ,corn-_s4 ,rex sacrorum1 #h1 #cce2 connexion ) ,janus wor%ip1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #ccd-e2 repres5tative ( k+1 #h1 #bac1 #bhb1 #bhh2 repres5tative ( head ( h\sehold1 #bac1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #ccd4 ,robigalia1 #ff1 #hh-ia4 ,robigus1 #cbd1 #cch2 connexion ) ,m>s1 #hi1 #cbd2 fe/ival1 #hh-ia4 ,romulus1 #d2 connexion ) ,m>s1 #cc1 #cg 7n4 #c72 ) ,quir9us1 #cbb2 leg5ds1 #age-f1 #bbi1 #caj4 ,ru/1 r$1 #hh-i1 #ia4 ,sab9e wom51 leg5d1 #agh1 #bjh-i4 ,sacella ,argeorum1 #af1 #ef-g1 #aaa-b1 #cce2 procession r\nd1 #ef1 #aaa1 #aac-d1 #cce4 ,sacrifices1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #fb1 #hf1 #bji1 #bfg1 #cac-d2 bean meal & l>d1 #acj1 #acc2 bo>1 #baj2 bull1 #abf2 cakes1 #ec-e1 #aee1 #afa1 #bie1 #cjd2 c]eals1 #bib-c2 *eese1 #if1 #bbh2 c[1 #ga2 dog1 #hi-ia1 #aja1 #bji1 #caa1 #cab1 #cad2 fig-tree1 #agh2 fi%1 #bji-aj2 flight aft]1 #agf1 #cbh1 #cbi-cj2 goat1 #abb1 #caa1 #cab1 #cad2 heif]1 #if1 #agi1 #aic1 #bag1 #bbh2 honey1 #cji1 #cbe2 horse1 #bda-b2 human1 relics (1 #aab1 #aae1 #aaf-g1 #aai1 #cae2 kid1 #beg2 lamb1 #fd1 #aje1 #cbe2 milk1 #ha1 #if1 #ajc1 #bbh1 #cji2 millet1 #ha2 oil1 #cji2 pig1 #aje1 #abf1 #bef1 #bgb1 #cbe2 procession ( victims1 #abf2 ram1 #bhb2 r$ calf1 #baj2 sacrificial meal1 #ha1 #if-g1 #aid1 #bbh2 salt-cake 7mola salsa71 #aaj1 #aae1 #adh1 #caa2 %eep1 #hi1 #if1 #abf2 s[1 #bie2 wat]1 #cji2 w9e1 #hg1 #ajc1 #beg1 #cji1 #cbe4 ,salacia1 #ahf4 ,salii1 #cf1 #ci-dc1 #eh1 #aid1 #bej1 #cca1 #ccd2 ,agon5ses1 #da1 #ed1 #bha1 #cbc2 ,c>m5 ,sali>e1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #di1 #bhi2 ,coll9i1 #da1 #ed1 #cbj1 #cbc2 mansiones ,saliorum1 #da1 #dd2 numb]1 #da1 #db2 ,palat9i1 #da1 #cbj1 #cbc2 %ields3 see ,ancilia2 sk9s worn by1 #dg-h1 #di-ej4 ,salt-cake 7mola salsa73 made by ,ve/al ,virg9s1 #aaj-a1 #aae1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec1 #bje1 #caa2 us$ at ,ides ( ,septemb]1 #aaj1 #aae1 #caa2 us$ at ,lup]calia1 #aaj1 #aae1 #caa2 us$ at ,ve/alia1 #aaj1 #aae1 #adh1 #caa4 ,salus1 #aij-a1 #cdc4 ,sancus3 see ,semo ,sancus4 ,saturnalia1 #ae1 #agg1 #bee1 #bfh-gc1 #cce4 ,saturnus1 #abj1 #bfh-ga2 connexion ) ,ops ,consiva1 #bab1 #bgc-d2 fe/ival1 #bfh-gc2 functions1 #bgj1 #cch2 temples1 #ga1 #bgc-d1 #cci4 ,scapegoat1 #agf2 ,mamurius ,veturius1 #dj-a1 #df-i4 ,seianus3 own] ( /atue ( ,=tuna1 #aef-g1 #aga4 ,semo ,sancus1 #afj1 #cbg2 connexion ) ,dius ,fidius1 #acf-h1 #add2 functions1 #aci-da4 ,semones1 #acf4 ,s5ate1 #acd4 ,septemb]3 "*1 #bae-f2 fe/ivals1 #bae-ce4 ,septimontium1 #af1 #bfe-g1 #cce4 ,s]vius ,tullius1 #bhj2 connexion ) ,=tuna1 #fh1 #aef-g1 #afb1 #aga-b1 #cci2 ,etruscan orig91 #aeg1 #aga2 f\nd] ( temples1 #fh1 #afb1 #aih-i1 #cci4 ,sextilis3 see ,augu/4 ,%eep3 fold decorat$1 #hj-a2 lu/ration1 #ha2 sacrifice1 #hi1 #if1 #abf4 ,sibyll9e books1 #fh1 #fi1 #gd1 #ib1 #ic1 #ade1 #agi1 #aha4 ,silvanus1 #ee1 #ajc1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfb2 connexion ) ,m>s1 #ee1 #aid4 ,sirius1 #ij4 ,slaves1 #aee2 deities (1 #aii1 #bec-d2 fe/ivals op5 to1 #ch1 #afb-c1 #agh-i1 #aic1 #aid1 #aii-bjj1 #bgb-c1 #bhj2 manumissions1 #bec-d4 ,snakes1 #ajd4 ,sol ,indiges1 #aia-c4 ,soranus1 #afj2 ,apollo1 #hd1 #aha4 ,sosig5es1 #d4 ,spells1 #hj-a1 #hc1 #hd1 #if1 #aji-aj1 #aej1 #bdc1 #bgi-hj1 #bif1 #cja1 #cji-aj2 ra91 #aai-bj1 #bcb-c4 ,spirits3 dead1 see ,gho/s2 evil1 see ,evil spirits4 ,/atues3 see ,images4 ,/ones1 sacr$1 #adj2 lapis silex1 #bcj-b2 manalis1 #baa1 #bcb-c2 oa? p] ,iovem lapidem1 #ach1 #bca2 repres5t+ ,magna ,mat] ,idaea1 #fi-gj1 #cdb2 ,t]m9us1 #bcj-a1 #cbf-g1 #ccd4 ,/r5ia1 #bgh4 ,/ultorum f]iae1 #cjd-f1 #cbb4 ,subura1 #bdg1 #bff4 ,summanalia1 #afa4 ,summanus1 #afj-a1 #bda4 ,sun1 #hd2 deities (1 #ce1 #afh-gj1 #aia-c1 #bhc-d2 symbols (1 #aci1 #afi-gj4 ,supplicatio1 #aia4 ,tacita1 #baj1 #cji-aj4 ,tanaquil1 #ada4 ,t>qu9ii1 #ge-f1 #aba1 #bhj1 #cbg-h2 wor%ips introduc$ by1 #if1 #aha4 ,tellus1 #fg1 #ga1 #gd1 #bid-e2 fe/ivals1 #ga-b1 #bid-f2 sacrifices1 #ga1 #bie4 ,tempe/ates1 temple1 #cda4 ,temples1 #cci-dc2 ( ,aesculapius 9 insula1 #bgh1 #cdj2 ,apollo at ,actium1 #ahb2 ,apollo 9 ,flam9ian fields1 #ahj2 ,apollo ,palat9us on ! ,palat9e1 #ahj 7n4 #d71 #ahb2 ,bellona 9 ,circo ,flam9io1 #acd2 ,bona ,dea on ! ,av5t9e1 #aja-e2 ,c>m5ta at ,porta ,c>m5talis1 #bia1 #bic2 ,ca/or & ,pollux ad ,=um1 #bif2 ,ca/or & ,pollux 9 ,circo ,flam9io1 #bjb2 ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a on ! ,av5t9e1 #gd-f1 #cci2 ,consus on ! ,av5t9e1 #bjf1 #bfg2 ,diana on ! ,av5t9e1 #aih-bjj1 #cci2 ,dius ,fidius on ! ,quir9al1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada2 ,faunus 9 insula1 #beg-h1 #bgh2 ,f]onia at ,t>rac9a1 #bec2 ,flora ad ,circum ,maximum1 #ib1 #bjb2 ,flora or ,horta ,quir9i on ,quir9al1 #cbd2 ,=s ,=tuna trans ,tib]im1 #afa-b1 #cci2 ,=tuna 9 ,=o ,bo>io1 #aef-g1 #cci2 ,=tuna ,huiusce ,diei1 #afe1 #cdc2 ,=tuna ,primig5ia at ,pra5e/e1 #gb ,=tuna ,primig5ia on ! ,quir9al1 #abd2 ,=tuna ,virilis1 #fh2 ,h]cules ne> ! ,circus ,flam9ius1 #ace2 ,h]cules ,invictus ad portam trigem9am1 #bja2 ,janus ad ,!atrum ,m>celli1 #bjd2 ,juno ,luc9a on ! ,esquil9e1 #ch2 ,juno ,moneta 9 arce1 #abi-cj2 ,juno ,sospita ad ,=um ,olitorium1 #cjb2 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va 9 ,capitolio1 #aeg-h1 #bae1 #baf-g1 #cbf-g1 #cci2 ,jupit] ,elicius "u ! ,av5t9e1 #bcb2 ,jupit] ,f]etrius 9 ,capitolio1 #bbi2 ,jupit] ,invictus1 #aeh2 ,jupit] ,lati>is on ! ,alban ,m\nt1 #ie-f1 #bbh2 ,juturna1 #cda2 ,magna ,mat] ,idaea1 #gj2 ,m>s extra ,portam ,cap5am1 #acc-d1 #bcb2 ,mat] ,matuta 9 ,=o ,bo>io1 #aed2 ,m5s 9 ,capitolio1 #ade2 ,m]curius1 #aba1 #cci2 ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e1 #ei1 #aeh2 ,ops ad ,=um1 #bgc-d2 ,quir9us 9 ,colle1 #aia1 #cbb2 r\nd1 #aic2 ,salus on ! ,quir9al1 #aij-a2 ,saturnus ad ,=um1 #bga1 #bgc-d1 #cci2 ,summanus ad ,circum ,maximum1 #afj2 ,tempe/ates1 #cda2 ,v$iovis 9 arce1 #dc2 ,v$iovis 9 insula1 #abb1 #bgg2 ,v$iovis int] duos lucos1 #abb2 ,v5us ad ,circum ,maximum1 #bjd2 ,v5us ,eryc9a 9 ,capitolio1 #he1 #ade2 ,v5us ,v]ticordia1 #fh1 #cdc2 ,victory on ! ,palat9e1 #gj2 ,volcanus 9 ,circo ,flam9io1 #baa2 ,vortumnus on ! ,av5t9e1 #bja1 #cda4 ,t]m9alia1 #d1 #cbd-g1 #cce4 ,t]m9us1 #cbd1 #cbf-g2 fe/ival1 #cbd-g2 /one1 #bcj-a1 #cbf-g1 #ccd4 ,!atrum ,m>celli1 #bjd4 ,tib]1 wor%ip1 #bad4 ,tib] isl&3 temples1 #abb1 #beg-h1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cdj4 ,tib]9us1 #abj1 #bjc1 #bad4 ,tibic9es3 see ,trumpets4 ,tigillum sororium1 #bch-i4 ,t9a 7or ,t9ia71 #bbb-c4 ,tirones1 #ef4 ,ti!s3 (f]$ on ,ara ,maxima1 #ach2 #aie-g2 (f]$ to ,h]cules ,victor1 #ach-i4 ,toga virilis1 assumption (1 #ef4 ,totemism1 #hd-e1 #aja1 #bca-b1 #ccd4 ,treaties3 ,dius ,fidius' connexion )1 #ada2 ,jupit]'s connexion )1 #bbi-cj1 #cbf2 mak+1 #bbi-cj2 ratifi$ at ,ara ,maxima1 #ach4 ,tree-wor%ip1 #bbh-i1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,tribuni3 cel]um1 #eh-i2 militum1 #eh2 plebis1 #ge4 ,trumpets1 #fc-d1 #aei2 lu/ration1 #fc-d1 #abc2 play]s1 #fb1 #aeg-i4 ,tubilu/rium1 #dd1 #de1 #fb-d1 #abc1 #bij2 connexion ) ,m9]va1 #fb2 fe/ival ( ,m>s1 #fb1 #bij4 ,v$iovis1 #aba-b1 #afj1 #bbe1 #bgg-h2 connexion ) ,apollo1 #abb1 #aha1 #bbe1 #bgg2 fe/ivals1 #dc1 #aba-b1 #bgg-h2 temples1 #dc1 #abb1 #bgg4 ,vegetation _s3 see ,corn-_s4 ,v5]alia1 #fg-i4 ,v5us3 connexion ) ,april1 #fg1 #fi2 ) ,=tuna1 #fh2 ) w9e1 #hf1 #bjd2 ,eryc9a1 #he1 #ade2 fe/ivals1 #fg-h1 #he-f2 functions1 #fg1 #hf2 ,greek influ5ce1 #fg1 #fi1 #hf2 ,mimn]mia 7or ,mem9ia71 #ade2 temples1 #fh1 #he-f1 #ade1 #bjd1 #cdc2 ,v]ticordia1 #fh-i1 #cdc4 ,ve/a3 a$es1 #adh-i1 #aea-d1 #cce2 connexion ) ,janus1 #bhb-c1 #bhg-h1 #ccd-e2 fe/ival1 #ade-ed2 functions1 #aej2 he>?-goddess1 #adg-h1 #aej1 #bhb-c1 #bhg-h1 #ccd1 #ccg2 laurels fix$ on a$es1 #e1 #cf1 #aec2 p5us ,ve/ae1 #hc1 #adh1 #adi-ej1 #aec1 #bhh2 orig9 ( cult1 #adf-h1 #adi1 #bhb-c2 sacr$ fire1 #e1 #ce1 #aad1 #adg-h1 #aej-a1 #aec4 ,ve/alia1 #ade-ed2 "*1 #aae1 #abf1 #aed2 m\rn+ ( ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #aae1 #adf1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec2 salt-cake us$1 #aaj1 #aae1 #adh4 ,ve/al ,virg9s1 #cf1 #fh-i1 #cjf1 #cbd1 #cce2 fe/ivals %>$ 91 #eb1 #eg1 #ga1 #he1 #aab1 #aad-ae1 #aej1 #bef2 functions1 #adg1 #adi-ea1 #bhh2 repres5tative ( daught]s ( family1 #cf1 #aaa1 #adg1 #adi1 #bac1 #bef1 #bhh1 #ccd2 salt-cake made by1 #aaj-a1 #aae1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec1 #bje1 #caa4 ,vet*es1 #id4 ,victory1 temple (1 #gj4 ,vim9al1 cults on1 #bbi4 ,v9alia1 #aj1 #cch2 connexion ) ,jupit]1 #he1 #hf-h1 #cch2 ) ,v5us1 #he-f1 #bjd2 ,priora1 #he-h2 ,ru/ica1 #aj1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ahi1 #bjd-f4 ,vitulatio1 #agi4 ,volcanalia1 #ahi1 #bji-aa4 ,volcanus1 #bji-aa2 connexion ) ,maia1 #abc1 #baj2 fe/ivals1 #abc1 #bji-aj2 functions1 #abc-d1 #baj2 temple1 #baa4 ,volturnalia1 #bad4 ,volturnus1 #bad4 ,volupia1 #bgd4 ,vortumnus1 #bja1 #cda4 ,w>3 conduct (1 #baf2 decl>ation (1 #acd1 #bcj2 gods (1 #abf1 #acd-e1 #bjg1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,wat]3 deities (1 #ahg1 #ahi4 ,w$d+s3 see ,m>riages4 ,weeks3 eight days1 #g1 #h4 ,wells & spr+s3 sanctity1 #bdj4 ,:eel symbol1 #afa1 #afi-gj4 ,wills3 sanction$ by ,comitia ,curiata1 #fc1 #abc4 ,w9e3 fe/ivals1 #he-h1 #bjd-f1 #bcf1 #bci-dj2 introduction ( v9e into ,italy1 #hh1 #ig1 #bcf2 ,jupit]'s connexion )1 #ee1 #hh1 #bdj2 ,v5us' connexion )1 #hf1 #bjd2 v9tage1 #bcf4 ,wolf3 corn2 see ,corn-_s2 sacr$ to ,m>s1 #caa1 #ccd4 ,wom51 #bfb2 deities (1 #ch1 #fh1 #ajb-c1 #ajf1 #aee-f1 #afg-h1 #bjj-a1 #bia-c2 exclud$ f wor%ip ( ,h]cules1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #adb1 #aid2 fe/ivals1 #ch1 #fg-h1 #ajb-c1 #adb1 #adh1 #aed-f1 #agh-i1 #bee-f1 #bia2 oa?s1 #adb2 rites to produce f]tility1 #id-e1 #ajd1 #agh-i1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cae1 #cah-ba4 ,woods1 importance 9 religion1 #ahc-d4 ,ye>3 beg9n+1 #e-g1 #ce-f1 #bgh2 lun>1 #a-c2 me?od ( reckon+1 #a-d2 sol>1 #a-c4 ,,index ,,( ,,lat9 ,,words ,a$es1 #ace4 ,agone8 #bha4 ,agonia1 #bha4 ,amiculum ,iunonis1 #agi1 #cab1 #cba 7n4 #a74 ,ancile1 #ch1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #df1 #eh1 #bdh1 #bej4 ,ann>e 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#aji1 #aef4 ,maniae1 #aaf4 ,mansiones ,salioruro1 #da1 #dd4 ,manus1 #aef4 ,matrimus1 #db4 ,maturus1 #aef4 ,matuta1 #aef4 ,meca/or1 #big4 ,me dius fidius1 #ach4 ,me h]cule1 #ach4 ,mell>ium1 #ajc4 ,m]cator1 #aba4 ,m9ium1 #bah1 #bbc4 ,m9usculus1 #aeh4 ,mola salsa1 #aaj1 #adi1 #aee 7n4 #g71 #caa4 ,moneta1 #abi1 #acj4 ,montanus1 #bfg4 ,montes1 #af1 #bff-g4 ,mundus1 #baa-b1 #bhc4 ,mu/um1 #bdj4 ,nefas1 #bii4 ,nefa/us1 #i1 #aea4 ,nemus1 #ahc4 ,nodus h]culaneus1 #adb4 ,num51 #cd1 #ce1 #ahc4 ,nund9ae1 #h1 #bgj4 ,obnuntiatio1 #cdc4 ,ocris fisius1 #bbb4 ,(fa p5ita1 #bdg 7n4 #a74 ,orbis1 #aci1 #ada4 ,oscilla1 #if1 #aaf1 #bif4 ,paganus1 #bfg4 ,pagus1 #af1 #aad1 #beg1 #bid1 #cce4 ,palatu>1 #hj 7n4 #c74 ,p>5tatio1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cjf4 ,patrimus1 #db4 ,pecu>ius1 #beg4 ,p5us1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej 7n4 #a71 #aec1 #bab1 #bac1 #bhh4 ,p] ,iovem 7lapidem71 #ach1 #bcj 7n4 #b71 #bca4 ,p]sillum1 #bjb 7n4 #a74 ,piam51 #cja4 ,pietas1 #cdg-h4 ,pi/r9a1 #cjd4 ,pomo]ium1 #acc 7n4 #c71 #acd1 #baa1 #cjb 7n4 #a71 #cai1 #cbg4 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