,transcriber's notes3 ,variations in spelling1 punctuation1 and hyphenation have been retained2 typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,plus signs have been used to indicate small caps2 underscores has been used to identify italics4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,,where ,,the ,,sun ,,now ,,stands1 ,i ,,fight ,,no ,,more ,,against ,,the ,,white ,,man4 ,,outdoor ,,life and ,,indian ,,stories ,,making ,,open ,,air ,,life ,,attractive ,,to ,,young ,,americans ,,by ,,telling ,,them ,,all ,,about ,,woodcraft1 ,,signs ,,and ,,signaling1 ,,the ,,stars1 ,,fishing1 ,,camping1 ,,camp ,,cooking1 ,,how ,,to ,,tie ,,knots ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,fire ,,without ,,matches1 ,,and ,,many ,,other ,,fascinating ,,open ,,air ,,pursuits ----,,also---- ,,stories ,,of ,,noted ,,hunters ,,and ,,scouts ,,great ,,indians ,,and ,,warriors1 ,,including ,,daniel ,,boone1 ,,kit ,,carson1 ,,general ,,custer1 ,,pontiac1 ,,tecumseh1 ,,king ,,philip1 ,,black ,,hawk1 ,,brandt1 ,,sitting ,,bull1 ,,and ,a ,,host ,,of ,,others ,,whose ,,names ,,are ,,famous ,,all ,,of ,,them ,,true ,,and ,,interesting ,,by ,,edward ,s4 ,,ellis ,author of the ,celebrated ,ellis ,books of ,adventure1 ,the ,deerfoot ,series1 ,youth's ,history of the ,united ,states1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,profusely ,,illustrated ,,with ,,lithograph ,,color ,,plates1 ,,half-,,tone ,,engravings ,,and ,,line ,,drawings ,copyright #aiab ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,,myers ,,contents ,outdoor ,life for ,young ,americans #i ,how to ,live in the ,woods ,making a ,camp #aj ,how to ,build a ,lean-,to ,how to ,make ,fire ,without ,matches #aa ,using the ,fire-,drill ,how to ,get ,pure ,water #ac ,the ,indian ,filter ,how to ,cook in ,camp #ae ,utensils and ,simple ,recipes ,how to ,make a ,bow and ,arrow #ag ,a ,safe and ,powerful ,weapon ,how to ,read ,signs and ,signals #ai ,indian ,signs and the ,wig-,wag ,system ,how to ,tie ,knots #bb ,all the ,best ,knots ,explained and ,illustrated ,how to ,find ,your ,way by the ,stars #bf ,the ,heavens at ,night ,what to ,do in ,case of ,accident #bg ,first ,aid to the ,injured ,the ,original ,americans #cc ,the ,indian ,tribes ,the ,original ,emperors of ,virginia #dj ,powhatan and ,opecancanough ,the ,great ,conspiracy #ed ,a ,wily ,chieftain and ,his ,secret ,adventures in ,new ,england #fa ,the ,indians and the ,pilgrims ,the ,uncrowning of a ,king #gf ,philip's ,adventures and ,death ,a ,man of ,mark ,among the ,delawares #ih ,story of ,tammany1 ,white ,eyes1 and ,captain ,pipe ,the ,greatest of ,indian ,conspirators #ajf ,pontiac1 ,chief of the ,ottawas ,a ,besieged ,garrison #aba ,the ,attack on ,detroit ,a ,good ,indian #abi ,little ,carpenter1 the ,cherokee ,a ,mighty ,mingo ,chieftain #ace ,logan1 the ,orator and ,warrior ,an ,indian ,demosthenes #add ,red ,jacket1 the ,seneca ,little ,turtle #adi ,first an ,enemy1 then a ,friend ,warrior and ,knight #aei ,buckongahelas1 the ,delaware ,chief ,a ,famous ,mohawk ,chief #afi ,adventure of ,brandt1 the ,half-,breed ,a ,chieftain on the ,warpath #agf ,adventures of ,tecumseh1 the ,shawanoe ,adventures of ,weatherford #aib ,chief of the ,creek ,confederacy ,fighting ,against ,fate #bjb ,black ,hawk and ,his ,war ,the ,hero of the ,everglades #bai ,osceola and the ,seminole ,war ,sitting ,bull1 the ,medicine ,man #bcc ,the ,last ,great ,indian ,uprising ,,outdoor ,,life ,,for ,,young ,,americans ,what boy can resist the call of the woods1 the desire to know the forest and its furred and feathered inhabitants1 the fish1 the insects1 the plants8 ,but to gather this knowledge in safety the boy must first learn the ways of the woods1 the life of the camper1 how to cook and find his way by the stars1 how to tie knots and what to do in case of accident1 the language of signs and the secrets of the trail4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,camp ,there is no better way to do this than to study the methods of the ,indians1 the most expert woodsmen the world has known4 ,at their call the forest produced food1 drink1 clothes1 ornaments and all the necessities of life4 ,let us see how they managed this4 ,making a ,camp ,the first thing to be considered on going into the forest is the camp where the night is to be spent4 ,in choosing a place for this see that there is fresh water1 wood for the fire and brush-wood for building a lean-to1 or hut1 at hand4 ,it is well to build on a dry1 level place1 with just enough slope to the ground to insure the water running away in case of rain4 ,the ,indians used to live in huts thatched with brush-wood1 and these are best made by building what is known as a lean-to4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,of ,,thatching ,a ,,lean-,,to ,look for two trees standing from eight to ten feet apart on your camping place1 with branches from six to eight feet above the ground4 ,by placing a pole from one tree to the other in the crotches and leaning other poles against this one1 brush-wood can be woven in to form a very good roof4 ,branches of the balsam or hemlock are best for this purpose1 and the needles should point down4 ,it is well to collect as many soft1 thick tips of trees of this character as possible1 both for the thatching and to make the beds4 ,cover the floor of the lean-to with these tips thickly and lay the rubber blankets on top1 rubber side down4 ,be sure to make the head of your bed toward the inside and away from the opening4 ,you will find that this makes a very comfortable bed4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,lean-,,to ,how to ,make ,fire ,without ,matches ,in olden times1 before the ,indians had matches1 and even before they had the flint and steel that our grandfathers used for making fire1 they used rubbing-sticks4 ,many people have tried to make fire in this manner1 but few have succeeded4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is not a very difficult thing to do if you know how1 as the ,indians did4 ,in fact1 they grew so expert that they could make fire almost as quickly as we can strike a match4 ,the easiest and surest method of doing this is to use the bow-drill4 ,the tools necessary consist of a bow1 or bent stick1 about two feet long1 with a stout leather cord attached to each end4 ,the drill consists of a straight piece of wood pointed at each end4 ,one end of this rests in a drill-socket1 which is simply a piece of wood with a small notch in it for the top of the fire-drill4 ,this piece of wood is held in the hand1 while the other end of the fire-drill is placed in the fire-board4 ,this consists of a thin piece of wood with small pits cut about half an inch from the edge1 and with a notch extending from the edge into the middle of the pit4 ,the leather thong is given a single turn about the fire-drill and then by drawing the bow backward and forward the drill is caused to rotate very rapidly in the fire-board4 ,after a short while the dust which comes out of the notch grows hot and becomes a glowing coal1 which can be easily ignited into a blazing fire4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,fire-,,drill ,there are many ways of building a camp fire1 but the ,indian's way is the best4 ,the ,indians always used to laugh at the white men because they said that they built such a big fire they could not get near it1 while the ,indian built a little fire and could get close to it4 ,the fire must be built systematically4 ,first1 get dry1 small dead branches1 twigs1 fir branches and other inflammable material and place these loosely on the ground1 being sure that the air can draw under and upward through the mass4 ,next place some heavier sticks in the form of a pyramid with the tops of the sticks close together1 and so on1 until you have built the camp fire to the required size4 ,take every care to prevent the spreading of the fire1 and do not build it too close to the tent or to inflammable pine trees4 ,there is always danger of starting a disastrous forest fire by carelessness with a small camp fire4 ,remember that it is criminal to leave a burning fire1 and always to put the fire out with water or earth4 ,if the fire is to be used for cooking1 it is well to confine the heat between two large logs1 or1 if baking is to be done on it1 it is best to build an oven with large stones4 ,but the ,indians were usually content with open fire4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,fire ,how to ,get ,pure ,water ,a very necessary item for the camp is pure water4 ,if this cannot be obtained from a nearby spring which has good1 clear water1 or from a clean stream1 it is possible to filter it in the same way that the ,indians did4 ,they had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water level1 a few feet from the pond4 ,after it was filled with water they baled it out quickly1 repeating the baling process about three times4 ,after the third baling the hole would fill with filtered water4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,stone ,,oven ,if there is a stream at hand large enough to swim in1 it is well to remember that if you work your hands and kick your feet you can stay above water for some time1 even with your clothes on4 ,do not make the mistake of going into the water too soon after eating1 for cramps are apt to result1 causing a serious accident4 ,the ,indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps4 ,coming to a bathing pool1 the ,indian swimmer1 before entering the water1 vigorously rubs the pit of his stomach with the dry palm of his hand4 ,this rubbing probably takes a minute2 then he dashes cold water all over his stomach1 and continues the rubbing for another minute2 and after that he is ready for his plunge4 ,how to ,cook in ,camp ,the problems of the camp cook are not nearly so great as they seem at first glance4 ,the essential thing is to select your cooking equipment and supplies wisely and learn a few simple recipes in advance4 ,an excellent cooking kit for a long outing is composed of the following utensils3 ,one #ab-;inch frying pan1 one coffee pot1 one #f-quart pail1 one can opener1 six air-tight canisters for coffee1 tea1 sugar1 salt1 etc41 a knife1 fork1 teaspoon1 tablespoon1 plate1 bowl and cup for each person in the party4 ,all of these may be nested in a #ab-quart pail1 which will be found useful in many ways about the camp4 ,if only a short hike is to be taken1 however1 a much smaller kit may be taken4 ,an ideal kit for this purpose is used by the ,united ,states ,army and may be obtained from outfitters or army stores anywhere4 ,this consists of a frying pan and plate which can be locked together by the handle of the frying pan to form a baker4 ,in this a knife1 fork and spoon can be carried4 ,with the addition of a canteen and large tin cup1 this kit can be made to perform wonders in the cooking line on a trip of several days' duration4 ,for a longer trip the larger kit is recommended4 ,the supplies to be taken along depend upon the tastes of the campers1 the length of the trip and the convenience of transportation4 ,of course1 if the trip is to be made by water it is easier to manage a greater weight than would be the case if it must be carried1 a point to be kept in mind in selecting the supplies4 ,for a trip of about one week the following supplies are advised in quantities to suit the number of people in the party3 ,coffee1 tea1 sugar1 salt1 pepper1 condensed milk 7unsweetened71 lard1 bacon1 flour1 baking soda1 bread and potatoes4 ,this list can be enlarged to advantage by the addition of a ham1 butter 7if it can be kept cool71 pickles1 jam and additional vegetables1 but it is well to keep the outfit down to the lowest point consistent with comfort4 ,eggs should be taken if it is possible to carry them safely4 ,they are now sold in packages which will stand moderately rough handling4 ,remember that a bed of hot coals is best for cooking1 and use dry wood if possible to avoid the smoke4 ,the following recipes will be found easy and practical4 ,others may be added as the cook grows more expert4 ,,coffee ,use #a tablespoonful of ground coffee for each cup to be made4 ,for five people put #e tablespoonfuls in pot1 add cup cold water and mix with the coffee4 ,add #d cups of boiling water and bring to a boil1 letting it boil one minute1 then add cup of cold water and set near fire where it will keep hot but not boil4 ,,tea ,use #b teaspoonfuls of tea to #d cups of boiling water4 ,put tea in pot and pour boiling water over it4 ,never boil tea1 but stand in a warm place for five minutes to draw before serving4 ,,bacon ,very useful on account of its fat which can be used to fry fish1 potatoes1 etc4 ,slice the bacon thin and put in frying pan4 ,fry over hot fire until crisp1 turning the slices over with a fork from time to time4 ,,potatoes 7,,boiled7 ,fill pail with water1 wash and peel potatoes1 boil until tender1 take out of water and keep warm until served4 ,,potatoes 7,,fried7 ,put #a teaspoonful of lard in hot frying pan or use fat left over from frying bacon4 ,peel and slice potatoes4 ,fry over hot fire4 ,,fried ,,fish ,split the fish down the belly1 clean1 scale and cut off head and tail4 ,spread open and fry with lard or bacon fat in hot frying pan4 ,all of the above can be cooked easily and quickly in camp4 ,it is recommended that bread be taken along1 but if it is desired to cook this and other more complicated dishes1 one of the many handy cook books on the market should be carried4 ,how to ,make a ,bow and ,arrow ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,bow ,,and ,,arrow ,in early days the ,indian did not have the modern hunting rifle1 and was compelled to use bow and arrow in the chase4 ,it is well for the modern boy to understand this weapon1 for it can be made with ease and much good fun can be had with it4 ,the ,indian bow was short1 because1 though less efficient1 it was easier to carry than a long one1 yet it did not lack power4 ,we hear that many times ,indians shot so hard that their arrows appeared on the far side of the animal1 but the long bow1 such as was used by the old ,english archers or bowmen1 was much the more powerful4 ,to make the bow take a perfectly sound1 straight1 well-seasoned stick of about your own height and mark off a space as wide as your hand in the middle for a handle4 ,this space should be left round and about an inch thick4 ,the balance of the stick should be shaved down flat on one side for the front and rounded on the other for the back until it is about one inch wide and three-fourths of an inch thick near the handle1 tapering to about half that at the ends1 which are then notched for the cord4 ,next put on the cord and bend it until it is about five inches from the bow at the center4 ,if one end bends more than the other shave the other end until it becomes even4 ,after it is trimmed down to your strength finish it with sand-paper4 ,the best woods to use are apple1 black walnut1 slippery elm1 mountain ash or hickory4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,shoot ,a ,,bow ,,and ,,arrow ,more difficult to make than the bow is the arrow4 ,the ,indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of arrow-wood or of elder1 but we make better arrows out of hickory or ash4 ,the arrow should be twenty-five inches long1 round1 and three-eighths of an inch thick4 ,it should be notched at one end to take the bow-string1 and just below this notch it should have three feathers set around at equal intervals4 ,these feathers are best made from either turkey or goose wings4 ,with a sharp knife cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vein of the feather2 make three pieces1 each two to three inches long4 ,the ,indians used to leave the midrib projecting at each end1 and by these lash the feathers to the arrow without gluing1 but it is easier to glue them and the arrows fly better4 ,indian arrow-heads were made of sharp flints or pieces of stone lashed to the arrow-heads1 but the best way to make them now is like the ferrule of an umbrella1 as this keeps the shaft from splitting4 ,after this the arrow should be painted1 both to keep it from warping and to make it easier to find in the forest by its bright color4 ,after the bow and arrows are made one must learn to shoot with them4 ,it is well to begin with the target close at hand1 and gradually increase the distance as the archer becomes more expert4 ,the ,indians generally used their bows at short range so that it was easy to hit the mark1 and considered rapid firing more important4 ,in their competitions the prize was given to him who should have the most arrows in the air at once1 and it has been said that their record was eight4 ,how to ,read ,signs and ,signals ,the ,indians are very expert at using signs to give messages to one another4 ,these signs are made in many ways and vary with the different tribes4 ,some of those best known are3 ,shaking a blanket1 which means ,i want to talk to you4 ,holding up a knife or other weapon means war or ,i am ready to fight4 ,holding up a tree branch1 ,i want to make peace4 ,holding up a pole horizontally with both hands on it1 ,i have found something4 ,blazes or marks on trees are widely used to communicate messages4 ,a simple blaze or small section of bark cut from a tree is often used to indicate a path through the forest1 and if you are going through dense woods and must come back the same way or others are to follow you it is well to use this method of marking the way4 ,other well-known ,indian signs are the water signs4 ,a circle cut in the bark with an arrow-head pointing directly down and three waved lines within the circle means ,good water here4 ,a similar circle with the arrow-head pointing to one side but below the center means ,good water not far in this direction4 ,if the arrow-head is above the center it means ,good water a long way off in this direction4 ,an arrow alone indicates ,go in this direction4 ,an arrow with a rectangular mark on the end means ,a letter is concealed three steps in this direction4 ,a cross means ,do not use this path4 ,a circle with a small circle inside1 ,i have gone home4 ,in addition to the permanent signs the ,indians are very expert at making smoke talk4 ,a fire is built from damp wood which will give off a thick smoke4 ,by holding a blanket over the fire the smoke is caused to rise in short and long puffs which can be made to spell out a message4 ,at night the light of the fire can be made to serve the same purpose4 ,as it is not always convenient to build a fire and the smoke talk is not easy to handle it is much better to use a flag and the wig-wag system4 ,first of all it is necessary to memorize the signal code which is given below4 ,the numbers are made by the signal man standing in one position with three motions4 ,let the signal man stand facing the signal station with which it is desired to communicate with the flag-staff carrying a small square flag held vertically in his hands4 ,a white flag about two and a half feet square with a red square in the center is a good design1 but the size depends somewhat on the distance between stations4 ,at night a lantern on a pole or a torch can be used on the same system4 ,to make the first motion 7one or #a7 move the flag as you stand facing the other station to the right and down to the level of your waist1 returning it immediately to the vertical position4 ,the second motion 7two or #b7 is the same to the left of the sender4 ,the third motion 7three or #c7 is downward directly in front of the sender and immediately back to the vertical position4 ,remember that numbers which occur in a message must be spelled to avoid confusion4 ,in sending a message make a slight pause between each letter and if a mistake is made signal #c followed by #ab1 #ab1 #c1 and then begin the incorrect word again4 ,,the ,,wig-,,wag ,,code ,,alphabet ,a #bb ,b #baab ,c #aba ,d #bbb ,e #ab ,f #bbba ,g #bbaa ,h #abb ,i #a ,j #aabb ,k #baba ,l #bba ,m #abba ,n #aa ,o #ba ,p #abab ,q #abaa ,r #baa ,s #bab ,t #b ,u #aab ,v #abbb ,w #aaba ,x #babb ,y #aaa ,z #bbbb tion #aaab ,,numerals #a #aaaa #b #bbbb #c #aaab #d #bbba #e #aabb #f #bbaa #g #abbb #h #baaa #i #abba #j #baab ,,conventional ,,signals ,end of word #c ,end of sentence #cc ,end of message #ccc ,,xx#c beginning or end of numerals4 ,i understand #bb1 #bb1 #c ,cease signalling1 #bb1 #bb1 #bb1 #ccc ,signal faster #bbab1 #c ,repeat after 7word71 #aba1 #aba1 #c1 #bb1 #c 7word7 ,repeat last word1 #aba1 #aba1 #cc ,repeat last message1 #aba1 #aba1 #aba1 #ccc ,move to right #baa1 #baa1 #c ,move to left #bba1 #bba1 #c ,,abbreviations a after b before c can h have n not r are t the u you ur your w word wi with y yes ,how to ,tie ,knots ,every boy is familiar with rope and its uses1 but not every one is able to handle it to the best advantage4 ,in camping and fishing1 and particularly in any sport that has to do with the water1 a knowledge of how to tie knots is of the greatest value and interest4 ,often one's very life depends on a knot holding4 ,a good knot has three qualities1 it must be easy and quick to tie1 it must hold fast when pulled tight and must be easy to untie4 ,there are a number of knots which meet these requirements but are adapted to different uses4 ,to learn the various knots which follow take a section of flexible rope about four feet long and three-eighths of an inch in diameter4 ,to keep the ends from fraying it is necessary to whip or bind them with twine4 ,to do this make a loop in the twine and lay on the rope end so that the closed end of the loop projects just over the end of the rope4 ,begin wrapping with the long end of the twine at a point about an inch from the end of the rope1 over the loop and toward the end4 ,when you reach the end of the rope pass the free end of the twine through the loop and pull the other end of the twine4 ,this will pull the free end under the wrapping and secure it4 ,cut off both ends close to the wrapping4 ,to understand the directions remember that3 #a4 ,the ,standing-part is the long unused portion of the rope upon which the work is done4 #b4 ,the ,bight is the loop formed whenever the rope is turned back upon itself2 and #c4 ,the ,end is the part used in tying the knots4 ,illustration ,the two primary knots are the overhand and the figure-of-eight1 which must be learned first of all as a basis4 ,,the ,,overhand ,,knot ,illustration ,beginning with the position shown in the preceding diagram back the end around the standing-part and up through the bight1 drawing it tight4 ,,the ,,figure-,,of-,,eight ,,knot ,illustration ,make a bight as before4 ,then lead the end around back of the standing-part and down through the bight4 ,the following knots are chiefly based upon these and can be easily learned by careful study of the diagrams4 ,with practice considerable speed can be obtained1 but it is best to make haste slowly4 ,,the ,,square ,,or ,,reef ,,knot ,illustration ,this is the commonest knot for tying two ropes together4 ,it will not slip or jam if properly tied and is easy to untie4 ,,the ,,false ,,reef ,,knot ,,or ,,granny4 ,illustration ,if the ends are not properly crossed in making the reef knot the granny results1 a bad and insecure knot4 ,,the ,,sheet ,,bend ,,or ,,weaver',s ,,knot ,illustration ,a knot much used by sailors in bending 7tying7 the sheet to the clew of the sail and in tying two rope ends together4 ,make a bight with one rope ,a1 ,b1 then pass the end ,c1 of other rope up through and around the entire bight and bend it under its own standing-part4 ,,the ,,bowline ,illustration ,one of the most useful of all knots4 ,it forms a loop that will neither jam nor slip and is the only knot which will not cut itself under heavy tension4 ,it is much used on shipboard and in rigging when a loop is desired4 ,to tie the knot1 form a small loop on the standing-part leaving the end long enough for the size of the loop required4 ,pass the end up through the bight around the standing-part and down through the bight again4 ,to tighten hold the loop in position and pull the standing-part4 ,it is important that the knot should be held firmly in one position while tying for it is apt to slip before it is tightened4 ,to join two sections together by this knot1 tie a bowline in one end1 then with the other end form the small loop1 then pass the end through the loop of the first bowline and complete the knot4 ,this method should always be used in joining kite cord to prevent cutting4 ,,the ,,halter1 ,,slip ,,or ,,running ,,knot ,illustration ,first form a bight and then tie an overhand knot around the standing-part4 ,an improvement in this knot for a halter knot is made by forming the overhand knot with a loop in the end which is pulled through4 ,by pulling the end the knot is readily released4 ,,the ,,sheepshank ,illustration ,this knot is used to shorten a rope4 ,take up the amount of rope to be shortened and make a half hitch around each bend as shown4 ,if the knot is to be permanent the ends above each half hitch should be lashed4 ,,the ,,clove ,,hitch ,illustration ,a useful knot for quick tying and easy release4 ,it is used in making fast the bow line of a boat in coming into a wharf1 in lashing poles together1 etc4 ,hold the standing-part in the left hand and pass the rope around the pole or stake2 cross the standing-part1 making a second turn around the pole1 and pass the end under the last turn4 ,in making a boat fast1 form a bight with the end beneath1 throw this over the top of the pile or mooring stake4 ,form another bight with the end on top1 turn this over and throw over pile1 pulling end together4 ,this is a very secure knot which can be tied with the greatest rapidity4 ,,the ,,fisherman',s ,,bend ,illustration ,a useful knot for use on board a yacht4 ,take two turns around a spar or ring1 then a half hitch around the standing-part and through the turns on the rings and another half hitch above it around the standing-part4 ,,the ,,timber ,,hitch ,illustration ,much used in logging operations in hauling logs4 ,pass the end of the rope around the timber4 ,then lead it around its standing-part and bring it back to make several turns on its own part4 ,the strain will make it hold securely4 ,,the ,,double ,,half ,,hitch ,illustration ,a knot which is easy to tie and will not slip4 ,a neat job may be had by lashing the end to the standing-part after the knot is drawn tight4 ,,the ,,becket ,,hitch ,illustration ,useful in fishing to bend a cord or line to a heavier cord or rope4 ,the method is shown4 ,,the ,,fisherman',s ,,knot ,illustration ,used chiefly in tying gut4 ,it is easy to tie and can be readily untied by pulling the two short ends4 ,the ropes are laid alongside each other and with each end an overhand knot is made around the standing-part of the other4 ,pull the standing-parts to tighten4 ,,carrick ,,bend ,illustration ,a knot which is used principally in joining hawsers for towing or heavy duty hoisting4 ,turn the end of one rope ,a over its standing-part ,b to form a loop4 ,pass the end of the other rope across the bight thus formed back of the standing-part ,b1 over the end ,a1 then under the bight at ,c1 passing it over its own standing-part and under the bight again at ,d4 ,,blackwall ,,hitch ,illustration ,used to secure a rope to a hook4 ,the standing part when hauled tight holds the end firmly4 ,how to ,find ,your ,way by the ,stars ,it is very important that those who frequent the forest should be sufficiently familiar with the stars to be able to tell their way by them4 ,often a compass is lost or damaged or there is not enough light to see the landmarks4 ,at such a time a knowledge of how to find the ,pole star is invaluable for1 to the experienced woodsman1 a glimpse of this star is equivalent to consulting a compass4 ,it is really the most important of the stars we see1 although not a very bright one1 because it marks the ,north at all times and is fixed in its place1 while all the other stars seem to swing around it once in each twenty-four hours1 which makes it impracticable to use them for guidance4 ,the ,dipper or ,great ,bear is well known to all ,american boys on account of the size1 peculiar shape and brilliancy of this group1 and the fact that it never sets in this latitude4 ,this group always points out the ,pole star or ,polaris1 which is about in a line with the stars 7,alpha and ,beta7 which form the outside of the ,dipper at a distance about three and a half times as great as the space separating these two stars4 ,this star always points out the ,north4 ,if the imaginary line between ,alpha and ,beta and ,polaris is continued about the same distance beyond ,polaris it will meet ,cassiopeia1 five stars in the shape of a ,w1 which1 like the ,great ,bear1 is always seen in our latitude4 ,with these directions it should be always easy to locate ,polaris4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,circumpolar ,,circle ,what to ,do in ,case of ,accident ,,drowning #a4 ,loosen clothing1 if any4 #b4 ,empty lungs of water by laying body on its stomach and lifting it by the middle so that the head hangs down4 ,jerk the body a few times4 #c4 ,pull tongue forward1 using handkerchief1 or pin with string1 if necessary4 #d4 ,imitate motion of respiration by alternately compressing and expanding the lower ribs1 about twenty times a minute4 ,alternately raising and lowering the arms from the sides up above the head will stimulate the action of the lungs4 ,let it be done gently but persistently4 #e4 ,apply warmth and friction to extremities4 #f4 ,by holding tongue forward1 closing the nostrils1 and pressing the ,adam's apple back 7so as to close entrance to stomach71 direct inflation may be tried4 ,take a deep breath and breathe it forcibly into the mouth of patient1 compress the chest to expel the air1 and repeat the operation4 #g4 ,don't give up6 ,people have been saved after hours of patient1 vigorous effort4 #h4 ,when breathing begins1 get patient into a warm bed1 give warm drinks1 or spirits in teaspoonfuls1 fresh air1 and quiet4 ,illustration3 ,,artificial ,,respiration--,,first ,,movement ,illustration3 ,,artificial ,,respiration--,,second ,,movement ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds ,cover with cooking soda1 and lay wet cloths over it4 ,whites of eggs and olive oil4 ,olive oil or linseed oil1 plain or mixed with chalk or whiting4 ,sweet or olive oil and limewater4 ,,lightning ,dash cold water over a person struck4 ,,sunstroke ,loosen clothing4 ,get patient into shade and apply ice-cold water to head4 ,keep head in elevated position4 ,,mad ,,dog ,,or ,,snake ,,bite ,tie cord tight above wound4 ,suck the wound and cauterize with caustic or white-hot iron at once1 or cut out adjoining parts with a sharp knife4 ,give stimulants1 as whiskey1 brandy1 etc4 ,,stings ,,of ,,venomous ,,insects1 ,,etc4 ,apply weak ammonia1 oil1 salt water1 or iodine4 ,,fainting ,place flat on back2 allow fresh air1 and sprinkle with water4 ,place head lower than rest of body4 ,,tests ,,of ,,death ,hold mirror to mouth4 ,if living1 moisture will gather4 ,push pin into flesh4 ,if dead the hole will remain1 if alive it will close up4 ,place fingers in front of a strong light4 ,if alive1 they will appear red2 if dead1 black or dark4 ,if a person is dead decomposition is almost sure to set in after #gb hours have elapsed4 ,if it does not1 then there is room for investigation by the physician4 ,do not permit burial of dead until certain indication of death is apparent4 ,,cinders ,,in ,,the ,,eye ,roll soft paper up like a lamplighter1 and wet the tip to remove1 or use a medicine dropper to draw out4 ,rub the other eye4 ,,fire ,,in ,,one',s ,,clothing ,don't run--especially not downstairs or out-of-doors4 ,roll on carpet or wrap in woolen rug or blanket4 ,keep the head down1 so as not to inhale flame4 ,,fire ,,from ,,kerosene ,don't use water1 it will spread the flames4 ,dirt1 sand1 or flour is the best extinguisher1 or smother with woolen rug1 table-cloth1 or carpet4 ,,suffocation ,,from ,,inhaling ,,illuminating ,,gas ,get into the fresh air as soon as possible and lie down4 ,keep warm4 ,take ammonia--twenty drops to a tumbler of water1 at frequent intervals2 also1 two to four drops tincture of nux vomica every hour or two for five or six hours4 ,,antidotes ,,for ,,poisons ,first4 ,send for a physician4 ,second4 ,induce vomiting1 by tickling throat with feather or finger4 ,drink hot water or strong mustard and water4 ,swallow sweet oil or whites of eggs4 ,acids are antidotes for alkalies1 and vice versa4 ,,rules ,,in ,,case ,,of ,,fire ,crawl on the floor4 ,the clearest air is the lowest in the room4 ,cover head with woolen wrap1 wet if possible4 ,cut holes for the eyes4 ,don't get excited4 ,familiarize yourself with the location of hall windows and natural escapes4 ,learn the location of exits to roofs of adjoining buildings4 ,learn the position of all stairways1 particularly the top landing and scuttle to the roof4 ,should you hear cry of fire1 and columns of smoke fill the rooms1 above all keep cool4 ,keep the doors of rooms shut4 ,open windows from the top4 ,wet a towel1 stuff it in the mouth1 breathe through it instead of nose1 so as not to inhale smoke4 ,stand at windows and get benefit of outside air4 ,if room fills with smoke keep close to floor and crawl along by the wall to the window4 ,do not jump unless the blaze behind is scorching you4 ,do not even then if the firemen with scaling ladders are coming up the building or are near4 ,never go to the roof1 unless as a last resort and you know there is escape from it to adjoining buildings4 ,in big buildings fire always goes to the top4 ,do not jump through flame within a building without first covering the head with a blanket or heavy clothing and gauging the distance4 ,don't get excited2 try to recall the means of exit1 and if any firemen are in sight1 don't jump4 ,if the doors of each apartment1 especially in the lower part of the house1 were closed every night before the occupants retired there would not be such a rapid spread of flames4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,settler ,,fleeing ,,from ,,the ,,indians ,illustration ,,the ,,original ,,americans ,illustration ,an ,indian always attracts attention4 ,i have no doubt that all the boys and girls who read these pages have seen one or more ,indians4 ,you do not have to go to the mountains and prairies of the ,west to meet these original ,americans1 for they live among us2 many of them attend schools of their own in different parts of the country1 and some of them are engaged in business4 ,for years past the football club of the ,indian ,school at ,carlisle1 ,pennsylvania1 has ranked among the best1 as more than one of our colleges have found to their cost4 ,a full-blooded ,indian was a member of ,general ,grant's staff1 and was present at the surrender of ,general ,lee at ,appomattox4 ,where did these red people come from8 ,nobody knows any more than he knows where or when the first human being appeared on this earth4 ,there have been a good many guesses--for they are little more--to tell how the ,indians came to be on this continent4 ,some have thought they are descendants of the ,lost ,tribes of ,israel1 who passed across ,bering ,strait from ,asia1 and1 in the course of centuries1 spread over and peopled both ,north and ,south ,america4 ,why their color changed to the well-known copper tint must have been due to the climate1 though it is hard to understand why other persons should become yellow1 brown or black4 ,then1 too1 a learned man once said there was no reason why the ,indians might not have crossed ,bering ,strait from the other way1 and peopled the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,no doubt we shall have to wait a long time before learning all about the origin of man4 ,you hardly need be told how these red people got their name4 ,christopher ,columbus1 when he caught sight of land1 after sailing so many weeks to the westward over the ,atlantic1 thought it was a part of the ,indies4 ,so1 quite naturally1 he called the natives ,indians1 and the name will never be changed4 ,you have heard of the ,mound ,builders1 and many of you have seen some of the vast piles of earth which they heaped up hundreds of years ago4 ,ohio has ten thousand such mounds1 and one near ,st4 ,louis covers eight acres4 ,for a long while1 it was believed that the ,mound ,builders were a race different from the ,indians1 who in the course of time gave place to them4 ,this is a mistake4 ,they belonged to the same race1 and when ,columbus discovered ,america1 the ,mound ,builders were working like beavers in many parts of the country4 ,i am quite sure that you boys and girls1 when reading or thinking about the ,indians1 have believed they were dying off1 and the day would come when there would not be one of them left in ,america4 ,no doubt you have felt sad over the thought 7,i remember when ,i was a little fellow how ,i shed a tear1 and sniffed and hoped a few of them wouldn't die till ,i had become a man and gained a chance of seeing them47 ,this mistake is one of the most curious of which ,i know4 ,there are to-day as many ,indians in this country as there were four hundred years ago4 ,the last census of the tribes in ,canada shows a slight increase4 ,true1 some tribes have been destroyed1 but others have grown in number4 ,there are more ,iroquois or ,six ,nation ,indians now than during the ,revolution4 ,when the end of all things comes1 and the white men of this country are called to be judged1 plenty of red men will be among them4 ,they are in the ,united ,states to stay1 and stay they will as long as the white man remains4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,indian ,,farm-,,house ,at the opening of the twentieth century1 the ,indian population of the ,united ,states was more than #bgj1jjj4 ,this did not include ,alaska1 and is a clear increase during the preceding ten years4 ,more than a third of the ,indians wear civilized dress1 and a half of this third know how to read4 ,nearly a half of all the ,indians are on reservations or at schools4 ,the five civilized tribes1 and their members in round numbers are3 ,cherokees1 #cj1jjj2 ,chickasaws1 #g1jjj2 ,choctaws1 #ae1jjj2 ,creeks1 #ae1jjj2 ,seminoles1 #b1ejj4 ,they have fine schools1 churches1 banks1 newspapers1 factories and all the luxuries of modern life1 with a system of government copied after our own4 ,more than a million dollars is spent every year by our government for the support of the various schools formed for the education of the ,indians4 ,these schools are at ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,m42 ,chamberlin1 ,so4 ,dakota2 ,cherokee1 ,n4 ,c42 ,carlisle1 ,pa42 ,carson ,city1 ,nev42 ,chilocco1 ,oklahoma2 ,genoa1 ,neb42 ,hampton1 ,va42 ,lawrence1 ,kansas2 and twenty-four other places4 ,you know that while the color of the ,indians shows different shades1 it is so similar that1 leaving out the ,eskimos1 it is certain all of them had the same origin4 ,the pure-bloods have coarse black hair1 black eyes1 high cheek bones1 and not much muscular development1 but they can stand a wonderful amount of fatigue4 ,they are generally of a melancholy disposition1 brooding and sullen by nature--though there are many exceptions--revengeful1 unforgiving1 treacherous1 and yet they do not forget favors or kindnesses shown to them4 ,the fact that from the day the first white man set foot on this continent he has abused the ,indians1 had much to do with the hatred shown by them toward these invaders from across the ocean4 ,now1 when you bear in mind that a good many tribes number only a few hundreds2 that four hundred languages and two thousand dialects are used by the natives of ,north and ,south ,america1 you will see how hard it is to classify them4 ,yet it is said the members of each tribe can be recognized4 ,a good many systems have been used in classifying the ,indians1 but the best is that which divides them as follows3 ,the ,panis-,arapahoe family1 including the ,panis or ,pawnees1 the ,arapahoes and the ,jetans1 called ,comanches by the ,spanish4 ,illustration3 ,,courtship ,,among ,,the ,,indians ,the ,columbian family1 including the tribes in the ,north-west1 of which the principal are the ,snake or ,flatheads1 and the ,shoshones4 ,the ,sioux-,osage family1 in which are found the powerful and numerous ,sioux or ,dakotas1 the ,assiniboines1 who live in alliance with the ,chippewas1 the ,mandans and the ,osages4 ,the ,mobile-,natchez1 or ,floridian family4 ,this is composed of six independent branches1 each divided into several tribes1 including the five civilized ones already referred to4 ,the ,algonquin1 ,huron 7,wyandot7 and ,iroquois family4 ,the first two named are residents of ,canada1 while many of the ,iroquois live in ,central ,new ,york4 ,the ,lenape family include the ,shawanoes1 ,kickapoos1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,illinois1 ,pottawatomies1 ,winnebagoes1 ,delawares or ,lenni-,lenape1 ,mohicans1 ,chippewas1 and several others4 ,the ,apaches forming the most terrible of all ,indian tribes1 belong to the ,mexican family4 ,the ,indians knew nothing of firearms until they saw them in the hands of the white men4 ,like the ancient barbarians of other countries1 they made use of the primitive bow and arrow1 spear1 tomahawk1 knife and club4 ,swine1 sheep1 cows and horses were unknown until brought across the ocean by white men4 ,america1 in turn1 gave tobacco to the ,old ,world4 ,the warrior lolled in his wigwam or tepee1 smoking his pipe1 while his squaw scratched the earth and raised maize and a few vegetables4 ,now and then the head of the household wandered into the woods to hunt for game1 or to fish in the streams4 ,his delight1 however1 was in going on the war-path1 and in slaying those of his own race1 who belonged to another tribe4 ,through the gloomy depths of the forest1 where only his trained eye could trace the prints of the moccasin1 he tracked his enemy1 braving storm1 heat1 cold1 fatigue1 starvation1 and every kind of hardship1 for the chance of stealing upon the sleeper1 or catching him off his guard4 ,burying his knife in his breast1 or driving his deadly arrow into the heart of his enemy1 he wrenched the scalp from his crown1 and with a shout of triumph1 hurried back to his own people1 with the shocking proof of his bravery4 ,the members of the tribe who thus lost one of their number did not rest1 so long as there was hope of revenge4 ,thus the fierce warfare went on1 just as if these dusky people were civilized1 or belonged to some of the feudists in certain parts of our country4 ,among the many thousands of ,indians there have appeared from time to time1 numerous men of striking mental ability4 ,they have had some of the most eloquent of orators1 while others have shown marked military skill4 ,brought into contact with the white people1 they have sometimes surpassed the ,caucasian in real genius4 ,in tracing the history and development of our country1 we meet proofs of such skill and ability on the part of the ,indians1 and in the pages that follow we shall give attention to the most interesting instances1 whose truth cannot be questioned4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,original ,,emperors ,,of ,,virginia ,,powhatan ,,and ,,opecancanough ,illustration3 ,indian ,chief ,the first permanent settlement made in the original thirteen ,states was at ,jamestown1 ,virginia1 by the ,english in the spring of #afjg4 ,the settlers were at once brought in contact with two famous ,indians1 to whom we must now give attention4 ,the ,london ,company1 formed for the planting of colonies in the ,new ,world1 sent three ships across the ocean in the month of ,december1 #afjf4 ,they carried one hundred and five men1 but no women1 and were in charge of ,captain ,christopher ,newport4 ,they sailed up the ,chesapeake ,bay1 and were charmed by the soft breezes1 the fragrant wild flowers and the beautiful scenery4 ,they halted at a peninsula 7now an island71 about fifty miles from the mouth of the ,james1 so named in honor of their king1 and began putting up cabins4 ,thus ,jamestown was founded on the #acth of ,may1 #afjg4 ,at that time the country from the ,allegheny to the ocean1 and from the southern ,james to the ,patuxent ,river1 was inhabited by three families of ,indians1 each composed of a number of tribes4 ,with two of them we have nothing to do4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indians ,,defeated ,,at ,,fallen ,,timbers4 ,this was one of the most memorable battles ever fought with the ,indians4 ,it broke their power and gave supremacy to the whites4 ,august #bj1 #agid4 ,illustration3 ,,surprising ,,an ,,indian ,,camp4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,faithful ,,indian ,,guard4 ,the ,powhatans lived in the lowland region1 reaching from the ,carolinas on the south to the ,patuxent on the north1 and between the sea to the falls of the rivers4 ,they had more tribes than either of the other families1 ten being between the ,potomac and the ,rappahannock2 five between the ,rappahannock and the ,york2 eight between the ,york and ,james2 and five between the ,james and the ,carolinas4 ,the ,powhatan ,league was one of the most powerful on the continent and occupied what is now ,henrico county1 on the shores of the ,james1 and about two days' journey from ,jamestown4 ,you will see that the head of this league or confederacy ruled over thousands of warriors1 most of whom he had conquered and compelled to accept him as sovereign1 whose will the bravest under-chief dared not dispute4 ,in order to give him his proper importance1 historians generally refer to him as ,emperor1 a title which it would seem was proper4 ,he is known as ,powhatan1 which is the same as his special tribe1 or rather as his chief seat or capital4 ,this old town had a dozen houses which stood a short distance below the present city of ,richmond1 on the banks of the river4 ,fronting it were three islets4 ,at the time of the settlement of ,jamestown1 ,powhatan was about sixty years old4 ,he was gaunt and tall1 and as vigorous in body and mind as a man of half his years1 and the gray hair1 which was plentifully sprinkled through the black locks1 gave a majesty to his looks4 ,his head-dress was made of a mass of feathers1 and his robe of state was of raccoon skins4 ,the wooden bench or form upon which he was accustomed to sit1 might be taken as a throne1 and his reign over many tribes1 most of whom he had conquered1 gave a certain fitness to the name of emperor4 ,it should be noted that never did his son follow to the throne1 but instead his brothers1 then his sisters1 and then the heirs of the oldest sister1 all in turn were to inherit power4 ,powhatan usually kept two-score of his bravest warriors as a body-guard about him1 but when he learned of the coming of the pale faces to the mouth of the river1 he made the number two hundred4 ,he had favorite places where he passed the different seasons1 a fashion that was often followed by the ,indian chiefs in ,new ,england4 ,the settlement of ,jamestown brings forward the name of the most remarkable pioneer connected with our early history1 ,captain ,john ,smith1 the ,father of ,virginia4 ,could we believe one-half that this man told about himself1 we should have to admit that he was one of the greatest heroes in history4 ,he was a great boaster1 and many of the things he told were simple invention4 ,more than one of the most daring exploits that he claimed to have performed in the ,old ,world have been proved impossible4 ,none the less1 ,captain ,john ,smith was brave1 enterprising1 unselfish1 tactful1 industrious and far-seeing1 and but for him ,jamestown would have perished from the earth within a few months after building the first cabins4 ,enough of him is known to prove that he was not only the founder1 but the saviour of ,jamestown4 ,smith was a native of ,lincolnshire1 ,england1 and when he reached ,virginia1 was not thirty years old4 ,he had a powerful physique1 and did not hide his disgust with the gentlemen of the colony1 who thought themselves too good to work4 ,he gave them the choice of working or starving1 and he set the good example of toiling as hard as any of them4 ,the settlers with whom he came did not reach ,virginia until the planting season was over1 and1 before long1 all were suffering for food4 ,the only thing left to do was to get it from the ,indians1 and ,smith set out to do so4 ,but the red men knew of the needs of the pale faces1 and despised them therefor ,smith tried to get them to sell1 but they refused1 or at the most would give but a handful of corn for a gun or a sword4 ,seeing no other means left1 ,smith and his men opened fire on the churlish fellows1 drove them into the woods1 and marching into their village1 carried a good supply of corn back to ,jamestown4 ,for many years after the discovery of ,america1 it was thought that it was only a narrow strip of land1 and that a short journey to the westward would take one to the ,south ,sea on the other side4 ,as late as #afji1 when ,henry ,hudson sailed up the stream named for him1 it was in the belief that he had not far to go to reach that vast body of water4 ,captain ,smith was ordered to explore the streams in the neighborhood of ,jamestown4 ,in obedience to this command1 he set out to learn the sources of the ,chickahominy4 ,he went up that stream until the waters became too shallow to allow the barge to go farther1 when he stepped with two of his men and two friendly ,indians into a canoe and paddled away4 ,he told those left in the boat to stay in the middle of the stream1 and forbade them to approach either bank until he came back4 ,but he had not been gone long1 when those that remained became tired of sitting motionless in the barge1 knowing that their leader could not join them for many hours1 and mayhap not for two or three days4 ,peering into the woods and listening1 they saw and heard nothing to cause fear4 ,so after talking for a little time1 they paddled to shore and stepped out on land4 ,they had hardly done so1 when they were attacked by ,indians and one killed1 the others escaping with great difficulty4 ,the news they took back to ,jamestown made every one believe they would never again see ,smith or his companions4 ,meanwhile1 the pioneer was pushing his way into the wilderness1 with no thought of what had befallen the men left behind in the barge4 ,the light canoe was just buoyant enough to float himself and friends1 and they paddled up the narrowing stream with all possible care4 ,the day was wearing away1 and1 since they had no food1 ,smith decided to hunt for wild fowl4 ,landing1 he went forward alone1 never dreaming that ,opecancanough with a large body of warriors was tracking him through the woods4 ,this chief came upon the two ,englishmen while they were asleep and killed both4 ,then they hurried after ,smith1 who they knew could not be far away4 ,when the pioneer caught sight of the dusky figures flitting among the trees1 firing their arrows and pressing towards him1 he tried to retreat to his canoe1 but soon saw that he would be cut off4 ,he seized one of his ,indian companions and swung him round in front1 as a shield4 ,the pursuers did not wish to harm a member of their own race1 and ,smith found for a time that the novel armor served him well4 ,as fast as he could load his gun he fired into the swarm of warriors1 who were so close together that he did not miss4 ,he wounded a number and said he killed three1 which may be true4 ,the doughty pioneer could give no attention to his feet1 since he dared not take his eyes off his pursuers4 ,he was slowly falling back1 and hopeful of getting away1 when he stepped into a marshy place into which he immediately sank above his knees4 ,even when in this plight1 the ,indians were afraid to lay hands on him4 ,they would steal forward and then scramble in a panic for the shelter of the tree trunks1 afraid he was about to fire his terrible gun at them4 ,smith struggled hard to free himself from the mire1 but with every effort only sank deeper4 ,the weather was cold1 and1 seeing that he must perish if he staid where he was1 he set free his human shield and flung away his weapons4 ,he expected to be killed at once1 but the captors drew him out of the mud and led him back to the place where the two ,englishmen had been slain1 and where a fire was kindled4 ,the warmth of this brought back his vigor and hopefulness1 and seeing no disposition to do him immediate harm1 he asked for their chief4 ,the famous ,opecancanough came forward4 ,the captive handed him a small compass4 ,the chief took it in his hand while his warriors gathered around and all studied the odd-looking instrument with deep interest4 ,the darting about of the tiny needle filled them with wonder1 and for the moment no one thought of doing the white man any harm4 ,smith says that through the compass he made clear to the ,indians the roundness of the globe1 the spheres of the sun1 moon and stars1 the revolution of the earth on its axis1 the immensity of the land and sea1 the diversity of the nations1 the antipodes1 and many other such like matters1 so that all stood amazed with admiration6 ,and yet how are we to believe that1 unable as he was to speak the ,indian language1 ,smith explained these strange things to the ,indians1 or that they could have gained any idea of his meaning6 ,such a feat was surely beyond his power4 ,the compass1 however1 was to serve a good purpose1 for when the warriors had tied ,smith to a tree and were about to fire their arrows at him1 ,opecancanough held up the curious instrument and they stopped4 ,the captive was taken to the home of ,powhatan1 on ,york ,river1 and well treated4 ,indeed1 he was fed so much that he began to suspect they were fattening him in order that he might make a fine meal for them4 ,the capture of the leader of the colony sharpened the appetites of the ,indians for greater deeds1 and they got ready to destroy ,jamestown4 ,they tried by every means they could think of to get ,smith to help them1 promising him much land and the finest of their women as wives4 ,nothing could lead ,smith to turn against his own countrymen1 and he tried to show his captors that their plan was hopeless4 ,smith then did a slight thing of itself1 which filled the ,indians with wonder4 ,taking a blank leaf from his pocket book1 he wrote upon it a brief account of the plot1 and asked his friends to send him a number of articles which he named1 and which he promised the ,indians they could get by taking the slip of paper to ,jamestown4 ,the messengers made the journey in the face of severe weather1 and brought back the things which ,smith had promised4 ,how he managed thus to talk with his friends many miles away1 was a mystery which the native mind could not grasp4 ,since the red men had to give up their plan of capturing ,jamestown1 they tried to impress him with their own greatness4 ,he was taken from place to place1 among the different tribes1 and finally brought back to ,opecancanough4 ,he was feasted again1 the ,indians looking upon him as a sort of god4 ,he was next led into the presence of the mighty ,powhatan1 where1 after a time1 it was decided to put him to death4 ,this brings us to the incident which is the most famous in the history of ,captain ,john ,smith4 ,he says his head was laid upon two large stones and the warriors were about to beat out his brains1 when ,pocahontas1 the favorite daughter of ,powhatan1 and not more than ten or twelve years old1 threw her arms around the prisoner's neck1 and prayed her father to spare him4 ,he could not refuse the pleadings of his loved child4 ,whether such an incident ever took place will never be known4 ,while it is not impossible1 many doubt its truth4 ,it seems to have been an afterthought of the grim boaster1 for years passed without anyone hearing a reference of it1 and it was not until the death of ,pocahontas that ,captain ,smith told how he had passed through such a strange experience4 ,illustration3 ,,pocahontas ,,saving ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,smith ,powhatan seemed to think that since he had spared the life of the ,englishman1 the latter should be turned to account4 ,he made him help in forming bows and arrows1 moccasins1 robes and copper trinkets4 ,a son of the chieftain became friendly to ,smith1 and did him many kindnesses during his captivity4 ,the ,englishman rapidly learned the tongue of his captors1 and this knowledge afterwards proved of great help to him4 ,finally he was sent back to ,jamestown4 ,the guard who went with him were treated with great kindness1 and a number of presents were sent through them to ,powhatan4 ,this seems to have won the friendship of the old chief1 who sent his daughter ,pocahontas every few days to the settlement with food1 where it was sorely needed4 ,everything would have gone well but for the foolish course of ,captain ,newport1 who soon after arrived from a voyage to ,england4 ,he gave ,powhatan so many presents1 that the emperor was puffed up with his own importance1 and refused to part with any of his goods without being paid five or six times their value4 ,when ,newport had offered about all he had to offer1 ,powhatan sneeringly gave only two or three bushels of corn in return4 ,then it was that ,smith proved himself as shrewd as the chieftain4 ,he managed1 as if by accident1 to let ,powhatan see a number of shining beads of blue glass4 ,the chief's eye was caught1 and he asked for them4 ,smith said they were of great value1 and only worn by great kings4 ,this fired the envy of the chief1 who was determined to own them1 for who had a better right than he to wear the jewels of a mighty monarch8 ,with much seeming unwillingness1 ,smith parted with the beads for more than two hundred bushels of corn4 ,powhatan began to fear that the continual coming of new emigrants meant danger to himself and people4 ,he began plotting to massacre the settlers1 but the prompt vigor of ,smith scared him1 and he sent ,pocahontas to ,jamestown with a message that the evil plot was due to some of his fiery chiefs4 ,smith1 who had taken several prisoners1 thereupon released them1 and all remained tranquil for a time4 ,captain ,newport's silly course with ,powhatan came to a head in the autumn of #afjh1 when he arrived again from ,england1 just after ,smith had been elected governor of the colony4 ,newport brought a gilded crown for ,powhatan1 and had the whole programme arranged for his coronation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,indian ,,chiefs ,,and ,,their ,,wives ,,visiting ,,the ,,president ,,at ,,washington4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,custer',s ,,last ,,charge4 ,the ,battle of the ,little ,big ,horn ,run1 fought in #ahgf1 by ,general ,custer1 in command of ,united ,states troops against the ,sioux ,indians1 resulted in the entire destruction of the troops and their brave commander4 ,it was the last great battle with the ,indians in ,america4 ,at the same time settlers were to offer to aid ,powhatan against a tribe with which he was at war4 ,when this message was sent to him1 the haughty old leader told the ,english that since he was a king he would not go to ,jamestown1 and as for the offered help1 he did not wish it1 as he knew how to manage his own affairs4 ,illustration3 ,,opecancanough ,,in ,,captivity ,among the emigrants who came over with ,newport were three ,germans1 who believed because of the woful state of the colony that it could not last much longer4 ,they gave their views to ,powhatan1 and were base enough to offer to help him in putting all the ,english to death4 ,the old chief fell in with the plan1 and agreed that the first step necessary was to remove ,captain ,smith4 ,powhatan tried many tricks to get him in his power1 but that wise man outwitted him every time4 ,the chief warned his warriors that if they failed to kill ,smith he would have them slain4 ,about this time a strange accident brought safety to the sturdy governor4 ,one of ,powhatan's men had by some means got hold of a quantity of gunpowder1 which he told his friends he could handle as well as the whites themselves4 ,several gathered round to watch him1 when the stuff suddenly blew up and killed the ,indian and two of his companions4 ,powhatan and the others were terrified1 and filled with a desire for peace4 ,they brought back many stolen articles1 and1 in #afji1 sent half their crop of corn to the settlers4 ,about this time1 ,captain ,smith was so shockingly burned by the burning of his powder bags1 that he went to ,england for surgical aid and never returned to ,virginia4 ,it should be added that of the three wicked ,germans1 one died miserably1 and the others were slain by order of ,powhatan1 because of their deception4 ,the colonists told the chief that ,smith was dead1 but he would not believe it1 and some time later sent one of his chiefs1 ,tomocomo1 to ,england1 to learn what had become of him4 ,tomocomo was also ordered to find out all he could about the country1 and to learn how many white people were there4 ,the faithful servant began his duty by carrying a long stick into which he cut a notch every time he met a stranger4 ,needless to say that this means of taking the census proved a failure4 ,when he came back to ,virginia and ,powhatan asked as to the population on the other side of the deep water1 ,tomocomo made his famous answer3 ,count the stars in the sky1 the leaves on the trees1 and the sand upon the seashore1 for such is the number of people in ,england4 ,powhatan had many broils with the ,english1 but it is only just to say the fault lay more often with the latter than with him4 ,the most shameful of all outrages was that of ,captain ,argall1 who while cruising up the ,james1 invited ,pocahontas to visit his ship under the escort of a squaw that had been bribed to betray her4 ,argall made ,pocahontas a prisoner1 and took her to ,jamestown4 ,he believed ,powhatan would hasten to ransom her for a large amount of corn which the settlement needed1 but the enraged parent hastily prepared to go to war4 ,during these evil days1 ,john ,rolfe and the dusky maiden fell in love with each other1 and were married in the quaint old chapel at ,jamestown in the month of ,april1 #afac4 ,this pleasing event made ,powhatan the friend of the white man and as such he died five years later4 ,we recall that ,pocahontas and her husband visited ,england in #afaf4 ,she received much attention from the court and the leading people of the kingdom1 but when about to sail for her native land fell ill and died4 ,she left an infant son ,thomas1 who was educated in ,london by his uncle ,henry ,rolfe4 ,he settled in ,virginia after reaching manhood1 became wealthy1 and was one of the foremost members of the colony4 ,his only daughter married ,colonel ,robert ,bolling2 their son1 ,major ,john ,bolling1 was the father of a number of children4 ,one of the daughters married ,colonel ,richard ,randolph1 who was the ancestor of the famous ,john ,randolph of ,roanoke1--a fact of which he was always very proud4 ,thus the blood of ,pocahontas flows to-day in some of the leading families of the ,old ,dominion4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,emperor',s ,,declaration ,,of ,,war ,now1 no one would think the life of ,captain ,john ,smith complete without the story of ,pocahontas4 ,its romance lends it a pleasing interest1 despite the doubt that must always linger as to its truth4 ,but have you ever heard that his life was saved by another ,indian maiden1 and that a different section of the country produced its ,pocahontas to serve her merciful purpose8 ,the story is a sad one1 because the beautiful and heroic girl was killed as you shall hear4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,print ,,of ,,captain ,,smith ,in the month of ,march1 #aije1 ,robert ,h4 ,gardiner1 of ,bangor1 ,maine1 in rummaging through some old papers bearing upon the early history of ,kennebec ,river1 found proof that in the summer of #afad ,smith sailed up the river to the chief village of the ,cabassas tribe of ,indians1 which stood on the present site of ,gardiner4 ,the daughter of the chief1 ,saboois by name1 so liked the manner and looks of ,smith1 that she formed a strong attachment for him4 ,he was so interested with important matters1 however1 that he gave no encouragement to her4 ,the visit to the chief was very friendly1 but when ,smith was about to leave1 one of his lieutenants1 named ,hunt1 headed a mutiny1 and1 with several others1 set out on a new expedition1 taking several of the ,cabassas tribe with him as captives4 ,not knowing of the division of the party1 the chief called his warriors together1 and started in pursuit of ,smith1 with the resolve to destroy the white men for the outrage of which he believed all were equally guilty4 ,knowing the danger of ,captain ,smith and his friends1 ,saboois ran ahead and warned them4 ,she overtook the party just as they had encamped for the night a few miles down the river4 ,the chief and his warriors were close behind1 and1 at the moment the ,cabassas maiden flung her arms around ,captain ,smith1 a shower of arrows poured into the camp4 ,one of these pierced the girl's breast1 while shielding the captain1 who was thereby saved at the cost of the life of his devoted friend4 ,the horrified chief stopped hostilities4 ,this gave ,smith the chance to explain that it was the mutineers who had kidnapped his people4 ,the ,indians carried the body of ,saboois back to their village1 and sorrowfully laid it away near what is now ,randolph churchyard1 and then started in pursuit of ,hunt and his party4 ,they were overtaken and all slain near ,norridgewock1 after which the rescued captives returned home with their countrymen4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,great ,,conspiracy ,a ,,wily ,,chieftain ,,and ,,his ,,secret ,the great emperor ,opecancanough1 of whom we have already told you1 hated the whites even more than his brother ,powhatan4 ,he was a warrior of rare skill1 much the superior in all respects to ,opitchapan1 the successor of ,powhatan4 ,before the death of the latter1 ,opecancanough secured the title of king over the free tribe of the ,chickahominy4 ,illustration3 ,a ,settler4 ,this chief was never a friend of the whites4 ,he had several quarrels with them1 and had not been king long when he began plotting to destroy the settlements4 ,one cannot help admiring the cunning and skill displayed by this arch enemy of the ,english4 ,he formed his plans with such secrecy that not a hint of them reached the settlers before the hour of the outbreak4 ,two days before the date of the massacre1 a party of ,indians guided several ,englishmen through the woods1 and sent one of their youths to live among the white men1 that he might learn their language4 ,a messenger who visited the chief was treated with the utmost kindness1 and told that peace with the white man should last as long as the stars held their places in the sky4 ,the settlers lent their boats to the ,indians who paddled to and fro as they chose4 ,more than one pioneer who had been fixed upon as a victim1 sat with the dusky assassins at his table on the morning of the massacre4 ,the awful blow fell on ,march #bb1 #afbb1 with the suddenness of a lightning bolt from the blue sky4 ,the warriors seemed to spring from the ground4 ,neither sex1 nor old age1 nor prattling infant was spared4 ,the toilers in the fields were shot down1 women and children tomahawked1 and in the space of one hour1 three hundred and forty-seven victims lay stretched in death4 ,among these were six members of the council and many of the leading people4 ,the number of plantations was reduced from eighty to six4 ,the massacre raged up and down the ,james1 and all the settlements would have been destroyed1 but for the warning of a ,christian ,indian1 ,chanco1 who was able to make known the peril in time for some of the people to save themselves4 ,white men can become as savage as ,indians when their rage is aroused4 ,the summer months were spent in strengthening the fortifications and in preparing for a campaign against the ,indians4 ,every man and boy able to handle a gun was drilled in its use4 ,so deadly was the general temper that time was not taken for the planting of more than half a crop4 ,when everything was ready1 the settlers took the field1 and began hunting down the savages as if they were so many rabid dogs4 ,no mercy was shown to any one4 ,they were followed far into the gloomy forests and shot wherever sight was gained of them4 ,finally1 the whites seemed to grow weary1 and sent word to the ,indians that they were now ready to forgive and make peace with them4 ,under this pledge the warriors came forward1 but the moment they were within the power of the settlers1 the latter assailed them without mercy4 ,this treachery was without excuse4 ,for a long time it was believed that ,opecancanough was among the slain1 but such was not the fact1 as the settlers were doomed to learn to their cost4 ,now comes one of the most awful scenes in all the great story of ,american history4 ,the seasons came and went and all was serene and peaceful1 so far as the keenest scouts among the settlers could learn4 ,men passed to and fro in the native villages1 trusting themselves for days with the savages1 who could have wrought their will with them2 they were received by the grim ,opecancanough himself1 who told of his sorrow that his chiefs and warriors had ever forgotten their friendship for the pale faces1 and he assured them that no such wrong could ever occur again2 the ,indians visited ,jamestown and the different settlements1 just as they had done years before1 without the slightest distrust on the part of their hosts4 ,opecancanough was past three-score and ten when the massacre of #afbb took place4 ,his athletic figure yielded slowly to the passing years1 the black strands that dangled about his shoulders were whitened by the snows of many winters1 and the coppery countenance became seamed with wrinkles4 ,he stepped across the four-score mark1 and finally ten more years were added to his great age1 with slight weakening of his vigor and strength4 ,and all through the circling years1 this wonderful chieftain was completing his plans for another massacre of the people that had come across the ocean to steal away the hunting grounds of the red men4 ,deep in the gloomy depths of the wilderness1 he and his chiefs met1 where no white man ever saw them1 and whispered their plans to one another4 ,every dusky breast was thrilled by the hope that has nerved myriads of ,indians from the hour that the white men began building their cabins on ,american soil2 it was that of destroying root and branch these invaders of their homes4 ,illustration3 ,,indians ,,make ,,poor ,,sailors4 ,during the ,pequod war a boat was captured by the ,indians4 ,they tried to sail it and defend it with guns1 but as seamen they were failures4 ,the boat was re-captured by the brave colonists and the ,indians slain4 ,illustration3 ,,marriage ,,of ,,an ,,indian ,,princess4 ,pocahontas1 the daughter of ,powhatan1 who saved ,captain ,smith's life1 had a very romantic career4 ,she afterward married ,john ,rolfe and went to ,england to live4 ,she never returned to ,america4 ,the chiefs and warriors did not need to be told by ,opecancanough that they were staking everything on this single attempt4 ,they had failed by the narrowest chance in #afbb1 and could not afford to fail again4 ,the secret must be kept1 and the wonder of it is that it was kept for twenty-two years4 ,not a whisper reached the ears of the settlers1 nor did any one seem to feel the first throb of misgiving4 ,through the spring blossoming of flowers1 the sultry fervor of summer1 the whirling snow and ice of winter1 the plotters continued to gather in the twilight depths of the woods1 guarded by vigilant sentinels1 whom the most cunning scout could not pass1 and they talked and smoked their pipes and shook their heads and brought their dreadful plot to perfection4 ,warriors and chiefs died1 and1 as we know1 the great leader of them all steadily approached the age of a century1 but still the blow was withheld1 for all was not ready4 ,incredible as it may seem1 ,opecancanough was nearly a hundred years old when he gave the order to attack the settlements4 ,by this time1 his iron frame had become so feeble that he could not walk4 ,his warriors carried him on a litter1 that he might lead in the assault that should not leave a white man or woman on the soil of ,virginia4 ,one cause for fixing upon ,april #ah1 #afdd1 for the attack was the state of affairs at ,jamestown4 ,the chief kept himself informed1 and he knew of the bitter quarrels that were raging there4 ,revolts had broken out1 and the condition of the people invited the long postponed assault4 ,opecancanough sent his swiftest runners to the distant tribes of the confederacy which he had built up during the many years that had flown since the first massacre4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,council ,,of ,,war ,he meant to lead in person the five nearest tribes1 while the more remote ones were placed under the command of their different chiefs4 ,thus1 by a simple plan1 the hundreds of savages from the mouth of the ,chesapeake to the sources of the principal rivers which flow into it1 were joined into a compact force1 easily handled without confusion4 ,this fearful horde was to be hurled against the settlements at the same hour1 and there could be no turning back after the first tomahawk had fallen4 ,there was no warning as before4 ,the thunderbolts struck the whole line of settlements at the same hour and almost at the same moment4 ,owing to the turmoil of those times1 we have no reliable account of the great massacre in ,virginia in #afdd1 but five hundred people fell victims to the ferocity of the ,indians1 who raged up and down the ,james for two days4 ,many were carried into captivity1 while cabins1 crops1 farming implements1 and all manner of property were destroyed4 ,the fleetest of foot escaped in some instances1 and made haste to ,jamestown1 which flew to arms4 ,all who were able to handle a weapon were called1 and every twentieth man was placed under the immediate command of ,governor ,berkeley1 who hurried his preparations for marching into the ,indian country1 every soldier as resolute as he to destroy those who were making such awful havoc among the plantations4 ,berkeley1 afterwards known as the tyrannical ,governor of ,virginia1 was a young man at that time1 and a good military officer4 ,when he led his body of picked horsemen against the ,indians1 he resolved to keep up the warfare until he captured the leader himself4 ,he pushed the pursuit with all vigor and finally ran ,opecancanough down1 and made him prisoner4 ,like the ,roman conquerors1 he brought him as a token of his triumph to his capital1 but it is to be said to the credit of ,berkeley that he treated his royal captive with the respect due to his fame and prowess4 ,he placed him in proper quarters1 and set a guard about the building to keep back those who might wish to gaze upon the distinguished prisoner4 ,the condition of ,opecancanough at this time was pitiful4 ,he was barely able to raise an arm or a foot1 and became so feeble that when he wished to make use of his eyes1 some one had to lift the lids for him4 ,still he kept to a striking degree his kingly dignity4 ,hearing confusion one day about his prison1 he had his eyes opened for him1 and noticed a number of persons peering into the room4 ,he sent for ,governor ,berkeley and said1 reproachfully1 ,had it been my fortune to make you prisoner1 ,i would not have exposed you as a show to my people4 ,the ,governor gave strict orders to save the captive from all annoyance4 ,struck by the vitality of the chief1 he thought of sending him to ,england1 not only as proof of the prowess of the ruler of ,virginia1 but as evidence of the good qualities of the climate1 which many visitors had said was bad4 ,this plan1 however1 was defeated by the cruelty of one of the guards4 ,thinking upon the ruin and death that had been wrought by ,opecancanough1 he raised his musket one day and sent a bullet through the body of the prisoner4 ,thus died the most remarkable ,indian connected with the early history of ,virginia4 ,his influence over his countrymen was greater than ,powhatan's had ever been4 ,his complaint was that the whites were fast taking all the hunting lands from the ,indians1 and that the overthrow and ruin of the latter could be prevented only by the massacre of the invaders4 ,in this attempt1 like many leaders of his race1 he failed1 and comparative peace followed his death for many years4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,adventures ,,in ,,new ,,england ,,the ,,indians ,,and ,,the ,,pilgrims ,you have all heard of the hardy ,pilgrim ,fathers4 ,the ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 ,massachusetts1 in #afbj4 ,several wooden huts were built1 ground marked off1 and the company divided into nineteen families4 ,thus was made the first permanent settlement in ,new ,england1 several former attempts having ended in failure4 ,those early pioneers1 who were a sturdy1 ,god-fearing people1 had a rough time of it from the beginning1 and before spring came1 one-half of them had died1 ,governor ,carver passing away in ,april4 ,a great surprise came to the little band of settlers one day in ,march1 when an ,indian walked out of the woods and came toward them4 ,although the weather was cold1 his only clothing was a band of leather about the waist to which a fringe hung4 ,he strode boldly forward1 and1 when he saw the looks of astonishment1 called out3 ,welcome1 ,englishmen6 ,welcome1 ,englishmen6 ,the first thought that came to the settlers was wonder as to how this native had learned their language4 ,his name was ,samoset1 and he had picked up a few words from the ,english fishermen on the coast of ,maine4 ,because of the chilly air1 one of the men brought out a horseman's coat and flung it over the shoulders of their visitor4 ,he wished to talk and to tell the white men all that could interest them4 ,by means of the few ,english words he knew1 and by signs he succeeded quite well4 ,he felt at home1 and ate and drank all that was set before him4 ,he said that he lived at a place called ,pawtuxet1 but a few years before all the men and women had died of a dreadful plague4 ,it was afterwards found that ,samoset told the truth4 ,illustration3 ,,governor ,,winslow ,,soldier ,,and ,,statesman ,the dusky caller was more eager to stay with the ,englishmen than they were willing to have him as a guest4 ,they bade him good-bye as night drew on1 but he chose to remain with them1 leaving ,plymouth the next day to go to ,massasoit1 of whom he had spoken several times4 ,he said ,massasoit was a great sachem1 who would come in a few days to barter beaver skins with the white settlers and to pay his respects to them4 ,on the following ,sunday1 ,samoset was on hand again4 ,he brought with him five warriors as tall and pleasing in their looks as himself4 ,he had been told that he and his companions must not come into the settlement with their weapons4 ,accordingly1 they left their bows and arrows some distance from town4 ,they were treated well1 but the settlers would not trade with them because it was ,sunday4 ,when the five left1 ,samoset claimed he was ill1 and stayed at ,plymouth for three days4 ,in fact1 he had formed a stronger liking for the colonists than they had for him4 ,the visitors had promised to come again to barter1 and they kept their promise4 ,the most important news1 however1 brought by them was that ,massasoit1 their great sagamore or chief1 was only a short distance off1 awaiting the chance for an introduction to the white men4 ,an hour later the chief with sixty of his followers appeared on the crest of a hill not far away4 ,the settlers distrusted the meaning of the visit of so large a body4 ,it might be they meant to massacre the whites1 and were using their usual trickery to gain an advantage over them4 ,among the colonists was an ,indian named ,squanto1 who had been kidnapped several years before1 and kept for some time in ,england1 where he learned to speak the language4 ,he was now sent to ,massasoit to ask the wishes of the sagamore4 ,the reply was a request for one of the ,englishmen to come out and have a talk with him4 ,edward ,winslow did so1 and gave a number of trinkets to the great chieftain1 who showed childish delight over the presents4 ,through ,squanto1 ,winslow told ,massasoit that the ,king of ,england sent him words of peace and love1 and that the ,governor of ,plymouth wished to make a treaty of friendship with him4 ,when the speechmaking was over1 ,massasoit left ,winslow with the warriors as a hostage1 while he and twenty of his men1 leaving their weapons behind1 walked forward for a talk with the governor4 ,they were conducted to a house not then finished1 where ,governor ,carver welcomed them and ordered refreshments1 of which all partook4 ,strong water was a part of the dinner4 ,it was new to the ,indians1 but they were pleased with the fiery stuff1 of which they drank enough for its effects to show4 ,the natives became quite merry1 and it is to be feared that the ,puritans reached a mellow mood4 ,be that as it may1 no more favorable time could have been chosen for agreeing upon a treaty1 and the important fact is that ,massasoit made one treaty with the ,english which was kept sacred for more than fifty years4 ,it will help to understand the early history of ,new ,england1 if we remember that the ,indians of that section consisted at that time of five confederacies1 or leagues1 of different numbers and strength4 ,the ,pawtuckets lived mainly in southern ,new ,hampshire2 the ,massachusetts around the bay of that name2 the ,pequots in eastern ,connecticut2 the ,narragansetts to the east of the ,pequots1 ,rhode ,island and the other small islands in the neighborhood being within their territory1 while the ,pokanokets1 more generally known as ,wampanoags1 embraced portions of ,plymouth and ,barnstable1 and a good deal of the country between the ,pawtucket tribes and the ,massachusetts1 with a part of present ,bristol county1 ,rhode ,island4 ,the ,wampanoags numbered nine tribes1 each governed by its own sagamore1 and all subject to ,massasoit1 the grand sachem1 who generally lived near ,mount ,hope4 ,governor ,carver died a few weeks after the signing of the treaty named1 and was succeeded by ,william ,bradford1 who held the office for many years4 ,to him1 more than to any one person1 is due the success of the first colonies planted in ,new ,england4 ,the most striking tribute to the greatness of ,massasoit lies in the fact that while it was a rule among his race that the foremost warriors attained their fame through personal courage and deeds1 yet he was a man of peace4 ,but he held the numerous tribes together without war1 and ruled over a larger dominion and a more numerous people than ,powhatan1 ,opecancanough1 ,pontiac or ,tecumseh4 ,true1 the last two held full sway at certain times1 but it was for purposes of war only4 ,illustration3 ,,hiawatha1 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,iroquois ,,league4 ,the ,iroquois ,league was composed of the ,mohawk1 ,oneida1 ,onondaga1 ,cayuga1 ,seneca and ,tuscarora nations1 who founded in the ,new ,york wilderness a barbaric republic1 with bonds of union that might serve in many respects as a model for civilized nations of to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indians ,,listen ,,to ,a ,,missionary4 ,the ,indians often visited the colonists and listened to the traveling missionary1 but only a few converts were made among the red men during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,it will be recalled that ,powhatan had several homes4 ,the same was true of ,massasoit1 though his principal home was at ,mount ,hope4 ,governor ,bradford had hardly come into office when he sent an agent to ,massasoit to confirm the treaty made with ,carver1 to procure seed corn and to explore the country4 ,massasoit did as requested1 and a piece of better fortune could not have come to ,new ,england4 ,plymouth and her neighbors for a long time were so weak1 and their sufferings from disease and hardship so severe1 that a union of the ,indian confederacies would have swept them from the earth4 ,the feebleness of the colonists could not be hidden from the ,indians1 but ,massasoit checked the enmity of the surrounding tribes1 and by uniting with ,roger ,williams in #afcg1 the other red men were kept from joining the ,pequots in their war against the colonists4 ,thus more than once1 and through many years1 this great man really saved the settlements from destruction4 ,there are few ,american ,indians whose fame is not wholly due to their military skill4 ,many were great orators1 and not a few showed noble traits of character4 ,the case of ,massasoit1 therefore1 is the more remarkable1 for no man not gifted by nature with fine ability and tact1 could have held peace for so long a time among the fierce tribes1 not only under his direct rule1 but that belonged to the confederacies surrounding his own people4 ,soon after the signing of the treaty1 one of ,massasoit's sachems tried to start a rebellion against his sovereign4 ,with the help of the bold ,miles ,standish1 the scheme was brought to naught1 and the example of ,massasoit led nine other sachems to come to ,plymouth and sign a treaty of submission to the ,english king4 ,illustration3 ,,miles ,,standish ,,and ,,his ,,soldiers ,,entering ,,the ,,indian ,,country ,in #afbc1 news reached ,plymouth that the great sachem was mortally ill4 ,governor ,bradford sent at once two of his people and a friendly ,indian to the chief1 who was found near death4 ,no doubt he would have soon passed away1 but for the prompt action of his white friends1 who gave him cordials and took such measures that he was soon restored to rugged health1 and lived many years afterwards4 ,massasoit was very grateful all his life for this kindness4 ,he told his visitors of a plot that was on foot among the ,massachusetts tribe and several others to massacre the ,english settlers at ,wessagusset4 ,he urged that sharp measures be taken against the plotters1 and ,captain ,standish did so with such vigor that the evil men were terrified1 many of them killed1 and the peril ended4 ,in #afcb1 ,massasoit was set upon by a party of ,narragansetts1 and fled for his life to an ,english house near at hand4 ,as soon as news of his danger reached ,plymouth1 ,captain ,standish with a small armed force was sent to aid the brave chief in his danger4 ,it did not take the man that never feared very long to scatter the ,narragansetts and to rescue the good friend of the ,english from his great danger4 ,illustration3 ,,massasoit ,,visiting ,,the ,,governor ,as ,massasoit grew in years1 he united his oldest son with him in the government of the people4 ,in the autumn of #afci1 the two came into open court at ,plymouth with the request that the treaty of #afba should continue unbroken4 ,not only that1 but the two chiefs made new pledges which gave the colony a first claim to the ,pokanoket lands4 ,the exact date of ,massasoit's death is not known1 but it was probably soon after #affj4 ,that he was one of the best friends the white men ever had they were soon to learn in the most alarming manner4 ,more than one neighbor of ,massasoit was famous at this same time4 ,next in power to the ,wampanoag confederacy was that of the ,narragansetts1 who1 it will be remembered inhabited a large part of the territory which afterward became ,rhode ,island1 including all the islands in the bay named for them4 ,the ,sagamores of a portion of ,long ,island1 ,block ,island and ,niantic were also under their sway4 ,they had more than two thousand warriors1 one-half of whom owned firearms and knew how to use them4 ,they had long been enemies of the ,pequots on the west and the ,wampanoags on the north4 ,the chief sachem during the days of ,massasoit was ,canonicus1 who after a time joined his nephew ,miantonomah with him in the government of his tribes4 ,this was probably due to the youth and wisdom of his relative4 ,when ,roger ,williams was driven out of ,salem because of his too plain preaching1 he fled to the country of ,canonicus4 ,the chief1 although a little distant at first1 received him kindly1 and gave him a large tract of land1 which ,williams divided among those who followed him into exile4 ,thus the city of ,providence was founded and the settlement of ,rhode ,island begun4 ,this friendship on the part of ,canonicus was the more notable because he disliked the ,english from the first4 ,as early at #afbb1 he was determined to attack them1 and sent a messenger to ,plymouth with a bundle of arrows wrapped about with a rattlesnake skin4 ,this was a challenge to war1 and ,governor ,bradford could not mistake its meaning4 ,he snatched up the rattlesnake covering1 flung aside the arrows1 and stuffed the skin full of gunpowder and bullets4 ,he ordered the messenger to tell his chief that if the white ruler had a vessel1 he would not wait for ,canonicus to come to ,plymouth to fight him1 but would seek him out and give him all he wished of war4 ,the chief was invited to come to ,plymouth at once and start the fighting4 ,the bold message had its effect4 ,canonicus decided to leave the white men for the present alone4 ,it was ,canonicus who led the attack on ,massasoit in #afcb1 when he had to flee to an ,english house and ,captain ,miles ,standish hurried to his rescue4 ,in #afcf1 the ,pequots formed a conspiracy to slay all the ,english in their country4 ,as a first step1 they asked ,canonicus and ,miantonomah to make a treaty of peace with them1 and to join in the war against the settlements4 ,the temptation was a peculiar one to the ,narragansett leaders4 ,they had now the chance of striking a blow at their old enemies1 the ,pequots1 or of joining with them against the ,english4 ,their inclination was to make common cause against the white men4 ,roger ,williams was living among the ,narragansetts when the ,pequot messengers came to ,canonicus1 and he used all his powers to keep the chief out of the alliance4 ,the ,pequots were enraged and would have killed him had they dared1 but ,canonicus was a true friend of the exile1 and they were afraid to offend the chief4 ,finally1 he yielded to the prayers of ,williams1 and refused those of the ,pequots1 who entered upon the campaign alone1 and1 as a consequence1 suffered destruction at the hands of the colonists4 ,in this dreadful work the whites had the help of several hundred ,narragansetts4 ,another great ,indian leader now appears on the stage4 ,he was ,uncas1 who was born a ,pequot1 and was one of more than a score of the leaders of that unfortunate nation4 ,during some domestic troubles1 he rebelled against his sachem and became the head of a strong ,schism4 ,this was just before the opening of the ,pequot war4 ,the territories of the ,pequots were divided1 and the part known as ,mohegan fell to ,uncas1 who aided the ,english in their overthrow of the ,pequot4 ,it is said that he felt pity for the dreadful misfortune of his old friends and neighbors1 and1 in more than one instance1 did what he could to shield them from the fury of their conquerors4 ,moreover1 he gave protection to a number of settlements1 ,norwich being one of the towns thus favored4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,pequot ,,massacre ,in #afch1 the magistrates at ,hartford asked ,uncas and ,miantonomah to come thither and agree upon the division of the two hundred ,pequot captives 7not including women and children74 ,in the division eighty went to the ,narragansett chief1 twenty to a neighboring chief1 while a hundred were turned over to ,uncas4 ,he and ,miantonomah had long been jealous of each other1 the feeling being strong on the part of the ,narragansett4 ,the two leaders pledged themselves to peace1 but their mutual hatred was too deep for either to keep the letter or spirit of the agreement4 ,miantonomah was ambitious1 and wished to become ruler of all the ,new ,england ,indians4 ,uncas belonged to the branch with which the ,narragansetts had always been at enmity1 and the ,narragansett leader determined to kill him on the first chance1 believing that the way would thus be opened for a union of all the tribes against the ,english4 ,the first attempt to slay ,uncas was made in the spring of #afdc4 ,the criminal caused only a slight wound1 when he fled to the ,narragansetts1 telling every one he had slain ,uncas4 ,learning after a time his mistake1 he said that ,uncas had made the wound himself and then told the story of the ,pequot shooting him4 ,a probing of the affair by the authorities at ,boston removed all doubt of the guilt of the man who had been delivered to the court by ,miantonomah himself4 ,this chief removed all suspicion of his part in the matter1 and the prisoner having been turned over to him at his request1 he slew him with his own hand4 ,almost at the same time1 a sachem on the ,connecticut killed a leading ,mohegan1 and1 waylaying ,uncas1 shot several arrows at him4 ,uncas complained to the governor and court of the colony1 who tried without success to settle the affair4 ,the criminal refused to express regret1 and insisted that ,uncas should fight him4 ,uncas accepted the challenge and invaded the territory of the other to whom he gave a severe defeat4 ,there seems little doubt that ,miantonomah prompted both of these attempts at assassination4 ,the baffled sachem was an ally1 and the ,narragansett set on foot a campaign against ,uncas1 hoping to strike his blow before the ,mohegan could prepare for it4 ,the spies of ,uncas warned him of his danger1 and he hurriedly gathered several hundred warriors to meet the invaders that were twice as numerous4 ,in order to save his villages the ,mohegan marched out several miles toward the ,narragansetts4 ,when they were face to face1 he called to ,miantonomah4 ,you have a good many brave warriors1 so have ,i2 it is a pity that these men should lose their lives because of a quarrel that is only between you and me2 if you are as much of a man as you claim to be1 you will come forward1 and we will fight it out between ourselves2 if you slay me1 my men shall be yours2 if ,i slay you1 your men shall be mine4 ,this challenge was not only a brave one1 but it was cunning1 for1 if accepted1 it would make the conflict equal by holding it to two leaders4 ,rather it would give ,uncas a marked advantage1 since he was of unusual size and strength4 ,miantonomah was too wise to throw away his opportunity4 ,my warriors have come a long distance to fight1 he replied1 and they shall not go home without a fight4 ,it was the answer that ,uncas expected and for which he was ready4 ,the words were hardly spoken1 when ,uncas dropped like a flash to the ground4 ,at the same instant his men launched a shower of arrows over his body1 uttered a series of shouts1 and rushed like a whirlwind upon the ,narragansetts4 ,the assault was so sudden that the invaders were thrown into a panic1 with the whooping ,mohegans at their heels4 ,no mercy was shown1 and the ,narragansetts were cut down like frightened sheep4 ,miantonomah could not rally his warriors1 and joined in the headlong flight4 ,he was soon overtaken1 but the pursuers left him to ,uncas1 who quickly came up and seized him by the arm4 ,believing nothing could save him1 the hapless chief stopped short and sat down without speaking a word4 ,uncas gave a signal which brought a number of his men to the spot4 ,the prisoner continued sullen with downcast eyes and would not make any reply to the taunts of ,uncas4 ,if ,i were your prisoner1 said he1 ,i should have begged for life2 are you too proud to ask a like favor of me8 ,miantonomah was too proud to beg for mercy4 ,uncas spared his life for the time and took him to his village as a proof of his triumph4 ,he then conducted his prisoner before the governor and magistrates at ,hartford1 and asked them what he should do with him4 ,this act put the authorities in a delicate situation4 ,there was no war between them and the ,narragansetts1 and they did not wish to interfere in the quarrel4 ,they therefore turned the problem over to the ,commissioners of the ,united ,colonies1 who were to meet in ,september4 ,by this time1 ,miantonomah had regained speech1 and1 knowing he would be safer as a prisoner of the ,english than of his rival1 begged that he might remain in custody at ,hartford4 ,uncas was willing1 but insisted that he should be held as his prisoner4 ,the ,commissioners tackled the question4 ,they declared that it had been proved that ,miantonomah had made several attempts against the life of ,uncas2 that he had set on foot a general plot among the ,indian tribes for the destruction of the colonies1 and1 still further1 that he had urged the ,mohawks to join in such a plot1 and that they were already within a short distance of the ,english settlements1 and only awaiting the release of the ,narragansett sachem to unite with him in the attack4 ,they condemned him to death at the hands of ,uncas1 who was urged to make it merciful1 and not torture his captive4 ,it was ordered that the execution should take place in the presence of certain discreet ,english persons1 and the ,hartford government was to provide ,uncas with sufficient forces to protect him against all his enemies4 ,these directions were carried out4 ,uncas went to ,hartford1 received his prisoner1 and conducted him to the spot where he had been captured4 ,hardly had the party arrived1 when a ,mohegan1 directly behind ,miantonomah1 killed him with a single blow of his tomahawk4 ,it is only fair to add that historians have never agreed as to the real character of ,uncas and ,miantonomah4 ,the incidents just related would seem to make ,uncas the better of the two1 but some think he was simply the more crafty and cunning1 and that the ,narragansett sachem was innocent of the attempts made against the life of the ,mohegan leader1 as well as of the charge of urging the ,mohawks to join him in a war against the ,english4 ,it is impossible at this late day to settle the dispute as to the honor of ,miantonomah1 but we must quote the tribute of ,stephen ,hopkins1 who was governor of ,rhode ,island for nine years1 and a signer of the ,declaration of ,independence3 ,this was the end of ,miantonomah1 the most potent ,indian prince the people of ,new ,england had ever any concern with1 and this was the reward he received for assisting them seven years before1 in their war with the ,pequots4 ,the death of ,miantonomah took place in #afdc4 ,news of what had been done was sent to ,canonicus4 ,he was then an old man1 well beyond fourscore1 and greatly broken in spirit by the loss of a favorite son4 ,he signed a deed in ,april1 #afdd1 by which he subjected himself and his lands to ,king ,charles ,i4 of ,england4 ,he had lost all desire for war1 and was in no condition to punish the last sad blow that had been dealt him4 ,he died just before the middle of the seventeenth century1 when he must have been nearly or quite ninety years old4 ,uncas lived for several years after the close of ,king ,philip's war4 ,he was crafty and treacherous1 and the ,english bore more from him than they would have borne from any one else1 because of their wish to hold him as an ally4 ,despite the halo which some writers have thrown about his memory1 it is impossible to believe he was as truthful1 high-minded and honorable as many less noted members of his race4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,uncrowning ,,of ,a ,,king ,,philip',s ,,adventures ,,and ,,death ,illustration3 ,,medicine ,,man ,when ,massasoit1 the friend tried and true1 of the ,english1 died1 he left two sons1--possibly more1 but only two figure on the pages of history4 ,the oldest was ,moanam1 or ,wamsutta1 and the second ,metacomet1 the former being heir to the chieftaincy of the ,wampanoags4 ,before the father died1 he brought his two sons into the open court at ,plymouth1 and asked that each be given a ,christian name1 in token of his wish that the good understanding with the colonists should continue unbroken4 ,the elder was1 therefore1 called ,alexander1 and the second ,philip4 ,you will note the classical character of these names1 as they were thus given in memory of the famous heroes of ancient times4 ,it was not long before ,alexander was in trouble with the ,english4 ,rumors reached the governor and council that he was plotting with the ,narragansetts for a war against the whites4 ,the record says that such good proof of the truth of these reports reached the authorities that they ordered ,alexander to appear before them and make explanation4 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,of ,,king ,,philip4 ,because he did not do so at once1 an armed force was sent in ,july1 #affb1 to bring him to ,plymouth4 ,he was arrested with a number of his armed followers1 and being ill1 asked leave to visit his home4 ,he was allowed to do so1 and died on the way4 ,one of our leading historians says the suspicions of the ,english had no real cause1 and their course toward ,alexander was unjust to the last degree4 ,he may have been innocent1 or he may have been guilty4 ,be that as it may1 the death of ,alexander1 on the threshold of his reign1 was bad from every aspect4 ,philip declared that his brother had been poisoned at the hands of the ,english4 ,many of his people believed the charge1 and it was whispered by more than one white man4 ,possibly it was true1 though we cannot think so4 ,the result of the elder brother's death was to bring ,philip to the throne of the ,wampanoags4 ,he ranks as one of the greatest ,indians in history4 ,he was wise1 eloquent1 far-seeing1 brave1 resourceful1 chivalrous at times1 merciless at others1 and a leader of remarkable ability4 ,resentful as he felt towards the ,english1 he saw the madness of a war against them1 by his tribe alone1 though they welcomed him with ardor to the chieftaincy4 ,following the example of his father and brother1 he went before the court at ,plymouth1 and renewed the league that had lasted for so many years4 ,it was a long time before a ripple of trouble came between ,philip and the whites4 ,the latter kept stealing the ground in his neighborhood1 until the day came when he could not reach his home at ,mount ,hope from any direction without crossing the property claimed by some colonist4 ,he was angered1 and complained to the authorities4 ,he was answered by the charge that he was secretly training his men for war4 ,instead of going to court1 the chief invited the officers to meet him for a talk4 ,they did so at ,taunton4 ,philip denied that he had any thoughts of harm to the whites1 but said his warriors were preparing for defence against the ,narragansetts4 ,the whites kept to their charge1 and he finally owned that there was truth in what they said4 ,he was quite meek1 and signed a pledge of friendship1 and promised to turn over the arms of his warriors to the authorities4 ,this conference was held in the month of ,april1 #afga4 ,beyond all doubt1 ,philip's submission was only a pretence in order to gain time4 ,he had been accused of such designs again and again1 until1 as he said to one of his friends1 he could not make the ,english believe he was their friend1 and he might as well become their enemy4 ,there must have been warrant on the part of the whites for doubting his truth1 for after-events proved that he was plotting not only at that time1 but had been laying his far-reaching plans for months4 ,it has been said that ,new ,england1 during its early colonial days1 had five powerful ,indian confederacies4 ,while the ,wampanoags could not put more than a thousand warriors in the field1 the united tribes could muster twenty-five thousand4 ,what a resistless army they would form1 if they would combine to destroy the pale faces that had come across the great water to steal their hunting grounds6 ,king ,philip's dream was to bring about such a union1 and he now bent all his energies to the task4 ,the ,wampanoag leader saw the necessity of care1 time1 and thoroughness in his preparations4 ,it would be the height of rashness to strike before everything was ready4 ,he held back the impatience of his followers1 and was slowly moulding his grand scheme into form1 but when fully a year was needed in which to perfect it1 the war was brought on by an unexpected event4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,indian ,,chiefs ,as a result of the self-sacrificing labors of ,eliot1 the missionary among the ,indians1 many of these people had been turned from their evil ways and become ,christians4 ,one of those professing conversion was ,john ,sassamon1 who had been partly educated at ,cambridge1 and served as school-teacher at ,natick4 ,he was cunning and artful1 and became interpreter or secretary to ,philip1 who could not read or write ,english4 ,in this situation he acted as a spy upon the chieftain1 and betrayed all the secrets he could gather to the authorities4 ,philip discovered his treachery and determined to put him to death1 but1 knowing he was certain to be charged with the crime1 it was carried out by three others1 who no doubt were hired by ,philip himself4 ,in the month of ,january1 #afge1 the body of ,sassamon was found under the ice in a pond near ,middleborough1 with such marks of violence as to show he had been murdered before being thrust into the water4 ,three ,indians were charged with the crime1 one being a close friend of ,philip1 and all were hanged on evidence which in these days would not have been admitted in court4 ,philip with good reason believed that the authorities would try to get hold of him1 and1 if they did so1 he too would be executed as an accessory before the act4 ,he had not yet brought about the vast union of tribes that was under way1 but he made up his mind to wait no longer4 ,the squaws and children of the ,wampanoags were sent to the ,narragansetts1 and the warriors stripped for the fray4 ,new ,england shuddered at what she saw was coming4 ,the #bdth of ,june1 #afge1 was appointed a day of fasting and prayer that the awful peril might pass by4 ,the people gathered in their churches1 and never were more fervent appeals sent to heaven than on that sultry ,sunday in early summer1 more than two hundred years ago4 ,at the end of the services at ,swansea1 the people were walking quietly homeward1 nearly every one talking of the dreadful danger that threatened1 when without the slightest warning1 a party of ,indians hiding in the woods1 fired upon them4 ,one man fell dead1 and several were wounded4 ,two others started on a run for a surgeon1 but had gone only a few rods1 when they were shot down4 ,a general rush was made for the blockhouse or fort1 and others were slain4 ,the ,wampanoags were very active1 and in the course of a few minutes had several buildings in flames4 ,before the whites could rally1 they dashed into the woods and were gone4 ,the attack at ,swansea was the opening of ,king ,philip's ,war4 ,the chieftain pressed the war all along the line4 ,taunton1 ,namaskat1 ,dartmouth and other towns were attacked1 and many lives lost and buildings burned4 ,the settlements were so placed as to be much exposed in this method of warfare4 ,they were far apart1 the homes separated by no little space1 and with slight means of defence4 ,as a rule1 each settlement had one large building1 called a fort1 specially intended for such danger4 ,corn and supplies were kept in these rude defences1 into which the people rushed upon the first appearance of peril4 ,the ,indians showed no mercy1 and old age1 lusty manhood1 feeble woman and helpless infancy went down before the tomahawk and scalping knife4 ,there was no saying where the next blow would be struck4 ,in the gloomy depths of the forest1 on the shores of the lonely river1 in the open1--everywhere1 the warriors dashed like so many tigers savagely athirst for human blood4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,stronghold ,,of ,,the ,,indians ,from an ,old ,print ,the war was kept for a time within the ,plymouth colony4 ,rhode ,island tried to keep out of it1 but could not4 ,several settlers were killed at ,tiverton1 and a number of buildings were burned on the outskirts of ,providence4 ,in the middle of ,july1 ,captain ,hutchinson entered the ,narragansett country with an armed force1 and made a treaty of peace with that tribe4 ,this cut off one of the strongest supports on which ,philip had counted1 but did not check his ardor4 ,being hard pressed at ,pocasset1 he and his son took refuge in a swamp4 ,the whites decided to surround it and starve him out with his followers4 ,they hurriedly enclosed the place on every side1 only to learn after a time that the chief and nearly all his men had stolen out in the darkness and got away4 ,finding that they had gone to the country of the ,nipmucks1 ,captain ,hutchinson1 at the head of a company of horse1 hurried thither to prevent their joining ,philip4 ,but the chief had already won them over1 as they had shown by killing five people at ,mendon4 ,hutchinson fell into an ambuscade and lost sixteen of his men1 the leader being among the killed4 ,the survivors hurried to ,brookfield and warned the people of their danger4 ,they were about a hundred in number1 and knowing the ,indians would soon come1 they swarmed into the only stone structure in the place1 carrying with them a few such articles as they could snatch up1 and taking no time to add to the slight stock of provisions already stored there4 ,hardly had they crowded the refuge when the whooping warriors dashed into the settlement1 firing their rifles1 and using the torch with a vigor that soon set every building in flames except the fort itself4 ,all this destruction1 however1 could avail nothing so long as the people themselves were not reached4 ,unless the roof of the stone structure was fired1 the defenders were safe1 and were sure to fight to the last4 ,could they have been certain of mercy1 they would have surrendered1 but every one knew what fate awaited him1 if the hostiles once gained the upper hand4 ,the grim pioneers were on the alert at every window and loophole1 and the first warrior who tried to steal forward1 torch in hand1 was riddled by the deadly marksman4 ,by and by1 the attempt was repeated with more caution1 but the dusky miscreant could not get near enough without showing himself for an instant1 and that instant was his last4 ,then the ,indians grew more careful in their movements4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indian',s ,,cunning ,in the hunt for game or in an attack upon an enemy the ,indian always has been noted for his cunning4 ,crouching on a limb of a forest tree he waits1 without the slightest movement1 for hours the approach of his game or enemy and picks him off with unerring aim when his victim least suspects the nearness of danger4 ,and yet every person in the fort knew he was doomed unless help arrived4 ,the arrows tipped with burning tow1 which circled over in the air and struck the roof with a thud1 plainly heard within1 did not hold at first1 but by and by some of them clung1 and little twists of smoke appeared4 ,these were put out by the watchful garrison1 but the time was sure to come when their enemies must succeed4 ,the one thing necessary was for a swift runner to steal out of the building and gain a start upon the hostiles4 ,the first one who made the attempt was captured1 and a few minutes later the shouting savages were seen kicking his head to and fro as if it were a football4 ,after a time1 another man managed to get outside1 but he was seen1 and had barely time to scramble back through the door held open a few inches against such a failure4 ,a third effort ended the same way1 and then for the time the plan was given up1 though plenty of volunteers were ready to make the dash whenever their friends thought there was the slightest chance of success4 ,with the coming of darkness1 the peril of the settlers increased4 ,each side had grown more cautious4 ,knowing that every attempt to reach the fort would be met with death1 the ,indians refrained from the venture4 ,burning arrows curved through the air1 but the roof was kept safe4 ,at a late hour1 the full moon rose above the tree tops and showed a startling danger4 ,during the darkness1 the ,nipmucks had gathered a large mass of leaves1 twigs1 and dry branches and silently heaped them against one end of the building4 ,when the defenders first saw the mass1 smoke was rising from it1 showing that the torch had done its work4 ,unless the fire was quickly put out1 nothing could save the whites from the most frightful of deaths4 ,suddenly a half-dozen men dashed through the door drawn softly inward1 and leaping upon the burning stuff1 kicked and flung it in all directions4 ,the ,nipmucks ran up to tomahawk them1 but their friends were watching and picked them off with thrilling skill4 ,those who did not fall1 fled1 and they and their companions opened fire on the daring life-savers4 ,but the work was over in a few minutes1 and they leaped back into the building without one having received so much as a scratch4 ,the incident was repeated soon after with exactly the same results1 the brave band scattering the burning mass and getting safely back under the unerring rifles of their comrades4 ,but1 best of all1 in the confusion1 one of the fleetest runners among the whites succeeded in dodging into the woods unnoticed1 and sped like a deer for ,boston1 thirty miles away4 ,the ,nipmucks kept up their attacks through the rest of the night1 the next day and the night which followed that4 ,it seems a miracle how the defenders held out for so many hours4 ,the men took turns in snatching a few minutes' sleep and swallowing a mouthful of food1 but not for one minute were they off their guard4 ,the roof caught fire again and again1 but holes were cut through the shingles1 and water dashed upon the twists of flame1 until after a time the charred1 jagged openings showed in almost every square yard of surface1 presenting a most desperate appearance4 ,on the third day1 the ,nipmucks piled a wagon frame with hemp1 flax1 wood and hay1 set fire to it and backed it up against the house4 ,by keeping it between them and the garrison1 they were shielded against the rifles of the defenders1 who1 without the power of harming one of them1 saw with despairing hearts the blazing mass surge against the end of the building1 and the smoke pour through windows and loopholes in a stifling cloud4 ,there was no way of rushing out and dragging the blazing stuff away1 for before the lumbering vehicle could be budged1 the hostiles would destroy the whites4 ,among the men1 women and children1 there was not one who saw a ray of hope or the faintest chance of escape4 ,and yet every one was saved6 ,at the critical moment1 the windows of heaven were opened1 and the rains descended so that the flames were put out1 and all the stuff so wetted that it could not be kindled again4 ,but it looked as if the saving of the poor defenders was only for a time1 since the ,nipmucks had but to press their siege to bring success4 ,but throughout the hours of the first night and a part of the day1 the runner who dodged unseen into the surrounding woods was speeding toward ,boston4 ,he reached the town and found ,major ,simon ,willard1 a veteran of three-score and ten1 as eager as the most youthful officer to rush to the rescue of ,brookfield4 ,leaping into the saddle1 he led fifty horsemen at a gallop for the settlement4 ,they swooped down like a cyclone1 just as night was closing in1 and attacked the ,nipmucks with the utmost fury4 ,back and forth dashed the horsemen1 shouting1 striking and crushing down whenever a chance offered4 ,the few who were quick enough to leap into the woods and get away left fourscore stretched lifeless on the ground1 many of whom had fallen under the guns of the garrison4 ,king ,philip's war was marked by more than one strange incident4 ,one of these occurred a few days after the saving of ,brookfield4 ,the people in ,hadley were at church1 when they were attacked by a large body of ,indians4 ,the preacher1 as many a one had done before him1 bounded down from the pulpit and was among the first to rush outside and catch up one of the guns stacked there1 and to lead in the defense4 ,the assault was so sudden and fierce that it was impossible to rally all the people from their panic4 ,the cool-headed hurried the women and children into the church1 or rather compelled them to stay there1 while the men strove to beat back the hostiles4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,wigwam ,it quickly became clear that the day was lost unless the brave but scattered men1 each of whom was fighting on his own hook1 could have a leader1 who would bring order out of the wild chaos4 ,suddenly the leader appeared1 and not one of the amazed people could tell where he came from4 ,he was tall1 with a long1 flowing white beard1 and carried a sword in one hand4 ,swinging it over his head1 he shouted his commands in the ringing tones of a trumpet1 and with wonderful quickness brought order and confidence where all had been confusion in the leaderless defense4 ,placing himself at their head1 he led a charge which scattered the ,indians like chaff4 ,then1 when all danger had gone1 the strange deliverer vanished as strangely as he had appeared4 ,he had come1 he had acted1 and now he was gone4 ,many believed he was more than a human being1--one sent by heaven to save them in their peril4 ,but he was as much flesh and blood as those whom he had rescued1 being no other than ,general ,goffe1 who had fled with another comrade from ,england1 for having been one of the judges who sentenced ,charles ,i4 to the scaffold4 ,when the son of the executed king came to the throne1 after the death of ,cromwell1 and the passing away of the ,commonwealth1 ,charles ,,ii4 ordered the death of all those who had condemned his father4 ,goffe and ,whalley fled to the ,american colonies1 and though search was made for them1 their friends kept them hidden1 and they were never arrested4 ,general ,goffe was hiding in the house of one of these friends at ,hadley at the time of the ,indian attack4 ,peeping out1 he saw the dreadful danger1 caught up his sword and rushed to the defence4 ,when all danger was over1 he quietly went back to his hiding place1 and lived a number of years afterward4 ,on the same day that ,hadley was attacked1 the ,indians burned several houses and barns at ,deerfield1 and some weeks afterward ,northfield was almost destroyed1 a dozen settlers being slain4 ,captain ,richard ,beers hurried from ,watertown with thirty-six men to the relief of ,northfield1 but in a fight on the road lost twenty of his troop4 ,beers retreated to a hill and fought until his ammunition was spent4 ,then he being killed1 the others fled4 ,the garrison at ,northfield was saved by the arrival of one hundred men who went with the troops to ,hadley4 ,about the middle of ,september1 ,captain ,lathrop left ,beverly with nearly a hundred men to bring in the corn1 grain and valuable articles at ,deerfield4 ,in his command were the very flower of ,essex county1 eighteen of them belonging to ,deerfield4 ,they finished threshing the grain1 loaded it into wagons1 and started for ,hadley on the morning of the #ahth4 ,they had seen no signs of ,indians1 and halted near a small brook to rest4 ,the weather was sultry1 and they were tempted by the abundance of luscious grapes growing near4 ,leaving their weapons in the wagons1 they began plucking and eating the fruit1 but a large force of ,indians had been stealthily following them all night1 and now rushed upon them with such fury that only seven out of the whole number escaped4 ,captain ,mosely was scouting with seventy men1 and1 hearing the firing knew what it meant4 ,he galloped in all haste to the place and attacked the ,indians1 but they are believed to have been under the command of ,philip himself1 and rallied and drove ,mosely in turn4 ,then another force of ,english and friendly ,mohegans appeared1 and the ,indians were driven off with the loss of nearly a hundred men4 ,the waters of the little stream ran red that day1 and it has ever since been known by the name of ,bloody ,brook4 ,by this time the success of ,philip had alarmed all ,new ,england4 ,he kept drawing allies to his side1 and it was soon learned that the powerful ,narragansetts were about to join him4 ,it was necessary1 therefore1 to strike a crushing blow at this ally4 ,if they could be overthrown1 little hope would be left to ,philip1 while1 on the other hand1 failure would be disastrous beyond measure to the greater part of ,new ,england4 ,the campaign must be pushed with a vigor that would destroy ,philip and his allies4 ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut and ,plymouth placed fifteen hundred armed men in the field1 nearly one-half of whom were furnished by ,massachusetts4 ,to these were joined one hundred and fifty ,mohegans1 but they gave little help in the campaign that followed4 ,governor ,josiah ,winslow commanded this large body of troops4 ,the ,narragansetts1 to the number of more than three thousand1 were gathered in an immense swamp at ,south ,kingston1 ,rhode ,island4 ,philip was there and meant to stay through the winter4 ,the stronghold was one of the largest of its kind ever known on this continent1 including fully five hundred wigwams1 and covering three or four acres in the form of an island1 which was surrounded by strong palisades on every side4 ,the only path leading to the fort was a narrow footbridge of logs4 ,here enough food was collected to last the multitude of ,indians until spring4 ,the weather was very cold1 and snow lay to the depth of two or three feet on the level4 ,in these circumstances1 the ,narragansetts did not believe they were in any danger of molestation4 ,it was a difficult and dangerous task that the soldiers had laid out for themselves1 for the ,indians could be counted upon to make a desperate resistance1 and there were enough of them behind those intrenchments to give their assailants all and quite possibly more than they could do4 ,the soldiers were so ill-supplied with food that1 despite the bad weather1 they dared not wait4 ,from a captured prisoner1 ,governor ,winslow had learned of the single approach to the stronghold4 ,the footbridge was so narrow that two men could not walk abreast4 ,the first arrivals started on a run across the support1 but were shot down the moment they came within range4 ,others took their places only to fall in turn4 ,when six captains and a large number of privates had been swept away1 those behind them fell back1 and it looked as if the whole force was checked4 ,but ,captain ,mosely1 whom a singular good fortune seemed always to attend1 had managed by some means to get within the fort at the rear with a handful of men1 and all were fighting hand to hand against overwhelming odds4 ,their shouts brought others to their side1 and by almost superhuman efforts1 the ,indians were driven from their main stronghold4 ,men1 women and children ran in terror from wigwam to wigwam1 chased by men as merciless as they1 who spared none4 ,in the assault at the rear1 ,captain ,benjamin ,church was wounded three times4 ,he kept on fighting1 and wished to save the wigwams with their valuable supplies1 but the torch was applied1 and the immense stronghold became a roaring conflagration4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,village ,,enclosed ,,with ,,palisades ,driven into the open1 the ,indians fought with the same fierce bravery as at first1 and inflicted great loss upon the troops4 ,but they were forced from the fort1 which was now in possession of their enemies4 ,of the ,indians1 more than seven hundred were slain1 while eighty of the ,english were killed and a hundred and fifty wounded4 ,captain ,church and ,governor ,winslow wished to stay in the stronghold1 since it was the place where the wounded could have proper attention1 but the surgeon and ,captain ,mosely opposed1 believing the warriors would return to the attack and drive them out4 ,their advice was followed1 and1 as a consequence1 many of the wounded1 who otherwise might have been saved1 died before reaching the end of the dismal march of eighteen miles4 ,among the prisoners was the head sachem of the ,narragansetts1 who1 because he had violated his treaty with the whites1 was put to death4 ,the providential arrival of a vessel from ,boston with supplies was all that saved the survivors from perishing of starvation4 ,this crushing blow to the ,narragansetts would have ended the war had ,philip been among the captured or slain1 but he escaped and became more active than ever4 ,he fled with most of the defeated warriors to the ,nipmuck country1 and made a visit to the ,mohawks of ,new ,york1 whom he strove to persuade to join him in the uprising against the ,english1 but they refused1 and the ,wampanoag orator roused the ,indians elsewhere4 ,in the course of a month1 the war was raging over an area of three hundred miles4 ,settlers who lived beyond the confines of villages were attacked1 generally in the dead of night1 and often when the weather was bitterly cold or a violent storm raged4 ,they fought bravely1 but few thus assailed escaped4 ,husband and wife1 and1 perhaps one or two of the larger children1 joined in defending the home that was doomed from the first4 ,the helpless ones were often tortured1 and in other instances1 were carried off to a captivity to which a quiet death would have been merciful4 ,warwick and ,providence1 in ,rhode ,island1 narrowly escaped being laid in ashes1 and ,medford1 ,weymouth1 ,groton1 ,lancaster1 and ,marlborough--all in ,massachusetts--were burned4 ,the ,indians were so successful that they grew more daring4 ,as if to show their contempt for the ,english1 a body went to the deserted fields at ,greenfield and began planting corn1 showing thereby that they expected to harvest it4 ,captain ,william ,turner1 some twenty miles away1 was so indignant over the nerve of these redskins1 that he resolved to teach them a lesson4 ,he gathered more than a hundred troopers1 and rode so hard that he reached ,deerfield before daylight on the morning of ,may #aj4 ,the attack was a surprise to the warriors1 who fled to their canoes in such fright that they forgot to take their paddles1 and many were swept over the falls4 ,they were assailed so determinedly that more than two hundred were slain4 ,sad to say1 however1 the great advantage thus gained was worse than thrown away4 ,another force of hostiles was in the neighborhood1 and unexpectedly attacked the ,english4 ,somehow or other1 the rumor spread among the whites that their enemies were under the lead of ,philip himself4 ,when there was not the least doubt of destroying the ,indians1 the troopers were seized with a panic and fled in headlong confusion4 ,the enemy1 much less in number1 pursued them for several miles1 and killed one-third of the ,english1 including ,captain ,turner himself4 ,this sad affair gave its name to ,turner ,falls4 ,despite the many successes of the ,indians1 they were doomed to failure in the end4 ,the ,english far outnumbered all the warriors ,philip could bring into the field1 and they were better disciplined and more capable than the dusky natives4 ,the defeats of the latter became so numerous that the seat of war shifted from ,massachusetts southward to ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island4 ,knowing that the quickest road to peace was by pressing the war vigorously1 ,massachusetts passed a rigid law for the impressment of soldiers1 and ,captain ,church1 who had recovered from his wounds received in the swamp fight at ,kingston1 gave the hostiles no rest4 ,he shrewdly scared a number of ,philip's allies into leaving his cause and coming to the side of the ,english4 ,even among the ,indians were many who saw the certain overthrow of ,philip and the triumph of the ,english4 ,when assured that none of these would be punished if they abandoned the chieftain1 and warned that if they did not do so very soon1 they would suffer the vengeance of the authorities1 a large number made haste to accept the offer4 ,then1 at the right moment1 ,massachusetts made known that she would pardon every ,indian who laid down his arms within two weeks4 ,so many took advantage of this offer1 that the uprising received a fatal blow1 and the danger to the ,english was past4 ,but ,philip was not among those who cringed4 ,he probably knew that although his warriors might be forgiven by the ,english1 no pardon awaited him4 ,a white man can be as fiendish as any savage1 and that too without trying very hard1 and many of those who preached the ,gospel of love and forgiveness1 were yearning for a chance to wreak vengeance upon the barbarian4 ,and yet ,philip must have seen for a long time that he was waging a hopeless war4 ,since the longer he fought the more bitter would become the anger of the ,english against him1 the question naturally arises1 ,why then did he continue to fight8 ,to this1 the answer is that such is ,indian nature1 and such the spirit of the warrior4 ,ere long he became a fugitive1 harried night and day4 ,he was often obliged to flee in desperate haste1 and make the quickest possible change of quarters4 ,some of his escapes could not have been narrower4 ,one day1 in a furious skirmish1 a soldier recognized an ,indian as the uncle of ,philip1 because of which he leveled his musket and shot him down1 and yet the warrior at the side of the victim1 who was spared and whose identity was unsuspected1 was ,philip himself4 ,he cut off his hair1 stained his face1 and changed his clothes1 so that many of his acquaintances failed to identify him4 ,this stratagem saved the sachem more than once from the ,english1 who were trying to run him to earth4 ,when everything was going wrong1 one of his men ventured to suggest to him1 that he should try to make terms with the whites4 ,the chief whirled like lightning1 his face aflame with fury1 and brained the insolent warrior4 ,but the victim had a brother1 who bided his time1 and then made the sachem pay dearly for his ferocious cruelty4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,chief',s ,,wife ,philip was devotedly attached to his wife and only son4 ,he stealthily made his way to their home at ,mount ,hope1 with a few of his faithful followers4 ,his presence was betrayed to his enemies1 who suddenly descended upon him4 ,philip escaped by a hair's breadth1 but his wife and boy were carried off prisoners4 ,the authorities at ,plymouth solemnly debated over the question as to what should be done with these captives4 ,some favored putting them to death1 but it was finally agreed to sell them as slaves4 ,this was done1 as in the case of many others1 and they were sent to the ,bermudas4 ,captain ,church was bent upon capturing or killing ,philip4 ,many times he was close upon him1 and it is quite likely the two saw each other more than once1 but the royal fugitive was saved by the disguise named4 ,his warriors kept steadily falling away from him1 and he was harassed by that torturing of all doubts--the distrust of the loyalty of those that remained at his side4 ,he must have asked himself many a time1 as he looked into the stern1 painted faces1 whether all were true1 or whether some of them were not planning his betrayal while they professed friendship4 ,one day an ,indian hurriedly entered the camp of ,captain ,church at ,tiverton4 ,he was the brother of the man who had been slain by ,philip for daring to suggest that he should make peace with the ,english4 ,the hour for his revenge had come4 ,he told ,church that ,philip and a few of his warriors were on a piece of land at the southern end of the swamp1 near the base of ,mount ,hope4 ,church questioned the runner closely1 and was satisfied he was telling the truth4 ,he was familiar with the place and he knew the description given by his informant was correct4 ,no time was lost4 ,church had quite a number of men whom he hurried to the swamp4 ,he placed them so as to surround it1 and then ordered several of his best scouts to go within and rout out the fugitive4 ,philip was such an expert in woodcraft1 and slept so lightly1 that the men knew he was sure to discover their approach before they could get a sight of him in the tangled fastnesses4 ,such proved the fact4 ,the chieftain heard the stealthy footsteps1 and1 catching up his gun1 rushed with a swift1 noiseless tread along one of the faintly marked paths4 ,near the outlet he came upon a white man and an ,indian4 ,the soldier leveled his musket and pulled trigger1 but the weapon flashed in the pan4 ,the ,indian took careful aim at ,philip1 as he was running toward him1 and sent a bullet through his heart4 ,the chieftain fell forward on his hands and face into the mud and water1 his gun flying from his hands4 ,thus passed away one of the greatest ,american ,indians that ever lived--great in strategy1 great in perseverance4 ,it is worth noting that the ,indian who fired the fatal shot was ,alderman1 brother of the victim of ,philip's anger4 ,the gun barrel which carried the bullet may be seen to-day in the ,historical ,museum at ,plymouth4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,indian ,,house ,,at ,,deerfield1 ,,mass41 ,,taken ,,down ,,in #ahdh4 ,,chapter ,v ,a ,,man ,,of ,,mark ,,among ,,the ,,delawares ,,story ,,of ,,tammany1 ,,white ,,eyes ,,and ,,captain ,,pipe ,tammany was the most famous of the ,delaware ,indian chiefs4 ,he died toward the close of the eighteenth century4 ,his reputation is that of a mighty warrior1 a lofty patriot1 and the greatest statesman ever born among his people4 ,such were his perfections that his countrymen believed he talked with the ,great ,spirit4 ,in #aggf1 when ,colonel ,george ,morgan1 of ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey1 was sent to the western ,indians by ,congress1 he was so liked by the ,delawares that they called him ,tammany1 in honor and remembrance of their ancient chief1 and as the greatest mark of respect which they could show to that gentleman1 who they said had the same address1 affability and meekness as their honored chief4 ,when the first whites visited this country1 the ,lenni-,lenapes or ,delaware ,indians1 one of the most important members of the ,algonquin family1 occupied the valleys of the ,delaware and ,schuykill4 ,they were so powerful that they impressed themselves upon all the tribes from the ,hudson to the ,chesapeake4 ,this power lasted till the rise of the ,iroquois1 or ,six ,nations of ,new ,york1 the greatest confederation that ever existed among the ,american race4 ,it soon crushed the ,delawares1 who lost in a sense their independence4 ,at an assemblage near ,lancaster1 in #aggd1 the ,iroquois forbade the ,delawares to sell their lands without the permission of their masters1 who even called them squaws1 and looked upon them with undisguised contempt4 ,about the middle of the eighteenth century1 the ,delawares removed to the banks of the ,susquehanna4 ,they learned the principles of non-resistance from ,william ,penn and the missionary ,zinzendorf1 for which they suffered much at the hands of the ,english and the ,iroquois4 ,the former charged that they were under ,french influence1 while the ,iroquois1 angered at their neutrality1 despoiled them without mercy and expressed contempt for the tribe4 ,the ,delawares produced two remarkable chiefs1 of opposing views4 ,one wanted peace1 and the other wished war4 ,each had hundreds of friends1 and the tribe was broken up by quarrels1 which often resulted in bloodshed4 ,the leader of the peace party had a hard ,indian name1 but was dubbed ,captain ,white ,eyes by the ,americans4 ,whether this was due to any peculiarity of his organs of vision1 we have not been able to learn4 ,it may have been on account of his peace principles1 which were as open as those of the ,friends4 ,he was the leading chief of the ,turtle clan in ,ohio1 and his bitterest enemies never denied his lofty honor1 pure life1 and unselfish patriotism4 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 the ,british authorities used every effort to win the ,delawares over to their side4 ,congress strove equally hard to hold them neutral4 ,thus two opposing factions faced each other4 ,white ,eyes was the sleepless champion of peace1 and ,captain ,pipe of war to the knife4 ,both had ingenuity1 tact1 and strong will4 ,captain ,pipe1 on his part1 could count upon the natural1 revengeful temper of his countrymen4 ,they had many wrongs to brood over1 and the ,indian dearly loves war4 ,white ,eyes admitted the wrongs his people had suffered1 but insisted that the true interests of the ,delawares forbade them to take the side of either of the opponents4 ,if they did1 they were sure to suffer1 and many of their bravest men would be slain4 ,there was no difference between the ,british and ,americans2 one was as likely to prove as good or ill a neighbor as the other4 ,it followed that the ,delawares in breaking apart joined one or the other of the warring champions4 ,they lost sight of the principles at stake1 and identified themselves with the leaders4 ,the ,delaware tribe had passed under the sway of two great sachems or bosses4 ,which was to prevail8 ,white ,eyes gave many proofs of his personal courage4 ,when war became certain1 he and several of his tribe went to ,pittsburg to meet in conference a number of ,senecas1 members of the ,iroquois or ,six ,nations and resolute allies of the ,british4 ,white ,eyes boldly opposed their designs1 and used such biting words that the ,senecas were angered4 ,they told him he was the last one to prate of independent action by his tribe1 when every one knew they had been made women by the ,iroquois4 ,white ,eyes scornfully faced the chief who uttered this insult1 and replied3 ,i know you look upon us as a conquered nation2 as your inferiors2 as women1 made such by you4 ,you say you have placed hoes in our hands and ordered us to dig and plant for you1 and that we shall wear petticoats4 ,but look at me6 ,am ,i not a full-grown man and am ,i not in the dress of a warrior6 ,do ,i not carry a musket the same as you8 ,and 7waving his hand toward the ,allegheny7 all that is mine6 ,these were daring words1 and greatly disturbed many of his own warriors who believed the fiery ,senecas would revenge themselves upon ,white ,eyes and his friends4 ,they sent word to the ,iroquois that they did not think like ,white ,eyes1 and that they would not stay by his side4 ,captain ,pipe had much to do with this cowardly action4 ,he and ,white ,eyes set to work with more resolution than ever1 and each had varying success4 ,white ,eyes' message to the ,wyandots at ,sandusky was insultingly answered by notice to the ,delawares to hold themselves ready to take the war path with them against the ,americans4 ,he visited a portion of the same tribe at ,detroit4 ,they refused to receive his peace belts except in the presence of the ,british governor4 ,when the proffer was made before him1 he snatched the belts from the hands of the chief1 cut them to pieces1 and threw them to the ground in a high rage4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,family ,and you1 he said1 turning angrily upon ,white ,eyes1 if you value your life1 will leave here within half an hour6 ,this remarkable man was often in imminent peril from his own people4 ,passion ran high1 and among the friends of ,captain ,pipe were many who would have assassinated ,white ,eyes had they not lacked the courage4 ,it is hard to understand how he escaped1 and how he retained his influence over so many fiery warriors4 ,early in #aggh1 a number of ,tories from ,pittsburg came among the ,indians with word that the ,americans were hurrying against them1 and their only hope of escape was to begin war without delay4 ,these rumors threw the ,delawares into a panic1 and for several days ,white ,eyes could do nothing to stay the rising tide4 ,when he was able to soothe them to some extent1 he called a council to which he said he was satisfied that the reports were lies1 and it would never do for his warriors to make a mistake in such a matter4 ,he1 therefore1 asked them to do nothing for ten days4 ,this would give time to learn the facts4 ,the cunning ,pipe also called a council4 ,he gave out the impression that he knew the whole truth1 and he called upon his countrymen to declare that man an enemy to the nation who did anything to prevent their taking up arms against the ,american people4 ,white ,eyes parried this blow by saying that if the ,delawares were determined to go upon the war path1 he would go with them4 ,i have done what ,i could for peace1 he said1 but if you choose to believe these lying vagabonds1 you shall not go without me6 ,and ,i shall not follow2 ,i shall place myself at your head and none shall fight harder than ,i2 ,i shall be the first to fall1 for ,i do not wish to survive my nation2 ,i will not live to mourn the destruction of a people who deserved a better fate4 ,this appeal was overpowering4 ,the council1 with more enthusiasm than such a body generally shows1 declared that they would wait the ten days1 while others said with equal emphasis that they would never fight the ,americans unless led by ,white ,eyes4 ,the baffled ,pipe and his friends worked more determinedly than ever1 and with such success that after several days1 many of the ,delawares began preparations for war ,white ,eyes was warned that if he interfered again1 he would be killed4 ,nine days had passed without a single fact appearing to disprove the rumors of the coming of the ,americans4 ,it looked as if nothing could calm the rising war spirit4 ,providentially1 at this juncture1 the ,german missionary ,heckewelder1 who had arrived among the ,christian ,delawares1 not far from the village of ,white ,eyes1 learned of the crisis1 and made haste to the settlement4 ,his coming drew wide attention1 and the warriors flocked thither from all points1 anxious to learn the errand that had brought the white man thither4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,pioneer',s ,,cabin ,the missionary and ,white ,eyes had always been friends1 but the chief now scowled at him and refused to take his offered hand4 ,heckewelder was amazed1 but quickly read the meaning of the rebuff4 ,pipe had his spies in the crowd watching everything4 ,if ,white ,eyes welcomed the missionary1 it would show that he had been invited to come1 and that the whole affair was a scheme to throw dust in the eyes of the ,delawares4 ,if the chief showed a distrust1 it would tell the contrary story4 ,heckewelder demanded the reason of the chief's churlish action4 ,he answered3 ,i will tell you4 ,if what has been told us is true1 we have not a single friend among the ,americans2 therefore1 we are the enemies of every white man and can look upon you as coming to us only to put us off our guard that our enemies may take us by surprise4 ,heckewelder strongly denied the charge1 declaring that if he was not the friend of the ,delawares1 he never would have come among them4 ,white ,eyes fixed his piercing gaze upon the missionary1 and in the hush that fell upon the throng1 asked3 ,will you tell me the truth as to what ,i shall ask you8 ,i always strive to speak the truth and ,i shall not deceive you1 was the reply4 ,we are told that the ,american armies have been cut to pieces1 that ,general ,washington has been killed1 that there is no more ,congress1 and that those that have not already been hanged will be taken to ,england and hanged by the king1 that all the country beyond the mountains is in possession of the ,english1 and the few thousand ,americans who have escaped are gathered on this side of the mountains to kill us and our women and children4 ,now1 tell me the truth2 are all or any of these things true8 ,with all the solemnity he could command1 the visitor replied that there was not a word of truth in the rumors that had been brought to the ,delawares4 ,the ,americans had not been defeated1 ,washington was unharmed1 the cause of patriotism was making the best of progress1 and he carried with him the proof that one of the greatest of the ,british armies had surrendered to the ,americans only a few months before4 ,heckewelder then unfolded and displayed a newspaper which told of the capture of ,general ,burgoyne and his troops4 ,then the visitor added that he had with him also the friendly messages which the ,americans wished him to deliver to the ,delawares as a sign of their good will4 ,illustration3 ,,massacre ,,at ,,fort ,,mimms4 ,this fort in ,alabama was attacked by eight hundred ,creek warriors1 ,august #cj1 #ahac1 led by the noted half-breed and ,chief ,weathersford4 ,the fort held five hundred soldiers1 men1 women and children1 but being taken by surprise1 over two hundred people were scalped4 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,of ,,tecumseh ,,the ,,great ,,indian ,,chief4 ,tecumseh was one of the most famous chiefs and ,indian warriors of the eighteenth century4 ,he organized many expeditions against the whites but lost his life at the ,battle of the ,thames1 ,october #e1 #ahac4 ,he was an ally of the ,british in the ,war of #ahab4 ,every warrior present knew that the visitor was a man of truth1 and his words caused a sensation4 ,white ,eyes seized the psychological moment1 and1 turning to the assemblage1 asked whether they should listen to the words of those who had always been their friends4 ,the warriors replied as one voice that they would4 ,accordingly1 the drum was beaten and the whole body moved to the council house1 where friendly addresses were spoken4 ,when they were finished1 ,white ,eyes stepped forward and offered his hand to ,heckewelder1 saying3 ,you are welcome1 my brother1 and the others did likewise4 ,it was a triumph4 ,captain ,pipe was silent1 and soon after1 his spies brought him word that everything told by the white men was true4 ,white ,eyes sent his runners to the ,shawnees1 where the ,tories had already gone to stir up enmity against the ,americans1 and the messengers did their work well4 ,never was a more complete victory gained by diplomat1 statesman1 or military leader4 ,ever anxious for peace1 ,white ,eyes made a visit to ,pittsburg in the winter of #aggi-hj1 to talk with the ,indian agent4 ,he went with ,general ,mc,intosh to the country of the ,tuscaroras1 where a fort was to be built for the protection of the neutral ,indians1 but1 sad to say1 he took the smallpox and died4 ,the death of the great and good chief caused profound grief not only among the ,delawares1 but with other tribes4 ,one of the truest friends the ,american ,indians ever knew had gone to his final hunting grounds4 ,white ,eyes being out of the way1 ,captain ,pipe naturally gained control of his people4 ,he fought on the side of the ,british1 and at times showed a high sense of honor and chivalry4 ,he is believed to have died about the year #ahbj4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,greatest ,,of ,,indian ,,conspirators ,,pontiac1 ,,chief ,,of ,,the ,,ottawas ,we are now to learn of another great ,american ,indian1--one who ranks beside ,king ,philip and ,tecumseh1 and whose career stamped itself upon the history of the frontier4 ,this native leader was ,pontiac1 chief of the ,ottawas4 ,illustration ,down to the opening of the last half of the eighteenth century1 ,england and ,france were the leading rivals in colonizing ,america4 ,the ,english planted their settlements along the coast1 while the vast territory to the westward remained a wilderness1 trodden only by the red men and wild beasts4 ,france settled ,canada1 but1 while doing so1 she dreamed of founding a mighty empire1 reaching from the ,great ,lakes to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,she sent her surveyors into the ,mississippi ,valley1 and they buried leaden plates at different points to let every one know that the country belonged to the ,king of ,france4 ,they also built forts to the number of sixty or more throughout that vast region1 leaving no doubt that they meant to hold it if necessary by force of arms4 ,french trappers1 hunters and explorers began pushing eastward into the valley of the ,ohio4 ,at the same time some of the ,english pressed westward4 ,these pioneers of two civilizations met in the gloomy solitudes1 and fighting and bloodshed followed4 ,neither would yield1 and war was certain to come4 ,you know that the building of ,fort ,le ,buf1 in the far northwest corner of ,pennsylvania1 was looked upon by ,virginia as an invasion of her territory1 and ,governor ,dinwiddie sent a messenger1 named ,george ,washington1 with a letter protesting against the act4 ,the gallant young ,virginian came back with word from the ,french officer that he not only meant to stay there1 but would drive out every ,englishman who showed himself in the country which belonged to the ,king of ,france4 ,the ,french and ,indian ,war followed1 ending with the triumph of ,england4 ,france gave up every foot of soil she had held on the ,western ,hemisphere1 except a little fishing station or two1 and agreed to turn over all the western posts to her conqueror4 ,it was this change of masters that brought ,pontiac forward and caused one of the greatest crises in the history of that region4 ,a short time after the surrender of ,quebec1 ,general ,amherst sent an armed force to the leading post1 ,detroit1 to receive its submission1 and that of the other forts on the frontier4 ,this body was under the command of ,major ,robert ,rogers of ,new ,hampshire1 who had acted a prominent part in the war1 and who gained still greater fame 7though unfortunately it was afterward tarnished7 in the ,revolution at the head of his famous ,rangers4 ,major ,rogers coasted along southern ,lake ,erie late in the autumn of #agfj4 ,for a time the weather was crisp and pleasant1 but when near the site of the present city of ,cleveland1 a cold1 dismal storm broke1 and the party put ashore and went into camp until the skies should clear4 ,while resting1 a score of ,ottawa ,indians visited the camp4 ,they were led by a chief of striking appearance1 whose identity ,rogers suspected the moment he saw him4 ,the officer had had dealings with red men1 and none knew better than he how to treat with them4 ,he showed the visitors every courtesy1 and put on a meekness which it is safe to say he was far from feeling4 ,he had heard of ,pontiac1 who now stood before him1 and knew him to be one of the foremost of his race4 ,the veteran meant to win his good will1 if such a thing were possible4 ,pontiac asked by what right these white soldiers dared to enter the country which belonged to him4 ,rogers explained that the war which had been going on for several years 7and in which the great chief had played so honorable a part7 was now ended by the victory of the ,english over the ,french4 ,rogers was on his way to ,detroit to tell the news to the ,french commandant there1 who would give up the post to the ,english1 as soon as he learned the truth4 ,there was no way of getting to ,detroit except by passing through the country of the mighty ,pontiac2 he assured the great and good chief that no harm should be done to any of his people2 he hoped he would not take offence1 for the visitors would go back to their homes as soon as their task was over4 ,meanwhile he begged ,pontiac to accept a few slight tokens of the good will of their ,father across the water4 ,rogers won ,pontiac's good will by his flattery and presents1 and the chief told the visitors that so long as they acted rightly1 no harm would befall them from his warriors4 ,so ,rogers and his party embarked in their whale boats once more1 and in due time reached ,detroit4 ,the news they carried thither proved bitter medicine to the ,french commandant1 and for a time he refused to swallow it1 but there was no help for it1 and in the end he submitted with the best grace possible4 ,few of the scowling ,indians gathered round grasped the full meaning of this surrender4 ,they could not understand how it was that a force so much larger than the ,english could yield to them4 ,another mystery was1 why1 after the ,french had submitted and laid down their arms1 the ,english did not put every one to death4 ,that was the fashion among the red men1 with whom mercy is a failing of which few are guilty at any time4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,the ,,warpath ,there was one1 however1 in the dusky swarm who understood it all4 ,because the ,english have conquered the ,french everywhere else1 thought ,pontiac1 those that are here are compelled to yield4 ,the ,english will now become the masters of the ,indians1 and we have much more reason to hate them than we have to hate the ,french4 ,the words of the ,ottawa were true4 ,the ,french from the first were wiser than their rivals in dealing with the red men4 ,naturally1 therefore1 the latter were generally the allies of the ,french in the wars between the two nations4 ,believing that the new masters would act cruelly--and there was good ground for such belief--,pontiac formed his great conspiracy4 ,like ,king ,philip1 three-quarters of a century before1 his plan was to unite all the tribes he could reach into a confederation for keeping ,detroit and all the western posts in the hands of the ,french1 who had treated them better than the ,english4 ,it was a plot of magnitude4 ,in the formation of this conspiracy1 ,pontiac had the aid1 to a certain extent1 of the ,french themselves4 ,they were soured because of their defeat1 and many of the officers could not justify ,france in thus throwing away a continent4 ,they were sure that with the help of the ,indians1 it could have been held against their rivals4 ,such1 also1 was the unshakable belief of ,pontiac4 ,but he went farther than his white friends4 ,he was certain that although some of the forts had been given up1 they could be retaken from the ,english and turned over again to the ,french4 ,in reaching this belief1 the ,ottawa forgot the laws of civilized warfare4 ,he reasoned as an ,indian4 ,like ,king ,philip also1 he understood the necessity of thorough preparation4 ,the plot would be ruined by impatience or by a blow delivered too soon4 ,weeks and months1 and possibly years1 were necessary to bring his plans to a head4 ,he would not require the time taken by ,opecancanough1 but he meant to use all that was needed4 ,pontiac's plan in brief was that the blow at all the western posts should be struck on the same day4 ,thus there would be no time for the forts to send warning to one another1 or to give mutual help4 ,indeed1 these forest garrisons were as a rule so weak that they were sure to have all they could do1 after being warned of their danger1 to defend themselves4 ,pontiac set grimly to work4 ,he held under his direct control the ,ottawas1 ,ojibwas and ,pottawatomies1--all powerful tribes1 who could be counted upon to do his will4 ,but he needed many more warriors1 and he set out to gain them4 ,he plotted and schemed for nearly two years before sending his ambassadors to the more distant tribes4 ,to each he gave as his credentials a tomahawk painted red1 and a wampum war belt4 ,active and ceaseless as was the chieftain1 he could not do more than a fraction of the work alone4 ,it was necessary to travel hundreds of miles through the trackless wilderness1 often in the depth of winter1 or when the floods descended and the hurricanes uprooted the forest trees4 ,but while he was forever planning1 his faithful ambassadors were busy1 and so perfect was the work done by him and them1 that every tribe between the ,ottawa and ,lower ,mississippi was visited1 and many were won to the support of the iron-willed chieftain4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,wampum ,,of ,,peace ,,belt ,sir ,william ,johnson held the ,six ,nations in ,new ,york in a tight grasp4 ,he suddenly found ,pontiac's messengers among them and doing dangerous work2 but he was a warm friend of the ,english1 as he proved when the ,revolution broke out1 and he succeeded in keeping his warlike wards from going to the support of the ,ottawa leader1 excepting only the fierce ,senecas1 who pledged the ambassadors that when ,pontiac called them1 they would be ready to fight against the ,english4 ,he fixed upon ,may #g1 #agfc1 as the day when the general attack should be made upon all the forest garrisons covering a wide area4 ,now1 every one must see the impossibility of keeping secret this far-reaching conspiracy4 ,the situation was different from that of ,opecancanough in ,virginia4 ,that hoary leader of the ,powhatans was able to do all his plotting in the depths of the woods1 and his objective point was the settlements along the ,james4 ,pontiac's area of operations covered thousands of square miles2 some of the tribes to whom he appealed were unfriendly to him1 and the score and more of forts were widely separated4 ,here and there1 the commandants1 or those under them1 had made warm friends of the red men1 who could be counted upon to give them notice of any danger4 ,it was impossible1 therefore1 to keep the plot secret during the two years it was coming to a head2 the wonder is that it did not become generally known much earlier than was actually the fact4 ,the records of all wars with savages betray a strange blindness on the part of the whites to the signs of danger around them4 ,this blindness may be due to their unwillingness to believe ill of those who have acted well for a long time1 but none the less1 it is hard to understand why it should deceive those who ought to be the last ones in the world to be caught off their guard in such surroundings4 ,ensign ,holmes had charge of the small garrison at ,fort ,miama1 where ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana1 now stands4 ,one day1 an ,indian of the neighborhood1 who had shown a strong liking for the officer1 came to him with the war belt that had been brought to his tribe by one of ,pontiac's messengers4 ,the ,ensign's suspicions were roused1 and he questioned his dusky friend closely4 ,he revealed the whole plot4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indian ,,massacre ,,in ,,wyoming ,,valley1 ,,pennsylvania4 ,on ,july #c1 #aggh1 ,major ,butler1 commanding a force of ,indians1 ,british and ,tories1 descended upon the beautiful ,wyoming ,valley1 in ,pennsylvania1 to dispossess the ,continentals4 ,the ,indians could not be restrained and a brutal massacre of men1 women and children followed the battle4 ,illustration3 ,,chief ,,brandt ,,and ,,his ,,indians ,,massacre ,,the ,,settlers4 ,cherry ,valley1 ,new ,york1 was the scene of a sudden attack by the ,indians in #aggh1 when women and children were murdered in presence of their husbands and fathers4 ,holmes sent the war belt to ,major ,gladwyn1 commandant at ,detroit1 with a letter telling all that he had learned1 and asking him to send the news to ,general ,amherst4 ,mischief was in the air1 and precautions could not be taken too soon4 ,gladwyn1 as requested1 sent a runner to ,amherst1 bearing a letter which told what ,ensign ,holmes thought he had found out4 ,the major took pains to add that he did not credit the story and was sure there was no danger6 ,it was the same old blunder that has been made times without number1 and doubtless will continue to be made to the end of all things4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,way ,,of ,,broiling ,,fish ,from the ,original ,drawing in the ,british ,museum1 made by ,john ,white in #aehe4 ,our interest for the present is with ,pontiac4 ,ten days before the date fixed for the general uprising and attack1 he called his warriors together some miles from the fort1 and made them a fiery address which aroused them to hurricane ardor4 ,he had chosen as the special object of their attention1 ,detroit itself4 ,he was allowed to come and go unquestioned1 and had used the chance to study every point connected with the fort1--every weak and strong spot4 ,this town was laid out in the form of a square1 enclosed on every side by a high palisade1 with a wooden bastion at every corner4 ,upon these bastions several small pieces of artillery were mounted1 and there were blockhouses over the gateway4 ,the dwellings1 about a hundred in number1 were of wood1 that would burn furiously if the torch were once applied4 ,the garrison numbered a hundred and twenty men1 and a third more could bear arms if necessary4 ,the watchful ,pontiac had seen that ,major ,gladwyn was unsuspicious of his danger1 and therefore had taken no precautions4 ,it would seem that the capture and destruction of ,detroit would prove as easy as rolling off a log4 ,the chieftain explained his plan1 which had the merit of simplicity1 if of nothing else4 ,he would call upon ,major ,gladwyn with a number of his chiefs and picked warriors1 and make the usual ,indian address1 professing eternal friendship to the white man4 ,at a certain point in his speech1 he would present the officer with a wampum belt1 but1 in doing so1 would hold it in a reversed position4 ,this was to be the signal4 ,the moment it was given1 each ,indian was to whip out from under his blanket1 his gun1 whose barrel had been shortened1 and make an assault4 ,the ,ottawas on the outside would also attack upon hearing the firing1 and it looked as if nothing could save the garrison4 ,such most likely would have been the result1 had not an ,indian woman revealed the whole plot to ,major ,gladwyn the evening before4 ,he had made every preparation1 as ,pontiac himself saw the moment he passed through the gate at the head of his sixty warriors4 ,what furious chagrin must have gnawed at his heart when he saw the defeat of his plans6 ,still1 with wonderful self-control1 he kept an outward appearance of calmness1 greeted ,gladwyn with a smile1 and placing his party in the form of a semi-circle in front of the officer's quarters1 began his speech4 ,gladwyn knew what the signal was to be4 ,he kept his eyes upon the black orbs of the chieftain1 who looked straight into his face4 ,the critical moment came1 when1 the ,ottawa decided after all to give the signal and stake everything upon the result2 but the watchful ,gladwyn read his purpose1 and suddenly raised his hand4 ,he and each of his officers drew their swords1 the clicks of the gunlocks were heard in the hush1 and the soldiers leveled their muskets at the visitors4 ,pontiac handed the wampum belt in proper form1 and the tense situation was lifted for the time4 ,illustration3 ,,outside ,,the ,,garrison ,,gates ,but ,gladwyn was angry4 ,he replied that the friendship of which the chief talked depended wholly upon him4 ,so long as he and his people acted with honesty1 they would be well treated1 but if they proved unworthy1 they should suffer4 ,he left it to the chief himself to decide upon his course4 ,pontiac still hoped to deceive the ,english commandant4 ,he repeated his words of good will1 saying that as evil birds had sung in the ears of his great ally1 he would prove to him by his deeds that he should not listen to them4 ,this sort of talk was kept up until ,gladwyn lost patience1 and gave orders that neither ,pontiac nor his warriors should be allowed again to enter the gate4 ,unsuspicious of anything of the kind1 the chief appeared with a number of his men at the gate soon afterward1 and was instantly ordered by the guard to keep away1 unless he chose to come alone4 ,the rebuff threw ,pontiac into a rage4 ,he saw it was useless to keep up the farce any longer1 and threw all disguise aside4 ,he dashed off at the head of his indignant warriors with whoops of defiance4 ,they fired their guns at the garrison1 who replied without effect1 and ran to the house of an old ,english woman and her two sons1 whom they tomahawked1 and whose scalps they swung aloft in sight of the garrison4 ,then they sped to ,hog ,island1 where an old sergeant lived1 and slew him4 ,the war had begun4 ,pontiac had planned that attacks should be made on the same day upon all the ,british posts on the ,lakes1--,st4 ,joseph1 ,ouiantenon1 ,green ,bay1 ,michilimackinac1 ,detroit1 the ,maumee1 and the ,sandusky1 as well as the forts of ,niagara1 ,presque ,isle1 ,le ,buf1 ,venango and ,pittsburg4 ,it was a far-reaching conspiracy1 and1 if successful1 would have been the severest blow that could be dealt the frontier4 ,before giving the history of the siege of ,detroit1 let us glance at the fate of one other of the forest garrisons4 ,michilimackinac 7,mackinaw7 stood1 as we know1 on the south side of the strait of the same name1 between ,lakes ,huron and ,michigan4 ,it was there the traders gathered on their journey to and from ,montreal1 and it was one of the most important posts in the ,west4 ,it had about thirty families in as many different houses1 and the garrison numbered nearly a hundred men4 ,its capture was left to the ,chippewas1 who were aided by the ,sacs4 ,they formed a cunning plan1 which was kept secret from the garrison4 ,it was to engage in a game of ,indian ball1 like lacrosse4 ,two posts were set up a long distance apart1 and the ball was laid on the ground midway between them4 ,the parties placed at the ends strove to bat the ball towards the opposite post1 whose defenders tried equally hard to send the sphere into the other's territory4 ,like all games of this character a great deal of excitement is developed1 and it was this fact upon which the ,indians counted to surprise the garrison4 ,the men gathered outside on the broad plain to watch the contestants1 and soon caught their ardor4 ,they saw the ball roll back and forth1 chased by the shouting players1 and they joined in the cheers over the skill shown by them4 ,more than three hundred brawny warriors were in the sport running to and fro1 striking strong1 quick blows with their bats1 tumbling over one another1 and acting for all the world like so many football players4 ,for that which followed we are indebted to a trader named ,alexander ,henry1 who was at ,mackinaw at the time4 ,in the midst of the exciting scene1 some one struck the ball a hard blow4 ,it rose high in air1 and circling over1 dropped inside the pickets of the fort4 ,it was the most natural thing in the world for the players to dash headlong after it1 and the officers and soldiers who were looking on suspected nothing when they saw the panting horde swarm through the gates and inside the stockades4 ,the knocking of the ball over the pickets was not an accident1 but had been agreed upon beforehand4 ,it was the trick by which the ,indians gained a fatal advantage without rousing the distrust of their victims4 ,in a twinkling the players turned from the ball1 and drawing their hidden weapons1 attacked the garrison4 ,they cut down and scalped the ,englishmen1 who were taken so by surprise that no defence could be offered4 ,it was a heartrending massacre4 ,henry was not among those who were watching the game1 but was in a room in one of the houses1 writing letters to send to ,montreal by a trader who was about to leave the post in his canoe4 ,hearing the unusual racket outside1 he rose from his chair and looked out of the window4 ,a horrifying sight met his gaze4 ,he saw his countrymen falling on every hand1 the ,indians slaying and scalping them without mercy4 ,on the outskirts of the slayers and victims1 stood a number of ,canadian villagers calmly looking on1 as if they felt no special interest in the awful tragedy4 ,henry saw his own peril1 and the thought came to him that the only place of possible safety was in one of the houses of the ,canadians4 ,it would not do to stay where he was1 for the ,indians had already begun searching the dwellings of the ,english for more victims4 ,bounding down stairs1 he dashed out of the rear1 and climbed a low fence which divided his yard from that of his next door neighbor1 who was a ,canadian4 ,plunging into the rear of the house1 he saw the ,canadian and members of his family gathered at the front and watching the fearful deeds from the windows4 ,henry appealed to the man to give him shelter until the outburst had spent itself4 ,if he would hide him for the time1 the trader would be safe1 for the ,indians did not offer any harm to the ,canadians4 ,the neighbor looked at ,henry for a moment1 and then coolly saying he could do nothing for him1 shrugged his shoulders and turned back to view the dreadful scenes in front of his dwelling4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,settlers' ,,defence ,in this moment of despair1 a ,pawnee woman1 a servant of the family1 beckoned to ,henry to follow her4 ,he passed softly through the door1 and1 on the outside1 she opened another door1 whispering that it led to the garret where he should hide himself4 ,he quickly did so1 and she1 keeping at his heels1 locked the upper door behind him1 and came down stairs1 taking the key with her4 ,the room was so loosely built that the fugitive could peer through between the cracks and watch the massacre on the open plain in front4 ,while he was doing so1 several of the savages1 seeing that no more victims were left1 ran to the building in which the trader was hiding4 ,he peered through the crevices in the floor1 and heard the visitors ask the head of the house whether any ,englishmen were inside4 ,i do not know of any1 replied the ,canadian1 speaking the truth1 for he had not seen what his servant did4 ,if you have any doubts1 search for yourselves4 ,acting on the hint1 the warriors went up the stairs1 and who shall picture the feelings of the poor man1 when he heard their footsteps and the next moment their hands trying the door8 ,the absence of the key caused delay1 which he quickly turned to account4 ,in the corner of the room was a heap of birch vessels used in making maple sugar4 ,he crawled under these1 covering himself as best he could4 ,he had barely time to do so1 when four ,indians1 covered with the blood of their victims1 stalked into the room4 ,they walked about the garret1 peering here and there1 one of them coming so close that the trembling white man could have touched his moccasin4 ,but the twilight of the room 7it had no windows7 and the dark clothing of ,henry helped him1 and the ,indians went down stairs without finding him4 ,in the end1 he made his escape1 as has been stated1 and we are indebted to him for the story of the fall of ,mackinaw4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,a ,,besieged ,,garrison ,,the ,,attack ,,on ,,detroit ,let us now return to ,detroit4 ,its experience is without a parallel in the history of our country4 ,never before was a town of importance held in a state of siege for more than a year by ,indians4 ,that such a remarkable thing took place was due to the genius of the master mind1 who held the turbulent savages to their work1 when the task of waiting is the most distasteful that can befall their race4 ,pontiac had to foresee the means of providing his forces with food1 and he did it4 ,he was the first ,american savage--so far as we have been able to learn--who gave promissory notes for the supplies he had to take from the neutral ,french residents outside of ,detroit4 ,whenever he did this1 he handed a memorandum of what had been taken1 marked on the inside of a piece of bark1 to which was added his totum1 the sign of an otter4 ,moreover1 this aboriginal financier redeemed every one of those notes1 thereby setting a good example to his white brethren4 ,the ,ottawa1 upon being refused admittance within the stockade1 had thrown aside all pretence of friendship or neutrality1 and pressed his designs with a skill that even the defenders admired4 ,the red skins crouched behind outbuildings1 stumps and earth1 and opened a hot fire which lasted for several hours4 ,the garrison replied as best they could1 but little injury was done on either side4 ,finally1 a cannon was loaded to the muzzle with red hot slugs1 and the bits of iron when discharged1 set fire to the principal outbuildings4 ,as the savages scampered for cover1 the garrison picked off a number of the most conspicuous4 ,naturally the ,indians made many attempts to burn the fort and other defences4 ,if the flames were once fairly started1 nothing could stay them1 but the vigilance of the garrison night and day defeated every effort of this nature4 ,days and weeks passed without any marked change in the situation4 ,the defenders held out grimly and the besiegers did not loose their grip4 ,the supply of provisions began to run low1 and1 but for the help of the ,canadians on the other side of the river1 the garrison1 who had long been on short rations1 must have suffered for food4 ,these friends came over at night1 for had ,pontiac known what they were doing1 he would have stopped their practices and punished them4 ,at the wharf near the fort lay two schooners1 which gave much help in fighting off the besiegers4 ,the critical situation of ,detroit had become known to the authorities1 who were expected to send reinforcements and supplies to the post by way of ,lake ,erie4 ,these were so slow in coming1 that ,major ,gladwyn sent one of the vessels to hasten them4 ,several days later1 the lookout at ,detroit called out the glad tidings that the supply boats were in sight4 ,when all faces were glowing with expectation1 an alarming thing was seen4 ,in one of the boats1 a white man was desperately fighting with an ,indian4 ,in each craft were a number of warriors1 who were lying down1 in order to reach the fort undiscovered4 ,in fact1 all the boats with their supplies had been captured by the redskins4 ,it was a clever ruse4 ,the schooner which had been sent to hurry the boats missed them1 and sailed on to ,niagara1 while the relief expedition had coasted ,lake ,erie to the mouth of ,detroit ,river4 ,at that place they landed and were making camp1 when they were attacked by a force of ,wyandots1 who killed many and took sixty prisoners4 ,two boats escaped with forty men1 in one of which was ,lieutenant ,cuyler1 in charge of the company4 ,they made their way back to ,niagara1 while the prisoners were compelled to row to ,detroit4 ,meanwhile1 a second expedition was fitted out at ,niagara1 and sailed in the schooner that had been sent thither by ,major ,gladwyn4 ,she reached the ,detroit ,river1 but while still some miles below the fort1 the wind died out and she dropped anchor4 ,every one on board was aware of their peril4 ,the banks were lined with warriors1 who would not let such a golden opportunity pass4 ,it was about midnight1 that a large number of canoes put out from the shores1 and silently approached the schooner4 ,the watchful crew allowed them to come within a few rods1 when a broadside of grape and a volley of musket balls killed and wounded nearly two-score4 ,the others leaped overboard or rowed frantically to land1 and the next morning the vessel made her way to the wharf below the fort1 much to the chagrin of the red men4 ,the presence of the two vessels was intolerable to ,pontiac4 ,he made several fire rafts1 piled them with brush1 set them ablaze and started them down stream4 ,but the white men were looking for such an attempt1 and by their quickness steered the flaming craft harmlessly past the schooners4 ,pontiac repeated the effort1 but without success1 and then gave it up as useless strategy4 ,as the weeks and months passed1 without anything being done1 many of the ,indians grew tired of the siege4 ,the ,pottawatomies and ,wyandots proposed peace and exchanged prisoners with ,major ,gladwyn1 who placed little faith in the promise of the savages4 ,pontiac1 however1 held his ,ottawas and ,ojibwas as strongly in hand as ever4 ,in the latter part of ,july1 twenty-two barges1 containing two hundred and eighty men1 in charge of ,major ,dalzell1 entered the ,detroit ,river4 ,a fog hung over the stream1 and when the boats were opposite the ,wyandot and ,pottawatomie village1 they received a fire which killed and wounded several men4 ,it will be remembered that these were the tribes that had made an agreement of peace with ,major ,gladwyn only a few days before4 ,they were partly punished by the return volleys of the reinforcements1 which brought down a number of ,indians and scattered the others in a headlong panic4 ,the arrival of such a large body of friends raised the hopes of the defenders to the highest point4 ,major ,dalzell himself was ardent1 and declared it a disgrace to submit longer to such a state of affairs4 ,the idea of so large a force of white men being cooped up in the defences by a horde of painted ,indians1 was too much to be borne4 ,he insisted upon attacking the besiegers1 not doubting for a moment that he would send the whole lot flying4 ,major ,gladwyn understood the situation better than his friend1 and shook his head4 ,he could not share the confidence of the officer4 ,but ,dalzell still urged1 and finally1 ,gladwyn1 against his own judgment1 gave his consent to the plan for ending the siege of ,detroit4 ,illustration3 ,,who ,,is ,,there ,,to ,,mourn ,,for ,,logan8 ,,not ,,one4 ,just as the first streakings of day were beginning to show in the east1 two hundred and fifty men moved out of the fort1 and stole like so many phantoms through the forest1 toward ,pontiac's encampment4 ,they kept along shore1 while two bateaux1 each with a swivel gun at its bow1 held their places abreast of the soldiers4 ,the expedition would have been successful1 and a crushing blow given1 had not the scheme become known to some of the ,canadians1 who revealed it to the ,ottawa chief4 ,he had time to make his preparations which he did thoroughly4 ,the soldiers moved forward1 every heart beating high with hope4 ,not an ,indian was seen until they reached the bridge spanning ,parent's ,creek4 ,then the hundreds of crouching warriors opened fire4 ,half the advance guard fell1 when ,dalzell1 as the only means of saving the remainder1 ordered a retreat4 ,in the confusion1 the soldiers were surrounded by the ,indians4 ,when it looked as if not one could escape1 ,major ,rogers1 with a number of men as brave as himself1 took possession of a house swarming with fugitives1 and defeated every assault1 while the troops were fighting their way back to the fort4 ,the bateaux aided ,rogers by their fire1 and he and his little company succeeded in reaching the post4 ,the ,english loss was fifty-nine killed and wounded4 ,major ,dalzell was slain while trying to save a wounded sergeant4 ,this sad affair has passed into history as the battle of ,bloody ,ridge4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,apollo ,the disaster cast gloom over the garrison and the survivors4 ,while the force that remained felt able to hold out1 the besiegers were greatly elated4 ,many of the ,indians who were on the point of going to their homes1 gained new ardor in their support to ,pontiac and his cause4 ,they were certain to retain this enthusiasm for a long time4 ,on the night of ,august #d1 a sloop arrived in sight of the fort with despatches from ,niagara4 ,the crew numbered barely a score1 and the slackness of the wind forced the captain to drop anchor before he could reach a point of safety4 ,unfortunately1 too1 the night was very dark1 so that an attack by their enemies was one of the certainties4 ,sure enough1 two hundred warriors stole forward in the gloom which allowed them to reach the sloop before they were seen4 ,when discovered they were swarming over the gunwales at the bow1 stern and sides4 ,the crew fought with the energy of desperation1 but could not withstand the furious assault4 ,seeing that all was lost1 the mate shouted to one of the sailors to fire the magazine1 that in their own destruction they might kill many of their enemies4 ,now1 it so happened that among the ,indians were several who knew enough ,english to understand the command1 and they repeated it to the others4 ,on the instant1 every one leaped overboard1 diving1 swimming and struggling with frantic haste to save himself4 ,with the loss of the captain and several of the crew1 the sloop soon after reached ,detroit4 ,by and by1 impatience and discontent again spread among the ,indians4 ,that race in certain circumstances displays the perfection of patience1 but not often does it do so in military operations4 ,an ,indian is eager for results1 and when they are slow in coming1 he loses interest in the affair itself1 whatever it may be4 ,cold weather was at hand1 and about the middle of ,october1 all the tribes1 except the ,ottawas1 sent messengers to ,major ,gladwyn with a request for peace4 ,he replied that he had not power to make peace1 but would agree to a truce4 ,they consented1 and the officer made the best use of the time to gather food and supplies for consumption during the coming winter4 ,pontiac saw signs of dissatisfaction among his own tribe1 but his iron will still held his warriors well in hand4 ,the crushing blow came near the close of ,october in a message from the ,french commandant at ,fort ,chartres1 on the ,mississippi4 ,he told ,pontiac that peace had been made between ,france and ,england1 and gave him clearly to understand that he could expect no help from the ,french in the continuance of his causeless warfare4 ,even then the resolute leader did not yield4 ,he left the vicinity of ,detroit with a number of his sub-chiefs and warriors1 and visited the ,maumee country1 where he used all his eloquence and logic to draw these tribes into the war4 ,he met with some success1 but it was slight4 ,the ,french commandant did more than notify him of the close of hostilities4 ,he sent messengers with wampum belts and calumets to the principal tribes between the ,ohio and the lakes1 warning them to have nothing to do with ,pontiac and his scheme1 which was highly displeasing to the ,french4 ,finally1 representatives of the leading tribes met ,sir ,william ,johnson at ,oswego1 and signed a treaty of peace and friendship with the ,english4 ,among those who took part in the important proceedings was ,pontiac1 once the great sachem of the ,ottawas4 ,pontiac returned to his own country1 and was believed to be a good friend of the ,english1 who it is said1 gave him a pension1 though this is not certain4 ,his inclinations were to help the ,americans in the ,revolution1 but he was held back by ,general ,hamilton at ,detroit4 ,while attending an ,indian council1 the chief was watched by a spy for the ,english who had become suspicious of him4 ,pontiac had grown fond of fire water1 and while under its influence1 he betrayed his enmity to the ,english4 ,because of this he was treacherously killed by the spy1 who had been bribed to do the deed by a trader4 ,thus ,philip and ,pontiac1 two of the foremost of ,american ,indians1 were each slain by one of his own race4 ,illustration3 ,,saved ,,by ,,the ,,spider',s ,,web ,,chapter ,,viii ,a ,,good ,,indian ,,little ,,carpenter1 ,,the ,,cherokee ,illustration ,the great cavalry leader1 ,general ,sheridan1 once said that the only good ,indian was a dead one4 ,it is unfortunate that the amicable relations of ,william ,penn and the ,indians could not have been more lasting and more widespread4 ,often the latter1 with their savage instincts1 were to blame for the feeling of hatred existing4 ,but1 on the other hand1 many a red man has set a noble example to those who oppressed him4 ,such an ,indian was ,attakullakulla1 a name so hard to pronounce1 that we shall use the one by which he was known among the whites4 ,this is ,little ,carpenter1 who was a ,cherokee chief1 born early in the eighteenth century4 ,like ,white ,eyes1 of whom we have told1 he was always opposed by a war party1 at whose head was ,occonostota1 or the ,great ,warrior4 ,the ,cherokees made a treaty with the ,english in #agcj1 and were their friends for a quarter of a century4 ,then on the eve of the great struggle between ,england and ,france for the ownership of ,america1 ,french agents succeeded in causing a division of feeling among the ,cherokees4 ,english messengers strove to win them to their side1 and a grand council was called by the tribe to decide what they should do4 ,everything was going in favor of the ,english1 when the council was thrown into wild rage by the news that a party of their tribe which had visited the ,french on the ,ohio1 had been massacred by ,virginians1 while on their way back4 ,so fierce was the anger of the ,cherokee members of the council that they would have killed every ,english agent present1 but for ,little ,carpenter1 who managed to save them with great difficulty after an exciting harangue4 ,the ,cherokees had given much help to the ,english expedition against ,fort ,du ,quesne1 but on their return1 when the worn horses gave out1 they left some of them by the way-side on the frontiers of ,virginia1 and took others that belonged to the people whose homes they were passing4 ,this brought an attack upon them1 in which two-score warriors were shot down4 ,this crime was partly due to the fact that1 after ,braddock's massacre1 ,virginia offered a bounty for ,indian scalps4 ,thus the white men where impelled by two powerful motives1--indignation over the theft of their property1 and an avarice that did not stop at the call of mercy4 ,it proved to be the sowing of the wind and the reaping of the whirlwind4 ,little ,carpenter would not have been an ,indian had not his soul been stirred by this fearful crime4 ,after he had warned the agents of their danger and safely hidden them1 he turned to his warriors1 his whole frame shaking with anger3 ,let us make war at once1 he said1 and never bury the hatchet till our countrymen have been avenged4 ,we cannot violate our faith or the laws of hospitality by staining our hands with the blood of those now in our power4 ,they came to us as brothers1 and have no blame for what evil men have done4 ,let them carry back the belts of wampum and then let us take up the hatchet and not rest till all these murderers have been destroyed4 ,the man hated above all others by ,great ,warrior and the ,cherokees was ,captain ,coitmore4 ,he was the commandant at ,fort ,george1 had placed the ironed prisoners in their wretched quarters1 and treated them with brutality4 ,the continued confinement of the hostages enraged the ,indians who laid siege to ,fort ,george4 ,it did not take ,great ,warrior long to learn he could make no impression on it1 and he gave up his design for another1 more subtle one4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,penn ,,treating ,,with ,,the ,,indians ,he hid a number of his bucks in a dense cane-brake at the river side1 and sent a squaw1 who was well known at the garrison1 to the captain1 with a request that he would come to the water where the chief was waiting to tell him important news4 ,captain ,coitmore was rash enough to accept the invitation and went to the place named with two of his officers as companions4 ,he soon saw ,great ,warrior standing on the other side of the ,savannah with a bridle in his hand4 ,this was to give color to his statement that he was going to ,charleston to secure the release of the ,cherokees held as hostages4 ,as the distance was great1 he hoped to be able to obtain a horse4 ,as he said this1 the chief turned about and swung the bridle over his head4 ,the act was the signal to his hidden men1 who instantly fired at the three officers4 ,the captain was killed and his companions wounded4 ,the garrison immediately started to put all the hostages in irons1 they having been released a short time before4 ,they resisted fiercely1 killing one of the soldiers and wounding several4 ,the prisoners expected their comrades outside to come to their help1 but that was beyond their power1 and the troops completed their crime by putting every one of the imprisoned hostages remorselessly to death4 ,by a strange fatality the victims were related to nearly all the principal families among the ,cherokees1 who were driven to a frenzy against the whites4 ,great ,warrior became as determined in his hostility as was ever ,pontiac or ,philip1 while ,little ,carpenter1 as grieved and angry as he1 still saw that a war would only add to the sufferings of his people4 ,he strove to keep them from taking the war path1 but it was in vain4 ,he stood almost alone4 ,the scenes that followed were such as have spread woe and desolation times without number along the frontier4 ,the truth was driven home at last upon the ,cherokees that only one way of escaping destruction was left to them3 that was to make peace with the whites on the best terms they could get4 ,when the force reached ,fort ,george1 twenty chiefs begged a meeting with the colonel4 ,the proud ,great ,warrior was not with them1 for he would have died before asking mercy of the invaders1 but ,little ,carpenter was at the head of the party4 ,he was known to the commandant who received him and his companions with fitting honors1 and accepted the statement that he spoke for his whole people4 ,addressing the officer1 ,little ,carpenter said3 ,you live at the water side and are in light4 ,we are in darkness1 but hope that all will yet be clear4 ,i have been going about all the time doing good1 and though ,i am tired1 yet ,i come to see what can be done for my people who are in great distress4 ,at this point the chief handed over the belts of wampum which he had brought from the different towns as prayers for peace4 ,as to what has happened1 continued ,little ,carpenter1 ,i believe it has been ordered by our ,father above4 ,we are of a different color from the white people4 ,they are superior to us4 ,but one ,god is father of us all1 and we hope what is past will be forgotten4 ,god made all people4 ,there is not a day that some are not coming into and others going out of the world4 ,the ,great ,king told me the path should never be crocked1 but open for every one to pass and repass4 ,as we all live in one land1 ,i hope we shall all love as one people4 ,anxious as the ,cherokees were for peace1 and strongly as ,little ,carpenter had striven from the first to bring it about1 it must not be thought that he was lacking in personal or moral courage4 ,none but the bravest of men would have dared to withstand the terrible ,great ,warrior and the large majority of his tribe1 as this chief did again and again4 ,so at the present time1 when the ,english leader of the expedition stated terms on which he would give peace to the ,indians1 ,little ,carpenter rejected one condition3 that was the surrender of four ,cherokees1 specially noted for their cruelties1 and their execution in front of the camp4 ,the chief closed his lips and shook his head4 ,the colonel persisted4 ,it was the only condition over which there was any hitch4 ,i will insist1 continued the officer2 take a day to think it over2 you and all your people have asked for peace2 these four men deserve death1 and you ought not to let a little matter like that stand in the way4 ,on the day following1 the colonel asked ,little ,carpenter for his decision4 ,i gave it yesterday1 he replied4 ,the officer was vexed at what he considered the stubbornness of the chief1 and refused to yield to him4 ,the most to which he could consent was that ,little ,carpenter should make the long journey to ,charleston and lay the matter before the governor4 ,little ,carpenter traveled the hundreds of miles through wilderness and solitudes1 and explained his errand to the governor4 ,by this time1 ,south ,carolina had an executive of sense4 ,he knew all about ,little ,carpenter4 ,he considered him the finest type of his race1 whose conduct from the first was highly honorable4 ,he had never been known to ask an unreasonable thing1 and the governor no sooner understood what he wished1 than he assured him it should be granted4 ,then ,little ,carpenter made another request3 ,we wish that ,captain ,john ,stewart shall be made ,indian agent in our nation4 ,all the ,indians love him and none of us will ever feel uneasiness while he is with us4 ,it shall be as you wish1 replied the governor1 and the pleased chief1 having obtained all1 and indeed more than he expected to obtain1 arose to set out on the long journey homeward through the wilds4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,a ,,mighty ,,mingo ,,chieftain ,,logan1 ,,the ,,orator ,,and ,,warrior ,the ,mingo chieftain known as ,logan1 had a fame which reached the other side of the ,atlantic2 he was the author of perhaps the best known speech ever delivered by one of his race1 and his life was marked by a pathos that must touch every heart4 ,logan was a chief like his father1 but lived most of his life in the ,west1 probably at ,sandusky1 or on a branch of the ,scioto4 ,a number of his warriors made their homes at these places4 ,why1 if this chief was an ,iroquois1 is he called a ,mingo8 ,the explanation lies in the fact that the two words mean the same4 ,the ,iroquois are sometimes spoken of as the ,mingoes1 ,menwes or ,maquas4 ,logan1 although one of the bravest of men1 always loved peace above war4 ,throughout the dark years before and during the plotting of ,pontiac1 he took no part except that of peacemaker4 ,in time he became a most bitter enemy of the white race and if ever an ,indian had good reason for such enmity1 he was ,logan4 ,in the spring of #aggd1 several white explorers in the ,ohio country said they had been robbed by ,indians of a number of horses1 though it is by no means certain that such was the fact1 or that1 if the theft took place1 that the thieves were not white men4 ,be that as it may1 the explorers claimed that the ,indians should be taught a lesson that would prevent any more outrages of that nature4 ,the infamous ,colonel ,michael ,cresap gathered a party of men as evil as himself1 the members coming together on the site of the present city of ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia4 ,learning that some ,indians were near at hand1 ,cresap made ready to attack them4 ,the question of their guilt or innocence was of no concern to him4 ,he knew he had enough men to defeat the small company1 and that was all he cared to know before acting4 ,as if to help in the fearful crime1 a canoe was seen coming from the other shore4 ,it contained one warrior and several women and children4 ,hiding themselves1 ,cresap and his companions waited till the party had landed1 and then each picked out his victim4 ,when the guns were fired1 not a single man1 woman or child escaped4 ,all these people belonged to the family of ,logan1 known far and near as the friend of the white man4 ,this fearful outrage against the red man brought on a war in which occurred one of the most remarkable battles between the two races that has ever been fought in our history4 ,the event1 for some reason1 has not attracted the attention it deserves4 ,logan was changed from a warm1 unselfish friend of the white people into their bitter enemy1 and who can blame him8 ,in ,july1 #aggd1 he left his home with only eight warriors4 ,instead of attacking the settlements on the ,ohio1 where everybody expected the first blow would fall1 he passed them by and made his way to the ,muskingum1 where nobody dreamed of danger4 ,the first white men seen were three who were pulling flax in a field4 ,one of them was shot down1 and the others taken as prisoners4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indians ,,friendly ,,to ,,william ,,penn4 ,the fairness1 justice and generosity of ,william ,penn in buying from the ,indians their lands and privileges1 secured for him and his settlers protection not enjoyed by the other colonists4 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,of ,,the ,,indian ,,king ,,philip4 ,this famous ,indian chief was for many years friendly with the whites1 but finally united the ,indians in a final effort to drive away the invaders4 ,he was killed by an ,indian enemy in #afge4 ,they traveled a long distance through the forest to the ,indian village1 where it was ordered that the captives should run the gantlet4 ,this1 as you may know1 consists of the unarmed person dashing between two rows of his captors1 standing a few feet from each other1 all armed with clubs or knives1 with which they strike at the unfortunate as he speeds forward and tries to dodge the cruel blows4 ,if he succeeds in reaching the extremity of the double line1 he is sometimes spared or allowed to make a break for liberty4 ,but the ordeal is so dreadful1 that not one in a hundred survives it4 ,logan did not like any kind of torture1 and he told one of the captives how he could escape many of the blows aimed at him4 ,the man failed1 however1 and the ,indians condemned him to be burned to death at the stake4 ,logan pleaded for his life1 and1 when it was refused1 he cut the cords and caused his adoption into an ,indian family4 ,the ,shawnees and ,delawares had suffered many wrongs and outrages1 and they now joined in the war against the whites4 ,the ,virginia ,legislature was in session when the news reached that body1 and ,governor ,dunmore ordered the preparation of three thousand men to march against the ,indians4 ,one-half of this force1 under the command of ,general ,andrew ,lewis1 was to march to the mouth of the ,kanawha1 while the governor was to lead the other half to a point on the ,ohio1 in order to strike the ,indian towns between the two4 ,the movement of ,lewis was to draw off the main body of warriors1 leaving the way open for the governor4 ,having destroyed the towns1 he was then to form a junction with ,general ,lewis at ,point ,pleasant1 subsequent action of the army to be guided by circumstances4 ,general ,lewis with eleven hundred men began his march on the #aath of ,september for ,point ,pleasant1 distant one hundred and sixty miles on the ,great ,kanawha4 ,the whole distance led through a wilderness without trails1 but the force had a veteran scout of the frontier to guide them over the best route4 ,they reached their destination on the last day of the month1 and formed an intrenched camp4 ,lewis waited for more than a week for the coming of ,dunmore1 but he did not arrive1 and the officer was in a quandary4 ,the action of ,governor ,dunmore laid him open to the gravest charges4 ,the various explanations of his conduct will be referred to presently4 ,on the morning of ,october #aj1 while ,general ,lewis was still wondering and perplexed over his failure to hear from ,governor ,dunmore1 a white man came to him with a startling story4 ,while he and a companion were hunting deer1 they ran upon a camp of a numerous body of ,indians in their war paint4 ,they fired upon the hunters and killed one1 the other escaping with great difficulty by fleet running4 ,the news brought by this messenger left no doubt that a large force of red men were hurrying to attack the soldiers4 ,it is said that ,general ,lewis coolly lit his pipe and smoked for several minutes while reflecting upon the situation4 ,he then ordered his brother1 ,colonel ,charles ,lewis1 and another officer of similar rank1 to reconnoitre the approaching enemy1 while the commander arranged to support them4 ,the two regiments had gone barely a fourth of a mile1 when they met the ,indians1 advancing to the attack4 ,it was early in the morning and the battle opened immediately4 ,the ,virginians had not forgotten the lesson of ,braddock's defeat1 and fought in the same fashion as their opponents1 taking advantage of the trees1 bushes1 roughness of the ground1 and every object that afforded protection4 ,the conflict was long and desperate4 ,the uniform of ,colonel ,lewis drew the attention of the warriors1 and he soon fell mortally wounded4 ,the ,indians speedily proved their superiority and put the soldiers to flight1 after having shot down a large number4 ,in the crisis of the disorderly retreat1 when a general massacre was imminent1 reinforcements arrived and1 by their firmness1 checked the pursuit and compelled the ,indians in turn to take refuge behind a breastwork of logs and bush1 which they had been wise enough to prepare for such a check4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,unexpected ,,attack ,the redskins displayed rare military skill1 for the breastwork alluded to extended clean across a neck of land from river to river4 ,they had placed men on both sides of the stream1 so that if the ,virginians were defeated1 not one of them would have been able to save himself4 ,it is claimed that the battle which followed was the most hotly contested of any ever fought between white and red men4 ,the ,indians did not scramble for the breastwork1 but gave way1 foot by foot1 as may be said1 contesting the ground with an obstinacy that more than once made the issue doubtful4 ,colonel ,lewis having fallen1 his brother officer1 ,colonel ,fleming1 was twice wounded1 but kept his command and animated others by his coolness and daring4 ,when the reinforcements arrived at the critical moment1 the tide was turned1 but ,colonel ,field1 who was leading them was killed1 and ,colonel ,fleming1 already twice hurt1 was shot through the lungs1 but still refused to give place to any other officer4 ,behind that blazing breastwork were fifteen hundred brave warriors1 of the ,shawanoe1 ,delaware1 ,mingo1 ,wyandot1 and ,cayuga tribes1 under the lead of ,logan1 ,cornstalk1 ,red ,eagle1 and other famous chiefs4 ,cornstalk was the head sachem1 and the attacking soldiers heard his ringing commands many times above the din of battle4 ,when he saw one of his frightened men trying to run away1 he sent his tomahawk in his brain4 ,he dashed from side to side of the long line1 cheering all by his example4 ,the battle lasted from morning until late in the afternoon1--something1 as has been said1 unknown in similar circumstances1 and still the ,indians held their ground1 despite the repeated and desperate charges of the soldiers4 ,general ,lewis became intensely anxious4 ,he was distressed at the sight of the number of his men who fell at every rush4 ,he saw that the ,indians must be routed before night1 or the ,virginians were almost sure to suffer disastrous defeat4 ,he sent three companies1 who1 favored by the forest1 reached the rear of the enemy unobserved4 ,then they dashed to the attack4 ,the warriors did not believe they were a part of the force they had been fighting for hours1 but thought they were reinforcements and that the ,indians' only safety lay in instant flight4 ,just as the sun was setting they retreated across the ,ohio and made for their towns along that river4 ,the loss of the soldiers included nine officers and about fifty privates1 with nearly a hundred wounded4 ,that of the ,indians is not known1 but it is not likely it exceeded that of the whites4 ,judging by those who were killed and wounded1 the circumstances1 and the length of the conflict1 the battle of ,point ,pleasant1 in the autumn of #aggd1 seems to justify the claim that it was the hardest fought one that ever took place between the ,american and ,caucasian races4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bloody ,,massacre ,it has been said that grave suspicion was caused by the course of ,governor ,dunmore4 ,he set out with the purpose of attacking the rear of the ,indians and coperating with ,general ,lewis1 and yet such could not have been his real intention1 for he was seventy-five miles distant1 and coperation was out of the question4 ,in the many attempts to explain his course1 it was said he meant to sacrifice ,general ,lewis and his men in order to add to his own reputation4 ,such a theory is absurd1 however1 for he would have been denounced for his treachery1 instead of being praised4 ,others have thought that he felt the justice of the ,indians' cause1 and tried to bring peace with the least destruction and harm to them4 ,to us1 the more reasonable theory is1 that ,governor ,dunmore saw1 as every one else saw1 that the colonies were on the verge of rebellion against ,england1 and he was very anxious to keep the goodwill of the ,indians1 with a view to bringing them to the side of the mother country4 ,you know he did all he could to befriend ,england1 and was rebuked by ,patrick ,henry and other patriots for too much activity against their interests1 when war was about to open4 ,after burying his dead1 ,general ,lewis withdrew agreeably to the commands of ,governor ,dunmore4 ,the latter advanced to within a few miles of the leading ,indian town on the ,chillicothe1 for the purpose of treating with the tribes1 from whom he had already received requests to do so4 ,the meetings were marked with distrust on both sides4 ,cornstalk1 in an indignant speech1 laid the whole blame of the war upon the whites1 due mainly to the murder of ,logan's family4 ,governor ,dunmore showed much tact1 and1 in the end1 secured the pledges of the leading chiefs to the peace he sought4 ,among the sachems who signed the treaty the name of ,logan did not appear1 nor would he go to the conference4 ,lord ,dunmore was so anxious to obtain his name that he sent a special messenger to the cabin of the ,mingo1 a long distance away in the woods4 ,when this messenger explained his business to ,logan1 the latter led him a little way from his cabin1 and the two sat down beside each other on a fallen tree4 ,the sachem gave his assent to the treaty1 and in doing so1 uttered that memorable speech1 which will live as long as man can admire eloquence1 pathos and truth3 ,i appeal to any white man to say1 if he ever entered ,logan's cabin hungry1 and he gave him not meat2 if ever he came cold and naked1 and he clothed him not4 ,during the course of the long1 bloody war1 ,logan remained idle in his cabin1 an advocate of peace4 ,such was my love for the whites1 that my countrymen pointed as they passed and said1 ',logan is the friend of the white man4' ,i had even thought to have lived with you1 but for the injuries of one man4 ,colonel ,cresap1 the last spring1 in cold blood1 and unprovoked1 murdered all the relatives of ,logan1 not even sparing my women and children4 ,there runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature4 ,this called on me for revenge4 ,i have sought it4 ,i have killed many4 ,i have fully glutted my vengeance4 ,for my country1 ,i rejoice at the beams of peace4 ,but do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear4 ,logan never felt fear4 ,he will not turn on his heel to save his life4 ,who is there to mourn for ,logan8 ,not one4 ,,chapter ,x ,,an ,,indian ,,demosthenes ,,red ,,jacket1 ,,the ,,seneca ,red ,jacket was the greatest orator ever born to the ,american race4 ,president ,jefferson said of the words quoted at the close of the preceding chapter3 ,i may challenge the whole orations of ,demosthenes and ,cicero1 and of any more eminent orator1 if ,europe has furnished more eminent1 to produce a single passage superior to the speech of ,logan4 ,yet that speech is the only notable one which1 so far as we know1 was ever made by the famous sachem1 who afterwards died of strong drink4 ,but ,red ,jacket delivered many that will live4 ,his eloquence at times reached the loftiest flights2 his sarcasm and irony were unequalled1 and the effect of his wonderful addresses was surpassed by no orator of ancient or modern times4 ,he was never a noted warrior1 and when he was once asked as to his exploits in the field1 he replied3 ,a warrior6 ,i am an ,orator2 ,i was born an ,orator6 ,illustration3 ,a ,,seneca ,,warrior ,the ,indian name of ,red ,jacket1 like most ,indian names1 is variously spelled1 the most common being ,sagoyewatha4 ,he was chief of the ,senecas1 had white blood in his veins1 and was born about the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,conquering ,,the ,,wild ,,horse4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indian ,,archer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indian ,,scout4 ,illustration3 ,,indians ,,shooting ,,the ,,rapids4 ,we know comparatively little of the military career of ,red ,jacket4 ,it is certain that he fought with his tribe against the ,americans during the ,revolution1 and was their enemy in the troublous times that followed in the ,west4 ,he was never a great warrior or leader1 and although he displayed bravery at times1 he was surpassed in that respect by many of his people1 who won less fame than he4 ,it has even been charged more than once that the ,seneca sachem showed a timidity amounting almost to cowardice1--a crime unpardonable with his race1 and which would have brought disgrace to him but for his marvelous eloquence4 ,red ,jacket's one ambition was to become the greatest orator of his race1 and as has been already stated1 he gained that honor4 ,the poet ,halleck declared he possessed3 ,the monarch mind--the mystery of commanding-- ,the godlike power--the art ,napoleon1 ,of winning1 fettering1 moulding1 wielding1 banding1 ,the heart of millions1 till they move like one4 ,as proof of the oratorical genius of the chief1 an incident may be related4 ,in the spring of #ahba1 an ,indian1 belonging to his tribe1 died of a mysterious disease4 ,several circumstances were so strange that the woman who attended him in his last hours was accused of being a witch4 ,according to the laws of the nation1 she was doomed to death1 just as was formerly the rule among the most civilized nations1 and especially in ,new ,england4 ,the chief appointed to execute her did so without hesitation4 ,the whites were so outraged and indignant1 that they arrested the man and threw him into prison4 ,among the witnesses was ,red ,jacket4 ,neither he nor the criminal himself denied the charge1 but they pleaded that it was justified by a law in force from time immemorial4 ,the chief had eyes of wonderfully piercing power4 ,while on the witness stand1 he suddenly called out in a voice that rang like a trumpet through the court room3 ,illustration3 ,a ,,hurried ,,flight ,what6 ,do you denounce us as fools and bigots1 because we still continue to believe that which you yourselves believed two centuries ago8 ,your divines have thundered this doctrine from the pulpit1 your judges have pronounced it from the bench1 your courts of justice have sanctioned it with the formalities of law1 and you would now punish our unfortunate brother for adherence to the superstition of his fathers6 ,go to ,salem6 ,look at the records of your government1 and you will find hundreds executed for the very crime which has called forth the sentence of condemnation upon this woman1 and drawn down the arm of vengeance on her4 ,what have our brothers done more than the rulers of your people have done8 ,and what crime has this man committed by executing1 in a summary way1 the laws of his country1 and the commands of his ,god8 ,the prisoner was set free4 ,as has been hinted1 ,red ,jacket became addicted to the use of liquor1 as his years increased4 ,he indulged at times to such an extent that even his own people felt scandalized4 ,it was impossible that such an aggressive leader should not make enemies4 ,more than one of his acts offended members of his tribe4 ,conscious of his own mental superiority1 he left no doubt of the estimation in which he held others4 ,he was not always tactful1 and the attention paid to him by whites roused much jealousy4 ,after plotting together1 these enemies formed a plan for taking his chieftaincy from him in the autumn of #ahbg1 they impeached him4 ,a series of charges were brought against the orator1 embracing about all the crimes a man is capable of committing4 ,had ,red ,jacket been guilty of a tenth of them1 he deserved hanging4 ,it was his drinking habits which really brought the issue to a head4 ,the charges were signed by twenty-six leading ,senecas who declared ,red ,jacket deposed4 ,but the fiery old orator was not the one tamely to submit to such injustice4 ,knowing that it was useless to appeal to his own particular tribe1 he appealed to the ,six ,nations themselves1 and1 within a month of his deposition1 the chiefs representing all the different tribes assembled in ,grand ,council1 at the upper council house of the ,seneca reservation4 ,the hearing was conducted with dignity4 ,the charges were read and the action of the ,seneca council stated4 ,after several speeches1 ,red ,jacket rose to his feet with all his former kingly majesty4 ,he was old and his bad habits had wrought havoc with the once iron frame1 but his eye had lost none of its fire1 his voice none of its persuasive power1 and for the occasion he was ,red ,jacket1 the supreme orator4 ,his address was cunning1 convincing and resistless4 ,he swept every obstacle like chaff from before him4 ,even his enemies were thrilled by his eloquence4 ,his victory was absolute4 ,he was restored to his former rank and held it to the end4 ,red ,jacket's intemperate habits hastened his death1 which took place in his own cabin1 near ,buffalo1 in the month of ,january1 #ahcj4 ,the voice of the matchless orator1 the ,last of the ,senecas1 was never to be heard again4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,little ,,turtle ,,first ,,an ,,enemy1 ,,then ,a ,,friend ,at the close of the ,revolution1 the boundaries of the ,united ,states were the ,mississippi ,river on the west1 the ,st4 ,lawrence and ,great ,lakes on the north1 and the thirty-first parallel on the south4 ,but for the famous expedition of ,captain ,george ,rogers ,clark in #aggh1 the western boundary would have been the ,allegheny ,mountains4 ,clark was an elder brother of ,captain ,william ,clark1 who1 with ,captain ,merriwether ,lewis1 made his memorable journey across the continent to the ,pacific1 a quarter of a century later4 ,the opening of the vast region to the west of the old original thirteen ,states set flowing a tide of emigration into the new and inviting territory4 ,the stream poured steadily year after year1 but was often checked by the enmity of the ,indian tribes1 who claimed the country as their own1 and resisted the inroads of the white men4 ,exposed cabins and small settlements were burned1 and the inhabitants slain1 while the stream of flatboats going down the ,ohio had to run the gauntlet of the redskins along the shores4 ,although the craft had bullet-proof sides1 even those1 in many instances1 failed to save them from destruction4 ,the most active leader of the ,indians in their fights with the military forces sent thither to bring them to terms1 was ,little ,turtle1 or ,michiniqua1 a ,miami chief1 of great ability4 ,although his father was also a chief1 ,little ,turtle won his rank at an early age by his skill and bravery4 ,every attempt having failed to bring peace to the frontier1 ,president ,washington sent a powerful military force into the region4 ,it was under the command of ,general ,josiah ,harmar1 who had served well through the ,revolution1 and was commander-in-chief of the ,united ,states army from #aghi to #agib4 ,he marched from old ,fort ,washington1 the site of ,cincinnati1 in #agij1 at the head of three hundred and twenty regulars1 to whom more than a thousand militia were soon afterward added4 ,six hundred ,kentucky troops1 led by ,colonel ,hardin1 pushed in advance1 and1 finding the ,indian villages deserted1 destroyed them1 after which a part of his force was sent in pursuit of the savages4 ,they had not gone far when they met a body of warriors1 under the command of ,little ,turtle4 ,the latter attacked the whites so furiously that over fifty were quickly killed1 and the militia fled in headlong panic4 ,general ,harmar laid waste the only remaining ,indian village in the neighborhood1 and returned to ,fort ,washington4 ,he determined to try again4 ,halting within a few miles of ,chillicothe1 he ordered ,colonel ,hardin to hunt out the ,indians1 and give them battle4 ,little ,turtle was quite willing to be found1 and again under his lead1 the redskins fought with such daring that a hundred and fifty of the regulars and militia1 including several leading officers1 were killed4 ,although the survivors fled1 ,general ,harmar claimed a victory4 ,the only ground for this claim was that the ,turtle lost so many of his men1 that he permitted the soldiers to retreat unmolested4 ,the result of these disasters was bad indeed4 ,the ,indians became so bold in their raids that a reign of terror spread along the western border4 ,the situation was so grave that ,congress ordered the organization of a force for the punishment of the savages4 ,in addition to several forts and garrisons1 this army numbered fully two thousand men1 under the command of ,general ,arthur ,st4 ,clair1 governor of the ,northwest ,territory4 ,before he set out on his campaign1 ,president ,washington called him to ,philadelphia and warned him to guard against a surprise by the ,indians4 ,they have a leader of great ability in ,little ,turtle1 said he1 and have proved more than once that they will fight with bravery4 ,remember1 my words3 ,beware of a surprise6 ,illustration3 ,,little ,,turtle',s ,,battle-,,axe ,general ,st4 ,clair left the nation's capitol with the words of the ,president ringing in his ears1 and went directly to ,fort ,washington1 arriving there in the middle of ,may1 #agia4 ,various causes delayed the campaign1 which began early in ,september1 one year after the defeat of ,general ,harmar4 ,fort ,hamilton was built on the ,miami in the country of ,turtle1 and ,fort ,jefferson forty miles farther on4 ,leaving a garrison in each1 the army advanced1 but its strength was reduced by desertions to fourteen hundred effectives4 ,the militia were dissatisfied and unreliable4 ,early in ,november1 ,st4 ,clair made his camp on high ground1 within fifteen miles of the ,miami villages4 ,the militia1 to the number of three hundred1 crossed a creek and halted on the first elevation a quarter of a mile beyond the main body4 ,while forming their camp1 ,little ,turtle attacked them4 ,the militia immediately broke in a wild panic4 ,without attempting any fight1 most of them flung away their guns1 the warriors at their heels1 and cutting them down as they ran4 ,the ,indians pursued them all the way to the main body and then attacked it4 ,the soldiers fought heroically1 and drove back their enemies several times1 but the charges were repeated under the direction of the ,turtle1 with a boldness rarely shown by his race4 ,the end of it all was another crushing disaster1 in which the troops lost thirty-eight officers and about eight hundred men4 ,many of the wounded suffered shocking barbarities4 ,thus1 out of a total of fourteen hundred1 nearly seventy per cent4 were slain or disabled4 ,in this woful affair1 the opposing forces were equal--the ,indians being perhaps a trifle the greater in number--and the credit of the victory by the red men is therefore the more marked4 ,the horde was commanded by ,little ,turtle1 and although there is no way of knowing his loss1 it was certainly less than that of the whites4 ,years afterward1 the chief declared that only nine of his warriors were killed1 but the number was probably fifty or sixty4 ,nothing could have been more complete than the panic of the soldiers4 ,general ,butler1 second in command1 was killed2 the camp and artillery were abandoned1 because not a horse was left alive to draw off the cannon1 and the panting fugitives continued to throw away their guns and accoutrements long after the pursuit ceased4 ,they did not halt until they reached ,fort ,jefferson1 twenty-nine miles from the scene of the massacre4 ,personally no one could have shown more bravery than ,general ,st4 ,clair4 ,his clothing was pierced eight times by bullets1 three horses were killed under him1 and he strove with all the power and authority at his command to check the flight and rally the troops2 but terrified men are as uncontrollable as so many thirsting buffaloes in their rush for water4 ,washington was of a serene temperament1 and very rarely did he give way to anger4 ,we know1 however1 of two occasions in which his rage overmastered him4 ,one of these was at ,monmouth ,court ,house1 on that flaming day in ,june1 #aggh1 when he came face to face with ,general ,charles ,lee1 leading a retreat of a part of the patriot forces1 and the other was when the news reached him of the disaster to ,st4 ,clair and his army4 ,he stormed up and down his room1 his passion so terrible1 that none of his attendants dare address him4 ,right there6 he thundered1 pointing at a chair1 he sat1 and the last words ,i said to him were a warning against the very thing that has happened2 there can be no excuse for such atrocious1 horrible blundering4 ,one of the noblest attributes of the noblest of men was his disposition to do right1 and to be just to every one4 ,when the tempest of emotion had passed1 and his natural calm returned1 he added3 ,i will not condemn him too harshly until ,i have heard his story from his own lips4 ,in due time1 ,st4 ,clair presented himself before ,washington1 timid and fearful as to his reception4 ,he was quickly set at ease1 however1 and the ,president kindly but earnestly questioned him4 ,despite the bad light in which the officer appeared1 he had something to say in his own defence1 and was entitled to a hearing4 ,the regulars in his command were reliable1 but most of the militia proved themselves worse than useless1 for the example of their panic1 which no one could check1 had its disastrous effect upon their braver comrades as well4 ,washington1 however1 made sure that the next general sent to the ,west was one who would not repeat the blunders of the others4 ,he named that daring veteran ,mad ,anthony ,wayne1 and no officer could surpass him in the qualities required to overcome the hostiles1 who had grown bolder than ever4 ,general ,wayne began his campaign with the resolution to do the work thoroughly4 ,he was eager to meet the hostiles1 but was too wise to do so until every preparation was made4 ,after entering the ,indian country he did not neglect the slightest precaution4 ,in the autumn of #agic1 he built ,fort ,recovery on the site of ,st4 ,clair's defeat1 followed by the erection of ,fort ,defiance1 at the junction of the ,miami and the ,au ,glaize4 ,the next summer he began his march with two thousand regulars and eleven hundred mounted ,kentucky militia4 ,he entered the hostile section by a new and roundabout route1 hoping to deceive ,little ,turtle as to his real line of march1 but that wily chief was not misled4 ,despite his fighting mood1 ,wayne did not give up hope of securing peace without a battle with the ,indians4 ,he thought that when they knew of the strong force marching against them1 they would see the folly of resisting it4 ,learning that the redskins were in camp near the rapids of the ,miami1 he decided to send a messenger to them with peace proposals4 ,now1 while the office of a messenger to a civilized army brings no personal danger1 it is otherwise when he visits an ,indian force4 ,those people have no respect for a flag of truce1 and have an unpleasant habit of killing visitors whom they do not like1 when they present themselves with the white emblem fluttering over their heads4 ,among ,wayne's troops was a man who had lived for several years with the ,indians1 who could speak their language1 and knew all about them4 ,when ,wayne asked him to take his message to ,little ,turtle1 he shook his head4 ,he said the ,indians were set upon war1 that no argument or proposals could change that determination1 and the chances were a hundred to one that they would kill him as soon as he appeared before them4 ,wayne told him he might have any escort he chose1 and that he would hold eight prisoners then in his hands1 as hostages4 ,he was to warn the chiefs that if they did any harm to the messenger1 or if he did not return to ,wayne at the end of three days1 every one of the eight captives would be put to death at once4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,unsuspecting ,,wheelwright ,the soldier finally consented to go1 taking one man and a squaw with him as his companions1 instead of an armed escort1 which he knew would be very dangerous to him4 ,he started one afternoon and reached the ,indian camp the next morning1 without his approach being observed1 until he was among the hostiles4 ,the moment he displayed his flag1 and said he was a messenger1 he was met on all sides with shouts1 ,kill him6 ,kill the spy6 ,he explained matters in their own language1 and instead of slaying him1 the redskins told him he was their prisoner4 ,he then gave the rest of his message1 telling about the letter of ,general ,wayne1 and warning them that if he was held longer than the next day1 all the eight ,indians in camp would be put to death at sunset4 ,this language had its effect4 ,the visitor was set free after a few hours1 and took back a message to ,general ,wayne to the effect that if he would stay where he was for ten days1 and would then send the same messenger to them1 they would treat with him1 but if he made any advance with his army1 he would be attacked4 ,it should be said in this place that the only wise one among the ,indian chiefs was ,little ,turtle4 ,he opposed a battle with the ,american army4 ,he reminded his associates that they had made many attempts to surprise the commander1 but had not done so in a single instance2 there were more ,long ,knives than had ever before entered their country1 and they were led by their best general4 ,in such circumstances1 defeat at their hands was more than likely4 ,one of the chiefs replied to these wise words by taunting the ,turtle with cowardice4 ,the leader was enraged enough to brain the sachem1 but he mastered his anger1 and said nothing2 it was decided that the battle should be given on the morrow and he was ready4 ,on his way to camp1 the messenger met ,general ,wayne and his army4 ,that officer was so certain of the answer to his message that he decided not to wait any longer4 ,he reached the ,miami ,rapids on ,august #ahth1 near the enemy's camp1 and threw up fortifications4 ,he was on the march again by the #bjth1 using all care against surprise4 ,a few hours later1 his advance scouts were fired upon1 and ,wayne formed his line of battle and advanced in three columns4 ,little ,turtle had posted his men with his usual skill1 a rocky bank of the river being on the left1 and had cut down a large number of trees in his front1 so as to make the cavalry useless4 ,the warriors were formed in three lines1 within supporting distance of one another1 with a front fully a mile and a half long4 ,it is not necessary to describe this historical battle1 which was conducted with such skill by ,wayne that in a brief time the whole force of hostiles were routed in headlong flight4 ,they were shot down and pursued until they took refuge under the guns of ,fort ,maumee1 a ,british post4 ,when the commandant of this warned ,wayne to cease slaying the warriors1 the ,american replied that he would do as he saw fit1 and1 if the ,british officer was not pleased therewith1 he might bring his garrison outside and he would serve them in the same way as the ,indians4 ,seven tribes were represented in this battle1--the ,shawnoes1 ,miamis1 ,pottawatomies1 ,chippewas1 ,delawares1 ,ottawas and ,senecas4 ,one year later1 the treaty of ,greenville was signed1 twelve tribes giving their written assent to its terms1 which ceded twenty-five thousand square miles of territory to the ,united ,states in the present ,states of ,indiana and ,michigan1 in addition to sixteen tracts1 including lands and forts4 ,the ,indians who agreed to this cession were paid twenty thousand dollars in presents and promised an annual allowance of ten thousand dollars4 ,the peace thus secured lasted1 with slight interruption1 until the breaking out of the war of #ahab1 some years after4 ,among those who accepted the treaty of ,greenville were ,little ,turtle and ,tecumseh 7of whom we shall learn presently74 ,they never left any doubt of the sincerity of their pledge1 though the ,turtle1 like ,red ,jacket and others1 raised a good deal of enmity among his own people1 because of the respect the whites showed him1 and the self-evident fact that the sachem had more wisdom than any or all of their own chiefs4 ,the ,americans built him a comfortable home on ,eel ,river1 a few miles from ,fort ,wayne1 and he made his home there4 ,he showed such a preference for civilized life that our ,indian agents were ordered to see that he never wanted for anything necessary to his comfort4 ,he made several visits to ,philadelphia1 and to ,washington1 when the seat of the national government was removed to the latter city4 ,in every case he received marked attention1 and became a general favorite4 ,the famous ,french traveler and scholar1 ,count ,volney1 sought out ,little ,turtle in ,philadelphia1 in #agig1 and with the aid given him by the chief1 formed a vocabulary of his language1 copies of which are still well preserved4 ,volney1 who became quite fond of ,little ,turtle1 asked him one day why he did not live in ,philadelphia1 instead of in his cabin on the ,wabash4 ,the chief replied3 ,i admit that on the whole you have the advantage over us1 but here ,i am deaf and dumb4 ,i do not talk your language2 ,i can neither hear nor make myself heard4 ,when ,i walk through the streets1 ,i see every person in his shop employed at something4 ,one makes shoes1 another makes hats1 a third sells cloth1 and every one lives by his labor4 ,i say to myself1 ',which of all these things can you do8' ,not one4 ,i can make a bow or an arrow1 catch fish1 kill game and go to war2 but none of these is of any good here4 ,to learn what is done here would require a long time4 ,old age comes on2 ,i should be a piece of furniture useless to my nation1 useless to the whites1 and useless to myself2 ,i must return to my own country4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,warrior ,,and ,,knight ,,buckongahelas1 ,,the ,,delaware ,,chief ,among the leading chiefs who took part in the decisive battle at ,maumee ,rapids1 when ,general ,wayne smashed the ,indian confederacy1 was ,buckongahelas1 a sachem of the ,delaware tribe4 ,he was an orator of ability and a military leader of skill1 with a humanity not often shown by one of his race4 ,he took the side of the ,british until his attitude was changed by a certain incident1 soon to be related4 ,no missionaries toiled more faithfully among the red men than the ,moravians1 who suffered every kind of persecution1 facing privations1 trials1 tortures1 and the most painful of deaths in order to bring the children of the forest to a knowledge of the true faith4 ,they met with much success1 and founded a number of missions1 where scores of red men proved by their lives their belief in the religion professed by the white men4 ,thriving settlements were founded by the ,moravian missionaries4 ,these people1 by their gentle ways1 often suffered from their own race1 while others1 like ,buckongahelas1 treated them with kindness and respect1 even though he did not believe in their principles4 ,it cannot be denied that our forefathers on the frontier were often frightfully misused by the ,indians4 ,many atrocities were too dreadful to be described4 ,the winter of #aghb was marked by a number of cruelties at the hands of the ,sandusky ,indians4 ,in revenge1 a band of nearly a hundred men gathered on the frontier of ,pennsylvania1 and1 led by ,colonel ,david ,williamson1 marched against the ,christian ,indians at ,gnadenhutten1 a missionary settlement4 ,friendly messengers were sent to warn them of their danger1 but1 sad to say1 they arrived too late4 ,in ,march1 #aghb1 ninety-six men1 women and children1 while singing hymns and praying1 were slain by this company of white men1 not one of whom ever was punished for the crime4 ,a few months before this awful crime1 two ,christian ,indians of ,gnadenhutten went out into the woods to look for some estray horses4 ,they had not gone far1 when they met a chieftain at the head of eighty warriors4 ,the ,christians were made prisoners without explanation4 ,then the band took a roundabout course through the forest1 until near the settlement1 when they went into a secret camp1 keeping the captives lest they should escape and give the alarm4 ,early the next morning1 the town was surrounded so that none could leave1 and the leader of the war party shouted to the frightened people that they must give up their chief and principal councillors1 either alive or dead4 ,the leader named the men he wanted and was determined to have1 but the ,christians replied that it chanced that every one was absent1 having gone to ,pittsburg some days before4 ,the visitors searched each house from attic to cellar1 and found they had been told the truth4 ,then the chief ordered that the leading men remaining in ,gnadenhutten and ,salem should appear before him to hear what he had to say4 ,when they had assembled1 he spoke3 ,friends1 listen to what ,i say4 ,you see a great and powerful nation divided4 ,the father 7the ,king7 has called on his ,indian children to help him in punishing his children1 the ,americans1 who have become stubborn and will not obey him4 ,friends1 often has the father been obliged to settle and make amends for the wrongs and mischiefs done to us1 by his evil children1 yet these children do not grow any better6 ,they remain the same and will remain the same so long as there is left any land of which they can rob us4 ,listen to me and hear what ,i have to say4 ,i have come to bid you arise and go with me to a safe place4 ,i will take you to a country 7the ,miami71 where your fields shall yield you abundant crops and where your cattle shall find plenty of pasture2 where there is much game2 where your women and children1 together with yourselves1 will live in peace and safety2 where no ,long ,knife 7meaning the sword and bayonet of the colonists7 shall ever disturb you4 ,nay2 ,i will live between you and them1 and not even allow them to frighten you4 ,there you can worship your ,god without fear4 ,here where you live you cannot do so4 ,think on what ,i have said to you and believe that if you stay where you are1 very soon the ,long ,knives will talk to you with fine words1 and while they are talking they will kill you all4 ,the chief who uttered this warning was ,buckongahelas1 and he was honest in his wish to take the gentle people with him1 to where they would escape the danger to which he knew they were exposed4 ,they thanked him but declined his offer1 believing that their principles and goodly lives were so well known that no one would harm them4 ,the chief then asked that those who wished to leave should be allowed to do so4 ,this was agreed to and a few left4 ,how true the words of the good man were was proven soon after when the massacre named occurred6 ,buckongahelas next went to ,salem4 ,the following account is by ,heckewelder who was present3 ,the ,christian ,indians1 said the chieftain1 were a happy people and he would never trouble them on account of their not joining in the war4 ,indeed they could not with propriety join in wars1 without first renouncing praying1 7meaning ,christianity74 ,and every ,indian1 or body of ,indians1 had a right to chose for themselves1 whom they should serve4 ,for him1 he had hired himself to his father1 the king of ,england1 for the purpose of fighting his refractory children1 the ,long ,knives1 whilst his friends and relations1 the ,christian ,indians1 had hired themselves to the ,great ,spirit1 solely for the purpose of performing prayers1 7meaning attending to religion74 ,he added that both were right in their way1 though both employments could not be connected together4 ,and only yesterday they were told1 while at ,gnadenhutten1 that ,god had instructed all ,christian people to love their enemies1 and even to pray for them4 ,these words1 he said1 were written in the large book that contained the words and commandments of ,god6 ,now1 how would it appear1 were we to compel our friends1 who love and pray for their enemies to fight against them--compel them to act contrary to what they believe to be right--force them to do that by which they would incur the displeasure of the ,great ,spirit1 and bring his wrath upon them8 ,it would be as wrong in him to compel the ,christian ,indians to quit praying and to turn out and kill people1 as it would be in them to compel him to lay fighting aside1 and turn to praying only4 ,did ,indian or white man ever utter nobler sentiments8 ,buckongahelas was not a ,christian1 and he claimed the right belonging to every one1 to think for himself and to form his own judgment1 but he did that which many1 who may profess the same principles1 are unable to do2 he accepted just as fully the right of every one else to do the same4 ,he complimented the principles of the ,christians1 for he respected them and1 as has been already said1 his only wish was to befriend and save them from the cruelty of the white man4 ,he knew better than they that no trust could be placed in those of the other race1 and sad indeed was it for the ,moravian ,christians that they did not act upon his own counsel4 ,before entering ,salem1 the chief made all his warriors leave their guns behind1 so as not to alarm their hosts4 ,when ready to leave1 he turned and addressed the assembled ,christians thanking them for their hospitality1 and assuring them that they could always depend upon his steadfast friendship4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,fight ,,at ,,odds ,the following incident will illustrate a peculiar phase of the character of this remarkable man3 ,one of the most noted scouts connected with ,colonel ,brodhead's army1 and afterward with ,harmar1 ,st4 ,clair and ,wayne1 was an ,irishman named ,murphy4 ,he was a rollicking fellow1 with all the wit and waggery of his people1 brave to the last degree1 and a master of woodcraft4 ,some of the exploits with which he is credited sound incredible4 ,no ,indian could follow a shadowy trail through the woods more truly1 and few were his equal in resources and quickness to see the right thing to do in a crisis4 ,he was tall1 bony1 homely of feature1 with a shock of fiery red hair and a freckled countenance4 ,with many1 his greatest gift was his fleetness of foot4 ,in all the races in which he engaged he never met his superior4 ,simon ,kenton1 who1 in his prime1 could run like a deer1 said ,murphy was able to lead every one else4 ,this point became well known to the ,indians1 and many of them put forth their utmost efforts to capture him4 ,aware of the valuable help he gave to the whites1 they would have given much to lay hands on him4 ,he had slain and scalped 7sad to say that barbarous practice was not confined to the red men7 some of their most noted warriors1 and there would have been general rejoicing among all the tribes could the means be found to check his destroying career4 ,well1 disaster came to ,murphy at last4 ,he had a hard fight with three ,delawares1 one summer afternoon1 in the depths of the wilderness4 ,he shot one1 wounded the second1 and would have gotten away as usual1 but at the critical moment1 a score of bucks arrived on the spot1 surrounded and made him prisoner4 ,when the grinning captors closed about him1 ,murphy threw up his hands and asked them to be considerate as he had wrenched his ankle1 and was barely able to stand4 ,his appeal was useless1 for they beat him unmercifully1 and forced him to keep pace with them1 though he limped so badly that at times he actually hopped forward on one foot4 ,but the plucky fellow gritted his teeth1 bore their blows unflinchingly1 and1 seemingly more dead than alive1 finally reached the ,delaware villages1 where his coming caused great excitement and rejoicing4 ,it was early in the afternoon1 and a discussion immediately took place as to how the prize should be disposed of4 ,the majority favored burning him at the stake2 but ,buckongahelas had stopped that inhuman practice1 and would not listen to anything of the kind4 ,other savage pleasantries were suggested1 all of which the chief vetoed1 in several cases being backed by some of the leaders4 ,finally1 some one proposed that the captive should run the gauntlet4 ,the grim fiendishness of this will be understood when the lameness of poor ,murphy is remembered4 ,all through the talk1 he was standing in the background on one foot1 his rugged face twitching with the pain he could not keep back4 ,buckongahelas would have interfered1 had he not known that it was useless4 ,there was a point beyond which he could not hold his warriors4 ,he had denied them their favorite pastime1 and even he could not say that they should be robbed of every form of amusement4 ,there was not a warrior among the howling throng who did not know the scout who had wrought them so much evil1 and upon whom they had tried so long to lay hands4 ,the chieftain nodded his consent to their proposal4 ,murphy was familiar enough with the ,delaware tongue to understand the decision that had been reached4 ,he was too sensible to protest and silently nerved himself for the dreaded ordeal soon to come4 ,the ,delawares made their preparations with the enthusiasm of so many boys1 while those who were not to take part chuckled with delight4 ,the persecutors formed in two rows1 facing each other1 with hardly a dozen feet of space between4 ,in each row were twenty-eight warriors and squaws1 separated by slightly less distance4 ,the arrangement was meant to give each one just enough room to swing his or her arms with freedom4 ,thus1 as will be seen1 ,murphy was doomed to run over a path nearly a hundred yards in length1 and between two rows of persecutors1 all eagerly waiting for him to come nigh enough for them to reach him with the clubs in their itching hands4 ,they had laid their guns aside1 and every one was armed with a heavy stick1 which he meant to bring down with a vicious energy that would hurl the poor fellow to the ground1 if the implement once reached its mark4 ,behind these rows of exultant redskins were grouped the other members of the tribe1 to the extent of several hundred4 ,barbarous as were the warriors1 the squaws were worse1 if that was possible1 and the dancing children were as eager as their elders to see the white man pounded to death4 ,one of the ,delawares took ,murphy by the arm and led him to the head of the line4 ,he limped so heavily that he barely touched the ground with the tip of one foot4 ,he was seen to shut his lips and shake his head1 as if to force back his suffering and to brace himself for the trial before him4 ,but he did not utter a word2 it was useless4 ,at the head of the line on his right1 was stationed a warrior whom he recognized as one of his captors and his chief persecutor4 ,he was large and inclined to corpulency1 but his painted face was ugly to the last degree4 ,he had struck the captive on the way to the village1 and had subjected him to many indignities4 ,now he took a place which gave him the first chance to reach the helpless prisoner1 and there can be no doubt that he meant to leave no work to be done by the others in the lines4 ,murphy looked down the long path1 and1 like many situations of danger1 spat on his palms and rubbed them together1 as if the action gave more nerve and strength to him4 ,all were waiting1 shifting about and toying with their clubs1 impatient for the amusement to open4 ,buckongahelas stood several rods to the rear of one of the lines1 well beyond it1 watching proceedings4 ,he did not add to the turmoil1 but with his arms folded over his massive chest1 studied the prisoner1 regarding whom he held a singular suspicion which he kept to himself4 ,suddenly ,murphy gathered his energies for the test4 ,he leaned forward with his left foot advanced1 and most of his weight resting on it1 after the manner of the professional runner4 ,this largely relieved the other ankle of the weight of his body4 ,with his arms crooked at the elbows and held close to his sides1 he suddenly lowered his head and shot forward as if propelled from a cannon4 ,the instant he did so1 the suspicion of ,buckongahelas became certainty4 ,all trace of lameness vanished6 ,both legs were as sound as ever1 and had been from the first4 ,but ,hercules himself could not have run the length of those lines1 between the rows of tormentors1 and ,murphy had never a thought of trying anything of the kind4 ,with a quick turn to the right1 and1 when going at the height of his great speed1 the top of his head struck his chief tormentor in the stomach1 with an impact like that of a catapult4 ,the life was almost knocked from his body1 as he went over on his back1 his moccasins kicking the air4 ,like a cat1 ,murphy leaped over the form1 and with a burst of his wonderful fleetness1 dashed for the nearest point in the woods4 ,this took him towards the spot where ,buckongahelas was standing4 ,the chief could have headed him off without trouble1 but1 instead of doing so1 he stepped aside to make way for him4 ,the confusion caused by the captive's break for freedom gave him the very chance needed4 ,among the spectators were many who had guns in their hands and several fired wildly at the fugitive1 but the majority of the men who formed the double line1 sped after him1 with a view of recapture1 and the carrying out of their amusement so suddenly interrupted by his escape4 ,in a few seconds1 ,murphy was among the trees and going with the speed of the wind4 ,it was impossible to gain a fair shot at him1 when it was seen that he was rapidly increasing the distance between him and his pursuers4 ,sooner than would be supposed1 he was beyond danger1 and the next day rejoined his friends4 ,some years later1 when peace had come to the frontier1 ,murphy and ,buckongahelas met at one of the forts1 and1 in the course of their talk1 the incident just told was recalled4 ,both laughed over the remembrance1 and the chief told the scout that he suspected from the first that his lameness was a pretence1 and he thought it strange that none of the warriors shared his belief4 ,i was glad when you got away1 said the ,delaware4 ,i observed that ye stepped aside to give me room to pass1 without losing any time in doing the same1 said the grinning ,irishman2 ,i knowed ye was my friend1 which is why ,i headed toward yersilf4 ,when the league of ,indians was defeated by ,general ,wayne at ,maumee ,rapids1 they fled for refuge to the ,british post near at hand4 ,the commandant had promised them that1 if they were repelled1 he would give them shelter4 ,but ,wayne frightened him1 and he closed the gates against the fugitives1 and allowed many to be cut down4 ,buckongahelas was so angered by this breach of faith that his principles changed4 ,he refused longer to trust the ,english1 for whom he had bravely fought1 became the warm friend of the ,americans1 and urged his countrymen to do the same4 ,he had all the qualifications of a great hero4 ,a ,,famous ,,mohawk ,,chief ,,adventures ,,of ,,brandt1 ,,the ,,half-,,breed ,colonel ,joseph ,brandt1 whose ,indian name was ,thayendenaga1 was a chieftain of the ,mohawk tribe4 ,he was in fact a half-breed1 who lived and acted so like the red men that few are aware of his mongrel blood4 ,he was born about #agde1 and was placed by ,sir ,william ,johnson in a school at ,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 where he received a fair education4 ,on the eve of the ,revolution1 he went to ,england1 was presented to ,king ,george ,,iii4 and attracted much notice4 ,a peculiar trait of ,brandt was that he always managed to draw much attention to himself4 ,he formed a strong liking for the ,english1 and made up his mind to do all he could for them in the war that was about to open4 ,he was given a colonel's commission in the ,british army on the frontiers1 and soon after returned to ,america to link his name with some of the most shameful events in the ,west4 ,associated with ,brandt were two ,tories who were worse miscreants than he2 these were ,john ,butler and ,walter his son1 who lived a few miles from ,johnstown1 in ,new ,york1 which was the home of ,brandt4 ,brandt acted as the secretary of ,colonel ,guy ,johnson1 son-in-law of ,sir ,william ,johnson1 who died in #aggd4 ,when ,guy ,johnson1 alarmed for his own safety1 fled to ,canada1 ,brandt and the two ,butlers went with him4 ,there1 where they were safe1 they hatched their plots for injuring the ,americans4 ,brandt soon fell out with ,johnson1 and he and the ,butlers returned to ,new ,york4 ,in order clearly to understand the events that follow1 we must glance at the status of the struggle of the colonies for independence4 ,england formed a plan in #aggg1 for crushing the uprising by means of the most formidable campaign that had yet been set on foot4 ,this was to send ,burgoyne1 with his large army from ,canada1 and open communication between that province and the city of ,new ,york1 thereby cutting off ,new ,england from the rest of the colonies4 ,if this plan could be carried out1 ,burgoyne's powerful army would be forced like a stupendous wedge between the two sections1 and a fatal blow given to the struggle for liberty4 ,this campaign provided for the advance of ,burgoyne to ,albany1 where he was to meet a large force sent up the ,hudson from ,new ,york4 ,this is not the place to describe the failure of the important movement1 ending in the capture of ,burgoyne and his whole army4 ,a part of this great scheme was that ,colonel ,barry ,st4 ,leger was to go up the ,st4 ,lawrence to ,lake ,ontario1 and thence to ,albany by the ,mohawk ,river4 ,his command was composed mostly of ,tories and ,indians1 and ,brandt and the ,butlers were with him4 ,early in ,june1 ,brandt gathered his ,mohawks together and made ready to strike a blow for the ,english4 ,general ,nicholas ,herkimer in command of the ,tryon ,county militia1 was ordered to check ,brandt4 ,he set out to relieve ,fort ,stanwix 7also called ,fort ,schuyler71 which was besieged by a large number of ,british1 ,canadians1 ,tories and ,indians4 ,most of these marched to meet ,herkimer1 of whose approach they had learned4 ,while marching in loose order through the woods at ,oriskany1 near ,utica1 ,herkimer's militia were ambushed by the ,tories and ,indians4 ,they were thrown into a panic and a large number shot down4 ,a bullet killed ,herkimer's horse and mortally wounded him4 ,he propped himself on the ground with his back against a tree1 lit his pipe and continued to give orders4 ,the reports of the guns of a body of troops that had hurried out of the fort to the relief of the militia1 alarmed the ,indians who fled1 the ,tories quickly following them4 ,general ,herkimer was carried to his home1 where he soon died from the effects of the wound4 ,illustration3 ,,colonel ,,joseph ,,brandt ,the relief of ,fort ,stanwix was brought about by a curious piece of strategy4 ,schuyler1 in command at the time of the campaign against ,burgoyne1 could hardly spare a man1 and yet1 unless relief was sent1 the fort must fall4 ,his officers opposed1 for the reason named1 and the angry ,schuyler asked for some leader to volunteer4 ,benedict ,arnold promptly offered1 and at the head of eight hundred men1 hastened toward the endangered post4 ,brave as was ,arnold1 he could not shut his eyes to the fact that his force could not compare in number with the ,tories and ,indians1 and was more likely to fail than to succeed4 ,reaching ,german ,flats he found that one of the prisoners held by the ,americans was a half-witted ,tory1 who had been condemned to death for some fault4 ,he was hardly responsible for his acts1 but was scared almost to death1 and his mother was in an agony of distress over his fate4 ,she sank on her knees before ,arnold and prayed him to save her son4 ,the officer consented on the single condition that the youth should do a certain thing for him4 ,the joyous mother and boy declared that he had only to tell them what it was and it should be done4 ,it is simple1 explained ,arnold1 you and a friendly ,oneida ,indian are to go to the camp of ,st4 ,leger and make him believe my force is twice as great as his1 and that if he waits where he is1 ,i shall kill them all4 ,the youth eagerly said he would do all that was required1 and the plan was soon formed4 ,several bullets were fired through his clothes1 and he dashed off as fast as he could speed through the woods4 ,when he reached the enemy's camp a few miles away1 he was so exhausted that he could hardly stand4 ,asked to explain what it all meant1 he said he had just escaped from the ,americans by the narrowest means possible1 and as proof he showed the many bullet holes in his clothing4 ,hardly was this explanation made when the ,oneida ran in from another direction1 with the same startling story4 ,the ,americans are like the leaves on the trees1 he said2 ,they will soon be here6 ,it was enough4 ,the terrified ,indians broke in a wild flight for safer quarters1 despite the efforts of their officers to check them4 ,inasmuch as they made up most of the force of the besiegers1 the soldiers had nothing to do but follow them and thus the siege of ,fort ,stanwix was raised4 ,it seems strange that it did not occur to the underwitted ,tory that1 after reaching the camp of the besiegers1 he might as well have told the truth1 since he was beyond the reach of ,arnold2 but that officer probably gave him such a scare that it took him a long time to get over it4 ,and it is likely the ,american commander played upon his fears regarding the safety of his mother1 in case he betrayed his trust4 ,the next event in which ,brandt figures is the tragedy at ,wyoming1 which occurred in the following ,july4 ,congress had been warned that a large force was gathering at ,niagara for the purpose of desolating the frontiers of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 but that body had so much other business on hand it gave no attention to the appeal4 ,in the month of ,july1 #aggh1 a ,tory and ,indian force to the number of sixteen hundred1 marched against the lovely settlement4 ,the people took refuge in a structure known as ,forty ,fort1 while the old men1 boys1 and a few veteran soldiers1 who were home on furlough1 ranged themselves for action4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,christian ,,indian ,although the invaders were three times as numerous as the patriots1 the latter had a fair chance of success in an open fight1 for they were quite well armed1 were led by good officers1 and had the strongest inspiration that can come to men placed in their situation2 they were about to fight1 not for themselves alone1 but for their wives and children4 ,before the opening of the battle1 strong spirits were distributed among the defenders1 and truth compels us to say that a number indulged too freely1--so much so that it helped in the defeat of the patriots4 ,they were steadily gaining ground when an order was misunderstood and confusion followed4 ,at that critical moment1 the ,indians made a charge1 hopeless panic followed1 and the historical ,wyoming massacre began4 ,under a solemn pledge that no one should be harmed1 the fort was surrendered3 nearly all the garrison1 as well as the women and children1 perished by the tomahawk4 ,some of the settlers were too wise to trust their lives to the plighted word of a ,tory or ,indian1 and plunged into the forests on their way to the settlements of the ,upper ,delaware4 ,many sank down and died in the dismal solitudes which have ever since borne the name of the ,shades of ,death4 ,a few succeeded in reaching ,stroudsburg and other points1 but the awful woe suffered by ,wyoming in the early days of ,july1 #aggh1 will give the place a sad distinction so long as the history of our country is chronicled4 ,it was only four months later1 that a body of seven hundred1 most of whom were under ,brandt1 set out for ,cherry ,valley4 ,colonel ,ichabod ,alden was in command of this post1 and was blamable for what followed4 ,he was warned of the approach of ,brandt and his men1 and the settlers asked for shelter in the fort4 ,he replied that he did not believe the danger was serious1 and would send out scouts that would keep him informed of the movements of the enemy4 ,the principal of these scouts found the ,november weather so chilly1 that1 after going a little way they kindled a fire1 lay down and went to sleep4 ,brandt's scouts were drawn to the spot by the light1 and captured every one of the men1 who were compelled to give exact information of the fort and settlement4 ,in the cold mist of the morning the enemy approached the post4 ,among the first victims was ,colonel ,alden1 who was quartered outside the fort4 ,the latter repelled several attacks1 and the assailants took their departure with about forty prisoners1 while fully as many had been put to death or mortally wounded4 ,when peace came and the independence of the ,united ,states was secured1 ,colonel ,brandt did what he could to prevent hostilities by the ,indians on the southern and western frontier4 ,much trouble resulted from the failure properly to fix the boundary between the ,united ,states and the ,indian tribes4 ,brandt urged making the ,ohio and the ,muskingum such boundary1 and1 declared that1 unless it was done1 the ,indians would go to war4 ,he even said he would join them1 but this must have been in the nature of intimidation1 for though the red men took up the hatchet again1 ,brandt was at no time with them4 ,the king of ,england did not forget the services of his ally4 ,he gave him a fine tract of land on the western side of ,lake ,ontario1 where he made his home and lived after the ,english fashion4 ,he had married a half-breed woman in the winter of #aggi1 by whom he had several children4 ,she remained more of an ,indian1 however1 than a white woman1 and refused to conform to civilized life4 ,after her husband's death 7,november #bd1 #ahjg71 she removed to ,grand ,river and spent the remainder of her days in a wigwam1 taking some of her children with her and leaving others at their former home4 ,a remarkable piece of work by ,brandt was the translation of ,john's ,gospel and the ,book of ,common ,prayer into the ,mohawk language4 ,copies of these works may be found in the library of ,harvard ,university4 ,a ,,chieftain ,,on ,,the ,,warpath ,,adventures ,,of ,,tecumseh1 ,,the ,,shawanoe ,tecumseh was an eloquent orator and a brilliant military leader4 ,he was appointed a brigadier-general in the ,british army1 and few or none of the ,english officers were his equal in all that goes to make a successful leader of men4 ,he was a knightly foe1 who never1 so far as known1 permitted the abuse of prisoners4 ,whilst yet in his teens and on the war path1 he fought against the cruel practice and more than once forcibly prevented it4 ,no man kept a promise more honorably than he4 ,he was brave and self-restrained1 and in many respects set an example for those who professed higher things4 ,a remarkable fact about ,tecumseh is that he was born one of triplets4 ,this was probably in #aggj1 his birthplace being on the ,scioto1 not far from ,chillicothe4 ,he is authority for the statement that his mother was a ,cherokee1 who was taken prisoner during the war between that tribe and the ,shawanoes and was adopted by the latter4 ,his father was one of the foremost warriors among his people4 ,when the flatboats going down the ,ohio had to run the gauntlet of the hostile ,indians along the shores1 the youthful ,tecumseh was among those who were most active in the attacks4 ,it is said that while he was still a boy1 he saw the torture of a white prisoner at the hands of his captors1 and was so shocked that he vowed he would do all he could to break up the practice1 and1 as has been said1 he kept his pledge4 ,tecumseh was one of the hardest fighters at the battle of ,maumee ,rapids1 where ,general ,wayne smashed the ,indian confederacy4 ,he accepted the treaty of ,greenville1 and honorably lived up to its terms4 ,settling among his people1 he became a hunter and fisherman1 and seemed to think no more of warfare4 ,the unharmed white man who met him in the depths of the forest had no cause to fear4 ,instead1 the ,shawanoe was ready to give him the help he might need1 and would share the last pound of venison with him4 ,the story is told of ,tecumseh that he once entered the home of a white friend to spend the evening1 the two having formed a liking for each other4 ,the caller found another white man present--a stranger1 to whom he was introduced4 ,he gravely shook hands with the visitor1 and sat down in a chair on the other side of the broad hearth4 ,tecumseh must have been noted as a warrior even at that time1 for when his name was spoken1 the other caller plainly showed his fear4 ,it was evident that he was much afraid of the ,shawanoe1 who was quick to note the fact4 ,with a meaning glance at his friend1 he began talking about the imaginary scalping expeditions from which he had just returned1 and said he was anxious to add a few more ghastly trophies to his collection4 ,this was kept up until the poor fellow was pale and trembling with fright4 ,then ,tecumseh walked over to his chair1 placed his hand on his shoulder and said1 soothingly3 ,don't be scared2 ,tecumseh will not hurt you4 ,the hearty laugh of the host showed the visitor that he had been made the victim of a joke by the ,shawanoe chieftain4 ,tecumseh must have given a great deal of thought1 while still a youth1 to his race and to the many injustices which it had suffered4 ,the problem to him was as to how these wrongs could be righted1 or rather1 since many of them were beyond righting1 how further wrongs could be stopped4 ,never did any one see more clearly than he1 the full force of the truth that in union lies strength4 ,the ,indians were weak because1 instead of uniting1 they fought one another1 and thereby invited their conquest by the invaders of their country4 ,how different would have been the story had the red men stood together when the first ,european crossed the ocean6 ,now1 it must not be thought that this native genius was nerved by the ambition of ,philip or ,pontiac4 ,the former dreamed of and strove for a confederacy that would destroy all the ,english settlements4 ,when1 at that distant day1 these settlements were scattered and weak1 he had good reason to believe he would succeed4 ,as we know1 his plot was sprung before he was ready1 and ,philip could not bring about the full union of the ,new ,england tribes4 ,the day for doing that had passed when the chieftain of the ,ottawas came upon the stage of action4 ,he tried to bring about an alliance with ,france and to destroy the western posts that had been turned over to ,england4 ,he did capture a number1 but failed because ,france would have nothing to do with him or his plans4 ,tecumseh also believed that when war broke out between ,england and the ,united ,states1 the former had a good chance of success4 ,this belief he shared with the mother country herself1 else she never would have begun the struggle4 ,the ,shawanoe knew that if the western tribes united to resist the ,americans1 they would get much better terms than if they fought separately4 ,he bent all his energies to that difficult task4 ,history proves that when such an effort is set on foot1 war is certain to follow4 ,such is the record of the past1 for if union is strength1 it must give that confidence which results in deeds4 ,the activity of ,tecumseh made ,governor ,harrison and the authorities in the ,west uneasy4 ,what could be finer than the retort of the redoubtable ,shawanoe1 when it was asked of him3 ,why are you trying to bring about a union of the different ,indian tribes8 ,for the same reason that you have brought about a union of your colonies2 we never objected to that1 and what business is it of yours what we do among ourselves8 ,besides1 it is necessary that we should unite to save us from the scoundrels among the white men4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,river ,,encounter ,we have no authentic record of the opinion expressed in reply to these memorable words4 ,probably none was given4 ,the bringing together in friendship of the tribes who had been enemies for centuries was a herculean task4 ,it called into play all the matchless abilities of ,tecumseh4 ,even he could not succeed in every instance1 though it is certain none could have done so well4 ,in this work1 the ,shawanoe chieftain used the two most powerful levers that can affect the ,indian mind--superstition and eloquence4 ,the ,prophet was the spokesman of the former4 ,he claimed to have had direct dealings with the ,great ,spirit and to utter his will4 ,many of his professions were grotesque to the last degree1 and it may have been for that very reason that he gained hundreds of converts4 ,like some of the false prophets of modern days1 he drew a mongrel set of disciples around him1 who could be neither shamed nor argued out of their foolishness4 ,tecumseh professed to believe in the supernatural power of his brother1 and his example brought over many others4 ,the master hand of the warrior could be seen in the labors of ,the ,prophet1 who began preaching about #ahjd4 ,some of his doctrines were good4 ,he insisted that there must be a complete change in the conduct of the red children of the ,great ,spirit4 ,they must quit copying the dress and manner of the white people2 especially must they give up the use of ardent spirits1 and all ,indians must show by their lives that they were brothers and sisters4 ,while there was impressive truth in his words about the long1 happy1 peaceful lives of their forefathers1 such a reminder did not improve their feelings toward those who had brought about this change4 ,tecumseh gave strong support to his brother in his mission4 ,in some cases chiefs who opposed them were put to death1 generally on the charge of witchcraft2 in other instances1 their power was taken away4 ,while ,the ,prophet gave all his efforts to preaching the new gospel1 ,tecumseh himself made a tour among the different tribes1 winning many warriors and leaders to his views4 ,that he had the encouragement of the ,english in this crusade cannot be denied4 ,they saw as clearly as he that war was coming4 ,now as to the real dispute between ,tecumseh and the ,americans2 the ,shawanoe insisted that no single tribe had the legal or moral right to sell to our government the lands which it might chance to occupy4 ,such right lay in all the tribes1 whose consent was necessary in order to make such sale binding4 ,several large cessions had already been made and treaties signed in which these terms had been violated4 ,tecumseh declared that these lands belonged to the whole ,indian population1 that such fact should be admitted by our government and the sales cancelled1 the transfer still depending upon the consent of all the tribes4 ,it will be seen that this view could not be accepted by our government1 for if it were1 there never could be any real sales1 and everything that had already taken place in that respect went for nothing4 ,governor ,harrison of ,vincennes had a delicate and hard task before him4 ,it has been said that his government would never allow him to accept the views of ,tecumseh1 and he saw the time had come for plain words4 ,he reminded the chieftain that when the white people came to take this continent1 they found the ,miamis occupying all the country on the ,wabash1 but the ,shawanoes at that time lived in ,georgia1 from which they were driven by the ,creeks4 ,the lands had been bought from the ,miamis1 who were the first and real owners of it1 and the only ones having a clear right to sell the lands4 ,it was untrue to say that all the ,indian tribes formed one nation1 for if such had been the intention of the ,great ,spirit he would have given them the same language to speak1 instead of so many different ones4 ,the ,miamis had thought it best for their interest to sell a part of their lands1 thereby securing another annuity and the ,shawanoes had no right to come from a distant country and compel the ,miamis to do as the ,shawanoes wished them to do4 ,the governor having taken his seat1 the interpreter began explaining to ,tecumseh what had been said by him4 ,before he was through1 and as soon as the chieftain caught the gist of the words1 he sprang to his feet in anger and exclaimed1 ,it is false6 ,his warriors leaped from the grass on which they had been sitting1 and grasped their weapons4 ,believing he was about to be attacked1 the governor drew his sword and stood ready to defend himself4 ,he was surrounded by more of his own people than there were ,indians present1 but they were unarmed4 ,they snatched up stones and clubs ready to make the best fight they could4 ,major ,floyd1 standing near the governor drew his dirk1 and a ,methodist minister ran to the governor's house1 and1 catching up a gun1 placed himself in the doorway to defend the family4 ,one of the chiefs close to the governor1 cocked his pistol which he had already primed1 saying1 that ,tecumseh had threatened his life1 because he signed the treaty and sale of the disputed land4 ,governor ,harrison told the interpreter to say to ,tecumseh that he would have nothing more to do with him4 ,he was ordered to leave1 but1 instead of doing so1 he remained in the neighborhood with his chiefs until the next morning1 when he sent an apology to the executive1 pledging himself that nothing of the kind should occur again4 ,harrison accepted his explanation1 and met him a second time4 ,on this occasion1 ,tecumseh was dignified and courteous1 but it was evident that he was under strong emotion4 ,having no new argument to offer1 the plain question was put to him whether he intended to oppose the survey of the newly-bought territory4 ,he replied that he would cling to the old boundary4 ,the leading chiefs with him rose to their feet1 one after another1 and gave notice that they would stand by ,tecumseh4 ,the governor promised the ,shawanoe that his words should be told to the ,president1 but he added that it would be useless1 for the land would never be given up4 ,governor ,harrison1 hoping he could do something in a private talk1 went with his interpreter to the tent of ,tecumseh4 ,he was received kindly and the two conversed for a long time1 each strongly urging his views upon the other4 ,the chieftain said he would much rather be a friend of the ,united ,states than an enemy4 ,he knew that war between them and ,england would soon come1 and he would greatly prefer to fight on the side of the ,americans4 ,he would do so1 if his views regarding the lands were accepted4 ,illustration3 ,,tecumseh ,,defies ,,general ,,harrison ,i repeat what ,i said that that will never be done1 and it would be wrong in me to hold out any hope for you in that respect1 replied the governor4 ,well1 as the great chief in ,washington is to settle the question1 ,i hope the ,great ,spirit will put some sense in his head4 ,but he is so far off he will never be harmed by the war2 he can sit down and feast and drink his wine while you and ,i fight it out4 ,is it your determination to make war if your terms are refused8 ,it is1 replied ,tecumseh2 nor will ,i give rest to my feet1 till ,i have united all the red men in a like resolution4 ,the unusual fact about these talks was the frankness with which ,tecumseh gave his views4 ,he never made the slightest effort to hide his intentions1 nor would he utter any promise which he did not mean to keep4 ,he and ,governor ,harrison had several interviews1 but it was impossible to shake the resolution of the ,shawanoe4 ,at one of the councils1 he turned to rest himself1 after finishing his speech1 when he saw that no chair had been placed for him4 ,apologizing1 the governor had one hastily brought1 and as it was handed to the chief1 the interpreter said3 ,your father requests you to take a chair4 ,my father1 replied ,tecumseh1 with dignity1 the sun is my father1 and the earth is my mother2 ,i will repose on her bosom1 and he seated himself upon the ground4 ,harrison finally gave over his attempt to change the views or resolution of ,tecumseh4 ,before the final parting of the two1 the governor said to him3 ,we shall soon be fighting each other2 a good many will be killed on both sides1 and there will be much suffering2 ,i ask you to agree with me1 ,tecumseh1 that there shall be no capturing of women and children by your warriors1 and no torture or ill treatment of such men as you may take prisoners4 ,tecumseh has never ill treated his prisoners1 nor has it ever been done in his presence1 was the answer of the chieftain2 why do you ask me to do that which you know ,i will be sure to do without the asking4 ,harrison pleaded his anxiety1 and thanked ,tecumseh for his pledge1 which he knew would be strictly kept4 ,the declaration of the chief that he would give his feet no rest until he united all the red men was carried out4 ,his travels and labors were prodigious4 ,during the year #ahaa1 he visited numerous tribes west of the ,mississippi1 and about ,lakes ,superior and ,huron1 not once1 but several times1 thrilling all by his eloquence and winning hundreds to his side4 ,regarding this tour1 the following incident is authentic1 though since it must have been a coincidence1 it certainly was one of the most remarkable ever known4 ,while making one of his appeals to the ,creeks1 ,tecumseh lost patience with their coldness4 ,he shouted angrily3 ,when ,i go back to my people1 ,i will stamp the ground and the earth shall shake6 ,it was just about time for the chieftain to reach his towns to the north1 when the ,new ,madrid earthquake took place1 the severest phenomenon of the kind which up to that time our country had ever known4 ,when the ,creeks felt the ground rocking under their feet1 they ran from their tepees shouting in terror3 ,tecumseh has got home6 ,tecumseh has got home6 ,while the chieftain was absent on this tour1 ,the ,prophet was busy with his magic4 ,he made the wildest prophecies1 and hundreds of his superstitious countrymen believed that1 as he claimed1 he was in direct communion with the ,great ,spirit4 ,the ,prophet told them the ,indians should soon be given back their former hunting grounds and all the pale faces should be driven into the sea4 ,fired by these promises1 the fanatical warriors gathered around ,the ,prophet and began committing outrages upon the whites4 ,the government could not refuse to go to the protection of its citizens4 ,a small force of regulars and militia was brought together at ,vincennes1 the capital1 and placed under the command of ,governor ,harrison1 who was given a free hand to do all he might think necessary4 ,no better officer could have been chosen4 ,united to his fine military talent1 he had a thorough knowledge of ,indian character1 and was safe against any such blunders as had been committed by ,st4 ,clair1 ,harmar and others4 ,marching into the ,indian country1 he encamped1 early in ,november1 within nine miles of ,the ,prophet's town4 ,the redskins did not disturb him1 and he pushed three miles further4 ,he sent forward his interpreters1 but the ,indians refused to have anything to do with them4 ,certain that treachery was intended1 the governor moved with the utmost care4 ,he was pleased when he was not attacked on the way to the town1 which he reached without the firing of a shot4 ,still the ,indians refused to receive or make any replies to the calls of his interpreters4 ,harrison formed his line of battle and was advancing upon the town1 when several messengers of ,the ,prophet appeared4 ,an interview was held1 in which they asked that no attack should be made before the morrow1 when the principal chiefs would visit ,harrison with proposals for peace4 ,that officer was not deceived4 ,the men slept on their arms1 the guards were strengthened1 and nothing was neglected that could prevent surprise4 ,every officer and private knew just what to do1 in the event of an attack1 and it maybe doubted whether there was a soldier in the army who did not feel sure such an attack would soon be made4 ,just as it was growing light1 on the morning of ,november #g1 #ahaa1 the ,indians made a furious charge upon the camp4 ,the fight was one of the most desperate in the history of our frontier4 ,but for the preparation1 the coolness and bravery1 and the fine generalship of commander and officers1 all the force would have been destroyed4 ,as it was1 the ,americans lost sixty-two killed and one hundred and twenty-five wounded1 among whom were some of the bravest officers4 ,the loss of the ,indians was about one hundred and fifty4 ,they were routed and driven headlong from the field4 ,while the battle was raging1 ,the ,prophet stood on a neighboring hill1 keeping up his frenzied performance4 ,he shouted to the warriors that victory was certain1 and none of the enemy's bullets could hurt them4 ,told that his people were falling1 he urged the others to keep on fighting1 declared all would come out right and sang his war songs louder than ever2 but when the final overthrow took place1 ,the ,prophet led in the flight4 ,he was soon left alone by his men1 who lost faith in his claims4 ,two days later1 ,governor ,harrison laid the town and surrounding settlements in ashes1 sending the hostiles scurrying in every direction1 after which he returned to ,vincennes4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,shawanoe ,,chieftain ,the victory of ,harrison could not have been more complete4 ,it won the admiration of his countrymen1 and had more than anything else to do with his nomination and election to the presidency of the ,united ,states4 ,nearly thirty years later1 the cry of ,tippecanoe and ,tyler too1 swept the country like wildfire1 and roused an ardor the like of which had never been seen before4 ,as we know1 ,tecumseh was absent on his stumping tour when the battle of ,tippecanoe was fought4 ,it was contrary to his orders1 and overturned all his plans4 ,when he came back and learned what had been done1 his rage was fearful4 ,he seized his brother by his long hair1 and almost shook his head off1 declaring that he deserved death and he was tempted to inflict it4 ,tecumseh gave his eloquence and energies to rallying the different tribes1 after they had fallen away through the blundering of ,the ,prophet4 ,he visited them all again1 and won not hundreds but thousands to his standard4 ,with these1 he entered the service of the ,british when war broke out between ,england and our country4 ,hardly a battle took place in the ,west1 down to the death of the ,shawanoe1 in which he did not act a creditable part4 ,his military ability was so notable that he was made a brigadier general1 and1 as has been said1 there was no white officer of that rank who was his superior1 if indeed any one was his equal4 ,when asked one day to give an idea of the face of the country through which they were marching1 he took a piece of elm bark1 laid it on the ground1 with a heavy stone on each corner to hold it flat1 and with the point of his hunting knife1 traced a map1 which the ,english engineers declared could not be surpassed by any of their number4 ,one day ,general ,proctor was sitting on his horse calmly watching a number of ,indians that were maltreating several ,american prisoners4 ,although claiming to be civilized and guided by the rules of honorable warfare1 the commander smiled1 as if the sight was as pleasing to him as to the dusky persecutors4 ,in the midst of the cruel pastime the sound of a galloping horse was heard1 and the animal was reined up on his haunches within a few feet of the general4 ,at the same instant ,tecumseh leaped from his back to the ground1 grasped the principal tormentor by the throat1 hurled him backward a dozen feet1 struck another a blow that almost fractured his skull1 and with his face flaming with passion1 whipped out his hunting knife1 and shouted that he would kill the first one who laid hands on another prisoner4 ,turning to ,general ,proctor1 he demanded with angry voice and flashing eyes3 ,what do you mean by permitting such things8 ,sir1 your warriors cannot be restrained1 was the reply4 ,with burning scorn1 ,tecumseh said3 ,you are not fit to command2 go home and put on petticoats6 ,commodore ,perry won his great victory over the ,british fleet on ,lake ,erie1 ,september #aj1 #ahac4 ,had he failed1 it was the plan of the ,british army in the ,west to invade ,ohio4 ,if he won1 ,general ,harrison meant to invade ,canada4 ,as soon as he learned of the victory1 told to him by ,perry's message1 ,we have met the enemy and they are ours1 he lost no time in invading ,canada4 ,he embarked at ,sandusky ,bay1 ,september #bg1 and landed near ,malden4 ,proctor retreated to ,sandwich with the ,americans closely pressing him4 ,instead of giving battle1 the ,british commander kept up his retreat to the ,thames4 ,tecumseh1 with a large force of ,indians1 was with ,proctor4 ,he was angered over the cowardice of the ,british officer4 ,the chief saw many good positions given up without a struggle1 and did not hide his disgust4 ,going to the general he protested4 ,our fleet has gone out1 said the ,shawanoe2 we know they have fought2 we have heard the great guns1 but we know nothing of what has happened to our father with one arm4 7,this was an allusion to ,commodore ,barclay1 who went into the battle of ,lake ,erie with only one arm and came out without that47 ,our ships have gone one way1 and we are much astonished to see our father tying up everything and preparing to run the other way1 without letting his red children know what his intentions are4 ,you always told us you would never draw your feet off ,british ground4 ,but now1 father1 we see you are drawing back1 and we are sorry to see our father doing so without seeing the enemy4 ,we must compare our father's conduct to a fat dog1 that carries its tail upon its back1 but when frightened1 it drops it between its legs and runs off4 ,father1 listen6--,the ,americans have not yet defeated us by land1 neither are we sure they have done so by water2 we therefore wish to remain here and fight our enemy1 should they make their appearance4 ,if they defeat us1 we will then retreat with our father4 ,father6--,you have got the arms and ammunition which our great father sent for his red children4 ,if you have any idea of going away1 give them to us and you may go and welcome4 ,our lives are in the hands of the ,great ,spirit4 ,we are determined to defend our lands1 and if it be his will1 we wish to leave our bones upon them4 ,this speech referred to the retreat from ,malden4 ,tecumseh reluctantly gave his assent to a still further withdrawal1 but he warned ,proctor that if he did not stop retreating and fight1 he would call off his warriors and have nothing to do with him4 ,the ,british leader was forced to give battle at the ,moravian ,town on the ,thames4 ,he and ,tecumseh chose the battle ground1 the ,shawanoe having the most to say about it4 ,he showed ,proctor how he could protect one flank with the river and the other with a swamp4 ,the battle of the ,thames ,october #e1 was another brilliant victory for the ,americans under ,general ,harrison4 ,proctor and a few others escaped by starting early in their flight4 ,with this exception1 the whole ,british force became prisoners4 ,tecumseh never thought of retreating or surrendering1 but1 at the head of his fifteen hundred warriors1 he held the ,american army in check for a long time4 ,he soon received a severe wound in the arm1 but paid no attention to it1 and fought on with as much bravery as ever4 ,his wonderful voice rose above the roar of battle1 and nerved the arms of his warriors1 but suddenly it ceased1 and it quickly became known that ,tecumseh had fallen4 ,a panic instantly spread among the ,indians1 who broke into headlong flight in all directions4 ,illustration3 ,,kit ,,carson ,a strange dispute raged for years as to who it was that killed ,tecumseh4 ,although it was never settled1 it is generally believed that it was ,colonel ,richard ,m4 ,johnson of ,kentucky1 afterward ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states4 ,while the identity of ,tecumseh's slayer may be uncertain1 there is no doubt that1 whoever he was1 he closed the career of the greatest ,american ,indian that ever lived4 ,,adventures ,,of ,,weatherford ,,chief ,,of ,,the ,,creek ,,confederacy ,living at the time of ,tecumseh1 was a chief of strong ability1 though inferior to the great ,shawanoe in the nobler qualities4 ,he was ,weatherford1 the ,creek leader1 whose name recalls one of the most terrible incidents in the history of the frontier4 ,illustration ,it will be remembered that ,tecumseh visited the ,creeks1 and when his burning appeals failed to rouse his listeners as he expected1 he declared in his impatience that when he got home he would stamp the ground and it should shake4 ,his return was followed by the historical ,new ,madrid earthquake4 ,but for the fatal blunder of ,the ,prophet1 in bringing on the battle of ,tippecanoe1 while ,tecumseh was absent1 the ,creeks as a body would have joined the confederacy4 ,as it was1 the younger warriors were swept off their feet by the ,shawanoe's eloquence1 though many of the elders urged them to keep out of the war that was sure to bring suffering and disaster to them4 ,withal1 in the face of bad traits1 ,weatherford was brave1 eloquent and tactful4 ,he required a strong occasion to rouse him to bursts of oratory1 and he was too wise to cheapen his gifts by speaking too often4 ,his wisdom was the admiration of the old1 while his vices made him the idol of the young and vicious4 ,he was tall1 straight1 well-proportioned1 with pleasing features2 and the impression of any one looking upon him for the first time was favorable4 ,he was avaricious and took for himself one of the finest tracts of land belonging to the tribe among whom he made his home4 ,to sum up1 he was the corner-stone of the ,creek confederacy4 ,the ,creeks and ,seminoles1 living within the limits of ,florida1 began a series of outrages against the white settlements at the opening of the ,war of #ahab4 ,numerous runaway slaves took refuge in the swamps and morasses where they were welcomed by the ,indians and were safe against pursuit and recovery by their former masters4 ,these negroes intermarried with the ,indians and the mongrel population was of the most degraded character4 ,their forays became so harassing1 that the militia of the ,southwest were called out1 and marched against the savages4 ,a large number of the inhabitants fled to ,fort ,mimms1 a stockade on ,lake ,tonsas1 ,alabama4 ,knowing the peril to which these refugees were exposed1 ,governor ,claiborne sent one hundred and seventy-five volunteers to its defence1 and placed them under the command of ,major ,beasley4 ,in his anxiety the governor visited the fort1 and tried to impress ,beasley with the imminence of the danger to which all were exposed4 ,i look upon it as almost certain you will be attacked2 ,weatherford is one of the most daring leaders the ,indians have ever had2 his spies are watching you at this moment1 as they have been doing from the first2 nothing that you can do will escape him2 if you give him the first encouragement1 he will massacre everyone of you4 ,the officer assured the governor that he would be vigilant1 but the fear of the executive was not removed4 ,fort ,early was the farthest advanced in the ,indian country1 and he went thither with his escort to impress the same watchfulness upon the garrison there4 ,while on the road1 he wrote a letter to ,major ,beasley1 warning him again of his peril1 and reminding him that the life of every one of the women and children who had fled to the post was in his keeping4 ,one would suppose that after these appeals ,major ,beasley1 figuratively speaking1 never would have closed his eyes2 but that officer was one of those who1 when placed in a critical situation1 seem to be smitten with blindness4 ,several negroes had been sent up the ,alabama by their masters to procure corn4 ,the ,indians captured three1 but one managed to escape4 ,he ran to ,fort ,mimms1 and told the ,major that the ,indians were marching against the post4 ,the commandant looked calmly at the panting servant1 the picture of terror1 and smiled4 ,he couldn't believe the negro had any cause for his panic4 ,the next day several white men came to the fort with word that a large force of ,indians were in the neighborhood1 and every sign pointed to an attack4 ,the officer was not so foolish as wholly to disregard this news1 though he could not believe the danger was serious4 ,that which followed seems incredible4 ,three negroes1 a day or two later1 hurried to the post1 and told ,major ,beasley that1 while looking for cattle in the woods1 they had met a large party of prowling ,indians4 ,the officer sent out several scouts to look for them4 ,they came back saying they had not found a single redskin1 whereupon1 ,major ,beasley had the principal negro whipped for spreading falsehoods4 ,the next day the same negro discovered a large number of warriors stealing through the woods toward the fort4 ,not caring to earn another reward such as he had received for telling the truth in the former instance1 he wisely decided to hold his peace4 ,not long afterward1 ,weatherford1 at the head of fifteen hundred warriors1 crossed an open field and came within thirty paces of the fort on a bright summer morning 7,august #cj1 #ahac71 before his approach was discovered4 ,to complete the criminal idiocy of the commandant and his officers1 the gates were open and unguarded4 ,before they could be closed1 the horde swarmed through and attacked the garrison4 ,of the defenders1 nearly one-half were old men1 women and children4 ,the soldiers fought as men do who know no quarter will be given1 and who are aware of the awful fate of those dependent upon them1 in case of the failure to repel their assailants4 ,it is not necessary to dwell upon the particulars of this dreadful affair4 ,every officer died fighting4 ,the women and children took refuge in the blockhouse1 to which the ,creeks applied the torch1 and all perished4 ,the wounded ,major ,beasley was one of those who breathed his last in the flames4 ,nearly three hundred were in ,fort ,mimms1 of whom only seventeen escaped1 and most of these were wounded4 ,this massacre sent a thrill of horror and wrath throughout the country4 ,tennessee set aside three hundred thousand dollars1 and placed five thousand men under command of ,general ,andrew ,jackson1 with orders to punish the ,creeks4 ,it is worth noting that ,old ,hickory at that time was not fully recovered from a wound received in a duel1 and among the volunteers under him were the eccentric ,davy ,crockett1 killed more than twenty years later at the ,alamo1 and ,sam ,houston1 who won the independence of ,texas at ,san ,jacinto1 shortly after the death of ,crockett1 and his comrades at the fort in ,san ,antonio4 ,on the march1 ,jackson's men rebelled because they were reduced to the point of starvation1 and saw no hope of getting a mouthful of food if they remained4 ,the stern old hero of ,new ,orleans crushed the mutiny1 and lived upon acorns1 and sometimes was unable to obtain even these4 ,it was not the only time that that remarkable man1 single-handed1 conquered a thousand men by the strength of his will4 ,it is not our province to give a history of the ,creek ,war1 marked as it was by many shocking occurrences on both sides4 ,white men1 in the intense anger caused by the outrages of the ,indians1 often equalled them in cruelty4 ,there were numerous skirmishes1 battles and defeats of the hostiles1 whose spirits1 however1 remained unbroken1 until the delivery of the crushing blow at the ,great ,horseshoe ,bend of the ,tallapoosa ,river1 in the ,state of ,alabama4 ,the ,creeks had been beaten so many times that they determined to make their final stand at this point1 and to stake everything on a single battle4 ,their camp was fortified with a skill that recalled the fort of the ,narragansetts during ,king ,philip's war1 it being so built that the only way to carry it was by storm4 ,behind these rough intrenchments crouched a thousand warriors1 ready to fight to the death4 ,general ,jackson had been eager from the first to get the hostiles together like this1 so that when he struck his blow1 it should be effective4 ,so long as only a few were slain here and there1 no real effect upon the campaign itself followed4 ,he was as resolute to reach the hostiles as they were to have him come within reach of them4 ,early on the forenoon of ,march #bg1 #ahad1 ,general ,coffee1 with a force of regulars1 and a number of friendly ,indians1 crossed the river two miles below the encampment and stationed his men so as to cut off the retreat of the enemy4 ,a number of spies paddled in canoes to the end of the bend1 and fired several buildings4 ,pressing on1 they attacked the breastworks1 but did not make much of an impression4 ,illustration3 ,,weatherford ,,and ,,general ,,jackson ,meanwhile1 the rest of the ,american army was impatiently awaiting their opportunity4 ,when ,jackson1 as eager as they1 had placed his troops in position1 he sent forward a flag of truce1 with an interpreter to summon ,weatherford to surrender4 ,the moment the flag came within range1 the ,creeks fired upon it4 ,the bearer hurried back with a report of his inhospitable reception4 ,the battle which opened lasted for five hours1 and was fought with the fierceness that marked the great ,swamp ,fight in ,new ,england1 more than a hundred years before4 ,the triumph of the ,americans was overwhelming4 ,they had twenty-five killed and more than a hundred wounded1 while the loss of the ,creeks reached the fearful total of six hundred1 besides two hundred and fifty women and children prisoners4 ,the blow was one of the most crushing ever delivered in the history of ,indian warfare4 ,none of the ,creeks was so blind as not to see that the only escape from utter destruction was by making peace on the best terms possible1 with the whites4 ,chiefs and warriors began coming into the ,american camp and offering their submission4 ,whenever they did so1 the eagle-eyed ,jackson scanned each dusky face1 and asked the name of the leader before him4 ,he wanted to secure ,weatherford1 and left no doubt of his purpose to shoot him for the horrible crime of ,fort ,mimms4 ,he was willing to accept the surrender of any and all chiefs1 with the one exception of the arch-fiend1 who had placed himself outside the pale of civilized warfare4 ,but ,weatherford did not appear4 ,he may have been too proud to surrender1 but it is as likely he feared to put himself in the power of the stern leader of the ,americans4 ,afraid the ,creek sachem would not appear1 and determined to get him1 ,jackson told several chiefs that he would accept their submission1 but1 before doing so1 they must prove their earnestness by bringing ,weatherford to him1 securely bound4 ,when these chiefs1 at ,jackson's command1 went to ,weatherford with the message1 he replied3 ,i shall never be delivered to him bound a captive4 ,some time later ,general ,jackson was busy with certain papers1 when a tall1 fine looking ,indian stalked into his tent4 ,i am ,weatherford1 said he2 ,i am the chief who commanded at ,fort ,mimms2 ,i have come to ask peace for my people4 ,i am surprised that you should appear in my presence1 replied the general1 studying the visitor from head to foot2 ,i know of your wicked conduct at ,fort ,mimms1 for which you deserve death2 my orders were that you should not be seen here until you were bound2 had that been done1 ,i should have known how to deal with you4 ,you can still do that2 am ,i not in your power8 ,can you not do with me as you choose8 ,i am a soldier2 ,i have done your people all the harm ,i could2 ,i should have done them more harm1 but ,i could not2 ,i have fought you bravely1 and if ,i had an army ,i should still fight you2 ,i would contend to the last2 but ,i cannot fight without warriors1 for they have been taken from me4 ,my people are gone2 you have left but few of them2 ,i can only weep for them that are gone4 ,jackson was the man to admire boldness in another4 ,his visitor had disarmed him by his bold surrender1 knowing1 as ,jackson was sure he knew1 his anger toward him4 ,he looked admiringly at the tall1 magnificent fellow and said3 ,i will take no advantage over you1 scoundrel though you are6 ,if ,i should serve you as you ought to be served1 even your own people would say ,i did right4 ,you showed no mercy to poor women and children at ,fort ,mimms1 when they had not harmed a hair in the head of you or yours1 and could not defend themselves4 ,but1 as ,i said1 ,i will take no advantage over you4 ,you may walk out of this camp unharmed2 you may place yourself at the head of your war party and fight us2 but ,i warn you that if you are captured1 you shall receive no quarter4 ,your people can save themselves only by unconditional submission4 ,standing erect1 the chief looked into the face of the stern1 military leader1 and without a tremor1 replied3 ,you know it is safe to address such words to me4 ,there was a time1 not long ago1 when ,i should have known how to answer you2 once ,i had a choice1 but there is none left to me now4 ,there does not remain even to me a hope4 ,i could once animate my warriors to battle1 but ,i cannot animate the dead4 ,my warriors can no longer hear the voice which has nerved their arms so many times4 ,their bones are scattered at ,talladega1 ,tallushatches1 ,emuckfau1 and ,tohopeka 7the ,indian name of ,horseshoe ,bend74 ,i have not surrendered myself without thought4 ,while there was a single chance of success1 ,i never left my post nor begged for peace1 for ,i did not want it4 ,weatherford does not fear to meet any white man4 ,but my people are gone1 and my prayer is not for myself but for my nation4 ,i look back with deep sorrow1 and wish to avert deeper calamities that threaten to come upon my people4 ,if ,i had been left to contend with the ,georgia army1 ,i should have raised my corn on one bank of the river1 and fought them on the other4 ,but your people have destroyed my nation4 ,you are a brave man4 ,i rely upon your generosity4 ,you will exact no terms of a conquered people1 but such as it is right they should accede to4 ,whatever they may be1 it would now be madness and folly to oppose them4 ,if they are opposed1 you shall find me among the sternest enforcers of obedience4 ,those who still hold out can be influenced by nothing but a mean spirit of revenge4 ,to this they must not1 and shall not sacrifice the last remnant of their country4 ,you have told our nation where we might go and be safe4 ,this is good talk1 and they ought to listen to it4 ,they shall listen to it6 ,this fine speech produced the effect intended4 ,general ,jackson declined to accept ,weatherford as a prisoner of war1 and he strode out of the ,american camp as proudly as he had entered it1 and kept the pledge made to his conqueror4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,indian ,,totem ,,poles ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,fighting ,,against ,,fate ,,black ,,hawk ,,and ,,his ,,war ,black ,hawk was born on ,rock ,river1 in ,illinois1 about the year #agfg4 ,when only fifteen years old he took the scalp of an enemy and soon gained so much fame on the war path1 that he became one of the foremost of leaders1 and often headed parties of his people against other tribes4 ,it was claimed by the majority of the chiefs and sachems of the ,sacs and ,foxes that the treaty made with ,governor ,harrison in #ahjd1 by which their lands east of the ,mississippi were sold1 was executed on the part of the ,indians by a few chiefs1 who had no authority of the nation to whom the act was unknown until some time later4 ,when1 therefore1 the ,americans built a fort on the ,mississippi1 the ,indians were angry and tried to cut off the garrison4 ,when ,illinois became a ,state1 in #ahah1 hundreds of emigrants flocked thither4 ,they came so fast that their settlements surrounded the territory occupied by the ,sacs and ,foxes4 ,trouble is sure to come when such a state of affairs exists4 ,the ,indians looked upon the white people as intruders--as they certainly were--while the new comers were anxious to be rid of their unwelcome neighbors1 and did all they could to make their situation uncomfortable4 ,they thought that by doing this1 they would force the ,indians to pull up stakes and go elsewhere4 ,but the true owners stayed where they were4 ,when they were absent on a hunt1 the settlers tore down the fences and turned the ,indians' cattle into their cornfields1 whose crops were trampled and destroyed4 ,in #ahbg1 during another absence of the warriors and their families1 some miscreants set fire to their village and nearly fifty houses were laid in ashes4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,cattle ,,raid ,two months after these events1 ,general ,atkinson entered the ,winnebago country with a military force and captured the chief and six ,winnebagoes who were thrown into prison until they could be tried4 ,the chief died in jail4 ,after a long time four were found guilty and two acquitted1 the former being sentenced to be hanged4 ,black ,hawk was accused of being one of the party who fired on the keel boats1 but was set free for lack of evidence4 ,not long afterward1 when all danger was past1 he confessed that he was guilty as charged4 ,several shameful acts against the ,indians were perpetrated by the whites about this time4 ,in one instance several settlers1 claiming that they had been ill-used1 fell upon ,black ,hawk and beat him unmercifully4 ,the indignity1 added to other wrongs1 led him to determine upon war against the whites4 ,he had been promised help by other tribes1 but when he called upon them1 nearly all refused to give the slightest aid4 ,he convinced ,keokuk that he had made a great mistake in parting with the lands1 and that chief promised to do what he could to get them back4 ,black ,hawk said he would let the whites have all the valuable lead mines1 on condition that they were allowed to stay in their village and till their cornfields1 where1 according to tradition1 one of their villages had stood for nearly two centuries4 ,so sure were the ,sacs that their wishes would be granted1 that they went on their usual fall hunt in #ahcj4 ,when they came back1 they found that the whites had moved in1 and taken possession of every wigwam and lodge4 ,the ,sacs were upon the banks of the ,mississippi1 without shelter for their squaws and children4 ,no wonder that they felt the wrong was beyond bearing4 ,the chiefs decided to take possession of their village4 ,the whites were alarmed when the blanketed warriors and their families stalked in among them and made themselves at home4 ,it was evident that any attempt to oust the rightful owners would cause bloodshed2 so the settlers said they would stay and work and plant in partnership4 ,this was done1 but the situation of the ,indians was made almost intolerable4 ,the whites took care that they had the best land1 and they treated their dusky neighbors with brutal harshness1 insulting them on every pretext1 and1 in one instance at least1 they beat a young man so badly that he died of his injuries4 ,it was to be expected in some cases the ,indians would give great provocation1 but nothing could excuse the wholesale stealing of their village and land4 ,the chiefs1 knowing how closely they were watched1 and that the intruders were anxious for an excuse for calling upon the authorities1 told their people in no circumstances to be the first to commit a hostile act against the intruders4 ,the ,sacs were notified that their lands had been sold1 and they must not again set foot on the eastern side of the river4 ,we have shown that they disregarded the warning1 and ,black ,hawk and his band did not hesitate to declare they meant to stay4 ,the settlers appealed to the governor of ,illinois1 who1 asserting that the ,state had been invaded by hostile ,indians1 called out seven hundred militia to protect the citizens4 ,he requested ,general ,gaines1 commanding the western department1 to coperate with him4 ,that officer summoned a strong force of regulars and went to the region in dispute4 ,under date of ,june #b;d1 #ahca1 the general made the following interesting statement3 ,i have visited the ,rock ,river villages1 with a view to ascertain the localities1 and1 as far as possible1 the disposition of the ,indians4 ,they confirm me in the opinion ,i had previously formed1 that1 whatever may be their feelings of hostility1 they are resolved to abstain from the use of their tomahawks and firearms except in self-defence4 ,but ,i am resolved to abstain from firing a shot without some bloodshed1 or some manifest attempt to shed blood1 on the part of the ,indians4 ,i have already induced one-third of them to cross the ,mississippi to their own land4 ,the residue1 however1 say1 as the friendly chiefs report1 that they will never move2 and what is very uncommon1 their women urge their hostile husbands to fight rather than to move and thus abandon their homes4 ,general ,gaines awaited the arrival of the militia4 ,they appeared about a week later4 ,knowing what was to be expected from them1 if they were once let loose1 the ,indians immediately moved across the ,mississippi1 and the army took possession of the ,sac village without the firing of a shot4 ,a treaty was signed1 but it was without permanent effect1 for before the close of the year1 both parties violated it4 ,being in a starving condition1 a number of ,sacs secretly recrossed the river1 and stole some of their own corn4 ,matters remained in an unsettled condition1 and in the following spring1 ,general ,atkinson1 at the head of a regiment of regulars1 set out for the ,upper ,mississippi4 ,at his approach ,black ,hawk and his party left their camp1 and went up ,rock ,river4 ,he expected to be joined by the ,pottawatomies1 ,winnebagoes and ,kickapoos1 but they wisely kept out of the fighting1 when they knew a disastrous end was certain4 ,black ,hawk moved leisurely up stream1 and on the way was overtaken by several expresses from ,general ,atkinson1 ordering him to return4 ,in every instance the chief sent back a defiant answer1 and kept on4 ,instead of pursuing1 ,general ,atkinson halted at ,dixon's ,ferry1 and waited for the reinforcements that were on the way4 ,he was pleased to find1 however1 that quite a strong military force had already arrived at the place before his advent4 ,having decided upon a reconnaissance1 ,major ,silliman at the head of two hundred and seventy men1 moved cautiously toward the hostiles4 ,black ,hawk sent three messengers with a flag of truce to invite the officer to a conference4 ,instead of accepting the invitation or respecting the flag1 the major made prisoners of the bearers4 ,not understanding why they did not return1 ,black ,hawk sent five other messengers after them4 ,they were fired upon and two killed1 the others escaping by running4 ,thus the ,sacs were receiving valuable lessons in civilized warfare4 ,as soon as the chief learned of the outrage1 he prepared to ambush the advancing company1 although their number was more than double that of the ,indians4 ,the effort succeeded so well1 that the soldiers were driven back in disorderly flight with the loss of a dozen men4 ,the war having begun was carried on in the usual barbarous fashion of the border4 ,the ,sacs were too wise to meet the troops in open battle1 but attacked exposed places1 when there was no thought of their coming4 ,scores of dreadful outrages took place1 and in more than one instance1 the white men proved as cruel in their methods as the ,indians themselves ever were4 ,the state of affairs grew so intolerable1 that ,general ,scott was ordered to the frontier with nine companies of artillery4 ,the same number of companies were also sent thither from the ,lakes1 and two companies from another point4 ,it was wise to launch a strong enough force against ,black ,hawk to make sure of crushing him and his hostiles4 ,however1 ,general ,scott's companies were soon attacked by the cholera and terribly decimated4 ,it is interesting to record the names of two persons who figured in the ,black ,hawk ,war1 on the side of the ,americans4 ,one was a tall1 ungainly captain of ,illinois1 who was registered as ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,the ,united ,states officer who mustered him and the soldiers into the service of the country was ,jefferson ,davis4 ,black ,hawk had gathered a thousand warriors1 with whom he awaited ,general ,atkinson at a point between ,rock and ,wisconsin rivers4 ,when he saw that the troops outnumbered his bucks almost two to one1 he retreated1 and1 though ,general ,atkinson strove hard1 he could not bring the chief to a stand4 ,seeing that his force was too bulky to escape together1 ,black ,hawk approached the ,mississippi above the mouth of the ,wisconsin4 ,most of the women and children went down the river in canoes4 ,several were drowned1 and nearly all the others fell into the hands of the whites4 ,when the main body under ,black ,hawk reached the bank of the river1 they were alarmed by the sight of the steamboat ,warrior1 which seemed to be waiting for them4 ,most of the ,indians were in a starving condition1 and the sufferings of the women and children were so pitiful that ,black ,hawk1 seeing the hopelessness of keeping up the struggle1 decided to surrender4 ,he sent a body of his warriors to the edge of the stream1 bearing a flag of truce4 ,the troops were not wholly blamable for thinking this was a ruse to lure them to land1 for the trick was used many times during our border troubles4 ,black ,hawk always said he honestly meant to surrender4 ,be the truth as it may1 the steamer opened with a six-pounder4 ,more than a score of ,indians were slain1 besides a large number wounded1 while not a man was killed on the steamboat4 ,in the latter part of ,july1 ,general ,atkinson1 with sixteen hundred men1 crossed to the north side of the ,wisconsin at ,helena1 and pressed on with the purpose of hitting the ,indian trail4 ,he made a forced march1 and1 four nights later1 an old ,sac was met who told him the ,indians had gone to the ,mississippi which they meant to cross the next day4 ,the horses and men were so tired that ,general ,atkinson was forced to rest for several hours4 ,before the ,sacs were able to reach the river1 they were overtaken1 and the fight that followed and lasted for several hours was more of a massacre than a battle4 ,while the ,americans lost only twenty-seven men1 that of the ,indians was ten times as great4 ,black ,hawk escaped by the narrowest chance with the remnant of his force4 ,this battle was the finishing stroke to the ,black ,hawk ,war4 ,the ,sioux and ,winnebagoes kept continually bringing in prisoners1 and ,general ,atkinson asked ,keokuk to send messengers to demand the surrender of ,black ,hawk and the remainder of the hostiles1 and to deliver the chief1 alive or dead1 within an appointed time4 ,black ,hawk1 with a few friends1 took refuge at the ,winnebago village of ,prairie la ,cross4 ,worn out1 depressed and hopeless1 he told the chief he was ready to surrender to the whites1 and they were welcome to do what they chose with him2 he would not make the least objection if they decided to put him to death4 ,the squaws made him a dress of white deerskin1 and clothed in this1 he walked voluntarily to ,prairie du ,chien1 with the two ,winnebagoes who had been sent after him4 ,about midday1 ,august #bg1 #ahcc1 he and his companion1 better known as ,the ,prophet 7no relative of course of ,tecumseh71 walked into ,prairie du ,chien ,fort and gave themselves up as prisoners of war4 ,when ,black ,hawk surrendered to the commander1 he waited for one of his companions to speak1 and gave close attention to the reply of the officer4 ,all eyes being turned upon the chieftain1 he said3 ,you have taken me prisoner with all my warriors4 ,i am much grieved1 for ,i expected1 if ,i did not defeat you1 to hold out much longer1 and give you more trouble before ,i surrendered4 ,i tried hard to bring you into ambush1 but your last general understands ,indian fighting4 ,the first one was not so wise4 ,when ,i saw ,i could not beat you by ,indian fighting1 ,i determined to rush on you1 and fight you face to face4 ,i fought hard4 ,but your guns were well aimed4 ,the bullets flew like birds in the air1 and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in winter4 ,black ,hawk is a true ,indian1 and disdains to cry like a woman4 ,he feels for his wife1 his children and friends4 ,he does not care for himself4 ,he cares for his nation and the ,indians4 ,they will suffer4 ,he laments their fate4 ,the white men do not scalp the dead2 but they do worse--they poison the heart2 it is not pure with them4 ,his countrymen will not be scalped1 but they will1 in a few years1 become like the white men1 so that you cannot trust them1 and there must be1 as in the white settlements1 nearly as many officers as men1 to take care of them and keep them in order4 ,farewell1 my nation6 ,black ,hawk tried to save you and avenge your wrongs4 ,he drank the blood of some of the whites4 ,he has been taken prisoner1 and his plans are stopped4 ,he can do no more4 ,he is near his end4 ,his sun is setting1 and he will rise no more4 ,farewell to ,black ,hawk6 ,there was no thought1 however1 of putting the chief or any of his companions to death4 ,the prisoners and their guard were taken by steamboat down the river to ,jefferson ,barracks4 ,black ,hawk1 ,the ,prophet1 eleven head men or chiefs of the ,sacs and ,foxes1 and some fifty warriors composed the party4 ,upon their arrival all were put in irons4 ,by a treaty made with the ,sacs and ,foxes1 a short time after1 they ceded five million acres of land1 containing much valuable lead deposits1 to the ,united ,states4 ,at the same time1 the ,winnebagoes surrendered four millions six hundred thousand acres of equally good land to our government4 ,in addition to an annuity for thirty years1 the payment of the debts of the tribes1 and a supply of provisions1 a reservation of forty square miles on the ,iowa ,river was given to ,keokuk and his band for their loyalty during the troubles now happily brought to an end4 ,black ,hawk1 his two sons1 and seven of the principal warriors1 were to be held as hostages at the pleasure of the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,black ,hawk now entered upon the experience which gave him his real reputation as an orator4 ,his war against the settlements had drawn more attention and raised more interest throughout the country than many wars of greater magnitude before or since1 and1 wherever he went1 he was a notable personage4 ,in the month of ,april1 #ahcc1 the chief and his companions arrived in ,washington1 and had an interview with ,president ,jackson4 ,each had heard of the other1 and the salutation of the chieftain when presented to the foremost citizen of the ,united ,states1 was3 ,i am a man and you are another6 ,old ,hickory received his visitor kindly1 but1 as was his custom1 used plain words4 ,he told him that a number of articles of dress which had been prepared would be speedily given to him1 and the chief was at liberty to distribute them as he thought best4 ,the ,president added that the party must leave at once for ,fort ,monroe1 and be content to remain there until he gave them permission to return to their homes4 ,their stay would depend upon the conduct of their people4 ,when the terms of the treaty had been complied with1 and the distant warriors showed a friendly spirit1 the chiefs and their friends would be set free4 ,the ,president assured them that they need feel no uneasiness about their women and children1 for they would be shielded from all harm at the hands of the ,sioux and the ,menominies4 ,he meant to compel the different tribes to live at peace with one another1 and1 when he became sure that everything would remain quiet1 the prisoners would be sent to their homes4 ,it is worth noting that among all the curiosities shown to these visitors1 they were more interested in the portraits of the ,indian chiefs in the ,war ,department than in anything else4 ,they seemed never to weary of standing in front of the paintings1 and gazing upon the features of those of their own race1 whose fame had come down to them in tradition1 and whose deeds and oratory had filled even civilized brethren with admiration for their heroic qualities4 ,the ,indians arrived at ,fort ,monroe in the latter part of ,april4 ,none was put in irons1 and all were treated with kindness4 ,few indeed could feel any emotion other than sympathy for those men who had suffered so much from a people that claimed a higher civilization and professed the gentle teachings of ,christianity4 ,although the cage in which they were kept was a gilded one1 it was none the less a prison1 and they sighed for the free air of the prairies and mountains4 ,the welcome order arrived in about five weeks1 and they left by steamboat for ,baltimore4 ,naturally they attracted great interest at all points where they stopped1 and their tour through the northern cities was1 to use a common expression1 an ovation4 ,we ,americans are famous for our speeches and addresses which are ready on the slightest provocation4 ,most of those directed at ,black ,hawk were of a wishy-washy character1 that could bear no comparison with the sturdy1 sententious eloquence of the natural orator4 ,the best one of the lot was made by ,hon4 ,john ,a4 ,graham1 at a reception given to the red men in ,new ,york4 ,brothers1 said he1 open your ears4 ,you are brave men4 ,you have fought like tigers1 but in a bad cause4 ,we have conquered you4 ,we are sorry1 last year1 that you raised the tomahawk against us2 but we believe you did not know us then as you do now4 ,we think that in time to come1 you will be wise1 and that we shall be friends forever4 ,you see that we are a great people1 numerous as the flowers of the field1 as the shells on the seashore1 or the fish in the sea4 ,we put one hand on the eastern1 and1 at the same time1 the other on the western ocean4 ,we all act together4 ,sometimes our great men talk loud and long at our council fires1 but if you shed one drop of white men's blood1 our young warriors1 as thick as stars of the night1 will leap on board our great boats1 which fly on the waves1 and over the lakes1 swift as the eagle of the air1 then penetrate the woods1 make the big guns thunder1 and the whole heavens red with the flames of the dwellings of their enemies4 ,illustration3 ,,shawanoh1 ,,the ,,ute ,,chief ,brothers1 the ,president made you a great talk4 ,he has but one mouth4 ,that one has sounded the sentiments of all the people4 ,listen to what he has said to you4 ,write it on your memories4 ,it is good1 very good4 ,black ,hawk1 take these jewels1 a pair of topaz ear rings1 beautifully set in gold1 for your wife or daughter1 as a token of friendship1 keeping always in mind that women and children are the favorites of the ,great ,spirit4 ,these jewels are from an old man1 whose head is whitened by the snows of seventy winters2 an old man1 who has thrown down the bow1 put off the sword1 and now stands leaning on his staff1 awaiting the command of the ,great ,spirit4 ,look around you2 see all these mighty people2 then go to your homes1 and open your arms to receive your families4 ,tell them to bury the hatchet1 to make bright the chain of friendship1 to love the white men and to live in peace with them1 as long as the rivers run into the sea1 and the sun rises and sets4 ,if you do so1 you will be happy4 ,you will then insure the prosperity of unborn generations of your tribes1 who will go hand in hand with the sons of the white men1 and all shall be blessed by the ,great ,spirit4 ,peace and happiness1 by the blessing of the ,great ,spirit1 attend you6 ,farewell6 ,the grim countenance of the old chief showed the pleasure he felt1 as the well-chosen words were interpreted to him4 ,his mouth expanded into a smile1 when the pretty present was handed to him1 and he was told for whom it was intended4 ,brother1 said he1 in reply1 we like your talk4 ,we will be friends4 ,we like the white people2 they are very kind to us4 ,we shall not forget it4 ,your counsel is good2 we shall attend to it4 ,your valuable present shall go to my squaw4 ,it pleases me very much4 ,we shall always be friends4 ,in the month of ,august1 #ahac1 a peculiar battle was fought near ,fort ,george1 by several hundred volunteers and ,indians1 the latter supported by two hundred ,english regulars4 ,the ,americans surprised the ,british and ,indian camp at daybreak1 killed seventy-five and took a number of prisoners4 ,the singular feature of the fight was that the ,seneca ,indians1 who were with the ,americans1 decoyed their brethren on the ,british side into an ambush by a series of signals which the others thought were made by friends4 ,among the chiefs who led the warriors were ,red ,jacket1 of whom we have learned1 and ,captain ,pollard1 whose ,indian name was ,karlundawana4 ,he was now an aged chieftain of the ,senecas1 held in high respect not only by them1 but by the whites1 to whom he had always been a loyal friend4 ,black ,hawk arrived in ,buffalo in the latter part of ,june1 and on the afternoon of the next day1 paid a visit to the ,senecas1 who had gathered in their council house to give them welcome4 ,captain ,pollard was their spokesman1 and taking the hand of ,black ,hawk1 he welcomed in a few fitting words1 telling him of the pleasure it gave him and his people to greet the great chief of the ,sacs and ,foxes4 ,then1 with touching earnestness1 he urged his visitors to go to their homes with peaceable minds toward the whites2 to cultivate the earth1 and to think no more of war1 which was certain at all times to bring evil and suffering upon them4 ,black ,hawk's native sense1 coupled with what he had seen for himself1 of the resources and power of the ,united ,states1 could not fail to convince him of the truth of the words of the ,seneca chieftain4 ,he meant what he said3 ,our aged brother of the ,senecas1 who has spoken to us1 has spoken the words of a good and wise man4 ,we are strangers to each other1 though we have the same color1 and the same ,great ,spirit made us all1 and gave us this country together4 ,brothers1 we have seen how great a people the whites are4 ,they are very rich and very strong4 ,it is folly for us to fight with them4 ,we shall go home with much knowledge4 ,for myself1 ,i shall advise my people to be quiet and live like good men4 ,the advice which you gave us1 brother1 is very good1 and we tell you now that we mean to walk the straight path in the future1 and to content ourselves with what we have and with cultivating our lands4 ,a marked but perhaps natural change in the feelings of the white people showed itself as the ,indians drew near ,detroit1 for they were then entering a section where the inhabitants could not forget the injuries they had suffered from these redskins4 ,while they offered no violence1 they scowled at them4 ,insulting remarks were made in their hearing1 and several men1 more impulsive than their fellows1 burned ,black ,hawk and his companions in effigy4 ,it will be remembered that the ,menominies and ,winnebagoes had always been enemies of the ,sacs and ,foxes4 ,they made savage war against them during the late hostilities1 and it was a couple of ,winnebagoes who brought the chief to the camp as a prisoner4 ,from ,green ,bay1 the route of the party was through the country of these people1 and the danger of an attack by them was thought to be so great1 that a strong guard of troops escorted the returning captives to ,chicago1 which at that time was little more than a frontier post4 ,naturally1 ,black ,hawk and his companions seemed depressed when they drew near the scene of the late stormy events in their lives4 ,they saw the lands they loved in the possession of the invaders1 and the homes that once had been theirs in ashes and ruins4 ,but their dejection showed only in their faces4 ,none uttered a word of complaint4 ,fort ,armstrong1 on ,rock ,island1 had been selected as the place where the ,indians were to be made fully free1 with liberty to go whither they chose and do what they pleased1 so long as they did not injure the white people4 ,when their old comrades came in with news of the families of those who had been separated so long from them1 the spirits of all rose1 and as the numerous presents were distributed1 every one was happy1 as might be expected4 ,the bitterest cup of which ,black ,hawk had to drink was now pressed to his lips4 ,he and ,keokuk had headed two warring factions of the ,sacs4 ,but for the aid given by the white men to his rival1 ,black ,hawk was sure he would have triumphed2 but that rival was more cunning than he1 in that he took the side of those who were mightier than the two together4 ,he had conquered1 and was now the sole head of the ,sac nation4 ,black ,hawk must meet him1 and submit to the crowning shame of all4 ,there was no help for it4 ,keokuk was absent on a buffalo hunt when ,black ,hawk reached ,fort ,armstrong1 but he and a number of his warriors came in the following day4 ,it did not add to ,black ,hawk's peace of mind to see his rival's breast covered with medals presented to him by the people who had despoiled both4 ,but ,keokuk could afford to be genial1 and when he saw the other he advanced toward him4 ,the ,great ,spirit has sent our brother back2 let us shake hands in friendship4 ,black ,hawk silently returned the pressure1 and looked in the face of ,keokuk with a world of pathos in his gloomy features4 ,as he still remained silent1 too depressed to find words1 ,keokuk began asking him questions about his journey home4 ,then pipes were brought out1 and all smoked and chatted for an hour or more4 ,a more formal reception took place on the morrow1 when ,keokuk returned and the grand council was held4 ,there was some friction during the speaking1 in which the commandant of the fort took part1 but in the end all was made smooth1 and ,black ,hawk finally left for his wigwam1 with expressions of good will toward all1 including the chief who had supplanted him4 ,black ,hawk died ,october #c1 #ahch1 and his funeral was attended by hundreds of whites as well as ,indians4 ,he was buried at his request in a sitting posture1 with his cane between his knees and grasped in his hands4 ,his bones were stolen and found a year later in the possession of a surgeon of ,quincy1 ,illinois4 ,governor ,lucas of ,iowa compelled their restoration to the friends of the dead chieftain4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,early ,,railroad ,,in ,,indian ,,country ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,hero ,,of ,,the ,,everglades ,,osceola ,,and ,,the ,,seminole ,,war ,the first treaty of ,payne's ,landing1 which was signed in ,may1 #ahcb1 required the ,seminoles to give up all their lands in ,florida and to go west of the ,mississippi4 ,only seven chiefs signed the treaty for their people1 nearly all of whom were bitterly opposed to it4 ,in their rage they killed two signers1 and replaced them with a bitter enemy of the project4 ,one of the indignant chiefs1 when asked to give his views of the ,treaty of ,payne's ,landing1 strode to the table where the paper lay1 hunting knife in hand1 and exclaimed3 ,that is my opinion6 ,as he spoke1 he brought down the knife with such force that the point passed through the paper and the top of the table on which it lay4 ,the chief who did this startling thing was ,osceola1 the most famous leader of the ,seminoles4 ,did you ever hear of a war that was caused by the dispute over the meaning of a single pronoun8 ,such was the ,seminole ,war1 one of the most long drawn out and trying in the history of our country4 ,in the treaty referred to the removal of the tribe west of the ,mississippi was made conditional4 ,it said1 ,should they be satisfied with the character of the country4 ,who was meant by they8 ,president ,jackson insisted that it was the seven signers of the treaty 7of whom two were killed71 while the ,seminoles were as firm in arguing that it referred to the whole tribe1 whose opinion was to be formed after their agents had examined the region and made their report4 ,candor forces us to say that the red men had the better of the argument4 ,nor need it be denied that wrong pressure was brought to bear on the consenting chiefs4 ,they were paid to misrepresent the wishes of their people1 and1 like their civilized brethren1 were open to such base inducements4 ,as the time drew near for removal1 it became clear that the ,seminoles had no intention of going4 ,general ,wiley ,thompson1 the agent1 called the real ,indian chiefs together in ,october1 #ahcd1 and talked pointedly1 impressing upon them the firm resolve of the government to make them obey the terms of the treaty4 ,the dusky leaders were not scared1 and told him the whole business was a fraud1 and they would never accept it4 ,the most outspoken of the chiefs was ,osceola4 ,the conference having adjourned without result1 was again called some time later1 to hear the message of ,president ,jackson1 which was as direct as that sturdy man knew how to make his words4 ,it was useless2 the chiefs knew they had been cheated and remained defiant4 ,what specially angered ,osceola was that some of them1 upon whom he had counted for support1 were won over by the agent4 ,this was done no doubt through the corrupt means that had convinced those who reported favorably on the country selected for their new homes beyond the ,mississippi4 ,he accused ,general ,thompson of unfairness4 ,the quarrel became so heated that the agent had ,osceola put in irons4 ,he was kept over night and a part of two days1 finally gaining his release by promising ,general ,thompson to sign the treaty1 and use his influence to persuade the other chiefs to do the same4 ,illustration3 ,,that ,,is ,,my ,,opinion6 ,osceola was a half-breed1 and this submission was simply a ruse to gain his freedom4 ,his heart burned with rage1 and he yearned for the chance to strike him who had put the crowning shame upon him4 ,as might have been expected1 the mongrel was hardly free of the camp when the outrages were renewed with more ferocity than ever4 ,he killed one of the friendly chiefs1 and then the ,seminoles left all their towns1 and took their families far into the gloomy swamps1 beyond reach of the white men4 ,the remarkable thing about this removal was that it was done with such skill that not the slightest sign showed where the fugitives had gone4 ,the most skillful scouts of the ,american army tried for weeks to trace their hiding place1 but in not a single instance did they succeed4 ,the feat was marvelous1 nothing of the kind having been known before or since4 ,the government could no longer shut its eyes to the fact that it had a serious war on its hands4 ,unless protection was quickly given to the inhabitants of ,florida1 most of them would be massacred4 ,the ,seminoles were in dead earnest4 ,general ,clinch had charge of ,fort ,king1 and would have been doomed had not ,major ,dade reached him with reinforcements4 ,on the day before ,christmas1 #ahce1 ,dade1 with one hundred men and eight officers1 and a fieldpiece1 marched against the hostiles4 ,they advanced without hindrance for several days1 when they were attacked by a large force of ,indians and mongrels4 ,almost the first man to fall was ,major ,dade1 but the other officers and men went down around him like tenpins4 ,under ,captain ,gardener1 the ,indians were finally repelled4 ,it was known1 however1 that they would soon return1 and the soldiers began hastily throwing up intrenchments4 ,they were working desperately1 when the ,indians attacked again4 ,captain ,gardener and many others were quickly killed4 ,an attempt was made to bring the field-piece into action1 but the ,seminoles and negroes shot down every one who tried to serve it4 ,when all the officers and two-thirds of the men had been slain1 the ammunition of the survivors gave out1 and the enemy rushed upon them4 ,only three men1 by feigning death1 escaped to the woods after the departure of the assailants4 ,the massacre of ,major ,dade and his command caused as profound emotion throughout the country as that of ,custer and his men nearly a half century later4 ,it is believed1 though it is not certain1 that ,osceola was the leader in this terrible affair4 ,if so1 he did another thing1 which1 in its way1 was equally startling4 ,his enmity toward ,general ,thompson1 who had put him in irons1 was intense4 ,on the same day that the ,dade massacre took place1 ,thompson was dining in a house within a short distance of ,fort ,king4 ,seated at the table with him were several gentlemen2 and1 as the day was unusually warm1 even for that latitude1 the sashes were raised4 ,in the midst of the meal1 and while all were chatting and laughing1 a volley came through the windows1 and ,osceola1 at the head of a party of ,seminoles1 dashed into the room with tomahawks upraised4 ,five guests leaped out of the windows1 and1 running at headlong speed1 reached the fort4 ,the others made for a hummock near by1 but were shot down on the way4 ,five in all1 including ,general ,thompson1 were killed4 ,the cook1 a negro woman1 hid behind a barrel and was not noticed4 ,those who fell were scalped1 and ,osceola1 uttering his well-known defiant cry1 made off with his companions1 before the garrison at the fort could interfere4 ,the famous mongrel was the head and front of the rebellion4 ,a force of seven hundred men1 while crossing the ,ouithlacoochee ,river1 were attacked by him1 and in an hour's fight1 the ,americans suffered a loss of sixty-three killed and wounded1 though they inflicted a greater loss upon their assailants4 ,during this struggle1 ,osceola was recognized many times by the soldiers4 ,he wore a red belt and several long1 stained eagle feathers in his hair4 ,he would stand behind a tree1 while reloading his rifle1 after which he would step out into full view and fire with a deliberate aim4 ,he was seen to level his gun at ,general ,clinch several times1 but fortunately that officer1 who rashly exposed himself1 was unharmed1 though his clothing was pierced by one of the bullets of the ,seminole chieftain4 ,in more than one instance a whole platoon fired at ,osceola4 ,the bark was seen to fly from the tree behind which he crouched1 and once he was hit1 but the wound was slight and did not bother him4 ,not until a squad of ,americans were almost upon him1 did he break for new cover1 which he safely reached amid a storm of bullets whistling about him4 ,the valor of the ,americans saved them from a more fearful massacre than that of ,major ,dade's command4 ,it was a long time before the ,united ,states awoke to the difficult task on its hands1 in bringing the ,seminoles of ,florida to terms4 ,it seemed incredible that such an insignificant tribe could withstand the armed forces sent against them1 but1 by-and-by1 more than one alarming fact came to light4 ,some of the ,creeks of ,georgia were stealing across the border and joining the hostiles2 the stream of runaway slaves into those gloomy swamps increased in extent1 and white desperadoes were doing the same thing1 out of pure wantonness4 ,furthermore1 the ,seminoles had the great advantage of fully knowing the wild region4 ,they could strike their lightning-like blows1 and1 if too closely pressed1 take refuge in the dismal solitudes1 whither the white soldiers could not follow them4 ,the warriors and negroes were relieved of all anxiety about their families1 for1 as has been said1 the veteran scouts could not find any of them in hiding4 ,this left the husbands and sons at liberty to fight without thought for the safety of those dependent upon them4 ,as proof of the singular nature of the war1 a few instances may be named4 ,while the sloop ,pilot was sailing up the ,halifax ,river1 it was attacked by ,indians and would have been captured had the ,seminoles been better marksmen4 ,general ,gaines1 while marching from ,tampa for the ,indian country1 with a large force was fired upon several times1 and his losses1 which were not great1 included a lieutenant of ,united ,states dragoons1 while the general himself was wounded4 ,it seemed as if the end of the war was put off in more than one instance1 by some incident1 slight of itself1 but enough to cause misunderstanding4 ,the whites had good reason to suspect the honesty of the ,indians1 and the latter were equally distrustful--and it must be confessed that ground was sometimes given for such distrust--of the honor of the white men4 ,thus early in ,march1 #ahcf1 ,osceola headed a party which met one of ,general ,gaines' staff officers under a flag of truce1 and sent word that he and his warriors were tired of fighting1 and wished to make peace4 ,general ,gaines made the unwise answer that it mattered nothing to him whether the hostiles wanted peace or not1 a large force would soon be on the ground1 and every ,indian taken with arms in his hands would be shot4 ,osceola answered this message by saying that the chiefs would hold a council and send their reply before the close of the day4 ,general ,gaines told them that if they would stop fighting1 go south of the ,ouithlacoochee ,river1 and come to a council when told to do so by the ,united ,states ,commissioners1 no harm should befall them4 ,osceola agreed to this1 but had hardly done so1 when ,general ,clinch1 with several hundred armed men appeared near them4 ,he had just arrived with supplies for the army1 and had no other thought in mind1 but ,osceola believed the whole thing was a trap1 and he and his warriors dashed into the woods in precipitous flight4 ,general ,scott now took command in ,florida4 ,fighting went on all through the summer1 with no real advantage to either side4 ,the ,seminoles met with several successes1 but when cool weather came again1 no actual gain had been made by the ,americans4 ,congress had to grant funds to save many of the settlers from starvation4 ,the whole country became impatient4 ,again and again1 reports were printed that the final blow to the revolt had been given and peace was secured at last2 but1 hardly was this news read when it was followed by tidings of some startling success of the hostiles4 ,if any of the readers of these pages are old enough to remember the ,seminole ,war1 they will recall those trying months and years with their hope long deferred4 ,in ,september1 #ahcf1 a hatless man dashed into ,jacksonville1 with the report that his home1 only seven miles away1 was attacked by ,indians4 ,volunteers hurried to the relief of the besieged1 who1 it was found1 had been able to hold off their assailants2 but several neighbors had been slain and their houses burned4 ,the ,creeks and ,seminoles1 considered as tribes1 had long been enemies4 ,in fact1 one cause of the anger of the latter over the ,treaty of ,payne's ,landing was that it located the ,seminoles near the former in ,indian ,territory4 ,two ,creek chiefs with nearly a thousand warriors1 now joined the ,united ,states forces4 ,this was fighting fire with fire1 and many saw in it the certainty that the war must soon be brought to a close4 ,but the aimless fighting went on4 ,the ,seminoles showed marked valor1 and succeeded in defeating the soldiers with severe losses4 ,general ,jessup having declined to take chief command in ,florida1 ,governor ,call did so1 sure of soon forcing the ,seminoles to sue for peace4 ,he did all that was possible1 and it amounted to nothing4 ,then the ,secretary of ,war ordered ,general ,jessup to take command again4 ,he did so1 and set the main army in motion1 in ,january1 #ahcg4 ,great was the relief of that officer1 when he received proposals of peace from the ,seminoles4 ,they kept straggling in until1 before the close of ,may1 three thousand1 among whom were many women and children1 were gathered at one of the posts on ,lake ,monroe4 ,rations were issued to them1 and among the chiefs was ,osceola himself4 ,more than that1 he had eaten at the table of ,general ,barney1 and slept in his tent4 ,he and all the chiefs said over and over again1 that they had made up their minds to offer no further opposition to their removal to the new lands beyond the ,mississippi4 ,general ,jessup breathed easier1 for he was surely warranted in believing the end was at hand4 ,twenty-four transports lay at ,tampa to take away the ,indians2 but when the day came for them to embark1 not a warrior1 squaw or papoose was to be seen4 ,all had taken to the woods again in obedience to the command of ,osceola4 ,it is hard to understand why he did this thing4 ,could it be in obedience to a waggish disposition8 ,did he wish to humiliate ,general ,jessup1 and through him the ,american army8 ,or did he seek a few good meals for his people1 and more knowledge for himself of the plans of his enemies8 ,the whole war was not marked by a more provoking occurrence4 ,a large party of the army was prostrated by sickness1 and many had been given furlough1 so that the strength of our forces in ,florida was less than it had been for a long time4 ,the ,seminoles were greatly heartened by the trick1 and became more daring than ever4 ,the ,territory of ,florida was swept by a reign of terror1 and the conquest of the redskins seemed farther off than ever4 ,what could be more natural than that ,general ,jessup should be filled with hot resentment against ,osceola1 the cause of his humiliation8 ,he resolved never to trust him again1 and to relax no effort to kill or make him prisoner4 ,in the month of ,october1 #ahcg1 a message came to ,fort ,peyton from ,osceola to the effect that he was a short distance away and desired an interview with ,general ,hernandez4 ,he asked ,general ,jessup to come out and talk with him4 ,instead of replying1 that officer ordered one of his lieutenants to lure ,osceola and his companions into the fort1 and then make them prisoners4 ,but the ,seminole was too wily to be trapped and declined the invitation4 ,general ,hernandez was now sent with two hundred and fifty men to hold a parley with the ,seminoles1 and the lieutenant was told to report whether the answers of the ,indians were satisfactory4 ,he came back after a short time with word that they were not4 ,jessup then ordered ,major ,ashby to seize the whole party1 and this1 too1 despite the fact that the meeting was under a flag of truce4 ,it was so done4 ,seventy-five ,indians1 including ,osceola1 were made prisoners under the white flag1 and without the firing of a gun1 ,october #bc1 #ahcg1 and the act was accepted by our government4 ,while the deed must ever remain a blot upon our honor1 it is only fair to name some of the circumstances that were urged in excuse4 ,the ,seminoles themselves had repeatedly violated flags of truce1 and were so treacherous that they had placed themselves outside the pale of civilized warfare4 ,furthermore1 there was every reason to doubt the honesty of ,osceola and his brother chiefs4 ,they had made the same professions before1 for no reason except to gain time4 ,finally1 there was every cause to believe that his capture and that of the prominent leaders would either end1 or hasten the end1 of the war1 and prevent the shedding of a great deal of innocent blood through the termination of hostilities4 ,these arguments named may be accepted as a partial excuse for the act of ,general ,jessup1 though it cannot be justified4 ,all the abuse he had suffered before was as nothing compared to that now heaped upon his head1 but he had probably become used to that sort of thing1 and believed that when peace speedily followed1 those who blamed him would speak words of praise4 ,but peace did not come1 and the war dragged on for year after year4 ,illustration3 ,,osceola1 ,,the ,,seminole ,osceola and his brother prisoners were sent to ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the leader was soon after removed to ,fort ,moultrie1 in ,charleston harbor4 ,his heart was broken1 his spirit crushed1 and he pined away and died within the following year4 ,that he possessed courage and much strength of character cannot be denied1 though in no respect was he the equal of several leaders of his race who have been named in these pages in the true stories that have been told4 ,we have said so much about the ,seminole ,war that it is well to sum up its history4 ,it has been stated that the capture of ,osceola and many leading chiefs failed to bring the struggle to an end1 as nearly every one believed it would do4 ,general ,zachary ,taylor succeeded ,general ,jessup in command1 and marched from ,fort ,gardener at the close of the year1 #ahcg4 ,rough and ,ready became ,president of the ,united ,states something more than ten years later1 because of the fine record he made in our war with ,mexico4 ,in his biographies1 much notice was given to the battle of ,lake ,okeechobee1 which was fought on that body of water4 ,it was the conflict of the war with the ,seminoles4 ,the issue more than once was doubtful1 but in the end the ,americans drove the enemy from the field4 ,the loss of the soldiers was twenty-eight killed and a hundred and eleven wounded4 ,four companies had every officer1 with one exception1 killed4 ,the rough handling which the ,indians received made them more wary than before about risking a battle in the open4 ,the affrays were too numerous to be recorded4 ,in one case1 ,general ,jessup was badly hurt1 and had ten men killed and thirty wounded4 ,convinced by this time that it was impossible to drive out the ,seminoles from ,florida1 he wrote to the ,secretary of ,war advising that a certain part of the ,territory be set apart for them4 ,the ,secretary gave no attention to the suggestion4 ,finally1 after all methods1 including the violation of the flag of truce1 had failed1 a novel plan was tried4 ,general ,jessup proposed that bloodhounds should be used to run down the ,indians1 who hitherto had found refuge in the swamps4 ,general ,taylor and the administration approved the scheme1 it being declared that the dogs were to be used for no other purpose than to track the redskins4 ,despite the storm of protests raised throughout the country1 thirty-three hounds were imported from ,cuba1 and five ,spaniards were hired to handle them1 the cost of the venture being several thousand dollars4 ,high hopes were felt of the success of this plan1 but1 to the dismay of its authors1 the canines having been trained to track negroes1 refused to take the scent of an ,indian4 ,by urging1 several were made to follow the scent1 but the results were more discouraging than in the case of the others4 ,the red men waited in the woods till the savage brutes came up to them1 when they made friends with them and used the dogs to trail the owners themselves6 ,general ,taylor was relieved by ,general ,mc,comb in ,april1 #ahch4 ,he succeeded in getting a few of the ,seminoles1 who came in with their families1 to consent to be shipped to the lands set apart for them beyond the ,mississippi4 ,after coddling several scores of prisoners1 he sent them back to their brethren under their promise to try to persuade the others to move1 but no results followed4 ,not only were scores of settlers slain1 but many small companies of soldiers were cut off4 ,general ,armistead succeeded to the command in #ahdj4 ,he roused some hope by his kindly policy4 ,he had a number of chiefs brought from ,indian ,territory1 taking care to select those who had strongly opposed at first the removal thither1 but had changed their views1 and sent them among the hostiles4 ,whether they really tried to convince the discontented ones of their error or not1 is uncertain4 ,but though several meetings were held1 the hostiles refused to listen1 fled to the woods and swamps1 and renewed the war with the old-time ferocity4 ,general ,armistead1 in his disappointment1 wrote to the ,secretary of ,war3 ,thus have ended all our well-grounded hopes of bringing the war to a close by pacific measures4 ,confident in the resources of the country1 the enemy will hold out to the last1 and can never be induced to come in again4 ,immediately upon the withdrawal of the ,indians1 orders were transmitted to commanders of the various regiments to put their troops in motion1 and before this reaches you there will be scouting in every direction4 ,and now1 at last the right man came forward in the person of ,general ,william ,j4 ,worth1 who took military charge in ,florida in the spring of #ahda4 ,during the summer months1 he sent parties of men who made their way far into the swamps to the islands1 where the ,seminoles had planted the crops on which they depended for support during the winter4 ,these were destroyed1 and a bright chief was brought as a prisoner to ,tampa4 ,he listened to the arguments of ,general ,worth1 and was impressed by them4 ,the general invited him to select five of his fellow prisoners1 and they were returned to the camp of the hostiles1 with word that if they did not come in and surrender by a certain date to be fixed by the chief himself1 he and all his fellow captives should be hanged4 ,this message did the work4 ,the fierce heroes who had defied the ,united ,states for so many years1 knew that they would starve if they stayed in their retreats and that their leading chief and others would have to die unless the surrender was made4 ,so the barefooted1 emaciated ,seminoles1 negroes and mongrels1 and their ragged women and children1 stalked out of the regions of twilight and gloom1 handed over their flintlocks1 joined the procession beyond the ,mississippi1 and the ,seminole ,war came to an end4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,sitting ,,bull1 ,,the ,,medicine ,,man ,,the ,,last ,,great ,,indian ,,uprising ,on a slight elevation in a western town across which the gusty wind was sweeping1 sat a stolid1 glum-looking ,indian1 slowly writing his autograph on slips of paper and handing them out to the amused persons in front of him4 ,the thrifty red man charged a dollar and a half for each signature1 and was doing a thriving business4 ,not the ghost of a smile lit up the wrinkled1 iron countenance1 though now and then he grunted1 which might have meant pleasure over his profits1 or possibly disgust that he had not charged a higher tariff4 ,he never made any mistake against himself in changing the bills passed over to him4 ,a plump1 military man of short1 stocky build1 in civilian suit1 with big mustaches1 and looking for fun in everything1 bought one of his autographs4 ,a glance at the round pleasing face showed that he was ,general ,philip ,h4 ,sheridan1 while the man standing on his left1 with close-cropped sandy beard1 and smoking a black cigar1 was a still more famous ,american4 ,general ,sheridan studied the awkward signature for a minute or two1 and then turning to his friend at his elbow1 who was doing the same with his autograph1 said3 ,grant1 ,i'll be hanged if the old fraud doesn't write a better hand than you4 ,general ,grant turned his bit of paper over several times1 held it away and then quite close to his face1 as though interested only in the scrawl1 then removed his cigar and with a shadowy smile1 replied to his old comrade3 ,i don't see that you've any cause for boasting1 ,sheridan4 ,the little group that were listening to the couple laughed1 for ,grant1 ,sherman and ,sheridan never came together without chaffing one another4 ,besides the illustrious heroes named1 there were ,carl ,schurz1 ,w4 ,m4 ,evarts1 fully a score of ,united ,states ,senators and ,congressmen1 and several ,british noblemen1 as well as ,german professors1 railway magnates and journalists4 ,this is a reproduction of one of the aboriginal autographs3 ,illustration ,you will have no difficulty in reading the signature1 which is that of a ,sioux medicine man1 who1 a few years ago was perhaps the most notable of his race4 ,sitting ,bull was born in ,dakota1 in #ahcg4 ,he inherited a deep hatred of the white people1 and the tribe to which he belonged is to-day the most powerful on this continent4 ,it can put five thousand bucks or more in the field1 and every one of them would prove himself a sturdy fighter4 ,a bloody outbreak of the ,sioux in ,minnesota took place in the summer of #ahfb4 ,we were in the throes of our ,civil ,war at that time4 ,the crimes of the ,indians were of the most horrible nature1 but the military force sent thither1 together with the volunteers steadily drove the hostiles to the wall and captured a large number4 ,thirty-seven of the leaders were tried by a military commission and found guilty of such fearful outrages that they were hanged4 ,sitting ,bull1 the ,sioux chief1 was not frightened by this exhibition of a nation's anger4 ,he was then a young warrior1 but he gathered about him a large number of ,indians1 who had been friendly to the whites4 ,in #ahgd1 they attacked the ,crows and drove them from their reservation4 ,notice was sent to him by the ,interior ,department1 to remove with his band by ,january #ca1 #ahgf4 ,sitting ,bull paid no attention to the order1 and the business was put in the hands of the ,war ,department4 ,general ,crook destroyed the village of ,crazy ,horse in the following ,march1 but the severity of the weather compelled a halt in military movements4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,crook',s ,,apache ,,guide ,the discovery of gold in the ,black ,hills led to an invasion of the section by emigrants4 ,the section belonged by treaty to the ,sioux1 and the authorities warned all white people to keep away4 ,no heed was given to the notice1 and the enraged ,sioux left their own reservation and began to plunder and massacre the people of ,wyoming and ,montana4 ,generals ,terry and ,cook1 with a strong force of regulars moved into the region of the ,upper ,yellowstone1 and drove ,sitting ,bull with several thousand hostiles toward the ,big ,horn ,mountains and the river4 ,generals ,custer and ,reno with the ,seventh ,cavalry set out to locate the ,indians4 ,they found their camp1 three miles in length1 on the left bank of the ,little ,big ,horn ,river4 ,custer sent ,reno with three companies to attack the rear1 and without waiting for support1 charged the ,sioux4 ,not a soldier came out of the charge alive4 ,fifteen officers1 including two brothers and a nephew of ,custer1 and two hundred and thirty-two men were overwhelmed and massacred by the hostiles4 ,it was one of the most awful disasters in our frontier history1 but the fault lay with the dashing1 headlong ,custer himself4 ,when news of the calamity reached ,fort ,leavenworth1 ,general ,nelson ,p4 ,miles was ordered to the scene with the ,fifth ,infantry4 ,certain that a large number of the ,indians were not far off1 ,general ,miles moved down the left bank of the ,yellowstone4 ,on the way1 he came upon the following note1 fastened on a stick thrust into the ground1 where it had been left by an ,indian runner several days before3 ,yellowstone4 ,i want to know what you are doing traveling on this road4 ,you scare all the buffalo away4 ,i want to hunt in this place4 ,i want you to turn back from here4 ,if you don't ,i will fight you again4 ,i want you to leave what you have got here and turn back from here4 ,i am your friend1 ,sitting ,bull4 ,i mean all the rations you have got and some powder4 ,wish you would write as soon as you can4 ,instead of writing1 as requested1 ,general ,miles started after ,sitting ,bull1 and overtook him near one of the branches of the ,yellowstone4 ,the two leaders met under a flag of truce and the talk was sharp4 ,sitting ,bull was not in chief command of the ,sioux at the ,custer massacre1 but he was present and took part4 ,the thought of accepting orders from this dusky miscreant was beyond bearing1 and ,general ,miles1 notable for his self-restraint1 said to the grim chieftain3 ,i am going to drive you out or you are going to drive me out4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,agency ,filled with rage1 ,sitting ,bull strode back to his bucks1 and1 knowing that all negotiation was at an end1 ,general ,miles attacked him with such vigor that the ,sioux were driven into wild flight1 with the loss of a large number of warriors4 ,general ,miles1 who had long before proved himself one of the finest of soldiers1 pushed the pursuit so resolutely that the ,sioux leaped from their ponies1 and1 leaving everything1 scattered among the hills4 ,general ,miles was anxious to capture ,sitting ,bull1 the chief marplot1 and he pressed the pursuit for fifty miles1 but the ,sioux leader kept out of his way4 ,it may as well be said at this point1 that ,sitting ,bull proved that he was lacking in personal courage4 ,he and several other chiefs managed to break away from the main body and thus saved themselves4 ,knowing the need of running down ,sitting ,bull1 ,general ,miles reorganized his forces in the camp on ,tongue ,river1 and again started in pursuit of the ,sioux medicine man4 ,a fall of snow hid the trail4 ,the cold grew intense4 ,general ,miles kept his scouts busy1 and early in ,january1 the camp of the hostiles was located4 ,it numbered about two hundred lodges1 and was attacked with such spirit that the horde was driven headlong across the ,missouri4 ,another assault a fortnight later resulted in the capture of most of the camp equipage of the ,indians4 ,sitting ,bull kept pushing northward until he believed he was beyond reach of the tireless ,miles4 ,this proved true for the time1 for the snow was so deep that it was impossible for the cavalry to make headway2 but when spring began melting the snow and ice1 the chieftain knew he was liable to be pounced upon at any hour by the officers and men who would not be baffled4 ,so he clinched his safety by crossing the line into ,canada4 ,so long as he stayed there1 our troops could not disturb him4 ,the fervent hope was that he would stay there1 for if he returned to his own country1 trouble was sure to follow4 ,he knew better than to misbehave himself while in ,canada1 where the mounted police looked after the law-breakers4 ,you have read more than one account in the previous pages of great uprisings and conspiracies on the part of the ,indians of our country4 ,some of them threatened large sections1 and at times many cities and towns were imperilled by these plottings and border wars4 ,it seems hard1 therefore1 to believe that the closing years of the nineteenth century saw the gravest danger of that nature through which we have ever passed4 ,yet such is the fact4 ,an uprising might have been started by the discharge of a single gun1 or the rash act of one private soldier1 and once kindled1 it would have swept like a cyclone from ,canada to ,mexico1 causing the deaths of thousands and the loss of millions of dollars worth of property4 ,it need not be repeated that the cause of this fearful state of affairs was the injustice of white men and the shameless treatment of the ,indians by our government4 ,it is not necessary to give particulars1 but ,i will illustrate the fact by a single incident1 which is a type of scores of others4 ,illustration3 ,,buffalo ,,bill ,it once became certain that an agent at one of the ,sioux agencies had swindled the ,indians and our government to the extent of eighty thousand dollars4 ,the offence was so flagrant that a committee was sent from ,washington to look into the matter4 ,a friend of the agent notified him of his danger4 ,he bribed one of his interpreters to meet the committee at a point where they had to take a stage to ride to the agency4 ,this cunning fellow did so without a hint of his purpose4 ,it did not take him long to make friends with the visitors4 ,they were pleased to learn that he was familiar with ,indian affairs1 and still more pleased to find that he could speak the ,sioux tongue4 ,they proposed that he should act as interpreter4 ,he agreed1 and the bargain was closed by the payment to him of fifty dollars4 ,the man carried out his contract with his dishonest employer4 ,the ,indians poured their grievance into his ears and he listened gravely1 nodding his head as if in sympathy4 ,then turning to the waiting members of the committee1 he changed those complaints into praise of the faithful labors of the thieving agent4 ,he took care that his face did not betray the truth to either party4 ,the committee1 little dreaming of the trick1 went back to ,washington1 wondering how the unjust reports had been spread concerning the model employ of the government4 ,the inhabitants of ,dakota 7not then divided into the two present ,states7 wished to open a highway through the ,sioux reservation1 and have it settled by white men4 ,the work would have been of advantage to the ,indians themselves4 ,it was not hard to make them see this fact1 and they seemed willing to sell their lands4 ,all they wanted was that they should not be cheated1 and if they had not been cheated1 they never would have raised a hand against the ,united ,states4 ,negotiations went on for several years1 until at last a new ,commission1 of which ,general ,crook was chairman1 persuaded the ,sioux to sign a treaty by which they gave up about #aa1jjj1jjj acres of their reservation1 reducing it one-half4 ,the chiefs signed their names with misgiving4 ,they had seen so much deception that they had grown suspicious1 even though they were argued with by a leading military officer--a class who are always more honest than civilians4 ,we hear of the ,messiah craze about this time4 ,it was the strange belief that the ,great ,spirit was soon coming to destroy the white people1 and to give back the lands they had stolen from the ,indians4 ,the faith spread like wildfire1 and seemed to rob nearly all the ,sioux tribe of their senses4 ,the bucks quickly reached that state of frenzy in which they were eager to attack the whites4 ,to ,sitting ,bull this was the golden opportunity for which he had been waiting for years4 ,he could turn the fanaticism of his people to his own account1 and he determined to do so4 ,he sent out his runners to the different branches of the ,sioux4 ,they made numerous converts everywhere4 ,the heart of the old1 brooding pagan must have glowed when he saw everything working out as he wished it to work4 ,very soon he would be able to launch his warriors against the settlements and agencies1 and spread desolation and death among those whom he hated with unspeakable hatred4 ,illustration3 ,,sitting ,,bull ,the camp of ,sitting ,bull was about forty miles southeast of the ,pine ,ridge ,agency4 ,in ,december1 #ahij1 ,general ,ruger telegraphed from ,st4 ,paul to ,colonel ,drum1 commandant at ,fort ,yates1 ordering him to arrest the chief4 ,general ,ruger wished to have the military and civil officers join in the act1 but the agent believed less friction would follow if the matter was placed in the hands of the ,indian police4 ,these men1 as the name shows are ,indians4 ,they are the sole agents of the ,interior ,department for the enforcement of its regulations1 and for preserving the peace4 ,they are taken from the best men1 physically and mentally1 and1 though their pay is moderate1 they have done fine service1 and shown a bravery in many instances1 which none of our own race could surpass4 ,the arrest of ,sitting ,bull was certain to cause excitement among his people1 and would perhaps be attended by violence4 ,the plan was carefully guarded1 and a time was selected1 when most of the ,indians would be at the agency drawing their rations4 ,the delay would have been greater1 had it not been learned that the chief was preparing to leave the reservation1 and unless the authorities acted promptly1 would soon be beyond reach4 ,forty ,indian police galloped toward the camp of the famous medicine man1 followed at some distance by two troops of cavalry and a force of infantry4 ,when within a few miles1 these bodies united and halted4 ,the plan was that the soldiers should station themselves some two miles from the camp1 where they would be within call1 should the police need their help4 ,then the ,indian police rode forward at an easy pace4 ,when they reached his tent1 ,sitting ,bull was in bed4 ,he was roused and told that he was under arrest4 ,he did not resist 7you will remember he was lacking in personal courage7 and would have submitted quietly but for his son1 ,crow ,foot1 a bright fellow of seventeen years4 ,he was provoked by the meekness of his father4 ,you are very brave1 he said1 when there is no danger1 but when the police come you are a child4 ,roused by the taunt1 ,sitting ,bull began fighting1 and called to his friends to come to his help4 ,one of these caught up a gun and added his shouts4 ,the next minute the battle was on1 and raged viciously for some minutes4 ,the hostiles were twice as numerous as the police1 and though the latter fought heroically1 they quickly found themselves in serious danger4 ,several were shot down1 and the outlook was doubtful1 when one of them galloped to the top of the nearest hill and signalled to the cavalry1 who dashed forward on a dead run4 ,a few minutes later1 they opened with their ,hotchkiss and ,gatling guns and dispersed the hostiles4 ,in this affray1 five of the police were killed1 including the lieutenant in command4 ,of the hostiles1 seven were shot1 besides ,sitting ,bull1 who was slain by the lieutenant a moment before his own death4 ,in addition to these1 ,crow ,foot1 the son of the chief1 was drawn out from hiding and killed by the police who were enraged because of the losses they had suffered4 ,this was apparently not justified even in war4 ,the days now came1 when1 as ,i have stated1 a spark would have kindled the conflagration that would have raged from ,canada to the ,gulf2 but ,general ,miles took charge1 just before the battle at ,wounded ,knee1 and he acted with such admirable skill1 that his success was perfect4 ,the hostiles were coaxed to come forward and surrender1 and this was done with such tact1 that they soon showed signs of obeying4 ,for days they edged up foot by foot4 ,sometimes the bucks revolted1 for they were bent on war1 and many a time it seemed that nothing less than a miracle could prevent a terrific outbreak4 ,on the morning of ,january #ae1 the immense horde came in1 gave up their guns1 and made submission4 ,to show the strength of this body1 it may be said that the procession was four miles long and very nearly six thousand ,indians were in line4 ,actual count made the number of lodges seven hundred and thirty-two4 ,army officers believed the whole number was fully eleven thousand4 ,one needs only to think of what such a host--larger than any had supposed--when reinforced by the thousands from other tribes1 would have done if they had once taken the war path against the ,united ,states4 ,our account of the great ,indian uprising of #ahij-ia would be incomplete without a few words concerning one of the most prominent leaders of that revolt4 ,he was ,red ,cloud1 who became head chief of the entire ,sioux tribe4 ,considerably older than ,sitting ,bull1 he fiercely opposed every change in the customs of his people which the government agents tried to bring about4 ,he was the leader in the councils1 and1 when the outbreak came1 he caught up his ,winchester and proved himself a force with which the military arm had to reckon4 ,in ,december1 #ahff1 he and two thousand ,sioux ambushed ,colonel ,fetterman and ninety of his men near ,fort ,phil ,kearney4 ,he was deposed in #ahgf by ,general ,crook1 who made ,spotted ,tail his successor4 ,this chief was killed by ,crow ,dog1 and the way thus opened for ,sitting ,bull4 ,when the storm-cloud passed1 ,red ,cloud openly opposed the scheme of allotting lands to the ,indians1 and making the red men support themselves by farming and cattle raising4 ,he lived for many years in a two-story frame dwelling1 which the government built for him near the agency at ,pine ,ridge1 but refused to take his allotment of land1 insisting that our government owed the ,sioux a living without compelling them to work4 ,the proud old chief said he would starve before he would accept a piece of land and toil like a squaw4 ,so bitter was his feeling against the white man that he would never learn a word of our language4