,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,rightly ,,conduct+ ,,! ,,reason1 ,,& ,,seek+ ,,tru? ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces by ,r5 ,desc>tes ,cont5ts ,,prefatory ,,note ,,"p ,i ,,"p ,,ii ,,"p ,,iii ,,"p ,,iv ,,"p ,v ,,"p ,,vi ,,prefatory ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,if ?is ,disc\rse appe> too long to be read at once1 x may be divid$ into six ,p>ts3 &1 9 ! fir/1 w be f\nd v>i\s consid]ations t\*+ ! ,sci5ces2 9 ! second1 ! pr9cipal rules ( ! ,me?od :i* ! ,au?or has discov]$1 9 ! ?ird1 c]ta9 ( ! rules ( ,morals :i* he has d$uc$ f ?is ,me?od2 9 ! f\r?1 ! reason+s by :i* he e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! ,human ,s\l1 :i* are ! f\ndations ( 8 ,metaphysic2 9 ! fif?1 ! ord] ( ! ,physical que/ions :i* he has inve/igat$1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! explication ( ! motion ( ! he>t & ( "s o!r difficulties p]ta9+ to ,m$ic9e1 z also ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l ( man & t ( ! brutes2 &1 9 ! la/1 :at ! ,au?or believes to be requir$ 9 ord] to great] advancem5t 9 ! inve/igation ( ,nature ?an has yet be5 made1 ) ! reasons t h induc$ him to write4 ,,"p ,i ,good s5se is1 ( all ?+s among m51 ! mo/ equally di/ribut$2 = e "o ?9ks himself s abundantly provid$ ) x1 t ^? ev5 :o are ! mo/ difficult to satisfy 9 ev]y?+ else1 d n usually desire a l>g] measure ( ?is quality ?an !y already possess4 ,& 9 ?is x is n likely t all are mi/ak5 ! conviction is r to be held z te/ify+ t ! p[] ( judg+ aright & ( di/+ui%+ tru? f error1 :i* is prop]ly :at is call$ good s5se or reason1 is by nature equal 9 all m52 & t ! div]sity ( our op9ions1 consequ5tly1 does n arise f "s be+ end[$ ) a l>g] %>e ( reason ?an o!rs1 b solely f ?is1 t we conduct our ?\ghts along diff]5t ways1 & d n fix our att5tion on ! same objects4 ,= to be possess$ ( a vigor\s m9d is n en\gh2 ! prime requisite is rightly to apply x4 ,! greate/ m9ds1 z !y are capable ( ! highe/ excell5ces1 are op5 likewise to ! greate/ ab]rations2 & ^? :o travel v sl[ly may yet make f> great] progress1 provid$ !y keep always to ! /raight road1 ?an ^? :o1 :ile !y run1 =sake x4 ,= myself1 ,i h nev] fanci$ my m9d to be 9 any respect m p]fect ?an ^? ( ! g5]ality2 on ! contr>y1 ,i h (t5 wi%$ t ,i 7 equal to "s o!rs 9 promptitude ( ?\ght1 or 9 cle>ness & di/9ctness ( imag9ation1 or 9 fullness & read9ess ( memory4 ,& besides ^!1 ,i "k ( no o!r qualities t contribute to ! p]fection ( ! m9d2 = z to ! reason or s5se1 inasmu* z x is t alone :i* con/itutes u m51 & di/+ui%es u f ! brutes1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t x is to be f\nd complete 9 ea* individual2 & on ?is po9t to adopt ! common op9ion ( philosoph]s1 :o say t ! diff]5ce ( great] & less holds only among ! accid5ts1 & n among ! =ms or natures ( individuals ( ! same species4 ,i w n hesitate1 h[ev]1 to av[ my belief t x has be5 my s+ul> good =tune to h v e>ly 9 life fall5 9 ) c]ta9 tracks :i* h conduct$ me to consid]ations & maxims1 ( :i* ,i h =m$ a me?od t gives me ! means1 z ,i ?9k1 ( gradually augm5t+ my k1 & ( rais+ x by little & little to ! highe/ po9t :i* ! m$iocrity ( my tal5ts & ! brief duration ( my life w p]mit me to rea*4 ,= ,i h already reap$ f x su* fruits t1 al?\gh ,i h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k l[ly en\gh ( myself1 & al?\gh :5 ,i look ) ! eye ( a philosoph] at ! v>i$ c\rses & pursuits ( mank9d at l>ge1 ,i f9d sc>cely "o :i* does n appe> 9 va9 & useless1 ,i nev]!less d]ive ! highe/ satisfaction f ! progress ,i conceive myself to h already made 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1 & _c help ent]ta9+ su* expectations ( ! future z to believe t if1 among ! occupations ( m5 z m51 !re is any "o really excell5t & important1 x is t :i* ,i h *os54 ,aft] all1 x is possible ,i may be mi/ak52 & x is b a little copp] & glass1 p]haps1 t ,i take = gold & diamonds4 ,i "k h[ v liable we are to delusion 9 :at relates to ourselves1 & also h[ mu* ! judgm5ts ( our fri5ds are to be suspect$ :5 giv5 9 our favor4 ,b ,i %all endeavor 9 ?is disc\rse to describe ! pa?s ,i h foll[$1 & to del9eate my life z 9 a picture1 9 ord] t ea* "o may also be able to judge ( !m = himself1 & t 9 ! g5]al op9ion ent]ta9$ ( !m1 z ga!r$ f curr5t report1 ,i myself may h a new help t[>ds in/ruction to be add$ to ^? ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( employ+4 ,my pres5t design1 !n1 is n to tea* ! me?od :i* ea* ought to foll[ = ! "r conduct ( 8 reason1 b solely to describe ! way 9 :i* ,i h endeavor$ to conduct my own4 ,!y :o set !mselves to give precepts mu/ ( c\rse reg>d !mselves z possess$ ( great] skill ?an ^? to :om !y prescribe2 & if !y err 9 ! slighte/ p>ticul>1 !y subject !mselves to c5sure4 ,b z ?is tract is put =? m]ely z a hi/ory1 or1 if y w1 z a tale1 9 :i*1 amid "s examples wor?y ( imitation1 !re w be f\nd1 p]haps1 z _m m :i* x 7 advisable n to foll[1 ,i hope x w prove useful to "s )\t be+ hurtful to any1 & t my op5ness w f9d "s favor ) all4 ,f my *ildhood1 ,i h be5 famili> ) lett]s2 & z ,i 0 giv5 to believe t by _! help a cle> & c]ta9 k ( all t is useful 9 life might be acquir$1 ,i 0 ard5tly desir\s ( in/ruction4 ,b z soon z ,i _h f9i%$ ! entire c\rse ( /udy1 at ! close ( :i* x is cu/om>y to be admitt$ into ! ord] ( ! le>n$1 ,i completely *ang$ my op9ion4 ,= ,i f\nd myself involv$ 9 s _m d\bts & errors1 t ,i 0 conv9c$ ,i _h advanc$ no f>!r 9 all my attempts at le>n+1 ?an ! discov]y at e turn ( my own ignorance4 ,& yet ,i 0 /udy+ 9 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ools 9 ,europe1 9 :i* ,i ?\ght !re mu/ be le>n$ m51 if su* 7 any:]e to be f\nd4 ,i _h be5 taught all t o!rs le>n$ !re2 & n cont5t$ ) ! sci5ces actually taught u1 ,i _h1 9 addition1 read all ! books t _h fall5 into my h&s1 treat+ ( su* bran*es z are e/eem$ ! mo/ curi\s & r>e4 ,i knew ! judgm5t :i* o!rs _h =m$ ( me2 & ,i did n f9d t ,i 0 consid]$ inf]ior to my fell[s1 al?\gh !re 7 among !m "s :o 7 already m>k$ out to fill ! places ( our in/ructors4 ,&1 9 f9e1 our age appe>$ to me z fl\ri%+1 & z f]tile 9 p[]ful m9ds z any prec$+ "o4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to take ! lib]ty ( judg+ ( all o!r m5 by myself1 & ( conclud+ t !re 0 no sci5ce 9 exi/5ce t 0 ( su* a nature z ,i _h previ\sly be5 giv5 to believe4 ,i /ill cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to hold 9 e/eem ! /udies ( ! s*ools4 ,i 0 aw>e t ! languages taught 9 !m are necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts2 t ! grace ( fable /irs ! m9d2 t ! memorable de$s ( hi/ory elevate x2 &1 if read ) discretion1 aid 9 =m+ ! judgm5t2 t ! p]usal ( all excell5t books is1 z x 71 to int]view ) ! noble/ m5 ( pa/ ages1 :o h writt5 !m1 & ev5 a /udi$ int]view1 9 :i* are discov]$ to u only _! *oice/ ?\ghts2 t eloqu5ce has incomp>able =ce & beauty2 t poesy has its ravi%+ graces & delights2 t 9 ! ma!matics !re are _m ref9$ discov]ies em95tly suit$ to gratify ! inquisitive1 z well z fur!r all ! arts an less5 ! lab\r ( man2 t num]\s highly useful precepts & exhortations to virtue are conta9$ 9 treatises on morals2 t !ology po9ts out ! pa? to heav52 t philosophy af=ds ! means ( disc\rs+ ) an appe>ance ( tru? on all matt]s1 & comm&s ! admiration ( ! m simple2 t jurisprud5ce1 m$ic9e1 & ! o!r sci5ces1 secure = _! cultivators honors & ri*es2 &1 9 f9e1 t x is useful to be/[ "s att5tion ^u all1 ev5 ^u ^? ab\nd+ ! mo/ 9 sup]/ition & error1 t we may be 9 a position to det]m9e _! real value1 & gu>d aga9/ be+ deceiv$4 ,b ,i believ$ t ,i _h already giv5 suffici5t "t to languages1 & likewise to ! read+ ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 to _! hi/ories & fables4 ,= to hold conv]se ) ^? ( o!r ages & to travel1 are almo/ ! same ?+4 ,x is useful to "k some?+ ( ! mann]s ( diff]5t nations1 t we may be enabl$ to =m a m correct judgm5t reg>d+ our own1 & be prev5t$ f ?9k+ t ev]y?+ contr>y to our cu/oms is ridicul\s & irrational1 a conclusion usually come to by ^? ^: exp]i5ce has be5 limit$ to _! own c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 too mu* "t is occupi$ 9 travel+1 we become /rang]s to our native c\ntry2 & ! ov] curi\s 9 ! cu/oms ( ! pa/ are g5]ally ignorant ( ^? ( ! pres5t4 ,besides1 fictiti\s n>ratives lead u to imag9e ! possibility ( _m ev5ts t are impossible2 & ev5 ! mo/ fai?ful hi/ories1 if !y d n :olly misrepres5t matt]s1 or exagg]ate _! importance to r5d] ! acc\nt ( !m m wor?y ( p]usal1 omit1 at lea/1 almo/ always ! meane/ & lea/ /rik+ ( ! att5dant circum/ances2 h5ce x happ5s t ! rema9d] does n repres5t ! tru?1 & t su* z regulate _! conduct by examples drawn f ?is s\rce1 are apt to fall into ! extravagances ( ! knight-errants ( romance1 & to ent]ta9 projects t exce$ _! p[]s4 ,i e/eem$ eloqu5ce highly1 & 0 9 raptures ) poesy2 b ,i ?\ght t bo? 7 gifts ( nature r ?an fruits ( /udy4 ,^? 9 :om ! faculty ( reason is pr$om9ant1 & :o mo/ skillfully dispose _! ?\ghts ) a view to r5d] !m cle> & intelligible1 are always ! be/ able to p]suade o!rs ( ! tru? ( :at !y lay d[n1 ?\gh !y %\ld speak only 9 ! language ( ,l[] ,brittany1 & be :olly ignorant ( ! rules ( rhetoric2 & ^? ^: m9ds are /or$ ) ! mo/ agreeable fancies1 & :o c give expression to !m ) ! greate/ embelli%m5t & h>mony1 are /ill ! be/ poets1 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( poetry4 ,i 0 especially delight$ ) ! ma!matics1 on acc\nt ( ! c]titude & evid5ce ( _! reason+s2 b ,i _h n z yet a precise k ( _! true use2 & ?9k+ t !y b contribut$ to ! advancem5t ( ! me*anical arts1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ t f\ndations1 s /rong & solid1 %\ld h _h no l(ti] sup]/ructure re>$ on !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i comp>$ ! disquisitions ( ! anci5t morali/s to v t[]+ & magnific5t palaces ) no bett] f\ndation ?an s& & mud3 !y laud ! virtues v highly1 & exhibit !m z e/imable f> above any?+ on e>?2 b !y give u no adequate crit]ion ( virtue1 & frequ5tly t :i* !y designate ) s f9e a "n is b apa?y1 or pride1 or despair1 or p>ricide4 ,i rev]$ our !ology1 & aspir$ z mu* z any "o to rea* heav53 b be+ giv5 assur$ly to und]/& t ! way is n less op5 to ! mo/ ignorant ?an to ! mo/ le>n$1 & t ! reveal$ tru?s :i* lead to heav5 are above our compreh5sion1 ,i did n presume to subject !m to ! impot5cy ( my reason2 & ,i ?\ght t 9 ord] compet5tly to und]take _! exam9ation1 !re 0 ne$ ( "s special help f heav51 & ( be+ m ?an man4 ,( philosophy ,i w say no?+1 except t :5 ,i saw t x _h be5 cultivat$ = _m ages by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m51 & t yet !re is n a s+le matt] )9 its sph]e :i* is n /ill 9 dispute1 & no?+1 !re=e1 :i* is above d\bt1 ,i did n presume to anticipate t my success w\ld be great] 9 x ?an t ( o!rs2 & fur!r1 :5 ,i consid]$ ! numb] ( conflict+ op9ions t\*+ a s+le matt] t may be upheld by le>n$ m51 :ile !re c be b "o true1 ,i reckon$ z well-nigh false all t 0 only probable4 ,z to ! o!r sci5ces1 inasmu* z ^! borr[ _! pr9ciples f philosophy1 ,i judg$ t no solid sup]/ructures c\ld be re>$ on f\ndations s infirm2 & nei!r ! honor nor ! ga9 held out by !m 0 suffici5t to det]m9e me to _! cultivation3 = ,i 0 n1 ?ank ,heav51 9 a condition :i* compell$ me to make m]*&ise ( sci5ce = ! bett]+ ( my =tune2 & ?\gh ,i might n pr(ess to scorn glory z a cynic1 ,i yet made v slight acc\nt ( t honor :i* ,i hop$ to acquire only ?r\gh fictiti\s titles4 ,&1 9 f9e1 ( false sci5ces ,i ?\ght ,i knew ! wor? suffici5tly to escape be+ deceiv$ by ! pr(essions ( an al*emi/1 ! pr$ictions ( an a/rolog]1 ! impo/ures ( a magician1 or by ! artifices & boa/+ ( any ( ^? :o pr(ess to "k ?+s ( :i* !y are ignorant4 ,= ^! reasons1 z soon z my age p]mitt$ me to pass f "u ! control ( my in/ructors1 ,i entirely ab&on$ ! /udy ( lett]s1 & resolv$ no long] to seek any o!r sci5ce ?an ! k ( myself1 or ( ! great book ( ! _w4 ,i sp5t ! rema9d] ( my y\? 9 travel+1 9 visit+ c\rts & armies1 9 hold+ int]c\rse ) m5 ( diff]5t dispositions & ranks1 9 collect+ v>i$ exp]i5ce1 9 prov+ myself 9 ! diff]5t situations into :i* =tune ?rew me1 &1 above all1 9 mak+ su* reflection on ! matt] ( my exp]i5ce z to secure my improvem5t4 ,= x occurr$ to me t ,i %\ld f9d mu* m tru? 9 ! reason+s ( ea* individual ) ref]5ce to ! affairs 9 :i* he is p]sonally int]e/$1 & ! issue ( :i* mu/ pres5tly puni% him if he has judg$ amiss1 ?an 9 ^? conduct$ by a man ( lett]s 9 8 /udy1 reg>d+ speculative matt]s t are ( no practical mom5t1 & foll[$ by no consequ5ces to himself1 f>!r1 p]haps1 ?an t !y fo/] 8 vanity ! bett] ! m remote !y are f common s5se2 requir+1 z !y mu/ 9 ?is case1 ! ex]cise ( great] +5uity & art to r5d] !m probable4 ,9 addition1 ,i _h always a mo/ e>ne/ desire to "k h[ to di/+ui% ! true f ! false1 9 ord] t ,i might be able cle>ly to discrim9ate ! "r pa? 9 life1 & proce$ 9 x ) confid5ce4 ,x is true t1 :ile busi$ only 9 consid]+ ! mann]s ( o!r m51 ,i f\nd "h1 too1 sc>ce any gr\nd = settl$ conviction1 & rem>k$ h>dly less contradiction among !m ?an 9 ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s4 ,s t ! greate/ advantage ,i d]iv$ f ! /udy consi/$ 9 ?is1 t1 obs]v+ _m ?+s :i*1 h[ev] extravagant & ridicul\s to our appreh5sion1 are yet by common cons5t receiv$ & approv$ by o!r great nations1 ,i le>n$ to ent]ta9 too decid$ a belief 9 reg>d to no?+ ( ! tru? ( :i* ,i _h be5 p]suad$ m]ely by example & cu/om2 & ?us ,i gradually extricat$ myself f _m errors p[]ful en\gh to d>k5 our natural intellig5ce1 & incapacitate u 9 great measure f li/5+ to reason4 ,b aft] ,i _h be5 occupi$ sev]al ye>s 9 ?us /udy+ ! book ( ! _w1 & 9 essay+ to ga!r "s exp]i5ce1 ,i at l5g? resolv$ to make myself an object ( /udy1 & to employ all ! p[]s ( my m9d 9 *oos+ ! pa?s ,i ought to foll[1 an und]tak+ :i* 0 accompani$ ) great] success ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ,i nev] quitt$ my c\ntry or my books4 ,,"p ,,ii ,i 0 !n 9 ,g]many1 attract$ ?i!r by ! w>s 9 t c\ntry1 :i* h n yet be5 br\ght to a t]m9ation2 & z ,i 0 return+ to ! army f ! coronation ( ! emp]or1 ! sett+ 9 ( w9t] arre/$ me 9 a locality :]e1 z ,i f\nd no society to int]e/ me1 & 0 besides =tunately undi/urb$ by any c>es or passions1 ,i rema9$ ! :ole day 9 seclusion1 ) full opportunity to occupy my att5tion ) my own ?\ghts4 ,( ^! "o ( ! v fir/ t occurr$ to me 01 t !re is seldom s mu* p]fection 9 works compos$ ( _m sep>ate p>ts1 ^u :i* diff]5t h&s _h be5 employ$1 z 9 ^? complet$ by a s+le ma/]4 ,?us x is obs]vable t ! build+s :i* a s+le ar*itect has plann$ & execut$1 are g5]ally m elegant & commodi\s ?an ^? :i* sev]al h attempt$ to improve1 by mak+ old walls s]ve = purposes = :i* !y 7 n orig9ally built4 ,?us also1 ^? anci5t cities :i*1 f be+ at fir/ only villages1 h become1 9 c\rse ( "t1 l>ge t[ns1 are usually b ill laid out comp>$ ) ! regul>ity con/ruct$ t[ns :i* a pr(essional ar*itect has freely plann$ on an op5 pla92 s t al?\gh ! sev]al build+s ( ! =m] may (t5 equal or surpass 9 beauty ^? ( ! latt]1 yet :5 "o obs]ves _! indiscrim9ate juxtaposition1 !re a l>ge "o & "h a small1 & ! consequ5t crook$ness & irregul>ity ( ! /reets1 "o is dispos$ to allege t *ance r ?an any human w guid$ by reason mu/ h l$ to su* an arrangem5t4 ,& if we consid] t nev]!less !re h be5 at all times c]ta9 (fic]s ^: duty x 0 to see t private build+s contribut$ to public ornam5t1 ! difficulty ( rea*+ high p]fection ) b ! mat]ials ( o!rs to op]ate on1 w be readily ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ! same way ,i fanci$ t ^? nations :i*1 />t+ f a semi-b>b>\s /ate & advanc+ to civilization by sl[ degrees1 h _h _! laws successively det]m9$1 &1 z x 71 =c$ ^u !m simply by exp]i5ce ( ! hurtfulness ( p>ticul> crimes & disputes1 w\ld by ?is process come to be possess$ ( less p]fect in/itutions ?an ^? :i*1 f ! comm5cem5t ( _! association z communities1 h foll[$ ! appo9tm5ts ( "s wise legislator4 ,x is ?us q c]ta9 t ! con/itution ( ! true religion1 ! ord9ances ( :i* are d]iv$ f ,god1 mu/ be incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( e o!r4 ,&1 to speak ( human affairs1 ,i believe t ! pre-em95ce ( ,sp>ta 0 due n to ! goodness ( ea* ( its laws 9 p>ticul>1 = _m ( ^! 7 v /range1 & ev5 oppos$ to good morals1 b to ! circum/ance t1 orig9at$ by a s+le individual1 !y all t5d$ to a s+le end4 ,9 ! same way ,i ?\ght t ! sci5ces conta9$ 9 books 7su* ( !m at lea/ z are made up ( probable reason+s1 )\t demon/rations71 compos$ z !y are ( ! op9ions ( _m diff]5t individuals mass$ toge!r1 are f>!r remov$ f tru? ?an ! simple inf]5ces :i* a man ( good s5se us+ 8 natural & unprejudic$ judgm5t draws respect+ ! matt]s ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,& because we h all to pass ?r\gh a /ate ( infancy to manhood1 & h be5 ( necessity1 = a l5g? ( "t1 gov]n$ by our desires & preceptors 7^: dictates 7 frequ5tly conflict+1 :ile nei!r p]haps always c\nsel$ u = ! be/71 ,i f>!r conclud$ t x is almo/ impossible t our judgm5ts c be s correct or solid z !y w\ld h be51 _h our reason be5 mature f ! mom5t ( our bir?1 & _h we always be5 guid$ by x alone4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t x is n cu/om>y to pull d[n all ! h\ses ( a t[n ) ! s+le design ( rebuild+ !m diff]5tly1 & !reby r5d]+ ! /reets m h&some2 b x (t5 happ5s t a private individual takes d[n 8 own ) ! view ( erect+ x anew1 & t p are ev5 sometimes con/ra9$ to ?is :5 _! h\ses are 9 dang] ( fall+ f age1 or :5 ! f\ndations are insecure4 ,) ?is be=e me by way ( example1 ,i 0 p]suad$ t x w\ld inde$ be prepo/]\s = a private individual to ?9k ( re=m+ a /ate by fundam5tally *ang+ x ?r\gh\t1 & ov]turn+ x 9 ord] to set x up am5d$2 & ! same ,i ?\ght 0 true ( any simil> project = re=m+ ! body ( ! sci5ces1 or ! ord] ( tea*+ !m e/abli%$ 9 ! s*ools3 b z = ! op9ions :i* up to t "t ,i _h embrac$1 ,i ?\ght t ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an resolve at once to sweep !m :olly away1 t ,i might aft]w>ds be 9 a position to admit ei!r o!rs m correct1 or ev5 p]haps ! same :5 !y _h und]gone ! scrut9y ( reason4 ,i firmly believ$ t 9 ?is way ,i %\ld mu* bett] succe$ 9 ! conduct ( my life1 ?an if ,i built only ^u old f\ndations1 & lean$ ^u pr9ciples :i*1 9 my y\?1 ,i _h tak5 ^u tru/4 ,= al?\gh ,i recogniz$ v>i\s difficulties 9 ?is und]tak+1 ^! 7 n1 h[ev]1 )\t rem$y1 nor once to be comp>$ ) su* z att5d ! slighte/ re=mation 9 public affairs4 ,l>ge bodies1 if once ov]?r[n1 are ) great difficulty set up aga91 or ev5 kept erect :5 once s]i\sly %ak51 & ! fall ( su* is always disa/r\s4 ,!n if !re are any imp]fections 9 ! con/itutions ( /ates 7& t _m su* exi/ ! div]sity ( con/itutions is alone suffici5t to assure u71 cu/om has )\t d\bt mat]ially smoo!d _! inconv5i5ces1 & has ev5 manag$ to /e] altoge!r cle> (1 or ins5sibly correct$ a numb] :i* sagacity c\ld n h provid$ aga9/ ) equal effect2 &1 9 f9e1 ! defects are almo/ always m tol]able ?an ! *ange necess>y = _! removal2 9 ! same mann] t highways :i* w9d among m\nta9s1 by be+ mu* frequ5t$1 become gradually s smoo? & commodi\s1 t x is mu* bett] to foll[ !m ?an to seek a /raight] pa? by climb+ ov] ! tops ( rocks & desc5d+ to ! bottoms ( precipices4 ,h5ce x is t ,i _c 9 any degree approve ( ^? re/less & busy m$dl]s :o1 call$ nei!r by bir? nor =tune to take "p 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 are yet always project+ re=ms2 & if ,i ?\ght t ?is tract conta9$ aught :i* might ju/ify ! suspicion t ,i 0 a victim ( su* folly1 ,i w\ld by no means p]mit its publication4 ,i h nev] contemplat$ any?+ high] ?an ! re=mation ( my own op9ions1 & bas+ !m on a f\ndation :olly my own4 ,& al?\gh my own satisfaction ) my "w has l$ me to pres5t "h a draft ( x1 ,i d n by any means !re=e recomm5d to e "o else to make a simil> attempt4 ,^? :om ,god has end[$ ) a l>g] measure ( g5ius w ent]ta91 p]haps1 designs /ill m exalt$2 b = ! _m ,i am mu* afraid le/ ev5 ! pres5t und]tak+ be m ?an !y c safely v5ture to imitate4 ,! s+le design to /rip "o's self ( all pa/ beliefs is "o t ought n to be tak5 by e "o4 ,! majority ( m5 is compos$ ( two classes1 = nei!r ( :i* w\ld ?is be at all a befitt+ resolution3 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ^? :o ) m ?an a due confid5ce 9 _! own p[]s1 are precipitate 9 _! judgm5ts & want ! pati5ce requisite = ord]ly & circumspect ?9k+2 :5ce x happ5s1 t if m5 ( ?is class once take ! lib]ty to d\bt ( _! accu/om$ op9ions1 & quit ! beat5 highway1 !y w nev] be able to ?read ! byway t w\ld lead !m by a %ort] c\rse1 & w lose !mselves & cont9ue to w&] = life2 9 ! second place1 ( ^? :o1 possess$ ( suffici5t s5se or mode/y to det]m9e t !re are o!rs :o excel !m 9 ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 tru? & error1 & by :om !y may be in/ruct$1 ought r to cont5t !mselves ) ! op9ions ( su* ?an tru/ = m correct to _! own reason4 ,= my own "p1 ,i %\ld d\btless h belong$ to ! latt] class1 _h ,i receiv$ in/ruction f b "o ma/]1 or _h ,i nev] kn[n ! div]sities ( op9ion t f "t immemorial h prevail$ among m5 ( ! greate/ le>n+4 ,b ,i _h become aw>e1 ev5 s e>ly z dur+ my college life1 t no op9ion1 h[ev] absurd & incr$ible1 c be imag9$1 :i* has n be5 ma9ta9$ by "s on ( ! philosoph]s2 & aft]w>ds 9 ! c\rse ( my travels ,i rem>k$ t all ^? ^: op9ions are decid$ly repugnant to ours are n 9 t acc\nt b>b>ians & savages1 b on ! contr>y t _m ( ^! nations make an equally good1 if n bett]1 use ( _! reason ?an we d4 ,i took into acc\nt also ! v diff]5t "* :i* a p]son br\ght up f infancy 9 ,france or ,g]many exhibits1 f t :i*1 ) ! same m9d orig9ally1 ?is individual w\ld h possess$ _h he liv$ always among ! ,*9ese or ) savages1 & ! circum/ance t 9 dress itself ! fa%ion :i* pleas$ u t5 ye>s ago1 & :i* may aga91 p]haps1 be receiv$ into favor be=e t5 ye>s h gone1 appe>s to u at ?is mom5t extravagant & ridicul\s4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to inf] t ! gr\nd ( our op9ions is f> m cu/om & example ?an any c]ta9 k4 ,&1 f9ally1 al?\gh su* be ! gr\nd ( our op9ions1 ,i rem>k$ t a plurality ( suffrages is no gu>antee ( tru? :]e x is at all ( difficult discov]y1 z 9 su* cases x is mu* m likely t x w be f\nd by "o ?an by _m4 ,i c\ld1 h[ev]1 select f ! cr[d no "o ^: op9ions seem$ wor?y ( pref]5ce1 & ?us ,i f\nd myself con/ra9$1 z x 71 to use my own reason 9 ! conduct ( my life4 ,b l "o walk+ alone & 9 ! d>k1 ,i resolv$ to proce$ s sl[ly & ) su* circumspection1 t if ,i did n advance f>1 ,i w\ld at lea/ gu>d aga9/ fall+4 ,i did n ev5 *oose to dismiss summ>ily any ( ! op9ions t _h crept into my belief )\t hav+ be5 introduc$ by reason1 b fir/ ( all took suffici5t "t c>efully to satisfy myself ( ! g5]al nature ( ! task ,i 0 sett+ myself1 & asc]ta9 ! true me?od by :i* to arrive at ! k ( :atev] lay )9 ! compass ( my p[]s4 ,among ! bran*es ( philosophy1 ,i _h1 at an e>li] p]iod1 giv5 "s att5tion to logic1 & among ^? ( ! ma!matics to geometrical analysis & algebra1--?ree arts or sci5ces :i* ought1 z ,i conceiv$1 to contribute some?+ to my design4 ,b1 on exam9ation1 ,i f\nd t1 z = logic1 its syllogisms & ! majority ( its o!r precepts are ( avail--r 9 ! communication ( :at we already "k1 or ev5 z ! art ( ,lully1 9 speak+ )\t judgm5t ( ?+s ( :i* we are ignorant1 ?an 9 ! inve/igation ( ! unkn[n2 & al?\gh ?is sci5ce conta9s inde$ a numb] ( correct & v excell5t precepts1 !re are1 nev]!less1 s _m o!rs1 & ^! ei!r injuri\s or sup]flu\s1 m+l$ ) ! =m]1 t x is almo/ q z difficult to effect a sev]ance ( ! true f ! false z x is to extract a ,diana or a ,m9]va f a r\gh block ( m>ble4 ,!n z to ! analysis ( ! anci5ts & ! algebra ( ! mod]ns1 besides t !y embrace only matt]s highly ab/ract1 &1 to appe>ance1 ( no use1 ! =m] is s exclusively re/rict$ to ! consid]ation ( figures1 t x c ex]cise ! und]/&+ only on condition ( greatly fatigu+ ! imag9ation2 &1 9 ! latt]1 !re is s complete a subjection to c]ta9 rules & =mulas1 t !re results an art full ( confusion & obscurity calculat$ to emb>rass1 in/ead ( a sci5ce fitt$ to cultivate ! m9d4 ,by ^! consid]ations ,i 0 induc$ to seek "s o!r me?od :i* w\ld comprise ! advantages ( ! ?ree & be exempt f _! defects4 ,& z a multitude ( laws (t5 only hamp]s ju/ice1 s t a /ate is be/ gov]n$ :51 ) few laws1 ^! are rigidly adm9i/]$2 9 l mann]1 in/ead ( ! great numb] ( precepts ( :i* logic is compos$1 ,i believ$ t ! f\r foll[+ w\ld prove p]fectly suffici5t = me1 provid$ ,i took ! firm & unwav]+ resolution nev] 9 a s+le in/ance to fail 9 obs]v+ !m4 ,! fir/ 0 nev] to accept any?+ = true :i* ,i did n cle>ly "k to be su*2 t is to say1 c>efully to avoid precipitancy & prejudice1 & to comprise no?+ m 9 my judgem5t ?an :at 0 pres5t$ to my m9d s cle>ly & di/9ctly z to exclude all gr\nd ( d\bt4 ,! second1 to divide ea* ( ! difficulties "u exam9ation into z _m p>ts z possible1 & z might be necess>y = its adequate solution4 ,! ?ird1 to conduct my ?\ghts 9 su* ord] t1 by comm5c+ ) objects ! simple/ & easie/ to "k1 ,i might asc5d by little & little1 &1 z x 71 /ep by /ep1 to ! k ( ! m complex2 assign+ 9 ?\ght a c]ta9 ord] ev5 to ^? objects :i* 9 _! own nature d n /& 9 a relation ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce4 ,& ! la/1 9 e case to make enum]ations s complete1 & reviews s g5]al1 t ,i might be assur$ t no?+ 0 omitt$4 ,! long *a9s ( simple & easy reason+s by means ( :i* geomet]s are accu/om$ to rea* ! conclusions ( _! mo/ difficult demon/rations1 _h l$ me to imag9e t all ?+s1 to ! k ( :i* man is compet5t1 are mutually connect$ 9 ! same way1 & t !re is no?+ s f> remov$ f u z to be beyond our rea*1 or s hidd5 t we _c discov] x1 provid$ only we ab/a9 f accept+ ! false = ! true1 & always pres]ve 9 our ?\ghts ! ord] necess>y = ! d$uction ( "o tru? f ano!r4 ,& ,i _h little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! objects ) :i* x 0 necess>y to comm5ce1 = ,i 0 already p]suad$ t x mu/ be ) ! simple/ & easie/ to "k1 &1 consid]+ t ( all ^? :o h hi!rto s\ght tru? 9 ! sci5ces1 ! ma!maticians alone h be5 able to f9d any demon/rations1 t is1 any c]ta9 & evid5t reasons1 ,i did n d\bt b t su* mu/ h be5 ! rule ( _! inve/igations4 ,i resolv$ to comm5ce1 !re=e1 ) ! exam9ation ( ! simple/ objects1 n anticipat+1 h[ev]1 f ?is any o!r advantage ?an t to be f\nd 9 accu/om+ my m9d to ! love & n\ri%m5t ( tru?1 & to a di/a/e = all su* reason+s z 7 uns\nd4 ,b ,i _h no int5tion on t acc\nt ( attempt+ to ma/] all ! p>ticul> sci5ces commonly d5om9at$ ma!matics3 b obs]v+ t1 h[ev] diff]5t _! objects1 !y all agree 9 consid]+ only ! v>i\s relations or proportions subsi/+ among ^? objects1 ,i ?\ght x be/ = my purpose to consid] ^! proportions 9 ! mo/ g5]al =m possible1 )\t ref]r+ !m to any objects 9 p>ticul>1 except su* z w\ld mo/ facilitate ! k ( !m1 & )\t by any means re/rict+ !m to ^!1 t aft]w>ds ,i might ?us be ! bett] able to apply !m to e o!r class ( objects to :i* !y are legitimately applicable4 ,p]ceiv+ fur!r1 t 9 ord] to und]/& ^! relations ,i %\ld sometimes h to consid] !m "o by "o & sometimes only to be> !m 9 m9d1 or embrace !m 9 ! aggregate1 ,i ?\ght t1 9 ord] ! bett] to consid] !m individually1 ,i %\ld view !m z subsi/+ betwe5 /raight l9es1 ?an :i* ,i c\ld f9d no objects m simple1 or capable ( be+ m di/9ctly repres5t$ to my imag9ation & s5ses2 & on ! o!r h&1 t 9 ord] to reta9 !m 9 ! memory or embrace an aggregate ( _m1 ,i %\ld express !m by c]ta9 *>act]s ! briefe/ possible4 ,9 ?is way ,i believ$ t ,i c\ld borr[ all t 0 be/ bo? 9 geometrical analysis & 9 algebra1 & correct all ! defects ( ! "o by help ( ! o!r4 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! accurate obs]vance ( ^! few precepts gave me1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( say+1 su* ease 9 unravel+ all ! que/ions embrac$ 9 ^! two sci5ces1 t 9 ! two or ?ree mon?s ,i devot$ to _! exam9ation1 n only did ,i rea* solutions ( que/ions ,i _h =m]ly deem$ exce$+ly difficult b ev5 z reg>ds que/ions ( ! solution ( :i* ,i cont9u$ ignorant1 ,i 0 enabl$1 z x appe>$ to me1 to det]m9e ! means :]eby1 & ! ext5t to :i* a solution 0 possible2 results attributable to ! circum/ance t ,i comm5c$ ) ! simple/ & mo/ g5]al tru?s1 & t ?us ea* tru? discov]$ 0 a rule available 9 ! discov]y ( subsequ5t ones ,nor 9 ?is p]haps %all ,i appe> too va91 if x be consid]$ t1 z ! tru? on any p>ticul> po9t is "o :oev] appreh5ds ! tru?1 kn[s all t on t po9t c be kn[n4 ,! *ild1 = example1 :o has be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! elem5ts ( ari?metic1 & has made a p>ticul> addition1 accord+ to rule1 may be assur$ t he has f\nd1 ) respect to ! sum ( ! numb]s be=e him1 & t 9 ?is in/ance is )9 ! rea* ( human g5ius4 ,n[1 9 conclusion1 ! me?od :i* tea*es adh]5ce to ! true ord]1 & an exact enum]ation ( all ! conditions ( ! ?+ s\ght includes all t gives c]titude to ! rules ( ari?metic4 ,b ! *ief gr\nd ( my satisfaction ) ?us me?od1 0 ! assurance ,i _h ( !reby ex]cis+ my reason 9 all matt]s1 if n ) absolute p]fection1 at lea/ ) ! greate/ atta9able by me3 besides1 ,i 0 consci\s t by its use my m9d 0 becom+ gradually habituat$ to cle>] & m di/9ct conceptions ( its objects2 & ,i hop$ also1 f n hav+ re/rict$ ?is me?od to any p>ticul> matt]1 to apply x to ! difficulties ( ! o!r sci5ces1 ) n less success ?an to ^? ( algebra4 ,i %\ld n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt h v5tur$ at once on ! exam9ation ( all ! difficulties ( ! sci5ces :i* pres5t$ !mselves to me1 = ?is w\ld h be5 contr>y to ! ord] prescrib$ 9 ! me?od1 b obs]v+ t ! k ( su* is dep5d5t on pr9ciples borr[$ f philosophy1 9 :i* ,i f\nd no?+ c]ta91 ,i ?\ght x necess>y fir/ ( all to endeavor to e/abli% its pr9ciples4 ,& because ,i obs]v$1 besides1 t an inquiry ( ?is k9d 0 ( all o!rs ( ! greate/ mom5t1 & "o 9 :i* precipitancy & anticipation 9 judgm5t 7 mo/ to be dread$1 ,i ?\ght t ,i ought n to approa* x till ,i _h rea*$ a m mature age 7be+ at t "t b tw5ty-?ree71 & _h fir/ ( all employ$ mu* ( my "t 9 prep>ation = ! "w1 z well by eradicat+ f my m9d all ! errone\s op9ions ,i _h up to t mom5t accept$1 z by amass+ v>iety ( exp]i5ce to af=d mat]ials = my reason+s1 & by cont9ually ex]cis+ myself 9 my *os5 me?od ) a view to increas$ skill 9 its application4 ,,"p ,,iii ,& f9ally1 z x is n en\gh1 be=e comm5c+ to rebuild ! h\se 9 :i* we live1 t x be pull$ d[n1 & mat]ials & build]s provid$1 or t we engage 9 ! "w ourselves1 accord+ to a plan :i* we h be=eh& c>efully drawn out1 b z x is likewise necess>y t we be furni%$ ) "s o!r h\se 9 :i* we may live commodi\sly dur+ ! op]ations1 s t ,i might n rema9 irresolute 9 my actions1 :ile my reason compell$ me to susp5d my judgem5t1 & t ,i might n be prev5t$ f liv+ !nce=w>d 9 ! greate/ possible felicity1 ,i =m$ a provisory code ( morals1 compos$ ( ?ree or f\r maxims1 ) :i* ,i am desir\s to make y acqua9t$4 ,! fir/ 0 to obey ! laws & cu/oms ( my c\ntry1 adh]+ firmly to ! fai? 9 :i*1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ,i _h be5 educat$ f my *ildhood & regulat+ my conduct 9 e o!r matt] accord+ to ! mo/ mod]ate op9ions1 & ! f>!/ remov$ f extremes1 :i* %\ld happ5 to be adopt$ 9 practice ) g5]al cons5t ( ! mo/ judici\s ( ^? among :om ,i might be liv+4 ,= z ,i _h f t "t begun to hold my own op9ions = n\ght because ,i wi%$ to subject !m all to exam9ation1 ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an foll[ 9 ! meantime ! op9ions ( ! mo/ judici\s2 & al?\gh !re are "s p]haps among ! ,p]sians & ,*9ese z judici\s z among ourselves1 exp$i5cy seem$ to dictate t ,i %\ld regulate my practice con=mably to ! op9ions ( ^? ) :om ,i %\ld h to live2 & x appe>$ to me t1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! real op9ions ( su*1 ,i ought r to take cognizance ( :at !y practis$ ?an ( :at !y said1 n only because1 9 ! corruption ( our mann]s1 !re are few dispos$ to speak exactly z !y believe1 b also because v _m are n aw>e ( :at x is t !y really believe2 =1 z ! act ( m9d by :i* a ?+ is believ$ is diff]5t f t by :i* we "k t we believe x1 ! "o act is (t5 f\nd )\t ! o!r4 ,also1 amid _m op9ions held 9 equal repute1 ,i *ose always ! mo/ mod]ate1 z mu* = ! reason t ^! are always ! mo/ conv5i5t = practice1 & probably ! be/ 7= all excess is g5]ally vici\s71 z t1 9 ! ev5t ( my fall+ into error1 ,i might be at less di/ance f ! tru? ?an if1 hav+ *os5 "o ( ! extremes1 x %\ld turn out to be ! o!r :i* ,i ought to h adopt$4 ,& ,i plac$ 9 ! class ( extremes especially all promises by :i* some:at ( our fre$om is abridg$2 n t ,i disapprov$ ( ! laws :i*1 to provide aga9/ ! in/ability ( m5 ( feeble resolution1 :5 :at is s\ght to be accompli%$ is "s good1 p]mit engagem5ts by v[s & contracts b9d+ ! p>ties to p]sev]e 9 x1 or ev51 = ! security ( comm]ce1 sanction simil> engagem5ts :]e ! purpose s\ght to be realiz$ is indiff]5t3 b because ,i did n f9d any?+ on e>? :i* 0 :olly sup]ior to *ange1 & because1 = myself 9 p>ticul>1 ,i hop$ gradually to p]fect my judgm5ts1 & n to suff] !m to det]iorate1 ,i w\ld h deem$ x a grave s9 aga9/ good s5se1 if1 = ! reason t ,i approv$ ( some?+ at a p>ticul> "t1 ,i !re=e b\nd myself to hold x = good at a subsequ5t "t1 :5 p]haps x _h ceas$ to be s1 or ,i _h ceas$ to e/eem x su*4 ,my second maxim 0 to be z firm & resolute 9 my actions z ,i 0 able1 & n to adh]e less /eadfa/ly to ! mo/ d\btful op9ions1 :5 once adopt$1 ?an if !y _h be5 highly c]ta92 imitat+ 9 ?is ! example ( travel]s :o1 :5 !y h lo/ _! way 9 a =e/1 ought n to w&] f side to side1 f> less rema9 9 "o place1 b proce$ con/antly t[>ds ! same side 9 z /raight a l9e z possible1 )\t *ang+ _! direction = slight reasons1 al?\gh p]haps x might be *ance alone :i* at fir/ det]m9$ ! selection2 = 9 ?is way1 if !y d n exactly rea* ! po9t !y desire1 !y w come at lea/ 9 ! end to "s place t w probably be pref]able to ! middle ( a =e/4 ,9 ! same way1 s9ce 9 action x frequ5tly happ5s t no delay is p]missible1 x is v c]ta9 t1 :5 x is n 9 our p[] to det]m9e :at is true1 we ought to act accord+ to :at is mo/ probable2 & ev5 al?\gh we %\ld n rem>k a great] probability 9 "o op9ion ?an 9 ano!r1 we ought not)/&+ to *oose "o or ! o!r1 & aft]w>ds consid] x1 9 s f> z x relates to practice1 z no long] dubi\s1 b manife/ly true & c]ta91 s9ce ! reason by :i* our *oice has be5 det]m9$ is itself possess$ ( ^! qualities4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 suffici5t !nce=w>d to rid me ( all ^? rep5t+s & pangs ( remorse t usually di/urb ! consci5ces ( su* feeble & unc]ta9 m9ds z1 de/itute ( any cle> & det]m9ate pr9ciple ( *oice1 all[ !mselves "o day to adopt a c\rse ( action z ! be/1 :i* !y ab&on ! next1 z ! opposite4 ,my ?ird maxim 0 to endeavor always to conqu] myself r ?an =tune1 & *ange my desires r ?an ! ord] ( ! _w1 & 9 g5]al1 accu/om myself to ! p]suasion t1 except our own ?\ghts1 !re is no?+ absolutely 9 our p[]2 s t :5 we h done our be/ 9 ?+s ext]nal to u1 all :]e9 we fail ( success is to be held1 z reg>ds u1 absolutely impossible3 & ?is s+le pr9ciple seem$ to me suffici5t to prev5t me f desir+ = ! future any?+ :i* ,i c\ld n obta91 & ?us r5d] me cont5t$2 = s9ce our w naturally seeks ^? objects alone :i* ! und]/&+ repres5ts z 9 "s way possible ( atta9m5t1 x is pla91 t if we consid] all ext]nal goods z equally beyond our p[]1 we %all no m regret ! abs5ce ( su* goods z seem due to our bir?1 :5 depriv$ ( !m )\t any fault ( ours1 ?an our n possess+ ! k+doms ( ,*9a or ,mexico1 & ?us mak+1 s to speak1 a virtue ( necessity1 we %all no m desire heal? 9 disease1 or fre$om 9 imprisonm5t1 ?an we n[ d bodies incorruptible z diamonds1 or ! w+s ( birds to fly )4 ,b ,i confess !re is ne$ ( prolong$ discipl9e & frequ5tly repeat$ m$itation to accu/om ! m9d to view all objects 9 ?is light2 & ,i believe t 9 ?is *iefly consi/$ ! secret ( ! p[] ( su* philosoph]s z 9 =m] times 7 enabl$ to rise sup]ior to ! influ5ce ( =tune1 &1 amid suff]+ & pov]ty1 enjoy a happ9ess :i* _! gods might h envi$4 ,=1 occupi$ incessantly ) ! consid]ation ( ! limits prescrib$ to _! p[] by nature1 !y became s entirely conv9c$ t no?+ 0 at _! disposal except _! own ?\ghts1 t ?is conviction 0 ( itself suffici5t to prev5t _! ent]ta9+ any desire ( o!r objects2 & ov] _! ?\ghts !y acquir$ a sway s absolute1 t !y _h "s gr\nd on ?is acc\nt = e/eem+ !mselves m ri* & m p[]ful1 m free & m happy1 ?an o!r m5 :o1 :atev] be ! favors heap$ on !m by nature & =tune1 if de/itute ( ?is philosophy1 c nev] comm& ! realization ( all _! desires4 ,9 f9e1 to conclude ?is code ( morals1 ,i ?\ght ( review+ ! diff]5t occupations ( m5 9 ?is life1 ) ! view ( mak+ *oice ( ! be/4 ,&1 )\t wi%+ to (f] any rem>ks on ! employm5ts ( o!rs1 ,i may /ate t x 0 my conviction t ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an cont9ue 9 t 9 :i* ,i 0 engag$1 viz41 9 devot+ my :ole life to ! culture ( my reason1 & 9 mak+ ! greate/ progress ,i 0 able 9 ! k ( tru?1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! me?od :i* ,i _h prescrib$ to myself4 ,?is me?od1 f ! "t ,i _h begun to apply x1 _h be5 to me ! s\rce ( satisfaction s int5se z to lead me to1 believe t m p]fect or m innoc5t c\ld n be enjoy$ 9 ?is life2 & z by its means ,i daily discov]$ tru?s t appe>$ to me ( "s importance1 & ( :i* o!r m5 7 g5]ally ignorant1 ! gratification !nce aris+ s occupi$ my m9d t ,i 0 :olly indiff]5t to e o!r object4 ,besides1 ! ?ree prec$+ maxims 7 f\nd$ s+ly on ! design ( cont9u+ ! "w ( self-in/ruction4 ,= s9ce ,god has end[$ ea* ( u ) "s light ( reason by :i* to di/+ui% tru? f error1 ,i c\ld n h believ$ t ,i ought = a s+le mom5t to re/ satisfi$ ) ! op9ions ( ano!r1 unless ,i _h resolv$ to ex]cise my own judgm5t 9 exam9+ ^! :5ev] ,i %\ld be duly qualifi$ = ! task4 ,nor c\ld ,i h proce$$ on su* op9ions )\t scruple1 _h ,i suppos$ t ,i %\ld !reby =feit any advantage = atta9+ /ill m accurate1 %\ld su* exi/4 ,&1 9 f9e1 ,i c\ld n h re/ra9$ my desires1 nor rema9$ satisfi$ _h ,i n foll[$ a pa? 9 :i* ,i ?\ght myself c]ta9 ( atta9+ all ! k to ! acquisition ( :i* ,i 0 compet5t1 z well z ! l>ge/ am\nt ( :at is truly good :i* ,i c\ld ev] hope to secure ,inasmu* z we nei!r seek nor %un any object except 9 s f> z our und]/&+ repres5ts x z good or bad1 all t is necess>y to "r action is "r judgm5t1 & to ! be/ action ! mo/ correct judgm5t1 t is1 to ! acquisition ( all ! virtues ) all else t is truly valuable & )9 our rea*2 & ! assurance ( su* an acquisition _c fail to r5d] u cont5t$4 ,hav+ ?us provid$ myself ) ^! maxims1 & hav+ plac$ !m 9 res]ve along ) ! tru?s ( fai?1 :i* h ev] occupi$ ! fir/ place 9 my belief1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i might ) fre$om set ab\t ridd+ myself ( :at rema9$ ( my op9ions4 ,&1 inasmu* z ,i hop$ to be bett] able successfully to accompli% ?is "w by hold+ int]c\rse ) mank9d1 ?an by rema9+ long] %ut up 9 ! retirem5t :]e ^! ?\ghts _h occurr$ to me1 ,i betook me aga9 to travel+ be=e ! w9t] 0 well end$4 ,&1 dur+ ! n9e subsequ5t ye>s1 ,i did no?+ b roam f "o place to ano!r1 desir\s ( be+ a spectator r ?an an actor 9 ! plays exhibit$ on ! !at] ( ! _w2 &1 z ,i made x my bus9ess 9 ea* matt] to reflect p>ticul>ly ^u :at might fairly be d\bt$ & prove a s\rce ( error1 ,i gradually root$ out f my m9d all ! errors :i* _h hi!rto crept into x4 ,n t 9 ?is ,i imitat$ ! sceptics :o d\bt only t !y may d\bt1 & seek no?+ beyond unc]ta9ty itself2 =1 on ! contr>y1 my design 0 s+ly to f9d gr\nd ( assurance1 & ca/ aside ! loose e>? & s&1 t ,i might rea* ! rock or ! clay4 ,9 ?is1 z appe>s to me1 ,i 0 successful en\gh2 =1 s9ce ,i endeavor$ to discov] ! falsehood or inc]titude ( ! propositions ,i exam9$1 n by feeble conjectures1 b by cle> & c]ta9 reason+s1 ,i met ) no?+ s d\btful z n to yield "s conclusion ( adequate c]ta9ty1 al?\gh ?is 7 m]ely ! inf]5ce1 t ! matt] 9 "q conta9$ no?+ c]ta94 ,&1 j z 9 pull+ d[n an old h\se1 we usually res]ve ! ru9s to contribute t[>ds ! erection1 s1 9 de/roy+ su* ( my op9ions z ,i judg$ to be ,ill-f\nd$1 ,i made a v>iety ( obs]vations & acquir$ an am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( :i* ,i avail$ myself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( m c]ta94 ,& fur!r1 ,i cont9u$ to ex]cise myself 9 ! me?od ,i _h prescrib$2 =1 besides tak+ c>e 9 g5]al to conduct all my ?\ghts accord+ to its rules1 ,i res]v$ "s h\rs f "t to "t :i* ,i expressly devot$ to ! employm5t ( ! me?od 9 ! solution ( ma!matical difficulties1 or ev5 9 ! solution likewise ( "s que/ions belong+ to o!r sci5ces1 b :i*1 by my hav+ deta*$ !m f su* pr9ciples ( ^! sci5ces z 7 ( inadequate c]ta9ty1 7 r5d]$ almo/ ma!matical3 ! tru? ( ?is w be manife/ f ! num]\s examples conta9$ 9 ?is volume4 ,& ?us1 )\t 9 appe>ance liv+ o!rwise ?an ^? :o1 ) no o!r occupation ?an t ( sp5d+ _! lives agreeably & innoc5tly1 /udy to sev] pleasure f vice1 & :o1 t !y may enjoy _! leisure )\t ennui1 h rec\rse to su* pursuits z are honorable1 ,i 0 nev]!less prosecut+ my design1 & mak+ great] progress 9 ! k ( tru?1 ?an ,i might1 p]haps1 h made _h ,i be5 engag$ 9 ! p]usal ( books m]ely1 or 9 hold+ conv]se ) m5 ( lett]s4 ,^! n9e ye>s pass$ away1 h[ev]1 be=e ,i _h come to any det]m9ate judgm5t respect+ ! difficulties :i* =m matt] ( dispute among ! le>n$1 or _h comm5c$ to seek ! pr9ciples ( any philosophy m c]ta9 ?an ! vulg>4 ,& ! examples ( _m m5 ( ! highe/ g5ius1 :o _h1 9 =m] times1 engag$ 9 ?is inquiry1 b1 z appe>$ to me1 )\t success1 l$ me to imag9e x to be a "w ( s mu* difficulty1 t ,i w\ld n p]haps h v5tur$ on x s soon _h ,i n he>d x curr5tly rumor$ t ,i _h already complet$ ! inquiry4 ,i "k n :at 7 ! gr\nds ( ?is op9ion2 &1 if my conv]sation contribut$ 9 any measure to its rise1 ?is mu/ h happ5$ r f my hav+ confess$ my ,ignorance ) great] fre$om ?an ^? are accu/om$ to d :o h /udi$ a little1 & exp\nd$ p]haps1 ! reasons t l$ me to d\bt ( _m ( ^? ?+s t by o!rs are e/eem$ c]ta91 ?an f my hav+ boa/$ ( any sy/em ( philosophy4 ,b1 z ,i am ( a disposition t makes me unwill+ to be e/eem$ diff]5t f :at ,i really am1 ,i ?\ght x necess>y to endeavor by all means to r5d] myself wor?y ( ! reputation accord$ to me2 & x is n[ exactly eight ye>s s9ce ?is desire con/ra9$ me to remove f all ^? places :]e int]ruption f any ( my acqua9tances 0 possible1 & betake myself to ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* ! long duration ( ! w> has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( su* discipl9e1 t ! armies ma9ta9$ seem to be ( use only 9 enabl+ ! inhabitants to enjoy m securely ! bless+s ( peace & :]e1 9 ! mid/ ( a great cr[d actively engag$ 9 bus9ess1 & m c>eful ( _! own affairs ?an curi\s ab\t ^? ( o!rs1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to live )\t be+ depriv$ ( any ( ! conv5i5ces to be _h 9 ! mo/ popul\s cities1 & yet z solit>y & z retir$ z 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ remote des]ts4 ,,"p ,,iv ,i am 9 d\bt z to ! propriety ( mak+ my fir/ m$itations 9 ! place above m5tion$ matt] ( disc\rse2 = ^! are s metaphysical1 & s uncommon1 z n1 p]haps1 to be acceptable to e "o4 ,& yet1 t x may be det]m9$ :e!r ! f\ndations t ,i h laid are suffici5tly secure1 ,i f9d myself 9 a measure con/ra9$ to adv]t to !m4 ,i _h long be=e rem>k$ t1 9 relation to practice1 x is sometimes necess>y to adopt1 z if above d\bt1 op9ions :i* we disc]n to be highly unc]ta91 z has be5 already said2 b z ,i !n desir$ to give my att5tion solely to ! se>* aft] tru?1 ,i ?\ght t a proc$ure exactly ! opposite 0 call$ =1 & t ,i ought to reject z absolutely false all op9ions 9 reg>d to :i* ,i c\ld suppose ! lea/ gr\nd = d\bt1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r aft] t !re rema9$ aught 9 my belief t 0 :olly indubitable4 ,accord+ly1 see+ t our s5ses sometimes deceive u1 ,i 0 will+ to suppose t !re exi/$ no?+ really su* z !y pres5t$ to u2 & because "s m5 err 9 reason+1 & fall into p>alogisms1 ev5 on ! simple/ matt]s ( geometry1 ,i1 conv9c$ t ,i 0 z op5 to error z any o!r1 reject$ z false all ! reason+s ,i _h hi!rto tak5 = demon/rations2 & f9ally1 :5 ,i consid]$ t ! v same ?\ghts 7pres5tations7 :i* we exp]i5ce :5 awake may also be exp]i5c$ :5 we are asleep1 :ile !re is at t "t n "o ( !m true1 ,i suppos$ t all ! objects 7pres5tations7 t _h ev] ent]$ into my m9d :5 awake1 _h 9 !m no m tru? ?an ! illusions ( my dreams4 ,b imm$iately ^u ?is ,i obs]v$ t1 :il/ ,i ?us wi%$ to ?9k t all 0 false1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t ,i1 :o ?us ?\ght1 %\ld be some:at2 & z ,i obs]v$ t ?is tru?1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am 7,,cogito ,,ergo ,,sum71 0 s c]ta9 & ( su* evid5ce t no gr\nd ( d\bt1 h[ev] extravagant1 c\ld be alleg$ by ! sceptics capable ( %ak+ x1 ,i conclud$ t ,i might1 )\t scruple1 accept x z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! philosophy ( :i* ,i 0 9 se>*4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i att5tively exam9$ :at ,i 0 & z ,i obs]v$ t ,i c\ld suppose t ,i _h no body1 & t !re 0 no _w nor any place 9 :i* ,i might be2 b t ,i c\ld n !re=e suppose t ,i 0 n2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 f ! v circum/ance t ,i ?\ght to d\bt ( ! tru? ( o!r ?+s1 x mo/ cle>ly & c]ta9ly foll[$ t ,i 02 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,i _h only ceas$ to ?9k1 al?\gh all ! o!r objects :i* ,i _h ev] imag9$ _h be5 9 reality exi/5t1 ,i w\ld h _h no reason to believe t ,i exi/$2 ,i !nce conclud$ t ,i 0 a sub/ance ^: :ole ess5ce or nature consi/s only 9 ?9k+1 & :i*1 t x may exi/1 has ne$ ( no place1 nor is dep5d5t on any mat]ial ?+2 s t 8,i10 t is to say1 ! m9d by :i* ,i am :at ,i am1 is :olly di/9ct f ! body1 & is ev5 m easily kn[n ?an ! latt]1 & is su*1 t al?\gh ! latt] 7 n1 x w\ld /ill cont9ue to be all t x is4 ,aft] ?is ,i inquir$ 9 g5]al into :at is ess5tial to ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( a proposition2 = s9ce ,i _h discov]$ "o :i* ,i knew to be true1 ,i ?\ght t ,i mu/ likewise be able to discov] ! gr\nd ( ?is c]titude4 ,& z ,i obs]v$ t 9 ! words ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am1 !re is no?+ at all :i* gives me assurance ( _! tru? beyond ?is1 t ,i see v cle>ly t 9 ord] to ?9k x is necess>y to exi/1 ,i conclud$ t ,i might take1 z a g5]al rule1 ! pr9ciple1 t all ! ?+s :i* we v cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive are true1 only obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t !re is "s difficulty 9 rightly det]m9+ ! objects :i* we di/9ctly conceive4 ,9 ! next place1 f reflect+ on ! circum/ance t ,i d\bt$1 & t consequ5tly my be+ 0 n :olly p]fect 7= ,i cle>ly saw t x 0 a great] p]fection to "k ?an to d\bt71 ,i 0 l$ to inquire :5ce ,i _h le>n$ to ?9k ( some?+ m p]fect ?an myself2 & ,i cle>ly recogniz$ t ,i mu/ hold ?is notion f "s nature :i* 9 reality 0 m p]fect4 ,z = ! ?\ghts ( _m o!r objects ext]nal to me1 z ( ! sky1 ! e>?1 light1 heat1 & a ?\s& m1 ,i 0 less at a loss to "k :5ce ^! came2 = s9ce ,i rem>k$ 9 !m no?+ :i* seem$ to r5d] !m sup]ior to myself1 ,i c\ld believe t1 if ^! 7 true1 !y 7 dep5d5cies on my own nature1 9 s f> z x possess$ a c]ta9 p]fection1 &1 if !y 7 false1 t ,i held !m f no?+1 t is to say1 t !y 7 9 me because ( a c]ta9 imp]fection ( my nature4 ,b ?is c\ld n be ! case )-! idea ( a nature m p]fect ?an myself2 = to receive x f no?+ 0 a ?+ manife/ly impossible2 &1 because x is n less repugnant t ! m p]fect %\ld be an effect (1 & dep5d5ce on ! less p]fect1 ?an t some?+ %\ld proce$ f no?+1 x 0 equally impossible t ,i c\ld hold x f myself3 accord+ly1 x b rema9$ t x _h be5 plac$ 9 me by a nature :i* 0 9 reality m p]fect ?an m9e1 & :i* ev5 possess$ )9 itself all ! p]fections ( :i* ,i c\ld =m any idea2 t is to say1 9 a s+le ^w1 :i* 0 ,god4 ,& to ?is ,i add$ t1 s9ce ,i knew "s p]fections :i* ,i did n possess1 ,i 0 n ! only be+ 9 exi/5ce 7,i w "h1 ) y\r p]mission1 freely use ! t]ms ( ! s*ools72 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !re 0 ( necessity "s o!r m p]fect ,be+ ^u :om ,i 0 dep5d5t1 & f :om ,i _h receiv$ all t ,i possess$2 = if ,i _h exi/$ alone1 & indep5d5tly ( e o!r be+1 s z to h _h f myself all ! p]fection1 h[ev] little1 :i* ,i actually possess$1 ,i %\ld h be5 able1 = ! same reason1 to h _h f myself ! :ole rema9d] ( p]fection1 ( ! want ( :i* ,i 0 consci\s1 & ?us c\ld ( myself h become inf9ite1 et]nal1 immutable1 omnisci5t1 all-p[]ful1 &1 9 f9e1 h possess$ all ! p]fections :i* ,i c\ld recognize 9 ,god4 ,= 9 ord] to "k ! nature ( ,god 7^: exi/5ce has be5 e/abli%$ by ! prec$+ reason+s71 z f> z my own nature p]mitt$1 ,i _h only to consid] 9 ref]5ce to all ! prop]ties ( :i* ,i f\nd 9 my m9d "s idea1 :e!r _! possession 0 a m>k ( p]fection2 & ,i 0 assur$ t no "o :i* indicat$ any imp]fection 0 9 him1 & t none ( ! re/ 0 awant+4 ,?us ,i p]ceiv$ t d\bt1 incon/ancy1 sadness1 & su* l1 c\ld n be f\nd 9 ,god1 s9ce ,i myself w\ld h be5 happy to be free f !m4 ,besides1 ,i _h ideas ( _m s5sible & corporeal ?+s2 = al?\gh ,i might suppose t ,i 0 dream+1 & t all :i* ,i saw or imag9$ 0 false1 ,i c\ld n1 nev]!less1 d5y t ! ideas 7 9 reality 9 my ?\ghts4 ,b1 because ,i _h already v cle>ly recogniz$ 9 myself t ! intellig5t nature is di/9ct f ! corporeal1 & z ,i obs]v$ t all composition is an evid5ce ( dep5d5cy1 & t a /ate ( dep5d5cy is manife/ly a /ate ( imp]fection1 ,i !re=e det]m9$ t x c\ld n be a p]fection 9 ,god to be comp\nd$ ( ^! two natures & t consequ5tly he 0 n s comp\nd$2 b t if !re 7 any bodies 9 ! _w1 or ev5 any intellig5ces1 or o!r natures t 7 n :olly p]fect1 _! exi/5ce dep5d$ on 8 p[] 9 su* a way t !y c\ld n subsi/ )\t him = a s+le mom5t4 ,i 0 dispos$ /raightway to se>* = o!r tru?s & :5 ,i _h repres5t$ to myself ! object ( ! geomet]s1 :i* ,i conceiv$ to be a cont9u\s body or a space indef9itely ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & height or dep?1 divisible into div]s p>ts :i* admit ( diff]5t figures & sizes1 & ( be+ mov$ or transpos$ 9 all mann] ( ways 7= all ?is ! geomet]s suppose to be 9 ! object !y contemplate71 ,i w5t ov] "s ( _! simple/ demon/rations4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i obs]v$1 t ! great c]titude :i* by common cons5t is accord$ to ^! demon/rations1 is f\nd$ solely ^u ?is1 t !y are cle>ly conceiv$ 9 accordance ) ! rules ,i h already laid d[n ,9 ! next place1 ,i p]ceiv$ t !re 0 no?+ at all 9 ^! demon/rations :i* c\ld assure me ( ! exi/5ce ( _! object3 ?us1 = example1 suppos+ a triangle to be giv51 ,i di/9ctly p]ceiv$ t its ?ree angles 7 necess>ily equal to two "r angles1 b ,i did n on t acc\nt p]ceive any?+ :i* c\ld assure me t any triangle exi/$3 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 recurr+ to ! exam9ation ( ! idea ( a ,p]fect ,be+1 ,i f\nd t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,be+ 0 compris$ 9 ! idea 9 ! same way t ! equality ( its ?ree angles to two "r angles is compris$ 9 ! idea ( a triangle1 or z 9 ! idea ( a sph]e1 ! equidi/ance ( all po9ts on its surface f ! c5t]1 or ev5 /ill m cle>ly2 & t consequ5tly x is at lea/ z c]ta9 t ,god1 :o is ?is ,p]fect ,be+1 is1 or exi/s1 z any demon/ration ( geometry c be4 ,b ! reason :i* leads _m to p]suade !m selves t !re is a difficulty 9 kn[+ ?is tru?1 & ev5 also 9 kn[+ :at _! m9d really is1 is t !y nev] raise _! ?\ghts above s5sible objects1 & are s accu/om$ to consid] no?+ except by way ( imag9ation1 :i* is a mode ( ?9k+ limit$ to mat]ial objects1 t all t is n imag9able seems to !m n intelligible4 ,! tru? ( ?is is suffici5tly manife/ f ! s+le circum/ance1 t ! philosoph]s ( ! s*ools accept z a maxim t !re is no?+ 9 ! und]/&+ :i* 0 n previ\sly 9 ! s5ses1 9 :i* h[ev] x is c]ta9 t ! ideas ( ,god & ( ! s\l h nev] be52 & x appe>s to me t !y :o make use ( _! imag9ation to compreh5d ^! ideas d exactly ! "s ?+ z if1 9 ord] to he> s\nds or smell odors1 !y /rove to avail !mselves ( _! eyes2 unless inde$ t !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! s5se ( sight does n af=d u an inf]ior assurance to ^? ( smell or he>+2 9 place ( :i*1 nei!r our imag9ation nor our s5ses c give u assurance ( any?+ unless our und]/&+ int]v5e4 ,f9ally1 if !re be /ill p]sons :o are n suffici5tly p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! s\l1 by ! reasons ,i h adduc$1 ,i am desir\s t !y %\ld "k t all ! o!r propositions1 ( ! tru? ( :i* !y deem !mselves p]haps m assur$1 z t we h a body1 & t !re exi/ />s & an e>?1 & su* l1 are less c]ta92 =1 al?\gh we h a moral assurance ( ^! ?+s1 :i* is s /rong t !re is an appe>ance ( extravagance 9 d\bt+ ( _! exi/5ce1 yet at ! same "t no "o1 unless 8 intellect is impair$1 c d5y1 :5 ! "q relates to a metaphysical c]titude1 t !re is suffici5t reason to exclude entire assurance1 9 ! obs]vation t :5 asleep we c 9 ! same way imag9e ourselves possess$ ( ano!r body & t we see o!r />s & ano!r e>?1 :5 !re is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,= h[ d we "k t ! ?\ghts :i* occur 9 dream+ are false r ?an ^? o!r :i* we exp]i5ce :5 awake1 s9ce ! =m] are (t5 n less vivid & di/9ct ?an ! latt]8 ,& ?\gh m5 ( ! highe/ g5ius /udy ?is "q z long z !y please1 ,i d n believe t !y w be able to give any reason :i* c be suffici5t to remove ?is d\bt1 unless !y presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place ev5 ! pr9ciple :i* ,i h already tak5 z a rule1 viz41 t all ! ?+s :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive are true1 is c]ta9 only because ,god is or exi/s & because he is a ,p]fect ,be+1 & because all t we possess is d]iv$ f him3 :5ce x foll[s t our ideas or notions1 :i* to ! ext5t ( _! cle>ness & di/9ctness are real1 & proce$ f ,god1 mu/ to t ext5t be true4 ,accord+ly1 :]eas we n infrequ5tly h ideas or notions 9 :i* "s falsity is conta9$1 ?is c only be ! case ) su* z are to "s ext5t confus$ & obscure1 & 9 ?is proce$ f no?+ 7p>ticipate ( negation71 t is1 exi/ 9 u ?us confus$ because we are n :olly p]fect4 ,& x is evid5t t x is n less repugnant t falsity or imp]fection1 9 s f> z x is imp]fection1 %\ld proce$ f ,god1 ?an t tru? or p]fection %\ld proce$ f no?+4 ,b if we did n "k t all :i* we possess ( real & true proce$s f a ,p]fect & ,inf9ite ,be+1 h[ev] cle> & di/9ct our ideas might be1 we %\ld h no gr\nd on t acc\nt = ! assurance t !y possess$ ! p]fection ( be+ true4 ,b aft] ! k ( ,god & ( ! s\l has r5d]$ u c]ta9 ( ?is rule1 we c easily und]/& t ! tru? ( ! ?\ghts we exp]i5ce :5 awake1 ought n 9 ! slighte/ degree to be call$ 9 "q on acc\nt ( ! illusions ( our dreams4 ,= if x happ5$ t an individual1 ev5 :5 asleep1 _h "s v di/9ct idea1 z1 = example1 if a geomet] %\ld discov] "s new demon/ration1 ! circum/ance ( 8 be+ asleep w\ld n militate aga9/ its tru?2 & z = ! mo/ ord9>y error ( our dreams1 :i* consi/s 9 _! repres5t+ to u v>i\s objects 9 ! same way z our ext]nal s5ses1 ?is is n prejudicial1 s9ce x leads u v prop]ly to suspect ! tru? ( ! ideas ( s5se2 = we are n infrequ5tly deceiv$ 9 ! same mann] :5 awake2 z :5 p]sons 9 ! jaundice see all objects yell[1 or :5 ! />s or bodies at a great di/ance appe> to u mu* small] ?an !y are4 ,=1 9 f9e1 :e!r awake or asleep1 we ought nev] to all[ ourselves to be p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( any?+ unless on ! evid5ce ( our reason4 ,& x mu/ be not$ t ,i say ( our reason1 & n ( our imag9ation or ( our s5ses3 ?us1 = example1 al?\gh we v cle>ly see ! sun1 we ought n !re=e to det]m9e t x is only ( ! size :i* our s5se ( sight pres5ts2 & we may v di/9ctly imag9e ! head ( a lion jo9$ to ! body ( a goat1 )\t be+ !re=e %ut up to ! conclusion t a *ima]a exi/s2 = x is n a dictate ( reason t :at we ?us see or imag9e is 9 reality exi/5t2 b x pla9ly tells u t all our ideas or notions conta9 9 !m "s tru?2 = o!rwise x c\ld n be t ,god1 :o is :olly p]fect & v]aci\s1 %\ld h plac$ !m 9 u4 ,& because our reason+s are nev] s cle> or s complete dur+ sleep z :5 we are awake1 al?\gh sometimes ! acts ( our imag9ation are !n z lively & di/9ct1 if n m s ?an 9 our wak+ mom5ts1 reason fur!r dictates t1 s9ce all our ?\ghts _c be true because ( our p>tial imp]fection1 ^? possess+ tru? mu/ infallibly be f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( our wak+ mom5ts r ?an 9 t ( our dreams4 ,,"p ,v ,i w\ld "h will+ly h proce$$ to exhibit ! :ole *a9 ( tru?s :i* ,i d$uc$ f ^! prim>y b z ) a view to ?is x w\ld h be5 necess>y n[ to treat ( _m que/ions 9 dispute among ! e>n$1 ) :om ,i d n wi% to be embroil$1 ,i believe t x w be bett] = me to refra9 f ?is exposition1 & only m5tion 9 g5]al :at ^! tru?s are1 t ! m judici\s may be able to det]m9e :e!r a m special acc\nt ( !m w\ld conduce to ! public advantage4 ,i h ev] rema9$ firm 9 my orig9al resolution to suppose no o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( :i* ,i h rec5tly avail$ myself 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! s\l1 & to accept z true no?+ t did n appe> to me m cle> & c]ta9 ?an ! demon/rations ( ! geomet]s _h =m]ly appe>$2 & yet ,i v5ture to /ate t n only h ,i f\nd means to satisfy myself 9 a %ort "t on all ! pr9cipal difficulties :i* are usually treat$ ( 9 philosophy1 b ,i h also obs]v$ c]ta9 laws e/abli%$ 9 nature by ,god 9 su* a mann]1 & ( :i* he has impress$ on our m9ds su* notions1 t aft] we h reflect$ suffici5tly ^u ^!1 we _c d\bt t !y are accurately obs]v$ 9 all t exi/s or takes place 9 ! _w & f>!r1 by consid]+ ! concat5ation ( ^! laws1 x appe>s to me t ,i h discov]$ _m tru?s m useful & m important ?an all ,i _h be=e le>n$1 or ev5 _h expect$ to le>n4 ,b because ,i h essay$ to exp\nd ! *ief ( ^! discov]ies 9 a treatise :i* c]ta9 consid]ations prev5t me f publi%+1 ,i _c make ! results kn[n m conv5i5tly ?an by "h giv+ a summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( ?is treatise4 ,x 0 my design to comprise 9 x all t1 be=e ,i set myself to write x1 ,i ?\ght ,i knew ( ! nature ( mat]ial objects4 ,b l ! pa9t]s :o1 f9d+ !mselves unable to repres5t equally well on a pla9 surface all ! diff]5t faces ( a solid body1 select "o ( ! *ief1 on :i* alone !y make ! light fall1 & ?r[+ ! re/ into ! %ade1 all[ !m to appe> only 9 s f> z !y c be se5 :ile look+ at ! pr9cipal "o2 s1 fe>+ le/ ,i %\ld n be able to comp5se 9 my disc\rse all t 0 9 my m9d1 ,i resolv$ to exp\nd s+ly1 ?\gh at consid]able l5g?1 my op9ions reg>d+ light2 !n to take ! opportunity ( add+ some?+ on ! sun & ! fix$ />s1 s9ce light almo/ :olly proce$s f !m2 on ! heav5s s9ce !y transmit x2 on ! planets1 comets1 & e>?1 s9ce !y reflect x2 & p>ticul>ly on all ! bodies t are ^u ! e>?1 s9ce !y are ei!r color$1 or transp>5t1 or lum9\s2 & f9ally on man1 s9ce he is ! spectator ( ^! objects4 ,fur!r1 to enable me to ca/ ?is v>iety ( subjects some:at into ! %ade1 & to express my judgm5t reg>d+ !m ) great] fre$om1 )\t be+ necessitat$ to adopt or refute ! op9ions ( ! le>n$1 ,i resolv$ to leave all ! p "h to _! disputes1 & to speak only ( :at w\ld happ5 9 a new _w1 if ,god 7 n[ to create some:]e 9 ! imag9>y spaces matt] suffici5t to compose "o1 & 7 to agitate v>i\sly & confus$ly ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is matt]1 s t !re result$ a *aos z disord]$ z ! poets ev] feign$1 & aft] t did no?+ m ?an l5d 8 ord9>y concurr5ce to nature1 & all[ h] to act 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* he _h e/abli%$4 ,on ?is supposition1 ,i1 9 ! fir/ place1 describ$ ?is matt]1 & essay$ to repres5t x 9 su* a mann] t to my m9d !re c be no?+ cle>] & m intelligible1 except :at has be5 rec5tly said reg>d+ ,god & ! s\l2 = ,i ev5 expressly suppos$ t x possess$ none ( ^? =ms or qualities :i* are s debat$ 9 ! s*ools1 nor 9 g5]al any?+ ! k ( :i* is n s natural to our m9ds t no "o c s mu* z imag9e himself ignorant ( x4 ,besides1 ,i h po9t$ out :at are ! laws ( nature2 &1 ) no o!r pr9ciple ^u :i* to f\nd my reason+s except ! inf9ite p]fection ( ,god1 ,i endeavor$ to demon/rate all ^? ab\t :i* !re c\ld be any room = d\bt1 & to prove t !y are su*1 t ev5 if ,god _h creat$ m worlds1 !re c\ld h be5 none 9 :i* ^! laws 7 n obs]v$4 ,!reaft]1 ,i %[$ h[ ! greate/ "p ( ! matt] ( ?is *aos mu/1 9 accordance ) ^! laws1 dispose & arrange itself 9 su* a way z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( heav5s2 h[ 9 ! meantime "s ( its p>ts mu/ compose an e>? & "s planets & comets1 & o!rs a sun & fix$ />s4 ,&1 mak+ a digression at ?is /age on ! subject ( light1 ,i exp\nd$ at consid]able l5g? :at ! nature ( t light mu/ be :i* is f\nd 9 ! sun & ! />s1 & h[ !nce 9 an in/ant ( "t x trav]ses ! imm5se spaces ( ! heav5s1 & h[ f ! planets & comets x is reflect$ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,to ?is ,i likewise add$ mu* respect+ ! sub/ance1 ! situation1 ! motions1 & all ! diff]5t qualities ( ^! heav5s & />s2 s t ,i ?\ght ,i _h said en\gh respect+ !m to %[ t !re is no?+ obs]vable 9 ! heav5s or />s ( our sy/em t mu/ n1 or at lea/ may n appe> precisely alike 9 ^? ( ! sy/em :i* ,i describ$4 ,i came next to speak ( ! e>? 9 p>ticul>1 & to %[ h[1 ev5 ?\gh ,i _h expressly suppos$ t ,god _h giv5 no weight to ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$1 ?is %\ld n prev5t all its p>ts f t5d+ exactly to its c5t]2 h[ ) wat] & air on its surface1 ! disposition ( ! heav5s & heav5ly bodies1 m especially ( ! moon1 mu/ cause a fl[ & ebb1 l 9 all its circum/ances to t obs]v$ 9 our seas1 z also a c]ta9 curr5t bo? ( wat] & air f ea/ to we/1 su* z is likewise obs]v$ betwe5 ! tropics2 h[ ! m\nta9s1 seas1 f\nta9s1 & riv]s might naturally be =m$ 9 x1 & ! metals produc$ 9 ! m9es1 & ! plants gr[ 9 ! fields & 9 g5]al1 h[ all ! bodies :i* are commonly d5om9at$ mix$ or composite might be g5]at$ &1 among o!r ?+s 9 ! discov]ies allud$ to inasmu* z besides ! />s1 ,i knew no?+ except fire :i* produces light1 ,i sp>$ no pa9s to set =? all t p]ta9s to its nature1--! mann] ( its production & support1 & to expla9 h[ heat is sometimes f\nd )\t light1 & light )\t heat2 to %[ h[ x c induce v>i\s colors ^u diff]5t bodies & o!r div]se qualities2 h[ x r$uces "s to a liquid /ate & h>d5s o!rs2 h[ x c consume almo/ all bodies1 or conv]t !m into a%es & smoke2 & f9ally1 h[ f ^! a%es1 by ! m]e int5sity ( its action1 x =ms glass3 = z ?is transmutation ( a%es into glass appe>$ to me z wond]ful z any o!r 9 nature1 ,i took a special pleasure 9 describ+ x4 ,i 0 n1 h[ev]1 dispos$1 f ^! circum/ances1 to conclude t ?is _w _h be5 creat$ 9 ! mann] ,i describ$2 = x is mu* m likely t ,god made x at ! fir/ su* z x 0 to be4 ,b ?is is c]ta91 & an op9ion commonly receiv$ among !ologians1 t ! action by :i* he n[ su/a9s x is ! same ) t by :i* he orig9ally creat$ x2 s t ev5 al?\gh he _h f ! beg9n+ giv5 x no o!r =m ?an t ( *aos1 provid$ only he _h e/abli%$ c]ta9 laws ( nature1 & _h l5t x 8 concurr5ce to enable x to act z x is wont to d1 x may be believ$1 )\t discr$it to ! miracle ( creation1 t1 9 ?is way alone1 ?+s purely mat]ial might1 9 c\rse ( "t1 h become su* z we obs]ve !m at pres5t2 & _! nature is mu* m easily conceiv$ :5 !y are beheld com+ 9 ?is mann] gradually into exi/5ce1 ?an :5 !y are only consid]$ z produc$ at once 9 a f9i%$ & p]fect /ate4 ,f ! description ( inanimate bodies & plants1 ,i pass$ to animals1 & p>ticul>ly to man4 ,b s9ce ,i _h n z yet suffici5t k to enable me to treat ( ^! 9 ! same mann] z ( ! re/1 t is to say1 by d$uc+ effects f _! causes1 & by %[+ f :at elem5ts & 9 :at mann] nature mu/ produce !m1 ,i rema9$ satisfi$ ) ! supposition t ,god =m$ ! body ( man :olly l to "o ( ours1 z well 9 ! ext]nal %ape ( ! memb]s z 9 ! int]nal con=mation ( ! organs1 ( ! same matt] ) t ,i _h describ$1 & at fir/ plac$ 9 x no rational s\l1 nor any o!r pr9ciple1 9 room ( ! vegetative or s5sitive s\l1 beyond k9dl+ 9 ! he>t "o ( ^? fires )\t light1 su* z ,i _h already describ$1 & :i* ,i ?\ght 0 n diff]5t f ! heat 9 hay t has be5 heap$ toge!r be=e x is dry1 or t :i* causes f]m5tation 9 new w9es be=e !y are run cle> ( ! fruit4 ,=1 :5 ,i exam9$ ! k9d ( functions :i* might1 z consequ5ces ( ?is supposition1 exi/ 9 ?is body1 ,i f\nd precisely all ^? :i* may exi/ 9 u indep5d5tly ( all p[] ( ?9k+1 & consequ5tly )\t be+ 9 any measure ow+ to ! s\l2 9 o!r words1 to t "p ( u :i* is di/9ct f ! body1 & ( :i* x has be5 said above t ! nature di/9ctively consi/s 9 ?9k+1 functions 9 :i* ! animals void ( reason may be said :olly to resemble u2 b among :i* ,i c\ld n discov] any ( ^? t1 z dep5d5t on ?\ght alone1 belong to u z m51 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i did aft]w>ds discov] ^! z soon z ,i suppos$ ,god to h creat$ a rational s\l1 & to h annex$ x to ?is body 9 a p>ticul> mann] :i* ,i describ$4 ,b1 9 ord] to %[ h[ ,i !re h&l$ ?is matt]1 ,i mean "h to give ! explication ( ! motion ( ! he>t & art]ies1 :i*1 z ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al motion obs]v$ 9 animals1 w af=d ! means ( readily det]m9+ :at %\ld be ?\ght ( all ! re/4 ,& t !re may be less difficulty 9 und]/&+ :at ,i am ab\t to say on ?is subject1 ,i advise ^? :o are n v]s$ 9 anatomy1 be=e !y comm5ce ! p]usal ( ^! obs]vations1 to take ! tr\ble ( gett+ dissect$ 9 _! pres5ce ! he>t ( "s l>ge animal possess$ ( lungs 7= ?is is ?r\gh\t suffici5tly l ! human71 & to h %[n to !m its two v5tricles or cavities3 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 ! "r side1 ) :i* correspond two v ample tubes1 viz41 ! holl[ ve9 7v5a cava71 :i* is ! pr9cipal receptacle ( ! blood1 & ! trunk ( ! tree1 z x 71 ( :i* all ! o!r ve9s 9 ! body are bran*es2 & ! art]ial ve9 7v5a art]iosa71 inappropriately s d5om9at$1 s9ce x is 9 tru? only an art]y1 :i*1 tak+ its rise 9 ! he>t1 is divid$1 aft] pass+ out f x1 into _m bran*es :i* pres5tly disp]se !mselves all ov] ! lungs2 9 ! second place1 ! cavity 9 ! left side1 ) :i* correspond 9 ! same mann] two canals 9 size equal to or l>g] ?an ! prec$+1 viz41 ! v5\s art]y 7art]ia v5osa71 likewise inappropriately ?us designat$1 because x is simply a ve9 :i* comes f ! lungs1 :]e x is divid$ into _m bran*es1 int]lac$ ) ^? ( ! art]ial ve91 & ^? ( ! tube call$ ! w9dpipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! air we brea! ent]s2 & ! great art]y :i*1 issu+ f ! he>t1 s5ds its bran*es all ov] ! body4 ,i %\ld wi% also t su* p]sons 7 c>efully %[n ! elev5 pellicles :i*1 l s _m small valves1 op5 & %ut ! f\r orifices t are 9 ^! two cavities1 viz41 ?ree at ! entrance ( ! holl[ ve9s :]e !y are dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z by no means to prev5t ! blood :i* x conta9s f fl[+ into ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & yet exactly to prev5t its fl[+ out2 ?ree at ! entrance to ! art]ial ve91 :i*1 arrang$ 9 a mann] exactly ! opposite ( ! =m]1 readily p]mit ! blood conta9$ 9 ?is cavity to pass into ! lungs1 b h9d] t conta9$ 9 ! lungs f return+ to ?is cavity2 &1 9 l mann]1 two o!rs at ! m\? ( ! v5\s art]y1 :i* all[ ! blood f ! lungs to fl[ into ! left cavity ( ! he>t1 b preclude its return2 & ?ree at ! m\? ( ! great art]y1 :i* suff] ! blood to fl[ f ! he>t1 b prev5t its reflux4 ,nor d we ne$ to seek any o!r reason = ! numb] ( ^! pellicles beyond ?is t ! orifice ( ! v5\s art]y be+ ( an oval %ape f ! nature ( its situation1 c be adequately clos$ ) two1 :]eas ! o!rs be+ r\nd are m conv5i5tly clos$ ) ?ree4 ,besides1 ,i wi% su* p]sons to obs]ve t ! gr& art]y & ! art]ial ve9 are ( mu* h>d] & firm] texture ?an ! v5\s art]y & ! holl[ ve92 & t ! two la/ exp& be=e ent]+ ! he>t1 & !re =m1 z x 71 two p\*es d5om9at$ ! auricles ( ! he>t1 :i* are compos$ ( a sub/ance simil> to t ( ! he>t itself2 & t !re is always m w>m? 9 ! he>t ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! body--& f9ally1 t ?is heat is capable ( caus+ any drop ( blood t passes into ! cavities rapidly to exp& & dilate1 j z all liquors d :5 all[$ to fall drop by drop into a highly heat$ vessel4 ,=1 aft] ^! ?+s1 x is n necess>y = me to say any?+ m ) a view to expla9 ! motion ( ! he>t1 except t :5 its cavities are n full ( blood1 into ^! ! blood ( necessity fl[s1--f ! holl[ ve9 into ! "r1 & f ! v5\s art]y into ! left2 because ^! two vessels are always full ( blood1 & _! orifices1 :i* are turn$ t[>ds ! he>t1 _c !n be clos$4 ,b z soon z two drops ( blood h ?us pass$1 "o into ea* ( ! cavities1 ^! drops :i* _c b be v l>ge1 because ! orifices ?r\gh :i* !y pass are wide1 & ! vessels f :i* !y come full ( blood1 are imm$iately r>efi$1 & dilat$ by ! heat !y meet )4 ,9 ?is way !y cause ! :ole he>t to exp&1 & at ! same "t press home & %ut ! five small valves t are at ! entrances ( ! two vessels f :i* !y fl[1 & ?us prev5t any m blood f com+ d[n into ! he>t1 & becom+ m & m r>efi$1 !y pu% op5 ! six small valves t are 9 ! orifices ( ! o!r two vessels1 ?r\gh :i* !y pass out1 caus+ 9 ?is way all ! bran*es ( ! art]ial ve9 & ( ! gr& art]y to exp& almo/ simultane\sly ) ! he>t :i* imm$iately !reaft] beg9s to contract1 z d also ! art]ies1 because ! blood t has ent]$ !m has cool$1 & ! six small valves close1 & ! five ( ! holl[ ve9 & ( ! v5\s art]y op5 anew & all[ a passage to o!r two drops ( blood1 :i* cause ! he>t & ! art]ies aga9 to exp& z be=e4 ,&1 because ! blood :i* ?us ent]s into ! he>t passes ?r\gh ^! two p\*es call$ auricles1 x !nce happ5s t _! motion is ! contr>y ( t ( ! he>t1 & t :5 x exp&s !y contract4 ,b le/ ^? :o are ignorant ( ! =ce ( ma!matical demon/rations & :o are n accu/om$ to di/+ui% true reasons f m]e v]isimilitudes1 %\ld v5ture1 )\t exam9ation1 to d5y :at has be5 said1 ,i wi% x to be consid]$ t ! motion :i* ,i h n[ expla9$ foll[s z necess>ily f ! v arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! he>t by ! eye alone1 & f ! heat :i* may be felt ) ! f+]s1 & f ! nature ( ! blood z le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 z does ! motion ( a clock f ! p[]1 ! situation1 & %ape ( its c\nt]weights & :eels4 ,b if x be ask$ h[ x happ5s t ! blood 9 ! ve9s1 fl[+ 9 ?is way cont9ually into ! he>t1 is n exhau/$1 & :y ! art]ies d n become too full1 s9ce all ! blood :i* passes ?r\gh ! he>t fl[s into !m1 ,i ne$ only m5tion 9 reply :at has be5 writt5 by a physician ( ,engl&1 :o has ! honor ( hav+ brok5 ! ice on ?is subject1 & ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to tea* t !re are _m small passages at ! extremities ( ! art]ies1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood receiv$ by !m f ! he>t passes into ! small bran*es ( ! ve9s1 :5ce x aga9 returns to ! he>t2 s t its c\rse am\nts precisely to a p]petual circulation4 ,( ?is we h abundant pro( 9 ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( surgeons1 :o1 by b9d+ ! arm ) a tie ( mod]ate /raitness above ! "p :]e !y op5 ! ve91 cause ! blood to fl[ m copi\sly ?an x w\ld h done )\t any ligature2 :]eas q ! contr>y w\ld happ5 7 !y to b9d x bel[2 t is1 betwe5 ! h& & ! op5+1 or 7 to make ! ligature above ! op5+ v tight4 ,= x is manife/ t ! tie1 mod]ately /raight5$1 :ile adequate to h9d] ! blood already 9 ! arm f return+ t[>ds ! he>t by ! ve9s1 _c on t acc\nt prev5t new blood f com+ =w>d ?r\gh ! art]ies1 because ^! are situat$ bel[ ! ve9s1 & _! cov]+s1 f _! great] consi/5cy1 are m difficult to compress2 & also t ! blood :i* comes f ! he>t t5ds to pass ?r\gh !m to ! h& ) great] =ce ?an x does to return f ! h& to ! he>t ?r\gh ! ve9s4 ,& s9ce ! latt] curr5t escapes f ! arm by ! op5+ made 9 "o ( ! ve9s1 !re mu/ ( necessity be c]ta9 passages bel[ ! ligature1 t is1 t[>ds ! extremities ( ! arm ?r\gh :i* x c come ?i!r f ! art]ies4 ,?is physician likewise abundantly e/abli%es :at he has advanc$ respect+ ! motion ( ! blood1 f ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 pellicles1 s dispos$ 9 v>i\s places along ! c\rse ( ! ve9s1 9 ! mann] ( small valves1 z n to p]mit ! blood to pass f ! middle ( ! body t[>ds ! extremities1 b only to return f ! extremities to ! he>t2 & f>!r1 f exp]i5ce :i* %[s t all ! blood :i* is 9 ! body may fl[ out ( x 9 a v %ort "t ?r\gh a s+le art]y t has be5 cut1 ev5 al?\gh ?is _h be5 closely ti$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! he>t & cut betwe5 ! he>t & ! ligature1 s z to prev5t ! supposition t ! blood fl[+ out ( x c\ld come f any o!r qu>t] ?an ! he>t4 ,b !re are _m o!r circum/ances :i* ev9ce t :at ,i h alleg$ is ! true cause ( ! motion ( ! blood3 ?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! diff]5ce t is obs]v$ betwe5 ! blood :i* fl[s f ! ve9s1 & t f ! art]ies1 c only arise f ?is1 t be+ r>efi$1 &1 z x 71 di/ill$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! he>t1 x is ?9n]1 & m vivid1 & w>m] imm$iately aft] leav+ ! he>t1 9 o!r words1 :5 9 ! art]ies1 ?an x 0 a %ort "t be=e pass+ into ei!r1 9 o!r words1 :5 x 0 9 ! ve9s2 & if att5tion be giv51 x w be f\nd t ?is diff]5ce is v m>k$ only 9 ! neighborhood ( ! he>t2 & is n s evid5t 9 p>ts m remote f x4 ,9 ! next place1 ! consi/5cy ( ! coats ( :i* ! art]ial ve9 & ! great art]y are compos$1 suffici5tly %[s t ! blood is impell$ aga9/ !m ) m =ce ?an aga9/ ! ve9s4 ,& :y %\ld ! left cavity ( ! he>t & ! great art]y be wid] & l>g] ?an ! "r cavity & ! art]ial ve91 7 x n t ! blood ( ! v5\s art]y1 hav+ only be5 9 ! lungs aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! he>t1 is ?9n]1 & r>efies m readily1 & 9 a high] degree1 ?an ! blood :i* proce$s imm$iately f ! holl[ ve98 ,& :at c physicians conjecture f feel+ ! pulse unless !y "k t accord+ z ! blood *anges its nature x c be r>efi$ by ! w>m? ( ! he>t1 9 a high] or l[] degree1 & m or less quickly ?an be=e8 ,& if x be inquir$ h[ ?is heat is communicat$ to ! o!r memb]s1 mu/ x n be admitt$ t ?is is effect$ by means ( ! blood1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! he>t1 is !re heat$ anew1 & !nce diffus$ ov] all ! body8 ,:5ce x happ5s1 t if ! blood be )drawn f any "p1 ! heat is likewise )drawn by ! same means2 & al?\gh ! he>t 7 z-hot z gl[+ iron1 x w\ld n be capable ( w>m+ ! feet & h&s z at pres5t1 unless x cont9ually s5t ?i!r new blood4 ,we likewise p]ceive f ?is1 t ! true use ( respiration is to br+ suffici5t fre% air into ! lungs1 to cause ! blood :i* fl[s into !m f ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 :]e x has be5 r>efi$ &1 z x 71 *ang$ into vapors1 to become ?ick1 & to conv]t x anew into blood1 be=e x fl[s into ! left cavity1 )\t :i* process x w\ld be unfit = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! fire t is !re4 ,?is receives confirmation f ! circum/ance1 t x is obs]v$ ( animals de/itute ( lungs t !y h also b "o cavity 9 ! he>t1 & t 9 *ildr5 :o _c use !m :ile 9 ! womb1 !re is a hole ?r\gh :i* ! blood fl[s f ! holl[ ve9 into ! left cavity ( ! he>t1 & a tube ?r\gh :i* x passes f ! art]ial ve9 into ! gr& art]y )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! lung4 ,9 ! next place1 h[ c\ld dige/ion be c>ri$ on 9 ! /oma* unless ! he>t communicat$ heat to x ?r\gh ! art]ies1 & along ) ?is c]ta9 ( ! m fluid p>ts ( ! blood1 :i* assi/ 9 ! dissolution ( ! food t has be5 tak5 98 ,is n also ! op]ation :i* conv]ts ! juice ( food into blood easily compreh5d$1 :5 x is consid]$ t x is di/ill$ by pass+ & repass+ ?r\gh ! he>t p]haps m ?an "o or two hundr$ times 9 a day8 ,& :at m ne$ be adduc$ to expla9 nutrition1 & ! production ( ! diff]5t humors ( ! body1 beyond say+1 t ! =ce ) :i* ! blood1 9 be+ r>efi$1 passes f ! he>t t[>ds ! extremities ( ! art]ies1 causes c]ta9 ( its p>ts to rema9 9 ! memb]s at :i* !y arrive1 & !re occupy ! place ( "s o!rs expell$ by !m2 & t accord+ to ! situation1 %ape1 or smallness ( ! pores ) :i* !y meet1 "s r ?an o!rs fl[ into c]ta9 p>ts1 9 ! same way t "s sieves are obs]v$ to act1 :i*1 by be+ v>i\sly p]=at$1 s]ve to sep>ate diff]5t species ( gra98 ,&1 9 ! la/ place1 :at above all is "h wor?y ( obs]vation1 is ! g5]ation ( ! animal spirits1 :i* are l a v subtle w9d1 or r a v pure & vivid flame :i*1 cont9ually asc5d+ 9 great abundance f ! he>t to ! bra91 !nce p5etrates ?r\gh ! n]ves into ! muscles1 & gives motion to all ! memb]s2 s t to acc\nt = o!r p>ts ( ! blood :i*1 z mo/ agitat$ & p5etrat+1 are ! fitte/ to compose ^! spirits1 proce$+ t[>ds ! bra91 x is n necess>y to suppose any o!r cause1 ?an simply1 t ! art]ies :i* c>ry !m ?i!r proce$ f ! he>t 9 ! mo/ direct l9es1 & t1 accord+ to ! rules ( me*anics :i* are ! same ) ^? ( nature1 :5 _m objects t5d at once to ! same po9t :]e !re is n suffici5t room = all 7z is ! case ) ! p>ts ( ! blood :i* fl[ =? f ! left cavity ( ! he>t & t5d t[>ds ! bra971 ! weak] & less agitat$ p>ts mu/ necess>ily be driv5 aside f t po9t by ! /rong] :i* alone 9 ?is way rea* x ,i _h exp\nd$ all ^! matt]s ) suffici5t m9ut5ess 9 ! treatise :i* ,i =m]ly ?\ght ( publi%+4 ,& aft] ^!1 ,i _h %[n :at mu/ be ! fabric ( ! n]ves & muscles ( ! human body to give ! animal spirits conta9$ 9 x ! p[] to move ! memb]s1 z :5 we see heads %ortly aft] !y h be5 /ruck (f /ill move & bite ! e>?1 al?\gh no long] animat$2 :at *anges mu/ take place 9 ! bra9 to produce wak+1 sleep1 & dreams2 h[ light1 s\nds1 odors1 ta/es1 heat1 & all ! o!r qualities ( ext]nal objects impress x ) diff]5t ideas by means ( ! s5ses2 h[ hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! o!r int]nal affections c likewise impress ^u x div]s ideas2 :at mu/ be und]/ood by ! common s5se 7s5sus communis7 9 :i* ^! ideas are receiv$1 by ! memory :i* reta9s !m1 by ! fantasy :i* c *ange !m 9 v>i\s ways1 & out ( !m compose new ideas1 & :i*1 by ! same means1 di/ribut+ ! animal spirits ?r\gh ! muscles1 c cause ! memb]s ( su* a body to move 9 z _m diff]5t ways1 & 9 a mann] z suit$1 :e!r to ! objects t are pres5t$ to its s5ses or to its int]nal affections1 z c take place 9 our own case ap>t f ! guidance ( ! w4 ,nor w ?is appe> at all /range to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! v>iety ( movem5ts p]=m$ by ! diff]5t automata1 or mov+ ma*9es fabricat$ by human indu/ry1 & t ) help ( b few pieces comp>$ ) ! great multitude ( bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 art]ies1 ve9s1 & o!r p>ts t are f\nd 9 ! body ( ea* animal4 ,su* p]sons w look ^u ?is body z a ma*9e made by ! h&s ( ,god1 :i* is incomp>ably bett] arrang$1 & adequate to movem5ts m admirable ?an is any ma*9e ( human inv5tion4 ,& "h ,i specially /ay$ to %[ t1 7 !re su* ma*9es exactly resembl+ organs & outw>d =m an ape or any o!r irrational animal1 we c\ld h no means ( kn[+ t !y 7 9 any respect ( a diff]5t nature f ^! animals2 b if !re 7 ma*9es be>+ ! image ( our bodies1 & capable ( imitat+ our actions z f> z x is morally possible1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 two mo/ c]ta9 te/s :]eby to "k t !y 7 n !re=e really m54 ,( ^! ! fir/ is t !y c\ld nev] use words or o!r signs arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z is compet5t to u 9 ord] to decl>e our ?\ghts to o!rs3 = we may easily conceive a ma*9e to be s con/ruct$ t x emits vocables1 & ev5 t x emits "s correspond5t to ! action ^u x ( ext]nal objects :i* cause a *ange 9 its organs2 = example1 if t\*$ 9 a p>ticul> place x may dem& :at we wi% to say to x2 if 9 ano!r x may cry out t x is hurt1 & su* l2 b n t x %\ld arrange !m v>i\sly s z appositely to reply to :at is said 9 its pres5ce1 z m5 ( ! l[e/ grade ( intellect c d4 ,! second te/ is1 t al?\gh su* ma*9es might execute _m ?+s ) equal or p]haps great] p]fection ?an any ( u1 !y w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 fail 9 c]ta9 o!rs f :i* x c\ld be discov]$ t !y did n act f k1 b solely f ! disposition ( _! organs3 = :ile reason is an univ]sal in/rum5t t is alike available on e occasion1 ^! organs1 on ! contr>y1 ne$ a p>ticul> arrangem5t = ea* p>ticul> action2 :5ce x mu/ be morally impossible t !re %\ld exi/ 9 any ma*9e a div]sity ( organs suffici5t to enable x to act 9 all ! occurr5ces ( life1 9 ! way 9 :i* our reason enables u to act4 ,aga91 by means ( ^! two te/s we may likewise "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & brutes4 ,= x is highly des]v+ ( rem>k1 t !re are no m5 s dull & /upid1 n ev5 idiots1 z to be incapable ( jo9+ toge!r diff]5t words1 & !reby con/ruct+ a decl>ation by :i* to make _! ?\ghts und]/ood2 & t on ! o!r h&1 !re is no o!r animal1 h[ev] p]fect or happily circum/anc$1 :i* c d ! l4 ,nor does ?is inability arise f want ( organs3 = we obs]ve t magpies & p>rots c utt] words l ourselves1 & are yet unable to speak z we d1 t is1 s z to %[ t !y und]/& :at !y say2 9 place ( :i* m5 born deaf & dumb1 & ?us n less1 b r m ?an ! brutes1 de/itute ( ! organs :i* o!rs use 9 speak+1 are 9 ! habit ( spontane\sly inv5t+ c]ta9 signs by :i* !y discov] _! ?\ghts to ^? :o1 be+ usually 9 _! company1 h leisure to le>n _! language4 ,& ?is proves n only t ! brutes h less reason ?an man1 b t !y h none at all3 = we see t v little is requir$ to enable a p]son to speak2 & s9ce a c]ta9 inequality ( capacity is obs]vable among animals ( ! same species1 z well z among m51 & s9ce "s are m capable ( be+ in/ruct$ ?an o!rs1 x is incr$ible t ! mo/ p]fect ape or p>rot ( its species1 %\ld n 9 ?is be equal to ! mo/ /upid infant ( its k9d or at lea/ to "o t 0 crack-bra9$1 unless ! s\l ( brutes 7 ( a nature :olly diff]5t f ours4 ,& we ought n to conf\nd spee* ) ! natural movem5ts :i* indicate ! passions1 & c be imitat$ by ma*9es z well z manife/$ by animals2 nor mu/ x be ?\ght ) c]ta9 ( ! anci5ts1 t ! brutes speak1 al?\gh we d n und]/& _! language4 ,= if su* 7 ! case1 s9ce !y are end[$ ) _m organs analog\s to ours1 !y c\ld z easily communicate _! ?\ghts to u z to _! fell[s4 ,x is also v wor?y ( rem>k1 t1 ?\gh !re are _m animals :i* manife/ m indu/ry ?an we 9 c]ta9 ( _! actions1 ! same animals are yet obs]v$ to %[ none at all 9 _m o!rs3 s t ! circum/ance t !y d bett] ?an we does n prove t !y are end[$ ) m9d1 = x w\ld !nce foll[ t !y possess$ great] reason ?an any ( u1 & c\ld surpass u 9 all ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 x r proves t !y are de/itute ( reason1 & t x is nature :i* acts 9 !m accord+ to ! disposition ( _! organs3 ?us x is se51 t a clock compos$ only ( :eels & weights c numb] ! h\rs & measure "t m exactly ?an we ) all our sk94 ,i _h aft] ?is describ$ ! reasonable s\l1 & %[n t x c\ld by no means be educ$ f ! p[] ( matt]1 z ! o!r ?+s ( :i* ,i _h spok51 b t x mu/ be expressly creat$2 & t x is n suffici5t t x be lodg$ 9 ! human body exactly l a pilot 9 a %ip1 unless p]haps to move its memb]s1 b t x is necess>y = x to be jo9$ & unit$ m closely to ! body1 9 ord] to h s5sations & appetites simil> to ours1 & ?us con/itute a real man4 ,i "h ent]$1 9 conclusion1 ^u ! subject ( ! s\l at consid]able l5g?1 because x is ( ! greate/ mom5t3 = aft] ! error ( ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 an error :i* ,i ?9k ,i h already suffici5tly refut$1 !re is none t is m p[]ful 9 lead+ feeble m9ds a/ray f ! /raight pa? ( virtue ?an ! supposition t ! s\l ( ! brutes is ( ! same nature ) our own2 & consequ5tly t aft] ?is life we h no?+ to hope = or fe>1 m ?an flies & ants2 9 place ( :i*1 :5 we "k h[ f> !y diff] we mu* bett] compreh5d ! reasons :i* e/abli% t ! s\l is ( a nature :olly indep5d5t ( ! body1 & t consequ5tly x is n liable to die ) ! latt] &1 f9ally1 because no o!r causes are obs]v$ capable ( de/roy+ x1 we are naturally l$ !nce to judge t x is immortal4 ,,"p ,,vi ,?ree ye>s h n[ elaps$ s9ce ,i f9i%$ ! treatise conta9+ all ^! matt]s2 & ,i 0 beg9n+ to revise x1 ) ! view to put x into ! h&s ( a pr9t]1 :5 ,i le>n$ t p]sons to :om ,i greatly def]1 & ^: au?ority ov] my actions is h>dly less influ5tial ?an is my own reason ov] my ?\ghts1 _h condemn$ a c]ta9 doctr9e 9 physics1 publi%$ a %ort "t previ\sly by ano!r individual to :i* ,i w n say t ,i adh]$1 b only t1 previ\sly to _! c5sure ,i _h obs]v$ 9 x no?+ :i* ,i c\ld imag9e to be prejudicial ei!r to religion or to ! /ate1 & no?+ !re=e :i* w\ld h prev5t$ me f giv+ expression to x 9 writ+1 if reason _h p]suad$ me ( its tru?2 & ?is l$ me to fe> le/ among my own doctr9es likewise "s "o might be f\nd 9 :i* ,i _h dep>t$ f ! tru?1 not)/&+ ! great c>e ,i h always tak5 n to accord belief to new op9ions ( :i* ,i _h n ! mo/ c]ta9 demon/rations1 & n to give expression to aught t might t5d to ! hurt ( any "o4 ,?is has be5 suffici5t to make me alt] my purpose ( publi%+ !m2 = al?\gh ! reasons by :i* ,i _h be5 induc$ to take ?is resolution 7 v /rong1 yet my incl9ation1 :i* has always be5 ho/ile to writ+ books1 enabl$ me imm$iately to discov] o!r consid]ations suffici5t to excuse me = n und]tak+ ! task4 ,& ^! reasons1 on "o side & ! o!r1 are su*1 t n only is x 9 "s measure my int]e/ "h to /ate !m1 b t ( ! public1 p]haps1 to "k !m4 ,i h nev] made mu* acc\nt ( :at has proce$$ f my own m9d2 & s long z ,i ga!r$ no o!r advantage f ! me?od ,i employ beyond satisfy+ myself on "s difficulties belong+ to ! speculative sci5ces1 or endeavor+ to regulate my actions accord+ to ! pr9ciples x taught me1 ,i nev] ?\ght myself b\nd to publi% any?+ respect+ x4 ,= 9 :at reg>ds mann]s1 e "o is s full ( 8 own wisdom1 t !re might be f\nd z _m re=m]s z heads1 if any 7 all[$ to take ^u !mselves ! task ( m5d+ !m1 except ^? :om ,god has con/itut$ ! supreme rul]s ( 8 p or to :om he has giv5 suffici5t grace & zeal to be prophets2 & al?\gh my speculations greatly pleas$ myself1 ,i believ$ t o!rs _h !irs1 :i* p]haps pleas$ !m /ill m4 ,b z soon z ,i _h acquir$ "s g5]al notions respect+ physics1 & beg9n+ to make trial ( !m 9 v>i\s p>ticul> difficulties1 _h obs]v$ h[ f> !y c c>ry u1 & h[ mu* !y diff] f ! pr9ciples t h be5 employ$ up to ! pres5t "t1 ,i believ$ t ,i c\ld n keep !m conceal$ )\t s9n+ griev\sly aga9/ ! law by :i* we are b\nd to promote1 z f> z 9 u lies1 ! g5]al good ( mank9d4 ,= by !m ,i p]ceiv$ x to be possible to arrive at k highly useful 9 life2 & 9 room ( ! speculative philosophy usually taught 9 ! s*ools1 to discov] a practical1 by means ( :i*1 kn[+ ! =ce & action ( fire1 wat]1 air ! />s1 ! heav5s1 & all ! o!r bodies t surr\nd u1 z di/9ctly z we "k ! v>i\s crafts ( our artisans1 we might also apply !m 9 ! same way to all ! uses to :i* !y are adapt$1 & ?us r5d] ourselves ! lords & possessors ( nature4 ,& ?is is a result to be desir$1 n only 9 ord] to ! inv5tion ( an inf9ity ( arts1 by :i* we might be enabl$ to enjoy )\t any tr\ble ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & all its com=ts1 b also & especially = ! pres]vation ( heal?1 :i* is )\t d\bt1 ( all ! bless+s ( ?is life1 ! fir/ & fundam5tal "o2 = ! m9d is s intimately dep5d5t ^u ! condition & relation ( ! organs ( ! body1 t if any means c ev] be f\nd to r5d] m5 wis] & m +5i\s ?an hi!rto1 ,i believe t x is 9 m$ic9e !y mu/ be s\ght =4 ,x is true t ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 z x n[ exi/s1 conta9s few ?+s ^: utility is v rem>kable3 b )\t any wi% to depreciate x1 ,i am confid5t t !re is no "o1 ev5 among ^? ^: pr(ession x is1 :o does n admit t all at pres5t kn[n 9 x is almo/ no?+ 9 comp>ison ( :at rema9s to be discov]$2 & t we c\ld free ourselves f an inf9ity ( maladies ( body z well z ( m9d1 & p]haps also ev5 f ! debility ( age1 if we _h suffici5tly ample k ( _! causes1 & ( all ! rem$ies provid$ = u by nature4 ,b s9ce ,i design$ to employ my :ole life 9 ! se>* aft] s necess>y a sci5ce1 & s9ce ,i _h fall5 9 ) a pa? :i* seems to me su*1 t if any "o foll[ x he mu/ inevitably rea* ! end desir$1 unless he be h9d]$ ei!r by ! %ortness ( life or ! want ( exp]im5ts1 ,i judg$ t !re c\ld be no m effectual provision aga9/ ^! two imp$im5ts ?an if ,i 7 fai?fully to communicate to ! public all ! little ,i might myself h f\nd1 & incite m5 ( sup]ior g5ius to /rive to proce$ f>!r1 by contribut+1 ea* accord+ to 8 incl9ation & ability1 to ! exp]im5ts :i* x w\ld be necess>y to make1 & also by in=m+ ! public ( all !y might discov]1 s t1 by ! la/ beg9n+ :]e ^? be=e !m _h left (f1 & ?us connect+ ! lives & lab\rs ( _m1 we might collectively proce$ mu* f>!r ?an ea* by himself c\ld d4 ,i rem>k$1 moreov]1 ) respect to exp]im5ts1 t !y become always m necess>y ! m "o is advanc$ 9 k2 =1 at ! comm5cem5t1 x is bett] to make use only ( :at is spontane\sly pres5t$ to our s5ses1 & ( :i* we _c rema9 ignorant1 provid$ we be/[ on x any reflection1 h[ev] slight1 ?an to conc]n ourselves ab\t m uncommon & recondite ph5om5a3 ! reason ( :i* is1 t ! m uncommon (t5 only mislead u s long z ! causes ( ! m ord9>y are /ill unkn[n2 & ! circum/ances ^u :i* !y dep5d are almo/ always s special & m9ute z to be highly difficult to detect4 ,b 9 ?is ,i h adopt$ ! foll[+ ord]3 fir/1 ,i h essay$ to f9d 9 g5]al ! pr9ciples1 or fir/ causes ( all t is or c be 9 ! _w1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation = ?is end any?+ b ,god himself :o has creat$ x1 & )\t educ+ !m f any o!r s\rce ?an f c]ta9 g]ms ( tru?s naturally exi/+ 9 our m9ds ,9 ! second place1 ,i exam9$ :at 7 ! fir/ & mo/ ord9>y effects t c\ld be d$uc$ f ^! causes2 & x appe>s to me t1 9 ?is way1 ,i h f\nd heav5s1 />s1 an e>?1 & ev5 on ! e>? wat]1 air1 fire1 m9]als1 & "s o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* ( all o!rs are ! mo/ common & simple1 & h5ce ! easie/ to "k4 ,aft]w>ds :5 ,i wi%$ to desc5d to ! m p>ticul>1 s _m div]se objects pres5t$ !mselves to me1 t ,i believ$ x to be impossible = ! human m9d to di/+ui% ! =ms or species ( bodies t are ^u ! e>?1 f an inf9ity ( o!rs :i* might h be51 if x _h pleas$ ,god to place !m !re1 or consequ5tly to apply !m to our use1 unless we rise to causes ?r\gh _! effects1 & avail ourselves ( _m p>ticul> exp]im5ts4 ,!reupon1 turn+ ov] 9 my m9d ,i ! objects t _h ev] be5 pres5t$ to my s5ses ,i freely v5ture to /ate t ,i h nev] obs]v$ any :i* ,i c\ld n satisfactorily expla9 by ! pr9ciples _h discov]$4 ,b x is necess>y also to confess t ! p[] ( nature is s ample & va/1 & ^! pr9ciples s simple & g5]al1 t ,i h h>dly obs]v$ a s+le p>ticul> effect :i* ,i _c at once recognize z capable ( be+ d$uc$ 9 man diff]5t modes f ! pr9ciples1 & t my greate/ difficulty usually is to discov] 9 :i* ( ^! modes ! effect is dep5d5t ^u !m2 = out ( ?is difficulty _c o!rwise extricate myself ?an by aga9 seek+ c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 :i* may be su* t _! result is n ! same1 if x is 9 ! "o ( ^! modes at we mu/ expla9 x1 z x w\ld be if x 7 to be expla9$ 9 ! o!r4 ,z to :at rema9s1 ,i am n[ 9 a position to disc]n1 z ,i ?9k1 ) suffici5t cle>ness :at c\rse mu/ be tak5 to make ! majority ^? exp]im5ts :i* may conduce to ?is end3 b ,i p]ceive likewise t !y are su* & s num]\s1 t nei!r my h&s nor my income1 ?\gh x 7 a ?\s& times l>g] ?an x is1 w\ld be suffici5t = !m all2 s t accord+ z h5ce=w>d ,i %all h ! means ( mak+ m or few] exp]im5ts1 ,i %all 9 ! same proportion make great] or less progress 9 ! k ( nature4 ,?is 0 :at ,i _h hop$ to make kn[n by ! treatise ,i _h writt51 & s cle>ly to exhibit ! advantage t w\ld !nce accrue to ! public1 z to induce all :o h ! common good ( man at he>t1 t is1 all :o are virtu\s 9 tru?1 & n m]ely 9 appe>ance1 or accord+ to op9ion1 z well to communicate to me ! exp]im5ts !y _h already made1 z to assi/ me 9 ^? t rema9 to be made4 ,b s9ce t "t o!r reasons h occurr$ to me1 by :i* ,i h be5 l$ to *ange my op9ion1 & to ?9k t ,i ought inde$ to g on committ+ to writ+ all ! results :i* ,i deem$ ( any mom5t1 z soon z ,i %\ld h te/$ _! tru?1 & to be/[ ! same c>e ^u !m z ,i w\ld h done _h x be5 my design to publi% !m4 ,?is c\rse comm5d$ itself to me1 z well because ,i ?us af=d$ myself m ample inducem5t to exam9e !m ?or\ghly1 = d\btless t is always m n>r[ly scrut9iz$ :i* we believe w be read by _m1 ?an t :i* is writt5 m]ely = our private use 7& frequ5tly :at has seem$ to me true :5 ,i fir/ conceiv$ x1 has appe>$ false :5 ,i h set ab\t committ+ x to writ+71 z because ,i ?us lo/ no opportunity ( advanc+ ! int]e/s ( ! public1 z f> z 9 me lay1 & s9ce ?us likewise1 if my writ+s possess any value1 ^? into ^: h&s !y may fall aft] my dea? may be able to put !m to :at use !y deem prop]4 ,b ,i resolv$ by no means to cons5t to _! publication dur+ my lifetime1 le/ ei!r ! oppositions or ! controv]sies to :i* !y might give rise1 or ev5 ! reputation1 su* z x might be1 :i* !y w\ld acquire = me1 %\ld be any occasion ( my los+ ! "t t ,i _h set ap>t = my own improvem5t4 ,= ?\gh x be true t e "o is b\nd to promote to ! ext5t ( 8 ability ! good ( o!rs1 & t to be useful to no "o is really to be wor?less1 yet x is likewise true t our c>es ought to ext5d beyond ! pres5t1 & x is good to omit do+ :at might p]haps br+ "s pr(it to ! liv+1 :5 we h 9 view ! accompli%m5t ( o!r ends t w be ( mu* great] advantage to po/]ity4 ,& 9 tru?1 ,i am q will+ x %\ld be kn[n t ! little ,i h hi!rto le>n$ is almo/ no?+ 9 comp>ison ) t ( :i* ,i am ignorant1 & to ! k ( :i* ,i d n despair ( be+ able to atta92 = x is mu* ! same ) ^? :o gradually discov] tru? 9 ! sci5ces1 z ) ^? :o :5 gr[+ ri* f9d less difficulty 9 mak+ great acquisitions1 ?an !y =m]ly exp]i5c$ :5 poor 9 mak+ acquisitions ( mu* small] am\nt4 ,or !y may be comp>$ to ! comm&]s ( armies1 ^: =ces usually increase 9 proportion to _! victories1 & :o ne$ great] prud5ce to keep toge!r ! residue ( _! troops aft] a defeat ?an aft] a victory to take t[ns & prov9ces4 ,= he truly engages 9 battle :o endeavors to surm\nt all ! difficulties & errors :i* prev5t him f rea*+ ! k ( tru?1 & he is ov]come 9 fight :o admits a false op9ion t\*+ a matt] ( any g5]ality & importance1 & he requires !reaft] mu* m skill to recov] 8 =m] position ?an to make great advances :5 once 9 possession ( ?or\ghly asc]ta9$ pr9ciples4 ,z = myself1 if ,i h succe$$ 9 discov]+ any tru?s 9 ! sci5ces 7& ,i tru/ t :at is conta9$ 9 ?is volume ,i w %[ t ,i h f\nd "s71 ,i c decl>e t !y are b ! consequ5ces & results ( five or six pr9cipal difficulties :i* ,i h surm\nt$1 & my enc\nt]s ) :i* ,i reckon$ z battles 9 :i* victory decl>$ = me4 ,i w n hesitate ev5 to av[ my belief t no?+ fur!r is want+ to enable me fully to realize my designs ?an to ga9 two or ?ree simil> victories2 & t ,i am n s f> advanc$ 9 ye>s b t1 accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 ,i may /ill h suffici5t leisure = ?is end4 ,b ,i conceive myself ! m b\nd to husb& ! "t t rema9s ! great] my expectation ( be+ able to employ x aright1 & ,i %\ld d\btless h mu* to rob me ( x1 7 ,i to publi% ! pr9ciples ( my physics3 = al?\gh !y are almo/ all s evid5t t to ass5t to !m no m is ne$$ ?an simply to und]/& !m1 & al?\gh !re is n "o ( !m ( :i* ,i d n expect to be able to give demon/ration1 yet1 z x is impossible t !y c be 9 accordance ) all ! div]se op9ions ( o!rs1 ,i =esee t ,i %\ld frequ5tly be turn$ aside f my gr& design1 on occasion ( ! opposition :i* !y w\ld be sure to awak54 ,x may be said1 t ^! oppositions w\ld be useful bo? 9 mak+ me aw>e ( my errors1 &1 if my speculations conta9 any?+ ( value1 9 br++ o!rs to a full] und]/&+ ( x2 & /ill f>!r1 z _m c see bett] ?an "o1 9 lead+ o!rs :o are n[ beg9n+ to avail !mselves ( my pr9ciples1 to assi/ me 9 turn ) _! discov]ies4 ,b ?\gh ,i recognize my extreme liability to error1 & sc>ce ev] tru/ to ! fir/ ?\ghts :i* occur to me1 yet-! exp]i5ce ,i h _h ( possible objections to my views prev5ts me f anticipat+ any pr(it f !m4 ,= ,i h already _h frequ5t pro( ( ! judgm5ts1 z well ( ^? ,i e/eem$ fri5ds1 z ( "s o!rs to :om ,i ?\ght ,i 0 an object ( indiff]5ce1 & ev5 ( "s ^: malignancy & envy w\ld1 ,i knew1 det]m9e !m to endeavor to discov] :at p>tiality conceal$ f ! eyes ( my fri5ds4 ,b x has r>ely happ5$ t any?+ has be5 object$ to me :i* ,i _h myself altoge!r ov]look$1 unless x 7 some?+ f> remov$ f ! subject3 s t ,i h nev] met ) a s+le critic ( my op9ions :o did n appe> to me ei!r less rigor\s or less equitable ?an myself4 ,& fur!r1 ,i h nev] obs]v$ t any tru? be=e unkn[n has be5 br\ght to light by ! disputations t are practis$ 9 ! s*ools2 = :ile ea* /rives = ! victory1 ea* is mu* m occupi$ 9 mak+ ! be/ ( m]e v]isimilitude1 ?an 9 weigh+ ! reasons on bo? sides ( ! "q2 & ^? :o h be5 long good advocates are n aft]w>ds on t acc\nt ! bett] judges4 ,z = ! advantage t o!rs w\ld d]ive f ! communication ( my ?\ghts1 x c\ld n be v great2 because ,i h n yet s f> prosecut$ !m z t mu* does n rema9 to be add$ be=e !y c be appli$ to practice4 ,& ,i ?9k ,i may say )\t vanity1 t if !re is any "o :o c c>ry !m out t l5g?1 x mu/ be myself r ?an ano!r3 n t !re may n be 9 ! _w _m m9ds incomp>ably sup]ior to m9e1 b because "o _c s well seize a ?+ & make x "o's own1 :5 x has be5 le>n$ f ano!r1 z :5 "o has himself discov]$ x4 ,& s true is ?is ( ! pres5t subject t1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 expla9$ "s ( my op9ions to p]sons ( mu* acut5ess1 :o1 :il/ ,i 0 speak+1 appe>$ to und]/& !m v di/9ctly1 yet1 :5 !y repeat$ !m1 ,i h obs]v$ t !y almo/ always *ang$ !m to su* an ext5t t ,i c\ld no long] ackn[l$ge !m z m9e4 ,i am glad1 by ! way1 to take ?is opportunity ( reque/+ po/]ity nev] to believe on he>say t any?+ has proce$$ f me :i* has n be5 publi%$ by myself2 & ,i am n at all a/oni%$ at ! extravagances attribut$ to ^? anci5t philosoph]s ^: own writ+s we d n possess2 ^: ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 ,i d n on t acc\nt suppose to h be5 really absurd1 see+ !y 7 among ! able/ m5 ( _! times1 b only t ^! h be5 falsely repres5t$ to u4 ,x is obs]vable1 accord+ly1 t sc>cely 9 a s+le in/ance has any "o ( _! disciples surpass$ !m2 & ,i am q sure t ! mo/ devot$ ( ! pres5t foll[]s ( ,ari/otle w\ld ?9k !mselves happy if !y _h z mu* k ( nature z he possess$1 7 x ev5 "u ! condition t !y %\ld nev] aft]w>ds atta9 to high]4 ,9 ?is respect !y are l ! ivy :i* nev] /rives to rise above ! tree t su/a9s x1 & :i* frequ5tly ev5 returns d[nw>ds :5 x has rea*$ ! top2 = x seems to me t !y also s9k1 9 o!r words1 r5d] !mselves less wise ?an !y w\ld be if !y gave up /udy1 :o1 n cont5t$ ) kn[+ all t is intelligibly expla9$ 9 _! au?or1 desire 9 addition to f9d 9 him ! solution ( _m difficulties ( :i* he says n a ^w1 & nev] p]haps s mu* z ?\ght4 ,_! fa%ion ( philosophiz+1 h[ev]1 is well suit$ to p]sons ^: abilities fall bel[ m$iocrity2 = ! obscurity ( ! di/9ctions & pr9ciples ( :i* !y make use enables !m to speak ( all ?+s ) z mu* confid5ce z if !y really knew !m1 & to def5d all t !y say on any subject aga9/ ! mo/ subtle & skillful1 )\t its be+ possible = any "o to convict !m ( error4 ,9 ?is !y seem to me to be l a bl9d man1 :o1 9 ord] to fight on equal t]ms ) a p]son t sees1 %\ld h made him desc5d to ! bottom ( an int5sely d>k cave3 & ,i may say t su* p]sons h an int]e/ 9 my refra9+ f publi%+ ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( :i* ,i make use2 =1 s9ce ^! are ( a k9d ! simple/ & mo/ evid5t1 ,i %\ld1 by publi%+ !m1 d mu* ! same z if ,i 7 to ?r[ op5 ! w9d[s1 & all[ ! light ( day to ent] ! cave into :i* ! combatants _h desc5d$4 ,b ev5 sup]ior m5 h no reason = any great anxiety to "k ^! pr9ciples1 = if :at !y desire is to be able to speak ( all ?+s1 & to acquire a reputation = le>n+1 !y w ga9 _! end m easily by rema9+ satisfi$ ) ! appe>ance ( tru?1 :i* c be f\nd )\t mu* difficulty 9 all sorts ( matt]s1 ?an by seek+ ! tru? itself :i* unfolds itself b sl[ly & t only 9 "s dep>tm5ts1 :ile x obliges u1 :5 we h to speak ( o!rs1 freely to confess our ignorance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y pref] ! k ( "s few tru?s to ! vanity ( appe>+ ignorant ( none1 z su* k is und\bt$ly mu* to be pref]r$1 &1 if !y *oose to foll[ a c\rse simil> to m9e1 !y d n require = ?is t ,i %\ld say any?+ m ?an ,i h already said 9 ?is disc\rse4 ,= if !y are capable ( mak+ great] advancem5t ?an ,i h made1 !y w mu* m be able ( !mselves to discov] all t ,i believe myself to h f\nd2 s9ce z ,i h nev] exam9$ aught except 9 ord]1 x is c]ta9 t :at yet rema9s to be discov]$ is 9 itself m difficult & recondite1 ?an t :i* ,i h already be5 enabl$ to f9d1 & ! gratification w\ld be mu* less 9 le>n+ x f me ?an 9 discov]+ x = !mselves4 ,besides ?is1 ! habit :i* !y w acquire1 by seek+ fir/ :at is easy1 & !n pass+ onw>d sl[ly & /ep by /ep to ! m difficult1 w b5efit !m m ?an all my in/ructions4 ,?us1 9 my own case1 ,i am p]suad$ t if ,i _h be5 taught f my y\? all ! tru?s ( :i* ,i h s9ce s\ght out demon/rations1 & _h ?us le>n$ !m )\t lab\r1 ,i %\ld nev]1 p]haps1 h kn[n any beyond ^!2 at lea/1 ,i %\ld nev] h acquir$ ! habit & ! facility :i* ,i ?9k ,i possess 9 always discov]+ new tru?s 9 proportion z ,i give myself to ! se>*4 ,&1 9 a s+le ^w1 if !re is any "w 9 ! _w :i* _c be s well f9i%$ by ano!r z by him :o has comm5c$ x1 x is t at :i* ,i lab\r4 ,x is true1 inde$1 z reg>ds ! exp]im5ts :i* may conduce to ?is end1 t "o man is n equal to ! task ( mak+ !m all2 b yet he c advantage\sly avail himself1 9 ?is "w1 ( no h&s besides 8 own1 unless ^? ( artisans1 or p>ties ( ! same k9d1 :om he c\ld pay1 & :om ! hope ( ga9 7a means ( great efficacy7 might /imulate to accuracy 9 ! p]=mance ( :at 0 prescrib$ to !m4 ,= z to ^? :o1 ?r\gh curiosity or a desire ( le>n+1 ( _! own accord1 p]haps1 (f] him _! s]vices1 besides t 9 g5]al _! promises exce$ _! p]=mance1 & t !y sket* out f9e designs ( :i* n "o is ev] realiz$1 !y w1 )\t d\bt1 expect to be comp5sat$ = _! tr\ble by ! explication ( "s difficulties1 or1 at lea/1 by complim5ts & useless spee*es1 9 :i* he _c sp5d any portion ( 8 "t )\t loss to himself4 ,& z = ! exp]im5ts t o!rs h already made1 ev5 al?\gh ^! p>ties %\ld be will+ ( !mselves to communicate !m to him 7:i* is :at ^? :o e/eem !m secrets w nev] d71 ! exp]im5ts are1 = ! mo/ "p1 accompani$ ) s _m circum/ances & sup]flu\s elem5ts1 z to make x exce$+ly difficult to dis5tangle ! tru? f its adjuncts--besides1 he w f9d almo/ all ( !m s ill describ$1 or ev5 s false 7because ^? :o made !m h wi%$ to see 9 !m only su* facts z !y deem$ con=mable to _! pr9ciples71 t1 if 9 ! entire numb] !re %\ld be "s ( a nature suit$ to 8 purpose1 /ill _! value c\ld n comp5sate = ! "t :at w\ld be necess>y to make ! selection4 ,s t if !re exi/$ any "o :om we assur$ly knew to be capable ( mak+ discov]ies ( ! highe/ k9d1 & ( ! greate/ possible utility to ! public2 & if all o!r m5 7 !re=e eag] by all means to assi/ him 9 successfully prosecut+ 8 designs1 ,i d n see t !y c\ld d aught else = him beyond contribut+ to defray ! exp5ses ( ! exp]im5ts t might be necess>y2 & = ! re/1 prev5t 8 be+ depriv$ ( 8 leisure by ! unseasonable int]ruptions ( any "o4 ,b besides t ,i nei!r h s high an op9ion ( myself z to be will+ to make promise ( any?+ extraord9>y1 nor fe$ on imag9ations s va9 z to fancy t ! public mu/ be mu* int]e/$ 9 my designs2 ,i d n1 on ! o!r h&1 own a s\l s mean z to be capable ( accept+ f any "o a favor ( :i* x c\ld be suppos$ t ,i 0 unwor?y4 ,^! consid]ations tak5 toge!r 7 ! reason :y1 = ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 ,i h be5 unwill+ to publi% ! treatise ,i _h on h&1 & :y ,i ev5 resolv$ to give publicity dur+ my life to no o!r t 0 s g5]al1 or by :i* ! pr9ciples ( my physics might be und]/ood4 ,b s9ce !n1 two o!r reasons h come into op]ation t h det]m9$ me "h to subjo9 "s p>ticul> specim5s1 & give ! public "s acc\nt ( my do+s & designs4 ,( ^! consid]ations1 ! fir/ is1 t if ,i fail$ to d s1 _m :o 7 cognizant ( my previ\s int5tion to publi% "s writ+s1 might h imag9$ t ! reasons :i* induc$ me to refra9 f s do+1 7 less to my cr$it ?an !y really are2 = al?\gh ,i am n immod]ately desir\s ( glory1 or ev51 if ,i may v5ture s to say1 al?\gh ,i am av]se f x 9 s f> z ,i deem x ho/ile to repose :i* ,i hold 9 great] acc\nt ?an aught else1 yet1 at ! same "t1 ,i h nev] s\ght to conceal my actions z if !y 7 crimes1 nor made use ( _m precautions t ,i might rema9 unkn[n2 & ?is p>tly because ,i %\ld h ?\ght su* a c\rse ( conduct a wrong aga9/ myself1 & p>tly because x w\ld h occasion$ me "s sort ( uneas9ess :i* w\ld aga9 h be5 contr>y to ! p]fect m5tal tranquillity :i* ,i c\rt4 ,& =asmu* z1 :ile ?us indiff]5t to ! ?\ght alike ( fame or ( =getfulness1 ,i h yet be5 unable to prev5t myself f acquir+ "s sort ( reputation1 ,i h ?\ght x incumb5t on me to d my be/ to save myself at lea/ f be+ ill-spok5 (4 ,! o!r reason t has det]m9$ me to commit to writ+ ^! specim5s ( philosophy is1 t ,i am becom+ daily m & m alive to ! delay :i* my design ( self-in/ruction suff]s1 = want ( ! inf9ity ( exp]im5ts ,i require1 & :i* x is impossible = me to make )\t ! assi/ance ( o!rs3 &1 )\t flatt]+ myself s mu* z to expect ! public to take a l>ge %>e 9 my int]e/s1 ,i am yet unwill+ to be f\nd s f> want+ 9 ! duty ,i owe to myself1 z to give occasion to ^? :o %all survive me to make x matt] ( reproa* aga9/ me "s day1 t ,i might h left !m _m ?+s 9 a mu* m p]fect /ate ?an ,i h done1 _h ,i n too mu* neglect$ to make !m aw>e ( ! ways 9 :i* !y c\ld h promot$ ! accompli%m5t ( my designs4 ,& ,i ?\ght t x 0 easy = me to select "s matt]s :i* %\ld nei!r be obnoxi\s to mu* controv]sy1 nor %\ld compel me to exp\nd m ( my pr9ciples ?an ,i desir$1 & :i* %\ld yet be suffici5t cle>ly to exhibit :at ,i c or _c accompli% 9 ! sci5ces4 ,:e!r or n ,i h succe$$ 9 ?is x is n = me to say2 & ,i d n wi% to =e/all ! judgm5ts ( o!rs by speak+ myself ( my writ+s2 b x w gratify me if !y be exam9$1 &1 to af=d ! great] inducem5t to ?is ,i reque/ all :o may h any objections to make to !m1 to take ! tr\ble ( =w>d+ ^! to my publi%]1 :o w give me notice ( !m1 t ,i may endeavor to subjo9 at ! same "t my reply2 & 9 ?is way read]s see+ bo? at once w m easily det]m9e :]e ! tru? lies2 = ,i d n engage 9 any case to make prolix replies1 b only ) p]fect frankness to av[ my errors if ,i am conv9c$ ( !m1 or if ,i _c p]ceive !m1 simply to /ate :at ,i ?9k is requir$ = def5se ( ! matt]s ,i h writt51 add+ !reto no explication ( any new matte t x may n be necess>y to pass )\t end f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,if "s ( ! matt]s ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,dioptrics0 & 8,meteorics0 %\ld (f5d at fir/ sight1 because ,i call !m hypo!ses & seem indiff]5t ab\t giv+ pro( ( !m1 ,i reque/ a pati5t & att5tive read+ ( ! :ole1 f :i* ,i hope ^? hesitat+ w d]ive satisfaction2 = x appe>s to me t ! reason+s are s mutually connect$ 9 ^! treatises1 t1 z ! la/ are demon/rat$ by ! fir/ :i* are _! causes1 ! fir/ are 9 _! turn demon/rat$ by ! la/ :i* are _! effects4 ,nor mu/ x be imag9$ t ,i "h commit ! fallacy :i* ! logicians call a circle2 = s9ce exp]i5ce r5d]s ! majority ( ^! effects mo/ c]ta91 ! causes f :i* ,i d$uce !m d n s]ve s mu* to e/abli% _! reality z to expla9 _! exi/5ce2 b on ! contr>y1 ! reality ( ! causes is e/abli%$ by ! reality ( ! effects4 ,nor h ,i call$ !m hypo!ses ) any o!r end 9 view except t x may be kn[n t ,i ?9k ,i am able to d$uce !m f ^? fir/ tru?s :i* ,i h already exp\nd$2 & yet t ,i h expressly det]m9$ n to d s1 to prev5t a c]ta9 class ( m9ds f !nce tak+ occasion to build "s extravagant philosophy ^u :at !y may take to be my pr9ciples1 & my be+ blam$ = x4 ,i ref] to ^? :o imag9e t !y c ma/] 9 a day all t ano!r has tak5 tw5ty ye>s to ?9k out1 z soon z he has spok5 two or ?ree words to !m on ! subject2 or :o are ! m liable to error & ! less capable ( p]ceiv+ tru? 9 v proportion z !y are m subtle & lively4 ,z to ! op9ions :i* are truly & :olly m9e1 ,i (f] no apology = !m z new1--p]suad$ z ,i am t if _! reasons be well consid]$ !y w be f\nd to be s simple & s con=m$1 to common s5se z to appe> less extraord9>y & less p>adoxical ?an any o!rs :i* c be held on ! same subjects2 nor d ,i ev5 boa/ ( be+ ! e>lie/ discov]] ( any ( !m1 b only ( hav+ adopt$ !m1 nei!r because !y _h nor because !y _h n be5 held by o!rs1 b solely because reason has conv9c$ me ( _! tru?4 ,?\gh artisans may n be able at once to execute ! inv5tion :i* is expla9$ 9 ! 8,dioptrics10 ,i d n ?9k t any "o on t acc\nt is entitl$ to condemn x2 = s9ce address & practice are requir$ 9 ord] s to make & adju/ ! ma*9es describ$ by me z n to ov]look ! smalle/ p>ticul>1 ,i %\ld n be less a/oni%$ if !y succe$$ on ! fir/ attempt ?an if a p]son 7 9 "o day to become an accompli%$ p]=m] on ! guit>1 by m]ely hav+ excell5t %eets ( music set up be=e him4 ,& if ,i write 9 ,fr5*1 :i* is ! language ( my c\ntry1 9 pref]5ce to ,lat91 :i* is t ( my preceptors1 x is because ,i expect t ^? :o make use ( _! unprejudic$ natural reason w be bett] judges ( my op9ions ?an ^? :o give he$ to ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts only2 & z = ^? :o unite good s5se ) habits ( /udy1 :om alone ,i desire = judges1 !y w n1 ,i feel assur$1 be s p>tial to ,lat9 z to refuse to li/5 to my reason+s m]ely because ,i exp\nd !m 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i am unwill+ "h to say any?+ v specific ( ! progress :i* ,i expect to make = ! future 9 ! sci5ces1 or to b9d myself to ! public by any promise :i* ,i am n c]ta9 ( be+ able to fulfill2 b ?is only w ,i say1 t ,i h resolv$ to devote :at "t ,i may /ill h to live to no o!r occupation ?an t ( endeavor+ to acquire "s k ( ,nature1 :i* %all be ( su* a k9d z to enable u !refrom to d$uce rules 9 m$ic9e ( great] c]ta9ty ?an ^? at pres5t 9 use2 & t my incl9ation is s mu* oppos$ to all o!r pursuits1 especially to su* z _c be useful to "s )\t be+ hurtful to o!rs1 t if1 by any circum/ances1 ,i _h be5 con/ra9$ to engage 9 su*1 ,i d n believe t ,i %\ld h be5 able to succe$4 ,( ?is ,i "h make a public decl>ation1 ?\gh well aw>e t x _c s]ve to procure = me any consid]ation 9 ! _w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ affect2 & ,i %all always hold myself m oblig$ to ^? ?r\gh ^: favor ,i am p]mitt$ to enjoy my retirem5t )\t int]ruption ?an to any :o might (f] me ! highe/ e>?ly pref]m5ts4