,,works ,,of ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson  
,compiled by ,david ,widger             
,,contents    ,,essays1 ,,first ,,series
    ,,essays1 ,,second ,,series         
,,representative ,,men  ,,the           
,,correspondence ,,of ,,carlyle ,,and   
,,emerson1 ,v#a  ,,the ,,correspondence 
,,of ,,carlyle ,,and ,,emerson1 ,v#b    
,,may-,,day ,,and ,,other ,,pieces      
,,essays    ,,nature    ,,the ,,conduct 
,,of ,,life    ,,english ,,traits       
,,tables ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,volumes 
,,essays1 ,,first ,,series ,by ,ralph   
,waldo ,emerson    ,,contents ,i        
,,history ,,ii  ,,self-,,reliance ,,iii 
,,compensation ,,iv  ,,spiritual ,,laws 
,v  ,,love ,,vi  ,,friendship ,,vii     
,,prudence ,,viii  ,,heroism ,,ix  ,,the
 ,,over-,,soul ,x  ,,circles ,,xi       
,,intellect ,,xii  ,,art      ,,essays1 
,,second ,,series ,by ,ralph ,waldo     
,emerson    ,,contents ,i  ,,the ,,poet 
,,ii  ,,experience ,,iii  ,,character   
,,iv  ,,manners ,v  ,,gifts ,,vi        
,,nature ,,vii  ,,politics ,,viii       

,,nonimalist ,,and ,,realist ,,new      
,,england ,,reformers                   
,,representative ,,men ,,seven          
,,lectures ,by ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson   
,,contents ,i  ,,uses ,,of ,,great ,,men
 ,,ii  ,,plato2 ,,or1 ,,the             
,,philosopher ,,iii  ,,swedenborg2 ,,or1
 ,,the ,,mystic ,,iv  ,,montaigne2 ,,or1
 ,,the ,,skeptic ,v  ,,shakspeare2 ,,or1
 ,,the ,,poet ,,vi  ,,napoleon2 ,,or1   
,,the ,,man ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,vii    
,,goethe2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,writer          
,,essays ,by ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson     
,,contents ,introduction  ,page ,life of
 ,emerson  #e ,critical ,opinions  #aa  
,chronological ,list of ,principal      
,works  #ag ,the ,american ,scholar  #ai
 ,compensation  #di ,self ,reliance  #gi
 ,friendship  #aag ,heroism  #aci       
,manners  #aef ,gifts  #ahg ,nature     
#aic ,shakespeare2 or1 the ,poet  #bag  
,prudence  #bdc ,circles  #bfj ,notes   
#bgi ,,notes ,,the ,,american ,,scholar 
#a ,games of strength4 ,the public games
 of ,greece were athletic and           

intellectual contests of various kinds4 
,there were four of importance3 the     
,olympic1 held every four years2 the    
,pythian1 held every third ,olympic     
year2 and the ,nemean and ,isthmian1    
held alternate years between the        
,olympic periods4 ,these great national 
festivals exercised a strong influence  
in ,greece4 ,they were a secure bond of 
union between the numerous independent  
states and did much to help the nation  
to repel its foreign invaders4 ,in      
,greece the accomplished athlete was    
reverenced almost as a god1 and cases   
have been recorded where altars were    
erected and sacrifices made in his      
honor4 ,the extreme care and cultivation
 of the body induced by this national   
spirit is one of the most significant   
features of ,greek culture1 and one     
which might wisely be imitated in the   
modern world4  #b ,troubadours4 ,in     
southern ,france during the eleventh    
century1 wandering poets went from      
castle to castle reciting or singing    

love-songs1 composed in the old         
,provenal dialect1 a sort of vulgarized 
,latin4 ,the life in the great feudal   
chateaux was so dull that the lords and 
ladies seized with avidity any amusement
 which promised to while away an idle   
hour4 ,the troubadours were made much of
 and became a strong element in the     
development of the ,southern spirit4    
,so-called ,courts of ,love were formed 
where questions of an amorous nature    
were discussed in all their bearings2   
learned opinions were expressed on the  
most trivial matters1 and offenses were 
tried4  ,some of the ,provenal poetry is
 of the highest artistic significance1  
though the mass of it is worthless      
high-flown trash4  #c ,at the time this 
oration was delivered 7#ahcg71 many of  
the authors who have since given        
,america a place in the world's         
literature were young men writing their 
first books4 ,we were1 says ,james      
,russell ,lowell1 still socially and    
intellectually moored to ,english       

thought1 till ,emerson cut the cable and
 gave us a chance at the dangers and    
glories of blue water4  #d ,pole-star4  
,polaris is now the nearest conspicuous 
star to the north pole of the celestial 
equator4 ,owing to the motion of the    
pole of the celestial equator around    
that of the ecliptic1 this star will in 
course of time recede from its proud    
position1 and the brilliant star ,vega  
in the constellation ,harp will become  
the pole-star4  #e ,it is now a         
well-recognized fact in the development 
of animal life that as any part of the  
body falls into disuse it in time       
disappears4 ,good examples of this are  
the disappearance of powerful fangs from
 the mouth of man1 the loss of power in 
the wings of barnyard fowls2 and1 vice  
versa1 as new uses for a member arise1  
its structure changes to meet the new   
needs4 ,an example of this is the       
transformation from the hoof of a horse 
through the cloven hoofs of the cow to  
the eventual development of highly      

expert fingers in the monkey and man4   
,emerson assumed the doctrine of        
evolution to be sufficiently established
 by the anatomical evidence of gradual  
development4 ,in his own words3 ,man is 
no up-start in the creation4 ,his limbs 
are only a more exquisite               
organization--say rather the finish--of 
the rudimental forms that have been     
already sweeping the sea and creeping in
 the mud4 ,the brother of his hand is   
even now cleaving the arctic sea in the 
fin of the whale1 and innumerable ages  
since was pawing the marsh in the       
flipper of the saurian4 ,a view         
afterwards condensed into his memorable 
couplet3 ,striving to be man1 the worm  
,mounts through all the spires of form4 
#f ,stint4 ,a prescribed or allotted    
task1 a share of labor4  #g ,ridden4    
,here used in the sense of dominated4   
#h ,monitory pictures4 ,instructive     
warning pictures4  #i ,the ,greek stoic 
philosopher ,epictetus is the author of 
this saying1 not the old oracle4 ,it    

occurs in the ,encheiridion1 or manual1 
a work put together by a pupil of       
,epictetus4 ,the original saying of     
,epictetus is as follows3 ,every thing  
has two handles1 the one by which it may
 be borne1 the other by which it may    
not4 ,if your brother acts unjustly1 do 
not lay hold of the act by that handle  
wherein he acts unjustly1 for this is   
the handle which cannot be borne3 but   
lay hold of the other1 that he is your  
brother1 that he was nurtured with you1 
and you will lay hold of the thing by   
that handle by which it can be borne4   
#aj ,every day1 the sun 7shines74  #aa  
,beholden4 ,emerson here uses this past 
participle with its original meaning    
instead of in its present sense of      
indebted4  #ab ,here we have a reminder 
of ,emerson's pantheism4 ,he means the  
inexplicable continuity of what ,i call 
,god1 and fools nature1 as ,browning    
expressed it4  #ac ,his expanding       
knowledge will become a creator4  #ad   
,know thyself4 ,plutarch ascribes this  

saying to ,plato4 ,it is also ascribed  
to ,pythagoras1 ,chilo1 ,thales1        
,cleobulus1 ,bias1 and ,socrates2 also  
to ,phemoni1 a mythical ,greek poetess  
of the ante-,homeric period4 ,juvenal   
7,satire ,,xi4 #bg7 says that this      
precept descended from heaven4 ,know    
thyself and ,nothing too much were      
inscribed upon the ,delphic oracle4     
,know then thyself1 presume not ,god to 
scan2 ,the proper study of mankind is   
man4  #ae ,observe the brisk movement of
 these sentences4 ,how they catch and   
hold the attention1 giving a new impulse
 to the reader's interest6  #af ,nature 
abhors a vacuum4  #ag ,noxious4         
,harmful4  #ah ,john ,locke             
7#afcb-agjd71 an ,english philosopher   
whose work was of especial significance 
in the development of modern philosophy4
 ,the work he is best known by is the   
exhaustive ,essay on the ,human         
,understanding1 in which he combated the
 theory of ,descartes1 that every man   
has certain innate ideas4 ,the          

innate-idea theory was first proved by  
the philosopher ,descartes in this way4 
,descartes began his speculations from a
 standpoint of absolute doubt4 ,then he 
said1 ,i think1 therefore ,i am1 and    
from this formula he built up a number  
of ideas innate to the human mind1 ideas
 which we cannot but hold4 ,locke's     
,essay on the ,human ,understanding did 
much to discredit ,descartes' innate    
ideas1 which had been very generally    
accepted in ,europe before4  #ai        
,francis ,bacon1 ,baron ,verulam1       
,viscount ,saint ,alban's 7#aefa-afbf71 
a famous ,english statesman and         
philosopher4 ,he occupied high public   
offices1 but in #afba was convicted of  
taking bribes in his office of ,lord    
,chancellor4 ,he pleaded guilty and was 
sentenced to imprisonment and a fine of 
forty thousand pounds4 ,both these      
sentences were remitted1 however4 ,in   
the seventeenth century1 judicial       
corruption was so common that ,bacon's  
offence was not considered so gross as  

it would now be4 ,as a philosopher      
,bacon's rank has been much disputed4   
,while some claim that to his improved  
method of studying nature are chiefly to
 be attributed the prodigious strides   
taken by modern science1 others deny him
 all merit in this respect4 ,his best   
known works are3 ,the ,novum ,organum1 a
 philosophical treatise2 ,the           
,advancement of ,learning1 a remarkable 
argument in favor of scholarship2 and   
the short essays on subjects of common  
interest1 usually printed under the     
simple title ,bacon's ,essays4  #bj     
,third ,estate4 ,the thirteenth century 
was the age when the national assemblies
 of most ,european countries were       
putting on their definite shape4 ,in    
most of them the system of estates      
prevailed4 ,these in most countries were
 three--nobles1 clergy1 and commons1 the
 commons being the third estate4 ,during
 the ,french ,revolution the ,third     
,estate1 or ,tiers ,etat1 asserted its  
rights and became a powerful factor in  

,french politics1 choosing its own      
leaders and effecting the downfall of   
its oppressors4  #ba ,restorers of      
readings4 ,men who spend their lives    
trying to improve and correct the texts 
of classical authors1 by comparing the  
old editions with each other and picking
 out the version which seem most in     
accordance with the authors' original   
work4  #bb ,emendators4 ,the same as    
restorers of readings4  #bc             
,bibliomaniacs4 ,men with a mania for   
collecting rare and beautiful books4    
,not a bad sort of mania1 though        
,emerson never had any sympathy for it4 
#bd ,to many readers ,emerson's own     
works richly fulfill this obligation4   
,he himself lived continually in such a 
lofty mental atmosphere that no one can 
come within the circle of his influence 
without being stimulated and elevated4  
#be ,genius1 the possession of a        
thoroughly active soul1 ought not to be 
the special privilege of favorites of   
fortune1 but the right of every sound   

man4  #bf ,they stunt my mental growth4 
,a man should not accept another man's  
conclusions1 but merely use them as     
steps on his upward path4  #bg ,if you  
do not employ such talent as you have in
 original labor1 in bearing the mental  
fruit of which you are capable1 then you
 do not vindicate your claim to a share 
in the divine nature4  #bh ,disservice4 
,injury4  #bi ,in original composition  
of any sort our efforts naturally flow  
in the channels worn for us by the first
 dominating streams of early genius4    
,the conventional is the continual foe  
of all true art4  #cj ,emerson is       
continually stimulating us to look at   
things in new ways4 ,here1 for instance1
 at once the thought comes3 ,is it not  
perhaps possible that the transcendent  
genius of ,shakespeare has been rather  
noxious than beneficent in its influence
 on the mind of the world8 ,has not the 
all-pervading ,shakespearian influence  
flooded and drowned out a great deal of 
original genius8  #ca ,that is1--when in

 his clear1 seeing moments he can distil
 some drops of truth from the world     
about him1 let him not waste his time in
 studying other men's records of what   
they have seen4  #cb ,while ,emerson's  
verse is frequently unmusical1 in his   
prose we often find passages like this  
instinct with the fairest poetry4  #cc  
,geoffrey ,chaucer 7#acdj-adjj74 ,the   
father of ,english poetry4 ,chaucer's   
chief work is the ,canterbury ,tales1 a 
series of stories told by pilgrims      
traveling in company to ,canterbury4    
,coleridge1 the poet1 wrote of ,chaucer3
 ,i take unceasing delight in ,chaucer2 
his manly cheerfulness is especially    
delicious to me in my old age4 ,how     
exquisitely tender he is1 yet how free  
from the least touch of sickly          
melancholy or morbid drooping4          
,chaucer's poetry is above all things   
fresh4 ,it breathes of the morning of   
literature4 ,like ,homer he had at his  
command all the riches of a new language
 undefiled by usage from which to       

choose4 ,dan ,chaucer1 well of ,english 
undefyled1 ,on ,fame's eternall beadroll
 worthie to be fyled4  #cd ,andrew      
,marvell 7#afbj-afgh74 ,an eminent      
,english patriot and satirist4 ,as a    
writer he is chiefly known by his       
,rehearsal ,transposed1 written in      
answer to a fanatical defender of       
absolute power4 ,when a young man he was
 assistant to the poet ,milton1 who was 
then ,latin secretary to ,oliver        
,cromwell4 ,marvell's wit and           
distinguished abilities rendered him    
formidable to the corrupt administration
 of ,charles ,,ii41 who attempted       
without success to buy his friendship4  
,emerson's literary perspective is a bit
 unusual when he speaks of ,marvell as  
one of the great ,english poets4        
,marvell hardly ranks with ,chaucer1    
,shakespeare1 and ,milton4  #ce ,john   
,dryden 7#afca-agjj74 ,a celebrated     
,english poet4 ,early in life he wrote  
almost entirely for the stage and       
achieved great success4 ,in the latter  

part of his life1 however1 according to 
,macaulay1 he turned his powers in a new
 direction with success the most        
splendid and decisive4 ,the first rank  
in poetry was beyond his reach1 but he  
secured the most honorable place in the 
second4444 ,with him died the secret of 
the old poetical diction of             
,england1--the art of producing rich    
effects by familiar words4  #cf ,plato  
7#dbi-cdg ,b4,c474 ,one of the most     
illustrious philosophers of all time4   
,probably no other philosopher has      
contributed so much as ,plato to the    
moral and intellectual training of the  
human race4 ,this pre-eminence is due   
not solely to his transcendent          
intellect1 but also in no small measure 
to his poetic power and to that         
unrivaled grace of style which led the  
ancients to say that if ,jove should    
speak ,greek he would speak like ,plato4
 ,he was a remarkable example of that   
universal culture of body and mind which
 characterized the last period of       

ancient ,greece4 ,he was proficient in  
every branch of art and learning and was
 such a brilliant athlete that he       
contended in the ,isthmian and ,pythian 
games4  #cg ,gowns4 ,the black gown worn
 occasionally in ,america and always in 
,england at the universities2 the       
distinctive academic dress is a cap and 
gown4  #ch ,pecuniary foundations4      
,gifts of money for the support of      
institutions of learning4  #ci ,wit is  
here used in its early sense of         
intellect1 good understanding4  #dj     
,valetudinarian4 ,a person of a weak1   
sickly constitution4  #da ,mincing4     
,affected4  #db ,preamble4 ,a preface or
 introduction4  #dc ,dumb abyss4 ,that  
vast immensity of the universe about us 
which we can never understand4  #dd ,i  
comprehend its laws2 ,i lose my fear of 
it4  #de ,silkworms feed on             
mulberry-leaves4 ,emerson describes what
 science calls unconscious cerebration4 
#df ,ripe fruit4 ,emerson's ripe fruit  
found its way into his diary1 where it  

lay until he needed it in the           
preparation of some lecture or essay4   
#dg ,i4 ,corinthians xv4 #ec4  #dh      
,empyrean4 ,the region of pure light and
 fire2 the ninth heaven of ancient      
astronomy4 ,the deep-domed empyrean     
,rings to the roar of an angel onset4   
#di ,ferules4 ,according to the methods 
of education fifty years ago1 it was    
quite customary for the teacher to      
punish a school-child with his ferule or
 ruler4  #ej ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes   
cites this last sentence as the most    
extreme development of the distinctively
 ,emersonian style4 ,such things must be
 read not too literally but rapidly1    
with alert attention to what the        
previous train of thought has been4  #ea
 ,savoyards4 ,the people of ,savoy1     
south of ,lake ,geneva in ,switzerland4 
#eb ,emerson's style is characterized by
 the frequent use of pithy epigrams like
 this4  #ec ,sir ,isaac ,newton         
7#afdb-agbg74 ,a great ,english         
philosopher and mathematician4 ,he is   

famous as having discovered the law of  
gravitation4  #ed ,unhandselled4        
,uncultivated1 without natural          
advantages4 ,a handsel is a gift4  #ee  
,druids4 ,the ancient priesthood of the 
,britons in ,csar's time4 ,they had     
immense power among these primitive     
peoples4 ,they were the judges as well  
as the priests and decided all          
questions4 ,it is believed that they    
made human sacrifices to their gods in  
the depths of the primeval forest1 but  
not much is known of their rites4  #ef  
,berserkers4 ,berserker was a           
redoubtable hero in ,scandinavian       
mythology1 the grandson of the          
eight-handed ,starkodder and the        
beautiful ,alfhilde4 ,he had twelve sons
 who inherited the wild-battle frenzy1  
or berserker rage4 ,the sagas1 the great
 ,scandinavian epics1 are full of       
stories of heroes who are seized with   
this fierce longing for battle1 murder1 
and sudden death4 ,the name means       
bear-shirt and has been connected with  

the old were-wolf tradition1 the myth   
that certain people were able to change 
into man-devouring wolves with a wolfish
 mad desire to rend and kill4  #eg      
,alfred1 surnamed the ,great 7#hdh-ija71
 king of the ,west ,saxons in ,england4 
,when he ascended the throne his country
 was in a deplorable condition from the 
repeated inroads of northern invaders4  
,he eventually drove them out #bhf and  
established a secure government4        
,england owes much to the efforts of    
,alfred4 ,he not only fought his        
country's battles1 but also founded     
schools1 translated ,latin books into   
his native tongue1 and did much for the 
intellectual improvement of his people4 
#eh ,the hoe and the spade4 ,in spite of
 ,emerson's habit of introducing the    
names of agricultural objects into his  
writing 7',hay1 corn1 roots1 hemp1 flax1
 apples1 wool1 and wood' is a line from 
one of his poems71 his familiarity      
therewith is evidently not so great as  
he would lead one to imagine4 ',take    

care1 papa1' cried his little son1      
seeing him at work with a spade1 'you   
will dig your leg4'  #ei ,john          
,flamsteed 7#afdf-agai74 ,an eminent    
,english astronomer4 ,he appears to have
 been the first to understand the theory
 of the equation of time4 ,he passed his
 life in patient observation and        
determined the position of #bhhd stars4 
#fj ,sir ,william ,herschel             
7#agch-ahbb74 ,one of the greatest      
astronomers that any age or nation has  
produced4 ,brought up to the profession 
of music1 it was not until he was thirty
 years old that he turned his attention 
to astronomy4 ,by rigid economy he      
obtained a telescope1 and in #agha      
discovered the planet ,uranus4 ,this    
great discovery gave him great fame and 
other substantial advantages4 ,he was   
made private astronomer to the king and 
received a pension4 ,his discoveries    
were so far in advance of his time1 they
 had so little relation with those of   
his predecessors1 that he may almost be 

said to have created a new science by   
revealing the immensity of the scale on 
which the universe is constructed4  #fa 
,nebulous4 ,in astronomy a nebula is a  
luminous patch in the heavens far beyond
 the solar system1 composed of a mass of
 stars or condensed gases4  #fb ,fetich4
 ,the word seems to have been applied by
 ,portuguese sailors and traders on the 
west coast of ,africa to objects        
worshiped by the natives1 which were    
regarded as charms or talismans4 ,of    
course the word here means an object of 
blind admiration and devotion4  #fc ,cry
 up1 to praise1 extol4  #fd ,ancient and
 honorable4 ,isaiah ix4 #ae4  #fe       
,complement4 ,what is needed to complete
 or fill up some quantity or thing4  #ff
 ,signet4 ,seal4 ,emerson is not always 
felicitous #bhg in his choice of        
metaphors4  #fg ,macdonald4 ,in         
,cervantes' ,don ,quixote1 ,sancho      
,panza1 the squire to the knight of the 
metaphysical countenance1 tells a story 
of a gentleman who had asked a          

countryman to dine with him4 ,the farmer
 was pressed to take his seat at the    
head of the table1 and when he refused  
out of politeness to his host1 the      
latter became impatient and cried3 ,sit 
there1 clod-pate1 for let me sit        
wherever ,i will1 that will still be the
 upper end1 and the place of worship to 
thee4 ,this saying is commonly          
attributed to ,rob ,roy1 but ,emerson   
with his usual inaccuracy in such       
matters places it in the mouth of       
,macdonald1--which ,macdonald is        
uncertain4  #fh ,carolus ,linnus        
7#agjg-aggh74 ,a great ,swedish         
botanist4 ,he did much to make botany   
the orderly science it now is4  #fi ,sir
 ,humphry ,davy 7#aggh-ahbi74 ,the most 
famous of ,english chemists4 ,the most  
important to mankind of his many        
discoveries was the safety-lamp to be   
used in mines where there is danger of  
explosion from fire-damp4  #gj ,baron   
,george ,cuvier 7#agfi-ahcb74 ,an       
illustrious ,french philosopher1        

statesman1 and writer who made many     
discoveries in the realm of natural     
history1 geology and philosophy4  #ga   
,the moon4 ,the tides are caused by the 
attraction of the moon and the sun4 ,the
 attraction of the moon for the water   
nearest the moon is somewhat greater    
than the attraction of the earth's      
center4 ,this causes a slight bulging of
 the water toward the moon and a        
consequent high tide4  #gb ,emerson     
frequently omits the principal verb of  
his sentences as here3 ,in a century    
there may exist one or two men4  #gc    
,this obscurely constructed sentence    
means3 ,for their acquiescence in a     
political and social inferiority the    
poor and low find some compensation in  
the immense moral capacity thereby      
gained4  #gd ,they refers to the hero or
 poet mentioned some twenty lines back4 
#ge ,comprehendeth4 ,here used in the   
original sense to include4 ,the perfect 
man should be so thoroughly developed at
 every point that he will possess a     

share in the nature of every man4  #gf  
,by the ,classic age is generally meant 
the age of ,greece and ,rome2 and by the
 ,romantic is meant the middle ages4    
#gg ,introversion4 ,introspection is the
 more usual word to express the analytic
 self-searching so common in these days4
  #gh ,second thoughts4 ,emerson uses   
the word here in the same sense as the  
,french arrire-pense1 a mental          
reservation4  #gi ,and thus the native  
hue of resolution ,is sicklied o'er with
 the pale cast of thought4 ,hamlet1 ,act
 ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a4  #hj ,movement4 ,the   
,french ,revolution4  #ha ,let every    
common object be credited with the      
diviner attributes which will class it  
among others of the same importance4    
#hb ,oliver ,goldsmith 7#agbh-aggd74 ,an
 eminent ,english poet and writer4 ,he  
is best known by the comedy ,she ,stoops
 to ,conquer1 the poem ,the ,deserted   
,village1 and the ,vicar of ,wakefield4 
,of all romances in miniature1 says     
,schlegel1 the great ,german critic1 the

 ',vicar of ,wakefield' is the most     
exquisite4 ,it is probably the most     
popular ,english work of fiction in     
,germany4  #hc ,robert ,burns           
7#agei-agif74 ,a celebrated ,scottish   
poet4 ,the most striking characteristics
 of ,burns' poetry are simplicity and   
intensity1 in which he is scarcely1 if  
at all1 inferior to any of the greatest 
poets that have ever lived4  #hd        
,william ,cowper 7#agca-ahjj74 ,one of  
the most popular of ,english poets4 ,his
 poem ,the ,task was probably more read 
in his day than any poem of equal length
 in the language4 ,cowper also made an  
excellent translation of ,homer4  #he   
,johann ,wolfgang von ,goethe           
7#agdi-ahcb74 ,the most illustrious name
 in ,german literature2 a great poet1   
dramatist1 novelist1 philosopher1 and   
critic4 ,the ,germans regard ,goethe    
with the same veneration we accord to   
,shakespeare4 ,the colossal drama ,faust
 is the most splendid product of his    
genius1 though he wrote a large number  

of other plays and poems4  #hf ,william 
,wordsworth 7#aggj-ahej74 ,by many      
considered the greatest of modern       
,english poets4 ,his descriptions of the
 ever-varying moods of nature are the   
most exquisite in the language4 ,matthew
 ,arnold in his essay on ,emerson says3 
,as ,wordsworth's poetry is1 in my      
judgment1 the most important work done  
in verse in our language #bhi during the
 present century1 so ,emerson's         
',essays' are1 ,i think1 the most       
important work done in prose4  #hg      
,thomas ,carlyle 7#agie-ahha74 ,a famous
 ,english essayist1 historian1 and      
speculative philosopher4 ,it is scarcely
 too much to say that no other author of
 this century has exerted a greater     
influence not merely upon the literature
 but upon the mind of the ,english      
nation than ,carlyle4 ,emerson was an   
intimate friend of ,carlyle1 and during 
the greater part of his life maintained 
a correspondence with the great         
,englishman4 ,an interesting description

 of their meeting will be found among   
the ,critical ,opinions at the beginning
 of the work4  #hh ,alexander ,pope     
7#afhh-agdd74 ,the author of the ,essay 
on ,criticism1 ,rape of the ,lock1 the  
,essay on ,man1 and other famous poems4 
,pope possessed little originality or   
creative imagination1 but he had a vivid
 sense of the beautiful and an exquisite
 taste4 ,he owed much of his popularity 
to the easy harmony of his verse and the
 keenness of his satire4  #hi ,samuel   
,johnson 7#agji-aghd74 ,one of the      
eminent writers of the eighteenth       
century4 ,he wrote ,lives of the ,poets1
 poems1 and probably the most remarkable
 work of the kind ever produced by a    
single person1 an ,english dictionary4  
#ij ,edward ,gibbon 7#agcg-agid74 ,one  
of the most distinguished of ,english   
historians4 ,his great work is the      
,decline and ,fall of the ,roman        
,empire4 ,carlyle called ,gibbon1 the   
splendid bridge from the old world to   
the new4  #ia ,emanuel ,swedenborg      

7#afhh-aggb74 ,a great ,swedish         
theologian1 naturalist1 and             
mathematician1 and the founder of a     
religious sect which has since his death
 become prominent among the             
philosophical schools of ,christianity4 
#ib ,johann ,heinrich ,pestalozzi       
7#agdf-ahbg74 ,a ,swiss teacher and     
educational reformer of great influence 
in his time4 ,,compensation  #ic ,these 
lines are printed under the title of    
,compensation in ,emerson's collected   
poems4 ,he has also another poem of     
eight lines with the same title4  #id   
,documents1 data1 facts4  #ie ,this     
doctrine1 which a little observation    
would confute1 is still taught by some4 
#if ,doubloons1 ,spanish and ,south     
,american gold coins of the value of    
about #ae4fj each4  #ig ,polarity1 that 
quality or condition of a body by virtue
 of which it exhibits opposite or       
contrasted properties in opposite or    
contrasted directions4  #ih ,systole and
 diastole1 the contraction and dilation 

of the heart and arteries4  #ii ,they   
are increased and consequently want     
more4  #ajj ,intenerate1 soften4  #aja  
,white ,house1 the popular name of the  
presidential mansion at ,washington4    
#ajb ,explain the phrase eat dust4  #ajc
 ,overlook1 oversee1 superintend4  #ajd 
,res nolunt1 etc4 ,translated in the    
previous sentence4  #aje ,the world 444 
dew4 ,explain the thought4 ,what gives  
the earth its shape8  #ajf ,the         
microscope 444 little4 ,this statement  
is not in accordance with the facts1 if 
we are to understand perfect in the     
sense which the next sentence would     
suggest4  #ajg ,emerson has been        
considered a pantheist4  #ajh,o8 88881  
etc4 ,the translation follows in the    
text4 ,this old proverb is quoted by    
,sophocles1 7,fragm4 lxxiv4 #b7 in the  
form3 8e8 888 e8 p8pt88s88 88 8888 88881
  ,emerson uses it in ,nature in the    
form ,nature's dice are always loaded4  
#aji ,amain1 with full force1           
vigorously4  #aaj ,the proverb is quoted

 by ,horace1 ,epistles1 ,i1 x4 #bd3     
,naturam expelles furca1 tamen usque    
recurret4  ,a similar thought is        
expressed by ,juvenal1 ,seneca1 ,cicero1
 and ,aristophanes4  #aaa ,augustine1   
,confessions1 ,b4 ,i4  #aab ,jupiter1   
the supreme god of the ,romans1 the     
,zeus of the ,greeks4  #aac ,tying up   
the hands4 ,the expression is used      
figuratively1 of course4  #aad ,the     
supreme power in ,england is vested in  
,parliament4  #aae ,prometheus stole    
fire from heaven to benefit the race of 
men4 ,in punishment for this ,jupiter   
chained him to a #bia rock and set an   
eagle to prey upon his liver4 ,some     
unknown and terrible danger threatened  
,jupiter1 the secret of averting which  
only ,prometheus knew4 ,for this secret 
,jupiter offered him his freedom4  #aaf 
,minerva1 goddess of wisdom1 who sprang 
full-armed from the brain of ,jupiter4  
,the secret which she held is told in   
the following lines4  #aag ,aurora1     
goddess of the dawn4 ,enamored of       

,tithonus1 she persuaded ,jupiter to    
grant him immortality1 but forgot to ask
 for him immortal youth4 ,read          
,tennyson's poem on ,tithonus4  #aah    
,achilles1 the hero of ,homer's ,iliad4 
,his mother ,thetis1 to render him      
invulnerable1 plunged him into the      
waters of the ,styx4 ,the heel by which 
she held him was not washed by the      
waters and remained vulnerable4 ,here he
 received a mortal wound4  #aai         
,siegfried1 hero of the ,nibelungenlied1
 the old ,german epic poem4 ,having     
slain a dragon1 he bathed in its blood  
and became covered with an invulnerable 
horny hide1 only one small spot between 
his shoulders which was covered by a    
leaf remaining vulnerable4 ,into this   
spot the treacherous ,hagen plunged his 
lance4  #abj ,nemesis1 a ,greek female  
deity1 goddess of retribution1 who      
visited the righteous anger of the gods 
upon mortals4  #aba ,the ,furies or     
,eumenides1 stern and inexorable        
ministers of the vengeance of the gods4 

#abb ,ajax and ,hector1 ,greek and      
,trojan heroes in the ,trojan ,war4 ,see
 ,homer's ,iliad4 ,achilles slew ,hector
 and1 lashing him to his chariot with   
the belt which ,ajax had given ,hector1 
dragged him round the walls of ,troy4   
,ajax committed suicide with the sword  
which ,hector had presented to him4     
#abc ,thasians1 inhabitants of the      
island of ,thasus4 ,the story here told 
of the rival of the athlete ,theagenes  
is found in ,pausanias' ,description of 
,greece1 ,book ,,vi4 chap4 xi4  #abd    
,shakespeare1 the greatest of ,english  
writers1 seems to have succeeded        
entirely or almost entirely in removing 
the personal element from his writings4 
#abe ,hellenic1 ,greek4  #abf ,tit for  
tat1 etc4 ,this paragraph is composed of
 a series of proverbs4  #abg ,edmund    
,burke 7#agbi8-agig71 illustrious ,irish
 statesman1 orator1 and author4  #abh   
,pawns1 the pieces of lowest rank in    
chess4  #abi ,what is the meaning of    
obscene here8 ,compare the ,latin4  #acj

 ,polycrates1 a tyrant of ,samos1 who   
was visited with such remarkable        
prosperity that he was advised by a     
friend to break the course of it by     
depriving himself of some valued        
possession4 ,in accordance with this    
advice he cast into the sea an emerald  
ring which he considered his rarest     
treasure4 ,a few days later a fisherman 
presented the monarch with a large fish 
inside of which the ring was found4     
,soon after this ,polycrates fell into  
the power of an enemy and was nailed to 
a cross4  #aca ,scot and lot1 formerly1 
a parish assessment laid on subjects    
according to their ability4 ,now1 a     
phrase for obligations of every kind    
regarded collectively4 7,webster47  #acb
 ,read ,emerson's essay on ,gifts4  #acc
 ,worm worms1 breed worms4  #acd        
,compare the old proverb ,murder will   
out4 ,see ,chaucer1 ,n4,p4,t41 #bcb and 
#bcg1 and ,pr4 ,t41 #abd4  #ace ,et     
semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum4
 ,horace1 ,epist41 ,i4 ,,xviii4 #fe4    

#acf ,stag in the fable4 ,see sop1 lxvi4
 #ahd1 ,cerva et ,leo2 ,phdrus ,i4 #ab4 
,cervus ad fontem2 ,la ,fontaine1 vi4   
#i1 ,le ,cerf se ,voyant dans l'eau4    
#acg ,see the quotation from ,st4       
,bernard farther on4  #ach ,withholden1 
old participle of withhold1 now         
withheld4  #aci ,what is the etymology  
of the word mob8  #adj ,optimism and    
,pessimism4 ,the meanings of these two  
opposites are readily made out from the 
,latin words from which they come4  #ada
 ,st4 ,bernard de ,clairvaux            
7#ajia-aaec71 ,french ecclesiastic4     
#adb ,jesus4 ,holmes writes of ,emerson3
 ,jesus was for him a divine            
manifestation1 but only as other great  
human souls have been in all ages and   
are to-day4 ,he was willing to be called
 a ,christian just as he was willing to 
be called a ,platonist4444 ,if he did   
not worship the 'man ,christ ,jesus' as 
the churches of ,christendom have done1 
he followed his footsteps so nearly that
 our good ,methodist1 ,father ,taylor1  

spoke of him as more like ,christ than  
any man he had known4  #adc ,the first  
his refers to ,jesus1 the second to     
,shakespeare4  #add ,banyan4 ,what is   
the characteristic of this tree that    
makes it appropriate for this figure8   
,,self-,,reliance  #ade ,ne te1 etc4 ,do
 not seek for anything outside of       
thyself4 ,from ,persius1 ,sat4 ,i4 #g4  
,compare ,macrobius1 ,com4 in ,somn4    
,scip41 ,i4 ix4 #c1 and ,boethius1 ,de  
,consol4 ,phil41 ,,iv4 #d4  #adf        
,epilogue to ,beaumont and ,fletcher's  
,honest ,man's ,fortune4  #adg ,these   
lines appear in ,emerson's ,quatrains   
under the title ,power4  #adh ,genius4  
,see the paragraph on genius in         
,emerson's lecture on ,the ,method of   
,nature1 one sentence of which runs3    
,genius is its own end1 and draws its   
means and the style of its architecture 
from within1 going abroad only for      
audience1 and spectator4  #adi ,the man 
that stands by himself1 the universe    
stands by him also4--,emerson1          

,behavior4  #aej ,plato 7#dbi-cdg b4c471
 7,see note #cf47  #aea ,milton         
7#afjh-afgd71 the great ,english epic   
poet1 author of ,paradise ,lost4 ,o     
mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies1 ,o
 skill'd to sing of ,time or ,eternity1 
,god-gifted organ-voice of ,england1    
,milton1 a name to resound for          
ages4,tennyson4  #aeb ,the great poet   
makes feel our own wealth4--,emerson1   
,the ,over-,soul4  #aec ,then most when1
 most at the time when4  #aed ,the      
imitator dooms himself to hopeless      
mediocrity4--,emerson1 ,address to the  
,senior ,class in ,divinity ,college1   
,cambridge4  #aee ,for words1 like      
,nature1 half reveal ,and half conceal  
the soul within4 ,tennyson1 ,in         
,memoriam1 ,v4 ,i4  #aef ,trust thyself4
 ,this is the theme of the present      
essay1 and is a lesson which ,emerson is
 never tired of teaching4 ,in ,the      
,american ,scholar he says3  ,in        
self-trust all the virtues are          
comprehended4 ,in the essay on          

,greatness3  ,self-respect is the early 
form in which greatness appears4444     
,stick to your own4444 ,follow the path 
your genius traces like the galaxy of   
heaven for you to walk in4  ,carlyle    
says3  ,the fearful unbelief is unbelief
 in yourself4  #aeg ,chaos 7888871 the  
confused1 unorganized condition in which
 the world was supposed to have existed 
before it was reduced to harmony and    
order2 hence1 utter confusion and       
disorder4  #aeh ,these1 i4e41 children1 
babes1 and brutes4  #aei ,four or five4 
,supply the noun4  #afj ,nonchalance1 a 
,french word meaning indifference1      
coolness4  #afa ,pit in the playhouse1  
formerly1 the seats on the floor below  
the level of the stage4 ,these cheap    
seats were occupied by a class who did  
not hesitate to express their opinions  
of the performances4  #afb ,eclat1 a    
,french word meaning brilliancy of      
success1 striking effect4  #afc ,lethe1 
the river of oblivion4--,paradise ,lost4
 ,oblivion1 forgetfulness4  #afd ,who4  

,what is the construction8  #afe        
,nonconformist1 one who does not conform
 to established usages or opinions4     
,emerson considers conformity and       
consistency as the two terrors that     
scare us from self-trust4 7,see note    
#ahb47  #aff ,explore if it be goodness1
 investigate for himself and see if it  
be really goodness4 ,prove all things2  
hold fast that which is good4 ,paul1 ,i4
 ,thes4 v4 #ba4  #afg ,suffrage1        
approval4 ,what stronger breastplate    
than a heart untainted8 ,thrice is he   
arm'd that hath his quarrel just2 ,and  
he but naked1 though lock'd up in steel1
 ,whose conscience with injustice is    
corrupted4 ,shakespeare1 ,,ii4 ,henry   
,,vi41 ,,iii4 #b4  #afh ,there is       
nothing either good or bad1 but thinking
 makes it so4 --,hamlet1 ii4 #b4  #afi  
,barbadoes1 an island in the ,atlantic  
,ocean1 one of the ,lesser ,antilles4   
,the negroes1 composing by far the      
larger part of the population1 were     
formerly slaves4  #agj ,he had rather   

have his actions ascribed to whim and   
caprice than to spend the day in        
explaining them4  #aga ,diet and        
bleeding1 special diet and medical care1
 used figuratively1 of course4  #agb    
,read ,emerson's essay on ,greatness4   
#agc ,the precise man1 precisely what   
kind of man4  #agd ,by their fruits ye  
shall know them4--,matthew1 vii4 #af and
 #bj4  #age ,with1 notwithstanding1 in  
spite of4  #agf ,of the bench1 of an    
impartial judge4  #agg ,bound their eyes
 with 444 handkerchief1 in this game of 
blindman's-buff4  #agh ,pin thy faith to
 no man's sleeve2 hast thou not two eyes
 of thy own8--,carlyle4  #agi ,give     
examples of men who have been made to   
feel the displeasure of the world for   
their nonconformity4  #ahj ,nihil tam   
incertum nec tam instimabile est quam   
animi multitudinis4--,livy1 xxxi4 #cd4  
,mobile mutatur semper cum principe     
vulgus4 ,claudianus1 ,de ,,iv4 ,consul4 
,honorii1 #cjb4  #aha ,the other terror4
 ,the first1 conformity1 has just been  

treated4  #ahb ,consistency4 ,compare1  
on the other hand1 the well-known       
saying1 ,consistency1 thou art a jewel4 
#ahc ,orbit1 course in life4  #ahd      
,somewhat1 something4  #ahe ,see        
,genesis1 xxxix4 #ab4  #ahf ,pythagoras 
7fl4 about #ebj b4c471 a ,greek         
philosopher4 ,his society was scattered 
and persecuted by the fury of the       
populace4  #ahg ,socrates 7#dgj8-cii    
b4c471 the great ,athenian philosopher1 
whose teachings are the subject of most 
of ,plato's writings1 was accused of    
corrupting the youth1 and condemned to  
drink hemlock4  #ahh ,martin ,luther    
7#adhc-aedf7 preached against certain   
abuses of the ,roman ,catholic ,church  
and was excommunicated by the ,pope4 ,he
 became the leader of the ,protestant   
,reformation4  #ahi ,copernicus         
7#adgc-aedc7 discovered the error of the
 old ,ptolemaic system of astronomy and 
showed that the sun is the centre of our
 planetary system4 ,fearing the         
persecution of the church1 he hesitated 

long to publish his discovery1 and it   
was many years after his death before   
the world accepted his theory4  #aij    
,galileo 7#aefd-afdb71 the famous       
,italian astronomer and physicist1      
discoverer of the satellites of ,jupiter
 and the rings of ,saturn1 was thrown   
into prison by the ,inquisition4  #aia  
,sir ,isaac ,newton4 7,see note #ec47   
#aib ,andes1 the great mountain system  
of ,south ,america4  #aic ,himmaleh1    
,himalaya1 the great mountain system of 
,asia4  #aid ,alexandrian stanza4 ,the  
,alexandrian line consists of twelve    
syllables 7iambic hexameter74 ,neither  
the acrostic nor the ,alexandrine has   
the property assigned to it here4 ,a    
palindrame reads the same forward as    
backward1 as3 ,madam1 ,i'm ,adam2 ,signa
 te signa2 temere me tangis et angis2 or
 the inscription on the church of ,st4  
,sophia1 ,constantinople3 88888 8888ata 
8 88a8 8888  #aie ,the reference is to  
sailing vessels1 of course4  #aif ,scorn
 eyes1 scorn observers4  #aig ,chatham1 

,william ,pitt1 ,earl of ,chatham       
7#agjh-aggh71 this distinguished        
statesman and orator4 ,he became very   
popular as a statesman and was known as 
,the ,great ,commoner4  #aih ,adams4    
,the reference is presumably to ,samuel 
,adams 7#agbb-ahjc71 a popular leader   
and orator in the cause of ,american    
freedom4 ,he was a member of the        
,continental ,congress and a signer of  
the ,declaration of ,independence4      
,emerson may have in mind1 however1     
,john ,adams 7#agce-ahbf71 second       
president of the ,united ,states4  #aii 
,spartan4 ,the ancient ,spartans were   
noted for their courage and fortitude4  
#bjj ,julius ,csar 7#ajj-dd b4c471 the  
great ,roman general1 statesman1 orator1
 and author4  #bja ,st4 ,anthony        
7#bea-cef71 ,egyptian founder of        
monachism1 the system of monastic       
seclusion4  #bjb ,george ,fox           
7#afbd-afia71 ,english founder of the   
,society of ,friends or ,quakers4  #bjc 
,john ,wesley 7#agjc-agia71 ,english    

founder of the religious sect known as  
,methodists4  #bjd ,thomas ,clarkson    
7#agfj-ahdf71 ,english philanthropist   
and abolitionist4  #bje ,scipio         
7#bce-ahd b4c471 the great ,roman       
general who defeated ,hannibal and      
decided the fate of ,carthage4 ,the     
quotation is from ,paradise ,lost1 ,book
 ,,ix41 line #faj4  #bjf ,in the story  
of ,abou ,hassan or ,the ,sleeper       
,awakened in the ,arabian ,nights ,abou 
,hassan awakes and finds himself treated
 in every respect as the ,caliph ,haroun
 ,al-raschid4 ,shakespeare has made use 
of a similar trick in ,taming of the    
,shrew1 where ,christopher ,sly is put  
to bed drunk in the lord's room and on  
awaking is treated as a lord4  #bjg     
,alfred the ,great 7#hdi-ija71 ,king of 
the ,west ,saxons4 ,he was a wise king1 
a great scholar1 and a patron of        
learning4  #bjh ,scanderbeg1 ,george    
,castriota 7#adjd-adfg71 an ,albanian   
chief who embraced ,christianity and    
carried on a successful war against the 

,turks4  #bji ,gustavus ,adolphus       
7#aeid-afcb71 ,king of ,sweden1 the hero
 of ,protestantism in the ,thirty       
,years' ,war4  #baj ,hieroglyphic1 a    
character in the picture-writing of the 
ancient ,egyptian priests2 hence1 hidden
 sign4  #baa ,parallax1 an angle used in
 astronomy in calculating the distance  
of a heavenly body4 ,the parallax       
decreases as the distance of the body   
increases4  #bab ,the child has the     
advantage of the experience of all his  
ancestors4 ,compare ,tennyson's line in 
,locksley ,hall3 ,i the heir of all the 
ages1 in the foremost files of time4    
#bac ,why should we grope among the dry 
bones of the past1 or put the living    
generation into masquerade out of its   
faded wardrobe8 ,the sun shines to-day  
also4--,emerson1 ,introd4 to ,nature1   
,addresses1 etc4  #bad ,explain the     
thought in this sentence4  #bae ,judas  
,iscariot1 who betrayed ,jesus4  #baf   
,agent1 active1 acting4  #bag ,an       
allusion to the ,mohammedan custom of   

removing the shoes before entering a    
mosque4  #bah ,of a truth1 men are      
mystically united2 a mystic bond of     
brotherhood makes all men one4  #bai    
,thor and ,woden4 ,woden or ,odin was   
the chief god of ,scandinavian          
mythology4 ,thor1 his elder son1 was the
 god of thunder4 ,from these names come 
the names of the days ,wednesday and    
,thursday4  #bbj ,explain the meaning of
 this sentence4  #bba ,you1 or you1     
addressing different persons4  #bbb ,the
 truth shall make you free4--,john1     
viii4 #cb4  #bbc ,antinomianism1 the    
doctrine that the moral law is not      
binding under the gospel dispensation1  
faith alone being necessary to          
salvation4  #bbd ,there is no sorrow ,i 
have thought more about than that--to   
love what is great1 and try to reach it1
 and yet to fail4 ,george ,eliot1       
,middlemarch1 lxxvi4  #bbe ,explain the 
use of it in these expressions4  #bbf   
,stoic1 a disciple of the ,greek        
philosopher ,zeno1 who taught that men  

should be free from passion1 unmoved by 
joy and grief1 and should submit without
 complaint to the inevitable4  #bbg     
,word made flesh1 see ,john1 i4 #ad4    
#bbh ,healing to the nations1 see       
,revelation1 xxii4 #b4  #bbi ,in what   
prayers do men allow themselves to      
indulge8  #bcj ,prayer is the soul's    
sincere desire1 ,uttered or unexpressed1
 ,the motion of a hidden fire ,that     
trembles in the breast4 ,montgomery1    
,what is ,prayer8  #bca ,caratach       
7,caractacus7 is a historical character 
in ,fletcher's 7#aegf-afbe7 tragedy of  
,bonduca 7,boadicea74  #bcb ,zoroaster1 
a ,persian philosopher1 founder of the  
ancient ,persian religion4 ,he          
flourished long before the ,christian   
era4  #bcc ,speak thou with us1 and we  
will hear3 but let not ,god speak with  
us1 lest we die4--,exodus1 xx4 #ai4     
,compare also the parallel passage in   
,deuteronomy1 v4 #be-bg4  #bcd ,john    
,locke4 7,see note #ah47  #bce          
,lavoisier 7#agdc-agid71 celebrated     

,french chemical philosopher1 discoverer
 of the composition of water4  #bcf     
,james ,hutton 7#agbf-agig71 great      
,scotch geologist1 author of the ,theory
 of the ,earth4  #bcg ,jeremy ,bentham  
7#agdh-ahcb71 ,english philosopher1     
jurist1 and legislative reformer4  #bch 
,fourier 7#aggb-ahcg71 ,french          
socialist1 founder of the system of     
,fourierism4  #bci ,calvinism1 the      
doctrines of ,john ,calvin 7#aeji-aefd74
 ,french theologian and ,protestant     
reformer4 ,a cardinal doctrine of       
,calvinism is predestination4  #bdj     
,quakerism1 the doctrines of the        
,quakers or ,friends1 a society founded 
by ,george ,fox 7#afbd-afia74  #bda     
,emanuel ,swedenborg 7#afhh-aggb71      
,swedish theosophist1 founder of the    
,new ,jerusalem ,church4 ,he is taken by
 ,emerson in his ,representative ,men as
 the type of the mystic1 and is often   
mentioned in his other works4  #bdb     
,though we travel the world over to find
 the beautiful1 we must carry it with   

us1 or we find it not4--,emerson1 ,art4 
#bdc ,thebes1 a celebrated ruined city  
of ,upper ,egypt4  #bdd ,palmyra1 a     
ruined city of ,asia situated in an     
oasis of the ,syrian desert1 supposed to
 be the ,tadmor built by ,solomon in the
 wilderness 7,,ii4 ,chr41 viii4 #d74    
#bde ,vain1 very vain1 my weary search  
to find ,that bliss which only centers  
in the mind4444 ,still to ourselves in  
every place consign'd1 ,our own felicity
 we make or find4 ,goldsmith 7and       
,johnson71 ,the ,traveler1 #dbc-cb4 ,he 
that has light within his own clear     
breast ,may sit i' th' center1 and enjoy
 bright day2 ,but he that hides a dark  
soul1 and foul thoughts1 ,benighted     
walks under the mid-day sun2 ,himself in
 his own dungeon4 ,milton1 ,comus1      
#cha-e4 ,compare also ,paradise ,lost1  
,i1 #bee-g4  #bdf ,vatican1 the palace  
of the pope in ,rome1 with its          
celebrated library1 museum1 and art     
gallery4  #bdg ,doric1 the oldest1      
strongest1 and simplest of the three    

styles of ,grecian architecture4  #bdh  
,gothic1 a pointed style of             
architecture1 prevalent in western      
,europe in the latter part of the middle
 ages4  #bdi ,never imitate4 ,emerson   
insists on this doctrine4  #bej         
,shakespeare 7#aefd-afaf71 the great    
,english poet and dramatist4 ,he is     
mentioned in ,emerson's writings more   
than any other character in history1 and
 is taken as the type of the poet in his
 ,representative ,men4  ,o mighty poet6 
,thy works are not as those of other    
men1 simply and merely great works of   
art2 but are also like the phenomena of 
nature1 like the sun and the sea1 the   
stars and the flowers1--like frost and  
snow1 rain and dew1 hailstorm and       
thunder1 which are to be studied with   
entire submission of our own faculties1 
and in the perfect faith that in them   
there can be no too much or too little1 
nothing useless or inert1--but that1 the
 further we press in our discoveries1   
the more we shall see proofs of design  

and self-supporting arrangement where   
the careless eye had seen nothing but   
accident6--,de ,quincy4  #bea ,benjamin 
,franklin 7#agjf-agij71 ,american       
philosopher1 statesman1 diplomatist1 and
 author4 ,he discovered the identity of 
lightning with electricity1 invented the
 lightning-rod1 went on several         
diplomatic missions to ,europe1 was one 
of the committee that drew up the       
,declaration of ,independence1 signed   
the treaty of ,paris1 and compiled ,poor
 ,richard's ,almanac4  #beb ,francis    
,bacon 7#aefa-afbf71 a famous ,english  
philosopher and statesman4 ,he became   
,lord ,chancellor under ,elizabeth4 ,he 
is best known by his ,essays2 he wrote  
also the ,novum ,organum and the        
,advancement of ,learning4  #bec ,sir   
,isaac ,newton4 7,see note #ec47  #bed  
,scipio4 7,see note #bje47  #bee        
,phidias 7#ejj8-dcb8 b4c471 famous      
,greek sculptor4  #bef ,egyptians4 ,he  
has in mind the pyramids4  #beg ,the    
,pentateuch is attributed to ,moses4    

#beh ,dante 7#abfe-acba71 the greatest  
of ,italian poets1 author of the ,divina
 ,commedia4  #bei ,foreworld1 a former  
ideal state of the world4  #bfj ,new    
,zealander1 inhabitant of ,new ,zealand1
 a group of two islands lying southeast 
of ,australia4  #bfa ,geneva1 a city of 
,switzerland1 situated at the           
southwestern extremity of ,lake ,geneva4
  #bfb ,greenwich nautical almanac4 ,the
 meridian of the ,royal ,observatory at 
,greenwich1 near ,london1 is the prime  
meridian for reckoning the longitude of 
the world4 ,the nautical almanac is a   
publication containing astronomical data
 for the use of navigators and          
astronomers4 ,what is the name of the   
corresponding publication of the ,u4,s4 
,observatory at ,washington8  #bfc ,get 
the meaning of these astronomical terms4
  #bfd ,plutarch4 7#ej8-abj8 a4d471     
,greek philosopher and biographer1      
author of ,parallel ,lives1 a series of 
,greek and ,roman biographies4 ,next    
after ,shakespeare and ,plato he is the 

author most frequently mentioned by     
,emerson4 ,read the essay of ,emerson on
 ,plutarch4  #bfe ,phocion 7#djb-cag    
b4c471 ,athenian statesman and general4 
7,see note #cfd47  #bff ,anaxagoras     
7#ejj-dbf b4c471 ,greek philosopher of  
distinction4  #bfg ,diogenes            
7#djj8-cbc871 ,greek cynic philosopher  
who affected great contempt for riches  
and honors and the comforts of civilized
 life1 and is said to have taken up his 
residence in a tub4  #bfh ,henry ,hudson
 7---- - #afaa71 ,english navigator and 
explorer1 discoverer of the bay and     
river which bear his name4  #bfi ,bering
 or ,behring 7#afhj-agda71 ,danish      
navigator1 discoverer of ,behring       
,strait4  #bgj ,sir ,william ,edward    
,parry 7#agij-ahee71 ,english navigator 
and ,arctic explorer4  #bga ,sir ,john  
,franklin 7#aghf-ahdf871 celebrated     
,english navigator and ,arctic explorer1
 lost in the ,arctic seas4  #bgb        
,christopher ,columbus 7#adde8-aejf71   
,genoese navigator and discoverer of    

,america4 ,his ship1 the ,santa ,maria1 
appears small and insignificant in      
comparison with the modern ocean ship4  
#bgc ,napoleon ,bonaparte 7#agfi-ahba71 
,emperor of ,france1 one of the greatest
 military geniuses the world has ever   
seen4 ,he was defeated in the battle of 
,waterloo by the ,duke of ,wellington1  
and died in exile on the isle of ,st4   
,helena4 ,emerson takes him as a type of
 the man of the world in his            
,representative ,men3 ,i call ,napoleon 
the agent or attorney of the middle     
class of modern society4444 ,he was the 
agitator1 the destroyer of prescription1
 the internal improver1 the liberal1 the
 radical1 the inventor of means1 the    
opener of doors and markets1 the        
subverter of monopoly and abuse4444 ,he 
had the virtues of the masses of his    
constituents3 he had also their vices4  
,i am sorry that the brilliant picture  
has its reverse4  #bgd ,comte de las    
,cases 7not ,casas7 7#agff-ahdb71 author
 of ,mmorial de ,sainte-,hlne4  #bge    

,ali1 ,arabian caliph1 surnamed the     
,lion of ,god1 cousin and son-in-law of 
,mohammed4 ,he was assassinated about   
#ffa4  #bgf ,the county of ,essex in    
,england has several namesakes in       
,america4  #bgg ,fortune4 ,in ,roman    
mythology ,fortune1 the goddess of      
fortune or chance1 is represented as    
standing on a ball or wheel4 ,nec metuis
 dubio ,fortun stantis in orbe ,numen1  
et exos verba superba de8 ,ovid1        
,tristia1 v41 #h1 #h4 ,,friendship  #bgh
 ,most of ,emerson's ,essays were first 
delivered as lectures1 in practically   
the form in which they afterwards       
appeared in print4 ,the form and style1 
it is true1 were always carefully       
revised before publication2 this        
,emerson called 'giving his thoughts a  
,greek dress4' ,his essay on            
,friendship1 published in the ,first    
,series of ,essays in #ahda was not1 so 
far as we know1 delivered as a lecture2 
parts of it1 however1 were taken from   
lectures which ,emerson delivered on    

,society1 ,the ,heart1 and ,private     
,life4  ,in connection with his essay on
 ,friendship1 the student should read   
the two other notable addresses on the  
same subject1 one the speech by ,cicero1
 the famous ,roman orator1 and the other
 the essay by ,lord ,bacon1 the great   
,english author4  #bgi ,relume4 ,is this
 a common word8 ,define it4  #bhj ,pass 
my gate4 ,the walk opposite ,emerson's  
house on the ',great ,road' to ,boston  
was a favorite winter walk for ,concord 
people4 ,along it passed the philosophic
 ,alcott and the imaginative ,hawthorne1
 as well as famous townsmen1 and school 
children4  #bha ,my friends have come to
 me1 etc43 ,compare with ,emerson's     
views here expressed the noble passage  
in his essay on ,the ,over-,soul3 ,every
 friend whom not thy fantastic will but 
the great and tender heart in thee      
craveth1 shall lock thee in his embrace4
 ,and this because the heart in thee is 
the heart of all2 not a valve1 not a    
wall1 not an intersection is there      

anywhere in nature1 but one blood rolls 
uninterruptedly in endless circulation  
through all men1 as the water of the    
globe is all one sea1 and1 truly seen1  
its tide is one4  #bhb ,bard4 ,poet3    
originally one who composed and sang to 
the music of a harp verses in honor of  
heroes and heroic deeds4  #bhc ,hymn1   
ode1 and epic4 ,define each of these    
three kinds of poetry4  #bhd ,apollo4   
,in classic mythology1 the sun god who  
presided over music1 poetry1 and art2 he
 was the guardian and leader of the     
,muses4  #bhe ,muses4 ,in classic       
mythology1 the nine sisters who presided
 over music1 poetry1 art1 and science4  
,they were ,clio the muse of history1   
,euterpe of music1 especially the flute1
 ,thalia of comedy1 ,melpomene of       
tragedy1 ,terpsichore of dancing1 ,erato
 of erotic poetry1 mistress of the lyre1
 ,polyhymnia of sacred poetry1 ,urania  
of astronomy1 ,calliope of eloquence and
 epic poetry4  #bhf ,genius4 ,according 
to an old belief1 a spirit that watched 

over a person to control1 guide and aid 
him4  #bhg ,crush the sweet poison1 etc4
 ,this is a quotation from ,comus1 a    
poem by ,milton4  #bhh ,systole and     
diastole4 7,see note #ih47  #bhi        
,friendship1 like the immortality1 etc4 
,see on what a high plane ,emerson      
places this relation of friendship4 ,in 
#ahdj he wrote in a letter3 ,i am a     
worshiper of friendship1 and cannot find
 any other good equal to it4 ,as soon as
 any man pronounces the words which     
approve him fit for that great office1  
,i make no haste2 he is holy2 let me be 
holy also2 our relations are eternal2   
why should we count days and weeks8     
#bij ,elysian temple4 ,temple of bliss4 
,in ,greek mythology1 ,elysium was the  
abode of the blessed after death4  #bia 
,an ,egyptian skull4 ,plutarch says that
 at an ,egyptian feast a skull was      
displayed1 either as a hint to make the 
most of the pleasure which can be       
enjoyed but for a brief space1 or as a  
warning not to set one's heart upon     

transitory things4  #bib ,conscious of a
 universal success1 etc4 ,emerson wrote 
in his journal3 ,my entire success1 such
 as it is1 is composed wholly of        
particular failures4  #bic ,extends the 
old leaf4 ,compare ,emerson's lines3    
,when half-gods go ,the gods arrive4    
#bid ,a texture of wine and dreams4     
,what does ,emerson mean by this phrase8
 ,explain the whole sentence4  #bie ,the
 valiant warrior1 etc4 ,the quotation is
 from ,shakespeare's ,sonnet1 xxv4  #bif
 ,naturlangsamkeit4 ,a ,german word     
meaning slowness4 ,the slowness of      
natural development4  #big ,olympian4   
,one who took part in the great ,greek  
games held every four years on the plain
 of ,olympia4 ,the racing1 wrestling and
 other contests of strength and skill   
were accompanied by sacrifices to the   
gods1 processions1 and banquets4 ,there 
was a sense of dignity and almost of    
worship about the games4 ,the ,olympic  
games have been recently revived1 and   
athletes from all countries of the world

 contest for the prizes--simple garlands
 of wild olive4  #bih ,i knew a man who1
 etc4 ,the allusion is to ,jonas ,very1 
a mystic and poet1 who lived at ,salem1 
,massachusetts4  #bii ,paradox4 ,define 
this word4 ,explain its application to a
 friend4  #cjj ,my author says1 etc4    
,the quotation is from ,a ,consideration
 upon ,cicero1 by the ,french author1   
,montaigne4 ,montaigne was one of       
,emerson's favorite authors from his    
boyhood3 of the essays he says1 ,i felt 
as if ,i myself1 had written this book  
in some former life1 so sincerely it    
spoke my thoughts4  #cja ,cherub4 ,what 
is the difference between a cherub and a
 seraph8  #cjb ,curricle4 ,a two-wheeled
 carriage1 especially popular in the    
eighteenth century4  #cjc ,this law of  
one to one4 ,emerson felt that this same
 law applied to nature4 ,he wrote in his
 journal3 ,nature says to man1 'one to  
one1 my dear4'  #cjd ,crimen quos1 etc4 
,the ,latin saying is translated in the 
preceding sentence4  #cje ,nonage4 ,we  

use more commonly the word1 minority4   
#cjf ,janus-faced4 ,the word here means 
simply two-faced1 without the idea of   
deceit usually attached to it4 ,in      
,roman mythology1 ,janus1 the doorkeeper
 of heaven was the protector of doors   
and gateways and the patron of the      
beginning and end of undertakings4 ,he  
was the god of the rising and setting of
 the sun1 and was represented with two  
faces1 one looking to the east and the  
other to the west4 ,his temple at ,rome 
was kept open in time of war and closed 
in time of peace4  #cjg ,harbinger4 ,a  
forerunner2 originally an officer who   
rode in advance of a royal person to    
secure proper lodgings and              
accommodations4  #cjh ,empyrean4        
,highest and purest heaven2 according to
 the ancients1 the region of pure light 
and fire4 ,,heroism  #cji ,title4       
,probably this essay is1 essentially at 
least1 the lecture on ,heroism delivered
 in ,boston in the winter of #ahcg1 in  
the course of lectures on ,human        

,culture4  #caj ,motto4 ,this saying of 
,mahomet's was the only motto prefixed  
to the essay in the first edition4 ,in  
later editions1 ,emerson prefixed1      
according to his custom1 some original  
lines2 ,ruby wine is drunk by knaves1   
,sugar spends to fatten slaves1 ,rose   
and vine-leaf deck buffoons1 ,thunder   
clouds are ,jove's festoons1 ,drooping  
oft in wreaths of dread                 
,lightning-knotted round his head3 ,the 
hero is not fed on sweets1 ,daily his   
own heart he eats2 ,chambers of the     
great are jails1 ,and head-winds right  
for royal sails4  #caa ,elder ,english  
dramatists4 ,the dramatists who preceded
 ,shakespeare4 ,in his essay on         
,shakespeare2 or1 the ,poet1 ,emerson   
enumerates the foremost of these1--,kyd1
 ,marlowe1 ,greene1 ,jonson1 ,chapman1  
,dekker1 ,webster1 ,heywood1 ,middleton1
 ,peele1 ,ford1 ,massinger1 ,beaumont   
and ,fletcher4  #cab ,beaumont and      
,fletcher4 ,francis ,beaumont and ,john 
,fletcher were two dramatists of the    

,elizabethan age4 ,they wrote together  
and their styles were so similar that   
critics are unable to identify the share
 of each in their numerous plays4  #cac 
,rodrigo1 ,pedro1 or ,valerio4 ,favorite
 names for heroes among the dramatists4 
,rodrigo ,diaz de ,bivar1 known usually 
by the title of the ,cid1 was the       
national hero of ,spain1 famous for his 
exploits against the ,moors4 ,don ,pedro
 was the ,prince of ,arragon in         
,shakespeare's play1 ,much ,ado ,about  
,nothing4  #cad ,bonduca1 ,sophocles1   
the ,mad ,lover1 and ,double ,marriage4 
,the first1 third and fourth are names  
of plays by ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,in
 the case of the second1 ,emerson1 by a 
lapse of memory1 gives the name of one  
of the chief characters instead of the  
name of the play--,the ,triumph of      
,honor in a piece called ,four ,plays in
 ,one4 ,it is from this play by         
,beaumont and ,fletcher that the passage
 in the essay is quoted4  #cae          
,adriadne's crown4 ,according to ,greek 

mythology1 the crown of ,adriadne was1  
for her beauty and her sufferings1 put  
among the stars4 ,she was the daughter  
of ,minos1 ,king of ,crete2 she gave    
,theseus the clue by means of which he  
escaped from the labyrinth and she was  
afterwards abandoned by him4  #caf      
,romulus4 ,the reputed founder of the   
city of ,rome4  #cag ,laodamia1 ,dion4  
,read these two poems by ,wordsworth1   
the great ,english poet1 and tell why   
you think ,emerson mentioned them here4 
#cah ,scott4 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 a     
famous ,scotch author4  #cai ,lord      
,evandale1 ,balfour of ,burley4 ,these  
are characters in ,scott's novel1 ,old  
,mortality4 ,the passage referred to by 
,emerson is in the forty-second chapter4
  #cbj ,thomas ,carlyle4 ,carlyle was a 
great admirer of heroes1 asserting that 
history is the biography of great men4  
,one of his most popular books is       
,heroes and ,hero-,worship1 on a plan   
similar to that of ,emerson's           
,representative ,men4  #cba ,robert     

,burns4 ,a ,scotch lyric poet4 ,emerson 
was probably thinking of the patriotic  
song1 ,scots wha hae wi' ,wallace bled4 
#cbb ,harleian ,miscellanies4 ,a        
collection of manuscripts published in  
the eighteenth century1 and named for   
,robert ,harley1 the ,english statesman 
who collected them4  #cbc ,lutzen4 ,a   
small town in ,prussia4 ,the battle     
referred to was fought in #afcb and in  
it the ,swedes under ,gustavus ,adolphus
 gained a great victory over vastly     
superior numbers4 ,nearly two hundred   
years later another battle was fought at
 ,lutzen1 in which ,napoleon gained a   
victory over the allied ,russians and   
,prussians4  #cbd ,simon ,ockley4 ,an   
,english scholar of the seventeenth     
century whose chief work was a ,history 
of the ,saracens4  #cbe ,oxford4 ,one of
 the two great ,english universities4   
#cbf ,plutarch4 7,see note #bfd47  #cbg 
,brasidas4 ,this hero1 described by     
,plutarch1 was a ,spartan general who   
lived about four hundred years before   

,christ4  #cbh ,dion4 ,a ,greek         
philosopher who ruled the city of       
,syracuse in the fourth century before  
,christ4  #cbi ,epaminondas4 ,a ,greek  
general and statesman of the fourth     
century before ,christ4  #ccj ,scipio4  
7,see note #bje47  #cca ,stoicism4 ,the 
stern and severe philosophy taught by   
the ,greek philosopher ,zeno2 he taught 
that men should always seek virtue and  
be indifferent to pleasure and          
happiness4 ,this belief1 carried to the 
extreme of severity1 exercised a great  
influence on many noble ,greeks and     
,romans4  #ccb ,heroism is an obedience1
 etc4 ,in one of his poems ,emerson     
says3 ,so nigh is grandeur to our dust1 
,so near is ,god to man1 ,when ,duty    
whispers low1 ',thou must1' ,the youth  
replies1 ',i can4'  #ccc ,plotinus4 ,an 
,egyptian philosopher who taught in     
,rome during the third century4 ,it was 
said that he so exalted the mind that he
 was ashamed of his body4  #ccd ,indeed 
these humble considerations1 etc4 ,the  

passage1 like many which ,emerson       
quotes1 is rendered inexactly4 ,the     
,prince says to ,poins3 ,indeed these   
humble considerations make me out of    
love with my greatness4 ,what a disgrace
 it is to me to remember thy name6 or to
 know thy face to-morrow6 or to take    
note how many pairs of silk stockings   
thou hast1 that is1 these and those that
 were thy peach-colored ones6 or to bear
 the inventory of thy shirts1 as1 one   
for superfluity and another for use6    
,shakespeare's ,henry ,,iv41 ,part ,,ii4
 #b1 #b4  #cce ,ibn ,hankal4 ,ibn       
,hankul1 an ,arabian geographer and     
traveler of the tenth century4 ,he wrote
 an account of his twenty years' travels
 in ,mohammedan countries2 in #ahjj this
 was translated into ,english by ,sir   
,william ,jones under the title of ,the 
,oriental ,geography of ,ibn ,hankal4   
,in that volume this anecdote is told in
 slightly different words4  #ccf        
,bokhara4 ,where is ,bokhara8 ,it       
corresponds to the ancient ,sogdiana4   

#ccg ,bannocks4 ,thick cakes1 made      
usually of oatmeal4 ,what does ,emerson 
mean by this sentence8 ,probably no     
person ever met his visitors1 many of   
whom were exacting and wearisome1 and   
must have been unwelcome1 with more     
perfect courtesy and graciousness than  
,emerson4  #cch ,john ,eliot4 ,give as  
full an account as you can of the life  
and works of this noble ,apostle to the 
,indians of the seventeenth century4    
#cci ,king ,david1 etc4 ,see ,first     
,chronicles1 #aa1 #ae-ai4  #cdj ,brutus4
 ,marcus ,junius ,brutus1 a ,roman      
patriot of the first century before     
,christ1 who took part in the           
assassination of ,julius ,csar4  #cda   
,philippi4 ,a city of ,macedonia near   
which in the year #db ,b4,c4 were fought
 two battles in which the republican    
army under ,brutus and ,cassius was     
defeated by ,octavius and ,antony1      
friends of ,csar4  #cdb ,euripides4 ,a  
,greek tragic poet of the fifth century 
before ,christ4  #cdc ,scipio4 7,see    

note #bje47 ,plutarch in his ,morals    
gives another version of the story3     
,when ,paetilius and ,quintus accused   
him of many crimes before the people2   
'on this very day1' he said1 ',i        
conquered ,hannibal and ,carthage4 ,i   
for my part am going with my crown on to
 the ,capitol to sacrifice2 and let him 
that pleaseth stay and pass his vote    
upon me4' ,having thus said1 he went his
 way2 and the people followed him1      
leaving his accusers declaiming to      
themselves4  #cdd ,socrates4 7,see note 
#ahg47  #cde ,prytaneum4 ,a public hall 
at ,athens4  #cdf ,sir ,thomas ,more4   
,an ,english statesman and author who   
was beheaded in #aece on a charge of    
high treason4 ,the incident to which    
,emerson refers is one which showed his 
pleasant wit undisturbed by the prospect
 of death4 ,as the executioner was about
 to strike1 ,more moved his head        
carefully out of reach of the ax4 ,pity 
that should be cut1 he said1 that has   
never committed treason4  #cdg ,blue    

,laws4 ,any rigid ,sunday laws or       
religious regulations4 ,the term is     
usually applied to the early laws of    
,new ,haven and ,connecticut which      
regulated personal and religious        
conduct4  #cdh ,epaminondas4 7,see note 
#cbi47  #cdi ,olympus4 ,a mountain of   
,greece1 the summit of which1 according 
to ,greek mythology1 was the home of the
 gods4  #cej ,jerseys4 ,consult a       
history of the ,united ,states for a    
full account of ,washington's campaign  
in ,new ,jersey4  #cea ,milton4 7,see   
note #aea47  #ceb ,pericles4 ,a famous  
,greek statesman of the fifth century   
before ,christ1 in whose age ,athens was
 preminent in naval and military affairs
 and in letters and art4  #cec          
,xenophon4 ,a ,greek historian of the   
fourth century before ,christ4  #ced    
,columbus4 ,give an account of his life4
  #cee ,bayard4 ,chevalier de ,bayard   
was a ,french gentleman of the fifteenth
 century4 ,he is the ,french national   
hero1 and is called ,the ,knight without

 fear and without reproach4  #cef       
,sidney4 ,probably ,sir ,philip ,sidney1
 an ,english gentleman and scholar of   
the sixteenth century who is the        
,english national hero as ,bayard is the
 ,french2 another brave ,englishman was 
,algernon ,sidney1 a politician and     
patriot of the seventeenth century4     
#ceg ,hampden4 ,john ,hampden was an    
,english statesman and patriot who was  
killed in the civil war of the          
seventeenth century4  #ceh ,colossus4   
,the ,colossus of ,rhodes was a gigantic
 statue--over a hundred feet in         
height--of the ,rhodian sun god4 ,it was
 one of the seven wonders of the world2 
it was destroyed by an earthquake about 
two hundred years before ,christ4  #cei 
,sappho4 ,a ,greek poet of the seventh  
century before ,christ4 ,her fame       
remains1 though most of her poems have  
been lost4  #cfj ,sevign4 ,marquise de  
,sevign was a ,french author of the     
seventeenth century4  #cfa ,de ,stal4   
,madame de ,stal was a ,french writer   

whose books and political opinions were 
condemned by ,napoleon4  #cfb ,themis4  
,a ,greek goddess4 ,the personification 
of law1 order1 and justice4  #cfc ,a    
high counsel1 etc4 ,such was the advice 
given to the ,emerson boys by their     
aunt1 ,miss ,mary ,moody ,emerson3      
,scorn trifles1 lift your aims2 do what 
you are afraid to do2 sublimity of      
character must come from sublimity of   
motive4 ,upon her monument are inscribed
 ,emerson's words about her3 ,she gave  
high counsels4 ,it was the privilege of 
certain boys to have this immeasurably  
high standard indicated to their        
childhood1 a blessing which nothing else
 in education could supply4  #cfd       
,phocion4 ,a ,greek general and         
statesman of the fourth century before  
,christ who advised the ,athenians to   
make peace with ,philip of ,macedon4 ,he
 was put to death on a charge of        
treason4  #cfe ,lovejoy4 ,rev4 ,elijah  
,lovejoy1 a ,presbyterian clergyman of  
,maine who published a periodical       

against slavery4 ,in #ahcg an ,illinois 
mob demanded his printing press1 which  
he refused to give up4 ,the building    
containing it was set on fire and when  
,lovejoy came out he was shot4  #cff    
,let them rave1 etc4 ,these lines are   
misquoted1 being evidently given from   
memory1 from ,tennyson's ,dirge4 ,in the
 poem occur these lines3 ,let them rave4
 ,thou wilt never raise thine head ,from
 the green that folds thy grave-- ,let  
them rave4 ,,manners  #cfg ,the essay on
 ,manners is from the ,second ,series of
 ,essays1 published in #ahdd1 three     
years after the ,first ,series4 ,the    
essays in this volume1 like those in the
 first1 were1 for the most part1 made up
 of ,emerson's lectures1 rearranged and 
corrected4 ,the lecture on ,manners had 
been delivered in the winter of #ahda4  
,he had given another lecture on the    
same subject about four years before1   
and several years later he treated of   
the same subject in his essay on        
,behavior in ,the ,conduct of ,life4    

,you will find it interesting to read   
,behavior in connection with this essay4
  #cfh ,feejee islanders4 ,since this   
essay was written1 the people of the    
,feejee1 or ,fiji1 ,islands have become 
,christianized1 and1 to a large extent1 
civilized4  #cfi ,gournou4 ,this        
description is found in ,a ,narrative of
 the ,operations and ,recent            
,discoveries within the ,pyramids1 by   
,belzoni1 an ,italian traveler and      
explorer4  #cgj ,borgoo4 ,a province of 
,africa4  #cga ,tibboos1 ,bornoos4      
,tribes of ,central ,africa1 mentioned  
in ,heeren's ,historical ,researches4   
#cgb ,honors himself with architecture4 
,architecture was a subject in which    
,emerson was deeply interested4 ,read   
his poem1 ,the ,problem4  #cgc          
,chivalry4 ,chivalry may be considered  
as embodying the ,middle ,age conception
 of the ideal life of 444 the ,knights2 
the word is often used to express the   
ideal qualifications of a knight1 as    
courtesy1 generosity1 valor1 and        

dexterity in arms4 ,fully to understand 
the order of ,knighthood and the ideals 
of chivalry1 you must read the history  
of ,europe in the ,middle ,ages4  #cgd  
,sir ,philip ,sidney4 7,see note #cef47 
#cge ,sir ,walter ,scott4 7#agga-ahcb74 
,his historical novels dealing with the 
,middle ,ages have some fine pictures of
 the chivalrous characters in which he  
delighted4  #cgf ,masonic sign4 ,a sign 
of secret brotherhood1 like the sign    
given by one ,mason to another4  #cgg   
,correlative abstract4 ,corresponding   
abstract name4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1    
himself the ideal gentleman1 used the   
word gentlemanliness4 ,he said3         
,gentlemanliness is high-erected        
thoughts seated in a heart of courtesy4 
#cgh ,gentilesse4 ,gentle birth and     
breeding4 ,emerson was very fond of the 
passage on gentilesse in ,chaucer's     
,wife of ,bath's ,tale4  #cgi ,feudal   
,ages4 ,the ,middle ,ages in ,europe    
during which the feudal system          
prevailed4 ,according to this1 land was 

held by its owners on condition of      
certain duties1 especially military     
service1 performed for a superior lord4 
#chj ,god knows1 etc4 ,why is this      
particularly true of a republic such as 
the ,united ,states8  #cha ,the         
incomparable advantage of animal        
spirits4 ,why does ,emerson regard this 
as of such importance8 ,in his journals 
he frequently comments on his own lack  
of animal spirits1 and says that it     
unfits him for general society and for  
action4  #chb ,the sense of power4 ,i   
like people who can do things1 wrote    
,emerson in his journal4  #chc ,lundy's 
,lane4 ,give a full account of this     
battle in the ,war of #ahab4  #chd ,men 
of the right ,csarian pattern4 ,men     
versatile as was ,julius ,csar1 the     
,roman1 famous as a general1 statesman1 
orator1 and writer4  #che ,timid maxim4 
,why does ,emerson term this saying     
timid8  #chf ,lord ,falkland4 ,lucius   
,cary1 ,viscount ,falkland1 was an      
,english politician who espoused the    

royalist side2 he was killed in battle  
in the ,civil ,war4  #chg ,saladin4 ,a  
famous sultan of ,egypt and ,syria who  
lived in the twelfth century4 ,scott    
describes him as possessing an ideal    
knightly character and introduces him1  
disguised as a physician and also as a  
wandering soldier in his historical     
romance1 ,the ,talisman4  #chh ,sapor4  
,a ,persian monarch of the fourth       
century who defeated the ,romans in     
battle4  #chi ,the ,cid4 ,see ,rodrigo1 
in ,heroism1 #cac4  #cij ,julius ,csar4 
,see note on ,csarian1 #chd4  #cia      
,scipio4 7,see note #bje47  #cib        
,alexander4 ,alexander1 ,king of        
,macedon1 surnamed the ,great4 ,in the  
fourth century before ,christ he made   
himself master of the known world4  #cic
 ,pericles4 ,see note on ,heroism1 #ceb4
  #cid ,diogenes4 7,see note #bfg47     
#cie ,socrates4 7,see note #ahg47  #cif 
,epaminondas4 7,see note #cbi47  #cig   
,my contemporaries4 ,emerson probably   
had in mind1 among others1 his friend1  

the gentle philosopher1 ,thoreau4  #cih 
,fine manners4 ,i think there is as much
 merit in beautiful manners as in hard  
work1 said ,emerson in his journal4     
#cii ,napoleon4 7,see note #bgc47  #djj 
,noblesse4 ,nobility4 ,why does ,emerson
 use here the ,french word8  #dja       
,faubourg ,st4 ,germain4 ,a once        
fashionable quarter of ,paris1 on the   
south bank of the ,seine2 it was long   
the headquarters of the ,french         
royalists4  #djb ,cortez4 ,consult a    
history of the ,united ,states for an   
account of this ,spanish soldier1 the   
conqueror of ,mexico4  #djc ,nelson4    
,horatio ,nelson1 an ,english admiral1  
who won many great naval victories and  
was killed in the battle of ,trafalgar  
in #ahje4  #djd ,mexico4 ,the scene of  
,cortez's victories4  #dje ,marengo4    
,the scene of a battle in ,italy in     
#ahjj1 in which ,napoleon defeated the  
,austrians with a larger army and made  
himself master of northern ,italy4  #djf
 ,trafalgar4 ,a cape on the southern    

coast of ,spain1 the scene of ,nelson's 
last great victory1 in which the allied 
,french and ,spanish fleets were        
defeated4  #djg ,mexico1 ,marengo1 and  
,trafalgar4 ,is this the order in which 
you would expect these words to occur8  
,why not8  #djh ,estates of the realm4  
,orders or classes of people with regard
 to political rights and powers4 ,in    
modern times1 the nobility1 the clergy1 
and the people are called the three     
estates4  #dji ,tournure4 ,figure2 turn 
of dress1--and so of mind4  #daj        
,coventry4 ,it is said that the people  
of ,coventry1 a city in ,england1 at one
 time so disliked soldiers that to send 
a military man there meant to exclude   
him from social intercourse2 hence the  
expression to send to ,coventry means to
 exclude from society4  #daa ,if you    
could see ,vich ,ian ,vohr with his tail
 on4 ,vich ,ian ,vohr is a ,scotch      
chieftain in ,scott's novel1 ,waverley4 
,one of his dependents says to          
,waverley1 the young ,english officer3  

,if you ,saxon duinh-wassal ,english    
gentleman saw but the ,chief with his   
tail on4 ,with his tail on8 echoed      
,edward in some surprise4 ,yes--that is1
 with all his usual followers when he   
visits those of the same rank4 ,see     
,waverley1 chapter #af4  #dab           
,mercuries4 ,the word here means simply 
messengers4 ,according to ,greek        
mythology1 ,mercury was the messenger of
 the gods4  #dac ,herald's office4 ,in  
,england the ,herald's ,college1 or     
,college of ,arms1 is a royal           
corporation the chief business of which 
is to grant armorial bearings1 or coats 
of arms1 and to trace and preserve      
genealogies4 ,what does ,emerson mean by
 comparing certain circles of society to
 this corporation8  #dad ,amphitryon4   
,host2 it came to have this meaning from
 an incident in the story of            
,amphitryon1 a character in ,greek      
legend4 ,at one time ,jupiter assumed   
the form of ,amphitryon and gave a      
banquet4 ,the real ,amphitryon came in  

and asserted that he was master of the  
house4 ,in the ,french play1 founded on 
this story1 the question is settled by  
the assertion of the servants and guests
 that he who gives the feast is the     
host4  #dae ,tuileries4 ,an old royal   
residence in ,paris which was burned in 
#ahga4  #daf ,escurial1 or escorial4 ,a 
celebrated royal edifice near ,madrid in
 ,spain4  #dag ,hide ourselves as ,adam1
 etc4 ,see ,genesis iii4 #h4  #dah      
,cardinal ,caprara4 ,an ,italian        
cardinal1 ,bishop of ,milan1 who        
negotiated the famous concordat of      
#ahja1 an agreement between the ,church 
and ,state regulating the relations     
between civil and ecclesiastical powers4
  #dai ,the pope4 ,pope ,pius ,,vii4    
#dbj ,madame de ,stal4 7,see note #cfa47
  #dba ,mr4 ,hazlitt4 ,william ,hazlitt1
 an ,english writer4  #dbb ,montaigne4  
,a ,french essayist of the sixteenth    
century4  #dbc ,the hint of tranquillity
 and self-poise4 ,it is suggested that  
,emerson had here in mind a favorite    

passage of the ,german author1 ,richter1
 in which ,richter says of the ,greek   
statues3 ,the repose not of weariness   
but of perfection looks from their eyes 
and rests upon their lips4  #dbd ,a     
,chinese etiquette4 ,what does ,emerson 
mean by this expression8  #dbe ,recall4 
,in the first edition1 ,emerson had here
 the word signify4 ,which is the better 
word and why8  #dbf ,measure4 ,what     
meaning has this word here8 ,is this the
 sense in which we generally use it8    
#dbg ,creole natures4 ,what is a creole8
 ,what does ,emerson mean by ,creole    
natures8  #dbh ,mr4 ,fox4 ,charles      
,james ,fox1 an ,english statesman and  
orator of the eighteenth century4  #dbi 
,burke4 ,both ,fox and ,burke opposed   
the taxation of the ,american colonies  
and sympathized with their resistance2  
it was on the subject of the ,french    
,revolution that the two friends        
clashed4  #dcj ,sheridan4 ,richard      
,brinsley ,sheridan1 an ,irish          
dramatist1 member of the famous         

,literary ,club to which both ,fox and  
,burke belonged4  #dca ,circe4          
,according to ,greek legend1 ,circe was 
a beautiful enchantress4 ,men who       
partook of the draught she offered1 were
 turned to swine4  #dcb ,captain        
,symmes4 ,the only real personage of    
this group4 ,he asserted that there was 
an opening to the interior of the earth 
which was stocked with plants and       
animals4  #dcc ,clerisy4 ,what word     
would we be more apt to use here8  #dcd 
,st4 ,michael's 7,square74 ,st4         
,michael's was an order instituted by   
,louis ,,xi4 of ,france4  #dce ,cologne 
water4 ,a perfumed water first made at  
the city of ,cologne in ,germany1 from  
which it took its name4  #dcf ,poland4  
,this kingdom of ,europe was1 in the    
eighteenth century1 taken possession of 
and divided among its powerful          
neighbors1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 and       
,austria4  #dcg ,philhellene4 ,friend of
 ,greece4  #dch ,as ,heaven and ,earth  
are fairer far1 etc4 ,this passage is   

quoted from ,book ,,ii4 of ,keats'      
,hyperion4  #dci ,waverley4 ,the        
,waverley novels1 a name applied to all 
of ,scott's novels from ,waverley1 the  
title of the first one4  #ddj ,robin    
,hood4 ,an ,english outlaw and popular  
hero1 the subject of many ballads4  #dda
 ,minerva4 ,in ,roman mythology1 the    
goddess of wisdom corresponding to the  
,greek ,pallas-,athene4  #ddb ,juno4 ,in
 ,roman mythology1 the wife of the      
supreme god ,jupiter4  #ddc ,polymnia4  
,in ,greek mythology1 one of the nine   
muses who presided over sacred poetry2  
the name is more usually written        
,polyhymia4  #ddd ,delphic ,sibyl4 ,in  
ancient mythology1 the ,sibyls were     
certain women who possessed the power of
 prophecy4 ,one of these who made her   
abode at ,delphi in ,greece was called  
the ,delphian1 or ,delphic1 sibyl4  #dde
 ,hafiz4 ,a ,persian poet of the        
fourteenth century4  #ddf ,firdousi4 ,a 
,persian poet of the tenth century4     
#ddg ,she was an elemental force1 etc4  

,of this passage ,oliver ,wendell       
,holmes said that ,emerson speaks of    
woman in language that seems to pant for
 rhythm and rhyme4  #ddh ,byzantine4 ,an
 ornate style of architecture developed 
in the fourth and fifth centuries1      
marked especially by its use of gold and
 color4  #ddi ,golden ,book4 ,in a book1
 called the ,golden ,book1 were recorded
 the names of all the children of       
,venetian noblemen4  #dej ,schiraz4 ,a  
province of ,persia famous especially   
for its roses1 wine1 and nightingales1  
and described by the poets as a place of
 ideal beauty4  #dea ,osman4 ,the name  
given by ,emerson in his journal and    
essays to his ideal man1 one subject to 
the same conditions as himself4  #deb   
,koran4 ,the sacred book of the         
,mohammedans4  #dec ,jove4 ,jupiter1 the
 supreme god of ,roman mythology4  #ded 
,silenus4 ,in ,greek mythology1 the     
leader of the satyrs4 ,this fable1 which
 ,emerson credits to tradition1 was     
original4  #dee ,her owl4 ,the owl was  

the bird sacred to ,minerva1 the goddess
 of wisdom4 ,,gifts  #def ,this essay   
was first printed in the periodical     
called ,the ,dial4  ,it was a part of   
,emerson's philosophic faith that there 
is no such thing as giving1--everything 
that belongs to a man or that he ought  
to have1 will come to him4 ,but in the  
ordinarily accepted sense of the word1  
,emerson was a gracious giver and       
receiver4 ,in his family the old ,new   
,england custom of ,new ,year's presents
 was kept up to his last days4 ,his     
presents were accompanied with verses to
 be read before the gift was opened4    
#deg ,into chancery4 ,the phrase in     
chancery1 means in litigation1 as an    
estate1 in a court of equity4  #deh     
,cocker4 ,spoil1 indulge1--a word now   
little used4  #dei ,fruits are          
acceptable gifts4 ,emerson took especial
 pleasure in the beauty of fruits and   
the thought of how they had been evolved
 from useless1 insipid seed cases4  #dfj
 ,to let the petitioner1 etc4 ,we can   

hardly imagine ,emerson's asking a gift 
or favor4 ,he often quoted the words of 
,landor1 an ,english writer3 ,the       
highest price you can pay for a thing is
 to ask for it4  #dfa ,furies4 ,in      
,roman mythology1 three goddesses who   
sought out and punished evil-doers4     
#dfb ,a man's biography1 etc4 ,emerson  
wrote in his journal3 ,long ago ,i wrote
 of gifts and neglected a capital       
example4 ,john ,thoreau1 ,jr4 who1 like 
his brother ,henry1 was a lover of      
nature one day put a bluebird's box on  
my barn1--fifteen years ago it must     
be1--and there it still is1 with every  
summer a melodious family in it adorning
 the place and singing its praises4     
,there's a gift for you which cost the  
giver no money1 but nothing which he    
bought could have been as good4  #dfc   
,sin offering4 ,under the ,hebrew law1 a
 sacrifice or offering for sin4 ,see    
,leviticus xxiii4 #ai4 ,explain what    
,emerson means here by the word4  #dfd  
,blackmail4 ,what is blackmail8 ,how may

 ,christmas gifts1 for instance1 become 
a species of blackmail8  #dfe ,brother1 
if ,jove1 etc4 ,in the ,greek legend1   
,epimetheus gives this advice to his    
brother ,prometheus4 ,the lines are     
taken from a translation of ,works and  
,days1 by the ,greek poet1 ,hesiod4     
#dff ,timons4 ,here used in the sense of
 wealthy givers4 ,timon1 the hero of    
,shakespeare's play1 ,timon of ,athens1 
wasted his fortune in lavish gifts and  
entertainments1 and in his poverty was  
exposed to the ingratitude of those whom
 he had served4 ,he became morose and   
died in miserable retirement4  #dfg ,it 
is a very onerous business1 etc4 ,one of
 ,emerson's favorite passages in the    
essays of ,montaigne1 a ,french writer1 
was this3 ,oh1 how am ,i obliged to     
,almighty ,god1 who has been pleased    
that ,i should immediately receive all  
,i have from his bounty1 and            
particularly reserved all my obligation 
to himself6 ,how instantly do ,i beg of 
his holy compassion that ,i may never   

owe a real thanks to anyone4 ,o happy   
liberty in which ,i have thus far lived6
 ,may it continue with me to the last4  
,i endeavor to have no need of any one4 
,when ,emerson1 in his old age1 had his 
house injured by fire1 his friends      
contributed funds to repair it and to   
send him to ,england4 ,the gift was     
proffered graciously and accepted       
gratefully4  #dfh ,buddhist4 ,a follower
 of ,buddha1 a ,hindoo religious teacher
 of the fifth century before ,christ4   
,,nature  #dfi ,nature4 ,emerson's first
 published volume was a little book of  
essays1 entitled ,nature1 which appeared
 in #ahcf4 ,in the years which followed1
 he thought more deeply on the subject  
and1 according to his custom1 made notes
 about it and entries in his journals4  
,in the winter of #ahdc he delivered a  
lecture on ,relation to ,nature1 and it 
is probable that this essay is built up 
from that4 ,the plan of it1 however1 had
 been long in his mind3 ,in #ahdj he    
wrote in his journal3 ,i think ,i must  

do these eyes of mine the justice to    
write a new chapter on ,nature4 ,this   
delight we all take in every show of    
night or day or field or forest or sea  
or city1 down to the lowest particulars1
 is not without sequel1 though we be as 
yet only wishers and gazers1 not at all 
knowing what we want4 ,we are           
predominated here as elsewhere by an    
upper wisdom1 and resemble those great  
discoverers who are haunted for years1  
sometimes from infancy1 with a passion  
for the fact1 or class of facts in which
 the secret lies which they are destined
 to unlock1 and they let it not go until
 the blessing is won4 ,so these sunsets 
and starlights1 these swamps and rocks1 
these bird notes and animal forms off   
which we cannot get our eyes and ears1  
but hover still1 as moths round a lamp1 
are no doubt a ,sanscrit cipher covering
 the whole religious history of the     
universe1 and presently we shall read it
 off into action and character4 ,the    
pastures are full of ghosts for me1 the 

morning woods full of angels4  #dgj     
,there are days1 etc4 ,the passage in   
,emerson's journal is hardly less       
beautiful4 ,under date of ,october #cj1 
#ahda1 he wrote3 ,on this wonderful day 
when heaven and earth seem to glow with 
magnificence1 and all the wealth of all 
the elements is put under contribution  
to make the world fine1 as if ,nature   
would indulge her offspring1 it seemed  
ungrateful to hide in the house4 ,are   
there not dull days enough in the year  
for you to write and read in1 that you  
should waste this glittering season when
 ,florida and ,cuba seem to have left   
their glittering seats and come to visit
 us with all their shining hours1 and   
almost we expect to see the jasmine and 
cactus burst from the ground instead of 
these last gentians and asters which    
have loitered to attend this latter     
glory of the year8 ,all insects are out1
 all birds come forth1 the very cattle  
that lie on the ground seem to have     
great thoughts1 and ,egypt and ,india   

look from their eyes4  #dga ,halcyons4  
,halcyon days1 ones of peace and        
tranquillity2 anciently1 days of calm   
weather in mid-winter1 when the halcyon1
 or kingfisher1 was supposed to brood4  
,it was fabled that this bird laid its  
eggs in a nest that floated on the sea1 
and that it charmed the winds and waves 
to make them calm while it brooded4     
#dgb ,indian ,summer4 ,calm1 dry1 hazy  
weather which comes in the autumn in    
,america4 ,the ,century ,dictionary says
 it was called ,indian ,summer because  
the season was most marked in the       
sections of the upper eastern           
,mississippi valley inhabited by        
,indians about the time the term became 
current4  #dgc ,gabriel4 ,one of the    
seven archangels4 ,the ,hebrew name     
means ,god is my strong one4  #dgd      
,uriel4 ,another of the seven           
archangels2 the name means ,light of    
,god4  #dge ,converts all trees to      
wind-harps4 ,compare with this passage  
the lines in ,emerson's poem1           

,woodnotes3 ,and the countless leaves of
 the pines are strings ,tuned to the lay
 the wood-god sings4  #dgf ,the village4
 ,concord1 ,massachusetts4 ,emerson's   
home the greater part of the time from  
#ahcb till his death4  #dgg ,i go with  
my friend1 etc4 ,with ,henry ,thoreau1  
the lover of ,nature4  #dgh ,our little 
river4 ,the ,concord river4  #dgi       
,novitiate and probation4 ,explain the  
meaning of these words1 in the ,roman   
,catholic ,church4 ,what does ,emerson  
mean by them here8  #dhj ,villegiatura4 
,the ,italian name for a season spent in
 country pleasures4  #dha ,hanging      
gardens4 ,the hanging gardens of        
,babylon were one of the seven wonders  
of the world4  #dhb ,versailles4 ,a     
royal residence near ,paris1 with       
beautiful formal gardens4  #dhc ,paphos4
 ,a beautiful city on the island of     
,cyprus1 where was situated a temple of 
,astarte1 or ,venus4  #dhd ,ctesiphon4  
,one of the chief cities of ancient     
,persia1 the site of a magnificent royal

 palace4  #dhe ,notch ,mountains4       
,probably the ,white ,mountains near    
,crawford ,notch1 a deep1 narrow valley 
which is often called ,the ,notch4  #dhf
 olian harp4 ,a stringed instrument from
 which sound is drawn by the passing of 
the wind over its strings4 ,it was named
 for olus1 the god of the winds1 in     
,greek mythology4  #dhg ,dorian4 ,dorus 
was one of the four divisions of        
,greece3 the word is here used in a     
general sense for ,grecian4  #dhh       
,apollo4 ,in ,greek and ,roman          
mythology1 the sun god1 who presided    
over music1 poetry1 and healing4  #dhi  
,diana4 ,in ,roman mythology1 the       
goddess of the moon devoted to the      
chase4  #dij ,edens4 ,beautiful1 sinless
 places1--like the garden of ,eden4     
#dia ,tempes4 ,places like the lovely   
valley of ,tempe in ,thessaly1 ,greece4 
#dib ,como ,lake4 ,a lake of northern   
,italy1 celebrated for its beauty4  #dic
 ,madeira ,islands4 ,where are these    
islands1 famous for picturesque beauty  

and balmy atmosphere8  #did ,common4    
,what is a common8  #die ,campagna4 ,the
 plain near ,rome4  #dif ,dilettantism4 
,define this word and explain its use   
here4  #dig ,wreaths and ,flora's       
,chaplets4 ,about the time that ,emerson
 was writing his essays1 volumes of     
formal1 artificial verses were very     
fashionable1 more as parlor ornaments   
than as literature4 ,two such volumes   
were ,a ,wreath of ,wild ,flowers from  
,new ,england and ,the ,floral ,offering
 by ,mrs4 ,frances ,osgood1 a ,new      
,england writer4  #dih ,pan4 ,in ,greek 
mythology1 the god of woods1 fields1    
flocks1 and shepherds4  #dii ,the       
multitude of false cherubs1 etc4        
,explain the meaning of this sentence4  
,if true money were valueless1 would    
people make false money8  #ejj ,proteus4
 ,in ,greek mythology1 a sea god who had
 the power of assuming different shapes4
 ,if caught and held fast1 however1 he  
was forced to assume his own shape and  
answer the questions put to him4  #eja  

,mosaic 444 ,schemes4 ,the conception of
 the world as given in ,genesis on which
 the law of ,moses1 the great ,hebrew   
lawgiver1 was founded4  #ejb ,ptolemaic 
schemes4 ,the system of geography and   
astronomy taught in the second century  
by ,ptolemy of ,alexandria2 it was      
accepted till the sixteenth century1    
when the ,copernican system was         
established4 ,ptolemy believed that the 
sun1 planets1 and stars revolve around  
the earth2 ,copernicus taught that the  
planets revolve around the sun4  #ejc   
,flora4 ,in ,roman mythology1 the       
goddess of the spring and of flowers4   
#ejd ,fauna4 ,in ,roman mythology1 the  
goddess of fields and shepherds2 she    
represents the fruitfulness of the      
earth4  #eje ,ceres4 ,the ,roman goddess
 of grain and harvest1 corresponding to 
the ,greek goddess1 ,demeter4  #ejf     
,pomona4 ,the ,roman goddess of fruit   
trees and gardens4  #ejg ,all duly      
arrive4 ,emerson deducts from nature the
 doctrine of evolution4 ,what is its    

teaching8  #ejh ,plato4 7,see note #cf47
  #eji ,himalaya ,mountain chains4 7,see
 note #aic47  #eaj ,franklin4 ,give an  
account of ,benjamin ,franklin1 the     
famous ,american scientist and patriot4 
,what did he prove about lightening8    
#eaa ,dalton4 ,john ,dalton was an      
,english chemist who1 about the         
beginning of the nineteenth century1    
perfected the atomic theory1 that is1   
the theory that all chemical            
combinations take place in certain ways 
between the atoms1 or ultimate          
particles1 of bodies4  #eab ,davy4 7,see
 note #fi47  #eac ,black4 ,joseph       
,black1 a ,scotch chemist who made      
valuable discoveries about latent heat  
and carbon dioxide1 or carbonic acid    
gas4  #ead ,the astronomers said1 etc4  
,beginning with this passage1 several   
pages of this essay was published in    
#ahdd1 under the title of ,tantalus1 in 
the next to the last number of ,the     
,dial1 which ,emerson edited4  #eae     
,centrifugal1 centripetal4 ,define these

 words4  #eaf ,stoics4 ,see ,stoicism1  
#cca4  #eag ,luther4 7,see note #ahh47  
#eah ,jacob ,behmen4 ,a ,german mystic  
of the sixteenth century2 his name is   
usually written ,boehme4  #eai ,george  
,fox4 7,see note #bjb47  #ebj ,james    
,naylor4 ,an ,english religious         
enthusiast of the seventeenth century2  
he was first a ,puritan and later a     
,quaker4  #eba ,operose4 ,laborious4    
#ebb ,outskirt and far-off reflection1  
etc4 ,compare with this passage         
,emerson's poem1 ,the ,forerunners4     
#ebc ,,oedipus4 ,in ,greek mythology1   
the ,king of ,thebes who solved the     
riddle of the ,sphinx1 a fabled monster4
  #ebd ,prunella4 ,a widely scattered   
plant1 called self-heal1 because a      
decoction of its leaves and stems was1  
and to some extent is1 valued as an     
application to wounds4 ,an editor       
comments on the fact that during the    
last years of ,emerson's life the little
 blue self-heal crept into the grass    
before his study window4 ,,shakespeare2 

,,or1 ,,the ,,poet  #ebe ,shakespeare2  
or the ,poet is one of seven essays on  
great men in various walks of life1     
published in #ahej under the title of   
,representative ,men4 ,these essays were
 first delivered as lectures in ,boston 
in the winter of #ahde1 and were        
repeated two years later before ,english
 audiences4 ,they must have been        
especially interesting to those         
,englishmen who had1 seven years before1
 heard ,emerson's friend1 ,carlyle1     
deliver his six lectures on great men   
whom he selected as representative ones4
 ,these lectures were published under   
the title of ,heroes and ,hero-,worship4
 ,you should read the latter part of    
,carlyle's lecture on ,the ,hero as     
,poet and compare what he says about    
,shakespeare with ,emerson's words4     
,both ,emerson and ,carlyle reverenced  
the great ,english poet as the master of
 mankind4 ,even in serious ,new         
,england1 the plays of ,shakespeare were
 found upon the bookshelf beside        

religious tracts and doctrinal          
treatises4 ,there the boy ,emerson found
 them and learned to love them1 and the 
man ,emerson loved them but the more4   
,it was as a record of personal         
experiences that he wrote in his        
journal3 ,shakespeare fills us with     
wonder the first time we approach him4  
,we go away1 and work and think1 for    
years1 and come again1--he astonishes us
 anew4 ,then1 having drank deeply and   
saturated us with his genius1 we lose   
sight of him for another period of      
years4 ,by and by we return1 and there  
he stands immeasurable as at first4 ,we 
have grown wiser1 but only that we      
should see him wiser than ever4 ,he     
resembles a high mountain which the     
traveler sees in the morning and thinks 
he shall quickly near it and pass it and
 leave it behind4 ,but he journeys all  
day till noon1 till night4 ,there still 
is the dim mountain close by him1 having
 scarce altered its bearings since the  
morning light4  #ebf ,genius4 ,here     

instead of speaking as in ,friendship1  
see note #bhf1 of the genius or spirit  
supposed to preside over each man's     
life1 ,emerson mentions the guardian    
spirit of human kind4  #ebg             
,shakespeare's youth1 etc4 ,it is       
impossible to appreciate or enjoy this  
essay without having some clear general 
information about the condition of the  
,english people and ,english literature 
in the glorious ,elizabethan age in     
which ,shakespeare lived4 ,consult1 for 
this information1 some brief history of 
,england and a comprehensive ,english   
literature4  #ebh ,puritans4 ,strict    
,protestants who became so powerful in  
,england that in the time of the        
,commonwealth they controlled the       
political and religious affairs of the  
country4  #ebi ,anglican ,church4 ,the  
,established ,church of ,england2 the   
,episcopal church4  #ecj ,punch4 ,the   
chief character in a puppet show1 hence 
the puppet show itself4  #eca ,kyd1     
,marlowe1 ,greene1 etc4 ,for an account 

of these dramatists consult a text book 
on ,english literature4 ,the ,english   
drama seems to have begun in the ,middle
 ,ages with what were called ,miracle   
plays1 which were scenes from ,bible    
history2 about the same time were       
performed the ,mystery plays1 which     
dramatized the lives of saints4 ,these  
were followed by the ,moralities1 plays 
in which were personified abstract      
virtues and vices4 ,the first step in   
the creation of the regular drama was   
taken by ,heywood1 who composed some    
farcical plays called ,interludes4 ,the 
people of the sixteenth century were    
fond of pageants1 shows in which        
classical personages were introduced1   
and ,masques1 which gradually developed 
from pageants into dramas accompanied   
with music4 ,about the middle of the    
sixteenth century1 rose the ,english    
drama1--comedy1 tragedy1 and historical 
plays4 ,the chief among the group of    
dramatists who attained fame before     
,shakespeare began to write were ,kyd1  

,marlowe1 ,greene1 and ,peele4 ,ben     
,jonson and ,beaumont and ,fletcher rank
 next to ,shakespeare among his         
contemporaries1 and among the other     
dramatists of the period were ,chapman1 
,dekker1 ,webster1 ,heywood1 ,middleton1
 ,ford1 and ,massinger4  #ecb ,at the   
time when1 etc4 ,probably about #aehe4  
#ecc ,tale of ,troy4 ,drama founded on  
the ,trojan war4 ,the subject of famous 
poems by ,latin and ,greek poets4  #ecd 
,death of ,julius ,csar4 ,an account of 
the plots which ended in the            
assassination of the great ,roman       
general4  #ece ,plutarch4 ,see note on  
,heroism7#bfd74 ,shakespeare1 like the  
earlier dramatists1 drew freely on      
,plutarch's ,lives for material4  #ecf  
,brut4 ,a poetical version of the       
legendary history of ,britain1 by       
,layamon4 ,its hero is ,brutus1 a       
mythical ,king of ,britain4  #ecg       
,arthur4 ,a ,british ,king of the sixth 
century1 around whose life and deeds so 
many legends have grown up that some    

historians say he1 too1 was a myth4 ,he 
is the center of the great cycle of     
romances told in prose in ,mallory's    
,morte d',arthur and in poetry in       
,tennyson's ,idylls of the ,king4  #ech 
,the royal ,henries4 ,among the dramas  
popular in ,shakespeare's day which he  
retouched or rewrote are the historical 
plays4 ,henry ,,iv41 ,first and ,second 
,parts2 ,henry ,v2 ,henry ,,vi41 ,first1
 ,second1 and ,third ,parts2 and ,henry 
,,viii4  #eci ,italian tales4 ,italian  
literature was very popular in          
,shakespeare's day1 and authors drew    
freely from it for material1 especially 
from the ,decameron1 a famous collection
 of a hundred tales1 by ,boccaccio1 a   
poet of the fourteenth century4  #edj   
,spanish voyages4 ,in the sixteenth     
century1 ,spain was still a power upon  
the high seas1 and the tales of her     
conquests and treasures in the ,new     
,world were like tales of romance4  #eda
 ,prestige4 ,can you give an ,english   
equivalent for this ,french word8  #edb 

,which no single genius1 etc4 ,in the   
same way1 some critics assure us1 the   
poems credited to the ,greek poet1      
,homer1 were built up by a number of    
poets4  #edc ,malone4 ,an ,irish critic 
and scholar of the eighteenth century1  
best known by his edition of            
,shakespeare's plays4  #edd ,wolsey's   
,soliloquy4 ,see ,shakespeare's ,henry  
,,viii4 iii1 #b4 ,cardinal ,wolsey was  
prime minister of ,england in the reign 
of ,henry ,,viii4  #ede ,scene with     
,cromwell4 ,see ,henry ,,viii4 iii1 #b4 
,thomas ,cromwell was the son of an     
,english blacksmith2 he rose to be lord 
high chamberlain of ,england in the     
reign of ,henry ,,viii41 but1 incurring 
the ,king's displeasure1 was executed on
 a charge of treason4  #edf ,account of 
the coronation4 ,see ,henry ,,viii4 iv1 
#a4  #edg ,compliment to ,queen         
,elizabeth4 ,see ,henry ,,viii4 v1 #e4  
#edh ,bad rhythm4 ,too much importance  
must not be attached to these matters in
 deciding authorship1 as critics        

disagree about them4  #edi ,value his   
memory1 etc4 ,the ,greeks1 in           
appreciation of the value of memory to  
the poet1 represented the ,muses as the 
daughters of ,mnemosyne1 the goddess of 
memory4  #eej ,homer4 ,a ,greek poet to 
whom is assigned the authorship of the  
two greatest ,greek poems1 the ,iliad   
and the ,odyssey2 he is said to have    
lived about a thousand years before     
,christ4  #eea ,chaucer4 7,see note     
#cc47  #eeb ,saadi4 ,a ,persian poet1   
supposed to have lived in the thirteenth
 century4 ,his best known poems are his 
odes4  #eec ,presenting ,thebes1 etc4   
,this quotation is from ,milton's poem1 
,il ,penseroso4 ,milton here names the  
three most popular subjects of ,greek   
tragedy1--the story of ,,oedipus1 the   
ill-fated ,king of ,thebes who slew his 
father2 the tale of the descendants of  
,pelops1 ,king of ,pisa1 who seemed born
 to woe--,agamemnon was one of his      
grandsons2 the third subject was the    
tale of ,troy and the heroes of the     

,trojan war1--called divine because the 
,greeks represented even the gods as    
taking part in the contest4  #eed ,pope4
 7,see note #hh47  #eee ,dryden4 7,see  
note #ce47  #eef ,chaucer is a huge     
borrower4 ,taine1 the ,french critic1   
says on this subject3 ,chaucer was      
capable of seeking out in the old common
 forest of the ,middle ,ages1 stories   
and legends1 to replant them in his own 
soil and make them send out new         
shoots4444 ,he has the right and power  
of copying and translating because by   
dint of retouching he impresses 444 his 
original work4 ,he recreates what he    
imitates4  #eeg ,lydgate4 ,john ,lydgate
 was an ,english poet who lived a       
generation later than ,chaucer2 in his  
,troy ,book and other poems he probably 
borrowed from the sources used by       
,chaucer2 he called himself ,chaucer's  
disciple4  #eeh ,caxton4 ,william       
,caxton1 the ,english author1 more      
famous as the first ,english printer1   
was not born until after ,chaucer's     

death4 ,the work from which ,emerson    
supposes the poet to have borrowed      
,caxton's translation of ,recueil des   
,histoires de ,troye1 the first printed 
,english book1 appeared about #adgd4    
#eei ,guido di ,colonna4 ,a ,sicilian   
poet and historian of the thirteenth    
century4 ,chaucer in his ,house of ,fame
 placed in his vision on a pillar higher
 than the rest1 ,homer and ,livy1 ,dares
 the ,phrygian1 ,guido ,colonna1        
,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 and the other   
historians of the war of ,troy4  #efj   
,dares ,phrygius4 ,a ,latin account of  
the fall of ,troy1 written about the    
fifth century1 which pretends to be a   
translation of a lost work on the fall  
of ,troy by ,dares1 a ,trojan priest    
mentioned in ,homer's ,iliad4  #efa     
,ovid4 ,a ,roman poet who lived about   
the time of ,christ1 whose best-known   
work is the ,metamorphoses1 founded on  
classical legends4  #efb ,statius4 ,a   
,roman poet of the first century after  
,christ4  #efc ,petrarch4 ,an ,italian  

poet of the fourteenth century4  #efd   
,boccaccio4 ,an ,italian novelist and   
poet of the fourteenth century4 ,see    
note on ,italian tales1 #eci4 ,it is    
supposed that the plan of the ,decameron
 suggested the similar but far superior 
plan of ,chaucer's ,canterbury ,tales4  
#efe ,provenal poets4 ,the poets of     
,provene1 a province of the southeastern
 part of ,france4 ,in the ,middle ,ages 
it was celebrated for its lyric poets1  
called troubadours4  #eff ,romaunt of   
the ,rose1 etc4 ,chaucer's ,romaunt of  
the ,rose1 written during the period of 
,french influence1 is an incomplete and 
abbreviated translation of a ,french    
poem of the thirteenth century1 ,roman  
de la ,rose1 the first part of which was
 written by ,william of ,loris and the  
latter by ,john of ,meung1 or ,jean de  
,meung4  #efg ,troilus and ,creseide1   
etc4 ,chaucer ascribes the ,italian poem
 which he followed in his ,troilus and  
,creseide to an unknown ,lollius of     
,urbino2 the source of the poem1        

however1 is ,il ,filostrato1 by         
,boccaccio1 the ,italian poet already   
mentioned4 ,chaucer's poem is far more  
than a translation2 more than half is   
entirely original1 and it is a powerful 
poem1 showing profound knowledge of the 
,italian poets1 whose influence with him
 superseded the ,french poets4  #efh    
,the ,cock and the ,fox4 ,the ,nun's    
,priest's ,tale in the ,canterbury      
,tales was an original treatment of the 
,roman de ,renart1 of ,marie of ,france1
 a ,french poet of the twelfth century4 
#efi ,house of ,fame1 etc4 ,the plan of 
the ,house of ,fame1 written during the 
period of ,chaucer's ,italian influence1
 shows the influence of ,dante2 the     
general idea of the poem is from ,ovid1 
the ,roman poet4  #egj ,gower4 ,john    
,gower was an ,english poet1 ,chaucer's 
contemporary and friend2 the two poets  
went to the same sources for poetic     
materials1 but ,chaucer made no such use
 of ,gower's works as we would infer    
from this passage4 ,emerson relied on   

his memory for facts1 and hence made    
mistakes1 as here in the instances of   
,lydgate1 ,caxton1 and ,gower4  #ega    
,westminster1 ,washington4 ,what        
legislative body assembles at           
,westminster ,palace1 ,london8 ,what at 
,washington8  #egb ,sir ,robert ,peel4  
,an ,english statesman who died in      
#ahej1 not long after ,representative   
,men was published4  #egc ,webster4     
,daniel ,webster1 an ,american statesman
 and orator who was living when this    
essay was written4  #egd ,locke4 ,john  
,locke4 7,see note #ah47  #ege          
,rousseau4 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau1 a  
,french philosopher of the eighteenth   
century4  #egf ,homer4 7,see note #eej47
  #egg ,menn4 ,menn1 or ,mann1 was in   
,sanscrit one of fourteen legendary     
beings2 the one referred to by ,emerson1
 ,mann ,vaivasvata was supposed to be   
the author of the laws of ,mann1 a      
collection made about the second        
century4  #egh ,saadi or ,sadi4 7,see   
note #eeb47  #egi ,milton4 ,of this     

great ,english poet and prose writer of 
the seventeenth century1 ,emerson says3 
,no man can be named whose mind still   
acts on the cultivated intellect of     
,england and ,america with an energy    
comparable to that of ,milton4 ,as a    
poet ,shakespeare undoubtedly transcends
 and far surpasses him in his popularity
 with foreign nations3 but ,shakespeare 
is a voice merely3 who and what he was  
that sang1 that sings1 we know not4     
#ehj ,delphi4 ,here1 source of prophecy4
 ,delphi was a city in ,greece1 where   
was the oracle of ,apollo1 the most     
famous of the oracles of antiquity4     
#eha ,our ,english ,bible4 ,the version 
made in the reign of ,king ,james ,i4 by
 forty-seven learned divines is a       
monument of noble ,english4  #ehb       
,liturgy4 ,an appointed form of worship 
used in a ,christian church1--here1     
specifically1 the service of the        
,episcopal church4 ,emerson's mother had
 been brought up in that church1 and    
though she attended her husband's       

church1 she always loved and read her   
,episcopal prayer book4  #ehc ,grotius4 
,hugo ,grotius was a ,dutch jurist1     
statesman1 theologian1 and poet of the  
seventeenth century4  #ehd ,rabbinical  
forms4 ,the forms used by the rabbis1   
,jewish doctors or expounders of the    
law4  #ehe ,common law4 ,in a general   
sense1 the system of law derived from   
,england1 in general use among          
,english-speaking people4  #ehf ,vedas4 
,the sacred books of the ,brahmins4     
#ehg sop's ,fables4 ,fables ascribed to 
sop1 a ,greek slave who lived in the    
sixth century before ,christ4  #ehh     
,pilpay1 or ,bidpai4 ,indian sage to    
whom were ascribed some fables4 ,from an
 ,arabic translation1 these passed into 
,european languages and were used by ,la
 ,fontaine1 the ,french fabulist4  #ehi 
,arabian ,nights4 ,the ,arabian ,nights'
 ,entertainment or ,a ,thousand and ,one
 ,nights is a collection of ,oriental   
tales1 the plan and name of which are   
very ancient4  #eij ,cid4 ,the ,romances

 of the ,cid1 the story of the ,spanish 
national hero1 mentioned in note on     
,heroism #aci3e1 was written about the  
thirteenth century by an unknown author2
 it supplied much of the material for   
two ,spanish chronicles and ,spanish and
 ,french tragedies written later on the 
same subject4  #eia ,iliad4 ,the poem in
 which the ,greek1 poet1 ,homer1        
describes the siege and fall of ,troy4  
,emerson here expresses the view adopted
 by many scholars that it was the work1 
not of one1 but of many men4  #eib      
,robin ,hood4 ,the ballads about ,robin 
,hood1 an ,english outlaw and popular   
hero of the twelfth century4  #eic      
,scottish ,minstrelsy4 ,the ,minstrelsy 
of the ,scottish ,border1 a collection  
of original and collected poems1        
published by ,sir ,walter ,scott in     
#ahjb4  #eid ,shakespeare ,society4 ,the
 ,shakespeare ,society1 founded in      
#ahda1 was dissolved in #ahec4 ,in #ahgd
 ,the ,new ,shakespeare ,society was    
founded4  #eie ,mysteries4 ,see ,kyd1   

,marlowe1 etc4 #eca4  #eif ,ferrex and  
,porrex1 or ,gorboduc4 ,the first       
regular ,english tragedy1 by ,thomas    
,norton and ,thomas ,sackville1 printed 
in #aefe4  #eig ,gammer ,gurtor's       
,needle4 ,one of the first ,english     
comedies1 written by ,bishop ,still and 
printed in #aege4  #eih ,whether the boy
 ,shakespeare poached1 etc4 ,for a      
fuller account of the facts of          
,shakespeare's life1 of which some      
traditions and facts are mentioned here1
 consult some good biography of the     
poet4  #eii ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,dining  
her reign1 #aeeh-afjc1 the ,english     
drama rose and attained its height1 and 
there was produced a prose literature   
hardly inferior to the poetic4  #fjj    
,king ,james4 ,king ,james ,,vi4 of     
,scotland and ,i4 of ,england who was   
,elizabeth's kinsman and successor2 he  
reigned in ,england from #afjc to #afbe4
  #fja ,essexes4 ,walter ,devereux was a
 brave ,english gentleman whom          
,elizabeth made ,earl of ,essex in      

#aegb4 ,his son ,robert1 the second     
,earl of ,essex1 was a favorite of      
,queen ,elizabeth's4  #fjb ,leicester4  
,the ,earl of ,leicester1 famous in     
,shakespeare's time1 was ,robert        
,dudley1 an ,english courtier1          
politician1 and general1 the favorite of
 ,queen ,elizabeth4  #fjc ,burleighs or 
,burghleys3 ,william ,cecil1 baron of   
,burghley1 was an ,english statesman1   
who1 for forty years1 was ,elizabeth's  
chief minister4  #fjd ,buckinghams4     
,george ,villiers1 the first duke of    
,buckingham1 was an ,english courtier   
and politician1 a favorite of ,james ,i4
 and ,charles ,i4  #fje ,tudor dynasty4 
,the ,english dynasty of sovereigns     
descended on the male side from ,owen   
,tudor4 ,it began with ,henry ,,vii4 and
 ended with ,elizabeth4  #fjf ,bacon4   
,consult ,english literature and history
 for an account of the great statesman  
and author1 ,francis ,bacon1 the wisest1
 brightest1 meanest of mankind4  #fjg   
,ben ,jonson1 etc4 ,in his ,timber or   

,discoveries1 ,ben ,jonson1 a famous    
classical dramatist contemporary with   
,shakespeare1 says3 ,i loved the man and
 do honor his memory on this side       
idolatry as much as any4 ,he was indeed 
honest and of an open and free nature3  
had an excellent fancy2 brave notions   
and gentle expressions3 wherein he      
flowed with that facility that sometimes
 it was necessary he should be          
stopped4444 ,his wit was in his own     
power2 would the rule of it had been so1
 too4 ,many times he fell into those    
things could not escape laughter4444    
,but he redeemed his vices with his     
virtues4 ,there was ever more in him to 
be praised than to be pardoned4  #fjh   
,sir ,henry ,wotton4 ,an ,english       
diplomatist and author of wide culture4 
#fji ,the following persons1 etc4 ,the  
persons enumerated were all people of   
note of the seventeenth century4 ,sir   
,philip ,sidney1 ,earl of ,essex1 ,lord 
,bacon1 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,john    
,milton1 ,sir ,henry ,vane1 ,isaac      

,walton1 ,dr4 ,john ,donne1 ,abraham    
,cowley1 ,charles ,cotton1 ,john ,pym1  
and ,john ,hales were ,englishmen1      
scholars1 statesmen1 and authors4       
,theodore ,beza was a ,french           
theologian2 ,isaac ,casaubon was a      
,french-,swiss scholar2 ,roberto        
,berlarmine was an ,italian cardinal2   
,johann ,kepler was a ,german           
astronomer2 ,francis ,vieta was a       
,french mathematician2 ,albericus       
,gentilis was an ,italian jurist2 ,paul 
,sarpi was an ,italian historian2       
,arminius was a ,dutch theologian4  #faj
 ,many others whom doubtless1 etc4      
,emerson here enumerates some famous    
,english authors of the same period1 not
 mentioned in the preceeding list4  #faa
 ,pericles4 ,see note on ,heroism1 #ceb4
  #fab ,lessing4 ,gotthold ,ephraim     
,lessing1 a ,german critic and poet of  
the eighteenth century4  #fac ,wieland4 
,christopher ,martin ,wieland was a     
,german contemporary of ,lessing's1 who 
made a prose translation into ,german of

 ,shakespeare's plays4  #fad ,schlegel4 
,august ,wilhelm von ,schlegel1 a       
,german critic and poet1 who about the  
first of the nineteenth century         
translated some of ,shakespeare's plays 
into classical ,german4  #fae ,hamlet4  
,the hero of ,shakespeare's play of the 
same name4  #faf ,coleridge4 ,samuel    
,taylor ,coleridge1 an ,english poet1   
author of critical lectures and notes on
 ,shakespeare4  #fag ,goethe4 7,see note
 #he47  #fah ,blackfriar's ,theater4 ,a 
famous ,london theater in which nearly  
all the great dramas of the ,elizabethan
 age were performed4  #fai ,stratford4  
,stratford-on-,avon1 a little town in   
,warwickshire1 ,england1 where          
,shakespeare was born and where he spent
 his last years4  #fbj ,macbeth4 ,one of
 ,shakespeare's greatest tragedies1     
written about #afjf4  #fba ,malone1     
,warburton1 ,dyce1 and ,collier4        
,english scholars of the eighteenth and 
nineteenth centuries who edited the     
works of ,shakespeare4  #fbb ,covent    

,garden1 ,drury ,lane1 the ,park1 and   
,tremont3 ,the leading ,london theaters 
in the eighteenth and nineteenth        
centuries4  #fbc ,betterton1 ,garrick1  
,kemble1 ,kean1 and ,macready1 famous   
,british actors of the ,shakespearian   
parts4  #fbd ,the ,hamlet of a famed    
performer1 etc4 ,macready4 ,emerson said
 to a friend3 ,i see you are one of the 
happy mortals who are capable of being  
carried away by an actor of             
,shakespeare4 ,now1 whenever ,i visit   
the theater to witness the performance  
of one of his dramas1 ,i am carried away
 by the poet4  #fbe ,what may this mean1
 etc4 ,hamlet1 ,i4 #d4  #fbf ,midsummer 
,night's ,dream4 ,one of ,shakespeare's 
plays4  #fbg ,the forest of ,arden4 ,in 
which is laid1 the scene of             
,shakespeare's play1 ,as ,you ,like ,it4
  #fbh ,the nimble air of ,scone        
,castle4 ,it was of the air of          
,inverness1 not of ,scone1 that the air 
nimbly and sweetly recommends itself    
unto our gentle senses4--,macbeth1 i4   

#f4  #fbi ,portia's villa4 ,see the     
moonlight scene1 ,merchant of ,venice1  
v4 #a4  #fcj ,the antres vost1 etc4 ,see
 ,othello1 ,i4 #c4 ,antres is an old    
word1 meaning caves1 caverns4  #fca     
,cyclopean architecture4 ,in ,greek     
mythology1 the ,cyclops were a race of  
giants4 ,the term ',cyclopean' is       
applied here to the architecture of     
,egypt and ,india1 because of the       
majestic size of the buildings1 and the 
immense size of the stones used1 as if  
it would require giants to perform such 
works4  #fcb ,phidian sculpture4        
,phidias was a famous ,greek sculptor   
who lived in the age of ,pericles and   
beautified ,athens with his works4  #fcc
 ,gothic minsters4 ,churches or         
cathedrals1 built in the ,gothic1 or    
pointed1 style of architecture which    
prevailed during the ,middle ,ages2 it  
owed nothing to the ,goths1 and this    
term was originally used in reproach1 in
 the sense of barbarous4  #fcd ,the     
,italian painting4 ,in ,italy during the

 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries      
pictorial art was carried to a degree of
 perfection unknown in any other time or
 country4  #fce ,ballads of ,spain and  
,scotland4 ,the old ballads of these    
countries are noted for beauty and      
spirit4  #fcf ,tripod4 ,define this     
word1 and explain its appropriateness   
here4  #fcg ,aubrey4 ,john ,aubrey1 an  
,english antiquarian of the seventeenth 
century4  #fch ,rowe4 ,nicholas ,rowe1  
an ,english author of the seventeenth   
century1 who wrote a biography of       
,shakespeare4  #fci ,timon4 ,see note on
 ,gifts1 #dff4  #fdj ,warwick4 ,an      
,english politician and commander of the
 fifteenth century1 called the ,king    
,maker4 ,he appears in ,shakespeare's   
plays1 ,henry ,,iv41 ,v41 and ,,vi4     
#fda ,antonio4 ,the ,venetian ,merchant 
in ,shakespeare's play1 ,the ,merchant  
of ,venice4  #fdb ,talma4 ,franois      
,joseph ,talma was a ,french tragic     
actor1 to whom ,napoleon showed favor4  
#fdc ,an omnipresent humanity1 etc4 ,see

 what ,carlyle has to say on this       
subject in his ,hero as ,poet4  #fdd    
,daguerre4 ,louis ,jacques ,daguerre1 a 
,french painter1 one of the inventors of
 the daguerreotype process1 by means of 
which an image is fixed on a metal plate
 by the chemical action of light4  #fde 
,euphuism4 ,the word here has rather the
 force of euphemism1 an entirely        
different word4 ,euphuism was an        
affected ornate style of expression1 so 
called from ,euphues1 by ,john ,lyly1 a 
sixteenth century master of that style4 
#fdf ,epicurus4 ,a ,greek philosopher of
 the third century before ,christ4 ,he  
was the founder of the ,epicurean school
 of philosophy which taught that        
pleasure should be man's chief aim and  
that the highest pleasure is freedom4   
#fdg ,dante4 7,see note #beh47  #fdh    
,master of the revels1 etc4 ,emerson    
always expressed thankfulness for the   
spirit of joy which ,shakespeare had    
shed over the universe4 ,see what       
,carlyle says in ,the ,hero as ,poet1   

about ,shakespeare's mirthfulness and   
love of laughter4  #fdi ,koran4 ,the    
,sacred book of the ,mohammedans4  #fej 
,twelfth ,night1 etc4 ,the names of     
three bright1 merry1 or serene plays by 
,shakespeare4  #fea ,egyptian verdict4  
,emerson used ,egyptian probably in the 
sense of gipsy4 ,he compares such       
opinions to the fortunes told by the    
gipsies4  #feb ,tasso4 ,an ,italian poet
 of the sixteenth century4  #fec        
,cervantes4 ,a ,spanish poet and        
romancer of the sixteenth century1 the  
author of ,don ,quixote4  #fed          
,israelite4 ,such ,hebrew prophets as   
,isaiah and ,jeremiah4  #fee ,german4   
,such as ,luther4  #fef ,swede4 ,such as
 ,swedenborg1 the mystic philosopher of 
the eighteenth century of whom ,emerson 
had already written in ,representative  
,men4  #feg ,a pilgrim's progress4 ,as  
described by ,john ,bunyan1 the ,english
 writer1 in his famous ,pilgrim's       
,progress4  #feh ,doleful histories of  
,adam's fall1 etc4 ,the subject of      

,paradise ,lost1 the great poem by ,john
 ,milton4  #fei ,with doomsdays and     
purgatorial1 etc4 ,as described by      
,dante in his ,divine ,commedia1 an epic
 about hell1 purgatory1 and paradise4   
,,prudence  #ffj ,the essay on ,prudence
 was given as a lecture in the course on
 ,human ,culture1 in the winter of      
#ahcg-h4 ,it was published in the first 
series of ,essays1 which appeared in    
#ahda4  #ffa ,lubricity4 ,the word means
 literally the state or quality of being
 slippery2 ,emerson uses it several     
times1 in its derived sense of          
instability4  #ffb ,love and            
,friendship4 ,the subjects of the two   
essays preceding ,prudence1 in the      
volume of #ahda4  #ffc ,the world is    
filled with the proverbs1 etc4 ,compare 
with this passage ,emerson's words in   
,compensation on the flights of         
proverbs1 whose teaching is as true and 
as omnipresent as that of birds and     
flies4  #ffd ,a good wheel or pin4 ,that
 is1 a part of a machine4  #ffe ,the law

 of polarity4 ,having two opposite      
poles1 the properties of the one of     
which are the opposite of the other4    
#fff ,summer will have its flies4       
,emerson discoursed with philosophic    
calm about the impediments and          
disagreeableness which beset every path2
 he also accepted them with serenity    
when he encountered them in his daily   
life4  #ffg ,the inhabitants of the     
climates1 etc4 ,as a northerner1        
,emerson naturally felt that the        
advantage and superiority were with his 
own section4 ,he expressed in his poems 
,voluntaries and ,mayday views similar  
to those declared here4  #ffh           
,peninsular campaign4 ,emerson here     
refers to the military operations       
carried on from #ahjh to #ahad in       
,portugal1 ,spain1 and southern ,france 
against the ,french1 by the ,british1   
,spanish1 and ,portuguese forces        
commanded by ,wellington4 ,what was the 
,peninsular campaign in ,american       
history8  #ffi ,dr4 ,johnson is reported

 to have said1 etc4 ,dr4 ,samuel        
,johnson was an eminent ,english scholar
 of the eighteenth century4 ,in this1 as
 in many other instances1 ,emerson      
quotes from his memory instead of from  
the book4 ,the words of ,dr4 ,johnson1  
as reported by his biographer ,boswell1 
are3 ,accustom your children constantly 
to this2 if a thing happened at one     
window1 and they1 when relating it1 say 
it happened at another1 do not let it   
pass1 but instantly check them2 you do  
not know where deviation from truth will
 end4  #fgj ,rifle4 ,a local name in    
,england and ,new ,england for an       
instrument1 on the order of a whetstone1
 used for sharpening scythes2 it is made
 of wood1 covered with fine sand or     
emery4  #fga ,last grand duke of        
,weimar4 ,saxe-,weimar-,eisenach is a   
grand duchy of ,germany4 ,the grand duke
 referred to was ,charles ,augustus1 who
 died in #ahbh4 ,he was the friend and  
patron of the great ,german authors1    
,goethe1 ,schiller1 ,herder1 and        

,wieland4  #fgb ,the ,raphael in the    
,dresden gallery4 ,the ,sistine         
,madonna1 the most famous picture of the
 great ,italian artist1 ,raphael4  #fgc 
,call a spade a spade4 ,plutarch1 the   
,greek historian1 said1 ,these          
,macedonians 444 call a spade a spade4  
#fgd ,parts4 ,a favorite eighteenth     
century term for abilities1 talents4    
#fge ,we have found out1 etc4 ,emerson  
always insisted that morals and         
intellect should be united4 ,he urged   
that power and insight are lessened by  
shortcomings in morals4  #fgf ,goethe's 
,tasso4 ,a play by the ,german poet     
,goethe1 founded on the belief that the 
imprisonment of ,tasso was due to his   
aspiration to the hand of ,leonora      
d',este1 sister of the duke of ,ferrara4
 ,tasso was a famous ,italian poet of   
the seventeenth century4  #fgg ,richard 
,,iii4 ,an ,english king1 the last of   
the ,plantagenet line1 the hero--or     
villain--of ,shakespeare's historical   
play1 ,richard ,,iii4  #fgh ,bifold4    

,give a simpler word that means the     
same4  #fgi ,csar4 ,why is ,csar the    
great ,roman ruler1 given as a type of  
greatness8  #fhj ,job4 ,why is ,job1 the
 hero of the ,old ,testament book of the
 same name1 given as a type of misery8  
#fha ,poor ,richard4 ,poor ,richard's   
,almanac1 published 7#agcb-ageg7 by     
,benjamin ,franklin was a collection of 
maxims inculcating prudence and thrift4 
,these were given as the sayings of     
,poor ,richard4  #fhb ,state ,street4 ,a
 street in ,boston1 ,massachusetts1     
noted as a financial center4  #fhc      
,stick in a tree between whiles1 etc4   
,jock1 when ye hae naething else to do1 
ye may be aye sticking in a tree2 it    
will be growing1 ,jock1 when ye're      
sleeping4--,scott's ,heart of           
,midlothian4 ,it is said that these were
 the words of a dying ,scotchman to his 
son4  #fhd ,minor virtues4 ,emerson     
suggests that punctuality and regard for
 a promise are two of these4 ,can you   
name others8  #fhe ,the ,latin proverb  

says1 etc4 ,this is quoted from         
,tacitus1 the famous ,roman historian4  
#fhf ,if he set out to contend1 etc4 ,in
 contention1 ,emerson holds1 the best   
men would lose their characteristic     
virtues1 --the fearless apostle ,paul1  
his devotion to truth2 the gentle       
disciple ,john1 his loving charity4     
#fhg ,though your views are in straight 
antagonism1 c4 ,this was ,emerson's own 
method1 and by it he won a courteous    
hearing from those to whom his views    
were most objectionable4  #fhh          
,consuetudes4 ,give a simpler word that 
has the same meaning4  #fhi ,begin where
 we will1 etc4 ,explain what ,emerson   
means by this expression4 ,,circles     
#fij ,this essay first appeared in the  
first series of ,essays1 published in   
#ahda4 ,unlike most of the other essays 
in the volume1 no earlier form of it    
exists1 and it was probably not         
delivered first as a lecture4  ,dr4     
,richard ,garnett says in his ,life of  
,emerson3 ,the object of this fine essay

 quaintly entitled ,circles is to       
reconcile this rigidity of unalterable  
law with the fact of human progress4    
,compensation illustrates one property  
of a circle1 which always returns to the
 point where it began1 but it is no less
 true that around every circle another  
can be drawn4444 ,emerson followed his  
own counsel2 he always keeps a reserve  
of power4 ,his theory of ,circles       
reappears without the least verbal      
indebtedness to himself in the splendid 
essay on ,love4  #fia ,st4 ,augustine4  
,a celebrated father of the ,latin      
church1 who flourished in the fourth    
century4 ,his most famous work is his   
,confessions1 an autobiographical volume
 of religious meditations4  #fib        
,another dawn risen on mid-noon4        
,another morn has risen on mid-noon4    
,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,book ,v4     
#fic ,greek sculpture4 ,the greatest    
development of the art of sculpture that
 the world has ever known was that which
 took place in ,greece1 with ,athens as 

the center1 in the fifth century before 
,christ4 ,the masterpieces which remain 
are the models on which modern art      
formed itself4  #fid ,greek letters4 ,in
 literature--in drama1 philosophy and   
history--,greece attained an excellence 
as signal as in art4 ,emerson as a      
scholar1 felt that the literature of    
,greece was more permanent than its art4
 ,would an artist be apt to take this   
view8  #fie ,new arts destroy the old1  
etc4 ,tell the ways in which the        
improvements and inventions mentioned by
 ,emerson have been superseded by       
others2 give the reasons4 ,mention other
 similar cases of more recent date4     
#fif ,the life of man is a self-evolving
 circle1 etc4 ,throw a stone into the   
stream1 and the circles that propagate  
themselves are the beautiful type of all
 influence4--,emerson1 in ,nature4  #fig
 ,the heart refuses to be imprisoned4   
,it is a superstition current in many   
countries that an evil spirit cannot    
escape from a circle drawn round it4    

#fih ,crass4 ,gross2 coarse4  #fii ,the 
continual effort to raise himself above 
himself1 etc4 ,unless above himself he  
can ,erect himself1 how poor a thing is 
man6 ,samuel ,daniel4  #gjj ,if he were 
high enough1 etc4 ,have ,i a lover ,who 
is noble and free8-- ,i would he were   
nobler ,than to love me4,emerson1,the   
,sphinx4  #gja ,aristotle and ,plato4   
,plato was a famous ,greek philosopher  
who flourished in the fourth century    
before ,christ4 ,he was the disciple of 
,socrates1 the teacher of ,aristotle1   
and the founder of the academic school  
of philosophy4 ,his exposition of       
idealism was founded on the teachings of
 ,socrates4 ,aristotle1 another famous  
,greek philosopher1 was for twenty years
 the pupil of ,plato4 ,he founded the   
peripatetic school of philosophy1 and   
his writing dealt with all the then     
known branches of science4  #gjb        
,berkeley4 ,george ,berkeley was a      
,british clergyman of the eighteenth    
century4 ,he was the author of works on 

philosophy which are marked by extreme  
subjective idealism4  #gjc ,termini4    
,boundaries or marks to indicate        
boundaries4 ,in ,roman mythology1       
,terminus was the god who presided over 
boundaries or landmarks4 ,he is         
represented with a human head1 but      
without feet or arms1--to indicate that 
he never moved from his place4  #gjd    
,pentecost4 ,one of three great ,jewish 
festivals4 ,on the day of ,pentecost1   
the ,holy ,spirit descended upon the    
infant ,christian church1 with the gift 
of tongues4 ,see ,acts ii4 #a-bj4  #gje 
,hodiernal4 ,belonging to our present   
day4  #gjf ,punic4 ,of ,carthage1 a     
famous ancient city1 and state of       
northern ,africa4 ,carthage was the     
rival of ,rome1 but was1 after long     
warfare1 overcome in the second century 
before ,christ4  #gjg ,in like manner1  
etc4 ,emerson always urged that in order
 to get the best from all1 one must pass
 from affairs to thought1 society to    
solitude1 books to nature4 ,see thou    

bring not to field or stone ,the fancies
 found in books2 ,leave authors' eyes1  
and fetch your own1 ,to brave the       
landscape's look4 ,emerson1             
,waldeinsamkeit4  #gjh ,petrarch4 7,see 
note #efc47  #gji ,ariosto4 ,a famous   
,italian author of the sixteenth        
century1 who wrote comedies1 satires1   
and a metrical romance1 ,orlando        
,furioso4  #gaj ,then shall also the    
,son1 etc4 ,see #a ,corinthians xv4 #bh3
 ,does ,emerson quote the passage       
verbatim8  #gaa ,these manifold         
tenacious qualities1 etc4 ,it is        
remarked of ,emerson that the idea of   
the symbolism of nature which he        
received from ,plato1 was the source of 
much of his pleasure in ,swedenborg1 the
 ,swedish mystic philosopher4 ,emerson  
says in his volume on ,nature3 ,the     
noblest ministry of nature is to stand  
as an apparition of ,god4  #gab ,forgive
 his crimes1 etc4 ,this is quoted from  
,night ,thoughts by the ,english        
didactic poet1 ,edward ,young4  #gac    

,pyrrhonism4 ,a doctrine held by a      
follower of ,pyrrho1 a ,greek           
philosopher of the third century before 
,christ1 who founded the sceptical      
school4 ,he taught that it is impossible
 to attain truth1 and that men should be
 indifferent to all external            
circumstances4  #gad ,i own ,i am       
gladdened1 etc4 ,emerson always held    
fast to the consoling thought that there
 was no evil without good1 none out of  
which ,good did not or could not come4  
#gae ,sempiternal4 ,everlasting2        
eternal4  #gaf ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,an   
,englishman of the middle classes who   
became the military and civil leader of 
the ,english ,revolution of the         
seventeenth century4 ,he refused the    
title of king2 but as ,lord ,protector  
of the ,english commonwealth1 he        
exercised royal power4      ,,nature ,by
 ,r4 ,w4 ,emerson    ,,contents         
,,introduction  #a ,,chapter ,i4        
,,nature  #h ,,chapter ,,ii4            
,,commodity  #aj ,,chapter ,,iii4       

,,beauty  #ac ,,chapter ,,iv4           
,,language  #bc ,,chapter ,v4           
,,discipline  #cd ,,chapter ,,vi4       
,,idealism  #de ,,chapter ,,vii4        
,,spirit  #ei ,,chapter ,,viii4         
,,prospects  #fd      ,,the ,,conduct   
,,of ,,life ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,emerson        
,,contents ,fate ,power ,wealth ,culture
 ,behavior ,worship ,considerations by  
the ,way ,beauty ,illusions             
,,english ,,traits ,by ,ralph ,waldo    
,emerson    ,,contents ,,chapter ,i4    
,,first ,,visit ,,to ,,england4         
,,chapter ,,ii4  ,,voyage ,,to          
,,england4 ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,,land4    
,,chapter ,,iv4  ,,race4 ,,chapter ,v4  
,,ability4 ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,,manners4  
,,chapter ,,vii4  ,,truth4 ,,chapter    
,,viii4  ,,character4 ,,chapter ,,ix4   
,,cockayne4 ,,chapter ,x4  ,,wealth4    
,,chapter ,,xi4  ,,aristocracy4         
,,chapter ,,xii4  ,,universities4       
,,chapter ,,xiii4  ,,religion4 ,,chapter
 ,,xiv4  ,,literature4 ,,chapter ,,xv4  
,,the ,,times4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4         

,,stonehenge4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4         
,,personal4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4          
,,result4 ,,chapter ,,xix4  ,,speech    
,,at ,,manchester4