---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,new ,,medieval ,,library ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,the ,school of ,aristotle4 ,see page #i4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,the ,,babees ,,book4 ,medival ,manners for the ,young ,now first done into ,modern ,english from ,the ,texts of ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,furnivall3 ,published ,,mcmviii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the engraved title on the reverse of this page was adapted by ,miss ,blanche ,c4 ,hunter from ,b4,m4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #cabdj1 f4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,babees' ,,book3 ,,medieval ,,manners ,,for ,,the ,,young3 ,,done ,,into ,,modern ,,english ,,from ,,dr4 ,,furnivall',s ,,texts ,,by ,,edith ,,rickert ,,chatto ,,and ,,windus3 ,,london ,,new ,,york3 ,,duffield ,,co4 #aijh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,all rights reserved ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents ,,introduction xi ,,the ,,babees' ,,book #a ,,the ,a ,b ,c ,,of ,,aristotle #i ,,urbanitatis #aa ,,the ,,little ,,children',s ,,little ,,book #af ,,the ,,young ,,children',s ,,book #ba ,,stans ,,puer ,,ad ,,mensam #bf ,,how ,,the ,,good ,,wife ,,taught ,,her ,,daughter #ca ,,how ,,the ,,wise ,,man ,,taught ,,his ,,son #dc ,,john ,,russell',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture #dg ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,courtesy #gi ,,symon',s ,,lesson ,,of ,,wisdom ,,for ,,all ,,manner #abb ,,children ,,hugh ,,rhodes',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture #abf ,,francis ,,seager',s ,,school ,,of ,,virtue #ada ,,richard ,,weste',s ,,school ,,of ,,virtue1 ,,the ,,second #aeg ,,part1 ,,or ,,the ,,young ,,scholar',s ,,paradise ,,notes #agi ,,footnotes #bjd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,illustrations ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,aristotle ,cotton1 ,,ms4 ,aug4 ,a4 ,frontispiece #e1 fol4 #ajc4 8,,de ,,la ,,disputation ,q' ,,fist ,,cathon ,a ,,soy #dd ,,mesmes ,,et ,,contre ,,son ,,corpz ,a ,,sa ,,mort0 ,royal ,,ms4 #af ,g4 viii41 fol4 #cbd4 8,,cy ,,parle ,,dune ,,grant ,,feste ,,que ,,le ,,roy ,,richard #ed ,,dengleterre ,,fist ,a ,,londres0 ,royal ,,ms4 #ad ,e4 iv41 fol4 #bfe;b4 8,,if ,,thou ,,be ,a ,,young ,,infant0 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #fba1 #he fol4 #ga4 ,,john ,,of ,,gaunt ,,receives ,a ,,civic ,,deputation #aab ,royal ,,ms4 #ad ,e4 iv41 fol4 #afi;b4 8,,who ,,spareth ,,the ,,rod1 ,,the ,,child ,,hateth0 ,b4,m4 #abf ,add4 ,,ms4 #cabdj1 fol4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction ,,nearly forty years ago1 ,dr4 ,furnivall collected for the ,early ,english ,text ,society 8divers treatises touching the ,manners and ,meals of ,englishmen in former days40 ,some of these were published in #ahfh1 under the title ,the ,babees' ,book1#a and others1 chiefly of later date1 in #ahfi1 under the title ,queene ,elizabethes ,achademy4 ,these two volumes1 with their introductions and illustrative matter1 to my mind present the most vivid picture of home life in medieval ,england that we have4 ,aside from their general human interest1 they are valuable to the student of social history1 and almost essential to an understanding of the literature of their time4 ,the whole fabric of the romances was based upon the intricate system of 8courtesy0 as here set forth1 and ,john ,russell furnishes an interesting comment on ,chaucer and his school1 as do ,rhodes and ,seager and ,weste on the writers of the sixteenth century4 ,finally1 among these treatises1 there is many a plum by the way for the seeker of proverbs1 curious lore1 superstitions1 literary oddities4 ,and as comparatively few people have time or inclination to worry through antiquated ,english1 ,dr4 ,furnivall has long wished that the substance of his collections might be presented in modern form4 ,therefore this little volume has been undertaken4 ,doubtless unwritten codes of behaviour are coeval with society2 but the earliest treatises that we possess emphasize morals rather than manners4 ,even the late ,latin author known as ,dionysius ,cato 7fourth century871 whose maxims were constantly quoted1 translated1 imitated1 and finally printed during the late ,middle ,ages1 does not touch upon the niceties of conduct that we call manners2 wherefore one ,john ,garland1 an ,englishman educated at ,oxford1 who lived much in ,france during the first half of the thirteenth century1 felt bound to supplement ,cato on these points4 ,his work1 entitled ,liber ,faceti3 docens mores hominum1 precipue iuuenum1 in supplementum illorum qui a moralissimo ,cathone erant omissi iuuenibus utiles1#b is alluded to as ,facet in the first piece in this volume1 and serves as basis for part of the ,book of ,courtesy4 ,but1 earlier than this1 ,thomasin of ,zerklaere1 about #abae1 wrote in ,german a detailed treatise on manners called ,der ,wlsche ,gast4#c ,and in #abfe1 ,dante's teacher1 ,brunetto ,latini1 published his ,tesoretto1#c which was soon followed by a number of similar treatises in ,italian4 ,while we need not hold with the writer of the ,little ,children's ,little ,book1 that courtesy came down from heaven when ,gabriel greeted the ,virgin1 and ,mary and ,elizabeth met1 we must look for its origin somewhere2 and inasmuch as1 in its medieval form at least1 it is closely associated with the practices of chivalry1 we may not unreasonably suppose it to have appeared first in ,france4 ,and although most of the extant ,french treatises belong to the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries1 a lost book of courtesy1 translated by ,thomasin of ,zerklaere1 is sometimes held1 on good grounds1 to have been derived from ,french1 rather than from ,italian4 ,in any case1 such of the ,english books as were not taken immediately from ,latin1 came from ,french sources4 ,to be sure1 there is a ,saxon poem1 based it would seem on ,cato1 though by no means a translation1 called ,a ,father's ,instructions to his ,son2 but this1 although it is greatly exercised about the child's soul1 takes no thought for his finger-nails or his nose4 ,it is not1 therefore1 surprising to find that nearly all ,english words denoting manners are of ,french origin--courtesy1 villainy1 nurture1 dignity1 etiquette1 debonaire1 gracious1 polite1 gentilesse1 c41 while to balance them ,i can1 at this moment1 recall only three of ,saxon origin--thew 7which belongs rather to the list of moral words in which ,old ,english abounds71 churlish and wanton 7without breeding71 both of which1 significantly enough1 are negative of good manners4 ,the reason for the predominance of the ,french terms is simply that 8,french use these gentlemen10 as one old writer puts it2 that is1 from the ,conquest until the latter part of the fourteenth century the language of the invaders prevailed almost entirely among the upper classes1 who1 accordingly1 learned their politeness out of ,french or ,latin books2 and it was only with the growth of citizenship and ,english together1 that these matters came to be discussed in this latter tongue for the profit of middle-class children1 as well as of the 8bele babees0 at ,court4 ,we must suppose1 from numerous hints and descriptions1 that an elaborate system of manners and customs prevailed long before it was codified4 ,the ,bayeux tapestry 7eleventh century7 shows a feast1 with a server kneeling to serve1 his napkin about his neck1 as ,john ,russell prescribes some four hundred years later4 ,the romances again1 alike in ,french and in ,english1 describe elaborate ceremonies1 and allude constantly to definite laws of courtesy4 ,now and again we find a passage that sets forth the ideal gentleman4 ,young ,horn1 for example1 was taught 8skill of wood and river0 7hunting and hawking71 carving1 cup-bearing1 and harping 8with his nails sharp40 ,child ,florent showed his high birth by his love of horse1 hawk1 and armour1 and by his contempt of gold2 but he was not thought ill-mannered to laugh when his foster-father and mother fell down in their attempt to draw a rusty sword from its scabbard6 ,chaucer's ,squire might well have been brought up on a treatise similar to those included in this volume3 8,well could he sit on horse and fairly ride2 ,he could songs make and fair could he indite1 ,joust and eke dance1 and well portray and write4 ,courteous he was1 lowly1 and serviceble1 ,and carved before his father at the table40 ,but the ,prioress outmatched him1 having possibly learned her manners in the ,french of 8,stratford-atte-,bowe10 in ,les ,contenances de la ,table1 or some such thing3 8,at meat well y-taught was she withal1 ,she let no morsel from her lipps fall1 ,nor wet her fingers in her sauc deep3 ,well could she carry a morsel1 and well keep1 ,that no drop did fall upon her breast2 ,in courtesy was set full much her lest4#d ,her over-lipp wipd she so clean1 ,that in her cup there was no farthing seen ,of grease1 when she drunken had her draught4 ,full seemly after her meat she raught1#e ,and certainly she was of great desport1#f ,and full pleasant1 and amiable of port2 ,and paind her to counterfeit cheer ,of court1 and to be stately in mannr1 ,and to be holden digne of reverence40 ,these maxims were versified that they might be the more easily remembered1 as we know from various expressions1 notably 8,learn or be ,lewd0 7ignorant71 which occurs at the end of several pieces4 ,in #afab the principle was stated explicitly1 8because children will learn that book with most readiness and delight through the running of the metre1 as it is found by experience40 ,and the fact that versified treatises on manners formed part of the schooling of that day1 brings up the subject of medieval education4 ,in the first place1 this cannot be understood until we have set aside our modern ideas of master and servant4 ,the old point of view is picturesquely summed up in a pamphlet of #aeih1 quoted by ,dr4 ,furnivall4 8,amongst what sort of people should then this serving-man be sought for8 ,even the duke's son preferred page to the prince1 the earl's second son attendant upon the duke1 the knight's second son the earl's servant1 the esquire's son to wear the knight's livery1 and the gentleman's son the esquire's serving-man4 ,yea1 ,i know at this day gentlemen1 younger brothers that wear their elder brother's blue coat and badge1 attending him with as reverent regard and dutiful obedience as if he were their prince or sovereign4 ,where was then in the prime of this profession ,goodman ,tomson's ,jack1 or ,robin ,rush1 my ,gaffer ,russet-coat's second son8 ,the one holding the plough1 the other whipping the cart-horse1 labouring like honest men in their vocation4 ,trick ,tom the tailer was then a tiler for this trade2 as strange to find a blue coat on his back1 with a badge on his sleeve1 as to take ,kent ,street without a scold1 or ,newmarket ,heath without a highwayman4 ,but now1 being lapped in his livery1 he thinketh himself as good a man1 with the shears at his back1 as the ,poet ,laureate with a pen in his ear40 ,from this passage it is clear that at a time not very much earlier1 serving was a profession in which every rank1 except royalty itself 7if indeed this is to be omitted1 see pp4 #a1 #agi below71 might honourably wear the livery of a man of higher rank4 ,indeed1 under the system of entail1 this was1 in time of peace1 the only possible livelihood for a gentleman's younger son1 unless he had a special aptitude for law or the ,church4 ,debarred from all trade1 he could only offer his services to some great man who was compelled by his estate to keep up a large household1 and so earn his patronage to provide for the future4 ,it was fully expected that boys so placed would be helped to opportunities at ,court or abroad1 and girls to good marriages4 ,that these patrons really took an interest in their young servitors1 and felt responsible for their welfare1 appears in many accounts of help bestowed upon men who afterwards became famous in literature1 or scholarship1 or state-craft4 ,and as for the girls1 ,dr4 ,furnivall quotes an amusing instance of a mistress who1 when reproached with dismissing a gentlewoman without due cause1 thereby injuring her chances for the future1 immediately allowed her forty shillings a year towards her maintenance while she herself lived4 ,among rich men it was the custom to receive a number of boys for training in this way4 ,in the household of ,lord ,percy there were nine young 8henchmen0 who served him as cup-bearers and in various other capacities4 ,to these he allowed servants1 one for each two1 unless they were 8at their friends' finding10 in which case they might have one apiece4 ,likewise1 in his household1 his second son was carver1 his third1 sewer4 ,but while in a rich man's household1 younger sons might receive as good a training as if they had been sent elsewhere for the purpose1 the case of the younger sons of a poor gentleman might be sufficiently wretched4 ,orlando1 in ,as ,you ,like ,it1 speaks feelingly on this point4 ,although his father had left #ajjj crowns for his upbringing1 he was so neglected that he says3 8,his 7his brother's7 horses are bred better1 for1 besides that they are fair with their feeding1 they are taught their manage1 and to that end riders dearly hired2#g but ,i1 his brother1 gain nothing under him but growth 444 he lets me feed with his hinds1 bars me the place of a brother1 and as much as in him lies1 mines my gentility with my education40 ,the alternative to such a life of hardship was either to enter the ,church or depend upon its charity1 or to serve in the household of a man of rank4 ,while only a few were fitted for the religious life or cared to undertake it1 8many poor gentlemen 444 left beggars in consequence of the inheritance devolving to the eldest son10 were supported by the charity of the ,church1 as we are told by an ,italian visitor to ,england in #adif-g4 ,the case of an unmarried daughter living at home1 though less desperate1 was even in well-to-do families sufficiently uncomfortable1 as is plainly hinted in a letter written by ,margaret ,paston to her husband in #adfi4 ,she implores him to find his sister 8some worshipful place10 and concludes3 8,i will help to her finding1 for we be either of us weary of other40 ,the practice of sending children seven or eight years old away from their parents was ostensibly that they 8might learn better manners02 but the ,italian visitor mentioned above concluded uncharitably that the real reason was1 the ,english had but small affection for their children1 and liked to keep all their comforts to themselves1 and moreover knew that they would be 8better served by strangers than by their own children40 ,however absurd this may seem at first glance1 ,i incline to think that the foreigner may have touched upon truth here1 as is borne out by many instances of ,spartan1 even brutal1 treatment of children by parents in those days4 ,still1 the fact remains that the loss of home life and parental tenderness was balanced by gain in discipline1 education1 social opportunity1 and the opening up of careers4 ,the education of the various children addressed in these treatises varied according to their social status4 ,as early as the twelfth century certainly1 and perhaps earlier1 it was customary for 8bele babees10 with boys and girls1 to have a tutor either at home1 or in the household of the great man with whom they were placed4 ,if they went to school1 there were at first the monastic and conventual institutions2 then later1 the universities and grammar-schools4 ,but1 in the case of girls like the ,good ,wife's daughter1 who sold homespun in the market-place1 and had to be admonished not to get drunk often1 ,i doubt whether there would be any education beyond her mother's teaching4 ,the universities1 at first1 were frequented chiefly by poor men's sons1 and scarcely attended by the upper classes4 ,in ,chaucer's time1 the ,clerk of ,oxenford was lean and threadbare1 and had but little gold1 and his two ,cambridge scholars were in no better case4 ,nearly two centuries later1 ,sir ,thomas ,more says3 8,then may we yet like poor scholars of ,oxford1 go a-begging with our bags and wallets1 and sing #8,salve1 ,regina'0 7a carol7 8at rich men's doors40 ,however1 gradually during the sixteenth century1 a university education became so fashionable that rich men's sons crowded in1 and 8scrooged0 7,i quote ,dr4 ,furnivall7 poor students out of the proceeds of endowments left expressly for them4 ,still1 in #aeag1 the old ideal of a gentleman as yet held its own1 as is amusingly related by ,pace in his ,de ,fructu4 ,he tells how 8one of those whom we call gentlemen1 who always carry some horn hanging at their backs1 as though they would hunt during dinner1 said3 #8,i swear by ,god's body ,i would rather that my son should hang than study letters4 ,for it becomes the sons of gentlemen to blow the horn nicely1 and to hunt skilfully1 and elegantly carry and train a hawk4 ,but the study of letters should be left to the sons of rustics4444'0 ,but ,pace was equal to him4 8,you do not seem to me to think aright1 good man10 said ,i1 8for if any foreigner were to come to the king1 such as are ambassadors of princes1 and an answer had to be given to him1 your son if he were educated as you wish1 could only blow his horn1 and the learned sons of rustics would be called to answer1 and they would be far preferred to your hunter or fowler son10 c4 ,the fashion among noblemen of sending their sons abroad to study1 either at a university or with a tutor1 did not prevail widely until later4 ,in the twelfth century1 indeed1 the 8,english nation0 was famous at the ,university of ,paris1 but was composed largely of poor but earnest students1 some of whom became famous men2 and even these had ceased to study there before the fifteenth century4 ,younger sons of good birth1 in the service of a man of rank1 were usually taught by a 8maistyr0 or tutor in the household in which they were placed4 ,it is only in later books like ,seager's that these rules of demeanour were applied extensively to schoolboys4 ,doubtless gentlemen's sons went to ,winchester 7after #acgc7 and to ,eton 7after #addj72 but of the thirty grammar-schools endowed before #aejj1 all the others were attended chiefly by the middle classes4 ,the early monastic schools doubtless entertained young noblemen2 but the cathedral schools founded by ,henry ,,viii4 seem to have been for citizens' children1 such as the boy in ,symon's ,lesson of ,wisdom1 who is urged to learn fast so that when the old bishop dies he may be ready to take his place4 ,however1 even earlier we find complaints of the monastic schools which helped each shoemaker to educate his son1 and each beggar's brat to be a writer and finally a bishop1 so that lords' sons must kneel to him4 ,in general1 the system of education implied in the ,babees' ,book is that described in the household ordinances of ,edward ,,iv4 for the young henchmen in charge of a 8maistyr10 who should teach them to ride cleanly and surely1 to draw them also to jousts1 to 444 8wear their harness1 to have all courtesy in words1 deeds1 and degrees1 diligently to keep them in rules of goings and sittings1 after they be of honour40 ,they learned also 8sundry languages10 and harping1 piping1 singing and dancing4 ,likewise1 their master sat always with them at table in the hall1 to see 8how mannerly they eat and drink1 and to their communication and other forms of court1 after the book of ,urbanitie#h40 ,clearly it would seem that one of the very treatises in this collection was studied by these young pages of ,edward ,,iv4 ,what languages they learned and what else studied we are not told in detail2 but in ,henry ,,viii4's time1 young ,gregory ,cromwell1 son of the ,earl of ,essex1 studied ,french1 writing1 fencing1 8casting accounts10 instrumental music1 c4 ,he was also made to read ,english aloud for the pronunciation1 and was taught the etymology of ,latin and ,french words4 ,his day was as follows3 ,after ,mass1 he read first the ,colloquium on ,pietas ,puerilis 7,de ,civilitate ,morum ,puerilium7 by ,erasmus 7written #aecj71 of which he had to practice the precepts4 ,now this is nothing more than a collection of maxims similar to the ,facet mentioned in the ,babees' ,book1 together with learned ,scholia in ,latin and ,greek2 hence1 he had the same kind of thing to learn--only more elaborate--as the boys mentioned a hundred years earlier studied in ,urbanitie4 ,doubtless his master approved the beginning of ,erasmus3 8,est autem uel prima uirtutis ac honestatis pars1 tenere prcepta de moribus40 ,the specific nature of these directions appears in the following3 8,cleanliness of teeth must be cared for1 but to whiten them with powder does for girls4 ,to rub the gum with salt or alum is injurious4444 ,if anything sticks to the teeth1 you must get it out1 not with a knife1 or with your nails after the manner of dogs and cats1 or with your napkin1 but with a toothpick1 or quill or small bone taken from the tibias of cocks or hens4 ,to wash the mouth in the morning with pure water is both mannerly and healthful2 to do it often is foolish40 ,indeed1 ,erasmus's treatise is only a superior book of courtesy4 ,his manners attended to1 young ,gregory wrote for one or two hours1 read ,fabyan's ,chronicle1 and gave the rest of the day to his lute and virginals4 ,when he rode1 his master used to tell him stories of the ,greeks and ,romans1 which he had to repeat2 and his recreations were hunting1 hawking and shooting with the long bow4 ,a harsher system prevailed with ,queen ,elizabeth's wards1 according to ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon4 ,they went to church at #f o'clock1 studied ,latin until #aa1 dined from #aa to #ab1 had music from #ab to #b1 ,french from #b to #c1 ,latin and ,greek from #c to #e1 then prayers1 supper1 and 8honest pastimes0 until #h1 then music until #i1 and so to bed4 ,the curricula in these various schools doubtless emphasized the usual ,latin subjects 7,greek was not taught in ,england before #aejj7 of the ,middle ,ages4 ,thus we find an account of the 8disputations0 in a ,london grammar-school1 dating from #aagd4 ,but that athletic sports were popular even at that early time1 appears from the same narrative1 in which we read of football1 sham fights1 water-quintain1 archery1 running1 leaping1 wrestling1 stone-casting1 flinging bucklers1 sliding and skating 7on bones71 besides the brutal sports of hog-1 boar- and cock-fighting1 bull- and bear-baiting4 ,at the other extreme we find the account of a school-day in #afab4 ,work begins at #f1 and those who come first have the best places4 ,at #i o'clock1 there is given #ae minutes for breakfast and recreation2 then work continues until #aa or past 7to balance the #ae minutes off74 ,dinner follows1 and then work until #c or #c4cj1 then #ae minutes off1 and work until #e4cj1 when school closes with a piece of a chapter1 two staves of a psalm and prayer by the master4 ,it is probable1 however1 that these two descriptions are but two sides of the same medal2 that ,fitzstephen's holidays were balanced by work days as tedious as those described by ,brinsley4#i ,a singular fact to be noted in the ,english courtesy books is the almost complete absence of allusions to women4 ,barring the ,good ,wife and ,wise ,man1 which are distinctly middle class in tone1 we have practically nothing to represent the elaborate directions for conduct in some of the foreign treatises4 ,yet it cannot be doubted that the ,english system of patronage led to social problems and rules for the demeanour of young men and women together1 such as prevailed abroad4 ,undoubtedly1 too1 the association of a lord's pages and a lady's maidens must have furthered the arrangement of marriages1 perhaps not always in the way desired4 ,take1 for example1 the case of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,after seven years' service with the royal ladies of ,france1 she came home and was placed in the household of ,queen ,katharine4 ,meanwhile1 there was attendant upon ,cardinal ,wolsey a certain young ,lord ,percy1 who1 whenever his master was with the king1 would 8resort for pastime into the queen's chamber1 and there would fall in dalliance among the queen's maidens40 ,in the end1 he and ,mistress ,anne were secretly troth-plight2 but ,wolsey discovered the arrangement and sent the girl home1 whereat she 8smoked0 7we say fumed7 until she was recalled and heard of the great love the king bore her 8in the bottom of his stomach02 then she 8began to look very hault and stout1 having all manner of jewels or rich apparel that might be gotten for money40 ,and doubtless there are many other similar complications to be found among old records1 and more have perished1 or were never written down at all4 ,it is something of a shock to turn from the elaborate rules for carving and serving1 as set forth by ,russell and others1 to the domestic records of the time4 ,the mingled splendour and squalor of the ,middle ,ages almost passes belief4 ,we read of priceless hangings and costumes that cost each a small fortune1 yet ,erasmus describes the floors in noblemen's houses as sometimes encumbered with refuse for twenty years together4#aj ,king ,edward ,,iv4 was provided with a barber who shaved him once a week1 and washed his head1 feet1 and legs1 if he so desired4 ,a proper bath1 according to ,russell1 seems to have been an event to be heralded with flowers and resorted to chiefly as curative4 ,we see to-day the splendid palaces and castles1 such as ,hampton ,court and ,windsor1 ,knole and ,penshurst and ,warwick1 built by kings and noblemen1 and yet ,henry ,,viii had to enact a law against the filthy condition of the servants in his own kitchen1 and ,wolsey1 passing through the suitors in ,westminster ,hall1 carried disinfectants concealed in an orange4 ,it is this contrast in manners1 doubtless1 which will first strike the reader4 ,a young nobleman had to be instructed not only how to hold his carving-knife with a thumb and two fingers1 but also not to dip his meat into the salt-cellar1 or lick the dust out of dish with his tongue1 or wipe his nose on the table-cloth2 and other instructions were added too primitive for translation4 ,undoubtedly1 the general impression that one derives is1 as ,dr4 ,furnivall puts it1 of 8dirty1 ill-mannered1 awkward young gawks10 whose 8maistyrs0 were greatly to be pitied4 ,but1 on the whole1 it is surprising to note how little the fundamental bases of good manners have altered4 ,though we are not to-day so plain-spoken1 our ideals are similar to those of our ancestors1 but theirs was the greater difficulty of attainment4 ,personal cleanliness1 self-respect1 reverence to one's better1 and consideration for one's neighbour seem to have been then as they are now1 the foundation-stones4 ,on the other hand1 it is interesting to notice the development of manners with improved conditions of life4 ,one code was altered with the introduction of the handkerchief1 another with the use of the fork 7apparently first mentioned in #adfc1 but not common until after #afjj1 though it had long been in use on the ,continent71 and so on1 so that by degrees social expedients and ceremonies change1 while essentials remain4 ,of each of the pieces here included ,i give a brief account in the notes4 ,needless to say1 they form only a small portion of an enormous practical literature1 though they are fairly representative of the ,english branch of it1 for the time that they cover4 ,in order to bring even so much within the compass of this small volume1 it has been found necessary to condense4 ,the principle of condensation has been as follows3 whenever a text is particularly wordy for the matter that it contains1 or has been found difficult to reproduce in modern language in the old verse-form1 it has been done simply into prose4 ,in cases where the metrical form has been preserved1 perhaps both rhythm and rhyme have suffered in the translation2 but in no instance has there been any poetic beauty lost1 for the plain reason that the literary value of these productions is nil4 ,in addition to a few omissions on grounds of taste1 ,i have put aside various recipes and dietaries1 hoping to use them later in a book devoted entirely to that sort of thing2 and for the same reason1 ,i have omitted considerable portions of ,russell's work1 in which he deals with the dietetic properties and values of different kinds of food1 describes various sorts of wines1 enters into the details of carving fish1 flesh1 and fowl1 and sets forth numerous recipes and elaborate menus4 ,it is all interesting but has little to do with manners4 ,likewise1 ,i have omitted ,wynkyn de ,worde's ,book of ,carving1 which seems to be only a prose version of ,russell1 portions of ,rhodes's work which deal rather with professional serving-men1 and of ,seager's and ,west's books1 which treat of morals rather than manners4 ,further1 ,i have omitted the various ,latin and ,french poems on the subject1 and a number of odds and ends of a generally didactic character1 which1 it seemed1 could be best spared4 ,in translating1 ,i have tried to keep as much as possible the quaint flavour of the originals1 especially in the case of those rendered into modern ,english in the verse form4 ,to that end ,i have retained old words and constructions whenever they seemed intelligible1 although eccentric and perhaps ungrammatical to-day4 ,when an archaic word alone conveyed the exact meaning1 or was especially picturesque1 ,i have left it1 with a gloss at the bottom of the page1 where also ,i refer to notes at the end1 on points which seem to require special elucidation4 ,my aim throughout has been to make the texts clear with the minimum of alteration4 ,doubtless ,i could have improved the metre frequently by merely a change in order of words2 but ,i thought it better to meddle as little as possible1 except for the sake of clearness2 and so the verse often bumps along cheerfully1 regardless of rhythm1 style1 and grammar4 ,i think ,i may claim that in substance the modernised ,babees' ,book is as near as possible to its original4 ,about half of the translations have been made by ,miss ,l4 ,j4 ,naylor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,babees' ,,book ,,or ,a ,,little ,,report ,,of ,,how ,,young ,,people ,,should ,,behave ,,may ,he who formed mankind in ,his image1 support me while ,i turn this treatise out of ,latin into my common language1 that through this little comment all of tender years may receive instruction in courtesy and virtue4 ,facet#aa saith that the ,book of ,courtesy to teach the practice of virtue is the most helpful thing in the world1 so ,i will not shrink from this labour or refuse it2 but for mine own learning will say something that touches upon the matter4 ,but oh1 young babies1 whom blood royal hath endowed with grace1 comeliness1 and high ability1 it is on you ,i call to know this book1 for it were great pity but that ye added to sovereign beauty virtue and good manners4 ,therefore ,i speak to you specially1 and not to old men expert in governance1 decorum1 and honest manners1 for what need is to give pangs to ,hell1 joy to ,heaven1 water to the sea1 or heat to fire already hot8 ,and so1 young babies1#ab my book is only for your instruction2 wherefore ,i pray that no man reprehend it1 but amend it where it is at fault1 and judge it not1 for your own sake4 ,i seek no other reward but that it may please men and give you some ease in learning4#ab ,also1 sweet children1 if there be in it any word that ye ken not1 speer#ac while ye may1 and when ye know it1 bear it in mind2 and so by asking you may learn of wise men4 ,also1 think not too strangely that my pen writes in this metre2#ab for such verse is commonly used1 therefore take heed4 ,and first of all1 ,i think to show how you babies who dwell in households1 should 'have#ad yourselves when ye be set at meat1 and how when men bid you be merry1 you should be ready with lovely1 sweet and benign words4 ,in this1 aid me1 ,o ,mary1 ,mother ,revered2 and eke1 ,o lady mine1 ,facetia1#ab guide thou my pen and show unto me help4 ,for as ,a is the first of all letters1 so art thou mother of all virtue4 ,have pity1 sweet lady1 of my lack of wit1 and though untaught ,i speak of demeanour1 support my ignorance with thy goodly aid4 ,ah1 8bele#ae babees10 hearken now to my lore4 ,when you enter your lord's place1 say 8,god speed10 and with humble cheer greet all who are there present4 ,do not rush in rudely1 but enter with head up and at an easy pace1 and kneel on one knee only to your lord or sovereign1 whichever he be4 ,if any speak to you at your coming1 look straight at them with a steady eye1 and give good ear to their words while they be speaking2 and see to it with all your might that ye jangle#af not1 nor let your eyes wander about the house1 but pay heed to what is said1 with blithe visage and diligent spirit4 ,when ye answer1 ye shall be ready with what ye shall say1 and speak 8things fructuous10#ag and give your reasons smoothly in words that are gentle but compendious1#ah for many words are right tedious to the wise man who listens2 therefore eschew them with diligence4 ,take no seat1 but be ready to stand until you are bidden to sit down4 ,keep your hands and feet at rest2 do not claw your flesh or lean against a post1 in the presence of your lord1 or handle anything belonging to the house4 ,make obeisance to your lord always when you answer2 otherwise1 stand as still as a stone1 unless he speak4 ,look with one accord that if ye see any person better than yourself come in1 ye go backwards anon and give him place1 and in nowise turn your face from him1 as far forth as you may4 ,if you see your lord drinking1 keep silence1 without loud laughter1 chattering1 whispering1 joking or other insolence4 ,if he command you to sit in his presence1 fulfil his wish at once1 and strive not with another about your seat4 ,when you are set down1 tell no dishonest tale2 eschew also1 with all your might1 to be scornful2 and let your cheer be humble1 blithe1 and merry1 not chiding as if ye were ready for a fight4 ,if you perceive that your better is pleased to commend you1 rise up anon and thank him heartily4 ,if you see your lord and lady speaking of household matters1 leave them alone1 for that is courtesy1 and interfere not with their doing2 but be ready1 without feigning1 to do your lord service1 and so shall you get a good name4 ,also1 to fetch him drink1 to hold the light when it is time1 and to do whatsoever ought to be done1 look ye be ready2 for so shall ye full soon get a gentle name in nurture4 ,and if you should ask a boon of ,god1 you can desire no better thing than to be well-mannered4 ,if your lord is pleased to offer you his own cup to drink1 rise when you take it1 and receive it goodly with both your hands1 and when you have done1 proffer it to no man else1 but render it again to him that brought it1 for in nowise should it be used commonly--so wise men teach us4 ,now must ,i tell you shortly what you shall do at noon when your lord goes to his meat4 ,be ready to fetch him clear water1 and some of you hold the towel for him until he has done1 and leave not until he be set down1 and ye have heard grace said4 ,stand before him until he bids you sit1 and be always ready to serve him with clean hands4 ,when ye be set1 keep your own knife clean and sharp1 that so ye may carve honestly#ai your own meat4 ,let courtesy and silence dwell with you1 and tell no foul tales to another4 ,cut your bread with your knife and break it not4 ,lay a clean trencher#bj before you1 and when your pottage is brought1 take your spoon and eat quietly2 and do not leave your spoon in the dish1 ,i pray you4 ,look ye be not caught leaning on the table1 and keep clear of soiling the cloth4 ,do not hang your head over your dish1 or in any wise drink with full mouth4 ,keep from picking your nose1 your teeth1 your nails at meal-time--so we are taught4 ,advise you against taking so muckle meat into your mouth but that ye may right well answer when men speak to you4 ,when ye shall drink1 wipe your mouth clean with a cloth1 and your hands also1 so that you shall not in any way soil the cup1 for then shall none of your companions be loth to drink with you4 ,likewise1 do not touch the salt in the salt-cellar with any meat2 but lay salt honestly on your trencher1 for that is courtesy4 ,do not carry your knife to your mouth with food1 or hold the meat with your hands in any wise2 and also if divers good meats are brought to you1 look that with all courtesy ye assay of each2 and if your dish be taken away with its meat and another brought1 courtesy demands that ye shall let it go and not ask for it back again4 ,and if strangers be set at table with you1 and savoury meat be brought or sent to you1 make them good cheer with part of it1 for certainly it is not polite when others be present at meat with you1 to keep all that is brought you1 and like churls vouchsafe nothing to others4 ,do not cut your meat like field-men who have such an appetite that they reck not in what wise1 where or when or how ungoodly they hack at their meat2 but1 sweet children1 have always your delight in courtesy and in gentleness1 and eschew boisterousness with all your might4 ,when cheese is brought1 have a clean trencher1 on which with a clean knife ye may cut it2 and in your feeding look ye appear goodly1 and keep your tongue from jangling1 for so indeed shall ye deserve a name for gentleness and good governance1 and always advance yourself in virtue4 ,when the end of the meal is come1 clean your knives1 and look you put them up where they ought to be1#ba and keep your seat until you have washed1 for so wills honesty4 ,when ye have done1 look then that ye rise up without laughter or joking or boisterous word1 and go to your lord's table1 and there stand1 and pass not from him until grace be said and brought to an end4 ,then some of you should go for water1 some hold the cloth1 some pour upon his hands4 ,other things ,i might commend you to do1 but as my time is brief1 ,i put them not into this little report2 but overpass them1 praying with a spirit that rejoices in this labour1 that no man abuse me2 but where too little is1 let him add more1 and where too much1 let him take away1 for though ,i would1 time forbids that ,i say more4 ,therefore ,i take my leave1 and inscribe this book to every wight whom it may please to correct it4 ,and1 sweet children1 for love of whom ,i write1 ,i beseech you1 with very loving heart1 that you set your delight upon knowing this book2 and may ,almighty ,god that suffered bitter pains1 make you so expert in courtesy that through your nurture and your governance you may advance yourselves to lasting bliss4 ,,the ,a ,b ,c ,,of ,,aristotle ,,whoso wills to be wise and worship desires1 ,learn he one letter and look on another1 ,of the ,a ,b ,c of ,aristotle4 ,argue not against that4 ,it is counsel for right many clerks and knights a thousand1 ,and eke it might amend a man1 full oft1 ,for to learn lore of one letter1 and his life save2 ,for too much of any thing was never wholesome4 ,read oft on this roll1 and rule thee thereafter4 ,whoso be grieved in his ghost1 govern him better2 ,blame he not the bairn that this ,a ,b ,c made1 ,but wite#bb he his wicked will and his work after4 ,it shall never grieve a good man1 though the guilty be mended1 ,now hearken and hear how ,i begin4 ,be not-- ,a too ,amorous1 too ,adventurous1 nor ,argue too much4 ,b too ,bold1 too ,busy1 nor ,babble#bc too long4 ,c too ,courteous1 too ,cruel1 nor ,care too sorely4 ,d too ,dull1 too ,dreading1#bd nor ,drink too oft4 ,e too ,elenge1#be too ,excellent1#bf nor too ,earnest neither4 ,f too ,fierce1 too ,familiar1 but ,friendly of cheer4 ,g too ,glad1 too 7vain-7,glorious1 and ,gelousy#bg thou hate4 ,h too ,hasty1 too ,hare-brained1 nor too ,heavy in thy ,heart4 ,j too ,jetting1#bh too ,jangling1#bi nor ,jape#cj not too oft4 ,k too ,kind1 too ,keeping1 and beware of ,knaves' tricks4 ,l too ,loth1 too ,loving1 nor too ,liberal of goods4 ,m too ,meddling1 too ,merry1 but as ,measure asketh4 ,n too 7an-7,noying1 too ,nice1#ca nor too ,new-fangled either4 ,o too ,overbold1 too ,overthwart1#cb and hate thou ,oaths4 ,p too ,praising1 too ,privy#cc with ,princes or dukes4 ,q too ,quaint1 too ,querulous1 and ,queme#cd thy master4 ,r too ,riotous1 too ,revelling1 nor ,rage too ,rudely4 ,s too ,strange1 too ,stirring1 nor ,stare too strangely4 ,t too ,toiling1 too ,tale-bearing1 for ,temperance is best4 ,v too ,vengeful1 too ,envious1 and 7a-7,void all ,villainy4 ,w too ,wild1 too ,wrathful1 nor ,waste1 nor ,wade too deep4 ,for a ,measurable ,mean is best for us all4 ,learn this or go ,lacking4#ce ,,urbanitatis#cf ,,whoso will of nurture know1 ,hark to me and ,i will show4 ,when you come before a lord1 ,in hall1 in bower1 or at board1 ,you must doff or cap or hood1 ,ere before him you have stood4 ,twice or thrice beyond a doubt1 ,before your sovereign must you lout#cg2 ,on the right knee bend you low2 ,for your own sake do ye so4 ,hold your cap1 forbear to don1 ,till you're told to put it on4 ,all the while you speak with him1 ,fair and lovely hold up your chin4 ,as bids the nurture of the book1 ,in his face straight shall you look4 ,keep your hands still and your feet2 ,to claw or trip it is not meet4#ch ,when into the hall you wend1 ,among the gentles1 good and hend#ci ,press not up high for any thing1 ,for noble blood or wit cunning4 ,neither sit ye1 neither lean1 ,for this is neither good nor clean4 ,let not your countenance abate1#dj ,for good nurture will save your state4 ,if father1 mother be right naught1 ,happy the child that is well taught4 ,in hall1 in chamber1 mind you then3 ,good manners always make good men4#da ,look wisely to your betters ay1 ,do them reverence as you may2 ,but do ye none1 sit all in row1 ,unless ye them for betters know4 ,when you are set before the meat1 ,fair and honestly it eat4 ,first1 look ye that your hands be clean1 ,and that your knife be sharp and keen2 ,then cut your bread and all your meat1 ,even when you set to eat4 ,if you sit by a worthier man ,than ye yourself well reckon can1 ,suffer him first and do not let#db ,that he before you meat should get4 ,for the best piece do not strike#dc ,though you never so well it like4 ,also keep your hands full well1 ,not to 'file#dd the fair towl4 ,nor wipe your nose upon the cloth2 ,to pick your teeth at meat be loth4 ,nor in the cup too deeply sink1 ,though ye have good will to drink1 ,lest your eyen water thereby2 ,for then it is no courtesy4 ,look in your mouth there be no meat1 ,when you begin to drink or speak4 ,and when you see a man would drink1 ,who heeds your carping1#de you bethink1 ,and soon anon make end your tale1 ,whether he drink wine or ale4 ,and look1 ye scorn no man also1 ,in what degree ye see him go4 ,no man shall ye reprove or chide1 ,if ye in worship#df would abide4 ,for words ye might speak out apace-- ,should make you live in evil case4 ,close your hand upon your fist1#dg ,and keep you well from 8,had ,i wist#dh--0 ,in chamber among the ladies bright1 ,keep your tongue and spend your sight4 ,laugh not too loud with great outcry2 ,neither rage with ribaldry4 ,play with none but with your peer1 ,and tell not all the tales you hear4 ,discover#di not your own good deed1 ,neither for mirth1 nor yet for meed4#ej ,gentle of speech--ye have your will2 ,but foul of speech--ye fare full ill4 ,if ye follow a worthier man1 ,than ye yourself well reckon can1 ,let your right shoulder follow his back1#ea ,for that is nurture ye must not lack4 ,when he speaks1 then hold you still2 ,when he has done1 say then your will4 ,be careful what you say or tell1 ,and in your speech advise you well4 ,bereave#eb ye no man of his tale1 ,neither at wine nor at ale4 ,now may ,christ of his sweet grace1 ,give us all both wit and space ,this treatise well to know and read1 ,and ,heaven at last to have for meed4 ,amen1 ,amen1 so may it be4 ,so say we all for charity6 ,explicit ,tractus ,urbanitatis4 ,,the ,,little ,,children',s ,,little ,,book ,,little children1 draw ye near ,and learn the courtesy written here2 ,for clerks that well the ,seven ,arts know1#ec ,say ,courtesy came to earth below1 ,when ,gabriel hailed ,our ,lady by name1 ,and ,elizabeth to ,mary came4#ec ,all virtues are closed#ed in courtesy1 ,and vices all in villainy4#ec ,look thy hands be washd clean1 ,that no filth on thy nails be seen4 ,take thou no meat till grace be said1 ,and till thou see all things arrayed4#ee ,look1 my son1 that thou not sit1 ,till the ruler of the house thee bid4 ,and at thy meat1 in the beginning1 ,look on poor men that thou think2#ef ,for the full stomach ever faileth ,to understand what the hungry aileth4 ,eat not thy meat too hastily2 ,abide and eat thou easily4 ,till thou have thy full service1 ,touch thou no mess#ef in no wise4 ,carve thou not thy bread too thin1 ,nor break it not in twain4 ,the morsels thou beginnest to touch ,cast them not into thy pouch4 ,put not thy fingers in thy dish1 ,neither in flesh1 neither in fish4 ,put not thy meat into the salt1 ,into the cellar1 that is a fault2#ef ,but lay it fairly thee before1 ,upon thy trencher1 that is good lore4 ,pick not thine ears nor thy nostrils2 ,if thou do1 men will say thou come of churls4 ,and while thy meat in thy mouth is1 ,drink thou not--forget not this4 ,eat thy meat by small morsels too1 ,fill not thy mouth1 as brothels#eg do4 ,pick not thy teeth with thy knife4 ,in no company begin thou strife4 ,and when thou hast thy pottage done1 ,out of thy dish thou put thy spoon4 ,nor spit thou not over the table1 ,nor thereupon--that is nothing able4#eh ,lay not thy elbow nor thy fist ,upon the table whiles thou eat'st4 ,bulk#ei not1 as a bean were in thy throat1 ,as a carl#fj that comes out of a cot4 ,if thy meat be of great price1 ,beware of it1 or thou art not wise4 ,speak no word1 nor still nor stark1#fa ,and honour and courtesy look thou work4#fb ,and at the table look thou make good cheer2 ,look thou whisper not in no man's ear4 ,with thy fingers#fb thou touch and taste ,thy meat1 and look thou do no waste4 ,look thou laugh not neither grin2 ,and with much speech thou may'st do sin4 ,meat nor drink look thou not spill1 ,but set it down1 both fair and still4 ,keep thy cloth clean thee beforn1 ,and bear thee so thou have no scorn4 ,bite not thy meat1 but carve it clean1 ,be well aware no drop be seen4#fc ,when thou eatest gape not too wide1 ,that thy mouth be seen on ilk a side4 ,and son1 beware1 ,i rede1 of one thing3 ,blow neither in thy meat nor in thy drink4 ,and if thy lord drink at that tide1 ,drink thou not1 but him abide2 ,be it at even1 be it at noon1 ,drink thou not till he have done4 ,upon thy trencher no dirt must be2 ,it is not honest as ,i tell thee4 ,nor drink behind no man's back2#fc ,for if thou do1 thou art to lack4 ,if cheese come forth1 be not too greedy1 ,nor to cut thereof too speedy4 ,cast not thy bones unto the floor1 ,but on thy trencher thee before4 ,keep clean thy cloth before thee all1 ,and sit thou still1 whatso befall1 ,till grace be said unto the end1 ,and till thou have washen with thy friend4 ,let him that worthier is than thou art1 ,wash before thee2 that is thy part4 ,and spit thou not in thy basin ,my sweet son1 that thou washest in4 ,and arise then up1 full soft and still1 ,and jangle neither with ,jack nor ,jill4#fd ,but take thy leave of the head lowly1 ,and thank him with thine heart highly1 ,and all the gentles together the same1#fd ,and bare thee so thou have no blame4 ,then will men thereafter say3 8,a gentleman was here to-day40 ,and he that despiseth this teaching1 ,he is not worthy1 without leasing1 ,neither at good man's table to sit1 ,nor of no worship for to wit4#fe ,and therefore1 children1 for charity1 ,love this book though it little be1 ,and pray for him that made it thus1 ,that he may be helped by sweet ,jess1 ,to live and die among his friends1 ,and never to be cumbered with no fiends4#ff ,and give us grace in joy to be1 ,amen1 ,amen1 for charity6 ,explicit4 ,learn or be ,lewd1 quoth ,whytyng4 ,here endeth the ,book of ,courtesy that is full necessary unto young children that must needs learn the manner of courtesy4 ,,the ,,young ,,children',s ,,book ,,whoso will thrive must be courteous1 and learn the virtues in his youth1 or in his age he is outcast among men4 ,clerks who know the ,seven ,sciences#ff say that ,courtesy came from heaven when ,gabriel greeted our ,lady and ,elizabeth met with her2 and in it are included all virtues1 as all vices in rudeness4 ,arise betimes from your bed1 cross your breast and your forehead1 wash your hands and face1 comb your hair1 and ask the grace of ,god to speed you in all your works2 then go to ,mass and ask mercy for all your trespasses4 ,say 8,good morning0 courteously to whomsoever you meet by the way4 ,when ye have done1 break your fast with good meat and drink1 but before eating cross your mouth1 your diet will be the better for it4 ,then say your grace--it occupies but little time--and thank the ,lord ,jesus for your food and drink4 ,say also a ,pater ,noster and an ,ave ,maria for the souls that lie in pain1 and then go labour as you are bound to do4 ,be not idle1 for ,holy ,scripture says to you of ,christian faith that if you work1 you must eat what you get with your hands4#fg ,a man's arms are for working as a bird's wings for flying4 ,look you be true in word and deed1 the better shall you prosper2 for truth never works a man shame1 but rather keeps him out of sin4 ,the ways to ,heaven are twain1 mercy and truth1 say clerks2 and he who will come to the life of bliss1 must not fail to walk therein4 ,make no promise save it be good1 and then keep it with all your might1 for every promise is a debt that must not be remitted through falsehood4 ,love ,god and your neighbour1 and thus may ye say without fear or dread that you keep all the law4 ,uncalled go to no council1 scorn not the poor1 nor hurt any man1 learn of him that can teach you1 be no flatterer or scoffer1 oppress not your servants1 be not proud1 but meek and gentle1 and always walk behind your betters4 ,when your better shows his will1 be silent2 and in speaking to any man keep your hands and feet quiet1 and look up into his face1 and be always courteous4 ,point not with your finger at anything1 nor be lief#fh to tell tidings4 ,if any man speak well of you or of your friends1 he must be thanked4 ,have few words and wisely placed1 for so may you win a good name4 ,use no swearing or falsehood in buying or selling1 else shall you be shamed at the last4 ,get your money honestly1 and keep out of debt and sin4 ,be eager to please1 and so live in peace and quiet4 ,advise you well of whom you speak1 and when and where and to whom4 ,whenever you come unto a door1 say1 8,god be here10 ere you go further1 and speak courteously1 wherever you are1 to sire or dame or their household4 ,stand1 and sit not down to meat until you are told by him that rules the hall2 and do not change your seat1 but sit upright and mannerly where he bids1 and eat and drink and be fellowly1 and share with him that sits by you--thus teaches ,dame ,courtesy4 ,take your salt with a clean knife4 ,be cool of speech and quarrel not1 nor backbite a man who is away1 but be glad to speak well of all4 ,hear and see and say nothing1 then shall ye not be put to proof4 ,hold you pleased with the meat and drink set before you1 nor ask for better4 ,wipe your mouth before you drink lest it foul the edge of the cup2 and keep your fingers1 your lips and your chin clean1 if you would win a good name4 ,when your meat is in your mouth1 do not drink or speak or laugh--,dame ,courtesy forbids4 ,praise your fare1 wheresoever you be1 for whether it be good or bad it must be taken in good part4 ,whether you spit near or far1 hold your hand before your mouth to hide it4 ,keep your knife clean and sharp1 and cleanse it on some cut bread1 not on the cloth1 ,i bid you2 a courteous man is careful of the cloth4 ,do not put your spoon in the dish or on the edge of it1 as the untaught do1 or make a noise when you sup as do boys4 ,do not put the meat off your trencher into the dish1 but get a voider and empty it into that4 ,when your better hands you a cup1 take it with both hands lest it fall1 and drink yourself and set it by2 and if he speaks to you1 doff your cap and bow your knee4 ,do not scratch yourself at the table so that men call you a daw1#fi nor wipe your nose or nostrils1 else men will say you are come of churls4 ,make neither the cat nor the dog your fellow at the table4 ,and do not play with the spoon1 or your trencher1 or your knife2 but lead your life in cleanliness and honest manners4 ,this book is made for young children that bide not long at the school4#gj ,it may soon be conned and learned1 and will make them good if they be bad4 ,god give them grace to be virtuous1 for so may they thrive4 ,amen6 quoth ,kate4#gj ,,stans ,,puer ,,ad ,,mensam#ga ,,my dear son1 first thyself enable ,with all thine heart to virtuous discipline2 ,afore thy sovereign1 standing at the table1 ,dispose thou thyself1 after my doctrine1 ,to all nurture thy courage to incline4 ,first1 let all recklessness in speaking cease1 ,and keep both hands and fingers still at peace4 ,be simple of cheer1 cast not thy look aside1 ,gaze not about1 nor turn thy sight over all2 ,against the post let not thy back abide1 ,neither make thy mirror of the wall4 ,pick not thy nose1 and most in specil1 ,be well aware and set hereon thy thought3 ,before thy sovereign nor scratch nor pick thee nought4 ,whoso speak to thee in any manner place1 ,lumpishly cast not thy head adown1 ,but with sober cheer look in his face2 ,demurely walk through streets while in the town4 ,and take good heed of wisdom and renown1 ,that by no wanton laughing thou do no offence1 ,before thy sovereign1 while he is in presence4 ,pare clean thy nails1 and wash thy hands also1 ,before thy meat and when thou dost arise2 ,sit in that place thou art assignd to1 ,press not too high in any manner wise4 ,and when thy dinner served before thee lies1 ,be not too hasty upon thy bread to bite1 ,lest men of greediness should thee indict4#gb ,grinning and mowing#gc at the table eschew2 ,cry not too loud2 honestly keep silence4 ,to stuff thy jaws with bread it is not due1 ,with full mouth speak not1 lest thou do offence4 ,drink not with bridle#gd for haste or negligence ,keep clean thy lips from fat of flesh or fish2 ,wipe fair thy spoon1 nor leave it in thy dish4 ,of bitten bread with thy teeth no sops think thou to make2 ,loud for to sup gainsays all gentleness4 ,with mouth imbrued#ge thy cup thou must not take1 ,in ale1 in wine1 with hand leave no fatnss2 ,nor foul the napery through recklessness4 ,beware that at the meat thou begin no strife4 ,thy teeth at table pick not with no knife4 ,of honest mirth let be thy dalliance1 ,swear no oaths and speak no ribaldry2 ,the best morsels--have this in remembrance-- ,wholly thyself to take do not apply4 ,part with thy fellows1 for that is courtesy4 ,heap not thy trencher high with many morsls1 ,and from blackness alway keep thy nails4 ,of courtesy it is against the law ,with rudeness1 son1 to make cause of offence2 ,of old forfeits#gf upbraid not thy fellow2 ,toward thy sovereign do reverence4 ,play with no knife--take heed to my sentence4 ,at meat and at supper keep thee still and soft2 ,eke to and fro move not thy feet too oft4 ,drop not thy breast with stew#gg and other pottge1 ,bring no unscoured knives unto the table2 ,fill not thy spoon lest in the carrige ,it spill aside1 which were not commendble4 ,be quick and ready1 meek and serviceble1 ,well awaiting to fulfil anon ,what that thy sovereign commandeth to be done4 ,and wheresoever thou be to dine or sup1 ,of gentleness1 take salt with thy knife4 ,and be well aware thou blow not in the cup4 ,reverence thy fellows1 begin with them no strife4 ,to thy power keep peace all thy life4 ,interrupt no man1 whereso that thou wend1 ,no man in his tale1 till he have made an end4 ,with thy fingers mark thou not thy tale4 ,be well advised1 and namely1 in tender age1 ,to drink measurably both wine and ale4 ,be not too copious of thy languge4 ,as time requireth1 show not thy visge ,too glad nor sorry1 but keep thee even between1 ,for loss1 or lucre1 or any case suddn4 ,be soft#gh in measure1 not hasty but tractble2 ,over-soft is nought1 in no manner thing4 ,to children belongeth not to be vengeble1#gi ,soon movd and full soon again fighting2#hj ,and as it is remembered by writing3 ,wrath of children is soon overgone2 ,with the parts of an apple they be made at one4#ha ,in children war is now mirth and now debate2 ,in their quarrel is no great violence2 ,now play1 now weeping1 and seldom in one estate1 ,to their complaints give never any crednce4 ,a rod reformeth all their negligence4 ,in their courage#hb no rancour doth abide4 ,who that spareth the rod all virtues sets aside4 ,ah1 little ballad1 void of eloquence1#hc ,i pray young children that thee shall see and read1 ,though thou be copious of sentence1 ,yet to thy clauses for to take heed1 ,which into all virtue shall their youth lead4 ,in this writing1 though there be no date1 ,if aught be amiss in word1 syllable or deed1 ,i submit me to correction without any debate4 ,,how ,,the ,,good ,,wife ,,taught ,,her ,,daughter ,,the good wife taught her daughter1 ,full many a time and oft1 ,a full good woman to be2 ,for said she3 8,daughter to me dear1 ,something good now must thou hear1 ,if thou wilt prosper thee4 ,daughter1 if thou wilt be a wife1 ,look wisely that thou work2 ,look lovely and in good life1 ,love ,god and ,holy ,kirk4#hd ,go to church whene'er thou may1 ,look thou spare for no rain1 ,for best thou farest on that day2 ,to commune with ,god be fain4 ,he must needs well thrive1 ,that liveth well all his life1#he ,my lief#hf child4 ,gladly give thy tithes and thy offerings both1 ,to the poor and the bed-rid--look thou be not loth4 ,give of thine own goods and be not too hard1 ,for seldom is the house poor where ,god is stewrd4 ,well is he provd ,who the poor hath lovd1 ,my lief child4 ,when thou sittest in the church1 o'er thy beads bend2 ,make thou no jangling with gossip or with friend4 ,laugh thou to scorn neither old body nor young1 ,but be of fair bearing and of good tongue4 ,through thy fair bearing ,thy worship hath increasing1 ,my lief child4 ,if any man offer thee courtship1 and would marry thee1 ,look that thou scorn him not1 whatsoever he be2#hg ,but show it to thy friends and conceal it naught4 ,sit not by him nor stand where sin might be wrought1 ,for a slander raised of ill ,is evil for to still1 ,my lief child4 ,the man that shall thee wed before ,god with a ring1 ,love thou him and honour most of earthly thing4 ,meekly thou him answer and not as an atterling1#hh ,so may'st thou slake his mood1#hi and be his dear darling4 ,a fair word and a meek ,doth anger slake1 ,my lief child4 ,fair of speech shalt thou be1 glad and of mild mood1 ,true in word and in deed1 and in conscience good4 ,keep thee from sin1 from villainy and from blame2 ,and look thou bear thee so that none say of thee shame1 ,for he that in good life hath run1 ,full oft his weal hath won1 ,my lief child4 ,be of seemly semblance1 wise1 and other good cheer2 ,change not thy countenance for aught that thou may hear4 ,fare not as a gig1#ij for nought that may betide4 ,laugh thou not too loud nor yawn thou not too wide4 ,but laugh thou soft and mild1 ,and be not of cheer too wild1 ,my lief child4 ,and when thou goest on thy way1 go thou not too fast1 ,brandish not with thy head1 nor with thy shoulders cast1#ia ,have not too many words1 from swearing keep aloof1 ,for all such manners come to an evil proof4 ,for he that catcheth to him an evil name1 ,it is to him a foul fame1 ,my lief child4 ,go thou not into the town1 as it were agaze1#ib ,from one house to another1 for to seek the maze2#ic ,nor to sell thy russet1#id to the market shalt thou go1 ,and then to the tavern to bring thy credit low4 ,for they that taverns haunt ,from thrift soon come to want1 ,my lief child4 ,and if thou be in any place where good ale is aloft1#ie ,whether that thou serve thereof or that thou sit soft1 ,measurably thou take thereof1 that thou fall in no blame1 ,for if thou be often drunk1 it falleth to thy shame4 ,for those that be often drunk-- ,thrift is from them sunk1 ,my lief child4 ,go not to the wrestling or shooting at the cock1#if ,as it were a strumpet or a gigggelot#ig2 ,dwell at home1 daughter1 and love thy work much1 ,and so thou shalt1 my lief child1 wax the sooner rich4 ,a merry thing 'tis evermore1 ,a man to be served of his own store1 ,my lief child4 ,acquaint thee not with each man that goeth by the street1 ,though any man speak to thee1 swiftly#ih thou him greet2 ,by him do not stand1 but let him his way depart1 ,lest he by his villainy should tempt thy heart4 ,for all men be not true ,that fair words can shew1 ,my lief child4 ,also1 for covetousness gifts beware to take2 ,unless thou know why else1#ii quickly them forsake2 ,for with gifts may men soon women overcome1 ,though they were as true as steel or as stone4 ,bound forsooth is she ,that of any man takes fee1#ajj ,my lief child4 ,and wisely govern thy house1 and serving maids and men1 ,be thou not too bitter or too debonaire with them2 ,but look well what most needs to be done1 ,and set thy people at it1 both rathely#aja and soon4 ,for ready is at need ,a foredone#ajb deed1 ,my lief child4 ,and if thy husband be from home1 let not thy folk do ill1 ,but look who doeth well and who doeth nil2 ,and he that doeth well1 quit him well his while1 ,but he that doeth other1 serve him as the vile4 ,a foredone deed ,will another speed1#ajc ,my lief child4 ,and if thy time be strait and great be thy need1 ,then like a housewife set to work with speed2 ,then will they all do better that about thee stand1 ,for work is sooner done that hath full many a hand4 ,for many a hand and wight ,makes a heavy work light2 ,and after thy good service1 ,thy name shall arise1 ,my lief child4 ,whate'er thy household doth1 about them must thou wend1 ,and as much as thou mayest1 be at that one end1 ,if thou find any fault1 make them soon amend1 ,as they have time and space1 and may them defend4 ,to compel a deed be done1 if there be no space1 ,it is but tyranny1 without temperance and grace1 ,my lief child4 ,and look that all things be well when they their work forsake1 ,forget thou not the keys into thy ward to take ,and beware to whom thou trustest1 and for no fancy spare1 ,for much harm hath fallen to them that be not 'ware4 ,but1 daughter1 look thou be wise1 and do as ,i thee teach1 ,and trust none better than thyself1 for no fair speech1 ,my lief child4 ,and give your household their hire at their term-day1#ajd ,whether they dwell still with thee1 or they wend away4 ,do well by them of the goods thou hast in hold1 ,and then shall they say well of thee1 both the young and old4 ,thy good name to thy friends ,great joy and gladness lends1 ,my lief child4 ,and if thy neighbour's wife hath on rich attire1 ,therefore mock not1 nor let scorn burn thee as a fire4 ,but thank thou ,god in heaven for what ,he may thee give1 ,and so shalt thou1 my daughter dear1 a good life live1 ,he hath ease in his power1 ,who thanks the ,lord every hour1 ,my lief child4 ,housewifely thou shalt go on the working day1 ,for pride1 rest1 and idleness take thrift away2 ,but when the ,holy ,day is come1 well clothd shalt thou be1 ,the ,holy ,day to honour1 and ,god will cherish thee4 ,have in mind to worship ,god alway1 ,for much pride comes of the evil day1 ,my lief child4 ,when thou art a wife1 a neighbour for to be1 ,love then well thy neighbours as ,god hath commanded thee4 ,it behoveth thee so for to do1 ,and to do to them as thou would'st be done to4 ,if any discord happen1 night or day1 ,make it no worse1 mend it if thou may1 ,my lief child4 ,and if thou art a rich wife1 be not then too hard1 ,but welcome fair thy neighbours that come to-thee-ward ,with meat1 drink1 and honest cheer1 such as thou mayest bid1#aje ,to each man after his degree1 and help the poor at need4 ,and also for hap that may betide1 ,please well thy neighbours that dwell thee beside1 ,my lief child4 ,daughter1 look that thou beware1 whatsoever thee betide1 ,make not thy husband poor with spending or with pride4 ,a man must spend as he may that hath but easy good1#ajf ,for as a wren hath veins1 men must let her blood4#ajg ,his thrift waxeth thin ,that spendeth ere he win1 ,my lief child4 ,borrow not too busily1 nor take thine hire first1 ,this may make the more need1 and end by being worst4 ,nor make thee not to seem rich with other men's store1 ,therefore spend thou never a farthing more4 ,for though thou borrow fast1 ,it must home again at last1 ,my lief child4 ,and if thy children be rebel and will not bow them low1 ,if any of them misdo1 neither curse them nor blow2#ajh ,but take a smart rod and beat them in a row1 ,till they cry mercy and their guilt well know4 ,dear child1 by this lore ,they will love thee ever more1 ,my lief child4 ,and look to thy daughters that none of them be lorn2 ,from the very time that they are of thee born1 ,busy thyself and gather fast for their marriage1 ,and give them to spousing as soon as they be of age4 ,maidens be fair and amiable1 ,but in their love full unstable1 ,my lief child4 ,now have ,i taught thee1 daughter1 as my mother did me2 ,think thereon night and day1 that forgotten it not be4 ,have measure and lowness1 as ,i have thee taught1 ,then whatever man shall wed thee will regret it naught4 ,better you were a child unbore ,than untaught in this wise lore1 ,my lief child4 ,now thrift and speed be thine1 my sweet bairn near or far6 ,of all our former fathers that ever were or are1 ,of all patriarchs and prophets that ever were alive1-- ,their blessing may'st thou have1 and well may'st thou thrive6 ,for well it is with that child ,that with sin is not defiled1 ,my lief child4 ,the blessing of ,god may'st thou have1 and of ,his mother bright1 ,of all angels and archangels and every holy wight6#aji ,and may'st thou have grace to wend thy way full right1 ,to the bliss of heaven1 where ,god sits in ,his might60 ,amen4 ,,how ,,the ,,wise ,,man ,,taught ,,his ,,son ,,listen1 lordlings1 and ye shall hear how the wise man taught his son4 ,take good heed to this matter and learn it if ye can1 for this song was made with good intent to make men true and steadfast1 and a thing well begun makes often a good ending4 ,there was a wise man taught his son while he was yet a child of tender years1 meek and fair to look upon1 very eager for learning and with a great desire to all goodness2 and his father taught him well and featly by good example and fair words4 ,he said3 8,my son1 take good heed every morning1 ere ye do worldly thing1 lift up your heart to ,god1 and pray as devoutly as you can for grace to lead a good life1 and to escape sin both night and day1 and that heaven's bliss may be your meed4 8,and1 my son1 wherever you go1 be not full of tales2 beware what you say1 for your own tongue may be your foe4 ,if you say aught1 take good heed where and to whom1 for a word spoken to-day may be repented seven years after4 8,and1 son1 whatever manner of man ye be1 give yourself not to idleness1 but busy yourself every day according to your estate4 ,beware of rest and ease1 which things nourish sloth4 ,ever to be busy1 more or less1 is a full good sign of honesty4#aaj 8,and1 son1 ,i warn you also not to desire to bear office1 for then can it be no other than that you must either displease and hurt your neighbours1 or else forswear yourself and not do as your office demands2 and get yourself1 maugr1#aaa here and there1 an hundredfold more than thanks4 8,and1 son1 as far as you may1 go on no evil quests1 nor bear false witness in any man's matter4 ,it were better for you to be deaf and dumb than to enter wrongfully into a quest4 ,think1 son1 on the dreadful doom that ,god shall deem#aab us at the last6 8,and1 son1 of another thing ,i warn you1 on my blessing take good heed of tavern-haunting1 and of the dice1 and flee all lechery1 lest you come to an evil end1 for it will lead astray all your wits and bring you into great mischief4 ,illustration 8,and1 son1 sit not up too long at even1 or have late suppers1 though ye be strong and hale1 for with such outrage your health shall worsen4 ,and of late walking comes debate1#aac and of sitting and drinking out of time1 therefore beware and go to bed betimes and wink4 8,and1 son1 if ye would have a wife1 take her not for her money1 but inquire wisely of all her life1 and give good heed that she be meek1 courteous and prudent1 even though she be poor2 and such an one will do you more good service in time of need1 than a richer4 8,and if your wife be meek and good1 and serve you well and pleasantly1 look ye be not so mad as to charge her too grievously1 but rule her with a fair hand and easy1 and cherish her for her good deeds4 ,for a thing unskilfully overdone makes needless grief to grow1 and it is better to have a meal's meat of homely fare with peace and quiet1 than an hundred dishes with grudging and much care4 ,and therefore learn this well that if you want a wife to your ease1 take her never the more for the riches she may have1 though she might endow you with lands4 8,and ye shall not displease your wife1 nor call her by no villainous names1 for it is a shame to you to miscall a woman2 and in so doing1 ye are not wise1 for if ye defame your own wife1 no wonder that another should do so6 ,soft and fair will tame alike hart and hind1 buck and doe4 8,on the other hand1 be not too hasty to fight or chide1 if thy wife come to you at any time with complaint of man or child2 and be not avenged till you know the truth1 for you might make a stir in the dark1 and afterwards it should rue you both4 8,and1 son1 if you be well at ease1 and sit warm among your neighbours1 do not get new-fangled ideas1 or be hasty to change1 or to flit2#aad for if ye do1 ye lack wit and are unstable1 and men will speak of it and say3 #8,this fool can bide nowhere6' 8,and1 son1 the more goods you have1 the rather bear you meekly1 and be humble1 and boast not overmuch2 it is wasted1 for by their boasting men know fools4 8,and look you pay well what you owe1 and set no great store by other riches1 for death takes both high and low1 and then--farewell1 all that there is6 ,and therefore do by my counsel1 and take example from other men1 how little their goods avail them when they be dolven#aae in their dens2#aaf and one that was not of his kin hath his wife1 and all that there is4#aag 8,son1 keep you from deadly sin1 and assay to enter ,paradise4 ,make amends for your trespasses and deal out of your goods to poor men1 make friends of your foes1 and strive to gain salvation for your soul1 for the world is false and frail1 and every day doth worsen4 ,son1 set nought by this world's weal1 for it fares as a ripe cherry4 ,and death is ever1 ,i trow1 the most certain thing that is2 and nothing is so uncertain as to know the time thereof4 ,therefore1 my son1 think on this1 on all that ,i have said1 and may ,jesus1 who for us bare the crown of thorns1 bring us to ,his bliss40 ,,amen4 ,,john ,,russell',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture 8,,in nomine ,patris1 ,god keep me1 et ,filii1 for charity1 ,et ,spiritus ,sancti1 where that ,i go by land or else by sea6 ,an usher ,i am ye may behold to a prince of high degree1 ,that enjoys to inform and teach all those that would thrive in prosperity40 ,should ,i meet with any man who either through inexperience or through negligence knows naught of such things as ,i shall hereafter diligently show1 for my conscience' sake ,i will instruct him2 for methinks it is charitable to teach virtue and good manners1 in which most youths are barren and dull4 ,but if there be any who can nothing good and are not willing to learn1 give them a bauble to play with1 for they will never thrive4 8,as ,i rose out of my bed1 in a merry season of ,may1 ,to sport me in a forest1 where sights were fresh and gay1 ,i met with the forester2 ,i prayed him to say me not nay1 ,that in his woodland ,i might walk among the deer away4 ,as ,i wandered at will1 in the wood that was so green1 ,there lay three herds of deer1 a seemly sight1 ,i ween4 ,i beheld on my right hand the sun that shone so sheen2 ,i saw where walked a seemly young man1 that slender was and lean4 ,his bow he took in hand toward the deer to stalk1 ,i prayed him his shot to leave and softly with me to walk40 ,thereupon the young man was glad and loved to talk with me2 but when ,i inquired whom he served1 he said3 8,god help me1 sir1 ,i serve myself and else no other man40 8,is thy governance good#aah80 ,i said4 8,my son1 tell me if thou wilt40 8,i would ,i were out of this world10 said he2 8,i reck not how soon when60 8,say not so1 good son1 beware6 ,methinks you mean amiss for ,god forbids wanhope1#aai which is a horrible sin4 ,therefore1 good son1 open your heart to me1 peradventure ,i can relieve you4 ,remember that when bale#abj is highest1 boot#aba is nighest40 8,in truth1 sir1 ,i have sought far and near in many a wildsome way to get me a master4 ,but because ,i knew nothing good1 and showed this wherever ,i went1 every man denied me2 day by day1 wanton#abb and over-nice1 reckless1 lewd and chattering like a jay1 every man refused me40 8,now1 good son1 if ,i will teach1 will you learn8 ,will you be a serving-man1 a ploughman1 a labourer1 a courtier1 a clerk1 a merchant1 a mason or an artificer1 a chamberlain1 a butler1 a panter or a carver80 8,teach me1 sir1 the duties of a butler1 a panter or a chamberlain1 and especially1 the cunning of a carver4 ,if you will make me to know all these1 ,i will pray for your soul that it come never in pain60 8,son1 ,i will teach you with right good will1 so as you will love and fear ,god as is right and proper1 be true to your master1 and not waste his goods1 but love and fear him1 and duly fulfil his commandments40 ,the ,duties of a ,panter or ,butler 8,the first year1 my son1 you shall be panter or butler4 ,in the pantry1 you must always keep three sharp knives1 one to chop the loaves1 another to pare them1 and a third1 sharp and keen1 to smooth and square the trenchers with4#abc 8,always cut your lord's bread1 and see that it be new2 and all other bread at the table one day old ere you cut it1 all household bread three days old1 and trencher-bread four days old4 8,look that your salt be fine1 white1 fair1 and dry2 and have your salt-plane of ivory1 two inches wide and three long2 and see to it that the lid of the salt-cellar touch not the salt4 8,good son1 look that your napery be sweet and clean1 and that your table-cloth1 towel1 and napkin be folded neatly1 your table-knives brightly polished and your spoons fair washed--ye wot well what ,i mean4 8,look ye have two wine-augers1 a greater and a less1 some gutters of boxwood that fit them1 also a gimlet to pierce with1 a tap and a bung1 ready to stop the flow when it is time4 ,so when you broach a pipe1 good son1 do after my teaching3 pierce or bore with an auger or gimlet1 slanting upward1 four fingers' breadth from the lower rim1 so as not to cause the lees to rise--,i warn you especially40 ,here follows a list of fruits and preserves1 which presently becomes a mere dietary1 ll4 #gc-ajh4 8,take good heed to the wines1 red1 white1 and sweet2 look to them every night with a candle1 to see that they neither ferment nor leak4 ,never forget to wash the heads of the pipes with cold water every night2 and always carry a gimlet1 adze and linen clouts1#abd large and small4 ,if the wine ferment1 ye shall know by its singing1 so keep at hand a pipe of couleur de rose1#abe that has been spent in drinking and add to the fermentation the dregs of this1 and it shall be amended4 ,if sweet wine be sick or pallid1 put in a ,romney to improve it40 ,then follows a list of the sweet wines1 and a long recipe for ,hippocras1 ll4 #aag-agf4 ,the ,buttery 8,see that your cups and pots be clean1 both within and without4 ,serve no ale till it is five days old1 for new ale is wasteful4#abe ,and look that all things about you be sweet and clean4 8,be fair of answer1 ready to serve1 and gentle of cheer1 and then men will say2 #8,there goes a gentle officer4' 8,beware that ye give no person stale drink1 for fear that ye bring many a man into disease for many a year4#abe 8,my son1 it is now the time of day to lay the table4 ,first1 wipe it with a cloth ere it be spread1 then lay on it a cloth called a cowche4#abe ,you take one end and your mate the other1 and draw it straight2 and lay a second cloth with its fold on the outer edge of the table4#abf ,lift the upper part and let it hang even4 ,and then lay the third cloth with its fold on the inner edge1 making a state#abf half a foot wide1 with the top4 ,cover your ewery-cupboard#abg with a diapered-towel1 and put a towel round your neck1#abf for that is courtesy1 and put one end of it mannerly over your left arm2 and on the same arm place your lord's napkin1 and on it lay eight loaves of bread1 with three or four trencher-loaves4 ,take one end of the towel in your left hand1 as the manner is1 together with the salt-cellar--look you do this--and take the other end of the towel in your right hand with the spoons and knives4 8,set the salt on your lord's right hand1 and to the left of your salt1 one or two trenchers1 and to the left again1 your knife by itself and plain to see1 and the white rolls1 and beside them a spoon upon a fair folded napkin4 ,cover your spoon1 napkin1 trencher and knife1 so that they cannot be seen2 and at the other end of the table place a salt with two trenchers4 8,if you wish to wrap up your lord's bread in a stately fashion1 first square off the bread sharply and evenly1 and see that no bun or loaf be larger in proportion to the others1 and so shall ye be able to wrap it up mannerly for your master4 ,take a towel of ,rennes cloth1#abh two and a half yards long1 fold it lengthwise#abh and lay it on the table4 ,roll up a handful from each end tightly and stiffly1 then in the middle of the towel place eight loaves or buns1 bottom to bottom1 and then wrap them wisely and skilfully4 ,to tell you more plainly for your information3 take the ends of the towel that lies on the bread1 draw them out and twist tightly a handful nearest the bread and smooth the wrapper stiffly4 ,when it is ready1 you must open one end all in a moment before your lord4 ,illustration ,when your sovereign's table is dressed in this array1 place salts on all the other tables1 and lay trenchers and cups2 and then set out your cupboard with gay silver and silver-gilt1 and your ewery board with basins and ewers1 and hot and cold water1 each to temper the other4 ,look that you have ever enough napkins1 spoons and cups for your lord's table2 also1 for your own dignity1 that your pots for ale and wine be as clean as possible1 and beware ever of flies and motes1 for your own sake4 8,with lowly courtesy1 make the surnape#abi with a cloth under a double of fair napery2 fold the two ends of the towel to the outer edge of the cloth1 and so hold the three ends together2 then fold them all so that there is a pleat at about a foot's distance1 and lay it fair and smooth for your lord to wash after meat1 if he will4 ,at the right side of the table1 you must guide it along1 and the marshal must slip it further--the right side up of all three cloths--and let it be drawn straight and even1 both in length and breadth2 then raise the upper part of the towel and lay it without wrinkling straight to the other side so that half a yard or an ell hangs down at each end1 where the sewer#abi may make a state1 and so please his master4 ,when your lord has washed1 you must take up the surnape with your two arms1 and carry it back to the ewery yourself4 8,carry a towel about your neck when serving your lord1 bow to him1 uncover your bread and set it by the salt4 ,look that all have knives1 spoons and napkins1 and always when you pass your lord1 see that you bow your knees4 8,go forth to the port-payne#acj and there take eight loaves1 and put four at each end of the table1 and be sure that each person has a spoon and a napkin4 8,watch the sewer to see how many pottages he covers1 and do ye for as many1 and serve each according to his degree2 and see that none lack bread1 ale or wine4 8,be glad of cheer1 courteous of knee1 soft of speech2 have clean hands and nails and be carefully dressed4 8,do not cough or spit or retch too loud1 or put your fingers into the cups to seek bits of dust4 8,have an eye to all grumbling and fault-finding1 and prevent backbiting of their fellows among the lords at meat1 by serving all with bread1 ale and wine2 and so shall ye have of all men good love and praise40 ,simple ,conditions 8,i will that ye eschew forever the #8simple conditions' of a person that is not taught4 8,do not claw your head or your back as if you were after a flea1 or stroke your hair as if you sought a louse4 8,be not glum1#aca nor twinkle with your eyes1 nor be heavy of cheer2 and keep your eyes free from winking and watering4#acb 8,do not pick your nose or let it drop clear pearls1 or sniff1 or blow it too loud1 lest your lord hear4 8,twist not your neck askew like a jackdaw2 wring not your hands with picking or trifling or shrugging1 as if ye would saw wood2 nor puff up your chest1 nor pick your ears1 nor be slow of hearing4 8,retch not1 nor spit too far1 nor laugh or speak too loud4 ,beware of making faces and scorning2 and be no liar with your mouth4 ,nor yet lick your lips or drivel4 8,do not have the habit of squirting or spouting with your mouth1 or gape1 or yawn1 or pout4 ,and do not lick a dish with your tongue to get out dust4 8,be not rash or reckless--that is not worth a clout4 8,do not sigh with your breast1 or cough1 or breathe hard in the presence of your sovereign1 or hiccough1 or belch1 or groan never the more4 ,do not trample with your feet1 or straddle your legs1 or scratch your body--there is no sense in showing off4 ,good son1 do not pick your teeth1 or grind1 or gnash them1 or with puffing and blowing cast foul breath upon your lord4444 ,these gallants in their short coats--that is ungoodly guise4 ,other faults on this matter1 ,i spare not to disapprove in my opinion1 when a servant is waiting on his master at table4 ,every sober sovereign must despise all such things4 8,a man might find many more conditions than are named here2 but let every honest servant avoid them for his own credit4 8,panter1 yeoman of the cellar1 butler and ewerer1 ,i will that ye obey the marshal1 sewer and carver40 8,good sir1 ,i pray you teach me the skill of carving1 and the fair handling of a knife1 and all the ways that ,i shall break open1 unlace and penetrate all manner of fowl1 flesh and fish--how ,i shall demean me with each40 ,office of a ,carver 8,my son1 thy knife must be clean and bright2 and it beseems thee to have thy hands fair washed4 ,hold always thy knife surely1 so as not to hurt thyself1 and have not more than two fingers and the thumb on thy keen knife4 8,midway in thy hand1 set the end of thy haft firmly2 and unlace and mince with the thumb and two fingers only4 ,in cutting and placing bread1 and voiding of crumbs and trencher1 look you have skill with two fingers and the thumb4 ,likewise1 never use more for fish1 flesh1 beast or fowl--that is courtesy4 8,touch no manner of meat with thy right hand1 but with thy left1 as is proper4 ,always with thy left hand grasp the loaf with all thy might2 and hold thy knife firmly1 as ,i have instructed thee4 ,ye do not right to soil your table1 nor to wipe your knives on that1 but on your napkin4 8,first take a loaf of trenchers in your left hand1 then your table-knife1 as ,i have said before2 and with its edge raising your trencher up by you as near the point as you may1 lay it before your lord4 ,right so set four trenchers1 one by another1 four square1 and upon them a single trencher alone4 ,and take your loaf of light bread1 as ,i have told you1 and cut with the edge of the knife near your hand2 first pare the quarters of the loaf round all about1 and cut the upper crust#acc for your lord1 and bow to him2 and suffer the other part to remain still at the bottom1 and so nigh spent out1#acd and lay him of the crumbs a quarter of the loaf4 8,touch not the loaf after it is so trimmed2 put it on a platter or on the beforenamed alms-dish4 ,make clean your board that ye be not blamed2 and so shall the sewer serve his lord1 and neither of you be vexed40 ,here follows a list of ,fumosities1 indigestibilities1 as ,dr4 ,furnivall calls them1 ll4 #cdi-fh4 ,the young man then says3 8,now fair befal you1 father1 and well may ye achieve ,for these points by practice ,i hope full well to prove2 ,and yet shall ,i pray for you daily while that ,i live1 ,both for body and soul that ,god you guide from grief40 ,he then begs to be taught the art of 8carving of fish and flesh#acc after the cook's care10 and receives detailed instructions for every sort of food1 roasted1 baked and fried1 for the serving of soups1 making of sauces and carving of fish1 ll4 #cgg-fdi4 ,he then says3 8,now1 father1 fair fall ye1 and ,christ you have in cure1 ,for of the nurture of carving1 ,i suppose that ,i be sure4 ,but yet another office there is1 save ,i dare not endure ,to ask you any further1 for fear of displeasure4 ,for to be a sewer ,i would ,i had the cunning1 ,then durst ,i do my devoir#ace with any worshipful to be woning2#acf ,since that ,i know the course and the craft of carving1 ,i would see the sight of a sewer1 what way he showeth in serving40 ,office of a ,sewer 8,now since1 my son1 you wish to learn this science1 dread nothing of great difficulty2 ,i will gladly teach you1 if you will but listen4 8,take heed when the worshipful head of any household has washed before meat and begins to say grace1 then hie you to the kitchen where the servants must attend and take your orders4 ,first ask the panter or officer of the spicery for fruits1 such as butter1 plums1 damsons1 grapes and cherries1 which are served before dinner according to the season to make men merry1 and ask if any such are to be served that day4 ,then commune with the cook and surveyor#acg as to what meats and how many dishes are prepared4 ,when they two have agreed with you1 then must the cook dress up all dishes to the surveying-board1#ach and the surveyor must soberly and without turmoil deliver up the dishes to you1 that you may convey them to your lord4 ,when you are at the board of service1 see that you have courtly and skilful officers to prevent any dish being stolen1 which might easily cause a scandal to arise in your service as sewer4 ,see that you have proper servants to carry the dishes1 marshals1 squires and serjeants-at-arms1 if they be there1 to bring the dishes without delay or injury from the kitchen1 and you need not fear to set them on the table yourself40#aci ,then follow various menus1 ll4 #fhf-heh4 ,the young man answers3 8,now fair fall you1 father1 in faith1 ,i am full fain2 ,for lovesomely ye have taught me this nurture again4 ,pleaseth it you to certify me with one word or twain1 ,the courtesy to conceive conveniently for every chamberlain80 ,the ,office of a ,chamberlain 8,the duty of a chamberlain is to be diligent in office1 neatly clad1 his clothes not torn1 hands and face well washed and head well kempt4 8,he must be ever careful--not negligent--of fire and candle4 ,and look you#adj give diligent attendance to your master1 be courteous1 glad of cheer1 quick of hearing in every way1 and be ever on the lookout for things to do him pleasure2 if you will acquire these qualities1 it may advance you well4 8,see that your lord has a clean shirt and hose1 a short coat1#ada a doublet1 and a long coat1 if he wear such1 his hose well brushed1 his socks at hand1 his shoes or slippers as brown as a water-leech4#adj 8,in the morning1 against your lord shall rise1 take care that his linen be clean1 and warm it at a clear fire1 not smoky1 if the weather be cold or freezing4 8,when he rises make ready the foot-sheet1 and forget not to place a chair or some other seat with a cushion on it before the fire1 with another cushion for the feet4 ,over the cushion and chair spread this sheet so as to cover them2 and see that you have a kerchief and a comb to comb your lord's head before he is fully dressed4 8,then pray your lord in humble words to come to a good fire and array him thereby1 and there to sit or stand pleasantly2 and wait with due manners to assist him4 ,first hold out to him his tunic1 then his doublet while he puts in his arms1 and have his stomacher well aired to keep off harm1 as also his vamps#adb and socks1 and so shall he go warm all day4 8,then draw on his socks and his hose by the fire1 and lace or buckle his shoes1 draw his hosen on well and truss them up to the height that suits him1 lace his doublet in every hole1 and put round his neck and on his shoulders a kerchief2 and then gently comb his head with an ivory comb1 and give him water wherewith to wash his hands and face4 8,then kneel down on your knee and say thus3 #8,sir1 what robe or gown doth it please you to wear to-day8' ,then get him such as he asks for1 and hold it out for him to put on1 and do on his girdle1 if he wear one1 tight or loose1 arrange his robe in the proper fashion1 give him a hood or hat for his head1 a cloak or cappe-de-huse1#adc according as it be fair or foul1 or all misty with rain2 and so shall ye please him4 ,before he goes out1 brush busily about him1 and whether he wear satin1 sendal1#add velvet1 scarlet#ade or grain1#adf see that all be clean and nice4 8,if he be prince or prelate or other potentate1 before he go to church see that all things for the pew be made ready1 and forget not cushion1 carpet1 curtain1 beads or book4 8,then return in haste to your lord's chamber1 strip the clothes off the bed and cast them aside1 and beat the feather-bed1 but not so as to waste any feathers1 and see that the blankets and sheets be clean4 ,when you have made the bed mannerly1 cover it with a coverlet1 spread out the bench-covers1#adg and cushions1 set up the head-sheet#adh and pillow1 and remove the basin4 ,see that carpets#adi be laid round the bed and dress the windows1 and the cupboard with carpets#adi and cushions4 ,see there be a good fire conveyed into the chamber1 with plenty of wood and fuel to make it up4444 8,the ,wardrobe 8,you must attend busily to your lord's wardrobe1 to keep the clothes well1 and to brush them cleanly4 ,use a soft brush1 and remember that overmuch brushing easily wears out cloth4 8,never let woollen clothes or furs go a sevennight without being brushed or shaken1 for moths be always ready to alight in them and engender2 so always keep an eye on drapery and skinnery4 8,if your lord take a nap after his meal to digest his stomach1 have ready kerchief and comb1 pillow and head-sheet2 yet be not far from him--take heed what ,i say--for much sleep is not good in the middle of the day1 and have ready water and towel so that he may wash after his sleep4 8,when he has supped and goes to his chamber1 spread forth your foot-sheet1 as ,i have already shown you1 take off his gown or whatever garment by the license of his estate he wears1#aej and lay it up in such place as ye best know4 ,put a mantle on his back to keep his body from cold1 set him on the foot-sheet1 made ready as ,i have directed1 and pull off his shoes1 socks and hosen1 and throw these last over your shoulder1 or hold them on your arm4 ,comb his hair1 but first kneel down1 and put on his kerchief and nightcap wound#aej in seemly fashion4 ,have the bed1 head-sheet and pillow ready2 and when he is in bed1 there to sleep safe and sound1 draw the curtains round about the bed1 set there his night-light with wax or ,paris-candle1#aej and see that there is enough to last the night1 drive out the dog and the cat1 giving them a clout1 take no leave of your lord1 but bow low to him and retire1 and thus shall ye have thanks and reward whensoever it fall40 8,a ,bath or ,stew so-called 8,if your lord wishes to bathe and wash his body clean1 hang sheets round the roof1 every one full of flowers and sweet green herbs1 and have five or six sponges to sit or lean upon1 and see that you have one big sponge to sit upon1 and a sheet over so that he may bathe there for a while1 and have a sponge also for under his feet1 if there be any to spare1 and always be careful that the door is shut4 ,have a basin full of hot fresh herbs and wash his body with a soft sponge1 rinse him with fair warm rose-water1 and throw it over him2 then let him go to bed2 but see that the bed be sweet and nice2 and first put on his socks and slippers that he may go near the fire and stand on his foot-sheet1 wipe him dry with a clean cloth1 and take him to bed to cure his troubles40 8,the ,making of a ,medicinable ,bath 8,boil together hollyhock1#aea mallow1 wall pellitory and brown fennel1 danewort1 ,st4 ,john's wort1 centaury1 ribwort and camomile1 heyhove1 heyriff1 herb-benet1 bresewort1 smallage1 water speedwell1 scabious1 bugloss 7871 and wild flax which is good for aches--boil withy leaves and green oats together with them1 and throw them hot into a vessel and put your lord over it and let him endure for a while as hot as he can1 being covered over and closed on every side2 and whatever disease1 grievance or pain ye be vexed with1 this medicine shall surely make you whole1 as men say40 8,the ,office of ,usher and ,marshal 8,an usher or marshal1 without fail1 must know all the estates of the ,church1 and the excellent estate of a king with his honourable blood4 ,this is a notable nurture1 cunning1 curious and commendable4 8,the estate of the ,pope has no peer1 an emperor is next him everywhere and a ,king is correspondent1 a high cardinal next in dignity1 then a ,king's son 7ye call him prince71 an archbishop his equal2 a duke of the blood royal2 a bishop1 marquis and earl coequal2 a viscount1 legate1 baron1 suffragan and mitred abbot2 a baron of the exchequer1 the three chief justices and the ,mayor of ,london2 a cathedral prior1 unmitred abbot and knight bachelor2 a prior1 dean1 archdeacon1 knight and body esquire2 the ,master of the ,rolls 7as ,i reckon aright71 and puisne judge2 clerk of the crown and the exchequer1 and you may pleasantly prefer the ,mayor of ,calais4#aeb 8,a provincial1#aec doctor of divinity and prothonotary#aed may dine together2 and you may place the pope's legate or collector with a doctor of both laws4 ,an ex-mayor of ,london ranks with a serjeant-at-law1 next a ,mastery of ,chancery1 and then a worshipful preacher of pardons1#aee masters of arts1 and religious orders1 parsons and vicars1 and parish priests with a cure1 the bailiffs of a city1 a yeoman of the crown1 and serjeant-of-arms with his mace1 with him a herald1 the ,king's herald in the first place1 worshipful merchants and rich artificers1 gentlemen well-nurtured and of good manners1 together with gentlewomen and lords' foster-mothers#aef--;all these may eat with squires4 8,lo1 son1 ,i have now told you1 after my simple wit1 the rank of every estate according to his degree1 and now ,i will show you how they should be grouped at table in respect of their dignity1 and how they should be served4 8,the pope1 an emperor1 king1 cardinal1 prince with a golden royal rod1#aeg archbishop in his pall--all these for their dignity ought not to dine in the hall4 8,a bishop1 viscount1 marquis1 goodly earl may sit at two messes if they be agreeable thereunto4 8,the ,mayor of ,london1 a baron1 a mitred abbot1 the three chief justices1 the ,speaker of ,parliament--all these estates are great and honourable1 and they may sit together in chamber or hall1 two or three at a mess1 if it so please them2 but in your office you must try to please every man4 8,the other estates1 three or four to a mess1 equal to a knight's1 are3 unmitred abbot or prior1 dean1 archdeacon1 ,master of the ,rolls1 all the under judges and barons of the king's exchequer1 a provincial1 a doctor of divinity or of both laws1 a prothonotary1 or the pope's collector1 if he be there1 and the ,mayor of the ,staple4 8,other ranks you may set four to a mess1 of persons equal to a squire in dignity1 serjeants-at-law and ex-mayors of ,london1 the masters of ,chancery1 all preachers1 residencers1 and parsons1 apprentices of the law1 merchants and franklins--these may sit properly at a squire's table4 8,each estate shall sit at meat by itself1 not seeing the others1 at meal-time or in the field or in the town2 and each must sit alone in the chamber or in the pavilion4 8,the ,bishop of ,canterbury shall be served apart from the ,archbishop of ,york1 and the ,metropolitan shall be served alone4 ,the ,bishop of ,york must not be served in the presence of the ,primate of ,england4#aeh 8,now1 son1 from divers causes1 as equally from ignorance1 a marshal is often puzzled how to rank lords of royal blood who are poor1 and others not of royal blood who are rich1 also ladies of royal blood wedded to knights1 and poor ladies marrying those of royal blood4 ,the lady of royal blood shall keep her rank1 the lady of low blood and degree shall take her husband's rank4 ,the substance of livelihood#aei is not so digne#afj as royal blood1 wherefore this prevails in chamber and hall1 for some day blood royal might attain to the kingship4 8,if the parents of a pope or cardinal be still alive1 they must in no wise presume to be equal to their son1 either sitting or standing4 ,the estate of their son will not allow them either to sit or stand by him--nor should they desire it2 wherefore they should have a separate chamber assigned to them4 8,a marshal must look to the birth of each estate1 and arrange officers such as chancellor1 steward1 chamberlain1 treasurer1 according to their degree4 8,he must honour foreign visitors1 and strangers to this land1 even when they are resident here4 ,a well-trained marshal should think beforehand how to place strangers at the table1 for if they show gentle cheer and good manners1 he thereby doth honour his lord and bring praise to himself4 8,if the king send any messenger to your lord1 if he be a knight1 squire1 yeoman of the crown1 groom1 page or child1 receive him honourably as a baron1 knight1 squire1 yeoman or groom1#afa and so forth1 from the highest degree to the lowest1 for a king's groom may dine with a knight or a marshal4 8,a commendable marshal must also understand the rank of all the worshipful officers of the commonalty of this land1 of shires1 cities and boroughs--such must be placed in due order1 according to their rank4 8,the estate of a knight of good blood and wealth is not the same as that of a simple and poor knight4 ,also1 the ,mayor of ,queenborough#afb is not of like dignity with the ,mayor of ,london--nothing like of degree2 and they must on no account sit at the same table4 8,the ,abbot of ,westminster is the highest in the land1 and the ,abbot of ,tintern the poorest2 both are abbots1 yet ,tintern shall neither sit nor stand with ,westminster4#afb ,also1 the ,prior of ,dudley may in no wise sit with the ,prior of ,canterbury4#afb ,and remember1 as a general rule1 that a prior who is a prelate of a cathedral church1 shall sit above any abbot or prior of his own diocese1 in church1 chapel1 chamber or hall4 8,reverend doctors of twelve years' standing shall sit above those of nine years'1 although the latter may spend more largely of fine red gold4 ,likewise1 the younger aldermen shall sit or stand below their elders1 and so in every craft1 the master first1 and then the ex-warden4 8,all these points1 with many more1 belong to the duty of a marshal2 and so before every feast think what estates shall sit in the hall1 and reason with yourself before your lord shall call upon you4 ,if you are in any doubt1 go either to your lord or to the chief officer1 and then shall you do no wrong or prejudice to any state2 but set all according to their birth1 riches or dignity4 8,now1 good son1 ,i have shown you the courtesy of the court1 and how to manage in pantry1 buttery1 cellar or in carving1 as a sewer or as a marshal4 ,i suppose ye be sure in these sciences1 which in my day ,i learned with a royal prince1 to whom ,i was usher and also marshal4 8,all the officers ,i have mentioned have to obey me1 ever to fulfil my commandment when ,i call1 for our office is the chief in spicery and cellar1 whether the cook be lief or loth4#afc 8,all these divers offices may be filled by a single person1 but the dignity of a prince requireth each office to have its officer and a servant waiting on him4 ,moreover1 all must know their duties perfectly1 for doubt and fear are a hindrance in serving a lord and pleasing his guests4 8,fear not to serve a prince--,god be his speed6 ,take good heed to your duties1 and be ever on the watch1 and thus doing as ye should1 there will be no need to doubt4 8,tasting is done only for those of royal blood1 as pope1 emperor1 empress1 cardinal1 king1 queen1 prince1 archbishop1 duke or earl--none other that ,i call to remembrance4 ,it is done for fear of poison1 so let each man in office keep his room secure and close his safe1#afd chest and storehouse for fear of conspiracy4 8,the steward and chamberlain of a prince of the blood must know about homages1 services and fewte2#afe and as they have the oversight of all other offices and of the tasting1 they must tell the marshal1 sewer or carver1 how to do it2 and he must be in no fear when he tasteth4 8,as the evening draws in1 and ,i cannot tarry1 ,i do not propose to contrive more of this matter4 ,this treatise that ,i have entitled1 if ye would prove it1 ,i myself assayed in youth1 when ,i was young and lusty2 and ,i enjoyed these aforesaid matters1 and took good heed to learn4 ,but crooked age hath now compelled me to leave the court1 so assay for yourself1 my son1 and ,god speed you60 8,now1 fair befall you1 father1 and blessings be on you for thus teaching me6 ,i shall dare to do diligent service to divers dignitaries1 where before ,i was afraid for the scantiness of my knowledge2 ,i perceive the whole matter so perfectly that ,i am ready to try my part1 and some good ,i may learn from practice and exercise4 ,i am bound always to pray ,god reward you for your gentle teaching of me60 8,now1 good son1 thyself and others that shall succeed thee to note1 learn and read over this book of nurture1 pray for the soul of ,john ,russell1 servant to ,humphrey1 ,duke of ,gloucester4 ,pray for that peerless prince1 and for the souls of my wife and my father and mother1 unto ,mary1 ,mother and ,maid1 that she defend us from our foes1 and bring us all to bliss when we go hence4 ,amen40 ,the envoi may have been added later#aff 8,go forth1 little book1 and lowly thou me commend1 ,unto all young gentlemen that list to learn or entend1#afg ,and specially to them that have experience1 praying them to amend1 ,and correct what is amiss1 whereas ,i fail or offend4 ,and if so that any be found as through my negligence1 ,cast the cause on my copy1 rude and bare of eloquence1 ,which to draw out ,i have done my busy diligence1 ,readily to reform it by reason and better sentence4 ,as for rhyme or reason1 the fore-writer was not to blame1 ,for as he found it before him1 so wrote he the same1 ,and though he or ,i in our matter digress or degrade1 ,blame neither of us1 for we never it made2 ,simple1 as ,i had insight1 somewhat the rhyme ,i correct4 ,blame ,i could no man1 ,i have no person suspect4 ,now1 good ,god1 grant us grace our souls never to infect1 ,then we may reign in thy region eternally with thine elect40 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,courtesy ,here beginneth the ,first ,book of ,courtesy ,,whoso will of courtesy hear1 ,in this book it is made clear4 ,if thou be gentleman1 yeoman or knave1 ,thee needeth nurture for to have4 ,when thou comest to a lord's gate1 ,the porter thou shalt find thereat2 ,take#afh him thou shalt thy weapon to1 ,and ask him leave in to go1 ,to speak with lord1 lady1 squire or groom1 ,thereof thou must bethink thee soon2 ,for if he be of low degree1 ,then him falls to come to thee4 ,if he be gentleman of kin ,the porter thee will lead to him4 ,when thou comest the hall door to1 ,take off thy hood1 thy gloves off do4 ,if the hall at the first meat be1 ,forget not this lesson concerns thee3 ,the steward1 controller and treasurer there1 ,sitting at the das1 hail thou fair4 ,within the hall set on either side1 ,sit other gentlemen1 as falls that tide4 ,incline thee fair to them also1 ,first to the right hand thou shalt go1 ,sithen#afi to the left hand thine eye thou cast1 ,to them thou bowest full fast4 ,take heed to yeomen on thy right hand1 ,and sithen before the screen thou stand1 ,amid the hall upon the floor1 ,while marshal or usher come fro the door1 ,and bid thee sit or to board thee lead4 ,be stable of cheer for manners1 take heed4 ,if ye be set at a gentleman's board1 ,look thou be hend#agj and little of word4 ,pare thy bread and carve in two ,the overcrust from the nether through4 ,in four thou cut the overdole1#aga ,set them together as it were whole1 ,after1 cut the nether crust in three1 ,and turn it down--learn this of me4 ,and set thy trencher thee before1 ,and sit upright for any sore4 ,spare bread or wine1 drink or ale1 ,till thy mess from the kitchen be set in hall1 ,lest men say thou art hunger-beaten1 ,or all men know thee for a glutton4 ,look thy nails be clean1 in truth1 ,lest thy fellow loathe them1 forsooth4 ,bite not thy bread and lay it down1 ,that is no courtesy to use in town4 ,as much as thou wilt eat1 that break1 ,the remnant left the poor shall take4 ,in peace thou eat and ever eschew ,to quarrel at board--that may thee rue4 ,if thou make mows in any wise ,a villainy thou catchest or ever thou rise1 ,let never thy cheek be great with meat1 ,or morsel of bread that thou shalt eat4 ,an ape's mow men say he makes ,that bread and flesh in his cheek bakes4#agb ,if any man speak that time to thee1 ,and thou shalt answer1 it will not be ,but wallowing1#agb and thou must abide2 ,that is a shame for all beside4 ,on both sides of thy mouth if thou eat1 ,many a scorning shalt thou get4 ,thou shalt not laugh nor speak nothing1 ,while thy mouth be full of meat or drink4 ,nor sup thou not with great sounding1 ,neither pottage1 nor other thing4 ,let not thy spoon stand in thy dish1 ,whether thou be served with flesh or fish1 ,nor lay it not on thy dish side1 ,but cleanse it honestly without pride4 ,look that no dirt on thy finger be1 ,to defoul the cloth before thee4 ,in thy dish if thou wet thy bread1 ,look thereof that nought be led ,to drip again thy dish into2 ,thou art ill-bred if thou so do4 ,dry thy mouth ay well and fine1 ,whether thou shalt drink ale or wine1 ,nor call thou not a dish again ,that is taken from the board in plain4#agc ,if thou spit over the board or else on't1 ,thou shalt be holden courtesy to want4 ,if thine own dog thou scrape or claw ,for a vice that is held as men know4 ,if thy nose thou cleanse1 as may befall1 ,look thy hand thou cleanse withal2 ,privily with skirt do it away1 ,or else thro' thy tippet that is so gay4 ,at meat cleanse not thy teeth nor pick ,with knife or straw or wand or stick4 ,while thou holdest meat in mouth1 beware ,to drink1 that is an unhonest chare2#agd ,and also physic forbids it quite1 ,and says thou may be choked at that bite1 ,if it go wrong thy throat into ,and stop thy wind1 thou art fordo4#age ,nor tell thou never at board no tale ,to harm or shame thy fellow in hall2 ,for if he then withhold his wrath1 ,eftsoons he will forecast thy death4 ,wheresoever thou sit at meat by the board1 ,avoid#agf the cat1 at a bare word2 ,for if thou stroke or cat or dog1 ,thou art like an ape tied with a clog4 ,also eschew1 without strife1 ,to foul the board-cloth#agg with thy knife4 ,nor blow not on thy drink or meat1 ,neither for cold1 neither for heat4 ,nor bear with meat thy knife to mouth1 ,whether thou be set by strong or couth4#agh ,nor with no board-cloth thy teeth thou clean ,nor eyen that run red1 as may be seen4 ,if thou sit by a right good man ,this lesson look thou think upon3 ,under his thigh put not thy knee ,thou art full lewd if thou let this be4 ,nor backward sitting give thou thy cup ,neither to drink1 neither to sup4 ,bid thy friend take cup and drink1 ,that is holden an honest thing4 ,lean not on elbow at thy meat1 ,neither for cold nor for heat4 ,dip not thy thumb thy drink into2 ,thou art uncourteous if thou it do4 ,in salt-cellar if thou put ,or fish or flesh that men see it1 ,that is a vice1 as men me tells2 ,and great wonder it would be else4 ,after meat when thou shalt wash1 ,spit not in basin nor water dash1 ,nor spit not loosely for any meed ,before a man of ,god for dread4 ,whosoever despises this lesson right ,at board to sit he has no might4 ,here endeth now our first talking4 ,christ grant us all his dear blessing6 ,here endeth the ,first ,book of ,courtesy ,illustration3 8,if thou be a young ,infant0 ,,the ,,second ,,book ,if thou be a young infant ,and think the schools for to haunt1 ,this lesson shall thy master thee mark-- ,cross-,christ#agi thee speed in all thy work4 ,after#ahj thy ,pater ,noster he will thee teach1 ,as ,christ's own apostles did preach2 ,after1 thy ,ave ,maria and thy ,creed1 ,that shall thee save at doom of dread4 ,then after to bless thee with the ,trinity1 ,in nomine patris he will teach thee4 ,then with ,mark1 ,matthew1 ,luke and ,john ,with thee ,per crucis and the high name1 ,to shrive thee in general thou shalt learn ,thy ,confiteor and ,misereatur in turn4 ,to seek the kingdom of ,god1 my child1 ,thereto ,i rede thou be not wild2 ,but worship ,god1 both old and young1 ,to be in body and soul alike strong4 ,when thou comest to the church door1 ,take the holy water standing on floor4 ,read or sing or bid prayers ,to ,christ1 for all thy ,christian confreres4 ,be courteous to ,god and kneel adown ,on both knees#aha with great devotion4 ,to man thou shalt kneel upon the one ,the t'other#ahb to thy self thou hold alone4 ,when thou ministers at the high altar see ,with both hands thou serve the priest reverently1 ,the one to stable the t'other ,lest thou fail1 my dear brother4 ,another courtesy ,i will thee teach3 ,thy father and mother with mild speech ,to worship and serve with all thy might1 ,that thou dwell the longer in earthly light4 ,to another man1 do no more amiss ,than thou would'st be done of him and his2 ,so ,christ thou pleases and gets thee love ,of men1 and ,god that sits above4 ,be not too meek1 but in mean thou hold1 ,for else a fool thou wilt be told4 ,he that to righteousness will incline1 ,as ,holy ,writ tells us1 well and fine1 ,never go seek their bread shall his seed1 ,nor suffer of man no shameful deed4 ,to forgive thou shalt thee haste1 ,to vengeance look thou come at last4#ahc ,draw thee to peace with all thy strength1 ,from strife and debate draw thee at length4 ,if a man ask thee goods for ,god's sake1 ,and thee want things whereof to take1 ,give him debonaire words and manner fair1 ,with semblance glad1 and pure good cheer4 ,also of service thou shalt be free ,to every man in his degree1 ,that one shall never lose for to be kind2 ,he who forgets one1 has another in mind4 ,if a man have part with thee in gift1 ,with him thou make an even shift4#ahd ,let it not hang in hand for glose2#ahe ,thou art uncourteous if thou it does4 ,to saints#ahf if thou thy gate#ahg hast hight#ahh ,thou shalt fulfil it with all thy might1 ,lest ,god thee strike with great vengence1 ,and put thee into sore pennce4 ,believe not all men that speak thee fair1 ,whether they be commons1 burgess or mayor2 ,in sweet words the adder was closed1#ahi ,deceiving ever and mysloset4#aij ,therefore thou art of ,adam's blood1 ,of words beware lest thou be wode4#aia ,a short word is commonly sooth1 ,that first slides from a man's tooth4 ,look liar that thou never become3 ,keep this word for all and some4 ,laugh not too oft for no solce1 ,never for mirth that any man has4#aib ,who laughs that all men may him see1 ,a shrew#aic or a fool him seems to be4 ,three enemies in this world there are1 ,that covet all men to forfare3#aid ,the devil1 the flesh1 the world also1 ,that work mankind full mickle woe4 ,if thou may destroy these enemies three ,thou may secure of ,heaven's bliss be4 ,also1 my children1 against thy lord ,look thou strive with no manner word1 ,nor wager none with him thou lay1 ,nor at the dice with him do play4 ,him that thou knows of greater state ,be not his fellow in rest or debate4#aie ,if thou be bestead#aif in strange countre1 ,search out no further than falls to thee2 ,nor take no more to do in hand1 ,than thou may have worship of all in land4 ,if thou see any man fall in the street1 ,laugh not thereat in dry nor wet2 ,but help him up with all thy might1 ,as ,st4 ,ambrose#aig thee teaches right4 ,thou that stands so sure on seat1 #8,ware lest thy head fall to thy feet4 ,my child1 if thou be at the ,mass1 ,that understand both more and less1#aig ,if the priest read not at thy will1 ,reprove him not but hold thee still4 ,to any wight if counsel thou shew1 ,beware that he be not a shrew1 ,lest he slander thee with tongue1 ,among all men1 both old and young4 ,beckoning1 fingering1 none thou use2 ,and privy whispering look thou refuse4 ,if thou meet knight1 yeoman or knave1 ,hail him anon1 8,sir1 ,god you save10 ,if he speak first upon thee there1 ,answer him gladly without demur4 ,go not forth as a dumb freak1#aih ,since ,god has given thee tongue to speak1 ,lest men say to friend or gossip3 8,yonder is a man ne'er opens his lip40#aii ,speak never wrong of womenkind1 ,nor let it never run in thy mind4 ,the book him calls of churlish face ,that oft of women speaks villainy base4 ,for all we be of women born1 ,and our fathers us beforn2 ,therefore it is an unhonest thing ,to do them any belittling4#bjj ,also to a wife befalls of right ,to worship her husband both day and night2 ,to his bidding to show obedince1 ,and him to serve without offence4 ,if two brethren be in debate ,look neither thou further in their hate2 ,but help to staunch#bja them of uncharity2 ,then thou art friend of both certainly4 ,if thou go with another at the gate1 ,and ye be both of one estate1 ,be courteous and let him have the way3 ,that is no villainy1 as men me say4 ,if he be come of great kindred1 ,go not before though thou be bid2 ,and if that he thy master be1 ,go not before for courtesy1 ,neither in field1 wood nor lawnd1#bjb ,nor even#bjc with him1 unless he command4 ,if thou shalt on pilgrimage go1 ,be not third fellow1 for weal nor woe2 ,three oxen#bjd in plough may never well draw1 ,neither by craft1 right1 nor law4 ,if thou be proffered to drink of cup ,drink not all off1 nor no way sup2 ,drink mannerly#bje and give again3 ,that is a courtesy1 to speak in plain4 ,in bed if thou fall harboured to be ,with fellow1 master1 or their degree1 ,thou shalt inquire by courtesy1 ,in what part of the bed he will lie4 ,be honest and lie thou far him fro2 ,thou art not wise but thou do so4 ,with whatso man1 both far and nigh1 ,thee falls to go1 look thou be sly#bjf ,to ask his name1 and which he be1 ,whither he will3 keep well these three4 ,with friars on pilgrimage if that thou go ,what they will observe1 will thou also4 ,when at night thou take thy rest1 ,and bide the day as true man's guest1 ,in never house where a red man#bjf be1 ,nor woman of the same colour certainly1 ,take never thine inn for no manner need1 ,for those be folk to hold in dread4 ,if any in sternness thee oppose1 ,answer him meekly1 and make him glose2#bjg ,but glosing word that falsd#bjh is ,forsake1 and all that is amiss4 ,also1 if thou have a lord1 ,and stand before him at the board1 ,while that thou speak1 keep well thy hand2 ,thy foot also in peace let stand4 ,his courtesy needs must he break1 ,stirring fingers or toes whene'er he shall speak4#bji ,be stable of cheer and somewhat light1 ,nor over all wave#baj thou not thy sight4 ,gaze not on walls with thine eye1 ,far nor near1 low nor high4 ,let not the post become thy staff1 ,lest thou be called a 8doted daff40#baa ,nor delve thou never thy nostril1 ,with thumb or finger as young girl4 ,rub not thy arm1 nor claw it naught1 ,nor bow thy head too low in aught4 ,while any man speaks with great businss1 ,hearken his words without distress4 ,by street or way if thou shalt go1 ,from these two things thou keep thee fro2 ,neither to harm child nor beast1 ,with casting1 turning west nor east4 ,nor change thou not in face colour1 ,for lightness of word in hall or bower2 ,if thy visage change for nought1 ,men say thee3 8,trespass thou hast wrought40 ,before thy lord no mows thou make1 ,if thou wilt courtesy with thee take4 ,with hands unwashen take never thy meat3 ,from all these vices look thou keep4 ,look thou sit--and make no strife-- ,where the host commands1 or else his wife4 ,eschew the highest place to win1#bab ,save thou be bidden to sit therein4 ,of courtesy here ends the second fit4#bac ,to heaven ,christ grant our souls to flit6 ,,the ,,third ,,book ,de ,officiariis in ,curiis ,dominorum#bad ,now of officers speak will we1 ,of court1 and also of their duty4#bae ,four men there be that yards shall bear3 ,porter1 marshal1 steward1 ushr4 ,the porter shall have the longest wand1 ,the marshal a shorter shall have in hand2 ,the usher of chamber smallest shall have1 ,the steward in hand shall have a staff ,a finger great1#baf two quarters#bag long1 ,to rule the men of court among4 ,de ,janitore#bah ,the porter falls to keep the gate1 ,the stocks#bai with him1 early and late ,if any man has in court misgone1 ,to-porter-ward he shall be tane1 ,there to abide the lord's will1 ,what he will deem#bai by righteous skill4 ,for 8wesselle clothes0#bai that be not sold1 ,the porter has that ward in hold4 ,of strangers1 also1 that come in court1 ,the porter shall warn1 sir1 at a word4 ,he is found in meat and drink1 ,and sits with him#bai whoso him think4 ,whensoever the lord remove shall1 ,one castle til t'other1 as it may fall1 ,for carriage the porter horses shall hire1 ,four pence a-piece#bbj within the shire1 ,by statute he shall take#bbj on that day3 ,that is the king's cry1#bba i' fay4 ,de ,marescallo ,aule#bbb ,now of marshal of hall will ,i spell1 ,and what falls to his office now will ,i tell4 ,in absence of steward1 he shall arrest ,whomsoever is rebel in court or feast4 ,yeoman-usher and groom also-- ,under him are these two4 ,the groom brings fuel that shall bren1#bbc ,in hall1 chamber and kitchen1 ,i ken4 ,he shall deliver it every deal1 ,in hall make fire at each meal4 ,board1 trestles and forms also1 ,the cupboard#bbj in his ward shall go4 ,the canopies1 curtains to hang in hall-- ,these offices needs do he shall4 ,bring in fire on ,all ,hallows' ,day1 ,to ,candlemas ,even1#bbd ,i dare well say4 ,per quantum ,tempus ,armigeri habebunt ,liberatam et ,ignis ,ardebit in ,aula#bbe ,so long squires liveries#bbf shall have1 ,of groom of hall1 or else his knave4 ,but fire shall burn in hall at meat ,until ,cena ,domini#bbg men have eat4 ,there brought shall be a holly keen1#bbf ,that set shall be in arbour green2 ,and that shall be till ,all ,hallows' ,day1 ,and off be shifted1 as ,i you say4 ,in hall marshal all men shall set ,after their degree1 without let4 ,de ,pincernario1 ,panetario1 et ,cocis sibi ,servientibus#bbh ,the butler1 panter and cooks also ,to him are servants without mo4#bbi ,therefore on his yard score#bcj shall he1 ,all messes in hall that served shall be1 ,command to set both bread and ale ,to all men that served be in hall4 ,to gentlemen with heated drink1 ,else fails the service1 as ,i think4 ,each mess at six pence#bcj booked shall be ,at the counting-house1 with other meiny4 ,if the cook would say that there were more1 ,that is the cause he has it in score2#bcj ,the panter also if he would strive ,for reward that set shall be belive4#bca ,when bread fails at board about1 ,the marshal gars set1 without a doubt1 ,more bread that called is a reward1 ,so shall it be proved before stewrd4 ,de ,officio ,pincernarii#bcb ,butler shall set for each mess ,a pot1 a loaf1 without distress4#bcc ,butler1 panter1 fellows are aye2 ,reckon them together full well ,i may4 ,the marshal shall harbour all men inward #bcd ,that be of any office at court1 ,save the lord's chamber1 the wardrobe too1 ,the usher of chamber shall heed#bce those two4 ,de ,hostiario et suis ,servientibus#bcf ,speak ,i will a little while ,of usher of chamber without guile4 ,there is gentleman-1 yeoman-usher#bcg also1 ,two grooms at the least1 a page thereto4 ,de ,officio ,garcionum#bch ,grooms shall make litter#bcg and stuff pallets out1 ,nine foot in length without a doubt1 ,seven foot certainly shall it be broad1 ,well watered and bound together1 craftily trod1 ,with wisps drawn out at feet and side1 ,well twisted and turned again1 that tide4 ,unsunken in hollows shall it be made1 ,both outer and inner1 so ,god me glad4 ,that shall be hung with a canopy hollow1 ,and hooks and loops on bands shall follow4 ,the valance on a rod shall hang with state1#bci ,three curtains drawn within full straight1 ,that reach shall even to ground about1 ,neither more1 neither less1 without a doubt4 ,he strikes them up with a forkd wand1 ,and laps#bdj up fast about the left hand1 ,the button#bda up turns and closes on the right1 ,as a man by the neck that hangs full light4#bdb ,the counterpane he lays on the bed's feet1 ,cushions on the side shall lie full meet4 ,carpets of ,spain on the floor beside1 ,that spread should be for pomp and pride4 ,the chamber sides right to the door1 ,he hangs with tapestries#bdc full store4#bdd ,and fuel to chimney him falls to get ,and screens in cloth#bde to save the heat1 ,from the lord at meat when he is set4 ,boards1 trestles and forms1 without let1 ,all these things keep shall he there1 ,and water in chafer#bdf for ladies fair4 ,three perchers#bdg of wax then shall he get1 ,above the chimney that be set1 ,in socket each one from other shall be ,the length of that other1 that men may see ,to burn1 to avoid what drunken is2 ,or else1 ,i wot1 he does amiss4 ,the usher alway shall sit at door ,at meat1 and walk shall on the floor1 ,to see that all be served aright-- ,that is his office1 both day and night4 ,and bid set board when time shall be1 ,and take them#bdh up when time sees he4 ,the wardrobe he harbours eke of chamber-- ,ladies with beads of coral and amber4 ,the usher shall bid the wardrober ,make ready for all night before the fire4 ,then brings he forth nightgown also1 ,and spreads a carpet and cushions two4 ,he lays them then upon a form ,and foot-sheet thereon1 and it doth return1#bdi ,the lord shall shift his gown at night1 ,sitting on foot-sheet till he be dight4 ,then usher goes to the buttery1 8,have in for all night1 sir10 says he4 ,first to the chandler he shall go ,to take a night-light#bej him fro2 ,both wine and ale he takes indeed4 ,the butler says without dread3 8,no meat for man assayed shall be ,but for king or prince or duke so free4 ,for ,heirs-,apparent also it is1 ,meat shall be assayed1 now think on this40 ,then to the pantry he hies belive3 8,sirs1 have in1 without strife40 ,fine bread#bea and common bread#beb he shall take2 ,the panter assays that it be bake4 ,a mortar#bec of wax yet will he bring ,for chamber1 sir1 without lying1 ,that all night burns in a basin clear ,to save the chamber at night from fire4 ,then yeoman of chamber shall void the rime#bed ,the torches have holden well that time4 ,the chamber door stekes#bee the usher then ,with pricket#bef and candle that can bren4 ,from cupboard he brings both bread and wine1 ,and first assays it1 well and fine4 ,but first the lord shall wash1 i' fay1 ,when he comes from the further house away4 ,then kneels the usher and gives him drink1 ,brings him in bed where he shall wink4 ,in strong stead on pallet he lay1#beg ,of them takes leave and goes his way4 ,yeoman-usher before the door1 ,in outer chamber1 lies on the floor4 ,de ,seneschallo#beh ,now will ,i speak of the steward too2-- ,many are false1 but few are true#bei4 ,the clerk of kitchen1 controller1 ,steward1 cook1 and surveyor1 ,assent in council without scorn ,how the lord shall fare at meat the morn4 ,if any dainty in country be1 ,the steward shows it to the lord so free1 ,bids to buy it for any cost-- ,it were great sin if it were lost4 ,before the course the steward comes then1 ,the server it next1 of all kinds of men1 ,makes way and stands beside1 ,till all be served at that tide4 ,at counting steward shall be seen ,till all be booked in wax so green1#bei ,written into books without let1 ,that before in tables has been set1 ,till accounts also thereon be cast1 ,and summed up wholly at the last4 ,de ,contrarotulatore#bfj ,the controller shall write to him1 8,taunt resceu0#bfa--no more1 ,i mean2 ,and 8,taunt dispendu0#bfb that same day2 ,uncountable#bfc he is1 as ,i you say4 ,de ,supervisore#bfd ,surveyor and steward also1 ,these three folk and no mo ,for nought receive1 but ever see ,that nothing fail and all things agree4 ,that the clerk of kitchen should not miss-- ,therefore the controller1 as have ,i bliss1 ,writes up the sum as every day1 ,and helps to count as ,i you say4 ,de ,clerico ,coquine#bfe ,the clerk of kitchen shall all things brief1#bff ,of men of court1 both loth and lief2 ,of purchases and dispenses then writes he ,and wages for grooms and yeomen free4 ,at dresser also he shall stand1 ,and fetch forth meat dressed by hand4 ,the spicery and stores with him shall dwell1 ,and many things else1 as ,i nought tell1 ,for clothing of every officer1 ,save the lord himself and ladies dear4 ,de ,cancellario#bfg ,the chancellor answers for their clothing1 ,for yeomen1 falconers1 and their horsing1 ,for their wardrobe and wages also1 ,and seals patents1 many and mo4 ,if the lord give all for term of life1 ,the chancellor it seals without strife4 8,tan come nos plerra10 men say1 that is1 8,quando placet nobis10 ,that is1 while us likes1 be nought amiss4 ,oversees his lands that all be right2 ,one of the great he is of might4 ,de ,thesaurizario#bfh ,now to speak of the treasurer ,i come4 ,husband and housewife he is in one4 ,of the receiver he shall receive ,all that is gathered of bailiff and reeve1 ,of the lord's courts1 and forfeits#bfi too1 ,whether they be false or they be true4 ,to the clerk of the kitchen he pays money ,for victual to buy throughout the country4 ,the clerk to caterer and poulterer is1 ,to baker and butler both1 so 'tis1 ,gives silver to buy in all thing1 ,what belongs to their office without lying4 ,the treasurer shall give all kinds of wage ,to squire1 yeoman1 groom or page4 ,the receiver and the treasurer1 ,the clerk of kitchen and chancellor1 ,reeves and bailiffs and parker1#bgj ,shall come to accounts every year1 ,before the auditor of the lord anon1 ,that shall be true as any stone4 ,if he treats them not right leal ,to a baron of exchequer they must appeal4 ,de ,receptore ,firmarum#bga ,of the receiver speak will ,i ,that farms#bgb receiveth1 verily1 ,of reeves and them a quittance#bgc makes2 ,six pence thereof as fee he takes4 ,and pays fees to parks as ,i know2 ,therefore at accounts he loved is so4 ,and oversees castles and manors about1 ,that naught fall1 within or without4 ,now let we these officers be1 ,and of smaller folk tell we4 ,de ,avenario#bgd ,the avener shall provender wisely ordain1 ,all the lord's horses to maintain4 ,they shall have two cast#bge of hay1 ,a peck of provender in a day4 ,every horse shall so much have1 ,at rack and manger that stands with staff4#bgf ,there is a master of horses1 a squire1 ,under him avener and farrier4 ,these yeomen old saddles shall have ,that shall be last for knight and knave4 ,for each horse a farrier shall shoe1 ,a ha'penny a day he takes him to4 ,under be grooms and pages many a one1 ,that be at wages every one1 ,some at twopence by the day1 ,and some at three farthings1 ,i you say4 ,many of them footmen there been ,that run by the bridles of ladies sheen4 ,de ,pistore#bgg ,of the baker now speak ,i will1 ,and what belongs his office till4 ,of a ,london bushel he shall bake ,twenty loaves ,i undertake3 ,manchet#bgh and cheat1#bgi to make brown bread hard ,for chandler and greyhound and hunt reward4 ,de ,venatore et suis ,canibus#bhj ,a ha'penny the hunt takes on the day1 ,for every hound1 the sooth to say4 ,two cast#bha of bread has the fewterer1#bhb ,if two leash of greyhounds there are1 ,to each a bone1 that is to tell1 ,if ,i the sooth to you shall spell1 ,besides his vantage#bhc that may befall ,of skins and other things withal4 ,that hunters better can tell than ,i1 ,and therefore ,i leave it utterly4 ,de ,aquario#bhd ,and speak ,i will of other gear ,that falls to court1 as ye may hear4 ,an ewerer in hall there needs to be1 ,and candles shall have and all napery4 ,he shall give water to gentlemen1 ,and also to all yeomen1 8,qui debent manus lavare et in quorum domibus10#bhe ,in king's court and duke's also1 ,there yeomen shall wash and no mo4 ,in ,duke ,john's#bhf house a yeoman there was ,for his reward prayed such a grace4 ,the duke got grant thereof in land ,of the king1 his father1 ,i understand4 ,whosoever gives water in king's chamber1 ,in presence of lord or lady dear1 ,he shall kneel down upon his knee1 ,else he forgets his courtesy4 ,this ewerer shall cover his lord's board ,with double napery1 at a bare word1 ,the selvage toward the lord's side2 ,and down shall hang that other wide4#bhf ,the uppercloth shall double be laid1 ,to the outer side the selvage braid2#bhg ,the other selvage he shall over fold ,as towel it were1 fair to behold4 ,napkins he shall cast thereupon1 ,that the lord shall cleanse his fingers on2 ,the lady and whosoever sits in hall1 ,all napkins shall have1 both great and small4 ,illustration3 ,john of ,gaunt receives a civic deputation ,de ,panetario#bhh ,then comes the panter with loaves three1 ,that square are carven for trencher free1 ,two set within and one without1 ,and salt-cellar covered and set en route2#bhi ,with the overmost loaf it shall be set1 ,to make up the square1 without let4 ,two carving knives are placd soon1 ,the third to the lord1 and also a spoon4 ,de ,cultellis ,domini#bij ,of the two the hafts shall outward be1 ,of the third the haft inward lays he4 ,the spoon handle shall be laid thereby1 ,more trenchers and loaves there full nigh ,he sets1 and ever must he bear ,to duchess his wine that is so dear4 ,two loaves of trenchers and salt too1 ,he sets before his son also4 ,a loaf of trenchers and salt at last ,at board's end he sets in haste4 ,then bread he brings in towel wrapped aright2 ,three loaves shall be given of the white1 ,a cheat-loaf#bia to the alms-dish1 ,whether he served be with flesh or fish4 ,at either end he casts a cope1#bib ,laid down on board1 the ends turned up4 ,that he assays kneeling on knee-- ,the carver him pares a slice#bic so free-- ,and touches the loaves in a circle#bid about2 ,the panter it eats without a doubt4 ,the ewerer through towels straineth clean ,his water into the basins sheen4 ,the over-basin thereon shall close1 ,a towel thereon1 as ,i suppose1 ,that folded shall be with full great lore1 ,two quarters in length and somewhat more4 ,a white cup of wood thereby shall be1 ,therewith with water assay shall he1 ,covers it again before all men4 ,the carver the basins takes up then1 ,the announcing squire or else a knight1 ,the towel down takes by full good right2 ,the cup he takes in hand also1 ,the carver pours water the cup into4 ,the knight the carver holds anon to1 ,he assays it ere he more shall do4 ,the cup then voided is in hall away2 ,the ewerer takes it without delay4 ,the towel two knights together shall bear1 ,before the lord's sleeves that be so dear4 ,the over-basin they hold1 never the whether1#bie ,while the carver pours water into the nether2 ,for a pipe there is inside so clean1 ,that water devoids1#bif of silver sheen4 ,then sets he the nether1 ,i understand1 ,in the over and voids with either hand1 ,and brings to the ewerer where he came fro4 ,to the lord's boards again doth go1 ,and lays four trenchers the lord before1 ,the fifth above1 by good lore4 ,by himself three shall he dress ,to cut upon the lord's mess4 ,small towel upon his neck shall be seen1 ,to cleanse his knives that be so keen4 ,de ,elemosinario#big ,the almoner by this hath said grace ,and the alms-dish has set in place2 ,therein the carver a loaf shall set ,to serve ,god first without let2 ,these other loaves he pares about1 ,lays it amid dish without a doubt2 ,the small loaf he cuts even in twain ,the over-dole#bih in two he lays again4 ,the almoner a rod shall have in hand1 ,as office for alms1 ,i understand4 ,all the broken meat he keeps1 ,i wot1 ,to deal to poor men at the gate2 ,and drink that is left served in hall1 ,of rich and poor1 both great and small4 ,he is sworn to oversee the service well1 ,and deal it to the poor every deal4 ,silver he deals riding by the way1 ,and his alms dish1 as ,i you say1 ,to the poorest man that he can find1 ,or else1 ,i wot1 he is unkind4 ,de ,ferculario#bii ,this while the squire to kitchen shall go away1 ,and bring above meat for assay4 ,the cook assays the meat undight1 ,the sewer1 he takes and covers aright4 ,whosoever takes that meat to bear1 ,shall not be so hardy the coverture to rear1 ,for cold nor hot1 ,i warn you all1 ,for suspicion of treason1 as may befall4 ,if the silver dish be over hot1 ,a subtlety ,i will that thou wot3 ,take the bread carven#cjj and lay between1 ,and keep thee well it be not seen2 ,i teach it for no courtesy1 ,but for thine ease#cja-- ,when the sewer comes unto the board1 ,all the meat he assays at a bare word1 ,the pottage first with bread y-carven1#cjb ,covers them again lest they be starven2#cjc ,with fish or flesh if they be served1 ,a morsel thereof for him shall be craved1 ,and touches the mess over all about2 ,the sewer it eats without a doubt4 ,with baken meat1 if he served be so1 ,the lids up-reared ere he further go2 ,the pasty or pie he assays within1 ,dips bread in gravy1 no more no myn4#cjd ,if the baked meat be cold as may befall1 ,a gobbet of the same he assays withal4 ,but thou that bearest meat in hand1 ,if the sewer stand1 look thou stand1 ,if he kneel1 kneel thou so long for aught1 ,till meat be assayed that thou hast brought4 ,as oft at high board1 if of bread be need1 ,the butler two loaves takes indeed1 ,that one sets down1 that other again ,he bears to cupboard in towel plain4#cje ,as oft as the carver fetches drink1 ,the butler assays it1 how good him think4 ,in the lord's cup what is left undrunk1 ,into the alms-dish it shall be sunk4 ,the carver anon without thought1 ,uncovers the cup that he has brought1 ,into the coverture wine he pours out1 ,or into a spare piece without doubt1 ,assays and gives the lord to drink1 ,or sets it down1 as good him think4 ,the carver shall carve the lord's meat1 ,of what sort of piece that he will eat2#cjf ,and on his trencher he it lays1 ,in this manner1 without displays4 ,in alms-dish he lays each deal1 ,that he is served with at the meal1 ,unless he send to any stranger1 ,a piece that is him lief and dear2#cjf ,and send him his pottage also1 ,that shall not to the alms go4 ,of carver more if must ,i tell1 ,another fit then must ,i spell2 ,therefore ,i let it here over pass1 ,to make our talking some deal less4 ,when the lord has eaten1 the sewer shall bring ,the surnape on his shoulder to him1 ,a narrow towel1 a broad beside1 ,and off his hands he lets it slide4 ,the usher leads that one end right1 ,the almoner the other away shall dight4 ,when the usher comes to the end of the board1 ,the narrow towel he stretches well toward1 ,before the lord and lady so dear2 ,double he folds the towel there4 ,when they have washen and said is grace1 ,away he takes the towel apace1 ,lowers the board unto the floor1 ,takes away the trestles that be so store4#cjg ,de ,candelario#cjh ,now will ,i speak a little while1 ,of the chandler1 without guile1 ,that torches and tapers and prickets can make1 ,perchers1#cji small candles1 ,i undertake2 ,of wax these candles all that bren1 ,and mortar of wax1 as ,i well ken4 ,the snuff of them he does away ,with close scissors1 as ,i you say4 ,the scissors be short and closed round1 ,with plate of iron on the end bound4 ,in chamber no light there shall be brent1 ,but of wax thereto1 if ye take tent4 ,in hall at supper shall candles bren ,of ,paris1 therein that all men ken1 ,each mess a candle from ,all ,hallows' ,day1 ,to ,candlemas1 as ,i you say4 ,of candles delivery squires shall have ,so long if it is that man will crave4 ,of bread and ale also the butler1 ,shall make delivery throughout the year1 ,to squires1 and also wine to knight1 ,or else he does not his office right4 ,here endeth the third speech4 ,of all our sins ,christ be our leech1 ,and bring us to his dwelling-place6 8,amen10 say ye1 for his great grace4 ,amen1 par charite4 ,,symon',s ,,lesson ,,of ,,wisdom ,,for ,,all ,,manner ,,children ,all manner children1 ye listen and hear ,a lesson of wisdom that is written clear4 ,my child1 ,i advise thee be wise1 take heed of this rhyme1 ,which old men in proverb said in old time3 8,a child were better to be unborn ,than to be untaught and so to be lorn40 ,the child that has his will alway1 ,shall thrive late1 ,i thee well say4 ,and therefore1 every good man's child1 ,that is too wanton and too wild1 ,learn well this lesson certainly1 ,that thou the better man may be4 ,child1 ,i warn thee in all wise1 ,that thou tell truth and make no lies4 ,child1 be not froward1 be not proud1 ,but hold up thy head and speak aloud2 ,and when any man speaketh to thee ,doff thy hood and bow thy knee4 ,and wash thy hands and thy face1 ,and be courteous in every place4 ,and when thou comest where is good cheer ,in hall or bower1 bid 8,god be here60 ,look thou cast to no man's dog1 ,with staff nor stone at horse nor hog4 ,look that thou not scorn nor jape ,neither with man1 maiden nor ape4 ,let no man of thee make plaint4 ,swear not by ,god1 neither by saint4 ,look thou be courteous standing at meat1 ,and that men giveth thee1 take and eat4 ,and look thou neither cry nor crave1 ,saying1 8,that and that would ,i have60 ,but stand thou still before the board1 ,and look thou speak no loud word4 ,and child1 worship thy father and thy mother2 ,look that thou grieve neither one nor other1 ,but ever1 among them thou shalt kneel down1 ,and ask their blessing and benison4 ,and child1 keep thy clothes fair and clean2 ,let no foul filth on them be seen4 ,child1 climb not over house nor wall1#caj ,for no fruit1 birds nor ball4 ,child1 over men's houses no stones fling1 ,nor at glass windows no stones sling4 ,nor make no crying1 jokes1 nor plays ,in holy church on holy days4 ,and child1 ,i warn thee of another thing1 ,keep thee from many words and wrangling4 ,and child1 when thou goest to play1 ,look thou come home by light of day4 ,and child1 ,i warn thee of another matter1 ,look thou keep thee from fire and water4 ,be ware and wise how that thou look ,over any brink1 well1 or brook4 ,and when thou standest at any schate#caa ,be ware and wise that thou catch no stake2 ,for many child without dread1 ,through evil heed is deceived or dead4 ,child1 keep thy book1 cap1 and gloves1 ,and all thing that thee behoves4 ,child1 be thou neither liar nor thief1 ,be thou no meecher#cab for mischief4 ,child1 make thou no mows nor knacks1#cac ,before no men nor behind their backs4 ,but be of fair semblance and countenance1 ,for by fair manners men may thee advance4 ,child1 when thou goest in any street1 ,if thou any good man or woman meet1 ,avale#cad thy hood to him or to her1 ,and bid 8,god speed1 dame1 or sir60 ,and be they small or great thou hast met1 ,this lesson that thou not forget2 ,for it is seemly to every man's child1 ,and mannerly1 to clerks to be meek and mild4 ,and child1 rise betimes and go to school1 ,and fare not as wanton#cae fool2 ,and learn as fast as thou may and can1 ,for our bishop is an old man1 ,and therefore thou must learn fast1 ,if thou wilt be bishop when he is passed4#caf ,child1 ,i bid thee on my blessing1 ,that thou forget not this for nothing2 ,but look1 thou hold it well in thy mind1 ,for the best thou shalt it find4 ,for1 as the wise man saith and proveth1 ,a wise child1 lore he behoveth2 ,and as men say that learned be1 ,who spareth the rod1 the child hateth he2 ,and as the wise man saith in his book1 ,of proverbs and wisdoms1 who will look3 8,as a sharp spur maketh a horse to move1 ,under a man that should war prove1 ,right so a yard may make a child1 ,to learn well his lesson and to be mild40 ,lo6 children1 here may ye all hear and see1 ,how all children chastised should be4 ,and therefore1 childer1 look ye do well1 ,and no hard beating shall you befall4 ,thus may ye all be right good men1 ,god grant you grace so to preserve you6 ,amen4 ,quoth ,,symon4 ,illustration3 8,who spareth the rod1 the child hateth0 ,,hugh ,,rhodes',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture ,,and ,,school ,,of ,,good ,,manners ,,all ye that would learn and then would be calld wise1 ,obedience learn in youth1 in age it will avoid vice4 ,i am blind in poet's art1 thereof ,i have no skill2 ,all eloquence ,i put apart1 and follow mine own will4 ,corrupt in speech my briefs and longs#cag to know1 ,born and bred in ,devonshire1 my terms will well show4 ,take the best and leave the worst1 of truth ,i mean no ill2 ,if the matter be not curious1 the intent is good1 mark it well4 ,pardon ,i ask if ,i offend thus boldly for to write1 ,to master or servant 7young and old7 ,i do myself submit4 ,i would reform both youth and age1 if anything be amiss2 ,to you will ,i shew my mind1 reform ye where need is4 ,all that have young people1 good manners set them to learn2 ,to their elders with gentle conditions let do nor say no harm4 ,if they do ill1 wise men may report their parents soon2 ,how should they teach other good1 belike themselves can#cah none4 ,a good father maketh good children1 if wisdom be them within1 ,such as of custom use it in youth1 in age they will begin4 ,he that lacketh good manners is little set by2 ,without virtue or good conditions1 a man is not worth a fly4 ,reverence father and mother 7of duty71 kind#cai doth thee bind2 ,such children increaseth1 and likely to recover virtue by kind4#cai ,against father and mother multiply no words1 be you#cbj sure2 ,it will be to thee laud and to thy friends joyful to hear4 ,a plant without moisture may not bring forth his flower2 ,if youth be void of virtue1 in age he shall lack honour4 ,first dread ,god1 next flee sin1 all earthly things are mortl2 ,stand not too fast in thy conceit1 for pride will have a fall4 ,use early rising in the morning1 for it hath properties three2 ,holy1 healthy1 wealthy--in my youth thus my father taught me4 ,at six of the clock at farthest1 accustom thee to rise2 ,look thou forget not to bless thee once or twice4 ,in the morning use some devotion1 and let for no need2 ,then all the day afterward the better shalt thou speed4 ,sponge and brush thy clothes clean that thou shalt on wear2 ,cast up your bed1 and take heed ye lose none of your gear4 ,make clean thy shoes1 comb thy head1 mannerly thee brace2 ,see thou forget not to wash both thy hands and face4 ,put on thy clothing for thy degree1#cba honestly do it make4 ,bid your fellow good morrow1 ere ye your way forth take4 ,to your friends and to father and mother look ye take heed2 ,for any haste do them reverence1 the better shalt thou speed4 ,dread the cursing of father and mother1 for it is a heavy thing2 ,do thy duty to them1 the contrary will be to thy dispraising4 ,when thy father and mother come in sight1 do them revernce1 ,and ask them blessing if they have been long out of presnce4 ,cleanly appoint you your array1 beware then of disdain2 ,then be gentle of speech and mannerly you retain4 ,and as ye pass the town or street1 sadly#cbb go forth your way1 ,nor gaze nor scoff1 nor scold1 with man nor child make no fray4 ,fair speech doth great pleasure2 it seemeth of gentle blood2 ,gentle is to use fair speech2 it requireth nothing but good4 ,and when thou comest into the church thy prayers for to say1 ,kneel1 sit1 stand or walk1 devoutly look thou pray4 ,cast not your eye to and fro1 all things for to see2 ,then shalt thou be judged plainly a wanton for to be4 ,when thou art in the church1 see thou do churchly works2 ,communication use thou not to women1 priests nor clerks4 ,when your devotion is done and time is toward dinner2 ,draw home to your master's presence1 there do your endeavour4 ,an ye be desired to serve1 or sit1 or eat meat at the table1 ,incline to good manners1 and to nurture yourself enable4 ,if your sovereign call you with him to dine or sup1 ,give him reverence to begin1 both of meat and cup4 ,and beware for anything1 press#cbc not thyself too high2 ,to sit in the place appointed thee--that is courtesy4 ,and when thou art set1 and table served thee before1 ,pare not your nails1 'file#cbd not your cloth--learn ye that lore4 ,an thy master speak to thee1 take thy cap in hand1 ,if thou sit at meat1 when he talketh to thee see thou stand4 ,lean not to the one side when thou speakest1 for nothing1 ,hold still both hand and foot1 and beware of trifling4 ,stand sadly#cbe in telling thy tale whenas thou talkest2 ,trifle with nothing1 and stand upright when thou speakest4 ,thwart#cbf not thou with thy fellow1 nor speak with high voice2 ,point not thy tale with thy fingers1 use not such toys4#cbg ,have audience when thou speakest1 speak with authority1 ,else if thou speak wisdom1 little will it avail thee4 ,pronounce thy speech with a pause1 mark well thy word2 ,it is good hearing a child2 beware with whom ye bourd4#cbh ,talk not to thy sovereign1 no time when he doth drink2 ,when he speaketh1 give him audience--that is good1 ,i think4 ,before that you sit1 see that your knife be bright1 ,your hands clean1 your nails pared is a good sight4 ,when thou shalt speak1 roll not too fast thine eye2 ,gaze not to and fro1 as one that were void of courtesy4 ,for a man's countenance often times declareth his thought2 ,his look with his speech will judge him1 good or naught4 ,and see your knife be sharp to cut your meat withal2 ,so the more cleanlier cut your meat you shall4 ,ere thou put much bread in thy pottage1 look thou it assay2 ,fill not thy spoon too full1 lest thou lose somewhat by the way4 ,if men eat of your dish1 crumb therein no bread1 ,lest your hands be sweaty1 thereof take ye good heed4 ,they may be corrupt#cbi that causeth it1 it is no fair usge4 ,of bread slice out fair morsels to put in your pottge4 ,fill it not too full of bread1 for it may be to thee reprovable2 ,lest thou leave part1 then to measure thou art variable4#ccj ,and sup not loud of thy pottage1 no time in all thy life4 ,dip not thy meat in the salt-cellar1 but take it with a knife4 ,when thou hast eaten thy pottage1 do as ,i shall thee wish2 ,wipe clean thy spoon and leave it not in thy dish4 ,lay it down before thy trencher1 thereof be not afraid2 ,and take heed who taketh it up1 lest it be conveyed4#cca ,cut not the best morsel for thyself1 leave part behind4 ,be not greedy of meat and drink1 be liberal and kind4 ,burnish no bones with your teeth1 for it is unseemly4 ,rend not thy meat asunder1 for to courtesy it is contrary4 ,an a stranger sit near thee1 ever among now and then1 ,reward him with some dainties1 like a gentleman4 ,if thy fellow sit from his meat1 and cannot come thereto1 ,then cut him such as thou hast1 that is gently to do4 ,belch near no man's face with a corrupt fumosity2#ccb ,turn from such occasion1 it is a stinking ventosity4#ccc ,eat small morsels of meat1 not too great in quantity1 ,if ye like such meats1 yet follow not ever thy phantasy4#ccd ,corrupt not thy lips with eating1 as a pig in draff2 ,eat softly and drink mannerly2 beware ye do not quaff4 ,scratch not thy head with#cce thy fingers1 when thou art at meat1 ,nor spit you over the table-board1 see thou do not forget4 ,pick not thy teeth with thy knife nor finger-end1 ,but with a stick#ccf or some clean thing1 then do ye not offend4 ,if your teeth be putrified1 methinks it is no right ,to touch meat that other should eat1 it is no cleanly sight4 ,pick not thy hands nor play with thy knife2 ,keep still foot and hand2 at meat begin ye no strife4 ,wipe thy mouth when thou shalt drink ale or wine ,on thy napkin only2 and see all things be clean4 ,blow not your nose in the napkin where ye wipe your hand2 ,cleanse it in your handkerchief1 then pass ye not your band4#ccg ,with your napkin you may oft wipe your mouth clean2 ,something thereon will cleave that cannot be seen4 ,fill not thy trencher with morsels great and large2 ,with much meat fill not thy mouth like a barge4 ,temper thyself with drink1 so keep thee from blame2 ,it#cch hurteth thy honesty and hindereth thy good name4 ,a pint at a draught to pour in fast1 as one in haste1 ,four at a mess is three too many1#cci in such ,i think waste4 ,use thy self from excess1 both in meat and drink2 ,and ever keep temperance1 whether#cdj you wake or wink4 ,fill not thy mouth too full1 lest thou must needs speak1 ,nor blow out thy crumbs when thou dost eat4 ,foul not the place with spitting whereas thou dost sit1 ,lest it abhor some to see it when thou hast forgot4 ,if thou must spit1 or blow thy nose1 keep it out of sight1 ,let it not lie on ground1 but tread it out right4 ,with bones and void#cda morsels fill not thy trencher too full2 ,avoid#cda them into a voider1#cda and no man will it null4#cdb ,roll not thy meat in thy mouth1 that every man may it see2 ,but eat thy meat somewhat close1 for it is honesty4 ,if thy sovereign proffer thee to drink once1 twice or thrice1 ,take it gently at his hand1 for in court it is the guise4 ,when thou has drunk1 set it down or take it to his servnt2 ,let not thy master set it down1 then it is well1 ,i warrnt4 ,blow not in thy pottage or drink1 that is not commendble1 ,for an thou be not whole of body1 thy breath is corruptble4#cdc ,cast not thy bones under the table1 nor none do thou knack4#cdd ,stretch thee not at the table1 nor lean forth thy back4 ,afore dinner or after1 with thy knife score#cde not the board2 ,such toys are not commendable1 trust me at a word4 ,lean not on the board when your master is thereat2 ,for then will your sovereign think in you checkmate4#cdf ,be not ashamed to eat the meat which is set before thee2 ,mannerly for to take it1 that agreeth well with courtesy4 ,cast not thine eyes to and fro1 as one that were full of toys2 ,much wagging with the head seemeth thou art not wise4 ,scratch not thy head1 put thou not thy finger in thy mouth2 ,blow not thy nose1 nor look thereon2 to some it is loth4 ,be not loud where you be1 nor at the table where ye sit2 ,some men will deem thee drunken or mad1 or to lack wit4 ,when meat is taken away1 and the voiders set in presnce1 ,put your trencher in the voider1 and also the residnce4#cdg ,take with your napkin and knife forth crumbs before thee2 ,put your napkin in the voider1 for it is courtesy4 ,be gentle alway and good to please1 be it night or day1 ,with tongue and hand1 be not 'ragious2#cdh let reason rule alway4 ,when the meat is taken up and the table-cloth made clean1 ,then take heed of grace1 and to wash yourself demean4 ,and while grace is saying1 see ye make no noise2 ,thank ,god of your fare1 to your sovereign give praise4 ,when ye perceive to rise1 say to your fellows all1 8,much good do it you10 gently1 then gentle1 men will you call4 ,then go to your sovereign1 and give obeisance mannerly1 ,and withdraw you aside1 as best for your honesty4 ,an ye see men in great counsel1 press not too near2 ,they will say you are untaught2 that is sure and clear4 ,speak not much in thy fellow's ear1 give no ill language2 ,men are suspicious1 and will think it no good usage4 ,laugh not too much at the table1 nor make at it no game4 ,avoid slanderous and bawdy tales2 use them not for shame4 ,ere thou be old1 beware1 so thou may'st get a sudden fall2 ,an you be honest in youth1 in age ye may be liberal4 ,,francis ,,seager',s ,,school ,,of ,,virtue ,,the ,,author',s ,,name ,,inverted ,s ay well some will by this my labour1 ,e very man yet will not say the same4 ,a mong the good ,i doubt not favour2 ,g od them forgive that for it me blame4 ,e ach man ,i wish whom it shall offend1 ,r ead and then judge1 where fault is1 amend4 ,face aut ,tace ,,first in the morning1 when thou dost awake1 ,to ,god for ,his grace1 thy petition then make4 ,this prayer following use daily to say2 ,thy heart lifting up1 thus begin to pray4 ,,the ,,morning ,,prayer 8,o ,god from whom all good gifts proceed1 ,to thee we repair in time of our need1 ,that with thy grace thou would'st us endue1 ,virtue to follow and vice to eschew4 ,hear this our request1 and grant our desire1 ,o ,lord1 most humbly we do thee require4 ,this day us defend that we walking aright ,may do the thing acceptable in thy sight2 ,that as we in years and body do grow1 ,so in good virtues we may likewise flow ,to thy honour and joy of our parents1 ,learning to live well and keep thy commandments1 ,in flying from all vice1 sin and crime1 ,applying our books1 not losing our time1 ,may fructify and go here in good doing1 forward ,in this vale of misery unto our lives' ending2 ,that after this life here transitory1 ,we may attain to greater glory40 ,the ,lord's prayer then see thou recite1 ,so using to do1 at morning and night4 ,,how ,,to ,,order ,,thyself ,,when ,,thou ,,risest ,,and ,,in ,,apparelling ,,thy ,,body ,fly ever sloth and overmuch sleep2 ,in health the body thereby thou shalt keep4 ,much sleep engendereth diseases and pain1 ,it dulls the wit and hurteth the brain4 ,early in the morning1 thy bed then forsake1 ,thy raiment put on1 thyself ready make4 ,to cast up thy bed it shall be thy part1 ,else may they say that beastly thou art2 ,so to depart and let the same lie1 ,it is not seeming nor yet mannerly4 ,down from thy chamber when thou shalt go1 ,thy parents salute thou1 and the family also2 ,thy hands see thou wash1 and thy head comb1 ,and of thy raiment see torn be no seam2 ,thy cap fair brushed1 thy head cover then1 ,taking it off1 in speaking to any man4 ,cato doth council thee thine elders to reverence1 ,declaring thereby thy duty and obedience4 ,thy shirt collar fast to thy neck knit2 ,comely thy raiment look on thy body sit2 ,thy girdle about thy waist then fasten1 ,thy hose fair rubbed1 thy shoes see be clean4 ,a napkin see that thou have in readiness1 ,thy nose to cleanse from all filthiness4 ,thy nails1 if need be1 see that thou pare2 ,thine ears keep clean1 thy teeth wash thou fair4 ,if aught about thee chance to be torn1 ,thy friends thereof show how it is worn1 ,and they will new for thee provide1 ,or the old mend1 in time being spied4 ,this done1 thy satchell and thy books take1 ,and to the school haste see thou make4 ,but ere thou go1 with thyself forethink4 ,that thou take with thee pen1 paper and ink2 ,for these are things for thy study necessry1 ,forget not then with thee them to carry4 ,the soldier preparing himself to the field1 ,leaves not at home his sword and his shield2 ,no more should a scholar forget then truly ,what he at school should need to occupy4#cdi ,these things thus had1 take straight thy way1 ,unto the school without any stay4 ,,how ,,to ,,behave ,,thyself ,,in ,,going ,,by ,,the ,,street ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,school ,in going by the way1 and passing the street1 ,thy cap put off1 salute those ye meet2 ,in giving the way to such as pass by1 ,it is a point of civility4 ,and thy way fortune so for to fall1 ,let it not grieve thee thy fellows to call4 ,when to the school thou shalt resort1 ,this rule note well1 ,i do thee exhort3 ,thy master there being1 salute with all revernce1 ,declaring thereby thy duty and obedince2 ,thy fellows salute in token of love1 ,lest of inhumanity they shall thee reprove4 ,unto thy place appointed for to sit1 ,straight go thou to1 and thy satchell unknit1 ,thy bokes take out1 thy lesson then learn1 ,humbly thyself behave and govrn4 ,therein taking pain1 with all thine industry1 ,learning to get1 thy book well apply4 ,all things seem hard when we do begin1 ,but labour and diligence yet both them win2 ,we ought not to reckon and count the thing hard1 ,that bringeth joy and pleasure afterward2 ,leave off then labour and the lack rue1 ,lament and repent when age doth ensue4 ,deeds that deserved fame and great praise1 ,buried had been1 we see in old days1 ,if letters had not then brought them to light ,the truth of such things who could now recite8 ,apply thy mind to learning and science1 ,for learning in need will be thy defence4 ,nothing to science compare we may well1 ,the sweetness whereof all things doth excel4 ,and ,cato the wise this worthy saying hath1 ,that man wanting learning is as the image of death4 ,the roots of learning most bitter we deem2 ,the fruits at last most pleasant doth seem4 ,then labour for learning while here thou shalt live1 ,the ignorant to teach1 and good example give2 ,so shalt thou be thought a member most worthy ,thy commonwealth to serve in time of necessity4 ,experience doth teach and show to thee plain ,that many to honour by learning attain1 ,that were of birth but simple and base2 ,such is the goodness of ,god's special grace4 ,for he that to honour by virtue doth rise1 ,is double happy1 and counted most wise4 ,if doubt thou dost1 desire to be told1 ,no shame is to learn1 being never so old2 ,ignorance doth cause great errors in us ,for wanting of knowledge doubts to discuss2 ,then learn to discern the good from the ill1 ,and such as thee warn1 bear thou good will4 ,when from the school ye shall take your way1 ,or orderly then go ye1 two in array1 ,your selves matching so equal as ye may1 ,that men it seeing may well of you say ,in commending this1 your laudable ways1 ,which must needs sound to your great praise1 ,not running in heaps as a swarm of bees1 ,as at this day every man it now sees2 ,not using1 but refusing1 such foolish toys1 ,as commonly are used in these days of boys1 ,as whooping and as in hunting the fox1 hallooing1 ,that men it hearing deride them with mocks4 ,this foolishness forsake1 this folly eschewing1 ,and learn to follow this order ensuing4 ,in going by the way1 neither talk nor jangle1 ,gape not1 nor gaze not at every new fangle1 ,but soberly go ye1 with countenance grave2 ,humbly yourselves toward all men behave2 ,be free of cap and full of courtesy2 ,great love of all men you shall win thereby4 ,be lowly and gentle and of meek mood2 ,then men can not but of you say good4 ,in passing the street1 do no man no harm2 ,use thou few words1 and thy tongue charm1 ,then men shall see that grace in thee groweth1 ,from whom virtues so abundantly floweth4 ,when thou art come where thy parents do dwell1 ,thy leave then taking1 bid thy fellows farewell2 ,the house then entering1 in thy parents' presnce1 ,humbly salute them with all revernce4 ,,how ,,to ,,behave ,,thyself ,,in ,,serving ,,the ,,table ,when thy parents down to the table shall sit1 ,in place be ready1 for the purpose most fit3 ,with sober countenance looking them in the face1 ,thy hands holding up1 thus begin grace3 8,give thanks to ,god with one accord ,for that shall be set on this board4 ,and be not careful what to eat2 ,to each thing living the ,lord sends meat2 ,for food he will not see you perish1 ,but will you feed1 foster1 and cherish2 ,take well in worth what he hath sent1 ,at this time be therewith content ,praising ,god40 ,so treatably#cej as possible thou can1 speaking ,that the hearers thereof may thee understand4 ,grace being said1 low curtsey make thou1 ,saying1 8,much good may it do you60 ,of stature then if thou be able1 ,it shall become thee to serve the table1 ,in bringing to it such meat as shall need1 ,for thy parents upon that time to feed4 ,dishes with measure thou oughtest to fill1 ,else may'st thou happen thy service to spill1 ,on their apparel1 or else on the cloth1 ,which for to do would move them to wrath4 ,spare trenchers with have in readiness1 napkins ,to serve afterward1 if there come any guests4 ,be circumspect1 see nothing do want1 ,of necessary things that there be no scant1 ,as bread and drink1 see there be plenty4 ,the voiders with bones oft see thou empty4 ,at hand be ready1 if any do call1 ,to fetch or take up1 if ought fortune to fall4 ,when they have done1 then ready make1 ,the table up fair in order to take4 ,first the salt see that thou cover1 ,having by thee either one or other ,things from thy hands then to convey1 ,that from the table thou shalt take away4 ,a voider upon the table thou have1 ,the trenchers and napkins therein to receive4 ,the crumbs with a napkin1 together them sweep1 7,it7 at the table's end in a voider them keep4 ,then before each man a clean trencher lay1 ,the best first serving1 as judge thou soon may4 ,then cheese with fruit on the table set1 ,with biscuits or as you may get4 caraways1 ,wine to them fill1 else ale or beer2 ,but wine is meetest1 if any there were4 ,then on the table attend with all dilignce1 ,it for to void1 when done have thy parnts4 ,each side of the cloth do thou turn in2 ,folding it up1 at the higher end begin4 ,a clean towel then on the table spread1 ,the towel wanting1 the cloth take instead4 ,the basin and ewer to the table then bring1 ,in place convenient their pleasure abiding4 ,when thou shalt see them ready to wash1 ,the ewer take up1 and be not too rash ,in pouring out water more than will suffice4 ,the table then void that they may rise4 ,all things thus done1 forget not thy duty1 ,before the table make thou low curtsey4 ,,how ,,to ,,order ,,thyself ,,sitting ,,at ,,the ,,table ,o children1 give ear your duties to learn1 ,how at the table you may yourselves govrn4 ,presume not too high1 ,i say1 in no case2 ,in sitting down1 to thy betters give place4 ,suffer each man first servd to be2 ,for that is a point of good courtesy4 ,when they are served1 then pause a space1 ,for that is a sign of nurture and grace4 ,salt with thy knife then reach and take1 ,the bread cut fair1 and do not it break4 ,thy spoon with pottage too full do not fill1 ,for defiling the cloth1 if thou fortune to spill4 ,for rudeness it is thy pottage to sup1 ,or speech to any1 his head in the cup4 ,thy knife see be sharp to cut fair thy meat1 ,thy mouth not too full when thou dost eat2 ,not smacking thy lips1 as commonly do hogs1 ,nor gnawing the bones as it were dogs2 ,such rudeness abhor1 such beastliness fly1 ,at the table behave thyself mannerly4 ,thy fingers see clean that thou ever keep1 ,having a napkin thereon them to wipe2 ,thy mouth therewith clean do thou make1 ,the cup to drink in hand if thou take1 ,let not thy tongue at the table walk1 ,and of no matter neither reason nor talk4 ,temper thy tongue and belly alway1 ,for 8measure is the proverb doth say1 treasure10 ,and measure in all things is to be used2 ,what is without measure ought to be refused4 ,for silence keeping thou shalt not be shent1#cea ,whereas thy speech may cause thee repent4 ,both speech and silence are commendble1 ,but silence is meetest in a child at the table4 ,and ,cato doth say1 that 8in old and young ,the first of virtue is to keep thy tongue40 ,pick not thy teeth at the table sitting1 ,nor use at thy meat overmuch spitting2 ,this rudeness of youth is to be abhorred2 ,thyself mannerly behave at the board4 ,if occasion of laughter at the table thou see1 ,beware that thou use the same moderately4 ,of good manners learn so much as thou can2 ,it will thee prefer when thou art a man4 ,aristotle1 the this worthy saying writ1 philosopher1 ,that 8manners in a child more requisite are ,than playing on and other vain pleasure2 instruments ,for virtuous manners is a most precious treasure40 ,let not this saying in no wise thee offend1 ,for playing of he doth not discommend1 instruments ,but doth grant them for a child necessary1 ,yet manners much more1 see here he doth vary4 ,refuse not his counsel1 nor his words despise2 ,to virtue and knowledge by them may'st thou rise4 ,,how ,,to ,,order ,,thyself ,,in ,,the ,,church ,when to the church thou shalt repair1 ,kneeling or standing1 to ,god make thee prayer4 ,all worldly matters from thy mind set apart1 ,earnestly praying1 to ,god lift up thy heart4 ,a contrite heart ,he will not despise1 ,which ,he doth count a sweet sacrifice4 ,to ,him thy sins show and confess1 ,asking for them grace and forgiveness4 ,he is the physician that knoweth thy sore1 ,and can to health again thee restore4 ,ask then in faith1 not doubting to have2 ,the things ye desire1 ye shall them receive2 ,so they be lawful of ,god to require1 ,he will thee hear and grant thy desire4 ,more merciful ,he is than pen can express1 ,the author and giver here of all goodness4 8,all ye that labour and burdend be1 ,i will you refresh in coming to ,me40 ,these are ,christ's words1 the ,scripture is plain1 ,spoken to all such as here suffer pain4 ,our wills to ,his word then let us frame1 ,the heavenly habitation thereby we may claim4 ,in the church comely thyself do behave1 ,in usage sober1 thy countenance grave4 ,while you be there1 talk of no matter1 ,nor one with another whisper nor chatter4 ,reverently thyself order alway1 ,when to the church thou shalt come to pray4 ,each thing hath his time1 consider the place1 ,for that is a token of virtue and grace4 ,the ,lord doth call it the house of prayer1 ,and not to be used as is a fair4 ,this is followed by a series of moral instructions1 omitted partly because they do not primarily belong in this book1 and partly for lack of space4 ,they are entitled3-- ,the ,fruits of ,gaming1 ,virtue1 and ,learning 7sic74 ,how to ,behave thyself in ,talking with any ,man4 ,how to ,order thyself1 being sent of ,message4 ,against ,anger1 ,envy and ,malice4 ,the ,fruits of ,charity1 ,love and ,patience4 ,against the ,horrible ,vice of ,swearing4 ,against the ,vice of ,filthy ,talking4 ,against the ,vice of ,lying4 ,a ,,prayer ,,to ,,be ,,said ,,when ,,thou ,,goest ,,to ,,bed ,o merciful ,god1 hear this our request1 ,and grant unto us this night quiet rest4 ,into thy tuition1 ,o ,lord1 do us take1 ,our bodies sleeping1 our minds yet may wake4 ,forgive the offences this day we have wrought1 ,against thee and our in word1 deed1 and neighbour1 thought1 ,and grant us thy grace henceforth to fly sin1 ,and that a new life we may now begin4 ,deliver and defend us this night from all evil1 ,and from the danger of our enemy1 the devil1 ,which goeth about seeking his prey1 ,and by his craft whom he may betray4 ,assist us1 ,o ,lord1 with thy ,holy ,sprite1 ,that valiantly against we may ever fight1 him ,and winning the victory1 may lift up our voice1 ,and in ,his strength faithfully rejoice1 ,saying1 8,to the ,lord be all honour and praise1 ,for ,his defence1 both now and always60 ,the book concludes with ,the ,duty of each ,degree briefly ,declared1 and the motto1 ,famam virtutis mors abolire nequit1 quod ,f4,s4 ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,virtue1 ,,the ,,second ,,part1 ,,or ,,the ,,young ,,scholar',s ,,paradise ,a ,,digression ,,for ,,children ,,how ,,they ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,instructed ,by ,richard ,weste ,r ightly conceive me1 and observe me well1 ,i do what here is done for children's good4 ,c hrist in ,his ,gospel 7as ,st4 ,mark doth tell7 ,h ath not forbidden children1 nor withstood ,a ny that should but ask the ready way1 ,r egarding children1 not to say them nay1 ,d irecting all that came1 how faith should be4 ,w hat they should crave of ,god's high majesty1 ,e ven salvation1 through their faithful prayer1 ,s ending their contemplations into the air1 ,t o ,his high throne1 whose love so guide us all1 ,e ven to the end we never cease to call4 ,children 7draw near71 attend what ,i say3 ,observe well these precepts and mark them1 ,i pray4 ,though many rules formerly have been set out1 ,to quicken the spirits of children in doubt1 ,yet youth is so fickle and loth to be taught1 ,that being observed1 'tis unseemly and naught4 ,for children's instructions in virtue and good1 ,four things must be noted and many withstood4 ,the first to be marked is so that the mind ,be seasoned with virtue and godly inclined4 ,the second1 to aim at the liberal arts1 ,to practice and exercise scholar-like parts4 ,the third1 to be taught as times do require1 ,all moderate actions this age doth desire4 ,the fourth1 that coming to more years and strength1 ,that all to civility he bend at the length4 ,observe well the rules which now shall ensue1 ,and find them right wholesome1 delightful and new4 ,,how ,,thou ,,oughtest ,,to ,,prepare ,,thyself1 ,,when ,,thou ,,risest ,,in ,,the ,,morning ,when moderate sleep thy head hath possessed1 ,and given thy body his natural rest1 ,shake sluggishness off1 bethink thee of things1 ,that for thy soul's health sweet melody brings4 ,seven hours for a child is temperate and good1 ,if more1 it offendeth and hurteth the blood4 ,with heart then unfained1 to ,god first of all ,frame well thy petition1 and thus to him call4 ,morning ,prayer much as in ,seager1 p4 #adb4 ,,the ,,charge ,,of ,,children ,,in ,,their ,,carriage ,thy prayer so commended to ,god1 have a care ,to wash hands and face1 and to combing thy hair4 ,and then for the school bethink thou to go1 ,the secrets of ,god the better to know4 ,in entering to school1 let eyes be upcast1 ,to ,god for ,his blessings1 formerly past1 ,to endue thee with godliness1 virtue and piety1 ,sent thee from heaven from ,god in ,his ,deity3 ,for without ,his help can nothing be done1 ,nothing be finished1 nothing begun4 ,then mark thou with diligence being so provided1 ,what shall at school be said or decided4 ,let not thy thoughts go wandering about1 ,and not minding thy practice1 abroad for to scout3 ,and answer with shamefastness what is required1 ,for modesty in youth is chiefly desired4 ,deserve not correction1 as near as thou mayest1 ,nor to thy schoolmaster give any distaste1 ,nor yet thy companions1 or school-fellows kind3 ,observe what ,i speak1 and bear it in mind4 ,be ready to teach1 and not to confute ,thy schoolfellows' arguments1 when you dispute4 ,let ,christ have ,his library placed in thy heart1 ,and ever of ,scriptures be reading a part4 ,let all be well-measured what thou shalt read1 ,not posting away with't1 or making much speed2 ,for haste overthroweth the mind and the wit1 ,eschew and abandon then things so unfit4 ,if all at an instant thou not comprehend1 ,to-morrow seek further1 thy fault to amend4 ,desire of authors to read of the choice1 ,of such as for eloquence carry the voice1 ,as ,cicero1 ,sallust1 ,gellius#ceb and ,terence1 ,quintilian and others1 great authors of revernce4 ,observe all with care and diligent ear1 ,thy learning the greater shall grow and appear4 ,,the ,,charge ,,of ,,children ,,in ,,going ,,from ,,school ,,and ,,coming ,in going from school1 observe it full well1 ,in streets stand not staring1 nor tales see thou tell1 ,what hath been at school said1 spoken or done ,among thy companions2 but home get thee gone4 ,and unto thy parents see duty thou do1 ,with reverent carriage and modesty too1 ,not bold or unmannerly1 gentle and mild1 ,and show them the office of a dutiful child4 ,if that thou have time1 ere dinner begin1 ,rehearse to thyself the lesson or thing ,thou heard'st at the school1 let time be well noted1 ,the deeper with wisdom thy brains will be quoted4 ,,laying ,,the ,,cloth1 ,,and ,,making ,,ready ,,the ,,table ,be sure to be ready the board to prepare ,at times as accustomed2 with diligent care1 ,the table-cloth first see fairly be spread1 ,fair trenchers1 clean napkins1 the salt and the bread4 ,let glasses be scoured in country guise ,with salt and fair water1 and ever devise ,the place most convenient where they may stand1 ,the safest from breaking1 and nearest at hand4 ,here follow several graces and maxims4 ,,demeanour ,,in ,,serving ,,at ,,the ,,table ,stand straight upright1 and both thy feet together closely standing2 ,be sure on't1 ever let thine eye be still at thy commanding4 ,observe that nothing wanting be which should be on the board4 ,unless a question movd be1 be careful--not a word4 ,if thou do fill or give the drink1 with duty set it down2 ,and take it back with manlike cheer1 not like a rustic clown4 ,if on an errand thou be sent1 make haste and do not stay2 ,when all have done1 observe the time1 serve ,god and take away4#cec ,when thou hast done and dind well1 remember thou repair ,to school again with carefulness2 be that thy chiefest care4 ,and mark what shall be read to thee1 or given thee to learn2 ,that apprehend as near as may be2 wisdom so doth warn4 ,with steadfast eye and careful ear1 remember every word ,thy schoolmaster shall speak to thee1 as memory shall afford4 ,let not thy brows be backward drawn1 it is a sign of pride4 ,exalt them not1 it shows a heart most arrogant1 beside4 ,nor let thine eyes be glumly#ced down cast1 with a hanging look1 ,for that to dreamers doth belong1 that goodness cannot brook4 ,let forehead joyful be and full1 it shows a merry part1 ,and cheerfulness in countenance1 and pleasantness of heart4 ,nor wrinkled let thy countenance be1 still going to and fro1 ,for that belongs to hedgehogs#ced right2 they wallow even so4 ,nor imitate with ,socrates#ced to wipe thy snivelled nose ,upon thy cap1 as he would do1 nor yet upon thy clothes4 ,but keep it clean with handkerchief provided for the same1 ,not with thy fingers or thy sleeve2 therein thou art to blame4 ,blow not aloud as thou shalt stand1 for that is most absurd1 ,just like a broken-winded horse2 it is to be abhorred4 ,nor practice snufflingly to speak1 for that doth imitate ,the brutish stork#cee and elephant1 yea1 and the wauling#cef cat4 ,if thou perforce do chance to sneeze1 then backwards turn away ,from presence of the company wherein thou art to stay4 ,thy cheeks with shamefaced modesty dipped in ,dame ,nature's dye1 ,not counterfeit nor puffd out--observe it carefully4 ,keep close thy mouth1 for why8 ,thy breath may hap to give offence1 ,and other worse may be repaid for further recompense4 ,nor put thy lips out like a fool1 as thou would'st kiss a horse1 ,when thou before thy betters art1 and what is ten times worse1 ,to gape in such unseemly sort1 with ugly1 gaping mouth1 ,is like an image picturd#ceg a-blowing from the south4 ,which to avoid1 then turn about1 and with a napkin hide ,that gaping1 foul deformity1 when thou art so aside4 ,to laugh at all things thou shalt hear is neither good nor fit2 ,it shows the property and form of one with little wit4 ,to bite the lip1 it seemeth base1 for why8 ,to lay it open1 ,most base1 dissembling doggedness1 most sure1 it doth betoken4 ,and so to bite the upper lip doth most uncomely show2 ,the lips set close#ceh 7as like to kiss71 in manner seem not so4 ,to put the tongue out wantonly and draw it in again1 ,betokens mocking of thyself1 in all the eyes of men4 ,if spitting chance to move thee so thou canst it not forbear1 ,remember1 do it modestly1 consider who is there4 ,if filthiness or ordure thou upon the floor do cast1 ,tread out and cleanse it with thy foot--let that be done with haste4 ,thy head1 let that be combed and trimmed1 let not thy hair be long2 ,it is unseemly to the eye1 rebukd by the tongue4 ,if in thy tale thou hammering#cei stand1 or coughing twixt thy words1 ,it doth betoken a liar's smell--that's all that it affords4 ,to belch or bulch like ,clitipho1#cfj whom ,terence setteth forth1 ,commendeth manners to be base1 most foul and nothing worth4 ,if thou to vomit be constrained1 avoid from company1 ,so shall it better be excused1 if not through gluttony4 ,keep white thy teeth and wash thy mouth with water pure and clean2 ,and in that washing1 mannerly observe and keep a mean4 ,and be not like a slothful wight1 delighted to hang down ,thy head1 and lift the shoulders up1 nor with thy brows to frown4 ,to carry up the body fair is decent and doth show ,a comely grace in any one1 wherever he doth go4 ,to hang the head on any side doth show hypocrisy2 ,and who shall use it1 trust him not--he deals with policy4 ,and in thy sitting use a mean1 as may become thee well1 ,not straddling1 no1 nor tottering1 and dangling like a bell4 ,observe in courtesy to take a rule of decent kind3 ,bend not thy body too far forth1 nor back thy leg behind4 ,in going1 keep a decent gait1 not feigning lame or broken1 ,for that doth seem but wantonness1 and foolishness betoken4 ,let thy apparel not exceed to pass for sumptuous cost1 ,nor altogether be too base1 for so thy credit's lost4 ,be modest in thy wearing it1 and keep it neat and clean1 ,for spotted1 dirty or the like is loathsome to be seen4 ,this for thy body may suffice1 how thou must ordered be1 ,now at the church thou shalt observe1 to ,god how all must be4 ,then follows ,how to ,behave ,thyself at the ,church1 much as in ,seager1 p4 #aed4 ,,not ,,to ,,walk ,,in ,,the ,,church ,in seat sit thou quiet1 and walk not about1 ,for 'tis most unseemly1 without any doubt4 ',tis fit in a fair1 or in some market-town1 ,and not in ,god's house for to walk up and down4 ,the church is ordained for sermons1 orations1 ,and prayers divine for the soul's recreations4 ,and not like a playhouse1 unhallowed to be1 ,despising the reverence to ,god's ,majesty4 ,give ear most attentive to what thou shalt find1 ,for ,god's word is light to the godly in mind4 ,great ease cometh 7out of the reverent text7 ,for troubled in heart and in conscience perplexed4 ,do all this with duty and reverend heart1 ,and ,god will reward thee full well for thy part4 ,observe well the times1 for to stand or to kneel1 ,the more inward ease of thy heart shalt thou feel4 ,to kneel on the ground with one knee alone1 ,is even as comely as though it were none4 ,how can thy devotion be hearty and sound1 ,if thou do refuse to lay knees to the ground8 ',tis like to the soldier1 who mockingly came1 ,saluting our ,saviour1 and gave ,him the name 7,hail ,king of the ,jews7 his knee was so bent1 ,not with any duty1 nor godly intent4 ,if thou in the church alone chance to be1 ,still let heart and thy tongue be so free1 ,as never to cease2 but with due veneration1 ,to call to the ,lord with unfeigned contemplation4 ,let neither thy tongue be talking nor tattling1 ,nor settle of any thing to be a-prattling1 ,nor let thine eyes walk1 nor cast them about1 ,for of that devotion there is a great doubt4 ,,necessary ,,rules ,,to ,,be ,,observed ,,for ,,the ,,guiding ,,of ,,children ,,in ,,their ,,apparel ,,and ,,otherwise ,let not children have their pleasures in the ordering of their garments4 ,some delight to have them jagged and cut2 but such fantasticness ought to be reformed by wiser and elder1 considering their foolishness is beyond measure1 if all may be done at their pleasure2 and ancient writers repute them out of their wits and madmen that favour it4 ,again1 painted and gawdy apparel is not so fantastic in children's eyes2 but as costly to the parents' purses1 whereby ancient writers proclaim such parents fellow-fools with their children4 ,the modesty and decency of the vestments of children are strong and good1 not curious to the eye alone3 and such as are clean and without foulness or filthiness3 which after the estate and means of the parents ought to be principal1 so long as by the craftsman it be made with reasonable and good form and fashion4 ,,how ,,to ,,order ,a ,,child ,,in ,,his ,,diet ,,for ,,drink ,for a child to make the beginning of his dinner drink1 is a good way to breed him up to drunkenness4 ,especially1 if he take it for wanton custom1 and not for necessity of thirst4 ,it is dishonest to be suffered1 and annoysome to the health of the body of a child4 ,let not a child drink after he hath supped hot broth1 immediately upon it2 much less1 if he have been fed with milk4 ,let not a child drink above twice or thrice at the most at one meal1 and that gently1 and not without reason3 who bestoweth wine and beer on his child beyond reason1 deformeth and abuseth him more by dishonouring his reason1 and provoking him to an unreasonable diet4 ,,to ,,moderate ,,the ,,appetite ,,of ,a ,,child ,,from ,,sauciness ,,and ,,being ,,liquorish ,socrates being old1 would not drink of the first cup2 for why8 ,his brain was light1 and the first drink is ever the most fuming and overcoming4 ,if thy child be set with his betters1 let his hand be last in the dish4 ,and that he do it not at all1 unless he be first bidden4 ,neither suffer your children to put their hands or fingers into broths1 sauces1 caudles1 or such like1 at the table especially4 ,otherwise1 let correction bridle their wantonness4 ,if he be of sensible years1 let him forbear his fingers in a dish1 and use a knife without choosing at his pleasure2 for it is unseemly4 ,homer often reprehendeth sauciness in these or such-like words4 ,they boldly put their hands into the meat that is set before them4 ,and as it is unseemly to a liquorish person to train his hands to every side of the dish1 so is it more vile to turn the best morsel towards thyself4 ,to gnaw bones belongeth chiefly to dogs1 but it is a civil thing to pick them clean with a knife4 ,the licking of a dish belongeth to cats and dogs and not to children nor men1 be the relics never so sweet1 and betokeneth liquorishiness1 not manners4 ,to drink or speak with meat in the mouth1 is uncivil and dangerous withal4 ,let the children rise from the board when ,nature is sufficed1 either by asking leave1 or withdrawing themselves4 ,let children bear away with them their trenchers1 saluting their parents1 and first the chief in the company1 then the rest4 ,the book concludes with various graces1 a morning prayer1 ,a ,prayer for ,children ere they go to ,school 7to be said71 and the following prayer3-- ,a ,,prayer ,,to ,,be ,,said ,,by ,,children ,,after ,,they ,,have ,,studied1 ,,at ,,their ,,going ,,to ,,bed ,i give thee most humble and hearty thanks1 ,o most generous and blessed ,father of ,heaven1 in that it hath pleased ,thee1 of ,thy most gracious goodness1 to hear my request4 ,o ,lord1 still give me grace to go onward in understanding and knowledge1 that ,i may ever more praise ,thy ,holy ,name1 and grant me ,thy grace to amend my life1 and to return unfeignedly unto ,thy service4 ,and forasmuch as no creature can breathe without ,thy protection and favour1 vouchsafe to extend ,thy mercies unto me this night1 that ,i may peaceably and quietly take that rest1 which ,thou hast appointed for the refreshment of my body and mind1 the night and darkness being by ,thy goodness ordained1 as a time convenient to take the same in1 and to cease from our bodily labours4 ,and grant unto me 7,o ,lord my ,god7 who of myself am neither able to lie down1 nor being laid able to rise up1 ,thy especial assistance and help1 that ,i may repose myself and receive 7at ,thy merciful hands7 sweet and comfortable rest1 not according to the greediness of corrupt nature1 but as shall be most expedient for the comfort and refreshing of my wearied body and mind1 that both may be strengthened and enabled to go forward with that study and exercise1 which ,thou hast ordained and appointed for me4 ,lastly1 grant me true repentance for my sins1 bless and defend1 my parents1 brethren1 sisters1 kinsfolk1 neighbours1 and others1 whom ,thou would'st ,i should commend to ,thy fatherly protection1 wheresoever they remain1 and for the more true and zealous calling unto ,thee for these things1 give me grace in faith to say that prayer which ,thy ,son ,jesus ,christ hath taught me1 saying 8,o our ,father which art in ,heaven10 c4 ,,finis ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,notes ,,the ,,babees' ,,book ,,ms4 ,harleian #ejhf1 fols4 #hf-ij1 about #adge1 ends1 8,learn or be lewd40 ,first printed by ,dr4 ,furnivall4 ,nothing is known of the author4 ,written in rhyme royal1 five-stress lines in seven-line stanzas1 arranged ababbcc4 ,the treatise is noteworthy chiefly in that it seems to be addressed to young princes1 and the ,,ms4 dates from the time when ,edward ,v4 and ,richard of ,york were boys4 ,as it is more tedious than quaint in the original1 it has been rendered into prose4 p4 #a4 ,facet4 ,for author and title1 see ,introduction1 p4 xii4 ,it was printed very frequently in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 both separately and in connection with seven similar works1 two of them also attributed to ,john ,garland1 under the title3 ,auctores ,octo ,opusculorum cum commentariis1 c42 ,videlicet ,cathonis1 ,theodoli1 ,faceti1 ,cartule alias de ,contemptu ,mundi1 ,thobiadis1 ,parabolarum ,alani1 ,fabularum ,esopi1 ,floreti4 ,the ,english author seems to have borrowed little besides the name and the introduction1 8,cum nihil utilius humane credo saluti ,quam rerum nouisse modos et moribus uti40 p4 #b4 ,babies4 ,children much older than those we associate with the word4 ,apparently it was used like the ,spanish menino 7,french menin1 introduced from ,spain1 #afhj7 to mean1 8young man of good family40 p4 #b4 ,ease in learning1 i4e41 because it was in verse4 p4 #b4 ,lady ,facetia4 ,apparently the author's feminine of ,facetus 7perhaps through confusion with faceti1 jokes71 because courtesy was usually personified as a woman4 ,in the ,tesoretto1 the chief virtue is ,larghezza 7liberality71 upon whom ,courtesy attends1 together with ,good-,faith and ,valour1 over against the masculine qualities1 ,prudence1 ,temperance1 ,fortitude1 ,justice4 p4 #c4 ,bele4 ,fr4 belle1 beautiful4 ,not common in ,english 7see ,n4,e4,d47 until the seventeenth century4 p4 #f4 ,trencher4 ,originally1 a slice of wholemeal bread1 four days old1 upon which food was served4 ,later1 it was made of wood4 p4 #h4 ,where they ought to be4 ,in a knife-rack or case8 ,see ,wright1 ,domestic ,manners and ,customs1 p4 #dfd4 ,,the ,a ,b ,c ,,of ,,aristotle ,,ms4 ,lambeth #hec1 fol4 #cj1 about #adcj1 written without breaks2 ,harl4 #ejhf1 fol4 #gj;b1 and ,harl4 #acjd1 fol4 #ajc1 about #adej 7printed in ,queene ,eliz4 ,achad474 ,it is needless to say that nothing of the sort is found in ,aristotle2 the author is unknown4 ,the introduction is in connected alliterative verse 7lacking in ,harl4 #ejhf1 and expanded into a generalised religious discourse in ,harl4 #acjd74 p4 #aj4 ,elenge4 ,see ,n4,e4,d4 on this rare word4 ,its two originally distinct meanings 7#a7 long1 hence1 tedious1 and 7#b7 lonely1 remote1 combine to form a third meaning1 melancholy4 ,,urbanitatis ,,ms4 ,cotton ,caligula1 ,a ii1 fol4 #hh1 #addf-fj4 ,author unknown4 ,apparently first printed by ,dr4 ,furnivall4 ,the ,duke of ,norfolk1 grandfather of ,anne ,boleyn and ,katherine ,howard1 was among the young henchmen at the court of ,edward ,,iv41 brought up on 8the booke of urbanitie40 p4 #ac4 ,good manners1 c4 ,william of ,wykeham was more curt in his motto for ,winchester ,college3 8,manners makyth man40 p4 #ad4 ,close your hand1 c41 i4e41 one hand over the over1 to keep a secret4 p4 #ad4 ,had ,i wist4 ,proverbial4 ,see notes on ,the ,good ,wife1 p4 #ahf1 below4 p4 #ae4 ,let your right shoulder1 c41 i4e41 keep a step behind him to the left4 ,,the ,,little ,,children',s ,,little ,,book ,,mss4 ,harl4 #eda1 fol4 #baj1 and ,egerton #aiie1 about #adhj4 ,sub-title ,edyllys be4 ,edyllys may be the ,o4 ,e4 thele1 ,german edel1 meaning noble2 but the sentence is then incomplete4 ,ends 8,quod ,whytyng40 ,whether he was author or scribe ,i do not know1 more probably the latter4 ,i have kept the rhyme in this version1 because it is at once shorter and more interesting than the other4 p4 #af4 ,seven ,arts4 ,the quadrivium3 arithmetic1 music1 geometry1 astronomy2 and the trivium3 grammar1 rhetoric1 logic4 p4 #af4 ,when ,gabriel 444 meet4 ,it is interesting to note that a medieval writer connected courtesy with the worship of ,mary1 even although he includes no precepts which touch upon what we call chivalry to-day4 p4 #af4 ,villainy4 ,the ,french equivalent of churlishness2 what ,russell calls 8simple conditions40 p4 #ag4 ,beginning 444 think4 ,this kind of rhyme1 not uncommon in the fifteenth century1 seems to indicate a pronunciation as in the cockney nothink4 p4 #ag4 ,mess4 ,here food1 but sometimes table 7,latin mensa71 and again group of people at a table1 as used still in the expression 8officers' mess40 p4 #ag4 ,fault4 ,text3 that thy salt holds--which the rhyme shows to be corrupt4 p4 #ah4 ,work4 ,text3 keep--changed for the rhyme4 p4 #ah4 ,fingers1 i4e41 not with thy knife8 ,or has a negative been omitted8 p4 #ai4 ,no drop be seen4 ,so ,chaucer's ,prioress4 ,see ,introduction1 p4 xvi4 p4 #ai4 ,behind no man's back4 ,there was perhaps originally an idea of greed1 or1 it may be1 of possible tampering with the drink1 behind the prohibition4 p4 #bj4 ,jill4 ,from ,gillian1 once a common name for women4 p4 #bj4 ,the same4 ,text3 in same 7,german zusammen7 together4 p4 #ba4 ,cumbered with no fiends4 ,this fear was very real in the ,middle ,ages1 and was fostered by such stories as ,robert the ,devil1 ,sir ,gowther1 and ballads of supernatural beings4 ,,the ,,young ,,children',s ,,book ,,ms4 ,ashmole #fa 7,bodleian ,library71 fol4 #bj1 about #aejj4 p4 #ba4 ,seven ,sciences1 i4e41 knowledges1 hence ,arts4 ,the introduction is nearly identical1 but very few of the maxims agree4 p4 #bb4 ,what you get with your hands4 ,one of the many allusions which suggest adaptation to the middle class4 ,others are to buying and selling1 to getting your money honestly1 c4 ,the stress upon morals rather than manners is perhaps due to the same cause4 p4 #be4 ,at the school4 ,the inference seems to be that they would learn manners there4 p4 #be4 ,quoth ,kate4 ,the same name occurs at the end of the three next poems as they appear in ,,ms4 ,ashmole #fa4 ,it is probably a corruption1 unless we have here one of the rare instances of a woman copyist4 ,cato suggests itself as the most likely original2 and in this way4 ,he was undoubtedly identified with the ,wise ,man1 as appears from the ,luytel ,caton of the ,vernon ,,ms4 7see p4 #ahi1 below74 ,accordingly1 ,quod ,cato might have stood at the end of this poem1 and have become confused with ,kate from ,katharine or ,catherine4 ,,stans ,,puer ,,ad ,,mensam ,this must have been a popular form of the maxims1 as many ,,mss4 still exist4 ,the translation is made from ,,ms4 ,lambeth #hec1 fol4 #aej1 about #adcj1 with occasional references to ,harl4 #bbea1 fol4 #aec 7#adh71 about #adfj7874 ,a much longer and more tedious 7#bej lines1 instead of #ii7 version was printed by ,dr4 ,furnivall in ,queene ,eliz4 ,achad41 from ,,ms4 ,ashmole #fa4 ,this last quotes ,grostum ,caput1 i4e41 ,grossetete1 and refers several times to 8,dr4 ,palere10 of whom nothing seems to be known4 ,the ,ashmole version1 however1 contains several interesting points not mentioned in the other two3-- 8,thy elbow and arms have in thy thought1 ,too far on the table do them not lay40 8,and if thou see any man reading a letter1 ,come not too nigh him for dread of blame40 8,and if thou go with any man in field or in town1 ,by wall or by hedge1 by palace or by pale1 ,to go without 7outside7 him1 look thou be bown 7ready71 ,and take him betwixt thee and that same wall2 ,and if thou meet him1 look thou be sure ,that thou go without him1 and leave him next the wall40 8,stare not on a strange man too much1 be thou ware40 8,nor never mock an old man1 though he be old40 ,various other ,,mss4 are 7#a7 ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge 7,q4,t4 #h1 printed by ,wright ,halliwell1 in ,reliqui ,antiqu1 ,i41 #aef-eh71 7#b7 ,cotton ,caligula ,a ii1 ,harl4 #djaa1 ,lansdowne #fii1 ,additional #edfg1 c4 ,it was printed once by ,caxton1 and several times by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,the only reason for considering ,john ,lydgate as the author lies in the attribution to him in the last stanza 7see next page74 p4 #bg4 ,indict4 ,text3 edwite1 modern1 twit4 p4 #cj4 ,ah1 little ballad1 c4 ,the ,harl4 text reads3 8,go1 little bill1 barren of eloquence1 ,pray young children that thee shall see or read1 ,though thou be compendious of sentence1 ,of thy clauses for to take heed1 ,which to all virtue shall their youth lead4 ,of the writing1 though there be no date1 ,if aught be amiss in word1 syllable1 or deed1 ,put all the default upon ,john ,lydgate40 ,,how ,,the ,,good ,,wife ,,taught ,,her ,,daughter ,,ms4 ,lambeth #hec1 p4 #ajb1 about #adcj1 written without breaks4 ,other ,,mss4 are ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,r4 #c1 #ai1 and ,ashmole #fa1 p4 #g 7printed in ,queene ,elizabethes ,achademy71 a later and inferior text1 which contains1 however1 a fresh and interesting stanza3 8,and if it thus thee betide1 ,that friends fail thee on every side1 ,and ,god from thee thy child take1 ,thy wreak 7vengeance7 on ,god thou must not take1 ,for thyself it will undo ,and all thews 7virtues7 that thee 'longs to4 ,many a one for her own folly1 ,spills 7destroys7 themselves unthriftily40 ,,ms4 ,porkington #aj1 p4 #ace back1 about #adfj-gj contained a variant form ,the ,good ,wife ,would a ,pilgrimage1 i4e41 before she sets out for the ,holy ,land1 she leaves instructions for her daughter4 ,this version 7printed in ,queene ,eliz4 ,achad47 is interesting for its proverbs3 8,the loth 7hated7 child behoves lore1 ,and lief child much more40 8,seldom mosseth the stone1 ,that oft is turned and wend40 8,a fool's bolt is soon shot ,and doth but little good40 8,when deed is done1 it is too late2 ,beware of #8,had ,i wist4'0 ,a third version was printed in #aeig under the title1 ,the ,northern ,mother's ,blessing4 ,written nine years before the death of ,g4 ,chaucer4 ,together with it a short poem3 ,the ,way to ,thrift4 ,this contains several different and interesting stanzas4 ,it begins3 8,god would that every wife that dwelleth in this land1 ,would teach her daughter as ye shall understand1 ,as a good wife did of the ,north countr ,how her daughter should learn a good wife to be3 ,for lack of the mother's teaching ,makes the daughter of evil living1 ,my lief dear child40 ,another is3 8,in other men's houses make thee no mastery1 ,nor blame thou nothing thou sees with thine eye2 ,daughter1 ,i thee pray1 bear thee so well ,that all men may say thou art true as steel2 ,for wise men and old ,say good name is worth gold1 ,my lief dear child4 ,sit not at even too long at gaze with the cup1 ,for to wassail and drink all up2 ,so to bed betimes1 at morn rise belive1 ,and so may thou better learn to thrive4 ,he that will a good house keep1 ,must oft times break a sleep1 ,my lief dear child4 ,if it betide1 daughter1 thy friend from thee fall1 ,and ,god send thee children that for bread will call1 ,and thou have mickle need1 help little or none1 ,thou must then care and spare1 hard as the stone-- ,for evil that may betide1 ,a man before should dread1 ,my lief dear child40 ,the order of the stanzas is different from that here printed4 ,the rhyme-scheme is normally aabbccd2 but the first1 second1 seventeenth1 and last stanzas are irregular--abcddc1 ababcdcdeef1 aabbccdde1 and aaaa1 thus varying in both number and arrangement of lines4 ,the first four verses contain roughly the same number of accents1 the fifth and sixth vary greatly in length1 while the seventh is a constant refrain to all stanzas except the first and last4 ,the poem is distinctly popular in tone2 and ,i have seldom attempted to improve its rough metre1 holding that the effect is racier as it is4 p4 #ca4 ,kirk4 ,text has church1 but the rhyme is work4 p4 #cb4 ,thrive 444 life4 ,the corresponding couplets are usually proverbial in character4 p4 #cc4 ,whatsoever he be4 ,apparently on the basis that 8e'er a man is better than ne'er a man40 p4 #cc4 ,atterling4 ,literally1 one who deals in poisons 7,o4 ,e4 ator72 hence1 a witch2 hence1 a shrew4 p4 #cd4 ,maze4 ,without the help of the ,n4,e4,d41 the word is puzzling2 but the context seems to demand maze1 connected with amaze1 rather than maze labyrinth4 p4 #ce4 ,shooting at the cock4 ,the popular old ,english pastime of throwing missiles to bring down a cock tied by the leg4 p4 #cg4 ,deed 444 speed4 ,the meaning is that a deed finished quickly helps on another by giving place to it4 p4 #ch4 ,term-day4 ,servants were hired by the year at special times which varied according to the district1 being usually coincident with the big fairs of that part4 ,michaelmas was a usual time4 p4 #dj4 ,as a wren hath veins4 ,the wren is so small that but little blood can be let from her veins4 ,put more strongly3 8,you cannot squeeze blood out of a stone40 ,,how ,,the ,,wise ,,man ,,taught ,,his ,,son ,found in various ,,mss4 ,the version in ,the ,babees' ,book is printed from ,lambeth #hec1 fol4 #ahf4 ,another is given in ,queene ,eliz4 ,achad4 from ,ashmole #fa1 fol4 #f4 ,ritson1 in his ,ancient ,popular ,poetry1 printed ,harl4 #deif1 and ,hazlitt1 in his ,early ,popular ,poetry1 ,,ms4 ,camb4 ,ff4 ll4 ,luytel ,caton 7,part ,,ii41 ,minor ,poems of the ,vernon ,,ms41 published by ,dr4 ,furnivall1 #aijb7 says3-- 8,now whoso will1 he may hear ,in ,english language1 ,how the ,wise ,man taught his ,son1 ,that was of tender age0 7ll4 #e-h74 ,it is doubtful whether this poem was written in imitation of the preceding1 or that of this1 but the ,wise ,man1 through its connection with ,cato1 has the longer pedigree4 ,a poem in the ,exeter ,book begins3 8,thus a wise father 7frodfder7 instructed his dear son1 a parent wise in mind1 old in virtues1 sagacious in words10 c4 ,although ,i have not been able to compare the different versions in detail1 ,i incline to believe that there are recognisable links between them all4 ,the ,good ,wife is1 however1 much the more vivid and amusing of the two4 ,the metre is ababbcbc1 but the poem loses little by being turned into prose4 p4 #dg4 ,all that there is4 ,this passage suggests one in the ,blickling ,homilies 7,no4 ,,viii4 ,soul's ,need1 ed4 ,morris71 which goes back to ,st4 ,augustine4 ,,john ,,russell',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture ,first printed by ,dr4 ,furnivall from ,,ms4 ,harl4 #djaa1 fols4 #aga-hi1 dated about #adfj4 ,other copies are in ,sloane #acae1 fols4 #di-fg and #bjbg1 fols4 #a-ae;b1 supposed to be slightly earlier in date2 also1 ,royal #ag ,d xv41 article #e4 ,nothing is known of the author beyond what he himself says1 that he was usher and marshal to ,duke ,humphrey of ,gloucester 7regent during the minority of ,henry ,,vi474 ,he was seemingly an old man and a widower before the death of ,duke ,humphrey1 who was murdered in #addg4 ,this seems to be suggested by the fact that he asks the reader's prayers for ,duke ,humphrey 7as the ,king is prayed for to-day7 and then for the souls of his wife and his parents4 ,if then he was forced to retire from court by old age 7as he says in another place1 see p4 #gg1 above7 some time before #addg1 he might have been born even before #acfj1 and studied his courtesy under ,edward ,,iii41 or at the very latest under ,richard ll4 ,the device of wandering in the country and there meeting with some one who furnishes the subject of the poem was extensively used by ,chaucer and his school1 derived by them in turn from ,french poets of the thirteenth century4 ,the long lines and pompous metre which he uses ,i have employed occasionally1 where the subject permitted that form1 to show the effect4 ,the whole production done that way would become insufferably tedious4 p4 #di4 8,is thy governance good80 ,practically1 8,do you behave well80 p4 #ej4 ,smooth and square the trenchers with4 ,at this time1 still made of stale wholemeal bread2 later1 of wood4 p4 #ea4 ,linen clouts4 ,to stop up holes8 p4 #eb4 ,couleur de rose4 ,a red wine1 classified under malmsey 7and therefore ,greek871 mentioned in the ,interlude of the ,four ,elements4 p4 #eb4 ,new ale is wasteful1 i4e41 people can drink so much of it because it is not intoxicating4 p4 #eb4 ,stale drink4 ,perhaps an allusion to the lead poisoning which is known to result from drinking ale that has stood in a pewter pot for some time4 p4 #eb4 ,cowche4 ,any sort of cover4 ,used perhaps as nowadays to lessen the noise and save the board4 p4 #ec4 ,lay a second cloth4 ,i understand this to mean that one linen cloth was not wide enough to cover the table and to hang down sufficiently2 hence1 that two were used1 overlapping in the middle1 and hanging down on each side4 ,by following the directions1 literally1 it is possible to see what is meant4 ,the outer edge1 ,i take to be that nearest the centre of the room1 the inner1 next to the wall4 p4 #ec4 ,state4 ,a fold or some other ornamental arrangement of the table-cloth4 ,the usher or sewer seems to have twisted or curled it with his rod4 p4 #ec4 ,put a towel round your neck4 ,the achievement described in the following lines is quite possible1 if the loaves are small1 and makes quite a 8mannerly0 appearance4 p4 #ed4 ,rennes cloth4 ,made at ,rennes in ,brittany1 and frequently mentioned in the romances4 p4 #ed4 ,fold it lengthwise1 c4 ,this performance was possibly to give an appearance of cleanliness4 ,the best way to understand the process is to take a towel and try2 it is not so complicated as it sounds4 p4 #ee4 ,surnape4 ,this again becomes simple by experiment4 ,the pleat or doubling about a foot from the end of the table1 is probably to avoid letting the long cloth fall to the door4 ,when the triple thickness of cloth has been pushed and pulled across the table by the butler and marshal1 the pleat is smoothed out and the cloth hangs from eighteen to thirty inches over each end4 p4 #ee4 ,sewer4 ,fr4 esculier1 ,lat4 scutellarius1 whence also is derived scullery4 ,the sewer's office was practically to bring and arrange the dishes4 p4 #eg4 ,winking and watering4 ,more or less difficult in the days of primitive chimneys1 or no chimneys at all4 p4 #fj4 ,upper crust4 ,in the old ovens1 which were heated by faggots withdrawn before the bread was put in1 this was even more distinctly the best part4 p4 #fj4 ,carving of flesh1 c4 ,this more properly belongs in a book given over to recipes and the like1 as the description of the dishes is more interesting than the special knack of serving each one4 p4 #fb4 ,need not fear1 c4 ,almost the only suggestion of any indignity in the service4 p4 #fc4 ,he 444 and look you4 ,the change of person is ,russell's4 p4 #fc4 ,as brown as a water-leech4 ,is the allusion possibly to shoes of dark-brown colour8 ,leeches are usually described as black4 p4 #fe4 ,bankers4 ,translated bench-covers2 but the context suggests rather bolsters4 ,the bench-covers were doubtless cushions2 hence the transition from the one meaning to the other is easy4 p4 #fg4 ,by the license of his estate4 ,this seems to point to a ,sumptuary ,law4 ,in #adhc1 it was decreed that none under the rank of a lord might wear cloth of gold1 none under a knight1 velvet1 c4 p4 #fg4 ,wound4 ,a sort of turban8 p4 #fg4 ,paris-candle or percher4 ,a big candle of the sort commonly used on altars4 p4 #fh4 ,medicinable ,bath4 ,a sort of ,turkish bath with herbs added4 ,some of those mentioned were known for their curative properties1 even in ,saxon times1 as hollyhock1 mallow1 centaury1 fennel1 heyriff1 daisy1 brooklime1 ribwort1 flax1 willow4 ,mallow was supposed to be good for wounds4 ,wall pellitory contains nitrate of potash4 ,fennel is still used as a home remedy4 ,heyhove is bitter and aromatic1 abounding in a principle similar to camphor4 ,heyriff used to be applied externally for scurvy1 and is said to be still used in ,france 7taken internally7 for epilepsy4 ,scabious was once thought valuable for various diseases1 primarily the itch1 but also coughs1 pleurisy1 c4 ,danewort was traditionally thought to have sprung up whenever there had been an encounter between the ,english and the ,danes2 it is a dwarf elder valued for its purgative properties4 ,centaury was so named from the legend that by it ,chiron the ,centaur was cured4 ,it is gentianaceous and valuable as a bitter4 ,herb-bennet1 herba benedicta1 the blessed herb1 was supposed to be particularly efficacious in keeping away the devil4 ,it was perhaps hemlock1 or wild valerian4 ,st4 ,john's wort seems to have been a neutral element1 although it may have been added for some special reason4 ,bresewort or bruisewort is the common daisy1 once highly valued for its general medicinal properties4 ,bugloss 7text1 bilgres7 was valued as a blood-purifier4 ,camomile is still used in home medicine4 p4 #gj4 ,mayor of ,calais4 ,because this was the one ,french port that continued to be held by the ,english after the ,hundred ,years' ,war until the reign of ,queen ,mary4 ,this officer was also called 8,mayor of the ,staple10 because of the wool-trade carried on through ,calais4 ,see p4 #ga1 above4 p4 #ga4 ,golden royal rod4 ,a prince who was crowned in his father's life-time8 ,in #acdc1 the ,black ,prince was invested with a gold circlet and ring1 and silver rod1 by ,edward ,,iii42 so1 likewise ,henry ,v41 in #acii1 received a coronet1 ring and golden rod4 p4 #gb4 ,bishop of ,canterbury1 c4 ,this means only that neither archbishop had jurisdiction over the see of the other4 p4 #gc4 ,groom1 i4e41 receive each as if he were one degree higher than his actual estate4 p4 #gd4 ,queenborough4 ,a small port near the mouth of the ,thames1 on the island of ,sheppey4 p4 #gd4 ,abbot of ,westminster4 ,the yearly rental1 as quoted by ,dr4 ,furnivall from ,valor ,ecclesiarum ,i41 pp4 #daj-bd1 was #ddgj1 #js4 #b;d42 of ,tintern1 #beh1 #es4 #aj;d4 7,val4 ,ecc4 ,,iv41 #cgj-ga74 p4 #gd4 ,prior of ,dudley4 ,the value of this quoted by ,dr4 ,furnivall was #cd1 #as4 #d;d4 over against ,canterbury at #afc1 #as4 #i;d4 7,val4 ,ecc4 ,,iii41 pp4 #d-e1 and ,i41 #bg-cb74 p4 #ge4 ,whether the cook be lief or loth4 ,a hint that the cook was not always duly subordinate4 p4 #gh4 8,go forth1 little book10 c4 ,the ,envoi presents a problem which at present ,i cannot solve4 ,the question is1 how much of the 8copy0 here is the same as the treatise used by ,russell in his youth1 and whether another writer adds an ,envoi explaining how he has improved ,russell's work1 while the latter is referring to a still earlier work4 ,there is every probability that ,russell's own work ends with the request for prayers1 which includes the mention of the author's name1 and concludes with ,amen4 ,and in support of this view is the fact that neither of the ,sloane ,,mss41 which seem earlier than the one translated1 contains either the ,envoi or ,russell's name4 ,as ,i have not studied the relation of the ,,mss4 ,i hesitate to conjecture2 but from the facts at my disposal1 ,i think it probable that the writer of the ,envoi alludes to ,russell as the 8fore writer10 and casts the blame for whatever faults may be found1 upon the treatise on which ,russell himself declared his work to be based4 ,it would appear also that the writer of the ,envoi did not recognise ,russell's source4 ,this may possibly have been the ,book of ,courtesy1 which 7especially in its third book7 often corresponds to ,russell4 ,moreover1 as it was written by a man who talked familiarly of ,john of ,gaunt 7see p4 #aab1 above71 who died in #acii1 it agrees well enough with the date of the book used by ,russell in his youth2 but1 needless to say1 there is no proof that they were the same4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,courtesy ,,ms4 ,sloane #aihf1 about #adfj4 ,the text is either very corrupt1 or the style is as rough as possible1 lacking even the essentials of grammar4 ,it contains many ,scotch words1 and has certainly suffered in its rhymes1 and probably in its sense through ,english copyists4 ,the author apparently remembered the institution of a custom at the court of ,john of ,gaunt2 hence it seems likely that he wrote before #adbj4 p4 #ha4 ,bakes4 ,perhaps rolls into a ball or moulds1 as this is a stage of baking4 p4 #ha4 ,wallowing1 i4e41 rolling the morsel about4 p4 #hc4 ,chare4 ,from the ,o4 ,e4 verb to turn2 hence1 a turn either at play as here 7trick7 or at work1 as in the compound charwoman4 p4 #he4 ,cross-,christ thee speed4 ,the same oath occurs in ,sir ,gawayne and the ,green ,knight1 l4 #gfb2 but ,i do not remember it elsewhere4 ,the order of the first two words is commonly ,christ-cross1 as in 8,christ-cross-row0 7alphabet74 ,the inversion is possibly a sign of translation from the ,french4 p4 #hf4 ,on both knees4 ,so in ,liber ,faceti4 8,quando ,deo servis utrumque genu sibi flecte2 ,ast homini solum reliquum teneas sibi recte40 p4 #hh4 ,the adder4 8,the nedder10 as the text puts it quaintly1 in the old1 correct form4 ,the serpent in ,genesis4 p4 #hh4 ,mysloset4 ,apparently from the root lose2 hence1 to lose amiss1 i4e41 to lead astray2 but the form appears to be passive1 not active4 ,perhaps the idea is that the serpent himself was lost for his wickedness2 but this seems far-fetched4 p4 #hi4 ,solace 444 makes4 ,one of the many traces of ,scotch4 ,the original rhyme must have been mas4 p4 #ij4 ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,archbishop of ,milan1 #cdj-ig4 ,he wrote an ethical treatise ,de ,officiis ,ministrorum1 in imitation of ,cicero's ,de ,officiis2 but whether or not this injunction is found therein1 it occurs in almost the same words in ,liber ,faceti3-- 8,si videas aliquem casurum siue cadentem1 ,non ride3 sed ei te prebe compatientem40 p4 #ij4 ,more and less4 ,if at means that1 the sense is1 that everybody understands it2 but the context seems to call for the meaning3 that you yourself do not fully understand4 p4 #ia4 ,opens his lip4 ,text3-- 8,lest men say to gossip or couth 7friend71 ,yonder is a man without mouth40 p4 #ia4 ,to staunch1 c4 ,so in ,liber ,faceti3 8,si videas fratres inter se bella gerentes1 ,neutri confer opem2 sed eorum corrige mentes40 p4 #ib4 ,three oxen1 c4 ,another proverbial voicing of 8,two's company1 three's none40 p4 #ic4 ,red man1 i4e41 red-haired4 ,presumably this distrust of red-haired people as treacherous was based on the old tradition that ,judas was red-haired4 p4 #ic4 ,his courtesy1 c4 ,the meaning is3 he must needs be discourteous who stirs fingers and toes1 c4 p4 #if4 ,stocks with him4 ,doubtless1 because the castle gate would be the most conspicuous place of punishment4 p4 #if4 ,what he will deem4 ,what judgment he will pronounce by law4 p4 #if4 ,wesselle clothes4 ,the meaning is not clear4 ,dr4 ,furnivall suggests vessel-cloths2 but the phrase is still doubtful unless it alludes to ecclesiastical coverings1 which1 however1 would not be in the porter's keeping1 and which would certainly not be sold4 ,possibly1 wassail-clothes1 i4e41 garments kept perhaps for occasions of special revelry2 or1 it may be1 the sense is that the porter must keep a look-out that vessels and clothes1 in general1 be not stolen and sold by servants or others4 p4 #if4 ,sits with him1 c41 i4e41 he chooses his own companions4 p4 #ig4 ,four pence apiece4 ,dr4 ,furnivall found statutes against excessive prices1 but no stipulation of the sum mentioned4 ,perhaps it was the fixed price in the author's shire4 ,it is cheap enough1 only four shillings1 at the outside4 p4 #ig4 ,cupboard4 ,probably that in which the canopies and curtains were stored when not in use4 p4 #ih4 ,liveries4 ,not uniforms1 but deliveries1 i4e41 of rations1 or1 as in this case1 fuel for their own rooms4 p4 #ih4 ,holly keen1 i4e41 it filled the fireplace like an arbour from ,good ,friday until ,all ,hallows ,day4 p4 #ii4 ,on his yard score1 i4e41 make notes by a sort of tally on the wood4 p4 #ii4 ,six pence1 about five shillings to-day4 ,according to ,russell1 four ordinary persons made up a 8mess40 p4 #ii4 ,the cause he has it in score1 i4e41 if the cook quarrels about the expense1 or the panter wants extra bread 7reward7 brought on4 ,in cases of dispute1 the steward was referred to4 p4 #ajj4 ,shall harbour1 i4e41 the marshal has charge of all other officers1 except the usher in the chamber4 ,john ,russell combined the two functions4 p4 #ajj4 ,gentleman1 yeoman-usher1 i4e41 two1 of different social standing4 p4 #ajj4 ,make litter4 ,the making of a pallet-bed ,i understand as follows4 ,the mattress is nine feet by seven1 made of loose straw1 for the most part2 but with a sort of framework on all four sides1 made of bundles 7wisps7 of straw to keep the sides firm and the great mass of straw in its place2 and the whole is to be kept level4 ,text3 ,on legh unsunken1 which seems to mean1 not in hills and dales4 p4 #aja4 ,as a man by the neck1 i4e41 the button was put into a loop resembling a noose4 ,the end of the line is not clear4 ,perhaps 7#a7 the man hangs light as the flesh drops from his bones on the gallows2 7#b7 the button hangs light because it has no body2 7#c7 the adjective was dragged in for the rhyme4 p4 #ajb4 ,boards1 trestles1 c4 ,for the chamber only1 as ,i understand it1 the hall having its own groom4 p4 #ajd4 ,in strong stead 7text1 styd7 on pallet he lay4 ,the line is certainly corrupt1 and ,i can make no sense of it4 ,from the context ,i gather that lay is the present optative of the verb meaning to place1 not the past tense of lie4 ,he seems to refer to the servant1 as in the next line1 and not to the master who is already 8winking40 ,in that case ,in 7,sc41 ane87 strong stead must represent something that he places on the pallet--what1 ,i do not know4 p4 #aje4 ,many are false4 ,so often in the romances of the time4 p4 #aje4 ,wax so green4 ,seemingly the steward's accounts were kept first on tablets1 and afterwards copied into books4 p4 #ajf4 ,surveyor4 ,his duty was to examine the dishes and see that everything was right before it went to the table4 p4 #aab4 ,duke ,john's house4 ,as his father was king1 the man referred to must be ,john of ,gaunt1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 who died #acii4 p4 #aab4 ,wide4 ,the passage seems corrupt4 ,the text says3-- 8,the selvage to the lord's side within1 ,and down shall hang that other may win40 p4 #aah4 ,starven4 ,starved is still used1 dialectically1 to mean1 nearly dying of cold4 p4 #aai4 ,will eat4 ,russell1 in his directions to the carver1 specifies choice bits1 as the wings 7first left1 then right7 of capon or hen2 the legs of quail1 lark or pigeon2 of fawn1 kid1 lamb1 first the kidney1 then the rib2 shoulder1 then rib of pork1 sides of rabbit or hare1 c4 p4 #aai4 ,lief and dear4 ,this seems to mean only that he might1 if he liked1 keep a choice bit for a stranger4 ,,symon',s ,,lesson ,,of ,,wisdom ,,for ,,all ,,manner ,,children ,,ms4 ,bodley #hcb1 fol4 #agd1 about #aejj4 ,it seems to be unique1 and of the author or copyist ,i know nothing4 p4 #abc4 ,wall4 ,the passage suggests ,lydgate's poem1 giving an account of his school-days1 especially3-- 8,ran into gardens1 apples there ,i stole1 ,to gather fruits spared hedge nor wall1 ,to pluck grapes in other men's vines ,was more ready than for to say matins40 p4 #abd4 ,schate4 ,the context seems to demand the meaning fence2 but the nearest to the form given here seems to be the ,scotch skathie4 p4 #abe4 ,when he is passed4 ,the allusion seems to be to a middle-class boy in a cathedral school1 who1 as a chorister perhaps1 would be familiar with the bishop's presence1 to whom therefore the reference would be pertinent and vivid4 ,,hugh ,,rhodes',s ,,book ,,of ,,nurture ,the ,boke of ,nurture1 or ,school of ,good ,manners for ,men1 ,servants1 and ,children1 with ,stans ,puer ,ad ,mensam1 newly corrected1 being necessary for all youth and children4 ,the ,british ,museum contains three early editions1 of #aeej 81 #aefh1 and #aegg2 and ,dr4 ,furnivall mentions two others as printed between #aeea and #aehf4 ,there is considerable difference between the editions of #aeej 8 and #aefh1 and that of #aegg4 ,h4 ,jackson1 the printer1 or some unknown editor either worked from a very imperfect copy or wilfully altered the meaning in many cases2 and further1 broke up the long rhyming couplets of the original into stanzas of four short lines1 the second and fourth rhyming4 ,naturally1 the first and third contain the greatest number of changes4 ,i have used the oldest edition1 only modernising the spelling1 herein departing from ,dr4 ,furnivall1 who printed from that of #aegg4 ,the ,book of ,nurture1 which forms the main body of the work1 is preceded by ,the ,duties of ,parents and ,masters1 ,the ,manner of ,serving a ,knight1 ,squire1 or ,gentleman1 and ,how to ,order your ,master's ,chamber at ,night to ,bedward1 all in prose1 and is followed by a poem ,for the ,waiting ,servant1 which ,i have omitted as more adapted to grown serving-men than to children1 and by various rules and maxims4 ,from the colophon we learn that the author was ,hugh ,rhodes of the ,king's ,chapel1 who early in the poem declares himself 8born and bred in ,devonshire10 as his language showed4 ,however1 ,i can discover no traces of dialect4 ,nothing further is known of him4 ,the probabilities are that he was ,master of the chapel children1 whose duty it was to direct their singing1 and generally look after them and order their behaviour2 but his name does not seem to appear on any royal household list1 as far as ,i have observed4 p4 #abg4 ,briefs and longs4 ,expressed in musical terms1 perhaps because ,rhodes was a music-master4 p4 #abh4 ,you 444 thee 444 thy4 ,these pronouns seem throughout to be used indiscriminately1 referring to the same antecedent1 and so ,i have retained them4 p4 #ace4 ,phantasy4 ,here taste1 inclination4 ,obsolete4 ,see ,n4,e4,d41 ,fantasy #g4 p4 #acf4 ,stick4 ,probably toothpick4 ,erasmus wrote of them twenty years before4 ,cf4 ,introduction1 p4 xxvii4 ,but indeed we read in ,old ,english of a 8tooth-spear40 p4 #ach4 ,checkmate4 ,perhaps the meaning is3 done for1 as far as manners are concerned4 ,but later editions read ,jack-mate1 of which the sense seems to be3 that1 you think yourself as good as he1 i4e41 your action shows too great familiarity4 ,,francis ,,seager',s ,,school ,,of ,,virtue ,the title continues3 and ,book of ,good ,nurture for ,children and ,youth to ,learn their ,duty by4 ,newly perused1 corrected and augmented by the first ,auctor1 ,f4,s4 ,with a brief declaration of the duty of each degree4 ,anno #aeeg1 c4 ,this indicates plainly that there had been an earlier edition4 ,seager was a poet and translator who flourished #aedi-fc4 ,he seems to have come of a ,devonshire family1 and was perhaps the ,francis ,nicholson1 alias ,seager1 who was made free of the ,stationers' ,company in #aeeg4 ,among other things1 he translated from ,alain ,chartier1 and also made a rendering of the ,psalms4 ,his ,school of ,virtue shows as little originality as poetic merit1 but it seems to have been popular in his day and long after1 as it was revised by ,robert ,crowley and extended by ,richard ,weste during the seventeenth century4 ,,richard ,,weste',s ,,school ,,of ,,virtue ,this was printed in #afai1 and about fifty years later was added to an edition of ,seager1 revised and extended by ,robert ,crowley2 hence1 the sub-title1 8the ,second ,part40 ,weste's treatise is believed to be unique4 ,of its contents1 ,dr4 ,furnivall published only ,demeanour in ,serving at the ,table1 from ,bensley's reprint1 #ahag4 p4 #afa4 ,gellius4 ,flourished in the second century ,a4,d41 and wrote the famous commonplace book1 ,noctes ,attic4 p4 #afc4 ,serve ,god1 c41 alludes perhaps to serving at table4 p4 #afd4 ,glumly4 ,text3 glouting4 p4 #afd4 ,hedgehogs' right1 i4e41 be not bristling with frowns4 p4 #afd4 ,nor imitate with ,socrates4 ,from this it would seem that ,socrates1 like ,vergil1 was roughly handled in the ,middle ,ages4 p4 #afe4 ,stork 444 elephant4 ,the idea seems to be3 don't make outlandish noises4 p4 #aff4 ,like an image pictured1 c4 ,sixteenth-century pictures of the winds are commonly so drawn4 p4 #afg4 ,the lips set close1 c4 ,the idea seems to be merely that pouting lips are not mannerly4 p4 #afh4 ,clitipho4 ,a comic character in ,heautontimoroumenos4 ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,edinburgh ,london ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,footnotes ----- ,footnote #a3 ,since listed as ,early ,english ,meals and ,manners4 ,footnote #b3 8,the ,book of the ,polite ,man1 teaching manners for men1 especially for boys1 as a supplement to those which were omitted by the most moral ,cato40 ,footnote #c3 ,described and in part translated in an appendix to ,queene ,elizabethes ,achademy4 ,footnote #d3 ,lust1 i4e41 pleasure4 ,footnote #e3 ,reached4 ,footnote #f3 ,mirth4 ,footnote #g3 ,so ,ascham3 8,it is pity1 that commonly more care is had1 yea1 and that among very wise men1 to find out rather a cunning man for their horse than a cunning man for their children40 ,footnote #h3 ,see p4 #aa1 below4 ,footnote #i3 ,the ,grammar ,schoole4 #afab4 ,footnote #aj3 ,but ,erasmus was a ,dutchman4 ,oddly enough1 about a century later1 ,pepys alludes to 8these dirty ,dutch fellows40 ,footnote #aa3 ,liber ,faceti4 ,see note4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ask4 ,still used in ,scotland4 ,footnote #ad3 ,behave4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see note4 ,footnote #af3 ,chatter4 ,footnote #ag3 ,fruitful1 i4e41 useful4 ,footnote #ah3 ,brief and to the point4 ,footnote #ai3 ,decorously4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bb3 ,blame4 ,footnote #bc3 ,bourd jest4 ,footnote #bd3 ,dreadful full of dread4 ,footnote #be3 ,melancholy4 ,see note4 ,footnote #bf3 8,superior10 i4e41 haughty4 ,footnote #bg3 ,jealousy4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ostentatious4 ,footnote #bi3 ,chattering4 ,footnote #cj3 ,joke4 ,footnote #ca3 ,particular4 ,footnote #cb3 ,obstinate4 ,footnote #cc3 ,in the confidence of4 ,footnote #cd3 ,please4 ,footnote #ce3 ,literally1 be lewd 7ignorant74 ,footnote #cf3 ,of ,politeness4 ,footnote #cg3 ,bow4 ,footnote #ch3 ,four lines omitted4 ,footnote #ci3 ,worthy4 ,footnote #dj3 ,be cast down4 ,footnote #da3 ,see note4 ,footnote #db3 ,hinder4 ,footnote #dc3 ,reach out4 ,footnote #dd3 ,defile4 ,footnote #de3 ,chattering4 ,footnote #df3 ,honour4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #dh3 ,known4 ,see note4 ,footnote #di3 ,make known4 ,footnote #ej3 ,reward4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see note4 ,footnote #eb3 ,deprive4 ,footnote #ec3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ed3 ,enclosed4 ,footnote #ee3 ,ready4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see note4 ,footnote #eg3 ,churls4 ,footnote #eh3 ,seemly4 ,footnote #ei3 ,belch4 ,footnote #fj3 ,churl2 ,german1 kerl1 ,french1 carle4 ,footnote #fa3 ,loud2 literally1 strong4 ,footnote #fb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #fc3 ,see note4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #fe3 ,know4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see note4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ready1 anxious4 ,footnote #fi3 ,jackdaw4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ga3 ,the ,boy ,standing at the ,table4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #gc3 ,making faces4 ,footnote #gd3 ,with mouth full of food4 ,footnote #ge3 ,stained with food4 ,footnote #gf3 ,offences4 ,footnote #gg3 ,harl4 ,,ms41 meek4 ,footnote #gh3 ,revengeful4 ,footnote #gi3 ,harl4 ,,ms41 forgiving4 ,footnote #hj3 ,harl4 ,,ms41 ,with an apple the parties be made at one4 ,footnote #ha3 ,heart4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #hc3 ,harleian ,,ms41 sauce4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #he3 ,see note4 ,footnote #hf3 ,dear4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #hh3 ,shrew4 ,see note4 ,footnote #hi3 ,quiet his wrath4 ,footnote #ij3 ,giddy girl4 ,footnote #ia3 ,shake or shrug4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ic3 ,wonder8 ,see note4 ,footnote #id3 ,coarse brown stuff1 homespun1 frieze4 ,footnote #ie3 ,a-going4 ,footnote #if3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ig3 ,a giggling girl1 expressively spelled4 ,footnote #ih3 ,curtly4 ,footnote #ii3 ,another reason4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,gift4 ,footnote #aja3 ,quickly4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,done betimes4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aje3 ,offer4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,moderate means4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,scold4 ,footnote #aji3 ,creature4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,truth1 literally4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,in spite of yourself4 ,footnote #aab3 ,judge4 ,footnote #aac3 ,strife4 ,footnote #aad3 ,move house 7,scotch still74 ,footnote #aae3 ,buried4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,graves4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aah3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aai3 ,lack of hope1 i4e41 despair4 ,footnote #abj3 ,evil--help4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ill-bred4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abc3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abg3 ,a cupboard in which were kept the jugs 7ewers7 and basins used in washing1 before and after meals4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see note4 ,footnote #abi3 ,see note4 ,footnote #acj3 ,bread-carrier1 apparently a sort of tray1 lintheum panarium1 an ell long and a yard wide4 ,footnote #aca3 ,text3 glowting4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #acc3 ,see note4 ,footnote #acd3 ,used up4 ,footnote #ace3 ,duty4 ,footnote #acf3 ,dwelling4 ,footnote #acg3 ,on the office1 see p4 #ajf below4 ,footnote #ach3 ,sideboard is perhaps the nearest equivalent4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see note4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ada3 ,tunic or shirt1 lit4 petticoat4 ,footnote #adb3 ,short stockings1 that covered the feet1 and reached to the ankle1 just above the shoe 7avant-pied74 ,footnote #adc3 ,cap or cape to wear in the house4 ,footnote #add3 ,a kind of silk4 ,footnote #ade3 ,scarlet cloth4 ,footnote #adf3 ,crimson cloth4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #adh3 ,sheet at the head of the bed4 ,footnote #adi3 ,first1 carpets2 second1 tapestries4 ,the ,book of ,courtesy has tapetis1 ,fr4 tapis4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aea3 ,see note on these various herbs4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aec3 ,head of a monastic order for a province4 ,footnote #aed3 ,chief clerk 7ecclesiastical office74 ,footnote #aee3 ,compare ,chaucer's ,pardoner in his ,prologue4 ,footnote #aef3 ,nurrieris2 ,latin1 nutricarii8 ,footnote #aeg3 ,sceptre4 ,see note4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aei3 ,property1 wealth4 ,footnote #afj3 ,worthy of reverence4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see note4 ,footnote #afb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see note4 ,footnote #afd3 ,text1 gardevyan2 ,fr4 gardeviande4 ,footnote #afe3 ,fealty4 ,footnote #aff3 ,see note4 ,footnote #afg3 ,hear4 ,footnote #afh3 ,give4 ,footnote #afi3 ,afterwards4 ,footnote #agj3 ,courteous4 ,footnote #aga3 ,upper deal1 i4e41 part4 ,footnote #agb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #agc3 ,altogether4 ,footnote #agd3 ,trick or turn4 ,see note4 ,footnote #age3 ,done for4 ,footnote #agf3 ,turn out8 ,footnote #agg3 ,table-cloth4 ,footnote #agh3 ,polite4 ,footnote #agi3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,first8 ,footnote #aha3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,so in text4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,last of all4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,share4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,flattery4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,on a pilgrimage4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,way4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,promised4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,enclosed4 ,see note4 ,footnote #aij3 ,misleading787 ,see note4 ,footnote #aia3 ,mad4 ,footnote #aib3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aic3 ,wicked man4 ,footnote #aid3 ,destroy4 ,footnote #aie3 ,strife4 ,footnote #aif3 ,in straits4 ,footnote #aig3 ,see note4 ,footnote #aih3 ,fellow4 ,footnote #aii3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,text3 hethyng1 scorn4 ,footnote #bja3 ,stop4 ,see note4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,glade4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,side by side4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bje3 ,text3 menskly1 i4e41 in its original sense1 like a human being4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,fair words4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,falsified4 ,footnote #bji3 ,see note4 ,footnote #baj3 ,cast about4 ,footnote #baa3 ,silly fool4 ,footnote #bab3 ,fight for4 ,text3 with win1 which may mean 8with pleasure40 ,footnote #bac3 ,a section of a poem1 commonly of a ballad4 ,footnote #bad3 ,of the ,officers in ,lords' ,halls4 ,footnote #bae3 ,fr4 mestiers4 ,footnote #baf3 ,thick4 ,footnote #bag3 ,of a yard or ell4 ,footnote #bah3 ,of the ,porter4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bba3 ,proclamation4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,of the ,marshal of the ,hall4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,burn4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,february #bnd4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,for how long ,squires shall have ,liveries1 and ,fire ,burn in ,hall4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,shere-,thursday1 i4e41 ,thursday before ,easter4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,of the ,butler1 ,panter and ,cooks as ,servants to him 7the marshal74 ,footnote #bbi3 ,more4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bca3 ,quickly4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,of the ,butler's ,office4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,without being compelled4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,text3 in fine1 i4e41 together4 ,see note4 ,footnote #bce3 ,text3 tent 7,scotch74 ,footnote #bcf3 ,of the ,usher and his ,servants4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bch3 ,of the ,grooms' ,office4 ,footnote #bci3 ,text3 wyn1 joy4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,wraps or fastens4 ,footnote #bda3 ,text3 knop4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bdc3 tapets--7#a7 carpets1 7#b7 hangings4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,scandinavian1 stor1 great4 ,footnote #bde3 ,text3 clof1 ,dr4 ,furnivall conjectures 8cloth40 ,footnote #bdf3 ,heater4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,big candles1 ,paris candles4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,the board and trestles4 ,see note4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,turn back1 or fold4 ,footnote #bej3 ,text3 tortes1 i4e4 taper4 ,footnote #bea3 ,manchet1 white bread4 ,footnote #beb3 ,cheat-bread1 of whole meal4 ,footnote #bec3 ,a cake or lump1 perhaps shaped especially to serve as a night-light4 ,footnote #bed3 ,probably1 crust of soot4 ,footnote #bee3 ,scotch1 fastens1 secures4 ,footnote #bef3 ,a spike on which a candle was thrust instead of being placed in a socket4 ,footnote #beg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #beh3 ,of the ,steward4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,of the ,controller4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,so much received4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,so much spent4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,unaccountable1 i4e4 not responsible to a higher officer787 ,footnote #bfd3 ,of the ,surveyor4 ,see note4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,of the ,clerk of the ,kitchen4 ,footnote #bff3 ,book4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,of the ,chancellor4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,of the ,treasurer4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,fines4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,park-keeper4 ,footnote #bga3 ,of the ,receiver of ,rents4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,rents4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,receipt4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,of the ,avener4 ,the office is explained4 ,footnote #bge3 ,as much as a pitchfork could cast4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,bar before the hayrack4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,of the ,baker4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,bread of finely sifted flour4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,wholemeal bread4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,of the ,huntsman and his ,dogs4 ,footnote #bha3 ,handfuls1 lit41 throws4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,keeper of greyhounds4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,profit in kind4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,of the ,ewerer4 ,footnote #bhe3 8,who ought to wash hands1 and in whose houses40 ,footnote #bhf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,scotch1 for broad4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,of the ,panter4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,in its place4 ,footnote #bij3 ,concerning the ,lord's ,knives4 ,footnote #bia3 ,wholemeal loaf4 ,footnote #bib3 ,covering1 towel4 ,footnote #bic3 ,text3 shiver1 i4e41 sliver4 ,footnote #bid3 ,text3 quere4 ,footnote #bie3 ,none the less4 ,footnote #bif3 ,empties4 ,footnote #big3 ,of the ,almoner4 ,footnote #bih3 ,upper part4 ,footnote #bii3 ,of the ,sewer4 ,literally1 food-bearer4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,cut bread4 ,footnote #cja3 ,line unfinished4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,cut4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,cold4 ,see note4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,less4 ,footnote #cje3 ,simply4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,great4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,of the ,chandler4 ,footnote #cji3 ,paris1 i4e41 large candles4 ,footnote #caj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #caa3 ,fence4 ,see note4 ,footnote #cab3 ,whiner4 ,footnote #cac3 ,tricks4 ,footnote #cad3 ,doff4 ,footnote #cae3 ,ill-bred4 ,footnote #caf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cag3 ,metrical quantities4 ,see note4 ,footnote #cah3 ,know4 ,footnote #cai3 ,nature4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cba3 ,according to thy station4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,soberly4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,praise 7#aeej71 prease 7#aefh1 #aegg74 ,footnote #cbd3 ,defile4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,soberly4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,don't cross thy fellow4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,tricks4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,jest4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,the sweat may be due to disease4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,thou dost sin against moderation4 ,footnote #cca3 ,stolen4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,smoke2 here1 breath4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,gas4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cce3 ,ed4 #aegg1 or4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,the sense is apparently3 soil 444 your wristband4 ,footnote #cch3 ,drink4 ,later editions have drunkenness4 ,footnote #cci3 ,four pints of ale4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,ed4 #aegg4 ,footnote #cda3 ,void cast-off2 avoid empty2 voider receptacle to take cast-off morsels4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,annul1 i4e41 object to it4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,unpleasant4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,scratch4 ,footnote #cde3 ,gnaw4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,your square of trencher-bread1 together with the scraps upon it4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,outrageous4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,use4 ,footnote #cej3 ,smoothly4 ,footnote #cea3 ,blamed4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cec3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ced3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cee3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cef3 ,caterwauling4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,see note4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,see note4 ,footnote #cei3 ,stammering4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,see note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,footnote #bc on page #aj is linked to from the word 8,babble0 but the word in the footnote is 8bourd10 which also means 8talk nonsense or jest40 ,perhaps this was a substitution for the sake of meter8 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74