,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,obvi\s         
typographical errors 9 ! editor's text h
 be5   correct$4 ,inconsi/5t or         
incorrect acc5ts1 spell+1               
capitalization1 & punctuation 9 !       
orig9al docum5ts   & quotes 7 left z    
pr9t$4    ,italic text is d5ot$ by      
und]scores4    ,! foll[+ app>5t spell+  
inconsi/5cies 7 left z pr9t$3           
,fa!r ,/anilaus & ,/anislaus            
,trumbull & ,trumball        ,gwa?way's 
& ,gna?way's ,hotel        ,ge(froy &   
,ge(frey ,sa9t-,hilaire4    ,on page    
#ei1 ,m>* #agdi is an app>5t error4     
,on page #fi1 alcade %\ld p]haps be     
alcalde4   ,on page #cgj1 z ,john z     
conclud$ is a possible pr9t]'s error4   
,on page #cga1 ,i n[ collect+ ,lett]s is
 a possible pr9t]'s error4   ,on page   
#cgb1 z nev] rea*d !e is a possible     
pr9t]'s error4   ,9 footnote #bc1 ,=mon 
is ! spell+ us$ 9 ! lett] pr9t$ 9   ?is 
volume4          ,,audubon      ,,!     
,,naturali/    ,illu/ration3 ,john ,j4  
,audubon       ,,aft] ,,! ,,r>e         

,,engrav+ ,,by ,c4 ,,turn]1 ,a4,r4,a41  
,,( ,,! ,,m9iature      ,,pa9t$ ,,by    
,,fr$]ick ,,cruik%ank1 ,,ab\t #ahca2    
,,publi%$ ,,= ,,!      ,,engrav] ,,by   
,,rob]t ,,havell1 ,,london1 #ahce4      
,,audubon      ,,!      ,,naturali/     
,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"t     
,,by      ,,francis ,,hob>t ,,h]rick1   
,ph4,d41 ,sc4,d4       ,,pr(essor ,,(   
,,biology ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,res]ve          
,,univ]sity1      ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,home
 ,,life ,,( ,,wild ,,birds1 ,,etc4      
,,9 ,,two ,,volumes      ,,illu/rat$    
,illu/ration       ,,volume ,i       ,d4
 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company      ,,new    
,,york         ,,london      #aiag      
,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by      ,d4       
,,appleton ,,& ,,company       ,pr9t$ 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica          ,,to 
,,elizabe?      ,,my      ,,si/]        
,,preface   ,! orig9 ( ! gift$          
orni?ologi/1 animal pa9t]1 & writ]1 kn[n
 to ! _w z ,john ,james ,audubon1 has   
rema9$ a my/]y up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 n[ 
lift+ ! veil :i* 0 ca/ ov] 8 e>ly       

exi/5ce1 ,i feel t ,i s]ve ! cause (    
hi/orical tru?2 at ! same "t x is       
possible to d full] ju/ice to all mo/   
intimately conc]n$ ) ! /ory ( 8 life &  
accompli%m5ts4  ,! pres5t "w is 9       
reality ! outcome ( :at 0 fir/ und]tak5 
z a holiday recreation 9 ! summ] (      
#aijc4 ,:ile engag$ ^u a rese>* ( q a   
diff]5t "*1 ,i r]ead1 ) great] c>e1     
,audubon's ,orni?ological ,biography1 & 
aft] turn+ ! leaves ( 8 extraord9>y     
illu/rations1 x seem$ to me mo/ /range t
 b little %\ld be kn[n ( ! mak+ ( s     
orig9al & ma/]ful a "*4 ,z ,i 0 9 ,engl&
 at ! "t "s inve/igations 7 und]tak5 9  
,london1 b1 z might h be5 expect$1 ) r  
b>r5 results4 ,aft] my return to ,am]ica
 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! se>* 0 cont9u$1 b z x 
prov$ equally fruitless "h1 ! subject 0 
set aside4 ,n until #aiac1 :5 ?is       
inve/igation 0 resum$ 9 ,france1 did ,i 
meet ) success4  ,e man1 h[ev] poor or  
inconsequ5tial he may appe> or be1 is   
suppos$ to possess an e/ate1 & e man (  
affairs is almo/ c]ta9 to leave beh9d   

him dome/ic1 pr(essional1 or comm]cial  
pap]s1 :i* are1 9 "s degree1 a m>k ( 8  
atta9m5ts & an indication ( 8 "* &      
ta/es4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiac ,i w5t to     
,france 9 se>* ( ! p]sonal records ( !  
naturali/'s fa!r1 ,lieut5ant ,jean      
,audubon1 ^: home _h be5 at ,nantes & 9 
! little commune ( ,c\ron1 n9e miles    
bel[ t city1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,loire4 ,!
 "p :i* ,lieut5ant ,audubon play$ 9 !   
,fr5* ,revolution 0 fully reveal$ 9 8   
lett]s1 8 reports to ! ,c5tral          
,committee1 & num]\s o!r docum5ts :i*   
are pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,prfecture  
at ,nantes2 :ile complete records ( 8   
naval c>e] bo? 9 ! m]*ant m>9e &        
gov]nm5tal s]vice 7s]vice p\r l'tat7 7  
subsequ5tly obta9$ at ,p>is2 b at       
,nantes 8 "n _h all b vani%$1 & little  
c\ld be le>n$ ( 8 imm$iate family1 :i*  
_h be5 ne>ly ext9ct 9 ,france = ov]     
?irty ye>s4  ,aga9 ! que/ seem$ likely  
to prove futile until a lett]1 :i* ,i   
receiv$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,l\is    
,golds*midt1 !n ,am]ican ,consul at     

,nantes1 to ,m4 ,giraud ,gangie1        
cons]vateur ( ! public libr>y 9 t city1 
br\ght a response1 "u date ( ,decemb]   
#bi1 #aiac1 in=m+ me t two ye>s be=e t  
"t1 he _h met by *ance 9 ! /reets (     
,c\ron a retir$ not>y :o assur$ him t he
 held 9 possession num]\s exact records 
( ,jean ,audubon & 8 family4 ,! sage    
,h5ry ,?oreau once rem>k$ t y might se>*
 long & dilig5tly = a r>e bird1 & !n ( a
 sudd5 surprise ! :ole family at d9n]4  
,s x happ5$ 9 ?is case1 & s9ce ^!       
manuscript records1 s\ght by _m 9 va9 on
 ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 are s important
 = ?is hi/ory1 ! read] is entitl$ to an 
acc\nt ( !m4  ,^u correspond+ ) !       
g5tleman 9 "q1 ,m4 ,l4 ,lavigne1 ,i 0   
in=m$ t ! docum5ts 9 8 possession 7 ( ! 
mo/ v>i$ description1 compris+ lett]s1  
wills1 de$s1 c]tificates ( bir?s1       
baptisms1 adoptions1 m>riages & dea?s1  
to ! numb]1 x is believ$1 ( sev]al      
hundr$ pieces4 ,?is unique & extraord9>y
 collection ( ,audubonian records _h be5
 slumb]+ 9 a h\se 9 ! commune ( ,c\ron  

call$ ,les ,t\rt]elles 7,! ,turtle      
,doves7 = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 or s9ce !
 dea? ( ! naturali/'s /epmo!r 9 #ahba4  
,s9ce ,i 0 unable to judge ( !          
au!nticity ( ! docum5ts or to visit     
,france at t "t1 my fri5d1 ,pr(essor    
,gu/av ,g4 ,laubs*]1 :o happ5$ to be 9  
,p>is1 engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ,romance     
lit]>y subjects1 k9dly cons5t$ to g to  
,c\ron = ! purpose ( inspect+ !m4       
,monsieur ,lavigne _h already prep>$ =  
me1 & /ill held1 a numb] ( photographs (
 ! mo/ important manuscripts1 :i* are n[
 = ! fir/ "t reproduc$1 &1 ) ! aid ( a  
/5ograph]1 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days 
!y 7 able to transcribe ! mo/ ess5tial &
 int]e/+ p>ts ( ?is volum9\s mat]ial4 ,b
 at t v mom5t s9i/] cl\ds 7 black5+ !   
skies ( ,europe1 & my fri5d 0 oblig$ to 
leave 8 task unf9i%$ & ha/5 to ,p>is2 :5
 he arriv$ 9 t city1 on ! memorable     
,saturday ( ,augu/ #a1 #aiad1 ord]s = ! 
mobilization ( troops _h be5 po/$2 x 0  
"s "t be=e copies ( ! manuscripts 7     
receiv$ f ,c\ron1 & he left ! ,fr5*     

capital to return to ,am]ica4  ,^!      
docum5ts came into ! h&s ( ,monsieur    
,lavigne ?r\gh 8 wife1 :o 0 a daught] & 
legatee ( ,gabriel ,loy5 du ,puigaudeau1
 ! second1 son ( ,gabriel ,loy5 du      
,puigaudeau1 ! son-9-law ( ,lieut5ant & 
,mme4 ,jean ,audubon4 ,gabriel ,loy5 du 
,puigaudeau1 ! second1 :o di$ at ,c\ron 
9 #ahib1 is ?\ght to h de/roy$ all      
lett]s ( ! naturali/ :i* _h be5 9       
possession ( ! family & :i* 7 writt5    
previ\s to #ahbj1 :5 8 relations ) !    
eld] ,du ,puigaudeau 7 brok5 (f2 n a l9e
 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,john ,james ,audubon has
 be5 pres]v$ at ,c\ron4  ,9 ,june &     
,july1 #aiad1 ,dr4 ,laubs*] _h repeat$ly
 appli$ to ! ,fr5* ,=eign ,(fice1 ?r\gh 
! ,am]ican ,embassy at ,p>is1 =         
p]mission to exam9e ! dossi] ( ,jean    
,audubon 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( !  
,m>9e1 9 ord] to v]ify c]ta9 dates 9 8  
naval c>e] & to obta9 ! p]sonal reports 
:i* he submitt$ ^u 8 num]\s battles at  
sea1 b at t p]iod ( /ra9 x 0 impossible 
to ga9 fur!r access to ! pap]s s\ght4   

,hav+ told ! /ory ( ! way 9 :i* ^!      
unique & important records came into my 
possession1 ,i wi% to express my        
gratitude to ,pr(essor ,laubs*] = 8 able
 coop]ation 9 secur+ transcriptions &   
photographs1 & to ,monsieur ,lavigne = 8
 k9d p]mission to use !m1 z well z = 8  
c>eful response to num]\s que/ions :i*  
arose 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation4  ,9   
deal+ ) lett]s & docum5ts1 ( :atev] k9d1
 9 manuscript1 ,i h made x my inv>iable 
rule to reproduce ! =m & sub/ance ( !   
record z x exi/s z exactly z possible2 9
 translations1 h[ev]1 no attempt has be5
 made to pres]ve any m9or idiosyncrasies
 ( ! writ]4 ,! s\rce ( all sci5tific1   
lit]>y or hi/orical mat]ial previ\sly   
publi%$ is indicat$ 9 footnotes1 & !    
read] w f9d copi\s ref]5ces to hi!rto   
unpubli%$ docum5ts1 :i* 9 _! complete & 
orig9al =m1 ) or )\t translations1      
toge!r ) an annotat$ ,bibliography1 h   
be5 ga!r$ 9 ,app5dices at ! end (       
,volume ,,ii4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ea*
 *apt] has be5 treat$ z a unit s f> z ! 

footnotes are conc]n$1 & ! quot$ au?or's
 "n1 ) ! title ( 8 "w 9 addition to !   
bibliographic numb]1 has be5 giv5 9     
ne>ly e in/ance4  ,besides ! _m         
coadjutors ^: fri5dly aid has be5 gladly
 ackn[l$g$ 9 ! body ( ?is "w1 ,i n[ wi% 
to (f] my s9c]e ?anks1 9 p>ticul>1 to ! 
,misses ,m>ia ,r4 & ,flor5ce ,audubon1  
gr&daught]s ( ! naturali/1 :o h %[n me  
_m c\rtesies1 & to ! ,hon4 ,myron ,t4   
,h]rick1 late ,am]ican ,ambassador to   
,france1 = 8 k9dly assi/ance 9 obta9+   
docum5t>y transcripts f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! 
,m>9e at ,p>is4 ,i am "u special        
obligations also to ! libr>ians ( !     
,briti% ,museum & ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 !   
,l9nan & ,zological ,societies (        
,london1 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is1 
! ,public ,libr>ies ( ,bo/on & ,new     
,york1 & ! libr>ies ( ! ,hi/orical      
,societies ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 
,bo/on & ,l\isiana1 z well z to !       
,director ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative     
,zology ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & to !     
,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9   

,new ,york ,city1 = photographs ( pa9t+s
 & o!r objects1 = p]mission to read or  
copy manuscripts1 & = favors ( v>i\s    
sorts4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i am indebt$ to !   
good (fices ( ,mr4 ,f]d9& ,la?rop ,may]1
 ,secret>y ( ,legation1 ,port-au-,pr9ce1
 & ( ,m4 ,fonta9e1 ,am]ican ,consul>    
,ag5t at ,les ,cayes1 ,haiti1 = a s]ies 
( photographs made expressly to repres5t
 ,les ,cayes z x appe>s today4 ,i w\ld  
also ackn[l$ge ! c\rtesy ( !            
,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,p>i%1 ,new      
,york1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,p5dleton ,dudley1 =  
an excell5t photograph ( ! ,audubon     
,monum5t4  ,i _c express too fully my   
appreciation ( ! he>ty response :i* !   
publi%]s ( ^! volumes h giv5 to e "q    
conc]n$ ) _! pres5tation 9 an adequate &
 attractive =m1 & p>ticul>ly to ,mr4    
,francis ,g4 ,wickw>e1 ( ,d4 ,appleton &
 ,company1 to ^: k1 skill1 & unabat$    
int]e/ ! read]1 l myself1 is indebt$ 9  
manifold ways4  ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,ru?v5  
,deane1 well kn[n = 8 inve/igations 9   
,auduboniana & ,am]ican orni?ological   

lit]ature1 has n only read ! pro(s ( !  
text1 b has g5]\sly plac$ at my disposal
 _m valuable notes1 ref]5ces1 pictures1 
lett]s & o!r docum5ts1 drawn f 8 own    
rese>*es & valuable p]sonal collections4
 ,i wi% to express 9 ! mo/ p>ticul>     
mann] also my appreciation ( ! g5]\s _s 
9 :i* ,mr4 ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes has op5$ 
! treasures 9 8 possession1 embrac+ n   
only l>ge numb]s ( hi!rto unpubli%$     
lett]s1 b an unrival$ collection ( e>ly 
unpubli%$ ,audubonian draw+s1 = !       
enri*m5t & embelli%m5t ( ^! pages4 ,= ! 
loan or transcription ( o!r orig9al     
manuscript mat]ial1 or = supply+ mu*    
ne$$ data ( e description1 ,i am fur!r  
mo/ indebt$ to ,mr4 ,welton ,h4 ,rozi]1 
( ,/4 ,l\is2 ,mr4 ,tom ,j4 ,rozi]1 (    
,/e4 ,g5evive2 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,rozi]1 (   
,/4 ,l\is2 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,l9nan       
,society ( ,london1 ?r\gh my fri5d1 ,mr4
 ,george ,e4 ,bull51 ( ,/4 ,albans2 ,mr4
 ,h5ry ,r4 ,r[l& ( ! ,buffalo ,society (
 ,natural ,sci5ces1 ( ,buffalo2 ,mr4    
,william ,be]1 ( ! ,h[>d ,memorial      

,libr>y1 ( ,new ,orleans2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4
 ,we!rill1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,= ! use (  
new photographic & o!r illu/rative      
mat]ial1 ,i am fur!r indebt$ to ,mr4    
,/anley ,clisby ,ar?ur1 ( ! ,cons]vation
 ,commission ( ,l\isiana1 & to ,cass9ia1
 ! m$ium ( publication ( ! ,delaw>e     
,valley ,orni?ological ,club4  ,?r\gh ! 
k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s    
,sons ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to draw r freely 
f ,audubon & ,8 ,j\rnals1 by ,miss ,m>ia
 ,r4 ,audubon & ,elliott ,c\es1 & to    
reproduce ?ree portraits !refrom2       
orig9al photographs ( two ( ^! h be5    
k9dly suppli$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,%ufeldt4 
,i also owe to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,gir>d     
,tru/ ,company1 ( ,philadelphia1 !      
privilege ( quot+ c]ta9 lett]s conta9$ 9
 ,william ,healey ,dall's ,sp5c]        
,full]ton ,baird4  ,to my e/eem$        
colleague1 ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,p4 ,b\rl&1
 ,i am "u p>ticul> obligations = 8      
invaluable aid 9 revis+ translations f !
 ,fr5* & 9 ! translit]ation (           
manuscripts1 z well z = 8 k9dly         

assi/ance 9 correspond5ce on relat$     
subjects4 ,i h d]iv$ mu* b5efit also f  
my si/]1 ,miss ,elizabe? ,a4 ,h]rick1 :o
 has made _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,to   
all o!rs :o h aid$ me by w or de$ 9 !   
c\rse ( ?is "w ,i wi% to express my     
cordial ?anks4       ,,francis ,h4      
,,h]rick4       ,we/]n ,res]ve          
,univ]sity1      ,clevel&4       ,july  
#b1 #aiag4     ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i
                                        
,,page       ,,preface                  
vii       ,,*ronology                   
xxv       ,,*apt] ,i                    
,,introduction       ,audubon's gr[+    
fame--,exp]i5ce 9 ,p>is 9               
#ahbh--;,cuvi]'s patronage--,audubon's  
publications--,8      critics--,8 tal5ts
 & accompli%m5ts--,8      ,am]icanism & 
hone/y ( purpose--,8 foibles      &     
faults--,appreciations & monum5ts--,!   
,audubon      ,societies--,biographies &
 autobiography--,rob]t ,bu*anan      & !
 true hi/ory ( 8 ,life ( ,audubon       
#a       ,,*apt] ,,ii       ,,jean      

,,audubon ,,& ,,8 ,,family              
,extraord9>y c>e] ( ! naturali/'s       
fa!r--,w\nd$      at f\rte5 & prison] ( 
w> = five ye>s 9      ,engl&--,s]vice 9 
! ,fr5* m]*ant m>9e &                   
navy--,voyages to ,newf\ndl& & ,santo   
,dom+o--,8      m>riage 9 ,france--,8   
sea fights1 capture &      imprisonm5t 9
 ,new ,york--,8 comm& at ! ,battle (    
,yorkt[n--,s]vice 9 ,am]ica & enc\nt]s )
 ,briti%      private]s                 
#bd       ,,*apt] ,,iii       ,,jean    
,,audubon ,,z ,,santo ,,dom+o ,,plant]  
,,& ,,m]*ant       ,capta9 ,audubon at  
,les ,cayes--,z plant]1 sug> ref9]1     
g5]al m]*ant & slave deal]1 amasses a   
=tune--,8      return to ,france ) 8    
*ildr5--,hi/ory ( ! ,santo      ,dom+o  
revolt--,b>on de ,wimpff5's             
exp]i5ce--,revolution      ( !          
:ites--,opposition ( !                  
abolitioni/s--,effect      ( !          
,decl>ation ( ,rights on ! mulattoes--,!
      ,g5]al ,assembly drafts a new     
con/itution--,fir/      blood drawn     

betwe5 revolutioni/s & loyali/s      at 
,port-au-,pr9ce--,og's futile attempt to
 lib]ate      ! mulattoes--,les ,cayes  
fir/ t\*$ by revolution      9 #agij1   
f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,audubon's       
"m--,emancipation ( !                   
mulattoes--,resi/ance ( !               
:ites--,g5]al revolt ( blacks aga9/     
:ites & !      ru9 ( ! colony           
#cf       ,,*apt] ,,iv                  
,,audubon',s ,,bir?1 ,,nationality1 ,,& 
,,p>5tage       ,les ,cayes--,audubon's 
,fr5* ,creole "m--,8 e>ly               
names--,discov]y ( ! ,sanson bill ) !   
only record      ( 8 bir?--,m$ical      
practice ( an e>ly day--,bir?      (    
,muguet1 ,audubon's si/]--,f\gre &      
,muguet tak5      to ,france--,audubon's
 adoption & baptism--,8 assum$          
"n--,dual p]sonality 9 legal            
docum5ts--,s\rce (      publi%$         
errors--,autobiographic records--,rise (
 enigma      & tradition--,! ,m>igny my?
                                 #eb    
,,*apt] ,v       ,,lieut5ant ,,audubon  

,,z ,,revolutioni/       ,backgr\nd (   
,audubon's y\?--,nantes 9               
,revolution--,revolt      9 ,la         
,v5de--,siege ( ,nantes--,reign ( t]ror 
"u      ,c>ri]--,plague robb+ !         
guillot9e--,flight ( !                  
population--,execution ( ,*>ette--,!    
,*\an raid--,citiz5      ,audubon's     
s]vice--,he re5t]s ! navy & takes a     
prize f ! ,engli%--,8 subsequ5t naval   
c>e]--,8      losses 9 ,santo ,dom+o--,8
 s]vice & rank--,retires on      a      
p5sion--,8 dea?--,8 "* & appe>ance      
#gc       ,,*apt] ,,vi       ,,s*ool    
,,days ,,9 ,,france       ,mold+ (      
,audubon's "*--,factor (                
environm5t--,turn+ failure into         
success--,an indulg5t      /ep-"m--,!   
truant--,8 love ( nature--,e>ly draw+s  
& discipl9e--,exp]i5ce at               
,ro*e=t--,baptiz$ 9 !      ,roman       
,ca?olic ,*ur*                          
#ij       ,,*apt] ,,vii       ,,fir/    
,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,&   
,,life ,,at      ,,mill ,,grove         

,audubon is s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
le>n      ,engli% & ent] trade--,tak5   
ill--,befri5d$ by !                     
,quak]s--,settles at ,mill ,grove       
f>m--,its hi/ory &                      
attractions--,/udies ( ,am]ican birds   
begun--,engagem5t      to ,lucy         
,bakewell--,sports & fe/ivities         
#ih       ,,*apt] ,,viii       ,,daco/a 
,,& ,,! ,,mill ,,grove ,,m9e            
,adv5t ( a new ag5t at ,mill            
,grove--,daco/a becomes      gu>dian to 
"y ,audubon & exploits a neglect$ lead  
m9e on ! f>m--,correspond5ce (          
,lieut5ant ,audubon &                   
,daco/a--,qu>rel ) ,daco/a--,audubon's  
return to ,france       #aac            
,,*apt] ,,ix       ,,audubon',s ,,la/   
,,visit ,,to ,,8 ,,home ,,9 ,,france    
,life at ,c\ron--,fri5d%ip (            
,d',orbigny--,draw+s (      ,fr5*       
birds--,d',orbigny's tr\bles--,m>riage (
 ,rosa      ,audubon--,! ,du            
,puigaudeaus--,p>tn]%ip ) ,f]d9&        
,rozi]--,_! ,articles (                 

,association--,!y sail f      ,nantes1  
are ov]haul$ by ,briti% private]s1 b l& 
safely at ,new ,york--,settle at ,mill  
,grove                     #abg         
,,*apt] ,x       ,,la ,,g]beti,,re ,,(  
,,ye/]day ,,& ,,today       ,home (     
,audubon's y\? at ,c\ron--,its situation
 on      ! ,loire--,hi/ory ( ! villa &  
commune--,*anges ( a      c5tury        
#acf       ,,*apt] ,,xi       ,,fir/    
,,v5tures ,,9 ,,bus9ess ,,at ,,new      
,,york1 ,,& ,,sequel ,,to      ,,!      
,,mill ,,grove ,,m9e       ,audubon &   
,rosi] at ,mill ,grove--,_! p>tn]%ip    
rules--,attempts to =m a m9+ company    
lead to      disappo9tm5t--,decision to 
sell _! rema9+      int]e/s 9 ,mill     
,grove to ,daco/a--,division ( !        
prop]ty & legal entanglem5ts--,audubon z
 a cl]k      9 ,new ,york--,bus9ess     
correspond5ce & lett]s to 8             
fa!r--,lat] hi/ory ( ! lead m9e &       
,daco/a--,audubon      cont9ues 8 draw+s
 9 ,new ,york & works = ,dr4            
,mit*ell's ,museum--,=sakes ! c\nt+-room

 = !      fields--,p]sonal sket*        
#adf       ,,*apt] ,,xii       ,,e>ly   
,,draw+s ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,am]ica      
,*ild & man--,8 ideals1 p]sev]ance &    
progress--,/udy      "u ,david at       
,p>is--,david's pupils & /udios--,david 
at ,nantes ar\ses ! en?usiasm ( its     
citiz5s--,8      "p 9 ! ,revolution--,8 
art & influ5ce ov]                      
,audubon--,audubon's draw+s ( ,fr5*     
birds--,/ory ( !      ,edw>d ,h>ris     
collection--,! ,birds ( ,am]ica 9 !     
bud--,audubon's orig9ality1 /yle1       
me?ods1 & ma/]y      ( mat]ials &       
te*nique--,8 problem & h[ he solv$      
x--,8 arti/ic defects                   
#agc       ,,*apt] ,,xiii               
,,audubon',s ,,m>riage ,,& ,,settlem5t  
,,9 ,,! ,,we/       ,audubon & ,rozi]   
decide to />t a pione] /ore at          
,l\isville1 ,k5tucky--,_! pur*ase (     
goods 9 ,new      ,york--,we/w>d ,ho )  
,rozi]--,rozi]'s di>y ( !               
j\rney--,an un=tunate inve/m5t 9        
indigo--,effect (      ! ,emb>go        

,act--,m>riage to ,lucy                 
,bakewell--,return to                   
,l\isville--,life on !                  
,ohio--,depression ( trade--,william    
,bakewell's assi/ance--,audubon's elde/ 
son born at !      ,indian ,que5--,!    
,bakewells--,life at ,l\isville         
#ahf       ,,*apt] ,,xiv       ,a       
,,meet+ ,,( ,,rivals1 ,,& ,,sket* ,,(   
,,ano!r ,,pione]       ,alex&] ,wilson &
 8 ,am]ican ,orni?ology--,8             
canvass+ t\r ( #ahaj--;,8 retort to a   
,solomon (      ! b5*--,descriptions (  
,pittsburgh1 ,c9c9nati      &           
,l\isville--,meet+ ) ,audubon--,j\rney  
to ,new      ,orleans--,y\? 9           
,scotl&--,weav]1 it9]ant p$dl]1         
poet & sociali/--,s5t to jail =         
libel--,emigrates      to ! ,unit$      
,/ates--,f9ally settles z a s*ool       
tea*] ne> ,philadelphia--,8 fri5d%ips ) 
,b>tram      & ,lawson--,disappo9tm5ts 9
 love--,e>ly /udies      ( ,am]ican     
birds--,8 draw+s1 ?rift1 tal5ts      &  
g5ius--,publication ( 8 ,orni?ology--,8 

travels1 disc\ragem5ts & success--,8    
premature      dea?--,conflict+ acc\nts 
( ! visit to ,audubon      giv5 by ! two
 naturali/s--,rivalry betwe5 !          
fri5ds ( ,wilson1 dead1 & ^? ( ,audubon1
      liv+--,! controv]sy :i*           
foll[$--,an evasive                     
,flycat*]--,s+ul> hi/ory ( !            
,mississippi ,kite      plate           
#bjb       ,,*apt] ,,xv                 
,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,trade ,,on ,,!        
,,fronti]       ,! ,ohio a hundr$ ye>s  
ago--,h>d%ips ( ! pione]                
trad]--,audubon's long j\rneys by ov]l& 
trail or riv]      to buy goods--,! ark 
& keelboat--,*ief pleasures (      !    
naturali/ at ,l\isville--,! p>tn]s move 
_!      goods by flatboat to ,h5d]son1  
,k5tucky1 & !n to      ,/e4 ,g5evive    
7,miss\ri7--,held up by !               
ice--,adv5tures      ) !                
,indians--,mississippi 9 flood--,camp at
 ! ,great      ,b5d--,abundance (       
game--,break+ up ( ! ice--,settle at    
,/e4 ,g5evive--,! p>tn]%ip              

dissolv$--,audubon's return      to     
,h5d]son--,rozi]'s successful c>e]--,8  
old /ore at      ,/e4 ,g5evive          
#bcc       ,,*apt] ,,xvi                
,,audubon',s ,,mill ,,& ,,f9al ,,rev]ses
 ,,9 ,,bus9ess       ,dr4 ,rank9's      
,mead[ ,brook ,f>m--,bir? ( ,john       
,woodh\se      ,audubon--,!             
,audubon-,bakewell p>tn]%ip--,meet+ )   
,nolte--,failure ( ! commission         
bus9ess--,visit to                      
,rozi]--,/orekeep+ at                   
,h5d]son--,pur*ases ( l&--,habits      (
 fronti] tradesm5--,/eamboats on !      
,ohio--,popul>                          
pa/imes--,audubon-,bakewell-,pe>s       
p>tn]%ip--,_! fam\s      /eam           
mill--,me*anical & f9ancial             
tr\bles--,bus9ess                       
reorganization--,bankruptcy             
g5]al--,failure ( !      mill--,p]sonal 
enc\nt]--,audubon goes to jail = debt   
#bdg       ,,*apt] ,,xvii       ,,!     
,,enigma ,,( ,,audubon',s ,,life ,,& ,,!
 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,8      ,,family ,,9     

,,france       ,dea? ( ,lieut5ant       
,audubon--,conte/ ov] 8                 
w--,disposition ( 8 e/ate--,! fictiti\s 
#ag1jjj--,unsettl$ claims ( ,=mon &     
,ross--,illusions      (                
biograph]s--,gabriel ,loy5 du           
,puigaudeau--,audubon's      relations )
 ! family 9 ,france brok5--,dea? ( !    
naturali/'s /epmo!r--,! ,du             
,puigaudeaus--,s\rces (      enigma4    
#bfb       ,,*apt] ,,xviii       ,,e>ly 
,,episodes ,,( ,,we/]n ,,life           
,me?ods ( composition--,a ,wild         
,horse--,h5d]son to      ,philadelphia 9
 #ahaa--,records ( ,audubon & ,nolte1   
fell[ travel]s1 comp>$--,! great        
e>?quakes--,!      hurricane--,!        
outlaw--,*>act]ization ( ,daniel        
,boone--,desp]ate plight on !           
prairie--,regulator law      9          
action--,fronti] necessities--,! ax     
m>ri$ to !      gr9d/one                
#bgc       ,,*apt] ,,xix       ,,audubon
 ,,& ,,raf9esque       ,! ,ecc5tric     
,naturali/ at ,h5d]son--,bats & new     

species--,! demoli%$ viol9--,m4 de ,t43 
,con/ant9e      ,samuel ,raf9esque      
7,s*maltz7--,8 precocity1 l+ui/ic       
acquirem5ts & p]ipatetic habits--,fir/  
visit to      ,am]ica & botanical       
/udies--,resid5ce 9 ,sicily1      &     
=tune made 9 ! drug trade--,association 
)      ,swa9son--,m>riage &             
embitt]m5t--,8 second j\rney      to    
,am]ica ends 9                          
%ipwreck--,befri5d$--,desc5ds ,ohio     
9 a flat-boat--,visit ) ,audubon1 :o    
gives him _m      /range new            
species--,co/ to zology--,8 unique      
"w on ,ohio fi%es--,pr(essor%ip 9       
,transylvania      ,univ]sity--,qu>rel )
 its presid5t & tru/ees--,return      to
 ,philadelphia--,8 ard5t love ( nature2 
8 writ+s1      & fatal v]satility--,8   
s+ul> w--,8 sad end &      ! ru?less    
disposition ( 8 e/ate                   
#bhe       ,,*apt] ,,xx                 
,,audubon',s ,,neid1 #ahai-ahbd3 ,,w&]+s
 ,,?r\gh ,,!      ,,we/ ,,& ,,s\?       
,pivotal p]iod 9 ,audubon's c>e]--,8    

spur &      balance :eel--,resort to    
portraiture--,taxid]mi/ 9 !      ,we/]n 
,museum--,settles 9 ,c9c9nati--,hi/ory (
 8      relations ) ,dr4                
,drake--,decides to make 8 avocation    
8 bus9ess--,j\rney d[n ! ,ohio &        
,mississippi      ) ,mason &            
,cumm+s--,exp]i5ces ( travel )\t      a 
c5t ( capital--,life 9 ,new             
,orleans--,v&]lyn's                     
recomm5dation--,orig9al draw+s--,*ance  
meet+ ) ,mrs4      ,pirrie & engagem5t z
 tutor at ,oakley--,en*antm5ts      (   
,we/ ,feliciana--,my lovely ,miss       
,pirrie--,! jeal\s      doctor--,fam\s  
draw+ ( ! rattlesnake--,leaves      ,/4 
,francisville & is adrift aga9 9 ,new   
,orleans--,obta9s pupils 9 draw+ & is   
jo9$ by 8      family--,impov]i%$1 moves
 to ,nat*ez1 & ,mrs4 ,audubon           
becomes a gov]ness--,injuries to 8      
draw+s--,! labors      ( ye>s de/roy$ by
 rats--,tea*+ 9 ,t5nessee--,p>t+      ) 
,mason--,fir/ lessons 9 oils--,mrs4     
,audubon's s*ool at                     

,bee*woods--,pa9t+ t\r fails--,/rick5 at
 ,nat*ez--,at      ! ,p]cys'            
plantation--,walk to                    
,l\isville--,settles at      ,%ipp+port 
#cja       ,,*apt] ,,xxi       ,d,,b ,,z
 ,a ,,naturali/       ,makes 8 b[ at    
,philadelphia--,is greet$ ) plaudits    
& cold wat]--,fri5d%ip ( ,h>lan1 ,sully1
 ,bonap>te      & ,h>ris--,ho/ility (   
,ord1 ,lawson & o!r fri5ds      (       
,alex&] ,wilson--,a meet+ (             
academicians--,visit to      ,mill      
,grove--,exhibits draw+s 9 ,new ,york & 
becomes a      memb] ( ! ,lyceum--,at ! 
,falls ( ,niag>a--,9 a gale on          
,lake ,erie--,episode at                
,meadville--,walk to ,pittsburgh--,t\r  
( ,lakes ,ont>io & ,*ampla9--,decides to
 take 8      draw+s to ,europe--,desc5ds
 ! ,ohio 9 a skiff--,/r&$      at       
,c9c9nati--,tea*+ at ,/4 ,francisville  
#cbg       ,,*apt] ,,xxii       ,,to    
,,europe ,,& ,,success       ,audubon   
sails f ,new ,orleans--,life at         
sea--,liv]pool--,!                      

,ra?bones--,exhibition ( draw+s an      
imm$iate      success--,p]sonal         
appe>ance--,pa9t+ habits resum$--,8     
pictures & me?ods--,man*e/]             
visit$--,plans      = publication--,!   
,birds ( ,am]ica--,welcome at           
,ed9burgh--,liz>s engraves ! ,turkey    
,cock--,9 ! rle      ( society's        
lion--,8 exhibition describ$ by a ,fr5* 
critic--,honors ( sci5ce & !            
arts--,contributions to      j\rnals    
excite criticism--,ari/ocratic          
patrons--,visit to      ,scott--,! ,wild
 ,pigeon & ! rattlesnake--,lett] to 8   
wife--,prospectus--,j\rney to ,london   
#cdg       ,,*apt] ,,xxiii              
,,audubon ,,9 ,,london                  
,impressions ( ! metropolis--,a trunk   
full (      lett]s--,fri5d%ip (         
,*ildr5--,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce--,liz>s   
/ops "w--,a family ( arti/s--,rob]t     
,havell1 ,junior--,!      ,birds (      
,am]ica fly to ,london--,! ,zological   
,gall]y--,crisis 9 ! naturali/'s        
affairs--,royal                         

patronage--,int]view )                  
,gallat9--,int]e/+      !               
,que5--,des]tion ( patrons--,pa9t+ to   
indep5d5ce--,p]sonal habits &           
ta/es--,ent]s      ! ,l9nan ,society--,!
 :ite-head$ ,eagle--,visit      to !    
great univ]sities--,decl9es to write =  
magaz9es--,audubon-,swa9son             
correspond5ce--,highfield      ,hall ne>
 ,tytt5hang]--,9 ,p>is )                
,swa9son--,glimpses      ( ,cuvi]--,8   
report on ,! ,birds (                   
,am]ica--,patronage      ( ! ,fr5*      
,gov]nm5t & ! ,duke (                   
,orleans--,bonap>te ! naturali/         
#cgg       ,,*apt] ,,xxiv       ,,fir/  
,,visit ,,to ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,se>* ,,(    
,,new ,,birds       ,settles = a "t 9   
,camd5--,pa9ts 9 a fi%]man's            
cottage by ! sea--,) ! lumb]m5 9 !      
,great      ,p9e ,woods--,"w            
done--,visits 8 sons--,jo9s 8 wife      
at ,/4 ,francisville--,record ( j\rney  
s\?--,life at      ,bee*grove--,mrs4    
,audubon retires f tea*+--,_!      plans

 to return to ,engl&--,meet+ ) ,presid5t
 ,jackson      & ,edw>d ,ev]ett         
#dbj       ,,*apt] ,,xxv                
,,audubon',s ,,lett]press ,,& ,,its     
,,rivals       ,settlem5t 9             
,london--,/>ts on canvass+ t\r )      8 
wife--,*ange ( plans--,9                
,ed9burgh--,discov]y      (             
,mac,gillivray--,8 h& 9 ! ,orni?ological
      ,biography--,rival editions (     
,wilson & ,bonap>te--,br[n's            
extraord9>y ,atlas--,reception ( !      
,biography--,joseph      ,b>?olomew     
,kidd & ! ,orni?ological ,gall]y--,9    
,london      aga9                       
#dcg     ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,volume ,i 
,audubon4 ,aft] a photograph ( a ca/ ( !
 intaglio      cut by ,john ,c4 ,k+ 9   
#ahdd4 ,emboss$ m$allion                
,cov]       ,audubon4 ,aft] ! engrav+ by
 ,c4 ,turn]1 ,a4,r4,a41 (      !        
m9iature on ivory pa9t$ by ,fr$]ick     
,cruik%ank      ab\t #ahca2 ,london4    
,publi%$ ,jan4 #ab1 #ahce1 =      !     
,proprietor suppos$ to h be5 ! engrav]1 

b may h be5 ,audubon or ,havell1 by     
,rob]t      ,havell1 ,pr9tsell]1 #gg1   
,ox=d ,/reet4 ,photogravure             
,frontispiece       ,,page ,/atue (     
,audubon by ,edw>d ,virg9ius ,val5t9e 9 
,audubon ,p>k1 ,new ,orleans            
,fac+ #ad       ,! ,audubon ,monum5t 9  
,tr9ity ,cemet]y1 ,new ,york1 on        
,*ildr5's ,day1 ,june1 #aiae            
,fac+ #ad       ,les ,cayes1 ,haiti3 !  
:>f & po/(fice              ,fac+ #dj   
,les ,cayes1 ,haiti3 ! m>ket & ,*ur* (  
,sacr ,cur   ,fac+ #dj       ,fir/ page 
( ! bill r5d]$ by ,dr4 ,sanson1 (       
,les ,cayes1 ,santo ,dom+o1 to ,jean    
,audubon = m$ical      s]vices f        
,decemb] #bi1 #aghc1 to ,octob] #ai1    
#aghe    ,fac+ #ed       ,second page ( 
! ,sanson bill1 be>+1 9 ! entry      =  
,april #bf1 #aghe1 ! only record kn[n to
 exi/ (      ! date ( ,audubon's bir?   
,fac+ #ee       ,?ird page ( ! ,sanson  
bill1 sign$ z accept$ by ,jean          
,audubon1 ,octob] #ab1 #aghf1 & receipt$
 by ! doctor1      :5 paid1 ,june #g1   

#aghg                                   
,fac+ #ei       ,audubon's signature at 
v>i\s p]iods4 ,f e>ly      draw+s1 legal
 docum5ts & lett]s                      
,fac+ #fc       ,lieut5ant ,jean        
,audubon & ,anne ,moynet ,audubon4 ,aft]
      portraits pa9t$ betwe5 #ahja &    
#ahjf1 n[ at ,c\ron                     
,fac+ #gh       ,jean ,audubon4 ,aft] a 
portrait pa9t$ by ! ,am]ican      arti/ 
,polk1 at ,philadelphia1 ab\t #aghi     
,fac+ #gh       ,jean ,audubon's        
signature4 ,f a report to ! ,directory  
( 8 ,dep>tm5t1 :5 act+ z ,civil         
,commission]1      ,janu>y to ,septemb]1
 #agic                                  
#gi       ,c]tificate ( ,s]vice :i*     
,lieut5ant ,audubon receiv$      ^u 8   
dis*>ge f ! ,fr5* ,navy1 ,febru>y #bf1  
#ahja                                   
#hd       ,mill ,grove 9 #ahce 7ab\t74  
,aft] a wat]-color      pa9t+ by ,*>les 
,we!rill                          ,fac+ 
#ajb       ,mill ,grove1 ,audubon1      
,p5nsylvania1 z x appe>s to-day         

,fac+ #ajb       ,mill ,grove f>mh\se1  
we/ front1 z x appe>s to-day            
,fac+ #aaj       ,fatl& ,=d1 ,audubon1  
,p5nsylvania1 ! girlhood home      (    
,lucy ,bakewell ,audubon                
,fac+ #aaj       ,e>ly draw+s ( ,fr5*   
birds1 #ahje1 hi!rto      unpubli%$3 !  
male ,re$ ,bunt+ 7,s$ge ,sp>r[71      & 
! male ,r$/>t                           
,fac+ #abh       ,receipt giv5 by       
,capta9 ,sammis ( ! ,polly to ,audubon  
& ,f]d9& ,rozi] = _! passage money f    
,nantes      to ,new ,york1 ,may #bh1   
#ahjf                                   
#acd       ,la ,g]betire1 ,jean         
,audubon's c\ntry villa at ,c\ron1      
,france1 & ! naturali/'s boyhood home   
,fac+ #acf       ,la ,g]betire & ,c\ron1
 z se5 f ! highe/      po9t 9 ! commune1
 w9dmill t[]s on ! ridge      ov]look+  
,port ,launay1 on ! ,loire              
,fac+ #adb       ,la ,g]betire1 z se5 :5
 approa*$ f ,c\ron      village by !    
road to ,port ,launay                   
,fac+ #adb       ,port ,launay on !     

,loire                                  
,fac+ #adb       ,beg9n+ ( ! ,articles (
 ,association ( ,john ,james            
,audubon & ,f]d9& ,rozi]1 sign$ at      
,nantes1 ,m>*      #bc1 #ahjf           
,fac+ #adf       ,fir/ page ( a p[] (   
attorney grant$ by ,jean      ,audubon1 
,anne ,moynet ,audubon & ,claude        
,franois ,rozi]      to ,john ,james    
,audubon & ,f]d9& ,rozi]1 ,nantes1      
,april      #d1 #ahjf                   
,fac+ #aeb       ,signatures ( ,jean    
,audubon1 ,anne ,moynet ,audubon1 ,dr4  
,*apela9 & ,dr4 ,*>les d',orbigny to a  
p[] (      attorney grant$ to ,john     
,james ,audubon & ,f]d9&      ,rozi]1   
,c\ron1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahjf             
,fac+ #aec       ,e>ly draw+s ( ,fr5*   
birds1 #ahje1 hi!rto      unpubli%$3 !  
,european ,cr[1 ) detail ( head (      !
 ,rook1 & ! ,:ite ,wagtail              
,fac+ #agd       ,e>ly draw+ 9 crayon   
po9t ( ! gr\ndhog1 #ahje1      hi!rto   
unpubli%$                               
,fac+ #ahb       ,wat]-color draw+ ( a  

"y raccoon1 #ahda           ,fac+ #ahb  
,alex&] ,wilson                         
,fac+ #bab       ,william ,b>tram       
,fac+ #bab       ,! tw9 ,mississippi    
,kites ( ,wilson & ,audubon1 !          
simil>ity ( :i* inspir$ *>ges (         
misappropriation      aga9/ ,audubon    
,fac+ #bbh       ,audubon's signature to
 ! release giv5 to ,f]d9&      ,rozi] on
 ! dissolution ( _! p>tn]%ip 9 #ahaa    
#bdb       ,f]d9& ,rozi] 9 8 eighty-fif?
 ye> 7#ahfb7       ,fac+ #bdf           
,rozi]'s old /ore at ,/e4 ,g5evive1     
,k5tucky         ,fac+ #bdf       ,lett]
 ( ,audubon to ,f]d9& ,rozi]1 sign$     
,audubon       ,bakewell1 & dat$ ,octob]
 #ai1 #ahac1 dur+ ! fir/      p>tn]%ip  
"u ?is /yle                             
,fac+ #bdf       ,audubon's ,mill at    
,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 s9ce de/roy$1      z
 se5 f ! bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv]           
,fac+ #bed       ,an old /reet 9 !      
,c\ron ( today                  ,fac+   
#bfd       ,les ,t\rt]elles1 ,c\ron1    
f9al home ( ,anne ,moynet      ,audubon1

 & ! re/+-place ( exact records ( !     
naturali/'s bir? & e>ly life            
,fac+ #bfd       ,e>ly draw+s ( ,am]ican
 birds1 #ahjh-i1 hi!rto      unpubli%$3 
! ,belt$ ,k+fi%] & ! ,wild ,pigeon      
,fac+ #bib       ,bay\ ,s>a ,l&+1 ,we/  
,feliciana ,p>i%1 ,l\isiana1      at !  
junction ( ,bay\ ,s>a & ! ,mississippi  
,riv]                                   
,fac+ #cad       ,sc5e on ,bay\ ,s>a    
,creek1 ,audubon's hunt+ gr\nd 9        
#ahba                                   
,fac+ #cad       ,road lead+ f ,bay\    
,s>a ,l&+ to ! village (      ,/4       
,francisville1 ,we/ ,feliciana ,p>i%    
,fac+ #cah       ,oakley1 ! ,james      
,pirrie plantation h\se ne> ,/4         
,francisville1 :]e ,audubon made "s ( 8 
fam\s      draw+s :ile act+ z a tutor 9 
#ahba               ,fac+ #cah       ,an
 e>ly lett] ( ,audubon to ,edw>d ,h>ris1
 writt5 at      ,philadelphia1 ,july    
#ad1 #ahbd                              
#ccb       ,note ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,la?am  
,mit*ell1 writt5 hurri$ly 9      p5cil1 

recomm5d+ ,audubon to 8 fri5d1 ,dr4     
,b>nes1      ,augu/ #d1 #ahbd           
#ccg       ,crayon portrait ( ,miss     
,j5nett ,b5$ict1 an example (           
,audubon's it9]ant portraiture4 ,aft] ! 
orig9al drawn      by ,audubon at       
,meadville1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahbd       
,fac+ #cdb       ,miss ,eliza ,pirrie1  
,audubon's pupil at ,oakley 9 #ahba4    
,aft] an oil portrait                   
,fac+ #cdb       ,e>ly draw+ ( !        
,frog-eat]1 ,coop]'s ,hawk1 #ahaj1      
hi!rto unpubli%$                        
,fac+ #cdh       ,p5cil sket* ( a ,%>k1 
#g feet long1 (f ,cuba1      f          
,audubon's ,j\rnal ( 8 voyage to ,engl& 
9 #ahbf                                 
,fac+ #cdh       ,fir/ page ( ,audubon's
 ,j\rnal ( 8 voyage f ,new      ,orleans
 to ,liv]pool 9 #ahbf                   
,fac+ #cdi       ,cock ,turkey1 ,!      
,birds ( ,am]ica1 ,plate ,i4 ,aft] !    
orig9al engrav+ by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s1      
ret\*$ by ,rob]t      ,havell4 ,color   
,fac+ #ceh       ,title page ( ! orig9al

 edition ( ,! ,birds (      ,am]ica1    
,volume ,,ii1 #ahca-ahcd                
#cha       ,! ,pro?onot>y ,w>bl] plates1
 ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica1      ,plate ,,xi1 
be>+ ! leg5ds ( ! engrav]s1 ,w4 ,h4     
,liz>s & ,rob]t ,havell1 ,jr41 b        
id5tical 9 e      o!r detail ( engrav+  
,fac+ #chd       ,rev]se ( panels (     
,rob]t ,havell's adv]tis+ fold]         
reproduc$ on fac+ ins]t                 
#chf       ,outside engrav$ panels ( an 
adv]tis+ fold] issu$      by ,rob]t     
,havell ab\t #ahcd4 ,aft] ! only orig9al
 copy      kn[n to exi/                 
#chf       ,inside engrav$ panels (     
,rob]t ,havell's adv]tis+      fold]1   
%[+ ! int]ior ( ! ,zological ,gall]y1   
#gg ,ox=d ,/reet ,fac+                  
#chg       ,rev]se ( panels ( ,rob]t    
,havell's adv]tis+ fold]1      reproduc$
 on fac+ ins]t                          
#chg       ,title page ( ,audubon's     
,prospectus ( ,! ,birds (      ,am]ica =
 #ahca                                  
#cia       ,engli% ,pheasants surpris$  

by a ,spani% ,dog4 ,aft] a      pa9t+ by
 ,audubon 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum (        
,natural      ,hi/ory ,fac+             
#cid       ,lett] ( ,william ,swa9son to
 ,audubon1 ,may1 #ahbh              #djb
       ,audubon4 ,aft] an oil portrait1 
hi!rto unpubli%$1      pa9t$ ab\t #ahbf 
by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes ,fac+                
#dab       ,"p ( lett] ( ,*>les ,luci5  
,bonap>te to ,audubon1      ,janu>y #aj1
 #ahbi                                  
#dag       ,mrs4 ,dickie's ,bo>d+       
,resid5ce1 #bf ,george ,/reet1          
,ed9burgh1 :]e ,audubon pa9t$ & wrote 9 
#ahbf-bg1      & 9 #ahcj-ca             
,fac+ #dch       ,! ,academy ( ,natural 
,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,aft] an       
old pr9t                                
,fac+ #dch       ,title page ( !        
,orni?ological ,biography1 ,volume ,i   
#dda     ,,*ronology   #aghe            
,april #bf4--;,f\gre1 ,jean ,rab91 or   
,jean ,jacques ,f\gre      ,audubon1    
born at ,les ,cayes1 ,santo ,dom+o1 n[  
,haiti4   #aghi       ,f\gre1 at f\r    

ye>s1 & ,muguet1 8 si/] by adoption1    
at two1 are tak5 by _! fa!r to ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 &      !nce to ,france4   #agid 
,m>* #g 7#ag v5tose1 an #b74--;,f\gre1  
:5 n9e ye>s old1      & ,muguet at six1 
are legally adopt$ z ! *ildr5 ( ,jean   
,audubon & ,anne ,moynet1 8 wife4       
#ahjj       ,octob] #bc 7#a brumaire1 an
 #i74--;,baptiz$1 ,jean ,jacques        
,f\gre1 at ,nantes1 :5 9 8 sixte5? ye>4 
#ahjb-ahjc       ,/udies draw+ = a brief
 p]iod "u ,jacques ,l\is ,david1      at
 ,p>is4   #ahjc       ,fir/ return to   
,am]ica1 at eighte51 to le>n ,engli% &  
ent] trade3 settles at ,mill ,grove f>m1
 ne> ,philadelphia1      :]e he sp5ds a 
ye> & beg9s 8 /udies ( ,am]ican         
birds4   #ahjd       ,decemb]           
#ae4--;,half-int]e/ 9 ,mill ,grove      
acquir$ by      ,francis ,daco/a1 :o    
beg9s to exploit its lead m9e2 he also  
acts z gu>dian to "y ,audubon1 :o       
becomes engag$ to ,lucy      ,gre5      
,bakewell2 qu>rel ) ,daco/a foll[s4     
#ahje       ,janu>y #ab-ae 7874--,walks 

to ,new ,york1 :]e ,b5jam9              
,bakewell supplies him ) passage money  
to ,france4       ,janu>y #ah           
7ab\t74--,sails on ! ,hope = ,nantes1 & 
arrives ab\t ,m>* #ah4       ,a ye> sp5t
 at ,la ,g]betire1 9 ,c\ron1 :]e he     
hunts      birds ) ,d',orbigny & makes  
_m draw+s1 & at ,nantes1      :]e plans 
are made = 8 return1 ) ,f]d9& ,rozi]1   
to ,am]ica4   #ahjf       ,ent]s ! ,fr5*
 navy at ?is "t1 or e>li]1 b soon       
)draws4       ,m>* #bc4--;,a bus9ess    
p>tn]%ip is arrang$ ) ,f]d9&            
,rozi]1 & ,articles ( ,association are  
sign$ at ,nantes4       ,april          
#ab4--,sails ) ,rozi] on ! ,polly1      
,capta9 ,sammis1      & l&s 9 ,new ,york
 on ,may #bf4       ,!y settle at ,mill 
,grove f>m1 :]e !y rema9 less ?an       
f\r mon?s1 mean:ile mak+ unsuccessful   
attempts to op]ate      ! lead m9e on ! 
prop]ty4       ,septemb] #ae4--,rema9+  
half int]e/ 9 ,mill ,grove f>m      &   
m9e acquir$ by ,francis ,daco/a         
,company1 conditionally1      !         

,audubons & ,rozi]s hold+ a mortgage4   
#ahjf-ahjg       ,s]ves z cl]k 9 ,b5jam9
 ,bakewell's commission h\se 9      ,new
 ,york1 b cont9ues 8 /udies & draw+s (  
birds1      & works = ,dr4 ,mit*ell's   
,museum4   #ahjg       ,) ,rozi] decides
 to emb>k 9 trade 9 ,k5tucky4           
,augu/ #a4--,!y pur*ase _! fir/ /ock (  
goods 9 ,new      ,york4       ,augu/   
#ca4--,/>ts ) ,rozi] = ,l\isville1 :]e  
!y      op5 a pione] /ore4       ,_!    
bus9ess suff]s f ! ,emb>go ,act4   #ahjh
       ,june #ab4--,m>ri$ to ,lucy      
,bakewell at ,fatl& ,=d1 h]      fa!r's 
f>m ne> ,philadelphia1 & returns ) 8    
bride      to ,l\isville4   #ahji       
,june #ab4--,victor ,gif=d ,audubon born
 at ,gwa?way's hotel1      ! ,indian    
,que51 9 ,l\isville4   #ahaj            
,m>*4--,alex&] ,wilson1 pione]          
orni?ologi/1 visits      ,audubon at    
,l\isville4       ,moves d[n riv] )     
,rozi] to ,r$banks 7,h5d]son71          
,k5tucky4       ,decemb]4--,moves )     
,rozi] aga91 & is held up by      ice at

 ! m\? ( ! ,ohio & at ! ,great ,b5d ( ! 
,mississippi1 :]e !y sp5d ! w9t]4       
#ahaa       ,rea*es ,sa9te ,g5evive1    
,upp] ,l\isiana 7,miss\ri71 9 e>ly      
spr+4       ,april #f4--;,dissolves     
p>tn]%ip ) ,rozi]1 & returns to         
,h5d]son afoot4       ,jo9s 9 a         
commission bus9ess ) 8 bro!r-9-law1     
,?omas      ,w4 ,bakewell4              
,decemb]4--,meets ,v9c5t ,nolte :5      
return+ to ,l\isville      f ! ,ea/1 &  
desc5ds ! ,ohio 9 8 flatboat4   #ahab   
,! annus mirabilis 9 ,k5tucky1 m>k$ by a
 s]ies (      e>?quakes1 :i* beg9s      
,decemb] #af1 #ahaa1 & furni%es         
mat]ial = ,episodes4       ,commission  
h\se ( ,audubon & ,bakewell is op5$ by !
      latt] 9 ,new ,orleans1 b is       
quickly suppress$ by ! w>1      :i*     
breaks out 9 ,june4       ,spr+4--,/>ts 
a retail /ore1 on 8 own acc\nt1 at      
,h5d]son4       ,novemb] #cj4--;,john   
,woodh\se ,audubon1 born at ,mead[      
,brook      f>m1 ,dr4 ,adam ,rank9's    
home ne> ,h5d]son4   #ahab-ahac         

,/orekeep+ at ,h5d]son1 :]e he pur*ases 
f\r t[n lots      & settles d[n4   #ahaf
       ,m>* #af4--;,ent]s into ano!r    
p>tn]%ip ) ,bakewell2      plann+ to    
build a /eam gri/- & sawmill at         
,h5d]son1      !y lease l& on ! riv]    
front4   #ahag       ,?omas ,w4 ,pe>s   
jo9s ! p>tn]%ip1 & ! /eam mill1      :i*
 lat] became fam\s1 is erect$4 7,aft]   
long disuse or      conv]sion to o!r    
purposes1 ,audubon's ,mill 0 f9ally     
burn$ to ! gr\nd on ,m>* #ah1 #aiac47   
#ahah       ,summ]4--,receives a visit f
 ,con/ant9e ,samuel ,raf9esque1      :o 
becomes ! subject ( c]ta9 practical     
jokes1 at      zology's future exp5se1 &
 figures 9 a lat] ,episode4   #ahai     
,aft] repeat$ *ange ( p>tn]s1 ! mill    
ent]prise fails1      & ,audubon goes to
 ,l\isville jail = debt2 decl>es himself
      a bankrupt1 & saves only 8 clo!s1 
8 draw+s &      gun4 ,resorts to do+    
crayon portraits at ,%ipp+port &        
,l\isville1 :]e he is imm$iately        
successful4   #ahai-ahbj       ,at      

,c9c9nati1 to fill an appo9tm5t z       
taxid]mi/ 9 !      ,we/]n ,museum1 j    
f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,daniel ,drake2 settles   
) 8 family & works ?ree or f\r mon?s1 at
 a sal>y (      #abe a mon?2 !n returns 
to portraits1 & />ts a draw+      s*ool4
   #ahbj       ,decides to publi% 8     
,orni?ology1 & all 8 activities      are
 n[ direct$ to ?is end4       ,octob]   
#ab4--,leaves 8 family1 & ) ,joseph ,r4 
,mason1      z pupil-assi/ant1 />ts )\t 
funds on a long exp$ition      d[n !    
,ohio & ,mississippi ,riv]s1 to ,new    
,orleans1 hop+      to visit ,arkansas1 
& int5d+ to explore ! c\ntry =          
birds1 :ile liv+ by 8 tal5ts3 f ?is "t  
keeps a      regul> j\rnal & works      
sy/ematically4   #ahba       ,janu>y    
#g4--;,ent]s ,new ,orleans ) "y ,mason  
)\t      en\gh money to pay = a night's 
lodg+4       ,febru>y #ag4--,s5ds 8 wife
 #bj draw+s1 includ+ !      fam\s       
,turkey ,h51 ,great-foot$ ,hawk1 &      
,:ite-head$ ,eagle4       ,obta9s a few 
draw+ pupils2 is recomm5d$ by ,john     

,v&]lyn      & ,gov]nor ,rob]tson1 b    
lives f h& to m\? until      ,june #af1 
:5 ,audubon & ,mason leave = ,%ipp+port2
      a fell[ pass5g]1 ,mrs4 ,james     
,pirrie1 ( ,we/ ,feliciana1      (f]s   
,audubon a position z tutor to h]       
daught]1 & )      ,mason he settles on  
h] plantation at ,/4 ,francisville1     
,bay\      ,s>a1 :]e he rema9s ne>ly    
five mon?s2 "s ( 8 f9e/      draw+s are 
made at ?is "t4       ,octob]           
#ba4--,leaves abruptly & returns )      
,mason to ,new      ,orleans1 :]e he    
aga9 becomes a draw+ tea*]1 & resumes   
8 /udies ( birds ) ev5 great] avidity4  
,decemb]4--,is jo9$ by 8 family1 & w9t] 
f9ds !m 9      dire /raits4   #ahbb     
,m>* #af4--,to ,nat*ez ) ,mason1 pay+ _!
 passage by      do+ portraits ( !      
capta9 & 8 wife2 :ile on ! way      f9ds
 t _m ( 8 draw+s h be5 s]i\sly damag$   
by gunp[d]2 tea*es ,fr5*1 draw+ & danc+ 
at ,nat*ez1      & ,wa%+ton1            
,mississippi4       ,july #bc4--,p>ts ) 
,mason1 aft] giv+ him 8 gun1 pap]      &

 *alks1 ) :i* to "w 8 way nor?4         
,septemb]4--,mrs4 ,audubon1 :o 0 act+ z 
gov]ness 9 a      family at ,new        
,orleans1 jo9s him at ,nat*ez1 :]e %e   
obta9s      a simil> position4          
,receives 8 fir/ lessons 9 ! use ( oils 
f ,john ,/e91      it9]ant portrait     
pa9t]1 9 ,nat*ez1 at close ( ?is ye>4   
#ahbc       ,janu>y4--,mrs4 ,audubon is 
engag$ by ! ,p]cys1 ( ,we/              
,feliciana p>i%1 ,l\isiana1 & />ts a    
private s*ool      at ,bee*woods1       
belong+ to _! plantation1 9 ,/4         
,francisville1 :]e %e rema9s five ye>s4 
,m>*4--,audubon leaves ,nat*ez ) ,john  
,/e9 & ,victor on      a pa9t+ t\r ( !  
,s\?1 b meet+ ) little success1      !y 
disb& at ,new ,orleans2 visits 8 wife1 &
 sp5ds "p      ( summ] 9 tea*+ h] pupils
 music & draw+4       ,adrift aga92 bo? 
he & ,victor are tak5 ill ) fev] at     
,nat*ez1 b :5 nurs$ back to heal? by    
,mrs4 ,audubon1 !y      return ) h] to  
,bee*woods4       ,septemb]             
#cj4--;,det]m9$ to visit ,philadelphia 9

 !      int]e/s ( 8 ,orni?ology1 he s5ds
 on 8 draw+s &      goes to ,new        
,orleans = ref]5ces4       ,octob]      
#c4--,/>ts ) ,victor = ,l\isville1 walk+
 "p      ( ! way4   #ahbc-ahbd          
,w9t] sp5t at ,%ipp+port1 :]e ,victor   
becomes a cl]k to      8 uncle1 ,ni*olas
 ,a4 ,b]?\d4       ,pa9ts portraits1    
panels on riv] boats1 & ev5 /reet       
signs1 to e>n a liv+4   #ahbd       ,to 
,philadelphia1 to f9d patrons or a      
publi%]2 ?w>t$2 is      advis$ to take 8
 draw+s to ,europe1 :]e ! engrav+       
c\ld be done 9 sup]ior /yle2 befri5d$ by
 ,*>les ,l4      ,bonap>te1 ,edw>d      
,h>ris1 ,ri*>d ,h>lan1 ,mr4 ,fairman1 & 
,?omas ,sully1 :o gives him free tuition
 9 oils4       ,augu/ #a4--,/>ts = ,new 
,york1 ) lett]s to ,gilb]t      ,/u>t1  
,wa%+ton ,all/on1 & ,samuel ,l4         
,mit*ell2 is k9dly      receiv$ & made a
 memb] ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4  
,augu/ #ae4--,to ,albany1 ,ro*e/]1      
,buffalo1 ,niag>a ,falls1               
,meadville1 & ,pittsburgh1 tak+ deck    

passage on boats1      tramp+1 & pay+ 8 
way by crayon portraits4                
,septemb]4--,leaves ,pittsburgh on      
explor+ t\r ( ,lakes      ,ont>io &     
,*ampla9 = birds2 decides on 8 future   
c\rse4       ,octob] #bd4--,returns to  
,pittsburgh1 & desc5ds !      ,ohio 9 a 
skiff2 is /r&$ )\t a c5t at ,c9c9nati2  
visits ,victor at ,%ipp+port1 & rea*es 8
 wife 9 ,/4      ,francisville1 ,bay\   
,s>a1 ,novemb] #bd4   #ahbe-ahbf        
,tea*es at ,/4 ,francisville1 & gives   
danc+ lessons at      ,woodville1       
,mississippi1 to raise funds to g to    
,europe4   #ahbf       ,may #ag4--,sails
 ) 8 draw+s on ! cotton s*oon]          
,delos1 b\nd = ,liv]pool1 :]e he l&s1 a 
total      /rang]1 on ,july #ba4        
,9 less ?an a week is invit$ to exhibit 
8 draw+s at      ! ,royal ,in/itution1 &
 is at once proclaim$ z a great         
,am]ican g5ius4       ,exhibits at      
,man*e/]1 b ) less success4       ,plans
 to publi% 8 draw+s1 to be call$ ,!     
,birds (      ,am]ica1 9 p>ts ( five    

plates ea*1 at #b gu9eas a "p1      all 
to be engrav$ on copp]1 to ! size (     
life1 & color$      aft] 8 orig9als4 ,! 
numb] ( p>ts 0 at fir/ fix$      at #hj1
 & ! p]iod ( publication at #ad ye>s2   
ev5tually      !re 7 #hg p>ts1 ( #dce   
plates1 repres5t+ ov] a      ?\s&       
individual birds z well z ?\s&s (       
,am]ican      trees1 %rubs1 fl[]s1      
insects & o!r animals ( !      entire   
cont95t2 ! co/ 9 ,engl& 0 #agd1 :i* 0   
rais$ by ! duties to #a1jjj 9 ,am]ica4  
,pa9ts animal pictures to pay 8 way1 &  
op5s a      subscription book4          
,octob] #bf4--,rea*es ,ed9burgh1 :]e 8  
pictures attract      ! att5tion ( !    
able/ sci5tific & lit]>y *>act]s      ( 
! day1 & he is patroniz$ by !           
ari/ocracy4       ,novemb]1             
e>ly4--,william ,home ,liz>s beg9s !    
engrav+      ( 8 fir/ plates at         
,ed9burgh1 & on ! #bh?1 %[s him      !  
pro( ( ! ,turkey ,cock4       ,honors   
come to him rapidly1 & he is soon elect$
 to      memb]%ip 9 ! lead+ societies ( 

sci5ce & ! arts      9 ,great ,brita91  
,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   #ahbg      
,febru>y #c4--;,exhibits ! fir/ numb] ( 
8 engrav$ plates      at ! ,royal       
,in/itution ( ,ed9burgh4       ,m>*     
#ag4--;,issues 8 ,prospectus1 :5 two    
numb]s ( 8      ,birds are ready4       
,april #e4--,/>ts = ,london ) num]\s    
lett]s to      di/+ui%$ *>act]s & obta9s
 subscriptions on ! way4       ,may     
#ba4--,rea*es ,london1 & exhibits 8     
plates be=e      ! ,l9nan & ,royal      
,societies1 :i* lat] elect him to       
fell[%ip4       ,liz>s ?r[s up ! "w aft]
 engrav+ t5 plates1 &      x is         
transf]r$ to ,london1 :]e1 9 ! h&s (    
,rob]t      ,havell1 ,junior1 x is new  
born & br\ght to successful             
completion elev5 ye>s lat]4             
,summ]4--,affairs at a crisis2 resorts  
to pa9t+ &      canvasses ! l>g] cities4
       ,decemb]4--,five p>ts1 or        
tw5ty-five plates1 ( ,! ,birds      (   
,am]ica complet$4   #ahbh               
,m>*4--,visits ,cambridge & ,ox=d       

,univ]sities2 ?\gh      well receiv$1 is
 disappo9t$ at ! numb] ( subscrib]s     
secur$1 especially at ,ox=d4            
,septemb] #a4--,to ,p>is ) ,william     
,swa9son2 rema9s eight      weeks1 &    
obta9s #ac subscrib]s2 8 "w is eulogiz$ 
by      ,cuvi] be=e ! ,academy (        
,natural ,sci5ces1 & he receives      ! 
p]sonal subscription1 z well z private  
commissions1      f ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 
aft]w>ds kn[n z ,l\is ,philippe4   #ahbi
       ,april #a4--,sails f ,portsm\? on
 8 fir/ return to      ,am]ica f ,engl&1
 = ,new ,york1 :]e he l&s on ,may #a4   
,summ]4--,draw+ birds at ,great ,egg    
,h>bor1 ,new ,j]sey4                    
,septemb]4--,to ,mau* ,*unk1 & pa9ts =  
six weeks at a      lumb]man's cottage 9
 ! ,great ,p9e ,woods4                  
,octob]4--,d[n ! ,ohio to ,l\isville1   
:]e he meets 8 two      sons1 "o ( :om  
he _h n se5 = five ye>s2 !nce to        
,/4 ,francisville1 ,bay\ ,s>a1 :]e he   
jo9s 8 wife1 f      :om he _h be5 abs5t 
ne>ly ?ree ye>s4   #ahcj       ,janu>y  

#a4--,/>ts ) 8 wife = ,europe1 fir/     
visit+ ,new ,orleans1 ,l\isville1       
,c9c9nati1 ,baltimore1 &      ,wa%+ton1 
:]e he meets ! ,presid5t1 ,&rew         
,jackson1 &      is befri5d$ by ,edw>d  
,ev]ett1 :o becomes "o ( 8 fir/         
,am]ican subscrib]s4       ,april       
#a4--,sails ) ,mrs4 ,audubon f ,new     
,york =      ,liv]pool4 ,settles 9      
,london2 takes 8 seat 9 ! ,royal        
,society1 to :i* he 0 elect$ on ! #ai? (
 ,m>*2 resumes      8 pa9t+1 & 9        
midsumm] />ts ) 8 wife on a             
canvass+ t\r ( ! prov9cial t[ns2 invites
 ,william      ,swa9son to assi/ him 9  
edit+ 8 lett]press1 b a      disagreem5t
 foll[s4       ,*anges 8 plans1 &       
settles aga9 9 ,ed9burgh2 meets         
,william ,mac,gillivray1 :o und]takes to
 assi/ him ) 8      manuscript1 & toge!r
 !y beg9 ! fir/ volume ( !              
,orni?ological ,biography 9 ,octob]4    
#ahca-ahci       ,! ,orni?ological      
,biography1 9 five volumes1 publi%$ at  
,ed9burgh1 & p>tly reissu$ 9            

,philadelphia & ,bo/on4   #ahca-ahcd    
,9 ,am]ica1 explor+ ! ,nor? & ,s\?      
,atlantic coa/s =      birds4   #ahca   
,m>*4--,fir/ volume ( ! ,orni?ological  
,biography      publi%$1 repres5t+ !    
text ( ! fir/ #ajj      d\ble-elephant  
folio plates4       ,april              
#ae4--,returns ) 8 wife to ,london4     
,may-,july4--,visits ,p>is aga9 9 !     
int]e/s ( 8      publications4          
,augu/ #b4--,/>ts ) 8 wife on 8 second  
j\rney f      ,engl& to ,am]ica1 & l&s 9
 ,new ,york on ,septemb] #d4            
,plans to visit ,florida ) two          
assi/ants1 & obta9s      promise ( aid f
 ! ,gov]nm5t4                           
,octob]-,novemb]4--,at ,*>le/on1 ,s\?   
,c>ol9a1 :]e he      meets ,john ,ba*man
 & is tak5 into 8 home4       ,novemb]  
#ae4--,sails ) 8 assi/ants 9 ! gov]nm5t 
s*oon] ,agnes = ,/4 ,augu/9e4   #ahcb   
,april #ae4--;,9 rev5ue cutt] ,m>ion    
beg9s exploration (      ! ea/ coa/ (   
,florida2 proce$s to ,key ,we/1 & lat]  
returns to ,savannah & ,*>le/on4        

,rejo9s 8 family at ,philadelphia1 &    
goes to ,bo/on2 !re      meets ,dr4     
,george ,p>kman1 & makes _m fri5ds4     
,augu/4--,explores ! coa/s ( ,ma9e &    
,new ,brunswick1 &      asc5ds ! ,/4    
,john ,riv] = birds4       ,returns to  
,bo/on1 & s5ds 8 son ,victor to ,engl&  
to take      *>ge ( 8 publications4     
#ahcb-ahcc       ,w9t]4--,9 ,bo/on1 :]e 
he is attack$ by a sev]e illness        
induc$ by ov]work2 quickly recov]s &    
plans exp$ition to      ,labrador4      
#ahcc       ,june #f4--,sails f ,ea/port
 = ! ,labrador ) five      assi/ants1   
includ+ 8 son1 ,john ,woodh\se ,audubon1
 9 !      s*oon] ,ripley *>t]$ at 8 own 
exp5se4       ,augu/ #ca4--,returns to  
,ea/port lad5 ) spoils1 includ+      few
 new birds b _m draw+s4       ,septemb] 
#g4--,rea*es ,new ,york & plans an      
exp$ition to      ,florida4             
,septemb] #be4--,visits ,philadelphia & 
is arre/$ =      debt1 an e*o ( 8       
bus9ess v5tures 9 ,k5tucky2 obta9s      
subscrib]s at ,baltimore1 & 9 ,wa%+ton  

meets ,wa%+ton      ,irv+1 :o assi/s him
 9 obta9+ gov]nm5t aid2 f9ds            
patrons at ,ri*mond & at ,columbia1 ,s\?
 ,c>ol9a4       ,octob] #bd4--,rea*es   
,*>le/on & *anges 8 plans2      ) 8 wife
 & son passes ! w9t] at ! ,ba*man home1 
engag$ 9 hunt+1 draw+ & writ+4   #ahcd  
,! numb] ( 8 ,am]ican subscrib]s rea*es 
#fb4       ,april #af4--,sails ) 8 wife 
& son on ! packet ,nor?      ,am]ica f  
,new ,york to ,engl& ) l>ge collections4
       ,settles aga9 9 ,ed9burgh1 &     
beg9s second volume ( 8      ,biography1
 :i* is publi%$ 9 ,decemb]4   #ahce     
,_m draw+s1 pap]s & books lo/ by fire 9 
,new ,york4       ,"p ( summ]1 autumn & 
w9t] 9 ,ed9burgh1 :]e !      ?ird volume
 ( 8 ,orni?ological ,biography is issu$ 
9      ,decemb]4   #ahcf                
,audubon's two sons1 :o h become 8      
assi/ants1 t\r !      ,cont95t = five   
mon?s1 travel+ & pa9t+4       ,augu/    
#b4--,sails f ,portsm\? on 8 ?ird j\rney
 f      ,engl& to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 l&s 9
 ,new ,york on ,sept4 #f      &         

canvasses ! city4       ,septemb]       
#ac4--;,hurries to ,philadelphia to     
obta9 access to      ! ,nuttall-,t[ns5d 
collection ( birds1 rec5tly br\ght      
f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,pacific ,coa/2 is
 rebuff$1      & bitt] rivalries ensue2 
,edw>d ,h>ris (f]s to buy !             
collection outright = 8 b5efit4         
,septemb] #bj4--,/>ts on a canvass+ t\r 
to ,bo/on1 :]e      he meets _m prom95t 
*>act]s1 & obta9s a lett] (             
comm5dation f ,daniel ,web/]1 :o writes 
8 "n 9 8      subscription book4 ,visits
 ,salem1 :]e subscrib]s are also        
obta9$2 meets ,?omas ,m4 ,brew]1 &      
,?omas ,nuttall1 :o      (f]s him 8 new 
birds br\ght f ! ,we/4       ,octob]    
#aj4--;,is visit$ by ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 :o 
gives him      lett]s to ,presid5t ,van 
,bur5 & recomm5ds 8 "w to      national 
patronage4       ,octob] #ae4--,returns 
to ,philadelphia1 :]e attempts      to  
obta9 p]mission to describe ! new birds 
9 !      ,nuttall-,t[ns5d collection are
 r5ew$2 he is f9ally      p]mitt$ to    

pur*ase duplicates & describe ! new =ms 
"u c]ta9 conditions4       ,novemb]     
#aj4--,to ,wa%+ton1 to pres5t 8         
cr$5tials1      & is promis$ gov]nm5t   
aid = ! project$ j\rney to      ,florida
 & ,texas4   #ahcf-ahcg                 
,w9t]4--,sp5t ) ,ba*man at ,*>le/on1 9  
wait+ = 8      promis$ vessel2 makes    
draw+s ( ,nuttall's & ,t[ns5d's         
birds1 & plans = a "w on ! ,quadrup$s ( 
,nor?      ,am]ica4   #ahcg             
,spr+4--,/>ts ov]l& ) ,edw>d ,h>ris &   
,john ,w4      ,audubon = ,new ,orleans2
 !re meets ! rev5ue cutt]               
,campbell1 & 9 h] & h] t5d]1 ! ,crusad]1
 !      p>ty proce$s z f> z ,galve/on1  
,texas2 visits ,presid5t      ,sam      
,h\/on4       ,may #ah4--,leaves = ,new 
,orleans1 & on ,june #h rea*es          
,*>le/on4 ,john ,woodh\se ,audubon is   
m>ri$ to ,ba*man's      elde/ daught]1  
,m>ia ,rebecca4       ,to ,wa%+ton1 &   
meets ,presid5t ,m>t9 ,van ,bur54       
,july #af4--,sails ) 8 son &            
daught]-9-law on !      packet ,engl& f 

,new ,york2 rea*es ,liv]pool on ,augu/  
#b;d1 & on ! #g? is 9 ,london4       ,! 
panic ( ?is ye> causes loss ( _m        
subscrib]s1 b      ,audubon decides to  
ext5d ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica to #hg p>ts1  
9 ord] to admit e new ,am]ican bird     
discov]$ up to      t "t4   #ahch       
,june #bj4--;,eighty-sev5? "p ( ,!      
,birds ( ,am]ica      publi%$1 ?us      
complet+ ! f\r? volume & conclud+      !
 "w1 :i* 0 begun at ,ed9burgh 9 ! autumn
 ( #ahbf4       ,summ]4--,by way ( a    
holiday celebration t\rs ! ,highl&s     
( ,scotl& ) 8 family & ,william         
,mac,gillivray4       ,autumn4--,to     
,ed9burgh1 :]e1 ) ! assi/ance (         
,mac,gillivray1 ! f\r? volume ( 8       
,biography is issu$      9 ,novemb]4    
#ahci       ,may4--,fif? & conclud+     
volume ( ! ,orni?ological               
,biography is publi%$ at ,ed9burgh4 ,a  
,synopsis ( !      ,birds ( ,nor?       
,am]ica1 :i* imm$iately foll[s1 br+s    
8 ,european life & labors to a close4   
,late summ]4--,returns ) 8 family to    

,new ,york1 &      settles at #hf ,:ite 
,/reet4 ,victor1 :o prec$$ 8 fa!r       
to ,am]ica1 is m>ri$ to ,m>y ,eliza     
,ba*man4       ,projects at once a small
 or m9iature edition ( 8                
,orni?ology1 & beg9s "w on ! ,quadrup$s4
      ,collaboration ( ,ba*man 9 ?is    
project is lat] secur$4   #ahdj-ahdd    
,fir/ octavo edition ( ,! ,birds (      
,am]ica is publi%$      at              
,philadelphia1 9 sev5 volumes1 )        
li?ographic1 color$      plates & meets 
) unprec$5t$ success2 issu$ to          
subscrib]s 9 #ajj p>ts1 ( five plates   
ea* ) text1 at      "o doll> a "p4      
#ahdj       ,june4--,beg9s a            
correspond5ce ) "y ,sp5c] ,f4 ,baird1   
:i* leads to an intimate fri5d%ip (     
great mutual b5efit1      ,baird        
discov]+ new birds & s5d+ him _m        
specim5s4   #ahda       ,pur*ases l& on 
! ,hudson1 9 ,c>mansville1 at ! pres5t  
#aeg? ,/reet1 & beg9s to build a h\se4  
,july #bi4--,writes to ,sp5c] ,f4 ,baird
 t he 0 !n z      anxi\s ab\t !         

publication ( ! ,quadrup$s z he ev]     
0 ab\t procur+ birds4   #ahdb           
,april4--,occupies 8 e/ate1 n[ includ$ 9
 ! realty      section ( upp] ,new ,york
 ,city call$ ,audubon ,p>k1 :i* he      
de$$ to 8 wife & nam$ = h] ,m9nie's ,l&4
       ,septemb] #ab4--,/>ts on a       
canvass+ t\r ( ,canada1 go+      z f>   
nor? z ,quebec1 & returns well pleas$ ) 
8      success1 aft] sp5d+ a mon? &     
travel+ #a1ejj miles4       ,plans = 8  
we/]n j\rney ne>ly complet$4   #ahdc    
,m>* #aa4--;,at fifty-eight1 sets out ) 
f\r companions      = ! region ( ! ,upp]
 ,miss\ri & ,yell[/one ,riv]s1      b is
 unable to atta9 8 long desir$ goal1 !  
,rocky      ,m\nta9s4                   
,novemb]4--,returns ) _m new birds &    
mammals4   #ahde-ahdf       ,! ,vivip>\s
 ,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9          
collaboration      ) ! ,rev4 ,john      
,ba*man1 issu$ to subscrib]s 9 #cj p>ts 
( five plates ea*1 )\t lett]press1 mak+ 
two volumes1      imp]ial folio1 at     
#cjj4jj4       ,john ,w4 ,audubon1      

travel+ 9 ,texas1 to collect mat]ials = 
8 fa!r's "w4   #ahde       ,engross$ )  
draw+s ( ! ,quadrup$s1 9 :i* he         
receives effici5t aid f 8 sons4         
,july #ai4--;,copp] plates ( ,! ,birds (
 ,am]ica injur$ by      fire 9 ,new     
,york4       ,decemb] #bd4--;,ba*man1 8 
collaborator1 issues ultimatum          
?r\gh ,h>ris1 b "w on ! ,quadrup$s1 :i* 
_h come      to a /&1 is resum$4        
#ahdf-ahdg       ,john ,w4 ,audubon 9   
,engl&1 pa9t+ subjects = !              
illu/ration ( ! ,quadrup$s ( ,nor?      
,am]ica4   #ahdf-ahed       ,! ,vivip>\s
 ,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9          
collaboration      ) ,john ,ba*man1     
publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes1 octavo1         
text only1 by ,j4 ,j4 & ,v4 ,g4         
,audubon2 volume i 7#ahdg7 only         
appe>$ dur+ ! naturali/'s lifetime4     
#ahdg       ,audubon's p[]s beg9 to     
weak5 & rapidly fail4   #ahdh           
,febru>y #h4--;,john ,w4 ,audubon jo9s a
 ,cali=nia company      organiz$ by     
,colonel ,james ,watson ,webb1 & />ts = 

!      gold fields1 b 8 p>ty meets      
disa/] 9 ! valley (      ! ,rio ,gr&e2  
he leads a remnant to _! de/9ation &    
returns 9 ! foll[+ ye>4   #ahea         
,janu>y #bg4--;,jean ,jacques ,f\gre    
,audubon dies at ,m9nie's      ,l&1 be=e
 complet+ 8 sixty-six? ye>4             
,,audubon      ,,!      ,,naturali/     
,no?+ ext5uate1      ,nor set d[n aught 
9 malice4444            ,,%akespe>e1    
,o!llo to 8 biograph]s4        ,"t1 ^:  
too? gnaws away ev]y?+ else1 is p[]less 
aga9/ tru?4            ,,huxley4        
,:at a curi\s1 int]e/+ book1 a          
biograph]1 well      acqua9t$ ) my life1
 c\ld write2 x is /ill m      wond]ful &
 extraord9>y ?an t ( my fa!r4           
,,audubon1 9 lett] to 8 wife1           
,m>* #ab1 #ahbh4     ,,audubon ,,!      
,,naturali/     ,,*apt] ,i              
,,introduction       ,audubon's gr[+    
fame--,exp]i5ce 9 ,p>is 9               
#ahbh--;,cuvi]'s                        
patronage--,audubon's publications--,8  
critics--,8 tal5ts &                    

accompli%m5ts--,8 ,am]icanism & hone/y (
 purpose--,8      foibles &             
faults--,appreciations & monum5ts--,!   
,audubon      ,societies--,biographies &
 autobiography--,rob]t ,bu*anan &      !
 true hi/ory ( 8 ,life ( ,audubon4   ,x 
is m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury s9ce    
,audubon's ma/]piece1 ,! ,birds (       
,am]ica1 0 complet$1 & two g5]ations h  
occupi$ ! /age s9ce ! ,am]ican ,woodsman
 quietly pass$ away at 8 home on !      
,hudson ,riv]4 ,^! g5]ations h se5      
great] *anges 9 ! developm5t &          
application ( natural sci5ce & 9 !      
spread ( sci5tific k among m5 ?an all ^?
 :i* prec$$ !m4 ,!ories ( nature come & 
g b ! tru? abides1 & ,audubon's book (  
,nature1 repres5t$ by 8 f\r massive     
volumes ( h&-engrav$ & h&-color$ plates1
 /ill rema9s ! mo/ magnific5t monum5t   
:i* has yet be5 rais$ to orni?ology1 z  
,cuvi] said ( ! p>ts :i* met 8 a/oni%$  
gaze 9 #ahbh2 :ile 8 graphic sket*es (  
,am]ican life & sc5]y & 8 vivid         
portraits ( birds1 drawn ) ! p51 c be   

read ) z mu* pleasure z :5 ! la/ volume 
( 8 ,orni?ological ,biography left !    
press 9 #ahci4 ,?is appe>s ! m rem>kable
 :5 we reflect t ,audubon's greate/     
work+ p]iod1 f #ahbj to #ahdj1 belong$  
ess5tially to ! eighte5? c5tury1 = !    
real transition to ! n9ete5? c5tury did 
n beg9 9 ,engl& be=e #ahcg2 !n came !   
dawn ( ! new] day t 0 to witness ^?     
mom5t\s *anges 9 communication & travel1
 9 education1 democracy & ideas1 :i*    
*>act]ize life 9 ! mod]n _w4  ,:5       
,audubon left ,london = ,p>is on        
,septemb] #a1 #ahbh1 x took him f\r days
 by coa*1 boat & dilig5ce to rea* !     
,fr5* capital1 a j\rney :i* 9 normal    
times is n[ made 9 less ?an eight h\rs4 
,mail !n left ! ,cont95t = ,engl& on b  
f\r days 9 ! week1 & to po/ a s+le lett]
 co/ tw5ty-f\r s\s4 ,writ+ at ,ed9burgh 
a little e>li] 7,decemb] #ba1 #ahbf71   
,audubon record$ t on t day he _h       
receiv$ f ,de ,witt ,cl9ton & ,?omas    
,sully1 9 ,am]ica1 lett]s 9 answ] to 8  
own1 9 =ty-two days1 & add$ t x seem$   

absolutely impossible t ! di/ance c\ld  
be cov]$ s rapidly4 ,?is 0 inde$        
rem>kable1 s9ce ! fir/ vessel to cross !
 ,atlantic :olly "u its own /eam1 9     
#ahch1 requir$ sev5te5 days to make !   
passage f ,new ,york to ,que5/[n4       
,walk+ 9 ,p>is1 said ,audubon 9 #ahbh1  
is disagreeable 9 ! extreme2 ! /reets   
are pav$1 b ) sc>cely a sidewalk1 & a   
l>ge gutt] fill$ ) dirty black wat] runs
 ?r\gh ! middle ( ea*1 & p g ab\t )\t   
any k9d ( ord]1 9 ! c5t]1 or ne> !      
h\ses4 ,! ,p>is ( t day conta9$ b       
"o-f\r? ! numb] ( its pres5t population4
 ,hav+ reap$ ! fruits ( ! ,revolution1 x
 0 enjoy+ peace "u ! ,re/oration2       
moreov]1 x 0 tak+ a lead+ "p 9 !        
advancem5t ( natural sci5ce1 ( :i*      
,cuvi] 0 ! ackn[l$g$ dean4 ,x 0 b a ye> 
be=e ! dea? ( bl9d & ag$ ,lam>ck1       
neglect$ & =gott5 !n1 b de/9$ aft] !    
lapse ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury to h a   
monum5t rais$ to 8 memory by            
contributions f e "p ( ,europe &        
,am]ica1 & to be recogniz$ z ! fir/     

great evolutioni/ ( ! mod]n s*ool4      
,audubon _h n se5 8 ance/ral capital =  
upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s1 n s9ce z a "y man  
he 0 s5t f 8 fa!r's home ne> ,nantes to 
/udy draw+ 9 ! /udio ( ,david1 at !     
,l\vre4 ,?\gh 9 ! l& ( 8 fa!rs & speak+ 
8 native tongue1 8 visit 0 t+$ )        
disappo9tm5t4 ,at ! age ( =ty-?ree he 0 
engag$ 9 an ent]prise :i* /&s unique 9 !
 annals ( sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,b fifty  
plates1 or t5 numb]s1 ( 8 incomp>able   
s]ies _h be5 engrav$1 & ?is "w _h !n b  
?irty subscrib]s4 ,t he 0 b\nd to s9k or
 swim he knew full well4 ,on ,augu/ #cj 
he wrote3 ,my subscrib]s are yet f> f   
en\gh to pay my exp5ses1 & my purse     
suff]s sev]ely f want ( great]          
patronage4 ,?is want he _h hop$ to      
satisfy 9 ,france1 b aft] an exp]i5ce ( 
eight weeks1 & an exp5diture1 z he      
records1 ( =ty p\nds1 he 0 oblig$ to    
leave ,p>is ) only ?irte5 additional    
names on 8 li/4 ,yet among ! latt]1 x   
%\ld be notic$1 7 ^? ( ,george ,cuvi]1 !
 ,duke ( ,orleans & ,k+ ,*>les ,x1 :ile 

six copies _h be5 ord]$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ! 
,int]ior = di/ribution among ! m        
important libr>ies ( ,p>is4 ,moreov]1 he
 _h won ! fri5d%ip & encomiums ( ,cuvi]1
 :i* lat] prov$ ( ! greate/ value4 ,!   
savants :o ga!r$ ab\t him at ! meet+ ( !
 ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ov] :i*    
,cuvi] presid$1 exclaim$1 ,beautiful6 ,v
 beautiful6 ,:at a "w61 b ,:at a price61
 & ackn[l$g$ t only 9 ,engl& c\ld he f9d
 ! necess>y support4 ,audubon conclud$ t
 he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ tak5 8 draw+s to   
,london to be engrav$1 = ! small] co/ ( 
copp] on t side ( ! ,*annel 0 an item   
:i* c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,little did he  
dream t comm]cial gre$ = ! bas] metal   
w\ld s5d mo/ ( 8 great plates to ! melt+
 pot half a c5tury lat]4 ,no d\bt he 0  
"r also 9 conclud+ t _h he foll[$ c]ta9 
advis]s 9 fir/ tak+ 8 publication to    
,france1 x w\ld h p]i%$ l a fl[] 9      
,octob]4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,k+ ,*>les'  
subscription expir$ ) 8 fall two ye>s   
lat]1 :ile t ( ,cuvi] end$ ) 8 dea? 9   
#ahcb4  ,audubon 0 "o ( ^? r>e spirits  

^: po/hum\s fame has gr[n ) ! ye>s4 ,he 
did "o ?+ 9 p>ticul>1 t ( mak+ kn[n to !
 _w ! birds ( 8 adopt$ l&1 & did x s    
well t 8 "n w be held 9 ev]la/+         
remembrance4 ,8 great folios are n[ !   
prop]ty ( ! ri* or ( ^? =tunate         
in/itutions :i* h ei!r receiv$ !m by    
gift or 7 enroll$ among 8 orig9al       
subscrib]s1 & :]ev] f\nd !y are treasur$
 z ! greate/ ( %[ books4 ,! sale ( a    
p]fect copy ( ! ,birds at ! pres5t day  
is some?+ ( an ev5t1 = x comm&s f #c1jjj
 to #e1jjj1 or f ?ree to five times its 
orig9al co/4 ,all ( ,audubon's          
publications h n only become r>e b h    
increas$ greatly 9 price2 !y are :at    
deal]s call a good inve/m5t1 an exp]i5ce
 :i* probably no o!r l>ge1 illu/rat$1   
sci5tific or semi-sci5tific works h     
enjoy$ to a l degree4  ,z has be5 said (
 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator1 ?\gh 9      
diff]5t words1 ,john ,james ,audubon 0  
"o ( ^? :o by a simple-he>t$ life (     
tal5t1 devotion & en?usiasm h fre$      
!mselves f ! law ( dea?4 ,audubon 0 a   

man ( _m sides1 & 8 fame is due to a r>e
 comb9ation ( ^? tal5ts & p[]s :i* 7    
ne$$ to accompli% ! "w t he f9ally set  
out to d4 ,8 p]sonality 0 mo/ w9n+1 8   
individuality /rong1 & 8 long life1 b5t 
= ! mo/ "p to atta9 def9ite ends1 0     
*eck]$1 adv5tur\s & romantic beyond !   
common lot ( m54  ,few m5 outside (     
public life h be5 prais$ m lavi%ly ?an  
,audubon dur+ 8 active c>e]4 ,?\gh he _h
 b few op5 enemies1 ^? few1 z if        
consci\s ( ! fact1 seem$ to assail him !
 m h>%ly & p]si/5tly4 ,9 read+ all t has
 be5 said ab\t ?is /r5u\s work] bo? be=e
 & s9ce 8 dea?1 "o is cont9ually /ruck  
by ! p]v]se or contr>y op9ions t are (t5
 express$4 ,he 0 n ?is & he 0 n t1 b he 
0 simply ,audubon1 & !re has be5 no "o  
else :o has at all closely resembl$ him 
or ) :om he c be pr(itably comp>$4 ,"o  
*>ges t he did n write ! books :i* be> 8
 "n4 ,ano!r compla9s t he 0 no          
philosoph]1 & 0 n a man ( sci5ce at     
he>t2 t he 0 va91 elegant1 incl9$ to be 
selfi%1 inconsequ5tial1 & t he rev]5c$ !

 great2 t he %ot birds = sport2 t he 0 a
 plagi>i/2 t he 0 ! k+ ( nature fakirs &
 a *>latan2 t he nev] prop\nd$ or answ]$
 a sci5tific "q2 &1 f9ally1 t ?\gh at   
times he wrote a graphic & *>m+ /yle &  
%[$ occasional glimpses ( prophetic     
insight1 he _c be tru/$2 besides1 he    
might h be5 greatly indebt$ to          
unackn[l$g$ aid receiv$ f o!rs4  ,^! or 
simil> *>ges 7 br\ght aga9/ ,audubon    
dur+ 8 lifetime1 z !y h be5 made aga9/  
_m ano!r :o has em]g$ quickly f         
obscurity into _w-wide r5[n4 ,_m attacks
 ^u 8 "* 7 assidu\sly repell$ by 8      
fri5ds1 ?\gh seldom notic$ publicly by  
himself2 z if consci\s ( 8 own          
integrity1 he 0 cont5t to await ! v]dict
 ( "t1 & "t 9 ,am]ica has n be5 recreant
 to 8 tru/4 ,"s ( ^! *>ges x may be     
necess>y to exam9e at l5g?1 if f\nd to  
be ju/ifi$ 9 any degree1 :ile o!rs may  
be bru%$ aside z unwor?y ( ev5 pass+    
consid]ation4 ,evid5ce ( e sort is n[   
ample1 z x seems1 to enable u to d      
ju/ice to all conc]n$1 to p5etrate !    

veil t has hidd5 mu* ( ! real ,audubon f
 ! _w1 & to place ! work] & ! man 9 !   
full] light ( day4  ,! read] :o foll[s  
?is hi/ory may expect to f9d c]ta9      
blemi%es 9 ,audubon's "*1 = ! mo/       
admirable ( m5 h possess$ faults1 :e!r  
consci\s ( !m or n4 ,! lights 9 any     
picture w\ld lose all value 7 ! %ad[s   
:olly )drawn4 ,if we bl9d$ ourselves to 
e fault & foible ( su* a man1 we might  
produce a sket* m pleas+ to c]ta9       
read]s1 b x w\ld lack ! vitality :i*    
tru? alone c supply4 ,! m c>efully 8 "* 
is /udi$1 h[ev]1 z ,macaulay said (     
,addison1 ! m x w appe>1 9 ! language ( 
! old anatomi/s1 s\nd 9 ! noble p>ts1   
free f all ta9t ( p]fidy1 ( c[>dice1 (  
cruelty1 ( +ratitude1 ( envy4  ,9 ?is   
attempt to pres5t a true & unbias$      
e/imate ( ,audubon 9 relation to 8 "t1  
we h ! advantage ( deal+ ) a well r\nd$ 
& complet$ life1 n ) a brok5 or truncat$
 "o4 ,he impress$ _m ( 8 contempor>ies 9
 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica ) ! =ce ( 8      
contagi\s en?usiasm & prolific g5ius1 & 

_! op9ions h be5 record$ ) rem>kable    
g5]osity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a life be    
delay$ till int]e/ & envy are at an end1
 said an excell5t au?ority1#a we may    
hope = imp>tiality1 b mu/ expect little 
intellig5ce1 because ! m9ute details (  
daily life are commonly s volatile &    
evanesc5t z to soon escape ! memory1 &  
are r>ely transmitt$ by tradition4 ,su* 
details1 :i* (t5 reveal "* :ile !y add  
color & life to ! n>rative1 h be5 amply 
suppli$1 z ! read] w f9d1 by ,audubon   
himself1 n only 9 8 j\rnals & private   
lett]s already publi%$ b 9 ! num]\s     
docum5ts ( e sort t are n[ br\ght to    
light4  ,if ! true man is to be reveal$1
 if we are to "k him z he 01 &          
especially if we are to "k ! influ5ces t
 mold$ him & s pr(\ndly affect$ him =   
good or evil1 we mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+ & 
foll[ him ?r\gh 8 /ruggles1 8           
temptations1 8 triumphs4 ,x might be    
bett] to />t 9 ! cradle1 or ev5 =ty ye>s
 be=e he 0 born1 =1 z mod]n biology     
tea*es u1 nature is /rong] ?an nurture &

 race c\nts = mu*4 ,c]ta9ly ?is man c   
nev] be und]/ood if remov$ f !          
environm5t :i* "t & circum/ance gave    
him2 he ne$s ! hi/orical backgr\nd1     
furni%$ 9 "p by 8 contempor>ies1 "s (   
:om 7 rivals ) :om he _h (t5 to /ruggle 
to make 8 way4 ,9 rec\nt+ ?is hi/ory1 9 
_m cases hi!rto unwritt51 we mu/        
recognize ! prov]bial difficulty ( trac+
 human motives to _! prop] s\rce1 &     
endeavor to =m no h>% judgm5ts )\t ample
 basis 9 docum5t>y or o!r evid5ce4  ,no 
m ard5t & loyal ,am]ican ?an ,john      
,james ,audubon ev] liv$4 ,8 adopt$     
c\ntry1 :i* he w\ld fa9 h believ$ to h  
be5 t ( 8 actual bir?1 0 ev] 8 *ief     
passion & pride1 & = him ! only abode ( 
sweet cont5t4 ,few h se5 m ( x1 ( its   
div]sifi$ races1 climates & coa/s1 its  
gr& m\nta9s1 its noble lakes & riv]s1   
its virg9 =e/s & int]m9able prairies1 ) 
all ! m>vel\s /ores ( animal & plant    
life :i* 7 fir/ truly reveal$ to !      
pione] woodsman1 arti/ & naturali/4     
,none has be5 m eag] to h& d[n to       

po/]ity1 ere x be too late1 a true      
transcript ( its wild & untameable      
nature :ile1 z he w\ld say1 /ill fre% f 
! ,creator's own h&4 ,audubon's b5efic5t
 influ5ce dur+ 8 long en=c$ resid5ce    
abroad1 z a repres5tative ( ,am]ican    
en]gy & capacity1 c h>dly be measur$1   
:ile 9 8 own l& few 7 m pot5t 9 br++ !  
nation to a consci\sness ( its unique   
individuality & p[]4  ,audubon1 z has   
be5 said1 saw nature vividly color$ by 8
 own en?usiasm1 & he nev] look$ at h]   
?r\gh ! spectacles ( books4 ,8 writ+s1  
h[ev] unpoli%$ or writt5 ) :atev] degree
 ( spe$1 h ! peculi> quality ( awak5+   
en?usiasm 9 ! read]1 :o1 l ! y\? por+   
ov] ,rob9son ,crusoe1 feels )9 him a new
 ardor1 9 ?is in/ance1 = hunt+ & /udy+  
birds & = lead+ a life ( adv5ture 9 !   
wild]ness4 ,x w\ld be z unju/ to judge (
 ,audubon's r>e abilities z a           
descriptive writ] f ! lett]s1 j\rnal    
jott+s & miscellane\s extracts giv5 9   
?is "w1 z to weigh 8 accompli%m5ts z an 
arti/ f 8 it9]>y portraits or 8 e>ly    

sket*es ( animals 9 crayon po9t & pa/el4
 ,^? crud] products ( 8 p5 & bru%1      
h[ev]1 z ! read] w f9d1 possess a high  
degree ( int]e/ f ! light :i* !y ?r[ on 
! developm5t ( 8 "* & art1 z well z f _!
 p]sonal & hi/orical associations4 ,8   
be/ & only f9i%$ lit]>y "w1 !           
,orni?ological ,biography1 9 five l>ge  
volumes1 ) ! revisions & additions :i*  
lat] appe>$1 ab\nd 9 animat$ pictures ( 
primitive nature & pione] life 9 ,am]ica
 z well z vivid portraits ( ! birds &   
o!r *>act]i/ic animals4  ,a good        
illu/ration ( ,audubon's habit ( bl5d+ 8
 own exp]i5ces ) 8 biographies ( birds  
is f\nd 9 ! introduction to 8 acc\nt ( !
 ,common ,gannet3       ,on ! morn+ ( ! 
#ad? ( ,june #ahcc1 ! :ite sails (      
! ,ripley 7 spread be=e a propiti\s     
breeze1 & onw>d      %e might be se5    
gaily w5d+ h] way t[>ds ! %ores      (  
,labrador4 ,we _h well explor$ !        
,magdal5e ,isl&s1 &      7 anxi\s to    
visit ! ,great ,gannet ,rock1 :]e1      
accord+      to our pilot1 ! birds f :i*

 x d]ives its "n br$4      ,= sev]al    
days ,i _h obs]v$ num]\s files proce$+  
nor?w>d1 & m>k$ _! mode ( flight :ile   
?us      travell+4 ,z our b>k da%$ ?r\gh
 ! heav+ bill[s1 my      anxiety to rea*
 ! desir$ spot increas$4 ,at l5g?1 ab\t 
t5 o'clock1 we disc]n$ at a di/ance a   
:ite speck1 :i*      our pilot assur$ u 
0 ! celebrat$ rock ( our wi%es4         
,aft] a :ile ,i c\ld di/9ctly see its   
top f ! deck1      & ?\ght t x 0 /ill   
cov]$ ) sn[ sev]al feet      deep4 ,z we
 approa*$ x1 ,i imag9$ t ! atmosph]e    
ar\nd 0 fill$ ) flakes1 b on my turn+ to
 ! pilot1      :o smil$ at my           
simplicity1 ,i 0 assur$ t no?+ 0      9 
sight b ! ,gannets & _! isl& home4 ,i   
rubb$ my      eyes1 took up my glass1 & 
saw t ! /range dimness (      ! air be=e
 u 0 caus$ by ! innum]able birds1 ^:    
:ite bodies & black-tipp$ p9ions produc$
 a bl5d$ t9t      ( light-grey4 ,:5 we  
_h advanc$ to )9 half a mile1      ?is  
magnific5t veil ( float+ ,gannets 0     
easily se51      n[ %oot+ upw>ds1 z if  

int5t on rea*+ ! sky1 !n      desc5d+ z 
if to jo9 ! fea!r$ masses bel[1 & aga9  
div]g+ t[>d ei!r side & sweep+ ov] !    
surface (      ! ocean4 ,! ,ripley n[   
p>tially furl$ h] sails1 & lay      to1 
:5 all on bo>d 7 eag] to scale ! abrupt 
side (      ! m\nta9 isle1 & satisfy _! 
curiosity4#b  ,audubon's acc\nts ( !    
birds are copi\s1 int]e/+ & g5]ally     
accurate1 consid]+ ! "t & circum/ances 9
 :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,:5 at 8 be/1 8      
pictures 7 m>vels ( fidelity & close    
obs]vation1 & 9 "s ( 8 /udies ( mammals1
 l t ( ! raccoon 7see p4 #ahb71 9 :i*   
seem+ly e hair is c>efully r5d]$1 we are
 rem9d$ ( ! "w ( ! old ,dut* ma/]s & (  
,albre*t ,dr]2 not)/&+ su* att5tion to  
microscopic detail1 !re is no flatness1 
b ! values ( light & %ade are p]fectly  
r5d]$4 ,9 8 hi/orical survey ( ,am]ican 
orni?ology1 ,elliott ,c\es 0 fully      
ju/ifi$ 9 designat+ ! ye>s #ahbd-ahec z 
repres5t+ ! ,audubonian ,epo*1 & ! "t f 
#ahcd to its close z ! ,audubonian      
,p]iod4 ,! spl5did g5ius ( ! man1       

surm\nt+ e difficulty & disc\ragem5t ( !
 au?or1 _h f\nd & claim$ its own4444    
,audubon & 8 "w 7 "o2 he liv$ 9 8 "w1 & 
9 8 "w w live =ev]4#c  ,!re is no d\bt t
 ,audubon reg>d$ an hone/ man z !       
qu9tess5ce ( ,god's works1 & ?\gh he    
sometimes set d[n /atem5ts :i* d n squ>e
 ) kn[n facts1 ?is 0 (t5 ! result ( lax 
habits1 or ( say+ :at 0 upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d 
)\t retrospection or analysis4 ,:5      
memory fail$ or :5 m piquancy & color 7 
ne$$1 he may h be5 too apt to resort to 
v>ni%1 b = ev]y?+ writt5 on ! spot 8 m9d
 0 z tru?-tell+ z 8 pictures4 ,9        
consid]+ ! good int5t ( ! man1 8        
extraord9>y capacity = tak+ pa9s1 & 8   
va/ accompli%m5ts1 criticism on ?is     
score seems r capti\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 
x came to deal+ ) 8 own e>ly life1 t 0 a
 subject ^u :i* he res]v$ ! "r to speak 
accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 & 9 a way :i* w be
 consid]$ lat]4  ,audubon left ,engl& to
 settle 8 family f9ally 9 ,am]ica 9 !   
autumn ( #ahci1 :5 he 0 fifty-f\r ye>s  
old1 & s9ce he liv$ b twelve ye>s long]1

 probably few are n[ liv+ :o reta9 m ?an
 a *ildi% memory ( 8 appe>ance 9 advanc$
 age4 ,_m ,london]s w recall an odd "*1 
an ag$ pr9t deal] :o us$ to sit alone1 l
 a ho>y spid] 9 its web1 9 8 little %op 
9 ,great ,russell ,/reet1 close to !    
,briti% ,museum1 & ano!r ( simil> type1 
:o may /ill haunt a bett] kn[n l&m>k1 ! 
old naturali/'s %op 9 ,ox=d ,/reet1 n f>
 f ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road & b a m9ute's  
walk f ! spot :]e mo/ ( ,audubon's      
,birds 7 engrav$4 ,bo? _h se5 !         
naturali/ walk ! /reets ( ,london & _h  
kn[n him 9 bus9ess relations4 ,he       
occasionally /roll$ into ! old          
naturali/'s %op1 :i* has be5 occupi$ by 
fa!r & son = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,! son1 !n 
a "y cl]k1 is n[ 7#aiac7 ! crabb$ vet]an
 :o /ill waits on cu/om]s b nev] waits  
long2 %\ld y haz>d a "q be=e mak+ a     
pur*ase1 he w ro> l ! capta9 ( a %ip &  
leave y to y\r own devices2 b %[ him    
money & ! *ange 9 8 demeanor is         
wond]ful2 8 he>+ improves1 8 tone s(t5s1
 & he may rec\nt = y :at he rememb]s (  

times long pa/1 :i* is n mu*4 ,audubon 9
 ! ?irties seem$ to him l an ag$ man1 an
 impression q natural to a y\?4 ,he also
 rememb]$ see+ ,*>les ,wat]ton1         
,audubon's decl>$ enemy & sup]cili\s    
critic1 ,william ,swa9son1 8 "o-"t      
fri5d1 & ,william ,mac,gillivray1 8     
em95t assi/ant2 t !y 7 great rivals     
express$ ! sum ( 8 reflections4 ,he     
recall$ ! "t :5 ,ox=d ,/reet 0 fill$1 z 
he express$ x1 ) horses & donkeys1 & (  
c\rse knew well ! old ,zological        
,gall]y1 ,no4 #gi ,newman ,/reet1 9 :i* 
= a "t ,rob]t ,havell  ,son conduct$ a  
%op 9 connection ) _! pr9t+ & engrav+   
e/abli%m5t4 ,! latt]1 :5 mov$ by ,rob]t 
,havell1 ,jr41 to ,no4 #gg ,ox=d ,/reet1
 0 ne>ly opposite ! old ,pan!on1 :i*    
/ill l+]s1 & n f> f ! corn] ( ,wrisley  
,/reet1 ! pres5t site ( ,messrs4 ,w>+   
,gill['s l>ge /ore4  ,we already possess
 sev]al biographies ( ,audubon1 & _m ( 8
 lett]s ( a p]sonal or sci5tific int]e/ 
& mo/ ( 8 extant j\rnals1 ?\gh b a      
fraction ( ^? :i* orig9ally exi/$1 h be5

 publi%$4 ,am]ica1 my ,c\ntry1 has n    
=gott5 him4 ,m\nt ,audubon rises on !   
nor!rly b\nd ( ,colorado z an ev]la/+   
rem9d] ( ! la/ & gr&e/ ( all 8 j\rneys1 
t to ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 9 #ahdc4 ,am]ican 
c\nties & t[ns1#d z well z p>ks & /reets
 9 ,am]ican cities1 be> 8 "n4 ,at lea/  
f\r ( 8 belov$ birds h be5 d$icat$ to   
him4 ,9 #ahhe1 ?irty-f\r ye>s aft] 8    
dea?1 ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces  
began a popul> movem5t ?r\gh :i* a      
beautiful cross 9 m>ble 0 rais$ 9 #ahic 
above 8 grave 9 ,tr9ity ,cemet]y4#e ,!  
"o hundr$ & tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y#f ( !  
naturali/'s bir? 0 celebrat$ 9 ,new     
,york 9 #aije1 & at ! ,am]ican ,museum (
 ,natural ,hi/ory an admirable m>ble bu/
 ( ,audubon 0 unveil$ on a notable      
occasion1 ,decemb] #bi1 #aijf1 :5 simil>
 honors 7 paid to ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,sp5c]
 ,full]ton ,baird1 ,edw>d ,dr9k] ,cope1 
,james ,dwight ,dana1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 
,joseph ,h5ry1 ,joseph ,leidy1 ,john    
,torrey1 & ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,on   
,novemb] #bf1 #aiaj1 a /atue ( ,audubon1

 aft] an admirable design by ! vet]an   
sculptor1 ,edw>d ,virg9ius ,val5t9e1 (  
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 0 unveil$ 9 ,audubon
 ,p>k1 ,new ,orleans1 :]e ! naturali/1 )
 p5cil 9 h&1 is repres5t$ 9 ! act (     
transf]r+ to pap] ! lik5ess ( a favorite
 subject4 ,he also occupies a ni*e 9 !  
,hall ( ,fame at ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 
,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,audubon ,,by
 ,,edw>d ,,virg9ius ,,val5t9e ,,9       
,,audubon ,,p>k1 ,,new ,,orleans4       
,publi%$ by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,/anley      
,clisby ,ar?ur4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,audubon ,,monum5t ,,9 ,,tr9ity        
,,cemet]y1 ,,new ,,york1      ,,on      
,,*ildr5',s ,,day1 ,,june1 #aiae4       
,publi%$ by c\rtesy ( ! ,corporation (  
,tr9ity ,p>i%1 ,new      ,york ,city4   
,9 rec5t times ,audubon's "n has become 
a h\sehold ^w ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! mo/     
effective in/rum5t :i* has yet be5      
devis$ = ! cons]vation ( animal life 9  
?is or any c\ntry1 ! ,national          
,association ( ,audubon ,societies = !  
,protection ( ,wild ,birds & ,animals4  

,?is has become ! cord9at+ c5t] = !     
spread & control ( a great national     
movem5t t receiv$ its fir/ impulse 9    
#ahhf4g ,laun*$ anew t5 ye>s lat]1 x has
 advanc$ ) ev] increas+ mom5tum1 until  
n[ x is ! gov]n+ head ( tw5ty-n9e di/9ct
 ,/ate societies1 z well z eighty-five  
affiliat$ clubs & simil> organizations4 
,9 #aiaf x c\nt$ a life memb]%ip ( #cef1
 ) #c1jbd su/a9+ memb]s1 & realiz$ a    
total income ( ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,x %\ld be 
add$ t dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s ov] #b1ijj   
,junior ,audubon ,clubs h be5 =m$ 9 !   
s*ools1 ?r\gh :i* ne>ly #fjj1jjj *ildr5 
h be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( !        
,audubon ,society4 ,well may x be t ?is 
admirable organization1 ) its successful
 ef=ts = rem$ial legislation 9 /ate &   
nation2 its initiative1 ) ! aid ( !     
,national ,gov]nm5t1 9 e/abli%+ ,f$]al  
res]vations or sanctu>ies = !           
p]petuation ( wild life2 its educational
 activities ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( its      
influ5ce to ! pupils ( ! public s*ools2 
& its wat* & w>d ov] all ! v>i$ int]e/s 

( its cause1 w keep ! "n ( ,audubon     
gre5] to all future "t ?an ! mo/ *]i%$ (
 8 works4  ,( ,audubon's works ! public 
n[ sees b little & kn[s ev5 less1 all   
)\t exception hav+ be5 long out ( pr9t4 
,8 admirable plates ( birds & mammals h 
be5 widely copi$ & /ill s]ve = !        
illu/ration ( popul> books1 b mo/ ( 8   
publications 7 project$ on too l>ge &   
exp5sive a scale = g5]al circulation1   
hav+ be5 fir/ sold to subscrib]s only & 
(t5 at great co/4 ,no complete repr9t1  
revision or abridgm5t ( 8 pr9cipal      
volumes has be5 made = half a c5tury    
7see ,bibliography1 ,app5dix ,v74 ,no   
complete bibliography ( ,audubon has ev]
 be5 prep>$1 & none w rema9 complet$    
long1 = x is h>d to imag9e a "t :5      
comm5t on 8 life1 8 draw+s1 & 8         
adv5tures w altoge!r cease4  ,9 ,may1   
#ahcd1 ,william ,mac,gillivray1 :o 0    
assi/+ him 9 ! te*nical p>ts ( !        
,orni?ological ,biography1 sugge/$ t    
,audubon write a biography ( himself1 & 
pr$ict$ a wide popul>ity = su* a "w4    

,audubon ent]ta9$ ! idea b 0 !n too     
deeply imm]s$ 9 ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica to  
give x mu* att5tion2 yet 9 #ahce he     
wrote out a %ort sket*1 entitl$ ,myself1
 address+ x 9 ! fa%ion ( t day to 8 two 
sons1 & !n laid x aside4 ,mrs4 ,audubon 
evid5tly _h access to ?is manuscript :5 
! life ( h] husb&1 to be ref]r$ to lat]1
 0 9 c\rse ( prep>ation1 & ?us x has    
furni%$1 directly or indirectly1 ne>ly  
all t has be5 publi%$ conc]n+ !         
naturali/'s e>ly life4 ,?is fragm5t1 :i*
 ext5ds to ab\t ?irty pr9t$ pages1 0    
*>act]iz$ by ,audubon z a v imp]fect 7b 
p]fectly correct7 acc\nt ( my e>ly life1
 & ?\gh writt5 ) an eye to its possible 
publication1 :i* 0 cle>ly sanction$1 x 0
 evid5tly nev] revis$4 ,! manuscript 0  
long lo/ b ev5tually 0 f\nd 9 an old    
book :i* _h be5 9 a b>n on ,/at5 ,isl& =
 ye>s2 x 0 fir/ publi%$ by ! naturali/'s
 gr&daught]1 ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 9
 #ahic1 & aga9 9 #ahih4 ,z w lat] appe>1
 ?is acc\nt is inaccurate 9 _m important
 p>ticul>s4  ,audubon express$ !        

int5tion ( ext5d+ 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 :i* 
he promis$ to del9eate ) a fai?fulness  
equal to t be/[$ on ! birds1 b ! task 0 
nev] resum$4 ,yet m ?an mo/ writ]s h    
done1 he wove ! incid5ts ( 8 own c>e]   
into ! pages ( 8 pr9cipal works1 & ?is  
/rong p]sonal flavor add$ mu* to _! *>m4
 ,un=tunately1 9 giv+ su* p]sonal or    
hi/orical details he is mo/ vuln]able to
 a critic1 :o insi/s fir/ ^u accuracy1 =
 errors ( v>i\s sorts & confus$ &       
conflict+ /atem5ts are f> too common4   
,( ! m =mal biographies ( ,audubon1 !   
fir/ to appe> 0 a sl5d] volume entitl$  
,audubon3 ! ,naturali/ ( ! ,new ,_w1 by 
,mrs4 ,horace ,/ebb+ ,roscoe ,/4 ,john1 
publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahef4h ,9 ! same ye>
 ?is "w 0 exp&$ & reissu$ by ! publi%]s 
:o at t "t _h *>ge ( ! sale ( ,audubon's
 works 9 ,am]ica4#i ,! ,am]ican publi%]s
 expla9$ 9 _! edition t inasmu* z ! fair
 au?oress 9 prep>+ h] int]e/+ sket* (   
,audubon 444 appe>s n to h be5 aw>e ( ! 
publication ( 8 second great "w1 !      
,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7:i* _h n be5

 adv]tis$1 we believe1 9 ,europe7 !y h  
tak5 ! lib]ty ( giv+ "s acc\nt ( x &    
mak+ num]\s extracts f its pages4#aj    
,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ or valuable ?+s 9 
?is little volume at ! pres5t day are ! 
woodcut on ! title page %[+ ,audubon's  
h\se on ! ,hudson z x !n appe>$1        
surr\nd$ by tall trees1 &1 ins]t$ on a  
flyleaf1 a li/ ( all ( ,audubon's       
publi%$ works & ! prices at :i* !y c\ld 
be procur$ 9 ,new ,york j prior to !    
,civil ,w> 7see ,note1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4   
#bjd74  ,9 #ahfh !re appe>$ 9 ,engl& a  
"w ( comb9$ & confus$ au?or%ip1 commonly
 ref]r$ to z ,bu*anan's ,life (         
,audubon1 ! sub-editor1 z he call$      
himself1 hav+ s9ce become bett] kn[n z  
an orig9al1 skill$ & prolific writ] (   
v]se1 drama1 fiction & lit]>y criticism4
 ,at t "t ,rob]t ,bu*anan 0 tw5ty-six   
ye>s old1 & _h publi%$ five volumes (   
poems 9 rapid succession1 "s ( :i* _h   
be5 receiv$ ) favor by ! public4 ,a     
second & ?ird edition ( ?is ,life foll[$
 9 #ahfi4 ,f9ally ! "w 0 resurrect$ &   

aga9 s5t to press1 unrevis$1 9 #aiab1 :5
 x appe>$ 9 ,ev]yman's ,libr>y1 at a    
%ill+ a copy1 ) an introduction :i* _h  
s]v$ z a review ( ! "w 9 #ahfi4  ,a     
rec5t biograph] ( ,alex&] ,wilson speaks
 ( ,bu*anan z commission$ by ,mrs4      
,audubon to write h] husb&'s life1 b !  
lady h]self1 z well z ,bu*anan1 has told
 a diff]5t /ory4 ,x seems t 9 ab\t ! ye>
 #ahff1 ,mrs4 ,audubon prep>$1 ) ! aid (
 a fri5d1 an ext5d$ memoir ( h] husb&1  
:i* 0 (f]$ to an ,am]ican publi%] b )\t 
success4 ,! fri5d1 at ^: home ,mrs4     
,audubon 0 !n liv+1 0 ! ,rev4 ,*>les    
,c(f9 ,adams1#aa rector ( ,/4 ,m>y's    
,*ur*1 ,manhattanville1 n[ #ace?1       
,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,adams           
manuscript1 :i* consi/$ *iefly ( a      
transcript f ! naturali/'s j\rnals1 !n 9
 possession ( 8 wife1 0 complet$        
presumably 9 #ahfg4 ,9 ! summ] ( t ye> x
 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,london publi%]s1  
,messrs4 ,sampson ,l[1 ,son1  ,m>/on1 :o
 )\t any au?ority turn$ x ov] to "o ( _!
 h>d-press$1 pot-boil+ reta9]s1 ,rob]t  

,bu*anan1 poet & "y man ( g5ius4        
,bu*anan boil$ d[n ! orig9al manuscript1
 z he said1 to "o-fif? ( its orig9al    
compass1 cutt+ out :at he reg>d$ z      
prolix or unnecess>y & connect+ ! :ole )
 "s sort ( a runn+ n>rative4#ab ,mrs4   
,audubon 0 unable to recov] h] prop]ty f
 ei!r publi%]s or editor or to obta9 any
 satisfaction = its unw>rant$ use4      
,:atev] defects ! ,adams memoir may h   
possess$1 ?is is mu* to be regrett$1    
s9ce1 z h] gr&daught] has said1 ,mrs4   
,audubon _h at h] comm& _m valuable     
docum5ts1 ! orig9als ( :i* h s9ce be5   
de/roy$4  ,bu*anan1 l ,audubon1 _h be5  
re>$ 9 comp>ative luxury1 ! spoil$ d>l+ 
( a lov+ "m4 ,aft] ! failure ( 8 fa!r 9 
v>i\s newspap] ent]prises ab\t f\r ye>s 
be=e ?is "t1 he _h gone up to ,london ) 
b few %ill+s 9 8 pocket & _h begun life 
!re lit]ally 9 a g>ret4 ,! reflection t 
,audubon _h f\ght a simil> b mu* h>d]   
battle 9 t same ,london ?irty ye>s be=e1
 & won1 %\ld possibly h awak5$ 9 him a  
some:at fri5dli] _s ?an 0 !n display$4  

,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ,bu*anan    
produc$ a v readable /ory1 al?\gh !re 0 
n a ^w 9 8 :ole book :i* %[$ any real   
sympa?y ) ,audubon's lifelong pursuits1 
any k ( orni?ology1 or any int]e/ 9     
natural sci5ce4 ,?\gh express+ unb\nd$  
admiration = ! naturali/1 8 foibles &   
faults seem to h hidd5 f ?is biograph] !
 true value ( 8 di/+ui%$ s]vices4 ,9    
respect to a k ( natural hi/ory x %\ld  
be add$ t ,bu*anan laid no claims1 & (  
,audubon's accompli%m5ts 9 ?is field    
comp>atively little 0 said1 ! book1 l ! 
,adams' manuscript f :i* x 0 drawn1 be+ 
ma9ly compos$ ( extracts f ! naturali/'s
 private j\rnals & ,episodes1 z he call$
 8 descriptive pap]s4 ,x 0 "h t ,audubon
 made ! /ronge/ appeal to ?is lit]>y    
editor1 :o conclud$ 8 preface ) ! foll[+
 words ( praise3 ,"s ( 8 rem9isc5ces (  
adv5ture 444 seem to me to be q z good1 
9 vividness ( pres5tm5t & c>eful col\r+1
 z any?+ ,i h ev] read4  ,bu*anan dilat$
 on ,audubon's pride1 vanity &          
self-conceit1 faults :i* may h belong$  

to 8 y\? b :i* 7 nev] m5tion$ by 8      
intimate fri5ds & contempor>ies except  
"u conditions :i* reflect$ r unfavorably
 ^u !mselves4 ,compla9ts on ?is score 7 
spread broadca/ by review]s ( ?is "w1   
sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! naturali/'s dea? & )
 ! sudd5ness ( a new discov]y4 ,!y 7    
und\bt$ly bas$ on ! unconsci\s &        
all[able egotisms ( su* p]sonal records 
z ,audubon habitually made = ! memb]s ( 
8 family :5 "t & di/ance kept !m asund]4
 ,vanity & selfi%ness c\ld h =m$ no     
ess5tial p>ts ( a "* t m]it$ ! eulogy   
:i* foll[s3       ,audubon 0 a man (    
g5ius1 ) ! c\rage ( a lion &      !     
simplicity ( a *ild4 ,"o sc>cely kn[s   
:i* to admire      mo/--! mighty        
det]m9ation :i* enabl$ him to c>ry      
out 8 great "w 9 ! face ( difficulties s
 huge1 or      ! g5tle & guileless      
sweetness ) :i* he ?r\gh\t      %>$ 8   
?\ghts & aspirations ) 8 wife &         
*ildr54 ,he 0 m l a *ild at ! "m's knee1
 ?an      a husb& at ! he>?--s free 0 ! 
prattle1 s ?or\gh      ! confid5ce4     

,mrs4 ,audubon appe>s to h be5 a wife 9 
e respect wor?y ( su* a man2 will+ to   
sacrifice h]      p]sonal com=t at any  
mom5t = ! fur!rance ( 8      great      
s*emes2 ev] ready to kiss & c\nsel :5   
su* 7      mo/ ne$$2 nev] fail+ = a     
mom5t 9 h] fai? t      ,audubon 0 de/9$ 
to be "o ( ! great work]s ( !           
e>?4#ac  ,no "o w d5y1 h[ev]1 t ,bu*anan
 0 "r 9 say+ t 9 ord] to get a man l    
,audubon und]/ood1 all dome/ic          
p>tiality1 ! bane ( mu* biography1 mu/  
be put aside2 b x is equally important  
to make su* all[ances z ! manifold      
circum/ances ( "t & place dem&1 & to be 
a reason] r ?an a fanci]4 ,?is "w ab\nds
 9 errors1 b x is n cle> to :at ext5t !y
 7 due to c>elessness on ,bu*anan's "p4 
,x 0 c]ta9ly a mi/ake to attribute      
,bu*anan's attitude to p>tiality =      
,alex&] ,wilson1 :o1 l himself1 0 a     
,scot*man4 ,x 0 a case ( temp]am5t only1
 = gloom & pov]ty _h embitt]$ 8 life4 ,z
 8 si/]-9-law & biograph]#ad said ( him1
 he 0 doom$ to mu* ignoble pot-boil+4444

 ,he _h few fri5ds & _m enemies1 & _h   
receiv$ f ! _w _m cruel bl[s1 :ile no   
man ne$$ k9dness s mu* & receiv$ s      
little4 ,p]haps ! be/ key to ! sad      
hi/ory ( ?is able writ] 0 giv5 by       
himself :5 he said3 ,x is my vice t ,i  
mu/ love a ?+ :olly1 or dislike x :olly4
 ,8 wife1 we are told1 0 mu* l himself1 
& l a c\ple ( babies !y muddl$ ?r\gh    
life1 ta/+ ( "s ( its joys1 b (t5] ( its
 sorr[s4 ,und\bt$ly ,rob]t ,bu*anan 0 a 
g5u9e lov] ( tru? & beauty2 he has      
writt5 num]\s sket*es ( birds & outdoor 
sc5es1 b ) no sugge/ion ( nature z s]v+ 
any o!r purpose ?an t ( supply+ a poet )
 bright & pleas+ images4  ,x 0 ) !      
purpose ( correct+ ! false impressions  
creat$ by animadv]sions 9 ,bu*anan's    
,life t ,mrs4 ,audubon1 ) ! aid ( h]    
fri5d1 ,james ,grant ,wilson1 revis$ ?is
 "w & publi%$ x 9 ,am]ica "u h] "n z    
editor1 9 #ahfi4 ,! *anges !n made 9    
,bu*anan's text1 h[ev]1 7 ( a m9or "* & 
mo/ ( its errors rema9$ uncorrect$4 ,!  
naturali/'s gr&daught]1 ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 

,audubon1 0 inspir$ 9 "p by simil>      
feel+s 9 prep>+1 ) ! aid ( ,dr4 ,elliott
 ,c\es1 h] l>g] & excell5t "w 9 two     
volumes1 entitl$ ,audubon & ,8 ,j\rnals1
 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahih4 ,to h] all admir]s 
( ,audubon owe a debt ( gratitude = giv+
 to ! _w = ! fir/ "t a l>ge "p ( 8      
extant j\rnals1 z well z _m new facts   
be>+ ^u 8 life & "*4 ,o!r brief]        
biographies ( ,audubon :i* h appe>$ h   
be5 tak5 s completely f ! prec$+ works1 
& h repeat$ & ext5d$ _! errors to su* an
 ext5t1 z to call = little or no comm5t 
ei!r "h or 9 ! pages :i* foll[4  ,?r\gh 
! discov]y 9 ,france ( new docum5t>y    
evid5ce 9 surpris+ abundance we are     
oblig$ to draw conclusions contr>y to ^?
 :i* h hi!rto be5 accept$1 & ! new light
 ?us obta9$ enables u to =m a m accurate
 & j judgm5t ( ,audubon ! man1 & ( 8 "w4
     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,jean ,,audubon ,,& 
,,8 ,,family       ,extraord9>y c>e] ( !
 naturali/'s fa!r--,w\nd$ at      f\rte5
 & prison] ( w> = five ye>s 9           
,engl&--,s]vice      9 ! ,fr5* m]*ant   

m>9e & navy--,voyages to ,newf\ndl&     
& ,santo ,dom+o--,8 m>riage 9           
,france--,8 sea fights1      capture &  
imprisonm5t 9 ,new ,york--,8 comm& at ! 
,battle      ( ,yorkt[n--,s]vice 9      
,am]ica & enc\nt]s ) ,briti%            
private]s4   ,few names ( purely ,gallic
 orig9 are today bett] kn[n 9 ,am]ica1  
or t\* a m sympa!tic *ord ( human       
int]e/1 ?an t ( ,audubon1 & few1 we     
might also add1 are s r>e4 ,john ,james 
,audubon fir/ made 8 family "n kn[n to  
all ! _w1 & ?\gh he left num]\s         
desc5dants1 x has become well nigh      
ext9ct 9 ,am]ica1 & is f> f common 9    
,france4 ,! great ,p>is directory       
frequ5tly conta9s no entry "u ?is head2 
,nantes kn[s 8 "n no long]1 & x is r>e 9
 ! m>%es ( ,la ,v5de1 :]e at "s remote  
p]iod x may h orig9at$4  ,! li/s ( !    
army ( five ?\s& :i* ,ro*ambeau's fleet 
br\ght to our aid 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> (    
,indep5d5ce %[ b a s+le v>iant ( ?is    
euphoni\s patronym1 9 ,pi]re            
,audibon1#ae a soldi] 9 ! regim5t (     

,t\ra9e1 :o 0 born at ,montigny 9 #agef2
 b 9 ! fleet ( ! ,c\nt de ,grasse :i*   
cop]at$ ) our l&-=ces at ! ,battle (    
,yorkt[n1 on ,octob] #ai1 #agha1 a %ip 0
 comm&$ by an (fic] ) :om we are m      
intimately conc]n$4 ,?is 0 ,capta9 ,jean
 ,audubon1 :o 0 lat] to become ! fa!r ( 
,am]ica's pione] woodsman1 orni?ologi/ &
 animal pa9t]4  ,by bir? a ,v5dean1 at !
 age ( ?irty-sev5 ,jean ,audubon _h pl[$
 ! seas ( half ! _w1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8    
*eck]$ c>e]1 z sailor1 soldi]1 ,we/     
,indian plant] & m]*ant1 _h met en\gh   
adv5ture to furni% ! mat]ials = a :ole  
s]ies ( dime novels4 ,%ort ( /ature1 )  
auburn hair & a fi]y temp]1 he 0 !n z   
/ubborn & fe>less an oppon5t z "o c\ld  
meet on ! high seas1 & "o ( ! game/     
fight+ cocks ( ! ,fr5* m]*ant m>9e4 ,h[ 
mu* ,jean ,audubon's son ow$ to 8 ,fr5* 
,creole "m w nev] be kn[n1 b to ?is     
self-taught1 ?or\ghly capable1 &        
ent]pris+ sailor we c surely trace 8    
re/less activity1 8 v]satile m9d &      
m]curial temp]1 z well z an inh]5t      

capacity = tak+ pa9s1 :i* fa!r & son    
possess$ to a m>k$ degree4  ,! true /ory
 ( ,jean ,audubon's c>e] has nev] be5   
told1 b ev5 at ?is late day x w be f\nd 
an int]e/+ human docum5t2 & :at is m to 
our purpose1 x ?r[s into %>p outl9e mu* 
t has hi!rto rema9$ obscure 9 ! life ( 8
 rem>kable son4 ,! fir/ ,audubon to     
leave any impr9t1 h[ev] fa9t1 ^u !      
hi/ory ( 8 "t1 ?is hone/1 matt]-(-fact  
sailor1 w\ld h be5 ! la/ to wi% to appe>
 9 ! g>b ( fiction1 & we %all base our  
/ory solely ^u ! unimpea*able te/imony (
 public & private records1 :i* rese>*es 
9 ,france _h happily br\ght to light    
be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! w> 9 #aiad4af  ,jean  
,audubon came by 8 sailor's in/9cts &   
fight+ pr[ess naturally1 = 8 fa!r1      
,pi]re ,audubon ( ,les ,sables          
d',olonne1 0 a seaman by trade4 ,l 8 son
 he capta9$ 8 own vessel1 & = ye>s made 
long voyages betwe5 ,fr5* ports 9 bo? ! 
old & ! new worlds4 ,pi]re ,audubon1 !  
pat]nal gr&fa!r ( ,john ,james ,audubon1
 & ! fir/ ( t "n ( :om we h f\nd any    

record1#ag liv$ at ,les ,sables         
d',olonne1 :]e ) ,m>ie ,anne ,m>t91 8   
wife1 he re>$ a consid]able family 9 !  
fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4  ,les    
,sables1 at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 0 a    
small fi%+ & trad+ port on ! ,bay (     
,biscay1 fifty miles to ! s\?we/ (      
,nantes1 b is n[ become a city ( ov]    
tw5ty ?\s& p4 ,ly+ on ! we/]ly v]ge ( ! 
,m>ais1 or salt m>%es & lakes ( ,la     
,v5de1 ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict1 & m   
p>ticul>ly ( ! ,bocage1 or plantations1 
to ! nor? & nor!a/1 7 not$ f an e>ly day
 = _! cons]vatism1 z %[n 9 a firm       
adh]5ce to anci5t law & cu/om1 z well z 
= _! unsw]v+ loyalty to ! old nobility &
 to ! cl]gy4 ,l _! ,breton neighbors on 
! o!r side ( ! ,loire1 ! ,v5deans 7     
hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & fai?ful to _! civic 
obligations2 !y 7 also indep5d5t1       
res\rceful1 & knew no fe>4 ,:5 !        
neighbor+ city ( ,nantes plant$ trees ( 
lib]ty & display$ ! ,national colors 9  
#aghi1 ! ,v5deans 7 /irr$ to indignation
 & lat] to arms1 :ile ! ,*\ans on ! "r  

bank ( ! riv] 7 quick to foll[ _!       
example2 9 %ort1 ! rebels ( ,la ,v5de   
rais$ su* a /orm t = mon?s ! v exi/5ce (
 ! infant ,republic 0 ?reat5$4 ,?is _s (
 revolt to ! new] ord]1 ! ,*\an]ie1 z x 
came to be call$1 0 /amp$ out = ! "t1 b 
a few smold]+ emb]s always rema9$1 ready
 to bur/ into flame at ! slighte/       
provocation2 recrudesc5t symptoms ( ?is 
t5d5cy _h to be suppress$ ev5 z late z  
#ahcj1 :5 ,*>les ,x1 ! la/ ,b\rbon k+1  
lo/ 8 cr[n4 ,pi]re ,audubon's family1 no
 d\bt1 %>$ _m *>act]i/ics ( _! ,v5dean &
 ,breton neighbors1 b z ! sequel w %[1  
"o at lea/ did n approve ( _! political 
c\rse1 = he took up arms aga9/ !m1 &    
presumably aga9/ _m ( 8 own ki? & k94   
,jean ,audubon 0 born at ,les ,sables on
 ,octob] #aa1 #agdd1 & 0 *ri/5$ on !    
same day1 8 godfa!r be+ ,claude ,jean   
,audubon1 9 all probability an uncle    
aft] :om he 0 nam$1 & 8 godmo!r1 ,ca?>9e
 ,m>t91 presumably an aunt4 ,tw5ty-"o   
*ildr51 accord+ to ! naturali/1 bless$ !
 union ( ,pi]re ,audubon & 8 wife1 & 7  

re>$ to maturity4 ,:e!r ?is /atem5t is  
/rictly accurate1 or :at became ( s l>ge
 a family _c n[ be asc]ta9$4#ah  ,pi]re 
,audubon 0 engag$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t  
to transport ! necessities ( w> to ,cape
 ,breton ,isl& 9 #ageg1 :5 ! _w-wide    
/ruggle betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita9 
= supremacy 9 ! ,new ,_w 0 at h&4 ,!    
,fr5* 7 det]m9$ at all haz>ds to hold _!
 great =tress ( ,l\isburg1 :i* _h be5   
tak5 by ! ,engli% b aga9 re/or$ to !    
,fr5* n _m ye>s be=e4 ,?is 0 ! /ronge/ &
 mo/ co/ly =tress on ! ,am]ican cont95t1
 z well z a great c5t] = ! valuable     
trade 9 salt$ fi%4 ,by a co9cid5ce1 or  
possibly out ( complim5t to 8 wife1     
,pi]re's %ip bore ! "n ( ,la ,m>ianne1 &
 :5 he sail$ f 8 home port ( ,les       
,sables d',olonne on ,april #ae1 #ageg1 
he took ) him 8 own son1 ,jean1 z       
cab9-boy1 :5 ! lad 0 b ?irte5 ye>s old4 
,9 ! foll[+ ,may ,great ,brita9 ?rew d[n
 ! gauntlet to ,france1 & ! t]rific sev5
 ye>s' /ruggle began4 ,! great =tress ( 
,l\isburg fell 9 ! foll[+ ye> to !      

,engli% fleet1 & 0 left a heap ( ru9s4  
,8 fa!r's %ip1 ! ,m>y ,ann1 0 involv$1 &
 "y ,jean ,audubon1 :o ?us began 8      
fight+ c>e] at f\rte51 0 w\nd$ 9 ! left 
leg & made a prison]4 ,) _m ( 8         
compatriots he 0 tak5 to ,engl&1 l&+ on 
,novemb] #ad1 #ageh1 :]e he rema9$ 9    
captivity = five ye>s2 he 0 releas$ b a 
%ort "t be=e ! treaty ( peace 0 sign$ at
 ,p>is1 ,febru>y #aj1 #agfc4 ,ap>t f h] 
int]e/s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,france 0     
/ripp$ at ?is "t ( all h] va/           
possessions 9 ,am]ica1 save only ! two  
little isl&s ( ,sa9t ,pi]re & ,miquelon4
  ,:e!r ,pi]re ,audubon %>$ ! fate ( 8  
son we are unable to say1 = at ?is po9t 
he drops out ( our records & we d n he> 
( him aga94 ,x is c]ta9 t he nev] made  
ano!r voyage ) ,jean1 :o return$ to 8   
native t[n ) 8 passion = ! sea unabat$1 
& at n9ete5 rent]$ ! m]*ant m>9e z a    
novice4 ,8 next voyage1 on ! %ip ,la    
,caille1 ,capta9 ,pigeon1 0 to execute a
 gov]nm5tal commission at ! ,isl& (     
,miquelon4 ,five gold5 ye>s ( 8 y\? _h  

be5 sp5t 9 captivity2 if productive (   
no?+ else !y _h giv5 him a k ( ! ,engli%
 tongue1 b !y _h also eng5d]$ bitt]     
hatr$ ( ! ,engli% race1 a feel+ :i* 8   
son confess$ to h %>$ 9 8 y\?ful        
days4#ai  ,! p]iod f #agff to #agfh 0   
occupi$ 9 f\r voyages to ,newf\ndl&1    
probably 9 ! int]e/ ( ! codfi% trade1   
fir/ z sailor be=e ! ma/ 9 ,le          
,pr9temps1 & !n z lieut5ant 9 a %ip     
call$ also ,la ,m>ianne1 ) alt]nate     
sail+s f1 & to1 ,la ,ro*elle & ,les     
,sables d',olonne4 ,on 8 ?ird voyage to 
,newf\ndl&1 :i* 0 made 9 #agfg1 :5 he 0 
tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 ,jean ,audubon     
rank$ z lieut5ant ( 8 vessel1 b 9 !     
summ] ( #agfh he %ipp$ aga9 f ,les      
,sables z sailor be=e ! ma/ = a %ort    
trad+ cruise on ! coa/ ( ,france2 9 ?is 
in/ance ! vessel1 call$ ,le ,propre1 0  
capta9$ by ,pi]re ,m>t91 :o 0 possibly  
an uncle4 ,at ?is juncture ,jean        
,audubon enli/$ 9 ! ,fr5* navy 7s]vice =
 ! ,/ate7 z a common sailor1 & made two 
voyages on gov]nm5tal bus9ess f ! port (

 ,ro*e=t1 s]v+ altoge!r ne>ly n9e mon?s 
7#agfh-i74 ,aft] ! t]m9ation ( ?is la/  
engagem5t no?+ is he>d ( ,jean = ov] a  
ye>1 :5 9 #aggj he makes 8 fir/         
appe>ance at ,nantes1 ! city t 0 to "k  
him 9 _m capacities = ne>ly half a      
c5tury4 ,!re he rent]$ ! m]*ant m>9e1 & 
on ,novemb] #a1 #aggj1 began a s]ies (  
eight voyages1 la/+ z _m ye>s1 to ! isl&
 ( ,santo ,dom+o1 ! we/]n section ( :i* 
0 !n 9 possession ( ,france4  ,s9ce mu* 
( ! my/]y :i* hi!rto has %r\d$ ! e>ly   
life ( ,john ,james ,audubon is involv$ 
9 ! ,we/ ,indian p]iod ( 8 fa!r's c>e]1 
we %all n[ trace ?is hi/ory 9           
consid]able detail4  ,! great export    
trade ( ,fr5* ,santo ,dom+o 9 ^? days 0 
9 br[n & :ite sug>1 !n kn[n z !         
,muscovado & clay$ sorts1 :i* = ! ye>   
#aghi am\nt$ to ov] #ada1jjj1jjj p\nds1 
valu$ at m ?an #abb1jjj1jjj francs2 & 9 
c(fee1 :i* 9 ! same ye> total$ ne>ly    
#gg1jjj1jjj p\nds1 e/imat$ to be wor?   
ne>ly #eb1jjj1jjj francs4#bj ,:ile all  
su* e/imates 7 no d\bt v crude1 !y s]ve 

to illu/rate ! ri*ness ( ! prize t      
attract$ ,fr5*m5 by hundr$s to ! colony1
 an isl& t to _m seem$ a p>adise 9      
prospect1 b :i* prov$ to be a purgatory 
9 disguise4  ,jean ,audubon's voyages 7 
all made 9 ! int]e/ ( ?is valuable      
trade4 ,s9ce !y commonly la/$ f six     
mon?s to ne>ly a ye>1 !y became d\bly   
haz>d\s to a ,fr5* sailor aft] !        
outbreak ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 = if 
he escap$ 8 ,scylla1 ! invet]ate pirate1
 he might expect to enc\nt] an equally  
=midable ,*>ybdis 9 an ,engli% private]4
 ,?\gh ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,santo ,dom+o
 0 ! c5t] ( _! =ays1 ,jean nev] lo/ a   
%ip to ! buccane]s1 & ?\gh sometimes    
caught by ! ,engli%1 he nev] surr5d]$4  
,he made ?ree successive voyages f #aggj
 to #aggb 9 ,la ,dauph9e1 comm&$ by     
,jean ,pallueau1 fir/ z lieut5ant & lat]
 z capta9 ( ! second grade1 b on 8 la/  
five voyages to ! ,we/ ,indies he       
capta9$ 8 own %ips1 kn[n z ,le ,m>quis  
de ,lvy 7#aggd71 ,les ,bons ,amis       
7#agge-f71 & ,le ,comte d',artois       

7#aggg-h74  ,capta9 ,audubon 0 m>ri$ on 
,augu/ #bd1 #aggb1 at ,paimbuf1 to ,anne
 ,moynet1#ba a wid[ ( "s prop]ty1 :o _h 
be5 born at ,nantes 9 #agce & 0 ?us n9e 
ye>s 8 s5ior4 ,h] m>ri$ "n 0 ,ricordel4 
,%e possess$ sev]al h\ses at ,paimbuf1 &
 acquir$ "o 9 #aggg1 :i* 0 r5t$ to !    
,adm9i/ration at ! "t ( ! ,revolution   
7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hj71 z well z a      
dwell+ at ,nantes1 :]e %e liv$ :ile h]  
rov+ sailor ( a husb& 0 9 ,santo ,dom+o 
or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,madame ,audubon 0 a
 woman ( simple ta/es1 devot$ to        
culture1 &1 z we %all see1 possess$ ( a 
k9d he>t4  ,:5 ,capta9 ,audubon left    
,les ,cayes1 ,santo ,dom+o1 on 8 la/    
trad+ voyage1 9 ! spr+ ( #aggi1 b\nd =  
,nantes ) a valuable c>go1 8 %ip1 ,le   
,comte d',artois1 0 attack$ by f\r      
,briti% corsairs & two galleys4 ,) !    
odds ov]:elm+ly aga9/ him1 he f\ght     
until 8 crew 7 ne>ly all kill$ or       
disabl$1 & aft] an abortive attempt to  
bl[ up 8 vessel1 tri$ to escape 9 8     
%allop4 ,= ! second "t he 0 made a      

prison] by ! ,engli%1 :o 9 ?is in/ance  
took him to ,new ,york1 !n 9 !          
possession ( ,briti% troops4 ,he 0 l&$ 9
 t city on ,may #ab1 #aggi1 & 0 held !re
 z a prison] ( w> = ?irte5 mon?s4 ,if   
our inf]5ce be correct1 he f9ally ow$ 8 
release to ! ef=ts ( ! ,fr5*            
,ambassador1 ,monsieur de la ,luz]ne1 ! 
same1 we believe1 :o _h be5 a ,gov]nor (
 ,santo ,dom+o1 & :o 9 #agij became its 
,m9i/] ( ,m>9e4 ,z w be se5 pres5tly1   
?is diplomat aga9 ex]t$ himself 9       
,capta9 ,audubon's behalf4  ,x is       
int]e/+ to f9d t on ?is occasion ,jean  
,audubon 0 fight+ n only = 8 life1 b = 8
 prop]ty4 ,8 vessel1 ,le ,comte         
d',artois1 0 v heavily arm$4 ,?\gh (    
only #bej tons1 %e c>ri$ no less ?an t5 
cannon1 f\r ( :i* 7 m\nt$ on gun        
c>riages1 & t5 bronze pivot guns1 :i*   
might imply t %e 0 orig9ally design$ z a
 private]4 ,! %ip 0 n de/roy$ :5 h]     
capta9 0 made prison]1 b 0 tak5 by !    
,engli% to ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire    
7871 & burn$ !re be=e ,decemb] #ae ( !  

foll[+ ye>4#bb ,be=e />t+ on ?is        
disa/r\s voyage ,capta9 ,audubon _h sold
 ! vessel & 8 int]e/ 9 h] c>go to !     
,messrs4 ,lacroix1 ,=mon de ,boisclair &
 ,jacques1 ) :om lat] he _h ext5sive    
deal+s 9 slaves2 b he 0 n paid1 & ?\gh  
an indemnity seems to h come f ! ,briti%
 ,gov]nm5t1 he 0 nev] able to obta9 a   
satisfactory settlem5t ( ! ,=mon        
claim4#bc  ,jean ,audubon's release f   
captivity 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,june1 #aghj1 
probably m>ks ! p]iod ( 8 fir/ intimate 
acqua9tance ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we "k   
only t he did n return imm$iately to    
ei!r ,santo ,dom+o or ,france1 b became 
an en?usia/ = ! ,am]ican cause1 & s\ght 
! e>lie/ opportunity to av5ge 8 wrongs  
at ! h&s ( ! ,briti%4 ,he did n h long  
to wait1 = ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( !         
,ambassador de la ,luz]ne1 he 0 plac$ 9 
comm& ( ! corvette ,que5 ,*>lotte4 ,)   
h]1 9 ,octob]1 #agha1 he jo9$ ! fleet ( 
! ,c\nt de ,grasse be=e ,yorkt[n1#bd :]e
 he soon witness$ ! surr5d] (           
,cornwallis & ! humiliation ( 8 enemies4

 ,aft] ?is turn+ po9t ( ! w> ,capta9    
,audubon rema9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9  
,april1 #aghb1 comm&$ a m]*antman call$ 
,l',annette1#be 9 :i* he 0 also         
p]sonally int]e/$1 & deliv]$ a c>go (   
,virg9ia tobacco at ! port ( ,nantes4   
,%ortly aft] 8 return to ,am]ica 9 !    
same ye> he 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( an        
,am]ican arm$ vessel ,! ,que5 & s5t on  
ano!r mission to ,france4 ,ne> ! ,*ausse
 des ,sa9ts he 0 attack$ by a ,briti%   
private]1 b aft] a /ubborn fight at     
close qu>t]s he sank 8 enemy & ent]$ !  
port ( ,bre/4 ,no?+ is said ( ! tak+ (  
prison]s on su* occasions1 & !re 7      
d\btless few survivors among ! defeat$  
crew4 ,?is comm& ,jean ,audubon held    
until peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,great    
,brita9 & h] =m] colonies 9 ,am]ica1    
probably until ! close ( #aghc4 ,!      
ho/ile army 0 disb&$ 9 ! spr+ ( t ye>1 !
 treaty ( peace 0 made def9itive 9      
,septemb]1 & on ,novemb] #be1 #aghc1 !  
la/ ,briti% troop]s left ! city ( ,new  
,york4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,jean        

,,audubon ,,z ,,santo ,,dom+o ,,plant]  
,,& ,,m]*ant       ,capta9 ,audubon at  
,les ,cayes--,z plant]1 sug> ref9]1     
g5]al m]*ant & slave deal]1 amasses a   
=tune--,8      return to ,france ) 8    
*ildr5--,hi/ory ( ! ,santo      ,dom+o  
revolt--,b>on de ,wimpff5's             
exp]i5ce--,revolution      ( !          
:ites--,opposition ( !                  
abolitioni/s--,effect (      !          
,decl>ation ( ,rights on ! mulattoes--,!
 ,g5]al      ,assembly drafts a new     
con/itution--,fir/ blood drawn betwe5   
revolutioni/s & loyali/s at             
,port-au-,pr9ce--,og's futile           
attempt to lib]ate ! mulattoes--,les    
,cayes fir/ t\*$ by      revolution 9   
#agij1 f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,audubon's
      "m--,emancipation ( !             
mulattoes--,resi/ance ( !               
:ites--,g5]al revolt ( blacks aga9/     
:ites & ! ru9      ( ! colony4   ,aft] !
 ,am]ican /ruggle = lib]ty _h be5 f9ally
 won1 ,capta9 ,audubon resign$ 8        
commission held 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &     

return$ to 8 home at ,nantes1 b t[n or  
c\ntry c\ld n hold him long4 ,lur$ by ! 
prospects ( great weal? :i* ,santo      
,dom+o (f]$ to ! m]*ant ( ^? days1 &    
hav+ le>n$ by long exp]i5ce 9 h] ports !
 devi\s me?ods by :i* =tunes 7 atta9$1  
he decid$ to give up ! sea & emb>k 9    
colonial trade4 ,= six ye>s1 f #aghc to 
#aghi1 he liv$ almo/ cont9u\sly 9 ! ,we/
 ,indies1 & z m]*ant1 plant]1 & deal] 9 
slaves amass$ a l>ge =tune4 ,mean:ile 8 
wife1 :o _h se5 little ( him s9ce _!    
m>riage 9 #aggb1 rema9$ at ,nantes4     
,capta9 ,audubon travel$ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ 
,/ates e>ly 9 #aghi1 & aga9 late 9 t ye>
 :5 on 8 way to ,france1 probably 9 !   
fir/ in/ance return+ to ,santo ,dom+o by
 way ( ! ,ohio & ! ,mississippi4        
,symptoms ( unre/ 7 already preval5t 9 !
 nor!rn prov9ces ( ! isl& b _h caus$ no 
s]i\s al>m 9 ! s\?4 ,jean ,audubon's aim
 seems to h be5 to collect debts due him
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to leave ! capital 
inve/$ !re4 ,at all ev5ts x 0 on ?is    
occasion t he pur*as$ ! f>m ( ,mill     

,grove1 ne> ,philadelphia1 ! hi/ory (   
:i* w be giv5 a little lat] 7see ,*apt] 
,,vii74 ,he _h no int5tion1 h[ev]1 (    
liv+ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 = he imm$iately    
leas$ ?is e/ate to its =m] own] & hurri$
 away4  ,july #ad1 #aghi1 f\nd ! eld]   
,audubon enli/$ z a soldi] 9 ! ,national
 ,gu>ds at ,les ,cayes4 ,^! colonial    
troops1 :i* 7 orig9ally militia         
organizations model$ aft] simil> bodies 
9 ,france1 7 reorganiz$ at ?is "t to    
meet any possible em]g5cies4 ,affairs 9 
! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,santo ,dom+o _h     
foll[$1 up to ?is mom5t1 _! normal      
c\rse1 & ,jean ,audubon1 :o c\ld h le>n$
 no?+ ( :at _h transpir$ at home1 decid$
 to entru/ 8 v>i\s int]e/s to ! h&s (   
ag5ts & return to ,france4 ,?is 0       
probably 9 late ,augu/ or e>ly          
,septemb]1 #aghi1 z we "k t he fir/     
return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & visit$     
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 at ! close ( t      
ye>4#bf ,/rangely en\gh1 on ! tw5tie?   
day ( ! =m] mon? ! ,national ,assembly  
at ,p>is _h vot$ ! celebrat$ ,decl>ation

 ( ,rights1 :i* 0 de/9$ to upturn ! :ole
 social sy/em ( ,santo ,dom+o & to      
conv]t t isl& into a purgatory ( ! dire/
 an>*y1 /rife1 & blood%$ :i* ! _w _h ev]
 kn[n1 or at lea/ rememb]$2 b fully six 
weeks mu/ h elaps$ be=e news ( ?is grave
 decision c\ld h rea*$ ! colony4  ,at   
?is "t ,jean ,audubon 0 no d\bt reg>d$ z
 a v ri* man1 & ?\gh he happ5$ to leave 
,les ,cayes at a critical mom5t1 little 
c\ld he h dream$ ( ! disa/] t await$ him
 !re z well z 9 8 belov$ ,france4 ,8    
p]sonal affairs dur+ ?is ev5tful p]iod1 
involv+ z !y necess>ily d ! e>ly life ( 
8 di/+ui%$ son1 h hi!rto be5 %r\d$ 9 !  
d>k & s9i/] hi/ory ( t ev] smil+ b ev]  
turbul5t isl&4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! veil ( mi/ 
t has settl$ ov] ! page c be p5etrat$ at
 ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,9 ?is &        
subsequ5t *apt]s we %all foll[ ! life ( 
fa!r & son ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* has
 be5 ?us briefly summ>iz$4  ,to return  
to ! e>li] ?reads ( our n>rative1 at    
ab\t ! close ( #aghc1 ,capta9 ,audubon 0
 engag$ by ! ,coirond bro!rs1 colonial  

m]*ants at ,nantes1 to take *>ge ( _!   
=eign trade1 :i* c5t]$ *iefly at ,les   
,cayes1#bg ,santo ,dom+o1 !n a mo/ ?riv+
 & popul\s t[n1 z x is today ! l>ge/    
seaport on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,republic ( 
,haiti4 ,_! %ips br\ght sug>1 c(fee1    
cotton & o!r ,we/ ,indian products to   
,france1 & lad5 ) fabrics1 w9es & e     
luxury kn[n to ! coloni/s ( t day1      
return$ to ,les ,cayes1 z well z to     
,sa9t ,l\is1 an important port a little 
f>!r to ! ea/1 :]e ^! m]*ants also      
possess$ w>eh\ses & /ores4  ,9 a %ort "t
 ,jean ,audubon _h acquir$ an indep5d5t 
bus9ess ( 8 own1 bo? z a plant] &       
m]*ant4 ,he made 8 home at ,les ,cayes1 
b ext5d$ 8 ent]prises to ,sa9t ,l\is &  
possibly to o!r po9ts4 ,f ?is "t onw>d  
he commonly describ$ himself z          
ngotiant1#bh or m]*ant1 & 8 son1 :5     
writ+ to 8 fa!r f ,am]ica1 address$ him 
9 ?is way4 ,8 bus9ess lett]s & o!r      
docum5ts ( ! p]iod ref] to 8 h\se at    
,les ,cayes1 8 plantations ( cane & 8   
sug> ref9]y1 8 exportation ( colonial   

w>es1 8 pur*ases ( ,fr5* goods1         
p>ticul>ly at ,nantes1 & to 8 trade 9   
black slaves :i* ev5tually assum$ l>ge  
proportions4 ,h[ important 8 sug>       
plantations may h be5 is n kn[n1 b a    
tax-receipt %[s t at "o "t he possess$  
=ty-two slaves4#bi ,! naturali/ said t 8
 fa!r acquir$ a plantation on ! ,ile    
,va*es1 an isl& ( consid]able importance
 at ! s\!rn b\nd ( ! road/ead ( ,les    
,cayes & n9e miles f ! t[n1 b we h f\nd 
no o!r ref]5ce to x4  ,great numb]s (   
negroes mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ,jean         
,audubon's h&s1 z %[n by 8 bills ( sale1
 :i* /rangely reflect ! cu/oms ( a mu*  
lat] & sadd] day on ! ,nor? ,am]ican    
cont95t 7see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5ts     
,nos4 #d-f74 ,9 "o ( ^! bills1 dat$ at  
,les ,cayes1 ,septemb] #af1 #aghe1 ,jean
 is cr$it$ ) "o-half ! net proce$s ( !  
sale ( =ty negroes1 b\ght orig9ally (   
,m4 ,?4 ,john/on = ! sum ( #fj1jjj      
francs1 & sold by ,jean ,audubon &      
,messrs4 ,la ,croix1 ,=mon  ,jacques =  
#ga1eeb francs2 aft] d$uct+ #ahc francs 

= food & treatm5t1 ! net returns became 
#ga1cfi francs1 & ,jean's pr(its1 on a  
half-int]e/ basis1 #e1fhd francs1 or    
ab\t #adb francs p] head4 ,! prices ( ^!
 slaves1 :i* 7 sold to plant]s on ! isl&
 :5 n reta9$ = _! own use1 rang$ f      
#a1ejj to #b1ajj francs1 or f #cjj to   
#dbj1 at ! pres5t rate ( ex*ange4 ,x is 
int]e/+ to notice t :ile ^! negroes 7   
held = sale1 ! exact p]iod ( :i* is n   
/at$1 !y receiv$ z food eighty bun*es ( 
bananas & ?ree beef heads2 ?\gh "u ! c>e
 ( a physician1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t
 "o ( !m di$4 ,ano!r bill1 be>+ date (  
,augu/ #g1 #aghe1 records ! sale to     
,jean ,audubon ( t5 negroes & ?ree      
negresses = a total sum ( #bf1jjj       
francs2 #af1jjj francs ( ?is am\nt 0    
paid 9 sug>1 b :at is p>ticul>ly int]e/+
 n[ is ! fact t a balance ( #b1jjj      
francs 0 f9ally cancell$ on ,june #i1   
#aghh1 a ye> or m aft] ,jean ,audubon1  
accord+ to ! accept$ acc\nts1 is suppos$
 to h lo/ 8 wife & 8 prop]ty & to h fl$ 
f ! isl&4 ,mme4 ,anne ,moynet ,audubon  

nev] visit$ ,am]ica1 & h] husb&1 z we h 
se51 left ,santo ,dom+o 9 #aghi1 be=e ! 
outbreak ( ! revolution4 ,8 prop]ty     
rema9$ sub/antially intact until aft]   
#agib1 & 9 "s ye>s1 x is believ$1 yield$
 him 9 r5ts #ij1jjj francs1 :i* at      
pres5t rates 9 ,am]ican money w\ld be   
equival5t to #ah1jjj4 ,9 giv+ 8         
c]tificate ( resid5ce at ,nantes 9 t    
ev5tful ye>1 ,capta9 ,audubon publicly  
decl>$ t he possess$ a dwell+1 a sug>   
ref9]y1 & w>eh\ses or /ores at bo? ,les 
,cayes & ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,moreov]1 8 ,we/  
,indian e/ate 0 n completely settl$     
until #ahbj1 two ye>s aft] 8 dea?4      
,illu/ration3 ,,les ,,cayes1 ,,haiti3   
,,! ,,:>f ,,& ,,po/ ,,(fice2 ,,at ,,!   
,,left ,,is ,,se5 ,a ,,pile ,,(         
,,logwood ,,await+ ,,%ipm5t4            
,illu/ration3 ,,les ,,cayes1 ,,haiti3   
,,! ,,m>ket ,,& ,,*ur* ,,( ,,sacr       
,c,,ur4       ,aft] photographs made at 
,les ,cayes 9 ,june1 #aiag1 & obta9$    
?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,f]d9& ,la?rop   
,may]1 ,secret>y      ( ,legation1      

,port-au-,pr9ce1 ,haiti4  ,slaves 7     
reg>d$ 9 ,santo ,dom+o z an indisp5sable
 commodity1 z !y _h be5 9 ,virg9ia & !  
,c>ol9as = a c5tury pa/1 & 7 /ill to be 
= ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury to come2 !     
fri5ds ( ! blacks z ! abolitioni/s 7    
call$1 7 consid]$ by mo/ plant]s z !    
enemies ( ! :ites4 ,degradation &       
cruelty1 ev] att5dant ^u a sy/em t drew 
its *ief support f ! self-int]e/ ( a    
class1 7 all too common 9 ! isl&1 yet   
!re 7 _m :o e>ne/ly /rove to s(t5 ! lot 
( _! slaves4 ,?\gh a born fight]1 ,jean 
,audubon 0 humane1 & ! evid5ce1 s f> z x
 goes1 %[s t 8 own slaves 7 treat$ )    
k9dness & consid]ation4  ,?is p]iod 9   
,santo ,dom+o1 p>ticul>ly f ! ye> #aghe 
to #aghi1 n only is important = our     
/ory1 b happ5$ to m>k a crisis 9 ,fr5*  
sov]eignty 9 ,am]ica4 ,x w be necess>y1 
!re=e1 to foll[ c]ta9 ev5ts 9 a hi/ory  
:i* c s]ve only z a w>n+ to mank9d1 = x 
conta9s little to satisfy ! und]/&+ &   
no?+ to excite ! fancy or gladd5 ! he>t4
 ,x is to be notic$ fir/1 h[ev]1 t      

accord+ to ! accept$ acc\nts1 ,john     
,james ,audubon 0 born ( a ,spani%      
creole "m1 9 ,l\isiana1 9 #aghj4 ,%ortly
 aft] 8 bir?1 8 "m is said to h gone to 
,santo ,dom+o1 :]e %e p]i%$ 9 a local   
upris+ ( ! blacks1 :5 ,jean ,audubon's  
plantations & prop]ty 7 totally de/roy$2
 ,jean manag$ to escape ) only 8 two    
*ildr51 a few fai?ful slaves1 & a "p ( 8
 money & valuables1 to ,new ,orleans1   
:5ce he subsequ5tly w5t to ,france4     
,inve/igation ( exi/+ records has prov$ 
t ^! /atem5ts are n 9 accord ) ! facts1 
b be=e ent]+ into fur!r p]sonal details 
x w be well to exam9e ^? conditions on !
 isl& ( ,santo ,dom+o :i* l$ _m into    
easy =tune only to involve !m lat] 9 a  
ru9 z complete & irretrievable z x 0    
un=ese5 & unnecess>y4  ,= ne>ly a hundr$
 ye>s ! we/]n half ( ,santo ,dom+o _h   
be5 held by ,france1 & to e outw>d      
appe>ance x _h enjoy$ su* unb\nd$ &     
/eadily increas+ prosp]ity t x 0 reg>d$ 
) envy on e side2 9 f9e1 x seem$ to be  
"o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ desirable colonies 9 

! :ole _w4 ,hi/orians1 said an obs]v] ( 
a lat] day1#cj 7 nev] we>y ( enum]at+ ! 
am\nt ( its products1 ! great trade1 !  
w>eh\ses full ( sug>1 cotton1 c(fee1    
indigo & cocoa2 its pla9s cov]$ )       
spl5did e/ates1 its hillsides dott$ )   
noble h\ses2 a :ite population1 ri*1    
ref9$1 enjoy+ life z only a luxuri\s    
colonial society c enjoy x4 ,few c\ld !n
 see ! f\l blot b5ea? s fair a surface1 
or realize t :at _h be5 b\ght by ! mis]y
 & blood ( a pro/rate race w\ld dem& an 
equival5t1 & t a settlem5t might be =c$4
  ,negroes _h be5 import$ into ,santo   
,dom+o f ! ,african coa/s 9 incr$ible   
numb]s1 fir/ by ,spa9 aft] %e _h succe$$
 9 ext]m9at+ ! in(f5sive native ,c>ibs1 
& lat] by ,france4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s&      
blacks ( all ages 7 ent]+ ! colonies ea*
 ye>1 & to secure ?is numb] ( bossals1 z
 ! native ,africans 7 call$1 involv$ !  
dea? ( ne>ly z _m m1 ei!r ?r\gh ! fight+
 t prec$$ _! capture on l&1 or f !      
t]rors ( pe/il5ce or %ipwreck t await$  
!m at sea4 ,by #agij ! blacks ( ,santo  

,dom+o outnumb]$ ! :ites sixte5 to "o1 &
 ! numb] ( blacks !n 9 ! isl& 0 e/imat$ 
at #dhj1jjj1 9 contra/ to #cj1hjj :ites1
 & ab\t #bd1jjj free mulattoes or p (   
color4  ,"u ,fr5* rule ! blacks _h be5  
subject$1 z _m believ$1 to a sy/em (    
slav]y unsurpass$ = cruelty & b>b>ity4  
,no d\bt !re 7 ,fr5*m5 :o1 9 _! fi]ce   
/ruggle to become ri*1 work$ _! slaves  
beyond human endurance & did n hesitate 
to t]rorize !m ) ! sev]e/ puni%m5t ^u ! 
fir/ symptoms ( revolt2 b1 on ! :ole1   
su* sweep+ d5unciations 7 probably      
unju/4 ,an imp>tial obs]v] & hi/orian ( 
t day1 himself an ,engli%man1#ca decl>$ 
t ! ,fr5* treat$ _! slaves q z well z ! 
,engli% did !irs1 & clo!d !m bett]4 ,he 
believ$ t ! lot ( ! ,santo ,dom+o blacks
 at ! p]iod ( :i* we speak w\ld comp>e  
favorably ) t ( ! peasantry ( ,europe1 a
 comm5t made famili> to ,am]ican e>s :5 
appli$ to ! slave population ( ! ,s\?4  
,! real tr\ble came f ! m enlight5$     
disaffection ( ! mulattoes & free       
negroes1 fann$ by ! fanatic zeal (      

abolitioni/s abroad1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o 
=m$ ! society ( ,les ,amis des ,noirs 9 
,france1 :o 7 det]m9$ to c>ry out _!    
policies by any means & at :atev] co/4  
,! mulattoes 7 really 9 worse plight ?an
 ! actual slaves1 = !y 7 virtually      
slaves ( ! ,/ate & _h no ma/] to :om !y 
c\ld appeal1 be+ subject to milit>y     
s]vice )\t pay1 to ! corve or labor ^u !
 highways1 ! h>d%ips ( :i* 7            
insupportable1 z well z to a con/ant &  
gall+ tyranny4 ,! law 0 inv>iably fram$ 
9 favor ( ! :ite man1 :o1 if he /ruck a 
mulatto1 0 subject to a trivial f9e1    
:ile retaliation by ! man ( color might 
co/ him 8 "r h&4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1
 t cu/om 0 usually m l5i5t ?an ! law1 & 
t su* atroci\s enactm5ts 7 g5]ally a    
dead lett]4  ,z might h be5 expect$ 9 ! 
circum/ances1 ! mulattoes took _! rev5ge
 on ! despis$ blacks1 :om !y 7 p]mitt$  
to hold z slaves4 ,!y 7 notori\sly !    
h>de/ taskma/]s 9 ! isl&1 & 9 return !y 
7 naturally envi$ & hat$ by ! ignorant  
mass ( black humanity4 ,! :ites1 to     

complete ! discord1 7 divid$ among      
!mselves1 ! ,fr5*m5 f ,europe affect+ a 
sup]iority ov] ! :ite ,creoles1 !       
season$ natives ( ! isl&1 a condition t 
nev] made = good feel+4 ,moreov]1 ! :ite
 plant]1 :o endeavor$ to ga9 a foo?old  
by produc+ sug>1 cotton or c(fee1 seems 
to h _h a j grievance aga9/ ! m]*ants   
:om ! law favor$ & :o set ! price =     
negroes & all o!r commodities t _h to be
 b\ght 9 ex*ange = produce4 ,su* at lea/
 0 ! conviction & exp]i5ce ( a ke5      
obs]v]1 ,francis ,alex&] ,/anislaus1    
,b>on de ,wimpff51#cb :o w5t to ,santo  
,dom+o 9 #aghh1 tri$ to e/abli% himself 
z a c(fee plant] at ,jaquemel1 on !     
s\!rn coa/ n f> f ,les ,cayes1 & aft]   
?ree ye>s ( fruitless ef=t1 gave up !   
attempt 9 disgu/1 glad to escape1 z f ! 
flames ( purgatory1 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
:]e he settl$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,b>on de  
,wimpff5's lack ( success no d\bt color$
 8 impressions ( ! c\ntry to "s ext5t1 b
 aft] mak+ due all[ance on ?is score1 we
 f9d 9 8 lett]s1 beyond a d\bt1 an      

ess5tially true picture ( ,santo ,dom+an
 society & plantation life at ! v "t &  
place ) :i* our /ory is mo/ intimately  
conc]n$4 ,a sket* ( ! picture :i* !     
,b>on has drawn1 ?\gh 9 brief outl9e1 w 
enable u bett] to und]/& ! real         
condition ( affairs4  ,! prevail+ ta/e 9
 ,santo ,dom+o1 accord+ to ?is obs]v]1 0
 creolian t9ctur$ ) b\can1 or ) !       
*>act]i/ics ( ! buccane]s4 ,:ite society
 on ! isl& 0 divid$ into gov]nm5tal or  
t[n (ficials1 m]*ants1 & plant]s1 !     
sev]al classes hav+ _! own int]e/s1 :i* 
7 (t5 conflict+4 ,! plant]s 7 conc]n$   
only ) negroes1 _! sug>1 _! cotton or _!
 c(fee1 & c\ld talk ( no?+ else2 values 
7 reckon$ 9 negroes1 or 9 sug>1 = :i*   
slaves 7 commonly ex*ang$4 ,! laxity (  
morals1 ! abs5ce ( s*ools1 & ! total    
lack ( books 7 pat5t on e h&4 ,aft]     
sunset danc+ 0 ! *ief =m ( amusem5t 9 ! 
t[ns1 & h&some mulattoes 7 ! ackn[l$g$  
,bac*antes ( ! isl&4 ,x 0 f ?is class t 
h\sekeep]s 7 usually *os5 by ! great] "p
 ( ! unm>ri$ :ites4 ,!y _h "s skill1    

said ,b>on de ,wimpff51 9 ! managem5t ( 
a family1 suffici5t hone/y to atta*     
!mselves inv>iably to "o man1 & great   
goodness ( he>t4 ,m ?an "o ,european1   
ab&on$ by 8 selfi% bre?r51 has f\nd 9 !m
 all ! solicitude ( ! mo/ t5d]1 ! mo/   
con/ant1 ! mo/ g5]\s humanity1 )\t be+  
indebt$ = x to any o!r s5tim5t ?an      
b5evol5ce4  ,exp5se ( cultivation at ?is
 "t is said to h ris5 out ( all         
proportion to ! value ( ! product4 ,:ile
 negro s]vice 0 a prime necessity to !  
plant]1 ! ,african m9e 0 becom+ exhau/$2
 ev5 !n slave deal]s 7 p5etrat+ a ?\s&  
leagues or m f ! ,gu9ea coa/4 ,add$ to !
 co/ ( slaves1 :i* 0 ye>ly increas+ & _h
 already rea*$ to #b1jjj or ev5 #c1jjj  
francs p] head1 ! ,gov]nm5t exact$ a    
ru9\s capitation tax1 :i* bore ) special
 weight on ! plant]4#cc ,physicians &   
lawy]s1 h[ev] ignorant1 exact$          
exorbitant fees2 masons & c>p5t]s1 h[ev]
 ineffici5t1 dem&$ an unreasonable wage2
 !y1 we are told1 ) ! m]*ant & (ficial  
gov]nm5tal class1 7 ! only money mak]s  

on ! isl&4 ,! m]*ant :om we h se5 tak+ !
 plant]'s produce at 8 own price1 9     
ex*ange = slaves aga9 at 8 own price1 _h
 ! advantage 9 e bus9ess transaction2 ! 
plant]1 z a result1 0 8 *ronic debtor1 &
 at usuri\s rates4  ,subject to an      
en]vat+ climate1 :i* ,europeans ) _!    
intemp]ate habits c\ld seldom endure =  
long1 ! plant]1 ?\gh weak & sick        
himself1 0 (t5 oblig$ to be ov]se]1     
driv]1 apo!c>y1 & nurse to 8 negroes1 ! 
slave ( 8 slaves4 ,9 spite ( e c>e1 out 
( "o hundr$ import$ negroes ! mortality 
0 ne>ly tw5ty p] c5t 9 ! fir/ ye>4 ,:]e 
less ov]sight 0 giv5 to _! food1 !      
slighte/ scrat* 0 likely to deg5]ate    
into a dang]\s w\nd1 :ile ! mo/ dread$  
disease1 !n kn[n 9 ,engli% z ! yaws & 9 
,fr5* z la grosse vrole 7to di/+ui% x f 
! smallpox1 la petite vrole71 0 a sc\rge
 = :i* no rem$y _h !n be5 f\nd4 ,e slave
 0 br&$ ) a hot iron on ! brea/1 ) bo? !
 "n ( 8 ma/] & t ( ! p>i% to :i* he     
belong$1 b not)/&+ su* precautions      
des]tions 7 f> f uncommon4  ,! ,santo   

,dom+an blacks 7 put to "w 9 ! morn+ ) a
 crack ( ! arceau1 a %ort-h&l$ :ip1     
deliv]$ on _! backs or %\ld]s1 & s      
accu/om$ _h !y become to ! regul>ity (  
?is /imulus t !y c\ld h>dly be set 9    
motion )\t x4 ,h[ to manage ! true      
bossal1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,african creole1 
) humanity & success 0 a problem to :i* 
_m consid]ate plant]s mu/ h address$    
!mselves 9 va91 if1 z ?is "o decl>$1 !  
black's rul+ passion 0 to d no?+1 & he 0
 by nature a ?ief1 to :om indulg5ce 0   
weakness & inju/ice a defect ( judgm5t t
 excit$ bo? 8 hatr$ & 8 contempt4       
,/anilaus fur!r obs]v$ t ! soil ( ,santo
 ,dom+o 0 !n already becom+ exhau/$1 &  
he believ$ t ! day ( rapid =tunes = !   
plant] _h pass$4 ,calculate n[1 said he1
 ! privations ( e k9d1 ! comm]cial      
vicissitudes1 ! p]petual appreh5sions1 !
 disgu/+ details1 insep>able f ! nature 
( slav]y2 ! /ate ( languor or anxiety 9 
:i* he vegetates betwe5 a burn+ sky1 & a
 soil always ready to swall[ him up1 & y
 w all[ ) me t !re is no peasant1 no    

day-lab\r] 9 ,europe1 ^: condition is n 
pref]able to t ( a plant] ( ,san ,dom+o4
 ,i nev] met1 he adds1 a ,we/ ,indian 9 
,france :o did n enum]ate to me ) m     
emphasis ?an accuracy1 ! *>ms ( a       
resid5ce at ,sa9t ,dom+o2 s9ce ,i h be5 
"h1 ,i h n f\nd a s+le "o :o has n curs$
 bo? ,sa9t ,dom+o1 & ! ob/acles1        
et]nally reviv+1 :i*1 f "o ye> to ano!r1
 prolong 8 /ay 9 ?is abode ( ! damn$4   
,hav+ foll[$ ,de ,wimpff5 to ?is po9t1 !
 read] is entitl$ to he> 8 p>t+         
epigrams4 ,! m ,i "k1 he said1 ( !      
inhabitants ( ,sa9t ,dom+o1 ! m ,i      
felicitate myself on quitt+ x4 ,i came  
hi!r ) ! noble ambition ( occupy+ myself
 solely 9 acquir+ a =tune2 b de/9$ to   
become a ma/]1 & consequ5tly to possess 
slaves1 ,i saw1 9 ! necessity ( liv+ )  
!m1 t ( /udy+ !m ) att5tion to "k !m1 & 
,i dep>t ) mu* less e/eem = ! "o1 & pity
 = ! o!r4 ,:5 a p]son is :at ! great] "p
 ( ! plant]s are1 he is made to h       
slaves2 :5 he is :at ! great] "p ( !    
slaves are1 he is made to h a ma/]4     

,:e!r ,jean ,audubon's long exp]i5ce    
w\ld h confirm$ all t has j be5 said is 
d\btful1 = he 0 prim>ily a m]*ant or    
deal] & ?us belong$ to ! favor$ class4  
,b :at especially int]e/s u n[ is t bo? 
he & ,de ,wimpff5 7 own]s ( plantations 
9 ! s\!rn prov9ce ( ,santo ,dom+o at !  
same "t4 ,! "o :o wi%$ to reta9 a       
valuable prop]ty foll[$ ! cu/om ( ! "t  
by confid+ ! managem5t ( 8 affairs to an
 ag5t1 ei!r at a fix$ sal>y or on a     
pr(it-%>+ basis2 :ile ! o!r1 :o /ay$    
long en\gh to disc]n ! tr5d ( ev5ts1 0  
glad to sell 8 l& & 8 slaves & %ake !   
du/ ( ! isl& f 8 feet =ev]4#cd  ,be=e   
resum+ ! intimate details ( our         
n>rative1 we mu/ foll[ ! :irlw9d (      
political ev5ts already set 9 motion 9 !
 isl& colony4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aghi ! :ite  
coloni/s ( ,santo ,dom+o took           
adm9i/rative matt]s into _! own h&s1 &  
)\t ve/ige ( legal au?ority1 elect$ &   
dispat*$ eighte5 deputies to !          
,/ates-,g5]al1 !n sitt+ 9 ,france4 ,^!  
m5 rea*$ ,v]sailles 9 ,june1 a mon? aft]

 t body _h decl>$ itself ! ,national    
,assembly1 b only six 7 ev] admitt$ to  
its c\nsels4 ,= a long "t opposition to 
! plant]s _h be5 fom5t$ 9 ,p>is by !    
,fri5ds ( ! ,blacks1 ! abolition society
 to :i* we h ref]r$2 /ories ( cruelty to
 ! slaves1 color$ & int5sifi$ 9 pass+ f 
m\? to m\?1 z inv>iably happ5s :5       
atrocity tales are us$ z p>tisan        
weapons1 add$ to ! arrogance &          
extravagant habits ( _m plant]s :5      
resid5t 9 ! "m c\ntry1 did n t5d to s(t5
 ! prejudice ( ! public t[>ds _! class4 
,! plant]s c\ld get no consid]ation at  
home1 &1 z we h se51 ! ,decl>ation (    
,rights foll[$ promptly 9 ,augu/1 :ile a
 legislative ,assembly 0 ord]$ 9        
,septemb]4 ,meantime ! mulattoes on !   
isl& 7 clamor+ = ! political rights :i* 
! decree _h promis$ !m1 &1 to make      
matt]s worse1 "s ( ! influ5tial :ites   
esp\s$ _! cause1 ev5 prea*+ !           
enfran*isem5t ( ! blacks1 f :om up to   
?is "t little _h be5 he>d4 ,9 %ort1 !   
:ites 7 divid$ z effectually z 7 blacks 

& mulattoes4  ,! dom9ant p>ty 9 ,santo  
,dom+o1 l$ by ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 7      
det]m9$ to uphold ! old despotic rgime1 
:ile ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 :i* met at     
,sa9t ,m>c 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s f ! "m    
c\ntry1 on ,april #af1 #agij1 draft$ a  
new con/itution4 ,! cla% came 9 ,july ( 
?is ye>1 & 9 ! nor!rn prov9ce1 :]e !    
fir/ blood ( ! revolution 0 drawn at    
,port-au-,pr9ce4 ,on ,octob] #ab1 #agij1
 ,james ,og1 a mulatto1 inspir$1 f9anc$ 
& equipp$ by ! ,fri5ds ( ! ,blacks 9    
,p>is1 l&$ secretly 9 ,santo ,dom+o1    
e/abli%$ a milit>y camp at ,cap ,franois
 & call$ all mulattoes to arms4 ,8 plan 
0 to wage w> on ! :ites z well z ^u all 
mulattoes :o refus$ to jo9 8 /&>d (     
revolt2 b ,og & 8 company 7 quickly     
suppress$1 & ?is incompet5t lead]1 :o   
fl$ to ,spani% t]ritory1 0 lat]         
extradit$ & brok5 on ! :eel4 ,?is       
episode naturally infuriat$ ! :ites     
aga9/ all mulattoes1 :o took up arms at 
,les ,cayes & at o!r po9ts4 ,! :ites    
also arm$1 & a skirmi% occurr$ at ,les  

,cayes1 ,jean ,audubon's old home1 :]e  
fifty p]sons on bo? sides lo/ _! lives1 
b a tempor>y truce 0 imm$iately effect$4
 ,?is 0 ! fir/ s]i\s incid5t 9 :i* ! t[n
 ( ,les ,cayes figur$ 9 ! bloody        
revolution ( ,santo ,dom+o2 x occurr$1  
we believe1 9 ! late autumn ( #agij4    
,audubon's "m _h !n be5 dead f\r ye>s1 &
 h] son1 ! future naturali/1 _h left !  
c\ntry 9 ! fall ( #aghi2 9 ord] to br+  
out ^! facts cle>ly x has seem$ necess>y
 to ent] into ?is detail4  ,lat] ev5ts 9
 ,santo ,dom+o n[ mov$ 9 a direction & )
 a velocity :i* few !n 7 able to        
compreh5d4 ,! dang] & ! pot5cy ( !      
volcano t _h long be5 mutt]+ b5ea? _!   
feet ne$$ b a few t\*es f )\t to reveal 
its full explosive p[]4 ,^! 7 furni%$ n 
only by ! mulattoes1 _m ( :om1 aft] hav+
 f\ght "u ,fr5* (fic]s 9 ! ,am]ican     
,revolution1 _h return$ to ! isl& & !re 
spread wide ! _s ( disaffection &       
revolt2 b also by ! ,national ,assembly 
9 ,france1 :i* by its vacillat+ policies
 de/roy$ e hope ( reconciliation4 ,9    

,m>*1 #agij1 ?is ,assembly grant$ to !  
citiz5s ( ,santo ,dom+o ! "r ( local    
self-gov]nm5t1 b only a ye> lat]1 on    
,may #ae1 #agia1 tore up ?is decree &   
emancipat$ ! mulattoes4 ,:5 ! news rea*$
 ! isl& six weeks lat]1 ! colony 0 ?r[n 
into ! utmo/ con/]nation2 ! :ites z a   
class refus$ po9t-blank to accept !     
decision & summon$ an ,assembly ( _!    
own1 :i* met 9 ,augu/4 ,! mulattoes aga9
 took up arms1 & ! blacks1 :o by ?is "t 
_h be5 won to _! side1 />t$ a g5]al     
revolt :i* _h its orig9 on a plantation 
call$ ,no1 9 ! p>i% ( ,acul1 n9e miles f
 ,cap ,franois4 ,!y began by burn+ !    
cane fields & ! sug> h\ses & murd]+ _!  
:ite own]s4 ,!nce=? ,santo ,dom+an      
hi/ory becomes an intricate & disgu/+   
detail ( conspiracies1 trea*]ies1       
murd]s1 conflagrations1 & atrocities ( e
 description4 ,! only ray ( light comes 
f ! fir/ g5u9e lead] ( ! blacks1 !      
gallant b un=tunate ,t\ssa9t1 9 #agic4  
,z has already be5 intimat$1 ,jean      
,audubon's ,santo ,dom+o prop]ty suff]$ 

long aft] he left ! isl&1 & c]ta9ly aft]
 #agib :51 z we %all soon see1          
revolutions 7 dem&+ 8 att5tion & all 8  
en]gies at home4     ,,*apt] ,,iv       
,,audubon',s ,,bir?1 ,,nationality1 ,,& 
,,p>5tage       ,les ,cayes--,audubon's 
,fr5* ,creole "m--,8 e>ly               
names--,discov]y ( ! ,sanson bill ) !   
only record (      8 bir?--,m$ical      
practice ( an e>ly day--,bir? ( ,muguet1
      ,audubon's si/]--,f\gre & ,muguet 
tak5 to ,france--,audubon's             
adoption & baptism--,8 assum$ "n--,dual 
p]sonality 9      legal docum5ts--,s\rce
 ( publi%$ errors--,autobiographic      
records--,rise ( enigma & tradition--,! 
,m>igny my?4   ,santo ,dom+o1 ?\gh      
repeat$ly ravag$ by ! indiscrim9ate h& (
 man1 is a noble & productive l&1 :i*1 =
 ! div]sity & gr&eur ( its sc5]y & ! r>e
 beauty ( its tropical vegetation1 0    
ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! g>d5 spots ( !    
,we/ ,indies & wor?y to be 9 tru? a     
,p>adise ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,= e lov] ( birds
 & nature ?is semi-tropical isl&1 &     

especially ,les ,cayes1 ^u its          
s\?-we/]ly v]ge 9 :at is n[ ,haiti1 w h 
a peculi> int]e/ :5 x is kn[n1 t !re1   
amid ! spl5dor ( sea & sun & !          
ev]-glori\s fl[]s & birds1 ! eyes (     
,am]ica's great woodsman & pione]       
orni?ologi/ fir/ saw ! light ( day4     
,jean ,audubon met some:]e 9 ,am]ica1 & 
probably at ,les ,cayes1 a woman :om he 
has describ$ only z a creole ( ,santo   
,dom+o1 t is1 "o born on ! isl& & (     
,fr5* p>5tage1 & :o is n[ kn[n only by !
 "n ( ,mlle4 ,rab94#ce ,to !m 0 born1 at
 ,les ,cayes1 a son1 on ! tw5ty-six? (  
,april1 #aghe4 ,?is boy1 :o 0 sometimes 
ref]r$ to 9 e>ly docum5ts z ,jean ,rab91
 crole de ,sa9t-,dom+ue1 & :o aga9 0    
call$ ,f\gre 79 ,engli%1 ,f]n71 receiv$ 
! baptismal "n ( ,jean ,jacques ,f\gre  
six mon?s be=e 8 sixte5? bir?day4  ,!   
bill ( ! physician1 ,doctor ,sanson (   
,les ,cayes1 :o assi/$ at "y ,audubon's 
bir? /ill exi/s1 & z ! read] w p]ceive1 
x is a highly unique & int]e/+ hi/orical
 docum5t4#cf ,writt5 9 ! doctor's own   

h&1 x is receipt$ by him1 z well z      
approv$ & sign$ by ,jean ,audubon       
himself4 ,?is t>dy discov]y1 along ) o!r
 p]t95t records 9 ! commune ( ,c\ron1 9 
,france1 f9ally resolves ! my/]y :i* has
 ev] h$g$ ! ,mel*iz$ek ( ,am]ican       
natural hi/ory4 ,! *ild's "n1 ( c\rse1  
is n giv5 9 ! bill1 b au!ntic records ( 
,audubon's subsequ5t adoption & baptism 
agree s completely 9 names & dates z to 
e/abli% 8 id5tity beyond a %ad[ ( d\bt4 
,mu* o!r docum5t>y evid5ce :i* also has 
rec5tly come to light is all 9 h>mony ) 
^! facts1 & fur!r %[s t ! natal spot &  
"t z giv5 9 ! ,sanson bill c ref] only  
to ?is tal5t$ boy4 ,b be=e turn+ to ^!  
legal docum5ts we mu/ exam9e ! p]sonal  
record ( ,jean ,audubon's physician4    
,dr4 ,sanson's c>efully itemiz$ acc\nt1 
to ! am\nt ( #a1cci francs1 ext5ds ov] a
 p]iod ( ne>ly two ye>s1 f ,decemb] #bi1
 #aghc1 to ,octob] #ai1 #aghe2 x 0      
accept$ & sign$ by ,capta9 ,audubon on  
,octob] #ab1 #aghf1 & receipt$ by !     
doctor :5 paid on ,june #g1 #aghg4 ,!   

bill is int]e/+ z a comm5t>y on ! m$ical
 practice ( an e>ly day1 z well z = !   
light :i* x ?r[s on ,jean ,audubon's    
,santo ,dom+an c>e]1 8 e/abli%m5t at    
,les ,cayes1 & 8 treatm5t ( black slaves
 & dep5d5ts4 ,?is qua9t docum5t1        
moreov]1 t5ds to confirm a rem>k ( ,b>on
 de ,wimpff5 to ! effect t e doctor 9   
,santo ,dom+o grew ri* at 8 pr(ession1 &
 also recalls :at he said 9 reg>d to !  
h\sehold rem$ies ( ! p]iod4 ,e coloni/1 
to quote ?is obs]v] aga91 is commonly   
provid$ ) a small *e/ ( m$ic9es1 ( :i* !
 pr9cipal are manna1 salts1 & rhub>b2 ! 
c\ntry itself produces tam>9ds1 & !     
leaves ( ! cassia tree1 a slight        
infusion ( :i*1 ) a little orange juice1
 makes z good a purge z a mixture m     
sci5tifically compos$4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fir/ ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,bill1 ,,r5d]$   
,,by ,,dr4 ,,sanson1 ,,(      ,,les     
,,cayes1 ,,santo ,,dom+o1 ,,to ,,jean   
,,audubon ,,= ,,m$ical ,,s]vices        
,,f ,,decemb] #bi1 #aghc1 ,,to ,,octob] 
#ai1 #aghe4       ,aft] ! orig9al       

docum5t 9 possession ( ,m4 ,l4 ,lavigne1
      at ,c\ron4 ,! note 9 upp] left-h& 
corn]1 trs curieux      ,mlle4 ,rab9    
son enfant1 has be5 add$ by a lat] h&4  
,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,page ,,( ,,!   
,,sanson ,,bill1 ,,be>+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,entry
      ,,= ,,april #bf1 #aghe1 ,,! ,,only
 ,,record ,,kn[n ,,to ,,exi/ ,,( ,,!    
,,date ,,(      ,,audubon',s ,,bir?4    
,illu/ration3 ,,?ird ,,page ,,( ,,!     
,,sanson ,,bill1 ,,sign$ ,,z ,,accept$  
,,by      ,,jean ,,audubon1 ,,octob]    
#ab1 #aghf1 ,,& ,,receipt$ ,,by ,,!     
,,doctor1 ,,:5      ,,paid1 ,,june #g1  
#aghg4  ,?is physician's *ief res\rces  
are se5 to h be5 ipecacuanha1 purgative 
decoctions1 includ+ su* z ! tam>9d tree 
provid$1 manna1 m9]al wat]s1 lotions1   
pla/]s1 & k9o1 an a/r+5t juice d]iv$ f  
diff]5t legum9\s plants1 :i* gave a r$  
color to ! saliva1 n to speak ( o!r     
m$ic9es1 ! nature ( :i* is n reveal$1   
:i* 7 lib]ally suppli$ to :ites &       
blacks1 bo? old & "y1 alike4 ,x w be    
notic$ fur!r t ! slaves ( ,african bir? 

:5 n nam$ are ref]r$ to z bossals ?\gh  
_m "y blacks & mulattoes are call$      
,j\e2#cg t a coop]1 atta*$ presumably to
 ! ,audubon sug> ref9]y1 0 dos$ ?rice   
daily ) k9o on f\r days 9 succession2 & 
t ?is favorite treatm5t 0 repeat$ a mon?
 lat]4 ,a cl]k 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 ,monsieur
 ,aub9ais1 is m5tion$ z requir+ frequ5t 
att5tion1 z well z ,jean ,audubon       
himself1 :o 0 once bl$ at ! arm4  ,9 !  
entry = ,m>* #bg1 #aghd1 !re is ?is     
int]e/+ ref]5ce3 ,inoculat$ ,cs>1       
,jupit]1 & ,rose1 at ?irty francs ea*1  
n9ety francs2 & if !re 7 any d\bt :y    
,cs> _h be5 inoculat$1 a h9t is         
imm$iately giv5 "u ,may #aa3 ,=         
att5tion1 visits1 & rem$ies1 dur+ !     
smallpox 7la petite vrole7 ( ! mulatto  
,j\e1 sixty francs2 aga9 we read3 ,june 
#cj1 inoculat$ a little negro bossal1   
nam$ ,j\e1 ?irty francs4 ,e fre% bat* ( 
negroes l&$ 9 ! colonies l$ to a new    
outbreak ( ?is t]rible sc\rge1 & b "o   
o!r disease1 la grosse vrole1#ch 0 m    
common or m fatal among ! blacks4 ,= a  

long p]iod x _h be5 a common practice to
 inoculate bo? :ites & blacks directly )
 ! smallpox 9 ord] to secure "s degree (
 protection aga9/ its mo/ virul5t =m1 b 
?is me?od ( fight+ ! devil ) fire _h its
 disadvantages4 ,by ! end ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury op9ion 0 ab\t equally divid$ ^u !
 advisability ( cont9u+ ! measure1 s9ce 
induc$ v>iola or smallpox 0 apt to be   
virul5t1 & 0 (t5 q z infecti\s z :5     
manife/$ 9 ! usual & natural way4 ,!n   
came ,edw>d ,j5n]'s gr& discov]y1 made  
twelve ye>s be=e ?is date b n ann\nc$   
until #agih1 t vacc9ia w\ld prev5t      
v>iola4 ,almo/ imm$iately vacc9ation    
spread l wild fire ov] ,europe1 & x has 
nev] be5 appreciat$ m fully or m highly 
laud$ by ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! m$ical
 pr(ession ev]y:]e ?an at ! pres5t day4 
,! mo/ int]e/+ ref]5ces 9 ?is hi/oric   
docum5t are to ,mlle4 ,rab91 ^: "n      
occurs no less ?an sev5te5 times1 beg9n+
 ,may #ba1 #aghd1 & clos+ ) ! entry = ! 
sev5te5? ( ,augu/1 #aghe4 ,we le>n t !  
physician sp5t ! nights ( ,april #bd &  

#be1 #aghe1 at ! woman's b$side1 & t h] 
*ild 0 born on ! tw5ty-six? day ( t     
mon?1 probably 9 ! morn+4 ,x w be notic$
 fur!r t %e _h be5 bl$ previ\sly at !   
arm1 t %e _h suff]$ also f ! erysipelas1
 & t lat] %e 0 treat$ = abscesses4 ,^!  
frequ5t att5tions ( ! physician1 ext5d+ 
ov] sev]al mon?s1 ! la/ record be+ =    
,augu/ #ag1 %[ only too cle>ly t at ?is 
"t ,audubon's "m 0 9 feeble heal?4 ,all 
t is fur!r kn[n ab\t h] is t %e di$ ei!r
 at ! close ( #aghe or 9 #aghf1 :5 h]   
infant son 0 probably less ?an a ye>    
old4#ci  ,a daught] ( ,jean ,audubon1   
,rosa1 :o 0 fir/ call$ ,muguet 79       
,engli%1 ,lily ( ! ,valley71 0 also born
 9 ,santo ,dom+o1 & probably at ,les    
,cayes1 on ,april #bi1 #aghg4 ,h] "m1   
,ca?>9e ,b\ff>d1 crole de ,sa9t-,dom+ue1
 :o subsequ5tly w5t to ,france1 _h ano!r
 daught]1 born also at ,les ,cayes1 nam$
 ,l\ise1 :o 0 liv+ at ,la ,ro*elle 9    
#ahai4dj  ,:5 ,capta9 ,audubon f9ally   
left ! ,we/ ,indies 9 ! autumn ( #aghi1 
he took ) him1 9 ! c>e ( tru/wor?y      

slaves1 ^! two *ildr51 ,f\gre or ,jean  
,rab91 ag$ f\r & a half ye>s1 & ,muguet 
or ,rosa1 an infant ( less ?an two4 ,we 
"k t he visit$ ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 to   
collect a long out/&+ claim aga9/ ,david
 ,ross1 !n engag$ 9 an iron indu/ry ne> 
t city 7see ,*apt] ,,viii1 p4 #aba71 & x
 is possible t he travel$ by way ( ,new 
,orleans & ! ,mississippi & ,ohio riv]s4
 ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t at ! close ( ?is ye> 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he w5t to ,france &  
made a home = 8 *ildr5 at ,nantes4 ,?is 
city became ess5tially _! p]man5t abode 
until _! fa!r's retirem5t f ! navy on   
,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 :5 he f9ally settl$ 9
 ! little commune ( ,c\ron1 on ! nor?   
bank ( ! ,loire4 ,! /orm t bur/ ov]     
,nantes soon aft] _! arrival reveal$ !  
true colors ( ,jean ,audubon's          
patriotism1 & ! man 0 se5 at 8 be/1 z w 
be relat$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4  ,madame    
,audubon1 :o _h no *ildr5 ( h] own1     
t5d]ly receiv$ ! little ones1 ?us waft$ 
f ov] ! sea to h] door 9 ! ,rue de      
,crbillon4#da ,z ! /ory proce$s we %all 

see t %e 0 a mo/ k9d1 if ov]-indulg5t1  
fo/] "m1 & became excessively pr\d ( h] 
h&some boy4 ,! fir/ ( my recollective   
p[]s1 said ! naturali/ :5 writ+ (       
himself 9 #ahce1db plac$ me 9 ! c5tral  
portion ( ! city ( ,nantes 444 :]e ,i   
/ill recollect p>ticul>ly t ,i 0 mu*    
*]i%$ by my de> /epmo!r 444 & t ,i 0    
con/antly att5d$ by "o or two black     
s]vants1 :o _h foll[$ my fa!r to ,new   
,orleans & aft]w>ds to ,nantes4  ,jean  
,audubon1 :o sp5t a good "p ( 8 life at 
sea & 9 a c\ntry almo/ totally devoid ( 
morals1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! product ( 8 
"t4 ,he 0 bett]1 no d\bt1 ?an _m :o made
 great] pr(essions1 bett] c]ta9ly ?an a 
,r\sseau1 :o gave excell5t advice to    
p>5ts ^u ! prop] me?ods ( re>+ _! *ildr5
 b s5t 8 own (fspr+ to orphan asylums4  
,z mo/ m5 h _! faults1 said ! son1 !    
fa!r _h "o t 0 common to _m individuals1
 & t nev] left him until sob]$ by a long
 life2 b1 he add$1 z a fa!r1 ,i nev]    
compla9$ ( him2 8 g5]osity 0 (t5 too    
great1 & 8 good qualities won him _m    

desirable fri5ds4 ,:atev] 8 faults1     
,jean ,audubon 0 j1 g5]\s & possess$ ( a
 k9d he>t4 ,he 0 9 reality a tru] fa!r  
?an _m :o give _! *ildr5 _! "n b d5y !m 
sympa?y & a wise ov]sight4 ,jean        
,audubon n only *]i%$ ! two *ildr5 b    
made !m 8 heirs4 ,on ,m>* #g1 #agic1    
,f\gre at ! age ( eight & ,muguet at six
 7 legaliz$ by a regul> act ( adoption 9
 ! pres5ce ( witnesses at ,nantes z !   
*ildr5 ( ,jean & ,anne ,moynet ,audubon4
  ,?is /ep 0 tak5 at ! v mom5t :5 ! /orm
 _h bur/ ov] ,la ,v5de1 :5 ! fate (     
,nantes 0 trembl+ 9 ! balance & ! life (
 h] citiz5s 0 mo/ insecure4 ,! act (    
adoption reads3#dc            ,extract f
 ! regi/]s ( bir?s ( !                  
sections ( ,la ,halle & ,jean ,jacques (
 ! commune           ( ,nantes1 dep>tm5t
 ( ! ,loire infrieure1 on           !   
sev5? ( ,m>*1 #agdi1 ! second ye> ( !   
,republic1 "o & indivisible1 at t5      
o'clock 9           ! morn+4       ,be=e
 u1 ,joseph ,!uli]1 public (fic]1 elect$
 to      det]m9e ! public /atus (       

citiz5s1 h appe>$ 9 !      t[n hall1    
,jean ,audubon1 comm&+ ! w> sloop       
,c]b]us1      vessel ( ! ,republic1 ag$ 
=ty-n9e ye>s1 native ( ,les      ,sables
 d',olonne1 dep>tm5t ( ,la ,v5de1 &     
,anne ,mo9et 8      wife1 ag$           
fifty-eight ye>s1 native ( ! =m] p>i%   
( ,sa9t-,leon>d1 ( ?is commune1 :o1     
assi/$ by ,r5      ,t\ssa9t ,juli5      
,beus*]1 manufactur]1 ag$ tw5ty-five    
ye>s1 liv+ 9 ! section ( ,la ,halle1    
,rub5s ,/reet1 &      by ,juli5 ,pi]re  
,beus*]1 m>9e surgeon1 ag$ tw5ty-f\r    
ye>s1 liv+ 9 ! section ( ,la ,frat]nit1 
,m>*ix ,/reet1      & employ$ /eadily 9 
! said w> sloop ,c]b]us1 h      decl>$  
be=e me t !y d adopt & recognize f ?is  
mom5t z _! lawful *ildr51 to wit3       
,a male *ild nam$ ,f\gre1 born s9ce _!  
m>riage1      :i* took place on !       
tw5ty-f\r? ( ,augu/1 #aggb1 9      !    
commune ( ,paimbuf1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 to  
him1 ,jean      ,audubon1 & a woman liv+
 9 ,am]ica1 :o has be5 dead      ab\t   
eight ye>s1 & a female *ild1 nam$       

,muguet1 born      also s9ce ! m>riage  
a=esaid1 to him & ano!r woman      liv+ 
9 ,am]ica1 nam$ ,ca?>9e ,b\ff>d1 ( ^:   
fate he      is ignorant4       ,! two  
*ildr5 be+ pres5t1 ! fir/ ag$ n9e ye>s1 
t w expire on ! #bb;d ( next ,april1 !  
second ag$      sev5 ye>s1 t w also     
expire on ! #bf? ( ,april      next1 &  
bo? hav+ be5 born 9 ,am]ica1 accord+ to 
?is      decl>ation t ! witnesses above 
m5tion$ h signifi$      z true1 ,i h    
drawn up ! pres5t act1 :i* ! natural    
fa!r & ! "m by adoption1 z well z _!    
witnesses      h sign$1 toge!r ) myself 
9 ?is said day & ye>4  ,x w be notic$ t 
9 ?is legally atte/$ docum5t1 ,b\ff>d1 !
 true "n ( ,muguet's "m1 is giv51 :ile !
 "n ( ! "m ( ,audubon is suppress$4 ,x  
might !re=e be inf]r$ t ! "n ,rab91 :i* 
appe>s lat]1 0 assum$1 b z already      
rem>k$1 su* evid5ce is n conclusive4    
,f\gre1 :o 0 also call$ ,jean ,rab91 0  
baptiz$ on ,octob] #bc1 #ahjj1 by a     
prie/ ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t-,simili5 at      
,nantes4 ,! ar*ives ( ?is *ur* = ! p]iod

 9 "q h disappe>$1 b ,jean ,audubon's   
copy ( ! record has surviv$1 & reads z  
foll[s3#dd            ,,! ,,act ,,(     
,,baptism ,,( ,,jean ,,audubon-,,rab9   
,octob] #bc1 #ahjj       ,we1 !         
und]sign$1 c]tify to h baptiz$ on ?is   
day      ,jean ,jacques ,f\gre ,audubon1
 adoptive son ( ,jean ,audubon1         
lieut5ant ( a frigate ( ! ,republic1 & (
 ,anne ,mo9et1      8 legitimate wife1  
:o be+ pres5t be> witness t !           
adoption ( ! said ,f\gre1 made by !m1 is
 9 accordance      ) ! pres5t act4      
,sign$ ,,t>diveau1 prie/ (              
,sa9t-,simili51             ( ! t[n (   
,nantes4  ,! act ( adoption 0 drawn at a
 "t :5 ,capta9 ,audubon c\ld h _h little
 leisure to consult records _h he be5   
dispos$ to d s1 b ! dates ( bir? :i* he 
!n gave = ^! two *ildr5 7 correct bo? z 
to ! ye> & mon?4 ,f\gre1 h[ev]1 0 born  
on ! tw5ty-six?1 in/ead ( ! tw5ty-second
 ( ,april1 & ,muguet1 on ! tw5ty-n9?1   
in/ead ( ! tw5ty-six?1 ( t mon?4        
,audubon's "m's "n is indicat$ 9 num]\s 

legal docum5ts ( lat] date1 &1 z w      
appe>1 9 e in/ance h] son's id5tity is  
cle>ly e/abli%$4  ,"y ,audubon1 :o      
dislik$ ! names ( ,f\gre & ,rab91 &     
naturally wi%$ to be rid ( _! e>ly      
associations1 adopt$ ! fanciful "n ( ,la
 ,=e/1#de b us$ x only sporadically & = 
a %ort "t4 ,"s ( 8 draw+s ( birds made  
at ,nantes or ,c\ron z e>ly z #ahje1 & 9
 ,new ,york 9 #ahjf & #ahjg1 & possibly 
o!rs ( slightly lat] date1 are sign$ ,j4
 ,l4 ,f4 ,a41 or ,j4 ,j4 ,l4            
,audubon4#df  ,jean ,audubon & 8 wife   
are said to h settl$ "s prop]ty ^u ,jean
 ,rab91 crole de ,sa9t ,dom+ue1 :i* he  
refus$ to accept1 say+1 my own "n ,i h  
nev] be5 p]mitt$ ev5 to speak2 accord me
 t ( ,audubon1 :i* ,i rev]e1 z ,i h     
cause to d4#dg ,! ref]5ce 9 ?is in/ance 
01 ,i believe1 to ! f9al w ( ,lieut5ant 
,audubon1#dh accord+ to :i* 8 prop]ty1  
aft] be+ held 9 usufruct by 8 wife dur+ 
h] lifetime1 0 to be equally divid$     
betwe5 _! two adopt$ *ildr54 ,9 8 fir/ w
 ! son 0 ref]r$ to z ,jean ,audubon1 b 9

 ! second & la/ docum5t1 execut$ 9      
#ahaf1 two ye>s be=e ! te/ator's dea?1  
he appe>s z ,jean ,rab94 ,madame        
,audubon drew f\r wills2 9 ! fir/1 dat$ 
,decemb] #d1 #ahad1 h] adopt$ son is    
call$ ,jean ,audubon2 9 ! next1 ( #ahaf1
 he is ,jean ,rab91 crole de            
,sa9t-,dom+ue1 :ile 9 a draft writt5    
,decemb] #bf1 #ahai1 he is /yl$ simply  
,jean ,rab92 f9ally1 9 h] f\r? & la/    
te/am5t ( ,july #af1 #ahba1 ! word+ is  
,jean ,audubon1 call$ ',jean ,rab94' ,x 
is ?us v pla9 t ,audubon's fo/] p>5ts   
consid]$ x advisable to h 8 id5tity     
cle>ly set =? 9 legal docum5ts4 ,9 "o ( 
8 autobiographical sket*es ,audubon     
rem>k$ t 8 own "m 0 said to h be5 z     
weal?y z %e 0 beautiful1 & if ?is 7     
true1 su* caution might be expla9$ & a  
key f\nd to c]ta9 o!r enigmatical       
conditions :i* seem$ to h$ge 8 e>ly     
life4 ,b to su* possibilities x w be    
necess>y to rev]t at a lat] po9t ( our  
/ory4#di    ,illu/ration3 ,,audubon',s  
,,signature ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,p]iods ,,f   

#ahje ,,to      #ahdg4       ,! fir/1   
f\r? & six? are f e>ly draw+s2 !        
second f ,audubon & ,rozi]'s ,articles (
 ,association2      ! fif? f a release  
giv5 to ,rozi]2 & ! rema9d]      f      
lett]s4  ,?is dual p]sonality 0 set =?  
by ! naturali/ himself1 b 9 a m curi\s  
=m1 9 a p[] ( attorney#ej execut$ at    
,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 on ,july #bf1 #ahag1
 9 favor ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,gabriel ,loy5
 du ,puigaudeau4 ,?is measure 0 tak5 m  
?an a ye> aft] ,audubon's fa!r _h drawn 
up 8 la/ w1 9 :i* ! son 0 ref]r$ to z   
,jean ,rab91 & 0 evid5tly design$ to    
facilitate any settlem5t ( ?is w :i*    
ev5ts 9 ,france might r5d] necess>y4 ,! 
naturali/ 0 !n engag$ 9 8 fam\s b       
disa/r\s f9ancial ent]prises on ! ,ohio 
,riv]1#ea b :e!r any intimation _h come 
to him ( possible legal tr\bles1 :i*    
lat] actually ensu$ 9 ,france1 _c be    
/at$4  ,9 read+ ! publi%$ acc\nts (     
,audubon's e>ly life _m h be5 puzzl$ by 
! abs5ce ( def9ite dates1 z well z by ! 
num]\s contradictions 9 :i* !y ab\nd4 ,x

 is ne$less to burd5 ?is n>rative ) a   
t$i\s ref]5ce to all ^! errors or to    
attempt to trace _! orig91 :i* no d\bt  
_h _m s\rces1 b s9ce we h giv5 ! fir/   
true acc\nt ( ! naturali/'s bir?1 we _c 
pass ^! matt]s )\t a ^w ( comm5t4 ,!    
situation is some:at involv$1 s9ce we   
%\ld possibly diff]5tiate betwe5 :at    
,audubon at diff]5t times believ$ to be 
true1 & :at he wi%$ to make kn[n to 8   
family or to ! public2 possibly also we 
%\ld discrim9ate betwe5 :at he actually 
publi%$ ov] 8 own signature dur+ 8      
lifetime & ! mat]ial :i* has appe>$ s9ce
 8 dea?1 ev5 ?\gh orig9ally writt5 by 8 
own h&4  ,! fir/ def9ite date :i*       
,audubon ev] gave conc]n+ 8 own life 0 t
 ( 8 m>riage 9 #ahjh1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-?ree
 ye>s ( age1 & all t he ev] publi%$ ( a 
biographical nature is to be f\nd 9 8   
,orni?ological ,biography4#eb ,9 !      
introduction to ?is "w he simply said t 
he _h receiv$ light & life 9 ! ,new ,_w1
 & fur!r t he return$ to ,am]ica f      
,france1 :i!r he _h gone to receive !   

rudim5ts ( 8 education1 at ! age (      
sev5te54 ,s9ce ,audubon's fir/ return to
 ,am]ica 0 9 ! autumn ( #ahjc1 :5 he 0  
actually ab\t eighte5 & "o-half ye>s    
old1 ?is /atem5t is n s wide ( ! m>k z  
to imply t ! date ( 8 bir? 0 n !n well  
und]/ood4 ,moreov]1 ! record ( 8        
adoption1 :i* 0 c]tifi$ to at ! "t ( 8  
baptism 9 #ahjj1 0 c>efully pres]v$     
among ! family docum5ts1 & !re is no    
reason to suppose t k ( 8 age 0 ev]     
)held f him4 ,nev]!less1 ,audubon 0     
incl9$ to ov]e/imate 8 ye>s1 a          
*>act]i/ic r>e 9 ^! days2 :5 at ,ox=d 9 
#ahbh he 0 ask$ = 8 autograph1 & 0 begg$
 to inscribe also ! date ( 8 bir?2 t1 he
 said 9 record+ ! incid5t1 ,i c\ld n d1 
except approximately1 & 8 ho/ess 0      
greatly amus$ t he %\ld n "k4  ,:ile go+
 d[n ! ,ohio ,riv] 9 #ahbj1 b\nd = ,new 
,orleans1 ,audubon took advantage ( a   
ra9y day to write 9 8 j\rnal some?+ ab\t
 himself t he ?\ght 8 *ildr5 at "s      
future "t might desire to "k4 ,?is brief
 record may or may n h be5 at h& :5 9   

#ahce he wrote ! m ext5d$ v]sion t      
f9ally saw ! light 9 #ahic4ec ,s9ce !   
manuscript ( ! lat] sket* 0 presumably 9
 possession ( ,mrs4 ,audubon :5 !       
biography ( h] husb& 0 prep>$ 9 ,new    
,york ab\t ! ye> #ahff1 t acc\nt 9 its  
v>i\s v]sions has furni%$ biograph]s )  
practically all ( ! available mat]ial1 n
 purely conjectural1 conc]n+ !          
naturali/'s e>ly life4 ,su* additions z 
7 made subsequ5tly h prov$ to be v      
inaccurate4  ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! sket*es1    
:i*1 s f> z x goes1 is m 9 /rict accord 
) facts1 ,audubon said no?+ ( 8 bir?1 & 
( 8 "m rem>k$ only t he _h be5 told t %e
 0 an extraord9>y beautiful woman1 :o   
di$ %ortly aft] he 0 born4 ,8 fa!r1 he  
add$1 saw 8 weal? torn f him1 until !re 
0 left b>ely en\gh to educate 8 two     
*ildr51 all t rema9$ ( ! five1 8 ?ree   
eld] bro!rs#ed hav+ be5 kill$ 9 ! w>s4  
,he !n believ$1 z he said1 t 8 fir/     
j\rney to ,france 0 made :5 he 0 two    
ye>s old4  ,! lat] & full] biography1   
ref]r$ to above z writt5 9 #ahce &      

publi%$ 9 #ahic1 beg9s ) ^! words3#ee   
,! precise p]iod ( my bir? is yet an    
enigma to me1 & ,i      c only say :at  
,i h (t5 he>d my fa!r repeat to me      
on ?is subject1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,x     
seems t my fa!r      _h l>ge prop]ties 9
 ,santo ,dom+o1 & 0 9 ! habit      (    
visit+ frequ5tly t portion ( our ,s\!rn 
,/ates      call$1 & kn[n by ! "n (1    
,l\isiana1 !n own$ by      ! ,fr5*      
,gov]nm5t4       ,dur+ "o ( ^!          
excursions he m>ri$ a lady ( ,spani%    
extraction1 :om ,i h be5 l$ to und]/& 0 
z      beautiful z %e 0 weal?y1 &       
o!rwise attractive1 &      :o bore my   
fa!r ?ree sons & a daught]1--,i be+ !   
y\nge/ ( ! sons & ! only "o :o surviv$  
extreme      y\?4 ,my "m1 soon aft] my  
bir?1 accompani$ my fa!r      to ! e/ate
 sic ( ,aux ,cayes1#ef on ! isl& (      
,santo ,dom+o1 & %e 0 "o ( ! victims    
dur+ !      ev]-to-be-lam5t$ p]iod ( !  
negro insurrection ( t      isl&4       
,my fa!r1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( "s       
fai?ful s]vants1      escap$ f ,aux     

,cayes ) a good portion ( 8 plate      &
 money1 & ) me & ^! humble fri5ds rea*$ 
,new      ,orleans 9 safety4 ,f ?is     
place he took me to ,france1 :]e        
hav+ m>ri$ ! only "m ,i h ev] kn[n1 he  
left      me "u h] *>ge & return$ to !  
,unit$ ,/ates 9 !      employ ( ! ,fr5* 
,gov]nm5t1 act+ z an (fic] "u           
,admiral ,ro*ambeau4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1   
h[ev]1 he l&$ 9      ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  
became atta*$ to ! army "u ,la          
,fayette4  ,! true hi/ory ( ,jean       
,audubon's comm]cial1 naval1 & civic    
c>e] is giv5 9 ! prec$+ & foll[+ *apt]s4
  ,! naturali/1 9 8 lett]s & j\rnals1   
made frequ5t allusions to 8 age1 b1 z 8 
gr&daught] rem>k$1 ) "o exception1 no   
two agree2 h5ce1 8 gr&daught] conclud$ t
 he might h be5 born any:]e f #aggb to  
#aghc4 ,9 ! face ( su* unc]ta9ty %e     
adopt$ ! traditional date ( ,may #e1    
#aghj1 add+ t ! true "o 0 no d\bt e>li]4
 ,audubon 0 ?us five ye>s y\ng] ?an 8   
biograph]s suppos$1 & tw5ty-"o ye>s 7   
add$ to ! age ( 8 fa!r1 :o actually liv$

 to be only sev5ty-f\r ye>s old1 :ile 8 
son di$ 9 8 sixty-sev5? ye>4  ,:]ev] !re
 is my/]y !re tradition is c]ta9 to     
raise its head1 & ?\gh ! naturali/ c>ri$
 8 enigma to ! grave1 o!rs1 build+ ^u 8 
/ory1 h fix$ ^u ! v h\se 9 ,l\isiana 9  
:i* he is said to h be5 born4 ,inde$1   
advocates ( m ?an "o h\se 9 t /ate z !  
probable sc5e ( ,audubon's nativity h   
aris5 9 rec5t times4 ,we are oblig$1    
!re=e1 to exam9e some:at f>!r ! n[      
univ]sally receiv$ b ?or\ghly errone\s  
idea t ,john ,james ,audubon 0 a native 
( ,l\isiana at a "t :5 t ,commonweal? 0 
"p ( a prov9ce ( ,france4  ,uphold+ a   
tradition ( r rec5t gr[?1 ,audubon's    
gr&daught] has express$ ! belief t !    
naturali/ 0 born 9 a h\se belong+ to !  
fam\s ,philippe de ,m>igny & kn[n z     
,fonta9ebleau4 ,?is 0 a sug> plantation 
on ! nor? side ( ,lake ,pon*>tra91 ?ree 
miles ea/ ( :at is n[ ! village (       
,m&eville & tw5ty-five miles due nor? ( 
,new ,orleans4  ,pi]re ,engu]r&         
,philippe de ,m&eville1 ,ecuy] ,sieur de

 ,m>igny1#eg at "o "t own] ( va/ e/ates 
9 & ab\t ,new ,orleans1 0 born 9 t city 
9 #agej1 & s]v$ z its alcade or mayor = 
two ye>s4 ,a lavi% disp5s] (            
hospitality1 9 #agih he ent]ta9$ 9 great
 /ate ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 lat] kn[n z   
,l\is ,philippe ( ,france1 toge!r ) 8   
two bro!rs :o accompani$ him4 ,he di$ at
 ,new ,orleans1 leav+ five sons1 ( :om !
 ?ird1 ,b]n>d ,m>igny1 lat] became !    
own] ( ,fonta9ebleau1 :i* x has be5     
mi/ak5ly assum$ 0 inh]it$ f 8 fa!r4 ,at 
! "t ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans' visit j      
m5tion$ ,jean ,audubon _h be5 out ( !   
c\ntry n9e ye>s2 !re is no evid5ce ( 8  
ev] hav+ own$ prop]ty at ,new ,orleans1 
or ev] hav+ su/a9$ any relations ) !    
,m>igny family4  ,be=e foll[+ ! ,m>igny 
my? fur!r1 x w be int]e/+ to notice a   
late e*o ( ! ,fonta9ebleau /ory4 ,9     
#aiaj ! ,rev]5d ,gordon ,bakewell1 !n 9 
8 eighty-n9? ye>1 gave "s int]e/+       
rem9isc5ces ( ,audubon1 & spoke v       
def9itely conc]n+ bo? ! "t & place ( 8  
bir?4 ,dr4 ,bakewell 0 a nephew ( ,mrs4 

,audubon1 & z a y\?1 9 #ahcd1 _h pass$  
"s "t at h] home 9 ,london4 ,john ,w4   
,audubon1 ) 8 fa!r's assi/ance1 pa9t$ at
 t "t a portrait ( "y ,bakewell1 :o at a
 lat] day 0 welcom$ 9 _! home on !      
,hudson4 ,dr4 ,bakewell's contribution 0
 z foll[s3#eh       ,! unc]ta9ty z to ! 
place ( ,audubon's bir? has be5      put
 to re/ by ! te/imony ( an eye witness 9
 ! p]son      ( old ,m&eville ,m>igny n[
 dead "s ye>s4 ,8 repeat$      /atem5t  
to me 01 t on 8 plantation at ,m&eville1
      ,l\isiana1 on ,lake ,pon*>tra91   
,audubon's "m 0 8      gue/2 & :ile !re 
gave bir? to ,john ,james ,audubon4     
,m>igny 0 pres5t at ! "t1 & f 8 own     
lips1      ,i h1 z already said1        
repeat$ly he>d him ass]t !      above   
fact4 ,he 0 ev] pr\d to be> ?is te/imony
 ( 8      protection giv5 to ,audubon's 
"m1 & 8 ability to be>      witness z to
 ! place ( ,audubon's bir?1 ?us e/abli%+
      ! fact t he 0 a ,l\isianian by    
bir?4  ,we d n d\bt ! c&or & s9c]ity ( !
 excell5t ,dr4 ,bakewell1 b are b\nd to 

say t ! incid5ts z relat$ above betray a
 /rik+ lapse ( memory & an ev5 great]   
misund]/&+ ( record$ facts4 ,s+ul>ly a  
footnote to ! p>agraph quot$ %[s t !    
,m>igny to :om he ref]s 01 z mu/ h be5 !
 case1 ,b]n>d ,m&eville de ,m>igny1 :o 0
 born 9 #aghe1 ! same ye> z ! naturali/4
 ,s9ce bo? 7 9 ! cradle at ! same "t1 he
 is h>dly available z a witness4        
,moreov]1 ! (ficial records ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,gov]nm5t prove t ! e/ate call$  
,fonta9ebleau 0 n 9 possession ( !      
,m>igny family at ! "t ( ,audubon's     
bir?4 ,! l& 9 "q 0 grant$ to a creole   
nam$ ,antonio ,bonnabel1 on ,janu>y #be1
 #agii1 by ,manuel ,goyon de ,lemore1   
,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,l\isiana
 & ,we/ ,florida4 ,bonnabel sold 8 tract
 to ,b]n>d ,m>igny 9 #ahjj1 & ,congress 
confirm$ 8 title to x by a special act 9
 #ahcf4ei  ,b]n>d ,m>igny s]v$ 9 ! ,fr5*
 army t[>ds ! close ( ! ,napoleonic     
p]iod1 & 8 return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f  
,france1 ab\t #ahah1 is said to h be5   
ha/5$ by a duel :i* he f\ght ) "o ( 8   

sup]ior (fic]s4 ,on 8 return he nam$    
,bonnabel's old tract on ,lake          
,pon*>tra9 ,fonta9ebleau1 9 remembrance 
( ! place :]e 8 regim5t _h be5 assign$ =
 duty 9 ,france1 & ev5tually built ^u ! 
e/ate a sawmill & a sug>-h\se1 & plant$ 
sug> cane1 liv+ mean:ile on ano!r       
plantation two & "o-half miles away4 ,! 
latt] e/ate 0 allott$ by him 9 #ahcb1 :5
 he gave x ! "n ( ,m&eville2 ! settlem5t
 ?us />t$ has s9ce gr[n to a village (  
"s #a1ejj p4 ,"h a summ] h\se :i*       
belong$ to ,b]n>d's fa!r /ill exi/s1    
al?\gh 9 alt]$ =m2 x has be5 rais$ to   
accommodate a l[] /ory1 & is n[ kn[n z !
 ,cas9o4 ,accord+ to ^? :o h mo/        
c>efully inve/igat$ exi/+ records1 ?is  
is ! only h\se 9 ,m&eville :i* belong$  
to ! eld] ,m>igny at ! "t ( :i* we      
speak4  ,b]n>d ,m>igny 0 "o ( ^? :o     
befri5d$ ,audubon :5 he 0 9 desp]ate    
/raits at ,new ,orleans 9 #ahba1 by     
advanc+ him money 9 return = portraits  
or draw+s ( birds4 ,he di$ 9 t city 9   
#ahfh1 :5 9 8 eighty-?ird ye>1 a poor & 

hone/ man4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,lieut5ant  
,,audubon ,,z ,,revolutioni/            
,backgr\nd ( ,audubon's y\?--,nantes 9  
,revolution--,revolt 9      ,la         
,v5de--,siege ( ,nantes--,reign ( t]ror 
"u ,c>ri]--,plague      robb+ !         
guillot9e--,flight ( !                  
population--,execution      (           
,*>ette--,! ,*\an raid--,citiz5         
,audubon's s]vice--,he      re5t]s !    
navy & takes a prize f ! ,engli%--,8    
subsequ5t naval c>e]--,8 losses 9 ,santo
 ,dom+o--,8      s]vice & rank--,retires
 on a p5sion--,8 dea?--,8 "*      &     
appe>ance4   ,! anci5t city ( ,nantes1  
long fam$ = ! beauty ( its situation on 
! banks ( a noble riv]1 )9 easy rea* ( !
 sea1 z well z = its importance 9 ! arts
 ( w> & peace1 numb]$ at ! "t ( !       
,revolution #gj1jjj s\ls4 ,! mod]n      
visitor to ?is favor$ spot w f9d quiet &
 ord]ly /reets adorn$ ) monum5tal /atues
 7"o ( ^! repres5t+ ,gup91 ! rev]$      
hi/orian ( ! city71 ! old build+s ne>ly 
all replac$ by bett]1 ! ,loire spann$ by

 h&some bridges1 & ! anci5t b\nds ( !   
t[n ext5d$ until x has become ! six?    
city ( ! ,republic4 ,s9ce ,nantes =m$ a 
somb] backgr\nd to ,audubon's y\?1 we   
%all foll[ 9 brief "s ( ! ordeals ?r\gh 
:i* 8 family1 9 common ) ?\s&s ( o!r    
,nantais1 7 de/9$ to pass dur+ ^?       
ev5tful ye>s :i* witness$ ! close ( !   
eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france4  ,:5 ,capta9 
,audubon rea*$ ,nantes presumably n f> f
 ! beg9n+ ( #agij1 he f\nd ! city 9 a   
/ate ( ! greate/ turmoil & agitation4 ,!
 commons1 or ?ird e/ate1 includ$ hundr$s
 ( its ri* & influ5tial citiz5s1 & _!   
dem&s = a fair he>+ & a repres5tation   
equal to t ( ! o!r ord]s _h !n pass$ !  
/age ( op5 revolt1 = !y _h plant$ _!    
lib]ty tree & 7 sworn to def5d x4 ,9    
,augu/ ( #aghi a p]man5t ,committee (   
,public ,safety _h be5 con/itut$ at     
,nantes1 & by ! end ( t mon? #a1bjj _h  
volunte]$ = s]vice 9 ! ,national ,gu>d4 
,!re 7 _m loyali/s 9 ! city b !y c\ld n 
cru% ! ard5t _s ( ?is revolt1 & :5 9    
,septemb] money 0 ne$$ to equip !       

revolution>y soldi]y1 "y s*ool *ildr5   
rais$ l>ge sums = ! popul> cause4 ,jean 
,audubon imm$iately ca/ 8 lot ) !       
revolutioni/s & jo9$ ! ,national ,gu>d1 
b h[ mu* s]vice he saw 9 ! field _c n[  
be det]m9$2 x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t he 0 )  
^! troops 9 ! spr+ ( #agib4fj  ,9 ,m>*1 
#agic1 ! loyali/s ( ,la ,v5de rose to   
arms1 & m>*+ on ,nantes "u ! able       
lead]%ip ( ,*>ette1 ?reat5$ to put its  
g>rison to ! sword if x 7 n surr5d]$ )9 
six h\rs4 ,! ,national ,gu>d met ^!     
invad]s outside ! walls & left ! citiz5s
 to %ift = !mselves4 ,?us ?r[n ^u _! own
 res\rces1 ! ,nantais %[$ t !y c\ld help
 !mselves4 ,!y requisition$ & us$ =     
def5se ev]y?+ at h&2 !y exhum$ ! lead5  
c(f9s 9 _! gr& ca!dral & appropriat$    
wat]sp\ts = ammunition1 :ile _! *ur*    
bells 7 mold$ into cannon4 ,?\gh held 9 
*eck1 ! ,v5deans laid siege to ! city1 &
 b = ! resolution ( its mayor1 ,baco1   
,nantes w\ld probably h fall5--9 :i*    
ev5t ,audubon w\ld h _h a diff]5t hi/ory
 & w\ld probably nev] h become a pione] 

naturali/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,baco1 disreg>d+ ! 
advice ( 8 milit>y *iefs1 imm$iately    
plac>d$ ! walls ( ,nantes decree+ dea?  
to any :o %\ld sugge/ capitulation1 &   
call$ all ! inhabitants to arms1 sp>+   
nei!r woman nor *ild4 ,! ,v5deans _h met
 _! mat*1 = !y 7 deal+ ) _m ( _! own    
blood1 b ?\gh ! siege began 9 e>ly ,m>*1
 !y 7 n effectually disp]s$ until ! end 
( ,june1 & !n only aft] mu* blood%$ )\t 
! walls4 ,:5 ! imm$iate crisis _h pass$1
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,republic 0         
unanim\sly accept$ by ! eighte5 sections
 ( ,nantes1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ,july1
 #agib4  ,a few mon?s lat] 9 t fateful  
ye> a m t]rible calamity befell ! city1 
:5 ! reign ( t]ror "u ! notori\s        
ultra-revolutioni/1 ,jean ,b4 ,c>ri]1   
began4 ,c>ri] rea*$ ,nantes on ,octob]  
#h & at once propos$ to ext]m9ate bo? ! 
,v5dean royali/s & _! ,nantais          
sympa?iz]s4 ,he reorganiz$ ! entire     
adm9i/ration to suit 8 purposes1 & to   
c>ry out 8 plans recruit$ f ! l[e/      
classes a revolution>y army to spy ^u1  

d5\nce & arre/ private citiz5s1 _m ( :om
 7 s5t to ,p>is = trial :5 n secretly   
dispat*$4 ,! :ole di/rict 0 soon p>alyz$
 by ! b>b>ity ( ! crimes !n committ$1 & 
! unhappy ,v5deans 7 dragg$ to ,nantes1 
to be %ot1 guillot9$ or dr[n$1 9 su*    
numb]s t ! city 0 unable to bury its    
dead or ! riv] to dis*>ge !m to ! sea4  
,?us p]i%$ ?\s&s1 unc\nt$ if n unkn[n1 &
 ! pe/il5ce ( typhoid fev] t imm$iately 
foll[$ claim$ ano!r heavy toll reg>dless
 ( political sympa?ies4 ,:ile ^! dire   
sc5es 7 be+ enact$1 ,jean ,jacques      
,f\gre ,audubon1 !n a lad ( eight ye>s1 
0 liv+ 9 ! he>t ( ,nantes1 & 8 fa!r 0 "o
 ( its lead+ revolutioni/s4 ,an aunt ( !
 future orni?ologi/1 accord+ to 8       
acc\nt1 :o 0 "o ( ^! wret*$ victims (   
revolution>y fury1 0 dragg$ ?r\gh !     
/reets ( ,nantes be=e 8 eyes1 b app>5tly
 %e did n actually meet h] dea? at t    
"t4#fa  ,t ,jean ,audubon mov$ 8 family 
out ( ,nantes dur+ ! revolution>y crisis
 is possible1 & ,c\ron w\ld h be5       
available z a place ( refuge4 ,_m       

,nantais are kn[n to h fl$ to ,lori5t on
 ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 :]e !y f\nd 9 !    
h]oic y\? ,juli5 ! ard5t & fe>less      
patriot :o 0 de/9$ to become ! real     
savior ( _! /rick5 city4 ,"y ,juli5     
d5\nc$ ,c>ri] 9 8 lett]s to ,robespi]re1
 & :5 "o ( ^! 0 int]cept$1 defi$ him 9  
p]son4 ,:5 8 /irr+ appeals f9ally rea*$ 
! ,tribunal at ,p>is1 its misnam$       
repres5tative 0 recall$1 & left ,nantes 
"u cov] ( night on ,febru>y #ad1 #agid4 
,dur+ 8 mad reign ( f\r mon?s1 ,c>ri] _h
 gone f> t[>ds c>ry+ out 8 !ory (       
republican gov]nm5t1 t %\ld beg91 z he  
op5ly av[$1 by suppress+ half ( !       
population ( ,france4 ,! records %[ t   
ne>ly n9e ?\s& bodies 7 buri$ 9 ,nantes 
9 a little ov] ?ree mon?s1 f ,janu>y #ae
 to ,april #bd1 #agid4 ,! plague ( fev] 
no d\bt acc\nt$ = _m ( ^!1 b ! wide     
rea*es ( ! ,loire nev] told _! full     
/ory4  ,?\gh ! mo/ griev\s affliction ( 
,nantes pass$ ) ! recall ( ,c>ri]1 !    
city _h no la/+ peace until ! execution 
( ! ,v5dean lead]1 ,*>ette1 9 ,m>*1     

#agif2 ,poor ,*>ette1 said ,audubon1    
writ+ 9 8 j\rnal at ,liv]pool1 ,decemb] 
#bd1 #ahbg1 :om ,i saw %ot on ! place de
 ,vi>me at ,nantes4 ,?is virtually end$ 
! w> 9 ! ,v5de1 b ! ,*\ans1 "u _!       
intrepid *ief1 ,dupr1 ! mill]1 call$    
,tte-,c>re1 manag$ to furni% consid]able
 excitem5t1 & raid$ ,nantes 9 #agii4    
,dupr's foll[]s /ole 9 secretly at ?ree 
o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,octob] #ai & left 
be=e daylight1 aft] lib]at+ fifte5      
royali/s f ! prison1 :i* seems to h be5 
_! *ief purpose4 ,! cannon ( al>m 0 fir$
 f ! ,*ateau2 ! tocs9 s\nd$1 call+ !    
city to arms2 !re 0 mu* /reet fight+1 b 
x 0 too foggy & d>k to di/+ui% fri5d f  
foe1 & :5 ! ,national ,gu>d 0 f9ally    
assembl$1 ! enemy _h vani%$4 ,?is brief 
attack co/ ! city tw5ty-"o dea?s & w\nds
 = twice ! numb]1#fb b x 0 only a pass+ 
incid5t 9 comp>ison ) ev5ts t _h gone   
be=e4 ,!nce=? ! hi/ory ( ! t[n is bl5d$ 
) t ( ! nation4#fc  ,we h only slight   
indications ( ,jean ,audubon's          
activities f ! close ( #aghi1 :51       

accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 he 0 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! p]iod ( 8 s]vice 9 !
 ,national ,gu>d at ,nantes 9 ! spr+ (  
#agib2 he 0 !n liv+ 9 ! h\se ( ,citiz5  
,c>ric\le1 rue de ,crbillon1 & ! lease (
 8 ,mill ,grove f>m1 :i* 0 r5ew$ 9      
,octob]1 #agij1 0 dat$ at ,nantes4 ,we  
may safely assume t he 0 engag$ 9       
revolution>y bus9ess dur+ mo/ ( ?is     
int]val3 8 "n beg9s to appe> 9 ! writt5 
records ( ,nantes & ( ! dep>tm5t ( !    
,l[] ,loire 9 ,janu>y1 #agic1 & exi/+   
docum5ts#fd %[ t he 0 engag$ z a        
commission] & memb] ( ! ,dep>tm5t & z a 
memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,navy until !     
tw5ty-fif? ( ,june1 :5 he enli/$ =      
active s]vice 9 ! navy ( ! ,republic4   
,jean ,audubon s]v$ also on v>i\s       
republican committees1 8 duties compris+
 ! enli/m5t ( recruits1 organiz+ !      
,national ,gu>d1 solicit+ funds & food  
supplies = ,nantes1 f9d+ cannon & o!r   
milit>y or naval mat]ials1 po/+         
proclamations1 adm9i/]+ ! oa? (         
allegiance1 & wat*+ ! movem5ts ( loyali/

 troops 9 ! di/rict4 ,we h se5 t ! fa!r 
( ! naturali/ 0 a game & det]m9$ fight]1
 & !re is ample writt5 te/imony to prove
 t 9 ! commune ( ,nantes he 0 reg>d$ z  
an ard5t patriot1 :o c\ld be reli$ ^u to
 act ) tact1 & if necess>y ) =ce4       
,illu/ration3 ,,lieut5ant ,,jean        
,,audubon     ,,anne ,,moynet ,,audubon 
,,aft] ,,oil ,,portraits ,,pa9t$        
,,betwe5 #ahja ,,& #ahjf1 ,,n[ ,,9      
,,possession ,,( ,m4 ,l4 ,,lavigne1 ,,at
 ,,c\,,ron4    ,illu/ration3 ,,jean     
,,audubon       ,,aft] ,,an ,,oil       
,,portrait ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican   
,,arti/ ,,polk1      ,,at               
,,philadelphia1 ,,ab\t #aghi1 ,,n[ ,,9  
,,possession ,,( ,,mrs4 ,,morris        
,,frank ,,tyl]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,c\rtesy
 ,,( ,,miss ,,m>ia ,r4 ,,audubon4  ,hav+
 be5 appo9t$ a ,civil ,commission] by ! 
,directory ( ! ,dep>tm5t on ,janu>y #ag1
 #agic1 ,citiz5 ,audubon 0 s5t to       
,sav5ay1 a t[n ( "s importance          
tw5ty-five miles to ! nor?we/ ( ,nantes4
 ,8 in/ructions on ?is mission 7 to ga!r

 useful in=mation on ! civil1 moral &   
political /ate ( ! di/rict1 9 ord] to   
br+ a rem$y1 & to adm9i/] ! oa? (       
allegiance to all adm9i/rative &        
judicial bodies4 ,jean began op]ations  
)\t delay1 & 8 report1 :i* 0 kept 9     
j\rnal =m & embraces ! p]iod f ,janu>y  
#ai to ,septemb] #aj1 #agic1 is an      
int]e/+ docum5t2 x cov]s fifty-"o l>ge  
foolscap pages1 writt5 n[ 9 a f9e & aga9
 9 a bold1 regul> h&1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* 8 
*>act]i/ic signature#fe occurs no less  
?an tw5ty-two times1 ea* section ( !    
report hav+ be5 sign$ z complet$4 ,9 "o 
section ( ?is j\rnal he wrote3 ,our     
op]ations hav+ be5 f9i%$1 we assembl$   
ar\nd ! tree ( lib]ty1 & !re sang ! hymn
 ( ! ,m>seillaise1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ )    
frequ5t %\ts ( ',vive la rpublique61'   
',vive la nation61' & m ?an "o *>ge (   
musketry4    ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,(     
,,jean ,,audubon',s ,,signatures ,,9 ,,8
 ,,report ,,to ,,!      ,,directory1    
#agic4       ,f ! orig9al 9 ! ar*ives ( 
! prfecture at ,nantes4  ,jean ,audubon 

) eight o!rs 0 *>g$ ) organiz+ !        
,national ,gu>d 9 ! canton ( ,pell]91 & 
ord]$ to accompany ! deta*m5t t m>*$ to 
! relief ( ,pornic1 ,m>* #bg1 #agic4 ,! 
,citiz5 0 busy also 9 o!r directions4   
,he said 9 8 report3       ,9 virtue ( !
 p[] conf]r$ ^u u by ! ,c5tral          
,committee1 on ! n9? ( ,april we 7      
transport$ to !      p>i% ( ,c\ron1 :]e 
we arriv$ at sev5 o'clock 9 !           
morn+4 ,proclamations 7 po/$ bo? at     
,c\ron & at      ,port ,launay close by1
 :ile "s 7 s5t across ! riv]      to    
,pell]94 ,we avail$ ourselves on ?is    
occasion ( !      s]vices ( two (fic]s (
 a corsair1 :o dem&$ t we      aid 9    
remov+ f ,pell]9 f\r cannon ) f\r-p\nd  
balls1 & we succe$$ 9 putt+ to flight a 
small b>que      & f\r m51 :o an h\r    
lat] return$ ) cannon4444 ,!      p>i% (
 ,c\ron appe>s v tranquil1 & is 9 a     
bett]      mood ?an at fir/ seem$ to u4 
,a little lat] ,jean proce$$ to ,paimbuf
 on a simil> err&4 ,8 lett]s to !       
citiz5-adm9i/rators ( t commune are dat$

 at ,nantes on ! sev5te5? ( ,april & !  
f\rte5? ( ,may2 9 "o ( ^! he ref]s to ! 
sum ( f\r hundr$ francs due f !         
,adm9i/ration = "o ye>'s r5t ( my h\se 9
 calle ,rond9eau 7 la calle rond9o71 :i*
 y h tak5 = a corps de g>de 7see ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #cb74  ,9 ,july & ,augu/ ( ?is   
second ye> ( ! ,republic1 ,citiz5       
,audubon 0 s5t to 8 native t[n ( ,les   
,sables d',olonne to foll[ ! movem5ts ( 
! loyali/ g5]als ,we/]mann & ,b\l>t1#ff 
a mission :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 agreeable
 if1 z seems to h be5 ! case1 "s ( 8 own
 p 7 loyal to ! old rgime4              
,correspond5ce by sea betwe5 ,les       
,sables & ,nantes1 :i* 0 op5 be=e !     
siege1 0 n brok5 at ?is "t1 = ! royali/s
 _h nam$ "o ( _! repres5tatives1 ,b5oit1
 z a delegate to frat]nize ) ! citiz5s (
 ,nantes1 to invite ! au?orities to     
correspond1 & beg !m to s5d food if !y  
_h m ?an !y requir$4 ,f\r ( ,jean's     
lett]s1 dat$ at ,les ,sables on ! fif? &
 eigh? ( ,july & ! six? ( ,augu/1       
besides "o f ,la ,ro*elle on ! f\rte5? (

 ,july1 all address$ to ! ,adm9i/ration 
( ! ,loire infrieure1 h be5 pres]v$4  ,9
 ! manuscript records ( ! ,dep>tm5t =   
#agic is f\nd also a notice ( ,jean's   
appo9tm5t z ,special ,commission]1 ) a  
memor&um ( all ! money paid to reimburse
 him = ! exp5ses ( 8 num]\s j\rneys4    
,?us1 x is not$ t he _h be5 paid #ade   
francs = a s]vice ( tw5ty-n9e days1 :i* 
w\ld repres5t ! mode/ all[ance ( a doll>
 a day4 ,ano!r item %[s t he _h receiv$ 
#ajj francs = a t\r ( t5 days2 a note   
:i* 0 add$ to ?is item to expla9 !      
,directory's sanction = ! paym5t ( ano!r
 =ty-five francs & t5 s\s reads z       
foll[s3 by its ord] ( ! six? ( ,m>* la/1
 ! ,c\ncil _h1 9 effect1 nam$ ,citiz5   
,audubon z its ,commission]1 to visit ! 
coa/s & to secure signatures1 ) full p[]
 to treat ) all p1 to acquire mat]ials =
 ! navy & o!r objects ( 8 mission2 if   
?is mission did n prove successful1 x 0 
solely ?r\gh =ce ( circum/ances1 & n f  
any lack ( zeal on 8 "p4#fg  ,on !      
tw5ty-fif? ( ,june1 #agic1 :ile engag$ 9

 duties to :i* we h j ref]r$1 ,jean     
,audubon 0 appo9t$1 ) rank ( ensign1 to 
comm& ! ,republican lugg] nam$ !        
,c]b]us4#fh ,dur+ ?is *>ge1 :i* la/$    
until ! tw5ty-second ( ,novemb] ( !     
foll[+ ye>1 he f\ght "o ( ! /iffe/      
engagem5ts ( 8 c>e]4 ,on ! twelf? (     
,july he enc\nt]$ ! ,brilliant1 an      
,engli% private] ( f\rte5 cannon :i* _h 
captur$ an ,am]ican %ip lad5 ) fl\r2 &  
aft] a desp]ate battle :i* la/$ ?ree    
h\rs1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,jean 0 w\nd$ 9 ! 
left ?igh1 ! ,engli%man1 beat5 & oblig$ 
to surr5d] 8 prize1 0 glad to escape "u 
cov] ( night4 ,jean t[$ ! ,am]ican into 
! port ( ,la ,ro*elle1 & aft]w>ds s5t to
 ! ,adm9i/ration a full acc\nt ( !      
engagem5t4#fi ,ensign ,audubon's next   
comm& 0 a dispat* boat call$ ,l',eveill 
7,! ,awak5$71 on :i* he s]v$ = ne>ly n9e
 mon?s1 f ,novemb] #bc1 #agid1 to ,augu/
 #ad1 #agie4 ,he 0 !n detail$ = port    
duty at ,la ,ro*elle f ,augu/ #ae1      
#agie1 to ,janu>y #bd1 #agig4 ,8 la/ %ip
 0 ,l',in/ituteur 7,! ,in/itutor71 :i*  

he comm&$ ) ! rank ( lieut5ant de       
vaisseau1 ,janu>y #be to ,octob] #c1    
#agig1 :ile he 0 engag$ 9 gov]nm5tal    
bus9ess betwe5 ! ports ( ,la ,ro*elle & 
,bre/4  ,! f9ancial losses :i*          
,lieut5ant ,audubon su/a9$ at ,les      
,cayes 9 consequ5ce ( ! revolution 9    
,santo ,dom+o 7 a cru%+ bl[ to him2 he  
nev] recov]$ 8 =tune1 lat] e/imat$ by 8 
son-9-law at a sum :i* at t day w\ld h  
be5 fabul\s4#gj ,! bus9ess h\se 9 :i* he
 0 int]e/$ fail$2 8 plantations1 ref9]y1
 h\ses & /ores1 ! r5ts f :i*1 z we h    
se51 9 c]ta9 ye>s aft] #aghi1 _h yield$ 
#ij1jjj francs1 7 presumably ravag$ &   
p>tially de/roy$4 ,:5 ! news ( ?is      
mis=tune rea*$ him aft] #agib1 8 h&s 7  
ti$ by revolutions at home4 ,?\gh he    
appli$ to 8 ,gov]nm5t = relief1 z       
und\bt$ly did a ho/ ( o!r los]s1 he 0   
ev5tually grant$ only a small indemnity1
 n exce$+ #cj1jjj francs4  ,fri5ds (    
,jean ,audubon at ,nantes _h made       
repeat$ dem&s ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,m>9e t he  
be giv5 a rank m 9 accord ) 8 patriotism

 & effici5t s]vice to ! ,/ate1 & on     
,octob] #aa1 #agig1 he 0 commission$    
lieut5ant-comm&] 7lieut5ant de          
vaisseau71#ga "o grade bel[ t ( capta94 
,he held ?is rank = ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* 
he 0 engag$ 9 vigilance s]vice at ,les  
,sables d',olonne & 9 milit>y duty at   
,ro*e=t1 or until he 0 retir$ f ! navy =
 disability1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahja 7le #aa  
nivose1 an #i71 at ! age (              
fifty-sev54#gb ,he _h s]v$ ! ,/ate = ov]
 eight ye>s1 & 8 total p]iod ( active   
duty on sea & l& :5 employ$ 9 ! m]*ant  
m>9e & navy ( ,france1 z e/imat$ f port 
to port1 am\nt$ to n9ete5 ye>s1 n9e     
mon?s & twelve days1 :ile x _h ext5d$ ) 
int]ruptions ov] m ?an =ty ye>s4#gc     
,aft] ?is long p]iod ( s]vice1 :51      
suff]+ f a pulmon>y affection1 he appli$
 to 8 ,gov]nm5t = a p5sion1 he receiv$ !
 paltry annuity ( #fjj francs or #abj4  
,illu/ration3 ,,c]tificate ,,( ,,s]vice 
,,( ,,lieut5ant ,,jean ,,audubon1       
,,febru>y #bf1 #ahja4       ,f a        
photograph ( ! orig9al 9 ! ,lavigne     

,,mss4  ,) ?is mode/ p5sion & a prop]ty 
yield+ an income n above #b1jjj a       
ye>#gd1 ,lieut5ant ,audubon retir$ to 8 
quiet villa ( ,la ,g]betire1 at ,c\ron1 
:]e he c\ld indulge 8 ta/e = c\ntry life
 & = rais+ 8 favorite fruits & fl[]s2 he
 is said to h kept "s live /ock1 b c\ld 
h be5 a f>m] only on a mode/ scale4     
,mean:ile he cont9u$ to ma9ta9 a h\se1  
or at lea/ rooms1 at ,nantes1 :i!r he   
w5t p]iodically to conduct 8            
correspond5ce & bus9ess affairs4 ,!     
foll[+ lett] ( attorney1 issu$ by       
,lieut5ant ,audubon a ye> aft] he _h    
retir$ f ! navy1 %[s t he /ill _h       
int]e/s 9 ,santo ,dom+o1 & 0 endeavor+  
to collect r5ts1 long ov]due1 f h\ses & 
/ores t belong$ ei!r to himself or to 8 
cli5ts4 ,:e!r ?r\gh ! di%one/y ( ag5ts  
or f :at o!r cause1 ?is prop]ty :i* !   
eld] ,audubon held 9 8 own "r seems     
gradually to h melt$ away3       ,! #ai?
 pluviose1 9 ! elev5? ye> ( ! ,republic1
 "o      & indivisible ,janu>y #g1      
#ahjb1 be=e ! public not>ies      ( !   

dep>tm5t ( ,loire infrieure1 :o reside 9
 ,nantes      & ,d\lon1 ! und]sign$ h   
se5 pres5t ! citiz5 ,jean      ,audubon1
 lieut5ant ( frigate1 retir$1 &         
proprietor at      ,santo ,dom+o1 ag$   
#ei ye>s1 infirm & unable 9 consequ5ce  
( 8 infirmities to g himself to att5d to
 8 bus9ess      affairs 9 ,santo ,dom+o1
 liv+ 9 ,rub5s ,/reet1 9 !      ,mocqu>d
 h\se1#ge ,no4 #ci1 9 ! city & commune (
 ,nantes1      dep>tm5t ( ,loire        
infrieure3       ,:o has made &         
con/itut$ = 8 g5]al & special           
attorney ,jean ,franois ,blan*>d1       
m]*ant1 & orig9ally      f ! commune (  
,*ateaubri&1 dep>tm5t ( ,loire          
infrieure1 liv+ at ! t[n ( ,les ,cayes1 
9 ! s\!rn      section ( ! isl& ( ,santo
 ,dom+o1 opposite ,ile  ,va*es1      to 
:om he gives full & complete p[]s to    
revoke = him1      & 9 8 "n1 e prec$+   
bill ( attorney1 = !      purpose (     
manag+ ! /ores magaz9s at ,les ,cayes1 9
      ! s\!rn "p ( ,santo ,dom+o1       
opposite ,ile  ,va*es3      ,to dem& &  

obta9 all acc\nts f ! hold]s ( said     
prop]ties1 :o h _h or /ill h *>ge ( !m  
!re2      to exam9e ! said acc\nts1 to  
debate1 close up & /op      !m 444 to   
lease ! said prop]ties1 )\t ! p[] (     
mak+ any ext5sive repairs to !m         
:atsoev]1 ab\t :i*      he _h n in=m$ ! 
con/itu5t 9 ,france1 & t he has      n  
au?oriz$ him !re to d1 at lea/ by a     
special lett]1      x be+ und]/ood t !  
actual t5ant is oblig$ to make      all 
! necess>y repairs to ! said h\ses &    
/ores to !      ext5t ( #ae1jjj francs1 
& he %\ld n use m ?an #d1jjj      francs
 ye>ly = ! space ( five ye>s1 c\nt+ f ! 
mon? ( !rmidor1 ye> #h ,july #ai-;,augu/
 #ag1 #ahjj4       ,x is dem&$ (        
citiz5ess ,fauveau1 or ( h] assigns1 to 
"k ! reason :y %e has fail$1 to ! pres5t
 mom5t1      to pay to ! con/itu5t 9    
,france = ! domicile ( !      citiz5ess 
,coyron1#gf ! twelve ?\s& six hundr$    
francs      t %e %\ld annually pay to   
him1 accord+ to ! act (      ,july #ae1 
#aghh1 z giv5 by ,dom]gue1 not>y at ,les

 ,cayes4 ,y      w satisfy !m ) ! /ate (
 ! dwell+ h\se 9 !      pla9 ( ,jacob1  
opposite ,ile  ,va*es4       ,?is 0 sold
 by ! said act to ! said citiz5ess      
,fauveau      & to h] late husb& by !   
said con/itu5ts1 to :om he      w report
 regul>ly on ! /ate ( affairs1 at lea/  
twice      9 ! ye>4444            ,sign$
 at ,nantes ,j4 ,,roy] "o (             
! und]sign$ not>ies  ,lieut5ant ,jean   
,audubon di$ at ,nantes1#gg :5 on a     
visit to t city1 on ,febru>y #ai1 #ahah1
 at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r1 regrett$ mo/    
des]v$ly1 said 8 son1 on acc\nt ( 8     
simplicity1 tru?1 & p]fect s5se (       
hone/y2 8 mann]s1 he cont9ues1 7 ^? ( a 
mo/ poli%$ g5tleman 444 & 8 natural     
und]/&+ _h be5 c>efully improv$ bo? by  
obs]vation & by self education4 ,jean   
,audubon's means 9 ,france _h be5 r$uc$ 
p>tly by bad debts1 = he seems to h be5 
g5]\s 9 l5d+ money to 8 fri5ds2 ,madame 
,audubon f\nd h]self greatly hamp]$ by  
lack ( ready money1 al?\gh1 z h]        
son-9-law rem>k$1 h] h&s 7 full ( notes4

  ,:5 ,jean ,audubon appli$ = nom9ation 
to ! naval s]vice ( ! ,republic 9 #agic1
 we f9d a description ( 8 previ\s life &
 habits record$ z a "p ( ! in=mation    
requir$ by ! ,committee ( ,public       
,safety4 ,! commune ( ,nantes at t "t   
gave a flatt]+ te/imonial to 8          
patriotism1 9 :i* he 0 describ$ z an    
(fic] ( m]it1 :o _h acquir$ ?r\gh long  
exp]i5ce at sea an ext5sive k (         
navigation1 :o 0 a man ( honor1 & devoid
 ( any incl9ation to vice or gambl+2 8  
nautical exp]i5ce _h be5 *iefly ga9$ 9  
,am]ican wat]s1 ! voyages ( 8 *oice be+ 
^? to ,santo ,dom+o & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,at ! age ( =ty-eight ! eld] ,audubon   
?us briefly describ$ himself3 %ort 9    
/ature1 measur+ five feet1 five in*es2  
figure1 oval2 eyes1 blue2 nose & m\?1   
l>ge2 eyebr[s1 auburn2 hair & be>d turn$
 gray4 ,contr>y to ! naturali/'s        
express$ belief1 !re seems to h be5     
little or no physical resemblance betwe5
 fa!r & son4 ,at a correspond+ age1     
,john ,james ,audubon1 accord+ p>tly to 

8 own acc\nt1 /ood five feet1 t5 in*es 9
 /ock+s2 8 hair 0 d>k br[n2 he _h sunk51
 hazel eyes1 fleck$ ) br[n1 & (         
rem>kable brightness2 :ile 8 clean-cut  
pr(ile %[$ an aquil9e nose4 ,9 temp]1   
said ! son1 to cont9ue ! comp>ison1 we  
mu* resembl$ ea* o!r1 be+ w>m1          
irascible1 & at times viol5t1 b x 0 l ! 
bla/ ( a hurricane1 dreadful = a "t1 :5 
calm almo/ in/antly return$4  ,?\gh     
passionate at times1 ,jean ,audubon 0 a 
man ( =ce & decision1 z 8 c>e] amply    
%[s4 ,if he does n loom l>ge 9 ! hi/ory 
( 8 "t or 0 b little kn[n beyond !      
limits ( 8 prov9ce1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 
! "t call$ =? ?\s&s ( ! able/ m5 ( 8    
nation4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,s*ool ,days  
,9 ,france       ,mold+ ( ,audubon's    
"*--,factor ( environm5t--,turn+        
failure into success--,an indulg5t      
/epmo!r--,! truant--,8      love (      
nature--,e>ly draw+s &                  
discipl9e--,exp]i5ce at                 
,ro*e=t--,baptiz$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic   
,*ur*4   ,x is n[ commonly believ$ t ( !

 ?ree great factors :i* mold            
"*--environm5t1 tra9+ & h]itage1 ! la/  
is ! mo/ important1 s9ce x alone is     
pr$et]m9$ & unalt]able4 ,environm5t may 
be unc]ta9 or unsuitable1 tra9+         
defective or def]r$1 b blood is ! "o    
possession ( :i* ! *ild _c be robb$2 &  
s9ce x sets ! limits to possibility1 9  
no small degree mu/ x det]m9e !         
acquisitions & accompli%m5ts ( a        
lifetime4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! :ole tru?4
 ,race may acc\nt = mu*1 b x does n     
acc\nt = ev]y?+2 ! *ild is effectually  
robb$ :5ev] x is n p]mitt$ to realize to
 ! full ^u its inh]itance4 ,to be able  
to conv]t possibilities into actualities
 x mu/ receive fit tra9+ & "r inc5tives1
 & if at critical times ! prop] spur is 
want+1 its patrimony may be sadly wa/$4 
,! good environm5t = ! y\?1 too (t5     
?\ght to be ! s(t conditions ( an easy  
life1 is 9 tru? t only :i* provides !   
prop] & necess>y /imulus4 ,?is may be n[
 fe> or pride1 n[ h>d necessity or bitt]
 want2 aga91 an awak5$ s5se (           

responsibility or ambition to excel may 
be induc$ by concrete examples & fo/]$1 
z x (t5 is1 by l(ty purposes & ! uplift 
( a high ideal4  ,audubon's life af=ds a
 /rik+ pro( ( ! p[] :i* environm5t c    
ex]t 9 awak5+ dormant capacity1 9       
develop+ tal5ts to _! full & call+ into 
use e =ce held 9 res]ve4 ,:5 we consid] 
:at 8 life "w f9ally became1 & :at he   
ev5tually accompli%$ 9 a field = :i* he 
_h no tra9+1 except 9 draw+1 we f9d x   
easi] to wond] at ! man ?an to criticize
 him4 ,) a =mal s*ool+ 9 ,france ( !    
sl5d]e/ sort1 9 :i* ! writ+ ( 8 own     
language 0 nev] completely ma/]$1 at    
eighte5 he came to ,am]ica & adopt$ a   
new tongue1 :i* he fir/ he>d f !        
,quak]s4 ,tw5ty ye>s m 7 to elapse be=e 
he _h a def9ite plan1--dur+ :i* 8       
environm5t 0 ma9ly t ( a trad] &        
/orekeep] 9 ! backwoods1 nev] remote f !
 :ite man's fronti]1 h>dly ! soil "o    
w\ld seek = ! developm5t ( budd+ tal5ts 
9 art1 lit]ature or sci5ce4 ,failure 9  
trade 0 "o ( ! spurs :i* />t$ ,audubon  

on 8 ultimate c>e]1 = x l$ to ! imm$iate
 developm5t ( ! tal5ts :i* he possess$2 
! enc\ragem5t :i* he receiv$ f 8 wife 0 
und\bt$ly ano!r4 ,:5 he f9ally em]g$1 l 
a some:at wild b well rip5$ fruit1 at ! 
age ( =ty1 ri* 9 exp]i5ce1 ready to     
absorb :at f lack ( e>li] motives or    
opportunities he _h fail$ to acquire1 & 
) ! det]m9ation to succe$1 he won       
recognition z mu* ?r\gh 8 p]sonality &  
en?usiasm z by 8 extraord9>y v]satility 
& tal5ts4  ,9 an e>ly sket* ( 8 life    
,audubon said t 8 fa!r _h giv5 bo? him &
 8 si/] an education appropriate to 8   
purse2 8 tea*]s 7 possess$ ( agreeable  
tal5ts1 & he might h /or$ up mu* _h n ! 
cont95tal w>s 9 :i* ,france 0 !n engag$ 
=c$ him f s*ool at an e>ly age1 :51 mu* 
aga9/ 8 w1 he ent]$ ! navy z mid%ipman1 
at ,ro*e=t4 ,?is naval exp]i5ce t]m9at$1
 z he !n record$1 9 #ahjb1 dur+ ! %ort  
peace betwe5 ,engl& & ,france2 he 0 !n  
sev5te5 ye>s ( age4#gh ,?is 0 ! ye>     
foll[+ 8 fa!r's retirem5t1 & ! ye>      
previ\s to 8 fir/ indep5d5t visit to !  

,unit$ ,/ates4  ,m details ( ?is e>ly   
p]iod 7 giv5 lat]1 :5 ! naturali/ spoke 
) great affection ( 8 fo/] "m1 to :om 8 
education _h be5 ma9ly entru/$4 ,let no 
"o speak ( h] z my /ep-"m1 said he2 ,i 0
 ev] to h] z a son ( h] own fle% &      
blood1 & %e 0 to me a true "m4 ,8 e idle
 wi% 0 gratifi$1 he tells u1 & 8 e :im  
indulg$1 9 accordance ) ! notion t f9e  
clo!s & full pockets 7 all t 7 ne$$ to  
make ! g5tleman3 ,%e hid my faults1     
boa/$ to e "o ( my y\?ful m]its1 &1     
worse ?an all1 said frequ5tly 9 my      
pres5ce1 t ,i 0 ! h&some/ boy 9 ,france4
  ,if ,madame ,audubon broke ! prevail+ 
tradition & by go+ to ! o!r extreme did 
h] be/ to spoil ?is affectionate boy1 "s
 all[ance mu/ be made = p>5tal          
ov]-indulg5ce4 ,9 #agic1 :5 ! future    
naturali/ 0 eight ye>s old1 ! public    
build+s ( 8 city _h be5 conv]t$ into    
prisons & its /reets 7 bo? unsanit>y &  
unsafe1 :ile 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 z we h se51
 a mortal plague began to rob ! prisons 
& ! guillot9e4 ,_m _h lo/ _! all 9 !    

tempe/ t swept ov] !m2 _m m _h fl$1 &   
public s*ool+ at ,nantes mu/ h be5 at a 
/& or disorganiz$ = a consid]able p]iod4
  ,"y ,audubon c\ld n h ta/$ mu* s*ool+ 
be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution1 :5 he 0
 sev5 ye>s old1 & b little aft] x1 s9ce 
?is discipl9e practically t]m9at$ 9     
#ahjb4 ,8 passionate love ( nature1 :i* 
0 und\bt$ly innate1 0 manife/$ at an    
e>ly day4 ,liv+ ?+s ( e description :i* 
he f\nd by ! banks ( ! ,loire or along !
 /onewalls & h$g][s ( ,c\ron gave him ! 
greate/ pleasure1 b birds 7 8 e>ly      
favorites4 ,^! he soon began to depict )
 p5cil & crayon1 b to ! dry] discipl9e (
 ! s*ool he ev] turn$ ) lagg>d feet4    
,:5 ! v]satile ,"l ,avebury1 :o became  
"o ( ! greate/ mod]n /ud5ts ( ! p[]s (  
ants & o!r social insects1 0 f\r ye>s   
old1 8 "m made ?is record 9 h] di>y3 ,8 
great delight is 9 insects4 ,butt]flies1
 ,cat]pill>s or ,beetles are great      
treasures1 & he is wat*+ a l>ge spid]   
outside my w9d[ mo/ anxi\sly4 ,! same   
boy at eight1 :5 writ+ home f s*ool1    

add$ ?is po/script to a lett]3 ,i am a  
favorite ) mo/ ( ! boys because ,i d n  
c>e ab\t be+ laugh$4 ,! boy :o has a    
good inh]itance1 foll[s 8 own b5t1 &    
does n c>e ab\t be+ laugh$1 may be on ! 
road to success & ) tal5ts may a*ieve   
di/9ction4 ,john ,james ,audubon 0 "o ( 
^? boys1 al?\gh 8 pa? 0 nev] /rewn ) !  
roses t _m h imag9$4  ,! naturali/ tells
 u t 8 fa!r hop$ t he w\ld foll[ 9 8    
foot/eps1 or else become an eng9e]1 & he
 saw t 8 son 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! elem5ts (   
ma!matics1 geography1 f5c+ & music4 ,b z
 ,lieut5ant ,audubon 0 cont9ually on !  
move1 sup]vision 9 ^? matt]s fell to !  
ov]-indulg5t /epmo!r1 ) ! result t1     
in/ead ( do+ 8 duties at s*ool1 "y      
,audubon took to ! fields4 ,e night1 he 
said1 he w\ld return ) 8 lun* basket    
well lad5 ) ! spoils ( ! day--birds'    
ne/s1 eggs1 & curiosities ( e sort de/9$
 = ! museum into :i* 8 room _h already  
be5 trans=m$4 ,he 0 !n 9 ! collect+     
/age1 :5 t s5se ( possession dom9ates ! 
he>t ( ! boy1 :i*1 if well direct$1 c be

 turn$ to excell5t acc\nt4  ,lieut5ant  
,audubon enc\rag$ 8 son's ta/e = natural
 hi/ory & = draw+1 b did n reg>d su*    
accompli%m5ts z a sub/itute = :at he    
consid]$ m s]i\s subjects4 ,he himself  
_h suff]$ too mu* f lack ( a =mal       
education & 0 resolv$ to give 8 *ildr5 !
 be/ opportunities )9 _! rea*4          
,revolutions1 he once rem>k$1 accord+ to
 8 son1 7 n conf9$ to society1 b c\ld   
also take place 9 ! lives ( individuals1
 :5 !y 7 all too apt to lose 9 "o day ! 
=tune !y _h be=e possess$2 b tal5ts & k1
 add$ to s\nd m5tal tra9+1 assi/$ by    
hone/ indu/ry1 c\ld nev] fail1 nor be   
tak5 f any "o :5 once ! possessor ( su* 
valuable means4  ,:5 ! eld] ,audubon    
return$ f "o ( 8 p]iodic cruises1 my    
room1 said ! naturali/1 made q a %[1 & !
 fa!r complim5t$ him on 8 good ta/e2 b  
^u be+ que/ion$ 9 reg>d to ! progress   
made 9 8 o!r /udies1 he c\ld only hang 8
 head 9 sil5ce4 ,8 si/] ,rosa1 on !     
contr>y1 :o 0 also call$ to acc\nt1 0   
w>mly comm5d$ ^u ! improvem5t %[n 9 h]  

musical ex]cises4 ,! next morn+ at dawn 
a c>riage 0 drawn up be=e ! ,audubon    
door1 & ) ! fa!r & son1 toge!r ) !      
latt]'s trunk & viol91 0 soon proce$+ 9 
! direction ( ,ro*e=t4 ,! sailor _h laid
 8 plans & 0 ab\t to execute !m 9 8 own 
way4 ,pres5tly1 said ! son1 8 fa!r drew 
=? a book & began to read1 ?us leav+ him
 to 8 own res\rces4 ,9 ?is way !y       
travel$ = a numb] ( days1 n an          
unnecess>y ^w be+ spok5 dur+ ! entire   
j\rney1 until ! walls ( ,ro*e=t _h be5  
pass$1 & !y alight$ at ! door ( ! fa!r's
 h\se 9 t city4 ,:5 !y _h ent]$1 !      
naturali/ cont9ues1 my fa!r bade me sit 
by 8 side1 & tak+ "o ( my h&s1 calmly   
said to me3 ',my belov$ boy1 ?\ art n[  
safe4 ,i h br\ght !e "h t ,i may be able
 to pay con/ant att5tion to ?y /udies2  
?\ %alt h ample "t = pleasures1 b !     
rema9d] mu/ be employ$ ) indu/ry & c>e4 
,?is day is entirely ?9e1 & z ,i mu/    
att5d to my duties1 if ?\ wi%e/ to see !
 docks1 ! f9e %ips-(-w>1 & walk ar\nd ! 
wall1 ?\ maye/ accompany me4'  ,! y\?   

accept$ 8 fa!r's proposal ) good grace1 
& 0 pres5t$ to ! (fic]s :om !y met1 b he
 soon f\nd t he 0 l a prison] ( w> on   
p>ade4 ,he 0 enroll$ at once 9 ! milit>y
 s*ool1 :]e he 0 plac$ "u ! imm$iate c>e
 ( ,gabriel ,loy5 du ,puigaudeau1 8     
future bro!r-9-law4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 
be=e "y ,audubon gave 8 gu>dian ! slip2 
he jump$ f ! w9d[ ( 8 prison & made = ! 
g>d5s ( ! ,m>9e ,secrt>iat1 b a         
corporal1 :om he _h recogniz$ z a fri5d1
 sudd5ly nipp$ 8 plans 9 ! bud2 he 0    
ord]$1 he said1 abo>d a pontoon1 !n ly+ 
9 port1 & !re 0 oblig$ to rema9 until 8 
fa!r1 :o 0 abs5t at ! "t1 f9ally releas$
 him1 n )\t a sev]e reprim&4 ,! foll[+  
record1 writt5 long aft]1 is rem9isc5t (
 ?is p]iod3 ,?is day tw5ty-"o ye>s s9ce 
,i 0 at ,ro*e=t 9 ,france4 ,i sp5t mo/ (
 ! day at copy+ lett]s ( my fa!r to !   
,m9i/] ( ! ,navy4444 ,:at has happ5$ to 
me s9ce w\ld fill a volume4444 ,?is day1
 ,janu>y fir/1 #ahba1 ,i am on a keel   
boat go+ d[n to ,new ,orleans1 ! poore/ 
man on x4  ,audubon's /ay at ,ro*e=t1 ! 

date ( :i* is no d\bt correctly giv5 9 !
 j\rnal j quot$1 0 de/9$ to be %ort4    
,aft] a ye> he return$ to ,nantes1 &    
lat] to ,la ,g]betire1 :]e z be=e he    
sp5t all ( 8 leisure 9 roam+ ! fields & 
look+ = birds1 _! ne/s1 _! eggs & _! "y4
 ,at ab\t ?is "t1 :5 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 
,audubon began to make a collection ( 8 
orig9al draw+s ( ,fr5* birds1 :i* 0     
greatly ext5d$ 9 #ahje & #ahjf4  ,he has
 record$ t at ! behe/ ( 8 fo/] "m1 :o 0 
an ard5t ,ca?olic1 he 0 confirm$ 9 t    
,*ur* :5 )9 a few mon?s ( be+ sev5te5   
ye>s old2 he 0 surpris$ & indiff]5t1 b  
took to ! cate*ism1 /udi$ x & o!r matt]s
 p]ta9+ to ! c]emony1 & all 0 p]=m$ to  
h] lik+4 ,s9ce no record ( ?is act has  
be5 f\nd1 x is probable t ! c]emony 9 "q
 0 confus$ ) t ( 8 baptism1 :i*1 z we h 
notic$1 occurr$ on ,octob] #bc1 #ahjj1  
six mon?s be=e he atta9$ 8 sixte5?      
bir?day4  ,aft] hav+ se5 some?+ ( ! "* (
 ,audubon's e>ly tra9+ 9 ,france1 x w n 
be surpris+ to f9d t :51 at ! age (     
=ty-five1 he fir/ s]i\sly began to write

 = publication & 9 ,engli%1 :i* 0 n 8 "m
 tongue1 he f\nd himself h&icapp$ 9 _m  
ways4 ,9 aft] life he wrote t ! only    
s*ool :i* he _h ev] att5d$ 0 t (        
,adv]sity1 & t 8 tuition !re _h be5 ( a 
prolong$ & elaborate "*4 ,?\gh ?is      
/atem5t 0 made "u ! /ress ( pres5t      
feel+1 x 0 n :olly devoid ( tru?4       
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,fir/ ,,visit ,,to ,,!  
,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,& ,,life ,,at ,,mill 
,,grove       ,audubon is s5t to !      
,unit$ ,/ates to le>n ,engli% &         
ent] trade--,tak5 ill--,befri5d$ by !   
,quak]s--,settles at      ,mill ,grove  
f>m--,its hi/ory & attractions--,/udies 
(      ,am]ican birds begun--,engagem5t 
to ,lucy ,bakewell--,sports &           
fe/ivities4   ,if !re 7 ev] a "t :5     
,lieut5ant ,audubon wi%$ to see 8 son   
foll[+ ! victori\s eagles ( ,napoleon1  
:om he is said to h idoliz$1 ! hat$     
conscription ( t day1 :i* 0 robb+ e home
 9 ,france ( its be/ blood1 might well h
 br\ght c\nsels ( prud5ce4 ,little c\ld 
! fa!r h ?\ght t by foll[+ o!r eagles ( 

8 own *oice1 8 son 0 de/9$ to add a f>  
great] lu/] to ! family "n4 ,:atev] may 
h turn$ ! scale1 9 #ahjc a decision 0   
quickly rea*$1 & ! issue 0 =tunate = !  
future ( natural sci5ce 9 ,am]ica2 x 0  
decid$ t "y ,audubon %\ld emigrate at   
once to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) :at end 9    
view we %all soon see express$ 9 !      
sailor's own words4 ,accord+ly1 to 8    
int5se & indescribable pleasure1 !      
future naturali/1 :o _h n[ pass$ 8      
eighte5? bir?day1 eag]ly prep>$ = !     
j\rney1 ! fir/ ( _m t 7 lat] to become  
memorable 9 ! annals ( ,am]ican sci5ce4 
,no record ( ?is voyage has be5 pres]v$1
 b f evid5ce d]iv$ f a v>iety ( s\rces  
we c fix ! "t z ! autumn ( #ahjc4gi     
,audubon's introduction to ! c\ntry ( 8 
adoption prov$ mo/ inauspici\s1 =1 to   
foll[ 8 acc\nt1 :5 walk+ to ,gre5wi* 9  
,connecticut1 "s ?irty miles f ,new     
,york1 to ca% ! lett] ( cr$it t 8 fa!r  
_h giv5 him1 he 0 seiz$ ) ! yell[       
fev]4#hj ,=tunately at ?is critical     
mom5t 8 capta9 came to 8 aid1 & plac$   

him 9 ! c>e ( two ,quak] ladies :o kept 
a bo>d+ h\se at ,morri/[n 9 ,new ,j]sey4
 ,to ! fai?ful m9i/rations ( ^! k9dly   
si/]s ! naturali/ believ$ t he ow$ 8    
life4  ,:5 ,jean ,audubon f9ally left ! 
,unit$ ,/ates n f> f ! beg9n+ ( #agij1  
he plac$ 8 bus9ess int]e/s 9 ,am]ica 9  
*>ge ( an ag5t1 nam$ ,mi]s ,fi%]1 a ri* 
& hone/ ,quak] ( ,philadelphia1 & to !  
h&s ( ?is tru/wor?y man he n[ confid$ 8 
son4 ,accord+ly1 :5 "y ,audubon _h be5  
nurs$ back to heal?1 ^w 0 s5t to 8      
fa!r's fri5d1 :o came 9 8 c>riage &     
drove ! lad to 8 own home 9 ! outskirts 
( ,philadelphia4 ,to foll[ ! acc\nt :i* 
! naturali/ gave1 :5 writ+ ( ?is visit a
 qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 8 ho/1 f9d+ 8   
*>ge to be a comely y\?1 & hav+ a       
daught] ( no mean appe>ance1 propos$ t  
he %\ld rema9 ) !m & become "o ( !      
family4 ,audubon seems to h suspect$ t  
?is 0 a prem$itat$ s*eme to entangle him
 9 m>riage1 & z he _h no lik+ = !       
sev]ity ( ,quak] mann]s1 det]m9$ to make
 8 escape4 ,?is1 he said1 0 f9ally      

accompli%$ by appeal+ to 8 own rights & 
to ! hone/ ,quak]'s s5se ( duty 9 see+  
him e/abli%$ on ! e/ate :i* 8 fa!r _h   
design$ = him4  ,?\gh effective = ! "t1 
z w pres5tly appe>1 ?is appeal 0 q      
fanciful1 = ,jean ,audubon's ideas      
conc]n+ ! future ( 8 son 7 ( a m        
practical "*1 & he _h no int5tion at ?is
 "t ( e/abli%+ him at ,mill ,grove1 :i* 
0 soon to be sold4 ,! fri5d to :om !    
foll[+ lett] 0 address$ is implor$ to   
aid 9 f9d+ a good ,am]ican family 9 :i* 
8 son c\ld acquire ! ,engli% language z 
a /ep to ent]+ trade3#ha       ,?is w be
 h&$ to y by my son1 to :om1 ,i reque/ y
      w r5d] e s]vice 9 y\r p[]1 wi%+ t 
y      %d4 jo9 ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%] to      
procure him a good & heal?y      place  
:]e he might le>n engli%4 ,i come to    
po9t out to y      ,morri/[n1 & look = a
 good & dec5t familly 9 t      place to 
recomm5d him to h] z y\r own ,son4 ,?is 
s]vice      f y w des]ve my ev]la/+     
gratitude4 ,i am ,sir1 )                
consid]ation4            ,yr ,mo ob     

,s]--4  ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%]1 :o evid5tly   
receiv$ a copy ( ?is lett]1 no d\bt     
consid]$ 8 own family z good z ! be/1 & 
9 deta9+ "y ,audubon at 8 home1 we mu/  
cr$it him ) ! desire ( foll[+ !         
in/ructions ?us receiv$4  ,mill ,grove1 
:i* 0 f9ally rea*$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjd1hb 0
 a new-f\nd p>adise to ! "y naturali/4  
,"h1 h[ev]1 he 0 de/9$ to sp5d b little 
ov] a ye>1 ?\gh x 0 d\btless ! happie/  
ye> ( 8 life4 ,! f>m 0 !n conduct$ by a 
,quak]1 nam$ ,william ,?omas1 :o 0      
in/all$ z t5ant ) 8 wife & family4 ,x 0 
arrang$1 said ,audubon1 t he %\ld       
receive f !m a qu>t]ly all[ance 9 ready 
money1 9 a sum t 0 consid]$ suffici5t = 
! exp5diture ( a "y g5tleman4#hc  ,well 
might any y\? fond ( wild life 9 !      
c\ntry h fall5 9 love ) ?is seclud$     
spot1 ! beauty & *>m ( :i* are sudd5ly  
reveal$ to ! visitor ( today z he       
approa*es x f ! old ,philadelphia road4 
,/&+ high on ! rugg$ banks ( ! ,p]kiom+ 
,creek1 :i* empties into ! ,s*uylkill   
,riv] j bel[ ?is po9t1 ! old h\se1 fac+ 

we/1 comm&s a wide & div]sifi$ sc5e1    
ext5d+ f ! liv+ wat]s bel[1 ov] bottom  
l&s ( ! valley1 to ! dim1 undulat+ l9es 
( ! ,read+ hills 9 ! f>!r di/ance4 ,?is 
old l&m>k#hd ( ,colonial times rema9s   
today 9 p]fect pres]vation1 ?anks to !  
nev]-fail+ c>e & int]e/ ( ! pres5t      
own]1#he :o has done all 9 8 p[] to     
ma9ta9 its hi/oric associations1 & to   
keep ! memory ( ! naturali/ gre5 9 "o ( 
! few spots 9 ,am]ica :]e mat]ial l&m>ks
 ( 8 c>e] h n be5 completely effac$4 ,! 
place has _h an int]e/+ hi/ory1 & ?\gh  
,audubon's occupancy 0 brief1 x affect$1
 z we %all see1 8 :ole aft]-life4       
,illu/ration3 ,,mill ,,grove ,,9 #ahce1 
,,%[+ ,,! ,,mills ,,on ,,! ,,bank ,,(   
,,p]kiom+ ,,creek1 ,,! ,,f>mh\se1 ,,&   
,,! ,,old ,,smelt+ ,,works 7,,built     
,,by ,,samuel ,,we!rill71 ,,!n ,,9      
,,disuse4       ,aft] a wat]-color pa9t+
 by ,*>les ,we!rill1 son (      ,samuel 
,we!rill1 & uncle ( ,william ,h4        
,we!rill1 !      pres5t own] ( ! e/ate4 
,illu/ration3 ,,mill ,,grove ,,z ,,x    

,,appe>s ,,to-,,day4       ,! above f   
photograph by1 & ?is publi%$ by c\rtesy 
(1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,we!rill4  ,audubon     
?\ght no?+ ( walk+ to & f ,philadelphia 
:5 no conveyance 0 at h&1 b to-day !    
railroad br+s ! travel] )9 a mile & a   
half ( 8 old f>m4 ,n f> to ! s\?1 beyond
 ! pres5t railway /ation ( ,protectory1 
lies ,valley ,=ge & ! wood$ hills :]e   
,wa%+ton's ragg$ vet]ans pass$ 9 log    
huts ! ev] memorable w9t] ( #aggg-h4    
,audubon fanci$ t 8 fa!r _h made !      
acqua9tance ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton at t date1
 b ?is 0 elev5 ye>s be=e ! place _h come
 into ! possession ( 8 family1 & at t "t
 ,capta9 ,audubon 0 sail+ ! seas 7see   
,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #cb74 ,equally fanciful 
also 0 ! idea t 8 "m _h once liv$ !re1  
:i* he express$ 9 a lett] 7quot$ 9 full 
9 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii7 writt5 f ,new ,york  
on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahdb1 to "y ,sp5c] ,f4
 ,baird1 at ,c>lisle1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,!  
naturali/ 0 assur+ 8 "y fri5d t ! sl[ b 
beautiful ,little ,c>lisle 0 to be      
pref]r$ to ,great ,new ,york1 ) all its 

humbug1 rascality1 & immorality1 & add$3
 ,x is n[ a good long "t s9ce ,i 0 "y1 &
 resid$ ne> ,norri/[n 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x
 0 !n & is n[ a v indiff]5t place z     
comp>$ ) ,new ,york2 b /ill my he>t & my
 m9d (t5time dwell 9 ! pleasure t ,i    
felt !re1 & x always rem9ds me t )9 a   
few miles ( t village1 my ,"m did live4 
,! soil ( ?is f>m region is ( a d>k r$  
color1 ow+ to a friable %ale :i*        
outcrops ev]y:]e4 ,! high1 wood$ bank ( 
! ,p]kiom+ ab\nds 9 caves1 scoop$ out by
 ! h& ( nature or man1 z well z 9 great 
pits & %afts1 = deep d[n "u its %ale1   
,mill ,grove 0 ri* 9 m9]als1 p>ticul>ly 
! sulphide ( lead1 associat$ ) copp] &  
z9c1 to rea* :i* _m excavations h be5   
made4 ,! lead m9es ( ?is f>m are said to
 h be5 fam\s 9 ,revolution>y times1 & h 
be5 work$ sporadically = a hundr$ ye>s2 
if traditions are tru/wor?y1 _m a w+$   
bullet t laid a ,r$-coat l[ 9 ! ,w> (   
,indep5d5ce 0 a mess5g] f ,mill ,grove4 
,9 "s ( ! old conveyances1 :i* g back to
 ! "t ( ,p5n1 ! place 0 commonly        

designat$ z ! ,mill ,grove ,m9es ,f>m4  
,x is record$ t ! orig9al tract ( two   
?\s& acres1 ext5d+ f ! ,s*uylkill to !  
,p]kiom+ z f> z ! m\? ( ,skippack       
,creek1 0 sold to ,tobias ,collett by   
,william ,p5n 9 #afii = fifte5 %ill+s4  
,we %all soon see t ! m9]al weal? :i*   
,mill ,grove 0 suppos$ to hide b5ea? its
 rugg$ slopes 0 a s\rce ( no little     
tr\ble to ! ,audubons1 ! ,rozi]s1 & _!  
successors = _m a ye>4  ,at ! foot ( !  
declivity t[>ds ! we/1 half hidd5 by    
foliage1 /ood a picturesque /one mill1  
at a po9t :]e a solid ramp>t _h be5 ?r[n
 across ! /ream to div]t its p[] to !   
use ( man4 ,h>d by 0 ! mill]'s h\se1 :i*
 ant$ates ! mansion1 & :i* 0 built &    
fir/ occupi$ by ,james ,morgan1 :o came 
into possession ( ! prop]ty 9 #agdi4 ,x 
0 ?is old mill site1 orig9ally di/9ct f 
! f>m1 t gave ! "n to ! place4 ,beh9d ! 
gri/mill an ext5sive sawmill1 built ov] 
! mill race1 0 also 9 op]ation4 ,today !
 dam is brok5 ?r\gh1 & ! great mill :eel
 ( wood & iron1 twelve feet 9 diamet] & 

fifte5 feet wide1 has come to re/ aft]  
turn+ = m ?an a c5tury4  ,l ! mill1 !   
orig9al h\se on ! hilltop 0 built (     
r\gh-hewn native /one1 :i* is br[n or r$
 & v h>d4 ,x consi/s ( two /ories1 )    
c5tral hall1 & a curi\sly divid$ attic )
 dorm] w9d[s1 :i* ,audubon is said to h 
conv]t$ into a museum4 ,a m>ble slab 9 !
 s\? gable be>s ! date ( #agfb2 an      
addition ( ! same r\gh /one 0 built on !
 nor? side1 b at a consid]ably l[]      
level1 9 #agfc1 & ! commemorative tablet
 9 ?is in/ance be>s ! initials ,j4 ,m41 
prov+ t ! con/ruction ( ! build+s (     
,mill ,grove 0 due to ! old mill]1      
,james ,morgan4 ,! int]ior1 ) its odd   
*imney-corn]1 l[ ceil+s1 bold fireplace 
& h&-wr\ght iron-"w1 be>s witness to a  
"t :5 hone/1 sub/antial con/ruction &   
pride 9 workman%ip receiv$ ! fir/       
consid]ation4 ,! pres5t own] ( ,mill    
,grove has add$ attractive por*es at !  
front & back4 ,ampelopsis climbs ov] !  
walls1 :i* are %ad$ by h&some trees2 "o 
( ^!1 a f9e black walnut at ! ea/]ly    

por*1 :i* 9 ,augu/ bore its great gre5  
balls 9 full clu/]s1 mu/ h be5 vigor\s 9
 ,audubon's day1 & possibly sugge/$ !   
introduction ( sprays ( ?is full-fruit$ 
tree into "s ( 8 plates4  ,:ile on a    
visit f ,santo ,dom+o 9 #aghi1 conc]n$ )
 8 bus9ess int]e/s1 ,capta9 ,audubon    
sp5t "s "t 9 ,philadelphia4 ,on ,m>*    
#bh1 #aghi1 he pur*as$ ! ,mill ,grove   
prop]ty1 at t "t consi/+ ( #bhd acres ( 
l&1 mansion h\se1 mill1 b>ns1 furniture1
 tools & live /ock1 f ,h5ry ,augu/9     
,prevo/#hf & 8 wife1 = ! sum ( #b1cjj   
,engli% p\nds1 9 gold & silv]4 ,he nev] 
liv$ !re1 & t he nev] int5d$ to make x 8
 imm$iate resid5ce is %[n by ! fact t 9 
less ?an a =tnight he leas$ ! f>m 9 its 
entirety1 z already notic$1 to its =m]  
own]1 & gave him a mortgage :i* /ood =  
sev5te5 ye>s4#hg  ,"y ,audubon liv$ at  
,mill ,grove f ! w9t] ( #ahjd to ! spr+ 
( #ahje1 & aga9 = a few mon?s 9 ! summ] 
( #ahjf1 ! ye> ( its f9al sale by !     
,audubons & ,rozi]s 7see p4 #adh74 ,9 8 
j\rnal ( #ahbj ! naturali/ wrote t 8    

fa!r _h once ! honor ( be+ pres5t$ to   
,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 & also to ,major       
,crogan1 ( ,k5tucky1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly    
well acqua9t$ ) him4 ,jean ,audubon left
 at ,mill ,grove oil portraits ( himself
 & ( ,wa%+ton1 bo? by an inf]ior        
,am]ican arti/ nam$ ,polk1#hh & x is    
probable t ! "o ( himself 0 pa9t$ :ile  
he 0 at ,philadelphia 9 ! spr+ ( #aghi2 
! draw+ is h>d & flat1 b ! appe>ance ( !
 face cle>ly indicates a man pa/ middle 
life1 & ,capta9 ,audubon _h !n rea*$ 8  
=ty-fif? ye>4  ,"y ,audubon1 we may be  
sure1 lo/ no "t 9 explor+ ! res\rces (  
?is f9e e/ate1 :]e e bird1 tree & fl[]  
came to him z a new discov]y4 ,9 foll[+ 
! ,p]kiom+ above ! mill dam he f\nd a   
cave1 c>v$ out ( ! rocks1 z he ?\ght1 by
 nature's own h&1 :i* 0 a favorite haunt
 ( ! unpret5ti\s b fri5dly pewees1 !    
fir/ ,am]ican birds to attract 8 s]i\s  
att5tion4 ,s delight$ 0 ! y\?ful        
naturali/ t he decid$ to make ! pewees' 
cave 8 /udy2 ?i!r accord+ly he br\ght 8 
books1 p5cils & pap]1 & !re made 8 fir/ 

/udies ( ,am]ican bird life1 9 ! spr+ ( 
#ahjd1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! presid5cy (     
,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 ! season  
:5 ,audubon *anc$ ^u ?is quiet retreat2 
! buds 7 swell+ & maples _h already bur/
 into bloom1 b sn[ /ill l+]$ 9 pat*es   
?r\gh ! woods1 & ! air 0 pi]c+ *ill4 ,! 
pewees 7 n yet at home1 b "o ( _! ne/s1 
fa%ion$ ( mud & f9e/ moss1 0 fix$ above 
! vault$ entrance2 _! com+ 0 n long     
delay$1 & ,audubon1 m>k+ ! v night or   
day's dawn :5 ! fir/ pewee arriv$1 saw  
!m beg9n+ to re/ore _! old home on ! t5?
 ( ,april4  ,/range to say1 almo/ at t v
 "t ano!r pione] 9 ,am]ican orni?ology1 
,alex&] ,wilson1 :o w ent] ?is hi/ory   
lat]1 0 tea*+ a r\gh c\ntry s*ool at    
,gray's ,f]ry1 ,k+sess+1 also on !      
,s*uylkill1 & n ov] tw5ty-five miles    
away4 ,?\gh ,audubon's e>ly /udies 7 v  
desultory1 bo? naturali/s began _!      
obs]vations at ab\t ! same "t1 = on     
,june #a1 #ahjc1 ,wilson wrote to a     
fri5d t _m pursuits _h engag$ 8 att5tion
 s9ce leav+ ,scotl& 9 #agid1 & t !n he 0

 ab\t to make a collection ( all our    
f9e/ birds4  ,x mu/ be set d[n to       
,audubon's cr$it t 9 ! little cave on ! 
banks ( ! ,p]kiom+1 9 ,april1 #ahjd1 he 
made ! fir/ b&+ exp]im5t on ! "y ( an   
,am]ican wild bird4 ,little c\ld he or  
any "o else !n h ?\ght t "o hundr$ ye>s 
lat] a ,bird ,b&+ ,society w\ld be =m$ 9
 ,am]ica to repeat 8 te/ on a mu* wid]  
scale1 9 ord] to ga!r exact data ^u !   
movem5ts ( individuals ( all migratory  
species 9 e "p ( ! cont95t4 ,aft] a few 
trials1 ,i fix$1 said he1 a light silv] 
?read on ! leg ( ea*1 loose en\gh n to  
hurt ! "p1 b s fa/5$ t no ex]tions (    
!irs c\ld remove x4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+ he 
_h ! satisfaction ( cat*+ sev]al pewees 
on _! ne/s f>!r up ! creek1 & ( f9d+ t  
two ( !m _h a little r+ on ! leg1 prov+ 
t ! "y ( a migratory bird1 /e]+ by !    
compass :i* is c>ri$ 9 its bra91 did    
sometimes return to its home region1 if 
n to ! actual cradle or home site4      
,across ! ,philadelphia road1 :i* today 
leads to ! little railway /ation1 & n m 

?an a qu>t] ( a mile f ,audubon's       
f>mh\se1 /ood ano!r b m pret5ti\s       
mansion ( ! ,colonial era1 call$ ,fatl& 
,=d1 p]ta9+ to an ext5sive f>m ( t "n   
:i* 0 not$ = ! f]tility ( its alluvial  
acres4 ,a road f ! pres5t village (     
,audubon to ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] & ! =d   
runs ?r\gh ! ,fatl&s ( ,egypt1 z ! mo/  
productive p>ts ( ?is old f>m 7 !n      
call$4 ,f ! h\se c\ld be se5 ! camp+    
gr\nds ( ! ,revolution>y soldi]s1 &     
,james ,vaux1 its own] & build]1 is said
 to h ent]ta9$ ,g5]al ,h[e at breakfa/ &
 to h %[n him ! room :i* ,g5]al         
,wa%+ton1 8 gue/ ( ! previ\s day1 _h    
left j 9 "t to avoid an introduction4   
,%ortly be=e ,audubon rea*$ ,mill       
,grove1 ,william ,bakewell1 an          
,engli%man :o _h emigrat$ to ,new ,hav5 
9 #ahjb1 b\ght ?is f>m1 & ) 8 wife &    
family took possession 9 ! w9t] or spr+ 
( #ahjd4hi ,( ! six ,bakewell *ildr51 ! 
two elde/1 ,lucy ,gre5 & ,?omas         
,woodh\se1 7 b ?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an !    
naturali/4 ,! s5ior ,bakewell1 said     

,audubon1 call$ at ,mill ,grove to pay 8
 respects1 b be+ !n f home1 & hav+      
br\ght ) him a ,fr5*man's dislike =     
ev]y?+ ,engli%1 he fail$ to respond4 ,9 
! autumn1 h[ev]1 :5 gr\se _h become     
pl5tiful 9 ! woods1 a *ance meet+ br\ght
 !m toge!r1 & "y ,audubon1 :o 0 a great 
admir] ( 8 neighbor's exp]t m>ksman%ip &
 well tra9$ dogs1 duly apologiz$ = 8    
neglect & =?) paid a visit to ,fatl&    
,=d4  ,we %all let ! naturali/ tell 9 8 
own words ( 8 fir/ meet+ ) ! "y woman :o
 aft]w>ds became 8 wife3       ,well d  
,i recollect ! morn+1 & may x please    
,god t      ,i may nev] =get x1 :5 = !  
fir/ "t ,i ent]$ ,mr4      ,bakewell's  
dwell+4 ,x happ5$ t he 0 abs5t f        
home1 & ,i 0 %[n into a p>lor :]e only  
"o "y      lady 0 snugly seat$ at h] "w 
by ! fire4 ,%e rose      on my entrance1
 (f]$ me a seat1 & assur$ me ( !        
gratification h] fa!r w\ld feel on 8    
return1 :i*1      %e add$1 w\ld be 9 a  
few mom5ts z %e w\ld despat* a          
s]vant = him4 ,o!r ruddy *eeks & bright 

eyes made _!      transi5t appe>ance b1 
l spirits gay1 soon vani%$ f      my    
sight2 & !re ,i sat1 my gaze rivet$1 z x
 71 on !      "y girl be=e me1 :o1 half 
work+1 half talk+1 essay$      to make !
 "t pleasant to me4 ,oh6 may ,god bless 
h]6 ,x      0 %e1 my de> sons1 :o       
aft]w>d became my belov$ wife1      &   
y\r "m4  ,:5 ,mr4 ,bakewell return$1 8  
daught]1 ,lucy1 presid$ at ! tea t 0    
s]v$1 & ,audubon receiv$ 8 fir/ exp]i5ce
 ( hospitality 9 ! ,engli% /yle1 t 0 to 
be repeat$ 9 ,brita9 at a lat] day on a 
m lavi% scale4 ,a hunt+ exp$ition 0     
arrang$ & ! m5 />t$ out at once4        
,fe/ivities ( v>i\s sorts1 &1 lat]1     
skat+ p>ties1 became ! ord] ( ! day1 & x
 0 n long be=e hospitalities 7 ex*ang$1 
:5 ,audubon1 hav+ secur$1 ) ! aid ( 8   
t5ant's son1 z _m p>tridge z possible1  
_h ! :ole ,bakewell family to d9n] "u 8 
ro( at ,mill ,grove4  ,audubon's *oice (
 a wife1 ?us quickly made1 m>k$ a       
turn+-po9t 9 8 c>e]1 & ! curi\s fact    
rema9s t :ile he might h ransack$ !     

c\ntry f ,florida to ,ma9e1 z he        
aft]w>ds repeat$ly did 9 8 se>* aft]    
birds1 & woefully blund]$1 ! woman :o by
 h] /]l+ qualities ( m9d & he>t 0 ! "o  
to recognize & call =? ! be/ t 0 9 him1 
%\ld h be5 plac$ by circum/ances close  
by 8 door4 ,:atev] ! _w has ev] ow$ to  
,audubon is a debt due to ,lucy         
,bakewell1 = e leaf ( oak t is plait$ = 
8 br[1 ano!r ( lav5d] %\ld be tw9$ =    
h]s4  ,dur+ ?is gay b brief p]iod ( 8   
life1 ,audubon has describ$ himself z   
inord9ately fond ( dress1 (t5 cutt+1 z  
he said1 an absurd figure by %oot+ 9    
black sat9 bree*es & silk /ock+s1 & we>+
 ! be/ %irts :i* ! ,philadelphia m>ket  
c\ld af=d2 he took pride1 he adds1 9    
rid+ ! be/ horse t he c\ld procure1 & 9 
hav+ 8 guns & fi%+ tackle ( ! mo/       
exp5sive & ornate description4 ,n a     
ball1 he said1 a skat+ mat*1 a h\se or  
rid+ p>ty took place )\t me4            
,illu/ration3 ,,mill ,,grove ,,f>mh\se1 
,,we/ ,,front1 ,,fac+ ,,p]kiom+         
,,creek4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fatl& ,,=d1 

,,! ,,*ildhood ,,home ,,( ,,lucy        
,,bakewell      ,,audubon4       ,?is & 
! above aft] photographs ( ,augu/ #af1  
#aiad4  ,:ile freely ackn[l$g+ 8 follies
 at ?is "t1 he 0 able to say t he 0     
addict$ to no vices4 ,8 usual cu/om 0 to
 rise ) ! dawn1 :5 8 bird /udies w\ld   
beg91 9 ! e>ly h\rs :i* are be/ = ?is   
purpose4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1      
,audubon 0 extremely ab/emi\s 9 8 y\?1 =
 he decl>$ t he _h liv$ on fruits1      
vegetables & milk1 ) only an occasional 
indulg5ce 9 game & fi%1 & t he _h n     
swall[$ a s+le glass ( w9e or spirits   
until 8 w$d+ day4 ,?is 0 ! m rem>kable 9
 a y\? com+ f a c\ntry :i* fl[$ ) good  
w9e1 :]e s*ool *ildr5 are /ill s]v$ )   
wat]$ w9e = lun*1 & :]e ! cooks1 z      
,goldsmi? believ$1 c\ld concoct sev5    
diff]5t di%es out ( a nettle-top1 & :o1 
if !y _h en\gh but*]'s meat 7a want t   
has s9ce be5 abundantly suppli$71 w\ld  
be ! be/ purveyors 9 ! _w4 ,audubon     
attribut$ 8 iron con/itution to ?is     
simple regim51 :i* _h be5 foll[$1 he    

said1 f 8 e>lie/ recollection1 ?\gh he  
admitt$ t :ile 9 ,france x 0 extremely  
annoy+ to all ab\t him2 = ?is reason he 
w\ld n d9e out :5 8 peculi> habits 7    
likely to be ! subject ( unpleasant     
comm5t4 ,to foll[ ?is acc\nt ( himself3 
,pies1 pudd+s1 eggs1 milk & cream1 0 all
 ,i c>$ = 9      ! way ( food1 & _m a "t
 ,i h robb$ my t5ant's      wife1 ,mrs4 
,?omas1 ( ! cream int5d$ to make butt] =
      ! ,philadelphia m>ket4444 ,all ?is
 "t ,i 0 z fair &      rosy z a girl1   
?\gh z /rong1 inde$ /rong] ?an mo/      
"y m5 444 & :y h ,i ?\ght a ?\s& times1 
%\ld      ,i n h kept to t delici\s mode
 ( liv+1 & :y      %\ld n mank9d 9 g5]al
 be m ab/emi\s ?an mank9d      is8#ij   
,william ,gif=d ,bakewell1 a y\ng] bro!r
 ( ,lucy1 has left ?is int]e/+ record ( 
a visit paid to ,mill ,grove 9 ! summ] (
 #ahjf3       ,audubon took me to 8 h\se
 :]e he & 8 companion1      ,rozi]1     
resid$1 ) ,mrs4 ,?omas1 = an att5dant4  
,on      ent]+ 8 room1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ &   
delight$ to f9d t      x 0 turn$ into a 

museum4 ,! walls 7 fe/oon$ )      all   
k9ds ( birds' eggs1 c>efully bl[n out & 
/rung on a      ?read4 ,! *imney-piece 0
 cov]$ ) /uff$ squirrels1      racoons1 
& opossums2 & ! %elves ar\nd 7 likewise 
cr[d$ ) specim5s1 among :i* 7 fi%es1    
frogs1      snakes1 liz>ds1 & o!r       
reptiles4 ,besides ^! /uff$             
v>ieties1 _m pa9t+s 7 array$ on ! walls1
 *iefly      ( birds4 ,he _h great skill
 9 /uff+ & pres]v+      animals ( all   
sorts4 ,he _h also a trick 9 tra9+ dogs 
) great p]fection1 ( :i* art 8 fam\s    
dog1 ,zephyr1      0 a wond]ful example4
 ,he 0 an admirable m>ksman1 an         
exp]t swimm]1 a clev] rid]1 possess$ (  
great activity1      prodigi\s /r5g?1 & 
0 notable = ! elegance (      8 figure &
 ! beauty ( 8 features1 & he aid$       
nature by a c>eful att5dance to 8 dress4
 ,besides o!r      accompli%m5ts he 0   
musical1 a good f5c]1 danc$ well1      &
 _h "s acqua9tance ) leg]dema9 tricks1  
work$ 9      hair1 & c\ld plait will[   
baskets4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,daco/a   

,,& ,,! ,,mill ,,grove ,,m9e            
,adv5t ( a new ag5t at ,mill            
,grove--,daco/a becomes gu>dian      to 
"y ,audubon & exploits a neglect$ lead  
m9e on !      f>m--,correspond5ce (     
,lieut5ant ,audubon & ,daco/a--,qu>rel  
) ,daco/a--,audubon's return to ,france4
   ,if "y ,audubon 0 play+ ! rle ( a    
prodigal son at ! ,mill ,grove f>m1 :i* 
9 a c]ta9 s5se 0 d\btless true1 an      
episode soon occurr$ :i* put a *eck to 8
 c>efree exi/5ce4 ,n long aft] !        
naturali/ _h arriv$1 ,william ,?omas1 ! 
t5ant1 call$ 8 att5tion to ! lead-ore   
deposits1 :i* he ?\ght _h be5 discov]$  
by a ,mr4 ,gilp9 9 #agia1 & ! news ( ?is
 prospect 0 promptly communicat$ to !   
eld] ,audubon 9 ,france4 ,?\gh ! pres5ce
 ( ?is m9]al at ,mill ,grove _h be5     
kn[n1 z we h se51 at a mu* e>li] day1   
its r$iscov]y excit$ great int]e/1 & may
 h be5 a factor ( influ5ce 9 ! /eps :i* 
7 soon to be tak54 ,x %\ld be notic$1   
h[ev]1 t be=e ,may1 #ahjc1 a "y ,fr5*man
 f ,nantes1 be>+ ! ,portuguese "n (     

,francis ,daco/a1 _h prec$$ "y ,audubon 
to ,mill ,grove1 & app>5tly _h acquir$  
at t "t a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 ! f>m4#ia      
,daco/a soon succe$$ ,mi]s ,fi%] z ,jean
 ,audubon's ag5t1 & becom+ en?usia/ic   
ov] ! lead m9e1 0 anxi\s to exploit x4  
,act+ also ^u ! s5ior ,audubon's reque/1
 he assum$ a sort ( gu>dian%ip ov] !    
son4  ,daco/a began to dig = ore 9 !    
foll[+ ye>4 ,news ( 8 ent]prise spread  
rapidly1 & ?is long neglect$ m9e 0      
h]ald$ 9 ! newspap]s z "o ( ! fir/      
discov]ies yet made 9 ! ,unit$          
,/ates4#ib ,on ,decemb] #ae1 #ahjd1     
,daco/a pur*as$ a "o-half undivid$      
int]e/ 9 ,mill ,grove1#ic giv+1 z we    
believe1 a mortgage1 & hop+ to pay = 8  
%>e out ( ! pr(its ( ! lead m9e4        
,!reaft] = ab\t two ye>s he cont9u$ to  
conduct ! f>m & develop ! m9e1 ^u !     
basis ( a "o-half int]e/1 9 addition to 
a small sal>y4#id ,9 case ! m9e prov$ a 
success1 x 0 und]/ood t "y ,audubon 0 to
 be tak5 into ! bus9ess & ?us obta9 a   
means ( self-support4  ,daco/a 0 at fir/

 av]se to =m+ a company1 b ! ,quak]     
t5ant1 ,william ,?omas1 :o caught !     
fev]1 & :o 0 ?\ght to possess m k ( !   
m9e ?an he 0 ready to divulge1 seems to 
h be5 tak5 conditionally into !         
p>tn]%ip4 ,daco/a made full reports ( 8 
progress to ! old sailor at ,c\ron1 :o  
came regul>ly to ,nantes to s5d back to 
,am]ica 8 well consid]$ answ]s & c&id   
advice4 ,daco/a also call$ p]si/5tly =  
money1 b z ,lieut5ant ,audubon 0 unable 
to meet ^! dem&s1 he appli$ to 8 fri5d  
,franois ,rozi]1 a weal?y m]*ant at     
,nantes1 to supply ! ne$$ capital4      
,rozi] inve/$ #af1jjj francs1 & to      
complicate matt]s took a mortgage ^u    
"o-half ( ! value ( ,mill ,grove1 9 :i* 
! e>li] proprietor1 ,john ,augu/9       
,prevo/1 z well z ,francis ,daco/a1 0   
also int]e/$4 ,jean ,audubon1 ,daco/a & 
,rozi] ?us became p>tn]s 9 an ent]prise 
:i* seems to h swall[$ up all ( ! money 
:i* 0 advanc$ & nev] to h made any      
sub/antial returns4  ,! ev5tual failure 
( ! lead m9e mu/ be attribut$ 9 "p to ! 

high co/ ( mat]ials1 z well z to !      
exp5se involv$ 9 uncov]+ ! ore1 a       
difficulty :i* all lat] exploit]s seem  
to h f\nd insup]able4 ,daco/a also      
discov]$ t ! managem5t ( 8 y\?ful *>ge 0
 q z difficult z mak+ a success ( ! m9e4
 ,8 grievances on ?is score 7 duly      
report$ at ,c\ron1 & if he 0 really try+
 to c>ry out ! in/ructions :i* came f   
,france1 x 0 p]haps no wond] t he       
receiv$ ! undisguis$ contempt ( 8       
rebelli\s pupil4 ,h[ j ! naturali/'s    
*>ges aga9/ 8 hat$ tutor may h be51 w be
 consid]$ 9 ! sequel1 b ,lieut5ant      
,audubon's lett]s1#ie to be giv5        
pres5tly at l5g?1 cle>ly %[ t 9 spite ( 
! /ra9$ relations :i* lat] ensu$1       
,daco/a cont9u$ to enjoy 8 confid5ce =  
"s "t aft] "y ,audubon's return to      
,france 9 #ahje4 ,! m s]i\s tr\bles t   
foll[$ seem to h aris5 f entanglem5ts   
into :i* all 7 lat] drawn4  ,9 ! fir/   
two lett]s to be giv51 b ! ?ird & f\r? (
 ! s]ies1 ,jean ,audubon ref]s          
p>ticul>ly to ,mill ,grove & !          

prospective m9e1 & to ! propos$ m>riage 
( 8 son to ,lucy ,bakewell1 conc]n+ :i* 
he 0 reluctant to give 8 cons5t =       
reasons :i* he specifies at l5g?2 8     
sanction 0 9 fact )held until ! "y man 0
 on ! road to self-support two ye>s     
lat]4   ,jean ,audubon to ,francis      
,daco/a            ,,nantes1 #ahjd-e    
,i told y to sell to ,w4 ,?omas !       
portion on ! o!r side      444 b y\r    
lett] ( ! #bg? ( ,septemb] ) t ( ,mr4   
,mi]s ,fi%]1 :o is n 9 favor ( x1 has   
made me *ange      my m9d 9 ! meantime4 
,if y\r plan succe$s1 z ,i wi% x        
may1 ?is "p ( ! f>m w\ld become almo/   
indisp5sable      = exploitation ( !    
m9e4 ,moreov]1 has n ,mr4 ,w4           
,?omas int5tions1 :i* we d n "k8 ,might 
x n be      possible t 9 ?is v same "p  
he _h made m valuable      discov]ies   
?an ^? :i* he has %[n u8 ,9 all ^!      
matt]s1 h[ev]1 ,i rely entirely on !    
wisdom ( ,mr4 ,mi]s      ,fi%] & (      
y\rself1 & ,i ?ank y = y\r will+ness    
to rema9 9 *>ge ( my affairs1#if by     

accept+ anew      ! p[] ( attorney1 :i* 
he s5ds me toge!r ) !      ind5ture to  
be sign$ by my wife & by myself 9       
pres5ce      ( witnesses4 ,b y ask t ?is
 %\ld be done be=e      ! mayor (       
,nantes1 :ile we h be5 liv+1 s9ce y     
dep>t$1 9 ! commune ( ,c\ron2 accord+ly 
?is w be      tak5 be=e ! mayor ( t     
commune1 & legaliz$ by a      prefect ( 
! dep>tm5t4 ,t1 ,i believe1 w fulfil !  
same obligations1 = %\ld x be necess>y =
 my wife to      come to ,nantes 9 !    
wea!r t we are con/antly hav+ x         
might cause a delay t w\ld be           
prejudicial to u4 ,rememb]1      my de> 
,sir1 ,i expect t if y\r plan succe$s1  
my son w      f9d a place 9 ! works1 :i*
 w enable him to provide      = himself1
 9 ord] to sp>e me f exp5ses t ,i c1    
) difficulty1 support4 ,y\r fir/ lett]s 
h almo/      p]suad$ me t ?is s-call$   
m9e 0 ( little or no      acc\nt1 b !   
arrangem5t t y h made ) ,w4 ,?omas      
is s important t ,i d n d\bt y made     
c]ta9 ( !      value ( ! object be=e    

decid+ to grant him a recomp5se1        
:i* 0 to be only 9 ! ?+ itself4 ,9 ?is  
"w we      %\ld !n be mak+ a v great    
sacrifice1 & x w\ld be      a loss4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 y propose to =e/all ! paym5t (  
! sums t y owe1 ,i accept ! proposition 
to be paid      9 ,philadelphia2 ,i w   
reflect ^u x1 & w look into      x4 ,if 
,i c arrange matt]s = ?is plan ) ,mr4   
,dupuir1      my next w be m explicit ^u
 ?is subject4 ,my son speaks      to me 
ab\t 8 m>riage4 ,if y w\ld h ! k9dness  
to      in=m me ab\t 8 int5d$1 z well z 
ab\t h] p>5ts1      _! mann]s1 _!       
conduct1 _! means1 & :y !y are      9 t 
c\ntry1 :e!r x 0 9 consequ5ce ( mis=tune
      t !y left ,europe1 y w be do+ me a
 signal s]vice1      & ,i beg y1        
moreov]1 to oppose ?is m>riage until ,i 
may      give my cons5t to x4 ,tell ^!  
good p t my son is      n at all ri*1 & 
t ,i c give him no?+ if he m>ries      9
 ?is condition4   ,jean ,audubon to     
,francis ,daco/a            ,,nantes1 le
 #ai v5tose1 an #ac #i ,m>*1 #ahje      

,,mr4 ,,daco/a1 ,philadelphia3       ,i 
h receiv$ at ?is v mom5t y\r duplicate (
 !      twelf? ( ,novemb]1 & y\r lett] (
 ,decemb] fif?1 :i*      is n s         
favorable = sev]al reasons z ! "o prec$+
      x1 yet ?is impels u to hope t y\r 
la/ tunnel w n      be a des]t]1 & t !  
oxides ( iron :i* are pres5t      w n   
vani% ^u fur!r digg+2 ?is1 at lea/1 is  
my      hope4 ,y d well to make e ef=t  
to obta9 associates4      ,if ?is does n
 succe$1 & if y %\ld wi% to "w =        
our int]e/s1 ,i %\ld always approve (   
ev]y?+ t y      d1 s9ce y h my          
confid5ce4 ,9 ?is case ,i believe 444   
t y %\ld make ! mo/ urg5t repairs1 above
 all at      ! pr9cipal h\se1 be=e go+  
!re to live4 ,z to ,mr4      ,w4 ,?omas1
 y d well to keep him = y\rself = e     
reason t y give me1 & ,i believe t he w 
n be      /ubborn ab\t )draw+ until he  
has1 or has n1 des]v$      8 rew>d4     
,i am vex$ ,sir2 "o _c be m vex$ at !   
fact t      y %\ld h reason to compla9  
ab\t ! conduct ( my      son1 = ! :ole  

?+1 :5 well consid]$1 is due only       
to bad advice1 & lack ( exp]i5ce2 !y h  
goad$ 8      self-e/eem1 & p]haps he has
 be5 immature en\gh to boa/      9 !    
h\se to :i* he goes1 t ?is plantation   
%\ld      fall to him1 to him alone4 ,y 
h e means to de/roy      ?is            
presumption2 x is kn[n at ,philadelphia 
t y h      ! same rights z ,i h1 & t y  
are do+ no?+ b      = our mutual        
advantage4 ,i am writ+ to him on ?is    
subject1      = he does n speak ( x to  
me1 & ,i am giv+ him !      rebuke t 8  
indiscretion des]ves4 ,read ?is lett]1 &
      h ! k9dness to seal x be=e deliv]+
 x to him4      ,y tell me t ,i c ref]1 
9 reg>d to 8 conduct1 to      ! report t
 ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%] has giv5 ( x 9 8 long 
lett] ( ! mon? ( ,septemb]2 t1          
unhappily1 ,i h n      receiv$1 = ,mr4  
,fi%] tells me no?+ ab\t him1 nei!r     
:at is good nor bad4 ,z to go+ to t     
c\ntry1 ?is seems      well nigh        
impossible2 to recall my son is n easi]2
 !      reasons :i* made me s5d him out 

!re /ill rema94 ,only      an in/ant is 
ne$$ to make him *ange f bad to good2 8 
extreme y\? & 8 petulance are 8 only    
faults1 & if      y h ! goodness to give
 him ! indisp5sable1 he w      soon feel
 ! necessity ( mak+ fri5ds ) y1 & he    
c be ( great s]vice if y use him = y\r  
own b5efit4       ,x is necess>y !n1 my 
de> ,sir1 t we endeavor1 by             
g5tl5ess1 to reclaim him to 8 duty4 ,if 
y are indulg5t      ) him1 x w be ,i :o 
%\ld be "u e obligation      to y4 ,i   
hope t ! enclos$ lett] w "w a *ange     
) him4 ,?is is my only son1 my heir1 &  
,i am old4 ,:5      ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%]    
%all h %[n my lett] to ! w\ld-be        
fa!r-9-law1 he w see t he is mi/ak5 9 8 
calculation ^u ! assum$ m>riage ( 8     
daught]1 = if      x %\ld take place )\t
 my cons5t1 all help on my "p      w\ld 
cease f t in/ant2 ?is1 if y w h !       
k9dness1 is :at y may say to ! w\ld-be  
fa!r-9-law1      t ,i d n wi% my son to 
m>ry s "y4       ,y\r lett]s ( ! #bh? ( 
,octob] & ! #ab? ( ,novemb]      are 9 !

 c\ntry4#ig ,i _c reply categorically ^u
      _! cont5ts2 ,i w exam9e !m1 & w   
tell y 9 my      next :at ,i ?9k ab\t   
!m4 ,y\r family1 :i* ,i h se51      is  
well4 ,our ladies ?ank y = y\r k9d      
remembrance4 ,i      am4444  ,:5 !      
prec$+ lett] 0 writt5 "y ,audubon 0 on 8
 way to ,france1 to prote/1 z he said1  
aga9/ ,daco/a's treatm5t ( him4 ,at !   
date ( ! lett] :i* foll[s1 he 0 at      
,c\ron1 hunt+ birds ) ,dr4 d',orbigny4  
,jean ,audubon to ,francis ,daco/a      
,,nantes1 #ad ,june1 #ahje       ,,to   
,,mr4 ,,daco/a1 ,philadelphia3       ,i 
h receiv$1 at ?is v mom5t1 y\r lett] ( !
 #h?      ( ,april4 ,i h repli$ to y\r  
prec$+ by duplicate4 ,l      y\rself ,i 
am greatly a/oni%$ t y %\ld n h         
receiv$ ! contracts :i* ,i =w>d$ to y at
 once4 ,i      h res]v$ copies ( ^!     
pap]s1 :i* ,i h lit]ally      copi$4    
,if ,i _h ! lea/ idea t !y w\ld n rea*  
y1 &      t an accid5t _h befall5 ! %ip1
 ,i %\ld =w>d !m      9 duplicate1 b z  
?is boat1 at ! "t ( its dep>ture1      0

 long delay$ by ! emb>goes z well z by  
bad wea!r1      ,i am p]suad$ t ?is is !
 sole cause1 & t !y w      h rea*$ y    
s9ce4       ,y are ab\t to appeal to !  
supreme c\rt to prove y\r      own]%ip2 
is !re a liv+ be+ :o c conte/ x8 ,if our
      de$s1 grant$ 9 ,france1 h n _!    
full =ce 9 t      c\ntry1 no?+ c annul  
!m = u :o are ,fr5*4 ,y      %all d 9   
?is matt] :at y l2 ! greate/ objection  
is ?is1 t x /ops y\r op]ations2 b :o is 
to blame8      ,x is due to di/ance1 & n
 to any neglig5ce4       ,y say t y w d 
no?+ until y h ^!      docum5ts2 if y\r 
int5tion is to "w = our b5efit1 z      y
 say 9 y\r prec$+1 a company /ill be+   
disagreeable      to y1 t ought n to /op
 y2 y h e p[]1      & "t lo/ is         
irrep>able4 ,i am mu* annoy$ at !       
delay t ?is ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%] causes y2 z
 y say1 he      is an hone/ man1 b      
neglig5t1 & ?is 9 consequ5ce (      8   
age1 & absorption 9 8 great bus9ess4    
,we n[ return to ,mr4 ,david ,ross1#ih  
:o 9 8 lett] tells      a pack ( lies4  

,at ! close ( #aghi ,i pres5t$ myself   
at 8 h\se ) ! p[] ( attorney ( ,mr4     
,=mon1#ii      :5 we settl$ ! bus9ess ( 
! ,c\nt ( ,artois1 &      !             
,annette4#ajj ,!re nev] has be51 z he   
said1 any      dissolution ( ! p>tn]%ip 
betwe5 ,mr4 ,=mon & myself4      ,i     
settl$ ! acc\nts at t "t bo? ) him & )  
,samuel ,plaisance conc]n+ ^! vessels1 )
 ! exception      ( a residue ( ?ree    
?\s& francs :i* are due me f      ,mr4  
,edw>d1 _! associate1 :o di$ at ,london4
 ,:5 ,i ask$      him = 8 c]tificates1  
he gave me = excuse t !y 7      at !    
iron factory above ,ri*mond1 & t he _h  
giv5 ,mr4      ,=mon a private          
obligation t he w\ld be v glad to h     
an ex*ange = ! c]tificates4 ,?is affair 
has re/$ !re      ev] s9ce1 & accord+ to
 8 lett] ,mr4 ,=mon has tak5      out   
sev5 ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ doll>s1 :i* exce$s
 8      %>e by #a1fej doll>s4 ,if !     
e/ate ( ,mr4 ,=mon is n      )\t        
res\rces1 x is to 8 heirs t y mu/ apply 
=      ?is ov]draft1 & get f ,mr4 ,david

 ,ross all t y c1      = ) su* p "o _c  
rely ^u gett+ any?+      except ) iron  
hooks4       ,! son-9-law ( ,mr4 ,=mon  
d\btless w h f\nd among      8 pap]s all
 t con/itutes ! legal basis ( my        
portion2      8 c]tificates1 8 lett] (  
attorney prove x1 & ?is is      a title1
 & ,i believe t ,i h pro(s by acc\nts   
curr5t4      ,i salute y4   ,jean       
,audubon to ,francis ,daco/a            
,,nantes1 #bb ,june1 #ahje       ,,to   
,,mr4 ,,daco/a3       ,i h j receiv$ y\r
 lett] ( ,april #bc1 & ha/5      to     
reply to x1 9 ord] to prove to y t n "o 
(      y\rs has be5 neglect$1 :i* c\ld  
be readily se5 by my      copybook4 ,i  
am n surpris$ t at ?is "t y h n         
receiv$ y\r pap]s1 because !y _c h left 
be=e      ! #aj? or #ae? ( la/ ,m>*1    
hav+ be5 held up by !      emb>goes & ! 
bad wea!r1 z y w see by ! date (      ! 
lett]s :i* accompany !m4       ,!y 7    
entru/$ to ! son-9-law ( ,mr4 ,paul91 & 
if ! %ip arrives safely z ,i tru/ x w1 y
 h n[      receiv$ !m4       ,:at       

neglig5ce on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%]6 ,9
 tru?      x is unp>donable1 to let !   
mortgages /& aft] hav+      paid !m6#aja
 ,w y !n1 ,i pray1 cle> ?is up = !      
sake ( our mutual peace ( m9d8 ,y speak 
( repairs to !      h\se1#ajb x ne$s a  
complete cov]2 w\ld x n be bett]      = 
me to s5d "s slate f "h8 ,?is w\ld      
p]haps be      less exp5sive1 & well    
nigh ev]la/+4 ,%\ld y consid]      x    
advisable ,i w s5d y "s at once4        
,i beg y n to neglect ! affair ( ,david 
,ross2 if y c      collect ?is sum1 y w 
use x = our ne$s4 ,i am annoy$      t   
all ^! mi%aps prev5t y f work+2#ajc be  
well      p]suad$ t x is no fault ( m9e1
 & t ,i am guilty      ( no neglig5ce4  
,y speak ( my go+ to t c\ntry2 if su* _h
 be5 my      int5tion ,i %\ld h done x  
long ago4 ,i am /ill tr\bl$      ) an   
inflammation ( ! lungs2 & "o ought n to 
be ill      9 a =eign c\ntry1 :]e he    
does n receive ! c>e t      he enjoys 9 
8 own home4 ,y ask me to br+ y money4444
      ,y "k bett] ?an anyone else :at 0 

my f9ancial      position :5 ,i sold to 
y2 by t alone y mu/ "k h[      difficult
 ?is w\ld be = me4 ,x is necess>y to    
manage      s t our object suffices u or
 s t ! m9e pays its      way1 & if we _c
 "w on a gr& scale1 we mu/ ne$s d      !
 be/ ) our affairs on a l[] plane2 = t  
,i dep5d      on y4 ,i salute y4        
,p4,s4 ,:5 y %all h my pap]s f ,mr4     
,mi]s           ,fi%]1 y w f9d a        
promissory note ( ,mr4           ,samuel
 ,plaisance ( ,ri*mond1 = ! bus9ess (   
! wid[ ,ross4 ,if !re 7 ju/ice !re ?is  
sum w\ld be paid to me ) ! co/s4  ,!    
=ego+ lett]s %[ t ,daco/a _h be5 ask$ to
 oppose ! propos$ m>riage ( ! y\ng]     
,audubon to ,lucy ,bakewell until cons5t
 %\ld be giv52 t he 0 call+ = m money to
 exploit ! lead m9e & 0 urg+ ,lieut5ant 
,audubon to come to ,am]ica2 & t _!     
relations 7 becom+ /ra9$1 ,daco/a1 to   
prove 8 title to a "o-half int]e/ 9 !   
m9e & f>m1 hav+ ?reat5$ to take 8 case  
to ! c\rts4  ,?is m9+ exp]im5t 0 spread 
ov] _m ye>s4 ,be=e turn+ to ! sequel    

7see ,*apt] ,,xi71 let u glance at !    
picture :i* ! naturali/ has left ( 8    
unsympa!tic tutor4 ,daco/a1 he said1 0  
int5d$ to tea* me m9]alogy & m9+        
eng9e]+1 b 9 fact he knew no?+ ( ei!r2  
besides :i* he 0 a covet\s wret*1 :o did
 all he c\ld to ru9 my fa!r1 & inde$    
sw9dl$ u bo? to a l>ge am\nt4 ,i _h to g
 to ,france to expose him to my fa!r to 
get rid ( him1 :i* ,i =tunately         
accompli%$ at sight ( my k9d p>5t4 ,a   
great] sc\ndrel ?an ,daco/a nev]        
probably exi/$1 b peace be ) 8 s\l4 ,9  
"o respect only1 said ,audubon1 did he  
receive any sympa?y f 8 gu>dian3 ,daco/a
 comm5d$ 8 draw+s ( birds4 ,"o morn+1   
,audubon relates1 :5 ,i 0 draw+ a figure
 ( ! ,ardea h]odias ! great blue h]on1  
he assur$ me t ! "t might come :5 ,i    
%\ld be a great ,am]ican naturali/2     
h[ev] curi\s x might appe>1 he adds1 t  
praise f ! lips ( su* a man %\ld affect 
me1 ,i assure y t !y _h great weight )  
me & ,i felt a c]ta9 degree ( pride 9 ^!
 words ev5 !n4  ,to foll[ ,audubon's    

/ory fur!r1 n only did ,daco/a take     
control ( 8 f9ances1 b he int]f]$ ) 8   
p]sonal lib]ty1 fir/ by object+ to 8    
propos$ m>riage to ,lucy ,bakewell1 & !n
 by cutt+ (f 8 /ip5d :5 he rebell$4#ajd 
,audubon1 be+ ?or\ghly ar\s$1 det]m9$ to
 return to ,france & lay ! case be=e 8  
fa!r 9 p]son4 ,) ?is end 9 view he walk$
 to ,philadelphia1 :i!r ,daco/a _h gone1
 to dem& ! money necess>y to take him to
 ,nantes4 ,he 0 giv51 z he says1 :at    
purport$ to be a lett] ( cr$it to a ,mr4
 ,kauman1 an ag5t & bank] 9 ,new ,york4 
,return+ ) 8 lett] to ,mill ,grove1 he  
!n />t$ on foot = ,new ,york1 :]e he    
arriv$ on ! ev5+ ( ! ?ird day4 ,:ile !re
 he /ay$ at ! h\se ( ,mrs4 ,palm]1#aje a
 lady ( excell5t qualities1 :o receiv$  
him mo/ k9dly4 ,audubon call$ promptly  
^u ,b5jam9 ,bakewell1 = :om he 0 ! be>] 
( a lett] f 8 bro!r1 ,william ,bakewell1
 ( ,fatl& ,=d4 ,in/ead ( an ord] =      
money1 ,kauman's lett]1 he said1 conta9$
 only ! advice t its be>] be arre/$ &   
%ipp$ to ,canton4 ,p]plex$ & bewild]$   

beyond endurance1 ,audubon said t = !   
fir/ "t he felt ! call ( murd] 9 8      
blood1 & 8 outrag$ feel+s 7 n assuag$   
until 8 l&lady1 to :om he _h op5$ 8     
he>t1 & ,mr4 ,bakewell1 _h come to 8    
aid4 ,hav+ secur$ f ?is g5tleman !      
necess>y funds1 he b\ght a passage 9 !  
%ip ,hope1 :i* 0 !n ab\t to sail direct 
= ,nantes4  ,?anks to an old ca% acc\nt 
( ,william ,bakewell1 we c foll[        
,audubon's movem5ts at ?is "t fairly    
closely4 ,?is record#ajf ext5ds f       
,janu>y #d1 #ahje1 to ,april #i1 #ahaj1 
dur+ :i* "t he advanc$ money to 8 future
 son-9-law & receiv$ cr$its due him f   
v>i\s s\rces4 ,he did ! same = ! "y     
p>tn]s :5 an association 9 bus9ess _h   
be5 =m$ betwe5 ,audubon & ,rozi]1 & act$
 z _! ag5t or attorney aft] ! sale ( _! 
f>m & _! settlem5t 9 ! ,we/2 z w be se5 
he aid$ ,audubon v sub/antially lat] :5 
money 0 ne$$ at ,l\isville & = ! m      
ambiti\s projects at ,h5d]son1 9 :i* 8  
son 0 also int]e/$4 ,?is p>ticul> record
 %[s t he suppli$ ,audubon ) small sums 

( money on ,janu>y #d & #ab1 #ahje1 j   
be=e 8 dep>ture f ,mill ,grove1 & t on !
 eighte5? ( ! same mon? he paid 8 bro!r1
 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell ( ,new ,york1 #aej on
 ! "y man's acc\nt4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly !  
passage money :i* ,audubon _h borr[$ f 8
 fri5d1 & z ! %ip 0 !n ready to sail1 ! 
date ( 8 voyage on ! ,hope is v closely 
fix$4  ,aft] 8 vessel _h pass$ ,s&y     
,hook & 0 opposite ,new ,b$=d1 ! capta91
 9 ord]1 z he av]r$1 to make necess>y   
repairs1 ran h] into t port1 :]e !y     
pass$ a week4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to be only a 
ruse on ! capta9's "p to ga9 "t1 =1 hav+
 rec5tly m>ri$1 he want$ a holiday on   
%ore2 accord+ly he _h ord]$ a few holes 
bor$ bel[ ! wat]l9e 9 ! b[s ( 8 %ip4 ,:5
 !y f9ally put to sea 9 e>ne/1 !y pass$ 
?r\gh an imm5sity ( dead fi% float+ on !
 surface ( ! wat]1 a rem>k :i* n[       
recalls /ories ( ! fam\s tilefi%1 once  
?\ght to be ext9ct1 :i* h be5 f\nd      
float+ dead 9 va/ numb]s 9 t "p ( !     
,atlantic4 ,aft] n9ete5 days out ! ,hope
 ent]$ ! ,loire & an*or$ at ,paimbuf1 ! 

l[] h>bor ( ,nantes2 ?is 0 9 ,febru>y1 &
 n f> f ! eighte5? ( t mon?4     ,,*apt]
 ,,ix  ,,audubon',s ,,la/ ,,visit ,,to  
,,8 ,,home ,,9 ,,france       ,life at  
,c\ron--,fri5d%ip ( ,d',orbigny--,draw+s
 ( ,fr5*      birds--,d',orbigny's      
tr\bles--,m>riage ( ,rosa ,audubon--,!  
,du      ,puigaudeaus--,p>tn]%ip )      
,f]d9& ,rozi]--,_! ,articles      (     
,association--,!y sail f ,nantes1 are   
ov]haul$ by      ,briti% private]s1 b l&
 safely at ,new ,york--,settle at       
,mill ,grove4   ,rea*+ 8 home at ,c\ron 
9 ! spr+ ( #ahje1 ,audubon took 8 p>5ts 
completely by surprise4 ,he f\nd 8 fa!r1
 !n 9 8 sixty-fir/ ye>1 /ill hale &     
he>ty1 & 8 *re maman z fair & good z    
ev]4 ,x 0 a "t ( mom5t\s ev5ts 9        
,france2 ,napoleon _h plac$ ! cr[n ^u 8 
head b a few mon?s be=e2 defeat &       
victory foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,b   
?is did n prev5t ! "y naturali/ f sp5d+ 
a ye> 9 ! lap ( com=t at ,nantes & 9 !  
quiet villa ( ,la ,g]betire1 :]e z usual
 he hunt$ birds & collect$ objects (    

natural hi/ory ( e sort4  ,at ?is "t    
also ,audubon =m$ a fri5d%ip ) a "y man 
aft] 8 own he>t1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,m>ie      
d',orbigny1 :o ) 8 "y wife & infant-son 
0 !n liv+ ne> 8 home4 ,! doctor1 he     
said1 0 a good fi%]man1 a good hunt]1 & 
fond ( all objects 9 nature4 ,toge!r we 
se>*$ ! woods1 ! fields & ! banks ( !   
,loire1 procur+ e bird we c\ld1 & ,i    
made draw+s ( e "o ( !m--v bad1 to be   
sure1 b /ill !y 7 ( assi/ance to me4#ajg
  ,*>les d',orbigny1 :o 0 ,audubon's mo/
 intimate e>ly fri5d & 9 all probability
 8 fa!r 9 natural hi/ory1 0 always spok5
 ( 9 t]ms ( great affection4 ,:ile at   
,p>is 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi1 ,audubon le>n$ f
 ! naturali/ ,lesson t ,d',orbigny 0 !n 
9 *>ge ( ! museum at ,la ,ro*elle & t 8 
son1 ,*>les1 !n tw5ty-"o1 :om he _h held
 9 8 arms _m times1 0 9 ! city2 on      
,octob] #h he wrote 9 8 j\rnal3 ?is     
morn+ ,i _h great pleasure 9 meet+ my   
godson1 ,*>les d',orbigny4 ,oh6 :at pa/ 
times 7 br\ght to my m9d4#ajh           
,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,unpubli%$        

,,draw+s ,,( ,,fr5* ,,birds3            
,,above1 ,,le ,,friquet ,m,,le ,,de     
,,buffon4 ,,! ,,s$ge ,,sp>r[4 ,,no4     
#ac4 ,,ne> ,,nantz1 #ahje4 ,j4 ,j4 ,a42 
,,bel[1 ,,le ,,rossignol ,,de           
,,murailles--,,de ,,buffon--,,! ,,r$/>t4
 ,,no4 #ej4 ,,ne> ,,nantz1 ,,augu/1     
#ahje4 ,j4 ,l4 ,f4 ,a4       ,publi%$ by
 c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes4  ,9
 lat] life ! eld] ,d',orbigny seems to h
 fall5 on evil times4 ,he appe>$ z a    
debtor to ,lieut5ant ,audubon's e/ate1 &
 ! cordial relations t _h long exi/$    
betwe5 ! two families 7 brok52 ?is is   
%[n only too pla9ly by ! foll[+ %>p     
lett]#aji writt5 by ,gabriel du         
,puigaudeau & address$ to ! doctor1 on  
,augu/ #c1 #ahai1 :5 ! family _h become 
r$uc$ 9 means3   ,gabriel du ,puigaudeau
 to ,*>les ,m4 d',orbigny       ,y\r    
lett] ( ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,janu>y rea*$ me 
9      due "t4 ,i am griev$ to see t y  
are annoy$ because      ,i address$ y   
?r\gh ! voice ( ! mayor ( ! t[n      9  
:i* y live1 s9ce ,i _h n ! honor ( kn[+ 

!      mayor any m ?an ! enmity :i* may 
exi/ betwe5 y2 ,i      0 9 duty b\nd to 
f9d out :]e y 72 ,i he>d x said      t  
,esnaudes 0 y\r home & ,i wrote y m ?an 
a ye>      ago2 :5 ,i receiv$ no reply1 
! supposition 0 t ,i mu/      h be5     
mis9=m$4 ,i wrote to ! mayor ( ,esnaudes
 &      he _h ! k9dness to reply t y 7  
practic+ 9 8      commune4 ,i am writ+  
to y "u ?is cov]1 p]suad$ t      my la/ 
w n h ! same fate z my fir/1 :i* surely 
_h n rea*$ y4       ,z to ! claim t     
,madame ,audubon has ^u y1 !            
diff]5t cr$its :i* y m5tion are assur$ly
 m ?an      en\gh to pay ! am\nt1 b )   
=feitures2 un=tunately      !re are _m  
cr$itors :o d no?+ b ?is2 ,madame       
,audubon gets no?+1 & f9ds h]self 9     
/raight5$      circum/ances1 al?\gh h]  
h&s are full ( notes4 ,y say      t y\r 
cr$itors c claim only ?irty-five hundr$ 
francs4      ,i h c]ta9 k to ! contr>y1 
s9ce already !      mortgages on y\r    
h\se rea* ne>ly ?ree ?\s& francs1       
:ile ,madame ,audubon is y\r cr$itor 9 !

 sum ( at lea/      sixte5 hundr$       
francs4 ,i wi% 9 bus9ess to be frank1 & 
to      h o!rs s ) me4 ,y say t y owe r 
^? :o      h suppli$ y ) food2 y are    
unwill+ !n to recall      t ! sums t !  
late ,mr4 ,audubon l5t y repeat$ly      
7 = ! same purpose4 ,y tell u to be     
pati5t1 &      :o h be5 m pati5t ?an we 
= ! pa/ f\r ye>s8      ,y speak (       
r$uction ( int]e/2 inde$ x is impossible
      t y %\ld h ?\ght ( ?is1 or t we   
%\ld be      cont5t ) :at y %\ld be s   
good z to give u1 &      t :5 y deem x  
conv5i5t1 )\t our be+ able to      file 
a prote/4 ,i leave y to reflect on :at  
we mu/ ?9k      ( ?is matt]1 & ,i beg y 
to see 9 my mann] ( writ+      to y !   
int]pretation t ,i h giv5 to :at y write
      y\rself4       ,madame ,audubon   
does n ?9k t %e %\ld exact at once      
! capital 9 addition to ! int]e/1 b %e  
*>ges me      to say to y t1 hav+ a "r  
at lea/ to ! int]e/      accru$1 %e begs
 y to h t money paid to h] ) !      lea/
 possible delay4  ,! foll[+ lett]       

conc]n+ ,d',orbigny's affairs 0 also    
writt5 by ,gabriel du ,puigaudeau to ,j4
 ,cornet ( ,esnaudes1 on ,june #bf1     
#ahai3   ,gabriel du ,puigaudeau to ,j4 
,cornet       ,y\r honor$ lett] ( !     
sixte5? 0 duly receiv$4 ,x      is      
impossible to be m grateful to y ?an ,i 
am = !      in=mation t y h be5 k9d     
en\gh to give me ab\t      ,mlle4       
,b\ff>d#aaj z well z ab\t ,m4 ,del\*e4  
,i w      use x to my pr(it4 ,z to ! "q 
t y put to me      conc]n+ ,m4          
d',orbigny1 ,i h ! honor to tell y t    
he has liv$ 9 ! commune ( ,vue 9 ?is    
dep>tm5t1 &      0 highly e/eem$ &      
regrett$ :5 he left to come "h4      ,he
 liv$ "h fifte5 ye>s )\t any "o hav+    
cause to      reproa* him 9 any way4 ,he
 has always be5 v well reg>d$      &    
receiv$ by ! be/ society "h1 & he c>ri$ 
f ,vue      ! regrets ( all4 ,he left u 
to take "p 9 a manufactory      ( soda1 
e/abli%$ at ,noism\ti]s1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( 
,la      ,v5de4       ,i h _h no news ( 
him s9ce4 ,z to 8 pecuni>y              

res\rces1 ,i "k him to h b "o4 ,8 wife  
_h a h\se1      at ,paimbuf 9 ?is       
dep>tm5t1 :i* 0 sold ?ree ye>s ago      
to satisfy ! hold]s ( mortgages4 ,?is is
 all t ,i c      tell y ab\t !m2 he owes
 my "m-9-law ab\t fifte5      hundr$    
francs 7money receiv$ at diff]5t times f
 my      late fa!r-9-law71 = :i* we h 8 
notes1 b ,god only      kn[s :5 we %all 
be paid4  ,z e>ly z ! autumn ( #ahje1 if
 n be=e1 plans 7 laid = gett+ "y        
,audubon aga9 safely out ( ,france1 =   
fe>1 no d\bt1 t ! remorseless           
conscription (fic]s ( ,napoleon w\ld s5d
 him to ! w> if he rema9$4 ,at t "t     
,lieut5ant ,audubon & 8 wife issu$      
jo9tly to _! son & to ,f]d9& ,rozi] a   
p[] ( attorney = ! conduct ( _! bus9ess 
affairs 9 ,am]ica4 ,p>ts only ( ?is     
punctili\s docum5t1 :i* 0 writt5 9      
,fr5*1 h be5 pres]v$1#aaa & ^! ?r\gh !  
translation ( a not>y public & sworn    
int]pret] ( =eign languages = !         
,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania1 resid5t 9  
,philadelphia4 ,! names ( ! grantors1 :o

 sign$ ?is lett] on ,octob] #ba1 #ahje1 
7 atte/$ "u ! signature & seal ( ! mayor
 ( ,c\ron2 ?is (ficial ^u ! same day    
decl>$ t1 9 con=mity ) ! rigor\s        
requirem5ts ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate (        
,p5nsylvania1 s9ce no o!r act1 n ev5 a  
not>ial in/rum5t1 c 9 any mann] supply !
 same1 he _h exam9$ ,anne ,moynet       
,audubon ap>t1 :5 %e admitt$ t %e       
p]fectly und]/ood ! nature ( ! act1 :i* 
%e _h sign$1 seal$1 & deliv]$ ( h] own  
free w & accord1 )\t be+ compell$ !reto 
by h] husb&1 ei!r by ?reats1 or by any  
o!r means ( compulsion :atsoev]4 ,!     
mayor's signature 0 au!nticat$ ?ree days
 lat] by ! subprefect ( ,sav5ay1 & !    
=mality 0 f9ally clos$ by ! atte/ation (
 8 signature by ! prefect1 on ! #bg? (  
,novemb]4  ,x 0 dur+ ?is la/ visit to 8 
home 9 ,france t ,audubon's si/]1       
,rosa1#aab 0 m>ri$ to ,gabriel ,loy5 du 
,puigaudeau1 :o 0 n1 h[ev]1 z !         
naturali/ has /at$1 ei!r ! son ( a fall5
 nobleman or 8 fa!r's secret>y4 ,du     
,puigaudeau came f a family ( m]*ants 9 

easy circum/ances1 & = a long "t liv$ ! 
life ( a c\ntry g5tleman ( leisure--= a 
p]iod at ,port ,launay1 bel[ ,c\ron1 &  
lat]1 aft] ,lieut5ant ,audubon's dea?1  
at 8 own villa1 ,les ,t\rt]elles1 9 t   
commune1 n f> f ,la ,g]betire4 ,8 fa!r1 
?\gh ( a ri* family1 0 n a g5tleman1 t  
is1 a memb] ( ! ari/ocracy1 z ! t]m 0 !n
 us$ 9 ,france4 ,du ,puigaudeau 0 )\t   
any settl$ bus9ess1 b 8 rev5ues1 ^u :i* 
he dep5d$1 fail$ n long aft] ! dea? ( 8 
fa!r-9-law4 ,he & "y ,audubon appe> to h
 be5 good fri5ds = _m ye>s1 & aft] !    
latt]'s return to ,am]ica !y correspond$
 to z late z #ahbj1 :5 = "s reason _!   
relations 7 brok54  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahjf   
,lieut5ant ,audubon arrang$ a bus9ess   
p>tn]%ip betwe5 8 son & ,f]d9& ,rozi]1  
to endure = n9e ye>s1 & also secur$     
passports = bo? to enable !m to emigrate
 imm$iately to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to !   
same h& c also be trac$ _! ,articles (  
,association1 :i* 7 drawn ) ! utmo/ c>e 
& design$ to gov]n !m 9 all _! future   
bus9ess relations 9 ! ,new ,_w3 ^! 7    

sign$ by ,jean ,audubon1 & ,f]d9&       
,rozi]1 at ,nantes1 on ,m>* #bc1 #ahjf4 
,moreov]1 eight days be=e !y emb>k$1 a  
second & m elaborate lett] ( attorney 0 
issu$ to !m jo9tly by ! ,lieut5ant1 8   
wife1 &1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! ag$ fa!r (    
,f]d9&1 "u date ( ,april #d1 #ahjf4aac  
,accord+ to ! t]ms ( ?is admirably      
execut$ pap] ! p>tn]s 7 entitl$ to      
conduct all ! affairs ( ! grantors 9    
ref]5ce to _! prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
to ! be/ ( _! judgm5t & ability2 to c>ry
 on ! ,mill ,grove f>m1 to ! ext5t ( _! 
"p own]%ip 9 ! e/ate1 or to dispose (   
?is int]e/2 to exploit or cause to be   
exploit$ ! m9e rec5tly discov]$ on !    
said f>m1 to consult 9 e important matt]
 ,mr4 ,mi]s ,fi%]1 m]*ant (             
,philadelphia1--z a common fri5d & good 
c\nsellor1 to keep all necess>y books & 
regi/]s1 & at ! end ( ea* ye>1 or soon]1
 to /rike a balance ( ! receipts &      
exp5ses ( ! said f>m & ! exploitation ( 
! m9e1 %\ld !re be reason = x4          
,illu/ration3 ,,receipt ,,giv5 ,,by     

,,capta9 ,s4 ,,sammis ,,( ,,! ,,polly   
,,to      ,,audubon ,,& ,,f]d9& ,,rozi] 
,,= ,,_! ,,passage ,,money ,,f ,,nantes 
,,to ,,new ,,york4       ,f ! ,tom ,j4  
,rozi] ,,mss4  ,to secure at ?is "t !   
necess>y passports = _! "y m5 no d\bt   
tax$ all ! res\rces ( ! eld] ,audubon2  
,rozi]'s1 said ! naturali/1 0 writt5 9  
,dut*1 ( :i* he did n und]/& a s+le ^w1 
:ile 8 own lett] /at$ t he 0 born 9 ,new
 ,orleans4 ,^! subt]fuges work$ s well t
 ! inspection (fic]1 aft] read+         
,audubon's pap]1 promptly (f]$ him 8    
congratulations1 add+ t he w\ld be only 
too glad to leave 8 unhappy c\ntry "u z 
favorable conditions4 ,audubon & ,rozi] 
sail$ f ,nantes on ,saturday1 ,april    
#ab1 #ahjf1 on ! %ip ,polly1 ,capta9    
,sammis1 b !y did n l& 9 ,new ,york     
until ,tuesday1 ,may #bh1 aft] a p]il\s 
voyage ( ne>ly eight weeks4 ,a =tnight  
_h be5 pass$ at sea :5 !y sight$ a      
suspici\s look+ vessel :i* imm$iately   
gave *ase1 fir$ sev]al %ots across _!   
b[s1 & compell$ ! capta9 to heave to &  

submit to be+ bo>d$ & se>*$4 ,?is prov$ 
to be an ,engli% private]1 nam$ !       
,rattlesnake4 ,%e 0 r consid]ate = a    
,briti% cruis] ( ! p]iod1 = %e m]ely    
impress$ two ( _! be/ seam5 & robb$ !m (
 _! provisions1 c>ry+ (f1 said ,audubon1
 all ( _! pigs1 %eep1 c(fee & w9e1#aad 9
 spite ( l\d remon/rances ( ! capta9 & (
 an ,am]ican ,congressman :o happ5$ to  
be among ! pass5g]s4 ,! ,rattlesnake1 he
 cont9u$1 kept u "u h] lee1 & almo/ )9  
pi/ol-%ot1 = a day & a night1 ransack+ !
 %ip = money1 ( :i* we _h a great /ore 9
 ! run "u ! balla/ :i* 0 p>tially       
remov$1 b !y did n g deep en\gh to rea* 
! treasure4 ,! gold belong+ to ,rozi] & 
myself ,i put away "u ! %ip's cable 9 ! 
b[1 :]e x rema9$ until ! private]s _h   
dep>t$4  ,^u rea*+ a po9t ?irty miles (f
 ,s&y ,hook1 !y le>n$ f a fi%+ smack t  
two ,briti% frigates lay (f ! h>bor & 7 
impress+ ,am]ican seam51 t1 9 %ort1 !y 7
 ev5 m unwelcome ?an pirates :o sail$ "u
 lett]s ( m>que4 ,! capta91 ?us =ew>n$ (
 "o dang]1 _h ! mis=tune to run into    

ano!r1 = ^u tak+ 8 vessel into ,long    
,isl& ,s\nd1 %e enc\nt]$ a /orm & 0 /r&$
 9 a gale2 no great h>m 0 exp]i5c$1     
h[ev]1 = ! vessel 0 f9ally float$ (f &  
rea*$ ,new ,york on ! foll[+ day4 ,!    
passage money paid by ,audubon & ,rozi] 
to ,capta9 ,sammis am\nt+ to #ebe       
livres1 or #abe1aae 0 ent]$1 accord+ to 
_! articles ( agreem5t1 z ! fir/ item ( 
_! social exp5ses4 ,aft] a brief visit )
 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell !y hurri$ to ,mill   
,grove1 & ,audubon to ! home ( 8        
swee!>t1 ,lucy4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,la    
,,g]beti,,re ,,( ,,ye/]day ,,& ,,today  
,home ( ,audubon's y\? at ,c\ron--,its  
situation on !      ,loire--,hi/ory ( ! 
villa & commune--,*anges ( a c5tury4    
,be=e foll[+ fur!r ,audubon's hi/ory 9  
,am]ica1 we %all return = a m intimate  
view ( ! happy home :i* he _h left beh9d
 him 9 ,france4 ,?is 0 at ,c\ron1 a     
small commune 9 ! arrondissem5t (       
,sa9t-,nazaire1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,loire1
 n9e miles we/ ( ,nantes4 ,"h1 z we h   
notic$1 8 fa!r _h acquir$ a c\ntry place

 at ab\t ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution4 ,! 
old h\se /ill /&s1 ?\gh 9 decay1 & is   
/ill kn[n z ,la ,g]betire1 a "n possibly
 ref]r+ to ! :eat :i* is h>ve/$ f !     
surr\nd+ fields z ( yore4 ,9 ! records (
 t di/rict c\ntry places are always     
designat$ by _! prop] names1 & x is a   
curi\s fact t :ile su* names survive1 !y
 are seldom or nev] display$ on door or 
gate4    ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,g]beti,,re
 ,,jean ,,audubon',s ,,c\ntry ,,villa   
,,at ,,c\,,ron1      ,,france1 ,,& ,,!  
,,naturali/',s ,,boyhood ,,home4        
,f a photograph ( ,augu/ #ah1 #aiac4  ,9
 a j\rnal writt5 be=e #ahbf1 ,audubon   
says3 ,my fa!r's beautiful c\ntry seat1 
situat$ )9 sight ( ! ,loire1 ab\t       
mid-di/ance betwe5 ,nantes & ! sea1 ,i  
f\nd q delightful to my ta/e1 not)/&+ ! 
frightful cruelties ,i _h witness$ 9 t  
vic9ity n _m ye>s previ\sly4 ,! g>d5s1  
gre5h\ses1 & all app]ta9+ to x appe>$ to
 me ( a sup]ior ca/4 ,?\gh x 0 occupi$ =
 _m ye>s previ\sly z a refuge f !       
turmoil or heat ( ! city1 ,lieut5ant    

,audubon made ,la ,g]betire 8 p]man5t   
abode only :5 he retir$ f ! navy 9      
#ahja1 /ill ma9ta9+1 z we h se51 a      
foo?old 9 ,nantes4  ,^u ,audubon's fir/ 
return f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! spr+ (     
#ahje1 he said t 8 vessel ent]$ ! m\? ( 
! ,loire & an*or$ (f ,paimbuf1 ! l[]    
h>bor ( ,nantes4 ,on s5d+ my "n to !    
pr9cipal (fic] ( ! cu/oms1 ! n>rative   
cont9ues1 he came on bo>d1 & aft]w>ds   
s5t me to my fa!r's villa1 ,la          
,g]betire1 9 8 b>ge & ) 8 own m54 ,x is 
to be notic$1 incid5tally1 t z ! di/ance
 to be cov]$ betwe5 ! l[] & upp] h>bors 
0 tw5ty-five miles1 or sixte5 miles to  
,c\ron1 su* j\rneys no d\bt 7 made ^u ! 
arrival ( incom+ vessels = ! regul>     
bus9ess ( ! s]vice4  ,x has be5 sugge/$1
 )\t pro(1 t ,c\ron repres5ts ! anci5t  
t[n ( ,corbilo1 m5tion$ by ,/rabo at !  
beg9n+ ( our era4 ,?\gh unque/ionably   
anci5t1 at ! "t ( ! ,revolution x 0 a   
small & unimportant p>i% ( poor b       
indu/ri\s f>m]s4 ,x occupies roll+      
gr\nd1 b little rais$ above ! ,loire1 to

 ! ea/ ( ,port ,launay & ne>ly opposite 
,pell]94 ,z ?is commune 0 easily        
accessible by riv]-b>ge f ,nantes1 !    
revolutioni/s seem to h ?\ght x wor?    
wat*+1 ?\gh ,citiz5 ,audubon f\nd its p 
9 a tranquil mood :5 he canvass$ _!     
di/rict 9 behalf ( ! ,c5tral ,committee 
9 ,april1 #agic4 ,c\ron is /ill a f>m+  
community1 b its population#aaf has be5 
consid]ably swell$ 9 rec5t ye>s by !    
developm5t ( a l>ge indu/ry = ! treatm5t
 ( lead2 x is ! %ot t[] & =e/ ( *imneys 
( ^! great metallurgical works t arre/ !
 eye ( ! travel] z he approa*es ,c\ron  
by riv] at ! pres5t day4 ,! t[n is also 
accessible by railroad1 b ! /eam] j\rney
 f ,nantes1 :i* is made 9 less ?an an   
h\r1 is m attractive z well z m direct4 
,9 ?is section ! ,loire is flank$ on    
ei!r side by bottom l&s1 r$uc$ 9 places 
to n>r[ /rips1 :i* are foll[$ at        
int]vals by elevations call$1 by        
c\rtesy1 hills or buttes4 ,to ! we/ (   
,c\ron1 & especially at ,pell]91 :i* /&s
 high1 ^! buttes come close to ! riv]1  

:i* is eat+ !m away4  ,my visit to      
,c\ron1 :i* 0 made on a w>m midsumm]'s  
day 9 #aiac1 s]v$ to correct c]ta9      
previ\s impressions1 b ,i f\nd ! old    
,audubon home/ead 9 its ess5tial aspects
 b little *ang$1 consid]+ t ov] a c5tury
 _h roll$ by s9ce ! naturali/'s visit   
:i* we h j describ$4 ,aft] leav+ ,nantes
 at ! ,g>e de la ,b\rse by "o ( ^? qua9t
 little tra9s :i* /ill d s]vice 9 ! less
 travel$ p>ts ( ,france1 we trav]s$ !   
broad ,quai ) requisite delib]ation1    
pass+ %ops1 w>eh\ses & factories 9 long 
array4 ,a slight sw]ve f ! riv] soon    
br\ght u to ,*at5ay1 n[ a "p ( ! city2 x
 is /ill "s di/ance f t po9t be=e ! real
 c\ntryside is rea*$1 & sc5es famili> to
 s\!rn ,brittany are 9 a measure        
reproduc$4 ,!re 7 ! old f>mh\ses ( r\gh 
/one1 de> to e pa9t]'s he>t1 mell[$ by  
age & li*5s1 & surr\nd$ by great ricks (
 /raw1 = ! h>ve/ _h be5 ga!r$ & ! /ubble
 fields 7 br[n4 ,!re also ! f>ms 7      
divid$ into small plats1 m>k$ by will[s 
or ramp>ts ( /one4 ,on high] gr\nd /ood 

! w9dmills1 *>act]i/ic ( ,brittany      
also1--/alw>t t[]s ( /one1 ) broad arms 
( lattic$ wood ev] ready to take !      
sails4  ,! small /ation = ,c\ron lies 9 
! commune ( ,sautron1 & at ?is isolat$  
po9t ! travel] w sometimes f9d a c\ntry 
conveyance to take him to ! village4    
,:ile we 7 rais+ ! du/ f ?is old ,c\ron 
pike on ! eighte5? day ( ,augu/1 swall[s
 hawk+ ) *>act]i/ic en]gy = _! insect   
prey 7 ! only birds we saw to rem9d u ( 
! orni?ologi/1 :o z a y\? _h d\btless   
pass$ ?is way _m times1 ov] a hundr$    
ye>s be=e4 ,! mo/ direct approa* to !   
old ,audubon place f ,sautron1 z we     
aft]w>ds le>n$1 is by a pa? :i* div]ges 
on ! "r & leads ?r\gh /ubble fields &   
cabbage pat*es1 along h$g][s & /one     
walls4 ,we1 h[ev]1 f>$ on to ! t[n &    
soon began to pass %ops & small mod]n   
h\ses4 ,on ! side ( ! village !         
travel]'s eye is c]ta9 to be arre/$ by a
 great crucifix 9 /one1#aag :i* rises   
high above ! /reet f a l(ty p$e/al1 & is
 approa*$ by ti]s ( /one /eps4 ,ne>ly   

opposite /&s ! secrt>iat1 or (ficial    
bureau ( ! commune1 :]e a solit>y cl]k1 
:o seem$ to welcome my intrusion 9 a    
place :]e bus9ess 0 utt]ly /agnant1     
clos$ 8 (fice & ) *>act]i/ic c\rtesy    
*e]fully %[$ me ! way4 ,?is l$ directly 
we/w>d to "o side ( ! c5t] ( ! t[n1 &   
aft] pass+ d[n a /reet ( old h\ses ( !  
humble/ description1 we 7 aga9 9 !      
region ( br[n fields & old f>m/eads4    
,c\ron village1 :i* is m>k$ by a mod]n  
*ur* ) an aggressive spire1 ext5ds along
 ! riv] bank1 b s9ce its /reets run     
p>allel ) x1 ! riv] itself is se5 only  
at c]ta9 op5+s1 occurr+ at irregul>     
int]vals4 ,9 go+ to ,la ,g]betire by !  
c\rse ,i h describ$1 ! ,loire 0 n       
visible at any po9t1 & 0 n se5 until we 
em]g$ f "o ( ! village /reets at !      
/eam]'s pi]4 ,my guide _h said t f !    
rise at ! next crossroads we %\ld see ! 
ro( ( ! h\se :i* we _h come to visit1 & 
8 pr$iction 0 v]ifi$ :5 ,i recogniz$    
imm$iately its cupola rais$ above ! gray
 /one walls :i* !re b\nd e highway &    

field4 ,! old villa is r less ?an a mile
 f ! village1 b ow+ to ! roll+ nature ( 
! c\ntry1 x is completely hidd5 until at
 close approa* x /&s sudd5ly reveal$4 ,x
 lies 9 a =k ( ! road1 securely inclos$ 
by high1 massive walls ( /one1 n[ ho>y )
 age1 :ile on ! front x is fur!r scre5$ 
by a natural gr[? ( bu%es & trees4      
,imm$iately beh9d & to ! we/ rises a    
prom95t butte :i* cuts (f ! view to     
,port ,launay on ! riv]2 ?is =ms ! "o   
di/9ctive l&m>k ( ! di/rict1 z its two  
w9dmill t[]s are visible f all surr\nd+ 
po9ts4 ,9 ,audubon's day ! h\se comm&$ a
 wide view ( ! ,loire1 b ! riv] is n[ s 
completely mask$ by foliage z to be     
visible only f ! upp] w9d[s2 app>5tly x 
once fl[$ ne>] to ! h\se b has be5 pu%$ 
away by ! con/ruction ( mod]n dykes4 ,! 
hilltop to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 l ! ro( ( 
! villa1 comm&s a panorama ( ! :ole     
region1 includ+ ,nantes & all ! surr\nd+
 communes4  ,la ,g]betire is n[ a small 
e/ate ( less ?an fifty ares1 or "o & a  
half acres1 ( l&4 ,! build+s1 :i* =m a  

quadrangle ) enclos$ c\rt1 occupy a     
corn] next ! side /reet1 & /& ab\t #bjj 
feet back f ! ma9 highway lead+ f ,c\ron
 to ,port ,launay4 ,! ext5t ( ! orig9al 
prop]ty _c n[ be det]m9$1 b ,lieut5ant  
,audubon1 :o retir$ at ! age (          
fifty-sev51 0 nev] a f>m] on a l>ge     
scale4 ,! orig9al h\se1 :i* probably    
dates f e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 has an
 ea/]ly w+ or ,l1 cont9u$ into a long1  
l[ section ?r\gh :i* ! c\rt is n[ ent]$ 
f ! road at ! side2 ?is 0 probably add$ 
by ,jean ,audubon1 b ! we/]ly end & w+  
are a m mod]n accretion1 built = !      
accommodation ( additional t5ants1 z _m 
z ?ree families hav+ occupi$ ! place 9  
#aheg4  ,la ,g]betire 0 ent]$ f ! ma9   
/reet by a small door :i* pi]ces ! high 
enclos+ wall1 & leads ! visitor into :at
 0 =m]ly an ornam5tal g>d51 ! orig9al   
design ( :i* c /ill be trac$4 ,at ! "t (
 my visit1 h[ev]1 ?is entrance _h long  
ceas$ to be an av5ue ( response4        
,enc\rag$ by ! sight ( a p$dl]'s c>t1 ,i
 walk$ up ! side /reet & ent]$ ! c\rt4  

,"h ! response 0 prompt & vigor\s en\gh1
 & f ! gu>dians ( ! place1 "o ( :i* 0   
*af+ at 8 *a9 close to ! doorway4 ,i    
cross$ r g+]ly to an op5 hallway1       
opposite ! ma9 entrance1 & knock$       
repeat$ly1 not+ "h t rooms op5$ to ?is  
small entrance hall on ei!r side1 & t a 
/eep /airway l$ to o!rs above4 ,at la/1 
dur+ a tempor>y lull 9 ! b>k+ ( dogs1 ! 
tok-tok ( sabots 0 he>d on ! /airs1 & ,i
 h&$ up my c>d ) "o f ! director ( !    
,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,nantes4    
,aft] v>i\s messages _h be5 %\t$ back & 
=?1 ,i 0 l$ ?r\gh ano!r passage to !    
t5ant1 :o 0 talk+ ) ! p$dl] 9 ! g>d54   
,juli5 ,lebrton1 :o 0 a f>m] on a small 
scale1 receiv$ me k9dly & answ]$ my     
que/ions to ! be/ ( 8 ability2 x did n  
surprise me t he 0 bo? puzzl$ &         
suspici\s1 or t 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 ( our    
com+ to look ov] ! place ) a view to its
 pur*ase4  ,! decay$ villa1 :i* /&s 9 ! 
mid/ ( scatt]$ f>mh\ses ( a humble ord]1
 reproduces a /yle *>act]i/ic ( _m p>ts 
( ,france4 ,! orig9al h\se1 ( two       

/ories1 0 built ( cream-color$ lime/one1
 simil> to t = :i* _m ,fr5* t[ns are    
fam\s4 ,x has a swell$ slat$ ro( )      
bevel$ gables4 ,surm\nt+ ! ro( is a     
cupola :i* sugge/s a ?ird /ory1 c>ri$   
out 9 h>mony ) ! l[] /ructure4 ,a n>r[  
balcony1 re/+ ^u a mold+ ( /one &       
protect$ by an iron grill1 )\t :i* no   
su* h\se w\ld be consid]$ complete1 runs
 ! l5g? ( ! second /ory1 & is accessible
 f e room by glass doors4 ,f ! ma9      
entrance bel[ "o passes directly ?r\gh  
to ! c\rt1 ab\t :i* are n[ gr\p$ v>i\s  
/ables & o!r l[ build+s1 n all ( :i*    
date f ,audubon's day4    ,illu/ration3 
,,la ,,g]beti,,re ,,& ,,c\,,ron1 ,,z    
,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,w9dmill      ,,t[]s ,,on
 ,,! ,,ridge ,,ov]look+ ,,port ,,launay1
 ,,on ,,! ,,loire4       ,,la           
,,g]beti,,re1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,:5 ,,approa*$ 
,,f ,,c\,,ron ,,village ,,by      ,,!   
,,road ,,to ,,port ,,launay4            
,,port ,,launay ,,on ,,! ,,loire4  ,:at 
0 once a small =mal g>d5 is /ill m>k$ by
 solid b\nd>ies ( cut lime/one4 ,?is 0  

evid5tly con/ruct$ by ,jean ,audubon1   
s9ce x occupies ! area 9 front ( !      
orig9al h\se & ! ea/]ly ext5sion :i* is 
attribut$ to him4 ,! rema9+ available l&
 0 devot$ to fruit1 vegetables1 &       
possibly to ! gre5h\ses :i* ! naturali/ 
m5tion$4 ,at "o "t an orang]y occupi$ "s
 "p ( ! h\se or c\rt4 ,!re are n[ no    
l>ge trees on ! prop]ty2 ! fruits are   
all ( rec5t & inf]ior gr[?1 :ile ! g>d5 
,i saw 0 plant$ to cabbage & runn+ riot 
) we$s4  ,:5 ,jean & ,madame ,audubon   
pass$ ?r\gh ! door lead+ f ! ma9 /reet1 
!y ent]$ ^u a pav$ alley :i* ran p>allel
 ) ! high wall1 :5ce !y c\ld rea* ! h\se
 by any "o ( sev]al walks or ent] !     
fruit g>d5 by ano!r4 ,if s incl9$1 !y   
c\ld turn to ! "r1 asc5d a flight (     
granite /eps to a plat=m on a level ) ! 
top ( ! wall1 & "u a %ady b[] ( v9es &  
leafy %rubb]y1 look (f on ! rac+ wat]s (
 ! ,loire1 scrut9ize _! visitors be=e   
admitt+ !m1 or obs]ve su* manife/ations 
( life z lonely c\ntry roads ( t p]iod  
_h to (f]4 ,z !y pass$ up ! c5tral g>d5 

walk !y c\ld admire ! b$s ( old-fa%ion$ 
fl[]s1 kept1 we may be sure1 9 p]fect   
ord]1 = ,jean 0 a v me?odical man1 & 8  
wife1 we believe1 an excell5t home mak]4
 ,?is walk l$ to a l[ t]race1 flank$ ) a
 heavy wall1 :i* ran ! :ole l5g? ( !    
h\se4  ,:at little ,i saw ( ! int]ior ( 
,la ,g]betire 0 :olly devoid ( int]e/1  
:i* agrees ) ! exp]i5ce ( ano!r travel] 
:o visit$ ,c\ron at a slightly e>li]    
date2#aah at ! "t ( 8 visit ! place 0   
unoccupi$ & =lorn1 & ! vegetation on !  
g>d5 side s d5se t x 0 utt]ly impossible
 to see any di/ance f ! l[] w9d[s4  ,:5 
,la ,g]betire came into ,jean ,audubon's
 possession x 0 already v5]able ) age1 &
 x 0 completely re/or$ = him by an      
ar*itect nam$ ,lavigne4#aai ,9 an       
inv5tory drawn up %ortly aft] ,madame   
,audubon's dea? 9 ,octob]1 #ahba1 !     
prop]ty ( ,la ,g]betire is describ$ by  
reproduc+ ! acc\nt giv5 9 an e>ly de$   
be>+ date ( ,novemb] #aa1 #agfi1 :i*    
reads z foll[s3       ,a h\se call$ ,la 
,g]betire1 situat$ ne> ! port (         

,launay1 consi/+ ( a sitt+ room1 draw+  
room1 kit*51      upp] *amb] 444 g>ret1 
& o!r qu>t]s s]v+ z a      laundry1     
/able at ! back1 ) pigeon l(t above1    
c\rt1      p>t]re1 vegetable g>d5 to "o 
side1 an orang]y )      orange trees1 9 
! middle ( ! h\se1 ! :ole 9 front      (
 a close surr\nd$ by high walls except  
on ! side ( !      sett+ sun1 ) l&      
belong+ to ! heirs ( ,m4 de la ,haye    
,moricaud1 held mutually1#abj ! :ole    
b\nd$ on all o!r      sides by highways4
 ,notice3 ,! a=esaid h\se & p>t]re      
/& 9 an empty field1 :i* s]ves z a      
fair-gr\nd1 &      is p>tly plant$ ) "y 
trees 9 s]ial r[s2 held 9      common ) 
! ,m>quis de la ,musse1 ) ano!r empty   
field      conta9+ ab\t two j\rnals (   
l&4444#aba  ,la ,g]betire1 nev] m ?an an
 unpret5ti\s c\ntry h\se ) an attractive
 g>d51 0 idealiz$ 9 ! f]v5t imag9ation (
 ,audubon :5 9 aft] life he drew ^u !   
memories ( 8 y\? 9 ,france2 = x _h meant
 to him escape f ! city1 :i* he dete/$1 
to ! fields & riv] :i* he lov$4 ,yet1 9 

spite ( ! abuse :i* a long l9e ( poor   
t5antry inevitably entails1 ) int]vals (
 total neglect la/+ = ne>ly a c5tury1   
?is decay$ villa ( pre-,revolution>y    
days /ill /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to its     
neighbors1 & be>s witness to a ta/e to  
:i* !y 7 /rang]s4 ,! gre5h\ses1 ! fruit 
& %ade trees1 if su* x possess$1 & all  
less] adornm5ts ( ! place h vani%$ long 
ago1 b ?anks to ! durability ( ,fr5*    
/one & mort>1 mu* ab\t ?is old c\ntry   
seat is /ill well pres]v$4 ,:e!r        
,audubon ev] saw 8 old ,c\ron home aga9 
aft] leav+ x 9 #ahjf is d\btful1 ?\gh "o
 ( 8 sons visit$ ! place1 & ! naturali/ 
incid5tally speaks ( a pilgrimage to    
,les ,sables d',olonne :i* might h      
occurr$ 9 #ahca or a little lat]4 ,9    
foll[+ ! =tunes ( ! naturali/'s family 9
 ,france x w be necess>y = u to return  
to ,la ,g]betire4#abb     ,,*apt] ,,xi  
,,fir/ ,,v5tures ,,9 ,,bus9ess ,,at     
,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,sequel ,,to ,,!     
,,mill ,,grove ,,m9e       ,audubon &   
,rozi] at ,mill ,grove--,_! p>tn]%ip    

rules--,attempts to =m a m9+ company    
lead to      disappo9tm5t--,decision to 
sell _! rema9+ int]e/s      9 ,mill     
,grove to ,daco/a--,division ( ! prop]ty
 &      legal entanglem5ts--,audubon z a
 cl]k 9 ,new ,york--,bus9ess            
correspond5ce & lett]s to 8 fa!r--,lat] 
hi/ory ( !      lead m9e &              
,daco/a--,audubon cont9ues 8 draw+s 9   
,new      ,york & works = ,dr4          
,mit*ell's ,museum--,=sakes ! c\nt+     
room = ! fields--,p]sonal sket*4   ,:5  
,audubon & ,rozi] rea*$ ,mill ,grove at 
! beg9n+ ( ! summ] ( #ahjf1 !y f\nd !   
tr\blesome ,daco/a in/all$ z its ma/] by
 virtue ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty & 8 =m]  
position z ag5t1 to :i* !y 7 n[ to      
succe$4 ,no d\bt !y f\nd difficulties 9 
c>ry+ out all ! articles ( agreem5t#abc 
9 _! bus9ess con/itution1 = !y 7 to take
 possession & call ,daco/a to acc\nt4   
,!y 7 also 9 duty b\nd to inve/igate !  
lead m9e on ! f>m1 & asc]ta9 :e!r x     
promis$ any success1 & if ! exp5ses     
already incurr$ 7 w>rant$1 be=e committ+

 !mselves to fur!r developm5t4 ,"o-half 
! product ( ! m9e & f>m 0 to be equally 
divid$ betwe5 !m1 & 9 ord] to visualize 
cle>ly _! pr(it & loss1 !y agre$ to keep
 a special book = ! purpose4 ,on "o     
side1 _! ?ird ,article read1 w be ent]$ 
! items ( exp5se1 day by day1 & at !    
mom5t ?is is done1 on ! o!r side %all   
also be ent]$ ! sales & products ( !    
f>ms1 & ( all t c result f ?is bus9ess1 
9 su* a way t ! pr(it %all be always    
app>5t by ! addition ( ! items :i*      
compose ! debit & ! cr$it4              
,illu/ration3 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,!          
,,articles ,,( ,,association ,,( ,,john 
,,james ,,audubon ,,& ,,f]d9& ,,rozi]1  
,,sign$ ,,at ,,nantes1 ,,m>* #bc1       
#ahjf4       ,aft] ! orig9al manuscript 
( ,rozi]'s copy1 9 possession (         
,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,rozi]4  ,! h\se at     
,mill ,grove 0 to be treat$ z an object 
sep>ate f all bus9ess1 9 ord]1 s !      
,articles read1 t we may settle matt]s z
 completely z we desire4 ,x 0 also      
agre$1 9 ! f\r? ,article1 t !y %\ld add 

to ! exp5ses ( ?is exploitation ^?      
necess>y = life1 & o!rs ( a mutual "*1 s
 long z x %\ld suit !m to live & dwell  
toge!r4 ,x 0 fur!r /ipulat$ t ev5 if !  
m9e prov$ a failure1 !y %\ld rema9 six  
mon?s on ! f>m1 9 ord] to ga!r useful   
in=mation f ! c\ntry1 be=e emb>k+ 9 any 
=m ( comm]ce1 :e!r inl& or m>itime4 ,!  
co/ ( _! j\rney to ,am]ica 0 to be ent]$
 z ! fir/ item ( _! social exp5ses1 &   
any exp5diture = travel 9 _! mutual     
int]e/s 0 to be consid]$ "u ! same head4
 ,9 case !y %\ld p]suade any m]*ants 9  
,am]ica to s5d goods to ,m4 ,rozi]1     
,s5ior1 at ,nantes1 he %\ld be entitl$  
to "o-half ! pr(its1 :ile ! p>tn]s %\ld 
divide ! o!r half betwe5 !m4 ,all o!r   
pr(its & losses result+ f _! comm]cial  
transactions 7 to be %>$ equally4 ,!    
p>tn]s resolv$ to ma9ta9 fri5d%ip & a   
mutual und]/&+1 b ^u ! lea/ difficulty  
ea* %\ld *oose "o arbitrator1 & ! two   
?us *os5 7 au?oriz$ to select a ?ird2 ! 
p>tn]s 7 b\nd to accept ! decision ?us  
rea*$ )\t appeal+ to any c\rt4 ,9 ! case

 ( ! dea? ( "o ( ! associates1 read !   
t5? ,article1 ! survivor %\ld h sole    
*>ge ( mak+ a settlem5t ( ! bus9ess &   
%\ld report to ! prop] heirs4 ,!        
survivor1 9 su* an ev5t1 w\ld be entitl$
 to a commission ( t5 p] c5t 9 addition 
to 8 "o-half int]e/1 b 9 no case %\ld ! 
p>tn]%ip be dissolv$ until aft] n9e     
ye>s1 c\nt+ f ! day ( ! date ( ! pres5t 
in/rum5t4 ,z w be se51 ,audubon & ,rozi]
 7 unable to fulfill all ! conditions   
?us c>efully laid d[n4  ,"y ,audubon's  
dislike ( ,daco/a1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! m9+  
project1 & o!r difficulties ( !         
situation soon decid$ ! p>tn]s to cut   
%ort _! /ay at ,mill ,grove4 ,bo? 7     
equally int]e/$ 9 ! lead m9e1 b aft]    
work+ sev]al mon?s )\t success 9 an     
attempt to =m a m9+ company1 !y wisely  
decid$ to leave su* exp]im5ts to !      
en?usia/ic ,daco/a & to seek an op5+ 9  
trade1 :]e ! haz>d w\ld be no great] &  
_! ignorance less pr(\nd4 ,foll[+ !     
advice ( _! ,quak] fri5d1 ,mi]s ,fi%]1  
!y decid$ to sell to ,daco/a _! rema9+  

rights 9 ,mill ,grove4 ,z a prelim9>y x 
0 necess>y to divide ! prop]ty :i* _h   
be5 held 9 common by him & ,lieut5ant   
,audubon s9ce #ahjd1 & ?is division 0   
effect$ by an agreem5t drawn up at      
,philadelphia on ! fif? day ( ,septemb]1
 #ahjf4abd ,t5 days lat] ! rema9d] (    
,mill ,grove 0 convey$ to ,francis      
,daco/a1 repres5t+ a numb] ( capitali/s 
:om he _h manag$ to int]e/ 9 ! m9e1 (   
:om ! a/ute ,/eph5 ,gir>d is said to h  
be5 "o4 ,! sale 0 subject to            
conditions1#abe dep5d5t ^u _! success 9 
m9+ lead1 :i*1 z w appe> ev5tually1 c\ld
 n h be5 fulfill$4 ,^! v>i\s            
transactions are s cle>ly set =? by     
,f]d9& ,rozi] 9 writ+ to 8 fa!r at      
,nantes t we %all reproduce 8 lett] 9   
full3#abf   ,f]d9& ,rozi] to ,claude    
,franois ,rozi]                         
,,philadelphia1 #ab ,sept41 #ahjf       
,duplicate4       ,,my ,,v ,,de> ,,&    
,,v5]able ,,fa!r3       ,/ill 9 hope (  
*]i%$ news f y1 & replies to my         
lett]s ( #ca ,may1 #bb ,june1 & #d      

,july1 ,i h to tell y      t we h s9ce  
succe$$ 9 clos+ all our bus9ess         
relations ) ,mr4 ,francis ,daco/a1 9 !  
foll[+      mann]3 ,we are anxi\s t our 
me?od ( proc$ure may      be            
satisfactory to y2 we h foll[$ ! advice 
( ,mr4      ,mi]s ,fi%]1 & h _h 8       
approval 9 all t we h      done4 ,:at   
%\ld set y at re/ is t z reg>ds y\r     
inve/m5t1 y w f9d t ,i h made q a neat  
pr(it4 ,"h is a copy ( ! agreem5t4      
,x is agre$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,daco/a & ,mr4  
,j4 ,audubon           t ! f>m ( ,mill  
,grove1 :i* !y n[ hold           9      
common1 %all be divid$ betwe5 !m z      
foll[s3            #a4 ,mr4 ,daco/a %all
 h ! lot ( #aac & a           half      
acres1 situat$ on ! ,n4,e4 side (       
,p]kiom+           creek1 ) all !       
build+s1 m9es1 et cet41 &           9   
g5]al all t x conta9s4            #b4   
,mr4 ,audubon %all h ! lot ( #aga acres1
           situat$ on ! o!r side ( !    
creek4            #c4 ,mr4 ,daco/a %all 
pay to ,mr4 ,audubon = !                

diff]5ce 9 value ( ! lot ( #aac acres1 &
           ( t :i* x conta9s3           
#a4 ,! sum ( eight hundr$ doll>s1       
payable ) int]e/1 9 ?ree ye>s f         
?is day2                 #b4 ,! sum (   
f\r ?\s& doll>s1 ^u                !    
fir/ products ( ! lead m9e4             
#d4 ,! contract made ) ,mr4 ,?omas %all 
rema9           to ! *>ge ( ! two       
p>ties4            ,note4 ,mr4          
,duponceau is begg$ to draw up !        
necess>y de$s to put ?is agreem5t into  
execution1 :i* de$s we und]take mutually
 to           ex*ange at ! fir/         
requisition4            ,execut$ at     
,philadelphia1 ?is #e? ( ,sept1 #ahjf4  
,sign$ ,fcis ,,daco/a                   
,,f]d9& ,,rozi]                    ,j4  
,,audubon       ,! futile attempt t we h
 made to =m a company to      "w ?is    
m9e1 :i* is a condition ( success1 !    
slight      res\rces at our comm&1 z    
well z our lack ( k      9 "w ( ?is k9d1
 all h det]m9$ u to ab&on our           
rights = ! (f] ( f\r ?\s& doll>s#abg ^u 

!      fir/ products t %all come f !    
m9e4 ,! exp5se      t mu/ be incurr$ 9  
work+ x w be v heavy2 to      ?is mu/ be
 add$ ! unc]ta9ty ( success4 ,! m9e may 
promise mu* at ! beg9n+1 & aft] t yield 
no?+4      ,9 %ort an ent]prise ( ?is   
k9d c be prop]ly conduct$      only by a
 capitali/ or by a company4 ,we h reg>d$
 ?is      m9e z a lott]y :i* c make !   
=tune ( ! promot]1      or lead him into
 great losses4 ,z to ! agreem5t ) ,mr4  
,wm4 ,?omas1 we d n consid] x z v s]i\s2
 s9ce      x is q unc]ta9 :e!r he w be  
paid 9 :ole or      9 "p1 z he has n    
kept 8 agreem5ts4 ,?is is ,mr4          
,daco/a's op9ion4 ,z to our half we are 
decid$ n to let      x g "u eight ?\s&  
doll>s1 :i* is its value z      e/imat$ 
by sev]al f>m]s4 ,s y see1 my de> papa1 
t      our half z wor? #h1jjj doll>s1 at
 lea/1 ! sum ( eight      hundr$ doll>s 
by mortgage1 ) int]e/1 & t ( f\r        
?\s& doll>s ^u ! fir/ products f ! m9e1 
w      cov] easily ! int]e/ on ! pur*ase
 ( sixte5 ?\s&      francs4       ,s9ce 

exp5ses are at lea/ d\ble :at !y w\ld be
 9      ,france1 ow+ to ! co/ ( products
 ( e sort1 we are      det]m9$ to g into
 trade1 to cov] our exp5ses1 & to       
*oose = ourselves "s k9d ( s]i\s "w t c 
lead      u to an honorable e/abli%m5t4 
,y %\ld be at ease ab\t      ! mann] we 
%all adopt = our op]ations1 z we wi%    
only      to g sl[ly1 & especially to be
 guid$ by ! advice (      ! respectable 
p]sons ^: acqua9tance we are s =tunate  
z to enjoy1 & :o beyond a d\bt w aid u  
along ?is      ?orny pa?4       ,by our 
lett] ( ! #d? ,july we h s5t ! acc\nt   
curr5t ( ,mr4 ,daco/a1 by :i* ,mr4      
,audubon is *>g$      ) #cae doll>s & #e
 c5ts2 we h begg$ y to s5d      !       
docum5t>y evid5ce :i* may put u 9 a     
position to      prove t ,mr4 ,audubon  
ought n to pay ,mr4 ,daco/a's private   
exp5ses1 z ! matt] is to be decid$ "h by
 arbitrators4      ,we beg ,mr4 ,audubon
 to use ! utmo/ spe$ 9 s5d+ 8           
docum5ts4 ,x is our ard5t hope also t y 
h receiv$      our fir/ lett] ( ,may    

#ca1 ) t ( ,mr4 ,bakewell1 !      m]*ant
 9 ,new ,york1 ) a remittance ( #c1jjj &
 a few      francs = ! pur*ase ( div]s  
objects4 ,i assure y t      we are 9 !  
greate/ anxiety z to :at is ! /ate      
( y\r heal?1#abh z well z t ( ! family1 
& to      le>n if y h receiv$ our       
lett]s4 ,! nephew ( ,mr4      ,bakewell 
writes u t 8 uncle 9 ,new ,york has     
despat*$      sev]al vessels consign$ to
 y1 = :i* ,i congratulate y             
s9c]ely4 ,we h also receiv$ y\r lett] ( 
! #cj? (      ,june1 b ,i _c reply to x1
 s9ce ! boat is leav+ ?is      ev5+ =   
,am/]dam1 b y c c\nt ^u my con=m+       
to its cont5ts4 ,y\r p]sonal lett]      
griev$ me p>ticul>ly      by y\r la/    
expressions1 & ,i %\ld wi% t y w\ld     
h done me m ju/ice2 ,i c h made mi/akes1
 b =      444 ! idea alone has made me  
%udd]4 ,i am delight$ t      all !      
family is enjoy+ p]fect heal?4 ,embrace 
de> ,mama      = me2 my k9d reg>ds to my
 bro!r & si/]s2 d n      =get to rememb]
 me to all ! family1 & to our fri5d1    

,mr4 ,audubon1 ! fa!r1 & 8 family4      
,f9ally1 my de>      ,papa1 be assur$ t 
,i %all =get no?+ to increase our       
intimacy4 ,y give me ! means ( support+ 
x ) labor4      ,believe 9 my s9c]e &   
endur+ atta*m5t4            ,y\r        
respectful son1            ,,f]d9&      
,,rozi]4            ,we are eag] to he> 
( ! receipt ( our lett]s1           & we
 beg y to address !m to ,mr4 ,bakewell (
           ,new ,york4  ,! inbr$        
caution1 s\nd s5se1 & /]l+ integrity :i*
 ?is lett] displays w\ld be a good      
f\ndation = any c>e]1 & we are n        
surpris$ to f9d t 9 aft] life ,f]d9&    
,rozi] became a ke5 & successful trad]  
on ! we/]n fronti]4     ,illu/ration3   
,,fir/ ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,(         
,,attorney ,,grant$ ,,by      ,,jean    
,,audubon1 ,,anne ,,moynet ,,audubon ,,&
 ,,claude ,,fran,,ois ,,rozi]      ,,to 
,,john ,,james ,,audubon ,,& ,,f]d9&    
,,rozi]1 ,,nantes1 ,,april #d1          
#ahjf4       ,aft] ! orig9al manuscript 
( ,f]d9& ,rozi]'s copy1 9               

possession ( ,mr4 ,tom ,j4 ,rozi]4      
,illu/ration3 ,,signatures ,,( ,,jean   
,,audubon ,,& ,,anne ,,moynet           
,,audubon1 ,,& ,,dr4 ,,*apela9 ,,& ,,dr4
 ,,*>les ,d',,orbigny1 ,,z              
,,witnesses1 ,,to ,,! ,,p[] ,,(         
,,attorney ,,grant$ ,,to ,,john ,,james 
,,audubon ,,& ,,f]d9& ,,rozi]1          
,,c\,,ron1 ,,novemb] #bj1 #ahjf4        
,aft] ! orig9al manuscript 9 possession 
( ,miss ,m>ia ,r4      ,audubon4  ,!    
division & sale ( ,mill ,grove probably 
end$ ! jo9t int]e/s ( ! eld] ,audubon & 
,rozi]1 = 9 ,novemb]1 #ahjf1 a new p[] (
 attorney#abi 0 giv5 to ! "y m5 by      
,lieut5ant ,audubon & 8 wife2 z lat]    
ev5ts w prove1 h[ev]1 _! rights 9 !     
prop]ty 7 n completely surr5d]$ ) its   
transf] to ,daco/a & 8 m9+ company 9 !  
autumn ( ?is ye>4 ,! p>tn]s 7 n[ free to
 *oose "s k9d ( s]i\s "w1 & ,f]d9&1 :o 0
 !n tw5ty-n9e1 0 anxi\s to make a beg9n+
 at once4 ,s9ce he 0 n z yet pr(ici5t 9 
! ,engli% tongue1 ,rozi] engag$ z a cl]k
 9 ! ,fr5* import+ h\se ( ,laur5ce      

,huron1 ( ,philadelphia1 :ile ,audubon1 
foll[+ ! advice ( 8 future fa!r-9-law1  
ent]$ ! (fice ( ! latt]'s bro!r1 ,b5jam9
 ,bakewell1 9 ,new ,york4  ,9 ! autumn (
 #ahjf ,b5jam9 ,bakewell 0 conduct+ a   
successful :olesale import+ bus9ess at  
#age ,pe>l ,/reet4 ,he !n own$ sev]al   
vessels1 & 8 correspond5ts 7 scatt]$ ov]
 ,engl&1 ,france1 ! ,we/ ,indies & !    
,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,) him 7 associat$ at ?is
 "t a numb] ( "y m51 includ+ 8 nephew1  
,?omas ,w4 ,bakewell1 ,?omas ,pe>s1 a   
nephew ( 8 wife1 ,?omas ,bakewell1 8    
son1 z well z ,john ,james ,audubon4 ,! 
hospitable family to :i* "y ,audubon 0  
n[ admitt$ on t]ms ( intimacy1 9        
accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! day1 liv$ 9 !  
re> ( ! c\nt+-h\se dur+ ! w9t] mon?s b 9
 summ] migrat$ to ! c\ntry1 ! ,bakewells
 go+ five miles out on ! ,bloom+dale    
,road4 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell _h come to ?is 
c\ntry 9 #agid1 9 ! same ye> z ! fam\s  
*emi/1 ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ^: fri5d%ip he
 enjoy$ & ^: religi\s tea*+s _h drawn   
bo? him & 8 bro!r1 ,william1 f rigid    

,calv9ism to ! great] tol]ance ( !      
,unit>ian belief4 ,at tw5ty-f\r he 0 an 
indep5d5t m]c] 9 ,cornhill1 ,london1 & 0
 well acqua9t$ 9 ,france1 :]e he _h sp5t
 consid]able "t dur+ ! ,revolution1 :i* 
_h de/roy$ 8 trade4 ,"o ( 8 patrons at  
?is "t 0 ,claude ,franois ,rozi] (      
,nantes1 & inasmu* z ! correspond5ce )  
him _h to be conduct$ 9 ,fr5*1 & may    
possibly 9 ?is in/ance h be5 due to "y  
,audubon's initiative1 x 0 naturally    
intru/$ to him4  ,sev5 lett]s ( !       
naturali/1 dat+ f ,janu>y #aj1 #ahjg1 to
 ,july #ai ( t ye>1 by good =tune h be5 
pres]v$1 & !y ?r[ into full light ano!r 
%ad$ corn] ( 8 int]e/+ life4 ,f !       
cont5ts ( ^! lett]s1#acj z well z f o!r 
facts1 we "k t ,audubon rema9$ 9        
,bakewell's (fice = ne>ly a ye>1 f !    
autumn ( #ahjf to ! summ] ( #ahjg4      
,bakewell's h\se import$ l95s1 lace1    
gloves1 w9es1 fire>ms & any k9d (       
m]*&ise t promis$ a ready & remun]ative 
sale 9 ,new ,york2 9 return !y =w>d$    
c(fees1 sug>s & o!r commodities to      

,rozi]1 receiv+ f him also prices curr5t
 & introductions to o!r m]*ants 9       
,france4 ,ano!r correspond5t 0 ! ,huron 
firm 9 ,philadelphia1 s x is probable t 
,f]d9& ow$ 8 employm5t !re to ,b5jam9   
,bakewell4  ,:ile ,audubon express$     
himself at ?is "t z freely 9 ,engli% z 9
 ,fr5*1 9 ! =m] language ! t5d5cies ( 8 
,fr5* tongue & ! influ5ce ( 8 ,quak]    
fri5ds 7 /rangely bl5d$4 ,he nev] bo!r$ 
) acc5ts1 & took z _m lib]ties ) !      
spell+ ( ,fr5* z ( ,engli%4 ,"s ( ^!    
lapses are purely phonetic1 :ile o!rs   
are m orig9al1 z s*acket = packet1 fi!r 
= ,fi%]2 two v>iations ( ,rozi]'s "n & (
 ,nantes occur 9 ! same lett]4 ,x %\ld  
be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t at ! beg9n+ ( !   
n9ete5? c5tury bad or r&om spell+ 0 a v 
v5ial (f5se1 :i* g5tlem5 ( quality1 or  
ev5 s*ol>s1 c\ld commit ) impunity4 ,9  
?is respect ,audubon's e>ly essays 9    
,engli% w\ld probably comp>e favorably )
 ,gibbon's y\?ful ,fr5*4   ,john ,james 
,audubon to ,claude ,franois ,rosi]     
,lett] ,no4 #a1 address$            ,m4 

,,fr4 ,,rozi]1                          
,m]*ant-,nantes4            ,,new       
,,york1 #aj ,janu>y1 #ahjg4       ,,de> 
,,sir3       ,we h _h ! pleasure (      
receiv+ by ! ,p5elope y\r               
consignm5t ( #bj pieces ( l95 clo?1 =   
:i* we s5d      our ?anks4 ,z soon z we 
h sold !m1 we %all take great           
pleasure 9 mak+ our return4       ,i am 
truly sorry t y _h n receiv$ any lett]s 
f      u :5 y wrote1 & ,i am also v     
disconsolate at hav+      no news f my  
good fa!r4 ,y did u a mo/ acceptable    
s]vice 9 mak+ u acqua9t$ ) y\r fri5ds 9 
diff]5t      p>ts ( ,france1 & 9 (f]+ to
 s5d u su* goods z y      %all deem     
suitable4 ,^u ! same proposals ,i s5t y 
ord]s      sev]al mon?s ago1 & did ,i   
d>e1 ,i %\ld tell y t all      articles 
hav+ mu* %[ & little value are ! v ?+s  
t are  la mode1 & ^! 9 "o hundr$ p] c5t1
      & ,i assure y t we %\ld be v happy
 to receive      "s small consignm5ts4  
,z soon z we %all h realiz$ our         
funds1 we w make our ord]s1 9 accordance

 ) our means4      ,mr4 ,bakewell has   
made a great pr(it on ! consignm5t t    
y made him %ortly aft] our arrival4 ,we 
%\ld be flatt]$      by ano!r l x4 ,h ! 
k9dness to write u (t51 &      to s5d u 
prices curr5t z f> z possible4 ,i hope t
 y      w h _h our lett]s conc]n+ a plan
 ( bus9ess )      ,mr4 ,huron4 ,if y w h
 ! k9dness to see him1#aca he      c    
communicate to y 8 ideas on ! subject4  
,8 plan1 ,i      believe1 w be          
advantage\s bo? to y & to u4       ,y\r 
son is j ab\t to come f ,philadelphia1  
to live 9      ,new ,york until !re is  
"s news2 b we w write y m      at l5g?  
by ,capt4 ,sammis1 :o br\ght u to ?is   
c\ntry4 ,i      ev5 v5ture to hope t y w
 s5d back "s m]*&ise      = u4 ,h !     
k9dness to =w>d u invoices1 ) !         
goods consign$ to u1 9 ord] to avoid !  
p5alty &      ! exp5se ( hav+ !m tak5 to
 a public w>eh\se1 a      proce$+ :i* is
 (t5 a great disadvantage on acc\nt (   
! fees4 ,consign always to ,mr4 ,b5jam9 
,bakewell1 :o treats      u1 s f> z     

possible1 z good fri5ds4       ,pres5t  
my respects to y\r family1 & believe me 
ev]            y\r fai?ful s]vant1      
,j4 ,j4 ,,audubon4   ,john ,james       
,audubon to ,claude ,franois ,rozi]     
,lett] ,no4 #b1 address$                
,monsieur ,,fr4 ,,rozi]1                
,negociant1           ,nantes4          
,loire ,inf]ieure4            ,,new     
,,york1 ,april #bd1 #ahjg4       ,,my   
,,de> ,,sir3       ,i am pr(it+ by a    
good opportunity = ,bordeaux to apprise 
y ( ! receipt ( a duplicate ( ! ord]s t 
y gave      u sev]al mon?s ago4 ,y w    
also "k t ! w9es1      consign$ to ,mr4 
,l4 ,huron1 h arriv$ 9 ?is city & !     
insurance has be5 sav$4 ,y\r son has    
gone to ! spot !      dock 9            
,philadelphia1 & by "o ( 8 lett]s advis$
 me      t ! #fj cases ( w9e are sold4  
,he tells me t y c      c\nt on a net   
pr(it ( ne>ly #bj p4 c4 ,if x turns out 
v      good1 ! rema9d] w n fail to f9d a
 pur*as]4 ,mr4      ,le ,ray has arriv$ 
& has br\ght ) him a small box (        

lace = ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell "h2 x     
ought to arrive 9 a      few days f     
,philadelphia4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,b4 appe>$      
satisfi$ )      ! sale ( 8 squ>$ timb]2 
he is anxi\s only to see !      returns2
 he is unhappy t ! comm]ce ( y\r t[n )  
?is c\ntry _c be regul>ly conduct$      
except by ,bordeaux1      :5ce we h     
vessels e mon?4 ,z our fri5d1 ,f]d9&1   
w write y f ,philadelphia conc]n+ ,mr4  
,huron1 ,i %all      n enl>ge ab\t him4 
,9 sev]al ( y\r lett]s y intimate      t
 if we decide ^u e/abli%+ a retail %op1 
y c      keep u con/antly employ$2 our  
ideas ^u ?is subject      are 9 p]fect  
accord1 & x w\ld be inde$ a pleasure if 
we c\ld />t "u ! auspices & good advice 
( ,mr4      ,bakewell "h2 objects well  
*os51 favorably b\ght1 &      %ipp$ )   
c>e1 are always sure ( meet+ a good     
sale4 ,i      v5ture to hope t ! %ip ,la
 ,jeanne1 ,capt4 ,sammis1 w      h      
arriv$ 9 y\r port1 & t ! ,indigoes %ipp$
 by      ,mr4 ,bakewell w rea* !re 9 "t 
= ! sale ( ?is      m]*&ise1 ( :i* ,i h 

"s fe>s1 9 view ( ! sum      !y h co/   
him4       ,we ?ank y = ! prices curr5t 
t y h s5t u4 ,9      "o ( my la/1       
direct$ by way ( ,bordeaux1 ,i begg$ y  
to      call on ,mr4 ,fleury ,em]y = a  
box ( se$s1 f ,m>t9ique      & f ?is    
c\ntry1 = y & = my fa!r4 ,?is 0         
abo>d ! %ip1 ! ,virg9ia1 ,capt4 ,rob]ts1
 f ?is      section4 ,we hope %ortly to 
s5d y "s m]*&ise1 &      possibly ,mr4  
,bakewell w pr(it by an opportunity t we
      %all h 9 a few days = y\r port4 ,a
 little m ?an      ?ree weeks ago ,i 0  
at ,mill ,grove1 & ,i r5t$ x = a        
ye>1 be+ unable to d bett] = ! pres5t4  
,y\r son1      n[ 9 ,philadelphia1 is   
try+ to settle ! acc\nts ( my      fa!r 
) ,mr4 ,dacotta ,daco/a1 :o does n      
easily =get      ! rle ( *ican]4        
,pres5t1 ,i pray y1 my respects &       
complim5ts to y\r good family & wife1 & 
believe 9 me      z y\r devot$ & con/ant
            s]vant1            ,j4 ,j4  
,,audubon4       ,h ! k9dness to deliv] 
! enclos$ to my good fa!r4  ,! foll[+   

qua9t & *>m+ lett]1 :i* "y ,audubon     
enclos$ ) ! prec$+ & "u sep>ate seal1 b 
:i* 8 good fa!r may n h receiv$1 w be   
transcrib$ 9 full1 )\t ! *ange ( a lett]
 or m>k4 ,lieut5ant ,audubon1 :o 0 !n 9 
8 sixty-?ird ye>1 0 liv+1 z we h se51 at
 ,c\ron1 ! small riv] t[n n9e miles we/ 
( ,nantes1 ! c5t] ( ! mails = ! ,loire  
,infrieure1 & came frequ5tly to t city  
to conduct 8 bus9ess correspond5ce4     
,john ,james ,audubon to ,jean ,audubon 
,lett] ,no4 #c1 enclos$ ) ,no4 #b1      
address$            ,,john ,,audubon1   
,esq41           ,nantes4           pr  
,b\rdeaux            ,,new ,,york ,april
 #bd? #ahjg       ,,my ,,de> ,,fa!r     
,i s5d !e by a good opportunity1 b go+  
to ,bordeaux ,i      de$ s5d ab\t a mon?
 ago a small ,box conta9+ "s v          
curi\s se$s  "s useful ones ! :ole 0    
direct$ to ,mr4      ,fleury ,em]y x 0  
giv5 "h to ! ,c>e ( ,capt44 ,rob]ts     
( ! ,virg9ia ,i d hope !y are n[ 9 ?y   
possession ?\      h be5 s (t5          
disappo9t$ t x always pa9s me to        

?9k t !y h be5 ,misc>ri$3 ?\ %alt f\nd  
"s      ( ! ,be/ ,:att] ,missions &     
,girmonds ,call$ "h ,/4      ,dom+o     
,s*a*et#acb z 9 a few days ,i %all h    
aga9 a      good opportunity = ,nantz ,i
 w s5d !e a ,duplicate ( !      same    
,se$s1 ,i h se5 9 ! ,news ,pap] t a %ip 
call$      ! ,betzey _h be5 9 ,nantz d  
make "s ,enquiries = x      !re are on  
bo>d ( h] ,_m ,birds & a collection (   
se$s      f ,am]ica = !e ,! ,caps44     
,mc,dougal2 pray :5 ?\      answ] to ?is
 be k9d en\gh to mantion ^! little ?+s4 
,i hope t ! ,jane ,cap44 ,sammis z rea*$
 y\r ,port &      giv5 !e "s ,turtle fit
 to be eat5 9 s\pe4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,huron     
de$ few days ago4 ,receiv$ "s ,w9es on  
a_/c ( ,m4 ,rozi]      & hits !y prove  
goods#acc & w br+ a good pr(it4         
,mr4 ,f4 ,rozi] ! son speaks ( go+ to   
,france "s "t ?is      summ] he is n[   
ne> ,mr4 ,huron at ,philadelphia & w try
      :ile he is !re to settle !        
,bus9ess betwe5 ,m44 ,dacotta      & !e 
,m44 ,rozi] _h %os5 ,m44 ,huron =       

arbitrator b      ,i w\ld n agree to x  
until ,m44 ,mi]s fi!r#acd 0 to      h "p
 9 x4 ,i am n[ wait+ = an answ]4 ,i am  
allways      9 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell's 
/ore :]e ,i "w z mu* z ,i      c &      
passes my days happy2 ab\t !e weeks ago 
,i w5t      to ,mill ,grove = a_/c ( !  
latt] & _h ! pleasure      ( see+ !re my
 ,bilov$ ,lucy :o con/antly loves me &  
makes me p]fectly happy4 ,i %all wait = 
?y ,cons5t &      ! "o ( my good ,mamma 
to ,m>ry h]4 c\ld ?\ b see      h] & ?\ 
w\ld/ ,i am sure be pleas$ ( ! prud5cy  
( my *oice2 ,m44,b4 ,bakewell is allways
 will+ to oblige me      & w d _m ?+s = 
me3 d n p>ticipate ! ,ideas      ( ,m4  
,rozi] ,go+ to ,france to 8 fa!r x w\ld 
p]haps      ,injure u = a :ile4 ,i wi%  
?\ w\ld wrights to me (nor      &       
longuely ?9k by ?y self h[ pleas+ x is  
to read a      fri5d's lett]4 ,give my  
love to all my fri5ds & ?9e &      kiss 
mamma1 ,rosa & ,bro!r ,pigaudeau#ace =  
me ,i hope !y      cont9ue to be all    
happy1 d rememb] to s5d me ?y portrait  

9 m9iature dress$ z an (fic]#acf x w co/
 !e      little & w please me mu*4 ,"s (
 ?y hair & ask my      si/] = ! ,music  
%e does n want4 ,i wi% to receive "s    
lett] f ,m44 ,dorbigny#acg :om ,i h (t5 
wright5 &      s5d "s curiosities4 he is
 yet to answ] to my fir/4       ,:5 ?\  
seei/ ,mr ,rozi] pray him & try to      
engage him to      s5d u "s-goods !n we 
feel v incl9$ to set up 9 a      retail 
/ore :i* w\ld d1 u a great deal ( good4 
,i w      s5d him a lett] by ?is        
opportunity--,good by f>well good       
fa!r believe me = life ?y mo/ s9c]e     
fri5d be well be      happy             
?y son            ,j44 ,j44 ,,audubon   
,j'esp]e que tu p\ra lire--adieu--adieu4
   ,john ,james ,audubon to ,claude     
,franois ,rozi]            ,lett] ,no4  
#d1 address$            ,,mr4 ,,fccis   
,,rozi]1           ,m]ct1               
,nantes--,ocean4            ,,new       
,,york1 ,may #f?1 #ahjg4       ,,de>    
,,sir3       ,i wrote y rec5tly by a %ip
 go+ to ,bordeaux2 ! lett]s      7      

c>efully intru/$1 & ,i hope t !y 7      
receiv$4      ,i notifi$ y ( ! arrival (
 ! w9es to ! address (      ,mr4 ,huron 
( ,philadelphia1 & told y t "p ( ! cases
      7 sold4 ,y\r son in=m$ me ?is     
morn+ t w9e ( s      good quality ought 
nev] to be export$ 9 cask1 & t !        
pr(it w\ld h be5 great] if ! :ole _h be5
 9 case4      ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell has
 receiv$ ! bill ( lad+ ( ,mess          
,g]e*e bro!rs1 & ! gloves & ! lace are  
at pres5t      on ! road f ,philadelphia
 to ?is place2 p]haps we %all      h !m 
tomorr[2 ,i am afraid t !y may be de>4  
,9      sev]al ( y\r lett]s to ,f]d9& y 
speak ( a retail      /ore1 & my fri5d  
begs me tell y t no?+ c\ld suit      u  
bett] ?an t y %\ld h ! k9dness to s5d u 
en\gh goods to set up a %op at once on a
 good foot+4      ,z soon z advis$1 we  
%all ord] y to /ock x )      m]*&ise (  
y\r *oice4 ,y %\ld h already receiv$    
! bill ( sale ( a bale ( l95 clo?4 ,y c 
judge t      ,i h le>n$ to %ave ,messrs 
! ,am]icans1 s9ce ,i h      be5 ) ,mr4  

,b4 ,b4 ,9 consci5ce1 h[ev]1 ! goods h  
be5 sold at "o ?ird above _! value4     
,%\ld y decide      ^u s5d+ ano!r       
%ipm5t1 d n c\nt ^u s good a      sale4 
,y mu/ "k1 h[ev]1 t ,i am always dispos$
 to d      ev]y?+ = y\r int]e/s1 & t ,i 
%all always seek      to m]it y\r       
approbation4 ,%\ld y decide to make u a 
consignm5t = a retail %op1 h ! k9dness  
to foll[1      po9t by po9t1 ! foll[+   
bill3             #fj doz4 morocco lea!r
 p[d] flasks--gre5 or gray1             
copp] m\nt$1 l ^? t y sell at !         
%op = #be sols soldos4             #fj  
doz4 d4 d4 ( lea!r1 mahogany color1 at !
 same                price4             
#ajj boxes d4            #ajj music     
boxes1#ach 9 prices f #aj to #ah francs1
 good                 pieces & gay      
music4            #ajj boxes (          
seal-waf]s1 conta9+ #a gross ea*1       
assort$                 9 color b m ( ! 
r$ ?an any o!r4             #aj gross ( 
small boxes ( seal-waf]s4               
#c boxes ( pa/els1 good1 well assort$1 &

 *os5 by                 ! sons ( ,m4   
,belloc2 m w\ld n return u              
any?+4       ,if y c\ld procure u good  
books 9 ,engli% at ,p>is1 ,m4           
,bakewell assures me t we w\ld realize a
 great pr(it      on !m1 & ^u ! o!r     
articles z giv5 above1 if well          
*os54 ,we hope to sell ,mill ,grove1 &  
we w cr$it y      ) a great "p ( ! pr(it
 9 colonial m]*&ise4 ,x      is )       
impati5ce t ,i await "s news ( ! indigo 
(      ,mr4 ,b4 ,bakewell4 ,h ! k9dness1
 ,i pray y1 to =w>d      ! enclos$ lett]
 to my fa!r z soon z possible1 & w      
y take f ! %ip ,ocean1 ! c>ri] ( ?is    
lett]1 a      little box s5t to y\r     
address = him1 & w y s5d      ?is to him
 also8 ,pres5t my respects to y\r       
ladies2 accept      m9e & ^? ( !        
,bakewell family4 ,f]d9& is well4 ,i    
salute y1 & ,i am            y\r devot$ 
fri5d1            ,,audubon4            
,h]e) ! bill ( lad+ ( ! box4            
,! capta9 did n wi% to make any         
*>ge1 & has be5 p]fectly polite4   ,john

 ,james ,audubon to ,jean ,audubon      
,lett] ,no4 #e1 inclos$ ) ,no4 #d1 9    
,fr5*1 & address$            ,mr4       
,,fccis ,,rozi]           ,m]*t         
,nantes            p\r ,mr4 ,audubon pre
           aussitt que possible         
,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d3       ,?\ wilt f9d  
h]e) a bill ( lad+ ( a small box        
conta9+ n9ete5 species ( se$s1 a bottle 
( reptiles      = ,mr4 ,d]bigny         
,d',orbigny1 & "s dri$ plants also      
= ! latt]4 ,i w write !e ( ,mr4 ,kauman1
 by ! %ip      ,m5tor1 :i* is to leave a
 little :ile aft] ?is "o4      ,adieu1  
my good fri5d6 ,! box w be address$ to  
,mr4      ,audubon1 ,md1#aci ,nantes1 ) 
,am]ican se$s writt5      above2 besides
 two ,bs1 l ?is :i* foll[s ,b4,b#adj ,! 
,capn4 promises me to take c>e ( x1 & ( 
my lett]s      also4 ,if ?\ f9de/ 9 my  
lett] any?+ :i* displeases      !e1     
rememb] t ,i am ?y son4 ,adieu6         
,f>ewell1 my good      fri5d6 ,?9e =    
life4            ,j4 ,j4 ,,audubon4     
,new ,york1 ,may #f1 #ahjg4       ,d n  

=get1 ,i pray !e1 to s5d me = ! good    
,mrs4      ,bakewell ! complete works ( 
,mr4 ,g5lis#ada by ! fir/               
opportunity1 & = me an exact copy ( !   
dep>tm5ts (      ,france l t :i* ,i     
made1 & :i* is 9 ?y cab9et4      ,i wi% 
!e to copy !m = my bro!r-9-law4#adb     
,john ,james ,audubon to ,claude        
,francois ,rosi]            ,lett] ,no4 
#f1 address$            ,,monsieur      
,,fccis ,,rozi]1           ,m]*ant      
,nantes           p4 ,brig ,m5tor       
,,new ,,york1 ,may #cj?1 #ahjg4         
,,mr4 ,,francis ,,rozi]1                
,m]*ant1 ,nantes4       ,,de> ,,sir3    
,by my la/1 s5t on bo>d ! %ip ,ocean1   
,capt4 ,bunk51 ,i      appris$ y ( !    
arrival ( ! gloves & lace1 %ipp$      by
 y\r ord] at ,ro*elle = ! acc\nt ( my   
good fri5d1      ,b5j4 ,bakewell4 ,i c  
n[ in=m y ( _! sale1 :i*      is also   
advantage\s1 al?\gh ! pr9cipal "p 0 f9e 
& ( v great price4 ,! gloves 9 prices ( 
#bc #bh ,d1      are :at is ne$$ = ?is  
m>ket "h1 & especially if      !y are ( 

any o!r color ?an yell[ or bottle gre5  
!y      are less apt to soil2 fur!r !y  
conceal defects m1 &      f9d 9         
consequ5ce m pur*as]s4 ,! laces 7 bett]1
      al?\gh !re 0 a heavy duty4 ,y %\ld
 "k t "h      ! extravagance ( ! wom5   
equals or r q balances      !           
circumspection ( ! m51 s t all articles 
= wom5      %\ld be beautiful1 t is to  
say1 conspicu\s4 ,i await )      a k9d (
 pleasure ! arrival ( ,cap4 ,sammis1 =  
al?\gh      ,i am conv9c$ t ! indigoes w
 meet ) no success      at ,nantes1 _!  
return "h w comp5sate u4 ,i am sorry    
t ,i did n ord] f y "s little pi/ols & !
      guns :i* w\ld s]ve p]fectly4      
,believe no?+ z to ,mr4      ,bakewell1 
& be well assur$ t he is our fri5d4 ,h  
!n      less fe>3 ,i hope %ortly to     
consign1 t is to say1 ,mr4      ,b4 ,b4 
w consign = u1 c(fee & sug> f ,m>t9ique 
to y\r address4 ,y\r son is /ill at     
,philadelphia ) ,mr4      ,huron4 ,!y h 
sold ! w9es q well4       ,b 9 tru? ,i h
 be5 a/oni%$ t ,mr4 ,huron did n        

make y an imm$iate return4 ,i ?ank y    
s9c]ely = !      little package t y said
 _h be5 prep>$ = u4 ,be sure      t ,mr4
 ,b4 ,b4 w aid u to a suffici5t degree1 
& always      9 a way t any?+ :i* y s5d 
u w be promptly      return$ 9 m]*&ise  
assign$ to y4 ,! l&1 :i* we      _c sell
 )\t a great disadvantage1 keeps u v    
%ort      ( ca%1 & prev5ts u = ! mom5t f
 deal+ on z      l>ge a scale z we %\ld 
desire2 b ) y\r k9dness 9      s5d+ u ! 
mat]ials = />t+ a gr& retail %op )      
diff]5t articles1 x w aid u v mu*4 ,z y 
well say1      x is a little un=tunate t
 !re is no long] a boat f      y\r port 
"h4       ,i write to my fa!r by ! same 
opportunity4 ,w y1 ,i      pray1 get x  
to him z soon z possible1 & ,i beg y to 
g      abo>d = ! live birds = him & = y4
       ,pres5t my respects to y\r good  
family1 & believe me =      ev]         
,y\r fai?ful fri5d &           s]vant   
,,audubon4       ,i %\ld be v happy if y
 w\ld s5d me a good box      ( pa/els1  
*os5 by ,mr4 ,belloc1 ! y\ng]1 at #b c  

#c      ,l\is4#adc   ,john ,james       
,audubon to ,claude ,franois ,rozi]     
,lett] ,no4 #g1 address$                
,,monsieur ,,fr4 ,,rozi]1               
,negociant1           ,nantes4          
,loire ,infrieure4            ,,new     
,,york1 ,july #ai1 #ahjg4       ,,de>   
,,sir3       ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell z   
well z myself h receiv$ y\r      lett]s 
by ! ,comet1 :i* _h a passage ( #db     
days4      ,we h at pres5t 9 ! w>eh\se a
 great "p ( !      m]*&ise ( ! latt]    
vessel1 & 9 good condition2      ,mr4   
,b4 ,b4 appe>s to be satisfi$2 he is    
ab\t to s5d "s      teas t y h ord]$ f  
him4 ,x has griev$ me mu*      to see   
him s5d a boat to ,nantes1 & n consign$ 
to y1      b 8 reasons 71 ,i believe1 s 
s\nd t ,i did n d>e      remon/rate4 ,! 
ag5ts ( ! h\se ( ,rossel & ,b\det       
paid him !  ( ! invoice1 or a draft ^u  
,london = an      equival5t sum1 t nei!r
 ,f]d9& nor ,i 7 au?oriz$      to d2 !  
latt] is at ,philadelphia4 ,9 a %ort "t 
we are      leav+ = a voyage ^u ! ,ohio1

 ! details ( :i* y      w le>n f him1 or
 f my fa!r1 & :i* ,i believe      w be v
 advantage\s to u4 ,we hope to sell     
,mill ,grove      ?is autumn1 :i* we    
%all d1 h[ev]1 only at a pr(it4      ,we
 receiv$ ?is morn+ a lett] f ,mr4       
,fleury ,em]y1 :o      urges ,mr4 ,b4   
,b4 to give him "s %ipm5ts1 b reg>d+ ?is
      ,i d n "k 8 int5tions4 ,i h also  
receiv$ a lett]      to-day f our fri5d1
 ,fd1 :o is q well1 & longs to      be  
do+ some?+4       ,mr4 ,em]y advises me 
( ! receipt ( a little box ( se$s      =
 my fa!r & y4 ,i ?9k t y\r g>d5s are n[ 
embelli%$ ) =eign trees4       ,mr4 ,b4 
,b4 is load+ tea = y1 a ?+ t gives me   
mu*      pleasure4 ,i am s5d+ y a lett] 
f ,f]d9& t ,i      receiv$ ye/]day4     
,pres5t+ y z well z y\r :ole            
amiable family ) humble respects1       
,i cont9ue to be           y\r fai?ful  
s]vant1            ,,audubon4       ,my 
reg>ds1 ,i pray to y1 to my c\s91 !     
y\ng]4  ,audubon's loyalty to 8         
k9d-he>t$ employ] is evid5t 9 e "o ( ^! 

amiable lett]s1 yet x is pla9 t !y 7    
writt5 ^u 8 own initiative1 & a m]*ant (
 today might s]i\sly object to su* a    
c&id exposition ( 8 deal+s z "y         
,audubon's fri5dly epi/les occasionally 
reveal$4  ,! num]\s ref]5ces :i* ^!     
lett]s conta9 reg>d+ ! disposition ( !  
,mill ,grove f>m may well puzzle ! read]
 :o has foll[$ ! /ory to ?is po9t2 we   
mu/ !re=e attempt to unravel ! tangl$   
?reads ( ?is intricate affair4 ,9 ! spr+
 ( #ahjg ,audubon1 :o 0 !n anxi\s to />t
 a retail %op1 compla9$ t ! l&1 :i* c\ld
 n be sold to advantage1 kept !m %ort ( 
capital & prev5t$ !m f deal+ on s l>ge a
 scale z !y c\ld wi%4 ,on ! #bd? (      
,april he wrote t ?ree weeks be=e he _h 
gone to ,mill ,grove & clos$ an agreem5t
 = r5t+ ! prop]ty 7evid5tly ref]r+ to ! 
f>m z di/9ct f ! m9e7 = a ye>1 be+      
unable to d bett]1 & t ,f]d9& 0 !n 9    
,philadelphia try+ to settle 8 fa!r's   
acc\nts ) ,daco/a1 :o did n readily =get
 8 trick/]'s rle4 ,9 ,audubon's lett] ( 
! same day1 inclos$ 9 ! same packet ) ! 

reque/ t x be deliv]$ to 8 fa!r1 !re is 
a simil> ref]5ce1 ) ! note t ,f]d9&1 :o 
_h *>ge ( ! settlem5t1 _h *os5 ,mr4     
,huron z arbitrator1 b t he w\ld n agree
 unless hone/ ,mi]s ,fi%] _h a "p 9 x4  
,f9ally1 z late z ! #ai? ( ,july ( t ye>
 he wrote to ,rozi]1 ! eld]1 t !y 7 hop+
 to sell ,mill ,grove 9 ! autumn1 b w\ld
 d s only at a good pr(it2 yet at ?is "t
 ! prop]ty _h be5 out ( _! possession1  
te*nically at lea/1 = ne>ly a ye>4      
,/ill m curi\s is ?is /atem5t 9         
,audubon's autobiography1#add relat+ to 
! ye> #ahac2 ,i b\ght a wild horse1 & on
 its back travell$ ov] ,t5nessee & a    
portion ( ,georgia1 & s r\nd till ,i    
f9ally rea*$ ,philadelphia1 & !n to y\r 
gr&fa!r's at ,fatl& ,=d4 ,he _h sold my 
plantation ( ,mill ,grove to ,samuel    
,we!rill1 ( ,philadelphia1 = a good r\nd
 sum1 & ) ?is ,i return$ ?r\gh ,k5tucky 
& at la/ rea*$ ,h5d]son once m4  ,:5    
,mill ,grove 0 conditionally sold to    
,daco/a & 8 m9+ company 9 ,septemb]1    
#ahjf1 he gave a mortgage & bond to     

,mi]s ,fi%]1 :o aga9 became ,lieut5ant  
,audubon's ag5t4 ,_m mon?s elaps$ be=e !
 necess>y legal pap]s c\ld arrive f     
,france1 & mean:ile ,daco/a's ye>ly     
acc\nts 7 conte/$1 & gave no end (      
tr\ble4#ade  ,aft] op]at+ ! lead m9e =  
five ye>s1 ,daco/a's company fail$1 &   
,mill ,grove aga9 pass$ into o!r h&s2 x 
0 f9ally sold to ,samuel ,we!rill 9     
#ahac4adf ,if our inf]5ces are correct1 
! mortgages by :i* ! ,audubon & ,rozi]  
int]e/s 7 protect$ 7 repeat$ly          
transf]r$1 & ! fir/ consid]able am\nt ( 
ready money t _h appe>$ 9 ! entire s]ies
 ( transactions 0 furni%$ by ,mr4       
,we!rill4 ,x is d\btful if ,jean        
,audubon ev] receiv$ any returns f 8    
,am]ican f>m aft] ! adv5t ( ,daco/a 9   
#ahjc4 ,! ultimate failure ( ! lead m9e 
0 assur$ly n ! fault ( ?is exploit]1 b 8
 dubi\s me?ods ( acc\nt+ & probable     
failure to keep 8 contracts no d\bt l$ !
 naturali/ to d5\nce him z a sw9dl]4  ,x
 may be recall$ t 9 _! ,articles (      
,association ,audubon & ,rozi] _h agre$ 

t ! h\se at ,mill ,grove %\ld be an     
object sep>ate f all bus9ess1 9 ord] t  
we may control ?is prop]ty z long z we  
desire1 b ! conditional sale to ,daco/a 
app>5tly includ$ ! f>mh\se z well z !   
l&4  ,_m ( ,audubon's ref]5ces to ,mill 
,grove 7 app>5tly wide ( ! m>k1 b view$ 
9 ! light :i* we h endeavor$ to %$ ^u   
?is involv$ affair1 !y w\ld be 9 h>mony 
) ! ess5tial tru?2 9 writ+ to ! eld]    
,rozi]1 :o became a p>tn] 9 ! ent]prise1
 !re 0 no motive :i* c\ld h l$ him to   
dep>t f x4#adg  ,we w n[ return to !    
/ory ( ,audubon's life 9 ,new ,york4    
,:ile he 0 suppos$ to be le>n+ ! export+
 bus9ess ) ,b5jam9 ,bakewell1 8 he>t 0 9
 ! woods & fields1 & e h\r t c\ld be    
snat*$ f ! c\nt+-room f\nd him 9 !      
pursuit ( birds or draw+ _! portraits4  
,he us$ ! p5cil & black crayon po9t     
comb9$ ) pa/els1 & :ile mu* ( 8 arti/ic 
"w at ?is "t 0 ha/ily done1 he 0 capable
 ( produc+ excell5t lik5esses4 ,a v     
delicate draw+ ( ! ,wood ,?ru%1 sign$ ) 
8 initials1 & dat$ at ,mill ,grove1     

,p5nsylvania1 #ad a\t1 #ahjf1 is numb]$ 
#bji1 %[+ t 8 collection ( ,am]ican     
birds 0 already ext5sive1 ev5 if x did n
 include _m t 7 well kn[n4 ,9 ! w9t] (  
#ahjf-g1 :ile 9 ,new ,york1 ,audubon    
paid mo/ att5tion to ! wat]f[l1         
frequ5tly visit+ ! %ore & ! m>kets = 8  
subjects4 ,! sket*es :i* he !n made 7   
all 9 full size1 &1 z an evid5ce ( !    
rapidity ) :i* he work$1 x may be notic$
 t he w\ld (t5 complete two or m l>ge   
draw+s ( ducks on ! same day4 ,new ,york
 at ?is "t 0 a city ( ab\t #ge1jjj p2   
,audubon said t by walk+ briskly he c\ld
 pass f "o end to ! o!r 9 a few m9utes4 
,9 ! =ego+ lett]s we h se5 "y ,audubon  
s5d+ se$s & live birds to 8 fa!r & to   
,francois ,rozi]1 & reptiles & dri$     
plants to ,*>les d',orbigny1 & ord]+ = 8
 own use ! be/ draw+ mat]ials f ,france4
 ,:ile at ,new ,york he _h ! good =tune 
to become a fri5d & protg ( ! mo/       
di/+ui%$ naturali/ ( ! metropolis1 ,dr4 
,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ell1#adh em95t 9 _m    
walks ( life1 & at t "t a memb] ( !     

,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,audubon prep>$ _m
 birds & mammals = ,dr4 ,mit*ell's      
collections1 & ! fri5d%ip ?us e>ly =m$  
prov$ ( mu* s]vice to him lat]4 ,he 0   
probably work+ = ,dr4 ,mit*ell :51 z !  
/ory goes1 "s ( 8 neighbors lodg$ a     
compla9t ) ! municipal au?orities on    
acc\nt ( ! /rong odors t habitually     
issu$ f 8 workroom1 & a con/able 0 s5t  
to inve/igate4  ,audubon rema9$ 9 ,new  
,york z late z ,augu/ #bb1 #ahjg1 = on t
 day he made a draw+ ( ! ,sprig-tail    
,duck1 b )\t d\bt he _h come to feel !  
incongruity ( 8 position 9 a bus9ess to 
:i* 8 he>t 0 a /rang]4 ,z an in/ance ( 8
 preoccupation at ?is "t1 he confesses  
to h once =w>d$ b =got to seal a lett]  
conta9+ #h1jjj4 ,if ,b5jam9 ,bakewell   
fail$ to make a bus9ess man out (       
,audubon1 x 0 n f lack ( k9dness1 &     
probably no "o else w\ld h be5 m        
successful4 ,z x happ5$1 ,audubon did n 
leave 8 employ] any too soon1 = at !    
close ( #ahjg ,b5jam9 ,bakewell's       
export+ bus9ess 0 ru9$ by ! ,emb>go     

,act1 ?r\gh :i* ,presid5t ,jeff]son _h  
hop$ to br+ ,great ,brita9 & ,france to 
t]ms by cutt+ (f _! ,am]ican trade1 & = 
a ye> or m 8 e/ate 0 9 ! h&s ( cr$itors 
= settlem5t4  ,! naturali/ has left a   
*>act]i/ic sket* ( himself at ?is "t3 ,i
 measur$1 said he1 five feet1 t5 & "o   
half in*es1 0 ( fair mi51 & q a h&some  
figure2 l>ge1 d>k1 & r sunk5 eyes1      
light-color$ eyebr[s1 aquil9e nose & a  
f9e set ( tee?2 hair1 f9e texture &     
luxuriant1 divid$ & pass+ d[n beh9d ea* 
e> 9 luxuriant r+lets z f> z ! %\ld]s4  
,! habit ( we>+ 8 hair long1 ?us e>ly   
acquir$ & lat] favor$ by 8 w&]+ mode (  
life1 appe>s to h la/$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s4
     ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,e>ly ,,draw+s ,,9 
,,france ,,& ,,am]ica       ,*ild &     
man--,8 ideals1 p]sev]ance &            
progress--,/udy      "u ,david at       
,p>is--,david's pupils & /udios--,david 
at      ,nantes ar\ses ! en?usiasm ( its
 citiz5s--,8 "p 9      ! ,revolution--,8
 art & influ5ce ov] ,audubon--,audubon's
      draw+s ( ,fr5* birds--,/ory ( !   

,edw>d ,h>ris      collection--,! ,birds
 ( ,am]ica 9 ! bud--,audubon's          
orig9ality1 /yle1 me?ods1 & ma/]y (     
mat]ials &      te*nique--,8 problem &  
h[ he solv$ x--,8 arti/ic      defects4 
,audubon began to draw birds & o!r      
animals :5 a *ild1 &1 l mo/ *ildr51 0   
ready to believe t 8 crude sket*es 7    
f9i%$ pictures if only !y possess$ "s   
sort ( a head1 a tail1 & /icks 9 place (
 legs4 ,b1 unlike ! majority ( y\?1 he  
w5t direct to nature = 8 subjects1 & 8  
family ( cripples fail$ to satisfy him  
long4 ,he gradually develop$ a high     
ideal1 & at an e>ly age felt /irr+ )9   
him ! impulse & ! p[] to express x4 ,on 
/at$ anniv]s>ies 8 ma/]pieces1 he tells 
u1 7 burn$1 9 spite ( ! praise & flatt]y
 !y _h evok$2 he w\ld !n ex]t all 8 p[]s
 to d bett]1 & ?is comm5dable practice 0
 kept up = ye>s4  ,9 ?is respect ! *ild 
0 fa!r ( ! man1 = on ! #e? ( ,m>*1      
#ahbb1 :5 ,audubon 0 liv+ 9 ,new        
,orleans1 too poor to buy ev5 a         
blank-book = a j\rnal1 he ?us wrote ( 8 

"w dur+ ! previ\s mon?s3 ,e mom5t ,i _h 
to sp>e ,i drew birds = my orni?ology1 9
 :i* my ,lucy & myself alone h fai?4    
,febru>y 0 sp5t 9 draw+ birds /r5u\sly1 
& ,i ?\ght ,i _h improv$ by apply+ coats
 ( wat]-color "u ! pa/els1 !reby prev5t+
 ! appe>ance ( ! pap]1 t 9 "s in/ances  
m>r$ my be/ productions4 ,i discov]$    
also _m imp]fections 9 my e>li] draw+s1 
& =m$ ! resolution to r$raw ! :ole ( !m4
 ,seldom satisfi$ ) ! results atta9$1 he
 kept up ?is labori\s process ( revision
 & selection by :i* he approa*$ m       
closely to 8 ideal1 ! tru? ( liv+       
nature1 = m ?an =ty ye>s1 until1 9 fact1
 ! la/ plates ( 8 ,birds ( ,am]ica came 
f ! press 9 ,engl& 9 #ahch4 ,an         
exam9ation ( ! orig9als ( ^? plates     
today#adi proves t _m ( _! defects 7    
inevitably caus$ by ! make%ifts to :i*  
he 0 sometimes =c$ by lack ( "t4        
,audubon has cr$it$ 8 fa!r ) ! only     
judici\s criticism :i* he ev] receiv$ at
 ! y\?ful /age ( 8 art4 ,he 0 s k9d to  
me1 said ! son1 t to h li/5$ lightly to 

8 words w\ld h be5 highly ungrateful4 ,i
 li/5$ less to o!rs & m to him1 & 8     
words became my law4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t      
sev5te5 ye>s old1 or probably n f> f !  
ye> #ahjb1aej he 0 s5t to ,p>is to /udy 
draw+ "u ,jacques ,l\is ,david1 !       
ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ,fr5* art dur+ ! p]iod
 ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is popul> arti/1 :o 
_h utt]$ fi]ce invectives aga9/ ! la/   
five despots ( ,france1 became nev]!less
 c\rt pa9t] "u ,napoleon2 l _m ano!r    
,conv5tional regicide1 he 0 de/9$ to end
 8 c>e] z an exile f ,france1 & di$ 9   
,brussels 9 #ahbe4    ,illu/ration3     
,,e>ly ,,unpubli%$ ,,draw+s ,,( ,,fr5*  
,,birds3      ,,above1 ,,european ,,cr[ 
,,) ,,head ,,( ,,rook1 ,,le ,,corbeau   
,,ou      ,,corneille ,,noire ,,de      
,,buffon1 ,,engli% ,,cr[1 ,,en          
,,compagne ,,aut\r      ,,de ,,nantes1  
,,grole1 ,,petite ,,grole1 ,,no4 #aee2  
,,detail1 ,,bec ,,de ,,la               
,,fragonne ,,ou ,,freux ,,bufton--,,bec 
,,( ,,! ,,jaig ,,daw ,,no4 #aff2 ,,bel[1
      ,,:ite ,,wagtail1 ,,la ,,lav&i]e  

,,de ,,buffon4 ,,wag-,,tail1 ,,:att]    
,,wag-,,tail1 ,,:ite ,,:att] ,,wag      
,,tail1 ,,common ,,di% ,,wa%]1 ,,! #bb  
,,( ,d,,cemb]1 #ahje4 ,,ne> ,,nantz4    
,,no4 #fe4       ,publi%$ by c\rtesy (  
,mr ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes4  ,audubon has  
said b little ( ?is ,p>is exp]i5ce1 b he
 rem>k$3 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 :5 ,i      
return$ f ,france1 :i!r ,i _h gone to   
receive ! rudim5ts ( my education1 my   
draw+s _h assum$ a =m4 ,david _h guid$  
my h& 9 trac+ objects ( l>ge size4#aea  
,an int]e/+ sidelight is ?r[n ^u ?is    
incid5t by ! fact t1 n _m ye>s be=e1    
,david _h be5 w>mly welcom$ 9 ! city (  
,nantes1 :5 x is n unlikely t !         
naturali/'s fa!r 0 "o ( ! ?rong (       
citiz5s :o made 8 acqua9tance4 ,!       
occasion to :i* ,i ref] 0 s notewor?y 9 
! annals ( ,audubon's pat]nal city z to 
make a digression at ?is po9t ( our     
n>rative inevitable4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agij1    
,daniel de ,k]vegan1 a weal?y m]*ant :o 
0 !n s]v+ 8 second t]m z mayor1 _h ar\s$
 s mu* en?usiasm by 8 public _s & /]l+  

"* t ! citiz5s _h vot$ ! sum ( #cjj     
livres1 or ab\t #fj1 = 8 portrait1 to be
 execut$ 9 oils & plac$ 9 "o ( _! public
 build+s4 ,! commission 0 (f]$ to       
,david1 :o accept$ x1 & ) su* en?usiasm 
did he set to "w1 t ^u rea*+ ,nantes he 
ask$ ! privilege ( pay+ 8 respects to ! 
,municipal ,assembly1 :i* 0 9 session4  
,^u be+ admitt$ to ! ,*amb]1 on ! #bd? (
 ,m>*1 he express$ ^! s5tim5ts3         
,if ev] my art has br\ght me any        
gratification1 or      any success1 nev]
 be=e h ,i _h bett] excuse =            
boa/fulness4       ,i h made x a duty to
 respond to ! wor?y invitations1        
inspir$ by patriotism & gratitude1 t    
hall[ ?is mo/      timely & mo/ a/\nd+  
revolution4       ,x is y\r "w1 g5tlem51
 & ! respect :i* y r5d]      to ! *ief (
 y\r adm9i/ration :i* speaks 9 praise   
( y\r s5tim5ts & virtues & :i* w        
transmit _!      memory1 along ) y\r    
glory1 to po/]ity4#aeb  ,david work$ on 
?is portrait = ab\t a mon?1 & on ,april 
#bc1 be=e 8 dep>ture = ,p>is1 he ask$ ! 

privilege ( aga9 address+ ! ,assembly4  
,n only 0 ! reque/ grant$1 b he 0       
publicly ?ank$ = ! tr\ble he _h tak5 9  
com+ to _! city1 & a committee 0 appo9t$
 to express ! s5tim5ts ( e/eem ) :i* he 
_h inspir$ ! :ole community4 ,we may add
 t ,david seems to h tak5 ?is canvas to 
8 /udio 9 ,p>is1 :]e x 0 subsequ5tly lo/
 or de/roy$ 9 ! p]iod ( turbul5ce t     
foll[$4  ,david's radical spee*es f !   
tribune1 add$ to 8 popul>ity z an arti/1
 no d\bt br\ght him pupils 9 pl5ty f e  
qu>t] ( republican ,france4 ,"y ,audubon
 0 probably admitt$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y   
class1 = he receiv$ no in/ruction 9 !   
use ( oils b 0 direct$ to /udy !        
rudim5ts ( draw+ f ! ca/4 ,z he _h hop$ 
to p]fect himself 9 ! art ( depict+     
animals1 he 0 disappo9t$4 ,eyes & noses 
belong+ to giants1 he said1 & heads (   
horses1 repres5t$ 9 anci5t sculpture1 7 
my models4 ,he also spoke ( draw+ heads 
& figures 9 diff]5t color$ *alks1 & (   
tol]able figures obta9$ by use ( !      
manik91 b adds3 ,^!1 al?\gh fit subjects

 = m5 int5t on pursu+ ! high] bran*es ( 
! art1 7 imm$iately laid aside by me2   
yet he return$ to ! woods ( ! ,new ,_w )
 fre% ardor1#aec & !re began a s]ies (  
draw+s :i* 7 lat] publi%$4  ,:ile ?is is
 virtually all t has be5 record$ ( ?is  
incid5t 9 ,audubon's c>e]1 a numb] (    
int]e/+ facts might be add$ :i* ?r[     
light ^u ! surr\nd+s ( 8 life at ,p>is  
:ile "u ! tuition ( ?is ma/]4 ,at t "t  
,david 0 enjoy+ ! privilege1 accord$ to 
em95t arti/s f an e>ly day1 ( liv+ ) 8  
family & ( hav+ 8 /udios 9 special      
qu>t]s set ap>t = ! purpose 9 ! palace (
 ! ,l\vre2 ?is 0 cont9u$ until all !    
arti/ t5ants 7 turn$ out by "o (        
,napoleon's p]emptory ord]s 9 #ahjf4    
,david's pr9cipal /udio 0 at ! corn] ( !
 ,quai de ,l\vre & ! squ>e1 fac+ ! *ur* 
( ,/4 ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 at a po9t     
occupi$ 9 ! pres5t /ructure by ! gr&    
/aircase lead+ to ! ,egyptian ,gall]y4  
,x 0 "h t 8 m advanc$ pupils /udi$2 !   
appe>ance ( its int]ior1 ) 8 pupils at  
"w1 z well z ! view f "o ( its w9d[s1 by

 means ( :i* its exact position c be    
det]m9$1 may be se5 today 9 ! int]e/+   
pa9t+ by ,mat!w ,co*]eau4 ,?is small    
picture1 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ! salon (      
#ahad1 n[ hangs 9 ! ,l\vre 9 company )  
"s ( ! f9e/ ( ,david's works1 &         
imm$iately b5ea? 8 huge canvas repres5t+
 ! coronation ( ,napoleon4 ,ov] 8       
pr9cipal room ,david _h also a private  
/udio1 & at "o "t he _h ano!r on !      
,quai1 opposite ! ,in/itute ( ,france1  
:ile 8 num]\s pupils occupi$ a s]ies (  
rooms1 "o above ano!r1 n remote f !     
fir/4 ,access to ^! ap>tm5ts 0 ga9$ f ! 
/reet by means ( a spiral /airway1 !    
op5+ ( :i* may /ill be se5 9 ! ,egyptian
 ,hall4  ,x is common to speak ( ?is    
gift$ man z if he alone _h /ifl$ all !  
art ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 z if 
he 7 ! mold] ( 8 age & n a "p ( x4 ,too 
(t5 has he be5 judg$ on ! basis ( a few1
 un=tunately conspicu\s1 !atrical       
pieces1 :ile 8 excell5t portraits1 ( :i*
 !re are _m1 entitle him to ! gratitude 
( po/]ity4 ,bu*anan rem>k$ t ! mann]ism 

( ,david c\ld /ill be trac$ 9 c]ta9     
p$antries disc]nible 9 ,audubon's /yle (
 draw+1 :i* is a fancy )\t any basis 9  
fact4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t draw+ f ! ca/s
 ( antique /atues c\ld develop mann]isms
 9 ! c>eful del9eation ( birds &        
mammals1 x w\ld /ill appe> t ,audubon's 
/yle 0 really =m$ at a lat] p]iod4  ,?is
 brief ,p>is episode1 :i* at mo/ c\ld h 
la/$ b a few mon?s1 repres5t$ all ! =mal
 in/ruction :i* ,audubon ev] receiv$ 9  
draw+1 al?\gh he enjoy$ "s private      
tuition at a mu* lat] day4 ,z to !      
sci5ces n[ embrac$ 9 biology1 t is1     
zology & botany1 :i* w\ld h be5 mo/     
useful to him1 ! score 0 blank2 ev5     
books on any ( ^! subjects 7 r>e 9      
,am]ica at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 
,:5 ,audubon fir/ came to ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 he br\ght ) him all 8 draw+s (  
,fr5* birds1 & a few pieces :i* may     
belong to ?is e>ly p]iod h be5          
describ$4#aed ,done 9 a comb9ation (    
crayon & wat] color1 !y repres5t a      
,european ,magpie1 a ,coot & a ,gre5    

,woodpeck]1 ! latt] especially1 :i* bore
 ! numb] #if1 %[+ evid5ce ( c>e & skill4
 ,! ye> pass$ at ,mill ,grove 0 n       
p>ticul>ly fruitful1 b dur+ ! ,c\ron    
visit :i* foll[$ 9 #ahje & #ahjf1       
,audubon said t he made draw+s ( ab\t   
two hundr$ species ( birds1 all ( :i* he
 br\ght to ,am]ica & gave to 8 ,lucy4   
,aft] f9ally rea*+ ?is c\ntry 9 ! latt] 
ye>1 ^! /udies 7 cont9u$1 ) an alacrity 
t seldom fail$1 until #ahbb1 :5 he began
 to revise mu* ( 8 e>li] "w1 sub/itut+  
wat] colors m completely = pa/els1 p5cil
 & crayon po9t4  ,9 writ+ to ,ba*man 9  
#ahcf1 ,audubon ?us ref]r$ to ! "w ( 8  
appr5tice%ip3 ,"s ( my e>ly draw+s (    
,european birds are /ill 9 our          
possession1 b _m h be5 giv5 away1 & !   
greate/ numb] 7 de/roy$1 n by ! rats t  
gnaw$ my collection ( ! ',birds (       
,am]ica1' b by ! great fire4#aee ,:5 !  
naturali/ 0 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahbd1 9  
se>* ( a publi%] & sadly 9 ne$ ( funds1 
he made ! acqua9tance ( ,edw>d          
,h>ris1#aef :o look$ at ! draw+s he _h =

 sale & said at once t he w\ld take !m  
all & at ,audubon's own prices4 ,^u 8   
leav+ t city1 ?is g5]\s fri5d1 we are   
told1 press$ a #ajj bill 9 8 h&1 say+3  
,mr4 ,audubon1 accept ?is f me2 m5 l y  
ought n to want = money4 ,i c\ld only   
express my gratitude1 cont9ues !        
naturali/1 by insi/+ on 8 receiv+ !     
draw+s ( all my ,fr5* birds4 ,! wor?y   
,h>ris *]i%$ ?is l>ge s]ies ( ,audubon's
 e>ly /udies & add$ to x _m specim5s ( 8
 lat] "w4 ,! entire collection rema9$ 9 
8 family unbrok5 & unimpair$ until      
#ahib4aeg  ,?is beautiful & unique      
collection1 :i* repres5ts ,! ,birds (   
,am]ica 9 ! bud1 illu/rates ! developm5t
 ( ,audubon's art f ab\t #ahjj or a     
little lat] to #ahba1aeh & cle>ly %[s t 
! full] ma/]y :i* he atta9$ aft] ! latt]
 date 0 manife/$ 9 no small degree at a 
mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,8 draw+s ( ! ,wood    
,?ru% 7#ahjf71 ! ,:ippoorwill & ,k+fi%] 
7#ahaj71 ! ,c>ol9a ,p>rot 7#ahaa71 & !  
,nigh?awk 7#ahab71 ?\gh deta*$ & less   
ambiti\s z pictures1 = tru? ( l9e &     

delicacy ( f9i% w\ld comp>e favorably ) 
! be/ ( 8 lat] "w4 ,aft] #ahbj 8 ability
 _h s f> out/ripp$ 8 ambition t !re 0   
ne$$ only ! /imulus ( a p[]ful motive & 
a well def9$ plan to br+ 8 p[]s into    
full fruition at once4 ,a little lat]1  
:5 he began to revise1 enri* & /&>dize  
all ( 8 previ\s "w1 he us$ ! bru% & wat]
 colors m freely ?an ev] be=e4 ,hundr$s 
( 8 e>li] /udies 7 ca/ aside2 _m1 to be 
sure1 7 ha/ily drawn 9 pa/el1 crayon &  
p5cil1 & _h n "t fail$ him at ! end1    
no?+ ( 8 e>li] ,am]ican p]iod w\ld h    
rema9$ 9 ! f9al product4  ,ne>ly all (  
^! reject$ draw+s be> s]ial numb]s1 :i* 
f ! lack ( sequ5ce n[ obs]v$1 %[ t !y 7 
subject to con/ant *ange & t _! total   
numb] mu/ h be5 great4 ,all be> !       
sci5tific & common names 9 ,fr5* or     
,engli% or bo?1 & _m are sign$ ) !      
arti/'s initials or "n2 besides giv+ !  
place & date1 9 "s cases ! weights &    
measurem5ts ( 8 subjects are add$1 )    
detail$ sket*es ( foot1 bill1 or        
eggs4#aei  ,a l>ge crayon sket* ( a     

gr\ndhog1 9 excell5t draw+1 is label$   
,m>motte de sauvage1 ,no4 #aei1 le #f   
ju91 #ahje4 ,! ,r$/>t1 execut$ 9 ,augu/ 
( ! same ye>1 is a good example (       
,audubon's m delicate e>ly "w2 x %[s    
also ! att5tion :i* he 0 !n beg9n+ to   
pay to accessories1 8 bird be+ p]*$ on a
 spray ( rip5+ blackb]ries4 ,! ,wagtail1
 on ! o!r h&1 0 a r\gh crayon sket*1    
da%$ (f on ,decemb] #bb ( ! same ye>4 ,a
 p5cil & crayon draw+ ( ! ,m\nta9       
,titm\se1 :i* is a ,european bird1 0    
probably made f a captive1 & at sea1    
s9ce x be>s ! date ( ,janu>y #bb1 #ahje1
 :5 ,audubon 01 ,i believe1 abo>d !     
,hope4#afj ,! late/ ( ^! ,fr5* pieces1  
designat$ ,no4 #id4 ,woodpeck]1 le #h   
m>s1 #ahjf4 prs ,nantes2 #ab to ! tail1 
0 execut$1 ab\t a mon? be=e ! naturali/ 
f9ally left ,france ) ,rozi] to settle  
p]man5tly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!         
excell5ce ( su* a draw+ z t ( ! ,wood   
,?ru% 7#ahjf7 is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! m  
ambiti\s ,fi% ,hawk or ,osprey1 ,a4     
,willson1 ,p]kiom+ ,creek1 #ahji1 9 :i* 

! bird holds a :ite suck] 9 its talons b
 is less happily r5d]$4 ,n9e l>ge pa/els
 ( wat]f[l & two small] pieces1         
repres5t+ a ,rob9 & ,br[n ,?ru%1 9 !    
same /yle1 are good examples (          
,audubon's crud] ef=ts ( t "t2 !y 7     
m]ely hurri$ sket*es or practice "w1 )  
no attempt to f9i% ) all ! p]fection (  
detail ( :i* he 0 !n capable4  ,9 a     
full-size pa/el ( ! ,black ,surf or     
,velvet ,duck1 drawn on ,decemb] #bh1   
#ahjf1 & sign$ ,j4 ,j4 ,l4 ,audubon1 !  
note is add$3 ! only specim5 ( ! k9d ,i 
h ev] se54 ,he became well acqua9t$ ) ! 
,velvet ,ducks1 n[ bett] kn[n z !       
,:ite-w+$ ,scot]s1 & 9 8 acc\nt ( !     
species says3 ,z we approa*$ ! %ores (  
,labrador1 we f\nd ! wat]s cov]$ ) d5se 
flocks ( ^! birds1 & yet !y cont9u$ to  
arrive !re f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce = sev]al    
days 9 succession4 ,we 7 all a/oni%$ at 
_! numb]s :i* 7 su* t we c\ld n help    
imag9+ t all ! ,velvet ,ducks 9 ! _w 7  
pass+ be=e u4#afa  ,sev]al ( ^! draw+s  
are cr$it$ to ,! ,falls ( ! ,ohio1 z !  

rapids ( ?is riv] at ,l\isville 7 !n    
g5]ally call$2 a numb] to ,r$ ,banks1 ! 
old "n ( ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky2 :ile five 7
 done 9 ,p5nsylvania1 probably :5       
,audubon 0 at ! home ( 8 fa!r-9-law1    
,william ,bakewell1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahab4   
,an excell5t draw+ ( ! ,*uck ,wills     
,wid[ 0 probably made on ! ,r$          
,riv]1#afb 9 ,arkansas1 :5 ,audubon 0   
explor+ t c\ntry & sl[ly mak+ 8 way to  
,new ,orleans 9 ,june1 #ahba1 ?\gh x    
%\ld be notic$ t a /eamboat on :i* he   
sometimes travel$ 0 call$ ! ,r$ ,riv]4  
,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,unpubli%$ ,,draw+
 ,,( ,,! ,,gr\ndhog3      ,,m>motte ,,de
 ,,savage1 ,,le #f ,,ju91 #ahje1 ,,no4  
#aei4       ,publi%$ by c\rtesy ( ,mr4  
,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes    ,illu/ration3    
,,wat]-,,color ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,"y      
,,racoon ,,( ,,?is      ,,ye>1          
,,septemb] #aj1 #ahda4       ,publi%$ by
 c\rtesy ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural
      ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4  ,audubon    
began 9 ! usual way1 by repres5t+ 8     
birds 9 pr(ile1 & (t5 on a simple p]*1 b

 gradually introduc$ accessories :i*    
ev5tually became su* an important "p ( 8
 plan t1 aft] #ahbb1 8 plates took on m 
! "* ( balanc$ pictures1 lit]ally teem+ 
) ! *>act]i/ic fruits & fl[]s ( ,am]ica1
 z well z ) insects & animals ( e sort1 
sugge/ive ( ! food & surr\nd+s ( 8      
subjects1 n to speak ( ,am]ican l&scapes
 drawn f _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4            
,dissatisfi$ ) ! old] me?ods ( draw+    
birds 9 ! /]eotyp$ attitudes ( mo/ /uff$
 specim5s1 ,audubon made _m exp]im5ts at
 ,mill ,grove be=e hitt+ ^u :at he call$
 8 me?od ( us+ wires to pi]ce & hold !  
body ( ! bird 9 any attitude :i* he     
desir$ to repres5t4 ,8 device1 :i* 0    
simple only = "o :o possess$ ! requisite
 k & skill1 0 publicly exhibit$ at a    
meet+ ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society at ,ed9burgh
 on ,decemb] #af1 #ahbf4 ,a rec5tly     
kill$ bird 0 fix$ 9 ! position desir$ by
 means ( wires1 & plac$ aga9/ a         
backgr\nd rul$ ) division l9es 9 squ>es 
to correspond ) simil> l9es on          
,audubon's pap]4 ,! p>ts1 measur$ if    

necess>y ) compasses1 7 !n drawn 91 & e 
"p 0 r5d]$ 9 due proportion4 ,z to !    
difficulty ( ?us secur+ natural         
attitudes1 aside f any "q (             
draughtsman%ip1 we h only to recall !   
bungl+ "w ( mo/ taxid]mi/s2 !re are     
c>eful /ud5ts ( animal life :o are able 
to reanimate _! subjects1 ev5 :5 r$uc$  
to dri$ & m\nt$ sk9s1 b su* ability is n
 easy to acquire or imp>t4 ,me?od is    
always subord9ate to p[]1 & ,audubon at 
8 be/1 :5 n hamp]$ by lack ( "t1 0 able 
to repres5t ! liv+1 mov+ bird 9 a hundr$
 attitudes nev] attempt$ be=e1 :i*      
surpris$ ! _w ( 8 day by ! rem>kable    
skill1 fre%ness & fidelity !y display$4 
,"s h compla9$ t ,audubon1 9 /riv+ =    
effect1 too (t5 exagg]at$ ! action ( 8  
subjects2 8 birds1 l ! ,fr5*man he 01   
ge/iculate too mu*1 :ile ,wilson's 7 m  
cauti\s or s$ate1 z became a canny      
,scot4 ,! compla9t may be well f\nd$1 b 
! explanation is too trivial = s]i\s    
consid]ation4 ,wilson1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 
reg>dless ( nationality1 m]ely foll[$   

cu/om1 :i* l$ by ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4
 ,b>rab& & all ! be/ ,fr5* arti/s be=e  
him 9 depict+ bird & animal life _h done
 ! same1 & 9 _! h&s ! p]*1 7 ! subject a
 bird1 became /]eotyp$ to ! la/ degree1 
z if ins]t$ ) a rubb] /amp4 ,audubon    
foll[$ ! same c\rse until he became     
imbu$ ) ! desire ( end[+ 8 animals ) all
 ! mov+ en]gy ( :i* !y 7 capable1 :e!r 9
 seiz+ _! prey1 fe$+ _! "y1 or fight+ _!
 enemies4 ,x is well kn[n t _m an       
animal1 ?\gh ord9>ily cauti\s or ev5    
timid1 c be r\s$ to vigor\s action "u ! 
spur ( emotion1 z :5 its "y are sudd5ly 
?reat5$1 & be x w>bl]1 bluebird1 or     
cuckoo1 may become a contortioni/ at a  
mom5t's notice4 ,v few ( ! #a1jfe       
life-size draw+s ( birds :i* appe> 9 8  
l>ge plates c\ld be truly describ$ z    
fanta/ic or unnatural4  ,audubon's      
problem 0 r5d]$ m difficult by ! fact t 
all ( 8 animals 7 drawn to ! size (     
life1 & because 8 desire & /yle compell$
 him to repres5t ! utmo/ detail1 ev5 to 
! b>bs ( a fea!r or ! individual hairs (

 a mammal4 ,:5 a l&scape 0 to be includ$
 x 0 n an easy task to h>monize         
life-siz$ objects 9 ! =egr\nd ) rec$+   
objects1 & "h he sometimes fail$4 ,"s ( 
8 lea/ happy compositions1 h[ev]1 7 !   
result ( ha/e1 z an exam9ation ( !      
orig9als ( 8 ,birds ( ,am]ica has cle>ly
 %[n2 :5 h>d press$ = "t he w\ld resort 
to ! scissors & pa/e1 9 ord] to comb9e !
 p>ts ( sev]al di/9ct draw+s into "o    
plate1 & (t5 leave ! backgr\nds to be   
suppli$ entirely by ! engrav]4 ,"o ( !  
few grotesque results ( su* me?ods is   
se5 9 plate #ada1 :]e9 are repres5t$ !  
,go%awk & ! ,/anley ,hawk2 ! latt]1 :i* 
0 orig9ally design$ = diff]5t surr\nd+s1
 has q lo/ its c5t] ( gravity on an     
islet amid /ream4 ,an e>ly review] ?\ght
 t ! arti/ mu/ surely h int5d$ ?is = a  
c>icature1 z 9 ! case ( "o ( ,hog>?'s   
fam\s pr9ts1 9 :i* a man on a di/ant    
hill is light+ 8 pipe at a c&le held out
 ( a w9d[ 9 ! =egr\nd4  ,! action (     
,audubon's subjects 0 sometimes         
exagg]at$2 8 birds on ! w+ 7            

occasionally ill drawn1 & o!r defects   
might be m5tion$4 ,b we mu/ admire 8    
boldness = attempt+ s _m difficult      
positions1 & admit t1 :5 all is         
consid]$1 he succe$$ to admiration1 &   
set a new /&>d = ! illu/ration ( works  
on natural hi/ory4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii   
,,audubon',s ,,m>riage ,,& ,,settlem5t  
,,9 ,,! ,,we/       ,audubon & ,rozi]   
decide to />t a pione] /ore at          
,l\isville1 ,k5tucky--,_! pur*ase (     
goods 9 ,new      ,york--,we/w>d ,ho )  
,rozi]--,rozi]'s di>y ( !               
j\rney--,an un=tunate inve/m5t 9        
indigo--,effect (      ! ,emb>go        
,act--,m>riage to ,lucy                 
,bakewell--,return to                   
,l\isville--,life on !                  
,ohio--,depression ( trade--,william    
,bakewell's assi/ance--,audubon's elde/ 
son born at ! ,indian      ,que5--,!    
,bakewells--,life at ,l\isville4   ,9 ! 
summ] ( #ahjg ,audubon & ,rozi] _h      
decid$ to try _! =tunes 9 ! ,we/1 :i* !n
 meant ! ,ohio ,valley & ! wilds (      

,k5tucky1 & _h fix$ ^u ,l\isville z a   
promis+ po9t = pione] trade4 ,on ,augu/ 
#a !y pur*as$ a consid]able /ock ( goods
 ?r\gh ! commission h\se ( _! fri5d1    
,b5jam9 ,bakewell1 & ?ree days lat] gave
 _! note1 payable 9 eight mon?s1 = ov]  
#c1fjj4afc ,!n1 or a little lat]1 !y _h 
deal+s also ) ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,k9d]     
,company1 ( ,new ,york1 z well z ! ,fr5*
 import+ h\se ( ,laur5ce ,huron1 ) :i*  
,f]d9& _h be5 rec5tly associat$ 9       
,philadelphia2 app>5tly also !y s5t     
goods to ,franois ,rozi] at ,nantes1 & f
 him receiv$ imports ?r\gh ! ,bakewell  
firm1 b1 z we %all see1 all =eign trade 
0 soon cut (f4 ,:5 _! plans 7 complete &
 _! goods _h />t$ = ! fronti]1 !y set   
out !mselves = ,l\isville on ! la/ day (
 ,augu/1 #ahjg4  ,f]d9& ,rozi] kept a   
record#afd ( ?is j\rney1 ! =midable     
nature ( :i* w be be/ appreciat$ by     
read+ 8 matt]-(-fact n>rative compos$ f 
notes daily jott$ d[n4 ,9 ^! easy-go+   
times1 :5 oceans & cont95ts are cross$ )
 ev] increas+ ease & spe$1 ?is simple   

*ronicle ( e>ly travel 9 ,am]ica is wor?
 pres]v+1 if only = its hi/orical       
contra/s4       ,on ! ?irty-fir/ day (  
,augu/1 #ahjg1 9 company )              
,audubon1 ,i left ,mill ,grove =        
,l\isville1 ,k5tucky1 :]e we            
anticipat$ engag+ 9 ! m]cantile bus9ess4
       ,leav+ ,philadelphia by /age we  
travel$ to ,lanca/]1      ,p5nsylvania1 
a di/ance ( sixty-"o miles1 :]e we      
arriv$      at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2
 we d9$1 & proce$$      to ,big ,*ick]s1
 di/ant n9e miles f>!r1 :]e we sp5t     
! night4 ,! roads f ,philadelphia to    
,lanca/] 7      9 excell5t condition1 & 
at ab\t e two miles we      f\nd good   
tav]ns4 ,! only rem>kable ?+ we notic$ 9
      agriculture 0 hemp1 !re be+ little
 else ( int]e/4      ,! city ( ,lanca/] 
0 attractive1 b ! %ort duration      (  
our /ay prev5t$ u f hav+ m ?an a casual 
view      ( x4 ,! tav]n :]e we slept 0 n
 v good2 f our      *amb]s1 h[ev]1 we   
c\ld disc]n a new bridge1 :i* _h        
two imm5se ar*es spann+ ! riv]4         

,at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ we left     
,lanca/] =      ,elizabe?t[n1 di/ant n9e
 miles4 ,! roads 7 mis]able1      & we  
suff]$ a sev]e jolt+ & %ak+ up4 ,arriv+ 
!re1 we procur$ two additional horses1  
:i* made six all      told1 & w5t on to 
,middlet[n1 :]e we breakfa/$ at a       
tav]n nam$ ! ,eagle2 ! village 0 small1 
) few      h\ses1 & no?+ ( int]e/4      
,j\rney+ on to ,h>risburg )\t mi%ap1 ov]
 roads      some:at improv$1 we f9ally  
arriv$1 & discov]$ a v      beautiful   
riv] call$ ! ,susquehanna4 ,! city (    
,h>risburg      itself appe>$ v         
attractive to u1 & its situation is     
beautiful2 proce$+1 we 7 fir/ compell$  
to cross !      riv]1 :i* 0 accompli%$  
by means ( a l>ge flatboat      propell$
 by a sweep ( g5]\s proportions4 ,!     
capta91      :o prov$ a mo/ voluble     
p]son1 in=m$ u t ! riv]      ab\nd$ 9   
fi%1 & !n relat$ m>vel\s tales ( !      
rem>kable cat*es t _h be5 made2 _m ( 8  
/ories1      h[ev]1 7 ( su* gl>+        
improbability t we 7      =c$ to d\bt 8 

v]acity4       ,c>lisle1 sixte5 miles   
di/ant1 0 rea*$ 9 due c\rse1      & !re 
we *ang$ horses at a tav]n call$ ! ,john
      ,mason4 ,?is city1 ?\gh small1    
pres5t$ a f9e appe>ance1      hav+ a    
m>ket place1 two l>ge *ur*es1 _m brick  
build+s1 a l>ge academy1 & sev]al       
attractive tav]ns4      ,cont9u+1 we    
f9ally came to ,walnut ,bottoms1 :]e we 
engag$ *amb]s at a v impos+ tav]n2 ?is  
prov$      f> sup]ior to any we _h      
hi!rto visit$2 x 0 clean      & invit+2 
its appo9tm5ts 7 good1 & its s]vice     
excell5t4 ,on our j\rney we 7 impress$  
by a tree ( great      size1 t resembl$ 
an oak1 b ^u inquiry le>n$ t      x 0   
call$ ,hackb]ry1#afe & produc$ a fruit  
simil>      9 size to a *]ry4 ,on ! nor?
 & s\? ( u 7 high      m\nta9s :i*      
pres5t$ an impos+ appe>ance2 ! foliage  
0 heavy & luxuriant2 ! soil ( !         
foot-hills appe>$      f]tile1 b ! crops
 7 inf]ior4       ,we 7 awak5$ e>ly 9 ! 
morn+ s z to beg9 our      j\rney 9 good
 season1 & hav+ _h a heavy /orm dur+    

! night we expect$ to f9d ! roads v bad1
 b to our      delight !y 7 none ! worse
 = ! ra94 ,j\rney+      mo/ ( ! way     
?r\gh woods1 we came to ,%ip5sburg &    
breakfa/$2 ?is village _h only "o long  
/reet1 &      pres5t$ an appe>ance f> f 
pleas+4 ,a lady ) h]      sock knitt+ "w
 prov$ a great talk] & ask$ u _m        
que/ions4 ,?is village 0 int]sect$ by a 
creek1 call$      ! ,middlespr+4 ,we    
next came to ,*amb]sburg1 t5 miles      
away1 & !re re/$ & pur*as$ tickets =    
cont9u+      our j\rney4 ,t village lies
 9 a valley1 & is compos$ (      two    
squ>es conta9+ a po/ (fice1 an academy1 
a factory1      m>ket place & tav]n4    
,:5 ! /age 0 at la/ made ready = its    
j\rney we took      our places 9 x1 b no
 soon] 0 ! village left beh9d      ?an  
we enc\nt]$ v r\gh roads1 :i* = a "t    
caus$      great discom=t2 our feel+s 7 
express$ by all !      pass5g]s1 b at   
l5g? we rea*$ a tav]n nam$ ,cable       
,r\ss$1 :]e our horses 7 *ang$4 ,we next
 /opp$ at      ! ,john ,campbell tav]n1 

& saw _m drunk>ds ab\t2      !n at ,pet]
 ,:ite's1 almo/ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1  
:]e we 7 ea* treat$ to a glass (        
excell5t fre%      milk4 ,/ill go+ on & 
approa*+ ! m\nta9s1 ! roads      became 
s excessively r\gh t ,audubon & myself  
decid$      to proce$ on foot4 ,?\gh ?is
 0 a ?ree-mile climb1 we      manag$ to 
cov] x 9 ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,s bad 9   
tru? 0 ! road t x seem$ well nigh       
impossible = any      vehicle to asc5d !
 m\nta92 ! /age did g up1 h[ev]1      & 
rea*$ ! summit soon aft] u4 ,on !       
heights ( !      m\nta9 0 a small tav]n 
:]e refre%m5ts 7 s]v$1      & :ile      
p>tak+ ( a light lun* !re we 7 wait$ on 
by a c\ple nam$ ,currie1 & ,james1 _!   
hir$ man4 ,:ile      we 7 refre%+       
ourselves1 our ho/ told h>r[+ tales     
( wild-animal hunt+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 &      
assur$ u t      !re 7 _m bea/s 9 !      
surr\nd+ woods4 ,leav+ !      summit 9 !
 /age1 we cont9u$ = "s di/ance1 b !     
jolt+1 roll+ & sway+ 0 s frightful t we 
decid$      to desc5d on foot4 ,! ?ree  

miles d[n ! m\nta9 0      cov]$ quickly1
 b we 7 utt]ly worn out ) fatigue       
:5 we rea*$ ,mc,connelsburg2 ?is village
 lies 9 a valley1      has few h\ses & b
 little ( int]e/2 we made =ty      miles
 dur+ ! day4 ,leav+ e>ly on ! next      
morn+1 aft]      travel+ ?irty-two      
miles1 ov] bett] roads1 we sp5t !       
night at ! tav]n ( ,b4 ,ma/94           
,hav+ breakfa/$ at an e>ly h\r1 we 7    
aga9 on our way      by sunrise1 & aft] 
driv+ two miles came to ! ,juniata      
,riv]1 :i* 0 cross$ 9 a leaky flatboat4 
,eight miles      beyond ?is po9t we saw
 a v f9e & /ately mansion :i*      0    
said to belong to a ,mrs4 ,haily4       
,f9ally aft] a h>d &      tiresome day  
we arriv$ at ,b$=d4 ,! ,juniata ,riv]   
fl[s      along ,b$=d 9 a n>r[ b$1      
betwe5 high m\nta9 walls2      ! village
 is situat$ 9 ! valley1 & boa/s _m f9e  
/ores & resid5ces4 ,we 7 told t ab\t    
f\rte5 miles      f>!r on !re 7 m9]al   
spr+s1 ! wat]s ( :i*      possess$ great
 curative prop]ties1 & t _m p           

visit$ !m ea* season2 "t1 h[ev]1 did n  
p]mit u to      visit ?is resort4       
,six horses 7 hit*$ to our /age :5 we   
dep>t$ ! next      morn+4 ,! m\nta9     
roads asc5d$ m gradually1 & 7      less 
r\gh2 ! wea!r be+ exceptionally f9e1 =ty
 miles      7 easily made be=e rea*+ our
 de/9ation at a village      call$      
,som]set1 :i* conta9$ a c\r?\se t m>k$ x
      at once z ! c\nty seat4 ,at f\r   
o'clock ( ! morn+      foll[+ we 7 aga9 
on our way1 & left ,som]set 9 a         
heavy fog1 :i* at t e>ly h\r %>ply      
acc5tuat$ !      *ill 9 ! air4 ,at ! end
 ( ! day we f\nd ourselves at           
,laurel ,hill1 :]e we pass$ ! night at !
 tav]n ( ,john      ,arranats4          
,aga9 at f\r 9 ! morn+ we resum$ our    
j\rney1 &      aft] cross+ ,laurel      
,creek once m enc\nt]$ r\gh roads1      
b soon rea*$ a tav]n call$ ! ,jacob     
,h(f1 :]e we      breakfa/$4 ,/ill pu%+ 
=w>d1 at noon we came to !      small   
h\se ( a family call$ ,m>g5nefs1 &      
procur$ a      meag] lun*4 ,at a %ort   

di/ance f ?is place a *ange      (      
horses 0 made1 & aft] driv+ all !       
aft]noon we      ent]$ ! attractive     
village ( ,gre5sburg1 :]e we sp5t      !
 night4 ,ris+ reluctantly at peep ( day1
 we cont9u$ on      our c\rse & made t5 
miles be=e breakfa/+ at a tav]n1      ! 
,/ew>t ,aub]ge by "n4 ,aft] leav+ ?is   
po9t we      came to ,turtle ,creek1 :5 
! road desc5d$ s abruptly t      x 0    
decid$ to dism\nt & walk1 b ! heat 0    
sultry      & oppressive1 & we suff]$   
greatly4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1      ! city (  
,pittsburgh 0 rea*$1 & !re we f\nd good 
& commodi\s lodg+s at ! ,jeff]son       
,hotel1 conduct$ by      ,mr4 ,gall&1 a 
mo/ g5ial & agreeable ho/4 ,we rema9$   
9 ,pittsburgh sev]al days1 & became     
acqua9t$ ) _m      ( its citiz5s1 among 
:om 7 sev]al c\ntrym5 ( ours      :o 7  
engag$ 9 bus9ess & 7 v cong5ial &       
hospitable4 ,! city does n pres5t a     
pleas+ appe>ance2      x has be5        
increas+ 9 size ) a/\nd+ rapidity1#aff  
& possesses a rem>kable comm]ce2 ! ,ohio

 ,riv] !re is      mo/ beautiful4       
,! rema9d] ( our j\rney 0 by way ( !    
,ohio1 & we      made x entirely 9 an   
op5 flatboat1 a cumb]some unwieldy      
craft1 manag$ by h&1 & 9 ?is p>ticul>   
in/ance      v badly4 ,"o :o has nev] _h
 ?is exp]i5ce c little      und]/& !    
t]rible monotony1 h>d%ips & deprivations
      enc\nt]$ on a long j\rney su* z we
 endur$4 ,we 7      unprotect$ f !      
elem5ts1 & our b$s consi/$ ( b>e        
p9e bo>ds1 ^u :i* we slept z be/ we     
c\ld1 envelop$      9 our great coats4  
,!re 7 times )\t numb] :5 our boat w\ld 
run ^u      hidd5 s& b>s to become      
gr\nd$1 & we 7 !n (t5      oblig$ to get
 into ! cold wat] & assi/ 9 ! "w      ( 
extricat+ h]4 ,at o!r times1 unprotect$ 
z we 71      ! ra9s dr5*$ u to ! sk91 & 
our clo?+ 0 s      saturat$ t x took _m 
h\rs to dry4 ,at night :5 x      0 cle>1
 we cont9u$ our c\rse d[n ! riv]1 b1 9  
bad wea!r1 or :5 v cl\dy & d>k1 we 7    
oblig$      to tie up to ! %ore1        
frequ5tly to ! bank ( "s wild1          

un9habit$ isl&1 & wait !re = daylight2  
!n we w\ld      resume our sl[1 t$i\s & 
seem+ly nev] end+ j\rney4      ,add$ to 
^! h>d%ips1 our boat 0 comm&$ by a mo/  
disagreeable & ung5tlemanly capta91 nam$
 ,h>ris2 8      language1 & demeanor    
m>k$ him z a p]son ( l[ bir?      & bad 
"*4       ,among "s ( ! places :i* 7    
pass$ en r\te1 ,i      rememb] ! foll[+3
 ,:eel+1 ,m>ietta1 ,m>ket ,sl\gh1       
fam\s = ! conspiracy ( ,colonel ,burr1  
,belleville1 ,lit>ds      ,falls1 ,po9t 
,pleasant1 ,man*e/]1 ,maysville1        
,c9c9nati1 &      f9ally our j\rney's   
end1 ,l\isville4  ,at ,l\isville !      
p>tn]s 7 attract$ by ! c\ntry & its     
prospects1 z well z by ! hospitable "* (
 ! p4 ,_! *oice1 z !y !n ?\ght1 _h be5  
well made1 & !y decid$ to make x _!     
future home4 ,we m>k$ ,l\isville1 said  
,audubon1 z a spot design$ by nature to 
become a place ( great importance1 & _h 
we be5 z wise z we n[ are1 ,i might nev]
 h publi%$ ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica2 = a few 
hundr$ doll>s laid out1 at t p]iod1 9   

l&s or t[n lots ne> ,l\isville1 w\ld1 if
 left to gr[ ov] ) grass to a date t5   
ye>s pa/ ?is be+ #ahce1 h become an     
imm5se =tune1 b "y heads are on "y      
%\ld]s2 x 0 n to be1 & :o c>es4#afg     
,rozi] did n say :5 ei!r !y or _! goods 
rea*$ ! pione] settlem5t1 b f an item 9 
_! acc\nt curr5t ) ! ,bakewell h\se1#afh
 x is evid5t t !y op5$ a retail %op 9   
,l\isville at once1 = on ,septemb] #bi  
!y 7 *>g$ ) #eg = an ord] ( p[d] horns &
 %otbags4 ,9 ! same record !re is a m   
int]e/+ entry "u date ( ,decemb] #ca1   
#ahjg3 advanc$ p] sail+ packet ,jane1 = 
indigo & exp5ces 444 #a1eaf4dc1 ord]$   
evid5tly ?r\gh ,mr4 ,bakewell1          
presumably = export to ,france4 ,?is    
incid5t ,audubon mu/ h _h 9 m9d :5 9    
aft] life he wrote3 ,! m]cantile bus9ess
 did n suit me4 ,! v fir/ v5ture :i* ,i 
und]took 0 9 indigo2 x co/ me sev]al    
hundr$ p\nds1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 lo/4 ,x may
 be recall$ t 9 8 lett] ( ,april #bd (  
?is ye>1 ,audubon wrote ,francois       
,rozi]#afi t ! ,bakewell h\se _h s5t him

 a consignm5t ( indigo by ! same %ip1   
,capta9 ,sammis1 & hop$ = its favorable 
sale 9 ,france4 ,no d\bt ! v5ture       
succe$$ s well t ! "y trad]s 7 induc$ to
 repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,z x happ5$1 h[ev]1 
on ,decemb] #bb1 a week be=e ?is entry =
 ! indigo 0 made1 ! fam\s ,emb>go ,act (
 ,presid5t ,jeff]son _h tak5 effect1 ) !
 result ( cutt+ (f all exports to ,engl&
 & ,france & at ! same "t ( p>alyz+     
,am]ican trade4 ,! ,bakewell h\se1 z we 
h already notic$1 l s _m o!rs1          
imm$iately w5t d[n1 & ! p>tn]s f\nd t _!
 tobacco & o!r we/]n produce f\nd s     
little sale 9 ,new ,york t by ,april #g1
 #ahjh1 !y 7 oblig$ to call = an        
ext5sion ( _! notes4  ,not)/&+ ! gloomy 
outlook = trade1 ,audubon _h no fe>s = !
 future4 ,z e>ly z ,m>*1 #ahjh1 he left 
,rozi] 9 ,k5tucky & return$ to          
,p5nsylvania4 ,no "t 0 lo/ 9 mak+ kn[n 8
 plans to ,lucy ,bakewell & h] family1 &
 hav+ receiv$ _! approval1 ! lov]s      
prep>$ = ! adv5tur\s j\rney t 0 to      
celebrate _! w$d+4 ,audubon 0 m>ri$ to  

,miss ,bakewell1 at ,fatl& ,=d1 on      
,friday1 ,april #h1 #ahjh1 by ! ,rev]5d 
,doctor ,latim]1 an ,episcopal cl]gyman 
( ,philadelphia1 & on ! next morn+ />t$ 
) 8 bride = ! fronti]4 ,?is ev5t mu/ be 
reg>d$ z ! mo/ auspici\s 9 8 c>e]1 = 9  
all probability ! _w w\ld nev] h he>d ( 
,audubon _h x n be5 = ! spur to 8       
ambition & ! balance :eel to 8 "* :i*   
came ?r\gh 8 admirable wife4  ,! fir/   
/age ( _! honeymoon involv$ ! long ride 
( ov] #bej miles to ,pittsburgh1 !      
haz>ds & discom=ts ( :i* we h le>n$ f   
,rozi]'s description2 x 0 m>k$ 9 ?is    
in/ance by an accid5t1 = 9 cross+ !     
,alleghany m\nta9s _! coa* 0 upset &    
,mrs4 ,audubon did n escape )\t sev]e   
bruises4 ,at ,pittsburgh ! ,audubons met
 a numb] ( "y emigrants b\nd we/w>d l   
!mselves1 & 9 _! company !y prep>$ to   
float d[n ! beautiful ,ohio 9 a flatboat
 or ark4 ,_! entire j\rney1 :i*1 ow+ to 
! w9d+s ( ! riv]1 c\ld n h be5 mu* less 
?an a ?\s& miles1 0 made 9 twelve days1 
& )\t fur!r mi%ap4  ,! wild & v>i$      

beauty ( ! ,ohio ( t day _h great       
attractions = ! naturali/1 :o (t5       
regrett$ t no facile writ] _h left a    
true & vivid picture ( x = ! b5efit (   
po/]ity1 = he =esaw ) great conc]n !    
inevitable *anges :i* advanc+           
civilization w\ld quickly produce along 
its delightful banks4 ,audubon trav]s$  
?is mighty highway c\ntless times 9 aft]
 life1 & "s ( 8 mus+s h lo/ none ( _!   
int]e/ ) ! flight ( "t1 = he _h witness$
 ! advance ( ! :ite man & ! retreat ( ! 
r$1 along ) ! great h]ds ( de]1 elk &   
buffalo t once f\nd peaceful pa/urage on
 its banks4 ,speak+ ( a lat] b h>dly    
less romantic j\rney1#agj he said3      
,z night came1 s9k+ into d>kness !      
broad] portions (      ! riv]1 our m9ds 
became affect$ by /rong emotions1 &     
w&]$ f> beyond ! pres5t mom5ts4 ,! t9kl+
 ( bells      told u t ! cattle :i* bore
 !m 7 g5tly rov+      f valley to valley
 9 se>* ( food1 or return+ to _!        
di/ant homes4 ,! hoot+ ( ! ,great ,owl1 
or ! muffl$      noise ( its w+s z x    

sail$ smoo?ly ov] ! /ream1 7      matt]s
 ( int]e/ to u2 s 0 ! s\nd ( ! boatman's
      horn1 z x came w9d+ m & m s(tly f 
af>4 ,:5      daylight return$1 _m      
song/]s bur/ =? ) e*o+      notes1 m & m
 mell[ to ! li/5+ e>4 ,"h &      !re !  
lonely cab9 ( a squatt] /ruck ! eye1    
giv+      note ( comm5c+ civilization4  
,! cross+ ( ! /ream by      a de] =etold
 h[ soon ! hills w\ld be cov]$ by sn[4  
,_m sluggi% flatboats we ov]took &      
pass$2 "s lad5      ) produce f !       
diff]5t head-wat]s ( ! small      riv]s 
t p\r _! tribut>y /reams into ! ,ohio2  
o!rs1 ( less dim5sions1 cr[d$ )         
emigrants f      di/ant p>ts1 9 se>* ( a
 new home4       ,! m>g9s ( ! %ores & ( 
! riv] 7 at ?is      season amply       
suppli$ ) game4 ,a ,wild ,turkey1 a     
,gr\se1 or      a ,blue-w+$ ,teal1 c\ld 
be procur$ 9 a few mom5ts2 &      we f>$
 well1 =1 :5ev] we pleas$1 we l&$1 /ruck
 up      a fire & provid$1 z we 71 ) !  
necess>y ut5sils1      procur$ a good   
repa/4  ,l\isville at ?is "t 0 a small  

trad+ & agricultural c5t] ( b>ely a ?\s&
 p4#aga ,?\gh ! e>ly promises ( bus9ess 
!re 7 n fulfill$1 ,audubon & 8 wife at  
once ent]$ ^u a happy p]iod1 = !y made  
_m fri5ds 9 a new c\ntry settl$ by      
:ole-he>t$1 well-to-d plant]s2 ! m5 7   
fond ( good horses & ( hunt+1 & !       
naturali/1 :o 0 also a m]*ant1 0 welcom$
 among !m z a k9dr$ _s4 ,b1 said        
,audubon1 birds 7 birds !n z n[1 & my   
?\ghts 7 ev] & anon turn+ t[>ds !m z !  
objects ( my greate/ delight4 ,i %ot1 ,i
 drew1 ,i look$ on nature only2 my days 
7 happy beyond human conception1 &      
beyond t ,i really c>$ n4444 ,i seldom  
pass$ a day )\t draw+ a bird1 or not+   
some?+ respect+ its habits1 ,rozi]      
meantime att5d+ ! c\nt]4  ,to rev]t aga9
 to ! bus9ess affairs ( !               
,audubon-,rozi] firm at ,l\isville1 an  
int]e/+ record has be5 pres]v$ 9 a      
lett]#agb writt5 by ,?omas ,bakewell1 a 
=m] fell[-cl]k ( ! naturali/ 9 ! s5ior  
,bakewell's c\nt+-h\se 9 ,new ,york2 ?is
 0 includ$ ) ! /atem5t ( acc\nt1 ref]r$ 

to above4   ,?omas ,bakewell to ,audubon
  ,rozi]            ,at bottom ( acc\nt 
%eet ,,new ,,york1 ,decemr4 #ac?4 #ahjh 
,,messrs4 ,j4 ,,audubon  ,f4 ,,rozi]    
,l\isville       ,,g5tn4       ,i h n[ !
 pleasure to h& y y\r acc\nt curr5t )   
my ,fa!r's ,e/ate accord+ to y\r desire 
z express$ 9      y\r lett] to ,mess    
,robt4 ,k9d]  ,co4 "u date ! #ba/4      
( ,novr4 la/4 ,i _c tell :at error y    
allude to ( #ic4      ,i suppose x is ! 
am\nt ( commission return$ #ic4id_/ajj  
:i* y w p]ceive is duly at y\r ,cr4 9 ! 
a_/c4 ,i am      sorry to say t !       
tobacco is /ill unsold  t !re is      no
 prospect ( sell+ x s z to cov] !       
balance ( y\r      a_/c4 ,messrs ,r4    
,k9d]  ,co4 reque/ me to say t !y       
wi% ! y>n m5tion$ 9 _! lett] ( ! ^w     
omitt$      to be made ( wat] rott$     
,hemp  t !y w write y      pr next po/ )
 _! acc\nt aga9/ y z reque/$ by      y--
            ,i rema9 ,g5tn           )  
,y\r mo4 obt4 ,s]vt4            ,,?os4  
,,bakewell           = ! assignees ( my 

,fa!r's e/ate--       ,give my love to  
,mrs4 ,a4 my aunt a recd4 h]s la/       
night--,s4       is mu* z usual--%e     
rema9s v sick yet4            ,t ,b     
,sup]scrib$ ,,messrs4 ,,audubon  ,,rozi]
           ,m]*ants           ,l\isville
           ,k5tucky  ,audubon frat]niz$ 
) ! sport+ m5 ( 8 di/rict1 :o gladly s5t
 him e r>e bird t fell to _! guns4 ,at  
,%ipp+port also1 !n an indep5d5t c5t]   
bel[ ! falls or rapids1 he f\nd a       
sympa!tic _s 9 ,doctor ,w4 ,c4 ,galt1 a 
local botani/1 z well z 9 ,ni*olas      
,b]?\d1 :o _h become 8 wife's           
bro!r-9-law1 & :o 0 a fri5d on :om he   
c\ld always rely4 ,! _s ( hospitality s 
manife/ 9 all ^! new fri5ds won ! he>t (
 ,audubon & ( 8 attractive wife1 to :om 
! door ( a neighbor's h\se 0 sure to op5
 :5ev] bus9ess or adv5ture call$ h]     
husb& away4 ,we liv$1 said ,audubon1 two
 ye>s at ,l\isville1 :]e we enjoy$ _m ( 
! be/ pleasures :i* ?is life c af=d2 &  
:5ev] we h s9ce pass$ t way1 we h f\nd !
 k9dness ( our =m] fri5ds unimpair$4 ,x 

0 :ile !y 7 liv+ at ,gna?way's hotel ( !
 ,indian ,que51 9 ,l\isville1 t ,victor 
,gif=d ,audubon1 :o 0 de/9$ to become 8 
fa!r's "r h& 9 ! publication ( 8 mo/    
important works1 0 born on ,june #ab1   
#ahji4  ,:5 ,audubon _h rea*$ 8         
tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 nature1 8 fond nurse f  
infancy1 0 call+ to him m l\dly ?an ev] 
be=e1 b to mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies 8      
devotion to natural hi/ory c\ld h seem$ 
little else ?an %e] madness1 or1 at be/1
 an utt] wa/e ( "t4 ,by ! ye> #ahaj 8   
portfolios 7 swell+ ) upw>ds ( two      
hundr$ pictures ( ,am]ican birds1       
produc$1 to be sure1 )\t any plan1 & f> 
inf]ior to ! be/ ( 8 lat] "w1 b /ill    
done to ! size ( life1 9 ! natural      
colors1 & f> excell+ 9 fidelity & *>m   
any?+ t _h be5 attempt$ be=e4 ,at ?is   
"t1 h[ev]1 ! "y trad]s ne$$ money = m   
practical affairs1 & ,audubon's         
fa!r-9-law1 ,william ,bakewell ( ,fatl& 
,=d1 cons5t$ to sell a portion ( ?is    
e/ate1 am\nt+ to #agj acres1 9 ord] t 8 
daught]1 ,lucy1 might imm$iately realize

 h] int]e/ 9 x4 ,f ?is sale ne>ly #h1jjj
 0 obta9$2 ! money 0 deposit$ ) ,messrs4
 ,rob]t ,k9d]  ,company ( ,new ,york1 a 
firm ) :i* ,audubon & ,rozi] _h dealt f 
! op5+ ( _! bus9ess at ,l\isville4 ,?is 
is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ int]e/+       
lett]3#agc   ,william ,bakewell to      
,audubon  ,rozi]            ,,fatl& ,,=d
 #aj ,apl #ahaj            ,,messs      
,,audubon  ,,rozi]       ,,g5tn       ,i
 h at la/ settl$ ! :ole bus9ess ) ,mr   
,jo%      ,williams ,i h all[$ him = !  
two ?irds 9 ca% #c      p] c5t  h emitt$
 to ,messrs ,k9d]'s #ghch4ej on y\r     
acc\nt4--,! quantity 0 survey$ to #agj  
acres at #dg4e p]      acre #giih4ej1 f 
:i* 0 d$uct$ #afj dols = disc\nt        
,z ,i h _h a great deal ( tr\ble        
anxiety 9 ?is      bus9ess  _h to f9d   
assi/ants 9 survey+ ) sev]al      days  
att5dance1 d9n]s c = ! :ole p>ty sev]al 
j\rneys to ,norris ,t[n & also to       
,philada ) !      c>riage to convey !   
money--po/ages c4--,i *>ge y #a p]      
c5t on ! pur*ase money :i* ,i hope y w  

?9k n      unreasonable z ,i believe x  
is "u ! *>ge ( ! l&      brok]s 9       
,philada  !y h no tr\ble 9 ! bus9ess    
comp>$ to :at ,i h _h--,i feel z if a   
great bur!n 0      tak5 (f my back n[ x 
is all f9i%$4 ,out ( ?is y w      please
 to pres5t ,lucy ) #ch dols :i* 0 !     
price !      m>e sold =--,i expect$ "o (
 y ,g5tn w\ld h come to      ! ,ea/w>d  
be=e n[ x is ,i expect ,mr ,rozi]s turn 
?is      ,spr+       ,i _h "o =g$ note  
return$ at ! ,bank out ( ! money (      
,mr ,williams  "o doll> a c\nt]fiet1 b  
,i _h /ipulat$      t he %\ld take any  
faulty ones back4 ,he paid ab\t a       
?ird ( ! money 9 specie s t ,i 0 oblig$ 
to take      ! c>riage ) x4 ,i took x to
 ! ,p5nsylvania ,bank  got      an ord] 
on ! ,manhattan ,bank 9 ,n ,york  h ,mr 
,k9d]'s      receipt = ! ord]       ,!y 
h got a consid]able quantity ( ore out (
 !      m9e#agd "s lead  "s copp] b ,i d
 n he> ( any      be+ yet sold4         
,pres5t ! k9d reg>ds ( our family circle
 to my daught]1      ,mr ,audubon1  my  

,gr&son#age :o ,i hope are well         
,i rema9 ,g5tn           ,y\rs truly    
,wm ,,bakewell       ,,ps       ,mr     
,k9d] is ( op9ion t !re ought to be a   
r5unciation by ,lucy ( any claim ( d[]  
^u ?is      e/ate to make ! title good  
?is may be s5t on      :5 y are com+ ?is
 way            ,address$ ,,messs       
,,audubon  ,,rozi]                      
,m]*s                       ,l\isville  
,k5tucky--           ,endors$ ,recd4    
,may #e?4 #ahaj  ,lucy ,gre5 ,bakewell1 
,audubon's wife1 0 ?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an  
h] husb&1 hav+ be5 born at              
,burton-on-,tr5t1 ,engl&1 9 #aghh4 ,h]  
family 7 desc5d$ f ,john ,bakewell (    
,ca/le ,donn+ton1 9 ,leice/]%ire2 ,rob]t
 ,bakewell1 ! geologi/1 :o came to !    
naturali/'s def5se _m ye>s lat]1 & :o   
liv$ until #ahdc1 0 a nephew ( h]       
gr&fa!r1 ,joseph ,bakewell ( ,d]by4     
,left an orphan at an e>ly age1 ,lucy's 
fa!r1 ,william ,bakewell1 0 br\ght up by
 an uncle1 ,?omas ,woodh\se1 a ri*      
ba*elor ( ,cri?1 ,d]by%ire1 :o ev5tually

 left him a =tune4  ,:5 ,william        
,bakewell succe$$ to 8 uncle's e/ate &  
manor1 he liv$ ! life ( a c\ntry        
g5tleman1 devot+ himself ma9ly to %oot+ 
& to ! /udy ( *emi/ry & natural         
philosophy1 :ile he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( 
su* m5 z ,joseph ,prie/ley & ,erasmus   
,d>w94 ,8 advocacy ( ,prie/ley's        
republican & lib]al religi\s doctr9es is
 said to h co/ him ! honor>y (fice (    
ju/ice ( ! peace 9 8 community & to h   
det]m9$ 8 emigration to ,am]ica4 ,8 fir/
 visit to ,am]ica 0 made 9 ! summ] (    
#agih1 :51 ) 8 bro!r ,b5jam91#agf he    
/>t$ an e/abli%m5t = brew+ ,engli% ale  
at ,new ,hav52 ?r\gh 8 *emical k & skill
 he is said to h reproduc$ to p]fection 
! fam\s ,burton ales4 ,william ,bakewell
 br\ght 8 family to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9   
#ahjb1 & :5 a disa/r\s fire de/roy$ 8   
bus9ess at ,new ,hav51 he took up ! l>ge
 f>m ( ,fatl& ,=d 9 #ahjd1 z already    
relat$ 7p4 #ajh74 ,9 t retir$ spot he   
devot$ mu* "t to 8 libr>y & laboratory1 
:ile liv+ a life ( easy indep5d5ce4 ,if 

abrupt 9 mann]s & incl9$ to sev]ity 9   
discipl9e1 he 0 g5]\s1 k9d-he>t$ & an   
ard5t republican4 ,mrs4 ,audubon's "m1  
:o felt ke5ly ! sep>ation f h] own p1   
di$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahjd1 a few mon?s aft]
 rea*+ ,fatl& ,=d1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>     
,william ,bakewell 0 m>ri$ to ,rebecca  
,smi?4 ,?is lady seems to h tak5 a /rong
 dislike to ,audubon1 = :5 h] dea? 0    
ann\nc$ 9 #ahba1agg he ref]r$ to h] z my
 con/ant enemy 444 ,god =give h] faults4
  ,at ?is "t ,audubon /udi$ nature = !  
pure love ( x1 )\t ! fa9te/ expectation 
t 8 labors 9 natural hi/ory w\ld ev] be 
( any s]vice to ! _w4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ahaj  
occurr$ an ev5t1 ( seem+ly small mom5t  
at ! "t1 :i* nev]!less left a di/9ct m>k
 ^u 8 c>e]1 z w be n[ relat$4           
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,a ,,meet+ ,,( ,,rivals1 
,,& ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,ano!r ,,pione]     
,alex&] ,wilson & 8 ,am]ican            
,orni?ology--,8 canvass+      t\r (     
#ahaj--;,8 retort to a ,solomon ( !     
,b5*--,descriptions      ( ,pittsburgh1 
,c9c9nati & ,l\isville--,meet+ )        

,audubon--,j\rney to ,new ,orleans--,y\?
 9 ,scotl&--,weav]1      it9]ant p$dl]1 
poet & sociali/--,s5t to jail =         
libel--,emigrates to ! ,unit$           
,/ates--,f9ally settles z a      s*ool  
tea*] ne> ,philadelphia--,8 fri5d%ips ) 
,b>tram      & ,lawson--,disappo9tm5ts 9
 love--,e>ly /udies ( ,am]ican          
birds--,8 draw+s1 ?rift1 tal5ts &       
g5ius--,publication (      8            
,orni?ology--,8 travels1 disc\ragem5ts &
 success--,8      premature             
dea?--,conflict+ acc\nts ( ! visit to   
,audubon      giv5 by ! two             
naturali/s--,rivalry betwe5 ! fri5ds (  
,wilson1 dead1 & ^? ( ,audubon1 liv+--,!
 controv]sy      :i* foll[$--,an evasive
 ,flycat*]--,s+ul> hi/ory (      !      
,mississippi ,kite plate4   ,on ,janu>y 
#cj1 #ahaj1 a man ( r co>se features1 ) 
a head ( s&y hair1 & possess$ ( mann]s t
 c\ld be w9n+ or aggressive accord+ to 8
 mood1 might h be5 se5 leav+            
,philadelphia afoot1 = he _h plann$ to  
keep 8 exp5ses d[n to a doll> a day &   

travel+ by coa* or on horseback suit$   
nei!r 8 purse nor ! objects ( 8 mission4
 ,8 clo?+ 0 co>se2 8 luggage1 ) !       
exception ( a f[l+-piece & two r$-back$ 
volumes ( qu>to size1 0 ( ! lighte/     
description4 ,b1 c\ld we h pe]$ betwe5 !
 cov]s ( ^? books1 our curiosity w\ld h 
be5 :ett$1 = !y 7 fill$ ) color$ plates 
( ,am]ican birds1 ! fir/-fruits ( _!    
be>]'s untra9$ eye & h&2 ! text1        
moreov]1 0 pr9t$ 9 a /yle :i* w\ld h    
done honor to any c\ntry4  ,?is man 0   
,alex&] ,wilson1 :o1 l ,audubon1 0 a    
pione] 9 ! /udy ( ! birds ( 8 adopt$ l&1
 b :o 0 tw5ty ye>s 8 pr$ecessor 9 po9t (
 publication4 ,! books :i* he !n c>ri$ 7
 "p ( ! fir/ edition ( 8 n[ fam\s       
,am]ican ,orni?ology1 ! second volume ( 
:i* _h appe>$ 9 ,philadelphia at !      
beg9n+ ( t ye>4 ,?\gh n de/9$ to be     
complet$ until aft] 8 dea?1 ?is "w 0 to 
become "o ( ! sci5tific & lit]>y        
treasures ( ! nation1 b x is n likely t 
"o 9 t5 ?\s& _h !n ev] he>d ( him1 :e!r 
z poet or z orni?ologi/1 or c>$ any?+   

ab\t 8 "w or 8 mission4  ,wilson at t   
mom5t 0 />t+ on 8 la/ long j\rney ?r\gh 
! ,we/ & ,s\?1 9 se>* ( new birds4 ,he  
also c>ri$ 9 8 pocket a subscription    
li/1 & !re=e belong$ to t class (       
visitor :i* is seldom welcom$ ) rapture4
 ,at ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,wilson's  
fir/ important /opp+-place1 & at t "t ! 
capital ( ! ,/ate1 ,gov]nor ,snyd] put  
d[n 8 "n = #abj1 ! price ( ! complet$   
"w4 ,?is seem$ a good om51 b1 at        
,hanov]1 9 ! same /ate1 an incid5t      
occurr$ :i* might h disc\rag$ a less    
det]m9$ man2 ! int]view has become      
hi/orical1 & we %all give ,wilson's own 
relation ( x3#agh       ,hav+ a lett] f 
,dr4 ,muhl5burgh to a ,cl]gyman 9       
,hanov]1 ,i pass$ on ?r\gh a well       
cultivat$ c\ntry1      *iefly inhabit$  
by ,g]mans1 to t place1 :]e a c]ta9     
,judge ,hu/ett] took ^u himself to say1 
t su* a book      z m9e ought n to be   
enc\rag$2 z x 0 n )9 !      rea* ( !    
commonalty2 & !re=e inconsi/5t ) our    
,republican in/itutions6 ,by ! same mode

 ( reason+1 :i*      ,i did n dispute1  
,i und]took to prove him a great]       
culprit      ?an myself1 9 erect+ a l>ge
 elegant ?ree /ory ,brick      h\se1 s  
mu* m beyond ! rea* ( ! ,commonalty z he
      call$ !m1 & !re=e grossly contr>y 
to our ,republican      in/itutions4 ,i 
h>angu$ ?is ,solomon ( ! ,b5* m         
s]i\sly aft]w>ds1 po9t+ out to him !    
great influ5ce      ( ,sci5ce on a "y   
ris+ ,nation l ours1 till he began      
to %[ su* symptoms ( intellect1 z to    
seem a%am$ (      :at he _h said4  ,at  
,pittsburgh ,wilson met ,audubon's old  
employ] & relative by m>riage1 ,b5jam9  
,bakewell4 ,! picture :i* he !n drew#agi
 ( t gr[+ hive ( indu/ry w be read )    
int]e/3       ,on arriv+ at ! t[n1 :i*  
/&s on a l[ flat1 &      looks l a      
collection ( ,blacksmi? %ops1 ,glass    
h\ses1      ,brew]ies1 ,=ges1 &         
,furnaces1 ! ,monongahela op5$ to      !
 view on ! left runn+ along ! bottom ( a
 range (      hills s high t ! sun at   
?is season sets to ! t[n (              

,pittsburgh at a little pa/ f\r4 ,?is   
range cont9ues along      ! ,ohio z f> z
 ! view rea*es4 ,! ice _h j begun       
to give way 9 ,monongahela1 & came d[n 9
 va/ bodies =      ! ?ree foll[+ days4  
,x has n[ begun 9 ! ,alleghany1      &  
at ! mom5t ,i write x is "o :ite ,mass (
 ru%+ ice4      ,! c\ntry beyond ! ,ohio
 to ! we/ appe>s a m\nta9\s      & hilly
 region4 ,! ,monongahela is l9$ ) ,arks1
 usually      call$ ,k5tucky ,boats1    
wait+ = ! ris+ ( ! riv]1       ! abs5ce 
( ice1 to desc5d4 ,a p]spective view ( !
      t[n ( ,pittsburgh at ?is season1 )
 ! num]\s arks      & cov]$ keel boats  
prep>+ to desc5d ! ,ohio1 !      gr&eur 
( its hills1 & ! int]e/+ circum/ance (  
its ?ree great riv]s--! pill>s ( smoke  
ris+ f its      ,furnaces ,glass works  
c4 w\ld make a noble picture4 ,i began  
a v dilig5t se>*1 9 ! place ! day aft]  
my arrival      = subscrib]s & cont9u$ x
 = f\r days4 ,i succe$$      beyond     
expectation hav+ got #ai names ( ! mo/  
weal?y      & respectable "p ( !        

inhabitants4 ,! indu/ry ( !      t[n is 
rem>kable2 e body y see is busy2  z a   
pro(      ( ! prosp]ity ( ! place an    
em95t lawy] told me t      !re has n be5
 "o suit in/itut$ aga9/ a m]*t4 (      !
 t[n ^! ?ree ye>s6 ,! ,glass ,h\ses1 (  
:i* !re      are #c1 h m dem&s = ,glass 
?an !y are able to      answ]4 ,mr4     
,bakewell ! proprietor ( ! be/1 %ew$ 444
      ye/]day a ,*&eli] ( 8 manufacture 
highly ornam5t$1      444 = :i* he      
receiv$ #cjj doll>s4 ,x w\ld ornam5t !  
444 9 ,philada4 & is p]fectly transp>5t4
  ,eight days aft] he _h rea*$          
,pittsburgh1 ,wilson bravely laun*$ a   
little skiff1 :i* he *ri/5$ !           
,orni?ologi/1 & began an ardu\s & p]il\s
 j\rney to ,c9c9nati1 ,l\isville & ,new 
,orleans1 a di/ance ( two ?\s& miles4 ,9
 ?is lonesome mann]1 he wrote1 ) full   
leisure = obs]vation & reflection1      
expos$ to h>d%ips all day1 & h>d b]?s   
all night1 ,i p]sev]$ f ! #bd? (        
,febru>y to ,sunday ev5+1 ,m>* #ag?1 :5 
,i moor$ my skiff safely 9 ,be> ,grass  

,creek1 at ! rapids ( ! ,ohio1 aft] a   
voyage ( sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty miles4     
,c9c9nati1 !n a t[n ( five hundr$ h\ses1
 0 rea*$ on ! n9? ( ,m>*2 :ile !re      
,wilson made ! acqua9tance ( ,dr4       
,daniel ,drake1 :o 0 lat] ,audubon's    
fri5d1 & exam9$ a collection ( ,indian  
relics :i* _h be5 tak5 f a fre%ly op5$  
m\nd4 ,he left ,c9c9nati conv9c$ t its  
well-to-d class mu/ be a v ?\ghtful p1 s
 _m ( !m1 :5 approa*$ = a subscription  
to 8 "w1 hav+ repli$ t !y w\ld ?9k ab\t 
x4 ,^u ne>+ ,l\isville at nightfall he  
became al>m$ le/ he %\ld be drawn into !
 suction ( ! ,falls1 z no lights c\ld be
 se5 on ! banks3 cauti\sly coa/+ along !
 %ore1 :]e he enc\nt]$ _m logs & sawy]s1
 at la/ he ent]$ ! ,creek & secur$ 8    
skiff to a ,k5tucky boat2 !n1 load+     
myself ) my baggage1 he wrote1 ,i grop$ 
my way ?r\gh a swamp up to ! t[n4#ahj   
,:5 ,wilson _h se5 ! ,falls by daylight1
 he felt t 8 fe>s ( ! night be=e _h be5 
gr\ndless1 & decl>$ t he %\ld h no      
hesitation 9 navigat+ !m s+le-h&$4  ,x w

 be int]e/+ to foll[ ,wilson's j\rney a 
little fur!r1 be=e return+ to !         
,l\isville visit4 ,aft] pass+ a few days
 9 ,audubon's t[n1 he /ruck out into !  
he>t ( ,k5tucky1 call+ at ,%elbyville1  
,frank=t & ,lex+ton1 & ev5tually rea*+  
,na%ville1 ,t5nessee4 ,n f> f ! latt]   
place he met a l&lord ( admirable       
discrim9ation1 ,isaac ,walton by "n1 :o 
%[$ himself wor?y ( 8 illu/ri\s ance/or 
by decl>+ t ,wilson 0 evid5tly travel+ =
 ! good ( ! _w1 & add$3 ,i _c1 & w n    
*>ge y any?+4 ,:5ev] y come ?is way1    
call & /ay ) me2 y %all be welcome4  ,at
 ,na%ville ,wilson wrote to ,miss ,s>ah 
,mill]1 ! lady to :om he 0 engag$ b :om 
he did n live to m>ry3 ,n9e hundr$ miles
 di/ant f y sits ,wilson1 ! hunt] (     
birds' ne/s & sp>r[s1 j prep>+ to ent]  
on a wild]ness ( #ghj miles--mo/ ( x 9 !
 t]ritory ( ,indians--alone b 9 good    
spirits1 & expect+ to h e pocket cramm$ 
) sk9s ( new & extraord9>y birds be=e he
 rea* ! ,city ( ,new ,orleans4 ,cont9u+ 
on 8 c\rse 9 se>* ( new birds &         

subscrib]s1 ,wilson arriv$ at ,nat*ez on
 ,may #ah1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ,l\isiana1 on 
! six? day ( ,june he ent]$ ,new        
,orleans1 :]e 8 spirits 7 imm$iately    
rais$ by ! accession ( sixty new names  
to 8 li/4 ,aft] six mon?s ( cont9u\s    
ef=t1 travel+ n[ 9 a small boat1 n[ on !
 back ( a horse1 b frequ5tly on foot1   
dr5*$ by torr5ts ( ra9 or scor*$ by !   
unaccu/om$ heat1 (t5 compell$ to dr9k ! 
poison\s wat] ( cane brakes 9           
,mississippi 7to :i* mu/ be attribut$ an
 attack ( mal>ial fev]1 :i* he 0 able ) 
difficulty to ?r[ (f1 b f :i*1 9 all    
probability1 he nev] fully recov]$71 he 
return$ to ,new ,york by sea1 & on      
,septemb] #b1 #ahaj1 0 aga9 9           
,philadelphia4  ,on ?is j\rney ,wilson 0
 a pione] 9 mu* ( ! t]ritory :i*        
,audubon _h h>dly begun to explore1 b   
:i* lat] became ! sc5e ( 8 w&]+s &      
adv5tures = _m a ye>4 ,at ,l\isville !  
two naturali/s met1 b !y did n become   
good fri5ds2 ?\gh devot$ to ! same      
objects1 diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t might 9  

any ev5t h kept !m ap>t4 ,un=tunately1 !
 feel+s ( jeal\sy :i* 7 !n ar\s$1 or :i*
 7 /irr$ up at a lat] day1 7 fo/]$ by "s
 ( ,wilson's injudici\s fri5ds to su* an
 ext5t t f ! mom5t ,audubon's "w became 
kn[n1 & long be=e he _h publi%$ a l9e1  
!y became z ?orns 9 8 pa?1 & !y cont9u$ 
to vex him = ?irty ye>s4 ,x is n easy to
 rea* a fair judgm5t 9 ?is matt] n[1 & x
 w\ld be impossible to d s )\t a bett]  
und]/&+ ( ! man :o sudd5ly appe>$ ^u    
,audubon's horizon at ,l\isville 9 #ahaj
 & !n vani%$4 ,because ( ! peculi>      
relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 ^! two       
pione]s1 we mu/ foll[ ! hi/ory ( ! eld] 
man a little m closely4  ,alex&] ,wilson
 0 ! son ( a weav] at ,paisley1 ,scotl&1
 :]e he 0 born 9 #agff2 he 0 ?us        
,audubon's s5ior by n9ete5 ye>s4 ,8     
fa!r1 :o 0 e/eem$ = 8 hone/y &          
intellig5ce1 _h ta/$ prosp]ity1 b       
irrem$iable pov]ty fell to 8 lot 9 lat] 
life4 ,alex&]1 ! y\ng] son1 0 mo!rless  
at t51 & ! /epmo!r t soon appe>$ seems  
to h %[n him scant sympa?y1 or1 at all  

ev5ts1 nev] won 8 affection4 ,alex&]    
,wilson's y\? unhappily co9cid$ ) an era
 ( bad feel+ 9 8 native l&2 ! times 7   
h>d 9 bonny ,scotl&1 education 0        
/agnant1 & ! public morals 7 debas$4    
,wilson 0 a *ild ( 8 times2 l ?\s&s (   
o!r y\?s1 he 0 b\nd to suff] f !        
conditions ( 8 e>ly environm5t1 b unlike
 _m ?\s&s ( 8 day1 he 0 possess$ (      
tal5ts & ambition :i* bitt] adv]sity    
t5d$ to %>p5 & c\ld nev] repress4  ,at  
?irte5 "y ,wilson 0 tak5 f s*ool &      
appr5tic$ to a weav]1 ,william ,duncan1 
8 bro!r-9-law1 & = ?ree ye>s he 0 no    
/rang] to h>d "w & ! bir*5 rod4 ,= ne>ly
 ?ree ye>s m1 z ma/] weav]1 he knew     
little beyond ! gr9d & grime ( ! factory
 & ! society ( factory h&s4 ,at eighte51
 h[ev]1 8 rebelli\s _s /ruck1 & = t5    
ye>s he appe>$ 9 ! rle ( it9]ant p$dl]1 
poet & orator1 & z sociali/ to ! ext5t (
 *ampion+ ! oppress$ weav] class4 ,at "o
 "t ,wilson came into correspond5ce )   
,rob]t ,burns & lat] made 8 acqua9tance4
 ,8 be/ dialect poem1 ,watty & ,meg1 or 

,! ,tam+ ( a ,%rew1 publi%$ anonym\sly z
 a p5ny *ap-book 9 #aghb1 0 8 "o popul> 
success 9 ! "* ( poet2 accord+ to report
 x 0 attribut$ to ,burns1 :o admitt$ t  
he w\ld h be5 glad to h writt5 ! v]ses1 
:i* sold s freely t a hundr$ ?\s& copies
 7 dispos$ ( 9 a few weeks4#aha ,9 !    
disputes betwe5 capital & labor :i*     
arose at ,paisley1 ,wilson took an      
active "p4 ,9 connection ) !m he publi%$
 a numb] ( lampoons 9 v]se1 = :i* he 0  
convict$ ( libel & 0 compell$ to burn 8 
satires at ! t[n cross4 ,9 "o in/ance1  
:i* occurr$ 9 ,febru>y1 #agic1 a petty  
tyrant :om he _h riddl$ exact$ !        
f9e1#ahb & because ( 8 inability to pay 
,wilson 0 s5t to jail1 :]e he langui%$ =
 ov] ?ree mon?s4  ,"u ! pressure ( su*  
p]secutions1 h>d times1 & possibly f    
disappo9tm5t 9 an affair ( ! he>t1      
,wilson decid$ to emigrate4 ,practically
 driv5 out 9 rags f ! c\ntry :i* "o day 
0 to raise a monum5t to 8 memory1 at !  
age ( tw5ty-eight he sail$ f ,belfa/ ) 8
 nephew1 ,william ,duncan1 = ! ,eldorado

 ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,wilson slept on deck    
?r\gh\t ! entire voyage ( fifty-?ree    
days1 & l&$ at ,new ,ca/le1 ,delaw>e1 ) 
! clo!s on 8 back & an old f[l+-piece z 
8 only possessions4 ,?is 0 on ,july #ad1
 #agid1 n9e ye>s be=e ,john ,james      
,audubon left ,nantes4 ,tak+ tra9 numb] 
#aa1 9 ! p>lance ( knights ( ! road1 !  
two immigrants fir/ walk$ to ,wilm+ton 9
 se>* ( employm5t1 & f9d+ none !re1 w5t 
on tw5ty-n9e miles f>!r to              
,philadelphia4  ,! /ory is told t :ile  
!y made _! way ?r\gh ! woods ( ,delaw>e1
 ,wilson %ot a ,r$-head$ ,woodpeck] &   
met ) ! ,c>d9al ,grosbeak2 z he (t5     
ref]r$ to ! pleasure :i* ! sight ( ^!   
beautiful birds _h giv5 him1 ! incid5t1 
if x really occurr$1 may h play$ a "p 9 
! inspiration1 :i* lat] came to ,wilson1
 ( becom+ ! hi/orian ( ,am]ican bird    
life4  ,aft] eight h>d ye>s ( %ift+     
ab\t1 dur+ :i* ,wilson tri$ day-labor1  
weav+1 p$dl+ & s*ool tea*+1 work+ long  
h\rs at mis]able pay1 he f9ally settl$ z
 a c\ntry s*ool tea*] ne> ,new ,york4   

,on ! twelf? ( ,july1 #ahja1 he wrote to
 a fell[ tea*] & fri5d1 ,*>les ,orr1 :o 
0 !n liv+ at ,philadelphia3 ,i live six 
miles f ,new>k & twelve miles f ,new    
,york1 9 a settlem5t ( cant+1 prea*+1   
pray+1 & snivell+ ignorant              
,presbyt]ians4 ,!y pay _! m9i/] #bej    
p\nds = prea*+ twice a week1 & _! tea*] 
#dj doll>s a qu>t] = ! mo/ _s-s9k+1     
labori\s "w--#f1 ,i may say #ab times   
weekly4 ,to ! same fri5d1 9 #ahjb1 he   
confid$3 ,my disposition is to love ^?  
:o love me ) all ! w>m? ( en?usiasm1 b  
to feel ) ! ke5e/ s5sibility ! smalle/  
appe>ance ( neglect or contempt f ^? ,i 
reg>d4  ,9 #ahjb1 at ! age ( ?irty-six1 
,wilson decid$ to take up a s*ool at    
,gray's ,f]ry1 on ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 9 
,k+sess+ ,t[n%ip1 !n a small settlem5t  
f\r miles f ,philadelphia4 ,a ye> lat]1 
9 #ahjc1 ,john ,james ,audubon 0 s5t to 
,am]ica to le>n ,engli% & ent] trade1 &1
 z *ance w\ld h x1 settl$ on ! banks ( !
 same riv]1 n _m miles f ,wilson's old  
s*oolh\se4 ,9 "o respect ! old] man 0 ! 

m =tunate1 =1 z w be se51 he f\nd close 
by 8 door an excell5t naturali/ :o play$
 ! "p ( m5tor4  ,on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahjb1
 :ile at ,philadelphia1 ,wilson wrote to
 ,orr3       ,on ! #be?4 ( ?is mon? ,i  
remove to ! s*oolh\se beyond            
,gray's ,f]ry to succe$ ! pres5t tea*]  
!re4 ,i %all      recomm5ce t pa9ful    
pr(ession once m ) ! same      gloomy1  
sull5 resignation t a prison] re-ent]s 8
      dungeon or a malefactor m\nts !   
scaffold2 fate urges him1      necessity
 me4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 u is to make !  
s*ool      equal to #ajj doll>s p]      
qu>t]1 b n m ?an #ej are      to be     
admitt$4 ,! pres5t p$agogue is a noisy1 
outrage\s      fat old capta9 ( a %ip1  
:o has taught ^! t5 ye>s      9 diff]5t 
places4 ,y may he> him bawl+ #cjj y>ds  
(f4 ,! boys seem to pay z little reg>d  
to him z ducks      to ! rumbl+ ( a     
/ream "u !m4 ,i %all h _m               
difficulties to ov]come 9 e/abli%+ my   
own rules &      au?ority4  ,at ,gray's 
,f]ry1 :]e he 0 !n settl$1 ,wilson aga9 

wrote 9 ,july3 ,leave t curs$ t[n at    
lea/ "o day4 ,x is ! mo/ /rik+ emblem ( 
purgatory1 at lea/ to me1 t exi/s4 ,no  
poor s\l is happi] to escape f          
,bridewell ?an ,i am to smell ! fre% air
 & gaze ov] ! gre5 fields aft] a day or 
two's resid5ce 9 ,philadelphia4444      
,george ,ord1 ,wilson's /aun* fri5d1    
lit]>y executor1 biograph]1 & editor ( !
 la/ two volumes ( ! ,am]ican           
,orni?ology1 ?us *>act]iz$ him3 ,he 0 ( 
! g5us irritabile1 & 0 ob/9ate 9 op9ion4
 ,he w\ld ackn[l$ge error :5 discov]$ by
 himself1 b he c\ld n endure to be told 
( 8 mi/akes4 ,h5ce 8 associates _h to be
 sp>+ ( criticism1 ?r\gh fe> ( =feit+ 8 
fri5d%ip4 ,) almo/ all 8 fri5ds he _h   
occasionally1 aris+ f a collision (     
op9ion1 "s slight misund]/&+1 :i* 0 soon
 pass$ ov]1 leav+ no disagreeable       
impression4 ,b an act ( disrespect he   
c\ld ill brook1 & a wilful injury he    
w\ld seldom =give4  ,9 #ahja1 :ile tea*+
 & /udy+ ,g]man at ,mile/[n1            
,p5nsylvania1 ,wilson _h ano!r un=tunate

 love affair1 9 ?is in/ance ) a woman   
already m>ri$4 ,to ?is he allud$ 9      
lett]s writt5 9 ! summ] ( t ye> to 8    
fri5d ,orr1 ) :om he lat] qu>rel$4 ,on  
,augu/ #g1 #ahja1 he wrote3 ,! _w is lo/
 =ev] to me & ,i to ! _w4 ,no "t nor    
di/ance c ev] bani% h] image f my m9d4  
,x is =ev] pres5t ) me1 & my he>t is    
brok5 ) ! mo/ melan*oly reflections4    
,at ,gray's ,f]ry1 h[ev]1 ,wilson soon  
f\nd 9 ! e/imable ,william ,b>tram1 !n 9
 8 sixty-fir/ ye>1 ! sympa!tic advis]1  
k9d tea*]1 & judici\s fri5d t he mo/    
ne$$1 = ?\gh ,wilson took ! initiative 9
 8 orni?ological plans1 x 0 ! k9dly     
,b>tram :o ev5tually ext5d$ a help+ h&4 
,bo? ,b>tram & ,lawson1 ! engrav]1 urg$ 
him to devote 8 leisure to draw+1 z a   
foil to 8 melan*olic t5d5cies4 ,wilson  
did n hesitate long1 = on ,june #a1     
#ahjc1 he confid$ to a fri5d 9 ,scotl& t
 he _h begun to make a collection ( our 
f9e/ birds4 ,e>ly 9 #ahjd 8 purpose 0   
cle>ly fix$1 & on ,m>* #ab ( t ye> he   
wrote to ,alex&] ,lawson3 ,i am mo/     

e>ne/ly b5t on pursu+ my plan ( mak+ a  
collection ( all ! birds 9 ?is "p (     
,nor? ,am]ica4444 ,i h be5 s long       
accu/om$ to ! build+ ( airy ca/les &    
bra9 w9dmills1 t x has become "o ( my   
e>?ly com=ts1 a sort ( r\gh bone1 t     
amuses me :5 sat$ ) ! dull drudg]y (    
life4 ,a little lat] 9 ! same mon? we   
f9d him appeal+ to ,b>tram = exact      
names1 :5 he writes3       ,i s5d = y\r 
amusem5t a few attempts at "s ( our     
indig5\s birds1 hop+ t y\r good nature w
 excuse      _! defici5cies1 :ile y po9t
 !m out to me4444 ,!y      7 *iefly     
col\r$ by c&le-light4 ,i h n[ got my    
collection ( native birds consid]ably   
enl>g$1 & %all      endeavor1 if        
possible1 to obta9 all ! small] ones ?is
      summ]4 ,be pleas$ to m>k on !     
draw+s1 ) a p5cil1 !      names ( ea*   
bird1 z1 except ?ree or f\r1 ,i d n "k  
!m4    ,illu/ration3 ,alex ,wilson      
,,aft] ,,an ,,engrav+ ,,by ,w ,h4       
,,liz>s1 ,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,james    
,,craw4    ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,b>tram    

,,reproduc$ ,,f ,,cass9ia ,,= #aijf4    
,wilson1 practically self-taught 9      
ev]y?+1 ) no exp]i5ce or tra9+ 9 draw+ f
 nature1 ?us began at ! age (           
?irty-eight to make 8 draw+s ( birds1   
be=e he knew ! names ( 8 subjects1 &    
tw5ty ye>s be=e ,audubon's tal5ts 7 kn[n
 to any b memb]s ( 8 own family & a few 
intimate fri5ds4 ,! only aid 9 draw+ :i*
 ,wilson ev] receiv$ appe>s to h come f 
! h9ts :i* ,lawson suppli$4 ,nev]!less1 
! be/ ( ,alex&] ,wilson's orig9al draw+s
 repres5t a degree ( excell5ce & hone/  
workman%ip ( :i* he _h no ne$ to be     
a%am$1 & 9 _m in/ances he ow$ f> less to
 8 engrav]1 ,alex&] ,lawson1 ?an did 8  
great rival to ,rob]t ,havell4  ,9 #ahhj
 ,dr4 ,elliott ,c\es exam9$ a l>ge      
collection ( orig9al ,wilson & ,audubon 
draw+s & manuscripts1 own$ & kept ) !   
gre$ ( a g5u9e bibliomaniac by ,joseph  
,m4 ,wade1 !n editor ( ,famili> ,sci5ce 
& ,fanci]'s ,j\rnal4 ,if n ,wilson's    
portfolio itself1 its cont5ts1 at lea/1 
said ,dr4 ,c\es1 7 !n 9 ,mr4 ,wade's    

possession1 & ?is s]ies ( ,wilson's     
draw+s includ$1 he ?\ght1 m ?an half ( !
 orig9als ( 8 fam\s plates4 ,to quote   
,dr4 ,c\es3#ahc       ,9 h&l+ ^! draw+s 
& pa9t+s1 ( all degrees      (          
complet5ess1 "o ( s5sibility c\ld b     
exp]i5ce      "s emotions he w\ld n c>e 
to =mulate 9 words4444      ,i 0 fairly 
oppress$ ) ! sad /ory ( pov]ty1 ev5     
de/itution1 :i* ^! wan %eets ( co>se    
pap] told4      ,"s ( ,wilson's orig9als
 are on ! fly-leaves ( old      books1  
%[+ b9d]'s m>ks along "o edge4 ,"o ( !  
be/      portraits1 t ( ! ,duck ,hawk1  
is on two pieces ( pap]      pa/$       
toge!r4 ,! man 0 actually too poor to   
buy pap]6      ,"s ( ! draw+s are on bo?
 sides ( ! pap]2 "s %[      a full      
picture on "o side1 & "p ( a mutilat$   
f9i%$      pa9t+ on ! o!r4 ,"s %[ !     
rubb+ process by :i*      !y 7          
transf]r$4 ,!y are 9 all /ages (        
complet5ess1      f ! rude/ outl9es to !
 f9i%$ pa9t+4  ,i "k full well t 9      
#ahjd1 :5 ,wilson _h fairly begun 8 "w  

on birds1 he 0 poor en\gh1 b ,i hesitate
 to believe ^u su* evid5ce t he 0 too   
poor to buy dec5t draw+ mat]ials4       
,wilson d\btless practic$ economy 9 ^!  
matt]s z 9 ev]y?+ else1 ?r\gh 8 +ra9$   
habit ( ,scot* ?rift1 & he 0 probably q 
z well-to-d !n z five ye>s be=e1 :5 out 
( 8 sl5d] e>n+s he 0 able to lay money  
aside4#ahd ,lat]1 to be sure1 8 mode/   
sav+s 7 q consum$ by 8 ,orni?ology1 & !n
 ,william ,b>tram came to 8 aid1 ev5    
giv+ him a home 9 8 own h\se4 ,x is also
 wide ( ! m>k to conclude f 8 fugitive  
lett]s or f 8 draw+s1 z ?is critic has  
done1 t ,wilson 0 possess$ ( g5ius only1
 & _h no?+ else1 n ev5 tal5t & ability4 
,wilson c]ta9ly _h a tal5t = writ+ &    
cultivat$ x ) m>k$ success2 ev5 8 v]se 0
 n all ( a despicable m$iocrity4 ,9 !   
art ( draw+1 h[ev]1 8 natural gifts 7 ( 
a v mode/ sort1 & :at he a*iev$ 0 !     
result ( ! mo/ pa9/ak+ ef=t4 ,( c\rse he
 0 n a f9i%$ s*ol>1 z graduates f !     
s*ool ( adv]sity seldom are1 b he _h a  
passion = k & ! det]m9ation to excel4 ,8

 g5ius 0 n fully display$ until a p[]ful
 motive1 ! ambition to make kn[n ! birds
 ( 8 adopt$ l&1 _h possess$ 8 _s & tax$ 
8 p[]s to _! utmo/ capacity4  ,%ortly   
aft] he _h settl$ at ,gray's ,f]ry1     
,wilson's susceptible nature 0 t\*$ by  
ano!r romance1 :i* 0 aga9 un=tunate = ! 
poet & dream]1 b 0 probably ! mak+ ( !  
orni?ologi/4 ,b>tram's ,botanic ,g>d5s1 
on ! outskirts ( ,philadelphia1 _h long 
be5 fam\s = _! l>ge & *oice collection (
 native plants1 ga!r$ by ! indefatigable
 zeal ( _! wor?y f\nd]1 ,john ,b>tram1  
,quak] philosoph]1 travel]1 botani/1    
agriculturali/ & nurs]yman2 b ! faire/  
fl[] 9 ! :ole collection at t "t is said
 to h be5 ,miss ,anne ,b>tram1 daught] (
 ,john ! y\ng]1 niece ( ,william1 :o !n 
sup]9t5d$ ! ,k+sess ,g>d5s1 gr&daught] (
 ! f\nd]1 & heiress to ! e/ate4 ,to ?is 
,quak] maid ,wilson address$ a numb] ( 8
 poems1 & he int]e/$ h] 9 ! draw+ (     
birds2 on ,m>* #bi1 #ahjd1 he wrote to  
h] uncle3 ,i s5d a small scroll ( draw+ 
pap]s = ,miss ,nancy4 ,%e w oblige me by

 accept+ x4 ,?is little incid5t w\ld %[ 
t ,wilson 0 no /rang] to ! use ( good   
draw+ mat]ials1 h[ev] frugal 8 habits 9 
?is respect may h be54 ,! "y lady is    
said to h be5 n indiff]5t to h] poet    
lov]1 & "s ( h] family 7 fri5dly2 !     
fa!r1 h[ev]1 _h no notion ( be/[+ 8     
daught]'s h& ^u a poor s*oolma/]1 & = ! 
?ird "t ,wilson's dreams ( dome/ic bliss
 7 %att]$4  ,su* exp]i5ces no d\bt t5d$ 
to *a/5 ! s5sitive _s ( ?is real g5ius1 
^: :ole life seem$ to h be5 a cont9u\s &
 los+ /ruggle1 :ile he felt )9 him an   
inspiration & a p[] t _h fail$ to f9d   
adequate expression 9 labor at ! loom1 9
 v]se1 or 9 ! hat$ vocation ( tea*+ r\gh
 c\ntry s*ools at />vation wages4 ,?\gh 
depress$ by 8 misadv5tures 9 love1      
,wilson does n seem to h be5 embitt]$1 &
 by way ( div]sion1 he set out 9 !      
autumn ( #ahjd1 on a long walk+ t\r f   
,philadelphia to ,niag>a ,falls & back2 
9 ! foll[+ w9t] ! exp]i5ces ( ?is j\rney
 7 embodi$ 9 a descriptive poem ( #b1jah
 l9es :i* he call$ ,! ,=e/]s1 an ef=t   

:i* w\ld h be5 less prosaic if frankly  
express$ 9 prose4 ,wilson's fri5d%ip = !
 ,b>trams cont9u$ "u ! *ang$ conditions1
 & he 0 invit$ to make 8 home "u _!     
hospitable ro(4 ,he 0 n[ free to devote 
himself he>t & s\l to birds & to birds  
alone4  ,wilson et*$ ! fir/ two plates (
 8 ,am]ican ,orni?ology be=e he _h      
obta9$ an engrav] or a publi%]4 ,9      
,april1 #ahjf1 he resign$ 8 s*ool at    
,gray's ,f]ry to accept an editorial    
position on a ,new ,am]ican             
,cyclopdia1#ahe !n 9 c\rse ( prep>ation1
 at a sal>y ( #ijj a ye>4 ,samuel ,f4   
,brad=d1 ! publi%] ( ?is "w1 soon became
 int]e/$ 9 ,wilson's project$ ,am]ican  
,orni?ology & agre$ to publi% x4 ,x     
became ! ambition ( bo? au?or & publi%] 
to produce ! "w 9 a sup]ior /yle1 & to  
make x z p]fect & complete an ,am]ican  
product z possible4 ,only ! pigm5ts us$ 
9 color+ "s ( ! plates 7 import$ f      
,europe4#ahf  ,wilson issu$ 9 ,april1   
#ahjg1 an elaborate prospectus ( 8      
propos$ ,orni?ology1 9 :i* he /at$ t !  

complet$ "w w\ld comprise t5 volumes1 to
 co/ #abj1 & t x w\ld be illu/rat$ by   
plates1 engrav$ & color$ by h&1 aft] !  
mann] ( a c>efully prep>$ sample :i* 0  
issu$ ) ! pr9t$ ann\ncem5t4 ,9          
,septemb]1 #ahjh1 z already intimat$1 ! 
fir/ volume ( ! ,am]ican ,orni?ology#ahg
 appe>$ 9 an edition ( #bjj copies4     
,wilson imm$iately />t$ on a canvass+   
t\r ( ,new ,engl&1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he   
visit$ ! pr9cipal t[ns & colleges1 go+  
ea/ to ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 & z f> nor? z    
,d>tm\? ,college1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 :]e 
,presid5t ,john ,:eelock & ! pr(essors  
receiv$ him ) m>k$ att5tion4 ,on ?is    
j\rney ,wilson did n av]age "o subscrib]
 a day1 & he 0 =c$ to conclude t he _h  
be5 mi/ak5 9 publi%+ a "w too good = !  
c\ntry2 x is a fault1 he said1 n likely 
to be repeat$1 & w pretty sev]ely       
correct itself4 ,daniel ,d4 ,tompk9s1   
,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 coolly said to   
him3 ,i w\ld n give "o hundr$ doll>s =  
all ! birds y int5d to describe1 n ev5  
if ,i _h !m alive2 b a future ,gov]nor (

 t ,/ate1 ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 ! fri5d (  
sci5ce & sci5tific m51 gave him !       
sub/antial enc\ragem5t he crav$4 ,:5 8  
second volume 0 ready = issue1 ,wilson  
wrote to ,b>tram3 ,?is und]tak+ has     
involv$ me 9 difficulties & exp5ses :i* 
,i nev] dreamt (1 & ,i h nev] yet       
receiv$ "o c5t f x4 ,i am1 !re=e1 a     
volunte] 9 ! cause ( ,natural ,hi/ory   
impell$ by nobl] views ?an ^? ( money4  
,9 ! autumn ( #ahjh ,wilson made a long 
& ardu\s t\r ( ! ,s\?1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*  
he visit$ e important t[n along ! s\!rn 
,atlantic seabo>d1 & ?\gh x co/ him de>1
 he obta9$ #bej subscrib]s2 x 0 !n t 8  
publi%]s decid$ to ext5d ! orig9al      
edition ( 8 "w to #ejj copies4 ,8 long] 
& m p]il\s j\rney ( #ahaj1 :5 8 meet+ ) 
,audubon occurr$1 has already be5       
describ$4 ,9 #ahab1 aft] ! six? volume (
 ! ,orni?ology _h appe>$1 he aga9 resum$
 8 travels 9 ! ,ea/ & w5t z f> nor? z   
,burl+ton1 on ,lake ,*ampla92 at        
,hav]hill1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 he 0 summ>ily
 arre/$ & ?r[n into jail1 ! p ( ! t[n1  

utt]ly unable to compreh5d ! nature ( 8 
pursuits1 suspect+ t 9 8 real capacity  
he 0 act+ z a spy 9 ! employ ( !        
,canadian ,gov]nm5t4 ,! sev5? & la/     
volume ( ! ,orni?ology :i* ,wilson liv$ 
to complete made its appe>ance 9 ! spr+ 
( #ahac4 ,he _h !n be5 oblig$ to        
rel9qui% 8 "w on ! ,cyclopdia1 & 0 r$uc$
 to ! pittance d]iv$ f ! color+ ( 8 own 
plates4  ,alex&] ,wilson di$ at         
,philadelphia1 aft] a brief illness1 on 
,augu/ #bc1 #ahac4 ,a /ory 0 curr5t t 8 
end 0 sadd5$1 if n ha/5$1 by ! di%one/y 
( 8 publi%]s1 b ,i _c v\* = x4 ,audubon 
may h _h ?is report 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8 
"n 9 ! hotel regi/] at ,niag>a          
,falls#ahh on ,augu/ #bd1 #ahbd2 & add$ 
t he w\ld nev] die1 l ,wilson1 "u ! la% 
( a booksell]4 ,ev5 z late z #ahgi ,miss
 ,malv9a ,lawson1 daught] ( ,wilson's   
fri5d & engrav]1 left no d\bt z to h]   
belief :5 %e wrote3 & to 8 o!r trials 0 
add$ ! fact t kill$ him1--! di%one/y ( 8
 publi%]4#ahi  ,:5 we consid] t         
,wilson's entire work+ p]iod on !       

,orni?ology 0 n ov] t5 ye>s1 & t at !   
age ( =ty-sev5 he 0 call$ to lay d[n 8  
p5 & bru% =ev]2 t he produc$ 9 ?is brief
 space a "w ( great orig9ality & *>m1   
:i* did ine/imable s]vice 9 promot+ !   
cause ( natural hi/ory 9 bo? ,am]ica &  
,engl&1 & :i* is likely to be read &    
priz$ = c5turies to come1 ! a*ievem5t ( 
?is man is little %ort ( m>vel\s4 ,kn[+ 
also ! disabilities "u :i* he labor$1 we
 are m ?an ready to temp] our judgm5t ) 
sympa?y1 & to ov]look any faults :i* 8  
"* may h display$4 ,^! inde$1 we        
believe1 7 = ! mo/ "p ( a v trifl+      
nature2 ^? :o knew ,wilson be/ h all    
te/ifi$ to 8 k9dness ( he>t1 8          
lib]ality1 & 8 high s5se ( honor4  ,we  
mu/ n[ return to ! meet+ ( our two      
pione]s1 :i* has be5 ! bone ( s mu*     
acrimoni\s cont5tion4 ,on 8 long j\rney 
to ! ,middle ,we/ & ,s\?1 ,wilson rea*$ 
,l\isville on a ,saturday ev5+1 ! sev5? 
( ,m>*1 #ahaj1 & put up at ! tav]n ( !  
,indian ,que51 :]e1 z x happ5$1 ,audubon
 0 !n liv+ ) 8 family2 aft] sp5d+ five  

days 9 & ab\t ! t[n1 he aga9 set out on 
foot = ,frank=t1 on ! morn+ ( ,friday1 !
 tw5ty-?ird4 ,audubon has giv5 ! foll[+ 
acc\nt 9 ! ,episode ( ,l\isville 9      
,k5tucky3#aij       ,"o fair morn+1 ,i 0
 surpris$ by ! sudd5 entrance into      
our c\nt+-room at ,l\isville ( ,mr4     
,alex&] ,wilson1      ! celebrat$ au?or 
( ! ,am]ican ,orni?ology1 (      ^:     
exi/5ce ,i _h nev] until t mom5t be5    
appris$4      ,?is happ5$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahaj4
 ,h[ well d ,i rememb] him1 z      he !n
 walk$ up to me6 ,8 long1 r hook$ nose1 
!      ke5ness ( 8 eyes1 & 8 prom95t    
*eek-bones1 /amp$      8 c\nt5ance ) a  
peculi> "*4 ,8 dress1 too1      0 ( a   
k9d n usually se5 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry2    
a %ort coat1 tr\s]s1 & a wai/coat ( grey
 clo?4 ,8      /ature 0 n above ! middle
 size4 ,he _h two volumes      "u 8 arm1
 & z he approa*$ ! table at :i* ,i 0    
work+1 ,i ?\ght ,i discov]$ some?+ l    
a/oni%m5t      9 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he1      
h[ev]1 imm$iately proce$$      to       
disclose ! object ( 8 visit1 :i* 0 to   

procure      subscriptions = 8 "w4 ,he  
op5$ 8 books1 expla9$      ! nature ( 8 
occupations1 & reque/$ my patronage4    
,i felt surpris$ & gratifi$ at ! sight (
 ! volumes1      turn$ ov] a few ( !    
plates1 & _h already tak5 a      p5 to  
write my "n 9 8 fav\r :5 my p>tn] r     
abruptly said to me 9 ,fr5*1 ,my de>    
,audubon1 :at induces      y to         
subscribe to ?is "w8 ,y\r draw+s are    
c]ta9ly      f> bett]1 & aga9 y mu/ "k z
 mu* ( ! habits      ( ,am]ican birds z 
?is g5tleman4 ,:e!r ,mr4 ,wilson        
und]/ood ,fr5* or n1 or if ! sudd5ness )
 :i*      ,i paus$1 disappo9t$ him1 ,i  
_c tell2 b ,i cle>ly      p]ceiv$ t he 0
 n pleas$4 ,vanity & ! encomiums      ( 
my fri5d prev5t$ me f subscrib+4 ,mr4   
,wilson ask$      me if ,i _h _m draw+s 
( birds4 ,i rose1 took d[n a      l>ge  
portfolio1 laid x on ! table1 & %ew$    
him1 z ,i      w\ld %[ y1 k9d read]1 or 
any o!r p]son fond ( su*      subjects1 
! :ole ( ! cont5ts1 ) ! same pati5ce    
) :i* he _h %ewn me 8 own engrav+s4     

,8 surprise appe>$ great1 z he told me  
he nev] _h !      mo/ di/ant idea t any 
o!r individual ?an himself _h      be5  
engag$ 9 =m+ su* a collection4 ,he ask$ 
me if      x 0 my int5tion to publi%1 & 
:5 ,i answ]$ 9 !      negative1 8       
surprise seem$ to increase4 ,&1 truly1  
su*      0 n my int5tion2 =1 until long 
aft]1 :5 ,i met !      ,pr9ce (         
,musignano 9 ,philadelphia1 ,i _h n !   
lea/      idea ( pres5t+ ! fruits ( my  
lab\rs to ! _w4 ,mr4      ,wilson n[    
exam9$ my draw+s ) c>e1 ask$ if ,i %\ld 
h any objections to l5d+ him a few dur+ 
8 /ay1 to      :i* ,i repli$ t ,i _h    
none3 he !n bade me good morn+1      n1 
h[ev]1 until ,i _h made an arrangem5t to
 explore !      woods 9 ! vic9ity along 
) him1 & _h promis$ to      procure =   
him "s birds1 ( :i* ,i _h draw+s 9 my   
collection1 b :i* he _h nev] se54       
,x happ5$ t he lodg$ 9 ! same h\se ) u1 
b 8      retir$ habits1 ,i ?\ght1       
exhibit$ ei!r a /rong feel+      (      
discont5t1 or a decid$ melan*oly4 ,!    

,scot* airs :i*      he play$ sweetly on
 8 flute made me melan*oly too1 &       
,i felt = him4 ,i pres5t$ him to my wife
 & fri5ds1 &      see+ t he 0 all       
en?usiasm1 ex]t$ myself z mu* z      0 9
 my p[]1 to procure = him ! specim5s :i*
 he      want$4 ,we hunt$ toge!r1 &     
obta9$ birds :i* he _h      nev] be=e   
se52 b1 read]1 ,i did n subscribe to 8  
"w1 =1 ev5 at t "t1 my collection 0     
great] ?an      84 ,?9k+ t p]haps he    
might be pleas$ to publi% !      results
 ( my rese>*es1 ,i (f]$ !m to him1 m]ely
 on      condition t :at ,i _h drawn1 or
 might aft]w>ds draw &      s5d to him1 
%\ld be m5tion$ 9 8 "w1 z com+ f      my
 p5cil4 ,i at ! same "t (f]$ to op5 a   
correspond5ce      ) him1 :i* ,i ?\ght  
might prove b5eficial to u bo?4      ,he
 made no reply to ei!r proposal1 & be=e 
_m days _h      elaps$ left ,l\isville1 
on 8 way to ,new ,orleans1 little       
kn[+ h[ mu* 8 tal5ts 7 appreciat$ 9 our 
little      t[n1 at lea/ by myself & my 
fri5ds4       ,"s "t elaps$1 dur+ :i* ,i

 nev] he>d ( him1 or (      8 "w4 ,at   
l5g?1 hav+ occasion to g to             
,philadelphia1      ,i1 imm$iately aft] 
my arrival !re1 inquir$ = him &         
paid him a visit4 ,he 0 !n draw+ a      
,:ite-head$ ,eagle4      ,he receiv$ me 
) civility1 & took me to ! ,exhibition  
,rooms ( ,rembr&t ,peale1 ! arti/1 :o _h
 !n portray$      ,napoleon cross+ !    
,alps4 ,mr4 ,wilson spoke n ( birds     
or draw+s4 ,feel+1 z ,i 0 =c$ to d1 t my
 company      0 n agreeable1 ,i p>t$ f  
him2 & aft] t ,i nev]      saw him aga94
 ,b judge ( my a/oni%m5t "s "t aft]1    
:5 on read+ ! ?irty-n9? page ( ! n9?    
volume (      ,am]ican ,orni?ology1 ,i  
f\nd 9 x ! foll[+ p>agraph3--       ,m>*
 #bc1 #ahaj4--;,i bade adieu to         
,l\isville1 to :i* place ,i      _h f\r 
lett]s ( recomm5dation1 & 0 taught to   
expect      mu* ( ev]y?+ !re2 b nei!r   
receiv$ "o act (      civility f ^? to  
:om ,i 0 recomm5d$1 "o subscrib]1       
nor "o new bird2 ?\gh ,i deliv]$ my     
lett]s1 ransack$      ! woods repeat$ly1

 & visit$ all ! *>act]s likely      to  
subscribe4 ,sci5ce or lit]ature has n "o
 fri5d 9 ?is      place4  ,:at actually 
happ5$ at ?is meet+ ( ! two naturali/s w
 nev] be c]ta9ly kn[n1 beyond :at c be  
ga!r$ f _! r widely div]g5t acc\nts4 ,x 
%\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! p>agraph :i* 
,audubon quot$ 0 extract$ f ,wilson's   
private di>y2 x 0 no d\bt writt5 on !   
spur ( ! mom5t1 possibly to humor 8 own 
mood1 & c]ta9ly ) no ?\ght ( its lat]   
publication4 ,x 0 ins]t$ by ,george ,ord
 9 ! biographical sket* ( 8 fri5d app5d$
 to ! n9? volume ( ! ,am]ican           
,orni?ology1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahad1 ! ye>  
aft] ,wilson's dea?4 ,audubon 0 n       
conc]n$1 ei!r directly or by            
implication1 except 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 = x 
is evid5t t he 0 n "o ( ^? to :om       
,wilson _h c>ri$ lett]s ( introduction4 
,?us ! matt] /ood until #ahbh1 :5       
,audubon's ,birds ( ,am]ica 7 be+       
engrav$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 all probability !  
incid5t w\ld nev] h be5 notic$ by       
,audubon1 _h n ,ord se5 fit to revive x 

:5 8 life ( ,wilson#aia 0 issu$ z a     
sep>ate volume 9 t ye>4 ,9 ?is edition (
 ! biography ,ord ins]t$ full] extracts 
f ,wilson's j\rnal1 ) ! evid5t purpose (
 plac+ ! rival ( 8 fri5d 9 an un5viable 
light4  ,wilson's di>y1 :i* app>5tly 0  
nev] se5 by any ( ,audubon's fri5ds1 is 
n[ kn[n to u only ?r\gh su* extracts z  
,ord & ,wat]ton1 8 bitt] enemies1 h se5 
fit to make public2 ! orig9al has       
probably be5 de/roy$1 = x _c be trac$   
lat] ?an #ahdj1 :5 x 0 /ill 9 ! h&s (   
,george ,ord4#aib ,*>les ,wat]ton gave  
simil> extracts f ?is fam\s j\rnal 9 "o 
( 8 philippics aga9/ ,audubon 9 #ahcd1  
:5 he said t x 0 ! te/imony ( ?is record
 t defeat$ ,audubon's fri5ds 9 _!       
initial attempt to br+ him into !       
,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at         
,philadelphia4 ,wilson's n>rative ( 8   
adv5tures at ,l\isville 9 #ahaj1 z giv5 
by ,ord & ,wat]ton1 is z foll[s3#aic    
,m>* #ag4 ,take my baggage & grope my   
way to ,l\isville--put      up at !     
,indian ,que5 tav]n1 & gladly sit d[n to

 re/      myself4       ,m>* #ah4 ,rise 
q refre%$4 ,f9d a numb] (               
l&-speculators "h4#aid       ,m>* #ai4  
,rambl+ r\nd ! t[n ) my gun4 ,exam9$    
,mr4----'s draw+s 9 crayons--v good4    
,saw two new birds he      _h1 bo?      
,motacill4       ,m>* #bj4 ,set out ?is 
aft]noon ) ! gun--kill$      no?+ new4  
,p 9 tav]ns "h dev\r _! meals4 ,_m      
%opkeep]s bo>d 9 tav]ns--also boatm51   
l&-speculat]s1      m]*ants c4 ,no      
naturali/ to keep me company4       ,m>*
 #ba4 ,w5t out %oot+ ?is aft]noon ) ,mr4
 ,a4 ,saw      a numb] ( ,s&hill        
,cranes4 ,pigeons num]\s4       ,m>*    
#bb4       ,m>* #bc4 ,pack$ up my ?+s   
:i* ,i left 9 ! c>e ( a      m]*ant "h1 
to be s5t on to ,lex+ton2 & hav+ p>t$   
) great regret1 ) my p>oquet1 to !      
g5tleman ( !      tav]n1 ,i bade adieu  
to ,l\isville1 to :i* place ,i _h f\r   
lett]s ( recomm5dation1 & 0 taught to   
expect mu* (      ev]y?+ !re1 b nei!r   
receiv$ "o act ( civility      f ^? to  
:om ,i 0 recomm5d$1 "o subscrib]1 nor   

"o new bird2 ?\gh ,i deliv]$ my lett]s1 
ransack$ !      woods repeat$ly1 &      
visit$ all ! *>act]s likely to          
subscribe4 ,sci5ce or lit]ature has n "o
 fri5d 9 ?is      place4 ,ev]yone is s  
int5t on mak+ money1 t !y c      talk ( 
no?+ else2 & !y absolutely dev\r _!     
meals1      t !y may return soon] to _! 
bus9ess4 ,_! mann]s      correspond ) _!
 features4  ,9 ?is full] record we le>n 
t ,wilson sp5t five days 9 ,l\isville2  
he exam9$ ,audubon's draw+s on ,monday1 
,m>* #ai1 hunt$ alone on ! #bj?1 w5t out
 %oot+ ) ,audubon on ! #ba/1 & f9ally   
left ,l\isville on ! morn+ ( ! #bc;d2 no
 record 0 admitt$ by ,ord = ,sunday1 !  
#ah?1 or = ! #bb;d1 a ,?ursday4 ,wilson 
notic$ ! draw+s ( two new ,motacill1 or 
,w>bl]s1 9 ,audubon's collection1 & x   
w\ld h be5 only natural t he %\ld h felt
 a /rong desire to copy !m1 yet n a ^w 0
 said ab\t ! loan ( draw+s to :i*       
,audubon ref]s2 ,wilson m]ely /at$ t f  
^? to :om he 0 recomm5d$ he _h receiv$ n
 "o act ( civility1--"o subscrib]1 nor  

"o new bird4 ,audubon 0 evid5tly reg>d$ 
z "o ( ! _m %opkeep]s :o bo>d$ 9 tav]ns1
 & n z a naturali/1 = ,wilson said t he 
_h none to keep him company1 & x is r   
significant t ,audubon's "n is n once   
m5tion$ 9 8 ,orni?ology4  ,tw5ty-n9e    
ye>s aft] ,wilson's visit to ,l\isville1
 :5 ,audubon came to publi% ! fif? & la/
 volume ( 8 ,orni?ological ,biography1  
he ma9ta9$ t ,wilson _h copi$ 8 draw+ ( 
a c]ta9 bird1 call$ ! ,small-head$      
,flycat*]1#aie )\t any ackn[l$gm5t4 ,to 
quote ,audubon's words3       ,:5       
,alex&] ,wilson visit$ me at ,l\isville1
 he f\nd      9 my already l>ge         
collection ( draw+s1 a figure ( !       
pres5t species1 :i* be+ at t "t unkn[n  
to him he      copi$ & aft]w>ds publi%$ 
9 8 great "w1 b )\t      ackn[l$g+ !    
privilege t _h ?us be5 grant$ to        
him4 ,i h m ?an once regrett$ ?is1 n by 
any means      s mu* on my own acc\nt z 
= ! sake ( "o to :om we      are s      
deeply indebt$ = ! elucidation ( our    
orni?ology4  ,?is tr\blesome bird 0 fir/

 describ$ by ,wilson 9 #ahab1 :5 he     
rightly pron\nc$ x v r>e1 & said t !    
specim5 f :i* 8 draw+ 0 made _h be5 %ot 
9 an or*>d1 presumably ne>              
,philadelphia1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? day (    
,april1 & t sev]al _h be5 obta9$ also 9 
,new ,j]sey4 ,8 fri5d ,ord1 :o came to 8
 def5se 9 #ahdj1 confirm$ ?is /atem5t by
 decl>+ to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical    
,society ( ,philadelphia t he _h be5 )  
,wilson on ! day 9 "q & _h exam9$ !     
specim54 ,lawson also affirm$ t 9       
engrav+ ! plate he _h work$ directly f !
 bird :i* ,wilson _h giv5 him4  ,:at has
 become ( ?is my/]i\s phantom t has be5 
a w&]+ & di/urb+ voice among            
orni?ologi/s = ov] a c5tury8 ,x has giv5
 rise to no end ( conflict+ & %>p       
discussions betwe5 ! p>tisans ( ! two   
naturali/s *iefly conc]n$1 ! only ?+    
c]ta9 be+ t if ?is supposititi\s species
 ev] exi/$1 x has =sak5 its old haunts1 
if n ! e>? itself1 & has nev] return$4  
,no d\bt x 0 simply a case ( mi/ak5     
id5tity1 & bo? ,wilson & ,audubon 7     

wrong1 ea* hav+ _h 9 h& & m9d an        
immature repres5tative ( "o ( our num]\s
 ,w>bl]s1 :i* are n[ s mu* bett]        
kn[n4#aif ,if ,wilson copi$ ,audubon's  
draw+ ( ! bird1 he mu/ h replac$ x ) "o 
( 8 own1 = ! figures ( ! two naturali/s 
are v unlike4 ,c]ta9ly ,audubon %\ld n h
 made s s]i\s a *>ge )\t (f]+ m         
sub/antial evid5ce 9 pro(2 p]haps :at he
 _h int5d$ to convey 0 t ,wilson _h     
obta9$ f him 8 fir/ k ( ! bird1 & he 0  
nettl$ to f9d t he _h be5 /udi\sly      
ignor$4#aig  ,among ! orig9als (        
,audubon's ,birds ( ,am]ica 9 possession
 ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,new ,york1  
!re is an e>ly draw+ ( a ,w>bl] :i* be>s
 9 p5cil1 9 ! naturali/'s h&1 ! foll[+  
note3 ,?is bird 0 copi$ by ,mr4 ,willson
 at ,l\isville4#aih ,! misspell+ (      
,wilson's "n1 :i* 0 common ) ,audubon z 
late z #ahbj1 w\ld indicate t ! note 0 n
 add$ aft] t "t1 b if ,wilson copi$ ?is 
draw+1 !re is no evid5ce t he ev] us$ x4
  ,ord made ano!r *>ge 9 :i* ,audubon   
does n appe> to su* good advantage2 ?\gh

 x ref]s to a lat] day1 x is be/ to     
consid] x n[4 ,?is critic ?\ght t a     
compla9t ( misappropriation came ) ill  
grace f "o :o _h be5 guilty ( x himself1
 & ma9ta9$ t ,audubon _h copi$ ,wilson's
 figures ( ! female ,r$-w+ ,blackbird   
7,! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 ,plate ,,lxvii71 &
 _h also /ol5 8 draw+ ( ! ,mississippi  
,kite 7,plate ,,cxvii74 ,ord 0 probably 
mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ! blackbird1 b )\t a  
d\bt ! l[] bird 9 ! ,kite plate 0 tak5 f
 ,wilson 7,am]ican ,orni?ology1 ,plate  
#be71 ?\gh ! copyi/ has rev]s$ !        
outl9es1 left out "o ( ! toes1 add$ m9or
 details1 & misnam$ ! sex1 :i* 9 !      
,wilson orig9al repres5ts a male4 ,)\t a
 d\bt also ! odium 9 ?is case mu/ fall  
^u ,audubon1 b we are n at all c]ta9 t  
he 0 directly responsible = ! !ft4      
,audubon's plate ( ?is species1 :i* is  
f9i%$ 9 elaborate detail1 0 probably    
publi%$ t[>ds ! close ( #ahca1 :5 he 0 9
 ,am]ica4 ,he furni%$ 8 engrav]1 we     
believe1 ) ! draw+ ( ! upp] bird only1  
:i* he designat$ z a male1 & ! orig9al  

/ill exi/s1 ) cle>ly writt5 notes %[+ t 
x 0 execut$ 9 ,l\isiana 9 #ahba4aii     
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tw9 ,,mississippi   
,,kites ,,( ,,wilson 7,,left7      ,,&  
,,audubon 7,,"r71 ,,! ,,simil>ity ,,(   
,,:i* ,,inspir$ ,,ord',s      ,,*>ges   
,,( ,,misappropriation ,,aga9/          
,,audubon4  ,audubon usually made up 8  
draw+s = ! engrav] ) great c>e1 b :5    
press$ = "t1 ,havell's skill 0 su* t he 
(t5 dep5d$ ^u him to complete or *ange 8
 figures1 to fill 9 backgr\nds1 or ev5  
to comb9e sev]al di/9ct figures into "o 
plate1 specific directions = all su*    
*anges be+ usually writt5 on ! draw+    
itself4#bjj ,inasmu* z no p5cil$        
directions :atev] occur on ?is p>ticul> 
draw+1 is x possible t ,havell1 9 piec+ 
x out to improve ! composition1 foll[$ 8
 own initiative1 n fully appreciat+ !   
/igma t is rightly atta*$ to su* me?ods8
 ,! bird 9 ! l[] half ( ! plate1 :i* 0  
appropriat$ f ,wilson1 is misrepres5t$ z
 a female1 s t ! composite1 z x /&s1 is 
a rem>kable product1 suppos$ly depict+ a

 pair b 9 reality %[+ two males4 ,al?\gh
 ! app>5t diff]5ce 9 sex 9 ?is bird 0   
admitt$ly slight1 x is improbable t s   
gross an error c\ld h escap$ !          
naturali/'s eye _h he be5 directly      
conc]n$ ) ! result4  ,:5 ,audubon 0     
desc5d+ ! ,mississippi 9 ,decemb]1      
#ahbj1 he saw ! kites busily engag$ 9   
cat*+ small liz>ds (f ! b>k ( dead      
cypress trees1 b hav+ at t "t no crayons
 or pap]1 he did n draw "o1 & det]m9$1 z
 he !n wrote 9 8 j\rnal1 nev] to draw f 
a /uff$ bird4 ,i fir/ saw ! ,mississippi
 ,kite1 he add$1 :5 asc5d+ 9 ! /eamboat 
,p>agon1 9 ,june1 #ahai4 ,wilson1 on !  
o!r h&1 9 8 k ( ?is int]e/+ bird 0 f> 9 
advance ( 8 lat] rival1 = 8 fir/        
obs]vations 7 made 9 #ahaj1 9 !         
,mississippi t]ritory1 a few miles bel[ 
,nat*ez1 on ! plantation ( ,william     
,dunb>1 esquire1 :5 ! bird repres5t$ 9 !
 plate 0 obta9$1 aft] be+ slightly      
w\nd$2 & ! draw+ made ) great c>e f !   
liv+ bird4 ,= sev]al miles1 z ,i pass$  
ne> ,bayo ,man*ak1 ,wilson cont9ues1 !  

trees 7 sw>m+ ) a k9d ( cicada1 or      
locu/1 t made a deaf5+ noise2 & "h ,i   
obs]v$ numb]s ( ! ,hawk n[ be=e u sweep+
 ab\t among ! trees l ,swall[s1 evid5tly
 9 pursuit ( ^! locu/s2 s t insects1 x  
w\ld appe>1 are ! pr9cipal food ( ?is   
species4#bja ,wilson nev] succe$$ 9     
procur+ ! female ( ?is graceful hawk1 & 
8 editor1 ,george ,ord1 evid5tly cont9u$
 ! que/1 = we f9d 8 correspond5t1 ,john 
,abbot1 writ+ him f ,scriv5 ,c\nty      
,georgia ,m>4 #ahad3 ,are y acqua9t$ ) !
 female yet ( ! ,l\isiana ,kite8#bjb    
,we h ent]$ into ! detail$ hi/ory ( ?is 
plate because ( ! unfavorable comm5t :i*
 x has provok$1 b x is easi] to be      
critical ?an to be ei!r j or correct1 & 
)\t m def9ite k ?an we possess1 x w\ld  
be unfair to c5sure ,audubon too mu* or 
to %ift ! blame too completely ^u !     
%\ld]s ( ano!r4  ,to return aga9 to !   
/ory ( ,wilson's di>y1 x is evid5t t    
,wilson w\ld nev] h publi%$ 8 s5tim5ts 9
 ! =m 9 :i* !y lat] appe>$4 ,!y 7       
p]fectly *>act]iz$ by a j critic ( an   

e>ly day1#bjc :o said t ,wilson's words 
7 )\t d\bt writt5 9 a mom5t ( ke5       
depression & disappo9tm5t & 7 an exact  
description ( 8 feel+s1 ?\gh1 z we %\ld 
also add1 n ( ! facts4 ,a man :o has    
giv5 8 he>t to ! accompli%m5t ( an      
object1 believ+ t he has no rival1 mu/  
be some:at m ?an human1 if he be        
delight$ to f9d t ano!r is engag$ 9 !   
same purpose1 ) equal en]gy & advantages
 f> great] ?an 8 own4 ,b>r+ 8 usual     
inaccuracies1 x mu/ be admitt$ t        
,audubon's acc\nt be>s ! ?umbm>ks (     
tru?4 ,he c\ld n h kn[n ! bitt] /ruggles
 ( ! pr\d _s ^: hi/ory we h briefly     
told2 he saw only a /rang]1 an ard5t    
devotee ( nature1 x is true1 b a man (  
unb5d+ disposition1 :o ) a little m     
suavity ( address c\ld probably h won 8 
fri5d%ip1 if n 8 subscription4 ,( !     
lit]>y quality ( ,wilson's "w1 n[ s well
 appreciat$1 he c\ld h kn[n no?+ at all2
 aft] turn+ its pages 9 8 ,l\isville    
/ore = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahaj1 he probably   
did n see x aga9 = ov] t5 ye>s4  ,t     

,wilson 0 jeal\s ( ,audubon z a future  
rival is probable1 b ! real rivalry     
betwe5 ^! two pione]s 0 ( lat] gr[?4 ,x 
0 fo/]$ 9 ?is c\ntry *iefly by ,george  
,ord & "s ( 8 fri5ds1 toge!r ) o!rs :o 7
 int]e/$ 9 ! sale ( ,wilson's "w4 ,ord1 
:o seems to h felt t ! mantle ( ?is     
naturali/ _h fall5 on 8 own %\ld]s1     
/rove cont9ually1 & aft] #ahbf ) ! aid (
 ,*>les ,wat]ton 9 ,engl&1 to hamp]     
,audubon's progress1 to discr$it him z a
 man ( integrity1 & to break d[n 8 gr[+ 
reputation z a naturali/4 ,?\gh ,ord 0  
ju/ifi$ to "s ext5t 9 8 attacks ^u      
,audubon :i* 7 made ov] ,wilson's %\ld]s
 long aft] t e/imable man 0 laid 9 !    
grave1 ! matt] 0 c>ri$ too f>4 ,nei!r ( 
! rivals 0 :olly )\t fault1 & a c5tury  
is f> too long to cont9ue any qu>rel1   
especially :5 "o ( ^? ^: reputation 0   
conc]n$ 0 nev] a p>ty to x4  ,audubon1 z
 we h se51 frankly attribut$ to p]sonal 
vanity 8 failure to patronize ,wilson's 
"w1 & add$ t ev5 at t "t my collections 
7 great] ?an 84 ,b x %\ld be notic$ t   

money 0 f> f pl5tiful ) him at t mom5t4 
,he 01 9 %ort1 at ! po9t ( failure 9 !  
,l\isville ent]prise1 & ) ,rozi] 0      
oblig$ to move d[n ! riv] n long aft] ! 
date ( ,wilson's visit4 ,audubon has be5
 repres5t$ z at ?is "t a well-to-d man (
 leisure1 ( fa/idi\s ta/es4 ,no?+ c\ld h
 be5 wid] ( ! m>k4 ,he 0 /ill m ( a     
sportsman ?an a naturali/1 & :5 n       
occupi$ ) draw+1 he sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ! 
=e/1 to ! neglect ( 8 trade4 ,we may be 
sure t he 0 q z us$ to r\gh+ x z any man
 on ! fronti]4     ,,*apt] ,,xv         
,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,trade ,,on ,,!        
,,fronti]       ,! ,ohio a hundr$ ye>s  
ago--,h>d%ips ( ! pione]                
trad]--,audubon's long j\rneys by ov]l& 
trail or riv]      to buy goods--,! ark 
& keelboat--,*ief pleasures (      !    
naturali/ at ,l\isville--,! p>tn]s move 
_!      goods by flatboat to ,h5d]son1  
,k5tucky1 & !n to ,/e4      ,g5evive1   
7,miss\ri7--,held up by !               
ice--,adv5tures ) !                     
,indians--,mississippi 9 flood--,camp at

 ! ,great ,b5d--,abundance      (       
game--,break+ up ( ! ice--,settle at    
,/e4 ,g5evive--,!      p>tn]%ip         
dissolv$--,audubon's return to          
,h5d]son--,rozi]'s      successful      
c>e]--,8 old /ore at ,/e4 ,g5evive4     
,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! banks 
( ! ,ohio ,riv] 7 b ?9ly settl$1 & ov]  
va/ areas ! virg9 =e/ /ill reign$ 9     
undi/urb$ vigor & beauty4 ,yet trad]s 7 
eag]ly pu%+ we/w>d 9 ev] gr[+ numb]s1 & 
by #ahaj ,audubon & ,rozi] f\nd t       
competition at ,l\isville 0 already ke54
 ,?is city1 wrote ,alex&] ,wilson 9     
describ+ 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! spr+ ( t ye>1 0
 z l>ge z ,frank=t1 & possess$ a numb] (
 good brick build+s & valuable %ops2 x  
w\ld h be5 salubri\s1 he ?\ght1 b = !   
num]\s swamps & ponds t int]sect ! woods
 9 its neighborhood1 & ! indiff]5ce ( ! 
p1 :om he f\nd too int5t ^u mak+ money  
to give any he$ to ! dra9age &          
sanitation ( _! t[n4  ,! prosp]ity ( !  
p>tn]s1 z already intimat$1 0 %ortliv$4 
,audubon 0 d\btless "r 9 admitt+ t 8    

bus9ess ab&on$ him because he c\ld n be>
 to give x ! necess>y att5tion4 ,!      
conditions ( life = ! m]*ant-trad] at t 
e>ly day 7 at be/ f> f easy1 & an hone/ 
success1 z !n und]/ood1 requir$ n only  
pl5ty ( r\gh "w b c>eful plann+ z well4 
,8 goods1 pur*as$ 9 ! ,ea/1 7 labori\sly
 transport$ across ! ,/ate (            
,p5nsylvania1 & if !y came f            
,philadelphia !y mu/ ne$s trav]se ! r\gh
 wagon roads t l$ ?r\gh ,b$=d to        
,pittsburgh4 ,!re 0 an ov]l& trail f    
,pittsburgh to ,k5tucky1 b m]*ants )    
heavy loads w\ld naturally take ! easi] 
riv] r\te4 ,9 go+ ea/ to r5ew 8 /ock 9  
trade1 x 0 a common practice to travel  
on horseback f z f> we/ z ,/4 ,l\is1 b  
on return+ ! m]*ant w\ld (t5 sell 8 m\nt
 at ,baltimore1 ,philadelphia or        
,pittsburgh1 :]e a boat c\ld be tak5 = !
 rema9d] ( ! j\rney4  ,! ark or flatboat
 0 consid]$ mo/ conv5i5t = !            
transportation ( ei!r pass5g]s or       
m]*&ise d[n ! ,ohio1 = any well-to-d    
travel]1 :ile float+ leisurely ) !      

curr5t1 c\ld make himself com=table by  
fitt+ up snug sleep+ qu>t]s & a kit*5 on
 deck1 & c\ld g a%ore at w1 ) ! c]ta9ty 
( satisfy+ 8 appetite = wild turkey1    
v5ison & o!r game 9 ! season4 ,wilson1  
:o desc5d$ ! riv] 9 ,april1 #ahaj1 bo>d$
 & pass$ _m ( ^! arks1 :i* he describ$ z
 built 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 f twelve
 to f\rte5 feet wide & f =ty to sev5ty  
feet long1 ) a canopy to protect !m f ! 
wea!r2 !y 7 casually help$ along by     
means ( two o>s 9 ! b[1 & /e]$ by ano!r 
& m p[]ful "o 9 ! /]n4 ,sev]al ( ^!     
float+ c>avans1 said ,wilson1 7 load$ ) 
/ore goods = ! supply ( ! settlem5ts    
?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 hav+ a c\nt] erect$1
 %awls1 musl9s1 & ! l1 display$1 &      
ev]y?+ ready = transact+ bus9ess4 ,on   
approa*+ a settlem5t !y blew a t9       
trumpet1 :i* ann\nc$ to ! inhabitants _!
 arrival4 ,^! arks1 he add$1 desc5d$ f  
all p>ts ( ! ,ohio & its tribut>y       
/reams1 b 9 greate/ numb]s 9 ! spr+     
mon?s4 ,al?\gh !y co/ orig9ally ab\t    
#a4ej p] foot ( l5g?1 :5 arriv$ at _!   

de/9ation !y w\ld seldom br+ m ?an      
"o-six? ( t am\nt4 ,f =ty to fifty days 
7 commonly requir$ to cov] ! entire     
di/ance ( two ?\s& miles f ,pittsburgh  
to ,new ,orleans4  ,ano!r means (       
conveyance on ! riv]1 frequ5tly us$ by  
,audubon1 0 ! keel boat or b>ge1 :i*1 9 
"s cases1 0 also ro($ & w\ld hold ab\t  
two hundr$ b>rels ( fl\r4#bjd ,:5 assi/$
 by o>s 9 ! b[1 x c\ld r$uce ! "t ( a   
j\rney to ,new ,orleans by t5 or fifte5 
days4 ,^! b>ges 7 pu%$ up /ream ) ! aid 
( sett+ poles at an av]age rate ( ab\t  
tw5ty miles a day1 or1 if load$1 !y 7   
labori\sly cordell$1 or drawn by ! h&s (
 m5 :o trudg$ along ! banks pull+ at !  
cordelle4  ,! *ief pleasures :i*        
,audubon's bus9ess v5tures 9 ! ,we/ seem
 to h af=d$ him 7 8 leisurely j\rney by 
riv] & long horseback rides to          
,philadelphia to buy goods1 :5 he c\ld  
roam ?r\gh 8 beautiful & d>l+ =e/s (    
,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 & ,p5nsylvania1 :i*    
gave him gr& opportunities to make      
obs]vations ^u birds & animal life ( e  

sort4 ,he w\ld seldom hesitate to sw]ve 
f 8 c\rse to /udy 8 favorites1 & has    
relat$ h[ on "o occasion1 :5 driv+ be=e 
him sev]al horses lad5 ) m]*&ise &      
doll>s1 he q lo/ sight ( ! pack saddles 
& ! ca% !y bore1 9 wat*+ ! motions ( a  
w>bl]4 ,b few coa*es1 said ,audubon1 7  
available 9 ^? days1 & ! po/ roads 7 (t5
 unfit = light] c>riages4 ,to cov] !    
di/ance f ,l\isville to ,philadelphia on
 horseback requir$ ab\t tw5ty days1 &   
only a capable animal & rid] c\ld make  
=ty miles a day2 :5 /eam] traffic on !  
,ohio#bje 0 well 9 h& ?is "t 0 r$uc$ to 
six or sev5 days1 9 p]=m+ a j\rney :i* !
 mod]n railroad has %ort5$ to n f> f z  
_m h\rs4  ,disc\rag$ by ! gloomy        
prospects :i* _! bus9ess at ,l\isville  
pres5t$1 ,audubon & ,rozi] det]m9$ 9 !  
spr+ ( #ahaj to move #abe miles d[n !   
riv] to ,h5d]son4#bjf ,load+ ! residue (
 _! /ock on a flatboat1 !y resolutely   
set out = ! new field1 b great 0 _!     
surprise to f9d1 9 place ( ! ?riv+      
settlem5t :i* _! imag9ations _h pictur$1

 only a clu/] ( log h\ses on ! riv]     
bank1 ) a population ( less ?an #bjj p &
 a dem& = little else ?an :isky1 gunp[d]
 & co>se wool5 goods4 ,:5 ! p>tn]s      
arriv$1 ! little t[n 0 eighte5 ye>s old1
 z ! fir/ log cab9s 7 built !re 9 #agib1
 b ! :ole c\ntry above & bel[ !m 01 & = 
a consid]able "t rema9$1 "o va/         
canebrake4 ,all ! commodities kn[n to ! 
pione] /ore 7 sc>ce1 b ! p ( ,h5d]son 7 
fri5dly1 & ! new settl]s _h be5 provid5t
 9 br++ ) !m a goodly supply ( fl\r &   
bacon hams4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ohio1 :i* 0    
half a mile wide at t po9t1 0 well /ock$
 ) fi%1 & ! woods & canebrakes 7 alive )
 birds1 n to speak ( l>g] & m important 
game4 ,n _m ye>s be=e1 wild turkeys _h  
be5 s pl5tiful t !y 7 n sold b 7 giv5   
away1 :ile a l>ge buck de] c\ld be b\ght
 9 ! season = fifty c5ts4  ,dur+ _! /ay 
at ,h5d]son1 ,rozi] 0 9 8 habitual place
 beh9d ! c\nt] & att5d$ to :at little   
bus9ess 0 done1 :ile ,audubon ) a       
,k5tucky lad nam$ ,john ,pope1 :o 0     
nom9ally a cl]k1 roam$ ! c\ntry 9 eag]  

pursuit ( r>e birds1 & ) rod & gun      
b\ntifully suppli$ ! table4 ,audubon's  
fir/ abode 9 ! t[n 01 z he said1 a      
log-cab91 n a log-h\se1 9 :i* ! ri*e/   
piece ( furniture 0 _! *ild's cradle4   
,he soon began to cultivate a g>d51 b 8 
exp]i5ce 9 horticulture mu/ h be5       
limit$1 = he navely rem>ks t ! rankness 
( ! soil kept ! se$s !y plant$ f> b5ea? 
! tall we$s :i* sprang up ! fir/ ye>4   
,f9ancial di/ress & h>d times 7 already 
be+ felt 9 ! ,blue ,grass ,/ate1 & ^!   
conditions 7 n de/9$ soon to improve4   
,aft] exp]im5t+ = six mon?s1 or m1 at   
,h5d]son1 our two roll+ /ones det]m9$ to
 pu% /ill f>!r we/ & try _! luck at a m 
promis+ po9t4 ,!y _h hop$ to rea* ,/4   
,l\is b f9ally w5t in/ead to ,/e4       
,g5evive1 !n a small ,fr5* settlem5t 9  
,upp] ,l\isiana1 on ! "r bank ( !       
,mississippi1 a hundr$ miles nor? ( !   
m\? ( ! ,ohio4  ,?is new v5ture promis$ 
to be bo? haz>d\s & unc]ta91 & z ,mrs4  
,audubon & ,rozi] 7 n on ! fri5dlie/    
t]ms1 ,audubon decid$ to leave 8 family 

at ,h5d]son1 :]e a home = 8 wife &      
infant son c\ld always be _h "u !       
hospitable ro( ( ,dr4 ,adam ,rank91 :o  
became "o ( ! naturali/'s /aun*e/       
fri5ds4 ,if _! /ock 9 trade at ?is "t   
actually consi/$ ( ?ree hundr$ b>rels ( 
:isky1 sundry dry-goods & p[d]1 z       
,audubon affirm$1 ! keel boat :i* !y !n 
engag$ 0 c]ta9ly calculat$ to be> a     
goodly load4#bjg ,at all ev5ts ! p>tn]s1
 ) "y ,pope1 _! cl]k1 set out bravely1 9
 a sn[ /orm1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahaj4 ,!y     
float$ ) ! curr5t at a rate ( ab\t five 
miles an h\r1 :ile !y help$ _! craft    
along by means ( f\r o>s 9 h] b[ & /e]$ 
x ) ! aid ( a sl5d] tree trunk1 %ap$ at 
its out] extremity l ! f9 ( a dolph94   
,?is j\rney ( upw>ds ( #afe miles la/$  
altoge!r m ?an n9e weeks4 ,x prov$      
adv5tur\s en\gh1 b x 0 ( no use to      
,audubon except 9 furni%+ him ) draw+s (
 new birds & ! raw mat]ials = _m        
,episodes4 ,! j\rnal ( 8 exp]i5ces on ! 
great riv]s dur+ t ev5tful w9t] ( #ahaj 
& #ahaa is int]e/+ = ! sidelights :i* x 

?r[s bo? ^u 8 "* & ^u ! /ate ( ! c\ntry 
at an eld] day4 ,held up by ! ice =     
sev]al weeks at ,ca% ,creek1 ne> ! m\? (
 ! ,ohio1 to 8 own delight b to ,rozi]'s
 sorr[1 ,audubon tramp$ ! c\ntry & hunt$
 wild swans & l>g] game ) ! fri5dly     
,%awnee ,indians4 ,:5 "o day's sport 0  
ov]1 he said1 we c\nt$ m ?an fifty ( ^! 
beautiful birds ^: sk9s 7 int5d$ = !    
ladies ( ,europe4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( geese &
 ducks1 b no "o condesc5d$ to give !m a 
%ot4 ,?is 0 ,audubon 9 #ahaj1 :5 su*    
sport 0 reg>d$ z legitimate en\gh1 & !  
fea!r-hunt+ ( su* ,indians 0 n consid]$ 
! nef>i\s trade t x prov$ to be4 ,if we 
%ift ! sc5e to tw5ty ye>s lat]1 :5      
,william ,mac,gillivray ne$$ ?\s&s (    
specim5s ( ,am]ican birds = 8 /udies ^u 
_! anatomy & v>iability1 we f9d ,audubon
 supply+ him lib]ally1 b he c\ld n !n   
be> to see !m kill$ wantonly or = m]e   
sport2 m ?an once1 out ( compassion =   
individual birds t he *anc$ to be /udy+1
 :e!r 9 ,florida or 9 ,labrador1 he w\ld
 n p]mit !m to be %ot ev5 :5 ne$$ = 8   

collections4  ,at ! ,%awnee ,indian     
camp1 to relate a *>act]i/ic anecdote1  
,audubon notic$ t a squaw :o _h be5     
deliv]$ ( beautiful tw9s dur+ ! night 0 
busi$ on ! next day at h] usual task (  
tann+ de] sk9s4 ,%e cut two v9es1 8     
record reads1 at ! roots ( opposite     
trees & made a cradle ( ! b>k1 9 :i* !  
new born ones 7 waft$ to & fro ) a pu% (
 h] h&1 :ile f "t to "t %e gave !m !    
brea/1 & 0 app>5tly z unconc]n$ z if !  
ev5t _h n tak5 place4  ,:5 at la/ our   
adv5tur]s ga9$ ! ,mississippi1 ! mighty 
volume ( :i* 0 runn+ ?ree miles an h\r1 
! patron ord]$ all h&s a%ore to pull at 
! b[ rope4 ,?is *>act]i/ic rem>k ( !    
naturali/ is delightful1 z %[+ ! s+le   
eye :i* x has be5 decl>$ ( old %all be  
full ( light3 we made1 said ,audubon1   
sev5 miles a day up ! fam\s riv]2 b :ile
 ,i 0 tugg+ ) my back at ! cordella1 ,i 
kept my eyes fix$ on ! =e/s or ! gr\nd1 
look+ = birds or curi\s %ells4  ,w>p+   
aga9/ ! curr5t 0 bo? difficult &        
dang]\s1 & ?\gh !y rose two h\rs be=e ! 

sun1 !y c\ld make b "o mile an h\r or t5
 miles 9 ! day4 ,at night !y w\ld g     
a%ore1 light a good fire & cook _!      
supp]2 !n1 aft] po/+ a s5t9el to gu>d   
aga9/ unfri5dly surprises1 !y w\ld roll 
9 _! buffalo sk9s & sleep )\t fur!r     
conc]n4 ,not)/&+ all _! ef=ts1 :5 !y    
rea*$ ! ,great ,b5d at ,tawapatee       
,bottom1 !y 7 oblig$ to un%ip _! c>go1  
protect _! boat z be/ !y c\ld f be+     
cru%$ 9 ! gr[+ pack1 & await ! f9al     
break+ up ( ! ice4 ,! sorr[s ( ,rozi]1  
at ?is dismal ann\ncem5t1 said ,audubon1
 7 too great to be describ$2 wrapp$ 9 a 
blanket1 l a squirrel 9 w9t] qu>t]s ) 8 
tail ab\t 8 nose1 he slept & dream$ 8 "t
 away1 be+ seldom se5 except at meals4  
,!re 0 n a :ite man's cab9 )9 tw5ty     
miles1 b a new field op5$ to !          
naturali/1 :o tramp$ ?r\gh ! deep =e/s1 
& soon became acqua9t$ ) all ! ,indian  
trails & lakes 9 ! neighborhood4  ,! six
 weeks sp5t at ?is camp pass$ pleasantly
 = ,audubon1 :o devot$ mu* ( ! "t 9     
/udy+ ! ,osage ,indians1 :om he ?\ght   

sup]ior to ! ,%awnees1 z well z 9 wat*+ 
= wolves1 be>s1 de]1 c\g>s1 racoons &   
wild turkeys1 "s ( :i* 7 attract$ by !  
bones & scraps ( food ?r[n out = !m3 ,i 
drew1 said he1 m or less1 by ! side (   
our great camp-fire1 e day4 ,:ile deta9$
 at ?is po9t1 !y us$ = bread ! brea/s ( 
turkeys1 butt]$ ) be>'s grease1 &       
opossum & be>'s meat1 until _! /oma*s   
revolt$ & !y long$ = a little ,indian   
meal1 :i* 0 procur$ only ) ! greate/    
difficulty4  ,:5 at la/ ! ice broke up1 
splitt+ ) reports l ! ?und] ( heavy     
artill]y1 _! prospects 7 dismal inde$1 =
 _! boat 0 imm$iately jamm$ by ! ru%+   
ice1 & !y 7 p[]less to move h]4 ,:ile we
 7 gaz+ on ! sc5e1 to cont9ue ,audubon's
 record1 a trem5d\s cra% 0 he>d1 :i*    
seem$ to h tak5 place ab\t a mile bel[1 
:5 sudd5ly ! great dam gave way4 ,!     
curr5t ( ! ,mississippi _h =c$ its way  
aga9/ t ( ! ,ohio1 & 9 less ?an f\r h\rs
 we witness$ ! complete break+ up ( !   
ice4 ,hav+ reload$ _! goods1 !y 7 ready 
to />t at a favorable mom5t1 & tak+     

leave ( ! fri5dly ,indians1 z :5 bro!rs 
"p1 !y pu%$ on ?r\gh ! float+ ice1 pa/  
,cape ,gir>deau1 to ,sa9te ,g5evive1 a  
t[n :i* ,audubon *>act]iz$ z n s l>ge z 
dirty1 decl>+ t ! "t sp5t !re did n     
yield him half ! pleasure he _h felt at 
,tawapatee ,bottom4 ,x 0 ne> a granite  
t[] :i* rose f a dang]\s rock 9 ! riv]  
bel[ ,/e4 ,g5evive t ,audubon caught    
sight ( :at he aft]w>ds describ$ z      
,wa%+ton's ,eagle1 a bird n[ believ$ to 
h be5 ! true bird ( fre$om1 ! ,bald- or 
,:ite-head$ ,eagle1 b 9 an immature     
/ate4    ,illu/ration3 ,,signature ,,to 
,,! ,,release ,,giv5 ,,by ,,audubon ,,to
      ,,f]d9& ,,rozi] ,,on ,,!          
,,dissolution ,,( ,,_! ,,p>tn]%ip ,,at  
,,/e4 ,,g5evi,,ve1 ,,april #f1 #ahaa4   
,f ! ,tom ,j4 ,rozi] ,,mss4  ,?\gh _!   
:isky 0 welcom$ at ,/e4 ,g5evive & :at  
_h co/ ! trad]s tw5ty-five c5ts1 br\ght 
!m two doll>s1 a gallon1 ,audubon       
he>tily dislik$ ! place & its p4 ,rozi]1
 on ! contr>y1 :o _h f\nd pl5ty (       
,fr5*m5 ) :om he c\ld freely conv]se1 0 

resolv$ to /ay4 ,audubon accord+ly      
propos$ to sell out 8 %>e 9 ! bus9ess1 &
 ! p>tn]%ip 0 dissolv$ on ,april #f1    
#ahaa1 ,rozi] pay+ "p ( ! price 9 ca% & 
! rema9d] 9 notes4 ,9 ref]r+ to !       
incid5t 9 8 j\rnal ( #ahbj1 ,audubon    
wrote3 ,i p>t$ ) ,mr4 ,rozi]1 & walk$ to
 ,h5d]son 9 f\r days--#afe miles2 b ?is 
does n agree ) a lat] acc\nt1 9 :i* he  
spoke ( hav+ pur*as$ a beauty ( a horse1
 &1 happy 9 ! prospect ( aga9 see+ 8    
family1 set out = ,dr4 ,rank9's h\se 9  
,k5tucky4 ,9 ! e>li] record he also     
wrote t he once _h a fri5d 9 trade1     
ref]r+ to ,f]d9& ,rozi]1 ) :om he did n 
agree1 & s !y p>t$ =ev]2 b ,audubon     
visit$ ,/e4 ,g5evive 9 ! autumn ( #ahaa 
& 9 ! w9t] ( #ahab1 probably = ! purpose
 ( collect+ 8 money & settl+ 8 affairs1 
:ile ! foll[+ lett]s ( ?is p]iod %[ t   
fri5dly relations ) 8 old p>tn] 7 n     
s]i\sly impair$3#bjh   ,john ,james     
,audubon to ,f]d9& ,rozi]               
,,l\isville1 #b;d ,novemb] #ahaa4       
,,mr4 ,f4 ,,rozi]           ,/4         

,g5evive4       ,,my ,,de> ,,rozi]2     
,i rea*$ "h on ! #ca/ ( la/ mon? a      
little fatigu$1      z y c well imag9e4 
,ye/]day ,i wrote to ,t4 ,w4 ,bakewell  
at ,new ,orleans1 & d\bt n he is s5d+ y 
regul>ly      ! prices curr5t ( ! m>ket 
!re4 ,i h f\nd "h a      lett] address$ 
to my bro!r-9-law f ,b5j4 ,bakewell1    
:o compla9s ( u1 & says t we ought to   
settle )      him 9 "o way or ano!r2    
write to him at ,pittsburgh2 ,i w       
be ) him1 possibly at ! same "t1 & w    
speak )      him2 by ! bill :i* he      
inclos$ y w see t we are      8 debtor =
 #ee4 ,i am leav+ "h 9 #b or #c days4 ,i
 wi%      y heal? & prosp]ity1 & ) !    
respects ( my wife1      ,i am always   
y\r fri5d             ,s]vant           
,j4 ,,audubon4            ,address$     
,,mr4 ,,fd4 ,,rozi]                     
,m]*ant                       ,/        
,g5evieve                       u4,l4   
,john ,james ,audubon to ,f]d9& ,rozi]  
,,%ipp+port4 #aj? ,aug/4 #ahab          
,,my ,,de> ,,rozi]2--       ,z x is q   

likely t ! pres5t opportunity is safe1  
,i take pleasure 9 writ+ y a few words4 
,y\r lett] s5t to ,philadelphia 0 duly  
receiv$1 &      answ]$ promptly2 s9ce ,i
 h he>d news ( y only by      ! mo/     
indirect means1 ,i w\ld be happy if y c 
give      a few mom5ts to y\r fri5ds1 if
 y w\ld c\nt me 9      _! numb]1 & w\ld 
write me f "t to "t2 ,i left            
,philadelphia la/ mon? ) my wife & son2 
mo/ ( ?is      "t 0 sp5t 9 desc5d+ !    
,ohio1 :i* is at pres5t      v l[2 we _h
 ! b>ge & crew ( ,genl4 ,cl>k1 )      ! 
company ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,maup91 & ( ,mrs4
 ,galt1 :o _h      sp5t sev]al mon?s at 
,new ,york  at ,phila4 ,i %all probably 
desc5d ! riv] to ,new ,orleans ?is      
autumn ) ,n4      ,b]?\d2 all k9ds (    
m]*&ise are extremely sc>ce &      v    
de>1 ev]y:]e1 b ev5 m is ?is true (     
co>se      wool5s1 :i* "o does n f9d at 
all4       ,i h no d\bt y\r lead is     
sell+ v well1 ?is article      hav+     
increas$ consid]ably 9 value s9ce ! w>4 
,9 !      latt] "p ( my /ay 9 ! ,ea/ ,i 

receiv$ a lett] f my      fa!r1 & "o f  
y\r bro!r2 all y\r family 7 !n          
well1 t is1 f\r mon?s ago2 y\r bro!r is 
v anxi\s      to he> f y2 if peace %\ld 
come at a day n f> remote      7& may x 
please ,god t ?is be s71 ,i hope to get 
into      communication ) him4       ,i 
h writt5 to him & ,i urge y to d ! same2
 y\r      lett]s c be deliv]$1 if s5t to
 ,new ,york1 & f !nce      on !         
,c>tel4#bji ,my wife is well & s is my  
son2 may      y be ! same1 & c\nt among 
! numb] ( y\r fri5ds      him :o w\ld   
e/eem y always4            ,adieu       
,j4 ,,audubon4            ,address$     
,,mrs ,f4 ,,rozi]s                      
,m]*t                       ,/ ,g5evieve
                       u4,l4  ,fri5dly  
relations ) 8 =m] p>tn] 9 trade 7       
occasionally r5ew$ by ! naturali/ 9 aft]
 life4 ,at "o ( _! la/ meet+s1 9 #ahdb1 
,rozi]1 :o _h !n return$ f ,france1     
visit$ ,audubon at 8 home on ! ,hudson1 
& bo? 7 ent]ta9$ 9 ,new ,york by _!     
mutual fri5d1 ,ni*olas ,b]?\d4  ,f]d9&  

,rozi]1 ) :om we n[ "p company1 liv$ to 
enjoy abundant prosp]ity z a trad] &    
m]*ant at ,/e4 ,g5evive4 ,born 9 ,nantes
 on ,novemb] #i1 #aggg1baj at ! age (   
tw5ty-five he ent]$ ! ,fr5* navy1 at a  
"t :5 ,napoleon 0 conte/+ ) ,engl& !    
supremacy ( ! sea4 ,he made num]\s      
voyages1 & we he> ( him at ! ,cape (    
,good ,hope1 ! ,isl& ( ,france or       
,mauritius1 at ,cadiz1 ,t5]iffe1 & at ! 
,isl& ( ,b>?olomew4 ,ev5tually1 on      
,april #h1 #ahjd1 he emb>k$ on ! cutt]  
,exp]im5t1 ) ,capta9 ,upton 9 *>ge1 b\nd
 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he visit$ a     
numb] ( ,am]ican ports1 includ+         
,philadelphia & ,norfolk4 ,9 ! foll[+   
ye> he return$ to ,france 9 ! frigate   
,presid5t1 ,capta9 ,gallic ,lebrosse1 & 
ent]$ ! h>bor ( ,nantes on ,m>* #a1     
#ahje4baa ,9 ! spr+ ( t ye> ,john ,james
 ,audubon1 z we h se51 _h also return$  
to t city1 & plans 7 ev5tually laid = _!
 comm]cial aggr&izem5t 9 ! ,new ,_w :i* 
bo? _h s lately visit$4 ,to :at ext5t   
,audubon's dreams fail$ ( realization   

may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ *apt]s4  ,hav+  
settl$ f9ally at ,/e4 ,g5evive1 ,rozi]1 
at ?irty-six1 m>ri$ ,con/ance ,roy1 a   
girl ( eighte51 :o bore him t5 *ildr51  
f\r ( :om1 all octog5>ians1 7 liv+ 9    
#aije4 ,f]d9& ,rozi]'s ?rift & indu/ry  
soon br\ght him sub/antial rew>ds4 ,9 8 
e>li] days he is said to h made six     
j\rneys to ,philadelphia on horseback to
 pur*ase m]*&ise1 & ^! trad+ exp$itions 
7 uni=mly successful4 ,8 trade ext5d$   
ov] ! :ole ( ,upp] ,l\isiana1 & he liv$ 
to see ! great gr[? ( ,miss\ri z a      
sov]eign /ate1 along ) ! developm5t ( ! 
fabul\s m9]al weal? ( ! di/rict4#bab    
,rozi]'s old /ore at ,/e4 ,g5evive1 =   
long a l&m>k 9 t community & consid]$ a 
pret5ti\s build+ 9 its day1 0 und\bt$ly 
built aft] ! date ( ,audubon's visit4 ,!
 front 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( cu/om]s & 
a l>ge %$ or /ock room 0 plac$ at ! re>1
 :ile ! family liv$ 9 ! ma9 section1 :i*
 0 ent]$ by a door n %[n 9 our          
illu/ration4#bac ,:5 ?is build+ 0       
demoli%$ to make way = mod]n *anges1 !  

wood5 p9s us$ 9 jo9+ ! frame 7 treasur$ 
by _m z s\v5irs ( pione] times4  ,f]d9& 
,rozi]1 :o outliv$ ,audubon by ?irte5   
ye>s1 di$ at ,/e4 ,g5evive on ,janu>y   
#a1 #ahfd1 at ! age ( eighty-sev5 ye>s4 
,if he 7 "o ( ^? :o ?\ght t ,audubon 0  
wa/+ 8 "t 9 8 ard5t zeal = natural      
hi/ory1 x %\ld n surprise u1 = _! ideals
 7 9 conflict1 & ! naturali/'s way (    
work+ 0 c]ta9ly n conducive to success 9
 trade4    ,illu/ration3 ,,f]d9& ,,rozi]
 ,,9 ,,8 ,,eighty-,,fif? ,,ye> 7#ahfb7  
,illu/ration3 ,,f]d9& ,,rozi]',s ,,old  
,,/ore ,,at ,,/e4 ,,g5evi,,ve1          
,,miss\ri4       ,?is & ! above publi%$ 
by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,ru?v5      ,deane4   
,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,audubon',s ,,mill1 ,,& 
,,f9al ,,rev]ses ,,9 ,,bus9ess          
,dr4 ,rank9's ,mead[ ,brook ,f>m--,bir? 
( ,john ,woodh\se      ,audubon--,!     
,audubon-,bakewell p>tn]%ip--,meet+ )   
,nolte--,failure ( ! commission         
bus9ess--,visit to                      
,rozi]--,/orekeep+ at                   
,h5d]son--,pur*ases ( l&--,habits      (

 fronti] tradesm5--,/eamboats on !      
,ohio--,popul>                          
pa/imes--,audubon-,bakewell-,pe>s       
p>tn]%ip--,_! fam\s      /eam           
mill--,me*anical & f9ancial             
tr\bles--,bus9ess                       
reorganization--,bankruptcy             
g5]al--,failure ( ! mill--,p]sonal      
enc\nt]--,audubon goes to jail = debt4  
,! sev5 ye>s :i* foll[$ ! outbreak ( w> 
) ,engl& 9 #ahab 7 ! mo/ disa/r\s 9 !   
naturali/'s c>e]4 ,9 _m respects !y 7   
critical = ! entire c\ntry1 s9ce hundr$s
 :o 7 n affect$ directly by ! w> 7 ru9$ 
by ! f9ancial tr\bles :i* foll[$ 9 its  
wake4 ,to ,audubon rev]ses came at ?is  
"t 9 rapid succession4 ,b]eft ( "o & !n 
ano!r ( 8 *ildr51#bad ) 8 family 9      
/rait5$ circum/ances 9 ,france1 & r$uc$ 
to bankruptcy himself1 he f9ally resolv$
 to ?r[ up trade1 = :i* he 0 nev] fitt$1
 & to make 8 avocation ! real bus9ess ( 
life4 ,we %all see h[1 by ! un/9t$ use (
 su* tal5ts z he possess$1 ?r\gh        
unremitt+ ef=t1 & ) ! aid ( 8 en]getic &

 capable wife1 he 0 able1 at ! age (    
=ty-five1 to turn failure into success4 
,aft] 8 return to ,h5d]son 9 ! spr+ (   
#ahaa1 ,audubon began to look = ano!r   
op5+ 9 trade1 liv+ mean:ile ) 8 family  
at ! home ( ,dr4 ,adam ,rank91 call$    
,mead[ ,brook ,f>m4 ,dr4 ,rank9 0 ! fir/
 educat$ physician 9 8 di/rict1 & 0 = _m
 ye>s an (fic] ( ! c\rt4 ,a doctor ( !  
old] s*ool & a g5u9e lov] ( 8 k9d1 ) a  
l>ge he>t & an op5 h&1 he made 8 home a 
ho/elry :]e anyone 9 ne$ c\ld f9d refuge
 )\t money & )\t price4 ,no d\bt he 0   
attract$ to ! naturali/ by k9dr$ ta/es1 
& x is kn[n t !y became life-long       
fri5ds4 ,! old h\se1 to :i* ,audubon    
ref]s 9 "o ( 8 ,episodes1#bae 0 built ( 
logs1 & /ood at "s di/ance f ! pike1    
ab\t two miles f ! village 9 a s\!a/]ly 
direction4 ,!re 7 exp]i5c$ 9 greate/    
frequ5cy1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahaa & #ahab1 !   
t]rific e>?quakes t repeat$ly %ock$ !   
c\ntry at t "t2 !re also ,audubon's     
y\ng] son1 ,john ,woodh\se1 0 born on   
,novemb] #cj1 #ahab4 ,! ,rank9 f>m      

became at a mu* lat] day ! site ( !     
village ( ,audubon1 :i* /ill lat] 0 to  
be incorporat$ 9 ! gr[+ city ( ,h5d]son1
 :5 mo/ ( ! old l&m>ks _h be5 oblit]at$4
 ,dr4 ,rank9 built a m commodi\s &      
pret5ti\s brick h\se 9 ! village itself1
 & 0 neighbor to ! naturali/ = _m ye>s1 
_! h\ses be+ on ! same or adjo9+ lots4  
,he 0 ?rice m>ri$ & _h _m *ildr51 !     
elde/ ( :om1 ,william ,rank91 became    
,audubon's favorite companion 9 ! field2
 toge!r !y ransack$ ! c\ntry = birds &  
animals ( e sort4  ,audubon's un=tunate 
bus9ess relations ) 8 bro!r-9-law1      
,?omas ,w4 ,bakewell1 began 9 ! autumn  
or w9t] ( #ahaa1 :5 ! naturali/ 0 9 !   
,ea/ & ,bakewell 0 ab\t to return to    
,new ,orleans 9 ! employ ( a firm (     
,liv]pool m]*ants :o dealt 9 cotton4    
,bakewell1 :o _h se5 mu* ( ! ,s\? s9ce !
 failure ( 8 uncle 9 ,new ,york1 induc$ 
,audubon to jo9 him 9 an indep5d5t      
commission bus9ess1 ) ! assurance t 8   
,fr5* nationality w\ld help _!          
und]tak+s4 ,accord+ to ,v9c5t ,nolte1 :5

 !y 7 desc5d+ ! ,ohio 9 ,decemb]1 #ahaa1
 ,audubon display$ a bus9ess c>d1 %[+ ! 
firm "n ( ,audubon & ,bakewell1 &       
indicat+ t !y 7 to deal 9 su* homely    
products z pork1 l>d & fl\r4 ,?omas     
,bakewell1 we are told1 tak+ ) him all !
 disposable funds ( ,audubon1 :o cont9u$
 to s5d him almo/ all ! money t he c\ld 
raise1 op5$ _! bus9ess at ,new ,orleans 
9 ! w9t] or spr+ ( #ahab1 j 9 "t = ! w>1
 :i* broke out 9 ,june1 to de/roy x4 ,:5
 he return$ nor?1 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>1     
,?omas ,bakewell1 said ! naturali/1     
sudd5ly appe>$ "o day at ,mead[ ,brook  
,f>m1 :ile he 0 mak+ a draw+ ( an ott]1 
& aft] bewail+ _! mis=tune 9 trade1     
dep>t$4  ,at ! approa* ( spr+ 9 #ahab   
,audubon 0 h>d press$ = funds1 &        
,rozi]'s notes to him be+ !n ov]due he  
set out on foot = ,/e4 ,g5evive to      
collect 8 money 9 p]son4 ,he w5t out ) a
 p>ty ( fri5dly ,osage ,indians1 b      
return$1 /ill afoot & unpaid1 ) 8       
fai?ful dog z 8 only companion4#baf ,!  
prairies 7 !n flood$ & conv]t$ into va/ 

lakes1 b ,audubon1 anxi\s to rea* 8     
home1 press$ on1 walk+1 z he said1 "o   
hundr$ & sixty-five miles 9 a little ov]
 ?ree days1 mu* ( ! "t ne>ly ankle-deep 
9 mud & wat]4 ,x 0 probably on ?is      
j\rney1 ?\gh x may h be5 9 ! previ\s    
ye>1 t an incid5t occurr$ :i* he has    
relat$ 9 ,! ,prairie1#bag :51 z he      
decl>$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s 
= upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 8 life 0 
9 actual dang] f 8 fell[ man4  ,:5 at   
la/ he _h obta9$ "s ready money1        
,audubon rode to ,l\isville1 :]e he     
pur*as$ on ! half-ca%1 half-cr$it basis 
a small /ock ( goods1 & aga9 set up a   
retail %op at ,h5d]son4 ,?is mode/      
v5ture promis$ s well t he b\ght l& ) ! 
int5tion ( mak+ t t[n 8 p]man5t home4 ,i
 pur*as$1 said he1 a gr\nd-lot ( f\r    
acres1 & a mead[ ( f\r m at ! back ( !  
fir/4 ,on ! latt]1 to foll[ ?is acc\nt1 
7 sev]al build+s & an excell5t or*>d1   
lately ! prop]ty ( an ,engli% doctor1 :o
 _h di$ on ! premises & left ! :ole to a
 s]vant woman z a gift1 f :om x came to 

me z a freehold3 o!r l&1 he add$1       
adjac5t to ! fir/1 0 lat] secur$4       
,illu/ration3 ,,lett] ,,( ,,audubon ,,to
 ,,f]d9& ,,rozi]1 ,,sign$      ,,audubon
  ,,bakewell1 ,,& ,,dat$ ,,octob] #ai1  
#ahac1 ,,dur+ ,,!      ,,fir/ ,,p>tn]%ip
 ,,"u ,,?is ,,/yle4       ,f ! ,tom ,j4 
,rozi] ,,mss4  ,^! curi\sly embroid]$   
/atem5ts reg>d+ l& transactions at      
,h5d]son 9 #ahac are n 9 h>mony ) !     
exi/+ records ( t fronti] t[n4 ,h5d]son1
 z its hi/orian#bah tells u1 0 laid out 
orig9ally 9 #agig into #bfd "o-acre     
lots1 ( :i* comp>atively few _h be5 sold
 at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 ?\gh nom9al    
prices 7 ask$ & a few _h be5 giv5 away  
to enc\rage settlem5t4#bai ,audubon is  
record$ z hav+ pur*as$ f\r "o-acre lots 
f ! t[n1 two 9 #ahac & two 9 ! foll[+   
ye>1 :ile a long lease 0 tak5 ^u l&     
adjac5t to ! riv] :]e lat] rose 8 fam\s 
mill4#bbj  ,! old ,audubon /ore = g5]al 
m]*&ise1 built ( hewn logs1 9 a s+le    
/ory1 /ood at ! corn] ( ,ma9 & ,mill    
,/reets 7n[ ,second ,/reet71 front+ !   

latt]1 at a po9t :]e a mod]n dep>tm5tal 
e/abli%m5t has s9ce ris54 ,adjo9+ ?is   
primitive /ore1 on ! ma9 /reet1 0 8 log 
dwell+1#bba ( "o & a half /ories1 ) a   
squ>e por* at ! entrance4 ,imm$iately   
opposite1 on ! two-acre /rip ( l&       
pur*as$ 9 #ahad1 lay a small pond :i*   
,audubon is said to h /ock$ ) turtles 9 
ord] to gratify 8 special fondness = ?is
 delicacy4  ,audubon's w9n+ mann]s made 
him a popul> figure among ! e>ly settl]s
 ( ?is region1 & = ! space ( ?ree ye>s  
he enjoy$ life z nev] be=e2 ! pleasures1
 he said1 :i* ,i h felt at ,h5d]son1 &  
"u ! ro( ( t log-cab91 c nev] be effac$ 
f my he>t until aft] dea?4 ,b 9 a       
community ( exact+ bus9ess m5 he c\ld   
nev] h made a p]man5t success2 he 0 too 
good a t>get n to be riddl$ by _m :o 7  
ready to take advantage ( 8 lib]ality & 
easygo+ ways4 ,travel+ f ,frank=t to    
,lex+ton 9 #ahaj1 ,wilson compla9$ t ! p
 7 all trad]s b no read]s1 ev5 ( !      
newspap]2 e man1 he said1 _h ei!r "s l& 
to buy or sell1 "s law-suit1 "s co>se   

hemp or corn to dispose (2 & if !       
conv]sation does n to lead to any ( ^!1 
he w =ce x4  ,_m /ories1 & no d\bt mu*  
idle gossip1 conc]n+ ,audubon's life &  
habits1 7 curr5t at ,h5d]son long aft]  
he left ! village4 ,x 0 said t he w\ld  
(t5 g into ! woods 9 8 pursuit ( birds &
 rema9 f home = weeks at a "t2 t he 0   
once kn[n to h foll[$ a hawk = ?ree days
 9 succession & 9 practically a /raight 
c\rse1 swimm+ creeks :5 necess>y1 until 
x f9ally fell to 8 gun4 ,:5 /eamboats   
made _! fir/ appe>ance on ! ,ohio1 !y   
naturally excit$ ! greate/ int]e/1 & a  
favorite pa/ime ( _m ( ! m5 & boys 0    
div+ f ! side ( a boat into ! riv]4 ,on 
"o ( ^! occasions ,audubon is said to h 
made 8 appe>ance 9 ! cr[d ( sightse]s & 
to h a/oni%$ ev]yone by plung+ f ! b[ & 
em]g+ f b5ea? ! /]n ( ! vessel aft]     
swimm+ "u h] entire l5g?4 ,accord+ to   
traditional acc\nts1 ,mrs4 ,audubon1 :o 
0 also an exp]t swimm]1 w\ld ent] ! riv]
 clad 9 a regul> ba?+ co/ume & cross )  
ease to ! ,indiana %ore4  ,9 spite ( !  

h>d times ,audubon manag$ to keep out ( 
s]i\s bus9ess tr\bles until he ent]$    
into ano!r p>tn]%ip ) ,?omas ,bakewell1 
8 bro!r-9-law4 ,_! project 9 ?is second 
association 0 to erect a /eam lumb] &   
gri/ mill at ,h5d]son1 :i* ( all mortal 
follies ! naturali/ consid]$ 9 !        
retrospect to h be5 "o ( ! wor/4 ,x is  
record$ t on ! sixte5? day ( ,m>*1      
#ahag1 ,john ,james ,audubon & ,?omas   
,w4 ,bakewell1 "u ! designation (       
,audubon & ,bakewell1 appli$ to !       
tru/ees ( ! village = a n9ety-n9e ye>   
lease ( a section ( l& on ! riv] front4 
,_! petition 0 grant$1 ^u a consid]ation
 ( #bj p] annum1 & ! p>tn]s began to    
build _! mill on ! prop]ty & complet$ x 
)9 t ye>4 ,?omas ,w4 ,pe>s1#bbb a =m]   
fell[-cl]k ( bo? ,audubon & ,bakewell 9 
,new ,york1 e>ly jo9$ ! ent]prise1 :i* 0
 reg>d$ at ! "t z "o ( consid]able      
magnitude4 ,_! mill1 :i* /ood =         
n9ety-five ye>s1 became fam\s 9 ! annals
 ( ! ,ohio ,valley4#bbc ,said ! hi/orian
 ( ,h5d]son ,c\nty1 writ+ 9 #ahgi3      

,! wea!r bo>d+1 :ip-saw$ out ( yell[    
popl>1 is      /ill intact on ?ree      
sides4 ,! joi/s are ( unhewn logs1      
_m ( !m ov] a foot 9 diamet]1 & ragg$ly 
r\gh4      ,! f\ndation walls are built 
( flat1 brok5 rock & are      f\r & a   
half feet ?ick4 ,mr4 ,audubon op]at$ !  
mill on      a l>ge scale = ^? times4 ,8
 gri/-mill 0 a great      conv5i5ce1 &  
furni%$ a ready m>ket = all ( !         
surplus :eat rais$ 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 
,8 saw-mill      also 0 a wond]ful      
conv5i5ce1 do+ ! saw+ = !      entire   
c\nty4    ,illu/ration3 ,,audubon',s    
,,mill ,,at ,,h5d]son1 ,,k5tucky1 ,,s9ce
      ,,de/roy$1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,!      
,,bank ,,( ,,! ,,ohio ,,riv]4           
,aft] a photograph ( #ahid1 publi%$ by  
c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,r4      ,w4 ,%ufeldt4   
,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,pe>s1 :o _h no lik+ =     
,h5d]son1 e>ly )drew & sold _! int]e/ 9 
! mill#bbd to ,audubon & ,bakewell1 ?us 
add+ to _! f9ancial emb>rassm5t4 ,!     
eng9es1 :i* seem to h giv5 no end (     
tr\ble1 7 con/ruct$ by ,david ,pr5tice1 

an intellig5t ,scot* me*anic2 s9ce 8    
fir/ "w aft] com+ to ?is c\ntry 0 to    
erect a /eam ?re%+ mill at ,fatl& ,=d1 8
 s]vices 7 probably secur$ by ,william  
,bakewell1 :o aft]w>ds help$ to e/abli% 
him at ,philadelphia4 ,:ile at ,h5d]son 
he is said to h fitt$ a small eng9e &   
paddle:eels to a keel boat1 :i* 0 *ri/5$
 ! ,pike1 & to h tak5 x up ! riv] to    
,pittsburgh4 ,pr5tice seems to h ent]$ !
 p>tn]%ip & to h retir$ ) ,bakewell4  ,9
 ord] to ext5d ! sph]e ( _! op]ations1  
,audubon is said to h pur*as$ at ?is "t 
a tract ( #a1bjj acres ( gov]nm5t       
l&1#bbe & to h engag$ a b& ( /alw>t     
,yankees to fell & deliv] ! timb]4      
,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 !y 7 a p>ty (    
emigrants :o _h come to ,h5d]son ) _!   
families & encamp$ on ! riv] bank4 ,= a 
"t all w5t well1 b "o day :5 !y fail$ to
 deliv] _! usual supply ( logs1 x 0 f\nd
 t !y _h decamp$ & fl$ d[n ! riv] t[>ds 
! ,mississippi1 tak+ on _! flatboat     
,audubon's draft ox5 & 9 fact all !     
plund] t !y c\ld lift4 ,no?+ 0 ev]      

recov]$ & b "o ( ! fugitives 0 ev] se5  
aga92 ?is man bo>d$ a riv] boat on :i* !
 naturali/ happ5$ to be travel+1 & x is 
said t ^u be+ recogniz$ he jump$ into ! 
riv] & swam to ! %ore l a fright5$ de]4 
,:5 ,bakewell f9ally )drew1 ,audubon    
appe>s to h be5 left /r&$1 & ! bus9ess 0
 tak5 ov] by a new set ( m51 includ+    
ano!r bro!r-9-law1 ,ni*olas ,b]?\d1 &   
,b5jam9 ,page ( ,pittsburgh1 :o cont9u$ 
x "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon            
,company4#bbf ,ag5ts 7 also secur$ at   
v>i\s po9ts on ! ,ohio & ,mississippi   
riv]s4 ,except+1 z we mu/ assur$ly d1 8 
ev] /aun* fri5d1 ,ni*olas ,b]?\d1       
,audubon believ$ t he 0 gull$ by all (  
^! m54  ,9 #ahah a new era ( build+ &   
g5]al prosp]ity seem$ to dawn 9 ! valley
 ( ! ,ohio4 ,a new bank 0 *>t]$ at      
,h5d]son1 & ! woodwork ( its brick      
/ructure 0 furni%$ by ,audubon's        
mill4#bbg ,?is bank1 h[ev]1 fail$ 9 !   
c\rse ( two ye>s1 & =ty o!rs scatt]$    
?r\gh\t t section broke 9 rapid         
succession1 aft] hav+ done little m ?an 

add to ! flood ( wor?less pap] notes t 0
 demoraliz+ bus9ess & s5d+ hundr$s into 
bankruptcy4  ,! mill 0 9 op]ation b>ely 
two ye>s4 ,! ma*9]y1 ( :i* a wood5 bolt+
 %aft & wood5 cog :eels rema9$ z a      
curiosity to rec5t times1 seems to h    
work$ badly f ! />t4 ,b aside f !       
inexp]i5ce ( ! build]s & ! f9ancial     
tr\bles ( ! day1 ! ent]prise 0 =$oom$ to
 failure 9 a di/rict :i* rais$ b little 
:eat1 & 9 :i* ! dem& = lumb] 0 !n       
comp>atively slight4 ,h[ ,i labor$1 said
 ,audubon1 at t inf]nal mill6 ,b x is   
ov] n[2 ,i am old1 & try to =get z fa/ z
 possible all ! diff]5t trials ( ^? sad 
days4  ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,audubon &        
,bakewell p>tn]%ip#bbh ! naturali/      
became involv$ 9 a p]sonal qu>rel ) a   
man ^: initials are giv5 z ,s----       
,b----4 ,x seems t 9 #ahag ,audubon's   
me*anic1 ,david ,pr5tice1 _h built = him
 a small /eamboat1 ?\gh = :at purpose is
 n kn[n4 ,:5 _! int]e/s 7 sev]$1 we are 
told1 ,mr4 ,b---- pur*as$ ?is /eam]1 b  
paid = x 9 wor?less pap]4 ,! capta9 ( ! 

craft ran h] d[n to ! ,mississippi &    
!nce to ,new ,orleans1 & ,audubon1 :o 0 
det]m9$ to arre/ ?is man if necess>y1   
/>t$ 9 pursuit 9 a skiff4 ,he fail$1    
h[ev]1 to ov]haul ! fugitive1 & rea*$   
,new ,orleans only to f9d t 8 vessel _h 
be5 surr5d]$ to ano!r claimant4 ,?is 0  
probably 9 ,may1 #ahai1 = 9 8 j\rnal ( !
 foll[+ ye>1 "u date ( ,novemb] #bc1 :5 
he 0 aga9 mov+ d[n ! riv]s b 9 m        
leisurely fa%ion1 he speaks ( two l>ge  
eagle's ne/s1 "o ( :i* he rememb]$ hav+ 
se5 z he w5t to ,new ,orleans eighte5   
mon?s be=e4  ,?r\gh ! rese>*es ( a lat] 
hi/orian ,i am n[ able to give a m exact
 acc\nt ( ?is affair4 ,! pur*as]s ( !   
/eamboat 7 ,william ,r4 ,b[51 ,samuel   
,adams ,b[51 ,rob]t ,spe$1 ,edmund      
,t[nes1 ,ob$iah ,smi?1 ,george ,br5t &  
,b5nett ,m>%all1 :o imm$iately su$      
,audubon 9 ! sum ( #aj1jjj1 on ! plea t 
he _h malici\sly tak5 out an atta*m5t ^u
 ! vessel 9 ,new ,orleans1 :]e x _h be5 
deta9$4 ,!y repres5t$ to ! judge ( !    
circuit c\rt1 ,h5ry ,p4 ,broadnax1 t    

,audubon 0 ab\t to leave ,k5tucky1 & a  
w>rant 0 issu$ to arre/ him2 he 0 tak5  
into cu/ody1 said ! n>rator :om ,i am   
foll[+1 b execut$ a bail bond 9 ! sum ( 
#aj1jjj ) ,fayette ,posey z surety1 & 0 
releas$4 ,conv9c$ t a trial at ,h5d]son 
w\ld lead only to a defeat ( ju/ice1    
,audubon n[ s]v$ notice t he w\ld apply 
= a *ange ( v5ue to ano!r c\nty4 ,t     
notice toge!r ) ! o!r pap]s 9 ! action1 
is among ! records ( ! ,daviess circuit 
c\rt1 at ,ow5sboro1 ,k5tucky4 ,x 0      
writt5 & sign$ by ,audubon4 ,application
 = a *ange ( v5ue 0 made at ,h>d9sburg &
 ! case 0 transf]r$ to ! ,daviess       
circuit c\rt4 ,:5 ! case 0 call$1 !     
pla9tiffs ask$ = a cont9uance1 & x 0    
grant$ !m1 b :5 ! case 0 call$ aga9 at !
 next t]m ( c\rt1 ! pla9tiffs fail$ to  
appe>1 & ! action 0 f9ally dismiss$4    
,return+ home1 ,audubon 0 oblig$ to walk
 f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] to ,%awnee     
,t[n4 ,^u rea*+ ,h5d]son he f\nd t ,mr4 
,b[5 _h anticipat$ him4 ,act+ ^u advice1
 he 0 prep>$ = an enc\nt] ) ?is man1 :o 

z 8 neighbors decl>$1 _h sworn to kill  
him1 & ^: viol5t & ungov]nable temp] 0  
only too well kn[n4 ,! anticipat$       
enc\nt] ensu$4 ,audubon1 :o 0 !n c>ry+ 8
 "r h& 9 a sl+ f a rec5t injury receiv$ 
9 8 mill1 wait$1 z he said1 until he _h 
receiv$ twelve sev]e bl[s f 8           
assailant's bludgeon2 !n ) 8 left h& he 
drew a dagg] & /ruck 9 8 own def5se4 ,8 
assailant 0 fell$ to ! gr\nd1 b happily 
! w\nd inflict$ 0 n mortal4 ,mr4 ,b[5 0 
c>ri$ away on a plank1 & :5 ! affair 0  
settl$ 9 ! judici>y c\rt1 accord+ to a  
,h5d]son tradition1 ,judge ,broadnax    
gravely left ! b5*1 approa*$ ! man :o _h
 be5 "u *>ge ( assault1 & said3 ,mr4    
,audubon1 y committ$ a s]i\s (f5se--an  
exce$+ly s]i\s (f5se ,sir--9 fail+ to   
kill ! d---- rascal4#bbi ,?omas         
,bakewell1 add$ ! naturali/1 :o possess$
 m bra9s ?an ,i1 sold 8 t[n lots &      
remov$ to ,c9c9nati1 :]e he has made a  
l>ge =tune1 & ,i am glad ( x4#bcj  ,:5 !
 mill 0 f9ally clos$ & ! company        
dissolv$ 9 #ahai1 ,audubon z usual 0 !  

heavie/ los]4 ,arre/$ & s5t to !        
,l\isville jail = debt1 he 0 able to    
obta9 release only by decl>+ himself a  
bankrupt 9 c\rt4 ,i paid all ,i         
c\ld1#bca he said 9 8 j\rnal ( ! foll[+ 
ye>1 & left ,h5d]son poor & mis]able 9  
?\ght4 ,my int5tion to g to ,france &   
see my "m & si/] 0 fru/rat$1 & at la/ ,i
 resort$ to my poor tal5ts to ma9ta9 y &
 y\r de> "m1 :o =tunately became easy at
 h] *ange ( condition1 & gave me a _s   
su* z ,i really ne$$1 to meet ! surly   
looks & cold reception ( ^? :o s %ortly 
be=e 7 pleas$ to call me _! fri5d4 ,i   
p>t$1 to rev]t to 8 lat] acc\nt1 ) e    
p>ticle ( prop]ty ,i held1 to my        
cr$itors1 keep+ only ! clo!s ,i wore on 
t day1 my orig9al draw+s1 & my gun4 ,)\t
 a doll> 9 8 pocket he left ,h5d]son &  
walk$ to ,l\isville alone2 ?is1 he said 
on reflection1 0 ! sadde/ ( all my      
j\rnies1 ! only "t 9 my life :5 ! ,wild 
,turkeys t s (t5 cross$ my pa?1 & !     
?\s&s ( less] birds t enliv5$ ! woods & 
! prairies1 all look$ l enemies1 & ,i   

turn$ my eyes f !m1 z if ,i c\ld h wi%$ 
t !y nev] exi/$4  ,pass+ d[n ! ,ohio 9 !
 foll[+ ye> ,audubon made ^! entries 9 8
 di>y3       ,novemb] #bnd1 #ahbj4      
,float$ d[n sl[ly )9 two miles (        
,h5d]son4 ,i c sc>cely conceive t ,i    
/ay$ !re eight      ye>s1 & pass$ !re9  
com=tably1 = x is und\bt$ly      on !   
poore/ spot 9 ! c\ntry1 accord+ to my   
pres5t      op9ion4       ,nov4 #crd1   
#ahbj4 ,we left our h>bor at daybreak1 &
 pass$      ,h5d]son ab\t sunrise4 ,i   
look$ on ! mill p]haps = !      la/ "t1 
& ) ?\ghts t made my blood almo/ run    
cold bid x an et]nal f>ewell4           
,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,! ,,enigma ,,(        
,,audubon',s ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(
 ,,8 ,,family ,,9 ,,france       ,dea? (
 ,lieut5ant ,audubon--,conte/ ov] 8     
w--,disposition      ( 8 e/ate--,!      
fictiti\s #ag1jjj--,unsettl$ claims (   
,=mon & ,ross--,illusions (             
biograph]s--,gabriel ,loy5      du      
,puigaudeau--,audubon's relations ) !   
family 9      ,france brok5--,dea? ( !  

naturali/'s /epmo!r--,! du              
,puigaudeaus--,s\rces ( enigma4         
,lieut5ant ,jean ,audubon1 z already    
record$1 di$ at ,nantes 9 #ahah1 at a "t
 :5 8 son's f9ancial tr\bles 9 ,am]ica 7
 culm9at+1 & left an e/ate1 !n none too 
l>ge1 = ! sole enjoym5t ( 8 wid[ dur+ h]
 lifetime4 ,! naturali/1 s f> z is kn[n1
 nev] receiv$ a p5ny 9 paym5t ( beque/s 
made by ei!r 8 fa!r or /epmo!r1 b !     
reasons = ?is fact 7 f> diff]5t f ^? :i*
 8 biograph]s h assign$4  ,we h ref]r$  
to ! curi\s word+ :i* appe>s 9 ! six    
diff]5t wills t 7 execut$ by ,lieut5ant 
,jean ,audubon & ,anne ,moynet1 8 wife1 
betwe5 ! ye>s #ahab & #ahba4bcb ,! fir/ 
f\r ( ^! docum5ts#bcc 7 ( a mutual      
nature1 & 7 s drawn t ! survivor %\ld   
enjoy ! entire prop]ty ( ! o!r dur+ 8 or
 h] lifetime1 b ?is ev5tually 0 to be   
divid$ betwe5 _! two *ildr51 or heirs ( 
! latt] %\ld any exi/4 ,9 ,jean         
,audubon's la/ w1 made at ,c\ron on !   
#ae? ( ,m>*1 #ahaf1 he add$ ! provision 
t 9 case 8 dispositions 9 favor ( ,jean 

,raba9 & ,rose ,b\ff>d1 wife ( ,loy5 du 
,puigaudeau1 %\ld be attack$ & annull$1 
he bequea!d 8 entire e/ate1 )\t         
exception1 to 8 wife1 ,anne ,moynet1 =  
h] sole use4 ,8 fe>s1 z already         
intimat$1 7 well gr\nd$1 & 8 w 0        
imm$iately conte/$ by f\r nieces1 ,mme4 
,lejeune de ,vaugeon ( ,nantes1 ,mme4   
,jean ,l\is ,lissab1 ^: husb& 0 a pilot1
 & ,anne & ,dom5ica ,audubon1           
seam/resses at ,bayonne4#bcd ,?is trial 
dragg$ on 9 ! c\rts = a long "t1 & s]v$ 
fur!r to impov]i% ,madame ,audubon1 :o 0
 oblig$ to dispose ( mo/ ( h] valuable  
effects1 b x 0 f9ally settl$ by a       
compromise 9 #ahbj4 ,9 t ye>1 at ! age (
 eighty-five1 %e left ,la ,g]betire to  
live ) h] daught] & son-9-law at ,les   
,t\rt]elles close by1 :]e %e rema9$     
until h] dea? on ,octob] #ah1 #ahba4  ,x
 seems incr$ible t ,audubon %\ld n h    
he>d ( ! dea? ( 8 fo/] "m1 s9ce he _h   
be5 devot$ly atta*$ to h] 9 8 y\? & 0   
moreov] a b5efici>y "u h] w4 ,yet on    
,augu/ #f1 #ahbf1 he wrote 9 8 j\rnal3  

,my plans n[ are to g to ,man*e/]1 to   
,d]by%ire to visit ,"l ,/anley1         
,birm+ham1 ,london = ?ree weeks1        
,ed9burgh1 back to ,london1 & !n to     
,france1 ,p>is1 ,nantes1 to see my      
v5]able /epmo!r1 ,brussels1 & return to 
,engl&4 ,on ,septemb] #cj ( ! same ye>  
he wrote f ,liv]pool3 ,i long to ent] my
 old g>d5 on ! ,loire & ) rapid /eps    
rea* my "m1--yes1 my "m6 ! only "o ,i   
truly rememb]2 & no son ev] _h a bett]1 
nor m lov+ "o4#bce ,aga9 9 #ahbh he     
spoke ( ?is e/imable woman z if %e 7 !n 
alive1 al?\gh %e _h be5 dead sev5 ye>s4 
,9 ,madame ,audubon's la/ w1 :i* 0 made 
9 ! ,july prec$+ h] dea?1 %e left h]    
prop]ty to be equally divid$ betwe5 h]  
two adopt$ *ildr51 ,mr4 ,jean ,audubon1 
call$ ,jean ,rab91 husb& ( ,lucy        
,bakewell1 & :o ,i believe is at pres5t 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & to ,rose 
,b\ff>d1 wife ( ,m4 ,gabriel ,loy5 du   
,puigaudeau1 my son-9-law1 :o is liv+ at
 ,c\ron2 %e also took c>e to gu>d aga9/ 
! pret5sions ( any spuri\s heirs1 & to  

make provision = h] gr&*ildr5 9 case ( !
 dea? ( ei!r or bo? ( h] heirs direct4  
,hav+ giv5 ! precise1 if some:at        
prosaic1 record$ facts ( ! case1 we w   
quote ! /ory n>rat$ by ! naturali/'s    
biograph]s1 :o nev] c\ld h se5 ! legal  
docum5ts & :o ?us _h only he>say &      
conjecture on :i* to build3       ,at   
?is juncture ( critical bus9ess affairs 
at ,h5d]son1      ! fa!r ( ,audubon di$2
 b = "s un=tunate cause      he did n   
receive legal notice = m ?an a ye>4 ,on 
becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! fact he travel$ to  
,philadelphia      to obta9 funds1 b 0  
unsuccessful4 ,8 fa!r _h left      him 8
 prop]ty 9 ,france ( ,la ,gibitre       
,g]betire1 &      sev5te5 ?\s& doll>s   
:i* _h be5 deposit$ ) a      m]*ant 9   
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia4 ,audubon1 h[ev]1    
took no      /eps to obta9 possession ( 
8 e/ate 9 ,france1 & 9      aft] ye>s1  
:5 8 sons _h gr[n up1 s5t "o ( !m to    
,france1 = ! purpose ( legally transf]r+
 ! prop]ty      to 8 own si/] ,rosa4 ,! 
m]*ant :o held possession (      !      

sev5te5 ?\s& doll>s w\ld n deliv] !m up 
until      ,audubon prov$ himself to be 
! son ( ,commodore ,audubon4      ,be=e 
?is c\ld be done ! m]*ant di$ insolv5t1 
&      ! legatee nev] recov]$ a doll> ( 
8 money4#bcf    ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old
 ,,/reet ,,9 ,,! ,,c\,,ron ,,(          
,,to-,,day4    ,illu/ration3 ,,les      
,,t\rt]elles1 ,,c\,,ron1 ,,f9al ,,home  
,,( ,,anne      ,,moynet ,,audubon1 ,,& 
,,! ,,re/+ ,,place ,,( ,,exact ,,records
 ,,( ,,!      ,,naturali/',s ,,bir? ,,& 
,,e>ly ,,life4  ,a key to ! orig9 ( !   
fictiti\s sev5te5 ?\s& doll>s is        
probably to be f\nd 9 ! lett]s ( ,jean  
,audubon to ,francis ,daco/a1 writt5 9  
#ahje1bcg :]e he ref]s to c]ta9 unsettl$
 bus9ess claims aga9/ 8 =m] p>tn]s1     
,messrs4 ,=mon & ,ross1 :o _h be5       
respectively int]e/$ ) him 9 two        
vessels1 ,le ,comte d',artois & !       
,annette1 ! hi/ory ( :i* has already be5
 notic$4#bch ,!y 7 also engag$ at a lat]
 "t 9 c]ta9 iron-works above ,ri*mond1  
,virg9ia1 b ) ^! ,lieut5ant ,audubon 0 n

 directly conc]n$4 ,=mon1 8 p>tn] 9     
,santo ,dom+o trade1 :o 0 *>g$ ) hav+   
drawn #a1fej 9 excess ( 8 %>e1 _h di$   
)\t mak+ any f9al settlem5t ( _!        
acc\nts2 ano!r associate1 ,edw>d1 _h di$
 9 ,london leav+ an unsettl$ claim (    
#cjj2 :ile ,david ,ross1 :o 0 ow+ a     
c]ta9 sum1 _h also di$ )\t liquidat+ 8  
debt4 ,! am\nt ( ! latt] claim probably 
0 n l>ge1 s9ce ,daco/a 0 in/ruct$ to use
 ?is sum = 8 ne$s 9 develop+ ! m9e at   
,mill ,grove %\ld he be s =tunate z to  
collect x2 :5 y receive my pap]s f ,mi]s
 ,fi%]1 said ,lieut5ant ,audubon 9 8    
lett] ( ! #bb;d ( ,june1 #ahje1 y w f9d 
a promissory note ( ,mr4 ,samuel        
,plaisance ( ,ri*mond1 = ! bus9ess ( !  
wid[ ,ross4 ,if !re 7 ju/ice !re ?is sum
 %\ld be paid to me ) ! co/s4           
,lieut5ant ,audubon 0 nev] able to      
collect ^! diff]5t am\nts1 :i* probably 
did n mu* exce$ #b1jjj1 b an e*o ( "o ( 
^! transactions appe>$ z late z #ahai1  
:5 ,audubon's bro!r-9-law s5t him a     
docum5t ref]r+ to ! claim on ! ,ross    

e/ate1 9 ! hope t "s money might /ill be
 =?com+1 writ+ z foll[s3#bci       ,9   
turn+ ov] "s lett]s ,i h f\nd a lett] ( 
,mr4      ,david ,ro/ ,ross1 & a        
memor&um t ,i ?\ght po9t$ to      :at 0 
ref]r$ to 9 x4 ,z ,i h sometimes he>d x 
said      t ?is ,mr4 ,david ,ro/ ow$ a  
consid]able sum1 x %\ld      be possible
 t ?is lett]1 :i* is 9 ,engli%1 might be
      ( use to y4 ,i _c say any?+ ab\t  
x1 n kn[+      y\r language1 & n hav+   
v5tur$ to get x translat$1      f fe> ( 
compromis+ u1 ,i am s5d+ x to y1 &      
y w judge ( its importance4 ,%\ld *ance 
w t x      br+ y money1 s5d me "s ( x1  
,i beg y1 = ,i am 9      great ne$ ( x4 
,! same biograph] :om we h j quot$ said 
9 ref]5ce to ,la ,g]betire3 ,?is e/ate 0
 left by ,commodore ,audubon to 8 son   
,john ,james1 :o convey$ x to 8 si/] )\t
 ev5 visit+ ! doma9 he s g5]\sly will$  
away4 ,we h n[ se5 :at provisions 7     
actually made = ! disposition ( ?is     
prop]ty "u ! t]ms ( ! v>i\s wills (     
,lieut5ant ,audubon & 8 wife4 ,we ne$   

only add t n long aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 ! 
naturali/ lo/ t\* ) 8 family 9 ,france2 
8 "o-half int]e/ 9 8 /epmo!r's e/ate1   
:i* 0 heavily encumb]$1 0 nev] claim$1 &
 at a mu* lat] day 0 in=mally rel9qui%$ 
9 favor ( 8 si/] & h] family4  ,dur+ 8  
,h5d]son p]iod ,audubon 0 9             
communication ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,gabriel 
,loy5 du ,puigaudeau1 :o kept him in=m$ 
9 reg>d to all t transpir$ 9 _! ,fr5*   
home2 on ,july #bf1 #ahag1 ! naturali/  
_h giv5 him a p[] ( attorney1 ! curi\s  
word+ ( :i* has already be5 notic$4#bdj 
,:e!r det]r$ by ! legal complications   
:i* soon foll[$1 displeas$ by ! mode (  
settlem5t1 or = :at o!r cause n[ unkn[n 
to u1 ,audubon seems to h sev]$ all     
relations ) 8 family at ,c\ron1 or to h 
writt5 to !m only aft] long lapses (    
sil5ce4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #ahbj1    
,gabriel du ,puigaudeau dispat*$ to him 
a fri5dly lett]#bda ( greet+3       ,i  
take ! opportunity at ! r5ewal ( ! ye>1 
to (f]      y ! good wi%es ( ! entire   
family4 ,our e desire is      t y1 y\r  

belov$ wife1 & de> *ildr5 may be happy1 
t y may prosp]1 t y may enjoy good      
heal?1 & ?is      is ! wi% ( y\r nieces 
also4 ,b1 await+ ! pleasure      ( see+ 
y all1 by :at fatality dur+ ! pa/       
eighte5      mon?s h ,i n _h any news ( 
y1 :y no reply to at      lea/ tw5ty    
lett]s t ,i h writt5 to y8 ,c ,i h      
be5 s un=tunate t "s "o has giv5 y any  
report      t w\ld prejudice y aga9/ me8
 ,i d n believe t      !re c\ld exi/ any
 "o :o w\ld be able to d ?is1 at        
lea/ ) tru?2 if "s "o has really s\ght  
to e/range      y\r fri5d%ip = me1 act )
 frankness1 & tell me y\r               
suspicions4 ,i d n believe x w\ld be    
difficult to de/roy      !m1 & ,i ev5   
promise t ,i w\ld (f] y no reproa*      
= hav+ mom5t>ily believ$ x1 %\ld ?is    
aft] all h      occurr$4 ,= :at conc]ns 
our bus9ess affairs1 ,i ref] y      to  
my lett]s :i* h prec$$ ?is4  ,?is lett] 
0 s5t to ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 m ?an a ye>
 aft] ! naturali/ _h f9ally left t /ate2
 at ! mom5t x 0 writt5 he 0 mak+ 8 way  

d[n ! ,ohio ,riv] to ,new ,orleans 9 a  
flatboat1 ! poore/ man abo>d1 z he ?\ght
 at ! "t4 ,writ+ 9 8 j\rnal on ,decemb] 
#bf1 #ahbj1 :5 !y _h t\*$ at ,nat*ez1   
,audubon said t on t day he _h receiv$  
lett]s f 8 wife1 :o 0 !n at ,c9c9nati1  
writt5 on ,novemb] #g & #ad1 & t ! la/  
conta9$ "o f my bro!r1 ,g4 ,loy5        
,dupuigaudeau1 dat$ ,july #bd1 #ahbj4   
,if ! mon? 9 ?is in/ance 0 misnam$1 ?is 
might h be5 ! foll[+ lett]1 :i* 0 writt5
 at ,c\ron on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june1     
#ahbj1 & s5t to ,h5d]son l ! la/4       
,two ye>s h pass$ )\t our hav+ any news 
( y4 ,:at      a long lapse ( "t1 & 9   
:at anxiety are we plung$6      ,9      
,god's "n give u "s news ab\t y\rself1  
if x be      b a ^w to set u at re/ 9   
reg>d to y\r condition4 ,i      %\ld n  
"k h[ to p]suade myself t y 7 n on      
fri5dly t]ms ) me1 s9ce ,i h giv5 y no  
cause =      grievance2 if x is s1 be   
g5]\s en\gh to relieve me      f ?is    
anxiety4 ,! bus9ess matt]s ( ,mr4       
,audubon are      at la/ conclud$1 & ,i 

await only ! return ( ! pap]s      f    
,cayes to set !m 9 ord] ) ju/ice to     
all4#bdb       ,pr(it+ by an opportunity
 = ,new ,york1 ,i h only "t to      ref]
 to my lett]s ( #ae ,septemb]1 #cj      
,octob]1 #ai ,decemb]1      #ahah1 #a/  
,febru>y1 #ae ,april1 #ae ,may1 #c;d    
,augu/1 #ahai1 9 all      _! cont5ts4   
,madam ,audubon is com+ to live ) u2 %e 
f\nd h]self      isolat$ at ,la         
,g]betire1 & 0 v dull !re2 ,i wi%      t
 %e may be cont5t$ "h4 ,%e does n cease 
to speak      ( y1 & is z mu* a/oni%$ z 
,i am t we receive no      news ( y4  ,!
 naturali/'s eld] son1 ,victor1 visit$  
,c\ron ab\t ! ye> #ahce1 :5 8 c\s91     
,gabriel ,loy5 du ,puigaudeau ! second1 
:o 0 ne>ly ( ! same age1 return$ f      
milit>y s]vice to meet him4 ,he 0       
disappo9t$ at ! appe>ance ( 8 fa!r's old
 home1 ,la ,g]betire1 :i* _h n be5      
occupi$ by ! family = fifte5 ye>s4#bdc  
,rosa ,audubon du ,puigaudeau1 !        
naturali/'s si/]1 di$ at ,les           
,t\rt]elles aft] ,augu/ #c1 #ahdb1 leav+

 a daught]1 ,rose du ,puigaudeau1 :o di$
 )\t issue1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahha1 &1 if we
 are correctly in=m$1 "o son1 ,gabriel  
,loy5 du ,puigaudeau ! second1 :o di$ at
 ,les ,t\rt]elles1 ,c\ron1 ,june #bc1   
#ahib1 :5 pa/ 8 eightie? ye>2 a daught] 
( ?is only son 0 m>ri$ to ,monsieur ,l4 
,lavigne1 not>y at ,c\ron4 ,at ! "t ( h]
 uncle's dea?1 8 prop]ty1 includ+ !     
p]sonal records ( ,lieut5ant ,jean      
,audubon1 pass$ into ! h&s ( ,madame    
,lavigne1 :o is a gr& /ep-niece ( !     
naturali/1 & :o aside f h] *ildr51 s f> 
z kn[n1 is ! only surviv+ memb] ( 8     
family 9 ,france4  ,at ?is po9t we mu/  
exam9e a little m c>efully ! peculi>    
/atus ( :at ,audubon ref]r$ to z !      
enigma ( 8 life4 ,9 "s ( 8 private      
j\rnals & lett]s#bdd he dramatically    
decl>$ t a my/]y _h surr\nd$ 8 e>ly     
exi/5ce1 :i* he 0 b\nd by a solemn oa?  
exact$ by 8 fa!r nev] to reveal1 & t ?is
 secret mu/ be c>ri$ by him to ! grave4 
,if x be ! duty ( a biograph] to make ! 
true "* ( 8 subject kn[n1 ! passage ( "t

 w\ld n[ seem to sanction ref]5ce to _m 
p]sonal matt]s :i* a c5tury ago %\ld h  
be5 m rigidly gu>d$4 ,i ent] ^u ?is task
 solely ) ! view ( plac+ ,audubon's "* 9
 a tru] & fair] light4  ,! ess5tial     
facts reg>d+ ,audubon's bir? & e>ly ye>s
 h n[ be5 giv51 & ?is is ! true1 ?\gh   
possibly n ! complete1 /ory4 ,any?+ :i* 
we n[ add1 h[ev]1 c be reg>d$ z little  
bett] ?an speculation4 ,audubon is said 
to h receiv$ ?r\gh 8 fa!r a l>ge sum (  
money f an unkn[n or unnam$ s\rce1#bde b
 z su* /ories are apt to be exagg]at$1  
especially :5 an ocean int]v5es betwe5 a
 te/ator & 8 heir1 ! /atem5t may be     
errone\s2 we h se5 t ,lieut5ant ,audubon
 0 n 9 a position to make su* gifts     
himself _h he be5 s dispos$4 ,if !      
report 7 true1 ! money may h come f !   
e/ate ( 8 "m1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( !       
my/]i\s ,audubon ( ,la ,ro*elle1 :o is  
said to h be5 a politician4#bdf ,9 "s ( 
! passages :i* we d n quote1 ! naturali/
 w\ld h 8 family believe t he 0 ( noble 
bir?1 t 8 adoptive fa!r 0 n 8 true fa!r1

 & t bo? he & ,lieut5ant ,audubon _h    
receiv$ irrem$iable injury ?r\gh !      
trea*]y ( ! my/]i\s uncle1 ,audubon (   
,la ,ro*elle4 ,n[ ^! /range /atem5ts ( !
 naturali/1 ?\gh n 9 accord ) ! facts z 
!y are kn[n to u1 %\ld be int]pret$1 ,i 
believe1 9 ! light ( possible /ories t  
may h come to him 9 ! glam\r ( 8 y\?2 8 
m9d may h be5 div]t$ by !m1 he may h    
believ$ !m1 b ( ?is no?+ n[ c positively
 be kn[n4 ,to cont9ue our conjectures1 x
 is possible t ! pla9 conflict betwe5 ^!
 supposititi\s tales & ! facts t 7      
reveal$ at 8 adoption1 8 baptism1 & 9 ! 
wills ( 8 fa!r & /epmo!r1 z well z by ! 
lawsuit :i* foll[$ ! =m]'s dea?1 all l$ 
him to resort to enigma4 ,we %\ld also  
rememb] t ! naturali/1 :o 0 c>eless (   
dates & hi/orical facts1 _h f9ally left 
8 home at ! age ( tw5ty1 :5 "y m5 z a   
rule are n curi\s ab\t _! family hi/ory1
 & t he rea*$ ! rem9isc5t /age late 9   
life4 ,x seems probable t ! word+ ( 8   
fa!r's w & ! lat] attempt to annul x    
f9ally induc$ him to wa% 8 h&s ( ! :ole 

matt]1 ev5 to break+ (f relations ) 8   
family 9 ,france4 ,feel+1 z und\bt$ly he
 did1 t public k ( ^? conditions1 = :i* 
he 0 9 no way responsible1 might be a b>
 to all future aspirations1 he 0 n loa? 
to let ! matt] re/1 s f> z he & 8       
imm$iate family 7 conc]n$1 "u a cloak ( 
my/]y4 ,if su* 7 9 tru? ! case1 ,i ?9k  
few w\ld f9d cause to blame him4  ,:5 we
 view ! :ole subject 9 ?is d\ble light1 
( a duty ow$ to 8 family & ( !          
possibility t conflict+ /ories _h come  
to him at an e>li] day1 any embroid]y or
 confusion :i* appe>s 9 _m ( 8 /atem5ts 
( a p]sonal nature c be bett] und]/ood4 
,su* an explanation w\ld be q conv9c+ if
 paym5ts _h actually come to him f 8 own
 "m's e/ate4  ,we w only add t ,mrs4    
,audubon1 :o seem$ to h %>$ h] husb&'s  
intimate ?\ghts1 app>5tly believ$ to !  
la/ 9 8 high bir?4 ,:5 h] y\ng] son1    
,john ,woodh\se ,audubon1 lay at ! po9t 
( dea?1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfb1 %e 0 summon$ 
to 8 b$side1 b rea*$ x too late to see  
him alive2 ^u ent]+ ! room ,mrs4        

,audubon is said to h exclaim$3 ,oh1 my 
son1 my son6 to ?9k t y %\ld h di$ )\t  
hav+ kn[n ! secret ( y\r fa!r's e>ly    
life6 ,:5 ask$ by memb]s ( h] family to 
:at %e !n ref]r$1 %e turn$ _! que/ions  
aside1 say+ only t su* rem>ks 7 common 9
 mom5ts ( int5se grief & excitem5t4     
,,*apt] ,,xviii  ,,e>ly ,,episodes ,,(  
,,we/]n ,,life       ,me?ods (          
composition--,a ,wild ,horse--,h5d]son  
to      ,philadelphia 9 #ahaa--,records 
( ,audubon & ,nolte1 fell[              
travel]s1 comp>$--,! great e>?quakes--,!
 hurricane--,!                          
outlaw--,*>act]ization ( ,daniel        
,boone--,desp]ate plight on      !      
prairie--,regulator law 9               
action--,fronti] necessities--,!      ax
 m>ri$ to ! gr9d/one4   ,audubon's      
sket*es ( life & sc5]y 9 ,am]ica1 :i* he
 designat$ z ,episodes1 7 int]sp]s$ 9 8 
,biography ( birds#bdg to bright5 !     
n>rative & beguile ! read]4 ,ext5d+ to !
 numb] ( sixty1 & deal+ ma9ly ) ev5ts   
betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjh & #ahcd1 !y ab\nd 9 

tales ( adv5ture & graphic pictures (   
pione] life :i* = _! p]sonal *>m1 local 
color+1 & human int]e/ are wor?y ( high 
praise4 ,"s ( ^! sket*es h be5 copi$    
widely & "s h be5 translat$ into        
,audubon's native tongue2 "s h ev5 f\nd 
_! way into s*oolbooks4 ,:ile !y h      
des]v$ly won ! naturali/ _m read]s1 n a 
few h subject$ him to h>% criticism on !
 score ( too vivid color+ or hi/orical  
inaccuracy1 a fault to :i* he 0         
p>ticul>ly prone4 ,:5ev] ,audubon w5t   
directly to nature to ex]cise 8 p5cil or
 bru% or wrote ) 8 subject be=e him1 he 
0 tru? itself1 b 9 writ+ (fh& & f memory
 ( pa/ ev5ts he 0 wont to humor 8 fancy1
 disreg>d+ dates z readily z he did !   
acc5ts on ,fr5* words4 ,?is t5d5cy is   
p>ticul>ly app>5t 9 ! acc\nts ( "s ( 8  
e>ly adv5tures 9 ! we/]n c\ntry1 su* z  
,l\isville 9 ,k5tucky 7#ahjh-aj71 ,!    
,prairie 7#ahab71 ,a ,wild ,horse       
7#ahaa-ac71 & ,! ,ecc5tric ,naturali/   
7#ahah71 ! hi/ory ( :i* is detail$ 9 !  
foll[+ *apt]4 ,we %all exam9e "s ( ^!   

/ories at ?is po9t1 ?\gh _! composition 
belongs to a lat] p]iod1 9 ord] to rea* 
a j conclusion 9 reg>d to ! au?or's     
me?od1 z well z = ! intr9sic int]e/ ( ! 
n>ratives !mselves4  ,dur+ ,audubon's   
e>ly life 9 ,k5tucky1 z we h se51 he    
frequ5tly visit$ ! ,ea/1 :e!r 9 ! int]e/
 ( birds or bus9ess1 travel+ by way ( ! 
riv] & ! =e/ roads4 ,incid5ts ( ^!      
j\rneys frequ5tly occur 9 ! ,episodes1 b
 s9ce dates commonly are omitt$ & ! ord]
 ( ev5ts is liable to be bl5d$ or       
confus$1 !y _c be tru/$ always =        
hi/orical accuracy4 ,?us1 ,! ,wild      
,horse episode#bdh pr(esses to be an    
acc\nt ( a s+le j\rney f ,h5d]son1 9    
,k5tucky1 to ,philadelphia & back aga91 
:]eas "s ( ! ev5ts record$ occurr$ 9    
reality at lea/ two ye>s ap>t1 su* z !  
meet+ ) ,nolte at ! ,falls ( ! ,juniata 
,riv] 9 ,decemb]1 #ahaa1 & ! naturali/'s
 return f ,p5nsylvania ) ! proce$s (    
,mill ,grove1 :i* c\ld n h be5 e>li] ?an
 #ahac1 ! date ( its sale to ,mr4       
,samuel ,we!rill1 ,junior4#bdi  ,audubon

 visit$ ,philadelphia 9 ,novemb]1 #ahaa1
 & return$ to ,k5tucky 9 ,decemb] ( t   
ye>1 b :e!r x 0 ^u ?is or "s o!r j\rney 
t he rode a wild horse ?r\gh sev5 /ates 
9 go+ f 8 home at ,h5d]son to ! ,quak]  
city1 or :e!r su* a j\rney ev] occurr$1 
is immat]ial to ! int]e/ ( ! n>rative4  
,9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 we h ! advantage 
( comp>+ ! notes ( a fell[ travel]1     
,v9c5t ,nolte1 !n a m]*ant at ,new      
,orleans4#bej ,fir/ to foll[ ,audubon's 
acc\nt1 z giv5 9 8 ,episode1 we are told
 t he rode a wild mu/ang1 nam$ ,b>ro1 t 
_h nev] kn[n a %oe1 hav+ be5 rec5tly    
captur$ ne> ! headwat]s ( ! ,arkansas4  
,9 go+ ea/ he div]g$ f ! beat5 track to 
ext5d 8 k ( ! c\ntry & ( its bird life4 
,f ,h5d]son he pass$ ?r\gh ! he>t (     
,t5nessee to ,knoxville1 !nce to        
,ab+ton1 ! ,natural ,bridge1 & ,w9*e/] 9
 ,virg9ia1 cross$ ! corn] ( ,we/        
,virg9ia to ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 !n to        
,fr$]ick1 ,m>yl&1 & on ?r\gh ,lanca/] to
 ,philadelphia2 !re1 he said1 he rema9$ 
f\r days1 & return$ by way (            

,pittsburgh1 ,:eel+1 ,zanesville1       
,*illico!1 ,lex+ton & ,l\isville1 to    
,h5d]son4 ,he e/imat$ ! :ole di/ance    
trav]s$ at ne>ly two ?\s& miles1 & at a 
rate ( n less ?an =ty miles a day4 ,mu* 
is said 9 praise ( 8 favorite bay horse1
 & its food & daily treatm5t are duly   
record$4 ,?is horse 0 v docile1 & w\ld  
wade swamps1 swim riv]s1 & cle> a rail  
f5ce l an elk2 corn blades z well z corn
 & oats ent]$ into 8 daily ration1 to   
:i* a pumpk9 & fre% eggs1 :5 procurable1
 7 occasionally add$4  ,x 0 ^u 8 return 
j\rney t ! naturali/ met ) ,v9c5t       
,nolte1 :o twelve ye>s lat] did 8 *ance 
acqua9tance a good turn1 :5 ! latt] 0   
ab\t to sail = ,engl& 9 #ahbf4bea       
,nolte1 said ,audubon1       0 m\nt$ on 
a sup]b horse1 = :i* he _h paid ?ree    
hundr$ doll>s1 & a s]vant on horseback  
l$ ano!r z      a *ange4 ,i 0 !n an utt]
 /rang] to him1 & :5 ,i      approa*$ & 
prais$ 8 horse1 he n v c\rte\sly        
obs]v$ t he wi%$ ,i _h z good a "o4     
,f9d+ t he      0 go+ to ,b$=d to sp5d !

 night1 ,i ask$ him :at      h\r he w\ld
 get !re3 ,j soon en\gh to h "s         
tr\ts ready = our supp]1 provid$ y w jo9
 :5      y get !re4 ,i almo/ imag9$ t   
,b>ro und]/ood our      conv]sation2 he 
prick$ up 8 e>s1 & l5g!n$ 8 pace1       
on :i* ,mr4 ,nolte c>acoll$ 8 horse1 &  
!n put him to      quick trot1 b all 9  
va92 = ,i rea*$ ! hotel ne>ly a         
qu>t] ( an h\r be=e him1 ord]$ ! tr\ts1 
saw to !      putt+ away ( my good      
horse1 & /ood ready at ! door to        
welcome my companion4 ,f t day to ?is   
,v9c5t ,nolte has      be5 a fri5d to   
me4  ,audubon add$ t !y rode toge!r z f>
 z ,%ipp+port1 n[ a "p ( ,l\isville1 :]e
 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,ni*olas ,b]?\d1 0 !n   
liv+4  ,we %all n[ foll[ ! equally      
circum/antial b widely div]g5t acc\nt ( 
?is meet+ & ! subsequ5t j\rney z giv5 by
 ! o!r travel]4 ,nolte _h sail$ f       
,liv]pool 9 ,septemb]1 #ahaa1 & l&$ 9   
,new ,york aft] a p]il\s voyage (       
=ty-eight days4 ,he _h no s]vant1 b 0   
accompani$ by a "y ,engli%man1 nam$     

,edw>d ,holl&]1 :om he _h engag$ 9 a    
bus9ess capacity :ile 9 ,london & ) :om 
he 0 mak+ 8 way to ,new ,orleans4       
,holl&] _h be5 s5t 9 advance to         
,pittsburgh to pur*ase two flatboats1 = 
9 addition to _! horses !y _h plann$ to 
c>ry #djj b>rels ( fl\r1 f ! sale ( :i* 
9 ! ,s\? !y expect$ to defray ! exp5ses 
( _! j\rney4 ,hav+ pur*as$ a f9e horse 9
 ,philadelphia1 ,nolte left t city 9    
,decemb]1 & ) saddle-bags /rapp$ to 8   
horse's back1 rode on entirely alone4   
,he cross$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,alleghany 
ridge at t5 o'clock ( a w9t]'s morn+ &  
lat] 9 ! same day rea*$ a small inn     
close by ! ,falls ( ! ,juniata ,riv]4 ,!
 l&lady1 to quote 8 n>rative1 %[$ me    
into a room1 & said1 ,i p]haps w\ld n   
m9d tak+ my meal ) a /range g5tleman1 :o
 0 already !re4 ,?is /rang]1 :o         
imm$iately /ruck him z an odd fi%1 0    
sitt+ at a table1 be=e ! fire1 ) a      
,madras h&k]*ief w\nd ar\nd 8 head1     
exactly 9 ! /yle ( ! ,fr5* m>9]s1 or    
labor]s1 9 a seaport t[n4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !

 conv]sation :i* !n ensu$ he decl>$ t he
 0 an ,engli%man1 b ,nolte 0 ! la/ p]son
 to be deceiv$ on a "q ( nationality &  
rem>k$ at once t 8 spee* betray$ him4   
,he %[$ himself1 to quote our s5ior     
travel] aga91 to be an orig9al ?r\gh\t1 
b at la/ admitt$ t he 0 a ,fr5*man by   
bir?1 & a native ( ,la ,ro*elle4 ,h[ev]1
 he _h come 9 8 e>ly y\? to ,l\isiana1  
_h gr[n up 9 ! sea-s]vice1 & _h         
gradually become a ?or\gh ,am]ican4 ,:5 
ask$ h[ ?is acc\nt squ>$ ) 8 e>li]      
/atem5t1 said ,nolte1 he f\nd x conv5i5t
 to reply 9 ! ,fr5* language3 ':5 all is
 said & done1 ,i am some:at             
cosmopolitan2 ,i belong to e c\ntry4'   
,?is man1 to conclude1 :o aft]w>ds won =
 himself s great a "n 9 natural hi/ory1 
p>ticul>ly 9 orni?ology1 0 ,audubon1 :o1
 h[ev]1 0 by no means ?9k+1 at t "t1 (  
occupy+ himself ) natural hi/ory4  ,9 ! 
int]view z ?us f> record$1 ,audubon 0   
cle>ly *aff+ 8 new acqua9tance1 = n "o (
 ! /atem5ts attribut$ to him 0 true1 if 
we accept ! fact ( 8 ,fr5* extraction4  

,nolte1 to be sure1 writes z a some:at  
va9 & g>rul\s man1 & aft] a lapse (     
=ty-?ree ye>s1 b he pr(esses to speak ! 
tru? & !re is no reason to suppose t 8  
n>rative is pure inv5tion4 ,nolte fur!r 
in=ms u t ,audubon's fa!r-9-law1 ,mr4   
,bakewell1 =m]ly ( ,philadelphia1 0 !n  
resid+ & own+ mills at ,%ipp+port1 :i* 0
 n ! case4 ,to cont9ue1 f9d+ t ,audubon1
 :o 0 b\nd = ,k5tucky1 0 a companionable
 man & devot$ to art1 a field :i* he _h 
cultivat$ himself1 ,nolte propos$ t !y  
%\ld travel toge!r1 & (f]$ ! naturali/ a
 b]? on "o ( 8 flatboats4       ,he     
?ankfully accept$ ! invitation1 & we    
left ,pittsburgh      9 v cold wea!r1 ) 
! ,monongahela & ,ohio riv]s      full (
 drift+ ice1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1      
#ahab4      ,i le>n$ no?+ fur!r ( 8     
travel+ plans until we      rea*$       
,lime/one1 a little place 9 ! s\?we/]n  
corn]      ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio4#beb ,!re  
we _h bo? our horses tak5      a%ore1 & 
,i resolv$ to g ) him ov]l&1 at fir/ to 
visit ! capital1 ,lex+ton1 & f !re to   

,l\isville1      :]e he expect$ to f9d 8
 wife & p>5ts-9-law4444 ,we      _h     
h>dly f9i%$ our breakfa/ at ,lime/one1  
:5 ,audubon1      all at once1 sprang to
 8 feet1 & exclaim$ 9 ,fr5*2      ,n[ ,i
 am go+ to lay ! f\ndation ( my         
e/abli%m5t4      ,s say+1 he took a     
small packet ( address c>ds f 8         
pocket1 & "s nails f 8 ve/1 & began to  
nail up "o      ( ! c>ds to ! door ( !  
tav]n1 :]e we 7 tak+      our meal4     
,lat] !y rode on toge!r z f> z ,lex+ton1
 :]e !y appe> to h p>t$ company4  ,!    
discrepancies betwe5 ^! acc\nts c\ld    
h>dly be great]1 & !y s]ve to illu/rate 
! lib]ties :i* ,audubon sometimes took )
 facts 9 compos+ 8 ,episodes4 ,!        
travel]s met1 n on horseback1 b at !    
supp] table ( a c\ntry inn2 ,nolte 0 !n 
alone & _h b "o horse1 :ile ! great] "p 
( ! return j\rney 0 made by flatboat )  
,audubon z 8 gue/2 corn blades1 pumpk9s 
& tr\t sugge/ any o!r season ?an        
midw9t]1 ) heavy sn[s on ! m\nta9s &    
riv]s *ok$ ) ice4 ,audubon 9 ?is        

in/ance1 z already expla9$1 comb9$ !    
incid5ts ( two diff]5t j\rneys & color$ 
! n>rative to suit 8 fancy4 ,!re 0 no   
app>5t motive to mislead ! read]1 & "o (
 8 read]s he mu/ h kn[n w\ld probably be
 ,v9c5t ,nolte1 ?\gh he 0 n a subscrib] 
to ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica2 ,nolte did read 
! /ory1 & 0 pleas$ ) ! flatt]+          
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! little s]vice t he 0    
able to r5d] ,audubon at t "t z well z  
lat] 9 8 c>e]4  ,bo? travel]s felt !    
great e>?quakes :ile mak+ ?is j\rney1 b 
probably n until !y _h p>t$ company at  
,lex+ton4 ,audubon has giv5 a vivid     
acc\nt ( ?is exp]i5ce 9 a *>act]i/ic    
sket*1 b z usual !re are no dates4#bec  
,he 0 ov]tak51 z he said1 :ile travel+  
?r\gh ! ,b>r5s ( ,k5tucky 444 9 ! mon? (
 ,novemb]1 :5 he ?\ght 8 t]rifi$ horse 0
 ab\t to die1 & w\ld h sprung f 8 back  
_h a m9ute m elaps$1 b at t in/ant all !
 %rubs & trees began to move f _! v     
roots2 ! gr\nd rose & fell 9 successive 
furr[s1 l ! ruffl$ wat]s ( a lake4 ,=   
,novemb] he %\ld h writt5 ,janu>y ( !   

ye> #ahab4bed  ,?is s]ies ( memorable   
e>?quakes 0 foll[$ 9 #ahac by a         
hurricane1 m t]rific ?an de/ructive1 :i*
 swept ! l[] "p ( ,h5d]son ,c\nty1      
,k5tucky1 & cut a wide swa? ?r\gh !     
virg9 =e/s1 )\t caus+ any loss ( life4  
,audubon's acc\nt ( ?is ev5t#bee is t ( 
a close obs]v] :o escap$ de/ruction by a
 hair's bread? & :o relat$ only :at he  
himself _h exp]i5c$4 ,critics incl9$ to 
be sup]cili\s h compla9$ t he exagg]at$ 
! importance ( a m]ely local ev5t &     
/ret*$ ! c\rse ( ! /orm "s #hjj miles   
until x _h cov]$ sev]al /ates4 ,sir1    
said ,wat]ton1 9 po9t+ a d>t ?r\gh      
,audubon to ano!r t>get1 ?is is really  
too mu* ev5 = u ,engli%m5 to swall[1 ^: 
gullets are kn[n to be ! l>ge/1 ! wide/1
 & ! mo/ ela/ic1 ( any 9 ! _w4 ,:at     
,audubon said 03 ,i h cross$ ! pa? ( ?is
 /orm1 at a di/ance ( a hundr$ miles f !
 spot :]e ,i witness$ its fury1 &1 aga9 
f\r hundr$ miles f>!r (f1 9 ! ,/ate (   
,ohio4 ,la/ly1 ,i obs]v$ traces ( its   
ravages on ! summits ( ! m\nta9s        

connect$ ) ! ,great ,p9e ,=e/ (         
,p5nsylvania1 ?ree hundr$ miles beyond !
 place la/ m5tion$4 ,9 all ^! diff]5t   
p>ts1 x appe>$ to me n to h exce$$ a    
qu>t] ( a mile 9 bread?4 ,audubon 0     
d\btless mi/ak5 9 8 ha/y inf]5ce t m>ks 
( =e/ deva/ation obs]v$ at su* widely   
sep>at$ po9ts 7 due to ! same /orm1 b   
?is w\ld only illu/rate a lack ( caution
 :i* he sometimes display$4  ,a         
contempor>y writ]#bef decl>$ t          
,audubon's acc\nt ( ,mason1 ! outlaw1 ^:
 "n we are told %\ld be spell$ ,meason1 
0 altoge!r fabul\s2 t he 0 n kill$ by a 
regulator p>ty1 nor 0 8 head /uck ^u a  
tree 9 ! way describ$4#beg ,! same      
critic fur!r discr$it$ ! naturali/'s    
acc\nt ( ,daniel ,boone1 :om he _h      
*>act]iz$ z foll[s3#beh ,! /ature &     
g5]al appe>ance ( ?is w&]] ( ! we/]n    
=e/s approa*$ ! gigantic4 ,8 *e/ 0 broad
 & prom95t2 8 muscul> p[]s display$     
!mselves 9 e limb2 8 c\nt5ance gave     
indication ( 8 great c\rage1 ent]prise1 
& p]sev]ance4 ,boone1 said ?is writ]1 0 

"u six feet high1 probably n m ?an five 
feet1 t5 in*es1 & ( t r\nd1 compact     
build1 :i* makes little %[4 ,?\gh v     
active1 he _h ! appe>ance ( be+ r sl5d] 
& did n seem z l>ge z he really 04 ,9 ! 
case ( ! outlaw1 ,audubon no d\bt retold
 a /ory t _h pass$ f m\? to m\?1 b he   
lat] le>n$ to be w>y ( second-h&        
in=mation1 :i* 9 matt]s ( natural hi/ory
 sometimes l$ him into m s]i\s          
difficulties4 ,9 8 description ( ,boone 
!re 0 no m app>5t motive to deceive ?an 
9 ! case ( 8 own fa!r1 to :om 8         
imag9ation _h add$ ne>ly half a foot 9  
/ature4#bei  ,:5 ,audubon 0 return+ f   
,/e4 ,g5evive 9 ! spr+ ( #ahab1 an      
incid5t occurr$ 9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t 9 !  
c\rse ( 8 w&]+s = upw>ds ( tw5ty-five   
ye>s1 he felt 8 life to be 9 dang] f 8  
fell[ man4#bfj ,ov]tak5 by night on !   
prairie1 he approa*$ ! he>? fire ( a    
small log cab91 :i* at fir/ 0 mi/ak5 = !
 campfire ( "s w&]+ ,indians4 ,on crav+ 
%elt]1 he 0 admitt$ by a tall1 surly    
woman 9 co>se attire1 :o display$ bo? an

 evil eye & a repell5t c\nt5ance2 b %e  
(f]$ him a supp] ( v5ison & j]k$ buffalo
 meat & bade him to make 8 b$ ^u !      
floor4 ,:5 %e espi$ 8 gold wat* & *a91  
h] demeanor sudd5ly *ang$ & %e ask$ to  
take !m 9 h] h&2 %e put ! *a9 ar\nd h]  
brawny neck & by h] mann] betray$ e tok5
 ( covet\s desire4 ,mean:ile1 a "y      
,indian /oic1 :o 0 nurs+ a rec5t arr[   
w\nd1 _h be5 sitt+ 9 sil5ce by ! fire2  
?\gh he spoke n a ^w1 he ca/ an         
expressive glance 9 ,audubon's direction
 :5ev] ! woman's back 0 turn$1 & hav+   
drawn 8 knife f its scabb>d1 express$ 9 
pantomime :at ! confid+ /rang] might    
ev5tually expect4  ,audubon's suspicions
 7 at la/ ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ,he ask$ = 8  
wat*1 & "u pret5se ( =eca/+ ! wea!r1    
took up 8 gun & saunt]$ out ( ! cab92 9 
! d>kness outside he slipp$ a ball 9 ea*
 ( ! b>rels ( 8 gun1 scrap$ ! edges ( 8 
fl9ts1 r5ew$ ! prim+s1 & return$ ) a    
favorable report ( 8 obs]vations4 ,!n   
lay+ "s de] sk9s on ! floor 9 a corn] & 
call+ 8 fai?ful dog to 8 side1 he lay   

d[n & to all appe>ances 0 soon asleep4  
,pres5tly s\nds ( approa*+ voices 7     
he>d1 & at l5g? two /urdy y\?s1 :o 7    
evid5tly ! woman's sons1 appe>$ be>+ a  
dead /ag1 :i* !y _h slung to a pole2 !y 
ask$ at once ab\t ! /rang]1 & call$     
l\dly = :isky4 ,audubon tapp$ 8 dog1 :o 
%[$ by eye & tail t he 0 already al]t4  
,obs]v+ t ! :isky bottle 0 pay+ frequ5t 
visits to ! m\?s ( ! trio1 he hop$ t !y 
w\ld soon be r$uc$ to a /ate (          
helplessness1 b ! woman 0 se5 to take 9 
h] h&s a l>ge c>v+ knife & g delib]ately
 outside to :et its edge on a gr9d/one2 
!n1 call+ to h] drunk5 sons1 %e ask$ !m 
to settle ! /rang] & bade !m d _! bloody
 "w )\t delay4 ,audubon cock$ bo? b>rels
 ( 8 gun1 t\*$ 8 dog aga91 & 0 resolv$  
to %oot at ! fir/ suspici\s move4 ,at   
?is dramatic mom5t ! door sudd5ly op5$ &
 two burly travel]s ) rifles on _!      
%\ld]s ent]$ ! cab94 ,audubon sprang to 
8 feet1 & welcom+ ! /rang]s ) op5 arms1 
lo/ no "t 9 mak+ kn[n to !m 8 desp]ate  
position4 ,no p>ley 0 necess>y1 =1 said 

he1 !y 7 regulators1 :o !n & !re took ! 
law into _! own h&s4 ,! woman & h] sons 
7 promptly secur$1 b\nd1 & left until   
morn+ to sob] (f2 !y 7 !n l$ into !     
woods & %ot4 ,we m>*$ !m into ! woods (f
 ! road1 said ,audubon1 & hav+ us$ !m z 
,regulators 7 wont to use su* del9qu5ts1
 we set fire to ! cab91 gave all ! sk9s 
& implem5ts to ! "y ,indian1 & proce$$1 
well pleas$1 t[>ds ! settlem5ts4 ,w\ld y
 believe1 he add$1 t n _m miles f :]e   
?is happ5$1 & :]e fifte5 ye>s ago1 no   
habitation belong+ to civiliz$ man 0    
expect$1 & v few ev] se51 l>ge roads are
 n[ laid out1 cultivation has conv]t$ ! 
woods into f]tile fields2 tav]ns h be5  
erect$1 & mu* ( :at we ,am]icans call   
com=t is to be met )8 ,s fa/ does       
improvem5t proce$ 9 our abundant & free 
c\ntry4  ,i h giv5 a p>aphrase ( ?is    
,episode z a fur!r illu/ration (        
,audubon's tales ( adv5ture4 ,!re is    
d\btless a c]ta9 am\nt ( inv5tion1 & x  
reads l ! sett+ ( a dime novel incid5t1 
b we see no reason to d\bt ! sub/antial 

tru? ( ei!r ! local color+ or ! fact4 ,9
 answ] to ! "q ( a rec5t comm5tator1#bfa
 ,did remote prairie cab9s h gr9d/ones &
 c>v+ knives8 we w\ld reply t ! knife & 
! ax h foll[$ man to ! fronti] po/s (   
civilization ev]y:]e1 & )\t ! gr9d/one !
 ax is useless4 ,z a concrete in/ance 9 
po9t1 comp>e ?is m9ute ent]$ 9 !        
,proprietors' ,book ( ,records (        
,p]ryt[n1 aft]w>ds ,sutton1 ,new        
,hamp%ire1#bfb = ! ?ird day ( ,septemb]1
 #aggj3 ,vot$ a gr9d/one ( ab\t #h      
%ill+s to be s5t up to ,p]ry/[n1 = ! use
 ( ! settl]s !re2 ! fir/ settl] _h ent]$
 t wild]ness b ?ree ye>s be=e1 & at ! "t
 ?is vote 0 tak5 ! numb] 0 five4        
,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,audubon ,,& ,,raf9esque
       ,! ,ecc5tric ,naturali/ at       
,h5d]son--,bats & new      species--,!  
demoli%$ viol9--,m4 de ,t43 ,con/ant9e  
,samuel ,raf9esque 7,s*maltz7--,8       
precocity1 l+ui/ic      acquirem5ts &   
p]ipatetic habits--,fir/ visit to       
,am]ica      & botanical                
/udies--,resid5ce 9 ,sicily1 & =tune    

made 9 ! drug trade--,association )     
,swa9son--,m>riage      & embitt]m5t--,8
 second j\rney to ,am]ica ends 9        
%ipwreck--,befri5d$--,desc5ds ! ,ohio 9 
a flatboat--,visit      ) ,audubon1 :o  
gives him _m /range new species--,co/   
to zoology--,8 unique "w on ,ohio       
fi%es--,pr(essor%ip      9 ,transylvania
 ,univ]sity--,qu>rel ) its presid5t &   
tru/ees--,return to ,philadelphia--,8   
ard5t love ( nature2      8 writ+s &    
fatal v]satility--,8 s+ul> w--,8 sad    
end & ! ru?less disposition ( 8 e/ate4  
,audubon's humor\s sket* ( ,! ,ecc5tric 
,naturali/ has (t5 be5 quot$1 & x       
pres5ts a picture :i* is amus+1 h[ev]   
%ort ( ! tru? x may fall or h[ev] x may 
fail 9 do+ ju/ice to its subject4 ,?\gh 
8 real h]o is n nam$1 no d\bt z to 8    
id5tity has ev] be5 ent]ta9$4 ,?is      
episode occurr$ at ,h5d]son 9 ! late    
summ] ( #ahah1 & 0 publi%$ ?irte5 ye>s  
aft] 9 ! ,biography ( birds4#bfc ,s9ce !
 /ory 0 n fully told !n & ! aft]-effects
 7 productive ( mu* h>% criticism1 x _c 

be ov]look$ if we w\ld d ju/ice to bo? !
 writ] & 8 subject4  ,:5 walk+ "o day by
 ! riv]1 to foll[ ,audubon's /ory1 he   
saw a man l&+ f a boat ) :at appe>$ l a 
bundle ( dri$ clov] on 8 back2 he       
conclud$ f 8 appe>ance t ! /rang] mu/ be
 an orig9al1 a t]m :i* _h be5 appli$    
also to himself4 ,a meet+ foll[$1 & !   
/rang]1 :o _h inquir$ = ,mr4 ,audubon's 
h\se1 expla9$ t he 0 a naturali/1 & _h  
come to see ,audubon's draw+s ( birds & 
plants2 he bore also a lett] f a fri5d1 
introduc+ an odd fi% :i* might prove to 
be undescrib$4 ,! visitor 0 made welcome
 9 ,audubon's ,h5d]son home1 :]e1 to    
quote ! naturali/1       at table 8     
agreeable conv]sation made u all =get 8 
s+ul> appe>ance4444 ,a long loose coat (
 yell[ nanke51      mu* ! worse ( ! _m  
rubs x _h got 9 its "t1      & /a9$ all 
ov] ) ! juice ( plants1 hung loosely    
ab\t him l a sac4 ,a wai/coat ( ! same1 
) enorm\s      pockets1 & button$ up to 
! *91 rea*$ bel[ ov]      a pair ( tight
 pantaloons1 ! l[] p>ts ( :i* 7         

button$ d[n to ! ankles4 ,8 be>d 0 z    
long z ,i h      kn[n m9e to be dur+ "s 
( my p]egr9ations1 & 8      lank black  
hair hung loosely ov] 8 %\ld]s4 ,8      
=ehead      0 s broad & prom95t t any   
tyro 9 phr5ology w\ld      in/antly h   
pron\nc$ x to be ! resid5ce ( a m9d     
( /rong p[]s4 ,8 words impress$ an      
assurance ( rigid      tru?1 & z he     
direct$ ! conv]sation to ! /udy (      !
 natural sci5ces1 ,i li/5$ to him ) z   
mu* delight      z ,telema*us c\ld h    
li/5$ to ,m5tor4  ,all _h retir$ = !    
night :5 ( a sudd5 a great upro> 0 he>d 
9 ! visitor's room4 ,to 8 great         
a/oni%m5t1 ,audubon f\nd 8 gue/ runn+   
ab\t ! ap>tm5t nak$1 hold+ ! h&le ( 8   
ho/'s favorite viol91 ! body ( :i* _h   
be5 batt]$ to pieces aga9/ ! walls 9 !  
attempt to secure a numb] ( flutt]+ bats
 :i* _h ent]$ by an op5 w9d[4 ,i /ood   
amaz$1 said ,audubon1 b he cont9u$ jump+
 & runn+ r\nd & r\nd1 until he 0 fairly 
exhau/$1 :5 he begg$ me to procure "o ( 
! animals = him1 z he felt conv9c$ !y   

belong$ to 'a new species4' ,al?\gh ,i 0
 conv9c$ to ! contr>y1 ,i took up ! b[ (
 my demoli%$ ,cremona1 & adm9i/]+ a %>p 
tap to ea* ( ! bats z x came up1 soon _h
 specim5s en\gh4 ,o!r incid5ts ( ?is    
visit1 :i* ,audubon said la/$ ?ree      
weeks1 are fully record$4 ,! ecc5tric   
naturali/ collect$ an abundance (       
plants1 %ells1 bats & fi%es4 ,"o ev5+ he
 fail$ to appe>1 & aft] a prolong$ se>* 
0 n[h]e to be f\nd2 nor 7 ! ,audubons   
:olly assur$ ( 8 safety until "s weeks  
lat] !y receiv$ a lett] ) due           
ackn[l$gm5ts ( _! hospitality4  ,! ,m4  
de ,t4 ( ?is episode 0 ,con/ant9e       
,samuel ,raf9esque1 9 _m respects ! mo/ 
s+ul> figure t has ev] appe>$ 9 ! annals
 ( ,am]ican sci5ce4 ,al?\gh "y 9 ye>s1 =
 ,raf9esque 0 !n b ?irty-five1 he 0     
already old 9 exp]i5ce & t ( ! bitt]e/  
sort2 & al?\gh already kn[n to _m 9 bo? 
hemisph]es1 he _h few fri5ds4 ,x is     
c]ta9 t nei!r ,audubon nor anyone else 9
 t "p ( ,k5tucky _h ev] he>d ( him be=e4
  ,born 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ( a fa!r :o 0 a

 ,fr5* m]*ant f ,m>seilles & ( a "m ) a 
,g]man "n :o by nativity 0 ,greek1      
,raf9esque _h kn[n life 9 _m l&s1 & 0   
de/9$1 z he said1 to be a travel] f !   
cradle to ! tomb4#bfd ,8 fir/ voyage1   
made ) 8 p>5ts on _! return to ,france1 
by way ( ,scut>i 9 ,asia1 ,smyrna1 &    
,malta1 l$ to 8 fir/ discov]y1 :5 he 0 a
 ye> old1 = he 0 able to ann\nce t      
infants are n subject to sea-sickness4  
,at elev5 he read ,lat9 & collect$      
plants2 at ?irte5 he wrote 8 fir/       
sci5tific pap]1 ,notes on ! ,ap5n9es1   
:i* he _h se5 :5 travel+ f ,leghorn to  
,g5oa4 ,8 fa!r1 :o set out = ,*9a 9     
#agia1 fell 9 ) pirates1 b manag$ to    
rea* ,am]ica2 he di$ ( ! yell[ fev] 9   
,philadelphia 9 #agic4 ,to escape !     
,reign ( ,t]ror 9 ,france1 ,raf9esque's 
"m fl$ ) h] *ildr5 to ,italy1 :]e f\r   
ye>s 7 pass$ at ,leghorn4 ,!re          
,con/ant9e /udi$ ) private tutors1 b 8  
education 0 nev] =mal & he 0 all[$ to   
foll[ 8 omnivor\s ta/es1 read+1 z he    
said1 t5 times m ?an 0 taught 9 !       

s*ools4 ,8 writ+s are ma9ly 9 ,fr5*1    
,italian1 & ,engli%1 & 8 facility )     
languages 0 no d\bt rem>kable1 ev5 if we
 disc\nt 8 egotiz$ e/imate ( 8 own      
atta9m5ts3 ,i h und]tak5 to read ! ,lat9
 & ,greek1 z well z ! ,hebrew1          
,sanskrit1 ,*9ese1 & fifty o!r          
languages1 z ,i felt ! ne$ or incl9ation
 to /udy !m4  ,9 #ahjb ,raf9esque 0 s5t 
) 8 bro!r to ,am]ica & became a %ipp]'s1
 cl]k at ,philadelphia1 :]e he sp5t all 
( 8 sp>e "t 9 ! /udy ( nature1 plants   
be+ 8 fir/ & greate/ love4 ,"h he 0     
befri5d$ by ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru%1 & dur+   
?is p]iod he made ! acqua9tance ( _m    
pione] naturali/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 
#ahje ! (f] ( a lucrative situation 9   
,sicily lur$ him back to ! ,old ,_w & to
 a c\ntry already kn[n to him4 ,!re he  
soon discov]$ ! m$ic9al squill1 ( anci5t
 repute & ?\ght to be an antidote1 :i* 9
 ! =m ( syrup 0 long ! bane ( *ildhood2 
?is & o!r m$ic9al drugs he export$ to ! 
,european & ,am]ican m>kets 9 su*       
quantities t be=e ! secret ( 8 trade    

became kn[n to ! jeal\s ,sicilians1 he  
_h reap$ f x1 9 conjunction ) 8 o!r     
ent]prises1 a small =tune4 ,dur+ ! t5   
ye>s t 7 sp5t 9 ,sicily we f9d him !    
manag] ( a successful :isky di/ill]y1 ! 
*ancellor or secret>y ( ! ,am]ican      
,consulate at ,pal]mo1 editor1 writ]1 & 
correspond5t ( le>n$ m5 9 ,europe1 z    
well z travel] & explor] 9 e "p ( !     
isl&1 :i* he propos$ to monograph ) all 
( its cont5ts4 ,at ,pal]mo ,raf9esque   
met ! ,engli% naturali/1 ,william       
,swa9son1 8 lifelong correspond5t2      
toge!r !y tramp$ ov] ! isl& & toge!r !y 
work$ = a numb] ( ye>s on ! fi%es ( !   
we/]n coa/4#bfe ,swa9son1 :o became !   
fri5d ( ,audubon1 0 "o ( ! few :o lat]  
def5d$ ,raf9esque4  ,raf9esque esp\s$ a 
,sicilian woman ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & _h 
by h] two *ildr51 ( :om a daught] liv$  
to maturity2 ?is exp]i5ce seems to h    
embitt]$ him aga9/ ! sex1 = no o!r woman
 except+ 8 "m1 to :om 8 ,life ( ,travels
 0 d$icat$1 0 ev] m5tion$ 9 8 writ+s1 & 
?is "o 0 dis9h]it$ 9 8 extraord9>y w4   

,?r\gh fe> ( be+ draft$ into ! ,fr5*    
w>s1 he assum$ = a "t 8 "m's family "n (
 ,s*maltz1 & f9ally left ,sicily 9      
disgu/2 tak+ ) him 8 =tune & fifty boxes
 ( p]sonal goods1 he set out aga9 =     
,am]ica 9 #ahae4 ,sicily1 he decl>$ 9   
epigram1 (f]$ a fruitful soil1 a        
delightful climate1 excell5t            
productions1 p]fidi\s m51 deceitful     
wom54  ,?is second voyage to ! ,new ,_w 
began late 9 ,july b did n end until    
#ajj days lat]1 :51 on ! night (        
,novemb] #b1 8 %ip ran on ! ,race ,rocks
 ne> ,new ,london1 at ! we/]n end (     
,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & ev5tually w5t d[n  
)9 sight ( l& ) all 8 possessions4 ,i _h
 lo/ ev]y?+1 he said1 my =tune1 my %>e (
 ! c>go1 my collections & labors = tw5ty
 ye>s pa/1 my books1 my manuscripts1 my 
draw+s1 ev5 my clo!s 444 all t ,i       
possess$1 except "s scatt]$ funds1 & !  
insurance ord]$ 9 ,engl& = "o ?ird ( !  
value ( my goods4 ,i h f\nd m51 he      
cont9u$1 vile en\gh to laugh )\t %ame at
 my mis=tune1 in/ead ( condol+ ) me6 ,b 

,i h met also ) fri5ds :o deplor$ my    
loss1 & help$ me 9 ne$4 ,"o ( ^! fri5ds 
0 ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ell ( ,new      
,york1 :o _h giv5 a help+ h& to         
,audubon1#bff & x 0 probably ?r\gh him t
 ,raf9esque obta9$ a position z private 
tutor 9 a family liv+ on ! ,hudson4     
,travel+ up & d[n ! c\ntry1 collect+    
objects 9 natural hi/ory1 writ+1 )      
fru/rat$ attempts at bus9ess1 occupi$ a 
numb] ( ! foll[+ ye>s2 mean:ile he _h   
aid$ 9 f\nd+ ! ,lyceum ( ,new ,york & _h
 become a memb] ( ! ,lit]>y &           
,philosophical ,society4 ,at            
,philadelphia he f\nd ano!r fri5d 9 ,mr4
 ,john ,o4 ,clif=d1 ( ,lex+ton1         
,k5tucky1 :o enc\rag$ him to visit !    
,we/1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahah he desc5d$ !   
,ohio 9 an ark 9 company ) sev]al o!rs  
:o _h jo9$ him 9 ! ent]prise4 ,at       
,%ipp+port he 0 welcom$ by ! ,t>ascon   
bro!rs1 fl\r m]*ants1 =m]ly ( ,m>seilles
 & ,philadelphia1 & x 0 ?r\gh !m1       
possibly1 t he fir/ he>d ( ,audubon's   
draw+s ( birds4  ,su* 0 ! odd fi% :o a  

little lat] greet$ ,audubon on ! riv]   
bank at ,h5d]son4 ,_h ,audubon kn[n !   
true hi/ory ( 8 visitor ei!r !n or at a 
lat] "t1 he w\ld n1 we believe1 h held  
him up to ridicule 9 ! ,episode quot$   
above1 & c\ld he h =ese5 ! unpleasant   
consequ5ces t ensu$1 8 conduct w\ld     
assur$ly h be5 diff]5t4 ,a "p ( !       
episode1 :i* ,audubon does n relate1 0  
suppli$ by ano!r naturali/ at a mu* lat]
 day4#bfg ,audubon1 x seems1 0 at t "t a
 good deal ( a wag1 & :e!r to v5t 8     
dislike ( species-mong]s1 to av5ge !    
loss ( 8 viol91 or to gratify "s _s (   
mis*ief1 he play$ ^u ! cr$ulity ( 8     
gue/1 9 a way t c\ld be deem$ h>dly     
cr$itable1 9 giv+ him detail$           
descriptions & ev5 supply+ him ) draw+s 
( sundry impossible fi%es & mollusks4   
,raf9esque took ! bait eag]ly1 duly not$
 d[n ev]y?+ on ! spot1 &1 :at 0 m       
un=tunate = ,am]ican zology1 a ye> lat] 
began to publi% ! results4 ,! fictiti\s 
species ( fi%1 to ! numb] ( t51         
communicat$ by ,mr4 ,audubon1 fir/      

appe>$ z a s]ies ( articles 9 a         
%ort-liv$ & long =gott5 we/]n           
magaz9e1#bfh b 9 #ahbj !y 7 ga!r$ into a
 little volume #bfi n[ consid]$ s qua9t 
& r>e t x has be5 reproduc$ 9 its       
entirety4 ,9 ?is pione] "w on !         
i*?yology ( ! ,ohio ,riv] & ! great     
,middle ,we/1 #aaa k9ds ( ,am]ican      
fre%-wat] fi%es are briefly describ$4   
,^? t5 new species1 repres5t+ app>5tly a
 numb] ( new g5]a1 s l & yet s unlike to
 any?+ yet kn[n1 long rema9$ a /umbl+   
block to ,am]ican zologi/s2 naturally !y
 t5d$ to discr$it ! "w ( ,raf9esque4    
,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,unpubli%$        
,,draw+s ,,( ,,am]ican ,,birds3         
,,above1 ,l',,alcion ,d',,am]ique       
,,sept5trionale ,,buffon4 ,,k+          
,,fi%]4 ,,*ute ,,de ,l',,ohio ,,july    
#ae1 #ahjh4 ,,belt$ ,,k+ ,,fi%]      ,a4
 ,w4-,j4 ,a4 ,,alc$o ,,alcion4 ,,drawn  
,,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,audubon4 ,,no4 #aaj2     
,,bel[1 ,,pass5g] ,,pigeon--,a4 ,w4     
,,columba ,,migratoria4 ,,*ute ,,de     
,l',,ohio4 ,,decemb4 #aa1 #ahji4 #ab    

,,p5nes  ,,la ,,queue ,,tres ,,tagee4   
,,appel ,,ici ,,wild ,,pigeon4 ,j4      
,,audubon4 ,,no4 #aji4       ,publi%$ by
 c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes4  ,z
 a specim5 ( ^! spuri\s fi% /ories1 :i* 
7 previ\sly publi%$ 9 bo? ,am]ica &     
,europe1 we reproduce a "p (            
,raf9esque's description ( ! #ia/4      
,species4 ,devil-,jack ,diamond-fi%4    
,li?olepis adamant9us3       ,?is may be
 reckon$ ! wond] ( ! ,ohio4 ,x is only  
f\nd z f> up z ! falls1 & probably lives
 also 9 !      ,mississippi4 ,i h se5 x1
 b only at a di/ance1 & h      be5 %[n  
"s ( its s+ul> scales4 ,wond]ful /ories 
are      relat$ conc]n+ ?is fi%1 b ,i h 
pr9cipally reli$      ^u ! description &
 figure giv5 me by ,mr4 ,audubon4 ,its  
l5g? is f #d to #aj feet4 ,"o 0 caught  
:i* weigh$      f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,x    
lies sometimes asleep or motionless     
on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & may be mi/ak5 =
 a log      or a snag4 ,x is impossible 
to take x 9 any o!r way ?an      ) !    
se9e or a v /rong hook1 ! prongs ( ! gig

      _c pi]ce ! scales :i* are z h>d z 
fl9t1 & ev5      pro( aga9/ lead balls6 
,its fle% is n good to eat4 ,x is      a
 voraci\s fi%3 ,its vulg> names are     
,diamond fi%1 7ow+      to its scales   
be+ cut l diamonds7 ,devil fi%1 ,jack   
fi%1      ,g>jack1 c4444 ,! :ole body   
cov]$ ) l>ge /one scales      lay+ 9    
oblique r[s1 !y are conical1 p5tagonal1 
&      p5tdral ) equal sides1 f half an 
in* to "o in* 9      diamet]1 br[n at   
fir/1 b becom+ ( ! col\r ( turtle       
%ell :5 dry3 !y /rike fire ) /eel6 & are
 ball      pro(6  ,:ile we _c def5d     
,audubon 9 8 treatm5t ( ,raf9esque1 x   
w\ld be h>dly fair to judge su* incid5ts
 :olly 9 ! light ( aft] ev5ts1 =1 z our 
n>rative w %[1 x is unlikely t he ev]   
saw ,raf9esque or he>d ( him aga9 until 
long ye>s aft] ?is incid5t1 c]ta9ly n   
until aft] 8 ,episode 0 publi%$ 9       
#ahca4bgj ,raf9esque evid5tly enjoy$ ?is
 sket* ( himself1 = he gave un/9t$      
praise to ! "w 9 :i* x 0 publi%$4 ,z    
late z #ahcb1 :5 ! appe>ance ( ,! ,birds

 ( ,am]ica seems to h /imulat$ him to   
ev5 m gr&iose conceptions ( 8 own m]its 
?an 0 usual1 he decl>$ t 8 discov]ies 7 
c\nt$ by ! ?\s&1 & t he _h travel$ tw5ty
 ?\s& miles1 always collect+ & draw+4 ,9
 view ( ! fact t draw+ 0 a tal5t :i*    
nature _h unequivocally d5i$ him1 x is  
int]e/+ to read ?is boa/ t an unfri5dly 
critic drew =?3 ,my illu/rations ( #cj  
ye>s' travels1 ) #b1jjj figures w soon  
beg9 to be publi%$1 & be sup]ior to ^? (
 my fri5d ,audubon1 9 ext5t & v>iety1 if
 n equal 9 beauty4 ,i %all /udy & write 
z long z ,i live1 9 spite ( all su* mean
 attempts aga9/ my reputation &         
ex]tions1 tru/+ 9 ! ju/ice ( lib]al     
m54#bga  ,aft] leav+ ,audubon at        
,h5d]son 9 ! summ] ( #ahah1 ,raf9esque  
pass$ d[n ! ,ohio into ! ,mississippi1  
paus+ only to pay 8 respects at ! fam\s 
communi/ic settlem5t ( ,new ,h>mony1 by 
! m\? ( ! ,waba% 9 ,indiana1 !n ! abode 
( ,?omas ,say1 ,david ,dale ,ow51 &     
,*>les ,le ,sueur1 all ( :om h left     
bright & honor$ names 9 ! annals (      

,am]ican sci5ce4 ,he ev5tually return$  
to ,philadelphia by way ( ,lex+ton1     
,k5tucky1 :]e he 0 induc$ to settle &   
tea* natural hi/ory & ! mod]n languages 
9 ! ,transylvania ,univ]sity1 at t "t ! 
mo/ important seat ( le>n+ 9 ! ,we/4    
,aft] clos+ up 8 bus9ess affairs 9      
,philadelphia1 ,raf9esque ent]$ ^u 8 new
 labors at ,lex+ton 9 ! autumn ( #ahai4 
,he 0 probably ! fir/ tea*] ( ^!        
subjects we/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 & c]ta9ly
 ! fir/ 9 t section ( ! c\ntry to use ! 
pres5t object me?od 9 ! elucidation (   
natural hi/ory4 ,! lot ( a pione] 9     
education has nev] be5 a s9ecure1 & !   
po/ :i* ,raf9esque !n fill$ 0 n a *air b
 a h>d settee4 ,9 ^? days ! classics 7 9
 ! saddle & rode mank9d1 :ile ! natural 
sci5ces1 :5 tol]at$ at all1 7 giv5 %ort 
%rift2 yet ?is ecc5tric =eign] held 8   
position = sev5 ye>s & accompli%$ an    
extraord9>y am\nt ( "w4 ,z usual he     
spread 8 en]gies ov] ! :ole field ( k1  
lectur+1 writ+ & publi%+ on almo/ e     
subject1 b conc5trat+ ^u none4          

,mean:ile1 he roam$ f> & wide & made    
ext5sive collections4  ,:ile at !       
,transylvania ,univ]sity ,raf9esque     
seems to h appli$ = ! ma/] ( arts'      
degree1 b 0 at fir/ refus$1 z he said1  
because ,i _h n /udi$ ,greek 9 a        
college1 al?\gh ,i knew m languages ?an 
all ( ! ,am]ican colleges unit$1 b x 0  
grant$ at la/2 b ! ,doctor ( m$ic9e 0 n 
grant$1 because ,i w\ld n sup]9t5d      
anatomical dissections4  ,"o ( 8 _m     
projects1 z m]itori\s z x 0 impractical1
 at t "t1 0 a ,botanic ,g>d5 ) a ,libr>y
 & ,museum = ,lex+ton1 :i* 0 !n b a     
small village2 ?\gh l& 0 actually secur$
 & a />t 9 tree plant+ begun1 ! project 
( c\rse came to no?+ & _h to be ab&on$4 
,raf9esque also inv5t$1 z he believ$1 ! 
pres5t c\pon sy/em ( issu+ bonds1 !     
,divitial ,inv5tion1 z he call$ x2 9    
#ahbe he set out = ,wa%+ton 9 ord] to   
secure 8 pat5t rights1 b 8 j\rney & idea
 nev] br\ght him any returns4 ,on !     
contr>y1 ! incid5t m>k$ ! culm9ation ( 8
 tr\bles ) ! presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity &  

its gov]n+ bo>d1 :om he seems to h      
con/antly nettl$ by 8 indep5d5t ways &  
roam+ habits4 ,^u return+ f ,wa%+ton he 
f\nd t ,dr4 ,holley1 :o1 he said1 hat$ &
 despis$ ! natural sci5ces & wi%$ to    
drive him out altoge!r1 _h brok5 into 8 
rooms dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & _h giv5 "o to !  
/ud5ts1 & ?r[n all my effects1 books &  
collections 9 a heap 9 ! o!r1 besides   
depriv+ him ( c]ta9 o!r privileges4 ,i  
took lodg+s1 he cont9u$1 9 t[n & c>ri$  
!re all my effects2 ?us leav+ ! college 
) curses on x & ,holley2 :o 7 bo? rea*$ 
by !m soon aft]1 s9ce he di$ next ye> at
 sea ( ! yell[ fev]1 caught at ,new     
,orleans2 hav+ be5 driv5 f ,lex+ton by  
public op9ion2 & ! ,college has be5     
burnt 9 #ahbh ) all its cont5ts4  ,aft] 
?is unpleasant exp]i5ce ,raf9esque      
return$ to ,philadelphia1 :]e he sp5t ! 
la/ & sadde/ "p ( 8 *eck]$ c>e]4 ,8     
insi/5t ideas1 :i* 7 und\bt$ly ! index (
 an unbalanc$ m9d1 increas$1 especially 
8 mania = describ+ new species ( animals
 & plants2 ?is mania p]v]t$ ev]y?+ t he 

wrote1 especially t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 &
 made him a ?orn 9 ! side ( e naturali/ 
:o tri$ to v]ify 8 "w4 ,a non-con=mi/ & 
a respect] ( no au?ority b 8 own is nev]
 popul>1 ?\gh a "p ( ! antagonism :i*   
,raf9esque ar\s$ 0 due to ! cons]vatism 
( 8 age4 ,he boldly advocat$ organic    
evolution :5 almo/ ! :ole _w believ$ t  
species 7 fix$ & un*angeable ?+s1 & 9 _m
 o!r respects 0 fifty ye>s ahead ( 8 "t2
 b no?+ 0 ev] c>efully work$ out 9 8    
f]tile m9d1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! _w paid  
no he$ to 8 crude & undige/$ ideas4  ,! 
great mass ( ,raf9esque's books &       
monographs1 8 tracts1 broadsides1 &     
ephem]al pap]s ( all sorts1 ext5d+ to   
ne>ly a ?\s& titles1 mu/ h gone into    
pap] rags1 :5 n us$ to k9dle fires1 = he
 0 g5]\s 9 _! di/ribution1 & !y are n[  
exce$+ly r>e4 ,he t\*$ ne>ly ev]y?+1 x  
is true1 b little t he t\*$1 especially 
9 ?is lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 did he ev]   
truly ornam5t4 ,8 be/ pione] "w1 9 !    
op9ion ( compet5t /ud5ts1 0 t done ^u ! 
fi%es ( ,sicily & ! natural hi/ory ( !  

,ohio ,valley2 8 ,m$ical ,flora1 9 two  
volumes 7#ahbh & #ahcj71 is also admitt$
 to h possess$ real value2 b 8 writ+s   
are n[ s\ght aft] z lit]>y or sci5tific 
curiosities1 & z su* !y are unique4  ,no
 d\bt ,raf9esque 0 (t5 treat$ unju/ly1  
ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or int5t1 :ile _m  
naturali/s 7 exasp]at$ by ! b>b$ arr[s  
:i* he %ot into ! air or direct at !    
m>k4 ,o!rs ?r\gh %e] inability to foll[ 
him gave up ! attempt1 "o writ]#bgb say+
 t su* an attitude 0 ju/ifi$ :5 x appe>$
 t he _h made six species out ( "o1 n to
 speak ( sev]al diff]5t g5]a & two      
sub-families4 ,if anyone /ill believes t
 ,raf9esque has be5 misjudg$1 says      
,gn!r1#bgc let him read 8 lett]s to     
,swa9son1 f #ahji to #ahdj1 fifty-?ree 9
 numb]1 cov]+ #agh closely writt5 qu>to 
or folio pages1 n[ 9 possession ( !     
,l9nan ,society ( ,london4 ,raf9esque1  
cont9ues ?is critic1 0 a man deeply to  
be commis]at$1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( !    
un=tunate circum/ances :i* left him 9 8 
y\? to himself1 )\t tea*] or guide1 b   

/ill m on ! gr\nd ( t natural           
disposition by :i* 8 univ]sal failure 9 
life 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a  
fev]i% re/lessness :i* entirely         
disqualifi$ him f s]i\s /udy ( any ( !  
multitud9\s subjects :i* attract$ 8 m9d 
9 rapid succession4  ,raf9esque1 b]eft (
 fri5ds & =tune1 unkn[n ev5 to 8        
neighbors1 by :om he seems to h be5     
reg>d$ z a h>mless h]b doctor1 0 left to
 /ruggle on alone1 )\t recognition & )\t
 sympa?y or support4 ,r$uc$ f9ally to   
abject pov]ty1 he concoct$ & sold       
m$ic9es :i* 7 adv]tis$ mu* l quack      
rem$ies at ! pres5t day1 especially 8   
,pulmel1 :i* )\t a d\bt he ?\ght _h cur$
 him ( ! pulmon>y consumption4 ,to      
adv]tise ?is he wrote a little treatise1
 hop+ to realize some?+ f its sale & at 
! same "t to avoid any undue appe>ance (
 empyricism4  ,t[>d ! v end ( 8 life1   
,raf9esque project$ a sav+s bank1 &1    
/rangely en\gh1 ?is seems to h be5 a    
success1 ?\gh j h[ is n cle>1 s9ce x bo?
 borr[$ & loan$ money at six p] c5t4 ,he

 _h already attempt$ to secure rights on
 a /eam-pl\gh1 a subm>9e boat1          
incombu/ible h\ses1 & simil> novelties  
:i* abl] inv5tors h lat] p]fect$4 ,= a  
long "t he l$ ! life ( a p]fect recluse 
9 a g>ret 9 a poor qu>t] (              
,philadelphia1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 collections1
 8 books & 8 manuscripts1 nev] ! _w     
=gett+ b ev] by ! _w =got4 ,!re1 9 !    
dire/ mis]y1 he di$ 9 #ahdj1 at ! age ( 
fifty-six1 )\t a ^w ( *e] or a te> (    
regret4 ,8 body 0 b>ely sav$ f !        
dissect+ table & giv5 dec5t burial ?r\gh
 ! loyalty & promptitude ( "o ( 8 few   
rema9+ fri5ds1 ,dr4 ,william ,mease1 :o 
) und]tak] ,br+hur/1 broke into ! room  
:]e 8 body lay & let x d[n ?r\gh a w9d[ 
by ropes4#bgd ,ev5 8 w 0 ru?lessly      
violat$1 & all ( 8 effects1 9 eight     
dray-loads1 7 hurri$ (f to ! public     
auction rooms & sold 9 b>ga9 lots1 8    
books & all else br++ b a m]e pittance1 
n ev5 en\gh to pay 8 l&lord & !         
adm9i/rator ( 8 e/ate4  ,?us di$ !      
ecc5tric naturali/ :om ,audubon _h      

portray$1 & = :om ! _w 9 g5]al _h %[n   
scant sympa?y4 ,raf9esque1 nev]!less1   
possess$ a m9d ( extraord9>y acum5 & an 
en]gy & v]satility little %ort (        
m>vel\s4 ,he dipp$ into e field ( k1    
look+ = preci\s metal1 b mu* t he br\ght
 to ! surface 0 dross4 ,8 re/less       
v]satility alone w\ld probably h ru9$   
him1 = no?+ %ort ( an analysis ( ! globe
 ) all ( its cont5ts w\ld h satisfi$ 8  
ambiti\s _s4 ,8 0 ! ardor ( ! travel] & 
! explor]1 ) a passionate love = nature 
seldom equal$1 b )\t ! inc5tive & !     
pati5ce ( ! inve/igator or a            
balance-:eel 9 ! judgm5t4 ,8 ambition 9 
e>ly life 0 to become ! greate/         
naturali/ ( 8 age2 _h 8 e>ly tra9+ &    
environm5t be5 suit$ to 8 ne$s1 & _h    
=tune favor$ him m consi/5tly ) h]      
smiles1 ?is ambition possibly might h   
be5 realiz$1 b we suspect t 9 ?is case  
nature w\ld h prov$ /rong] ?an nurture1 
& t he w\ld h be5 ,raf9esque to ! end4  
,,*apt] ,,xx  ,,audubon',s ,,neid1      
#ahai-ahbd3 ,,w&]+s ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,we/   

,,& ,,s\?       ,pivotal p]iod 9        
,audubon's c>e]--,8 spur &              
balance-:eel--,resort to                
portraiture--,taxid]mi/ 9 !      ,we/]n 
,museum--,settles 9 ,c9c9nati--,hi/ory (
 8      relations ) ,dr4                
,drake--,decides to make 8 avocation 8  
bus9ess--,j\rney d[n ! ,ohio &          
,mississippi ) ,mason &                 
,cumm+s--,exp]i5ces ( travel )\t a c5t (
 capital--,life      9 ,new             
,orleans--,v&]lyn's                     
recomm5dations--,orig9al                
draw+s--,*ance meet+ ) ,mrs4 ,pirrie1 & 
engagem5t      z tutor at               
,oakley--,en*antm5ts ( ,we/             
,feliciana--,my      lovely ,miss       
,pirrie--,! jeal\s doctor--,fam\s draw+ 
(      ! rattlesnake--,leaves ,/4       
,francisville & is adrift aga9      9   
,new ,orleans--,obta9s pupils 9 draw+ & 
is jo9$ by      8 family--,impov]i%$1   
moves to ,nat*ez1 & ,mrs4 ,audubon      
becomes a gov]ness--,injuries to 8      
draw+s--,! labors      ( ye>s de/roy$ by

 rats--,tea*+ 9 ,t5nessee--,p>t+      ) 
,mason--,fir/ lessons 9 oils--,mrs4     
,audubon's s*ool at                     
,bee*woods--,pa9t+ t\r fails--,/rick5 at
 ,nat*ez--,at !      ,p]cys'            
plantation--,walk to                    
,l\isville--,settles at ,%ipp+port4     
,audubon's failure at ,h5d]son 0 !      
crucial turn+ po9t 9 8 c>e]4 ,= ! five  
ye>s t imm$iately foll[$ he l$ a        
p]ipatetic exi/5ce 9 ! s\!rn & we/]n    
/ates1 seldom t>ry+ long at "o po9t1 (t5
 leav+ 8 family = mon?s at a "t1 liv+ f 
h& to m\?1 b ev] b5t on p]fect+ ^?      
products ( 8 h& & bra91 8 life /udies ( 
,am]ican birds & plants4  ,at ?is crisis
 ,audubon c\ld h accompli%$ no?+ b = !  
intellig5t devotion ( 8 capable wife4   
,g5]\s1 emotional1 incl9$ to be         
self-indulg5t1 ,audubon ne$$ bo? !      
example & ! spur ( a /rong "* su* z 8   
wife possess$1 & at ?is "t ,lucy        
,audubon furni%$ bo? ! motive p[] & !   
balance-:eel t 7 requisite = !          
developm5t ( h] husb&'s g5ius4 ,)\t h]  

zeal & self-sacrific+ devotion ! _w w\ld
 nev] h he>d ( ,audubon4 ,8 budd+ tal5ts
 ev5tually w\ld h be5 smo!r$ 9 "s       
backwoods t[n ( ! ,middle ,we/ or ,s\?4 
,= ! space ( ne>ly twelve ye>s1 ,mrs4   
,audubon1 n[ z ! head ( a small private 
s*ool1 n[ z a gov]ness 9 "s fri5dly     
family :o appreciat$ h] wor?1           
practically assum$ ! responsibility = ! 
support & education ( _! *ildr5 9 ord] t
 h] husb&'s h&s might be free1 & ) h]   
h>d-e>n$ sav+s 0 able to aid him        
mat]ially 9 ! prosecution ( 8 labors4   
,:5 relatives or fri5ds upbraid$ him = n
 ent]+ ^u "s =m ( lucrative trade1 %e   
recogniz$ 8 g5ius & always came to 8    
support1 be+ fully p]suad$ t he 0 de/9$ 
to become "o ( ! great work]s ( ! _w4   
,:atev] o!rs may h said or done at t "t1
 bo? ,audubon & 8 wife 7 confid5t ( !   
ultimate success ( 8 mission4 ,9 %ort1 !
 "w 9 :i* ! naturali/ 0 engag$ became a 
family int]e/1 9 :i* e memb] 0 de/9$    
soon] or lat] to be> a "p4  ,audubon    
recall$ a somb] incid5t ( ?is "t :i* he 

?\ght might furni% a lesson to mank9d1 &
 he %all relate x 9 8 own words3        
,aft] our dismal removal f ,h5d]son to  
,l\isville1 "o      morn+ :5 all ( u 7  
sadly despond+1 ,i took y      bo?1     
,victor & ,john1 f ,%ipp+port to        
,l\isville4 ,i _h      pur*as$ a loaf ( 
bread & "s apples2 be=e y rea*$         
,l\isville y 7 hungry1 & by ! riv] side 
we sat d[n      & ate our scanty meal4  
,on t day ! _w 0 ) me      z a blank1 & 
my he>t 0 sorely heavy1 = sc>cely _h    
,i en\gh to keep my de> ones alive2 &   
yet ?r\gh ^?      d>k days ,i 0 be+ l$  
to ! developm5t ( ! tal5ts      ,i lov$1
 & :i* h br\ght s mu* enjoym5t to u     
all4444  ,at ,%ipp+port ,audubon 0      
welcom$ by 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,ni*olas ,a4  
,b]?\d4 ,wa/+ no "t 9 va9 regrets1 he   
began do+ portraits 9 crayon1 & ) su*   
success t he 0 able to r5t a mode/      
ap>tm5t & h 8 family ab\t him aga94 ,f  
no *>ges = 8 t5tative ef=ts ! price 0   
gradually rais$ until he receiv$ five   
doll>s or m a head2 ) ! spread ( 8 fame 

ord]s fill$ 8 h&s1 & he 0 call$ long    
di/ances to take lik5esses ( ! dy+ or   
ev5 ( ! dead4 ,audubon's facility 9     
portraiture 0 a valuable res\rce1 & x   
kept him f ! />v+ l9e at _m a p9* 9 lat]
 ye>s4  ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( fri5ds !    
naturali/ 0 (f]$ a position z taxid]mi/ 
at a museum :i* _h j be5 />t$ at        
,c9c9nati2 "h 8 family jo9$ him 9 ! w9t]
 ( #ahai-bj1 & "h he rema9$ = ne>ly a   
ye>4 ,! publi%$ acc\nts ( ?is ,c9c9nati 
exp]i5ce are /rangely confus$ & h l$ to 
asp]sions ( bad fai? :i* 71 we believe1 
q undes]v$4 ,i 0 pres5t$1 said ,audubon1
 to ! presid5t ( ! ,c9c9nati ,college1  
,dr4 ,drake1 & imm$iately =m$ an        
engagem5t to /uff birds = ! museum !re1 
9 conc]t ) ,mr4 ,rob]t ,be/1 an         
,engli%man ( great tal5t1 add+ t 8 sal>y
 0 l>ge2 s indu/ri\s 7 !y1 to cont9ue 8 
acc\nt1 t 9 ab\t six mon?s we _h        
augm5t$1 arrang$1 & f9i%$ all t we c\ld 
d1 b !y f\nd to _! sorr[ t ! memb]s ( ! 
,college museum 7 spl5did promis]s & v  
bad payma/]s4#bge ,x has be5 /at$ t     

,audubon got no?+ f ,dr4 ,drake1 b t    
,mrs4 ,audubon aft]w>ds receiv$ f\r     
hundr$ doll>s1 ( ! twelve hundr$ due1 & 
t ! rema9d] 0 nev] paid4#bgf ,?is matt] 
c n[ be fully cle>$ up1 & x w appe> t ! 
,c9c9nati ,college 0 9 no way involv$2  
,dr4 ,drake 0 n its presid5t1 al?\gh he 
drew its *>t] & 0 "o ( its tru/ees2 !   
,museum 9 :i* ! naturali/ work$ 0 an    
indep5d5t f\ndation2 & ,mrs4 ,audubon 0 
probably paid 9 full = ! s]vice :i* h]  
husb& _h r5d]$4  ,audubon wrote 9 8     
j\rnal 9 #ahbj1 :5 ?is exp]i5ce 0 fre% 9
 8 m9d1 t ow+ to 8 tal5t = /uff+ fi%es  
he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,we/]n ,museum at 
a sal>y ( #abe a mon?2 he made no       
compla9t at t "t ( any lack ( pay4      
,moreov]1 on ! day be=e he />t$ on 8    
cruise d[n ! ,ohio ,riv] on ! #aa? (    
,octob] ( t ye>1 ! ,rev4 ,elijah ,slack 
gave him a lett] ( introduction 9 :i* he
 said t ,audubon _h be5 engag$ 9 our    
museum = #c to #d mon?s1 & t 8 p]=mances
 d honor to 8 p5cil4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,slack1 
l ,dr4 ,drake1 0 "o ( ! manag]s ( !     

,we/]n ,museum1 he mu/ h kn[n (         
,audubon's t]m ( s]vice4 ,we are conv9c$
 t ,dr4 ,daniel ,drake1#bgg ^: "* 0     
above reproa* & :o 0 a ke5 naturali/    
himself1 0 ,audubon's good fri5d1 & t no
 misund]/&+ ev] rose betwe5 !m4 ,9 writ+
 (fh& f memory1 ye>s aft] ! ev5ts1      
,audubon mis/at$ ! facts b evid5tly )\t 
design4  ,9 #ahah ,dr4 ,drake organiz$ !
 ,we/]n ,museum ,society1 ( :i* he said3
 ,i h drawn up ! con/itution 9 su* a    
mann] z to make ! in/itution a complete 
s*ool = natural hi/ory1 & hope to see   
conc5trat$ 9 ?is place1 ! *oice/ natural
 & artificial curiosities 9 ! ,we/]n    
,c\ntry4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,society 0   
held 9 ! summ] ( #ahai1 n long be=e     
,audubon 0 engag$ to "w = x4 ,! memb]%ip
 fee 0 #ej1 a consid]able sum = t p]iod1
 b ! ent]prise 0 well patroniz$4 ,x 0 9 
*>ge ( a bo>d ( :om ,dr4 ,drake 0 ! mov+
 _s2 ano!r memb]1 z we h se51 0 ,rev4   
,mr4 ,slack1 :o became ! fir/ presid5t (
 ! ,c9c9nati ,college1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 
#ahah-ai4 ,! collections ( ! ,museum 7  

plac$ 9 "o ( ! build+s ( ! ,college 9   
ord] bett] to s]ve ! /ud5ts & public1   
:i* w\ld acc\nt = "s ( ! confusion not$ 
above4  ,dr4 ,drake's h&s at ?is "t 7 m 
?an full2 9 ,octob]1 #ahai1 he wrote to 
a fri5d3 ,! ties :i* b9d me to ! _w at  
l>ge seem e day to increase 9 /r5g? &   
numb]s4 ,! cr[d ( mank9d ) :om ,i h "s  
direct or indirect conc]n1 ?ick5s ar\nd 
me1 & ,i see little prospect ( m        
leisure1 nor any ( retirem5t &          
seclusion4 ,at ?is juncture also1 :5    
,audubon & ,be/ 7 work+ = 8 ,museum1    
,dr4 ,drake 0 exp]i5c+ ! fir/ disa/r\s  
*eck 9 8 en]getic c>e]4 ,9 ,janu>y1     
#ahbj1 9 spite ( ! opposition & intrigue
 ( pr(essional rivals1 he succe$$ 9     
organiz+ ! ,m$ical ,college ( ,ohio1 &  
,rob]t ,be/ became ! assi/ant 9 *emi/ry 
& ! curator ( ! ,we/]n ,museum4         
,opposition did n abate1 b in/ead (     
/rangl+ ! ,college :i* he _h f\nd$1 !   
m>plots succe$$ 9 expell+ ! ,doctor f   
its /aff4 ,at la/1 feel+ oblig$ to leave
 ! city1 ,dr4 ,drake accept$ 9 #ahbc a  

position 9 ! rival m$ical s*ool (       
,transylvania ,univ]sity1 & ?us became a
 colleague ( ,con/ant9e ,raf9esque4 ,x w
 be se5 t ,audubon's engagem5t at       
,c9c9nati fell 9 a tr\bl$ era1 & !      
annoyance :i* he may h felt at lack (   
pay 0 probably no fault ( ! h>ass$      
doctor4  ,:ile at ,c9c9nati ,audubon 0  
oblig$ to resort to 8 crayon portraits2 
& he also />t$ a draw+ s*ool1 b x       
requir$ all ( ,mrs4 ,audubon's skill 9  
managem5t to keep ! family out ( debt4  
,9 #ahbj he began = ! fir/ "t s]i\sly to
 consid] ! possibility ( publi%+ 8      
draw+s1 & "u ! spur ( ?is inc5tive began
 to ex]t himself z nev] be=e4 ,he plann$
 a long j\rney ?r\gh ! ,middle ,we/ &   
,s\?1 8 int5tion be+ to desc5d ! ,ohio &
 ,mississippi ,riv]s1 explore ! c\ntry  
ab\t ,new ,orleans1 & !n proce$ z f> ea/
 z ! ,florida ,keys2 he wi%$ also to    
asc5d ! ,r$ ,riv]1 cross ,arkansas1 &   
visit ! ,hot ,spr+s1 be=e return+ aga9  
by riv] to ,c9c9nati4 ,lack ( ready     
money 0 no drawback1 = he 0 n[ confid5t 

( be+ able to live by 8 tal5ts alone4   
,accord+ly1 he left 8 wife to c>e = _!  
two boys1 & on ,octob] #ab1 #ahbj1 />t$ 
d[n riv] 9 a flatboat1 b\nd = ,new      
,orleans4 ,8 companions on ?is j\rney 7 
,capta9 ,cumm+s1#bgh an eng9e] :o _h be5
 9 ! gov]nm5t s]vice1 to :om ,audubon   
became mu* atta*$2 ,joseph ,r4 ,mason1 a
 promis+ arti/ ( eighte51 9 ! rle (     
pupil-assi/ant1 & 8 dog ,da%4 ,al?\gh   
,audubon _h no funds1 he 0 c>eful to    
provide himself ) lett]s to or f m5 (   
m>k :o c\ld be ( assi/ance to him & ?is 
cu/om 0 foll[$ to good effect at a mu*  
lat] day4 ,on ?is occasion he bore      
recomm5dations f ,william ,h4 ,h>rison1 
:o aft]w>ds became ,presid5t1 to        
,gov]nor ,mill] ( ,arkansas1 & f ,h5ry  
,clay1 z well z 8 lett] f ,rev4 ,elijah 
,slack1 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t ! naturali/ 0  
travel+ to complete 8 collection ( !    
birds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* he int5d$ to
 publi% at "s future "t4 ,audubon also  
wrote a p]sonal lett] to ,gov]nor       
,mill]1 fully outl9+ 8 plans1 & ask+ =  

in=mation2 he told ! ,gov]nor t he _h   
be5 work+ fifte5 ye>s1 & t 8 draw+s (   
birds & plants 7 all f nature &         
life-size1 %[+ t ! idea ( publication   
:i* 0 aft]w>ds realiz$ 0 !n fix$ 9 8    
m9d4 ,audubon kept a c>eful j\rnal on   
?is j\rney1 :i* ext5d$ ov] a ye>1 ! la/ 
entry be+ = ! close ( #ahba4bgi  ,z _!  
flatboat /opp$ at _m t[ns & plantations 
on ! riv]s1 ,audubon c\ld hunt game &   
birds to 8 he>t's cont5t4 ,hav+ resolv$1
 z he said1 nev] to draw f a /uff$      
specim51 he work$ at e new bird ) !     
greate/ dilig5ce4 ,x seems almo/        
incr$ible t he %\ld nev] h met ) !      
,h]mit ,?ru% be=e ?is j\rney1 yet "u    
date ( ,oct4 #ad1 #ahbj1 !re is ?is     
entry3 ,we return$ to our boat ) a ,wild
 ,turkey1 a ,telltale ,godwit & a ,h]mit
 ,?ru%1 :i* 0 too mu* torn to make a    
draw+ ( x2 ?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h met )  
?is bird1 & ,i felt p>ticul>ly mortifi$ 
at its condition4#bhj  ,_! visit to     
,nat*ez furni%$ ,audubon ) mat]ials = at
 lea/ two ( 8 ,episodes4#bha ,?is       

incid5t ( 8 g5]osity may be tak5 z      
*>act]i/ic2 f9d+ t "o ( 8 companions 0  
d[n at ! heel & z %ort ( ready money z  
himself1 he s\ght out a %oemak] & (f]$  
to d a portrait ( ! man & 8 wife = two  
pairs ( boots2 ! proposal 0 accept$ =?)1
 & he set to "w2 ! sket*es 7 f9i%$ 9 !  
c\rse ( two h\rs1 & ,audubon & 8        
companion1 hav+ select$ _! boots1 w5t on
 _! way rejoic+4  ,audubon left ,nat*ez 
on ,decemb] #ca1 #ahbj1 on a keel boat  
belong+ to 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,ni*olas ,a4  
,b]?\d1 :o accompani$ him1 & at "o      
o'clock ! /eam] ,columbus haul$ (f f !  
l&+ & took !m 9 t[4 ,t[>ds ev5+1 :5 !y 7
 look+ up _! p]sonal belong+s1 !        
naturali/ f\nd to 8 dismay t a portfolio
 conta9+ all ( ! draw+s t he _h made on 
! voyage d[n ! riv] 0 miss+4 ,lett]s 7  
despat*$ to ,nat*ez fri5ds1 b x 0 n     
until ! #af? ( ,m>* t 8 anxiety 0       
reliev$2 ! miss+ portfolio _h be5 f\nd &
 left at ! (fice ( ,! ,mississippi      
,republican1 :5ce x 0 =w>d$ on 8 ord]1 &
 rea*$ 8 h& on ! #e? ( ,april4 ,s v     

g5]\s _h be5 ! f9d] ( x1 he said1 t :5  
,i c>efully exam9$ ! draw+s 9           
succession1 ,i f\nd !m all pres5t &     
un9jur$1 save "o1 :i* _h probably be5   
kept by way ( commission4  ,on ,new     
,ye>'s ,day1 #ahba1 !y came to at ,bay\ 
,s>a1 at ! m\? ( ! inlet ( t "n1 :i*    
lat] saw mu* ( ,audubon & 8 family4 ,on 
! foll[+ day he made a lik5ess ( ! ma/] 
( _! craft1 ,mr4 ,dick5son1 = :i* he 0  
paid 9 gold2 he also outl9$ two w>bl]s  
by c&le-light 9 ord] to h "t to f9i% !m 
on ! morr[4 ,! capta9 ( _! /eam] 9 8    
anxiety to make ha/e _h set !m adrift at
 ?is po9t1 & !y 7 oblig$ to make _! way 
z be/ !y c\ld1 by aid ( ! curr5t & o>s1 
to ! port ( ,new ,orleans1 :i* 0 f9ally 
ent]$ on ,sunday1 ,janu>y #g1 #ahba4    
,audubon l&$ at ,new ,orleans )\t en\gh 
money to pay = a night's lodg+1 =       
someone _h reliev$ him ( ! little he    
possess$1 & he 0 oblig$ to pass sev]al  
nights on ! boat :ile look+ = "w4       
,undismay$ by 8 f9ancial /raits1 8 fir/ 
visit at daybreak on ,monday 0 to !     

fam\s m>kets ( ! s\!rn city1 :]e he f\nd
 dead birds expos$ = sale 9 great       
numb]s--mall>d1 teal1 ,am]ican widgeon1 
,canada & sn[ geese1 m]gans]s1 tell-tale
 god-wits1 & ev5 rob9s1 bluebirds &     
r$-w+ blackbirds2 he add$ t ! prices 7 v
 de>4  ,^u leav+ ,c9c9nati ,audubon _h  
resolv$ ^u mak+ "o hundr$ draw+s (      
birds2 ?is 0 actually accompli%$1 b only
 aft] repeat$ly modify+ 8 plans & work+ 
9 m humble capacities ?an he 0 at fir/  
incl9$ to consid]4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y 
he wrote 9 8 di>y ( meet+ an ,italian   
pa9t] at ! !at]1 & ( %[+ him 8 draw+ ( !
 ,:ite-head$ ,eagle#bhb at ! rooms (    
,mr4 ,b]?\d2 he 0 mu* pleas$1 & took him
 to 8 pa9t+ ap>tm5t at ! !at]1 !n to !  
directors1 :o v r\ghly (f]$ me "o hundr$
 doll>s p] mon? to pa9t ) ,monsieur     
l',itali54 ,i believe really n[ t my    
tal5ts mu/ be poor1 said ,audubon4 ,8   
refusal ( ?is (f] 9 view ( 8 /rait5$    
circum/ances1 & ! entry :i* foll[$1 7   
*>act]i/ic3 ,jan4 #ac?1 #ahba4 ,i rose  
up e>ly1 torm5t$ by _m disagreeable     

?\ghts1 aga9 ne>ly )\t a c5t1 9 a bu/l+ 
city :]e no "o c>es a fig = a man 9 my  
situation4 ,! foll[+ day ,audubon appli$
 to a self-taught portrait pa9t]1 ,john 
,w4 ,j>vis1 & aft] %[+ 8 draw+s1 0      
engag$ to assi/ him 9 f9i%+ ! clo?+ &   
gr\nd2 b ?is arti/'s mann]s 7 decl>$ to 
be s unc\? & ! pay s poor t he left him 
9 disgu/4  ,:5 he _h made a hit1 z he   
said1 ) ! lik5ess ( a well kn[n citiz51 
ord]s came to him1 & he 0 able to resume
 8 draw+ ( birds4 ,on ,febru>y #bb he   
record$ t he _h sp5t 8 "t 9 runn+ aft]  
ord]s = portraits1 & also 9 va9         
endeavors to obta9 a sight ( ,alex&]    
,wilson's ',orni?ology1' b 0            
unsuccessful 9 see+ ! book1 :i* is v    
high pric$4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 he appe>s to h
 succe$$ 9 ?is que/1 = on ! #ag? ( t    
mon? he 0 able to s5d 8 wife tw5ty      
draw+s ( birds1 eight ( :i* 7 m>k$ z n  
describ$ by ,willson4 ,among !m 7 !     
orig9als ( "s ( ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 plates1 
su* z ! ,great-foot$ ,hawk1 !           
,:ite-head$ ,eagle1 & ! ,h5 ,turkey4#bhc

 ,hav+ se5 9 a newspap] a notice ( an   
exp$ition :i* ! ,gov]nm5t 0 ab\t to s5d 
to ! ,pacific ,coa/1 to survey ! b\nd>y 
( ! t]ritory t _h be5 rec5tly c$$ by    
,spa91 ,audubon became mu* excit$ ov] a 
possible appo9tm5t z draughtsman &      
naturali/4 ,he sat d[n at once & wrote a
 p]sonal lett] to ,presid5t ,monroe1    
:ile hundr$s ( imag9>y birds ( new &    
int]e/+ k9ds seem$ to come )9 ! range ( 
8 gun2 on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* he 0 /ill pond]+
 on ! project1 & al?\gh x is n likely t 
8 lett] ev] rea*$ ! eye ( ! ,presid5t1  
he did receive a recomm5dation f        
,gov]nor ,rob]tson ( ,l\isiana4 ,x 0 )  
?is exp$ition 9 view t he s\ght an      
int]view ) ,john ,v&]lyn1#bhd an em95t  
pa9t] ( hi/orical subjects1 !n work+ 9  
,new ,orleans2 accord+ to "o v]sion     
,v&]lyn treat$ him z a m5dicant1 & ord]$
 him to lay d[n 8 portfolio 9 ! lobby1 b
 end$ by giv+ him a v complim5t>y note1 
9 :i* he prais$ 8 draw+s )\t /9t1       
p>ticul>ly 8 /udies ( birds4  ,dur+ !   
five mon?s sp5t at ,new ,orleans 9      

#ahba1 ,audubon attempt$ to support     
himself & 8 companion by means ( _!     
arti/ic tal5ts1 :ile he 0 pu%+ =w>d 8   
ambiti\s design ( figur+ all ( ,am]ica's
 birds & mo/ *>act]i/ic plants4 ,t he   
receiv$ scant enc\ragem5t b _m rebuffs  
is n surpris+4 ,!y did succe$ 9 obta9+ a
 few pupils 9 draw+1 & ,audubon made a  
numb] ( rapid portraits1 b aft] liv+ = a
 "t on ,ursul9e ,/reet1 ne> ! old       
,conv5t1 & lat] %ift+ f "o qu>t] to     
ano!r1 _! f9ances _h rea*$ s l[ an ebb  
by ! beg9n+ ( ,june t a move 0          
imp]ative4 ,audubon !n decid$ to g to   
,%ipp+port1 ,k5tucky1 & on ! #af? (     
,june1 ) "y ,mason1 he aga9 bo>d$ !     
/eam] ,columbus1 ,john ,d',h>t1 capta91 
& />t$ up riv]4 ,an incid5t n[ occurr$  
:i* affect$ ! naturali/'s :ole aft] life
 by introduc+ him to "o ( ! mo/ favor$  
spots 9 ,l\isiana1 if n 9 ! :ole c\ntry1
 = ! /udy ( bird life1 n to speak ( !   
impressions :i* ! *>m ( new sc5]y1 a ri*
 flora1 & natural products ( ! mo/ v>i$ 
description mu/ h !n made on 8 m9d4     

,mrs4 ,james ,pirrie1 wife ( a prosp]\s 
cotton plant] ( ,we/ ,feliciana ,p>i%1  
happ5$ to be _! fell[-pass5g]4 ,d\btless
 h] curiosity 0 piqu$ by ! w9n+ mann]s &
 fl[+ locks ( ! arti/ic travel]1 ^:     
,gallic acc5t at once betray$ 8         
nationality4 ,:e!r ,audubon _h made h]  
acqua9tance previ\s to ?is j\rney or n  
is n kn[n1 b be=e x 0 end$ 8 f9e        
en?usiasm & ambiti\s plans _h f\nd a    
sympa?iz]1 & he 0 engag$ z tutor to     
,mrs4 ,pirrie's daught] at #fj a mon?4  
,to fur!r 8 orni?ological pursuits x 0  
und]/ood t he & 8 companion %\ld live at
 ,oakley1 h] husb&'s plantation1 five   
miles f ,/4 ,francisville1 on ,bay\     
,s>a1 & t "o-half ( 8 "t %\ld be        
absolutely free = hunt+ & draw+4 ,?us1  
on ,june #ah1 #ahba1 0 =g$ ! l9k t b\nd 
! he>t ( ,audubon to ! ,/ate :i* 0 fir/ 
9 8 affections1 & :i* he w\ld fa9       
believe might h be5 ! sc5e ( 8 nativity4
 ,well may ! ,l\isianians ( today adopt 
him z _! son1 = f t e>ly "t he *]i%$ _! 
,/ate z 9 a peculi> s5se 8 own4  ,x 0 a 

hot & sultry day :5 our w&]]s l&$ at    
,bay\ ,s>a1#bhe a small settlem5t at !  
junction ( ! sluggi% /ream :i* be>s t "n
 & ! ,mississippi1 & proce$$ to climb to
 ,/4 ,francisville1 ! village a mile    
away on ! hill4 ,mrs4 ,pirrie1 :o seems 
to h prec$$ ! travel]s by c>riage1 s5t  
"s ( h] s]vants to relieve !m ( _!      
luggage1 :i* ,audubon said !y f\nd      
light4 ,!y re/$ 9 ! village at ! h\se ( 
,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,swift1 :]e !y 7 invit$ to 
/ay to d9n]1 !n at ! po9t ( be+ s]v$1 b 
feel+ some:at ill at ease1 !y ?ank$ _!  
ho/ & aga9 took to ! road4 ,foll[+ _!   
leisurely guides1 !y n[ trav]s$ a c\ntry
 s new1 s /range1 & s en*ant+1 t ! five 
miles to ! ,pirrie h\se seem$ %ort      
inde$4 ,! ri* magnolias1 cov]$ )        
fragrant blossoms1 ! holly1 ! bee*1 !   
tall yell[ popl>1 ! hilly gr\nd1 & ev5 !
 r$ clay1 to quote ,audubon's record    
made at ! "t1 all excit$ my admiration4 
,su* an entire *ange 9 ! face ( nature1 
9 s %ort a "t1 seems almo/ sup]natural1 
& surr\nd$ once m by num]\s w>bl]s &    

?ru%es1 ,i enjoy$ ! sc5e4               
,illu/ration3 ,,bay\ ,,s>a ,,l&+1 ,,we/ 
,,feliciana ,,p>i%1      ,,l\isiana1    
,,at ,,! ,,junction ,,( ,,bay\ ,,s>a ,,&
 ,,! ,,mississippi      ,,riv]4         
,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,on ,,bay\ ,,s>a  
,,creek1 ,,audubon',s ,,hunt+           
,,gr\nd ,,9 #ahba4       ,?is & ! above 
aft] photographs by ,mr4 ,/anley ,clisby
      ,ar?ur1 #aiaf4  ,9 pass+ up !     
,mississippi f ,new ,orleans1 !         
topography ( ! c\ntry sudd5ly *anges at 
ab\t ?is po9t2 9 ! p>i% ( ,we/          
,feliciana ! alluvial l[l&s ( ! riv]    
valley give place to beautiful highl&s1 
:i* /ill h>bor z ri* & di/9ctive a flora
 & fauna z 9 ,audubon's day4 ,foll[+    
,audubon's c\rse 9 ,june1 #aiaf1 or     
n9ety-five ye>s lat]1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur f\nd !
 region ab\t ,/4 ,francisville          
wond]fully ri* 9 birds1 & !re not$      
sev5ty-eight resid5t k9ds :i* 7 se5 on !
 same day1 f %ortly be=e noon to sev5   
o'clock 9 ! ev5+4  ,^u rea*+ !          
plantation h\se1 ,audubon & 8 companion 

7 k9dly receiv$ by ! ,scot*man1 ,james  
,pirrie1 :o introduc$ to !m 8 daught]1  
,eliza1 !n a beautiful & tal5t$ girl (  
sev5te5--my lovely ,miss ,pirrie1 (     
,oakley1 z ,audubon once *>act]iz$ h] 9 
8 j\rnal--:o 0 to become 8 pupil 9      
draw+1 & :o1 z aft] ev5ts prov$1 0 de/9$
 to a romantic & *eck]$ c>e]4  ,!       
,oakley h\se1 :i* by a /range turn (    
=tune's :eel ?us became ! naturali/'s   
home 9 ! summ] ( #ahba1 has *ang$ b     
little s9ce t "t1 b ! c5tury t has ne>ly
 sp$ its c\rse has add$ /r5g? & beauty  
to ! moss-hung oaks :i* n[ encompass x &
 temp] ! heat ( ! s\!rn sun 9 !         
d\ble-deck$ gall]ies :i* adorn its :ole 
front4 ,built ( ! endur+ cypress1 z my  
correspond5t rem>ks1 ! h\se /&s z firm &
 s\nd z ! gaunt b liv+ s5t9els ( t ord] 
:i* t[] f ! brake n f> away4  ,audubon  
sp5t ne>ly five mon?s at ! ,pirrie      
e/ate4 ,he work$ ) great ardor at 8     
,orni?ology & produc$ ! orig9als ( _m ( 
8 plates t 7 aft]w>ds publi%$1 :ile 8   
assi/ant1 ,joseph ,mason1 :o _h foll[$  

him f ,c9c9nati1 labor$ ) equal dilig5ce
 at ! plants t 7 *os5 z a sett+ = !     
birds4#bhf ,an e>ly draw+ ( ! ,*uck ,w's
 ,wid[ is dat$ ,r$ ,riv]1 ,june1 #ahba1 
& x is probable t he foll[$ ?is /ream   
into ,arkansas1 = on leav+ ,c9c9nati 9 !
 autumn ( ! previ\s ye>1 he _h plann$ to
 ent] t ,/ate1 & lat] ref]5ces 9 8      
j\rnals cle>ly imply t ?is object 0     
atta9$4 ,ano!r favorite hunt+ gr\nd 0   
,?ompson's ,creek1 & he (t5 recall$ its 
heat$ banks1 :]e1 on a ,f\r? ( ,july1 he
 once satisfi$ 8 hung] by swall[+ !     
roa/$ eggs ( a l>ge s(t %ell$ turtle4   
,on ,augu/ #aa1 #ahba1 :ile ,audubon 0  
liv+ at ,oakley1 he made ?is entry 9 8  
j\rnal3       ,wat*$ all night by ! dead
 body ( a fri5d ( ,mrs4 ,p----2 he      
0 n kn[n to me1 & he _h lit]ally drunk  
himself to an      ev]la/+ sleep4 ,peace
 to 8 s\l6 ,i made a good sket* (      8
 head1 z a pres5t = 8 poor wife4 ,on su*
 occasions      "t flies v sl[ inde$1 s 
mu* s t x look$ z if      x /ood /ill1 l
 ! hawk t poises ov] its prey4  ,9 !    

same j\rnal also1 = ,augu/ #be1 occurs a
 record :i* ?r[s light on "o (          
,audubon's mo/ discuss$ & que/ionable   
pictures1 t ( ! mock+-birds def5d+ _!   
jessam9e-emb[]$ ne/ f ! s9i/] designs ( 
a rattlesnake2#bhg little did he ?9k at 
! "t h[ mu* discord ?is v5om\s reptile1 
:5 coil$ 9 ! bran*es ( a tree1 c\ld lat]
 bre$4#bhh ,! entry 03       ,f9i%$     
draw+ a v f9e specim5 ( a rattlesnake1  
:i*      measur$ five feet & sev5 in*es1
 weigh$ six & a qu>t]      p\nds1 & _h  
t5 rattles4 ,anxi\s to give x a position
      mo/ int]e/+ to a naturali/1 ,i put
 x 9 t :i* !      reptile commonly takes
 :5 on ! po9t ( /rik+ madly      ) its  
fangs4 ,i _h exam9$ _m be=e1 &          
especially      ! position ( ! fangs    
along ! sup]ior jaw-bones1 b      _h    
nev] se5 "o %[+ ! :ole ( ! fangs expos$ 
at ! same "t4  ,he !n describ$ ! g5]\s  
provision :i* nature has made to keep ! 
rattlesnake 9 fight+ trim1 by giv+ x a  
d5tal ars5al on :i* x c draw 9 case (   
loss2 he add$ t ! heat ( ! day 0 su* t  

he c\ld devote only sixte5 h\rs to !    
draw+4  ,at ?is "t ,audubon 0 a h&some &
 attractive man2 8 pupil1 :o did n enjoy
 ! be/ ( heal?1 0 att5d$ by a "y        
physician :o 0 also h] lov]4 ,x is n    
surpris+ !re=e to le>n t jeal\sy on ! "p
 ( ! doctor l$ to a misund]/&+1 & t !   
naturali/ sudd5ly made 8 dep>ture &     
return$ to ,new ,orleans4 ,9 record+ ?is
 incid5t ,audubon c\ld n repress 8      
amusem5t at ! prescription ( !          
physician1 :o ord]$ ! "y lady to ab/a9 f
 all writ+ & draw+ = a p]iod ( f\r      
mon?s1 b mean:ile p]mitt$ h] to eat     
any?+ :i* pleas$ h] fancy1 9 spite ( !  
relapses ( fev] t occasionally occurr$4 
,audubon 0 all[$ to see h] only at      
appo9t$ h\rs1 z if1 he said1 he 7 an    
extraord9>y ambassador to "s di/ant     
c\rt1 & 0 oblig$ to pres]ve ! utmo/     
decorum ( mann]2 he express$ ! belief t 
he _h n once laugh$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! "y  
lady dur+ ! entire t]m ( 8 tutorial     
engagem5t1 :i* la/$ f ! #ah? ( ,june to 
! #ba/ ( ,octob]4 ,lat]1 9 ,decemb] ( ! 

same ye>1 :5 8 =m] pupil pass$ him )\t  
recognition 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,orleans1 
he indulg$ 9 ! reflection t %e _h       
app>5tly q =gott5 ! great pa9s ) :i* at 
h] own reque/ he _h done h] portrait 9  
pa/els1 b1 ?anks to 8 tal5ts1 he ?\ght t
 he c\ld run ! gauntlet ( ! _w )\t h]   
help4#bhi  ,at ,new ,orleans ,audubon   
soon f\nd new pupils1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh !
 aid ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,pam> & ,mr4 ,william   
,braud1#bij :o came to 8 assi/ance1     
,mrs4 ,braud & h] son pay+ him at ! rate
 ( ?ree doll>s = a lesson ( "o h\r4 ,on 
,novemb] #aj1 #ahba1 he wrote3          
,cont9u$ my close application to my     
orni?ology1 writ+      e day1 f morn+   
until night1 omitt+ no obs]vations1     
correct+1 re-arrang+ f my notes &       
measurem5ts1 &      po/+ up2 p>ticul>ly 
all my l& birds4 ,! great _m      errors
 ,i f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,wilson a/oni%$ me4 ,i
 try to      speak ( !m ) c>e1 & z      
seldom z possible1 kn[+      ! good w ( 
t man1 & ! va/ _m he>say acc\nts      he
 dep5d$ on4    ,illu/ration3 ,,road     

,,lead+ ,,f ,,bay\ ,,s>a ,,l&+ ,,to     
,,! ,,village ,,( ,,/4 ,,francisville1  
,,we/ ,,feliciana ,,p>i%1               
,,l\isiana4    ,illu/ration3 ,,oakley1  
,,james ,,pirrie',s ,,plantation ,,h\se 
,,ne>      ,,/4 ,,francisville4         
,?is & ! above aft] photographs by ,mr4 
,/anley ,clisby      ,ar?ur1 #aiaf4     
,aga91 on ! #be? ( t mon? is ?is entry3 
,s9ce ,i left ,c9c9nati ,i h f9i%$ #fb  
draw+s ( birds      & plants1 #c        
quadrup$s1 #b snakes1 fifty portraits ( 
all      sorts1 & ! l>ge "o ( ,fa!r     
,antonio1#bia besides      giv+ _m      
lessons1 & ,i h made out to s5d money to
      my wife suffici5t = h] & my       
,k5tucky lads1 & to live      9 humble  
com=t ) only my tal5ts & indu/ry1 )\t   
"o c5t to beg9 on4 ,i s5t a draft to my 
wife1 & began      to live 9 ,new       
,orleans ) =ty-two doll>s1 heal?1 &     
mu* anxiety to pursue my plan ( collect+
 all ! birds (      ,am]ica4  ,! close (
 ! ye> #ahba f\nd ,audubon tea*+ a few  
pupils at ,new ,orleans1 :]e1 he said1 8

 /yle ( "w & ! l>ge prices he receiv$   
caus$ him ! ill w ( e arti/ 9 ! city4 ,!
 figure :i* he cut 9 ! /reets1 ) 8 loose
 dress ( nanke5 & long1 fl[+ locks1 made
 him wi% to appe> l o!r p1 & he 0 soon  
able to rejoice 9 a new suit ( clo!s4   
,?\gh /ill 9 ne$ ( "w1 :5 he 0 ask$ to  
aid 9 pa9t+ a panorama ( ,new ,orleans1 
he refus$1 begrudg+ ! "t1 say+ t he did 
n wi% to see any o!r p]spective ?an t ( 
! la/ ( 8 draw+s4  ,hav+ be5 f home =   
ov] a ye>1 ,audubon n[ wi%$ to h 8      
family ab\t him aga94#bib ,8 plan did n 
appeal to 8 practical wife1 :o _h _m    
fri5ds at ,c9c9nati1 :]e %e 0 assur$ ( a
 good income ?r\gh h] tea*+2 ,mrs4      
,audubon also felt t to be con/antly    
%ift+ ab\t 0 any?+ b favorable to !     
education ( _! *ildr54 ,h] reluctance1  
h[ev]1 gave way1 & 9 ,decemb] %e jo9$ h]
 husb& 9 ,new ,orleans1 b only to f9d t 
! city c\ld af=d !m no settl$ means (   
support4 ,! situation ( ! ,audubon      
family dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahba-bb became    
prec>i\s 9 ! extreme1 & = two mon?s     

,audubon gave up 8 habit ( j\rnaliz+1 "o
 reason be+ t he c\ld n af=d ! paltry   
sum necess>y to buy a blank book = ?is  
purpose4  ,compell$ at la/ to make a new
 move1 ,audubon />t$ = ,nat*ez1 on !    
#af? ( ,m>*1 #ahbb1 pay+ = 8 passage on 
! /eam] ,eclat by do+ a crayon portrait 
( ! capta9 & 8 wife4 ,x 0 :ile go+ up ! 
riv] at ?is "t t he op5$ a *e/ conta9+  
two hundr$ ( 8 draw+s to f9d !m sadly   
damag$ by ! break+ ( a bottle ( gunp[d]1
 b ! loss !n su/a9$ 0 app>5tly slight 9 
comp>ison ) t :i* he _h exp]i5c$ 9 an   
e>li] disa/]4 ,to foll[ 8 acc\nt ( ?is  
e>li] & bett] kn[n incid5t1 :5 leav+    
,h5d]son = ,philadelphia1 he c>efully   
plac$ all ( 8 draw+s 9 a wood5 box &    
entru/$ !m to ! c>e ( a fri5d1 )        
injunction t no h>m %\ld befall !m2 ^u  
return+ sev]al mon?s lat]1 8 treasure   
*e/ 0 op5$1 b only to reveal t a pair ( 
,norway rats _h tak5 possession ( !     
:ole1 & _h re>$ a "y family among/ !    
gnaw$ bits ( pap]1 :i* b a few mon?s    
be=e repres5t$ ne>ly a ?\s& inhabitants 

( ! air4 ,! heat t 0 imm$iately felt 9 8
 head1 said ! naturali/1 0 too great to 
be endur$1 & ! days t foll[$ 7 days (   
oblivion to him2 b ^u recup]ation he    
took up 8 gun1 8 notebook & 8 p5cils1 & 
w5t =? to ! woods z gaily z if no?+ _h  
happ5$2 aft] a lapse ( ?ree ye>s 8      
portfolio 0 aga9 fill$1 & ! e>li] "w    
replac$ by bett]4 ,audubon's draw+s &   
plates 7 also repeat$ly ravag$ by fires1
 b ?is 0 at a mu* lat] day4  ,:ile      
,audubon 0 engag$ 9 tea*+ ,fr5*1 music1 
or draw+1 n[ to private pupils at       
,nat*ez1 n[ 9 a s*ool at ,wa%+ton1      
,mississippi1 n9e miles away1 ! summ] ( 
#ahbb pass$ ) ! outlook z om9\s z ev]4  
,on ,augu/ #bc he wrote3 ,my fri5d1     
,joseph ,mason1 left me today1 & we     
exp]i5c$ great pa9 at p>t+4 ,i gave him 
pap] & *alks to "w 8 way )1 & ! d\ble   
b>rell$-gun 444 :i* ,i _h pur*as$ 9     
,philadelphia 9 #ahje4 ,mason1 :o1 = a  
ye> & n9e mon?s1 0 ,audubon's aid &     
con/ant companion1 seems to h settl$    
ev5tually z an arti/ 9 ,philadelphia1   

:]e we he> ( him 9 #ahbd & aga9 9       
#ahbg4bic  ,9 ! foll[+ ,decemb] ,audubon
 receiv$ a fre% impetus t[>ds ! goal ( 8
 ambition by ! arrival at ,nat*ez ( a   
travel+ portrait pa9t]1 nam$ ,john ,/e91
 :o gave him 8 fir/ lessons 9 ! use (   
oils2 8 initial attempt 0 ! copy ( an   
ott] f "o ( 8 own draw+s4 ,audubon &    
,/e9 toge!r lat] pa9t$ a full-l5g?      
portrait ( ,fa!r ,antonio :i* 0 s5t to  
,havana4 ,arti/s :o h work$ long 9 "o   
m$ium are n always successful 9 ano!r1 b
 ^? :o h se5 "s ( ,audubon's lat] &     
bett] works 9 oil1 su* z 8 l>ge canvas (
 ! ,wild ,turkeys1#bid mu/ admit t he   
atta9$ a high degree ( skill4 ,z w be   
se51 ?is acquisition 0 a /rong /r+ to 8 
b[2 :5 9 ,engl& 8 bru% help$ l>gely to  
pay = ! issue ( 8 e>ly plates4  ,mrs4   
,audubon1 :o jo9$ h] husb& 9 ,new       
,orleans on ,decemb] #h1 #ahba1 soon    
felt oblig$ to seek employm5t4 ,%e      
engag$ z nurse or gov]ness 9 ! family ( 
,mr4 ,braud1 presumably ! same ^: wife &
 son _h receiv$ in/ruction 9 draw+ f !  

naturali/ ! previ\s autumn1 & rema9$ ) t
 family until ,septemb]1 #ahbb1 :5 !    
dea? ( ! *ild t 0 plac$ 9 h] *>ge left  
h] free to foll[ h] husb& to ,nat*ez4   
,aft] attempt+ a simil> position 9 !    
home ( a cl]gyman !re & f9d+ x          
impossible to obta9 h] sal>y1 9 ,janu>y1
 #ahbc1 %e 0 invit$ by ! ,p]cys to ,we/ 
,feliciana1#bie !n a prosp]\s cotton    
di/rict1 at ! apex ( ! sali5t made by ! 
neighbor+ /ate ( ,mississippi & bord]$  
on two sides by ! great riv]4 ,h] wor? 0
 evid5tly appreciat$1 = %e 0 enc\rag$ to
 e/abli% a private s*ool on ! ,p]cys'   
plantation1 :i* %e conduct$ successfully
 = five ye>s4  ,capta9 ,rob]t ,p]cy1 :o 
be=e com+ to ,am]ica 9 #agif _h be5 an  
(fic] 9 ! ,briti% ,navy1 0 liv+ at ?is  
"t ) 8 wife & five *ildr5 at _!         
plantation ( ,weyanoke1 on ,big ,s>a    
,creek1 fifte5 miles f ,/4              
,francisville2 ?is t[n1 ow+ to its l>ge 
%ipm5ts ( cotton1 0 !n at ! height (    
prosp]ity1 & its population no d\bt     
exce$$ t ( ! pres5t day2 x n[ /&s at    

ab\t "o ?\s& s\ls4 ,lett]s & j\rnals ( !
 p]iod con/antly ref] to ,bee*woods1 :i*
 0 n ! mansion h\se1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly   
belong$ to ! ,rob]t ,p]cy e/ate4 ,!re x 
0 t ! wife ( ! naturali/ liv$1 & !re %e 
/>t$ h] s*ool1 = ! b5efit n only ( !    
,p]cy boys & girls1 b also ( a limit$   
numb] ( *ildr5 ( _! weal?y neighbors2 h]
 own son1 ,john ,woodh\se ,audubon1 !n  
elev5 ye>s ( age1 at ?is "t receiv$     
in/ruction at h] h&s4 ,! p>i% ( ,we/    
,feliciana1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 0 "o ( ! 
ri*e/ cotton-produc+ sections ( ! entire
 ,/ate2 its c>e-free plant]s l$ an easy 
life until ! k+ 0 unc]emoni\sly de?ron$ 
by a small1 b n insignificant insect :i*
 has prov$ mighti] ?an ei!r fire or     
sword1 namely1 ! boll-weevil2 n[ _m a   
f9e old e/ate :i* has langui%$ "u !     
influ5ce ( ! pe/ c\ld probably be b\ght 
= a song4 ,bee*woods1 ?us devot$ to     
educational purposes1 lat] came into !  
h&s ( ,?omas ,p]cy1 b ! h\se1 l t (     
,weyanoke1 0 long s9ce burn$ to ! gr\nd4
  ,:ile ,mrs4 ,audubon 0 e/abli%+ h]    

rules & au?ority at ! ,p]cy s*ool1 !    
naturali/ 0 pa9t+ ) ,/e9 at ,nat*ez1 &  
he rema9$ !re ) 8 eld] son until ! spr+ 
( #ahbc4 ,at ?is p]iod he wrote 9 8     
j\rnal3 ,i _h f9ally det]m9$ to break   
?r\gh all bonds1 & foll[ my             
orni?ological pursuits4 ,my be/ fri5ds  
solemnly reg>d$ me z a madman1 & my wife
 & family alone gave me enc\ragem5t4 ,my
 wife det]m9$ t my g5ius %\ld prevail1 &
 t my f9al success z an orni?ologi/ %\ld
 be triumphant4  ,9 ,m>*1 #ahbc1        
,audubon & fri5d ,/e9 b\ght a horse &   
wagon1 & 9 ! hope ( rais+ money ?r\gh _!
 jo9t ef=ts z it9]ant portrait pa9t]s1  
set out ) ,victor on a t\r ( ! ,s\!rn   
,/ates4 ,?is v5ture1 h[ev]1 did n       
succe$1 & aft] visit+ ,jackson & a numb]
 ( o!r t[ns1 !y disb&$ at ,new ,orleans4
 ,audubon !n />t$ nor? ) 8 son =        
,l\isville1 b ^u pay+ a visit to 8 wife 
at ! ,bee*woods s*ool1 he 0 invit$ by ! 
,p]cys to rema9 !re = ! summ] & tea* !  
"y ladies music & draw+4 ,accord+ to a  
tradition :i* has surviv$ among ! ,p]cy 

desc5dants1 ,audubon sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9  
roam+ ?r\gh ! woods1 b he also taught 8 
wife's pupils to swim 9 ! l>ge spr+ h\se
 at ,weyanoke1 :]e ! wat] c\ld be deep5$
 at pleasure4 ,x 0 also said t he pa9t$ 
! ,wild ,turkeys 9 ! woods ( ,sleepy    
,holl[ ne> by1 b ,i h already giv5      
,audubon's own record 9 reg>d to "o ( ^!
 pictures1 &1 z ,mr4 ,ar?ur rem>ks1 !   
places 9 ,l\isiana :]e he drew ^! fam\s 
subjects are z num]\s z ! b$s 9 :i*     
,lafayette slept :5 at ,new ,orleans4   
,audubon rema9$ ) ! ,p]cys dur+ ! great]
 "p ( ! summ]1 or until "s misund]/&+   
arose1 :5 he 0 aga9 adrift & ^u a sea ( 
difficulties4 ,:ile visit+ a plantation 
ne> ,nat*ez1 bo? he & ,victor 7 /rick5 )
 fev]2 8 fai?ful wife ha/5$ to !m1 &    
aft] nurs+ bo? back to heal?1 %e return$
 ) !m to ! ,p]cy plantation1 :]e !y     
rema9$ f ! #h? to ! #cj? ( ,septemb]4   
,9 ! autumn ( #ahbc ,audubon 0 det]m9$  
to visit ,philadelphia1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ 
a sponsor = 8 ,orni?ology4 ,al?\gh ! "w 
0 !n f> f ready = publication1 he felt t

 at lea/ he might bett] 8 condition1 & )
 ?is end 9 view he s5t 8 draw+s f       
,nat*ez to t city2 a ha/y visit 0 made  
also to ,new ,orleans1 = ! purpose1 no  
d\bt1 ( obta9+ cr$5tials to possible    
patrons 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at la/1 on ,octob]   
#c1 he />t$ ) ,victor on ! /eam]        
,magnet#bif = ,l\isville4 ,l[ wat]      
quickly held !m up aft] ent]+ ! m\? ( ! 
,ohio1 & !y 7 oblig$ to disemb>k at !   
little village ( ,tr9ity1 at ! m\? (    
,ca% ,creek1 ! sc5e ( ,audubon's        
misadv5tures ) ,rozi] ?irte5 ye>s be=e4 
,! remot5ess ( ! situation & ! /ate ( _!
 funds1 :i* correspond$ ) t ( ! riv]1   
left no alt]native b to walk1 & !y      
und]took to rea* ,l\isville1 sev]al     
hundr$ miles di/ant1 afoot4 ,two o!r    
travel]s jo9$ !m1 & ) ,victor1 !n a lad 
( ne>ly f\rte51 ! p>ty left ! creek at  
noon on ,octob] #ae & /ruck across      
c\ntry ?r\gh ! =e/s & canebrakes4 ,at   
,gre5 ,riv]1 :i* 0 rea*$ on ! #ba/1     
,victor gave out f %e] exhau/ion1#big & 
! rema9d] ( ! j\rney 0 f9i%$ 9 a ,j]sey 

wagon4 ,at l5g?1 said ,audubon1 ,i ent]$
 ,l\isville ) ?irte5 doll>s 9 my pocket4
 ,at ,%ipp+port1 !n an indep5d5t t[n at 
! ,falls ( ! ,ohio1 he 0 oblig$ to      
settle d[n = ! w9t]4 ,a place = ,victor 
0 f\nd 9 ! c\nt+-h\se ( ,ni*olas ,a4    
,b]?\d1 :ile ! fa!r und]took any?+ t    
came to h&1 pa9t+ portraits1 l&scapes1  
panels = riv] boats1 & ev5 /reet signs1 
s h>d press$ 0 he at times to eke out a 
subsi/5ce = !m bo?4 ,yet ,audubon 0 z   
sangu9e z ev]1 & on ,novemb] #i he      
record$ ! resolution to pa9t "o hundr$  
views ( ,am]ican sc5]y1 & add$3 ,i %all 
n be surpris$ to f9d myself seat$ at !  
foot ( ,niag>a1 a pr$iction :i* 0       
fulfill$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4  ,dur+ ! w9t]  
sp5t at ,%ipp+port1 ,audubon lo/ a g5tle
 fri5d 9 ,madame ,b]?\d1#bih ! "m (     
,ni*olas4 ,9 8 j\rnal = ,janu>y #bj1    
#ahbd1 we read 8 emotional words3       
,i arose ?is morn+ by ! transp>5t light 
:i* is !      effect ( ! moon be=e dawn1
 & saw ,dr4 ,middleton pass+      at    
full gallop t[>ds ! :ite h\se2 ,i       

foll[$--alas6      my old fri5d 0       
dead6444 _m te>s fell f my eyes1        
accu/om$ to sorr[4 ,x 0 impossible = me 
to "w2 my      he>t1 re/less1 mov$ f    
po9t to po9t all r\nd !      compass (  
my life4 ,ah ,lucy6 :at h ,i felt       
to-day6 444      ,i h sp5t x ?9k+1 ?9k+1
 le>n+1 weigh+ my      ?\ghts1 & q sick 
( life4 ,i wi%$ ,i _h be5 z quiet      z
 my v5]able fri5d1 z %e lay = ! la/ "t 9
 h]      room4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi  ,d,,b 
,,z ,a ,,naturali/       ,audubon makes 
8 b[ at ,philadelphia--,is greet$ )     
plaudits & cold wat]--,fri5d%ip (       
,h>lan1 ,sully1      ,bonap>te &        
,h>ris--,ho/ility ( ,ord1 ,lawson & o!r 
fri5ds ( ,alex&] ,wilson--,a meet+ (    
academicians--,visit      to ,mill      
,grove--,exhibits draw+s 9 ,new ,york & 
becomes a      memb] ( ! ,lyceum--,at ! 
,falls ( ,niag>a--,9 a gale on          
,lake ,erie--,episode at                
,meadville--,walk to ,pittsburgh--,t\r (
      ,lakes ,ont>io &                  
,*ampla9--,decides to take 8 draw+s     

to ,europe--,desc5ds ! ,ohio 9 a        
skiff--,/r&$ at      ,c9c9nati--,tea*+  
at ,/4 ,francisville4   ,9 #ahbd aft]   
five h>d ye>s ( /ruggle & emb>rassm5t1  
,audubon decid$ t ! "t _h come to br+ 8 
labors to ! light ( day4 ,at ?irty-n9e1 
he read & spoke two languages b 0 )\t   
adequate tra9+ 9 ei!r2 he _h nev] writt5
 a l9e = publication1 & to ! sci5tific  
_w he 0 a /rang]4 ,?\gh )\t a def9ite   
plan1 he *]i%$ ! ard5t hope ( pres5t+ ! 
birds ( 8 belov$ ,am]ica z he _h depict$
 !m1 to ! size ( life1 & ) all ! add$   
int]e/ & ze/ t a natural environm5t c\ld
 give !m4  ,to ,philadelphia ! naturali/
 n[ turn$ 8 /eps1 = t city 0 !n a ,mecca
 = sci5tific m54 ,leav+ ,%ipp+port 9    
,m>*1 he rea*$ ! ,quak] capital on !    
fif? day ( ,april4 ,!re he pur*as$ a new
 suit ( clo!s1 &1 dress$ ) extreme      
neatness1 paid 8 respects to ,dr4       
,william ,mease1 ! "o fri5d !re :om he  
_h kn[n intimately 9 8 y\ng] & m        
prosp]\s days4 ,x 0 prim>ily ?r\gh ?is  
excell5t man's int]e/ t ,audubon met !  

lead+ arti/s & sci5tific m5 ( ! city1   
includ+ ,?omas ,sully1 ,rob]t & ,rembr&t
 ,peale1 ,ri*>d ,h>lan1 ,*>les ,le      
,sueur1 & ,*>les ,l4 ,bonap>te1 ! latt] 
!n a ris+ "y orni?ologi/ ( "o & tw5ty4  
,x 0 ,bonap>te :o introduc$ ,audubon to 
! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 :]e 8   
draw+s 7 exhibit$ & g5]ally admir$4     
,among 8 critics on t occasion 0 ,george
 ,ord1 :o f _! fir/ int]view seems to h 
look$ ^u ! new lum9>y ) jeal\s eyes4    
,:e!r ?is 0 true or n1 !re is no d\bt t 
,ord became "o ( 8 few really bitt] &   
implacable adv]s>ies1 & n _m days elaps$
 be=e ,audubon came to feel t _m 9      
,philadelphia w\ld be glad to see him   
return to ! backwoods ( ! ,middle ,we/1 
f :i*1 l an apple ( ,sodom1 he seem$    
sudd5ly to h dropp$ into _! mid/4 ,^? :o
 7 mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! cont9u$ sale &       
success ( ,wilson's ,orni?ology1 he     
decl>$1 advis$ him n to publi% any?+1 & 
?rew n only cold wat] b ice ^u all 8    
plans4 ,?us began t unseemly rivalry1   
fo/]$ = _m ye>s by ,george ,ord 9 ?is   

c\ntry1 betwe5 ! fri5ds ( ,alex&]       
,wilson & ^? ( ,john ,james ,audubon1 ! 
dead emb]s ( :i* are occasionally /irr$ 
ev5 to ?is day4#bii  ,ord1 :o 0 ab\t    
,audubon's own age1 0 a quiet1 p]si/5t1 
& unassum+ work]1 held 9 high e/eem by  
_m ( 8 associates4 ,audubon seems to h  
done 8 be/ to conciliate him !n & at a  
lat] day1 b all to no purpose2 ,dr4     
,h>lan once advis$ him to give up !     
attempt1 s9ce ,ord1 he decl>$1 _h no    
he>t = fri5d%ip1 hav+ be5 d5i$ t bless+ 
by nature h]self4 ,ord1 z we h se51 _h  
edit$ ! eigh? & writt5 ! n9?1 or        
conclud+1 volume ( ,wilson's ,am]ican   
,orni?ology1 z well z a life ( its      
au?or2 ! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 !       
orni?ological horizon may n h be5 a     
welcome sight4 ,at all ev5ts1 we soon   
f9d him engag$ ^u a new edition (       
,wilson's "w4#cjj ,ord _h object$ to    
,audubon's me?od ( comb9+ plants & o!r  
accessories ) 8 draw+s ( birds1 a       
criticism t 9 ! case ( purely te*nical  
works c\ld be easily su/a9$1 & "s ( 8   

lat] *>ges1 ?\gh c>ri$ too f>1 7 n :olly
 )\t f\ndation4#cja  ,bonap>te1#cjb on !
 o!r h&1 0 captivat$ by ,audubon's      
draw+s & anxi\s to secure 8 s]vices = 8 
own "w1 !n well 9 h&4 ,?is 0 ! ,am]ican 
,orni?ology1 = :i* ,titian ,r4 ,peale 0 
!n mak+ ! draw+s1 & ,?omas ,lawson1 :o  
_h be5 ,wilson's engrav]1 0 engag$ on ! 
plates2 ?\gh q di/9ct 9 itself1 ?is 0   
mu* 9 ! /yle ( ,wilson's e>li] "w1 ( :i*
 x 0 virtually a cont9uation4 ,:5       
,bonap>te introduc$ ,audubon to ^! m51 x
 is n surpris+ t ! meet+ 0 n productive 
( ! be/ ( feel+ on ei!r side4 ,peale's  
/iff & r conv5tional portraits ( birds  
naturally fail$ to awak5 en?usiasm 9 !  
trad] naturali/1 z "s :o look$ ^u him z 
a rival r contemptu\sly call$ him4 ,!   
int]view ) ,lawson1 if correctly report$
 by 8 fri5d1#cjc %[s t 8 int]e/ c\ld n h
 be5 ( ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ sort4 ,lawson    
told me1 said ?is report]1 t he spoke   
freely ( ! pictures1 & said t !y 7 ill  
drawn1 n true to nature1 & anatomically 
incorrect4 ,!reupon ,bonap>te def5d$ !m 

w>mly1 say+ t he w\ld buy !m & t ,lawson
 %\ld engrave !m4 ,y may buy !m1 said ! 
,scot*man1 b ,i w n engrave !m 444      
because orni?ology requires tru? 9 !    
=ms1 & correctness 9 ! l9es4 ,"h are    
nei!r4 ,o!r meet+s are said to h foll[$1
 b to h end$ only 9 mutual dislike4     
,nev]!less1 "o ( ,audubon's draw+s 0    
engrav$ by ,lawson & appe>$ 9           
,bonap>te's "w1#cjd b mo/ ( ! figures 9 
,bonap>te's conclud+ volumes 7 by ! h& (
 a ,g]man nam$ ,alex&] ,rid]4 ,x 0      
d\btless a =tunate circum/ance t !      
prejudice & ob/9acy ( ?is ov]be>+ ,scot 
0 a b> to any fur!r absorption (        
,audubon's tal5ts4#cje  ,audubon met at 
?is "t a m appreciative engrav] 9 ,mr4  
,fairman1 :o urg$ him to take 8 draw+s  
to ,europe & h !m engrav$ 9 a sup]ior   
/yle2 on ,july #ab ! naturali/ wrote t  
he _h drawn = ,mr4 ,fairman a small     
gr\se to be put on a banknote belong+ to
 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,by "s lucky    
*ance ?is incid5t br\ght him !          
acqua9tance ( ,edw>d ,h>ris1#cjf :om he 

met t summ] 9 ,philadelphia1 & :o became
 "o ( 8 mo/ con/ant & dis9t]e/$ fri5ds4 
,x 0 ,h>ris :o a few days aft] _! meet+ 
took all ( ! draw+s :i* ,audubon _h =   
sale & at ! arti/'s own prices2#cjg :o =
 ye>s 0 cont9ually s5d+ him r>e or      
desirable specim5s ( birds2 :o          
accompani$ him ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to 
,florida 9 #ahcg & on ! fam\s ,miss\ri  
,riv] ,exp$ition 9 #ahdc4 ,edw>d ,h>ris 
became a patron ( sci5ce ?r\gh 8        
fri5d%ip ) sci5tific m51 & _m besides   
,audubon 7 indebt$ to him = judici\s    
advice z well z m sub/antial b5efits4   
,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,lett] ,,to  
,,edw>d ,,h>ris1 ,,dat$ ,,july      #ad1
 #ahbd ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,_!       
,,life-,,long ,,fri5d%ip4       ,f !    
,jeanes ,,mss4 ,audubon's la/ lett] to  
,edw>d ,h>ris1      f ! same s\rce1 is  
reproduc$ 9 ,volume ,,ii1 page #bhg4  ,!
 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 f\nd$ 9  
#ahab1 0 well e/abli%$ at ?is "t1 & its 
rapidly gr[+ ,museum 0 already ! l>ge/ &
 mo/ valuable 9 ! ,new ,_w2 orni?ology 0

 a favor$ subject1 & ! ,academy's roll  
embrac$ e ,am]ican pione] work] ( note 9
 ! entire field ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! 
foll[+ acc\nt ( a meet+ ( ! ,academy1   
held on ,octob] #aa1 #ahbe1 :5 ,ord     
presid$1 has be5 pres]v$ 9 a lett] ( !  
p]iod3#cjh       ,a few ev5+s s9ce ,i 0 
associat$ ) a society (      g5tlem51   
memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4
 ,!re      7 pres5t fifte5 or tw5ty4    
,among ! numb] 7 ,le      ,sueur1       
,raf9esque1 ,say1 ,peale1 ,pattison1    
,h>lan1 & ,*>les      ,luci5 ,bonap>te4 
,among ?is collection life 0 mo/ /rik+ly
 exemplifi$3 ,le      ,sueur1 ) a       
c\nt5ance wea!r-beat5 & worn1 look$ on1 
= ! muscles ( 8 ironb\nd visage seem$ z 
incapable      ( motion1 z ^? on ! m$als
 /ruck 9 ! age ( ,julius      ,cs>4     
,raf9esque has a f9e black eye1 r bald &
 black      hair1 & )al is r corpul5t4  
,i 0 in=m$ t      he 0 a native (       
,con/ant9ople2 at pres5t he lives 9     
,k5tucky4 ,dr4 ,h>lan is a spruce "y    
man4444 ,peale is !      son ( ! orig9al

 proprietor ( ! ,philadelphia ,museum1  
& "o :o visit$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s )      
,major ,long2      he is a "y man1 & has
 no rem>kable indications (             
c\nt5ance to di/+ui% him4 ,say1 :o 0 8  
companion 9      ! same exp$ition1 is an
 extremely int]e/+ man2 to him      ,i  
am p>ticul>ly obligat$ = %[+ me _!      
,museum &      ,libr>y4 ,i ?9k he told  
me t _! society _h publi%$      n9e     
volumes4444 ,bonap>te is ! son ( ,luci5 
,bonap>te      & nephew to ! ,emp]or    
,napoleon2 he is a little set1          
black-ey$ fell[1 q talkative1 & )al     
int]e/+      & companionable4  ,among ! 
work+ naturali/s at ,philadelphia ,dr4  
,ri*>d ,h>lan 0 possibly "o ^: fri5d%ip 
0 mo/ valuable to ,audubon2 ! arti/ f   
:om he receiv$ mo/ enc\ragem5t 0 ,?omas 
,sully1 ! portrait pa9t]1 :o took him   
into 8 /udio & gave him lessons 9 ! use 
( oils4 ,sully 0 "o ( ^? :o saw ! good  
side ( ,audubon's "*1 disc]n$ 8 tal5t1 &
 pr$ict$ = him a great future2 at a lat]
 day ,sully 0 able to rejoice 9 f9d+ 8  

pr$iction amply fulfill$4#cji  ,conv9c$ 
t ! advice :i* ,fairman & ,bonap>te _h  
giv5 him 0 s\nd1 ,audubon decid$ to look
 to ,europe = a publi%] ( 8 ,birds1 & ) 
?is end 9 view1 set h>d to "w at 8      
draw+s4 ,i _h "s pupils (f]$1 he said1  
at a doll> p] lesson2 b ,i f\nd !       
citiz5s unwill+ to pay = art1 al?\gh !y 
affect$ to patronize x4 ,i exhibit$ my  
draw+s = a week1 b f\nd ! %[ did n pay1 
& s det]m9$ to remove myself4 ,audubon  
rema9$ 9 ,philadelphia until ,augu/1 &  
:ile 9 d\bt z to :at /ep he %\ld take   
next1 he 0 *e]$ by a visit to ,mill     
,grove1 made 9 ! c>riage ( 8 ,quak]     
fri5d1 ,reub5 ,ha9es4 ,to quote 8       
j\rnal3       ,z we ent]$ ! av5ue1 :i*  
l$ to ! f>m1 e      /ep br\ght to my m9d
 ! memory ( pa/ ye>s1 & ,i 0            
bewild]$ by ! recollections until we    
rea*$ ! door (      ! h\se1 :i* _h once 
be5 ! resid5ce ( my fa!r z      well z (
 myself4 ,! cordial welcome ( ,mr4      
,we!rill1 !      own]1 0 extremely      
agreeable4 ,aft] re/+ a few mom5ts1     

,i abruptly took my hat & ran wildly to 
! woods1 to !      grotto :]e ,i fir/   
he>d f my wife t %e 0 n      indiff]5t  
to me4 ,x _h be5 torn d[n1 & "s /ones   
c>t$ away2 b rais+ my eyes t[>ds heav51 
,i repeat$      ! promise we _h mutually
 made4 ,we d9$ at ,mill ,grove1 &      z
 ,i ent]$ ! p>lor ,i /ood motionless = a
 mom5t on      ! spot :]e my wife &     
myself 7 =ev] jo9$4  ,9 ?is dramatic    
rehe>sal ! naturali/ cle>ly implies t he
 0 m>ri$ 9 ! p>lor ( 8 own home1 b 8    
excell5t wife1 :o 0 surely 9 ?is in/ance
 ! bett] au?ority1 explicitly /ates t _!
 m>riage took place 9 h] fa!r's h\se at 
,fatl& ,=d4 ,s9ce ,audubon 0 9 ! habit (
 s5d+ extracts f 8 j\rnal to 8 family1 x
 is cle> t errors ( ?is sort 7 ! simple 
result ( an impulsive temp]am5t2 ! mom5t
 8 imag9ation pictur$ 8 w$d+ z hav+ tak5
 place 9 8 old abode1 d[n w5t ! jott+ 9 
! j\rnal1 :i* 0 writt5 at odd mom5ts    
any:]e1 (t5 at late h\rs1 & ) no c>e 9  
revision or ?\ght ( future publication4 
,on ,augu/ #a1 #ahbd1 ,audubon record$ 9

 8 di>y t he _h left ,philadelphia =    
,new ,york on ! day be=e1 9 good heal?1 
free f debt1 & free f anxiety ab\t !    
future4 ,sully _h giv5 him gl[+ lett]s (
 introduction to ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 ,wa%+ton
 ,all/on & ,colonel ,trumbull1 b !n z n[
 midsumm] 0 n a propiti\s "t to f9d city
 p at home1 & he began to consid] !     
advisability ( visit+ bo? ,albany &     
,bo/on4 ,alt]nately elat$ or depress$ by
 ! prospects ( ! day or ! h\r1 ,audubon 
wrote on ,augu/ #d t he _h call$ ) a    
lett] ( introduction on ,dr4 ,mit*ell1  
:o _h giv5 him a k9d lett] to 8 fri5d   
,dr4 ,b>nes4 ,?is hurri$ly p5cil$ note f
 ! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican sci5ce ( t day has 
be5 c>efully pres]v$1 & reads z         
foll[s3#caj   ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ell 
to ,dr4 ,b>nes       ,mr4 ,a4 :o br+s   
/rong te/imonial ( excell5ce f our      
fri5ds 9 ,pha is n[ sitt+ ) me--,i h be5
 delight$      & in/ruct$ by a ,display 
( 8 ,port ,folio conta9+      ,draw+s   
,done f ,life ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds & 
illu/rat+ ! ,connect1 ( orni?ology )    

,botany4 he has      ,sup]ior atta9m5ts 
skill 9 ! natural sci5ces :i* he        
has cultivat$ = m ?an #bj y4       he   
wi%es to %[ 8 ,elegant p]=mances to !   
,memb]s (      ! ,lyceum & to be made a 
,memb] ( t ,society--x is 8             
int5tion to ,leave ?is ,city = ,bo/on on
 ,sunday morn+4      ,mean:ile ,i       
recomm5d him to y\r good (fices4        
,y\rs ,truly z ev]            ,,sam1 ,l4
 ,,mit*ell           ,aug t #d t #ahbd  
,illu/ration3 ,,note ,,( ,,dr4 ,,samuel 
,l4 ,,mit*ell1 ,,writt5      ,,hurri$ly 
,,9 ,,p5cil1 ,,recomm5d+ ,,audubon ,,to 
,,8 ,,fri5d1 ,,dr4      ,,b>nes1 ,,augu/
 #d1 #ahbd       ,f ! ,h[l& ,,mss4  ,dr4
 ,mit*ell1 :o 0 ! fa!r & fir/ presid5t (
 ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 _h be5 a 
fri5d ( "y ,audubon :5 he 0 cl]k+ 9 ,new
 ,york 9 #ahjg4caa ,8 recomm5dation 0   
accept$1 & ! naturali/ 0 enroll$ on !   
,lyceum's li/ ( memb]s2 to ju/ify 8     
election1 two pap]s1 repres5t+ 8 fir/   
contribution to orni?ology1 7 pres5t$ to
 ! ,society1 & appe>$ 9 its ,annals ( t 

ye>4#cab ,audubon visit$ ! ,lyceum )    
,dr4 ,de,kay & exhibit$ 8 draw+s1 b said
 t he felt awkw>d & uncom=table4 ,on    
,augu/ #c he call$ on ,john ,v&]lyn1 !  
arti/1 exam9$ 8 pictures1 & saw ! m$al  
giv5 him by ,napoleon1 b 0 n impress$ ) 
! idea t he 0 a great pa9t]4 ,^u meet+  
,v&]lyn aga9 a little lat]1 he 0 ask$ to
 sit = a portrait ( ,&rew ,jackson2 8   
j\rnal entry reg>d+ ! incid5t 0 z       
foll[s3#cac       ,augu/ #aj4 ,my       
spirits l[1 & ,i long = ! woods aga92 b 
! prospect ( becom+ bett] kn[n prompts  
me to rema9      ano!r day4 ,met ! arti/
 ,v&]lyn1 :o ask$ me to give      him a 
sitt+ = a portrait ( ,g5]al ,jackson1   
s9ce my      figure consid]ably resembl$
 t ( ! ,g5]al1 m ?an      any he _h ev] 
se54 ,i likewise sket*$ my l&lady &     
*ild1 & fill$ my "t4  ,! context %[s t !
 sitt+ 0 giv51 & z ,mr4 ,/anley ,c4     
,ar?ur rem>ks1 ,v&]lyn's portrait1 :i*  
n[ hangs 9 ! ,city ,hall 9 ,new ,york1  
%[s ,old ,hickory f ! %\ld]s up1 b f !  
%\ld]s d[n x is ,john ,james ,audubon4  

,on ! #ad? ,audubon wrote *e]fully to   
,sully3   ,audubon to ,?omas ,sully     
,my reception 9 ,new ,york has surpass$ 
my hopes4 ,i h be5      mo/ k9dly       
receiv$1 & _h ,i se5 ,col4 ,trumball1 ,i
 w\ld      h f\nd him ! g5tleman y      
repres5t$1 b 8 abs5ce      at ,s>atoga  
,spr+s has depriv$ me ( t pleasure4     
,new ,york is n[ an imm5se city4        
,/rang]s are receiv$ "h      ) less     
res]ve g5]ally ?an at ,philadelphia4 ,i 
f\nd !      ,academy well suppli$ )     
pa9t+s1 & sculptures ( !      ,greek    
ma/]s4 ,! /eam boats ( ! ,sweet ,ohio1 )
 all      _! swiftness ( motion &       
beautiful =ms1 d n int]e/      ! eye l  
^? t are "h toss+ ov] ! foam+           
bill[s ) ! grace ( ! wild swan4 ,7 ,i a 
pa9t]--ah      c\ld ,i1 l ----1 c>ry 9  
my m9d's eye all my m9d feels      :5   
look+ at ! ,batt]y at ! moon's t5d]     
reflections      on ! f>!/ sails1 =c+ ! 
vessel !y move ) !      v w9d's         
he>t1--express z he does ! quick mov+ t>
      haul+ 9 a reef at ! y>d's end1--& 

make on ! canvas a      noble comm&]    
speak1 z y h done2 !n1 my de> fri5d1    
,i c\ld %[ y ,new ,york's h>bor & all   
its beauties4444       ,i _c "p ) t     
,fair ,city ,philadelphia ?is soon2     
,i _c help ?ank+ ,fairman1 ,peale1      
,neagle1 ,le ,sueur1      & _m o!rs     
besides ,mc ,murty = _! att5tions to    
me4 ,%\ld y see hone/ ,quak] ,ha9es1 beg
 him to believe      me 8 fri5d2 %\ld y 
see ,mr4 ,ord1 tell him ,i nev] 0      8
 enemy4 ,?9k ( me "s "t1 & accept !     
true/ be/      wi%es (            ,,john
 ,j4 ,,audubon4       ,i leave = ,bo/on 
tomorr[4 ,%\ld y please to write to     
me1 direct to ,c>e ( ,messrs4 ,an%utz   
,co1 ,pittsburgh1 :]e      ,i %all be 9 
ab\t #dj days4  ,! v next day ,audubon  
*ang$ 8 plans & sail$ up ! ,hudson to   
,albany1 :]e he hop$ to meet ,de ,witt  
,cl9ton1 !n at ! height ( 8 fame1 :o 9 !
 c\rse ( 8 great und]tak+s _h f\nd "t to
 write lett]s on ! natural hi/ory &     
antiquities ( 8 ,/ate1 & ,dr4 ,beck1 !  
botani/4 ,fail+ to f9d ei!r at home1    

,audubon 0 compell$ by ! deplet$ /ate ( 
8 pocketbook to give up 8 plan ( visit+ 
,bo/on1 & be+ det]m9$ to see ,niag>a    
,falls1 he took passage on a canal boat 
to ,buffalo in/ead4 ,! ,falls 7 rea*$ on
 ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 & x 0 !n1 on record+ 8
 "n at an hotel1 t ,audubon wrote       
und]nea?3 ,:o1 l ,wilson1 w ramble1 b   
nev]1 l t great man1 die "u ! la% ( a   
booksell]4#cad ,^u 8 fir/ view ( !      
,falls he 0 satisfi$ t ,niag>a nev] _h  
be5 & nev] c\ld be pa9t$4 ,he want$ to  
cross ! bridge at ,goat ,isl& b 0 det]r$
 by ! necessity ( economy4 ,visitors x  
seems1 _h already le>n$ to v5ture "u a  
small section ( ! ,am]ican ,falls1 &    
,audubon said t :ile look+ ?r\gh ! fall+
 %eet ( wat]1 at _! feet ?\s&s ( eels 7 
ly+ side by side1 try+ va9ly to asc5d ! 
torr5t4 ,aft] /roll+ ?r\gh ! village to 
f9d "s bread & milk1 ! naturali/ record$
 t he ate a good d9n] = twelve c5ts1 & t
 he w5t to b$ ?9k+ ( ,frankl9 eat+ 8    
roll 9 ! /reets ( ,philadelphia1 (      
,goldsmi? travel+ by ! aid ( 8 musical  

p[]s1 & ( o!r great m5 :o _h work$ _!   
way ?r\gh h>d%ips & difficulties to     
fame1 & fell asleep1 hop+1 by p]sev]+   
indu/ry1 to make a "n = himself among 8 
c\ntrym54  ,! s*oon] f ,buffalo to      
,erie1 ,p5nsylvania1 on :i* ,audubon _h 
tak5 deck passage1 z he 0 unable to af=d
 a b]? 9 ! cab91 0 caught 9 a viol5t    
gale on ! way & 0 oblig$ to an*or 9 !   
h>bor ( ,presque ,isle4 ,x 0 on ! #bi? (
 ,augu/1 #ahbd1 8 di>y reads1 & nev]    
%all ,i =get t morn+4 ,capta9 ,judd1 ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 _h s5t a gig ) six
 m5 to its relief1 & my draw+s1 he      
cont9ues1 7 put into ! boat ) ! greate/ 
c>e4 ,we %ift$ into x1 & seat$ ourselves
 accord+ to direction4 ,our brave fell[s
 pull$ h>d1 & e mom5t br\ght u ne>] !   
,am]ican %ore2 ,i leap$ ^u x ) elat$    
he>t4 ,my draw+s 7 safely l&$1 & = any?+
 else ,i c>$ little at ! mom5t4  ,at ?is
 po9t ,audubon set out ) a fell[        
travel]1 :o 0 also an arti/1 =          
,meadville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! e>lie/     
v]sion ( 8 j\rnal#cae :i* gives an      

acc\nt ( ?is exp]i5ce reads z foll[s3   
,on ! %ore ( upp] ,canada1 my money 0   
/ol54 ,! ?ief1      p]haps1 imag9$ x 0 (
 little importance to a naturali/4      
,to rep9e at :at c\ld n be help$ w\ld h 
be5 unmanly4      ,i felt satisfi$      
,provid5ce _h relief 9 /ore4 ,sev5      
doll>s      & a half 7 left to u1 two   
p]sons1 #aejj miles f home1      at !   
entrance ( ,presque-,isle ,h>bor4  ,five
 doll>s 0 paid to _! driv]1 & :5 !y     
rea*$ ,meadville1 & ent]$ ,j4 ,e4       
,smi?'s ,travel]'s ,re/1 !y _h b "o     
hundr$ & fifty c5ts betwe5 !m4 ,no "t 0 
to be lo/1 & ,audubon at once />t$ out )
 8 portfolio & 8 arti/ fri5d to look =  
"w3       ,i walk$ up ! ,ma9 ,/reet1    
look+ = heads1 till ,i saw a            
,holl&] g5tleman 9 a /ore1 :o look$ z if
 he might want      a sket*4 ,i begg$   
him to all[ me to sit d[n4 ,?is grant$1 
,i rema9$ p]fectly sil5t till he v soon 
ask$3 ,:at      is 9 t portfolio8 ,?is  
s\nd$ well2 ,i op5$ x4 ,he              
complim5t$ me on my draw+s ( birds &    

fl[]s4 ,%[+      him a portrait ( my    
,be/ ,fri5d1 ,i ask$ him if he w\ld l   
"o ( himself4 ,he said ,yes1 & ,i w ex]t
 myself to ga9      z _m m cu/om]s z ,i 
c4  ,accord+ to a /ory curr5t at        
,meadville long aft] ! ev5t ,audubon    
made ! acqua9tance ( ,mr4 ,b5$ict1 a    
m]*ant1 lately come f ,new ,hav51 ^:    
attractive daught]1 nam$ ,j5nett1#caf 0 
!n "o & tw5ty2 8 family liv$ at !       
village tav]n1 call$ ! ,torbett ,h\se1 9
 :i* ,mr4 ,augu/us ,colson _h a /ore4 ,x
 0 ,mr4 ,colson1 to :om ,audubon        
probably ref]s1 :o respond$ g5]\sly to 8
 appeal = "w1 & call$ 9 a numb] ( 8 "y  
fri5ds z possible patrons4 ,among !m 0  
,miss ,j5nett ,b5$ict1 & ! naturali/1   
attract$ by h] agreeable mann]s & pleas+
 appe>ance1 ask$ p]mission to make a    
portrait-sket*1 say+ t he w\ld pay = !  
privilege by pres5t+ h] ) a copy4 ,?is 0
 evid5tly good bus9ess ent]prise1 =1    
accord+ to ! /ory1 a gra9 b9 9 ! ,colson
 /ore 0 soon conv]t$ into a /udio1 &    
,audubon 0 rew>d$ by a numb] ( sitt]s4  

,"h is 8 acc\nt f ! record j quot$3     
,next day ,i ent]$ ! arti/'s room1 by   
crazy /eps ( !      /ore-g>ret2 f\r     
w9d[s fac$ ea* o!r at "r angles2      9 
a corn] 0 a cat nurs+1 among rags = a   
pap]-mill2      hog%eads ( oats1 ,dut*  
toys on ! floor1 a l>ge drum1      a    
bassoon1 fur caps along ! walls1 a      
hammock & rolls (      lea!r4 ,clos+ !  
extra w9d[s ) blankets1 ,i procur$      
a pa9t]'s light4       ,a "y man sat to 
try my skill2 8 phiz 0 approv$2 !n      
! m]*ant2 ! room became cr[d$4 ,9 ! ev5+
 ,i jo9$      him 9 music on ! flute &  
viol94 ,my fell[ travell] also      _h  
made two sket*es4 ,we wrote a page or   
two 9 our j\rnals1      & w5t to re/4   
,! next day 0 sp5t z ye/]day4 ,our      
pockets repl5i%$1      we walk$ to      
,pittsburgh 9 two days4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,miss ,,j5nett ,,b5$ict ,,an ,,example
 ,,( ,,audubon',s      ,,it9]ant        
,,portraiture2 ,,drawn ,,at ,,meadville1
 ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,9      #ahbd4 ,,aft]  
,,! ,,orig9al ,,crayon ,,draw+ ,,9      

,,possession ,,( ,,mr4      ,,fr$]ick   
,a4 ,,/]l+4    ,illu/ration3 ,,miss     
,,eliza ,,pirrie ,,my ,,lovely ,,miss   
,,pirrie      ,,( ',,oakley1'           
,,audubon',s ,,pupil ,,9 #ahba4 ,,aft]  
,a ,,portrait      ,,9 ,,possession ,,( 
,,h] ,,gr&daught]1 ,,miss ,,lucy ,m4    
,,mat!ws4      ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,c\rtesy 
,,( ,,mr4 ,,/anley ,,clisby ,,ar?ur4  ,a
 mon? 0 sp5t at ,pittsburgh1 :]e        
,audubon se>*$ ! c\ntry = birds &       
cont9u$ 8 draw+s4 ,:ile !re he made !   
acqua9tance ( ! ,rev]5d ,john ,h5ry     
,hopk9s1 a man ( sup]b appe>ance & r>e  
conv]sational & oratorical p[]s1 lat]   
kn[n z ! le>n$ & v]satile fir/          
,episcopal ,bi%op ( ,v]mont4 ,audubon   
att5d$ "s ( ! m9i/rations ( ?is         
rem>kable man1 ?r\gh ^: influ5ce1 he    
said1 ,i 0 br\ght to ?9k1 m ?an ,i      
usually did1 ( religi\s matt]s2 b ,i    
nev] ?9k ( *ur*es )\t feel+ sick at he>t
 at ! %am & %[ ( "s ( _! pr(essors4 ,to 
repay evil ) k9dness is ! religion t ,i 
0 taught to practice1 & ?is w =ev] be my

 rule4  ,9 ! autumn ( #ahbd ,audubon    
plann$ ano!r visit to ! ,great ,lakes 9 
se>* ( new birds1 & tri$ to induce 8    
fri5d1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h>ris1 to accompany 
him4 ,:ile w&]+ 9 ! =e/s along ^? lakes 
he ?\ght out ! plan :i* 0 f9ally foll[$ 
9 ! publication ( 8 ,birds ( ,am]ica3   
,*ance1 & *ance alone1 _h divid$ my     
draw+s into ?ree      diff]5t classes1  
dep5d+ ^u ! magnitude ( ! objects       
to be repres5t$2 &1 al?\gh ,i did n at t
 "t      possess all ! specim5s         
necess>y1 ,i arrang$ !m z well      z ,i
 c\ld into p>cels ( five plates--,i     
improv$ ! :ole z      mu* z 0 9 my p[]2 
& z ,i daily retir$ f>!r f      ! haunts
 ( man1 det]m9$ to leave no?+ undone1   
:i*      my labor1 my "t1 or my purse   
c\ld accompli%4#cag  ,audubon's j\rnal  
kept on ! lakes has be5 lo/1 b t j\rney 
0 fre% 9 m9d :5 he wrote ! foll[+ lett] 
to ,edw>d ,h>ris4#cah   ,audubon to     
,edw>d ,h>ris            ,,bee*woods4   
,ne> ,,bay\ ,,s>a1 ,,la4                
,jany4 #ca #ahbe4       ,surely ,i h n  

dism]it$ y\r e/eem2 :5 on !      ,lakes1
 bo? ,ont>io & ,*ampla91 ,i wrote to    
y--aga9 f      ,pittsburgh1 all )\t any 
answ]1 & ,i am sorry to say t      ,i h 
be5 ei!r ab&on$ or =gott5 by all ^? o!r 
p]sons :o _h promis$ to keep up a       
correspond5ce )      me4444       ,!    
c\ntry ,i visit$ 0 new1 9 great measure1
 to me4 ,i      h be5 delight$ ) ! t\r1 
b w =ev] regret      t y\r si/]'s       
indisposition c\ld n all[ y "t to       
augm5t my pleasure by y\r company4      
,audubon (f]s to s5d 8 fri5d %rubs &    
fruits f !      ,s\?1 & concludes2 ,9   
fact1 my de> ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ,i am yet     
! same man y knew at ! corn] ( #e?1 &   
,m9or ,/reets      9 ,philadelphia1 & w 
cont9ue =ev] ! same4  ,aft] 8 t\r ( !   
,lakes ,audubon return$ to ,pittsburgh1 
& on ,octob] #bd1 #ahbd1 />t$ d[n !     
,ohio 9 a skiff1 int5d+ to desc5d to !  
,mississippi & !nce rea* 8 family 9     
,l\isiana4 ,bad wea!r & lack ( funds    
int]f]$ ) ?is plan1 & ere long he 0 once
 m /r&$ 9 ,c9c9nati1 :]e he 0 beset by  

claimants = paym5t ^u articles ord]$ = !
 ,we/]n ,museum five ye>s be=e4 ,f9d+ x 
difficult at ?is "t to repl5i% an empty 
purse1 ,audubon felt t he mu/ borr[     
fifte5 doll>s1 b c\ld n make up 8 m9d h[
 to ask ! favor until he _h sev]al times
 walk$ pa/ ! h\se :]e he _h once be5    
kn[n4 ,nev]!less1 he succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! 
necess>y funds1 took passage on a boat  
b\nd = ,l\isville1 & slept *e]fully t   
night on a pile ( %av+s :i* he manag$ to
 scrape toge!r on deck4 ,! _s (         
cont5tm5t :i* ,i n[ feel1 he wrote1 is  
/range2 x bord]s on ! sublime2 &1       
en?usia/ic or lunatic1 z "s ( my        
relatives w h me1 ,i am glad to possess 
su* a _s2 lat] he add$3 ,i discov] t my 
fri5ds ?9k only ( my app>el1 & ^? ^u :om
 ,i h conf]r$ acts ( k9dness pref] to   
rem9d me ( my errors4  ,l\isville 0     
rea*$ on ,novemb] #bj1 & a numb] ( days 
7 sp5t 9 visit+ 8 elde/ son1 ,victor1 :o
 0 !n at ,%ipp+port4#cai ,he f9ally     
arriv$ at ,bay\ ,s>a 9 late ,novemb]1   
#ahbd4 ,! capta9 ( 8 vessel1 :i* 0 b\nd 

= ,new ,orleans1 put him a%ore at       
midnight1 & he 0 left to grope 8 way to 
! village on ! hill4 ,/4 ,francisville1 
to 8 dismay1 0 ne>ly des]t$1 a sc\rge ( 
yell[ fev] hav+ driv5 mo/ ( its         
inhabitants to ! p9e woods4 ,! po/ma/]1 
h[ev]1 0 able to assure him t 8 wife &  
son 7 well1 & ,mr4 ,nbl+1 a fri5dly     
,g]man1 :om he describ$ z a man (       
cultivation & ta/e1 & a lov] ( ,natural 
,sci5ce1 gave him refre%m5t & a horse4  
,9 8 eag]ness to cov] ! fifte5 miles to 
! ,p]cy h\se z rapidly z possible1 he   
tri$ to /rike a /raight c\rse ?r\gh !   
d>k =e/1 b miss$ 8 way1 & dawn f\nd him 
on unfamili> gr\nd2 he !n le>n$ f a     
negro t he 0 two miles beyond ! place4  
,:5 he arriv$ at la/ ) r5t & wa/$ clo!s1
 & uncut hair1 & altoge!r look+ l ! w&]+
 ,jew1 8 wife 0 busily engag$ 9 tea*+ h]
 pupils4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce ( ne>ly f\rte5  
mon?s %e _h prosp]$ greatly1 & %e 0 n   
only ready b eag] to place h] e>n+s at  
h] husb&'s disposal4  ,:5 he _h f9ally  
decid$ to take 8 draw+s to ,europe =    

publication1 ,audubon set to "w to      
increase 8 capital1 & soon _h pupils 9  
,fr5*1 music1 & draw+1 :ile a danc+     
class ( sixty 0 organiz$ 9 a neighbor+  
t[n4 ,8 c\ntry lads & lassies prov$ r   
awkw>d mat]ial1 & he broke 8 b[ & ne>ly 
ru9$ 8 viol9 9 8 impati5ce to evoke a   
s+le graceful /ep or motion2 :51 h[ev]1 
he cons5t$ to dance to 8 own music1 he  
nev] fail$ to br+ d[n ?und]s ( applause4
 ,^! ef=ts 7 cont9u$ = ov] a ye>1 until 
he _h realiz$ a consid]able sum4 ,) ?is 
money 9 h&1 supplem5t$ by :at 8 wife    
c\ld sp>e1 he det]m9$ to seek 8 =tunes 9
 ! ,old ,_w4     ,,*apt] ,,xxii  ,,to   
,,europe ,,& ,,success       ,audubon   
sails f ,new ,orleans--,life at         
,sea--,liv]pool--,!                     
,ra?bones--,exhibition ( draw+s an      
imm$iate success--,p]sonal              
appe>ance--,pa9t+ habits resum$--,8     
pictures &      me?ods--,man*e/]        
visit$--,plans = publication--,!        
,birds ( ,am]ica--,welcome at           
,ed9burgh--,liz>s engraves !            

,turkey ,cock--,9 ! rle ( society's     
lion--,8 exhibition      describ$ by a  
,fr5* critic--,honors ( sci5ce & !      
arts--,contributions to j\rnals excite  
criticism--,ari/ocratic                 
patrons--,visit to ,scott--,! ,wild     
,pigeon & !      rattlesnake--,lett] to 
8 wife--,prospectus--,j\rney to ,london4
   ,:5 ,audubon _h rea*$ ! age ( =ty-"o1
 8 =tunes 7 de/9$ to und]go /ill fur!r  
kaleidoscopic *anges1 b ! patt]ns & hue 
7 n[ ( a m agreeable "*4 ,he _h fail$   
repeat$ly 9 bus9ess v5tures ( v>i\s     
k9ds2 he _h fail$ also to f9d ei!r      
enc\ragem5t or support = 8 ambiti\s     
s*emes ( publi%+ 8 draw+s 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates4 ,b !re 0 /ill a *ance = success 
9 ! ,old ,_w1 & ?i!r he 0 det]m9$ to g  
to try ! haz>d ( =tune 9 ei!r ,engl& or 
,france4 ,accord+ly1 he left 8 family at
 ,/4 ,francisville & w5t to ,new        
,orleans1 :]e he engag$ passage on a    
cotton s*oon] b\nd = ,liv]pool1 nam$ !  
,delos1 ,capta9 ,joseph ,e4 ,hat*4 ,) 8 
draw+s1 a few books1 & a purse1 if n    

ample1 at lea/ suffici5t = 8 imm$iate   
ne$s1 & =tifi$ ) num]\s lett]s1 he      
f9ally set sail on ! #ag? ( ,may1 #ahbf4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,unpubli%$    
,,draw+ ,,( ,,! ,,frog-,,eat]1          
,,coop]',s ,,hawk2 ,,r$ ,,banks1 ,,ky4  
,,novemb] #bi1 #ahaj4 ,,longeur         
,,total #ai ,,p\ces ,,poids #a lb4 #f   
oz4 ,,queue #ab ,,p5nes4       ,publi%$ 
by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes4  
,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,sket* ,,f       
,,audubon',s ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,8           
,,voyage ,,to ,,engl& ,,9 #ahbf3 ,,%>k  
#g ,,feet ,,long1 ,,(f ,,cuba1 ,,june   
#ah,,?1 #ahbf4       ,publi%$ by c\rtesy
 ( ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,page ,,(         
,,audubon',s ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,8 ,,voyage  
,,f ,,new ,,orleans ,,to ,,liv]pool4    
,reproduc$ by c\rtesy ( ! ,misses       
,flor5ce & ,m>ia ,r4      ,audubon4     
,?is voyage1 l e o!r :i* ! naturali/ ev]
 made1 0 turn$ to good acc\nt2 ! log    
book or j\rnal kept on ?is occasion     
ab\nds 9 int]e/+ obs]vations ^u ! life (

 ! sea1 p>ticul>ly on ! fi%es & birds   
:i* 7 enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,gulf4 ,! fir/ page (
 ?is j\rnal1#cbj reproduc$ ) or?ographic
 exactness1 reads z foll[s3       #bf   
,april #ahbf--       ,i ,left ,my       
,belov$ ,wife ,lucy ,audubon & ,my ,son 
,john ,woodh\se      on ,tuesday        
aft]noon ! #bf? ,april1 b\nd to ,engl&1 
rema9$ at ,doctr ,pope at ,/            
,francisville untill ,w$nesday #d       
o'clock ,p4 ,m43 9 ! ,/eam ,boat ,r$    
,riv] ,cape ,kimble--hav+      =        
,compagnons ,messrs ,d4 ,hall  ,john    
,haliday--rea*$ ,new      ,orleans      
,?ursday #bg? at #ab--,visit$ ,_m       
,vessels = ,my      ,passage & conclud$ 
to g 9 ! ,%ip ,delos ( ,k5nebunk        
,cape ,joseph ,hat* b\nd to ,liv]pool1  
,load$ ) ,cotton      entirely--        
,! ,r$ ,riv] ,/eam ,boat left on h]     
return on ,sunday & ,i      ,wrote by h]
 to ,!e ,my ,de>e/ ,fri5d & =w>dd ,!e #b
      ,small ,boxes ( ,fl[]+ ,plants--  
saw1 spoke to  walk$ ) ,*>les ,briggs1  
mu* alt]$ "y      man--       ,liv$ at  

,new ,orleans at ,g4 ,l4 ,sap9ot 9      
,company ) ,co/--       ,dur+ ,my ,/ay  
at ,new ,orleans1 ,i saw my old &       
fri5dly      acqua9tances ! familly     
,pam>2 b ! :ole "t sp5t 9      t ,city 0
 heavy  dull--a few ,g5tlem5 ,calld to  
see ,my      ,draw+s--,i ,g5]ally ,walk$
 f ,morn+ untill ,dusk ,my h&s          
beh9d me1 pay+ b v p>tial att5tion1 to  
all ,i saw--,new      ,orleans to a ,man
 :o does n trade 9 ,doll>s or any o!r   
,su* ,/uffs is a mis]able ,spot         
fatigu$ & discov]+ t ! ,%ip c\ld n be   
ready =      ,sea = sev]al days1 ,i     
asc5d$ ! ,mississipy aga9 9 !      ,r$  
,riv] & once m f\nd ,myself ) my ,wife &
 ,*ild4      ,i arriv$ at ,mrs ,p]cy at 
#c o'clock 9 ! morn+1 hav+      _h a    
,d>k ride ?r\gh ! ,magnolia ,woods b !  
,mom5ts      sp5t aft]w>ds full repaid  
me--,i rema9$ #b days & #c      ,nights1
 0 a ,w$d+--( ,miss ,virg9ia ,*i%olm )  
,mr4 ,d4      ,hall c4 ,i ,left 9       
,company ,) ,lucy ,mrs ,p]cy h\se at    
,sun rise & w5t to ,breakfa/ at ,my good

 fri5d's1 ,augu/9      ,b\rgeat4  ,!    
capta9 & mates ( ! ,delos 7 fri5dly1 &  
:5ev] _! vessel 0 becalm$1 !y w\ld let  
d[n a boat s t ,audubon c\ld procure !  
/ormy ,petrel & num]\s o!r birds :i* he 
0 anxi\s to exam9e 9 ! fle% or depict = 
8 ,orni?ology4  ,dur+ 8 long voyage (   
sixty-five days our adv5tur\s travel] 0 
alt]nately elat$ or depress$ by hopes or
 fe>s = ! future1 until l& 0 at la/     
rea*$ on ,friday1 ,july #ba1 #ahbf4 ,!  
appe>ance ( ,liv]pool1 said ,audubon1 0 
agreeable1 b no soon] _h ,i ent]$ x ?an 
! smoke became s oppressive to my lungs 
t ,i c\ld h>dly brea!4 ,at ! cu/oms he 0
 *>g$ two p5ce on ea* ( 8 draw+s1 z !y 7
 wat]-color$1 b on 8 ,am]ican books he  
_h to pay f\r p5ce p] p\nd1 a           
circum/ance 9 :i* he 0 possibly favor$  
by ! foll[+ lett] :i* he _h br\ght ) him
 f a fri5d 9 ,new ,orleans3   ,edw>d    
,hold5 to ,george ,ramsd5               
,,new ,,orleans1 ,may #bf?41 #ahbf4     
,,george ,,ramsd51 ,,esq4       ,,de>   
,,sir4       ,! pres5t w be h&$ to y by 

,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon ( ?is      city1  
:om mo/ respectfully ,i beg to introduce
 to y4       ,! pr9cipal object ( ,mr4  
,audubon's visit to ,engl& is      to   
make arrangem5ts = ! publication ( an   
ext5sive &      v valuable collection ( 
8 draw+s 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1      *iefly
 if n :olly ( ,am]ican ,birds1 & he     
takes !m      ) him = t purpose4 ,c y be
 ( any assi/ance to      him by lett]s  
to ,man*e/] & ,london8 ,if y c ,i h     
no d\bt t my introduction ( him w insure
 y\r be/      att5tion & s]vices4--,mr4 
,audubon is afraid ( hav+ to      pay   
heavy duties ^u 8 draw+s4 ,he w describe
 !m to      y1 & if 9 gett+ !m ent]$ ,l[
 at ! ,cu/om ,h\se1      or if 9 any o!r
 respect y c fur!r 8 views1 ,i %all     
consid] y\r aid z an obligation conf]r$ 
^u myself4      ,pray introduce him     
p>ticul>ly to ,mr4 ,boo?1 :o ,i am sure 
w feel great int]e/ 9 be+ acqua9t$ )    
him1 7      x only on acc\nt ( ! desire 
he has always express$ to      be (     
s]vice to ! new ,man*e/] ,in/itution1 to

 :i* ,mr4      ,audubon's draw+s w\ld be
 an invaluable acquisition4       ,i am 
,dr4 ,sir            ,y\rs truly1       
,,edw>d ,,hold54  ,among ! lett]s :i*   
,audubon c>ri$ on ?is occasion1 b :i*   
app>5tly he did n deliv]1 0 ! foll[+1   
address$ by a fri5d 9 ,new ,orleans to  
,g5]al ,lafayette3#cba   ,l\is ,p4      
,caire to ,g5]al ,lafayette             
,,new ,,orleans1 #ae ,may1 #ahbf4       
,,my ,,de> ,,g5]al1       ,monsieur     
,audubon1 aft] hav+ sp5t tw5ty-two ye>s 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is return+ to ,europe
 9 ord] to      publi% a "w to :i* he   
has devot$ 8 entire life4      ,?is     
di/+ui%$ orni?ologi/1 :o be>s lett]s f  
! mo/ em95t citiz5s ( ! ,union1 w f9d1  
,i tru/1      ! enc\ragem5t to :i* 8    
tal5ts & 8 p]sev]ance      s fully      
entitle him1 & h[ev] flatt]+ may be !   
recomm5dations :i* 8 fri5ds are eag] to 
give him1 ^!      are yet1 my de>       
,g5]al1 b5ea? 8 m]its4 ,i h presum$     
to assure him ( y\r patronage1 & 9      
introduc+ him to      y ,i am conv9c$ t 

x w be agreeable to y bo?4       ,adieu 
my ,g5]al3 give my k9d reg>ds to all y\r
 family1      & p]mit me to embrace y z 
,i love y4            ,,l\is ,p4        
,,caire4  ,be=e ,audubon left ,new      
,orleans1 an old acqua9tance1 ,mr4      
,v9c5t ,nolte#cbb ( t city1 _h also     
furni%$ him ) cr$5tials1 9 :i* x 0 /at$ 
t ! naturali/ 0 c>ry+ ) him f\r hundr$  
orig9al draw+s1 & t 8 object 0 to f9d a 
pur*as] or a publi%]4 ,he has a cr[d (  
lett]s1 cont9u$ ,nolte1 f ,mr4 ,clay1   
,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 & o!rs = ,engl&1 :i* 
w d mu* = him2 b y\r introduction to    
,mr4 ,roscoe & o!rs w d m4 ,?is judgm5t 
0 s\nd1 b ! mo/ valuable lett] :i*      
,audubon c>ri$ prov$ to be t ( ,nolte   
himself address$ to ,ri*>d ,ra?bone1    
,esq41 ( ,liv]pool1 = x br\ght him into 
imm$iate fri5dly relations ) an         
influ5tial family ( m]*ants :i* also    
includ$ ,william ,ra?bone1 a bro!r1 z   
well z _! fa!r1 ,william ,ra?bone1      
,s5ior1 ^: int]e/ 9 birds _h made him 9 
8 y\ng] days an amateur collector &     

/ud5t4 ,seldom has ! rle ( ,mc5as be5   
play$ m effectively & ) less o/5tation  
?an by ^? intellig5t m5 ( affairs1 to   
:om ,audubon1 ) 8 f9e en?usiasm & bold  
lit]>y plans1 seem$ to embody all !     
romance ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,!y /ood sponsor =
 8 "w & wor?1 & did all 9 _! p[] to make
 _! new discov]y kn[n4 ,at ! home ( !   
s5ior ,ra?bone1 call$ ,gre5bank1 ?ree   
miles out ( ,liv]pool1 ! naturali/ 0    
w>mly welcom$1 & 8 excell5t ho/ess1     
,mrs4 ,william ,ra?bone1 ! ,que5 bee1 z 
he call$ h]1 receiv$ f him lessons 9    
draw+ & became 8 fir/ subscrib]4  ,at   
?is p]iod ,audubon (t5 compla9$ ( %yness
 felt 9 meet+ /rang]s1 b 8 obs]vatory   
n]ves1 z he said1 nev] gave way4 ,he    
/udi$ 8 ,engli% fri5ds z closely z he _h
 ! birds ( ,am]ica1 & ! results ( 8     
%rewd obs]vations 7 (t5 turn$ to        
practical acc\nt4 ,t he 0 z diffid5t z  
he decl>$ himself to be may be d\bt$1 = 
he seems to h met ne>ly ev]yone (       
prom95ce :]ev] he w5t1 & a li/ ( 8      
acqua9tance at ! end ( 8 soj\rn abroad  

w\ld read mu* l a ,blue ,book ( !       
,briti% ,isles4  ,at ,liv]pool ,audubon 
receiv$ mu* assi/ance also f ,edw>d     
,roscoe1 botani/ & writ]1 ,dr4 ,?omas   
,s4 ,traill#cbc & ,adam ,hodgson1 :o    
introduc$ him to ,"l ,/anley4 ,:5 he    
came to write 8 ,orni?ological          
,biography1 ^! e>ly fri5ds 7 all        
publicly call$ by "n1 & we ?us _h 7?\gh1
 z x aft]w>ds appe>$1 9 "n only7 !      
,ra?bone ,w>bl]1#cbd ,/anley ,hawk1     
,*ildr5's ,w>bl]1 ,cuvi]'s ,regulus1    
,roscoe's ,yell[-?roat1 ,selby's        
,flycat*]1 & /ill possess ,bewick's     
,wr51 ,traill's ,flycat*]1 ,h5sl['s     
,bunt+1#cbe ,mac,gillivray's ,f9*1 &    
,h>lan's ,hawk1 to cite a few in/ances (
 ?is =m ( ackn[l$gm5t4  ,)9 b>ely a week
 aft] l&+ at ,liv]pool a total /rang]1  
,audubon 0 invit$ to %[ 8 draw+s at !   
,royal ,in/itution4 ,! exhibition1 :i*  
la/$ a mon?1 0 a surpris+ success2 #dac 
p]sons1 z he record$1 7 admitt$ on !    
second day1 & x nett$ him "o hundr$     
p\nds al?\gh no *>ge = admission 0 made 

dur+ ! fir/ week4  ,ev]yone1 said !     
naturali/1 0 surpris$ at 8 appe>ance1 = 
he wore 8 hair long1 dress$ 9           
unfa%ionable clo!s1 rose e>ly1 work$    
late1 & 0 ab/emi\s 9 food & dr9k4       
,%ortly aft] 8 arrival1 8 si/]-9-law1   
,mrs4 ,alex&] ,gordon1 urg$ him to h 8  
hair cut & to buy a fa%ionable coat1 b  
he c\ld n !n be> to sacrifice 8         
ambrosial locks1 :i* cont9u$ to wave ov]
 8 %\ld]s until ! foll[+ ,m>*4 ,if we c 
accept ,sir ,walt] ,besant's            
*>act]ization ( ! p]iod1 ! long-hair$   
,a*an 0 no /rang] to ! /reets ( ,london 
z late z #ahcg3 brave is ! exhibition ( 
fl[+ locks2 !y fl[ ov] ! e>s & ov] !    
coat-coll>s2 y c smell ! be>'s grease   
across ! /reet2 & if ^! am>an?9e locks 7
 to be rais$ y w\ld see ! %9y coat+ (   
be>'s grease ^u ! velvet coll> bel[4    
,audubon _h n be5 9 ,engl& ?ree weeks   
be=e he resum$ 8 draw+ & pa9t+ habits1  
at fir/ 9 ord] to repay 8 fri5ds = _!   
k9dness1 & lat] z a means ( support2 at 
times he w\ld devote e sp>e mom5t to ?is

 "w1 & he 0 !n able to pa9t f\rte5 h\rs 
at a /ret* )\t fatigue4 ,on ,octob] #b  
he record$ t he _h made 9 less ?an tw5ty
 m9utes a dim9utive sket* ( ! ,turkey   
,cock f 8 l>ge tw5ty-?ree h\r picture4  
,?is 0 = ,mrs4 ,william ,ra?bone1       
,s5ior1 :o lat] pres5t$ x to him 9 ! =m 
( a h&some gold-m\nt$ seal1 inscrib$ ) 8
 favorite motto1 ,am]ica1 my c\ntry4#cbf
 ,! facility :i* ,audubon display$ 9    
produc+ 8 pictures ( animal             
life--,am]ican wild turkeys1 trapp$     
ott]s1 fight+ cats1 ,engli% game pieces1
 & ! l1 9 a /yle bo? novel & individual1
 add$ mu* to 8 imm$iate popul>ity 9     
,engl&1 z x lat] did to 8 purse4 ,8     
pa9t+ devices are ?us ref]r$ to 9 a     
j\rnal entry = ,janu>y1 #ahbg3       ,no
 "o1 ,i ?9k1 pa9ts 9 my me?od2 ,i1 :o h 
nev]      /udi$ b by piece-meal1 =m my  
pictures accord+ to my      ways ( /udy4
 ,= in/ance1 ,i am n[ work+ on a ,fox2  
,i take      "o neatly kill$1 put him up
 ) wires & :5 satisfi$      ) ! tru? ( !
 position1 ,i take my palette & "w z    

rapidly z possible2 ! same ) my birds2  
if practicable ,i      f9i% ! bird at "o
 sitt+1--(t51 x is true1 ( f\rte5       
h\rs1--s t ,i ?9k !y are correct1 bo? 9 
detail &      composition4  ,:5 he 0    
pa9t+ pheasants & ne$$ a :ite "o z a    
key/one ( light to 8 picture1 a nobleman
 s5t ^w t he w\ld be giv5 leave to see !
 pictures 9 8 hall1 b ?is ,audubon      
*>act]i/ically refus$1 be+ det]m9$ to   
pay no su* visits )\t invitation4  ,on !
 #aj? ( ,septemb]1 #ahbf1 ,audubon left 
,liv]pool1 9 a hopeful mood1 = ,man*e/]1
 ) ! int5tion ( visit+ ! *ief cities (  
,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,he 0 =tifi$ ) a      
bundle ( lett]s to a long li/ ( di/+ui%$
 p1 includ+ ,b>on von ,humboldt1 ,g5]al 
,lafayette1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,sir    
,humphry ,davy & ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce4  
,8 fir/ /ep prov$ a disappo9tm5t1 & :5  
he f9ally left ! ,city ( ,sp9dles six   
weeks lat]1 he f\nd himself poor] ?an :5
 he _h ent]$ x4 ,at ,man*e/]1 h[ev]1 he 
add$ to 8 li/ ( int]e/$ fri5ds &        
possible patrons1 & act+ ^u _!          

sugge/ion1 op5$ a subscription book = ! 
publication ( 8 long m$itat$ "w1 to be  
call$ ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,ra?bones1
 z well z o!r fri5ds ^: advice he       
e/eem$1 tri$ to dissuade him f ! plan ( 
publi%+ 8 draw+s 9 _! full size1 :i* 0 t
 ( life1 on acc\nt ( ! great exp5se     
involv$ & ! enorm\s bulk su* a "w w\ld  
assume2 b he c\ld n br+ himself to give 
up ! idea1 9 :i* he receiv$ ! support ( 
! ,london booksell]1 ,mr4 ,bohn1 :o1    
aft] see+ ,audubon's draw+s rev]s$ 8    
op9ion1 say+ t !y mu/ be br\ght out 9 _!
 full size1 & t !y w\ld c]ta9ly pay4    
,aft] com+ to ,engl& ,audubon (t5 ?\ght 
( ! %ift+ sc5es & /range contra/s 8 life
 _h br\ght4 ,"o day he felt ! p9* (     
pov]ty1 b on ! next f>$ sumptu\sly at ! 
tables ( ! ri*2 n[ a rambl] 9 ! wilds ( 
,am]ica1 glad to accept ! hospitality ( 
! humble/ prairie squatt]1 n[ ! gue/ (  
"s metropolitan ari/ocrat4 ,! squatt]1  
he said1 :5 writ+ 9 ,engl&1 is r\gh1    
true1 & hospitable2 my fri5ds "h poli%$1
 true1 & g5]\s4 ,bo? give freely1 & he  

:o dur+ ! t\gh /orms ( life c be 9 su*  
spots may well say t he has ta/$        
happ9ess4  ,:ile at ,man*e/] ,audubon 0 
driv5 to ! t[n ( ,bakewell1 ! spot1 he  
wrote 9 def]5ce to 8 wife1 :i* has be5  
honor$ ) ?y ance/or's "n4 ,%ortly aft]1 
on ,octob] #bc1 he />t$ by /age =       
,ed9burgh1 & ! di/ance ( #bab miles 0   
cov]$ 9 ?ree days2 ! f>e 0 #e #es4      
#e;d41 :i* he reg>d$ z exorbitant1 b he 
compla9$ n s mu* ( ! *>ge z ( ! begg>ly 
mann] ( ! driv]s1 :o nev] hesitat$ to   
op5 ! door ( _! coa* & ask = a %ill+ at 
! slighte/ provocation4  ,at ,ed9burgh  
,audubon 0 welcom$ s w>mly t he began to
 feel t ultimate success 0 at la/ )9 8  
rea*4 ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,jameson ( !     
,univ]sity did mu* to make 8 "w kn[n1 & 
invit$ him to cop]ate 9 an ent]prise ^u 
:i* he 0 !n engag$2#cbg ?is 0 pron\nc$  
by ,dr4 ,knox ( ! ,m$ical ,s*ool to be a
 job book1 b :atev] its m]its may h be51
 ,audubon decid$ aft] due reflection to 
/& on 8 own feet4  ,n long aft] rea*+ ! 
,scotti% capital1 ,audubon made !       

acqua9tance ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,home ,liz>s1    
/yl$ a ,mr4 ,liz>d by a snap%ot         
biograph] ( a lat] day1 a well kn[n1    
exp]t engrav] & pa9t]1 :o engag$ 9 v>i\s
 publi%+ ent]prises4 ,:5 ,audubon _h    
held up a few ( 8 draw+s = 8 inspection1
 ,liz>s rose1 exclaim+3 ,my ,god6 ,i    
nev] saw any?+ l ?is be=e4 ,! picture ( 
! ,mock+birds attack$ by a rattlesnake  
p>ticul>ly /ruck 8 fancy1 b :5 he came  
to ! draw+ ( ! ,great-foot$ ,hawks1 )   
bloody rags at _! beaks' ends1 & cruel  
delight 9 _! d>+ eyes1 ,liz>s decl>$ t  
he w\ld bo? engrave & publi% x4 ,mr4    
,audubon1 said he1 ! p "h don't "k :o y 
are at all1 b dep5d ^u x1 !y %all "k4   
,liz>s ev5tually agre$ to engrave & br+ 
out ! fir/ specim5 numb] ( ,! ,birds (  
,am]ica1 & ab\t ! #aj? ( ,novemb] made a
 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ plate4 ,on ,novemb]    
#bh1 #ahbf1 he h&$ ,audubon a fir/ pro( 
( ! ,wild ,turkey ,cock1 a subject *os5 
to ju/ify ! great size ( ! "w1 :i* 0 to 
be 9 d\ble elephant folio1 & :i* 9 po9t 
( size is p]haps to ?is day ! l>ge/     

ext5d$ publication 9 exi/5ce4#cbh ,?is &
 ! second plate1 :i* repres5t$ !        
,yell[-bill$ ,cuckoo#cbi 9 ! act ( seiz+
 a tig] swall[tail butt]fly on a bran* (
 ! paw-paw tree1 7 f9i%$ by ,decemb]    
#aj2 ! fir/ numb] ( five plates 0 ready 
"s weeks lat]4 ,liz>s engrav$ at        
,ed9burgh ! fir/ t5 ( ,audubon's plates1
 b mo/ ( ^! 7 subsequ5tly ret\*$1 color$
 & reissu$ by 8 successor 9 ,london1 z w
 pres5tly appe>4     ,illu/ration3      
,,plate ,i       ,wild ,turkey          
,,meleagris ,,gallopavo4 ,l9n4 ,male4   
,am]ican ,cane4 ,miegia macrosp]ma4     
,drawn f nature by ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon     
,f4,r4,s4,f4,l4,s4      ,engrav$ by ,w4 
,h4 ,liz>s ,ed9r4      ,ret\*$ by ,r4   
,havell ,junr4  ,:5 ,audubon's pictures 
7 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution (    
,ed9burgh1 _! success 0 imm$iate1 & l ! 
appe>ance ( a new ,wav]ley novel1 !y    
became ! talk ( ! t[n2 ! ,am]ican       
woodsman _h provid$ a new ?rill = !     
lead]s ( fa%ion1 z well z = ! lit]ati & 
! sci5tific m54 ,! noble/ ,roman ( !m   

all1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 refus$ to      
att5d1 b aft] hav+ met ! naturali/ he   
wrote ?is 9 8 j\rnal3 ,i wi% ,i _h gone 
to see 8 draw+s2 b ,i _h he>d s mu* ab\t
 !m t ,i resolv$ n to see !m--'a crazy  
way ( m9e1 y\r honor4'                  
,phil>te-,*asles1 a well kn[n ,fr5*     
critic ( ! p]iod1 has left ! foll[+     
record#ccj ( ! effect :i* ?is exhibition
 made on 8 impressionable m9d3       ,we
 h admir$ 9 ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,society 
( ,ed9burgh      ! public exhibition (  
,audubon's orig9al wat]color            
draw+s4 ,a magic p[] transport$ u into !
 =e/s :i*      = s _m ye>s ?is man (    
g5ius has trod4 ,le>n$ &      ignorant  
alike 7 a/oni%$ at ! spectacle1 :i* we w
      n attempt to reproduce4           
,imag9e a l&scape :olly ,am]ican1 trees1
 fl[]s1 grass1      ev5 ! t9ts ( ! sky &
 ! wat]s1 quick5$ )      a life t is    
real1 peculi>1 trans-,atlantic4 ,on     
twigs1      bran*es1 bits ( %ore1 copi$ 
by ! bru% ) !      /ricte/ fidelity1    
sport ! fea!r$ races ( ! ,new      ,_w1 

9 ! size ( life1 ea* 9 its p>ticul>     
attitude1      its individuality &      
peculi>ities4 ,_! plumages sp>kle      )
 nature's own t9ts2 y see !m 9 motion or
 at re/1      9 _! plays & _! combats1 9
 _! ang] fits &      _! c>esses1 s++1   
runn+1 asleep1 j awak5$1      beat+ !   
air1 skimm+ ! waves1 or r5d+ "o ano!r   
9 _! battles4 ,x is a real & palpable   
vision ( !      ,new ,_w1 ) its         
atmosph]e1 its impos+ vegetation1 &     
its tribes :i* "k n ! yoke ( man4 ,! sun
 %9es      a?w>t ! cle>+ 9 ! woods2 !   
swan floats susp5d$      betwe5 a       
cl\dless sky & a glitt]+ wave2 /range & 
maje/ic figures keep pace ) ! sun1 :i*  
gleams f !      mica s[n broadca/ on !  
%ores ( ! ,atlantic2 & ?is              
realization ( an entire hemisph]e1 ?is  
picture ( a nature      s lu/y & /rong1 
is due to ! bru% ( a s+le man2 su*      
an unhe>d ( triumph ( pati5ce &         
g5ius6--! resultant      r ( a ?\s&     
triumphs won 9 ! face ( innum]able      
ob/acles6  ,ano!r ,fr5* writ]#cca rem>k$

 t ,audubon produc$ ! same s5sation     
among ! savants ( ,engl& t ,frankl9 _h  
made at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury     
among ! politicians ( ! ,old ,_w2 8     
works1 he add$1 %\ld be translat$ into 8
 native tongue1 & produc$ 9 a =m :i*    
w\ld enable !m to rea* ! libr>y ( e     
naturali/ 9 ,france4  ,"o aft] ano!r !  
sci5tific1 lit]>y1 & arts societies ( ! 
mod]n ,a!ns elect$ ,audubon to honor>y  
memb]%ip2 ,combe1 ! phr5ologi/ & au?or (
 ,! ,con/itution ( ,man1 exam9$ !       
naturali/'s head & model$ x 9 pla/]1 = (
 c\rse x prov$ to be a p]fect           
exemplification ( 8 sy/em2 ,syme1 !     
arti/1 did 8 portrait = ,liz>s to       
engrave4 ,mean:ile ! press 0 giv+ su*   
flatt]+ acc\nts ( ! man & 8 "w t        
,audubon confess$ t he 0 q a%am$ to walk
 ! /reet4 ,at ! annual banquet ( !      
,royal ,in/itution1 held at ! ,wat]loo  
,hotel & presid$ ov] by ,"l ,elg91      
,audubon 0 toa/$1 & x requir$ all 8     
resolution to rise &1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8   
life1 address a l>ge assembly2 ?is1     

h[ev]1 he manag$ to d 9 ! foll[+ words3 
,g5tlem52 my comm& ( words 9 :i* to     
reply to y\r k9dness is almo/ z limit$ z
 t ( ! birds hang+ on ! walls ( y\r     
,in/itution4 ,i am truly oblig$ = y\r   
favors4 ,p]mit me to say2 may ,god bless
 y all1 & may ?is society prosp]4 ,on ! 
#aj? ( ,decemb] he wrote3 ,my situation 
9 ,ed9burgh bord]s on ! miracul\s1 & he 
felt t 8 reception 9 t city 0 a good    
augury = ! future4 ,b ! life t he 0     
compell$ to lead 0 extremely fatigu+1 & 
he (t5 long$ to return to 8 family & to 
8 favorite magnolia woods 9 ,l\isiana4  
,i g to d9e1 he wrote1 at six1 sev51 or 
ev5 eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & x is (t5  
"o or two :5 ! p>ty breaks up2 !n pa9t+ 
all day1 ) my correspond5ce1 :i*        
increases daily1 makes my head feel l an
 imm5se hornet's ne/1 & my body we>i$   
beyond all calculation2 yet x has to be 
done2 ^? :o h my be/ int]e/s at he>t    
tell me ,i mu/ n refuse a s+le          
invitation4 ,b not)/&+ ! tax :i* society
 always levies ^u ! lion's /r5g?1 he    

wrote almo/ daily 9 8 j\rnal or         
di>y1#ccb & its pages1 f :i* we h be5   
quot+1 became a mirror ( all t he saw1  
he>d1 or did4 ,audubon 0 g5]\s ) 8 "t1 z
 ) ev]y?+ else1 & w\ld nev] hesitate to 
lay aside 8 own "w = ! sake ( a fri5d :o
 0 eag] to acquire 8 me?od ( draw+4 ,b  
:5 8 ent]ta9m5t comm5c$ ) an invitation 
to breakfa/1 he began to be al>m$ at !  
l>ge %>e ( 8 work+ h\rs :i* _h to be    
surr5d]$ to 8 fri5ds4 ,i seem1 9 a      
measure1 he said1 to h gone back to my  
e>ly days ( society & f9e dress+1 silk  
/ock+s & pumps1 & all ! f9]y ) :i* ,i   
made a pop9jay ( myself 9 my y\?4444 ,x 
is ,mr4 ,audubon "h1 & ,mr4 ,audubon    
!re1 & ,i c only hope !y w n make a     
conceit$ fool ( ,mr4 ,audubon at la/4   
,9 response to urg5t appeals he began at
 ?is "t to contribute to ! sci5tific    
j\rnals ( ! ,scotti% capital1 a /ep :i* 
only s]v$ to rem9d him t ! rose 0 m     
prolific 9 ?orns ?an fl[]s4 ,dr4        
,brew/]1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 &
 ,john ,wilson 9 ,blackwoods1 sang pans 

9 8 praise1 & !re is no d\bt t ,*ri/oph]
 ,nor?1 s l & yet s unlike ! ,am]ican   
woodsman1 did mu* to smoo? 8 pa? 9 8 own
 c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe4 ,?\gh ke5ly 
feel+ ! ne$ ( lit]>y advice 9 ^? e>ly   
contributions1 ,audubon 0 q %ock$ at !  
alt]ations :i* ,dr4 ,brew/] _h made 9 "o
 ( ^! articles1 = ?\gh ! editor _h      
greatly improv$ ! /yle1 he _h q de/roy$ 
! matt]4  ,on ,decemb] #ba1 #ahbf1      
,audubon wrote to ,?omas ,sully t he    
w\ld s5d him a copy ( ! fir/ numb] ( 8  
,birds1 ) ! reque/ t he =w>d x 9 8 "n to
 t ,in/itution :i* ?\ght me unwor?y to  
be a memb]4444 ,!re is no malice 9 my   
he>t1 he cont9u$1 & ,i wi% no return or 
ackn[l$gm5t f !m4 ,i am n[ det]m9$ nev] 
to be a memb] ( t ,philadelphia         
,society4 ,let x be not$1 h[ev]1 t      
,audubon 0 elect$ to memb]%ip 9 !       
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 :5 _! 
recognition c\ld no long] be )held & :5 
mutual animosities _h di$ d[n4 ,?ree    
days lat] he record$ t all ( 8 draw+s _h
 be5 tak5 f ! walls ( ! ,royal          

,in/itution1 :]e !y _h be5 on exhibition
 a mon?1 & t he 0 int5d+ to pres5t to ! 
,society 8 l>ge canvas ( ! ,wild        
,turkeys1 = :i* ,galley1 ! picture      
deal]1 _h (f]$ him a hundr$ gu9eas on ! 
previ\s day4#ccc  ,among ,audubon's e>ly
 patrons 7 ,"l & ,lady ,morton1 & m ?an 
once he 0 invit$ to visit !m 9 _!       
beautiful c\ntry seat ( ,dalmahoy1 :]e a
 l>ge1 squ>e1 half-,go?ic build+1 cr[n$ 
) turrets & adorn$ ) all ! signs (      
h]aldry1 ov]look$ a beautiful l&scape to
 ,ed9burgh1 m>k$ by its fam\s ca/le1 se5
 9 m9iature on ! horizon1 eight miles   
away4 ,be+ some:at appreh5sive ( meet+ !
 =m] ,*amb]la9 to ! late ,que5 ,*>lotte1
 ,audubon _h imag9$ ! ,e>l to be a man (
 great physical /r5g? & size2 in/ead1   
h[ev]1 he saw       a small1 sl5d] man1 
tott]+ on 8 feet1 weak] ?an a      newly
 hat*$ p>tridge2 he welcom$ me ) te>s 9 
8      eyes1 held "o ( my h&s1 &        
attempt$ speak+1 :i* 0      difficult to
 him1 ! ,c\ntess mean:ile rubb+ 8 o!r   
h&4 ,i saw at a glance ! situation1 &   

begg$ he w\ld be      seat$ 444 & ,i    
took a seat on a s(a t ,i ?\ght w\ld    
swall[ me up1 s mu* d[n swell$ ar\nd me4
 ,x 0 a va/      room1 at lea/ sixty    
feet long1 & wide 9 proportion1 let     
me say ?irty feet1 all hung ) imm5se    
pa9t+s on a ri*      purple gr\nd2 all 0
 purple ab\t me4 ,! l>ge tables      7  
cov]$ ) books1 in/rum5ts1 draw+         
app>atus1 a      telescope1 ) hundr$s ( 
ornam5ts4  ,aft] lun*eon ,audubon's     
,book ( ,nature 0 produc$1 & 8 draw+s   
spread out & admir$4 ,next day !        
,c\ntess1 :o 0 a woman ( sup]ior        
intellect & conv]sation1 0 giv5 a mo/   
unnecess>y lesson 9 draw+1 =1 said !    
naturali/1 %e drew mu* bett] ?an ,i did2
 b ,i taught h] to rub ) cork1 & prep>e 
= wat]-color4 ,be=e he left ! ,c\ntess  
wrote h] "n 9 8 subscription book1 &    
arrang$ t he %\ld return & resume 8     
in/ruction4  ,"o ( ,audubon's e>ly      
fri5ds at ,ed9burgh 0 ,capta9 ,basil    
,hall1#ccd travel] & writ]1 :o 0 !n ab\t
 to />t on a j\rney ?r\gh ! ,unit$      

,/ates2 he told ! naturali/ t he 0 a    
mid%ipman on bo>d ! ,le&] :5 ,pi]ce 0   
kill$ (f ,new ,york1 at ! "t (          
,audubon's return ) ,rozi] to ,am]ica 9 
#ahjf1 :5 ,capta9 ,sammis1 ^u see+ !    
,briti% frigate1 wore ar\nd ,long ,isl& 
,s\nd1 & rea*$ ,new ,york by ,hell      
,gate4 ,x 0 at ,capta9 ,hall's home t   
,audubon met ,francis ,jeffrey4 ,!      
indomitable critic & review] 0 describ$ 
z a small 7n to say t9y7 man1 :o ent]$ !
 room ) a woman "u "o arm1 & a hat "u ! 
o!r4 ,8 looks 7 %rewd1 said ! naturali/1
 8 eyes almo/ cunn+ & ?\gh he talk$ mu*1
 he appe>$ unsympa!tic4 ,_! meet+ 0     
productive ( no fri5dly feel+s on ei!r  
side4  ,?ree mon?s aft] rea*+ ,ed9burgh1
 ! long await$ opportunity ( meet+ !    
greate/ lit]>y figure ( ! day came to   
,audubon unexpect$ly1 = he did n wi% to 
be introduc$ 9 a cr[d4 ,"u date (       
,janu>y #bb1 #ahbg1 he wrote t ,capta9  
,hall came to 8 rooms & said3 ,put on   
y\r coat1 & come ) me to ,sir ,walt]    
,scott3 he wi%es to see y n[4 ,9 a      

mom5t1 said ,audubon1 ,i 0 ready4444 ,my
 he>t trembl$2 ,i long$ = ! meet+1 yet  
wi%$ x ov]4 ,:5 !y 7 u%]$ into ,sir     
,walt]'s /udy1 ! great ,scot came =w>d1 
& w>mly press+ ! h& ( 8 visitor1 said he
 0 glad to h ! honor ( meet+ him4       
,audubon's record ( ! meet+ cont9ues3   
,8 long1 loose1 silv]y locks /ruck me2  
he look$ l      ,frankl9 at 8 be/4 ,he  
also rem9d$ me ( ,b5jam9 ,we/2      he  
_h ! great b5evol5ce ( ,william ,roscoe 
ab\t him1 &      a k9dness mo/          
prepossess+4 ,i c\ld n =be> look+       
at him2 my eyes fea/$ on 8 c\nt5ance4 ,i
 wat*$ 8      movem5ts z ,i w\ld ^? ( a 
cele/ial be+2 8 long1      heavy1 :ite  
eyebr[s /ruck me =cibly4 ,8 little room 
0 tidy1 ?\gh x p>took a good deal ( ! "*
 (      a laboratory4 ,he 0 wrapp$ 9 a  
quilt$ morn+-g[n (      light purple    
silk2 he _h be5 at "w writ+ on ! ,life  
( ,napoleon4 ,he writes close l9es1 r   
curv$ z !y g      f left to "r1 & puts  
an imm5se deal on v little      pap]4444
 ,i talk$ little1 b1 believe me1 ,i     

li/5$ &      obs]v$4  ,two days lat]    
,audubon paid ,scott a second visit1 ?is
 "t ) 8 portfolio1 b little 0 record$ ( 
?is int]view o!r ?an t x 0 m agreeable  
?an ! fir/1 & t he greatly admir$ !     
accompli%$ ,miss ,scott1 to :om he lat] 
s5t z a gift ! fir/ numb] ( 8 plates4   
,audubon's draw+s 7 exhibit$ at a meet+ 
( ! ,royal ,society ov] :i* ,sir ,walt] 
presid$1 & ,scott 0 also 9 att5dance at 
! ,royal ,in/itution :5 ,audubon's l>ge 
pa9t+ ( ! ,black ,cocks 0 %[n4 ,we talk$
 mu* on ?is occasion1 said ! naturali/1 
& ,i w\ld h gladly jo9$ him 9 a glass ( 
w9e1 b my fooli% habits prev5t$ me4 ,?is
 re/riction on w9e 0 soon remov$1 z 0 t 
on :isky1 :e!r ( ! ,scot* or ,k5tucky   
br&1 & dur+ 8 lat] life 9 ,am]ica       
,audubon 0 nev] a teetotal] by any      
means4 ,:ile at ! ,exhibition ,sir      
,walt] po9t$ to ,l&se]'s picture ( ! dy+
 /ag1 say+1 _m su* sc5es1 ,mr4 ,audubon1
 h ,i witness$ 9 my y\ng] days4 ,audubon
 0 d\btless too polite to express an    
op9ion ( t popul> arti/1 ?\gh ( t v     

picture he _h writt5 9 8 j\rnal ?ree    
days be=e t !re 0 no nature 9 x1 & t he 
consid]$ x a f>ce2 ! /ag1 he said1 _h 8 
tongue out1 & 8 m\? %ut6 ,! pr9cipal    
dog1 a greyh\nd1 held ! de] by "o e>1 j 
z if a lov+ fri5d2 ! "y hunt] _h lac$ ! 
de] by "o horn v prettily1 & 9 !        
attitude ( a ballet-danc] 0 ab\t to ca/ 
! noose ov] ! head ( ! animal4  ,scott &
 ,audubon 7 k9dr$ spirits 9 _! love (   
sport1 ( wild & untameable nature1 z    
well z ( man 9 8 ,hom]ic relation to x4 
,%ortly aft] _! fir/ int]view ! great   
,scotsman wrote ?is h&some tribute 9 8  
j\rnal3       ,janu>y #bb #ahbg4--;,a   
visit f ,basil ,hall ) ,mr4 ,audubon1   
! orni?ologi/1 :o has foll[$ t pursuit  
by _m a      long w&]+ 9 ! ,am]ican     
=e/s4 ,he is an ,am]ican by             
naturalization1 a ,fr5*man by bir?2 b   
less ( a ,fr5*man      ?an ,i h ev]     
se5--no da%1 or glimm]1 or %9e ab\t     
him1 b great simplicity ( mann]s &      
behavi\r2 slight      9 p]son1 & pla9ly 
dress$2 we>s long hair1 :i*      "t has 

n yet t+$2 8 c\nt5ance acute1 h&some    
& int]e/+1 b /ill simplicity is !       
pr$om9ant      *>act]i/ic4  ,( ! lat]   
visit ( :i* we j spoke we f9d ?is       
acc\nt3       ,janu>y #bd4--,visit f    
,mr4 ,audubon1 :o br+s "s ( 8           
birds4 ,! draw+s are ( ! fir/ ord]--!   
attitudes (      ! birds ( ! mo/ animat$
 "*1 & ! situations      appropriate2 "o
 ( a snake attack+ a bird's ne/1 :ile   
! birds 7! p>5ts7 peck at ! reptile's   
eyes--!y      usually1 9 ! long-run1    
de/roy him1 says ! naturali/4      ,!   
fea!rs ( ^! gay little sylphs1 mo/ ( !m 
f      ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 are mo/         
brilliant1 & are repres5t$      ) :at1 7
 x n connect$ ) s mu* _s 9      !       
attitude1 ,i w\ld call a labori\s degree
 ( execution4      ,?is extreme         
correctness is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to  
! naturali/1 b z ,i ?9k 7hav+ no k (    
v]tu71 r gives a /iffness to ! draw+s4  
,?is      soj\rn] 9 ! des]t has be5 9 ! 
woods = mon?s      toge!r4 ,he pref]r$  
associat+ ) ! ,indians to !      company

 ( ! ,back ,settl]s2 v ju/ly1 ,i d>esay1
 =      a civiliz$ man ( ! l[] ord]--t  
is1 ! dregs (      civilization--:5 ?ru/
 back on ! savage /ate becomes          
worse ?an a savage4444       ,!         
,indians1 he says1 are dy+ fa/2 !y seem 
to p9e      & die :5ev] ! :ite          
population approa*es !m4 ,!             
,%awanese1 :o am\nt$1 ,mr4 ,audubon     
says1 to "s ?\s&s      )9 8 memory1 are 
almo/ ext9ct1 & s are v>i\s      o!r    
tribes4 ,mr4 ,audubon c\ld nev] he> any 
tradition ab\t      ! mammo?1 ?\gh he   
made anxi\s inquiries4 ,he gives no     
c\nt5ance to ! idea t ! r$ ,indians 7   
ev] a m      civiliz$ p ?an at ?is day1 
or t a m civiliz$      p _h prec$$ !m 9 
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he ref]s !      bricks1 
etc41 occasionally f\nd1 & appeal$ to 9 
support      ( ?is op9ion1 to ! e>li]   
settl]s1--or1 :]e kettles      & o!r    
ut5sils may h be5 f\nd1 to ! e>ly trade 
betwe5 ! ,indians & ! ,spani>ds4        
,audubon 0 anxi\s to receive a writt5   
recomm5dation f ! great ,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?

 t\*+ ! m]its ( 8 "w1 ! publication (   
:i* _h j begun1 b ,sir ,walt] ,scott    
s5sibly demurr$1 on ! gr\nd t 8 k (     
natural hi/ory 0 insuffici5t to qualify 
him to pass exp]t judgm5t4 ,b1 he add$1 
,i c easily & truly say1 t :at ,i h _h !
 pleasure ( see+1 t\*+ y\r tal5ts &     
mann]s1 corresponds ) all ,i h he>d 9   
y\r favor2 & ,i am a s9c]e believ] 9 !  
ext5t ( y\r sci5tific atta9m5ts4  ,:ile 
,audubon 0 play+ ! rle ( society's pet  
lion at ,ed9burgh 9 ! w9t] ( #ahbg1 he 0
 pa9t+ to meet ! exp5se ( engrav+ 8 fir/
 plates1 & writ+ at odd times ( ! day or
 night4 ,on ,febru>y #bj he record$ t 8 
pap] on ! ,habits ( ! ,wild ,pigeon (   
,am]ica 0 begun on ! previ\s ,w$nesday1 
& f9i%$ at half pa/ ?ree 9 ! morn+2 s   
completely1 said he1 0 he transport$ to 
! woods ( ,am]ica & to ! pigeons1 t 8   
e>s 7 z if really fill$ ) ! noise ( _!  
w+s2 yet he add$ t 7 x n = ! facts x    
conta9$1 he w\ld n give a c5t = x1 nor  
anybody else1 ,i d>e say4 ,f\r days     
lat]1 at ! ,w]n]ian ,society1 he read 8 

pap] on ! rattlesnake1 b ! torr5t (     
abuse :i* soon rew>d$ 8 ef=ts 9 ?is     
direction f9ally l$ him to res]ve all   
lit]>y ef=ts = a future & m propiti\s   
"t4#cce  ,a l>ge pa9t+ begun 9 ,janu>y (
 ?is ye>1 call$ ,pheasants attack$ by a 
,fox1 0 probably a v>iant ( ! ,pheasants
 attack$ by a ,dog 7illu/rat$ at page   
#cid71 ! orig9al ( :i* is n[ 9 !        
,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1    
,new ,york ,city4 ,?is canvas1 :i* 0    
exhibit$ by ! ,scotti% ,society (       
,arti/s 9 ,febru>y1 #ahbg1 measur$ n9e  
by six feet1 & 0 ! l>ge/ piece he _h ev]
 attempt$4 ,sometimes ,i l ! picture1 he
 said1 & !n a heat rises 9 my face & ,i 
?9k x a mis]able daub4 ,z to ! birds1 he
 add$1 s f> z !y are conc]n$ ,i am q    
satisfi$1 b ! gr\nd1 ! foliage1 ! sky1 !
 di/ance1 are dreadful4#ccf  ,9 ! spr+ (
 #ahbg ,audubon enjoy$ ! novel s5sation 
( go+ to *ur* 9 a s$an *air1 & ( he>+   
,sidney ,smi? prea*4 ,he pleas$ me at   
times1 he said1 by pa9t+ my foibles )   
c>e1 & aga9 ,i felt ! color come to my  

*eeks z he portray$ my s9s4 ,lat] !re 0 
an opportunity to meet ! fam\s prea*] ) 
8 fair daught]1 & to %[ !m 8 draw+s (   
,am]ican birds4  ,! foll[+ lett]#ccg 0  
s5t at ?is "t to 8 wife 9 ,am]ica3      
,audubon to 8 ,wife                     
,,ed9burgh ,m>* #ab?1 #ahbg4       ,,my 
,,de>e/ ,,fri5d       ,i am n[ pr\d t ,i
 c ann\nce !e ! result ( ! la/          
meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4  
,i 0 unanim\sly      elect$ a ,=eign    
,memb] ( t ,in/itution on ! #et4h4      
,in/ant & am at la/ an ,f4 ,r4          
,s44--,wilt ?\ n ?9k x      wond]ful2 to
 me x is l a dream1 & q z mu* s :5      
,i see ! p>ticul> att5tions paid me by  
all ranks ( !      be/ ,society4 ,on !  
#ft4h4 ,i receiv$ ! (ficial ,lett]      
f ! ,secret>y ) ! seal ( ! ,society & ! 
arms      ( ,scotl&--?is along ) my o!r 
diplomas & ,lett]s1 ,i      assure !e   
enable me to be respect$ & well receiv$ 
9 any      portion ( ! ,civiliz$ ,_w4   
,sir ,walt] ,scott has also be5      s  
k9d z to give me a ,lett] t ,i may      

exhibit :]ev]      ,i may g,i h ,two    
,lett]s f him v k9dall ?is ,i      ?9k w
 af=d !e great ,pleasure4       ,i am n[
 prep>+ to leave ,ed9burgh & w d s 9 a  
few      days1 ,i am n[ anxi\s to visit 
,london z soon z ,i possibly      c1 &  
yet want to sp5d a few days at ,new     
,ca/le1 ,york1      ,liv]pool1 ,dubl91  
!n back aga9 to ,engl&1 g by ,cambridge 
& ,ox=d4--,if ,i meet ! success t ,i    
expect 9 t ,t\r      x is v probable t  
soon aft] my rea*+ ,london1 ,i w        
write = !e to ,come1 & :5 ,i d s1 my    
,lucy may come      )\t ! lea/          
,hesitation = ,i w !n be ready to       
receive h]6       ,s9ce my la/ ( ! #bb;d
 ( ,febru>y1 ,i h receiv$ ?9e      ( !  
#cat ( ,decemb]1 #c;d ( ,janu>y & #h? ( 
,d4      ?is la/ mo/ly ,john's1 ,i am   
p>ticul>ly glad t ?\      ha/ left !    
,bee* ,woods1 yet ?\ might z well h giv5
      me at once ?y good reasons = do+  
s4 ,i hope t at      ?is ,in/ant t ,i am
 writ+1 ?\ art snug & com=tably         
settl$ afre%4       ,! ,trees & ,segm5ts

 h n yet arriv$1 b ,i hope to      he>  
soon t !y h--,i h n a ^w ab\t ! ,se$s   
rea*+ yet4 d my ,love always say by :at 
vessel any ?+      comes1 z ,john z     
conclud$ to take ,lessons ( ,music ,i h 
no      wi% to sell my ,gun b wi% to    
give x him z 8 own 9      ,fee ,simple1 
z soon z he des]ves x f ?y own ,h&s4    
,may ,god bless him6--if all cont9ues   
well ) me ,victor &      him may rise to
 em95ce & !re=e try ,johny's ,spunk4 d  
beg or make him draw all k9ds ( ,limbs (
 ,trees or ,fl[]s      = me & :5ev] he  
kills a bird ( any k9d tell him to      
measure ! ,guts p>ticul>ly & make a     
regul> li/ (      ! names ( ! ,birds1   
l5g? & ?ickness ( ^? ,guts      & _!    
cont5ts#cch       ,i wrote a long lett] 
to ea* ,victor & ,n4 ,b]?\d on      !   
#bg ,febru>y1 b n a ^w f ei!r ( !m z yet
      rea*$ me4 ,i 0 q %ock$ to see ?y  
la/ lett] ( !      #h? ( ,janu>y )\t !  
pr9t ( ?y new ,seals1 ,i am      q      
fright5$ at ?y wat* n hav+ rea*d !e1 yet
      ,i hope e new ,lett] w br+ me     

bett] tid+s4 ,i n[      collect+ ,lett]s
 f all my ,fri5ds "h & w h ,god         
kn[s en\gh ( !m4 ,i only hope ,i may    
soon be 9 a regul>      way ( mak+ a    
com=table liv+ = ourselves all3         
,all ! pap]s & books ,i s5d !e m5tion my
 "n4 ,my "w      is lookd ^u z unrivall$
 9 any ,c\ntry1 ,i w soon      "k h[ x w
 pay4--,i c only add t ,i w write to    
!e f all ! places ,i visit,let ,victor h
 a copy (      ?is,collect all k9ds (   
,curiosities :atev]try to s5d      or   
br+ ) !e b s5d fir/ if ,possible ,live  
,birds (      h>dy k9ds su* z ,blue     
,jays by ,,!mselves4 ,r$ ,birds ,d4     
r$ w+d ,/>l+ ,d1 ,p>tridges c c4--pres5t
 my humble      respects to ,mr  ,mrs   
,johnsons & remembrances to good        
,fri5d b\rgeat--try to s5d me an acc\nt 
( ! gr[+ (      ,cotton f ,a to ,z1     
writt5 by an able ,plant]--,i wi% !e to 
make regul> memor&ums ?yself respect+   
all ab\t ,habits       ,localities c    
c4?\ wil/ sc>ce believe t ?is      day  
!re are 9 _m places #af feet ( sn[4 !   

wea!r      has be5 trem5d\s--yet ) all  
?is no ,invitation is ev]      laid     
aside & ! o!r ev5+ ,i w5t to ,d9] 9 a   
,hackny ,coa* drawn by #d ,horses1 & to 
*ur* on ,sunday la/      9 a ,s$an *air 
to he> ! fam\s ,sidney ,smi?1 curi\s    
dif]5ces ( mann]s "h ,i assure !e4      
,i h se5 & "k p]sonally all ! great m5 (
 ,scotl&      & _m ( ,engl&4       ,:at 
a curi\s int]e/+ book a ,biograph]--well
 acqua9t$      ) my ,life c\ld write1 x 
is /ill m wond]full &      extraord9>y  
?an t ( my ,fa!r6       ,fe> n my       
connect+ myself 9 any way ) ,*>les ,m4  
he      is a m]e worm on ! he>?1 & s9ce 
he has ab&on$ 8      ,gr& ,flora is out 
( my books--x has p]haps be5 an error   
9 our ,lives t ?\ did/ n come ) me4 ,s  
mu* inde$      d ,i n[ ?9k s t ,i h     
advis$ ,capn ,hall to take 8      ,lady 
& *ild ) him4 be sure to pave ! way = !m
 to      ,judge ,ma!ws & ,n4 ,b]?\d to  
:om ,i h giv5 him lett]s      to4--,i   
s5d !e 8 ,travels1 read 8 int]view )    
,napoleon2      ,i write my ,j\rnal e   

day1 x seems t t portion (      x =w>dd 
!e long ago z nev] rea*d !e z ?\ do/    
n m5tion x4 ,i am sorry = all ^! little 
mis=tunes      & c h>dly a_/c = !m4 ,i h
 n he>d f ,h4 ,clay b      w refre% 8   
memory1 ,i hope at ! same "t to receive 
a      ,lett] f ! ,presid5t,i hope ?is  
day ! la/ beautiful      broa* ,i s5t !e
 z a new ,ye>s gift is %9+ on ?y        
bosom1 z ,i h witness$ ! brightness ( ?y
 own sweet      ,eyes1 oh my ,lucy :at  
w\ld ,i give n[ 9 my possession =      a
 kiss on ?y ,lips &----,god = ev] bless 
!e ?9e ,husb&      & ,fri5d = ev]--     
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon                    
,f4,r4,s4,e4   ,fell[ ,royal ,society   
,ed9burgh--            ,f4,a4,s4--      
,fell[ ,royal ,society antiqu>ians--    
,m4,w4,s4,n4,h4--,memb] ,w]n]ian        
,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory             
,m4,s4,a4--    ,memb] ,society ( ,arts (
 ,scotl&--            ,m4,p4,l4,s4--    
,memb] ,philosophical  ,lit]>y ,society 
,liv]pool            ,m4,l4,n4,y4--     
,memb] ,lyceum ( ,new ,york4       ,,my 

,,de> ,,john--       ,i am v ?ankfull to
 y = y\r ,lett]s cont9ue to write      f
 "t to "t1 draw1 & /udy music closely1  
!re is      "t = all ?+s--,i give y my  
,gun ) all my ,he>t be/      wi%es1 b   
e>n x at y\r ,de> ,mamma's w--,god bless
 ,y--            ,y\r ,fa!r & ,fri5d--  
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon  ,at ,ed9burgh     
,audubon met a "y l&scape pa9t]1 ,joseph
 ,b4 ,kidd1 & ! two work$ toge!r = "s   
"t1 ,kidd receiv+ in/ruction 9 animal   
pa9t+ & ,audubon h9ts on ! treatm5t ( 8 
l&scapes1 :i* _h always be5 a s\rce (   
tr\ble to him4 ,kidd 0 ,audubon's       
,ed9burgh ag5t = a "t1 & lat] ent]$ ^u !
 ambiti\s project ( reproduc+ all ( 8   
birds 9 oils1 z w be notic$ lat]4#cci   
,on ,m>* #ag1 #ahbg1 :5 ! second numb] (
 8 ,birds 0 9 prep>ation1 ,audubon      
boldly issu$ 8 ,prospectus1 contr>y to !
 advice ( "s ( 8 fri5ds1 :o c\ld see    
only egregi\s folly 9 su* an und]tak+ & 
reg>d$ x z =$oom$ to failure4 ,z        
ev]ybody kn[s1 x is easi] to say ?+s ?an
 to d !m1 b all ^! fri5dly critics sang 

a diff]5t tune lat] on1 :5 !y _h se5 m (
 ! indomitable w & self-reliance ( !    
man1 :o 0 to c>ry /eadily =w>d to a     
successful issue a "w :i* 0 9 press     
ne>ly twelve ye>s & :i* co/ ov] #ajj1jjj
 to produce4 ,9 ,audubon's orig9al      
prospectus ( ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica !      
specifications z to ! =m1 size1 & co/ ( 
! "w1 :i* _h be5 det]m9$ = "s mon?s1    
und]w5t little *ange 9 subsequ5t        
editions ( ?is pr9t$ /atem5t4#cdj       
,audubon left ,ed9burgh = ,london on    
,april #e1 #ahbg1 ) locks %orn b en]gy  
unabat$4 ,he foll[$ a r\ndab\t c\rse1   
visit+ ,bel=d1 ,mit=d ,ca/le1           
,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 ,york1 ,le$s1       
,liv]pool1 & ,%rewsbury1 at e po9t      
ext5d+ 8 acqua9tance1 %[+ 8 draw+s to   
_m1 & add+ appreciably to 8 gr[+ li/ (  
subscrib]s4 ,sev]al days 7 sp5t 9 hunt+ 
& draw+ birds ) ! ,selbys1 at _!        
beautiful c\ntry place call$ ,twizel    
,h\se1 at ,bel=d1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e he 
0 soon made to feel z mu* at home z ) 8 
old] ,liv]pool fri5ds1 ! ,ra?bones1 at  

,gre5 ,bank4  ,p4 ,j4 ,selby1 aft] :om  
,audubon nam$ a ,flycat*] :i* appe>$ 9 8
 second numb]1 0 an amateur arti/ &     
orni?ologi/1 & at t "t 0 engag$ ^u an   
ext5sive publication to :i* ,audubon 0  
invit$ to contribute1 a s+le volume (   
plates & text hav+ !n be5 publi%$4#cda  
,at ,newca/le1 :]e ,audubon sp5t a week1
 he saw mu* ( its gr& old man1 ,?omas   
,bewick1 ! fir/ wood cutt] 9 ! _w1 &    
conceiv$ a deep reg>d = him1 :i* he     
aft]w>ds express$ 9 "o ( 8 ,episodes4 ,z
 !y p>t$1 ?is great son ( nature held   
him closely by ! h&1 & = ! ?ird "t      
repeat$1 ,god pres]ve y6 ,i look$ at him
 9 su* a mann]1 said ,audubon1 t ,i am  
sure he und]/ood ,i c\ld n speak4  ,z he
 proce$$ s\?w>d1 8 subscription li/     
augm5t$ apace1 ,man*e/] alone giv+ him  
eighte5 new names1 & he began to feel m 
sangu9e ( success1 if1 he add$1 ,i      
cont9ue to be hone/1 indu/ri\s1 &       
consi/5t4     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii  ,,audubon
 ,,9 ,,london       ,impressions ( !    
metropolis--,a trunk full (             

lett]s--,fri5d%ip ( ,*ildr5--,sir ,?omas
 ,lawr5ce--,liz>s      /ops "w--,a      
family ( arti/s--,rob]t ,havell1        
,junior--,!      ,birds ( ,am]ica fly to
 ,london--,! ,zological ,gall]y--,crisis
      9 ! naturali/'s affairs--,royal   
patronage--,int]view )                  
,gallat9--,int]e/+ ! ,que5--,des]tion ( 
patrons--,pa9t+      to                 
indep5d5ce--,p]sonal habits &           
ta/es--,ent]s !      ,l9nan ,society--,!
 ,:ite-head$ ,eagle--,visit to ! great  
univ]sities--,decl9es to write =        
magaz9es--,audubon-,swa9son             
correspond5ce--,highfield ,hall ne>     
,tytt5hang]--,9 ,p>is      )            
,swa9son--,glimpses ( ,cuvi]--,8 report 
on ,! ,birds (      ,am]ica--,patronage 
( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & ! ,duke (         
,orleans--,bonap>te ! naturali/4        
,audubon rea*$ ,london on ,may #ba1     
#ahbg1 & put up at ! ,bull & ,m\? tav]n1
 b soon mov$ into m p]man5t lodg+s at   
numb] #ee ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ne> ! 
,briti% ,museum4 ,?\gh = a long "t eag] 

to see ! capital1 no soon] _h he rea*$ x
 ?an he 0 anxi\s to be away & m homesick
 ?an ev] = 8 family & 8 belov$ ,am]ica4 
,london !n seem$ to him l ! m\? ( an    
imm5se mon/]1 gu>d$ by millions (       
%>p-edg$ tee?1 f :i* he c\ld escape only
 by miracle4  ,he _h br\ght ) him a     
=midable array ( lett]s address$ to !   
lite ( ! capital1#cdb & he bore besides 
ne>ly a trunkful = ! ,cont95t1 z well z 
g5]al lett]s f ,h5ry ,clay1 ,&rew       
,jackson & o!rs 9 ,am]ica = our consul> 
& diplomatic repres5tatives 9 ,europe4  
,8 epi/ol>y basis = ! acquisition (     
useful acqua9tances c\ld h>dly h be5    
bett]1 & fur!r te/imonials 7 ga!r$ at e 
/age ( 8 progress to ! city ( 8 hopes1 b
 ,audubon's be/ lett] ( cr$it1 :i* c\ld 
be read by all ! _w1 0 an op51 w9n+     
c\nt5ance4 ,aft] he _h w&]$ ov] ,london 
= ! great] "p ( ?ree days )\t f9d+ a    
s+le individual at home1 he 0 tempt$ to 
consign 8 valuable docum5ts to ! po/1 an
 error :i* he did n repeat1 z x depriv$ 
him ( ! acqua9tance ( fully "o-half ( ! 

p to :om !y 7 address$4 ,"o ( ^! ,london
 lett]s :i* foll[s1 writt5 by ,capta9   
,basil ,hall to ,john ,murray1 ! not$   
publi%] & f\nd] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 is
 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 %[+ t ,audubon 0  
f> f pleas$ ) ! progress ( 8 "w 9       
,ed9burgh1 & t he 0 !n contemplat+ a    
*ange :i* 0 lat] effect$4   ,basil ,hall
 to ,john ,murray            ,,ed9b     
#bcrd ,feby4 #ahbg       ,,my ,,de>     
,,sir       ,?is w be deliv]$ to y by my
 fri5d ,mr ,john ,audubon1 an           
,am]ican ,g5tleman :o has be5 resid+ "h 
?is w9t]1       ,i beg 9 ! mo/ p>ticul> 
mann] to introduce him to y\r           
acqua9tance & to ask = him ! advantage (
 y\r good      (fices4       ,mr        
,audubon has sp5t a great "p ( 8 life 9 
mak+      a collection ( draw+s ( !     
,birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica1       9 /udy+ _!
 ,habits1 ) ! int5tion ( publi%+      a 
,complete ,orni?ology ( ,am]ica4 ,= su* 
a "w 8      mat]ials1 bo? 9 ! %ape (    
draw+s & ( writt5 notes1      are imm5se
 & he is n[ go+ to ,london 9 ord] to set

 ?is      gigantic "w 9 motion4         
,mr ,audubon1 h[ev]1 is n v well v]s$ 9 
! details      ( su* matt]s1  !re=e ,i  
beg ( y to h !      goodness to aid him 
) y\r advice on ! occasion--to          
introduce engrav]s pr9t]s  s =? to him1 
& g5]ally      speak+ to put him 9 ! way
 ( br++ out 8 "w 9 an      advantage\s  
mann] to himself4       ,i tru/ all ?is 
w give y no m tr\ble ?an y w      be    
will+ to take at my e>ne/ solicitation4 
,i rema9 ,ev]1 ,my ,de> ,sir1           
,mo/ ,s9c]ely ,yrs            ,,basil   
,,hall4           ,,john ,,murray ,esqr 
,audubon c>ri$ also a long lett] f ,mr4 
,hay1#cdc dat$ at #af ,a?ol ,cresc5t1   
,ed9burgh1 #ae ,m>*1 #ahbg1 & address$  
to ! c>e ( 8 bro!r1 ,rob]t ,william     
,hay1 ( ,d[n+ ,/reet1 ,we/1 9 :i* ?is   
curi\s /atem5t occurs3 ,mr4 ,a4 is son (
 ! late ,fr5* ,admiral ,audubon1 b has  
himself liv$ f ! cradle 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 hav+ be5 born 9 "o ( ! ,fr5*    
colonies4  ,! docum5t :i* 0 to prove (  
greate/ s]vice to him1 h[ev]1 0 address$

 to ,john ,george ,*ildr51#cdd !n 9 *>ge
 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,zology 9 ! ,briti%    
,museum & secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society4 
,*ildr5 assum$ ! managem5t ( ,audubon's 
"w :5 he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #ahbi &   
aga9 9 #ahca2 to him & ,"l ,/anley1 9   
#ahcj1 ! naturali/ probably ow$ 8       
nom9ation to memb]%ip 9 ! ,royal        
,society4  ,soon aft] rea*+ ,london     
,audubon paid 8 respects to ,sir ,?omas 
,lawr5ce1 = :om he _h two lett]s1 & made
 an appo9tm5t = %[+ 8 "w to ?is fam\s   
arti/4 ,he 0 also gratifi$ to receive ! 
subscription ( ,"l ,/anley & ( ,*>les   
,luci5 ,bonap>te1 :o 0 !n 9 ,london4    
,audubon _h n be5 9 ,london a mon? be=e 
^w 0 receiv$ f ,liz>s t all 8 color]s _h
 /ruck "w & t ev]y?+ 0 at a /&4         
,accord+ly1 he began to se>* ,london =  
skill$ workm51 & on ,june #ah wrote3 ,i 
w5t five times to see ,mr4 ,havell1 !   
color]1 b he 0 out ( t[n4 ,i am full (  
anxiety & greatly depress$4 ,oh6 h[ sick
 ,i am ( ,london6 ,?ree days lat] ano!r 
disc\rag+ lett] came f ,liz>s1 :o %ortly

 aft] ?rew up 8 contract & left 8 patron
 9 a sad pr$icam5t--) an enorm\sly      
exp5sive "w1 /ill-born1 on 8 h&s1 )\t   
adequate funds1 &1 9 %ort1 ) all 8 *]i%$
 plans susp5d$ 9 mid-air4 ,audubon no   
d\bt realiz$ t if 8 gr& und]tak+ 7 to   
succe$ at all1 x mu/ exp]i5ce a new bir?
 9 ,london1 :]e an exp]t engrav] ( !    
requisite ent]prise & zeal mu/ be f\nd  
)\t delay4 ,he clos$ 8 j\rnal on !      
second day ( ,july ) ! rem>k t he 0 too 
dull & m\rnful to write a l9e1 & x 0 n  
op5$ aga9 = ne>ly ?ree mon?s4           
,illu/ration3 ,,title ,,page ,,( ,,!    
,,orig9al ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,birds ,,( 
,,am]ica1 ,,volume ,,ii1 #ahca-ahcd4    
,?is gap 9 ,audubon's record c n[ be    
fill$ 9 ref]5ce to "s important         
p>ticul>s1 = 9 ! int]val he made 8      
greate/ discov]y 9 ,engl&1 9 ,rob]t     
,havell1 ,junior1 !n a "y & unkn[n arti/
 ( ?irty-f\r1 :o ?r\gh elev5 ye>s ( !   
close/ association ) 8 new patron 0 to  
become "o ( ! greate/ engrav]s 9 aquat9t
 ! _w has ev] se54 ,until rec5tly !     

intimate /ory ( ,audubon's relation to !
 ,havells has be5 mu* obscur$4#cde ,!   
ref]5ce 9 ! j\rnal record ( ,june #ai1 j
 giv51 0 und\bt$ly to ,rob]t ,havell1   
,s5ior1 :o = _m ye>s 0 associat$ ) 8    
fa!r1 ,daniel ,havell1 ! fir/ ( five    
g5]ations ( arti/s ( t "n1 9 ! engrav+ &
 publi%+ bus9ess1 b :o at ?is "t 0      
e/abli%$ indep5d5tly at #gi ,newman     
,/reet1 ,london2 he also conduct$ a %op 
call$ ! ,zological ,gall]y1 at :i* 7    
sold engrav+s1 books1 arti/s' mat]ials1 
naturali/s' supplies1 & specim5s (      
natural hi/ory ( e sort4 ,8 ?ree sons1  
,rob]t1 ,george1 & ,h5ry ,augu/us1 all  
became arti/s1 b ! elde/1 :o bore 8     
fa!r's "n1 0 educat$ = a le>n$          
pr(ession4 ,contr>y to 8 fa!r's         
injunctions & advice1 ,rob]t1 :o 0 b5t  
on becom+ an arti/1 abruptly left 8 home
 9 #ahbe1 det]m9$ to %ift = himself4 ,he
 began ) an ext5sive sket*+ t\r on !    
,riv] ,wye1 9 ,monm\?%ire1 & produc$    
num]\s pa9t+s :i*1 z 8 biograph] rem>ks1
 display all ! *>m f\nd 9 ! "w ( 8      

di/+ui%$ c\s91 ,william ,havell4 ,^! won
 imm$iate recognition 9 ,london1 :]e he 
receiv$ commissions f v>i\s publi%]s1   
includ+ ! h\se ( ,messrs4 ,colnaghi     
,company4  ,rob]t ,havell1 ,s5ior1 !n 9 
8 fifty-eigh? ye>1 ?\gh deeply int]e/$ 9
 ,audubon's adv5tur\s plans1 felt       
himself too old to emb>k on s ext5d$ a  
"w1 :i* x 0 !n believ$ w\ld require f   
f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s = completion2 he  
volunte]$1 h[ev]1 to d 8 be/ to f9d a   
sub/itute4 ,) ?is 9 view1 he appli$ to  
,mr4 ,colnaghi1 ! publi%]1 & 0          
imm$iately %[n ! unsign$ pro( ( a       
beautiful l&scape1 exquisitely drawn &  
engrav$ by "o ( ! y\?ful reta9]s ( 8    
e/abli%m5t4 ,! eld] ,havell1 aft]       
scrut9iz+ x c>efully1 exclaim$1 ,t's j !
 man = me6 ,!n1 repli$ ! publi%]1 s5d = 
y\r own son6 ,?r\gh ?is s+ul> co9cid5ce1
 fa!r & son became reconcil$ & a        
p>tn]%ip betwe5 !m 0 soon ann\nc$4  ,z a
 te/ ( "y ,havell's skill1 to foll[ !   
/ory ( 8 biograph]1 ,audubon gave him 8 
draw+ ( ! ,pro?onot>y ,w>bl]1 :i* _h    

already be5 engrav$ & issu$ by ,liz>s z 
,plate iii ( ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica e>li] 9
 t ye>4 ,havell f9i%$ ! engrav+ 9 two   
weeks1 :5 a pro( 0 /ruck & ! naturali/  
summon$4 ,audubon exam9$ ! pr9t ) !     
utmo/ ke5ness & delib]ation2 !n he seiz$
 ! %eet1 & hold+ x up1 danc$ ab\t !     
room1 call+ out 9 8 ,fr5* acc5t3 ,ze jig
 is up1 ze jig is up6 ,! ,havells1 :o at
 fir/ ?\ght ?is might signify           
disapproval1 7 quickly disabus$ :5      
,audubon approa*$ "y ,rob]t &1 ?r[+ 8   
arms ab\t 8 neck1 assur$ him t 8        
long-s\ght engrav] _h be5 f\nd at la/4  
,hav+ giv5 ?is /ory1 ,i wi% x 7 possible
 to confirm x1 b a close exam9ation (   
?is plate proves ei!r t ! /ory is a     
fiction1 or t "s o!r draw+ 0 us$ z a te/
 ( ,havell's skill4#cdf  ,! "p :i* ?is  
int]e/+ family play$ 9 ,audubon's       
success w be unfold$ lat]4#cdg ,suffice 
x n[ to say t ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,havell   
,son1 9 ,london1 und]took afre% !       
production ( ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica 9 !    
summ] ( #ahbg4 ,! p>tn]%ip 0 divid$ or  

dissolv$ 9 #ahbh1 :5 ,rob]t1 junior1 :o 
f ! fir/ did all ( ! engrav+1 took      
entire *>ge ( t "p ( ! bus9ess1 & mov$ 8
 engrav+ e/abli%m5t ar\nd ! corn] to #gg
 ,ox=d ,/reet2 !re x rema9$ until brok5 
up 9 #ahch4 ,rob]t ,havell1 ,s5ior1     
cont9u$ 9 *>ge ( ! pr9t+ & color+ until 
#ahcj1 :5 he seems to h p]man5tly       
retir$1 two ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahcb1   
ev5ts :i*1 z w be se51 are indirectly   
regi/]$ 9 ! leg5ds ( "s ( ,audubon's    
plates4#cdh    ,illu/ration3 ,,!        
,,pro?onot>y ,,w>bl] ,,plates1 ,,!      
,,birds ,,(      ,,am]ica1 ,,plate ,,xi1
 ,,be>+ ,,! ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,engrav]s 
,w4 ,h4      ,,liz>s 7,,left7 ,,&       
,,rob]t ,,havell1 ,,jr4 7,,"r71 ,,b     
,,id5tical      ,,9 ,,e ,,o!r ,,detail  
,,( ,,engrav+1 ,,any ,,app>5t ,,diff]5ce
      ,,be+ ,,due ,,to ,,! ,,color+1    
,,:i* ,,0 ,,add$ ,,by ,,h&4  ,"u ! y\ng]
 ,havell's guid+ h&1 ,audubon f\nd t 8  
illu/rations c\ld be produc$ 9 bett]    
/yle1 m exp$iti\sly1 & at f> less co/   
?an 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,:5 ,liz>s 0 lat] %[n !

 ?ird numb] :i* ! ,havells _h produc$1  
he call$ 8 assi/ants & obs]v$ h[        
completely ! ,london workm5 _h beat5 !m2
 he ev5 (f]$ to resume "w on ! engrav+ &
 at ,havell's price1 b ,audubon 0 av]se 
to fur!r exp]im5t+4 ,if he c fall1 said 
he1 tw5ty-sev5 p\nds 9 ! engrav+ ( ea*  
numb]1 & d !m 9 a sup]ior /yle to 8     
previ\s "w1 h[ enorm\s mu/ 8 pr(its h   
be52 a good lesson to me 9 ! "t to come1
 ?\gh ,i mu/ rememb] ,havell is m       
reasonable ow+ to :at has pass$ betwe5 u
 9 our bus9ess arrangem5ts1 & ! fact t  
he owes s mu* to me4  ,?is *>act]i/ic   
note 0 s5t f ,liv]pool1 ,decemb] #f1    
#ahbg1 to 8 ag5t1 ,daniel ,liz>s1 fa!r  
to ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s1 at ,ed9burgh3        
,i w n ask if y h any new "n = me1 z ,i 
might      be disappo9t$ 7 ,i to expect 
an affirmative answ]4       ,if y see   
,sir ,wm4 ,j>d9e tell him t ,*>les      
,bonap>te has      left ! ,u4 ,s4 = ev]1
 & has gone to reside 9 ,flor5ce1       
,italy4       ,i h wrote to ,mr4 ,havell
 to s5d y a ,no4 #e1 :i* ,i wi%      y  

to s5d to ,pr(essor ,wilson1 or inde$ a 
:ole set1 to      enable him to write ! 
notice he has promis$ = me ! #a/4      (
 next mon?4    ,illu/ration3 ,,rev]se   
,,( ,,panels ,,( ,,rob]t ,,havell',s    
,,adv]tis+      ,,fold] ,,reproduc$ ,,on
 ,,fac+ ,,ins]t4    ,illu/ration3       
,,outside ,,engrav$ ,,panels ,,( ,,an   
,,adv]tis+      ,,fold] ,,issu$ ,,by    
,,rob]t ,,havell1 ,,ab\t #ahcd2 ,,!     
,,pr9t+ ,,on      ,,! ,,rev]se ,,is     
,,reproduc$ ,,on ,,! ,,fac+ ,,page4     
,f ! only copy kn[n to exi/1 9          
possession ( ,mr4      ,ru?v5 ,deane4 ,x
 is a /rip ( heavy pap]1 #ah by #c in*es
      9 size1 pr9t$ on bo? sides1 &     
fold$ twice1 ! fold$      size be+ #d by
 #c in*es4 ,"o side be>s ! f\r panels1  
engrav$ by ,rob]t ,havell1 reproduc$ on 
?is & !      foll[+ page2 & ! rev]se1 ! 
pr9t$ matt] reproduc$      on pages #chf
 & #chg4    ,illu/ration3 ,,inside      
,,engrav$ ,,panels ,,( ,,! ,,adv]tis+   
,,fold] ,,issu$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,havell1  
,,ab\t #ahcd4       ,! l[] panel %[s !  

int]ior ( ! ,zological      ,gall]y1 #gg
 ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,audubon's plate ( !     
,cock ,turkey      is be+ exam9$ at "o (
 ! tables4   ,illu/ration3,,rev]se ,,(  
,,panels ,,( ,,rob]t ,,havell',s        
,,adv]tis+      ,,fold] ,,reproduc$ ,,on
 ,,fac+ ,,ins]t4  ,audubon s5t ano!r    
lett] to ?is ag5t1 f ,london1 ,janu>y   
#ba1 #ahbh1 :5 he 0 /ill wait+ = an     
answ] to 8 la/3 ,:5 ,i write to any "o  
,i expect an answ]1 b :5 ,i write to a  
man ,i e/eem1 & to :om ,i entru/ a      
portion ( my bus9ess1 ,i feel mis]able  
until ,i he> f him4444 ,i am extremely  
anxi\s to close my bus9ess = #ahbg1 & _c
 d s )\t receiv+ y\r a_/c1 & ! money due
 by my subscrib]s4  ,! summ] ( #ahbg 0  
probably ,audubon's mo/ critical p]iod 9
 ,engl&4 ,8 "w 0 !n 9 ! air & ru9 ( all 
8 hopes seem$ inevitable1 b ) palette & 
bru% he aga9 extricat$ himself f        
f9ancial difficulties4 ,at ?is "t1 he   
said1 ,i pa9t$ all day1 & sold my "w    
dur+ ! dusky h\rs ( ! ev5+ z ,i walk$   
?r\gh ! ,/r& & o!r /reets :]e ! ,jews   

reign$2 popp+ 9 & out ( ,jew-%ops or any
 o!rs1 & nev] refus+ ! (f] made me = !  
pictures ,i c>ri$ fre% f ! easel4 ,he   
sold sev5 copies ( ! ,entrapp$ ,ott] 9  
,london1 ,man*e/]1 & ,liv]pool1 & f sev5
 to t5 copies ( "s ( 8 o!r favorite     
subjects2 once :5 he inadv]t5tly call$  
at a %op :]e he _h j dispos$ ( a        
picture1 ! deal] promptly b\ght !       
duplicate & at ! same price t he _h paid
 = ! fir/4  ,9 ! autumn ( ?is ye>1 :5 x 
0 f\nd t 8 ag5ts 7 neglect+ _! bus9ess1 
,audubon det]m9$ to make a sortie to    
collect 8 dues & fur!r augm5t 8         
subscription li/4 ,he left ,london on   
,septemb] #af1 & visit$ 9 succession    
,man*e/]1 ,le$s1 ,york1                 
,newca/le-on-,tyne1 ,alnwick ,ca/le &   
,bel=d1 to see ! ,selbys1 f9ally rea*+  
,ed9burgh on ! #bbnd ( ,octob]4         
,audubon _h set 8 m>k at obta9+ #bjj    
subscrib]s by ,may1 #ahbh1 b he fell f> 
%ort ( realiz+ x4 ,on ,augu/ #i he      
wrote3 ,?is day sev5ty sets h be5       
di/ribut$2 yet ! numb] ( my subscrib]s  

has n increas$2 on ! contr>y1 ,i h lo/  
"s4 ,at ,york he f\nd t a numb] ( 8     
,birds1 :i* _h be5 =w>d$ f ,ed9burgh    
be=e he _h tak5 8 dep>ture1 0 mis]ably  
poor1 sc>cely color$ at all2 & a copy ( 
8 fir/ numb] :i* 0 lat] exam9$ at !     
,radcliffe ,libr>y 9 ,ox=d 0 s          
unsatisfactory t he roll$ x up & took x 
away1 ) ! reflection t ,liz>s1 :om he _h
 paid s amply & s punctually1 c\ld h    
made him a bett] return4 ,! colori/s    
gave no end ( tr\ble1 b he nev] hesitat$
 to reject _! "w :5 x did n meet 8      
requirem5ts1 & ! defective plates 7     
inv>iably s5t back to ,havell's %op to  
be wa%$1 hot-press$1 & done ov] aga94   
,to su* wat*ful c>e mu/ be ascrib$1 9   
l>ge measure1 ! high degree ( p]fection 
:i* 8 big "w ev5tually atta9$4 ,:5 x is 
rememb]$ t upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ?\s& ( 8  
l>ge plates _h to be color$ labori\sly  
by h&1 & t at "o "t fifty p]sons 7      
engag$ at ! ,havell e/abli%m5t1 we c    
und]/& ! difficulties involv$ 9 ma9ta9+ 
a uni=m /&>d ( excell5ce 9 a "w t 0     

issu$ piecemeal & spread ov] a long     
p]iod ( "t4  ,9 ,augu/1 #ahbg1 ,audubon 
wrote to ,mrs4 ,?omas ,sully (          
,philadelphia to ann\nce ! removal ( 8  
bus9ess to ,london4 ,by ?is *ange he    
expect$ to save upw>ds ( an hundr$ p\nds
 p] annum1 a l>ge sum1 z he rem>k$1 = a 
man l me4 ,8 ?ird numb] _h !n be5 issu$1
 & he express$ ! hope t all w\ld g      
smoo?ly aft] ?is fir/ ye> ( h>d trials &
 times1 & t he w\ld be able to s5d = 8  
wife & "o ( 8 sons 9 ! com+ autumn or   
w9t]4 ,he 0 !n pa9t+ a flock ( ,wild    
,turkeys = ! k+1 :o _h honor$ him ) 8   
p>ticul> patronage & protection4 ,:5    
writ+ to 8 "y son1 ,john ,w4 ,audubon1  
on ! #aj? ( ! same mon?1 he *>g$ him to 
devote two h\rs daily to ! prep>ation ( 
bird sk9s1 & to s5d him n only ! sk9s b 
live birds & mussel %ells1 = :i* he w\ld
 be duly paid4 ,said ! fa!r3       ,i   
w\ld give y #ejj doll>s p] annum1 7 y   
able to make      = me su* draw+s z ,i w
 want4 ,i wi% y w\ld draw "o      bird  
only1 on a twig1 & s5d x to me to look  

at1 z soon      z y c aft] receiv+ ?is  
lett]4444 ,i %\ld l to      h a l>ge box
 fill$ ) bran*es ( ! trees1 cov]$      )
 mosses c41 su* z ,mama kn[s ,i want2 n[
 recollect1      all sorts ( ,birds1    
males & females1 ugly or h&some4        
,audubon _h come to ,london ) ! idea (  
hav+ 8 "w publi%$ "u ! patronage ( ,k+  
,george ,,iv2 9 ord] to ga9 a p]sonal   
int]view ) ! ,sov]eign he _h br\ght a   
lett] to ,rob]t ,peel1 :o 0 !n ! ,home  
,secret>y1 b a *ange 9 ! ,cab9et _h     
upset 8 plans & ! lett] 0 return$4 ,he  
!n appli$ to ! ,am]ican ,ambassador1    
,mr4 ,alb]t ,gallat91 :o ^u _! fir/     
meet+ address$ him 9 ,fr5* & %[$ ! ease 
& *>m ( mann] ( a p]fect g5tleman2 b :5 
! "q ( an audi5ce ) ! ,k+ 0 broa*$1     
,gallat9 laugh$ at ! idea z prepo/]\s4  
,! k+1 he decl>$1 sees nobody2 he has ! 
g\t1 is peevi%1 & sp5ds 8 "t play+ :i/  
at a %ill+ a rubb]4 ,i _h to wait six   
weeks be=e ,i 0 pres5t$ to him 9 my     
position ( ambassador1 & !n ,i m]ely saw
 him six or sev5 m9utes4 ,:5 ,audubon !n

 sugge/$ t ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& might  
int]e/ himself 9 8 behalf1 ,gallat91 :o 
dislik$ ! ,engli% he>tily1 repli$3 ,i h 
call$ hundr$s ( times on l m5 9 ,engl&1 
& h be5 assur$ t 8 grace1 or lord%ip1 or
 h] lady%ip 0 n at home1 until ,i h gr[n
 wis]1 & /ay at home myself1 & m]ely    
att5d to my political bus9ess1 & ,god   
kn[s :5 ,i w h done ) t4                
,illu/ration3 ,,title ,,page ,,(        
,,audubon',s ,,prospectus ,,( ,,!       
,,birds      ,,( ,,am]ica ,,= #ahca4  ,z
 ! ,am]ican ,ambassador _h pr$ict$1 ,k+ 
,george ev9c$ no ard5t desire to meet ! 
,am]ican woodsman1 ?\gh he cons5t$ to   
take ! "w "u 8 patronage & to become a  
subscrib] on ! usual t]ms2 ?is plan1    
h[ev]1 fell ?r\gh1 = ! ,k+1 :o 0 report$
 to h tak5 8 copy1 fail$ to pay = x4 ,) 
,que5 ,adelaide1 on ! o!r h&1 !         
naturali/ 0 m successful1 & 9 8         
,prospectus ( #ahca %e 0 ann\nc$ z 8    
special patron1 ) h] "n head+ 8 li/4    
,negotiations to int]e/ ! ,que5 7 go+ on
 :5 ! foll[+ note 0 s5t to ,audubon by  

,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,wall]1 :o occupi$ "s      
position 9 ! k+'s h\sehold & 0 spok5 ( z
 oculi/ to 8 maje/y3   ,sir ,j4 ,w4     
,wall] to ,audubon            ,saturday 
#i o clock #ahcj4       ,i h sc>ce an   
,in/ant z ,i am go+ to ,t[n to breakfa/ 
) ! ,dk4 ( ,gl\ce/]1 b yr4 ,lett] is    
urg5t       !re=e ,i c only desire ,mr4 
,a4 to s5d 8 ,numb]      imm$iately to !
 ,/able ,y>d1 direct$ to h] ,maje/y1    
! fir/ mom5t ,i c see h]1 ,i w speak on 
! subject1      b at ?is ,mom5t ,i w n  
promise to m5tion x to !      ,k+ =     
reasons ,i _c put on pap]4              
,yrs4 ev]1            ,j4 ,w4 ,,wall]   
,at ,ed9burgh ,audubon 0 al>m$ to f9d t 
subscrib]s 7 rapidly des]t+ him1 six    
hav+ cancell$ _! names )\t ! =mality (  
giv+ reasons4 ,he hop$ to supply _!     
places at ,glasg[1 !n a ri* city ( "o   
hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p1 b aft] a visit   
!re ( f\r days 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 he 0  
oblig$ to return to ,ed9burgh ) b "o new
 "n on 8 li/4  ,on ,octob] #bb he       
express$ ! resolve = ! com+ ye> to      

positively keep a ca% acc\nt ) himself &
 o!rs1 a ?+ he _h nev] yet done4 ,!     
wisdom ( t decision 0 app>5t ^u settl+ 8
 acc\nts = #ahbg ) bo? ,liz>s & ,havell1
 z appe>s f ?is note1 writt5 9 8 j\rnal 
on ,janu>y #ag1 #ahbh3 ,x is difficult  
"w = a man l me to see t he is nei!r    
*eat+ nor *eat$4 ,all is paid = #ahbg1 &
 ,i am well ahead 9 funds4 ,_h ,i made  
su* regul> settlem5ts all my life ,i    
%\ld nev] h be5 z poor a man z ,i h be52
 b on ! o!r h& ,i %\ld nev] h publi%$ ! 
,birds ( ,am]ica4 ,aga91 = ,febru>y #g  
we f9d ?is record3 ,havell br\ght me !  
sets he ow$ me = #ahbg1 & ,i paid him 9 
full4 ,ei!r ?r\gh him or ,mr4 ,liz>s ,i 
h met ) a loss ( ne>ly #ajj1 = ,i am    
*>g$ ) fifty numb]s m ?an c be acc\nt$ =
 by my ag5ts or myself4 ,?is seems      
/range always to me1 t p _c be hone/1 b 
,i mu/ br+ myself to believe _m are n1 f
 my own exp]i5ces4  ,%ortly aft] rea*+  
,london1 z we h se51 ,audubon _h made ! 
acqua9tance ( ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 !n  
at ! head ( ! ,royal ,academy & favorite

 pa9t] ( ! ,c\rt & fa%ionable society4  
,! fri5d%ip ( ?is influ5tial arti/ at a 
critical mom5t prov$ mo/ =tunate1 = ,sir
 ,?omas call$ repeat$ly at 8 lodg+s1 &  
at ea* visit br\ght patrons :o w5t away 
) "s ( 8 pictures b n )\t leav+ a h&some
 toll ( sov]eigns 9 8 lap2 ! ,entrapp$  
,ott] aga9 did duty by br++ him         
tw5ty-five p\nds1 :ile o!rs return$ f   
sev5 to ?irty-five p\nds4 ,at a lat] "t 
! arti/ visit$ ! ,zological ,gall]y1 z !
 ,havell e/abli%m5t 9 ,newman ,/reet 0  
!n kn[n1 & saw ,audubon's l>ge pa9t+s   
call$ ,! ,eagle & ! ,lamb1 & ,engli%    
,pheasants ,surpris$ by a ,spani% ,dog  
or ,sauve qui peut4 ,audubon1 :o on ?is 
occasion miss$ see+ 8 di/+ui%$ visitor1 
_h writt5 9 8 j\rnal ?ree days be=e     
7,decemb] #bc1 #ahbh7 t ! pa9t+s 7 :at  
he call$ f9i%$1 b t1 z usual1 he c\ld n 
be> to look at ei!r4 ,sir ,?omas prais$ 
! ,eagle1 admir$ an ,ott]1 :i* 0 lat]   
exhibit$ 9 ,london1 b gave no op9ion on 
! ,pheasants4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 :5      
,audubon propos$ to pres5t ?is canvas to

 ,k+ ,george1 ! arti/ assur$ him t ?is  
picture 0 wor? #cjj gu9eas & t x 0 too  
good to be giv5 away2 if (f]$ to ! ,k+1 
no d\bt1 said he1 x w\ld be accept$ &   
plac$ 9 8 collections1 b y w\ld receive 
no b5efit f ! gift4 ,accord+ to a lat]  
record1 ?is canvas 0 sold to ,mr4 ,john 
,hepp5/all ( ,%effield2 :e!r x 0 ev]    
deliv]$1 or n1 ,i d n "k1 b ei!r !      
orig9al or a copy1 "h reproduc$1 n[ =ms 
! c5tral figure 9 ! l>ge ,audubon       
collection 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum (       
,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york1 & is an  
excell5t illu/ration ( ! elaborate &    
ambiti\s "* ( ,audubon's l>g]           
compositions4 ,^! =tunate w9dfalls came 
none too soon1 = to foll[ ! j\rnal3     
,mr4 ,havell _h already call$ to say t  
on ,saturday ,i mu/      pay him sixty  
p\nds4 ,i 0 !n n only n wor? a p5ny1    
b _h actually borr[$ five p\nds a few   
days be=e to      pur*ase mat]ials = my 
pictures4 ,b ^! pictures :i*      ,sir  
,?omas sold = me enabl$ me to pay my    
borr[$ money1      & to appe> full-h&$  

:5 ,mr4 ,havell call$4 ,?us ,i          
pass$ ! ,rubicon4    ,illu/ration3      
,,engli% ,,pheasants ,,surpris$ ,,by ,a 
,,spani% ,,dog       ,,aft] ,,audubon',s
 ,,orig9al ,,pa9t+1 ,,ab\t ,,six ,,by   
,,n9e ,,feet ,,9      ,,size1 ,,n[ ,,9  
,,possession ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,museum 
,,( ,,natural      ,,hi/ory1 ,,new      
,,york4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,c\rtesy ,,( ,,!
 ,,am]ican      ,,museum ,,( ,,natural  
,,hi/ory4  ,?is 0 be=e ! re=m ( ! p5al  
laws 9 ,engl&1 :5 x seems to h be5 h>d =
 a man to escape hang+1 n to speak ( be+
 s5t to prison = debt1 ! *ief t]ror (   
life 9 c]ta9 circles4 ,!re 7 #bbc       
capital (f5ses1 & 9 #ahbi 9 ! city (    
,london alone #g1aad p]sons 7 s5t to !  
debtors' prison4#cdi  ,)\t ! sale ( 8   
pictures 9 ! summ] ( #ahbg1 ,audubon    
felt t he mu/ c]ta9ly h become a        
bankrupt1 yet he 0 p]iodically displeas$
 ) ! results ( 8 ef=ts 9 oil colors1 &  
resolv$ to spoil no m canvas b to draw 9
 my usual old untaught way1 :i* is :at  
,god meant me to d2 ,i c draw1 he       

cont9ues1 b ,i %all nev] pa9t well4 ,9 !
 fall ( #ahbh1 h[ev]1 he 0 aga9 work+ 9 
oils1 & produc$ f\r l>ge pieces1 "o (   
:i* 0 call$ ,! ,eagle & ! ,lamb1 & two  
o!rs :i* 7 d\btless v>iations ( 8       
,pheasant & ,ott] pictures4 ,x is *>ity1
 said ! arti/1 to speak ! tru? to a man 
:o kn[s ! pov]ty ( 8 tal5ts1 & wi%es to 
improve2 x is villa9\s to mislead him1  
by prais+ him to 8 face1 & laugh+ at 8  
"w z !y g d[n ! /airs ( 8 h\se4 ,sir    
,?omas ,lawr5ce _h prais$ "s ( ^!       
pictures & _h promis$ to select "o =    
exhibition at ,som]set ,h\se4 ,z reg>ds 
,! ,eagle & ! ,lamb1 :i* ,audubon hop$  
w\ld g to ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ,william      
,swa9son w\ld give no op9ion2 ! same    
canvas1 or else a replica1 0 9          
possession ( ! ,audubon family 9        
#ahih4cej  ,on ,decemb] #ad1 #ahbg1     
,audubon wrote t1 act+ ^u ! advice (    
,mr4 ,maury1 ! ,am]ican consul at       
,london1 he _h pres5t$ a copy ( 8 ,birds
 to ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ! ,presid5t ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ano!r1 ?r\gh ,h5ry    

,clay1 to ! ,am]ican ,congress2 9 ord] t
 ! latt] %\ld be z p]fect z possible1   
,havell 0 ask$ to d ! color+ himself1 b 
^! propos$ gifts d n appe> to h be5     
execut$4#cea  ,new ,ye>'s1 #ahbh1 f\nd !
 naturali/ 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e b a few days 
be=e he _h receiv$ ! fif? & la/ numb] ( 
8 plates = #ahbg & express$ himself well
 pleas$ ) x4 ,:ile return+ to ,london by
 coa*1 he cons5t$ to take a h& at c>ds  
to accommodate 8 fell[ pass5g]s1 b      
decl9$ to play = money2 ,i nev] play1 he
 confess$1 unless oblig$ to by          
circum/ances2 ,i feel no pleasure 9 !   
game1 & long = o!r occupation4 ,i miss$ 
my snuff1 he add$1 & :5ev] 8 h&s w5t    
into 8 pockets 9 se>* ( ! box1 he       
discov]$ ! /r5g? ( habit ?us act+ )\t   
?\ght2 b he rememb]$ a resolution he _h 
=m$ to give up ! habit & /uck to x = a  
"t at lea/2 d\btless1 l 8 lat] fri5d1   
,john ,ba*man1 he re=m$ m ?an once1 = 9 
a lett] to ,victor ,audubon1 ( ,novemb] 
#e1 #ahdf1 ,ba*man add$ ?is po/script3  
,to ,audubon3 ,! snuff--! snuff1 x is   

"h6 ,i h j tak5 a p9*1 & ! ladies h bl[n
 y up--sky-high1 = tea*+ me su* a bad   
practice2 ,i say1 h[ev]1 t y beat me all
 to pieces 9 t art4  ,! fir/ w9t] 9     
,london dragg$ heavily = ! naturali/1 :o
 exclaim$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahbh3 ,h[ long am 
,i to be conf9$ 9 ?is imm5se jail2 :5   
,daniel ,liz>s report$ f ,ed9burgh !    
loss ( f\r ( 8 subscrib]s1 he writes1 ,i
 am dull z a beetle4 ,:y d ,i dislike   
,london8 ,is x because ! con/ant evid5ce
 ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor is a 
con/ant torm5t to me1 or is x because ( 
its size & cr[d8 ,i "k n1 b ,i long =   
sights & s\nds ( a diff]5t nature1 su*1 
we might add1 z ! flocks ( wild duck :i*
 7 occasionally se5 f ,reg5t's ,p>k z !y
 pass$ ov] ! city & made him m homesick 
?an ev]4 ,audubon hat$ ! city q z       
cordially z ,*>les ,lamb ev] affect$ to 
dete/ ! c\ntry1 & :5 leav+ x1 afoot or  
by /age1 x seem$ z if he c\ld nev] be   
rid ( x4 ,:at a place is ,london1 he    
w\ld say1 b navely add3 _m p]sons live  
!re solely because !y l x4  ,on ,febru>y

 #d1 #ahbh1 ,audubon 0 elect$ to        
memb]%ip 9 ! ,l9nan ,society1 & 9       
,novemb] he pres5t$ x ) a copy ( 8 "w1  
:i* 0 !n well "u way4 ,?is 0 notic$ 9 a 
lett] to ,swa9son1 writt5 on ,novemb]   
#g1 :5 no ackn[l$gm5t ( ! gift _h !n be5
 receiv$2 & he m5tion$ also ! sale ( 8  
picture ( ,blue ,jays = t5 gu9eas4 ,at a
 meet+ ( ! ,l9nan ,society n long aft] 8
 election1 copies ( ,selby's            
,illu/rations ( ,briti% ,orni?ology & ( 
8 own "w 7 plac$ side by side =         
inspection1 & v unfair comp>isons 7     
drawn betwe5 ! two2 _h ,selby1 ,audubon 
reflect$1 be5 giv5 ! same opportunities 
t my curi\s life has grant$ me1 8 "w    
w\ld h be5 f> sup]ior to m9e2 ,i        
support$ him1 he add$1 to ! be/ ( my    
p[]4  ,revision ( 8 old] draw+s dem&$   
mu* ( ,audubon's att5tion dur+ ^! ye>s4 
,on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahbh1 he began !     
,:itehead$ ,eagle 7,no4 #g1 ,plate      
xxxi71 ! orig9al ( :i* _h be5 procur$ on
 ! ,mississippi1 :]e ! bird 0 repres5t$ 
z d9+ on a wild goose2 n[1 he said1 ,i  

%all make x breakfa/ on a catfi%1 !     
draw+ ( :i* is also ) me1 ) ! m>ks ( !  
talons ( ano!r eagle1 :i* ,i di/urb$ on 
! banks ( ! same riv]1 driv+ him f 8    
prey4 ,on ! #af? ( t mon? he 0 engag$ ) 
?is draw+ f sev5 9 ! morn+ until half   
aft] f\r1 /opp+ only to take ! glass (  
milk :i* 8 l&lady w\ld br+ to him4 ,?is 
plate 0 engrav$ 9 ! foll[+ ,april1 & on 
,may #a1 #ahbh1 a fir/ pro( 0 s5t to !  
,m>quis ( ,l&sd[ne1 presid5t ( !        
,zological ,society1 z a m>k (          
appreciation by its au?or1 :o _h become 
a memb] ( t body 9 ! prec$+ w9t]4  ,a   
/rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,audubon's "w 0 its  
div]sity1 produc$ n only by attractive  
embelli%m5ts ( _m k9ds1 b by ! mov+ =ce 
& action ) :i* he ev] s\ght to vitalize 
8 subjects4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t he 
0 nettl$ by an incid5t l ?is3           
,febru>y #bh4 ,to-day ,i call$ by       
appo9tm5t on ! ,e>l (      ,k9n\l1 a    
small man1 ) a face l ! c>icature ( an  
owl2 he said he _h s5t = me to tell me  
all my birds 7      alike1 & he consid]$

 my "w a sw9dle4 ,he may really      ?9k
 ?is2 8 k is probably small2 b x is n ! 
cu/om to s5d = a g5tleman to abuse him 9
 "o's h\se4 ,i      he>d 8 words1 b[$1 &
 )\t speak+1 left ! rude/      man ,i h 
met 9 ?is l&4  ,audubon _h n yet visit$ 
! great univ]sity t[ns ( ,engl&1 !      
support ( :i* he knew w\ld be a valuable
 asset1 & on ,m>* #c1 #ahbh1 he set out 
by /age = ,cambridge4 ,8 driv]1 he      
rem>k$1 held confidances ) e grog-%op   
betwe5 ,london & ,cambridge1 & 8 purple 
face gave p[]ful evid5ces t malt liquor 
0 m entic+ to him ?an wat]4 ,8 reception
 at ,cambridge 0 he>ty2 he 0 ent]ta9$ by
 ,pr(essors ,s$gwick1 ,:ewell1 & ,h5sl[1
 d9$ repeat$ly 9 ,hall ) ! dons1 &      
receiv$ ! subscription ( ! libr>ian ( ! 
,univ]sity4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t "y
 ,*>les ,d>w91 ! man :o walks ) ,h5sl[1 
z "s ( ! dons call$ him1 0 !n an        
und]graduate at ,k+'s ,college1 & t     
?irty-"o ye>s 7 to pass be=e mod]n      
biology 0 born 9 #ahei1 ! ye> ( !       
appe>ance ( ! epo*-mak+ ,orig9 (        

,species4  ,by ! #ae? ( ,m>* ,audubon 0 
aga9 9 ,london1 & on ! #bd? he />t$ =   
,ox=d4 ,dr4 ,williams1 z he not$ 9 8    
j\rnal1 subscrib$ = 8 ,birds 9 favor ( !
 ,radcliffe ,libr>y1 z did also ,dr4    
,kidd = ! ,anatomical ,s*ool2 b1 ?\gh   
hospitably treat$ by all1 n "o ( !      
tw5ty-f\r colleges ( t great ,univ]sity 
emulat$ _! example1 & ! naturali/ w5t   
away disappo9t$4  ,^u 8 return to       
,london 9 e>ly ,april1 ,audubon receiv$ 
a call f ,john ,c4 ,l\don1 editor ( !   
,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & 0 invit$ 
to contribute to t j\rnal4 ,i decl9$1 he
 said1 = ,i w nev] write any?+ to call  
d[n ^u me a second volley ( abuse4 ,i c 
only write facts1 & :5 ,i write ^!1 !   
,philadelphians call me a li>4 ,he 0 !n 
*af+ "u ! criticism :i* 8 rattlesnake   
/ories _h produc$4#ceb ,on ,april #f !  
p]si/5t ,mr4 ,l\don call$ aga9 & (f]$   
,audubon eight gu9eas = an article1 only
 to be aga9 refus$4 ,/ill unwill+ to    
admit defeat1 ! editor propos$ to engage
 ,william ,swa9son to prep>e an ext5d$  

review ( ! naturali/'s "w1 & 9 ?is he   
succe$$ s well t ,audubon imm$iately    
rel5t$ & s5t him a pap]4#cec ,swa9son   
(f]$ to write ! review = a copy ( ! "w  
at its co/ price1 & ,audubon repli$ 9 ! 
foll[+ lett]3#ced   ,audubon to ,william
 ,swa9son            ,,london1 ,april   
#i? #ahbh4       ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1      
,mr4 ,l\don call$ on me ye/]day & %[$ me
 a lett]      f y to him1 9 :i* _m v    
flatt]+ expressions      respect+ myself
 & my works y are s k9d z to (f] to     
review ! latt] s z to h y\r op9ion 9    
writt+ 9      "t = ! fir/ no4 ( !       
magaz9e t w appe> next      mon?4--y    
also desire t ,i %\ld s5d y a sett ( !  
works z f> z publi%+ :i* y wi% to keep  
provid$      ,i w let y h x at ! price x
 co/s me4 ,i assure      y my ,de> ,sir1
 t 0 ,i to take y at y\r ^w x w\ld      
be a sore b>ga9 = y z ! a_/m w\ld be v  
ne>ly      d\ble t = :i* x is sold to my
 subscrib]s4--!re=e      y w p]mit me to
 alt] y\r (f] & to say t if x      suits
 y to pay #ce %ill+s p] numb] ,i w be   

cont5t$2      ,i w\ld be /ill m s 0 ,i  
ri* en\gh to pres5t x to      y4--      
,x is ! only set on h& at pres5t except 
"o :i* ,i mu/      h to exhibit4--      
,! answ] respect+ ! ,%rieke ,%rike has  
,i hope met )      y\r wi%es4--         
,ev] s9ce ,i became acqua9t$ ) our      
mutual fri5d ,dr4      ,fraill ,traill  
,i h _h a great desire to see & speak to
      y  ,i regret t ,i nev] h _h an    
opportunity4 ,my "t      is s completely
 tak5 up t x is ) difficulty t ,i      c
 enjoy a day's re/--,%\ld y come to t[n 
pray call on      me :5 ,i may h !      
pleasure ( %ak+ y\r h& & to      assure 
y v]bally t ,i am truly & s9c]ely       
y\rs obe /            ,,john ,j4        
,,audubon            #ie ,great ,russell
 ,/4           ,b$=d ,sq4               
,illu/ration3       ,,lett] ,,(         
,,william ,,swa9son ,,to ,,audubon1     
,,may1 #ahbh4       ,f ! ,deane ,,mss4  
,?us began an intimate fri5d%ip betwe5  
,william ,swa9son & ,john ,james        
,audubon :i* la/$ until #ahcj1 & _!     

int]c\rse did n :olly cease be=e #ahch4 
,9 8 use ( ,engli% at ?is "t ,audubon 0 
n f> beh9d ,swa9son1 ^: "m tongue x 04  
,swa9son1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,gn!r1 0      
extremely c>eless 9 or?ography & loose 9
 8 /yle ( writ+3 he p]si/5tly misspelt n
 only te*nical t]ms1 b also ! names (   
=eign au?ors1 & ev5 ( "s ( 8 famili>    
fri5ds & correspond5ts2 he knew no o!r  
language b 8 own1 & ! application (     
,lat9 & ,greek = ! purpose ( sy/ematic  
nom5clature 0 a con/ant s\rce ( error4  
,at ?is "t ,swa9son 0 liv+ 9            
semi-retirem5t at a f>m/ead (           
consid]able size1 call$ ,highfield      
,hall1#cee ne> ,tytt5hang] ,gre51 a     
small settlem5t1 (f ! highroad1 two     
miles s\!a/ ( ! hi/oric t[n ( ,/4       
,albans1 9 ,h]t=d%ire2 ?\gh 8 lett]s 7  
always dat$ f ,! ,gre5 at ,tytt5hang]1 8
 associations 7 ) ! m consid]able       
village ( ,london ,colney1 b a mile to !
 s\?1 on ! road to ,b>net4 ,audubon _h  
br\ght a lett] ( introduction f ,dr4    
,traill1 a valiant *ampion ( ,swa9son at

 ,ed9burgh1 b 0 unable to g to ! c\ntry 
to deliv] x4 ,swa9son1 h[ev]1 att5d$    
promptly to ! review1 & on ,april #aa1  
#ahbh1 s5t x to ,mr4 ,l\don1 :o publi%$ 
x 9 ! ,may numb] ( 8 ,magaz9e4#cef      
,swa9son's review 0 extremely laudatory1
 & ,audubon reproduc$ extracts f x 9    
lat] editions ( 8 ,prospectus4 ,to quote
 a *>act]i/ic p>agraph1 he said t !     
naturali/'s orni?ological pap]s pr9t$ 9 
"o ( ! ,scot* j\rnals1 are z valuable to
 ! sci5tific _w1 z !y are delightful to 
! g5]al read]4 ,!y give u a ri* =eta/e (
 :at we may hope & expect f su* a man4  
,!re is a fre%ness & an orig9ality ab\t 
^! essays1 :i* c only be comp>$ to !    
animat$ biographies ( ,wilson4444 ,to   
repres5t ! passions & ! feel+s ( birds1 
might1 until n[1 h be5 well deem$       
*im]ical4 ,r>ely1 inde$1 d we see _!    
outw>d =ms repres5t$ ) any ?+ l nature4 
,9 my e/imation1 n m ?an ?ree pa9t]s ev]
 liv$ :o c\ld draw a bird4 ,( ^! !      
lam5t$ ,b>rabaud ,b>rab&1 ( :om ,france 
may be ju/ly pr\d1 0 ! *ief4 ,he has    

long pass$ away2 b 8 mantle has at l5g? 
be5 recov]$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica4         
,audubon sp5t f\r days ) ,swa9son & 8   
family at ,tytt5hang]1 f ,may #bh to    
,june #a1 #ahbh1 :5 !y talk$ birds &    
made draw+s2 ,audubon also %[$ ,swa9son 
h[ to put up birds 9 8 /yle1 :i*        
delight$ him4 ,! fri5d%ip betwe5 ^! m51 
?\gh v intimate :ile x la/$1 receiv$ a  
sudd5 *eck two ye>s lat]1 :5 ,audubon 0 
ab\t to publi% ! lett]press to 8 plates1
 z w be relat$ f>!r on4#ceg  ,?\gh 8 h&s
 7 already m ?an full at ?is "t1        
,audubon seems to h play$ ) ! idea (    
publi%+ a "w on ! birds ( ,great        
,brita91 b on ,may #a he wrote to       
,swa9son t ! plan did n meet ) favor1 & 
lat] he rel9qui%$ all claims 9 su* a    
project to 8 assi/ant1 ,william         
,mac,gillivray4#ceh  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahbh  
,audubon began to ?9k ( return+ to !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 to r5ew or revise 8      
draw+s & ext5d 8 rese>*es4 ,i am sure1  
he said1 t n[ ,i c\ld make bett]        
compositions1 & select bett] plants ?an 

:5 ,i drew ma9ly = amusem5t4 ,9 ord] to 
raise ! necess>y funds1 he resort$ aga9 
to picture pa9t+1 8 nev] fail+ res\rce1 
& work$ 9 oil colors daily f morn+ light
 until dusk1 unless call$ to ,havell's  
to decide "s "q ( necess>y detail4 ,!   
foll[+ lett]s to ,swa9son %$ fur!r light
 on ?is "w & on ! progress ( ,! ,birds (
 ,am]ica1 ! eigh? numb] ( :i* 0 publi%$ 
e>ly 9 ,july3   ,audubon to ,william    
,swa9son            ,,london1 ,july #a/ 
#ahbh4       ,,my ,,de> ,,sir4--        
,i h be5 expect+ to h ! pleasure ( see+ 
y =      upw>ds ( a week1 hav+ m5tion$ 9
 y\r la/ note t      y int5d$ sp5d+ a   
c\ple ( days 9 ,london be=e !      end (
 ,june4--,:5 are y com+8--! beautifull  
lamb came      q safe & is n[ on !      
canvas 79 efigy7 = ages to      come--,i
 b\ght a sup]b ,gold5 ,eagle f ,mr4     
,cross t also      has help$ to fill x  
---- ,"h app>5tly "s words h      be5   
delet$1 & x is impossible to read !m4 ,i
 long to      %ew !m to y4--,i h f9i%$ !
 picture ( ! ,turkeys1      & pa9t$ a   

:ite head$ eagle--9 fact ,i h work$ f   
#d e morn+ untill d>k--b ! be/ news ,i h
 to tell      is2 t ,i h receiv$ #d     
lett]s f my wife1 "o dat$ #bnd      (   
,may1 all well--b n q settl$ ab\t com+  
be=e      ! end ( summ]4 ,i h *ang$     
qu>t]s & am n[ at #gi      ,newman      
,/reet ,ox=d ,/reet1 9 ,mr4 ,havell's   
h\se :]e ,i      h tak5 #c rooms & feel 
m com=table al?\gh ,i h      n ! little 
piece ( gr\nd to walk on4--,i imag9e !  
c\ntry to be n[ q beautifull & _h ,i "t 
to sp>e      w\ld walk out to see y ,mrs
 ,s  ! de> little folks at              
,titt5hang] ,gre54--,i receiv$ a visit  
on ,saturday la/ (      ! :ole ( ,"l    
,milton's family :o aft] complim5t+ !   
au?or ( ! ,birds ( ,am]ica v k9dly      
subscrib$ =      two copies ( ! "w4--,i 
h m5d$ my p5--,i %\ld h      s5t !      
,blackwood magaz9e to y1 b ,i s mu*     
expect$      to see y "h t x is yet on  
my table1 & w keep x      untill y      
come4--,all my ex]tions to procure live 
gr\ses h      be5 abortive "h--,i h     

writt5 to ,scotl& to a fri5d &          
p]haps w h "s soon4--,! #h? numb] is n[ 
pr9t+      & col\r+ & w be out ?is      
mon?--! #i? is began4--,if      y are   
hungry or ?ir/y :5 y come to t[n please 
make      = my "h a ^w is omitt$1 & ,i w
 try to manage      matt]s 9 ?is        
way4--,may ,i ask :at y are do+8--,i saw
 ,dr      ,fraill's ,traill's son a few 
days ago--he inquir$ aft] y\r      son &
 family4--,i expect a copy ( ,l\don's   
magaz9e ?is      ev5+4 ,i feel anxi\s to
 see :at sort ( a cut ! ,doves          
make1 z well z ! birds ( ,wa%+ton4--    
,) s9c]e/ reg>ds  e/eem to y\rself &    
,lady--            ,i am y\rs mo/ truly 
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon4            #gi    
,newman ,/reet1           ,ox=d ,/reet4 
,audubon to ,william ,swa9son           
,,london ,?ursday ,july #ahbh4          
,,my ,,de> ,,mr ,,swa9son1       ,al?\gh
 y\r la/ note said t y knew n :5 ,i %\ld
      h ! pleasure ( see+ y 9 t[n1 ,i h 
hop$ e      morn+ to see y t day4--,:5 w
 y come8--,!re is      a talk ( my      

picture ( ! ,eagle & ! ,lamb go+ to h]  
,maje/y1 ,sir ,walt] ,wall] has be5     
writt5 to on ! subject      & e ?+ is 9 
tra9 to lead poor ,i l a lamb to        
,w9dsor ,ca/le6--,i am told ! picture is
 a gr& "o b      y1 my de> ,sir1 h n    
said s6 ,:5 y come ,i w      %[ y #ac   
gr\ses pretty fairly gr\p$ on "o canvas1
 )      sev5 pheasants ) a ,fox on      
ano!r1 etc4 etc4 ,i h work$      h>d ?is
 mon? f #d p4m4 untill #g a4m4 sic e    
day--,i      regrett$ t y\r bro!r did n 
come to see me--,i h a      great desire
 to see y b ,i _c at pres5t leave       
t[n4--,my      #h? ,no4 is j out4--,!   
#i?  #aj? are engrav+4--,i h      s5t ^w
 to my son to l& 8  br+ "s sk9s = y     
p]haps y may h a r>e assortm5t bye &    
bye4--,i hope      y\r ,lady & de>      
,*ildr5 are all q well ,pray rememb]    
me k9dly to !m4----,i wi% to "n a bird  
aft] y 9 !      #a/ ,no4 ( #ahbi  wi% y 
to *oose a "n4       ,believe y\rs ev] &
 truly oblig$            ,j4 ,j4        
,,audubon            #gi ,newman ,/reet1

           ,ox=d ,/reet4  ,by ! #i? (   
,augu/ eight pictures _h be5 begun1 b   
none 0 f9i%$1 & ! numb] ( 8 subscrib]s  
_h fall5 to sev5ty4 ,at ab\t ?is "t     
,capta9 ,basil ,hall#cei return$ f 8    
j\rney ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & br\ght  
direct news f ,victor ,audubon1 :o 0 !n 
at ,l\isville1 f ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan &   
,?omas ,sully1 to all ( :om !           
naturali/'s lett]s _h be5 deliv]$ !     
previ\s ye>4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?      
,audubon receiv$ ! foll[+ note f !      
secret>y ( ! ,zological ,society1 ,n4   
,a4 ,vigors1 :o 0 also anxi\s to obta9 f
 him an article = 8 ,j\rnal3   ,n4 ,a4  
,vigors to ,audubon            ,,brut]  
,,ct           ,aug4 #bc1 #ahbh4        
,,my ,,de> ,,sir3--       ,i hope y d n 
=get y\r promise ( giv+ u a pap] =      
! ,zological ,j\rnal4 ,we %\ld be mu*   
gratifi$ by hav+      y\r "n ) u3 &1 if 
possible1 %\ld wi% to h      :atev] y   
may fav\r u ) )9 ! next t5 days4 ,i     
h be5 b a few h\rs 9 t[n1 & %all leave  
t[n aga9      tomorr[ = a few days1 or  

,i %\ld h call$ ^u y to      speak      
p]sonally ^u ! subject4 ,i believe ,i h 
already      m5tion$1 t we are 9 ! habit
 ( remun]at+ ^? (      our correspond5ts
 :o wi% = paym5t = _! lab\rs1 at      a 
rate n exce$+ #aj4aj4j p] %eet4       ,a
 lett] f y 9 answ] w rea* me1 if s5t to 
,brut]      ,ct3 be=e ,w$nesday on :i*  
day a p>cel w be =w>d$      to me f     
!nce4       ,believe me my de> ,sir1    
,y\rs fai?fully1            ,n3 ,a3     
,,vigors4            ,address$ ,j4 ,j4  
,,audubon ,esq41                        
#fi ,great ,russell ,/42                
,bloomsbury4            ,readdress$     
,newman ,/reet1                         
,ox=d ,/reet  ,audubon refus$ ?is       
reque/1 say+ t no money c pay = abuse1 &
 ?is "t he did n retract4  ,)\t imm$iate
 prospect ( see+ 8 family1 = nei!r ,mrs4
 ,audubon nor h] sons 7 en?usia/ic ov] !
 proposal t !y %\ld g to ,engl&1 !      
naturali/ 0 mom5t>ily depress$2 he turn$
 to ,swa9son = advice1 at ! same "t     
sugge/+ t !y visit ,p>is toge!r4        

,audubon wrote 9 8 j\rnal = ,augu/ #af1 
#ahbh1 t he _h invit$ ,swa9son to       
accompany him to ,france1 :i!r 8 fri5d  
_h express$ a desire to g :5 ! subject  
_h be5 broa*$ at ,tytt5hang]2 on ! #be? 
( t mon? he add$3 ,i d n expect mu*     
b5efit by ?is trip1 b ,i %all be glad to
 see :at may be done4 ,! lett] j ref]r$ 
to foll[s3   ,audubon to ,william       
,swa9son            ,,london1 ,w$nesday 
,augt4 #ac1 #ahbh4       ,,my ,,de>     
,,mr4 ,,swa9son1       ,i rea*$ my lodg+
 9 great com=t by ! side ( y\r          
amiable ,docr ,davie two h\rs & a half  
aft] we %ook      h&s--,i wi% ,i might  
say z mu* ( my ,j\rney ?r\gh            
,life4--,i h _h sad news f my de> wife  
?is morn+1      %e has positively ab&on$
 h] com+ to ,engl& = "s      indef9ite  
"t1 inde$ %e says t %e looks anxi\sly = 
! day :5 tir$ myself ( ?is c\ntry ,i w  
return to      m9e & live al?\gh a      
humbl] 7,public7 ,life1 a mu* happi]    
"o--h] lett] has n rais$ my already     
despond5t spirits 9      some?+s & at ! 

v in/ant ,i am writ+ to y x      may    
p]haps be well t no in/rum5t is at h& ) 
:i*      a woeful s9 might be           
committ$--,i h laid aside bru%es1       
?\ghts ( pa9t+ & all except ! ties (    
fri5d%ip--,i      am mis]able j n[ & y  
mu/ excuse s unpleasant a               
lett]--,w\ld y g to ,p>is ) me8 ,i c\ld 
g ) y      any day t y w\ld be please to
 m5tion1 ,i w rema9      !re z long & no
 long] ?an may suit y\r call+s--,i      
w g ) y to ,rome or any:]e1 :]e some?+  
may be      done = ei!r ( our advantage 
& to drive (f my v      great           
uncom=tabl5ess ( ?\ghts--,my two sons   
are also      v mu* aga9/ com+ to       
,engl&1 a l& !y say :]e      nei!r      
fre$om or simplicity ( habits exi/ &    
altoge!r      uncong5ial to _! mode (   
life4--,:at am ,i to d8 ,z a man      ( 
! ,_w & a man possess$ ( /rong          
unprejudic$      und]/&+ ,i wi% t y w\ld
 advise me4--,b n[ on y\r      acc\nt ,i
 w *ange ! subject--,i call$ on ,newman 
two days      ago  to ! foll[+ enquiries

 he gave me ye/]day !      foll[+ answ]s
            ,:at ! price (              
doz be/ ,pure ,lake     d[>ds 8 answ]   
#ab_/--                   ,c>m9         
#bj_/--                   ,ultra,marine 
#hd_/--                   ,v]million    
#f_/--                   ,t]ra di ,v]ona
                   #d_/--       ,z ,i   
?\ght ! above prices enorm\s ,i h decl9$
      advis+ *alks = y  w await y\r     
adv5t4--       ,%\ld y n feel incl9$ to 
g to ,france at pres5t :i*      by ! bye
 is ! v be/ season on acc\nt ( see+ !   
v9tage etc4 etc4--please write to me s  
or come to t[n :i*      w\ld be /ill m  
agreeable  talk ! matt] ov] z ,i        
?9k ,i w\ld p]suade y to abs5t y\rself =
 a mon?      or s--,i hope y\r k9d lady 
cont9ues q well  y\r ,de>      ,little  
ones--       ,believe me y\rs mo/       
s9c]ely            ,,john ,j4 ,,audubon4
            ,please write by return (   
,po/--           #gi ,newman ,/reet     
,ox=d ,/reet4  ,on ?is j\rney to ,p>is  
,audubon 0 accompani$ by ,mr4 & ,mrs4   

,swa9son & an ,am]ican arti/1 nam$      
,p>k]1 :o _h be5 at "w on a portrait ( !
 naturali/ 9 oils4 ,= ,audubon x 0 ma9ly
 a canvass+ t\r2 ,p>k] hop$ to obta9    
ord]s = portraits1 & ,swa9son1 new      
orni?ological mat]ial at ! great museum 
9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 = a "w ^u :i* he
 0 !n engag$4#cfj  ,! p>ty set out on ! 
#a/ ( ,septemb]1 travel+ by way ( ,dov] 
& ,b\logne1 & rea*$ ,p>is on ,?ursday1  
,septemb] #d4 ,!y alight$ at !          
,messag]ie ,royale1 ,rue des ,victoires1
 &1 aft] look+ up lodg+s1 w5t at once to
 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes to pay _! respects
 to ,cuvi]4 ,! ,museum ( ,natural       
,hi/ory 0 clos$1 b !y knock$ & ask$ = ! 
,b>on4 ,he 0 91 said ,audubon1 9 !      
j\rnal ( 8 ,p>is exp]i5ce1       b1 we 7
 told1 too busy to be se54 ,be+ det]m9$ 
to      look at ! great man1 we wait$1  
knock$ aga91 & ) a      c]ta9 degree (  
firmness s5t 9 our names4 ,! mess5g]    
return$1 b[$1 & l$ ! way up /airs1 :]e 9
 a m9ute      ,monsieur ! ,b>on1 l an   
excell5t good man1 came to u2 he      _h

 he>d ( my fri5d ,swa9son & greet$ him z
 he des]ves      to be greet$2 he 0     
polite & k9d to me1 ?\gh my "n      _h  
nev] made its way to 8 e>s4 ,i look$ at 
him1 & "h      foll[s ! result3 age ab\t
 sixty-five2 size corpul5t1      five   
feet five1 ,engli% measure2 head l>ge2  
face wr9kl$ &      br[ni%2 eyes gray1   
brilliant & sp>kl+2 nose aquil9e1       
l>ge & r$2 m\? l>ge1 ) good lips2 tee?  
few1 blunt$      by age1 except+ "o on !
 l[] jaw1 measur+ ne>ly      ?ree-qu>t]s
 ( an in* squ>e4#cfa  ,!y 7 imm$iately  
invit$ to d9e on ! foll[+ ,saturday at  
six o'clock1 & lat] saw ,cuvi] at 8     
home1 at 8 ,museum1 & at ! ,academy (   
,sci5ces1 ov] :i* he presid$4  ,ge(froy 
,sa9t-,hilaire pleas$ ,audubon greatly &
 prov$ to him by 8 conv]sation t he     
und]/ood p]fectly ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   
,fr5* & ! ,engli%4 ,! ,duke ( ,orleans1 
:o !n occupi$ ! ,palais ,royal1 seem$ to
 him ! f9e/ physical type ( man he _h   
ev] met4 ,he _h my book br\ght up1 said 
! naturali/1 & help$ me untie ! /r+s &  

arrange ! table1 & began by say+ t he   
felt great pleasure 9 subscrib+ to ! "w 
( an ,am]ican1 = he _h be5 mo/ k9dly    
receiv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & %\ld nev]   
=get x4 ,:5 ! plate ( ! ,baltimore      
,orioles 0 held up to view1 ! ,duke     
exclaim$3 ,?is surpasses all ,i h se51 &
 ,i am n a/oni%$ n[ at ! eulogiums ( ,m4
 ,r$\t4 ,he conv]s$ 9 bo? ,engli% &     
,fr5*1 _h mu* to say ( ,am]ican cities &
 riv]s1 & add$3 ,y are a great nation1 a
 wond]ful nation4 ,! ,duke wrote 8 "n 9 
,audubon's subscription book1 promis$ to
 try to enli/ a numb] ( ! cr[n$ heads ( 
,europe 9 8 behalf1 & gave him besides a
 numb] ( ord]s = pictures ( animals4    
,audubon _h already made fri5ds ) !     
vet]an pa9t] ( fl[]s1 ,pi]re ,joseph    
,r$\t1 & :5 x 0 propos$ t !y %\ld       
ex*ange works1 ! ,raphael ( ,fl[]s      
cons5t$1 gave ,audubon at once n9e      
numb]s ( 8 ,belles ,fleurs1 & promis$ to
 s5d ,les ,roses4  ,dur+ ?is visit (    
eight weeks ,p>k] pa9t$ portraits ( bo? 
,cuvi] & ,r$\t2 ,swa9son work$ /eadily  

at ! ,museum1 :]e ,isidore ,ge(frey     
,sa9t-,hilaire gave him ! use ( 8       
private /udy2 :ile ,audubon1 = ! mo/ "p1
 0 driv+ f po/ to pill> 9 8 n altoge!r  
successful ef=ts to ext5d 8 subscription
 li/4 ,z already intimat$1 8 greate/    
success 9 ,p>is 0 9 w9n+ ! fri5d%ip &   
endorsem5t ( ,cuvi]1 :o report$ ^u 8 "w 
at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,academy (        
,sci5ces held on ,septemb] #bb4cfb      
,audubon has relat$ h[ on ?is occasion  
he _h an appo9tm5t to meet ! ,b>on 9 !  
libr>y ( ! ,in/itute at precisely half  
pa/ "o o'clock2 he wait$2 ! hall fill$1 
& ! clock tick$ on1 b ! great savant did
 n appe>4 ,f9ally1 said ,audubon1 aft]  
an h\r _h pass$1 all at once ,i he>d 8  
voice1 & saw him advanc+1 v w>m &       
app>5tly fatigu$4 ,he met me ) _m       
apologies1 & said1 ',come ) me'2 & z we 
walk$ along1 he expla9+ all ! "t :y he  
_h be5 late1 :ile 8 h& drove a p5cil )  
great rapidity1 & he told me t he 0     
actually n[ writ+ ! report on my "w6#cfc
 ,cuvi]'s publi%$ report1 :i* 0         

extremely laudatory1 %[$ little signs ( 
ha/e4 ,aft] speak+ ( ,audubon's tal5ts &
 accompli%m5ts he said3       ,!        
execution ( ^! plates1 s rem>kable = _! 
size1      seems to u equally successful
 9 ! draw+1 ! engrav+1      & color+1 & 
?\gh x may be difficult to repres5t     
relief 9 a color$ pr9t ) z mu* effect z 
9 pa9t+      prop]1 ?is is no           
disadvantage 9 works on natural hi/ory2 
naturali/s pref] ! true color ( objects 
to ^?      accid5tal %ades :i* result f 
! div]se inflections (      light2      
necess>y ?\gh ^! be = complet+ ! tru? ( 
a      picture1 !y are =eign z well z   
prejudicial to sci5tific                
accuracy4#cfd    ,illu/ration3 ,,audubon
       ,,aft] ,a ,,portrait ,,9 ,,oils1 
,,hi!rto ,,unpubli%$1 ,,pa9t$ ,,ab\t    
#ahbf ,w4 ,h4 ,,holmes ,,= ,,walt]      
,,horton ,,b5tley1 ,,( ,,man*e/]1       
,,& ,,9 #aiac ,,9 ,,possession ,,( ,,8  
,,gr&son1 ,,john ,,conway      ,,b5tley1
 ,,=m]ly ,,( ,,glasg[4 ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9al
 ,,audubon ,,is      ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,a 

,,gre5 ,,coat1 ,a ,,crimson ,,cloak ,,) 
,,deep ,,fur      ,,edg+ ,,?r[n ,,ov]   
,,"o ,,%\ld]1 ,,& ,,) ,,portfolio ,,9   
,,h&4      ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,9      
,,possession ,,( ,,mr4 ,,ru?v5 ,,deane4 
,by ,novemb] ,audubon 0 once m 9        
,london1 busy at pa9t+ to fill 8 ord]s &
 8 purse4 ,on ! #aa? ( ! mon?1 we f9d   
,swa9son1 ^: own ex*equ] 0 empty1 writ+ 
to ,audubon = a loan2 ?is lett]1 & "o   
soon to foll[1 illu/rate "s ( !         
*>act]i/ics to :i* we h ref]r$3         
,william ,swa9son to ,audubon           
,tuesday #aa ,nov4 #ahbh4       ,i _h   
writt5 ! enclos$1 my de> ,mr4 ,audubon1 
be=e y\r      lett] ( ,monday rea*$ me4 
,x has come ?is in/ant1 ,dreams1      y 
"k1 mu/ always be int]pret$ contrawise1 
we might      h lift$ up our arms1 z y  
saw 9 y\r dream b1 if y      _h n awoke1
 x 0 no d\bt to h %ak5 h&s6 ,b t      my
 reg>d = y may be ev9c$1 ,i w br+ myself
 to lay      "u an obligation1 :i* ,i   
w\ld only ask = "o ( my own      family4
 ,i 0 t mom5t ?9k+ to :i* ,i %\ld write1

      to ask ! loan ( #hj  = a few      
mon?s1 & n[ ,i w ask      x ( y4 ,if y 0
 aw>e ( ! peculi> feel+s :i*      we    
,engli%m5 h on su* occasions1 p]haps y  
w\ld smile1      b s x is t we nev] ask 
any "o1 f :om we h !      lea/ idea ( a 
refusal4 ,n[1 did ,i n believe y to be a
      s9c]e fri5d1 d y imag9e ,i %\ld h 
told y ,i 0      9 want ( ,money mu*    
less h ask$ y to l5d me "s4      ,! fact
 is1 ,i h suff]$ a sev]e loss dur+ my   
be+      9 ,p>is1 :at little ,i _h on h&
 has be5 sp5t !re      & 9 mak+         
prep>ations = ! publication ( my ,zool4 
,illu/rations4 ,two or ?ree mon?s h[ev]1
 h>d "w w      br+ me r\nd aga9  repay  
y4       ,let me see y\r lett] to !     
,presid5t ( ! ,zool4 ,soc4      be=e x  
goes1 & y %all see m9e4       ,i %all be
 mo/ ?ankful = ! ,gr\se4 ,i s5d #b      
draw+s to      ,havell to be engrav$    
spur him on = ,i want to h e      ?+    
ready be=e ! new ye>4            ,y\rs  
mo/ s9c]ely1            ,w4 ,,swa9son4  
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon1 ,esq4             

#gi ,newman ,/4  ,9 ,decemb] ! ,swa9sons
 invit$ ,audubon to d9e ) !m at         
,*ri/mas2 9 8 lett] ,swa9son said3      
,:y are y s sad8 ,i w\ld lay t5 %ill+s t
 old ,havell      has be5 disappo9t+ y z
 he has done me4 ,he is 9 matt]s      ( 
bus9ess a complete daudle--an old woman1
 & ,i h done      ) him4 ,8 son ,i ?9k  
bett] ( he has a good idea (            
punctuality 9 bus9ess4444 ,9 "o ( y\r   
walks ,i hope y      h ?\ght ab\t !     
,fr5* ,w9e t we talk$ s mu*      ab\t & 
h asc]ta9$ ! p>ticul>s f y\r fri5d1     
s t we may ord] a cask4 ,i hope y h n   
mi/ak5 !      price1--= if n1 no?+ t c  
be drank 9 ?is c\ntry      is "o half z 
*eap4  ,9 ! foll[+ lett] ,swa9son ref]s 
to ! second s]ies ( 8 ,zological        
,illu/rations1#cfe ! sale ( :i* 0       
irritat+ him1 & to ,n4 ,a4 ,vigors1 )   
:om he _h ent]$ ^u a notori\s controv]sy
 9 #ahbh3   ,william ,swa9son to        
,audubon            #ah ,janu>y1 #ahbi4 
,,my ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,audubon1       ,i    
write ?is 9 utt] unc]ta9ty :e!r x w f9d 

y 9      ,london4 ,my fir/ numb] has n[ 
be5 out ?ree weeks--x has      be5 se5 &
 univ]sally admir$1 & h[ _m copies d y  
?9k ! ,publi%] has sold8 n[ pray guess z
 ! ,am]icans      say4 #ajj--no4        
tw5tyfive1 no4 fifte51 no4 t58 yes4     
positively      t5 copies & no m1 has   
be5 sold4 ,i blu% almo/ to      confess 
?is mortification to ev51 y1 b s x is4  
,n[1      my de> ,sir1 :at am ,i to ?9k 
( ! g5]ally diffus$      ta/e1 z !      
phrase is1 = ,natural ,hi/ory4          
,?is all?\gh vex+ to me1 may be a       
consolation to y1      :o are able to   
exhibit on :at ,i call y\r ,r$ ,book !  
names ( a good portion ( #aej subscrib]s
 to a #bjj gu9ea      ,book4 ,?9k       
y\rself my fri5d exce$+ly well (f4      
,! am\nt ( sale mu/ be kept sil5t1 x    
w\ld be a nice      nut to crack = ,v   
igors4  8 fri5ds4       ,i %all be able 
to d )\t ! wat] birds1 if y h      n    
f\nd any4       ,i h _h a mo/           
extraord9>y lett] f ,wat]ton1 :i*      w
 highly amuse y4 ,! man is mad--/>k1 />+

 mad4            ,y\rs v fai?'ly        
,w4 ,,swa9son4       ,c y tell me any   
safe exp$itions made ( s5d+ &           
receiv+ lett]s & ,p>cels f              
,philadelphia4            ,j4 ,j4       
,,audubon ,esq4           #gi ,newman   
,/4           ,ox=d ,/4  ,e>ly 9 #ahbi  
,bonap>te wrote f ,rome1 :]e he _h !n   
settl$1 & ! foll[+ lett] %[s t he _h !n 
he>d ( ,audubon's visit to ,france1 & 0 
ke5ly int]e/$ 9 8 success3   ,*>les ,l4 
,bonap>te to ,audubon            ,,rome 
,janu>y #aj ? #ahbi4       ,,de> ,,sir1 
,i receiv$ 9 due "t y\r fav\rs (        
,novemb] #c;d4  ,decemb]      #ba /4  n[
 come to ?ank y = !m1 wi%+ y or      r  
express+ to y at ! occasion ( ! r5ewal (
      ! ye>1 ! w>m wi%es ,i con/antly h 
= y\r heal?1      happ9ess  especially =
 ! success ( y\r "w4 ,f !      cont5ts (
 y\r lett] ,i cle>ly p]ceive t "o at    
lea/      ( my lett]s to y mu/ h        
misc>ri$4 ,no?+ c\ld be      m int]e/+  
to me ?an ! n>rative ( y\r j\rney       
to ,france1 ?\gh ,i _h he>d f o!r qu>t]s

 ! good       well des]v$ reception y   
met )4 ,y\r lett] ( ,augu/ #bj      ?4  
nev] came at h&1  x mu/ h be5 ! same )  
at      lea/ "o ( m9e to y4 ,:at y      
m5tion ab\t ,temm9ck      q a/oni%es me6
 444 ,i ?\ght he w\ld h und]tak5        
ev5 a j\rney to see y  y\r draw+s666    
,please let me      "k :5 y write :e!r !
 ,orni?ological ,illu/rations      (    
,j>d9e1 ,vigors  ,co are /opp$ or /ill  
go+ on4--,!      animals ,i spoke to y (
 7 report$ z deliv]$ to y      by ,mr   
,gray ( ! ,briti% ,museum :o _h receiv$ 
!m = me      f ! ,u4 ,/ates4 ,is x n s8 
444 ,corvus ,cornix ) u is      v fond (
 ! sea %ore  fe$s occasionally on fi%1 b
      ,i nev] obs]v$ x _h ! s+ul> habits
 ( ,c4 ossifragus      at lea/ z        
describ$ by ,wilson4       ,i am        
surpriz$ at ,messrs ,j ,b's conduct2 ,i 
h always      f\nd !m extremely k9d &   
well dispos$ t[>ds me2       al?\gh we h
 settl$ our acc\nts ,i _h no reason to  
believe !y w\ld refuse our box4 ,h[ev]  
we c d )\t      _! int]f]5ce q z well1  

,i hope y h already      =w>d$ ! box to 
,leghorn recomm5d+ x to ! c>e ( my      
ag5t 9 t port4 ,messrs ,f4  ,a4         
,filu*s4787 ,i %all keep      a good    
look\t = x be+ extremely anxi\s to see  
y\r      new numb]4 ,i %\ld nev] h done 
if ,i 0 to repeat      to y all ! praise
 giv5 to y\r "w by our ,italian         
arti/s  m5 ( sci5ce6444 ,i %all m]ely   
/ate t on my      "p ,i pref] ! plate ( 
,goldf9*es to any o!r1 birds      &     
plants1 be+ life itself2  t ,i am mo/   
anxi\s to      see ,a/ur ,/anleyi :i* ,i
 /rongly suspect to be my ,falco        
,coop]ii4444 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev] y may h  
be5 able      to asc]ta9 ! fact 444     
please let me "k h[ ! ?+      /&s4 ,x is
 only by y\r lett] t ,i he> ( my "w 7#b 
d7 be+ 9 ,london3 ,i h n yet se5 a copy 
myself nor did      ,i "k positively t x
 _h be5 publi%$4 ,y mu/ surely      h   
receiv$ "o f myself at all ev5ts1 = ,i  
direct$      ,messrs ,gay  ,lea to let y
 h "o ( ! v fir/ out4      ,let me "k   
:e!r y h x  y\r op9ion ab\t x4--,i      

?9k y are "r 9 go+ to ,russia1          
especially z 9      giv+ !m ! ,am]ican  
,birds y w probably give u !            
,russians1 "s ( :i* are h>dly kn[n4 ,try
 to get = me      ,pyrrhula longicauda1 
,p4 rosea  ,scalopax--?al9a1 ! latt]    
especially4 ,i %all n loose sight ( !   
portrait1 b x      w be /ill m difficult
 to get ! signature4 ,i w      h[ev]    
endeavor f "s ( my relations4 ,y 7 "r   
9 suppos+ me dans les bras de la paix   
le bonheur d'un      heureux pre de     
famille b greatly mi/ak5 to ?9k ,i 0    
tak+ le plaisir des sci5ces4 ,settl+ &  
o!r curs$      worldly affairs h s mu*  
tak5 up my "t1 t ,i h n      look$ a    
specim5 or a book s9ce ,i am 9 ,rome 444
 my small      libr>y itself  my ,cab9et
 h n ev5 be5 arrang$  ,i      tremble to
 f9d all my birds de/roy$ :5 ! happy day
      w come to look into !m4 ,9 ! mean 
"t an addition has      be5 made six    
weeks ago to my small family4 ,i h ano!r
 son      :o has receiv$ ! names (      
,luci5 ,l\is ,joseph ,napoleon          

bett] ?an t :o is ! por?rait ( heal?    
itself4      ,i am sure y w divide my   
happ9ess  excuse my delay 9      answ]+ 
y pr9cipally on t acc\nt4 ,i am 9 debt )
      half ! sci5tific _w  ?is has be5 !
 fir/ lett] ,i      scrat*$ s9ce ,i am 9
 ,rome6444 ,i hope to be m regul>       
less 9 a hurry 9 future 444 ?\gh ,god   
kn[s6444 ,i w n      h[ev] close ?is    
lett] )\t m5tiona+ ! pleasure ,i      _h
 ! o!r day 9 gett+ y a new subscrib]  t 
among      ! ,engli% !mselves46 ,! ,e>l 
( ,%rewsbury  8 good      ,lady highly  
admir$ y\r "w ! o!r day at my h\se  7   
s pleas$ ) x t !y said !y w\ld write    
imm$iately      to add _! "n to ! li/4  
,! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury is z      y "k !   
fir/ ,e>l ( ,great ,brita9 a ca?olic    
:at      is m to y a man ( great ta/e4  
,8 n hav+ he>d (      y\r "w %[s t y h n
 made en\gh noise ab\t x3       ,i am   
sure 8 "n w be foll[$ by a great _m o!rs
      to :i* ,mr4 ,*apitt> 7,"l ,%rewsb4
 fri5d7 has promis$      me to %[ ! "w  
deliv] ! prospectuses4 ,did y he>      (

 ! dea? ( poor ,mr ,b>nes kill$ by a /ag
 7874 ,x is a      great loss = ! ,que54
 ,i rema91 ,de> ,sir1 begg+ y !         
,london news            y\r mo/ oblig$  
fri5d            ,,*>les ,l4 ,,bonap>te4
            ,address$ ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4      
,,audubon                       #gi     
,newman ,/reet                          
,ox=d ,/4                       ,london 
,+hilt]ra4            ,endors$ ,answ]$  
,feby4 #h ?4 #ahbi4                     
,j4 ,j4 ,a4  ,audubon cont9u$ to "w on 8
 pa9t+s dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahbh-i1 hop+ to  
put 8 affairs 9 su* ord] t he might be  
able to />t = ,am]ica 9 ! foll[+ ye>4   
,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,lett] ,,(      
,,*>les ,,luci5 ,,bonap>te ,,to         
,,audubon1 ,,janu>y #aj1 #ahbi4       ,f
 ! ,h[l& ,,mss4     ,,*apt] ,,xxiv      
,,fir/ ,,visit ,,to ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,se>* 
,,( ,,new ,,birds       ,audubon settles
 = a "t 9 ,camd5--,pa9ts 9 a fi%]man's  
cottage by ! sea--,) ! lumb]m5 9 !      
,great ,p9e      ,woods--,"w            
done--,visits 8 sons--,jo9s 8 wife at   

,/4      ,francisville--,record ( j\rney
 s\?--,life at ,bee*grove--,mrs4        
,audubon retires f tea*+--,_! plans to  
return to      ,engl&--,meet+ )         
,presid5t ,jackson & ,edw>d ,ev]ett4    
,audubon laid 8 plans to visit ,am]ica 9
 #ahbi ) unusual c>e1 & 0 =tunate 9 be+ 
able to entru/ 8 publication to !       
compet5t h&s ( ,john ,george ,*ildr51 ( 
! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is 0 to be actually
 8 ?ird voyage to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x 0
 ! fir/ :i* he made f ,engli% soil1 &   
aft] he _h become kn[n z an orni?ologi/ 
& animal pa9t]4 ,he wi%$ to r5ew at lea/
 fifty ( 8 e>li] draw+s & to obta9 new  
mat]ials ( e description4 ,al?\gh he 0  
naturally anxi\s to see 8 wife1 f :om he
 _h be5 abs5t = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 & 8    
boys1 ! eld] ( :om _h be5 left at       
,%ipp+port five ye>s be=e1 he felt      
con/ra9$ to devote to 8 "w e mom5t t    
c\ld be sp>$4  ,:5 writ+ to 8 wife ( 8  
difficulties & prospects at ?is p]iod1  
he assur$ h] t he w\ld act cauti\sly1 ) 
all due dilig5ce & sobriety1 & cont9u$3 

,?\ art q com=table 9 ,l\isiana1 ,i "k2 
!re=e      wait !re ) a little pati5ce4 
,i hope ! end ( ?is ye>      w see me "u
 headway suffici5t to h !e ) me 9       
com=t "h1 & ,i ne$ n tell !e ,i long =  
!e e      h\r ,i am abs5t f !e4 ,if ,i  
fail1 ,am]ica w /ill be      my c\ntry1 
& ?\1 ,i w /ill feel1 my fri5d4 ,i w    
return to bo? & =get =ev] ! tr\bles &   
exp5ses      ,i h _h2 :5 walk+ toge!r1  
arm 9 arm1 we c see our      sons be=e  
u1 & li/5 to ! mell[ s\nd+ ?ru%1 s      
pl5tiful 9 our woods ( magnolia4#cff  ,a
 little lat] 9 #ahbi he also wrote3 ,i h
 f9i%$ ! two fir/ ye>s ( publication1 ! 
two mo/ difficult to be enc\nt]$4 ,at t 
"t he fully expect$ t f\rte5 ye>s w\ld  
be requir$ = ! completion ( 8 task1 ow+ 
to ! _m difficulties exp]i5c$1          
especially 9 secur+ compet5t workm51 z  
well z ! necessity ( di/ribut+ ! exp5se 
= ! b5efit ( 8 subscrib]s4  ,:5 ,havell 
_h be5 provid$ ) all ! draw+s ne$$ = !  
rema9d] ( ! ye> #ahbi & ! fir/ issue (  
#ahcj1 ,audubon sail$ f ,portsm\? on !  

#a/ ( ,april1 #ahbi1 9 ! packet %ip     
,columbia1 :i* rea*$ ,new ,york on !    
op5+ day ( ,may4 ,i *ose ! %ip1 he said1
 on acc\nt ( h] "n1 & paid ?irty p\nds =
 my passage4  ,he paus$ 9 ,new ,york to 
exhibit 8 draw+s at ! ,lyceum ( ,natural
 ,hi/ory1 ( :i* he _h become a memb] 9  
#ahbd1 b soon hurri$ to ,philadelphia1 &
 f9ally settl$ d[n = "w at ,camd51 9    
,new ,j]sey1 lat] kn[n to fame z ! home 
( ! good gray poet4 ,!re1 at a bo>d+    
h\se kept by a ,mr4 ,arm/rong1 he rema9$
 ?ree weeks1 f ab\t ,may #bc to ,june   
#ac1 hunt+ & pa9t+ e day4 ,f ,camd5 he  
w5t to ,great ,egg ,h>bor1 !n a fam\s   
resort ( bo? l& & wat] birds 9 great    
v>iety1 & = ?ree weeks m he liv$ & work$
 9 a fi%]man's cab9 by ! sea4 ,x is     
int]e/+ to recall t ,alex&] ,wilson1 9  
company ) ,george ,ord1 _h sp5t a mon?  
at ?is po9t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahac4  ,! foll[+
 lett]#cfg f ,swa9son 0 probably ! "o to
 :i* ,audubon repli$ f ,new ,j]sey on   
,septemb] #ad3   ,william ,swa9son to   
,audubon       ,,my ,,de> ,,mr4         

,,audubon       ,i welcom$ ! news ( y\r 
arrival 9 ,am]ica ye/]day1      & z ,i  
am mak+ up a packet = ,liv]pool today1  
,i seize      ! opportunity ( wi%+ y joy
 & happ9ess 9 ! new      _w4 ,i am      
surpris$ & disappo9t$ z n receiv+ "o    
l9e f ,w>d x is at ! be/ neglig5t1 &    
some:at      ungrateful4 ,hope y h begun
 y\r /udies among ! birds      on a     
bett] plan ?an =m]ly1 t is1 9 pres]v+ ! 
sk9s ( e "o on :i* !re is ! lea/ d\bt   
:e!r      ! bird is "y or old1          
p>ticul>ly ! =m]4 ,if y are      to give
 sci5tific descriptions & def9itions ( !
 species      ?is precaution is         
absolutely necess>y4 ,:at y\r ,am]icans 
d ) _! money ,i "k n1 ,mr4 ,lea tells me
 he _c      procure "o pur*as] = my new 
,illu/rations3 "h x is      n[ go+ on v 
well4       ,y ask$ me :at y c d = me 9 
,am]ica4 ,i w tell      y4 ,s5d me a c>t
 load ( %ells f ! ,ohio1 or f any      (
 ! ,riv]s ne> ,new ,orleans4 ,! v       
smalle/1 z well      z ! v l>ge/--all   
sizes4 ,i h be5 long expect+      ^? :i*

 y\r son promis$ y = me ne> twelve mon?s
      ago6 b ,i h he>d no?+ ( !m6 y may 
sp5d a few      doll>s = me & s5d p to  
fi% ! %ells at ! dry      season1 :5 !  
wat]s are l[1 t is ! be/ "t4       ,?+s 
g on "h mu* z usual1 b ,i h n be5 9     
,london      s9ce ,xmas4 ,! fir/ volume1
 conta9+ ! ,quadrup$s1 (      ,dr4      
,ri*>dson's "w1 is out4 ,i am n[ busy 9 
prep>+ !      second1 :i* conta9s !     
,birds4 ,let me p>ticul>ly direct       
y\r att5tion to ! mann]s ( ! ,c$> ,bird1
 ,ampelis      ,am]icana4 ,i suspect x  
fe$s mu* on ,insects 9 default (        
fruit1 b :at is desirable1 is to "k !   
way 9 :i*      x captures ,insects1 :e!r
 z a flycat*] i4e4 by seiz+      !m on !
 w+1 or l ! ,gold cre/--by pick+ !m up  
among ! bran*es or leaves4 ,i am n[ 9   
close correspondance      ) ,*>les      
,bonap>te1  a mo/ valuble correspondant 
he is4       ,mrs4 ,swa9son is j recov]+
 f h] conf9em5t aft]      giv+ me ano!r 
little son ,i am happy today !y are bo? 
go+ on well4       ,wilson ,i believe   

m5tions two birds v l ! ,r$ ey$         
,flycat*]1 ?is is a po9t des]v+ y\r     
att5tion1 b      ! mann]s ( ^! birds are
 mu* m important4 ,i feel      conv9c$  
!re are sev]al species ( my ,g5us       
,ammodramus      %ore f9*1 9 ! ,s4      
,/ates1 !y all h n>r[ po9t$      tails1 
l ! seasidef9* ( ,wilson4 ,i fur!r      
suspect      !re is m ?an "o species    
conf\nd$ ) ! ,t[ee      ,buntl+4        
,i hope soon aga9 to he> m fully f y1 & 
( y\r      orni?ological acquisitions4  
,! de> little ones are q      well4     
,y\rs v s9c]ely1            ,,wm4       
,,swa9son            ,,! ,,gre5 #bf     
,june #ahbi4            ,,mr4 ,,john ,j4
 ,,audubon           c>e (              
,mess4 ,,?omas ,e4 ,,walk]  ,,co4       
,m]*ants4           ,new ,york          
,philadelphia  ,on ! #d? ( ,july        
,audubon return$ to ,philadelphia &     
prep>$ = a long] soj\rn 9 ! ,great ,p9e 
,=e/1 or ,great ,p9e ,swamp1 z x 0      
sometimes call$1 9 ,nor?umb]l& ,c\nty1  
,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ?is lett] to 8 son we  

%all f9d an acc\nt ( 8 plans &          
accompli%m5ts3   ,audubon to 8 son1     
,victor            ,,philadelphia1 ,july
 #e ?41 #ahbi4       ,,my ,,de>         
,,victor3--       ,i h be5 9 ,am]ica two
 mon?s ?is day1 & n a ^w      f y h ,i  
_h 9 answ] to my sev]al lett]s1 dat$    
,new ,york1 & at ?is place4 ,i am also  
)\t answ] f      y\r ,mama1 b d n feel s
 surpris$ z ,i "k t ab\t #b      mon?s  
is ! "t necess>y to h a return f        
,l\isiana4       ,i h come to take y\r  
,mama ov] to ,engl&1 if h] wi%          
incl9es h] to d s1 & h wrote fully to   
h]1 giv+      h] all ! p>ticul>s        
respect+ my situation t ,i ?\ght        
c\ld possibly be tru/$ to a lett]4      
,i h also come to ,am]ica to r$raw "s ( 
my e>lie/      productions1 & am n[     
closely engag$ at ?is4 ,i rema9$        
ne> ?is city = #c weeks1 & s9ce h sp5t  
#c m at      ,great ,egg ,h>b\r1 f :i*  
place ,i return$ ye/]day4 ,i      h     
already #ac draw+s by me4 ,i h lett]s f 
,london1 up      to #cj ?4 ,april1 :5   

all my bus9ess 0 go+ on well )      an  
increase ( #d subscrib]s4 ,i h no news  
to transmit2 on      ! contr>y1 ,i 0 9  
hopes t ere ?is ,i %\ld h _h      at    
lea/ "o long lett] f y4 ,i beg y w write
 me      :5 y la/ he>d f y\r ,mama4     
,direct y\r lett] to !      c>e (       
,messrs ,?os4 ,e4 ,walk]1  ,co1 m]*ants 
"h1 :o "k      all my movem5ts1 & w see 
any?+ =w>d$ to :]ev]      ,i may *oose  
to g to4       ,i hope y\r uncle ,b]?\d 
family are all well2 pres5t !m      my  
be/ reg>ds1 & to all o!rs :o may feel   
int]e/$ 9      my welf>e1 & believe me  
y\r affectionate fa!r1            ,,john
 ,j4 ,,audubon4       ,i h b\ght a good 
gold "t-keep]1 int5d$ = y1      & a copy
 b\nd1 ( my "w1 & wi% to "k h[ x c be   
=w>d$4 ,god bless y4  ,aft] outfitt+    
himself 9 ,philadelphia1 ,audubon       
proce$$ to ,mau* ,*unk2 8 provisions =  
?is j\rney to ! =e/ consi/$ ( a wood5   
box conta9+ a small /ock ( l991         
draw+-pap]1 my j\rnal1 colors & p5cils1 
toge!r ) tw5ty p\nds ( %ot1 sev]al      

fl9ts1 a due quantum ( ca%1 my gun ',te>
 ,jacket1' & a he>t z true to nature z  
ev]4 ,f ,mau* ,*unk he travel$ fifte5   
miles into ! he>t ( ! wood$ hills1 & 0  
receiv$ into ! family ( ,j$$iah ,iri%1  
lumb]man & philosoph]1 ^: praise 0      
celebrat$ 9 a lat] ,episode4#cfh ,:at   
pleasure1 said ! naturali/1 ,i _h 9     
li/5+ to him1 z he read 8 fav\rite poems
 ( ,burns1 :ile my p5cil 0 occupi$ 9    
smoo?+ & s(t5+ ! draw+ ( ! bird be=e me4
 ,0 ?is n en\gh to recall to my m9d !   
e>ly impressions t _h be5 made ^u x by !
 description ( ! gold5 age1 :i* ,i "h   
f\nd realiz$8  ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ! =e/      
,audubon paid p>ticul> att5tion to !    
small] l& birds1 su* z f9*es1 w>bl]s &  
flycat*]s1 & _m ( ! orig9al draw+s :i* 7
 made 9 ! summ] ( #ahbi /ill be> 8      
p5cil$ designations ( "t & place#cfi4   
,ab\t t5 weeks#cgj 7 sp5t 9 ! woods1 f  
late ,july until ! #aj? ( ,octob]1 :5 ! 
naturali/ return$ to ,philadelphia &    
settl$ aga9 = a "t 9 ,camd54 ,at ?is    
p]iod he 0 enjoy+ ! be/ ( heal? &       

spirits1 & he work$ dur+ ! entire season
 "u ! highe/ pressure ( :i* he 0        
capable4 ,at ,camd51 ,octob] #aa1 #ahbi1
 he wrote3       ,i am at "w1 & h done  
mu*1 b ,i wi% ,i _h eight pairs      (  
h&s1 & ano!r body to %oot ! specim5s1   
/ill ,i am      delight$ at :at ,i h    
accumulat$ 9 draw+s ?is season4         
,=ty-two draw+s 9 f\r mon?s1 elev5 l>ge1
 elev5 middle      size1 & tw5ty-two    
small1 compris+ n9ety-five birds1 f     
,eagles d[nw>ds1 ) plants1 ne/s1 fl[]s1 
& sixty k9ds      ( eggs4#cga ,i live   
alone1 see sc>cely any "o1 besides      
^? belong+ to ! h\se :]e ,i lodge4 ,i   
rise long be=e      day1 & "w till      
night-fall1 :5 ,i take a walk1 & to b$4 
,at ab\t ! middle ( ,octob] ,audubon set
 out to jo9 8 family 9 ! ,s\?4 ,cross+ !
 m\nta9s by mail-coa* to ,pittsburgh1   
:]e he met 8 =m] p>tn] 9 bus9ess1 ,?omas
 ,pe>s 7see p4 #bed71 he desc5d$ once m 
8 favorite riv]1 ! ,ohio4 ,x 0 no long] 
necess>y to r\gh x on a flatboat or to  
sleep on a /eam]'s deck2 x 0 to be poor 

,audubon no long]4 ,to be sure1 he 0 n  
ri*1 b he _h made 8 way & 8 m>k1 & !    
att5tion :i* he n[ began to receive :5  
travel+ 9 8 adopt$ l& mu/ h gratifi$ 8  
he>t4 ,he paus$ at ,l\isville to visit 8
 two boys1 ! eld] ( :om1 ,victor1 0 !n a
 cl]k 9 ! (fice ( 8 uncle1 ,william ,g4 
,bakewell1 :ile ,john 0 ) ano!r uncle1  
,ni*olas ,a4 ,b]?\d4 ,ha/5+ on he rea*$ 
,bay\ ,s>a on ,novemb] #ag1 :]e he      
f9ally jo9$ 8 wife1 :o 0 liv+ at ! home 
( ,william ,g>rett ,johnson1 9 ,we/     
,feliciana ,p>i%1 ne> ,wakefield4 ,"s   
acc\nt ( ?is j\rney is giv5 9 ! foll[+  
lett]1#cgb writt5 on ! eighte5? to ,dr4 
,ri*>d ,h>lan2 9 ! po/script ,audubon   
gives ! fir/ ref]5ce to a new hawk :i*  
he propos$ to "n aft] 8 fri5d1 & :i* has
 giv5 no little tr\ble to orni?ologi/s  
ev] s9ce3#cgc   ,audubon to ,dr4 ,ri*>d 
,h>lan            ,sup]scrib$ ,,ri*d    
,,h>lan ,esqr4 ,m4 ,d4 c c c            
,philadelphia ,p5sa            ,,/      
,,francisville ,,l\isiana ,novembr #ah? 
#ahbi--       ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d4--     

,y w see by ! data ( ?is ! rapidity )   
:i* ,i      h cross$ two ?irds ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i _h !      happ9ess (  
press+ my belov$ wife to my brea/       
,ye/]day      morn+2 saw my two sons at 
,l\isville & all is well4--f            
,philadelphia to ,pittsburgh ,i f\nd !  
,roads1 ! ,coa*es1      horses ,driv]s &
 ,inns all mu* improv$ & yet ne$+      a
 great deal to make ! travell] q        
com=table--,!      sl[nesse ( ! /ages is
 yet a great bore to a man 9 a          
hurry--,i rema9$ "p ( a day at          
,pittsburgh :]e ( c\rse ,i      paid my 
respects to ! ,museum6 ,i 0 glad to see 
! g]m (      "o--x is conduct$ by a v "y
 man nam$ ,lambd9--,i made      an      
arrangem5t ) him place ( seal--pap] gone
 c4 c4      c4 at ,c9c9nati ,i also     
visit$ ! ,museum pap] gone x            
sc>sely improves s9ce my la/ view ( x1  
except inde$ by      wax figures & su*  
o!r %[s z are be/ suitable to make      
money & ! lea/ s to improve ! m9d4--,i  
c\ld n see      ,d illegible my "t 0 v  

limit$4--,! ,ohio 0 9 good      ord] =  
,navigation & ,i rea*$ ,l\isville di/ant
 f      y ab\t #a1jjj ,miles 9 "o week4z
 y spoke ( travell+      we/w>dly ,i    
give y "h an a_/c ( ! ,f>e4--to         
,pittsburgh      all includ$ #ba4--to   
,l\isville #ab4--;& #be m to ,bay\      
,s>ah :]e ,i ,l&$4 #cj is ! price f     
,l\isville to ,n4      ,orleans4our     
,/eam ,boats are commodi\s & g well--b  
my      ,de> ,fri5d ! mo/ extraord9>y   
*ange has tak5 place      9 appe>ance z 
,i h proce$$4--,! foliage _h ne>ly      
left ! ,trees 9 ,p5sylvania1 ! ,swall[s 
_h long s9ce      disape>$ sev]e fro/   
inde$ _h r5d]$ ,nature gloomy      &    
un9t]e/+--,judge ( ! contra/3 ,i am n[  
surr\nd$      by ,gre5 ,trees & ,swall[s
 gambole ar\nd ! h\se z 9               
,p5sylvania dur+ ,june  ,july,! mock    
bird is he>d to s+      & dur+ a ,walk )
 my ,wife ye/]day ,i collect$ "s #bj    
or #cj ,insectst is n all1 a fri5d ( m9e
 "h says      t he has discov]$ #b or #c
 ,new ,birds666--new ,birds are new     

birds our days1 & ,i %all endeav\r to   
%ew y ! ,facts      ,simile :5 aga9 ,i  
%all h ! pleasure ( %ak+ y\r      h&--  
al?\gh s lately arriv$1 ,i h e/abli%$ ! 
fact t      ,mrs ,a4 & myself w be on   
our way t[>ds ,old ,engl&      by ! #ae?
 ( ,jan4y4 we w asc5d ! ,mississipi &   
aft] re/+ ourselves at ,l\isville ) our 
sons & o!r      relatives ab\t "o mon? &
 !n proce$ ) ! ,rapidity      on ! ,wild
 ,pigeon %\ld ,god grant our wi%es6--   
h y se5 or he>d any ?+ ( ,w>d8--h y !   
little      sket* ( ,de>8we _h a pass5g]
 on ,bo>d ! ,huntress      nam$ ,potts f
 y\r ,city :o kn[s y well z lively      
"y ,g5tleman2 has a ,bro!r 7a ,cl]gyman7
 e/abli%$ &      m>ri$ at ,nat*ez4--    
,i w beg9 ,draw+ next week hav+ mu*     
scrat*+ ) !      ,p5 to p]=m ?is "o1 &  
,i am also desir\s to make pap]         
gone ,l>ge ,%ipm5t ( aborig9es bo?      
animal & vegetal z      soon z          
possible4--,turkeys1 ,aligators1        
,oppossums1 ,p>oekett1      & plants1 z 
,bignonias c c c4 w be remov$ to      ! 

,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london1 f !       
,natural ones (      ?is ,magnific5t    
,l\isiana6--meantimes ,i w n =get my    
,fri5ds 9 ,phila4 no ,i w\ld r =give    
all1 to all      my ,ennemies           
!re4--assure ,dr4 ,hamm]sley t ,ivory   
,bill$      & ,peleat$ ,woodpeck]s w be 
sk9n$1 & :o kn[s b      ,i may f9d      
some?+ m = him4--,i w give free leave to
      ,dr4 ,pick]+ to *use among/ !     
,insects & :o kn[s b      ,i may f9d    
some?+ new = him4 rememb] me mo/ k9dly  
to      bo?1 nay n 9 ! common mann] (   
say+ ,mr ,audubon begs      to be       
rememb]$ no n at all4 ,?is way ,mr ,a   
rememb]s      y & y & ,i w rememb] y & y
 & ,i      always66--       ,may ,i also
 beg to be rememb]$ 9 humble words to a 
f9e pair      ( ,eyes2 divid$1 n by !   
,allegany ,m\nta9s2 b by a nose         
evid5tly import$ f f> ,ea/1 to a placid 
=ehead1 to      a m\? speak+ happ9ess   
to----da% ne>ly across page4       ,%\ld
 y see ,fri5d ,sully rememb] me to him  
also--& %\ld      y see ,george ,ord    

,esqr4 ,fell[ ( all ! ,societies        
,imag9able pres5t him my mo/            
humble----da% l9e m ?an      across !   
page4       ,%\ld y see t good woman :]e
 ,i bo>d$ at ,camd'd5      tell h] t ,i 
am well & ?ankful to h] = h] att5tions  
to me4--       ,i _c hope ! pleasure (  
an answ] f y "h b y      may d s1 & ,i  
say pray d s1 direct$ to ! c>e ( ,n4    
,b]?\d ,esqr ,l\isville ,k5tucky4--by ! 
bye my sons are      tall] ?an me1 !    
elde/ "o s mu* alt]$ t ,i did n      "k 
him at fir/ sight1 & yet ,i h ,eyes--   
,god bless ,y1 ,y\r ,fri5d              
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon4       ,! foll[+ is
 writt5 across ! fir/ page3       ,i    
reop5$ my lett] to say t ,i h ,j n[     
kill$ a      ,l>ge ,new ,falcon yes     
positively a new ,species ( ,hawk almo/ 
black ab\t #be ,in*es ,long & #d feet   
broad tail squ>e ,eye      yell[i%      
,:ite1 ,legs & ,feet b>e %ort           
/rong4----,i w      sk9 x666--          
rememb] me to ,lehman----       ,:at ,i 
h said ab\t ! ,hawk to ,y mu/ be ,lawful

 to      ,academicians & y w please     
ann\nce ,falco ,h>lanii      by         
,,john ,j4 ,,audubon           ,f4 ,l4  
,s4 ,l4  ,! foll[+ extracts are f a     
lett]#cgd writt5 by ,swa9son1 ,janu>y   
#cj1 #ahcj1 & s5t to ,havell 9 ,london  
to be readdress$3   ,william ,swa9son to
 ,audubon       ,i "k n 9 :at "p ( !    
,wilds ( ,am]ica y may n[      be w&]+1 
b ,i hope y are fully int5t ^u y\r great
      object1 & t y are n only mak+     
draw+s1 & tak+      notes1 b pres]v+    
,sk9s1 ( all y\r little favorites4      
,don't =get ! ,%rikes1 ( :i* ,i h /rong 
suspicions      !re are #b or #c species
 mix$ up ) ! "n ( ,logg]head4      ,%\ld
 y be 9 ! l& ( ! ,sc>let ,ibis1 d pray  
procure a doz5 or two ( ! be/ sk9s1 !y  
are ! mo/      magnific5t birds ( ,no4  
,am]ica1 & are said to be common        
t[>ds ,new ,orleans4       ,y w le>n frm
 ! ,newspap]s h[ uncommonly sev]e is    
our w9t] ! sn[ has n[ be5 ^u ! gr\nd    
five weeks      & x is /ill fall+4 ,i   
manage1 h[ev]1 to walk out e      day1 &

 ?us h acquir$ bett] heal? ?an ,i h     
enjoy$      = _m ye>s4       ,previ\s to
 y\r emb>k+ to ,engl&1 :i* ,i hope y w  
d v e>ly 9 ! spr+ y mu/ d me "o favor4  
,br+      me two ,grey ,squirrels alive1
 & a cage full ( little birds1      ei!r
 ! pa9t$ or non-,p>eil f9* ! ,blue f9*1 
or !      ,virg9ian ,night+ale1 z !y are
 call$1 #c or #d ( ea* to      gu>d     
aga9/ casualties by dea? on ! voyage4 ,i
 d n c>e      "o f>?+ :e!r !y s+ or n1 s
 t ,i presume !y      may be got = a m]e
 trifle4 ,! ,squirrels w\ld delight !   
little p beyond measure1 & w\ld prove a 
nev]-fail+      s\rce ( amusem5t to !m4 
,i believe y h o!r k9ds      ?an ! grey1
 s t any w d4 ,if y _c get !m      pray 
supply _! place by two ,p>rots (        
,am]ica4       ,we cont9ue pretty well  
at ! ,gre54 ,seldom g to t[n1      b ,i 
f9d p beg9 to discov] ! true "* ( ,v    
igors4 & _m t 7 =m]ly 8 fri5ds n[ speak 
v diff]5tly ( him4 ,8 fa!r hav+ di$ !   
prop]ty      has come to him4 ,he has n[
 tak5 a f9e h\se 9 ! ,reg5ts      p>k1 &

 holds conv]saziones 79 humble imitation
 ( ^?      ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal     
,society7 e ,sunday ev5+      dur+ !    
season66 all ?is is v gr&1 & he appe>s  
to h ab&on$ writ+ any m pap]s on        
orni?ology1      s9ce ,i h begun to po9t
 out 8 errors4       ,w>d wrote to me   
s9ce my la/1 he is a poor weak fell[1 ) 
a good natural disposition1 b s little  
to be dep5d$ ^u1      t he is turn$ r\nd
 by e fea!r1 aft] ins]t+ t      he c\ld 
n g on 9 my s]vice z he call$ x1 "u     
t5 doll>s a week1 he n[ says he %\ld be 
mo/ happy      to receive f\r4 ,he says 
n a ^w ( 8 m>riage1 :i*      proves 8   
wi% to decive "o4 ,i h done ) him4444 ,i
 hope      y h got me lots ( ,riv]      
%ells4       ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>     
#ahbg ,mrs4 ,audubon gave up      h]    
,bee*woods s*ool1 & !reaft] took a      
position z      gov]ness 9 ! home ( ,mr4
 ,william ,g>rett ,johnson1 ^:          
plantation1 call$ ,bee*grove1 0 situat$ 
9 ! same      p>i%4 ,an anonym\s writ]  
?us ref]r$ to ?is h\se 9      #ahea4cge 

,9 ! hospitable mansion ( ,w4 ,g4       
,j----1 9 ! p>i% ( ,we/      ,feliciana1
 if "o w look into ! p>lor1 !y w see    
ov] ! piano a cab9et siz$ portrait1     
rem>kable = a      bright eye &         
intellectual look4 ,! /yle ( x is free1 
&      !re is an individuality ab\t !   
:ole t gives assurance      ( a /rong   
lik5ess4 ,opposite hangs a pro(         
impression ( !      bird ( ,wa%+ton1 a  
tribute ( a grateful he>t to an old     
fri5d4 ,! fir/ is a portrait ( ,audubon 
pa9t$ by himself2      ! o!r is "o ( !  
fir/ ( 8 engrav+s t ev]      rea*$ !    
,unit$ ,/ates4  ,!re ,audubon sp5t ne>ly
 two mon?s at ! close ( #ahbi1 & foll[$ 
8 usual occupations ( hunt+ & draw+1    
:ile 8 wife prep>$ = _! contemplat$     
j\rney to ,europe4 ,he is said to h     
drawn at ?is "t ! ,black ,vulture       
attack+ a h]d ( ,de]1 sev]al l>ge hawks1
 squirrels1 & heads ( de] :i* 7 nev]    
f9i%$4  ,al?\gh ,audubon's bus9ess      
affairs 9 ,engl& _h be5 left 9 *>ge ( 8 
tru/wor?y fri5d1 ,john ,g4 ,*ildr51 8   

engrav]1 ,havell1 _h become al>m$ at !  
loss ( subscrib]s & ! failure ( c]ta9 ( 
_! ag5ts1 & p>ticul>ly ,m4 ,pitois (    
,p>is1#cgf to r5d] due returns4 ,havell1
 z x prov$1 0 unduly di/urb$1 b 8 gloomy
 acc\nts t5d$ to ha/5 ! naturali/'s     
dep>ture1 a circum/ance t 0 lat]        
deplor$4 ,^! matt]s are cle>ly reflect$ 
9 ! foll[+ lett] writt5 f ! ,johnson    
home 9 ,l\isiana :5 ! ,audubons 7 prep>+
 to leave x2 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ are !   
includ$ /atem5ts ?r\gh :i* x 0 hop$ t a 
compet5t successor might be secur$ = !  
duties ( ! position :i* ,mrs4 ,audubon  
_h s ably fill$3   ,audubon to ,rob]t   
,havell            ,,bee* ,,grove1      
,,l\isiana           ,decr #af? #ahbi   
,,my ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,havell4--       ,i   
receiv$ ye/]day f ,new ,york y\r lett] (
 ! #bi?4      ,sept4 :i* mu/ h rea*$    
,philadelphia #c days aft] my           
dep>ture = home       ,i am sorry t     
,b>tley %\ld h made y suff] a      mom5t
 by s5d+ y ! intellig5ce ( ! failure ( !
      sev]al subscrib]s y m5tion 9 y\r  

favor--x _c be      help$--!re is none (
 y\r fault & ,i mu/ repair ^!           
matt]s :5 ,i rea* ,engl& aga9       ,i  
am consid]ably m sorry & mu* vex$ t     
,s[l] %\ld      h fail$ 9 8 writt5      
promise to accept y\r ,dfts4--ev5      9
 a case ( ! dim9ution ( subscrib]s he   
c\ld c]ta9ly      h s5t y a             
progressional am\nt--,i am n[ almo/ sure
      t ,pitois has fail$ or act$ !     
,rogue       ,we are mak+ all           
prep>ations 9 our p[] to leave ,l\isiana
      on ! #e or #aj?4 ( ,jan4y & we w  
proce$ z fa/ z      ,/eam ,boats1       
,coa*es & ! wea!r w admit ( & we w      
sail = ,engl& f ,new ,york ) all        
possible dispat*4      ,i h made a      
%ipm5t ( ,=e/ trees to ,engl& t ,i      
hope w turn to good acc\nt z !y are to  
be pres5ts to      ,public ,in/itutions 
c & t ,i ?9k x necess>y to be           
rememb]$ myself4--       ,we are bo?    
well--our sons are at ,l\isville1       
,k5tucky :]e      we w see !m ab\t !    
#bj?4 ( next mon?4--,i s5t y      9 my  

lett] a proposal = y\r si/] & %\ld y n  
h receiv$ x ,i s5d x y aga9 "h 9 ,mrs   
,a4's4 h&      writ+4--,i w\ld advise   
y\r si/] to come if ! money      is an  
object4--,i ?9k t besides %e w be       
com=table      ) ! familly ,johnson--if 
%e ?9ks fit to wait untill we      see  
h]1 we c tell h] all ab\t x4       ,i h 
receiv$ only "o lett] f fri5d ,*ildr5   
dur+      all ?is abs5ce aga9/ my v     
_m--,i hope ! insects ,i      s5t him by
 ! ,annibal h rea*$ safely4--h no news  
to      give y--,keep up a good he>t--we
 w be 9 ,london z soon      z           
possible4--,i h n _h a lett] f ,miss    
,hudson = a      long "t--,i hope h] "m 
h] are well--,rememb] me k9dly      to  
y\r ,de> ,wife & ,little ones--,mrs     
,audubon jo9s me 9 all      good        
wi%es--,if y see ,p>k] my remembrances  
to him,i w      c>ry ) me "s ,draw+s t  
,i "k w make ! grav]      & ! ,acid ,gr9
 aga94--            ,believe me y\r     
fri5d--            ,,john ,j4 ,,audubon4
       ,:5 y pres5t my s9c]e reg>ds to  

fri5d ,swanson      ,swa9son tell him t 
,i h _h only "o lett] f him      & t ,i 
am n[ q unable to say :]e ,mr ,w>d is,i 
_h a lett] f ,h5ry ,havell#cgg ! o!r day
 m]ely      ackn[l$g+ ! money ,i h paid 
him--he 0 9 ,new ,york1      ,i hope q  
well--            ,enclosure       ,a   
fri5d ( ours "h nam$ ,wm4 ,g>rett       
,johnson 7a cotton      plant]7 a       
g5tleman :o resides 9 a p]fectly heal?y 
&      agreeable "p ( ! c\ntry1 desires 
t ,i %\ld write      to ,engl& to       
procure = him a ,gov]ness1 "o :o c tea* 
music1 draw+ & ! usual bran*es (        
education to "y      ,ladies4 ,mr4      
,johnson w pay ! sum ( "o ?\s& doll>s   
p] annum1 bo>d1 lodg+ c1 also & consid]$
 9 all      respects z a memb] ( !      
family1 to any lady :o w      und]take  
occupation 7! sum is ab\t #bcj7 !       
gov]ness      w h to in/ruct t5 or      
twelve "y p]sons ( v>i\s      ages1 &   
may make ! arrangem5t = five ye>s if    
desir\s      ( x4 ,i h ?\ght ?is w\ld   
suit y\r si/] precisely1      & = my "p 

kn[+ ! family ,johnson z ,i d ,i %\ld   
?9k x an excell5t ?+ = h]4 if n ,i w    
look =      "s "o :5 ,i am 9 ,engl&1    
,sail+ f ,engl& direct =      ,new      
,orleans1 /eam ,boats rea* ! place ( ,mr
 ,johnson 9 two      days4              
,duplicate4       ,i1 ,wm4 ,g>rett      
,johnson d au?orize my fri5d ,j4 ,j4    
,audubon      to make ! above           
proposition & d by ^! pres5t obligate   
myself to comply ) !m punctually &      
p>ticul>ly4            ,,wm4 ,,g>rett   
,,johnson4            ,address$         
,,mr ,,robt ,,havell ,,jur              
,engrav]           #gi ,newman ,/reet   
,ox=d ,/reet           ,london          
,engl&  ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahcj1 said !   
naturali/1 we />t$ = ,new ,orleans1 tak+
 ) u ! only ?ree s]vants yet belong+ to 
u1 namely1 ,cecilia1 & h] two sons1     
,reub5 & ,lewis4 ,we /ay$ a few days at 
our fri5d ,mr4 ,braud's1 ) :om we left  
our s]vants1 & on ! sev5? ( ,janu>y took
 passage on ! spl5did /eam]             
,philadelphia = ,l\isville1 pay+ sixty  

doll>s f>e4#cgh ,aft] a long visit ) _! 
sons1 on ! sev5? ( ,m>* !y asc5d$ !     
,ohio to ,c9c9nati1 & at ,:eel+ took !  
mail-coa* to ,wa%+ton4 ,at ! national   
capital ,audubon met ! ,presid5t1 ,&rew 
,jackson1 & 0 befri5d$ by ,edw>d        
,ev]ett1 at t "t a lead] 9 ! ,h\se (    
,repres5tatives4 ,congress1 said !      
naturali/1 0 !n 9 session1 & ,i exhibit$
 my draw+s to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1
 & receiv$ _! subscription z a body4 ,he
 also record$ t he obta9$ ?ree          
subscrib]s 9 ,baltimore1 & left =       
,philadelphia1 :]e !y rema9$ a week4 ,! 
foll[+ note1 :i* ,edw>d ,ev]ett gave    
,audubon = ,new ,york1 is p>ticul>ly    
int]e/+1 s9ce x expressly /ates t at t  
"t ! orni?ologi/ _h n receiv$ a s+le    
subscrib] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3   ,edw>d   
,ev]ett to ,dr4 ,wa9wright              
,,wa%+ton #ah ,m>* #ahcj       ,,my     
,,de> ,,sir1       ,all[ me to introduce
 to y\r acqua9tance1 ! be>] ( ?is       
lett]1 ,mr4 ,audubon ( ,l\isiana4 ,8    
draw+s ( ,am]ican      ,birds1 ( :i* he 

w %[ y "s1 w ,i am sure comm&      y\r  
approbation1 z !y h ! applause (        
,europe4--,i      am sorry to say1 t he 
has n yet procur$ a s+le      subscrib]1
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,w n "o   
( y\r ,in/itutions 9 ,new ,york--or y\r 
weal?y & lib]al      individuals--take a
 copy8 ,i pray y endeavor to procure him
      at lea/ "o subscrib]1 9 ,new      
,york4--            ,y\rs ) great reg>d 
,e4 ,,ev]ett4            ,,rev ,,dr     
,,wa9wright  ,audubon _h evid5tly       
reconsid]$ 8 express$ int5tion ( pres5t+
 a copy#cgi to ,congress1 & to ,edw>d   
,ev]ett belongs ! cr$it ( subscrib+ to  
,! ,birds ( ,am]ica 9 behalf ( !        
,congressional ,libr>y4 ,at ab\t ?is "t 
also he obta9$ ano!r subscrib] at       
,wa%+ton1 9 ! p]son ( ,b>on ,krud5]1 !  
,russian envoy1 b lat] exp]i5c$         
difficulty 9 collect+ 8 dues4#chj       
,,*apt] ,,xxv  ,,audubon',s ,,lett]press
 ,,& ,,its ,,rivals       ,settlem5t 9  
,london--,/>ts on canvass+ t\r )      8 
wife--,*ange ( plans--,9                

,ed9burgh--,discov]y (                  
,mac,gillivray--,8 h& 9 ! ,orni?ological
 ,biography--,rival      editions (     
,wilson & ,bonap>te--,br[n's extraord9>y
      atlas--,reception ( !             
,biography--,joseph ,b>?olomew ,kidd    
& ! ,orni?ological ,gall]y--,9 ,london  
aga94   ,on ! #a/ ( ,april1 #ahcj1      
,audubon & 8 wife sail$ f ,new ,york 9 !
 packet %ip ,pacific1 b\nd = ,liv]pool1 
:]e !y l&$ aft] a voyage ( tw5ty-five   
days4 ,^u return+ to ,london ! naturali/
 f\nd t ^u ! #ah? ( ! prec$+ ,m>* he _h 
be5 elect$ to memb]%ip 9 ! ,royal       
,society1 an honor = :i* he felt indebt$
 to ,"l ,/anley & 8 fri5d ,*ildr51 ( !  
,briti% ,museum2 aft] pay+ ! entrance   
fee ( #ej1 he took 8 seat 9 t body on ! 
#f? ( ,may4 ,! pa9t+ ( pictures 0 at    
once resum$ to meet 8 heavy exp5ses1 b  
t[>ds ! end ( ,july he />t$ ) ,mrs4     
,audubon on a canvass+ t\r1 9 ! c\rse ( 
:i* 8 plans sudd5ly 7 *ang$ s t ,london 
did n see him aga9 = ne>ly a ye>4#cha   
,on ?is j\rney !y t\*$ at ,birm+ham1    

,man*e/]1 ,le$s1 ,york1 ,hull1          
,sc>bor\gh1 ,:itby1 ,new ,ca/le1 &      
,bel=d1 to visit ! ,selbys1 & on ! #ac? 
( ,octob] rea*$ ,ed9burgh1 :]e !y 7 soon
 com=tably settl$ 9 ! naturali/'s old   
lodg+ place1 ! h\se ( ,mrs4 ,dickey1    
,numb] #bf1 ,george ,/reet4  ,audubon 0 
n[ ready to beg9 ! text ( 8 ,birds (    
,am]ica1 to be call$ ,orni?ological     
,biography1 :i* is (t5 ref]r$ to z 8    
,biography ( ,birds4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0     
ev5tually ext5d$ to five l>ge volumes ( 
ov] ?ree ?\s& pages1 0 publi%$ at       
,ed9burgh f #ahca to #ahci4 ,he _h made 
crude beg9n+s ) ?is 9 view z e>ly z     
#ahba1 & on ,octob] #af1 #ahcj1 he      
wrote3 ,i "k t ,i am n a s*ol> 444 b1 ) 
! assi/ance ( my old j\rnals &          
memor&um-books1 :i* 7 writt5 on ! spot1 
,i c at lea/ put d[n pla9 tru?s1 :i* may
 be useful1 & p]haps int]e/+1 s ,i %all 
set to at once4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 give      
sci5tific descriptions1 & "h mu/ h      
assi/ance4 ,to supply ?is ne$1 z we h   
se5 already1 he _h e>li] appli$ to      

,william ,swa9son1 b ! negotiations ) t 
naturali/ 7 soon brok5 (f1 & l$ to a %>p
 & acrid discussion ^u ! au?or%ip ( ! "w
 itself4#chb  ,by a r>e /roke ( g5ius or
 good =tune1 ,audubon *ose = 8 assi/ant 
a "y ,scot* naturali/1 ,william         
,mac,gillivray1 :o _h be5 introduc$ to  
him by ano!r naturali/1 ,james ,wilson1 
soon aft] he rea*$ ! ,scotti% capital4  
,mac,gillivray agre$ to revise & correct
 8 manuscript at ! rate ( two gu9eas p] 
%eet ( sixte5 pages1 & 9 ! latt] "p (   
,octob]1 #ahcj1 !y set to "w4 ,we %all  
soon h occasion to speak m fully ( 8    
debt to ?is e/imable ,scot*man1#chc & w 
only add "h t a bett] tra9$ or m        
compet5t help] ?an ,mac,gillivray c\ld  
h>dly h be5 f\nd 9 ,great ,brita9 or    
else:]e4    ,illu/ration3 ,,mrs4        
,,dickie',s ,,bo>d+ ,,resid5ce1 #bf     
,,george      ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,:]e
 ,,audubon ,,occupi$ ,,ap>tm5ts ,,&     
,,pa9t$ ,,& ,,wrote ,,9 #ahbf-bg ,,&    
#ahcj-ca4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,public            
,,build+ ,,n[ ,,occupies ,,! ,,site4    

,aft] a photograph 9 possession ( ,mr4  
,ru?v5 ,deane4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!     
,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,(   
,,philadelphia4       ,aft] an old pr9t2
 reproduc$ f ,cass9ia = #aiaj4  ,no     
soon] _h ,audubon begun to write ?an x 0
 le>n$ t no less ?an ?ree editions (    
',wilson's ,orni?ology' 7 ab\t to be    
publi%$1 "o by ,jameson1 "o by ,sir ,w4 
,j>d9e1 & ano!r by a ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,!     
outlook c\ld n be consid]$ enc\rag+1 b  
?is intellig5ce only n]v$ him to great] 
ef=t1 & he 0 det]m9$ to pu% 8 own       
publication ) su* unremitt+ vigor z to  
anticipate !m all4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 9     
,engl&1 he wrote 9 8 j\rnal1 ,i h /udi$ 
! "* ( ,engli%m5 z c>efully z ,i h /udi$
 ! birds 9 ,am]ica1 & ,i "k full well t 
9 ,engl& novelty is always 9 dem&1 & t  
if a ?+ is well kn[n x w n receive mu*  
support4 ,audubon work$ cont9u\sly at 8 
,biography1 ris+ be=e ! dawn & writ+ all
 day1 :ile ! able work] at 8 side c>ri$ 
8 ef=ts f> into ! night1 & 9 ?ree mon?s 
! fir/ volume 0 ready = ! pr9t]2 ,mrs4  

,audubon mean:ile copi$ _! entire       
manuscript to be s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
9 ord] to secure ! ,am]ican copyright4  
,:5 ?is "w 0 (f]$ to ! publi%]s at      
,ed9burgh1 h[ev]1 n "o ( !m1 said !     
naturali/1 w\ld (f] a %ill+ = x1 b ?is  
did n det] him f publi%+ x at once & at 
8 own exp5se4#chd ,on ,m>* #ac1 #ahca1  
he wrote3 ,! pr9t+ w be complet$ 9 a few
 days1 & ,i h s5t copies ( ! %eets to   
,dr4 ,h>lan1 & ,mr4 ,mc,murtie1 at      
,philadelphia1 & also "o hundr$ p\nds   
/]l+ to ,messrs4 ,t4 ,walk]  ,sons1 to  
be paid to ,dr4 ,h>lan to secure !      
copyright1 & h ! book publi%$ !re4  ,!  
foll[+ fri5dly lett] f "o ( ,wilson's   
editors belongs to ?is p]iod3   ,sir    
,william ,j>d9e to ,audubon             
,,j>d9e ,,hall #c d ,decr4 #ahcj--      
,,my ,,de> ,,sir1       ,i only le>nt a 
few days s9ce t y 7 to w9t] 9           
,ed9burgh1 & p]haps s9ce y are n ,hurri$
 = "t 9      ,trovelly 8 w come out to  
sp5d a day or two ) me--,if      y c    
come out be=e ! #aj ?4 :5 ,i %all h !   

pleasure ( %ew+ y "s ,blackgame         
,%oot+--,! season      expires on ! ,t5?
 ( ! ,mon? p>tridges h br$ s      ill t 
!re is sc>sely any 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 &   
pheasants h be5 s lately introduc$ t !y 
are yet      r sc>ce--,9 a wet day y may
 h y\r easel  bru%es      ,i %\ld wi%   
mu* to he> y\r acc\nt ( ,wilson dur+ !  
times y hunt$ ) him--& also "s acc\nt ( 
! ,new      ,species y figure 9 !       
am]ican ,orni?ology--       ,i am happy 
to le>n y int5d figur+ ! le>n$ ,m5      
( ,am]ica z accompanym5t to y\r "w      
p>ticul>ly !      orni?ologi/s1 d y "k !
 pa9t] ( ! portrait (      ,wilson--,i h
 ?ree portraits ( him 9 ! ,h\se1 & also 
a pr(ile tak5 by ! ma*9e ,i %\ld l to h 
y\r      op9ion ( !m "o ( ! portraits 0 
pa9t$ f an      orig9al t w5t to        
,am]ica--       ,i %all expect to he> y 
are com+ soon--,mr ,liz>s w tell      y 
ab\t coa*es--c            ,) be/ reg>ds 
believe me            ,s9c]ely y\rs     
,,wm ,,j>d9e            ,address$ ,j4   
,,audubon ,esqr           ,c>e ( ,w4 ,h4

 ,,liz>s ,esqr           #c ,james      
,squ>e           ,ed9burgh4             
,illu/ration3 ,,title ,,page ,,(        
,,volume ,i ,,( ,,! ,,orni?ological     
,,biography4     ,f a copy pres5t$ by   
,audubon to ,william ,mac,gillivray &   
be>+ ! latt]'s signature4  ,audubon 0 n 
out/ripp$ by 8 ,ed9burgh rivals1 :o to  
all appe>ances _h plann$ to cov] ! field
 ( ,am]ican orni?ology s ?or\ghly z to  
r5d] 8 "w a drug on ! m>ket1 if n to    
make x sup]flu\s4 ,:e!r ?is 7 really    
true or n1 !re is no d\bt t ,audubon's  
activity furni%$ ! /imulus to ! sudd5   
appreciation ( ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessor t 0  
manife/$ 9 ,ed9burgh at ?is v mom5t (   
"t4 ,x w be int]e/+ to see j :at ^!     
rival ent]prises 74 ,pr(essor ,jameson1 
:o _h be5 ( great s]vice to ,audubon at 
! beg9n+ ( 8 und]tak+1 prep>$ a pocket  
edition ( ,wilson's & ,bonap>te's       
,orni?ology1 ) m9iature plates :i* 7    
issu$ sep>ately1 & ! two works1 :i* 7   
int5d$ to g toge!r1 7 publi%$ 9         
#ahca4che ,sir ,william ,j>d9e br\ght   

out an edition ( ,wilson's & ,bonap>te's
 "w1 9 ?ree l>ge volumes1 ) plates      
engrav$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s aft] !        
orig9als & c>efully color$ by h&4#chf   
,?is 0 ?or\ghly legitimate ent]prise1 b 
! climax 0 rea*$ :5 ,capta9 ,?omas ,br[n
 began to publi% an ,auduboniz$ edition 
( ,wilson's & ,bonap>te's plates1 or an 
attempt to pres5t _! plates ( ,am]ican  
birds 9 ! ,audubonian mann]1 to ! ext5t 
at lea/ ( %[+ ! *>act]i/ic fl[]s1 trees1
 & insects ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 a plan 
to :i* "s ( ,audubon's e>li] critics 9  
,philadelphia _h (f]$ /r5u\s objection4 
,br[n's l>ge atlas ( plates#chg 0 issu$ 
9 p>ts1 f #ahca to #ahce1 & 0 int5d$ z a
 fur!r companion to ,jameson's text =   
all :o c\ld af=d t exp5sive =m (        
illu/ration4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce     
,audubon's ,orni?ological ,biography    
7vol4 i71 ,jameson's edition ( ,wilson &
 ,bonap>te 7vol4 i71 & ,br[n's          
,illu/rations 7pt4 i71 7 all notic$ on !
 same page ( ! ,london ,lit]>y ,gazette 
= ,april #i1 #ahca4 ,?is day is publi%$1

 s reads ! adv]tisem5t ( ,audubon's "w1 
price #bes4 9 royal octavo1 clo?1       
,orni?ological ,biography4444 ,if !     
desire ( ^! v>i\s editors 7 to cripple !
 "w ( ! ,am]ican naturali/1 _! ef=ts 7  
c]ta9ly va91 = he 0 able to make 8 way  
aga9/ all competitors4 ,br[n's "w 0 a   
failure1 s few copies hav+ be5 di/ribut$
 t x is d\btful if m ?an "o ev] came to 
?is c\ntry1 & only "o is kn[n to be 9   
possession ( any l>ge libr>y 9 ,engl&4  
,audubon's initial volume ( ! ,biography
 0 well receiv$ & drew =? imm$iate &    
un/9t$ praise f _m s\rces4 ,he 0 anxi\s 
t ,mac,gillivray %\ld contribute "s     
acc\nt ( x to ! ,london ,qu>t]ly        
,review1 !n "u ! editorial managem5t (  
,john ,gibson ,lockh>t1 b 8 sugge/ion 0 
coldly receiv$ & drew =? ! foll[+       
decl>ation ( indep5d5ce f 8 able1 if z  
yet undi/+ui%$1 coadjutor3#chh       ,) 
respect to ! review1 ,i c only say t if 
,mr4      ,lockh>t is s d\btful z to my 
p[]s1 he may d\bt z      long z he li/s4
 ,i %all n submit any essay ( m9e to 8  

judgm5t4 ,if y _h in=m$ me t he or !    
conductor (      my o!r review w\ld pr9t
 a notice ( y\r works1 ,i %\ld      h   
agre$ to write "o ) pleasure1 b "u exi/+
      circum/ances ,i %all n1 x be+     
repugnant to my feel+s      & contr>y to
 my practice & pr9ciples to sue = favor 
) any man4 ,i h already writt5 ?ree     
reviews ( y\r      books :i* h be5      
pr9t$1 & :5 ,i am appli$ to =      a    
f\r? ,i %all write x too1 ) an elegance 
( /yle1 a      p[] ( expression1 & k ( !
 subject equal to      ^? usually       
display$ by ! editor ( ! ,qu>t]ly4  ,"s 
( ! criticism1 :e!r fri5dly or ho/ile1  
:i* ?is "w ev5tually evok$ w be consid]$
 9 a lat] *apt]4  ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival
 9 ,london1 ,audubon receiv$ a call f   
,joseph ,b>?olomew ,kidd1 a "y arti/ :om
 he _h met at ,ed9burgh ! previ\s ,m>*1 
& 0 attract$ s mu* by 8 y\?1 simplicity 
& clev]ness t he aga9 invit$ him to pa9t
 9 8 rooms4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 #ahca1 an
 agreem5t 0 made ) ,kidd#chi to copy "s 
( 8 draw+s 9 oils & put 9 appropriate   

backgr\nds4 ,x 0 our int5tion1 said     
,audubon1 to s5d !m to ! exhibition =   
sale1 & to divide ! am\nt betwe5 u4 ,he 
pa9t$ eight1 & !n ,i propos$1 if he w\ld
 pa9t ! "o hundr$ engrav+s :i* comprise 
my fir/ volume ( ! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 ,i 
w\ld pay him "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 #ahcb  
,capta9 ,?omas ,br[n gave ?is notice ( !
 und]tak+ 9 ! ,cal$onian ,m]cury3       
,ab\t a ye> ago ,audubon conceiv$ ! gr& 
idea ( a ,natural      ,hi/ory ,gall]y (
 ,pa9t+s1 & ent]$ into an agreem5t      
) ,mr4 ,kidd to copy all 8 draw+s ( !   
same size1 &      9 oil1 leav+ to ! ta/e
 ( t excell5t arti/ to add      su*     
backgr\nds z might give !m a m pictorial
 effect4      ,9 ! execution ( su* ( ^! 
z ,mr4 ,kidd has f9i%$1      he has n   
only pres]v$ all ! vivaci\s "* ( !      
orig9als1 b he has greatly height5$ _!  
beauty1 by !      g5]al tone &          
appropriate feel+ :i* he has pres]v$    
& c>ri$ ?r\gh\t 8 pictures4  ,kidd work$
 int]mitt5tly on "s su* s*eme = ab\t    
?ree ye>s1 & produc$ num]\s pictures on 

canvas or mill-bo>d4 ,he 0 ?us engag$ 9 
#ahcc :5 he wrote to ask = an advance ( 
f twelve to f\rte5 p\nds on acc\nt ( an 
accid5t t _h befall5 him on ! #af? (    
,may ( t ye>4 ,kidd said 9 8 lett] t    
:ile he 0 att5d+ a sale ( ,"l ,eld9's   
pictures1 ! floor ( ! build+ sudd5ly    
gave way ) a cra% & precipitat$ ! :ole  
company1 toge!r ) ! furniture1 into a   
room bel[2 t he _h su/a9$ _m bruises    
himself1 n to speak ( a dislocat$ arm1 b
 :at ) bli/]s1 cupp+1 nurses & rem$ies (
 all sorts1 he 0 !n sl[ly m5d+4 ,ano!r (
 _! projects 0 to publi% ,kidd's copies 
( ,audubon's draw+s z individual pieces1
 & a notice ( ?is appe>$ 9 ,blackwood's 
,magaz9e = #ahca4 ,john ,wilson1 9      
review+ ,audubon's "w 9 ! magaz9e = t   
ye> said3 x is expect$ t !re w be       
complet$ by ,audubon1 ,kidd1 &          
o!rs1--,f\r ,hundr$ ,subjects4 ,audubon 
purposes op5+1 on 8 return f ,am]ica1 an
 ,orni?ological ,gall]y1 ( :i* may !    
proce$s prove a mod]ate =tune6 ,all su* 
plans1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 delay$ or   

fru/rat$1 & a misund]/&+ ) ,kidd br\ght 
!m sudd5ly to a close 9 #ahcc4          
,audubon's explicit directions "u ?is   
head 7 giv5 9 a lett] to 8 son ,victor1 
writt5 at ,*>le/on on ,*ri/mas ,day ( t 
ye>4#cij  ,:5 8 lett]press 0 f9i%$1     
,audubon left ,ed9burgh ) ,mrs4 ,audubon
 on ,april #ae1 #ahca4 ,newca/le1 ,york1
 ,le$s1 & ,man*e/] 7 aga9 visit$1 & a   
pause ( sev]al days 0 made at ,liv]pool 
be=e proce$+ to ,london1 :51 z !        
naturali/ record$1 !y travel$ on t      
extraord9>y road1 call$ ! railway1 at ! 
rate ( #bd miles an h\r4 ,9 ,may#cia !y 
visit$ ,p>is1 ,audubon no d\bt wi%+ to  
collect ! money due f 8 ag5t !re1 z well
 z to introduce 8 wife to ! unrival$    
attractions ( ! great city4 ,^u return+ 
to ,london 9 ,july he _h ! pleasure (   
aga9 meet+ 8 fidus ,a*ates1 ,edw>d      
,h>ris1#cib ( ,moore/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 & 
imm$iately began to put 8 affairs 9 ord]
 = a long p]iod ( abs5ce4  ,:ile        
,audubon 0 9 ,p>is1 ! foll[+ lett]#cic 0
 writt5 by 8 /aun* fri5d & support] 9   

,congress1 ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 :o1 z has be5
 se51 fully appreciat$ ! national "* ( 8
 great und]tak+s4 ,! ef=t ( ?is able    
advocate to give ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica    
free passage to _! native l&1 h[ev]1 d n
 appe> to h be5 successful until two    
ye>s lat]1 z a lett] to be quot$ 9 due  
c\rse cle>ly indicates4   ,edw>d ,ev]ett
 to ,audubon            ,,*>le/[n1      
,,mass41 ,may #ai?1 #ahca4       ,,my   
,,de> ,,sir       ,i duly receiv$ y\r   
favor ( ! #a/4 ( ,nov4 accompani$      )
 "s copies ( ! ,prospectus1 & a few days
 s9ce y\r      lett] ( ! #e?4 ,m>* rea*$
 me4 ,i owe y an apology =      be+ s   
t>dy 9 my reply to ! =m] lett]4 ,x rea*$
      me at ,wa%+ton1 :ile ,i 0 conf9$ )
 a sev]e illness1      ) :i*1 s9ce ,oct4
 la/1 ,i h till lately be5 mu*          
afflict$4 ,i 01 mo/ ( ! session1 9 su* a
 /ate (      heal?1 z to be kept at my  
lodg+s1 & :5 9 my place1      9 ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives1 little able to att5d 
to      bus9ess4 ,z soon z ,i w5t       
abroad1 aft] ! receipt ( y\r      lett]1

 ,i consult$ "s ( ! mo/ influ5tial      
memb]s (      ,congress1 z to !         
probability ( be+ able to pass a bill   
= ! free introduction ( y\r "w4 ,la/    
w9t]s session      0 ! %ort session1    
t]m9at+ by ! ,con/itution on !          
#c;d4 ( ,m>*4 ,at ?is session1 x is     
always v difficult      to pass any     
bills1 orig9at+ dur+ ! session4 ,! "t   
is regul>ly tak5 up by bills1 prep>$ !  
previ\s w9t]4      ,9 addition to ?is   
circum/ance1 m ?an half ( ! la/         
session 0 tak5 up1 by an impea*m5t be=e 
! ,s5ate4      ,a proc$ure1 :i* susp5d$ 
dur+ its cont9uance1 !      legislative 
bus9ess ( ! two ,h\ses1 & left no "t =  
sc>ce any?+1 beyond ! annual            
appropriation bills =      ! support ( !
 gov]nm5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1      !  
g5tlem51 :om ,i consult$1 7 ( op9ion )  
me t      x 0 impossible1 = want ( "t1  
to pass a bill 9 y\r      favor1 & t x 0
 !re= bett] n to attempt x1 at      !   
late session1 b to res]ve x = next w9t]1
 :5 x      c be br\ght up seasonably1 & 

) good hope ( success4      ,i %all take
 great pleasure to seize ! fir/ mom5t1  
at      ! op5+ ( ! next session1 to br+ 
! subject be=e      ,congress4       ,! 
portions ( y\r "w1 :i* arriv$ at        
,wa%+ton be=e      ,i left x1 7 publicly
 exhibit$ 9 ! libr>y1 &      attract$   
great att5tion & unqualifi$ admiration4 
,!      same is true ( ! copy receiv$ by
 ! ,bo/on ,a!naeum4      ,! plates 7    
specially exhibit$ 9 ! great hall ( !   
,a!naeum1 to ! entire satisfaction &    
delight ( ^?      :o saw !m4       ,!   
copy-"r law au?orizes any citiz5 ( ! ,u4
 ,/ates to      take out a copy-"r ( 8  
"w1 on deposit+ a pr9t$      copy ( !   
title page 9 ! (fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt4
      ,i inf] f y\r lett] ( ! #e?4 (    
,m>*1 t y _h      s5t copies ( ! pr9t$  
%eets ( y\r "w to ,drs4 ,h>lan      &   
,m4 ,m]trie ,mc,murtie ( ,philadelphia )
 a view (      hav+ ! copy-"r4       ,i 
h di/ribut$ a "p ( y\r prospectuses1 &  
%all      d ! same ) ! re/1 9 ! mann] t 
may seem mo/      likely to promote y\r 

int]e/4 ,i regret to say1 t ,i      h n 
yet be5 able to add ano!r1 to ! li/ (   
y\r      subscrib]s4       ,y m5tion1 9 
ea* ( y\r lett]s1 ! little picture y    
7 s k9d1 z to propose s5d+ me4 ,?is     
alone leads me to      say1 t :5ev] x   
comes to h&1 x w be mo/ welcome3      b 
t1 engag$ z y are 9 labor+ 9 ! cause (  
sci5ce & ( ,am]ica1 y mu/ n feel oblig$ 
to consume      "o h\r ( y\r preci\s "t 
at ! sacrifice ( ^?      high] objects4 
,i am happy to be able to say to y1 t my
 heal?1 ?\gh      n :olly re/or$1 is    
greatly improv$1 & t if y w      cont9ue
 to favor me ) y\r comm&s1 ,i w prove   
myself1      h]eaft]1 a m punctual      
correspond5t4       ,i look =w>d ) s9c]e
 pleasure1 to ! prospect (      meet+ y 
aga91 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 & ) my 
respectful complim5ts to ,mrs4 ,audubon1
 ,i beg leave1 de> sir1      to t5d] y !
 assurance ( my high respects1 & ) x    
my mo/ fri5dly salutations4             
,,edw>d ,,ev]ett4       ,p4,s4 ,s9ce !  
=ego+ 0 writt51 ,i h receiv$ y\r        

favor ( ! #bc;d4 ( ,april4 ,i beg leave 
p>ticul>ly to ?ank      y = y\r k9dness 
9 ref]5ce to ! picture4 ,i %all         
prize x1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( its        
sci5tific value &      beauty z a "w (  
art1 7bo? ( :i* ,i feel assur$ x w      
be f\nd to possess7 b z a tok5 ( y\r    
fri5dly reg>d4      ,x w give me great  
pleasure to furni% y any lett]s 9       
my p[]1 = y\r adv5tur\s s\? we/]n t\r4  
,^! ,i      %all h ! pleasure ( h&+ y1  
:5 we meet ?is side      ! wat]4        
,y 7 elect$ 9 ,novemb] la/ a fell[ ( !  
,am]ican      ,academy ( ,arts &        
,sci5ces1 on ! nom9ation :i* ,i _h      
! honor to submit to t body4 ,ow+ to a  
*ange 9 !      secret>y%ip a delay arose
 9 prep>+ y\r diploma1 :i*      w h[ev] 
be =w>d$ 9 a few days4  ,^u balanc+ 8   
acc\nts ) ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica at ab\t   
?is "t1 ,audubon ?\ght x 0 truly        
rem>kable t #dj1jjj %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh 8
 h&s = ! completion ( ! fir/ volume4    
,:o w\ld believe t once 9 ,london ,i _h 
only a sov]eign      left 9 my pocket1 &

 did n "k to :om to apply =      ano!r1 
:5 at ! v]ge ( failure2 above all1 t ,i 
extricat$ myself f all my difficulties1 
n by borr[+      money1 b by ris+ at f\r
 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 work+      h>d all  
day1 & dispos+ ( my works at a price :i*
 a      common lab\r] w\ld h ?\ght      
little m ?an suffici5t      remun]ation 
= 8 "w8 ,to give y an idea ( my actual  
difficulties dur+ ! publication ( my    
fir/ volume1 x      w be suffici5t to   
say1 t 9 ! f\r ye>s requir$      to br+ 
t volume be=e ! _w1 no less ?an fifty ( 
my subscrib]s1 repres5t+ ! sum (        
fifty-six ?\s&      doll>s1 ab&on$ me6  
,& :5ev] a few )drew ,i 0      =c$ to   
leave ,london1 & g to ! prov9ces1 to    
obta9      o!rs to supply _! places1 9  
ord] to enable me to      raise ! money 
to meet ! exp5ses ( engrav+1 color+1    
pap]1 pr9t+ 4442 & t ) all my con/ant   
ex]tions1      fatigues1 & vexations1 ,i
 f9d myself n[ hav+ b "o      hundr$ &  
?irty /&+ names on my li/4              
,,footnotes        #a ,samuel ,johnson1 

,! ,rambl]1 ,no4 #fj4       #b          
,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4  
#b71 vol4 iv1 p4 #bbb4       #c ,elliott
 ,c\es1 ,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds1  
#d? ed41 p4      xxi 7,bo/on1 #ahij74   
#d ,audubon1 9 ,audubon ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 9 
,beek] ,c\nty1      ,m9nesota1 & 9 ,wise
 ,c\nty1 ,texas1 z well z ,audubon1     
,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 :i* 8
 old f>m1      ,mill ,grove1 is situat$4
 ,audubon ,av5ue is ! fir/ ( !          
subt]ranean passages :i* lead f !       
entrance ( ,mammo?      ,cave1 & is not$
 = its sw>ms ( bats4 ,audubon ,p>k1 ,new
      ,york ,city1 betwe5 ! ,hudson     
,riv] & ,broadway & ext5d+      f #aef?1
 to #afj? ,/reets1 embraces a "p (      
,m9nie's      ,l&1 ! naturali/'s old    
,hudson ,riv] e/ate1 b is a      realty 
designation & is n[ almo/ entirely cov]$
 )      build+s 7see ,*apt] ,,xxxvi74   
#e ,! ,audubon ,monum5t ,committee ( !  
,new ,york ,academy (      ,sci5ces 0   
appo9t$ ,octob] #c1 #ahhg1 & made its   
f9al      report 9 #ahic1 :5 ?is        

beautiful memorial 0 =mally             
d$icat$4 ,subscriptions f all p>ts ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates      am\nt$ to #aj1ebe4ba4
 ,! monum5t is a ,runic cross 9         
:ite m>ble1 ornam5t$ ) ,am]ican birds & 
mammals :i*      ,audubon has depict$1 &
 surm\nts a die be>+ a portrait      ( !
 naturali/1 model$ f ,cruik%ank's       
m9iature1 )      suitable inscriptions1 
! :ole be+ support$ on a base (         
granite2 ! total height is ne>ly #bf    
feet1 & ! weight      #b tons4 ,x 0     
pres5t$ to ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity     
,p>i%      by ,pr(essor ,?omas          
,eggle/on1 & receiv$ by ,rev4 ,dr4      
,morgan      ,dix4 ,! cemet]y has s9ce  
be5 cut 9 two by ! ext5sion      (      
,broadway2 ! monum5t is 9 ! nor!rly     
section1 close      to ! p>i% h\se ( !  
,*apel ( ! ,int]cession4       ,!       
monum5t at ,new ,orleans1 m5tion$ bel[1 
0 erect$      "u ! auspices ( ! ,audubon
 ,association1 at a co/ (      #aj1jjj1 
mo/ ( :i* 0 secur$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,mrs4
      ,j4 ,l4 ,brad=d1 #a1ejj hav+ be5  

contribut$ by resid5ts      ( ! ,cresc5t
 ,city4 ,! figure is 9 bronze1 & /&s on 
a high p$e/al ( ,georgia granite4       
,! beautiful bu/ ( ,audubon at !        
,am]ican ,museum (      ,natural ,hi/ory
 is by ,william ,c\p]1 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4
       #f ,z w lat] appe>1 ?is 0 9      
reality ! #abj?      anniv]s>y4       #g
 ,! fir/ ,audubon ,society1 devot$ to ! 
int]e/s (      bird protection1 0       
organiz$ by ,dr4 ,george ,bird ,gr9nell1
      editor ( ,=e/ & ,/ream1 9 #ahhf1 &
 #af1jjj memb]s      7 enroll$ dur+ !   
fir/ ye>2 ,dr4 ,gr9nell 0 also      !   
fa!r ( ! ,audubonian ,magaz9e 7see      
,bibliography1      ,no4 #aij71 :i* made
 its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,janu>y1          
#ahhg2 by ! middle ( t ye> ! memb]%ip 9 
! new      society _h increas$ to       
#ch1jjj1 b ) ! disappe>ance      ( !    
,magaz9e 9 #ahhi ! movem5t langui%$ &   
came to a spe$y end4 ,9 #ahif a fre% />t
 0 tak5 by      ! inauguration ( ,/ate  
societies 9 ,massa*usetts &             
,p5nsylvania1 & ! movem5t ga!r$ great]  

=ce ?r\gh      ! inauguration 9 #ahii ( 
! admirably conduct$ magaz9e1           
,bird-,lore1 z its (ficial organ4 ,!    
,/ate societies 7      f$]at$ 9 #aijb1 &
 ! ,national ,committee !n creat$       
gave place 9 #aije to ! ,national       
,association4 ,see ,gilb]t              
,trafton1 ,bird ,fri5ds1 = an excell5t  
summ>y ( ! "w      ( ! ,audubon         
,societies1 & ! ,twelf? ,annual ,report 
(      ! ,national ,association (       
,audubon ,societies1 ,bird-,lore1       
vol4 xviii 7#aiaf74       #h ,9 ?is ye> 
,*>les ,lanman1 writ]1 & at a lat] "t   
libr>ian ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 wrote 
to ,victor ,audubon      z foll[s3 ,are 
n y & y\r family will+ n[ to      let me
 write a book ab\t y\r illu/ri\s fa!r8  
,i feel      confid5t t ,i c\ld get up  
some?+ v int]e/+ &      :i* w\ld n only 
help ! big "w1 b make money4 ,i         
c\ld h x br\ght out 9 h&some /yle1 &    
%\ld l      to h well engrav$ a portrait
 & "s half doz5 views      9 ,k5tucky1  
,l\isiana1 & on ! ,hudson4 ,write me :at

 y      ?9k ab\t x4 ,lanman's lett] is  
dat$ ,georget[n1 ,d4 ,c41      ,oct4 #h1
 #ahef2 on ,novemb] #a ,victor ,audubon 
repli$1 decl9+      ! proposal4       #i
 ,messrs4 ,c4 ,s4 ,francis  ,company1 ( 
#eed ,broadway1 ,new      ,york4        
#aj ,! publi%]s 9 ?is in/ance d n appe> 
to h      be5 bett] in=m$1 = ! text ( ! 
,quadrup$s1 f      :i* !y quote1 0      
writt5 by ,john ,ba*man1 & ! fir/       
volume ( x 0 issu$ 9 ,london 9 #ahdg2   
see ,bibliography1      ,no4 #f4        
#aa ,rev4 ,dr4 ,adams 0 rector ( ?is    
p>i% = tw5ty-five      ye>s1 f #ahfc to 
8 dea? 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhh2 he 0 !        
au?or ( ?ree volumes on religi\s        
subjects & v>i\s      small] tracts2 f  
#ahee to #ahfc he _h *>ge ( a *ur* 9    
,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 & :ile !re publi%$  
an anonym\s      pamphlet entitl$       
,slav]y by a ,m>yl&]2 ,its ,in/itution  
& ,orig92 ,its ,/atus ,"u ! ,law & ,"u !
 ,gospel 7#h      pp4 #hvo4 ,baltimore1 
#ahfj74       #ab ,bu*anan said t !     
manuscript submitt$ to him 0            

inord9ately long & ne$$ c>eful revision2
 he add$ t      :ile he c\ld n fail to  
express 8 admiration = !                
affectionate _s & intellig5t sympa?y )  
:i* !      fri5dly editor dis*>g$ 8     
task1 he 0 b\nd to say      t 8 lit]>y  
exp]i5ce 0 limit$4 ,aft] copy+ a        
passage f "o ( ,audubon's j\rnals1 ?is  
editor _h !      un=tunate habit ( draw+
 8 p5 ?r\gh ! orig9al2      9 ?is way   
hundr$s ( pages ( ,audubon's admirable  
copp]-plate 7 irretrievably defac$4     
#ac ,rob]t ,bu*anan1 ,! ,life ( ,audubon
 7,bibl4 ,no4 #gb71      p4 vi4         
#ad ,see ,h>riet ,jay1 ,rob]t ,bu*anan3 
,"s ,acc\nt ( ,8      ,life1 ,8 ,life's 
,"w1 & ,8 ,lit]>y ,fri5d%ips 7,london1  
#aijc74 ,rob]t ,williams ,bu*anan 0 born
 at ,cav]swell1      ,lanca%ire1 ,augu/ 
#ah1 #ahda1 & di$ 9 ,london1 ,june #aj1 
#aija4       #ae ,= simil> spell+ ( ! "n
 by ,john ,james ,audubon1      see     
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 #ab4         
#af ,= notice ( ^! records ( ,jean      
,audubon & 8      family1 see !         

,preface1 & = ! mo/ important docum5ts1 
,app5dix ,i4       #ag ,pi]re ,audubon's
 s]vice 9 ! m]*ant m>9e ( ,france       
is und\bt$ly record$ 9 ! ar*ives ( !    
,dep>tm5t (      ,m>9e 9 ,p>is1 b all   
rese>*es 9 t direction 7      sudd5ly   
halt$ by ! w>4       #ah ,jean ,audubon 
_h a bro!r ,claude1 & on ,febru>y       
#bg1 #agia1 he wrote to him1 ask+ =     
#d1jjj francs1 :i*      he ne$$ = !     
pur*ase ( a boat4 ,x 0 probably ?is     
bro!r :o liv$ at ,bayonne1 & left ?ree  
daught]s1 ,anne1      ,dom9ica1 &       
,ca!r9e ,franoise1 :o m>ri$ ,jean ,l\is 
,lissab1 a pilot 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4      
#bfc74 ,if ?is inf]5ce be      correct1 
& ! sum ref]r$ to 0 dem&$ 9 paym5t (    
a debt1 x may expla9 a /atem5t ( !      
naturali/ t 8      fa!r & 8 uncle 7 n on
 speak+ t]ms4       ,ano!r bro!r is said
 to h be5 an active politician      at  
,nantes1 ,la ,ro*elle & ,p>is f #agga to
 #agif1 :5 he      dropp$ out ( sight = 
a numb] ( ye>s4 ,:5 he>d (      aga9 he 
0 liv+ at ,la ,ro*elle 9 afflu5ce &     

piety4      ,?is 0 app>5tly ! ,audubon  
to :om ! naturali/      ref]r$ 9 c]ta9 (
 8 j\rnals & private lett]s z "o        
:o1 possess+ ! secret ( 8 bir? & e>ly   
life1 _h      done bo? him & 8 fa!r an  
irrep>able injury 7see ,vol4      ,i1 p4
 #bgj74       ,a si/]1 ,m>ie ,rosa      
,audubon1 0 m>ri$ 9 #agid to ,pi]re de  
,vaugeon1 a lawy] at ,nantes2 _! only   
son1 ,l\is ,lejeune de      ,vaugeon1 0 
liv+ at ,nantes z late z #ahbb1 :5 he   
de$$      8 =m] home to ,h5ri ,b\t>d4   
7,! sub/ance ( ?is &      ! prec$+      
p>agraph is bas$ p>tly ^u data furni%$  
by ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon47           
,jean ,audubon gave 8 daught]1 ,rosa1 ! 
"n ( h] aunt1      b 9 lat] life seems  
to h brok5 (f all relations )      8    
bro!rs4 ,^u 8 dea? 8 w 0 imm$iately     
attack$      by ,mme4 ,lejeune de       
,vaugeon1 ( ,nantes1 & by ! ?ree nieces 
f ,bayonne 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii74 ,!      
naturali/ does n give      ! "n ( ! aunt
 :o1 z he said1 0 kill$ dur+ !          
,revolution at ,nantes1 b ,i h f\nd no  

ref]5ce to any      o!r4       #ai ,?is 
0 recall$ by ! naturali/ on ,m>* #e1    
#ahbg1      :5 he wrote3 ,z a lad ,i _h 
a great av]sion to any?+      ,engli% or
 ,scot*1 & ,i rememb] :5 travell+ ) my  
fa!r to ,ro*e=t 9 ,janu>y1 #ahjj1 ,i    
m5tion$ ?is to      him4444 ,h[ well ,i 
rememb] 8 reply4444 ',?y blood w        
cool 9 "t1 & ?\ wilt be surpris$ to see 
h[ gradually      prejudices are        
oblit]at$1 & fri5d%ips acquir$1 t[>ds   
^? t we at "o "t held 9 contempt4 ,?\   
ha/ n be5      9 ,engl&2 ,i h1 & x is a 
f9e c\ntry4' 7,see ,m>ia ,r4            
,audubon1 ,audubon & ,8 ,j\rnals 7,bibl4
 ,no4 #hf71 vol4 i1      p4 #baf74      
#bj ,9 #aghi ov] #g1jjj1jjj p\nds (     
cotton & #geh1fbh      p\nds ( indigo 7 
export$ f ! ,fr5* side (      ! isl&1   
:ile fur!r products ( t ye>1 includ+    
small] am\nts ( cocoa1 molasses1 rum1   
hides1 dye-woods1      & tortoise %ell1 
swell$ ! gr& total ( exports to         
#bje1jjj1jjj livres or francs4 ,bryan   
,edw>ds1 h[ev]1 ^:      d$uctions 7 bas$

 on (ficial returns1 plac$ ! av]age     
value ( all exports f ,fr5* ,santo      
,dom+o = ! ye>s      #aghg1 #aghh1 &    
#aghi1 at #aga1edd1jjj livres 9         
,hispaniola      curr5cy1 or #d1gfe1abi 
/]l+2 ?is w\ld be equival5t to      ab\t
 #bc1aeh1dbf1 & imply a pur*ase value ( 
! ,fr5*      livre or franc ( ab\t #ac  
c5ts 9 ,am]ican money4       ,! numb] ( 
plantations ( e k9d 9 ! ,fr5* colony    
0 e/imat$ by ,edw>ds 9 #agij1 at !      
outbreak ( !      ,revolution1 at       
#h1ecf2 !re 7 ov] #hjj sug> plantations1
      ov] #c1jjj c(fee e/ates1 to m5tion
 two su* res\rces4      ,if to ^! items 
we add ne>ly half a million slaves1 !   
total valuation ( ! movable & fix$      
prop]ty ( !      ,fr5* plant]s & m]*ants
 ( ?is p]iod w\ld rea*                  
#a1eeg1hgj1jjj francs4 ,9 #aghh1 #ih    
slave %ips ent]$ ! six      pr9cipal    
ports on ! ,fr5* side1 & l&$ #bi1ejf    
negroes2      ,les ,cayes receiv$ #ai ( 
^! %ips1 :i* deliv]$ at t      port     
#d1eij blacks4 ,^! slaves 7 sold =      

#fa1icf1aij      livres1 or at ! rate ( 
#b1jjh4cg livres ea*2 accord+      to   
,edw>ds ?is 0 equival5t to #fj /]l+1 or 
to ab\t      #bia4fj 9 ,am]ican money1  
at ! rate ( #ad c5ts to !      livre or 
franc4 ,see p>ticul>ly ,francis ,alex&] 
,/anilaus1      ,b>on de ,wimpff51 ,a   
,voyage to ,santo ,dom+o 9 ! ,ye>s      
#aghh1 #aghi1 & #agij1 translat$ by ,j4 
,wright 7,london1 #ahag72      & also   
,bryan ,edw>ds1 ,an ,hi/orical ,survey (
 ! ,fr5*      ,colony 9 ! ,isl& ( ,san  
,dom+o 7,london1 #agig74       #ba ,z   
sign$ by h]self1 b v>i\sly spell$       
,mo9et1      or ,moynette 9 family      
docum5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,on ,augu/      #bh1
 f\r days aft] _! m>riage1 !y drew up & 
sign$      a mutual contract reg>d+ !   
disposition ( _! prop]ty      9 case    
*ildr5 %\ld be born to !m4       #bb ,! 
de/ruction ( ,le ,comte d',artois is    
notic$ 9 a      docum5t be>+ date (     
,janu>y #ai1 #aghb2 ! "n ( !      t[n   
only is giv51 b x is probable t x ref]s 
to !      ,unit$ ,/ates4       #bc ,=   

repeat$ ref]5ce to ?is unsettl$ claim1  
see 8      lett] ( #ahje to ,francis    
,daco/a 7,*apt] ,,viii71 :]e !      "n  
is writt5 ,=mont4       ,! bill ( sale (
 ,le ,comte d',artois 0 drawn on        
,febru>y      #ba1 #aggi1 :5 ,jean      
,audubon appe>$ be=e ! not>ies      ( ! 
k+ 9 ! s5es*al's c\rt ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 &  
0 describ$ z resid5t at ,les ,cayes1    
opposite ! ,isle       ,va*es4 ,!       
docum5t1 :i* 9 my copy is incomplete1   
reads      9 "p z foll[s3       ,!      
pres5t ,m4 ,jean ,audubon1 capta9-comm&]
 ( ! %ip      ,le ,comte d',artois1 (   
,nantes1 arm$ = w> & n[ lad5      )     
m]*&ise1 an*or$ 9 ?is road/ead ( ,les   
,cayes1      dispat*$1 & at ! po9t (    
dep>ture = ,france2 arm$      by !      
,messrs4 ,coirond ,bro!rs1 m]*ants at ! 
said city      ( ,nantes1 act+ 9 8 own  
"n z "o int]e/$ 9 !      armam5t & c>go 
( ! vessel1 z well z 9 8 capacity      z
 capta92 he act+ z mu* also = ! said    
furni%]s      ( arms z = ! o!rs int]e/$ 
9 ! said armam5ts1      & ! m]*&ise1 :i*

 w be h]eaft] m5tion$1      9           
consid]ation ( ! rights ( ea*1 promises 
to h      ^! pres5ts accept$ & approv$ 9
 due "t2 :i* said      p]son1 appe>+ 9  
said names1 9 ! quality a=esaid1      by
 ^! pres5ts has sold1 c$$1 giv5 up1     
transf]r$1      & rel9qui%$ all 8 legal 
rights 9 ! a=esaid %ip1      to !       
bus9ess-associates ,lacroix1 ,=mon de   
,boisclair       ,jacques1 ?ree m]*ants 
9 p>tn]%ip1 liv+ 9 ?is t[n1             
pur*as]s conjo9tly & sev]ally1 =        
!mselves & !      assigns ( ea*1 to !   
ext5t ( "o ?ird2 ,to wit3 !      said   
%ip ,le ,comte d',artois1 ( ! said port 
( ,nantes1      ( ab\t two hundr$ &     
fifty tons1 at pres5t an*or$ 9      ?is 
road/ead ( ,les ,cayes1 dispat*$1 & at !
 po9t      ( dep>ture = ,france1 ) all  
its rigg+1 outfit1 &      dep5d5ces1 :i*
 consi/ among o!r ?+s ( two sets (      
sail1 complete1 & newly fitt$ out1 all !
 tools1 & !      res]ve sets ( ^!1 ) !  
munitions ( w>1 consi/+      ( t5       
cannon1 f\r ( !m m\nt$ on gun c>riages1 

& all      t goes ) !m4444 7,translat$ f
 ! ,fr5* orig9al      9 possession (    
,monsieur ,lavigne47       #bd ,! fact t
 ,capta9 ,audubon did n accompany       
,ro*ambeau's fleet :i* assembl$ at ,bre/
 9 ,april1 #aghj1      & rea*$ ,newport 
9 mid-,july1 may acc\nt = ! omission    
( 8 "n f ! li/s t h be5 rec5tly publi%$4
      ,see ,les ,combattants ,franois de
 la ,gu]re ,amrica9e1      #aggh-aghc   
7,p>is1 #aijc74       #be ,o!rs int]e/$ 
9 ?is vessel 7 ,messrs4 ,david          
,ross  ,company1 ) :om ,capta9 ,audubon 
lat] _h f9ancial      difficulties 7see 
,*apt] ,,viii74       #bf ,see lett] to 
,daco/a1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aba4       #bg ,!
 prop] "n ( ?is seaport t[n1 z giv5 by  
all      ,fr5* c>tograph]s & writ]s1 is 
,les ,cayes1 mean+ !      cays or keys  
7small isl&s1 ,spani% cayos72 omitt+ !  
article x is (t5 simply writt5 ,cayes4  
,fr5* resid5ts      on ! isl&1 h[ev]1 :5
 dat+ or address+ a lett]      or       
receipt+ a bill w\ld naturally write aux
 ,cayes1      mean+ ( c\rse at ,! ,cays1

 :]e ! docum5t 0 sign$      or :]e !    
p]son to :om ! lett] 0 address$ resid$  
7see ! ,sanson bill1 & bills ( sale (   
negroes1 ,app5dix      ,i1 ,docum5ts    
,nos4 #a1 #d1 #e1 & #f74 ,x 0 ?us an    
easy /ep      = ,engli%m51 9 ignorance  
or disreg>d ( ! ,fr5* usage1      to    
call ! t[n ,aux ,cayes2 ev5 z e>ly z    
#agig1 ,bryan      ,edw>ds1 ?\gh giv+ ! 
"n correctly on 8 map1 :i*      d\btless
 _h a ,fr5* s\rce1 wrote ,aux ,cayes 9 8
 text2      ! corruption has surviv$1 & 
is occasionally f\nd 9      /&>d works1 
b is too egregi\s to be tol]at$4        
#bh ,& sometime z m>*&1 m /rictly a     
retail]4       #bi ,s9ce a coloni/'s    
weal? 0 e/imat$ ^u ! numb]      ( slaves
 he c\ld af=d1 & s9ce a slave 0 reg>d$ z
      equival5t to a return ( #a1ejj    
francs a ye>1 ,jean ,audubon's          
income on ?is basis w\ld h be5 #fc1jjj  
francs4       #cj ,see ,sir ,sp5c] ,/4  
,john1 ,hayti1 or ! ,black ,republic1   
#b;d ed4 7,new ,york1 #ahhi74       #ca 
,bryan ,edw>ds1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41          

,f4,r4,s41 c41 ,an ,hi/orical           
,survey ( ! ,fr5* ,colony 9 ! ,isl& (   
,san ,dom+o      7,london1 #agig74      
#cb ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ca4       
#cc ,! ,sup]ior ,c\ncil1 sitt+ at       
,port-au-,pr9ce1 9      #aghj fix$ ! tax
 = ! p>i% ( ,les ,cayes at ! rate      (
 #b francs1 #aj c5times p] head1 :i* 9  
?is in/ance 0      c]ta9ly trifl+4      
7,note furni%$ by ,m4 ,l4 ,lavigne47    
#cd ,b>on de ,wimpff5 sail$ f           
,port-au-,pr9ce = ,norfolk1             
,virg9ia1 9 ,july1 #agij1 ab\t a ye>    
aft] ,jean ,audubon _h      left ! isl&4
       #ce ,?is 0 "o ( ! commone/ names 
among ! ,fr5*      ,creoles ( ,santo    
,dom+o1 & 0 possibly assum$1 ?\gh      !
 evid5ce is inconclusive4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #fa4       #cf ,= photographic      
reproduction see p4 #ed2 & =            
translit]ation & translation1 ,app5dix  
,i1 ,docum5ts ,nos4      #a & #a;a2 =   
,f\gre see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5ts ,nos4 
#b &      #c2 & = ,jean ,rab91 ,docum5ts
 ,nos4 #ad1 #af1 #ag & #ah4       #cg ,!

 ^w ,j\e1 :i* occurs elev5 times 9      
?is docum5t--z mulatto ,j\e1 ,j\e       
mulatto1 negro      bossal nam$ ,j\e1 & 
little negro ,j\e--sugge/s !            
,engli% equival5t ,*eek1 b no su* usage 
appe>s to be      au?oriz$4 ,x is       
evid5tly a prop] "n1 & is m likely      
to prove ! ,fr5* r5d]+ ( a ^w common to 
"o (      ! negro dialects ( ! isl&4 ,on
 ! o!r h& x might      repres5t a       
corrupt$ pet "n1 l j\j\ or bij\1        
be/[$ by ! ,fr5* ,creoles ( ,santo      
,dom+o ^u _!      favorite ngrillons or 
petits ngres1 :i* play$ a      m or less
 ornam5tal rle 9 _m h\seholds1 :e!r     
z footm5 or s]vants4 ,9 any case ! use (
 ?is ^w is      d\btless purely local4  
#ch ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #df4       #ci ,x 
0 /at$ 9 ! act ( adoption1 :i* 0 drawn  
up 9 ,m>*1 #agid1 t ,audubon's "m _h !n 
be5 dead      ab\t eight ye>s1 & !      
te/imony ( ! ,sanson bill      %[s t %e 
0 alive z late z ,octob]1 #aghe4        
#dj ,! foll[+ lett] ( inquiry conc]n+   
,l\ise 0      writt5 by ,rosa's husb& :5

 ,jean ,audubon's w 0 be+      attack$ 9
 ! c\rts at ,nantes4 ,x is dat$ at      
,c\ron1 ,june      #bf1 #ahai1 & is     
address$ to ,monsieur ,c>p5ti] ,*ess1   
engrav]1 place ,royale1 ,nantes3        
,foll[+ ! fri5dly (f] t y made me1 ,i h 
!      honor ( ask+ y to und]take1 at   
y\r next visit to ,la      ,ro*elle1 !  
foll[+ inquiries3       #a4 ,!re %\ld be
 at ,la ,ro*elle 7x is ?\ght at ! home  
( ! wid[ ,scipiot7 a ,miss ,l\ise       
,b\ff>d1 born at ,les      ,cayes1      
,santo ,dom+o1 9 ,am]ica4       ,:at is 
h] position8 ,:at is %e do+8 ,:at is h] 
conduct8      ,9 %ort ,i %\ld l to "k   
absolutely all ab\t h]1 be+      *>g$ by
 ! ,madame1 h] "m1 to make all          
inquiries4       7,translat$ f orig9al 9
 ,fr5*1 ,lavigne ,,mss47       #da ,a   
pr9cipal /reet 9 ! old qu>t]s ( ,nantes1
 lead+      f ! ,place ,royale to ,place
 ,grasl94 ,jean ,audubon nam$      ?is  
/reet z 8 place ( resid5ce 9 #agib1 :5  
he 0      liv+ 9 a h\se belong+ to      
,citiz5 ,c>ric\le4 ,he made 8      home 

also at ,no4 #ci1 rue ,rub5s1 a %ort    
/reet1 ) _m (      its h\ses /ill       
intact1 9 ! same qu>t]2 ?is 0 r5t$      
( ,franoise ,mocqu>d = five ye>s1 beg9n+
 ,june #bd1 #agii      7le #f ,messidor1
 an #g71 at f\r hundr$ francs p] annum4 
,he      also dwelt at v>i\s times at   
,no4 #e1 rue de ,gigant1 & 9      ! rue 
des ,c>mes1 :]e 8 wife possess$ a h\se1 
z well      z 9 ! rue des ,font5elles & 
! rue ,sa9t-,leon>d4 ,v      likely ,la 
,g]betire at ,c\ron 0 occupi$           
int]mitt5tly1      especially 9 summ]1  
aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution      & 8
 rev]ses 9 =tune2 ev5 aft] 8 retirem5t  
!re      9 #ahja1 he /ill kept a lodg+  
7pi$--t]re7 at ,nantes1      :]e1 z x   
*anc$1 he di$1 ?\gh x 0 n 8 usual       
/opp+-place4 ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4   
#hf4       #db ,see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 
,audubon & ,8 ,j\rnals 7,bibl4      ,no4
 #hf71 vol4 i1 p4 #h4       #dc ,= !    
orig9al text ( ?is act1 "h giv5 9       
translation1 see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t  
,no4 #b4       #dd ,rese>* at ,nantes 9 

#aiae reveal$ t ! baptismal      records
 ( ! p>i% ( ,sa9t-,simili5 7 want+ =    
! p]iod f #agib to #ahjc1 s x is        
probable t !y      7 de/roy$ 9 !        
,revolution4 ,! municipal ar*ives (     
,nantes possess a book ( baptismal      
records ( ! city )\t      di/9ction (   
p>i%es1 b ?is %[s ! names ( nei!r       
,f\gre1 ,rab91 nor ,audubon1 = ! ye> 9  
"q4       ,! ,abb ,t>diveau 0 un prtre  
ass]m5t1 or "o (      ^? prie/s :o _h   
sworn 9 #agij to recognize ! civil      
con/itution ( ! cl]gy4       ,= copy ( !
 act ( baptism 9 ! ,fr5* orig9al1 see   
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 #c4 ,x is    
impossible to say :e!r      ! head+ z   
giv5 9 my copy ( ?is act 0 9 !          
orig9al or n4       #de ,an ,engli%     
writ] once gave ! "n ( ,audubon's "m    
z ,mlle4 ,la ,=t4       #df ,audubon's  
signature und]w5t frequ5t v>iations dur+
      ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life1 b
 aft] #ahbj      he almo/ inv>iably     
sign$ himself ,john ,j41 or ,j4 ,j4     
,audubon4 ,9 ! record ( ! civil m>riage 

( 8 si/]1      at ,c\ron 9 #ahje1 8 "n  
appe>s z ,j4 ,j4 ,l4 ,audubon2 9      ! 
,articles ( ,association ) ,f]d9&       
,rozi]1 sign$ at      ,nantes 9 #ahjf1 x
 is ,jean ,audubon1 & 9 ! release giv5  
on ! dissolution ( ?is p>tn]%ip1 at ,/e4
 ,g5evive1 9      #ahaa1 ! ,engli% =m1  
,john ,audubon1 appe>s4       #dg ,?is  
/atem5t 0 made to me by ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 
,audubon      9 #aiad4       #dh ,= full
 text ( ! six wills drawn at diff]5t    
times      by ,jean ,audubon & 8 wife   
see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5ts ,nos4        
#ac-ah4       #di ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii4   
#ej ,?is unique docum5t reads z foll[s3 
,to all to :om ^! pres5ts may come3 "k  
ye t ,i1 ,john      ,audubon1 hav+      
special tru/ & confid5ce 9 my fri5d1    
,g4 ,loy5 ,du ,puigaudeau1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,loire &      sic ,infrieure1 & ,p>i%
 ( ,c\ron1 ne> ,nantes1 9      ! k+dom (
 ,france1 d con/itute him my true &     
lawful      attorney1 & ! true & lawful 
attorney 9 fact ( ,jean      ,rab91     
husb& ( ,lucy ,bakewell1 ( ! ,c\nty (   

,h5d]son      & ,/ate ( ,k5tucky1 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 =      u 81 !  
said ,jean ,rab91 & 9 our "n to our use 
&      b5efit1 to ask1 dem&1 sue =1     
recov]1 & receive all      & e "p ( !   
,real & ,p]sonal ,e/ate1 t is to        
say ,l&s1 ,t5em5ts1 ,gr\nds1 ,*attels1 &
 cr$its1 :i* ,i      h1 or ei!r ( u1 9 !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,loire & sic               
,inf]ieure 9 ! k+dom ( ,france1 a=esaid1
 & to make      sale ( ! same1 ei!r at  
auction1 or by contract ( !      said   
,l&s & ,t5em5ts1 ,goods1 ,*attells1 &   
,cr$its1 to      receive ! money aris+ f
 said sale1 to give any ,receipt1       
acquittance1 or o!r dis*>ge = ! said    
money or any "p      !re(1 if money or  
specie %all be receiv$1 or = any        
prop]ty he may receive 9 ex*ange or b>t]
 = said ,real      & p]sonal ,e/ate1 &  
our said attorney1 or ! attorney      ( 
,jean ,rab9 a=esaid1 is h]eby au?oriz$ &
 emp[]$      to make1 give1 execute1 &  
deliv] any ,de$1 ,cov5ant1 or           
transf] ( said ,real & ,p]sonal ,e/ate  

to ! pur*as] (      all or any "p !re( =
 u1 or = ! said ,jean ,rab91      9 z   
full & ample a mann] z he1 ! said ,jean1
 c\ld d1      0 he p]sonally pres5t 9   
said ,dep>tm5t1 9 ! ,k+dom4      ,9     
te/imony :]e( ! said ,john ,audubon has 
h]eunto set      8 h& & affix$ 8 seal ! 
,tw5ty ,six? day ( ,july1      ,anno    
,dom9i ,"o ?\s&  ,eight hundr$ &        
,sev5te54           ,,john ,j4 ,,audubon
 ,seal )9       ,on ! back ( ! prec$+ is
 ! not>y's c]tificate t      ,jean      
,audubon appe>$ be=e him2 seal affix$1 &
 dat$ ,july      #bf1 #ahag4            
,sign$1 ,a,,mbroze ,,b>b&1              
,not>y ( ,h5d]son ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4     
#ea ,see ,*apt] ,,xvi4       #eb ,vol4  
i1 p4 v2 see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #b4    
#ec ,publi%$ by ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon      
7,bibl4 ,no4 #gh7 9      ,scribn]'s     
,magaz9e1 vol4 xiii 7#ahic74       #ed  
,:e!r ,jean ,audubon _h o!r sons born 9 
,santo ,dom+o      is n record$1 & ?is  
ref]5ce ( ! naturali/1 :i*      0       
repeat$ 9 8 lat] sket*1 _c be v]ifi$4   

#ee ,see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 
,8 ,j\rnals1 7,bibl4      ,no4 #hf71    
vol4 i1 p4 #g4       #ef ,see ,note1    
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ch4       #eg ,see ,j4 ,w4
 ,croz>t1 ,bibliographical &            
,g5ealogical      ,notes ,conc]n+ !     
,family ( ,philippe de ,m&eville1 ,ecuy]
      ,sieur de ,m>igny1 #agji-ahjj1    
,l\isiana ,hi/orical ,society           
,publications1 vol4 v 7,new ,orleans1   
#aiaa74 ,! portrait      ref]r$ to bel[ 
n[ hangs 9 ! ,h4 ,sophie ,newcomb       
,memorial      ,college1 ,new ,orleans4 
#eh ,gordon ,bakewell 7,bibl4 ,no4 #ij71
 ibid41 p4 #ca4       #ei ,see ,laws ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,treaties1 ,regulations1
      & ,o!r ,docum5ts ,respect+ !      
,public ,l&s1 vol4 i1 p4      #cja      
7,wa%+ton1 #ahcf74 ,9 ,numb] #gef1      
entitl$ ,an ,act =      ! ,relief (     
,b]n>d ,m>igny1 ( ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana1  
,m>igny is m5tion$ z assignee ( ,antonio
 ,bonnabel1 &      8 claim1 :i* 0       
confirm$1 is describ$ z foll[s3 a       
tract ( l& ( #d1jbj sup]ficial arp5ts1 9

 ! ,/ate (      ,l\isiana1 p>i% ( ,/4   
,tammany1 b\nd$ on ! s\?we/      by     
,lake ,pon*>tra91 & on ! nor?we/ by l&s 
=m]ly      own$ by ! heirs ( ,lewis     
,davis4       ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gasp>
 ,cusa*s1 presid5t ( !      ,hi/orical  
,society ( ,l\isiana1 :o has c>efully   
inve/igat$ ! titles ( ?is prop]ty & to  
:om ,i am      indebt$ = mu* in=mation  
conc]n+ x & its own]s1      t ! tract   
describ$ above includ$ ! e/ate (        
,fonta9ebleau4 ,m>igny's claim includ$  
also a small] tract      ( #ggd arp5ts 9
 ! same p>i%4 ,?is l& 0 b\nd$ on      ! 
s\?we/ by ,lake ,pon*>tra91 on ! nor? by
 ,ca/9      ,bay\1 & on ! s\? by ! tract
 acquir$ f ,bonnabel2      x 0 grant$ to
 ! heirs ( ,lewis ,davis 9 #aggg1 &     
c]ta9 ( !m fil$ a claim = x 9 #ahab4    
#fj ,"o p]iod ( ?is s]vice be>s date (  
,may #ca4       #fa ,see ,note1 ,vol4   
,i1 p4 #bg4       #fb ,! mayor1 ,saget1 
at ! mom5t he 0 cross+ ! ,place         
,egalit 7! ,place ,royale ( today7      
receiv$ po9t-blank a      ball 9 8 "r   

?igh & ano!r 9 8 left leg1 & lo/        
bo? limbs4       #fc ,= ! revolution>y  
hi/ory ( ,nantes ,i am *iefly           
indebt$ to ,m4 ,a4 ,gup9's excell5t     
,hi/oire de ,nantes1      #b;d ed4      
7,nantes1 #ahci72 ,hipp4 ,eti5nez1      
,guide du ,voyageur       ,nantes1 et   
aux ,environs 7,nantes1 #ahfa72 ,a4     
,lescadi5 et ,aug4      ,laur5t1        
,hi/oire de la ,ville de ,nantes1 t4#b  
7,nantes1 #ahcf72      ,f4 ,j4 ,v]g]1   
,ar*ives curieuses de la ,ville de      
,nantes et      des ,dp>tm5ts de        
l',oue/1 t4 #e 7,nantes1 #ahcg-da72 & to
      a s*ol>ly monograph by            
,duga/-,matifeux1 entitl$ ,c>ri]        
,nantes3 ,prcis de la ,conduite         
patriotique et rvolutionnaire      des  
citoy5s de ,nantes 7,nantes1 #ahhe74    
#fd ,! unpubli%$ docum5ts ( ?is         
,dep>tm5t are      pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives (
 ! ,prfecture at ,nantes1      & ?r\gh !
 c\rtesy ( _! cu/odians ,i 0 enabl$     
to exam9e !m freely4 ,^! docum5ts deal )
 all !      revolution>y *anges 9 *ur* &

 /ate consequ5t ^u !      break+ d[n ( !
 old rgime1 & ) ! enrollm5t      (      
volunte]s & ! dispat* ( arm$ =ces to    
c5t]s (      di/urbance ?r\gh\t t       
di/rict4 ,! pres5t manuscripts      are 
said to repres5t b a fraction ( ^? :i*  
orig9ally      exi/$1 ! ar*ives hav+ be5
 subject$ to repeat$      raids1 !fts1 &
 wanton de/ruction by fire & o!r        
means4 ,! mo/ important h be5 li/$ &    
publi%$ by      ! ,gov]nm5t 9 summ>y =m 
"u ! title1 ,les ,ar*ives      du       
,dp>tem5t de la ,loire ,infrieure1      
#agij-agii1 ,srie ,l4      7,nantes1    
#aiji74       #fe ,dur+ ! ,revolution   
,jean ,audubon always add$ to 8         
signature ! cabali/ic sign ( ?ree dots  
betwe5 p>allel      l9es1 :i* possibly  
/ood = ! ?ree wat*words ( !             
,republic--,lib]t1 ,egalit1 ,frat]nit4  
#ff ,9 ! publi%$ ord]s & correspond5ce (
 !      royali/ ,g5]al ,b\l>t ! foll[+  
lett]1 giv5 "h      9 translation1 is   
address$ to ,citiz5 ,audubon3 ,i give y 
notice1 ,citiz51 t my aide-de-camp w    

arrive imm$iately      f ,niort4 ,i beg 
y to d all 9 y\r p[] to come ?is        
ev5+ to conf] ) me1 s9ce ,i h some?+ to 
ask      y ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,i also
 in=m y t !re      has arriv$ at ,les   
,sables ,citiz5 ,anguis1 ! p's          
repres5tative4 ,p]haps x w\ld be m      
advantage\s t      y %\ld see him ?is   
ev5+1 & t tomorr[ e>ly we      attempt  
to br+ all ?ree toge!r4 ,y c\ld dep>t 9 
!      morn+ = ,nantes4 ,sign$ ,,!      
,,g5]al ,,b\l>t4 ,jean      ,audubon    
fil$ ?is lett] f ! enemy ) 8 ,dep>tm5t1 
b 8 answ] is n giv54 ,see ,*4 ,l4       
,*ass91 ,etudes      ,docum5taires sur  
,la ,rvolution ,franaise3 ,la ,v5de     
,patriote1      #agic-ahjj1 vol4 ii1 p4 
#cjf1 t4 #a-d 7,p>is1 #ahid-ahie74      
#fg ,dlibrations-,arrts de ,directoire  
du ,dp>tem5t4 ,9      ,,mss4 pp4        
#ajg-ajh4       #fh ,jean 0 actually 9  
comm& ( ?is w> vessel 9 ,m>*      ( t   
ye>1 z %[n by a docum5t giv5 9 full 9   
,*apt]      ,,iv 7p4 #ei74       #fi ,^!
 records are on file 9 ! ar*ives ( !    

,dep>tm5t ( ,m>9e at ,p>is1 b access to 
!m w      d\btless be d5i$ until peace  
is re/or$ 9 ,europe4       #gj ,m4 ,l4  
,lavigne writes t he possesses a copy ( 
a lett]      address$ by ,m4 ,g4 ,l4 du 
,puigaudeau to a lawy] 9 ,p>is1 9       
:i* x is /at$ t ,lieut5ant ,audubon's   
losses am\nt$      to #a1ejj1jjj francs4
 ,aft] mak+ due all[ance = !            
psy*ological t5d5cy to ov]e/imate       
losses1 especially :5      su/a9$ 9     
remote & romantic l&s1 ! true am\nt 0   
no d\bt l>ge4       #ga ,or lieut5ant ( 
a frigate1 & correspond+ to mate      9 
! m]*ant m>9e4       #gb ,! c]tificate  
:i* ,lieut5ant ,audubon receiv$ at      
! "t ( 8 dis*>ge is pres]v$ among !     
,lavigne      manuscripts & docum5ts at 
,c\ron1 & is head$3       ,sid5ote3     
,,port ,,de ,,ro*e=t4       ,,etat des  
,s]vices du ,citoy5 ,jean ,audubon natif
 des ,sables      d',ollonne ,dp>tem5t  
de ,la ,v5de g de #eh ans4       ,x is  
sign$ by ! ,*ief ( ,adm9i/ration1       
,daniel1 ! ,naval      ,comm&]-9-,*ief (

 ! ,di/rict1 ,m>t91 & by ! naval        
commission] & cl]k1 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahja 
7le sept ,v5tose1      an #i de la      
,rpublique74       #gc ,jean ,audubon 0 
#aa ye>s1 #f mon?s & #be days 9      !  
s]vice ( ! m]*ant m>9e ( ,france 7s]vice
 au      comm]ce71 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he   
rose to ! rank      ( capta9 ( ! fir/   
grade 9 #aggd4 ,he s]v$ 9 !      ,fr5*  
navy 7s]vice  l'tat7 #h ye>s1 #b mon?s &
 #ag      days1 rank+ successively z    
sailor1 ensign-comm&]1 &                
lieut5ant-comm&] 7lieut5ant de          
vaisseau72 #h mon?s &      #bb days (   
?is p]iod 7#agfh-agfi7 7 9 int]vals (   
peace1      & #g ye>s1 #e mon?s & #be   
days 7#agic-ahja71 9 times (      w>4   
,any conflict :i* may seem to occur 9   
titles mu/ be      attribut$ to ?is     
d\ble s]vice4       #gd ,?is prop]ty 0  
evid5tly encumb]$ to a consid]able      
ext5t1 = he repeat$ly fil$ ) ! ,dep>tm5t
 lett]s      = ! removal ( re/rictions  
plac$ ^u x 7lettres p\r      obt5ir la  
ma9 leve74 ,i _c give ! dates ( ^!      

lett]s1 b believe t !y 7 drawn 9 #ahja  
or %ortly      aft]4       #ge ,?is h\se
 0 r5t$ at ! "t to ,franoise ,mocqu>d   
7see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eg71 b x is   
probable t      ,lieut5ant ,audubon _h  
res]v$ rooms :i* 7 occupi$      dur+ 8  
visits to ! city :ile 8 p]man5t home 0  
at      ,c\ron4 ,9 ! p[] ( attorney     
issu$ by ,jean ,audubon1 8      wife1 & 
,claude ,franois ,rozi]1 at ,nantes1    
,april #d1 #ahjf1      ! s5ior ,audubon 
gave 8 resid5ce z rue ,rub5s1 ,no4 #ci4 
#gf ,presumably a wid[ ( "o ( ! ,coyrons
 7or ,coironds71      m]*ants at        
,nantes1 ^: bus9ess int]e/s 9 ,santo    
,dom+o      7 entru/$ to ,jean          
,audubon's h&s 9 #aghc 7see ,*apt]      
,,iii1 p4 #ch74       #gg ,! foll[+     
extract f ! regi/ry ( dea?s at          
,nantes1 :i* is "h giv5 9 translation1  
indicates t      ,lieut5ant ,audubon    
pass$ away sudd5ly1 s9ce 8 dea? did     
n occur 9 8 own ap>tm5ts 7= orig9al see 
,app5dix ,i1      ,docum5t ,no4 #ai73   
,9 ! ye> #ahah1 on ! #ai? day (         

,febru>y1 at elev5      o'clock 9 !     
morn+1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! und]sign$1       
deputies & (fic]s ( ! civil s]vice1     
delegates (      ,monsieur ! ,mayor (   
,nantes1 h appe>$ ! ,messrs4            
,gabriel ,loy5 du ,puigaudeau1 g5tleman 
( leisure1 son-9-law      ( ! deceas$1  
resid+ h]eaft] at ,c\ron1 & ,francis    
,guillet1 groc]1 liv+ on ! ,quai de la  
,fosse1 ( legal age1      :o h c]tifi$ 9
 our pres5ce t on ?is day1 at six       
o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ,jean ,audubon1      
retir$ %ip-capta91      p5sion] ( !     
,/ate1 born at ,les ,sables d',olonne1  
dep>tm5t ( ,la ,v5de1 husb& ( ,anne     
,mo9et1 di$ 9 !      h\se ( ,mlle4      
,b]?i]1 9 ! ,*ausse de le ,madele9e1    
,no4      #bd1 #d? ,canton4       ,!    
witnesses h sign$ ) u ! pres5t act1 aft]
 x      0 read to !m4 ,! deceas$ 0 #gd  
ye>s ( age4                             
,,gabriel ,,loy5 ,,du ,,puigaudeau1     
,sign$ 9 ! regi/]3- ,,guillet1 &        
,,joseph ,,de ,,la                      
,,tullaye1 deputy       ,! ,audubons &  

,du ,puigaudeaus 7 probably buri$ 9 "o  
( ! l>ge cemet]ies at ,nantes1 s9ce no  
trace ( _!      graves has be5 f\nd at  
,c\ron by ,m4 ,lavigne4       #gh       
,audubon said t he 0 at ! "t f\rte5 ye>s
      old1 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case1 b :5
 writ+ 9      #ahce he plac$ ?is        
exp]i5ce at %ortly be=e 8 return      to
 ,am]ica1 :i* w\ld h be5 9 ! w9t] (     
#ahje-f2      ,i und]w5t1 to quote ?is  
lat] acc\nt1 a mock]y ( an              
exam9ation1 & 0 receiv$ z a mid%ipman 9 
! navy1      w5t to ,ro*e=t1 0 plac$ on 
bo>d a man-(-w>1 & ran a      %ort      
cruise4 ,on my return1 my fa!r _h 9 "s  
way obta9$      passports = ,rozi] & me1
 & we sail$ = ,new ,york4       #gi     
,audubon1 writ+ 9 #ahbj1 describ$       
himself at ?is "t      z a "y man (     
sev5te51 s5t to ,am]ica to make money   
7= su* 0 my fa!r's wi%71 br\ght up 9    
,france 9      easy circum/ances2 b 9 ! 
same j\rnal he said t he      did n rea*
 ,philadelphia until ?ree mon?s aft]    
l&+1      & t %ortly aft] 8 arrival at  

,mill ,grove !      ,bakewell family    
mov$ to ,fatl& ,=d4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4        
,bakewell1      ! hi/orian ( 8 family1  
/ates t 9 ! spr+ (      #ahjd1 ,william 
,bakewell1 ,audubon's future fa!r-9-law1
 )      8 son1 ,?omas1 travel$ ?r\gh    
,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia &      ,m>yl& 9  
se>* ( a f>m2 !y pur*as$ ,fatl& ,=d1    
:i* 0 !n ! prop]ty ( ,james ,vaux4      
,audubon's acc\nt      ( ! ,pewee       
7,orni?ological ,biography1 vol4 ii1 p4 
#abd7      %[s t he 0 at ,mill ,grove   
be=e ,april #aj1 :5 !      gr\nd 0 /ill 
p>tially cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! air           
reta9$ ! pi]c+ *ill ( w9t]4 ,if ^! v>i\s
      /atem5ts are correct1 !y w\ld     
indicate t ,audubon left      ,nantes   
ab\t ! middle ( ,novemb]1 #ahjc1 & t he 
f9ally      rea*$ ,mill ,grove n f> f ! 
end ( ,m>*1 #ahjd4      ,on ! o!r h&1   
,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,we!rill1 ! pres5t own] (  
,mill ,grove1 in=ms me t 8 records      
indicate t !      ,bakewells occupi$    
,fatl& ,=d 9 ,janu>y1 #ahjd4 ,if ?is    
7 ! case1 "y ,audubon c\ld n h left     

,france lat]      ?an ,augu/1 #ahjc4    
,too mu* weight1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be       
atta*$ to su* ref]5ces ( a biographical 
"* 9      ,audubon's own writ+s2 = 9 !  
acc\nt ref]r$ to above      ,audubon    
said t aft] 8 fir/ visit to ! ,unit$    
,/ates      he rema9$ two ye>s 9 ,france
 & return$ to ,am]ica e>ly      9       
,augu/2 :ile we "k t 8 soj\rn 9 ,france 
la/$      b little m ?an a ye> & t he   
l&$ 9 ,new ,york on      ! #bh? ( ,may4 
#hj ,a plague ( g5u9e yell[ fev] _h     
visit$ ,new ,york 9      #agie1 b 9     
#ahjd & #ahje ! city suff]$ f a         
malignant      fev] ( ano!r type1 & to  
su* an ext5t t #bg1jjj      p]sons1 or  
"o-?ird ( ! entire population1 are said 
to      h fl$ to escape ! pe/il5ce4 ,?is
 0 possibly !      malady :i* seiz$ "y  
,audubon n f> f ! beg9n+      ( ! =m]   
ye>4       #ha ,! r\gh draft ( a lett] 9
 ,engli%1 evid5tly writt5      by       
,lieut5ant ,audubon to be deliv]$ by 8  
son to ! %ip's      capta91 & probably 9
 duplicate to 8 ag5t1 ,mi]s ,fi%]1      

b be>+ no "n or date1 7,lavigne ,,mss47 
#hb ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ih4       
#hc ,! ye>ly r5t ( ,mill ,grove 9 #ahjd1
 accord+ to      ! acc\nts ( ,francis   
,daco/a1 :o _h !n acquir$ a half        
int]e/ 9 x1 am\nt$ to #cec4cd4       #hd
 ,mill ,grove f>m is 9 ,montgom]y       
,c\nty1 tw5ty-f\r      miles nor?we/ (  
,philadelphia1 9 ! t[n kn[n1 aft]       
#ahbc1 z ,%annonville1 b 9 #ahii        
re*ri/5$ ,audubon2      ,norri/[n is    
five miles to ! ea/4       #he ,mr4     
,william ,h4 ,we!rill ( ,philadelphia1  
^:      hospitality ,i h enjoy$ & to :om
 ,i am indebt$ = _m      int]e/+ facts &
 records p]ta9+ to ,mill ,grove4        
,samuel ,we!rill1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4          
,we!rill's gr&fa!r1 0 "o      ( ! fir/  
to br+ black rock1 or coal1 f ,read+ to 
,philadelphia4 ,samuel ,we!rill1        
,junior1 :o is said to h      />t$ !    
fir/ wool5 mill 9 ! c\ntry & to h       
produc$ ! fir/ :ite lead made 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1      pur*as$ ,mill ,grove = !  
sake ( its m9]als 9 #ahac1      ! w>    

hav+ put a /op to all importations f    
,engl& at      t "t4 ,he actually       
succe$$ 9 extract+ sev]al hundr$        
tons ( lead f ! ,mill ,grove m9es1 do+  
bett]1 x      is ?\ght1 ?an any :o      
prec$$ or foll[$ him4 ,samuel           
,we!rill1 ,junior1 di$ 9 #ahbi1 & 0     
succe$$ 9 !      lead & drugs indu/ry by
 8 f\r sons1 ( :om ,samuel ,price       
,we!rill became ! own] ( ,mill ,grove 9 
#ahcc4 ,! f>m      rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( !   
,we!rill family until #ahgf1      &     
return$ to !m aga91 :5 ! pres5t own]    
came into      possession1 9 #ahib4     
#hf ,9 #agfa ,james ,morgan1 ! fir/     
mill] & build]1      convey$ "o-half ( !
 mill site ( five acres to ,rol&        
,evans1 :o came into possession ( ! o!r 
half1 ) !      adjo9+ f>m1 9 #agga2 !   
prop]ty 0 sold to ,gov]nor      ,john   
,p5n 9 #aggf2 x pass$ to ,samuel ,c4    
,morris 9 #aghd1 &      to ! ,prevo/s 9 
#aghf4       #hg ,! lease1 :i* 0 drawn  
up 9 ,engli%1 ,april #aj1      #aghi1   
reads 9 "p z foll[s3 ,?is ind5ture1 made

 on !      t5? ,day ( ,april 9 ! ,ye> ( 
our ,"l1 ,"o ?\s& ,sev5      hundr$     
,eighty n9e1 ,betwe5 ,john ,audubon1 ( !
 ,isl& (      ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,g5tleman1 n[ 
be+ 9 ! ,city ( ,philadelphia1      ( ! 
"o p>ty1 & ,augu/9e ,prevo/4444 ,! lease
      includ$ ! messuages1 gri/ mills1  
saw mills1 plantation &      tract ( l&1
 :i* is describ$1 tools1 implem5ts1     
/ock1      & furniture ( ! mills & f>m1 
& 0 drawn = "o      ye>2 x 0 sign$ 9 !  
pres5ce ( ,mi]s ,fi%]1 ag5t      &      
attorney = ,jean ,audubon4       ,9 !   
inv5tory 7 includ$ "o w9dmill1 "o pair (
      scales1 ) weights ( #ef1 #bh & #g 
p\nds1 skre51 f\r      bolt+ clo?s1 two 
hoi/+ tubs1 & "o l>ge screw &           
circle = rais+ ! mill/ones4 ,?is lease 0
 r5ew$      9 ,octob]1 #agij1 :5 ,jean  
,audubon1 :o 0 !n liv+ at      ,nantes1 
agre$ to keep ! h\se 9 good repair f t  
"t      onw>d4 ,x 0 ! ,prevo/ mortgage t
 ,mi]s ,fi%] paid b      =got to cancel 
7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abb72 x 0 f9ally     
cle>$      up by ,daco/a 9 ,octob]1     

#ahjf4       ,mi]s ,fi%]'s ,philadelphia
 resid5ce1 call$ ,ury1 :i*      ,audubon
 (t5 visit$1 0 ne> ,fox ,*ase1 n[ 9 !   
,tw5ty-?ird ,w>d4 ,see ,witm] ,/one1    
,cass9ia1 ,no4 xvii      7,philadelphia1
 #aiac74       #hh ,= a photograph ( ?is
 portrait ( ,lieut5ant ,audubon      "h 
reproduc$1 ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,m>ia 
,r4 ,audubon2 !      orig9als ( bo?     
portraits are n[ 9 possession (         
,audubon's      gr&daught]1 ,mrs4       
,morris ,f4 ,tyl]4       #hi ,see ,note1
 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ii4       #ij ,= ?is & ! 
prec$+ quotation1 see ,m>ia ,r4         
,audubon1 ,audubon & 8 ,j\rnals 7,bibl4 
,no4 #hf71 vol4 i1      pp4 #ah & #bg4  
#ia ,9 ,daco/a's f9al /atem5t ( 8       
acc\nt1 :i*      0 disput$1 c>ri$ into  
c\rt1 & ev5tually settl$ by             
arbitration at ,philadelphia1 on ,augu/ 
#a1 #ahjg1 ^! items      occur3 ,omitt$1
 #cjj4jj1 paid by ,francis ,daco/a to   
,mi]s      ,fi%]1 on ,may #bd1 #ahjc2 & 
,ditto #agf4fg1 ! proportion      (     
,francis ,daco/a 9 ! r5t ( ! fir/ ye>1  

:i* has      n be5 paid to him4 7,see   
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t #aa;a2 ,,mss4 9   
possession ( ,mr4 ,welton ,a4 ,rosi]47  
,x seems probable t ,daco/a 0 s5t to ?is
 c\ntry by      ,lieut5ant ,audubon to  
act z 8 ag5t = ! disposition (          
,mill ,grove1 & to succe$ ,mi]s ,fi%] 9 
! conduct (      8 bus9ess affairs4     
,int]e/ 9 ! neglect$ & =gott5      m9e  
may h div]t$ !m f _! orig9al plans4     
#ib ,! foll[+ notice1 copi$ f ,relf's   
,gazette1      appe>$ 9 ! ,new ,york    
,h]ald = ,saturday1 ,novemb] #ag1       
#ahjd3       ,! lead m9e discov]$ on    
,p]kiom5 creek1 9 ,montgom]y      c\nty1
 ,p5nsylvania1 ! prop]ty ( ,francis     
,daco/a1 has      be5 lately op5$1 &    
att5d$ ) great success4 ,!      ve9     
proves to be a regul> "o1 & ( long      
cont9uance4 ,its      c\rse is          
,n4,n4,e42 its direction is ne>ly       
p]p5dicul>1 &      its ?ickness f "o    
foot to #ae in*es4 ,two tons ( t        
beautiful ore 7 rais$ 9 a few h\rs1 & "o
 ton m      at lea/ 0 left 9 ! bottom on

 ! pit1 :i* is yet b      n9e feet deep4
 ,f ! situation ( ?is m9e1 its ne>ness  
to navigation & m>ket1 its v comm&+     
height1 its      ri*ness 9 metal1 & !   
l>ge scale x =ms on2 x is      ?\ght by 
judges to be "o ( ! fir/ discov]ies yet 
made      9 ! ,u4 ,s4       ,f !        
analysis made ( #ajj p>ts1 x conta9s3   
,oxyd ( lead      #he           ,oxyd ( 
iron       #a           ,sulphuric acid 
#ac           ,wat]              #a     
----                            #ajj    
,! lead be+ c\pell$1 has prov$ to conta9
 #b oz4 f9e      silv] to #ajj1 :i* is  
ne>ly #c doll>s wor? ( t metal4         
#ic ,= ! sum ( #ca1jjj francs1 or       
#f1bjj1 a slight advance      on ! co/  
to ,jean ,audubon1 :5 he _h tak5 ov] !  
f>m      fifte5 ye>s be=e 7see ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #aje74       #id ,! foll[+ item     
appe>s 9 ,daco/a's f9al acc\nt3      ,to
 comp5sation claim$ by ,francis ,daco/a 
= mak+ up      half ( 8 exp5ses1 9      
manag+ ! m9+ works1 !      mill-repairs1
 & tak+ up ! =mation ( a company dur+   

two ye>s ( con/ant c>es1 tr\bles1 & loss
 ( "t1      at #cjj doll>s a            
ye>--#fjj4jj4 7,f /atem5t ( disput$     
claim2 see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afh47   
#ie ,= copies ( a "p ( !                
,audubon-,daco/a      correspond5ce1 :i*
 is p]haps half ( :at exi/s b all      t
 x 0 possible to obta91 ,i am indebt$ to
 ,monsieur      ,lavigne4 ,! fir/ lett]1
 ! pres5t copy ( :i* is      incomplete1
 0 evid5tly writt5 9 ! w9t] ( #ahjd-e4  
,lieut5ant ,audubon1 :o at ?is "t 0     
sixty-"o ye>s      old1 0 liv+ at       
,c\ron1 b came to ,nantes to conduct 8  
correspond5ce4 ,all ! lett]s 7 c>efully 
transcrib$ 9      a sep>ate copybook1 & 
are "h translat$ z lit]ally z           
possible f ! ,fr5*4       #if ,t is1    
aft] hav+ become a "p own] ( ! ,mill    
,grove prop]ty4       #ig ,t is1 at     
,c\ron4       #ih ,?is "n appe>s z ,ro/ 
9 all ! lett]s4       #ii ,memb] ( !    
firm ( ,audubon1 ,lacroix1 ,=mon        
,jacques1      engag$ 9 ! ,santo ,dom+o 
trade 7see ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #cc74      ,9

 ^! lett]s ! "n usually appe>s z ,=mont4
       #ajj ,vessels 9 :i* ,jean        
,audubon 0 p]sonally int]e/$1      & ^u 
:i* he endeavor$ 9 va9 to collect !     
money      & int]e/ due him 7see ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #cd74 ,9 a docum5t 9             
,engli%1 dat$ ,les ,cayes ,april #i1    
#aghb1 conc]n+ !      ,annette1 ( :i*   
,jean ,audubon 0 capta9 & "p own]1      
& sign$ by him & ,david ,ross  ,company1
 x is /at$ ?is      vessel 0 b\nd =     
,nantes ) a c>go ( tobacco1 9 !         
pur*ase & sale ( :i* ,capta9 ,audubon 0 
"u ord]s      ( ,mr4 ,ezekiel ,edw>ds ( 
,nantes4       #aja ,?is 0 probably !   
mortgage :i* ,jean ,audubon gave      to
 ,prevo/ :5 ,mill ,grove 0 pur*as$ 9    
#aghi1 = 9      ,daco/a's f9al acc\nt = 
#ahjf-ahjg ?is item occurs "u           
,octob] #ae1 #ahjf3 ,to ! record] 9     
,norri/[n = ent]+      satisfaction (   
,john ,audubon mortgage to ,john ,augu/9
 ,prevo/      444 #b4hc4       #ajb ,!  
pr9cipal h\se at ,mill ,grove1 :i*      
,daco/a 0      prep>+ to occupy4        

#ajc ,ow+ to ! delay 9 receiv+ 8 legal  
pap]s f      ,france1 ,daco/a _h ?reat5$
 to c>ry 8 case to !      c\rts1 & _h   
/opp$ "w at ! m9e4       #ajd ,9 ! light
 ( ! prec$+ lett]s1 ,daco/a w\ld        
appe> 9 ^! respects to h be5 only       
attempt+ to c>ry      out 8 in/ructions4
       #aje ,probably ,s>ah ,:ite       
,palm]1 ,b5jam9 ,bakewell's             
si/]-9-law1 & wid[ ( ! ,rev4 ,john      
,palm]1 :o at "o      "t 0 associat$ )  
,joseph ,prie/ley 9 edit+ !             
,!ological ,repository1 an organ ( !    
,unit>ians4 ,h]      son-9-law1 ,?omas  
,w4 ,pe>s1 0 lat] a p>tn] 9 ,audubon's  
bus9ess v5tures at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky4  
,h] grave is 9 !      ,bakewell bury+   
plot at ,fatl& ,=d4       #ajf ,see     
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 #g4          
#ajg ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4 ,no4      #hf71 vol4 i1
 p4 #ci4       #ajh ,dr4 d',orbigny _h  
?ree sons1 all ( :om 7 born 9           
,c\ron3 ,alcide ,*>les ,victor 9 #ahjb1 
,ga/on ,ed\>d 9      #ahje1 & ,*>les 9  

#ahjf2 ! y\nge/ & elde/ became          
di/+ui%$ naturali/s4 ,s f> z kn[n1      
,audubon 0      godfa!r only to !       
second1 ,ga/on ,ed\>d1 :o accord+       
to ! records ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* at       
,c\ron1 0      born on ! #c;d day ( !   
pres5t mon?1 ! issue ( !      legitimate
 m>riage ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,m>ie d',orbigny1
 doctor (      m$ic9e1 & ( ,anna ,pep>t1
 0 *ri/5$ on ,augu/ #bj1      #ahje1 9 !
 pres5ce ( ! godfa!r1 ,john ,james      
,audubon1      ! godmo!r1 ,rosa         
,audubon1 ! fa!r & "m1 toge!r      ) !  
und]sign$ 7,extract$ by ,monsieur       
,lavigne74      ,d',orbigny appe>s z a  
witness to ! p[]s ( attorney :i*        
,jean ,audubon & 8 wife issu$ jo9tly to 
_! son & to      ,f]d9& ,rozi] at ,c\ron
 9 #ahje 7see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t     
,no4 #h7 & on ,novemb] #bj1 #ahjf 7see  
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aec74       #aji ,= copies
 ( ?is & ! foll[+ lett]s1 :i* are       
"h translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ,i am indebt$ to
 ,monsieur      ,lavigne4       #aaj ,a 
daught] ( ,ca?>9e ,b\ff>d1 reg>d+ :om   

see      ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ef4       #aaa   
,see ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 #h4     
#aab ,! civil c]emony ( ,rosa ,audubon's
 m>riage 0      p]=m$ at ! mayor's (fice
 9 ,c\ron1 on ,decemb] #af1      #ahje  
7le #bf frimaire1 an #ad71 :5 ! bride 0 
9 h]      eighte5? ye>2 ! contract _h   
be5 drawn on ! #ab?      day ( t mon?   
7le #bb frimaire1 an #ad7 by not>y ,m>t9
      ,daviais1 :o 0 mayor ( ,c\ron 9 ! 
foll[+ ye>1 &      ! religi\s c]emony 0 
conduct$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,nantes4      ,! 
foll[+ h assi/$1 s reads 9 translation !
      ,c\ron record1 at ! m>riage1      
a=esaid1 on ! side (      ! groom1 ,m4  
,&r ,loy5 du ,puigaudeau1 8 bro!r1 &    
,m4 ,honor ,franois ,guiraud1 8         
bro!r-9-law2 by ! side      ( ! bride1  
h] fa!r1 & ,m4 ,jean ,audubon1 h] bro!r1
      & ^! h und]sign$1 toge!r ) !      
bridegroom4      ,audubon's signature   
reads ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,audubon4       #aac  
,= ! full text ( ^! two docum5ts1 :i*   
are s      int]e/+ = our /ory1 see      
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5ts ,nos4      #i &  

#aj2 & = translations1 ,docum5ts ,nos4  
#i;a & #aj;a4      ,= ! privilege (     
exam9+ & reproduc+ ! fir/ (      ^!     
pap]s ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4  
,rozi]1 ( ,/4      ,l\is1 & = ! second1 
z well z ! p[] ( attorney      ( #ahje  
7see ,docum5t ,no4 #h71 ref]r$ to e>li]1
 to ,mr4 ,tom      ,j4 ,rozi]1 ( ,sa9te 
,g5evive1 ,miss\ri4 ,9 ! case ( ?is     
second w>rant x w be notic$ t ! grantors
 sign$      only ! m9ute :i* 0 fil$ ) ! 
not>ies1 :o1 )      ! judge ( ! ,c\rt ( 
! ,fir/ ,in/ance1 affix$ _!      names  
to ! docum5t itself4 ,no bett]          
illu/ration c\ld be      giv5 ( !       
dignity :i* ! ,fr5* atta* to ! (fice    
( not>y1 to ! honor$ incumb5ts ( :i* _! 
private      affairs are unres]v$ly     
entru/$1 ?an ?is elaborate      judicial
 docum5t4       #aad ,9 ! regi/] ( !    
,c5tral ,committee ( ,nantes      x is  
not$1 "u date ( ,octob] #d1 #agic1 t ow+
      to ! fri5dly relations !n exi/+   
betwe5 ,france &      ! citiz5s ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ! good feel+        

ev9c$ by !m 9 s5d+ to u = food1 f\r     
,am]ican %ips      are accord+ly p]mitt$
 to leave ! port ( ,nantes1 )           
c>goes ( w9e1 sug>1 & c(fee1 & also to  
take en\gh      biscuit = ! voyage4     
#aae ,! receipt :i* ! capta9 h&$ ! "y   
m51      & :i* ! me?odical ,rozi]       
pres]v$1 rema9s z a      s\v5ir ( ?is   
voyage 79 ! ,tom ,j4 ,rozi] ,,mss72 x   
reads      z foll[s3            ,recvd4 
f ,mr4 ,john ,audubon            f]d9&  
,rozi] ! sum ( five ,hundr$           & 
tw5ty five ,liv]s be+ 9 full = _!       
passage f ,nantes to ,new ,york 9 ! ,%ip
                                        
,polly444444444444444444444444444 ,s4   
,sammis            ,9 ,rozi]'s 787      
h&writ+ ,new ,york ,may #bh1 #ahjf      
,indors$ by ,rozi] on back ,pay le #aa  
avril #ahjf       #aaf ,! total         
population ( ,c\ron1 z giv5 9 !         
(ficial directory = #aiac1 0 #b1jce1 b !
 total work+      population is probably
 ?ree times z great4       #aag ,!re is 
also ! gr& calvaire1 :i* /&s on      an 

em95ce 9 ! village4 ,?is 0 erect$ 9     
#ahbe on !      f\ndations ( ! *ateau ( 
! dukes ( ,brittany1 ! la/      ( :om1  
,francis ,,ii1 di$ at ,c\ron 9 #adhh4 ,8
 tomb is      9 ! nave ( ! ca!dral at   
,nantes2 ! gr& calvaire      0 re/or$ by
 two ,c\ron families 9 #ahgc1 & is a v  
elaborate /ructure4       #aah ,mr4     
,william ,be]1 :o paid a visit to ,la   
,g]betire      ) ,dr4 ,l\is ,bureau 9   
#aiaj1 writes me t ! woodwork      0    
poor 9 quality1 & t all ! rooms _h be5  
alt]$      9 size & appe>ance4          
#aai ,b n relat$ to ,m4 ,l4 ,lavigne1 to
 :om ,i am indebt$      = extracts f !  
de$1 a translation ( :i* is giv5        
bel[1 z well z = _m o!r ref]5ces4       
#abj ,t is1 ! l&lord to receive "o-half 
! produce4       #aba ,a j\rnal ( l& be+
 z mu* z a man c\ld      cultivate 9 a  
day's labor4       #abb ,see ,*apt]     
,,xvii4       #abc ,= ! privilege (     
exam9+ ,f]d9& ,rozi]'s      copy ( _!   
,articles ( ,association ,i am indebt$  
to !      k9dness ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4     

,rozi]1 ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,?is is          
writt5 on ?ree sides ( h&-made1 h&-rul$ 
,gov]nm5t      l951 small lett] size1 ) 
pr9t$ rev5ue /amp 7#ej      c5times7 ( !
 ,fr5* ,republic at top1 & /amp$ )      
! seal ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,regi/ration &   
,/amps 7,,adm4      ,,des ,,dom4 ,,de   
,l',,enreg4 ,,et ,,du ,,timbre ,,rep4   
,,fra4--,adm9i/ration      des doma9es  
de l'enregi/rem5t et du timbre1         
,rpublique      ,franaise74 ,! signature
 ( ,jean ,audubon be>s a close          
resemblance to t ( ! fa!r1 ,lieut5ant   
,jean ,audubon1      :o 0 und\bt$ly !   
au?or ( ! docum5t4 ,= !      ,articles 9
 full1 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 see ,app5dix  
,i1      ,docum5ts ,nos4 #i & #i;a4     
#abd ,among ! eld] ,rozi]'s pap]s 0 "p (
 an old      lett]book belong+ to 8 son2
 x is writt5 9 ,fr5*1      & label$     
,correspond5ce ( ,f]d9& ,rozi]4 ,on "o  
( ! f\r %eets pres]v$ ?is item occurs3  
#d ,july1      #ahjf1 ,philadelphia2    
record ( an agreem5t ) ,mr4 ,daco/a     
proprietor ( "o half ( ! ,mill ,grove   

f>m1--at lea/ ( !      value ( sale4 ,! 
fir/ entry is dat$ #ai fvri]--#ahjf1    
,new      ,york1 :i*1 if correct1 w\ld  
imply t ,rozi] sp5t two      ye>s in/ead
 ( "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 he visit$ ?is
      c\ntry 9 #ahjd 7or came a second  
"t71 & t he return$1      ) "y ,audubon1
 almo/ imm$iately aft] rea*+ ,france    
7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bde72 ! la/ record is
 ,augu/1 #ahjg1 ,new      ,york4 7,,ms4 
9 possession ( ,dr4 ,l\is ,bureau1      
,nantes47       #abe ,accord+ to !      
records ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 z          
collat$ = ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,we!rill1 !      
rema9+ half int]e/      9 ,mill ,grove 0
 sold by ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon 7& ,f]d9&     
,rozi]7 to ,francis ,daco/a  ,company1 =
 a consid]ation (      #i1fdj4cc4 ,!    
bus9ess 0 conduct$ ma9ly by ,rozi]1 act+
      "u ! advice ( _! fri5d1 ,mi]s     
,fi%]4       #abf ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* (
 ,f]d9&'s copy1 9      possession ( ,mr4
 ,welton ,a4 ,rozi]1 to :om ,i am       
indebt$ =      ! privilege ( reproduc+  
x4       #abg ,g\rdes1 t is1 pia/]s or  

,spani% doll>s4       #abh ,claude      
,franois ,rozi]1 at ?is "t an ag$ man1  
di$ at ,nantes on ,septemb] #g1 #ahjg2  
he _h two sons &      six daught]s1 (   
:om ,f]d9& 0 ! second son & !      fif? 
*ild2 8 wife1 ,r5e ,angelique ,colas1   
di$ at ,nantes1      ,febru>y #i1 #ahbd4
       #abi ,?is 0 issu$1 s ! lett]     
reads1 to _! son1      ,john ,audubon1 &
 ,f]d9& ,rozi]1 bo? ( ! said city (     
,philadelphia1 ,g5tlem51 by ,john       
,audubon1 late ( ! city      (          
,philadelphia1 9 ! commonweal? (        
,p5nsylvania1 n[      resid+ 9 ! commune
 ( ,c\ron1 ne> ! city ( ,nantes      9  
,france1 ,g5tleman1 & ,anne ,moynette1 8
 wife1 to apply      to all l&s & o!r   
prop]ty belong+ to !m 9 !      ,unit$   
,/ates1 ) ! p[] to raise or borr[ money 
on      ! :ole or any "p or p>ts ( !    
said l&s1 t5em5ts1      or h]$itam5ts1  
to secure ! repaym5t ( said monies      
by bond1 w>rant ( attorney1 to conte/   
judgm5t ( !      mortgage ( ! said l&s1 
t5em5ts1 or h]$itam5ts1 or      any "p  

or p>ts !re(4444 ,writt5 9 ,fr5* &      
,engli%2      sign$ by ,jean ,audubon1  
,anne ,moynet1 8 wife1 by ,doctors      
,*apela9 & ,c4 d',orbigny z witnesses1  
by ! mayor (      ,c\ron1 ! prefect ( ! 
arrondissem5t & ! prefect (      !      
dep>tm5t2 c\nt]sign$ on ,decemb] #d1    
#ahjf1 by ,w4 ,d4      ,patt]son1 ( !   
,comm]cial ,ag5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at  
,nantes4 ,= ! favor ( exam9+ ?is pap]1  
,i am indebt$      to ! k9dness ( ,miss 
,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon4       #acj ,= !     
privilege ( exam9+ ^! lett]s ,i am      
indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,l\is       
,bureau1 ,director (      ! ,museum (   
,natural ,hi/ory & ,pr(essor 9 ! ,s*ool 
(      ,m$ic9e at ,nantes1 mat]nal      
great-gr&son ( ,franois1 &              
gr&nephew ( ,f]d9& ,rozi]4 ,! lett]s 7  
f\nd 9      an old trunk t once belong$ 
to 8 gr&fa!r1 ,franois      ,d5is       
,rozi]4 ,five 7 writt5 9 ,fr5* 7,nos4   
#a1 #b1 #d1 #f      & #g71 & address$ f 
,new ,york to ,franois ,rozi] at        
,nantes2 "o 7,no4 #c7 9 ,engli% & ano!r 

7,no4 #e7 9 ,fr5*      7 s5t 9 c>e (    
,rozi]1 to 8 fa!r1 ,john ,audubon1      
,esq41 ,nantes1 ) ! direction to be     
deliv]$ z soon z      possible2 all are 
on unrul$ foolscap1 waf]-seal$1 & ea*   
also be>s an outside seal 9 wax1 /amp$ )
 ,bakewell's      initial 7,b74 ,x is n 
possible to say :e!r ,lieut5ant         
,audubon ev] receiv$ ^! lett]s ( 8 son2 
if receiv$1      x is n v obvi\s :y !y  
%\ld h be5 left 9 !      old m]*ant's   
h&s1 unless 8 ill heal? at ! "t1 &      
subsequ5t dea? 7 ! cause 7see ,note1    
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aeb74      ,i am fur!r    
indebt$ to ,mr4 ,william ,be]1 = !      
p]usal (      8 copies1 :i* h be5 foll[$
 to a l>ge ext5t4       ,s9ce all ( ^!  
e>ly lett]s ?r[ an int]e/+ light      ^u
 ! times z well z ^u ,audubon's p]sonal 
hi/ory1 we      %all give !m 9 full1    
r5d]+ ! ,fr5* into ,engli% z            
lit]ally z practicable4       #aca ,?is 
,philadelphia m]*ant 0 evid5tly 9       
,france &      int5d+ to visit ,nantes  
at ?is "t4       #acb ,( ! ,/4 ,dom+o   

packet4       #acc ,mr4 ,l4 ,huron did1 
a few days ago1 receive "s w9es      on 
a_/c ( ,m4 ,rozi]1 & hopes !y prove     
good1 etc4       #acd ,mi]s ,fi%]1 = _m 
ye>s ,jean ,audubon's tru/$      ag5t & 
attorney 9 ,am]ica4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4   
#ajj4       #ace ,gabriel ,loy5 du      
,puigaudeau1 8 bro!r-9-law4       #acf  
,t is a m9iature or an old portrait ( 8 
fa!r      9 ! uni=m ( a                 
lieut5ant-comm&]1 :i* ) its             
companion1 repres5t+ ,mme4 ,jean        
,audubon1 8 /epmo!r1      !n hung 9 !   
h\se ( ,la ,g]betire at ,c\ron4 ,!      
orig9al portraits1 :i* are reproduc$    
fac+ page #gh1      measure #bc by #ah  
in*es1 & 7 pa9t$ probably betwe5        
#ahja & #ahjf2 !y 7 inv5tori$ 9 docum5ts
 be>+      date ( ,novemb] #ad1 #ae &   
#ag1 #ahba1 %ortly aft] ,mme4      ,jean
 ,audubon's dea?4 ,!y 7 re/or$ 9 ,p>is  
ab\t t5      ye>s ago = ,monsieur       
,lavigne1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = !      
photographs & ?is in=mation4       #acg 
,audubon's intimate fri5d1 see ,vol4 ,i1

 p4 #abh4       #ach ,s]9ettes1 ! old "t
 music boxes1 or      bird-organs1 (    
,swiss orig91 t 7 v popul> 9            
,am]ica d[n to ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>1 or  
ev5 lat]4 ,!y      7 manufactur$ at ,/4 
,croix z late z #ahhj2 in/rum5ts      ( 
simil> type1 ) danc+ figures1 h be5     
adapt$ to      ! p5ny-9-!-slot ma*9es   
common 9 ,switz]l& to-day4       #aci   
,m>*&1 or retail m]*ant4       #adj     
,initials ( ! head ( 8 firm1 ,b5jam9    
,bakewell4       #ada ,! ref]5ce 0 to   
,mme4 ,/ephanie-,felicit de ,g5lis      
7#agdf-ahcj71 tea*] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,duke
 ( ,orleans1      ,philippe-,egalit1 &  
au?oress ( _m works on education1       
once popul>1 b n[ kn[n only to !        
antiqu>y & !      ragman4       #adb    
,mean+ possibly 8 prospective           
bro!r-9-law1 ,?omas      ,w4 ,bakewell1 
a fell[ cl]k 9 ! (fice4       #adc ,"o  
,l\is 0 equal to tw5ty francs1 or f\r   
doll>s4       #add ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1  
,audubon & 8 ,j\rnals 7,bibl4 ,no4      
#hf71 vol4 i1 p4 #cb4       #ade        

,especially 8 acc\nt curr5t1 f ,june #a1
 #ahjf1 to      ,july #be1 #ahjg1 ) !   
,mill ,grove f>m1 & ,john ,audubon      
( ,nantz1 drawn up & sign$ at           
,philadelphia on ! latt]      date4     
,daco/a !n claim$ a balance due him (   
#iej4fd above      ! returns f f>m &    
m9e1 ( :i* he 0 entitl$ to      "o-half2
 ?is sum includ$ 8 sal>y & num]\s m9or  
exp5ditures4 ,:5 8 acc\nt 0 conte/$ &   
tak5 out (      c\rt = settlem5t1 x 0   
cut by ! arbitrators to #ecj4      ,see 
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t #aa;a4       ,!   
foll[+ is a copy ( ! ,aw>d giv5 by ,john
 ,laval       ,laur5ce ,huron appo9t$   
ref]ees by ,francis ,daco/a & ,john     
,audubon ! eld] by a rule ( ref]5ce 9 ! 
,common ,pleas      ( ?is c\nty to h _! 
diff]5ces 9 acc\nts settl$3             
,we ! )9 nam$ ref]ees1 hav+ he>d !      
p>ties & exam9$ _! respective acc\nts   
v\*]s1 d aw>d t !re is due by !         
def5dant1 ,john ,audubon ! eld]1 to !   
pla9tiff1           ,francis ,daco/a1 ! 
sum ( five hundr$ & ?irty               

doll>s1 :i* we f9d to be ! full balance 
( all           curr5t acc\nts betwe5   
!m1 & we aw>d t !           said        
ballance be paid by ! said ,john        
,audubon !           eld] to ! said     
,francis ,daco/a by defalk+ !           
same f ! acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! ,bond 
( ,eight ,hundr$ ,doll>s--m5tion$ 9 ! )9
           rule ( ref]5ce con=mably to !
 agreem5t           endors$ on ! said   
,bond4            ,witness our h&s      
,philadelphia #a/ ,augu/1 #ahjg4        
,sign$--,,john ,,laval4                 
,,laur5ce ,,huron4       7,copy (       
orig9al ,,ms41 9 possession ( ,mr4      
,welton ,h4 ,rozi]47       #adf ,9 #ahaa
 ,mill ,grove 0 convey$ by ,francis     
,daco/a       ,company1 to ,fr$]ick     
,beates1 :o 9 #ahac sold x to ,samuel   
,we!rill1 ,jr41 = #g1jjj1 ! prop]ty hav+
 %runk to      less ?an "o-half ! value 
plac$ ^u x 9 #ahjf4 ,= !      ent]prises
 ( ! ,we!rills1 see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 
#ajb4       #adg ,s9ce we h be5 oblig$  
to ent] r m9utely      into ! hi/ory (  

,mill ,grove1 9 ord] to trace !         
relations ( ! ,audubons to x 9 an       
important p]iod (      ! naturali/'s    
c>e]1 ! read] may be int]e/$ 9 !        
anticlimax :i* its fam\s m9es rea*$ at a
 lat] day4 ,!      ,ecton ,consolidat$  
,m9+ ,company _h be5 9 op]ation at      
,mill ,grove = a consid]able p]iod1 :51 
9 #ahdh1 !      ,p]kiom+ ,association 0 
=m$ & t5 ?\s& doll>s 0      at once     
inve/$ 9 ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahea ^! two        
companies      7 comb9$ "u ! "n ( !     
,p]kiom+ ,consolidat$      ,m9+         
,company1 :i* issu$ #ej1jjj %>es ( /ock1
 at six      doll>s ea*1 ?us repres5t+ a
 capital ( #cjj1jjj4 ,a      m9+        
settlem5t quickly sprang up on          
,audubon's old f>m1      :]e num]\s     
build+s ( /one1 a g5]al /ore1 &         
m9]s' h\ses 7 to be se54 ,9 ! fir/      
annual /atem5t      issu$ by ?is        
company1 ! build+s 7 said to repres5t   
an outlay ( #ae1jjj1 :ile #adj1jjj _h   
be5 exp5d$ on      ma*9]y1 bo? above &  
bel[ gr\nd4 ,a ,corni% exp]t1      :o 0 

summon$ f ,engl&1 0 paid #a1dad = a     
v]bose      report1 ! sub/ance ( :i*1 x 
0 said1 0 express$ 9      convey+ !     
in=mation1 already kn[n1 t ! m9]al      
m9$ is copp] ore 7copp] pyrite occurr+ 9
 association      ) lead74 ,?is company 
clos$ its bus9ess 9 #ahea1 by           
assess+ its /ockhold]s "o doll> a %>e1  
?us br++      ! total loss 9 ?is f9al   
ef=t to #cej1jjj1 ne>ly      "o-?ird (  
:i* _h be5 drawn f ,philadelphia4 ,aft] 
"o1 or two1 fur!r unsuccessful attempts 
_h be5 made1      all ! sub/antial      
build+s ( ! m9+ works became a          
qu>ry1 f :i* /one 0 sold by ! p]*1 !    
ru9s (      ! old eng9e h\se alone      
rema9+ to ?is day z a witness      ( !  
follies ( ! g5]ations t are gone4 7,?is 
acc\nt      is bas$ ^u reports :i* h    
appe>$ 9 ! press (      ,philadelphia or
 9 o!r ,p5nsylvania newspap]s47         
#adh ,samuel ,la?am ,mit*ell            
7#agfd-ahca71 physician1      naturali/1
 politician & volum9\s writ] on _m      
subjects4      ,9 #agig he f\nd$1 9     

association ) ,dr4 ,edw>d ,mill]      & 
,dr4 ,elihu ,h4 ,smi?1 ! ,new ,york     
,m$ical ,repository1      & 0 its *ief  
editor4 ,he began also1 at ! ,univ]sity 
( ,new ,york1 "o ( ! e>lie/ collections 
9 natural      hi/ory1 & 9 #ahag appeal$
 to ! ,hi/orical ,society (      8 city 
= ! f\ndation ( a ,zological ,museum2 9 
!      same ye> he organiz$ ! ,lyceum ( 
,natural ,hi/ory1 & 0      its fir/     
presid5t1 ,joseph ,le ,conte s]v+ z     
correspond+      secret>y1 & ,john      
,torrey z "o ( its curators4 ,on ,april 
#i1 ! foll[+ subjects 7 assign$ to      
diff]5t memb]s      = inve/igation1     
,i*?yology or fi%es1 ,plaxology or      
cru/ace\s animals1 ,apalology or        
mollusca1 & ,geology or !      e>? be+  
res]v$ = ! presid5t2 ,samuel ,con/ant9e 
,raf9esque 7see ,*apt] ,,xix7 took *>ge 
( ,helm9tology      or worms1           
,polypoligy or polyps1 ,atmology or     
,meteorology1      ,hydrology or wat]s1 
& ,taxodomy or classification2          
,john ,torrey1 :o became a di/+ui%$     

botani/1 0 m      mode/1 & assum$ *>ge  
only ( ,entomology or insects2      :ile
 to ,john ,le ,conte 7 giv5 ,ma/odology 
or mammalia1      ,erpetology or        
reptiles1 & ,glossology or nom5clature4 
,see      ! ,am]ican ,mon?ly ,magaz9e & 
,critical ,review 7,new ,york7      =   
,augu/1 #ahag1 p4 #bgb4       #adi ,see 
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahe4       #aej ,cuvi]    
/at$ 9 8 report on ,audubon's ,birds1   
deliv]$ at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1
 ,septemb] #bb1      #ahbh1 t ! au?or _h
 be5 tw5ty-five ye>s be=e a      pupil 9
 ! s*ool ( ,david4 ,?is w\ld place !    
date 9      #ahjc1 b e>li] ?an ! autumn 
( t ye>1 :5 ,audubon      />t$ =        
,am]ica4 ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ii4  
#aea ,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4  
,no4 #b71 vol4 i1 p4      viii4         
#aeb ,f4 ,t4 ,v]g]1 ,ar*ives curieuses  
de la ville de ,nantes      et des      
dp>tem5ts de l'oue/ 7,nantes1 #ahcg-da72
 = fur!r      ref]5ces to ,david 9 ?is  
*apt] ,i am ma9ly indebt$ to            
,georges ,ca91 ,le ,long des ,rues      

7,p>is1 #ahab71 & ,*>les      ,sauni]1  
,l\is ,david 7,p>is1 no date74          
#aec ,! implication z to "t1 :i* is     
repeat$ above1      contradicts an e>li]
 /atem5t1 :i* is probably m      ne>ly  
correct1 = :5 ,audubon return$ to       
,am]ica 9 #ahjf      he 0 tw5ty-"o4     
#aed ,see ,r4 ,w4 ,%ufeldt1 9 ,! ,auk & 
! ,audubonian      ,magaz9e             
7,bibliography1 ,nos4 #ahd & #aij74     
#aee ,ref]r+ to ! fire ( #ahce1 9 ,new  
,york4       #aef ,see ,*apt] ,,xxi4    
#aeg ,:5 x pass$ into ! equally wor?y   
h&s ( ,mr4      ,joseph ,y4 ,jeanes1 (  
,philadelphia4 ,mr4 ,jeanes pur*as$ f   
! e/ate ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h>ris1 #b;d1     
directly or indirectly1      & at       
diff]5t times1 ab\t #aaj ( ^! e>ly      
orig9als2      o!rs 7 disp]s$1 f\r (    
e>ly date be+ 9 ! ,museum      ( ,h>v>d 
,univ]sity4 ,mr4 ,jeanes also possesses 
a l>ge      section ( ! ,audubon-,h>ris 
correspond5ce1 :i* ext5d$      ov] ne>ly
 a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & ( :i* little     
has be5 publi%$2 to 8 k9dness ,i am     

indebt$ = !      privilege ( reproduc+  
"s ( ! draw+s1 z well z      num]\s     
extracts f ! lett]s1 9 ! pres5t "w4     
#aeh ,audubon said t "s ( ! orig9als (  
,! ,birds (      ,am]ica 7 made z long  
ago z #ahje1 :i* may well h      be5 !  
case1 b ! e>lie/ date :i* has be5       
pres]v$      on ! draw+s is t ( ,july   
#a1 #ahjh1 = ,ra?bone's      ,w>bl]1    
lat] recogniz$ z an immature =m ( !     
,summ]      ,w>bl]4 ,! ,c>bonat$ ,w>bl] 
0 drawn ,may #g1 #ahaa4      ,sev5 be> !
 date ( #ahab1 namely3 ,yell[-rump$     
,w>bl]1      ,april #bb2 ,le petit      
,caporal1 ,april #bc2 ,wood ,pewee1     
,april #bh2      ,blackburnian &        
,bay-brea/$ ,w>bl]s1 ,may #ab2          
,*e/nut-sid$      ,w>bl]1 ,may #ag2 &   
,cuvi]'s ,wr51 ,june #h4       #aei ,= a
 li/ ( ,audubon's e>ly dat$ draw+s see  
,app5dix ,,ii4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4  
,jeanes1 ,i am able      to reproduce a 
full] s]ies ( ,audubon's e>ly draw+s (  
,fr5* & ,am]ican birds ?an has hi!rto   
be5 publi%$1      & h *os5 ! subjects to

 illu/rate ! developm5t (      8 /yle4  
#afj ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abe4       #afa 
,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4  
#b71 vol4 i1 p4      #ced4       #afb   
,see ,app5dix ,,ii4       #afc ,see     
,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 #aa4         
#afd ,?is di>y 0 fir/ br\ght to my      
att5tion by ,mr4      ,ru?v5 ,deane1 & =
 p]mission to reproduce x ,i am         
indebt$ to ! k9dness ( a great-gr&son ( 
,f]d9&1 ,mr4      ,welton ,a4 ,rozi]1 ( 
,sa9t ,l\is4 ,mr4 ,rozi] writes t !     
orig9al ,fr5* notes h be5 mislaid or    
lo/1 b t !y      7 closely foll[$ 9 ?is 
translation1 :5ev] complete4      ,?\gh 
num]\s v]bal *anges h be5 made 9 !      
pres5t      draft1 ^! h n alt]$ ! mean+ 
9 any respect4      ,f]d9& ,rozi]'s     
n>rative beg9s z foll[s3       ,i left  
,nantes1 ,france1 9 company ) ,john     
,james ,audubon1      on ,saturday1 !   
#ab? day ( ,april1 #ahjf1 b\nd = !      
city ( ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 on an   
,am]ican %ip nam$ !      ,polly1 comm&$ 
by ,capta9 ,sammis1 & arriv$ at ,new    

,york      on ,tuesday1 ! #bg? day (    
,may4 ,:ile on ! voyage across      !   
ocean our vessel 0 /opp$1 ov]haul$1     
se>*$1 &      robb$ by an ,engli%       
private]1 nam$ ! ,rattlesnake1 :i*      
deta9$ u a day & a night4       ,we     
rema9$ 9 ,new ,york ,city = a few days1 
& !n      remov$ to ,mill ,grove1 on    
,pick]+ ,p]kiom+ ,creek1 9              
,p5nsylvania1 a tract ( l& own$ by our  
fa!rs1 & at      t "t ?\ght to conta9   
valuable m9]als4       #afe ,9 ! ri*    
bottom-l&s ( ! ,ohio ,riv] bas9 !       
hackb]ry or sug>b]ry 7,celtis           
occid5tals7 sometimes      exce$s "o    
hundr$ feet 9 height1 & has a diamet] ( 
f      f\r to five feet4       #aff ,!  
population ( ! second city (            
,p5nsylvania      9 #ahjj 0 #a1efe2 9   
#ahdj1 #d1gfh2 & 9 #aiaj1 aft] !        
annexation ( ,allegh5y1 #ecc1ije4       
#afg ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4 ,no4      #hf71 vol4 i1
 p4 #bh4       #afh ,see ,app5dix ,i1   
,docum5t ,no4 #aa4       #afi ,see      

,*apt] ,,xi1 page #aeh4       #agj ,:5  
,audubon 0 return+ ) 8 wife & infant son
      f ,p5nsylvania to ,k5tucky 9 !    
autumn ( #ahaj2 see ,!      ,ohio1      
,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4  
#b71 vol4 i1 p4      #bi4       #aga ,9 
#ahjj ! population ( ,l\isville 0 #fjj1 
& 9      #ahaj x _h ris5 to #a1cej2 see 
,*>les ,ci/1 ,c9c9nati 9      #ahda     
7,c9c9nati1 #ahda74       #agb ,= ?is & 
! lett] ( ,?omas ,bakewell's uncle1     
,william ,bakewell1 :i* foll[s lat]1 ,i 
am indebt$ to ,mr4      ,tom ,j4 ,rozi]2
 see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #acc1 & =      
accompany+      ,acc\nt ,curr5t (       
,audubon  ,rozi]1 ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t 
,no4 #aa4       #agc ,see ,note1 ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #aif4       #agd ,! lead m9e at  
,mill ,grove1 :i* ) ! rema9+            
,audubon & ,rozi] int]e/s 9 ! f>m _h be5
 tak5      ov] by ,daco/a's company 9   
,septemb]1 #ahjf4 ,! failure      (     
,daco/a foll[$ 9 ab\t a ye> aft] ! date 
( ?is      lett]4       #age ,victor    
,gif=d ,audubon1 :o 0 !n n9e mon?s old4 

#agf ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aec4       #agg 
,william ,bakewell di$ at ,philadelphia 
on ,m>* #f1 ( !      same ye>1 aft]     
suff]+ f ! effects ( a sun/roke1      & 
01 ev5tually1 buri$ at ,fatl& ,=d2 9    
#ahbb 8      f>m1 orig9ally ( #hjj      
acres1 pass$ into ! h&s (      ,dr4     
,william ,we!rill4 ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #ii1 & ,w4 ,g4      ,bakewell1      
,bakewell-,page-,campbell 7,bibl4 ,no4  
#bjj74       #agh ,9 a lett] to ,alex&] 
,lawson1 writt5 f      ,pittsburgh1 on  
,febru>y #bb1 #ahaj2 see ,elliott ,c\es1
 ,private      ,lett]s ( ,wilson1 ,ord1 
& ,bonap>te1 ,p5n ,mon?ly1 vol4      x1 
pp4 #ddc-dee 7,philadelphia1 #ahgi74    
#agi ,see ,elliott ,c\es1 loc4 cit4     
#ahj ,lett] to ,alex&] ,lawson1 dat$ at 
,lex+ton1 ,april      #d1 #ahaj2 see    
,gros>t1 ,poems & ,lit]>y ,prose (      
,alex&]      ,wilson1 vol4 i1 p4 #ahi4  
#aha ,see ,gros>t1 ,poems & ,lit]>y     
,prose ( ,alex&]      ,wilson1 vol4 i1  
p4 xxiv4       #ahb ,= ,! ,%>k1 or ,lang
 ,mills ,detect$1 a satire      direct$ 

aga9/ ,william ,%>p1 a manufactur] (    
,paisley2      ,wilson 0 f9$ #ab #acs4  
#f;d4       #ahc ,see ,bibliography1    
,no4 #dc4       #ahd ,at ,lanca/]1      
,p5nsylvania1 on ,octob] #c1 #agii1     
,alex&] ,wilson s5t ,george ,simpson1   
,esq41 a ,/ate      ,treasur]'s *eck 9  
favor ( ,joseph ,br[n = #dge1 to be     
ent]$ to ! cr$it ( ,mr4 ,br[n z "o      
in/allm5t on #ch      %>es ( scrip 9 !  
new loan at eight p] c5t1 9 !      names
 ( ,?omas ,eyes1 #ad %>es2 ,alex&]      
,wilson1 #ad %>es2      & ,k5ne?        
,sewell1 #aj %>es4       #ahe ,?is 0 !  
,am]ican edition ( ,abraham ,rees'      
revision      ( ,ephraim ,*amb]s'       
,cyclopdia1 :i* _h appe>$ 9      ,london
 9 #agbh2 x 0 publi%$ at ,philadelphia1 
9 =ty-"o      qu>to volumes ( text & six
 volumes ( plates1 by ,samuel ,f4       
,brad=d & ! ,messrs4 ,murray1 ,fairman  
,company1 #ahaj-ahbd4       #ahf ,!     
types1 said ,*>les ,rob]t ,leslie1 :i* 7
      v beautiful1 7 ca/ 9 ,am]ica1 &   
?\gh at t "t      pap] 0 l>gely import$1

 he ,mr4 ,brad=d det]m9$ t      ! pap]  
%\ld be ( ,am]ican manufacture2 & ,i    
rememb]      t ,ames1 ! pap] mak]1 c>ri$
 8 patriotism s f> t      he decl>$ t he
 w\ld use only ,am]ican rags 9 mak+     
x4 7,autobiographical ,recollections1   
,bo/on1 #ahfj47       #ahg ,! ,am]ican  
,orni?ology3 or1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory     
( ! ,birds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,illu/rat$
 ) ,plates      ,engrav$ & ,color$ f    
,orig9al ,draw+s tak5 f ,nature1      by
 ,alex&] ,wilson1 0 publi%$ 9 n9e       
imp]ial qu>to      volumes by ,messrs4  
,brad=d & ,inskeep1 at ,philadelphia1   
#ahjh-ahad4 ,ea* volume conta9$ n9e     
plates & f #ajj to      #afg pages (    
text1 exclusive ( prefatory & o!r matt]4
      ,! eigh? volume1 :i* 0 ne>ly ready
 = press at !      "t ( ! au?or's dea?1 
0 edit$ by ,george ,ord1 ,wilson's      
fri5d & executor2 ! f9al volume1 :i* 0  
:olly      by ,ord1 & :i* 0 issu$ 9 !   
same ye>1 conta9$ a      life ( ,wilson4
 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! initial volume1  
! edition 0 ext5d$ to #ejj copies & !   

fir/ volume      0 entirely reset4      
,ord's life ( ,wilson 0 exp&$ = a       
?ree-volume edition ( ! ,orni?ology1 & f
 ov]%eets      ( ?is "w 0 produc$ z a   
sep>ate volume 9 #ahbh 7see      ,note1 
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbc74       ,wilson's     
publi%$ li/s ( subscrib]s %[ #ddi names1
      call+ = #deh copies1 m ?an half ( 
:i* 7 tak5 by      resid5ts (           
,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york & ,l\isiana2   
#gj 7      subscrib$ = 9 ,philadelphia1 
*iefly by bus9ess m51      arti/s1 & ^? 
9 ! middle class ( society2 ,new        
,orleans 9 sev5te5 days gave him #fj    
subscrib]s2 ,europe      suppli$ #ae1   
among :om 7 ,william ,roscoe1 lat] a    
patron      ( ,audubon1 & ,b5jam9 ,we/1 
! arti/4 ,wilson figur$ &      describ$ 
#bgh species ( ,am]ican birds 7)9 !     
limits (      ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 ( :i*   
#ef 7 suppos$ to be new1 &      ! total 
numb]1 giv5 by ,wilson & ,ord1 is said  
to be #cbj4      ,tw5ty-?ree species 7  
errone\sly suppos$ to be id5tical      )
 _! ,european c\nt]p>ts1 yet all (      

,wilson's birds      except !           
,small-head$ ,flycat*]1 ref]r$ to at !  
end      ( ?is *apt]1 h be5 id5tifi$4   
,consid]+ ! "t      & ! difficulties "u 
:i* he labor$1 8 mi/akes 7              
rem>kably few4       #ahh ,see ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #cdj4       #ahi ,see a lett] to    
,pr(essor ,s4 ,s4 ,haldeman1 dat$       
,febru>y      #f1 #ahgi1 9 ,p5n ,mon?ly1
 vol4 x 7,philadelphia1 #ahgi74         
#aij ,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4  
,no4 #b71 vol4 i1 p4      #dcg4         
#aia ,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,alex&] ,wilson1
 ,au?or (      ! ,am]ican ,orni?ology1  
by ,george ,ord1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 c4 pp4     
i-cxcix1 ,philadelphia1 #ahbh2 tak5 f   
vol4 i ( an octavo      edition (       
,wilson1 edit$ by ,ord1 & issu$ by      
,h>rison ,hall1      9 ?ree volumes1 at 
,philadelphia 9 #ahbh-bi1 ) folio atlas 
( plates reproduc$ f ! orig9al "w2 see  
,note #ahg1      supra4       #aib ,see 
,ord's *>ge ( plagi>ism aga9/ ,audubon  
7,bibl4      ,no4 #ade7 9 ! ,proce$+s ( 
! ,am]ican ,philosophical      ,society1

 vol4 i 7#ahdj74 ,s f> z c\ld be        
asc]ta9$      9 ! summ] ( #aiae1        
,wilson's di>y ( #ahaj 0 n 9      !     
possession ( any libr>y or sci5tific    
society 9      ,philadelphia1 nor 0 x 9 
! l>ge collection ( books      :i* 0    
giv5 by ,ord to ! ,college ( ,physicians
 &      ,surgeons ( t city at ! "t ( 8  
dea? 9 #ahff4       #aic ,! bracket$    
l9es are f ,wat]ton1 :o once /at$      t
 he _h exam9$ ! orig9al4       #aid ,?is
 s5t5ce is quot$ f ,burns' biographical 
sket* ( ,wilson 7,bibl41 ,no4 #afa71 b  
t5ses are *ang$ to      correspond ) o!r
 entries4       #aie ,musicapa m9uta1   
:i* appe>s 9 ,figure #e1 ,plate #ej1    
( volume vi ( ,wilson's ,am]ican        
,orni?ology 7pp4 #fb-fc      ( ! text71 
& 9 ,figure #b1 ,plate ccccxxxiv1 (     
,audubon's      ,birds ( ,am]ica        
7,orni?ological ,biography1 vol4 v1 pp4 
#bia-c74       #aif ,nev]!less s c>eful 
& disc]n+ a naturali/      z ,?omas     
,nuttall confid5tly ass]t$ t 8 fri5d1   
,mr4      ,m4 ,c4 ,pick]+1 _h obta9$ a  

specim5 sev]al ye>s ago      ne> ,salem 
7,massa*usetts72 see ,a ,manual ( !     
,orni?ology      ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &    
,canada 7,cambridge1 #ahcb74 ,dr4       
,elliott ,c\es at "o "t ?\ght t x might 
h be5 !      ,p9e-creep+ ,w>bl]1 &      
,pr(essor ,baird id5tifi$ x z      !    
female or "y ( ! ,hood$ ,w>bl]4         
#aig ,comp>e ,orni?ological ,biography1 
vol4 iii1 p4 #bjc1      :]e 9 ,audubon's
 article on ! ,:oop+ ,crane1 !re is     
?is note3 ,l\isville1 ,/ate ( ,k5tucky1 
,m>*1 #ahaj4 ,i _h      ! gratification 
( tak+ ,alex&] ,wilson to "s ponds      
)9 a few miles ( t[n1 & ( %[+ him _m    
birds (      ?is species1 ( :i* he _h n 
previ\sly se5 any o!r      ?an /uff$    
specim5s4 ,i told him t ! :ite birds 7  
! adults1 & t ! grey ones 7 ! "y4       
,wilson1 9      8 article on ! ,:oop+   
,crane1 has allud$ to ?is1 b1      z on 
o!r occasions1 he has n in=m$ 8 read]s  
:5ce      8 in=mation came4       #aih  
,:at appe> to be ! orig9al leg5ds1      
writt5 on      ?is draw+ 9 ink1 are z   

foll[s3 ,*ute de l',ohio4 ,july      #a1
 #ahjh4 ,no4 #ca4 ,j4 ,a4 ,que j'avais  
figur 8 #ab p5nes       la queue4 ,above
 7 lat] add$1 also 9 ink1 ! names1      
sylvia ,tro*ilus delicata2 ,sylvia      
delicata1 ,aud4       #aii ,on ?is      
draw+1 :i* ) ,audubon's o!r orig9als    
is 9 ! collections ( ! ,hi/orical       
,society ( ,new ,york1      ! leg5ds are
 z foll[s3 ,mississippi ,kite1 ,male1   
,falco      mississippi5sis2 ,drawn f   
nature by ,john ,j4 ,audubon1           
,l\isiana1 p>i% ( ,feliciana1 ,james    
,p]rie's ,esq41      ,plantation4 ,june 
#bh?1 #ahba4 ,l5g? #ad in*es2 ,bread? #c
 feet1       in*es2 ,weight #aj ounces2 
,tail fea!rs1 #ab4 ,x is drawn      9 8 
usual /yle ( t p]iod1 9 pa/el1 wat]     
color &      p5cil1 & has be5 dism\nt$4 
#bjj ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cje4       #bja 
,am]ican ,orni?ology1 vol4 iii1 p4 #hj4 
#bjb ,see ,witm] ,/one1 ,"s ,lett]s (   
,alex&] ,wilson &      ,john ,abbot1 ,! 
,auk1 vol4 xxiii1 #aijf4       #bjc ,9  
#ahdj1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,o4 ,peabody1         

naturali/2 au?or ( a      ,life (       
,wilson2 see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #aje4  
#bjd ,v9c5t ,nolte1 ,fifty ,ye>s 9 ,bo? 
,hemisph]es 7,bibl4      ,no4 #agf74    
#bje ,! fir/ /eamboat on ! ,ohio 0 !    
,orleans1 a      vessel ( #bjj-djj tons1
 built at ,pittsburgh 9 ! summ] &       
fall ( #ahaa1 by ,rob]t ,fulton & ,rob]t
 ,m4 ,liv+/on2 h]      fir/ voyage1 :5  
%e t\*$ at ,h5d]son1 0 signaliz$1      z
 x seem$ to _m1 by ! great e>?quakes ( t
 ye>4      ,! fir/ ,k5tucky /eam] 0     
built at ,h5d]son 9 #ahag1 !      same  
ye> t a small vessel 0 con/ruct$ by     
,samuel ,b[5      & ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon at 
! same place 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi74 ,comp>e
      ,edmund ,l4 ,/>l+1 ,hi/ory (      
,h5d]son ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky      7,bibl4  
,no4 #ahf74       #bjf ,kn[n fir/ z     
,r$bank or ,r$banks1 to di/+ui%      x f
 ,yell[bank1 or ,ow5sboro1 on a simil>  
b5d f>!r      up/ream2 call$ also       
,h5d]sonville1 b ?is t]m _h no          
(ficial /&+4 ,! population ( ,h5d]son 9 
#ahaj is      giv5 z #aei1 & t ( !      

entire c\nty1 !n l>g] ?an      at       
pres5t1 z #e1jjj4 ,see ,/>l+1 op4 cit4  
#bjg ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bce4       #bjh 
,see translations f copies ( ! orig9als1
 9      ,fr5*1 9 possession ( !         
,l\isiana ,hi/orical ,society1      ,new
 ,orleans1 9 ,app5dix ,i1 ,docum5t ,no4 
#ba4       #bji ,boat = ! ex*ange (     
prison]s ( w>4       #baj ,comp>e ,note1
 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aeb4       #baa ,see     
,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #adh4       #bab ,= 
?is *>act]ization ( ,f]d9& ,rozi] ,i am 
indebt$ ma9ly to an acc\nt by 8 son1    
,firman ,a4 ,rozi]1      at "o "t mayor 
( ,/e4 ,g5evive & memb] ( ! ,/ate       
,legislature2 see 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly   
,settlem5t ( !      ,mississippi ,valley
 7,bibl4 ,no4 #bjb7 7,/4 ,l\is1 #ahij74 
#bac ,= a photograph ( ! old ,rozi] /ore
 at ,/e4      ,g5evive1 z well z = !    
lik5ess ( ,rozi]1 made 9      #ahfb1 :5 
he 0 9 8 eighty-fif? ye>1 ,i am indebt$ 
to      ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,ru?v5 ,deane1 
:o receiv$ !m f a      son ( ,f]d9&1    
,felix ,rozi]1 9 ,novemb]1 #aije1 :5 !  

latt] _h atta9$ 8 eighty-?ird ye>4      
#bad ,:ile liv+ at ,h5d]son ! ,audubons 
lo/ _! two      daught]s1 ,rosa & ,lucy1
 bo? ( :om di$ :5 v "y4       #bae ,!   
,e>?quake1 ,orni?ological ,biography    
7,bibl4 ,no4      #b7 vol4 i1 p4 #bhj4  
#baf ,?is j\rney 0 probably made 9      
,febru>y1 ?\gh !      date is giv5 z    
,april 7see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon
 & 8      ,j\rnals1 vol4 i1 p4 #dd71 if 
! leg5ds ( f\r draw+s (      ?is "t are 
to be tru/$2 all are label$             
,p5nsylvania1 &      be> ! foll[+ dates3
 ,swamp ,sp>r[1 ,m>*1 #ahab2 ,spott$    
,s&pip]1 ,april #bb1 #ahab2 ,:ite-?roat$
 ,sp>r[1 ,april #bd1      #ahab2 &      
,:ippoorwill1 ,may #g1 #ahab4       #bag
 ,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4 
#b71 vol4 i1 p4      #ha4 ,9 8          
biographical sket* ( #ahce ,audubon said
 t ?is      occurr$ on 8 fir/ return f  
,/e4 ,g5evive to ,h5d]son      79       
#ahaa71 a contradiction *>act]i/ic ( 8  
mann] (      deal+ ) biographical &     
hi/orical details4 ,= an      acc\nt (  

?is ,episode1 see ,*apt] ,,xviii4       
#bah ,= e>ly ref]5ces to ,h5d]son ,i am 
indebt$ ma9ly      to ,edmund ,l4 ,/>l+1
 ,hi/ory ( ,h5d]son ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky    
7,bibl4 ,no4 #ahf71 :o _h access to all 
! t[n & c\nty      records4       #bai  
,9 #ahai1 ! ye> ( ,audubon's dep>ture1  
#abi t[n lots      _h be5 sold1 :ile #bi
 _h be5 giv5 to privileg$ p]sons      or
 to prospective settl]s4       #bbj     
,accord+ to ! t[n records1 z quot$ by   
,/>l+1      on ,decemb] #bb1 #ahac1     
,audubon pur*as$ lots numb]s #ie      & 
#if1 :i* 7 "o-half ( ! squ>e ly+ on !   
we/      side ( ,?ird ,/reet & betwe5   
,gre5 & ,elm ,/reets1 f      ,g5]al     
,samuel ,hopk9s1 ag5t ( ! ,messrs4      
,ri*>d ,h5d]son       ,company2 on      
,septemb] #c1 #ahad1 he b\ght lots      
numb]s #ia      & #ib1 or "o-half ( !   
squ>e on ! we/ side ( ,second           
,/reet1 betwe5 ,gre5 & ,elm4 ,! mill    
site on ! ,ohio ,riv]      0 a "p ( ! l&
 giv5 to ,h5d]son by ! ,transylvania    
,company1 ! orig9al own]s ( a l>ge "p ( 

,k5tucky2      ?is site 0 leas$ = #ii   
ye>s to ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon1 0 sold      & 
resold1 b rev]t$ to ! city ( ,h5d]son 9 
#aiae4      ,9 ! latt] ye> ! project 0  
broa*$ ( obta9+ !      orig9al mill     
site1 toge!r ) adjo9+ prop]ty along !   
riv]1 & conv]t+ ! :ole into a public p>k
 d$icat$      to ,audubon4       #bba   
,at a some:at lat] "t ! naturali/       
occupi$ a      "o-/ory frame h\se1 built
 9 #ahad1 :i* /ood at !      corn] (    
,f\r? & ,ma9 ,/reets2 see ,/>l+1 op4    
cit4       #bbb ,see ,note #ae1 ,vol4   
,i1 p4 #abd4       #bbc ,a ,h5d]son     
correspond5t ( ,joseph ,m4 ,wade1 "u !  
signature ( ,w4 ,s4 ,j41 ,augu/ #h1     
#ahhc1 gave ! foll[+      acc\nt ( !    
/ructure4 ,! orig9al mill cov]$ =ty-five
      by sixty-five feet1 & consi/$ (   
f\r /ories &      basem5t2 ! basem5t    
walls ( /one /ood f\r feet ?ick1        
:ile at ! ?ird /ory ! ?ickness 0 ?ree   
feet2 !      ?ree upp] /ories 7 9 frame4
 ,! /udd+ measur$      ?ree by six1 & ! 
raft]s f\r by eight1 in*es4 ,_m      ( !

 l>ge timb]s t c\ld !n be se5 7 s\nd    
& app>5tly good = a c5tury or m4 ,p>ts (
 ! old      ma*9]y t _h be5 us$ 9 ! gri/
 mill 7 ly+      ab\t "u ! eaves2 !     
build+ 0 !n us$ z a tobacco      /emm]y4
 ,see ,joseph ,m4 ,wade 7,bibl4 ,no4    
#ahb71 ,orni?ologi/      & ,ologi/1 vol4
 viii1 p4 #gi 7#ahhc74       ,! old     
,audubon mill 9 m rec5t times 0         
incorporat$      into a w>eh\se = !     
/orage ( leaf tobacco2 x 0      burn$ to
 ! gr\nd on ,m>* #ah1 #aiac4       #bbd 
,! mill is suppos$ to h co/ ab\t        
#ae1jjj2 ( ?is      sum ,?omas ,pe>s is 
said to h contribut$ f #c1jjj to        
#d1jjj1 & ,william ,bakewell a simil>   
am\nt 9 ! int]e/      ( 8 son1 :ile     
,audubon presumably furni%$ ! balance4  
#bbe ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 op4 cit41 vol4 
i1 p4 #dg4       #bbf ,9 8 j\rnal (     
#ahbj ,audubon said t aft] !            
)drawal ( ,bakewell1 m5 ) :om ,i _h long
 be5      associat$ (f]$ me a p>tn]%ip4 
,i accept$1 & a      small ray ( light  
appe>$ 9 my bus9ess1 b a revolution     

occasion$ by a numb]less quantity (     
failures put all to an      end4        
#bbg ,"o ( ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon  ,company's 
bills is "h      reproduc$ f ,/>l+1 op4 
cit4       ,to ! ,presid5t & ,directors 
( ! ,bank ( ,h5d]son to         ,h5d]son
 /eam mill3         ,to ?ree pieces (   
scantl+1 #ef feet1 #d c       #b4eb     
,to t5 pieces ( scantl+1 #cd feet       
----         ,to sixty raft]s1 #gad     
feet1 at #d c                #bh4ef     
,to five pieces scantl+1 #dj feet1 at #c
 c          #a4bj         ,to fifte5    
joi/s 81 #bgh feet1 at #f c             
#af4ga                                  
------                 ,j4 ,j4 ,audubon 
,co4                    #dh4ii          
#bbh ,accord+ to ,w4 ,g4 ,bakewell1     
,bakewell-,page-,campbell      7,bibl4  
,no4 #bjj71 ,?omas ,bakewell sold 8     
int]e/ 9 !      /ore & mill to ,audubon 
9 #ahag1 b ?is is contradict$      by   
o!r acc\nts4 ,= ! incid5t :i* foll[s1   
see ,m>ia      ,r4 ,audubon1 op4 cit41  
vol4 i1 p4 #cd4       #bbi ,see ,dixon  

,l4 ,m]ritt 7,bibl4 ,no4 #bbf;a71       
,audubon 9      ,k5tucky1 ,!            
,taylor-,trotwood ,magaz9e1 vol4 #aj    
7#aiji71 p4      #bic4       #bcj ,?omas
 ,bakewell lat] became a successful     
build] (      /eamboats1 fir/ at        
,pittsburgh1 & aft] #ahbd at ,c9c9nati1 
:]e he 0 an important factor 9 ! ris+   
comm]ce ( !      ,ohio ,valley1 & :]e he
 left 8 m>k on ! hi/ory ( t      city4  
,z a !oretical me*anic 9 iron & wood he 
is said to      h _h no sup]ior2 8      
bus9ess 0 ne>ly de/roy$ 9 !      panic (
 #ahcg1 & he nev] rega9$ 8 f9ancial     
position4      ,to 8 cr$it also x mu/ be
 add$ t 9 #ahfj1 at ! age      (        
sev5ty-two1 he began at ! bottom ( !    
ladd] aga9 by      engag+ z a cl]k ) a  
pap] company at ,c9c9nati1 &1           
refus+ ! pr(f]$ aid ( 8 *ildr51 he did n
 give up      "w until 8 eightie? ye>1  
sev5 ye>s be=e 8 dea?      9 #ahgd4 ,see
 ,w4 ,g4 ,bakewell1                     
,bakewell-,page-,campbell 7,bibl4       
,no4 #bjj74       #bca ,audubon 0 n s   

accurate :5 9 8 biographical      sket* 
( #ahce he said3 ,f9ally ,i paid e bill1
 &      at la/ left ,h5d]son probably   
=ev]4441 = :5 at      ,*>le/on ) ,ba*man
 9 #ahcd1 "o ( 8 =m] cr$itors           
attempt$ to sue him = debt & app>5tly   
c>ri$ 8 case      to c\rt4 ,:5 ,ba*man  
ask$ = an explanation1 ,audubon wrote   
f ,new ,york1 ,april #e1 #ahcd1 z       
foll[s3 ,respect+ !      suit let me    
tell y 444 t ,i w5t to ,gaol at         
,l\isville      aft] hav+ giv5 up all to
 my cr$itors1 & t ,i took      ! b5efit 
( ! act ( insolv5cy at ! ,l\isville     
,c\rt ,h\se1 ,k5tucky1 be=e ,judge      
,=tunatus ,crosby  _m      witnesses1 & 
t a copy ( ! record ( t /ep c           
easily be _h f t c\rt4444 ,i wi% fri5d  
,donk9 to      d all he c to put a      
,conclusion--/op to ?is matt]1 =      x 
makes me sick at he>t4 ,! lawy] "h      
ref]r$ to 0      probably ,judge ,dunk91
 fri5d ( ,ba*man & di/+ui%$      9 8    
pr(ession1 :o _h a plantation at        
,waccamaw1 ne>      ,*>le/on1 ,s\?      

,c>ol9a 7see ,*apt] ,,xxvii1 ,vol4 ,,ii1
 p4 #fd47       #bcb ,see ,*apt] ,,ix1  
p4 #fc4       #bcc ,= complete text ( ^!
 wills1 9 ! orig9al1 ,see      ,app5dix 
,i1 ,docum5ts #ac-ah4       #bcd ,see   
,note #d1 ,vol4 ,i1 p #bg4 ,! suit      
br\ght by ^!      pla9tiffs 0 bas$ ^u a 
,fr5* law1 :i* at t "t      deb>r$ a    
natural *ild f inh]it+ prop]ty4         
#bce ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4 ,no4      #hf71 vol i1 
pp4 iii & #acj4       #bcf ,lucy ,b4    
,audubon1 ed41 ,! ,life ( ,john ,james  
,audubon      7,bibl4 ,no4 #gc71 p4 #ee4
       #bcg ,see ,*apt] ,,viii1 p4 #aba4
       #bch ,see ,*apt] ,,ii1 pp4 #cc & 
#cd4       #bci ,f ,g4 ,l4 du           
,puigaudeau's copy ( 8 lett] to ,john   
,james ,audubon 7at ,h5d]son71 dat$     
,c\ron1 ,augu/ #ae1      #ahai1         
translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 7,lavigne ,,mss47  
#bdj ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fd4       #bda  
,?is1 & ! lett] to foll[1 translat$ f   
,gabriel      du ,puigaudeau's copies4  
7,lavigne ,,mss47       #bdb ,?is       

ref]5ce is evid5tly to ! litigation ov] 
,lieut5ant ,audubon's w & ! f9al        
disposition ( 8      e/ate4       #bdc  
,x 0 ?\ght t ,victor _h come to settle !
      family's f9ancial affairs1 & 8    
uncle & aunt ask$      if ?is 7 ! case2 
he repli$ t x 0 n1 t !      *ildr5 (    
,jean ,audubon :o 7 9 ,am]ica _h tak5 _!
      %>e ( ! prop]ty 9 t c\ntry1 :ile  
^? 9 ,france      _h !irs 9 ,france2 he 
consid]$ t all 0 settl$1      b if      
,rosa's *ildr5 wi%$ = any money1 !y _h b
 to      ask = x1 & ! heirs 9 ,am]ica   
w\ld s5d !m :at      !y desir$2 !       
subject 0 !n dropp$4 ,a consid]able     
correspond5ce foll[$ ?is visit1 b !     
lett]s 7      all de/roy$ ab\t          
tw5ty-five ye>s ago by ,monsieur du     
,puigaudeau1 :5 putt+ 8 effects 9 ord]4 
,?is acc\nt      is giv5 on ! au?ority (
 ,monsieur ,lavigne4       #bdd ,^!     
passages1 :i* 7 %[n to me by 8          
gr&daught]1 ,miss ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 9 
#aiad1 b n =      publication1 occur 9 8
 j\rnals "u ! foll[+ dates2      ,june  

#d1 #ahbf1 at sea2 ,m>* #ae1 #ahbg1 at  
,ed9burgh1 aft]      describ+ a visit ( 
,lady ,selkirk & h] daught]2 aga9       
on ! #ah? ( ,m>* ( ! same or ! foll[+   
ye>2 &      on ,octob] #h1 #ahbh1 :5    
writ+ to 8 wife f ,p>is &      reflect+ 
on ! advisability ( visit+ 8 old home at
      ,nantes4 ,:ile ^! extraord9>y     
passages are n quot$1      out ( def]5ce
 to ! wi%es ( 8 gr&daught]s1 x          
seems only j to ,audubon1 9 view ( !    
revelations t      h already be5 made1  
to add ?is brief ref]5ce to !           
incid5ts 9 "q4       #bde ,?is /atem5t 0
 made to me 9 #aiad by ,miss ,m>ia ,r4  
,audubon4       #bdf ,see ,note1 ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #bg4       #bdg ,9 ! fir/ ?ree   
volumes only ( ! ,orni?ological         
,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4 #b71 be+ omitt$ 
f ! la/ two on      acc\nt ( ! exig5cies
 ( space4       #bdh ,orni?ological     
,biography1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bgj4          
#bdi ,:ile ! object ( ?is visit is n    
m5tion$ 9 !      ,episode1 x is /at$ 9 !
 second biographical sket*2      !      

ambiguities connect$ ) ! sale ( ?is f>m1
 9 :i*      o!rs besides ,audubon 7 !n  
int]e/$1 are discuss$ 9      ,*apt]     
,,xi4       #bej ,v9c5t ,nolte1 ,fifty  
,ye>s 9 ,bo? ,hemisph]es 7,bibl4        
,no4 #agf74       #bea ,see ,*apt]      
,,xxi1 p4 #ceb4       #beb ,lime/one or1
 z x 0 lat] call$1 ,maysville1 0 on     
! left bank ( ! riv]1 9 ,k5tucky1 & ab\t
 a hundr$      miles ea/ ( ,c9c9nati4   
#bec ,! ,e>?quake1 ,orni?ological       
,biography1 vol4 i1      p4 #bci4       
#bed ,^! hi/oric e>?quakes1 :i* 7 mo/   
de/ructive      ( life & prop]ty 9 ! l[]
 ,mississippi ,valley1 began      on    
,decemb] #af1 #ahaa1 & !re=e be=e       
,audubon & ,nolte      _h rea*$ ! we/]n 
c\ntry4 ,!y 7 not$ = _!      rem>kable  
frequ5cy & p]si/5ce1 #bba %ocks hav+ be5
      record$ 9 a s+le week at ,h5d]son1
 ,audubon's home at      t "t2 ?\gh _!  
=ce 0 mo/ly sp5t aft] ! fir/      ?ree  
mon?s1 !y did n :olly die away 9 ! ,ohio
 ,valley      until ,decemb] #ab1 #ahac1
 :5 ! la/ feeble vibration 0            

record$ by ,dr4 ,daniel ,drake at       
,c9c9nati2 ! wor/ %ocks      at ?is po9t
 7 exp]i5c$ on ,decemb] #af1 #ahaa1 on  
,janu>y #bc & ,febru>y #g1 #ahab4 ,see  
,daniel ,drake1 ,natural      &         
,/ati/ical ,view ( ,c9c9nati1 & ! ,miami
 ,valley2 )      an app5dix1 conta9+    
obs]vations on ! late ,e>?quakes1       
7,c9c9nati1 #ahae72 & ,edmund ,l4 ,/>l+1
 ,hi/ory (      ,h5d]son ,c\nty1        
,k5tucky 7,bibl4 ,no4 #ahf74       #bee 
,! ,hurricane1 ,orni?ological           
,biography1 vol4 i1 p4      #bfb4       
#bef ,james ,hall 7,bibl4 ,no4 #abc71   
,we/]n ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1      vol4 ii   
7#ahcd74       #beg ,! ,regulators1     
,orni?ological ,biography1 vol4 i1      
p4 #aje4       #beh ,colonel ,boone1    
ibid41 vol4 i1 p4 #ejc4       #bei ,see 
,*apt] ,v1 p #hh4       #bfj ,!         
,prairie1 ,orni?ological ,biography1    
vol4 i1 p4      #ha4       #bfa ,john   
,burr\ghs1 ,john ,james ,audubon 7,bibl4
 ,no4 #hg71 p4      #cg4       #bfb ,see
 ,hi/ory ( ,sutton1 ,new ,hamp%ire1     

compil$ by      ,augu/us ,h>vey ,wor!n1 
pt4 ,i 7,concord1 #ahij74       #bfc ,! 
,ecc5tric ,naturali/1 ,orni?ological    
,biography      7,bibl4 ,no4 #b71 vol4  
i1 p4 #dee4       #bfd ,= !             
*>act]ization ( ,raf9esque giv5 9 !     
pres5t *apt] ,i am *iefly indebt$1 aside
 f 8 own      writ+s1 to 8 two mo/      
sympa!tic biograph]s1 ,ri*>d            
,ellswor? ,call & ,t4 ,j4 ,fitzpatrick1 
z well z to ,david      ,/>r ,jordan2   
see ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #aih1 #bbh1 &  
#ahc4      ,fitzpatrick gives           
photographic reproductions f            
,raf9esque's      exce$+ly div]si=m &   
scatt]$ works2 8 bibliographic          
titles ext5d to #ici1 & ,raf9esquiana to
 #acd4       #bfe ,at ,pal]mo1 said     
,swa9son1 ,i _h ! pleasure (      meet+ 
444 ,raf9esque ,s*maltz1 ^: fir/ "n is  
famili>      to mo/ zologi/s4 ,9 !      
society ( su* cong5ial m9ds1 ,i         
pass$ _m happy h\rs1 & made _m          
delightful excursions      444 by !     
inducem5t ( ! latt]1 ,i 0 l$ to         

inve/igate      ! i*?yology ( ! we/]n   
coa/4 7,see ,bibliography1 ,no4         
#agj47       #bff ,see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4    
#aga & #ccf4       #bfg ,see ,david ,/>r
 ,jordon 7,bibl4 ,no4 #ahc71 ,popul>    
,sci5ce      ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxix 7#ahhf74
 ,! true /ory ( ?is practical      joke 
0 told me by ! v5]able ,dr4 ,kirtl&1 :o 
9 turn      receiv$ x f ,dr4 ,ba*man2 ! 
latt]1 ,i might add1 0      ! fri5d &   
correspond5t ( ! ,sage ( ,rockport aft] 
a visit at 8 home ne> ,clevel& 9 ! summ]
 ( #aheb4      ,9 ! private notebooks ( 
,raf9esque copies ( ,audubon's          
draw+s are /ill to be se51 & a glance at
 ^!1 said      ,dr4 ,jordon1 is         
suffici5t to %[ ! ext5t to :i* sci5ce   
?r\gh him has be5 victimiz$4            
,audubon 0 also responsible = a numb] ( 
extraord9>y      new species ( birds1 ! 
mo/ notori\s ( :i* 0 !                  
,sc>let-head$ ,swall[1 ( :i* ,raf9esque 
publi%$ !      foll[+ acc\nt 9 #ahbj3   
,hirundo ph5icephala4 ,head      sc>let1
 back gray1 belly :ite1 bill & feet     

black4 ,a f9e      & r>e swall[ se5 only
 once by ,mr4 ,audubon ne> ,h5d]son1    
,k5tucky4444 ,see ,samuel ,n4 ,rhoads1  
,con/ant9e ,s4 ,raf9esque      z an     
,orni?ologi/1 ,cass9ia1 ,no4 ,,xv       
7,philadelphia1 #aiaa74       #bfh ,!   
,we/]n ,review & ,miscellane\s ,magaz9e1
      ,lex+ton1 #ahai-bj4       #bfi    
,i*?yologia ,ohi5sis1 or ,natural       
,hi/ory ( ! ,fi%es      inhabit+ ! ,riv]
 ,ohio & its tribut>y ,/reams1 prec$$   
by a physical description ( ! ,ohio &   
its bran*es4 ,by      ,c4 ,s4           
,raf9esque1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany &       
,natural ,hi/ory 9      ,transylvania   
,univ]sity1 ,au?or ( ! ,analysis (      
,nature1      c4 c4 ,memb] ( ! ,lit]>y &
 ,philosophical ,society (              
,new-,york1 ! ,hi/orical ,society (     
,new-,york1 ! ,lyceum (      ,natural   
,hi/ory ( ,new-,york1 ! ,academy (      
,natural ,sci5ces      ( ,philadelphia1 
! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 !      
,royal      ,in/itute ( ,natural        
,sci5ces ( ,naples1 ! ,italian ,society 

( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ! ,m$ical ,societies
 ( ,lex+ton &      ,c9c9nati1 c4 c4     
,! art ( see+ well1 or ( notic+ &       
di/+ui%+      ) accuracy ! objects :i*  
we p]ceive1 is a high faculty      ( !  
m9d1 unfold$ 9 few individuals1 &       
despis$ by      ^? :o c nei!r acquire x1
 nor appreciate its results4            
,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky3 pr9t$ = ! au?or by  
,w4 ,g4 ,hunt4      7,price "o doll>47  
7,pp4 #a-ij4 ,lex+ton1 #ahbj47          
,fitzpatrick 7see ,bibliography1 ,no4   
#bbh7 gives a li/ ( #ad      copies (   
?is "w1 ! :]eab\ts ( :i* are kn[n2 we   
c add ano!r f ! libr>y ( ,dr4 ,j>$ ,p4  
,kirtl&1      n[ 9 ! collections (      
,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity2 x is         
b\nd up ) ,dr4 ,kirtl&'s notebook on    
birds & fi%es1 &      label$ ,scraps (  
,natural ,hi/ory4 ,my ,note ,book2 a    
writt5      notice on ! inside ( ! cov]1
 implor+ ! f9d] to      return ! volume 
to its own] if lo/1 is sign$ by ,dr4    
,kirtl& & dat$ ,clevel&1 ,o41 ,oct4     
#af?1 #ahci4 ,probably      few] ?an #bj

 orig9al copies ( ! "w n[ exi/4 ,x 0    
reproduc$ 9 a limit$ edition1 ) a sket* 
( ,raf9esque's      life & works by     
,ri*>d ,ellswor? ,call1 publi%$ by !    
,burr[s ,bro!rs' ,company ( ,clevel& 9  
#ahii4       #bgj ,probably n be=e      
,octob] ( t ye>1 :5 ,audubon      fir/  
met ,john ,ba*man1 at ,*>le/on1 ,s\?    
,c>ol9a4       #bga ,reply to a         
criticism ( ,g4 ,w4 ,fea!r/onhaugh      
7,! ,mon?ly ,am]ican ,j\rnal (          
,geological ,sci5ce71 9                 
,raf9esque's ,atlantic ,j\rnal & ,fri5d 
( ,k1 ,no4      #c1 p4 #aac             
7,philadelphia1 #ahcb74 ,raf9esque      
occasionally spoke      ( meet+ my fri5d
 ,audubon1 :o1 he decl>$1 _h invit$     
him to jo9 8 exp$ition to ,florida 9    
#ahca-cb4       #bgb ,isaac ,lea1 9 ,a  
,synopsis ( ! ,family ( ,naiades1       
pp4 #h-i 7,philadelphia1 #ahcf74        
#bgc ,see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bjd4     
#bgd ,! l&lord1 to :om ,raf9esque _h be5
 9 arre>s =      r5t1 _h lock$ 8 body 9 
! room & refus$ p]mission      = its    

burial1 ?9k+ to f9d a m>ket = x 9 "o ( !
      m$ical s*ools ( ! city4 ,raf9esque
 0 buri$ 9 a little      *ur*y>d1 !n    
outside ( ! limits ( ! city1 kn[n z     
,ronaldson's cemet]y1 n[ at ,n9? &      
,ca?>9e ,/reets4 ,see      ,call &      
,fitzpatrick1 ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #aih 
& #bbh4       #bge ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1  
,audubon & 8 ,j\rnals 7,bibl4 ,no4      
#hf71 vol4 i1 p4 #cf4       #bgf ,ibid41
 vol4 i1 p4 #di4       #bgg ,dr4 ,daniel
 ,drake 7#aghe-aheb7 0 "o ( ! mo/       
v]satile & prolific writ]s on m$ic9e :i*
 ! ,we/ has      ev] produc$1 &         
,c9c9nati ow$ to him mu*1 = he 0        
in/rum5tal 9 organiz+ 9 t city a *ur*1 a
 lit]>y      society1 a museum1 a       
hospital1 a college1 & a s*ool (        
m$ic9e1 :ile he enjoy$ a l>ge m$ical    
practice1 lectur$      on botany1 & 0 a 
p>tn] 9 two m]cantile e/abli%m5ts4      
,we might also add t 8 ,notice conc]n+  
,c9c9nati 7pp4      #a-bh1 i-iv4 ,pr9t$ 
= ! au?or at ,c9c9nati1 #ahaj71 (       
:i* only ?ree copies are kn[n to exi/1  

is ! e>lie/      & r>e/ publi%$ record (
 t city4 ,?is little pamphlet           
includ$ a ,flora ( ! city = #ahji1 & f x
 we      transcribe ?is int]e/+ extract 
7p4 #bg73 ,may #aj4 ,black      locu/ 9 
full fl[]4       ,x is highly probable t
 ! fl[]+ ( ?is beautiful      tree1 !   
,rob9ia pseudocacia ( ,l9nu1 indicates !
 prop]      "t = plant+ ! important     
vegetable ! ,indian corn4 ,=      sev]al
 successive ye>s ,i h obs]v$ our f>m]s  
g5]ally      to plant corn dur+ "s /age 
( its fl[]+4 ,?is f      ! #aj? to !    
#bj? ( ,may4       ,= ! privilege (     
exam9+ "o ( ! orig9al copies (      ?is 
pap]1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,wallace ,h4
 ,ca?c>t ( !      ,we/]n ,res]ve        
,hi/orical ,society ( ,clevel&4         
#bgh ,see ,audubon's lett] to ,?omas    
,sully1 reproduc$ 9 ,vol4      ,,ii1 p4 
#fh4 ,9 8 ,ohio & ,mississippi ,riv]s   
,j\rnal ,audubon      wrote on ,april   
#e1 #ahba3 ,cap4 ,cumm+ left u on ! #aj 
=      ,phila2 ! poor man _h n "o c5t ) 
him4       #bgi ,?is e>ly j\rnal fills a

 l>ge unrul$ book1 measur+      ab\t #ac
 by #h in*es1 ( #bja pages1 beg9n+ )    
,oct4      #ab1 #ahbj1 & clos+ )        
,decemb] #ca1 #ahba2 x =ms a      "p ( !
 ,john ,e4 ,?ay] collection ( ,audubon &
 ,wilson      manuscripts & draw+s 9    
possession ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1         
hav+ be5 once includ$ 9 ! e/ate (       
,joseph ,m4 ,wade4 ,!      collection   
embraces f\r e>ly draw+s by ,audubon1   
presumably      at "o "t 9 ! h&s (      
,edw>d ,h>ris 7see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1     
p4 #ahj72 #gc ( ,audubon's orig9al      
lett]s1 compris+ l>gely      8          
correspond5ce ) ,dr4 ,john ,ba*man2 #fj 
lett]s by ,victor      ,g4 ,audubon2 & a
 few by o!r memb]s ( ! naturali/'s      
family4 ,see ! ,annual ,report ( !      
,curator ( ! ,museum      ( ,comp>ative 
,zoology = #aiaj-aiaa4       ,?r\gh !   
c\rtesy ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,l4 ,m>k1 & !   
,director      ( ! ,museum1 ,dr4 ,samuel
 ,h5%aw1 ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to      exam9e
 ^! num]\s docum5ts4 ,9 any direct or   
casual      ref]5ce to ?is valuable     

mat]ial1 ,i h endeavor$ n to      ov]/ep
 ! b\nds ( propriety1 9 view ( ! fact t 
!      ,univ]sity contemplates publi%+  
copi\s extracts f x      at an e>ly day4
 ,x %\ld be notic$ t exc]pts f ?is      
j\rnal h already appe>$ 9 pr9t4 ,see    
foll[+ ,note4       #bhj ,see ,ru?v5    
,deane 7,bibl4 ,no4 #da71 ,! ,auk1 vol4 
xxi1      pp4 #ccd-cch4       #bha      
,nat*ez 9 #ahbj & ,! ,lo/ ,portfolio1   
,orni?ological ,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4  
#b71 vol4 iii1 pp4 #ebi      & #efd4    
#bhb ,! orig9al ( ?is admirable draw+ _h
 be5 %ot      at ,new ,madrid1 on !     
,ohio1 on ,novemb] #bc1 & ,audubon1 :o  
imm$iately began to "w on x1 record$ 8  
conviction t      ! ,:ite-head$ or ,bald
 ,eagle & ! ,br[n ,eagle1 :i*      he   
lat] call$ ,! ,bird ( ,wa%+ton1 7 two   
diff]5t      species2 he ?\ght t ! "y ( 
! =m]1 :i* 0      also br[n1 0 mu*      
small] 9 size4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bda4  
#bhc ,^! draw+s 7 z foll[s3             
,common gall9ule2 ,n describ$ by        
,willson2           ,common gull2 ,n    

describ$ by ,willson2           ,m>%    
hawk2           ,boat tail$ grackle2 ,n 
describ$ by ,willson2           ,common 
,cr[2           ,fi% ,cr[2              
,rail or ,sora2           ,m>% ,t]n2    
,snipe2 ,n describ$ by ,willson2        
,h]mit ,?ru%2           ,yell[ ,r$ poll 
,w>bl]2           ,savannah ,f9*2       
,ba? ,gr\nd ,w>bl]2 ,n describ$ by      
,willson2           ,br[n ,pelican2 ,n  
describ$ by ,willson2           ,great  
,foot$ ,hawk2           ,turkey ,h52 ,n 
describ$ by ,willson2                   
,cormorant2           ,c>rion ,cr[ or   
,black ,vulture2           ,imb] ,div]2 
,:ite ,head$ or ,bald ,eagle4       #bhd
 ,v&]lyn1 l ,audubon1 _h be5 a pupil (  
,david at      ,p>is2 he produc$        
hi/orical pa9t+s ( m]it1 z well z       
panoramas1 !n com+ into vogue2 "s ( !   
latt] 7      exhibit$ 9 ! ,rotunda :i*  
he erect$ = t purpose      9 ,city ,hall
 ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 b ?is ent]prise      
fail$1 &      8 build+ 0 seiz$ by ! city
 = debt4 ,v&]lyn di$      9 absolute    

want 9 #aheb4 ,see ,samuel ,i%am1 ,!    
,hi/ory (      ,am]ican ,pa9t+ 7,new    
,york1 #aiae74       #bhe ,bay\1 9      
,l\isiana1 is a t]m commonly appli$ to  
any      sl[-runn+ /ream4 ,accord+ to ! 
tradition ga!r$ on      ! spot by ,mr4  
,/anley ,c4 ,ar?ur1 bo? /ream &         
settlem5t      7 =m]ly call$ ,new       
,val5tia1 :ile ! pres5t "n      0 d]iv$ 
f an old woman call$ ,s>a1 :o _m ye>s   
ago liv$ at ! m\? ( ! ,bay\1 :]e %e     
practic$      "s sort ( spuri\s physic4 
,/4 ,francisville1 on ! hill1           
receiv$ its "n f ! circum/ance t !      
bro!rs      ( ,/4 ,francis1 :o _h a     
mission at ,po9te ,c\pe1 on !           
opposite bank1 7 9 ! habit ( f]ry+ _!   
dead      ov] ! riv]1 9 ord] to bury !m 
on ! high gr\nd2      ,bay\ ,s>a & ,/4  
,francisville are us$ int]*angeably     
by ! inhabitants4 ,see ,s4 ,c4 ,ar?ur   
7,bibl4 ,no4 #bcj71                     
,times-,picayune1 ,new ,orleans1 ,augu/ 
#f1 #aiaf4       #bhf ,on ! orig9al     
draw+ ( ! ,p9e-creep+ ,w>bl]1      ,!   

,birds ( ,am]ica 7,plate cxl71 ! foll[+ 
leg5ds      appe> 9 ,audubon's          
autograph3 ,drawn f ,nature by ,john ,j4
      ,audubon1 ,james ,pirrie's        
,plantation1 ,l\isiana1 ,july #aj1      
#ahba4      ,plant1 ,j4 ,r4 ,mason4     
,sixte5 ( ,audubon's orig9als1 :i* /ill 
be> !      designations ( "t & place1 7 
produc$ dur+ ?is      int]val1 9 ! ye>  
#ahba2 !y embrace ! ,mississippi ,kite  
7,plate cxvii1 see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbh71  
,june #bh2 ,yell[-?roat$      ,vireo    
7,plate cxix71 ,july #aa2 ,r$-cockad$   
,woodpeck] 7,plate      ccclxxxix71     
,july #bi2 ,am]ican ,r$/>t 7,plate xl71 
,augu/      #ac2 ,summ] ,r$-bird 7,plate
 xliv71 ,augu/ #bg2 ,prairie ,w>bl]     
7,plate xiv71 ,sept4 #c2 & ! ,t5nessee  
,w>bl] 7,plate cliv71      ,oct4 #ag4   
#bhg ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 ,plate xxi4   
#bhh ,see ,*apt] ,,xxviii1 p4 #gb4      
#bhi ,! vivaci\s ,miss ,pirrie did n    
m>ry ! "y      doctor1 b elop$ to       
,nat*ez ) ! son ( a neighbor+           
plant]1 :o di$ )9 a mon? 9 consequ5ce ( 

a cold1      said to h be5 contract$ :5 
he wad$ a deep /ream      ) 8 lady-love 
9 8 arms4 ,audubon's pupil 0 ?rice      
m>ri$1 & bore five *ildr52 %e di$ ,april
 #bj1 #ahea1 &      h] a%es n[ re/ by ! 
side ( h] second husb&1 !      ,rev]5d  
,william ,rob]t ,b[man1 ! p>i% m9i/] at 
,/4      ,francisville4 ,see ,ar?ur     
7,bibl4 ,no4 #bcj71 loc4 cit4       #bij
 ,mi/ak5ly writt5 ,br& by ,audubon's    
biograph]s1      accord+ to ,mr4 ,/anley
 ,c4 ,ar?ur1 :o writes t ,braud      is 
a v common "n 9 ,new ,orleans4          
#bia ,fa!r ,antonio de ,s$ella1 popul>ly
 kn[n z ,pre      ,anto9e1 aft] #agia   
pa/or ( ,/4 ,l\is ,ca!dral2 an idol     
( ! p1 b execrat$ by hi/orians4         
,?is s$iti\s prie/ is a ,fa!r ,anto9e2  
he is a great      favorite ( !         
,l\isiana ladies2 has m>ri$ _m ( !m1    
& *ri/5$ all _! *ildr52 he is by "s     
citiz5s      e/eem$ an accompli%$       
hypocrite1 has great influ5ce      ) ! p
 ( color1 &1 report says1 embraces e    
opportunity to r5d] !m discont5t$ "u !  

,am]ican      ,gov]nm5t4 ,executive     
,j\rnal ( ,gov]nor ,claiborne4 ,see     
,*>les ,gay>r1 ,hi/ory ( ,l\isiana1 vol4
 iv1 pp4 #aed-aee      7,new ,orleans1  
#aijc74       #bib ,?is item occurs 9   
,audubon's j\rnal = ,octob] #be2        
,r5t$ a h\se 9 ,dauph9e /reet at sev5te5
 doll>s p]      mon?1 & det]m9$ to br+  
my family to ,new ,orleans4       #bic  
,see ,audubon's lett] to ,sully1 ,vol4  
,,ii1 p4 #fi4       #bid ,n[ 9 !        
collection ( ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,?ay]1      
,lanca/]1      ,mass4       #bie ,mr4   
,/anley ,c4 ,ar?ur1 ^: rec5t visit to   
?is region      has already be5 notic$1 
ga!r$ !re f ! lips (      old resid5ts1 
"s ( :om 7 desc5dants ( ^? :o      _h   
kn[n ! ,audubons1 a /ore ( reliable data
 by :i*      ! hi/ory ( ! naturali/ at  
?is important phase ( 8      life is    
reveal$ 9 its true light2 to him ,i am  
indebt$ =      a s]ies ( excell5t       
photographs ( ! region1 its hi/oric     
h\ses & p1 z well z = mu* ne$$          
in=mation4      ,see ,ar?ur 7,bibl4 ,no4

 #bcj71 loc4 cit4       #bif ,"o ( !    
e>ly /eamboats on ! ,ohio t _h be5      
built at ,pittsburgh1 9 #ahba1 by ,?omas
 ,w4 ,bakewell1 8      bro!r-9-law & =m]
 p>tn]4       #big ,see ,a ,t\gh ,walk =
 a ,y\?1 ,orni?ological      ,biography 
7,bibl4 ,no4 #b71 vol4 iii1 p4 #cga2 &  
,!      ,hospitality ( ! ,woods1 ibid41 
vol4 i1 p4 #chc4       #bih ,?is lady _h
 a rem>kable hi/ory4 ,%e 0 ! wid[      (
 ! ,m>quis de ,sa9t ,pie1 & 0 at "o "t a
 dame      d'honneur ( ,que5 ,m>ie      
,anto9ette2 l _m o!rs (      noble bir?1
 %e _h fl$ f ,p>is dur+ ! ,revolution1  
& emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 :]e ) h] husb& %e
 assum$      ! "n ( ,b]?\d4 ,h] son1    
,ni*olas ,augu/us1 _h m>ri$      ,mrs4  
,audubon's si/]1 ,eliza ,bakewell1 9    
#ahaf4       #bii ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4    
#cjj ,?is 0 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,am]ican 
,orni?ology1 issu$ by ,messrs4 ,coll9s  
,company 9 ,new ,york      & by ,h>rison
 ,hall ( ,philadelphia1 9 ?ree octavo   
volumes1      ) an atlas ( #gf plates   
color$ by h&1 9 #ahbh-i4 ,mr4           

,hall1 :o appe>s to h be5 ! p]son mo/   
int]e/$      f9ancially 9 ?is edition1 0
 a bro!r ( ,james ,hall1      au?or ( a 
notori\s review 9 :i* ?is "w 0 prais$   
at ! exp5se ( ,audubon1 :o 0 vici\sly   
attack$ 7see      ,bibliography1 ,no4   
#abc74 ,fri5ds ( ,audubon repeat$ly     
ass]t$      t z soon z 8 popul>ity &    
success began to *eck      ! sales (    
,wilson's "w1 ,ord & a few o!rs1 aid$ by
      int]e/$ publi%]s1 began a         
sy/ematic s]ies ( attacks1      "s      
notice ( :i* is tak5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 
#cja ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4       #cjb      
,*>les ,luci5 ,jules ,laur5t ,bonap>te1 
,pr9ce (      ,can9o & ,musignano1 !    
elde/ son ( ,luci51 & nephew      (     
,napoleon1 ,bonap>te1 0 born at ,p>is 9 
#ahjc1 & di$      !re 9 #aheg4 ,at ?is  
"t he 0 settl$ ) 8 uncle      &         
fa!r-9-law1 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 =m] ,k+ (
 ,spa91      at ,philadelphia1 & !re &  
at ,bord5t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1      :]e     
,joseph _h an e/ate1 he und]took ! /udy 
(      ,am]ican birds4 ,8 be/ kn[n      

sci5tific works are3 ,am]ican           
,orni?ology1 or ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( !  
,birds ( ! ,unit$      ,/ates1 n ,giv5  
by ,wilson1 #d volumes1 qu>to1 ) #bg    
color$ plates1 ,philadelphia1           
#ahbe-ahcc2 & ,iconographica      della 
,fauna ,italica1 ,rome1 #ahcc-ahda4 ,9  
#ahbh he retir$      to ,italy1 :]e he 0
 devot$ to lit]>y & sci5tific           
pursuits4 ,he 0 an e>ly subscrib] to    
,audubon's ,birds (      ,am]ica1 b _!  
relations 7 some:at /ra9$ on !          
publication ( ! ,orni?ological          
,biography 9 #ahca 7see      ,*apt]     
,,xxix74 ,bonap>te lat] ent]$ politics 9
 ,italy1      & 0 lead] ( ! republican  
p>ty at ,rome 9 #ahdh &      #ahdi2 aft]
 hav+ be5 expell$ f ,france by ! ord] ( 
,l\is ,napoleon1 he 0 p]mitt$ to return 
9 #ahej1 & became      director ( !     
,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is4       ,he 0 
a closet naturali/ r ?an a field /ud5t1 
b      did mu* = ! re=m ( nom5clature4  
,9 8 ,orni?ology      ! numb] ( ,am]ican
 birds 0 rais$ to #cff1 ne>ly "o        

hundr$ hav+ be5 add$ s9ce ! "w ( ,wilson
 0 revis$      by ,ord1 b he add$ only  
two t 7 new1 ,coop]'s ,hawk1            
7,accipit] coop]i71 nam$ aft] ,william  
,coop] ( ,new      ,york1 & ,say's ,phbe
 7,sayornis saya71 d$icat$ to ,?omas    
,say1 & fir/ procur$ by ,titian ,r4     
,peale 9 ! ,rocky      ,m\nta9 di/ricts 
( ! ,f> ,we/4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ important   
te*nical "w1 ! ,conspectus ,g5]um       
,avium1 begun 9 #ahej1      0 incomplete
 at ! "t ( 8 dea?4       #cjc ,william  
,dunlap1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,progress (
 !      ,arts ( ,design 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates 7,bibl4 ,no4 #ei71 vol4 ii1      
p4 #djb 7,new ,york1 #ahcd74       #cjd 
,! ,boat-tail$ ,grackle1 vol4 i1 plate  
iv4       #cje ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h   
suppli$ ,bonap>te lib]ally      ) notes1
 = aft] devot+ fifte5 pages to !        
biography      ( ! ,wild ,turkey1       
,audubon said3 ,a long acc\nt ( ?is     
rem>kable bird has already be5 giv5 9   
,bonap>te's ,am]ican      ,orni?ology1  
volume ,i4 ,z t acc\nt 0 9 a great      

measure      d]iv$ f notes furni%$ by   
myself1 y ne$ n be      surpris$1 good  
read]1 to f9d x (t5 9 accordance )      
! above4 ,orni?ological ,biography      
7,bibl4 ,no4 #b71 vol4 i1      p4 #af4  
#cjf ,edw>d ,h>ris 0 born at ,morri/[n1 
,new ,j]sey1 9      #agii1 :]e he di$ 9 
#ahfc4 ,)\t ! inc5tive to e>n      money
 or ! ambition to acquire fame1 he liv$ 
! life (      a g5tleman ( leisure1     
devot$ to natural hi/ory1 to sport      
& to ! cultivation ( 8 pat]nal acres4   
,he _h ! gift      ( fri5d%ip1 0 widely 
travel$1 wrote *>m+ lett]s1      & kept 
c>eful records ( 8 obs]vations1 b r>ely 
publi%$ any?+4 ,! bre$+ ( f9e /ock 0 "o 
(      8 hobbies1 & z a result ( a      
j\rney to ,europe 9 #ahci1      :5 he   
visit$ a horse fair 9 ,norm&y1 he is    
cr$it$ )      hav+ fir/ introduc$ !     
,norman bre$ into ,am]ica4 ,!           
b5efic5t results ( 8 quiet1 unobtrusive 
life1 says an      appreciative         
biograph]1 rea* d[n to our "t1 &1 aft]  
half a c5tury1 we are glad t ,edw>d     

,h>ris liv$4 ,see      biographical     
sket* by ,george ,sp5c] ,morris1 9      
,cass9ia1      vol4 vi 7,philadelphia1  
#aijb74       #cjg ,see ,*apt] ,,xii1 p4
 #agi4       #cjh ,writt5 by ,dr4       
,edmund ,port] ( ,fr5*t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 
to ,dr4 ,?omas ,m9] ( ,haddam1          
,connecticut1 on ,octob] #be1           
#ahbe4 ,see ,witm] ,/one1 ,"s           
,philadelphia ,orni?ological            
,collections & ,collectors1 #aghd-ahej1 
,! ,auk1 vol4 xvi      7,new ,york1     
#ahii74       #cji ,?omas ,sully        
7#aghc-ahgb71 ,engli%man by bir?1 :o _h 
come to ,am]ica at an e>ly age1 & l     
,audubon _h wag$      a bitt] /ruggle   
be=e success 0 a*iev$1 became "o (      
! fir/ portrait pa9t]s ( ! e>ly ,am]ican
 ,s*ool4       ,9 #ahca ,sully wrote to 
,audubon t 8 success 9 ,engl&      &    
,france _h *>m$ all ( 8 fri5ds 9        
,am]ica1 t      x 0 l a p]sonal triumph 
to !m1 & t x w\ld      soon sil5ce 8 few
 rema9+ enemies2 ,be true to y\rself1   
,audubon1 he add$1 & nev] d\bt (        

success4 ,x has be5      said t :5      
,audubon fir/ came to ,philadelphia 9   
#ahbd he      appli$ to ,sully =        
in/ruction1 say+ t he wi%$ to           
become a portrait pa9t] 7see ,dunlap1   
op4 cit472 aga9 t      he 0 ready to    
sell 8 draw+s to ! highe/ bidd]2 b      
! records ( 8 j\rnals f #ahbj onw>d are 
suffici5tly      consi/5t to %[ :at 8   
purpose really 04       #caj ,= ! favor 
( exam9+ a collection ( int]e/+         
autograph lett]s writt5 to ,audubon 9   
,europe & ,am]ica1      "s ( :i* are "h 
reproduc$1 ,i am indebt$ to !           
k9dness ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,h[l&1 secret>y
 ( ! ,buffalo      ,society ( ,natural  
,sci5ces4 ,?is note 0 writt5 on a n>r[  
/rip ( manila-color$ draw+ pap]4        
#caa ,see ,*apt] ,,xi4       #cab ,see  
,bibliography1 ,nos4 #ae & #af4         
#cac ,see ,lucy ,audubon1 ed41 ,life (  
,john ,james ,audubon1 !      ,naturali/
 7,bibl4 ,no4 #gc71 p4 #ajg4       #cad 
,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bai4       #cae      
,probably fir/ publi%$ 9 a newspap]1 &  

repr9t$      9 pamphlet =m1 dat$ ,april 
#i1 #ahdf2 see ,bibliography1      ,no4 
#db4       #caf ,miss ,j5nett ,b5$ict 9 
#ahcf became ,mrs4 ,butts2 !      crayon
 portrait :i* ,audubon made at ?is "t 0 
c>efully      treasur$ by h] daught]1 ! 
late ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,a4      ,/]l+1 (   
,clevel&1 ,ohio1 to ^: k9dness ,i am    
indebt$      = ! privilege ( reproduc+  
x4 ,?is orig9al draw+1      :i* is      
presumably a fair specim5 ( ,audubon's  
it9]ant      portraiture1 0 made on a   
%eet ( buff1 wat]-m>k$ pap]1      #ad by
 #aj in*es 9 dim5sions2 x 0 outl9$ 9    
p5cil1      & c>efully f9i%$ 9          
crayon-po9t2 its leg5d ,j4 ,j4          
,audubon-#ahbd1 0 ins]t$ 9 p5cil1 9 a v 
f9e h&      at ! l[] m>g9 ( ! sket*4 ,! 
,colson /ore 0 at      ! corn] ( ,wat]  
,/reet & s\? ( ,*]ry ,alley4 ,= an      
acc\nt ( ?is incid5t ,i am indebt$ to   
,mrs4 ,/]l+1 &      to an article 9 !   
,tribune ,republican1 ( ,meadville1 =   
,febru>y #g1 #aijg4       #cag          
,orni?ological ,biography1 vol4 i1 p4   

xi4       #cah ,! ,jeanes ,,mss42 see   
,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahj4       #cai    
,%ipp+ ,port1 z ! village bel[ ! rapids 
or      falls ( ! ,ohio 0 !n call$1 0   
jo9$ to ,l\isville by      ! ,l\isville 
& ,portl& ,canal1 a *annel two & "o-half
      miles long1 9 #ahcj1 two ye>s aft]
 ! city receiv$ its      *>t]4 ,!       
,l\isville or ,portl& cem5t1 a "n n[    
appli$ to ! product ( a consid]able     
di/rict1 0 fir/      manufactur$ at     
,%ipp+ ,port1 9 #ahbi1 = ! con/ruction  
( ?is canal4       #cbj ,audubon's #ahbf
 manuscript j\rnal1 :i* ,i exam9$       
?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,miss ,m>ia ,r4       
,audubon 9 #aiad1 0      writt51 mo/ly 9
 p5cil1 9 a rul$ blank book1 ( simil>   
size & quality to t us$ on ! ,ohio ,riv]
 9 #ahbj-ba      7see ,note1 p4 #cjg71 &
 0 illu/rat$ ) a numb] (      p5cil     
sket*es1 *iefly ( fi%es4 ,on page #b 0 a
 r\gh      outl9e sket* ( fir/ mate ,sam
 ,l4 ,bragdon1 ( ,wells1 ,ma9e1         
read+ 9 ! booby hat*2 to 8 k9dness      
,audubon paid      a writt5 tribute2 !re

 0 also a draw+ ( a ,balacuda           
,b>rac\ta ,fi%1 ,june #ag1 #ahbf2 ( a   
,%>k1 #g ft4 long2      (f ,cuba1 ,jn4  
#ah 7see reproduction72 & ( a ,dolph92  
,gulph ( ,florida1 ,may #bh2 o!r sket*es
 7 ( a l9e or      ?read-w9d]1 a ,fly+  
,fi%1 & outl9es ( ! ,cuban      coa/4   
,audubon pres5t$ a sket* ( ! ,dolph9 to 
,capta9 ,hat*1      ^: vessel1 ! ,delos1
 w5t d[n on ! ,gr& ,banks (             
,newf\ndl& 9 ! summ] ( #ahca1 b n until 
h] crew &      valuables _h be5         
transf]r$ to ano!r boat t /ood by4      
7,= ?is note ,i am indebt$ to ,miss     
,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon47       #cba         
,address$ ,g5]al ,lafayette1            
,p>is ou ,lagrange4       ,translat$ f !
 ,fr5* orig9al1 k9dly s5t to me by ,mr4 
,ru?v5 ,deane4       #cbb ,= an acc\nt (
 ,audubon's meet+ ) ,nolte see          
,*apt] ,,xviii4       #cbc ,dr4 ,?omas  
,/u>t ,traill1 aft] :om "o ( our common 
flycat*]s 0 nam$1 0 a f\nd] ( ! ,royal  
,in/itution      at ,liv]pool1 & lat] a 
pr(essor ( m$ical jurisprud5ce      at  

,ed9burgh4 ,:5 ! keep]%ip ( ! ,dep>tm5t 
(      ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum became vacant ?r\gh      !      
resignation ( ,dr4 ,lee* 9 #ahbb1 ,dr4  
,traill support$      ,william ,swa9son 
= ! position2 :5 ,george ,j4 ,*ildr5    
receiv$ ! appo9tm5t1 he 0 dis9cl9$ to   
accept defeat1      & ent]$ ^u a crusade
 aga9/ ! ,museum's tru/ees 9 a          
s]ies ( anonym\s articles contribut$ to 
! ,ed9burgh      & ,we/m9/] ,reviews4   
,traill's exposure ( ! neglect      :i* 
! natural-hi/ory collections _h suff]$ 9
 !      cu/ody ( ! ,briti% ,museum pav$ 
! way to a sep>ate      ,dep>tm5t (     
,zoology1 :i* 9 ! able h&s ( ,john ,e4  
,gray1 & lat] 9 ^? ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51  
l$ to !      pres5t great ,museum (     
,natural ,hi/ory at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4      
#cbd ,9 d$icat+ ! ,sylvia ra?bonia      
,audubon said3 ,7      ,i at lib]ty "h  
to express ! gratitude :i* swells my    
he>t1 :5 ! remembrance ( all ! unm]it$  
k9dness      & unlook$-= fri5d%ip :i* ,i
 h receiv$ f !      ,ra?bones (         

,liv]pool comes to my m9d1 ,i might     
produce a      volume ( ?anks4 ,b ,i mu/
 cont5t myself ) in=m+      y1 t ! small
 tribute ( gratitude :i* x is alone 9   
my p[] to pay1 ,i n[ joyfully accord1 by
 nam+ aft] !m      "o ( ^? birds1 to !  
/udy ( :i* all my ef=ts h      be5      
direct$4 ,i tru/ t future naturali/s1   
reg>dful (      ! feel+s :i* h guid$ me 
9 nam+ ?is species1 w      cont9ue to x 
! "n ( ! ,ra?bone ,w>bl]4       #cbe    
,nam$ aft] ,john ,/ev5s ,h5sl[1         
,pr(essor ( ,botany      9 ! ,univ]sity 
( ,cambridge1 :om ,audubon _h met 9     
#ahbh1      :5 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 /ill 8    
pupil4       #cbf ,?is seal1 ! design ( 
:i* has s9ce be5 adapt$      = a        
bookplate1 0 long 9 use1 & ?\gh at "o "t
 lo/1      is /ill 9 possession ( !     
family4 ,a copy ( ! l>ge      orig9al1  
:i* 0 to s]ve z 8 fir/ plate1 0 pres5t$ 
to ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,liv]pool z an
 ackn[l$gm5t (      its hospitality1 = x
 _h refus$ remun]ation 9 any o!r        
=m4       #cbg ,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 

#cge4       #cbh ,! plates z issu$1     
untrimm$1 measur$ #ci by #bi      in*es2
 see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #a4       #cbi 
,see ,note1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aig4        
,incid5tally x may be      notic$ t !   
tig] swall[tail 9 ?is plate 0           
possibly add$ = effect1 = few ( our     
birds1 :i*      habitually hunt mo?s1   
ev] prey ^u butt]flies4 ,i h      se5 ! 
cabbage butt]fly & a few ( ! small] k9ds
      br\ght to ! ne/s ( ! ,*ebec &     
,wood ,pewee b nev]      a mon>* or     
papilio2 yet "s affirm t ! ,k+bird      
w attack ! mon>*4       #ccj ,translat$ 
f tudes sur la ,littrature et les       
,murs des ,anglo-,am]ica9s au ,x,i,xe   
sicle1 ,audubon1 pp4      #ff-ajf       
7,p>is1 #ahea74 ,phil>te-,*asles1 :o    
wrote *iefly on      ,am]ican1 ,engli% &
 ,european au?ors & books1 has sev5ty   
volumes cr$it$ to him 9 ! ,national     
,libr>y at ,p>is4       #cca ,p4 ,a4    
,cap1 9 ,l',illu/ration = #ahea4 ,cap's 
h9t 0      tak5 by ,eugne ,baz91 :o     
translat$ copi\s selections f      !    

,orni?ological ,biography1 :i* 7 publi%$
 9 two      volumes 9 ,p>is 9 #aheg 7see
 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ch74       #ccb   
,see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4      ,no4 #hf74        
#ccc ,audubon's copy ( ?is oil pa9t+    
rema9$ 9 !      possession ( 8 family   
until a few ye>s ago1 :5 x 0      sold =
 a mu* great] am\nt4 ,x n[ adorns !     
beautiful      orni?ological museum (   
,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,?ay]1 at ,s\?           
,lanca/]1 ,massa*usetts2 x repres5ts a  
cock & h5 turkey      9 life size1      
adapt$ f ! subjects ( 8 two mo/ fam\s   
plates1 & is 9 an admirable /ate (      
pres]vation4 ,mr4      ,?ay]'s          
collection also embraces ,audubon's l>ge
 canvas (      ! ,black ,cocks1 f !     
,edw>d ,h>ris e/ate1 a *>m+      /udy ( 
! ,h5 ,turkey1 ) l&scape sett+1 &1 also 
9 oils1 sev]al small] panels ( ,flick]s 
& ,pass5g]      ,pigeons1 :i*1 if n ! "w
 ( ! naturali/1 are copies      aft] 8  
orig9als1 & possibly made by ,joseph ,b4
 ,kidd4      7,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddf2 & 

= a notice ( ,mr4 ,?ay]'s o!r           
,audubonian draw+s1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbg1
 & ,app5dix ,,ii47       #ccd ,basil    
,hall 7#aghh-ahdd71 not$ = 8 travels 9  
,*9a1      ,korea1 & on ! coa/s ( ,*ili1
 ,p]u & ,mexico1 visit$      ! ,unit$   
,/ates 9 #ahbg-bh2 8 ,travels 9 ,nor?   
,am]ica      appe>$ 9 #ahbi4       #cce 
,see ,*apt] ,,xxviii4       #ccf ,m>ia  
,r4 ,audubon1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjd4
       #ccg ,:i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( 8
 gr&daught]1      ,miss ,m>ia ,r4       
,audubon2 x is sup]scrib$ ,mrs4         
,audubon1 ,/4      ,francisville1 ,bay\ 
,s>ah1 ,l\isville1 p ,wm ,p5n2 x rea*$  
,new ,orleans on ,june #ac1 & is endors$
 z answ]$ on ,june      #bc4       #cch 
,john ,woodh\se ,audubon at ?is "t 0 9 8
 fifte5?      ye>1 & ?is injunction     
reg>d+ ! int]nal anatomy (      birds1  
to :i* orni?ologi/s _h hi!rto paid b    
little      att5tion1 0 giv5 ?ree ye>s  
be=e 8 fa!r made !      acqua9tance (   
,mac,gillivray4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xxx47    
#cci ,see ,*apt] ,,xxv4       #cdj ,!   

"w1 z orig9ally ann\nc$1 0 to appe> 9   
p>ts ( #e plates ea*1 at #b gu9eas a "p1
 & 9 ord] to      di/ribute ! exp5se to 
pur*as]s x 0 expect$ to issue      b #e 
p>ts a ye>4 ,! plates1 to be engrav$ on 
copp]1 7      ( d\ble elephant folio    
size1 & pr9t$ on pap] ( !      f9e/     
quality1 all ! birds & fl[]s to be      
life-size1      & to be c>efully color$ 
by h&1 aft] ! orig9als2      any        
subscrib] 0 at lib]ty to take a "p or ! 
:ole4      ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! prospectus (   
#ahbi1 :5 #aj p>ts _h      be5 publi%$3 
,!re are #djj ,draw+s1 & x is propos$   
t !y %all comprise ,?ree ,volumes1 ea*  
conta9+ #acc      ,plates1 to :i* an    
,index w be giv5 at ! end ( ea*1      to
 be b\nd up ) ! volume4444 ,x w\ld be   
advisable =      ! subscrib] to procure 
a ,portfolio1 to keep ! ,numb]s         
till a volume is complet$4 ,to avoid !  
exp5se entail$      by copyright        
regulations 9 ,engl&1 indices & all o!r 
lett]press 7 ev5tually omitt$2 ! numb] (
 p>ts 0      ext5d$ to #hg1 or #dce     

plates1 & ! numb] ( volumes to      #d1 
a necessity impos$ by ! discov]y ( _m   
new birds1      ev5 aft] ! omission ( ! 
figures ( ! eggs1 :i*      ,audubon _h  
res]v$ = ! close1 & ! undue cr[d+      (
 _m ( 8 f9al plates4 ,! ,prospectus     
issu$ ) !      fir/ volume ( ! text 9   
#ahca conta9$ a li/ ( ! fir/      #ajj  
plates1 toge!r ) extracts ( reviews by  
,cuvi] &      ,swa9son1 & a li/ (       
subscrib]s to ! numb] ( #ahj4 ,=        
fur!r details1 see ,bibliography1 ,no4  
#a1 & ,app5dix ,,iii1      ,no4 #b4     
#cda ,illu/rations ( ,briti%            
,orni?ology1 by ,prideaux      ,john    
,selby4 ,! ,briti% ,museum copy ( ?is "w
 is 9 two      l>ge folio volumes       
7measur+ ab\t #be by #bj in*es71      & 
0 issu$ orig9ally 9 numb]s :i* appe>$ at
      irregul> int]vals4 ,vol4 ,i1      
plates i-iv 7( bills1 heads1      &     
feet71 i-c 7( l& birds72 mo/ ( ! plates 
are by      ,selby1 & _m 7 et*$ by him &
 autograph$1 #ahai-ahba2      plates    
xiv1 xvi1 & xx are by ,capta9 ,r4       

,mit=d1 ^:      home1 ,mit=d ,ca/le1 ne>
 ,morpe?1 ,nor?umb]l&1 0      visit$ by 
,audubon 9 ,april1 #ahbg2 publi%$ at    
,ed9burgh      by ,ar*ibald ,con/able   
,co41 & by ,hur/1 ,rob9son  ,co41       
,london1 #ahbe787-ahbg4 ,volume ,,ii1   
plates i-ciii2 pr9t$ =      !           
,proprietor  publi%$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s1 
,longman1 ,rees1      ,orme1 ,br[n1     
,gre5  ,longman1 ,london2 & ,w4 ,curry1 
,junr4       ,co41 ,dubl91 ,,mdcccxxxiv4
 ,qu>it*1 9 (f]+ a copy 9      #ahhg1 at
 #ee1 /at$ t !re 7 #chc figures1 9 #bba 
color$ plates1 & t ! publi%$ price 0    
#aje4 ,newton      7,diction>y ( ,birds1
 p4 #bg7 says t ! fir/ s]ies (      ^!  
,illu/rations 0 publi%$ 9 cop]ation )   
,sir      ,william ,j>d9e1 9 #c volumes 
( #aej plates1 9 #ahbg-ahce1      aft]  
:i* a second s]ies 0 />t$ by !m1 &      
complet$      9 a s+le volume ( #ec     
plates1 issu$ 9 #ahdc4 ,?is 0 !      job
 book m5tion$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] 7see p4 
#ceh71      b nei!r ,j>d9e's nor        
,jameson's "n is m5tion$ 9 !            

volumes :i* ,i h exam9$4       ,9 a     
lett] to ,audubon1 dat$ ,sept4 #ac;h    
#ahcj ,twizel l8      ,h\se1 & po/m>k$  
,bel=d1 ,selby said3 ,i expect to       
br+ my own "w to a conclusion dur+ !    
c\rse ( ?is      w9t] hav+ only ! plates
 ( ano!r ,numb] to f9i%4 ,i      am     
happy to add t ! ,"w is do+ well  is m  
?an      pay+ itself4 ,! second ,vol3 ( 
lett] press w appe>      ) ! la/ ,no4   
,two volumes ( text 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbe & 
#ahcc      respectively2 ! fir/1 aft]   
readju/m5t to fit !      qu9>ian        
doctr9e1 to :i* ,selby 0 a tempor>y     
conv]t      7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #id71 0 
issu$ 9 a second edition at             
,london1 9 #ahda2 ! second volume bore !
 impr9t ( ,liz>s1      :o soon aft]     
began to "w = ,audubon4       ,selby's  
plates 7 = ! mo/ "p r crudely drawn1    
et*$ & color$1 & c\ld be comm5d$ only z 
! "w      ( amateurs :o /rove =         
accuracy4       #cdb ,among ! sixty or m
 p]sons to :om ,audubon c>ri$           
writt5 cr$5tials at ?is "t 7 ! foll[+3 !

 ,duke      ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,rob]t ,peel1
 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,sir ,j4 ,d4      
,aukl&1 ,alb]t ,gallat91 ! ,am]ican     
,m9i/]1 ,sir ,?omas      ,lawr5ce1      
,david ,wilkie1 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,dr4      
,holl&1 ,dr4 ,roget1      ,dr4          
,wolla/on1 ,william ,swa9son1 ,sir      
,william ,h]s*el1 &      8 son1 aft]w>ds
 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,john ,george      
,*ildr51      ,r4 ,w4 ,hay1 ,n4 ,a4     
,vigors1 ,capta9 ,cook1 ,john ,murray & 
,rob]t      ,bakewell 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1  
p4 #acd74       #cdc ,probably ! same t 
is ref]r$ to 9 8 j\rnals      z ,mr4    
,hays1 ! antiqu>ian4       #cdd ,j4 ,g4 
,*ildr5 7#aggg-aheb7 0 e>ly int]e/$ 9   
*emi/ry1 & at ,tunbridge built a good   
laboratory1 9 :i*      ,humphry ,davy   
conduct$ _m ( 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 &       
:ile !re 0 s]i\sly injur$ 9 ,octob]1    
#ahab4 ,9 #ahbd      ,*ildr5 discov]$ a 
me?od ( extract+ silv] )\t !      use ( 
m]cury4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,*ildr51 ,s5ior1 became
 insolv5t      ?r\gh ! failure ( 8 bank1
 8 son obta9$ a position      at !      

,briti% ,museum2 9 #ahaf he 0 libr>ian 9
 !      ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities1 b 9   
#ahbc he 0 transf]r$ to a      po/ 9    
zology :i* 0 eag]ly s\ght by ,william   
,swa9son2      he 0 secret>y ( ! ,royal 
,society 9 #ahbf-bg1 & aga9      9      
#ahce-cg4 ,he resign$ 8 position at !   
,museum 9 #ahdj1      :5 ,swa9son 0 aga9
 an unsuccessful c&idate1 & 0           
succe$$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,gray 7see ,note1    
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cec74 ,*ildr5 0 n      a  
productive zologi/1 b has be5 describ$ z
 a lovable      s\l1 :o 0 nev] s\r$ by  
illness or o!r mis=tunes1      & :o 0 z 
zeal\s 9 8 fri5d%ips z 9 sci5ce4 ,see   
,a4 ,a4 7,anna ,atk9s71 ,memoir ( ,j4   
,g4 ,*ildr51 ,esq4 7,bibl4      ,no4    
#age74       #cde ,9 ! acc\nt :i*       
foll[s1 z well z 9 num]\s      in/ances 
9 ,*apt] ,,xxxii1 ,i am mo/ indebt$ to  
,george      ,alfr$ ,williams1 :o 9     
,rob]t ,havell1 ,junior1 ,engrav]      (
 ,audubon's ,! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 7,bibl4
 ,no4 #bcb7      7,pr9t-,collectors     
,qu>t]ly1 vol4 vi1 no4 #c1 pp4 #bbe-bei1

      ,bo/on1 #aiaf71 has giv5 ! only   
satisfactory acc\nt ( !      ,havell    
family & ! be/ analysis ( ! "w ( ! great
      engrav]4       #cdf ,mr4 ,*>les   
,e4 ,goodspe$1 :o rec5tly s5t me two (  
! orig9al plates ( ! ,pro?onot>y ,w>bl]1
 "o be>+      ! leg5d ,engrav$ by ,w4   
,h4 ,liz>s ,ed9r1 & ! o!r1              
,engrav$1 ,pr9t$  ,col\r$1 by ,r4       
,havell ,junr1 call$      att5tion to ! 
id5tity ( ! two engrav+s4 ,t ^!      two
 impressions are absolutely id5tical 9  
aquat9t &      l9e is prov$ by apply+ a 
magnify+ glass to any "p      ( _!      
surfaces1 & by c\nt+ & comp>+ ! l9es    
or dots )9 any select$ area :atsoev]2 9 
%ort1 !y      diff] only 9 _! leg5ds1 & 
9 ! color+ :i* 0      appli$ by diff]5t 
h&s4 ,t su* me?ods %\ld h be5           
adopt$ = exclud+ ,liz>s' "n is c]ta9ly  
surpris+4      ,9 ! fir/ or ,ed9burgh   
impression ( ,liz>s' orig9al      plate1
 ! arti/'s leg5d reads3 ,drawn by ,j4   
,j4 ,audubon      ,m4 ,w4 ,s41 & names (
 bird & plant appe> at ! bottom      ( !

 plate 9 ?ree l9es3 ,,pro?onot>y        
,,w>bl]4 ,dacnis      protonot>ius4     
,plant ,vulgo ,cane ,v9e4 ,9 ! ,london  
edition      ! correspond+ designations 
are3 ,drawn f nature by      ,j4 ,j4    
,audubon ,f1 ,r1 ,s4 ,f1 ,l1 ,s41 &     
,,pro?onot>y ,,w>bl]4      ,sylvia      
,protonot>ius4 ,la?1 ,male4 #a4 ,female1
 #b4 ,cane      ,v9e41 9 f\r l9es4      
#cdg ,see ,*apt] ,,xxxii4       #cdh    
,see ibid4       #cdi ,see ,sir ,walt]  
,besant1 ,london 9 ! ,n9ete5?           
,c5tury 7,london1 #aiji74       #cej    
,see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4      ,no4 #hf71 vol4 i1
 p4 #cdb1 :]e ! ,eagle & ! ,lamb is     
reproduc$4       #cea ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 
#dcf4       #ceb ,see ,*apt] ,,xxviii4  
#cec ,! sev5? :i* he _h contribut$ to ! 
sci5tific      press ( ,europe1 entitl$ 
,notes on ! ,bird ( ,wa%+ton            
7,falco ,wa%+toniana71 or ,great ,sea   
,eagle1 n[ believ$      to h be5 mi/ak5 
by him = an immature /age ( !      true 
bird ( fre$om1 ! ,:ite-head$ ,eagle4 ,x 

0      dat$ ,london1 ,april1 #ahbh1 & 0 
publi%$ 9 ,l\don's      ,magaz9e = ,july
 ( t ye>4 ,see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bc4 
#ced ,f ! orig9als 9 possession ( !     
,l9nan ,society      ( ,london4         
,swa9son's sci5tific correspond5ce 0    
tak5      ) him to ,new ,zeal&1 :]e x   
rema9$ fifty ye>s1 until      return$ by
 8 daught]1 :o s5t x to ,sir ,joseph    
,hook]2 x      0 f9ally pur*as$ by a    
numb] ( ,fell[s ( ! ,society1      &    
pres5t$ to its hi/orical collections4 ,x
 consi/s (      #icd lett]s writt5 by   
#bcf correspond5ts1 f #ahjf to #ahdj4   
,( ! #bd lett]s writt5 by ,audubon1 &   
dat$ #i ,april1 #ahbi1      to #aa      
,janu>y1 #ahch1 none has be5 previ\sly  
publi%$4 ,dr4      ,alb]t ,gn!r1 :o has 
giv5 a summ>y ( _! cont5ts              
7,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 #aab?   
,session1 #aijj2      ,bibliography1    
,no4 #bjd7 f\nd !m r disappo9t+1 s9ce   
!y dealt ma9ly ) p]sonal & dome/ic      
matt]s1 & 7      writt5 9 a /yle        
*>act]iz$ z fanta/ic & unnatural4       

,?r\gh ! k9dness ( my e/eem$ fri5d1     
,george ,e4 ,bull51      ,esq41 ( !     
,h]t=d%ire ,c\nty ,museum1 ,/4 ,albans1 
&      ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,c\ncil ( !  
,l9nan ,society      & its secret>y1    
,dr4 ,daydon ,jackson1 ,i am able to    
reproduce      transcripts ( ! mo/      
int]e/+ ( ^! lett]s1 :i*      read]s 9  
,am]ica w1 ,i believe1 f9d int]e/+      
because      ( _! p]sonal details4 ,i am
 indebt$ also = _! good      (fices to  
,john ,hopk9son1 ,f4,l4,s41 & to        
,william ,r[an1 ,esq4       ,f ! context
 ( ! n9e lett]s :i* are "h reproduc$    
)\t *ange1 x is evid5t t ,audubon paid  
little      att5tion to gramm>1 syntax1 
or or?ography1 b if !      read] w      
comp>e ! lett]s writt5 be=e & aft]      
#ahcj1      or be=e & aft] 8 fir/ s]i\s 
discipl9e 9 ,engli%      composition    
7see ,*apt]s ,,xxiii & ,,xxix71 he w f9d
 m>k$      improvem5t 9 all ^! respects4
       #cee ,swa9son's h\se has be5     
k9dly id5tifi$ by my      fri5d1 ,mr4   
,george ,e4 ,bull51 to :om ,i am indebt$

 also      = an int]e/+ photograph1 tak5
 f an old pr9t4 ,mrs4      ,swa9son1 :o 
di$ ,febru>y #ab1 #ahce1 0 buri$ 9 !    
p>i%      *ur*1 ) :i* %e 0 closely      
id5tifi$1 at ,london      ,colney1 & a  
tablet to h] memory is /ill to be se5   
!re4      ,swa9son probably pref]r$ !   
hi/oric associations (      ,tytt5hang]1
 a "n orig9ally appli$ to ! manor &     
manor      h\se ( ! ,abbot ( ,/4        
,albans1 a fam\s abbey prop]ty          
acquir$ be=e ! ,conque/1 ) a hi/ory     
ext5d+ ov]      six hundr$ ye>s1 b he   
did n live !re4 ,! olde/      resid5t n[
 on ! spot1 a man ov] n9ety1 told ,mr4  
,bull5      t z a boy he (t5 collect$   
butt]flies1 mo?s & o!r      specim5s (  
natural hi/ory :i* he took to ,highfield
      ,hall1 & 0 always paid by "o ( !  
,swa9son *ildr54      ,s9ce ,swa9son's  
"t ! orig9al h\se1 :i* 0 approa*$       
by a long walk1 has become almo/        
unrecognizable1 hav+      receiv$ an    
addition to "o side2 ! grass l& :i* !n  
surr\nd$ x has be5 conv]t$ into         

beautiful lawns4       #cef ,see        
,bibliography1 ,no4 #ie4       #ceg ,see
 ,*apt] ,,xxix4       #ceh ,see ,vol4   
,,ii1 p4 #acj4       #cei ,see ,note1   
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cfd4       #cfj ,fauna    
,boreali-,am]icana2 or ! ,zoology ( !   
nor!rn      p>ts ( ,briti% ,am]ica2 ,"p 
,second1 ,! ,birds2 by      ,william    
,swa9son & ,john ,ri*>dson 7,london1    
#ahca74       #cfa ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1  
op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #cjf4       #cfb   
,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #c4       #cfc ,m>ia  
,r4 ,audubon1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #cbc4
       #cfd ,see ,bibliography1 ,no4    
#ic;a4       #cfe ,! ?ree volumes ( ?is 
s]ies be> date ( #ahcb-cc1      b !     
preface is inscrib$ ,titt5hang] ,gre5   
,/4 ,albans1      #bd? ,july1 #ahbi4    
#cff ,m>y ,f4 ,brad=d1 ,audubon 7,bibl4 
,no4 #he74       #cfg ,publi%$ orig9ally
 by ,ru?v5 ,deane 7,bibl4 ,no4 #bah71   
,! ,auk1 vol4 xxii1 #aije4       #cfh   
,see ,! ,great ,p9e ,swamp1 & ,great    
,egg ,h>b\r1      ,orni?ological        
,biography 7,bibl4 ,no4 #b71 vol4 i1 p4 

#eb1 &      vol4 iii1 p4 #fjf4          
#cfi ,?\gh ! ye> is n usually indicat$  
on !      orig9als1 ! foll[+ draw+s     
probably belong to ?is      p]iod3      
,black ,poll ,w>bl]1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,may4 
,wood ,pewee ,flycat*]1 ,new ,j]sey1    
,may4           ,small ,gre5-cre/$      
,flycat*]1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,may4           
,gold5-cr[n$ ,?ru%1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,may4  
,w>bl+ ,flycat*]1 ,vireo gilvus1 ,new   
,j]sey1 ,may #bc4                       
,yell[-brea/$ ,*at1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,june  
#g4           ,sea ,side ,f9*1 ,great   
,egg ,h>b\r1 ,june #ad4           ,m>%  
,wr51 ,new ,j]sey1 ,june #bb4           
,bay-w+$ ,bunt+1 ,great ,egg ,h>b\r1    
,june #bf4           ,canada ,flycat*]1 
,great ,p9e ,swamp1 ,augu/ #a4          
,p9e ,swamp ,w>bl]1 ,great ,p9e ,swamp1 
,augu/ #aa4           ,black & ,yell[   
,w>bl]1 ,great ,p9e ,swamp1 ,augu/ #ab4 
,hemlock ,w>bl]1 ,great ,p9e ,swamp1    
,augu/ #ab4           ,autumnal ,w>bl]1 
,great ,p9e ,swamp1 ,augu/ #bj4         
,connecticut ,w>bl]1 ,new ,j]sey1       

,septemb] #bb4           ,mottl$ ,owl1  
,new ,j]sey1 ,octob]4       #cgj ,?\gh  
,audubon said t he sp5t only six weeks 9
      ! =e/1 ! indications ^u 8 draw+s  
imply a long]      p]iod4       #cga ,at
 ?is "t ,audubon int5d$ to figure1 9    
full size      & natural colors1 ! eggs 
( ! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 =      :i* !      
conclud+ numb]s ( 8 plates _h be5       
res]v$1      b :5 ! "t came1 ^! numb]s  
_h to be giv5 ov] to      new           
acquisitions1 s ! eggs 7 ev5tually cr[d$
 out4       #cgb ,at "o "t 9 possession 
( ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,%ufeldt1 :o      receiv$
 x f ,mrs4 ,audubon2 giv5 v]batim by    
,elliott ,c\es      7,bibl4 ,no4 #dc71  
,bullet9 ( ! ,nuttall ,orni?ological    
,club1      vol4 v1 #ahhj4       #cgc   
,h>lan's ,hawk1 or ! ,black ,w>rior1 is 
n[ reg>d$ z      a s\!rn v>iety ( !     
,r$-tail$ ,hawk1 & is designat$      "u 
! tr9om51 ,buteo borealis h>lani4       
#cgd ,publi%$ by ,ru?v5 ,deane 7,bibl4  
,no4 #bag71 ,! ,auk1      vol4 xxii1    
#aije4       #cge ,?omas ,b4 ,?orpe     

7,bibl4 ,no4 #fd71 ,godey's ,lady's     
,book1      vol4 xlii1 #ahea4       #cgf
 ,:ile 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbh1 ,audubon wrote  
on ,octob] #bf t      he _h receiv$ a   
call f a ,m4 ,pitois1 :o came to look at
      my book1 ) a view to becom+ my    
ag5t "h2 ,b>on ,cuvi]      recomm5d$ him
 /rongly1 & ,i h conclud$ a b>ga9 )     
him4 ,he ?9ks he c procure a good numb] 
( subscrib]s4      ,8 mann]s are pla91 &
 ,i hope he w prove an hone/      man4  
,see ,m>ia ,r4 ,audubon1 ,audubon & 8   
,j\rnals 7,bibl4      ,no4 #hf71 vol4 i1
 p4 #cci4       #cgg ,h5ry ,augu/us     
,havell1 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,rob]t         
,havell1 ,junior2 see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4    
#aia4       #cgh ,see ,lucy ,b4         
,audubon1 ed41 ,life ( ,john ,james     
,audubon1      ! ,naturali/ 7,bibl4 ,no4
 #gc71 p4 #bjc4 ,s9ce black slaves      
7 ! only dome/ics available 9 ! ,s\? at 
t "t1      x is probable t ! s]vants    
ref]r$ to 7 employ$      by ,mrs4       
,audubon at h] ,bee*grove s*ool4        
#cgi ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cif4       #chj 

,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ch4       #cha ,8  
correspond5ce ) ,william ,swa9son f ?is 
po9t1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 lett]press s f> z t
      naturali/ 0 conc]n$1 w be unfold$ 
lat] 7see ,*apt]      ,,xxix74          
#chb ,see ,*apt] ,,xxviii1 p4 #hg4      
#chc ,see ,*apt] ,,xxx4       #chd ,!   
fir/ volume ( ! ,orni?ological          
,biography 9      ! ,european edition   
be>s ! impr9t ( ,adam ,black1 #ee       
,nor? ,bridge1 ,ed9burgh2 9 ! f\r       
subsequ5t volumes ?is      0 *ang$ to   
,adam & ,*>les ,black1 :ile ! entire    
"w 0 pr9t$ by ,neill  ,co41 ,pr9t]s1    
,old ,fi% ,m>ket1      ,ed9burgh4 ,see  
,bibliography1 ,no4 #b4       #che      
,am]ican ,orni?ology1 or ! ,natural     
,hi/ory (      ! ,birds ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates4 ,by ,alex&] ,wilson &           
,*>les ,luci5 ,bonap>te4 ,edit$ by      
,rob]t ,jameson 444 ,regius             
,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 !        
,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4      ,appe>+ z  
vols4 lxviii-lxxi ( ,con/able's         
,miscellany1 #d      vols41 #ahmo41     

,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahca4 ,?is 0 !    
f\r?      787 edition ( ,wilson's "w1 & 
! fir/ 787 to appe>      9 ,europe2 )   
portrait ( ,wilson & vignettes on titles
      engrav$ by ,liz>s1 memoir (       
,wilson by ,w4 ,m4 ,he!r+ton1      &    
extracts f ,audubon1 ,ri*>dson1 &       
,swa9son4       ,! plates ( ?is edition 
7 issu$ 9 numb]s1 "u      title (       
,illu/rations ( ,am]ican ,orni?ology2   
r$uc$ f      ! "w ( ,wilson2 #ahmo41    
,ed9burgh & ,london 7#ahca74 ,9 a       
notice ( ! fir/ numb] :i* appe>$ 9 !    
,cal$onian      ,m]cury 7,ed9burgh7 =   
,oct4 #bi1 #ahca1 x 0 /at$ t      !     
plates 7 issu$ 9 small size to be b\nd  
up )      ,jameson's edition ( ! text1 &
 t !y 7 int5d$      = a diff]5t class ( 
pur*as]s f ^? likely to take      !     
folio edition1 !n be+ br\ght out by !   
publi%]s (      ,con/able's ,miscellany4
 ,! plates 7 engrav$ 9 l9e &            
execut$ 9 a v sup]ior /yle1 bo? pla9 &  
color$4       #chf ,am]ican ,orni?ology2
 or ,natural ,hi/ory ( !      ,birds ( !

 ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,alex&] ,wilson1 ) a 
,cont9uation by ,*>les ,luci5 ,bonap>te1
 ,pr9ce ( ,musignano4      ,!           
,illu/rative ,notes & ,life ( ,wilson by
 ,sir ,william      ,j>d9e1 #c vols41   
#hvo41 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahcb4      
,! second 787 ,european edition (       
,wilson & ,bonap>te1 )      #ig         
h&-color$ plates engrav$ by ,liz>s4 ,!  
,cal$onian      ,m]cury 9 notic+ ! "w1  
,octob] #bi1 #ahca1 said3 ,x      mu/ be
 highly gratify+ to ! fri5ds &          
connections (      poor ,s&y ,wilson to 
see su* honor1 at la/1 paid to 8        
memory 9 8 native l&4       #chg        
,illu/rations ( ! ,am]ican ,orni?ology (
 ,alex&]      ,wilson & ,*>les ,luci5   
,bonap>te1 ,pr9ce ( ,musignano4      ,) 
! addition ( num]\s ,rec5tly ,discov]$  
,species1      & ,repres5tations ( !    
,:ole ,sylva ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by       
,capta9 ,?omas ,br[n etc41 etc44 ,folio1
 ) engrav$ title1      engrav$          
d$ication1 index1 & #abd engrav$ &      
h&-color$      plates4 ,ed9burgh1 ,fraz]

  ,co41 #ed ,nor? ,bridge1 ,william     
,curry1 ,jun'r  ,co41 ,dubl9  ,smi?1    
,eld]  ,co41 #fe ,cornhill1             
,london1 ,,mdcccxxxv4       ,x is /at$  
by ! editor ( ?is extraord9>y "w t      
he _h add$ #afa birds1 & t #hg h be5    
consid]ably      enl>g$4 ,!re are #afg  
repres5tations ( ,am]ican trees      &  
%rubs1 said to h be5 copi$ = ! mo/ "p f 
,mi*aux' ,silva4 ,! /rik+ ,hibiscus     
gr&iflorus 7plate      xli7 0 tak5 )\t  
ackn[l$gm5t f ,audubon's draw+      ( ! 
,blue-w+$ ,w>bl] 7,! ,birds ( ,am]ica1  
plate xx74      ,= ! mo/ "p ! figures ( 
birds are r$rawn f ,wilson      &       
,bonap>te & giv5 new positions &        
backgr\nds4 ,a few      ( ! plates1 z t 
( ! ,cali=nia ,vulture 7no4 #a71 be>    
! leg5d1 ,drawn by ,captn4 ,?o4 ,br[n2  
all are unev51 &      _m extremely poor 
9 execution1 ! f\rte5 by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s 
be+ ! be/4 ,j4 ,b4 ,kidd1 = a "t        
associat$ ) ,audubon      7see ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #ddf7 is cr$it$ ) f\r plates2 o!r   
engrav]s employ$ on ! "w 7 ,james       

,turvey1 :o execut$      ! elaborate    
title1 ,samuel ,milne1 ,james ,mayson1  
,r4 ,scott1 ,j4       ,j4 ,john/one1 ,e4
 ,mit*ell1 ,william ,davie1 ,s4 ,a4     
,mill]1 ,john      ,mill]1 ,audw4       
,kilg\r1 ,wm4 ,w>wick1 & ,w4 ,mc,gregor4
 ,plate      xiv1 ! ,sn[y ,owl1 ,/rix   
nyctea1 engrav$ by ! editor1      has ! 
int]e/ ( a c>icature4 ,"s plates %[ z _m
      z f\rte5 birds 9 a m$ley (        
brilliant foliage1 fl[]s      & fruits4 
,! viol5ce ( ! color+ is (t5 su* z to   
de/roy ! effect ( ! be/ plates1 & gaudy 
butt]flies      flit ?r\gh ! pages z if 
!y 7 ! common food (      e species1 n  
exclud+ ! ,am]ican gr\se 7see ,note1    
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cei74       ,capta9       
,br[n's ,illu/rations 7 said by a writ] 
9      ! ,ed9burgh ,lit]>y ,j\rnal =    
,april #i1 #ahca1 to =m      a companion
 to ! lett]press 9 ,con/able's          
,miscellany      7see ,note1 ,vol4 ,i1  
p4 #ddb72 price1 color$1 #ae %ill+s2    
pla91 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a few 9 elephant     
folio 7same size z ,selby's      ,briti%

 ,orni?ology72 color$1 #a gu9ea4 ,to be 
complet$ 9      #aj p>ts1 ea* conta9+ #e
 color$ plates2 #bb in*es long by       
#ag in*es broad1 be+ consid]$ m ?an     
d\ble ! size (      ! orig9al "w4 ,!    
fir/ numb] ( ?is "w 0 review$      9 !  
,london ,lit]>y ,gazette = ,octob] #h1  
#ahca1 :5      x 0 said t 9 x 7         
repres5t$ #be birds1 #ac =e/      trees1
 & #ab insects2 ! complet$ "w w\ld      
compreh5d      all ! =e/ trees (        
,am]ica1 ) _! fruits1 toge!r      ) !   
pr9cipal insects ( ! c\ntry1 z well z   
all      ! birds t _h be5 discov]$ up to
 ! "t ( issue4       ,br[n's piratical  
"w mu/ h _h a v limit$      circulation1
 s9ce x is n[ s r>e t n ev5 !           
,briti% ,museum possesses a copy1 &1 s  
f> z kn[n1 x      is n f\nd 9 any public
 libr>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i      0    
told at ,:eldon's1 ! ,london %op devot$ 
to works on      natural hi/ory1 t b two
 copies _h ev] be5 h&l$1      & t !y    
comm&$ a high price4 ,! "w 0 orig9ally  
sold at #bf4 ,! only copy kn[n to me is 

9 ! libr>y      ( ! ,zoological ,society
 9 ,london1 f :i* ! pres5t      citation
 is made2 on "o ( its fly-leaves is     
writt5 ?is      note3 ,i h se5 ! wrapp] 
( ,no4 #a ( ?is "w4 ,x      is dat$     
#ahca4 ,!re is no in=mation z to its    
cont5ts4      ,c4 ,davis ,sanborn4      
#bb4e4je4 ,?is copy 0 ref]r$ to by      
,dr4 ,!odore ,gill2 see ,! ,osprey1 vol4
 v1 pp4 #ca & #aji      7,wa%+ton1 #aijj
 & #aija74 ,dr4 ,walt] ,faxon has trac$ 
two      o!r copies1 "o =m]ly 9         
possession ( ,pr(essor ,alfr$           
,newton1 & ano!r1 b v imp]fect set1 9 a 
private      libr>y at ,t>ryt[n1 ,new   
,york4 ,accord+ to ,faxon1 a s+le       
br[n pap] wrapp] pres]v$ 9 ! ,t>ryt[n   
copy be>s a      full pr9t$ title1 :i*  
diff]s1 h[ev]1 f t :i*      0           
subsequ5tly engrav$ = ! complet$ "w2 =  
full]      citation1 see ,a ,r>e ,"w on 
,am]ican ,orni?ology1 ,!      ,auk1 vol4
 xx 7#aijc71 pp4 #bcf-bda4       ,mr4   
,ru?v5 ,deane has writt5 me t sev]al    
ye>s ago he      secur$ 9 ,new ,york a  

fragm5t ( ?is "w1 consi/+ (      ! pap] 
wrapp]s ( f\r ,p>ts1 ,nos4 #a-d1 ! la/  
?ree (      :i* conta9$ five plates ea*2
 !re 7 9 addition #aj      scatt]$      
plates1 mak+ #be plates 9 all2 ! price (
 #ba      ,%ill+s is pr9t$ on ea* ( !   
wrapp]s1 :i* also be>      ! date #ahca1
 b no titles4       ,ano!r pirat$ "w1   
,illu/rations ( ! ,g5]a ( ,birds1       
by ! same au?or1 0 begun 9 #ahde1 b met 
) ev5 less      success1 & 0 nev]       
complet$2 ?is 0 tak5 f ,a ,li/      ( ! 
,g5]a ( ,birds1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj by      
,george ,rob]t      ,gray1 & accord+ to 
,alfr$ ,newton 7,a ,diction>y ( ,birds1 
,london1 #ahif1 p4 #cj1 note7 0         
discr$itable to all conc]n$      ) x4   
#chh ,see ,ru?v5 ,deane 7,bibl4 ,no4    
#bji71 ,! ,auk1 vol4 xviii      7#aija74
 ,! extract is f a lett] dat$ ,ed9burgh1
 #bb      ,w>ri/on ,cresc5t #g? ,may1   
#ahca4       #chi ,kidd1 :o 0 tw5ty-?ree
 at ! "t he began to      "w = ,audubon1
 di$ 9 #ahhi1 :5 he _h atta9$ 8         
eighty-fir/ ye>4       #cij ,see ,*apt] 

,,xxvii1 p4 #fb4       #cia ,an         
indication ( ! "t ( ?is visit is giv5 by
 !      foll[+ inscription writt5 9 !   
copy ( ! fir/ volume      ( !           
,orni?ological ,biography1 :i* 0 pres5t$
 to      ,cuvi] at ?is "t3              
,to           ,b>on ,g4 ,cuvi]1         
) ! highe/ respect ( !                  
au?or4--           ,p>is--#ag ?4 ,may1  
#ahca4       #cib ,on ,w$nesday ev5+1   
,july #bg1 #ahca1 ,audubon s5t !        
foll[+ note to ,mr4 ,h>ris3 ,come to    
meet me tomorr[1      precisely at      
twelve o'clock1 at our lodg+s1 #aba     
,great      ,portl& /reet4       #cic ,=
 ! p]usal ( ?is lett] ! read] is        
indebt$1      z 9 s _m o!r in/ances1 to 
,mr4 ,ru?v5 ,deane4