,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4                       
,,hi/ory                                
,,(                                     
,,sculpture1 ,,pa9t+1                   
,,&                                     
,,ar*itecture4                          
,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,memes1 ,,ll4 ,d4         
,,bo/on3                                
,,clapp ,,& ,,broad]s1                  
,,s*ool ,,/reet                         
#ahcd4                                  
,,to                             ,,! ,,v
 ,,rev]5d                               
,,william ,,jack1 ,d4,d4                
,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,&      
,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,ab]de52            
,,9 ,,grateful ,,remembrance ,,(        
,,e>ly ,,k9dness ,,& ,,cont9u$          
,,fri5d%ip4                             
,,&                  ,,z ,a ,,s9c]e     
,,?\gh ,,inadequate ,,tribute           
,,( ,,mo/ ,,pr(\nd ,,respect            
,,= ,,8               ,,virtues1        
,,le>n+1 ,,tal5ts1 ,,& ,,integrity1     
,,?is ,,volume1                 ,,)     

,,s5tim5ts ,,( ,,! ,,highe/ ,,e/eem1    
,,is ,,inscrib$                         
,,by                               ,,!  
,,au?or4     ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4     
,,introduction4      ,ta/e--,pr9ciples (
 ,imitative ,art                        
#a       ,,sculpture4      ,,*apt] ,i4  
,egyptian & ,ori5tal ,sculpture--,indian
 ,monum5ts                 #ae          
,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,e>ly ,s*ools (      
,greece--,p]fection ( ,mat]ial ,art     
#cd      ,,*apt] ,,iii4      ,ideal     
,art--,phidias--,elg9 ,m>bles--,me?ods (
 ,composition     ,among ! ,greek       
,sculptors                              
#di      ,,*apt] ,,iv4      ,s*ool (    
,beauty--,lysippus &                    
,praxiteles--,hi/orical     ,rem>ks     
#fj      ,,*apt] ,v4      ,sculpture 9  
,anci5t ,italy--,etruscan ,art--,roman  
,bu/s--,decl9e    #fi      ,,*apt] ,,vi4
      ,revival ( ,sculpture 9           
,italy--,italian ,republics--,influ5ce  
( ,lib]ty--,e>ly ,s*ools ( ,mod]n ,art  
#gi      ,,*apt] ,,vii4      ,mi*ael    

,angelo & 8 ,contempor>ies              
#hd      ,,*apt] ,,viii4      ,s*ool (  
,b]n9i--,decl9e ( ,sculpture--,causes ( 
,decay          #id      ,,*apt] ,,ix4  
,revival--,canova--,?orwalds5--,flaxman-
-,conclusion                #aja        
,,pa9t+4      ,,*apt] ,x4      ,anci5t  
,pa9t+--,s*ools ( ,greece--,zeuxis1     
,appelles     --,hi/orical ,rem>ks      
#aag      ,,*apt] ,,xi4      ,mod]n     
,s*ools 9 ,italy--,roman1               
,raphael--,flor5t9e1     ,mi*ael        
,angelo--,comp>ison betwe5 !            
two--,lomb>d     ,s*ool1                
,coreggio--,v5etian ,s*ool1             
,titian--,eclectic     ,s*ool1 ,c>acci  
#acj      ,,*apt] ,,xii4      ,g]man    
,s*ool1 ,holbe91 ,daur--,flemi% ,s*ool1 
,rub5s1     ,v&yke--,dut* ,s*ool1       
,t5i]s--,fr5* ,s*ool1                   
,david--,anecdote ( ,napoleon           
#aed      ,,*apt] ,,xiii4      ,engli%  
,s*ool--,hi/orical ,rem>ks--,causes (   
,inf]iority     9 ! ,art--,influ5ce ( ! 
,re=mation n ,ho/ile to     ! ,f9e ,arts

 9 ,brita91 c4                          
#agd      ,,*apt] ,,xiv4      ,engli%   
,s*ool                                  
cont9u$--,hi/ory--,portrait--,l&scape   
--,reynolds--,we/--,wilson--,laur5ce--,d
efects (     ,engli% ,/yle--,conclusion 
#aij       ,,ar*itecture4      ,,*apt]  
,,xv4      ,e>ly ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples ( 
,ar*itectural ,design--,egyptian        
--,syrian--,indian ,ar*itecture         
#bbg      ,,*apt] ,,xvi4      ,greek    
,ar*itecture--,?ree ,ord]s3 ,doric      
,rema9s1 ,ionic     ,rema9s1 ,cor9?ian  
,rema9s--,roman ,ar*itecture--,decl9e   
#bdh      ,,*apt] ,,xvii4               
,ar*itecture ( ! ,middle                
,ages--,divisions ( ! ,go?ic--,revival  
( ,classic ,ar*itecture--,italian1      
,fr5*1 &     ,engli% ,ma/]s--,conclusion
                                        
#bgh     ,,preface4   ,,! pres5t volume 
is (f]$ to ! public1 "u ! impression t !
 g5]al cultivation ( practical ta/e1 &  
an acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,f9e   
,arts1 are n only desirable 9 ! light ( 

acquirem5t1 b mu/ ev5tually prove highly
 b5eficial to ! useful arts ( ! c\ntry4 
,! subject1 !re=e1 seem$ peculi>ly      
adapt$ to ! v excell5t ,publication (   
:i* ?is =ms a portion4,a         99     
99       99       99       99  ,x is    
only bespeak+ t %>e ( confid5ce due1 9 !
 fir/ in/ance1 to opportunities (       
rese>*1 to /ate1 t 9 ! foll[+ pages n a 
s+le "w ( art is made ! subject (       
criticism1 ! orig9al ( :i* ! au?or has n
 se5 & exam9$4 ,inde$1 ! sub/ance ( 8   
rem>ks is g5]ally transcrib$ f notes    
tak5 ) ! /atue1 or picture1 or build+1  
be=e him4 ,! be/ au?orities1 also1 h be5
 consult$1 & su* z f _! price or r>ity  
are )9 rea* ( few read]s4 ,! hi/orical  
details ( ,classic ,art are *iefly !    
result ( inquiries connect$ ) a "w on   
,grecian ,lit]ature1 ! composition ( :i*
 has long engag$ 8 h\rs ( leisure4 ,j4  
,s4 ,m4     ,,introduction4   ,,ta/e is 
! p]ception ( intellectual pleasure4    
,beauty1 ! object ( ta/e & ! s\rce ( ?is
 pleasure1 is appreciat$ by ! und]/&+1  

ex]cis$1 ei!r ^u ! productions ( art1 or
 ^u ! works ( nature4 ,! t]m beauty1    
inde$1 has appe>$ to admit a specific   
diff]5ce ( import1 accord+ to ! div]sity
 ( objects 9 :i* x may seem to reside1 &
 ! suppos$ v>iety ( means ?r\gh :i* x is
 p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,?is cause1 m ?an any
 o!r1 has t5d$ to ?r[ difficulty &      
inconclusive inf]5ce ov] e dep>tm5t ( ! 
subject4 ,yet1 p]haps 9 all cases1 mo/  
c]ta9ly 9 e in/ance ( practical         
importance to our pres5t                
purpose--elucidation ( ! ,f9e ,arts1    
beauty w be f\nd resolvable into "s     
relation disc]n$ & approv$ by ! und]/&+4
 ,h5ce ! objects 9 :i* ?is relation     
exi/s imp>t pleasure to ! m9d1 on ! well
 kn[n pr9ciples ( its con/itution4  ,b 9
 all languages1 ! ^w beauty is appli$ to
 ! results ( ^? op]ations ( !           
intellectual p[]s1 :i* are n commonly   
recognis$ z app]ta9+ to any prov9ce (   
ta/e4 ,?us we speak ( ! beauty ( a      
!orem1 ( an inv5tion1 ( a philosophical 
sy/em or discov]y1 z frequ5tly1 & ) !   

same propriety1 z ( a picture or a gr\p 
( /atu>y1 ( a l&scape or a build+4      
,correspond5t to ^! objective modes (   
spee*1 we f9d1 9 e poli%$ idiom1 su*    
causative =ms z ^!--a ta/e = !          
ma!matics1 = me*anics1 = philology1 or  
sci5ce4 ,n[1 9 ^!1 & simil> in/ances1 9 
:i* a l mann] ( expression by ! common  
s5tim5t ( mank9d1 oppos$ to ! op9ion (  
c]ta9 writ]s1 is rightly appli$1        
relations furni%+ ! specific beauty ( ! 
subjects are p]ceiv$1 & pleasurable     
emotions are excit$4 ,:at !n con/itutes 
! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! beautiful 9
 g5]al language1 & ! beautiful 9 ! f9e  
arts8 or1 :i* is id5tical1 ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! p[]s ( judgm5t & ( ta/e8 ,%all 
we say ) "s1 t to decide on ! relations 
( tru? & falsehood1 is ! sole prov9ce ( 
! judgm5t or und]/&+8 ,b 9 ! f9e arts1  
to ^: lab\rs1 ta/e1 by ^! philosoph]s1  
is conf9$1 tru? is beauty1 falsehood    
de=mity2 h5ce1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ev5
 _! m9ute/ %ades1 requires ! con/ant    
ex]cise ( ! mo/ ref9$ ta/e4 ,or1 %all we

 ma9ta9 ) o!rs1 t beauty consi/s 9 c]ta9
 arrangem5ts & proportions ( ! p>ts to a
 :ole2 or 9 ! fitness ( means to an end8
 ,?is1 z f> z an intelligible           
description ( beauty1 applies equally to
 ! pursuits ( ! philosoph] & ( ! arti/4 
,or1 omitt+ almo/ innum]able m9or       
!ories1 %all we say ) ! philosophy      
pres5tly accept$1 t beauty is some?+ n  
intr9sic 9 ! beautiful object1 b dep5d5t
 on associations awak5$ 9 ! m9d ( !     
spectator8 ,)\t ent]+ n[ into an        
exam9ation ( ?is important1 because     
receiv$ op9ion1 we rem>k1 t ?is         
def9ition ( beauty1 f its associat$     
pleasures1 is applicable alike to !     
d$uctions ( sci5ce1 to ! ex]cises (     
imag9ation1 & to ! disquisitions ( ta/e4
 ,inde$1 z ! discov]ies ( ! philosoph]1 
& ! tru?s :i* he discloses1 are bo? m   
abid+ 9 _! nature1 & 9 _! influ5ce m    
univ]sally important & int]e/+1 x w\ld  
foll[1 ev5 on ! sy/em ( association1 t !
 beauty ( sci5tific tru? mu/ be1 at     
lea/1 equally fruitful 9 pleasurable    

emotions1 z ! beauty ( any "o object 9  
^? pursuits to :i* ?is sy/em has hi!rto 
be5 re/rict$4 ,& t su* is actually !    
case1 may be prov$ by an appeal to !    
writ+s & ! annals ( m5 ( /udy4 ,! law ( 
gravitation1 to take a famili> in/ance1 
possesses an ess5tial pr9ciple ( !      
beautiful--simplicity4 ,accord+ly1 to a 
m9d ( any ref9em5t1 ! ab/ract           
contemplation ( ?is !ory w ev] imp>t    
high delight4 ,yet1 h[ imp]fect is !    
pleasure1 & ev5 ! beauty1 till ! m9d    
associates ) ?is simple law1 t !reby    
worlds are gov]n$ 9 _! c\rse ?r\gh      
b\ndless space2 t by ! same discov]y1 ! 
future g5]ations ( rational & immortal  
be+s w be direct$ 9 _! mo/ useful &     
l(tie/ speculations2 & to all ?is       
magnific5ce ( association1 :at t5d]     
sublimity w be add$1 by ! ?\ght1 t !    
,supreme ,fa!r ( all has graci\sly end[$
 8 creatures ) p[]s1 & ) p]mission1 to  
disc]n ! second>y laws by :i* inf9ite   
wisdom sees fit to rule 9 ! visible     
creation6  ,ev5 ! holi] & loveli]       

s5sibilities awak5$ by moral beauty1    
?\gh c]ta9ly di/9ct 9 pr9ciple1 are 9 _!
 influ5ce n easily sep>able f !         
pleasures ( ta/e4 ,at lea/1 by ! wise & 
graci\s con/itution ( ! human he>t1 !   
latt]1 :5 unalli$ ) ! =m]1 necess>ily   
rema9 imp]fect4 ,our mo/ exquisite      
enjoym5ts 9 lit]ature & ! f9e arts w be 
f\nd to arise f su* p]=mances z mo/     
directly rem9d u ( virtu\s associations2
 :ile1 9 ! mat]ial _w1 ^? sc5es prove   
mo/ delightful :i* call =? recollections
 ( man's nobl5ess1 or :i* elevate our   
contemplations to ! p[]1 & wisdom1 &    
goodness ( ! ,creator4 ,9 "o important  
po9t1 h[ev]1 is at once discov]able !   
indep5d5t & high] pr9ciple ( moral      
pleasure & beauty4 ,! humble & pi\s m9d 
may1 (t5 does1 enjoy ! mo/ ref9$ & m5tal
 gratification 9 ! ex]cises ( *>ity &   
devotion1 :ile ! intellectual res\rces  
or ! adornm5ts ( ta/e are extremely     
circumscrib$4 ,h[ wise1 h[ salut>y1 are 
^! appo9tm5ts6 ,! possessor ( ! mo/     
cultivat$ p]ceptions & ext5sive k1 ?us  

feels1 if he feel aright1 t 8           
acquirem5ts r5d] him only ! m dep5d5t ^u
 religion & virtue = 8 be/ & pure/      
enjoym5ts1 z also = ! dignifi$ e/imation
 ( 8 pursuits4 ,! unlett]$ b s9c]e      
,*ri/ian1 aga91 ?us kn[s t 8 he>tful    
joys suff] n alloy f ignorance ( ?is    
_w's ext]nal culture4 ,bo? are ?us      
equal2 yet ea* pr(its by 8 own peculi>  
good4 ,! latt] is secure aga9/ a        
deprivation impos$ by temporal          
circum/ances3 ! =m] is paid ! toil &    
self-d5ial ( atta9m5t1 by ! increas$    
manife/ations he is ?us enabl$ to disc]n
 ( ! *>ms ( virtue1 & ! goodness (      
,omnipot5ce4  ,! pres5ce & op]ation (   
ta/e c ?us be trac$ 9 e act ( ! m9d1 &  
are intimately associat$ ) ! feel+s (   
our moral nature4 ,! ex]cises ( ta/e h  
ev] be5 reg>d$ z productive g5]ally (   
pleasurable emotion4 ,h5ce we consid]   
ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 def9+1 at ! beg9n+ (
 ?is *apt]1 ta/e to be '! p]ception (   
intellectual pleasure4' ,! common use ( 
language1 also--an au?ority always to be

 respect$ 9 trac+ ! ext5t or import (   
ideas--& ev5 ! be/ !ories ( ta/e1 :5    
rightly und]/ood1 co9cide ) ?is         
def9ition4  ,! v>i\s sy/ems ( ta/e1     
h[ev] app>5tly dissimil>1 may be ref]r$ 
9 pr9ciple to "o or o!r ( ! two foll[+3 
t ?is is an orig9al & indep5d5t faculty2
 or1 t x may be resolv$ into a          
modification ( ! g5]al p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,( 
^! op9ions1 ! fir/ has be51 )9 ! pres5t 
c5tury1 satisfactorily prov$ utt]ly     
unphilosophical & inadequate to its     
purpose2 ! second is pref]able1 b       
imp]fect 9 ! explications hi!rto giv51  
*iefly f ?ree causes4 ,fir/1 writ]s h   
=m$ _! conclusions f a consid]ation ( ! 
quality1 9 its full & complete ex]cise1 
in/ead ( trac+ ! /eps by :i* x is       
acquir$ or improv$3 secondly1 ?is       
intellectual quality1 ev5 by ! be/      
writ]s1 has be5 treat$ too mu* z an     
ext]nal s5se--or x has be5 resolv$ into 
direct & inflex p]ceptions1 & conf\nd$ )
 s _m accid5tal feel+s1 t ! inf]5ces h  
be5 mo/ p]plex+ & cumbr\s3 &1 ?irdly1 ! 

subject 9 g5]al has be5 treat$ too      
metaphysically4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] le>n$1 or  
ev5 ab/ractly j1 ! inve/igations may h  
be51 !y h ex]t$ slight influ5ce 9       
e/abli%+ practice ^u obvi\s & enlight5$ 
!ory4  ,b decl9+ to ent] ^u ! exposure (
 :at may be conceiv$ =m] mi/akes1 we    
%all proce$ briefly to expla9 our own   
views4 ,foll[+ out1 !n1 ! t5or ( !      
prec$+ rem>ks1 we conceive ta/e to be   
no?+ m ?an a c]ta9 acut5ess1 :i*        
necess>ily is acquir$ by1 & always      
accompanies1 ! frequ5t ex]cise ( ! p[]s 
( und]/&+ 9 any "o giv5 pursuit4 ,x     
seems to diff] f m]e k1 9 be+ att5d$ by 
a love or desire ( ! p>ticul> ex]cise4  
,?is desire1 :e!r x prec$es or foll[s   
acquirem5t1 is easily acc\nt$ =1 9 ! "o 
case1 z an agreeable anticipation (     
advantage to be ga9$1 & 9 ! o!r z a     
m5tal habitude2 or x is frequ5tly *]i%$ 
f impressions receiv$ at an age too e>ly
 = notice4 ,! gratification ( ?is       
desire1 exclusive ev5 ( ! enjoym5t      
receiv$ f ! successful ex]cise ( ! m5tal

 p[]s1 suffici5tly expla9s ! orig9 ( !  
pleasures ( ta/e4  ,?is view ( ta/e1 z  
applicable to1 & inde$ result+ f1 tra9+ 
( ! und]/&+ 9 all dignifi$ pursuits1 is 
agreeable1 z already %[n1 to common     
feel+ & common language4 ,b 9 def]5ce to
 ! same au?orities1 x is necess>y to    
limit ! idea to a re/rict$1 t is1 a     
prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h5ce we h said t !  
object ( ta/e is beauty1 z p]ceivable 9 
! works ( nature & art3 ?us conf9+ its  
prov9ce to lit]ature & ! f9e arts1 :i*  
reflect nature ei!r by direct imitation1
 or by m remote association4  ,9 !      
pres5t volume1 ! subject is limit$1 (   
c\rse1 to ! arts ( design2 b ! pr9ciples
 n[ exp\nd$ are conv]sant ) e v>i$      
application ( ta/e3 ,& we h pursu$ ?is  
ext5t ( illu/ration ?r\gh\t ! :ole p[]s 
( ! m9d1 9 ord] to gr\nd1 on ! broade/  
basis1 ?is practical precept1 t ta/e1 l 
! p[]s ( judgm5t & und]/&+1 ( :i*1 9    
fact1 x is only a modification1 c be    
improv$1 or1 we v5ture to say1 acquir$ 9
 any useful degree1 only by pati5t      

cultivation1 & well-direct$ /udy ( !    
p>ticul> subject4 ,! op9ion opposite to 
?is has be5 productive ( ! wor/ effects1
 bo? 9 ! practice & patronage ( ! arts4 
,x n unfrequ5tly has l$ arti/s into     
irregul>1 & ev5 unnatural compositions2 
b its greate/ evils d daily arise f ^?1 
^: previ\s habits & atta9m5ts by no     
means qualify !m = judges1 confid5tly   
pron\nc+ ^u works ( art1 f :at !y are   
pleas$ to t]m a natural ta/e4 ,?is1 if x
 means any ?+1 mu/ imply an untutor$1 & 
!re=e1 imp]fect ta/e4 ,we w\ld be       
und]/ood "h1 n z advocat+ a conv5tional 
criticism1 b z ma9ta9+1 t ! high]       
beauties1 & nobl] pr9ciples ( art1 c be 
appreciat$ only by ^? ^: ta/e has be5   
cultivat$ by pr(\nd /udy & k ( ^!       
pr9ciples4 ,"o class ( effects 9 an     
imitative art is1 d\btless1 to produce  
s5sations :i* c be imm$iately comp>$ ) !
 m obvi\s effects & appe>ances ( nature4
 ,( ^! e "o c judge1 :e!r ! effect be   
actually produc$ or n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh
 a prim>y1 is ! l[e/ object ( ! arti/4  

,! dignity1 too1 & comp>ative value1 (  
^! effects1 c be e/imat$ only by a m9d  
g5]ally cultivat$2 :ile ! propriety ( ! 
means employ$1 & _! agreem5t ) ! modes (
 art1 ! high] beauties ( execution1 !   
intellig5ce ( /yle1 ! j "* ( ! p]=mance 
z a "w ( peculi> tal5ts1 c be sanction$ 
by canons ( judgm5t famili> only to ^?  
:o h made ! subject a regul> /udy4 ,9   
?is we require no?+ m = ! sculptor & !  
pa9t] ?an is dem&$1 & rightly too1 9    
fav\r ( ! poet & ! orator4  ,f ^!       
obs]vations1 f\nd$1 z !y are1 on        
exp]i5ce1 foll[s z a coroll>y ! tru? ( !
 previ\s def9ition1 t1 9 ! f9e arts1    
beauty is always resolvable into "s     
effect or relation disc]n$ & approv$ by 
! und]/&+4 ,= s9ce x has be5 %[n t ta/e 
is b ano!r "n = intellectual cultivation
 & k 9 a giv5 pursuit1 ! p]ception (    
beauty1 :i* =ms ! peculi> object ( ta/e1
 mu/ ultimately be ref]r$ to ! und]/&+4 
,n[1 9 an imitative art1 !re c be only  
"o relation1 namely1 tru?1 :i* ?us      
becomes bo? ! s\rce & ! crit]ion (      

beauty4 ,?is tru?1 h[ev]1 admits ( two  
specific di/9ctions2 or at lea/ respects
 two sep>ate objects1 z ! production is 
comp>$ ) nature1 ! ar*etype imitat$2 & )
 ! pr9ciples ( ! art1 or peculi> mode ( 
imitation4 ,9 ! "o case1 !re is !       
relation ( resemblance2 9 ! o!r1 t (    
consi/5cy4 ,^!1 9 _! inf9itely v>i\s    
comb9ations & modifi$ excell5ces1 /ill  
recur to "o & ! same simple law ( !     
beautiful--v]acity4  ,! g5]al _s &      
t5d5cy ( ^! rem>ks be> directly on ! "q 
reg>d+ a /&>d ( ta/e4 ,bo? p>ties "h1 9 
p]t9aci\sly adh]+ to _! op9ion1 are     
wrong4 ,!re is1 & !re is n1 a /&>d2     
mean+1 by ?is t]m1 a p]man5t rule ( ta/e
 beyond :i* human inv5tion or g5ius %all
 nev] pass4 ,at ! same "t1 if !re be no 
/able & un]r+ pr9ciples ( judgm5t1 !re c
 be nei!r m]it nor moral dignity1 beauty
 nor tru?1 9 ! works ( ! mo/ gift$ m9d4 
,h[1 !n1 are facts seem+ly s discordant 
to be reconcil$8 ,we h already adv]t$ to
 ! radical error 9 all cases (          
disreg>d+1 & 9 "s in/ances ( treat+ )   

scorn1 ! idea ( a gradual & labori\s    
acquirem5t ( ta/e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be    
f\nd ! only idea ( ! subject truly      
useful 9 a practical view1 z well z !   
sole gr\nd ( consi/5t & rational !ory4  
,ta/e is n only progressive1 b          
inductive2 x is1 9 fact1 ! result ( a   
s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^: object is beauty4  
,z 9 e o!r species ( exp]im5tal k1 !n1 !
 /&>d ( excell5ce mu/ v>y 9 diff]5t ages
 accord+ to _! lights & _! ref9em5t4 ,9 
! progress ( individual g5ius ?is       
succession is v rem>kable1 ! objects &  
nature ( its aims *ang+ )1 & inde$      
indicat+1 atta9m5t4 ,x is ?us cle> t    
ta/e1 :e!r nationally or individually   
consid]$1 mu/ v>y 9 its models1 & 9 _!  
/&>ds1 accord+ to ! exi/+ /ate ( k2 =1 9
 dep>t+ f receiv$ precepts1 m5 are guid$
 by ! hope ( rea*+ high] p]fection1 or (
 exhibit+ novelty ( inv5tion4 ,if su*   
t5tative measures succe$1 ! g5]al /&>d  
is s f> elevat$2 :5 !y fail1 ?\gh !     
advance ( real improvem5t may be imp$$ =
 a season1 e/abli%$ modes m firmly      

recov] _! au?ority4 ,b aga91 z 9 e      
species ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ^?         
rese>*es1 9 _! practice ! mo/ c>efully  
conduct$1 & 9 _! inf]5ces ! mo/         
consi/5t1 are reg>d$ z ! canons (       
sci5tific tru?2 s 9 ! lib]al arts1 ^?   
noble monum5ts :i*1 dur+ ! longe/ p]iod1
 & to ! greate/ numb] ( compet5t judges1
 h yield$ ! mo/ satisfaction1 are ju/ly 
e/eem$ /&>ds ( ta/e--rules by :i* o!r   
works are to be tri$4 ,su* /&>ds1 or    
f9al exp]im5ts1 9 ! sci5ce ( ta/e1 are  
=tunately possess$ 9 ! lit]>y           
compositions1 & 9 ! rema9s ( ! sculpture
 & ar*itecture ( antiquity2 z also 9 !  
lab\rs ( ^? mod]ns :o h emulat$ ! tea*]s
 ( ! old5 "t4 ,^! accr$it$ relics (     
g5ius obta9 a des]v$ & v5]able ma/]y ov]
 future aspir+s1 fir/1 f _! own inborn  
excell5ce2 secondly1 f ! effects ( t    
excell5ce 9 a cont9ually increas+       
influ5ce ov] association & feel+4       
,imag9ation ?us comb9es ) reason 9      
hall[+ bo? ! orig9al cause & ! att5dant 
influ5ce into precepts ( an immutable   

au?ority1 consecrat$ by ! suffrages ( ! 
wise & ! ref9$ ( e lat] age4 ,reason1   
h[ev]1 fir/ e/abli%$1 & subsequ5tly     
demon/rates1 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is /&>d
 has become un*ang$ & un*angable2       
namely1 p]fect simplicity 9 ! means1 &  
p]fect tru? 9 ! results1 ?r\gh all _!   
v>i$ comb9ations4  ,consid]ation ev5 ( !
 vicissitudes & revolutions 9 ta/e seems
 f>!r to confirm ^! g5]al views4        
,op9ion1 inde$1 has vacillat$ 9 !       
e/imation ( elegance2 b1 z 9 ! con/antly
 return+ ecc5tricities ( a planet>y     
body1 "s secret p[] has ma9ta9$ c]ta9   
limits to ^! *anges1 & r\nd c]ta9       
pr9ciples1 ?\gh at times obscur$1 art   
has cont9u$ to revolve4 ,n[ ^! *ecks to 
b>b>\s novelty & innovation1 h be5 d]iv$
 f ! n-altoge!r-=gott5 remembrance (    
admitt$ /&>ds1 or f ! natural effects ^u
 :i* ^! h be5 f\nd$4 ,! tempor>y        
d]elictions ( good ta/e h ev] occurr$ 9 
! mo/ ignorant ages1 & 9 ext5t z 9      
duration h correspond$ ) ! intellectual 
d>kness ( ! p]iod2 ! return+ light ( k  

has 9 ?is respect also inv>iably        
dispell$ error1 afre% disclos+ ! pri/9e 
beauty ( ! anci5t models1 & recall+ !   
judgm5t to ! rectitude ( ^? precepts on 
:i* !y are compos$4 ,ev5 ! tyranny (    
fa%ion & ! invet]acy ( prejudice yield  
be=e ! maje/y ( antique excell5ce1 or   
produce a pass+ absurdity adopt$ = a    
day1 to be =ev] =gott54 ,surely1 !n1 !re
 mu/ be 9 ^! abid+ modes 9 lit]ature &  
art1 z likewise 9 t sci5ce ( ta/e :i*   
appreciates & det]m9es _! canons1 a     
beauty--an excell5ce1 ! (fspr+ & !      
object ( tru? & reason--& l ^!1 ev]     
consi/5t1 immutable1 imp]i%able4  ,to ! 
doctr9es n[ advocat$ x furni%es no      
objection1 t mank9d d n agree 9 ! same  
e/imate ( beauty1 nor ev5 t objects     
entirely diff]5t 9 _! qualities1 are    
assum$ z beautiful4 ,?is fact1 inde$1   
has (t5 & triumphantly be5 adduc$ z     
conclusive 9 fav\r ( ! sceptical        
position reg>d+ a /&>d ( ta/e4 ,^?      
writ]s1 aga91 :o support ! opposite     
op9ion1 seem too readily to h admitt$   

difficulty 9 repell+ ! objection4 ,!    
tru? is1 x c be obviat$ only on !       
pr9ciple :i* we h endeav\r$ to e/abli%2 
namely1 t ta/e is ! c]ta9 result (      
intellectual cultivation 9 ! prop]      
prov9ce1 t x is consequ5tly comm5surate 
) ! degree ( intellig5ce1 & always an   
object ( tru? & reason4 ,n[1 ! div]sity 
s mu* insi/$ ^u1 is capable n only ( be+
 ?us easily acc\nt$ =1 b is to be       
expect$ z ! necess>y effect ( v>i$ ext5t
 ( k4 ,! v objection pr$et]m9es1 t among
 ! rude/ p1 ideas & p]ceptions ( some?+ 
t]m$ beauty are ent]ta9$4 ,does n ?is   
e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ta/e coeval ) !     
e>lie/ traces ( in=mation8 ,true1 !     
beauty admir$ by ! ,african or !        
,esquimaux diff]s f t :i* awak5s !      
s5sibility ( ! ,european1--b s also are 
_! means & capabilities ( judg+ unequal4
 ,x is n1 !re=e1 div]sity1 b inconsi/5cy
 ( judgm5t1 t 9 ?is case c prove !      
abs5ce ( all fix$ pr9ciples ( decision4 
,n[1 we w v5ture to affirm1 )\t fe> (   
contradiction1 t !re is no inconsi/5cy  

nor opposition2 & t ! mo/ poli%$        
inhabitant ( ,europe1 proce$+ ^u ! same 
premises z ! wilde/ 9-dwell] ( ! des]t  
or savannah1 w arrive at exactly ! same 
conclusion4 ,! sable virg91 = in/ance1  
^: *>ms are ackn[l$g$ by ! rude w>riors 
( h] tribe1 w also1 by ! ref9$          
,european1 be admitt$ among ! faire/    
examples ( native beauty4 ,h5ce x is    
evid5t t all m5 ackn[l$ge a /&>d ( ta/e1
 f\nd$ on simil> reason+s & accordant   
feel+s ( ! human he>t1 ?\gh ! f9al      
expression ( ?is /&>d1 or ! degree (    
ref9em5t :5ce x is d$uc$1 w necess>ily  
be modifi$ by moral & physical          
circum/ances1 & by ! light enjoy$4  ,!  
que/ions we h n[ lab\r$ to resolve1 are 
by no means to be reg>d$ z m]e problems 
9 ab/ract speculation4 ,! subject is ( !
 highe/ practical importance1 & we h    
attempt$ to r$uce x to practical        
inf]5ces4 ,no?+ has t5d$ m to ret>d     
improvem5t1 ?an plac+ g5ius & ta/e 9    
opposition to reason & application4 ,ea*
 ( ! two =m] has be5 inve/$ ) "s        

untangible1 undef9$ excell5ce1 disda9+  
rule1 & sup]ior to ! drudg]y ( /udy4 ,9 
treat+ ( bo?1 au?ors appe> to h aim$ at 
exalt+ _! !me1 by refus+ c]ta9ty to !   
op]ations ( ! "o1 & /ability to !       
pr9ciples ( ! o!r2 treat+ ea* z !       
empiricism ( tal5t1 :i* x w\ld be z va9 
to attempt r$uc+ to precept z to        
prescribe ! eagle's pa? ?r\gh heav54 ,b 
h[ does ?is accord ) fact & )           
usefulness8 ,m51 ! mo/ em95t = g5ius1 & 
:o h bequea!d to futurity ! mo/ p]fect  
productions1 h also be5 ! mo/ rem>kable 
= assiduity4 ,?is indu/ry has be5       
direct$ z mu* to ! /udy ( pr9ciples &   
rules z to ! creation ( new works4 ,we h
 %[n t !re are /&>ds1 or rules1 ( ta/e1 
:i* nev] c be disreg>d$ save at ! p]il (
 absurdity4 ,if we d5y regul>ity &      
c]ta9ty1 or fix$ & rational precepts (  
criticism to ! lab\rs ( g5ius1 ( :at    
advantage to succe$+ k c ^! prove8      
,beyond a pass+ pleasure--a b>r5        
s5tim5t1 !y rema9 )\t fruit4 ,excell5ce 
9 ! mo/ ref9$ ex]cises ( m9d is degrad$ 

to a m]e knack1--to a =tunate &         
inexplicable aptitude4 ,?us1 n !        
improvem5t ( ! human race only1 b ! v   
cont9uance ( acquirem5t among m51 is    
r5d]$ unc]ta94 ,yet su* are !           
consequ5ces ( e sy/em :i* consid]s ta/e 
z diff]5t f1 & indep5d5t ( k2 or its    
precepts z mutable1 & n m am5able to    
judgm5t ?an to imag9ation4 ,9 :atev]    
light1 !n1 ! views n[ briefly propos$ be
 reg>d$1 :e!r z respects ta/e z an      
object ( m5tal sci5ce1 or z ! improv] ( 
art2 :e!r 9 its influ5ce ^u ! und]/&+ or
 ! he>t1 !y appe> to promise ! sure/1 ! 
mo/ practical1 & ! mo/ dignifi$ results4
  ,beauty1 z already obs]v$1 is ! object
 ( ta/e4 ,! primitive s\rce1 &1 9 a     
great measure1 ! ultimate & only        
crit]ion1 ( ?is beauty1 is nature4 ,=1 9
 ! arts ov] :i* ta/e presides1 natural  
beauty receives new modifications1 & is 
subject$ to new laws4 ,yet1 9 _! g5]al  
t5d5cy & design1 poetry1 pa9t+1         
sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & ev5 music1 all
 contemplate "o end1--to awak5 associat$

 emotion2 :ile ea* employs ! same means 
( direct or less obvi\s imitation (     
nature4  ,9 ea* ( ^! arts1 h[ev]1 a     
di/9ction exi/s1 bo? 9 ! mann] & 9 !    
ext5t ( in/ruction4 ,!y diff] also 9 !  
clos5ess ) :i* ! respective imitations  
reflect _! natural ar*etypes4 ,b 9 ?is  
!y correspond1 t 9 none is m]e imitation
 ! f9al1 or mo/ exalt$1 object ( !      
arti/4 ,9 ! fidelity ( repres5tation1 & 
9 ! facility ) :i* ! orig9als 9 nature  
may be trac$1 ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ are   
sup]ior to all ! o!r imitative arts4    
,betwe5 ! vivid creations ( ^!1 & ! m   
v>i$1 m imag9ative1 b less def9$1 ef=ts 
( poetry1 ! middle rank is occupi$ by   
,ar*itecture1 ^: mighty masses &        
h>moni\s proportions fill ! m9d ) awe or
 delight1 z !y recall ! maje/y or grace 
( ! mat]ial _w4  ,ar*itecture ?us /&s   
alone1 9 its own pr9ciples1 &1 x may be1
 9 its own pre-em95ce4 ,^! pr9ciples are
 at once m pr(\nd1 or at lea/ m ab/ract1
 & yet m det]m9ate1 ?an ^? ( ei!r ( !   
si/] arts4 ,inde$1 s rem>kable is ?is   

fact1 & s ne>ly d ! limits & !          
con/itu5ts ( beauty v]ge "h on          
demon/rative sci5ce1 t we may h]eaft]   
po9t out _! connexion ) "s ( ! prec$+   
doctr9es ( ta/e4 ,9 ! meantime1 x may be
 suffici5t m]ely to m5tion1 t ?\gh      
ar*itecture1 z a necess>y k1 mu/ h be5  
practis$ f ! e>lie/ =mation ( society2 &
 ?\gh x furni%es _! pr9cipal field to ! 
o!r arts2 yet x 0 lat] 9 arriv+ at      
p]fection ?an ,sculpture1 :i*1 besides1 
af=ds a m cont9u\s s]ies ( monum5ts1 &  
supplies ! be/ mat]ials = ! philosophy (
 ! subject2 & 9 o!r respects1 !         
arrangem5t n[ select$ seems to promise !
 mo/ cle> elucidation ( ! hi/ory ( art4 
,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4     ,,sculpture4      
,,*apt] ,i4   ,,! repres5tation (       
ext]nal =ms by _! tangible prop]ties1 9 
actual or proportional magnitude1 seems 
! mo/ obvi\s1 z x is ! simple/1 mode (  
imitation4 ,sculpture1 !re=e1 ( all !   
imitative arts1 probably fir/ ex]cis$ ! 
+5uity ( mank9d4 ,ev5 n[1 we rem>k t !  
rude c>v+s on ! spe>-%aft or canoe ( !  

savage w>rior surpass o!r exhibitions ( 
8 skill1 & might m readily be exalt$    
into ta/eful decorations4 ,h5ce1 9 trac+
 ! hi/ory ( an art :i* ?us appe>s almo/ 
coeval ) ! e>lie/ =mation ( society1 !  
*ronology ( ^? anci5t empires 9 :i* x   
*iefly fl\ri%$1 w supply an arrangem5t  
be/ adapt$ to ! explanation ( ! subject4
  ,reg>d+ ! orig9 ( sculptural design1  
inde$1 mu* has be5 writt51 & _m !ories  
propos$1 ea* ass]t+1 = "s favorite p1 ! 
praise ( inv5tion4 ,all ! k9dr$ arts1   
h[ev]1 ) :i* ta/e & feel+ are conv]sant1
 h _! bir? & subsequ5t improvem5t1 9 !  
same univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! human m9d4  
,pr9ciples :i* my/]i\sly1 yet p[]fully1 
& d\btless = ! accompli%m5t ( ! wise/   
ends1 connect man ) t nature amid/ ^:   
haunts he is de/9$ to dwell--:i* awak5 8
 untutor$ en?usiasm to h] beauties1 &   
unite 8 individual sympa?ies1 z 8 social
 remembrances1 ) h] hall[$ associations4
 ,x is ?us t human action & human suff]+
 f9d _! e>lie/ records 9 ! sc5es :]e !  
ev5ts 7 transact$4 ,! conflict long     

cont9ues to revive on its hea?2 ! memory
 ( ! *ief appropriates ! lone vale :]e  
he sleeps2 woods1 m\nta9s1 /reams1      
become ! repres5tatives ( sup]natural   
be+s--b5efic5t or v9dictive--z s5sations
 ( beauty or ( awe are call$ =? 9 !     
mortal brea/4 ,! succe$+ /ep is easy to 
! erection ( less durable b m p>ticul>  
memorials4 ,piety--true 9 s5tim5t1 false
 9 means--patriotism1 fri5d%ip1         
gratitude1 admiration1 leave !          
successive impress ( _! influ5ce1       
accord+ to ! accessions ( intellig5ce1  
on ! 'grey /one'--! rude column--!      
dress$ alt>--! visible %ape--! p]fect   
/atue4 ,h[ beautiful1 !n1 yet h[ true1 !
 allegory ( ,grecian poetry1 :i* feigns 
t love1 or ! natural affections1 taught 
man ! arts ( g5ius6  ,! gradations1     
also1 f un9=m$ art to "s degree ( ref9$ 
inv5tion1 w pres5t1 ev5 among di/ant    
nations1 little ( div]sifi$ "*4 ,9 !    
infancy ( society1 m5 9 all c\ntries    
closely resemble ea* o!r1 9 _! feel+s1 9
 _! wants1 9 _! means ( gratification1 &

 improvem5t4 ,h5ce1 9 ! f9e arts1 :i* at
 fir/ among e p m9i/]1 ) simil>         
res\rces1 to ! same natural desires1 or 
m5tal affections1 resemblance ( /yle    
ought n to be assum$ z evid5ce (        
cont9u\s imitation f a common orig94    
,e>ly ,egyptian & ,grecian /atues       
exhibit almo/ id5tical l9eam5ts1 & ev5  
correspond+ attitude2 simply1 because   
ea* _h to surm\nt ! same difficulties ) 
ne>ly equal in=mation4  ,! t5d5cy ( ^!  
rem>ks1 especially applicable to        
sculpture1 suffici5tly proves t no      
reliance is to be plac$ on any !ories ( 
its exclusive discov]y4 ,su* op9ions1   
h[ev] pr(\nd !y may appe>1 are 9 reality
 ! sub/itution ( a p>tial view ( facts1 
:5 a g5]al law ( our nature is )9 rea*4 
,9 treat+ ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( sculpture1
 !n1 ! legitimate objects ( inquiry are1
 its progress1 "*1 & degree ( p]fection 
among ! diff]5t nations ( antiquity4 ,b 
?\gh no claims ( any s+le nation to h   
imp>t$ ! skill to o!rs c be conc$$1 a v 
wide disp>ity ( m]it is obs]vable1 bo? 9

 ! f9al excell5ce atta9$ by "o p1 z     
respects ! relative acquirem5ts ( ano!r2
 & likewise po9ts ( equal advance be+   
assum$1 ! times pa/ 9 realis+ ?is simil>
 improvem5t are f\nd to be v unequal4   
,^! facts1 "h mo/ easily di/+ui%able1   
are pregnant ) importance1 & inve/ !    
hi/ory ( ?is art ) mu* ( dignity &      
solemn int]e/1 exhibit+ ! /rik+         
connexion betwe5 ! intellectual & !     
political & moral condition ( man4 ,!   
div]sity1 9 tru?1 is ! visible impress  
:i* legislation has /amp$ ^u human      
g5ius4  ,egypt has be5 /yl$ ! cradle ( !
 arts2 &1 waiv+ ! exam9ation ( all      
disputes z to priority1 we pref] comm5c+
 ) ! hi/ory ( ,egyptian sculpture1 s9ce 
its au!ntic monum5ts c>ry u up to a v   
e>ly date1--are num]\s1--& especially1  
because !y t5d to unite ! scatt]$ lights
 :i* d\btful tradition fl+s ov] ! less  
p]fect rema9s ( ,asiatic +5uity4 ,9     
pursu+ ?is inve/igation1 we %all obs]ve 
! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! subject4    ,era
 ( orig9al1 or native ,sculpture4   ,era

 ( mix$1 or ,greco-,egyptian ,sculpture4
   ,era ( imitative ,sculpture1         
improp]ly d5om9at$   ,egyptian4  ,! fir/
 or true age ( ,sculpture 9 ,egypt1     
asc5ds f ! invasion ( ,cambyses to      
unkn[n antiquity4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod only 7
 primitive in/itutions 9 full vig\r &   
integrity1 & public works1 reflect+     
national ta/e1 conduct$ by national     
tal5t4 ,! two rema9+ eras1 ext5d+       
d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! successive dom9ion ( !  
,greeks & ,romans1 h be5 add$1 9 ord] to
 embrace ! consid]ation ( topics1 :i*1  
?\gh remotely connect$ !re)1 h hi!rto   
be5 reg>d$ z integral p>ts ( ! subject4 
,9 exam9+ ! pr9ciples & "* ( ?is        
aborig9al s*ool1 !re are /ill left two  
s\rces ( judg+1 ) suffici5t accuracy1 ! 
m]its ( its production1--ve/iges (      
anci5t gr&eur yet exi/+ on _! native    
site--& ! num]\s specim5s 9 ,european   
cab9ets4 ,^! rema9s may be class$ "u !  
?ree foll[+ divisions4    ,colossal     
/atues4   ,gr\ps or s+le figures ab\t ! 
natural size4   ,hi]oglyphical &        

hi/orical relievos4  ,9 ! =mation ( ^!  
v>i\s lab\rs1 f\r k9ds ( mat]ials are   
employ$3 "o s(t1 a species ( s&/one2 &  
?ree v h>d1 a calc>e\s rock1 out ( :i* !
 tombs1 ) _! sculptures1 are hewn2      
basalt or trap1 ( v>i\s %ades1 f black  
to d>k grey1 ! con/itu5t g5]ally ( !    
small] /atues2 granite1 m commonly ( !  
description nam$ by m9]alogi/s granites 
rubesc5s1 ( a w>m r$di% hue1 ) l>ge     
cry/als ( feld-sp>2 or x is sometimes1  
?\gh r>ely1 ( a d>k r$ gr\nd1 ) black   
specks1 z 9 ! magnific5t head1 mis-nam$ 
( ,memnon1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4      
,colossal figures are uni=mly ( granite1
 9 :i* also is a l>ge portion ( !       
relievos4 ,besides ^!1 f ! acc\nt (     
,h]odotus1 z also f ! /atues ( wood     
actually discov]$ by mod]n travell]s1 we
 le>n t ev5 9 great works1 ! ,egyptian  
sculptors 7 accu/om$ to ex]cise _! skill
 on t less /ubborn mat]ial4 ,metal      
appe>s to h be5 sp>+ly us$2 at lea/1    
only v small figures h yet be5 f\nd ( a 
composition simil> to ! bronze ( lat]   

times4 ,yet ! book ( ,job especially1 & 
o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 w\ld induce !    
conclusion1 t ev5 colossal figures 71 f 
an e>ly p]iod1 ca/ ( metal4 ,9 ! tombs1 
z ^? ne> ,!bes1 small images ( porcela9 
& t]ra cotta are likewise frequ5t4  ,i4 
,! numb] ( colossal /atues 9 anci5t     
,egypt1 z describ$ by ! writ]s (        
,greece1 w\ld appe> incr$ible1          
especially :5 we consid] ! magnitude (  
"s1 & ! mat]ials ( all1 if ^! e>ly      
descriptions 7 n1 at ! pres5t day1      
au!nticat$ by c\ntless rema9s4 ,yet1 ?an
 a /atue ( granite sixty or sev5ty feet 
high1 !re is n1 p]haps1 "o in/ance m    
/rik+1 ( disreg>d ( "t1 & pati5ce (     
toil4 ,( ^! mighty lab\rs1 "s are hewn f
 ! liv+ rock1 & left adh]+ to ! natural 
b$2 z ! celebrat$ ,sphynx1 ne> !        
pyramids ( ,ghizeh1 & v>i\s sculptures  
on ! rocks ( ! ,!baid1 :i* look ! %ad[s 
( giants ca/ by a decl9+ sun4 ,o!rs     
aga91 z 9 "s ( ! figures 9 ! ,memnonium1
 appe> to h be5 built2 mo/ probably re>$
 fir/ ( squ>e blocks1 & aft]w>ds fa%ion$

 into %ape4 ,! great] "p1 h[ev]1 are    
compos$ ( "o block1 rais$ 9 ! granite   
qu>ries ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & transport$ to 
_! de/9$ situation by ! wat]s ( ! ,nile4
 ,( ^! works1 ,h]odotus1 to ^: v]acity  
almo/ e new discov]y 9 ^! c\ntries adds 
fre% cr$ibility1 saw & has describ$ _m1 
"s ( :i* c be id5tifi$ at ! pres5t day1 
& o!rs1 a lab\r ( n _m h\rs promises to 
br+ to light4 ,! dim5sions ( ^? actually
 enum]at$1 ext5d f twelve to sev5ty     
cubits 9 height4 ,"s are figures ( m52  
o!rs ( animals1 *iefly ( ! ,sphynx4 ,^! 
latt] appe> to h be5 9 consid]able      
numb]s1 usually rang$ 9 correspond+ l9es
 on ! opposite side ( ! approa* to !    
great temples4 ,( ! human colossi1 aga91
 "s 7 isolat$1 & 7 probably objects (   
wor%ip2 o!rs 7 m]ely ornam5ts1 *iefly   
employ$ z columns1 z 9 ! fam\s ,propylon
 ( ! ,temple ( ,vulcan1 ascrib$ to      
,psammeti*us1 & erect$ at ,memphis4 ,( !
 unatta*$ figures1 ! attitude appe>s to 
h exhibit$ b little action2 ! po/ure    
app>5tly v>i\s1 ?\gh seldom erect4 ,"o  

is describ$ z recumb5t1 sev5ty cubits   
long1 accompani$ by two small]1 /&+ "o  
at ea* extremity4 ,! l>ge/ /atues n[    
kn[n1 namely1 two 9 ! ,memnonium at     
,!bes1 are bo? 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,all ^!
 works1 ev5 ! column> /atues1 seem to h 
be5 connect$ ) religi\s rites or        
symbols4 ,?is1 toge!r ) imp]fect sci5ce1
 acc\nts = ! /rik+ simil>ity discov]able
 9 a class1 ! individuals ( :i* are ?us 
v>i$1 at lea/ 9 purpose & magnitude4    
,ano!r peculi>ity is1 t 9 ,egyptian     
sculpture1 :5ev] ! dim5sions are mu*    
beyond nature1 ! head is always l>g] ?an
 ev5 colossal proportions w\ld require4 
,x w\ld be unreasonable to ascribe to   
ignorance a practice ?us univ]sal2 x is 
to be attribut$ r to mi/ak5 pr9ciple1 9 
ord] to r5d] ! features m conspicu\s1 :5
 remov$ to a di/ance f ! eye4 ,:]e      
simil> "* & design ?us p]vade ! :ole    
class1 m9ut5ess ( individual description
 is unnecess>y2 we may1 h[ev]1 m]ely    
ref]1 z examples be/ kn[n1 to ! two     
,!ban colossi already notic$1 "o ( :i*1 

f inscriptions /ill legible1 w\ld appe> 
to be ! fam\s s\nd+ /atue ( ,memnon4 ,9 
ea* ( ^! figures1 exclusive ( ! l[] pl9?
 ( ! ?rone1 ! altitude is fifty feet1 ! 
mat]ial r$ granite1 & ! positions       
alike--namely1 seat$1 ! head look+      
/raight 9 front1 arms close press$ to ! 
sides1 palms & =e>m ext5d$ & re/+ ^u !  
?ighs1 l[] extremities p]p5dicul> &     
ap>t4 ,?is po/ure1 :i* may be describ$ z
 *>act]i/ic ( ! entire class1 is little 
calculat$ to convey any s5tim5t ( ease  
or grace4 ,yet 9 ^! va/1 al?\gh         
comp>atively un9=m$ lab\rs1 we discov] m
 ( ! sublime ?an arises f m]e va/ness1  
or ev5 f ! recollections ( di/ant "t )  
:i* _! memory is associat$4 ,!y are     
inve/$ ) a maje/ic repose--) a gr& &    
solemn tranquillity1 :i* awes )\t       
a/oni%+2 & :ile !y exhibit ! greate/    
p]fection to :i* ,egyptian art has      
atta9$1 9 colossal /atues g5]ally1 we   
discov] occasional approa*es to tru? &  
nature1 ) no inconsid]able feel+ ( !    
sweet1 ! unaffect$1 & ! fl[+ 9          

expression & cont\r4  ,,ii4 ,to ! second
 class belong bo? ! e>lie/ & ! late/    
works ( ! ,egyptian *isel2 yet betwe5 ! 
wor/ & ! be/1 is n to be p]ceiv$ a      
div]sity ( m]it correspond+ to ! lapse (
 "t--a c]ta9 pro(1 t ! pr9ciples ( ! art
 7 fix$ at an e>ly p]iod ( its progress1
 & on gr\nds indep5d5t ( its precepts4  
,! fir/ essays 9 sculpture 9 ,egypt1    
seem to h be5 made ^u ! liv+ rock1 9 !  
process ( excavat+ artificial or enl>g+ 
natural cav]ns = ! purposes ( habitation
 or devotion1 & at e p]iod 9 ,ea/]n     
hi/ory ( sepulture4 ,/atues ?us =m$1    
w\ld1 f ! mode ( _! =mation1 n mu* exce$
 ! natural size2 & be+ aft]w>ds deta*$  
:5 f9i%$1 7 transf]r$ to o!r situations4
 ,9 imitation ( ^!1 /atues 7 subsequ5tly
 hewn1 9 :at became ! ord9>y mann]1 f   
deta*$ blocks4 ,x is n "h impli$1 t ^!  
two me?ods c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 _!     
sep>ate applications1 nor t ! "o 0      
sup]s$$ by ! o!r2 b simply1 t ! /ate (  
k1 & ! habits ( ! p1 r5d] v probable !  
priority ( ! =m]4 ,h5ce appe>s an       

explanation ( a s+ul> fact 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! art1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( mu*      
discussion4 ,9 e specim51 )\t exception1
 :i* c be rank$ z ,egyptian1 a pila/]   
runs up ! back ( ! figure1 9 :atev]     
attitude x may be repres5t$4 ,! orig9 ( 
a practice n natural1 9 an art pr(ess+  
to imitate nature1 mu/ be s\ght 9 "s    
ext]nal circum/ance ( its e>ly hi/ory4  
,n[1 su* circum/ance seems pla9ly       
disc]nible 9 works /ill rema9+1 9 !     
excavations ( ,philoe1 ,elephantis1     
,silsilis1 & at ,el ,malook1 9 ! tombs (
 ! ,!ban k+s4 ,9 ^! monum5ts1 :i* are   
(t5 suites ( magnific5t *amb]s hewn f ! 
h>d & :ite calc>e\s rock1 num]\s &      
beautiful rema9s ( sculpture are        
pres]v$4 ,^! ornam5ts v>y f simple      
relievos to complete /atues4 ,9 ! latt]1
 ! figure is nev] entirely deta*$1 :5   
plac$ on ! surface ( ! wall1 a po/]ior  
portion be+ always left adh]+2 :ile1 if 
=m$ by cutt+ r\nd to a recess1 a pila/] 
beh9d runs up ! :ole height1 evid5tly ) 
! orig9al view ( increas+ /r5g? or (    

sav+ lab\r1 or f c]ta9 religi\s notions4
 ,subsequ5tly1 9 deta*$ /atues wr\ght   
out ( blocks f ! same1 or 9 "p ! same   
motives1 & also 9 ord] to obta9 a       
surface = ! inscription ( hi]oglyphics1 
! aborig9al pill> 0 reta9$4 ,g5]ally    
speak+1 ! workman%ip "h is inf]ior to ! 
details ( ! colossal figures1 al?\gh "s 
( ! f9e/ specim5s belong to ?is second  
division4 ,! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 _c be     
ref]r$ to any regul> gradations (       
improvem5t1 nor det]m9ate epo*as ( /yle1
 z sometimes attempt$4 ,!y are ! result 
solely ( individual skill 9 ! arti/s1 & 
( ! views1 opul5ce1 or purposes ( _!    
employ]s4 ,?is diff]5ce1 also1 ext5ds   
only to ! m9or details ( execution2 9 ! 
m intellectual pr9ciples ( art1 all are 
ne>ly on an equality4 ,ev5 ! design &   
attitudes are wond]fully limit$1 !      
sam5ess be+ m uni=m ?an c\ld h be5      
produc$1 except by ! op]ation (         
prescriptive rules & fix$ models (      
imitation4  ,9 _m ( ! anci5t ,egyptian  
build+s1 ! :ole ( ! ext]ior is frequ5tly

 cov]$ ) relievos4 ,?is pr(usion1 = !   
purpose1 too1 ( m]e decoration1 toge!r )
 ! indef9ite nature ( hi]oglyphical     
del9eation1 op]at$ /rongly aga9/        
improvem5t 9 ?is p>ticul> prov9ce4      
,inde$1 ! prejudicial effects aris+ f an
 embelli%m5t1 9 :i* ext5t m ?an intr9sic
 beauty 0 reg>d$1 & :]e arbitr>y =ms1 or
 m]e indications ( kn[n objects1        
preclud$ all natural imitation1 & all   
delicacy ( expression1 infect$ ! :ole ( 
! art4 ,! g5]al inf]iority 9 works ( ?is
 ?ird class1 is1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood )
 due limitation4 ,9 relievos1 consi/+ ( 
few figures1 sepul*ral ones = in/ance1  
:i* 9 ! same piece r>ely conta9 m ?an   
?ree1 are (t5 display$ no mean beauties 
bo? ( execution & ( "*4 ,9 hi/orical    
relievos1 aga91 :i* occupy entire walls 
( ! temples1 cr[d$ z !y are ) figures 9 
v>i\s actions1 processions1 battles1    
sieges1 & repres5t$ by arti/s :o        
app>5tly possess$ no pr9ciples ( design1
 save a k ( simple =m 9 its mo/ re/rict$
 movem5ts1 all is feebl5ess1 pu]ility1 &

 confusion4 ,or if beauty occasionally  
break =?1 x is 9 "s s+le repos+ figure1 
or 9 ! pati5t details ( execution4 ,9 ! 
draw+ & anatomy1 s+ul> ignorance is     
manife/$2 ! limbs are )\t jo9ts1 & !    
movem5ts exhibit nei!r balance nor spr+2
 proportion & p]spective seem to h be5  
utt]ly unkn[n4 ,milit>y eng9es1 build+s1
 horses1 soldi]s1 all appe> ( ! same    
dim5sions1 & all equally ne> ! eye4 ,!  
h]o 9 all ^! monum5ts be>s a /rong      
individual resemblance2 he is repres5t$ 
ev] victori\s1 9 ! bloom ( y\?1 & 9 8   
figure are sometimes display$ bo? gr&eur
 & beauty ( conception1 :5 consid]$     
ap>t4 ,b ^! sep>ate excell5ces are      
completely obscur$ by ! absurdity (     
repres5t+ him at lea/ d\ble ! /ature ( 8
 foll[]s or oppon5ts4 ,! circum/ance (  
?us conf\nd+ moral greatness ) physical 
magnitude1 7 alone suffici5t to m>k !   
infancy ( inv5tion1 & ! b>b>ism ( ta/e4 
,x is nev]!less only ju/ice to m5tion1 t
 occasionally1 9 ! hi/orical relievos1  
we obs]ve rudim5ts ( high] art1 ) less (

 conv5tion1 & m ( fre$om ( imag9ation1  
?an 9 any o!r ,egyptian sculptures4  ,! 
praises be/[$ ^u ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt
 by ,w9kleman & o!rs1 mu/ be re/rict$ to
 ! m]e workman%ip2 & ev5 !n1 are        
exagg]at$ or misplac$4 ,consid]$ z works
 ( art1 if inde$ !y c be elevat$ to t   
rank1 !y w be f\nd entirely de/itute (  
accurate discrim9ation ( =m1 & are m    
prop]ly conv5tional repres5tations1     
dep5d5t ^u modes & pr9ciples at once    
limit$ & arbitr>y4 ,^! lab\rs1 !        
probable records ( primitive hi/ory1 & (
 e>lie/ sup]/ition1 are ( diff]5t k9ds4 
,! fir/ 9 use1 ?\gh n aft]w>ds sup]s$$1 
7 anaglyphics1 9 :i* objects are        
repres5t$ by a simple outl9e1 (t5 trac$ 
to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es4 ,an obvi\s    
improvem5t ^u ?is 0 to r\nd ! angles1 & 
to relieve ! figures ^u !mselves2 a mode
 :i* v g5]ally obta9s4 ,to ?is mann] mu*
 +5uity & =e?\ght has inconsid]ately be5
 ascrib$1 z if adopt$ aga9/ ! attacks ( 
"t1 & to ca/ a deep] %ad[ on ! symbols4 
,x is1 on ! contr>y1 to be judg$ m]ely z

 ! res\rce ( an imp]fect art4 ,a ?ird1 b
 comp>atively r>e me?od1 0 to elevate ! 
cont\r1 by r$uc+ ! surface bo? )9 & )\t4
 ,! la/ & mo/ labori\s plan1 0 to remove
 ! gr\nd entirely1 leav+ ! figures 9    
prop] relief4 ,?is1 ! true relievo1 0   
unkn[n to or unpractis$ 9 ! anci5t arts 
( ,egypt4 ,ev5 ! hi/orical & monum5tal  
sculptures j describ$1 p>take m ( !     
anaglyphical ?an ( ! elevat$ relievo4   
,inde$ e specim5 ( ?is latt] is to be   
assign$ to a lat] p]iod ?an ! fir/ &    
g5u9e age4 ,by att5d+ to ?is1 & to !    
co/ume ( ! figures 9 ! mo/ anci5t works1
 data ( importance might be discov]$1   
?r[+ valuable light on ! eras ( ,egypt's
 my/]i\s monum5ts4  ,! expression1 mix$ 
art1 select$ to discrim9ate ! second    
epo*1 has be5 adopt$1 to m>k !          
successive *anges 9 ! anci5t modes      
induc$ by ! ,p]sians & ! ,greeks4 ,!    
influ5ce ex]t$ ^u art by ! dom9ion ( !  
=m]1 am\nt$ m]ely to a negative1--to !  
prohibition ( its ex]cise2 :i*1 ) !     
de/ruction ( _m ( its be/ monum5ts1     

produc$ a det]ioration 9 ! few & feeble 
attempts dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( t dyna/y4  
,my?raism1 9 :i* elem5tal fire 0 !      
symbol ( ! ,deity1 proscrib$ ! imitative
 arts 9 t s]vice1 :5ce1 9 all o!r       
c\ntries1 !y h sprung4 ,! ,p]sians1 says
 ! fa!r ( hi/ory1 h nei!r temples nor   
/atues4 ,or1 if ar*itecture 0 enc\rag$  
by ^! conqu]ors1 evid5ce /ill rema9s t  
_! erections 7 b modifications (        
mat]ials torn f ! mighty /ructures ( pa/
 ages4 ,9 little m ?an a c5tury & a     
half1 ! ,p]sian 0 subv]t$ by !          
,mac$onian empire4 ,yet ev5 9 ,alex&]1 !
 anci5t & native arts ( ,egypt obta9$ n 
a patron4 ,! maje/ic range ( temples1   
palaces1 & cities1 :i* bord]$ ! sacr$   
/ream ( ! ,nile1 furni%$ s _m qu>ries1 (
 tempt+ access1 :5ce ,alex&ria 0 re>$2 &
 ! mightie/1 z well z mo/ rational      
trophy ( ,grecian sup]iority1 receiv$   
its gr&e/ & mo/ endur+ monum5ts f !     
/up5d\s lab\rs ( ! fir/ age4 ,8         
successors foll[$ ! example2 & al?\gh1  
"u !m1 ! poli%$ lit]ature ( ,greece1    

unit$ ) h] own subtile philosophy1      
con/itut$ ,alex&ria ! ,a!ns ( ! ,ea/1   
yet 9 sculpture1 9 ar*itecture1 & 9     
religion1 to :i* bo? 7 subord9ate1 ! "* 
rema9$ ess5tially ,egyptian1 b ) c]ta9  
deviations & additions4  ,! ,roman      
dom9ion f9ally introduc$ new            
modifications1 or r mutations1 ( !      
anci5t art4 ,?is epo* may be consid]$ z 
comm5c+ ) ! introduction ( ! ,isiac     
my/]ies at ,rome2 al?\gh ! pr9cipal     
features by :i*1 z a division 9 ! hi/ory
 ( art1 x is di/+ui%$1 are n decid$ly   
m>k$ prior to ! reign ( ,hadrian4 ,!    
works ( ! ?ird1 or imitative era1 h1 9  
/rict propriety1 no real connexion )    
,egyptian sculpture1 f>!r ?an z x       
multipli$ copies ( ! anci5t =ms1 )      
occasional accessions ( elegance4 ,dur+ 
a resid5ce ( two ye>s 9 ! ,ea/1 & by !  
deification !re ( 8 favorite ,ant9\s1   
,hadrian imbib$ a fondness = ! arts1 &  
p>ticul>ly = ! /atu>y ( ,egypt4 ,b !    
works :i* he comm&$ 7 9 all respects    
,roman1 or r ,grecian1 "u ,egyptian     

modes4 ,!y 7 inde$ mo/ scrupul\sly      
modell$ aft] ! mo/ anci5t & au!ntic     
specim5s2 ev5 ! mat]ials 7 br\ght f !   
native qu>ries1 b ! sculptors 7 ,greeks 
or ,italians2 & ! ,grecian "* ( design  
is visible 9 e rema9+ specim51 ! m]its (
 :i* require notice4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be 
m futile1 ?an f ! works ( ?is age to    
inf] ! m]its or pr9ciples ( native &    
anci5t art4 ,s f>1 inde$1 does our      
scepticism "h ext5d1 t we d\bt if a s+le
 /atue ( g5u9e & anci5t ,egyptian       
workman%ip is to be f\nd among ! numb]s 
t h be5 discov]$ 9 ,italy1 & ) :i*      
,hadrian fill$ t portion ( ! empire4  ,!
 g5]al conclusion1 !n1 f ^! rem>ks1 is1 
t !re is b "o p]iod ( real ,egyptian    
sculpture1 & t ! g5ius & "* ( ?is       
indig5\s & aborig9al art is to be       
discov]$ only 9 ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts1  
hav+ suff]$ v>i\s *anges "u ! ,greeks & 
"u ! ,romans4 ,9 e/abli%+ ?is inf]5ce1  
we h n be5 guid$ by ! (t5 fanciful1     
always deceitful1 analogies discov]able 
9 ! fluctuat+ /yle & v>y+ productions ( 

imitation1 b h view$ ^! z direct$ by !  
/eady op]ation ( ! laws & in/itutions ( 
society1 :i* gov]n ! _s & t5d5cy ( !    
arts !mselves4 ,dur+ an int]val ( ne>ly 
tw5ty c5turies previ\s to ! era (       
,alex&]1 ?\gh dilig5tly cultivat$1      
sculpture _h h>dly atta9$ any ( ! nobl] 
qualities ( inv5tion4 ,! sy/em ( ta/e & 
( gov]nm5t 0 9 fact ho/ile to improvem5t
 9 ?is art beyond a c]ta9 limit1 or ^u  
any pr9ciples1 save ^? fix$ on ! v      
?re%old ( k4 ,! national polity1 :i* w  
ev] be f\nd to guide ! national ta/e1   
induc$ a pref]5ce ( ! imm5se & !        
durable2 h5ce ! gr&eur ( ,egyptian      
ar*itecture3 b 9 /atu>y1 su* a "* (     
design necess>ily produc$ figures rigid 
& motionless4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( !   
gr& & ! beautiful--bread? & simplicity1 
are inde$ pres5t1 b ! effect is r>ely   
elicit$4 ,! simple is seldom inspir$ by 
any feel+ ( ! true1 ! natural1 or !     
graceful2 bread?1 unreliev$ by symmetry 
( p>ts1 or expression ( details1        
deg5]ates into in]t magnitude4 ,!       

colossal =ms are ! records only ( p[]1 (
 pati5ce1 & ( lab\r2 n ! creations (    
intellig5ce & ( g5ius4 ,sculpture also  
suff]$ f peculi> ob/acles to its        
progress4 ,exclusively atta*$ to !      
s]vice ( religion1 its repres5tations 7 
conf9$ to div9ities1 prie/s1 & k+s2     
p]sonages ^: modes & l9eam5ts 7         
unalt]ably fix$--fix$1 too1 f types1    
frequ5tly ( ! mo/ hide\s description1 at
 lea/ ill manag$1 & little adapt$ to !  
objects or _s ( ! art4 ,?is religion    
likewise admitt$ no images ( human      
virtue or sympa?y to m+le ) its cold    
ob/ructions2 ?us d5y+ to ! ,egyptian    
arts a s\rce1 :i*1 to ^? ( ,greece1     
prov$ "o ( ! ri*e/ & sweete/ ve9s (     
ideal composition4 ,! arti/1 !re=e1 ev5 
_h he be5 all[$ to dep>t f e/abli%$ b   
imp]fect models1 possess$ no ennobl+    
s\rce :5ce to create new models ( beauty
 or ( gr&eur4 ,imag9ation want$         
mat]ials1 :i* nei!r ! prescrib$ subject 
nor liv+ nature1 "u ^! re/rictions1 c\ld
 supply4 ,aga91 sculpture n only lab\r$ 

"u ! g5]al disadvantage ( h]$it>y &     
un*ang+ pr(essions2 a national          
regulation :i* repress$ e =tunate       
pr$ilection ( g5ius1 b z a security     
aga9/ ! possibility ( innovation1       
slaves1 educat$ "u ! imm$iate c>e ( !   
prie/s1 7 entru/$ ) ! execution ( ! mo/ 
sacr$1 &1 consequ5tly1 mo/ important    
monum5ts4  ,9 ,egyptian sculpture1 ?us  
prop]ly und]/ood1 little w be discov]$ (
 t excell5ce :i* has be5 attribut$ to   
its rema9s4 ,/ill !re are to be f\nd "s 
fir/ pr9ciples ( true sci5ce2 & ^! are  
occasionally develop$ ) consid]able     
beauty ( detail2 always ) pati5t1 b     
ineffici5t te*nicality4 ,x is by no     
means app>5t1 h[ev]1 t by ! ma/]s ( ^!  
e>ly ages any !ory 0 obs]v$2 c]ta9ly !  
occasional ref9em5t seems r ! result (  
accid5t or ( individual sup]iority1 ?an 
( sy/ematic p]ceptions1 or ( transmitt$ 
precept4 ,_! be/ /atues h an elevation (
 sev5 h&s & a half1 be+ divid$ equally1 
! torso & limbs hav+ ! same l5g?4 ,^!   
proportions are pleas+1 & borr[$        

directly f nature2 b !y %[ no?+ ( t     
*>act]i/ic beauty ( physical art1 :i*1 9
 ! v>i$ h>mony ( p>ts1 indicates !      
capabilities ( =m4 ,a simil> pr9ciple   
regulates ! details1 :i*1 ?\gh br\ght   
out ) consid]able propriety & s(tness1  
are yet )\t precision or anatomical k1  
especially ( int]nal /ructure1--! heads 
( ! bones1 ! ins]tions & t]m9ations ( ! 
muscles1 nev] be+ correctly indicat$4   
,h5ce ! =ms appe> co>se & inelegant1 !  
limbs heavy & in]t1 because )\t vigor\s 
m>k+ on ! jo9ts1 :]e ! deep] depressions
 only & ! /ronge/ projections are aim$  
at1 n feel+ly t\*$4 ,! attitude1 also1  
is con/antly rectil9e>1 d5ot+ t         
condition ( ! art :5 pov]ty ( s\rce     
limits its rea* ( ! beautiful by !      
difficulties ( execution4 ,x is1 9 fact1
 ! fir/ *oice ( inv5tion r5d]$ p]man5t  
by prescriptive in/itutions4 ,f ! curve 
be+ ?us unkn[n 9 ! cont\r1 ! action is  
necess>ily angul> 9 its direction1      
unless ! movem5t be p>allel to !        
gravitat+ l9e ( ! figure4 ,h5ce ! range 

( action & ( attitude is v circumscrib$2
 ! arms ei!r hang+ close by ! sides or  
cross$ at "r angles on ! brea/2 or1 z a 
slight v>iation1 "o is plac$ 9 ea*      
po/ure4 ,lat]al movem5ts 9 l mann] are  
limit$1 ! /atue /&+ equally pois$ on bo?
 limbs1 ! feet n exactly opposite1 "o   
be+ 9 advance1 (t5 almo/ 9 front ( !    
o!r4 ,:e!r erect1 sitt+1 or kneel+1 !   
action is ! same3 h5ce1 little ( grace  
or animation ( movem5t is to be f\nd ev5
 9 ! mo/ p]fect works2 yet !re is (t5 to
 be rem>k$ a grave & /aid s]5ity1 nei!r 
unpleas+ nor devoid ( int]e/4 ,z 9 !    
selection ( attitude1 h[ev]1 ! arti/ has
 be5 guid$1 n by ! beautiful1 b by 8 own
 timidity & conf9$ res\rces2 s 9        
expression1 little beyond a vague &     
g5]al emotion has be5 attempt$2 seldom  
m1 inde$1 ?an might be produc$ by !     
symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! features4 ,^!
 are flat1 ! c\nt5ance be+ ,e?iopian1 & 
are j suffici5tly di/+ui%$ = ! effect ( 
sep>ation2 ! dep? ( %ad[ is want+ to    
give contra/ & firmness4 ,! eyes1 :e!r  

long & n>r[1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( !   
e>lie/ era1 or m full & op51 z 9 !      
,greco-,egyptian p]iod1 are ne>ly on !  
g5]al level ( ! face2 ! nose is broad & 
depress$1 ! lips ?ick1 & always %>p on !
 out] edge1 ?\gh (t5 t\*$ ) great       
s(tness & delicacy2 ! *eeks1 *91 & e>s1 
are l>ge1 ill made out1 & )\t feel+4    
,h5ce1 al?\gh ! heads are (t5 f9i%$ )   
wond]ful lab\r1 ! effect is always      
feeble1 :ile ! :ole is uni=mly surm\nt$ 
by h>% & disproportionate masses (      
drap]y1 ov]p[]+ ! already too weak      
expression4 ,! sup]ior beauty ( "s ( !  
colossal bu/s may p]haps be rightly     
attribut$ to _! hav+ be5 execut$ z      
portraits4 ,conv5tional art1 ev5 9 ! mo/
 skilful h&s1 is r>ely pleas+2 nature1  
ev5 rudely imitat$1 is ev] view$ ) a    
degree ( pleasure4  ,on ! me?ods employ$
 to "w mat]ials s unyield+ z ^? ( !     
,egyptian sculptors1 x is difficult to  
propose any decid$ op9ion4 ,on _!       
porphyry1 granite1 & basalt1 mod]n tools
 c h>dly make impression2 yet are ! =ms1

 9 all in/ances1 highly f9i%$1 ) angles 
%>p & unbrok54 ,! latt] circum/ance1    
inde$1 con/itutes a peculi> feature 9 ! 
works ( ?is c\ntry z di/+ui%$ f ,ori5tal
 art g5]ally1 :i*1 toge!r ) bread? &    
simplicity1 br+s !m ne>e/ ! productions 
( ! ,grecian *isel4 ,f ! /yle (         
execution1 h[ev]1 x w\ld appe> t !      
effect has be5 br\ght out r by pati5ce &
 lab\r1 ?an by rapid or dext]\s         
managem5t4 ,9 fact1 ! g5]al "* has be5  
influ5c$ n a little by ! mat]ials2 = 9 !
 /atues ( wood1 bo? z describ$ &        
discov]$1 ! action is bold]1 & ! mann] m
 free4 ,if a conjecture may be haz>d$ on
 ! subject ( _! !ory1 x w\ld seem t !   
,egyptians1 9 ! infancy ( _! arts1 7    
guid$ by an outl9e trac$ r\nd a human   
figure1 dead or alive1 ext5d$ ^u !      
block1 face upw>ds1 ) ! arms close by ! 
sides1 & ! limbs plac$ toge!r exactly z 
_! /atues are compos$4 ,! scatt]$       
details giv5 9 ! ,greek writ]s respect+ 
! arts ( ?is anci5t p1 h inde$ induc$ ! 
belief1 t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) mu* m ref9$   

canons ( symmetry2 b x ought to h be5   
obs]v$1 t ,diodorus & o!rs describe !   
practices exi/+ 9 _! own times1 :5      
,egypt _h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 become !   
pupil ( ,greece4 ,9 "s respects1 also1 x
 is difficult to give implicit cr$it to 
_! acc\nts1 at lea/ 9 ! common          
int]pretation4 ,x is f>!r p>ticul>ly to 
be obs]v$1 t ! supposition n[ made w    
acc\nt = ! correctness ( ! g5]al        
proportions :i* w\ld ?us be obta9$ f    
nature2 likewise no !ory ( proportional 
p>ts c be detect$ diff]5t f ! results   
?us obta9able1 :ile ^? details :i* a    
ref9$ !ory w\ld pres]ve1 b :i* c\ld n by
 su* me?od be measur$1 are defective4   
,we h be5 ?us m9ute & critical 9 ^!     
inve/igations = two reasons3 f ,egypt   
c]ta9ly desc5d$ ! fir/ pr9ciples (      
improvem5t to ,we/]n art1 :ile no less  
evid5tly did ! ,ea/]n _w d]ive its      
entire k f ! same s\rce4 ,consequ5tly1 9
 c>efully exam9+ t ( ! ,egyptians1 ! be/
 acc\nt1 d$uc$ too f monum5ts actually  
obs]v$1 has be5 giv5 ( ,ori5tal         

,sculpture g5]ally4 ,( ! mighty empires1
 inde$1 :i* once embrac$ ! happie/      
regions ( ,asia & ( ! globe1 a "n1 or at
 mo/ a %apeless mass ( ru9s1 alone      
rema94 ,( ,jewi% art1 ! sole memorials 9
 exi/5ce are ! sculptur$ transcripts on 
! ar* ( ,titus4 ,b e description 9 !    
sacr$ records1 f ! calf ( ! wild]ness to
 ! twelve ox5 ( ! molt5 sea1 or ! lions 
( ! ?rone ( ,solomon1 ev9ces ! ta/e ( ! 
=m] bondsm5 ( ,ph>aoh1 & ( him :o 0     
skill$ 9 all ! le>n+ ( ! ,egyptians2 at 
! same "t we le>n t ! ,israelites       
quickly dep>t$ f ! sev]e & simple gr&eur
 ( ! p>5t s\rce4 ,mov+ ea/w>d3          
,baalbec's gigantic masonry is adorn$ ) 
little ( sculpture2 ! lonely ,palmyra   
exhibits only ,roman ru9s1 = ! ,tadmor (
 ,scripture has long disappe>$2 ! pill>$
 ,p]sepolis claims a remot] antiquity2 b
 ! ,pelhavi & arr[head$ inscriptions1   
in/ead ( hi]oglyphics1 %[ comp>atively  
rec5t1 & ! innum]able & beautiful       
sculptures1 display c]ta9 traits ( !    
,grecian s*ool4 ,!y _c be old] ?an      

,cyrus1 b mo/ probably belong to ! age (
 8 successors4 ,! my/]i\s monum5ts (    
,h9du/an alone seem to claim an equal or
 m anci5t date comp>$ ) ! lab\rs we h   
survey$4 ,_! nature1 also1 is ! same2   
h5ce !re are n want+ names ( highe/     
em95ce1 :o h ma9ta9$ n only ! great]    
antiquity ( ,indian art1 b t !nce has   
be5 d]iv$ all o!r1 z f ! p>5t s\rce4    
,?is op9ion has be5 gr\nd$ too          
exclusively on ! dubi\s inf]5ces (      
philology1 or ( m]e antiqu>ian          
erudition1--dubi\s1 at lea/1 :5 appli$  
to ,sculpture4 ,"h ! subject itself     
ought to supply ! true pr9ciples (      
decision2 & on ?is po9t "o obs]vation w 
suffice4 ,! sculpture1 l ! ar*itecture1 
( ,egypt1 be>s ! impress ( uni=m        
simplicity2 ! gr& l9es ( composition are
 few1 accessories are sp>+ly introduc$1 
& we> ! same sob]1 massive1 & unpret5d+ 
"*4 ,9 ! works ( ,asiatic art1 on !     
contr>y1 al?\gh pres5t+ a g5]al         
resemblance to ^? ( ,egypt1 ! design is 
nei!r simple nor uni=m2 ! p>ts are      

num]\s1 break+ ! ma/] l9es into         
multipli$ comp>tm5ts1 :ile ! /yle (     
ornam5t is replete ) complicat$ details1
 & ( pret5sion above ! means ( ! arti/4 
,n[1 judg+ accord+ to ! natural inf]5ces
 f ^! facts1 & accord+ to ! ackn[l$g$   
precepts ( imitative art1 ?is latt]     
/yle1 ) its defects 9 keep+1 has        
evid5tly aris5 9 consequ5ce ( sup]9duc+ 
a lab\r$ & injudici\sly aspir+ ta/e ^u !
 m sev]e & simple conceptions ( a       
primitive composition4 ,simil> pr9ciples
 may be obvi\sly trac$ 9 ! f>!r progress
 ( ! arts ea/w>d4 ,*9a is admitt$1 on ! 
mo/ le>n$ au?orities1 to h be5 plant$ by
 coloni/s f ! banks ( ! ,indus & !      
,ganges2 & 9 ! un*ang+ modes ( t c\ntry1
 we seem almo/ to cat* glimpses ( !     
aborig9al k ( our race4 ,yet h[ /rik+ ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ornate & ! fritt]$    
lab\rs ( ! ,*9ese comp>$ ) ! works ei!r 
( ,india or ( ,egypt6 ,ev5 _! great wall
 is b ! accumulation ( petty            
ex]tions--an evid5ce ( num]ical1 n (    
sci5tific en]gy4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,,9

 ! previ\s *apt]1 ,egypt has be5        
exhibit$ z ! c5tre ( intellig5ce 9 !    
hi/ory ( anci5t art2 & hav+ expla9$ !   
connexion :i* c /ill be trac$ 9 ! few   
rema9+ monum5ts ( ! ,ea/1 we n[ turn f !
 p>5t s\rce to trace ! progress (       
ref9em5t 9 ! ,we/1 :]e1 fir/ 9 ,greece1 
! human m9d awoke to ! full consci\sness
 ( its capaci\s grasp1 & ( its exquisite
 s5sibilities4  ,! univ]sal orig9 (     
sculptural repres5tation1 already       
notic$1 9 ! alliance :i* man =ms )      
natural objects z %ad[+ =? ! affections 
or ! regrets ( ! he>t1 is n[h]e s       
conspicu\s z 9 ,greece4 ,"h art 0 poetry
 f ! beg9n+2 h] consecrat$ groves1 h]   
w9d+ /reams1 h] fl[]y pla9s1 ! azure    
dep?s ( h] m\nta9s1 became at once !    
resid5ce & ! repres5tatives ( ^? be+s1  
:e!r div9e or h]oic1 :o con/itut$ h]    
!ology4 ,by a p1 simple 9 _! habits1 yet
 ard5t 9 _! feel+s1 ?is e>ly fai? 0 long
 rememb]$1--su* rem9isc5ces deeply      
t9ctur+ mu* ( :at is mo/ exquisitely    
descriptive & s5tim5tal 9 ,grecian      

poetry4 ,b a belief s ab/ract1 s        
untangible 9 its =ms1 & s remotely      
address$ to ! s5ses1 w\ld soon prove    
insuffici5t to ma9ta9 effectual empire  
ov] ! passions4 ,attempts 7 spe$ily made
 to secure1 z x 71 ! m imm$iate pres5ce 
& protection ( ! objects ( v5]ation or (
 wor%ip4 ,m5's desires 9 ?is respect1   
h[ev]1 z 9 all o!r in/ances1 w\ld       
necess>ily be limit$ by _! k & _! p[]s4 
,9 ! primitive ages1 accord+ly1 objects 
rude & unfa%ion$ z we le>n f hi/ory1 7  
ador$ z repres5t+ ! div9ities ( ,greece4
 ,ev5 to ! "t ( ,pausanias1 /ones &     
trunks ( trees1 r\gh & un9=m$ by art1 7 
pres]v$ 9 ! temples3 & ?\gh replac$ by  
=ms almo/ div9e1 /ill reg>d$ ) peculi>  
v5]ation1 z ! anci5t images ( ! deities4
 ,z skill improv$1 ^! signs began to    
assume m det]m9ate similitude2 & f a    
squ>e column1 ! fir/ /age1 by sl[       
gradations some?+ approa*+ to a         
resemblance ( ! human figure 0 fa%ion$4 
,^! ef=ts at sculpture long cont9u$     
extremely imp]fect4 ,! extremities seem 

n to h be5 ev5 attempt$2 ! arms 7 n     
sep>at$ f ! body1 nor ! limbs f ea* o!r1
 b1 l ! folds ( ! drap]y1 /iffly        
indicat$ by deep l9es drawn on !        
surface4 ,su* appe>s to h be5 ! g5]al   
/ate ( ! art imm$iately prior to ! p]iod
 :5 x c fir/ be trac$1 z cultivat$ ) "s 
degree ( success 9 any p>ticul> place4  
,?is occurs ab\t twelve c5turies be=e   
,*ri/4  ,! f9e arts h nev] fl\ri%$ 9    
/ates n comm]cial2 9 ?is respect1       
pres5t+ a m>k$ contra/ to ! orig9 &     
progress ( poetry & music2 a fact       
s+ul>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! condition ( ^?   
cities :]e arose ! primitive s*ools 9   
,greece4 ,sicyon1 g9a1 ,cor9?1 & ,a!ns1 
7 ! fir/ seats ( comm]ce & ( sculpture4 
,sicyon1 ) its small b important        
t]ritory1 ext5d+ a few miles along !    
s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ! ,cor9?ian gulf1 
0 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,grecian /ates1 &    
probably ! olde/ city ( ,europe4 ,f !   
e>lie/ times1 x became celebrat$ = !    
weal?1 ent]prise1 & intellig5ce ( its   
population2 & f ! ,sicyonian academy 7  

s5t =? _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ma/]s (     
design2 h5ce ,sicyon obta9$ ! v5]able   
appellation ( ',"m ( ! ,arts4' ,!       
f\ndation ( ?is s*ool1 ?\gh mo/ probably
 ( mu* high] antiquity1 is assign$ to   
,dibutades1 :o1 9 ! humble occupation ( 
a pott]1 became ! accid5tal inv5tor ( ! 
art ( modell+4 ,= ?is discov]y1 s       
preci\s 9 its subsequ5t effects1 he 0   
indebt$ to ! +5uity ( 8 daught]1 :o1    
inspir$ by love1 trac$ ^u ! wall1 by    
means ( a lamp1 ! %ad[$ pr(ile ( !      
favor$ y\? z he slept1 t ) ?is imp]fect 
resemblance %e might beguile ! l+]+ h\rs
 ( abs5ce4 ,?is outl9e ! fa!r1 fill+ up 
) clay1 =m$ a m$allion1 :i*1 ev5 to ! "t
 ( ,pl9y1 0 pres]v$ z a mo/ int]e/+     
relic4 ,to ! same pleas+ orig9 pa9t+ has
 be5 ascrib$--ano!r in/ance ( t         
delightful *>m1 :i*1 to _! poetry1 _!   
arts1 _! philosophy ev51 ! ,greeks h    
imp>t$ by ! con/ant union ( s5tim5t &   
reason--( ! he>t ) ! und]/&+4  ,! little
 isl&1 or r rock1 ( g9a1 /ill "o ( ! mo/
 int]e/+ spots ( ,greece1 ris+ above !  

waves ( ! ,s>onic gulf1 ne>ly opposite  
to ,a!ns1 af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! 
effects ( comm]cial wisdom4             
,insignificant 9 ext5t1 boa/+ ( few     
productions1 x 0 yet enabl$1 by ?is     
wisdom1 long & successfully to ma9ta9 ! 
/ruggle ( w>f>e1 & to *]i% ! arts (     
peace & ( elegance1 especially          
sculpture1 9 a s*ool1 if n ! e>lie/1    
c]ta9ly late/ di/+ui%$ by orig9ality (  
/yle & inv5tion4 ,smilis 0 fam\s by 8   
/atues ( ,juno1 especially "o at ,samos1
 call$ by ,pl9y '! mo/ anci5t image' ( t
 goddess4 ,ev5 9 ! works ( ?is1 h] fir/ 
ma/]1 x is said1 7 to be discov]$ a     
gravity & au/]e gr&eur1 ! pr9ciples ( t 
/yle visible /ill 9 ! noble m>bles :i*  
once adorn$1 9 g9a1 ! temple ( ,jupit]  
,panhell5ius4  ,cor9? 0 e>ly m celebrat$
 z ! patroness ( pa9t+4 ,conc]n+        
,ddalus1 ! fir/ ( ! ,a!nian sculptors1  
d\btful or fabul\s acc\nts h rea*$ u2 b 
a c>eful inve/igation ( circum/ances    
proves1 t ( :atsoev] c\ntry a native1 he
 _h r5d]$ himself r5[n$ by ! ex]cise ( 8

 skill at ! c\rt ( ,m9os be=e settl+ 9  
,attica4 ,! facts att5d+ 8 arrival !re1 
& ! hi/ory ( 8 previ\s lab\rs1 enable u 
to fix dates1 & to trace ! true s\rce ( 
improvem5t 9 ,grecian art at ?is        
p>ticul> era4 ,( ! e>ly e/abli%m5ts ( ! 
,greeks plant$ 9 ! isles ( ! gean1 :i*  
ev5 prec$$ ! "m c\ntry 9 ! acquisition (
 weal? & intellig5ce1 ! ,doric colony ( 
,crete enjoy$1 f a v e>ly p]iod1 !      
happ9ess & consequ5t p[] ( settl$       
gov]nm5t4 ,ext]nal advantages (         
situation fir/ invit$ ! access1 :ile    
dome/ic in/itutions secur$ ! b5efits1 ( 
anci5t & un9t]rupt$ int]c\rse ) ,egypt4 
,h5ce ! laws & ! arts ( ! ,cretans4 ,) !
 =m]1 ! ,a!nian h]o1 ,!seus1 wi%$ to    
transplant ! latt] also2 & :ile he gave 
to 8 c\ntrym5 a simil> sy/em ( policy1  
he did n fail to secure ! co-op]ation ( 
"o ^: k might yield p[]ful aid 9        
humaniz+ a rude p by add+ new dignity to
 ! objects ( national v5]ation4         
,accord+ly ,ddalus1 accompany+ !        
conqu]or ( ! ,m9otaur to ,a!ns1 fixes   

!re ! comm5cem5t ( an improv$ /yle1     
#abcd ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,)      
,ddalus1 ! arti/s already m5tion$ are   
describ$ z ne>ly or altoge!r            
contempor>ies4  ,! p]=mances ( ,ddalus 7
 *iefly 9 wood1 ( :i* no few] ?an n9e1 (
 l>ge dim5sions1 are describ$ z exi/+ 9 
! second c5tury1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! injuries
 ( f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s1 & ! imp]fections 
( e>ly ta/e1 seem$1 9 ! words (         
,pausanias1 to possess some?+ ( div9e   
expression4 ,_! au?or1 z report$ by     
,diodorus1 improv$ ^u anci5t art1 s z to
 give vivacity to ! attitude1 & m       
animat$ expression to ! c\nt5ance4 ,h5ce
 we are n to und]/&1 ) "s1 t ,ddalus    
introduc$ sculpture into ,greece1 nor   
ev5 into ,attica2 b simply t he 0 ! fir/
 to =m some?+ l a s*ool ( art1 & ^:     
works fir/ excit$ ! admiration ( 8 own  
rude age1 :ile !y 7 deem$ wor?y ( notice
 ev5 9 m enlight5$ times4 ,inde$ !      
details pres]v$ 9 ! classic writ]s1 t he
 rais$ ! arms 9 v>i$ position f !       
flanks1 & op5$ ! eyes1 be=e n>r[ &      

bl9k+1 suffici5tly prove ! ext5t (      
prec$+ art1 & ! views we h giv5 on !    
subject4 ,9 ^! primitive s*ools1 h[ev]1 
_m c5turies necess>ily elaps$1 be=e     
sculpture c be consid]$ z a regul> art4 
,_! f\nd]s & pupils 7 little m ?an +5i\s
 me*anics1 :o foll[$ c>v+ among o!r     
avocations4 ,su* 7 ,endu ( ,a!ns1       
celebrat$ = ?ree sev]al /atues ( ,m9]va2
 peus1 immortaliz$ z ! fabricator ( !   
,trojan horse2 ,icmul\s1 prais$ 9 !     
,odyssey z hav+ sculptur$ ! ?rone (     
,p5elope2 ) _m o!rs :o mu/ h contribut$ 
to ! arts ( ! h]oic ages1 & :o1 if !y   
did n rapidly improve1 at lea/ kept     
alive ! k ( sculpture4  ,besides ^!     
cont95tal s*ools1 ano!r mu/ be describ$1
 :i* !re is e reason to believe 0 /ill m
 anci5t1 & :i* c]ta9ly atta9$ high]     
p]fection at an e>li] p]iod4 ,?is 0 !   
insul> ,ionian s*ool1 fl\ri%+ 9 ^?      
delightful isles t gem ! coa/ ( ,asia   
,m9or1 & *iefly 9 ,samos & ,*ios4 ,to   
?is ! cont95tal academies 7 ev5 indebt$ 
= _m ( _! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s1 :o1 leav+

 ! n>r[ sph]e ( _! isl& homes1 naturally
 pref]r$ ! comm]cial cities f ! same    
causes :i* _h r5d]$ ^! orig9ally seats (
 art1 opul5ce1 intellig5ce1 & security4 
,( ! ,samian ma/]s1 ,rhcus1 ab\t !      
in/itution ( ! ,olympiads1 or #ggg ,b4  
,c41 fir/ obta9$ celebrity1 z a sculptor
 9 brass1 9 :i* art1 ,telecles &        
,!odorus1 8 son & gr&son1 also excell$4 
,_! works 9 ivory1 wood1 & metal1 7     
extant 9 ! age ( ,pausanius1 ^:         
description exhibits ! h>d & dry mann] (
 ,egypt1 :5ce x is probable ^! arti/s _h
 d]iv$ _! improvem5ts1 di/+ui%$ = v     
c>eful f9i%4 ,! ,*ian s*ool claims !    
praise ( fir/ introduc+ ! use ( a       
mat]ial to :i* sculpture ma9ly owes its 
p]fection1 namely1 m>ble4 ,! m]it ( ?is 
happy application is assign$ to ,malas1 
! fa!r ( a race ( sculptors1 & :o is    
plac$ ab\t ! #ch? ,olympiad1 or #fdi    
ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,mi*iades     
inh]it$ & improv$ ! sci5ce ( ! inv5tor1 
transmitt+ to 8 own son1 ,an!rmus1 !    
accumulat$ fame & exp]i5ce ( two        

g5]ations ( sculptors1 to :om1 z to _!  
successors1 ! beautiful m>bles ( _!     
native isl& furni%$ "o ri* means (      
sup]iority4  ,9 ! insul>1--& ! evid5ce  
is 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ian s*ool1--we also    
fir/ he> ( bronze /atues4 ,! e>lie/     
works ( ?is k9d 7 n ca/1 b execut$ ) !  
hamm]4 ,two mann]s are disc]nible2 l>ge 
figures 7 =m$ ( plates1 & holl[1 !      
int]ior be+ fill$ ) clay2 9 small       
pieces1 ! sep>ate p>ts 7 br\ght ne>ly   
into %ape 9 ! solid1 aft]w>ds unit$1 & !
 :ole f9i%$ by ! grav] & ! file4 ,^!    
me?ods1 9 ea* ( :i* rivets1 dovetails1 &
 sold]+1 =m$ ! jo9ts1 7 gradually       
sup]s$$ z ! k ( ca/+ 0 acquir$4  ,ab\t !
 comm5cem5t ( ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 
! s*ool ( ,sicyon 0 illu/rat$ by ,dipnus
 & ,scyllis1 bro!rs1 ! mo/ fam\s ( h]   
anci5t ma/]s1 & ^: age =ms an era 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! anci5t art1 m>k+ ! fir/      
decid$ advances t[>ds ! ma/]y ( !       
succe$+ /yle4 ,_! lab\rs 7 9 v>i\s      
mat]ials1 ! mo/ e/eem$ ( m>ble2 & !     
praise ( its application is %>$ betwixt 

!m & ! ,*ian s*ool4 ,/atues by ^!       
arti/s1 9 ,p>ian m>ble1 7 admir$ 9 ! "t 
( ,pl9y1 excit$ ! cupidity ( ,n]o1 & are
 subsequ5tly describ$ by "o ( ! ,*ri/ian
 fa!rs1 f ! peculi> v5]ation 9 :i* !y 7 
held4 ,! /yle ( sculpture _h hi!rto be5 
extremely dry & m9ute2--a passion =     
extreme f9i%1 9 pref]5ce to g5]al       
effect1 _h di/+ui%$ =m] ma/]s4 ,?is ta/e
 _h be5 fir/ introduc$1 & aft]w>ds      
ma9ta9$1 by ! limit$ res\rces ( ! art   
itself1 by ! m$iocrity ( arti/s1 & by ! 
dress & ornam5ts ( ! "t4 ,! hair arrang$
 9 undulat+ locks or spiral curls1 &    
sometimes little sep>ate knobs1 0 lab\r$
 z if to be numb]$2 ! drap]y1 dispos$ 9 
! mo/ rigid & me?odical folds1 f9i%$ )  
pa9ful m9ut5ess2 at ! same "t ! limbs & 
c\nt5ance reta9$ mu* ( rude & incorrect 
=m & ta/eless expression1 b elaborat$ ) 
! extreme ( c>e4 ,x is f> easi]1 & !    
common error1 bo? ( inf]ior g5ius & ( an
 unskilful age1 to be/[ on p>ts t tal5t 
& application by :i* a :ole is to be    
p]fect$4 ,! fault ( fa/idi\s & useless  

lab\r1 ) inaccuracy ( g5]al result1 /ill
 atta*es to ! works ( ,dipnus &         
,scyllis1 b great melioration is also   
app>5t2 _! execution 0 mu* m free1 !    
:ole effect m p[]ful1 ! expression1 if n
 m animat$1 m natural1 & ! =ms bett]    
select$ & compos$4 ,colossal heads1 n[ 9
 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( ,h]cules &        
,apollo1 mo/ probably ( ^! ma/]s1 af=d  
an admirable illu/ration ( ^! rem>ks1 & 
( ! /yle ( art at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,!    
fiftie? ,olympiad1 %[s all ! necess>y   
inv5tions & pr9ciples ( me*anical art   
fully kn[n & univ]sally practis$4 ,ev5 s
 e>ly z ! tw5tyn9? ,olympiad1 an        
eque/rian gr\p _h be5 execut$ 9 ,crete  
by ,ari/ocles2 all ! prop] mat]ials1 & !
 me?ods ( work+ !m1 _h long be5         
discov]$2 9 ! greate/ s+le "w ( ^!      
times1 ! %r9e ( ,apollo at ,amycl1 by   
,ba?ycles ! ,ionian1 e description (    
relief _h be5 exhibit$2 & la/ly1        
improvem5t _h be5 fix$ on su* pr9ciples 
( ta/e & composition1 z enabl$ succe$+  
ef=ts to c>ry x =w>d4  ,! ext5t ( c\ntry

 9 :i* ! art 0 n[ cultivat$1 & ! zeal   
ev9c$ 9 ! pursuit1 correspond$ to1 :ile 
!y increas$1 ! improvem5t ( ta/e4       
,att5tion is n[ direct$ to a new s*ool1 
t ( ,magna ,grcia1 :i* 7dur+ two ?\s&   
ye>s71 _h be5 gradually ris+ into       
importance & excell5ce4 ,its *ief seats 
7 at ,rhegium & ,crotona 9 ,italy1 & 9  
,sicily1 ,syracuse & ,agrig5tum4 ,9 ^!1 
! arti/s fir/ practis$ 9 metal *iefly1  
aft]w>ds 9 m>ble2 & 7 among ! =emo/ to  
p]fect iconic /atues1--a s\rce ( mo/    
decid$ advantage to ! art4 ,omitt+ f>!r 
enum]ation1 "o ( ^! e>ly ma/]s1         
,dionysius ( ,rhegium1 m]its to be      
m5tion$ z ! fir/ :o compos$ a /atue (   
,hom]1 erect$ ab\t ! tw5ty-sev5?        
,olympiad4 ,?is 0 an ideal bronze1 9 :i*
 ! tradition>y resemblance _h be5       
pres]v$2 & f ?is anci5t orig9al 7 tak5  
^? portraits ( ! fa!r ( v]se :i* are    
m5tion$ by ,pl9y z s num]\s 9 8 "t1 & ( 
:i* "o or two exquisite examples /ill   
rema94  ,?us five c5turies & a half be=e
 ! ,*ri/ian era1 sculpture 0 practis$ ) 

success ?r\gh\t ! wide ext5t ( ,greece &
 h] colonies4 ,dur+ ! =m] "p ( ! six?   
c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,sicyon1 ^: s*ool _h add$
 to its anci5t supremacy by ! sup]iority
 ( ,dipnus & ,scyllis1 cont9u$ to s5d   
=?1 9 _! pupils1 ! mo/ num]\s & effici5t
 arti/s4 ,( ^!1 ! pr9cipal 7 ,le>*us1 a 
native ( ,rhegium2 ,!ocles1 ,dontas1    
,doryclidos1 & ,m$on1 ,lac$monians2     
,tecteus & ,angelion ( ,delos1 :]e !y   
erect$ a colossal /atue ( ,apollo4 ,at  
,rhegium1 ,cle>*us 0 highly e/eem$1 & _h
 a v fl\ri%+ academy2 :ile at           
,agrig5tum1 ,p]illus rivall$ ! ma/]s ( !
 p>5t s*ools4 ,he ca/ ! fam\s bull (    
,phal>is1 aft]w>ds c>ri$ (f by !        
,c>?ag9ians1 re/or$ by ,scipio1 aga9 !  
object ( ! cupidity ( ,v]res1 & ( !     
praise ( ,cic]o1 ^: words1 ille nobilis 
,taurus1 prove t ! skill ( ^? e>ly ages 
has n be5 too highly appreciat$4  ,b !  
fame ( all prec$+ sculptors has suff]$ f
 ! sup]ior reputation ( ! two ,*ian     
bro!rs1 ,bupalus & ,an!mis1 :o liv$ #eag
 ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ :o br\ght to 

a high degree ( p]fection ! discov]y (  
_! ance/ors1--sculpture 9 m>ble4 ,bo?   
,greece & ,asia /rove to possess _!     
works1 :i* 7 equally num]\s & excell5t1 
& on :i* 0 inscrib$1 n _! own1 b _!     
fa!r's "n & _! c\ntry's1 9 ! foll[+     
v]se3 ',! sons ( ,an!rmus w r5d] !e1 ,o 
,*ios1 m r5[n$ ?an ?y v9es h yet done4' 
,! beauty ( ^! works caus$ !m to be     
highly valu$ 9 all succe$+ ages1 & !y   
=m$ "p ( ^? ma/]-pieces remov$ to ,rome 
by ord] ( ,augu/us4  ,dur+ ! p]iod (    
fiftyeight ye>s1 f ! sixtie? to !       
sev5tysecond ,olympiad1 & ! battle (    
,m>a?on1 sculpture ?r\gh\t ,greece 0    
vigor\sly ex]cis$1 & ) correspond+      
success4 ,at ,a!ns1 :i*1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ 9
 ! v comm5cem5t ( our n>rative1 has     
subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! back gr\nd1      
,pisi/ratus laid ! f\ndation ( t s*ool  
:5ce aft]w>ds issu$ ! new lights ( !    
art4 ,?is extraord9>y man p]ceiv$ &     
appli$ ! prop] rem$y to ! pov]ty (      
,attica3 he introduc$ manufactures &    
enc\rag$ comm]ce2 & :ile ! true s\rces (

 political greatness 7 ?us op5$1 ! m    
enviable supremacy ( 8 c\ntry 0 secur$ 9
 ! intellectual empire ( lit]ature & !  
arts ( elegance4 ,yet ?is man has be5   
t]m$1 9 ! hi/ory ( t v c\ntry1 a tyrant1
 because he sav$ h] f h] wor/ enemy1 !  
mob--miscall$ free citiz5s--slaves ( _! 
own passions1 & ag5ts 9 ! h&s (         
demagogues4 ,our own times are n )\t    
simil> prejudices4 ,mank9d seem de/9$1 9
 all ages1 to be ! dupes ( fe>s & (     
phantoms :i* !y !mselves h evok$1 & :i* 
di/ract att5tion f real dang]4 ,happy t 
/ate1 gov]n$ by rul]s1 :o1 l            
,pisi/ratus1 w respect ! ess5tials (    
free in/itutions1 :o w consecrate !     
res\rces ( ! /ate to promote ! national 
gr&eur1 & save ! p f !mselves6 ,"u 8    
protection 7 assembl$ ! mo/ e/eem$      
arti/s ( all descriptions3 ( sculptors1 
,eu*>is 0 fam\s = ! figures ( w>riors 9 
arm\r2 & ,callon = /atues ( bronze4     
,callima*us is prais$ z ma/] ( all !    
arts ( design1 & 9 sculptural           
composition _h introduc$ a lightness &  

elegance be=e unatta9$4  ,9 o!r p>ts (  
,greece1 dur+ ! same int]val1 7 !       
foll[+3 ,dameas1 ( ^: works1 ! /atue ( 8
 compatriot ,milo 0 ! mo/ celebrat$1 &  
:i* ! latt]1 among 8 o!r wond]ful feats1
 c>ri$ to ! place ( erection4           
,polycletus1 ! fir/ ( ! "n1 & 8 ma/]    
,ageladas1 f9i%$ at ,argos1 _! native   
city1 ! /atue ( ,cleo/h5es 9 a c>1 soon 
aft] ! sixtysev5? ,olympiad1 & "o ( !   
greate/ works yet und]tak54 ,at ,sicyon 
7 ! bro!rs ,cana*us & ,ari/ocles1 ^: two
 ,muses 7 ! f9e/ /atues !n kn[n2 & (    
:i*1 "o is suppos$ to be ! fam\s antique
 n[ 9 ! ,b>b>9i palace4 ,asc>us1 at     
,elis1 produc$ a ,jupit] cr[n$ ) fl[]s2 
,m5ecmus & ,soidas a ,diana1 aft]w>ds   
plac$ 9 ! palace ( ,augu/us4 ,m5ecmus 0 
! fir/ :o wrote on ! pr9ciples ( 8 art4 
,! ,dioscorides ( ,egesias1 contempor>y 
) ! ,p]sian invasion1 h1 by a           
mis9t]pretation ( ,pl9y1 be5 assign$ to 
! figures n[ on ,monte ,cavallo1 at     
,rome4  ,! victory ( ,m>a?on1 ,b4 ,c4   
#dij1 inspir$ fre% vig\r into ! g5ius & 

in/itutions ( ,greece4 ,f ?is date1 to !
 gov]nm5t ( ,p]icles1 int]v5es a p]iod 9
 moral gr&eur1 ! brighte/1 p]haps1 9    
,grecian hi/ory4 ,( ! sculptors :o !n   
fl\ri%$1 ! imm$iate pr$ecessors1 or e>ly
 contempor>ies1 ( ,phidias1 ! foll[+ 7 !
 *ief3 ,onatas & ,glaucias1 ( ,eg9a2 !  
"o modell$ an admirable /atue ( ,gelon1 
k+ ( ,syracuse2 ! o!r1 an iconic figure 
( ,!ag9es ( ,?asos1 f\r hundr$ times    
victori\s 9 ! public games4 ,critias    
replac$ ! /atues ( ,h>modias &          
,ari/ogiton1 ! orig9als hav+ be5 c>ri$  
(f by ,x]xes4 ,calamis 0 /ill m r5[n$ = 
8 horses1 :i* 7 likewise iconic         
/atues--a pro( h[ e>ly nature 0 admitt$ 
z ! only guide 9 e dep>tm5t ( sculpture4
 ,py?agoras ( ,rhegium surpass$ all 8   
pr$ecessors2 8 /atues ( ,en?ymus &      
,a/ylas1 conqu]ors 9 ! ,olympic games1 7
 ma/]pieces ( =m2 & 9 expression1 8     
,philoctetes exhibit$ deep] & tru]      
s5tim5t ?an _h yet appe>$ 9 any "w4 ,!  
"n ( ,py?agoras1 inde$1 is closely      
associat$ ) ! g5]al advancem5t ( ! art1 

z rank+ among ! inv5tors ( t sy/em (    
proportion :i*1 d]iv$ f nature1 taught  
to unite elegance ) tru?1 & :i*         
inv>iably guid$ ! practice1 :ile its    
p]fection 0 improv$ by ! discov]ies1 (  
ea* succe$+ ma/]4 ,9 ! me*anical        
dep>tm5t1 also1 8 mann] 0 m bold1 firm1 
& graceful1 9 delicacy ( /yle be+ plac$ 
by ,qu9tilian inf]ior only to ,myron1 ! 
la/ & ! greate/ ( ! e>ly s*ool4  ,myron1
 a native ( ,eleu!r1 ex]cis$ 8 pr(ession
 *iefly at ,a!ns1 ( :i* he enjoy$ !     
citiz5%ip4 ,! decl9e ( 8 life           
corresponds ) ! e>ly lab\rs ( ,phidias3 
,myron ?us unites ! fir/ & second ages (
 ,grecian sculpture1 comb9+ 9 8 works _m
 ( ! ess5tial excell5ces ( its          
p]fection1 ) "s ( ! rema9+ h>dness &    
defects ( its pupillage4 ,9 adopt+ ?is  
*ronology1 we seem to reconcile         
conflict+ op9ions bo? ) ea* o!r & )     
hi/ory4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,myron 7 9  
bronze1 & ! mo/ colossal 9 wood2        
consequ5tly1 no orig9al ( 8 h& has come 
d[n to mod]n times4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no

 d\bt t ! fam\s ,discobolos is pres]v$  
to u 9 m ?an "o antique repetition4     
,h5ce1 & f ! writ+s ( ! orators &       
hi/orians1 a fair e/imate ( 8 m]its may 
be d$uc$4 ,8 composition 0 di/+ui%$ =   
en]gy1 sci5ce1 & tru?4 ,iconic /atues he
 c>ri$ to a degree ( excell5ce & vig\r1 
z 9 ! portrait ( ,ladus1 unsurpass$ 9   
any succe$+ age4 ,! ,bac*us1 ,erec!us1 &
 ,apollo1 execut$ by ord] ( ! /ate1 7 n 
less admir$ by ! ,a!nians2 ! la/1 c>ri$ 
away by ,antony1 0 re/or$ to !m by      
,augu/us1 9 consequ5ce ( a dream4 ,8    
repres5tations ( animals 7 equally      
admirable2 & seem1 if possible1 to h be5
 m univ]sally prais$1 judg+ f !         
circum/ance ( no few] ?an ?irtysix      
laudatory poems on ! fam\s heif] be+    
/ill extant 9 ! ,an?ology4 ,myron c>ri$ 
m]e imitative art to its utmo/ limits2  
yet 9 "s ( ! m9or details1 ! dry mann] (
 ! fir/ ages appe>$4 ,sculpture1 z !    
repres5tation ( ! ext]nal =m1 he        
p]fect$2 b z an in/rum5t ( t\*+ !       
he>t--( elevat+ ! imag9ation--( embody+ 

s5tim5t1 he prov$ unequal to call =? its
 p[]s4 ,he repres5t$ nature =cibly & )  
fidelity1 b )\t gr&eur or ideal         
elevation4 ,an important approa*1 h[ev]1
 to j conceptions ( ab/ract beauty1 is  
to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! pr9ciple :i* he is    
said fir/ to h promulgat$1--t propriety 
9 ! sep>ate p>ts 0 beauty1 or t a "w (  
art 0 beautiful z a :ole1 accord+ z !   
p>tial =ms & proportions correspond$ to 
_! (fices & to ! g5]al "*4 ,?is1 9 fact1
 is ! ess5ce ( corporeal beauty1 !      
highe/ ref9em5t ( mat]ial art2 & assigns
 to =m1 indep5d5t ( m9d1 ! noble/       
expression ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,?is 
is ! utmo/ range atta9$ by ! g5ius ( ?is
 ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( art 9        
,greece1 & an admirable gr\nd-"w = !    
sublimity1 & ref9$ p]ceptions ( !       
beautiful1 add$ 9 ! era t foll[$4  ,ca/+
 a retrospect ov] ! ages t h pass$ 9    
review1 h[ are we /ruck ) ! sl[ & pa9ful
 gr[? ( human inv5tion6 ,! collective   
en]gies & discov]ies ( a ?\s& ye>s 7    
requir$ to re> ! arts ( ,greece--n to _!

 p]fection1 b to ! /ate :]e ! fir/      
decid$ approa*es to x comm5ce4 ,su* is !
 l5g? ( "t f ! fir/ feeble glimm]+s (   
imitative art to ! era ( ,dipnus &      
,scyllis1 ,bupalus & ,an!rmus4 ,!       
int]val ( =ty ye>s occupi$ by ^! arti/s1
 f ! fiftie? to ! sixtie? ,olympiad1 may
 be consid]$ z t]m9at+ ! old1 &         
introduc+ ! new s*ool4 ,! art 0 n[ 9    
possession ( all ! means & in/rum5ts1 ! 
correct application ( :i* b\nd ! aspir+s
 & ! praise ( m$iocrity1 b :i* m]ely    
become subs]vi5t to ! aims ( l(ti] m9ds4
 ,dur+ "p ( ?is p]iod1 also1 ^! means 7 
indu/ri\sly1 & ) daily improv+ skill1   
employ$4 ,f ?is date to ! battle (      
,m>a?on1 an int]val ( fifty-eight ye>s1 
improvem5t 0 rapid 9 e corn] ( ,greece &
 h] colonies4 ,=tunately1 also1 !       
movem5t !n giv5 to ,sculpture 0 "o (    
diffuse activity1 n an influ5ce d]iv$ f1
 & su/a9$ among/1 a few lead+ m9ds1 ^:  
au?ority might ?us h op]at$ fatally1 by 
b9d+ d[n to fix$ & imp]fect modes !     
aspir+s ( future g5ius4 ,?is advantage 0

 secur$ by ! numb] ( indep5d5t /ates =m+
 ! ,grecian conf$]acy1 a con/itution1   
:i*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( anci5t art1
 ex]cis$ ! mo/ b5eficial effects1 bo? by
 prev5t+ mann]ism1 9 ta/e1 & by n\ri%+  
emulation4  ,! ,p]sian invasion1 !      
victories ( ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 &        
,platea1 awak5$ a new en]gy 9 ! moral "*
 ( ,greece1 infus+ at ! same "t into h] 
in/itutions a vig\r & a /ability be=e   
unkn[n4 ,f ! elevation %e _h n[ atta9$  
among ! nations ( ! e>?1 h] g5ius ru%$  
=w>d z f vantage gr\nd4 ,9 e field (    
m5tal ent]prise1 inde$1 a c]ta9         
prep>ation _h already be5 made1 & 9 "s !
 be/ ex]tions _h long be5 a*iev$4 ,9    
poetry a sublimity _h be5 atta9$1 :i*   
has yet set at n\ght all succe$+        
rivalry4 ,b 9 t k1 & 9 ^? arts1 :i*     
dep5d less ^u individual em95ce1 & m ^u 
! circum/ances ( ! times1 & ^u a /rong  
national int]e/1--9 all ^? /udies :i*   
embrace numb]s by _! consequ5ces or _!  
success1 :i* dem& ! union ( pati5t      
p]sev]ance ) high tal5t1 & f9ally1 :i*  

p]ta9 to ! bus9ess ( public life1 &     
require deep insight into ! nic]        
di/9ctions ( human "*--all1 f ?is happy 
era1 ) an almo/ sup]natural progress1   
atta9$ maturity4  ,! opul5ce & security1
 ) ! result+ consci\sness ( p[]1 & !    
love ( elegance1 :i* foll[$ ! defeat ( !
 ,b>b>ians1 prov$ especially propiti\s  
to ! arts ( sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,if
 9 ! =m] any d\bt be ent]ta9$1 :at !    
diff]5ce ( improvem5t 0 betwe5 ! arti/s 
:o prec$$ & ^? :o foll[$ ! age ( ,x]xes1
 we h only to recall ! =tunes ( ! drama 
dur+ ! same he>t-/irr+ p]iod4 ,9 ! la/ (
 ! #gd? ,olympiad1 ,a4 ,c4 #dhi1 or "o  
ye> aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 s*ylus     
plac$ ! fir/ wrea? ^u ! solemn br[ (    
,trag$y4 ,n tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 !      
w>rior b>d 0 vanqui%$ by 8 y\?ful rival4
 ,betwe5 ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus1 !n1 & !  
,,oedipus ( ,sophocles1 we f9d z wide an
 int]val z is necess>y to suppose betwe5
 ! sculptures contempor>y ) ! =m]1 & !  
productions ( ,polycletus or ,myron4    
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,,! age ( ,p]icles     

seem$ m>k$ out by =tune z a di/+ui%$    
epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! f9e      
tal5ts1 also1 & popul> qualities ( ?is  
accompli%$ /atesman1 7 admirably adapt$ 
to turn to ! be/ acc\nt ! propiti\s     
circum/ances ( ! p]iod4 ,to ! fur!r     
progress ( ! f9e arts1 & ( sculpture 9  
p>ticul>1 prec$+ ev5ts1 & _! pres5t     
consequ5ces1 almo/ necess>ily           
contribut$2 :ile ! condition ( ! art    
itself 0 j fitt$ to receive ! p]fect+   
impulse4  ,! en]gies ( sculpture1       
likewise1 7 n[ to be m directly         
conc5trat$ 9 "o p>5t s*ool2 :i*1 :ile x 
especially adorn$ "o seat1 pres]v$ yet !
 /irr+ rivalry ( honorable emulation1 z 
be+ ! common sem9>y ( free & indep5d5t  
/ates4 ,! noble /& %e _h made1 h]       
sup]ior sacrifices & suff]+s 9 ! cause (
 fre$om1 direct$ to ,a!ns ! sympa?y &   
def]5ce ( ,greece4 ,! prosp]ity1 too1 ( 
h] political situation1 0 suitable to ! 
support ( ?is moral pre-em95ce4 ,provid$
 ) means ( def5ce & ( comm]ce1 on a     
scale :i* seem$ to contemplate future   

empire1 %e 0 left by ,!mi/ocles ) ample 
res\rces--a noble field ( fame &        
recomp5se = ! arti/4 ,he himself1       
satisfi$ ) ! useful1 _h c>$ less ab\t ! 
ornam5tal2 b1 among ! little he did add1
 7 ! lions1 n[ at ,v5ice1 orig9ally     
plac$ on ! entrance to ! ,piru1 9 :i*   
fidelity ( detail1 & gr&eur (           
conception1 h furni%$ to u exi/+ evid5ce
 ( ! skill ( ?is age4  ,great z !y 71 ! 
m9d ( ,phidias prov$ equal to ^! ext]nal
 advantages4 ,possess+ t r>e/ & highe/ (
 all g5ius :i* is at once creative &    
regul>--le>n$1 yet orig9al1 he caught ! 
inspiration ( art 9 ! mo/ elevat$ range 
( ! pa/1 br++ 9 8 own atta9m5ts a       
sublimity & tru? yet unequall$ by all t 
has foll[$4  ,?is great ma/]1 ! son (   
,*>midas1 an ,a!nian citiz51 0 born ab\t
 ! #gb;d ,olympiad1 or ne>ly #ejj ye>s  
be=e our era1 & /udi$ "u ,eladas4 ,8    
num]\s works belong$ to ?ree di/9ct     
classes3 ,toreutic1 or /atues ( mix$    
mat]ials1 ivory be+ ! *ief1--/atues (   
bronze1--sculptures 9 m>ble4 ,9 ?is     

enum]ation are includ$ only capital     
p]=mances1 = ex]cises 9 wood1 pla/]1    
clay1 & m9ute lab\rs 9 c>v+1 are record$
 occasionally to h occupi$ 8 att5tion4  
,! beauty ( ^! m9iatures 0 n inf]ior to 
! excell5ce ( 8 great] works2 at once   
sublime & +5i\s1 he execut$ gr&         
und]tak+s ) maje/y & =ce1 & ! mo/ m9ute 
) simplicity & tru?4    ',artis ,phidiac
 toreuma durum   ,pisces adspicis3 adde 
aquam1 natabunt4'    ',^! fi% are       
iv'ry--b by ,phidias made2   ,f want (  
wat] only seem !y dead4'  ,( ! works    
belong+ to ! fir/ division1 ! ,olympian 
,jupit]1 & ! ,m9]va ( ! ,p>!non1        
colossal /atues compos$ ( gold & ivory1 
7 ! mo/ wond]ful productions ( anci5t   
art4 ,! =m]1 plac$ 9 ! ,temple at ,elis1
 0 sixty feet high1 9 a repos+ attitude1
 ! body nak$ to ! c9cture1 ! l[] limbs  
clo!d 9 a robe gemm$ ) gold5 fl[]s2 !   
hair also 0 ( gold1 b\nd ) an enamell$  
cr[n2 ! eyes ( preci\s /ones2 ! re/ (   
ivory4 ,not)/&+ ! gigantic proportions1 
e "p 0 wr\ght ) ! mo/ scrupul\s         

delicacy2 ev5 ! spl5did ?rone 0 c>v$ )  
exquisite nicety4 ,! :ole 0 f9i%$ be=e !
 arti/ _h obta9$ ! direction ( ! public 
works ( ! ,a!nians1 9 ! #hc;d ,olympiad 
aft] a lab\r ( t5 ye>s2 ! same date 9   
:i* ,h]odotus read ! second "p ( 8      
hi/ory1 ! fir/ regul> prose composition 
t _h be5 he>d at ,a!ns4  ,ab\t twelve   
ye>s lat] 0 execut$ ! ,m9]va1 ( inf]ior 
dim5sions1 be+ only =ty feet 9 altitude1
 b equal1 if n sup]ior1 9 beauty (      
workman%ip & ri*ness ( mat]ial1 ! nude  
be+ ( ivory1 ! ornam5ts ( gold4 ,a fl[+ 
tunic add$ grace to ! erect attitude ( !
 goddess3 9 "o h& 0 a spe>1 ^u ! head a 
casque2 on ! gr\nd a buckl]1 exquisitely
 c>v$1 ! concave repres5t+ ! giants' w>1
 ! convex a conflict ) ! ,amazons1      
portraits ( ! arti/ & ( 8 patron be+    
introduc$ among ! ,a!nian combatants--"o
 cause ( ! future mis=tunes :i* envy    
br\ght ^u ! au?or4 ,on ! gold5 s&als 0  
also sculptur$ ano!r favorite subject1 !
 battle ( ! ,c5taurs1 prais$ by         
hi/orians z a p]fect gem ( m9ute art4   

,su* admiration atta*$ to ^! two works1 
t !y 7 reg>d$ z 'hav+ add$ maje/y to !  
receiv$ religion2' & x 0 e/eem$ a       
mis=tune n to h be5 able1 once 9 a      
lifetime1 to behold !m4 ,yet judg$      
accord+ to ! true pr9ciples ( g5u9e art1
 !irs 0 n a legitimate beauty4 ,x does n
 excite surprise1 !n1 to le>n t ,phidias
 himself disapprov$ ( ! mix$ effect     
produc$ by su* a comb9ation ( diff]5t   
sub/ances1 nor w x appe> presumptu\s "h 
to condemn ^! spl5did repres5tations4 ,x
 is n suffici5t t a "w ( art does       
produce a p[]ful impression--x is       
indisp5sable to its excell5ce t ! means 
employ$ be 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples & 
! mode ( imitation4 ,n[1 9 !            
compositions j describ$1 expos$ z !y 7  
to ! dim light ( ! anci5t temple1 & f v 
magnitude imp]fectly compreh5d$1 !      
effects ( v>i\sly reflect+ surfaces1 n[ 
gloom1 n[ gl[+ ( une>?ly lu/re1 mu/ h   
be5 r5d]$ d\bly impos+4 ,b ?is influ5ce1
 ?\gh well calculat$ to increase        
sup]/iti\s devotion1 or to impress      

my/]i\s t]ror on ! bewild]$ s5se1 0     
m]etrici\s1 altoge!r div]se f ! solemn  
repose1 ! simple maje/y ( =m &          
expression1 :i* con/itute ! true        
sublimity ( sculptural repres5tation4   
,/atu>y1 or ! art ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 z !  
t]m 0 us$ by ! anci5ts1 ,phidias c>ri$  
to unrivall$ p]fection4 ,! ,amazon1 !   
,m9]va1 at ,lemnos1 & 9 ! ,acropolis1 7 
consid]$ z ! ma/]pieces 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 
,! la/1 call$ ! ,m9]va ,polias1 0 ( su* 
maje/ic proportions1 t ! cre/ & helmet  
might be disc]n$ above ! battlem5ts ( ! 
citadel at a di/ance ( tw5tyfive miles1 
po9t+ home to ! ,a!nian m>9]1 z he r\nd$
 ! promontory ( ,sunium4 ,( ^! & o!r    
works1 descriptions alone rema92 we are 
consequ5tly indebt$ = our positive k ( 8
 /yle & pr9ciples to ! m>ble sculptures 
( ,phidias1 9 :i* dep>tm5t num]\s       
admirable p]=mances ( 8 h& h also p]i%$2
 b we h "h an advantage 9 ! possession (
 und\bt$ orig9als d5i$ 9 e o!r in/ance4 
,( ! s*ol>s ( ,phidias1 ! mo/ e/eem$ 7  
,alcam5es ! ,a!nian1 & ,agoracritus (   

,p>os4 ,_! real m]it1 h[ev]1 is matt] ( 
unc]ta9ty1 s9ce _! works are report$ to 
h be5 ret\*$ by _! ma/]1 :o 0 likewise 9
 ! habit ( inscrib+ 8 /atues ) ! names (
 8 favorite pupils4 ,inde$1 ! sublime   
/yle p]fect$ by ,phidias seems almo/ to 
h expir$ ) himself--n t ! art decl9$1 b 
a pr$ilection = subjects ( beauty1 & !  
s(t] graces1 9 pref]5ce to m h]oic &    
mascul9e "*1 ) ! exception ( ! gr&      
relievos on ! temple ( ,olympia1 may be 
trac$ ev5 among 8 imm$iate disciples4   
,among 8 contempor>ies1 inde$1          
,polycletus1 ! second ( ! "n1 has be5 by
 "s plac$ equal 9 gr&eur ( /yle1 :ile by
 o!rs he has be5 describ$ z unequal1 to 
! maje/y ( ! great ,a!nian4 ,polycletus 
himself appe>s to h decid$ ! controv]sy1
 by %[+1 f ! selection ( 8 subjects1 t 8
 g5ius c>ri$ him to ! imitation r ( !   
beautiful ?an ! great4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ 
p]=mances 7 ! /atues ( two y\?s1 bo?    
nude1 ! ,diadum5os & ! ,doryphorus1 s   
call$ f _! action ( b9d+ ! head ) a     
fillet1 & be>+ a spe>4 ,! latt] =m$ !   

fam\s 'canon1' f :i*1 z f an un]r+ /&>d1
 all succe$+ arti/s1 ev5 ,lysippus1     
borr[$ _! proportions4 ,among           
contempor>ies1 also1 a mo/ di/+ui%$     
/ation mu/ h be5 occupi$ by ,ctesilaus1 
s9ce he conte/$ ) ,phidias & ,polycletus
 ! public prize ( m]it = a /atue to be  
d$icat$ 9 ! temple ( ! ,ephesian ,diana4
 ,to ?is arti/ is errone\sly ascrib$ "o 
( ! f9e/ specim5s ( art n[ 9 exi/5ce1   
miscall$1 b be/ kn[n z1 ! ,dy+          
,gladiator1 & :i*1 m ?an any o!r anci5t 
example1 discov]s ! mo/ pr(\nd k ( !    
int]nal /ructure ( ! human frame4  ,f ! 
bani%m5t & dea? ( ,phidias1 :i* occurr$ 
"s "t be=e 8 patron di$ ( ! plague1 9 ! 
la/ ye> ( ! eightysev5? ,olympiad1 !    
hi/ory ( art is c>ri$ =w>d ?r\gh a      
p]iod1 "o ( ! mo/ /ormy & unsettl$ 9 !  
,grecian annals4 ,he beheld ! comm5cem5t
 ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 an ev5t1 inde$1 
,p]icles is accus$ ( hav+ at lea/ ha/5$1
 9 ord] to scre5 8 rema9+ fri5ds f ^?   
accusations ( :i* ! sculptor _h be5 !   
guiltless victim4 ,dur+ ?irty ye>s (    

ho/ile commotions1 ! arts fl\ri%$ )     
almo/ unimpair$ vigor1 except t t[>ds ! 
close ( ! conte/1 sculpture1 :i* _h     
naturally p>ticipat$ 9 ! =tunes ( ,a!ns1
 suff]$ a decl9e 9 ?is its capital      
s*ool4 ,! _s ( ! age g5]ally1 h[ev]1    
unit$ ) ! s5tim5t ( ho/ility a m g5]\s  
rivalry 9 excell5ce ( e k9d4 ,! gr& &   
beautiful 9 art cont9u$ to be foll[$ &  
admir$1 :ile1 amid ! cont5tion ( arms1  
eloqu5ce began to atta9 t n]v\s elegance
 :i* yet r5d]s attic oratory ! f9e/     
model ( delib]ative proc$ure4 ,ev5 !    
less fri5dly int]val :i* foll[$1 !      
e/abli%m5t ( ! iron rule ( ,sp>ta--! ru9
 ( ! mild] & m spl5did dom9ion (        
,a!ns--&1 m disa/r\s /ill1 ! w> k9dl$ by
 ! ambition ( ,!bes1 ) ! v>i\s isolat$  
/ruggles aris+ out ( ^! lead+ ev5ts1    
appe> to h produc$ no mat]ial           
degradation 9 t h]oic /yle1 ^: l(ty "*  
h>moniz$ ) ! /rong excitem5t ( conte/s =
 fre$om or empire4  ,( ! arti/s :o      
adorn$ ?is /irr+ era1 ! names ( ne>ly   
fifty1 ) descriptions ( c]ta9 ( _!      

works1 h be5 h&$ d[n 9 ! incid5tal      
notices ( contempor>y hi/ory1 or 9 ! m  
detail$ acc\nts ( ,pausanius1 ,/rabo1 & 
,pl9y4 ,naucydes 0 au?or ( t beautiful  
figure hold+ a discus1 & measur+ 9 8 own
 m9d ! di/ance1 ( :i* antique copies    
rema91 admir$ = f9e position1 sweet     
v>iety ( cont\r1 & unaffect$ expression4
 ,leo*>es1 ,bryaxis1 & ,timo!us1 assi/$ 
9 ! erection ( ! tomb ( ,mausolus1 :]e  
,scopas1 sup]ior to all o!rs m5tion$1   
presid$4  ,?us 8 age is fix$ ab\t !     
#ajb;d ,olympiad1 or #cgj ,b4 ,c4 ,to ! 
*isel ( ?is em95t arti/ is ascrib$ !    
,t[nley ,v5us1 or ,dione1 n[ 9 ! ,briti%
 ,museum1 z also ! gr\p ( ,niobe at     
,flor5ce4 ,grace1 s(tness1 & tru?1 7 !  
*>act]i/ics ( 8 /yle1 :i* may be        
consid]$ z =m+ ! int]m$iate gradation   
betwe5 t ( ,phidias & ^? ( ,praxiteles &
 ,lysippus2 betwe5 ! two gr& divisions (
 ,greek sculpture1 ! s*ools ( gr&eur & (
 beauty4  ,9 ! era & lab\rs ( ,phidias1 
we discov] ! utmo/ excell5ce to :i*     
,grecian g5ius atta9$ 9 ! arts4 ,f an   

exam9ation1 !n1 ( ?is excell5ce1 we %all
 n only obta9 a k ( t /yle pron\nc$ by !
 ,greeks !mselves to be _! pr\de/       
a*ievem5t 9 sculpture1 b may also be    
able to elicit pr9ciples ( ! highe/     
g5]al importance 9 ! philosophy (       
imitative art4 ,?is inquiry likewise    
dem&s att5tion1 7 x m]ely on acc\nt ( ! 
s+ul>ly =tunate circum/ances "u :i* x c 
be in/itut$4 ,respect+ ! mo/ e/eem$     
ma/]pieces ( antiquity1 reasonable d\bts
 /ill exi/ h[ f> our judgm5ts are =m$ ^u
 real orig9als4 ,b 9 ! m>bles ( !       
,briti% ,museum1 ! =m] ornam5ts ( !     
,p>!non1 we c]ta9ly behold !            
conceptions1 &1 9 "s measure1 ! v       
practice ( ! great ,a!nian sculptor4    
,bo? /atues & relievos compose ^!       
preci\s rema9s1 "o ( ! noble/ beque/s ( 
anci5t to mod]n tal5t4 ,! /atues adorn$ 
! two tympana ( ! ,p>!non1 :i* 0        
amphipro/ylos or d\ble-front$1 consi/+1 
besides fragm5ts1 ( f\rte5 gr\ps1 or    
sev5te5 figures1 ( ! natural            
proportions4 ,! relievos are ( two k9ds1

 "o ( :i* =m$ ! inn] frieze ( ! cella1 &
 flat1 repres5t+ ! procession ( !       
,pana!nean fe/ival2 ! o!r1 consi/+ (    
fifte5 metopes ( ! ext]ior p]i/yle1 v   
bold1 ev5 to entire r\ndness 9 "s p>ts1 
! subject1 combats ( ! ,c5taurs ) !     
foll[]s ( ,!seus1 appropriate to a      
national temple4  ,9 ^! sculptures1 !   
te*nicality is ( unequal m]it2 b 9 !    
design1 ! pres5ce ( ! same m9d is       
visible ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! /atues1 & 9 !     
frieze1 ( :i* ne>ly two hundr$ feet /ill
 rema91 ! execution g5]ally approa*es s 
ne> ! beauty & gr&eur ( ! composition1 t
 we seem to trace n only "o intellig5ce1
 b "o h&2 9 ! metopes1 aga91 a baldness 
( r5d]+1 utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! f]vid    
idea1 is occasionally p]ceivable4 ,^!   
contradictions w\ld naturally arise f1 &
 c be expla9$ only by1 ! fact t !       
ma/]-_s ov]look+ ! :ole tru/$ ! express+
 ( 8 conceptions to assi/ants (         
dissimil> capacity4 ,( ! intellectual   
"*1 gr&eur is ! prevail+ pr9ciple2 !    
gr&eur ( simplicity & nature1 devoid (  

all p>ade or o/5tation ( art4 ,! means  
are =gott5 9 _! v excell5ce1 & 9 !      
fulle/ accompli%m5t ( ! end4 ,! anci5t  
critics1 :o1 9 speak+ ( ,phidias1 seem  
to lab\r ) ! p[] ( ^? ideas awak5$ by ! 
contemplation ( 8 works1 are fond (     
comp>+ _! effects to ^? ( ! eloqu5ce (  
_! mo/ accompli%$ orators4 ,! comp>ison 
is happy4 ,! sculpture ( ,phidias might 
well be assimilat$ to ,demo/h5ian       
eloqu5ce1 9 ! tru? & affect+ int]e/ (   
its imag]y1 & 9 its p[] ( be>+ ! :ole   
s\l along 9 our engross+ feel+4 ,b !    
/]nness & ! sev]ity ( ! orator1 ! tak+ (
 ! he>t by =ce1 atta* n to ! arti/2 all 
is "h sweet & graci\s2 we are will+     
captives to ! wit*]y ( art4 ,x is ?is   
union ( ! graceful & ! pleas+ ) !       
en]getic & ! great1 :i* con/itutes !    
surpass+ m]it ( ! works we are consid]+4
 ,exquisitely delicate 9 ! m9ute1 9 !   
gr&1 ! /yle is bold1 vigor\s1 & fl[+4   
,_! au?or1 to use ! language (          
antiquity1 unit$ ! ?ree *>act]i/ics (   
tru?1 gr&eur1 & m9ute ref9em5t2 exhibit+

 maje/y1 gravity1 bread?1 & magnific5ce 
( composition1 ) a practice scrupul\s 9 
detail1 & tru? ( individual             
repres5tation1 yet 9 ! h&l+ rapid1      
broad1 & firm4 ,?is h>moni\s assemblage 
( qualities1 9 !mselves dissimil>1 9 _! 
results ! same1 gives to ! productions (
 ?is ma/] an ease1 a grace1 a vitality1 
resembl+ m ! spontane\s ov]fl[+s (      
inspiration ?an ! labori\s (fspr+ (     
?\ght & sci5ce4  ,! att5tive /udy ( !   
rema9+ lab\rs ( ,phidias1 &1 =tunately =
 ! arts ( ,brita91 _! f9al abid+ place  
is ) u1 w supply a crit]ion by :i* to   
e/imate ! pr9ciples ( ! beautiful 9     
execution1 & ( ! ideal 9 imitative art1 
z ex]cis$ among ! ,greeks 9 ! mo/       
spl5did p]iod ( _! ref9em5t1 & w prove  
guides by :i* we may emulate1 p]haps1   
equal1 our ma/]s4  ,9 all t m]ely meets 
! eye1 ! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non display !   
f9e/ keep+1 ) ! g5]al nobl5ess ( _!     
intellectual "*4 ,b ! execution is      
p]fect1 simply because ! composition is 
s4 ,x comes n =w>d z an indep5d5t m]it4 

,its exquisite me*anism op]ates )\t     
intrud+4 ,unse5 & unfelt amid !         
intellig5ce x conveys1 x is f9ally      
notic$ z an h>moni\s elem5t ( a p]fect  
:ole1 & only !n calls =? an especial    
admiration4 ,! f9i% is high1 & ev5      
delicate1 because ! extreme beauty &    
correctness ( ! design requir$ to be    
r5d]$ ) correspond+ elegance & ease4 ,! 
*isell+ is at once detail$ & vigor\s1   
h>moniz+ ) attitudes & expressions full 
( vivacity1 natural grace1 & dignity4 ,!
 t\* is broad1 ! =ms decid$--! m>k+ deep
 & firm1 accord+ ) & increas+ ! g5]al   
gr&eur & conception4 ,! /yle ( design1  
inde$1 is1 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation1     
le>n$1 ! p>ts be+ pron\nc$ ) a decision 
& tru? unequall$1 we are almo/ incl9$ to
 say1 9 any o!r rema9 ( antiquity4  ,!  
ideal ( ,phidias is d]iv$ entirely f    
nature1 z ! true ideal ( art mu/ ev] be4
 ,mu* has be5 said respect+ ! import (  
?is t]m among ! anci5ts2 & ! words _!   
writ]s h employ$ 9 speak+ ( ?is v ma/]1 
h be5 con/ru$ into mean+s n only        

inconsi/5t )1 b subv]sive (1 ! pr9ciples
 ( g5u9e excell5ce4 ,if1 by ! div9e     
ar*etypes :i* he is report$ to h foll[$1
 be impli$1 t he copi$ aft] ideas n     
exi/+ 9 nature--liv+ & tangible nature1 
! brea?+ works be=e u atte/1 t :e!r     
anci5ts or mod]ns1 ^! critics speak ) m 
zeal ?an k4 ,9 ! ,elg9 m>bles1 e        
conception deeply p>ticipates ( human   
s5tim5t & action1 s intimately does !   
repres5tation belong to reality1 t e =m 
seems1 by ! t\* ( en*antm5t1 to h become
 m>ble 9 ! v en]gies ( its natural life4
 ,?is happy effect ( tru?1 h[ev]1 does n
 arise f ! imitation ( common1 t is1 (  
imp]fect types2 nei!r is nature ! only  
real object ( art1 view$ ?r\gh any m$ium
 ( fancy1 nor imitat$ accord+ to        
conv5tional or imag9ative pr9ciples4 ,! 
arti/ has only look$ abroad ^u all      
exi/5ce1 ref9+ p>tial conceptions &     
limit$ modes by ! un]r+ & collect$      
h>monies ( ! :ole4 ,! true ideal1 !n--! 
ideal ( ,grecian sculpture1 z beheld 9  
^! its sublime/ productions1 is b !     

embodi$ union ( :atev] ( beauty &       
p]fection /ill l+]s among ! =ms ( nature
 view$ univ]sally--free f individuality 
or accid5t4 ,tru? is ?us ! prim>y       
con/itu5t ( ! ideal4 ,beauty is ! p]fect
 expression ( ?is tru?1 agreeably to !  
mo/ unblemi%$ & pure/ models :i* g5]al  
nature pres5ts4 ,9 ?is union (          
collective excell5ce & individual       
v]isimilitude1 ! m9d feels1 & at once   
ackn[l$ges1 a p[] ( awak5+ & reflect+   
its own true/1 be/ sympa?ies4 ,^!       
pr9ciples are unfold$ 9 _! pure/        
elem5ts2 & ! modes ( accompli%+ ?is     
union di/9ctly traceable by c>eful      
obs]vation on ! /yle ( ,phidias4 ,! =ms 
are1 9 ! fir/ place1 compos$ ) ! mo/    
correct1 b uno/5tati\s sci5ce2 h5ce !   
fre$om ( _! movem5ts1 ! ease ( _!       
attitudes1 seem+ to possess ! same      
capabilities ( mom5t>y action z ! liv+  
models4 ,9 ?is anatomical k1 too1 z     
actually display$1 !re is a truly       
admirable simplicity3 ! bones & muscles 
are1 inde$1 pron\nc$ ) a firmness r>e 9 

antique sculpture1 :5ce *iefly arises ! 
wond]ful ela/icity ( ! figures4 ,all ?is
 is unaccompani$ ) ! slighte/           
exagg]ation2 ! divisions be+ few1 &     
masses l>ge1 ! eye runs sweetly along ! 
g5]al =ms1 yet f9ds :]e)al to be        
delight$ 9 re/+ ^u details4 ,?is abs5ce1
 or r ?is unobtrusiv5ess1 ( all pomp (  
art1 ?r[s ov] ! :ole an air ( reality & 
( unsophi/icat$ nature4 ,b ) ^! ess5tial
 qualities ( m]ely imitative art1 are   
unit$ p]fect symmetry1 ! mo/ h>moni\s   
cont\rs1 gr& composition1 ! mo/ ref9$   
ta/e1 & noble expression4 ,?is causes e 
figure to respire an h]oic & elevat$ "*4
 ,h5ce1 we p]ceive1 t to base ideal ^u  
imitative art--to address ! imag9ation  
by gr&eur ( design & p]fection ( =m1    
:ile he appeal$ to ! judgm5t by fidelity
 ( detail & correctness ( resemblance--h
 =m$ ! objects ( ?is great sculptor4 ,! 
relations "u :i* tru? & imag9ation      
produce results at once gr& & int]e/+1  
he has c>efully /udi$ & successfully    
r5d]$4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! g5]al composition  

brea!s ! l(tie/ _s ( ideal or possible  
excell5ce1 ! means by :i* ! s5tim5t is  
r5d]$ are receiv$ f individual nature1  
express$ simply1 & )\t artifice4 ,9 ?is 
happy & unobtrusive union ( nature &    
imag9ation1 9 ?is cont9ually rem\nt+1   
)\t conv5tion or o/5tation1 to ! et]nal 
s\rces ( natural tru? & beauty1 ,phidias
 displays ! real sublimity ( art1 & /&s 
unrivall$ among ! ma/]s ( ! anci5t _w4  
,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,,! progressive *ange 9 
sculpture1 f a /yle ( sev]e & simple    
maje/y1 to "o ( m /udi$ elegance & s(t] 
"*1 already notic$ z hav+ comm5c$ ev5 9 
! lifetime ( ,phidias1 receiv$ its full 
developem5t "u ^? ma/]s :o adorn$ !     
beg9n+ ( ! ,mac$onian empire4 ,v>i\s    
political & moral causes1 )\t decl9e (  
tal5t1 might h contribut$ to ?is *ange1 
:i* is n ev5 s great1 :ile x corresponds
 )1 ! contempor>y revolutions :i*1 f    
simil> orig91 took place 9 mann]s &     
lit]ature1 9 ! op9ions & usages ( !     
times4 ,! annals ( no nation1 also1 c   
boa/ a di/+ui%$ succession ( names1     

em95t 9 ! ex]cises ( ! v highe/ g5ius4  
,sublimity is1 9 its own nature1 a m    
simple s5tim5t ?an beauty1 & ! s\rces   
:5ce x spr+s inf9itely m limit$4 ,if1   
!n1 we f9d ! true sublime 9 ,grecian    
sculpture conf9$ to almo/ ! age & !     
lab\r ( "o man1 is ?is to be wond]$ at1 
:5 ! same is ! case1 n only 9 _! poetry1
 an art f> m abundant 9 res\rces1 b 9 ! 
poetical lit]ature ( e p8 ,! sculptors1 
!n1 :o foll[$ ! era ( ,p]icles to ! dea?
 ( ,alex&]1 c be call$ inf]ior to       
,phidias1 only 9 ! same s5se z ! poets  
:o succe$$ w be t]m$ inf]ior to ,hom]4  
,9 bo? in/ances1 ! *ange 0 b !          
application ( pr9ciples :i* 9 _! ess5ce 
c\ld n v>y1 ! subjects requir+ a        
modification ( c]ta9 di/+ui%+ qualities4
  ,b an op9ion opposite to ?is is m     
commonly ent]ta9$1 namely1 t n till !   
improvem5ts ( ,praxiteles & ,lysippus1 0
 anci5t art p]fectly free f ! rude & h>%
 ( t e>ly ta/e4 ,a glance1 h[ev]1 ei!r  
to ! ,greek hi/orians1 or especially to 
! rema9+ lab\rs ( ,phidias himself1 is m

 ?an suffici5t to %[ h[ utt]ly )\t      
f\ndation is ?is c5sure2 & t no o!r man 
has unit$ 9 8 /yle m ( ! highe/         
excell5ces4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?is union :i*
 truly con/itutes beauty 9 sculpture1 ^:
 s\rces ( pleas+ & ( mov+1 be+ new1 &   
d]iv$ only f ! ess5tial elem5ts (       
design1 =m1 & expression1 admit (       
sep>ation or imp]fection ) peculi>      
disadvantage4 ,if we exam9e ! ,elg9     
,m>bles 9 reg>d to ^? qualities consid]$
 z especial con/itu5ts ( ! beautiful1 we
 %all f9d h[ slight inde$ c\ld be       
succe$+ additions4 ,m s$uctive grace1 an
 air m elaborately ref9$1 may h be5 giv5
 to ! female /atues ( ,praxiteles2 b = t
 p]fect beauty1 :i* arises f includ+ !  
ess5tials ( excell5ce 9 ! mo/ lib]al    
proportion1 we se>* successfully 9 !    
lab\rs ( ,phidias alone4  ,! views n[   
tak5 ( ,grecian sculpture1 9 :i* we h   
divid$ ! subject into ?ree s*ools1 are  
?us prov$ to be correct4 ,two ( ^! h    
already be5 exam9$2 ! old s*ool1 :i*    
br\ght mat]ial art almo/ to p]fection1  

reta9+ only a degree ( con/ra9t1 b want+
 ! expression ( m9d2 ! ,phidian1 or     
sublime s*ool1 9 :i* ! g5ius ( art so>$ 
to its l(tie/ height4 ,! ?ird is n[ to  
be consid]$1 :i*1 f ! prevail+ "* ( its 
pr9cipal works1 has be5 rightly t]m$ !  
,s*ool ( ! ,beautiful4  ,! discussions  
:i* h be5 s w>mly agitat$ reg>d+ ! true 
era ( ?is s*ool1 seem entirely          
gratuit\s4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 t ! greate/ 
ma/]s ( :om ?is latt] age c\ld boa/1 7  
,praxiteles & ,lysippus1 contempor>ies1 
& bo? highly e/eem$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4
 ,coeval1 !n1 ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! c>e]1 &
 dur+ ! brief empire1 ( ?is pr9ce1 is to
 be plac$ ! brighte/ p]iod 9 ?is la/    
display ( ! arts & g5ius ( ,greece4 ,_m 
ext]nal circum/ances concurr$1 ) !      
enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,alex&] himself1 to 
r5d] 8 reign propiti\s to ref9em5t1     
sci5ce1 & lett]s2 :ile a reaction (     
opposite influ5ces1 on 8 dea?1 clos$ ) t
 ev5t bo? ! progress ( high] improvem5t1
 & ev5 ! prospect ( long reta9+ ! k     
possess$4 ,9 sculpture1 p>ticul>ly1 a   

visible decay ( tal5t1 & a neglect ( !  
ex]cise1 soon aft] foll[4 ,inde$1 ,pl9y 
decid$ly says1 t art f !nce=?           
ceas$1--de9de cessavit ars4 ,?is        
expression mu/ be und]/ood 9 a limit$   
s5se2 !re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! causes 
( decl9e1 ^: consequ5ces weal?1 !       
complexion & r5ew$ en]gies ( ! times1 _h
 ret>d$1 7 !n recall$ into m direct     
activity4  ,praxiteles1 born ab\t !     
#ajd? ,olympiad1 or #cfd ,b4 ,c41 0 a   
native ( ,magna ,grecia1 b ( :at t[n is 
unc]ta94 ,f prec$+ rem>ks x w appe>1 t 9
 prais+ him z an orig9al inv5tor1--!    
discov]] ( a new /yle1 writ]s v g5]ally 
h mi/ak5 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by 8 g5ius  
^u ! progress & "* ( sculpture4 ,f9d+ ! 
highe/ sublimity 9 ! m mascul9e graces (
 ! art already rea*$2 p]ceiv+1 also1 t !
 ta/e ( 8 age t5d$ ?i!rw>ds2 he resolv$ 
to woo exclusively ! mild] & g5tl]      
beauties ( /yle4 ,9 ?is pursuit he      
atta9$ em95t success4 ,none ev] m       
happily succe$$ 9 unit+ s(tness )       
=ce1--elegance & ref9em5t ) simplicity &

 purity2 8 grace nev] deg5]ates into !  
affect$1 nor 8 delicacy into !          
artificial4 ,he caught ! delightful     
m$ium betwe5 ! /]n maje/y :i* awes1 & ! 
beauty :i* m]ely s$uces1--betwe5 !      
ext]nal allurem5ts ( =m1 & ! cold]1 b   
l(ti]1 *>m ( intellectuality4 ,ov] 8    
compositions he has ?r[n an expression  
spiritual at once & s5sual2 a           
voluptu\sness & mode/y :i* t\* ! mo/    
ins5sible1 yet />tle n ! mo/ retir+4  ,!
 works :i* rema9 ( ?is ma/]1 ei!r 9     
orig9als or 9 repetitions1--! ,faun1--! 
,!spian ,cupid1 9 ! ,museum ( !         
capitol1--! ,apoll9o ) a ,liz>d1 "o ( ! 
mo/ beautiful1 z well z difficult1      
specim5s ( antiquity1 abundantly ju/ify 
?is "*4 ,( ! works t h utt]ly p]i%$1 !  
nude & drap$1 or ,coan & ,cnidian ,v5us 
( ,praxiteles1 fix$ ea* a /&>d :i*      
future inv5tion d>$ sc>cely to alt]4    
,inde$1 he appe>s to h be5 ! fir/1      
p]haps ! sole ma/]1 :o atta9$ ! true    
ideal on ?is subject1 9 ! p]fect union (
 yield+ fem99e grace ) ! dignity (      

intellectual expression4 ,! ,v5us (     
,cnidos1 9 h] repres5tative ! ,m$icean1 
/ill 'en*ants ! _w'1                    
--& fills   ,! air ar\nd ) beauty3 we   
inhale   ,! ambrosial aspect1 :i*1      
beheld1 in/ils   ,"p ( its immortality2 
! veil   ,( ,heav5 is half )drawn2 )9 ! 
pale   ,we /&1 & 9 t =m & face behold   
,:at m9d c make :5 nature's self w\ld   
fail4  ,lysippus ( ,sicyon ! y\ng]1     
contempor>y & rival ( ! prec$+1 appe>s  
to h wr\ght only 9 metal4 ,accord+ly1 9 
comp>+ him ) ,phidias1 ,ari/otle employs
 di/9ctive t]ms1 :i* bo? po9t out ?is   
fact1 & w\ld alone settle ! ne$less     
dispute1 :e!r ! latt] wr\ght 9 m>ble4 ,(
 ! #faj works1 an incr$ible numb]1      
ascrib$ to ,lysippus1 n "o survives2 = !
 ,v5etian horses orig9ally br\ght f     
,*ios1 by ,!odosius ! y\ng]1 to         
,con/ant9ople1 & !nce remov$ to ,/      
,m>k's 9 #abjd1 are unwor?y ( ! arti/'s 
reputation4 ,! bu/ at ,portici requires 
also to be au!nticat$1 ?\gh ( sup]ior   
m]it4 ,born 9 ! l[e/ walks ( life1      

,lysippus 01 9 a great measure1         
self-taught1 & comm5c$ 8 /udies :]e !   
art itself _h begun1--) nature4 ,?\gh a 
p]fect ma/] ( beauty1 8 /yle appe>s to h
 be5 di/+ui%$ by a m mascul9e "* ?an t (
 ! age4 ,he 0 emul\s ( reviv+ ! grave & 
sev]e gr&eur ( ! prec$+ s*ool4 ,?is     
pr$ilection 8 subjects & mat]ials w\ld  
*]i%1 if n produce4 ,colossal &         
eque/rian /atues ( w>riors 9 bronze1    
dem&$ a =ceful & vigor\s composition1 ) 
sob] & dignifi$ expression4 ,! ,t>5t9e  
,jupit]1 sixty feet high1 0 9 magnitude 
equal to any und]tak+ 9 ! anci5t _w2 &  
tw5tyone eque/rian /atues ( ,alex&]'s   
bodygu>d1 :o fell at ! ,granicus1 w\ld  
alone h suffic$ = ! lab\r ( ye>s to an  
ord9>y arti/4 ,b n only 9 great works 0 
,lysippus fam\s2 _m ( ! mo/ beautiful & 
delicate description are record$4 ,8    
f9i%+ 0 exquisite1 8 imitation ( nature 
fai?ful 'z tru? itself1' & he especially
 excell$ 9 ! k ( symmetry4 ,he 0 s great
 a favorite ) ,alex&]1 t to him alone   
p]mission ( ca/+ ! pr9ce's /atue 0      

grant$2 & x may s]ve to prove h[ ju/ly  
?is admiration ( 8 own age 0 des]v$1 t  
c5turies aft]1 ev5 ! mon/] ,tib]ius     
trembl$ 9 8 palace at an insurrection ( 
! ,roman p1 occasion$ by ! removal f "o 
( ! public ba?s ( a figure by ,lysippus4
  ,dur+ at lea/ =ty ye>s f ! dea? (     
,alex&]1 ! s*ool f\nd$ & presid$ 9 by ^!
 two ma/]s w\ld pres]ve undim9i%$ !     
beauty ( ! art4 ,! latt] 0 /ill alive on
 ! dea? ( ! ,mac$onian pr9ce1 9 ! la/   
ye> ( ! #aad? ,olympiad1 or #cbd ,b4    
,c42 :ile ,praxiteles surviv$ to !      
#abc;d ,olympiad4 ,if1 aga91 we consid] 
! pupils imm$iately d]iv+ _! sci5ce f ^!
 great m51 ! p]iod may be ext5d$ dur+   
:i* ,greece c\ld h produc$ sculptors n  
unwor?y h] anci5t glory4 ,:5 we         
contemplate also h] condition 9 o!r     
respects1 nev] _h %e exhibit$ a m num]\s
 or a m impos+ assemblage ( intellectual
 wor?ies4 ,surely1 !n1 ! dea? ( a despot
 c\ld n h wr\ght s fatal & s imm$iate a 
decl9e 9 ! means & faculties ( human    
g5ius4 ,no6 b ! consequ5ces ( t ev5t    

de/roy$ an artificial sy/em1 & dri$ up  
factiti\s /reams ( prosp]ity1 :i* = a "t
 _h suppli$ or conceal$ ! abs5ce ( ^?   
heal?ful & con/itutional curr5ts1 :5ce 0
 circulat$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,greece1 ! 
v life-blood ( h] glory & greatness4 ,_h
 lib]al in/itutions be5 !n re/or$2 _h ! 
moral vig\r ( h] bett] days reappe>$1   
ev5 amid w>s & revolutions--9 su*       
/ruggles !y _h be5 re>$--h] g5ius &     
ta/e1 h] lett]s & arts1 w\ld h surviv$4 
,^! 7 innate 9 ! con/itution ( h] free  
/ates4 ,! la/1 9 p>ticul>1 =m$ at once a
 means & an end 9 h] popul> gov]nm5ts4  
,spr++ up an ornam5tal blossom amid !   
/]n] & ! nobl] fruits ( lib]ty1 !y )]$ z
 indep5d5ce decay$4  ,we w\ld n be      
und]/ood z "h ma9ta9+ a respectable &   
amiable1 b unf\nd$ !ory1 t ! f9e arts h 
nev] fl\ri%$ except "u popul> gov]nm5ts1
 nor t !y ceas$ ) su* =ms 9 ,greece4 ,9 
?is1 m ?an 9 any walk ( g5ius1 is !     
active enc\ragem5t ( ! supreme p[]      
indisp5sable to excell5ce4 ,b nev] c !  
arts ( ta/e fl\ri% 9 true gr&eur1 :]e   

patriotism & popul> feel+ are n !       
p>am\nt1 or at lea/ ! app>5tly p>am\nt1 
pr9ciples ( ! times1 & s\rce ( _!       
peculi> cultivation4 ,! arts !mselves   
mu/ be ess5tially free2 !y mu/ likewise 
d]ive _! quick5+ inspiration f a        
national s5tim5t ( int]e/ & ( c\ntry4   
,pisi/ratus & ,p]icles1 we h se51 :ile  
rul]s ( ,a!ns1 7 b sup]9t5d5ts ( ! arts1
 9 _! application to public purposes1 9 
unison ) public w1 & 9 ob$i5ce to public
 approval4 ,ev5 ,phidias prep>$ )       
trembl+ anxiety to receive ! aw>d ( m]it
 f ! voice ( 8 fell[-citiz5s2 & only on 
! supposition t !y 7 to und]go ! ordeal 
( a close inspection be=e be+ plac$ 9 _!
 de/9$ situation1 c we acc\nt = !       
exquisite f9i% ( ! ,elg9 ,m>bles1 ev5 9 
p>ts n expos$ to ! effects ( climate4   
,only :5 ! purity ( ?is s\rce ( honor 0 
contam9at$1 did art fall1 nev] to rise  
aga94 ,n till e in/itution belong+ to ! 
republican ages ( ,greece2 n till e     
s5tim5t ( a g5]\s k9d _h be5 trampl$ ^u2
 n till ! ,olympic games ceas$1--till ! 

physical education & m>tial ex]cises ( !
 y\? 7 neglect$1--till ! arts1 sep>at$ f
 national polity1 became dep5d5t on !   
caprice ( individuals1--till !re 0 no   
long] public _s nor patriotic feel+2 n  
till all t creates & ende>s ! "n (      
c\ntry _h sunk b5ea? a =eign yoke or    
dome/ic ?raldom1 did ,greece cease to   
produce arti/s4  ,aga91 ! p]iod ( ?is   
decl9e ext5ds ?r\gh ne>ly two hundr$    
ye>s1 f ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,mac$onian    
empire1 to ! f9al r$uction ( ,greece    
into a ,roman prov9ce4 ,?is space ( "t1 
9 reg>d to ! eras ( ,sculpture1 has be5 
v>i\sly & too m9utely divid$4 ,ea*      
favorable turn ( circum/ances enabl+ !  
art to recov] a little1 has be5 exalt$  
into an epo*4 ,into ^! details x ne$s n 
to ent]4 ,f ! dea? ( ,praxiteles1 or at 
lea/ 9 ! s*ool ( 8 own & ! pupils (     
,lysippus1 z ,cephissodotus1 son ( !    
=m]1 ,tauriscus1 ,eubolas1 ,pamphilus1  
,polyceutas1 ,agasias1 & o!rs1 x does n 
appe> t orig9al works ( magnitude or    
beauty 7 produc$4 ,aft] ?is ! lab\rs (  

arti/s seem to h be5 conf9$ to copies ( 
! works ( ! old] ma/]s1 & *iefly to mak+
 repetitions 9 m>ble ( ! anci5t bronzes4
 ,to ?is p]iod belong _m ( ! antique    
m>bles n[ rema9+4 ,pl9y1 inde$1 ?\gh n )
 /rict correctness1 consid]s t          
,sculpture lay dormant dur+ "o hundr$ & 
tw5ty ye>s1 f ! #abj? to ! #aej?        
,olympiad4 ,! ,a*an league1 & ! expir+  
ef=ts ( ,greece "u ! la/ ( h] h]oes1    
,aratus & ,philopm51 inspir$ a degree ( 
vig\r into h] intellectual ex]tions4 ,( 
^! w>riors1 contempor>y /atues are      
notic$ by ,pausanius2 & ! latt] is      
report$ to h excell$ 9 pa9t+4 ,b !      
tolian w> broke = ev] ! ties ( c\ntry1 &
 ! sacr$ness ( national glory4 ,temples 
7 !re9 fir/ desecrat$1--/atues & pa9t+s 
defac$ 9 ,greece1 & by ! h&s ( ,greeks4 
,if1 dur+ ! same era1 we direct our     
att5tion to ! successors ( ,alex&] 9    
,egypt & ,asia1 we f9d lett]s cultivat$ 
9 pref]5ce to art2 or1 :]e ,sculpture is
 patronis$1 z at ! c\rts ( ! ,ptolemies 
& ! ,seleucid1 ! cultivation ( a ta/e   

betwe5 ,grecian & b>b>ian only ha/5$ !  
progress ( corruption4 ,"o bright       
int]val yet arose 9 ! p>5t seats (      
ref9em5t1 ^u ! decl>ation1 by ! ,romans1
 ( fre$om to ! /ates ( ,greece4         
,sculpture1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s ( app>5t 
lib]ty at lea/1 & ( real repose1 0      
ex]cis$ ) consid]able success by !      
ma/]s1 ,an!us1 ,calli/ratus1 ,polycles  
,apollodorus1 ,pasiteles1 & o!rs1       
possess+ consid]able m]it1 ?\gh f> bel[ 
! g5ius ( anci5t times4 ,?is 0 ! /ruggl+
 gleam ( ! expir+ tap]--! f>ewell sweet 
( a sun ab\t to set =ev]4 ,! indep5d5ce 
( ,greece endur$ only by suff]ance2 !   
,a*an league 0 dissolv$1 & ,cor9? & its 
capitol levell$ ) ! du/1 to ! s\nd (    
,roman trumpets--! knell ( fre$om & ( ! 
arts 9 ,greece4     ,,*apt] ,v4   ,,!   
hi/ory ( ,sculpture 9 ,italy divides    
into two di/9ct1 yet connect$1 subjects 
( inquiry1 embrac+ two v dissimil>      
dyna/ies--! ,etruscan & ! ,roman4 ,( !  
=m] int]e/+ p we "k f> too little       
comm5surate ) _! p[]1 & ! influ5ce :i*  

!y appe> to h ex]cis$ ^u ! _s & progress
 ( anci5t art4 ,! ,?yrr5eans1 or        
,etruscans1 x is c]ta91 possess$1 at a v
 e>ly p]iod1 ! empire ( almo/ ! :ole    
,italian p59sula1 &1 to a v consid]able 
ext5t1 :atev] ( ref9em5t exi/$ 9 ^?     
primitive times4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( !  
nation1 h[ev]1 & ! s\rces ( ?is         
intellig5ce1 au?ors disagree2 :ile !    
scanty annals t h rea*$ u1 ?r\gh ! m$ium
 ( ! ,lat9s & ,greeks1 enemies or       
rivals1 leave b too mu* scope = unsettl$
 op9ion4 ,! v>i\s sy/ems "h may be      
arrang$ "u two g5]al heads2 fir/1 t !   
,etruscans 7 ( ,lydian extraction1 & "u 
_! k+1 ,?yrr5us1 settl$ 9 ,italy at an  
era ant]ior to au!ntic hi/ory3 or1      
secondly1 t ! e>ly colonization (       
,etruria 0 ow+ to ! w&]+ tribes f       
,greece1 *iefly ( ! ,pelasgic race1 :o  
settl$ at diff]5t times prior to !      
,trojan w>4 ,nei!r ( ^! op9ions1 s+ly1  
accords ) contempor>y1 nor expla9s      
subsequ5t ev5ts2 comb9$1 !y acc\nt bo? =
 ! skill atta9$ by ! ,etruscans 9 ! arts

 ( ta/e & civil gov]nm5t1 :ile ,greece 0
 yet 9 a /ate ( pa/oral rud5ess1 & also 
= ! subsequ5t int]weav+ into _! hi/ory (
 ,grecian fable & my?ology4 ,we ent] n  
f>!r into ?is disquisition1 int]e/+ z x 
und\bt$ly is4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 x  
is suffici5t to be> 9 m9d1 t ,sculpture 
9 ,etruria _h atta9$ a coeval1 if n a   
prior1 degree ( ref9em5t z comp>$ )     
,greece1 & t reg>d to pres]v+ ! unity ( 
! subject has alone occasion$ ! prec$5ce
 9 "t giv5 to ! arts ( ! latt]4  ,!     
rema9s ( ,etruscan ,sculpture are n     
num]\s1 & ( ^! ! au!nticity ( "s may    
ju/ly be d\bt$4 ,tak5 9 g5]al1 ! works (
 national art consi/ ( m$als & co9s2    
/atues ( bronze & m>ble2 relievos2      
sculptur$ gems2 engrav$ bronzes2 &      
pa9t+s4  ,! fir/ class is ! mo/ num]\s1 
& conta9s _m beautiful1 inde$1 = ^? e>ly
 ages1 wond]ful specim5s4 ,^! are all   
ca/ ( a comp\nd metal1 be+ ( two k9ds1  
ei!r my?ological or symbolical 9 _!     
repres5tations4 ,( ! /atues1 x is       
difficult to say :e!r ^? 9 m>ble be e>ly

 ,greek or ,etruscan2 ! small] ones 9   
bronze are m au!ntic1 be+ h\sehold      
div9ities1 or m]ely ornam5ts3 ( ^? 9 !  
size ( nature1 sc>cely "o has escap$    
suspicion ( its true age4 ,"o or two    
exhibit great beauty4 ,( ! anci5t       
relievos f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1    
sev]al are admitt$ to be g5u9e          
,etruscan2 & "h !re c be little         
hesitation1 z a s]ies ( sepul*ral       
monum5ts1 s>cophagi1 & alt>s1 might be  
arrang$ & comp>$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( 
,italian hi/ory4 ,gem engrav+ 0 br\ght  
to great p]fection at an e>ly p]iod bo? 
9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,( ?is m9ute b *>m+ 
art1 probably ! olde/ specim5 n[ extant 
repres5ts five ( ! sev5 *iefs :o f\ght  
aga9/ ,!bes4 ,( ?is ! design is         
in>tificial1 & ! workman%ip rude2 o!r   
,etruscan gems1 h[ev]1 or sc>abi1 f _!  
resemblance to ! %ape ( a beetle1 z !   
,tydeus & ,peleus1 equal ! mo/ exquisite
 p]=mances 9 ?is bran*4 ,! mo/ curi\s & 
num]\s rema9s belong to ! class (       
engrav$ bronzes1 or pat]1 small vessels 

us$ 9 sacrific+1 circul>1 &1 9 ! s+le   
in/ance ( ! ,etruscan1 ) a h&le4 ,on !  
bottom1 inside1 :i* is p]fectly flat1   
be+ m]ely a plate surr\nd$ ) a %all[    
brim1 !re is usually engrav$ "s         
my?ological subject1 ( simple design1   
express$ 9 few1 bold1 firm1 & deep l9es4
  ,9 ! /yle ( ^! rema9s1 ?ree di/9ct    
eras ( art among ! ,etruscans may be    
disc]n$4 ,! fir/1 or anci5t /yle1       
comm5ces ) ! e>lie/ notices ( ! p4 ,x   
has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! ,egyptian & !      
,grecian2 b ! simil>ity is n great] ?an 
*>act]ises ! infancy ( inv5tion among e 
p4 ,& ?\gh1 ap>t1 x might be difficult  
to disc]n _! national or orig9al        
elem5ts1 consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! /yle (
 ! foll[+ era1 _! di/9ctive "* becomes  
app>5t1 ( an unfett]$ imag9ation1 essay+
 its feeble p[]s by no sy/ematic1 no    
conv5tional repres5tation1 aris+1 z 9   
,egypt1 f an impulse =eign to art2 :ile1
 f ,greek sculpture ( ! same age1 we    
cle>ly di/+ui% ! rudim5ts ( new modes1 &
 c]ta9 specialities 9 ! relations betwe5

 fancy & feel+ ) nature4 ,! vigor\s     
imag9ation1 ! bold =ms & g5]al t5d5cy to
 exagg]ation1 :i* may be trac$ ev5 9 its
 infancy1 display 9 its p]fection1 dur+ 
! second epo*1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ics (  
,etruscan sculpture4 ,9 ! works ( ?is   
age1 !re is /r5g?1 & massiv5ess1 & p[]2 
b !y want delicacy ( proportion1        
discrim9ation ( "*1 & graceful          
simplicity4 ,! ?ird epo* embraces t     
p]iod :i* beheld ! gradual disappe>ance 
( ! ,tuscans z an indep5d5t /ate f !    
face ( ,italy4 ,_! political empire 0   
+ulf$ 9 ! ext5d+ dom9ion ( ,rome3 !     
discrim9ative "* ( _! g5ius m]g$ 9 !    
arts ( ! colonial ,greeks2 :51 z we h   
already se51 ! s*ools ( ,rhegium &      
,crotona s5t =? ma/]s equal1 if n       
sup]ior1 to ^? ( ,greece4  ,^! eras1 9  
date & duration1 ne>ly co9cide ) z _m   
revolutions 9 ! political hi/ory ( !    
nation4 ,_! greate/ ext5t ( t]ritory 0  
held b = a %ort "t1 be+ quickly r$uc$ on
 ! s\? by settlem5ts ( ! ,dorian        
colonies1 & on ! nor? by ! ,gauls &     

,ligurians4 ,x 0 only dur+ _! dim9i%$1 b
 secure & admirably con/itut$ empire 9  
,etruria ,prop]1 t _! national arts     
fl\ri%$1 & _! national /yle 0 =m$4 ,ea* 
( twelve alli$1 b sep>ately indep5d5t   
capitals1 !n became a s*ool ( art1 !    
fri5dly rival ( h] compe]s--ea* excit+ !
 indu/ry1 & direct+ ! advance1 ( !      
o!r--ea* ! ,a!ns ( anci5t ,italy4       
,inflam$ by ! brutal _s ( m]e conque/1 !
 ,romans broke 9 ^u ?is tranquillity2 & 
?\gh1 at fir/1 sci5ce prov$ m ?an a mat*
 = =ce1 ,etruria1 ) h] free in/itutions1
 h] elective magi/racy1 h] solemn       
insignia1 fell b5ea? _! rude despotism4 
,?us t]m9at$1 #dhj ye>s f ! build+ (    
,rome1 ! only native s*ool ( art 9      
,italy2 & t "h sculpture _h be5         
cultivat$ ) no ord9>y ard\r1 is atte/$  
by ! fact ( ! ,romans hav+ c>ri$ (f f   
,vols9um alone no few] ?an two ?\s&     
/atues4 ,ev5 = "s "t aft] ! subjugation 
( ! ,etruscan republics1 sculpture 0    
practis$2 b x soon lo/ all national "*4 
,! ,roman dom9ion embrac+ ! circuit (   

,italy1 ! ,tuscan freeman & ! ,greek    
coloni/ became alike its vassal2 b _!   
common ma/]s fo/]$ n ! arts z native    
ornam5ts--z moral causes 9 _! empire3 !y
 possess$ m]ely suffici5t k to value !  
fruits ( g5ius z ! h>ve/ ( conque/4 ,!  
same _s actuat$ _! subsequ5t conduct1 :5
 _! victori\s armies came 9 successive  
contact ) ! ri*] treasures ( ,sicily1 & 
( ,greece h]self4 ,m>cellus plund]$     
,syracuse ( h] m>ble population1 z a    
pro( t he _h subdu$ h] liv+ inhabitants2
 &1 f a /ill m sordid motive1 9 :i*     
ignorance & av>ice are disgu/+ly bl5d$1 
,mummius fir/ began ! "w ( deva/ation 9 
,greece4 ,a picture ( ,bac*us1 :i* !    
,cor9?ians1 on acc\nt ( its             
sup]-excell5ce1 7 anxi\s to rega9 f !   
soldi]s1 :o 7 us+ x z a table1 is said  
fir/ to h excit$ 8 cupidity4 ,f ! va/   
sum (f]$1 ! ,roman g5]al conceiv$ !     
picture conta9$ gold1 :i* he might      
p]haps discov] :5 m at leisure2         
accord+ly he deliv]$ x to a common      
mess5g]1 ) ?is sage m5ace1 t he 0 to    

c>ry x safely to ,rome1 "u pa9 ( be+    
oblig$ to pa9t "o equally good6 ,su* 0 !
 /ate ( e>ly republican ta/e1 q 9 keep+ 
) ! national arts1 suffici5tly *>act]is$
 by ,tibullus1 :5 he says3    ',9 paltry
 temple /ood ! wood5 god4'  ,or by !    
opposition ( ,cato to ! introduction (  
,greek /atu>y1 on ! plea1 t its div9e   
=ms w\ld expose to ridicule ! rude      
fa%ion+ ( ! ,roman deities4  ,dur+ !    
latt] p]iod ( ! commonweal?1 attempts 7 
successively made by ,sylla1 ,pompey1 & 
,cs>1 to domiciliate ! arts 9 ,rome4 ,_!
 ef=ts1 h[ev]1 rea*$ no f>!r ?an        
collect+ 9 t capital ! sculptors (      
,greece1--?us d\bly un=tunate1 z ! place
 :5ce 7 torn ! plund]$ ornam5ts (       
temples & palaces1 & z ! nurse ( t      
sci5ce :i*1 9 bu/s & /atues1 0 to       
immortalize ! l9eam5ts ( h] enslav]s4 ,!
 patronage ( ,augu/us1 :o c\ld wield = 8
 purposes ! en]gies ( ! :ole enlight5$  
_w1 necess>ily prov$ highly advantage\s 
to art1 :i* he affect$ to cultivate f   
patriotic & intellectual1 b really f ^? 

/ill /rong] political motives4 ,b ( all 
! sculptors ( ! ,augu/an age ^: names h 
rea*$ u1 e "o is ,greek1 & *iefly       
,a!nian4 ,pasiteles1 ,arcesilaus1       
,zopirus1 & ,ev&]1 7 ! mo/ em95t4 ,!    
arts1 inde$1 7 reviv$2 b ! creative _s  
:i* infuses life & s\l into _!          
productions1 :i* /amps !m ) orig9ality &
 ?\ght1 c\ld n be recall$4 ,! "* (      
design & ( execution is evid5tly ! same 
z t by :i* ! la/ era ( sculpture 9      
,greece is di/+ui%$1 or r x is sup]ior2 
= settl$ gov]nm5t1 ample rew>d1 & c]ta9 
honor1 n only drew to ,rome e man (     
tal5t1 b also awak5$ new p[]s4 ,b 9 !   
f9e/ specim5s1 !re is no evid5ce ( new  
en]gies1 add$ by ! union ( two sep>ate  
modifications ( tal5t2 nor 9 ! inf]ior1 
any exhibition ( ! m orig9al1 ?\gh x    
might be rud]1 ef=ts ( an aspir+ &      
di/9ct national ta/e4 ,ei!r or bo? ( ^! 
effects w\ld h be5 app>5t1 _h !re be5   
native1 prior to ?is importation (      
,greek arti/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ 9 !
 sculpture ( ?is era discov]s a desc5t f

 a /ate ( high] excell5ce2 e t\*        
exhibits r :at has be51 ?an presages !  
em95ce = :i* we are to draw ^u futurity4
 ,f ,augu/us to ,trajan1 dur+ a p]iod ( 
#adj ye>s1 ! pr9ciples & practice ( !   
,greeks cont9ue to be obs]v$1 ) su*     
diff]5ce only z political causes c      
easily reconcile1 b ) a progressive     
decay4 ,! mo/ favorable p]iods dur+ ?is 
space 7 ! reigns ( ,vespasian1 ,titus1 &
 ,trajan2 = ! reign ( ,n]o1 ^: ta/e1 l 8
 morals1 0 corrupt1 :i* ,pl9y has assum$
 z an epo* 9 ! ,roman s*ool1 0 propiti\s
 to practice1 n to improvem5t4  ,) !    
reign ( ,hadrian1 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( !  
second c5tury1 is introduc$ a new /yle (
 sculpture1 :i* may prop]ly be t]m$     
,roman4 ,"h ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is    
extreme m9ut5ess ( f9i%1 indicat+ !     
lab\r m ( ! h& ?an ! m9d4 ,! *isel1 !   
file1 ! drill1 h be5 pli$ ) ceaseless   
c>e1 & great me*anical dext]ity4 ,ov] ! 
:ole g5ius & _s ( ! art1 is n[ diffus$  
an air ( /udi$ & ev5 affect$ ref9em5t1  
:i* smoo?s away e *>act]i/ic & natural  

expression4 ,= ! sublime is sub/itut$ ! 
difficult1 ! florid = ! elegant2 & 9 e  
rema9+ specim51 we c readily detect !   
ta/e :i* pref]r$ a poeta/] to ,hom]1 or 
! lab\r$ inanities ( ! sophi/s to !     
vigor\s & manly eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es & 
,cic]o4  ,! reign ( ! ,anton9es =ms !   
la/ lucid int]val 9 ! arts ( ! anci5t   
_w4 ,! decl9e ( sculpture f !nce to !   
reign ( ,con/ant9e w\ld be almo/        
incr$ibly rapid1 7 we n enabl$ to trace 
its progress 9 ! monum5ts t yet rema94  
,beyond ,con/ant9e x w\ld n be          
difficult1 b x w\ld be useless1 to c>ry 
our inquiries4 ,:5 an imp]ial ma/] ( !  
_w is f\nd pilf]+1 f ! monum5t ( a      
virtu\s pr$ecessor1 a few ornam5ts to   
deck ! record ( 8 own triumphs1 & :i* ! 
:ole +5uity ( ! ,roman _w c\ld n supply1
 ! annals ( anci5t ta/e may be clos$4   
,sculpture1 x ?us appe>s--& ! rem>k is  
true ( all ! arts--0 nev] cultivat$ 9   
,rome z a native acquirem5t1 z an       
integral elem5t 9 national hi/ory4 ,z   
political causes1 too1 ! arts sc>cely   

op]at$1 except m]ely 9 connexion )      
public monum5ts1 :i* 7 treat$ m z matt]s
 ( bus9ess ?an ( s5tim5t2 :]e !         
successful execution br\ght no accession
 ( moral dignity to ! arti/1 & :]e !    
modes long =m$ 7 adopt$ ) no *ange1 save
 t aris+ f decay+ capabilities4 ,( all !
 nations1 inde$1 :o h held supremacy ^u 
! e>?1 ! ,romans %[ ! poore/ claims to  
orig9ality2 & h lea/ impress$ ! future  
=tunes ( ! human m9d by any bold        
peculi>ities or successful d>+s ( h] own
 g5ius4 ,9 lett]s & 9 ! arts1 !y h      
bequea!d to po/]ity only modifications (
 ! exquisite inv5tions ( ,greece4 ,9    
lett]s1 inde$1 !y h improv$ ^u _!       
borr[+s1 because 9 "s in/ances !y h     
imp>t$ ! /amp ( nationality2--n s 9 !   
f9e arts4 ,yet ev5 9 ! =m]1 ! improvem5t
 ext5ds only to ! mann]2 ! mat]ial      
rema9s ) little alt]ation1 & no         
addition4 ,! "* ( ,roman tal5t--manly & 
p]sev]+1 ?\gh n inv5tive--seem$ well    
adapt$ to succe$ 9 sculpture1 labori\s 9
 its practice1 9 its pr9ciples grave &  

simple4 ,?ree causes *iefly oppos$ ?is  
success4 ,! ,romans reg>d$ ! art z !    
peculi> em95ce ( a conqu]$ p4 ,h5ce !y  
*]i%$ no g5u9e en?usiasm = its          
excell5ces1 & no real respect = its     
pr(essors--among !m ! fall5 ,greeks or  
manumitt$ slaves4 ,secondly1 _! national
 mann]s 7 incl9$1 :ile _! _s burn$ 9 its
 be/ en]gies1 m to action & bus9ess ?an 
to elegant accompli%m5t4 ,z a m p>ticul>
 ob/acle1 gr[+ out ( ?is g5]al cause1 ! 
desire con/antly affect$ ( be+ repres5t$
 9 arm\r1 mo/ mat]ially op]at$ aga9/ !  
improvem5t ( sculpture2 & by %utt+ up ! 
w>m & brea?+ =ms ( nature1 gave at once 
orig9 & invet]acy to ! evils ( h>%ness &
 incorrectness1 9 ! e>ly s*ool1 & 9 !   
latt]1 to f9ical & ineffective          
labori\sness4 ,?irdly1 ! sup]lative     
beauty ( ! f9e/ lab\rs ( ,greece1       
scatt]$ ) amaz+ pr(usion ?r\gh\t ,italy1
 r5d]$ _! possessors indiff]5t to       
contempor>y & s conspicu\sly inf]ior    
works4  ,to ?is la/ circum/ance1 h[ev]1 
is pr9cipally to be ascrib$ ! only      

excell5ce to :i* ,roman sculpture c     
ju/ly lay claim1 z x prov$ ma9ly        
in/rum5tal 9 direct+ att5tion to t      
p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,! bu/s ( ! ,roman   
s*ool1 f ,julius to ,galli5us1 embrac+ a
 p]iod ( ?ree c5turies1 exhibit a s]ies 
invaluable 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & 9 "s     
in/ances capable ( be+ comp>$ ) ! be/ ( 
simil> works ( ! fir/ ages1 )\t suff]+  
by ! contra/4 ,^! d n1 inde$1 equal 9   
h]oic "* "o or two rema9s ( ,greece1 b  
!y exhibit a m p[]ful repres5tation (   
individual m5tal resemblance4 ,! s\l (  
hi/ory absolutely seems to inhabit & to 
brea! f ! m>ble4 ,into e movem5t ( !    
c\nt5ance is infus$ an expression s     
speak+1 s *>act]i/ic1 s full (          
individuality1 t we seem to h set be=e u
 ! v actor 9 ^? de$s :i* h =m$ our mo/  
s]i\s /udies4 ,b ?is high p]fection     
applies only to ! t]m9ation ( !         
commonweal?1 or does n ext5d beyond !   
reign ( ,augu/us4 ,z we advance1 !      
impress ( gr&eur ( ?\ght1 & en]gy (     
purpose1 becomes obscur$4 ,?is 9 "p is  

no d\bt ow+ to ! decl9e ( p[] to        
repres5t2 b ! decay ( int]nal nobl5ess 9
 ! subject appe>s to h at lea/ kept pace
 ) ! fall ( mat]ial art2 &1 9 ! words ( 
,pl9y1 :5 !re 7 no long] images ( m9d1 !
 l9eam5ts ( =m also deg5]at$4  ,f a     
c>eful exam9ation ( ! imp]ial bu/s1--= !
 jeal\s fe>s ( ^! tyrants soon =bade any
 o!rs to be sculptur$--we d]ive our be/ 
k ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,! /yle ( design    
dur+ ! fir/1 or republican age1 is      
di/+ui%$ by squ>5ess & vig\r 9 !        
=ms--decision ( arrangem5t--boldness &  
firmness 9 pron\nc+ ! p>ts1 accompani$ )
 tru? & great =ce ( g5]al effect1 b     
de/itute ( m9ut5ess & accuracy 9 !      
details4 ,! ma/]y ( t\*1 inde$1 is      
frequ5tly s d>+1 z to be r$eem$ f !     
imputation ( c>eless & unf9i%$ only by !
 vigor\s mean+ ( e /roke4 ,we detect !  
greate/ defici5cy 9 ^? pass+ l9es (     
?\ght & =m1 :]e little meets ! outw>d   
s5se1 b 9 :i* ! sci5ce & feel+ ( !      
arti/s are mo/ surely display$ & mo/    
sev]ely tri$2 ! expression ( ! eyes are 

/udi$1 & ! eye-ball1 ) int5t to produce 
an impos+ look1 is made l>g] ?an 9      
nature4 ,! hair1 ?\gh skilfully mass$1 &
 f9e 9 di/ant effect1 is p>ticul>ly     
heavy2 inde$1 ! *>act]i/ic defect is    
h>%ness--an abs5ce ( ^? sweet & fl[+    
l9es :i* br+ ! cont\r fully1 b          
graci\sly1 ^u ! view4 ,to ! close ( !   
fir/ c5tury1 bold & facile execution1 & 
=ce ( effect1 cont9ue to take ! place ( 
simple & accurate design & natural      
expression--faults mo/ conspicu\s 9 !   
mo/ prosp]\s "t1 ! reigns ( ,titus &    
,trajan1 f ! art be+ ex]cis$ *iefly on  
ar*itectural designs4 ,9 addition to !  
dry1 ! h>d1 & lab\r$1 ! era ( ,hadrian  
is fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! pupil ( ! eye    
hav+ a deeply drill$ orifice1 & by !    
sep>ate p>ts ( ! c\nt5ance be+ m>k$ ) an
 affect$ & unnatural dep?4 ,! bu/s (    
,aurelius are ! la/ good examples4 ,"u  
,sev]us appe>s a s+ul> affectation (    
m>k+ ! =ehead1 & ev5 ! :ole c\nt5ance1 )
 furr[s4 ,subsequ5tly e reign displays m
 decid$ retrogression1 & ! f9al         

disappe>ance ( e r$eem+ excell5ce4      
,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,,) ! dawn ( lib]ty 9 ! 
republican cities ( ,italy1 we hail !   
reappe>ance ( ! arts4 ,be=e ! close ( ! 
?irte5? c5tury1 ,pisa1 ) ! neighbor+    
cities ( ,etruria1 ! anci5t seats (     
elegance1 _h already made progress 9    
sculpture4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is1 ! primitive  
s*ool ( mod]n ,europe1 0 ,nicolo        
,pisano4 ,! works ( ?is ma/]1 & ^? ( 8  
s*ol>s1 /ill rema9+ 9 8 native city1 9  
,si5na1 ,arezzo1 ,pi/oia1 ,orvieto1 &   
,lucca1 induce a v high op9ion inde$ ( !
 progress ( ! age4 ,9 ! succe$+ c5tury1 
! art 0 c>ri$ by 8 gr&son1 ,&rea1 to    
,flor5ce1 ! future head & f\nta9 ( art4 
,"h1 9 #acej1 0 e/abli%$ ! fir/ academy 
( design2 & be=e ! close ( ! c5tury1    
sculpture 0 firmly e/abli%$1 & f> f     
unskilfully practis$1 ?r\gh\t a         
consid]able portion ( ,italy4 ,nor 0 ?is
 ! limit ( ! influ5ce1 ?\gh1 z ^u its   
c5tre1 ! eye ( hi/ory is fix$ *iefly "h4
 ,frat]nities ( it9]ant sculptors c>ri$ 
_! art ov] ,g]many & ,france2 & ev5 9   

,engl& ! works ( ?is e>ly s*ool h be5   
trac$4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! num]\s ,go?ic   
edifices1 ) _! sculptur$ ornam5ts1      
furni%$ ri* occasions = ! ex]cise ( !   
art2 b f ?is v circum/ance x ceas$1 9 a 
c]ta9 degree1 to be reg>d$ z indep5d5t (
 ar*itecture4 ,9 ,italy1 private        
excell5ce 0 bett] pres]v$1 & is easily  
trac$4 ,b x 0 union ) ! gr& moral &     
political pr9ciples ( free con/itutions1
 t 9 ,italy at once gave dignity to1 &  
*]i%$ ! progress (1 ! arts4 ,9 ! anci5t 
_w we bade a common f>ewell to fre$om & 
to g5ius1 nay1 virtue at ! same "t w\ld 
h w+$ h] flight1 _h %e n f\nd an asylum 
on e>? 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^u !   
ages n[ pass+ 9 review1 :5 ,fre$om aga9 
rises1 we behold g5ius also revive1 z if
 ! sweet] s5sibilities & ! manli]       
virtues _h toge!r slumb]$ ?r\gh ! long  
long night ( ignorance & ( despotism4 ,x
 is ?us t spr+1 brea?+ on bank & wild   
wood1 un*a9s ! bud & ! blossom f !      
t5d]e/ fl[]et to ! h>dy oak4  ,9 !      
progress ( intellig5ce1 ! fifte5? c5tury

 con/itutes a spl5did era4 ,advances 7  
!n accompli%$ 9 moral1 intellectual1 &  
political k1 :i* =m ! gr\nd "w ( no     
inconsid]able portion ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9
 ! arts ( elegance1 especially 9        
sculpture1 ! lab\rs ( ?is age w always  
hold di/+ui%$ rank4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( !   
c5tury1 we f9d six great                
ma/]s--competitors = ! same public "w--!
 bronze fold+-doors ( ! bapti/ry at     
,flor5ce3 ,brunelles*i & ,ghib]ti1      
,flor5t9es2 ,jacomo della ,qu]cia (     
,si5na2 ,nicolo ,lamb]ti ( ,arezzo2     
,francisco di ,valdambr9o1 & ,simon dei 
,colle1 ,tuscans4 ,! competitors ea*    
aft]w>ds became ! head ( a fl\ri%+      
s*ool4 ,ghib]ti1 a y\? ( tw5ty?ree1 0 ! 
successful c&idate2 & ! "w ?us assign$  
to 8 sup]ior m]it1 occupi$ =ty ye>s ( 8 
future life1 rema9+ /ill "o ( ! pr\de/  
triumphs ( mod]n tal5t4 ,! subjects are 
^u panels 9 relievo1 repres5t+ hi/orical
 passages f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & !
 same :i* 7 aft]w>ds decl>$ wor?y !     
gates ( ,p>adise4  ,?is era may be /yl$ 

! commonweal? ( sculpture2 no s+le ma/] 
s f> excell+ 8 compe]s z to impress ^u !
 art ! /amp & be>+ ( "o individual /yle4
 ,b among ?is cr[d ( illu/ri\s          
contempor>ies1 ,donatello1 born 9 #achc1
 & already an em95t arti/ at ! age (    
tw5ty1 /&s =? pre-em95tly conspicu\s by 
! magnitude & excell5ce ( 8 own lab\rs1 
z also by ! numb] & m]its ( 8 pupils4 ,8
 p]=mances1 9 almo/ e v>iety ( mat]ial1 
are scatt]$ ov] all ,italy2 ! be/ are 9 
,flor5ce1 b ! eque/rian /atue (         
,erasmus1 ,duke ( ,n>ni1 9 t city1 m]its
 att5tion z ! fir/ attempt ( su*        
magnitude 9 ! revival ( art4  ,! num]\s 
s*ol>s ( ,donatello may be divid$ into  
two classes4 ,! fir/ compreh5ds ^? :o1  
)\t produc+ mu* ( _! own1 h atta9$      
reputation z fell[-lab\r]s 9 ! mo/      
consid]able und]tak+s ( _! ma/]4 ,!     
legitimate disciples ( ,donatello1      
h[ev]1 consi/s ( ^? :o1 )\t s]vilely    
foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( _! in/ruct]1 pres]v$1 
or ev5 9 "s respects improv$1 ! sci5ce  
d]iv$ f 8 precepts4 ,^! include mo/ ( ! 

lead+ ma/]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 = 9
 e t[n ( importance he _h left works &  
plant$ a s*ool4 ,aft] ! demise (        
,ghib]ti 9 #adee1 & ( ,donatello 9      
#adff1 ! art 0 f> f langui%+ 9 ! h&s (  
_! successors1 & especially "u ,&rea du 
,v]ro*io1 t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,9 !
 academy f\nd$ by ! ,m$ici1 _m ( ! mo/  
em95t m5 ( ! next c5tury are to be f\nd1
 z yet y\?ful ?\gh n undi/+ui%$ pupils4 
,9 review+ ! ages :i* h be5 made to pass
 be=e u 9 _! lead+ *>act]s1 ! ?irte5? & 
f\rte5? c5turies1 we p]ceive1 may be    
t]m$ ! infancy ( sculpture2 ) ! fifte5? 
beg9s its manhood1 :ile 9 "s respects   
full vig\r 0 atta9$ ev5 at ! close ( ?is
 p]iod4 ,dur+ ! two prec$+ c5turies1 we 
f9d views frequ5tly d]iv$ f ! antique1 (
 :i* _m specim5s 7 br\ght directly f !  
,ea/ to ,pisa4 ,a "* ( tru? &           
simplicity1 fai?ful imitation ( nature1 
& j expression1 visibly beg9 f ! "t (   
,nicolo1 ^: own /yle inde$ is rem>kable 
= sweetness & abs5ce ( all pret5sion4 ,!
 effect is nev] d>+ly v5tur$1 b is s\ght

 to be discov]$ by pati5t reit]ation (  
ef=t & p]sev]+ imitation4 ,at fir/1     
!re=e1 no ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ta/e or 
( composition c be p]ceiv$2 a degree (  
re/ra9t & meagr5ess consequ5tly long    
p]vade ! e>ly lab\rs ( sculpture4 ,b if 
9 ^! ! creative faculties h seldom be5  
conspicu\sly ex]t$2 if ! fancy be r>ely 
excit$ by novelty or v>iety ( inv5tion1 
! he>t1 ev5 9 ! sculpture ( ! f\rte5?   
c5tury1 is (t5 awak5$ to deep feel+ by  
unexpect$ beauties ( ! sweete/ p[]1     
aris+ f a dilig5t imitation ( nature4 ,!
 art be+ *iefly d$icat$ to devotion1 &  
to ! memory ( dep>t$ virtue1 an air (   
dignifi$ s9c]ity1 a t\*+ portraiture ( !
 g5tl] affections1 diffuse ov] ! m9d ( !
 spectator a melan*oly yet pleas+       
s]5ity1 to be felt r ?an describ$--:i*  
give back ! images ( our own            
s5sibilities 9 all _! simple1 unpret5d+ 
reality4 ,! succe$+ age assumes a /yle &
 "* m elevat$1 )\t be+ less true4 ,!    
simplicity is ref9$--equally remov$ f   
affectation z f pov]ty--! skill ( h&    

great1 ! execution bold & felicit\s2 yet
 /ill ex]cis$ z a means1 nev] z an      
in/rum5t to a/oni% or surprise4 ,nature 
is imitat$ fai?fully1 "u ! lea/ remote  
appe>ances1 & by ! simple/ expression--!
 mann] nev] allures f ! subject4 ,!     
great proportion ( ! sculpture ( ?is    
c5tury be+ 9 bronze1 may acc\nt = a /yle
 ( execution 9 "s respects h>%1 ) a     
degree ( re/ra9t1 & occasionally        
defective 9 en]gy4 ,z respects          
intellectual m]its1 ! design is always  
*a/e1 (t5 extremely elegant2 !          
composition judici\s1 seldom contra/$ or
 gr\p$ artificially4 ,! expression is   
sweet & calmly dignifi$1 = r>ely is     
/rongly m>k$ passion attempt$4 ,no      
decid$ aims at repres5tation ( ab/ract  
or ideal beauty c be obs]v$2 ! p[]s (   
fancy are nev] presum$ ^u--seldom r\s$  
by remote associations4 ,b ! m9d ( !    
arti/1 n[ no long] entirely engross$ 9  
me*anical detail1 or conf9$ by          
difficulties ( m]e repres5tation1       
expatiates1 selects1 comb9es2 if ! =ms &

 conceptions are n inve/$ ) ! sublimity 
( ideal elevation1 ! beautiful models ( 
real exi/5ce are imitat$ n              
unsuccessfully4 ,7 ! ext5t & object (   
art conf9$ to simple imitation1 ! aim ( 
! sculptor w\ld n[ ne>ly be atta9$4     
,yet1 judg+ ev5 by ! pr9ciples ( ! mo/  
ref9$ criticism1 "o dep>tm5t1 dur+ !    
fifte5? c5tury1 acquir$ a p]fection :i* 
has n be5 surpass$1 r>ely equall$1 9    
succe$+ times4 ,donatello & ,ghib]ti1 ! 
=m] 9 high1 ! latt] 9 l[ relief1 h left 
models :i* x does n easily appe>        
possible to excel4 ,! be/ ( ^! are      
,donatello's1 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo1  
repres5t+ ! mo/ memorable ev5ts 9 ! life
 ( ! ,savi\r2 & ,ghib]ti's1 already     
notic$1 on ! gates ( ! bapti/ry at      
,flor5ce4 ,! subjects seem to h imp>t$  
to ! g5ius ( ! sculptors a portion ( _! 
own sacr$ dignity1 & calm & holy feel+4 
,inde$1 to ! influ5ce ( religi\s        
impressions1 we attribute1 to a great   
degree1 ! improvem5t ( sculpture dur+   
?is age1 ! pr9cipal und]tak+s be+ f     

,scripture4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4          
,,not)/&+ ! v consid]able atta9m5ts     
already exhibit$1 to ! p]fection (      
,sculpture1 !re yet want$ great] ease & 
grace ( execution1 m p]fect & elevat$   
expression1 m ref9$ selection ( =m &    
composition1--m1 9 %ort1 ( t height5+   
*>m :i* fancy l5ds to reality--( t :i*  
con/itutes ! poetry1 n ! fiction1 ( art4
 ,! fir/ blu% ( ! times1 too1 at !      
comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 seem$ to 
promise a mo/ propiti\s era = !         
accompli%m5t ( ^! rema9+ improvem5ts4 ,9
 ,italy1 yet ! only fix$ & native seat (
 art1 a _s ( ref9em5t & love ( elegance1
 a high & g5]al respect = art1 p]vad$   
all ranks4 ,univ]sal activity1 also1 &  
en]gy ( "*1 gr[+ out ( ! consci\s       
dignity ( indep5d5ce1 animat$ !         
republican cities4 ,ea* vi$ ) its       
neighb\r 9 ! spl5d\r ( public build+s1 &
 9 munific5ce ( patronage4 ,flor5ce1    
inde$1 f h] peculi> advantages & sup]ior
 opul5ce1 soon] di/anc$ rivalry2 b h]   
s*ools 7 op5 to all1 & h] ,m$ici1 ! mo/ 

enlight5$ ( patrons1 7 z yet b m]*ants &
 simple citiz5s4 ,9 ^? /ates1 too1 :]e  
free & popul> gov]nm5t 0 n e/abli%$1 k+s
 & pr9ces affect$ to love & enc\rage !  
arts4 ,lit]ature1 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries (  
,europe1 _h spread its lights ar\nd2 !  
anci5t models ( eloqu5ce 7 kn[n1 at lea/
 9 _! precepts1 to all :o lab\r$ 9 !    
fields ( g5ius2 & ev5 9 sculpture1 "s ( 
! mo/ brea?+ fragm5ts _h be51 or 9 !    
c\rse ( ! c5tury1 7 re/or$ to day4 ,!   
/ir ( _s _h p5etrat$ ev5 ! recesses (   
papal dom9ation & prie/ly ease4 ,means (
 empire 7 n[ to be essay$ m cong5ial to 
! complexion ( ! times1 & to ! m9ds (   
m51 ?an spiritual weapons1 unhall[$ 9 e 
*ur*1 because unscriptural1 or ?an--m   
unju/ifiable /ill1 :5 wield$ by m9i/]s (
 peace--secul> arms4 ,rome 0 to be r5d]$
 ! home & habitation ( art1 z (         
religion4 ,%e 0 to conta9 a temple va9ly
 hop$ to become ! ,zion ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4
 ,all ^! causes1 favorable z !y 7 to    
g5]al developem5t ( tal5t1 t5d$ ) a     
peculi> en]gy to ! advancem5t (         

sculpture1 9 :i*1 ) ! exception (       
poetry1 ! greate/ progress _h yet be5   
accompli%$ s9ce ! revival ( intellig5ce4
 ,! pa?1 too1 :i* _h "h be5 pursu$1 l$  
directly to excell5ce4 ,no?+ 0 to be    
unle>n$4 ,! era bore a /rik+ resemblance
 9 its lead+ features to t ( ,p]icles2  
!re 0 want+ only a ,phidias to realize  
its expectancy2 & 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 !  
g5ius ( ,greece seem$ to be suppli$4  ,=
 ?ree f\r?s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is     
extraord9>y man presid$ 9 ! s*ools1 & by
 8 /yle influ5c$ mu* long] ! pr9ciples (
 mod]n art4 ,to him1 !re=e1 dur+ ! mo/  
brilliant p]iod 9 ! annals :i* we are n[
 feebly endeavor+ to trace1 is !        
att5tion *iefly direct$4 ,nor only 9 "o 
po9t ( view1 is 8 g5ius to be           
contemplat$4 ,he has ext5d$ ! grasp ( a 
mighty ?\gh irregul> _s ov] our :ole    
subject4 ,sculptor ( ! ,moses1 pa9t] ( !
 ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ar*itect ( ! ,cupola--we
 behold 9 him ! greate/ ( ! works ( art4
 ,x is ?is1 m ?an any o!r circum/ance1  
:i* has inve/$ ! "* ( 8 g5ius ) a       

species ( awful supremacy n to be       
inquir$ into2 discrim9ation is lo/ 9    
g5]al admiration2 & to him :o ?us seems 
to be> away ! palm ( univ]sal tal5t1 we 
are incl9$ to conc$e ! =emo/ rank 9 ea* 
sep>ate pursuit4 ,8 productions1 ?us    
dom9at+ among ! lab\rs ( man1 bewild] ! 
judgm5t bo? by _! real & _! app>5t      
magnitude4 ,?us "s giant cliff1 ris+ f> 
above m9or elevations1 :ile x s]ves z a 
l&m>k to ! travell]1 misleads 8         
conceptions ( its own di/ance & imm$iate
 relations ( site4  ,"h x appe>s !      
prop]1 or at lea/ simple/ me?od1 to     
pres5t su* gradual unfold+ ( ! subject z
 ea* bran* sep>ately may seem to        
require1 res]v+ a g5]al view = su* place
 z %all give ! read] full comm& ( ! jo9t
 influ5ces1 be>+s1 & consequ5ces ( ^!   
details4  ,9 sculpture1 ! works (       
,mi*ael ,angelo are divid$ betwe5 ,rome 
& ,flor5ce4 ,!y are n num]\s1 & few are 
ev5 f9i%$4 ,impati5ce ( sl[ly           
progressive lab\r1 unit$ ) indomitable  
activity & unwe>i$ indu/ry--fa/idi\sness

 ( fancy1 & exalt$ p]ceptions (         
excell5ce1 jo9$ ) a reckless d>+ 9      
execution1 =m s+ul> di/9ctions (        
intellectual temp]am5t4 ,h5ce h sprung !
 *>act]i/ic beauties & ! besett+ errors 
( 8 /yle 9 sculpture--a /yle discov]+   
mu* t is d]iv$ f lib]al & enlight5$ /udy
 ( ! sublime & graceful 9 nature1 b /ill
 m ( ^? qualities :i* arise f !         
peculi>ities ( an individual & erratic1 
?\gh ri* & p[]ful1 imag9ation4 ,r>ely d 
8 /atues exhibit t simplicity & repose  
ess5tial to beauty 9 an art--grave1     
dignifi$1 or ev5 au/]e1 & possess+ means
 comp>atively limit$ & uni=m4 ,=c$ &    
con/ra9$ attitude1 proportions          
exagg]at$1 expression awful1 gloomy1 &  
une>?ly1 =ms ( unnatural1 ( sup]human   
en]gy--^! con/itute ! ideal ( 8         
composition4 ,9 giv+ visible exi/5ce to 
^! ideas1 8 execution is mo/ wond]ful4  
,a =ce1 a fire1 an en?usiasm1 else:]e   
unfelt1 unkn[n1 give to e limb &        
l9eam5t1 a vitality1 a movem5t1 resembl+
 m ! sudd5 m&ate ( inspiration1 ?an a   

labori\s & ret>d$ ef=t4 ,! fir/         
impressions creat$ by ^! works are ?us  
irresi/ibly p[]ful2 b !y />tle1         
surprise1 a/oni%--d n soo!1 delight1 &  
satisfy ! m9d4 ,an influ5ce orig9at+    
solely 9 ! imag9ation1 & 9 :i* !        
s5sibilities ( ! he>t h little int]e/1  
_c long reta9 its p[]2 ! ord9>y tone (  
feel+ returns1 & amid ! unquiet & aspir+
 composition seeks = nature & repose4   
,if ! productions & /yle ( ,mi*ael      
,angelo be comp>$ ) ! great /&>ds (     
excell5ce & ( tru? 9 sculpture--nature1 
& ! rema9s ( anci5t art1 he w be f\nd to
 h deviat$ widely f bo?1 or r1 p]haps1  
he has r5d]$ bo? subs]vi5t to 8 own     
p>ticul> views ( ea*4 ,he has creat$ to 
himself modes ( imitation1 :i* %\ld 9   
!mselves claim a p>am\nt importance1    
indep5d5t ( all ar*etypes2 :ile ^! latt]
 are connect$ ) ! orig9als ( reality1   
only z an int]m$iate /ep to ! realms (  
fancy4 ,h5ce1 r\nd a false1 ?\gh gorge\s
 & impos+ art1 8 g5ius has swept a magic
 circle1 )9 ^: p]il\s b\nd no inf]ior _s

 has d>$ ) impunity to tread4           
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 su* 0 ! fasc9ation 
produc$ 9 8 own age1 :5 ! =cible &      
imag9ative 7 admir$ above ! simple & !  
true1 t 8 works became a /&>d by :i* !  
pa/ 0 to be tri$1 & ! future direct$4 ,z
 a necess>y consequ5ce1 a prodigi\s &   
irrep>able lapse 0 prep>$ = ! art4 ,!   
imitation ( a natural /yle w ev] be     
productive ( good2 x w ultimately lead  
to no imitation1 by conduct+ to !       
primeval s\rce4 ,! v rev]se is ! effect 
( foll[+ a guide su* z ,buon>otti1 :o   
has dep>t$ f nature f>!r1 we w v5ture to
 say1 ?an any great "n on record1 :e!r 9
 lit]ature or 9 art4 ,irregul>ities &   
imp]fections 9 almo/ e o!r in/ance (    
l(ty g5ius1 are =gott5 amid !           
deep-?rill+ pa?os1 or soo?+ lovel9ess1 (
 natural expression2 b amid !           
awe-inspir+1 ! comm&+1 ! ov]p[]+        
repres5tations ( ! ,tuscan1 ! s\l       
langui%es = nature4 ,8 creations are n (
 ?is _w1 nor does feel+ volunt>ily      
respond to ! my/]i\s & uncontrollable   

ma/]y :i* !y ex]t ov] x4 ,! cause &     
progress ( ?is d]eliction ( nature c    
also be trac$4 ,he _h m>k$ ! p]plexities
 & con/ra9t "u :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h     
lab\r$1 9 _! endeavors to unite ! =ms & 
expressions ( liv+ nature ) images (    
ideal beauty1 ov]look+ ! productions (  
classic sculpture1 9 :i* ?is union is s 
happily accompli%$3 because to 8        
vigor\s1 r ?an ref9$ p]ceptions1 its    
simplicity appe>$ pov]ty1 he fe>lessly  
/ruck into a l9e ( art1 :]e all 0 to be 
new--vehem5t--wond]ful4  ,f ! antique1  
besides simplicity1 ,mi*ael ,angelo has 
deviat$ 9 ano!r important1 &1 inde$1    
vital respect2 a deviation1 inde$1 :i*  
*anges completely ! v aspect ( art4 ,( !
 two elem5ts ( sculptural design--=m &  
expression--! anci5ts select$ =m z !    
pr9cipal object ( _! repres5tation3 !   
mod]n has pref]r$ expression1 to :i* he 
may be said almo/ to h sacrific$ =m2 or 
r1 he has s contort$ 8 figures1 by !    
viol5ce ( _! emotions1 t all is         
expression1 & t ( ! mo/ vehem5t k9d4    

,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be ask$1 h[ f> has    
prescription ! p[] to det]m9e ?is matt]8
 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t n only !    
associations spr++ f ! mo/ p]fect (     
human works 7 oppos$ to ?is *oice1 b    
also ! int]nal proprieties ( ! art fav\r
 ! selection ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 sculpture  
all is /aid1 endur+1 actual2 movem5t    
alone is ! only pass+ object (          
imitation4 ,expression1 !re=e1 at lea/  
/rong & individual expression1 z a      
prim>y *>act]i/ic--z de/ructive (       
symmetry1 & z imply+ an ef=t ungraceful1
 :5 connect$ ) unyield+ mat]ials1 seems 
n a legitimate beauty ( high] art4      
,inde$1 passion is inconsi/5t ) !       
beautiful 9 =m1 or ! dignifi$ 9 s5tim5t4
 ,a sweetly pleas+1 a g5tly agitat+     
excitem5t1 or a nobly repress$ feel+1   
visible only 9 ! resolve ( s\l1 & ma/]+ 
( sorr[1 is ! true & ! only prop]       
expression 9 sculpture4 ,grief alone    
seems to be admissible 9 its deepe/     
pa?os4  ,consid]$ 9 connexion ) !       
impetu\s /yle ( 8 composition1 no?+ c be

 f9] ?an ! execution ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 
,x p>ticipates 91 x h>monizes )1 8 ard5t
 temp]am5t ( m9d2 rapid1 impati5t1      
f]vid1 x seems to animate & create1 r   
?an =m1 ! brea?+ conceptions4 ,b tak5   
alone1 x discov]s _m te*nical           
peculi>ities & imp]fections4 ,f hav+    
sometimes m]ely sket*$1 or1 at mo/1     
modell$ ! subject 9 small1 nay1 9 "s    
in/ances1 ) no o!r sugge/ion or guide1  
save ! accid5tal %ape ( ! block1 he     
/ruck into ! m>ble4 ,x 0 impossible1 "u 
^! circum/ances1 to avoid error4 ,:ile !
 h&1 ! eye1 ! m9d1 7 ?us 9 in/ant       
ex]tion2 :ile propriety ( expression &  
beauty ( outl9e1 me*anical detail1 &    
g5]al effect1 gr&eur ( ! :ole1 &        
propriety ( p>ts1 7 at once to be /udi$1
 & t1 too1 :]e ea* /roke removes :at    
nev] c be aga9 unit$--imp]fection 0     
almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,h5ce !    
want ( proportion s conspicu\s 9 _m ( 8 
be/ works--9 ! ,moses ev52 h5ce s few   
f9i%$2 h5ce1 too1 8 /atues1 l pa9t+s1   
seldom pres5t m ?an "o po9t ( view4 ,z  

reg>ds m individual details2 9 ! sali5t 
l9es ( ! cont\rs1 ! circles h r>ely _! j
 value1 & ! surfaces want _! prop]      
fulness4 ,p>tly to comp5sate ?is        
defici5cy 9 ! advanc+ curves1 p>tly z a 
*>act]i/ic di/9ction1 :i* consi/s 9     
/rongly pron\nc+ ! muscles1 ! retir+    
l9es1 or muscul> depressions1 are       
express$ 9 exagg]at$ dep?4 ,tru/+ to    
me*anical dext]ity1 also1 & to a pr(\nd 
sci5ce1 he 0 frequ5tly r$uc$ to "w )\t  
model1 or ref]5ce to ! liv+ =m4 ,?is    
produces a rigidity1 a want ( feel+1 & a
 mann]ism1 9 8 be/ p]=mances ev51 !     
comm5cem5t ( ^? conv5tional modes :i*   
f9ally sup]s$$ all dilig5t /udy (       
nature1 & l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( e g5u9e    
grace ( sculpture4  ,! /yle & "* (      
composition n[ describ$ is evid5tly "o (
 /udy & acquisition2 we might !re=e     
expect a gradation to be app>5t 9 !     
works f :i* we h d$uc$ our rem>ks4      
,accord+ly1 ! e>li] p]=mances ( ! arti/ 
reta9 mu* ( ! simplicity & tru? ( !     
fifte5? c5tury1 exhibit+1 at ! same "t1 

mu* ( ! bett] "p ( ! qualities n[       
describ$ z ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( !    
s*ool4 ,^! we are incl9$1 ^u ! :ole1 to 
reg>d1 if n ! mo/ spl5did1 z ! mo/      
correct examples ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's    
p[]s4 ,8 lat] & m important lab\rs      
pres5t1 9 _! full maturity1 ! peculi>   
modes ( ?\ght & execution :i* con/itute 
! pr9ciples ( ?is era4 ,a regul>        
gradation1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely to be      
trac$1 s9ce1 9 8 v old age1 he p]ceiv$ &
 lam5t$ ! brilliant b fatal errors ( 8  
/yle2 &1 9 ! few works !n f9i%$1 a      
degree ( sobriety & *a/5ess is obs]v$4  
,he saw & lam5t$1 too late1 ! fall      
prep>$ = sculpture4  ,( ! works ( ?is   
ma/] at ,flor5ce1 ! ,bac*us1 not)/&+ !  
undignifi$ expression ( inebriety1 is ! 
mo/ correct 9 its =ms1 & ! lea/ mann]$ 9
 composition4 ,! tombs ( ! ,m$ici %[ mu*
 ( :atev] is mo/ spl5did1 & :at is mo/  
repreh5sible 9 ! g5ius ( _! au?or4 ,!y  
might inde$ be select$ z special        
illu/rations ( ! g5]al views j giv54 ,e 
figure--!re are six--be>s ! /rong       

impress ( a _s delight+ 9 ! great & !   
wond]ful--an imag9ation eag] 9 ! pursuit
 ( untri$ modes ( exi/5ce1 & a          
consci\sness ( p[] to execute ! mo/ d>+ 
conceptions4 ,intellig5ce 9 sci5ce1     
bread? ( t\*1 boldness ( mann]1         
fe>lessness ( difficulty1 unite to give 
life & movem5t to attitudes ! mo/ remote
 f su* z nature w\ld volunt>ily assume1 
or graceful design select4 ,rome conta9s
 ! mo/ p]fect & ! mo/ wond]ful ( ,mi*ael
 ,angelo's /atues4 ,! ,piet1 or ,virg9 &
 ,dead ,savi\r1 9 ,/ ,pet]'s1 f9i%$ 9 8 
tw5tyf\r? ye>1 is n only at ! head ( !  
fir/ division ( 8 works1 b1 on ! :ole1  
is ! lea/ exagg]at$1 & ! mo/ natural (  
all4 ,! ,moses1 on ! tomb ( ,julius     
,,ii41 amid ! creations ( g5ius1 rises a
 solit>y & mat*less monum5t4 ,)\t model 
among ! productions ( antiquity1 x has  
rema9$ inimitable & unimitat$ 9 mod]n   
times4 ,nei!r 9 nature d we f9d its     
prototype3 x is ! extraord9>y conception
 ( an extraord9>y m9d4 ,?us isolat$ by  
its own peculi> sublimity ( "*1 ?is     

/atue exhibits a /rik+ resemblance ( !  
imag9ation :5ce x d]iv$ exi/5ce4 ,we    
behold a be+ :o awes1 :o subdues1 yet :o
 fails to int]e/--= ) su* humanity      
ent]ta9s no communion ( feel+4 ,"h !    
sublime is too exclusively s\ght 9 !    
vehem5t & ! m>vell\s2 e ef=t is =c$1 e  
trait exagg]at$1 & ! :ole %[s a d>+     
orig9ality v]g+ on ! extravagant & !    
false4 ,! solemn maje/y--! dignifi$     
repose--! comm&+ simplicity1 admir$ 9   
anci5t sculpture--^? mild] beauties :i* 
s5tim5t alone c appreciate--^? exalt$ & 
t\*+ graces :i* arise f elegance or     
nobl5ess ( =m--f ref9$ & subdu$         
expression--f elevat$ yet g5u9e nature1 
9 ! ,moses are look$ = 9 va94  ,?an     
,mi*ael ,angelo1 no arti/ has ev] ex]t$ 
a m ext5sive influ5ce1 or m deeply      
impress$ 8 peculi> views1 ^u art4       
,inde$1 s mu* is ?is ! case1 t1 dur+ !  
sixte5? c5tury1 n a s+le sculptor appe>s
 :o is n to be rank$ ei!r z a disciple  
or imitator4 ,ev5 to ?is our own "t1 !  
influ5ce 9 "s respect cont9ues4 ,9      

sculpture m ?an 9 pa9t+ or ar*itecture1 
?\gh = ! fir/ he did less ?an = ! second
 art1 0 8 g5ius p>am\nt4 ,(             
contempor>ies1 !n1 & successors1 f 8    
dea? 9 #aefd1 to ! end ( ! c5tury1 !    
only di/9ction is betwe5 ^? :o imitat$ &
 ^? :o /udi$ "u ?is great lead]4 ,among 
! mo/ em95t ( ! =m] 0 ,baccio ,b&9elli1 
a rival1 :o cont5d$ ) less g5]\s weapons
 ?an ^? ( tal5t3 yet he mu/ receive     
ju/ice1--z a sculptor he is second only1
 sometimes h>dly inf]ior1 to ,buon>otti4
 ,baccio di ,monte ,lupo 0 an orig9al   
arti/ ( consid]able p[]4 ,&rea ,contucci
 f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,loretto4 ,francisco   
,ru/ici1 an excell5t f\nd]1 m em95t /ill
 z ! ma/] ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 c>ri$ !  
mann] ( ?is s*ool into ,france1 dy+ at  
,p>is 9 #aeej4 ,giacomo ,tatti1 bett]   
kn[n z ,sansov9o1 presid$ ov] ! ,v5etian
 works ( sculpture & ar*itecture ) mu*  
reputation1 hav+ /udi$ along ) ,mi*ael  
,angelo at ,rome1 :5ce he fl$ 9 #aebg1  
on ! sack ( t capital by ,b\rbon4 ,he   
surviv$ ! great ,flor5t9e1 & became     

f\nd] ( a num]\s & respectable s*ool1   
:]e ,cattaneo & ,vittoria support$ !    
cr$it ( _! in/ructor3 ! latt] p]fect$   
work+ 9 /ucco4 ,9 ,milan1 ,ago/9o ,bu/i1
 & ,guglielmo della ,porta1 7 highly    
di/+ui%$1 especially ! latt]2 z 7 also1 
9 ,naples1 ,m>liano ,nola1 & ,g>olamo ,/
 ,croce4 ,9 ^! s*ools1 h[ev]1 we trace !
 mo/ rapid decay ( ! art1 9 simplicity &
 correct design1 f ! spl5d\r ( ! c\rts  
dem&+ employm5t ( ! arts on objects (   
tempor>y int]e/1 :5 rapidity 0 pref]r$  
to excell5ce ( execution4  ,among ! real
 disciples ( ! ,flor5t9e1 ! foll[+ 7 !  
*ief3--,raphael di ,monte ,lupo1 a      
favorite pupil1 :o assi/$ 8 ma/] 9 !    
tomb ( ,julius1 ! greate/ und]tak+ 9    
mod]n sculpture1 if complet$2 ,nicolo di
 ,tribulo1 an excell5t f\nd]1 by :om are
 ! bronze doors ( ! ca!dral at ,bologna2
 ,giovanni del ,op]a1 ^: "n is          
significant ( 8 indu/ry2 ,danti1 !      
close/ imitator ( 8 in/ruct]4 ,ammanati 
subsequ5tly transf]r$ 8 att5tion to     
ar*itecture4 ,giovanni di ,bologna1 a   

,fr5*man by bir?1 an ,italian z a       
sculptor1 0 ! mo/ em95t ( all ! s*ol>s (
 ,mi*ael ,angelo2 &1 on ! dea? ( !      
latt]1 cont9u$ to be ! lead+ ma/] 9     
,europe till ! end ( ! c5tury4  ,beyond 
! conf9es ( ,italy1 ! art _h yet made   
few advances wor?y ( notice2 & :at      
little _h be5 accompli%$ 0 ^u !         
pr9ciples ( ! ,tuscan s*ool4 ,?us1 at ! 
close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! g5ius &     
pr9ciples ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ext5d$ _!   
influ5ce ov] ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,dur+ !  
la/ ?irty ye>s ( ?is era1 h[ev]1 ! art  
_h be5 on ! decl9e4 ,^! pr9ciples c\ld  
be ma9ta9$ only by t g5ius by :i* !y _h 
be5 inv5t$ & matur$2 & by x alone c\ld !
 errors ( ! sy/em be consecrat$ or      
conceal$4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4   ,,!     
sev5te5? c5tury ?us rose ) few favorable
 presages = sculpture4 ,! ,gr\p (       
,h]cules & ! ,c5taur1 set up 9 ,flor5ce 
! la/ ye> ( ! =m] era1 s]ves to %[ a    
consid]able fall+ (f 9 ! intellectual   
qualities1 :ile x displays also _m      
improvem5ts & facilities introduc$ into 

! te*nical pr9ciples & modes ( me*anical
 op]ation4 ,^! are ! la/ beauties to l+]
 9 ! lapse ( tal5t4 ,ext]nal            
circum/ances1 also1 bo? moral &         
political1 _h become less favorable4 ,! 
/ates ( ,italy 7 ei!r no long] alive to 
! same motives :i* _h induc$ a          
cultivation ( sculpture1 or1 ) ! loss ( 
lib]ty1 _h lo/ also ! desire ( prosecut+
 ! measures ( public aggr&izem5t4 ,!    
asc5dancy ( pa9t+1 likewise1 0 ho/ile to
 ! recov]y ( a manly & accurate /yle (  
design 9 ! si/] art2 :ile ! _s (        
philosophical inquiry1 :i* came abroad 9
 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 inimical to ! f9e 
arts g5]ally4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be         
ackn[l$g$1 t ! great s\rces ( decl9e    
orig9at$ 9 ! /ate ( ! art itself4       
,inde$1 :5 a high degree ( excell5ce has
 be5 atta9$ 9 any art1 a rapid & sudd5  
retrogression w always be f\nd to       
indicate ! op]ation ( ext]nal influ5ces2
 at ! same "t1 su* fall+ (f mu/ always  
be prec$$ by1 & is 9 "p ! result (1     
int]nal corruption 9 ! pr9ciples (      

composition or ( criticism4  ,a cr[d (  
undi/+ui%$ names foll[$ ! dissolution ( 
! great ,tuscan s*ool4 ,& :5 at l5g? an 
arti/ ( decid$ tal5t appe>$1 in/ead (   
retrac+ ! /eps ( 8 pr$ecessors1 he /ruck
 into a new pa?1 conduct+ /ill m pronely
 to error4 ,b]n9i1 born at ,naples 9    
#aeih1 ?\gh immeasurably inf]ior to !   
mighty ma/] ( ! la/ c5tury 9 maje/y &   
en]gy ( m9d1 possess$ mo/ ( ! requisites
 = becom+ "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n        
sculptors4 ,un=tunately1 he neglect$1 or
 0 ignorant (1 ! species ( inv5tion :i* 
belongs to an imitative art2 & *oos+ r  
to be ! f\nd] ( a sept1 ?an rank among !
 fa!rs ( regul> art1 he employ$ 8       
end[m5ts only to ?r[ a m]etrici\s       
spl5d\r r\nd ! caprices ( a silly &     
affect$ mann]4 ,8 p[]s ( execution 7    
wond]ful1 8 f]tility ( fancy exub]ant1 b
 !y 7 "u control nei!r ( regulat$       
judgm5t nor ( manly ta/e4 ,to ,b]n9i1 ! 
conceptions ( anci5t simplicity seem$   
pov]ty & meagr5ess4 ,! compositions (   
,mi*ael ,angelo he deem$ m =cible1 b too

 sev]e 9 "*4 ,8 aim consequ5tly 01 to   
erect a ?ird /yle1 :i* %\ld possess     
di/9ctive qualities1 display+ great]    
/r5g? & en]gy ?an1 to 8 ta/e1 ! =m]     
pres5t$1 :ile x surpass$ ! latt] 9      
suavity & grace4 ,9 pursuit ( ^! imag9>y
 excell5ces1 he deviat$1 & by 8 tal5ts  
or patronage c>ri$ art along ) him1 /ill
 f>!r f ! simple1 ! true1 & ! natural4  
,to produce effect1 by :atev] means (   
/>tl+ attitude1 volum9\s drap]y1 =c$    
expression1 became ! sole object (      
/udy--means ! mo/ improp] = sculpture4  
,! works ( ,b]n9i are v num]\s1 = 8     
opportunities z ma/] ( ! works to sev]al
 successive ,popes 7 ext5sive4 ,all are 
compos$ 9 ! same false & flatt]+ ta/e4  
,contempor>ies 7 g5]ally imitators4     
,alg>d & ,fiamm+o1 h[ev]1 pres]v$ !     
dignity ( indep5d5t1 &1 9 a c]ta9       
degree1 m]it$ ! praise ( orig9al m9ds4  
,! =m] has produc$ ! l>ge/1 b n ! be/1  
relievo ( mod]n art2 ! latt] is mo/     
happy 9 ! repres5tation ( *ildr51 :i*1  
to use ! words ( ,rub5s1 ',nature1 r ?an

 art1 appe>s to h sculptur$2 ! m>ble    
seems s(t5$ into life4'  ,to ,b]n9i1 :o 
di$ 9 #afhj1 ,camilla ,rusconi1 a       
,milanese1 succe$$ 9 ! ?rone ( sculpture
 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! sev5te5?1 & a       
consid]able portion ( ! e>ly "p ( !     
eighte5? c5tury4 ,foll[+ ! same         
pr9ciples z 8 great] pr$ecessor1 b )    
tal5ts mu* inf]ior1 9 ! h&s ( ,rusconi  
det]ioration ( ta/e became              
proportionably m rapid1 :ile ! influ5ce 
( ext]nal circum/ances 0 also adv]se4   
,italy 0 already fill$ ) /atues1 & no   
und]tak+s ( magnitude pres5t+1 ! art    
cont9u$ to langui% dur+ ! great] "p ( ! 
la/ c5tury1 suff]+ bo? f defect (       
pr9ciple1 & pov]ty ( means4  ,dur+ ! "t 
t has elaps$1 ,transalp9e sculpture     
sc>cely dem&s our notice4 ,9 ,france1 we
 fir/ discov] ! art sep>ately &         
ext5sively practis$3 = 9 o!r c\ntries x 
0 associat$ ) ornam5tal ar*itecture4 ,! 
exp$itions ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ! p]sonal 
pr$ilections ( ,francis1 _h introduc$   
among _! subjects "s k ( ,italian       

ref9em5t2 & s e>ly z ! middle ( !       
sixte5? c5tury1 ,fr5* sculptors (       
consid]able em95ce appe>4 ,jean ,g\gon  
complet$ ! celebrat$ ,f\nta9 ( !        
,innoc5ts 9 #aeej4 ,! works ( a         
contempor>y1 ,jean ,c\s91 %[ "s grace & 
delicacy1 b want /r5g? & correctness4   
,g]man ,pilon assimilates v closely to !
 /yle ( ! ,tuscan ma/]s 9 en]getic      
detail1 b is de/itute ( simplicity &    
natural expression4 ,jacques            
,d',ang\leme _h m]it1 b n en\gh to      
w>rant ! /atem5t ( native hi/orians1 t  
he defeat$ ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 a trial (  
skill4 ,t[>ds ! conclusion ( ?is c5tury1
 ,giovanni di ,bologna fill$ ! :ole (   
,france ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 =m] ma/]2 & 8 
own pupils cont9u$ to ma9ta9 simil>1    
?\gh inf]ior1 practice to ! gold5 age ( 
ref9em5t 9 ,france--! reign ( ,l\is     
,,xiv4 ,( ?is s*ool1 two arti/s1        
,gir>don & ,puget1 claim to be ! head4  
,! =m]1 ?\gh we _c say ) ,voltaire1 'il 
a gal t\t ce que l'antiquit a de plus   
beau1' has yet great m]it4 ,8 mann] (   

design1 ) a degree ( h>dness1 is yet    
noble1 & ?\gh cold1 is m correct ?an t (
 8 contempor>ies1 z appe>s f ! tomb (   
,ri*elieu4 ,puget1 9 e respect !        
opposite z to intellectual temp]am5t1 is
 ! favorite ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,sculpteur1   
,ar*itecte1 et ,pe9tre1 z !y1 aft] !    
hi/orian ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 are fond (     
repres5t+ him1 = ! sake ( comp>ison )   
,buon>otti1 ?\gh :at he pa9t$1 or :at he
 built1 does n appe>1 is yet n dissimil>
 9 ! fi]y en]getic "* ( 8 composition1 &
 9 8 h&l+1 bold & full ( movem5t2 b 8   
expression is /udi$1 8 sci5ce           
inaccurate1 8 =ms want+ 9 nobl5ess &    
grace4 ,s>as9 0 a mo/ e/eem$            
contempor>y1 &1 9 ! ,c>yatides ( !      
,l\vre1 has equall$ ! be/ sculpture (   
,france4 ,to ! s*ools ( ! two fir/      
m5tion$1 h[ev]1 & especially ( ,puget1 9
 /yle at lea/1 are to be ref]r$ !       
succe$+ arti/s ( ,france1 z ,les ,gros1 
,!odon1 ,le ,pe9tre1 ,desj>d9s1         
,coysevaux ,vaucleve1 ! two ,c\/\s1 all 
fl\ri%+ at ! close ( ! sev5te5?1 & dur+ 

! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! la/ ( 
?is li/ is ,b\*>don1 "u ,l\is ,,xv42 =  
?\gh 8 un=tunate successor incl9$ to    
patronise tal5t1 ! excesses ( !         
,revolution prov$ n less injuri\s to    
liv+ art1 ?an de/ructive ( anci5t       
monum5ts4 ,among ! late/ works previ\s  
to ?is horrid outbreak+1 0 ! /atue (    
,voltaire1 by ,pigal1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ! 
,in/itute1 & ^u :i* ! foll[+ sev]e      
epigram 0 compos$3--    ,pigal au       
naturel repres5te ,voltaire--   ,le     
squelette  la fois (fre l'homme et      
l'auteur4   ,l'oeil qui le voit sans    
p>ure trangre   ,e/ effray de sa        
maigreur6  ,b]mudez1 ! hi/orian (       
,spani% art1 enum]ates a spl5did li/ (  
native sculptors f ! comm5cem5t ( !     
sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely 
consi/5t ) ! fact1 t n till #aeeh1 9    
consequ5ce ( a royal edict1 0 ?is e/eem$
 a lib]al pr(ession1 or admitt$ to any  
privileges z su*4 ,x is easy to p]ceive 
inde$1 t national p>tiality1 or t       
adv5titi\s magnitude :i* e subject is   

apt to acquire 9 ! e/imation ( ! writ]1 
has l$1 9 ?is in/ance1 to consid] z     
arti/s1 ^? :o h ) rem>kable success be5 
employ$ 9 ornam5t+ ! f9e ecclesia/ical  
edifices 9 ,spa91 beyond :i* !y are     
little kn[n4 ,b]ruguete1 a pupil (      
,mi*ael ,angelo1 appe>s to h f\nd$ !    
fir/ regul> s*ool1 ( :i* ,paul de       
,cespides 0 ! ornam5t1 z he is ( !      
national sculpture4  ,be=e ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1 ,g]many makes no appe>ance 9 a  
g5]al hi/ory ( sculpture2 & ev5 n[ %e is
 m celebrat$ = h] writ]s on !           
philosophy1 ?an = h] arti/s 9 !         
practice1 ( ! art4 ,/ill ! g5ius ( !    
nation we %\ld be incl9$ to e/imate z   
highly favorable to its future          
advancem5t4 ,9 ,vi5na1 ,rau*mll]2 9     
,silesia1 ,leigebe2 at ,b]l91 ,s*lut]1  
,milli*1 ,b>!l1 & o!rs1 h prov$ ?is     
e/imate n unf\nd$4 ,:ile our m imm$iate 
contempor>ies1 ,ohnma*t1 ,sonn5s*e91    
,nahl1 ! two ,%ad(s1 especially ! y\ng]1
 ^: ,sp9n+ ,girl is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite
 imitations ( simple nature :i* mod]n   

art c %[1 d n disc\rage ?is hope2 if    
inde$ arti/s be n c>ri$ away by t       
unnatural /riv+ aft] m>vell\s effect1   
:i* has wr\ght s mu* injury to common   
s5se & "r feel+ 9 ,g]man lit]ature4  ,on
 review+ ! hi/ory ( mod]n sculpture dur+
 its rise & p]fection1 to ! decl9e      
imm$iately antec$5t to ! pres5t c5tury1 
we f9d t1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5?    
c5tury1 :5 ! art began to rank among    
national causes ( ex]tion & feel+1      
progress t[>ds p]fection1 & 9 ! mo/     
direct pa?1 0 rapid4 ,h5ce x has be5 !  
s+ul> di/9ction ( ! sculptors ( ?is     
p]iod1 to h left models 9 _! own works1 
:ile _! previ\s discov]ies enabl$ ^? :o 
imm$iately foll[$ also to produce       
models4 ,!y h ?us rema9$ orig9al 9 an   
age ( orig9ality4 ,dur+ ! sixte5?       
c5tury1 causes m remotely connect$ )    
real patriotism--an o/5tati\s desire (  
spl5d\r1 n an unaffect$ love (          
ref9em5t--op]at$ 9 ! promotion ( ! arts2
 & 9 ,sculpture1 9 p>ticul>1 !          
artificial excitem5t imp>t$ a portion ( 

its _s to its effects4 ,f ! age (       
,mi*ael ,angelo inclusive1 we f9d t !   
desire ( novelty1 a cont9u$ endeavor to 
ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( art1 by !            
introduction ( imag9>y p]fections       
inconsi/5t ) its real "* & excell5ce1 7 
! rocks on :i* 0 made fatal %ipwreck (  
tru?1 ( simplicity1 & ( beauty4 ,^!     
imag9$ improvem5ts 7 direct$ to !       
acquisition ( two gr& objects4 ,a /yle (
 composition 0 aim$ at1 m purely ideal1 
less connect$ ) nature1 ?an is to be    
f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! anci5t1 or 9 ! works
 ( ! e>ly mod]n ma/]s4 ,g5ius hov]$ on !
 v conf9es ( cr$ibility & ( !           
impossible1 d]iv+ ! elem5ts ( its       
creations f imag9+s awful & impos+1     
embodi$ 9 =ms ( gloomy sublimity & p[]1 
ov]:elm+--n awak5+--to ! human          
sympa?ies4 ,z *>act]i/ics ( ?is         
imag9ative /yle1 ! proportions are      
enl>g$1 ! expressions =c$1 & action &   
en]gy are giv51 de/ructive ( grace &    
reality4 ,art is rais$ to regions :]e   
nature is unkn[n1 & :]e ! v highe/      

ex]tions ( intellect & fancy c\ld h>dly 
su/a9 int]e/4 ,?is 0 m especially ! /yle
 ( ! ,tuscan s*ool1 & x fell ) its great
 f\nd]1 :o _h plac$ ! art on ?is dang]\s
 height4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 sculpture
 0 s\ght to be assimilat$ to pa9t+1 &   
m]it 0 e/imat$ by ! ext5t to :i*        
imitation 0 c>ri$--9 difficulty & v>iety
 ( effect1 9 complicat$ detail1 9 volume
 ( drap]y1 &1 latt]ly1 ev5 9 facility ( 
production4 ,?is ta/e fir/ began        
decid$ly 9 ! s*ool ( ,b]n9i1 &          
exclusively *]i%$ ! p[]s ( me*anical    
execution1 9 pref]5ce to ! unobtrusive b
 ess5tial beauties ( purity &           
correctness ( design4 ,h5ce ! rapid     
decl9e2 = /atues soon became m]ely      
confus$ masses ( drap]y1 )\t draw+1 &   
)\t sci5ce4 ,/ill ! *isel 0 wield$ )    
great me*anical dext]ity2 b be=e !      
middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 e moral     
beauty1 s5tim5t1 tru?1 feel+1 _h        
disappe>$ f ! lab\rs ( ! sculptor4      
,,*apt] ,,ix4   ,,art has nev] be5      
re=m$1 aft] a lapse f high em95ce1 by   

m]e imitation ( examples1 h[ev]         
excell5t2 nor by only foll[+ rules = !  
correction ( error4 ,x is "h z 9 morals1
 example succe$s :]e precept w\ld fail4 
,"s m9d ( uncommon firmness & good s5se 
is requir$1 :o1 beg9n+ ) nature1 br+s to
 ! "w ( re=mation orig9al p[]s & sev]e  
judgm5t2 fancy & feel+1 ) correctness & 
cultivat$ ta/e3 "o1 9 %ort1 ( ^? r>e    
m9ds ^: m]its1 great 9 !mselves1 become 
incomp>ably great] view$ ) ! times 9 :i*
 !y comm5c$ _! c>e]2 ^: ex]tions1       
wond]ful 9 _! own accompli%m5ts1 are yet
 m admirable f ! progress :i* !reby o!rs
 h be5 enabl$ to effect4 ,su* a g5ius 0 
t possess$ by ,canova1 a "n v5]able     
alike = virtue & = tal5ts4 ,born1 9     
#ageg1 9 a di/ant & o!rwise unkn[n      
hamlet1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,treviso--fall5  
^u evil days 9 8 art--( ! mo/ obscure   
p>5tage1 de/9$ to fill ! humble &       
labori\s occupation ( village           
/one-cutt]--remote1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f 
e advice & assi/ance1 he rose to be !   
companion ( pr9ces1 ! re/or] ( art1 & ! 

g5]\s patron ( m]it fri5dless z 8 own4  
,we "k n :e!r m to love or to admire    
,canova4 ,9 8 fifte5? ye>1 repair+ to   
,v5ice1 ! cloi/]s ( a conv5t suppli$    
him1 ?r\gh ! b5evol5ce ( ! good fa!rs1 )
 a "w-%op2 & only fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 
?r\gh a /ruggle ( pov]ty1 yet r$eem$ by 
prud5ce & indu/ry1 & sweet5$ by         
indep5d5ce1 he erect$ 9 ,/ ,pet]'s !    
monum5t ( ,ganganelli--! fir/ fruits ( a
 _s1 ^: sobriety ( temp]am5t1 m valuable
 & m r>e ?an m]e orig9al inv5tion1 "h   
exhibit$ a correctness :i* w\ld am5d1 ) 
a vig\r :i* w\ld elevate1 a fall5 age4  
,a s]ies ( m ?an two hundr$             
compositions1 ( :i* ?is 0 ! fir/1 /&+   
itself nobly conspicu\s1 yet only a /ep 
f previ\s imbecility1 pres5ts too       
ext5sive a field = p>ticul> description1
 or m9ute exam9ation4 ,! remembrance is 
yet fre% ^u our memory1 :51 arrang$ 9 a 
fun]eal hall1 repres5tations ( ^! works 
might well h be5 deem$ ! lab\rs ( a     
g5]ation2 & :ile n[ ab\t to describe !  
orig9als1 we be> 9 recollection1 t to   

view ^! a consid]able portion ( ,europe 
has be5 trav]s$4 ,?us num]\s1 & widely  
ext5d+ ! influ5ce ( _! /yle1 ^!         
productions c]ta9ly1 require c>eful     
notice4 ,avoid+ details1 !n1 we %all    
class !m "u ,h]oic subjects2            
,compositions ( s(tness &               
grace--,monum5tal erections & ,relievos4
  ,! sup]iority ( ,canova1 has be5      
que/ion$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! dep>tm5ts only4  
,he has be5 admitt$ a ma/] ( !          
beautiful--h>dly ( ! gr&4 ,or r1 p]haps1
 :ile 8 claims h be5 univ]sally         
recognis$ 9 repres5t+ ! s(t] graces (   
lovel9ess1 8 p[]s 9 ! sublimities (     
sev]e & mascul9e composition are less   
g5]ally appreciat$4 ,?is e/imation is   
unju/1 hav+ be5 orig9at$ & ma9ta9$ by   
causes entirely extr9sic to ! g5ius or  
lab\rs ( ! arti/4 ,9 n "o1 b _m gr\ps & 
s+le /atues1 he has atta9$ "s ( ! l(tie/
 aims ( sculpture4 ,9 manly & vigor\s   
beauty ( =m1 ! ,p]seus2 9 =ceful        
expression & p]fection ( sci5ce1 !      
,pugili/s--a "w1 9 its peculi> range1 "o

 ( ! mo/ classical ( mod]n art2 9       
h>moni\s & noble composition1 unit+     
nature & poetic feel+1 ! ,!seus combat+ 
! ,c5taur2 9 ! t]rible ( s5tim5t &      
suff]+1 ! ,h]cules2--^!1 ) ! ,ajax1     
,hector1 ,p>is1 ,palam$es1 all belong+  
to ! gr& /yle ( art1 may *all5ge        
comp>ison ) any works ( ! mod]n *isel1 9
 ! beauties ( su/a9$ effect1 le>n$      
design1 boldness yet exquisite delicacy 
( execution2 :ile z to numb]1 ! s]ies "h
 is unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( any s+le    
m9d4 ,9 ! maje/ic or v5]able realities (
 portraiture1 aga91 !re is ,napoleon1   
,pius ,,vi41 ,wa%+ton1 ,ganganelli1     
,rezzonico4  ,9 ! second dep>tm5t1 !    
compositions ( ,canova h enri*$ mod]n   
art ) ! mo/ gl[+ conceptions ( elegance 
& grace2 rais$1 & yet m ref9$1 by !     
expression ( "s elevat+ or ende>+       
s5tim5t4 ,"h1 inde$1 has be5 allott$ 8  
peculi> & unapproa*able walk4 ,yet x may
 ju/ly be d\bt$1 :e!r he be n sup]ior 9 
! =m] class1 :]e 8 m]it has hi!rto be5  
d5i$ or d\bt$4 ,true1 "o or two works 9 

! second1 z ! ,v5us recumb5t1 ! ,nymph1 
& ,cupid1 are sup]ior1 z examples (     
beauty & grace1 to any "o ( mascul9e "* 
:i* might be comp>$ ) !m2 b1 z a class1 
! second is less uni=mly dignifi$ &     
excell5t ?an ! fir/4 ,! great defect "h1
 inde$1 is a want ( dignity 9 ! female  
figures2 :i*1 ?\gh equally remov$ f !   
flimsy affectations ( 8 imm$iate        
pr$ecessors1 z f ! robu/ & au/]e        
proportions ( ! ,tuscan s*ool1 are n    
always free f ! meagre & ! cold :]e     
grace is to be unit$ ) sweetness4 ,?is  
seems to be occasion$ by a want ( h>mony
 betwe5 ! j height & r\ndness ( ! =ms--f
 an abs5ce ( ^? firm1 yet graci\s       
cont\rs1 meet+1 yet elud+ ! eye1 r\nd$  
into life & dissolv+ 9 ! animat$ m>ble1 
:i* r5d]1 = in/ance1 ! ,m$icean s       
incomp>ably sup]ior to ! ,v5us (        
,canova4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is class1   
!re frequ5tly runs a "* ( composition   
too ornate--too elaborately pleas+1 &   
:i* w\ld appe> /ill m decid$ly1 7 x n   
accompani$ by inimitable ease1 & 7 n e  

"p1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ ornam5t1 an         
emanation ( ! same ref9$ ta/e &         
cultivat$ m9d4 ,x is ?is1 *iefly1 :i*   
spreads _! delightful *>m ( consi/5cy   
ov] ^! works2 !re is1 on close          
exam9ation1 little d]iv$ imm$iately &   
simply f nature4 ,e *oice has f9ally1 b 
n obvi\sly1 be5 det]m9$ aft] mu* ?\ght &
 _m trials4 ,all is t p]fection ( art1  
by :i* art itself is be/ conceal$1 & :i*
 to its creations l5ds ! en*antm5t (    
nature's own sweete/ graces4  ,9 !      
monum5tal s]ies ( works1 ,canova        
displays all ! practical excell5ces ( 8 
g5ius1 ) m1 p]haps1 ( orig9ality &      
simplicity ?an g5]ally *>act]ise 8 o!r  
lab\rs4 ,?is class consi/s (            
ar*itectural elevations1 support+       
colossal /atues1 & ( tablets 9 relievo4 
,( ! =m]1 ! tombs ( ! ,popes at ,rome1 (
 ,alfi]i at ,flor5ce1 & ( ! ,ar*du*ess  
,m>ia ,*ri/9a at ,vi5na1 are magnific5t 
examples4 ,! second con/itutes a num]\s 
& v beautiful class1 :i*1 ?\gh compos$ (
 ne>ly ! same simple elem5ts ( design1 a

 female figure1 or a g5ius1 9 basso     
relievo1 m\rn+ ov] a bu/ or an urn1 yet 
exhibit mu* div]sity ( "* & arrangem5t4 
,f ea* ( ^! an example might be select$ 
9 ! tomb ( ! ,ar*du*ess1 & ! gr& relievo
 ( ! ,o',h>a family m\rn+ ov] ! fun]eal 
c\* ( ! deceas$ daught] & wife--equal to
 any?+ 9 ! :ole compass ( art4 ,to ^? :o
 d5y ! m]it ( ,canova 9 relief1 we      
recomm5d ! /udy ( ?is monum5t4 ,! =m]1  
repres5t+ a procession be>+ to ! tomb ! 
a%es ( ! dead1 is "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s &   
noble/ compositions extant2 &1 judg+ f  
our own impressions1 no record (        
mortality ev] bett] accompli%$ its      
purpose1 :e!r to awak5 regret = dep>t$  
virtue1 or to tell1 by its own          
p]fection1 t 9 man !re exi/s an         
intellig5ce :i* %all survive beyond !   
grave4  ,al?\gh1 f ! s]ies ( works      
briefly m5tion$1 x w\ld n be difficult  
to prove ,canova ! mo/                  
indefatigable--nor1 :5 we consid] _!    
influ5ce1 ! pr9ciples !y are calculat$  
to en=ce1 & ! fall5 /ate f :i* !y rescu$

 art1 ! mo/ respectable--( mod]n        
sculptors2 yet1 9 e/imat+ truly ! rank &
 con/itu5ts ( 8 g5ius1 !re is no small  
difficulty4 ,! v f]tility ( t g5ius1    
diffus+ its ri*ness ov] e prov9ce ( !   
art1 &1 9 ea* v>i$ ex]cise1 con/antly   
display+ ! same judgm5t & ta/e1         
increases ?is difficulty1 by bl5d+ into 
"o h>moni\s & regul> effect1 ^?         
outbreak+s ( peculi> en]gies usually    
accompany+1 & indicative (1 great p[]s4 
,h5ce ! "* ( 8 m9d might be pron\nc$1 at
 fir/1 z di/+ui%$ r by correctness ?an  
by =ce4 ,yet1 ( 8 tal5ts g5]ally1 su*   
w\ld be an errone\s e/imate4 ,8 m9d 0   
deeply embu$ ) bo? fire & en?usiasm2 8  
imag9ation1 uncommonly active1 0 /or$ ) 
mat]ials1 b ov] ! treasures ?us lavi%ly 
p\r$ =? by fancy1 sev]e scrut9y 0 held  
by ! und]/&+4 ,en]getic1 & ev5 rapid1 9 
composition1 9 correct+1 & f9ally       
det]m9+1 he 0 sl[ & fa/idi\s--(t5 *ang+1
 b always improv+4 ,su* intellectual    
organization is by no means favorable to
 t gr&eur usually associat$ ) highe/    

g5ius1 :i* frequ5tly hurry+ alike !     
arti/ & spectator beyond reality1 d]ives
 its v ma/]y f d>+ disreg>d ( rule1     
grasp+1 ) dang]\s h>dihood1 ^? l(ty     
graces1 p>don$ only :5 successful2 & ev5
 !n1 h[ev] !y may elevate ! individual  
subject or arti/1 n enri*+ art ) useful 
examples or solid acquisitions4 ,b a m9d
 ?us con/itut$ 0 em95tly fitt$ =        
correct+ public ta/e1 especially 9 !    
s]5e maje/y1 ! ord]ly magnific5ce1 :i*  
compose ! true gr&eur ( ,sculpture4     
,h5ce ,canova is uni=mly dignifi$ &     
consi/5t2 correct )\t coldness1 if he   
r>ely atta9s ! highe/ sublimity2 nei!r  
does he fall b5ea? himself1 nor into !  
extravagant4 ,comp>$ ) ! anci5ts1 _m ( 8
 works rem9d u ( m ?an m]ely casual     
imitation2 b x is no less true1 t 9 o!rs
 ( novel inv5tion1 he has appli$1 9 n   
unsuccessful rivalry1 _! own pr9ciples1 
! discov]y ( :i* =ms 8 highe/ praise1 z 
con/itut+ "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial s]vices   
ev] r5d]$ to ,sculpture4 ,among ! mod]ns
 he claims pre-em95ce1 z ! fir/ :o      

e/abli%$ improvem5t ^u g5u9e & univ]sal 
precepts ( art4  ,! p]fection to :i*    
,canova seems to h aspir$ 9 ! ideal1    
appe>s to h be5 ! union ( ! two elem5ts 
( sculptural design1 keep+ ea* 9 j      
subord9ation to beauty4 ,h5ce1 9 8      
figures1 =m does n1 z 9 ! antique1      
con/itute s entirely ! prim>y1 & almo/  
sole ?\ght1 nei!r is x s mu* subs]vi5t  
to action & effect1 z 9 ! mo/ em95t ( ! 
mod]n ma/]s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! expression   
holds an int]m$iate "* betwe5 ! unmov$  
s]5ity ( ! anci5ts1 & ! m>k$ l9eam5ts ( 
,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is     
union is v happily accompli%$2 b        
g5]ally1 ?\gh always true1 ! expression 
is n (t5 simple4 ,! only defect :i* c be
 disc]n$ 9 ,canova's selection ( =m1 &  
:i* is m especially to be f\nd 9 8      
female1 is a meagr5ess & want ( vig\r2  
sometimes !y too mu* rem9d u ( !        
individual model1 & ( ^? mann]s ( life  
:5ce su* models are usually obta9$4 ,b  
speak+ univ]sally1 ! cont\rs ( ?is ma/] 
are full1 fl[+1 & well su/a9$4 ,& "h we 

c discov] ! same pr9ciples ( design &   
practice :i* 7 po9t$ out 9 ! be/ era ( !
 ,grecian s*ools1 ) ?is novel precept1 !
 discov]y1 or at lea/ uni=mly successful
 application1 ( :i* belongs to ,canova1 
namely1 t all gr& p>ts may be resolv$   
into a prim>y & two second>y =ms4 ,z ?is
 t]n>y comb9ation is sweetly1 yet       
decid$ly m>k$1 bl5d+ yet sep>at+ its    
con/itu5t l9es1 ! graceful ease &       
inf9ite v>iety ( natural outl9e is      
obta9$4 ,9 e /atue ( ! mod]n1 also1 we  
f9d exemplifi$ ! pr9ciple adopt$ f      
,phidias1 & already notic$1 namely1 t f 
:atev] res\rces ( imag9ation any figure 
may be compos$1 ! f9al surface--all t   
meets ! eye at la/--mu/ be f9i%$1 &     
fai?fully imitat$ f individual nature4  
,!re is /ill "o *>act]i/ic :i*          
pre-em95tly di/+ui%es ^? works we are   
exam9+1 namely1 ! exquisite beauty (    
composition4 ,!y unite ! dext]ity & =ce 
:i* con/itut$ ! peculi> praise ( ! ma/]s
 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) a delicacy1 a    
ref9em5t1 & tru?1 exclusively _! own4   

,?is is an excell5ce ( ! highe/         
import--n s mu* 9 itself z 9 its        
consequ5ces--= x c be introduc$ ) good  
effect only :5 ! nobl] elem5ts (        
composition are pres5t4 ,a /atue        
defective 9 ! high] qualities ( art1    
w\ld by high f9i% become only ! m       
ungraci\s3 works ( unblemi%$ m]it only  
admit ) advantage ( elaborate           
te*nicality4 ,h5ce1 among ! anci5ts1 !  
p]fect /atues1 9 all o!r respects1 are  
also ! mo/ highly wr\ght4 ,?is excell5ce
 ,canova seems to h be5 ! fir/ to rem>k 
& to emulate1 :i* he has done           
successfully1 especially 9 ! mo/        
difficult p>ts--! extremities4  ,9 %ort1
 :5 we view ,canova 9 himself & 9 8     
works s+ly1 isolat$ f ! age t prec$$1 & 
sep>at$ f t :i* n[ foll[s 8 own1 9      
conc5trat$ en]gy & orig9ality ( m9d1 he 
may h>dly comp>e ) ,donatello1 /ill less
 ) ,buon>otti1 p]haps n ) our own       
,flaxman2 b :5 we e/imate 8 g5ius 9 !   
v>i$1 yet uni=m excell5ce ( 8 lab\rs1 9 
! pr9ciples ^u :i* ^! are conduct$1--:5 

we recollect ! /ate ( degradation 9 :i* 
he f\nd1 & ! elevat$ condition 9 :i* he 
left art2 & rememb]1 too1 t 8 own works 
& practice betwe5 ^! extremes1 7 m>k$ by
 no false spl5dors ( tal5t1 b mu/ prove 
a %9+ light1 guid+ to yet high]         
atta9m5t2 we mu/ pron\nce1 9 tru? &     
gratitude1 t none o!r "n is 9 m]it s    
insep>ably associat$ ) ! progress (     
sculpture4  ,s9ce ! dea? ( 8 illu/ri\s  
contempor>y1 ,?orwalds51 born at        
,cop5hag51 #agga-b1 has occupi$ ! public
 eye z head ( ! mod]n s*ool4 ,! "* &    
p[]s ( ?is ma/] are d\btless ( a v      
elevat$ rank2 b nei!r 9 ! ext5t nor     
excell5ce ( 8 works1 d we appreh5d 8    
/ation to be s high z sometimes plac$4  
,! g5ius ( ! ,dani% sculptor is =cible1 
yet is its en]gy d]iv$ m f peculi>ity   
?an f real excell5ce4 ,8 ideal spr+s    
less f imitation ( ! antique1 or (      
nature1 ?an f ! work+s ( 8 own          
individual m9d--x is ! creation ( a     
fancy seek+ =cible effect 9 s+ul>       
comb9ations1 r ?an 9 g5]al pr9ciples2   

!re=e h>dly fitt$ to excite la/+ or     
b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! age4 ,simplicity
 & impos+ expression seem to h hi!rto   
=m$ ! pr9cipal objects ( 8 pursuit2 b ! 
di/9ction betwe5 ! simple & rude1 !     
p[]ful & ! exagg]at$1 is n always obs]v$
 9 ! lab\rs ( ! ,dane4 ,8 simplicity is 
sometimes )\t grace2 !                  
impressive--au/]e1 & )\t due ref9em5t4  
,! air & cont\rs ( 8 heads1 except1 z 9 
! ,m]cury--an excell5t example bo? ( !  
beauties & defects ( ! arti/'s /yle--:5 
imm$iately d]iv$ f antiquity1 ?\gh gr& &
 vigor\s1 seldom h>monize 9 ! pr9ciples 
( ^! ef=ts ) ! maje/ic regul>ity ( g5]al
 nature4 ,! =ms1 aga91 are n unfrequ5tly
 poor1 )\t vigor\s r5d]+ ( ! p>ts1 &    
de/itute at times ( _! j r\ndness4 ,^!  
defects may 9 "s measure h aris5 f !    
e>ly & m frequ5t practice ( ! arti/ 9   
relievos4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,?orwalds5 is
 unexceptionably to be admir$4 ,!       
,triumph ( ,alex&]1 orig9ally int5d$ = !
 frieze ( ! gov]nm5t palace at ,milan1  
not)/&+ an occasional pov]ty 9 !        

mat]ials ( ?\ght1 is1 z a :ole1 "o ( !  
gr&e/ compositions 9 ! _w2 :ile !       
delicacy ( execution1 & poetic feel+1 9 
! two exquisite pieces ( ,night &       
,aurora1 leave sc>cely a wi% "h         
ungratifi$4 ,b 9 /atues1 ,?orwalds5     
excels only :]e ! =ms & s5tim5t admit ( 
uncontroll$ imag9ation1 or 9 :i* no     
imm$iate rec\rse c be _h to fix$ /&>ds (
 ta/e1 & to ! simple effects ( nature4  
,h5ce1 ( all 8 works1 z admitt+ (       
unconf9$ expression1 & gr& peculi>ity ( 
composition1 ! /atues ( ! ,apo/les1     
consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are ! mo/ excell5t4
 ,?orwalds51 9 f9e1 possesses s+ul>1 b 9
 "s respects erratic g5ius4 ,8 ideas (  
composition are irregul>2 8 p[]s ( fancy
 surpass ^? ( execution2 8 conceptions  
seem to lose a portion ( _! value &     
fre%ness 9 ! act ( realisem5t4 ,z an    
individual arti/1 he w comm& des]v$ly a 
high rank among ! names t %all g d[n to 
po/]ity4 ,z a sculptor1 :o w influ5ce1  
or has ext5d$ ! pr9ciples ( ! art1 8    
pret5sions are n great2 or1 %\ld ?is    

influ5ce & ^! claims n be ?us limit$1 ! 
/&>d ( g5u9e & univ]sal excell5ce mu/ be
 depreciat$ 9 a l degree4  ,we h hi!rto 
made little or no m5tion ( ,briti%      
sculpture1 = two reasons4 ,! numb] (    
anci5t monum5ts ( ! art ) :i* ! ca!drals
 ( ,engl&1 & ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 p>ticul>1
 are ornam5t$1 is consid]able3 yet v    
little is kn[n reg>d+ _! au?ors4 ,!re is
 reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t by f> !    
great] "p are ! "w ( =eign]s1 memb]s (  
^? confrat]nities ( it9]ant arti/s1 :i* 
h be5 notic$ z exi/+ 9 ,italy s e>ly z !
 middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is op9ion 
is corroborat$ by ! circum/ance1 t !    
object 9 ^! societies 0 to und]take     
build+s 9 :atev] c\ntry1 & = ?is purpose
 7 compos$ ( ar*itects1 sculptors1      
work]s 9 mosaic1 build]s1 design]s1 ea* 
/rictly att5d+ to 8 own dep>tm5t1 except
 ! ar*itect1 :o seems to h act$ z !     
g5]al ov]se]4 ,?us1 companies (         
individuals1 m or less num]\s1 7 engag$ 
by ! prop] ecclesia/ical au?orities1    
:]ev] a build+ ( magnitude 0 to be      

erect$4 ,( ?is1 ! plan appe>s uni=mly to
 h be5 prescrib$ by ! ecclesia/ics1 !   
=eign ma/]s sup]9t5d+ & avail+ !mselves 
( local assi/ants = ! m]e workman%ip4   
,aga91 betwe5 ! e>ly productions (      
sculpture 9 ,engl&1 :5 ^! fir/ attract  
notice by _! excell5ce1 we v decid$ly   
trace ! /yle1 & 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 !    
beautiful monum5ts ( ,eleanor1 que5 (   
,edw>d ,i41 ! designs ( ! s*ool ( ,pisa4
 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! v improvem5ts introduc$
 by ,giovanni da ,pisa1 son ( ,nicolo1  
especially 9 ! drap]y1 are decid$ly     
app>5t 9 ^? & o!r ,engli% works4 ,h5ce1 
al?\gh we f9d ,engli% names m5tion$ z   
ma/]s ( ! works 9 sev]al ( our mo/      
spl5did erections1 & ev5 9 "o in/ance z 
sculptur+ ! images ( sa9ts1 x is d\btful
 :e!r !y 7 n ! ecclesia/ics directly    
employ$ by ! *apt] to communicate _!    
plans to ! actual artific]s4 ,b x mu/   
also be obs]v$1 t ! natural consequ5ce (
 introduc+ =eign art w\ld be to create  
native arti/s4 ,!re c be little d\bt1   
!re=e1 t _m ( ! really f9e monum5ts (   

our ,h5rys & ,edw>ds1 dur+ ! fifte5?    
c5tury1 are ! works ( home-br$ tal5t4   
,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 aga91 we d      
c]ta9ly "k t two ,italian sculptors1    
,cavall9i1 & especially ! celebrat$     
,torregiano1 7 9 ,engl&1 :5 ! latt]     
erect$ ! monum5t 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel1
 = :i* he receiv$ s l>ge a sum z a ?\s& 
p\nds4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 aga91 _h = 8 ma/] 
( works an ,italian sculptor1 ,john (   
,padua1 s*ol> ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,9     
#afae1 we at l5g? f9d a "w erect$ by an 
,engli%man1 ! monum5t ( ! 'good ,?omas  
,sutton1' by ,ni*olas ,/one2 &1 t[>ds ! 
conclusion ( ! same era1 liv$ ,francis  
,bird1 a native ( ,london1 ^: lab\rs1   
h[ev]1 only %[ ! mis]able /ate ( art4   
,sculpture has nev] be5 practis$ z a    
sep>ate bran* 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,scotl&1
 :o appe>s to h obta9$ h] ma/]s r f     
,france ?an ,italy4 ,9 bo? c\ntries1 our
 fir/ hi/orians h be5 mo/ culpably      
remiss 9 att5tion to ! progress ( native
 art4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 to attempt 
a detail$ acc\nt ( ! scatt]$ notices !y 

h left u1 or1 :at might prove /ill m    
satisfactory1 an exam9ation ( ! ri*     
rema9s we possess1 w\ld be irrelevant1 z
 we t\* m]ely ^u ! g5]al hi/ory ( !     
arts1 9 :i* our own isolat$ lab\rs1 ev5 
at be/1 =m only an episode4  ,n till    
t[>ds ! conclusion ( ! la/ c5tury c !re 
prop]ly be said to h exi/$ a s*ool (    
,briti% sculpture4 ,cibb]1 ,r\bilac1    
,s*eemak]s1 ,c>l9i1 ,locatelli1         
,rysbrack--all ! sculptors :o fl\ri%$ 9 
,engl& dur+ ! great] "p ( ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 7 =eign]s4 ,x is well t ! fame (
 our good & our brave f9ds a memorial 9 
! records ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! brea/s ( _!   
c\ntrym51 m wor?y ( _! virtues ?an ^! m5
 h (t5 erect$1 9 ! noble/1 too1 ( our   
temples4 ,n[1 ,briti% wor? c be         
commemorat$ by ,briti% art4 ,our native 
s*ool ( ,sculpture may be consid]$ z    
comm5c+ ) ,banks1 born 9 #agch1 di$ 9   
#ahje2 = ,wilton1 z an arti/1 0 educat$ 
abroad4 ,9 p[] ( modell+ few h excell$  
,banks1 ^: "n m]its eulogium1 & is      
m5tion$ by =eign writ]s z among ! v few 

at ,rome1 :o1 previ\s to ! appe>ance (  
,canova1 pres5t$ 9 _! works ! dawn+s (  
reviv+ art4 ,bacon1 born 9 #agdj1 0 9 e 
respect an ,engli% arti/1 & we may almo/
 say self-taught4 ,9 simplicity 8 works 
h great m]it2 !y are (t5 want+ 9 feel+4 
,bacon 0 n unacqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( 8 
art4 ,proctor & ,de>e di$ too e>ly = !  
arts1 aft] !y _h giv5 evid5ce ( ! highe/
 abilities4 ,de>e has inde$ left works1 
"y z he 01 n surpass$ by any 9 mod]n    
art4 ,we approa* our m imm$iate         
contempor>ies ) respectful diffid5ce1 & 
%all t\* only ^u ! m]its ( ^? :o are    
remov$ f ! effects ( praise or c5sure4  
,nollek9s knew 8 art1 b want$ sci5ce1   
dignity1 & fancy4 ,flaxman belongs to   
po/]ity1 & has m widely ext5d$ !        
influ5ce ( 8 g5ius--m intimately        
connect$ 8 lab\rs ) g5]al improvem5t1   
?an any o!r ,engli% sculptor4 ,t[>ds !  
propiti\s revolution :i* rescu$ ! arts f
 utt] imbecility1 9 ! latt] end ( la/   
c5tury1 he l>gely contribut$1 by 8      
le>n$1 p[]ful1 & simple /yle4 ,f #aghg  

to #agid1 he cont9u$ 9 ,italy2 & _h 8   
soj\rn be5 long]1 he w\ld h divid$ n    
unequal honors ) ! great re=m] ( ta/e4  
,?is is kn[n & ackn[l$g$ by ! intellig5t
 critics ( t c\ntry1 ( :om "o ( ! mo/   
judici\s1 ,c\nt ,cicogn>a1 ?us          
writes3--',to ,flaxman our obligations  
are v great1 s9ce1 z f> z our           
acqua9tance ) 8 works ext5ds1 !y s]v$   
nobly to elevate f a c]ta9 monoton\s    
le?>gy1 & to create afre%1 t ta/e = !   
sev]e & gold5 /yle ( antiquity1 :i* he  
appli$ to 8 own inv5tions4' ,f 8 y\?1   
,flaxman 0 di/+ui%$ by ! /r5g? ( 8      
g5ius1 by devotion to ! /udy ( ! anci5t 
models1 & by fe>less b judici\s disreg>d
 ( ^? conv5tional affectations by :i*   
art 0 disgrac$4 ,he 0 among ! fir/1 if n
 ! e>lie/1 to awak5 ! long dormant      
en]gies ( sculpture1 to unite anew art )
 nature4 ,! simple & ! gr& ( antiquity  
he made 8 own2 nor1 s9ce ! be/ ages (   
,greece1 d we any:]e f9d1 9 ! works     
m5tion$ 9 ^! pages1 great] mean+1 m deep
 feel+ ( tru?1 ) less pomp ( art1 ?an 9 

! sculpture ( ,flaxman4 ,! wond]ful     
designs f ,hom]1 ! /atues ( ,mr ,pitt & 
,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! monum5ts (     
,montague1 ,h[e1 & ,nelson1 ! gr\p (    
,mi*ael & ,satan1 w alone fully ju/ify  
?is "*4 ,if1 9 ! works ( ?is ma/]1 a    
defect may be po9t$ out1 x is an excess 
( ! sev]e & simple1 :i* ne>ly approa*es 
to h>%ness4 ,surpass+ bo? ,canova &     
,?orwalds5 9 ! l(t9ess ( 8 conceptions1 
& p]haps 9 classic purity ( ta/e1 9 !   
graces ( composition1 & ! facilities (  
modell+1 he is inf]ior to ! =m]4 ,b 9   
all t con/itutes ! epic ( ! art1        
,flaxman is n surpass$4  ,we mu/ omit ) 
regret1 ?\gh n unadmir$1 ! names ( liv+ 
,engli% arti/s4 ,to _! honor be x       
rem>k$1 t1 at ?is mom5t1 9 rectitude &  
sobriety ( precept1 9 ! walk :i* has    
hi!rto be5 foll[$1 :]e no?+ is yet to be
 unle>n$1 & :i* mu/ infallibly conduct  
to high] p]fection1 no s*ool 9 ,europe c
 boa/ ( happi] auspices1 ( m vigor\s    
practice1 nor ( s\nd] pr9ciples1 ?an !  
,briti% s*ool ( ,sculpture4 ,9 ,italy1 !

 num]\s--we may say univ]sal--imitators 
( ,canova1 appe> to be foll[+1 )        
exagg]at$ effect1 ! only fail+ t[>ds :i*
 8 /yle incl9es--elaborate grace4 ,9    
,g]many1 ! art langui%es = want (       
enc\ragem5t4 ,sculpture is m pre-em95tly
 ! nursl+ ( fre$om4 ,! ,fr5* sculptors  
are1 at ! pres5t "t1 m di/+ui%$ = sci5ce
 ?an = feel+ or inv5tion4 ,!y want      
individuality ( "* 9 _! works2 !        
symmetry & proportions1 ! me*anical art 
( antiquity1 _! *isel has transf]r$1--b 
! s5tim5t1 ! ess5ce :i* unites art )    
nature1 :i* brea!s into ,grecian /atu>y 
! brea? ( life1 has escap$4 ,x is a     
s+ul> fact1 t f ! s*ool =m$ "u ! empire1
 :ile ! mo/ valu$ treasures ( exi/+ art 
7 collect$ 9 ! ,fr5* capital1 n a       
sculptor1 h>dly "o arti/ ( em95ce1 has  
issu$4 ,! cause is pla94 ,^! monum5ts 7 
torn f _! re/+ places by ! h& ( viol5ce2
 !y 7 view$ by a va9 & mi/ak5 p z !     
trophies ( victory2 b !y 7 nev] v5]at$ )
 t en?usia/ic yet humble devotion1 ) :i*
 ! disciple reg>ds ! s\rces ( k4 ,dur+ a

 %ort] p]iod1 h[ diff]5t h be5 ! effects
 ( our own unsulli$ & bloodless         
collection4 ,s9ce ! public exposition ( 
! ,phidian ,m>bles1 9 p>ticul>1 e       
dep>tm5t ( ta/e has be5 improv$1 & e    
arti/ has be5 ready to exclaim1 ) ! late
 v5]able presid5t1 t till he saw ^!     
works1 he 0 ignorant h[ mu* ( 8 art he  
_h yet to le>n4 ,let ! ,briti% sculptor1
 !n1 cont9ue 9 ! same pr9ciples z h     
h]et(ore guid$ 8 practice2 let him foll[
 nature1 & ^! ! noble/ rema9s ( art 9   
exi/5ce1 & he mu/ excel4 ,sculpture     
seems especially calculat$ to fl\ri%    
among/ u4 ,! grave & manly "* ( ! art   
agrees ) ! tone ( national g5ius1       
h>monizes ) our free in/itutions1 & may 
f9d 9 our hi/ory s\rces ( ! brighte/    
inspiration4     ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4      
,,pa9t+4     ,,*apt] ,x4   ,,9 ! pres5t 
und]tak+1 two me?ods ( arrangem5t are   
obvi\sly pres5t$3 ei!r to treat ! arts  
simultane\sly2 or1 consid]+ ea* 9       
succession1 to comm5ce ) t "o :i* seem$ 
be/ adapt$ to illu/rate ! hi/ory &      

common pr9ciples ( all4 ,) ?is view we  
h1 9 ! comm5cem5t1 foll[$ ! =tunes (    
,sculpture at "s l5g?1 because "h we f9d
 an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( monum5ts2 "h !   
elem5ts ( imitative art are discov]able 
9 _! pure/ & lea/ comp\nd$ "*2 & also   
because 9 ,sculpture ! lab\rs1 be+      
endur+1 ( great] magnitude1 & m g5]ally 
employ$ = national purposes ?an ^? (    
,pa9t+1 seem m cle>ly to illu/rate !    
connexion :i* w ev] be f\nd to subsi/   
betwe5 ! ref9em5t ( ta/e & ! progress ( 
moral & political intellig5ce1 z affects
 nations1 or ! human race univ]sally4   
,?is is ! truly dignifi$ object 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! f9e arts4 ,9 ?is respect our 
inquiries h be5 mo/ satisfactorily      
resolv$4 ,we h f\nd ! /ate ( sculpture  
an index ( ! moral & political condition
 ( ! p2 ow+ its be/ cultivation to      
national & popul> causes4 ,we h se5 x   
langui% or revive accord+ to ! en]gy & !
 fre$om ( national in/itutions4 ,! epo*s
 ( pa9t+ 7 ne>ly or altoge!r ! same1 z 7
 also ^? ( ar*itecture4 ,! conclusions1 

!n1 are univ]sal4 ,little1 !re=e1 rema9s
 to be expla9$ 9 pa9t+1 save its own    
peculi>ities z an individual art4       
,pa9t+1 :i* dep5ds ^u illusion = "s (   
its mo/ /rik+ effects1 & employs        
pr9ciples ab/ractly unreal1 is1 9 !     
application ( ^! pr9ciples1 & 9 ! full  
accompli%m5t ( _! effects1 an art (     
great] difficulty ?an ,sculpture4 ,h5ce1
 a priori1 x might be inf]r$1 t ! =m]   
w\ld m sl[ly atta9 to ! p]fection :i* x 
rea*$ among ! nations ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b 
p]haps x w\ld h>dly h be5 pr$ict$1 t1 9 
! age ( ,phidias1 :5 sculpture _h       
already be5 rais$ to an elevation yet   
unapproa*$1 ! si/] art %\ld /ill be     
little advanc$4 ,at ! same "t1 !re c be 
no d\bt t ! elem5ts ( bo? arts h 9 all  
c\ntries sprung up toge!r4 ,nature has  
s[n ! se$1 b circum/ances n\ri% !       
plants4  ,among ! anci5t inhabitants (  
,asia1 pa9t+ & writ+ appe> to h be5 !   
same art1 or r1 ! =m] suppli$ ! place ( 
! latt]4 ,f ! same s\rce ! art arose 9  
,egypt1 :]e are /ill to be f\nd its     

olde/ rema9s4 ,9 ?is bran* ! m5tal &    
political despotism already expla9$1    
b\nd d[n e aspiration4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! 
art z picture writ+1 or 9 its m         
det]m9ate & indep5d5t ef=ts at          
repres5tation1 we discov] no *ange--no  
progressive improvem5t1 & no sup]iority 
:i* has n evid5tly aris5 f a great] or  
less degree ( c>e & p]sonal skill 9 !   
p]=m]4 ,egyptian pa9t+ seldom1 if ev]1  
attempts m ?an an outl9e ( ! object1 z  
se5 9 pr(ile1 su* z w\ld be obta9$ by   
its %ad[4 ,to ?is rude b always         
well-proportion$ draught1 colors are    
appli$1 simply & )\t mixture or bl5d+1  
or ! slighte/ indication ( light & %ade4
 ,! process appe>s to h be51 fir/1 !    
prep>ation ( ! gr\nd 9 :ite2 next1 !    
outl9e 0 firmly trac$ 9 black2 &1 la/ly1
 ! flat colors 7 appli$4 ,! ,egyptian   
arti/s employ$ six pigm5ts1 mix$ up ) a 
gummy liquid1 namely1 :ite1 black1 r$1  
blue1 yell[1 & gre53 ! ?ree fir/ always 
e>?y1 ! rema9+ vegetable1 or at lea/    
frequ5tly transp>5t4 ,! specim5s f :i*  

we d]ive ^! facts1 are ! pa9t$ %r\ds &  
cases ( ! mummies1 & ! /ill m p]fect    
examples on ! walls ( ! tombs4 ,x c     
furni% no evid5ce ( extraord9>y exp]i5ce
 or practice1 t ^! pa9t+s /ill reta9 _! 
hues cle> & fre%4 ,! circum/ance m]ely  
%[s ! aridity ( ! climate1 & t ! color+ 
matt]s 7 prep>$ & appli$ pure & )\t     
admixture4  ,ov] no "p ( anci5t         
intellectual hi/ory hangs !re s great   
unc]ta9ty1 respect+ at lea/ ! means &   
progressive /eps1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ,pa9t+
 9 ,greece4 ,we c judge "h only f       
inf]5ce1 :ile ! facts ^u :i* our        
conclusions mu/ re/1 are 9 "s degree    
contradictory4 ,no production ( !       
,grecian p5cil rema9s to u1 z 9         
sculpture1 :5ce to =m our own judgm5t   
ap>t f ! op9ions ( anci5t critics2 :ile 
!re is int]nal evid5ce1 t ! hi/orical   
annals h&$ d[n to u1 imp]fect z ^! n[   
are1 h be5 compil$1 n f au!ntic mat]ials
 e>ly collect$1 b f recollection ( names
 to :om discov]ies are by ! lat]        
hi/orian casually attribut$4 ,! :ole    

acc\nt ( e>ly pa9t+ is too regul>1 too  
sy/ematic1 ! progressive advances foll[ 
ea* o!r 9 an ord] too artificial to     
repres5t fai?fully ! alt]nate failure & 
success1 ! devi\s c\rse1 ! rapid & almo/
 inexplicable advance ( g5ius4 ,! "y    
eagle tempts n ! liquid way 9 /eady     
flight1 comm5surate only ) 8 /r5g?--he  
flutt]s & falls--wav]s 9 brok5 &        
ungraceful curves1 be=e he c laun* into 
full c>e]1 or circle sl[ly & maje/ically
 9 8 pride ( place4  ,we d n d\bt1 !n1 t
 ! names ( ! e>lie/ pa9t]s h&$ d[n to u 
9 ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 are correct2
 b ! sy/em ( gradual & regul> advance   
:i* !y h connect$ ) ^! names1 seems     
inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( human ?+s4 ,9   
?is case1 ! only safe me?od t c be      
adopt$1 consi/5tly ) ! int5tion ( giv+ e
 useful in=mation1 is to select a few   
lead+ & well asc]ta9$ dates1 betwe5 :i* 
x is prov$ t c]ta9 discov]ies did take  
place2 ! int]val w ?us be suffici5tly   
fill$ up )\t ent]+ into m9ute           
discussion4 ,anticipat+ ?is arrangem5t1 

we h be5 full 9 our acc\nt ( ! e>ly     
s*ools ( sculpture1 :5ce ! defici5cy "h 
may be suppli$2 = 9 bo? arts1 ! locality
 is always1 & ! ma/]s frequ5tly1 ! same4
  ,! fir/ pa9t+ on record is ! battle ( 
,magnete1 by ,bul>*us1 & pur*as$ by     
,c&aules1 k+ ( ,lydia1 = its weight 9   
gold1 or z "s say1 a quantity ( gold    
co9s equal to ! ext5t ( its surface4    
,?is e/abli%es ! fir/ era1 #gah ,b4 ,c4 
,dur+ five c5turies1 h[ev]1 ! art _h    
previ\sly fl\ri%$ 9 ! cities & isl&s1 & 
especially at ,cor9?1 ^: situation1     
comm&+ ! two seas t wa% ! %ores1 &      
connect+ by l& ! gr& divisions1 (       
,greece1 e>ly r5d]$ t city1 ) !         
comm]cial /ates already notic$1 ! seat (
 weal? & ref9em5t4 ,practis$ by num]\s  
ma/]s1--z ,eu*]us1 ,hyg5on1 ,dymas1     
,*>amides1 ,philocles1 ,clean!s1        
,cleophantes1--pa9t+1 9 ?is int]val1 is 
report$ to h pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s          
gradations2 z1 simple skiagraphy1 or    
%ad[ pa9t+2 ! monographic /yle1 consi/+ 
( a simple outl9e2 mono*romatic         

compositions1 9 :i* "o color only 0     
employ$2 & poly*romatic1 :]e a v>iety ( 
hue1 b )\t %ad+1 0 us$4 ,dur+ ! same "t1
 !re appe> acc\nts ( m9or improvem5ts1 )
 _! au?ors assign$1 all ( :i* we reject1
 z already /at$4 ,9 :at mann] ! "w (    
,bul>*us 0 execut$1 does n appe>2 b !re 
is e reason to believe t x 0 m]ely a    
monogram1 &1 f ! contemporane\s /ate (  
sculpture1 v highly f9i%$1 9 a /yle h>d1
 dry1 & ineffective4 ,! price paid is by
 no means ! crit]ion ( absolute         
excell5ce2--! "w might be fully priz$ z 
! ma/]-piece ( its own remote age1 :ile 
! labori\s m9ut5ess ( its details might 
r5d] ! sum n m ?an a comp5sation = ! "t 
be/[$4  ,to select a second era         
suffici5tly m>k$ by addition or         
revolution ( pr9ciple1 is difficult4 ,to
 ! age ( ,phidias1 ! art cont9u$ c]ta9ly
 to improve1 b v sl[ly1 be+ left f> 9 ! 
re> by ,sculpture4 ,! g5ius ( ?is       
consummate ma/]1 :o inde$ _h orig9ally  
comm5c$ 8 c>e] z a pa9t]1 ext5d$ to all 
! arts2 &1 "u su* an in/ruct]1 8 bro!r  

,p5nus1 v highly di/+ui%$ himself1 ?\gh 
vanqui%$ 9 a conte/ = ! public prize1 !n
 in/itut$ at ,delphos & ,cor9?4 ,f !    
middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 !n1 a decid$    
movem5t comm5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1--a 
prep>ation = some?+ /ill great]4 ,!     
influ5ce ext5d$ among ! able            
contempor>ies ( ! great sculptor4       
,polygnotus ( ,?asos !n fir/ succe$$1 to
 borr[ a phrase1 '9 ! expression (      
undescrib$ be+1' & ^: pictures ,pl9y    
admir$ six hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4        
,improvem5t 0 c>ri$ =w>d = half a c5tury
 by ,mycon1 fam\s 9 horses2 ,pauson1 8  
rival2 ,dionysius ( ,colophon1 prais$ by
 lian = m9ute accuracy2 ,aglaophon1 bold
 & en]getic2 ,colotes1 sculptor & pa9t]2
 ,ev5or1 fa!r ( ,p>rhasius2 & f9ally1   
greate/ ( all1 ,apollodorus ! ,a!nian1  
:o inv5t$ or p]fect$ ! k ( light & %ade4
 ,) ?is arti/1 ! precursor & contempor>y
 ( ,zeuxis1 & ^: discov]y may be plac$  
ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4   
,c41 may be t]m9at$ ! second era4 ,!    
propriety ( ?is division w m obvi\sly   

appe>1 :5 x is consid]$ t to ?is p]iod1 
n only 0 ! art defici5t 9 ! mo/ p[]ful (
 its means1 ! magic ( *i>' oscura1 b    
also 9 its in/rum5ts4 ,! anci5t pa9t+s1 
z late z ! age ( ,phidias1 7 execut$ ) !
 ce/rum1 a species ( pliant /ylus1      
simil> to t us$ 9 writ+4 ,?is is !      
diagraphic1 or l9e> me?od1 & seems to h 
resembl$ our *alk & crayon1 or p]haps m 
closely our p5 & re$ draw+4 ,! process1 
h[ev]1 c be expla9$ only by conjecture4 
,! tablet1 prim$ 9 :ite1 0 laid ov] ) a 
v>ni% ( res9 mix$ ) wax1 & usually      
incorporat$ ) a d>k-r$di% color+ matt]4 
,^u ?is ! subject 0 trac$1 & ! lights   
work$ 9 ) ! ce/rum ( v>i\s f95ess4 ,at  
:at precise p]iod ?is imp]fect in/rum5t 
0 sup]s$$ by ! p5cil1 or if ! effects ( 
! two 7 comb9$1 is unkn[n4 ,b ! inv5tion
 mu/ h be5 made aft] ! dea? (           
,polygnotus1 & prior to ! n9ety?ird     
,olympiad1 a p]iod ( tw5ty or ?irty     
ye>s1 :5 ,apollodorus is kn[n to h h&l$ 
! p5cil ) great effect4 ,x is n         
unlikely1 !re=e1 t ?is arti/ ei!r 0 !   

inv5tor or ! improv] ( ?is tool1 ^:     
ma/]y s decid$ly m9i/]$ to 8 reputation4
  ,! ?ird p]iod comm5ces ) ,zeuxis1 m>k+
 an era di/9ct at once 9 pr9ciple & 9   
excell5ce4 ,prec$+ ma/]s _h cr[d$ _!    
tablets ) num]\s figures4 ,he introduc$ 
simplicity ( composition1 & reli$ ^u !  
p]fection frequ5tly ( a s+le figure to  
conc5trate int]e/4 ,he 0 equally simple 
9 8 color+1 nev] us+ m ?an f\r1 (t5 only
 two pigm5ts4 ,p>rhasius equall$ ! =m] 9
 expression1 & seems to h surpass$ him 9
 color+4 ,euphranor 0 equally celebrat$ 
9 pa9t+ z 9 /atu>y4 ,bo? 7 surpass$ by  
,timan!s1 :o1 9 veil+ ! head ( a fa!r   
compell$ to att5d ! sacrifice ( 8       
daught]1 appeal$ to ! he>t n 9 va91 :5 !
 p[]s ( g5ius _h fail$4 ,eupompus1 by ! 
spl5d\r ( 8 /yle1 gave rise to a new    
di/9ction ( s*ools into ! ,a!nian &     
,sicyonian1 9 addition to ! ,asiatic1 ! 
,rhodian1 & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,!on ( ,samos  
obta9$ high praise = ! eag] ha/e ( 8 "y 
w>rior to jo9 ! fight4 ,ari/ides (      
,!bes1 9 8 picture ( ! w\nd$ "m1        

solicit\s1 9 ! pangs ( dea?1 le/ h] *ild
 %\ld suck blood1 appe>s to h rea*$ !   
utmo/ range ( expression 9 art4 ,&      
la/ly1 ,pamphilus ! ,mac$onian1 em95t = 
! natural feel+ & tru? ( 8 /yle1 0 !    
ma/] ( ,apelles4 ,?is era1 embrac+ ab\t 
! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 co9cides ) 
! comm5cem5t ( ! ,phidian age 9 pa9t+4  
,:atev] might h be5 ! m]its ( prec$+    
ma/]s1 ,zeuxis 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ f ^:    
works we d]ive explicit /atem5ts ( !    
ideal 9 ,grecian pa9t+4 ,?is ideal1 z 9 
_! sculpture1 0 imm$iately d]iv$ f      
reality2 x 0 no f>!r ! creation ( fancy1
 ?an z ta/e & imag9ation 7 employ$ 9    
select+ & comb9+ :at 0 good 9 p>ticul>1 
t[>ds an approa* to ! be/1 9 g5]al      
nature4 ',behold1' said ,eupompus to    
,lysippus1 :5 consult$ by ! "y sculptor 
on ! subject ( imitation1 po9t+ to !    
pass+ multitude1 ',behold my models3 f  
nature1 n f art1 mu/ he /udy1 :o aspires
 to ! true excell5ce ( art4' ,zeuxis1   
!n1 fir/ discov]$ or practis$ ! gr&     
pr9ciple 9 ! h]oic /yle ( pa9t+1--to    

r5d] ea* figure ! p]fect repres5tative (
 ! class to :i* x belongs4 ,!re is      
reason to believe1 also1 t he taught !  
true me?od ( gr\p+2 at lea/1 f ! mann] (
 description adopt$ by ,pausanias1 x    
w\ld evid5tly seem t 9 all pictures     
ant]ior to ?is age1 ! figures 7 rang$ 9 
l9es1 )\t any pr9cipal gr\p on :i* !    
int]e/ ( ! ev5t 0 conc5trat$4 ,ev5 s    
late z ! works ( ,pannus1 ! bro!r (     
,phidias1 ! diff]5t di/ances 7 repres5t$
 by ! v in>tificial & ungraci\s means ( 
plac+ ! figures 9 r[s "o above ! o!r4 ,9
 all 8 improvem5ts1 ,zeuxis 0 m ?an     
foll[$ by 8 able contempor>ies4 ,x is a 
s+ul> & an amus+ fact1 t at no "t d we  
f9d m real tal5t 9 art1 comb9$ ) s mu*  
ridicul\s coxcombry 9 ! p]sonal "* (    
arti/s4  ,! f\r? & la/ epo* ( pa9t+ 9   
,greece comm5ces ) ,apelles1 ab\t !     
conclusion ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,?is 
age witness$ bo? ! glory & ! fall (     
anci5t art4 ,apelles unit$1 9 8 own     
/yle1 ! scatt]$ excell5ces :i* _h       
sep>ately adorn$ ! p]=mances ( 8        

pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 ?is p[] & equability (
 comb9ation1 arrang$ & animat$ by an    
elegance & ref9em5t ( ta/e peculi>ly 8  
own1 :i* con/itut$ ! j em95ce ( ?is     
ma/]4 ,f ! descriptions ( anci5t writ]s1
 ! "* ( 8 /yle mu/ h closely resembl$ t 
( ,raphael1 :ile _! *oice ( subjects    
appe>s to h be5 ne>ly simil>4 ,! ,v5us (
 ,apelles1 long aft]w>ds pur*as$ by     
,augu/us = "o hundr$ tal5ts1 or #bj1jjj 
/]l+1 0 e/eem$ ! mo/ faultless creation 
( ! ,grecian p5cil1 ! mo/ p]fect example
 ( t simple yet unapproa*able grace (   
conception1 ( symmetry ( =m1 & exquisite
 f9i%1 9 :i* may be summ$ up ! di/9ctive
 beauties ( 8 g5ius4 ,he alone appe>s to
 h practis$ portrait pa9t+ 9 ! full     
maje/y ( t art2 ?is1 inde$1 does n appe>
 to h be5 a bran* ! mo/ cultivat$ among 
! ,greeks1 :o pref]r$ bu/s4 ,h5ce1 :ile 
,pausanias enum]ates eightyeight        
ma/]pieces ( hi/ory1 he m5tions only    
half ! numb] ( portraits1 :i* he _h se5 
9 8 travels ?r\gh ,greece1 dur+ ! second
 c5tury4  ,! contempor>ies ( ,apelles 7 

,protog5es1 an excell5t arti/1 ^: m]its 
8 g5]\s rival fir/ po9t$ out4 ,he 0     
blam$ = f9i%+ too highly2 yet1 to obta9 
possession ( "o ( 8 pictures1 0 ! *ief  
cause ( ! siege ( ,rhodes4 ,nicias1 :o  
is report$ to h t\*$ up ! /atues (      
,praxiteles--9 :at mann] is n kn[n1 nor 
0 ,canova successful 9 8 rese>*es on ?is
 subject4 ,some:at lat] liv$ ,ni*oma*us1
 ,pausius1 tion1 ! ,albano ( antiquity1 
& o!rs1 ) :om ! art began to lapse4 ,!  
causes & progress ( ?is decl9e h already
 be5 trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture4 ,!   
rem>ks !re are applicable to bo? arts1 b
 peculi> circum/ances r5d]$ ! progress (
 decay m rapid 9 pa9t+4 ,ev5 9 ! lat]   
contempor>ies ( ! great ornam5t ( ! art1
 we discov] a fall+ (f f ! great /yle1  
to "o exactly resembl+ t ( ! mod]n ,dut*
 s*ool4 ,al?\gh ! be/ pictures1 f _!    
great] r>ity1 7 m highly valu$ 9        
pecuni>y e/imation ?an /atues1 yet ! art
 0 nev] s completely national z         
,sculpture4 ,! ambition 0 n *]i%$1 nor !
 tal5ts ( pa9t]s direct$1 by !          

nationality ( _! p]=mances2 ! g5]al ta/e
 0 n fix$ by public & v5]at$ monum5ts1  
consequ5tly ! :olesome re/ra9ts ( public
 op9ion op]at$ b slightly1 & 7 spe$ily  
)drawn4 ,be x also rememb]$1 t ! /&>d "h
 0 =m$ aft] ! sev]e purity ( anci5t     
ta/e1 & morals _h suff]$ sad relaxation4
 ,h5ce pa9t+ 0 soon] ab&on$ to ! caprice
 ( private patronage & judgm5t2 b ! :ole
 framework ( h] in/itutions1 moral &    
political1 0 to be dissolv$ be=e        
sculpture1--:i* honor$ ! =ms ( h]       
religion2 ^: lab\rs 7 publicly d$icat$  
to ! r5[n ( h] good1 h] le>n$1 & h]     
brave1--c\ld cease to be reg>d$ )       
national sympa?y 9 ,greece4 ,pausanias  
m5tions ! names ( "o hundr$ & sixtyn9e  
sculptors1 & only fifte5 pa9t]s2 :ile1  
aft] ?ree c5turies ( spoliation1 he f\nd
 9 ,greece ?ree ?\s& /atues1 n "o ( !m a
 copy1 :ile he describes only "o hundr$ 
& ?irtyone pa9t+s4 ,! empire1 !n1 (     
anci5t pa9t+1 appe>s to h be5 ( brief   
cont9uance1 =1 beyond ! age n[ "u       
review1 no memorials ( its greatness    

rema94 ,! ,romans priz$ ?is1 z !y h be5 
%[n to value e accompli%m5t 9 ! f9e     
arts1 z m9i/]+ to luxury1 & z a wor?y   
employm5t = _! slaves4 ,9 ! e>ly portion
 ( _! iron reign1 ,etruscan captives    
decorat$ _! h\ses--subsequ5tly it9]ant  
,greeks2 & ?\gh we f9d a few names (    
,roman pa9t]s1 we nev] f9d x c>ri$ among
 !m beyond m]e embelli%m5t4 ,! moral    
dignity ( ! art nev] reviv$4  ,"o       
difficulty reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( anci5t     
pa9t+ /ill rema9s to be                 
/at$--satisfactorily cle>$ x nev] c     
be--namely1 ! p]fection to :i* ! art    
actually atta9$4 ,x has be5 said1 & !   
rem>k is j1 t !re exi/s a wide disp>ity 
betwe5 ! means & in/rum5ts ( ! art1 z   
describ$ by writ]s ( antiquity1 & !     
excell5ce ( ! effects produc$1 z ^! h   
rea*$ u ?r\gh ! same *annel4 ,we h1 x is
 repli$1 ! criticisms ( ! same writ]s ^u
 o!r subjects ( ta/e1 ) ! orig9als      
likewise 9 our h&s1 & f9d+ "h _! op9ions
 correct--n only s1 b exquisitely       
correct--we are con/ra9$ to admit1 t 9  

pa9t+ _! judgm5t 0 equally ref9$ z 9    
poetry1 oratory1 sculpture1 or          
ar*itecture4 ,?is reason+ may prove     
relative1 b n absolute excell5ce2 = ta/e
 be+ necess>ily =m$ ^u ! v models on :i*
 x passes s5t5ce1 _c be admitt$ z       
evid5ce beyond its exp]i5ce4 ,our own   
conviction is1 t1 unless 9 ?is view (   
m]ely relative beauty1 ! praises be/[$  
by ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s ^u _! pa9t+s
 are ov]*>g$2 & t ^! 7 mu* inf]ior to _!
 sculptures4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ n ^u  
any alleg$ inf]iority ( means1 =1       
besides ! difficulty ( exactly          
compreh5d+ c]ta9 passages on ?is        
subject1 we d f9d1 t ! anci5t arti/s 7  
arm$ ) all ! p[]s ( fresco-pa9t+1 9 :i* 
! gr&e/ conceptions ( mod]n tal5t are   
embodi$4 ,b ^! v descriptions1 9 _m (   
:i* are acc\nts ( v complicat$          
expression1 %[ t ! writ]s1 & especially 
,pl9y1 ! mo/ circum/antial1 ei!r did n  
truly feel ! nature & object ( beauty 9 
pa9t+2 or !y ev9ce1 t if su* effects 7  
attempt$1 ! art 0 devoid ( t simplicity 

& natural expression :i* con/itute !    
primeval s\rce1 ! all-p]vad+ pr9ciple1 (
 beauty & ( gr&eur1 ( tru? & excell5ce1 
9 antique sculpture4 ,b aga91 if1 f !   
few & v imp]fect rema9s ( anci5t pa9t+1 
any conclusion be all[$ 9 ref]5ce to its
 high] /ate1 we discov] 9 ^! all !      
pr9ciples1 especially ^? ( =m1 common to
 sculpture1 always well1 (t5 admirably  
und]/ood1 :ile ^? peculi> to pa9t+ are  
in>tificially express$1 )\t firmness or 
decision4  ,^! rema9s consi/1 fir/1 ( ! 
del9eations ^u vases1 improp]ly call$   
,etruscan1 :]e ! pictorial              
repres5tations are mono*romatic %ad[s & 
outl9e1 or monograms1 execut$ ) !       
ce/rum1 or /yle1 9 black1 ^u a r$ or    
yell[ gr\nd1 or sometimes ! ord] ( !    
colors is rev]s$4 ,ev5 ^! support !     
views j /at$2 =1 vigor\s z are ! l9es1 !
 repres5tation1 on ! :ole1 is inf]ior to
 ! ab/ract p]ception ( ! beautiful 9 =m1
 z exhibit$ 9 ! vases !mselves4 ,!      
second division ( rema9s are ! frescos1 
or /ucco pa9t+s ( ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1

 ,/abia ne> ,naples1 & ^? 9 ! ba?s (    
,titus at ,rome4 ,! =m] 7 d\btless      
execut$ by it9]ant ,greek pa9t]s1 :o are
 kn[n to h be5 v num]\s "u ! empire4 ,! 
latt] 7 mo/ probably ! p]=mance ( ! be/ 
arti/s t c\ld be procur$2 yet we d n    
discov] an intr9sic diff]5ce ( /yle :i* 
c be> aga9/ our g5]al conclusion1 or r !
 simil>ity proves ! fact1 :ile 9        
,h]culaneum e sculptur$ ornam5t is      
inf9itely m elegant ?an ! pa9t+s f\nd 9 
! same spot4 ,to ^! might be add$ "s v  
imp]fect sepul*ral rema9s1 f\nd ne>     
,t>qu9ia1 :i* m]ely prove t ! anci5t    
,etruscans 7 f> f ignorant ( pa9t+4 ,9 !
 pictures at ,naples & ,rome1 is great] 
v>iety ( color+ ?an1 f "s passages 9 _! 
writ+s1 has be5 all[$ to ! anci5ts4 ,&1 
inde$1 unless ,pl9y be suppos$ to po9t  
out a di/9ction 9 ?is respect betwe5 !  
practice ( ! e>li] & lat] pa9t]s1 he    
contradicts himself2 = 9 all1 he        
enum]ates no less ?an five diff]5t      
:ites1 ?ree yell[s1 n9e r$s or purples1 
two blues1 "o ( :i* is indigo1 two      

gre5s1 & "o black1 :i* also appe>s to be
 a g5]ic expression1 includ+ bitum51    
*>coal1 ivory1 or lamp-black1 m5tion$ ) 
probably o!rs4  ,occasional allusion has
 be5 made to ! me*anical modes (        
op]ation employ$ 9 anci5t pa9t+4 ,on    
comp>+ ! diff]5t passages allusive to   
^!1 two ?+s c]ta9ly appe>3 t a p]man5cy 
0 giv5 to its productions unkn[n ev5 9  
mod]n art2 & t oil-pa9t+1 prop]ly s     
t]m$1 =m$ no "p ( its practice4 ,lay+   
aside1 !n1 all conflict+ op9ions1 we are
 dispos$ to inf] t !re 7 ?ree pr9cipal  
me?ods2 fir/1 ,di/emp] employ$ on /ucco$
 walls1 & = pictures n moveable2 second1
 ,glaz+1 :5 ! picture1 aft] be+ furni%$ 
9 wat]-col\rs1 crayons1 or di/emp]1 0   
cov]$ ) a coat ( h>d & transp>5t v>ni%1 
( :i* sev]al k9ds are describ$2 &       
?irdly1 ,encau/ic1 :5 ! color+ matt]s   
actually incorporat$ ) wax1 or          
prep>ations ( wax1 7 ?us appli$ 9 a     
liquid /ate1 & :5 f9i%$1 all[$ to dry1 &
 mo/ likely aft]w>ds v>ni%$ also4 ,9 ^! 
two latt] me?ods 7 execut$ ! mo/        

excell5t pictures ( ! great ma/]s1 & :i*
 7 portable4 ,! la/ has giv5 rise to mu*
 ne$less discussion1 z if resembl+      
enamel1 ! colors be+ burnt 94 ,we       
appreh5d1 h[ev]1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 v]b "h
 us$1 m]ely d5otes t ! t9ts 7 laid on   
hot1 :i*1 f _! nature1 mu/ h be5        
absolutely necess>y1 :ile x is evid5t1 f
 scatt]$ h9ts1 t ! mat]ial pa9t$ ^u 0   
de/ructible by fire4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4  
,,fall5 z 0 e lib]al pursuit dur+ ^?    
ages1 s9ce emphatically call$ d>k1 pa9t+
 0 yet nev] unpractis$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 !  
ecclesia/ical records ( t p]iod1 evid5ce
 is f\nd t1 9 ,italy1 *ur*es 7 9 e      
c5tury decorat$ ) pa9t+s & mosaics by   
native or ,greek arti/s4 ,a k9d (       
competition1 inde$1 appe>s to h be5     
c>ri$ on betwe5 ! successive pontiffs1  
imitat$ by _! inf]ior suffragans1 :o    
%\ld ?us load "s favorite ca!dral ) !   
greate/ quantity ( b>b>\s f9]y4 ,^!     
g5tlem51 z ev5 ! ,abbate ,tirabos*i has 
v5tur$ to disclose1 be+ r>ely ornam5tal 
to ! *ur* 9 _! own prop] p]sons1        

endeavor$ to make up ! defici5cy 9 ! be/
 way possible by proxy4 ,f monum5ts /ill
 rema9+ 9 ,g]many1 x is evid5t1 t nei!r 
0 "s degree ( skill want+ 9 t qu>t]4 ,9 
,france1 z 9 our c\ntry1 simil> rese>*  
w\ld probably be rew>d$ ) ! same        
discov]y4 ,?\gh d>k5$1 ! human _s 0 /ill
 at "w2 & :5 at l5g? its en]gies 7      
re/or$ to comp>ative activity by ! sl[  
op]ation ( causes1 imp]ceptible 9       
!mselves1 mighty 9 _! results1 ! arts1 z
 already se51 %one =? among ! morn+ />s 
9 ! dawn ( fre$om4 ,?is light fir/ arose
 ^u ,italy2 &1 f ! circum/ances ( h]    
situation1 ,flor5ce soone/ e/abli%$ a   
s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,cimabue1 h] citiz51 e>ly
 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 caught !           
inspiration f c]ta9 ,greek pa9t]s1      
employ$ by ord] ( ! magi/racy4 ,equall+ 
8 ma/]s1 he 0 himself surpass$ by       
,giotto1 once a %eph]d boy2 9 turn      
excell$ by ,memmi1 ,orgagna1 ,ucello1   
,massol9o1 to ! middle ( ! fifte5?      
c5tury1 :5 all =m] names 7 =gott5 9 !   
m]its ( ,massaccio4 ,dy+ at ! age (     

tw5tyf\r1 he gave to pa9t+ tru?1        
expression1 light1 & %ade2 ?us creat+ ! 
fir/ era 9 its hi/ory4 ,! *apel :i* /ill
 conta9s 8 frescoes1 ! e>ly s*ool ( ,da 
,v9ci & ,buon>otti--! sc5e1 too1 ( !    
latt]'s mis=tune1 w long be visit$ )    
int]e/ by ! pilgrims ( art4 ,ab\t ! same
 "t1 ! inv5tion ( oil pa9t+1 ascrib$ to 
,van ,eyck ( ,bruges2 &1 n long aft]1 ! 
illusion ( a]ial p]spective add$ by     
,ghirl&ajo1 gave to mod]n art all !     
means ( p]fection4 ,^! did n rema9      
unimprov$ 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,v]roc*io1 
fir/ excell+ 9 p]spective1 ,lippi1      
,signorelli1 9 ^: works evid5ce (       
selection is app>5t1 & _m o!rs1 :o1 9   
diff]5t cities 9 ,italy1 7 n[ lay+ !    
f\ndation ( s*ools1 soon to become z    
di/9ct 9 mann] z ! ma/]s ( "o & ! same  
art c well be conceiv$4  ,b ?\gh mu* _h 
be5 accompli%$ be=e ! close ( ! fifte5? 
c5tury1 z respects ! high] qualities (  
imitative art1 pa9t+ 0 /ill 9 infancy4  
,leon>do da ,v9ci1 born 9 #adeb1 re>$ x 
to high maturity4 ,! g5ius ( ?is        

extraord9>y man seem$ z a mirror1       
receiv+ & reflect+1 9 add$ brightness1 e
 ray ( intellectual light :i* _h yet    
beam$ ^u ! age4 ,philosoph]1 poet1      
arti/1 he anticipat$ ! m>* ( ?ree       
c5turies2 prov+1 9 8 own in/ance1 :at ! 
un%ackl$ en]gies ( man w\ld !n          
accompli%4 ,yet--& t1 too1 by a liv+    
hi/orian ( mo/ des]v$ reputation--has   
,leon>do be5 repres5t$ z a dabbl] 9     
v>i\s k1 a pr(ici5t 9 none--a labori\s  
idl]1 wa/+ "t & tal5t 9 useless         
multiplicity ( pursuit4 ,?is app>5tly   
has be5 done to exalt 8 great           
contempor>y & successor2 b hi/ory ought 
n to be writt5 z a picture is pa9t$1    
t\*+ 9 "u-tones :at are deem$           
second>ies1 t ! light may be m          
conspicu\sly direct$ to a pr9cipal      
figure4 ,at ! %r9e ( art1 ! devotion (  
,da ,v9ci 0 nei!r devoid ( f]vor nor    
unfruitful2 albeit he c\rt$1 & n        
unsuccessfully1 ! favors ( sci5ce1 !n   
new & de> to ! aspir+ m9d4 ,8 true rank 
is n only among ! fa!rs1 b ! ma/]s ( !  

art2 he is "o :o n m]ely prec$$1 b      
excell$4 ,8 c>toon ( horsem5 9 ! battle 
( ,pisa =m$ a favorite /udy ( ! greate/ 
ma/]s2 &1 9 competition1 ,mi*ael ,angelo
 produc$ ano!r ( soldi]s arm+ 9 ha/e1   
aft] ba?+2 :i* ev5 8 admir]s say he     
sc>cely ev] aft]w>ds equall$4 ,yet 0    
,leon>do n vanqui%$4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]1    
pa9t$ 9 fresco1 at ,milan1 exhibit$ a   
dignity & propriety ( expression1 a     
correctness ( draw+1 !n unequall$2 &1 if
 se5 z orig9ally f9i%$1 probably /ill   
unsurpass$4 ,! /ory ( ! head ( !        
pr9cipal p]sonage hav+ be5 left         
incomplete is a vulg> error1 z might be 
easily prov$ by ref]5ce to ! e>ly       
lit]ature ( ,italian art4 ,! well-kn[n  
portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 9 purity (      
draw+1 sweetness ( simple & natural     
expression1 has an equal only 9 ! works 
( ,raphael4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ?is ma/]    
ext5d$ mu* m widely ?an ! sph]e (       
individual examples3 he fir/ unit$ !    
sci5ce ( anatomy ) t ( pa9t+1 & bo? )   
nature2 & ?us may truly be said to h    

prep>$ ! art = ! com+ greatness4  ,to ! 
maje/y ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's g5ius ! read]
 has already done homage4 ,if 9         
sculpture ! gr&eur ( 8 conceptions 0    
admir$1 9 pa9t+ ?is greatness is /ill m 
wond]ful1 b un=tunately1 n less s+ul> & 
remote f nature4 ,yet1 ?an ! pa9t+ (    
,buon>otti !re is p]haps no in/ance (   
intellectual p[] m truly gr& 9 ! entire 
hi/ory ( m9d4 ,previ\s to leav+ 8 native
 ,flor5ce1 :]e he 0 born1 ( a noble     
family1 9 #adgd2 & :5ce he fl$1 :5 8    
c\ntry became false to h]self & to      
fre$om1 ar*itecture & sculpture _h =m$ 8
 pr9cipal /udies4 ,design he _h pursu$  
little f>!r ?an z indisp5sably connect$ 
) ^!3 ( pa9t+1 z a sep>ate sci5ce1 he 0 
( c\rse comp>atively ignorant4 ,9 ?is   
/ate ( k1 he receiv$ ord]s to complete !
 pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ^u :i* sev]al
 ( ! arti/s1 already m5tion$1 _h be=e   
be5 engag$4 ,yet1 at ?is "t1 ,mi*ael    
,angelo 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! me*anical      
processes ( fresco4 ,to produce !       
designs 0 to him a lab\r ( ease2 & ^! he

 endeavor$ to h execut$ by arti/s br\ght
 f ,flor5ce2 b on trial1 dismiss$ !m 9  
all save utt] hopelessness4 ,ris+ 9 !   
/r5g? & p]sev]ance ( indomitable g5ius1 
he resolv$ to beg9 art anew1 & to dep5d 
h5ce=? solely on 8 own res\rces4 ,%utt+ 
himself up 9 ! fat$ *apel1 prep>+ !     
mat]ials ) 8 own h&s1 aft] _m trials &  
failures1--aft] behold+ ! fir/ piece    
f9i%$ to 8 satisfaction1 m\ld] & mildew 
almo/ be=e 8 admir+ eye--he at l5g?     
triumph$1 a*iev+ 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s ! mo/ 
adv5tur\s und]tak+ 9 mod]n art1 "u      
circum/ances1 too1 t :ile !y enc\rage   
all1 leave to none :o aspires to ! moral
 dignity ( tal5t ev5 ! %ad[ ( an apology
 = irresolution or indol5ce4  ,! walls &
 ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ) ! picture ( 
! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 execut$ ?irty ye>s     
aft]w>ds1 =m ! pr9cipal1 almo/ ! sole1  
works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 pa9t+4 ,!     
latt] is ! greate/ "w ( mod]n art1 be+  
fifty feet high by =ty wide1 & conta9+  
upw>ds ( #cjj figures1 _m ( :i* are l>g]
 ?an life4 ,"h ! human =m appe>s "u e   

v>iety ( position1 & agitat$ by e       
gradation ( feel+2 & ov] ! :ole is      
diffus$ a liv+ ease--a sci5ce--a magic  
p[]--a fasc9ation1 :i* con/ra9s u to    
gaze ) wond]1 a/oni%m5t1 admiration1 b n
 ) int]e/ or sympa?y4 ,simil> are our   
feel+s 9 e o!r example2 nor c ?is be    
exactly *>g$ z a defect4 ,mi*ael ,angelo
 =m$ a sy/em = himself--he /&s alone 9 8
 art--an ideal ab/raction ( m9d 0 !     
object ( 8 imitation1 to :i* all ( liv+ 
nature1 elevat$ into gigantic =ms &     
en]getic modes1 0 to be m\ld$ 9         
subs]vi5cy4 ,8 art 0 creative1 n        
imitative--/&+ =?1 9 its own indep5d5ce 
( aim4  ,h5ce1 !re are two relations 9  
:i* ! works 9 pa9t+ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo   
are to be exam9$1 & accord+ to :i* 8    
m]its w be v diff]5tly e/imat$4 ,view$ 9
 !mselves1 ! frescos ( ! ,vatican pres5t
 a/oni%+ evid5ces ( human p[]4 ,e ?\ght 
is gr&eur & /r5g?2 & ! rapid1 f]v5t     
execution arms ! p5cil ) an omnipot5ce (
 art equal to all ! modifications ( =m4 
,"h ! :ole is p]fect1 inimitable2 )9 ?is

 8 own walk1 ,buon>otti has no          
compe]1--'second to none1 ) no?+ l to   
him4' ,b :5 ! same works are consid]$ 9 
ref]5ce to ! g5]al pr9ciples (          
imitation1 & z d]iv+ value accord+ z !y 
reflect ! ar*etypes ( elevat$ nature1 ^?
 v qualities :i* =m]ly con/ra9$ our     
approbation1 become />tl+ blemi%es4 ,!  
ideal is f\nd to consi/ solely 9 !      
imag9ative2 sublimity is s\ght too      
exclusively 9 ! vehem5t to be always    
dignifi$4 ,all is action1--all          
p>ticipates ( an unquiet & too aspir+ "*
 ( composition3 e =m1 e muscle1 e       
attitude1 exhibits ! v gladiator%ip (   
art1--= ea* is display$1 ex]t$1 involv$1
 to ! utmo/4 ,ev5 repose is any?+ save  
re/4 ,yet1 9 difficulty app>5tly        
insurm\ntable1 con/ra9t is n p]ceiv$2 ! 
execution1 wond]fully facile1 ?\gh too  
prom95t 9 g5]al effect1 gives to ea*    
giant limb ( ! awful & gloomy %apes1 ! v
 effect ( life & movem5t4 ,b to ?is     
display ( capabilities--to ! exhibition 
( sci5ce1 & ! sport+ ) difficulty1 tru?1

 simplicity1 feel+1 & real beauty1 h be5
 sacrific$4 ,9 ?is no?+ seems peculi> to
 pa9t+ z di/+ui%$ f sculpture2 nor1     
inde$1 is !re any discrim9ation3 color1 
tone1 light1 %ad[--all is sy/ematic &   
ideal1 b all mighty & ov]p[]+ 9 ! :ole4 
,aga91 :5 ! influ5ce ( su* a /yle ^u !  
progress ( improvem5t is consid]$1 x    
appe>s t su* influ5ce c\ld be favorable 
nei!r to future improvem5t nor to       
/ation>y excell5ce4 ,! greatness (      
,mi*ael ,angelo1 !n1 is 8 own--n !      
gr&eur ( art4 ,bo? sculpture & pa9t+ he 
made subs]vi5t to ! l(tie/ aims1 & ! mo/
 spl5did fame any arti/ ev] did1 p]haps 
c1 pursue or atta93 yet ea* 0 b a slave1
 m9i/]+ to a glory 9 :i* nei!r          
intr9sically p>ticipat$4  ,contempor>y )
 ! 'mighty ,flor5t9e1' b mo/ unlike 9   
all ! *>act]i/ics ( g5ius1 save !       
sublimity ( ! f9al result1 0 ,raphael1 !
 f\nd] & ma/] ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,born at
 ,urb9o1 #adhc1 he arriv$ 9 ,rome ^u !  
invitation ( 8 relation1 ,bramante1 !   
ar*itect1 ab\t #aejh1 ne>ly at ! same "t

 ) 8 great rival4 ,dy+ on 8 ?irtysev5?  
bir?day1 he has1 9 a %ort life1 bequea!d
 to po/]ity works almo/ equally num]\s1 
& c]ta9ly display+ m ( ! pr(\nd         
excell5ces & beautiful s5tim5t ( art1   
?an ^? ( any "n s9ce ! revival ( pa9t+4 
,( ^! ine/imable productions !re rema9  
to u easel pictures 9 oil1 c>toons1 &   
frescos1 exhibit+1 also1 ?ree diff]5t   
mann]s4 ,! fir/ dry1 little1 & t$i\s1 b 
n )\t tru?--(t5 great beauty ( f9i%+4   
,?is 0 d]iv$ f 8 in/ruct]1 ,pietro      
,p]ug9o2 & ?\gh obs]vable z a g5]al     
*>act]i/ic only 9 8 e>ly easel pictures1
 & "s frescos at ,si5na1 may yet        
occasionally be detect$ 9 ! c>eful      
p5cill+ ev5 ( 8 frescos1 & 9 ! mak+ out 
( 8 accompanim5ts4 ,! pictures :i*      
display ?is /yle are ^? pa9t$ aft] he   
left 8 ma/] 9 #adic1 & be=e 8 return to 
,urb9o ab\t #aejd4 ,! f9e/ ( ^! 0       
execut$ 9 8 sev5te5? ye>1 repres5t+ a   
,holy ,family1--! ,virg9 rais+ a veil f 
! ,infant1 :o sleeps4 ,except 9 ! works 
( ,da ,v9ci1 s mu* sweetness (          

expression & beauty ( design _h n yet   
appe>$ 9 ! art1 z is f\nd ev5 9 ?is     
y\?ful production4 ,! second mann] is an
 int]m$iate /ep--an attempt to escape f 
a m9ut5ess :i* he soon discov]$ to be   
unsuitable bo? to 8 own f]vor & !       
dignity ( art4 ,! *ange is p]ceptible   
imm$iately aft] he _h /udi$ ! works ( ! 
,flor5t9e ma/]s1 ^: improvem5ts1 & !    
vigor ( _! enl>g$ /yle1 he w\ld at sight
 appreciate z movem5ts evid5tly 9       
advance1 b ) :i* he _h hi!rto rema9$    
unacqua9t$4 ,z a sep>ate mann]1 x c     
sc>cely be said to exi/2 = at mo/ x 0 b 
a new in/rum5t 9 ! possession ( a m9d   
:i* has made ev]y?+ its own4 ,all t is  
app>5t am\nts m]ely to a progressive    
melioration1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ?ree or f\r   
ye>s1 ( :i* space he resid$ ne>ly two 9 
,flor5ce1 /udy+ ! p]=mances ( art 9 t   
city1 b receiv+ no p]sonal in/ructions1 
except+ a reciprocal int]*ange ( k )    
,fra ,b>tolomeo4 ,! mo/ celebrat$       
pictures produc$ by him dur+ ?is int]val
 are ! ,virg91 ,infant1 & ,/ ,john1 9 ! 

ducal gall]y1 & ! entomb+ ( ,*ri/1 n[ at
 ,rome4 ,^!1 m /rik+ly :5 view$ 9       
comp>ison ) ! /yle ( contempor>y works1 
exhibit beauties ( s opposite a "* to ! 
compositions ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 t x is  
impossible to p]ceive any gr\nds on :i* 
! obligations said to be ow+ by _! au?or
 to ! latt] c be re/$4 ,buon>otti1 9    
fact1 c\ld n1 or at lea/ nev] did1 pa9t 
9 a ta/e ( su* simplicity z ^! exhibit4 
,! ?ird mann] is solely & exclusively   
individual1 nei!r d]iv$ nor--we grieve  
to say--inh]it$2 full1 h>moni\s1 sweet1 
& fl[+--yet bold1 le>n$1 &              
su/a9$1--compos$ ( su* an union (       
natural grace & antique correctness1 z  
meet only 9 ! creations ( ,raphael's    
p5cil4 ,to ?is /yle 8 mo/ important     
works belong1 hav+ be5 =m$ aft] 8       
arrival 9 ,rome1 & :5 he _h !re become  
deeply impress$ ) ! sublimities ( anci5t
 art4 ,9 ! space ( only twelve ye>s--=  
he unit$ exquisite f9i% ) wond]ful      
exp$ition--he complet$ ! frescos ( !    
,vatican & ! ,f>nes9a1 besides o!rs1    

am\nt+ to _m hundr$ figures--design$ !  
,c>toons--cultivat+1 at ! same "t1      
ar*itecture 7( :i* he 0 a ma/]71 poetry1
 & sculpture4 ,dur+ ! same labori\s     
p]iod 7 produc$ ^? exquisite pa9t+s 9   
oil1 :i* h *iefly contribut$ to spread 8
 fame beyond ,italy4 ,( ^! ! be/1 ! mo/ 
wond]ful1 ?\gh 9 slight respects n ! mo/
 p]fect1 is ! ,transfiguration--! la/   
bequea?m5t ( 8 g5ius to ! arts & to     
po/]ity1 = he di$ )9 a few days aft] x 0
 complet$4  ,z ,raphael 9 ^! works1 no  
pa9t] has ev] done s mu* = ! real       
excell5ce ( ! art1 nor1 9 ! pr9ciples ^u
 :i* !y are conduct$1 has plac$         
improvem5t on precepts s pure1 s un]r+4 
,all t imag9ation c\ld l5d to a /rictly 
imitative art he has add$1 yet has      
infus$ into its creations ! w>me/       
s5sibilities ( life2 to nature he has   
giv5 all t grace & fancy c be/[1        
consi/5t ) ! sweete/ ( all *>ms--leav+  
h] nature /ill4 ,on ?is acc\nt is       
,raphael1 ( all great names 9 art1 !    
safe/ to adopt z ! guide ( ta/e &       

practice4 ,= 7 ! mo/ decid$ admir] (    
sy/em m]ely to copy1 he w\ld quickly f9d
 himself con/ra9$ to become ! disciple (
 reality4 ,true1 we discov] no mix$     
modes ( nature1 su* z imp$e h] en]gies &
 cl\d h] beauties 9 ord9>y life2 yet !  
tranquil lovel9ess--! s9less beauty--!  
noble feel+ ( ! repres5tation--has no?+ 
( ! cold & m]ely imag9ative4 ,?is1      
inde$1 con/itutes ! great *>m (         
,raphael's grace1 t nei!r 9 =m nor      
expression is x ab/ract2 its p[] ( mov+ 
is acquir$ directly f human sympa?y4 ,9 
gaz+ ^u 8 dramatic sc5es & brea?+       
figures1 :o has n exp]i5c$ ?is tru? 9 a 
gradual melt+ ( ! he>t1 9 unison ) e    
pure & holy remembrance t connects man )
 ! species8 ,see ! ,madona--h[ mildly1  
simply beautiful6 ,9 t bosom n "o rude  
passion has a re/+ place2 yet feels n   
ea* spectator n[ call$-up de> ?\gh      
di/ant recollections ( a p>5t's--a "m's 
t5d]ness1 ) all ! rev]5tial *>ities (   
life's spr+8 ,behold ! ,magdal5--h[     
*ang$ ! s5sibilities6 /ill h[           

respectable6 ,"o ov]ma/]+1 absorb+      
affection4 ,no m]etrici\s display--e    
movem5t is t ( passion1 b ( s5tim5t too4
 ,or view t y\? s int5t ^u in/ruction2  
he hangs ^u ! v words ( 8 ag$ guide4 ,h[
 p[]fully d we conceive ! mature        
resolves t irradiate ! +5u\s c\nt5ance6 
,or turn y\r att5tion to ! *ild :o is   
play+ 9 ! lap ( ! "m--h[ innoc5tly      
happy6 h[ unconsci\sly beautiful6 ,yet  
look aga92--ev5 "h is passion1 s5tim5t1 
futurity4 ,! imag9ation involunt>ily    
%apes out ! =tunes ( t disposition s    
legibly express$ 9 ! speak+ c\nt5ance4  
,b 9 ! deep mean+ ( ! mild full eye1 9 !
 holy expression :i* beams 9 e l9eam5t1 
9 ! spotless =m1 has n g5ius made !     
ne>e/ approa*es to our unbrea!d         
conceptions ( an infant ,savi\r6 ,reg>d 
t prophet--h[ glori\s1 yet h[ good1 he  
seems6 ,no _s ins5sible to human woe1   
unpity+ ( human frailty1 lives !re4 ,!  
errors & backslid+s ( 8 race h giv5 a   
fix$ ?\gh placid sorr[ to ! eye1 b !    
clos+ sun%9e ( 8 own pure life ha?      

settl$ on ! maje/ic br[4  ,su* are all !
 works ( ,raphael1 full to ov]fl[+ (    
human s5tim5t & ( int]e/4 ,9 _! v highe/
 ideal1 !y are b ! primeval dignity &   
sacr$ness ( our nature4 ,h[ !n c ^!     
facts be reconcil$ ) ! op9ion s boldly &
 s long ass]t$1 t !y d n /rike at fir/  
sight--t ! he>t z well z ! judgm5t mu/  
be gradually prep>$ to reli% _!         
beauties8 ,we %all n attempt to         
reconcile--we d5y ! conclusion4 ,:]e ^! 
works h n be5 f ! fir/ felt1 & admir$1 &
 lov$ 9 _! tru? & 9 _! simplicity1 !y h 
be5 view$ ?r\gh ! mi/s ( false !ory1 or 
comp>$ ) errone\s /&>ds ( excell5ce4 ,we
 disc>d all consid]ation ( ! !ories ( ! 
,fr5* pr(essional critics on ?is        
subject2 b x has (t5 be5 matt] ( great  
surprise to f9d ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds   
ma9ta9+ ! same sy/em4 ',i rememb] v     
well1' says ! ,engli% arti/1 'my own    
disappo9tm5t :5 ,i fir/ visit$ !        
,vatican2 b on confess+ my feel+s to a  
bro!r /ud5t1 ( ^: +5u\sness ,i _h a high
 op9ion1 he ackn[l$g$ t ! works (       

,raphael _h ! same effect ^u him--or r1 
t !y did n produce ! effect :i* he      
expect$4 ,?is 0 a great relief to my    
m9d2 & on inquir+ fur!r ( o!r /ud5ts1 ,i
 f\nd t ^? p]sons only1 :o1 f natural   
imbecility1 appe>$ incapable ( ev]      
reli%+ ^? div9e p]=mances1 made         
pret5sions to in/antane\s raptures on   
fir/ behold+ !m4 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! mid/
 ( works execut$ ^u pr9ciples ) :i* ,i 0
 unacqua9t$2 ,i felt my ignorance1 &    
/ood aba%$4 ,i view$ !m aga9 & aga92 ,i 
ev5 affect$ to admire !m m ?an ,i really
 did4 ,9 a %ort "t a new ta/e & a new   
p]ception began to dawn ^u me1 & ,i 0   
conv9c$ t ,i _h orig9ally =m$ a false   
op9ion ( ! p]fection ( ! art1 & t ?is   
great pa9t] 0 well entitl$ to ! high    
rank :i* he holds 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w4 
,b let x always be rememb]$ t !         
excell5ce ( 8 /yle is n on ! surface1 b 
lies deep1 & at fir/ view is se5 b      
mi/ily4 ,x is ! florid /yle :i* /rikes  
at once1 & captivates ! eye = a "t1 )\t 
ev] satisfy+ ! judgm5t4' ,we admire ?is 

c&or1 & c at once admit ! ju/ness ( ^!  
rem>ks 9 g5]al1 :5 appli$ to ! works (  
,mi*ael ,angelo1 on ^: pr9ciples x is   
well kn[n t ,sir ,jo%ua =m$ 8 !ory (    
ideal beauty4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ,raphael1 
conclusions ! v opposite w\ld be ne>] ! 
tru?4 ,drawn imm$iately f nature1 z are 
all 8 ideas1 !y int]e/ ! he>t at once2 &
 z we /udy ! exquisite me*anism1 !      
p]fection ( ! details1 ! propriety ( !  
composition1 ! judgm5t confirms yet m ! 
impressions :i* ! he>t fir/ ent]ta9$4   
,^! obs]vations lead to1 :ile !y are    
confirm$ by1 ano!r view1 :i* yet rema9s 
to be tak5 ( ! g5ius ( ,raphael4 ,x is  
only 9 ! individuality & pr(\ndness (   
expression1 t he rea*es ! sublimities ( 
art4 ,9 ! ab/ract conception ( =m he is 
inf]ior2 h5ce1 9 ! repres5tations (     
my?ological exi/5ces1 he becomes feeble 
9 proportion z he g5]alizes4 ,x is ?is t
 discrim9ates betwe5 ! ,roman & !       
,flor5t9e4 ,! =m] is ! pa9t] ( m5 z !y  
live1 & feel1 & act2 ! latt] del9eates  
man 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! "o embodies         

s5tim5t--feel+--passion2 ! o!r p\rtrays 
! capacities1 en]gies1 & idealities (   
=m4 ,raphael excels 9 resemblance2 he   
walks ! e>?1 b ) dignity1 & is se5 to   
mo/ advantage 9 relations ( human       
fell[%ip4 ,mi*ael ,angelo c be view$    
only 9 8 own _w2 ) ours he holds no f>!r
 communion ?an is necess>y to obta9 a   
common m$ium ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ! gr&1 ! 
v5]able1 ! t\*+ realities ( life1 ! fir/
 is unrivall$2 8 fair1 & seem+ true1    
creations cause u to rev]5ce humanity & 
ourselves4 ,ov] ! awful & ! sublime (   
fiction1 ! second ext5ds a t]rible sway2
 he calls spirits f _! %ad[y realms1 &  
!y come at 8 bidd+1 9 giant %apes1 to   
fr[n ^u ! impot5cy ( man4  ,to cont5d "h
 = sup]iority is futile--ea* has 8 own  
indep5d5t sph]e4 ,! /yle ( ,raphael has 
ju/ly be5 *>act]is$ z ! dramatic1 t (   
,mi*ael ,angelo z ! epic1 ( pa9t+4 ,!   
di/9ction is accurate1 9 z f> z ! =m]   
has made to pass be=e u "* 9 conflict ) 
passion--9 all its individualities (    
mode2 :ile ! latt] repres5t$ & g5]aliz$ 

bo? "* & passion4 ,! fir/ leads u f     
natural beauty to div9e--! second       
elevates u at once into regions :i* 8   
own l(ty imag9ations h peopl$4 ,h5ce1   
?an ,mi*ael ,angelo's prophets1 & o!r   
be+s t j hov] on ! conf9es ( human &    
spiritual exi/5ce1 ! :ole range ( art & 
poetry nev] has1 & nev] w1 produce m    
magnific5t & adv5tur\s creations4 ,?is  
is 8 true p[]--"h he reigns alone1      
inve/+ art ) a might9ess unapproa*able  
by any o!r p5cil4 ,b :5 ! int]e/ is to  
be d]iv$ f kn[n =ms1 & natural          
comb9ations1 he fails almo/ utt]ly2 nev]
 c 8 l9e want gr&eur--b gr&eur s        
frequ5tly sub/itut$ = feel+1 & :5 !     
subject _c su/a9 x1 pres5ts only gorge\s
 c>icature4 ,human affection m+les 9 e  
t\* ( ,raphael1 & he c>ries our nature  
to its highe/ moral1 if n physical1     
elevation4 ,h5ce1 8 sup]natural =ms may 
want ab/ract maje/y & ov]aw+ expression2
 b !y display a community 9 ?is _w's    
feel+s1 )\t its weaknesses or           
imp]fections1 by :i* ! he>t is p]haps   

ev5 m subdu$4  ,if ?is be a true e/imate
 ( ! p[]s ( ^! great m51 & we h drawn   
our inf]5ces f impressions (t5 felt1 &  
long /udi$1 no comp>ison c be m unju/1  
nor less apt1 ?an ! "o s frequ5tly      
repeat$1 t ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! ,hom]1  
,raphael ! ,virgil1 ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,!   
,flor5t9e may ju/ly take 8 place by !   
side ( ! ,greek4 ,n s ! ,roman & !      
,mantuan4 ,! copyi/ ( ,hom]1 nay1       
frequ5tly 8 translator1 ^: nature is    
tak5 at second-h&--^: *>act]s1 9 ! mass1
 h ab\t z mu* individuality z ! soldi]s 
( a platoon1 & little m intellectual    
discrim9ation ?an brave1 brav]1 &       
brave/1 mu/ occupy a l[] seat at !      
banquet ( g5ius ?an ! orig9al1 ! ev]    
v>i$1 & graphic arti/4 ,! great error 9 
e/imat+ ! m]its ( ^! ma/]s appe>s to h  
aris5 f n consid]+ !m sep>ately1 & z    
indep5d5t m9ds4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 inde$1 
creat$1 :ile ,raphael may be said to h  
compos$2 b he discov]$ & collect$--he   
did n d]ive 8 mat]ials4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 
f\nd ! art poor 9 means1 undignifi$ &   

p[]less 9 composition2 he assum$ x 9    
feebl5ess1 & bore x at once to maturity 
( /r5g?4 ,( ^! improvem5ts ,raphael     
pr(it$ by novel application2 b !        
advantage 0 no?+ m ?an necess>ily occurs
 9 ! spread ( intellig5ce4 ,massaccio   
_h1 9 l mann]1 prep>$ ! previ\s *ange2  
,da ,v9ci fir/1 !n ,buon>otti1 took x   
up4 ,! pupil ( ,p]ug9o made availm5t (  
?is new pa? to a comm&+ height1 :5ce !  
:ole prospect ( ! empire ( art might be 
survey$1 b ov] ?is 8 g5ius so>$ 9       
guideless1 indep5d5t flight4 ,?an !     
inv5tion1 & at su* a "t1 ( ,mi*ael      
,angelo's mighty sy/em1 !re is to be    
f\nd no great] evid5ce ( tal5t1 nor (   
great] tal5t2 b f ! m9d t c\ld conceive 
t sy/em1 sc>cely an ex]tion 0 dem&$ to  
ma9ta9 supremacy !re91 gu>d$ z 7 its    
claims aga9/ all rivalry by ! v novelty 
& peculi>ity ( ! /yle1 :]e ea* adopt]   
w\ld be degrad$ into an imitator4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 if ! p]fection ( ,raphael's     
mann] appe> to be m 9 ! ord9>y c\rse (  
g5ius1 x is to be rememb]$1 t its v     

p]fectness dep5ds ^u ^? qualities ( m9d 
:i* mo/ r>ely assemble 9 ! con/itution (
 inv5tive g5ius--exquisite ta/e1 s\nd   
judgm5t1 pati5t /udy1 & pr(\nd k ( !    
human he>t4 ,be x also recollect$1 t to 
support ! ma/]y "h1 9 a /yle f\nd$ on no
 peculi> habitudes ( intellect1 b       
embrac+ ! g5]al & intr9sic pr9ciples (  
art1 :]e all good arti/s w\ld           
consequ5tly be rivals1 )\t incurr+ !    
imputation ( copy+1 requir$ unabat+     
ef=t1 dilig5ce1 & orig9ality1--m lib]al 
& v>i$ excell5ce1 ?an 9 ! prec$+ sy/em4 
,"h we at l5g? discov] ! real & abid+   
sup]iority ( ,raphael4 ,x is n t he     
pre-em95tly surpasses 9 "o ( ! faculties
 ( g5ius1 b he has embodi$ 9 8 lab\rs m 
( ! requisites ( p]fection ?an any o!r (
 ! mod]n ma/]s4 ,9 gr&eur ( inv5tion &  
=m1 he is inf]ior to ,mi*ael ,angelo4   
,titian surpasses him 9 color+1         
,corregio 9 gradation ( tone4 ,?is      
sup]iority1 h[ev]1 becomes visible only 
:]e ea* ( ! qualities becomes ! rul+    
s5tim5t ( ! "w4 ,= :5 we view 9 itself a

 composition ( ,raphael1 :]e ! /yle (   
design s exquisitely accords ) ! =ms1 ! 
color+ correspond+ ) ea*1 ! *i>' oscuro 
j adequate to ! degree ( p]ception      
m$itat$2 ! :ole h>moniz$ by innate &    
un]r+ propriety1 animat$ ) 8 own peculi>
 grace & s5tim5t1 :ile ea* sep>ate      
quality becomes yet m p]fect 9 !        
comb9ation1--! p5cil seems ju/ly to h   
atta9$ its unrivall$ utmo/4  ,) _!      
respective f\nd]s1 ! s*ools ( ,rome &   
,flor5ce may be said to h t]m9at$2 at   
lea/ ! mantle ( _! tea*] re/$ ) v       
unequal inspiration ^u ! disciples (    
bo?4 ,! dea? ( ,raphael1 9 #aebj1 prov$ 
an irrem$iable loss to ! arts1 ! ext5t (
 :i* nev] c inde$ be kn[n4 ,8 pure &    
natural /yle1 _h x be5 m firmly engraft$
 by long] life1 w\ld probably h delay$1 
p]haps prev5t$1 ! sudd5 extravagance &  
mann]ism :i* ov]spread ! unit$ s*ools ( 
,tuscany & ,rome1 at ! head ( :i*       
,mi*ael ,angelo surviv$ upw>ds ( =ty    
ye>s4  ,among ! v>i\s pursuits ( ta/e1  
pa9t+ alone exhibits ?is s+ul> =tune1 t 

! noble/ & mo/ intellectual ( its       
pr9ciples1 z also ^? :i* speak mo/      
directly to s5se1 & are m]ely allur+1 7 
inv5t$ at ! same "t1 b 9 diff]5t places1
 & sep>ately practis$4 ,x is wor?y (    
rem>k1 also1 t 9 ea* respect ! fir/     
inv5tors rema9$ ! mo/ accompli%$        
pr(essors ( _! own discov]ies4 ,:ile 9  
,rome & ,flor5ce1 design & expression 7 
receiv+ _! p]fection1 =m+ ! almo/       
exclusive subjects ( /udy1 9 ,v5ice1 !  
s$uctions ( color+1 9 ,lomb>dy1 !       
illusions ( light & %ad[1 7 add+ unkn[n 
pomp & magic to ! art4  ,! s*ool (      
,v5ice1 ?\gh "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ,europe to 
*]i% reviv+ arts1 has add$ little (     
intellectual or noble to _! progressive 
culture4 ,"h !y h nev] fl\ri%$ 9 ! g5ial
 soil ( popul> in/itutions4 ,a haughty &
 jeal\s1 yet luxuri\s & unpatriotic     
ari/ocracy1 conv]t$ ! arts into         
in/rum5ts ( private                     
gratification--in/ead ( turn+ !m to     
national ornam5t4 ,h5ce sculpture has   
be5 little cultivat$1 ar*itecture m1    

?\gh 9 peculi> /yle1 & pa9t+ mo/ ( all4 
,b :ile ! sacr$ness ( religion1 or !    
manl9ess ( hi/ory1 has occupi$ !        
,italian p5cil g5]ally1 ( ! old] ma/]s  
especially1 ,v5ice has s5t =? h] lordly 
s5ators1 spl5did banquets1 & nak$       
beauties4 ,f ! twelf? c5tury1 we h      
already se51 a movem5t might be disc]n$ 
9 ! arts ( ,v5ice4 ,h] s*ool ( pa9t+    
beg9s to attract notice "u ,antonello da
 ,mess9a1 :o introduc$ oil colors4 ,!   
,bell9is c>ri$ out 8 improvem5ts2 & z   
pupils ( ! y\nge/1 we discov] ,giorgione
 & ,titian1 :o1 ) ,t9toretto1 ,paul     
,v]onese1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo1        
,s*iavone1 & ,bassano1 7 ! *ief ma/]s ( 
?is s*ool4  ,b ( ,v5etian pa9t+ ! great 
ornam5t is ,titian1 ^: "n is synonym\s )
 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! native s*ool--f9e     
color+4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 we are n to      
suppose1 z is too frequ5tly done1 t he 0
 want+ 9 ! high] pr9ciples ( 8          
pr(ession4 ,! alleg$ imp]fection ( 8    
design w n (t5 be detect$1 & only 9     
mom5t>y action ( ! p>ts2 = 9 ! m common 

modifications ( =m1 x is faultless1 & ( 
inanimate nature ! draw+ & pa9t+ ( 8    
l&scapes is unrivall$4 ,9 expression he 
is ! mo/ hi/orical ( all pa9t]s1 8      
portraits be+ second only to ^? (       
,raphael4 ,9 c>eful imitation ( natural 
effect1 he is equal to ! mo/ pa9s-tak+ (
 ! ,dut* s*ool2 yet1 ) su* gr&eur &     
bread? 9 ! masses1 t1 z has be5 ju/ly   
rem>k$1 ! mo/ imp]fect sket* 9 :i* !    
orig9al disposition 9 ?is respect is    
pres]v$1 w pres5t a "* ( high art4 ,!   
*ief defect ( ,titian 0 9 composition & 
poetical fancy2 he p5etrat$ ! v secrets 
( nature 9 all h] v>i$ effects & m9ute/ 
%ades ( tone & hue--b he nei!r made     
selections ( h] =ms1 nor possess$ ! p[] 
( correct+ h] defects1 by an ideal /&>d4
 ,9 ?is ma/]y ( color+1 ?ree pr9ciples  
may be rem>k$2 fir/1 ! int]pos+ m$ium   
betwe5 ! eye & ! object is suppos$ to be
 a mell[ gold5 light2 secondly1 ! mo/   
gl[+ & gorge\s lights are produc$1 n s  
mu* by ri* local t9ts z by ! g5]al      
conduct ( ! :ole piece1 9 :i* !         

gradations ( tone are almo/ evanesc5t1  
yet 9 _! /ronge/ hues p[]fully contra/$4
 ,h5ce ! f9al spl5dor is effect$ r by   
pa9t+ 9 "u-tones1 ?an by lavi%+ on      
p>ticul> spots ! :ole ri*es ( ! palette4
 ,! %ad[s & "u-tones1 also1 are enliv5$ 
by a ?\s& local hues & flick]+ lights1 &
 8 masses by innum]able v>ieties & play 
( p>ts2 yet all s(t5$1 & bl5d$1 & comb9$
 by an undef9able h>mony4 ,h5ce1 no?+ m 
easy ?an app>5tly to copy ,titian--no?+ 
m difficult ?an really to imitate 8     
fai?fulness & spl5dor4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple 
ref]s to 8 practice2 ! colors are laid  
on pure1 )\t mix+1 9 t9ts by reit]at$   
application1 & app>5tly ) ! po9t ( !    
p5cil4  ,titian di$ 9 #aegf1 at !       
v5]able age ( #if or #ii1 hav+ surviv$ !
 glory ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 ! la/        
disciple ( decid$ em95ce be+ ,t9toretto1
 call$ ! lightn+ ( ! p5cil1 f 8         
miracul\s despat*4 ,! ,bassans are      
p[]ful colori/s1 & wond]fully true to   
nature4 ,paul ,v]onese wantons 9 all !  
luxuriance ( fre% & magnific5t color+1 b

 is correct nei!r 9 ta/e nor draw+4     
,giorgione1 ( all ! e>ly ,v5etian ma/]s1
 gave greate/ promise ( unit+ purity )  
spl5dor1 b di$ 9 #aeaa1 at ! age (      
#cc2--?us leav+ ,titian1 to :om he _h 9 
"s measure be5 in/ruct]1 to reap an     
undivid$ h>ve/ ( fame4  ,9 ! annals (   
g5ius1 no "n be>s m /rongly on ! popul> 
s5se atta*$ to ! t]m ( a heav5-born     
inspiration1 sup]ior to circum/ances &  
indep5d5t ( tuition1 ?an t ( ,antonio   
,leti--bett] kn[n z ,corregio4 ,?is     
arti/1 :o 0 born ab\t #adid1 & di$ at ! 
age ( #dj1 is ! model r ?an ! f\nd] ( ! 
,lomb>d s*ool4 ,f ! bosom ( pov]ty1 )\t 
ma/]1 )\t patron1 )\t ev5 ! commone/    
appliances ( 8 art1 he bur/s at once ^u 
! view 9 all ! blaze ( orig9al          
tal5t--unprais$1 unkn[n--9 an age ( k1  
to s9k unm>k$ l ! meteor ( ! des]t1     
leav+ b ! memorials ( 8 graceful        
p5cil--9 8 own phrase1 'an*' io son     
pittore'--to cry al\d t he also 0 a     
pa9t]1--t su* a man1 contempor>y )      
,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & _! ne>e/  

compe]1 %\ld h liv$ 9 ignorance ( !m1 ( 
,rome1 ( ! antique1 ( all b nature--to  
die at la/ unrew>d$ 9 ,p>ma--is utt]ly  
inexplicable4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ?is   
ma/] are ! two noble cupolas ( ! ca!dral
 *ur*es ( ,p>ma1 pa9t$ 9 fresco--"o     
subject ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ! o!r 
! ,asc5sion ( ! ,savi\r4 ,( 8 easel     
pa9t+s1 ! mo/ preci\s1 repres5t+ a ,holy
 ,family1 & call$ ! ',night1' is 9 !    
,dresd5 gall]y4 ,! beauties ( ,corregio 
are grace & exquisite managem5t ( light 
& color1 unit$ ) inexpressible          
h>mony1--'?us 0 complet$ ! r\nd ( art4' 
',ev]y?+ ,i see1' says ,annibale        
,c>acci1 on behold+ fifty ye>s aft]w>ds 
^! works ( ,corregio1'a/oni%es me1      
p>ticul>ly ! color+ & beauty ( ! *ildr51
 :o live1 brea!1 & smile1 ) s mu*       
sweetness & vivacity1 t we are con/ra9$ 
to sympa?ize 9 _! enjoym5t4' ,! cle>ness
 & relief1 ! sweetness & fre$om ( p5cil1
 9 ! works be=e u1 h inde$ nev] be5     
exce$$1 b correctness is n "o ( _!      
elem5ts4 ,nei!r ! mo/ beautiful =ms1 nor

 ! mo/ pleas+ gr\p+s1 are pref]r$ to !  
mo/ ungraceful ^u any pr9ciple ( ab/ract
 elegance1 b ! :ole compos$ & select$ 9 
ob$i5ce to ! di/ribution ( light & !    
gradation ( tone4 ,9 expression1 ! same 
sy/em is pursu$2 = "h ,corregio has     
endeavor$ habitually to impress ! s(t   
hues & undulat+ l9es :i* rapture & joy  
leave on ! c\nt5ance4 ,beyond ^!1 (     
ideal1 he appe>s to h _h no conception4 
,e =m we>s ! /amp ( liv+ nature1 & 8    
color+ is ! v reflection ( natural      
bloom4 ,he want$ =ce1 :i*1 ) ! defect ( 
elevation1 r5d]s ! :ole effect1 ?\gh    
delightfully s(t & graceful1 sometimes  
effem9ate & monoton\s4 ,yet ,raphael    
alone unit$ a great] v>iety ( diff]5t   
excell5ces4  ,we h n[ survey$ ! lab\rs &
 m]its ( ! old ma/]s--! patri>*s ( mod]n
 art4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\r primitive   
s*ools embraces likewise ! gold5 age (  
pa9t+4 ,h[ brief 0 ! reign ( l(ty g5ius6
 ,! same individual might h liv$ ) all !
 ma/]s n[ enum]at$1--he might h surviv$ 
!m all1--behold+ ! art 9 its infancy1 & 

9 its manhood1 he might h witness$ also 
its decl9e1 & yet h view$ all ?is )9 !  
ord9>y span ( exi/5ce4 ,! same brevity 9
 ! duration ( excell5ce we also rem>k$ 9
 ! arts ( ,greece4 ,is x1 !n1 ! fate ( !
 human _s1 l human in/itutions1 to fall 
away imm$iately on atta9+ a degree (    
p]fection8 or r1 is n ?is evid5ce ( p[]s
 :i* %all h]eaft] exp&1 gr[1 & unfold _!
 activities1--"h on e>? *ill$1 & cramp$1
 & brok58  ,among ! m9or fa!rs ( ! art  
:o n unwor?ily support$ ! glory ( !     
sixte5? c5tury1 & :o cont9ue ! hi/ory ( 
pa9t+ 9 ! ,roman & ,flor5t9e s*ools     
?r\gh ! rema9d] ( t p]iod1 ! *ief 7 !   
imm$iate disciples ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael 
,angelo4 ,! favorite pupil ( ! =m]1     
,julio ,romano1 0 an arti/ ( highly     
poetic imag9ation1 b less in=m$ ) pure  
ta/e ?an 8 ma/]2 8 ambition appe>s to h 
aim$ at unit+ ! grace ( 8 in/ruct] ) !  
sci5ce & en]gy ( ,flor5ce4 ,p5ni1 ,p]9  
del ,vaga1 ,polidore ,c>avaggio1 &      
,matur9o1 n unsuccessfully /udi$ 9 !    
same s*ool2 b we f9d a gradual          

disappe>ance ( ! m simple /yle (        
,raphael1 & long be=e ! middle ( !      
c5tury1 ! two s*ools may almo/ be said  
to h m]g$ 9 ! ov]:elm+ despotism ( !    
pr9ciples ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,ev5 !     
names n[ m5tion$1 ?\gh at fir/ foll[+ ! 
,roman 9 _! lat] works1 are sc>cely to  
be di/+ui%$ f ! disciples ( ! ,flor5t9e 
s*ool4 ,( ^? :o 7 truly disciples ( !   
latt]1 & :o d]iv$ _! sci5ce imm$iately f
 ! f\nd]1 0 ,daniel de ,volt]ra1 :o     
surviv$ till #aeff4 ,! designs ( ?is    
latt] h frequ5tly be5 assign$ to 8 ma/]2
 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,p\ss91 8 ,desc5t f !   
,cross1 9 fresco1 9 ! *ur* ( ,tr9ita del
 ,monte at ,rome1 is--or r 01 = x p]i%$ 
"u ,fr5* exp]im5t1--"o ( ! ?ree be/     
pictures 9 ! _w4 ,&rea del ,s>to 0 m an 
indep5d5t ma/]1 :o held betwe5 ! two    
/yles1 & add$ bett] color+ ?an ei!r4    
,mazzuoli1 bett] kn[n z ,p>megiano1 ?\gh
 by bir? & e>ly /udy belong+ to ! s*ool 
( ,corregio1 8 bett] ta/e 0 =m$ at      
,rome2 8 /yle ( design is noble1 color+ 
=cible1 & g5]al effect sweet & graci\s4 

,he di$ 9 #aedj1 t5 ye>s aft] ! prec$+4 
,b ( all ! foll[]s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1   
,tibaldi approa*$ ne>e/ to ! sublimity1 
)\t ! extravagance1 ( 8 model4 ,x soon  
becomes difficult1 inde$ impossible1 to 
foll[ decid$ly ! division ( ! anci5t    
s*ools4 ,9 ! progress ( ! c5tury1 _!    
pr9ciples become unit$ 9 ! works ( !    
m9or pa9t]s1 :o are h5ce=? to be        
di/+ui%$ by ! place ( _! bir?1 r ?an by 
_! /yle4 ,! design ( ,mi*ael ,angelo    
prevail$2 b to ?is 7 add$1 9 proportion 
to ! abilities ( ! arti/1 ! v>i\s       
discov]ies ( ! o!r ma/]s4 ,! art h[ev]1 
0 9 rapid retrogression4 ,a /yle :i*    
suit$ only ! mo/ transc5d5t g5ius1 :i*  
only "u su* inspiration c\ld be at all  
pleas+1 & f ^: sublimity "o /ep l$ into 
! turgid & ! false1 became a mo/ dang]\s
 in/rum5t ( ill 9 ! h&s ( m]e imitators4
 ,! +raft+1 also1 ^u its sev]e          
simplicity1 ! m luxuri\s modes ( ,v5ice 
& ,lomb>dy1 t5d$ /ill m effectually to  
ext+ui% "* & tru? ( di/9ctive           
repres5tation4  ,t[>ds ! close ( !      

sixte5? & e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !
 progress ( decl9e 0 /ay$ = a "t by !   
e/abli%m5t ( a new s*ool4 ,?is 0 !      
,bolognese or ,eclectic1 f\nd$ by !     
,c>acci1 & :i*1 9 "s measure1 0 !       
conc5tration ( all ! ,lomb>d arti/s1 :o1
 sep>ately foll[+1 9 a great measure1 ! 
/yle ( ,corregio1 _h yet nev] unit$ into
 a sem9>y ( :i* t ma/] c\ld be call$ !  
head4 ,! gr& pr9ciple ( ?is new academy1
 & !nce d]iv+ ! appellation ( ,eclectic1
 0 to select :at 0 mo/ excell5t 9 !     
primitive s*ools2 design f ! ,flor5t9e1 
& grace f ! ,roman1 f ! ,v5etian color1 
f ! ,lomb>d light & %ade1 unit+ all 9   
due proportion & h>moni\s effect4 ,!    
plan 0 ardu\s & aspir+1 b ! idea 0 good2
 ! failure :i* ensu$1 =1 abat+ ! success
 ( individual tal5t1 ! f9al result      
disappo9t$ expectation1 arose n f !     
int5tion pursu$1 b f ! means employ$4 ,!
 ,bolognese ma/]s s\ght to effect !     
comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts by rules ( art1 
in/ead ( tak+ nature z ! connect+ &     
vivify+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ! /udy ( h] effects

 !y w\ld h f\nd ! v union !y            
contemplat$--! previ\s sep>ation1 9     
fact1 ( pictorial excell5ce into        
dep>tm5ts1 _h be5 occasion$ by p>tial or
 peculi> views ( nature4 ,/ill ! success
 ( ! attempt 0 great1 & ?rew ! la/ rays 
( glory ov] ! native seat ( mod]n art4  
,! f\nd]s & great ornam5ts ( ?is s*ool 7
 ! ?ree ,c>acci2 ,ludovico ! elde/1 born
 9 #aeee1 di$ 9 #afai1 0 ! in/ruct] ( 8 
two c\s9s--,ago/9o1 ?ree ye>s y\ng]1 &  
,annibale1 born 9 #aefj1 bo? ( :om      
,ludovico surviv$4 ,! association =m$ by
 ^! relatives 01 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( !   
t]m1 a s*ool ( design1 & conduct$ ^u an 
admirable plan2 /ud5ts be+ in/ruct$ 9   
anatomy1 9 draw+1 9 pa9t+1 & 9 !        
pr9ciples ( composition1 by actual      
sup]9t5d5ce & p]sonal in/ruction4 ,!    
unaffect$ bread?1 solemnity1 yet grace (
 effect--! simplicity ( "*1 :i* di/+ui% 
! works ( ,ludovico1 are ju/ly admir$4  
,augu/9o excell$ m 9 ! !ory ?an !       
practice ( 8 art2 b "o ( ! be/ pictures 
( ?is s*ool1 ! ,/ ,j]ome ( ! ,c]tosa1 is

 84 ,engrav+s by him are num]\s &       
valuable4 ,( all ! ,c>acci1 ,annibale is
 ! mo/ magnific5t 9 8 compositions1 &   
may be tak5 z ! true repres5tative ( !  
s*ool2 bold1 spl5did1 broad1 8 p5cil    
deals its t\*es ) firm1 almo/ un]r+     
c]ta9ty1 to its aim--b too frequ5tly t  
aim is /yle 9 art1 r ?an tru? 9 feel+4  
,( ! imm$iate pupils ( ! ,bolognese     
academy1 ! fir/ und\bt$ly is ! mode/ &  
t5d] ,dom5i*9o4 ,?\gh p>ticipat+ 9 !    
common fault ( 8 s*ool1 load$ design1   
yet 8 heads h a feel+ & expression      
approa*+ to ! sublime 9 s5tim5t4 ,!     
,communion ( ,/ ,j]ome is pron\nc$ by   
,p\ss9 to be "o ( ! ?ree be/ pictures 9 
! _w--! ,transfiguration ( ,raphael1 &  
,volt]ra's ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 complet+ 
! numb]4 ,we %all n easily =get our     
impressions on behold+ !                
,transfiguration & ! ,communion side by 
side 9 ! ,vatican4 ,guido's "n in/antly 
calls up all our associations ( !       
graceful & ! b5ign2 b 8 expression is   
too (t5 artificial3 p]haps 9 8 works we 

fir/ decid$ly m>k ^? academic           
ab/ractions & ref9em5ts ( precept1 :i*1 
=m$ indep5d5tly ( nature1 ha/5$ !       
d[nfall ( art 9 ?is its la/ re/+ place4 
,gu]c9o wants p[] & individual "*2      
,albani is agreeable & poetic1 ! pa9t] (
 ! ,loves & ,graces4 ,c>lo ,dolci1 a    
,flor5t9e1 imitates ,guido4 ,lanfranco  
is bold1 b incorrect 9 8 design2 z are  
likewise ,pietro ,cortona1 & ,luca      
,giordano1 mann]i/s 9 :om is lo/ e      
di/9ction ( "*4 ,contempor>y ) !        
,c>racci1 b self-taught1 & belong+ to no
 s*ool1 0 ,c>avaggio1 /rong b ungraceful
 9 design1 h>% 9 ! disposition ( 8      
lights1 b ( und\bt$ g5ius3--8 pupil 0   
,spagnoletto4 ,! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9       
,italy1 at lea/ ( pa9t+ animat$ by      
g5ius1 may be clos$ ) ! "n ( ,salvator  
,rosa1 :o di$ 9 #afgc1 ! only native    
l&scape pa9t] :i* t delightful &        
picturesque c\ntry has produc$4 ,! old  
ma/]s1 inde$1 h left ! gr&e/ & mo/      
p]fect l&scape compositions--b ^! are   
subs]vi5t to ! figures4 ,rosa succe$$ 9 

bo?1 & /&s nobly1 b peculi>ly1 orig9al 9
 an age ( decay & mann]ism4  ,! eighte5?
 c5tury op5s "u ! auspices ( ,c>lo      
,m>atti1 an affect$ mann]i/1 b n        
altoge!r devoid ( tal5t4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 9
 #agac1 8 rivals1 ,g>zi & ,cignani1     
su/a9$ = a little ! expir+ reputation ( 
! ,roman s*ool4 ,b x is q unnecess>y to 
cont9ue ! n>rative2 ! /ate ( ! arts dur+
 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury has already be5 
notic$1 & ! names ( ,bian*i1 ,co/anzi1  
,man*9i1 ! e>ly contempor>ies ( ,canova1
 & ( ! revival1 are n[ =gott54 ,! only  
arti/s ( ^? times /ill reg>d$ ) "s      
respect1 are1 ,solem5a1 :o di$ 9 #agdg2 
,seba/ian ,conca1 9 #agfd2 & ,pompeo    
,battoni1 :o br+s d[n ! hi/ory ( ! art  
to #aghg2 ,m5gs belongs to ,g]many4     
,ov] ! liv+ art ( ,italy1 ,camucc9i at  
,rome1 & ,b5v5uti at ,flor5ce1 preside4 
,! =m] is p]haps ! be/ draughtsman 9    
,europe1 b is inf]ior z a colori/2 he   
wants dep?1 h>mony1 & =ce2 8 gr\p+ also 
is defective 9 ri*ness & v>iety1        
approa*+ too ne>ly to ! l9e> z 9        

relievo4 ,8 expression1 ?\gh noble1 is  
cold--defici5t 9 t w>m gu% ( s5tim5t1   
:i*1 9 ! anci5t ma/]s1 seem$ to 'create 
a s\l "u ! ribs ( dea?4' ,b5v5uti excels
 8 contempor>y z a colori/1 9 !         
disposition ( 8 gr\p1 & 9 ! =ce ( *i>'  
oscuro2 b 9 purity ( draw+1 9 classical 
ta/e1 & 9 ! selection ( =m1 he is       
inf]ior4 ,ea* has *os5 8 subjects       
pr9cipally f pr(ane hi/ory4 ,camucc9i's 
be/ p]=mance is ! ,dep>ture ( ,regulus2 
,b5v5uti's a sc5e 9 ! rec5t hi/ory (    
,saxony4 ,rome possesses sev]al o!r good
 pa9t]s1 b few natives--=1 to ! arti/ z 
to ! poet ( e nation1 %e has become     
'----,8 c\ntry--city ( ! s\l4'          
,,*apt] ,,xii4   ,,! ,trans-alp9e s*ools
 ( pa9t+ n[ dem& att5tion4 ,! ,g]man is 
usually divid$ into ?ree di/9ct         
s*ools--! ,g]man1 prop]ly s call$1 !    
,flemi%1 & ! ,dut*4 ,^! di/9ctions are r
 local ?an dep5d+ ^u *>act]i/ic diff]5ce
 ( mann]4 ,inde$1 prior to ! age (      
,dur]1 ! only /yle disc]nible 9 ! s*ools
 is t nam$ ,go?ic1 common m or less to  

all ! /ates ( ,europe1 b especially     
indig5\s 9 ,g]many4 ,! expression1 !n1  
is "h employ$ n altoge!r 9 its vague &  
g5]ic s5se ( any?+ /iff & =mal--= ^!    
e>ly or ,go?ic pictures exhibit a       
specific "* bo? ( design & execution4   
,!y are pa9t$ ^u wood1 usually oak1     
cov]$ sometimes ) canvass1 always ) a   
:ite gr\nd1 ^u :i* ! outl9e ( ! subject 
is sket*$1 & ! :ole ov]laid ) gild+4    
,?is la/ =ms ! real gr\nd+ ( ! picture1 
:i* is pa9t$ 9 wat] or size-color1 )    
great c>e & dilig5ce ( f9i%1 (t5 )      
consid]able felicity ( effect1 & always 
) m ( ! simplicity ( individual nature  
?an occurs 9 any o!r works ( ! same age 
& description4 ,?is e>ly s*ool t]m9at$ 9
 ! fifte5? c5tury1 f ! m g5]al diffusion
 ( oil-pa9t+2 its pr9cipal ma/]s 7      
,s*o51 ! ,bon ,m>t9o ( ! ,italians1 born
 9 #adbj1 pa9t] & engrav]2 ,wohlgemu?1 !
 in/ruct] ( ,dur]2 & ,muill]1 or        
,krana*1 ,burgoma/] ( ,wittemb]g1 &     
fri5d ( ,lu!r4 ,b ! pr9ce ( ,g]man      
arti/s is ,alb]t ,dur]1 born at         

,nuremb]g 9 #adga--! ,da ,v9ci ( ?is    
s*ool1 z excell+ 9 sci5ce & 9 art4 ,8   
works 9 pa9t+ & engrav+ are equally     
admirable1 ev9c+ k ( ! be/ pr9ciples (  
imitation4 ,!y /ill reta9 a degree (    
con/ra9t--a remnant ( ! ,go?ic mann]1 ( 
:i* ! habits & prejudices ( 8 c\ntrym51 
& 8 own ignorance ( ! antique1 prev5t$ !
 removal4 ,want ( dignifi$ design &     
gr&eur ( composition1 h>d & meagre      
outl9e1 are 8 defects2 tru?1 orig9ality1
 & simplicity ( ?\ght1 good color+1 & ! 
inv5tion1 or at lea/ p]fect+1 ( et*+ on 
copp]1 =m 8 contributions to ! arts4 ,8 
contempor>y1 &1 9 portraits1 sup]ior1 0 
,holbe91 be/ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & ^: works1 
9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 are excell5t 
examples ( ! s*ool2 8 successors1 9     
dep>t+ f ! national /yle1 become bl5d$ )
 ! m9or ,italian ma/]s--= ! ,g]man s*ool
 ceases to be orig9al or di/9ct :5 x    
ceases to be ,go?ic4 ,aft] ,s*w>tz      
,rol5ham]1 & o!rs ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o
 pa9t$ hi/ory 9 ! ,italian mann]1       
,g]many s5t =? *iefly l&scape pa9t]s1 z 

,bau]1 ,elzhaim]1 & o!rs1 :o f9i%$ 9 a  
/yle exquisitely delicate & natural4    
,comm]cial weal?1 ! comp>ative          
indep5d5ce & activity :i* always        
accompany indu/ri\s ent]prise1 r5d]$ !  
,flemi% cities1 f a v e>ly p]iod1 fam\s 
9 pa9t+4 ,9 fact1 _m ( _! mo/ lucrative 
bran*es ( trade--tape/ry1 embroid]y1    
jewell]y--dep5d$ ^u1 &1 z 9 ! ,italian  
republics1 aid$ ! progress ( design4    
,few *>act]i/ics ( a national /yle1     
h[ev]1 are to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( art 9
 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 z di/9ct f ,g]many1   
prior to ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,to
 ,john ( ,bruges1 bett] kn[n z ,van     
,eyck1 a ,flemi% pa9t] ab\t ! beg9n+ ( !
 fifte5? c5tury1 has be5 ascrib$ !      
discov]y ( oil colors2 b ?\gh ! discov]y
 appe>s r to h be5 a gradual improvem5t1
 comm5c+ f a mu* e>li] date1 he c]ta9ly 
fir/ br\ght ! practice into g5]al use4  
,! pa9t]s ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* s*ools 7  
?us put e>ly 9 possession ( an          
advantage1 contribut+ pr9cipally to !   
di/+ui%+ qualities ( art 9 ^!           

c\ntries--f9e color+ & exquisite f9i%4  
,! me?od1 inde$1 necess>ily introduc$ ^!
 prop]ties1 z may also be rem>k$ 9      
,italy1 :]e ! ,v5etian ma/]s1 :o fir/   
obta9$ ! secret1 cont9u$ to surpass1 z  
!y _h tak5 ! lead1 9 sweetness & spl5dor
 ( p5cill+4 ,lucas ,van ,leyd5 &        
,mabeuse1 f> surpass$ ,van ,eyck1 &     
inde$ rivall$ _! ,g]man contempor>ies1  
,dur] & ,holbe92 :ile1 9 ! subsequ5t    
c5tury1 arti/s are num]\s :o c>ri$ to a 
high p]fection ! *>act]i/ics ( !        
s*ool--imitation ( nature1 & wond]ful   
m9ut5ess ( f9i%--su* z ,brill1 ,/5wyck1 
,sprang]1 ! ,brueghils1 & ,van ,ve54    
,rub5s 0 born ( an honorable family1 at 
,antw]p1 9 #aegg1 & di$ 9 #afdj4 ,?is   
p[]ful & prolific arti/1 ^: works are   
abundantly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1
 gave to ! ,flemi% s*ool ! consid]ation 
att5dant on sep>ate & dignifi$ "*4 ,_h  
,rub5s1 inde$1 unit$ to brilliancy (    
color+1 rapidity ( composition1 &       
spl5dor ( g5]al effect1 ! elevation ( =m
 & s5tim5t :i* ennoble ! ?\ghts ( ! old 

ma/]s1 8 "n w\ld ju/ly h rank$ among/ ! 
highe/ 9 art4 ,b ! s$uctions ( !        
,v5etian1 & ! bravura ( ! ,lomb>d /yle1 
_h = him m attraction ?an ! maje/y ( !  
,flor5t9e1 or ! grace & pa?os ( ! ,roman
 p5cil4 ,!re is 9 8 /yle1 h[ev]1 a      
dext]\s comp5sation = defects1 :i*1 m   
?an 9 any o!r1 mom5t>ily s$uces !       
judgm5t f propriety4 ,8 defect (        
expression is conceal$ 9 ! ri*ness1 !   
lavi% v>iety1 ( 8 figures & gr\p+2 !    
incorrectness ( 8 =ms is =gott5 9       
behold+ _! almo/ mobile ela/icity2 !    
abs5ce ( l(ty int]e/ passes unm>k$ amid 
! /rik+ contra/s & picturesque          
impressions ( ! g5]al effect4 ,ov] !    
:ole is ?r[n ! mo/ gorge\s color+1 !    
play ( reflect$ lights1 ! magnific5ce ( 
almo/ %ift+1 yet ev] h>moni\s hues &    
luxuriance ( ornam5t2--l ! gold5 flood f
 ! /a9$ w9d[1 p\r+ its radiance ov] !   
irregul> b magical comb9ations ( !      
,go?ic aisle4 ,! l&scapes ( ,rub5s are  
delightful2 !y h ! fre%ness1 ! cle>ness1
 ! v>iety ( nature1 & a f> deep] s5tim5t

 ( h] beauty ?an 8 hi/ories or          
portraits--! la/1 inde$1 are ! lea/     
m]itori\s ( 8 works4 ,b we %all qualify 
or support our own by ! op9ion ( ,sir   
,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ^: summ>y ( ! "* (    
,rub5s is z foll[s3 ',9 8 composition 8 
art is too app>5t2 8 figures h          
expression1 & act ) en]gy1 b )\t        
simplicity or dignity4 ,8 color+1 9 :i* 
he is em95tly skill$1 is not)/&+ too mu*
 ( :at we call t9t$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8
 works1 !re is a proportionable want ( t
 nicety ( di/9ction & elegance ( m9d1   
:i* is requir$ 9 ! high] walks ( pa9t+2 
to ?is want1 x may 9 "s degree be       
ascrib$1 t ^? qualities t make !        
excell5ce ( ?is subord9ate /yle1 appe> 9
 him ) ! greate/ lu/re4' ,! ,crucifixion
 at ,antw]p is 8 ma/]piece2 !           
,allegories ( ,m>y de ,m$ici 9 ! ,l\vre 
8 l>ge/ "w2 b "s ( ! mo/ f9i%$ small]   
pictures :i* we h se5 are 9 !           
,rub5s-gall]y1 9 ! palace ( ,fr$]ic at  
,potzdam4  ,! contempor>ies ( ,rub5s 7  
indep5d5t ma/]s or disciples4 ,among !  

=m] 7 ,van ,voss ,/rada1 ,miel ,sav>y   
,seeg]s2 among ! latt]1 ,snyd]s1        
,jorda9s1 ,t5i]s1 & especially ,v&yke4  
,r lat]1 liv$ ,s*waneveldt 9 l&scape1 & 
,neef = int]iors1 c42 b ! influ5ce ( !  
pr9ciples or precepts ( ,rub5s animat$ !
 :ole ( _! ef=ts4 ,9 po9t ( mann] &     
subject1 ,t5i]s & ,v&yke may 9 "s       
measure be consid]$ z =m+ ! extremes ( !
 ,flemi% s*ools1 ?\gh 9 respect ( m]it  
!y /& 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,t5i]s1 = in/ance1 
connects ! ,flemi% ) ! ,dut* /yle1 be+ m
 elevat$ 9 ! g5]al tone ( 8 conceptions 
& mann] ?an ! latt]1 :ile he has select$
 a less dignifi$ walk ?an ,rub5s4 ,he   
has pa9t$ ) exquisite tru?1 & v great   
beauty ( p5cil1 ! cu/oms1 sc5es1        
amusem5ts1 & "* ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,v&yke1   
aga91 9 ! grace & dignity ( 8 portraits1
 9 ! intellectuality ( 8 expression &   
composition1 seems to effect a junction 
betwe5 ! common & broad nature ( !      
native ta/e1 ) ! ideal ( ,italian art4  
,! pictures pa9t$ by ,v&yke dur+ ! e>ly 
p]iod ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,engl&1 are among !

 f9e/ specim5s ( portraiture4 ,"h1      
inde$1 9 "s respects1 z ! cle>ness &    
transp>5cy ( 8 c>nations1 he is excell$ 
only by ,titian1--9 ! graceful air ( !  
heads1 & beautiful draw+ ( !            
extremities1 he rem9ds u (              
,raphael1--:ile1 to ^! qualities1 he has
 add$ a silv]y tone ( p5cill+1 :i*1 m s 
?an 9 any o!r ma/]1 gives back !        
delicate & v>i$ hues ( real fle% & sk94 
,he has h>dly succe$$ 9 hi/ory1 m1      
h[ev]1 f want ( practice ?an g5ius2 = 8 
alleg$ want ( fancy seems n s app>5t z  
has be5 suppos$4 ,9 ,v&yke1 we f9d a mo/
 /rik+ pro( t excell5ce 9 art is f\nd$  
^u no ab/ract !ory ( ! ideal1 b 9       
select+1 & s$ul\sly adh]+ to1 "s "o view
 ( nature3 h5ce--h5ce alone1    ',! s(t 
precision ( ! cle> ,v&yke4'  ,:at ,rub5s
 _h accompli%$ = ! ,flemi% s*ool 9 giv+ 
to x nationality & a head1 ,rembr&t "s  
"t aft] conf]r$ ^u t ( ,holl&2 b betwe5 
! two cases !re is ?is diff]5ce1--! =m] 
has id5tifi$ 8 pr9ciples & reputation ) 
! :ole ( succe$+ art 9 8 c\ntry1--^!    

pr9ciples1 also1 are f\nd$ 9 a m        
compreh5sive view ( nature & (          
imitation2 ! latt] has m]ely giv5 a     
consi/5cy to ! scatt]$ details &        
individual arti/s ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 by   
conc5trat+ att5tion ^u "o1 :ile he has  
giv5 a s+ul> b mo/ p[]ful del9eation (  
nature4 ,he /&s alone1 n only among 8   
c\ntrym51 a gigantic workman among !    
m9ute labor]s ( cabbages1 but*]s' %ops1 
& gre5-groc]s' /alls1 b he is a solit>y 
ma/] 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe4 ,! /yle (    
,rembr&t x is easy to di/+ui%1 b        
difficult to *>act]ise4 ,x is at once   
natural & highly artificial--orig9al1   
yet excessively mann]$4 ,x is natural3 =
 e object1 no matt] :at1 is repres5t$ j 
z x appe>s1 )\t alt]ation1 improvem5t1  
or addition--b ! m$ium ( visibility1 if 
! expression may be all[$1 ! mode 9 :i* 
nature is expos$1 is a complete         
artifice2 no inv5tor 0 ev] m orig9al 9 8
 sy/em1 b none less v>i$ 9 its          
application2--if we h se5 "o picture (  
,rembr&t1 we h se5 all1 z f> z respects 

8 pr9ciples1 = he has only two4 ,9 8    
practice he is at once bold1 ev5 to     
co>s5ess1 & elaborately f9i%$--8 color+ 
is delicate1 yet plac$ frequ5tly 9 lumps
 ^u ! canvass4 ,b to attempt a positive 
description3 ( ! two pr9ciples ( ! ,dut*
 ma/]1 "o respects ! mann] ( del9eat+1 !
 o!r ( exhibit+1 nature4 ,he appe>s to h
 reg>d$ art z )\t p[] or control1 ov] ! 
"* or =m ( ! subject--^! 7 to be mo/    
fai?fully pres]v$1 & mo/ m9utely copi$4 
,?is =m$ 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 to :i* he has 
mo/ rigidly adh]$4 ,b z natural objects 
pres5t diff]5t modifications 9          
appe>ance1 accord+ to ! quantity &      
direction ( ! light :i* falls ^u !m1 &  
s9ce ?is c be artificially v>i$ at ! w (
 ! arti/1 "h ,rembr&t fix$ 8 second1 &  
:at may be t]m$ 8 ideal pr9ciple4 ,9 !  
s*ools ( ,italy1 we h se5 t ! managem5t 
( light _h be5 br\ght to v great        
p]fection1 especially by ,titian1       
,corregio1 & _! be/ in/ruct$ foll[]s4   
,_! me?od 0 diffusion--to unite1 by     
second>y1 ! pr9cipal lights1 & bo?1 by a

 gradation ( "u-tone1 ) ! d>ke/ %ad[s1  
avoid+ /rong contra/s4 ,inde$1 !        
,v5etian ma/] has %[n1 9 8 practice1 t  
/rong opposition1 nei!r ( light nor     
color1 0 necess>y to p[]ful effect2 &   
,corregio1 on ! same pr9ciple1 has pa9t$
 mu* 9 demi1 or neutral tone4 ,^!       
precepts ,rub5s also _h discov]$ 9 8    
,italian /udies1 & aft]w>ds con/antly   
practis$2 ,v&yke1 by ! same me?od1 has  
giv5 t extraord9>y s(tness & delicacy   
:i* sits s div9ely ^u 8 female          
c\nt5ances4 ,rembr&t pursu$ a me?od     
directly ! rev]se2 he conc5trat$ 8 light
 into "o meteoric blaze1 direct$ 9 full 
p[] ^u "o spot--to :i* all o!r =ms are  
sacrific$ 9 deep gloom--& ^u :i* ! :ole 
ri*es ( 8 palette are heap$4 ,he plac$  
nature1 z x 71 9 a dungeon1 :ile1 ?r\gh 
"o solit>y loophole1 ! beam ( heav5     
seems1 ) t5-fold =ce1 to p5etrate to !  
object ( ! arti/'s imm$iate             
contemplation4 ,?is1 spread+ a dazzl+1  
yet solemn light ov] all1 inve/s !      
commone/ =ms ) an unkn[n int]e/1 & gives

 to ! grosse/ & mo/ unclassical         
imitation an elevat$ & romantic "*1--j z
 ! unc]ta9 gloom ( twilight mantles 9 ! 
%ad[y t]rors & /range %apes1 objects1 ! 
mo/ famili> 9 ord9>y day4 ,9 ! same /yle
 are pa9t$ ! l&scapes ( ,rembr&t1       
equally valu$1 & m true ?an ev5 8       
figures4 ,! re/ ( ! ,dut* ma/]s h little
 ( di/9ctive excell5ce2 ! imitation (   
all is wond]ful 9 its fidelity1         
m9ut5ess1 & beauty2 b human tal5t1 &    
weeks ( preci\s "t1 wa/$ ^u a cabbage   
leaf1 or a few fi% ^u a bo>d1 is aft]   
all b a melan*oly !me1 :i* we %all      
despat* ) a catalogue ( names4 ,be=e or 
contempor>y ) ,rembr&t1 :o di$ 9 #afgd1 
we h ,hmskirk1 ,bo?1 ,metzu1 ,blm>t1    
,bre5b]g1 ,polemb]g1 ,bh]gem1 ,cuyp1    
,wynants1 ,heem1 ,mi]is1 ,vangoyn1      
,s*alk51 ,van d] ,ne]1 ,van d] ,w>f4 ,a 
high] class ( arti/s 7 ,w\v]mans1 ,la>1 
& ,gh]>d ,d\w1 ! mo/ c>eful ( pa9t]s4   
,^! & o!rs n[ m5tion$ plac$ ! ideal (   
art 9 ! mo/ scrupul\s del9eation (      
nature--! mo/ elaborate tru? & transp>5t

 color+2 & x _c be d5i$1 t !y approa*$  
_! ideal ne>] ?an did ! ,italian ma/]s  
to !irs4 ,b m glory accru$ f ! attempt  
?an 9 ! success4  ,! arts ( ! ,l[       
,c\ntries1 s long an app5dage ( ! cr[n (
 ,spa91 naturally lead to ^? ( t k+dom4 
,no regul> ,spani% s*ool ( pa9t+ appe>s 
at any "t to h exi/$1 ?\gh ! art has be5
 v successfully practis$ by num]\s      
arti/s4 ,( ^! ! *ief are ,velasquez1    
equally em95t 9 hi/ory & portrait2 &    
,murillo1 a delightful colori/1 &       
di/+ui%$ = natural feel+1 ?\gh (t5      
vulg>1 & r>ely dignifi$1 9 8 *oice (    
=ms4 ,he is ! mo/ orig9al ( all ! great 
ma/]s ( ,spa91 :o h g5]ally be5 indebt$ 
to ,italy4 ,morales1 ,h]r]a1 ) _m o!rs1 
might be m5tion$1 b we h n se5 _! works4
 ,! pr9cipal seats ( pa9t+1 9 ,spa91 7  
,madrid & ,seville2 ! s*ool holds       
int]m$iate rank betwe5 ^? ( ,v5ice &    
,fl&]s--its *ief beauty is tru? ( "*1   
natural expression & f9e color+1        
correct1 b n elevat$1 design4  ,9       
,france1 or by ,fr5* arti/s1 pa9t+ has  

be5 practis$ ) mu* individual success2 &
 ?\gh academies h be5 =m$1 & gov]nm5t   
protection long & lib]ally af=d$1 x w\ld
 yet be difficult exactly to describe 9 
:at ! *>act]i/ics ( ! national /yle (   
art 9 ,france consi/4 ,9 t c\ntry1 ta/e1
 z respects pa9t+1 has fluctuat$ m1 & f 
! fir/ has be5 less deeply impress$ )   
orig9al traits1 ?an z reg>ds any o!r ( !
 f9e arts4 ,voltaire has rem>k$1 t a p  
may h a music & poetry pleas+ only to   
!mselves1 & yet bo? good2 b 9 pa9t+1    
?\gh _! g5ius may be peculi>1 x c be    
g5u9e only z x is agreeable to1 & priz$ 
by1 all ! _w4 ,tri$ by ?is rule1 ,fr5*  
pa9t+ seems to be nei!r correct nor     
pleas+1 & x is n univ]sal1 t is         
inv5tive1 9 its peculi>ity ( mann]4 ,9  
h] e>ly ef=ts1 ,france 0 indebt$ to     
,italy1 & 9 h] subsequ5t labors !       
,italian me?od ( design has prevail$2   
inde$1 h] arti/s h "h r copi$ ?an       
imitat$1 add+1 no d\bt1 :at h be5 t]m$  
les graces ,franoises--an expression    
ill-natur$ly1 b n )\t tru?1 translat$1  

',fr5* grimaces4' ,x is r>e1 p]haps     
impossible1 to f9d orig9ality :]e ta/e  
has n be5 naturally1 & to a consid]able 
ext5t1 cultivat$ prior to ! introduction
 ( extr9sic k4 ,art borr[$ 9 a /ate (   
=w>dness1 c receive no new nor valuable 
modifications f unskilful h&s &         
unpractis$ fancy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ?\ght
 has be5 indep5d5tly ex]cis$1 ref9em5t1 
engraft$ ^u its bold1 ?\gh p]haps rude  
/r5g?1 w receive novel comb9ations &    
fre%ness ( "*1 :ile ! reception ( m     
p]fect modes 9 ! same walk1 w b improve 
! faculties1 )\t oppress+ ! p[]s1 (     
native g5ius4 ,aga91 ! fluctuations (   
pa9t+ obs]vable dur+ its progress 9     
,france1 appe> to h aris5 *iefly f !    
influ5ce :i* favorite ma/]s h be5 able  
to ex]cise ov] ! art univ]sally 9 t     
c\ntry4 ,nor has ! influ5ce (t5 be5 t ( 
pure tal5t4 ,c\rt intrigue1 dur+ ! mo/  
favorable epo*s1 has rais$ to c\rt      
employm5t1 & consequ5tly to pre-em95ce 9
 ! honors & emolum5ts ( 8 pr(ession1 "s 
individual1 :o ?us became possess$ ( !  

means ( r5d]+ 8 bre?r5 eag] to obta9 8  
c\nt5ance by imitation ( 8 /yle4 ,?us we
 h ! s*ools ( ,v\et1 ( ,le ,brun1 (     
,david1 di/+ui%$ m]ely by adh]5ce to !  
p>ticul> mann] ( ^! ma/]s2 ) "s         
exception 9 ! la/1 :i* is f\nd$ mo/ on  
g5]al pr9ciples4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an
 effect gr[+ out ( a f> m g5]al cause ( 
imp]fection 9 ,fr5* art1 namely1 !      
abs5ce ( all true national int]e/4      
,among ! ,fr5*1 pa9t+ has hi!rto1 dur+ !
 mo/ prosp]\s p]iods1 =m$ ! amusem5t or 
! luxury ( _! rul]s2 ?\gh z contribut+  
to ! ext]nal pomp1 spl5dor1 & %[ ( _!   
'mon>*ie1' ! p h be5 tra9$ to applaud4  
,!re nev] has be5 mutual sympa?y betwe5 
! arti/ & 8 c\ntrym52 he drew 8         
enc\ragem5t1 & look$ = 8 rew>d1 f o!r & 
f> less ennobl+ inspiration ?an _!      
praise4 ,t inc5se :i* n unfrequ5tly 0   
really k9dl$ at ! ,muses' flame1 0 burnt
 be=e ! idols set up by a despot1 in/ead
 ( be+ (f]$ to ! maje/y ( national      
feel+4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! rem>ks1 s   
cong5ial ) ! :ole hi/ory ( art z an     

intellectual atta9m5t1 we h only to ref]
 to ! reigns ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41   
,,xv42 m especially ( ! second1 ^:      
selfi% glory1 ! pursuit ( 8 entire life1
 conv]t$ ! mo/ spl5did ( ! arts into a  
vehicle ( adulation1 ?r\gh fulsome &    
direct flatt]y1 or gl>+ & f>-fet*$      
allegory4 ,if1 dur+ ! rec5t ord] ( ?+s1 
m respect 0 paid to real m]it1 & less to
 cabal ?an =m]ly1 ! same1 ne>ly1 0 !    
isolation ( ! art f popul> en?usiasm--x 
0 /ill "u ! same ?raldom to ! cold &    
selfi% aggr&isem5t ( an individual2 or1 
:]e ?is object seem$ m directly connect$
 ) national exultation1 ! art 0 ex]cis$ 
on a !me1 ^: viol5t & artificial aspect 
is1 ?r\gh\t1 unv>i$1 entirely de/ructive
 ( natural expression & discrim9ation ( 
"*4 ,! gold & glitt] ( milit>y          
portraits--! unromantic comb9ations (   
mod]n w>f>e1 ) its me*anical levell+ (  
di/9ctive peculi>ities1 7 little        
calculat$ to rectify--!y increas$--!    
errors & ! wants ( ,fr5* pa9t+2 :ile t  
:i* is absolutely good 0 d]iv$ f ! cold]

 =ms ( sculpture4  ,! mo/ anci5t lab\rs 
( ! art 9 ,france appe> to h be5 on     
glass1 &1 z 9 e o!r c\ntry1 d$icat$ to !
 s]vice ( religion4 ,( ^! primitive     
specim5s1 _m /ill rema9 ( consid]able   
beauty1 z 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,g5evieve at    
,p>is4 ,ano!r me?od1 common also to     
,g]many1 & :i*1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 _h  
assum$ ! appe>ance ( a regul> &         
important bran* ( +5uity1 0 a species ( 
enamel1 =m$ by ! fusion ( metallic      
colors ) glass4 ,( ?is me?od1 _m rema9s 
( surpris+ beauty occur 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! 
fifte5? c5tury1 :i*1 ) ! ,go?ic pa9t+s  
already describ$1 seem to h ex]cis$ !   
+5uity ( 8 subjects1 till ! ex]tions (  
,francis ,i4 = _! improvem5t br\ght     
arti/s f ,italy4 ,among ^! 0 ! great    
,leon>do1 :o di$ at ,fonta9bleau1 9 !   
arms ( ?is mon>*1 9 #aebd1 & be=e he _h 
ex]cis$ 8 p5cil 9 ,france4 ,copies ( 8  
works1 especially ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 7    
execut$ = ,francis1 :o 0 desir\s ( c>ry+
 (f ! orig9al ) ! wall ^u :i* x is      
pa9t$4,b  ,! int]v5+ p]iod f ! dea? (   

,francis to ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1 torn by religi\s diss5sion1     
di/ract$ by ! he>tless intrigue1 & /ill 
m he>tless massacres p]petrat$ by !     
,ca?olic p>ty1 ?rew ,france back 9 !    
c>e] ( improvem5t4 ,! spl5did reign (   
,h5ry ( ,nav>re 0 favorable inde$ bo? to
 ! f9e & useful arts2 b1 z 9 ! =m] age1 
=eign1 & pr9cipally ,flemi% arti/s1 7   
employ$4 ,! imbecile ,l\is ,,xiii4 has !
 cr$it ( hav+ fir/ =m$ a native s*ool ( 
pa9t+1 or r1 p]haps1 9 ?is reign1       
advantage 0 fir/ tak5 ( ^? v>i\s        
circum/ances :i* _h gradually be5 =m+   
bo? skill & ta/e 9 ,france4 ,?is1 l e   
o!r measure ( ! same p]iod1 is to be    
attribut$ to ! prime m9i/]1 ,ri*elieu1  
f\nd] also ( ! ,academy4 ,?is 0 ! s\rce 
:5ce 7 suppli$ ! arti/s ( ! succe$+     
reign1 :o 7 pr9cipally disciples (      
,v\et1 ! fir/ ,fr5* ma/] ( em95ce1 born 
9 #aehb1 b ^: m]its 9 ! nobl] walks (   
art w\ld n o!rwise entitle him to       
notice4  ,! glory1 n only ( ?is p]iod1 b
 ( ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* art1 is ,ni*olas    

,p\ss9--! classic & ! virtu\s ,p\ss94   
,to 8 contempor>ies1 h[ev]1 or to !     
reta9]s 9 ! halls ( ,l\is1 he did n     
prop]ly belong4 ,born 9 #aeid1 he _h =m$
 8 ta/e by a resid5ce ( ne>ly tw5ty ye>s
 9 ,italy1 be=e he 0 invit$1 9 #afci1 to
 a p5sion & an ap>tm5t 9 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,f
 ! cabals ( a c\rt1 & ! petty jeal\sy ( 
! inf]ior ,v\et1 he fl$ beyond ! ,alps  
to 8 own lov$ ,rome1 nev] to return4    
,!re he conv]s$ m ) antiquity ?an ) liv+
 m54 ,!nce orig9at$ ! gr& defect ( 8    
/yle4 ',we nev]1' says a morali/1 'live 
out ( our age1 )\t miss+ some?+ :i* our 
successors w wi% we _h possess$4' ,?is  
is especially true 9 ! pres5t in/ance4  
,! *>act]i/ics ( ! works ( ,p\ss9 are   
extreme correctness ( =m & co/ume1 great
 propriety 9 keep+1 & ! mo/ en*ant+     
simplicity ( design4 ,^! beauties he    
d]iv$ f con/ant /udy & deep k ( anci5t  
sculpture4 ,:ile he ?us foll[$ closely  
"o ( ! s\rces ( excell5ce1 he1 h[ev]1   
neglect$ ! o!r1 &1 9 pa9t+1 ! m         
important--nature4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t want 

( int]e/--! defects ( expression--! cold
 & sombre color+--! abs5ce ( t brea?+   
similitude :i* animates ev5 ! subjects (
 8 int5se contemplation4 ,b ! anci5t    
sculptors 7 n satisfi$ ) nature at      
second-h&--! great cause ( failure 9 !  
pa9t]4 ,! p]fections ( _! /atues he     
transf]r$ to 8 canvass1 =gett+ t ^! 7   
copi$ f m54 ,9 ! *oice ( 8 subject1 &   
mann] ( repres5t+ its incid5ts1 ,p\ss9  
has few equals2 9 8 pictures1 too1 !re  
is always a mo/ *>m+ h>mony ( ?\ght--!  
sc5e--! figures--! h&l+--ev5 ! =ms (    
inanimate objects 9 8 l&scapes1 all h an
 antique air1 transport+ ! imag9ation   
into an ideal _w4 ,h5ce1 ( all ^? :o h  
made ! attempt1 ,p\ss9 has be/ succe$$ 9
 classical allegory4  ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o  
comm5c$ 8 reign 9 #afdc1 resolv$ to     
complete ! int5tions ( 8 pr$ecessor1 9  
giv+ to ,france a s*ool ( native arti/s2
 &1 by ! in/itution ( academies1 conf]r+
 rew>ds1 & rais+ to honors1 s f>        
accompli%$ 8 purpose1 z respect$ !      
cultivation ( ! art by ,fr5*m51 to a v  

consid]able ext5t4 ,! s*ool1 h[ev]1 ?us 
creat$1 0 compos$ ( imitators 9 _!      
pr(ession1 & flatt]]s ( _! royal patron4
 ,true1 vigor\s1 orig9al g5ius1 lives n 
to be call$ =? at ! smile ( a mon>*1 nor
 by p]mission to display its p[]s 9     
pa9t$ panegyrics on ! walls ( a palace4 
,z well might we expect1 9 ! artificial 
atmosph]e ( ! ho?\se1 ! /r5g?1 & beauty1
 & fre%ness1 :i* bloom amid glades &    
groves1 freely visit$ by ! pure brea? ( 
heav54  ,! great ma/] ( ?is s*ool 0 ,le 
,brun1 = s ! ,scot* "n ( ,br[n1 f a     
family ( :i* "n he 0 desc5d$1 has be5   
translat$4 ,he 0 born 9 #afai1 ( a      
family long atta*$ to ! practice ( !    
arts1 & became ! favorite pupil ( ,v\et1
 ^: precepts 9 _m respects he too       
fai?fully reta9$4 ,yet ,le ,brun _h good
 capabilities1--a lively fancy1 great   
dext]ity ( h&1 & n unfrequ5tly noble    
conceptions4 ,b 9 all ?+s he is too     
artificial--a defect nev] r$eemable by  
any display ev5 ( ! mo/ spl5did te*nical
 qualities4 ,9 ! pa9t+s ( ,le ,brun1 !  

want ( simplicity is conspicu\s 9 ! =c$ 
attitudes ( 8 figures1 & 9 _! too       
sy/ematic expression4 ,bo? ^!           
imp]fections h result$ f ! same         
cause--neglect ( nature1 neglect op]at+ 
by diff]5t effects4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !    
arti/ has design$ too mu* f memory1     
or--a common fault1 we %\ld be incl9$ to
 say1 9 ,fr5* art--has tak5 8 attitudes 
f ! !atre4 ,9 ! second1 x is easy to    
p]ceive1 t he aim$ at r$uc+ ! inf9ite & 
m9ute *anges1 ( expression to a !ory (  
academic rules2 inde$1 8 pictures are b 
comm5t>ies1 9 ?is respect1 ^u 8         
celebrat$ treatise on ! ,passions4 ,!   
color+ 9 ^! p]=mances is gl>+1 )\t      
firmness ( %ad[1 & ! local tones are    
false2 h5ce ! g5]al effect is %all[1 ) a
 monotony ( hue1 aris+1 n s mu* f want (
 v>iety 9 ! t9ts1 z f error 9 keep+4 ,! 
be/ works ( ,le ,brun are ! five gr&    
pictures f ! life ( ,alex&]1 :i*1       
not)/&+ ! defects inh]5t 9 8 /yle1 are  
productions ( dignity & gr&eur1 exhibit+
 great f]tility bo? ( composition & (   

res\rce 9 me*anic art2 b surely         
,voltaire mu/ int5d 8 ass]tion to be    
re/rict$ to ,france1 :5 he says1 t      
engrav+s ( ^! pa9t+s are m s\ght aft]   
?an ^? ( ! battles ( ,con/ant9e1 by     
,raphael & ,julio ,romano4  ,! tru? ( ! 
prec$+ rem>ks on ! causes :i* h         
contribut$1 9 ,france1 to ! m$iocrity ( 
pa9t+1 is plac$ 9 a /rik+ view by !     
tyranny1 ! absolute despotism1 9 :i* ,le
 ,brun 0 enabl$ to "l x ov] 8           
contempor>ies1 :e!r pa9t]s1 sculptors1  
or ar*itects4 ,e "o 0 =c$ to become !   
obs]vant s]vitor ( him :om ! c\rt       
favor$1 or enjoy$ ! option ( rema9+     
unemploy$4 ,su* 0 ! fate ( ,le ,sueur1 n
 m]ely ! sup]ior ( ,le ,brun1 b1 ) !    
exception ( ,p\ss91 to :om ev5 9 "s     
respects he is m ?an equal1 ! be/ pa9t] 
,france has ev] produc$--! sole "o 9 ^: 
works are f\nd natural simplicity &     
repose4 ,he took ,raphael = 8 model1 ^: 
feel+1 sob] grace1 & int]nal dignity1 d 
n contribute ev5 n[ to r5d] 8 imitation 
popul>4 ,if ,le ,sueur 7 less frequ5tly 

inf]ior to himself1 he w\ld h /ood 9 !  
fir/ rank ( 8 pr(ession1 ?\gh he di$ 9  
#afee1 at ! e>ly age ( ?irtyeight4      
,b\rdon1 ,val5t91 & ,megn>d1 7 also     
contempor>ies1 & 9 "s respects equals1 (
 ,le ,brun4  ,to ?is p]iod1 ?\gh only by
 *ronology1 & to ,france m]ely by bir?1 
belongs ,claude ,gelee1 bett] kn[n z    
,claude ,lorra91 f 8 native prov9ce1 :]e
 he 0 born 9 #afjj1 dy+ 9 8 #hh? ye> at 
,rome1 :]e he resid$ dur+ ! great] "p ( 
! reigns ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv41 hav+ 
nev] cross$ ! ,alps aft] leav+ home z ! 
runaway appr5tice ( a pa/ry cook4 ,to   
?is arti/1 self-taught1 & at fir/       
app>5tly m ?an commonly incapable1      
l&scape pa9t+ owes its int]e/ & its     
lovel9ess z a sep>ate & dignifi$ bran* (
 art4 ,9 ! sweete/1 z 9 ! mo/ brilliant1
 effects ( light--f ! fir/ blu% ( day to
 ! fall ( dewy eve1 ,claude is          
unrivall$1 or ev5 unapproa*$1 if 9 "o or
 two in/ances we except our own ,wilson4
 ,! a]ial p]spective1 & ! liquid s(tness
 ( ! tones1 9 8 pictures1--! leaf+1 =ms1

 & bran*+ ( ! trees1 ! light flick]+    
cl\ds1 ! transp>5cy ( hue1 ! retir+     
di/ances1 all make z ne> approa*es to   
nature z x is possible = art to         
accompli%4 ,/ill !re is "o gr& defect 9 
! repres5tations ( ,claude1 :i* to a    
degree de/roys ! natural effect ( _!    
con/itu5t features2--!y are too         
frequ5tly compositions1 or :at are t]m$ 
h]oic l&scape4 ,?is c]ta9ly height5s !  
*>m m]ely z respects ! imag9ation1 b    
detracts f ! /ill deep] int]e/s (       
reality4 ,= ?is practice1 :i*1 inde$1 is
 too common ) l&scape pa9t]s1 !re c be  
f\nd also no plea1 till x has be5 prov$ 
t ! maje/y & v>iety ( nature are unequal
 to ! p[]s ( ! p5cil4  ,! ,fr5* pa9t]s (
 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 num]\s1 & on ! :ole
 sup]ior to ^? ( ! same era 9 ,italy4   
,?r\gh\t ! :ole1 h[ev]1 we detect !     
pr9ciples ( ! s*ool ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 z   
respects ! individual qualities ( ! art2
 :ile 9 ! philosophy ( ta/e1 m          
especially z affects pa9t+1 are         
discov]able ! effects ( ! me*anical &   

sy/ematic criticism--! m]e p$antry (    
le>n+1 :i*1 orig9at+ ) ! writ]s ( t age1
 spread ov] ,europe1 nor1 9 art1 is yet 
entirely explod$4 ,cases is "o ( ! mo/  
em95t ( native arti/s1 :o 0 ov]look$    
dur+ 8 lifetime2 b :at is ! mean+ (     
,voltaire's rem>k on ?is arti/8 ',*aque 
nation *]*e  se faire valoir2 les       
,franais font valoir les autres nations 
en t\t g5re4' ,! ta/e ( ?is writ] 9 !   
f9e arts is n less contemptible ?an 9 ! 
pr9ciples ( nobl] lit]ature1 & 9        
religion4 ,! tawdry nudities :i* we h   
se5 /ill susp5d$ 9 ! ,salle de          
,tableaux1 at ,f]ney1 are a practical   
te/imony ( ! "o fact2 &1 place s]v+1 x  
w\ld be no difficult matt] to prove !   
o!r1 or r1 we tru/1 x ne$s no           
exposition4 ,sant]re /udi$ nature1      
designs ) correctness1 & colors         
agreeably1 b he rises n above m$iocrity2
 nor w x be admitt$1 z ass]t$ by 8      
c\ntrym51 t 8 picture ( ,adam & ,eve is 
"o ( ! be/ 9 mod]n art4 ,! two ,p>rocels
 & ,b\rgoyn pa9t$ combats1 *iefly (     

horsem54 ,j\v5et %[s tal5t 9 design1 b  
colors too yell[2 is rem>kable z hav+   
pa9t$ 9 old age ) 8 left h&4 ,rigaud is 
call$ ! ,fr5* ,rub5s4 ,le ,mo9e1 9 !    
,apo!osis ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 at ,v]sailles1  
has left a /rik+ & well-color$          
composition1 b "o ( ^? incongru\s       
allegories1 :i*1 dur+ ! sev5te5? &      
eighte5? c5turies1 =m$ ! besett+ s9 (   
,fr5* art4 ,la ,fosse1 ! two ,b\lognes1 
,de ,troy1 ,ra\s1 ,tremoilli]e1 &       
especially ,vanloo1 9 hi/ory2 ,vateau1 9
 grotesque subjects2 ,desportes &       
,audry1 9 animals2 ,v]net1 ! admirable  
m>9e pa9t]1 ) o!rs ( less note1 br+ d[n 
our rese>*es to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4
  ,! f\nd] & ! repres5tative ( ! mod]n  
,fr5* s*ool is ,david4 ,born 9 #agej1 he
 e>ly saw & =sook ! conv5tional         
feebl5ess1 &1 to a great degree1 ! false
 gl>e1 ( contempor>ies1 & ?us m]its !   
appellation ( re/or] ( art4             
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 he engag$ 9 o!r    
revolutions ?an ^? ( ta/e1 & p>ticipat$ 
too l>gely 9 ! atrocities :i* desecrat$ 

! close ( la/ c5tury4 ,z "o ( !         
regicides1 he 01 at ! re/oration1 driv5 
into exile--a useless sev]ity1 :i* might
 h be5 sp>$ 9 favor ( "o :o has         
contribut$ l>gely to ! solid glory ( 8  
c\ntry4 ,he di$ at ,brussels 9 #ahbe4 ,!
 lead+ defect ( prec$+ art 9 ,france1 is
 a want ( dignifi$ & correct =m2 next1 (
 simple & natural expression4 ,! =m] !  
g5ius ( ,david detect$1 & s\ght to apply
 ! rem$y 9 ! c>eful /udy ( antique      
sculpture4 ,9 ?is he has be5 f> f       
unsuccessful2 8 draw+ is mo/ correct1 8 
/yle ( design noble1 b bo? are cold &   
)\t feel+4 ,! second defect ,david ei!r 
did n discov]1 or has fail$ 9 rectify+4 
,! sy/em :i* he pursu$ 0 9 "p excell5t1 
b he foll[$ x too exclusively4 ,/atu>y c
 give little to pa9t+ beyond =m &       
proportion--! ess5tials1 inde$--b       
expression1 action1 n less true &       
dignifi$1 b m v>i$1 & composition1 n to 
m5tion color+1 mu/ be add$ f nature4 ,"h
 ,david has fail$4 ,he ei!r conceiv$ t !
 arti/s :o prec$$ him want$ only =m to  

r5d] ,fr5* art p]fect1 or t1 by gr\p+ ! 
/atu>y ( anci5t ,greece 9 m viol5t &    
complicat$ action1 & ) m vehem5ce (     
expression1 pictures w\ld be produc$1   
su*1 to use 8 own words1 't if an       
,a!nian 7 to return to ?is _w1 !y might 
appe> to him ! works ( a ,greek pa9t]4' 
,l ,p\ss91 !n1 he liv$ too mu* =        
antiquity1 & too little ) ! pres5t2 b if
 ,p\ss9 has (t5 giv5 to repres5tations (
 ! mo/ p]fect art1 in/ead ( del9eations 
( nature1 he has at lea/ depict$        
antiquity z x is1 9 all its simplicity &
 p]fect repose4 ,david has n done ?is2  
he has completely *ang$1 nay1 inv]t$1 ! 
"* ( anci5t art1 by add+ exagg]at$      
expression & =c$ attitude4 ,! color+ is 
also v indiff]5t2 = ?\gh highly f9i%$1 !
 effect is h>d & dry1 )\t sweetness or  
dep?2 & :ile ! g5]al tone incl9es to !  
bronze or metallic1 ! local t9ts are    
feeble or untrue4 ,"h1 likewise1 we     
discov] an endeavor at improvem5t fail+ 
?r\gh neglect ( ! prop] object ( /udy4  
,wi%+ to avoid ! gl>+ hues ( 8          

pr$ecessors1 ,david has fall5 into !    
opposite extreme f ov]look+ ! liv+      
subject4 ,! gr\p+1 too1 p>ticipates 9 ! 
meagr5ess insep>able f ! sy/em1 !       
arrangem5t ( ! figures (t5 approa*+ to !
 basso-relievo1 :]e !y necess>ily /& 9  
l9es1 :ile1 to relieve ! sam5ess ?us    
produc$1 ! =ms are viol5tly &           
ungracefully contra/$ 9 !mselves4 ,( ?is
 a /rik+ in/ance occurs 9 ! fam\s       
picture ( ! ,horatii1 :o are rang$ rank 
& file1 rec$+ f ! spectator1 s t only "o
 is completely se51 ! heads ( ! o!rs be+
 9 pr(ile1 ea* ) an arm & foot ext5d$1  
"o1 by way ( v>iety1 rea*+ =? 8 left h& 
to take ! oa? dictat$ by ! fa!r1 :o /&s 
on ! opposite side6 ,)\t d\bt1 h[ev]1   
,david 0 a man ( great g5ius1 & :5 he   
errs1 x is m ?r\gh defect ( sy/em ?an ( 
tal5t2 b ! =m] be+ 8 own creation1 he   
/&s responsible = its faults4 ,besides t
 j quot$1 8 be/ p]=mances are ,leonidas 
) ! ,sp>tans at ,!rmopyl1 "o ( ! be/    
color$ ( 8 pictures1 b ! figure ( ! *ief
 wants maje/y2 ! ,dea? ( ,socrates is   

de/itute ( t solemnity ( repose1 yet    
activity ( feel+1 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ 
to associate ) ! sc5e2 ! ,fun]al (      
,patroclus--a f9e antique composition1 b
 ,fr5* 9 feel+2 ! ,coronation (         
,napoleon--a spl5did failure2 ! ,rape ( 
! ,sab9es--mu* f9e draw+1 & ! usual %>e 
( bu/le--expression extravagant1 yet    
cold4 ,9 portrait1 z might h be5        
anticipat$ f ! range ( 8 /udies1 ,david 
0 unequal to himself4 ,8 be/ p]=mances 9
 ?is walk are ! num]\s lik5esses ( 8    
imp]ial patron4 ,we h se5 ! orig9al     
sket* = "o ( ^!1 :i* inde$ 0 nev]       
aft]w>ds t\*$1 tak5 dur+ ! la/ few h\rs 
( undim9i%$ p[] possess$ by ,napoleon 9 
,p>is4 ,! great] "p ( ! prec$+ day &    
night _h be5 sp5t 9 arrang+ ! f9al      
op]ations ( ! campaign :i* t]m9at$ 9 !  
battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,:5 n[ pa/ midnight1 
in/ead ( retir+ to repose1 ! emp]or s5t 
= ,david1 to :om he _h promis$ to sit1 &
 :o 0 9 wait+ 9 an ap>tm5t ( !          
,tuil]ies4 ',my fri5d1' said ,napoleon  
to ! arti/1 on ent]+1 '!re are yet "s   

h\rs till f\r1 :5 we are f9ally to      
review ! def5ces ( ! capital2 9 !       
meantime1 faites votre possible--7d y\r 
utmo/71 :ile ,i read ^! despat*es4' ,b  
exhau/$ nature c\ld hold out no long]2 !
 pap] dropt f ! n]veless h&1 & ,napoleon
 sunk to sleep4 ,9 ?is attitude ! pa9t] 
has repres5t$ him4 ,! pale & l(ty       
=ehead1 ! c>eworn features1 ! relax$    
expression1 ! v accompanim5ts1 we> an   
impress inexpressibly t5d] & melan*oly4 
,) ! dawn ,napoleon awoke1 & spr++ to 8 
feet1 0 ab\t to address ,david1 :5 a    
tap] j expir+ 9 ! socket arre/$ 8 eye4  
,fold+ 8 arms on 8 brea/1 a usual po/ure
 ( ?\ght1 he contemplat$ 9 sil5ce its   
dy+ /ruggles4 ,:5 ) ! la/ gleam ! rays (
 ! morn+ sun p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! half clos$
 w9d[-curta9s1 ',7 ,i sup]/iti\s1' said 
,napoleon1 a fa9t smile play+ ab\t 8    
beautiful m\?1 '! fir/ object on :i* my 
sight has re/$ ?is day might be deem$   
om9\s2 b1' po9t+ to ! ris+ sun1 '!      
augury is d\btful--at lea/1 ! pray] ( ! 
,grecian h]o w be accord$1--we %all p]i%

 9 light6'     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4   ,,!    
hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,engl& embraces only a
 v rec5t p]iod 9 ! annals ( ! art4 ,b   
?\gh *ronologically1 z well z f !       
peculi> int]e/ ( ! subject1 x is to be  
treat$ la/1 ?is arrangem5t is n adopt$ f
 ! same motive z actuates =eign critics1
 namely1 ! alleg$ inf]iority ( ,briti%  
pa9t+4 ,x has be5 %[n1 we tru/          
satisfactorily1 t 9 ! real condition (  
ta/e1 9 ! modes ( practice & 9 !        
pr9ciples ( !ory1 our s*ool (           
,sculpture1 ?\gh n equal 9 specim5s yet 
produc$1 is sup]ior to e o!r1 n only n[1
 b =m]ly1 9 ,europe4 ,9 favor ( our     
pa9t]s1 we g fur!r--& yet n s f>4       
,pictures1 & 9 m ?an "o bran*1 pa9t$ 9  
?is c\ntry1 & by native liv+ arti/s1 c  
be produc$ sup]ior to any contempor>y   
examples 9 any "p ( ! ,cont95t2 b1 9 its
 !oretic pr9ciples1 & 9 ! practice      
introduc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ^!1 ! ,engli%  
s*ool has sadly dep>t$ f ! p]fect lab\rs
 & j sci5ce ( ! old ma/]s4 ,?is has     
aris5 f foll[+ a c\rse 9 "s respects    

opposite to t :i* has be5 adopt$ 9      
sculpture1 z %all h]eaft] be ! endeavor 
to po9t out4 ,aga91 if we review our    
e>ly hi/ory1 x appe>s1 t 9 ! ages       
imm$iately subsequ5t to ! revival ( art1
 native arti/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! +5i\s  
processes !n kn[n1 7 n inf]ior to       
contempor>y names 9 ,italy1 ,france1 or 
,g]many4 ,x is suffici5t "h m]ely to    
ref] to ,walpole's int]e/+ "w2 9 :i* x  
is %[n1 t be=e ! middle ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury1 two hundr$ ye>s prior to ,van   
,eyck1 evid5ces are f\nd ( oil-pa9t+ 9  
,engl&2 & t 9 ! f\rte5?1 pa9t+ on glass1
 h]aldic emblazonm5t1 ! illum9ation (   
manuscripts1 ) all ! simil> approa*es to
 elegance !n practis$1 7 cultivat$ among
 our ance/ors1 & by natives ^: names are
 pres]v$1 ) equal success z else:]e4    
,causes1 !re=e1 orig9at+ 9 ! moral &    
political condition ( ! p1 c alone      
expla9 ! /rik+ inf]iority ( ,engli% art 
dur+ ! p]iod ( greate/ spl5dor 9 its    
mod]n hi/ory4 ,! op9ions1 inde$1        
promulgat$ by ! ,fr5* & ,italian writ]s1

 n except+ ,w9klemann1 & s complac5tly  
ent]ta9$ ev5 n[ on ! ,cont95t1 respect+ 
! delet]i\s influ5ce ( climate ^u       
,engli% g5ius1 are1 9 _! philosophy1 too
 contemptible to m]it s]i\s             
inve/igation4 ,nor are simil> !ories (  
our own & o!r au?ors exempt$ f ?is      
c5sure1 :i* ascribe excell5ce1 z =      
in/ance 9 anci5t ,greece1 to ! propiti\s
 effects ( ! same physical cause4 ,!    
mighty & ! immortal en]gies ( ! human   
m9d are indep5d5t ( all o!r ext]nal     
causes2 !y w be> up aga9/ all o!r       
ext]nal pressure--save moral & political
 degradation4  ,9 fact1 art 9 ,engl& 0  
cru%$ almo/ 9 its cradle by ! civil w>s 
( ,york & ,lanca/]4 ,w>f>e betwe5       
diff]5t nations1 :]e ! /ruggle is f     
rivalry ( int]e/s or empire1 r favors ! 
developem5t ( national tal5t2 ! activity
 ( m>tial a*ievem5t conveys1 ?r\gh all !
 relations ( citiz5%ip1 & to e field (  
honorable ex]tion1 a correspond+ vigor &
 ela/icity ( m9d--an ard5t love ( glory 
& ( c\ntry--rais+ high ! _s ( emulation1

 yet b9d+ clos] ! ties ( fell[%ip4 ,9 ! 
unhall[$ commotion ( civil conte/1 all  
^! effects are rev]s$2 :ile 9 ,engl&1 ! 
desecration ( c\ntry consequ5t on su*   
feuds 0 deep] ?an p]haps 9 any o!r      
in/ance ( mod]n times1 f religion1 :i* 9
 o!r /ates1 "u l unhappy circum/ances1  
_h af=d$ an asylum to arts & to peace1  
"h tak+ "p ) ! combatants4 ,^! political
 divisions heal$1 religi\s diss5sions   
broke 9 ^u ! national quiet1 at a "t1   
too1 :5 a ta/e = ! f9e arts 0 ga9+ gr\nd
 9 ! diff]5t /ates ( ,europe4 ,:5 at    
l5g? e animosity & p>tial feel+ _h      
subsid$ 9 ! g5]\s consci\sness ( be+    
,engli%m51 an eag] ?ir/ = nautical      
ent]prise engag$ ! m9ds ( ! subjects (  
,elizabe? & ,james4 ,! weal?1 security1 
& in=mation :i* fl[$ f ^! ex]tions1 7   
beg9n+ to create ta/e1 & to provide     
means highly favorable to ! future      
progress ( pa9t+4 ,! pr$ilections (     
,*>les1 likewise1 z also 8 k1 7         
calculat$ to improve & to direct 9 ! be/
 mann] ^! advantages4 ,! collection (   

pictures :i* he =m$ 0 ! mo/ valuable !n 
9 ,europe1 & compos$ ( pieces especially
 adapt$ to a national gall]y1 & to !    
design ( creat+ a native s*ool4 ,! mo/  
em95t arti/s ( ! age1 invit$ to 8 c\rt1 
f\nd _! labors at once skilfully        
appreciat$ & munific5tly rew>d$4 ,?is   
un=tunate mon>* _h ! satisfaction to    
p]ceive ! ref9em5t beg9n+ to spread     
among 8 subjects1 ev5 9 ! remote/ & lea/
 opul5t portion ( 8 dom9ions4 ,9        
,scotl&1 ,jamieson1 born at ,ab]de51 9  
#aehf1 & pupil ( ,rub5s1 has left1 9 !  
univ]sities ( 8 native place & else:]e1 
fruits ( 8 g5ius :i* by no means %[ him 
unwor?y ( ! appellation ( ! ,scotti%    
,v&yke4 ,to ?is pa9t] ,*>les sat1 &     
fur!r di/+ui%$ him by peculi> m>ks (    
royal favor4 ,9 ,engl&1 pa9t+ 0         
naturally /ill m fl\ri%+ 9 prospect2 !  
nobles imitat$1 & "s %>$ 91 ! ta/e ( _! 
sov]eign1 :ile a love ( elegant         
acquirem5t 0 g5]ally diffus$4 ,?is      
p]iod1 also1 0 highly favorable to a new
 & aspir+ epo* 9 ,engli% art1 f ! great 

& orig9al acquirem5ts previ\sly made 9  
poetry & elegant lit]ature1 :i* bo?     
prep>$ ! public m9d to reli% simil>     
displays ( tal5t 9 a cognate bran*2 :ile
 !y ev9c$ & *]i%$ t creative _s :i* may 
r5d] available ! introduction ( improv$ 
modes1 )\t deg5]at+ into imitation 9 its
 own ef=ts4 ,! progress ( successful art
 9 ,greece1 & 9 republican ,italy1 ) !  
abs5ce ( nationality 9 t ( anci5t ,rome 
& ( mod]n ,france1 exhibits ! ju/ice ( !
 rem>k1 & ! importance ( ! acquisition4 
,! reign ( ,*>les1 ,i41 ?us appe>s to h 
be5 "o ( ! mo/ favorable p]iods 9 our   
hi/ory = ! f\ndation ( a ,briti% s*ool (
 art2 inde$1 we p]ceive t e ess5tial    
t[>ds ?is _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! fe>ful  
concussions :i* clos$ 9 blood ! c>e] ( t
 unhappy mon>*1 :ile !y %ook ! entire   
realm f its propriety1 prov$ m p]nici\s 
to ! cultivation ( ! arts ( elegance1   
?an has usually be5 ! case ev5 9 civil  
commotion4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ illit]ate1 n[  
arm$ ) "s degree ( p[]1 de/roy$1 because
 !y knew n h[ to value2 :ile ! co>se    

hypocrisy & m dang]\s cunn+1 or ! /]n   
bigotry1 ( _! lead]s1 view$ ) !         
malignity ( ignorance1 or ! hatr$ (     
p>ty1 all evid5ce ( sup]ior ref9em5t4   
,9 ?us rapidly review+ ! lead+ causes   
:i* h concurr$ to ret>d ! progress (    
e>ly art 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,re=mation has 
be5 m]ely allud$ to z turn+ aside       
att5tion to o!r pursuits4 ,! commonly   
receiv$ op9ion :i* makes ?is ev5t a     
prim>y & p]man5t s\rce ( our inf]iority1
 seems to re/ on a v imp]fect k ( facts4
 ,:5 ! glori\s doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation  
obta9$ foot+ 9 ,engl&1 no advance _h yet
 be5 effect$ 9 ! =mation ( a native     
s*ool2 ! national ref9em5t 0 9 no degree
 prep>$ = ! successful cultivation (    
pa9t+2 nor d any circum/ances p>ticul>ly
 favorable induce ! belief1 t _h !      
,ca?olic cont9u$ to be ! e/abli%$ fai?1 
! arts w\ld h improv$4 ,on ! contr>y1   
?\gh ! numb] ( pictures w\ld d\btless h 
multipli$1 ^!1 z 9 ,france at ! same    
p]iod1 & "u circum/ances incomp>ably m  
felicit\s1 mu/ h be5 ! works ( =eign    

arti/s2 consequ5tly1 by introduc+ an    
artificial mann] be=e any national "* ( 
art _h be5 =m$1 ! exot]ic ta/e w\ld1 9  
all probability1 h = ev] b\nd up 9      
conv5tional trammels1 ! fre%ness (      
orig9al conception1 & ! vigor ( national
 g5ius4 ,su* we h se5 to be ! inv>iable 
effects ( introduc+1 in/ead ( re>+1 art1
 among e p :]e ! exp]im5t has be5       
attempt$4 ,! ,re=mation1 by re/or+ to ! 
human m9d ! uncontroll$ ex]cise ( its   
own faculties1 by unlock+ ! b>ri]s by   
:i* ! w & ! p[]s ( free inquiry _h be5  
imprison$1 has /amp$ ^u e ,briti%       
in/itution1 z ^u e ef=t ( ,briti% tal5t1
 ! wor? & ! manl9ess ( indep5d5t "*4    
,our ,f9e ,arts1 ?\gh ! la/ to feel1 d  
at l5g? exp]i5ce ?is happy influ5ce4  ,!
 p>ticul> views ent]ta9$1 or r tak5 up  
)\t exam9ation1 h l$1 on ?is subject1 to
 errone\s conceptions1 bo? ( ! exi/+    
condition ( art1 & ( ! /ate ( royal     
patronage4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 c]ta9ly        
endeavor$ by e means to induce ! mo/    
e/eem$ pa9t]s ( ! age to visit 8 c\rt2  

:ile ! enc\ragem5t :i* he (f]$ 0 n only 
cont9u$1 b increas$ ) m ample means1    
aft] ! ,re=mation _h comm5c$2 z f> z 8  
influ5ce w5t1 !re 0 a *ange = ! bett]4  
,b 8 0 nei!r a cultivat$ nor a natural  
ta/e4 ,! s5tim5t 0 m]ely "o ( rivalry1  
/irr$ up by imitation ( 8 contempor>ies1
 ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v4 ,8 subjects &
 c\rti]s1 n ev5 animat$ by su* factiti\s
 impulse1 71 g5]ally speak+1 /ill less  
qualifi$ to assi/ 9 re>+ national art4  
,nei!r did !re exi/1 9 any o!r =m1 a    
previ\s /&>d ( *>act]i/ic orig9ality2 a 
mo/ important consid]ation1 z already   
%[n--=1 ) ! exception ( ,surrey1 no poet
 ( g5ius capable ( giv+ to ta/e an abid+
 tone ( nationality _h yet appe>$4 ,"u  
^! circum/ances1 _h ! importation (     
=eign art--& x is cle> none o!r c\ld h  
be5 enc\rag$--tak5 place to any ext5t2  
ev5 _h ,raphael & ,titian accept$ !     
invitation ( ! ,engli% mon>*1 beyond b>e
 possession1 _! works w\ld h be5        
valueless to ! nation2 or worse--!y w\ld
 h depress$1 by an unapproa*able model1 

! aspir+s ( native tal5t1 fix+ = ev] our
 arts 9 ! m$iocrity ( imitation4  ,!    
opposition1 also1 :i* ! ,re=m]s are     
accus$ ( hav+ b5t aga9/ ! practice (    
pa9t+ has be5 altoge!r misrepres5t$4 ,n 
only 7 !y n oppos$ to su* acquirem5ts 9 
_! prop] place1 b ! assurance is1 t !y  
view$ su* accompli%m5ts ) favor4 ,among 
! e>lie/ ,re=m]s1 ! mov]s ( t           
emancipation :i* reg5]at$ a portion1 &  
made despotism m tol]able 9 ! re/1 (    
,europe1 7 to be f\nd ! mo/ accompli%$  
m9ds & ! mo/ elegant s*ol>%ip ( :i* !   
age c\ld boa/4 ,inde$1 _! sup]ior       
enlight5m5t 0 ! human means ( t lib]ty1 
9 :i* ?r\gh ,*ri/ !y _h become free4 ,= 
su* m5 to be ! enemies ( intellig5ce1 ( 
:atev] description1 if "u prop]         
guidance1 & 9 due subs]vi5cy to high] k1
 0 to place ob/acles to ! spread ( _!   
own pr9ciples4 ,h5ce 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,l[
 ,c\ntries1 ! f9e arts 7 admir$ &       
patronis$ by ! lead+ ,re=m]s4 ,holbe9   
came to ,engl& mo/ w>mly recomm5d$ by   
,lu!r1 :o has already be5 nam$ z ! fri5d

 ( o!r contempor>y arti/s4 ,9 "o        
respect1 ! ,re=m]s c]ta9ly may be said  
to h be5 ho/ile to art4 ,!y proscrib$ ! 
introduction ( pictures into _! *ur*es4 
,to ?is prohibition only1 ext5d$ ! p5al 
/atutes ( ,h5ry1 ,edw>d1 & ,elizabe?1   
ab\t :i* s mu* outcry has be5 rais$4 ,no
 proscription1 no int]dict aga9/        
religi\s pa9t+s m]ely z su*1 0 agitat$1 
till ! p]iod already allud$ to z ! mo/  
truly disa/r\s to national ref9em5t1 :51
 9 #afdc1 a bigot$ p>liam5t ord]$1 't   
all pictures :i* _h ! repres5tation ( ! 
,savi\r or ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 !m %\ld be   
burn$4' ,! brutal fanaticism1 & /ill m  
disgu/+ hypocrisy1 ( ! adh]5ts ( ,oliv] 
,cromwell1 h 9 ?is & 9 simil> in/ances  
be5 mo/ unju/ly mix$ up ) ! pure _s &   
unsulli$ zeal ( ! g5u9e foll[]s ( ,m>t9 
,lu!r4 ,x is n int5d$1 h[ev]1 inde$ x _c
 be d5i$1 t to ! m]e practice ( pa9t+1 &
 to ! multiplication ( its lab\rs1 !    
exclusion ( pictures f ! *ur*es is      
injuri\s4 ,b ext5sion is n improvem5t4  
,s f>1 !n1 ! ,re=mation has prov$       

p]man5tly ho/ile to ! art4 ,b highly z  
we honor ! tal5t ( artisan%ip1 &        
intimately connect$ z is ! glory ( ! l& 
) ! reputation ( its arts1 we _c = "o   
mom5t ent]ta9 ! proposal n[ s g5]ally1 x
 _h almo/ be5 said unblu%+ly1 br\ght    
=w>d1 ( conv]t+ our *ur*es 'into spaci\s
 repositories' = ! productions ( !      
p5cil4 ,"h we h explicitly to /ate an   
op9ion1 ?\gh oppos$ by almo/ e writ] on 
! arts2 fir/1 t nei!r is ! h\se ( ,god a
 prop] receptacle = pictures2 nor1      
secondly1 if e ,prote/ant place ( wor%ip
 7 op5 to su* ornam5ts1 is x cle> t art 
w\ld be mat]ially advantag$4 ,let our   
sacr$ edifices be z nobly simple1 z     
massively gr&1 z may be2 let !m exhibit 
e beauty ( ar*itecture1 if ne$ful2 !    
effect w elevate1 )\t di/ract+1 ! m9d2  
or let ! solemn repres5tations (        
sculpture invite remembrance to dwell ^u
 ! dep>t$1 :o sleep ar\nd ! liv+        
wor%ipp]4 ,su* ?\ghts prep>e ! m9d = its
 duties4 ,b pictures d n seem s         
imm$iately associat$1 ei!r ) ! place or 

) our m$itations2 ) u1 ! only           
association is t ( m]e ornam5t4 ,we     
might1 h[ev]1 be accus$ ( treat+ "h !   
subject too s]i\sly1 7 an attempt made  
to %[ ! s9fulness ( abduc+ ev5 "o ?\ght 
f heav51 to fix x on a m]ely ornam5tal  
app5dage4 ,we %all !re=e suppose1 t 9   
our c\ntry1 p d n g to *ur* to see      
pictures1 & t1 z else:]e1 pictures are  
"h pa9t$ to be se54 ,n[1 ! "t ( div9e   
s]vice ) u is %ort1 & t space is pass$1 
)\t int]mission1 9 sacr$ duties1 9      
pray]1 9 praise1 & 9 exhortation4 ,ei!r 
^! mom5t\s engagem5ts or ! pictures mu/ 
be neglect$4 ,9 ! ,romi% *ur* ! s]vice  
is long1 compos$ ( _m c]emonies 9 :i* ! 
audi5ce take no %>e1 & dur+ :i*1 ! m9d  
may be employ$ 9 contemplat+ a religi\s 
pa9t+1 ) at lea/ equal pr(it z ! dress+s
 & undress+s1 ! cross+s1 g5uflexions1   
p]ambulations1 & inc5s+s1 :i* are be+   
enact$ by ! (ficials4 ,9 a ,prote/ant   
assembly1 e "o is seat$ 9 8 place2 a    
picture c be view$ prop]ly f a v few    
po9ts1 p]haps only "o2 grant+1 !n1 all !

 advantages '( pictures 9 unison ) !    
feel+s ( ! m9d1 exemplify+ 9 ! mo/ /rik+
 mann] ! objects ( its highe/ admiration
 & respect1' h[ limit$ is ! numb] t c\ld
 enjoy ^!8 ,! ,ca?olic *ur*1 aga91 kn[s 
n ! imp$im5t ( pews1 & ! individuals ( !
 congregation may move & *ange positions
 at pleasure4 ,prote/ant *ur*es are op5 
only on ,sundays1 or a few fa/ days1    
:ile we h no useless tra9 ( idle reta9]s
 to %[ ! curiosities ( ! place2 !       
,ca?olic *ur* is op5 f sunrise to sunset
 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ea* ) its sacri/ans1    
v]g]s1 macem51 c4 9 con/ant att5dance4  
,9 ! ,romi% ritual1 ext]nal emblems are 
c]ta9ly p]mitt$ z /imulants to inw>d    
devotion2 ( ^!1 pictures are among ! mo/
 favor$4 ,9 our fai?1 ! symbols are     
simple z its practice1 & too sacr$ ev5  
to be nam$ "h4 ,we h no wi%1 !n1 to     
decry ! use or advantage ( pa9t+s to !  
,ca?olic2 b x seems suffici5tly obvi\s1 
t to ! ,prote/ant !y c at be/ be useless
 9 a place ( public wor%ip4  ,9 ref]5ce 
to ! second consid]ation1 namely1 !     

pr(it ?us accru+ to ! arts ( ! c\ntry1 x
 has be5 /at$ above1 t only to !        
multiplication ( pa9t+s has ! exclusion 
9 "q prov$ hurtful1 & n to ! improvem5t 
or p]fection ( ! art4 ,9 ?is respect !  
m]its ( ! ,re=mation h n only be5       
ov]look$1 b d5i$1 :ile ! claims (       
,ca?olicism1 z favorable to elegance1 h 
be5 too highly exalt$4 ,true1 a great   
proportion ( ! patronage by :i* ! arts h
 be5 support$ 9 ,italy has be5 ext5d$ by
 *ur*m52 ?is has all be5 put d[n to !   
acc\nt ( ! sy/em4 ,b x is to be         
rememb]$1 t ?is protection has be5      
grant$ m frequ5tly 9 ! "* ( lay noblem5 
& pr9ces1 ?an ( ecclesia/ics4 ,! mo/    
spl5did works ( ! p5cil are 9 ! private 
palaces ( ! popes & c>d9als1 & o!r      
memb]s ( ! hi]>*y2 laym5 ) ! same means 
w\ld h act$ simil>ly4 ,dur+ ! infancy ( 
! arts1 _! feebl5ess 0 /ay$1 & _!       
vigor\s manhood n\ri%$1 by ! free       
corporations ( ! republican cities4 ,!  
,ca?olic ,*ur* only receiv$ ! arts z    
orphans1 aft] h] temporal1 & !re=e      

improp] ambition1 _h de/roy$ _! true &  
natural p>5t--,lib]ty4 ,at ?is mom5t1   
too1 v few f9e pictures are 9 *ur*es2 !y
 are 9 public gall]ies1 9 private       
collections1 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s1 & 9
 palaces4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! vaunt$         
sup]iority 9 ! ,ca?olic pr(ession1 or   
:]e ! anci5t & p]man5t disabilities "u  
:i* ,prote/antism has be5 repres5t$ z   
lab\r+1 9 reg>d to ! arts ( elegance8 ,&
 :y %\ld we incur ev5 ! possibility (   
contam9at+ ! purity & ! spirituality (  
our fai?1 or ( ev5 (f5d+ ! m9d ( !      
humble/ believ]1 by fill+ our *ur*es )  
pictures1 :5 !re rema9s to u ! ample/   
field yet unoccupi$8 ,we h1 9 fact1 all 
t is yet 9 possession ( high art2 9 our 
royal palaces1 9 ! almo/ regal seats (  
our nobility1 9 our national gall]ies1 9
 ! halls ( our univ]sities &            
in/itutions1 & 9 our public build+s ( e 
description4 ,has n ! p5cil 'ample v]ge'
 & 'room' appropriate8  ,if ^!          
advantages h hi!rto rema9$ )\t fruit1   
let x be rememb]$1 t ! defective returns

 h n be5 occasion$ by imbecility or     
idl5ess--! lab\r]s h be5 o!rwise engag$4
 ,dur+ only ?ree c5turies ( poor &      
/ruggl+ ,prote/antism1 t5fold m ext5sive
 & valuable accessions to true k h be5  
realiz$ ?an 7 accompli%$ 9 ! space ( a  
?\s& ye>s ( ! prosp]\s & uncontroll$    
empire ( ,ca?olicism4 ,t ?is upr\s+ ( ! 
human _s has become n less ref9$ ?an x  
has be5 vigor\s1 is evid5t f ! fact :i* 
connects ^! rem>ks ) our subject1       
namely1 t n[1 9 ,prote/ant ,brita91 is  
to be f\nd ! only orig9al1 & ! mo/      
fl\ri%+ s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ,europe4  ,9    
pursu+ ! hi/ory ( ,engli% art po/]ior to
 ! ,re/oration1 little ( importance     
occurs till ! late & pres5t reigns4     
,*>les ,,ii4 _h wit1 b no great %>e (   
ta/e1 & t little1 l 8 morals1 0 equally 
flimsy & m]etrici\s4 ,he trifl$ ) ,v]rio
 & ,g5n>o 9 decorat+ ceil+s & cov]+     
walls2 :ile ,lely1 ^: light & graceful1 
b feeble p5cil1 _h 9 succession trac$ ! 
melan*oly c\nt5ance ( ! ,m>tyr1 & !     
bluff face ( ! ,protector1,c 0 employ$ z

 /ate portrait-pa9t] on ! sleepy &      
luxuri\s beauties ( ! c\rt4 ,dur+ !     
succe$+ reigns1 to ! accession ( ,george
 ,i41 liv$ ,knell]1 a native ( ,lubec1  
an arti/ ( consid]able tal5t1 b :o pa9t$
 too exp$iti\sly to pa9t well1 & :o 0   
too int5t ^u %>+ ! weal? ( 8 own age to 
leave _m drafts t w\ld be honor$ by     
po/]ity1 ?\gh he pa9t$ 9 8 life sev5    
,engli% & ?ree =eign sov]eigns4 ,8 head 
( ,sir ,isaac ,newton is wor? !m all4   
,dur+ ! same p]iod we f9d _m native     
arti/s ( obscure fame & m]its2 z        
,dobson1 :o di$ 9 #afdf1 & 0 br\ght into
 notice ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,v&yke4      
,riley1 7,john71 born 9 ! same ye>1     
possess$1 accord+ to ,walpole1 m tal5t  
?an any ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,x 0 to ?is arti/ 
t ,*>les ,,ii4 said1 ',od's fi%1 man1 if
 y\r picture ( me be a lik5ess1 ,i am an
 ugly fell[4' ,hosk9s & ,coop]1 uncle & 
nephew1 7 celebrat$ m9iature-pa9t]s1    
especially ! latt]1 :o 0 m>ri$ to a si/]
 ( ,pope's "m4 ,h5ry1 :o 0 employ$ by   
,k+ ,william 9 ! rep>ation ( ,raphael's 

c>toons4 ,highmore pa9t$ ! only portrait
 kn[n ( ! poet ,"y4 ,gre5hill &         
,buck%orn 7 pupils ( ,lely4 ,j]vas1 :o1 
9 spite ( art1 contriv$ to make a =tune 
& to set up a c>riage2 ^u :i* ,knell]   
rem>k$1 9 8 brok5 ,engli%1 ',ah1 m9e    
,cot6 if de horses d n draw bett] dan   
he1 de j\rney w nev] h an end4' ,!      
praises lavi%$ by ,pope on ?is 8 ma/]   
ev9ce ! wret*$ condition ( g5]al ta/e1  
:5 we consid] ^! praises z m]ely ! e*o (
 ! public voice4 ,ri*>dson is be/ kn[n z
 a writ] on art2 ?\gh a v inf]ior arti/1
 he /ood at ! head ( ! pr(ession on !   
dea? ( ,knell]4 ,8 s*ol> & son-9-law1   
,hudson1 succe$$ 9 ! dignity (          
metropolitan portrait-pa9t]1 ?\gh oppos$
 = "s "t by ,liot>d1 a ,g5evese1 &      
,vanloo1 a ,fr5*man4 ,hudson 0 ! ma/] ( 
,reynolds1 ) :om ! ,briti% s*ool fir/   
assumes ! dignity ( high] art1 !        
elevation comm5c+ ) ! portraits pa9t$ by
 ,sir ,jo%ua on 8 return f ! ,cont95t 9 
#ageb-c4 ,previ\sly1 h[ev]1 _h appe>$   
,hog>?1 ! mo/ orig9al ( all pa9t]s2 b 8 

pictures1 f _! subjects1 7 n calculat$1 
9 proportion to _! m]it1 to ref9e !     
national ta/e4 ,s e>ly1 too1 z #agci1 ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ! old academy 9 ,/ ,m>t9's 
,lane _h be5 sil5tly prep>+ "s          
melioration 9 a bett] mann] ( design+2 &
 ! introduction ( co/ume1 ?\gh poorly   
execut$1 0 an advance t[>ds tru? f !    
absurd robes ( ,lely & ,knell]4 ,!      
association j m5tion$ 0 aft]w>ds        
incorporat$ by 8 late ,maje/y2 b !      
memb]s disagree+1 ! ,royal ,academy 0   
f\nd$4 ,"h h presid$ ! ?ree greate/     
names 9 ! art s9ce ! "t ( ,rub5s &      
,v&yke1 p]haps s9ce !                   
,c>acci--,reynolds1 ,we/1 & ,lawr5ce4   
,walpole has ) ju/ice rem>k$1 t '9 !    
comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,george ,i41 9   
#agad1 ! arts ( ,engl& 7 sunk almo/ to  
_! l[e/ ebb4' ,! prec$+ sket* v]ifies ! 
obs]vation2 & f ! s+ul> anomaly ( a     
nation1 dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( its  
lit]ature1 possess+ a ta/e absolutely   
contemptible 9 ! f9e arts1 ev9ces ! tru?
 ( ! pr9ciples advocat$ ?r\gh\t ^!      

pages4 ,f ! ,re/oration to ! accession (
 ,george ,,iii41 ! arts _h nev] once be5
 reg>d$ z add+ to national              
respectability1 nor z connect$ )        
national feel+4 ,! p cr[d$ to h _!      
portraits tak51 )\t inquir+ or conceiv+ 
t !re 0 any?+ to "k beyond ! m]e        
me*anical art4 ,! sov]eign1 in/ead (    
reg>d+ ! progress ( elegant ta/e z an   
important object ( legislation1 look$   
out = a limn] m]ely z a necess>y        
appurt5ance ( a c\rt4 ,z our mon>*s (   
?is p]iod1 n ev5 except+ ,anne1 ?r\gh ! 
pr$ilections ( h] husb&1 71 z reg>ds    
pa9t+1 bett] acqua9t$ ) ,cont95tal art1 
& "s m atta*$ to ev]y?+ =eign1 ,briti%  
g5ius1 ( c\rse ov]look$1 0 nev] once    
call$ =?4 ,"s /ray ,italian1 ,dut*man1  
or ,g]man1 0 caught hold (1 patronis$ by
 royalty1 support$ by ! nobility1 & nev]
 ?\ght ( by ! nation beyond face-pa9t+ 9
 ! metropolis4 ,f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? 
to ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 
:5 national tal5t at l5g? began to break
 =? 9 its own /r5g?1 su* 0 ! /ate (     

patronage1 & ! arti/s :o enjoy$ its     
b5efits 7 b little qualifi$ to create a 
national int]e/2 = _! mann]ism & =eign  
modes s]v$ only ! m decid$ly to exclude 
a *>act]i/ic /yle1 &1 z mu/ ev] be !    
case 9 simil> in/ances1 prev5t$ any     
developem5t ( native orig9ality4 ,ano!r 
great cause ( our wret*$ ta/e 9 ! arts1 
& :i* p]haps 9 "p grew out ( ^! m g5]al 
causes1 01 t ! real g5ius ( ! l& 0 b5t  
^u ! pursuits ( lit]ature & sci5ce2 :ile
 ! nation _h n atta9$ t degree (        
ref9em5t1 security1 & opul5ce1 :i*      
enable a p to enjoy & to rew>d !        
ex]tions ( m9d1 z at ! pres5t day1 9 all
 its sep>ate & div]sifi$ dep>tm5ts (    
action4 ,betwe5 lit]>y em95ce &         
excell5ce 9 art !re seems a natural     
connexion1 z dep5d+ ^u pr9ciples ( ta/e 
& modes ( ex]cise ne>ly simil>4 ,lett]s 
& ! ,f9e ,arts1 !n1 h g5]ally be5 c>ri$ 
to ! highe/ p]fection among ! same p2 !y
 h fl\ri%$ 9 conjunction1 & !y h fall5  
toge!r4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t !  
=m] h always prec$$2 ! noble/ effusions 

( poetry h long be5 ! delight ( 8 c\ntry
 be=e ! pa9t] or ! sculptor h rea*$ an  
equal m]it4 ,nor is ?is casual prec$5ce4
 ,! lab\rs ( ! poet are a necess>y1 9   
fact a creative prep>ation2 by _! rapid 
& wide circulation1 !y s(t5 !           
s5sibilities1 ar\se ! imag9ation1 give  
to ta/e an exi/5ce & a feel+ ( its      
object1 & awake ! m9d to a consci\sness 
( its intellectual wants4 ,!y con/itute1
 also1 a common *ronicle1 :e!r ( fiction
 or ( reality1 ^: ev5ts are cle> to1 &  
quickly recognisable by all4 ,fancy ?us 
obta9s a lore ( its own1 ^: leg5ds      
delight by repetition1 & ^: imag]y      
animates ! canvass or ! m>ble ) =ms lov$
 ( old4 ,poetry1 !n1 mu/ prec$e art4    
,all ?is advantage ( prep>ation &       
expectancy 0 d5i$ to ! infancy ( ,engli%
 pa9t+4 ,milton's v]se1 n inf]ior to any
 precursor ( ,phidias or ( ,raphael1    
in/ead ( be+1 z ,hom]'s or ,dante's1 =  
c5turies ! manual ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 b>ely 
kn[n4 ,dryd51 ,addison1 ,pope1 7 yet b  
=m+ ! public m9d4 ,9 _m respects1 too1  

ev5 _h !re n exi/$ arti/s capable (     
con/itut+ an epo*1 ! writ+s ( ^!        
di/+ui%$ m5 are n favorable to vigor\s  
orig9ality ( ?\ght 9 art4 ,_! own       
imm$iate productions are impress$ ) !   
g5u9e /amp ( nationality1 b _! ab/ract  
sy/em ( criticism is (t5 timid1 almo/   
always conv5tional2 :ile 9 e rem>k on t 
subject1 !y %[ inexp]i5ce ( ! true      
object & philosophy ( art4 ,ev5 ,addison
 "h writes z a m]e antiqu>ian1 & ,dryd5 
) all ! en?usiasm ( poetry inde$1 b )   
little ( ! sob] judgm5t :i* mu/ guide ! 
m labori\s h& & less undef9$ %apes ( !  
pa9t]4 ,aga91 ! intellectual temp]am5t &
 /ate ( society favorable to ! arts is  
directly oppos$ to ^? :i* promote       
sci5tific k4 ,inde$1 betwe5 ! _s (      
analytical inquiry1 ( m9ute rese>*1 :i* 
belongs to ! inve/igations ( sci5ce1 & !
 creative fancy :i* t5ds to ! successful
 ex]cise ( ! poet's or pa9t]'s art1 !   
dissimil>ity appe>s s great1 t among !  
same p & at ! same p]iod1 high em95ce 9 
bo? has nev] yet be5 atta9$4 ,! amaz+   

demon/rations ( ,newton1 !n1 & ! pr(\nd 
speculations ( ,locke1 7 by no means    
favorable to pa9t+1 :ile s entirely 9   
infancy4 ,!y spread abroad a diff]5t    
ta/e--!y engag$ 9 ! pursuit e ard5t &   
aspir+ m9d4 ,! sublime my/]ies unveil$  
by ! g5ius ( ,newton gave an especial   
bias to m5's m9ds1 & caus$ 8 own age to 
view ) indiff]5ce1 z light & valueless1 
pursuits :i* seem$ b to m9i/] to !      
am5ities ( life1 or to hang only z      
graceful ornam5ts ^u society4  ,hav+ ?us
 fa9tly trac$ ! rise & progress ( pa9t+ 
9 connexion ) ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 we n[
 proce$ briefly to exam9e ! pr9ciples & 
! practice ( ! ,briti% s*ool1 "u ! g5]al
 heads ( ,portrait1 ,hi/orical1 &       
,l&scape ,pa9t+4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv4     
,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds is ! f\nd] ( ! 
,engli% s*ool4 ,he is also ! au?or ( mu*
 t pres5tly =ms ! mo/ objectionable     
practice4 ,l e great arti/1 ,sir ,jo%ua 
mu/ be view$ 9 two lights--z he /&s 9   
ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( 8 own age1 &
 z an individual ma/] 9 8 pr(ession4 ,z 

! imm$iate successor1 !n1 ( ! arti/s    
already nam$1 & z elevat+ ! art f _!    
inanity to ! /ate 9 :i* he left x1 he   
ju/ly ranks among ! small numb] :o      
compose ! re=m]s ( ta/e4 ,9 ?is aspect1 
8 g5ius exhibits no ord9>y claims to !  
gratitude ( po/]ity1 :ile "h 8 m]its are
 pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ favorable light4 ,= :5 
^! are consid]$1 on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds !
 pres5t influ5ce ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! 
re=mation1 or p]haps comm5cem5t1 ( !    
,engli% s*ool 0 e/abli%$1 !re w be f\nd 
defect bo? 9 practice & !ory4 ,inde$1 ! 
!oretical "p ( 8 pr(essional education  
appe>s to h be5 f\nd$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1
 ^u ! errone\s modes ( ! writ]s ( ! age 
( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :i* 7 nev] laid aside1  
?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t modifi$ by 8      
/udies 9 ,italy4 ,9 fact1 ! pictures & !
 writ+s ( ,sir ,jo%ua be> 9 ?is respect 
a /rik+ resemblance--t ! beauties ( ea* 
break =? 9 despite ( !ory4 ,nature &    
good feel+1 op]at+ unre/ra9$1 give to 8 
pa9t+s _! be/ graces1 :5 ! ideal        
p]fection at :i* he aim$ has at happy   

mom5ts be5 =gott54 ,9 l mann]1 8        
disc\rses are admirable1 :5 !y deliv]   
practical precepts1 expla9 ! sugge/ions 
( exp]i5ce1 or endeavor to reconcile    
ref9$ ta/e ) common s5tim5t4 ,b :5 !y   
speak ( ! ab/ractions & idealities (    
art1 !y become1 & h already prov$1 mo/  
trea*]\s guides4 ,?is he has himself    
exemplifi$1 = he has uni=mly gone a/ray 
:]e he has implicitly foll[$ ^! guides2 
& x may be %[n t ! besett+ s9s ( !      
,engli% s*ool spr+ f ! same s\rces4 ,sir
 ,jo%ua's !ory & 8 practice 7 9 m ?an "o
 respect inconsi/5t1 :ile nei!r adh]$ s 
closely to1 or at lea/ did n r5d]       
nature1 s fai?fully & s m9utely1 z is   
desirable4 ,8 p]ceptions ( =m he d]iv$1 
or pr(ess$ to d]ive1 f ,mi*ael ,angelo2 
b 8 practice is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciples (  
,rembr&t4 ,f ! explanation ( ^! already 
giv51 ) ?is anticipation1 at "s l5g?1 x 
mu/ at once appe>1 t !y 7 little        
calculat$ k9dly to amalgamate ) ! decid$
 l9es1 ref9$ sci5ce1 & l(ty ab/ractions 
( ! ,flor5t9e4 ,b ev5 ( ^! pr9ciples1   

,sir ,jo%ua did n foll[ ! mo/ valuable  
portion1 namely1 ! rigid fidelity (     
imitation :i* !y enjo9$4 ,he adopt$ !m  
only 9 _! conc5tration ( light1 & deep  
contra/ ( %ad[1 & 9 _! massive color+1  
int5d$ = inspection at a c]ta9 di/ance4 
,in/ead ( c>eful resemblance1 he        
sub/itut$ middle =ms1 & l>ge masses )\t 
details2 or1 to ref] "h to 8 own words1 
:i* he has mo/ directly illu/rat$ 9 8   
:ole practice3--'! great /yle 9 art1 & !
 mo/ p]fect imitation ( nature1 consi/ 9
 avoid+ ! details & peculi>ities (      
p>ticul> objects2' & aga93 '! p]fection 
( portrait pa9t+ consi/s 9 giv+ ! g5]al 
idea or "*1 )\t individual              
peculi>ities4'  ,n[1 :e!r ^! pr9ciples  
be reg>d$ z !y affect ! practice ( an   
imitative art1 & m especially 9 !       
dep>tm5t ( portraiture2 or :e!r !y be   
exam9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! philosophy ( ta/e 
& composition 9 hi/orical pa9t+1 we     
appreh5d !y w be f\nd n only            
repreh5sible 9 !mselves1 b to be ! gr\nd
 "w ^u :i* h be5 re>$ ! pres5t errors ( 

our s*ool4 ,x is = ?is reason t we %all 
exam9e !m at "s l5g?4  ,!re are two     
/yles or modes ( repres5tation 9 pa9t+1 
:i* agree 9 produc+ ! same g5]al effect 
( resemblance1 b diff] 9 ! ext5t to :i* 
! resemblance ( individual =ms is c>ri$2
 or p]haps1 if ! expression be all[$1 9 
! numb] ( p>ticul> similitudes compos+ !
 aggregate resemblance4 ,x is evid5t f  
?is def9ition1 t ! portion ( m5tal      
pleasure1 or ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1    
aris+ f contemplat+ ! productions ( an  
imitative art1 m]ely z su*1 w be        
increas$ j 9 proportion to ! facilities 
af=d$ ( augm5t+ comp>isons betwe5 !     
prototype & ! repres5tation4 ,if ?is be 
d5i$1 x foll[s t ! co>se/ sc5e-pa9t+ is 
equal to ! mo/ f9i%$ l&scape ( ,claude2 
= ! g5]al effect mu/ be alike true 9    
ea*4 ,b aga91 s9ce pa9t+ has n1 l       
poetry1 ! advantage ( repeat$ &         
progressive impressions2 ! object :i* ! 
pa9t] mu/ hold con/antly1 & z prim>y1 9 
view1 is to add p[] to ! fir/ bur/ (    
effect :i* 8 "w is to produce ^u ! m9d4 

,:51 !re=e1 att5tion to ! individual    
resemblances has caus$ to be neglect$ or
 ov]look$ ! gr& result or aggregate (   
resemblance1 "o ( ! greate/ possible    
errors is committ$4 ,! p]=mance is ju/ly
 condemn$ to a l[ grade 9 art1 because !
 au?or has bo? mi/ak5 ! real /r5g? ( !  
in/rum5t :i* he wields1 & has %[n       
himself defective 9 ! highe/ quality (  
g5ius1--compreh5sion & creation ( a     
:ole4 ,?us !re are two extremes 9 art2 &
 ev5 on ! adage ( common life1 ! mean   
mu/ be pref]able4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ev5 ?us f> 
,sir ,jo%ua's maxim1 & ! maxim ( too    
l>ge a proportion ( our native s*ool    
g5]ally1 appe>s to be errone\s1 '9      
avoid+ details & individual "*4' ,b 9   
ea* ( ^! extremes are f\nd its          
respective1 & to excell5ce1 indisp5sable
 advantages4 ,! ne>]1 !re=e1 !y c be    
approa*$ & reconcil$1 ! m p]fect w be ! 
/yle4 ,if ?is be d\bt$1 ! practice ( !  
be/ ma/]s w accord ) a conclusion d]iv$ 
f ! v nature ( an art at once imitative 
& lib]al4 ,if we exam9e 9 ?is view !    

rema9s ( classic sculpture1 we f9d1     
inde$1 ! masses & divisions few &       
simple1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! h>mony & =ce
 ( g5]al effect2 b s f> f details be+   
exclud$1 ! ,elg9 m>bles h ! v ve9s ( !  
horses m>k$1 & are 9 e respect highly   
f9i%$2 & z we approa* ! era ( ,alex&]1  
?\gh ?is p>ticul> circum/ance 9 c]ta9   
cases be laid aside1 yet ! g5]al        
divisions become ev5 m num]\s1 & !      
details /ill m m9ute4 ,among ! mod]ns1  
aga91 ^? ma/]s 9 ! art n[ consid]$1 :o  
are e/eem$ ! mo/ excell5t1 are s+ul>ly  
rem>kable = ! quantity & v>iety ( detail
 :i* !y h h>moniz$ into "o gr& & p]fect 
:ole4 ,= ?is we ref] to ! heads (       
,raphael1 ,titian1 ,coreggio1 & ,v&yke1 
:i*1 ?\gh broad & gr& 9 g5]al effect1   
are s f> f be+ defective 9 detail1 t ea*
 sep>ate "p w\ld =m a p]fect /udy4 ,if1 
aga91 ! hi/ory ( art be consid]$1 x has 
be5 %[n1 bo? 9 sculpture & 9 pa9t+1 t   
dur+ ! infancy ( ea* art1 details 7     
imitat$1 :ile ! m9d 0 yet unable to     
grasp ! entire subject4 ,z improvem5t   

advanc$1 & g5ius atta9$ ! full ma/]y (  
its weapons1 tru? & numb] ( con/itu5ts1 
gr&eur & unity ( design1 cr[n$ ! :ole4  
,inv]sely1 decl9e is p]ceiv$ to comm5ce 
9 ! neglect ( ^? f9e & almo/ evanesc5t  
details1 :i* compose ! brea?+1 !        
ma/]-t\*es ( a "w ( art4 ,successively !
 progress ( corruption advances1 till   
little rema9 save l>ge h>% masses1 f :i*
 /ate ! d[nw>d pa? is rapid1 to !       
complete de/itution ( ev5 g5]al =m4 ,h[ 
/rongly1 = in/ance1 & 9 h[ %ort a space1
 0 ?is exemplifi$ 9 ! =tunes ( ,greek   
sculpture 9 ,rome6 ,f ! f9i%+ ( ev5     
,ludovico ,c>acci1 to ! sprawl+s ( ,luca
 ,giordano1 h[ brief 0 ! int]val6 f !   
exquisitely p5cill$ & speak+ portraits (
 ,v&yke to ! gl>+ vacancies1 ! undetail$
 middle =ms1 ( ,lely & ,knell]6  ,^!    
reason+s1 s v>i$ 9 _! orig91 give b "o  
uni=m conclusion1 ! v rev]se ( !        
pr9ciple ^u :i* ,engli% portraits h be5 
pa9t$1 ) few exceptions1 f ! works (    
,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds to ^? ( ! pres5t  
day2--a conclusion1 %[+ t ! excell5ce ( 

art1 & ! mo/ p]fect imitation ( nature1 
d n consi/ 9 '! avoid+ ( details1' b 9 !
 happy union ( detail & ( individual    
resemblance ) greatness & bread? ( g5]al
 p[]4 ,to avoid details is to re/       
cont5t$ ) an inf]ior aim 9 art--to      
avoid1 9 fact1 ! *ief difficulty & !    
*ief glory t m>k ! c>e] ( ! arti/4  ,?is
 gross /yle ( me*anical practice1 :i* ! 
!ory n[ combat$ c]ta9ly orig9at$1 has   
spread ov] ! :ole ( ,engli% portraiture 
a co>s5ess ( effect & unf9i%$ appe>ance1
 de/itute ( ! agreeable lightness ( a   
sket*1 & yet )\t ! cle> & well-def9$    
solidity ( a highly-wr\ght picture4 ,9 l
 mann]1 ! /riv+ at "s delusive1 "s %ad[y
 excell5ce ( g5]al expression1 in/ead ( 
repres5t+ ! air & "* exactly z 9 !      
c\nt5ance ( ! sitt]1 has greatly        
depreciat$ ! intellectual qualities (   
our art4 ,h5ce ! unmean+1 common-place  
look :i* mo/ ( portraits ca/ at !       
spectator4 ,d\btless1 9 e c\nt5ance !re 
is a g5]al impress ( ?\ght or feel+1 :i*
 may be said to con/itute ! habitual    

m5tal lik5ess ( ! individual4 ,?is x is 
( ! fir/ importance fai?fully to transf]
 to ! canvass4 ,)\t ?is1 inde$1 ! mo/   
correct & elaborate pron\nc+ ( ! sep>ate
 features is ( no comp>ative value4     
,h5ce1 h[ev]1 x by no means foll[s1 t   
'individual peculi>ities' are to be     
resign$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 judici\sly   
introduc$1 !y w give =ce by ! v addition
 ( individuality to ! g5]al resemblance4
 ,x is ?is :i* imp>ts ! speak+ impress (
 ?\ght & m9d to ! portraits ( ,raphael &
 ,titian1 :]e '! rapt s\l sitt+ 9 ! eye'
 seems to brea!1 9 all its hi/oric      
en]gies1 f ! canvass4 ,x a/oni%es1      
inde$1 t su* precepts %\ld h be5 deliv]$
 by "o :o mu/ h be5 s5sible1 t !        
re=mation :i* he accompli%$ 9           
contempor>y art1 0 ma9ly ow+ to 8 hav+  
explod$ ! v same notions ( g5]aliz+     
resemblance1 & ( middle =ms1 held by 8  
pr$ecessors4 ,9 fact1 ,reynolds 0       
sup]ior to ,lely or ,knell]1 or ev5     
,hudson1 *iefly z he approa*$ ne>] to   
nature1 by disc>d+ mann]$1 conv5tional1 

& sy/ematic modifications ( h]          
realities4 ,& he is sup]ior to himself  
exactly 9 ^? works :]e he has left out 8
 own peculi> 'ways ( see+ nature1' & has
 giv5 h] hone/ly & fai?fully z %e       
actually did appe>4 ,?us 8 be/ portraits
 are ^? ( 8 intimate fri5ds2--m5 ^:     
habits ( ?\ght & action 7 press$ ^u him 
by con/ant obs]vance1 & 9 v5]ation (    
:om1 & ( all t belong$ to !m1 he =got 8 
sy/em 9 ! subject be=e him4 ,su* are !  
portraits ( ,dr ,johnson1 ( ,b>etti1 (  
,goldsmi?1 ( ,burney1 & two ( ! f9e/ &  
mo/ p[]ful lik5esses 9 ! _w1 ( ,john    
,hunt] & ,bi%op ,newton4 ,z x 0 ) ,sir  
,jo%ua1 s w x be ) e o!r arti/4 ,he mu/ 
n m]ely imitate1 he mu/ resign himself  
to1 nature2 become z a little *ild1     
leav+ all artifice & false k1 & receive 
f h] ! precepts ( tru? & sob]ness4  ,^! 
rem>ks1 ?\gh n[ illu/rat$ *iefly by     
ref]5ce to its f\nd]1 are applicable m  
or less to ! ,engli% s*ool ( portraiture
 g5]ally4 ,inde$1 d[n to ! ma/]s ( !    
pres5t day1 ^! precepts op]ate1 & (t5 n 

less decid$ly ?an 9 ! works ( ^? :o 7 ! 
contempor>ies ( ,sir ,jo%ua4 ,( ! latt]1
 ! names ( a few ( ! pr9cipal may n[ be 
enum]at$4  ,romney1 :o di$ 9 #ahjb1 t5  
ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,jo%ua1 0 an    
orig9al1 & to a great degree1           
self-taught arti/4 ,8 /yle ( design is  
simple1 8 color+ w>m & ri*1 b 8         
affectation ( bread? has frequ5tly      
induc$ a neglect ( =m1 ) (t5 too vague a
 g5]alization ( s5tim5t4 ,! great fail+ 
( ,romney--"o common1 inde$1 to all m51 
9 e pr(ession1 :o h n be5 regul>ly      
educat$--is some?+ defective 9 8 g5]al  
managem5t1 s t ! :ole is r5d]$ imp]fect 
or displeas+ f "s peculi>ity or         
imme?odical managem5t1 :i* e>ly         
in/ruction w\ld easily h enabl$ him to  
avoid4  ,opie has c>ri$ ! pr9ciples (   
,sir ,jo%ua to ! v v]ge ( co>se &       
indi/9ct1 f :i* ! =ce ( 8 own g5ius has 
sc>cely secur$ him4 ,8 portraits h      
frequ5tly n m detail ?an a sket*1 yet   
are usually heavy & lab\r$ 9 effect4    
,?\gh und\bt$ly possess+ high tal5t1    

,opie's success 0 ow+ n less to !       
circum/ances "u :i* he rose1 ?an to     
intr9sic m]it4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 a v       
unequal arti/1 sometimes atta9+ great   
beauty1 at o!rs fall+ b5ea? himself1 :i*
 r5d]s x difficult to pron\nce g5]ally2 
besides1 he has sev]al mann]s1 ?\gh 9   
ea*1 ! l>ge & unf9i%$ /yle pr$om9ates4  
,great all[ance is1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly to 
be made = him1 ^: fir/ portrait 0 pa9t$ 
by /eal?1 9 mom5ts snat*$ f ! m5ial     
occupation ( c>ry+ (fals to ! h\se-dog (
 8 fir/ employ]4 ,su* 0 8 employm5t z   
h\se-boy 9 ! family ( ,walcott1 !       
portrait be+ t ( ! but*]1 & :i* !re is  
reason to believe 0 pa9t$ 9 ! %ambles4  
,no :]e 9 ! hi/ory ( m9d1 d we f9d su*  
amaz+ in/ances ( ! p[] ( tal5t ov]      
circum/ances z 9 art4 ,f pa9t+ lik5esses
 at sev5 & sixp5ce 9 ,truro1 '! ,corni% 
boy' came to ,london ) ?irty gu9eas 9 8 
pocket1 &1 ) h>dly any in/ructions1 save
 advice f ,sir ,jo%ua1 made 8 way to    
fame & =tune4 ,next to ,sir ,jo%ua1 ( ! 
contempor>y pa9t]s1 ,romney & ,opie     

support$ und\bt$ly ! fir/ rank1 ?\gh _m 
o!rs1 ( consid]able m]it1 w\ld des]ve   
notice 9 a m ext5d$ n>rative4 ,we %all  
!re=e n[ direct att5tion to ,hi/orical &
 ,l&scape ,pa9t+4  ,! excell5ce & amaz+ 
numb] ( its portraits1 has occasion$ !  
m]its ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( hi/ory to     
appe> less ?an !y really are4 ,inde$1   
:]e portraiture is practis$ on !        
pr9ciples ( gr& art1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re
 mu/ be excell5ce 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! 
pr(ession2 & ! op9ion s preval5t1 t     
portrait is an inf]ior bran*1 has       
s]i\sly prejudic$ bo? divisions ( ! art4
 ,x has )drawn ! hi/orical pa9t]1 z1 by 
way ( exclusive em95ce1 he 0 solicit\s  
to be nam$1 f ! c>eful /udy ( nature 9  
h] individual modes & =ms--! only true  
s\rce ( ideal p]fection2 :ile x has     
damp$ ! preci\s en?usiasm :i* arises f !
 consci\sness ( dignifi$ pursuit1 by    
plac+ ! portrait pa9t] 9 ! degrad$ rank 
( a second>y artizan4  ,! m elevat$ !   
/&>d to :i*1 9 any /udy1 ! m9d is taught
 to aspire1 ! nobl] w be ! fruits (     

ex]tion2 b :]e less is expect$1 less w  
be accompli%$4 ,! portrait pa9t]1 feel+ 
t he w\ld n receive cr$it = beauties (  
:i* 8 art 0 deem$ incapable1 has be5 too
 ready to take ! public at _! own ^w1 & 
to rema9 cont5t$ ) ! inf]iority !y 7 ?us
 will+ to accept4 ,b ! v rev]se ( all   
?is is ! tru?4 ,no ess5tial pr9ciple (  
high art may n be exhibit$1 & inde$ e "o
 is to be f\nd1 9 a fir/-rate portrait4 
,su* works1 too1 are equally1 p]haps ev5
 m r>e1 & by ! same au?ors1 z !         
ma/]pieces ( hi/orical composition4     
,h5ce we are conduct$ to our fir/       
premise z a conclusion1 t :]e           
portraiture has be5 successfully        
practis$1 hi/ory mu/ also fl\ri%4 ,a    
ref]5ce to ! annals ( ! latt] w prove   
?is to be ! case among ourselves1 at    
lea/ to a great] ext5t ?an is ! g5]al   
impression4  ,ev5 f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4
 we f9d hi/orical pa9t+ 9 repute2 "s (  
,holbe9's works f hi/ory rema9 ev5 m    
admirable ?an 8 portraits4 ,9 ! reign ( 
,m>y1 ,antonio ,m 0 em95t1 ?\gh aga9/ 8 

incl9ation employ$ *iefly 9 portraiture4
 ,elizabe?1 9 l mann]1 patroniz$        
,zuc*]o2 & ! portraits ( ,hilli>d1 "o ( 
! fir/ ,engli% arti/s ( m]it1 are 9 "s  
in/ances1 ?\gh ( small size1 almo/      
hi/orical1 z ,donne be>s witness3       
----,or h& or eye   ,by ,hilli>d drawn  
is wor? a hi/ory   ,by a worse pa9t]    
made4  ,! lab\rs ( ,rub5s & ,v&yke "u   
,*>les1 especially ! ,banquet+-,h\se at 
,:itehall by ! =m]1 cont9ue to %[ t     
hi/ory 0 n unpatroniz$4 ,/ill no ,engli%
 s*ool c prop]ly be said to h be5 =m$   
till ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,sir ,james  
,?ornhill1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 0   
appo9t$ hi/orical pa9t] to ! c\rt4 ,!   
works ( ?is arti/ are num]\s1 & we are  
dispos$ to rank !m high] ?an !y are     
commonly appreciat$4 ,^? 9 ,/4 ,paul's &
 at ,gre5wi* are well kn[n2 & ?\gh x be 
que/ionable :e!r !y c\ld h be5 mu* bett]
 execut$ by any o!r arti/ at t "t 9     
,europe1 yet s mis]able 0 ! enc\ragem5t1
 t ,?ornhill is report$ to h be5 paid = 
"s ( ^! lab\rs by ! squ>e y>d = two     

p\nds4  ,?us ! annals ( hi/orical pa9t+ 
9 ,engl& furni% little to rew>d rese>*  
or to int]e/ ! read]1 previ\s to !      
appe>ance ( ,hog>?1 born #afih1 9 ! ,old
 ,bailey1 ! son ( a s*oolma/]1 & di$ 9  
#agfd1 be+ ! fir/ native arti/ :o prov$ 
t !re exi/$ subject 9 our mann]s1 &     
tal5t 9 our l&1 = o!r pa9t+ ?an         
portrait4 ,hog>? claims ! highe/ praise 
( g5ius2 he 0 an orig9al inv5tor2 nay1  
m1 he bo? /ruck out a new pa?1 &        
qualifi$ himself to walk !re94 ,f an    
engrav] ( armorial be>+s & ornam5ts on  
plate1 he taught himself to be a pa9t]4 
,! aim ( no arti/ has be5 m mi/ak51 at  
lea/ e/imat$ on pr9ciples m oppos$1 ?an 
t ( ,hog>?4 ,"s h rank$ him z a         
satirical1 "s z a grotesque pa9t]1 :ile 
o!rs h n scrupl$ to rate him m]ely z a  
c>icaturi/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 hi/orical pa9t+ 
consi/ 9 ! del9eation ( mann]s1 9 !     
expression ( s5tim5t1 & 9 /rik+         
repres5tation ( natural "*1 few names 9 
art w /& high] ?an ,hog>?2 :ile1 beyond 
mo/ pa9t]s1 he has ext5d$ ! b\nds ( !   

art1 9 ! alliance :i* he has =m$ betwe5 
! imag9ation & ! he>t1--betwe5 amus+ ( !
 ext]nal s5se & ! pr(\nd reflections ?us
 awak5$4 ,8 pictures are n m]ely pass+  
sc5es1 or mom5t>y actions2 !y are pr(\nd
 moral lessons4 ,x is ?is :i* raises him
 f> above ! ,dut* or ,flemi% s*ool1 ) ^:
 g5]al imitation ( national cu/oms1 8   
firm & individual grasp ( ! morality (  
common life has ) great inju/ice be5    
conf\nd$4 ,f ! l(ty ab/ractions ( !     
,italian ma/]s1 aga91 he diff]s widely1 
b n1 z usually suppos$1 because he      
repres5ts l[1 b because he pa9ts real   
life4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! obs]vation (    
,walpole1 t1 ',hog>?'s place is betwe5 !
 ,italians1 :om we may consid] z epic   
poets & trag$ians2 & ! ,flemi% pa9t]s1  
:o are z writ]s ( f>ce1 & editors (     
burlesque nature1' is f\nd$ 9 utt]      
mi/ake1 or misrepres5tation2 he nev]    
=gave ! arti/'s indep5d5ce ( 8          
connoisseur%ip4 ,hog>?'s place is n     
betwe51 b above & ap>t4 ,he 'holds !    
mirror up to nature1' n to exhibit      

graphic p[]s ( mimicry1 n to depict !   
sublimity ( m9d1 or ! idealities ( =m1 b
 'to %[ ,vice h] own features1' man '8  
own image4'  ,8 pr$ecessor ?us /&+      
alone1 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds claims to  
be ! f\nd] ( ,engli% hi/orical pa9t+ 9  
its recognis$ acceptation4 ,inde$1 8    
pr9ciples already1 or h]eaft] to be     
expla9$1 h be5 foll[$ by all succe$+    
arti/s1 or h influ5c$ practice 9 hi/ory 
no less ?an 9 portraiture4 ,& :at ?is   
influ5ce accompli%$ 9 ! latt]1 x c]ta9ly
 has also effect$ 9 ! =m] dep>tm5t1 )   
?is diff]5ce inde$1 t 9 ! fir/ x creat$1
 9 ! second improv$1 giv+ to ea* a l>ge1
 bold1 & en]getic mann]1 :i* 0 at lea/ a
 /ep greatly 9 advance1 a mo/           
respectable approximation1 9 ! pa? (    
excell5ce4 ,b ?is1 z a re/+-place1 0 f> 
less p]fect 9 hi/ory ?an 9 any o!r bran*
 ( ! art1 s9ce ! /yle 0 adv]se to       
atta9m5t 9 _m ( ^? qualities ju/ly deem$
 ess5tial4 ,h5ce is ,sir ,jo%ua n only  
inf]ior to himself 9 hi/ory1 b 8 example
 has1 on ! :ole1 ret>d$ ! advancem5t ( !

 /udy among/ u4 ,successors h ei!r too  
(t5 re/$ 9 imitation ( 8 mann]1 or !y h 
c>ri$ 8 pr9ciples =w>d1 9 :i* case !y   
are un=tunately calculat$ to lead f>!r f
 ! g5u9e s\rces ( pure ta/e & sub/antial
 composition4  ,! ma/]pieces ( ,sir     
,jo%ua are 8 repres5tations ( *ildr52 & 
9 _m hi/orical1 or r fancy pieces ( ?is 
"*1 z ! ,infant ,h]cules1 ! ,/rawb]ry   
,girl1 ,puck1 ,cupid & ,psy*e1 ,hope    
nurs+ ,love1 8 lab\rs are truly         
admirable4 ,su* subjects 7 j fitt$ to 8 
bl& & fl[+ p5cil1 :ile !y suff]$ no?+ f 
undecid$ =m & cont\rs feebly express$4  
,! ar*1 yet simple expression1 ! lovely1
 yet almo/ grotesque individuality ( "*1
 9 ! heads ( 8 *ildr51 ! execution1 &   
ev5 color+--all is equally natural &    
exquisite4 ,!y are among ! mo/ p]fect   
gems ( art4 ,only second to ! simil>    
productions ( ,coreggio1 !y are sup]ior 
to ev]y?+ done on ! ,cont95t s9ce ! days
 ( ,rub5s & ,fiamm+o4 ,x appe>s s+ul>1  
!n1 on ! fir/ view ( ! matt]1 t ,sir    
,jo%ua %\ld h s frequ5tly fail$1 & on ! 

:ole left s few good female portraits1  
:ile s ne>ly atta9+ p]fection 9 subjects
 ( alli$ grace & lovel9ess4 ,b x is to  
be rem>k$1 a /yle ( h&l+ broad & facile1
 yet peculi>ly s(t & fle%y1 :i* 9 ^!    
in/ances produces effects s beautiful   
)\t mu* f9i%1 is n equally adapt$ to    
express ! equally s(t1 yet decid$ =ms & 
delicate movem5ts ( ! female c\nt5ance4 
,besides1 ,sir ,jo%ua _h peculi> notions
 ( grace1 :i* affect$ ease & nature1 r  
?an actually repres5t$ ! easy & !       
natural4 ,he wi%$ to avoid /iffness1 &  
has (t5 laps$ into ! contra/$ &         
!atrical4 ,8 picture ( ,mrs ,siddons1 z 
! ,tragic ,muse1 h[ev]1 is pron\nc$ by  
,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce to be 'a "w ( !    
highe/ epic "*1 & indisputably ! f9e/   
female portrait 9 ! _w4' ,h[ f>1 h[ev]1 
ei!r t1 or ! no less celebrat$ picture (
 ,g>rick1 c rank ) hi/orical            
portraitures1 at lea/ consid]$ ) ^? (   
,raphael & ,titian1 may ju/ly be        
que/ion$4 ,( ! m elevat$ & s]i\s        
hi/orical compositions ( ,sir ,jo%ua1 ! 

,dea? ( ,c>d9al ,beau=t is ! gr&e/1 !   
be/ drawn1 & ! mo/ p[]fully color$2 !   
only defect is ! expression1 :i* is too 
mat]ial2 ,ugol9o is a failure1 if int5d$
 = ! fi]ce inmate ( ,dante's 't[] (     
fam9e3' ^! want dignity & tru? ( "*4 ,! 
designs at ,ox=d are f9e2 ! ,nativity1 9
 imitation ( ! fam\s ,notte ( ,coreggio1
 is a spl5did p]=mance4  ,sir ,jo%ua    
,reynolds1 !n1 ow$ m to ta/e &          
application ?an to g5ius2 m to incessant
 practice ?an to sci5ce2 he d]iv$ all f 
8 pr$ecessors :i* he has bequea!d to    
po/]ity2 b if1 9 mak+ ! transmission1 he
 add$ no new nor ess5tial pr9ciple (    
imitation or inv5tion1 he e/abli%$ 9    
high practical excell5ce ! arts ( 8     
c\ntry4  ,among ^? ^: lab\rs 9 hi/orical
 pa9t+ connect ! =m] ) ! pres5t s*ool1  
,b>ry /&s =emo/ 9 "t z 9 m]it4 ,!       
p]=mances ( ?is arti/ exhibit1 9 a v    
/rik+ mann]1 ! ju/ice ( "s ( ! prec$+   
rem>ks4 ,!y are de/itute ( ! mo/        
ess5tial & t\*+ graces ( imitative      
repres5tation2 !y want1 9 %ort1 all t   

portraiture1 :i* _! au?or affect$ to    
despise1 c\ld h giv5--life1 nature1     
tru?1 & sweetness1 )\t ?is abs5ce be+   
comp5sat$ by any extraord9>y beauties ( 
:at is t]m$ high] art4 ,! draw+1 ?\gh   
(t5 good1 is also n seldom defective2   
:ile ! color+ is uni=mly h>%1 & !       
managem5t )\t =ce4 ,imag9ation &        
inv5tion run riot )\t due control ( !   
judgm5t2 n t ! f]vor ( poetic en?usiasm 
snat*es a too d>+ grace1 b r ! unprun$  
f]tility ( conception frequ5tly unites !
 mo/ gl>+ incongruities4 ,yet ,b>ry is  
f> f be+ )\t p[] or sci5ce2 8 great     
defici5ces 7 a *a/e ta/e & mell[$       
practice4 ,no man bett] und]/ood1 or has
 writt5 m le>n$ly1 on ! ab/ract         
pr9ciples ( composition2 inde$1 he has  
be5 accus$ ( devot+ too mu* att5tion to 
! m]e !ory & lit]ature ( 8 art1 :ile he 
neglect$ ,raphael's gold5 application ( 
,cic]o's maxim--',nulla dies s9e l9ea4' 
,!re exi/$1 h[ev]1 9 ! "* ( ,b>ry1      
not)/&+ a rud5ess ( ext]ior1 & ignorance
 or disreg>d ( ! proprieties ( poli%$   

life1 a moral gr&eur ( un%ak5 resolve1 (
 endur+ en?usiasm1 ( /]n & uncompromis+ 
self-d5ial1 9 8 pr(essional c>e]1 :i*   
inve/ 8 memory ) no common int]e/4 ,!   
man :o c\ld und]take1 alone1 & ) no     
c]ta9 prospect ( remun]ation1 "o ( !    
greate/ works :i* has be5 attempt$ )9   
two c5turies--& t1 too1 ) only sixte5   
%ill+s 9 8 pocket2 :o1 dur+ sev5 ye>s ( 
/ruggle1 prosecut$ t "w to a completion1
 (t5 ?us lab\r+ all day1 :ile he sat up 
! great] "p ( ! night f9i%+ "s sket* = !
 publi%]s1 9 ord] to make provision = ! 
pass+ h\r2--su* a man pres5ts claims to 
admiration ( high] dignity ?an ev5 ^? ( 
g5ius4 ,! great "w und]tak5 & f9i%$ amid
 ^! difficulties1 is ! s]ies ( six      
pictures1 ( ! size ( life1 repres5t+ !  
progress ( civilization1 9 ! ,hall ( !  
,society ( ,arts2 & x reflects ! highe/ 
honor on t useful in/itution1 t its     
gratuit\s rew>d enabl$ ! arti/ to enjoy 
8 only p]man5t1 ?\gh small income1 (    
ab\t #fj ye>ly4 ,t su* a memb] %\ld h   
be5 eject$ f ! ,royal ,academy ( ,great 

,brita91 9 :i* also he held ! ,*air (   
,pa9t+1 mu/ be consid]$ z a common      
calamity bo? to t body & to himself3 to 
him x c]ta9ly 01 = ! degradation        
embitt]$ ! enjoym5t1 & v s]i\sly impair$
 ! means1 ( exi/5ce4 ,b>ry di$ 9 #ahjf1 
hav+ be5 born at ,cork 9 #agda2 ris+ f a
 sailor boy1 *alk+ 8 rude fancies on !  
deck ( 8 fa!r's coa/]1 self-taught1 to  
be ! pa9t] n[ describ$--! le>n$ writ] on
 8 art--! fri5d ( ,samuel ,johnson & (  
,edmund ,burke4  ,_m o!r names ( m9or   
reputation might be m5tion$1--z ,hayman1
 ,mortim]1 c41--:o occasionally )       
portrait1 pa9t$ hi/ory1 b to no ext5t4  
,?is bran* ( ! art1 except = ! lab\rs ( 
! late ,sir ,b5jam9 ,we/1 at ! close ( !
 la/ c5tury1 w\ld almo/ h be5 )\t a     
repres5tative among/ u4 ,f t p]iod1 v   
great progress 9 all ! dep>tm5ts has be5
 realiz$4 ,/ill1 to ! anci5t gr&eur ( ! 
hi/oric /yle ?is v5]able arti/ has      
cont9u$ to make ! ne>e/ approa*es4 ,to !
 ,new ,_w1 succe$+ ages w /& indebt$ =  
,we/2 b = ! pa9t]1 ! arts are "u        

obligation to ,engl&4 ,x is s+ul>1 too1 
t ! advice & s]vices ( a ,scotsman 7 !  
imm$iate inducem5ts :i* prev5t$ ?is     
ornam5t ( two worlds f return+ to 8     
native c\ntry1 9 :i* case 8 tal5ts w\ld 
mo/ probably h be5 lo/ to bo?4 ,! /ate (
 patronage & ( ta/e c\ld n h af=d$ to   
him ! means nor ! incitem5t ( ris+      
beyond portrait1 9 :i* we d n ?9k ,we/  
w\ld ev] h excell$4 ,two incid5ts 9 8   
lot reflect equal honor on 8 native & 8 
adopt$ c\ntry1--l _m o!r moral          
analogies1 ev9c+ ! common possession ( a
 cong5ial lib]ality & k9dl9ess ( _s1 :i*
 ought1 & w1 we tru/1 ev] m+le its be/  
affections 9 reciprocally advantage\s & 
amicable int]c\rse4 ,9 ! l& ( 8 bir?1 ! 
op5+ g5ius ( ,we/ 0 *e]$ ) a truly t5d] 
solicitude2 8 future advance & 8 future 
fame seem$ less ! c>e ( individual      
fri5ds ?an ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,&1 f #agfc1 on
 fir/ sett+ foot 9 ,brita91 dur+ ! long 
c\rse ( 8 life1 he receiv$ m enc\ragem5t
 f h] sov]eign & h] p ?an has ev] be5   
accord$ to any hi/orical pa9t]1 native  

or =eign2 ?is1 too1 9 ! mid/ ( an       
unhappy1 &1 z !n consid]$1 rebelli\s    
conte/4  ,:5 we consid] ! lab\rs ( ,sir 
,b5jam91 9 ref]5ce ei!r to ,engli% or   
,cont95tal art1 !y h1 9 bo? po9ts (     
view1 a high1 b n an equal rank4 ,9 !   
=m]1 !y are unrivall$ 9 magnitude1 9    
progressive improvem5t1 & 9 ! excell5ce 
( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are compos$4 ,9 
comp>+ !m ) =eign art1 _! m]its are n s 
absolute2 b "h we %all use ! words ( !  
pres5t accompli%$ presid5t4 ',at an     
era1' says ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 ':5    
hi/orical pa9t+ 0 at ! l[e/ ebb1 7) !   
few exceptions :i* ! claims ( !         
beautiful & ! em95t p]mitt$ to ! p5cil (
 ,sir ,jo%ua71 ,mr ,we/1 su/a9$ by !    
munific5t patronage ( 8 late ,maje/y1   
produc$ a s]ies ( compositions1 f sacr$ 
& pr(ane hi/ory1 pr(\ndly /udi$1 &      
execut$ ) ! mo/ facile p[]1 :i* n only 7
 sup]ior to any =m] productions (       
,engli% art1 b1 f> surpass+ contempor>y 
m]it on ! ,cont95t1 7 unequall$ at any  
p]iod bel[ ! s*ools ( ! ,c>acci4'  ,9   

support ( ?is high encomium1 ,sir ,?omas
 in/ances '! ,return ( ,regulus to      
,c>?age1' & '! ,%ipwreck ( ,/           
,paul1'--pictures :i* amply te/ify !    
sup]iority we h assum$ to exi/ 9 ! liv+ 
arts ( ,brita94 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are by no   
means ! only ma/]-pieces ( ,we/1 ^:     
great glory x is to h proce$$ on a sy/em
 :i* admits ( indef9ite1 & :i* t5ds to  
c]ta9 improvem5t4 ,ev5 to 8 eightie? ye>
 he 0 employ$ 9 new ex]cises1 n inf]ior 
to1 or 9 "s respects excell+1 !         
ent]prises ( 8 vigor\s /r5g?4 ,! cause (
 8 late em95ce be>s /rongly ^u ! :ole   
t5or ( our rem>ks 9 treat+ ( ,sculpture1
 & w be/ be expla9$ 9 8 own words4 ,9   
#ahaa1 writ+ to ,"l ,elg91 ! arti/ ?us  
expresses himself3 '9 ! la/ production (
 my p5cil1 :i* ,i n[ invite y\r lord%ip 
to see1 x has be5 my ambition1 ?\gh at a
 v advanc$ p]iod ( life1 to introduce ^?
 ref9em5ts 9 art1 :i* are s di/+ui%$ 9  
y\r collection1'--7! ,phidian ,m>bles ( 
! ,p>!non47 ',_h ,i be5 ble/ ) see+ &   
/udy+ ^! emanations ( g5ius at an e>li] 

p]iod ( life1 ! s5tim5t ( _! pre-em95ce 
w\ld h animat$ all my ex]tions2 & m "*1 
& expression1 & life1 w\ld h p]vad$ my  
humble attempts at hi/orical pa9t+4'  ,x
 is ! s\ndness & regul>ity ( pr9ciple   
express$ 91 or ^: exi/5ce is cle>ly     
d$ucible f1 ! ent]ta9+ ( su* views1 t   
con/itutes ! great m]it ( ! pictures (  
,we/4 ,x is ^! qualities1 too1 :i* imp>t
 to !m _! utility & high value z a s*ool
 ( art4 ,z f> z !y g1 !y may safely &   
)\t res]ve be recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t4 ,"h 
he w n be l$ a/ray by brilliant ?\gh    
false !ory1 nor degrad$ into mann]ism by
 peculi> ?\gh /rik+ modes1 :i* c please 
only f _! peculi>ity1 & :5 !y exhibit ! 
result ( native inv5tion4 ,all "h is    
plac$ ^u ! broad highway ( univ]sal art2
 all is equable1 uni=mly correct1 firm1 
& respectable2 no comp5sation ( error by
 an occasional l(t9ess ( flight3 ! /ream
 ( inv5tion sweeps onw>d calmly &       
maje/ically2 if n conduct+ to sc5es ( ! 
mo/ /up5d\s sublimity1 fl[+ at lea/ )\t 
cat>act or :irlpool1 ?r\gh a magnific5ce

 :i* is gr& f its v regul>ity &         
usefulness4 ,9 ^! works we discov] ?is1 
p]haps s+ul> "*1 t 9 !m we detect _m    
wants1 b no defects4 ,! composition1    
gr\p+ & symmetry1 are unexceptionable2 !
 draw+ is p>ticul>ly f9e1 yet )\t !     
/atue-l design ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,b to   
animate ?is beautiful framework (       
art--to inspire ^! m\lds ( =m & emblems 
( intellig5ce ) action & s5tim5t--! t\* 
( t g5ius1 to ^: f9al aims ext]nal      
sci5ce furni%es ! b>e in/rum5t1 is      
want+4 ,! repres5tation is *a/e &       
beautiful1 b x is too cle>ly a          
repres5tation2 !re wants ! almo/        
o'er-in=m+ m9d1 ! fre%ness ( natural    
feel+1 :i* give to art its true/1 only  
ma/]y ov] ! human _s4  ,! surpass+      
s(tness & v>iety ( our isl& sc5]y seems 
to h inspir$ a correspond+ beauty &     
vigor\s div]sity into our s*ool (       
,l&scape4 ,rural imag]y may almo/ be    
said to m+le 9 e dream ( ,engli%        
enjoym5t4 ,h5ce ?is dep>tm5t ( our arts 
has always be5 popul>1 &1 z a necess>y  

consequ5ce ( enc\ragem5t1 has be5       
cultivat$ ) ardor & success4 ,only1     
inde$1 :5 ,engli% arti/s h =sak5 ,engli%
 nature1 or h attempt$ to unite         
classical allegory ) h]oic l&scape1 z x 
is call$1 h !y fail$ 9 ?is delightful   
bran*4 ,f an e>ly p]iod 9 ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 ! s*ool may be said to comm5ce1 
& !nce=w>d may ju/ly be said to h rema9$
 unrivall$ by contempor>y m]it 9 any o!r
 c\ntry4 ,"o dep>tm5t inde$ ( l&scape1 &
 t too a v *>m+ "o1 namely wat]-color1  
has be51 by ,briti% arti/s1 n only      
inv5t$1 x may be said1 b rais$ into a   
mo/ beautiful & useful bran* ( dignifi$ 
art4 ,nor let l&scape be deem$1 z too   
frequ5tly1 an inf]ior dep>tm5t3 x       
c]ta9ly requires n ! highe/ g5ius1 yet s
 _m qualities mu/ unite 9 ! same        
individual be=e he c atta9 excell5ce "h1
 t ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds us$ to say1    
'!re is m likely to be ano!r ,raphael   
?an a second ,claude4' ,yet m ?an "o    
native has approa*$ ! em95ce ( ! latt]4 
,comm5c+ ) ! la/ c5tury1 ! foll[+       

arrangem5t w include ! mo/ e/eem$       
l&scape pa9t]s ( ?is c\ntry4  ,fir/     
,class4 ,wilson1 born #agad1 di$ #aghb1 
! fir/ ( ,engli% l&scape pa9t]s2 a]ial  
p]spective v f9e1 n surpass$ by ,claude2
 great fidelity 9 repres5t+ natural     
effects2 color+1 especially 9 8 lat]    
pictures1 some:at dry2 objects r        
indet]m9ate4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 #agbg-hh2 a   
pa9t] ( univ]sal b irregul> g5ius2 9 8  
l&scapes ! mo/ decid$ly ,engli% ( all   
our great ma/]s4 ,wright1 #agcd-ig2     
exquisite f9i%+ & wond]ful effects (    
light1 especially 9 8 ,eruption (       
,vesuvius1 ris+ & sett+ sun2 t\*        
delicate2 color+ fre% & transp>5t4      
,morl&1 #agfd-ahjf2 x is n easy exactly 
to class ?is arti/1 z 8 l&scapes are    
g5]ally accessory only to 8 figures1    
:ile ^! latt] are h>dly ( suffici5t     
int]e/ )\t su* accessories4 ,:atev]     
,morl& accompli%$ 0 r by ! =ce ( g5ius1 
?an ?r\gh /udy or k1 ) ! exception ( "s 
( 8 pictures pa9t$ ab\t #aghi-ie4 ,8    
great excell5ces lie 9 ! unaffect$      

exhibition ( broad & vulg> "*1 & 9 !    
repres5tation ( dome/ic animals1 pigs1  
%eep1 donkeys1 & worn-out horses2 = z he
 drew m]ely by =ce ( eye1 8 ignorance ( 
anatomy prev5t$ him f attempt+ t 'noble 
creature' 9 p]fect condition4 ,morel&'s 
back-gr\nds & di/ances are (t5 truly    
admirable4  ,second ,class4 ,wooton1 di$
 #agfe1 excell5t 9 field-sports1 horses1
 dogs1 & l&scape2 b 8 t\* & color+ are  
indi/9ct4 ,lamb]t1 #agaj-agfe1 *a/e &   
h>moni\s color+1 ) a slight degree (    
monotony2 di/ances sweet2 foll[$ ,g4    
,p\ss91 ^: occasional faults 9 h>%ness &
 black %ad[ he has avoid$1 ?\gh left f> 
beh9d 9 sublimity & v>iety (            
composition4 ,b>rett1 f ! si/] isle1    
self-in/ruct$1 yet none ( our native    
s*ool has m happily caught ! *>act]i/ic 
features ( ,engli% l&scape3 8 t\*1 ?\gh 
defective 9 detail1 is rapid1 & =cibly  
di/+ui%es1 at lea/ by _! g5]al =ms1 !   
diff]5t elem5ts ( natural composition4  
,m>l[1 conc]n+ :om !re are no exact     
dates1 & ,scott1 born 9 #agaj1 di$ 9    

#aggb1--;bo? excel 9 m>9e views2 ! latt]
 is sc>cely surpass$ by ! be/ ma/]s ( ! 
,flemi% s*ool1 & ! f9i%+ ( ! =m] is     
p>ticul>ly happy1 ?\gh he fails 9 trees1
 :5 attempt+ inl& sc5]y4  ,?ird ,class4 
,?is division includes _m l&scape pa9t]s
 ( v>i\s1 "s1 inde$1 ( v high m]it1 ^:  
lab\rs ext5d f ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5?
 to an e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,( ?is
 class ! pr9cipal names are ! foll[+3   
,smi?s ( ,*i*e/]1 especially ,john &    
,george1 & ,smi? ( ,d]by2--x is s+ul> t 
all ?ree 7 self-taught4 ,! two ,gilp9s (
 ,c>lisle2 ! eld] by pictures ( horses &
 wild animals1 & ! ,rev4 ,william       
,gilp91 by 8 writ+s & l&scapes1 h add$  
mu* to ?is dep>tm5t4 ,s&by ( ,nott+ham1 
a mo/ exquisite l&scape draughtsman1 z  
also 7 ,coz5s & ,he>ne1 ^: pa9t+s h     
great value 9 fidelity1 & ^: draw+s     
contribut$ n a little t[>ds =m+ ! pres5t
 s*ool ( wat]-color pa9t+4 ,tull imitat$
 too closely ! ,dut* ma/]s4 ,:eately    
excell$ bo? 9 m9or hi/ory & l&scape1    
especially 9 rural subjects4 ,dean1 a   

native ( ,irel&1 "s good ,italian       
l&scapes4 ,dayes1 ,devis1 ( :i* names   
!re 7 ?ree arti/s m or less connect$ )  
l&scape4 ,two ,pe!rs ( ,*i*e/]2         
,william1 bo? a pa9t] & engrav] (       
l&scapes2 ,abraham excell$ 9 moonlight  
sc5es1 ex]cis+ ! p5cil ) rem>kable      
sweetness1 luxuriance1 & transp>5cy (   
color+2 he di$ 9 #ahab4  ,( all !       
l&scape pa9t]s ( ! ,briti% s*ool1       
,wilson & ,ga9sbor\gh are und\bt$ly !   
fir/2 nor is x easy to discrim9ate      
betwe5 !m4 ,wilson excels 9 spl5d\r (   
effect & magnific5ce ( composition2 b   
,ga9sbor\gh is m natural & pleas+1 at   
lea/ 9 8 e>ly pictures4 ,latt]ly he     
introduc$ ! notion ( an ideal beauty 9  
rural nature1 :i* has too frequ5tly be5 
imitat$4 ,bo? possess$ g5ius 9 no ord9>y
 degree2 b ?\gh to ! fir/ has be5 conc$$
 ! high] walk z x has be5 call$1 because
 imag9ative1 to ! latt] belongs t       
temp]am5t ( m9d m ess5tial1 we ?9k1 to !
 l&scape pa9t]1 :i* p[]fully conceives !
 objects ( contemplation1 & places !m 9 

vivid reality be=e ! eye & ! fancy4 ,ea*
 has fail$ 9 ! gr& difficulty (         
l&scape--! prop] introduction ( figures2
 & 9 ! besett+ defect ( ! ,engli%       
s*ool--slov5ly execution1 & want (      
detail4 ,"h ! rem>ks are n conf9$ to ^! 
arti/s alone1 b express r ! g5]al "*4   
,among ! ma/]s ( hi/orical pa9t+1 z     
,titian1 ,c>acci1 ,n4 ,p\ss91 ,rub5s1 :o
 excell$ 9 l&scape incid5tally1 z x 71 !
 sc5e is always subord9ate to ! figures4
 ,?is is g5]ally ! case1 too1 ) ^? :o m 
directly pr(ess$ hi/orical or h]oic     
l&scape1 z ,salvator ,rosa1 ,albano1    
,franceso ,bolonese1 ) _m ( ! mo/       
celebrat$ ,flemi% & ,dut* arti/s4 ,9 ?is
 case ! l&scape is introduc$ ei!r to    
exhibit "s sc5ic propriety1 or z a m]e  
embelli%m5t ( ! hi/orical design4 ,!    
great difficulty "h lies 9 ma9ta9+      
subord9ation & unity1 yet pres]v+ !     
int]e/1 ( ! respective p>ts ( !         
composition4 ,9 ^! beauties ,claude     
completely fails1 z d also ,wilson1 &   
mo/ ,engli% arti/s :o h made ! attempt4 

,! l&scape ov]:elms ! /ory1 :ile ! /ory 
g5]ally discr$its ! l&scape2 or1 !      
att5tion be+ equally divid$ betwe5 bo?1 
! int]e/ ( ea* is weak5$4 ,?is is       
sometimes ! case ) ,ga9sbor\gh1 (t5 )   
,morl&1 & /ill m frequ5tly 9 ! ,dut*    
s*ool4 ,9 l&scape pa9t+1 prop]ly        
consid]$1 ! figures %\ld always be      
subord9ate1 =m+ m]ely a "p (1 &         
correspond+ )1 ! sc5e2 mo/ especially :5
 t sc5e is f nature1 & ) h] beauties ev]
 fre% r5ew$1 inexhau/ible--!re is some?+
 almo/ unhall[$ 9 ?ru/+ ^u u ! inf]ior1 
& mann]$ & cr[d$ compositions ( m]e     
imag9ation4 ,nor is x a matt] m]ely (   
ta/e2 ev]y?+ :i* has a t5d5cy to lead ! 
m9d & ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ away f     
nature1 t5ds also to ! det]ioration (   
art4 ,h5ce ! absurdities s visible 9 !  
hi/ory ( ?is p>ticul> bran*--,nature    
repres5t$ z if se5 ?r\gh a              
,claude-,lorra9e-glass--skies gleam+ &  
gl>+ "u ! appellations ( sunrises &     
sunsets1--build+s ( fanta/ic =m &       
un9habitable dim5sions1 "u ! "n (       

,italian ru9s--foliage & fields 9 e     
v>iety ( t9t1 save ! s(t1 quiet1        
unobtrusive hues ( leaves & h]bage4     
,surely ( all pa9t]s1 ! ,briti% l&scape 
pa9t] is lea/ excusable 9 deviat+ f !   
reality ar\nd him1 :i* pres5ts e elem5t 
( 8 art 9 its be/ p]fection1 f ! s(te/  
beauty 9 a fre%ness ( dewy v]dure       
else:]e unkn[n1 to ! wilde/ sublimity ( 
lake1 m\nta91 wood1 & torr5t6 ,ev5 9 !  
gorge\s magnific5ce ( our *ang+ sky1 !re
 is a glori\sness1 & gr&eur ( effect1   
:i* we h nev] se5 ev5 9 ,italy4 ,if1    
aga91 he seek = objects ( moral int]e/1 
!re is ! feudal =talice--! cloi/]$      
abbey--! /ori$ m9/]--! go?ic ca/le1 )   
all _! ri* associations2--!re ! m\ld]+  
monum5t--! fields ( conflict1 ! sc5es ( 
tradition1 ( poetry1 & ( love--&1 f>    
amid ! wild upl&1 gleams ! mossy /one1 &
 b5ds ! solit>y a%1 ov] ! m>tyr ( 8     
fai?4 ,= su* z ^! ! imag9ation c give u 
no equival5ts4  ,co>se & undetail$1 ?\gh
 tal5t$1 execution1 has ov]spread e     
dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% s*ool4 ,9 ! pres5t 

bran*1 h[ev]1 ?is mann] seems especially
 misplac$4 ,a l&scape pa9t+1 m ?an any  
o!r1 is view$ m]ely z a "w ( art4       
,consequ5tly1 ! m9d feels dissatisfi$ 9 
! abs5ce ( ^? qualities ( f9i%$         
execution & delicate managem5t1 :i*     
con/itute ! ess5tial value & "* ( art z 
su*4 ,! imitation requires n only to be 
g5]al2 b1 to give entire pleasure1 we   
mu/ be enabl$ also to trace ) ease m9ute
 & v>i$ resemblances4 ,! "w ?us af=ds   
almo/ ! endless gratification ( nature's
 own productions4 ,b we %all n re/ !    
objections to loose practice on gr\nds t
 might be disput$ z a matt] ( dubi\s    
ta/e4 ,! evil is n /ay$ 9 ! effect1 b   
endang]s ! v exi/5ce ( its own rapid    
creations4 ,:]e ! /udy is g5]al effect  
only1 ! next object mu/ necess>ily be to
 produce t effect spe$ily3 inde$1 su* a 
/yle completely excludes ! c>e requisite
 to prop] elaboration & transp>5t       
color+4 ,h5ce t9ts are us$1 :i* soone/  
atta9 to ! g5]al end 9 view2 b su* t9ts 
are exactly ^? :i* fade ! soone/4 ,h5ce 

! blackness1 rawness1 & want ( h>mony1 9
 s _m ,engli% l&scapes4 ,h5ce1 also1 !  
cle> & silv]y tones :i* seem            
inde/ructible 9 ! exquisitely f9i%$     
l&scapes ( ,claude1 & ! mo/ em95t =eign 
arti/s4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 ! be/ ma/]s 9  
?is bran* are decid$ly ^? :o h f9i%$ )  
due c>e4 ,( ! works ( our own s*ool1 ^? 
are also ! mo/ excell5t z essays (      
g5ius1 :i* are ! mo/ judici\sly lab\r$ z
 p]=mances ( art4  ,we may n[ turn our  
att5tion = a little to ! pa/ /ate (     
pa9t+ 9 ,scotl&4 ,dur+ ! eighte5?       
c5tury1 ?\gh !re c h>dly be said to h   
exi/$ any sep>ate /yle1 s z to m]it !   
di/9ction ( a s*ool ap>t f t ( ! empire 
g5]ally1 yet sev]al v respectable       
,scotti% arti/s are f\nd to h practis$  
bo? 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ! latt]   
capital1 t[>ds ! close ( t p]iod1 a     
s*ool gradually arose1 :i*1 consid]+ !  
res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 ! opportunities (  
improvem5t1 ! means ( patronage1 &      
latt]ly1 ! m]its ( its individual ma/]s1
 especially ( its head1 ! late ,sir     

,h5ry ,raeburn1 displays an inf]iority  
c]ta9ly n great] ?an might reasonably be
 expect$4 ,or we w g f>!r2 :5 !         
invigorat+ influ5ce ( royal c\nt5ance & 
protection ^u ! f9e arts1 ! sup]ior     
weal? & intellig5ce congregat$ 9 ! seat 
( legislature1 are view$--all concurr+  
to fo/] & advance art 9 ! capital2 & :51
 on ! o!r h&1 we reflect1 n m]ely on !  
abs5ce ( ^! advantages1 b on ! positive 
detrim5t ( a non-resid5t nobility1 ^:   
pres5ce might 9 "s measure supply o!r   
defici5cies1 x mu/ be matt] ( a/oni%m5t1
 n t ,scotti% pa9t+ is inf]ior1 b t x is
 s ne>ly equal1 to t ( ,london4 ,b !re  
ne$s n an appeal m]ely to relative      
excell5ce2 ! absolute m]its ( "s ( !    
ma/]s n[ 9 ,ed9burgh1 or belong+ to     
,scotl&1 are n surpass$ 9 _! respective 
dep>tm5ts4 ,x is f> f ! int5tion1 9 ^!  
rem>ks1 to in/itute any invidi\s        
di/9ctions1 b to /ate fairly ! claims ( 
,ed9burgh1 & t ! tal5ts ( h] arti/s1 & !
 zeal ( h] p1 place h]1 n among !       
second>y cities1 b among ! capitals (   

,europe4 ,x ought also to be rememb]$1 t
 9 no in/ance are ! arts ( any k+dom m  
indebt$1 ?an ^? ( ! ,briti% ,empire to  
,scotsm54 ,n to m5tion ! ex]tions (     
,gav9 ,hamilton1 himself an arti/1 ^:   
discov]ies & k ( antique art mat]ially  
assi/$ ! g5]al re/oration ( ta/e--& we d
 "k t1 9 ?is light1 ,canova bo? reg>d$ &
 ev] spoke ( him ) gratitude--!re are   
two cases m imm$iate to ! pres5t        
purpose4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 at 8  
own risk & exp5se1 ?\gh aft]w>ds1 z 0   
only prop]1 9 "p repaid1 made ! mo/     
spl5did collection ( anci5t vases n[ 9 !
 _w1 except+ t ( ,naples4 ,^! are 9 !   
,briti% ,museum1 & h n m]ely ref9$ ta/e1
 b h mo/ mat]ially improv$ ! useful arts
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,e>l ( ,elg9's          
ine/imable treasures ( anci5t sculpture 
h enri*$ ,brita9 ) examples ( unrivall$ 
excell5ce1 & :i* h already ma9ly        
contribut$ to ! pres5t sup]iority ( h]  
g5ius 9 art4 ,^! preci\s rema9s1 )      
indefatigable assiduity1 at a ru9\s &   
hopeless exp5diture1 collect$--an       

ent]prise 9 :i* k+s _h =m]ly fail$--he  
gave to 8 c\ntry on repaym5t ( n ne>ly 8
 own outlay1 ?\gh we h reason to "k1    
?r\gh ! late v5]able ,d5on1 t ! =m]     
gov]nm5t ( ,france (f]$ to ! possessor 8
 own t]ms4 ,! m]itori\s act ( removal   
inde$ has1 ) s*oolboy en?usiasm1 &      
maudl9 s5tim5tality1 be5 deplor$ z a    
despoil+ ( a classic monum5t4 ,h[ utt]ly
 absurd is ?is1 to lam5t t ! "t-honor$  
lab\rs ( anci5t ,greece did n s9k = ev] 
b5ea? ! viol5ce ( ! despot & ! ignorance
 ( ! slave1 in/ead ( be+1 z n[1 9 ! mid/
 ( an admir+ & enlight5$ p1 %$d+ abroad 
_! beauty & _! intellig5ce1 aga9 to     
revive 9 our liv+ arts6  ,jamieson1 !   
fir/ ( :om !re is int]e/+ notice1 & "o (
 ! mo/ accompli%$ ( ! ,scotti% arti/s1  
di$ 9 ,ed9burgh #afdd4 ,8 lab\rs1 ) ^? (
 ! succe$+ c5tury1 are connect$ by works
 & names1 z ,norrie1 eld] & y\ng]1 n[   
fa/ ha/5+1 or already1 ) no inju/ice1   
consign$1 to oblivion4 ,! times1 agitat$
 z !y 7 by political & religi\s         
diss5sions1 (f]$ little enc\ragem5t to !

 arts ( elegance & peace4 ,?r\gh\t !    
e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 to !
 era ev5 ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1       
individual arti/s1 natives ( ,scotl&1   
may be m5tion$1 ( atta9m5ts & practice  
sup]ior to any 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ dur+ !
 same p]iod 9 ,engl&4 ,! cause ( ?is is 
evid5t 9 ! m accompli%$ pr(essional     
education :i* ! =m] receiv$4 ,!         
int]c\rse betwe5 ,scotl& & ,italy1 ow+  
to v>i\s political causes1 & to ! great 
numb] ( ,scot* resid5ts 9 ! latt]       
c\ntry1 0 !n v close2 h5ce1 aft] atta9+ 
all t home in/ruction c\ld give1 h>dly a
 s+le ,scotti% arti/ ( em95ce c be      
m5tion$1 :o _h n1 by an abode 9 ,italy1 
f9i%$ 8 /udies :]e alone ! highe/ &     
true/ k c be obta9$4 ,x w\ld be ne$less 
to combat ! op9ion1 t su* a process is  
unnecess>y4 ,no arti/1 ) a m9d op5 to ! 
real beauties ( 8 pr(ession1 c visit    
,italy )\t reap+ ! mo/ solid advantages1
 o!rwise unatta9able4 ,9 ?is respect1   
too1 ! ,scotti% arti/ seem$ to enjoy a  
security 9 ! v pov]ty ( native art2 = if

 he saw little to excite ambition1 en\gh
 rema9$ to direct /udy1 )\t ta/e be+    
influ5c$ by ! popul>ity ( false modes4  
,h5ce x is n m ?an ju/ice to /ate1 t 9 !
 works ( ! foll[+ names1 !re is to be   
f\nd a m uni=mly pure & dignifi$ /yle1  
if n ( high] excell5ce1 ?an g5]ally     
di/+ui%es contempor>y art4  ,ramsay1 son
 ( ! poet1 inh]it$ no small portion ( 8 
fa!r's love ( nature1 & p[] ( unaffect$ 
del9eation ( h] simplicity4 ,8 portraits
 pres5t1 9 ^! respects1 a *>m q refre%+1
 :5 comp>$ ) ! />+ mann]ism ( !         
,anglo-,g]man s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,lely &   
,knell]4 ,ramsay rema9$ ?ree ye>s 9     
,italy1 f #agcf4 ,( 8 accompli%m5ts1 ,dr
 ,johnson has left ?is te/imony3 'y w n 
f9d a man 9 ^: conv]sation !re is m     
in/ruction1 m in=mation1 & m elegance1  
?an 9 ,ramsay's4' ,runciman1 an excell5t
 draughtsman & pleas+ colori/1 born 9   
#agcf4 ,sev]al hi/orical pa9t+s1 execut$
 at ,rome & 9 ,ed9burgh1 ev9ce v        
consid]able p[]s bo? ( composition &    
practice4 ,he 0 = a l5g? ( "t a v       

effici5t tea*] 9 ! ,scotti% ,academy (  
design4 ,m1 ! ,scotti% ,claude1 z he is 
sometimes t]m$1 :om also he select$ z 8 
model4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 rea*+ ! dep? (      
color+ & beautiful nature :i* are f\nd 9
 t admirable pa9t]1 !re are _m /ations  
:i* may be fill$ ) honor4 ,9 "o ( ^! ,m 
is to be plac$1 :ile 8 figures h v great
 propriety bo? ( selection & 9 ! mann] (
 introduc+ !m4 ,8 subjects are usually  
,italian sc5es1 9 ! neighborhood (      
,rome1 :]e he *iefly resid$1 & di$ 9    
#agie4 ,to ^!1 o!r names ( consid]able  
m]it might be add$1 z ,co*rane1 ,sir    
,george ,*alm]s2 ,b>k]1 too1 ! inv5tor (
 panoramic pa9t+1 01 we believe1 a      
native ( ,scotl&1 at lea/1 ! fir/ "w ( !
 k9d ev] exhibit$ 0 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,m>t91 
:o visit$ ,italy 9 company ) ,ramsay1   
practis$ portrait pa9t+ ) consid]able   
reputation1 till he retir$ f 8          
pr(essional lab\rs on ! increas+ & m]it$
 popul>ity ( 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>y1 "u 
:om ! ,scotti% s*ool assumes a dignifi$ 
importance1 h]et(ore d5i$ to its        

comp>atively isolat$ endeavors4  ,sir   
,h5ry ,raeburn1 ! repres5tative ( pa9t+ 
9 ,scotl& f #aghg to 8 dea? #ahbc1 0    
born 9 a suburb ( ! capital1 #agef4 ,(  
all ! di/+ui%$ arti/s :o h atta9$       
excell5ce1 )\t any peculi>ity ( mann]1  
p]haps ,raeburn owes lea/ to o!rs & mo/ 
to himself 9 ! acquisition ( 8 art4     
,orig9ally appr5tic$ to a goldsmi?1 x   
does n appe> t he ev] receiv$ a s+le    
lesson f a ma/] ev5 9 ! ord9>y          
accompli%m5ts ( draw+4 ,f pa9t+         
m9iatures ) success dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip1
 he turn$ 8 att5tion to l>ge portraiture
 9 oil1 ) no o!r assi/ance ?an m]ely    
copy+ a few portraits c\ld give4 ,ev5 ^!
 e>ly productions mu/ h possess$ m]it1  
s9ce !y obta9$ ! approbation ( ,sir     
,jo%ua1 by ^: advice he visit$ ,italy1  
rema9+ abroad two ye>s1 ?us complet+ !  
r\nd ( 8 pr(essional /udies4  ,! "* (   
,sir ,h5ry's art p>ticipates /rongly 9 t
 :i* has prevail$ 9 ,briti% portraiture 
dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,x 9 fact pres5ts
 ! v ideal ( t /yle ^: aim is to speak  

mo/ p[]fully to ! imag9ation1 ?r\gh !   
sl5d]e/ means address$ to ! eye4 ,8     
pictures af=d ! f9e/1 we might say ! mo/
 wond]ful examples1 h[ f> detail may be 
sacrific$1 & yet g5]al effect & /rik+   
resemblance be reta9$4 ,9 ?is respect he
 has c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( ,sir ,jo%ua to 
! v v]ge ( indi/9ctness2 b :at is giv5  
has su* vigor\s mean+1 t 9 ! p[] ( !    
lead+ =ms1 ! fancy discov]s an          
intellig5ce1 :i*1 ov]spread+ ! :ole     
composition1 & bur/+ f ea* ma/] l9e1    
guides ! m9d triumphantly ov] ! blank   
masses (t5 compos+ ! int]ior4 ,if1 !n1  
to produce /rong effect1 by :atsoev]    
means1 be ! object ( art1 ,raeburn has  
succe$$ beyond mo/ pa9t]s2 b if true    
excell5ce consi/ 9 bl5d+ into "o        
h>moni\s :ole ! delicate m>k+s & gr&    
cont\rs ( nature1 he has fail$2 if      
pictures are to be view$ only on ! walls
 ( a gall]y1 at a di/ance f ! spectator1
 8 portraits correspond ) ?is           
arrangem5t2 b if ! eye loves to re/ ^u  
features de> to ! affections1 or priz$  

by ! und]/&+--if delight to trace !     
%ades ( feel+ & ! l9es ( ?\ght--if ^!   
wi%es c be gratifi$1 & are indulg$ 9 !  
ma/]pieces ( art1 !n does ,raeburn1 & n 
only he1 b ! great majority ( ! ,engli% 
s*ool1 re/ f> beh9d4 ,! error1 9 8      
individual in/ance1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 lies 9
 ! sy/em4 ,to ?is1 also1 :i* recognizes 
m]e effect & g5]al resemblance z all1 is
 to be ascrib$ 8 frequ5t disreg>d (     
correct outl9e1 8 black & squ>e %ad[s1 &
 co>s5ess ( color+4 ,yet ,raeburn saw   
nature ) ! eye ( true g5ius1 = he caught
 h] ess5tial =ms1 & (t5 h] mo/ effective
 graces2 b ei!r 8 indu/ry disda9$1 or 8 
art 0 unable1 to add ! re/4  ,! lead+   
ev5ts & pr9cipal ma/]s 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( 
,briti% art h n[ be5 rapidly survey$4   
,^u ! liv+ ornam5ts ( ! s*ool1          
individually1 x sc>cely falls "u !      
prov9ce ( ! annali/1 nor is x 8         
int5tion1 to dwell4 ,x is n1 t matt] (  
/ill f>!r congratulation w\ld n ?us be  
af=d$ 9 ! evid5ce ( national progress2 =
 at no "t has ! ,engli% s*ool occupi$ a 

m elevat$ position1 :e!r comp>$ ) o!rs1 
or ) itself4 ,b1 e/imat$ ?us highly &   
?us truly1 ! g5]al em95ce has /ill      
gradations1 :i*1 9 ent]+ ^u detail1 x   
w\ld be incumb5t to po9t out4 ,!        
responsibility ( ?is duty x is ! wi% to 
avoid4 ,an op9ion v5tur$ ^u works left  
by _! au?ors to ! gu>dian%ip ( po/]ity1 
may be canvass$ 9 its tru? or falsehood 
z an ab/ract criticism1 )\t ei!r w\nd+ !
 feel+s ( ! liv+1 or1 x may be1 injur+ !
 value ( pr(essional lab\r4 ,f judici\s 
obs]vations :5 call$ =1 an arti/ has to 
fe> no?+1 & may pr(it mu*2 b x %\ld ev] 
be rememb]$1 t ! pr(essional m]it mu/ be
 humble inde$1 :i* does n r5d] !        
possessor sup]ior to 8 self-con/itut$   
judge1 :o is himself n an arti/4 ,a s\nd
 judgm5t 9 lit]ature1 or an acqua9tance 
) ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* all works (  
ta/e mu/ necess>ily be conduct$1 are n  
suffici5t1 )\t practical skill1 truly to
 e/imate a production ( art4 ,! poet    
employs vehicles ( ?\ght & signs (      
expression famili> to all z ! use (     

reason2 ! means & in/rum5ts ( ! pa9t]   
con/itute 9 _! managem5t a peculi>      
sci5ce1 9 :i* excell5ce or defect is    
less appreciable by natural or untra9$  
obs]vation4 ,neglect ( ^! pr9ciples (   
criticism has expos$ to gr\ndless       
c5sure1 & to z injuri\s praise1 bo? arts
 & arti/s4  ,:5 x is /at$1 t ! mod]n    
,engli% s*ool surpasses e o!r 9 ,europe1
 ! inf]5ce is n to be assum$1 t pa9t+   
else:]e has retrograd$1 b t1 ) u1 art   
has advanc$ beyond ! g5]al improvem5t4  
,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 pa9t+ 9 ,france  
has be5 sup]ior to any ?+ produc$ 9 t   
c\ntry s9ce ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 or1   
p]haps1 x has 9 ?is space atta9$ a      
great] glory4 ,italy has m ?an "o ma/]1 
:o1 9 purity ( /yle at lea/1 excels any 
pr$ecessor )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,n[1 if 
! repres5tatives ( ^! respective s*ools 
be comp>$1 or if ! univ]sal works ( ea* 
be tak5 z ! crit]ion ( m]it1 9 ei!r case
 x w\ld n be difficult to %[1 t         
sep>ately1 or z a s*ool1 ! ,briti%      
arti/s ( ! pres5t age h made ! greate/  

atta9m5ts t[>ds excell5ce4  ,b comp>$ ) 
ourselves1 has our c\rse also be5       
progressive8 ,! affirmative "h x is m   
difficult to prove4 ,reynolds1 ,hog>?1  
,wilson1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 all contempor>ies1
 c]ta9ly pres5t a r>e comb9ation ( g5ius
 & art4 ,b besides ^! />s ( ! fir/      
magnitude1 e o!r 'less] light' tw9kles )
 dim9i%$ ray4 ,n[1 z respects ! g5]al   
diffusion ( mo/ respectable em95ce1 ?is 
is f> f be+ ! case at pres5t4 ,9 e      
bran*1 m ?an "o ma/] ( high tal5t might 
be m5tion$4 ,aga91 consid]+ !           
repres5tatives ( ea* dep>tm5t 9 ! pres5t
 & 9 ! =m] age1 !re c be no hesitation1 
ev]y?+ consid]$1 9 giv+ ! pref]5ce to   
our contempor>ies4 ,a rem>k ( ! late    
le>n$ ,fuseli is "h q to ! purpose1 :ile
 9 itself p]fectly correct3 ',! works ( 
,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds are unequal1 _m ( 
!m are indiff]5t1 ?\gh "s _c be         
surpass$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! mo/     
inf]ior picture f ! p5cil ( ,sir ,?omas 
,lawr5ce is excell5t4' ,x is ?is ext5d$ 
& uni=m excell5ce1 z has appe>$ ?r\gh\t 

! :ole c\rse ( ^! inve/igations1 :i*    
con/itutes n only individual sup]iority1
 b :i* t5ds1 mo/ directly & mo/ surely1 
to ! exaltation ( art4  ,hog>?1 aga91   
/&s alone r 9 ! peculi> dramatic "* ( 8 
p]=mances1 ?an 9 _! beauty or sci5ce1 z 
be>+ ^u ! promotion ( univ]sal          
improvem5t1 or ev5 z individual pieces (
 pa9t+4 ,8 pictures1 also1 ) few        
exceptions1 are r isolat$ repres5tations
 ?an g5]al exhibitions ( mann]s2 !y are 
sc5es display+ ! s+ul>ities1 m ?an !    
lead+ actions & feel+s ( life4 ,_!      
effect is broad & true1 & ! moral       
p[]ful2 b bo? are circumscrib$ by times1
 & by p>tial divisions among mank9d4    
,wilkie1 ^: /yle ( composition mo/ ne>ly
 resembles ,hog>?'s1 & ) :om1 !re=e1 he 
is to be comp>$1 :ile he pres]ves all ! 
=ce ( individual "* & del9eation ( liv+ 
nature1 has ext5d$ a f> m compreh5sive  
grasp ( m9d ov] ! moralities ( 8        
subject4 ,he has br\ght )9 ! p5cil's    
magic sway1 & fix$ !re 9 p]man5t        
reality1 ! sorr[s & ! joys1 ! hopes1    

fe>s1 & atta*m5ts1 ! occupations1       
cu/oms1 habits1 & ev5 amusem5ts1 ( a    
:ole un*ang+ class ( mank9d4 ,?is may   
appe> to h be5 be=e accompli%$1 bo? 9 ! 
,engli% & ,flemi% s*ools4 ,b "h lies !  
di/9ction3 ,hog>? repres5ts g5]al ideas 
by p>ticul> signs4 ,8 =ms & 8           
expressions are individual modifications
 ( ! limit$ society to :i* !y belong4 ,!
 conceptions ( ,wilkie are ! idealisms (
 8 models4 ,ea* figure is n only        
pregnant ) individuality ( "* & life1 b 
is ! true repres5tative ( ! class ^:    
con/itu5t x is4 ,ea* expression1 ?\gh   
g5]ally b ! index ( humble feel+1 s5ds  
abroad into ! he>t ( e spectator its    
artless appeal4 ,he has ?us1 9 fact1    
appli$ ! g5]alizations ( high] art to ! 
int]e/s ( common life1 yet pres]v+ its  
simplicity1 its humbl5ess1 & reality4 ,!
 ,dut* pa9t]s1 aga91 h pa9t$ vulg>      
in/ead ( common nature2 nor1 9 !        
complete range ( _! s*ool1 is !re once  
an example ( t delightful s5tim5t1 :i*  
our c\ntryman has s successfully ca/ ov]

 8 mo/ l[ly sc5es1 & by :i* he has      
r$eem$ !m f e approa* to vulg>ity1 )\t  
fall+1 z ,ga9sbor\gh has sometimes done1
 into insipidity or mann]ism4  ,9       
l&scape1 ,turn] has ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( 
8 art by ! inv5tion ( prismatic colors1 
& by 8 novel applications ( !m4 ,he is  
!re=e decid$ly a m orig9al arti/ ?an    
,wilson1 ^: be/ works are ^? compos$ 9  
imitation ( ,claude4 ,b ,turn] by no    
means /&s s mu* alone z did ! ma/]s ( ! 
=m] age2 names 9 bo? divisions ( ,brita9
 might be m5tion$ 8 equals 9 m ?an "o   
respect4 ,9 ! hi/orical dep>tm5t1 aga91 
if we admit ! late ,presid5t's works1   
!re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ^! & any   
=m] lab\rs ( ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,b 9 all !
 possible v>ieties ( hi/orical          
composition1 !re are arti/s ( great     
excell5ce ei!r n[ liv+1 or :o h be5 tak5
 f u )9 ^! few ye>s2 z ,haydn1 ,m>t91   
,allan ( ,ed9burgh1 ,heapy1 ,coll+s1    
,fuseli1 ,h>l[1 ,/o?>d1 ,coop]1 ,l&se]1 
) o!rs4 ,9 portraiture1 ,jackson1       
,phillips1 & o!rs1 %[1 t ev5 high       

excell5ce is n s conf9$ z 9 ! "t ( ,sir 
,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,lawr5ce is inde$ !   
fir/ arti/ 9 ,europe1 b he is ably      
support$4 ,a little anecdote may "h give
 "s idea ( ! p[]s ( ,sir ,?omas's p5cil4
 ,on visit+1 "o ev5+1 ! ap>tm5t 9 !     
,vatican :]e 8 spl5did portrait (       
,george ,,iv41 9 coronation robes1 0 !n 
exhibit$1 we 7 mu* /ruck ) ! fix$       
att5tion imm$iately direct$ to x by an  
individual :o _h j ent]$4 ,a deep]      
int]e/ 0 excit$ on p]ceiv+ ! /rang] to  
be a celebrat$ native arti/4 ,cont9u+ = 
"s "t 9 total ab/raction1 dur+ :i* !    
work+s ( 8 c\nt5ance cle>ly indicat$    
admiration or a/oni%m5t1 &1 we ?\ght1   
disappo9tm5t1 ) a sudd5 unconsci\s      
ge/iculation1 he exclaim$ al\d1         
',dio--il tramontane6' z if say+        
',heav5s6 c t h be5 pa9t$ beyond !      
,alps6' & abruptly hurri$ away4  ,f !   
prec$+ rem>ks1 & ! names n[ enum]at$1 :o
 are m5tion$ )\t any ref]5ce to         
comp>ative rank or m]it z to ea* o!r1   
two inf]5ces are d$ucible3 fir/1 ,t !   

ma/]s m imm$iately 9 ! public eye1 z n[ 
at ! head ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( art1 are
 on ! :ole sup]ior to ^? ( ! la/ age2 &1
 secondly1 ,t betwe5 ! =m] & _! pres5t  
contempor>ies1 ! int]val is small 9     
comp>ison ) ! position occupi$ by       
,reynolds1 ,hog>?1 ,wilson1 or          
,ga9sbor\gh1 9 relation to ! s*ool ov]  
:i* !y presid$4 ,h5ce ! g5]al conclusion
 seems evid5t1 t 9 ,brita91 ! art1 z    
comp>$ ) itself1 has cont9u$ to improve4
  ,comp>$ ) =eign art1 ! di/9ctive "* ( 
! ,engli% s*ool is /rongly m>k$4 ,pa9t+ 
on ! ,cont95t exhibits a /rik+ uni=mity 
( /yle1 ) su* peculi>ities z1 on a g5]al
 view1 w n less5 ! tru? ( a common      
classification4 ,! ,cont95tal arti/1 !n1
 /udies to detail1 b fails 9 p[] ( g5]al
 effect2 8 p]=mances are m valuable z   
works ( art & ( imitation1 ?an (        
imag9ation or ab/ract resemblance4 ,!   
p>ts are beautifully made out1 f9ely    
drawn2 b ! :ole is too seldom connect$  
by any animat+ pr9ciple ( g5]al         
similitude1 unit+ ! sep>ate elaborations

 into "o broad & =cible h>mony4 ,h5ce ! 
dry1 ! meagre1 & ! disjo9t$ p>ticul>s1 !
 usual compon5ts ( _! lab\rs1 ?\gh 9    
!mselves tru] ?an ! con/itu5ts ( ,briti%
 art--bett] drawn1 x may be1 & m        
c>efully f9i%$1 z !y almo/ always are1  
yet contra/ disadvantage\sly ) ! bold & 
p[]ful1 ?\gh l>ge g5]alizations ( our   
p5cil4 ,nor c !re be imp>tial "q1 ?\gh  
ea* be sep>ately defective1 t m g5ius is
 display$ 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,!     
,engli% arti/ pa9ts m to ! m9d2 ! ,fr5* 
& ! ,italian to ! eye4 ,! fir/ looks    
abroad ^u ! univ]sal h>monies &         
oppositions ( nature2 ! second          
scrut9izes & c>efully r5d]s ! fill+ up (
 h] aggregat$ =ms1 & ! less] concurr5ces
 ( h] g5]al effects4 ,art1 ) u1         
repres5ts objects z !y seem 9 _!        
relations1 r ?an z !y actually exi/2    
among our rivals1 x del9eates ?+s z !y  
are 9 !mselves1 to ! neglect ( ^?       
modifications by :i* reality is         
div]sifi$ ?r\gh pleas+ falsehood1       
especially z view$ 9 ref]5ce to a m$ium 

( expression1 f\nd$ itself 9 delusion4  
,9 ! "o case1 nature is se5 & imitat$ z 
a picture2 9 ! o!r1 h] op]ations & =ms  
are contemplat$ z mat]ials out ( :i*    
pictures are to be wr\ght4 ,h5ce ,engli%
 art satisfies1 b deceives2 ! =eign /yle
 does n deceive1 b fails to satisfy4    
,comp>$ ) itself1 & ) ! real objects &  
ess5ce ( art1 we h already po9t$ out !  
great defect 9 ! practice ( ,engli% art 
to be1 imp]fection 9 ! details4 ,9      
portraiture1 ?is has spread to a ru9\s  
ext5t2 & ) ! mo/ beautiful models 9 !   
_w1 ,briti% female portraits1 speak+ 9  
g5]al1 are mo/ decid$ failures4 ,on ?is 
subject1 no?+ m rema9s to be said--we   
ref] to ! exquisite works ( ,lawr5ce1 ^:
 female heads are at once mo/ /rik+1 mo/
 lovely1 & v highly f9i%$2--we recomm5d 
a /udy ( ,v&yke's lik5esses ( ! ladies (
 ! ,c\rt ( ,*>les1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,let !
 natural grace & mode/y1 ! delicacy (   
feature & transp>5cy ( t9t1 9 ^!1 be    
comp>$ ) simil> works ( ! pres5t day &  
practice--:5 x mu/ at once appe> h[ mu* 

is lo/ to art1 & h[ great inju/ice is   
done to nature4 ,9 male portraits our   
practice is bett]1 b only f ! bold]     
l9eam5ts ( ! subject4 ,! inh]5t errors  
are ! same--modell+ ) ! p5cil1 r ?an    
draw+--imm5se masses ( d>k %ade to      
conceal ! abs5ce ( all t %\ld be        
pres5t--& =cible r ?an natural effect4  
,!re c]ta9ly n[ appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 !      
productions ( ! mo/ e/eem$ liv+ ma/]s1 !
 progress ( a m sci5tific & m p]fect    
/yle4  ,9 ! walk ( hi/ory1 expression--t
 expression :i* comes f ! natural       
outp\r+s ( feel+--:i* animates ! canvass
 ( ! e>ly ma/]s--& :i* seems to f9d its 
prop]1 spontane\s1 accordant in/rum5t 9 
_! p5cil1--has yet be5 want+4 ,next1 our
 hi/orical pa9t+s are sadly defective 9 
composition--n 9 ! symmetrical          
arrangem5t & gr\p+ ( figures1 b 9 ! real
 poetry ( ! art1 9 ! facile1 ! creative 
p[] ov] ! means & mat]ials ( ! sci5ce--9
 ! skill ( caus+ !m to fall z if by     
*ance1 & )\t ef=t or visible design1    
into ! mo/ h>moni\s1 mo/ /rik+1 & mo/   

effective comb9ations4  ,ano!r & a      
pr9cipal s\rce ( inf]iority--( absolute1
 yet labori\s error1 has be5 ! mo/      
mi/ak5 p]ceptions ( ideal beauty 9 art4 
,?is subject x 0 our int5tion to h      
treat$ "h at "s l5g?4 ,our limits1      
h[ev]1 =bid1 :ile x is ( less           
consequ5ce1 s9ce ! volume conta9s )9    
itself ! lead+ precepts on ?is topic4 ,!
 sum ( ^! sep>ate rem>ks is1 t ! ideal  
is n beauty ap>t f1 b wr\ght out (      
nature4 ,s f> f be+ ! creation ( fancy1 
x lives1 brea!s1 & is to be f\nd only 9 
nature4 ,9 ?is important pr9ciple1 ju/] 
ideas are beg9n+ rapidly to diffuse _!  
influ5ce ov] ! :ole ( our art1 s9ce !ory
 has be5 laid aside1 & nature1 & !      
antique1 & real ta/e h rega9$ !         
asc5d5cy4     ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4         
,,ar*itecture4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4        
,,ar*itecture has be5 t]m$ ! ,art (     
,necessity1 9 contradi/9ction to        
,sculpture & ,pa9t+1 :i* h be5 di/+ui%$ 
z ! (fspr+ ( elegance & luxury4 ,to !   
fir/1 ! rem>k ( ! anci5t poet has be5   

deem$ mo/ peculi>ly applicable1    ',h9c
 v>i v5re artes--labor omnia vicit      
,improbus1 et duris urg5s 9 rebus       
ege/as4'  ,if !re be1 h[ev]1 di/9ction 9
 ! fir/ orig91 x ceases long be=e any ( 
^! c become ! object ( ref9$ or useful  
inquiry4 ,! pr9ciples ( all1 consid]$ 9 
! rank ( arts1 orig9ate 9 ! m9d1 ?\gh a 
s5tim5t ( intellig5t curiosity1 or a    
s5se ( corporeal weakness1 & ! desire ( 
protection1 fir/ give visible action to 
! lat5t g]ms ( feel+ & ( +5uity4 ,"h1   
!n1 appe>s ! accid5tal1 n di/9ctive "*1 
9 ! orig9at+ impulse1 & 9 ! species (   
imitative design !nce result+1 :i* is   
aft]w>ds to call =? ! mo/ ref9$ evid5ce 
( human ?\ght & g5ius4 ,man's fir/ c>e  
w\ld evid5tly be direct$ to ! discov]y  
or con/ruction ( means ( %elt] aga9/ !  
inclem5cies ( ! sky "u :i* 8 lot 0 ca/4 
,8 be/ affections1 no less ?an 8 natural
 wants1 w\ld prompt him to ?is4 ,b !    
cave ( ! ,troglodyte1 or ! hut ( !      
savage1 are n m connect$ ) sci5ce &     
=e?\ght1 ?an is ! d5 ( ! tig]1 or ! lair

 ( ! wolf1 or ! /ill m artful /ructure (
 ! f[l4 ,= no soon] is ! human creature 
?us e/abli%$1 8 physical desires /ill$1 
n gratifi$1 ?an beg9 ! ceaseless aspir+s
 ( ! _s )92 ! work+s ( t wondr\s maze ( 
und]/&+ & ( feel+1 ( ?\ght & volition1  
:i* s my/]i\sly b9d1 & s irresi/ibly    
direct him to 8 high] & bett] de/9ies4  
,!nce1 & only !nce1 spr+s1 z a bright & 
pure emanation1 ?\gh d>k5$ = a :ile 9   
/ruggl+ ?r\gh an imp]fect m$ium1 e ef=t 
!reaft] to in/ruct or to adorn a happi] 
_w4  ,9 con=mity ) ^! views1 x has      
appe>$1 t ! fir/ attempts at sculptural 
or pictorial repres5tation 7 d$icat$ to 
piety1 & to ! social affections ( !     
he>t4 ,9 l mann]1 ! e>lie/ & rude/      
erections ( ar*itecture n[ exi/+1 z well
 z ! mo/ p]fect & magnific5t1 are       
temples to ! ,deity1 or memorials ( !   
dead4 ,!re is1 9 ^! respects1 inde$1 a  
/rik+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is law (      
m9d1--n ( m]e in/9ct1 &1 at ! same "t1 (
 self-d5ial1 9 favor ( ! g5]\s & ! holy 
9 man's nature4 ,n only d we f9d1 t1    

:]ev] ! human foot has be5 /ay$1 !re is 
! alt>1 ! temple1 & ! tomb2 b we meet ^!
 amid ! de/itution ( e approa* to t     
luxury to :i* ! arts h be5 ascrib$2 &1  
f9ally1 we discov] a va/ disproportion  
betwe5 ! ef=ts d$icat$ to ^! tributes ( 
gratitude & affection1 & ^? direct$ to  
p]sonal com=t or spl5dor4 ,jacob1 :ile  
yet a w&]] 9 t5ts1 consecrat$1 by a     
pill>1--! fir/ monum5t on record1--!    
spot :]e repos$ 8 belov$ ,ra*ael4 ,ov] !
 :ole ( ! inhabit$ globe1 n except+ !   
d>k hea?s ( our native l&1 are ! la/    
re/+-places ( ! dead1 :i* mu/ h requir$ 
a union ( c>e & lab\r giv5 only to a    
duty1 ev]y:]e held inviolably sacr$4    
,ev5 9 ! wilds ( ! ,new ,_w1 !re are    
sepul*res ( l labori\s /ructure1 to :i*1
 ) a /ead9ess sur] ?an t ( ! ne$le1 !   
di/ant tribe tracks its way ?\gh pa?less
 woods4 ,comp>e1 aga91 ! evid5ce (      
congregat$ en]gy1 & ev5 sci5ce1 9 !     
,druidical temples only1 ) ! glimpses we
 possess ( ! accommodations ( common    
life4 ,! religi\s edifices ( ,egypt ev5 

yet fill ! m9d ) admiration2 :ile !     
probable monum5ts ( _! dead1 fai?less1  
inde$1 to _! individual tru/1 %all only 
s9k amid ! ru9s ( ! _w1 endur+          
te/imonies ( ! p[] ( religion & (       
futurity ov] ! m9d ( man1 & ( ! va9     
attempt to conv]t t p[] into an in/rum5t
 ( selfi% aggr&isem5t4 ,f all ?is1      
some?+ bett] may be d$uc$ ?an ev5 refut+
 ! idea1 t ! sublime/ objects ( ta/e    
indicate1 9 _! orig91 a grovell+        
necessity1 &1 9 _! progress1 owe _! mo/ 
graceful improvem5ts to an idle luxury4 
,9 ?is insep>able union ( ! primitive   
arts ( ta/e ) feel+s ( religi\s s]vice &
 ( human affection1 we p]ceive t man1   
ev5 9 a /ate ( natural d>kness1 is n !  
selfi%1 ! irreligi\s be+1 repres5t$ by a
 cold & mat]ial philosophy1 equally !   
enemy ( ta/e z ( religion4  ,beyond ^!  
rem>ks x is n "h necess>y to trace !    
fir/ orig9 ( ,ar*itecture4 ,9 ?is art   
are c]ta9ly to be detect$ ! v l9ks (    
connexion1 jo9+ ! k ( ! desc5dants (    
,adam ) t ( ! families ( ,noah4 ,we le>n

 f ,scripture1 t soon aft] ! ,flood1    
:ile yet ! remembrance ( t cata/rophe 0 
fre% 9 ! m9d1 ! build+ ( a city & a t[] 
0 comm5c$4 ,su* design c\ld n h be5     
ent]ta9$ )\t "s previ\s model1 or1 at   
lea/1 assurance t x might be accompli%$4
 ,su* model or su* assurance c\ld be    
d]iv$ only f ant$iluvian exp]i5ce or    
tradition2 = x is 9 ! highe/ degree     
improbable t ei!r c\ld h orig9at$1 or   
be5 br\ght to su* maturity1 9 s %ort a  
space z int]v5es betwe5 ! desc5t ( ,noah
 f ! ,ark1 & ! gigantic und]tak+ ( 8    
po/]ity4 ,aga91 ! mat]ials 7 artificial2
 & ( su* p]fection1 well-burnt brick1 z 
we d n f9d mank9d to h us$ 9 ! same     
c\ntries _m c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,!       
con/ruction1 too1 ( t my/]i\s relic (   
two worlds1 :i* 'float$ on ! wat]s ( !  
abyss1' is a pro( ( high advance 9 !    
arts ( ! fir/4 ,subsequ5tly1 all        
rese>*es are at fault4 ,f ?is /ate (    
intellig5ce & union1 mank9d sudd5ly s9k 
into ! mo/ wret*$ ignorance1 & disp]se 9
 wild confusion4 ,a cause1 su* z ! "o 9 

,sacr$ ,writ1 c\ld alone produce ?is    
effect4 ,brok5 fragm5ts & glimm]+s (    
anci5t k1 no d\bt1 rema9$ ) ! scatt]$   
tribes ( ! human family4 ,b to trace    
usefully ! ext5t1 reunion1 & improvem5t 
( ^! imp]fect elem5ts1 w\ld be "h a va9 
task4 ,! few valuable & only au!ntic    
memorials ( ! v e>ly ages are to be f\nd
 9 ,scripture1 :i* ascribes ! orig9 (   
monum5ts t may be t]m$ ar*itectural1 to 
ratify contracts1--to m>k ! place ( !   
dead1--to indicate "s rem>kable ev5t--to
 ! alt> ( /one2 also1 x conta9s !       
descriptions ( regul> build+s ( a lat]  
p]iod1 :i* h n[ pass$ away1 z ! wall$   
cities :i* ! ,israelites f\nd 9 ,canaan2
 _! own e>ly lab\rs1--! ,temple (       
,solomon1 ! ,palace ( ,lebanon1 ! ',h\se
 ( ,dagon1' & o!r hea!n temples         
incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 to :i*
 ref]5ce is made4 ,all ^! erections &   
notices are conf9$ to t "p ( ,asia :i*  
ext5ds f ! ,black ,sea to ! m\? ( !     
,euphrates1 & f ! ,m$it]ranean to !     
extremities ( ,p]sia4 ,ov] ! once       

magnific5t ar*itecture ( ! :ole ( ?is   
ext5sive tract1 includ+ ! seats ( ! mo/ 
p[]ful & anci5t mon>*ies ( ,asia1--!    
,assyrian1 ,m$ian1 ,babylonian1 &       
,p]sian1--except :at c be ga!r$ f       
scatt]$ heaps ( brick1 utt] =getfulness 
reigns4 ,lat] in=mation is suppli$ by   
,h]odotus & ! ,greek writ]s2 b1 except !
 comp>atively rec5t rema9s at           
,p]sepolis1 ,baalbec1 & ,palmyra1       
already notic$1 no?+ exi/s t c ?r[ light
 ^u our subject4 ,a v diff]5t aspect1   
h[ev]1 is pres5t$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,india1  
:]e monum5ts ( ! mo/ remote antiquity   
rema91 int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & z !y t5d to
 illu/rate ! progress & ! revolutions ( 
,ar*itecture 9 its m mod]n =ms4 ,f an   
exam9ation ( ! =m]1 we %all be enabl$ to
 discov] ! g]ms ( ! m p]fect ,greek     
modes1 :ile1 9 ! comb9ations ( ,arabian 
) ,indian =ms1 we seem to detect !      
rudim5ts ( t s+ul> /yle1 :i*1 "u ! v>i\s
 appellations ( ,arabic1 ,s>ac5ic1      
,go?ic1 has ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1
 & a consid]able portion ( ,asia4 ,?us1 

"o ( ! fir/ & "o ( ! la/ dep>tm5ts ( !  
pres5t subject1 "o ( its pure/ & "o (   
its mo/ complicat$ sy/ems1 orig9ates    
probably 9 c\ntries n[ to be consid]$1 &
 ^: monum5ts are coeval ) ! fir/ reunion
 ( intellig5ce & society among m54 ,b1  
be=e ent]+ ^u ! inquiry :i* is to trace 
?is connexion ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! art1 x 
becomes necess>y to expla9 c]ta9 common 
& prelim9>y pr9ciples4  ,!re are ?ree   
gr& causes ( /ructure & =m 9            
,ar*itecture1--?ree lead+ pr9ciples1 :i*
 n only orig9at$ ! primeval elem5ts (   
design1 b :i*1 to a great degree1 h     
gov]n$ all ! subsequ5t comb9ations ( ^!4
 ,?is influ5ce also ext5ds n m]ely to ! 
ess5tials ( /ability1 equilibrium1 &    
/r5g?1 b1 z w aft]w>ds appe>1 has       
sugge/$ ! sy/em ( ornam5t4 ,^! ma/]     
dispositions1 :i* x ?us becomes necess>y
 to be> along ) ! comm5cem5t1 are1 fir/1
 ! purpose--secondly1 ! mat]ial (       
,ar*itecture--& ?irdly1 ! climate4  ,!  
purpose = :i* any build+ 0 erect$1 or ! 
uses :i* x 0 contemplat$ to s]ve1 w\ld  

necess>ily det]m9e ! magnitude1 & to a  
c]ta9 ext5t1 ! =m4 ,aga91 ^!            
consid]ations w\ld sugge/ ! mo/         
appropriate means ( accompli%+ !        
requisite ends1 :i*1 once accompli%$1   
w\ld con/itute p]man5t di/9ctions4  ,!  
mat]ials1 aga91 employ$ 9 ar*itecture1 h
 influ5c$ mo/ decid$ly its =ms & "*4    
,?is has be5 ! case1 n only 9 ! peculi> 
/yles :i* h sep>ately be5 adopt$ 9      
diff]5t c\ntries1 b 9 ! g5]al & ess5tial
 pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce4 ,! mat]ials ( :i*
 build+s1 9 all ages1 h be5 *iefly      
con/ruct$1 are /one1 wood1 & factiti\s  
sub/ances1 are tiles & bricks4 ,! fir/  
adopt+ ( ^! mat]ials1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! /yle
 ( build+1 mu/ h be5 recomm5d$ by !     
res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,! law1 h[ev]1 :i* 
det]m9es _! arrangem5t is univ]sal1     
aris+ f exig5cies ov] :i* ta/e1 & ev5   
+5uity1 ex]t limit$ control4 ,?is       
evid5tly arises f ! nature ( ! "q2 =1   
s9ce a mass ( /one is heavi] 9 all1 &   
weak] 9 mo/ positions1 ?an timb] ( equal
 dim5sions1 ! :ole cong]ies ( support+ &

 support$ memb]s--t is1 ! :ole sy/em (  
ar*itecture w be affect$ z ! "o or ! o!r
 mat]ial is employ$4 ,?us1 9 wood5      
erections1 ! support+ memb]s may be mu* 
few] & less massive ?an 9 /ructures (   
/one2 because1 9 ! =m]1 ! horizontal or 
support$ p>ts are bo? light]1 & w c>ry  
an incumb5t weight--z a ro(--ov] a mu*  
wid] int]val ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,x is       
app>5t1 also1 ev5 = ! ord9>y purposes ( 
/ability1 t1 9 con/ruct+ edifices (     
/one1 :e!r ( ! p]p5dicul> or horizontal 
memb]s1 ! dim5sions w\ld be great] ?an 9
 elevations ( wood2 & 9 ! case ( column>
 /ructures1 t ! altitude1 9 proportion  
to ! diamet]1 w\ld be f> less 9 /one ?an
 9 timb] supports4 ,h5ce1 ! two gr&     
*>act]i/ics ( a massive or solemn1 & a  
light or airy1 ar*itecture4 ,h5ce1 also1
 :5 g5ius & ta/e _h begun to consid] !  
arrangem5ts ( necessity & use 9 !       
relations ( effect & beauty1 new        
comb9ations w\ld be attempt$1 :i*       
approa*$ to "o or o!r ( ^! lead+        
divisions4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obvi\s1 t !

 field ( ^! exp]im5ts is n>r[$ by ! v   
pr9ciples on :i* !y w\ld be fir/        
sugge/$4 ,9 ! art we are n[ consid]+1 ! 
human ag5t has less p[] ov] ! in]tness (
 matt] ?an 9 any o!r4 ,imag9ation comes 
9 contact ) reality at e /ep1 & ! laws (
 nature impress ! b\nd>ies ( t reality1 
n at ! risk ( absurdity1 b ( v be+4     
,beauty becomes "h1 n ! creation (      
fantasy--a some?+ pleas+ only z x       
reflects our associations1 or h>monizes 
) our feel+s2 b is m especially !       
creation ( sci5ce--! object (           
demon/rative wisdom4 ,h5ce1 p]fect      
ar*itectural beauty is ! mo/ sublime & !
 mo/ rational ( ! objects ( ta/e2       
because1 :ile ! susceptibilities ( m9d  
are awak5$1 ! p[]s ( judgm5t are        
gratifi$1 by ! c]ta9ty ) :i* ! s\rces ( 
pleasure c be trac$4 ,we feel !         
arrangem5t to be beautiful2 we "k t x is
 necess>y4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! p]fect        
modes--! true comb9ations ( ! art--are  
few2 ! error 9 dep>t+ f !m great4  ,^!  
ref9$ p]ceptions d n inde$ p]ta9 to !   

p]iod n[ contemplat$2 b ! facility ) :i*
 !y c be connect$ ) ! fir/ practice ( ! 
art1 ev9ces h[ deeply root$ are ! real &
 sub/antial precepts ( ar*itectural     
design4 ,! lead+ views1 also1 9 reg>d to
 ! influ5ce ( mat]ial ^u =m1 proportion1
 & di/ribution ( p>ts1 are support$ by  
e>ly hi/ory4  ,9 ,egypt1 a c\ntry       
de/itute ( wood1 ! mo/ anci5t erections 
7 9 imitation ( ! natural caves 9 :i* ! 
rude inhabitants _h s\ght a wret*$      
%elt]4 ,9 a lat] age1 yet "o :i* f>     
transc5ds ! au!ntic rese>*es ( hi/ory1 7
 re>$ ^? my/]i\s edifices1 /ill /&+ z   
l&m>ks betwe5 kn[n & unkn[n "t4 ,9 !    
pond]\s memb]s ( ^! solemn piles1 !     
n>r[ness ( ! int]vals1 ! cr[d$ pill>s1 !
 massive base1 & ! less5$ p]p5dicul>1 is
 f\nd e pr9ciple previ\sly assum$ z     
*>act]i/ic ( t ar*itecture1 :i* w\ld be 
gov]n$ by necessity be=e ! s5sation (   
beauty _h be5 felt1 or at lea/ me?odiz$4
 ,"h1 also1 appe>s ! fir/ species (     
ar*itectural design4 ,aga91 9 t region (
 ,asia1 already notic$ z ! sc5e ( !     

e>lie/ record$ lab\rs ( ! art1 wood 0   
abundant4 ,f ! descriptions ( ,holy     
,writ we accord+ly f9d1 t ?is mat]ial 0 
mu* employ$ ev5 9 _! mo/ sacr$ &        
important build+s4 ,?us1 ?\gh few       
details capable ( giv+ any j            
ar*itectural notions1 are pres]v$ (     
,solomon's ,temple1 x is yet pla91 t c$>
 wood 0 ! *ief mat]ial bo? = ro(s &     
columns1 t is1 bo? = support$ & support+
 memb]s4 ,h5ce1 ! temples ( ,pale/9e1 & 
( ,syria g5]ally1 by :i* we und]/& !    
,asia ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 already        
describ$1 7 m spaci\s1 b less durable   
?an ^? ( ,egypt1 & ) few] upright       
supports4 ,( ?is1 a s+ul>ly /rik+ pro(  
occurs 9 ! cata/rophe ( ! ,h\se (       
,dagon1 :5 ,samson1 by ov]turn+ only two
 columns1 br\ght d[n ! :ole fabric4     
,z ) ! =ce ( w9ds & wat]s p5t1   ,:5    
m\nta9s tremble1 ^? two massy pill>s1   
,) horrible convulsion1 to & fro   ,he  
tugg'd1 he %ook1 till d[n !y came1 &    
drew   ,! :ole ro( aft] !m1 ) bur/s (   
?und]3   ,! vulg> only 'scap$ :o /ood   

)\t4  ,9 an edifice con/ruct$ on ! plan 
( ! ,egyptian ,temple1 :]e pill> /&s    
cr[d$ beh9d pill>1 9 range beyond range1
 to give support to ! pond]\s ar*itrave 
& m>ble ro(1 ! ov]turn+ ( two ( ^!      
columns w\ld produce b a v p>tial       
dis9tegration4 ,! v circum/ance1 also1 (
 !re be+ no rema9s 9 a c\ntry :]e once  
/ood ! mo/ r5[n$ cities1 proves !       
p]i%able nature ( ! sub/ance *iefly     
employ$4 ,!re is evid5ce1 also1 t /one &
 wood 7 (t51 p]haps usually1 comb9$--!  
fir/ z a column> or pi]-l support1 =    
horizontal beams ( ! latt]4 ,?is pla9ly 
appe>s to h be5 ! case 9 ! olde/ ru9    
exi/+ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 namely1          
,p]sepolis1 :]e ! m>ble columns evid5tly
 be> m>ks ( hav+ be5 connect$ by cross  
beams ( wood1 & to h support$ a ro( ( ! 
same light /ructure4 ,h5ce ! easy       
conflagration ( ?is abode ( ! ,p]sian   
k+s1 9 a debau* ( ,alex&]4 ,! columns   
are l(ti]1 fur!r ap>t1 & few] 9 numb]1  
?an 9 ,egypt4 ,_h n ! illu/ration ( !   
g5]al subject be5 ( m importance 9 !    

e/abli%m5t ( ?is po9t1 ref]5ce might at 
once h be5 made to ! e>ly temples (     
,greece1 :i*1 ev5 to ! age ( ,x]xes1 7  
/ructures ( wood2 & to ! well-kn[n      
diff]5ce ( /yle betwe5 !m & ^? ( ,egypt4
 ,?us we h ! second species (           
ar*itectural design2 & aga9 f9d ! facts1
 rec\nt$ by hi/ory1 accord+ ) d$uctions 
f a priori consid]ation ( ! nature1     
objects1 & orig91 ( ! art itself4 ,x may
 af=d illu/ration ( ! c]ta9ty ) :i* !   
pr9ciples ( reason+ op]ate1 :ile ! fact 
is s+ul>1 t anci5t writ]s describe !    
huts ( ! nomadic tribes on _! disp]sion1
 or1 at lea/1 ! e>lie/ record$ resid5ces
 ( mank9d1 z compos$ ( poles1 =m$ ( !   
bran*es ( trees1 fix$ 9 ! e>?1 enclos+ a
 circul> space1 & meet+ at top1 ! slop+ 
sides be+ cov]$ ) leaves1 re$s1 or sk9s4
 ,?is is exactly ! wigwam ( ! aborig9al 
inhabitant ( ,am]ica4 ,s mu* is man !   
creature ( ! same in/9cts1 "u simil>    
circum/ances4  ,climate w necess>ily    
op]ate a consid]able effect ^u ! ext]nal
 arrangem5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,accord+ to 

! latitude ( ! situation1 build+s w be  
contriv$ to admit or exclude ! sun1 to  
give %elt] f bit+ cold1 or to secure    
aga9/ scor*+ heat1 or m]ely to yield    
%ade1 )\t imm$iate ref]5ce to ei!r      
extreme4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 w n affect !   
int]nal h>monies or proprieties ( !     
con/itu5t p>ts4 ,climate1 !re=e1 is only
 modify+1 n creative1 z ! two prec$+    
causes2 x may sugge/ composition1 b     
h>dly design2 =1 ) ! exception ( ! po9t$
 or flat ro(1 accord+ to ! humidity or  
dryness ( ! atmosph]e1 consequ5tly !    
angul> p$im5t surm\nt+ ! horizontal l9es
 ( ! entablature1 little ( real =m or   
ord] has be5 add$1 or mat]ially         
influ5c$1 by climate4 ,?is cause1 h[ev]1
 has giv5 rise to1 or p]mitt$1 _m       
picturesque comb9ations4  ,purpose1     
besides ! con/itutional effects ^u !    
sci5ce already describ$1 necess>ily     
occasions ! v>i\s classes "u :i* !      
lab\rs ( ! ar*itect may be arrang$4     
,ar*itecture1 by ?is pr9ciple1 is       
sep>at$ into two gr& divisions--,civil &

 ,milit>y4 ,! =m] ( ^!1 f its great]    
v>iety ( purpose1 is fur!r subdivid$    
into subord9ate heads1 namely1 plac+ ea*
 9 ! ord] ( its probable antiquity1     
,sacr$1 ,monum5tal1 ,municipal1 &       
,dome/ic4 ,^! modifications ( purpose d 
n1 inde$1 give novel pr9ciples1 nor d !y
 affect any ( ! conclusions already     
expla9$2 !y h only1 ?\gh /rongly1       
influ5c$ ! practice ( ! art4 ,9 pres5t+ 
an ab/ract ( ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce (      
,ar*itecture1 !n1 x is n requisite to   
dwell p>ticul>ly ^u ^! divisions1 nor to
 be guid$ by !m 9 ! future arrangem5t ( 
our matt]4 ,b z we may occasionally     
rev]t1 by a pass+ ^w1 to ! obvi\s       
di/9ctions :i* are ?us p]ceiv$1 a %ort  
explanation1 especially z sev]al scatt]$
 p>ticul>s ( v e>ly times c ?us be      
prop]ly assembl$1 w "h be useful4       
,sacr$ ,ar*itecture is a t]m suffici5tly
 expressive ( its own import4 ,x 0 !    
primitive ef=t ( ! pres5t race ( man2 ! 
fir/ impress ( 8 exi/5ce left ^u ! soil1
 yet moi/ f ! wat]s ( ! deluge1 0 !     

erection ( an alt>2 & ! noble/ evid5ce (
 8 mo/ accompli%$ skill has be5 a       
temple3    ----',8 greate/ ornam5t (    
fame1   ,& /r5g?1 & art4'  ,f ! 'alt>   
build$ by ,noah1' h[ int]e/+ to foll[   
out ! effects ( "o uncontrollable1 b1 :5
 unguid$1 err+ s5tim5t 9 ! /eadfa/      
piles--'works ( ,memphian k+s1' 9 !     
glori\s proportions ( ,greece1 :]e      
----',doric pill>s1   ,cornice1 &       
frieze1 ) bossy sculptures grav51'  re> 
_! graceful height1 look+ tranquil      
magnific5ce--d[n ev5 to ! rude circle ( 
grey /ones on ! bleak hea?6 ,= ?is      
inquiry1 visible mat]ials are inde$     
want+2 b does n ! ,^w ( ,tru? supply !  
g5]al inf]5ce1 ',! imag9ations ( man's  
he>t are wick$--he has s\ght out _m     
inv5tions--b ,i w be honor$ among !     
g5]ations ( m58'  ,incid5tal allusion   
has already be5 made to ! m>vell\s      
fabric re>$ by ,solomon1 :i*1 if n 9    
grace1 9 spl5dor ( decoration appe>s to 
h exce$$ all ! erections ( ! e>ly ages1 
& is ! fir/ ( :i* writt5 notice rema9s4 

,! descriptions ( ?is build+ enable u to
 =m a reunion ( ! arts ( ,sculpture &   
,ar*itecture at ! comm5cem5t ( ! t5?    
c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is date1 h[ev]1 we 
consid] to be at lea/ six hundr$ ye>s   
lat] ?an ! era ( any ,egyptian monum5t1 
n ( brick1 n[ extant ?r\gh\t ! :ole     
c\rse ( ! ,nile4 ,9 consid]+1 also1 !   
c\ntries :5ce ,solomon obta9$ workm51 w 
be rem>k$ ! confirmation ( ! prec$+     
obs]vations on ! orig9at+ causes ( /yles
 9 ar*itecture4 ,! hew]s ( /one1 we are 
in=m$1 7 f ,egypt2 & ! solid            
sub/ructions ( ! ,jewi% temple1 !       
massive proportions ( ! sep>ate         
p>ts--resemblances /ill m /rik+ 9       
,josephus' acc\nt ( ! second edifice--%[
 exactly ! same pr9ciples & practice z c
 to ?is day be trac$ 9 ! ,egyptian      
/ructures4 ,f ,pho5icia1 aga91 a c\ntry 
ab\nd+ 9 timb]1 7 br\ght ! mo/ skilful  
'hew]s ( wood1' t is1 workm5 in/ruct$ 9 
! arts ( ! jo9] & c>p5t]1 & also1 z may 
be inf]r$ f v>i\s descriptions ( !      
ornam5tal app5dages1 ( ! c>v] or        

sculptor 9 wood1--'& ! c$> ( ! h\se )9 0
 c>v$ ) op5 knops & fl[]s2' aga91 & 'he 
made two *]ubims ( olive tree4' ,^!     
sculptures1 h[ev]1 might h be5 f9i%$1 &1
 f ! /ate ( art 9 t c\ntry1 mo/ probably
 7 ! "w ( arti/s f ,egypt4 ,!re c be no 
d\bt t ! ',h\se1' z ! magnific5t pile is
 emphatically t]m$1 0 ( a quadrangul>   
outl9e1 erect$ ^u a solid plat=m ( /one1
 be>+ a /rong resemblance to ! anci5t   
temples /ill extant4 ,inde$1 !re is1 9  
?is respect1 a mo/ /rik+ analogy betwe5 
! dim5sions z giv5 9 ,scripture1 & ^? ( 
! olde/ ,greek temples1 especially ( g9a
 & ,p/um4 ,?is latt] we h exam9$1 &1    
agree+ to ! fidelity ( ! gr\nds ^u :i*  
,wilk9s has f\nd$ 8 reason+s1 9 !       
admirable diss]tation on ?is subject 9 8
 preface to ! ',antiquities ( ,magna    
,grecia1' we _c co9cide 9 ! f9al        
conclusion1 t ! ,greeks borr[$ ! ,doric 
ord] f ?is anci5t temple ( ,solomon4    
,ref]5ce to ?is subject is h]eaft] to be
 made4 ,9 ! meantime1 :ile facts are    
fre% 9 ! m9d1 x mu/ be obvi\s to !      

read]1 t1 s9ce ! %ell or c>cass ( !     
temple ( ,j]usalem 0 ( /one1 & built by 
,egyptian workm51 alone skill$ 9 t      
mat]ial1 ! g5]al arrangem5ts w\ld       
resemble ^? ( ! ,egyptian temples4      
,consequ5tly1 ! ,greeks & ! ,jews1 d]iv+
 _! lead+ ord]s f "o s\rce1 w\ld        
naturally1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 imitate   
ea* o!r4 ,aga91 s9ce wood 0 employ$ 9 e 
"p ( ! ro( & int]ior by ,solomon1 on !  
pr9ciples already expla9$1 ! relative   
proportions ( ! p>ts1 & ! numb] ( !     
supports1 w\ld necess>ily be diff]5t1   
comp>$ ) ! simil> memb]s ( ,egyptian    
art4 ,b ! ,greeks also 9 "p foll[$ !    
laws ( wood5 /ructure2 consequ5tly bo?  
diff]+1 on simil> pr9ciples1 f ! orig9al
 model1 w\ld yet pres]ve mutual         
resemblance 9 t v diff]5ce4  ,monum5tal 
,ar*itecture1 d]iv+ its orig9 f alli$   
feel+s & associations1 w\ld be coeval1  
or ne>ly s1 ) ! orig9 ( sacr$4 ,inde$1 x
 is n possible always to sep>ate ! two  
di/9ct purposes4 ,monum5ts h two objects
 9 view--to honor ! memory ( ! dead1 &  

to pres]ve remembrance ( ! transactions 
( ! liv+2 bo? ( :i* are record$ 9       
,scripture4 ,! mat]ial ( a monum5tal    
erection1 & consequ5tly its design1 w   
always1 9 e>ly times1 be det]m9$ by !   
circum/ances ( ! vic9ity1 ) ! sole      
exception ( wood4 ,h5ce pill>s ( /one1 &
 m\nds ( e>?1 are ! primitive records ( 
bo? life & dea?4 ,9 a m advanc$ age1 :5 
/one c\ld n be readily procur$1 brick   
w\ld be employ$4 ,! magnitude & beauty w
 accord ) ! skill ( ! times4 ,h5ce arise
 s\rces ( det]m9+ ! relative antiquity (
 monum5ts1 & ! circum/ances ( ! age4 ,"u
 almo/ e privation ( means1 & 9 all     
c\ntries1 'heap$ e>?' w\ld pres5t a     
durable & an accessible mat]ial4 ,h5ce !
 univ]sality ( ?is species ( monum5t    
?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,?is primitive         
accumulation ( ef=ts--= an e>!n m\nd c  
be consid]$ z no?+ m--seems to h giv5   
orig9 to ! mo/ gigantic lab\rs ( human  
ar*itecture4 ,! pyramids ( ,egypt1 & !  
cognate /ructures ( ,india1 seem to be  
imitations1 wond]ful inde$1 ( ! m anci5t

 b>r[4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 b m\nds ( high] 
art & m valuable mat]ials4 ,_!          
int]m$iate =ms1 inde$1 may be trac$ 9   
bo? c\ntries1 at lea/ 9 ! curve :i* w\ld
 b\nd ! p]p5dicul> section ( ! m\nd4 ,9 
,india1 h[ev]1 pyramids seem1 f ! ext5t 
( ! int]ior1 & ! facility ( access1 to h
 be5 *iefly int5d$ = places ( cr[d$     
resort--mo/ likely1 !re=e1 temples4 ,9  
,egypt1 aga91 ! s+le *amb]1 ! imp]vi\sly
 clos$ entrance1 appe> to indicate )    
precision _! orig9al de/9ation to h be5 
sepul*ral4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$1 t 
! ,arts are !mselves _! own be/         
int]pret]s1 & t little fai? is to be    
plac$ 9 ! remote analogies ( philology1 
:i* h too frequ5tly be5 admitt$ 9       
evid5ce beyond _! value2 b x has (t5 be5
 matt] ( surprise1 t two words1 belong+ 
to ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( ! ,syriac         
language1 %\ld h be5 ov]look$ 9 ! num]\s
 d]ivations ( ! ^w pyramid4 ,pe] &      
,muid1 z ! words 9 "q may be r5d]$ 9 our
 *>act]s1 unit$1 z 9 ,ea/]n languages1  
=m+ comp\nd expressions1 w\ld give almo/

 id5tical s\nd1 & 9 signification1 '!   
hill or m\nta9 ( ! dead1' w\ld be ne>] !
 purpose & appe>ance ?an any d]ivation )
 :i* we are acqua9t$4  ,"u ! head (     
,municipal ,ar*itecture is includ$ e    
application ( ! sci5ce to ^? purposes ( 
social life n includ$ "u ! =m] heads1   
su* z public build+s ( all descriptions 
connect$ ) ! civil bus9ess ( life1 up to
 ! arrangem5ts ( entire cities4 ,m51    
!re=e1 mu/ h be5 assembl$ toge!r = "s   
"t1 !y mu/ h agre$ ^u c]ta9 compacts &  
regulations ( society1 be=e ?is bran*   
c\ld h made any progress 9 ! _w4 ,yet we
 f9d1 t n m ?an a c5tury aft] ! flood1 a
 city 0 begun1 a fact already attempt$  
to be expla9$2 & to :at 0 !n said x may 
be f>!r add$1 t ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 :i*    
belong$ to ?is city1 0 cle>ly           
monum5tal--x 0 'to make a "n4' ,al?\gh  
no ve/iges ( ! anci5t cities ( ,asia or 
( ,egypt rema91 suffici5t f inspection  
to corroborate ! descriptions ( hi/ory1 
^! lead to ! belief1 t1 9 _m in/ances1 !
 plan & ar*itecture 7 bo? regul> & gr&4 

,! read]1 h[ev]1 ought to be on 8 gu>d  
aga9/ ! amplifications ( ,scriptural &  
,hom]ic acc\nts conta9$ 9 lat]          
au?orities1 9 z f> z ! =m] describe     
relatively1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 _!
 own age & exp]i5ce2 :]eas ! latt]1 too 
(t5 =gett+ ?is di/9ction1 convey !      
impression1 t gr&eur & magnific5ce 7    
absolute4 ,yet1 ev5 ) ?is abatem5t1 !re 
rema9s suffici5t gr\nd ( admiration 9 ! 
ideas excit$ ( ,!bes1 ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1
 or ,memphis4 ,!re appe>s1 9 ?is        
respect1 a v /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 !    
cities ( ! second age1 aft] ! arts _h   
migrat$ into ,europe4 ,_m circum/ances  
t5d to confirm ! op9ion1 t1 ev5 9       
,greece1 ,municipal ,ar*itecture 9 g5]al
 0 n mu* /udi$1 & t !re 7 few1 if any1  
really f9e cities among ! num]\s        
capitals ( t c\ntry4 ,_! magnific5ce 0  
conc5trat$ 9 p>ticul> spots--9 _!       
agorai1 or squ>es4 ,_! temples usually  
/ood ap>t2 s t1 l ! cities ( mod]n      
,italy1 :atev] might be ! beauty1 or !  
romantic effect ( _! di/ant appe>ance1  

int]nally1 !y (t5 appe> to h be5 little 
m ?an an irregul> assemblage ( n>r[ w9d+
 /reets4 ,su* we "k ,a!ns to h be5 to a 
v late p]iod4 ,sp>ta 0 long an unwall$  
village4 ,argos1 ,!bes1 or ,cor9?1 _c be
 plac$ 9 comp>ison ) ! be=e m5tion$     
capitals ( ,asia & ,egypt4 ,ev5 ,rome1  
to ! age ( ,n]o1 0 cr[d$1 un:olesome1 & 
mean1 ov] a great portion ( its less    
important surface4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1
 x seems to h diff]$ greatly f e o!r    
anci5t city ( :i* we read1 namely1 9 !  
great elevation ( ! h\ses2 9 almo/ e o!r
 in/ance we are l$ to an opposite       
inf]5ce1 :i* is fur!r corroborat$ by !  
pres5t appe>ance ( ,pompeii4  ,) !      
,dome/ic ,ar*itecture ( ! primitive     
ages1 to :i* our acc\nts h hi!rto be5   
conf9$1 ! acqua9tance to be obta9$ is   
exce$+ly limit$4 ,9 ! description (     
,solomon's ,palace1 & 9 v>i\s passages (
 ,hom]1 consid]able details are giv5 ( !
 palatial dwell+s2 b h[ ! great] "p (   
mank9d 7 lodg$1 few means ( det]m9+     
rema94 ,protection aga9/ ! vicissitudes 

( climate w\ld fir/ employ ! in/9ctive  
+5uity ( man2 next1 conv5i5cy w\ld be   
consult$1 by enl>g+ ! dim5sions ( 8     
abode4 ,bo? ^! objects might be obta9$1 
:ile yet ! orig9al circul> area 0       
reta9$4 ,z "s ideas1 h[ev]1 ( ! com=ts &
 dec5cies ( life prevail$1 seclusion ( !
 diff]5t ord]s & sexes 9 ! memb]s ( !   
family w\ld be s\ght2 & h5ce division ( 
"o common ap>tm5t into sep>ate portions4
 ,b z circul> space admits ( division v 
imp]fectly1 & ) loss1 ?is new necessity 
w\ld introduce1 or at lea/ r5d] p]man5t1
 ! rectangul> %ape ( ! dome/ic abode4   
,milit>y ,ar*itecture is b little       
connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce1 f !     
peculi> nature ( ^? pr9ciples (         
con/ruction :i* x recognises4 ,"h design
 is regulat$ by circum/ances ext]nal to 
! art1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ?\gh enri*$ by     
novel comb9ations 9 its lat] & m impure 
modes1 receiv$ orig9ally no compon5t    
elem5ts1 f a bran* :i* has univ]sally & 
l>gely engross$ ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,! 
application ( ar*itecture to ! purposes 

( def5ce1 w\ld n take place till a      
comp>atively lat] p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( !  
species4 ,m5 w\ld previ\sly h acquir$   
ideas ( ! "r & value ( prop]ty1 & divid$
 into sep>ate communities by political  
or moral di/9ctions4 ,m]e def5ce w\ld be
 ! fir/ object 9 milit>y erections2 a   
wall1 a ramp>t1 or b>ri]1 ( altitude &  
/r5g? suffici5t to resi/1 or r to       
disappo9t1 any sudd5 attack1 w\ld be all
 = "s "t requir$2 &1 subsequ5tly1 )     
facility ( access to ! summit1 = !      
purpose ( hurl+ /ones f vantage gr\nd ^u
 ! assailants1 ^! def5ces = long w\ld be
 complete1 by ! obvi\s addition ( a     
dit*4 ,z ! arts ( viol5ce1 & especially 
z missile w>f>e improv$1 exp]i5ce w\ld  
po9t out ! impossibility ( def5d+1 ev5 )
 a dit*1 a long unbrok5 l9e ( wall1     
consi/5tly ) ! safety ( ! def5d]s1 :o1 9
 ! attempt to ov]look ! :ole1 w\ld      
necess>ily be expos$ to ! ho/ile        
weapons4 ,to obviate ?is defect1 & t !  
:ole l9e might be se51 & ! approa*es    
comm&$ f po9ts )9 itself1 t[]s project+ 

beyond ! face ( ! wall 7 con/ruct$1 ?us 
f9i%+ ! :ole ( ! sci5ce ( anci5t        
=tification4 ,cities1 ) t[]s &          
battlem5ts on ?is plan1 7 f\nd by !     
,jews 9 ,syria1 :]e !y _h exi/$ = t5    
c5turies be=e4 ,! same 0 ! sy/em ( !    
,greeks & ,romans2 & all ! v>ieties (   
feudal def5ces are b applications1 & ev5
 ! inv5tions n[ 9 use are b             
modifications ( ! primeval =tress1 :i*1 
9 adaptations to ! exig5cies & sci5ce ( 
! "t1 h also remov$ f x all picturesque 
effect & all sc5ic gr&eur1 su* z !      
=talice ( old1 ev5 9 its 'ru9s grey1'   
yet produces4  ,su* is a rapid sket* ( !
 orig9 & pr9ciples ( ar*itectural       
design2 & su* ! ext5t to :i*1 9         
practice1 hi/ory in=ms u !y _h be5 c>ri$
 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! details1 necess>ily v
 imp]fect1 n[ giv51 belong to :at may be
 t]m$ ! fir/ age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,! 
second era comm5ces ) ! e>lie/          
appe>ances ( regul> ar*itectural sci5ce 
9 ,europe1 m>k$ by ! erection ( temples 
9 ,greece1 soon aft]1 or ne>ly          

contempor>y )1 ! lab\rs ( ,solomon1 :i* 
7 comm5c$ #ajae ,b4 ,c4  ,be=e ent]+ ^u 
,european art1 x w be useful1 z =m]ly   
h9t$1 briefly to exam9e ! monum5ts /ill 
exi/+ 9 ,egypt ( ! ar*itecture ( ! fir/ 
age1--! probable s\rces ( ^? primitive  
modes1 :i*1 adopt$ 9 rud5ess1 by        
,grecian ta/e ref9$ & matur$1 h become  
immutable4 ,9 addition to :at has       
already be5 /at$ 9 ! fir/ article1 & 9  
ref]5ce to ! pres5t subject1 x w be     
necess>y m]ely to expla9 ! g5]al "* &   
pr9ciples ( ^! aborig9al /ructures1 ) ! 
view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r1 & to :at ext5t1 ^!
 h influ5c$ ! subsequ5t & m p]fect      
sci5ce ( ! ,grecian ar*itect4  ,( anci5t
 ,egypt1 ! gov]nm5t 0 n only peculi>1 b 
contemplat$ peculi> results--pursu$1    
too1 ) undeviat+ purpose1 ?r\gh an      
unkn[n succession ( ages4 ,h5ce ! endur+
 greatness ( ! works x has left2 b z !  
ends 71 f ! comm5cem5t1 s fix$ z to =bid
 progressive means1 h5ce ! uni=mity (   
imp]fect "* 9 ^! lab\rs1 exhibit+ mu* ( 
! elem5ts1 b none ( ! p]fections ( ta/e4

  ,! et]nal durability to :i*1 9 all    
?+s1 ! hi]>*y aspir$1 po9t$ out a /yle (
 ar*itecture1 especially 9 _! sacr$     
build+s1 reta9+1 z mo/ sub/antial1 only 
! simple/ =ms & ! l>ge/ masses4 ,h5ce1 9
 ^! my/]i\s /ructures1 :atev] defici5cy 
may be p]ceiv$ 9 beauty or grace1 is    
comp5sat$ by va/ness & simplicity1 ! mo/
 p[]ful elem5ts ( ! gr&4 ,9 behold+ ^!  
mighty fabrics1 !n1 ev5 lay+ aside !    
associations ( unnumb]$ c5turies1 if    
nei!r ! mo/ ref9$ nor agreeable emotions
 be exp]i5c$1 ! imag9ation is exalt$ to 
a high pit* ( awe1 a/oni%m5t1 &         
admiration4 ,long )draw+ l9es1 unbrok5  
surfaces1 simple cont\rs1 imm5se blocks1
 ev5 :ile ! individual =ms are de/itute 
( proportion1 h>mony1 or grace1 w ev]   
produce a solemn sublimity ( effect4  ,b
 x n[ occurs to inquire1 be=e ! m]it (  
rational design c be grant$1 or ^!      
ar*itectonic lab\rs admitt$ among !     
works ( g5ius1--,d ^! l(ty effects arise
 f pr9ciple1 or are !y purely accid5tal8
 ,are !y ! m$itat$ results ( sci5ce &   

ta/e1 or are !y m]ely inevitable        
consequ5ces ( ! l>ge & endur+ /yle :i* !
 political sy/em recomm5d$8  ,^u !      
nature ( ! reply to ^! que/ions w1 9 a  
great measure1 dep5d ! rank ( ! ,greeks1
 z orig9al inv5tors & ref9]s ( ta/e 9   
ar*itecture4 ,n[1 !re c be no d\bt t 9  
^!1 to use ,/rabo's expression1 'b>b>\s 
monum5ts ( pa9ful lab\r1' ! sublimity & 
impos+ solemnity ( ! g5]al effect is    
incid5tal1 n inh]5t4 ,x is ! gr&eur (   
mass1 n ( proportion4 ,! imag9ation is  
subdu$1 inde$1 by va/ness1 b nei!r is ! 
fancy delight$ by trac+ a well pres]v$  
resemblance to any ackn[l$g$ prototype1 
nor is ! judgm5t in/ruct$ by !          
contemplation ( a h>mony consi/5t 9     
itself1 ?\gh d]iv+ its elem5ts f no     
imm$iate s\rce4 ,we discov] nei!r       
imitation nor creative ta/e1 = imitation
 is ev] de/roy$ by "s mon/r\s           
incongruity1 & orig9ality becomes       
aimless ?r\gh int]m9able v>iety (       
accessories4 ,z a sci5ce1 !n1 beyond !  
rules necess>ily impos$ by ! lead+      

int5tion ( durability1 we detect no?+ 9 
! ar*itecture ( ,egypt l ! univ]sal     
h>mony giv5 to x 9 ,greece4 ,! same is !
 "* ( ,indian art1 ) /ill m ( incongru\s
 union2 = "h ! massive simplicity ( !   
orig9al1 or at lea/ e>lie/ s\rce1 = s we
 h already %[n ,egyptian art to be1 is  
brok5 d[n & load$ ) fritt]$ & pret5d+   
ornam5t1 ,syria1 or ! va/ di/rict ly+   
betwe51 furni%es no?+ beyond conjecture1
 or r 9 ! only in/ance1 t ( ,solomon's  
lab\rs1 :]e we atta9 "s in=mation on :i*
 implicit reliance may be plac$--cle>   
manife/ations are discov]$ ( mix$ art1 9
 :i* t ( ,egypt pr$om9at$4 ,?us1 9 !    
:ole ( ! anci5t _w1 ab\t a ?\s& ye>s    
be=e our pres5t era1 & :5 ! ,greeks     
fir/1 or soon aft]1 began to erect      
temples1 !re exi/$ no sci5ce complete 9 
itself1 or ^: pr9ciples ev5 _h be5      
elicit$ f ! *aotic mass ( mat]ials1 by  
:i* !y c\ld h be5 direct$1 9 _! own     
mat*less monum5ts4 ,:atev] ( grace & (  
beauty--( dignity & tru?--( sublimity & 
h>moni\s proportion1--:atev] (          

ar*itectonic excell5ce1 gr\nd$ on ! mo/ 
pr(\nd pr9ciples ( ta/e1 & e/abli%$ on !
 sure basis ( geometry1--:atev] ( all   
?is c be discov]$ 9 ! build+ ( ,greece1 
%e owes x to ! sup]iority ( native      
g5ius4 ,yet ! obligations to ,egyptian  
pr$ecessors 7 nei!r few nor unimportant4
 ,! rectangul> area1 9 :i* ! bread? %\ld
 be> a proportion less to ! l5g?1 a %ape
 ( all o!rs be/ adapt$ to beauty &      
conv5i5ce1 0 introduc$4 ,a /ill less    
obvi\s s\rce ( almo/ e high] beauty 9 ! 
sci5ce--column> ar*itecture--0 !re      
practis$ s e>ly1 t :e!r x orig9at$ 9 !  
c\ntry1 or 0 introduc$1 is unkn[n4 ,ev5 
! sy/em ( ornam5t may1 9 its rise at    
lea/1 be trac$ 9 ^! primeval rema9s2 = n
 a s+le detail aft]w>ds introduc$ may n1
 9 a rudim5tal1 (t5 ne>ly p]fect$ /ate1 
be rem>k$2 especially ! beautiful idea (
 floral ornam5ts4 ,la/ly1 9 ! works (   
,egyptian art1 v p]fect examples (      
me*anical practice1 bo? 9 dress+ & lay+ 
! mat]ials1 might be obs]v$ 9 almo/ e   
in/ance4 ,all ^! elem5ts1 h[ev]1 ! la/  

except$1 j>r+ among !mselves1 :e!r z    
:oles or p>ts1 7 to be select$1 arrang$1
 me?odiz$1 & animat$ by grace1 h>mony1  
nobl5ess1--9 %ort1 ! sci5ce (           
ar*itecture 0 yet to be creat$4         
,,*apt] ,,xvi4   ,,9 treat+ briefly ( ! 
ar*itecture ( ,greece1 ?\gh !re /ill    
exi/ rema9s ( a/oni%+ magnitude1 & ( !  
greate/ beauty yet atta9$ among m51 !re 
are1 not)/&+1 manifold difficulties 9 ! 
attempt to treat hi/orically ( its orig9
 & progress4 ,:atev] in=mation is to be 
d]iv$ f native writ]s composes m]ely    
incid5tal notices1 mix$ up ) ^? wild    
traditions & dreamy lore1 9 :i* !       
,greeks1 f ignorance or vanity1 or bo?1 
seem to h delight$ 9 wrapp+ up ! s\rces 
( _! k4 ,x is almo/ c]ta91 inde$1 t !y  
nev] possess$1 on ! pres5t subject1 any 
writ+s beyond ! m]e te*nical treatises  
:i* mu/ h be5 9 ! h&s ( ar*itects4 ,!   
compilation ( ,vitruvius might be       
suppos$ amply to supply ?is defect ( m  
orig9al mat]ials2 b1 z respects ! hi/ory
 ( ! art1 ?is is n ! case4 ,8 acc\nts ( 

! /ate ( ar*itecture 9 8 own "t1 t (    
,augu/us1 & ! v>i\s sci5tific details   
into :i* he ent]s1 are excell5t2 !y %[  
him to h probably possess$ all !        
requisites :i* he enum]ates z necess>y  
to =m an accompli%$ ar*itect1 high z he 
rates ! pr(ession4 ,! hi/orical dep>tm5t
 ( 8 "w1 aga91 is extremely defective1 n
 only 9 po9t ( rese>*1 b 9 ! fanciful   
nature ( ! !ories4 ,he entirely keeps   
out ( view all ref]5ce to skill ant]ior 
to ! arts ( ,greece2 :ile1 ) ! incr$ible
 fables receiv$ 9 t c\ntry1 he mixes up 
no less gr\ndless notions ( 8 own4 ,to  
^! difficulties 9 ! m anci5t s\rces (   
in=mation1 !re is to be add$ ! obscurity
 aris+ f mod]n hypo!sis4  ,"u ^!        
circum/ances1 & :ile ! pres5t limits    
preclude l5g!n$ discussion on any topic1
 ! mo/ eligible & useful proc$ure appe>s
 to (f] 9 a pla9 n>rative ( facts1      
illu/rat$ by a description ( actual     
rema9s1 by ref]5ce to anci5t au?ors1    
p>ticul>ly ,hom]1 & by analogies drawn f
 ! /ate ( society & mann]s4 ,"h !re c be

 giv5 only ! g5]al results ( su* an     
inquiry4  ,! e>lie/ ar*itectural rema9s 
9 ,greece appe> to h be5 milit>y        
erections1 or at lea/ con/ructions = !  
purposes ( def5ce4 ,?is corresponds ) ! 
condition ( a c\ntry1 peopl$1 z we "k   
?is portion ( ,europe to h be51 :5 fir/ 
notic$ 9 hi/ory1 by diff]5t tribes1     
ho/ile1 g5]ally speak+1 to ea* o!r1 & 9 
all in/ances fe>+ & fe>$ by ! rude &    
fi]ce aborig9al possessors4 ,9 !        
in/ances :]e comp>ison c be in/itut$1 ! 
gigantic elem5ts ( ^! /ructures1 & !    
mann] ( _! union1 ref] u to ,egypt1 or !
 cognate /yle ( ,syria2 mo/ probably1   
h[ev]1 to ! =m]1 by way ( ,crete1 :i*1 z
 already %[n1 =m$ ! int]v5+ /ation 9 !  
progress ( civilization4 ,! traditions1 
:e!r poetical1 or m]ely n>rative1       
connect$ ) ^! monum5ts--:e!r !y be      
ascrib$ to ! lab\rs ( ! gods1 or to !   
arts ( ! ,cyclops1 :5ce _! common       
appellation--all po9t to a =eign orig91 
& to import$ skill4 ,?is k1 too1 mu/ h  
be5 br\ght f a di/ance4 ,ev5 on !       

adjac5t %ores ( ,asia1 we f9d ! walls ( 
,troy ascrib$ by ,hom] to cele/ial      
skill--a cle> pro( t 9 8 "t !re exi/$1  
nei!r 9 ,greece1 nor 9 ! neighbor+      
regions1 exp]i5ce adequate to su* a "w4 
,( ^! =tresses1 ! mo/ celebrat$1 &      
probably ! mo/ anci5t1 is ,tiryrns1 9 ! 
pla9 ( ,argos1 & attribut$ to !         
,lycians1 ab\t six g5]ations prior to ! 
,trojan w>4 ,?is cyclopean wall includes
 a circuit ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1     
enclos+ an inconsid]able elevation above
 ! g5]al level ( ! pla94 ,?us h evid5tly
 be5 compos$ ! def5ces ( ! includ$ t[n2 
b ! disproportion betwe5 ! means (      
security & ! object protect$ appe>s     
amaz+1 & mu/ h be5 consid]$ z wond]ful  
ev5 9 ! age ( ,hom]1 :o1 9 8 catalogue1 
di/+ui%es ?is city by ! epi!t           
'well-wall$1' or1 z ,pope has r5d]$ !   
passage1    ,:om /rong ,tyr5?'s l(ty    
walls surr\nd4  ,inde$1 ( all !         
*>act]i/ics add$ to ! ,grecian          
conf$]ates1 ! di/9ction ( _! wall$      
cities is by f> ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,( all   

^!1 h[ev]1 ! "o n[ m5tion$ only reta9s a
 degree ( regul>ity seem+ to bid        
defiance to fur!r dilapidation f "t1 &  
capable ( be+ ov]turn$ only by a =ce    
equal to t employ$ 9 ! con/ruction4     
,sev]al entrances are yet to be trac$1  
"o ( :i* has1 op5+ into x1 a gall]y =m$ 
9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,x is wor?y (    
rem>k1 t ! top ( ?is passage is cov]$1  
exactly z 9 ! great pyramid1 by imm5se  
/ones1 plac$ "o on ea* side1 & meet+ at 
an acute angle 9 ! c5tre4 ,ne> 9 po9t ( 
situation1 b some:at lat] 9 "t1 are !   
walls ( ! 'pr\d ,myc5' ( ,hom]1 an      
int]e/+ ru9 9 ! age ( ,?ucydides1 f\r   
hundr$ ye>s be=e our era4 ,^! rema9s %[ 
evid5t correspond5ce ) ! /yle ( ,egypt4 
,! v gateway1 describ$ by ! au?or j     
m5tion$1 & subsequ5tly by ,pausanius1   
/ill rema9s2 =m$ ( s+le blocks1 ! jambs 
incl9e n>r[+ upw>ds to eight feet1 &    
support a l9tel twelve feet 9 l5g?4,d   
,next 9 po9t ( antiquity & pres]vation  
to ! prec$+ are ^? s+ul> rema9s 9       
,greece2 to :i* ! "n ( ,treasury has be5

 giv51 on ! supposition1 t z ! =m] 7    
con/ruct$ z def5ces aga9/ ho/ile        
viol5ce1 ! latt] 7 erect$ z places (    
security = valuable prop]ty4 ,f !       
frequ5t m5tion ( su* /ructures dur+ !   
h]oic age1 & f ! pres]vation ( ! names1 
true or false1 ( two ar*itects1         
,agamides & ,trophonius1 mo/ em95t 9 _! 
con/ruction1 !y seem to h be5 reg>d$ z (
 no ord9>y importance4 ,we are in=m$ t  
bo? /ates & individuals _h su* places ( 
safe cu/ody1 be=e temples ei!r exi/$ or 
7 employ$ z repositories = treasure4 ,( 
^! build+s1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect1 & inde$ !
 mo/ int]e/+ relic ( ^? e>lie/ times1 is
 ! treasury ( ,atreus amid ! ru9s (     
,myc54 ,ext]nally x pres5ts ! appe>ance 
( a m\nd ( e>?2 b ! int]ior is f\nd to  
be a magnific5t /ructure1 circul>1 fifty
 feet 9 diamet]1 & r m 9 height1 compos$
 ( /ones ( great size1 ea* c\rse        
project+ inw>ds & ov] ! "o bel[1 till1  
meet+ 9 a small ap]ture at top1 ! :ole  
is %ut 9 by a mass ( v l>ge dim5sions4  
,! g5]al =m is ?us a holl[ cone1 or     

p>aboloid1 ! surface ( :i* appe>s to h  
be5 coat$ ) plates ( metal1 z braz5     
nails /ill rema9 9 _m p>ts4 ,^! def5ces1
 bo? = p]son & prop]ty1 prep>$ ) su*    
skill & solicitude1 af=d a v /rik+ view 
( ! turbul5t & dang]\s /ate ( society4  
,!y are1 9 fact1 records1 la/+ almo/ z !
 ,iliad itself1 ( an age capable ( su*  
outrages z gave f\ndation to t div9e    
poem1 & to ^: v]isimilitude !y ?us      
supply unequivocal te/imony4  ,into !   
condition ( dome/ic ar*itecture dur+ !  
same p]iod1 nei!r ! poems ( ,hom]1 nor  
any collat]al s\rce1 af=d mu* insight4  
,bo? 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 palaces are 
describ$1 b 9 an extremely g5]al z well 
z indef9ite mann]4 ,betwe5 ^! loose     
acc\nts & ! graphic del9eations :i* !   
same au?or has giv5 ( sculptur$         
ornam5ts1 z 9 ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 x is  
easy to p]ceive ! diff]5ce ( a          
description )\t a model1 & f reality4   
,sculpture1 z a regul> art1 _h already  
made progress2 ! sci5ce ( ar*itecture 0 
yet unkn[n4 ,^! palaces1 :i* appe> to h 

answ]$ all purposes ( public edifices1  
are describ$ z v capaci\s1 z conta9+    
num]\s ap>tm5ts1 & z v ri* 9 doors (    
ivory & gold1 ) po/s ( silv]2 b n !     
slighte/ impression occurs indicative ( 
any regul> ord] ( ar*itectonic ornam5t  
or design4 ,magnific5ce & lavi% pr(usion
 ( spl5dor are ev]y:]e conf\nd$ ) beauty
 & grace & regul> art4 ,dur+ ! ,hom]ic  
age1 !n1 x is pla9 t ! ord]s 7 yet      
unkn[n--a d$uction exactly tally+ ) !   
/ate ( art 9 ,egypt1 :]e f ! inspection 
( exi/+ monum5ts1 x is evid5t1 t a sy/em
 or ord] 0 9 l mann] undiscov]$4 ,true1 
! ,egyptian edifices resemble ea* o!r 9 
g5]al "*1 & ev5 to _! measurem5ts agree2
 b ! same build+ rises into endless     
multiplicity ( subord9ate p>ts & =ms4 ,s
 ,hom] heaps ri*es ^u ri*es1 ornam5t    
above ornam5t1 mak+ t f9e :i* he _c r5d]
 great4 ,?is af=ds m valuable evid5ce ( 
8 v]acity ?an x detracts f 8 g5ius4 ,ev5
 ! palace ( ,troy1 ?\gh ,p>is himself is
 repres5t$ z a great ar*itect1 is       
describ$ 9 ! same g5]al t]ms3    ,& n[  

to ,priam's /ately c\rts he came1       
,rais$ on ar*'d columns ( /up5d\s frame2
   ,o'er ^! a range ( m>ble /ructure    
runs1   ,! ri* pavilion ( 8 fifty sons1 
,9 fifty *amb]s lodg$2 & rooms ( /ate1  
,oppos$ to ^!1 :]e ,priam's daught]s    
sat2   ,twelve domes = !m1 & _! lov$    
sp\ses %one1   ,( equal beauty1 & (     
poli%$ /one4  ,?is1 & inde$ almo/ e o!r 
passage ref]r+ to ! practical arts (    
antiquity1 is v incorrectly translat$4  
,f a comp>ison ( v>i\s orig9al          
descriptions ( palatial build+s1 a      
tol]able idea ( ! highe/ ef=ts (        
ar*itecture dur+ ! ,hom]ic & succe$+    
ages may be obta9$4 ,!y appe> univ]sally
 to h be5 plac$ s z to enclose a c\rt1  
along ! sides ( :i* ran an op5          
corridore1 =m$ by pill>s2 = ! ^w        
correspond+ to column does n once occur 
9 ! ,iliad4 ,^! pill>s1 z may /ill be   
se5 9 ,egyptian build+s1 7 unit$ by flat
 epi/ylia or ar*itraves1 = ! phrase1    
'ar*$ columns1' is nons5se4 ,dur+ !     
times ( ! ,iliad1 no division ( /ories  

appe>s to h be5 practis$2 & ! expression
 l(ty *amb]1 s (t5 occurr+1 seems to    
imply t ! :ole 0 op5 to ! ro(2 = !      
ap>tm5ts1 ) ! exception ( ! great hall1 
d n o!rwise induce ! idea ( great       
magnitude4 ,9 ! ,odyssey aga91 to ?is   
mode ( division di/9ct ref]5ce is made1 
a circum/ance :i*1 ) _m o!rs respect+ ! 
arts1 po9ts to a lat] z ! age ( t poem4 
,! ro( itself may be inf]r$ f incid5tal 
rem>ks to h be5 po9t$1 compos$ ( wood5  
beams incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 & support$ 9
 ! c5tral angle by columns or %afts (   
wood2 = :]ev] ! ^w occurs 9 ! e>ly      
poetical lit]ature ( ,greece1 an int]nal
 memb] is impli$1 & f ! casual          
introduction1 "o ( necessity1 n ornam5t1
 ! only adjunct be+ l(ty or tall1       
exactly correspond+ ) ! di/9ction "h    
suppos$4  ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t we mu/    
exam9e else:]e = ! orig9 ( ornam5tal    
ar*itecture 9 ,greece4 ,& ! only o!r    
dep>tm5t ( ! art ref]s to build+s =     
sacr$ purposes4 ,b ev5 "h1 mighty &     
graceful z are ! exi/+ ru9s1 _m ages    

elapse be=e we rea* ! era ( !           
temple--:]e      ,! :ole s measur$ true1
 s less5'd (f1     ,by f9e proportion t 
! m>ble pile1     ,=m'd to repel ! /ill 
or /ormy wa/e     ,( roll+ ages1 light z
 fabrics look'd1     ,t f ! magic w&    
a]ial rise4  ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,iliad 
no m5tion occurs ( a temple 9 ,greece1  
except 9 ! second book1 evid5tly        
incid5tal1 & ! int]polation ( "s va9ly  
patriotic ,a!nian rhapsodi/4 ,! passage1
 inde$1 might be condemn$1 on ! gr\nds (
 philological discussion1 b x           
contradicts bo? ! hi/ory ( art & (      
religion 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 ,troy1 ! temple 
( ,m9]va appe>s to h be5 a m]e %r9e1 9  
:i* a /atue 0 enclos$1 & probably1 9    
,t5$os1 a temple ( ,apollo is m]ely     
allud$ to4 ,dur+ ! age ( ,hom]1 !n1 !   
primeval alt>1 common bo? to ,europe &  
,asia1 0 ! only sacr$ edifice kn[n4 ,?is
 diff]$ little f a common he>?2 !       
sacrifice be+ 9 fact a social rite1 !   
victim1 at once an (f]+ to heav51 & !   
food ( man1 0 prep>$ by roa/+2 ! fir/   

improvem5t ^u ?is simple con/ruction    
appe>s to h be5 ! addition ( a pavem5t1 
an obvi\s means ( cleanl9ess & com=t4   
,yet ev5 ?is appe>s to h con/itut$ a    
di/9ction at lea/ n common1 s9ce1 9     
p>ticul> in/ances1 ! pavem5t is m5tion$ 
z a peculi> ornam5t4 ,subsequ5tly1 9    
ord] to m>k 9 a m conspicu\s mann]1 & ) 
m dignity1 ! sacr$ spot1 :ile ! rites   
%\ld be equally expos$ to ! spectators1 
an op5 colonnade 0 add$1 enclos+ ! alt> 
& pavem5t4 ,?us ! ro(less temple might  
be said to be f9i%$2 b :e!r ?is primeval
 /ructure exi/$ 9 8 native c\ntry dur+ !
 age ( ,hom]1 does n appe>4 ,we rem>k "h
 a v /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! anci5t  
places ( devotion 9 ,greece1 & !        
,druidical temple ( ! m nor!rn regions4 
,9 fact1 ! a/oni%+ rema9s at ,/oneh5ge  
pres5t ! be/ kn[n1 & p]haps "o ( ! mo/  
/up5d\s examples ev] erect$ ( ! op5     
temple4 ,?is species ( religi\s erection
 appe>s to h be5 co-ext5sive ) ! spread 
( ! human race1 & n1 z g5]ally suppos$1 
limit$ to ! nor!rn portion ( ! globe4   

,! revolutions 9 ,greece1 :i* aboli%$ ! 
regal1 :ile !y respect$ & increas$ !    
pontifical au?ority1 ! gradual additions
 ( magnific5ce & conv5i5ce to ! places (
 sacrifice1 produc+ at l5g? ! regul>    
temple2 ! *ange ( design f ! circle to !
 quadrangle2 all ^! c n[ only be        
conjectur$ z to _! causes & progressive 
vicissitudes4 ,"o ?+ appe>s c]ta91 t !  
e>lie/ approa*es to ! p]fect temple 7   
erections ( wood2 & ?is mat]ially       
contribut$ to fix ! "* ( lat]           
ar*itecture3 yet !re /ill rema9 temples 
( /one1 ^: date transc5ds ! epo*s ( kn[n
 hi/ory4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 ,grecian    
ar*itecture assum$ regul>ity & sci5ce1 =
 ! e>lie/ dawn+s ( au!ntic in=mation    
light u to monum5ts ( a sy/ematic /yle1 
diff]+ f ! ,egyptian 9 ! rejection ( all
 v>iety ( ornam5t1 yet1 l x1 solemn1    
massive1 & impos+4 ,?is is ! ord] :i*1  
subsequ5tly1 "u ! "n ( ,doric1 ext5d$   
ov] ! :ole ( ,greece & h] colonies4 ,to 
?is ! mo/ anci5t species ( ! art1 v>i\s 
orig9 has be5 assign$2 b f our imp]fect 

k ( contempor>y ev5ts1 & f !            
impossibility ( ext5d+ rese>*1 x is pla9
 t no?+ c ) c]ta9ty be kn[n4 ,! mo/ ably
 support$1 b n less improbable !ory1 is 
t ( ,dr ,wilk9s1 already ref]r$ to1 :o  
supposes ! ord] to h be5 directly       
introduc$ f ,syria1 & ,solomon's temple2
 8 reason+s & calculations on ?is       
subject pres5t a r>e comb9ation (       
+5uity1 le>n+1 & practical sci5ce4 ,!   
premises1 h[ev]1 are assum$1 namely1 t !
 ^w translat$ '*apit]' 9 ! common v]sion
 ( ! book ( ,k+s1 means n only !        
capital1 b includes ! entablature also2 
a gratuit\s assumption1 oppos$ by !     
dim5sions /ill visible 9 ! p>5t s\rce ( 
,egyptian columns1 & :i*1 ev5 grant$1   
w\ld n prove an id5tity 9 purpose &     
proportion ) ! ,greek ord]4 ,! hypo!sis 
( ,vitruvius is fanciful1 namely1 t !   
proportion ( ! human foot to ! height ( 
! body1 0 adopt$ z ! rule = ! proportion
 ( ! base to ! elevation ( ! column4 ,! 
mo/ probable view seems to be1 t ?is    
ord] sprung up z ! fruit ( cont9u$      

obs]vation on ! practice ( ,egyptian    
art1 z comp>$ ) ! me?ods ( wood5        
erection employ$ among ! e>ly ,greeks   
!mselves4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily give an  
int]m$iate /yle 9 simplicity &          
lightness2 ! p9e1 common 9 ! anci5t =e/s
 ( ,greece1 truncat$ = any purpose1     
gives at once a v ne> approximation to !
 %aft2 ! same tree conv]t$ into a squ>$ 
beam1 gives ! horizontal b9d+ or        
ar*itrave2 ! m]ely ornam5tal or         
subord9ate memb]s w\ld be sugge/$ 9     
progressive op]ations ( exp]i5ce1 or !y 
might be introduc$ by selection2 =1 z   
already not$1 e ornam5t ( succe$+ art1  
?\gh n "u ! same comb9ations1 is to be  
f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian modes4 ,! :ole hi/ory
 ( ta/e1 ev5 z t\*$ ^u 9 ^! pages1      
favors ?is sl[ & native gr[? ( an art   
among e p rem>kable = its successful    
cultivation4 ,! ?ree ord]s--! ,doric1 ! 
,ionic1 & ! ,cor9?ian1 exhibit also ?is 
gradual process ( discov]y & advance to 
p]fection4 ,x is hi/orically1 z well z  
poetically true1 t                      

----,fir/1 unadorn'd1   ,& nobly pla91 !
 manly ,doric rose2   ,! ,ionic !n )    
dec5t matron grace   ,h] airy pill>     
heav$2 luxuriant la/   ,! ri* ,cor9?ian 
spread h] wanton wrea?4  ,! "* ( g5ius 9
 ,greece likewise favors ^! views1 m    
exquisitely alive to beauty1 to         
propriety1 to decor\s simplicity &      
gr&eur1 ?an di/+ui%$ = ^? qualities t m 
decisively belong to inv5tion--fire1    
impetuosity1 wild irregul>ity1 or rude  
maje/y4  ,nei!r !n 7 ! primitive elem5ts
 inv5t$1 & !nce )\t aid ( m anci5t k1 ! 
ord]s or sy/ems ( ar*itecture br\ght to 
p]fection 9 ,greece2 nor 0 any "o ( ^!  
introduc$ :olly or at once 9 a /ate     
approa*+ to p]fect symmetry &           
arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all _! arts1 no 
less ?an 9 _! lit]ature1 ! ,greeks      
borr[$1 imitat$1 select$1--& yet !y     
creat$--!y assimilat$ discordant v>iety 
to "o solemn brea?+ h>mony--!y br\ght   
out e lat5t g]m ( beauty t lay ov]:elm$ 
9 ! mass ( m anci5t ?\ght4 ,f ! d>k yet 
mighty accumulations ( ,ea/]n k & skill1

 _! g5ius spake =? t light & t p]fection
 :i*1 9 human wisdom & ta/e1 /ill       
guides1 corrects1 & animates4 ,yet _!   
improvem5ts 7 b s _m--important         
inde$--int]m$iate gradations 9 !        
univ]sal sy/em ( obligation :i* nations 
owe to ea* o!r4 ,b :ile s\nd judgm5t    
con/ra9s ! rejection ( ! exclusive      
pret5sions ( ! ,greek writ]s on !       
p>ticul> subject 9 "q1 x mu/ be confess$
 !re is 9 ^! some?+ m ?an pleas+4 ,!y   
are n selfi%2 !y are deeply connect$ ) !
 sympa?ies & ! feel+s--! true/1 be/     
associations 9 objects ( art4 ,?\gh we  
f9d all ! elem5ts ( composition 9       
,egyptian ar*itecture1 & mu/ believe t !
 ,greek ord]s 7 9 _! orig9 !nce d]iv$2  
yet ! v idea1 t ! s$ate gr&eur ( !      
,doric borr[$ its maje/y f imitation (  
man's vigor\s frame & decor\s c>riage2  
or t ! *a/e proportions ( ! graceful    
,ionic 7 b resemblances ( female        
elegance & mode/y1--! belief ( all ?is1 
s c>efully *]i%$1 0 calculat$ to produce
 ! happie/ effect ^u liv+ mann]s4 ,s    

also1 ?\gh ! orig9 ( ! ,cor9?ian capital
 is app>5t 9 an object emblematic ov] ! 
:ole ,ea/1 & n unkn[n ev5 9 "s ,*ri/ian 
=ms1 ! my/]i\s lotus1 ^: leaves s       
frequ5tly con/itute ! adornm5t ( !      
,egyptian column2 /ill1 h[ de> to ! he>t
 ! ?\ght ( mo/ p]fect skill receiv+ its 
model f ! humble tribute ( affection    
plac$ on ! grave ( ! ,cor9?ian maid1    
r\nd :i* nature _h by *ance ?r[n !      
graceful acan?us6 ,if1 9 ! sob]         
inquiries ( hi/ory1 su* op9ions are     
remov$1 ! act is done ) regret4 ,yet 9  
?is onw>d pa? ( tru?1 if "o blossom     
plant$ !re by human feel+ mu/ be beat5  
d[n1 h[ grateful ! inc5se ev5 ( ! cru%$ 
fl[]6  ,! ?ree ord]s n[ m5tion$         
con/itute ! :ole sy/em ( ,greek         
ar*itecture4 ,! ,doric appe>s to h be5 !
 mo/ anci5t1 & cont9u$ d[n to ! p]iod ( 
! ,roman conque/ to be mo/ ext5sively   
employ$ 9 ! ,european /ates ( ,greece1 z
 ^! 7 coloniz$ *iefly by !              
,dorians--h5ce ! "n4 ,( ?is ord] are !  
mo/ celebrat$ rema9s ( anci5t art1 :i*  

may be divid$ into two great classes1   
namely1 ^? ( ,greece1 & ( ! ,greek      
settlem5ts 9 ,sicily & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,!
 fir/ class ( build+s compreh5ds a space
 ext5d+ f ! e>lie/ traditions1 :5 a*us1 
9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! t5? c5tury be=e      
,*ri/1 is report$ to h built ! temple ( 
,jupit] /ill rema9+ 9 g9a1 to ! erection
 ( ! ,p>!non1 ! noble/ monum5t ( ?is    
ord]1 :i*1 f its beauty1 & ! pr$ilection
 9 its favor1 has be5 t]m$ ! ,grecian4  
,subsequ5tly1 decl9e appe>s s e>ly z !  
era ( ! ,mac$onian empire2 b ! late/    
erection is suppos$ coeval ) ! reign (  
,augu/us4 ,)9 ! t5 c5turies ?us         
compreh5d$ betwe5 ! fir/ & la/          
application ( ! ,doric ord]1 mu/ h be5  
erect$ ^? magnific5t /ructures ^: ru9s  
/ill adorn ,greece4 ,! probable ages (  
^! are z foll[3 comm5c+ ) ! g9etic ru9 j
 m5tion$1 ^: date is lo/ 9 remote       
antiquity1 & :i* seems to h =m$ ! second
 remove only 9 ! m>* ( art we/w>d f its 
primeval s\rces1 to ,crete1 g9a1        
,greece4 ,next1 ! celebrat$ f\r columns 

ne> ,cor9?4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] at      
,olympia ei!r prec$es or foll[s1 !      
ar*itect ,libon1 & ! ro(1 ! fir/ ( !    
k9d1 =m$ ( m>ble tiles1 ! inv5tion (    
,byzes ( ,naxos4 ,an int]val occurs "h1 
c>ry+ u =w>d to ! ,a!nian /ructures1 !  
mo/ anci5t ( :i*1 ! temple ( ,!seus1    
belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an any ( ! 
prec$+4 ,! date ( ! ,propylea & !       
,p>!non cr[n+ ! ,acropolis1 & plac$ 9   
situation z 9 excell5ce em95tly         
conspicu\s1 is fix$ by ! mo/ spl5did    
names 9 ,grecian art2--!y 7 built "u !  
direction ( ,phidias1 ! =m] by          
,mnesicles1 ! latt] by ,ict9us1 enc\rag$
 by ! patronage ( ,p]icles4    ,anci5t (
 days6 augu/ ,a!na6 :]e1   ,:]e are ?y  
m5 ( might8 ?y gr& 9 s\l8               
,gone--glimm]+ ?r\gh ! dream ( ?+s t 74 
,fir/ 9 ! race t l$ to ,glory's goal1-- 
,!y're s\ght 9 va91 & o'er ea* m\ld]+   
t[]1   ,dim ) ! mi/ ( ye>s1 grey flits !
 %ade ( p[]4  ,to ,ict9us is also to be 
ascrib$ ! mo/ p]fect ve/ige ( antiquity 
n[ 9 exi/5ce1 ! ,temple ( ! ,apollo     

,epicurius1 9 ,arcadia1 & :i* is report$
 to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did build+s ( !
 ,peloponnesus4 ,! magnific5t columns   
:i* 'cr[n ,sunium's m>ble /eep1' belong 
to ! same era1 & probably to ! same     
s*ool4 ,= sixty ye>s aft]w>ds1 we h no  
decl9e 9 ! gr&eur or purity ( ! ,doric1 
z yet appe>s 9 ! ru9s ( ,mess5e1 a city 
built by ,epam9ondas1 & /ill exhibit+ ! 
mo/ p]fect specim5 ( anci5t milit>y     
ar*itecture4 ,b ! victories ( ?is w>rior
 7 p>ricidal triumphs2 !y 7 ga9$ ov] ^? 
:o ought to h be5 z bro!rs4 ,9          
sculpture1 we h already se5 t ?is era   
m>ks ! retrogression ( ! manly & ! gr& 9
 /yle2 x is s 9 ar*itecture1 = 9 less   
?an =ty ye>s1 a great decl5sion 9 ^!    
respects mu/ h tak5 place 9 ?is ! gr&e/ 
& mo/ sev]e ( ! ord]s1 z is atte/$ by ! 
specim5 9 ! isle ( ,delos1 inscrib$ ) ! 
"n ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,aft] ?is !     
,doric ei!r fell into desuetude1 or !   
works h p]i%$1 = ! only rema9+ example  
is ! portico1 erect$ by ,augu/us 9 "o ( 
! agorai or squ>es ( ,a!ns4  ,( ! rema9s

 ( ,doric ar*itecture 9 ! anci5t seats (
 ! ,sicilan & ,italian colonies1 !      
dates1 ev5 ) ord9>y accuracy1 x is      
impossible individually to asc]ta94 ,!  
=m] claim ! highe/ antiquity 9 "s1 b n 9
 all in/ances4 ,! temple ( ,ege/a1 9 !  
int]ior ( ! isl&1 is p]haps "o ( !      
olde/1 yet among ! lea/ imp]fect        
monum5ts ( ! art 9 ,europe2 contempor>y 
or e>li]1 is ! temple ( ,m9]va1 at      
,syracuse2 ! o!r rema9s ne> t city are (
 a lat] date4 ,! pond]\s ru9s at        
,sel9us1 :i* consi/ ( no less ?an six   
temples1 "o ( :i*1 ?ree hundr$ &        
?irty-"o feet 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( a d\ble 
p]i/yle ( columns sixty feet high1 mu/ h
 pres5t$ "o ( ! sublime/ objects ev]    
re>$ by human art4 ,ru9s at             
,agrig5tum--,temple ( ,juno mo/         
picturesque1 ( ,concord v p]fect--?ree  
o!rs1 la/ ! gr& ,temple ( ,olympian     
,jupit]1 "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s build+s ( ! 
anci5t _w1 & ^: buri$ mat]ials swell    
into hills or subside 9 valleys1 ov] :i*
 we h ourselves w&]$1 )\t at fir/ kn[+ t

 we trode ^u ! pro/rate lab\rs ( man1 & 
n ! work+s ( nature4  ,) ! exception ( !
 two fir/1 ^! rema9s z also ! ,temple ( 
,apollo1 at ,gela1 seem to be ne>ly ( ! 
same age4 ,inde$1 _! erection c be fix$ 
betwe5 c]ta9 limits1 by comp>ison (     
hi/orical details1 9 :i*1 ei!r by direct
 m5tion or inf]5ce1 a connexion is trac$
 betwe5 ! political condition & ! arts (
 ! ,sicilian cities4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is     
mann]1 x is f\nd t all ( ^! enorm\s     
piles rose 9 little m ?an a c5tury1     
embrac+ ! great] "p ( ! fif?1 & ! e>ly  
portion ( ! f\r?1 be=e our era4 ,^!     
edifices ?us fall 9 ) ! int]val already 
notic$ betwe5 ! e>lie/ ,doric build+s 9 
,greece1 & ! erection ( ! ,a!nian       
temples4 ,accord+ly1 !re appe> 9 !m m   
noble proportions & a great] elevation (
 column ?an 9 ! =m]1 /ill )\t ! graceful
 maje/y ( ! latt]4 ,"u :at circum/ances1
 h[ev]1 or by :at sci5ce1 _m ( ^!       
wond]ful fabrics 7 re>$1 hi/ory af=ds no
 in=mation4 ,( ! rise & ! ov]?r[1 =     
in/ance1 ( ! temples at ,sel9us1 we "k  

no?+2 "s ev5 d\bt :e!r human p[] c\ld h 
ov]?r[n :at x _h elevat$2 & ascribe !   
regul> pro/ration ( ! gigantic columns1 
ea* (t5 exactly 9 a l9e1 ext5d+ outw>ds 
f its base1 z if ov]turn$ b ye/]day1 to 
! concussion ( an e>?quake4 ,^!         
appe>ances we h c]ta9ly rem>k$ )        
a/oni%m5t1 & h beheld1 & measur$1 & w&]$
 amid ! ru9s1 ) admiration n unm+l$ )   
awe2 b ! tru? 0 obvi\s1 t ! same age :i*
 c\ld arrange ^! masses into symmetry1  
c\ld also h ca/ !m d[n z !y n[ lie4 ,&  
we "k t x 0 ! same age--= "o page1 almo/
 "o s5t5ce1 records bo? _! rise & _!    
fall4 ,yet ( ! en]gies & k ( t age1 our 
own has no conception4 ,! ri*es ( any "o
 ( ! sov]eigns ( ,europe1 & ! skill ( 8 
wise/ subjects1 w\ld b>ely suffice = !  
erection ( only "o ( ! six ,sel9unt9e   
temples--! works ( a di/ant colony (    
,greece4 ,t ?is may n appe> exagg]ation1
 let ! read] contemplate = a mom5t an   
edifice--! porticos ( :i* alone w\ld    
require "o hundr$ columns ( /one1 ea*   
sixty feet high1 & ?irty 9              

circumf]5ce--su* 0 ! great ,temple (    
,sel9us4  ,! celebrat$ ru9s ( ,p/um1    
consi/+ ( two temples & a quadrangul>   
portico1 conta9+ eighte5 columns 9      
flank1 & sev5 9 front1 compose ! only   
,grecian ,doric rema9s 9 ,italy4 ,! date
 & orig9 ( ^! /ructures w probably ev]  
rema9 liable to d\bt4 ,?is arises p>tly 
f ! s+ul> nature ( "s ( ! build+s       
!mselves1 z well z f ! obscurity :i*    
re/s ^u ?is portion ( hi/ory 9 g5]al4 ,!
 great] ( ! two temples be>s evid5t "* (
 ! same design & ar*itectural pr9ciples 
z ! ,sicilian edifices2 betwe5 :i*      
latt]1 inde$1 z comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 !re   
exi/s1 9 ?is respect1 a v /rik+         
uni=mity1 po9t+ to a ne>ly contempor>y  
erection4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce seems cle>1 t 
to ! same era ! ,p/an ru9 is to be      
ref]r$1 & t x is ! "w ( ,greek coloni/s 
f ,syb>is1 :o1 f ! middle ( ! six?      
c5tury ,b4 ,c41 = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s 
enjoy$ peaceable possession ( ?is "p (  
,lucania4 ,?is temple1 ?\gh n equal 9   
magnitude to "s ru9s 9 ,sicily1 is a v  

noble1 & ! l>ge/ pile 9 a /ate ( su*    
p]fection out ( ,greece4 ,n a s+le      
column ( ! out] p]i/ylia is want+4 ,x 0 
)9 ?is 'pill>$ range1' dur+ ! moonlight 
( a tr\bl$ sky1 we exp]i5c$ emotions ( !
 awful & sublime1 su* z impress a       
te/imony1 nev] to be =gott51 ( ! p[] (  
art ov] ! affections ( ! m9d4  ,! o!r   
ru9s1 :i* "s consid] a temple & a hall (
 ju/ice1 o!rs1 ) great] probability1 two
 temples1 ?\gh1 l ! =m] 9 situation1    
,!y /& betwe5 ! m\nta9 & ! sea1   ,awful
 memorials1 b ( :om we "k n1  are f>    
inf]ior 9 dignity ( effect & purity (   
/yle4 ,nor are ^! defects ! consequ5ces 
( a progressive k advanc+ to bett] ?+s1 
!y are evid5t corruptions ( anci5t      
simplicity4 ,bo? ^! are to be ref]r$ to 
a p]iod po/]ior to ! ,roman conque/ ( ! 
city1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! #dha/ ye> ( ,rome1
 t is1 n ?ree c5turies be=e our era4 ,( 
! same age are ! walls1 rema9+ 9        
consid]able entir5ess1 especially !     
ea/]n gate1 z repres5t$ 9 ! vignette1   
:]e ! v\ssoirs1 or ar*-/ones1 /ill span 

! entrance4  ,"h x may be prop]1 )\t go+
 into ! p>ticul> facts & reason+s ^u :i*
 ! inf]5ce is f\nd$1 m]ely to /ate1 t1  
reg>d+ ! introduction ( ! ar* into      
classic ar*itecture1 ! weight ( evid5ce 
is aga9/ any k ( its use or con/ruction 
prior to ! era ( ,alex&]4 ,inde$1 ! ar* 
is contr>y to ! :ole g5ius ( ! ,greek   
sy/em1 :i* delights 9 ! simplicity (    
horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es1 to :i* !  
contra/s1 m9ute divisions1 & con/antly  
recurr+ breaks ( ar*$ build+1 are mo/   
directly oppos$4 ,dur+ ! pure ages (    
truly ,grecian ta/e1 ! v improvem5ts &  
*anges :i* successively ensu$1 all t5d$ 
to guide inv5tion f>!/ f ! ar*4 ,to add 
elevation to ! column1 & to increase !  
unbrok5 l5g? ( ! entablature1 7 objects 
mo/ directly pursu$4 ,! great] ri*ness  
or v>iety ( ornam5t ?us admitt$1 0 an   
advantage r incid5tal ?an contemplat$1  
?\gh ) exquisite skill r5d]$ available--
    ----)\t o'erfl[+--full4  ,:e!r !    
,ionic ord] ( ar*itecture orig9at$ m]ely
 z a v>iation on ! ',dorian mode1' or z 

a sep>ate inv5tion1 x is n easy1 & n (  
mu* importance1 to det]m9e4 ,! two ideas
 may be reconcil$2 rema9s ( ,ionic are  
f\nd coeval ) ! e>lie/ c]ta9 acc\nts ( !
 ,doric edifices2 s f> ! =m] 0          
indep5d5t1 & hav+ aris5 among ! ,ionian 
/ates1 :]e subsequ5tly x cont9u$ to be  
employ$ 9 pref]5ce1 x ?us obta9$ a      
di/9ct "n & "*4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 on be+
 br\ght into use 9 ,european ,greece1   
ar*itects appe> to h /udi$ its          
capabilities1 *iefly 9 contra/ ) !      
correspond+ proprieties ( ! ,doric4 ,"h 
some?+ l an encroa*m5t 0 made on its    
sep>ate id5tity2 or r1 ! arti/s ( ^?    
times contemplat$ ea* sy/em z a         
modification1 9 "p1 ( "o great :ole1    
be>+ a relation only to ! emotions (    
gr&eur & beauty4 ,?is is /ill ! prop]   
view 9 :i* ! ord]s are to be reg>d$ 9   
ref]5ce to excell5ce 9 ar*itectural     
composition4 ,n[1 inde$1 ! mod]ns       
possess ! advantage ( a pr9ciple !n     
unkn[n--! pr9ciple ( association1 :i*   
bo? limits ! field ( *oice1 & increases 

! beauty ( a j selection4  ,( ! ,ionic  
ord]1 few rema9s are extant 9 ,greece or
 h] colonies--few1 we mean1 z comp>$ ) !
 amaz+ /ructures j consid]$4 ,! ,temple 
( ,juno1 9 ! ,isle ( ,samos1 rais$ ab\t 
! fir/ ,olympiad by ,r*us & ,!odorus1   
already notic$ z ! f\nd]s ( ! ,samian   
,s*ool ( ,sculpture1 supplies ! e>lie/  
specim54 ,?is1 9 ! age ( ,h]odotus1 0 ! 
gr&e/ build+ 9 ,greece4 ,h[ rapidly !   
ord] mu/ h improv$6 ,_m ar*aisms1 n to  
say b>b>\s inv5tions1 occur4 ,next 9 age
 has be5 plac$ ! s+ul> b n ungraceful   
monum5t at ,agrig5tum1 call$ ! ,tomb (  
,!ron4 ,"h we discov]1 inde$1 ,ionic    
columns1 b ev]y?+ else is ,doric--pro(s1
 fir/1 ( ! antiquity ( ! monum5t2 &     
secondly1 ( ! tru? ( our op9ion1 m ?an  
once h9t$ 9 ^! pages1 t ! ,dorian       
colonies 9 ,sicily 7 orig9al settlem5ts 
f ! ,ea/1 little or no int]m$iate       
connexion hav+ tak5 place betwe5 !m & ! 
,dorians ( ! ,peloponnesus1 :o affect$  
to be consid]$ z ! "m c\ntry4 ,if pursu$
 to ! full ext5t ( its consequ5ces1 ?is 

position w\ld g f> to expla9 sev]al     
d\bts1 9 reg>d to ! e>ly p[] & arts ( ! 
,sicilian & ,lucanian cities4 ,! e>lie/ 
example ( ! true ,ionic1 is ! ,temple ( 
,bac*us at ,teos1 erect$1 mo/ probably1 
soon aft] ! ,p]sian invasion1 or n lat] 
?an fifty ye>s aft]1 or ab\t #ddj ,b4   
,c4 ,at ,a!ns1 h[ev]1 9 ! temples (     
,m9]va1 ,polias1 & ,erec!us1 is to be   
f\nd ! mo/ p]fect rema9 ( ?is ord]1 b ( 
:at precise date is unc]ta91--probably  
ab\t ! era ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,ne>  
,miletus1 ! ,temple ( ,apollo1 erect$ by
 ! ar*itects ,peonius & ,daphnis1 br+s u
 d[n to t ( ,m9]va at ,pri5e1 by ,pi!as1
 9 ! age ( ,alex&]2 aft] :i* no specim5s
 are to be f\nd m anci5t ?an ! ,roman   
conque/1 ) ! exception ( "s 9 diff]5t   
p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 ^: dates _c be      
asc]ta9$4  ,9 ^! two ord]s1 n[ describ$1
 almo/ e beauty ( composition _h be5    
atta9$1 except facility ( arrangem5t1 ) 
t extreme simplicity 9 :i* ! ta/e (     
'e>ly ,greece' seems to h plac$ ! v     
p]fection ( ! art4 ,9 ! ,doric1 !       

triglyphs broke 9 ^u ! unity ( !        
entablature view$ 9 p]spective1 produc+ 
also complexity 9 ! int]vals1 or        
difficulty ( manag+ !m4 ,! ,ionic1 by   
remov+ ! divisions ( ! zoophorus1 left !
 guid+ l9es ( ! horizontal memb]s ( !   
ord] unbrok51 & ) great] aptitude = !   
introduction ( ornam5t2 /ill ! capital  
deviat$ f ! simple h>mony--! object     
contemplat$ by ! arti/1 z x pres5t$     
diff]5t aspects view$ 9 front or 9      
flank1 & also 0 n equally adapt$ to all 
situations 9 ! same range4 ,by !        
inv5tion ( ! ,cor9?ian1 ! beauties ( !  
=m] ord]s 7 comb9$1 :ile _! defects 7   
also obviat$2 ! removal ( ! triglyphs   
left ! arrangem5t unemb>rass$1 :ile !   
circul> capital pres5t$ always ! same   
outl9e1 & adapt$ itself equally to all  
positions4 ,! sy/em ( ,greek            
ar*itecture1 ! mo/ p]fect comb9ation ( !
 necessities ( sci5ce ) =ms mo/ pleas+  
to ! eye1 t ev] did1 or1 we may v5ture  
to say1 w exi/1 0 complet$4 ,:5 ?is     
p]fection 0 atta9$ is d\btful1 z we h   

else:]e %[n2,e b ! "q is ( less         
importance1 s9ce x is kn[n t ! ,cor9?ian
 ord] 0 employ$ by ,scopas 9 !          
magnific5t temple ( ,m9]va at ,tegea1   
erect$ betwe5 ! #id? & #ajd? ,olympiad1 
or ne>ly #djj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 
,( ! rema9+ monum5ts ( ?is ord]1 few c  
be ascrib$ to ! be/ ages ( ,grecian     
ta/e4 ,x became ! favorite /yle aft]    
,alex&]1 & especially ( ! ,romans1 to   
:om is to be attribut$ by f> ! great] "p
 ( ! ,cor9?ian rema9s n[ 9 ,greece4 ,!  
circul> erection ( ,lysicrates1 commonly
 t]m$1 f ! occasion commemorat$1 !      
,*oragic ,monum5t1 built #cdb ,b4 ,c42 !
 octagonal edifice ( ,&ronicus          
,cyrrhe/es1 app>5tly n mu* lat]2 mo/    
probably ! magnific5t rema9s ( ! temple 
( ! ,olympian ,jupit]2 &1 accord+ to    
,/u>t1 ano!r ru91 :i* he calls !        
,poikele ,/oa1 or pa9t$ portico1 compose
 ! sole rema9s ( ! ord] prior to !      
,roman conque/4 ,! fir/ is "o ( ! mo/   
exquisite & p]fect gems ( ar*itectural  
ta/e1 & ! pure/ specim5 ( ! ord]1 t has 

rea*$ our "t1 ^: m9ut5ess & unobtrusive 
beauty h pres]v$ x almo/ entire amid !  
ru9s ( ! mightie/ piles ( ,a!nian art4  
,! second is curi\s 9 its contrivance to
 supply ignorance ( ! ar*4 ,! f\r? is ( 
d\btful antiquity2 b ( ! ?ird1 !        
columns1 at lea/1 are ( ! be/ age (     
,greece4 ,^!1 compos$ ( ! f9e/ :ite     
m>ble1 & ( ! mo/ p]fect workman%ip1 ) an
 elevation ( ne>ly sixty feet1 & belong+
 to an edifice f\r hundr$ long1 awak5   
emotions ( regret1 ( magnific5ce1 & (   
beauty1 difficult to compreh5d or to    
imp>t4  ,9 ?us briefly foll[+ out !     
hi/ory ( ! ord]s1 z f> z rese>*es c be  
au!nticat$ by rema9+ examples1 !        
n>rative has conduct$ u to ! dea? (     
,alex&]1 ,a4 ,c4 #cbd1 :ile x has       
includ$ ! consid]ation ( e ess5tial     
pr9ciple1 = ! ,greeks nev] widely       
deviat$ f _! e/abli%$ modes4 ,! c>yatic 
supports ( ! ,temples ( ! ,nymph        
,p&rosos1 /ill almo/ p]fect at ,a!ns1 & 
! ,p]sian portico said to h be5 at      
,sp>ta1 =m ! only exceptions to ?is     

obs]vation4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 nev]          
imitat$--!y 7 suff]$ z individual       
fantasies--n all[$ z models4 ,! p]iod j 
consid]$1 compreh5d+ a space ( ab\t #aac
 ye>s f ,p]icles to ,alex&]1 0 occupi$  
almo/ exclusively ) ! p]fect+ &         
application ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian      
ord]s4 ,! art _h n[ atta9$1 9 all its   
modes1 ! highe/ "* ( purity &           
magnific5ce4  ,= m ?an two successive   
c5turies1 ! hi/ory ( ! art w\ld conduct 
to consid]ation ( ! lab\rs ( ! ,greek   
pr9ces 9 ! ,ea/1 :5 ,asia receiv$ back !
 e>ly in=mation giv5 to ,europe4 ,h[ va/
 ! int]val ( obligation6 ,b ( all !     
lab\rs ( ^? times1 great z !y mu/ h be51
 :5 "o alone ( ! ,seleucidan dyna/y     
f\nd$ =ty cities1 only a few rema9s 9   
,ionia1 ) "o or two 9 ,greece1 are kn[n1
 or h be5 explor$4 ,to ?is p]iod are    
d\btless to be ref]r$ ru9s 9 ! ,greek   
/yle1 said to exi/ 9 ,syria & ,p]sia1   
:ile1 z already notic$1 ! ,romans ju/ly 
claim ^? m commonly visit$2 b ov] all ^!
 hangs an obscurity p]haps n[           

imp5etrable4 ,innovations ^u ! sev]e    
purity ( anci5t ta/e 7 n[ c]ta9ly       
introduc$2 /ill ! art _h n suff]$ any   
lapse2 ! ess5tial pr9ciples appe> to h  
be5 fully und]/ood1 & suffici5tly       
respect$4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! case1 to a  
degree ( v5]ation n g5]ally suppos$1 at 
lea/ 9 ! rema9s ( ,asia ,m9or1 :ile n[1 
9 complete possession ( a new & mighty  
elem5t ( design--! ar*2 nev] be=e _h    
ar*itecture exhibit$ s great            
capabilities1 or p[]s adequate to ! mo/ 
gigantic works1 :e!r ( use or           
magnific5ce4  ,9 ?is /ate ! art pass$   
into ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 :5 univ]sal     
conque/ _h left !m ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,!nce  
comm5ces a new era 9 ! hi/ory (         
ar*itecture1 di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 r by new  
applications ?an by fre% inv5tions4 ,!  
art cont9u$ ess5tially ,greek1 =1 ?\gh  
to ! ,etruscans1 & subsequ5tly to ! e>ly
 ,romans1 an ord] has be5 ascrib$1 no   
specim5 ( ?is ,tuscan capital has come  
d[n to our times1 & consequ5tly !re exi/
 no means ( trac+ ! n>rative or         

descriptions ( ,vitruvius4 ,b by !      
acc\nt ev5 ( ?is native writ]1 ! public 
build+s ( ! regal & consul> times 7 rude
 en\gh1 exhibit+ a /ate ( ! sci5ce z    
already describ$ among ! e>ly nations ( 
! ,ea/--v]tical supports ( /one1 ) wood5
 be>]s4 ,?is cont9u$ to be _! /yle (    
design & practice1 till ext5d+ empire   
br\ght ! ,romans acqua9t$ ) ! arts ( !  
,dorian settlem5ts on ! ea/ & s\!rn     
%ores ( ,italy4 ,! situation ( !        
capital1 h[ev]1 di/ant f accessible     
mat]ials1 ! simplicity--n to say        
homel9ess ( mann]s--& ! con/ant b5t ( ! 
national g5ius t[>ds =eign conque/1 at  
fir/ d5i$ p[] to pr(it by accession (   
sci5ce1 or subsequ5tly div]t$ att5tion  
away f its pleasures & its advantages4  
,d[n to ! conque/ ( ,asia & ! t]m9ation 
( ! republic1 ,rome cont9u$ a 'city (   
wood & brick4' ,only ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 
empire & ! reign ( ,augu/us1 ) ! weal? (
 ! _w at comm&1 & ! skill ( ,greece to  
direct ! application1 comm5ces !        
valuable hi/ory ( ar*itecture among !   

,romans4  ,?is1 ! la/ p]iod ( ,classic  
,art1 compreh5ds a space ( ab\t #cej    
ye>s1 t]m9at+ ) ! transf]5ce ( ! seat ( 
empire by ,con/ant9e1 ,a4 ,d4 #cjf4 ,(  
?is int]val1 h[ev]1 only ! small]       
portion mu/ be giv5 to a ta/e ev5       
comp>atively pure2 =1 great z 7 its     
res\rces1 symptoms ( ! decay ( art1     
cont9ually increas+1 are detect$ ev5 f !
 fir/ ye>s ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,)\t   
ent]+ m9utely into ^! gradations1 ! dea?
 ( ,hadrian1 ,a4 ,d4 #ach1 may be assum$
 z includ+ bo? ! noble/ erections & !   
bett] ta/e ( ! empire4 ,t to ?is date1 !
 ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( elegance &      
purity cont9u$ 9 a degree unta9t$1 !re  
is evid5ce 9 ! works ( ,hadrian at      
,a!ns4 ,?us1 dur+ an int]val ( n less   
?an #egd ye>s1 f ,p]icles to ! la/      
m5tion$ emp]or1 ar*itecture1 9 ?is      
respect m =tunate ?an ei!r sculpture or 
pa9t+1 fl\ri%$ 9 spl5dor & excell5ce n  
greatly impair$4  ,( all ! f9e          
arts--poetry n except$--ar*itecture is !
 only "o into :i* ! ,roman m9d ent]$ ) !

 real en?usiasm ( natural & national    
feel+4 ,success correspond$ ) ! exalt$  
s5tim5t :5ce x arose2 "h h be5 left = ! 
admiration ( future ages1 ! mo/         
magnific5t pro(s ( orig9al g5ius4 ,?is  
orig9ality1 h[ev]1 dep5ds n ^u inv5tion 
s mu* z ^u application ( modes4 ,to !   
ar*itectonic sy/em1 inde$1 ! ,romans    
claim to h add$ two novel elem5ts 9 _!  
own ,doric1 or ,tuscan1 & ,composite    
ord]s4 ,b 9 ! re/less _s ( innovation   
:i* ^! betray1 ! alleg$ inv5tion        
discov]s a total want ( ! true feel+ &  
und]/&+ ( ! sci5ce ( ,grecian design4 ,9
 ?is v desire ( novelty1 & 9 ! pr9ciples
 ^u :i* x 0 pursu$1 are to be trac$ !   
imm$iate causes ( ru9 to ! art1 :ile yet
 its res\rces 7 unimpair$4 ,! ,romans   
un=tunately view$ ! con/itu5ts ( !      
,greek ord]s1 & ev5 ! ord]s !mselves1 z 
s _m conv5tional ornam5ts1 :i* might be 
*ang$ or sup]s$$ on ! laws (            
association1 9 ! same mann] z !y 7      
suppos$ to h be5 fram$4 ,?is x is (     
importance to m>k1 = ! v same h be5 !   

s\rces1 & are /ill ! op]at+ causes1 (   
inf]iority 9 mod]n ar*itecture4 ,b ! v  
opposite ( all ?is is ! case4 ,( ?is    
sy/em1 ! ,greeks1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 
_h f\nd$ :at 0 conv5tional ^u :at is    
necess>y2 !y _h unit$ beauty ) sci5ce1  
by comb9ations ! mo/ pleas+ to          
ta/e--because ( ?is v union ( effect &  
pr9ciple4 ,ar*itecture1 ) !m1 0 ?us n m 
conv5tional ?an is e "p ( k n imm$iately
 d]iv$ f s5se--n m1 = in/ance1 ?an      
geometry2 & its modes1 !re=e1 z         
con/itut+ "o :ole1 became immutable1 be+
 only conv5tional1 z expressions or     
repres5tatives ( tru?4  ,?is h>mony1    
!re=e1 betwe5 ! intellectual & ! m]ely  
beautiful--! v p]fection ( ! sci5ce (   
ta/e--! ,greeks s\ght n by p]il\s       
exp]im5ts to di/urb4 ,n t among !m !    
vigor ( indep5d5t g5ius 0 cramp$2 prop] 
latitude ( composition be+ all[$1       
lic5ti\sness ( fancy 0 re/ra9$2 ea*     
arti/ ?\ght1 9 due subord9ation to !    
pr9ciples ( a sy/em :i* he knew to be z 
un*angeable z ! laws t ensur$ ! /ability

 ( 8 edifice4 ,h5ce1 9 e rema9 ( ,greek 
art1 some?+ peculi> is discov]able--"s  
exquisite adaptation ( p>ts to          
circum/ances--to proportion--to feel+2 b
 ?is nev] obtrudes--nev] is ! g5]al     
symmetry1 or prevail+ "*1 9 ! lea/      
int]rupt$4 ,ev5 ! ord]s obs]ve ! same   
law ( composition4 ,!y are b v>iations (
 "o gr& ab/raction ( /ability & grace1  
:i* may be t]m$ ! ideal ( ar*itecture4  
,ea* v>ies f ano!r 9 detail1 b ! result 
is "o & ! same concord2 ! proportions 9 
ea* diff]1 b ! analogies ( proportion   
are 9 all cases cong5ial4 ,ev5 :51 by   
addition or abs5ce ( p>ts1 !re is       
discrim9ative =m1 /ill ! same f9al      
result ( purpose or propriety is evid5t4
 ,9 all1 ! same ma/] l9es meet ! eye1   
guide ! compreh5sion ov] all divisions1 
& b9d ! entire design into "o gr&       
h>moni\s :ole4 ,simil> means & simil>   
h>monies ev]y:]e occur2 ! same 9 all is 
! la/ impress on ! m9d ( symmetry &     
maje/ic repose--( grace & dignity--(    
/eadfa/ tranquillity--( unlab\r$        

elegance--& ( ri* simplicity4  ,! sy/em 
9 ?is1 its p]fect :ol5ess1 ! ,romans    
nev] conceiv$1 & ^u ?is entir5ess _!    
/yle fir/ broke4 ,!y appe> to h deem$ t 
lightness & grace1 "h ! great objects ( 
_! pursuit1 7 to be atta9$ n s mu* by   
proportion betwe5 ! v]tical &           
horizontal1 z by comp>ative sl5d]ness 9 
! =m]4 ,h5ce1 9 ! v outset1 is detect$ a
 pov]ty 9 ! ,roman ar*itecture1 ev5 9 ! 
mid/ ( pr(use ornam5t1 :i*1 z we        
advance1 cont9ually increases ) !       
practice :5ce x orig9at$4 ,! great error
 0 a con/ant aim to less5 ! diamet]1    
:ile !y increas$ ! elevation1 ( !       
columns & support+ memb]s g5]ally--an   
error1 z rem>k$ by ,plut>*1 'to a ,greek
 eye' p]ceptible s e>ly z ! reign (     
,domitian4 ,h5ce ! incongruities ( !    
,roman ord]s1 :i* yet are m]e plagi>isms
 f ! ,greek1 & ^u ?is defective         
pr9ciple4  ,! massive simplicity & sev]e
 gr&eur ( ! anci5t ,doric1 disappe> 9 ! 
,roman1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ord] be+      
fritt]$ d[n into a multiplicity ( m9ute 

memb]s4 ,?is division is n only 9 itself
 injuri\s to ! simple idea ( /r5g?1 b ! 
p>ts are sep>ately compos$ 9 ignorance (
 ! primitive int5tion4 ,to _! two m     
ref9$ ord]s1 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian1 !    
,greeks always add$ a base1 to unite !m 
sweetly & gracefully ) ! pl9? /ep1 or   
floor2 to ! ,doric1 ?is accessory 0     
always d5i$1 t /rong contra/ might lead 
! eye at once f ! support to ! firm     
position ( ! v]tical %aft--?us app>5tly 
/ill m securely plant$1 z re/+          
imm$iately on ! solid plat=m ( ! build+4
 ,9 opposition to ^! obvi\s pr9ciples1 !
 ,romans us$ ! ,doric always ) a base1  
compos$1 too1 ( v>i\s memb]s2 :ile 9 !  
capital !y err$ /ill m aga9/ propriety4 
,! ,doric capital ( ! ,greeks is a      
ma/]piece ( composition2--=m$ ( few &   
bold1 yet graceful p>ts1 x leads by     
degrees ( increas+ /r5g? to ! surm\nt+  
entablature1 :i*1 ) its triglyphs &     
sculptur$ metopes1 seems to ! eye yet m 
pond]\s--ready to cru% ! />v$ & flutt]+ 
memb]s1 fillet above fillet1 :i* compose

 ! capital ( ! ,roman pill>4 ,!         
,cor9?ian is ! only ord] :i* ! ,romans h
 employ$ ) almo/ ! undim9i%$ grace ( !  
orig9al2 b ev5 "h is di/9ctly to be     
trac$ ! p]nici\s effects ( _! sy/em4 ,9 
! ,ionic1 !y h left comp>atively few    
examples1 :ile1 /ill foll[+ out _!      
pr9ciple1 !y add$ to ! l5g? ( ! %aft1 & 
flatt5$ ! capital1 ?us los+ mu* ( !     
simple yet /ately elegance :i* di/+ui%es
 ?is ord]4 ,_! own ,composite is 9 "s   
measure a comb9ation ( ! ,ionic & !     
,cor9?ian1 hav+ ! volutes ( ! =m] & !   
foliage ( ! latt]1 ^u :i* x is any?+ b  
an improvem5t1 s9ce x contradicts ! "*1 
& 9 a great degree opposes ! advantages1
 ( ! primitive4 ,z f>1 !n1 z conc]ns !  
inv5tion ( =ms1 & ! j conception ( !    
elem5tal modes ( ,greece1 ! ,romans     
fail$4 ,_! ar*itecture 0 imp]fect1 bo? z
 a sy/em ( symmetry1 & z a sci5ce f\nd$ 
^u tru? & ^u ta/e4  ,b :5 _! lab\rs are 
view$ z reg>ds ! practice ( ! art1 _!   
m]its are pres5t$ "u a f> diff]5t       
aspect4 ,:e!r ! magnitude1 ! utility1 ! 

v>i$ comb9ations1 or ! novel & important
 evid5ces ( _! k1 be consid]$1 !        
,romans1 9 _! practical works1 are yet  
unrivall$4 ,!y "h creat$ _! own models1 
:ile !y h rema9$ examples to _!         
successors4 ,?\gh n ! inv5tors ( ! ar*1 
!y1 ( all ! nations ( antiquity1 fir/   
discov]$ & boldly appli$ its p[]s2 nor  
is !re "o dignifi$ pr9ciple 9 its use   
:i* !y h n elicit$4 ,riv]s are spann$2 !
 sea itself1 z at ,ancona1 is ?us       
enclos$ )9 ! c9cture ( masonry2 nay1    
/reams 7 heav$ into air1 &1 borne al(t  
?r\gh entire prov9ces1 p\r$ into !      
capital _! floods ( fre%ness1 & heal?4  
,! self-balanc$ dome1 ext5d+ a m>ble    
firmam5t ov] head1 ! pr\de/ boa/ ( mod]n
 skill1 has yet its prototype & its     
sup]ior 9 ! ,pan!on--    ,relic ( nobl] 
days & noble/ arts6   ,despoil'd1 yet   
p]fect1 ) ?y circle spreads   ,a hol9ess
 appeal+ to all he>ts--   ,to art a     
model4  ,! same /up5d\s & endur+ "*     
p]vad$ all ! ef=ts ( ,roman art1 ev5 9  
^? in/ances :]e m anci5t pr9ciples only 

7 br\ght into action4 ,:]e ! ,greeks 7  
=c$ to call ! op]ations ( nature 9 aid (
 ! weakness ( art1 avail+ !mselves ( "s 
holl[ m\nta9 side = ! erection ( places 
( public resort1 ! imp]ial ma/]s ( ,rome
 caus$ su* m\nta9s to be re>$ ( masonry1
 )9 _! capital1 = ! ,!atre1 ,amphi!atre1
 & ,circus4 ,( ^! va/ /ructures1 :]e    
assembl$ multitudes might sit uncr[d$1 !
 ,colosseum--! mightie/ inde$1 yet only 
"o ( ! lab\rs ( ! reign 9 :i* x 0       
rais$--conta9s m solid mat]ial1 br\ght  
too f f>1 & exquisitely wr\ght1 ?an all 
! works ( ei!r ,l\is ,,xiv41 or ! ,cz>  
,pet]--! two greate/ build]s among !    
sov]eigns ( mod]n times3                
,f its mass1   ,walls1 palaces1 half    
cities1 h be5 re>'d2   ,yet (t ! enorm\s
 skeleton ye pass1   ,& m>vel :]e !     
spoil c\ld h appe>'d4                   
,palaces--,temples--,ba?s--,porticos--,a
r*es ( ,triumph--,commemorative         
,pill>s--,basilica1 or ,halls (         
,ju/ice--,=a1 or ,squ>es--,bridges--)\t 
m5tion+ ! a/oni%+ highways1 ext5d+ to ! 

extremities ( ! empire--all 7 con/ruct$ 
on ! same gr& & magnific5t plan4 ,! art1
 9 e "p ( its practice1 p>took ( !      
national "* ( ! p4 ,its applications 7  
great1 sub/antial1 & useful--beautiful 9
 execution1 b ?is beauty dignifi$ yet m 
z subs]vi5t to utility4 ,! highe/       
conceivable gr&eur seem$ b necess>y1 z  
comm5surate ) ! wants & ! durability ( a
 dom9ion :i* 0 to be univ]sal & et]nal4 
,roman art has1 9 ^! respects1 a "*     
almo/ ( moral dignity beyond all relics 
( antiquity4 ,! records ( _! dead1 ?\gh 
erections ( m equivocal usefulness1     
p>take ( ! same /yle1 &1 l ! pyramids ( 
,egyptian k+s1 h ceas$ to be monum5ts   
save ( _! own greatness4 ,"s1 & ^? b (  
individuals1 or ev5 a woman's grave1 z  
t[]s ( /r5g? h roll$ back ! %ock (      
feudal w>f>e2 & ! tomb ( an emp]or1     
turn$ into a palace1 or a =tress1 /ill  
ov]awes ! city ( ! ,cs>s4  ,b1 alas6 !  
pass+ briefness ( all ?+s sublun>y6 ,!  
_s's homage to ?is might9ess ( m9d &    
p[]1 is due only to ! lab\rs ( little m 

?an a c5tury & a half4 ,! v greatness ( 
^! edifices prov$ a s\rce ( aft]        
corruption1 by )draw+ att5tion f !      
delicacies ( composition1 & by sub/itut+
 brute mass = ! ref9em5ts ( sci5ce4 ,ev5
 "u ! ,anton9es1 decl9e f ! age (       
,hadrian is p]ceptible--?\gh m 9 ta/e   
?an 9 practice4 ,"u ,commodus1          
ar*itecture suff]$ mo/ decid$           
degradation--ano!r pro( h[ /eadily !    
arts reflect1 n only ! m5tal1 b ! moral 
en]gies ( ! times4 ,! d[nw>d impulse    
hurries onw>ds1 occasionally /ay$ by !  
p]sonal virtues or activities ( ! reign+
 pr9ce4 ,sev]us has ?us left evid5ce h[ 
f> 8 age _h fall51 & yet h[ sup]ior to  
^? t foll[6 betwe5 8 triumphal ar* & t (
 ,titus1 h[ great ! diff]5ce6--yet1 9   
po9t ( design1 f> less ?an betwe5 8 &   
,con/ant9e's4 ,! la/ spl5d\rs ( ,roman  
skill 7 elicit$ by ! tal5ts (           
,dioclesian1 & great appe> /ill to h be5
 ! practical res\rces (                 
ar*itecture--great] ?an usually admitt$4
 ,! circul> ,hall 9 8 ,ba?s is inf]ior  

only to ! ,pan!on1 & awak5$ ! en?usiasm 
( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 8 ,dalmatian ,palace 
0 ! f9e/ build+ und]tak5 = twelve       
succe$+ c5turies4 ,few ( ! qualities :i*
 c ennoble ! art1 z an object ( ta/e1   
surviv$ ?is p]iod4 ,! works (           
,con/ant9e1 n except+ ! f\nd+ ( a       
capital1 prove h[ complete 0 ! lapse1   
s9ce ev5 8 zeal c\ld call =? only       
attempts to ungraceful & ineffective4   
,,*apt] ,,xvii4   ,,! hi/ory (          
,ar*itecture /ill to be consid]$1 ext5ds
 ?r\gh fifte5 c5turies to ! pres5t "t4  
,?is int]val may be divid$ into ?ree    
eras4 ,i4 ,p]iod ( ! circul> ar*4 ,,ii4 
,p]iod ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,,iii4 ,revival & 
practice ( classic art4 ,! !ories s     
ab\nd+ 9 ?is p>ticul> portion ( !       
subject1 mu/ be review$ z 9 !mselves =m+
 "p ( ! in=mation :i* ! read] has a "r  
to expect2 b ! notice w be brief1 !     
n>rative1 x is hop$1 enabl+ ! judgm5t to
 d$uce its own conclusions f facts1     
indep5d5tly ( all op9ion4 ,= ?is reason1
 ! prec$+ division is adopt$1 *>act]is$ 

only by ! /yle ( ar*itecture1 )\t       
ref]5ce to ^? m9ute di/9ctions &        
disputes ab\t names1 ! great s\rces (   
obscurity & unsettl$ hypo!sis 9 treat+ (
 ! build+ ( ! middle ages4 ,x may be    
rem>k$1 9 lim9e1 t ! t]m1 ',go?ic       
,ar*itecture1' is ( late inv5tion1 &    
appe>s to be us$ 9 two di/9ct1 or inde$ 
opposite mean+s4 ,fir/1 to d5ote ! :ole 
sy/em ( ar*itectural erection int]v5+   
betwe5 ! decl9e ( ! anci5t classic      
modes1 & _! reappe>ance soon aft] !     
revival ( lett]s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is     
usually employ$ z expressive ( some?+   
b>b>\s & unsci5tific4 ,9 ! second place1
 ! phrase is employ$ by a l>ge s*ool (  
writ]s & arti/s1 to d5ote a sy/em or    
sy/ems ( art1 aris+1 x is ackn[l$g$1    
among m5 ( rude cultivation 9 o!r       
respects1 yet claim+ orig9al pr9ciples (
 inv5tion1 & v ref9$ rules ( practice--s
 f> ev5 z to be an imitation ( natural  
prototypes ( v di/ant1 yet ta/eful      
associations4 ,ea* ( ^! !ories          
exclusively tak51 seems to be disprov$  

by ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 :5 all preconceiv$ 
notions are laid aside1 & :5 art1 z     
ought ev] to be ! case1 is fairly made  
its own int]pret]4  ,i4 ,x has be5 %[n t
 ! ,romans1 9 obta9+ full ma/]y ( a     
p[]ful eng9e 9 build+--! ar*1 7 at fir/ 
bold1 subsequ5tly lavi%1 &1 x w appe>1  
f9ally b>b>\s1 9 its application4 ,f !  
reigns ev5 ( ! e>ly ,cs>s1 a t5d5cy may 
be trac$ 9 _! ar*itecture to become     
great 9 mass1 b little 9 p>ts--to less51
 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! v]tical or support+
 memb]s2 & 9 ! second1 to load !        
sup]/ructure1 or support$ p>ts4 ,!      
progress ( corruption might be trac$1 by
 regul> /eps1 f va/ ar*es1 ) gro9s      
plant$ on a s+le ,cor9?ian column1 to ! 
arcades ( ! palace ( ,dioclesian at     
,spalatro4 ,^! /ill are left1 exhibit+  
ext]nal & int]nal ranges ( ar*es1 spr++ 
directly f ! capitals ( ! columns1 )\t  
any int]v5+ entablature4 ,:at m1 we ask1
 is want+ "h1 to "o ( ! mo/ decid$      
*>act]i/ics ( "o species1 at lea/1 (    
,go?ic ar*itecture1 & an elem5tal       

pr9ciple 9 all k9ds8 no?+1 save a little
 less elegance ( workman%ip 9 !         
supports1 a pi] sub/itut$ = ! column1 & 
! s(fit ( ! ar* bevell$ in/ead ( be+    
squ>e2 /eps successively app>5t 9       
po/]ior rema9s4 ,surely1 !n1 x is c>ry+ 
!ory beyond all mod]ate limits1 to      
cont5d = a sep>ate orig9 ( ! sy/em1 :5 !
 pr9ciples ( ,go?ic build+ are ?us      
di/9ctly recognizable 9 a corruption (  
classic modes1 at an era :ile yet       
vigor\s practice prevail$1 ) res\rces   
undim9i%$ = its support4 ,?is           
corruption1 inde$1 evid5tly proce$$1 n s
 mu* f ineffici5cy1 z f too eag] pursuit
 ( novelty--?is too1 unre/ra9$ by !     
imm$iate pres5ce ( m simple =ms2 =1 9 ! 
ba?s ( ! same emp]or1 appe>s a less     
lic5ti\s ta/e4 ,= ! ext]ior1 inde$1 su* 
,go?ic arcades d n seem to h be5 soon   
imitat$2 b = ! int]ior1 _! adoption 0   
almo/ imm$iate4 ,^! int]m$iate /eps x is
 unnecess>y f>!r to pursue at pres5t4   
,! era ( ,con/ant9e1 ?\gh ju/ly reg>d$ z
 m>k+ ! f9al disappe>ance ( ! la/ l+]+  

rays ( anci5t ta/e1 proves yet a mo/    
important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4
 ,! reception ( ,*ri/ianity z ! religion
 ( ! empire1 n only *ang$ to a v great  
ext5t1 ! entire frame & aspect (        
society1 b 9 a p>ticul> mann] influ5c$ !
 practical art ( build+4 ,z 9 ! hea!n   
temple 0 trac$ ! great s\rce ( p]fection
 9 anci5t art1 s 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* !n   
e/abli%$1 is to be f\nd ! orig9 ( ^?    
modes & =ms1 :i*1 = s _m c5turies1 guid$
 mod]n practice4 ,b ! =m] /ructure 0 "o 
( ext]nal magnific5ce only2 int]nally1 x
 0 nei!r int5d$1 nor1 unalt]$1 adapt$1  
to accommodate l>ge assemblies4 ,9 ! new
 religion1 ?is became ! prim>y object 9 
its places ( wor%ip3 :ile ! e>ly        
,*ri/ians refus$ to make use ( ! 'h\ses 
( idols4' ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 !re rema9$    
only "o c\rse--to conv]t ! mo/ capaci\s 
( unobjectionable build+s into *ur*es4  
,( all ^!1 ! ,basilicon pres5t$1 n only 
no difficulties z hav+ be5 desecrat$1 b 
also 0 directly accommodat$ to !        
necessities ( ! case4 ,! anci5t         

,basilicon 0 a build+ ( great ext5t1    
adjo9+ ! =um or great squ>e1 9 e city1  
s]v+ at once ! purposes ( an ex*ange = !
 transaction ( bus9ess1 ( a c\rt = !    
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & ( a place =    
g5]al resort4 ,! ext]ior 0 adorn$ )     
porticoes m or less magnific5t1 :ile    
int]nally x 0 sep>at$ l5g?wise by two or
 f\r ranges ( columns1 into ?ree or five
 longitud9al divisions1 accord+ to its  
wid?4 ,( ^!1 ! middle "o 0 ! l>ge/1 op5 
to ! top1 & uncov]$2 ! side ones 7      
small]1 ro($ 91 ) gall]ies op5+ into !  
c5tre comp>tm5t1 & to :i* access 0 _h by
 /airs at ! two extremities4 ,"u an ar*$
 ni*e1 usually at ! extremity ( ! c5tral
 division1 0 a tribunal = ! judge1      
exactly 9 ! situation :]e ! ,*ri/ian    
alt> 0 aft]w>ds plac$4 ,f ! :ole        
description1 x is evid5t1 t ! only      
alt]ation necess>y to conv]t ?is edifice
 into a complete *ur*1 ) its nave &     
lat]al aisles1 0 to place a ro( ov] !   
middle portion4 ,?us ! fir/ ,*ri/ian    
*ur*es 7 =m$2 & h5ce _m ( ^? 9 ,rome    

/ill reta9 ! "n ( ,basilicon4           
,subsequ5tly1 ! transepts 7 add$1 to    
imitate ! cross1 ?\gh ?is =m seems to h 
be5 v e>ly kn[n 9 ! ,ea/4  ,! g5]al =m (
 ! *ur* be+ ?us det]m9$1 m ?r\gh *ance  
?an design1 yet ) great conv5i5ce &     
propriety1 ?is accid5tal =m 0 adh]$ to 9
 ! subsequ5t erections = sacr$ purposes2
 b ) c]ta9 int]nal arrangem5ts1 modifi$ 
by ! less5$ res\rces ( ! art1 ! prevail+
 ta/e1 & ! novel exig5cies ( ! case4    
,in/ead ( ! horizontal entablature re/+ 
^u ! int]nal ranges ( pill>s1 z 9 ! m   
classical ,basilicon1 *ur*es 7 con/ruct$
 int]nally ( arcades1 ! ar*es re/+ ^u ! 
capitals ( ! columns4 ,^! latt] 7 torn f
 m anci5t edifices1 b comb9$1 & (t5 )   
consid]able effect1 by ! rud] ef=ts (   
exi/+ art4 ,?us1 ) columns = supports1  
unit$ ) ranges ( semicircul> ar*es      
abutt+ aga9/ ! walls1 we soon f9d !     
p]fect ,go?ic *ur* e/abli%$4  ,?is /yle 
( build+1 recomm5d$ at once by conv5i5ce
 & necessity1 rapidly spread ov] ! :ole 
( ,italy & ! ,empire1 = ,con/ant9ople 0 

erect$ f pilf]$ monum5ts1 :i*1 :5 tak5  
to pieces & transport$ ?i!r1 7          
subsequ5tly set up 9 a mo/ confus$ &    
imp]fect mann]4 ,:5 ! support+ columns  
c\ld no long] be obta9$ f anci5t        
/ructures1 or :]e ?is res\rce _h nev]   
exi/$1 ! :ole 0 to be re>$ f !          
f\ndation4 ,"h x w\ld soon be discov]$ t
 a cyl9drical1 squ>e1 or bevell$ pi]1   
)\t dim9ution1 w\ld be a fitt] & m      
easily erect$ support = ! ar*4 ,f !     
desire ( /ability1 or ! imp]fection (   
skill1 ?is pi]1 ( :atev] =m1 beg9s      
gradually to decrease 9 altitude1 :ile x
 becomes m massive1 /ill ) a base &     
capital palpable ?\gh rude imitations ( 
! same1 memb]s ( ! classic column4  ,9  
?is /ate 0 ! art1 :5 ,italy fell "u !   
p[] ( b>b>ian conqu]ors4 ,?is /yle !y   
adopt$ 9 _! own build+s2 =1 aft] conque/
 0 secure1 !y patronis$ ! arts ( _!     
subjects1 introduc+ a /ill great]       
pr(usion ( ornam5t1 rudely execut$1 & 9 
worse design4 ,yet ! :ole effect ( su*  
works is (t5 n )\t gr&eur4 ,beg9n+ )    

,rome1 we might in/ance1 f our own      
obs]vation1 a cont9u\s s]ies ( monum5ts1
 ( a /yle su* z n[ describ$1 /ill rema9+
 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 especially !  
,go?ic capitals ( ,lomb>dy1 z ,rav5na1  
,v]ona1 ,pavia1 introduc+ ! e>ly revival
 9 ,pisa & ! cities ( ,tuscany4 ,su* a  
survey w\ld unite ! lab\rs (            
,metrodorus1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ar*itect "u
 ,con/ant9e1 ) ^? ( ,bus*etto &         
,diotisalvi1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! elev5?  
c5tury1 lead+ to ! m5tion ( v>i\s       
ar*itects ( ! ,go?ic k+dom1 z ,ciriades1
 ( ,rome2 ,aloisius1 ( ,padua1 au?or ( !
 fam\s tomb ( ,!odoric1 call$ ! ,rotunda
 ( ,rav5na2 ,/ ,g]ma91 ( ,france2 ,/    
,avitus1 ( ,cl]mont2 ,agricola1 (       
,*alons2 ,romnaldus1 ( ,france2 ,tietl&1
 ( ,g]many2 ) o!rs4 ,su* an inquiry1    
h[ev]1 is n "h necess>y1 inasmu* z x mu/
 n[ appe> obvi\s1 t ! /yle j describ$   
might be t]m$ ,go?ic1 z practis$ by !   
mix$ race ( invad]s1 :o1 "u ! "n (      
,go?s1 subdu$ ,italy2 b t su* a /yle    
c\ld n h be5 introduc$ by !m f ! =e/s ( 

,g]many & ! wilds ( ,pannonia4  ,f      
,italy1 religion1 & consequ5tly         
ecclesia/ical build+1 ext5d$ ov] ! re/ (
 ,europe4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many1 ! names 
enum]at$ above1 ) ! works /ill rema9+   
!re1 might be exam9$ 9 corroboration ( !
 fact1 t ! circul> ar* prevail$ at !    
same "t 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,b z ( mo/       
importance1 att5tion is bett] limit$ to 
,briti% art 9 ! middle age4 ,?is species
 ( build+ is di/+ui%$1 9 native         
antiquities1 by ! appellation ( ,saxon  
or ,norman1--display+1 z *>act]i/ics1   
l[1 ?ick1 & rotund pill>s1 ) bases &    
capitals (t5 fanta/ically c>v$1 ) heavy 
semicircul> ar*es1 spr++ directly f !   
top1 correspond+ exactly ) ! corrupt$   
,roman4 ,reg>d+ ! propriety ( ?is       
designation1 h[ev]1 d\bts may reasonably
 be ent]ta9$1 s9ce x by no means c]ta9ly
 appe>s t ei!r ! ,saxons or ,normans 7 !
 introduc]s4  ,!re is evid5ce t sacr$   
edifices exi/$ 9 ,brita9 prior to !     
,saxon invasion2 &1 inde$1 :5 ,con/ant9e
 wrote rescripts to ! v>i\s prov9ces1 8 

own bir?place w\ld n be omitt$ among ^? 
enjo9$ to erect & repair *ur*es4 ,x w\ld
 appe>1 also1 t ! ,saxons 7 atta*$ to   
wood5 erections1 z is express$ by ! v]b 
getymbrian1 to build1--a simil> analogy1
 f ! same cause1 z 9 ,greek1 :]e ! ^w   
wood is us$ to d5ote ! con/itu5t matt]1 
or mat]ial1 ( any?+--z '! wood1' mean+ !
 matt]1 ( 'an argum5t4' ,x is probable1 
!n1 t ! /one build+s ( ! ,saxons 7 r    
copi$ f exi/+ edifices among ! conqu]$  
p1 consequ5tly direct imitations ( !    
p>5t corruptions ( ,italy4 ,?is la/     
fact1 ! only "o ( real importance 9 !   
pres5t case1 is n left to conjecture2 =1
 9 ! acc\nts ( ! e>lie/ /one /ructures (
 ! sev5? c5tury1 x is said !y 7 erect$1 
9 ! orig9al phrase1 'm ,romanorum1' 9 ! 
/yle ( ! ,romans1 t is1 ! /yle already  
describ$4 ,betwe5 ! ,saxon1 or suppos$  
,saxon1 & ,norman1 !re exi/s no         
diff]5ce1 except 9 ! sup]ior magnific5ce
 ( ! latt]--a circum/ance acc\nt$ = by !
 progress ( society4  ,x has ?us be5    
e/abli%$1 t ! /yle ( build+ ) circul>   

ar*es is cle>ly a corruption f ! anci5t 
classic =ms4 ,) little di/9ctive *ange1 
or *>act]i/ic diff]5ce1 ?is mode 0      
practis$ ?r\gh\t ,europe dur+ n9e       
c5turies4  ,,ii4 ,dur+ ! twelf? &       
?irte5? c5turies1 an innovation ^u !    
long monotony ( ! circul> ar* beg9s to  
appe> & to be p]fect$4 ,?is 0 !         
introduction ( ! po9t$1 or lancet       
,go?ic1 to :i* species ! t]m is m       
/rictly limit$4 ,! orig9 & progress ( ! 
po9t$ ar*1 has be5 r5d]$ "o ( ! mo/     
complicat$ problems 9 ! hi/ory (        
ar*itecture4 ,! subjects ( discussion "h
 involve two que/ions--fir/1 ,:5ce & by 
:om ?is /yle 0 introduc$8 secondly1 ,f  
:at prototype ! idea 0 orig9ally d]iv$8 
,on ! =m] ( ^! subjects1 ! v>i\s        
conflict+ op9ions may be arrang$ "u two 
g5]al heads3 t ! prop] ,go?ic1 or po9t$ 
ar*1 _h its orig9 9 ! ca!dral build+s ( 
,engl&1 :5ce ! k & practice ( ?is /yle 0
 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,europe dur+ ! ?irte5? 
c5tury2 or t ?is ar*itecture is (       
,ori5tal gr[?1 & 0 br\ght into ,europe  

by ! ,crusad]s4 ,! au?or ( ! fir/ sy/em 
we believe 0 ,walpole2 b x has s9ce be5 
adopt$ by ,britton1 & a l>ge proportion 
( ! ,engli% antiqu>ies4 ,! second op9ion
 has be5 ably ma9ta9$ by ,"l ,ab]de51 & 
is t m g5]ally adopt$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x
 is n "h possible to ent] into ! details
 ( ! controv]sy2 ! latt] view c]ta9ly   
appe>s to be support$ by ! analogy bo? (
 hi/ory & ( ! arts4 ,?is1 9 abs5ce (    
positive evid5ce1 & ) simil> build+s (  
equal age & "* 9 ,france1 af=ds f> m    
conclusive argum5t ?an any to be d]iv$ f
 ! great] p]fection :i* ! /yle1         
comp>atively speak+1 displays 9 ,engl&1 
:5 ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry & ! numb] ( f9e   
build+s are consid]$4 ,b individual     
edifices1 especially 9 ,g]many1 are n   
only equally anci5t1 b m spl5did4 ,our  
pret5sions to exclusive inv5tion1 "u    
circum/ances s notori\s1 t1 9 ,italy1 ! 
,go?ic is m frequ5tly /yl$ ',t$esco1' or
 ',g]man1' h expos$ ! national in=mation
 9 matt]s ( art1 to ! sev]e b m]it$     
animadv]sions ( =eign writ]s4 ,!        

assumption1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h little   
connexion ) national op9ion1 hav+ aris5 
among antiqu>ies ^: almo/ sole /udy _h  
be5 ,engli% build+1 or1 at lea/1 :o _h  
view$ ! hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture "u ?is    
peculi> mode alone4 ,9 ?is respect1     
ext5sive rese>* & elegant erudition     
enabl$ ,"l ,ab]de5 to br+ to ! subject e
 requisite ( decision2 & 7 we incl9$ to 
place fai? 9 any exclusive !ory (       
introduction1 x w\ld be t :i* 8 ,lord%ip
 has s ably advocat$1 9 ma9ta9+ ! ,ea/]n
 orig9 ( ! ,go?ic or po9t$ ar*4  ,f :at 
exempl> ?is =m 0 conceiv$1 or by :at    
prototype sugge/$1 has1 9 ! second      
place1 ex]cis$ speculation to a wide    
ext5t4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal op9ions3
 #a4 ,!ory ( ,w>burton1--t natural      
groves suppli$ ! primitive idea1 !      
trunks1 bran*es1 & foliage ( ! trees be+
 repres5t$ 9 ! pill>s1 ar*es1 & trac]y (
 ! ,go?ic4 #b4 ,! sy/em ( ,sir ,james   
,hall1--t ! :ole /yle1 9 all its        
v>ieties1 is b an imitation (           
wick]work1--an op9ion frequ5tly1 ?\gh v 

improp]ly1 consid]$ z a modification ( !
 =m]3 x is indep5d5t1 & has be5 v       
+5i\sly foll[$ out 9 detail4 #c4 ,!ory (
 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 rem>kable at lea/ 
9 its prop\nd]1--t ! ,free ,masons 7 !  
inv5tors ( ! po9t$ ar*4 #d4 ,op9ions (  
_m ,g]man & ,cont95tal writ]s1--t ?is   
ar* is b an imitation ( ! ,egyptian &   
,indian pyramid4 #e4 ,hypo!sis1 fir/    
incid5tally propos$ by ,b5?am1          
subsequ5tly me?odiz$ & illu/rat$ by ,dr 
,miln]1 & pretty g5]ally receiv$1--t !  
int]section ( semicircul> ar*es =m+     
int]m$iate po9t$ ones1 gave ! primitive 
model4 ,?is int]lac+ ( ar*es is a common
 ornam5t 9 build+s ( ! old ,go?ic1      
already expla9$2 x occurs frequ5tly 9   
relievo1 &1 if we recollect rightly1    
also ) dis5gag$ columns 9 sev]al ( !    
faades ( old *ur*es 9 ,italy4 ,durham & 
,l9coln ca!drals1 likewise ecclesia/ical
 rema9s 9 ,scotl&1 z ,kelso ,abbey1     
furni% examples4 #f4 ,op9ion ( ,mr      
,:ittak] & o!rs1--t po9t$ ,ar*itecture 0
 kn[n to1 & practis$ by1 ! ,romans1 e>ly

 "u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4  ,su* are !     
lead+ !ories on ?is int]e/+ subject2 an 
exam9ation ( ! facts w\ld lead to a     
hi/ory ( ! ecclesia/ical ar*itecture ( a
 great portion ( ,europe = upw>ds ( ?ree
 c5turies4 ,9 ,france1 ! po9t$ ar* 0    
e>ly introduc$2 b ! light /yle ( ,go?ic 
ar*itecture 0 n g5]ally c>ri$ to su*    
p]fection z 9 ,g]many & ,fl&]s1 hav+ be5
 soon] affect$ by ! introduction ( !    
,italian ta/e4 ,! ,g]man /yle 0 p]fect$ 
ab\t ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 &      
subsequ5tly appe>s to h und]gone little 
v>iation1 ev5 to ! middle ( ! sixte5?1  
?us reta9+ ! elegance ( ! be/ age 9 !   
art mu* long]4 ,comp>$ ) our own1 ! be/ 
examples h mu* ! same "*1 ) light] =ms &
 ri*] trac]y1--b ( su* examples !re are 
few] 9 proportion ?an ) u4 ,9 ,italy1 ! 
po9t$ ar* nev] obta9$4 ,x is f\nd1      
inde$1 9 ,v5ice & ,milan1 & occasionally
 else:]e2 b ! /yle to :i* x gave bir? is
 n *>act]i/ic ( ,italy1 :]e ! e>ly      
*ur*es are ( ! old or circul>1 & ! m    
mod]n ( ! mix$ or ,lomb>d /yle4 ,9      

,engl&1 f\r g5]al p]iods m>k s _m *anges
 ( ,go?ic4  #a4 ,f #abce to #abgb1      
includ+ ! reigns f ! accession ( ,/eph5 
to t ( ,edw>d ,i41 t]m$ ,e>ly1 ,engli%1 
,simple1 & ,lancet ,go?ic1 *>act]is$ by 
long n>r[ op5+s1 ) a v %>p high ar*4    
,e>ly "p ( ! p]iod %[s ! gradual        
introduction ( ! po9t$ /yle4  #b4 ,f    
#abgb to #acgg1 to ! accession ( ,ri*>d 
,,ii4 ,?is has be5 designat$ ! age ( !  
,pure ,go?ic1 or ,decorat$ ,engli%1 be+ 
m highly ornam5t$ ?an ! =m]1 b )\t      
exub]ance2 especially *>act]is$ by an   
ar* :i* circumscribes an equilat]al     
triangle1 h5ce propos$ to be nam$1      
,triangul> ,go?ic4  #c4 ,f #acgg to     
#aeji1 t]m9at+ ) ! accession ( ,h5ry    
,,viii4 ,?is con/itutes ! age ( !       
,florid ,go?ic1 :i*1 betwe5 ^! dates1   
und]w5t a succession ( *anges2 fir/1 f  
aspir+1 to flatly-po9t$ & obtuse ar*es1 
) l>ge daylights1 9 panels & /raight    
mullions1 in/ead ( trac]y2 h5ce ! names 
,obtuse & ,p]p5dicul> ,engli%2 becomes m
 & m ornam5t$2 ceil+s ( ! ri*e/ & mo/   

complicat$ trac]y1 ) p5d5ts2 ,h5ry      
,,vii4's *apel f9e specim54  #d4 ,f     
#aeji to #afbe2 :5 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 
introduces ,inigo ,jones1 & ! revival ( 
anci5t ar*itecture4 ,fir/ "p ( ! reign (
 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? a cont9uation ( !       
,florid ,go?ic2 subsequ5tly ! designs ( 
,holbe91 & ( ! ,italian arti/ employ$ by
 t mon>*1 entirely ru9$ ! ,go?ic1       
introduc+ a mo/ b>b>\s mixture ( ,roman1
 ,italian1 & ,go?ic4 ,9 ! succe$+       
reigns1 a /iff & mo/ unmean+ /yle arose2
 &1 9 ,scotl&1 we trace a ne> approa*1  
if n 9 magnitude1 at lea/ 9 excell5ce1  
to ! ,engli% examples ( ,go?ic2 :ile !  
=tunes ( ! art are f\nd to assimilate to
 its hi/ory 9 ,g]many1 9 z f> z a "* (  
great p]fection 0 e>ly =m$1 & long]     
pres]v$1 ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,x mu/ appe> a    
s+ul> pro( ( ha/y & inconclusive        
inquiry1 t1 :ile an ,engli% orig9 has   
be5 claim$ = ! po9t$ ar*1 its elem5ts   
are f\nd ( a date m anci5t 9 ,scotti%   
ecclesia/ical build+s1 n to m5tion ^? on
 ! ,cont95t4  ,9 opposition to all !    

prec$+ !ories1 we consid] ! sy/em (     
po9t$ ar*itecture1 or t prop]ly d5om9at$
 ,go?ic1 to h aris5 indep5d5tly1 ?\gh   
almo/ contemporane\sly1 among ! nations 
( ,europe mo/ conspicu\s = ! cultivation
 ( ?is peculi> /yle4 ,9 ?is we are borne
 out by a s]ies ( monum5ts 9 ea* c\ntry1
 %[+ ! progressive rise & introduction (
 ! po9t$ ar*1 f ! =m ( two long /ones1  
plac$ on supports1 & meet+ at top--a    
contrivance z /ill visible 9 ! walls (  
,myc51 ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s' /&+1 up to !   
f9i%$ lancet ar*1 z 9 ,salisbury        
ca!dral4 ,or1 grant+ ev5 ! ,ea/]n       
introduction ( ! ar*--& "h ! monum5ts   
are ( v d\btful antiquity1,f--:at does  
?is prove ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( !        
sy/em8--,absolutely no?+4 ,?is k alone  
w\ld n g fur!r to enable ! ar*itect to  
con/ruct a ,go?ic ca!dral1 ?an w\ld "o (
 ! v\ssoirs 9 tea*+ him ! prop]ties ( ! 
ar* itself4 ,! sy/em is "o entire &     
indep5d5t :ole1 9 :i* ! po9t$ ar* is    
m]ely an in/rum5t subs]vi5t to          
pr9ciples1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 if n     

inv5t$1 x 0 at lea/ improv$ & r5d]$     
p]fect4 ,9 ?is light ! subject has too  
seldom be5 view$3 a light :i* places    
,go?ic ar*itecture 9 true & dignifi$    
position ( an indep5d5t bran* ( art1    
gov]n$ by its own precepts ( conv5i5ce1 
/ability1 & ornam5t4  ,:51 9 consequ5ce 
( an extraord9>y out-break+ ( religi\s  
zeal & en?usiasm1 an a/oni%+ *ange 0    
wr\ght 9 ! frame ( ,european society1 "o
 ( ! fir/ impulses 0 to provide1 9 ^?   
c\ntries hi!rto comp>atively ignorant ( 
! arts1 m suitable edifices = ! s]vices 
( t religion1 9 ^: cause multitudes 7   
%$d+1 or ready to %$1 _! blood 9 di/ant 
& unkn[n regions4 ,?us ! ,crusades 71 b 
n z usually suppos$1 ! cause ( !        
introduction ( art4 ,!y op]at$ z "o ( ^?
 moral spr+s ( action by :i* ! arts1 z !
 c\rse ( human life1 are f\nd to be     
direct$4  ,"u su* impressions1 :5 !     
ar*itect contemplat$ ! anci5t /ructures1
 ! pr9ciple ( conv5i5ce w\ld at once    
sugge/ ! necessity ( height5+ _! l[     
ar*es1 & decreas+ _! enorm\s supports1  

by :i* light 0 ob/ruct$1 & space fill$  
up4 ,he saw1 h[ev]1 ^! ef=ts c\ld n be  
accompli%$ on ! old me?ods3--"h !       
pr9ciple ( /ability--no ab/ract !ory1 b 
! k ( ! practical build]--taught him1 t 
by elevat+ ! cr[n ( ! ar*1 & ?us remov+ 
9 "p ! lat]al pressure1 bo? objects w\ld
 be accompli%$2 = :ile height 0 ga9$1 ! 
weight w\ld be ?r[n m into ! p]p5dicul>1
 & consequ5tly w\ld rema9 firm ) dim9i%$
 support4 ,! pr9ciple once introduc$1 0 
c>ri$ ev5 to frightful boldness4 ,b     
aga91 ?\gh ! lat]al pressure 0 remov$ f 
! arcade itself1 abutm5t 0 /ill to be   
provid$ at ! extremities & side-walls4  
,h5ce ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! buttress4
 ,?is inde$ exi/$ 9 ! old ,go?ic2 b "h !
 feature assum$ a novel appe>ance4 ,!   
ar*es be+ plac$ high1 requir$ additional
 altitude to be add$1 z a c\nt]balance1 
at ! oppos+ po9t2 ?us ! buttress 0      
conv]t$ into a turret or p9nacle1       
susceptible ( e v>i$ =m :i* x aft]w>ds  
receiv$1 :5 ! desire ( ornam5t1 )\t !   
guidance ( ta/e1 w&]$ into e maze (     

fantasy4 ,?us ! :ole sy/em dep5d$ ^u    
pr9ciple--nei!r ris+1 l an exhalation1 9
 consequ5ce ( import$ k1 nor emulat+ "s 
remote association or model1 b by ! sl[ 
& gradual process ( exp]i5ce4  ,! ,go?ic
 ca!dral1 ?us contemplat$ 9 its native  
"* & pr9ciples--e/abli%$ 9 unmov$       
security by ! v ag5cy ( ^? =ces :i* t5d 
mo/ directly to de/ruction1 displays an 
evid5ce ( sci5ce1 p]haps1 :5 ! times are
 consid]$1 ! mo/ wond]ful 9 ! :ole      
hi/ory ( intellig5ce4 ,nev] h !         
/]eometric precepts ( build+--"o ( ! mo/
 difficult bran*es ( ! art1 be5 bett]   
exhibit$ ?an 9 ^! piles4 ,mass c\nt]acts
 mass1--! v confliction ( d[nw>d ef=ts  
upholds ! re$-l column1 & hangs on high 
! pond]\s vault4 ,self-balanc$1 ! entire
 sy/em conta9s )9 itself ! ess5ce ( its 
own exi/5ce 9 ! *a9 ( means & end1 (    
m9ute contrivance1 & ( "o purpose4 ,yet 
amid all ?is no ef=t is app>5t1 ev5 :ile
 ! m9d />ts at ! p[] ( its own +5uity   
ov] ! prop]ties ( matt]1 & ! laws (     
nature--! arti/ seems to sport ) 8      

subject1 to tempt ! pro/ration ( 8 airy 
fabrics4 ,"h come into aid ! pr9ciples (
 ,go?ic ornam5t1 ?an :i* no?+ p]ta9+ to 
! /yle m m]its admiration1 :e!r z enabl+
 ! ar*itect to ext5d ! fantasy ( 8      
plans1 or /ill m z ess5tially produc+ ^?
 effects :i* ^! plans contemplate4 ,9 no
 sy/em ( ar*itecture1 ! ,grecian n ev5  
except$1 d ! ornam5tal1 s completely    
integrate & h>monize ) ! necess>y modes4
 ,ornam5t c\ld n "h be remov$ )\t       
de/ruction bo? ( beauty & /ability2 x   
/r5g!ns1 yet conceals ! necessity (     
support2 &1 l ! g>niture ( h]bage1 &    
fl[]1 & tw9+ plant1 ^u ! rugg$ face (   
e>?1 x spreads to ! delight$ eye its    
mazy error1 :]e w\ld else be only a     
frightful & un=m$ mass ( nodd+ masonry4 
,su* are ! m]its ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1  
exam9$ 9 itself1 & 9 ref]5ce to ! times 
:i* gave x bir?4 ,ap>t f ^!             
consid]ations1 view$ z ! object ( ref9$ 
p]ception or cultivat$ ta/e1 ! entire   
sy/em is defective4 ,9 ar*itecture1     
pleasurable emotion arises f a two-fold 

cause--! modes1 & ! associations ( !    
art4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m]1 x may be laid   
d[n z an univ]sal precept ( ta/e1 t 9   
ar*itecture1 ( all ! arts1 accord+ to ! 
exhibition ( pr9ciple1 & to ! facility )
 :i* ! m9d conceives design1 & traces   
int5tion1 w be ! m5tal pleasure produc$ 
by ! "w4 ,?is con/itutes ! v ess5ce (   
exalt$ feel+ 9 ,greek art1 :i*1 gr\nd$  
^u obvi\s pr9ciple1 consonant ) natural 
appe>ances1 & pursu+ beauty z a f9al    
aim1 fills ! m9d ) delight & admiration4
 ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 all ?is is      
rev]s$3 its fir/ pr9ciple is1 to conceal
 all pr9ciple2 to dazzle & to surprise  
by effects seem+ly at v>iance ) all !   
usual h>monies ( ?+s4 ,h5ce1 on ent]+ a 
,go?ic edifice1 ?\gh ! m9d1 at fir/1 be 
/rongly affect$ by ! magnitude & d>+    
arrangem5t ( ! =ms1 :]e                 
----! tall pile1   ,^: anci5t pill>s re>
 _! m>ble heads1   ,be>+ al(t ! ar*'d & 
pond'r\s ro(1   ,by its own weight /&s  
/eadfa/ & immoveable2  yet nei!r !      
judgm5t nor ! fancy exp]i5ces ^?        

cont9ually increas+ emotions ( delight  
:i* a ,grecian build+ inspires4 ,aga91 !
 associations connect$ ) ,go?ic         
/ructures are tempor>y1 &1 9 great      
measure1 local4 ,!y are dep5d5t on our  
assurance ( antiquity4 ,remove f su* _! 
antique rem9isc5ces1 & v5]able          
traditions1 & !y are despoil$ ( all1 or 
good "p1 ( _! p[] ov] ! imag9ation4 ,)  
religi\s ,go?ic1 our associations are m 
cong5ial2 ! hol9ess ( ! s5tim5t m+les   
its p]man5cy ev5 ) ! ab/ract =ms2 we    
love ! v semblance ( ! place1    ,:]e1  
?r\gh ! long-drawn aisle & frett$ vault1
   ,! peal+ an!m swells ! note ( praise6
  ,b !re c be no d\bt t ?is effect is   
accid5tal1 n intr9sic2 = decid$ly ! mo/ 
impressive int]iors 9 ,europe are ^? 9  
*ur*es on classic models4 ,to su* /yle  
we are1 inde$1 n accu/om$2 yet c]ta9 x  
is1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian hymn1 :5 ,*ri/ianity
 _h n[ obta9$ a temple1 rose to heav5 f 
amid ! beaute\s maje/y ( ! ,grecian     
ord]s4 ,sublime associations1 h[ mu* m 9
 unison ) ! simple gr&eur ( ! re=m$     

s]vice1 ?an ! au/]ity & sup]/iti\s gloom
 ( ,go?ic erection6  ,z a sy/em1 !n1    
adapt$ to its own age--z possess+       
indep5d5t1 if n dignifi$1 pr9ciples1 we 
consid] ! pure ,go?ic1 z n[ describ$1 z 
"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & +5i\s modes (        
ar*itectonic sci5ce4 ,b 9 its reviv$ &  
mod]n application no useful purpose c be
 s]v$1 :e!r ( good ta/e or legitimate   
effect4  ,,iii4 ,hav+ ?us consid]$1 at  
"s l5g?1 ! only orig9al & di/+ui%+      
*>act]i/ics ( ! ar*itecture ( ! middle  
age2 ! revival ( classic =ms1 z already 
describ$1 & !re=e (f]+ little ( novelty1
 seems to require "h only brief notice4 
,inde$1 to r5d] a detail$ acc\nt        
int]e/+1 w\ld introduce discussions too 
l5g!n$ = our limits1 on ! pres5t /ate ( 
! art 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe4   
,s e>ly z ! comm5cem5t ( ! elev5?       
c5tury1 ! ,italians began to dep>t f !  
ungraceful /yle ( ! fir/ p]iod2 a       
dep>ture :i*1 if n a r5ovation1 0 at    
lea/ an improvem5t1 9 "s measure f\nd$  
^u clos] conceptions ( anci5t art1 & ) !

 ,roman ord]s1 ?\gh improp]ly appli$4   
,?is /yle1 heavy1 highly decorat$1 b n  
unimpressive1 cont9u$ to ! close ( !    
f\rte5? c5tury1 & has be5 nam$ !        
,italian4 ,its pr9cipal ma/]s 7 !       
sculptors already m5tion$ z belong+ to !
 p]iod4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5?     
c5tury1 a new & f> high] s*ool arose1   
:i*1 ?\gh f> f pure1 0 yet mu* improv$2 
& w\ld h be5 /ill m s1 _h n its patrons 
be5 *iefly pa9t]s1 too ready to aspire  
to ! bold & peculi> effects ( _! own    
art4 ,bramante1 ! fir/ ar*itect ( ,/    
,pet]'s1 ,da ,v9ci1 ,raphael1 ,julio    
,romano1 &1 above all1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 
7 ! ma/]s ( ?is era4 ,! la/ m5tion$     
mighty "n1 "h1 z 9 all ! arts1 creat$ 8 
own /yle3 robu/1 ev5 to ! abuse ( /r5g?2
 incorrect1 & sometimes b>b>\s1 9       
detail2 9 g5]al effect1 always gr& &    
orig9al4 ,9 ,/ ,pet]'s1 ) _m defects1 & 
/ill great] beauties1 he has left a     
monum5t ( 8 g5ius1 ! mo/ glori\s        
/ructure t n[ adorns ! face ( ! e>?1    
unequall$ 9 ext5t z 9 sci5ce4    ,yes1  

?\1 ( temples old or alt>s new1   ,/&e/ 
alone1 ) no?+ l to !e--   ,wor?ie/ (    
,god1 ! holy & ! true4   ,s9ce ,zion's  
desolation1 :5 t ,he   ,=sook 8 =m]     
city1 :at c\ld be   ,( e>?ly /ructures1 
9 8 honor pil$1   ,( a sublim] aspect8  
,maje/y1   ,p[]1 glory1 /r5g?1 & beauty1
 !re are aisl$4  ,great z 0 ?is s*ool1  
mu* 0 yet want+ to retrieve ! gold5     
purity ( anci5t art2 & ?is1 9 ! succe$+ 
c5tury1 0 add$ by ,palladio1 s f> at    
lea/1 z ! sev]e maje/y ( ! primitive    
modes c\ld be recov]$ f a ,roman writ]1 
& by ! /udy ( ,roman exempl>s4 ,palladio
 is ref9$1 r ?an n]v\s1--elegant1 r ?an 
gr&2 b ( all ! mod]n ma/]s1 he is ! mo/ 
*a/e 9 design & ornam5t1 prior to m     
rec5t k ( ! f\nta9 ( all excell5ce--!   
rema9s ( ,greece4 ,8 s*ool 0 num]\s1 at 
lea/ ! ma/]s :o foll[$ out 8 pr9ciples2 
:i*1 spread+ ov] ,europe1 firmly        
e/abli%$ ! ,roman /yle1 bani%+ a ba/>d  
species ( ,roman ,go?ic1 by :i* bo?     
sy/ems _h be5 disgrac$1 & _! *>act]i/ic 
di/9ctions conf\nd$4 ,( ! ,palladian1 or

 re=m$ s*ool1 ,b]n9i 0 ! la/ disciple ( 
g5ius2 8 circul> colonnade1 9 front ( ,/
 ,pet]'s1 is wor?y ( its site4 ,) him1 &
 ! conceits ( ,borrom9i1 ,italian       
ar*itecture may almo/ be said to h      
ceas$4 ,9 ,france1 ! two ,mans>ds1 dur+ 
! build+ reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 h left   
heavy imitations ( ! ,mi*ael-,angelesque
 /yle2 /ill1 to ! arti/ writ]s ( t      
c\ntry1 ! art owes mu*4 ,x is !re m     
regul>ly /udi$ ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9   
,europe2 & 9 "o specim51 ! faade ( !    
,l\vre1 ! gr&e/ excell5ce has be5       
atta9$2 b ! g5]al "* ( national build+  
is too flutt]+1 want+ repose & maje/y4  
,f ! two s*ools1 ! foll[+ t5 h be5      
select$1 "u ! "n ( ! mod]n ma/]s1       
because1 9 _! writ+s or build+s1 ! be/  
precepts are obta9$4 ,rang+ ! names 9   
ord] ( m]it1 we h ,palladio1 ,scamozzi1 
,vignola1 ,alb]ti1 ,de ,lorme1 ,s]lio1  
,viola1 ,cataneo1 ,b\llant1 ,b>b>o4  ,! 
graces ( ! ,palladian s*ool 7 caught by 
! cong5ial _s ( ,inigo ,jones1 9 ^:     
lab\rs ! ,engli% s*ool ( classical      

ar*itecture took its rise1 &1 we might  
almo/ say1 receiv$ its completion4      
,:itehall & ,gre5wi* w rank among ! f9e/
 ar*itecture ( ,europe--evid5ces at once
 ( ! skill ( ! arti/1 & ! ta/e ( ,*>les 
,i4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 9 ! succe$+    
reign1 ) ! same *a/e design1 br\ght to !
 pr(ession m g5]al sci5ce ?an 8         
pr$ecessor4 ,8 opportunities1 f !       
consequ5ces ( ! great fire1 7 great] ?an
 p]haps h fall5 to ! lot ( any o!r      
mod]n2 &1 9 ! erection ( ! ,metropolitan
 ,ca!dral1 he prov$ ! capabilities ( 8  
g5ius to be equal to 8 good =tune4 ,he  
has re>$ ! second1 & b>ely second1      
edifice 9 ! _w4 ,! art has no?+ f9] ?an 
! we/]n front--s ri*1 s noble1 &1       
not)/&+ ! d\ble arcade1 s pure4 ,on !   
:ole1 ! ext]ior ( ,/ ,paul's is to be   
pref]r$1 bo? = effect & design1 to ,/   
,pet]'s4 ,n s ! int]ior4 ,! ,roman      
,basilicon op5s ^u ! view ) a calm1     
maje/ic1 expansive capaci\sness2 !      
,engli% ca!dral is brok5 into p>ts1 &   
scatt]$ 9 its entir5ess4  ,jones & ,wr5 

h rema9$ ! great ma/]s ( ! ,engli%      
s*ool3 ?\gh ,vanbrugh h>dly des]v$      
,swift's satire--    ,lie heavy on him1 
e>?1 = he   ,laid _m a heavy load on !e2
  :ile ! ,e>l ( ,burl+ton1 9 spite (    
,pope1 did und]/& build+4 ,gibbs1 ,k5t1 
,hawksmore1 left no successors2 & dur+ !
 reign ( ,george ,,ii41 ,engli%         
ar*itecture 0 at its l[e/4 ,8 late      
maje/y is report$ to h und]/ood1 &      
c]ta9ly _h a ta/e =1 ! sci5ce2 b 8      
maje/y 0 sc>cely happy 9 ! arti/ :om he 
patroniz$1 ,*amb]s1 ! ar*itect (        
,som]set-h\se1 & ^: "* may be ?us summ$ 
up3--he introduc$ ! ,*9ese /yle1 & d5i$ 
t ! ,p>!non ev] exi/$1 or t1 if x did1 x
 mu/ h be5 a clumsy piece ( bus9ess4 ,x 
is unnecess>y to pursue ! subject4 ,= ! 
mix$ ,roman--! mod]n ,go?ic--& ,ori5tal 
/yles1 :i* h s9ce prevail$1 we c f9d no 
place among ! modes ( art4  ,! mo/ rec5t
 improvem5ts 9 ! ,briti% metropolis are 
9 bett] ta/e ?an ^? imm$iately prec$+2 b
 9 foll[+ ! v>i$ =ms ( build+s among !  
,romans1 r ?an ! simpl] outl9e ( !      

,greeks1 ?\gh no error has be5 committ$1
 b p]haps ! contr>y1 suffici5t c>e has n
 be5 employ$ to place ^! v>i$ masses    
advantage\sly1 bo? z respects _! own    
gr&eur1 & _! decorative effect 9 /reet  
ar*itecture4  ,a m promis+ aspect1 also1
 ( ?+s1 invites att5tion to ! ,nor!rn   
capital4 ,?is s+ul>ly romantic &        
beautiful city1 comb9+ ! associations ( 
c5turies ) our admiration ( ! liv+ age1 
& exhibit+ 9 its build+s ! rude/ & ! mo/
 ref9$ exempl>s1 con/itutes a feature 9 
! hi/ory ( our national ar*itecture1 &1 
among ! cities ( ,europe1 an isolat$    
in/ance ( undecid$ ma/]y betwe5 art &   
nature4 ,! e>li] ( ! new build+s ( !    
,scotti% metropolis1 are1 g5]ally       
speak+1 9 ! ,palladian1 or ,roman /yle1 
) ! exception ( ! college4 ,adams1 9 !  
la/1 has left a mo/ spl5did pro( (      
g5ius4 ,view$1 z x ought to be1 9       
itself1 )9 ! quadrangle1 x fills ! eye )
 a bur/ ( spl5did magnific5ce1 equal to 
any effect we h ev] exp]i5c$ 9 mod]n    
build+4 ,rec5t /ructures are 9 ! true   

,grecian modes1 transcripts f ! ,!seum &
 ! ,p>!non4 ,we rejoice 9 ?is2 x is !   
only s\rce :5ce r5ew$ vigor c be d]iv$  
to our fall5 art--= fall5 x is at pres5t
 among u2 nor d we p]ceive1 9 ! ,briti% 
empire1 su* decid$ m>ks1 n ( reviv+1 b (
 vigor\s ta/e1 z 9 ! ,scotti% s*ool (   
ar*itecture4 ,! ,national ,monum5t on ! 
,calton1 emulates1 9 gigantic mass1 !   
,a!nian /ructures !mselves2 :ile 9 ! new
 ,high ,s*ool is pres5t$ a p]fect gem ( 
art--:]e ! pure/ ,greek modes are comb9$
 & adapt$ ) ! happie/ orig9ality4 ,!    
labori\s & useful inve/igations :i* h   
r5d]$ our arti/s s well acqua9t$ ) ev5 !
 m9ute/ details ( ! ,greek =ms1 _c rema9
 )\t fruit--provid$ ar*itects w be true 
to ! be/ int]e/s ( _! pr(ession4 ,let x 
ev] be borne 9 m9d1 t1 magnific5t z are 
! specim5s ( ,roman skill1 we des]t !   
p>5t s\rce :5 = ^! we =sake ! rema9s (  
,grecian g5ius & art4  ,on review+ ^!   
pages1 x sc>cely appe>s1 t incid5ts or  
pr9ciples ( importance h be5 ov]look$1  
)\t su* notice z limits p]mitt$4 ,9     

treat+ ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 inde$1 ! subject 
( patronage may seem to dem& m sep>ate  
consid]ation ?an is be/[$ 9 occasional  
rem>ks4 ,brief1 h[ev]1 z ^! are1 !y w be
 f\nd to conta91 on ?is "q1 ! imp>tial  
decisions ( hi/ory1 :i* uni=mly decl>es 
! only wise1 :olesome1 & inspir+        
patronage to consi/ 9 national sympa?y &
 national reg>d = ! objects1 purposes1 &
 pr(essors ( ,art4 ,"h ! c\nt5ance &    
protection ( gov]nm5t are necess>ily    
includ$1 z af=d+ ! mo/ di/+ui%$         
assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is feel+1 & z  
giv+ direction to ! national ef=ts4 ,9  
,brita91 ! g5ius ( our in/itutions1 & ! 
"* ( ! p require1 :ile !y w add p[] to1 
! effects ( ?is union4 ,^! in/itutions  
are m national--! opul5ce & intellig5ce 
( ! subject1 abl] to /r5g!n ! h&s & to  
aid ! designs ( gov]nm5t1 ?an 9 any o!r 
empire t ev] exi/$4 ,our ,f9e ,arts h   
hi!rto be5 ! only con/itu5t ( our       
national glory to :i* ! *e]+ influ5ce ( 
?is unit$ sympa?y has be5 d5i$4   ,,!   
,,end4   ,,footnotes3  ,a ,con/able's   

,miscellany4  ,b ,! be/ ( ^! confirm !  
=m] rem>ks on ?is accompli%$ arti/4  ,c 
',i desire1 ,mr ,lely1' said ,cromwell1 
:5 sitt+ to ! arti/1 't y w pa9t my     
picture truly l me1 & n flatt] me at    
all2 b rem>k all ^! r\ghnesses1 pimples1
 w>ts1 & ev]y?+ z y see me2 o!rwise ,i w
 nev] pay y a f>?+4'  ,d ,9 ^! ru9s are 
two lions sculptur$ 9 relievo describ$  
by ,pausanius1 & rema9+ ! mo/ anci5t    
accr$it$ monum5t ( ! art 9 ,greece4  ,e 
,see ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 vol4 xviii4
 "p i4 p4 #ba4  ,f ,s9ce express+ our   
op9ion1 9 an e>ly "p ( ! volume1 on !   
d\btful antiquity ( ,indian ar*itecture1
 we h p]ceiv$1 ) pleasure1 t ,bi%op     
,heb]'s obs]vations confirm ! inf]5ce we
 _h v5tur$ to draw f ! analogies ( art4 
,transcrib]s ,notes3    ,obvi\s typos 7 
sil5tly correct$4    ,ar*aic & v>iable  
spell+ has be5 pres]v$4    ,expressions 
su* z 'epo*as' = 'epo*s' on ,p#bc1 h n  
be5 alt]$4    ,numb]s su* z 'tw5tyn9?'1 
h be5 reta9$ ?r\gh\t4    ,inconsi/ant   
spell+ su* z - 'developem5t' &          

'developm5t'1 has   be5 reta9$4         
,gnidian & ,gnidos h be5 replac$ )      
,cnidian & ,cnidos1   ,p#fc & #fd4    ,9
 ! table ( cont5ts *apt] ,,xii has be5  
correct$ f   p#aec to p#aed4            
,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & comp\nd words 
h be5 pres]v$4    ,italics are %[n ?us3 
slop+4    ,small capitals h be5         
capitalis$4    ,,oe & oe h be5 us$ z    
ligatures4