,transcriber's ,note3 ,whilst the       
publishers of the original text intended
 it as a facsimile reproduction1 this   
was not considered practical for an     
e-text4 ,the original used1 for example1
 scribal abbreviations and the long s1  
making it unnecessarily difficult to    
read4 ,these have been converted4 ,in   
addition the mistakes noted in the      
,,index ,,erratorvm have been addressed1
 and a number of other errors 7listed at
 the end7 were picked up on and changed1
 based on a comparison with another     
edition of the same work printed in     
,paris in #aebc4     ,,galeni           
,,pergamensis ,,de ,,temperamentis1 ,,et
 ,,de ,,inaeqvali ,,intemperie          
,illustration                           
,,galeni ,,pergamensis                  
,,de ,,temperamentis1 ,,et ,,de         
,,inaeqvali ,,intemperie                
,,libri ,,tres                          
,,thoma ,,linacro ,,anglo ,,interprete4 
,opus non medicis modo1 sed et          
philosophis oppido quam necessarium     

nunc primum prodit in lucem             
,,cvm ,,gratia                          
,priuilegio4         ,impressum apud    
praeclaram ,cantabrigiam per ,joannem   
,siberch1                               
anno ,,mdxxi4                           
,reproduced in exact ,facsimile         
,,with ,,an ,,introduction              
,,by                    ,,joseph ,,frank
 ,,payne1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4          
,,fellow ,,of ,,magdalen ,,college1     
,,oxford                      ,,and ,a  
,,portrait ,,of ,,thomas ,,linacre      
,printed by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4      
,printer to the ,university of          
,cambridge for ,,alexander              
,,macmillan and ,,robert ,,bowes1       
,booksellers          ,no4 #a ,trinity  
,street1 over against ,saint ,mary's    
,church                                 
,,mdccclxxxi     ,,publishers' ,,note4  
,the present reproduction of ,linacre's 
translation of two treatises by ,galen  
is issued as a specimen of early        
typography1 being the sixth in order of 

the seven books printed by ,john        
,siberch1 the first ,cambridge printer1 
in #aeba4 ,besides these seven1 one     
appeared in #aebb1 after which date no  
book is known to have been printed in   
,cambridge till #aehd4 ,the books       
printed by ,siberch are all very scarce2
 of one but a single copy is known1 and 
of three of the books there is not a    
single specimen in ,cambridge4 ,in      
#ahgh1 the publishers of the present    
volume proposed to issue the whole of   
the eight books1 and the following are  
now ready1 and will shortly be          
published3      #a4 ,bullock1 ,henry4   
,oratio habita ,cantabrigiae4 #aeba4    
#b4 ,cujusdam fidelis ,christiani       
,epistola ad ,christianos omnes4        
,subsequitur et ,divi ,augustini de     
miseria ''' vit sermo4 #aeba4      #h4  
,papyrii ,gemini ,eleatis ,hermathena1  
seu de ,eloquentiae     victoria4 #aebb4
  ,mr ,bradshaw1 ,university ,librarian1
 has compared the eight books side by   
side1 and has thus been able to         

determine their relative order4 ,he     
kindly allows his notes to be printed1  
and they will be issued with the first  
of the above three volumes4  ,the       
,publishers are desirous of gaining     
information about the printer1 ,john    
,siberch1 before #aeba1 when he         
commenced to print in ,cambridge1 and   
after #aebb when he discontinued        
printing there4 ,herbert suggests that  
he may be the ,john ,sibert1 who was    
printing at ,lyons in #adih1 and        
mentions a book of that date being in   
the ,cambridge ,university ,library4    
,but this book1 ,henrici ,bouhic        
,distinctiones super libros quinque     
,decretalium1 consists of two large     
folio volumes1 and the printer calls    
himself #8,magister ,johannes ,siberti2'
 both of which facts make it            
unreasonable to identify him with the   
plain ,johannes ,siberch who printed    
little books at ,cambridge so many years
 afterwards4      ,,cambridge1 ,july #a1
 #ahha4     ,,introduction4   ,thomas   

,linacre1 known to his contemporaries as
 one of the most learned scholars of an 
epoch when learning was highly prized1  
but in after times chiefly as the       
founder of the ,college of ,physicians  
in ,london1 was born at ,canterbury1    
probably about the year #adfj4 ,of his  
parentage and descent nothing certain is
 known1 though some of his biographers  
have assumed1 apparently without any    
evidence except the name1 that he was   
connected with the family of ,linacre in
 ,derbyshire4 ,it is clear from a       
passage in ,linacre's will that he had a
 brother1 sisters1 and other relatives  
7the brother strange to say1 bearing the
 same baptismal name--,thomas7 but      
further the family history cannot be    
traced4  ,this fact will appear less    
surprising1 if we remember that ,linacre
 like many scholars of his time1 was    
never married1 and lived for many years 
an almost monastic life1 little         
influenced by family or social ties4    
,more important than his descent was his

 education1 and in this ,linacre was    
unusually happy2 for not a little of the
 success and eminence of his after life 
may be traced to the bias which the     
young scholar's mind received from his  
earliest teacher4 ,the ,cathedral school
 of ,canterbury within the monastery of 
,christ ,church where ,linacre became a 
pupil was at that time under the        
direction of ,william ,tilly1 otherwise 
called ,william of ,selling1 an         
,augustinian monk1 and a scholar of a   
type at that time rare in ,england4     
,originally educated at ,oxford1 elected
 a ,fellow of the newly founded ,college
 of ,all ,souls1 and afterwards received
 as a monk in the ,monastery of ,christ 
,church1 ,canterbury1 ,selling found the
 means to travel in ,italy1 where he not
 only studied the ,canon ,law1 but1 what
 is more to the present purpose1 during 
a stay at ,bologna1 studied ,greek and  
became the pupil of ,angelo ,politiano4 
,after two years' stay in ,italy1 he    
returned home1 became ,prior of ,christ 

,church1 and later on was sent as ,envoy
 from ,henry ,,vii4 to the papal court2 
an event which proved of great          
importance to ,linacre4 ,at the time of 
which we are now speaking1 he was only  
,master of the ,grammar ,school1 whether
 appointed before or after his first    
journey to ,italy we do not know4 ,in   
any case it is clear that he had already
 those tastes and pursuits from which   
his pupil ,linacre derived not only his 
determining impulse to the life of a    
scholar1 but especially that love of    
,greek literature which runs like a     
thread through the great physician's    
life and is the clue to much of his     
versatile literary activity4  ,at the   
mature age 7especially according to the 
customs of the day7 of twenty1 ,linacre 
was sent to ,oxford4 ,at what ,college  
or ,hall he studied is uncertain1 though
 it is assumed1 on trivial grounds that 
he must have entered at ,canterbury     
,hall4 ,the only fact which is certain  
is that after four years' residence at  

the ,university1 in #adhd1 he was       
elected a fellow of ,all ,souls'        
,college4 ,it has been thought by ,dr   
,noble ,johnson1 the best biographer of 
,linacre1 that this election must have  
implied relationship to ,archbishop     
,chichele1 the founder1 and thus also to
 ,selling1 assuming that the latter owed
 his preferment also to family          
connexions4 ,but the entry in the       
,college books 7which though not        
contemporary is a copy thought to have  
been made about #aega of the original   
record7 has no indication of his being  
of founder's kin4 ,it is simply 8,thomas
 ,lynaker1 medicus insignis40 ,the      
omission to specify kinship to the      
founder is regarded by ,dr ,leighton the
 present ,warden of ,all ,souls 7he was 
himself good enough to inform me7 as    
decisive that no such kinship existed1  
and the supposition of any family tie   
between ,linacre and ,chichele or       
,selling must therefore be regarded as  
entirely baseless#a4  ,the time of      

,linacre's residence at ,oxford was one 
of much moment in the history of the    
,university1 already stirred by the     
earliest movements of the revival of    
learning4 ,the first ,oxford printing   
press was already issuing those few     
volumes1 now become so rare1 which must 
have been of startling interest to the  
world of scholars4 ,the study of the new
 learning1 ,greek1 had been introduced  
by ,cornelio ,vitali1 an ,italian1 said 
to have been the first teacher of that  
language in ,england1 and it is stated  
that ,linacre became his pupil4 ,at the 
same time he doubtless formed the       
acquaintance of two scholars who shared 
his devotion to the #8new learning1'    
,william ,grocyn and ,william ,latimer1 
the former of whom survived to form     
part1 with ,linacre himself1 of the     
brilliant circle of ,oxford scholars1   
who a few years later excited the       
admiration of ,erasmus4  ,but ,linacre  
was soon to have the privilege which he 
must have long coveted1 of perfecting   

his knowledge of ,greek at what was then
 the fountain-head of that learning1 in 
the schools of ,italy4 ,the opportunity 
came through his old friend and teacher1
 ,william of ,selling1 who was sent by  
,henry the ,seventh as his envoy to the 
,papal ,court4 ,it is not clear that    
,linacre had any official position in   
the embassy2 he accompanied his patron  
however1 as far as ,bologna1 but not in 
his further journey to ,rome4 ,at       
,bologna ,linacre is stated by ,leland  
to have been introduced to ,angelo      
,politiano1 and to have remained there  
in order to become a pupil of this great
 scholar4 ,his stay in ,bologna appears 
to have been short1 and we next hear of 
him at ,florence1 having perhaps        
followed thither ,politiano1 who along  
with ,demetrius ,chalcondylas had now   
been charged with the instruction of the
 two sons of ,lorenzo de ,medici1 ,piero
 and ,giovanni4 ,linacre seems to have  
been favoured with the patronage of     
,lorenzo1 who allowed him to share the  

instructions given to the young princes4
 ,it is not easy to understand precisely
 what was the position ,linacre now     
occupied at the ,court of ,florence1 for
 though his fellow pupils were boys and 
he himself a man of twenty-five and     
already a considerable scholar1 he is   
not spoken of as in any sense their     
tutor4 ,the connexion however must have 
been in after years valuable to him1 as 
the dedication of the work now reprinted
 clearly shews3 the pope ,leo the       
,tenth1 being the younger of the two    
,medici princes4 ,it will be evident    
from the dedication itself that the     
privilege accorded to ,linacre was      
shared by others1 and it was therefore  
perhaps not so important as it has been 
regarded4 ,it is enough to know that he 
studied under such eminent scholars as  
,politiano and ,chalcondylas1 and thus  
laid the foundation of the elegance in  
,latin scholarship and profundity in    
,greek learning for which he was        
afterwards distinguished4  ,after a year

 thus spent in ,florence1 ,linacre      
proceeded to ,rome1 where his studies in
 the ,vatican library procured him the  
acquaintance of another great scholar1  
,hermolaus ,barbarus4 ,it is possible   
that this acquaintance may have given   
,linacre's studies a bias in the        
direction of medicine2 for ,barbarus1   
though not a physician1 had devoted     
himself specially to the study of       
,dioscorides1 whose works he translated 
into ,latin1 and illustrated with       
commentaries1 more than once reprinted4 
,it is suggested by ,dr ,noble ,johnson 
that the example and arguments of       
,hermolaus ,barbarus may have given     
,linacre's mind a bias of a different   
kind1 namely towards a single life2 for 
the ,italian scholar1 we are told1 wrote
 a treatise in favour of celibacy at the
 age of eighteen1 and never afterwards  
deviated either in practice or theory   
from the principles there advocated4    
,barbarus was also a great ,aristotelian
 scholar1 and in this direction also he 

may have influenced the mind of         
,linacre2 who afterwards undertook and  
partly carried out a plan which had also
 been among the projects of the elder   
scholar1 of a complete translation of   
the works of ,aristotle4 ,in other less 
important matters1 the influence of     
,hermolaus ,barbarus seems traceable1   
and if ,linacre took as his model in a  
learned life any of the great scholars  
with whom he studied1 it was certainly  
rather ,hermolaus than any other4  ,from
 ,rome ,linacre went to ,venice1 and    
here made the valuable acquaintance of  
the great printer1 ,aldus ,manutius     
,romanus1 who was then engaged in       
bringing out some of the most important 
editions of the classics1 by which he   
earned the gratitude of scholars4 ,aldus
 appears to have treated the ,english   
scholar with great kindness1 which is   
acknowledged1 as a personal favour1 by  
,william ,grocyn1 in a letter to ,aldus1
 which must have been written shortly   
after ,linacre's return from ,italy4    

,after acknowledging the kindness shewn 
to his friend ,linacre1 ,grocyn goes on 
to thank ,aldus1 in the name of ,english
 scholars especially for his editions of
 the ,greek classics1 and commends his  
preference for ,aristotle to ,plato4    
,the rest of this letter1 the style of  
which is praised by ,erasmus1 is        
interesting1 especially as the only     
extant composition1 except two trifling 
epigrams1 of this once celebrated       
scholar1 but has no further reference to
 our subject4 ,aldus prefixed it to     
,linacre's translation of ,proclus ,on  
the ,sphere1 printed by him in the year 
#adiib1 in order 7as he says in his     
dedication of this work to ,albertus    
,pius1 prince of ,carpi7 to make the    
,italian philosophers ashamed of their  
bad ,latin1 and lead them to rival the  
,englishmen4 ,in the dedication just    
named ,aldus pays a high compliment to  
,linacre's scholarship1 which may be    
quoted here1 though written later4      
8,linacre10 he says1 8has translated    

this work with elegance and learning4   
8,qui utinam et ,simplicium in          
,aristotelis ,physica1 et in ejusdem    
meteora ,alexandrum quos nunc summ cur  
,latinos facit1 ad me dedisset1 ut et   
illos un cum ,proclo ad te mitterem4    
,quanquam 7ut spero7 eosque et alios in 
,philosophi1 medicinque perutiles libros
 aliquando dabit4 ut ex edem ,britanni  
unde olim barbar et indoct liter ad nos 
profect ,italiam occuparunt1 et adhuc   
arces tenent1 latine et docte loquentes 
bonas artes accipiamus1 ac britannicis  
adjutoribus fugat barbarie1 arces       
nostras recipiamus1 ut edem hast sanetur
 a qu illatum est vulnus40  ,he also    
implies that an intimate friendship     
existed between ,linacre and the prince 
of ,carpi1 on which account the work    
will be more welcome to his patron4     
,the ,aldine editio princeps of         
,aristotle contains also an interesting 
allusion to ,linacre1 which seems to    
shew that he had something to do with   
the editing or correcting of that great 

work4 ,it may even not be without some  
significance that a splendid copy of    
this edition1 printed on vellum 7and as 
complete in this state1 according to    
,dibdin1 of the highest rarity71 once   
belonged to ,linacre1 and is now1       
bearing his autograph1 in the library of
 ,new ,college1 ,oxford4 ,in the        
dedication prefixed to the second volume
 of this work1 ,aldus boasts of the     
pains he had taken to secure a correct  
text1  8,ut tum querendis optimis et    
antiquis libris atque edem in re        
multiplicibus tum conferendis           
castigandisque exemplaribus qu          
dilaceranda impressoribus traderentur1  
perirentque ut pariens vipera1 in manus 
hominum venirent emendatissima4 ,id ita 
sit necne sunt mihi gravissimi testes in
 tot fere ,itali1 et prcipue in         
,venetiis ,thomas ,anglicus1 homo et    
grce et latine peritissimus prcellensque
 in doctrinarum omnium disciplinis40    
,this volume is dated ,february1 #adig1 
the first volume #adie1 dates which are 

quite reconcilable with the time when   
,linacre is believed to have been at    
,venice4  ,on leaving ,venice1 ,linacre 
went to ,padua and probably made some   
stay there3 since it was here that he   
graduated as ,doctor of ,medicine1 and  
here he must have acquired the greatest 
part of his medical knowledge4 ,padua   
was at that time one of the chief seats 
of medical knowledge in ,europe1 and    
became shortly afterwards one of the    
first schools of anatomy4 ,its          
reputation in both departments was long 
preserved under the enlightened         
patronage of the ,venetian ,senate4     
,many students from ,northern ,europe   
naturally flocked thither1 and among    
them a few from ,england and ,scotland4 
,linacre was not the first eminent      
,english scholar who graduated in       
medicine at ,padua2 the once celebrated 
,phreas ,wells1 who left ,balliol for   
,italy1 and died at ,rome1 having       
preceded him by half a century or more2 
but he was followed by a long roll of   

,english and ,scottish students the     
names and escutcheons of some of whom   
may still be seen in the gallery of the 
,university quadrangle4  ,though        
,linacre is said to have taken the      
degree of ,doctor of ,medicine with     
great distinction1 there is no          
foundation for the assertion that he was
 ever ,professor of ,medicine in the    
,university4 ,the story rests on an     
obvious confusion of the titles of      
,doctor and ,professor which were then  
and long afterwards equivalent and      
interchangeable in the ,european        
,universities4  ,the tradition of       
,linacre's successful disputation at    
,padua is preserved in a dialogue by    
,richard ,pacey 7quoted in ,johnson's   
life7 where ,grammar and ,rhetoric are  
made to dispute as to the respective    
merits of ,theodore ,gaza and ,thomas   
,linacre4 ,grammar first claims ,linacre
 as her own1 ,rhetoric contends that he 
was by right her son1 and that ,grammar 
was only the occupation of his leisure  

moments4 ,on one occasion 7says         
,rhetoric7 he condescended to dispute   
with some ,grammarian on certain minuti 
connected with the vocative case1 but   
gained a more brilliant victory when he 
defended his theses for graduation at   
,padua1 8,nam quum in gymnasio          
,patavino1 professionis artis medic ei  
7ut nunc moris est7 darentur insignia1  
public non sine summ laude disputavit1  
et seniorum medicorum adversaria        
argumenta accuratissime refellit0#c4    
,linacre's route after leaving ,padua1  
may1 ,dr ,johnson tells us1 be          
accurately and precisely traced through 
,vicenza1 ,verona1 ,brescia1 ,bergamo   
and ,milan2 but the authority for this  
statement is not given4 ,it may however 
be permissible to delay for a moment at 
,vicenza1 since it is pretty certain    
that ,linacre did pass there1 and highly
 probable that his stay had some        
influence on his literary life4 ,this   
city was the home of a celebrated       
physician and scholar1 ,nicolaus        

,leonicenus1 best known as the author of
 the earliest treatise on ,syphilis1 the
 fearful malady at that time beginning  
to be known2 but also celebrated for    
having translated several works of      
,galen from the ,greek4 ,one of these   
versions1 that of the treatise ,de mot  
musculorum was afterwards published by  
,linacre with some of his own4          
,leonicenus was much older than ,linacre
 7though he survived him7 and in after  
years1 as we know from a letter of      
,croke to ,henry ,,viii41 spoke of      
,linacre as his pupil#d4  ,the          
reputation of this now almost forgotten 
scholar was very high among his         
contemporaries4 ,aldus ,romanus1 in the 
dedication of the ,aristotle already    
spoken of to ,albertus ,pius1 ,prince of
 ,carpi1 speaks of ,leonicenus as       
#8philosophorum tatis nostr medicorumque
 facile princeps'4 ,a correspondence    
which has been preserved between        
,leonicenus and ,angelus ,politianus is 
full of mutual compliments2 and shews   

that the two scholars regarded          
themselves as allies in the common      
warfare against #8barbarism' a foe that 
had to be expelled from the fields of   
philosophy and medicine as well as from 
that of letters#e4  ,it is certain that 
the example of such a man could not have
 been without effect on so apt a pupil  
as ,linacre1 and the influence of       
,vicenza is clearly apparent in some of 
his later work4  ,on leaving ,italy1    
,linacre is said to have indulged in an 
antiquarian caprice which seems little  
in harmony with what we afterwards hear 
of his staid character1 though in his   
hot youth and under the influence of the
 classical sentiment it may have been   
possible1 and even natural4 ,the story  
is that on bidding farewell to ,italy at
 some mountain pass he indulged his     
fancy in building a cairn of stones1    
which he crowned with flowers1 and      
dedicated to ,italy1 as sancta mater    
studiorum4 ,all that is known about this
 transaction comes from two ,latin      

poems1 by ,janus ,vitalis and by        
,joannes ,latomus1 one of which it may  
be sufficient to quote4                 
,,janus ,,vitales         ,,in ,,thom   
,,linacri ,,angli ,,italia ,,discessum4 
,dum ,linacrus adit ,morinos1 patriosque
 ,britannos1       ,artibus egregiis    
dives ab ,itali1     ,ingentem molem    
saxorum in rupibus altis1               
,congerit ad fauces ante ,gebenna tuas1 
,floribus hinc1 viridique struem dum    
fronde coronat1       ,et sacer         
,assyrias pascitur ignis opes3     8,hoc
 tibi0 ait 8mater studiorum1  sancta    
meorum       ,templum ,linacrus dedicat1
 ,italia2     ,tu mod cui doct assurgunt
 cum ,pallade ,athen       ,hoc de me   
pretium sedulitatis habe40  ,the second 
poem is by ,joannes ,latomus1 and       
entitled ,arnidis querela in ,thomam    
,linacrum ,anglum ,itali discessurum4   
,it represents the nymph of the ,arno   
expostulating with ,linacre while       
engaged in erecting his altar1 on his   
fixed resolution to return home4 ,it is 

highly laudatory1 but too long for      
quotation#f4  ,in both copies of verses 
the name ,gebenna occurs in connexion   
with this incident1 and as this usually 
means1 in classical ,latin1 the mountain
 district called the ,cevennes1 ,dr     
,johnson concludes that ,linacre before 
pursuing his journey to ,paris stayed in
 this district4 ,it does not seem       
necessary to suppose that he took so    
circuitous a route1 or visited a part of
 the country which must at that time    
have been wild and little traversed1 and
 where a scholar1 uninfluenced by modern
 love of the picturesque can have found 
nothing to attract him4 ,but ,civitas   
,gebennensis is the name given1 almost  
universally1 by the printers of         
,linacre's time1 to the city of ,geneva1
 and ,stephanus3--,dictionarium nominum 
propriorum gives an interpretation      
apparently identical4 ,we can well      
believe that1 in crossing the pass of   
the great ,st ,bernard on his way down  
to ,geneva1 ,linacre would not bid      

farewell to the southern side of the    
,alps without some expression of        
emotion4 ,but too much importance must  
not be attached to a story which        
probably rested only on some trifling   
incident of travel in crossing the      
,alps1 related by ,linacre himself in   
writing to his ,italian friends4  ,the  
name ,morinos in the verses quoted above
 sufficiently indicates that ,linacre   
returned home1 or was expected to return
 by way of ,calais4 ,he must doubtless  
have passed through ,paris1 but we have 
no record of any acquaintanceship there1
 though certainly at a later time       
,linacre had literary correspondents and
 friends in that city4  ,on his return  
to ,england ,linacre seems to have      
resumed his residence in ,all ,souls'   
,college4 ,his position in the          
,university must have been one of       
considerable eminence1 since a knowledge
 of ,greek was still confined to a few  
scholars1 and great respect was paid to 
those who had acquired this new         

accomplishment in ,italy4 ,there were   
about this time or a little later but   
four such scholars in ,oxford4 ,grocyn  
and ,latimer were a little older than   
,linacre4 ,colet was younger1 or1 at    
least1 visited ,italy later1 and the    
date of his stay in ,florence gave his  
studies a somewhat different complexion 
from what we see in ,linacre4 ,it has   
been well pointed out by ,mr ,seebohm1  
in his work on the ,oxford ,reformers#g1
 that ,colet was at ,florence during the
 agitation and enthusiasm aroused by the
 preaching of ,savonarola1 and doubtless
 derived from him that new spirit in    
theology which his after life displayed1
 and which has caused him to be reckoned
 among the precursors of the            
reformation4 ,grocyn and ,linacre shew  
nothing of this4 ,they knew ,florence   
when the literary renaissance was at its
 height1 and when the spirit of the     
learned world was more pagan than       
,christian4 ,we shall notice afterwards 
what bearing this had upon ,linacre's   

literary and theological position4  ,the
 dissertation which the newly-returned  
scholar read for his degree in medicine 
is said to have attracted attention1 but
 he does not seem to have taught        
publicly2--at least ,grocyn and ,latimer
 are the only names we hear of as public
 lecturers on ,greek4 ,it was1 however1 
,linacre's good fortune1 at this time1  
to meet with a pupil whose subsequent   
eminence was enough to make his teacher 
distinguished1 with whom he formed the  
most important literary friendship of   
his life1 and who has left us the       
brightest and most life-like pictures of
 ,linacre himself4 ,this pupil was      
,erasmus1 whose long-cherished plans of 
going to ,italy to learn ,greek were1 as
 is well known1 deferred1 in order that 
he might visit ,england with the same   
object4 ,the story of ,erasmus' stay in 
,oxford has often been told1 though     
never before so fully and clearly as in 
,mr ,seebohm's volume already referred  
to4 ,it is very likely that he may have 

derived from ,colet some of the ideas   
which afterwards influenced his literary
 and theological activity4 ,to ,linacre 
he owed1 undoubtedly1 the foundation of 
his ,greek scholarship1 and his respect 
for the ability and character of his    
teacher are shewn in many well-known    
passages from his letters4 ,in one of   
the best known he writes as follows3    
8,in ,colet ,i hear ,plato himself4 ,who
 does not admire the perfect compass of 
science in ,grocyn8 ,what can be more   
acute1 more profound1 or more refined   
than the judgment of ,linacre80 ,there  
are many similar passages1 and1 though  
eulogy was the fashion of the age1 we   
feel at once that1 at least in speaking 
of ,linacre1 ,erasmus meant what he     
said4 ,the same impression must be      
derived1 ,i think1 from an amusing      
passage in the 8,encomium ,mori10 though
 some of ,linacre's biographers seem to 
have omitted it as if derogatory to his 
reputation4 ,it is1 however1 written in 
a strain of good-natured banter1 which  

shews that there was a foundation of    
good feeling and mutual respect between 
the two scholars4  8,novi quendam       
,grcum1 ,latinum1 ,mathematicum1        
philosophum medicum    jam sexagenarium 
qui cteris rebus omissis annis plus     
viginti se torquet et discruciat in     
,grammatic1 prorsus felicem se fore     
ratus si tamdiu licet vivere1 donec     
certo statuat1 quomodo distinguend sint 
octo partes orationis1 quod hactenus    
nemo ,grcorum aut ,latinorum ad plenum  
prstare valuit4 ,proinde quasi res sit  
bello quoque vindicanda1 si quis        
conjunctionem faciat dictionem ad       
adverbiorum jus pertinentem#h40  ,there 
is no record of ,linacre's practice in  
his profession at ,oxford4 ,a new       
direction was given to his life by the  
call which he received about the year   
#aeja to come to court1 and direct the  
studies of the young ,prince ,arthur4   
,this mark of court favour appears to   
have been in some way connected with the
 visit of ,prince ,arthur to the        

,university where he resided in         
,magdalen ,college4 ,the appointment    
lasted till the prince's death in #aejc1
 but the only record of it which remains
 is the ,latin translation of the       
treatise of ,proclus ,on the ,sphere1   
dedicated to ,prince ,arthur1 which has 
been already referred to4 ,this was     
,linacre's earliest published work4     
,after the prince's death ,linacre      
appears to have stayed in ,london1 and  
probably to have practised medicine1 but
 there is no satisfactory evidence as to
 this period of his life4  ,the         
accession of ,henry ,,viii4 must have   
raised the hopes of ,linacre1 as it did 
those of all the scholars and           
enlightened men in ,england at that     
time4 ,the young king1 known to be      
learned himself and a favourer of       
learning1 was expected to give a        
powerful stimulus to the progress of the
 new studies4 ,erasmus was urged by his 
friends to return to ,england to share  
the prosperity and splendour of the new 

reign4 ,a new epoch of enlightenment was
 to commence1 and a final blow was to be
 given to all those evils and abuses    
which the scholars summed up in the word
 barbarism4 ,it is well known that these
 hopes were not at all1 or very         
imperfectly1 realized1 but ,linacre     
himself had no reason for               
disappointment4 ,he was made the royal  
physician1 a post1 in those days1 of    
great influence and importance in other 
than professional matters1 as is shewn  
by a curious letter addressed to        
,linacre by the ,university of ,oxford4 
,from this1 as from other events1 it is 
clear that ,linacre did not1 while at   
court1 forget his old mistress1         
learning1 but used his influence as far 
as possible for her advancement4 ,he is 
described by a contemporary and friend  
,george ,lilly1 as conspicuous among the
 chief persons of the court in a purple 
robe and a hood of black silk#i4 ,among 
his other patients are mentioned the    
great prelates ,wolsey1 ,warham1 and    

,fox4  ,after some years of professional
 activity1 and when he was about fifty  
years of age1 ,linacre appears to have  
taken holy orders2 or possibly at this  
time merely proceeded to priest's       
orders1 having been previously deacon4  
,the simplest explanation of this step  
is that which is given by himself in the
 dedication of his translation of ,galen
 de ,naturalibus ,facultatibus to       
,archbishop ,warham1 namely1 that he    
hoped to get more leisure for literary  
work4 ,it is supposed that he prepared  
himself for the sacred office by        
entering1 in mature life1 upon the study
 of theology1 and a curious story is    
told in connexion with his first reading
 of the ,new ,testament1 which1 as it   
has been strangely misunderstood1 may be
 worth giving in detail4 ,the story     
rests solely on the authority of ,sir   
,john ,cheke1 ,professor of ,greek at   
,cambridge1 in his letters on the       
pronunciation of ,greek1 addressed to   
,bishop ,gardiner1 at that time         

,chancellor of the ,university4 ,cheke  
seems to have been anxious to conciliate
 the ,bishop1 and at the same time1 for 
some reason or other1 to depreciate     
,linacre4 ,he speaks of him as a learned
 person and a good physician1 but one   
who should not venture out of his own   
province1 and1 he says1 in power of     
rhetoric and popular expression far     
inferior to the episcopal correspondent 
to whom ,cheke's letters were           
addressed#aj4  ,he then tells the       
following story4 ,linacre when advanced 
in life1 his health broken by study and 
disease1 and near his end1 took the ,new
 ,testament in his hand for the first   
time1 7although he was a priest17 and   
read the ,gospel of ,st ,matthew to the 
end of the #gth ,chapter 7that is to the
 end of the ,sermon on the ,mount74     
,having read it1 he threw the volume    
away with all the strength he could     
muster1 swearing 8either this is not the
 ,gospel or we are not ,christians40 ,it
 is probable that the striking contrast 

between the teaching of the ,sermon on  
the ,mount and the practice of the      
,christian ,world has inspired many     
readers with the same feeling1 and it   
will continue to have the same effect on
 many more1 though they may not happen  
to give vent to their surprise with the 
same petulance4 ,cheke seems to argue   
that it shewed some scepticism in       
,linacre or want of respect for the     
,scriptures4 ,selden has misunderstood  
the story still more strangely1         
imagining that ,linacre referred only or
 chiefly to the prohibition of swearing4
 ,but looked at without prejudice       
,linacre's exclamation seems natural    
enough4 ,it is well known that the      
,scholars of the renaissance1 before the
 time of ,erasmus at least1 were very   
little acquainted with the ,scriptures  
in the original text1 or even in the    
,latin ,vulgate ,version1 which is said 
to have been avoided on account of its  
non-classical idioms4 ,now ,linacre was 
a scholar and not a theologian4 ,a      

theologian by profession either passes  
lightly over discrepancies such as these
 or else has already found such an      
explanation of them as is possible4 ,but
 the spirit of scholarship and criticism
 is to take words in their true meaning 
and to view ideas by uncoloured light4  
,linacre's remark needs no other        
explanation than that he read the       
passage with the unbiassed judgment of a
 scholar4  ,although it is clear that   
,linacre entered the ,church under the  
patronage of ,archbishop ,warham he is  
said to have been ordained priest by the
 ,bishop of ,london on ,dec #bb #aebj4  
,the date of his entrance into deacon's 
orders is unknown4 ,it has been         
conjectured that he received from ,pope 
,leo the ,tenth1 his old schoolfellow1 a
 dispensation from the necessity of     
passing through the inferior clerical   
degrees1 and that this may have been the
 kindness for which he expresses his    
gratitude in the dedication of the      
present volume4 ,be this as it may1 he  

received from ,warham in #aeji his first
 preferment to the ,rectory of ,merstham
 in ,kent1 which he resigned in a little
 more than a month from his collation4  
,in the same year he received the       
,prebend of ,easton in ,gardano in the  
,cathedral of ,wells1 and in the same   
year the living of ,hawkhurst1 in ,kent1
 which he held till the year #aebd4     
,further marks of favour were bestowed  
upon him in #aeag1 when he was made     
,canon and ,prebendary of ,westminster1 
and in #aeah when he acquired the       
,prebend of ,south ,newbold in the      
,cathedral of ,york4 ,he resigned the   
latter preferment on receiving the      
important appointment of ,precentor in  
the same ,york ,cathedral1 but resigned 
this also in the same year4 ,two other  
benefices are recorded as having been   
bestowed upon him1 the ,rectory of      
,holworthy in ,devonshire by the ,king1 
in #aeah1 and in #aebj the ,rectory of  
,wigan1 in ,lancashire1 on the title of 
which he received priest's orders1 ,dec4

 #bb1 #aebj1 and which he held till his 
death#aa4  ,there is no evidence that   
,linacre resided at any one of the      
benefices or ,cathedral appointments    
which he received4 ,in fact it is most  
probable1 though not absolutely certain1
 that he continued to live in his       
,london house4 ,his biographers then    
have been somewhat puzzled to account   
for his accepting so many preferments   
and resigning most of them so soon4 ,but
 it is probable that a physician and    
scholar did not hold more rigid notions 
respecting the evils of pluralism than  
his more strictly clerical              
contemporaries and that he saw no harm  
in holding a benefice of which he could 
not discharge the duty or only did so by
 deputy4 ,the speedy resignation of a   
benefice is no evidence that the        
preferment was unprofitable4 ,it is     
probable that in accordance with the    
common custom he resigned only in favour
 of a consideration paid by an aspirant 
who desired to be presented to the      

office1 and was willing to pay the      
holder to vacate it4 ,such a practice   
has lasted in regard to secular offices 
almost to our own time#ab4 ,linacre must
 be judged not by the system which1     
whatever its faults1 gave him leisure   
for literary work and plans of public   
usefulness1 but by the manner in which  
he employed the wealth which these      
benefices placed at his disposal4 ,it   
must have been from this source that he 
obtained funds for his munificent       
endowments4  ,the firstfruits of his    
renewed literary activity did not appear
 till the year #aeag1 eighteen years    
after his first work1 when he published 
his translation into ,latin of the six  
,books of ,galen1 ,de ,sanitate ,tuend4 
,this version was printed in a fine     
folio by ,rubeus1 of ,paris1 and        
dedicated to ,henry ,,viii4 ,the        
dedication of this work shews the       
reverence in which the writings of      
,galen were held1 a point of which we   
shall have to speak again4 ,it is also  

interesting since it tells us that many 
scholars of ,italy1 ,france1 and        
,germany1 but especially the two great  
lights of the age1 ,erasmus and ,budus1 
had repeatedly urged him to publish this
 work4 ,the ,preface addressed to the   
reader contains a great many ,greek     
words1 which may perhaps be the reason  
why the work was not printed in         
,england1 where no ,greek type probably 
existed at this time1 as will be seen   
from ,siberch's introduction to the work
 now reprinted4 ,a vellum copy of this  
book presented to ,cardinal ,wolsey is  
still preserved in the ,british ,museum 
with the original letter which          
accompanied it4 ,another copy presented 
to ,bishop ,fox is now in the library of
 the ,college of ,physicians1 and has a 
dedicatory letter written at the        
beginning1 but ,i cannot think it to be 
,linacre's own handwriting4  ,two years 
later appeared the translation of       
,galen's ,methodus ,medendi1 in bulk one
 of the greatest of his works1 and in   

substance one of the most obscure4 ,it  
is not now easy to understand the       
admiration and gratitude with which     
scholars received his translation4 ,the 
work itself was known by name only to   
most1 and perhaps on that account was   
the more respected4 ,the judgment of ,dr
 ,johnson1 ,linacre's biographer1 is as 
follows3--8,not less formidable in its  
length than incomprehensible in many of 
the theories contained in it4 ,the      
sentence pronounced by the ,mufti on the
 verses of the ,turkish poet ,missi1    
whose meaning he declared to be         
intelligible to none save to ,god and to
 him by whom they were composed1 may    
with equal truth be applied to the      
doctrine which this book inculcates40   
,this translation also was dedicated to 
,henry #hth and it is curious that      
,linacre speaks of it as the third work 
published under the protection of the   
,royal name1 though no other is known   
than that already mentioned1 unless the 
allusion be to the dedication of his    

translation of ,proclus to the ,king's  
elder brother1 ,prince ,arthur4 ,it is  
further introduced by some commendatory 
verses from the pen of ,janus ,lascaris4
 ,it was beautifully printed in folio by
 ,desiderius ,maheu1 at ,paris1 in      
#aeai4 ,a presentation copy sent to     
,cardinal ,wolsey with the complimentary
 letter which accompanied it is still   
preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,both
 the above-mentioned versions have been 
frequently reprinted at ,paris and      
elsewhere1 and1 with a few alterations1 
have been accepted as the standard      
translations of those works of ,galen4  
,the next work published by ,linacre was
 the translation now reproduced of which
 we need not speak further at this      
point4 ,the dedication to ,pope ,leo the
 ,tenth is1 as will be seen1 inspired by
 a recollection of the writer's early   
friendship with the great ,pontiff1 when
 they were fellow-pupils of ,politian   
and ,chalcondylas4 ,one passage in this 
letter is still obscure1 that in which  

he refers to some recent and striking   
proof of the ,pontiff's munificence1    
shared in common with others1 who had   
been also his schoolfellows at          
,florence4 ,it has been suggested that  
this act of kindness may have been some 
dispensation which facilitated          
,linacre's entrance into ,holy ,orders4 
,if there were any such dispensation1 it
 is more likely that it was one enabling
 him to hold a benefice1 while still a  
deacon1 or perhaps even a layman1 since 
we find that ,linacre's first clerical  
preferment was given him in the year of 
,henry the ,eighth's accession1 which   
must also have been that of ,linacre's  
appointment as ,court ,physician1 and it
 seems highly improbable that his       
ordination should have taken place      
almost simultaneously with this         
appointment4 ,but there is no proof that
 any dispensation whatever was referred 
to1 and it is quite possible that the   
,pope's generosity may have been shewn  
in some other way1 such as by some      

valuable present1 since this might have 
been1 what a dispensation could not have
 been1 bestowed alike on his other old  
schoolfellows4  ,two other translations 
from ,galen1 were published by ,linacre 
during his lifetime1 one the treatise   
,de ,naturalibus ,facultatibus in the   
year #aebc by ,pynson1 in ,london1 and a
 short tract ,de ,pulsuum ,us1 either in
 the same year or in the next1 which was
 the last year of ,linacre's life4 ,two 
other translations1 ,de ,symptomatum    
,differentiis and ,de ,symptomatum      
,causis1 were printed by ,pynson after  
the writer's death4  ,two grammatical   
works must also be mentioned as         
occupying some part of ,linacre's later 
years2 the ,rudimenta ,grammatices was  
composed for the use of the ,princess   
,mary1 and is in ,english1 though its   
title is ,latin4 ,it was afterwards     
translated into ,latin by ,george       
,buchanan1 and in this form published at
 ,paris4  ,a more elaborate work        
entitled ,de ,emendat structur was not  

printed until the year #aebd1 but from  
the history of its composition must have
 been written about #ad years earlier4  
,linacre's old friend ,dean ,colet1 the 
founder of ,st ,paul's ,school1 desiring
 to have for the use of his school a    
better grammar than any which already   
existed1 appears to have asked ,linacre 
to compose a suitable work4 ,the        
treatise of which we are now speaking   
resulted1 but when produced it was      
thought to be1 in bulk and difficulty1  
quite beyond the comprehension of young 
pupils4 ,colet accordingly thought      
himself obliged to decline it1 and      
substituted a much shorter compendium   
written by himself1 or ,william ,lily1  
or by both jointly1 which was afterwards
 revised by ,erasmus and reprinted by   
,cardinal ,wolsey for the use of        
,ipswich ,school4 ,this was the         
foundation of the well-known ,lily's    
,grammar4 ,linacre appears to have been 
annoyed at the rejection of his         
,grammar1 and a breach was thus made in 

his friendship with ,colet1 which never 
appears to have been healed4 ,erasmus   
vainly endeavoured to bring about a     
reconciliation4 ,this was the best known
 work published by ,linacre in the      
domain of scholarship2 several editions 
were printed by ,estienne at ,paris1 and
 many others in other ,european cities4 
,to some is prefixed a laudatory preface
 by ,melanchthon4 ,it is not quite clear
 whether it was published before or     
immediately after the author's death4   
,the works now mentioned were1 in       
combination with medical practice1 the  
occupation of the last #ad years of     
,linacre's life4 ,it is impossible to   
say exactly at what time he gave up the 
active practice of his profession4 ,the 
only passage which might be supposed to 
throw any light on the subject1 is one  
in the dedication of the translation of 
,de ,naturalibus ,facultatibus to       
,archbishop ,warham1 where he speaks    
gratefully of the leisure afforded by   
the assumption of the priestly office   

conferred on him by ,warham#ac4 ,but as 
the only certain instance of his        
receiving a benefice from the           
,archbishop1 was that of the rectory of 
,merstham1 in #aeji1 the year in which  
,linacre entered upon his duties as     
,court ,physician1 it seems that some   
later preferment or else ordination1    
must be referred to4 ,it is possible    
therefore1 that he may have only        
gradually given up practice4  ,but      
,linacre rendered a service to medicine 
far more important than any of his      
writings1 by the foundation of the      
,college of ,physicians and it is for   
this that he has been and will continue 
to be held in grateful remembrance4 ,in 
order to understand the importance and  
utility of ,linacre's conception we must
 remember that up to this time medicine 
could not be said to have existed as a  
distinct profession in ,england4 ,the   
two classes of physicians and surgeons  
were very widely separated4 ,the former 
were chiefly ecclesiastics and so far as

 any authorization was necessary to     
allow them to practice they received    
their authority from the ,bishops or    
,archbishops4 ,a statute passed in the  
#crd year of ,henry ,,viii4 7#c ,henry  
,,viii4 ,cap4 #aa47 exhibits a first    
attempt to remedy this deficiency4 ,it  
is there recited that 8forasmuch as the 
science and cunning of physic and       
chirurgy to the perfect knowledge       
whereof be requisite both great learning
 and ready experience is daily in this  
realm exercised by great multitudes of  
ignorant persons of whom the greater    
part have no manner of insight in the   
same nor in any other kind of learning2 
some also can know no letters on the    
book1 so far that common artificers as  
smiths1 weavers1 and women boldly and   
customarily take upon them great cures  
of things of great difficulty in the    
which they partly use sorcery and       
witchcraft1 and partly apply such       
medicines unto the disease as be very   
noyous and are not meet therefor1 to the

 high displeasure of ,god1 great infamy 
to the faculty1 and the grievous hurt1  
damage1 and destruction of many of the  
,king's liege people1 most especially of
 them that cannot discern the uncunning 
from the cunning40 ,it is then provided 
that no one should practise as a        
physician or surgeon within the ,city of
 ,london or seven miles from the same   
except he be examined and proved by the 
,bishop of ,london or by the ,dean of   
,paul's with the aid of doctors of      
,physic and experts in surgery4 ,in     
other parts of the country the duty of  
proving medical practitioners was       
assigned to the ,bishop of the ,diocese4
  ,we do not know whether ,linacre's    
influence was in any way concerned in   
getting this ,statute passed4 ,a few    
years afterwards1 in the year #aeah1    
,royal letters patent were granted for  
the carrying out of the scheme in which 
,linacre was concerned and which was in 
all probability framed by him4 ,the     
letters were addressed to ,john         

,chambre1 ,thomas ,linacre1 and         
,fernandus de ,victoria1 together with  
three other physicians also named1 and  
all men of the same faculty in ,london4 
,these were to be incorporated as one   
perpetual commonalty or ,college1 to    
have the power of electing a ,president1
 the use of a common seal1 the liberty  
of holding lands in fee and of          
purchasing lands whose annual value did 
not exceed #ab4 ,they were permitted to 
make statutes for regulating the        
practice of physic in ,london and for   
seven miles round1 and received the     
important privilege of punishing        
offenders by fine or imprisonment4      
,these letters were dated #bcrd         
,september in the #ajth year of ,henry  
,,viii4 ,four years after the privileges
 thereby granted were confirmed and     
extended by a ,statute 7#ad  #ae ,henry 
,,viii4 ,cap4 #e74 ,by this ,statute the
 privileges of the ,college were        
extended over the whole of ,england1 no 
person being allowed to practise physic 

without having been examined and        
licensed by the ,president of the       
,college and three of the elect4 ,the   
reason given for this extension of      
privilege was the difficulty of finding 
in each diocese men able to sufficiently
 examine those who were to be admitted  
physicians4 ,the graduates of ,oxford or
 ,cambridge who had accomplished all    
their exercises in due form without any 
grace were alone allowed to practise    
without a licence4 ,the privileges of   
the ,college were confirmed and enlarged
 by several subsequent ,statutes and    
,letters ,patent in the reign of ,king  
,james the ,first1 in the ,protectorate 
of ,cromwell1 and at other times4 ,among
 other powers conferred by ,james the   
,first was that of examining into the   
purity and goodness of all apothecaries'
 wares kept in the houses of            
apothecaries and druggists in ,london4  
,this right was exercised up till the   
beginning of this century and a similar 
inspection or visitation of drugs is    

still performed by ,government          
,assessors in ,germany4  ,comparing the 
,college of ,physicians with the bodies 
which exercised the same rights in other
 countries in the sixteenth century we  
see that the chief justification for its
 existence was the fact that no         
,university or ,faculty of ,medicine    
existed in ,london4 ,in ,paris1 for     
instance1 and in other ,university      
cities very similar privileges were     
given to the ,faculty1 that is to say1  
to the ,doctors of ,medicine of the     
,university4 ,it would have been a      
serious curtailment of ,university      
privileges to have founded in those     
cities any body like the ,college of    
,physicians4 ,linacre1 who was so well  
acquainted with the learned bodies of   
,italy and ,france1 must doubtless have 
felt the want in ,london of a learned   
body with the name and dignity of the   
,university4 ,his ,college was doubtless
 intended to take the place of the      
,university so far as medicine was      

concerned4 ,there is1 however1 no hint  
of any provision for teaching4  ,beside 
the ostensible object of preventing the 
practice of medicine by ignorant        
persons1 the foundation of the ,college 
effected another equally important      
reform which may possibly have been     
foreseen and intended by its founders1  
although the intention was not avowed4  
,this was nothing else than the         
liberation of medicine and the medical  
profession from the control of the      
,church4 ,the ,bishops1 it is said1     
notwithstanding the formal abolition of 
their privileges1 continued to license  
physicians for #ahj years after the     
foundation of the ,college1 but never   
since has any ecclesiastical authority  
controlled the status or the practice of
 the medical profession in ,england4    
,this liberty could hardly have been so 
complete had medicine been as completely
 as in other countries a department of  
,university teaching4 ,linacre's        
foundation must have the credit of      

preserving medicine both from the       
immediate domination of clerics and from
 future subjection to the leaden rule of
 orthodoxy1 which swayed for several    
centuries the ,english ,universities4   
,the conditions of the new ,college and 
the mode of admission into it were      
clearly designed1 and were calculated to
 give a very definite stamp to the      
,english physician4 ,he was to be in the
 first place a man of learning1 and in  
this respect the standard of the        
,college was certainly higher than that 
of the ,universities1 as is clear from  
the history of certain controversies    
that arose between these authorities4   
,considering too that it was scarcely   
possible to obtain in this country the  
particular kind of learning required1 a 
strong inducement was held out to       
physicians to study at the ,universities
 of the ,continent1 especially in       
,italy4 ,hence physicians were not only 
learned but very often travelled        
persons2 and the names of foreigners are

 found rather frequently in the early   
rolls of the ,college4 ,moreover as the 
number of physicians practising in      
,london was not large1 and the          
difficulties of obtaining a licence were
 so considerable1 a physician had no    
doubt a social position very much above 
that of the surgeon1 and perhaps        
relatively higher than at the present   
day4 ,it must be admitted also that the 
standing of an ,english physician has   
been made more definite and further     
removed from any association with trade 
than in any other ,european country4 ,we
 see then pretty clearly what was the   
ideal that ,linacre had framed2--a grave
 and learned person1 well read in       
,galen1 respecting1 but not bowing down 
to1 the prestige of the ,universities1  
claiming for his own science a dignity  
apart from1 but not conflicting with1   
that of theology1 looking upon surgeons 
and apothecaries with charity1 but not  
without a sense of his own superiority4 
,such was to be the ,english ,physician1

 and ,linacre succeeded1 if such was his
 object1 in moulding a definite type of 
character which lasted for two centuries
 at least4 ,but the physician of        
,linacre's school is no more2--his      
epitaph was written nearly a hundred    
years ago by no less a person than      
,samuel ,johnson4 ,the great            
lexicographer was asked upon his        
death-bed for what physician he had     
sent4 8,i have sent10 he said1 8for     
,heberden1 ultimum ,romanorum1 the last 
of our learned physicians40  ,the       
further history of the ,college of      
,physicians need not be written here2   
but something must be said of two other 
foundations also due to the public      
spirit and far-seeing benevolence of    
,linacre4 ,these were his readerships at
 ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,in order to   
provide for the public teaching of      
medicine in the ,university and more    
especially for the reading of the works 
of ,hippocrates and ,galen1 ,linacre    
shortly before his death transferred to 

trustees considerable landed estates    
producing about #cj a year1 which it was
 no doubt intended should be conveyed   
directly to the ,universities for the   
foundation of ,readerships4 ,but the    
manner in which his purpose was carried 
out was unsatisfactory1 and the         
subsequent history of the foundations is
 a melancholy chapter in ,university    
annals4 ,the four trustees were ,sir    
,thomas ,more1 ,tunstall1 ,bishop of    
,london1 ,stokesley1 himself afterwards 
a bishop and a certain ,sheriff1 a      
lawyer4 ,for reasons which it is        
difficult to understand1 unless simply  
negligence and procrastination were     
responsible1 nothing was done with these
 funds till the reign of ,edward ,,vi41 
when ,tunstall1 the surviving trustee1  
transferred part of the estate to       
,merton ,college1 ,oxford1 for the      
foundation of two ,readers1 and another 
part to ,st ,john's ,college1           
,cambridge1 for the establishment of a  
,readership there4 ,it is quite clear   

that ,linacre intended these to be      
,university and not college foundations4
 ,his intention is sufficiently         
established by a letter addressed to him
 by the ,university of ,oxford which has
 been published by ,dr ,johnson4 ,the   
,university acknowledges 8that peculiar 
affection towards our commonwealth by   
which you have rendered yourself        
specially eminent10 and speaks of the   
splendid lectures 8which you have       
appointed to be read here at your       
expense as wisely devoted to the study  
of medicine40 ,this might seem to refer 
to a foundation already established1 but
 for the concluding words of the letter1
 8,lastly1 we earnestly and again and   
again implore you not to abandon the    
resolution you have undertaken1 and that
 your intentions may never be so many   
and varied as to divert or overcrowd    
this project4 ,let us certainly hope    
that the restoration of these1 as well  
as all other studies to their pristine  
dignity may be effected during your     

life1 and if aught in our power can     
promote this most excellent design1     
believe us prepared to second your      
wishes4 ,farewell1 and may you long     
enjoy life1 chief patron of learning60  
,according to ,anthony ,wood1 ,linacre's
 foundation was settled in ,merton      
,college instead of in the ,university1 
on account of the great decay of the    
,university in the reign of ,edward     
,,vi41 and through the persuasion of ,dr
 ,reynolds1 warden of ,merton ,college4 
,this ,college was moreover for some    
reason specially frequented by the      
students of medicine4 ,the appointment  
of readers1 originally the duty of the  
trustees1 was now transferred to the    
,college4 ,members of the ,college had a
 preference for the appointment2 though 
if none were found properly qualified1 a
 member of another ,college or ,hall    
might be appointed4 ,the appointment was
 for three years only4 ,with our present
 experience of ,university history1 it  
is easy to see that no system could have

 been better calculated to reduce       
,linacre's great foundation to          
uselessness and obscurity4  ,the names  
of a few of the earlier readers are     
given by ,wood2 that of one only1 ,dr   
,robert ,barnes1 emerges from total     
obscurity4 ,the ,readerships soon became
 sinecures1 and their stipends were     
regarded as nothing more than an        
agreeable addition to the incomes of two
 of the ,fellows4 ,among the many       
similar instances of the misapplication 
of endowments we shall not easily find a
 grosser abuse4 ,twenty years ago1 as is
 well known1 the ,oxford ,commissioners 
revived the name of the ,founder in the 
present flourishing ,linacre            
,professorship of ,anatomy so ably      
filled1 so important in the history of  
science in ,oxford1 and provided for its
 endowment by ,merton ,college1 as an   
equivalent for the income which the     
,college still derives from ,linacre's  
estates4  ,at ,cambridge the history of 
the corresponding ,readership was even  

more unfortunate4 ,the appointment was  
given to ,st ,john's ,college1 and      
though it was at first provided that the
 lectures of ,linacre's ,reader should  
be delivered in the ,schools of the     
,university1 the office soon came to be 
regarded as nothing more than a college 
sinecure4 ,moreover1 through bad        
management of the funds1 or chiefly1 ,i 
believe1 through an imprudent exchange  
of the estate originally settled by     
,linacre for one which has turned out to
 be of less value1 the income originally
 intended for the ,readership seems to  
have been lost4 ,but for the sake of    
other than ,cambridge men it ought to be
 here stated that the present ,linacre  
,reader of ,pathology fills with credit 
a chair most inadequately endowed1 and  
has revived in ,cambridge the public    
teachings of a study perfectly congruous
 with1 though different from that which 
was intended by the founder4 ,it is     
impossible to doubt that ,linacre looked
 forward to founding what should        

essentially be a school of medicine in  
each ,university4 ,and it is a strange  
instance of the irony of fate1 that     
,cambridge at the present day comes far 
nearer to carrying out the plans of the 
great scholar than his own ,university  
of ,oxford1 to which he always shewed   
the loyalty of an affectionate son1 and 
on which he conferred the largest share 
of his munificent bounty4  ,in the year 
#aebd it became evident to ,linacre that
 his health was breaking1 and in ,june  
of that year he executed his will4 ,he  
appears to have suffered much from the  
painful disease1 stone in the bladder1  
which finally carried him off on the    
#bjth ,october1 #aebd1 at the age1 as is
 supposed1 of sixty-four4 ,his death was
 a great loss to the cause of learning  
in ,england1 and many passages in the   
letters of contemporary scholars will   
shew that it was not less felt in all   
learned circles throughout ,europe4 ,he 
was buried in the ,old ,cathedral of ,st
 ,paul1 but for more than thirty years  

no memorial appears to have marked his  
grave4 ,this strange neglect was only   
supplied in the year #aeeg by the great 
physician ,john ,caius1 a name memorable
 in ,cambridge annals1 who if not       
personally a pupil of ,linacre was in   
the most complete sense the inheritor of
 his spirit1 and the most perfect type  
of a physician1 such as the founder of  
our ,college wished to see4 ,the ,latin 
epitaph1 written no doubt by ,caius     
himself1 perished in the great fire of  
,london1 but has been preserved by      
,dugdale4 ,after an enumeration of the  
learned works and public services of    
,linacre it sketches in a few words a   
fine character1 8,fraudes dolosque mire 
perosus2 fidus amicis2 omnibus ordinibus
 juxta carus40  ,it will hardly be      
necessary to supplement the terse       
eulogium pronounced by ,caius1 by any   
attempt to sum up ,linacre's moral      
excellences4 ,but it may be worth while 
to form some estimate of the talents and
 accomplishments which gave him so high 

a reputation among his contemporaries4  
,no original writing of ,linacre's has  
been preserved1 except his grammatical  
works and a few dedications and letters1
 on the strength of which it would be   
absurd to hazard any generalization as  
to his intellectual power4 ,his         
reputation rested and still rests upon  
his translations2 together with the     
undefined1 but unmistakably strong      
impression which he produced upon his   
friends and literary contemporaries4    
,from them we should gather that it was 
to the multifariousness of ,linacre's   
attainments as well as his excellence in
 each1 that he owed his renown4 ,to his 
literary faculty there are many         
testimonies4 ,his ,latin writing was    
thought to be so good that according to 
the friendly eulogium of ,erasmus1 the  
works of ,galen as interpreted by       
,linacre1 spoke better ,latin than they 
had before spoken ,greek4 ,other        
opinions not less laudatory were        
expressed both by ,erasmus himself in   

other places and by other scholars not  
less sensitive in the matter of style4  
,linacre was not1 however1 a slavish    
imitator of any master4 ,erasmus among  
others has preserved the tradition of   
his slight regard for ,cicero4 ,he would
 rather have been thought to write like 
,quinctilian4 ,the only complaint       
however which ,erasmus makes against his
 friend is for his excessive elaboration
 in polishing and correcting his        
writings1 from which it resulted that   
much of his work was reserved as not    
sufficiently perfect to be published3   
and in many cases ultimately lost#ad4   
,it is disappointing to hear that       
,linacre had translated ,aristotle in   
such a way that ,erasmus says #8sic     
,latine legitur ,aristoteles ut1 licet  
,atticus1 vix in suo sermone parem      
habeat gratiam'3 and of his other       
versions #8sunt illi permulta in        
scriniis1 magno usui futura studiosis4' 
,beside the excellence of his style1    
,linacre was famed for his critical     

judgment1 #8vir non exacti tantum sed   
severi judicii'1 says ,erasmus1 while in
 ,grammar and ,rhetoric1 as shewn in the
 curious little fable of ,richard ,pacey
 formerly quoted1 he was regarded as no 
less a master4 ,moreover he was what was
 called in those days an eminent        
#8philosopher1' that is1 profoundly read
 in the works of the ancient naturalists
 and philosophers1 such as ,aristotle1  
,plato and ,pliny4  ,it is not easy to  
form any distinct notion of ,linacre's  
skill in his own profession4 ,little    
more was expected of a physician in     
those days than to apply with proper    
care the maxims of the books4 ,we do not
 even know whether in his practice      
,linacre made more use of the ancient   
medical classics whom he was            
endeavouring to rescue from neglect than
 of the #8,neoterics' who were the      
ruling spirits of the day1 and whose    
doctrines were derived from the ,arab   
physicians or from ,european schools    
sprung out of the ,arab learning4 ,some 

have taken for granted that a man so    
great in book learning could not be good
 in practice4 ,but the few notices which
 remain give no countenance to this     
assumption4 ,erasmus commemorates in two
 or three places his friend's medical   
skill4 ,in one he deplores ,linacre's   
absence1 and laments 7with curious      
modernism7 that his servant had left the
 physician's last prescription at the   
druggist's1 and begs for another copy4  
,in one instance a record of ,linacre's 
treatment of ,erasmus's complaint       
remains1 and appears to have been as    
sensible and practical1 as if the       
physician had known not a word of       
,greek1 and had passed his life as a    
country apothecary4 ,he is also recorded
 to have advised his friend ,william    
,lily not to consent to an operation for
 the removal of a tumour of the hip2 but
 the operation undertaken against       
,linacre's advice1 unfortunately proved 
fatal4  ,it was not ,linacre's fortune  
to contribute anything to the science of

 medicine1 or to any of its collateral  
sciences4 ,his age was not one of       
research as now understood4 ,the first  
original work on medicine produced in   
,england was done by his successor      
,caius1 whose treatise on the sweating  
sickness published twenty years after   
,linacre's death is still esteemed4     
,this and other great epidemics must    
have passed before the eyes of ,linacre1
 but no record remains to shew us in    
what light he regarded them4 ,nor is    
there any evidence that he appreciated  
the importance of the revival of        
,anatomy and ,botany2 sciences on which 
the subsequent development of medicine  
in ,europe has so largely been based4   
,though evidently eagerly desirous to   
assist in the renovation of medical     
science1 he looked to other means to    
accomplish this end4 ,what these means  
were it may be worth while to state     
somewhat more in detail4  ,the aim which
 ,linacre and other scholars set before 
them in translating or publishing the   

works of ,galen can only be understood  
by a consideration of the state of      
medical learning and scholarship at the 
time4 ,the student of medicine in those 
days1 like the student of theology or   
philosophy1 had to derive his knowledge 
almost entirely from books4 ,there was  
indeed one school of practical anatomy  
in ,italy1 that founded by ,mundinus at 
,bologna in the #adth century1 and      
continued in ,linacre's time by         
,berengarius ,carpus1 who is said to    
have dissected one hundred bodies with  
his own hand1 but in other parts of     
,europe only a literary knowledge of    
anatomy was possible4 ,there was no such
 thing as hospital instruction1 and what
 would be called in modern times        
,materia ,medica was represented only by
 the empirical knowledge of humble      
collectors of simples1 and by the works 
of scholars learned only in books who   
gave descriptions borrowed at second or 
third hand from the ,arabian physicians1
 or at a still greater distance from    

,aristotle4 ,medical learning1 thus     
understood1 received like all other     
learning the stimulus of two great      
movements1 the revival of ,greek        
literature1 with the consequent higher  
estimation of the classical ,latin      
writers1 on the one hand1 and on the    
other hand the readier diffusion of     
books through the invention of printing4
 ,how the classical revival affected    
letters in general1 theology and        
philosophy1 is well known4 ,everywhere  
men became aware more or less distinctly
 that there was a new world of knowledge
 within their reach1 but concealed from 
them by a mass of commentary and        
compilation1 barbarous in language1 and 
corrupt in substance1 though professedly
 founded on the works of those great    
authors who were little more than names 
to the medival scholars4 ,gradually the 
great figures of antiquity became more  
distinct1 as the followers of the new   
learning tore off the barbarous         
wrappings which had so long hidden or   

distorted them4 ,it was in this spirit  
that the scholars set to work in their  
great task of restoring antiquity4      
,there were doubtless many other aims1  
and some of them higher1 which animated 
the more ardent spirits of the          
,renaissance1 but of these we cannot    
pretend to speak4 ,what alone concerns  
us here is their resolute endeavour to  
get at the real ,aristotle1 ,plato or   
,homer1 instead of the reflections and  
shadows of them which had long been     
reverenced4 ,it was this spirit which   
made the printing of the first edition  
of ,homer by ,chalcondylas and          
,demetrius ,cretensis in #adhh1 seem to 
them1 as it has indeed seemed to later  
generations1 an epoch in literature4 ,it
 was this which in the next generation  
led ,erasmus to devote years of labour  
to bringing out the ,novum ,testamentum1
 and it was in this spirit too1 that    
,linacre the pupil of ,chalcondylas and 
the teacher of ,erasmus1 standing       
between the literary and the religious  

revival1 conceived the two great        
projects of his life1 the publication of
 ,aristotle and ,galen in a form        
accessible to the whole learned world4  
,the first scheme indeed he scarcely    
commenced1 of the latter he did but     
little1 though as he says 8nihil magis  
in votis erat40  ,to discover the       
genuine text of an ancient author and   
make it known may seem to us a useful   
task1 though not among the greatest1 but
 to the scholars of the ,renaissance it 
was a matter of supreme importance4     
,linacre and his fellow workers         
doubtless expected that medicine would  
profit as much by the rediscovery of the
 ,greek medical writings as letters and 
philosophy had gained from the          
masterpieces of ,greek poetry and       
speculation2 and it was with such hopes 
that they undertook to revive and make  
known the works of ,galen4 ,galen1 like 
,aristotle1 had been very imperfectly   
known1 even to those who most implicitly
 acknowledged his authority4 ,with      

regard to ,aristotle ,sir ,alexander    
,grant has pointed out that thousands of
 scholars who considered themselves     
staunch ,aristotelians1 knew not a word 
of the master beyond the two first      
treatises in the ,organon2 and in the   
same way1 many who reverenced ,galen as 
the source of all medical knowledge1    
knew him only through imperfect ,latin  
versions1 the compilations of medival   
scholars1 or of the ,arabians1 whose    
works were chiefly based on ,galen1 and 
who had in this case as in that of      
,aristotle the credit of making a ,greek
 author in large measure known to the   
modern world4  ,the works of ,avicenna1 
,mesua and others were the chief medical
 text-books in ,europe before1 and even 
for a long time after1 the revival of   
learning4 ,the ,jewish teachers1 who had
 founded schools of surgery in many     
,european cities1 7among others in      
,oxford1 before the rise of the         
,university7 were versed in ,arabian    
learning1 and thus it came to pass that 

medicine presented itself to the medival
 world in an ,arabian dress4 ,from these
 sources and from the teachers of the   
school of ,salerno1 were compiled the   
manuals of the 8,arabist0 or            
8,neoterici10 which under such names as 
,articella1 ,practica1 ,lilium ,medicin1
 ,rosa ,anglica were the daily guides of
 the medical practitioner4  ,when the   
,arabian writers fell into disrepute1   
partly through being condemned as       
heretical1 and partly as being barbarous
 in style1 it was regarded1 if one may  
say so1 as a sort of indignity that     
,medical ,science should still be so    
much beholden to the infidel sages4     
,those physicians who were also scholars
 felt this to be a reproach which must  
be wiped out4 ,this feeling1 fantastic  
as it may seem1 was apparently          
wide-spread through the little world of 
scholars1 and has been expressed by one 
of them in a manner so strange that ,i  
cannot forbear to quote it both for the 
sake of the grain of truth which it     

contains1 and for its unconscious       
reflection of the fantastic ideas of the
 age4  ,the author ,symphorien ,champier
 was a physician of ,lyons1 a voluminous
 writer as well as a liberal and wealthy
 patron of letters4 ,the extract is from
 a short tract ,symphonia ,galeni ad    
,hippocratem1 ,cornelii ,celsi ad       
,avicennam1 una cum sectis antiquorum   
medicorum ac recentium1 forming the     
introduction to a little work on        
,clysters1 ,clysteriorum campi contra   
,arabum opinionem pro ,galeni sententi1 
etc41 which is known in literature as   
the original of the 8,treatise on       
,clysters1 by ,s4 ,c401 placed by       
,rabelais in the catalogue of books     
forming the library of ,st ,victor4     
,after lamenting that for so many       
centuries pure literature1 that is      
,greek and ,roman1 should have been     
neglected1 and instead the mean ditties 
7neni7 of certain pretenders should have
 been cultivated4 ,indignum facinus1    
says ,champier1 7ita me deus amet7      

nullis bobus1 nullisque victimis        
expiandum4  ,next1 passing to the       
subjects of philosophy and medicine1 he 
represents a war as arising between the 
,arabians and the ,classics1 which might
 have ended disastrously for the latter1
 but for the interposition of divine    
providence4  8,jam eo insolenti ac      
temeritatis devenerant ,arabi principes1
 ut nobis medicam artem funditus auferre
 audacissime conarentur2 quandoquidem   
castra solventes in ,grcos ac ,latinos  
omnem belli impetum convertebant1       
multaque millia processerant1 cum deus  
,opt4 ,max4 7cujus est hominum repente  
et consilia et animos immutare7 ut      
auguror sanctissimi ,luc precibus et    
orationibus flexus1 auxiliarios milites 
demisit1 qui obsidione miseros1         
,hippocratem1 ,galenum1 ,dioscoridem1   
,paulum ,aeginetam et nostrum ,celsum   
,cornelium1 jam deditionem cogitantes   
eriperent et liberarent2 idque quant sit
 confectum diligenti1 in confesso est4  
,hippocrati non pauci auxilio fuere1    

,galeno ab ,arabum principe oppresso    
strennue sic adfuit ,vicentinorum dux   
,nicolaus ,leonicenus1 prterea ex ,galli
 ,copus1 ex ,angli ,linacrus1 bone deus 
quo studio1 qu alacritate4 ,porro       
,dioscoridi ,gallorum virtus et ferocia1
 ,venetorum prudentia1 ,florentinorum   
diviti opem tulerunt40  ,this passage   
only puts in an extravagant form the    
same ideas about the value of ancient   
learning in relation to medicine which  
we have already quoted from the letters 
of ,leonicenus1 and of ,aldus4  ,a more 
serious scholar than ,symphorien        
,champier1 ,janus ,cornarius1 has left a
 very clear statement of the position   
which ,galen and the ancient medical    
writers were considered to occupy at    
this critical epoch in the history of   
learning4  ,he says that medicine1 like 
all good arts and disciplines1 comes    
from the ,greeks1 and is to be learnt   
from their works alone4 ,as to the      
,arabs1 ,avicenna1 ,rhazes and others1  
who now-a-days reign in nearly all our  

schools1 and the numerous ,italian or   
,french physicians1 who have become     
celebrated by writing so many of the    
books called #8,practica1' they are     
physicians only in name4 ,it were to be 
wished1 he says1 that all public schools
 would acknowledge their errors and     
repudiate the barbarian physicians1 as  
the ,florentine academy had done4  8,at 
vero non penitus desperandum quando     
nuper adeo una ,florentina ,academia    
resipiscendo aliquando etiam aliis spem 
nobis exhibuit1 qu excusso ,arabic et   
barbar servitutis medic jugo1 ex        
professo se ,galenicam appellavit et    
profligato barbarorum exercit1 unum     
totum et solum ,galenum1 ut optimum     
artis medic authorem1 in omnibus se     
sequuturum pollicita est#ae40  ,the     
above extracts will shew far more       
vividly than any generalized statements 
in what light ,galen and the ancients   
appeared to scholars at the time of the 
revival of learning4 ,before considering
 what was the actual effect of the      

revival of the ancient medicine on      
modern science and practice1 it may be  
well to clear away a certain amount of  
misconception which has been prevalent  
on the subject4  ,it is often assumed   
that the study of ,galen introduced the 
habit of relying implicitly on authority
 and dogma1 and thus retarded the       
progress of medicine4 ,but in reality   
the habits of submission to authority   
and blind acceptance of tradition were  
already prevalent1 and had been so long 
before the revival of learning4 ,never  
were men more ready to bow down to      
authority than in the middle ages2 and1 
in name at least1 they reverenced even  
the ancient rulers of thought1          
,aristotle1 ,galen and ,hippocrates1    
though it was to distorted images of    
these heroic personages that their      
homage was paid4 ,the names of ,galen   
and ,hippocrates were associated with   
corrupt and often spurious treatises1 of
 which the style was as barbarous as the
 matter was worthless4 ,the aphorisms of

 ,hippocrates were known in ,latin      
versions as the ,amphorismi1 a barbarism
 perpetuated even by ,symphorien        
,champier4 ,galen was chiefly known by a
 little treatise1 often copied and      
printed with the title ,liber ,tegni    
,galieni1 afterwards known as the ,ars  
,parva to distinguish it from the great 
,methodus ,medendi1 translated by       
,linacre4 ,the quaint title of this work
 is a history and a commentary in       
itself2 a scholar might well be puzzled 
with the word ,tegni1 which seems to    
suggest an imaginary author1 ,tegnus    
,galienus4 ,but this word is simply a   
corruption of the ,greek 1 handed down  
by a succession of scribes ignorant of  
,greek4 ,moreover1 as in the case of    
,aristotle1 not only were the works     
ascribed to ,galen and ,hippocrates     
corrupted and misunderstood2 but their  
best works were unknown4 ,if men were to
 bow down to canonical authority it was 
better they should have the best works  
of the writers regarded as canonical1   

and have them unadulterated4  ,on the   
lowest view then the change was rather  
the substitution of one dogma for       
another than the introduction of the    
dogmatic habit2 but in reality a much   
wider and more salutary reform was      
involved4 ,in the first place1 the new  
authorities were actually much more     
valuable than the old1 and in the second
 place the new dogma1 instead of being  
merely conservative and petrifying1 was 
found to be innovating and inspiriting  
in its tendency4 ,galen himself was not 
so strictly a ,galenist as his          
followers4 ,his works shew 7in spite of 
his undeniable and fatal love of system 
and formula7 enterprise and originality1
 with frequent reference to observation1
 and even experiment4 ,they led also    
inevitably to a study of ,hippocrates1 a
 writer far more unsystematic1 and free 
from the vice of formalism1 whose       
sagacity and power of observation give  
his works a perennial freshness4        
,finally1 the revival of the ancient    

classics led to the revival also of the 
sciences on which modern medicine rests1
 and which were destined to overthrow   
all the dogmatic systems1 viz4 ,anatomy 
and the knowledge of ,drugs4  ,haller1  
speaking of the progress of anatomy in  
the #afth century1 attributes it to two 
chief causes1 the revival of the works  
of ,galen1 and the invention of         
printing4 ,not less did ,botany and     
,pharmacology take a new departure from 
the works of ,dioscorides4 ,it would    
thus appear that the task of ,linacre   
and the scholars1 really though not in  
appearance1 contributed to the          
scientific movement which was the       
turning-point in modern medicine4 ,this 
movement was the special work of the    
#afth century4 ,the time had not yet    
come for the reform in practical        
medicine which the progress of the      
sciences rendered possible1 and which   
was reserved to be the special glory of 
the next age4 ,but a definite and       
brilliant service was rendered to the   

progress of medicine by the scholars of 
the ,renaissance1 among whom no name is 
better entitled to be held in grateful  
remembrance than that of ,thomas        
,linacre4  ,it would be out of place    
here to enter into any general estimate 
of the value of ,galen's writings4 ,they
 are of immense bulk1 and few persons in
 modern times can claim to have done    
more than dip into them4 ,but this      
massiveness and bulk were perhaps even  
among the features which caused his     
works to be held in such high           
estimation4 ,they formed a vast         
encyclopdia in which all the ancient    
medical lore was comprised4 ,a very     
large part of the works even of         
,hippocrates may be said to be contained
 in ,galen1 and many older writers are  
now only known through the account which
 ,galen has given of them4 ,the         
,galenical collection embraces anatomy1 
physiology1 practical medicine1 and what
 we should now call ,hygiene1 as well as
 dissertations on the history and sects 

of medicine1 with many curious anecdotes
 and allusions to the manners and       
opinions of his time4 ,we hear also of  
works on logic and philosophy which are 
almost entirely lost4  ,this encyclopdic
 knowledge was classified with a        
systematic minuteness and a delusive    
appearance of scientific precision which
 especially fitted ,galen to be a ruler 
of thought in ages when men were willing
 to accept an intellectual despotism4   
,the disciple of ,galen had a formula to
 explain every disease1 and a rule for  
the treatment of every case4  ,what his 
general principles were is shewn very   
clearly in the work now reprinted1 which
 is rather physiological or physical    
than strictly medical4 ,in it we find   
developed the theory of humours and     
temperaments1 which formed the          
physiological basis of ,galen's system  
of medicine2 and which1 conveyed through
 many popular medical works to the lay  
public1 entered largely into the current
 philosophy of the time4 ,hence ,linacre

 speaks of this work as not less        
necessary to philosophers than to       
physicians4 ,some knowledge of these    
ideas is indispensable for understanding
 many allusions and metaphors in        
,english writers of the ,elizabethan    
age4 ,nay more1 a great part of it has  
passed into our common language4 ,such  
words as #8humour' in its many          
acceptations1 and many compounds1       
temperament1 temper1 choler1 melancholy 
and others derived all their original   
significance from the place which they  
held in the ,galenical system4 ,it is   
perhaps not too much to suppose that    
this very version may have been among   
the sources whence such writers as      
,elyot 7who was a pupil of ,linacre7 in 
his ,castell of ,helth1 ,bright1 the    
predecessor of ,burton1 in his ,treatise
 of ,melancholie1 and later1            
,walkington1 in the fantastic book      
called ,the ,optick ,glasse of ,humors1 
obtained the ideas which1 popularized by
 them1 became the common property of    

scholars and literary men4 ,from this   
point of view1 our treatise is not      
without importance in the history of    
,english literature4  ,the little       
treatise at the end1 ,de ,inquali       
intemperie1 is no part of the work which
 precedes it2 but is apparently appended
 by ,linacre to shew ,galen's           
application of his physiological system 
to certain points in pathology or the   
theory of disease4  ,it is only         
necessary to say in conclusion that this
 version of the ,de ,temperamentis      
appears to have been the first ever made
 in ,latin1 or at least published4      
,orlandi 7in #agbb7 speaks of a previous
 edition with ,linacre's name1 published
 at ,venice in the year #adih1 but this 
statement is certainly erroneous4 ,all  
the enquiries of ,linacre's learned     
biographer1 ,dr ,noble ,johnson1 and of 
the present editor1 have failed to      
establish the existence of any such     
edition1 and indeed the preface to this 
edition is of itself enough to refute   

the story4 ,the treatise ,de inquali    
intemperie on the other hand had been   
previously translated into ,latin1      
though not by ,linacre4 ,it is included 
in a collection of ,latin versions of   
many of the works of ,galen and others1 
translated by ,georgius ,valla1 of      
,piacenza4 ,this was printed at ,venice 
in #adih2 and hence1 no doubt1 the      
source of the confusion between ,valla's
 translation of this treatise and       
,linacre's translation of this and the  
,de ,temperamentis4 ,i have seen the    
third edition of ,valla's collection    
published at ,pavia #aeaf2 the version  
of this treatise there given is quite   
different from ,linacre's4 ,dr ,johnson 
is responsible for the statement that a 
second edition of both was published    
during ,linacre's lifetime1 of which a  
presentation copy on vellum given to    
,henry ,,viii4 is in the ,bodleian      
,library4 ,but an examination of this   
copy has convinced me that it is of the 
same edition1 though an error in the    

printing of the last six leaves makes it
 appear different4 ,according to the    
,british ,museum ,catalogue a second    
edition in #bdmo4 was printed at ,london
 in #aebg4 ,the version was frequently  
reprinted on the continent1 either alone
 or as a part of the collected ,latin   
editions of ,galen's works2 but no      
subsequent edition has appeared in this 
country4                                
,j4 ,f4 ,,payne4     ,,list ,,of        
,,linacre',s ,,published ,,works4   #a4 
,translation of ,proclus de ,sphr4      
,venice1 by ,aldus ,romanus1 #adii4     
,folio4  #b4 ,translation of ,galen1 ,de
 ,sanitate tuend4 ,paris1 ,gulielmus    
,rubeus1 #aeag4 ,folio4  #c4            
,translation of ,galen1 ,methodus       
,medendi4 ,paris1 ,desiderius ,maheu1   
#aeai4 ,folio4  #d4 ,translation of     
,galen1 ,de ,temperamentis et de inquali
 intemperie4 ,cambridge1 ,siberch1      
#aeba4 #dto4  #e4 ,translation of       
,galen1 ,de ,naturalibus ,facultatibus4 
,london1 ,richard ,pynson1 #aebc4 #dto4 

#f4 ,translation of ,galen1 ,de ,pulsuum
 us4 ,london1 #8in dibus pinsonianis1'  
sine anno4 #dto4  #g4 ,translation of   
,galen1 ,de ,symptomatum ,differentiis  
et causis4 ,london1 ,pynson1 #aebd4     
#dto4  #h4 ,rudimenta ,grammatices4     
,london1 #8in dibus pinsonianis1' sine  
anno4 #dto4  #i4 ,de emendat structur   
,latini sermonis4 ,london1 ,pynson1     
#aebd4 #dto4     ,,notes4   ,,sources   
,,of ,,the ,,biography ,,of ,,linacre4  
,the only separate biography of ,linacre
 is that by ,dr ,noble ,johnson1 a      
fellow of the ,college of ,physicians1  
published1 in #ahce after the author's  
death1 under the editorship of ,mr      
,robert ,graves4 ,from this the         
biographical part of the short sketch   
here given has been chiefly derived4 ,dr
 ,johnson collected with great learning 
and industry the contemporary notices of
 ,linacre1 as well as all that has      
appeared in later writers1 and          
investigated many manuscript            
authorities4 ,it would be ungrateful    

here to point out the few errors into   
which he has fallen1 especially as they 
are probably partly due to his work     
having been published without the       
author's personal revision4 ,the        
earliest life is either that contained  
in the ,elogia contributed by ,george   
,lily to the ,descriptio ,britanni of   
,paulus ,jovius1 ,venetiis1 #aedh 7also 
,basile #aegh71 or that given in ,bale's
 ,illustrium majoris ,britanni          
scriptorum summarium4 ,gippeswici1      
#aedh4 ,further materials are contained 
in ,leland 7,principum ''' et eruditorum
 etc4 encomia4 ,london #aehi7 ,pits 7,de
 ,illustribus ,angli scriptoribus72     
,freind's ,history of ,physic2 the      
,biographia ,britannica2 ,wood's ,athen 
,oxonienses1 ,bishop ,tanner's          
,bibliotheca ,britannico-,hibernica1    
etc4 ,later biographical collections1   
such as ,aitken's ,biographical ,memoirs
 of ,medicine1 the ,lives of the        
,british ,physicians1 and ,dr ,munk's   
learned ,roll of the ,royal ,college of 

,physicians1 have added little or       
nothing4 ,the present ,editor has       
carefully verified most of ,dr          
,johnson's references2 and corrected or 
added a few facts1 but has found little 
to glean after so exhaustive a worker4  
,the latter part1 however1 of this short
 introduction owes little to ,dr        
,johnson4 ,i have to thank ,mr          
,bradshaw1 the ,university ,librarian1  
for some valuable hints4   ,,notes      
7referred to in text74  #a4 7,page #g74 
,there is no reference to ,linacre or   
,selling in the ,stemmata ,chicheleana  
or in the ,,ms4 additions made to the   
copy in the library of ,all ,souls'     
,college4  #b4 7,p4 #aj74 ,procli de    
,sphr1 in the ,collection called        
,astronomici ,veteres1 ,venetiis cur    
,aldi ,romani #adii4  #c4 7,p4 #ab74 ,dr
 ,johnson quotes ,pacey's ,de ,fruct qui
 ex ,doctrin percipitur4 ,basile ,froben
 #aeag1 p4 #gf4  #d4 7,p4 #ac74         
,calendar of ,letters and ,papers       
relating to the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 

edited by ,brewer1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 part #c1
 page #bhgd1 no4 #fdjc4  #e4 7,p4 #ac74 
,nicolai ,leoniceni1 ,de ,plinii ac     
plurium aliorum in medicin erroribus    
liber ad doctissimum virum ,angelum     
,politianum4 ,ferrari #adib4 ,also in   
,angeli ,politiani et aliorum epistol4  
,lib4 ,,ii41 epist4 #c1 #d et seq4 7,ed4
 ,hanovi #afbb1 page #df74  #f4 7,p4    
#ad74 ,johnson's ,life of ,linacre1 page
 #adg4 ,it does not appear whence these 
verses are quoted1 as no reference is   
given by ,dr ,johnson4  #g4 7,p4 #ae74  
,seebohm4 ,the ,oxford ,reformers3      
,colet1 ,erasmus1 and ,more4 #bnd       
edition4 ,london #ahfi1 page #ag4  #h4  
7,p4 #ag74 ,erasmi ,roterodami ,mori    
encomium4 ,basile1 ,froben #aeba1 page  
#bea4  7,is this passage the foundation 
of ,mr ,browning's fine poem1 8,the     
,grammarian's funeral087  #i4 7,p4 #ah74
 ,pauli ,jovii ,novocomensis episcopi   
,descriptio ,britanni4 ,basile #aega1 p4
 #dj4 ,elogia virorum per ,georgium     
,lilium ,britannum exarata4  #aj4 7,p4  

#ai74 ,sir ,john ,cheke3  ,joannis      
,cheki ,angli de pronuntiatione ,grc    
potissimum lingu disputationes cum      
,stephano ,wintoniensi ,episcopo4       
,basile #aeee1 p4 #agf and #bha1 etc4   
,linacre's name is brought in as        
follows4 ,bishop ,gardiner finds fault  
with ,cheke for too ,ciceronian a style 
of writing 7,ciceronis grandiloquentiam 
ad sententias de rebus levibus atque    
ridiculis inconcinne additam et         
accommodatam71 and quotes to him        
,erasmus in ,ciceronianos and also      
,linacre1 who he says never admired the 
style of ,cicero and could not listen to
 it without disgust4 ,cheke retorts in  
the manner we have quoted1 8,si de      
acumine et celeritate ingenii disputatur
 etc4--in eo si nunc viveret1 tibi      
laudem concederet10 and makes the       
curious remark that it is strange       
,linacre could not listen to ,cicero    
without disgust1 when his work ,de      
structur abounds with examples taken    
from ,cicero4 ,perhaps1 ,cheke suggests1

 he had not really neglected the study  
of that writer1 but through some        
perversity wished to be thought to have 
neglected him1 8ut non tam fortasse     
rever neglexerit1 quam animi qudam      
morositate videri voluit neglexisse40   
#aa4 7,p4 #ba74 ,the phrase quoted from 
,tanner1 ,bibliotheca                   
,britannico-,hibernica1 seems to refer  
clearly to ordination1 not merely to    
collation to a benefice4  #ab4 7,p4     
#ba74 ,see ,dr ,munk4 ,roll of the      
,college of ,physicians4 #bnd edition   
#ahgh1 page #af4  #ac4 7,p4 #be74 8pro  
ocio in quod me 7honorifico collato     
sacerdotio7 ex negocio primus           
vindicasti40 ,introduction to ,galen1   
,de ,naturalibus ,facultatibus4 ,london1
 #aebc4  #ad4 7,p4 #cd74 ,this foible of
 over-elaboration is discussed at great 
length by ,bayle in his article on      
,linacre in the ,dictionary4 ,he remarks
 that though this is not a common fault 
with authors1 it has often operated to  
the prejudice of the best1 and to the   

consequent loss of the public4  #ae4    
7,p4 #da74 ,janus ,cornarius1 in his    
introduction 7dated #aece7 to ,marcellus
 de ,medicamentis1 published in the     
,collection called ,medic ,artis        
,principes4 ,paris1 ,henr4 ,stephanus1  
#aefg4     ,illustration3      ,,galeni 
,,pergamensis     ,,de ,,temperamentis1 
,,et ,,de ,,inaeqvali     ,,intemperie  
,,libri ,,tres     ,,thoma ,,linacro    
,,anglo ,,interprete      ,opus non     
medicis modo1 sed et     philosophis    
oppido quam necessarium     nunc primum 
prodit in lucem     ,,cvm ,,gratia      
,priuilegio4     ,,sanctissimo ,,domino 
,,nostro ,,papae ,,leoni ,,decimo1      
,thomas ,linacer ,medicorum ,minimus4   
,s4 ,d4   ,non hanc tibi                
lucubratiunculam meam ,beatissime ,pater
 quasi tuis aptam studiis dignamve      
offero1 quem totum totius christianae   
,reip4 gubernaculis incumbere omnes     
scimus1 sed quod studiosis eam futuram  
non ingratam sperem4 quibus quidquid    
vsui esse potest1 tibi quoque fore      

iucundum non dubito4 ,accedit quod quum 
recens in me collatae non vulgaris      
munificentiae tuae1 qua me quoque sicut 
reliquos quicunque te olim comitabamur  
in ludum beare es dignatus1 non         
immemorem me aliquo saltem officii      
genere declarare volui3 vnum hoc inter  
facultates meas quo id efficere conarer 
literarium perspexi genus4 quod et mihi 
cui pene praeter literas nihil est1 et  
tibi qui in literis es eminentissimus   
maxime visum sit congruens4 ,in quo     
genere ,galeni hic1 se obtulit libellus1
 breuis omnino1 sed non minus           
philosophis quam medicis necessarius4   
,qui breuitate sua simul officium meum  
minus erat moraturus1 simul meae in     
uertendo1 quantulaecunque1 certe tenuis 
facultatis gustum aliquem tibi          
praebiturus4 ,perexigua 7fateor7 res1   
nimisque impar quae pro tante           
benignitatis vel ,mnemosyno ad sacram   
presertim ,celsitudinem tuam mittatur4  
,verum et cuius ipse vicem in terris    
geris pauperculae mulieris duo minuta   

probauit3 et mola salsa litare eos1 qui 
thura non haberent1 proditum non        
ignoras4 ,sunt sane mihi plura maioraque
 in manibus1 quae vt primum per         
valetudinem et ministerii mei officia   
licebit1 si tibi haec non displicere    
intelligam1 sub nomine tuo 7modo id non 
graueris7 aedentur4 ,non quo iis operae 
precium tibi vllum me facturum autumem1 
quod scilicet mihi de meo ingeniolo     
sperare non licet1 sed quo iis ex       
praefatione nominis tui1 quod merito    
literatis omnibus est charissimum1      
gratiam aliquam autoritatemque captem4  
,permultum sane si qui erunt qui ex     
vigiliis meis fructum aliquem           
percipient1 ,sanctitati tuae debituris1 
qui tam insigni beneficentia studiorum  
meorum ocio consulueris4 ,deum opt4     
,max4 precor diu te nobis seruet atque  
incoepta tua omnia secundet4 ,londini4  
,anno ,christianae salutis4 ,m4 ,d4     
,,xxi4 ,nonis ,septembris4              
,,elenchvs ,,seqventis ,,operis4   ,pro 
,elenchi huius intelligentia1 scire     

licet1 quum in singulis huius codicis   
pagellis viginti septem versus          
contineantur3 diuisis iis in tres       
nouenarios3 per ,a significatur eorum   
primus4 per ,b4 secundus4 et per ,c     
tertius4 ,sic intra nouem semper versus 
lector quod ex ,elencho requiret1 non   
difficulter inueniet4 ,modo qui         
breuissimus labor erit1 singulis libri  
chartis numerum adscribere velit4       
,a      ,animans in summo calidum       
humidum frigidum aut siccum nullum      
esse4 folio primo1 pagina4 i4 ,c        
,autumni incommodum4 fo4 vii4 i4 ,b     
,autumni qualitas4 fo4 eodem4 i4 ,c     
,autumni et veris collatio4 fo4 eodem4  
ii4 ,a      ,animalia quomodo veteribus 
calida et humida sint dicta4 fo4 x4     
ii4 ,a      ,atrae bilis temperies4 fo4 
xxxiii4 i4 ,c      ,animal calidum et   
humidum cur dixerint ueteres4 fo4 eodem4
 ii4 ,c      ,adipis et carnis variae   
causae4 fo4 xxxiiii4 ii4 ,b             
,anatomica speculatio4 fo4 xlii4 ii4 ,c 
,aristotelem de substantia formatricis  

virtutis dubitasse4 fo4     xliiii4 ii4 
,a      ,ab exiguo momento magnam fieri 
interdum mutationem1 et eius rei        
exemplum4 fo4 li4 i4 ,c                 
,archimedes4 folio lii4 i4 ,b           
,attendendum in sicco et humi4 quid per 
se tale sit quid per     accidens4 fo4  
lv4 ii4 ,b      ,aliqua pati a nostro   
corpore magis quam agere aliqua magis   
agere quam pati4 omnia vero tum agere   
tum pati4 fo4 lviii4 i4 ,c      4 folio 
lviii4 ii4 ,c      ,aliqua primo statim 
vsu alterationem suam ostendere4 fo4    
lix4 i4 ,a      ,abs quibus externis    
iudicandum4 fo4 lxi4 ii4 ,b      ,ad    
aliquid esse quicquid potestate dicitur4
 fo4 lxiiii4 ii4 ,c      ,arterias et   
venas partes esse compositas4 fo4 lxvi4 
,aliter simplicem carnem aliter         
vniuersum musculum inaequali            
temperie affectum esse4 fo4 lxvi4       
,abscessio que melior sit que deterior4 
fo4 lxvii4      ,alterationis varietates
 in phlegmonis1 ex quinque generibus    
accidere4 fo4 lxviii4      ,animalium   

quaedam conuenientes1 quaedam contrarios
 inter se     succos habere4 fo4 lxx4 i4
 ,b      ,aliquos rigere nec tamen      
febricitare4 ,rarumque id4 fo4 lxxii4   
,b      ,biliosum quod in uentriculo    
gignitur quo sit colore1 et quo     quod
 in iocinore4 fo4 xliii4 ii4 ,a       ,c
      ,calidum1 humidum1 frigidum1      
siccum multifariam dici ,aristotelem    
censuisse4 fo4 ix4 ii4 ,c      ,calidum 
et frigidum1 humidum et siccum dici idem
 corpus multis     modis4 fo4 xiii4 i4  
,b      ,calidum  frigidum non de       
corporibus modo1 sed etiam de           
qualitatibus interdum dici4 eodem4 ii4  
,c      ,calida1 fri4 hu4 sic4 vt       
substantiae1 quae4 fo4 xv4 i4 ,b        
,calida4 frig4 humi4 sic4 absolute quae4
 fo4 xvi4 ii4 ,b      ,cutem in calore  
frigore medium optinere statum4 fo4 xxi4
 i4 ,b4      ,chondrosyndesmos4 fo4     
eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,calidum in aetatibus
 qualiter tactu sit discernendum4 folio 
xxix4 i4 ,a      ,calorem in pueris     
florentibus parem esse4 fo4 xxxi4 i4 ,b 

,carnosi genereris species4 fo4 xxxii4  
i4 ,a      ,caro proprie1 quae4 folio   
eodem4 i4 ,a      ,carnem iocinoris1    
lienis1 pulmonis1  renum4 simplicis     
naturae     esse4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,b     
,cordis carnem non esse simplicem4 fo4  
eodem4 ii4 ,b      ,carnem ventriculi1  
vteri1  vesicarum propriam quandam esse4
     folio eodem4 ii4 ,c      ,carnis   
temperies4 fo4 xxxiii4 i4 ,a            
,cartilaginis temperamentum4 fo4 xxxiii4
 i4 ,b      ,calcarium temperies4 folio 
eodem4 i4 ,b      ,carnosi qui4 folio   
xxxiiii4 ii4 ,b      ,consuetudinem esse
 acquisititiam naturam4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,b  
,calui cur4 folio xxxix4 i4 ,b          
,cani cur4 folio eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,cur
 calui a sincipite cani a temporibus    
magis fiant4 fo4 eodem4     ii4 ,b      
,cui maxime attendendum cum corporis    
temperiem iudicabimus4 fo4     eodem4   
ii4 ,b      ,cur quibus hirtus est      
thorax ob idipsum aliquando reliquis    
partibus dissimili sint temperamento4   
fo4 xl4 ii4 ,c      ,cutis quando sub se

 positarum partium temperiem indicet1   
quarum4 folio xli4 i4 ,c                
,considerandum etiam si quid raro       
accidit4 fo4 xlii4 ii4 ,a      ,cerebri 
ipsius temperamentum ex quibus          
dignoscatur4 fo4 xliiii4     i4 ,a      
,causa quaedam humiditatis in carne4 fo4
 xlvi4 i4 ,a      ,considerandum esse ex
 quibus  in quae mutationes sint factae4
     folio eodem i4 ,b      ,cur aliqua 
protinus1 aliqua interposito tempore    
calefaciant4     folio l4 ii4 ,b        
,calefacere omnis esse alimenti communem
 effectum4 fo4 lii4 ii4 ,a      ,cur    
aliqua eorum quae ut alimenta           
comeduntur1 cuti imposita               
exulcerent4 folio liii4 ii4 ,a          
,corpora calida4 frigida4 hu4  sic4     
quaedam per se talia esse1     quedam ex
 accidenti4 fo4 lv4 i4 ,b               
,cantharidas vesicam exulcerare4 fo4    
eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,commune iudicium in 
omnibus quae potestate sunt ex          
alterationis     celeritate4 folio lvi4 
i4 ,b      ,contrarietas naturae vnde   

iudicanda4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,c            
,cedendum aliquando esse non exactissime
 loquentibus4 folio     lviii4 ii4 ,b   
,cibi pariter  medicamenta1 que4 fo4    
lix4 i4 ,b      ,calidi4 frigidi4       
humidi4 sicci4 respectu nostri iudicium 
a     nobis certum esse posse4 folio    
lxi4 ii4 ,a      ,calor quomodo ex      
accidenti refrigeret4 fo4 lxiii4 ii4 ,b 
,calidum reuma quemadmodum musculi      
partes inuadat4 fo4 lxvi4      ,corporis
 temperies quando extrinsecus1 et quando
 interne     alteretur4 fo4 lxxi4       
,cur aliqui simul rigeant et            
febricitent4 fo4 eodem4                 
,concoctionem phlegmonis duo sequi4 fo4 
lxvii4       ,d      ,demonstrationis   
omnis principia esse quae sensui et quae
     intellectui sint manifesta4 fo4    
xxviii4 ii4 ,b      ,durum et molle cum 
mediocriter calent iudicanda4 fo4 xxxi4 
ii4 ,c      ,dubitatio de nonnullis     
quomodo calida frigida ue appellentur4  
fo4 xlix4 i4 ,a      ,diuersorum ex     
medicamentis effectuum causae4 fo4      

liiii4 i4 ,c      ,diacantharidon4 fo4  
lv4 ii4 ,a      ,deleterion4 folio lvi4 
ii4 ,a      ,deleteria vnde iudicanda4  
fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,c      ,dubitatio de iis
 quae sub calore applicata1 tamen       
refrigerant4     fo4 lvii4 i4 ,c        
,dupliciter fieri aliquid calidius4 fo4 
lix4 ii4 ,a      ,dupliciter fieri      
aliquid frigidius4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,b    
,diuisio partium maiorum in sibi        
proximas4 fo4 lxvi4      ,digestionem in
 phlegmone maxime optandam esse         
curationem4 fo4     lxvii4      ,dolor  
quando desinat4 fo4 eodem4      ,doloris
 in febri spacium et eius terminus4 fo4 
lxix4       ,e      ,eusarcos4 folio    
xii4 i4 ,a      ,eucraton corpus quod   
dicatur4 fo4 xvii4 ii4 ,b      ,ex      
siccitate de solo naso iudicandum4 fo4  
xlv4 i4 ,a      ,error alius in         
iudicandis temperamentis4 fo4 xlvi4 ii4 
,b       ,f      ,frigidam temperiem nec
 humidam necessario esse nec siccam4    
folio xvii4 i4 ,c      ,florescentis    
etatis temperies4 fo4 xxv4 i4 ,a        

,fibrae temperies4 folio eodem4 i4 ,a   
,fibrae variae4 folio xxxii4 ii4 ,c     
,flauae bilis temperies4 folio xxxiii4  
i4 ,c      ,formatricem vim artificem   
facultatem esse4 fo4 xliiii4 ii4 ,a     
,frigida per naturam immodice calefacta 
vim suam amittere4 folio     lviii4 i4  
,a       ,h      ,humidum  calidum      
temperamentum esse pessimum4 fo4 viii4  
i4 ,a      ,hominis cutem medium esse in
 calido fri4 humore  sicc4              
proprieque eam quae in manu est4 fo4    
xix4 ii4 ,b      ,habitus hirsutus      
glaber quam temperiem comitentur4 folio 
xxxvi4 i4 ,b      ,hypophora de pilorum 
generatione4 folio eo4 i4 ,c            
,hippocrates4 folio lxvii4              
,hipophora  ,solutio4 folio lxix4       
,hippocratis dictum1  eiusdem nonnulla  
probabilitas4 folio     eodem4          
,hepialos quae vocetur4 folio lxxi4     
,i      ,iusticia quid4 folio xiiii4 i4 
,b      ,intemperies quae in altera     
tantum oppositione excedunt1 quo loco   
ponendae4 fo4 xvii4 ii4 ,c              

,intemperies duplex4 fo4 xxxv4 i4 ,c    
,intemperamenti quod intra sanitatem    
sit1 nota4 f4 eo4 ii4 ,a                
,internarum particularum temperiem ex   
functionibus dignoscendam1     tum ex   
continentium eas partium affectu4 fo4   
xli4 i4 ,c      ,inaequales esse        
temperies in regionibus intemperatis4   
fo4 eo4     ii4 ,a      ,inaequalem esse
 temperiem partium quae phlegmone       
laborant4 fo4     xlvii4 i4 ,c      ,in 
iis quae potestate calida1 frigidave    
sunt1 tria genera     spectanda4 fo4 lv4
 ii4 ,a      ,iuniores medici in quo    
fuerint falsi4 fo4 lix4 ii4 ,a      ,in 
explorando medicamento aliud quiddam    
obseruandum4 fo4 lxii4     i4 ,c        
,in phlegmone duplicem esse affectum4   
fo4 lxiii4 ii4 ,b      ,in explorando   
medicamento aliud obseruandum folio     
eodem4 fo4     ii4 ,c      ,in phlegmone
 quis sanguis primum calefiat quis      
deinceps4 fo4     lxviii      ,in       
corpore quod phlegmone laboret quid     
maxime inflammetur quid     deinde4 fo4 

eodem      ,indolescentiae in hecticis  
causa4 fo4 lxix4      ,inaequalitas     
temperamenti in sanis indolens est4 fo4 
eo4      ,inaequalis intemperamenti     
generandi varie rationes4 f4 lxx        
,in hepialis cur frigus et calor simul  
sentiantur4 fo4 lxxi      ,in           
accessionum inuasione febricitantes     
aliquos frigus et     calorem simul     
sentire4 fo4 eodem4      ,in lipyriis   
vtrunque perpetuo ita vt in             
accessionibus sentiri4     fo4 eodem4   
,l      ,lactuca cur somno conducat4 fo4
 lix4 i4 ,a      ,lactucae succum       
liberalius sumptum1 similem vim habere  
cum     papaueris succo4 fo4 lx4 i4 ,a  
,m      ,molles et durae manus ad quid  
aptae4 fo4 xxi4 i4 ,a      ,membranae   
temperies4 fo4 xxxiii4 i4 ,a            
,medius siue eusarcos1 quis4 fo4 xii4 i4
 ,a      ,medium in toto animalium      
genere4 fo4 xi4 ii4 ,c      ,medium in  
hominum specie4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,c       
,mediocriter calens sit oportet1 quod   
siccum humidumve     iudicabis4 fo4 xix4

 i4 ,b      ,miningon siue membranarum  
cerebri temperies4 folio xxxiii4 i4 ,a  
,medii cartilaginis et ligamenti        
corporis1 temperies4 fo4 eodem4     i4  
,b      ,melancholica temperamenta vnde4
 fo4 xlvi4 i4 ,c      ,melancholicus1   
quis4 fo4 xlvii4 i4 ,a                  
,melancholici futuri1 qui4 fo4 xlvi4 ii4
 ,a      ,medicamentorum natura duplex4 
fo4 li4 ii4 ,b      ,medicamentorum     
tertia quedam species4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,b   
,medicamentorum quarta species4 fo4 eo4 
ii4 ,c      ,medicamentum ,medeae4 fo4  
lii4 i4 ,b      ,medicamenta tantum1    
quae sint4 fo4 lvi4 ii4 ,a              
,medicamentum quando tepidum applicandum
 sit1 quando frigidum4     fo4 lxiiii4  
i4 ,b      ,miscere simplicia corpora   
humani facultatis non esse1 sed dei     
uel naturae4 fo4 xix4 i4 ,c       ,n    
,neruorum temperies4 folio xxxii4 ii4 ,a
      ,notae discernendi a ventriculo   
ne1 an aliunde4 f4 xliii4 i4 ,b         
,nihil nutrire nisi quod tota substantia
 rei alendae mutauit4     folio li4 i4  

,a      ,nutritionem esse assimilationem
 perfectam4 fo4 li4 i4 ,b               
,nutrimentum triplex4 folio liii4 i4 ,a 
,nutrimentum corpus calefacit4 fo4      
eodem4 i4 ,a      ,nomine naturae quid  
intelligat ,galenus4 fo4 lviii4 i4 ,b   
,o      ,opiniones de temperamentis4    
folio i4 ii4 ,a      ,opinio quaedam4   
fo4 eo4 ii4 ,a4      ,opinio alia4 fo4  
eo4 ii4 ,c      ,opinionis rationes4    
folio ii4 i4 ,a      ,opinionis alterius
 rationes4 folio iii4 ii4 ,a            
,opiniones quo peccent4 folio iiii4 i4  
,b      ,opinio sectatorum ,athenei4    
folio v4 i4 ,c      ,opinionis ,athenei 
sectatorum error4 fo4 vi4 i4 ,a      ,os
 siccum quemadmodum absoluto sermone    
dicatur4 f4 xii4 ii4 ,a      ,occasio   
erroris circa senum temperiem4 fo4 xxv4 
i4 ,b      ,ossis temperies4 folio      
xxxiii4 i4 ,b      ,opiniones de notis  
ab oculis4 fo4 xliiii4 i4 ,c      ,omnem
 cibum tam agere in nostrum corpus quam 
pati4 f4 lx4 i4 ,c      ,obseruandum in 
explorando medicamento4 fo4 lxii4 i4 ,c 

,omnem immodicum excessum ad aliquid    
esse4 fo4 lxx4      ,omnem febrem preter
 hecticem a laborante sentiri4 fo4 eo4  
,p      ,planta vel animal quando optime
 se habere dicatur4 fo4 xiiii4     i4 ,a
      ,polycleti statua4 folio xx4 ii4  
,b      ,particularum omnium            
temperamenta4 fo4 xxxiii4 i4 ,a         
,parenchyma4 f4 xxxii4 i4 ,b4      ,pili
 temperies4 f4 xxxiii4 i4 ,b            
,pituitae temperies4 folio eodem4 i4 ,c 
,pinguis macerue1 consuetudinis alicuius
 ratione quis4 fo4     xxxiiii4 i4 ,a   
,pilorum generandorum ratio4 fo4 xxxvii4
 i4 ,b      ,pili nigri vnde4 fo4 eo4   
ii4 ,b      ,pili flaui vnde4 fo4 eo4   
ii4 ,c      ,pili albi vnde4 fo4 eo4 ii4
 ,c      ,pili rufi vnde4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,c
      ,pili crispi vnde4 folio eodem4   
ii4 ,c      ,pili in capite superciliis 
ciliisque cur nobiscum congeniti4 fo4   
xxxviii4 ii4 ,c      ,pili capitis et   
superciliorum cur subrufi4 f4 xxxix4 i4 
,a      ,pili cur boni sint incrementi  
crassi4 fo4 eo4 i4 ,a      ,pituitam ex 

cibis esse non ex corpore4 fo4 xlvi4 ii4
 ,c      ,pituitosus ab excrementis     
quis4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,c      ,potestate    
esse quid sit4 folio xlviii4 i4 ,b      
,potestatis aliud genus4 folio xlix4 i4 
,a      ,pituitam etiam cum a uenis     
detrahitur frigidam sentiri4 folio      
lvii4 ii4 ,b      ,potestate calida1 in 
duplici statu ventris examinata4 folio  
lx4     ii4 ,c      ,proprietatem       
quandam temperamenti cuique naturae     
esse1 quae cum     aliis naturis        
consentiat1 ab aliis dissentiat4 folio  
lxi4 i4 ,a      ,per se1  primum1  nullo
 intercedente idem significare4 folio   
lxiiii4 i4 ,c      ,propriam probationem
 vnam esse in singulis4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,c  
,q      ,quomodo respondendum ad        
interrogationem cuius temperamenti sit  
homo vel bos4 fo4 xiiii4 ii4 ,a         
,quae temperamenta comitentur ut        
duricies1 mollicies1     crassitudo1    
gracilitas4 fo4 xxxiii4 ii4 ,a      ,qui
 famem melius ferant et qui difficilius4
 fo4 xxxiiii4 i4 ,b      ,quae hieme    

delitescunt1 cur pinguia4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,a
      ,quibus adeps caroque pari modo   
aucti1 qua sint temperie4 fo4     xxxv4 
i4 ,a      ,quibus adipis plus1 qua sint
 temperie4 fo4 eo4 i4 ,a      ,quibus   
carnis plus1 qua sint temperie4 fo4 eo4 
i4 ,b      ,quae temperamentis in       
pilorum differentia pro etate1 regione1 
et corporis natura contingant4 fo4      
xxxviii4 i4 ,c      ,quales sint calidum
 tractum habitantium pili4 fo4 eo4 i4 ,c
      ,quales humidum incolentium pili4 
fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,quales          
temperatam plagam incolentium pili4 fo4 
eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,quales infantium    
pili4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,quales    
epheborum et puerorum pili4 fo4 eo4 ii4 
,b      ,quales pro corporum naturis    
pili4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,b      ,quales in    
frigida regione homines4 fo4 xli4 ii4 ,b
      ,quae putrescunt1 quo calore      
caleant4 fo4 xlii4 i4 ,a      ,qui      
meridianam plagam incolunt adsciticio   
calore1 calere1     proprio frigere4 fo4
 eodem4 i4 ,a      ,quid in uentriculi  

temperamento noscendo aduertendum4 fo4  
eodem4 ii4 ,a      ,quod calefacit non  
omnino siccare4 fo4 xlvii4 i4 ,b        
,quod actu est1 perfectum esse1 quod    
potestate imperfectum4 fo4     xlviii4  
i4 ,c      ,quae maxime proprie         
potestate esse dicantur4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,a 
,quae secunda ratione potestate esse    
dicantur4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,b      ,quatuor  
esse totius corporis facultates4 fo4 l4 
ii4 ,c      ,quatuor corporis facultates
 a tota substantia manare4 fo4 eo4      
ii4 ,c      ,quod nutriet necesse est in
 concoquendi instrumentis aliquandiu    
sit moratum4 f4 li4 i4 ,c      ,quae    
assimilentur nutrimenta1 reliqua        
medicamenta vocari4 fo4     eodem4 ii4  
,a      ,qui morbi immodicum vini potum 
comitentur4 fo4 liii4 i4 ,b      ,quae  
corpus nostrum non calefaciunt sed      
refrigerant1 haec e     corpore non     
vinci4 fo4 lv4 i4 ,b      ,quaedam dum  
concoquuntur refrigerare1 postquam sunt 
percocta     calfacere4 fo4 lix4 i4 ,c  
,quando nutrimentum aliquid sit1 et     

quando medicamentum1 et quo     genere  
nutrimentum4 fo4 lx4 ii4 ,b      ,quando
 a nobis et quando ab externis faciendum
 sit iudicium4     fo4 lxi4 ii4 ,a      
,qua ratione frigidum calefaciat4 fo4   
xliii4 i4 ,b      ,quemadmodum  4i4     
nunquam deficientis affectionis dogma   
uideri verum possit4 fo4 lviii4 ii4 ,b  
,quorum interposita spacia non          
cernantur4 fo4 lxvi4      ,quando       
doleant corpora quid citius1 et quid    
tardius alteretur     tum generatim tum 
membratim4 fo4 lxviii4       ,s         
,sustantia simpliciter quomodo eucratos 
dicatur4 fo4 xiii4 ii4 ,b      ,stirps  
vel animal quomodo dicatur eucraton4 fo4
 eodem4 ii4 ,c      ,senium             
frigidissimum esse4 fo4 xxv4 ii4 ,c     
,siccum esse senium4 fo4 eodem4 ii4 ,c  
,t      ,temperaturae aequalitas in     
animalibus  plantis quae sit4 folio     
xiiii4 i4 ,c      ,temperatissimi       
hominis notae4 fo4 xx4 i4 ,b            
,temperatissimum hominem eusarcon omnino
 esse4 fo4 eo4 ii4 ,c      ,tactus      

exercitandi ad calorem in varia materia 
discernendum1     ratio4 folio xxx4 i4  
,c      ,temperamentum cerebri          
pulmonis4 fo4 xxxii4 i4 ,b              
,temperamentum ossis  medullae4 fo4 eo4 
i4 ,c      ,temperamentum partium       
cerebri4 fo4 eo4 i4 ,c      ,temperatos 
habitus si modice exercitentur eusarcos 
esse4 fo4     xxxiiii4 ii4 ,a      ,tota
 substantia quae sit4 f4 li4 i4 ,a      
,tactum eum qui iudicaturus sit1 omnis  
acquisititii caloris vel     frigoris   
expertem esse debere4 fo4 lxv4          
,terminus alterationis quis statuendus4 
fo4 lxix4       ,v      ,ver calidum et 
humidum vnde putatum4 fo4 ix4 ii4 ,a    
,vt vermis siccus1 cum similibus        
loquelis1 quomodo accipiendum4     folio
 xi4 ii4 ,b      ,venae latae1 caloris  
signum1 angustae contra4 fo4 xxxiii4 ii4
 ,c      ,ventriculi temperamenti notae4
 fo4 xlii4 i4 ,c      ,vinum celerrime  
nutrire ac roborare4 fo4 li4 i4 ,c      
,vinum cur valenter corpus calefaciat4  
fo4 lii4 i4 ,c      ,vlcerum sponte     

nascentium causae4 fo4 liiii4 i4 ,b     
,venas et arterias in phlegmone preter  
caetera varie dolere4     folio lxvi4   
,victa fluxione quae deinde curatio4    
folio lxvii4  ,,finis4     ,,galeni     
,,pergamensis ,de temperamentis1 ,liber 
primus4 ,thoma ,linacro ,anglo          
interprete4   ,constare animalium       
corpora ex calidi1 frigidi1 sicci1      
humidique mixtura1 nec esse horum omnium
 parem in temperatura portionem1        
demonstratum antiquis abunde est1 tum   
philosophorum1 tum medicorum praecipuis4
 ,diximus autem  nos de iis1 ea quae    
probabilia sunt uisa alio opere4 ,in quo
 de iis1 quae ,hyppocrates constituit   
elementis1 egimus4 ,hoc opere1 quod illi
 proxime succedit1 omnium               
temperamentorum differentias1 quot hae1 
qualesque sint1 siue generatim quis1    
siue membratim diuidat1 inuenire docebo4
 ,sumamque ab ipsa nominum              
interpretatione principium4 ,cum nanque 
ex calidi1 frigidi1 sicci1  humidi1     
temperatura conflari corpora dicunt1 de 

iis1 quae summo gradu sic se habent1    
ipsis scilicet elementis1 are1 igni1    
aqua1 terra1 intelligendum aiunt4 ,cum  
uero animal1 stirpemue calidam1 humidam1
 frigidam1 uel siccam esse1 non item4   
,neque enim ullum animal1 aut calidum in
 summo esse posse1 ut est ignis1 aut in 
summo humidum1 sicut est aqua3 pari modo
 nec frigidum1 siccumue in summo4 ,sed  
ab eo quod in mixtura pollet1           
appellationem sortiri1 uocantibus nobis 
id humidum1 in quo maior est humiditatis
 portio1 siccum1 in quo siccitatis4 ,ita
 uero  calidum1 in quo calidum frigido  
plus ualet1 frigidum uero in quo        
frigidum calido praestat4 ,atque hic    
quidem nominum usus est4 ,nunc de       
temperamentis ipsis agendum4 ,eorum     
igitur1 qui tum medicorum1 tum          
philosophorum maxime illustres fuere1   
plurimi sane opinati sunt humidum       
aliquod calidumque temperamentum ab     
humido  frigido diuersum esse4 ,ac      
tertium ab hiis siccum  frigidum1       
diuersum a sicco  calido4 ,nonnulli     

tamen eorum humidum simul ac frigidum   
temperamentum quoddam esse concedunt1   
atque etiam ab hoc alterum calidum      
siccumque4 ,non tamen aut humidum simul 
calidum1 aut frigidum pariter  siccum   
temperamentum esse4 ,neque enim posse   
aut humiditatem cum abundante calore1   
consistere1 aut cum frigiditate         
siccitatem3 quippe absumi a calido1 cum 
superat1 humiditatem4 ,itaque fieri1 ut 
calidum simul  siccum corpus euadat1    
,eandem ubi imbecillus in corpore calor 
est1 incoctam1 imperfectamque manere1   
quo fieri1 ut calido uincente1 sequatur 
siccitas1 frigido superante1 humiditas4 
,atque hii quidem his rationibus nixi1  
duas tantum esse temperamentorum        
differentias opinantur4 ,qui uero ea    
quatuor autumant1 bifariam his          
contradicunt4 ,alii statim id quod      
primum petunt negantes1 nempe quod      
necesse sit humorem a calido superante  
digeri4 ,alii contra id quidem          
assentiuntur1 sed alia ratione          
dissentiunt4 ,ac priores quidem calidi  

munus esse1 ut calefaciat1 asseuerant1  
frigidi ut refrigeret1 sicuti rursus    
sicci1 ut siccet1  humidi1 ut humectet4 
,proinde corpora1 quae calida siccaque  
natura sint1 quemadmodum ignis1 ea      
quatenus calida sunt1 excalfacere1      
quatenus sicca siccare4 ,quae humida    
calidaque sunt1 uelut calens aqua1 haec 
non humectare modo1 sed etiam calefacere
 posse1 utraque qualitate hic quoque    
unum opus1 idque proprium obtinente4    
,haudquaquam igitur concedere se1 si    
quid calefaciat1 idem protinus  siccare1
 immo si calori humiditas sit adiuncta1 
non calfacere modo1 sed etiam humectare4
 ,quemadmodum balneum dulcis aquae4 ,sin
 sicuti calidum1 ita etiam siccum corpus
 sit1 ueluti ignis1 statim id tum       
calfacere1 tum uero siccare4 ,non tamen 
id calori referendum acceptum1 sed      
siccitati1 quae simul est coniuncta4    
,admonent autem hoc loco nos de his1 qui
 sub estiuo sole diutius sunt uersati1  
atque ita1 ut credibile est arefacti1 ac
 totum corpus siccum1 squallidumque     

habent1 intolerabiliterque sitiunt4     
,quippe remedium his expeditum1  facile 
dicunt1 non utique si biberint1 sed si  
calidae1  dulcis aquae balneo utantur1  
tanquam humiditate1 siue ea cum frigore 
sit1 siue cum calore1 suum munus obire  
ualente4 ,quippe humectare ea quae      
contingat4 ,ad eundem modum  siccitatem 
semper aiunt siccare1 boream enim qui   
siccus  frigidus sit uentus1 omnia      
siccare ac refrigerare1 idque esse      
dictum ab ,homero1 ut uero humentem     
desiccat protinus agrum autumni boreas4 
,pari modo  papaueris lachrymam1  alia  
sexcenta pharmaca siccare pariter       
refrigerare4 ,itaque non esse           
necessarium1 siquid frigidum est1 idem  
protinus  humidum esse4 ,nec siquid     
calidum1 idem statim  siccum4 ,neque    
igitur calidum temperamentum necessario 
esse siccum1 immo posse aliquando in    
animalis temperamento calidum quidem    
plus ualere1 quam frigidum1  humidum1   
quam siccum4 ,quin etiam tum            
generationem1 tum alterationem1 tum     

mutationem1 ex contrariis in contraria  
fieri4 ,quis enim est1 qui si dixerit   
album alteratum1 demutatumque esse1     
propterea quod factum sit calidum1 non  
sit ridiculus8 ,cum postulet ea oratio1 
non eam1 quae est in calido  frigido1   
sed quae est in colore1 oppositionem4   
,mutatur enim quod album est1 in nigrum1
  quod nigrum est1 in album4 ,rursus    
quod calidum est1 in frigidum1  quod    
frigidum est1 in calidum4 ,ad eundem    
modum1  quod humidum est1 in siccum1    
quod siccum est1 in humidum4 ,quippe si 
dicas alteratum corpus esse1 propterea  
quod cum prius esset humidum1 nunc sit  
album1 uel cum prius esset siccum1 nunc 
sit nigrum1 parum compos mentis         
uidearis4 ,sin quod prius erat humidum1 
nunc factum esse siccum1 aut quod prius 
erat nigrum1 nunc effectum album1 aut   
etiam ex calido frigidum1 aut ex frigido
 calidum1 utique sapere  conuenientia   
dicere censearis4 ,quod enim mutatur1   
quatenus mutatur1 eatenus cedere in     
contrarium debet4 ,siquidem fiebat hic1 

aut fit musicus1 ex non musico dicimus3 
grammaticus1 ex non grammatico3  rhetor1
 ex non rhetore4 ,ex musico uero        
grammaticum1 aut ex grammatico musicum1 
aut ex alio quod diuersi sit generis1   
fieri aliquid dicere1 sane est absurdum4
 ,potest enim qui prius erat            
grammaticus1 nunc musicus esse1 utique  
si musicen grammaticae adiecit1 nec     
grammaticam abiecit4 ,at qui siquid     
acquisiuit1 priore etiam manente1 cui   
non patet1 non esse alteratum in eo quod
 manet8 ,ita non ex grammatico factus   
est musicus4 ,quippe nunc etiam         
grammaticus est1 sed ex non musico1     
musicus4 ,non enim potest postquam      
musicus est factus1 etiam non musicus   
manere4 ,cum igitur omnis mutatio1  ab  
contrariis1  ex contrariis fiat in      
contraria1 manifestum est etiam humidum 
si quatenus humidum est1 mutetur1 tum   
ipsum siccatum iri1 tum quod id siccet1 
siccum dicendum esse4 ,desinant igitur  
inquiunt dicere1 non posse calidum1     
humidum temperamentum esse4 ,quippe     

calidum simul  frigidum esse idem       
temperamentum1 aut humidum1  siccum non 
potest4 ,cum fieri nequeat1 ut in eodem 
corpore contrariae qualitates una       
consistant3 humidum uero simul  calidum1
 praeterea frigidum simul ac siccum1    
profecto in eodem consistere possunt3   
sicuti tum ratio ipsa monstrauit1 tum   
quae paulo supra proposita sunt exempla4
 ,ac talis quidem est prioris           
propositarum partium oratio4 ,altera    
pars negat alienum a ratione esse1 etiam
 si calidum efficacissimum e quatuor    
sit1 ita ut non in frigidum modo1 sed   
etiam in humidum agere possit3 esse     
tamen temperamentum1 quod calidum sit1  
humidum1 utique cum in primo statim     
animantis ortu humoris simul1 calorisque
 copia in idem coeant4 ,ratio uero horum
 non illud efficit1 quod nequeat        
aliquando in eodem corpore humidi plus  
esse1 quam sicci1  calidi1 quam frigidi4
 ,sed quod sub eiusmodi statu durare    
perpetuo non possit4 ,quippe digesto    
semper per calidum humore1 spatio etiam 

siccum corpus effici4 ,atque pro calido 
humido1 calidum siccumque reddi4 ,iam   
hoc ipsum quod calidum  siccum est      
redditum1 procedente tempore frigidum   
siccumque fore3 ubi enim omnem eiusmodi 
corporis humorem calor absumpsit1 ipse  
quoque 7inquiunt7 marcescere incipit1   
destitutus scilicet alimento1 quod ipsum
 accenderat4 ,neque igitur mirum putant 
tum inter initia1 statim ut gignitur    
animal conuenire in idem1 aut humidum   
plus sicco1 aut calidum plus frigido1   
tum temporis processu1 quod prius erat  
calidum  humidum1 postea posse calidum  
esse  siccum1 aeque ut postea quae sicca
 erat1 calidaque temperies1 ubi calor   
ipse extinctus est1 frigidam siccamque  
euadere4 ,ergo esse quidem aliquod      
temperamentum1 quod calidum sit         
humidum1 ac rursus aliud quod frigidum  
sit  siccum1 ex istis confirmant3 ,non  
posse autem temperamentorum differentias
 plures esse1 quam quatuor1 ex his      
docere conantur4 ,cum enim quatuor      
statuuntur qualitates1 quae in se agere 

inuicem patique possint4 ,nempe calor1  
frigus1 siccitas1 humiditas1            
oppositiones existere duas1 alteram in  
qua calidum aduersatur frigido1 alteram 
in qua humidum pugnat cum sicco4 ,eoque 
quatuor non amplius effici              
coniugationes4 ,quippe sex fieri1 ex    
quatuor inter se copulatis1 coniugia4   
,quorum duo subsistere non posse4 ,cum  
neque humidum pariter  siccum1 nec      
calidum simul  frigidum dari corpus     
possit4 ,reliquas igitur esse quatuor   
temperamentorum coniugationes1 duas     
humidas1  duas siccas4 ,atque has       
calore1 frigoreque diuisas1 haec sunt   
quae elegantissimi eorum1 qui ante nos  
fuere1 tum medicorum1 tum philosophorum 
de his dixere4 ,quae uero mihi          
praetermisisse uidentur1 nunc           
adiiciendum reor1 unum igitur  primum id
 est1 quod temperatam naturam1 quae     
tamen non uirtute modo1 sed etiam       
uiribus reliquis praestat1 non          
aduerterunt4 ,immo tanquam nulla sit1   
prorsus omiserunt4 ,quanquam ne loqui   

quidem de reliquis aliquid sine hac     
potuerunt4 ,quippe quod uel in calida   
temperie calidum praeualeat frigido1 uel
 in frigida temperie1 frigidum praestet 
calido1 id ne intellexisse quidem est1  
nisi prius ponatur eucratos siue        
temperata1 neque enim alio quam ad hanc 
temperatam naturam sunt intenti cum     
sanitatis tuendae uictum inuestigant1   
calidius iusto corpus iubentes          
refrigerare1 uel frigidius excalfacere1 
uel rursus humidius siccare1 uel siccius
 humectare4 ,scilicet quo temperatum    
quendam mediocremque statum efficiant1  
id quod minus est ei1 quod exuperat     
semper aequantes4 ,ergo quem assidue    
sectantur1  quo semper respicientes     
intemperatos status corrigunt1 hunc ego 
quidem primum omnium statui censuerim4  
,hi uero tantum abest1 ut eius uel      
meminerint1 ut etiam totum praetereant4 
,at non praeterimus inquiunt ex his     
aliqui4 ,in calido enim  humido         
comprehenditur4 ,et quomodo non quinque 
esse in totum temperamenta dixistis3 sed

 quatuor1 si modo optimum non omisistis8
 ,quippe duorum alterum1 aut ex         
intemperatis statibus necesse est unum  
esse omissum1 aut ipsum temperatum4     
,atque ego quidem ex his1 quae statuunt1
 temperatum ipsis praetermissum certo   
scio3 ubi enim calidum  siccum1 uel     
frigidum  humidum1 uel aliud quoduis    
temperamentum nominant1 non utique      
summas a nobis intelligi qualitates     
postulant4 ,immo ex iis1 quae superant  
fieri appellationes uolunt4 ,quod si    
temperatum statum omitti nolunt1 certe  
reliquorum aliquem omisisse             
conuincentur4 ,sit enim sicut ipsi      
uolunt1 temperatus status1 is qui       
calidus est1  humidus4 ,omissus igitur  
illis plane est1 is qui frigido         
intemperamento aduersetur1  sicco4      
,nempe in quo humidum pollet  calidum4  
,at idem inquiunt is est4 ,at qui fieri 
potest1 ut simul exuperet calidum1  non 
exuperet8  superetur frigidum1  non     
superetur8 ,si enim temperatus status   
est1 neutrum alterum immodice exuperat4 

,sin intemperatus1 necesse est exuperet 
altera oppositionum pars4 ,at hoc ipsum 
inquiunt temperati status proprium est1 
ut in eo calidum praestet frigido1      
humidum sicco4 ,quippe si frigidum      
modice quidem uincat1 non esse commodum 
temperamentum4 ,sin amplius exuperet1   
iam utique morbum existere3 aeque ut si 
uehementer exuperet1 mortem4 ,ad eundem 
modum de sicco iudicandum4 ,in principio
 quidem existere intemperiem4 ,si       
amplius augeatur1 aegritudinem1 si      
plurimum exuperet1 mortem4 ,ceu uero de 
calido  humido non idem sit iudicium4   
,quis enim non dicat1 ubi uel calidum   
frigido1 uel humidum sicco paulo quidem 
plus ualet1 intemperiem ita fieri1 ubi  
ampliter exuperat1 morbum1 ubi plurimum1
 mortem8 ,si quidem eadem est utrobique 
ratio4 ,alioqui nec qui calidi humidique
 immodice status sunt1 eos uitio demus3 
nec qui calidi morbi cum humore immodico
 consistunt1 eos esse morbos fateamur4  
,huic sententiae aduersantes quidam     
,attalensis ,athenei sectatores1 negant 

aut calidum humidumque statum uitio     
dandum1 aut morbum ullum inueniri1 qui  
calidus sit  humidus4 ,sed omnino qui   
uel calidus sit  siccus1 ut febris1 uel 
frigidus  humidus1 ut aqua intercus1 uel
 frigidus  siccus1 ut melancolia4       
,faciunt hic  de anni temporibus        
mentionem4 ,quorum hiemem frigidam esse 
atque humidam dicunt4 ,estatem calidam  
siccam4 ,autumnum frigidum  siccum4 ,ver
 autem tum temperatum1 tum uero calidum 
humidumque appellant4 ,ad eundem modum1 
ex aetatibus puerilem quidem temperatam 
esse1 tum uero calidam humidamque3 porro
 indicare autumant eorum temperiem ex   
naturalibus actionibus1 quae illa aetate
 maxime sint firmae4 ,sed  mortem aiunt 
animantium corpora ad frigidum siccumque
 perducere1 ,quippe mortuos ,graece 1   
uocari1 quasi nihil humecti in se       
habentes4 ,vtpote tum caloris abitione  
eo exhaustos tum frigore rigentes4 ,quod
 si1 inquiunt1 mors talis est naturae1  
certe uita1 cum sit illi contraria1     
calida est  humida4 ,at uero si uita    

calidum quiddam atque humidum est1      
omnino quod illi simillimum             
temperamentum est1 id optimum necessario
 est4 ,quod si est1 neminem latere1 idem
 quoque temperatissimum esse4 ,sic in   
idem recidere calidum humidumque statum1
 cum temperato1 nec aliud esse          
temperatum1 siue eucraton statum1 quam  
caliditatem simul  humiditatem          
pollentes4 ,atque ,athenei quidem       
sequatium hae sunt rationes1 uideturque 
,aristotelis philosophi1  post eum      
,theophrasti1  ,stoicorum eadem esse    
quodamodo sententia4 ,ita testium quoque
 numero nos territant4 ,ego uero        
quemadmodum ,aristoteles de calida      
humidaque temperie senserit1 in         
progressu si res postulet1 fortasse     
explicabo1 uidentur enim eum non recte  
accipere4 ,nunc id agam1 ut eos qui sic 
sentiunt1 in quo seipsos fallant1       
doceam4 ,mox rem totam in unum coactam  
caput demonstrem4 ,cum enim calidum1    
humidum1 atque etiam eucraton existimant
 uer esse1 hic se manifeste decipiunt4  

,nam neque humidum est sicut hiems1     
neque calidum sicut aestas1 quare       
neutrum immodice4 ,cum tamen ipsis      
autoribus excessum quendam indicet      
quoduis talium nominum4 ,bifariam autem 
sunt decepti1 primum quidem quod in     
quatuor anni temporibus1 quartam        
temperamentorum coniugationem inuentam  
omnino uolunt4 ,deinde quod id ea       
ratione concludunt1 quod sit hieme      
quidem calidius1 aestate uero humidius1 
uerum nec quartam in temporibus anni    
statuere temperamenti coniugationem est 
necesse1 nisi etiam talis appareret1    
contulisse id cum temporibus vtrinque   
positis1 non magis id humidum  calidum1 
quam frigidum probat  siccum4 ,si enim  
calidum humidumque excessus cuiusdam    
nomina sunt1 non potest1 nec ipsis      
quidem autoribus1 uerum esse quod uer in
 omnibus mediocre sit4 ,si autem eo quod
 aestate humidius est1 hieme uero       
calidius1 idcirco humidum est  calidum4 
,quid causae est1 quo minus frigidum id 
siccumque putes1 propterea quod aestate 

est frigidius1  hieme siccius8 uel quam 
sibi facit sortitionem1 ut unam parte   
oppositionis ab hieme1 alteram ab       
aestate accipiat4 ,quippe cum ab utroque
 in utraque oppositionum parte          
dissideat1 non ex dimidio collationem1  
sed ex toto habere debebat4 ,atqui si   
ita fiat contraria illi inesse dicemus4 
,nam calidum erit  siccum1 si conferatur
 cum hieme1 frigidum  humidum1 si cum   
aestate4 ,ex neutra igitur collatione1  
si modo integra est1 calidum  humidum   
erit4 ,sed si illis licet ex utraque    
oppositione sumpto dimidio1 calidum id  
humidumque asserere1 nobis quoque ad    
alterum dimidium transire1 atque id     
frigidum  siccum dicere1 quidni licebit4
 ,scilicet siccum1 ut ad hiemem1        
frigidum1 ut ad aestatem4 ,omnia igitur 
hac ratione uer erit1 humidum1 siccum1  
calidum frigidum4 ,atqui illorum ipsorum
 sententia1 non possunt quatuor         
qualitates in vna eademque re pollere4  
,ergo neque aestati1 neque hiemi uer    
comparare est aequum4 ,sed potius ipsum 

per se estimare4 ,neque enim hiemem     
ipsam ea de causa humidam esse1         
frigidam dicimus1 quod reliquis         
temporibus humidior frigidiorque sit4   
,immo id illi alia quoque ratione       
accidit4 ,sed quod humiditas in ea      
superet siccitatem1  frigiditas calorem1
 propterea frigida dicitur1 atque       
humida4 ,ad eundem modum  aestas1 quum  
in ea humor uincitur a sicco1  frigidum 
a calido1 ipsa quoque calida dicitur    
sicca4 ,siquidem aequum censeo quatuor  
anni temporum quodlibet ex suapte       
estimatum natura1 non ex alterius       
comparatione calidum1 frigidum1 humidum1
 siccum ue nominari debere4 ,quin etiam 
si ad hanc formulam estimes1 apparebit  
tibi uer esse omnis excessus plane in   
medio4 ,cum neque sicut in hieme plus   
ualeat in eo frigidum quam calidum4     
neque sicut in aestate1 minus4 ,ad      
eundem modum siccitatis humiditatisque  
aequabilitatem in eo spectes4 ,neque    
scilicet in eo sicut in aestate         
praeualente sicco1 neque sicut in hieme1

 exuperante humido4 ,proinde recte ab   
,hyppocrate est dictum3 uer esse        
saluberrimum1 ac minime morbis1 qui     
mortem afferant1 obnoxium4 ,est         
autumnus ut quam aestas minus calidus1  
sic utique quam hiems minus frigidus4   
,quare hac ratione nec calidus absoluto 
sermone est1 nec frigidus4 ,quippe cum  
ambo sit1 ac neutrum ad summum4         
,caeterum alterum in eo est incommodum4 
,quod etiam ,hyppocratis illa sententia 
significauit3 ,cum eodem die modo frigus
 nos afficit1 modo calor urget1         
autumnales expectandi morbi sunt4 ,atque
 ea res est1 quae maxime autumnum       
morbiferum facit1 inequalis ipsa        
temperies4 ,itaque non recte frigidus1  
siccusque dicitur4 ,non enim frigidus   
est1 si ipse per se spectetur1 quod     
tamen hiems est4 ,sed ubi cum aestate   
confertur1 utique illa frigidior3 sed   
nec aequabiliter temperatus1 sicut uer4 
,immo in hoc maxime ab illo tempore     
dissidet1 quod mediam temperiem         
equalitatem perpetuo parem non seruat4  

,quippe meridie multo est calidior1 quam
 mane aut uesperi4 ,nec in humido  sicco
 medium omnino statum optinet1          
quemadmodum  uer4 ,sed ad siccius       
deuergit4 ,ab aestate uero etiam in hoc 
uincitur4 ,non tamen tanto interuallo1  
quanto in calore4 ,ergo patere arbitror1
 nec autumnum absoluto sermone1  citra  
exceptionem frigidum  siccum1 sicut     
illis placet1 dicendum esse4 ,cum       
neutrum ad summum sit1 sed uincat in eo 
siccitas humiditatem4 ,quare ratione    
merito siccus appelletur4 ,in calore    
uero  frigore1 mixtum quiddam ex        
ambobus1  inequale statuatur4 ,proinde  
si quatuor temperamentorum coniugationes
 in quatuor anni tempora distribui      
uolunt1 sciant se non solum ueri1       
calidum1 humidumque statum male         
assignasse1 sed etiam autumno frigidum  
siccum4 ,quanquam si hunc quoque        
concedamus frigidum  siccum esse1 non   
erit statim necesse uer humidum         
calidumque esse4 ,non enim si quatuor   
intemperature coniugationes in totum    

sunt1 iam omnes eas in quatuor anni     
tempora dispensari necessum est4 ,sed si
 quis hoc in mundo est ordo1 ac prout   
melius est1 non prout peius omnia sunt  
disposita1 probabilius sit plura quidem 
ex anni temporibus temperata esse facta1
 unum uero1 si modo aliquod1            
intemperatum1 hi uero contra ostendere  
conantur1 nullum eorum esse temperatum4 
,sed necessario in ipsis exuperare alias
 calidum1 alias frigidum4 ,et nunc si   
ita fors tulit1 siccum1 nunc humidum4   
,ego uero tantum abest1 ut aut uer1 aut 
si quid temperatum est calidum atque    
humidum dicam1 ut quod plane contrarium 
est1 id affirmem1 omnium aeris          
temperamentorum pessimum id esse1 quod  
humidum est  calidum4 ,quod sane        
temperamentum1 in quatuor anni          
temporibus inuenire nequeas4 ,in graui  
pestilenti aeris statu1 interdum        
incidit1 ueluti quodam loco ,hyppocrates
 commemorat his uerbis3 pluebat per     
aestum imber largus assidue4 ,id nanque 
est humidi  calidi status proprium1 ut  

in aestu assidue pluat4 ,quod si uel    
tantum aestus sit1 quemadmodum in       
naturaliter se habente aestate1 uel     
pluat4 ,sed in frigore1 ueluti hieme    
solet1 fieri nequit1 ut is status       
calidus sit  humidus4 ,an igitur sine   
morbis erat aestas illa1 in qua pluisse 
dicit in caloribus assidue largum       
imbrem8 ,atqui carbunculos in ea fuisse 
narrat1 putrescentibus scilicet in      
corpore excrementis1 ac saniem quandam1 
quae calida humidaque immodice fuerat   
gignentibus4 ,intelliges id ex ipsa     
dictione1 si totam tibi ascripsero ea   
sic habet3 ,erant in cranone carbunculi 
estiui1 pluerat per estum largo imbri1  
idque assidue4 ,acciderant autem magis  
austro4 ,ac suberat quidem sub cute     
sanies1 quae conclusa incaluit1 ac      
pruritum excitauit4 mox pusule ueluti   
ambustis sunt obortae1 urique sub cute  
sunt uisae3 uerum hic minus utpote uno  
tantum e quatuor temporibus mutato1     
malum fuit4 ,quod si duo1 tria ue sint  
mutata1 aut etiam totus annus calidus1  

humidusque fuerit1 necesse est1 magna   
pestilentia succedat4 ,cuiusmodi in     
tertio epidemion1 id est1 grassantium   
publice morborum narrat4 ,apponam autem 
primum1 quae de temporum intempestiuo   
statu scripsit3 deinde de hominum1 quae 
subsecuta est corruptela4 ,aduertas     
autem animum in omnibus uelim1          
estimesque primum cuiusmodi res sit     
calida1 humidaque temperies1 quanque    
ueri quae temperata res est dissimile3  
deinde quam necessario in ea omnia      
putrescant4 ,incipit igitur ,hyppocratis
 narratio in hunc modum3 ,annus         
,austrinus pluuius a uentis in totum    
silens1 deinde totius status            
particularem rationem subiicit1 crebros 
imbres in calido  austrino statu fuisse 
scribens4 ,mox uniuersum sermonem in    
unam summam conferens4 ,cum fuisset1    
inquit1 totus annus austrinus humidus1  
mollis1 haec  haec inciderunt1 quae     
utique omnia in hoc libro scripsisse sit
 longum1 licet autem cui libuerit in    
tertio epidemion membratim ea legere1 ac

 in unum caput omnia redacta uidere3    
nempe putredinem maximam4 ,cuius etiam  
ipsius ,hyppocrates non raro nominatim  
meminit4 ,alias sic scribens3 ,erat     
autem  fluxio ipsa collecta1 haud       
similis puri4 ,sed alia quaedam putredo 
ac fluxio multa uariaque4 ,alias sic3   
,et in pudendis carbunculi aestiui1 tum 
alia quae putredines appellantur4 ,et   
quod ex hac putredine multis quidem     
brachium1  cubitus totus deciderit3     
multis femur uel sura est nudata1       
totusque pes4 ,quin etiam magni ossium  
carnium1 neruorum1 articulorumque       
prolapsus inciderunt4 ,denique nullum ex
 affectibus1 quos scripsit1 inuenias1   
qui soboles putredinis non sit4 ,quippe 
cum nec a sicco putrefieri quicquam sit 
aptum1 nec a frigido4 ,intelligas id si 
carnes  reliqua quaecunque asseruari ab 
hominibus solent1 obserues haec sale1   
haec muria1 haec aceto1 haec alio       
quopiam ex iis1 quae siccant1 commode   
praeparari4 ,deprehendas  ,borea1 qui   
siccus natura  frigidus uentus est1     

omnia quam diutissime imputria durare4  
,contra putrescere facillime ,austrino  
statu4 ,est enim is uentus calidus      
humidus4 ,adeo nos totum contra1 quam   
hi1 qui calidum  humidum uer autumant   
decernimus4 ,cum neque tale sit1 neque  
si esset1 utique salubre esset1 aut     
sanitati accommodum3 hi autem  tale esse
 uolunt1  propterea etiam salutiferum   
scilicet utrobique peccantes1 tum in    
hiis quae sensu percipere tum quae      
ratione est intelligere4 ,cum sensu id  
manifeste liceat plane temperatum       
aduertere4 ,nec minus ratione illud     
inuenire1 quod propterea est aptum      
sanitati1 quod e quatuor nulla in eo    
qualitatum exuperet4 ,quod si uel       
caliditas eius frigiditatem multo       
excederet1 uel humiditas siccitatem1 ut 
uariis putredinibus obnoxium4 ,sic      
omnium anni temporum morbis esset maxime
 oportunum4 ,nunc quatuor qualitatum    
mixtionis aequalitas1  mediae           
temperaturae eius1  salubritatis sunt   
causae4 ,quid igitur medicis1 ac        

philosophis quibusdam persuasit1 ut     
calidum humidumque uer esse iudicarent8 
,nempe quod quatuor temperamentorum     
coniugia quatuor anni temporibus        
adaptare uoluerunt4 ,porro id inde      
accidit1 quod primum omnium             
temperamentorum1 id est1 medium ipsum   
praetermiserunt4 ,quin etiam uictuum1   
medicamentorum1 omnium denique rerum    
differentias1 in has quatuor            
coniugationes reducunt1 ex quo          
manifestum est1 quantopere parum rectae1
 fallacesque de hominis natura rationes1
 medicationibus obsint4 ,satiusque erat 
duorum alterum1 aut prorsus eiusmodi    
rationes non attigisse3 sed totum       
experientiae concedere1 aut prius in    
logica speculatione exercitatum fuisse4 
,quippe qui nec experientiae est        
attentus1  naturalia theoremata         
aggreditur1 priusque rationem1 qua haec 
inueniat conuenienter exercuit1 necesse 
est in eiusmodi cauilla sit perductus1  
ac de euidentibus1 ceu is1 qui sensu    
careat1 disputet4 ,tum ,aristotelem     

testem aduocet1 male scilicet accipiendo
 ea quae praecipit4 ,hic enim calidum1  
frigidum1 humidum1  siccum1             
multipliciter dici nouit4 ,illi non     
quasi multipliciter1 sed quasi ad eundem
 perpetuo modum dici uelit1 accipiunt4  
,quin etiam is quod aliquid suo         
naturali calore1 aut alieno1            
acquisititio calidum sit1 non esse idem 
indicauit4 ,illi hoc quoque perperam    
accipiunt4 ,ad haec ,aristoteles1       
itemque ,theophrastus1 quo respicientes 
temperatam intemperatam ue naturam esse1
 iudicare oporteat1 diligenter          
prodiderunt4 ,illi ne id quidem         
intelligunt4 ,sed cum hos audiunt animal
 calidum humidumque dicere1 aut puelli  
temperiem humidam1 calidamque esse1 nec 
quemadmodum ea dicta sint1 intelligunt1 
stupidi ad quatuor anni tempora rationem
 transferunt4 ,ceu uero idem sit1 ac non
 longo interuallo dissidens propriam    
alicuius temperiem humidam1 calidamque  
esse1 aut circundati nobis aeris4 ,neque
 enim aut idem est1 aut similiter       

dicitur animalis temperies calida       
humida1 sicut aeris temperamentum       
calidum dicitur  humidum4 ,quae igitur  
sit omnium horum occasio iam dicam1     
clareque ostendam1 his praesertim1 qui  
intenti esse uolunt1 exiguum errorem in 
iis1 quae inter initia logicae          
speculationis traduntur1 maximorum      
errorum occasionem fieri1 fortasseque   
omnibus1 quae uel in cunctis artibus1   
uel in uitae actionibus perperam        
geruntur1 sophismata succedunt4 ,atque  
haec quidem sophismata illi uitio       
succedunt1 quod utique non recte        
definitum est de calidi                 
significationibus4 ,sed duobus tantum   
modis dici id putatum4 ,quorum altero   
significetur1 quod syncerum immixtum    
simplex est4 ,altero1 quod in mixtione  
cum suo contrario1 id superat4 ,quod    
autem  alteram temperiem cum altera     
conferentes1 subinde alteram earum      
calidam pro eo1 quod est calidiorem     
pronunciamus1 id non meminerunt4 ,atqui 
ad eum modum animantia ueteribus calida 

humida sunt dicta4 ,non proprie         
temperaturae gratia1  sermone absoluto4 
,immo ad stirpes1  demortua collata4    
,quippe demortuis  stirpibus1 animantia 
calidiora1 humidioraque sunt4 ,quin     
etiam ex animantibus ipsis speciatim    
inter se collatis1 canis siccior est1   
homo humidior4 ,at si formicae uel api  
canem conferas1 illas sicciores1 hunc   
humidiorem inuenies4 ,ita idem animans  
praeut homo siccum1 praeut apicula      
humidum fuerit4 ,rursus ad hominem      
collatum calidum1 ad leonem frigidum    
erit4 ,nec mirum1 si ad aliud atque     
aliud comparatum1 contraria simul dici  
de se patitur4 ,neque id alienum est1 si
 idem corpus simul calidum1 frigidumque 
dixeris4 ,nisi ad idem conferens sic    
dixeris4 ,quod enim incommodum1 si      
eundem hominem dextrum1 sinistrumque    
dicas8 nisi ad eundem conferens ita     
dicas8 ,cum ad alterum dextrum esse1 ad 
alterum sinistrum1 nihil sit absoni4    
,sic igitur  canis humidus pariter      
siccus1 praeterea calidus simul         

frigidus est1 non tamen ad idem         
collatus4 ,quippe ad hominem si         
conferas1 siccus est1 ad formicam1      
humidus4 ,rursus hominis respectu       
calidus est1 leonis frigidus4 ,quin     
etiam calidus est1 ut uiuens1 cum       
mortuus non amplius sit calidus4 ,non   
calidus1 ut ad alterum 7si ita uis7     
canem comparatus4 ,atque haec quidem    
omnia per collationem inter se dicuntur4
 ,quae uero ut in animantium genere     
conferuntur4 ,alia ratione1 sicuti etiam
 quaecunque in aliqua animalium specie4 
,canis nanque ad formicam  apim est     
humidus1 in animantium genere est       
siccus4 ,rursus ipsorum speciatim canum1
 hic siccus1 ille humidus1 alius 7ut fas
 est cani7 temperatus4 ,ac dictum quidem
 a nobis est1 in secundo de pulsuum     
agnitione de tali nominum usu           
diffusissime4 ,necesse tamen uidetur    
nunc quoque summatim aliquid1 quod ad   
rem propositam sit utile1 dicendum4     
,quod absoluto sermone1 nec ad aliud    
ullum collatum1 siccum uocatur1 id in   

solis elementis est1 igni1 terraque4    
,sicut humidum in aqua  aere4 ,ad eundem
 modum  de calido1 frigidoque           
sentiendum4 ,nullum enim caeterorum     
corporum prorsus calidum frigidum ue    
est1 sed sola elementa1 quicquid praeter
 haec ceperis1 ex his mixtis constat4   
,eoque secundo significationum genere1  
calidum1 frigidum ue est1 non absoluta  
ratione1 ueluti syncerum1  a mixtione   
alienum4 ,immo ueluti uel calidum       
largius1 frigidum partius1 uel frigidum 
largius1 calidum partius sit sortitum   
reliquorum quiduis calidum1 frigidum ue 
dicitur4 ,ac duo quidem significata     
calidi1 frigidi1 humidi1  sicci1 haec   
sunt3 alterum absoluto sermone          
loquentium1 mixtura carens1  syncerum3  
alterum ex contrariis quidem mixtis     
constans1 caeterum ex pollentis in      
mixtura nomine appellatum4 ,hoc genere  
sanguis1 pituita1 adeps1 uinum1 oleum1  
mel1 quicquid his simile est1 humidum   
dicitur4 ,os1 cartilago1 unguis1 ungula1
 cornu1 pilus1 lignum1 harena1 later1   

minorem portionem humidi sunt sortita1  
maiorem sicci4 ,eoque eiusmodi omnia    
sicca dicuntur4 ,formica uero sicca est1
  uermis humidus3 scilicet ut sunt      
animalia4 ,rursus inter ipsos uermes1   
alius siccus1 alius humidus4 ,idque uel 
absolute loquendo1 ut uermis1 uel alteri
 cuipiam uermi comparatus4 ,caeterum hoc
 ipsum quod dicimus1 ut uermis siccus1  
ut homo calidus1 ut canis frigidus3 nisi
 quis recte accipiat1  prius intelligit 
quid sibi uelit1 necesse est omnem      
sermonem confundat4 ,est autem recte    
accipere1 id quod in secundo de pulsibus
 agnoscendis dicitur1 unumquodque       
secundum genus1 uel speciem non modo    
calidum1 frigidum1 humidum1 siccum ue3  
sed etiam magnum1 paruum1 celere1       
tardum1 aliaque id genus tunc nominari1 
cum supra mediocre1 mediumque sit4      
,verbi gratia1 animal calidum cum supra 
medium temperie sit animal1 equum       
calidum cum supra medium temperie sit   
equum4 ,porro in quoque genere specie ue
 media sunt ea1 quae ,graece symmetra   

dicuntur4 ,quippe quae a summis in eo   
genere  specie finibus aequaliter       
distant4 ,ac genus quidem est animal3   
species equus1 bos1 canis4 ,medium      
temperie in toto animalium genere1 homo 
est4 ,id enim in sequentibus            
demonstrabitur4 ,medium uero1 ut in     
hominum specie est1 quem ,graece        
eusarcon uocant1 ,latine1 puto1         
quadratum4 ,is porro est1 quem nec      
gracilem dicere1 nec crassum possis3 sed
 nec calidum1 nec frigidum1 nec alio    
quouis nomine ex iis1 quae excessum     
defectum ue indicant appellare4         
,quisquis super hunc fuerit1 is prorsus 
calidior1 frigidior1 humidior1 sicciorue
 est4 ,nominatur autem talis partim     
absoluto sermone1 partim non absoluto4  
,absolute quidem loquenti1 quoniam      
calidus1 frigidus1 siccus1 humidus ue   
esse1 minime uni alicui priuatim        
collatus dicitur4 ,ita enim canis       
absoluto quidem sermone1 prout uidelicet
 cuipiam opinio est1 animal siccum      
dicitur4 ,non utique alicui comparatus1 

uerbi gratia formicae4 ,non absoluto    
uero1 una quidem ratione1 quod scilicet 
symmetro1 id est1 coequali1  medio      
totius speciei comparatur4 ,altera uero1
 quod cum eo quod inter omnia animalia  
coequale1  media temperie est1 quicquid 
id statuas1 confertur4 ,ergo iam palam  
fit1 quod unumquodque eorum1 quae sic   
dicuntur1 nos id uel uni cuicunque      
comparantes1 calidum1 frigidum1 humidum 
ue1 aut siccum1 ut ad illud dicimus1 uel
 in quocunque genere specie ue sit      
dictum1 ad eius medium referentes4 ,in  
specie quidem1 ut equo1 cane1 boue1     
platano1 cupresso1 ficu4 ,genere uero1  
ut animali1 uel planta1 his accedit     
tertium significatum1 eorum scilicet1   
quae absoluto sermone dicuntur1 quae    
impermixtas summasque habere qualitates 
diximus ac elementa uocari4 ,quin etiam 
qualitates ipsas est quando corporibus  
iis1 quae affecta qualitate sunt        
similiter appellamus4 ,verum de hoc mox 
agetur4 ,sed ad rem propositam1 cum     
qualitate affecta corpora trifariam     

dicantur1 consyderandum arbitror in     
quaque dictione1 quemadmodum utamur     
appellationibus1 utrum ne ut simplex    
aliquid  immixtum iudicantes1 an ueluti 
ad symmetron eiusdem generis1 uel       
speciei conferentes1 an ueluti ad rem   
quamlibet1 sicut cum os siccum dicimus1 
aut frigidum1 absoluto ita sermone      
nominantes1 non adiecto leonis1 canis1  
aut hominis4 ,palam nanque est1 quod ad 
uniuersam naturam omnium quae sunt in   
mundo corporum respicientes aliquid     
concipimus medium1 cum quo conferentes1 
ipsum siccum dicimus4 ,at si quis       
leonis1 uel canis1 uel hominis os siccum
 esse dicit1 liquet hunc rursus ei quod 
in ipsis animalium ossibus medium est id
 comparare4 ,estque quoniam uniuersorum 
animalium1 aliis magis1 aliis minus     
sicca ossa sunt hic quoque os aliquod in
 aliquo animalium genere intelligendum1 
quod media temperie sit1 uerbi causa    
hominis1 atque huic reliqua collata1    
alia humida1 alia sicca appellanda4 ,iam
 in ipsis hominibus alius os siccum1    

alius humidum habere dicetur1 utique ei1
 qui medius est1 ut in hominibus        
collatus4 ,quod uero in omnibus quae    
sunt1 quod medium inter extrema est1 id 
symmetron1 atque in illo genere1 uel    
specie temperatum sit1 in omni mihi     
sermone subaudiendum perpetuo est1      
quanquam sit in dictione omissum4 ,atque
 cum haec quidem sic se habeant1 ubi    
aliquis hanc1 uel illam humidam1 calidam
 ue temperiem affirmat1 rogandus est    
quemadmodum dixerit1 utrum ne hunc      
quempiam uni definito comparans ,platoni
 uerbi gratia ,theophrastum1 an secundum
 genus quodlibet1 speciem ue collationem
 faciens4 ,quippe uel ut hominem1 uel ut
 animal1 uel ut substantiam absolute1   
tertium enim significatum cuiusuis      
talium nominum1 quod simplex esse       
impermixtumque diximus1 id in mixtis    
substantiis non est4 ,sed in ipsis      
primis1 quae etiam uocamus elementa4    
,ita cum quodque affectorum qualitate   
corporum trifariam dicat nobis ad       
propositam de temperamentis             

tractationem1 duobus tantum est opus1 ut
 qui uel ad unum quodlibet1 uel ad      
medium eiusdem generis comparemus4      
,quoniam autem multa genera sunt1       
quemadmodum utique  indiuidua1 poterit  
multis modis idem corpus1  calidum1     
frigidum1  humidum1  siccum esse4 ,verum
 cum uni cuilibet comparatur admodum    
manifestum est contraria de eodem dicere
 licere4 ,veluti ,dionem ,theone quidem1
  ,mennone sicciorem ,aristone1         
,glaucone humidiorem4 ,at cum ad medium 
eiusdem generis1 uel speciei fit        
collatio1 hic iam confundi1             
conturbarique1 qui parum exercitati     
sunt1 solent4 ,idem nanque homo humidus 
simul  calidus esse potest1 sed non     
minus siccus  frigidus4 ,verum siccus   
quidem  frigidus ad mediocris           
temperamenti hominem collatus1 humidus  
autem  calidus1 ad aliud quoduis animal 
stirpem ue1 aut substantiam comparatus1 
uerbi gratia ad animal1 ut apem         
formicam3 ad stirpem1 ut oleam1 uel     
ficum1 uel laurum4 ,ad aliam uero       

quampiam substantiam1 quae nec animal   
sit1 nec planta1 ut lapidem1 ferrum1 uel
 aes4 ,in his uero collationem1 quae ad 
hominem fit1 ad rem eiusdem speciei     
dixeris4 ,quae ad apem1 uel formicam    
est1 ad aliquid eiusdem generis4 ,simili
 modo quae ad stirpem fit quamlibet4    
,est enim supra animal stirpis genus1   
quemadmodum sane superioris1 quam       
stirpium generis sunt lapis1 ferrum1    
aes3 uocetur tamen pro docendi compendio
 ad omogenes1 id est1 rem eiusdem       
generis1 omnis eiusmodi comparatio4     
,illud modo in ea determinantibus nobis 
quod ubi simpliciter substantia quaepiam
 eucratos1 siue temperata dicitur1 tum  
hac alia siccior1 alia humidior1  alia  
frigidior1 alia calidior1 eo loco eam   
quae ex contrariis aequa prorsus inter  
se portione coeuntibus constet1         
eucraton1 siue temperatam nominari4     
,quaecunque uero ab hac deficiunt1      
superantque aliquo ea superantis nomine 
uocari3 ubi uero stirpem1 animans ue    
ullum eucraton dicimus1 nequaquam in ea 

dictione simpliciter contraria inter se 
comparamus4 ,sed ad naturam uel         
animalis1 uel stirpis referimus4 ,ficum 
uerbi gratia temperatam dicentes1 cum   
talis sit1 qualis maxime ficus esse     
natura debeat4 ,rursus canem1 suem1     
equum1  hominem1 cum eorum quisque pro  
sua natura optime se habeat3 optime uero
 se habere aliquid pro sua natura ex    
ipsis functionibus intelligitur4 ,quippe
 animal1 ac stirpem quamlibet1 tum      
optime se habere dicimus1 cum optime    
suam functionem obeunt4 ,ficus enim     
uirtus1 bonitasque est1 optimos1        
plurimosque ficos afferre4 ,ad eundem   
modum uitis1 plurimas optimasque uuas   
pendere4 ,equi uero1 quam uelocissime   
currere4 ,canis1 ad uenationes quidem1  
tutelam quam animosissimum1 ad          
domesticos quam mitissimum esse4 ,haec  
igitur omnia1 animalia dico  stirpes1   
optimam1 mediamque habere in suo genere 
temperiem dicemus1 non utique absoluto  
sermone1 cum paritas exacta contrariorum
 in iis sit4 ,sed cum ea mediocritas1   

quae ad potestatem refertur1 his adsit4 
,eiusmodi aliquid1  iustitiam esse      
dicimus1 non quae pondere1  mensura4    
,sed quae eo quod pro dignitate conuenit
 aequalitatem explorat4 ,est igitur     
temperaturae aequalitas in omnibus      
temperatis animalibus1 stirpibusque1 non
 ea1 quae ex pari elementorum           
commixtorum spectatur mole1 sed quae tum
 animalis1 tum stirpis naturae conuenit4
 ,conuenit autem alias1 ut humidum      
sicco1  frigidum calido praeponderet4   
,neque enim similem habere temperaturam 
debent1 homo1 leo1 apis1  canis4 ,ergo  
ad quaerentem cuius sit temperamenti1   
homo1 equus1 bos1 canis1 aliud ue       
quodlibet1 non est absoluto sermone     
respondendum4 ,non enim fieri potest1 ut
 qui ad ea1 quae multis modis sunt      
dicta1 uno modo respondet1 non          
coarguatur4 ,oportet igitur duorum      
alterum1 aut omnes percensere           
differentias1 aut percontatum prius1 de 
qua rogauerit1 illam solam dicere4 ,nam 
si ut in animalibus1 cuius esset        

temperamenti rogabat1 ad id quod medio  
est inter omnia animalia temperamento   
respicientes1 respondere oportet4 ,si   
absolute1 atque ut ad omnem substantiam4
 ,sic iam contraria1 quae sunt in eo    
comparare inter se oportet atque        
aestimare1 haud quaquam ad actionem     
temperiem referentes1 sed ad elementorum
 portiones1 sin huic cuipiam singulatim 
comparans1 rogabat1 utique ad illud     
solum conferendo est respondendum4 ,iam 
minus etiam1 si indiuiduorum cuiuslibet 
,dionis1 uerbi gratia uel huius canis1  
rogemur1 quae nam sit substantiae       
temperatura1 est simplex danda          
responsio4 ,dabit enim hinc sophistis1  
ad calumniam occasio non parua4 ,nam si 
calidi esse temperamenti1  sicci ,dionem
 dicat1 facile licebit illis1 partim    
hominem quemlibet1 qui calidioris quam  
,dion sit1  siccioris temperamenti      
proponentibus1 ut ad illum humidum1     
frigidumque ,dionem dicere1 partim aliud
 quoduis animans stirpemue1 uerbi gratia
 leonem1 aut canem1 atque his           

humidiorem1 ac frigidiorem asserere     
,dionem4 ,quisquis igitur nec ipse sese 
fallere1 nec ab alio falli uolet1 huic  
opus est ab his substantiis1 quae       
simpliciter calidae1 frigidae1 humidae1 
siccae dicunt incipere1 atque ita       
transire ad reliquas4 ,ac primum quidem 
illud ipsum in iis exploratum habere1 ne
 has quidem tametsi maxime uidentur     
absoluto sermone dici1 quo minus ad     
mediocre eiusdem generis comparentur    
effugere1 ueluti enim canem medio       
temperamento esse omnium canum dicimus1 
cum pari spatio distat ab extremis1 ita 
substantiam medio esse temperamento     
dicemus1 cum pari modo ab extremis      
abest1 quae scilicet  prima omnium sunt 
elementa4 ,porro aberit pars modo ab    
extremis1 cum ea continet aequaliter    
inter se mixta4 ,ergo quae supra citra  
ue hanc1 temperies erit1 eam calidam1   
frigidam1 humidam1 uel siccam dicemus1  
simul ei1 quae media est1 conferentes1  
simul contrariorum elementorum examen in
 ea facientes4 ,qua nimirum ratione     

simpliciter eam calidam1 frigidam1      
humidam1 siccam ue pronunciabimus3 ubi  
uero cum medio temperamento conferimus1 
non simpliciter1 sed quod ad mediocre   
eiusdem generis sic se habet4 ,porro    
genus earum substantia est1 omnia enim  
sub hac1 ut superiori sunt genere1 tum  
animata1 tum inanima4 ,estque haec      
hominis1 canis1 platani1 ficus1 aeris1  
ferri1 aliorum denique omnium1 commune  
genus4 ,sub ea uero sunt alia genera    
permulta4 ,animal quidem1 auis1 piscis3 
stirps arboris  herbae3 auis1 aquilae   
corui3 piscis1 lupi  rombi4 ,simili modo
 oleae  ficus1 genus est arbor3         
anagallidos  peoniae1 herba4 ,iam haec  
ultima sunt genera1 eoque species       
appellantur1 coruus1 rombus1 ficus1     
anagallis1 similiter homo  bos4 ,ac     
supernae quidem descendentibus1 haec    
ultima sunt genera1 proinde species     
dictae4 ,inferne uero ascendentibus1 ab 
indiuiduis scilicet substantiis1 prima  
sunt4 ,indicatumque alio opere est1     
merito omnia quae media sunt inter prima

  indiuidua genera1 simul genera        
species a ueteribus nominari4 ,ergo cum 
definita significata iam sint1 ac clare 
indicatum1 quemadmodum tum absoluto1 tum
 non absoluto sermone calidum1 frigidum1
 humidum1 siccum ue corpus aliquod      
pronunciandum sit1 quaerendae nobis     
deinceps eorum sunt notae4 ,quanquam hic
 quoque decernere prius de nominibus    
oportet quae in habendo nobis sermone1  
necessario incident1 simul explicare rem
 quandam1 quae potestate iam monstrata  
prius est1 non tamen ab omnibus1 qui hos
 commentarios euoluent1 facile saltem   
intelligi potest4 ,itaque de nominibus  
prius locutus1 mox ad rem reuertar4     
,quod calidum1 frigidum1 humidum1 siccum
 non unum aliquid simpliciter           
significent1 ubi de corporibus dicuntur1
 prius est indicatum4 ,quod autem  solae
 ipsae in corporibus qualitates1 citra  
corpora1 quae eas suscipiunt1 sic       
interim nominentur1 id quidem1 ut nondum
 est dictum1 ita nunc dici est          
tempestiuum4 ,quemadmodum nomen albi tum

 de colore enunciant1 cum ita loquuntur1
 contrarius est albus color nigro1 tum  
de corpore1 quod colorem suscipit1 cum  
scilicet oloris corpus album dicunt4    
,ita  calidi nomen1 tum de qualitate    
affirmant ipsa1 tanquam si caliditatem  
appellarent1 tum uero de corpore quod   
caliditatem sustinet4 ,quippe           
caliditatem a corpore quod eam suscipit 
diuersam habere naturam1  propriam      
existimare oportet1 ueluti in opere de  
elementis est indicatum4 ,et caliditas  
quidem qualitas est1 eadem uero  calidum
 dicitur1 ueluti  albedo album4 ,ipsum  
uero corpus calidum1 unum hoc nomen     
tantummodo optinet1 calidum1 sicuti     
album4 ,nunquam tamen caliditas1 uel    
albedo1 corpus ipsum dicitur4 ,ad eundem
 modum siccum1 frigidum1  humidum1      
nominantur tum ipsum corpus1 tum        
qualitas4 ,non tamen corpus frigiditas1 
humiditas1 uel siccitas appellatur1     
quemadmodum quae in eo est qualitas1    
haec cum sic se habeant1 non alienum    
est1 cum uel caliditatem1 uel           

frigiditatem disputans quis profert1    
nullam exoriri captionem4 ,quod solae   
qualitates his indicentur nominibus4 ,at
 calidum1 frigidum ue cum dicitur1      
quando  qualitas ita1  quod eam         
suscipit1 corpus nominatur1 facile fit  
ei1 qui redarguere studet1 ut quod a    
loquente non significatur1 id quo possit
 reprehendere1 accipiat4 ,eiusmodi enim 
rem faciunt1 qui sententiam illam1 qua  
dicit ,hyppocrates augescentia corpora  
plurimum habere innatum calidum1        
oppugnant4 ,neque enim esse corpus      
aliquod calidum1 ipsum innatum animali  
calidum intelligentes1 neque id quid sit
 usquam quaerentes1 sed de sola         
qualitate1 quam scilicet caliditatem    
appellamus nomen id dici praesumentes1  
sic dictum eius refellere parant4 ,et   
iam apparet1 quod de homonymia          
distinguere1 tametsi sit res parua1     
tamen in rerum usu non leuis experitur  
momenti1 uerum cum hoc quoque abunde sit
 definitum1 rursum id quod superest1    
repetamus4 ,cum humiditas1  siccitas1   

caliditas1  frigiditas1 syncerae        
quaedam1  impermixtae qualitates sunt1  
quaecunque has suscipere corpora ea     
calida1  frigida1 sicca1  humida1       
prorsus exactaeque sunt4 ,atque haec    
mihi genitorum1  pereuntium elementa    
intellige4 ,reliqua corpora uel         
animalium1 uel stirpium1 uel inanimorum 
omnium1 ueluti aeris1 ferri1 lapidum1   
lignorum1 in medio primorum illorum     
collocata esse4 ,nullum enim aliorum uel
 ad summum calidum1 uel ad summum       
frigidum1 uel ad summum humidum1 uel ad 
summum siccum est4 ,sed uel medium      
prorsus contrariorum1 ita ut nihilo     
magis sit calidum1 quam frigidum1 aut   
humidum quam siccum1 uel ad alterum     
contrariorum est propensum1 ita ut magis
 sit calidum1 quam frigidum1 uel magis  
sit humidum quam siccum1 ac siquidem    
medium plane sit in utroque contrariorum
 genere1 ita ut non magis sit calidum   
quam frigidum1 aut humidum quam siccum1 
eucraton id siue temperatum omnino      
dicetur4 ,sin alterum contrariorum      

superet1 siue in altera oppositione1    
siue in utraque id sit1 non etiam       
dicetur eucraton4 ,ac si calidum magis  
sit quam frigidum1 quod magis est1 id   
appellabitur4 ,idem statuendum de sicco1
  humido4 ,ad eundem modum si frigidum  
magis sit1 nominabitur frigidum4 ,at si 
in utraque oppositione alterum superet1 
siue calidum una cum humido1 siue       
calidum simul cum sicco1 siue frigidum  
simul cum humido1 siue frigidum una cum 
sicco1 utique pro uincenti sortietur id 
corpus appellationem4 ,et has quidem    
quatuor intemperies1 ut supra diximus1  
plurimi norunt1 tum medici1 tum         
philosophi4 ,reliquas quatuor1 quae ex  
dimidio harum constitutae sunt1 nescio  
quomodo derelinquunt1 sicut etiam eam1  
quae prima omnium1 optimaque est4       
,caeterum quod superante calido liceat  
nihilo magis humidam esse1 quam siccam  
temperiem3 quod utique ad hanc spectet  
coniugationem1 id uel ex iis1 quae iam  
dicta sunt1 manifestum arbitror1        
facileque est etiam si nihil esset      

praedictum1 id colligere4 ,concedentibus
 semel illud saltem1 alteram esse       
temperiem humidam  calidam1 alteram     
siccam  calidam4 ,si nanque necessarium 
omnino non est siccam esse1 quae calida 
sit1 sed licet eam  humidam esse1       
licebit utique  mediam esse3 propior    
nanque siccae temperaturae media est1   
quam humida4 ,ad eundem modum est       
frigida quaedam temperies altera1 in qua
 nimirum frigidum pollet3 hanc tamen nec
 humidam esse1 nec siccam1 est necesse4 
,sed potest inter has  media esse4      
,rursus enim hic quoque eandem afferes  
rationem4 ,nempe si necesse non est     
frigidam temperiem esse humidam3 sed    
licet  siccam eam fieri manifestum est1 
mediam quoque esse posse4 ,quippe quae  
uicinior humidae est quam sicca4 ,ergo  
ueluti duae intemperies in altera       
oppositione sunt monstratae1 altera     
calida tantum1 altera frigida4 ,sic in  
altera oppositione duae aliae           
statuantur1 altera sicca tantum1 altera 
humida1 mediocriter scilicet sese       

habentibus calido  frigido4 ,iterum     
nanque dicemus hic quoque1 sicuti       
necesse non est1 si qua temperies sicca 
est1 hanc protinus calidam quoque esse4 
,sed fieri posse1 ut etiam frigida sit1 
ita fieri potest1 ut quaepiam nec calida
 sit nec frigida4 ,sed in hac quidem    
oppositione eucratos1 siue temperata1 in
 altera1 sicca4 ,simili modo nec humidam
 temperiem necesse est calidam1 frigidam
 ue esse4 ,sed eam mediam esse inter    
huius oppositionis extrema licet4 ,si   
igitur necesse non est1 ut uel          
intemperiem1 quae in calido est         
frigido1 sequatur ea quae est in altera 
oppositione intemperies1 uel hanc1 quae 
in illa1 licebit aliquando  naturam1    
quae in caliditate  frigiditate         
temperata sit1 uel siccam esse1 uel     
humidam4 ,inuicemque quae in his        
temperata sit1 uel calidam esse1 uel    
frigidam1 quare sunt  hae ab iis1 quas  
priores tum medici1 tum philosophi nobis
 tradiderunt quatuor diuersae           
intemperies4 ,medioque loco positae     

inter temperatos habitus1  eos qui in   
utraque oppositione sunt intemperati4   
,qui nanque in summo est temperatus1 is 
neutram oppositionem habet superantem4  
,qui uero aduersus huic est             
intemperatus1 utramque habet uitiosam4  
,medium sortitur locum1 qui in altera   
quidem est temperatus1 in altera        
intemperatus1 qui utique  ex dimidio    
eucratos1 ex dimidio intemperatus cum   
sit1 merito medius dici potest inter    
eum1 qui ex toto est temperatus1  eum   
qui ex toto est intemperatus4 ,et si    
quidem haec sic se habent1 sicut certe  
se habent1 cur nouem dicere uniuersas   
temperamentorum differentias dubitemus4 
,temperatam quidem unam1 non temperatas 
octo1 quarum quatuor simplices sint1    
humida1 sicca1 calida1  frigida1 quatuor
 compositae humida simul  calida1 sicca 
pariter  calida1 frigida simul  humida1 
frigida simul  sicca4 ,in quolibet uero 
iam dictorum temperamentorum permagnus  
est excessus1 defectusque modus non in  
iis modo quae simplicia sunt4 ,sed etiam

 in compositis4 ,idque tum in tota      
substantia4 ,tum uero in unoquoque      
genere4 ,si cui igitur agnoscendorum    
temperamentorum cura est1 incipiat      
exercitationem oportet ab iis in        
quolibet genere naturis1 quae           
temperatae1 mediaeque sunt4 ,quippe cum 
si his alias comparet facile quod in    
quauis superet deficiat ue inuenerit4   
,ergo primum de iis1 quae simpliciter   
loquentibus1 temperata1 intemperataque  
dicuntur1 agendum1 quae scilicet in omni
 generata substantia1 non in solis      
animalibus  stirpibus disquirenda       
diximus4 ,porro hic quoque tantillum    
saltem distinguere de nominibus         
conueniet1 quod calida temperies1 alia  
iam energia1 siue1 ut loquuntur actu    
sit1 alia potestate1 tum quod potestate 
ea esse dicamus1 quae quod dicuntur1 id 
nondum sint3 sed facile id fieri        
possint4 ,quoniam naturalem1 ut id fiant
 facultatem sint adepta4 ,igitur primum 
de iis1 quae actu calida1 frigida1      
humida1  sicca sunt1 disseramus1        

auspicati ab uniuersa substantia4 ,mox  
ad animalia  stirpes discensuri4 ,ita   
enim consummationem habebit1 quod       
institutum nobis est4 ,quoniam igitur   
quod in omnium genere1 maximeque in     
uniuersa substantia medium est1 id ex   
mixtione extremorum conflatur1 utique   
conueniet1 ut tum noticia eius tum      
agnitio ex illis sumatur4 ,ac noticia   
quidem facillima est4 ,quippe a         
calidissimo omnium1 quae sub sensum     
ueniunt1 ueluti igni1 aut quapiam aqua1 
quae ad summum sit feruens ad id1 quod  
omnium1 quae nobis apparent1 est        
frigidissimum1 ueluti glaciem1  niuem   
uenientes1 aestimato interea interuallo1
 in medio ad unguem id diducimus4 ,sic  
enim symmetron1 quod scilicet ab utroque
 extremorum pari abest spacio1          
intellectu comprehendemus4 ,quin etiam  
id nobis praeparare licet4 ,miscentibus 
aquae feruenti parem modum glaciei4     
,quod enim ex ambobus est mixtum pari   
interuallo ab utroque extremorum aberit1
  eo quod urit1  eo quod frigore        

stupefacit4 ,non est igitur difficile   
ei1 qui ita mixtum tetigerit1 medium    
uniuersae substantiae in calidi         
frigidique oppositione habere1 eiusque  
meminisse1 atque alia omnia illi ueluti 
norme adaptata iudicare4 ,quin etiam si 
terram1 quae sicca sit1 uel cinerem1 uel
 tale aliquid quod plane sit aridum1    
pari aquae modo imbueris1 medium in     
sicci humidique oppositione effeceris4  
,ergo ne hic quidem difficile est ubi   
uisu pariter1 tactuque eiusmodi corpus  
noueris memoriae id infigere1 eoque ad  
humidorum1 ac siccorum1 quae deficiant1 
superent ue agnitionem pro norma1       
exemplarique uti4 ,porro corpus de quo  
iudicandum est1 mediocriter calens est4 
,nam hoc ipsum humidi1 siccique medium  
corpus si ad summum id calorem frigus ue
 sit perductum1 falsam interim          
imaginationem excitabit1 uidebiturque   
quam sit mediocre1 aliquando humidius1  
aliquando siccius4 ,quippe si liberalius
 calefiat1 liquatum iam1 ac fluxile1    
humidioris substantiae phantasiam de se 

praebebit contra refrigeratum plus      
iusto1 consistit1 ac cogitur1           
immobileque redditur1  durum tangenti   
apparet4 ,vnde etiam falsam siccitatis  
imaginationem exhibet4 ,quod si ueluti  
humidi siccique parem modum habet1 sic  
caloris1 ac frigoris sit in medio1 nec  
durum1 nec molle tangenti apparebit id  
corpus4 ,atque tota quidem eiusmodi     
corpora per tota se miscendi1 calidum1  
inquam1 frigidum1 siccum1  humidum1     
homini facultas non est4 ,terra enim    
aquae confusa1 miscetur quidem 7quatenus
 scilicet uideri cuipiam possit7 atque  
ita tota toti contemperatur4 ,caeterum  
appositio exiguarum partium ea est1     
nequaquam totorum per tota mixtio4 ,sed 
ambo ea per tota miscere1 dei1 uel      
naturae est opus1 magisque etiam si     
calidum1 ac frigidum inter se tota per  
tota miscenda sint4 ,attamen            
appositionem eiusmodi efficere1 ut      
sensum effugiant singula simplicium     
corporum1 non solum naturae opus dei ue 
est4 ,sed etiam nostrum4 ,neque enim    

difficile est tali mixtione1 lutum1 quod
 medium sicci1 humidique sit1 moliri4   
,simili modo  quod calidi ac frigidi sit
 medium1 uidebiturque tibi eiusmodi     
corpus in calore  frigore temperatum3   
immo etiam in duricie1 mollicieque medio
 statu esse4 ,id autem genus est hominis
 cutis1 utpote omnium extremorum calidi1
 frigidi1 humidi1 sicci uere media4     
,maximeque ea1 quae est in manu1 haec   
enim omnium sensibilium ueluti norma    
futura erat prudentissimo1 nimirum      
animantium tactus instrumentum ab ipsa  
natura praeparata4 ,quo magis eam ab    
omnibus extremis calido inquam1 frigido1
 sicco1  humido pari abesse interuallo  
oportuit4 ,iam utique  constat ex horum 
omnium equis portionibus1 non compositis
 modo1 sed etiam per totas se mixtis1   
quod nostrum plane nemo efficere potest3
 ,sed est naturae opus4 ,quaecunque     
igitur partes cute sunt duriores1 ueluti
 ossa cartilagines1 cornua1 pili1       
ungues1 ligamenta1 ungulae1 calcaria1 in
 his omnibus siccum praeualet4          

,quaecunque uero molliores sunt1 sicuti 
sanguis1 pituita1 seuum1 adeps1         
cerebrum1 medulla tum spinalis1 tum     
altera1 in his humidi plus est1 quam    
sicci4 ,quin etiam quanto siccissima    
omnium quae sunt in homine pars cutem   
siccitate superat1 tanto rursus acute   
superatur1 quod est humidissimum1 porro 
uidetur nunc disceptatio nostra1 ea quae
 utilissima sunt attingere1 ac docere   
simul quod tum animalium1 tum uero      
omnium corporum temperatissimus sit     
homo4 ,simul quod omnium1 quae in eo    
sunt particularum cutis1 quae intra     
manum habetur omnis excessus plane sit  
expers4 ,insistentes igitur hoc loco1   
estimemus quisnam sit optime temperatus 
homo1 quem scilicet totius substantiae1 
uel potius tum hominum1 tum reliquorum  
animalium medium1 ueluti regulam  normam
 statuentes1 reliquos omnes huic        
collatos calidos frigidos1 humidos1     
siccos ue dicere oportet4 ,concurrant   
ergo oportet in hoc homine multae notae1
 quippe  cum uniuersa substantia        

collatus1 medius apparere in ea debet1  
magis etiam cum hominibus  bestiis4 ,ac 
medii quidem in uniuersa substantia1    
communes notae dictae iam sunt4 ,quae   
uero in animalium speciebus notantur1   
actionis perfectione quae cuique sit    
conueniens iudicantur4 ,conuenit autem  
homini1 ut sit sapientissimus1 cani1 ut 
mitissimus pariter sit  fortissimus1    
leoni1 ut tantum sit fortissimus4       
,sicuti oui1 ut sit tantum mitissima4   
,iam uero quod corporis actiones        
consentientes esse animi moribus        
oporteat1 tum ,aristoteli in his1 quae  
de partibus animalium scripsit1 tum uero
 nobis alibi nihilominus est monstratum4
 ,ac methodus quidem haec est4          
,exercitari uero1 ut non in singulis    
modo animalium generibus1 sed etiam in  
uniuersis medium in promptu quis noscat1
 id cuiuslibet hominis non est3 sed     
diligentis imprimis1  qui per longam    
experientiam1  multam omnium            
particularium peritiam1 inuenire medium 
queat4 ,quippe ad eundem modum plastae1 

pictores1 statuarii1 alii denique       
fictores1 quae pulcherrima in omni      
specie sunt1 tum pingunt1 tum fingunt1  
ueluti hominem1 equum1 bouem1 leonem    
formosissimum1 ad id quod medium est in 
illa specie collineantes1 laudantque    
homines quandam ,polycleti statuam      
canonem appellatam4 ,inde adeo id nomen 
sortitum1 quod partium inter se omnium  
competentiam ad unguem habeat3 habet    
autem quem nunc quaerimus1 plus aliquid1
 quam ,canon ille4 ,quum non solum      
humoris ac siccitatis in medio          
consistat1 is qui eusarcos1 siue        
quadratus est homo3 sed etiam optimam   
formationem sit adeptus4 ,quae fortasse 
bonam quatuor elementorum temperiem est 
comitata1 fortasse diuiniorem aliquam   
superne originem habet4 ,caeterum       
prorsus eusarcon saltem esse eiusmodi   
hominem1 id uero est necessarium4       
,quippe mediocritas in carne1 ex        
mediocritate temperamenti prouenit3     
protinus autem adsequitur tale corpus1  
ut optime ad actiones sit comparatum4   

,tum in mollicie1  duritia praeterea    
calore ac frigore mediocriter se habeat1
 atque haec omnia insint cuti1 huiusque 
maxime illi parti1 quae est intra manum4
 ,scilicet quae callum eiusmodi non     
contraxit1 qualis in remigibus          
fossoribus cernitur4 ,cum enim gemini   
usus causa manus sunt factae1 tactu     
discernendi1  rem quampiam              
comprehendendi utique quae molles sunt  
ad exquisitius tangendum1 durae ad      
aliquid maiore ui capiendum magis sunt  
idoneae4 ,quin etiam cutis1 quae non    
solum omnium hominis partium1 sed etiam 
uniuersae1 quae generationi1            
corruptionique subiicitur substantiae   
media est1 ea nec callosa1 nec dura     
lapidea ue est1 sed secundum naturam se 
habens1 quo scilicet cutis genere maxime
 perfectum esse tactum censemus4 ,ac    
quod in duritia  mollicie medium omnium 
particularum locum sit sortita1 abunde  
liquet4 ,quod autem  in calore1 ac      
frigore similiter se habeat1 ex eius    
substantia maxime intelligas licet4 ,est

 enim ueluti sanguine praeditus neruus1 
qui sit inter neruum1  carnem quiddam   
plane medium4 ,ac si ex mixtis utrisque 
constitueretur4 ,caeterum neruus1 omnis 
exanguis est  frigidus4 ,caro           
multisanguinis  calida4 ,media inter    
utrunque est cutis4 ,nec plane exanguis 
ut neruus1 nec sanguine abundans1 ut    
caro1 si igitur hanc omnium animalis    
partium1 ueluti normam4 ,iudicemque     
proponens1 reliqua illi conferas1 atque 
ad eam examines1 octo diuersas          
intemperies in eis inuenies4 ,iamque    
membratim tibi de omnibus deinceps      
disseram1 humidissimum1 frigidissimumque
 in corpore pituita est4 ,calidissimum  
sanguis1 non tamen est is perinde       
humidus1 ut pituita4 ,siccissimum ac    
frigidissimum est pilus4 ,minus eo      
frigidum  siccum est os1 hoc uero minus 
siccum est cartilago4 ,proxime hanc     
sequitur1 quem ,graeci ex cartilagine   
ligamento composito nomine1             
chondrosyndesmon uocant1 post hunc      
tendo1 deinceps membrana1  arteria1     

uena1 ipsa scilicet corpora uasorum4    
,succedunt deinde nerui duri3 molles    
autem nerui in humiditate  siccitate1   
mediam naturam1 sicuti cutis optinent4  
,nam in altera oppositione1 quae est    
calidi  frigidi neruus mollis in medio  
non est4 ,sed tantum ei defit de calore1
 quantum de sanguine4 ,ita uero  reliqua
 omnia prius dicta1 tanto sunt cute     
frigidiora1 quanto minus habent         
sanguinis4 ,etiam tunicae ipsae1 maxime 
sanguineorum uasorum1 arteriarum1 dico  
uenarum1 non solum exangues sunt1 sed   
etiam frigidae natura contactu tamen    
sanguinis calefiunt1 atque ad medium    
temperamenti statum ueniunt4 ,sanguis   
uero ipse1 a corde suum accipit calorem4
 ,quippe id uiscus natura tum omnium    
animalis particularum maxime sanguineum1
 tum uero calidissimum est3 proximum    
illi iecur est1 uerum cor paulo quam    
cutis minus est durum1 iecur multo4     
,itaque etiam humidius quam cutis cor   
est1 quanto scilicet est mollius4 ,iam  
uero caro humidior cute est1 eadem tamen

 calidior4 ,spinalis autem medulla cute 
est humidior1 atque etiam frigidior4    
,sicuti hac rursus humidius est         
cerebrum3 cerebro autem ipso adeps cui  
concretio contingit1 propterea quod     
membranis adiacet4 ,crasso nanque oleo  
est simile4 ,eoque congelatur1 ubi cum  
frigidis1  exanguibus particulis        
coniungitur4 ,at neque circa iecur coire
 adeps potest1 neque circa arterias1    
uenas ue1 aut cor4 ,sed nec circa aliam 
ullam praecalidam particulam4 ,quoniam  
autem cogitur per id1 quod ualde est    
frigidum1 idcirco calefacta liquatur1   
caeterorum congelatorum ritu4 ,at       
cerebrum calefactum minime liquatur1    
eoque adipe minus est humidum4 ,porro   
minus humida quam adeps1 est  pulmonum  
caro4 ,vt quae nec ipsa calefacta       
liquescat4 ,iam longe etiam quam haec   
adipe minus humida est1 tum lienis1 tum 
renum caro4 ,omnia tamen cute sunt      
humidiora1 harum rerum demonstrationes  
proximo libro tradam1 sicuti omnia quae 
ad uniuersam de temperamentis           

disputationem pertinent1 duobus deinceps
 comentariis exponam4      ,galeni de   
temperamentis1 ,thoma ,linacro ,anglo   
interprete1 libri     primi1 finis4     
,,galeni ,,de ,,temperamentis1 liber    
secundus4 ,thoma ,linacro interprete4   
,ac quod multifariam quidem dicatur1    
humidum1 siccum1 calidum1  frigidum     
corpus in proximo definitum est libro1  
demonstratum praeterea est1 nouem esse  
temperamentorum differentias1 unam      
quidem quae mediocris sit  eucratos1    
quam etiam temperatam uocamus4 ,reliquas
 omnes intemperatas quatuor simplices1  
unica scilicet in quaque pollente       
qualitate1 calore1 frigore1 siccitate1  
uel humiditate3 quatuor ab his diuersas1
 in quibus utriusque oppositionis altera
 qualitas exuperat1 dico autem duas     
oppositiones1 alteram quae est calidi   
frigidi1 alteram quae est humidi et     
sicci4 ,ab his ad notas earum digressi1 
de temperata natura disceptauimus1      
quoniam haec omnium prima uirtute1      
potentia cognitionisque ordine sit4 ,at 

cum temperatum aliud absolute dictum    
inueniatur in uniuersa rerum natura4    
,aliud in singulis generibus1 principio 
uisum est de eo consyderandum esse1 quod
 communiter in uniuersa natura          
estimatur1 huius norma1 inditiumque     
erat1 elementorum portionis aequalitas4 
,cuius rei gratia extremorum omnium     
medium ad unguem redditum1 eucraton     
symmetron1 siue temperatum  mediocre    
mauis1 dicitur4 ,reliqua quae in        
singulis generibus temperata dicuntur   
propriis corporum functionibus usibusque
 iudicantur4 ,eoque fit1 ut idem        
animalis cuiuspiam stirpis ue corpus1   
omnium quae in eodem sunt genere1 medium
 esse possit1 id est1 in illo genere    
eucraton  mediocre4 ,alteri cuipiam     
comparatum1 uel stirpium1 uel animalium1
 uel inanimorum generi1 discraton1 siue 
intemperatum4 ,quippe uiuentis corpus   
cum demortui collatum1 humidius eo1     
calidiusque est1 uerbi gratia1 leo      
uiuens1 leone mortuo1 tum ipse seipso1  
tum alter altero calidior1 humidiorque  

est4 ,atque inde adeo dictum ueteribus  
est1 animal calidum  humidum esse4 ,non 
absoluto sermone1 quod humiditas in eo1 
calor ue1 exuperet 7,sic enim inuenire  
est animalia sicca1 frigidaque complura1
 ueluti culices1 muscas1 apes1 formicas7
 sed ut ad mortua collata3 uiua enim    
apes calidior humidiorque quam mortua   
est1  formica uiua1 quam mortua4 ,cum   
homine tamen1 equo1 boue ue collata1 tum
 aliis sanguine praeditis animalibus1   
omnia id genus frigida1 siccaque        
temperie sunt4 ,quin si ad uniuersam    
naturam spectans ea expendas1 ne sic    
quidem quo minus frigida1 siccaque sint1
 elabantur4 ,tanquam enim in unoquoque  
genere1 ubi quid a mediocritate         
recessit1 ab eo quod uincit1 nomen      
accipit4 ,itidem in uniuersa substantia1
 cum aliquid medium transierit1 non     
amplius eucraton1 sed uel calidum1 uel  
frigidum1 uel humidum1 uel siccum       
nominabitur4 ,monstratum enim supra est 
hominem non solum animalium1 stirpium   
ue3 sed etiam reliquorum omnium maxime  

esse temperatum4 ,quoniam autem ex      
multis  dissidentibus is conditus est   
partibus1 manifestum est quae pars medio
 omnium sit temperamento1 eam esse      
maxime eucraton1 siue temperatam4 ,quae 
nanque animalis eius quod medii sit     
temperamenti1 media particula est1 haec 
omnium simpliciter est temperatissima4  
,monstratum uero est id esse in homine  
cutem4 ,atque huius eam maxime partem1  
quae in manu est interna4 ,si tamen     
qualem eam natura est molita1 talis     
perstiterit4 ,iam uero quod nec cuiusque
 hominis cutis medium absolute loquendo 
sit uniuersae substantiae4 ,sed eius qui
 maxime est temperatus1 dictum prius    
est4 ,plurimam enim esse ipsis quoque   
hominibus inter se differentiam1 uerum  
maxime temperatus is est1 qui corporis  
habitu1 medius horum extremorum ad      
unguem apparet1 gracilitatis1           
crassitudinis1 duricie1 molliciei       
itemque caloris1  frigoris4 ,inuenias   
enim cuiuslibet hominis tangendo corpus1
 uel mitem  halituosum calorem1 uel     

igneum1  acrem1 uel horum neutrum1 ,immo
 frigiditatem quandam pollentem1        
frigiditatem autem pollere ut in hominis
 corpore intelligere oportet4 ,eoque tum
 sanguineo1 tum humido4 ,ac corpore     
quidem talis est temperatissimus homo4  
,idem animo quoque medius omnino est1   
audaciae  timoris4 ,cunctationis        
praecipitationis1 misericordiae1        
inuidiae3 fuerit uero talis alacer      
amicorum amans1 humanus1  prudens4 ,et  
temperatissimus quidem homo ex his      
primum1 potissimumque agnoscitur4       
,accedunt non pauca eorum1 quae ex      
necessitate haec sequuntur4 ,quippe     
edit1 bibitque in modo1  nutrimenta non 
solum in uentre1 sed etiam in uenis1    
tota corporis mole1 probe concoquit4    
,omnesque 7ut semel dicam7 tum          
naturales1 tum animales uirtutes        
inculpatas habet4 ,cum  sensuum         
facultatibus1  membrorum motibus optimis
 sit praeditus1  tum uiuido colore      
semper sit1 tum ad perspiratum          
excrementorum bene comparatus4 ,idem    

medius inter somnolentum  peruigilem1   
inter glabrum  hirtum1 inter nigrum     
colorem  album1 pilosque habeat cum puer
 est magis rufos quam nigros1 cum in    
flore est contra4 ,at quoniam           
differentiarum1 quae ex aetate eius     
spectantur1 mentionem feci1 non alienum 
sit1 aliquid iam de iis quoque apponere4
 ,porro uolebam unius cuiusque          
praedictarum notarum causas persequi1   
uerum cum ad ea1 quae nunc sunt         
proposita magis urgeat aetatum          
consyderatio1 quae etiam maximam nobis  
ad causarum inuentionem facultatem      
suggerit1 huic nunc insistamus4         
,intelligamus igitur recens formatum    
animal in utero matris1 quo sciamus qua 
ratione humidissimum1 calidissimumque   
sit1 prima enim eius constitutio ex     
semine  sanguine est1 quae humidae      
calidae res sunt1 his autem magis semper
 siccescentibus1 primum quidem formantur
 membranae1 tunicae1 item uiscera       
sanguis uasa1 ultima uero perficiuntur  
ossa1  ungues1  cartilagines1 concreta  

scilicet eorum substantia4 ,ante enim   
quam uel tendi possit subiecta          
substantia1 uel concrescere1 nihil fieri
 memoratorum potest4 ,et tunicae quidem1
 ac membranae1 arteriaeque1  nerui1     
uenae1 tensa ea1 ossa1 cartilagines1    
ungues1 ungulae1  uiscera1 coagulata ea 
perficiuntur4 ,his uero in utero        
perfectis ita deinde paritur infans4    
,est uero adhuc in summo humidus1 ueluti
 maris alga4 ,idque non in sanguinis    
uasis modo  uisceribus1 ac carne1 sed   
etiam ipsis ossibus1 quae scilicet      
siccissima sunt omnium quae in nobis    
sunt1 partium4 ,verum tum haec1 tum     
reliqua tota una cum his membra quasi   
cerea sint1 infantium nutrices fingunt1 
formantque4 ,tanta est in toto puellorum
 corpore humiditas4 ,quin si recens     
editum porcellum1 uel esse1 uel         
dissectum inspicere uelis3 carnem quidem
 eius muccosam1 praehumidamque inuenies4
 ,osseum uero genus uniuersum1 caseo qui
 modo sit coagulatus ad simile4 ,adeo1  
ut nuper nati animalis corpus propter   

redundantem in eo humorem libens non    
comedas4 ,quod maxime tum suilli1 tum   
ouilli foetus corpori accidit1 propterea
 quod ea maxime sunt humida4 ,caprinum1 
quod siccius sit1  melius esui est      
iucundius4 ,contra uero quam in nouellis
 procellis1 quaecunque iam senuerunt1   
haec ossa quidem omnia  ligamenta       
uniuersa1 praesicca1 sine succo1        
insipida possident4 ,carnem uero        
neruosam  duram4 ,arterias quoque       
uenas1  neruos1 aetatis culpa lori uice1
 insuaues1  sine succo4 ,quae medio     
statu horum1 ac nuper natorum sunt1 quae
 utique iam aetate processerunt quantum 
a senio absunt1 tantum  ab extrema      
siccitate sunt remota4 ,quae minora     
sunt1 atque adhuc augescunt1 tantum ea  
quoque ab gestati etiamnum foetus humore
 absunt1 quantum processerunt aetate4   
,florescens uero aetas omnium animalium 
maxime in medio extremorum est1 neque   
sicut senium ad summam perducta         
siccitatem1 neque ueluti infantium aetas
 in humore  multo uuido mersa4 ,cur     

igitur aliqui celebrium medicorum       
humidum esse senium1 prodiderunt4 ,an   
uidelicet quod excrementorum abundantia 
sunt decepti4 ,quippe tum oculi his     
lacrimis suffunduntur tum nares         
destillatione manant4 ,tum in ore eorum 
saliuae copia exuberat4 ,ad haec tum    
tussiunt1 tum excreant pituitam4        
,scilicet pulmones quoque hac esse      
refertos iudicantes1 uenter quoque illis
 pituita est plenus4 ,tum singuli       
articuli quodamodo muccosi4 ,caeterum   
nihil horum obstat1 quo minus senum     
corpora sicca censeantur4 ,vt quorum    
neruos  arterias1  uenas1  membranas1   
omnium instrumentorum tunicas1 multo    
quam prius erant1 sicciores inuenias4   
,circumfundi autem illis extrinsecus1   
intrinsecus ue1 aut pituitosum quendam  
humorem1 ut muccosum4 ,verum tantum     
abest1 ut eiusmodi signa uniuersa       
senilem aetatem humidam confirment1 ut  
etiam siccam esse prope testentur4      
,idcirco nanque particula quaeuis       
siccior1 quam ante uidetur1 quod per    

caloris imbecillitatem1 similiter non   
nutritur1 foris enim copia illi1 humidi 
excrementi superfluitat4 ,corpus autem  
cuiusque intrinsecus1 siccum est1 quod  
nec trahere intro nutrimentum ualeat1   
nec eo sufficienter frui4 ,est ergo     
humidus senex1 non propriis suis        
particulis1 sed excrementis4 ,rursum    
siccus1 non excrementis1 sed particulis 
ipsis4 ,ita nimirum alio genere siccus1 
alio humidus4 ,verum non est ad praesens
 de excrementis eius1 sed de propriis   
partibus disceptatio1 quarum propriae   
actiones uitam eius complent3 his igitur
 siccus senex est1 quibus scilicet puer 
est humidus4 ,ipsis nimirum solidis     
corporis particulis1 ossibus1 membranis1
 ligamentis1 arteriis1 uenis1 neruis1   
tunicis1 carnibusque4 ,meritoque        
,aristoteles senium marcenti stirpi     
adsimilat4 ,quippe stirpes nouellae dum 
sunt1 molles1 humidaeque cernuntur1     
senescentes assidue magis siccescere    
uidentur4 ,ad postremum siccae prorsus  
redduntur4 ,idque ipsis mors est4 ,ac   

quod siccissima aetatum senilis sit1 ex 
iam dictis liquet4 ,quod autem          
frigidissima sit1 id uel magis est      
euidens4 ,ita ut de eo nemo dubitauerit4
 ,nam  tangenti senes frigidi apparent1 
facile in frigidum statum mutantur4 ,et 
nigri1  liuidi fiunt1  frigidis morbis  
facile capiuntur4 ,apoplexia neruorum   
resolutione1 stupore1 tremore1          
conuulsione1 destillatione1 raucedine4  
,porro periit eorum omnis paulo minus   
sanguis4 ,eoque una periit  coloris     
rubor4 ,iam uero concoctio his1         
digestio1  sanguificatio1  appositio1   
nutritio1  appetentia1  sensus1  motus1 
oblaesa omnia sunt1 uitioseque          
administrata4 ,et quid1 quaeso1 aliud   
est senium1 quam uia ad interitum8 ,ita 
si mors naturalis caloris est extinctio1
 utique senium ueluti tabes quaedam eius
 fuerit4 ,verum non perinde de puerorum1
  florentium aetate inter medicos       
conuenit4 ,sed nec dirimere inter eos   
litem est promptum1 probabiles enim sunt
 utrorumque rationes1 tum eorum1 qui    

pueros calidiores esse1 quam florentes  
aetate censent4 ,tum eorum1 qui contra1 
florentes calidiores pueris esse        
contendunt4 ,alteri nanque ex eo quod   
sanguinis humor omnium1 quae in animalis
 habentur corpore calidissimum natura   
sit1 tum quod foetus in utero propemodum
 sanguis tantum sit post enim fingendis 
utique iam particulis1 aliud os         
efficitur1 aliud arteria1 aliud uena1   
aliud diuersum ab his aliquid3 omnia    
tamen rubra1 tum quod sanguinem         
syncerissimum1 calidissimumque optineat3
 colligunt calidissimum esse gestatum in
 utero foetum4 ,quod si est etiam pueros
 quanto gestatis in utero propiores     
sunt1 tanto esse florentibus aetate     
calidiores4 ,alteri quod etiam plurimus 
sit in florentibus sanguis1 ac copiosior
 quam in pueris4 ,ita ut eius occasione 
crebro his sanguis profluat4 ,quin etiam
 quod flauae bilis succus1 qui sanguine 
multo est calidior1 plurimus his sit1   
propterea calidiores esse florentes1    
quam pueros1 confirmant4 ,rursus illi ab

 ipsis functionibus quod tum augeantur1 
tum plura1 quam pro corporis sui        
portione1 alimenta tum appetant1 tum    
conficiant1 ualidum esse in pueris      
calorem asserunt4 ,hi contra humiditatis
 occasione1 potius1 quam caloris ui1    
augeri illos contendunt4 ,at concoctione
 non modo florentes non uincere1 sed    
etiam longe ab iis pueros uinci4 ,nam   
uomitiones iis ex incoctis cibis        
accidere1  deiectiones humidas1         
asperasque1 ac a succo alienas4 ,quod si
 appetunt plura1 nihil id facere ad     
caloris robur4 ,primum enim id non      
accidere caloris copia1 ut animal       
appetat plura4 ,immo contra1            
refrigeratis scilicet his partibus1     
quibus appetentia debetur4 ,deinde      
quoniam non tantum ad nutritionem1 sed  
etiam incrementum1 alimentum moliuntur4 
,idcirco etiam pluribus nutrimentis iis 
esse opus4 ,iam uero reliquis           
functionibus uniuersis1 etiam non       
obscure1 inferiores esse pueros his1 qui
 florenti sunt aetate1 ut qui nec       

ingredi1 nec currere1 nec portare1 nec  
quicquam in summa agendorum operum      
similiter obire queant4 ,cum            
florentibus1 tum sensum omnem1 tum      
intellectum ad summam perfectionem1     
bonitatemque peruenisse dicant4 ,in     
summa puerum adhuc imperfectum esse     
florentem1 animal perfectum4 ,in        
perfectis rationabile esse1 maxime      
actiuum maximeque princeps elementum    
pollere4 ,quin somno quoque plurimo     
deditos pueros uidere licet1 contra     
minimo florentes esse contentos4        
,quanquam hunc quoque1 aliter accidere1 
ne insanum quidem hominem censere aiunt1
 quam calido uicto quodammodo grauatoque
 humoris copia1 ueluti tum ex temulentis
 intelligere licet1 tum iis1 qui balneo 
liberalius sint usi4 ,ita uero  papauer 
somnificum esse1  mandragoram1          
lactucam1  omnia quae humidiore1        
frigidioreque temperie sunt4 ,ac tales  
quidem de propositarum aetatum temperie 
rationes utrinque afferuntur4 ,omnes    
enim recensere1 superuacuum uidetur4    

,cum formula ipsa epicherematum1 uel ex 
iis1 quae retulimus1 satis clare        
perspici possit4 ,eminus enim utrique1  
fermeque a secundis priora colligunt4   
,ac tanquam iam sciat auditor           
quemadmodum auctio1 quemadmodum         
concoctio1  quemadmodum nutritio fiat1  
uerba faciunt4 ,simili modo de sensu1 de
 motu1 de functionibus1 tum naturalibus1
 tum quae agi sunt idoneae1 disputant4  
,de somni quoque generatione  ciborum   
natura1 mentionem faciunt1 quorum nullum
 simplex promptumque cognitu est4 ,sed  
multam disquisitionem requirit1 nec     
potest fortasse ulli compertum esse1    
nisi qui prius humidam1 siccam1 calidam1
 frigidamque temperiem sciat agnoscere4 
,quicquid enim eorum ueluti scientes    
dicunt1 id si docere eos cogas1 prorsus 
disputationem de temperamentis1 hanc    
scilicet cui nunc insistimus1           
desyderabunt4 ,quare per mutua  ex      
mutuis1 fiunt iis demonstrationes4 ,ex  
iis quidem quae nunc quaerimus1 ceu iam 
sint cognita1 cum de actionibus         

disputant1  ciborum ac medicamentorum   
facultates inuestigant1 ac de somno1    
aliis id genus disserunt4 ,rursus autem 
quae nunc sunt proposita per illa1      
ueluti prius iam nota demonstrant4 ,ego 
uero eiusmodi demonstrationes non probo1
 quin si fateri uerum oportet1 nec      
demonstrationes eas censeo1 ueluti      
diffusius in aliis ostendi1 satiusque   
esse in omni docendi genere existimo1   
ordinem conceptionum diffinire4 ,si     
igitur principium omnis quae de         
temperamentis suscipitur disputationis1 
tractatio de elementis est1 sint ne ea  
impatibilia prorsusque mutationis       
expertia1 an alterari1 mutarique        
potentia1 ab illorum uero cognitione1   
secunda deinceps est1 proposita nunc    
disputatio1 non utique sumenda est      
istorum fides ex iis1 quae nondum       
sciuntur1 sed sicuti tum rectum est1 tum
 uero iustum1 quod sumendum ad          
demonstrationem est1 uel euidens aliquid
 sit oportet1 uel quod prius fuit       
demonstratum4 ,non est igitur neque de  

somni generatione mentio facienda1 neque
 de concoctione1 neque auctione1 neque  
de alio id genus ullo1 sed ab ipsa sola1
 nudaque subiectarum rerum substantia1  
disquisitio ineunda1 sicuti in primo    
libro fecimus4 ,quippe statuentes aliud 
esse1 quod energia1 siue actu sit1 aliud
 quod potestate1 de eo quod actu iam    
calidum1 frigidum1 humidum1 siccum ue   
sit1 prius disserendum esse diximus1    
subinde ad ea quae potestate sint       
ueniendum4 ,porro eorum1 quae actu1     
calida1 frigida1 humida1 sicca1 ue sunt1
 obuia1 promptaque omnibus cognitio est1
 utpote quae tactu discerni queant4 ,qui
 scilicet1  ignem ipsum calidum esse    
docuit1  glaciem frigidam4 ,quod si alia
 quapiam ratione notionem1 agnitionemque
 calidi1 frigidi ue habent1 dicant hanc 
nobis4 ,inauditam enim ac nullius       
effectus sapientiam promittunt4 ,immo si
 uerum fateri licebit stuporem potius1  
si rerum sensibilium alium quempiam     
habere se iudicem meliorem putant1 quam 
ipse sit sensus4 ,atqui si eorum1 quae  

actu calida sunt1 alius esse iudex quam 
tactus1 nullus potest1 tangant iam      
deinceps multos uiros1 tum senes1 tum   
adolescentes1 tum pueros1 tum infantes4 
,ita enim inuenient1 qui magis1 minus ue
 calidi sint4 ,sin de rebus sensibilibus
 rationales demonstrationes quaerunt1   
iam de niue ipsa inquirendum est1       
censenda ne sit1 sicut omnibus hominibus
 apparet1 candida1 an sicut ,anaxagoras 
asseuerauit1 non candida4 ,iam uero de  
pice simili modo coruoque1 ac reliquis  
omnibus estimandum4 ,neque enim si non  
habenda est oculis fides de albo quod   
uident1 de nigro sine demonstratione    
fides est habenda4 ,omnia igitur quae   
sensui apparent1 si iam fide carere     
dicunt1 nec olorem album esse dicant1   
nisi prius id uiderint ratione4 ,immo   
nec calcem1 nec diem1 nec solem4 ,ad    
eundem modum  de uoce1 auribus fidem    
abrogent1  de odore1 naribus1  de omni  
tangibili1 ipsi tactus sensui4 ,et nonne
 haec sunt pyronis hesitatio1  nugae    
immensae8 ,sane equum fuerat1 eos qui   

optimam sectam in philosophia           
elegissent1 quae scilicet calidum1      
frigidum1 humidum1  siccum principia    
elementa statuit1 non intantum          
desciuisse a uiris qui haec posuerunt1  
ut quod omnis demonstrationis principia 
sunt1 quaeque sensui1 quaeque           
intellectui sunt manifesta non          
cognoscerent4 ,et profecto quisquis de  
his addubitat1 frustra de aliis         
inquirit4 ,vtpote ne unde quidem sit    
incepturus quicquam sibi relinquens4    
,vnde igitur in tam diuersam uiam       
diuerterunt1 ac sensibilium rerum       
cognitionem ratione consequi tentarunt8 
,ego ne cogitare quidem possum4 ,eoque  
quod actu calidum est1 tactu iudico4    
,siquid autem adhuc calidum non est1 sed
 ut tale fiat est idoneum1 quod utique  
potestate calidum appellamus1 id ratione
 inuestigare conor3 hii uero omnia      
nescio quo pacto subuertunt1  in        
argumentis prolixe retoricantur4 ,sed   
hos mittamus4 ,illius tamen nunc minime 
obliti quod unum prauorum dogmatum      

principium sit1 nihil de demonstratione 
prius meditatum simul res ipsas         
inquirere1 simul ueluti scientem quidnam
 demonstratio sit1 demonstrare tentare4 
,denuo igitur ad propositum reuersi1    
calidum quod in aetatibus cognoscere    
cupimus1 primum  maxime1 tactu          
iudicemus4 ,erit autem optimum iudicium 
in uno1 eodemque unius infantis corpore1
 potest enim  qualis calor illi ante    
biennium fuerit1 in memoria reponi4 ,et 
qualis nunc sit post duos forte uel tris
 interpositos annos4 ,si nanque mutatio 
omnino ulla ad calidum1 frigidum ue     
infanti facta uidebitur1 nullum         
praeterea negotium erit1 qui usque ad   
florentem aetatem futurus excessus sit  
colligere4 ,quod si plures puellos      
pluribus conferre florentibus aetate    
uelis1 graciles gracilibus1 quadratos   
quadratis1  crassa crassis conferes1    
aeque uero  qui colore1  reliquis       
omnibus 7quoad fieri potest7 similiter  
se habeant4 ,quippe si differentiam in  
aetatibus inuenire studeas1 in similibus

 quam maxime licet naturis1 eam         
inquisitionem tutius facies4 ,porro in  
contrariis naturis hanc disquirere non  
parui erroris est occasio4 ,cum interim 
non tam exploratorum corporum aetatis1  
quam naturalis temperamenti gratia      
differentia existat4 ,ad eundem modum1  
tum uictu uniuerso tum temporum1 quibus 
exploratur statu1 pari modo se habentia 
corpora eliges1 non exercitatum1        
requieto comparans1 non balneo usum1 ei 
qui eo non sit usus1 non ieiunium1      
saturo1 non sicientem1 ebrio3 non eum   
qui sole incaluit1 ei qui ex frigore    
riget1 non eum qui uigilauit1 ei qui    
dormiuit1 nec denique eos quibus        
contraria est uel natura1 uel uictus    
ratio1 uel quaelibet rerum              
circunstantia4 ,sed reliqua omnia sint  
quam fieri licet paria1 una aetate      
excepta3 pari modo si unum eundemque    
puellum cum seipso conferes1 omnes eius 
externas circunstantias similes ad      
unguem seruabis3 quo scilicet1 si qua   
harum alicuius causa in calore  frigore 

differentia contigit1 aetatis mutationi 
non imputetur4 ,longam tibi experiendi  
rationem fortasse tradere uideor4 ,sed  
plane uerissimam1 atque ex ipsa rei     
quaesitae essentia desumptam4 ,sicut in 
his1 quae de demonstratione scripsimus1 
a nobis est proditum4 ,tu uero fortasse 
compendiariam uoles minime curans1 si   
falsa sit4 ,scito ergo non solum falsam 
te1 sed etiam longam ingressurum uiam4  
,neque tribus1 quatuor ue annis1 quod   
requiris1 inuenturum1 sed tota uita in  
ignorantia uersandum4 ,quantum enim     
accipi ex memoratorum uirorum           
controuersia licet1 non est1 quod       
putemus clare aliquid demonstrari posse4
 ,sed nec rationabile omnino est1 ex iis
 quae posteriora sint1 ea probari quae  
sunt priora4 ,ergo calidum1 frigidumque 
corpus quod saltem actu1 nec adhuc      
potestate tale sit1 sensu iudicemus1    
misso nunc tum priorum iudicio tum      
reliquis omnibus notis4 ,et te iam ceu  
recte iudicaturum1 ad ipsam experientiam
 remitto4 ,meum autem iudicium ipse     

interpretabor4 ,complura enim deinceps  
corpora1 non puerorum modo uerum etiam  
infantium1 adolescentium1  aetate       
florentium1 curiose tangens1 neutros    
uera locutos inueni1 nec eos qui        
absoluto sermone calidiorem1 nec eos qui
 frigidiorem esse florentem etatem1 quam
 puerilem dixerunt4 ,si enim reliquis   
omnibus quae extrinsecus adueniunt      
alterationibus circumcisis1 eas quae ex 
sola aetate proueniunt1 differentias    
estimaueris1 neuter absolute loquenti   
uidebitur tibi calidior4 ,quippe        
dissident eorum calores qualitate1 quae 
ex imparitate difflatus creatur4 ,cuius 
rei occasione nonnulli uel eos1 qui     
secum uersentur1 uel seipsos fallentes1 
alii puerorum1 alii iuuenum1 ualentiorem
 esse calorem autumant4 ,est enim       
puerorum1 calor magis halituosus1       
copiosus1  tangenti blandior1 florentium
 calor subacre quiddam habet1 ac non    
suaue4 ,haec igitur tangenti occursus   
differentia1 plures inducit1 ut         
florentium corpus calidius esse         

pronuncient4 ,res uero aliter se habet4 
,quippe qui in uaria materia tactum suum
 ad calorem1 tum ualentiorem1 tum       
imbecilliorem1 tum parem discernendum   
exercuerit1 huic non dubito puerorum    
calorem1 florentium calori1 uel parem   
uel ampliorem uisum iri4 ,est porro     
exercendi ratio haec4 ,incipiendum enim 
ab eo quod euidens maxime est4          
,balinearum aer ita est aliquando       
calens1 ut nemo eum ferat4 ,sed uri in  
eo uersatus uideatur4 ,aliquando ita est
 frigidus1 ut sudare in eo non sit4 ,iam
 tertium quoque  ab his diuersum1 quem  
utique maxime requirimus1 temperatum    
aeris statum1 quid refert dicere8 ,idem 
tres caloris status1 in solii quoque    
apparent aqua4 ,quippe quae  calida adeo
 ut urat1  frigida adeo1 ut ne          
calefaciat quidem1  temperata adeo1 ut  
calefaciat modice1 saepe cernitur4 ,ergo
 si te uter sit calidior perconter1 aqua
 ne temperata1 an aer temperatus1       
neutrum dicere possis4 ,cum enim ambo   
similiter corpori blanda sint1  mediocri

 aeri temperie1 alterum eorum dicere    
calidius esse1 alterum frigidius1 nulla 
dici ratione uidetur4 ,iam si intelligas
 aquam labri1 ea esse caliditate ut     
ferueat1 aut aerem balnei prorsus       
inflammatum1 ab utroque te pari modo    
deurendum constat4 ,rursus si aquam ita 
intelliges frigidam1 ut procul a        
glaciando non absit1 aut aerem prorsus  
refrigeratum1 sic ut cum ningit1        
conspicitur1 patet1 quod utriusuis      
occursu pari modo refrigeraberis1       
rigebisque4 ,ergo summum tum calorem1   
tum frigus similiter in aqua1           
similiterque in aere finge praeterea    
medium amborum extremorum statum1 simili
 modo in utroque constitue1 hoc casu    
quod in medio interuallo extremorum1    
medii status tum in aere est1 tum aqua1 
easdem excessus distantiaeque rationes  
habebit4 ,tantoque dices alterum        
mediocri esse calidius1 quanto alterum4 
,ad eundem modum  frigidius quam        
mediocre1 tanto esse aquam aliquando    
dices1 quanto  aerem4 ,tametsi suus     

utriusque occursus tangenti1 idem non   
sit utrique4 ,neque enim simili modo    
aqua temperata sicut aer temperatus     
tactum afficit4 ,et quid opus est in tam
 dissimilibus exemplum proponam4 ,cum   
ipse aer qui simili sit calore1 uarie   
tangenti occurrat1 prout alias ueluti   
caliginosus  halituosus1 alias ueluti   
fuliginosus  fumosus3 interim purus     
omnino est4 ,igitur in pluribus         
iisdemque differentibus aequalitas      
caloris consistit4 ,quae in consyderatis
 quasi inequalis sit1 imponit1 propterea
 scilicet quod non undequaque similis   
apparet4 ,caeterum homo1 qui rationes1  
quas proposui expenderit1  sensum in    
multa particularium experientia         
exercuerit1 is nimirum aequalitatem     
caloris in pueris florentibusque        
inueniet1 nec eo falletur1 quod alter in
 humida1 alter in sicca substantia      
representetur4 ,quippe lapis aliquando  
pari cum aqua calore esse potest1 nullum
 eo faciente discrimen1 quod lapis      
siccus sit1 aqua humida4 ,ita igitur    

mihi cum pueros iuuenes adolescentes    
millies consyderassem1 praeterea eundem 
infantem1 puerum1 adolescentemque factum
 nihilo calidior uisus est4 ,nec puer   
quam aetate florens1 nec aetate florens 
quam puer4 ,sed tantum quemadmodum dixi 
in pueris magis halituosus1  multus1    
suauis3 in florentibus exiguus1 siccus1 
nec similiter suauis esse caloris       
occursus4 ,siquidem puerorum            
substantiae1 utpote humidae1 multum     
foras effluit1 florentium substantiae   
parum utpote siccae4 ,itaque neuter     
eorum simpliciter uidetur calidior4 ,sed
 alter multitudine eius quod difflatur3 
alter acrimonia4 ,quippe insiti caloris 
puer plus habet1 eiusque blandioris1 si 
modo ex sanguine  semine ortum habet4   
,in florentibus aetate1 exiguus  siccus1
 nec similiter suauis calor tangenti    
occurrit4 ,ergo calidi1 frigidique      
corporis solus tactus est iudex3 humidi 
autem  sicci una cum tactu1 ratio4      
,quippe quod siccum est1 durum prorsus  
est4 ,at hoc tactu omnino dignoscitur4  

,non tamen si quid durum est1 idem      
statim  siccum est4 ,etenim             
inseparabilis a sicco corpore duritia   
est4 ,non tamen eius unius propria4 ,nam
  quod a frigore concretum est1 durum   
cernitur sicut glaties4 ,quo utique     
minus sicci1 humidique adeunda statim   
discretio est1 ante scilicet quam       
estimatum sit1 quemadmodum se in calore 
habeant  frigore4 ,neque enim siquid cum
 summo frigore representatur durum1 id  
etiam siccum est4 ,nec si quid cum      
uehementi calore est molle1 idem statim 
est humidum4 ,verum cum mediocriter est 
calidum1 tum estimare durum ne an molle 
sit oportet4 ,si enim molle sit1 humidum
 est3 si durum1 siccum4 ,verum si haec  
ita se habent partium1 quae in humano   
corpore sunt durae1 nulla est humida4   
,neque enim tanta esse in eo frigiditas 
potest1 ut aliquid in ipso concrescere  
in duriciem queat4 ,potest enim quod    
prius fuit fluxile1 aliquando           
concrescere ueluti adeps4 ,quod enim    
oleosum in sanguine1 fluxileque  pingue 

est1 ubi in frigidum uenit locum1       
cogitur3 durum tamen ne sic quidem      
efficitur4 ,commode igitur dictum       
ueteribus est1 humidissimam esse adipem4
 ,secundo post eam loco carnosum genus4 
,eius plures sunt species1 prima quidem 
quae proprie caro appellatur1 quam      
scilicet nusquam in corpore per se      
inuenies1 sed est perpetuo musculi pars4
 ,ab hac cuiusque uiscerum propria      
substantia est4 ,eam ,erasistratus      
parenchyma uocat4 ,quasique pro re      
parua1 leuique habet1 parum intelligens 
cuiusque uisceris actionem1 huic carni  
acceptam referri3 sed horum non est nunc
 tempus4 ,quod autem ipsum cerebri      
pulmonisque proprium corpus proximum    
adipi humiditatis ratione sit1 ex       
mollicie eius coniectare licet4 ,non    
enim a frigido congelatur1 cum nec      
calore fundatur1 propinquam iis naturam 
habet ossium medulla4 ,non est tamen    
eiusdem generis cum cerebro  spinali    
medulla1 ea quae in quolibet habetur    
osse4 ,sed cerebrum  spinae medulla     

eiusdem sunt generis4 ,reliquae omnes   
medullae alterius naturae sunt4 ,est    
tamen humidius ac calidius cerebrum1    
quam spinalis medulla4 ,eoque etiam     
mollius1 praeterea ipsius cerebri       
priores partes tanto sunt humidiores1   
quanto molliores3 omnia tamen haec cute 
non humidiora modo sunt1 sed etiam      
frigidiora1 unoque uerbo omne exangue   
frigidius sanguine praedito est4        
,proxima cuti est mollium neruorum      
natura4 ,duriores autem in humido       
sicco1 secundum cutis naturam se habent4
 ,calore ab eius natura tantum absunt1  
quantum consentiens est exangue corpus a
 sanguine praedito abesse3 lienis autem 
renum1  iecinoris caro1 tanto cute est  
humidior1 quanto est mollior4 ,calidior 
autem quanto magis abundat sanguine4    
,iam cordis caro omnibus hiis tanto est 
siccior1 quanto est durior4 ,calidior   
uero non modo his1 sed etiam omnibus    
plane corporis particulis4 ,quod etiam  
sensu clare deprehendas licet1 in       
pectoris animalis dissectione1 si       

digitum in sinistrum eius sinum         
immiseris4 ,inuenies enim locum hunc    
omnium1 quae in animali sunt non paulo  
calidissimum4 ,at iecinoris1 lienis1    
renum1  pulmonis caro1 simplicis        
cuiusdam naturae est1 circa cuiusque    
uisceris uenas1 arterias1  neruos       
crescens4 ,cordis1 simplex carnis natura
 non est3 sed sunt in eo fibrae1 quales 
in musculis cernimus1 quibus caro       
circumheret4 ,caeterum non est idem     
fibrarum genus1 sed quae in musculis    
habentur neruorum1  ligamentorum sunt   
particulae4 ,cordis propria quaedam     
fibrarum est species1 aeque scilicet ut 
uenarum1 tunicae1 atque arteriarum4     
,itemque intestinorum1 uentriculi uteri1
  uesicae utriusque1 licet enim in his  
quoque instrumentis propriam quandam    
uidere carnem1 suis ipsorum fibris      
circumnascentem4 ,atque hae quidem      
carnes1 cute sunt calidiores3 fibrae    
uero quam cutis partim paulo magis1     
partim paulo minus1 tum frigidae1 tum   
siccae sunt1 partim similes omnino cutis

 substantiae4 ,porro omnes membranae    
cute sunt sicciores1 ueluti cerebri1    
spinalis medullae inuolucra1 quae       
mininges dicuntur4 ,sunt enim hae quoque
 membranae4 ,iam ligamenta omnia quanto 
cute sunt duriora1 tanto sunt  sicciora4
 ,tendones quoque tametsi ligamentis    
sunt molliores1 at tamen cute luculenter
 sunt duriores4 ,cartilago uero post    
ligamentum deinceps est1 praeterea      
medium quoddam inter ea corpus4         
,appellant id anatomici quidam  1 quasi 
uero cartilagineum ligamentum dicas4    
,est autem id durum1 cartilaginosumque  
ligamentum4 ,os uero omnium quae cutis  
operit1 durissimum est4 ,at eorum quae  
ex cute extant siccissimus est pilus4   
,deinde cornu mox ungues1  ungulae1     
calcaria1  rostra1 quaeque his in       
singulis animalium ratione carentium    
similes sunt partes4 ,succorum optimus1 
maxime proprius1 ac domesticus sanguis  
est1 huius ueluti sedimentum1 ac fex1   
atra bilis est4 ,quae idcirco tum       
frigidior1 tum crassior sanguine est4   

,sicut flaua bilis longe calidior1      
frigidissimum uero ac humidissimum      
omnium1 quae in animali habentur1       
pituita est4 ,instrumentum autem quo id 
cognoscitur1 ipse est tactus4 ,veluti   
,hyppocrates in libello de hominis      
natura monstrauit4 ,caeterum quod       
frigida sit1 unus tactus discernit4     
,quod uero humida quoque1 pariter       
tactus1 uisus1  ratio iudicant4 ,et     
tactus quidem ac uisus1 quod talis iis  
cernitur4 ,ratio uero1 ubi non caloris  
copia1 sed naturali humorem talem esse  
definiuit4 ,ac particulae quidem  succi 
corporis1 adhunc modum se habent4 ,de   
iis1 quae temperamenta comitantur       
deinceps agendum4 ,comitantur enim ea   
quae dicta iam sunt3 immo potius        
inseparabilia omnino sunt4 ,a sicco     
quidem corpore duritia1 ab humido       
mollicies4 ,si tamen cum tepido calore  
est3 sed  crassitudo habitus1           
gracilitas1 temperamenta sequuntur4 ,non
 ea modo quae naturalia sunt1 sed etiam 
si qua ex longa consuetudine sunt       

contracta4 ,multos siquidem qui natura  
graciles fuerant1 pingues redditos uidi1
 contraque qui pingues fuerant1         
graciles4 ,illis quidem ex otiosa       
delicata uita1 toto temperamento ad     
humidius mutato4 ,his uero multa        
tollerantia1  curis1  tenui uictu       
persiccatis4 ,dicemus uero  horum       
discernendorum notas4 ,satius enim est  
talis ne quispiam natura sit1 an ex     
consuetudine redditus nosmet per aliquot
 signa discernere posse1 quam ab alio id
 quaerere4 ,sane eiusmodi signorum      
autor1 aeque ut reliquorum omnium1 mirus
 est ,hyppocrates4 ,siquidem            
quibuscunque latiores uenae sunt1 hi    
calidiores natura sunt4 ,quibus         
angustiores1 contra magis frigidi4      
,caloris nanque opus est has dilatare1  
flatuque extendere4 ,ita rationabiliter 
in idem fere recidit uenarum angustia1  
cum habitu pingui1  crassiore1 habitus  
gracilis cum uenarum laxitate4 ,quod si 
quis simul pinguis1 crassusque est1 ac  
uenas laxas habet1 is consuetudinis     

alicuius occasione non natura pinguis   
est redditus4 ,sicut ediuerso1 si quis  
angustas habet uenas1  gracilis est1 ne 
hunc quidem talem esse natura necesse   
est4 ,quin cum fames urget mediocritatem
 ex laxitate uenarum1  angustia1 non a  
caetero totius corporis habitu          
spectandam esse ait4 ,quippe qui        
angustas habent uenas1 exigui sunt      
sanguinis1 nec longam inediam ferunt4   
,quibus latae1 his copia sanguinis est1 
citra noxam cibo abstinentur4 ,causae   
horum euidentes iam sunt1 iis qui animum
 aduerterint1 tametsi a me non          
referantur4 ,sed quoniam non omnes      
aduertunt1 necessum fortasse erit       
aliquid eorum causa dixisse4 ,quicquid  
in sanguine pingue1 leue1  tenue est1 id
 in calidioribus corporibus alimentum   
quoddam calido fit4 ,in frigidioribus   
seruatur4 ,cunque id uenae extra se     
transmiserint ubi in frigidas particulas
 incidit1 quod genus membranae sunt in  
iis concrescit4 ,in partibus uero natura
 calidioribus1 cuiusmodi carnosae sunt1 

a calore ipso absumitur1 ac digeritur4  
,nisi sicubi frigiditati temperamenti   
etiam vita indulgentior accedens1 ipsis 
carnosis particulis adipis aliquid      
allinat4 ,qua ratione etiam quae hieme  
delitescunt animalia1 non raro          
inueniuntur adipe obesa4 ,et foeminae   
uiris sunt pinguiores4 ,quod scilicet   
foemina mari est frigidior  plurimum    
domi uersatur4 ,ac quicunque corporum   
habitus  temperamenti natura sunt       
mediocri exercitatione utuntur1 hos     
necesse est eusarcos esse1 id uero est  
mediocri omnino corporis habitu4 ,quibus
 uero humidum abundat1  calor a         
mediocritate summa non longe abest1 hi  
corpulenti1 siue carnosi fiunt4         
,corpulenti rursus fiunt1 qui natura    
sunt temperati4 ,caeterum desides       
otiosi uiuunt4 ,quippe dictum a         
ueteribus commodissime est1             
consuetudinem acquisititiam esse        
naturam4 ,nec fortasse oportebit cum id 
iam semel dixerimus1 in quouis etiam    
capite definire natura ne frigidior1 an 

ex consuetudine quispiam sit redditus4  
,sed illud legentibus remittere4 ,me    
autem compendii causa proprios cuique   
temperamento corporis habitus persequi4 
,sunt igitur nonnulli qui  graciles     
sint1  uenas paruas habeant4 ,sed si ex 
iis quempiam incidas1 adeps excidet4    
,quam constat cuti1 ad internam eius    
membranam subnasci4 ,et raro id quidem  
in uiris conspicitur3 in foeminis       
saepissime inuenitur4 ,est nanque tum   
frigidioris naturae1 tum uitae magis    
desidiosae eiusmodi nota4 ,si quidem    
adeps ex habitus frigiditate gignitur4  
,corpulentia1 siue carnis abundantia ex 
sanguinis copia nascitur4 ,mediocritas  
temperatae naturae est nota4 ,et        
corpulenti quidem1 omnino plus adipis   
habent quam temperati4 ,nec tamen pro   
carnis semper portione adeps simul      
augetur4 ,sed alios habere plus carnis1 
alios plus adipis uideas1 aliis ambo    
pari modo sunt adaucta4 ,et quibus      
quidem ambo pari modo sunt aucta1 his   
tantum supra temperatam naturam humoris 

est1 quantum  frigoris4 ,quibus autem   
plus est adipis1 in his frigidi plus    
est1 quam humidi4 ,eque ut quibus caro  
est plenior1 his humoris plus iusto est4
 ,non tamen etiam frigoris4 ,cum enim   
calori intra debitos fines manenti1 boni
 sanguinis accedit copia1 necesse est   
corpulentia sequatur4 ,quantum autem    
supra mediocritatem esse sanguis debeat1
 id quidem mensura  pondere1 ostendere  
non est4 ,ratione tradere licet4 ,quippe
 ubi nullum adhuc morbosum symptoma1    
crassato corpori incidit1 humoris       
abundantia intra sanitatis interim est  
fines4 ,monstratum enim nobis  in aliis 
est1 non paruam in eo statu1 quae       
sanitas dicitur1 necessario statuendam  
esse latitudinem4 ,quin nunc quoque in  
omni fere sermone nostro apparet4 ,qui  
temperatam1 mediamque naturam1          
reliquarum ueluti canonem semper        
statuamus4 ,quae uero ex huius utraque  
sunt parte1 intemperatas censeamus4     
,quod utique non faceremus1 nisi in     
sanitatis statu1 maioris1 minorisque    

ratio inueniretur4 ,est enim alia       
sanitatis1 alia morbi intemperies4      
,morbi quidem ea quae a media temperie  
longissime abest4 ,sanitatis quae       
paulum4 definire autem modum ne hic     
quidem mensura1  pondere licet4         
,caeterum intemperamenti1 quod intra    
sanitatem habetur sufficiens nota est3  
quod nulla functio animalis manifeste   
sit adhuc laesa4 ,quantum igitur        
interuallum est inter id1 quod          
perfectissime functionem obit1  id quod 
manifeste actionem aliquam habet        
oblaesam1 tanta est profecto  sanitatis1
  distemperantiae1 quae intra sanitatem 
consistit latitudo4 ,ab hac proxima est 
intemperies morbosa1 cum scilicet animal
 intemperamenti uitio aegrotat4 ,non    
enim huius tantum noxa laborat3 sed     
etiam aliis affectibus non paucis1 de   
quibus in iis1 quae de morborum         
differentiis scribemus1 diffusius       
agetur4 ,nunc redeundum ad diuerticulum 
est4 ,sicuti enim naturali calore       
optimam seruante temperiem1 humidum quod

 intra sanitatis terminos est auctum1   
non adipem modo in homine1 sed etiam    
corpulentiam gignit1  adipem quidem     
partius adiicit1 carnem uero multo      
liberalius auget4 ,ita rursus1 si       
humidum  siccum mediocritatem ad unguem 
inter se seruent1 calor autem in homine 
sit minor1 necesse est huius corpus     
adipe1 quam carnis copia magis abundet4 
,at uero si calor augeatur1 seruetque   
mediocritatem altera contrarietas1 minus
 erit ei animali adipis quam carnis4    
,sicut ediuerso si quando pollet siccum1
 altera contrarietate medium modum      
seruante1  gracilius  durius1 corpus    
euadet4 ,haec a me dicta sunt1 patetque 
non solum ratione monstratum esse quod  
simplices in animalium corporibus       
intemperies habeantur1 sed etiam quod   
singularum manifeste sint notae4 ,nec   
eae modo in calore1 frigore1 mollitie1  
duritie3 sed etiam in reliquis omnibus  
habituum corporis differentiis4 ,quarum 
de iis1 quae ex gracilitate             
crassitudine spectantur mox diximus1 de 

reliquis nunc dicamus4 ,calida igitur   
sicca intemperies hirsuta est1 uerum ea 
in summo4 ,mediocriter autem quae calida
 quidem est1 sed in altera contrarietate
 mediocritatem habet4 ,similiter  quae  
sicca quidem est1 sed in calido  frigido
 media est temperie4 ,est enim ea quoque
 modice hirta4 ,nuda pilis sunt frigida 
omnia temperamenta1 siue ea mediocriter 
se habent in humiditate1 siue immodice4 
,caeterum ad summum glabra est frigida  
temperies  humida4 ,minus hac1 quae     
frigida est1 sed in altera contrarietate
 temperata4 ,ad huc minus1 quae frigida 
est  sicca4 ,quanquam putet aliquis     
sicut fieri non potest1 ut in terra     
sicca herbae nascantur1 nutriantur1     
incrementum capiant1 sic nec pili in    
sicca cute4 ,est autem secus4 ,quippe   
terra1 ut terra sicca dicitur4 ,cutis1  
ut cutis3 itaque siccitas1 quae in terra
 est1 maxime sine humore est4 ,quae uero
 in hominis est corpore1  eius similium 
animalium1 nec humoris est expers1      
maxime omnium ad pilorum generationem   

est idonea4 ,siquidem nec ex iis quae   
silicea testa intecta sunt1 nec         
crustatis1 ueluti ostreis1 locustis1    
cancris3 sed nec ex iis1 quae in        
cauernis delitescunt1 quales sunt       
serpentes1 nec quae squamata sunt1      
cuiusmodi sunt pisces1 oriri pili       
possunt4 ,sunt enim horum cutes uere1   
atque in totum siccae ritu testae1 uel  
petrae4 ,caeterum ex his1 quae molli    
sunt cute1 ut homo1 quanto utique       
siccior calidiorque cutis fuerit1 tanto 
magis potest pilos gignere4 ,nam ut ab  
exemplo terrae1 quod illi proponunt1 non
 recedamus3 herbae nec in sicca         
squalente admodum terra nasci possunt1  
nec in humida  lacustri3 uerum cum      
absumi ceperit1 redundantia humoris1 tum
 enascuntur e terra4 ,augentur autem    
largius1 ubi haec quoque siccescit3     
modice quidem in uere1 celerrime uero   
plurimum ineunte aestate4 ,siccantur    
autem omnino1 arefacta terra1 aestate   
iam media1 licetque tibi 7si placet7    
nunc quoque1 sicuti in priore libro     

demonstratum est1 uer ipsum1 propterea  
quod ex temporibus anni temperatum est1 
temperati corporis id assimilare cuti1  
potissimumque huius temporis medium4    
,tum enim terra quoque ipsa1 medio      
quodam statu humoris1 siccitatisque est4
 ,quod autem ueris aestati est proximum1
 id iam sicciorem iusto reddidit terram1
 hoc etiam amplius1 aestas inchoata4    
,quam igitur dico calidam1  siccam cutem
 hanc maxime terrae statui assimiles    
quae abeunte sit uere1 uel ineunte      
aestate4 ,nam media aestate in summo est
 sicca perinde ut testa intectorum      
animalium tegmen non ut hominum1 suum1  
asinorum1 equorum1 aut alterius         
cuiusquam eorum1 quae pilis uestiuntur4 
,quare si cutem terrae comparare uolunt1
 hactenus quoque rem consentire cum iis1
 quae prius diximus inuenient4 ,ipsi    
uero sese ex omonymia non animaduersa   
fallunt4 ,in sicca enim  calida cute    
multos magnosque nasci pilos diximus4   
,nimirum ut de homine uel animali pilis 
praedito1 non de ostreis1 aut cancris   

uerba facientes4 ,quippe per omnem cutem
 digeritur semper aliquid a calido1 quod
 secum etiam interni humoris nonnihil   
aufert1 uerum in quibus humida cutis    
est1  plane mollis1 qualis modo         
concrescens caseus1 in his eorum quae   
exciderunt1 uiae per cutem non manent1  
partibus scilicet eius1 quae prius      
dissidebant1 rursus inter se unitis4 ,at
 in quibus dura est1 non absimilis caseo
 iam coacto1 perforatur quidem eorum    
quae exeunt transfluxu4 ,cum autem      
rursus uniri per siccitatem nequeat1    
meatus ipsos immutatos seruat4 ,qui     
etiam perpetuo transfluentium ictu      
assidue magis fistulantur4 ,si igitur   
quod transfluit uel halitus uel humor   
purus sit1 halitui certe celer1         
minimeque impeditus transitus est1 humor
 in exilioribus spiramentis nonnunquam  
haeret4 ,aliquid etiam intro recurrere  
ad profundum cogitur4 ,sin ueluti       
fuliginosus1 crassusque1 et terreus     
uapor sit1 subinde contingit ut in      
angustis spiramentis impactus3 nec      

facile rursum intro redeat1 nec uacuari 
possit4 ,hunc igitur alius rursum e     
profundo subiens ferit1 prorsumque      
impellit1 tum hunc rursus alter1 atque  
illum alius4 ,ac multos mihi eiusmodi   
uapores1 fuliginosos alium super alium  
impactos1 tempore complicari1           
coniungique intellige1 ac unum eiusmodi 
efficere corpus1 quale est ea1 quae     
foris cernitur fuligo1 nisi quod hic    
quantum spissatum est1 tantum etiam per 
transitus angustiam stipatum1 in        
angustam prorsus redactum est formam4   
,vbi autem tale corpus totum obstruxerit
 meatum deinceps iam uiolenter ictum1 a 
similibus sui quibus exitus non est     
excrementis1 totum interim propellitur4 
,adeo ut cute exire cogatur1 iam lori   
formam adeptum4 ,ad similes autem1 quod 
in meatu est impactum1 herbae1 stirpis  
ue ueluti radici4 ,quod uero ex cute    
extat1 ipsi ueluti stirpi1 fit autem    
niger pilus1 cum deusto ui caloris      
uapore1 excrementum in exactam fuliginem
 mutatur1 flauus uero1 cum uapor minus  

torretur4 ,quippe quod tum est impactum 
flauae bilis1 non nigrae feculentum     
excrementum est4 ,albus uero pilus ex   
pituita nascitur4 ,rufus sicuti coloris 
flaui albique est medius1 sic eius      
generatio ex pituitosae1 biliosaeque    
fecis media quadam natura prouenit4     
,crispi pili fiunt uel propter          
siccitatem temperamenti uel propter     
meatum1 in quo radicantur4 ,et propter  
siccitatem quidem1 ad eum modum quo     
corigiae1 quae igni plus iusto          
siccantur4 ,et quid corigiarum meminisse
 est opus1 cum ipsos pilos1 ubi igni    
propius sunt admoti1 protinus intorqueri
 uideas4 ,atque ita quidem omnes        
,aethiopes sunt crispi4 ,at propter     
meatuum in quibus radicantur naturam1 ad
 hunc modum4 ,cum exhalatio saepe       
imbecillior est1 quam ut rectam uiam    
sibi moliri possit1 pro modo quo        
inflectitur1 etiam meatum suum figurat4 
,interim uero exhalatio satis ualens    
est4 ,sed duriore cutis natura1 recta   
ferri regione prohibita1 in latus       

flectitur3 ita ut extrinsecus uidere    
licet1 non halitum modo1 aut fumum1 sed 
etiam flammam ipsam cum sursum agi      
uetatur1 diuisam utroque uersus in      
obliquum agi4 ,sic igitur corporis      
exhalatio1 ubi prorsum agi prohibetur1  
obliquum sibi transitum sub cute        
molitur4 ,donec longiore spatio         
collectam1 aliquid eam urgeat1  foras   
flatu agat4 ,est quando ambobus         
coeuntibus1  prima exhalationis1 quae   
meatum finxit imbecillitate1  cutis     
siccitate1 obliquitas pilorum radicibus 
contingit4 ,quales autem in radice      
finguntur1 tales rationabile est        
perpetuo fore4 ,neque enim durorum      
siccorum corporum quippiam1 nisi prius  
molliatur1 fingi in rectum potest4      
,atque haec quidem est pilorum          
generatio4 ,sequens est1 ut causas      
omnium1 quae temperamentis in pilorum   
pro aetate regione1  corporis natura    
differentiis contingunt1 dicamus4 ,ergo 
,aegyptii1 ,arabes1  ,indi1 omnes       
denique qui calidam  siccam regionem    

incolunt1 nigros1 exiguique incrementi1 
siccos1 crispos1  fragiles pilos habent4
 ,contra qui humidam1 frigidamque       
regionem habitant1 ,illyrii1 ,germani1  
,sarmatae1  omnis ,scytica plaga1 modice
 auctiles1  graciles1  rectos1  rufos   
optinent4 ,qui uero inter hos temperatum
 colunt tractum1 hi pilos plurimi       
incrementi1  robustissimos1  modice     
nigros1  mediocriter crassos1 tum nec   
prorsus crispos1 nec omnino rectos      
edunt4 ,et in aetatibus ad eundem modum 
infantium quidem pili ,germanis         
,florentium aetate1 ,aethiopibus1       
,epheborum1  puerorum1 iis qui          
temperatum locum incolunt1 in robore1   
crassitudine1 magnitudine1  colore1 ad  
portionem se habent4 ,in corporum quoque
 naturis ad aetatum1  regionum portionem
 pili se habent4 ,pueri enim admodum    
parui nudi sunt pilis4 ,quod utique nec 
meatus adhuc ullus illis in cute est3   
nec fuliginosum excrementum4            
,incipientes autem pubescere1 paruos1   
imbecillos exigunt4 ,at qui iam florent 

ualentiores1  multos  magnos1  nigros   
habent4 ,quod  frequentes iam meatus iis
 sint facti4 ,et fuliginosis            
excrementis1 prae siccitate1  calore    
abundent4 ,caeterum pili1 qui in capite 
superciliis1  ciliis habentur1 etiam    
pueris nobis innascuntur4 ,siquidem     
generatio iis est1 non qualis herbis1   
sed qualis stirpibus1 prima ratione a   
natura conditis1 non temperamentum ex   
necessitate sequentibus4 ,sicuti in     
libris de usu particulatum est          
monstratum3 uerum hi quoque quod quidem 
sint1 id naturae arti acceptum ferunt4  
,quod nigri1 rufi ue1 uel alio quouis   
sint colore1 id aetatis temperamento    
omnino debent4 ,subrufi enim fere sunt1 
quoniam quod in meatibus est impactum1  
nondum totum est nigrum4 ,quippe cum    
humiditas multa sit1  transitus facilis 
deustio imbecilla4 ,boni uero           
incrementi1  modice crassi sunt1 propter
 excrementorum quibus aluntur1 copiam4  
,quippe ipsa pars corporis in qua fiunt1
 sicca est4 ,tota nanque calua ossea    

est4 ,cutis uero1 quae illi est         
circundata1 tanto reliqua totius        
corporis cute est siccior1 quanto etiam 
est durior4 ,ascendit tamen tum ab iis1 
quae circa cerebrum sunt1 tum uero ex   
toto corpore1 fuliginosi excrementi non 
parua uis4 ,quo fit1 ut quale1 aetate   
florentibus1 totum est corpus1 eiusmodi 
iam infantibus sit capitis cutis4 ,eoque
 rationabilius nonnulli procedente      
tempore calui redduntur4 ,quibus        
scilicet a primo durior cutis erat4     
,quippe monstratum prius est            
senescentium partes omnes siccescere4   
,fit autem cutis non paucis ueluti      
testacea1 ubi supra iustum fuerit       
siccata4 ,in ea uero sicut ex prioribus 
constat nihil nasci potest4 ,itaque     
etiam interna manuum1  inferna pedum1   
semper glabra1  pilorum expertia sunt1  
quod siccissimus1 densissimusque sit    
tendo is1 qui sub cute habetur4 ,quibus 
autem ad summam siccitatem1 cutis       
capitis non peruenit1 imbecilli his     
omnino1 albique pili fiunt1 quos uulgo1 

canos appellant4 ,imbecilli quidem1     
conuenientis alimenti penuria1 albi uero
 propterea quod alimentum quo aluntur1  
ueluti situs est pituitae1 quae spatio  
computruit4 ,vbi enim meatus etiamnum   
manet1 excrementum uero exiguum est1    
lentum1 ac languide a calore            
propellitur1 non dissimiliter putredini 
afficitur1 iam calui fiunt homines1 cum 
senescunt1 a sincipite magis4 ,canescunt
 magis a temporibus1 quoniam illud      
omnium capitis partium est siccissimum4 
,haeret enim cutis illic ossi nudo1     
tempora uero humidiora sunt4 ,quod in   
his musculi magni sub cute habeantur4   
,omnis autem musculus carnosus sit4     
,caro1 tum osse1 tum cute humidior4 ,est
 autem ei quod dicimus diligenter       
attendendum1 ne imprudentes nosmetipsos 
fallamus4 ,sicuti se fallunt multi ex   
iis1 qui optimi uisi sunt medici4 ,qui  
si quem caluum uiderint1 statim huic    
siccum esse totius corporis             
temperamentum putant4 ,neque enim       
simpliciter ita coniectari oportebat4   

,sed prius illud definire praestiterat1 
humanum corpus in aliis aequabili per   
totum temperamento esse1 in aliis1 nec  
iis paucis inequabiliter esse affectum4 
,cum eorum aliae particulae mediocri    
iusto sint humidiores3 aliae            
frigidiores1 aliae sicciores1 aliae     
calidiores1 aliae prorsus temperatae1 ac
 mediocres4 ,porro huic maxime esse     
attentos conuenit1 ubi corporis         
temperiem estimamus4 ,quippe si totum   
corpus aequabiliter conditum sit1       
omnemque partium inter se competentiam  
in latitudine1 longitudine1  altitudine 
seruet3 potest utique aequabiliter      
attemperatum esse id corpus4 ,at si cui 
corpori ,thorax collum1  humeri maximi  
sunt1 lumbi parui1 angustique1  crura   
gracilia atque sicca1 quomodo id dixeris
 omnibus particulis similiter affectum8 
,quin si crura ei crassa sint1  lumbi   
lati4 ,thorax uero angustus1 ne id      
quidem omnibus partibus equabiliter est 
temperatum4 ,sunt alia corpora1 quibus  
maximum est caput3 alia quibus paruum1  

quale passeribus4 ,iam crura aliis      
blesa1 aliis vara4 ,artuum quoque       
extrema aliis gracilia sunt1 aliis      
crassa4 ,et thorax aliis ut dictum est1 
latus aliis tabulae ritu angustus1 quos 
,graeci  uocant4 ,vbi uero opertae      
scoptulae illis1 siue carne nudaeque    
plane sunt  alarum more pronae1         
nominantur a medicis eiusmodi naturae   
,graece 4 ,quantopere autem hae sint    
uiciatae deperdito his paulo minus omni 
interno spatio1 quo pulmo1  cor sunt    
sita1 neminem latet4 ,innumerae uero    
aliae particularum corporis plane       
affectiones sunt4 ,vbi id a naturali    
analogia1 protinus in utero matris ad   
inaequalem intemperiem est mutatum4     
,minime igitur in corporibus id genus1  
ex unica particula coniectandum de toto 
est4 ,neque enim hi qui mores ex ingenio
 corporis docere profitentur1           
simpliciter de omnibus pronunciant4     
,verum ipsi quoque experientia docti1 si
 quis impense hirto est pectore4 ,hunc  
audacem iudicant1 sin cruribus est      

hirtis1 salacem4 ,non tamen causam etiam
 adiiciunt3 neque enim cum pectus habere
 leoni simile dicunt4 ,crura uero hirco1
 iam primam causam inuenerunt4 ,siquidem
 cur leo quidem audax1 hircus uero salax
 sit1 ratio etiam inuestigandum exigit1 
hactenus enim quod in re fieri cernitur 
dixere4 ,causam tamen eius omisere4     
,caeterum is1 qui naturali speculatione 
est exercitatus1 sicuti aliorum omnium1 
ita horum quoque causas inuenire tentat4
 ,propterea enim quod inequali partium  
temperamento sunt1 non leo modo  hircus1
 sed etiam caeterorum pleraque          
animalium1 idcirco ad alias actiones    
aliud est pronum4 ,ac de his quidem     
,aristoteles commode tractauit4 ,sed    
quod ad re propositam est utile1 id iam 
apparet4 ,hominum scilicet temperamenta 
consyderantibus1 singulas partium per se
 examinandas esse4 ,nec si cui thorax   
hirsutus est1 huic totum corpus         
calidius1 sicciusque ex necessitate     
putandum4 ,sed plurimum in corde caloris
 esse4 ,eoque audacem3 posse uero       

aliquando etiam huius ipsius rei        
occasione accidere1 quo minus totum his 
corpus similiter calidum siccumque sit3 
quod scilicet plurimum caloris sursum   
huc spirauerit1 atque in ambientem      
abierit4 ,nam si tota corporis temperies
 est aequalis erit his statim thorax    
ipse uniuersus latissimus1 uenae amplae1
 arteriae magnae1 eaedem maxime1        
uehementissimeque pulsantes1 tum plurimi
 per totum corpus pili4 ,atque hi quidem
 in capite plurimi incrementi1 nigri1   
crispi4 ,vtique in prima aetate         
procedente uero tempore caluities       
excipiet4 ,quin etiam eiusmodi hominibus
 cum aequaliter sunt attemperati1       
robustum1  exacte deliniatum1           
musculosum totum corpus erit4 ,tum cutis
 nigrior1 durior1 atque hirsutior4 ,ad  
eundem modum1 si contraria omnia in     
thorace sint1 ac aequalis in toto       
corpore temperies uigeat1 id est1 si    
humidiores  frigidiores uniuersae       
corporis partes sint1 thorax quidem     
angustus1  glaber erit4 ,sicuti etiam   

totum corpus pilis nudum4 ,cutis uero   
mollis  alba1 capilli subrufi1          
potissimum in iuuentute1 hi in senectute
 non caluescunt1 timidique statim       
ignaui1  segnes1 adde etiam paruis      
uenis1 ac minime conspicuis1  adiposi   
fiunt4 ,iidem neruis1 musculisque       
imbecillis1  artubus1 parum exacte      
deliniatis1  blesis4 ,at ubi uaria      
partium temperies est1 ex una earum     
pronunciare de toto corpore non licet1  
sed adeundae singulae sunt3             
estimandumque1 quo temperamento         
uentriculus1 quo pulmo1 quo cerebrum1 ac
 reliquarum per se unaqueque seorsum    
sit4 ,atque haec quidem ex functionibus 
noscenda4 ,cum nec manuum               
contrectatione1 nec oculorum inspectione
 inuenisse temperiem eorum sit4 ,simul  
autem pensitandus1  continentium ea     
partium affectus est1 quarum omnium     
extrema est cutis4 ,haec in nostra      
regione1 quae utique temperata est      
subiectarum partium naturam prodit4     
,quanquam nec in ea simpliciter loquenti

 omnium4 ,sed duntaxat earum1 quae      
similem habent cuti temperiem4 ,at in   
his quae sub ursa  sub meridie sunt     
locis1 quoniam corporum quae in altero  
sunt1 calor in altum a circundante      
extrinsecus  uincente frigore est       
fugatus4 ,alterorum in cutem1 ab externo
 calore attractus prodiit1 non potest ex
 eo affectu1 qui in cute cernitur1      
internarum particularum temperies clare 
discerni4 ,quippe corporis temperies in 
regionibus1 iis quae a temperie         
recesserunt1 inequalis uisitur1 externis
 scilicet1 internisque partibus ad      
eundem se modum non habentibus4 ,gallis 
enim  ,germanis1  omni ,thracio1 ac     
,scithico generi frigida1 humidaque     
cutis est4 ,ideoque etiam mollis1 alba1 
pilis nuda4 ,omnis uero naturalis his   
calor in uiscera una cum sanguine       
confugit1 ubi dum agitatur1  premitur   
feruet1 iracundi1 audaces1  praecipitis 
consilii redduntur4 ,ethiopibus uero    
,arabibus1 omnibus denique iis1 qui ad  
meridiem incolunt1 natura cutis ex      

ambientis aestu  naturali calore foras  
acto1 usta1 dura1 sicca1  nigra         
redditur4 ,toto corpore naturalis quidem
 caloris exiguam optinente portionem4   
,sed alieno1 atque adscito incalescente4
 ,quippe id quoque ab ,aristotele in    
multis est traditum4 ,estque illi1 si   
alteri ulli attendendum1 ac in singulis 
corporibus estimandum suo ne  proprio1  
an ascititio calore incaleant4 ,quae    
enim putrescunt1 omnia adscititio calore
 sunt calida1 proprio frigent4 ,qui     
meridianam plagam incolunt adscititio   
calore sunt calidi1 proprio frigidi4    
,iam apud nos quoque naturalis calor    
hieme est uberior1 adscititius minor4   
,aestate contra adscititius maior1      
naturalis minor4 ,omnia nanque haec     
definiat oportet1 qui recte             
temperamentum est cogniturus4 ,neque    
enim omnino si cutis nigrior apparet1   
iam totus homo calidior est4 ,sed si ita
 est1 caeteris omnibus simili modo se   
habentibus4 ,siquidem si alter in sole  
uersatus diutius est4 ,alter in umbra1  

illi nigrior1 huic albidior cutis erit4 
,verum hoc ad totius temperamenti       
alterationem nihil facit4 ,ipsa nanque  
cutis sub sole diutius habita siccior1  
in umbra1 humidior euadet4 ,non tamen   
naturalis temperies1 uel iocinoris1 uel 
cordis1 uel alterius cuiusquam uisceris1
 statim mutabitur4 ,optimum igitur      
fuerit1 sicuti prius est dictum1        
cuiusque seorsum particulae temperamenti
 notas comparasse4 ,verbi gratia        
uentriculi1 si is bene concoquit quod   
temperatus sit4 ,sin non bene concoquit1
 intemperatus1 si nidorosos1 uel fumosos
 edit ructus1 quod igneus in eo calor   
sit4 ,sin acidos1 imbecillus  infirmus4 
,simili modo1 si qui bubulam1  omnia    
quae concoctu difficilia sunt3          
concoquunt1 quod eorum calor immodicus  
sit4 ,si qui haec concoquere non ualent1
 sed saxatiles pisces1  talia           
concoquunt1 infirmus4 ,videndum autem   
hic rursum1 num succi alicuius1 qui     
aliunde confluat1 culpa eiusmodi        
symptoma uentriculo accidat4 ,aliis enim

 ex capite pituita1 aliis flaua ex      
iecinore bilis1 in uentriculum confluit4
 ,rarum tamen hoc cernitur  paucissimis 
contingere4 ,at compluribus a capite    
defluit pituita4 ,atque id maxime       
,romae1 ac locis perinde humidis4       
,caeterum  quod raro accidit            
consyderandum4 ,nihilque pro superfluo  
habendum1 aut negligendum4 ,siquidem    
ipse uidi1 quibusdam perquam pituitosis 
hominibus1 multam tamen in uentriculo   
colligi flauam bilem1 quam cum ante     
cibum aqua uino ue epoto1 euomere       
debuissent1 si quid ciborum priusquam   
uomerent1 gustassent1  hos corrumperent1
  capite dolerent4 ,cum hos quidam      
natura biliosos esse crederent4         
,quanquam essent toto corpore molles1   
candidi1  glabri1  adiposi1  uenis1 ac  
musculis parum conspicuis1 praeterea    
exangues1 nec tangentibus admodum       
calidi4 ,vidi  qui bilem nunquam        
uomuerunt1 qui tamen  graciles1         
hirsuti1  musculosi1  nigri1  uenosi    
fuerunt1 affatimque calidi1 si quis     

tangeret1 uidebantur4 ,cuiusmodi habitu 
,eudemus philosophus erat4 ,sed incidit 
hoc loco speculatio quaedam anatomica id
 est1 quae ad corporum dissectionem     
pertinet1 quam aliqui medicorum1        
ignorantes1 ex symptomatum dissonantia1 
magnopere anguntur1 dum parum           
intelligunt meatum illum1 per quem iecur
 bilem in uentriculum euomit1 aliis     
geminum esse1 aliis unicum1 id quod in  
quadrupedum dissectionibus uidere licet4
 ,ac plurimum quidem unicus is est1 in  
id intestinum quod pylori1 id est1      
exitus fundi uentris1  ieiuni medium    
est1 insertus4 ,graeci medium id  1     
quasi quiddam e uentre enatum uocant4   
,vel si geminus meatus sit1 in ecphysin 
illam maior inseritur1 minor in fundum  
uentriculi paulo supra pyloron4         
,inuenitur1 sed tamen in paucissimis1   
superior pars maior1 inferior minor4    
,caeterum quibus est maior1 his in      
uentrem quotidie non exiguum bilis      
effunditur4 ,quam  euomant ante cibos   
oportet1  nisi id faciant1 laeduntur4   

,quibus autem unicus est omnino meatus1 
his tota bilis confluit in ieiunum4     
,quanam igitur ratione dignoscere hos   
licebit8 ,neque enim dissecandos esse   
uiuos censeo1 primum certe totius       
corporis temperamento1 ueluti paulo     
supra est propositum4 ,deinde iis quae  
infra excernuntur4 ,eudemus enim biliosa
 mera1 perpetuo per sedem excernebat3   
utpote1 qui multam collegit bilem1 cuius
 nihil in superiorem uentrem peruenit4  
,reliquis1 qui scilicet  pituitoso erant
 corporis habitu1  bilem uomebant1 his  
haudquaquam erat aluus biliosa4 ,quippe 
cum  minimum flauae bilis gignerent1    
eius plurima portio in superiorem       
uentrem perueniret4 ,tertium notae genus
 in ipsis est uacuatis4 ,nam quibus in  
uentre biliosum excrementum gignitur1 id
 porri uirorem praefert4 ,at quibus ex  
iocinore descendit1 his uel plane flauum
 est1 uel omnino saltem pallidum4       
,praeterea quibus in uentriculo bilis   
illa gignitur1 quae porri colorem       
imitatur1 debet omnino his cibus fuisse1

 non panis1 non suilla caro1 simile ue  
aliquid1 sed necessario aliquid1 quod   
his calidius fuit1 neque id boni succi4 
,quibus autem ex iocinore in uentrem    
defluxit1 his flaua ea1 pallida ue      
euomitur1 etiam si boni imprimis succi  
fuit1 quod sumpserunt4 ,etiam si ad     
summum fuit concoctum4 ,imo uero magis  
ipsis qui ad unguem concoxerunt1 flaua  
uomuntur4 ,atque etiam magis his qui    
diutius cibo abstinuerunt4 ,quae uero   
bilis porrum refert1 iis solis gignitur 
in uentre1 qui utique concoxerunt male4 
,quin etiam sollicitudo1 ira1 dolor1    
labor1 exercitatio1 uigilia1            
abstinentia1  inedia1 succi flauae bilis
 plus aceruant4 ,propterea quod plus    
eius succi in iocinore gignunt4 ,sunt   
igitur tum haec certa indicia1 tum ad   
haec1 quod ubi siccum  igneum uentricoli
 calorem1 conuersio ad biliosum         
sequitur1 panis1  suilla1  bubula caro1 
commodius quam saxatiles pisces         
concoquentur4 ,cum si ex iecinore bilis 
affluat1 ex comestorum mutatione nulla  

secutura sit concoctionis diuersitas4   
,atque his quidem discernitur1 quod non 
temperamenti1 sed alterius cuiusquam    
gratia prouenit4 ,ad eundem modum si    
defluens a capite in uentrem pituita    
acidi ructus causa est1 conueniet simili
 ratione hic quoque a uentris proprio   
affectu hanc discernere4 ,aeque uero    
capitis dolores ex propria ne eius      
intemperie1 an propter uentris aliqua   
excrementa incidant discernendi4 ,iam   
cerebrum ipsum cuius sit temperamenti1  
per se estimare est satius1 quam ex     
corporis totius affectu4 ,ipsius autem  
per se consyderatio1 ex canitie1        
catarris1 tussi1 distillatione1  saliuae
 copia initur4 ,quippe quae omnia id    
frigidius1 humidiusque esse doceant4    
,atque his amplius si ex leui qualibet  
occasione1 in hos deuenit affectus4 ,at 
caluities ex siccitate prouenit4        
,nigrorum autem  frequentium pilorum    
prouentus1 equalis in cerebro           
temperamenti nota est4 ,ergo ad hunc    
modum de temperamentis ineunda nobis    

consyderatio est4 ,quanque scilicet     
particulam seorsum perpendentibus1 nec  
ausis ex una pronunciare de omnibus4    
,quod utique nonnulli fecerunt1 qui     
resimos1 humidos1 aduncos1 siccos esse  
dixerunt4 ,et quibus parui sunt oculi   
siccos4 ,quibus magni humidos4 ,atque de
 hoc quidem parum inter eos conuenit4   
,alii nanque eorum1 qui scilicet humidis
 particulis oculos adnumerant1 ubi eos  
maiores uident1 in iis humiditatem      
temperamenti pollere existimant4 ,alii  
caloris uehementia1 qui in prima        
formatione sursum confertim magis       
copiosiorque ferebatur1 non oculos modo1
 uerum etiam os ipsum et reliquos omnes 
meatus ampliores factos aiunt1 ita non  
humiditatis id1 sed caloris indicium    
esse4 ,verum ambo a ueritate aberrant1  
uno modo1 eoque communi1 quod unius     
particulae occasione de toto corpore    
pronunciare sunt ausi4 ,altero quod     
formatricis in natura uirtutis1 quae    
artifex facultas est1  particulas       
secundum animi mores effingit1 parum    

meminerunt4 ,de hac nanque ,aristoteles 
dubitauit3 nunquid diuinioris originis  
sit1 atque a calido1 frigido1 humido1   
sicco1 res diuersa1 quo mihi minus recte
 facere uidentur1 qui tam temere de     
rebus maximis pronunciant1  solis       
qualitatibus formandarum partium causam 
assignant4 ,rationabile enim est1 haec  
organa esse1 formatorem alium4 ,sed     
citra tam arduas quaestiones1 inuenire  
licet1 sicut ostendimus1 humidam1       
siccam1 frigidam1 calidamque temperiem4 
,errant igitur qui propriis indiciis    
neglectis1 ad ea quae longe posita sunt1
  magnae quaestioni fuerunt1 atque ad   
hunc usque diem optimis philosophorum   
dubitata sunt conuertuntur4 ,neque enim 
propterea quod pueri nasis magis sunt   
resimis1 florentes aetate magis aduncis1
 idcirco rationabile est resimos omnes  
humidos censere1 aduncos siccos4 ,sed   
fieri potest1 ut formatricis uirtutis   
eiusmodi opus sit1 potius quam          
temperamenti4 ,quod si temperamenti est 
nota1 at certe eius quod in naso tantum 

habetur1 non eius quod in toto corpore  
nota fuerit4 ,quare frustra illud       
praedicant1 in siccis natura            
temperamentis nasum acutum1 oculos      
cauos1 tempora collapsa4 ,quod scilicet 
in affectibus iis1 quae corpora liquant1
 atque supra quam par est1 inaniunt1    
haec contingant4 ,saepe nanque sic      
accidit3 sepe non ita4 ,sed uidere licet
 totius corporis habitum1  mollem1      
pinguem1  album1  carnosum1 cum tamen   
oculi sunt parui1  nasus acutus4 ,rursus
 siccum1 macilentum1 nigrum1  hirsutum1 
ubi magni sunt oculi1  nasus resimus1   
praestat igitur1 siquidem de solo agitur
 naso1 ut ex eo resimo1 humiditatem1 ex 
eo adunco siccitatem coniectes4 ,nec de 
totius animantis temperie ex his        
particulis pronuncies4 ,pari modo       
oculorum1  alterius cuiuslibet partis   
proprium temperamentum ex propriis      
indiciis estimare est satius4 ,ergo de  
totius corporis temperie non recte ab   
una quapiam particula iudicium sumitur4 
,cum siue humoris uincentis1 siue       

caloris1 siue etiam amborum1 cesios     
oculos indicium statuere oportet1 utique
 proprii ipsorum sic1 non omnium totius 
corporis partium1 temperamenti          
documentum erunt4 ,neque enim si dura   
macra crura sunt1 omnino siccum est     
totius corporis temperamentum4 ,alii    
nanque affatim carnosi1  pingues1       
crassi1  prominenti uentre1  molles1    
candidi etiam cum eiusmodi cruribus     
cernuntur4 ,verum si totius corporis    
temperies1 pari ratione se habeat1 sicci
 omnino sunt1 quibus macra sunt crura4  
,humidi1 quibus crassa1 praeterea quibus
 acutus est nasus1 aut aduncus4 ,hi     
sicci1 quibus resimus humidi4 ,ad eundem
 modum de oculis1 temporibus1 caeteris  
denique omnibus particulis1 iudicandum4 
,quibus impar temperamentum est1 nec    
omnium particularum idem1 alienum a     
ratione est1 ex unicae particulae       
natura1 de omnibus sententiam ferre4    
,porro tale quippiam plurimis eorum     
imposuit1 cum non de hominum modo1 sed  
etiam aliorum animalium totius corporis 

temperamento1 ex indiciis1 quae in cute 
tantum spectantur1 iudicium ferre sunt  
ausi4 ,neque enim si dura cutis est1    
necessario siccum est animans4 ,sed     
fieri potest1 ut tantum cutis sic sit   
affecta4 ,sed nec si nigra haec hirta ue
 est4 ,simili modo1 nec si mollis haec1 
depilis ue est1 humidum ex necessitate  
totum est animal4 ,verum si per totum   
aequabiliter est attemperatum1 ratio    
est1 ut qualis sit cutis1 talis sit     
reliquarum partium unaquaeque4 ,sin     
inequaliter1 non item4 ,quippe ostrearum
 totum corpus humidissimum est1 cutis   
ipsa siccissima4 ,est enim iis qua      
teguntur testa1 cuiusmodi est nobis     
cutis4 ,atque hinc illis ,graece nomen  
enim nominantur omnia eiusmodi          
animantia1 propterea quod cutis iis     
ostraco 4i4 testae est adsimilis4 ,iam  
malacostraca1 id est quae molli testa   
integuntur1 ueluti marinae locustae     
camari1  cancri1 cutem quidem habent    
siccam1 reliquam uniuersam temperiem    
humidam4 ,immo uero illud ipsum         

humiditatis in carne nonnunquam         
animalibus causa est1 quod siccam1      
terrenamque portionem natura his        
uniuersam circa cutem reponit4 ,non est 
igitur putandum1 nec quod cutis ostreis 
sicca est1 illico carnem quoque esse    
siccam4 ,nec quod haec praehumida1      
muccosaque est1 iam cutem quoque        
eiusmodi esse4 ,quippe equum est quanque
 particulam ex seipsa dignosci4 ,ergo   
tum in his peccant1 ii qui commentarios 
de temperamentis nobis reliquerunt1 tum 
quod id omittunt1 quod ,hyppocrates     
rectissime admonuit1 spectandum esse ex 
quibus1 in quae mutationes sunt factae4 
,fit enim non raro1 ut praesens nota    
prioris temperamenti sit1 non eius quod 
in corpore nunc habeat1 ueluti si quis  
annos natus sexaginta denso pilo sit1   
non quod calidus  siccus nunc sit1 sed  
quod ante talis fuerit1 consistant autem
 ei prius geniti pili4 ,ad eum modum1   
quo herbae1 quae uere sunt enatae1      
nonnunquam perseuerant aestate4 ,aliis  
enim spacio  paulatim1 contigit a       

plurima illa hirtitate mutari4          
,labentibus scilicet pre nimia siccitate
 pilis1 aliis diutissime pili permanent 
utique qui nec in processu temporis     
admodum siccantur1 et a primo ualentem  
habuerunt originem4 ,arborum ritu1      
quarum radices in terra ualenter        
comprehenderunt4 ,caue igitur si        
quemadmodum pilosum uideas1 hunc statim 
melancholicum putes4 ,sed si quidem     
floret adhuc aetas1 nondum esse talem4  
,sin iam declinat1 melancholicum        
existima4 ,at si senex est1 non item4   
,fiunt nanque melancholica temperamenta1
 ex sanguinis adustione3 ,caeterum cum  
id pati incipit1 non statim est         
percoctus1 uerum hirtus abunde1 qui     
calidus  siccus est1 celeriter erit4 ,si
 modo eorum1 quae proposita sunt1       
meminimus4 ,non illico melancholicus4   
,quippe cutis densitas1 crassiorum      
excrementorum transitum remorans in     
temperamentis1 quae calida in summo     
sunt1 comburi ea cogit4 ,ita fit1 ut    
tale iis nunc sit excrementum1 quod     

pilos creat1 quale olim procedente      
tempore in uasis sanguinis est futurum4 
,tum haec igitur omissa prioribus sunt4 
,tum praeter haec quod ex natura        
excrementorum1 indefinite de            
temperamentis pronunciant4 ,putant enim 
particularum temperiem1 similem esse cum
 excrementorum natura4 ,id uero         
usquequaque uerum non est4 ,sed fieri   
interim potest1 ut pituitosa excrementa 
colligantur1 nec tamen humida sit       
particula1 immo frigida omnino3 humida  
uero non omnino4 ,quippe cum siccam     
quoque esse liceat4 ,quod autem eis     
imposuit1 facile animaduertitur4 ,non   
enim norunt quod ex cibis1 nequaquam ex 
ipso corpore nostro1 pituita fit4 ,quare
 nihil miri est1 si ubi ingestos cibos  
7qui humidi fortasse natura sint7 non   
uincit1 simile iis1 ipsum quoque        
excrementum creet4 ,non est igitur quod 
opinentur1 tanquam corpus siccum est1   
itidem excrementum quoque esse siccum4  
,etenim si quis ab initio sicciore1     
frigidioreque temperamento statim fuit1 

is non melancholicus est1 sed utique ab 
excrementis pituitosus4 ,quod si ex     
habitus mutatione1 frigidus1 siccusque  
est redditus1 necessario hic talis iam  
etiam melancholicus est uerbi gratia3   
,si quis ante calidus  siccus1 ex       
sanguine urendo plurimam generauit atram
 bilem4 ,est enim is praeterquam quod   
siccus est  frigidus1 protinus etiam    
melancholicus4 ,sin a principio frigidus
  siccus fuit4 ,habitus quidem corporis 
eius albus1 mollis1 depilis1 uenis1     
articulisque parum expressis1 gracilis1 
tangenti frigidus1 animus uero minime   
audax1  timens1  tristis1 non tamen     
excrementa huic melancholica sunt4 ,in  
his igitur omnibus peccant plerique     
medicorum ex eo quod proprias notas     
respuunt1 atque ad ea quae non perpetuo1
 sed frequenter accidunt1 conuertuntur4 
,eiusdem erroris occasione1  quod       
excalfacit1 id etiam siccare omnino     
putant4 ,hoc enim ueluti coronide       
summaque uniuersi sermonis addito1      
secundum iam librum finire statui4      

,quippe phlegmone obsessas partes calida
 perfundentes aqua1 atque ita uacuari ab
 iis humorem cernentes1 clare indicatum 
arbitrantur1 siccitatem omnino calori   
succedere4 ,neque id modo ubi cum       
siccitate is1 uerum etiam ubi cum humore
 est coniunctus4 ,caeterum non est idem 
uel uacuasse ab aliquo humorem1 qui     
locis quibusdam sit dispersus1 uel      
propriam particulae alicuius temperiem  
sicciorem reddidisse4 ,siquidem         
inequalis quaedam in his1 quae phlegmone
 laborant partibus1 intemperies est1    
similaribus scilicet corporibus a       
proprio temperamento nondum amotis1 sed 
assidue adhuc in mutatione atque        
alteratione uersatis1 omnibus nimirum   
interpositis inter eas spaciolis1       
fluxione refertis4 ,quaecunque igitur   
calida humidaque natura sunt1 cum sic   
affectis admouentur1 ipsa quidem        
superuacanea quae media similarium      
spacia occuparunt1 euocant4 ,corpora    
tamen ipsa tantum abest1 ut siccent1 ut 
etiam illis humorem adiiciant4 ,ac ipsa 

quidem ueritas ita se habet4            
,demonstratio tamen euidens dictis      
requiritur4 ,verum eam cum  longiorem   
existimem1 quam ut huic libro inseratur1
  auditorem desyderet1 qui              
medicamentorum facultatis sit non       
ignarus1 in praesens differo4 ,caeterum 
ubi in tertio libro de omni             
temperamentorum genere tractauero1 ac de
 iis1 quae potestate calida1 frigida1   
humida1 siccaque sunt omnem methodum    
indicauero1 mox integrum libellum       
scribere de inequali intemperie decreui4
 ,quippe si absoluetur a nobis uniuersa 
de temperamentis disceptatio1 tum ad    
libros de medicamentis1 tum ad medendi  
methodum non parum adferet commodi4     
,galeni de temperamentis1 ,thoma        
,linacro ,anglo interprete1 ,libri      
secundi1 finis4     ,,galeni ,,de       
,,temperamentis1 ,thoma ,linacro ,anglo 
interprete ,liber tertius4   ,ac quod   
energia1 siue actu calidorum1           
frigidorum1 humidorum1  siccorum        
unumquodque tale esse dicatur1 uel quod 

summam habet eiusmodi qualitatem1 uel   
quod uincit in eo id genus qualitatum   
aliqua1 uel quod ad cognati generis     
mediocre aliquid1 uel ad unum quodlibet 
nobis sit collatum1 prius est traditum4 
,monstratum praeterea est quemadmodum ea
 quis agnoscere exacte possit4 ,reliquum
 est1 ut de iis1 quae talia potestate   
sunt disseramus1 si tamen prius         
explicuerimus1 quid ipso potestatis     
nomine significetur4 ,est autem breuis  
eius  facillima1  clara explicatio4     
,quippe quod quale dicitur1 tale nondum 
est1 sed potest tale esse1 id hoc esse  
potestate dicimus4 ,hominem uerbi       
gratia1 qui modo natus fuit1 rationalem1
  auem uolatilem1  canem uenaticum1     
equum celerem4 ,scilicet quod eorum unum
 quodque futurum omnino est1 si nihil id
 extrinsecus impediat1 hoc ceu iam id   
sit1 appellantes4 ,vnde arbitror haec   
esse potestate1 non actu dicimus1       
perfectum nanque est1 ac iam praesens1  
ipsa energia1 siue quod actu est4 ,quod 
uero potestate est1 imperfectum1  adhuc 

futurum1 atque ut fiat quidem id quod   
dicitur1 ueluti habile1 non tamen adhuc 
subsistens4 ,siquidem nec infans        
rationalis iam est1 sed talis futuros4  
,nec qui modo aeditus est canis1        
uenator1 qui scilicet adhuc non uideat1 
sed quod uenari queat si ad iustum      
perueniat incrementum1 sic nominatur4   
,ac maxime quidem proprie sola ea       
potestate esse dicimus1 in quibus natura
 ipsa suopte impetu ad absolutionem     
uenit4 ,vtique si nihil ei extrinsecus  
impedimento sit4 ,praeterea quaecunque  
fientium 7ut sic dicam7 continentes     
materiae sunt4 ,nec refert continentes1 
an conuenientes1 an proprias dicas4     
,quippe cum ex omnibus indicetur1 quod  
propinquum est1 quodque nec alia        
intercedente mutatione sic dicitur1     
uerbi1 gratia cum sanguinem potestate   
carnem appellas1 quoniam minimam        
mutationem ad carnis generationem       
requirat4 ,at non qui in uentriculo     
habetur concoctus cibus1 continens      
carnis materia est4 ,sed prius sit      

sanguis oportet1 longius etiam absunt1  
maza  panis4 ,quippe quae ut caro fiant1
 certas sui mutationes requirant4       
,caeterum haec quoque omnia1 potestate  
caro dicuntur4 ,etiam ante haec ignis1  
aer1 aqua1  terra4 ,etiam horum ipsorum 
communis materia4 ,atque haec quidem    
omnia magis1 minusue abusiue loquentibus
 nobis dicuntur4 ,primus autem modus    
eorum1 quae potestate esse aliquid      
dicuntur1 maxime est proprius4 ,proximus
 huic est eorum1 quae sunt propinqua    
materia1 ueluti si fumidam exhalationem 
flammam esse1 aut halitum aerem dixeris4
 ,dicitur potestate esse1  quod ei quod 
ex accidenti dicitur1 est ex aduerso    
positum1 ut si carnosi quis iuuenis in  
frigida lauationem1 corpus eius ex      
accidenti1 non ex propria potestate     
calefacere dicat4 ,ergo tot modis etiam 
potestate calida1 frigida1 humida1      
sicca dicentur4 ,dubitabitur quoque non 
absurde1 cur ,castoreum1 uel            
,euphorbium1 uel ,pyrethrum1 uel        
,struthion1 uel ,nitrum1 uel ,misy1     

calida esse dicamus4 ,rursus lactucam1  
uel cicutam1 uel mandragoram1 uel       
salamandram1 uel papauer1 frigida4      
,vtrum ne sub praedictis iam modis      
comprehendantur1 an alia quapiam ratione
 dicantur1 quae dicta nondum sit4       
,bitumen nanque resina1  saeuum  oleum1 
pix1 calida potestate sunt1 quod utique 
energia calida celerrime fiant4 ,etenim 
celerrime inflammantur4 ,praeterea cum  
corporibus nostris admouentur1 ea       
manifeste calefaciunt4 ,at ,calcitis1   
,misy1 ,synapi1 ,nitrum1 ,acoron1 ,meon1
 ,costus1  ,pyrethrum cum nobis sunt    
admota1 calida uidentur4 ,alia magis1   
alia minus4 ,non tamen sunt idonea1 quae
 in flammam uertantur4 ,an igitur       
seipsos fallunt1 qui id solum estimant4 
,nunquid aliqua non facile in flammam   
transmutentur1 quos utique non sic4 ,sed
 an non uertantur in prunam estimare    
oportebat4 ,cum sit pruna ignis non     
minus1 quam flamma4 ,hoc tamen          
discrimine1 quod aere1 uel aereo quopiam
 in ignem mutato flamma1 terra1 uel     

terrea re aliqua accensa1 fit pruna4    
,atque hactenus quidem consentire secum 
sermo omnino uidetur4 ,siquidem uidentur
 medicamenta ea1 quae ubi ignem         
attigerint facile accenduntur1 nos      
quoque excalfacere1 nisi si quod propter
 crassitiem intra corpus non facile     
assumitur4 ,disseretur enim de iis      
latius in libris de medicamentorum      
uiribus4 ,quaecunque tamen medicamenta  
nostrum corpus excalfacere uidentur1 ea 
prompte uertuntur in ignem4 ,at quomodo 
igitur inquiunt tangentibus non         
sentiuntur calida1 hoc haud scio cur    
dicant4 ,nam si energia1 iamque calidum1
 esse praedictorum quidque diceremus    
profecto mirari liceret1 quomodo        
tangentibus non appareant calida4 ,nunc 
quod possint facile calida esse1 idcirco
 ea potestate talia uocamus4 ,itaque    
nihil miri1 si eos1 qui se tangunt      
nondum calefaciant4 ,veluti enim nec    
ignis ipse augetur1 priusquam uicta ab  
eo ligna sint mutata1 quod aliquo       
temporis spatio omnino fit4 ,ita nec    

animantium calor a medicamentis1 nisi   
illa prius ab ipso sint mutata4 ,quippe 
alio genere calefit is qui ab igne uel  
sole intempescit4 ,alio is qui a        
praedictorum quouis medicamentorum4     
,illa nanque actu sunt calida1          
medicamenta nequaquam4 ,itaque nec      
calefacere nos ualent priusquam actu    
talia fiant4 ,at quod actu talia sint1  
id a nobis accipiunt1 ueluti sicci      
calami ab igne4 ,ita uero  ligna ex sua 
quidem natura frigida sunt uniuersa4    
,sed quae sicciora sunt1  gracilia1 ea  
facile mutantur in ignem4 ,quae         
humidiora sunt  crassa1 spacio egent    
maiore4 ,nihil igitur miri est1 si      
medicamenta quoque primum quidem in     
parua  tenuia frangi postulant1 secundo 
loco1 ut tempore aliquo tametsi minimo1 
corpori nostro quo calida fiant sint    
adiuncta4 ,tu uero si ea nec comminuta1 
nec prius calefacta1 calida tamen iam   
fieri censes1 quid significet1 quod     
potestate calidum dicimus1 parum mihi   
meminisse uideris4 ,sic enim ea         

exploras1 tanquam energia sint calida4  
,sed nec illud mirum1 si quo            
recalfaciant1 calefieri ipsa prius      
postulent4 ,cum idem fieri cernatur1  in
 lignorum exemplo4 ,quippe haec         
uanescentem alias1 morientemque flammam 
tum seruant1 tum uero augent dum ab hac1
 ipsa prius calefiunt4 ,non est igitur  
alienum1 calorem1 qui in animantibus    
habetur1 eiusmodi medicamentis quasi    
alimento quodam uti quemadmodum ignis   
ligno4 ,quippe id ita quoque fieri      
cernimus4 ,si uero perfrigerato corpori 
eorum quoduis quantumuis diligenter     
comminutum inspergas1 prorsus non       
calefit4 ,proinde quae refrigeratae     
partes sunt1 eas eiusmodi medicamentis  
plurimum perfricamus1 una calorem       
perfricando excitantes1 una rarum1 quod 
prius frigore fuit densum1 reddentes4   
,quo scilicet tum introrsus pharmacum   
penetret1 tum naturali animantis calori 
coniunctum mutetur1 ac calefiat4 ,quippe
 cuius si particula quaepiam uel minima1
 calorem energia concipiat1 hunc deinde 

in totum propter continuitatem porrigat1
 perinde ac si ex parua scintilla tedam 
summo tenus accendas4 ,siquidem hanc    
uniuersam facile depascitur ignis1      
nihilo amplius scintillam requirens4 ,ac
 quidquid quidem potestate calidum est1 
huic nondum in natura sua calidum       
frigido praepollet1 sed in propinquo    
est1 ut praepolleat1 adeo ut breuem opem
 quo uincat extrinsecus requirat4 ,hanc 
illi modo frictio abunde praestare      
potest1 modo uel ignis1 uel corporis    
alicuius natura calidi contactus4 ,non  
est igitur tam arduum rationem reddere1 
quid causae sit1 cur alia protinus ut   
corpus nostrum contigere1 recalfacere id
 possint4 ,alia post longius id efficere
 spacium4 ,quippe ex iis1 quae igni     
appropinquant4 ,alia statim accenduntur1
 ueluti elychnium1  tenuis teda1  pix1  
siccus calamus4 ,alia nisi diutius sunt 
admota1 non uincuntur1 sicut uiride     
lignum4 ,illud potius definiamus1 cuius 
utique demonstratio cum de naturalibus  
potentiis agemus1 tradetur4 ,ex         

hypothesi nunc quoque propositorum      
causa1 eo utemur1 quatuor nimirum       
dicentes totius corporis proprias       
facultates esse4 ,vnam idoneorum        
tractricem1 alteram eorum omnium        
retentricem1 tertiam alteratricem1      
quartam quae alieni sit segregatrix1    
easdemque facultates effectus esse      
totius in quouis corpore substantiae4   
,quam etiam constare ex calido1 frigido1
 humido1  sicco inter se mixtis dicimus4
 ,vbi igitur corpus una qualibet earum1 
quas in se habet qualitatum1 id quod    
sibi admouetur1 demutat1 nec ipsum hoc  
casu tota sua substantia existimandum   
est agere1 nec quod ab ipso mutatur     
posse ei assimilari4 ,quare nec unquam  
nutriet1 quod ita mutatum est1 id quod  
se mutauit4 ,at si illud mutet1 id est  
tota sua substantia operetur1 utique tum
 sibi assimilabit id quod mutatur1 tum  
ab eo nutrietur4 ,neque enim aliud      
nutritio est1 quam adsimilatio perfecta4
 ,quoniam autem hoc definitum est1 inde 
rursus incipiendum4 ,omne animal        

conueniente sibi nutritur alimento3     
conueniens autem cuique alimentum est   
quicquid assimilari corpori quod        
nutritur1 potest4 ,oportet igitur toti  
nutrientis substantiae1 cum tota nutriti
 natura communio aliqua1 similitudoque  
sit3 prorsus hic quoque non paruo       
excessus1 defectusque subsistente in    
ipsis discrimine1 cum alia magis        
consentientia1 similiaque sint1 alia    
minus4 ,proinde etiam alia conficiendi  
opere ualentiore1 ac diuturniore1 alia  
minore1 ac breuiore egent3 auium caro   
minore1 suilla maiore1 bubula etiam hac 
maiore4 ,vinum uero ut assimiletur opus 
desyderat minimum4 ,quo fit1 ut tum     
nutriat1 tum roboret celerrime4 ,porro  
id quoque in concoquendi instrumentis1  
uentriculo1 iocinore1  uenis1 prorsus   
aliquamdiu traxerit oportet4 ,quibus    
scilicet praeparatum1 nutrire corpus iam
 queat4 ,ante uero quam in his sit      
demutatum fieri non potest1 ut animalis 
corpori sit nutrimentum4 ,ne si per     
totum diem1 ac noctem extrinsecus super 

corpus sit impositum4 ,multoque minus   
panis1 uel beta1 uel maza1 foris        
imposita nutriat4 ,at quae quidem       
adsimilantur1 omnia nutrimenta uocantur4
 ,reliqua omnia medicamenta1 est porro  
horum natura duplex4 ,quippe uel        
cuiusmodi sunt adsumpta1 eiusmodi etiam 
permanentia1 uincunt1 corpusque mutant1 
ad eum modum1 quo id cibos1 atque haec  
prorsus tum uenenosa1 tum natura        
animalis corruptricia medicamenta sunt1 
uel mutationis initium ab animalis      
corpore consecuta1 deinceps iam         
putrescunt1 ac corrumpuntur1 deinde     
corpus quoque una corrumpunt ac         
putrefaciunt4 ,sunt autem haec quoque   
noxia uenena4 ,est his etiam amplius    
tertia medicamentorum species1 eorum    
nimirum1 quae corpus recalfaciunt       
quidem1 mali tamen nihil adferunt4 ,est 
quarta eorum species1 quae  agunt       
patiuntur aliquid3 sed spatio uincuntur1
 planeque adsimilantur4 ,accidit porro  
his1 ut tam medicamenta sint1 quam      
nutrimenta4 ,nihil autem miri est1 si   

exiguum consecuta momentum1 aliqua      
maximam a priore natura mutationem      
habent4 ,cernuntur enim eiusmodi multa  
in his1 quae extra nos sunt4 ,siquidem  
in ea ,mysia1 quae est ,asiae pars1     
domus hac aliquando ratione             
conflagrauit4 ,erat proiectum columbinum
 stercus1 cui iam putri  excalfacto1 ac 
uaporem edenti1  tangentibus admodum    
calido in propinquo fenestra fuerat1 ita
 ut iam contingeret eius ligna1 quae    
large nuper illita resina fuerant4      
,media igitur aestate1 cum sol plurimus 
incidisset1 accendit tum resinam1 tum   
ligna4 ,hinc autem  fores quaedam aliae1
 quae prope fuerant1  fenestrae nuper   
etiam resina illite1 facile ignem       
conceperant1 atque ad tectum usque      
summiserant4 ,vbi autem excepta semel a 
tecto est flamma1 celeriter in totam    
domum est grassata4 ,hoc arbitror modo  
aiunt  ,archimedem hostium triremes     
urentibus speculis incendisse4 ,porro   
succenditur his prompte1 lana1 stupa1   
elychnium1 ferula4 ,quicquid denique    

similiter his siccum1 rarumque est4     
,flammam edunt1  lapides attriti1 atque 
hoc magis1 si quis sulphure illos       
illeuerit4 ,eiusmodi erat medicamentum  
,medeae4 ,quippe quod quibus est        
illitum1 omnia ubi in id incidit1 calor 
accendit4 ,constat id ex sulphure1      
humido bitumine4 ,iam illud ceu rem     
mirandam quidam ostentauit4 ,extinxit   
lucernam1 ac rursus muro admouens1      
accendit4 ,alter lapidi eam admouit4    
,fuerant autem tum murus1 tum lapis     
sulphure contacti4 ,quod ubi deprehensum
 est1 desiit mirum uideri1 quod         
ostentabatur4 ,ergo omnia id genus      
medicamina1 perfecte1 atque ad          
consummationem calida adhuc non sunt1   
aptissima tamen ut calida fiant4 ,atque 
idcirco potestate calida dicuntur4 ,ac  
de iis quidem nulla est dubitatio4 ,sed 
nec cur uinum bibitum ualenter corpus   
calefaciat4 ,monstratum enim supra paulo
 est1 id non utique ut calidum          
medicamentum4 ,immo ut conueniens       
nutrimentum calefacere animal4 ,tanquam 

enim ignis idoneum alimentum1 ignem     
ipsum auget1 ita quicquid corporum      
natura calidorum proprium  naturale est 
nutrimentum1 id ea semper non solum     
roborabit1 sed etiam insitum eorum      
calorem augebit4 ,atque id quidem omnis 
nutrimenti communis effectus est4 ,vino 
praeter caetera proprium1 ac suum est   
mutationis celeritas4 ,ita utique1 ut   
tedae1 elychnii1 stuppae1 picis4 ,iam   
uero ab ignis exemplo non digressi3     
admoneamus rursum de lignis uiridibus1  
quae ipsa quoque ignis nutrimentum sunt4
 ,caeterum non statim1 aut continuo1    
eoque saepenumero igni iniecta1 non     
solum flammam quasi sopiunt1 sed etiam  
si imbecilla est  parua1 corrumpendae   
quoque eius periculum afferunt4 ,sic    
profecto  in animalibus cibi1 qui uti   
prorsus adsimilentur1  corpus nutriant  
spatio egent1 hi frigus uniuersi1 potius
 quam calorem afferre in praesenti      
uidentur4 ,caeterum calefaciunt hi      
quoque spatio1 non secus1 ac reliqui    
cibi1 si semel ut corpus nutriant1 sint 

consecuti4 ,omne enim nutrimentum1      
quatenus nutrimentum est1 animalis      
calorem auget4 ,at si deuoretur quidem  
ut nutrimentum1 nec tamen superetur1 id 
erit quod ,hyppocrates dixit1 nomine    
quidem nutrimentum1 re autem minime4    
,quippe cum trifariam nutrimentum       
dicatur1 sicut ipse docuit his uerbis4  
,nutrimentum est1  quod nutrit1  quod   
ueluti nutrimentum est1  quod futurum   
nutrimentum est1 quod utique iam nutrit1
  corpori adiungitur1 nec amplius       
futurum est1 id proprie nutrimentum     
nominatur4 ,idem uero  corpus quod      
nutrit1 excalfacit1 quod reliquorum     
neutrum facit4 ,quod scilicet proprie   
nutrimenta non sint4 ,sed alterum eorum 
ueluti nutrimentum1 alterum tale        
futurum4 ,proinde nec uinum ipsum semper
 animal calefacit1 aeque1 ut nec oleum  
flammam accendit1 tametsi aptissimum est
 ignis nutrimentum4 ,immo si imbecille  
exigue flammae1 confertim multum oleum  
infundas1 suffocabis eam1 prorsusque    
extingues1 potiusquam augebis4 ,sic     

igitur  uinum1 ubi plus bibitur1 quam ut
 uinci possit1 tantum abest1 ut animal  
calefaciat1 ut etiam frigidiora uitia   
gignat4 ,quippe apoplexiae1             
paraplegiae1  quae ,graece caros1       
comata uocamus1  neruorum resolutio1    
comitiales conuulsiones1  tetani1       
immodicum uini potum comitantur4 ,quorum
 unumquodque frigidum est uitium1       
generatim enim quaecunque assumpta in   
corpus1 ut nutrimentum calefaciunt1 haec
 interim frigefacere deprehendas4 ,eque 
scilicet1 ut flammam ab eadem materia1  
non augeri modo1 uerum etiam aliquando  
extingui4 ,atque haec quidem omnia1 tum 
iis1 quae de elementis1 tum iis quae de 
temperamentis sunt prodita consentiunt4 
,illud fortasse dissonare uidebitur1    
quod ex iis1 quae ut nutrimentum        
comeduntur1 aliqua cuti imposita1 hanc  
erodunt1 atque exulcerant4 ,sicut       
sinapi1 muria1 allia1 cepe4 ,verum hoc  
quoque cum positis a principio          
hypothesibus concordat4 ,etenim         
propterea1 quod tum in uentre concocta1 

tum in uenis in sanguinem uersa         
mutantur1 alteranturque1 praeterea quod 
uno loco non permanent3 sed in multas   
partes diuisa1 undequaque ferunt1 adde  
quod non solum multis succis miscentur1 
sed etiam cibis1 cum quibus sumuntur1   
adhaec quod celeriter eorum  concoctio1 
partium separatio perficitur1 ita ut    
quod conueniens in eis est adsimiletur1 
quod superuacaneum  acre1 per aluum     
urinas1  sudorem excernatur3 propter    
haec inquam1 omnia quod foris impositum 
exulcerat1 id comestum non exulcerat4   
,quamuis si uel unum quodlibet horum    
accederet1 satis esset ad ea quae foris 
sunt integra seruanda1 uerbi causa      
mutatio ipsa4 ,si nanque non maneat     
sinapi1 quale extrinsecus fuit1 cum est 
adsumptum1 manifestum est1 nec uim eius 
manere censendum4 ,quod si tum          
dirimuntur eius partes1 tum purgantur1  
multo utique magis sic censendum4 ,iam  
satis erat quod nec eodem loci manet4   
,cum nec circa cutim aliquid efficere   
posse uideatur1 nisi diutius immoretur4 

,sed nec mixtio ipsa cum multis cibis   
parum momenti habet4 ,si enim id citra  
alium cibum solum assumas1 facile       
intelliges quantum molestiae1  rosionis 
uentriculo sit allaturum4 ,quin etiam1  
si plurimo dulci admixtum succo1 cuti id
 imponas1 quam nihil adferat incommodi4 
,cum igitur praedictorum unum quodlibet 
per se1 satis prohibere possit1 quo     
minus sinapi1 quod foris facit1 idem    
facere intus possit1 multo arbitror     
magis1 ubi multa simul coierint4 ,nam   
coquendo alteratur1  expurgatur1  cum   
multis aliis miscetur1  uarie           
distribuitur1  in omnem partem fertur1  
nec in ulla moratur4 ,quod autem si     
acrimoniam suam seruaret1 interna quoque
 omnino exulceraret1 ex iis1 quae sponte
 accidunt ulceribus1 intelligas4        
,gignitur enim non raro aliis ex uitioso
 cibo1 aliis ex quapiam in ipso corpore 
corruptela1  putredine1 uitiosus succus1
 quam cacochymian uocant4 ,iis aliquando
 interiorum quoque aliquid exulceratur4 
,magna tamen ex parte1 cutis quoniam in 

hanc excrementa quae in habitum corporis
 colliguntur1 natura expellit1 multis   
assiduis ulceribus afficitur4 ,quippe   
cancri phagedene1 herpetes erodentes1   
carbunculi1  quae chyronia1  ,telephia  
uocantur1 milleque aliae ulcerum        
generationes1 ab eiusmodi cacochymia    
nascuntur4 ,neque igitur talium quicquam
 est dubitandum4 ,sed nec cur           
medicamentorum nonnulla1 cum nihil nos  
extrinsecus offendunt1 intro assumpta   
magnum afferant malum4 ,aliqua rursus   
intro assumpta1 nonnunquam laedant1     
nonnunquam conferant4 ,aliqua non solum 
intro assumpta1 sed etiam extrinsecus   
applicita offendant4 ,quippe ut semel   
dicam1 nihil foris1 intusque parem      
agendi facultatem habet4 ,neque enim aut
 uipere uenenum1 aut rabidi canis spuma1
 ut aspidis uirus1 quae tamen si        
extrinsecus corpori occurrant1 offendere
 creduntur1 parem uim habent1 uel soli  
cuti applicita1 uel intro assumpta4 ,sed
 nec illud est mirandum1 si certorum    
medicamentorum uis1 ad profundum non    

peruenit4 ,neque enim necesse est1 ut   
omnia parem habeant uim4 ,quod si ex    
iis1 quae intro sumuntur non pauca1     
certo tempore1  certa quantitate1  in   
mixtura1 cum certis accepta1 conferunt4 
,intempestiue autem  largius1 nec cum   
aliis admixta laedunt1 ne id quidem     
dubitationem ullam disputationi pariat4 
,siquidem id tum cibis1 tum igni1 tum   
uero omnibus1 ut sic dicam quae corpori 
occurrunt1 accidere solet4 ,nam         
mediocri nobis flamma nonnunquam opus   
est1 eaque usi1 plurimum ex ea iuuamur4 
,cum tamen immodica flamma nos urat4 ,ad
 eundem modum  frigide potio quae       
mediocris est1 confert quae immodica    
est1 maximam affert lesionem4 ,quid     
igitur miri est1 esse medicamen aliquod1
 adeo calidum potestate1 ut si multum   
eius sumatur1 ac in uacuum corpus       
inferatur1 erodat prorsus1 uratque4 ,sin
 exiguum sit1  cum iis1 quae uehementiam
 eius remittant1 conuinctum1 non modo   
nihil incommodi adferat1 uerum etiam    
calefaciendo iuuet4 ,lacrimam enim1 uel 

,cyrenaicam1 uel medicam1 uel particham 
ipsam quidem per se1 citra incommodum   
sumere non est4 ,at si omnino exigua1   
uel cum aliis tempore congruente sit    
sumpta1 magnopere conducit4 ,atque ad   
hunc quidem modum1 quaecunque corpus    
excalfaciunt1 ubi mutationis principium 
in ipso sicut dictum prius est accepere1
 recalfacere illud sunt apta4 ,quae uero
 refrigerant1 ueluti papaueris succus1  
haec a nostro corpore1 ne uel paulum    
quidem demutantur1 sed ipsum statim     
uincunt1 ac mutant1 etiam si calefacta  
prius dederis4 ,est enim eorum natura   
frigida1 quemadmodum aqua4 ,quare illud 
recte ,aristoteli1 sicut alia multa1    
dictum est4 ,calidorum1 frigidorum1     
siccorum1  humidorum corporum1 quaedam  
esse talia per se1 quaedam ex accidenti4
 ,sicut aqua per se quidem frigida est1 
ex accidenti uero aliquando calida3     
uerum acquisititius eius calor breui    
perit1 naturalis frigiditas manet4      
,tanquam igitur calida aqua flammae     
iniecta1 eam extinguit4 ,sic meconium si

 id quantumuis calefactum dederis1      
calorem animalis perfrigerabis1  necis  
periculum afferes4 ,omnia igitur id     
genus medicamenta1 si exigue sint data1 
una cum iis1 quae uehementiam frigoris  
eorum castigare ualeant1 nonnunquam usum
 aliquem corporibus nostris praestant1  
quemadmodum in opere de medicamentis    
dicetur4 ,siquidem medicamen id quod    
,cantharidas recipit1 hydericis prodest4
 ,tametsi cantharis ipsa1 uesicam omnino
 exulcerat4 ,verum ubi per ea1 quae     
admiscentur castigata est1 ac corpori1  
quod plurimo humore grauatur1 tum       
offertur1 illum per urinas expellit4    
,maxime igitur est attendendum in       
omnibus1 quae potestate calida1 frigida 
ue dicuntur1 sint ne ex natura eorum1   
quae nutrire corpus possunt1 an         
eiusmodi1 quae exiguum alterationis     
momentum nacta1 deinde secundum propriam
 naturam alterata1 corpus ipsum aliquo  
modo afficiunt4 ,tertio loco an nullo   
pacto ab eo1 quicquam alterentur4 ,si   
nanque ex nutrientium sunt genere1      

siquidem uincantur1 calefaciunt4 ,si non
 uincantur1 refrigerant4 ,sin ex iis    
sunt quae exiguum quippiam alterantur1  
omnino calefaciunt4 ,si uero ex iis1    
quae omnino non alterantur1 maxime      
refrigerant4 ,attendere autem1 ut dictum
 est quam maxime oportet1 ac discernere1
 quae per se sunt1 ab iis1 quae per     
accidens1 non in calidis  frigidis modo1
 sed nihilo etiam setius in siccis      
humidis4 ,quippe aliqua talium1 cum     
siccam substantiam sint sortita1 ubi    
largo calore sunt liquata1 humiditatis  
phantasiam praebent1 ueluti aes1        
ferrum4 ,quaedam per se humida1 ubi in  
syncero frigore sunt morata1 apparent   
sicca sicut glacies4 ,minime igitur de  
iis omnibus faciendum absoluto1  sine   
ulla exceptione iudicium est1 sicut in  
superioribus monuimus4 ,sed cum eo1 ut  
quemadmodum sese in calore1 frigoreque  
habeant1 consyderentur4 ,siquidem si    
exiguo praedita calore1 nihilominus     
humida cernuntur1 talia esse ex propria 
natura sunt censenda1 tametsi cum       

copioso calore sint sicca4 ,quae uero   
uel sub feruenti calore fluunt1 uel sub 
puro rigore sunt concreta1 ne horum     
quidem altera per se humida1 altera per 
se sicca sunt existimanda4 ,ergo tum    
adhunc modum distinguere conueniet1 quae
 per se sunt1 ab iis1 quae per accidens1
 tum ad haec ipsa spectantibus1 eorum   
quae potestate calida1 frigida1 humida1 
sicca ue sunt1 iudicium faciendum4 ,non 
enim ad id quod secundum accidens est1  
respicientibus3 sed ad id1 quod secundum
 se est1 id quod potestate est1 iudicari
 debebit4 ,porro communis in omnibus1   
unaque iudicandi ratio est1 alterationis
 celeritas4 ,at cum calidum1 frigidum1  
humidum1  siccum dicantur1 1 quod       
scilicet alia per id1 quod exuperat1    
alia quod eam qualitatem a qua sunt     
denominata1 summam habeant1 in          
utrumcunque horum prompte uertitur1 de  
quo agitur iudicium1 tale potestate     
fuerit4 ,oleum nanque calidum potestate 
est1 nimirum quod flamma facile fiat4   
,eodem modo resina1 bitumen1  pix4      

,vinum autem1 quod facile fiat sanguis4 
,pari modo mel1  caro1  lac4 ,atque haec
 quidem totis ipsorum alteratis         
substantiis1 nutrimenta se alterantium  
sunt4 ,quae uero una qualibet qualitate1
 alterantur ac mutantur1 ea medicamenta 
tantum sunt4 ,medicamenta itidem sunt1  
quae nulla substantiae suae mutata      
parte1 sed tota seruata integra1 corpus 
ipsum afficiunt4 ,caeterum grauia       
naturae animalis corrumpentia4 ,vnde    
totum eorum genus deleterion  pestilens 
dici reor4 ,quippe haec non eo minus    
genere deleteria sunt dicenda1 quod ubi 
plane minima exhibentur1 nullam inferunt
 sensibilem noxam4 ,sic nanque neque    
ignis ipse calidus sit1 neque nix       
frigida4 ,nam horum quoque si quid      
prorsus exiguum est1 nullum euidens in  
corporibus nostris excitat affectum4    
,quippe centesima unius scintillae pars1
 est quidem omnino genere ignis4        
,caeterum adeo nos non urat             
excalfaciatue1 ut corpori incidens1 ne  
sensum quidem ullum sui excitet4 ,ad    

eundem modum frigidae asperginis        
centesima portio non modo nihil         
offendat1 aut refrigeret1 sed nec sensum
 sui ullum praebeat4 ,nequaquam igitur  
sic iudicanda deleteria sunt4 ,immo     
totius naturae suae contrarietate4      
,porro iudicabitur contrarietas1 ex ea  
quae media intercedit mutatione4 ,in    
elementis uerbi gratia1 neque aqua      
mutari potest in ignem1 neque ignis in  
aquam3 sed ambo in aerem1 is uero in    
utraque4 ,at illa in alterutrum nullo   
modo4 ,ergo continens1  sine medio est  
aquae mutatio in aerem1 itemque ignis4  
,non continens1 ignis  aquae in         
alterutrum3 haec igitur inter se        
contraria pugnantiaque sunt4 ,non       
dissimili ratione papaueris succus1     
hominis corpori prorsus est contrarius  
ut quod in eum quicquam agere ne una    
quidem qualitate possit1 multo minus    
tota sua substantia possit4 ,atque unum 
quidem deleteriorum genus eiusmodi est1 
alterum est eorum1 quae ex nostro calore
 momentum aliquod mutationis accipiunt1 

ac deinde in multifarias alterationes   
uertuntur1 quibus corrumpi naturam      
nostram accidit4 ,eiusmodi enim omnia   
deleteria genere sunt1 etiam si propter 
exiguitatem nonnunquam nihil quod       
sentiatur efficiant4 ,ac quae corporis  
naturam rodunt putrefaciunt1  liquant1  
merito potestate calida nominantur4     
,contra quae refrigerant1  sensum       
auferunt1 torporemque notabilem         
afferunt1 frigida4 ,et priora quidem    
nihil non rationi consonum1 nec ipsa    
pati1 nec in corporibus nostris efficere
 uidentur4 ,siquidem calido corpori     
applicita1  mutationis momentum aliquod 
hinc adepta1 partim eorum ad summam     
caliditatem1 partim proueniunt ad       
putredinem4 ,iure igitur pro affectu    
quem ipsa consecuta sunt1 etiam corpus  
animalis afficiunt4 ,at quae corpus     
tametsi ipsa calida sunt1 applicata1    
tamen refrigerant1 non paruam           
dubitationem afferunt1 utrius potius    
naturae sint4 ,nam si energia semel     
calida sunt reddita1 cur animal non     

calefaciunt8 ,sin nondum sunt calefacta1
 quomodo apparent calida4 ,soluetur     
dubitatio si distinguatur1 quod per se  
frigidum est1 ab eo quod est ex         
accidenti4 ,ita uti ,aristoteles docuit4
 ,perit nanque celeriter eorum1 quae ex 
accidenti sunt calida1 acquisititius    
affectus4 ,ita ut in priorem naturae    
suae statum facile reuertantur4 ,porro  
in applicandis iis nobis1 quae natura   
quidem sunt frigida1 sed per accidens   
calida1 duo haec contingere est necesse1
 ut  acquisititius eorum calor pereat1  
propria eorum temperies1 a nostra nihil 
immutata1 frigida perstet4 ,et quid miri
 si papaueris succus1 mandragora1 uel   
cicuta1 uel similium aliquid1 quamuis   
exhibeantur calefacta1 paulo post       
euadunt frigida8 ,cum idem patiantur1   
ptisana1  lac1  far1  panis4 ,vbi in    
imbecillum uentrem demissa1 ab eo non   
superantur4 ,euomuntur enim non raro    
abunde frigida4 ,et quod iis maius est1 
quodque ,hyppocrates notauit1 pituita   
ipsa quamuis iam succus sit1 atque ex   

cibis in uentre iam concoctis nata1     
nihilominus frigida tangentibus         
sentitur1 neque id modo dum in uentre   
consistit1 sed postquam a uenis ipsis1  
purgantis1 cuiuspiam medicamenti ui1 est
 detracta4 ,tametsi enim quam           
tenacissima est1 ac per uim ducitur1    
attamen ne ipsa quidem tractus uiolentia
 calefieri potest4 ,quid igitur miri1 si
 etiam papaueris succus1 quod naturae   
nostrae tam contrarium medicamentum est1
 quam celerrime refrigeretur1 etiam si  
calefactus sit exhibitus8 refrigeret    
autem una secum  corpus8 ,quippe        
acquisititium calorem non seruat1       
propterea quod natura frigidus est4 ,at 
quia eius substantia a nobis non        
alteratur4 ,immo potius nos alterat1    
mutat1 idcirco nec a nobis quicquam     
recipit caloris1  pro sua natura nos    
afficit4 ,itaque cum frigidus natura    
sit1  nos utique refrigerat4 ,nihil     
igitur in dictione nostra est           
dubitationis reliquum4 ,enimuero quod   
horum omnium1 quae frigida per naturam  

sunt1 quicquid plus iusto calefeceris1  
ex propria id natura recedat1           
praeterquam quod nullam dubitationem    
habet etiam praedictis a nobis1 affert  
testimonium4 ,sicut enim salamandra ad  
certum usque terminum ab igni nihil     
patitur1 uritur autem1 si longiore      
spatio igni sit admota4 ,sic            
mandragora1  cicuta1  psillium1 breui   
spatio igni admota1 proprium adhuc      
temperamentum seruant1 largius autem    
excalefacta1 illico corrumpuntur1 nec   
quicquam efficere1 quae prius poterant1 
ualent4 ,ac talium quidem omnium natura1
 hominibus maxime est contraria4 ,sane  
naturam cum dico1 uniuersam substantiam1
 ac temperiem1 quae ex primis elementis 
conflat1 significo1 calido1 frigido1    
humido1 sicco4 ,eorum uero1 quae        
celerrime nutriunt conuenientissima4    
,reliqua omnia media inter haec sunt1   
quorum alia magis1 alia minus agere1 ac 
pati a corpore nostro possunt4 ,siquidem
 castoreum1  piper agere magis in corpus
 nostrum quam pati ab eo ualent4 ,vinum1

  mel1  ptisana1 pati magis1 quam agere4
 ,ergo haec omnia tum agunt circa corpus
 aliquid1 tum uero patiunt4 ,omnino enim
 ubi duo corpora inter se commissa1     
aliquam multo tempore pugnant1          
certantque de alterando1 utrunque eorum 
tum agere1 tum pati est necesse4        
,fortasse autem  si non multo tempore id
 fiat1 attamen agit etiam id quod       
uincitur1 in id quod uincit3 uerum ita  
exiguum1 ut sensum effugiat4 ,neque enim
 si acutissimo ferro mollissimam caeram 
toto die ac nocte incidas1 fieri potest1
 ut non fiat1 manifeste obtusius4 ,ita  
nimirum illud comode dici uidetur4      
,assiduo illisu durum cauat undula      
saxum4 ,quippe ita quoque factum        
cernitur4 ,caeterum uno1 aut altero ictu
 nihil adhuc euidens uidere in talibus  
licet4 ,ex quo factum arbitror1 ut      
quaedam ab admotis sibi1 nihil prorsus  
pati1 opinati nonnulli sint4 ,et        
cedendum quidem est ita loquentibus4    
,saepe uero nobis quoque ipsis ita      
plerunque loquendum est1 nisi sicubi ad 

ultimum examen1 disputationem           
perducimus1 quemadmodum in praesentia   
facimus4 ,sic igitur 1 id est1 nunquam  
deficientis affectionis dogma1 iis      
utique qui ratione solum id estimant1   
ualente demonstratione non caret4 ,non  
est tamen eius ad priuatas singulatim   
obeundas actiones ullus usus4 ,si nanque
 adeo exigui affectus sint1 quibus      
assidue afficimur1 ut nulli actioni     
sensibile1  manifestum incommodum       
afferant1 facile profecto contemnendi   
sunt1 atque ei qui affectus id genus    
nullos esse dicit non repugnandum4      
,perinde igitur habet1  in iis1 quae    
nutriunt1 prope dixerim omnibus4 ,quippe
 quae ipsa quoque in corpore hominis    
aliquid faciunt4 ,sed nec sensibile     
aliquid prorsus1 nec euidens1 diuturna  
tamen eorum exhibitio1 magnopere        
alterat1 mutatque iam corpora4 ,sunt    
enim  quae primo statim usu1 manifestam 
alterationem suam indicent1 ueluti      
lactuca1 quae eos1 quibus uenter        
aestuat1 manifeste refrigerat4 ,atque a 

siti uindicat quibus refrigeratum est1  
manifeste laedit4 ,conducit uero  ad    
somnum non parum1 neque id alia ratione 
ulla quam quod frigido temperamento     
humido est4 ,verum sic est humida1      
frigida ad hominem1  alia quae nutriri  
sunt apta1 sicut uiridia ligna ad ignem4
 ,quare rationabiliter cibi1 id genus   
utrumque praestant1  quod ueluti        
medicamenta corpus nostrum afficiunt1   
quod nutriunt4 ,toto quidem concoquendi 
sui tempore1 ut medicamenta4 ,vbi iam   
nutriunt ac prorsus sunt adsimilata1 ut 
quae nihil in nos agant1 sed naturalem  
calorem augeant1 ceu prius est dictum4  
,quippe id omnium quae nutriant commune 
est4 ,nec est quod miremur1 si modo     
exempli uiridium lignorum non sumus     
immemores1 esse aliqua1 quae priusquam  
adsimilentur1  nutriant1 dum adhuc      
concoquuntur1 refrigerent1 cum          
adsimilata sunt1 ac iam nutriunt1       
calefaciant4 ,itaque usus quoque talium 
omnium duplex medicis suppetit1 tum ut  
ciborum1 tum ut medicamentorum4 ,fac    

nanque mutata sit alicui optima         
uentriculi temperies1 ad calidiorem4 ,is
 profecto quamdiu lactucam concoquit1   
refrigerabitur  mediocritatem           
temperamenti assequetur4 ,vbi uero ex ea
 iam nutritus est1 insiti caloris       
substantiam augebit4 ,in eo igitur uel  
maxime sese fallere uidetur4 ,iuniorum  
medicorum uulgus1 quod ignorat in nobis 
aliquando quantitatem caloris intendi1  
aliquando substantiam eius augeri4 ,tum 
quod utroque genere ueteres calidius    
factum animal dicant4 ,quando etiam     
calidius fit1 siue calorem eius         
intendas1 siue substantiam1 in qua prima
 consistit1 inaugeas1 finge nanque ex   
iis1 quae in animalis corpore           
continentur1 sanguinem esse per se      
calidum1 aut si magis placet flauam     
bilem1 reliqua omnia ex accidenti esse  
calida4 ,vtique quod huius aliquam      
habeant partem1 nunquid necesse erit    
animal bifariam calidius esse1 uel quod 
plus calidorum succorum sit sortitum1   
uel quod calidiores eos habeat quam     

ante4 ,mihi plane ita uidetur4 ,ad      
eundem modum arbitror1  frigidius erit  
bifariam1 uel quod plures illi          
succreuerint frigidi succi1 ceu pituita1
  nigra bilis1 uel quod eorum omnium    
modo non mutato sola qualitas sit       
intenta4 ,an igitur miri quicquam est1  
si corpus quoad concoquit1 qui frigidus 
natura cibus est1 sicut portulaca1      
lactuca1 frigidae qualitatis non parum  
percipiat1 percocto autem1 ac iam in    
bonum sanguinem uerso3 calidi succi     
accessione1 calidius quam prius euadat4 
,atqui si nihil horum1 aut eiusmodi est1
 quod fieri nequeat aut etiam adhuc     
mirum1 desinant iam obstrepere1 qui unum
 eundemque cibum1 tum nutrimenti1 tum   
medicamenti usum corpori praestare      
negant4 ,tanquam enim si omnino non     
percoqueretur1 perpetuo maneret         
medicamentum1 sic cum iam est percoctum1
 ambo efficitur4 ,pone enim prorsus non 
concoquatur lactuca1 uel si mauis succus
 ipsius1 quando is si liberalius        
sumatur1 similem in homine cum papaueris

 succo effectum habet4 ,nunquid hoc casu
 medicamentum tantum erit1 nec aliud    
quicquam8 ,nemo arbitror de ea re       
dubitet4 ,ergo habet omnino lactuca     
medicamenti facultatem4 ,at uero habebat
 et nutrimenti3 quippe que persepe      
nutriit4 ,ambas igitur facultates simul 
in se continet1 non tamen similiter     
ambas ostendit4 ,verum ubi plus egit in 
homine1 quam sit passa1 medicamenti     
potius indicat facultatem1 ubi passa    
plus est quam egit1 nutrimenti4 ,nec    
mirum ullum est1 si lactucae tum agere1 
tum pati contingit1 quando ensi quoque1 
ceu paulo ante diximus1 non solum in    
ceram agere1 sed etiam ab ea pati       
accidit4 ,caeterum eo quod multo amplius
 est quod agit1 quam quod patitur1      
alterum latet4 ,at si durissimum illi   
ferrum admoueas1 contra magis pati1 quam
 agere tibi uidebitur4 ,tametsi agit    
aliquid tum quoque4 ,sed negligitur prae
 exiguitate eius uis4 ,itaque de omnibus
 prorsus cibis1 illud pronunciare non   
dubitamus1 quod non solum a nostris     

corporibus pati1 sed etiam agere aliquid
 in ea possunt4 ,iam uero  de quibusdam1
 quae plane scilicet  luculenter uidemus
 agere1 quod non tantum cibi sint1 sed  
etiam medicamenta4 ,et lactuca quidem   
tam cibus1 quam medicamentum frigidum   
est4 ,eruca tam cibus1 quam medicamentum
 calidum4 ,quod si castoreum quoque     
spatio concoquitur1 erit id quoque simul
 nutrimentum1 simul medicamentum        
calidum4 ,ad eundem modum sinapi  piper4
 ,ex herbis quoque anethum1  ruta1      
origanum1  pulegium1  calamynthe1       
thymbra1  thymum4 ,quippe haec omnia1   
tum cibi1 tum medicamenta calida sunt1  
prius enim quam in sanguinem sunt       
mutata1 dum scilicet adhuc concoquuntur1
 medicamenta4 ,mutata uero in sanguinem1
 non utique iam medicamenta1 sed        
nutrimenta4 ,secunda nimirum nutrimenti 
significatione1 qua id significatur1    
quod nondum est alimentum1 sed ueluti   
alimentum4 ,ergo sicut de lactuca paulo 
supra fecimus1 cum duos uentres1 alterum
 iusto frigidiorem1 alterum iusto       

calidiorem finximus4 ,ita nunc quoque   
pro contemplandis iis1 quae potestate   
calida sunt1 proponamus eosdem uentres4 
,ergo eum qui frigidior iusto est1 quoad
 in eo continentur1 ac concoquuntur     
omnes id genus herbae calefaciunt1 atque
 ad temperamenti aequalitatem reuocant1 
prosuntque ut medicamenta4 ,alterum uero
 qui calidus est1 inflammabunt1 ac      
magnopere laedent4 ,atque has quidem    
alterationes qualitate sua inducent4    
,nam omnino percocta1  mutata1 ac in    
sanguinem bonum iam uersa1 naturalis in 
animali caloris substantiam augebunt1   
non qualitatem intendent4 ,in totum enim
 siue frigidus1 siue calidus potestate  
cibus sit1 posteaquam in sanguinem      
conuersus est1 naturalem calorem        
similiter augebit4 ,quoad autem ad      
sanguinis formam tendit1 nec dum plane  
sanguis est redditus1 refrigerat1       
excalfacit ue animal medicamenti ritu4  
,sane omnis haec disceptatio ab uno     
principio pendet4 ,quo magis seruandum  
id1 memoriaque tenendum perpetuo est4   

,cuilibet corpori proprietatem quandam  
temperamenti esse1 quae huic quidem     
naturae sit consentiens1 ab hac uero sit
 dissentiens4 ,tum si quod conueniens   
sibi est1 in suam naturam transmutet1 eo
 pacto caloris sui substantiam augere4  
,sin ipsum sit mutatum1 duorum alterum  
illi contingere1 uel ut calorem quendam 
conquirat1 utique si id a quo mutatur1  
calefacit1 uel proprium calorem amittat1
 si id non calefacit4 ,liquet igitur ex 
iis1 quod eiusmodi omnia1 ex eorum sunt 
numero1 quae relata ad aliquid dicantur8
 ,cum ad proprietatem mutantis naturae1 
quicquid assumitur1 uel nutrimenti1 uel 
medicamenti1 uel utriusque rationem     
sortiatur1 uerbi gratia4 ,cicuta1 sturno
 nutrimentum est1 homini medicamentum4  
,rursus coturnici1 ueratrum nutrimentum 
est1 hominibus medicamen4 ,si quidem    
coturnicum temperies assimilare sibi    
ueratrum potest1 quod hominum temperies 
non potest4 ,ergo manifestum iam        
arbitror factum1 quod iudicium eius quod
 respectu nostri calidum1 frigidum1     

humidum1  siccum dicitur1 non ex iis1   
quae extrinsecus sunt posita4 ,sed ex   
iis1 quibus ipsi afficimur1 certum      
exactumque fieri possit4 ,atque id      
tanquam primum1 ac maxime sit           
spectandum4 ,deinde si res exigit1 etiam
 quod ab externis petitur4 ,nam si      
euidens ad sentiendum1  clarus sit      
adhibiti medicamenti affectus1 huic     
reliquis notis omnibus posthabitis      
credendum4 ,sin confusus1  obscurus1 aut
 etiam mixtus1 aut ullam omnino         
dubitationem sit exhibens1 tum utique ad
 externa omnia conferentes1 de eo       
iudicandum4 ,ac neque horum quidem ad   
ea1 quae longius absunt1 sed quae ab    
ipsa quaesitae rei substantia sunt      
desumpta4 ,verbi gratia4 ,si oleum      
calidum est1 non id inde spectabitur1   
quod glutinosum1 aut pallidum1 aut leue 
est3 sed quod facile inflammatur4 ,id   
nanque erat illi calidum potestate esse1
 quod celeriter in energia calidum      
mutatur4 ,ad eundem modum  in corporibus
 nostris1 non utique id expendendum1 an 

crassarum partium1 aut tenuium1 aut     
humidum1 aut leue1 aut glutinosum1 aut  
pallidum3 sed an calefaciat admotum4    
,eque uero nec an dulce sit1 an aluum   
deiiciat1 an sanguinem1 si instilletur1 
faciat in missione fluxilem4 ,quippe    
haec quoque superuacua sunt1 cum        
estimare liceat1 an calefaciat cum      
admouetur1 ,ergo si notabiliter id1     
ualenterque faceret1 quemadmodum piper1 
utique clarum id proculque dubio esset4 
,nunc cum minime ualenter1 id praestet1 
merito in quaestionem uenit4 ,multo uero
 magis de rosaceo1  aceto dubitatur a   
medicis1 atque ambigitur calida ne haec1
 an frigida potestate sint4 ,agendum    
igitur id est1 ut in omnibus1 quae      
potestate calida1 frigida1 humida1 sicca
 ue dicuntur1 exactas aliquas1 clarasque
 discretiones inueniamus4 ,sicut ante de
 energia sic dictis fecimus4 ,porro     
incipiendum arbitror ab iis1 quae       
euidentissima sunt4 ,quando in iis      
exercitatus1 facile consequetur ea1 quae
 minus sunt euidentia4 ,ergo statim ut  

corpori hoc1 uel illud medicamentum1    
cibus ue admouetur1 expers esto omnis   
acquisititii caloris1  frigoris4 ,quam  
enim in superioribus determinationem    
iniuimus1 cum sicca  humida corpora     
dignoscenda proposuimus1 eadem nobis    
nunc quoque in iis1 quae potestate      
calida frigidaque sunt1 non minus erit  
utilis4 ,nam siue potestate frigidum1   
cum id applicas1 manifeste calefacias1  
siue calidum refrigeres1 corpus primo   
occursu1 qualitatis acquisitae1 non     
eius1 quae propria est rei admotae1     
sensu afficietur4 ,vt ergo admotae rei  
uera1 synceraque natura exploretur1     
tepidum quoad fieri maxime potest1 esto1
 nec ullam extrinsecus notabilem        
alterationem ualentis caloris1 frigoris 
ue ceperit4 ,ac prima quidem admoti     
medicamenti praeparatio talis esto4     
,applicetur autem cum eius uim exploras1
 non cuilibet corporis affectui1 sed    
simplicissimo1 et quoad fieri maxime    
potest1 summo4 ,at si summi quidem      
caloris affectioni admotum frigoris     

sensum excitet1 erit profecto sic       
frigidum4 ,pari modo si frigido affectui
 applicatum1 calidum statim appareat1 id
 quoque erit calidum4 ,sin uel calide   
affectioni calidum1 uel frigide frigidum
 sentiatur1 non est quod hoc calidum1   
illud frigidum omnino pronuncies4 ,est  
enim aliquando summi caloris affectus1  
quem mediocriter frigidum medicamen adeo
 non alterat1 ut refrigerando1          
densandoque summum extrinsecus corpus1  
calorem intro concludat1 ac difflari    
uetet4 ,indeque affectum magis accendat4
 ,ita uero etsi quod frigido affectui   
admouetur1 nullum afferat calorem1      
uidendum est4 ,num id cum sit aliquid   
mediocriter calidum1 nihil egit in      
affectum qui summi indiguit caloris4    
,ergo nec sic1 admoti medicaminis       
exploranda uis est1 nec si ex accidenti 
aliquid efficiat1 non per se4 ,iudicabis
 autem quod ex accidenti aliquid facit1 
tum ex affectu ipso1 tum tempore4 ,ex   
affectu1 si is simplex est1  unus4 ,at a
 tempore determinabitur iudicium ad hunc

 modum4 ,quod protinus ut admotum est1  
calefacere1 uel refrigerare manifeste   
cernitur1 id utique  ex se1  per se tale
 fuerit4 ,quod tempore id facit1        
fortasse ex aliquo accidenti huc est    
actum1 ueluti iuueni quadrati corporis4 
,tetano aestate media laboranti1 frigida
 liberaliter affusa caloris repercussum 
facit4 ,caeterum quod aqua frigida per  
se non calefaciat1 ex primo eius occursu
 patet4 ,sensum nanque inuehit frigoris4
 ,praeterea cutim quoad ei affunditur1  
frigefacit4 ,tum calorem nec in omni    
corpore1 nec dum affunditur inuehit4    
,imo tantum in iuuene1 quadrati         
corporis1  aestate media1  postquam a   
perfundendo est cessatum4 ,sicut igitur 
frigida quibus incidit1 haec illico     
perfrigerat1 siue animata corpora sunt1 
siue non animata1 siue calida1 siue     
frigida1 ita si quod esset tempus1 uel  
corporis natura1 uel affectus ullus1 in 
quo frigida1 primo statim occursu       
caloris sensum inueheret1 iure queri    
posset1 calefacere ne1 an frigefacere   

per se nata esset4 ,nunc cum omnia tum  
animata1 tum inanimata protinus1        
perpetuo frigefieri ab ea cernamus4     
,quibus autem insitus calor1 ueluti fons
 quidam ignis in uisceribus est1 his    
occurrens repercussum aliquando caloris 
facit1 rationabile arbitror ex          
accidenti1 non per se talia calefacere4 
,sed nec latet qua ratione illud        
accidat4 ,siquidem stipata1 clusaque    
corporis summa facie1 repercussus1      
refractusque sit caloris eius1 qui a    
profundo ascendit1 quique simul propter 
difflatus inopiam est aceruatus4 ,simul 
propter frigidi circumstantis uiolentiam
 in altum recedit4 ,simul ex succis     
isthic habitis nutritur4 ,quippe ubi    
collectus1 nutritusque calor ad summa   
corporis uiolentius ruit1 fit quidem    
caloris repercussus1 indicium uero ac   
documentum quod frigida haud quaquam per
 se calorem auxit4 ,nam per se quidem   
cutim perfrigerauit frigus uero eius1   
densitas1  reditus caloris ad profundum 
sunt consecuti4 ,rursus horum1          

densitatem quidem difflatus prohibitio4 
,reditum uero ad interiora1 concoctio1  
consummatioque1 qui isthic sunt         
succorum1 est adsecuta4 ,horum uero     
difflatus prohibitio1 caloris           
colligendi1 succorum concoctio1 eiusdem 
generandi fuit occasio4 ,porro horum    
utrunque natiui1 caloris sequitur       
auctio4 ,ergo intercedentibus1  mediis  
utrisque1 frigida in animalis corpore1  
caloris aliquando excitat incrementum1  
per se nunquam4 ,sed non minus calor1   
est quando ex accidenti perfrigerat4    
,vtique intercedente uacuatione4 ,sicut 
perfusio phlegmonen4 ,cum enim ex calida
 fluxione phlegmone consistat1 propria  
quidem eius curatio1 uacuatio superuacui
 est4 ,vacuationi autem particulae1 quae
 per phlegmonen excalfacta est1 omnino  
succedit refrigeratio4 ,ergo cum duplex 
in iis1 quae phlegmone laborant         
particulis1 affectus sit1 unus quidem in
 quantitate1 ex superuacui naturae modum
 exeuntis abundantia1 alter in          
qualitate1 qui ex caloris spectatur     

ratione1 sequitur prioris eorum         
curationem1 etiam posterioris curatio3  
fiuntque ex accidenti1 quae uacuant1    
calentis materiae remedia1              
inflammationis particularum             
refrigeratoria1 ergo tum haec discernere
 oportet1 tum id agere1 ut pro modo     
simplicis affectus1 etiam uirium        
medicamenti inueniatur modus1 uerbi     
gratia si calidus in summo affectus sit1
 frigidum quoque in summo medicamentum  
paretur4 ,sin affectus a summo paulum   
recedat1 medicamentum quoque a summo    
paulum declinet4 ,si plus a summo calore
 absit affectus1 ad portionem absit a   
summo frigore medicamen4 ,quippe si     
auspicatus a tali coniectura examen     
eorum sis1 facilius propriam1 cuiusque  
inuenias uim4 ,ad summam enim in omni   
simplici affectu calido1 quodcunque     
adhibitum medicamen1 primo statim       
occursu frigoris sensum intulit1 id     
frigidum potestate est4 ,ac multo       
profecto magis1 si post primam          
exhibitionem tale perpetuo manet4       

,quodsi calidum affectum prorsus sanet1 
frigidum id ex necessitate fuerit4      
,adhibendum uero est cum exploratur     
omnino tepidum1 ut prius testati sumus4 
,vbi iam cognitum est tale esse1 deinde 
curationis causa petitur1 rectius       
frigidum sumitur4 ,nisi si medicamen    
summi sit frigoris1 morbus in summo     
caloris non sit4 ,atque haec quidem     
diffusius1 tum in opere de medicamentis1
 tum curandi methodo tradentur4 ,ad     
praesens illud saltem nouisse oportet4  
,si quod calido1  simplici affectui     
adhibitum medicamentum1 tum protinus1   
tum toto deinceps tempore frigoris1     
sensum1 ac facilioris tollerantiae1     
iuuamentique laboranti affert1 id       
frigidum necessario est4 ,tametsi in    
aliis nonnunquam uideatur calidum4      
,deprehendetur enim in illis si         
diligenter exploretur1 non utique per   
se1 sed ex accidenti excalfacere4 ,cum  
per se dicimus1 uel primum1 uel nullo   
intercedente medio1 omnibus eiusmodi    
uerbis1 idem potestate significamus4 ,in

 quibus omnibus lectorem1 in opere de   
medicamentis propriis exemplis          
exercitabimus4 ,nunc recensitis iis1    
quae ante iam dixi1 proposito libro     
commodum imponere finem tentabo4 ,cum   
nanque calidum corpus multifariam       
dicatur1 nam  quod summam eiusmodi habet
 in se qualitatem1 ipsum scilicet       
elementum4 ,et quod propter eiusmodi    
qualitatem pollentem1 nomen est         
sortitum4 ,ad haec quod colatum ad aliud
 dicitur1 uel ad id quod mediocre       
eiusdem sit generis1 uel quicquid fors  
tulerit1 sic  quod potestate calidum    
est1 energia uero nondum dici potest1   
intelligi1 probarique multis modis      
oportet4 ,quo utique minus recte siquid 
non statim inflammatur1 id aliqui ne ut 
ad nos quidem esse calidum potestate    
putant4 ,nam siue facile concoquitur1   
cito nutrit1 erit ut ad nos calidum4    
,siue admotum ueluti medicamentum1      
calefacit1 erit id quoque1 ut ad hominem
 potestate calidum4 ,sic nimirum  per   
singulas animalis species1 ipsum        

potestate calidum1 siue est1 ut         
medicamentum1 siue ut nutrimentum1 ad   
illud tantum animal collatum dicitur4   
,est enim ex iis1 quae ad aliquid       
referuntur1 quicquid potestate aliquid  
dicitur4 ,quare  probatio1 quae propria 
est1 melior utique est1 quam quae ab    
externo petitur4 ,propria uero est una  
in singulis1 utique si celeriter tale   
fieri appareat1 quale id esse potestate 
diximus4 ,est enim potestate ignis1     
quicquid celeriter in ignem uertitur3   
potestate uero calidum1 ut ad hominem   
est1 ex speciebus eorum1 quae ex eo quod
 in ipsis praepollet1 dicuntur1 quidquid
 homini applicatum1 naturalis eius      
caloris uel qualitatem auget1 uel       
substantiam4 ,eadem mihi  de aliis      
censeri dicta uelim1 quaecunque scilicet
 potestate frigida1 uel sicca1 uel      
humida dicuntur4 ,quum haec quoque      
partim ueluti ad ipsa elementa1 partim  
ueluti ad ea1 quae ex praepollente sunt 
nominata1 tum intelligi1 tum explorari1 
tum doceri conueniat4 ,patet uero eum   

quoque qui iudicat1 tactum1 omnis       
acquisititii caloris  frigoris expertem 
esse debere1 sicuti de medicamentis     
ipsis prius est dictum4  ,sidenote3     
,tactum eum qui iudicaturus sit1 omnis  
acquisititii caloris uel frigoris       
expertem debere esse4      ,de          
temperamentis finis ,thoma ,linacro     
,anglo interprete     ,,galeni          
,,pergamensis ,de inaequali intemperie1 
,thoma ,linacro ,anglo interprete       
,inaequalis intemperies alias in toto   
animalis corpore fit1 ueluti in ea      
hydropis specie1 quam graeci  uocant4   
febribus iis1 quas iidem hepialas       
appellant1 fereque reliquis omnibus1    
exceptis1 quas ,hecticas nominant4      
,incidit autem  in una qualibet parte1  
quum ea uel intumuit1 uel ,phlegmone1   
,gangrena1 ,erisipilate1 ,cancro ue1 est
 affecta4 ,huc pertinet  qui ,elephas   
dicitur1  ,phagedena1  ,herpes4 ,verum  
haec omnia cum fluxione consistunt4     
,absque autem materiae affluxu1 solis   
partium qualitatibus aliquatenus        

alterandis1 inaequales intemperies      
fiunt1 vtique refrigeratis iis1 aut     
deustis1 aut immodice exercitatis1 aut  
feriatis1 aut aliquid id genus passis4  
,iam ex medicamentis iis1 quae foris    
corpori occurrunt1 inaequalis           
intemperies gignitur1 dum id uel        
frigefit1 uel calefit1 vel siccatur1 uel
 humectum redditur4 ,quippe hae         
simplices intemperies sunt1 veluti in   
iis1 quae de temperamentis scripsimus1  
est monstratum4 ,compositae ex iis aliae
 quatuor sunt1 quum corpus uel calefit  
simul  siccatur1 uel calefit simul      
humectatur1 uel refrigeratur simul      
siccescit1 uel refrigeratur pariter     
madescit4 ,quod autem eiusmodi          
intemperies ab aequalibus eo distent1   
quod in omnibus intemperanter affecti   
corporis partibus aequaliter non insint3
 id clare liquet4 ,ergo quis sit omnis  
inaequalis intemperaturae generandae    
modus1 in proposito libello statutum est
 exequi4 ,admonendi autem sumus1 quo    
clarior nobis omnis disputatio sit1 de  

omnibus corporis particulis4 principio a
 maximis sumpto1 quae scilicet ne vulgo 
quidem sunt ignotae4 ,si quidem manus1  
pedes1  uentrem1  thoracem1  caput nemo 
est qui ignorat4  ,sidenote3 ,diuisio   
partium maiorum in sibi proximas4       
,diuidamus autem earum rursus           
unamquanque in proximas sui1 quae       
graece dicuntur1 particulas4 ,verbi     
gratia1 crus in foemur1 tibiam1  pedem4 
,item totum brachium1 in brachium1      
cubitum1  summam manum4 ,iam manus      
ipsius particulae sunt1 uola1  eius pars
 auersa1  graeci uocant1  digiti4       
,digitorum uero particulae sunt1 ossa1  
cartilago1 ligamentum1 arteria1 uena1   
membrana1 caro1 tendo1 unguis1 cutis1   
adeps4 ,has autem diuisisse in aliam    
speciem non est4 ,sed sunt similares1 ac
 primae1 exceptis tamen arteriis et     
uenis4  ,sidenote3 ,arterias1  uenas    
partes esse compositas4 ,vacua spatia   
inter singulas corporis partes          
intercedere4 ,quorum interposita spatia 
non cernantur4  ,hae nanque ex fibris   

membranis sunt conditae1 ueluti in      
tractandae dissectionis ratione est     
traditum4 ,quinetiam complura esse      
spatia inter ipsas primas1  similares   
particulas1 atque iis etiam plura       
maioraque inter ipsas instrumentales1   
compositas1 aliqua uero et in una       
qualibet similari particula1 ueluti osse
 cuteque1 haec quoque omnia in iis1 quae
 de administrandis dissectionibus       
scripsimus1 sunt prodita4 ,ac quae      
mollia quidem sunt corpora1 ea quoniam  
sibi inuicem incumbunt1 interposita     
spatia latere conspectum faciunt4 ,quae 
dura siccaque sunt1 in iis cernere      
spatia licet1 sicuti ossium cauernulas4 
,continent hae naturaliter multum in    
sese humoris1 huiusque albi1 in id      
comparati ut ossa nutriat4 ,quae in cute
 foramina sunt1 ea1 qua ratione fiant3  
in iis quae de temperamentis precepimus1
 est dictum4 ,atque haec monuisse       
necessarium erat claritatis causa eorum 
quae a nobis deinceps sunt dicenda4 ,de 
inaequali uero intemperie nunc agendum1 

tum quaenam eius natura sit1 tum quot   
eius generandae modi4 ,ergo quod1 in    
omnibus particulis1 corporis quod       
fluxione est affectum1 unica temperies  
non sit1 prius est dictum4 ,verum id    
commune omnis intemperamenti inaequalis 
est4  ,sidenote3 ,aliter simplicem      
carnem1 ,aliter uniuersum musculum      
inaequali intemperie affectum esse4     
,differentiae eius1 ipsam corporum      
affectorum sequuntur naturam1 quum      
aliter simplex caro aliter uniuersus    
musculus impari temperamento sit        
affectus4  ,sidenote3 ,calidum reuma    
quemadmodum musculi partes inuadat4     
,quippe calida fluxio1 ubi in musculum  
procubuit1 primum maiores arteriae1     
uenaeque opplentur1 ac distenduntur4 ,ab
 iis minores4 ,atque ita res procedit1  
donec ad minimas sit peruentum4 ,in iis1
 ubi ualenter impacta fluxio est1 nec   
adhuc sistitur3 partim eius per ipsarum 
ora1 partim per tunicas1 ueluti colatum 
foras transmittitur4 ,tum uero spatia   
ipsa uacua1 quae inter prima sunt       

corpora1 fluxione implentur4 ,sic omnia 
ab humore1 omnique ex parte incalescunt1
 ac perfunduntur4  ,sidenote3 ,venas    
arterias in phlegmone uarie dolore4  ,ea
 sunt1 nerui1 ligamenta1 membranae1 caro
 ipsa1 anteque haec arteriae1  uenae4   
,quae scilicet  primae1  praeter caetera
 uario dolore afficiuntur4 ,quippe      
interius a fluxione tum excalfiunt1 tum 
distenduntur1 ac diuelluntur1 exterius  
non modo excalfiunt3 sed etiam          
premuntur1 ac degrauantur4 ,reliquae    
particulae aliae comprimendo solum1 uel 
incalescendo1 aliae utroque genere      
laborant4 ,appellaturque morbus ipse    
,phlegmonae4 ,est autem inaequalis      
intemperies musculi1 feruet enim iam qui
 in eo est sanguis4 ,is secum excalfacit
 primum quidem ac maxime arteriarum1    
uenarum tunicas4 ,mox uero omnia quae   
extra has sunt1 quibus scilicet         
circumfunditur4 ,ita duorum alterum     
necesse est sequi1 ut si fluxio uicerit1
 corruptio sequatur uictorum corporum1  
sin fluxio sit uicta3 ut musculi ad     

naturalem statum redeant4  ,sidenote3   
,victa fluxione1 quae deinde curatio4   
,esto igitur prius uicta fluxio 7rectius
 enim a melioribus incipitur74 ,duplex  
hic incidit curationis genus1 quod uel  
digeretur quidquid humoris in particulam
 procubuit1 uel concoquetur4  ,sidenote3
 ,digestionem in phlegmone maxime       
optandam esse curationem4 ,concoctionem 
phlegmonis duo sequi4 ,spatiorum in quae
 absceditur uaria genera4 ,abscessionum 
quae melior sit quae deterior4  ,verum  
digestio optanda maxime curatio est4    
,concoctionem haec duo necessario       
sequuntur1 puris generatio1  eius in    
aliquod spatium abscessio4 ,abscedit    
aliquando in capacitatum quae propinquae
 sunt1 tum maximam1 tum minime          
momentaneam4 ,quod sane abscessionis    
genus optimum est4 ,alias in non        
momentaneam quidem1 non tamen maximam4  
,interim in maximam1 non tamen non      
momentaneam4 ,ac quae in uentriculum    
incidunt abscessionum1 optima est quae  
in sinum eius internum abit4 ,in quem   

etiam plerunque se aperiunt4 ,mala uero 
quae sub peritoneum4 ,pari modo in iis  
quae circa cerebrum existunt1 bona est  
quae in priores eius uentriculos        
abscedit4 ,mala quae sub inuolucra eius4
 ,item quae in posticum eius uentrem se 
recipit4 ,qui uero circa costas         
abscessus colliguntur3 hi in capacitates
 erumpunt pectoris4 ,ac musculorum      
quidem abscessus sub cutem1 uiscerum    
uero in arterias  uenas1 quas in se     
continent1 uel in membranam qua         
operiuntur1 quae ipsis pro cute est4    
,sidenote3 ,si uicta pars a fluxione    
sit4  ,at si uictae a fluxione          
particulae fuerint1 in tantam deuenient 
intemperiem1 unde tum earum pereat      
actio1 tum ipsae spatio corrumpantur4   
,sidenote3 ,dolor quando desinat4       
,quando doleant corpora4  ,porro        
desinent tum primum dolere1 quum        
mutatrici qualitati fuerint adsimilatae4
 ,non enim quum mutata particularum     
temperies iam est1 siue 7ut sic loquar7 
in ipso mutatum esse1 dolent1 sed dum   

mutantur1 siue in ipsa mutatione4       
,sidenote3 ,hippocrates4  ,quemadmodum  
mirus dixit ,hippocrates4 8,dum         
alterascit ac corrumpitur natura3       
dolores fiunt4 ,alteratur autem1 ac     
corrumpitur cuiusque natura1 quum uel   
calefit1 uel frigefit1 uel siccatur1 uel
 humefit1 uel eius unitas dissoluitur4  
,in iis quidem intemperamentis quae     
inaequalia sunt1 ex calefaciendo1 uel ex
 frigefaciendo4 ,quippe quum            
efficacissimae qualitates hae sint4     
,secundo loco e siccando1 uel           
humectando4 ,ex esuriendo uero uel      
sitiendo1 deficiente hic humida1 illic  
sicca substantia4 ,ex uulnerando1       
erodendo1  tendendo1  premendo1         
conuellendo3 unitate ipsa soluenda4     
,ergo si calor sanguinis in particula1  
quae phlegmone laborat1 mitis est3 tum  
qui in toto animalis est corpore        
mediocriter attemperatus3 non facile una
 cum afflicta particula calefit1 sin uel
 ille feruet uehementius1 uel qui per   
totum spargitur animal1 biliosus est3   

illico totus ad calorem uertitur4 ,multo
 uero magis sicubi ambo concurrunt1 ut  
qui in phlegmone habetur admodum calidus
 sit1  qui in toto est animante         
biliosus4  ,sidenote3 ,in phlegmone quis
 sanguis primum calefiat1 quis deinceps4
  ,porro calefit primum qui in arteriis 
est sanguis1 quod scilicet is tum natura
 calidior1 tum uero magis spirituosus   
sit1 post hunc uero etiam qui in uenis  
est4 ,quod si in propinqua uisceri1 cui 
plurimus sit sanguis1 obsessa phlegmone 
particula fuerit3 iam celerius cum hoc  
uniuersus qui in animali est sanguis    
calore afficitur4  ,sidenote3 ,quid     
citius1  quid tardius alteretur tum     
generatim tum membratim4  ,vnoque uerbo1
 quidquid ex facili alterabile est1 aut 
calidum natura3 id a quouis calefaciente
 primum excalfit4 ,non secus  ab eo quod
 frigefacit1 quidquid facile alteratu   
est1 uel natura frigidum3 id primum     
refrigeratur4 ,ac promptus quidem ad    
alterandum spiritus est4 ,vtpote ex     
tenuissimis constans partibus4          

,calidissima naturae merito est flaua   
bilis4 ,at frigidissima pituita est4    
,reliquorum humorum1 sanguis post flauam
 bilem maxime est calidus1 sicut nigra  
bilis post pituitam est frigida4        
,quinetiam alteratur flaua bilis leui   
momento1 ex quouis in eam agente4 ,nigra
 aegre alterascit4 ,in summa quidquid   
tenuium est partium1 id prompte         
alteratur3 contra cui crassae sunt      
partes1 aegre4  ,sidenote3 ,alterationis
 uarietates in phlegmonis1 ex quinque   
generibus accidere4  ,ita necesse est   
multifariae phlegmonis alterationes     
incidant1 propterea quod multifariam    
affecta sunt corpora4 ,principio nanque 
succus qui phlegmonen excitat1 magis    
minusue calidus est1 deinde succi       
putrefactio1 pro ipsius natura          
respondet1 non minimum certe prout is   
magis minusue est impactus4 ,quippe quae
 perspiratu carent1 celerius putrescunt1
 ueluti  in externis accidit omnibus4   
,caeterum quum calida temperie sunt     
humida1 tum utique potissimum4 ,iam ipsa

 phlegmone laborans particula1 uel prope
 uel longe sita est1 a multi sanguinis  
uisceribus1 totusque sanguis uel        
biliosus est1 uel melancholicus1 uel    
pituitosus1 uel spirituosus4 ,atque haec
 omnia magis minusque4 ,quare necesse   
est multiformes fieri alterationes1 siue
 alterum alteri sit collatum1 siue idem 
sibi4  ,sidenote3 ,in corpore quod      
phlegmone laboret1 quid maxime          
inflammetur1 quid deinde4  ,fiunt hae   
omnes inaequales corporis intemperies1  
maxime quidem inflammato eo qui in      
phlegmone est sanguine1 deinde eo qui in
 uisceribus habetur  corde4 ,atque huius
 maxime eo qui in sinistro eius sinu    
est4 ,in quem 7sicut in opere de        
usurpandis manu dissectionibus est      
dictum7 si uiuo etiam animante1 nec     
adhuc febre tentato1 dimittere digitum  
uelis3 uehementissimum deprehendes      
calorem4 ,quo magis uerisimile est1 ubi 
totum corpus praeter naturam incalescit3
 hunc maxime sinum ad summum peruenire  
caloris4 ,quippe quum tenuissimum       

maximeque spirituosum sanguinem habeat1 
ac moueatur perpetuo4 ,caeterum in      
febribus id genus omnibus1 calefit      
quidem sanguis aliquando uniuersus1     
quicunque non naturalem illum calorem1  
qui ex humoris putrescentia est obortus1
 concoepit4 ,non tamen aut arteriarum1  
uenarum ue tunicae1 aut aliud ullum     
circumiacentium corporum1 prorsus iam   
temperamentum suum mutauit1 sed adhuc   
mutatur atque alteratur incalescens1    
siue 7ut sic loquar7 calefiens4 ,quod   
longiore tempore hoc patitur1 etiam     
uincetur aliquando1 prorsusque          
mutabitur1 ita ut non amplius calefiat1 
sed iam sit praeter naturam calefactum4 
,sidenote3 ,terminus alterationis quis  
statuendus4  ,porro terminus mutationis 
est1 cuiusque particulae functionis     
lesio4 ,ad quem usque terminum omnis    
alterationis latitudo3 via est in id    
quod praeter naturam est1 veluti mixtum 
communeque ac medium quiddam ex         
contrariis vtrisque compositum1 ipso    
naturali prorsus affectu1  eo qui iam   

plane est praeter naturam4  ,sidenote3  
,doloris in febri spatium1  eius        
terminus4  ,ergo toto hoc tempore corpus
 incalescens3 pro modo alterationis     
etiam ad portionem sentit dolorem4 ,quum
 vero omnes corporis solidae particulae 
excalfactae ad absolutionem iam sunt1   
eiusmodi febrem ,hecticam graeci vocant1
 ceu non amplius iam in humoribus       
spiritu3 sed in corporibus iis quae     
habitus rationem habent1 comprehensam4  
,sidenote3 ,indolescentiae in hecticis  
causa4  ,haec doloris est expers1       
putantque qui ea febricitant1 omnino se 
febre carere4 neque enim sentiunt eius  
calorem4 omnibus scilicet eorum partibus
 aeque percalfactis4 ,sed  conuenit de  
iis1 inter naturalis scientiae          
professores in iis quae de sensibus     
produnt4  ,sidenote3 ,doloris in        
febribus causa4  ,neque enim citra      
alterationem est sensus1 neque in iis   
quae iam ad perfectionem sunt alterata1 
dolor4 ,itaque etiam hecticae febres    
omnes1 tum sine dolore sunt3 tum nec    

sensu ab his qui ipsis laborant1        
perceptae4 ,non enim ex eorum           
particulis1 haec agit haec patitur4 quum
 omnes inter se iam similes sint        
redditae1 ac vnicam habeant             
consentientem temperiem4  ,sidenote3    
,hypophora  solutio4  ,quod si alia     
earum calidior est1 alia frigidior3 at  
certe eatenus est frigidior1 ut uicinam 
nihil offendat4 ,alioqui sic scilicet   
partes quae pro naturae modo se habent3 
mutuo se offenderent1 vtpote qui sic    
saltem temperamentis dissideant4 ,caro  
nanque calida particula est1 os         
frigidum4  ,sidenote3 ,inaequalitas     
temperamenti in sanis indolens est4     
,caeterum tam harum partium1 quam       
reliquarum omnium indolens inaequalitas 
est1 modi excessus merito4 ,sic nanque  
nec aer qui nos ambit1 prius offendit3  
quam ad immodicum calorem frigusue est  
immutatus4 ,cuius alioqui quae in medio 
sunt differentias1 tametsi numerosas1 ac
 manifestum excessum inter se habentes1 
citra noxam sentimus4  ,sidenote3       

,hippo4 dictum et eiusdem nonnulla      
probabilitas4  ,ex iis ergo fortasse nec
 illud durius dici videatur1 quod       
,hippocrates alicubi ait3 8,omnem morbum
 vlcus esse4 ,quippe vlcus vnitatis est 
diuisio4 ,immodicus vero calor ac frigus
 proxime accedunt1 vt vnitatem soluant1 
plurimus quidem calor1 dum segregat ac  
diuidit substantiae continuitatem1      
summum vero frigus1 tum stipando tum    
introrsus pariter trudendo1 quaedam     
exprimit1 quaedam quassat4 ,atque hunc  
quispiam immodici caloris ac frigoris   
terminum statuens1 fortasse non         
incommode sentiat4  ,sidenote3 ,omnem   
immodicum excessum ad aliquid esse4     
,seu vero is siue alius immodici        
excessus terminus est1 certe consistere 
omnem immoderatum excessum in habitudine
 ad aliquid1 iam liquet4 ,non enim pari 
ratione a calidis frigidisque afficitur 
omne corpus4  ,sidenote3 ,animalium     
quaedam conuenientes1 quaedam contrarios
 inter se succos habere4  ,indeque fit  
ut aliqua animalium conuenientes inter  

se succos habeant1 aliqua non solum non 
conuenientes1 sed etiam qui se mutuo    
corrumpant1 veluti homo atque vipera1   
quorum utriusque saliua alteri est      
pernities4 ,ita vtique  scorpium        
necaueris1 si ieiunus illi inspueris4   
,at non homo hominem morsu interemit1   
nec uipera uiperam1 nec aspis aspidem4  
,siquidem quod simile est3 id congruum  
amicumque est1 quod contrarium est1     
inimicum ac noxium4 ,augetur enim       
quidque ac nutritur a similibus1        
perimitur ac corrumpitur a dissimilibus4
 ,itaque etiam sanitatis tutela per     
similia perficitur1 morborum sublatio   
per contraria4 ,verum de iis alius est  
sermo4  ,sidenote3 ,omnem febrem praeter
 hecticem a laborante sentiri4          
,hecticam uero febrem quae iam habitum  
corporis occupauit1 minime sentit qui ea
 laborat4 ,reliquarum febrium nulla est 
quae non a laborante sentiatur4 sed     
aliae magis aliae minus aegrotanti sunt 
graues4 ,sunt ex iis  quae rigorem      
ingerant1 sit enim id quoque symptoma1  

veluti alia multa1 ab inaequali         
intemperie4 ,rationem tamen generandi   
eius in proposito libro tradere non est1
 priusquam de naturalibus facultatibus  
demonstratum fuerit1 quot hae qualesque 
sint1 tum quid agere quaeque sit nata4  
,verum in libris de symptomatum causis1 
de omnibus agetur4 ,sed reuertor ad     
inaequalis intemperamenti differentias4 
,nam quemadmodum ex phlegmone febris    
nascatur1 tum quod febris omnis ac      
phlegmone omnis1 praeter hecticas1 ex   
morbis sint1 quibus inaequalis sit      
intemperies3 dictum iam est4  ,sidenote3
 ,inaequalis intemperamenti generandi   
uariae rationes4  ,porro accendi febrem 
citra phlegmonen ex solis humoribus     
putrescentibus licet4 ,neque enim ea    
solum que inculcata sunt1  perspiratu   
prohibita1 putrescunt4 verum celeriter  
ea1 maximeque4 ,caeterum putrescunt     
alia multa1 quae putredini sunt         
opportuna4 ,dicetur vero de horum       
opportunitate alio loco4 ,iam alio      
quoque genere inaequalis oriri          

intemperies in toto corpore potest1 modo
 fuliginoso vapore detento1 modo        
exercitationibus  plusculis laboribus   
calore adaucto1 modo ab ira1 quum       
sanguis immoderatius feruet1 modo ex    
deustione quauis externa1 incalescit4   
,porro quod etiam in his omnibus        
febribus1 non secus quam in phlegmonis  
supra est dictum1 tum pro uiribus       
effectricis causae1 tum pro corporis    
ipsius affectu1 alii magis febricitent1 
alii minus1 alii haud quaquam1 apertum  
esse arbitror4 ,aeque vero et quod      
intemperies ipsa nonnunquam spirituosam 
tantum inuadit substantiam1 nonnunquam  
ipsos etiam succos1 clarum id quoque    
reor4 ,sed nec minus illud1 quod omnibus
 huiusmodi febribus si traxerint1       
hectica superueniet4 ,iamque sermo      
noster propemodum ostendit1 inaequalem  
hanc intemperiem aliquando ex calida1   
frigida ve substantia1 quae in          
particulam aliquam influat1 accidere1   
veluti in his fiebat1 quos phlegmonae   
infestat4  ,sidenote3 ,corporis         

temperies quando extrinsecus1 et quando 
interne alteretur4  ,sepe non ita3 sed  
ipsa corporis temperie in qualitate     
mutata1 tum quod alterantium eam1       
quaedam ortum habeant ab ipso corpore1  
quaedam extrinsecus1 vtique quum ex     
putredine tantum aliqua1 vel phlegmone  
excitatur febris1 ab ipso corpore1 quum 
ab vstione vel exercitatione1           
extrinsecus4 ,dicetur autem et de his   
fusius in morborum causis4 ,tanquam     
autem ex deustione accenditur febris1   
alterato videlicet corporis             
temperamento3 itidem nonnulli sepe ex   
frigore refrigerati toto corpore        
vehementer sunt1 aliqui vero etiam      
perierunt4 ,iam quod hi omnes etiam     
doleant1 ne id quidem latet4 ,porro     
dolent et qui ex rigore ingenti         
vehementer perfrigerati1 celeriter sese 
excalfacere properarunt1 multique eorum 
quum subito ac simul manus igni         
admouerunt1 ingentem circa vnguium      
radicem sentiunt dolorem4 ,et quisquam  
quum tam luculenter videat intemperiem  

inaequalem doloris esse causam3 etiam de
 internis doloribus dubitet1 aut        
miretur1 quo pacto citra phlegmonen1    
subinde uel laxiore intestino1 quod     
colon graeci uocant1 uel dentibus1 uel  
alia quauis particula homines doleant8  
,nam neque talium ullum mirabile est1   
nec quemadmodum simul rigeant et        
febricitent aegrotantium aliqui4        
,sidenote3 ,cur aliqui simul rigeant1 et
 febricitent4  ,quippe si pituitosus    
succus qui frigidus est1 quemque        
,praxagoras uitreum appellat1 et amara  
bilis quae calida est1 simul abundent1  
ac per sensibilia membra moueantur3     
nihil miri est utrumque a cubante pari  
modo sentiri4 ,neque enim si hominem sub
 sole feruido statuas1 et aquam illi    
frigidam infundas1 fieri potest1 ut non 
simul et a sole calorem1 et ab aqua     
frigus sentiat4 ,verum hoc casu ambo    
extrinsecus sunt1 nec paruis portionibus
 incidunt4  ,sidenote3 ,in hepialis cur 
frigus et calor simul sentiantur4  ,in  
febribus quas hepialos uocant1 tum ab   

interno1 tum exiguis portionibus1 eoque 
uniuersum corpus ambo sentire uidetur4  
,quum enim tenuissimis portiunculis     
aspersum per corpus tum calidum sit tum 
frigidum3 nullam sensilem alterius      
portiunculam ita paruam desumas1 in qua 
non alterum sit comprehensum4           
,sidenote3 ,in accessionum inuasione    
febricitantes aliquos frigus et calorem 
simul sentire4  ,in ipsa tamen          
accessionis inuasione1 aliqui           
febricitantium tum rigent1 tum uero     
febricitant1 tum ambo sentiunt1 frigus  
immodicum1 et calorem una4 ,verum non   
eodem loco4 ,quippe quum possint quae   
excalfactae sunt partes1 manifeste a    
refrigeratis discernere4 ,nam intus et  
in ipsis uisceribus calorem sentiunt4   
,in externis partibus uniuersis frigus4 
,sidenote3 ,in ,lipyriis utrumque       
perpetuo ita ut in accessionibus        
sentiri4  ,tales perpetuo febres sunt et
 quae graece ,lipyriae uocantur4        
,praeterea quoddam ardentium febrium    
perniciosum genus4 ,quod igitur in his  

maioribus portionibus accidit1 hoc in   
hepialis contingit minutis4 ,inaequalis 
nanque est et harum febrium intemperies1
 sed nec minus reliquarum omnium1       
exceptis tamen hecticis4  ,sidenote3    
,aliquos rigere nec tamen febricitare   
,rarumque id4  ,quinetiam iis qui       
rigent1 nec tamen febricitant1 inaequale
 temperamentum est4 ,rarum tamen est id 
symptoma4 ,caeterum incidit tum         
mulieribus1 tum quibusdam aliquando     
uiris4 ,debet autem omnino deses        
praecessisse uita1 aut certe ciborum    
copiam longiore spatio homo sumpsisse1  
ex quibus tardus1 frigidus1 crudus1     
pituitosus nascatur succus1 qualem      
scilicet ,praxagoras uitreum existimat4 
,sidenote3 ,symptoma priscis 7vt        
videtur7 ignotum1 et cur4  ,porro       
antiquitus nemo 7ut uidetur7 ita est    
affectus1 utqui nec adeo ociosi1 nec in 
uictus saturitate uiuerent4 ,indeque    
factum est1 ut scripserint antiqui      
medici1 rigori febrem necessario        
superuenire4 ,verumtamen tum nos ipsi1  

tum alii iuniorum medicorum non pauci1  
sepenumero uidimus rigorem1 quem nulla  
secuta sit febris4  ,sidenote3 ,hepialos
 quae vocetur4  ,porro componitur ex hac
 intemperie1 et ea quae febricitantium  
est1 ,hepialus4 appello ita febrem      
illam1 cui ambo semper accidunt4 ,at in 
qua rigor quidem praecedit1 febris      
sequitur1 ueluti in tertianis  quartanis
 hanc hepialum non voco4 ,ita ex duplici
 inaequali intemperie hepialus          
componitur4 ,etiam aliae febres praeter 
hecticas fere omnes4 ,simili genere qui 
particulae alicuius cum tumore morbi    
sunt1 hi quoque omnes perinde ac        
phlegmonae1 cum intemperamento inaequali
 consistunt4 ,cancer1 ,erisipelas1      
,carbunculus1 ,herpes1 ,tumor1          
,phagedena1 ,gangrena4 ,quippe commune  
iis omnibus est1 vt ex fluxione humorum 
sint orta4 ,dissident in eo quod alii ex
 pituitoso1 alii ex bilioso1 vel        
melancholico succo1 alii ex sanguine vel
 calido1 vel tenui1 vel bulliente1 vel  
frigido1 vel crasso1 vel alio quopiam   

genere affecto fiant4 ,declarabitur enim
 alio loco de horum membratim           
differentia diligenter4 ,quod ad        
propositam disceptationem pertinet1 hoc 
tantum dixisse abunde est1 quod         
qualiscunque est fluxio1 eadem ratione1 
quemque praedictorum affectuum creat1   
qua prius ex calida et sanguinea        
phlegmonen gigni monstrauimus4 ,sed non 
minus etiam similarium1 ac simplicium1  
primorumque in iis corporum singula1 sic
 a fluxione affecta1 ad inaequalem      
intemperiem deuenient4 ,caeterum        
extrinsecus pro reumatis ratione        
calefacta1 refrigerata1 siccata1 vel    
humectata1 penitus et in profundo nondum
 similiter affecta4 ,quod si tota per   
tota mutata alterataque sint3 fiunt     
quidem illico a dolore libera4 ,in      
difficili tamen sic constituta sunt     
statu4 ,hec praenouisse his qui opus de 
medicamentis sunt percepturi1 et post id
 medendi methodum1 abunde mihi satis    
videtur4      ,finis ,tertii de         
,temperamentis ,thoma ,linacro ,anglo   

,interprete4     ,,index ,,erratorvm    
,folio4 ,pagina4 ,versu4 ,lege4         
,primo4 scdam4 viii4 humidum aliquod    
i4 ii4 xviii4 ,itaque      ii4 i4 vlti4 
papaueris      ii4 ii4 xii4 ea oratio   
ii4 ii4 xiiii4 lore1 oppositionem       
iii4 i4 xxii4 eodem corpore con4        
iii4 ii4 xxiiii4 ,ergo esse quidem      
iiii4 i4 xxi4 hac potuerunt      iiii4  
ii4 iiii4 assidue sectantur      iiii4  
ii4 xiiii4 temperatum4 ,atque      iiii4
 ii4 xvi4 certo scio      v4 i4 v4 in eo
 cali4      v4 ii4 vii4 porro indicare  
v4 ii4 xii4 nihil humecti in      v4 ii4
 xiiii4 talis est naturae      vi4 i4   
xviii4 appareret1       vi4 i4 xix4     
vtrinque po4      vi4 i4 xxv4 humidius  
est      vi4 ii4 xix4 in vna eademque re
      vii4 ii4 xx4 intemperature con4   
viii4 i4 xiiii4 in naturaliter          
viii4 i4 xviii4 assidue largum          
viii4 i4 xxvi4 ambustus      viii4 ii4  
x4 temperies quanque ueri quae temperata
 res est dissimile      ix4 i4 iiii4    
articulorumque      x4 i4 x4 enim aut   

idem est1 aut      xi4 i4 xiii4         
frigidoque      xi4 i4 xiiii4 caeterorum
 corporum      xi4 i4 xxiii4 alterum    
absoluto      xi4 ii4 xv4 uel speciem   
xi4 ii4 xxvii4 quem graece      xii4 i4 
xxii4 tes4 ,in specie      xii4 i4      
xxiii4 ,genere vero      xii4 ii4 iiii4 
fariam dicantur      xiii4 ii4 xxiii4   
aliquo ea su4      xvi4 ii4 xvi4 enim   
aliorum uel      xviii4 ii4 xii4 et     
xiii4 noticia      xix4 i4 viii4 ad     
humidorum      xix4 i4 xx4 siccitatis   
imagi4      xix4 ii4 vi4 efficere1 ut   
xx4 i4 xiiii4 rant ergo opor4      xx4  
i4 xviii4 speciebus notantur      xx4   
ii4 i4 modo animalium ge4      xx4 ii4  
vii4 in omni specie      xxi4 ii4 xix4  
tactu tamen san      xxii4 i4 iii4      
contingit      xxii4 i4 xxi4 pertinent  
xxii4 ii4 xii4 et xiii4 alteram quae    
xxii4 ii4 xiii4 est humidi et sicci     
xxii4 ii4 xxiiii4 inditiumque           
xxiii4 i4 v4 in eodem sunt4      xxiii4 
i4 vii4 inanimorum      xxiii4 i4 ix4   
demortui4      xxiii4 i4 xvii4 mortua   

collata      xxiii4 ii4 ix4 est         
temperatissima      xxiii4 ii4 xiii4 nec
 cuiusque4      xxiii4 ii4 xix4 rum ad  
unguem ap4      xxiiii4 i4 ix4 motibus  
optimis      xxiiii4 i4 xiiii4 nigros1  
cum in4      xxiiii4 ii4 vii4 paritur   
infans      xxv4 ii4 i4 confirment4     
xxvi4 i4 vi4 et sanguificatio      xxvi4
 ii4 xv4 ex incoctis ci4      xxvi4 ii4 
xxvii4 obire queant      xxvii4 ii4 xx4 
expertia1 an al4      xxvii4 ii4 xxiii4 
est istorum fi4      xxviii4 i4 iii4    
disquisitio ineunda4      xxviii4 i4    
xviii4 liorem putant      xxviii4 i4    
xxiii4 sint4 ,sin de      xxviii4 ii4   
xiii4 desciuisse a      xxx4 i4 i4      
interpretabor4      xxx4 ii4 xi4        
mediocri tem4      xxx4 ii4 xx4 tum     
calorem4      xxxi4 i4 v4 peratus tactum
 af      xxxi4 ii4 ix4 est iudex        
xxxi4 ii4 xxv4 sunt durae1 nul4         
xxxii4 i4 xviii4 habet ossium           
xxxiii4 ii4 xii4 temperamenta se4       
xxxiii4 ii4 xvi4 qui pingues fu4        
xxxiiii4 i4 xix4 leue1 et te            

xxxiiii4 i4 xxii4 venae extra se        
xxxiiii4 i4 xxvi4 ,nisi sicubi          
xxxiiii4 i4 vlti4 vita indulgentior     
accedens      xxxv4 ii4 ix4 tanta est   
xxxvi4 ii4 i4 ,siquidem nec ex          
xxxvii4 ii4 v4 tempore compli4          
xxxvii4 ii4 viii4 quod hic quantum      
spissatum est1 tantum      xxxvii4 ii4  
xxii4 ,rufus sicuti      xxxviii4 i4    
iii4 protinus      xxxviii4 ii4 xviii4  
imbecillos      xxxix4 i4 xxvii4 non    
peruenit      xxxix4 ii4 vi4 a calore   
pro      xxxix4 ii4 viii4 cum senescunt1
 a      xxxix4 ii4 xxi4 corpus in aliis 
xxxix4 ii4 xxii4 esse in aliis          
xxxix4 ii4 xxiiii4 sint humidiores      
xl4 i4 xi4 aliis vara4 ,artu4      xl4  
i4 xiiii4 scoptulae illis      xl4 i4   
xv4 nudaeque plane      xl4 i4 xvii4    
,quantopere autem      xli4 i4 ii4      
procedente vero      xli4 i4 xiii4 cunt1
 timidique      xli4 i4 xv4 fiunt4      
,iidem      xli4 ii4 vii4 ab externo    
calore attractus prodiit non potest ex  
xlii4 ii4 ii4 autem hic rursum          

xlii4 ii4 iii4 aliunde confluat         
xliii4 i4 vlti4 perueniret      xliii4  
ii4 xx4 haec quod vbi      xliiii4 i4   
xvii4 perpendentibus      xlv4 ii4      
xxiii4 testae est adsimilis4 ,iam       
malacostraca      xlvi4 i4 xv4 ,ad eum  
modum4      xlvi4 i4 vlti4 ,caeterum cum
 id      xlvii4 ii4 xxi4 tum ad libros  
de medicamentis1 tum ad medendi         
xlviii4 ii4 xii4 indicetur1 quod        
xlix4 ii4 i4 in ignem mutato      xlix4 
ii4 iiii4 facile accenduntur      l4 i4 
vii4 tamen iam fieri      l4 i4 xiii4   
tem alias1 mo4      l4 ii4 iiii4 tur    
ignis ni4      li4 i4 ii4 tur corpus vna
 qualibet      li4 i4 iii4 tatum1 id    
quod4      li4 i4 iiii4 nec ipsum hoc   
li4 i4 v4 ab ipso mutatur      li4 i4   
vi4 nec vnquam      li4 i4 vii4 si illud
 mutet      liiii4 i4 xxi4  quae        
liiii4 ii4 x4 si certorum me4           
liiii4 ii4 xiiii4 cum certis acce4      
liiii4 ii4 xx4 eaque vi      lv4 i4 ii4 
adferat      lv4 i4 iii4 ciendo iuuet   
lv4 i4 vi4 aliis tempore con4      lvi4 

ii4 vii4 non eo minus      lvii4 i4 ii4 
in eum quicquam      lvii4 i4 xx4 quem  
ipsa4      lviii4 ii4 xviii4 qui ratione
 so4      lxi4 i4 xv4 calorem quendam   
lxii4 i4 xviii4 cas manifeste cale4     
lxiii4 i4 iiii4 ,imo tantum in          
lxiii4 i4 v4 a perfundendo est          
lxiii4 i4 xxiiii4 ad summa cor4         
lxiii4 i4 xxvi4 indicium vero ac        
documentum quod frigida      lxiii4 ii4 
xxii4 ex accidenti      lxiiii4 ii4 xvi4
 ve admotum ve4      lxiiii4 ii4 xvii4  
hominem potestate calidum  ,impressum   
apud praeclaram ,cantabrigiam per       
,ioannem ,siberch4 ,anno4 ,m4,d4,,xxi4  
,illustration     ,transcriber's ,note  
,a list of substantive changes made to  
the text follows4 ,page references are  
given in line with those in the         
original's ,,index ,,erratorvm 7,folio4 
,pagina47 with a snippet of the         
surrounding text to aid location4       
,title page4 8,,caleni0 changed to      
8,,galeni0      #ag4 80 changed to 80   
7,novi quendam     7      ,elenchus4    

8treis0 changed to 8tres0 7in tres      
nouenarios7      ,elenchus4 reference   
8fo4 lxx4 i4 ,b0 added for 8,animalium  
quaedam '''0      ,elenchus4            
8,deleterea0 changed to 8,deleteria0    
7,deleteria vnde     iudicanda47        
,elenchus4 8simitate0 changed to        
8siccitate0 7,ex siccitate de     solo7 
,elenchus4 8obseruandam0 changed to     
8obseruandum0 7medicamento aliud        
obseruandum7      ,elenchus4 8,athinei0 
changed to 8,athenei0 twice 7,opinio    
sectatorum     ,athenei1 and following  
line7      ,elenchus4 8concoquntur0     
changed to 8concoquuntur0 7,quaedam dum 
concoquuntur7      i4 ii4 8sanc0 changed
 to 8sane0 7plurimi sane opinati7       
ii4 ii4 8liquid0 changed to 8siquid0    
7,nec siquid calidum7      v4 i4        
8egritudinem0 changed to 8aegritudinem0 
7augeatur1 aegritudinem7      viii4 i4  
8ambustus0 changed to 8ambustis0 7mox   
pusule ueluti     ambustis7      ix4 i4 
8acero0 changed to 8aceto0 7haec muria1 
haec aceto7      ix4 i4 8saiubre0       

changed to 8salubre0 7utique salubre    
esset7      ix4 i4 8uarns0 changed to   
8uariis0 7ut uariis putredinibus        
obnoxium7      ix4 i4 8salutiserum0     
changed to 8salutiferum0 7propterea     
etiam     salutiferum7      ix4 ii4     
8diei0 changed to 8dici0 7multipliciter 
dici nouit7      x4 i4 8tespicientes0   
changed to 8respicientes0               
7,theophrastus1     quo respicientes7   
x4 i4 8mtelligunt0 changed to           
8intelligunt0 7,illi ne id quidem       
intelligunt47      x4 ii4 8sunndicta0   
changed to 8sunt dicta0 7calida  humida 
sunt dicta7      x4 ii4 8dioi0 changed  
to 8dici0 7dici de se patitur7      x4  
ii4 8niss0 changed to 8nisi0 7nisi ad   
eundem conferens7      xi4 i4 8uomine0  
changed to 8nomine0 7in mixtura nomine  
appellatum7      xi4 ii4 8hatena0       
changed to 8harena0 7lignum1 harena1    
later7      xii4 ii4 8es0 changed to    
8est0 7ossibus medium est id7      xii4 
ii4 8it0 changed to 8sit0 7quod media   
temperie sit7      xiii4 i4 8substantns0

 changed to 8substantiis0 7in mixtis    
substantiis non est7      xiii4 ii4     
8collarionem0 changed to 8collationem0  
7,in his uero     collationem7      xiv4
 ii4 ,dion1 ,dionem1 ,dionis capitalised
      xvi4 ii4 8peremitium0 changed to  
8pereuntium0 7genitorum1                
pereuntium7      xviii4 ii4             
8comsummationem0 changed to             
8consummationem0 7,ita     enim         
consummationem habebit7      xx4 ii4    
8collimantes0 changed to 8collineantes0 
7est in illa     specie collineantes7   
xxi4 i4 8multisannguinis0 changed to    
8multisanguinis0 7,caro                 
multisanguinis  calida47      xxi4 i4   
8dure0 changed to 8durae0 7durae ad     
aliquid7      xxii4 i4 8menbranis0      
changed to 8membranis0 7quod membranis  
adiacet7      xxii4 i4 8tempementis0    
changed to 8temperamentis0 7quae ad     
uniuersam de temperamentis7      xxiii4 
i4 8siceaque0 changed to 8siccaque0     
7siccaque sint1 elabantur47      xxiv4  
ii4 8cartilaginee0 changed to           

8cartilagines0 7tensa ea1     ossa1     
cartilagines7      xxiv4 ii4 8carnae0   
changed to 8carne0 7uisceribus1 ac      
carne7      xxvi4 i4 8resolutionc0      
changed to 8resolutione0 7,apoplexia    
neruorum resolutione7      xxvi4 i4     
8comulsione0 changed to 8conuulsione0   
7tremore1     conuulsione1              
destillatione7      xxvi4 i4 8oblesa0   
changed to 8oblaesa0 7oblaesa omnia     
sunt7      xxvi4 ii4 8non0 changed to   
8nec0 7currere1 nec portare7      xxx4  
i4 8nee0 changed to 8nec0 7nec eos qui  
frigidiorem7      xxxi4 ii4             
8inseperabilis0 changed to              
8inseparabilis0 7,etenim                
inseparabilis7      xxxiii4 i4 80       
changed to 80 7quidam      7            
xxxiii4 ii4 8liabent0 changed to        
8habent0 7adhunc modum se     habent7   
xxxiv4 i4 8late0 changed to 8latae0     
7,quibus latae7      xxxiv4 ii4         
8menbranam0 changed to 8membranam0 7ad  
internam eius     membranam7      xxxv4 
ii4 8siceum0 changed to 8siccum0 7si    

humidum  siccum     mediocritatem7      
xxxviii4 ii4 8innascnntur0 changed to   
8innascuntur0 7pueris nobis             
innascuntur7      xxxix4 i4 8sicci      
catem0 changed to 8siccitatem0 7,quibus 
autem     ad summam siccitatem7      xl4
 i4 8omnem quam0 changed to 8omnemque0  
7omnemque partium     inter se7      xl4
 i4 80 changed to 80 7naturae ,graece   
7      xlii4 i4 8putreseunt0 changed to 
8putrescunt0 7,quae enim     putrescunt7
      xliii4 ii4 8uomuntut0 changed to  
8uomuntur0 7unguem     concoxerunt1     
flaua uomuntur7      xliii4 ii4 8ignep0 
changed to 8igneum0 7igneum uentricoli  
calorem7      xliii4 ii4 8altorius0     
changed to 8alterius0 7non temperamenti1
     sed alterius7      xliv4 i4 8hane0 
changed to 8hanc0 7affectu hanc         
discernere7      xliv4 i4 8,equae0      
changed to 8,aeque0 7,aeque uero        
capitis7      xliv4 i4 8omnea0 changed  
to 8omnes0 7et reliquos omnes7      xlv4
 ii4 8cundem0 changed to 8eundem0 7,ad  
eundem modum de     oculis7      xlv4   

ii4 8tempcramento0 changed to           
8temperamento0 7totius     corporis     
temperamento7      xlv4 ii4 8cuto0      
changed to 8cute0 7quae in cute tantum  
spectantur7      xlv4 ii4 8marmae0      
changed to 8marinae0 7ueluti marinae    
locustae7      xlvi4 i4 8terrenaturque0 
changed to 8terrenamque0 7quod siccam1  
terrenamque portionem7      xlvi4 i4    
8nonunquam0 changed to 8nonnunquam0     
7nonnunquam     perseuerant aestate7    
xlvi4 i4 8adustimque0 changed to        
8adustione0 7ex sanguinis     adustione7
      xlvi4 ii4 8opinenit0 changed to   
8opinentur0 7,non est igitur     quod   
opinentur7      xlix4 i4 8balitum0      
changed to 8halitum0 7aut halitum aerem 
dixeris7      liii4 i4 8exiingui0       
changed to 8extingui0 7uerum etiam      
aliquando extingui7      liv4 i4        
8caibunculi0 changed to 8carbunculi0    
7herpetes     erodentes1 carbunculi7    
liv4 i4 8chyromia1  ,celephia0 changed  
to 8chyronia1  ,telephia0 7quae         
chyronia1  ,telephia uocantur7      liv4

 ii4 8ledant0 changed to 8laedant0      
7nonnunquam laedant1     nonnunquam     
conferant7      lv4 ii4 8non nonnuquam0 
changed to 8nonnunquam0 7nonnunquam     
usum aliquem7      lv4 ii4 8humidatis0  
changed to 8humiditatis0 7sunt liquata1 
humiditatis7      lvi4 i4 8altreantium0 
changed to 8alterantium0 7se alterantium
     sunt7      lvii4 i4 8at0 changed to
 8ac0 7ac deinde in multifarias7        
lviii4 i4 8lpatio0 changed to 8spatio0  
7si longiore spatio igni     sit admota7
      lviii4 i4 8ubl0 changed to 8ubi0  
7ubi duo corpora7      lviii4 ii4 80    
changed to 80 7,sic igitur 7      lix4  
i4 8ledit0 changed to 8laedit0          
7refrigeratum est1     manifeste laedit7
      lix4 i4 8nostinum0 changed to     
8nostrum0 7corpus nostrum     afficiunt7
      lix4 i4 8corum0 changed to 8eorum0
 7tamen eorum exhibitio7      lxi4 i4   
8emnis0 changed to 8omnis0 7,sane omnis 
haec disceptatio7      lxiii4 ii4       
8,harum0 changed to 8,horum0 7,horum    
uero difflatus7      lxiii4 ii4         

8phleumone0 changed to 8phlegmone0 7quae
 phlegmone     laborant particulis7     
lxv4 i4 8medacamentis0 changed to       
8medicamentis0 7sicuti de               
medicamentis7      lxv4 i4 80 changed to
 80 7quam graeci      uocant7      lxvi4
 i4 80 changed to 80 7qua  graece       
dicuntur7      lxvii4 i4 8postieum0     
changed to 8posticum0 7,item quae in    
posticum7      lxviii4 i4 8frigdissima0 
changed to 8frigidissima0 7,at          
frigidissima pituita est47      lxix4   
ii4 8eitra0 changed to 8citra0 7citra   
noxam sentimus47      lxx4 i4           
8immedicum0 changed to 8immodicum0      
7,omnem immodicum     excessum ad       
aliquid esse47      lxx4 i4 8contaria0  
changed to 8contraria0 7sublatio per    
contaria7      lxx4 ii4 8qaae0 changed  
to 8quae0 7quae rigorem ingerant7       
lxx4 ii4 8sypmtoma0 changed to          
8symptoma0 7sit enim id quoque          
symptoma7      lxx4 ii4 8fit0 changed to
 8sit0 7quaeque sit nata7      lxx4 ii4 
8seruet0 changed to 8feruet0 7quum      

sanguis immoderatius     feruet7        
lxxi4 i4 8sta0 changed to 8ita0 7,sepe  
non ita3 sed ipsa7      lxxi4 ii4       
8frgidam0 changed to 8frigidam0 7aquam  
illi frigidam     infundas7      lxxi4  
ii4 8compraehensum0 changed to          
8comprehensum0 7non alterum sit         
comprehensum7      lxxii4 i4 8,dabet0   
changed to 8,debet0 7,debet autem       
omnino7      ,errata767 for xxxix4 ii4  
xxiiii4 8humidores0 changed to          
8humidiores0     7and also in text7     
,errata767 for xlv4 ii4 xxiii44         
8malacostaca0 changed to 8malacostraca0 
7and also in text7  ,amended without    
note3 misprinted scribal abbreviations  
7since these are not retained in this   
e-text71 turned letters 7u_/n2          
d_/q_/b_/p71 word spacing1 punctuation1 
accents4