,! ,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies      ,,edit$ 
,,by     ,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng     ,dr4   
,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia      ,,! ,,confessions
 ,,( ,,al ,,ghazzali        8,he :o kn[s
 himself kn[s ,god40                    
,,say+s ,,( ,,muhamm$4                  
,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,ea/                  
,,! ,,confessions ,,(                   
,,al ,,ghazzali                         
,,translat$ ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"t         
,,into ,,engli%                         
,,by ,,claud ,,field1 ,m4,a4            
,illu/ration                            
,,london                     ,,john     
,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4       
#aiji                                   
,,pr9t$ ,,by                            
,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,& ,,v9ey1 ,,ld4    
,,london ,,& ,,aylesbury4     ,,cont5ts 
,,page      ,,introduction              
#g      ,ghazzali's ,se>* = ,tru?       
#aa      ,! ,subt]fuges ( ! ,sophi/s    
#ae      ,! ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,seek]s    
aft] ,tru?                          #bj 
,! ,aim ( ,s*ola/ic ,!ology & its       

,results                      #ba       
,conc]n+ ! ,philosophical ,sects & !    
,/igma ( ,infidelity       :i* atta*es  
to !m all                               
#be      ,divisions ( ! ,philosophic    
,sci5ces                                
#bg      ,sufism                        
#da      ,! ,reality ( ,inspiration3 its
 ,importance = ! ,human ,race       #ej 
,,editorial ,,note   ,! object ( !      
,editors ( ?is s]ies is a v def9ite "o4 
,!y desire above all ?+s t1 9 _! humble 
way1 ^! books %all be ! ambassadors (   
good-w & und]/&+ betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/--!  
old _w ( ,?\ght & ! new ( ,action4 ,9   
?is endeav\r1 & 9 _! own sph]e1 !y are b
 foll[]s ( ! highe/ example 9 ! l&4 ,!y 
are confid5t t a deep] k ( ! great      
ideals & l(ty philosophy ( ,ori5tal     
?\ght may help to a revival ( t true _s 
( ,*>ity :i* nei!r despises nor fe>s !  
nations ( ano!r cre$ & col\r4 ,f9ally1 9
 ?ank+ press & public = ! v cordial     
reception giv5 to ! 8,wisdom ( ! ,ea/0  
,s]ies1 !y wi% to /ate t no pa9s h be5  

sp>$ to secure ! be/ speciali/s = !     
treatm5t ( ! v>i\s subjects at h&4      
,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng4                    
,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia4  ,,nor?brook         
,,society1 #ahe ,,piccadilly1 ,w4       
,,introduction  ,,bir? ,,( ,,ghazzali   
,abo ,hmid ,muhamm$ ,ibn ,muhammad ,al  
,ghazzali 0 born 9 ! city ( ,tus 9      
,khorassan1 ,a4,d4 #ajeh1 "o ye> aft] ! 
great poet & free?9k] ,abu' l' ,al di$4 
,he 0 ! son ( a deal] 9 cotton ?read    
7,gazzl71 :5ce 8 "n4 ,los+ 8 fa!r 9 e>ly
 life1 he 0 confid$ to ! c>e ( a ,sufi1 
^: influ5ce ext5d$ ?r\gh 8 subsequ5t    
c>e]4 ,on f9i%+ 8 /udies he 0 appo9t$   
pr(essor ( !ology at ,bagdad4 ,"h he    
a*iev$ su* spl5did success t all ! ,imms
 became 8 zeal\s p>tisans4 ,s great1    
inde$1 0 8 r5[n1 s ard5t ! admiration he
 inspir$1 t ! ,muhamm$ans sometimes     
said3 8,if all ! books ( ,islam 7       
de/roy$1 x w\ld be b a slight loss1     
provid$ ,al ,ghazzali's "w on !         
,revivification ( ! ,sci5ces ( ,religion
 7 pres]v$40 ,! foll[+ %ort treatise    

gives ! hi/ory ( ! m9d ( ?is rem>kable  
man 9 8 pursuit ( tru?4 ,x might n      
inaptly be> ! title 8,confessions ( an  
,inquir+ ,_s40 ,9 its intellectual      
subtlety x be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to  
,newman's ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 & 9 its     
almo/ ,puritanical s5se ( ! t]rors ( !  
_w to come1 x is ak9 to ,bunyan's ,grace
 ,ab\nd+4 ,x is also int]e/+ z be+ "o ( 
! v few specim5s ( g5u9e ,ea/]n         
autobiography4  ,aft] describ+ !        
difficulty ) :i* he escap$ f an almo/   
,pyrrhonic scepticism1 8n by sy/ematic  
reason+ & accumulation ( pro(s1 b by a  
fla% ( light :i* ,god s5t into my s\l10 
he reviews ! v>i\s sects :om he enc\nt]$
 9 8 se>* = tru?4  ,i4 ,! s*ola/ic      
!ologians1 :o pr(ess to foll[ reason &  
speculation4  ,,ii4 ,! philosoph]s1 :o  
call !mselves ma/]s ( ,logic &          
,demon/ration4  ,,iii4 ,! ,sufis1 :o    
claim an imm$iate intuition1 & :o       
p]ceive ! real manife/ation ( tru? z    
common m5 p]ceive mat]ial ph5om5a4      
,aft] ma/]+ ! fir/ two sy/ems & /ill    

f9d+ ! great problem unsolv$1 he 0 =c$  
to pron\nce philosophy incompet5t1 & to 
seek 9 "s high] faculty ?an reason !    
solution ( 8 d\bts4 ,! intuition or     
ec/asy 78wajd07 ( ! ,sufis 0 to him a   
sort ( revelation4 ,8 se>* = tru?       
occupi$ sev]al ye>s1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he 
r5\nc$ 8 pr(essor%ip ( !ology at ,bagdad
 & w5t into devotional retirem5t at     
,j]usalem & ,damascus1 & also p]=m$ !   
pilgrimage to ,mecca4  ,he return$ = a  
%ort "t to ,ni%apur1 ! bir?place ( ,om> 
,khayym1 8 eld] contempor>y1 :om1 z     
,pr(essor ,br[ne tells u 9 8 ,hi/ory (  
,p]sian ,lit]ature1 he met & dislik$4   
,he f9ally w5t back to ,tus1 8 native   
place1 :]e he di$1 ,a4,d4 #aaaa4        
,pr(essor ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 9 an      
article on ,ghazzali 9 ! ,j\rnal ( !    
,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 quotes !    
foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 dea? z relat$ by 8    
bro!r ,ahmad3 8,on ,monday at dawn my   
bro!r p]=m$ ! ablution & pray$4 ,!n he  
said1 #8,br+ me my grave-clo!s1' & he   
took !m & kiss$ !m1 & laid !m on 8 eyes 

& said1 #8,i he> & obey ! comm& to g    
into ! ,k+4' ,& he /ret*$ out 8 feet &  
w5t to meet ,him & 0 tak5 to ! good-w ( 
,god ,mo/ ,high40  ,! great s]vice :i*  
,al ,ghazzali r5d]$ to ! ,sufis 01 z    
,mr4 ,:9field has po9t$ out1 9 ! preface
 to 8 translation ( ! ,masnavi1 to      
provide !m ) a metaphysical t]m9ology   
:i* he _h d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,plot9us ! 
,neo-,platoni/4 ,he also gave !m a      
secure position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,islam4  ,9 
8 ,developm5t ( ,muslim ,!ology         
,pr(essor ,macdonald calls ,ghazzali 8! 
greate/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ sympa!tic figure 
9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam1 & ! only tea*] ( ! 
aft] g5]ations ev] put by a ,muslim on a
 level ) ! f\r great ,imms40 ,he fur!r  
says ( him3 8,islam has nev] outgr[n    
him1 has nev] fully und]/ood him4 ,9 !  
r5aissance ( ,islam :i* is n[ ris+ to   
view1 8 "t w come1 & ! new life w proce$
 f a r5ew$ /udy ( 8 works40             
,c4 ,f4     ,,! ,,confessions ,,( ,,al  
,,ghazzali     ,,ghazzali',s ,,se>* ,,= 
,,tru?  8,9 ! "n ( ! mo/ m]ciful ,god40 

,quo? ! ,imm ,ghazzali3  ,glory be to   
,god1 ,^: praise %\ld prec$e e writ+ & e
 spee*6 ,may ! bless+s ( ,god re/ on    
,muhamm$ ,8 ,prophet & ,8 ,apo/le1 on 8 
family & companions1 by ^: guidance     
error is escap$6  ,y h ask$ me1 ,o bro!r
 9 ! fai?1 to exp\nd ! aim & ! my/]ies (
 religi\s sci5ces1 ! b\nd>ies & dep?s ( 
!ological doctr9es4 ,y wi% to "k my     
exp]i5ces :ile dis5tangl+ tru? lo/ 9 !  
m$ley ( sects & div]g5cies ( ?\ght1 & h[
 ,i h d>$ to climb f ! l[ levels (      
traditional belief to ! topmo/ summit ( 
assurance4 ,y desire to le>n :at ,i h   
borr[$1 fir/ ( all f s*ola/ic !ology2 & 
secondly f ! me?od ( ! ,ta'limites1 :o1 
9 seek+ tru?1 re/ ^u ! au?ority ( a     
lead]2 & :y1 ?irdly1 ,i h be5 l$ to     
reject philosophic sy/ems2 & f9ally1 :at
 ,i h accept$ ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,sufis1 & 
! sum total ( tru? :i* ,i h ga!r$ 9     
/udy+ e v>iety ( op9ion4 ,y ask me :y1  
aft] resign+ at ,bagdad a tea*+ po/ :i* 
attract$ a numb] ( he>]s1 ,i h1 long    
aft]w>ds1 accept$ a simil> "o at        

,ni%apur4 ,conv9c$ z ,i am ( ! s9c]ity  
:i* prompts y\r inquiries1 ,i proce$ to 
answ] !m1 invok+ ! help & protection (  
,god4  ,"k !n1 my bro!rs 7may ,god      
direct y 9 ! "r way71 t ! div]sity 9    
beliefs & religions1 & ! v>iety (       
doctr9es & sects :i* divide m51 are l a 
deep ocean /rewn ) %ipwrecks1 f :i* v   
few escape safe & s\nd4 ,ea* sect1 x is 
true1 believes itself 9 possession ( !  
tru? & ( salvation1 8ea* p>ty10 z !     
,koran sai?1 8rejoices 9 its own cre$02 
b z ! *ief ( ! apo/les1 ^: ^w is always 
tru?ful1 has told u1 8,my p w be divid$ 
into m ?an sev5ty sects1 ( :om only "o w
 be sav$40 ,?is pr$iction1 l all o!rs ( 
! ,prophet1 mu/ be fulfill$4  ,f ! p]iod
 ( adolesc5ce1 t is to say1 previ\s to  
rea*+ my tw5tie? ye> to ! pres5t "t :5  
,i h pass$ my fiftie?1 ,i h v5tur$ into 
?is va/ ocean2 ,i h fe>lessly s\nd$ its 
dep?s1 &1 l a resolute div]1 ,i h       
p5etrat$ its d>kness & d>$ its dang]s & 
abysses4 ,i h int]rogat$ ! beliefs ( ea*
 sect & scrut9is$ ! my/]ies ( ea*       

doctr9e1 9 ord] to dis5tangle tru? f    
error & or?odoxy f h]esy4 ,i h nev] met 
"o :o ma9ta9$ ! hidd5 mean+ ( ! ,koran  
)\t inve/igat+ ! nature ( 8 belief1 nor 
a p>tisan ( its ext]ior s5se )\t inquir+
 into ! results ( 8 doctr9e4 ,!re is no 
philosoph] ^: sy/em ,i h n fa?om$1 nor  
!ologian ! intricacies ( ^: doctr9e ,i h
 n foll[$ out4  ,sufism has no secrets  
into :i* ,i h n p5etrat$2 ! dev\t ador] 
( ,deity has reveal$ to me ! aim ( 8    
au/]ities2 ! a!i/ has n be5 able to     
conceal f me ! real reason ( 8 unbelief4
 ,! ?ir/ = k 0 innate 9 me f an e>ly    
age2 x 0 l a second nature implant$ by  
,god1 )\t any w on my "p4 ,no soon] _h  
,i em]g$ f boyhood ?an ,i _h already    
brok5 ! fett]s ( tradition & fre$ myself
 f h]$it>y beliefs4  ,hav+ notic$ h[    
easily ! *ildr5 ( ,*ri/ians become      
,*ri/ians1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,moslems embrace
 ,islam1 & rememb]+ also ! traditional  
say+ ascrib$ to ! ,prophet1 8,e *ild has
 9 him ! g]m ( ,islam1 !n 8 p>5ts make  
him ,jew1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,zoroa/rian10 ,i 

0 mov$ by a ke5 desire to le>n :at 0 ?is
 innate disposition 9 ! *ild1 ! nature (
 ! accid5tal beliefs impos$ on him by ! 
au?ority ( 8 p>5ts & 8 ma/]s1 & f9ally !
 unreason$ convictions :i* he d]ives f  
_! in/ructions4  ,/ruck ) !             
contradictions :i* ,i enc\nt]$ 9        
endeav\r+ to dis5tangle ! tru? &        
falsehood ( ^! op9ions1 ,i 0 l$ to make 
! foll[+ reflection3 8,! se>* aft] tru? 
be+ ! aim :i* ,i propose to myself1 ,i  
ought 9 ! fir/ place to asc]ta9 :at are 
! bases ( c]titude40 ,9 ! next place ,i 
recognis$ t c]titude is ! cle> &        
complete k ( ?+s1 su* k z leaves no room
 = d\bt nor possibility ( error &       
conjecture1 s t !re rema9s no room 9 !  
m9d = error to f9d an entrance4 ,9 su* a
 case x is necess>y t ! m9d1 =tifi$     
aga9/ all possibility ( go+ a/ray1 %\ld 
embrace su* a /rong conviction t1 if1 = 
example1 any "o possess+ ! p[] ( *ang+ a
 /one into gold1 or a /ick into a s]p5t1
 %\ld seek to %ake ! bases ( ?is        
c]titude1 x w\ld rema9 firm & immovable4

 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man %\ld come & 
say to me1 :o am firmly conv9c$ t t5 is 
m ?an ?ree1 8,no2 on ! contr>y1 ?ree is 
m ?an t51 &1 to prove x1 ,i *ange ?is   
rod into a s]p5t10 & suppos+ t he       
actually did s1 ,i %\ld rema9 none !    
less conv9c$ ( ! falsity ( 8 ass]tion1 &
 al?\gh 8 miracle might ar\se my        
a/oni%m5t1 x w\ld n in/il any d\bt into 
my belief4  ,i !n und]/ood t all =ms ( k
 :i* d n unite ^! conditions            
7imp]vi\sness to d\bt1 etc47 d n des]ve 
any confid5ce1 because !y are n beyond !
 rea* ( d\bt1 & :at is n impregnable to 
d\bt _c con/itute c]titude4     ,,!     
,,subt]fuges ,,( ,,! ,,sophi/s   ,i !n  
exam9$ :at k ,i possess$1 & discov]$ t 9
 none ( x1 ) ! exception (              
s5se-p]ceptions & necess>y pr9ciples1   
did ,i enjoy t degree ( c]titude :i* ,i 
h j describ$4 ,i !n sadly reflect$ z    
foll[s3 8,we _c hope to f9d tru? except 
9 matt]s :i* c>ry _! evid5ce 9          
!mselves--t is to say1 9 s5se-p]ceptions
 & necess>y pr9ciples2 we mu/ !re=e     

e/abli% ^! on a firm basis4 ,is my      
absolute confid5ce 9 s5se-p]ceptions &  
on ! infallibility ( necess>y pr9ciples 
analog\s to ! confid5ce :i* ,i =m]ly    
possess$ 9 matt]s believ$ on ! au?ority 
( o!rs8 ,is x only analog\s to !        
reliance mo/ p place on _! organs (     
vision1 or is x rigor\sly true )\t      
admixture ( illusion or d\bt80  ,i !n   
set myself e>ne/ly to exam9e ! notions  
we d]ive f ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses & f sight
 9 ord] to see if !y c\ld be call$ 9 "q4
 ,! result ( a c>eful exam9ation 0 t my 
confid5ce 9 !m 0 %ak54 ,our sight =     
in/ance1 p]haps ! be/ practis$ ( all our
 s5ses1 obs]ves a %ad[1 & f9d+ x        
app>5tly /ation>y pron\nces x devoid (  
movem5t4 ,obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 
%[ subsequ5tly t a %ad[ moves n sudd5ly1
 x is true1 b gradually & imp]ceptibly1 
s t x is nev] really motionless4  ,aga91
 ! eye sees a /> & believes x z l>ge z a
 piece ( gold1 b ma!matical calculations
 prove1 on ! contr>y1 t x is l>g] ?an ! 
e>?4 ,^! notions1 & all o!rs :i* ! s5ses

 decl>e true1 are subsequ5tly           
contradict$ & convict$ ( falsity 9 an   
irrefragable mann] by ! v]dict ( reason4
  ,!n ,i reflect$ 9 myself3 8,s9ce ,i _c
 tru/ to ! evid5ce ( my s5ses1 ,i mu/   
rely only on intellectual notions bas$  
on fundam5tal pr9ciples1 su* z ! foll[+ 
axioms3 #8,t5 is m ?an ?ree4            
,affirmation & negation _c coexi/       
toge!r4 ,a ?+ _c bo? be creat$ & also   
exi/5t f et]nity1 liv+ & annihilat$     
simultane\sly1 at once necess>y &       
impossible4'0 ,to ?is ! notions ,i d]iv$
 f my s5ses made ! foll[+ objections3   
8,:o c gu>antee y t y c tru/ to !       
evid5ce ( reason m ?an to t ( ! s5ses8  
,y believ$ 9 our te/imony till x 0      
contradict$ by ! v]dict ( reason1       
o!rwise y w\ld h cont9u$ to believe x to
 ?is day4 ,well1 p]haps1 !re is above   
reason ano!r judge :o1 if he appe>$1    
w\ld convict reason ( falsehood1 j z    
reason has confut$ u4 ,& if su* a ?ird  
arbit] is n yet app>5t1 x does n foll[ t
 he does n exi/40  ,to ?is argum5t ,i   

rema9$ "s "t )\t reply2 a reflection    
drawn f ! ph5om5a ( sleep deep5$ my     
d\bt4 8,d y n see10 ,i reflect$1 8t :ile
 asleep y assume y\r dreams to be       
indisputably real8 ,once awake1 y       
recognise !m = :at !y are--baseless     
*im]as4 ,:o c assure y1 !n1 ( !         
reliability ( notions :i*1 :5 awake1 y  
d]ive f ! s5ses & f reason8 ,9 relation 
to y\r pres5t /ate !y may be real2 b x  
is possible also t y may ent] ^u ano!r  
/ate ( be+ :i* w be> ! same relation to 
y\r pres5t /ate z ?is does to y\r       
condition :5 asleep4 ,9 t new sph]e y w 
recognise t ! conclusions ( reason are  
only *im]as40  ,?is possible condition  
is1 p]haps1 t :i* ! ,sufis call 8ec/asy0
 78hl071 t is to say1 accord+ to !m1 a  
/ate 9 :i*1 absorb$ 9 !mselves & 9 !    
susp5sion ( s5se-p]ceptions1 !y h       
visions beyond ! rea* ( intellect4      
,p]haps also ,dea? is t /ate1 accord+ to
 t say+ ( ! ,pr9ce ( prophets3 8,m5 are 
asleep2 :5 !y die1 !y wake40 ,our pres5t
 life 9 relation to ! future is p]haps  

only a dream1 & man1 once dead1 w see   
?+s 9 direct opposition to ^? n[ be=e 8 
eyes2 he w !n und]/& t ^w ( ! ,koran1   
8,to-day we h remov$ ! veil f ?9e eyes &
 ?y sight is ke540  ,su* ?\ghts z ^!    
?reat5$ to %ake my reason1 & ,i s\ght to
 f9d an escape f !m4 ,b h[8 ,9 ord] to  
dis5tangle ! knot ( ?is difficulty1 a   
pro( 0 necess>y4 ,n[ a pro( mu/ be bas$ 
on prim>y assumptions1 & x 0 precisely  
^! ( :i* ,i 0 9 d\bt4 ,?is unhappy /ate 
la/$ ab\t two mon?s1 dur+ :i* ,i 01 n1 x
 is true1 explicitly or by pr(ession1 b 
morally & ess5tially a ?or\ghgo+        
sceptic4  ,god at la/ deign$ to heal me 
( ?is m5tal malady2 my m9d recov]$      
sanity & equilibrium1 ! prim>y          
assumptions ( reason recov]$ ) me all _!
 /r+5cy & =ce4 ,i ow$ my deliv]ance1 n  
to a concat5ation ( pro(s & argum5ts1 b 
to ! light :i* ,god caus$ to p5etrate   
into my he>t--! light :i* illum9ates !  
?re%old ( all k4 ,to suppose t c]titude 
c be only bas$ ^u =mal argum5ts is to   
limit ! b\ndless m]cy ( ,god4 ,"s "o    

ask$ ! ,prophet ! explanation ( ?is     
passage 9 ! ,div9e ,book3 8,god op5s to 
,islam ! he>t ( him :om ,he *ooses to   
direct40 8,t is spok510 repli$ !        
,prophet1 8( ! light :i* ,god %$s 9 !   
he>t40 8,& h[ c man recognise t light80 
he 0 ask$4 8,by 8 deta*m5t f ?is _w (   
illusion & by a secret draw+ t[>ds !    
et]nal _w10 ! ,prophet repli$4  ,on     
ano!r occasion he said3 8,god has creat$
 ,8 creatures 9 d>kness1 & !n has %$ ^u 
!m ,8 light40 ,x is by ! help ( ?is     
light t ! se>* = tru? mu/ be c>ri$ on4  
,z by ,8 m]cy ?is light desc5ds f "t to 
"t among m51 we mu/ ceaselessly be on ! 
wat* = x4 ,?is is also corroborat$ by   
ano!r say+ ( ! ,apo/le3 8,god s5ds ^u y1
 at c]ta9 times1 brea?+s ( ,8 grace2 be 
prep>$ = !m40  ,my object 9 ?is acc\nt  
is to make o!rs und]/& ) :at e>ne/ness  
we %\ld se>* = tru?1 s9ce x leads to    
results we nev] dreamt (4 ,prim>y       
assumptions h n got to be s\ght =1 s9ce 
!y are always pres5t to our m9ds2 if we 
engage 9 su* a se>*1 we only f9d !m     

p]si/5tly elude our grasp4 ,b ^? :o pu% 
_! inve/igation beyond ord9>y limits are
 safe f ! suspicion ( neglig5ce 9 pursu+
 :at is )9 _! rea*4     ,,! ,,diff]5t   
,,k9ds ,,( ,,seek]s ,,aft] ,,tru?   ,:5 
,god 9 ! abundance ( ,8 m]cy _h heal$ me
 ( ?is malady1 ,i asc]ta9$ t ^? :o are  
engag$ 9 ! se>* = tru? may be divid$    
into ?ree gr\ps4  ,i4 ,s*ola/ic         
!ologians1 :o pr(ess to foll[ !ory &    
speculation4  ,,ii4 ,! ,philosoph]s1 :o 
pr(ess to rely ^u =mal logic4  ,,iii4 ,!
 ,sufis1 :o call !mselves ! elect ( ,god
 & possessors ( intuition & k ( ! tru?  
by means ( ec/asy4  8,! tru?10 ,i said  
to myself1 8mu/ be f\nd among ^! ?ree   
classes ( m5 :o devote !mselves to !    
se>* = x4 ,if x escapes !m1 "o mu/ give 
up all hope ( atta9+ x4 ,hav+ once      
surr5d]$ bl9d belief1 x is impossible to
 return to x1 = ! ess5ce ( su* belief is
 to be unconsci\s ( itself4 ,z soon z   
?is unconsci\sness ceases x is %att]$ l 
a glass ^: fragm5ts _c be aga9 reunit$  
except by be+ ca/ aga9 into ! furnace & 

refa%ion$40 ,det]m9$ to foll[ ^! pa?s & 
to se>* out ^! sy/ems to ! bottom1 ,i   
proce$$ ) my inve/igations 9 ! foll[+   
ord]3 ,s*ola/ic !ology2 philosophical   
sy/ems2 &1 f9ally ,sufism4     ,,! ,,aim
 ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology ,,& ,,its      
,,results   ,comm5c+ ) !ological sci5ce1
 ,i c>efully /udi$ & m$itat$ ^u x4 ,i   
read ! writ+s ( ! au?orities 9 ?is      
dep>tm5t & myself compos$ sev]al        
treatises4 ,i recognis$ t ?is sci5ce1   
:ile suffic+ its own requirem5ts1 c\ld n
 assi/ me 9 arriv+ at ! desir$ goal4 ,9 
%ort1 its object is to pres]ve ! purity 
( or?odox beliefs f all h]etical        
innovation4 ,god1 by means ( ,8 ,apo/le1
 has reveal$ to ,8 creatures a belief   
:i* is true z reg>ds _! temporal &      
et]nal int]e/s2 ! *ief articles ( x are 
laid d[n 9 ! ,koran & 9 ! traditions4   
,subsequ5tly1 ,satan sugge/$ to         
innovators pr9ciples contr>y to ^? (    
or?odoxy2 !y li/5$ gre$ily to 8         
sugge/ions1 & ! purity ( ! fai? 0 m5ac$4
 ,god !n rais$ up a s*ool ( !ologians & 

inspir$ !m ) ! desire to def5d or?odoxy 
by means ( a sy/em ( pro(s adapt$ to    
unveil ! devices ( ! h]etics & to foil !
 attacks :i* !y made on ! doctr9es      
e/abli%$ by tradition4  ,su* is ! orig9 
( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,_m ( its adepts1    
wor?y ( _! high call+1 valiantly def5d$ 
! or?odox fai? by prov+ ! reality (     
prophecy & ! falsity ( h]etical         
innovations4 ,b1 9 ord] to d s1 !y _h to
 rely ^u a c]ta9 numb] ( premises1 :i*  
!y accept$ 9 common ) _! adv]s>ies1 &   
:i* au?ority & univ]sal cons5t or simply
 ! ,koran & ! traditions oblig$ !m to   
accept4 ,_! pr9cipal ef=t 0 to expose ! 
self-contradictions ( _! oppon5ts & to  
confute !m by means ( ! premises :i* !y 
_h pr(ess$ to accept4 ,n[ a me?od (     
argum5tation l ?is has little value = "o
 :o only admits self-evid5t tru?s4      
,s*ola/ic !ology c\ld n consequ5tly     
satisfy me nor heal ! malady f :i* ,i   
suff]$4  ,x is true t 9 its lat]        
developm5t !ology 0 n cont5t m]ely to   
def5d dogma2 x betook itself to ! /udy (

 fir/ pr9ciples1 ( sub/ances1 accid5ts &
 ! laws :i* gov]n !m2 b ?r\gh want ( a  
?or\ghly sci5tific basis1 x c\ld n      
advance f> 9 its rese>*es1 nor succe$ 9 
dispell+ entirely ! ov]hang+ obscurity  
:i* spr+s f div]sities ( belief4  ,i d  
n1 h[ev]1 d5y t x has _h a m            
satisfactory result = o!rs2 on !        
contr>y1 ,i admit t x has2 b x is by    
introduc+ ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 matt]s
 :i* are n self-evid5t4 ,moreov]1 my    
object is to expla9 my own m5tal        
attitude & n to dispute ) ^? :o h f\nd  
heal+ = !mselves4 ,rem$ies v>y accord+  
to ! nature ( ! disease2 ^? :i* b5efit  
"s may injure o!rs4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,,philosophy4--,h[
 f> x is op5 to c5sure or n--,on :at    
po9ts its adh]5ts may be consid]$       
believ]s or unbeliev]s1 or?odox or      
h]etical--,:at !y h borr[$ f ! true     
doctr9e to r5d] _! *im]ical !ories      
acceptable--,:y ! m9ds ( m5 sw]ve f !   
tru?--,:at crit]ia are available :]e) to
 sep>ate ! pure gold f ! alloy 9 _!     

sy/ems4  ,i proce$$ f ! /udy ( s*ola/ic 
!ology to t ( philosophy4 ,x 0 pla9 to  
me t1 9 ord] to discov] :]e ! pr(essors 
( any bran* ( k h err$1 "o mu/ make a   
pr(\nd /udy ( t sci5ce2 mu/ equal1 nay  
surpass1 ^? :o "k mo/ ( x1 s z to       
p5etrate into secrets ( x unkn[n to !m4 
,only by ?is me?od c !y be completely   
answ]$1 & ( ?is me?od ,i c f9d no trace 
9 ! !ologians ( ,islam4 ,9 !ological    
writ+s devot$ to ! refutation (         
philosophy ,i h only f\nd a tangl$ mass 
( phrases full ( contradictions &       
mi/akes1 & incapable ( deceiv+1 ,i w n  
say a critical m9d1 b ev5 ! common cr[d4
 ,conv9c$ t to dream ( refut+ a doctr9e 
be=e hav+ ?or\ghly compreh5d$ x 0 l     
%oot+ at an object 9 ! d>k1 ,i devot$   
myself zeal\sly to ! /udy ( philosophy2 
b 9 books only & )\t ! aid ( a tea*]4 ,i
 gave up to ?is "w all ! leisure rema9+ 
f tea*+ & f compos+ works on law4 ,!re 7
 !n att5d+ my lectures ?ree hundr$ ( !  
/ud5ts ( ,bagdad4 ,) ! help ( ,god1 ^!  
/udies1 c>ri$ on 9 secret1 s to speak1  

put me 9 a condition to ?or\ghly        
compreh5d philosophical sy/ems )9 a     
space ( two ye>s4 ,i !n sp5t ab\t a ye> 
9 m$itat+ on ^! sy/ems aft] hav+        
?or\ghly und]/ood !m4 ,i turn$ !m ov] & 
ov] 9 my m9d till !y 7 ?or\ghly cle> (  
all obscurity4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i acquir$ a
 complete k ( all _! subt]fuges &       
subtleties1 ( :at 0 tru? & :at 0        
illusion 9 !m4  ,i n[ proce$ to give a  
resum ( ^! doctr9es4 ,i asc]ta9$ t !y 7 
divid$ into diff]5t v>ieties1 & t _!    
adh]5ts might be rang$ "u div]se heads4 
,all1 9 spite ( _! div]sity1 are m>k$ ) 
! /amp ( infidelity & irreligion1 al?\gh
 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
anci5t & mod]n1 betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^!
 philosoph]s1 accord+ z !y h miss$ or   
approximat$ to ! tru? 9 a great] or less
 degree4     ,,conc]n+ ,,!              
,,philosophical ,,sects ,,& ,,! ,,/igma 
,,( ,,infidelity ,,:i* ,,atta*es ,,to   
,,!m ,,all   ,! philosophical sy/ems1 9 
spite ( _! numb] & v>iety1 may be r$uc$ 
to ?ree3 7#a7 ,! ,mat]iali/s2 7#b7 ,!   

,naturali/s2 7#c7 ,! ,!i/s4  7#a7 ,!    
,mat]iali/s4 ,!y reject an intellig5t & 
omnipot5t ,creator & ,dispos] ( !       
,univ]se4 ,9 _! view ! _w exi/s f all   
et]nity & _h no au?or4 ,! animal comes f
 sem5 & sem5 f ! animal2 s x has always 
be5 & w always be2 ^? :o ma9ta9 ?is     
doctr9e are a!i/s4  7#b7 ,! ,naturali/s4
 ,^! devote !mselves to ! /udy ( nature 
& ( ! m>vell\s ph5om5a ( ! animal &     
vegetable _w4 ,hav+ c>efully analys$    
animal organs ) ! help ( anatomy1 /ruck 
) ! wond]s ( ,god's "w & ) ! wisdom !re9
 reveal$1 !y are =c$ to admit ! exi/5ce 
( a wise ,creator ,:o kn[s ! end &      
purpose ( ev]y?+4 ,& c]ta9ly no "o c    
/udy anatomy & ! wond]ful me*anism (    
liv+ ?+s )\t be+ oblig$ to confess !    
pr(\nd wisdom ( ,him ,:o has fram$ !    
bodies ( animals & especially ( man4 ,b 
c>ri$ away by _! natural rese>*es !y    
believ$ t ! exi/5ce ( a be+ absolutely  
dep5d$ ^u ! prop] equilibrium ( its     
organism4 ,accord+ to !m1 z ! latt]     
p]i%es & is de/roy$1 s is ! ?9k+ faculty

 :i* is b\nd up ) x2 & z !y ass]t t !   
re/oration ( a ?+ once de/roy$ to       
exi/5ce is un?9kable1 !y d5y !          
immortality ( ! s\l4 ,consequ5tly !y d5y
 heav51 hell1 resurrection1 & judgm5t4  
,ackn[l$g+ nei!r a recomp5se = good de$s
 nor a puni%m5t = evil ones1 !y fl+ (f  
all au?ority & plunge into s5sual       
pleasures ) ! avidity ( brutes4 ,^! also
 ought to be call$ a!i/s1 = ! true fai? 
dep5ds n only on ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god1 b
 ( ,8 ,apo/le & ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,& 
al?\gh !y ackn[l$ge ,god & ,8           
attributes1 !y d5y a judgm5t to come4   
7#c7 ,next come ! ,!i/s4 ,among !m %\ld 
be reckon$ ,socrates1 :o 0 ! tea*] (    
,plato z ,plato 0 ( ,ari/otle4 ,?is     
latt] drew up = 8 disciples ! rules (   
logic1 organis$ ! sci5ces1 elucidat$ :at
 0 =m]ly obscure1 & exp\nd$ :at _h n be5
 und]/ood4 ,?is s*ool refut$ ! sy/ems ( 
! two o!rs1 i4e4 ! ,mat]iali/s &        
,naturali/s2 b 9 expos+ _! mi/ak5 &     
p]v]se beliefs1 !y made use ( argum5ts  
:i* !y %\ld n4 8,god suffices to protect

 ! fai?ful 9 w>0 7,koran1 xxxiii4 #be74 
,ari/otle also cont5d$ ) success aga9/ !
 !ories ( ,plato1 ,socrates1 & ! !i/s :o
 _h prec$$ him1 & sep>at$ himself       
entirely f !m2 b he c\ld n elim9ate f 8 
doctr9e ! /a9s ( infidelity & h]esy :i* 
disfigure ! tea*+ ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,we  
%\ld !re=e consid] !m all z unbeliev]s1 
z well z ! s-call$ ,mussulman           
philosoph]s1 su* z ,ibn ,s9a 7,avic5na7 
& ,f>abi1 :o h adopt$ _! sy/ems4  ,let  
u1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge t among ,mussulman  
philosoph]s none h bett] int]pret$ !    
doctr9e ( ,ari/otle ?an ! latt]4 ,:at   
o!rs h h&$ d[n z 8 tea*+ is full (      
error1 confusion1 & obscurity adapt$ to 
disconc]t ! read]4 ,! un9telligible c   
nei!r be accept$ nor reject$4 ,!        
philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 all s]i\s k (   
:i* we owe to ! translation ( ^! two    
le>n$ m51 may be divid$ into ?ree       
portions3 ! fir/ conta9s matt] ju/ly    
*>geable ) impiety1 ! second is ta9t$ ) 
h]esy1 & ! ?ird we are oblig$ to reject 
absolutely4 ,we proce$ to details3      

,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,philosophic       
,,sci5ces   ,^! sci5ces1 9 relation to !
 aim we h set be=e u1 may be divid$ into
 six sections3 7#a7 ,ma!matics2 7#b7    
,logic2 7#c7 ,physics2 7#d7             
,metaphysics2 7#e7 ,politics2 7#f7      
,moral ,philosophy4  ,ma!matics         
comprises ! k ( calculation1 geometry1 &
 cosmography3 x has no connection ) !   
religi\s sci5ces1 & proves no?+ = or    
aga9/ religion2 x re/s on a f\ndation ( 
pro(s :i*1 once kn[n & und]/ood1 _c be  
refut$4 ,ma!matics t5d1 h[ev]1 to       
produce two bad results4  ,! fir/ is    
?is3 ,:oev] /udies ?is sci5ce admires ! 
subtlety & cle>ness ( its pro(s4 ,8     
confid5ce 9 philosophy increases1 & he  
?9ks t all its dep>tm5ts are capable ( !
 same cle>ness & solidity ( pro( z      
ma!matics4 ,b :5 he he>s p speak ( !    
unbelief & impiety ( ma!maticians1 ( _! 
pr(ess$ disreg>d = ! ,div9e ,law1 :i* is
 notori\s1 x is true t1 out ( reg>d =   
au?ority1 he e*oes ^! accusations1 b he 
says to himself at ! same "t t1 if !re 0

 tru? 9 religion1 x w\ld n h escap$ ^?  
:o h display$ s mu* ke5ness ( intellect 
9 ! /udy ( ma!matics4  ,next1 :5 he     
becomes aw>e ( ! unbelief & rejection ( 
religion on ! "p ( ^! le>n$ m51 he      
concludes t to reject religion is       
reasonable4 ,h[ _m ( su* m5 gone a/ray  
,i h met ^: sole argum5t 0 t j m5tion$4 
,& suppos+ "o puts to !m ! foll[+       
objection3 8,x does n foll[ t a man :o  
excels 9 "o bran* ( k excels 9 all o!rs1
 nor t he %\ld be equally v]s$ 9        
jurisprud5ce1 !ology1 & m$ic9e4 ,x is   
possible to be entirely ignorant (      
metaphysics1 & yet to be an excell5t    
gramm>ian4 ,!re are pa/ ma/]s 9 e sci5ce
 :o are entirely ignorant ( o!r bran*es 
( k4 ,! argum5ts ( ! anci5t philosoph]s 
are rigidly demon/rative 9 ma!matics &  
only conjectural 9 religi\s que/ions4 ,9
 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is "o mu/ proce$ to a 
?or\gh exam9ation ( ! matt]40 ,suppos+1 
,i say1 "o makes ! above objection to ^!
 8apes ( unbelief10 !y f9d x di/a/eful4 
,fall+ a prey to _! passions1 to a      

besott$ vanity1 & ! wi% to pass = le>n$ 
m51 !y p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! pre-em95ce (   
ma!maticians 9 all bran*es ( k4 ,?is is 
a s]i\s evil1 & = ?is reason ^? :o /udy 
ma!matics %\ld be *eck$ f go+ too f> 9  
_! rese>*es4 ,= ?\gh f> remov$ z x may  
be f ! ?+s ( religion1 ?is /udy1 s]v+ z 
x does z an introduction to !           
philosophic sy/ems1 ca/s ov] religion   
its malign influ5ce4 ,x is r>ely t a man
 devotes himself to x )\t robb+ himself 
( 8 fai? & ca/+ (f ! re/ra9ts (         
religion4  ,! second evil comes f !     
s9c]e b ignorant ,mussulman :o ?9ks !   
be/ way to def5d religion is by reject+ 
all ! exact sci5ces4 ,accus+ _!         
pr(essors ( be+ a/ray1 he rejects _!    
!ories ( ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 &   
condemns !m 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,^!      
accusations are c>ri$ f> & wide1 !y rea*
 ! e>s ( ! philosoph] :o kn[s t ^!      
!ories re/ on infallible pro(s2 f> f    
los+ confid5ce 9 !m1 he believes1 on !  
contr>y1 t ,islam has ignorance & !     
d5ial ( sci5tific pro(s = its basis1 & 8

 devotion to philosophy increases ) 8   
hatr$ to religion4  ,x is !re=e a great 
injury to religion to suppose t ! def5ce
 ( ,islam involves ! condemnation ( !   
exact sci5ces4 ,! religi\s law conta9s  
no?+ :i* approves !m or condemns !m1 & 9
 _! turn !y make no attack on religion4 
,! words ( ! ,prophet1 8,! sun & ! moon 
are two signs ( ! p[] ( ,god2 !y are n  
eclips$ = ! bir? or ! dea? ( any "o2 :5 
y see ^! signs take refuge 9 pray] &    
invoke ! "n ( ,god0--^! words1 ,i say1 d
 n 9 any way condemn ! a/ronomical      
calculations :i* def9e ! orbits ( ^! two
 bodies1 _! conjunction & opposition    
accord+ to p>ticul> laws4 ,b z = !      
s-call$ tradition1 8,:5 ,god reveals    
,himself 9 any?+1 ,he abases ,himself   
!reto10 x is unau!ntic1 & n f\nd 9 any  
tru/wor?y collection ( ! traditions4    
,su* is ! be>+ & ! possible dang] (     
ma!matics4  7#b7 ,logic4 ,?is sci5ce1 9 
! same mann]1 conta9s no?+ = or aga9/   
religion4 ,its object is ! /udy (       
diff]5t k9ds ( pro(s & syllogisms1 !    

conditions :i* %\ld hold betwe5 !       
premises ( a proposition1 ! way to      
comb9e !m1 ! rules ( a good def9ition1 &
 ! art ( =mulat+ x4 ,= k consi/s (      
conceptions :i* spr+ f a def9ition or ( 
convictions :i* arise f pro(s4 ,!re is  
!re=e no?+ c5surable 9 ?is sci5ce1 & x  
is laid "u contribution by !ologians z  
well z by philosoph]s4 ,! only diff]5ce 
is t ! latt] use a p>ticul> set (       
te*nical =mul & t !y pu% _! divisions & 
subdivisions fur!r4  ,x may be ask$1    
,:at1 !n1 ?is has to d ) ! grave        
que/ions ( religion1 & on :at gr\nd     
opposition %\ld be (f]$ to ! me?ods (   
logic8 ,! objector1 x w be said1 c only 
inspire ! logician ) an unfav\rable     
op9ion ( ! intellig5ce & fai? ( 8       
adv]s>y1 s9ce ! latt]'s fai? seems to be
 bas$ ^u su* objections4 ,b1 x mu/ be   
admitt$1 logic is liable to abuse4      
,logicians dem& 9 reason+ c]ta9         
conditions :i* lead to absolute c]ta9ty1
 b :5 !y t\* on religi\s que/ions1 !y c 
no long] po/ulate ^! conditions1 & ought

 !re=e to relax _! habitual rig\r4 ,x   
happ5s1 accord+ly1 t a /ud5t :o is      
enam\r$ ( ! evid5tial me?ods ( logic1   
he>+ 8 tea*]s accus$ ( irreligion1      
believes t ?is irreligion reposes on    
pro(s z /rong z ^? ( logic1 &           
imm$iately1 )\t attempt+ ! /udy (       
metaphysics1 %>es _! mi/ake4 ,?is is a  
s]i\s disadvantage aris+ f ! /udy (     
logic4  7#c7 ,physics4 ,! object ( ?is  
sci5ce is ! /udy ( ! bodies :i* compose 
! univ]se3 ! sky & ! />s1 &1 "h bel[1   
simple elem5ts su* z air1 e>?1 wat]1    
fire1 & comp\nd bodies--animals1 plants 
& m9]als2 ! reasons ( _! *anges1        
developm5ts1 & int]mixture4 ,by ! nature
 ( its rese>*es x is closely connect$ ) 
! /udy ( m$ic9e1 ! object ( :i* is !    
human body1 its pr9cipal & second>y     
organs1 & ! law :i* gov]ns _! *anges4   
,religion hav+ no fault to f9d ) m$ical 
sci5ce _c ju/ly d s ) physical1 except  
on "s special matt]s :i* we h m5tion$ 9 
! "w entitl$ ,! ,de/ruction ( !         
,philosoph]s4 ,besides ^! prim>y        

que/ions1 !re are "s subord9ate ones    
dep5d+ on !m1 on :i* physical sci5ce is 
op5 to objection4 ,b all physical sci5ce
 re/s1 z we believe1 on ! foll[+        
pr9ciple3 ,nature is entirely subject to
 ,god2 incapable ( act+ by itself1 x is 
an in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ! ,creator2 sun1   
moon1 />s1 & elem5ts are subject to ,god
 & c produce no?+ ( !mselves4 ,9 a ^w1  
no?+ 9 nature c act spontane\sly & ap>t 
f ,god4  7#d7 ,metaphysics4 ,?is is !   
fruitful bre$+-gr\nd ( ! errors (       
philosoph]s4 ,"h !y c no long] satisfy !
 laws ( rigor\s argum5tation su* z logic
 dem&s1 & ?is is :at expla9s ! disputes 
:i* arise betwe5 !m 9 ! /udy (          
metaphysics4 ,! sy/em mo/ closely ak9 to
 ! sy/em ( ! ,muhamm$an doctors is t (  
,ari/otle z exp\nd$ to u by ,f>abi &    
,avic5na4 ,! sum total ( _! errors c be 
r$uc$ to tw5ty propositions3 ?ree ( !m  
are irreligi\s1 & ! o!r sev5te5         
h]etical4 ,x 0 9 ord] to combat _! sy/em
 t we wrote ! "w ,de/ruction ( !        
,philosoph]s4 ,! ?ree propositions 9 :i*

 !y are oppos$ to all ! doctr9es (      
,islam are ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,bodies d n  
rise aga92 spirits alone w be rew>d$ or 
puni%$2 future puni%m5ts w be !re=e     
spiritual & n physical4 ,!y are "r 9    
admitt+ spiritual puni%m5ts1 = !re w be 
su*2 b !y are wrong 9 reject+ physical  
puni%m5ts1 & contradict+ 9 ?is mann] !  
ass]tions ( ! ,div9e ,law4  7#b7 8,god  
takes cognisance ( univ]sals1 n (       
specials40 ,?is is manife/ly irreligi\s4
 ,! ,koran ass]ts truly1 8,n an atom's  
weight 9 heav5 or e>? c escape ,8 k0 7x4
 #fb74  7#c7 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! univ]se     
exi/s f all et]nity & w nev] end4  ,none
 ( ^! propositions h ev] be5 admitt$ by 
,moslems4  ,besides ?is1 !y d5y t ,god  
has attributes1 & ma9ta9 t ,he kn[s by  
,8 ess5ce only & n by means ( any       
attribute accessory to ,8 ess5ce4 ,9 ?is
 po9t !y approa* ! doctr9e ( !          
,mutazilites1 doctr9es :i* we are n     
oblig$ to condemn z irreligi\s4 ,on !   
contr>y1 9 our "w entitl$ ,crit]ia ( !  
diff]5ces :i* divide ,islam f ,a!ism1 we

 h prov$ ! wrongness ( ^? :o accuse (   
irreligion ev]y?+ :i* is oppos$ to _!   
way ( look+ at ?+s4  7#e7 ,political    
,sci5ce4 ,! pr(essors ( ?is conf9e      
!mselves to draw+ up ! rules :i*        
regulate temporal matt]s & ! royal p[]4 
,!y h borr[$ _! !ories on ?is po9t f !  
books :i* ,god has reveal$ to ,8        
prophets & f ! s5t5ces ( anci5t sages1  
ga!r$ by tradition4  7#f7 ,moral        
,philosophy4 ,! pr(essors ( ?is occupy  
!mselves ) def9+ ! attributes &         
qualities ( ! s\l1 gr\p+ !m accord+ to  
g5us & species1 & po9t+ out ! way to    
mod]ate & control !m4 ,!y h borr[$ ?is  
sy/em f ! ,sufis4 ,^! dev\t m51 :o are  
always engag$ 9 invok+ ! "n ( ,god1 9   
combat+ concupisc5ce & foll[+ ! way (   
,god by r5\nc+ ! pleasures ( ?is _w1 h  
receiv$1 :ile 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1        
revelations reg>d+ ! qualities ( ! s\l1 
its defects & its evil incl9ations4 ,^! 
revelations !y h publi%$1 & !           
philosoph]s mak+ use ( !m h introduc$ !m
 into _! own sy/ems 9 ord] to embelli% &

 give curr5cy to _! falsehoods4 ,9 !    
times ( ! philosoph]s1 z at e o!r p]iod1
 !re exi/$ "s ( ^! f]v5t my/ics4 ,god   
does n deprive ?is _w ( !m1 = !y are its
 su/a9]s1 & !y draw d[n to x ! bless+s (
 heav5 accord+ to ! tradition3 8,x is by
 !m t y obta9 ra91 x is by !m t y       
receive y\r subsi/5ce40 ,su* 7 8!       
,companions ( ! ,cave10 :o liv$ 9 anci5t
 times1 z relat$ by ! ,koran 7xviii474  
,n[ ?is mixture ( moral & philosophic   
doctr9e ) ! words ( ! ,prophet & ^? ( ! 
,sufis gives rise to two dang]s1 "o = ! 
uphold] ( ^? doctr9es1 ! o!r = _!       
oppon5t4  ,! dang] = _! oppon5t is      
s]i\s4 ,a n>r[-m9d$ man1 f9d+ 9 _!      
writ+s moral philosophy mix$ )          
unsupport$ !ories1 believes t he ought  
to entirely reject !m & to condemn ^? :o
 pr(ess !m4 ,hav+ only he>d !m f _! m\? 
he does n hesitate 9 8 ignorance to     
decl>e !m false because ^? :o tea* !m   
are 9 error4 ,x is z if "s "o 0 to      
reject ! pr(ession ( fai? made by       
,*ri/ians1 8,!re is only "o ,god &      

,jesus is ,8 prophet10 simply because x 
proce$s f ,*ri/ians & )\t inquir+ :e!r x
 is ! pr(ession ( ?is cre$ or ! d5ial ( 
,muhamm$'s prophetic mission :i* makes  
,*ri/ians infidels4 ,n[1 if !y are only 
infidels because ( _! rejection ( our   
prophet1 we are n entitl$ to reject ^? (
 _! doctr9es :i* d n we> ! /amp (       
infidelity4 ,9 a ^w1 tru? does n cease  
to be true because x is f\nd among !m4  
,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! t5d5cy ( weak m9ds3 !y
 judge ! tru? accord+ to its pr(essors  
in/ead ( judg+ its pr(essors by ! /&>d (
 ! tru?4 ,b a lib]al _s w take z its    
guide ?is maxim ( ! ,pr9ce ( believ]s1  
,ali ! son ( ,abu ,talib3 8,d n seek = !
 tru? by means ( m52 f9d fir/ ! tru? &  
!n y w recognise ^? :o foll[ x40 ,?is is
 ! proc$ure foll[$ by a wise man4 ,once 
9 possession ( ! tru? he exam9es ! basis
 ( v>i\s doctr9es :i* come be=e him1 &  
:5 he has f\nd !m true1 he accepts !m   
)\t tr\bl+ himself :e!r ! p]son :o      
tea*es !m is s9c]e or a deceiv]4 ,mu* r1
 rememb]+ h[ gold is buri$ 9 ! b[els ( !

 e>?1 he endeav\rs to dis5gage ! tru? f 
! mass ( errors 9 :i* x is engulf$4 ,!  
skill$ co9-assay] plunges )\t hesitation
 8 h& into ! purse ( ! co9] ( false     
money1 &1 rely+ on exp]i5ce1 sep>ates   
good co9s f bad4 ,x is ! ignorant ru/ic1
 & n ! exp]i5c$ assay]1 :o w ask :y we  
%\ld h any?+ to d ) a false co9]4 ,!    
unskill$ swimm] mu/ be kept away f !    
sea%ore1 n ! exp]t 9 div+4 ,! *ild1 n ! 
*>m]1 mu/ be =bidd5 to h&le s]p5ts4  ,z 
a matt] ( fact1 m5 h su* a good op9ion (
 !mselves1 ( _! m5tal sup]iority &      
intellectual dep?2 !y believe !mselves s
 skill$ 9 disc]n+ ! true f ! false1 !   
pa? ( safety f ^? ( error1 t !y %\ld be 
=bidd5 z mu* z possible ! p]usal (      
philosophic writ+s1 = ?\gh !y sometimes 
escape ! dang] j po9t$ out1 !y _c avoid 
t :i* we are ab\t to indicate4  ,"s ( ! 
maxims f\nd 9 my works reg>d+ ! my/]ies 
( religion h met ) objectors ( an       
inf]ior rank 9 sci5ce1 ^: intellectual  
p5etration is insuffici5t to fa?om su*  
dep?s4 ,!y ass]t t ^! maxims are borr[$ 

f ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :]eas ! tru? is 
t !y are ! fruit ( my own m$itations1 b 
z ! prov]b says1 8,s&al foll[s ! impress
 ( s&al40#a ,"s ( !m are f\nd 9 our     
books ( religi\s law1 b ! great] "p are 
d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ! ,sufis4  ,b ev5 if 
!y 7 borr[$ exclusively f ! doctr9es ( !
 philosoph]s1 is x "r to reject an      
op9ion :5 x is reasonable 9 itself1     
support$ by solid pro(s1 & contradict+  
nei!r ! ,koran nor ! traditions8 ,if we 
adopt ?is me?od & reject e tru? :i* has 
*anc$ to h be5 proclaim$ by an impo/or1 
h[ _m tru?s we %\ld h to reject6 ,h[ _m 
v]ses ( ! ,koran & traditions ( !       
prophets & ,sufi disc\rses & maxims (   
sages we mu/ close our e>s to because ! 
au?or ( ! ,treatise ( ! ,bro!rs (       
,purity has ins]t$ !m 9 8 writ+s 9 ord] 
to fur!r 8 cause1 & 9 ord] to lead m9ds 
gradually a/ray 9 ! pa?s ( error6 ,!    
consequ5ce ( ?is proc$ure w\ld be t     
impo/ors w\ld snat* tru?s out ( our h&s 
9 ord] to embelli% _! own works4 ,! wise
 man1 at lea/1 %\ld n make common cause 

) ! bigot bl9d$ by ignorance4  ,honey   
does n become impure because x may happ5
 to h be5 plac$ 9 ! glass :i* ! surgeon 
uses = cupp+ purposes4 ,! impurity (    
blood is due1 n to its contact ) ?is    
glass1 b to a peculi>ity inh]5t 9 its   
own nature2 ?is peculi>ity1 n exi/+ 9   
honey1 _c be communicat$ to x by its be+
 plac$ 9 ! cupp+ glass2 x is !re=e wrong
 to reg>d x z impure4 ,su* is1 h[ev]1 ! 
:imsical way ( look+ at ?+s f\nd 9 ne>ly
 all m54 ,e ^w proce$+ f an au?ority :i*
 !y approve is accept$ by !m1 ev5 7 x   
false2 e ^w proce$+ f "o :om !y suspect 
is reject$1 ev5 7 x true4 ,9 e case !y  
judge ( ! tru? accord+ to its pr(essors 
& n ( m5 accord+ to ! tru? :i* !y       
pr(ess1 a ne plus ultra ( error4 ,su* is
 ! p]il 9 :i* philosophy involves its   
oppon5ts4  ,! second dang] ?reat5s ^? :o
 accept ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s4 ,:51 
= in/ance1 we read ! treatises ( !      
8,bro!rs ( purity0 & o!r works ( ! same 
k9d1 we f9d 9 !m s5t5ces spok5 by !     
,prophet & quotations f ! ,sufis4 ,we   

approve ^! works2 we give !m our        
confid5ce2 & we f9i% by accept+ ! errors
 :i* !y conta91 because ( ! good op9ion 
( !m ) :i* !y h inspir$ u at ! outset4  
,?us1 by ins5sible degrees1 we are l$   
a/ray4 ,9 view ( ?is dang] ! read+ (    
philosophic writ+s s full ( va9 &       
delusive utopias %\ld be =bidd51 j z !  
slipp]y banks ( a riv] are =bidd5 to "o 
:o kn[s n h[ to swim4 ,! p]usal ( ^!    
false tea*+s mu/ be prev5t$ j z "o      
prev5ts *ildr5 f t\*+ s]p5ts4 ,a        
snake-*>m] himself w ab/a9 f t\*+ snakes
 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 "y *ild1 because he    
kn[s t ! *ild1 believ+ himself z clev] z
 8 fa!r1 w n fail to imitate him2 & 9   
ord] to l5d m weight to 8 prohibition ! 
*>m] w n t\* a s]p5t "u ! eyes ( 8 son4 
,su* %\ld be ! conduct ( a le>n$ man :o 
is also wise4 ,b ! snake-*>m]1 aft] hav+
 tak5 ! s]p5t & sep>at$ ! v5om f !      
antidote1 hav+ put ! latt] on "o side & 
de/roy$ ! v5om1 ought n to )hold !      
antidote f ^? :o ne$ x4 ,9 ! same way ! 
skill$ co9-assay]1 aft] hav+ put 8 h& 9 

! bag ( ! false co9]1 tak5 out ! good   
co9s & ?r[n away ! bad ones1 ought n to 
refuse ! good to ^? :o ne$ & ask = x4   
,su* %\ld be ! conduct ( ! le>n$ man4   
,if ! pati5t feels a c]ta9 dislike ( !  
antidote because he kn[s t x is tak5 f a
 snake ^: body is ! receptacle ( poison1
 he %\ld be disabus$ ( 8 fallacy4 ,if a 
begg> hesitates to take a piece ( gold  
:i* he kn[s comes f ! purse ( a false   
co9]1 he %\ld be told t 8 hesitation is 
a pure mi/ake :i* w\ld deprive him ( !  
advantage :i* he seeks4 ,x %\ld be prov$
 to him t ! contact ( ! good co9s ) !   
bad does n injure ! =m] & does n improve
 ! latt]4 ,9 ! same way ! contact ( tru?
 ) falsehood does n *ange tru? into     
falsehood1 any m ?an x *anges falsehood 
into tru?4  ,?us mu*1 !n1 we h to say   
reg>d+ ! inconv5i5ces & dang]s :i* spr+ 
f ! /udy ( philosophy4     ,,sufism     
,:5 ,i _h f9i%$ my exam9ation ( ^!      
doctr9es ,i appli$ myself to ! /udy (   
,sufism4 ,i saw t 9 ord] to und]/& x    
?or\ghly "o mu/ comb9e !ory ) practice4 

,! aim :i* ! ,sufis set be=e !m is z    
foll[s3 ,to free ! s\l f ! tyrannical   
yoke ( ! passions1 to deliv] x f its    
wrong incl9ations & evil in/9cts1 9 ord]
 t 9 ! purifi$ he>t !re %\ld only rema9 
room = ,god & = ! invocation ( ,8 holy  
"n4  ,z x 0 m easy to le>n _! doctr9e   
?an to practise x1 ,i /udi$ fir/ ( all  
^? ( _! books :i* conta9 x3 ,! ,n\ri%m5t
 ( ,he>ts1 by ,abu ,talib ( ,mecca1 !   
works ( ,h>e? el ,muhasibi1 & ! fragm5ts
 :i* /ill rema9 ( ,junaid1 ,%ibli1 ,abu 
,yezid ,bu/ami & o!r lead]s 7^: s\ls may
 ,god sanctify74 ,i acquir$ a ?or\gh k (
 _! rese>*es1 & ,i le>n$ all t 0        
possible to le>n ( _! me?ods by /udy &  
oral tea*+4 ,x became cle> to me t ! la/
 /age c\ld n be rea*$ by m]e in/ruction1
 b only by transport1 ec/asy1 & !       
trans=mation ( ! moral be+4  ,to def9e  
heal? & satiety1 to p5etrate _! causes &
 conditions1 is q ano!r ?+ f be+ well & 
satisfi$4 ,to def9e drunk5ness1 to "k t 
x is caus$ by vap\rs :i* rise f ! /oma* 
& cl\d ! seat ( intellig5ce1 is q a     

diff]5t ?+ to be+ drunk4 ,! drunk5 man  
has no idea ( ! nature ( drunk5ness1 j  
because he is drunk & n 9 a condition to
 und]/& any?+1 :ile ! doctor1 n be+ "u !
 influ5ce ( drunk5ness1 kn[s its "* &   
laws4 ,or if ! doctor fall ill1 he has a
 !oretical k ( ! heal? ( :i* he is      
depriv$4  ,9 ! same way !re is a        
consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+        
r5\ncem5t1 compreh5d+ its conditions &  
causes1 & practis+ r5\ncem5t & deta*m5t 
f ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,i saw t ,sufism      
consi/s 9 exp]i5ces r ?an 9 def9itions1 
& t :at ,i 0 lack+ belong$ to ! doma91 n
 ( in/ruction1 b ( ec/asy & initiation4 
,! rese>*es to :i* ,i _h devot$ myself1 
! pa? :i* ,i _h trav]s$ 9 /udy+ religi\s
 & speculative bran*es ( k1 _h giv5 me a
 firm fai? 9 ?ree ?+s--,god1            
,inspiration1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,^!    
?ree fundam5tal articles ( belief 7     
confirm$ 9 me1 n m]ely by def9ite       
argum5ts1 b by a *a9 ( causes1          
circum/ances1 & pro(s :i* x is          
impossible to rec\nt4 ,i saw t "o c only

 hope = salvation by devotion & !       
conque/ ( "o's passions1 a proc$ure :i* 
presupposes r5\ncem5t & deta*m5t f ?is  
_w ( falsehood 9 ord] to turn t[>ds     
et]nity & m$itation on ,god4 ,f9ally1 ,i
 saw t ! only condition ( success 0 to  
sacrifice hon\rs & ri*es & to sev] !    
ties & atta*m5ts ( worldly life4  ,com+ 
s]i\sly to consid] my /ate1 ,i f\nd     
myself b\nd d[n on all sides by ^!      
trammels4 ,exam9+ my actions1 ! mo/     
fair-seem+ ( :i* 7 my lectur+ &         
pr(essorial occupations1 ,i f\nd to my  
surprise t ,i 0 engross$ 9 sev]al /udies
 ( little value1 & pr(itless z reg>ds my
 salvation4 ,i prob$ ! motives ( my     
tea*+ & f\nd t1 9 place ( be+ s9c]ely   
consecrat$ to ,god1 x 0 only actuat$ by 
a va9 desire ( hon\r & reputation4 ,i   
p]ceiv$ t ,i 0 on ! edge ( an abyss1 & t
 )\t an imm$iate conv]sion ,i %\ld be   
doom$ to et]nal fire4 ,9 ^! reflections 
,i sp5t a long "t4 ,/ill a prey to      
unc]ta9ty1 "o day ,i decid$ to leave    
,bagdad & to give up ev]y?+2 ! next day 

,i gave up my resolution4 ,i advanc$ "o 
/ep & imm$iately relaps$4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i 
0 s9c]ely resolv$ only to occupy myself 
) ! future life2 9 ! ev5+ a cr[d ( c>nal
 ?\ghts assail$ & disp]s$ my            
resolutions4 ,on ! "o side ! _w kept me 
b\nd to my po/ 9 ! *a9s ( covet\sness1  
on ! o!r side ! voice ( religion cri$ to
 me1 8,up6 ,up6 ?y life is ne>+ its end1
 & ?\ ha/ a long j\rney to make4 ,all ?y
 pret5d$ k is n\ght b falsehood &       
fantasy4 ,if ?\ do/ n ?9k n[ ( ?y       
salvation1 :5 wilt ?\ ?9k ( x8 ,if ?\   
do/ n break ?y *a9s to-day1 :5 wilt ?\  
break !m80 ,!n my resolve 0 /r5g!n$1 ,i 
wi%$ to give up all & flee2 b ! ,tempt]1
 return+ to ! attack1 said1 8,y are     
suff]+ f a transitory feel+2 don't give 
way to x1 = x w soon pass4 ,if y obey x1
 if y give up ?is f9e position1 ?is     
hon\rable po/ exempt f tr\ble & rivalry1
 ?is seat ( au?ority safe f attack1 y w 
regret x lat] on )\t be+ able to recov] 
x40  ,?us ,i rema9$1 torn asund] by !   
opposite =ces ( e>?ly passions &        

religi\s aspirations1 = ab\t six mon?s f
 ! mon? ,rajab ( ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajif4 ,at
 ! close ( !m my w yield$ & ,i gave     
myself up to de/9y4 ,god caus$ an       
imp$im5t to *a9 my tongue & prev5t$ me f
 lectur+4 ,va9ly ,i desir$1 9 ! int]e/ (
 my pupils1 to g on ) my tea*+1 b my m\?
 became dumb4 ,! sil5ce to :i* ,i 0     
condemn$ ca/ me into a viol5t despair2  
my /oma* became weak2 ,i lo/ all        
appetite2 ,i c\ld nei!r swall[ a morsel 
( bread nor dr9k a drop ( wat]4  ,!     
enfeeblem5t ( my physical p[]s 0 su* t !
 doctors1 despair+ ( sav+ me1 said1 8,! 
mis*ief is 9 ! he>t1 & has communicat$  
itself to ! :ole organism2 !re is no    
hope unless ! cause ( 8 griev\s sadness 
be arre/$40  ,f9ally1 consci\s ( my     
weakness & ! pro/ration ( my s\l1 ,i    
took refuge 9 ,god z a man at ! end (   
himself & )\t res\rces4 8,he :o he>s !  
wret*$ :5 !y cry0 7,koran1 xxvii4 #fc7  
deign$ to he> me2 ,he made easy to me ! 
sacrifice ( hon\rs1 weal?1 & family4 ,i 
gave out publicly t ,i int5d$ to make ! 

pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :ile ,i secretly  
resolv$ to g to ,syria1 n wi%+ t !      
,caliph 7may ,god magnify him7 or my    
fri5ds %\ld "k my int5tion ( settl+ 9 t 
c\ntry4 ,i made all k9ds ( clev] excuses
 = leav+ ,bagdad ) ! fix$ int5tion ( n  
return+ ?i!r4 ,! ,imms ( ,irak criticis$
 me ) "o accord4 ,n "o ( !m c\ld admit t
 ?is sacrifice _h a religi\s motive1    
because !y consid]$ my position z !     
highe/ atta9able 9 ! religi\s community4
 8,behold h[ f> _! k goes60 7,koran1    
liii4 #ca74 ,all k9ds ( explanations (  
my conduct 7 =?com+4 ,^? :o 7 outside ! 
limits ( ,irak attribut$ x to ! fe> )   
:i* ! ,gov]nm5t inspir$ me4 ,^? :o 7 on 
! spot & saw h[ ! au?orities wi%$ to    
deta9 me1 _! displeasure at my          
resolution & my refusal ( _! reque/1    
said to !mselves1 8,x is a calamity :i* 
"o c only impute to a fate :i* has      
befall5 ! ,fai?ful & ,le>n+60  ,at la/  
,i left ,bagdad1 giv+ up all my =tune4  
,only1 z l&s & prop]ty 9 ,irak c af=d an
 end[m5t = pi\s purposes1 ,i obta9$ a   

legal au?orisation to pres]ve z mu* z 0 
necess>y = my support & t ( my *ildr52 =
 !re is surely no?+ m lawful 9 ! _w ?an 
t a le>n$ man %\ld provide suffici5t to 
support 8 family4 ,i !n betook myself to
 ,syria1 :]e ,i rema9$ = two ye>s1 :i*  
,i devot$ to retirem5t1 m$itation1 &    
dev\t ex]cises4 ,i only ?\ght (         
self-improvem5t & discipl9e & (         
purification ( ! he>t by pray] 9 go+    
?r\gh ! =ms ( devotion :i* ! ,sufis _h  
taught me4 ,i us$ to live a solit>y life
 9 ! ,mosque ( ,damascus1 & 0 9 ! habit 
( sp5d+ my days on ! m9>et aft] clos+ ! 
door beh9d me4  ,f !nce ,i proce$$ to   
,j]usalem1 & e day seclud$ myself 9 !   
,sanctu>y ( ! ,rock4#b ,aft] t ,i felt a
 desire to accompli% ! ,pilgrimage1 & to
 receive a full effusion ( grace by     
visit+ ,mecca1 ,m$9a1 & ! ,tomb ( !     
,prophet4 ,aft] visit+ ! %r9e ( ! ,fri5d
 ( ,god 7,abraham71 ,i w5t to ! ,h$jz4  
,f9ally1 ! long+s ( my he>t & ! pray]s (
 my *ildr5 br\ght me back to my c\ntry1 
al?\gh ,i 0 s firmly resolv$ at fir/    

nev] to revisit x4 ,at any rate ,i      
meant1 if ,i did return1 to live !re    
solit>y & 9 religi\s m$itation2 b ev5ts1
 family c>es1 & vicissitudes ( life     
*ang$ my resolutions & tr\bl$ my        
m$itative calm4 ,h[ev] irregul> !       
int]vals :i* ,i c\ld give to devotional 
ec/asy1 my confid5ce 9 x did n dim9i%2 &
 ! m ,i 0 div]t$ by h9drances1 ! m      
/eadfa/ly ,i return$ to x4  ,t5 ye>s    
pass$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,dur+ my successive  
p]iods ( m$itation !re 7 reveal$ to me  
?+s impossible to rec\nt4 ,all t ,i %all
 say = ! edification ( ! read] is ?is3  
,i le>nt f a sure s\rce t ! ,sufis are !
 true pione]s on ! pa? ( ,god2 t !re is 
no?+ m beautiful ?an _! life1 nor m     
praisewor?y ?an _! rule ( conduct1 nor  
pur] ?an _! morality4 ,! intellig5ce (  
?9k]s1 ! wisdom ( philosoph]s1 ! k ( !  
mo/ le>n$ doctors ( ! law w\ld 9 va9    
comb9e _! ef=ts 9 ord] to modify or     
improve _! doctr9e & morals2 x w\ld be  
impossible4 ,) ! ,sufis1 repose &       
movem5t1 ext]ior or int]ior1 are illum9$

 ) ! light :i* proce$s f ! ,c5tral      
,radiance ( ,inspiration4 ,& :at o!r    
light c\ld %9e on ! face ( ! e>?8 ,9 a  
^w1 :at c "o criticise 9 !m8 ,to purge !
 he>t ( all t does n belong to ,god is !
 fir/ /ep 9 _! ca?>tic me?od4 ,! draw+  
up ( ! he>t by pray] is ! key/one ( x1 z
 ! cry 8,allahu ,akb>0 7,god is great7  
is ! key/one ( pray]1 & ! la/ /age is ! 
be+ lo/ 9 ,god4 ,i say ! la/ /age1 )    
ref]5ce to :at may be rea*$ by an ef=t (
 w2 b1 to tell ! tru?1 x is only ! fir/ 
/age 9 ! life ( contemplation1 !        
ve/ibule by :i* ! initiat$ ent]4  ,f !  
"t t !y set out on ?is pa?1 revelations 
comm5ce = !m4 ,!y come to see 9 ! wak+  
/ate angels & s\ls ( prophets2 !y he> _!
 voices & wise c\nsels4 ,by means ( ?is 
contemplation ( heav5ly =ms & images !y 
rise by degrees to heights :i* human    
language _c rea*1 :i* "o _c ev5 indicate
 )\t fall+ into great & inevitable      
errors4 ,! degree ( proximity to ,deity 
:i* !y atta9 is reg>d$ by "s z          
int]mixture ( be+ 7hal\l71 by o!rs z    

id5tification 7ittihd71 by o!rs z       
intimate union 7wasl74 ,b all ^!        
expressions are wrong1 z we h expla9$ 9 
our "w entitl$ ,! ,*ief ,aim4 ,^? :o h  
rea*$ t /age %\ld conf9e !mselves to    
repeat+ ! v]se--      ,:at ,i exp]i5ce  
,i %all n try to say2     ,call me      
happy1 b ask me no m4  ,9 %ort1 he :o   
does n arrive at ! intuition ( ^! tru?s 
by means ( ec/asy1 kn[s only ! "n (     
inspiration4 ,! miracles wr\ght by !    
sa9ts are1 9 fact1 m]ely ! e>lie/ =ms ( 
prophetic manife/ation4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( 
! ,apo/le ( ,god :51 be=e receiv+ 8     
commission1 he retir$ to ,m\nt ,hira to 
give himself up to su* int5sity ( pray] 
& m$itation t ! ,arabs said3 8,muhamm$  
is become enam\r$ ( ,god40  ,?is /ate1  
!n1 c be reveal$ to ! initiat$ 9 ec/asy1
 & to him :o is incapable ( ec/asy1 by  
ob$i5ce & att5tion1 on condition t he   
frequ5ts ! society ( ,sufis till he     
arrives1 s to speak1 at an imitative    
initiation4 ,su* is ! fai? :i* "o c     
obta9 by rema9+ among !m1 & int]c\rse ) 

!m is nev] pa9ful4  ,b ev5 :5 we are    
depriv$ ( ! advantage ( _! society1 we c
 compreh5d ! possibility ( ?is /ate     
7revelation by means ( ec/asy7 by a *a9 
( manife/ pro(s4 ,we h expla9$ ?is 9 !  
treatise entitl$ ,m>vels ( ! ,he>t1 :i* 
=ms "p ( our "w1 ,! ,revival ( !        
,religi\s ,sci5ces4 ,! c]titude d]iv$ f 
pro(s is call$ 8k02 pass+ into ! /ate we
 describe is call$ 8transport02 believ+ 
! exp]i5ce ( o!rs & oral transmission is
 8fai?40 ,su* are ! ?ree degrees ( k1 z 
x is writt51 8,! ,"l w raise to diff]5t 
ranks ^? among y :o h believ$ & ^? :o h 
receiv$ k f ,him0 7,koran1 lviii4 #ab74 
,b beh9d ^? :o believe comes a cr[d (   
ignorant p :o d5y ! reality ( ,sufism1  
he> disc\rses on x ) incr$ul\s irony1 & 
treat z *>latans ^? :o pr(ess x4 ,to ?is
 ignorant cr[d ! v]se applies3 8,!re are
 ^? among !m :o come to li/5 to !e1 & :5
 !y leave !e1 ask ( ^? :o h receiv$ k1  
#8,:at has he j said8' ,^! are !y ^:    
he>ts ,god has seal$ up ) bl9dness & :o 
only foll[ _! passions40  ,among ! numb]

 ( convictions :i* ,i owe to ! practice 
( ! ,sufi rule is ! k ( ! true nature ( 
inspiration4 ,?is k is ( su* great      
importance t ,i proce$ to exp\nd x 9    
detail4     ,,! ,,reality ,,(           
,,inspiration3 ,,its ,,importance ,,=   
,,! ,,human ,,race   ,! sub/ance ( man  
at ! mom5t ( its creation is a simple   
monad1 devoid ( k ( ! worlds subject to 
! ,creator1 worlds ^: inf9ite numb] is  
only kn[n to ,him1 z ! ,koran says3     
8,only ?y ,"l kn[e? ! numb] ( ,8        
armies40  ,man arrives at ?is k by ! aid
 ( 8 p]ceptions2 ea* ( 8 s5ses is giv5  
him t he may compreh5d ! _w ( creat$    
?+s1 & by ! t]m 8_w0 we und]/& ! diff]5t
 species ( creatures4 ,! fir/ s5se      
reveal$ to man is t\*1 by means ( :i* he
 p]ceives a c]ta9 gr\p (                
qualities--heat1 cold1 moi/1 dry4 ,!    
s5se ( t\* does n p]ceive col\rs & =ms1 
:i* are = x z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,next 
comes ! s5se ( sight1 :i* makes him     
acqua9t$ ) col\rs & =ms2 t is to say1 ) 
t :i* occupies ! highe/ rank 9 ! _w (   

s5sation4 ,! s5se ( he>+ succe$s1 & !n !
 s5ses ( smell & ta/e4  ,:5 ! human be+ 
c elevate himself above ! _w ( s5se1    
t[>ds ! age ( sev51 he receives !       
faculty ( discrim9ation2 he ent]s !n ^u 
a new phase ( exi/5ce & c exp]i5ce1     
?anks to ?is faculty1 impressions1      
sup]ior to ^? ( ! s5ses1 :i* d n occur 9
 ! sph]e ( s5sation4  ,he !n passes to  
ano!r phase & receives reason1 by :i* he
 disc]ns ?+s necess>y1 possible1 &      
impossible2 9 a ^w1 all ! notions :i* he
 c\ld n comb9e 9 ! =m] /ages ( 8        
exi/5ce4 ,b beyond reason & at a high]  
level a new faculty ( vision is be/[$ ^u
 him1 by :i* he p]ceives invisible ?+s1 
! secrets ( ! future & o!r concepts z   
inaccessible to reason z ! concepts (   
reason are inaccessible to m]e          
discrim9ation & :at is p]ceiv$ by       
discrim9ation to ! s5ses4 ,j z ! man    
possess$ only ( discrim9ation rejects & 
d5ies ! notions acquir$ by reason1 s d  
c]ta9 rationali/s reject & d5y ! notion 
( inspiration4 ,x is a pro( ( _! pr(\nd 

ignorance2 =1 in/ead ( argum5t1 !y m]ely
 d5y inspiration z a sph]e unkn[n &     
possess+ no real exi/5ce4 ,9 ! same way1
 a man bl9d f bir?1 :o kn[s nei!r by    
exp]i5ce nor by in=mation :at col\rs &  
=ms are1 nei!r kn[s nor und]/&s !m :5 "s
 "o speaks ( !m to him = ! fir/ "t4     
,god1 wi%+ to r5d] intelligible to m5 ! 
idea ( inspiration1 has giv5 !m a k9d ( 
glimpse ( x 9 sleep4 ,9 fact1 man       
p]ceives :ile asleep ! ?+s ( ! invisible
 _w ei!r cle>ly manife/ or "u ! veil (  
allegory to be subsequ5tly lift$ by     
div9ation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o 0 to say to a 
p]son :o _h nev] himself exp]i5c$ ^!    
dreams t1 9 a /ate ( le?>gy resembl+    
dea? & dur+ ! complete susp5sion (      
sight1 he>+1 & all ! s5ses1 a man c see 
! ?+s ( ! invisible _w1 ?is p]son w\ld  
exclaim1 & seek to prove ! impossibility
 ( ^! visions by "s su* argum5t z !     
foll[+3 8,! s5sitive faculties are !    
causes ( p]ception4 ,n[1 if "o c p]ceive
 c]ta9 ?+s :5 "o is 9 full possession ( 
^! faculties1 h[ mu* m is _! p]ception  

impossible :5 ^! faculties are susp5d$40
  ,! falsity ( su* an argum5t is %[n by 
evid5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,= 9 ! same way z   
reason con/itutes a p>ticul> phase (    
exi/5ce 9 :i* intellectual concepts are 
p]ceiv$ :i* are hidd5 f ! s5ses1        
simil>ly1 inspiration is a special /ate 
9 :i* ! inn] eye discov]s1 reveal$ by a 
cele/ial light1 my/]ies out ( ! rea* (  
reason4 ,! d\bts :i* are rais$ reg>d+   
inspiration relate 7#a7 to its          
possibility1 7#b7 to its real & actual  
exi/5ce1 7#c7 to its manife/ation 9 ?is 
or t p]son4  ,to prove ! possibility (  
inspiration is to prove t x belongs to a
 category ( bran*es ( k :i* _c be atta9$
 by reason4 ,x is ! same ) m$ical sci5ce
 & a/ronomy4 ,he :o /udies !m is oblig$ 
to recognise t !y are d]iv$ solely f !  
revelation & special grace ( ,god4 ,"s  
a/ronomical ph5om5a only occur once 9 a 
?\s& ye>s2 h[ !n c we "k !m by exp]i5ce8
  ,we may say ! same ( inspiration1 :i* 
is "o ( ! bran*es ( intuitional k4      
,fur!r1 ! p]ception ( ?+s :i* are beyond

 ! atta9m5t ( reason is only "o ( !     
features peculi> to inspiration1 :i*    
possesses a great numb] ( o!rs4 ,!      
*>act]i/ic :i* we h m5tion$ is only1 z x
 71 a drop ( wat] 9 ! ocean1 & we h     
m5tion$ x because p exp]i5ce :at is     
analog\s to x 9 dreams & 9 ! sci5ces (  
m$ic9e & a/ronomy4 ,^! bran*es ( k      
belong to ! doma9 ( prophetic miracles1 
& reason _c atta9 to !m4  ,z to ! o!r   
*>act]i/ics ( inspiration1 !y are only  
reveal$ to adepts 9 ,sufism & 9 a /ate (
 ec/atic transport4 ,! little t we "k ( 
! nature ( inspiration we owe to ! k9d (
 lik5ess to x :i* we f9d 9 sleep2 )\t t 
we %\ld be incapable ( compreh5d+ x1 &  
consequ5tly ( believ+ 9 x1 = conviction 
results f compreh5sion4 ,! process (    
initiation into ,sufism exhibits ?is    
lik5ess to inspiration f ! fir/4 ,!re is
 9 x a k9d ( ec/asy proportion$ to !    
condition ( ! p]son initiat$1 & a degree
 ( c]titude & conviction :i* _c be      
atta9$ by reason4 ,?is s+le fact is     
suffici5t to make u believe 9           

inspiration4  ,we n[ come to deal )     
d\bts relative to ! inspiration ( a     
p>ticul> prophet4 ,we %all n arrive at  
c]titude on ?is po9t except by asc]ta9+1
 ei!r by ocul> evid5ce or by reliable   
tradition1 ! facts relat+ to t prophet4 
,:5 we h asc]ta9$ ! real nature (       
inspiration & proce$ to ! s]i\s /udy ( !
 ,koran & ! traditions1 we %all !n "k   
c]ta9ly t ,muhamm$ is ! greate/ (       
prophets4 ,aft] t we %\ld =tify our     
conviction by v]ify+ ! tru? ( 8 prea*+ &
 ! salut>y effect :i* x has ^u ! s\l4   
,we %\ld v]ify 9 exp]i5ce ! tru? (      
s5t5ces su* z ! foll[+3 8,he :o makes 8 
conduct accord ) 8 k receives f ,god m  
k02 or ?is1 8,god deliv]s to ! oppressor
 him :o fav\rs inju/ice02 or aga91      
8,:osoev] :5 ris+ 9 ! morn+ has only "o 
anxiety 7to please ,god71 ,god w pres]ve
 him f all anxiety 9 ?is _w & ! next40  
,:5 we h v]ifi$ ^! say+s 9 exp]i5ce     
?\s&s ( times1 we %all be 9 possession (
 a c]titude on :i* d\bt c obta9 no hold4
 ,su* is ! pa? we mu/ trav]se 9 ord] to 

realise ! tru? ( inspiration4 ,x is n a 
"q ( f9d+ out :e!r a rod has be5 *ang$  
into a s]p5t1 or :e!r ! moon has be5    
split 9 two4#c ,if we reg>d miracles 9  
isolation1 )\t _! c\ntless att5dant     
circum/ances1 we %all be liable to      
conf\nd !m ) magic & falsehood1 or to   
reg>d !m z a means ( lead+ m5 a/ray1 z x
 is writt51 8,god misleads & directs z  
,he *ooses0 7,koran1 xxxv4 #i72 we %all 
f9d ourselves involv$ 9 all !           
difficulties :i* ! "q ( miracles raises4
 ,if1 = in/ance1 we believe t eloqu5ce (
 /yle is a pro( ( inspiration1 x is     
possible t an eloqu5t /yle compos$ ) ?is
 object may inspire u ) a false belief 9
 ! inspiration ( him :o wields x4 ,!    
sup]natural %\ld be only "o ( !         
con/itu5ts :i* g to =m our belief1 )\t  
our plac+ too mu* reliance on ?is or t  
detail4 ,we %\ld r resemble a p]son :o1 
le>n+ a fact f a gr\p ( p1 _c po9t to   
?is or t p>ticul> man z 8 in=mant1 & :o1
 n di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m1 _c expla9        
precisely h[ 8 conviction reg>d+ ! fact 

has be5 =m$4  ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics (  
sci5tific c]titude4 ,z to ! transport   
:i* p]mits m5 to see ! tru? &1 s to     
speak1 to h&le x1 x is only kn[n to !   
,sufis4 ,:at ,i h j said reg>d+ ! true  
nature ( inspiration is suffici5t = !   
aim :i* ,i h propos$ to myself4 ,i may  
return to ! subject lat]1 if necess>y4  
,i pass n[ to ! causes ( ! decay ( fai? 
& %[ ! means ( br++ back ^? :o h err$ & 
( pres]v+ !m f ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 !m4  
,to ^? :o d\bt because !y are t9ctur$ ) 
! doctr9e ( ! ,ta'limites1 my treatise  
entitl$ ,! ,j ,balance af=ds a suffici5t
 guide2 !re=e x is unnecess>y to return 
to ! subject "h4  ,z to ! va9 !ories ( !
 ,ibahat1 ,i h gr\p$ !m 9 sev5 classes1 
& expla9$ !m 9 ! "w entitl$ ,al*emy (   
,happ9ess4 ,= ^? ^: fai? has be5 und]m9$
 by philosophy1 s f> t !y d5y ! reality 
( inspiration1 we h prov$ ! tru? &      
necessity ( x1 seek+ our pro(s 9 ! hidd5
 prop]ties ( m$ic9es & ( ! heav5ly      
bodies4 ,x is = !m t we h writt5 ?is    
treatise1 & ! reason = our seek+ = pro(s

 9 ! sci5ces ( m$ic9e & ( a/ronomy is   
because ^! sci5ces belong to ! doma9 (  
philosophy4 ,all ^? bran*es ( k :i* our 
oppon5ts boa/ (--a/ronomy1 m$ic9e1      
physics1 & div9ation--provide u )       
argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,prophet4  ,z to ^?
 :o1 pr(ess+ a lip-fai? 9 ! ,prophet1   
adult]ate religion ) philosophy1 !y     
really d5y inspiration1 s9ce 9 _! view !
 ,prophet is only a sage :om a sup]ior  
de/9y has appo9t$ z guide to m51 & ?is  
view belies ! true nature ( inspiration4
 ,to believe 9 ! ,prophet is to admit t 
!re is above intellig5ce a sph]e 9 :i*  
are reveal$ to ! inn] vision tru?s      
beyond ! grasp ( intellig5ce1 j z ?+s   
se5 are n appreh5d$ by ! s5se ( he>+1   
nor ?+s und]/ood by t ( t\*4 ,if our    
oppon5t d5ies ! exi/5ce ( su* a high]   
region1 we c prove to him1 n only its   
possibility1 b its actuality4 ,if1 on ! 
contr>y1 he admits its exi/5ce1 he      
recognises at ! same "t t !re are 9 t   
sph]e ?+s :i* reason _c grasp2 nay1 :i* 
reason rejects z false & absurd4        

,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! fact ( dreams  
occurr+ 9 sleep 7 n s common & notori\s 
z x is1 our wise m5 w\ld n fail to      
repudiate ! ass]tion t ! secrets ( !    
invisible _w c be reveal$ :ile ! s5ses  
are1 s to speak1 susp5d$4  ,aga91 if x 7
 to be said to "o ( !m1 8,is x possible 
t !re is 9 ! _w a ?+ z small z a gra91  
:i* be+ c>ri$ into a city c de/roy x &  
aft]w>ds de/roy itself s t no?+ rema9s  
ei!r ( ! city or ( itself80 8,c]ta9ly10 
he w\ld exclaim1 8x is impossible &     
ridicul\s40 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! effect (  
fire1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be disput$ by "o 
:o _h n witness$ x ) 8 own eyes4 ,n[1 ! 
refusal to believe 9 ! my/]ies ( ! o!r  
life is ( ! same k9d4  ,z to ! f\r?     
cause ( ! spread ( unbelief--! decay (  
fai? ow+ to ! bad example set by le>n$  
m5--!re are ?ree ways ( *eck+ x4  7#a7  
,"o c answ] ?us3 8,! le>n$ man :om y    
accuse ( disobey+ ! div9e law kn[s t he 
disobeys1 z y d :5 y dr9k w9e or exact  
usury or all[ y\rself 9 evil-speak+1    
ly+1 & sl&]4 ,y "k y\r s9 & yield to x1 

n ?r\gh ignorance1 b because y are ma/]$
 by concupisc5ce4 ,! same is ! case ) ! 
le>n$ man4 ,h[ _m believe 9 doctors :o d
 n ab/a9 f fruit & cold wat] :5 /rictly 
=bidd5 !m by a doctor6 ,t does n prove t
 ^? ?+s are n dang]\s1 or t _! fai? 9 ! 
doctor 0 n solidly e/abli%$4 ,simil>    
errors on ! "p ( le>n$ m5 are to be     
imput$ solely to _! weakness40  7#b7 ,or
 aga91 "o may say to a simple & ignorant
 man3 8,! le>n$ man reckons ^u 8 k z a  
viaticum = ! next life4 ,he believes t 8
 k w save him & plead 9 8 fav\r1 & t 8  
intellectual sup]iority w entitle him to
 indulg5ce2 la/ly1 t if 8 k increases 8 
responsibility1 x may also entitle him  
to a high] degree ( consid]ation4 ,all t
 is possible2 & ev5 if ! le>n$ man has  
neglect$ practice1 he c at any rate     
produce pro(s ( 8 k4 ,b y1 poor1 witless
 "o1 if1 l him1 y neglect practice1     
de/itute z y are ( k1 y w p]i% )\t any?+
 to plead 9 y\r fav\r40  7#c7 ,or "o may
 answ]1 & ?is reason is ! true "o3 8,!  
truly le>n$ man only s9s ?r\gh          

c>elessness1 & does n rema9 9 a /ate (  
imp5it5ce4 ,= real k %[s s9 to be a     
deadly poison1 & ! o!r _w to be sup]ior 
to ?is4 ,conv9c$ ( ?is tru?1 man ought n
 to ex*ange ! preci\s = ! vile4 ,b ! k (
 :i* we speak is n d]iv$ f s\rces       
accessible to human dilig5ce1 & t is :y 
progress 9 m]e worldly k r5d]s ! s9n] m 
h>d5$ 9 8 revolt aga9/ ,god4  ,true k1  
on ! contr>y1 inspires 9 him :o is      
initiate 9 x m fe> & m rev]5ce1 & raises
 a b>ri] ( def5ce betwe5 him & s94 ,he  
may slip & /umble1 x is true1 z is      
inevitable ) "o encompass$ by human     
infirmity1 b ^! slips & /umbles w n     
weak5 8 fai?4 ,! true ,moslem succumbs  
occasionally to temptation1 b he rep5ts 
& w n p]sev]e ob/9ately 9 ! pa? ( error4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,i pray ,god ! ,omnipot5t to place u
 9 ! ranks ( ,8 *os51 among ! numb] ( ^?
 :om ,he directs 9 ! pa? ( safety1 9 :om
 ,he inspires f]v\r le/ !y =get ,him2   
:om ,he cleanses f all defilem5t1 t no?+
 may rema9 9 !m except ,himself2 yea1 ( 

^? :om ,he indwells completely1 t !y may
 adore none beside ,him4     ,,footnotes
   #a ,i4e4 ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun4  
#b ,9 ! ,mosque ( ,om>4  #c ,a miracle  
ascrib$ to ,muhamm$4   ,pr9t$ by        
,hazell1 ,watson  ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london &
 ,aylesbury4     ,,! ,,ori5t ,,libr>y   
,illu/ration  ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,ea/
 ,,s]ies  ,edit$ by ,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng 
& ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia   ,,! ,,hon4   
,,advisory ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,ori5t  
,,libr>y 7,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,ea/        
,,s]ies7  ,"l ,,reay1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41     
,presid5t4  ,sir ,,ar?ur ,,wolla/on1    
,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,*airman4  ,l4            
,,cranm]-,,byng & ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia1    
,hon4 ,secs4      ,pr(4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,arnold
 7,london ,univ]sity ,college74         
,pr(4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,b>nett 7,london         
,univ]sity ,college74     ,miss ,g4     
,,bell4     ,,sy$ ,,hosa9 ,,bilgrami1   
,c4,s4,i4     ,pr(4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,blumh>dt  
7,cambridge ,univ]sity74     ,pr(4 ,e4  
,g4 ,,br[ne 7,cambridge ,univ]sity74    
,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng1 ,esq4     ,dr4 ,j4 

,,e/l9 ,,c>p5t] 7,ox=d ,univ]sity74     
,a4 ,g4 ,,ellis1 ,esq4     ,pr(4        
,,gregory ,,fo/] 7,provo/1 ,london      
,univ]sity ,college74     ,dr4 ,m4      
,,ga/]4     ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,giles       
7,cambridge ,univ]sity74     ,,lionel   
,,giles1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4     ,pr(4 ,,ignaz
 ,,goldzih] 7,budape/ ,univ]sity74      
,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,gri]son1 ,c4,i4,e4       
,sir ,,h5ry ,,h[or?1 ,k4,c4,i4,e4       
,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia 7,london         
,univ]sity ,college74     ,sir ,,alfr$  
,,lyall1 ,g4,c4,i4,e4     ,sir ,,*>les  
,,lyall1 ,k4,c4,s4,i4     ,pr(4 ,d4 ,s4 
,,m>goli\? 7,ox=d ,univ]sity74     ,mrs4
 ,d4 ,s4 ,,m>goli\?4     ,pr(4 ,a4 ,a4  
,,macdonell 7,ox=d ,univ]sity74         
,,!odor ,,morison1 ,esq41 ,m4,a4     ,j4
 ,,morris1 ,esq4 7,japan74     ,a4 ,h4  
,,hallam ,,murray1 ,esq4     ,pr(4      
,,reg9ald ,a4 ,,ni*olson 7,cambridge    
,univ]sity74     ,pr(4 ,,rapson         
7,cambridge ,univ]sity74     ,miss      
,,ridd+4     ,,sy$ ,,ame] ,,ali1        
,c4,i4,e4     ,f4 ,w4 ,,?omas1 ,esq41   

,m4,a4     ,pr(4 ,,anton ,,ti54     ,don
 ,m4 ,,de ,,wickremas+he 7,ox=d         
,univ]sity74   ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,ea/   
,,s]ies  ,! ,diwan ( ,abu'l-,ala        
,by ,,h5ry ,,ba]le94 #a_/- net4         
,brahma-,k3 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,philosophy 
( ! ,v$nta      ,z set =? by !          
,upani%ads & by ank>a4 ,by ,l4 ,d4      
,,b>nett1 ,m4,a41 ,,litt4,d41 ,pr(essor 
( ,sanskrit at ,univ]sity     ,college1 
,london4 #b_/- net4  ,! ,conduct (      
,life2 or1 ,! ,univ]sal ,ord] (         
,confucius      ,a ,translation ( "o ( !
 f\r ,confucian ,books1 hi!rto     kn[n 
z ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,by ,,ku ,,hung 
,,m+1 ,m4,a4     7,ed9474 #a_/- net4  ,!
 ,tea*+s ( ,zoroa/] & ! ,philosophy ( ! 
,p>si ,religion      ,translat$ )       
,introduction by ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia1
 ,lectur]1     ,univ]sity ,college1     
,london4 #b_/- net4  ,! ,p]sian ,my/ics 
,i4 ,jallu'd-dn ,rm      ,by ,f4 ,,hadl&
 ,,davis4 #b_/- net4  ,,ii4 ,jm4        
,by ,f4 ,,hadl& ,,davis4 #b_/- net4  ,! 
,way ( ! ,buddha      ,selections f !   

,buddhi/ texts1 toge!r ) ! orig9al      
,pali1 ) ,introduction by ,,h]b]t       
,,baynes1 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 #b_/- net4  ,!   
,say+s ( ,confucius      ,a new         
,translation ( ! great] "p ( !          
,confucian     ,analects1 )             
,introduction & ,notes by ,,lionel      
,,giles1 ,m4,a4     7,oxon471 ,assi/ant 
9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,books &       
,manuscripts ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #b_/- 
net4  ,mus+s ( a ,*9ese ,my/ic          
,selections f ! ,philosophy ( ,*uang    
,tz4 ,) ,introduction     by ,,lionel   
,,giles1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,assi/ant at !
 ,briti% ,museum4     #b_/- net4  ,!    
,awak5+ ( ! ,s\l      ,f ! ,arabic (    
,,ibn ,,tufail4 ,translat$ )            
,introduction by     ,,paul ,,br,,nnle1 
,ph4,d4 #a_/f net4  ,! ,religion ( !    
,koran      ,) ,introduction by ,,sir   
,,ar?ur ,n4 ,,wolla/on1 ,k4,c4,i4,e4    
#a_/- net4  ,! ,wisdom ( ,israel3 ,be+  
,extracts f ! ,babylonian ,talmud &     
,midra% ,rabbo?      ,translat$ f !     
,aramaic ) an ,introduction by ,,edw9   

,,coll9s4 #a_/- net4  ,sadi's ,scroll ( 
,wisdom      ,by ,,%aikh ,,sa',,di4 ,)  
,introduction by ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,n4      
,,wolla/on1     ,k4,c4,i4,e4 #a_/- net4 
,! ,in/ruction ( ,ptah-,hotep & !       
,in/ruction ( ,ke'gemni      ,! ,olde/  
,books 9 ! ,_w4 ,translat$ f ! ,egyptian
     ) ,introduction & ,app5dix by      
,,battiscombe ,g4 ,,gunn4 #a_/- net4  ,!
 ,rose ,g>d5 ( ,sa'di      ,select$ &   
,r5d]$ f ! ,p]sian ) ,introduction by   
,l4     ,,cranm]-,,byng4 #a_/- net4  ,! 
,classics ( ,confucius  ,i4 ,! ,book (  
,hi/ory 7,%u-,k+7      ,by ,w4 ,,gorn   
,,old4 #a_/- net4  ,,ii4 ,! ,book (     
,odes 7,%i-,k+7      ,by ,l4            
,,cranm]-,,byng4 #a_/- net4  ,! ,say+s (
 ,lao ,tz      ,f ! ,*9ese4 ,translat$ )
 ,introduction by ,,lionel ,,giles1     
( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #a_/- net4  ,wom5 &
 ,wisdom ( ,japan      ,) ,introduction 
by ,s4 ,,takai%i4 #a_/- net4  ,arabian  
,wisdom      ,selections & ,translations
 f ! ,arabic by ,,john ,,wortabet1      
,m4,d4 #a_/- net4  ,! ,duties ( ! ,he>t 

,by ,,rabbi ,,ba*ye4 ,translat$ f !     
,hebrew ) ,introduction     by ,,edw9   
,,coll9s1 ,holli] ,hebrew ,s*ol>1       
,u4,c4,l4 #a_/- net4  ,all lit]>y       
communications to be address$ to !      
,editors (  ,,! ,,ori5t ,,libr>y1 c_/o  
,,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia1 ,,ori5tal      
,,secret>y1 ,,nor?brook ,,society1 #ahe 
,,piccadilly1 ,,london1 ,w4  ,! object (
 ! ,editors ( ?is ,s]ies is a v def9ite 
"o4 ,!y desire above all ?+s t1 9 _!    
humble way1 ^! books %all be !          
ambassadors ( good-w & und]/&+ betwe5   
,ea/ & ,we/1 ! old _w ( ,?\ght & ! new (
 ,action4 ,9 ?is endeav\r1 & 9 _! own   
sph]e1 !y are b foll[]s ( ! highe/      
example 9 ! l&4 ,!y are confid5t t a    
deep] k ( ! great ideals & l(ty         
philosophy ( ,ori5tal ?\ght may help to 
a revival ( t true _s ( ,*>ity :i* nei!r
 despises nor fe>s ! nations ( ano!r    
cre$ & col\r4 ,f9ally1 9 ?ank+ press &  
public = ! v cordial reception giv5 to !
 8,wisdom ( ! ,ea/0 ,s]ies1 !y wi% to   
/ate t no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to secure !   

be/ speciali/s = ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s   
subjects at h&4      ,,"s ,,op9ions ,,( 
,,! ,,press      ,! ,a!num4--8,we wi% t 
!re 7 m ( !m2 !y are     dreamy1        
lifelike1 & fasc9at+40      ,pall ,mall 
,gazette4--8,no translation ( ?is       
important "w has     be5 made s9ce !    
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury40            
,man*e/] ,c\ri]4--8,wor?y ( close /udy  
by all :o w\ld     p5etrate to ! dep? ( 
,ea/]n ?\ght & feel+40      ,lit]>y     
,guide4--8,we wi% success to ?is little 
s]ies (     books40                     
,outlook4--8,?is ,s]ies is publi%$ to   
help 9 ! process (     r5ew+ ! spiritual
 & moral life ( ! ,we/40      ,!        
,scotsman4--8,?is ,s]ies %\ld n fail to 
please read]s     ( ! m /udi\s sort40   
,s\?port ,gu>dian4--8,?is ,s]ies w f9d  
consid]able     fav\r ) all ,/ud5ts (   
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lit]ature40      ,iri% ,times4--8,!     
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