,illu/ration3 ,galley ,slave1 a         
#b-ye>-old filly1 is ! pres5t que5 (    
,sagamore ,f>m4 ,la/ w9t] %e ran ?ree   
times 9 ,cali=nia4 ,%e won all ?ree     
races & set "o _w's record4             
,horse ,tra9+                           
by                              ,mod]n  
,me?ods                                 
,,by                            ,,allan 
,,melvill ,,pope1                 ,fir/ 
,lieut5ant ( ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4   
#aiab4                      ,,frankl9   
,,hudson ,,publi%+ ,,co41               
,,kansas ,,city1 ,,mo4                  
,copyright1 #aiab1                      
,by ,frankl9 ,hudson ,publi%+ ,co41     
,kansas ,city1 ,mo4     ,,=eword4   ,!  
object ( ?is book is to arrange 9 ! mo/ 
conv5i5t1 cle>1 & concise =m ! mod]n    
sy/em ( horse-tra9+1 9 s f> z x is      
applicable to ! tra9+ ( horses 9 ! m\nt$
 s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,no attempt 
has be5 made 9 any case to improve ^u   
me?ods already deem$ correct by ! be/   
horsem52 & z su* me?ods c be f\nd deal+ 

) all po9ts ( tra9+1 x foll[s t !       
subject matt] 9 ?is book is n orig9al4  
,:]e ! be/ 0 to be f\nd1 !re x has be5  
s\ght1 & :]e ! au?ors ( previ\s works h 
express$ _! ideas 9 language consid]$ ! 
mo/ concise & cle>1 _! words h be5 copi$
 v]batim1 ) due ackn[l$gem5t to !       
au?ors4  ,i am indebt$ to ! foll[+ =    
me?ods1 !ories1 translation ( te*nical  
t]ms1 & improvis$ comm&s h]e9 conta9$3  
,to ,major ,george ,h4 ,cam]on1 #ad?    
,cavalry1     ,capta9 ,w4 ,c4 ,%ort1    
#ac? ,cavalry1     ,capta9 ,guy ,v4     
,h5ry1 ,cavalry1     #a/ ,lieut5ant     
,gordon ,john/on1 ,cavalry1     #a/     
,lieut5ant ,joseph ,f4 ,taulbee1 #b;d   
,cavalry1     ,! late ,capta9 ,m4       
,horace ,hayes1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41        
,edw>d ,l4 ,&]son1     ,james ,fillis1  
,capta9 de ,sa9t-,phalle1     ,notes    
d',equitation-,c>\seles ,militaire1     
,saumur ,notes 7,engli% translation ( ! 
above72     & to ,col4 ,hadd5s ,w4      
,jones1 #aj? ,cavalry1 = valuable       
assi/ance       & advice4     ,,preface4

   ,no?+ )9 ?is book is believ$ to be   
beyond ! rea* ( ! m\nt$ s]vice 9 g5]al4 
,! "t allott$ to 8break+0 or g5tl+ w be 
9 _m cases elim9at$1 z ! pres5t sy/em ( 
rem\nt /ations has become well e/abli%$4
  ,ea* troop %\ld h ?ree or f\r su*     
articles z longes & cavessons4 ,^!      
articles c be made v easily by saddl]s &
 blacksmi?s1 f a model4 ,models c       
und\bt$ly be procur$ ?r\gh ! ,m\nt$     
,s]vice ,s*ool at ,=t ,riley1 ,kansas1  
or f any saddl]y /ore1 c>e be+ tak5 9   
pur*as+ f ! latt] to det]m9e :e!r !     
model is a correct "o or n4  ,9 _m cases
 ! reasons = ! use ( c]ta9 aids1 etc41  
are app>5t1 & all explanation is omitt$4
 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e explanations involve 
nice po9ts ( me*anics1 etc41 !y h       
likewise be5 omitt$4 ,! reason = ! latt]
 omissions be+ t !y are int]e/+ to !    
/ud5t only4 ,! real /ud5t ( horse-tra9+ 
c only be "o :o enjoys su* "w4 ,_m      
(fic]s d n enjoy x1 & ?is book is int5d$
 = all4  ,9 view ( ! fact t all ! me?ods
 embodi$ h]e9 are well-recogniz$ me?ods1

 ,i tru/ read]s w take = grant$ t !y    
con=m to ! me*anical pr9ciples1 etc41   
omitt$4  ,z rid+ _c be taught by books1 
no attempt is made to d s "h4 ,(fic]s   
in/ruct$ 9 rid+ at ! ,m\nt$ ,s]vice     
,s*ool are return$ to _! regim5ts e ye>1
 :]e1 by _! example & ability to        
in/ruct1 !y c accompli% f> m ?an any    
lit]ature on ! subject2 b :]e rid+1 z   
reg>ds ! seat1 _c be readily =gott51    
po9ts ( tra9+ a horse c2 & x is = su* z 
=get1 or = su* z h _h no?+ or little to 
=get1 t ?is book is int5d$4  ,z to rid+1
 x might be ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 to "s to   
note t ! foll[+ cautions h be5 f\nd to  
be a frequ5t necessity :ile tra9+ horses
 ) enli/$ m5 up3  ,don't yank ^u y\r    
horse's m\?4  ,keep y\r h&s l[ & y\r    
wri/s supple4  ,don't /ick y\r knees up 
9 ! air4  ,grip ) y\r knees & ! calf (  
y\r leg4  ,let y\r /irrups out 7= mo/   
m574  ,c>ry y\r legs back4  ,don't let  
y\r re9s flop4  ,don't holl[ out y\r    
back4  ,don't let y\r horse back up     
7unless ! movem5t is a retrograde "o74  

,drive him =w>d4  ,don't let him b5d 8  
neck at ! %\ld]4  ,use y\r leg 7or      
legs74  ,don't be r\gh ) y\r horse4     
,new horses s5t to a po/ %\ld be turn$  
ov] to "o compet5t (fic] ) assi/ants1 if
 necess>y1 = tra9+4 ,if necess>y to     
assign !m to troops to assure prop] c>e 
& groom+1 ord]s %\ld be giv5 t !y be    
ex]cis$ only by direction ( ! (fic] 9   
*>ge4 ,enli/$ m5 specially suit$ = tra9+
 horses %\ld be detail$ "u ! above-nam$ 
(fic]'s direction4 ,only su* enli/$ m5  
%\ld be detail$ :o w n be dis*>g$ or    
detail$ on o!r duty until ! tra9+       
ceases4 ,! tra9+ %\ld cont9ue = n less  
?an six mon?s4 ,horses %\ld1 :5         
possible1 be assign$ tra9]s :o belong to
 ! organization to :i* ! horses are     
assign$1 ! rid] be+ assur$1 if possible1
 t ! horse w be assign$ to him aft] !   
tra9+ is ov]4  ,two (fic]s c tra9 )     
reasonable satisfaction sev5ty-five     
horses1 if giv5 "o h\r & a half p] day  
six days a week1 9 ! rid+-hall4 ,z !    
numb] ( horses 9 ! rid+-hall at a "t g  

ov] fifte5 ! difficulties increase4  ,9 
case x be impossible = new horses to be 
"u ! direction ( "o (fic]1 organization 
comm&]s %\ld keep ! horses out ( ranks  
an equal p]iod1 & und]take ! same tra9+ 
) compet5t m54  ,h>d-trott+1            
uncontrollable horses1 uncom=table to   
ride & weak 9 muscul> activity1 result f
 lack ( tra9+4  ,f practical "w ) enli/$
 m51 x has be5 f\nd t !re is little     
difficulty 9 tea*+ !m ! k9ds ( aids1 )  
_! prop] names1 & ! use & =m ! v>i\s    
ex]cises take4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y apply  
_! aids & p]=m ! ex]cises v>ies ) !     
individual's ability to ride & aptitude 
= tra9+4  ,:5 ,"p ,,ii4 is und]tak51 !  
difficulties increase4 ,! difficulties d
 n lie 9 ! use ( ! d\ble re91 :i* ! m5  
soon become accu/om$ to1 b 9 und]/&+ !  
flexions & ! delicate use ( ! aids      
requir$ 9 ^! ex]cises & 9 ! *anges (    
lead at ! gallop4  ,z h&s are a mo/     
important elem5t 9 ,"p ,,ii41 x is n    
surpris+ t m5 :o h ridd5 p]haps less ?an
 ?ree ye>s %\ld h difficulty4  ,"p ,,ii4

 %\ld n be ab&on$1 ei!r because ( !     
difficulties inh]5t to ! ex]cises or    
because ( ! lack ( prop] equipm5t4 ,!   
use ( a d\ble bridle improvis$ f a wat]+
 bridle & a regulation bit is pref]able 
to ! use ( a s+le curb imm$iately       
succe$+ ! "w ) ! snaffle alone4  ,to "s 
x may seem t confusion exi/s z to       
arrangem5t ( ! facts4 ,! s*eme (        
arrangem5t is z foll[s3  ,a man1 9 tra9+
 a horse1 c beg9 "w on ! horse ) :at he 
f9ds 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is book1 & z ! horse 
progresses he ne$ only progress 9 8     
read+ to f9d new ex]cises4 ,c]ta9       
def9itions & explanations are requisite 
to a prop] und]/&+ ( an ex]cise4 ,^! are
 necess>ily int]polat$4  ,if ! read] w  
consid] ! difficulties 9 sett+ =? su*   
facts 9 a logical sequ5ce1 he w p]haps  
be m l5i5t 9 8 criticisms ( ?is book1   
al?\gh criticism is expect$ & s\ght4    
,a4 ,m4 ,p4  ,manlius1 ,n4 ,y41 ,augu/1 
#aiaa4     ,,"p ,i4     ,,*apt] ,i4     
,,e>ly ,,h&l+4   ,object (              
,tra9+4--,horse-tra9+ is a s]ies (      

ex]cises to r5d] ! horse ob$i5t & at !  
same "t to pres]ve & develop 8 inh]5t   
qualities4 ,x is a muscul> tra9+ :i* by 
suppl+ ! p>ts w /r5g!n ! entire body1 & 
by balanc+ ! horse w develop h>mony 9 8 
movem5ts4  ,new ,horses4--,new horses   
%\ld be ex]cis$ daily1 at fir/ be+ l$ by
 m5 on foot1 & lat] by m5 m\nt$ on quiet
 horses4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be at a walk1 &
 is us$ to quiet & /r5g!n ! animals4 ,:5
 lead+ a "y horse m\nt$1 ! side ^u :i*  
he is l$ %\ld (t5 be *ang$ to avoid giv+
 a false set to ! neck4  ,c>e ( ,new    
,horses4--,! "y horse %\ld h flannel    
b&ages on 8 =e legs :5 ex]cis$1 f !     
fetlock to ! knee1 to support ! flexor  
t5dons & to keep ! horse f hitt+        
himself1 !reby (t5 caus+ spl9ts4  ,aft] 
ex]cis+1 ! legs %\ld be rubb$ & ! t5dons
 massag$1 !n wa%$ ) cool wat] & flannel 
b&ages appli$4 ,! t5dons are !reby      
support$ & w9d-puffs & swell+s prev5t$4 
,h[ to ,adju/ a ,b&age4--,a b&age %\ld  
be w\nd up ) ! tapes inside4 ,unroll six
 or eight in*es ( x1 & lay ?is loose    

portion obliquely across ! outside ( !  
leg1 close to ! knee1 ) ! end rea*+ to  
ab\t ! c5t] ( t jo9t1 & ! roll$-up "p   
turn$ to ! outside1 & direct$ d[nw>d &  
=w>d4 ,! beg9n+ %\ld be cont9u$ ar\nd ! 
fetlock & upp] "p ( ! pa/]n1 & br\ght   
back close up bel[ ! knee4 ,! loose end 
is !n turn$ d[n1 & ! folds ( ! b&age    
c>ri$ ov] x4 ,! tapes are ti$ a little  
above ! c5t] ( ! cannon bone4 7,hayes47 
,to ,approa* an ,unc]ta9 ,horse4--,to g 
up to an unc]ta9 horse :i* is held or   
ti$ up 9 ! op51 approa* ! =e leg on !   
ne> side at an angle ( ab\t #gj degrees 
to ! direction ( ! axis ( ! horse4 ,hav+
 rea*$ 8 %\ld]1 place a h& on 8 cre/ &  
/roke ! mane4 ,:5 a c]ta9 degree (      
confid5ce is re/or$ to ! horse1 fur!r   
h&l+ may be und]tak54  ,to ,lead a      
,horse ) ! ,snaffle1 & to ,adju/        
,snaffle4--,to lead a horse ) a snaffle 
m\nt$ or dism\nt$1 pass bo? re9s ?r\gh !
 ne> snaffle r+ if ! horse is to be on !
 (f side4 ,9 plac+ ! snaffle bridle ^u a
 fracti\s horse1 place ! re9s fir/ ov] !

 neck1 if possible4 ,if ! horse objects 
to hav+ ! head-/all put on1 unfa/5 !    
left *eck-/rap f ! r+ ( ! snaffle4      
,place ! head-/all 9 position1 !n put ! 
bit 9 ! m\? & refa/5 ! *eek-/rap4 ,if   
impracticable to remove ! halt] be=e    
bridl+ ! horse1 place ! bridle on ov] ! 
halt]1 !n unfa/5 ! halt]1 slip ! nose-b&
 d[n ov] ! no/rils1 !n into ! m\? &     
ar\nd "u ! bit & out ( ! m\?4 ,! halt] w
 !n fall (f4  ,longe+4--,! foll[+       
pr9ciples mu/ be consid]$ :5 longe+3    
#a4 ,! horse mu/ be controll$ by !      
longe2 ! only function ( ! :ip is to    
move ! horse =w>d4  #b4 ,! l5g? ( !     
longe %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$4 ,! horse 
%\ld alt]nately /ret* himself on a l>ge 
circle & b5d himself on a small circle4 
#c4 ,! gaits %\ld frequ5tly be *ang$4   
7,notes d',equitation47  ,me?od (       
,longe+ a ,horse4--,/>t ! longe+ ex]cise
 )\t ! longe+ :ip4 ,place ! cavesson on 
! horse1 if possible1 aft] ! halt] has  
be5 remov$1 or1 if a bridle is on !     
horse1 ov] ! bridle4 ,fa/5 ! longe into 

! r+ ( ! cavesson4 ,face ! same way !   
horse faces & walk ne> 8 head1 lead+ him
 by a %ort longe 9 a circle to ! left2  
"r h& on ! longe ne> ! horse's head1    
longe 9 ! left h&1 n coil$1 b arrang$ s 
t 9 runn+ out quickly x w n become      
entangl$ or p9* ! f+]s4  ,if ! horse    
refuses to lead1 an assi/ant may urge   
him =w>d z quietly z possible f ! re>4  
,z ! horse becomes accu/om$ to be+ l$1  
gradually l5g!n ! longe & drop back     
slightly f ! head ( ! horse1 t[>d 8     
%\ld]s4 ,cluck to ! horse to urge him   
=w>d4 ,use ! h& to make motions = ! same
 purpose or tap him lightly ) ! h& on 8 
side1 9 case ! horse refuses to g =w>d4 
,if ! horse turns t[>d ! tra9]1 %ake !  
longe s t x lightly taps ! nose on !    
side ( ! horse :i* %\ld be t[>d ! c5t] (
 ! circle4 ,gradually1 z ! horse le>ns  
:at is want$1 ! tra9] moves s t ! horse 
circles ab\t him1 fir/ at a sl[ gait1 !n
 at ! trot1 & f9ally1 :5 m pr(ici5t1 at 
! cant] & gallop4  ,to sl[ d[n ! gait1  
use ! voice soo?+ly & %ake ! longe up & 

d[n g5tly4 ,to /op ! horse1 a s]ies (   
motions ( ! longe up & d[n1 ) a /rong   
pull on ! longe z x comes d[n1 w h !    
greate/ effect4 ,! ^w 8:oa0 %\ld        
frequ5tly be us$ 9 ?is movem5t4 ,:5 !   
horse obeys1 he %\ld be c>ess$4  ,:5 a  
horse w g to ! left on ! longe1 ev5 at !
 walk1 he %\ld be practic$ go+ to ! "r  
until equally capable on t h&4 ,a horse 
%\ld n be long$ until fatigu$4  ,use ( !
 ,longe4--  #a4 ,to ex]cise "y horses   
)\t injury4  #b4 ,to give fir/ lessons  
to horses difficult to manage4  #c4 ,=  
horses t hold back or fight4  #d4 ,=    
horses ) "o %\ld] m develop$ ?an ! o!r4 
#e4 ,= horses t w n "w equally well on  
ei!r h&4  #f4 ,= horses t b5d !mselves )
 difficulty4  #g4 ,= ! fir/ lessons 9   
jump+4 7,notes d',equitation47  ,!      
,snaffle ,bit4--,z e>ly z possible1 a   
bridle & snaffle bit %\ld be put on !   
horse4  ,! snaffle is a v mild bit      
because x acts mo/ly on ! lips & only a 
little on ! b>s4 ,! faults ( ! h& are   
!re=e less prejudicial to ! t5d] m\? ( !

 new horse4 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( tra9+1 !   
horse becomes famili> ) ! snaffle bit1  
he may be prep>$ = ! d\ble bridle by !  
use ( ! d\ble snaffle1 a bit :i* is kn[n
 n to be dang]\s & :i* gives ! rid] m   
action ^u ! horse4 ,! d\ble snaffle %\ld
 prop]ly be compos$ ( a snaffle )\t     
bran*es & a 8,b\*]0 snaffle4 ,! d\ble   
snaffle also is useful 9 ! case ( a     
horse t leans on ! h&s2 ! rem$y consi/+1
 9 ?is case1 ( produc+ action ei!r by   
alt]nate effects :i* make ea* snaffle   
bit felt sep>ately1 or by cross-effects 
obta9$ by ! action ( "o snaffle bit on  
"o side & ! o!r snaffle bit on ! o!r    
side4  ,saddl+ ,new ,horses4--,new      
horses %\ld be made accu/om$ to equipm5t
 :ile !y are fir/ ex]cis$ by lead+ or :5
 on ! longe2 fir/ by ! blanket &        
surc+le1 !n by ! saddle be+ plac$ on _! 
back4 ,! saddle is put on fir/ )\t      
/irrups1 !n ) /irrups cross$1 & !n ) !  
/irrups hang+4 ,! gir? %\ld at fir/ be  
tight5$ slightly1 & aft]w>ds readju/$1  
if necess>y1 dur+ ! ex]cises4 ,a n]v\s  

horse %\ld be long$ a little be=e plac+ 
! saddle on 8 back4  ,a horse %\ld n be 
m\nt$ = ! fir/ "t on ! same day he is   
fir/ saddl$4  ,m\nt+ ! ,new ,horse4--,:5
 fir/ m\nt+1 ! rid] %\ld get into !     
saddle z h&ily & quickly z possible1 )\t
 be+ p>ticul> z to exactness4 ,an       
assi/ant /&s fac+ ! horse4 ,! rid] slaps
 ! saddle1 lets ! /irrups drop aga9/ !  
sides ( ! horse1 & !n takes up ! re9s1  
leav+ !m v long4 ,9 case ! horse backs  
up or tries to move away1 ! assi/ant    
leads him g5tly up to :]e he 0 be=e & ! 
rid] tries to m\nt aga94  ,if ! rid]    
believes t ! horse w make viol5t        
resi/ances1 he c insure 8 seat by hav+ a
 roll$ blanket /rapp$ to ! pommel ( !   
saddle1 to keep 8 knees 9 place4 ,) a   
horse v difficult to m\nt1 :]e !re is   
dang] ( sev]e resi/ance1 ! horse %\ld be
 snubb$ up to a /rong1 quiet horse4     
,snubb+ is only resort$ to 9 cases :]e  
longe+ & quiet h&l+ h fail$ to br+ ab\t 
! desir$ results4  ,) v re/less animals1
 ! assi/ants /& squ>ely 9 front ( !     

horses & simply c>ess ! animals' heads  
)\t hold+ ! re9s4 ,if a horse is v      
re/less1 & ! cavesson has to be us$1 x  
%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( an exp]i5c$ man4  ,!  
foll[+ is a position (t5 tak5 = m\nt+ a 
re/less animal3 ,take ! re9s ( ! snaffle
 9 ! left h&1 & ) ! same h& cat* hold ( 
! mane at ab\t ! middle ( ! neck s t !re
 is a slight t5sion on ! re9s4 ,take    
hold ( ! pommel ( ! saddle ) ! "r h& &  
m\nt1 tak+ c>e t ! left toe does n t\* !
 horse :5 m\nt+4 ,above all ?+s1 avoid  
bu/l+ ! horse :5 />t+2 =1 if he is l$ to
 expect ?is1 he w nev] /& quietly to be 
m\nt$4 ,sometimes fe$+ a horse oats f a 
pan :ile he is be+ m\nt$ causes him to  
/& quietly4  ,fir/ ,lessons aft]        
,m\nt+4--,nev] require any?+ f ! horse  
m\nt$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,if he walks /raight 
ahead1 x is suffici5t4 ,keep ! re9s     
sep>at$ & feel lightly ! snaffle4 ,ride 
! horse a few times ar\nd ! hall to ! "r
 & to ! left1 leav+ him z free z        
possible1 if1 ( c\rse1 he is quiet4 ,if 
! horse does well1 dism\nt & fe$ him    

c>rots1 if !y c be suppli$1 or a h&ful (
 oats4 ,c>rots ought always be cut      
l5g?wise & nev] across2 9 ! latt] case  
!y might /ick 9 ! animal's ?roat4       
,resi/ances4--,among ! mo/ viol5t       
resi/ances are buck+ & re>+4  ,if !     
horse attempts to buck1 press him =w>d )
 ! legs & hold 8 head high4 ,! rid] is m
 easily displac$ if ! horse bucks 9     
place4 ,if ! rid] is n able to make !   
horse g =w>d1 he %\ld turn him to ! "r  
or left ) ! snaffle bit4 ,z all horses h
 a s(t & h>d side to _! m\?s1 :5        
resi/ance is enc\nt]$ 9 turn+ to ! "r1 !
 attempt %\ld be made to turn him to !  
left4  ,:5 a horse re>s1 sep>ate ! re9s1
 & take hold ( ! mane 9 ! left h& at    
ab\t ! middle ( ! neck4 ,lean =w>d1 & :5
 ! horse comes d[n aga91 pu% ! body back
 into its place by quickly /raight5+ !  
arm4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,equilibrium4  
,a little mu/ be und]/ood ab\t          
equilibrium be=e ! aids c prop]ly be    
ma/]$4  ,direct ,equilibrium4--,?is     
relates to ! balance ( ! horse :5 ! c5t]

 ( gravity is mov$ =w>d or backw>d4 ,!  
=e legs ( ! horse are us$ = translation1
 ! h9d legs = propulsion4 ,! horse      
naturally be>s m weight ^u 8 =e legs ?an
 ^u 8 h9d4 ,! c5t] ( gravity1 !n1 is    
ne>] ! =e qu>t]s ?an ! h9d1 :i* is !re=e
 favorable to ! =w>d movem5t ( ! horse4 
,if ! weight ( ! horse1 by *ang+ !      
position ( p>ts ( ! body1 br+s ! c5t] ( 
gravity t[>ds ! re>1 x is m favorable = 
! backw>d movem5t4  ,:5 ! c5t] ( gravity
 is =w>d1 ! =e legs control ! movem5t ( 
! mass1 & ! h9d legs m]ely propel4 ,:5 !
 c5t] ( gravity moves backw>d1 ! h9d    
legs become m & m ma/]s ( ! control ( ! 
movem5t ( ! mass1 & _! action !n is f ! 
gr\nd up z well z f re> to front z be=e4
 ,9 o!r words1 ! movem5ts ga9 9 height4 
,position ( a ,horse = ! ,=w>d          
,movem5t4--  #a4 ,:5 a horse wants to   
move =w>d1 he naturally puts himself 9 !
 mo/ favorable position2 consequ5tly he 
?r[s 8 weight =w>d to 8 %\ld]s1 &1 to d 
?is1 /ret*es out 8 head & neck4  #b4 ,to
 obta9 ! =w>d movem5t & ! accel]ations 9

 gait !n1 ! rid] mu/ let ! horse ext5d &
 l[] 8 head & neck2 simil>ly he mu/     
raise !m to obta9 ! sl[] gaits4  #c4 ,a 
horse mu/ always be ready to c>ry       
himself =w>d4 ,?is is ! mo/ important   
rule 9 equitation4 ,! t5d5cy to move    
=w>d is call$ 8impulsion40 ,)\t         
impulsion we c h no influ5ce ov] !      
direction4 7,de ,sa9t-,phalle47  ,!     
horse mu/ g into ! bridle4 ,ne>ly e vice
 & resi/ance (f]$ by a horse is prec$$ &
 made possible by ! animal gett+ beh9d !
 bit2 t is1 he refuses to face ! bit1 or
 take ! pressure ( ! bit1 s t ! rid]'s  
h& c f9d no?+ by :i* he c en=ce 8 dem&s4
 7,&]son47  ,lat]al ,equilibrium4--,?is 
relates to ! balance ( a horse :5 ! c5t]
 ( gravity is mov$ sideways4 ,x is a    
case :]e ! horse is made to load "o     
%\ld] or "o haun* or all "o side m ?an !
 o!r4 ,x is us$ = *anges ( direction1   
p>allel displacem5ts1 etc4 ,! horse be+ 
9 motion1 if we =ce him to c>ry ! weight
 ( 8 =eh& to "o side1 ! entire =eh& t5ds
 to be displac$ to ! same side4 ,?is    

displacem5t ( ! horse is obligatory if t
 ( ! c5t] ( gravity is suffici5tly      
acc5tuat$4   ,,! ,,aids4  ,:at ,are !   
,aids8--,! aids are ! diff]5t means     
employ$ by ! rid] to convey 8 desires or
 int5tions to ! horse4 7,notes          
d',equitation47   ,,! ,,legs4  ,!       
,/irrups4--,! /irrups %\ld be s adju/$ t
 ! tread ( ! /irrup is level ) ! top ( !
 heel :5 ! rid] is m\nt$ & seat$        
prop]ly4 ,:5 ! /irrups are too long1 z )
 ! 8=k seat10 ! rid] is unable to use 8 
legs ) /r5g? & accuracy4 ,) ! /irrups   
too %ort ! rid]'s knees are too high1 ! 
seat is =c$ too f> back & he is unable  
to sit d[n 9 ! saddle2 h5ce is less     
secure4  ,position ( ! ,foot 9 !        
,/irrup4--,at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! foot %\ld
 be ins]t$ 9 ! /irrup2 ! heel %\ld be   
slightly l[] ?an ! toe & ! ball ( ! foot
 %\ld re/ ^u ! tread4 7,notes           
d',equitation47  ,! foll[+ are ! uses to
 :i* ! legs are put3  #a4 ,to produce ! 
=w>d movem5t4  #b4 ,to range ! haun*es4 
#c4 ,to br+ ! h9d legs =w>d "u ! body4  

,! ,equal ,action ( ,bo? ,legs4--,! mo/ 
important duty ( ! legs is to act toge!r
 = ! purpose ( giv+ or su/a9+ impulsion4
 ,?is action %\ld comm& ! =w>d movem5t &
 its accel]ation4 ,to obta9 ?is result1 
! legs c act by simple pressure ( !     
knees or by pressure ( ! knees & calves4
 ,! pressure ( only ! knees is suffici5t
 ) delicate horses1 b ) o!rs ! pressure 
( ! calves has to be add$ to t ( !      
knees4 ,! m en]getic ! pressure & ! f>!r
 beh9d ! gir?s x is1 ! great] ! result  
produc$4 ,usually ! action ( ! leg is   
/rong en\gh if x is plac$ aga9/ or a    
little 9 re> ( ! gir?4 ,if ! action !re 
is n suffici5t1 x may be c>ri$ back a   
little--nev]1 h[ev]1 to rea* an angle ( 
#de degrees4 ,! p]fection to aim at is  
to h ! leg move almo/ imp]ceptibly & v>y
 its effects only by diff]5t %ades (    
pressure2 b ) a horse t does n respond  
suffici5tly to ! dem&s1 x becomes       
necess>y to c>ry ! leg back a little by 
b5d+ ! knee & keep+ ! heels l[4 ,!      
incl9ation ( ! leg to an angle ( #de    

degrees is ! v maximum1 :i* x is        
unsci5tific & useless to pass or ev5 to 
rea*1 s t if ! action ( ! leg is n      
efficaci\s "u ^! conditions1 we mu/ turn
 to m en]getic me?ods4 ,b little tr\ble 
is exp]i5c$ 9 tea*+ rid]s n to c>ry !   
legs too f> back4 ,! rev]se is usually !
 case4  ,! above me?od fail+1 ! next to 
try is consecutive ?ump+s ) ! calf ( !  
leg1 n v pron\nc$1 b repeat$ until !    
result s\ght is obta9$4 ,at ! in/ant !  
legs %\ld cease _! action1 & %\ld repeat
 x only :5 ! ne$ aga9 is felt4  ,if ?is 
means is n suffici5t1 !re is no?+ to d b
 come to bl[s ) ! legs4 ,^! are execut$ 
by slightly c>ry+ to "o side ! calf &   
ramm+ x aga9/ ! horse ) a viol5ce       
proportionate to ! result to be obta9$4 
,?is movem5t ought to be done )\t rais+ 
! knees or /ick+ !m out1 ! l[] "p ( !   
legs be+ indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! body 9   
ord] t ! seat & ! h& be n d]ang$4 ,?is  
mann] ( gett+ action ^u ! horse ought n 
to be cont9u$ = a long "t1 ev5 if its   
effect is n suffici5t or la/+4 ,l e     

viol5t movem5t1 ?is "o ought to be      
exceptional1 & r ?an repeat x frequ5tly1
 x is bett] to h rec\rse to %ort1       
en]getic action ( ! spurs4  ,x is v     
necess>y to avoid ! frequ5t fault ( us+ 
! leg aft] suffici5t action has be5     
gott5 out ( ! horse or ( cont9u+ ! dem&s
 :5 !y are already obey$4 ,!n !         
impulsion ( ! horse is augm5t$ 9 a mann]
 prejudicial to ! desir$ result1 :i*    
necessitates ! action ( ! h& to oppose !
 augm5t$ impulsion falsely ord]$ by !   
legs4  ,unequal ,action ( ! ,legs4--,:5 
"o leg is us$ m ?an ! o!r1 ! haun*es are
 displac$ to ! opposite side4 ,! horse  
is !n said 8to range 8 haun*es40 ,?is   
effect is (t5 useful 9 prev5t+ ! horse f
 slipp+ out sideways1 9 /raight5+ him1 &
 9 mak+ him *ange directions1 etc42 b   
its greate/ utility lies 9 p]mitt+ !    
rid] to range ! haun*es & trav]se !     
horse1 :i* movem5ts are ess5tial to !   
ma9 in/ruction 9 ! m5tal & physical     
suppl+ ( ! horse4  ,! rules = ! use (   
bo? legs apply equally well to ! use (  

"o leg1 z reg>ds place ( contact & mann]
 ( graduat+ ! int5sity ( action4        
78,equal ,action ( ,bo? ,legs & ,unequal
 ,action ( ! ,leg10 f 8,elem5t>y        
,equitation10 by ,de ,sa9t-,phalle47    
,to ,br+ ! ,h9d ,legs ,=w>d ,"u !       
,horse4--,due to contraction ( ! muscles
 produc$ by ! tickl+ s5sation ( ! leg or
 spur ^u ! side1 ! horse me*anically    
br+s 8 h9d legs up "u ! body :5 s =c$4  
,?is br++ up ( ! h9d legs places !      
control ( ! movem5t ( ! mass 9 _! p[]1  
because ! c5t] ( gravity is ne>] _!     
base4 ,h5ce ! leg movem5ts become m     
elevat$1 ! spe$ less fa/1 & ! horse m   
h&y & m easily controll$4  ,mutual      
,support by ! ,legs4--,if "o leg acts to
 range ! haun*es1 ! o!r %\ld receive !  
mass to limit & control ! movem5t4 ,bo? 
legs %\ld be at all times close en\gh to
 ! horse to act accurately1 quickly1 &  
)\t abruptness 9 ord] to assi/ ea* o!r4 
,:5 a ,horse ,is 8,beh9d ! ,legs40--,:5 
a horse refuses to move =w>d aft] !     
equal action ( bo? legs is produc$1 he  

is said to be 8beh9d ! bit0 & likewise  
8beh9d ! legs40 ,a horse 9 ?is /ate is  
beyond ! control ( ! rid]1 & e means    
%\ld be ex]t$ to =ce ! horse ) ! legs up
 into ! bit aga94  ,! ,spur4--,! spur   
%\ld n be us$ until ! seat is secure4   
,if ! pressure ( ! calves ( ! legs is   
suffici5t to comm& impulsion1 ! spur    
%\ld n be resort$ to4  ,resi/ances are  
provok$ if ! spur rema9s 9 ! side       
cont9u\sly1 & ! animal becomes disob$i5t
 & on ! def5sive4 ,cont9u$ contact %\ld 
be replac$ by repeat$ contacts ( %ort   
duration ( an int5sity to fit ! case4   
,! l5g? ( ! spur v>ies ) ! l5g? ( !     
/irrup-lea!rs1 ! l5g? ( ! leg ( ! rid]1 
& ! =m ( ! horse4 ,a g5]al rule is t !  
spur %\ld be ( su* a l5g? z to be easily
 us$ )\t dang] ( un9t5tional usage dur+ 
sudd5 displacem5ts4   ,,! ,,re9s4  ,9 ! 
tra9+ ( ! horse ! re9s %\ld be held 9   
two h&s4 ,s+le re9s %\ld be held z      
prescrib$ 9 ! ,cavalry ,drill           
,regulations4  ,! foll[+ important rule 
%\ld always be obs]v$3 ,! pressure ( !  

rid]'s legs1 or ( 8 heels1 mu/ always   
prec$e any action ( ! h&2 9 o!r words1 !
 bit does n g back to ! horse1 b ! horse
 goes =w>d aga9/ ! bit4  ,x has be5 %[n 
t by ! action ( ! legs impulsion is     
produc$ 9 ! horse1 :i* causes a /ret*+ (
 ! neck to ! front 9 ord] to beg9 or    
accel]ate ! =w>d movem5t4 ,if z ! head &
 neck /ret* out ! =w>d movem5t ( ! bit 9
 ! m\? is arre/$ by ! h&1 ! bit is      
br\ght into /rong] contact ) ! b>s ( !  
m\?1 :i* produces its action4 ,! action 
( ! re9s is ?us produc$ aft] ! action ( 
! legs has produc$ its effect4   ,,k9ds 
,,( ,,re9s4 7,de ,sa9t-,phalle47  ,op5  
,re94--,?is re9 is us$ 9 turn+ ! horse4 
,! "r re91 = example1 is said to be op5 
if ! "r h& is c>ri$ to ! "r & front4    
,re9s are s us$ = ! p>ticul> effect !y h
 ^u ! horse's head4 ,! ne$ ( !m is felt 
especially 9 ! tra9+ ( gre5 horses1 b   
also ) a horse t refuses to turn &      
c>ries 8 head 9 ! opposite direction f t
 9 :i* ! rid] desires him to g4 ,:5 ! "r
 re9 is op51 ! horse's head w be drawn  

to ! "r & he w be assi/$ 9 mov+ 9 t     
direction4  ,direct ,re94--,?is re9 acts
 p>allel to ! axis ( ! horse )\t        
int]m$i>y action ^u ! neck4 ,re9s us$ 9 
?is mann] br+ a little ( ! weight to !  
side on :i* !y act1 :i* ) an ob$i5t     
horse suffices to make him turn to t    
side4 ,x is also us$ 9 turn+ ! horse's  
head at ! poll s t ! horse may look 9 ! 
direction t[>d :i* he is go+4  ,re9 (   
,support4--,! "r re91 = example1 is     
call$ ! "r re9 ( support :5 ! "r h&     
moves f "r to left & ! "r re9 h5ce be>s 
aga9/ ! neck4 ,x has diff]5t effects    
accord+ to ! po9t t[>ds :i* its action  
is direct$4 ,= example1 if ! h& is mov$ 
t[>ds ! front ( or ov] ! left %\ld]1 !  
effect is to br+ ! weight ( ! =eh& t[>ds
 t %\ld]2 or if ! direction ( ! "r re9 (
 support passes 9 re> ( ! )]s1 ! effect 
is felt by ! increas$ weight on ! left  
haun*2 or if ! action ( ! re9 9 ?is     
direction is suffici5tly /rong1 x c ei!r
 lead to ! displacem5t ( ! haun*es t[>ds
 ! left by sett+ ! left %\ld]1 or       

displace simultane\sly ! %\ld]s & !     
haun*es t[>ds ! left by pu%+ ! horse    
entirely to t side4  ,! effect ( ! re9 (
 support is extremely p[]ful 9 prev5t+ !
 horse f slipp+ out on its side1 or 9   
re/ra9+ ! horse f turn+ 9 ! opposite    
direction4  ,re9 ( ,opposition4--,if !  
rid] op5s ! "r re9 slightly & pulls ei!r
 9 ! direction ( ! "r haun* or !        
direction ( ! left haun*1 ! re9 is call$
 ! "r re9 ( opposition4 ,he is !n said  
to set ! %\ld]s 9 opposition to !       
haun*es4 7,notes d',equitation47  ,g5]al
 ,rule4--,a g5]al rule is1 t at all     
times contact is kept ) ! m\? by ! re9s 
?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! bit4 ,! re9s nev]     
flop4 ,!re are two exceptions to ?is    
rule all[able3 dur+ complete ab&on1 z at
 ! walk2 & mom5t>ily1 dur+ flexions1 z w
 be %[n lat]4  ,! ,seat4--,! seat is an 
aid :5 x *anges ! support ( ! body f "o 
buttock to ! o!r to assi/ ! horse 9     
lat]al movem5ts4 ,?is movem5t helps to  
c>ry ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! horse to !    
side t[>d :i* ! movem5t is desir$4      

,simil>ly an increase 9 ! weight plac$  
on "o /irrup is an aid4  ,! upp] "p ( ! 
body by lean+ =w>d or back likewise     
assi/s ! horse 9 mov+ ! c5t] ( gravity  
=w>d & back4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,!    
,,=w>d ,,movem5t4   ,! horse be+ n[ able
 to be m\nt$1 ! foll[+ ex]cises may be  
und]tak53  ,! horses are tak5 into !    
rid+-hall1 if available1 & ! rid]s      
in/ruct$ to "w )\t reg>d to di/ances4 ,x
 is a bad plan to "w 9 gr\ps1 especially
 ) "y horses1 z !y soon become accu/om$ 
to rema9+ 9 ranks & refuse to leave4  ,!
 =w>d movem5t1 z has be5 /at$1 is ! mo/ 
important lesson 9 tra9+1 & x is        
cont9ually taught dur+ ! entire c\rse ( 
in/ruction4  ,! ,walk4--,to take ! walk 
f ! halt1 bo? legs %\ld be made to be   
felt1 gradually increas+ _! int5sity    
until ! sett+ 9 motion is produc$4 ,!   
f+]s & wri/s give1 to all[ ! neck to    
/ret* out4 ,! horse %\ld be set 9 motion
 9 ! direction ( 8 axis by symmetrical  
use ( ! aids4 ,! movem5t %\ld be smoo?1 
b )\t hesitancy4  ,9 ord] to keep ! />t 

f be+ sudd51 ! en]gy display$ 9 ! use ( 
! leg %\ld con=m to ! degree (          
s5sitiv5ess ( ! horse4 ,! movem5t c be  
kept f be+ hesitat+ly p]=m$ by          
progressively1 b )\t hesitancy1 us+ su* 
=ce z ! legs %\ld h1 & by giv+ ! re9s ) 
! f+]s & wri/ at ! precise mom5t ! neck 
tries to /ret* out4  ,! ,trot4--,?is is 
! mo/ advantage\s gait to take dur+ !   
fir/ lessons1 because3  #a4 ,x />ts !   
horse /raight ahead & helps to br+ him 9
 h&4  #b4 ,horses are less re/less at   
?is gait4  #c4 ,x is a natural pace4    
#d4 ,x is a good suppl+ ex]cise = !     
horse4  ,! trot is n a fatigu+ pace to !
 horse4 ,he c g a long di/ance          
cont9u\sly at a fair rate ( spe$ at ?is 
gait1 because bo? =e & h9d legs1        
respectively1 h ! same am\nt ( "w to d1 
& ! body c be easily ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( 
equilibrium1 z x is support$ by diagonal
 supports4  ,! rid]1 if 9 ! flat saddle1
 except at sl[ gaits1 %\ld rise to !    
trot dur+ ?is ex]cise4 ,! diagonal on   
:i* ! rise is made %\ld frequ5tly be    

*ang$4  ,! lightness ( ! horse only     
comes ) fur!r tra9+4 ,! rid] up to ?is  
po9t tries little by little to br+ !    
horse "u control by ! foll[+ ex]cises3  
#a4 ,mov+ to ! front at a walk1 !n a    
trot4  #b4 ,increas+ & decreas+ gaits4  
#c4 ,halt+4  ,to ,halt4--,to execute ?is
 movem5t1 lean back slightly & gradually
 increase ! pressure ( ! bit on ! m\?   
until ! movem5t sl[s d[n & gradually    
/ops4 ,bo? legs %\ld at ! same "t be    
c>ri$ back to assi/ ! horse 9 br++ !    
haun*es up "u him4 ,! horse %\ld nei!r  
raise nor l[] 8 head4 ,! :ole mass ( !  
neck %\ld move t[>d ! )]s4  ,halt+ !    
horse %\ld (t5 be practic$ ) horses     
possess+ a high1 p[]ful cr\p & ) ^?     
incl9$ to =ge ahead at all times4 ,^?   
incl9$ to fret1 ^? ^: legs are well set 
up "u !m1 & ^? t are difficult to keep  
up into ! bit %\ld seldom be halt$4     
,especially dur+ ^! lessons mu/ ! rid]  
pay /rict att5tion to ! ev5 t5sion ( !  
re94 ,at fir/ ! rid] mu/ d all ! "w--t  
is1 mu/ tight5 ! re9s2 b lat] ! horse1  

hav+ become accu/om$ to ! pressure ( !  
bit & always hav+ ! idea ( go+ /raight  
ahead1 w ( 8 own accord keep ! re9s     
taut4  ,! ,gallop4--,almo/ inv>iably !  
gallop lesson %\ld be begun e>ly4 ,?is  
is an additional means ( suppl+ ! horse1
 ( /r5g!n+ him1 ext5d+ him1 & pu%+ him  
/raight ahead4 ,x w\ld be /upidity to   
gallop frequ5tly on a colt t drags 8    
legs & is disunit$ at a trot & t has    
difficulty 9 hold+ up ! "p ess5tial to !
 tra9+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is prop] to     
gallop repeat$ly on a vigor\s horse t   
has be5 work$ be=e pur*ase1 or on !     
horse ) good /rong legs1 p>ticul>ly aft]
 he has be5 ?or\ghly confirm$ 9 !       
correct trot4 7,notes d',equitation47   
,to ,take ! ,gallop by ,ext5d+ !        
,trot4--,to accompli% ?is movem5t1 !    
rid] ne$s only to take ! trot & by ! use
 ( bo? legs to pu% ?is gait up to ! po9t
 :]e ! horse leaves x to pass into !    
gallop4  ,to accompli% ?is )\t undue    
increase ( spe$1 put ! horse on a circle
 ( six or sev5 y>ds radius1 fir/ trot   

ar\nd ?is & !n l5g!n ! trot until !     
horse escapes into ! gallop4 ,:5 he is  
calm & ! rid] feels confid5ce 9 himself1
 ! rid] may leave ! circle & rejo9 !    
track on ! same h&4  ,z long z ! rid]   
does n wi% to make abrupt *anges (      
direction1 b gallops on a l>ge circle or
 on ! track1 x makes little diff]5ce    
:e!r ! horse is gallop+ true or false1 &
 x is useless = ! rid] to bo!r ab\t !   
leads at ?is /age ( ! tra9+4 7,de       
,sa9t-,phalle47  ,:5 ! horse beg9s to   
und]/& ! gallop & takes x calmly1 !     
correct lead1 :i* is expla9$ on page    
#fa1 may be und]tak51 at pres5t1 by !   
foll[+ aids3 ,bo? legs to increase !    
gait f ! trot to ! gallop2 outside re9  
to prev5t ! haun*es f sw++ to ! outside 
& :i* precludes ! liability to a false  
lead4  7,note4--8,outside0 always means 
! outside ( a circle1 or1 if on ! track1
 ! side t[>ds ! wall47     ,,*apt] ,,iv4
  ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,gaits4   ,!      
,walk4--,?is is a movem5t ( f\r beats1 &
 is a pace 9 :i* all ! legs move1       

respectively1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,if1 =     
in/ance1 ! left =e leads1 ! sequ5ce is3 
#a4 ,left =e4     #b4 ,"r h9d4     #c4  
,"r =e4     #d4 ,left h9d4  ,if ! ne>   
h9d beg9s1 x w be3      #a4 ,left h9d4  
#b4 ,left =e4     #c4 ,"r h9d4     #d4  
,"r =e4  ,ea* foot comes to ! gr\nd aft]
 ! "o t prec$es x at an int]val ( ab\t  
half ! "t occupi$ tak+ "o /ep4 ,! result
 ( ?is is t we h ! foll[+ ord] (        
supports3      #a4 ,"r lat]als 7"r =e & 
"r h9d74     #b4 ,"r diagonals 7"r =e & 
left h9d74     #c4 ,left lat]als4       
#d4 ,left diagonals4  ,z a rule1 a horse
 beg9s ! walk ) a =e leg4 7,hayes47  ,! 
,trot4--,?is is a movem5t ( two beats4  
,! diagonal feet are on ! gr\nd at !    
same "t4 ,! ord] ( supports is3      #a4
 ,"r diagonal4     #b4 ,mom5t (         
susp5sion4     #c4 ,left diagonal4      
#d4 ,mom5t ( susp5sion4  ,! ,pace4--,?is
 is a movem5t ( two beats1 l ! trot1    
except ! support is by ! lat]als in/ead 
( ! diagonals4 ,! ord] ( supports is3   
#a4 ,"r lat]al4     #b4 ,mom5t (        

susp5sion4     #c4 ,left lat]al4     #d4
 ,mom5t ( susp5sion4  ,! ,gallop4--,!   
gallop is an unsymmetrical gait ( ?ree  
beats4 ,x is call$ unsymmetrical because
 ! two front legs make dissimil>        
movem5ts1 likewise ! two h9d4 ,two      
diff]5t comb9ations take place1 :i* are 
call$ 8gallop "r0 & 8gallop left40 ,!   
mom5t ( tak+ ea* new po9t ( support is  
call$ a beat4  ,9 ! gallop "r ! po9ts ( 
support are tak5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3       
#a4 ,left h9d4     #b4 ,left diagonal   
7left front1 "r h9d74     #c4 ,"r front4
     #d4 ,mom5t ( susp5sion4  ,! gallop 
left is z foll[s3      #a4 ,"r h9d4     
#b4 ,"r diagonal 7"r front1 left h9d74  
#c4 ,left front4     #d4 ,mom5t (       
susp5sion4  ,a horse gallop+ "r1 =      
in/ance1 seems to h ! "r legs always 9  
front ( ! left4 ,! rid] c tell by see+  
if ! "r %\ld] is fur!r advanc$ ?an !    
left4 ,if ! horse gallops "r 9 front &  
left beh9d1 ! rid] c feel an unusual    
/iff movem5t b5ea? him4     ,,*apt] ,v4 
,,*anges ,,( ,,direction4   ,! horse be+

 able to move =w>d & to decrease &      
increase gaits ) reasonable accuracy1   
*anges ( direction may be und]tak54     
,fir/ ,ex]cise4--,! horse be+ at ! walk1
 =ce ! horse =w>d ) bo? legs1 use ! op5 
re91 & if he moves (f at an angle       
oblique to ! orig9al direction1 al?\gh !
 div]g5ce may be small1 x is            
satisfactory4  ,second ,ex]cises4--,!   
horse be+ at ! walk1 use ! "r or left   
leg to help c>ry ! haun*es ar\nd to !   
left or "r2 use ! "r or left re9 (      
opposition to turn ! horse to ! "r or   
left 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to !      
orig9al4 ,! re9 ( opposition is us$ to  
combat ! haun*es ) ! %\ld]4 ,! horse n  
yet kn[+ ! mean+ ( ! prepond]ant use (  
"o leg ( ! rid]1 ! %\ld] combat+ ! haun*
 w make ! haun* sw+ ar\nd1 & if ! horse1
 e "t he is oblig$ to sw+ 8 haun*es by !
 re9 ( opposition1 feels ! rid]'s leg on
 t side1 he w beg9 to associate ! use ( 
! leg ) ! sw++ ( ! haun*es4  ,?ird      
,ex]cise4--,z ! horse beg9s to und]/& ! 
mean+ ( ! use ( "o leg1 gradually less5 

! use ( ! re9 ( opposition z an op5 re91
 until x f9ally becomes a direct re91   
us$ only to turn ! head slightly 9 ! new
 direction4 ,z ! re9 ( opposition1 or   
op5 re91 is dim9i%$1 suppos+ x to h be5 
! "r re91 gradually br+ into play ! left
 re9 ( support to =ce ! =e qu>t]s to !  
"r 9 ! new direction4 ,z to ! legs3 ,h  
bo? ready to ma9ta9 ! impulsion1 & ea*  
ready to act s+ly 9 case ! h9d feet d n 
foll[ 9 ! track ( ! =e feet 9 mak+ !    
*ange ( direction4 ,! h9d legs be+ !    
propell]s1 & ! maximum ( p[] be+ always 
desirable1 = purely me*anical reasons ! 
greate/ p[] ( ! h9d legs is obta9$ :5 !y
 foll[ 9 ! same pa? z ! =e legs1 dur+   
turns4  7,note4--,! ?ird ex]cise %\ld n 
be und]tak5 until ! horse has accompli%$
 mo/ ( ! ex]cises ( ,lat]al ,equitation1
 expla9$ 9 foll[+ *apt]s47  ,ab\ts1     
circles1 figures ( eight1 & s]p5t9es are
 ex]cises1 nam$ 9 ord] ( difficulty1 :i*
 may be und]tak5 to accompli% ! same    
result z ! above ex]cises1 ) great]     
exactness4 ,all ^! ex]cises %\ld be     

practic$ at ! walk until pr(ici5t be=e  
attempt+ !m at ! sl[ trot4 ,! rid] sits 
! sl[ trot4  ,! ,ab\t on ! ,=eh& at a   
,halt4--,) horses t are naturally       
impulsive & are cont9ually endeavor+ to 
=ge to ! front1 ab\ts on ! =eh& f ! halt
 may be practic$ at ?is /age ( ! tra9+4 
,) horses ( exagg]at$ impulsiv5ess x may
 sometimes be und]tak5 e>li]4 ,! ex]cise
 %\ld come lat] = less impulsive horses4
 ,! movem5t %\ld always be complet$ by  
mov+ ! horse /raight to ! front4 ,! ab\t
 on ! =eh& %\ld always be ab\t ! inside 
leg z a pivot1 = o!rwise ! movem5t is a 
retrograde "o & t5ds to put ! horse     
beh9d ! bit4  ,x mu/ be und]/ood t at   
?is /age ( tra9+1 t is1 dur+ lat]al     
equitation 7expla9$ on page #ej71 ! ab\t
 on ! =eh& is n a f9i%$ movem5t4 ,! aids
 to be us$ are3 ,to execute an ab\t on !
 =eh& to ! "r2 bo? legs to ar\se        
impulsion2 ! "r leg to sw+ ! haun*es2 ! 
"r re9 ( opposition to assi/ ! "r leg2 !
 left re9 to assi/ ! "r 9 its second    
function ( prev5t+ ! horse f mov+ =w>d4 

,! left leg is always ready to prev5t ! 
horse f back+4  ,ab\t on ! ,=eh&        
7,dism\nt$74--,) "s horses t are        
p>ticul>ly difficult to tea* ! use ( !  
leg z an aid1 dism\nt$ "w may be resort$
 to4 ,%ort lessons only %\ld be giv54   
,work+ on ! left side1 seize ! re9s six 
or eight in*es f ! bit 9 ! left h&4 ,/& 
fac+ ! horse & ) ! rid+-:ip t\* him 9   
re> ( ! gir? :]e ! rid]'s leg w\ld      
ord9>ily come :5 us$ z an aid4 ,increase
 ! =ce ( ! :ip1 beg9n+ ) light taps1    
until ! horse sw+s 8 haun*es away f !   
:ip4 ,! left h& prev5ts ! horse mov+    
ei!r =w>d or backw>d4 ,if at fir/ !     
horse fails to move 8 haun*es1 he may be
 assi/$ 9 do+ s by br++ ! head slightly 
t[>d ! side ( ! tra9]4 ,?is opposes !   
head to ! haun*es & assi/s ! action ( ! 
:ip4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,outdoor ,,"w4 
,f ! mom5t ! horse w g /raight ahead    
outdoor "w is 9 "s cases a necessity & 9
 all cases to a great] or less ext5t    
desirable4  ,horses :i* t5d to get beh9d
 ! bit or :i* d n let !mselves out %\ld 

frequ5tly h outside "w alt]nat$ ) hall  
"w4 ,! horse be+ gradually educat$ to a 
good free trot %\ld be giv5 !m outdoors1
 all[+ "t en\gh betwe5 trots = ! horse  
to assume normal brea?+4 ,outdoor "w    
%\ld take place ) normal horses two days
 a week4  ,all horses ne$ fre% outdoor  
air occasionally4  ,horses t are incl9$ 
to bolt or =ge ahead cont9ually1 or ^? t
 ?r[ mo/ ( ! weight on ! =eh&1 ne$ mu* m
 hall "w ?an outdoor "w4  ,"y horses    
especially %\ld be giv5 trots on s(t    
gr\nd4 ,no horse %\ld be gallop$ on h>d 
roads4 ,s(t gr\nd means turf or dirt    
roads1 n pl[$ l& or /one-built roads4 ,!
 gallop is und]tak5 outdoors only :5 !  
horse c be made to lead f ei!r foot4    
,by go+ 9 pairs n]v\s horses d n fret   
:ile outdoors1 z mu* z ?\gh alone4 ,x is
 likewise bett] n to ma9ta9 a =mation 9 
ranks :ile outdoors1 any m ?an necess>y1
 9 ord] to prev5t ! new horses f acquir+
 ! habit ( go+ 9 ranks & refus+ to      
leave4  ,dur+ ! la/ "p ( outdoor ex]cise
 ! horse %\ld be walk$ s t he is return$

 to ! /able brea?+ normally4     ,,*apt]
 ,,vii4  ,,suppl+ ,,ex]cises ,,) ,,body 
,,b5t4   ,diff]5t ,k9ds (               
,equitation4--,:51 = example1 ! "r re9 &
 left leg are us$ to assi/ ea* o!r 9    
mov+ ! haun*es1 x is call$ lat]al       
equitation4 ,:5 ! re9s place ! =eh& & ! 
legs alone control ! h9dh&1 z1 =        
example1 if ! left re9 & "r leg are us$1
 x is call$ diagonal equitation4        
,,lat]al ,,equitation4  ,! foll[+ po9ts 
%\ld be consid]$ dur+ ! ex]cises 9      
lat]al equitation3  #a4 ,"o /ep tak5    
correctly is at fir/ all t %\ld be      
expect$ or requir$4  #b4 ,z ! movem5ts  
are fatigu+1 !y %\ld at no "t be cont9u$
 m ?an a few seconds4  #c4 ,horses t are
 /iff on "o p>ticul> side %\ld be suppl$
 by ex]cises to t side4  #d4 ,! prec$+  
rule applies to all p>ts ( ! horse      
except ! neck4 ,if ! neck is /iff on !  
"r side1 supple x by ex]cises1 z 8,%\ld]
 ,90 7see bel[71 on ! left h&4 7,capt4  
,%ort47  #e4 ,! movem5ts are all begun  
at a walk &1 :5 pr(ici5t 9 !m1 are      

execut$ at a sl[ trot4  #f4 ,:5 !       
movem5ts are execut$ on a circle1 :]e ! 
=e qu>t]s are on "o circumf]5ce & ! h9d 
qu>t]s ei!r on a l>g] or a small]       
circumf]5ce1 ! effect1 besides be+ "o ( 
suppl+1 is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! haun*es are  
on a small] circumf]5ce ! horse t5ds    
t[>d collection1 8 h9d qu>t]s t5d to    
come up "u ! body1 & x is a good movem5t
 = a horse t =ges ahead2 :5 ! h9d qu>t]s
 are on a circle ( great] circumf]5ce   
?an ! =e qu>t]s ! horse t5ds to be =c$  
up into ! bit & to /ret* out beh9d1 h5ce
 x is a useful movem5t ) sluggi% horses 
or horses t t5d to get beh9d ! bit4  #g4
 ,:5 execut+ any ( ! foll[+ ex]cises1 if
 ! horse fails to respond to ! action ( 
bo? legs & does n g up into ! bit1 cease
 ! ex]cise at once & move /raight ahead 
at a trot or gallop & d n return to !   
ex]cise until ! horse is aga9 into !    
bit4  ,fir/ ,ex]cise 9 ,suppl+ !        
,haun*es4--,?is lesson consi/s 9 ab\ts  
on ! =eh& :ile m>*+4 ,= example1 m>*+ on
 ! "r h&1 leave ! track on a diagonal   

7oblique7 & return to x by a half turn  
to ! left exact$ by a v pron\nc$ action 
( ! left leg & left re94 ,?is /rongly   
m>k$ lat]al effect c>ries ! horse's     
haun*es to ! "r2 t is to say1 ! horse   
:ile /ill ga9+ gr\nd yields to ! effect 
( ! leg 7& left re971 & ?us describes a 
half turn4 ,! same movem5t is execut$   
:ile m>*+ on ! left h& & ! horse        
ev5tually sw+s ! haun*es easily ab\t !  
=eh&1 )\t halt+1 )\t /rik+ ! fetlocks1 &
 )\t danc+4 7,notes d',equitation47  ,! 
comm&s = ?is ex]cise are3      #a4 ,"r  
oblique4     #b4 ,m>*4     #a4 ,on =eh&4
     #b4 ,half turn 9 rev]se4     #c4   
,m>*4  8,half turn0 & 8rev]se0 c\ld1 9  
?is case1 be express$ 8left half turn10 
b 89 rev]se0 has p>ticul> significance1 
& ! t]ms %\ld be reta9$ on t acc\nt4    
,haun*es ,94--,?is movem5t is "o to     
exact ob$i5ce to "o leg :ile m>*+4 ,x   
cont9ues ! suppl+ ( ! h9d qu>t]s &      
confirms ! ob$i5ce to ! leg4 ,x %\ld be 
und]tak5 only :5 ! horse yields readily 
to ! legs 9 previ\s ex]cises4  ,m>*+ on 

! "r h&1 use ! left re9 ( opposition & !
 left leg4 ,x is suffici5t if ! horse   
sw+s 8 haun*es to ! "r s t ! left h9d   
foot /eps on a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! pr9ts (
 ! "r =e foot4 ,! left re9 ( opposition 
assi/s ! action ( ! left leg4 ,at fir/  
"o /ep is suffici5t to dem& at a "t4    
,repeat ! movem5t sev]al times1         
gradually dem&+ m /eps 9 ! correct      
position4 ,nev] dem& ! movem5t1 at any  
"o "t1 ov] a great] di/ance ?an ! long  
side ( ! rid+-hall4 ,! foll[+ cautions  
%\ld be c>efully obs]v$3  #a4 ,nev] let 
! horse's body make an angle ( m ?an #de
 degrees ) ! orig9al direction4 ,to     
prev5t ?is1 use ! inside leg4  #b4 ,nev]
 let ! gait dim9i%4 ,to prev5t ?is1 use 
bo? legs :5 necess>y to dem& impulsion4 
#c4 ,d n lean to ! left :5 mov+ to ! "r4
 ,! weight ( ! body %\ld be slightly m  
^u ! "r buttock :5 mov+ to ! "r4  #d4 ,d
 n let ! "r re9 be slack :5 mov+ to !   
"r4  ,%\ld] ,94--,?is is a simil>       
ex]cise to haun*es 91 b m difficult & m 
useful4  ,?is movem5t supples bo? =eh& &

 h9dh&4  ,to execute ! movem5t :5 m>*+  
on ! "r h&3  ,fir/ use ! "r op5 re9 & ! 
left re9 ( support1 ! =e qu>t]s are !n  
mov$ (f ! track & ! head turn$ to ! "r2 
! "r leg is !n us$ to pu% ! mass f "r to
 left & ! left leg to receive ! sw++ ( !
 haun*es & to control ! impulsion4      
,cautions to ,be ,obs]v$3  #a4 ,dur+ !  
fir/ lessons1 aft] ! =e qu>t]s h be5    
mov$ (f ! track1 to facilitate ! movem5t
 along ! track1 ! outside re9 may be    
slightly op5$4  #b4 ,! re9s prev5t !    
lat]al flexion ( ! neck at ! %\ld]s by  
hold+ ! head firmly betwe5 !m4  #c4 ,!  
=e qu>t]s are suffici5tly remov$ f !    
track if ! left =e foot & "r h9d travel 
along ! same pa? p>allel to ! track4    
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,diagonal             
,,equitation4   ,,ex]cises ,,) ,,body   
,,/raight4  ,g5]al ,rules = ,diagonal   
,equitation3  #a4 ,p]fection is ga9$ :5 
! body ( ! horse f ! poll back is 9 a   
/raight l9e4  #b4 ,! horse's head is    
always turn$ slightly at ! poll to      
enable him to see 9 ! direction he is   

go+4  #c4 ,! re9s set or place ! =eh&4  
#d4 ,! legs gov]n ! h9dh&4  #e4 ,! gre5 
horse is nev] passag$ directly to ! "r  
or left4 ,! direction ( motion %\ld n be
 m ?an #de degrees f ! direction ( !    
axis ( ! horse4  ,"w on ,two            
,tracks4--,?is movem5t consi/s 9        
displac+ ! horse p>allel to himself 9 a 
direction oblique to t ( 8 axis1 ! front
 & h9d legs describ+ f\r p>allel tracks4
 ,! ext]ior memb]s cross ov] ! int]ior  
ones4  ,! foll[+ are ! aids 9 ord] to   
move a horse on two tracks to ! "r3  #a4
 ,bo? legs1 if suffici5t mom5tum is n   
already obta9$1 %\ld s5d ! horse up into
 ! bit to receive ! indications ( !     
re9s4  #b4 ,! "r direct re9 makes !     
horse look to ! side t[>d :i* he %\ld   
m>*1 & by ?r[+ ! weight slightly to ! "r
 beg9s ! displacem5t ( ! c5t] ( gravity 
t[>ds ! "r4 ,! left re9 ( support acts  
at ! same "t z ! prec$+1 to insure !    
lat]al displacem5t ( ! =eh& to ! "r by  
fur!r displac+ ! c5t] ( gravity4  #c4 ,!
 left leg1 at ?is mom5t1 becomes        

prepond]ant 9 ord] to direct ! haun*es  
to ! "r1 :ile ! "r leg acts if necess>y 
to limit ! displacem5t ( ! haun*es1 & to
 oblige ! horse to ma9ta9 8 gait & to   
ga9 gr\nd to ! front z well z to ! side4
  #d4 ,! seat is displac$ t[>ds ! "r to 
aid ! horse's movem5t to t side4 7,de   
,sa9t-,phalle47  ,! foll[+ are ex]cises 
on two tracks3  #a4 ,on ,two ,tracks1   
,haun*es ,94--,a two-track movem5t along
 ! track1 ) ! head to ! wall1 9 :i* !   
haun*es move on an inside track1 ! horse
 be+ 9 ! position describ$ above = ! "w 
on two tracks & be+ gov]n$ by simil>    
aids4  #b4 ,on ,two ,tracks1 ,haun*es   
,out4--,same z above1 except ! cr\p is  
to ! wall & ! =e qu>t]s move on an      
inside track1 ! h9d qu>t]s on ! track4  
#c4 ,on ,two ,tracks on ! ,diagonal4--,a
 movem5t 9 :i* a horse moves across !   
hall on ! diagonal on two tracks4  #d4  
,on ,two ,tracks on a                   
,circle4--,describ$ by its "n4 ,!       
haun*es be+ on a small] or l>g] circle  
?an ! =e qu>t]s4 ,! same pr9ciples apply

 9 ea* case z describ$ = "w on two      
tracks4   ,,comm&s4  ,= ,fir/           
,ex]cise4--#a4 ,on two tracks4 #b4      
,haun*es 94 #c4 ,m>*4  ,= ,second       
,ex]cise4--#a4 ,on two tracks4 #b4      
,haun*es out4 #c4 ,m>*4  ,= ,?ird       
,ex]cise4--#a4 ,on two tracks4 #b4 ,"r  
oblique4 #c4 ,m>*4  ,= ,f\r?            
,ex]cise4--#a4 ,on two tracks4 #b4      
,haun*es 9 7or out74 #c4 ,m>*4          
7,foot-note to ,saumur ,notes47  ,ab\t  
on ! ,=eh& at a ,halt4--,to execute ?is 
movem5t f left to "r ! aids are z       
foll[s3  #a4 ,c>ry ! weight ( ! mass ov]
 ! %\ld]s by ! equal action ( bo? legs4 
#b4 ,j z ! horse is ab\t to move out1   
close ! f+]s on ! re9s & prev5t fur!r   
advance4  #c4 ,use ! "r re9 ( support to
 br+ ! weight ^u ! left %\ld]4  #d4 ,use
 ! left direct re9 to turn ! horse's    
head to ! left at ! poll4  #e4 ,use !   
left leg to move ! haun*es to ! "r4  #f4
 ,! "r leg rema9s ready to ma9ta9 !     
advanc$ position ( ! c5t] ( gravity &   
likewise to limit ! movem5t ( ! haun*es 

to t side4  #g4 ,! seat %\ld be c>ri$ to
 ! "r to facilitate ! displacem5t ( !   
haun*es to t side4  ,ab\t on !          
,haun*es4--,?is movem5t is m difficult  
?an ! ab\t on ! =eh& & %\ld be und]tak5 
only aft] ! "w on two tracks is well    
und]/ood4  ,! movem5t is fir/ taught by 
mov+ ! horse on two tracks on a small   
circle2 = example1 to ! "r1 ) haun*es 94
  ,gradually decrease ! diamet] ( !     
circle z ! horse becomes pr(ici5t4 ,z ! 
circle becomes small] *ange ! direction 
( ! re9 s t ! direction ( ! pull is t[>d
 ! "r haun* to weight ! latt] d[n4      
,likewise increase ! pressure ( ! left  
leg until x is suffici5t to prev5t      
little by little any movem5t on ! "p ( !
 haun*es4 ,! circle !n is f9ally dim9i%$
 s t ! movem5t is t ( a circle on ! "p (
 ! =eh& ab\t ! "r h9d leg z a pivot4 ,if
 ! movem5t %\ld be ab\t ! left h9d leg1 
or outside leg1 z a pivot1 x becomes a  
retrograde movem5t1 :i* is liable to put
 ! horse beh9d ! bit4  ,!               
,gallop4--,h]et(ore ! gallop has be5    

und]tak5 m]ely z a means ( ex]cise to   
/r5g!n & /ret* out ! horse & to tea* him
 a little 9 balanc+ himself by ! use ( 8
 legs4 ,no att5tion 0 paid at fir/ to ! 
leads2 lat] a little lat]al equitation 0
 us$ to p>tially insure ! correct lead4 
,a horse is lead+ correctly :5 ! "r     
lat]als 7"r front & "r h9d7 are 9       
advance ( ! left lat]als1 :5 turn+ to ! 
"r4 ,?is is call$ 8lead+ "r40 ,a horse  
is gallop+ disunit$ :5 he is gallop+ "o 
way 9 front & ano!r way 9 re>4  ,on     
small circles or sudd5 turns ( direction
 a horse is liable to fall if n lead+   
correctly4  ,! ,"r ,lead4--,to require a
 horse to lead to ! "r1 ! aids are3  #a4
 ,weight ( ! body to ! left1 weight 9   
left /irrup 9 ord] to weight d[n ! left 
haun*4  #b4 ,use ( ! left leg to cause !
 haun*es to be displac$ to ! "r         
consequ5tly requir+ ! "r lat]al to pass 
! left4  #c4 ,use ! "r leg to jo9 its   
action to t ( ! left to give ! necess>y 
impulsion & to receive ! haun*es &      
prev5t _! be+ mov$ too f> to ! "r4  ,!  

horse be+ driv5 by ! legs up into ! bit1
 is receiv$ by ! re9s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 
#d4 ,"r re9 ( support ex]t$ 9 a         
direction t[>d ! left %\ld] to weight ! 
latt]1 = x mu/ be sl[$ d[n2 at ! same "t
 ?is movem5t frees ! "r %\ld] & all[s x 
to ext5d itself4 ,! horse is made to    
slightly turn ! head to ! "r at ! poll 9
 ord] t he may see 9 ! direction 9 :i*  
he is go+4#a  #e4 ,left direct re9      
corroborates ! action ( ! "r & keeps !  
neck /raight4 7,de ,sa9t-,phalle47  #f4 
,if ! gallop is tak5 f ! trot :ile po/+1
 ris+ ) ! "r diagonal assi/s ! "r lead4 
,ris+ f ! left diagonal assi/s ! left   
lead4  ,:5 p]fection is atta9$1 ! horse 
does n p]ceptibly sw+ 8 haun*es to ! "r 
or left4      #a ,note4--,= p>agraphs #d
 & #e ! foll[+ p>agraphs1     %[+ a     
me?od ( us+ ! re9s1 may be sub/itut$4   
,?is me?od is taught by "s ( ! be/      
au?orities 9     our s]vice4 ,x c]ta9ly 
c be reason$ out z well z     t m5tion$ 
above1 x is m easy to put 9 practice &  
produces results 9 a sci5tific mann]4   

8#a4 ,use ! left direct re9 to weight ! 
left %\ld]4      8#b4 ,ex]t suffici5t   
pressure on ! "r re9 to keep !     head 
f be+ turn$ to ! left1 s t ! horse may  
see :]e he is go+1 & at ! same "t raise 
! "r     h& slightly to assi/ 9 light5+ 
! weight on ! "r     %\ld]1 !reby assi/+
 to free x40     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,back+4
   ,?is ex]cise is a suppl+ "o = back & 
haun*es1 & is especially applicable to  
horses :o h difficulty 9 br++ ! h9d legs
 "u ! body4 ,x is an ex]cise :i* to !   
unskillful is dang]\s1 z x t5ds to put a
 horse beh9d ! bit4 ,to ! skillful x is 
( c\rse less dang]\s yet x %\ld n be    
und]tak5 by ei!r until ?is po9t 9 !     
education ( ! horse is rea*$1 provid$ he
 be normal4 ,) horses t are v difficult 
to hold1 or are cont9ually bolt+1 back+ 
ex]cises may be und]tak5 e>li] 9 !      
tra9+4  ,! movem5t may be advantage\sly 
taught dism\nt$ at fir/4  ,tea*+ !      
,backw>d ,movem5t1 ,dism\nt$3--,! tra9] 
/&s fac+ ! horse4 ,he takes ! re9s "o 9 
ea* h& & slightly l[]s ! head to relieve

 ! weight on ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,he !n makes 
a slight movem5t ) 8 h&s t[>ds 8 own    
body1 suffici5t to prep>e ! horse to    
move =w>d4 ,z ! horse is ab\t to move   
out ! tra9] presses directly t[>d !     
horse ) ! bit until ! horse takes a /ep 
to ! re>4 ,"o /ep at fir/ is suffici5t4 
,aft] a few lessons ( ?is1 ! tra9] /eps 
to ! left side ( ! horse1 ) ! re9s 9 !  
left h&1 ! rid+-:ip 9 ! "r4 ,he         
/imulates ! h9d qu>t]s ) a light t\* ( !
 :ip1 & z ! horse />ts to move 8 h9d    
qu>t]s up "u 8 body he urges him to take
 a /ep to ! re> by ! pressure ( ! bit4  
,z soon z he takes a /ep or two z       
desir$1 he leads him =w>d4  ,m\nt$4--,:5
 ! horse c p]=m ! la/ ex]cise well1 m\nt
 him4 ,use ! aids requir$ to move !     
horse to ! front2 !n1 j z he is ab\t to 
move out1 increase ! pressure ( ! re9s &
 lean slightly back until ! horse /eps  
to ! re>4 ,z soon z ! horse at fir/ has 
tak5 a s+le /ep to ! re> he %\ld be mov$
 /raight to ! front4 ,lat] sev]al /eps  
to ! re> may be requir$1 b a movem5t to 

! front always foll[s ! la/ /ep4 ,if    
difficulty is at any "t enc\nt]$ 9 mov+ 
! horse =w>d aft] ! backw>d movem5t1    
back+ %\ld cease z an ex]cise until !   
horse is s5t up into ! bit aga94  ,if ! 
horse sets himself1 move him =w>d a /ep 
or two1 & z he is mov+ ex]t ! aids = !  
backw>d movem5t until he obeys4 ,mov+ a 
horse's haun*es lat]ally w help to      
prev5t a horse f sett+ himself & refus+ 
to back4  ,?is ex]cise %\ld n be repeat$
 (t5 9 a s+le day4     ,,"p ,,ii4       
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,d\ble ,,bridle4   ,! 
horse t c p]=m successfully ! =ego+     
ex]cises1 t has f\nd 8 balance :ile mov+
 =w>d1 t is easy to control by ! aids at
 ! walk & trot1 & t has le>n$ ! use ( 8 
legs 9 accompli%+ a good walk1 trot1 &  
gallop1 is ready = ! d\ble bridle4 ,x   
normally takes ab\t ?ree mon?s to       
accompli% ?is4  ,def9ition4--,! d\ble   
bridle is "o ) usually f\r *eek /raps1  
:i* fa/51 "o into ! eye ( ! curb bit !  
o!r into ! r+ ( ! snaffle bit4  ,! curb 
bit is ne>] ! front ( ! horse's m\? ?an 

! snaffle1 & ! curb *a9 likewise passes 
9 front ( ! snaffle bit4  ,! ,sev]ity ( 
! ,curb ,bit ,increases--  #a4 ,) !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! upp] & l[]   
bran*es4  #b4 ,) ! tightness ( ! curb   
*a94  #c4 ,) ! height ( ! port4  #d4    
,inv]sely ) ! size ( ! canons4 7,de     
,sa9t-,phalle47  ,bits ) bran*es simil> 
9 l5g? to ! ,u4 ,s4 regulation bit are  
arrang$ bel[ 9 ord] ( mildness3  #a4 ,! 
brok5 curb bit4 7,l a snaffle bit1 b )  
upp] & l[] bran*es & curb *a947  #b4    
,rubb]- & lea!r-cov]$ bits4  #c4 ,!     
/raight b> bit4  #d4 ,! regulation bit4 
,k9ds4--,! 8,weym\?0 or 8,pump0 bit is q
 univ]sally us$ = polo4 ,:y x is        
consid]$ efficaci\s = polo especially is
 n kn[n4 ,x is a good bit1 except ! lips
 are liable to become p9*$4  ,!         
8,pelham0 is a bit provid$ ) r+s = !    
snaffle re9 at ! junction ( ! canon ) ! 
bran*es4 ,! action ( ! curb re9s on ?is 
bit does n produce ! same effect1 :5 !  
snaffle re9s are us$ at ! same "t1 z x  
does on a curb bit1 :]e ! snaffle re9s  

are atta*$ to a sep>ate snaffle bit4  ,x
 is a g5]al rule to foll[1 t all        
complicat$ bits are useless1 & t ) a    
well-tra9$ horse ! milde/ bit t w insure
 ob$i5ce is ! correct "o4   ,,s*$ule ,,=
 ,,accu/om+ ,,! ,,horse ,,to ,,! ,,curb 
,,bit4  ,! re9s are held 9 bo? h&s1     
snaffle re9s outside ! little f+]s4  #a4
 ,use ! curb bit )\t curb *a9 until !   
horse becomes accu/om$ to x4  #b4 ,use !
 milde/ bit available & fa/5 ! curb *a9 
loosely4 ,at fir/ only move on /raight  
l9es until ! horse takes ! bit quietly1 
!n execute simple ex]cises 9 :i* ! horse
 is pr(ici5t4 ,^! ex]cises at fir/ are  
begun on ! snaffle bit4  #c4 ,use ! bit 
be/ adapt$ to ! horse1 & set ! curb *a9 
to keep ! bit f fall+ ?r\gh4 ,"w ma9ly  
on ! snaffle bit until ! horse becomes  
accu/om$ to ! bit & curb *a94  ,! prec$+
 movem5ts %\ld be begun at fir/ at a sl[
 gait4  ,use4--,! curb bit is us$       
prim>ily1 9 tra9+1 to l[] ! head1 to    
flex ! jaw1 & to br+ ! nose 9 t[>ds !   
body4  ,! snaffle bit raises ! head &   

supports ! horse4  ,a curb bit w n /op a
 horse t makes up 8 m9d to bolt4  ,a    
curb bit r\ghly us$ may cause a horse to
 make up 8 m9d to bolt4  ,a 8h>d m\?0 is
 (t5 a t5d] m\? accu/om$ to h>d h&s4  ,!
 ,curb ,bit 8,ga!rs0 ! ,horse4--,a horse
 is ga!r$ :5 8 head & neck are well     
rais$1 ! front l9e ( ! face ne>ly       
v]tical1 & ! jaw & ! junction ( ! head &
 neck at ! poll flexible4  ,a horse 9 a 
/ate ( 8collection0 is 9 a position to  
obey1 to ! utmo/ ( 8 capability1 any    
dem&s ! aids may give4  ,a horse is 9   
8collection0 :5 he is ga!r$ & 8 h9d legs
 are well up "u ! body4  ,:5 a horse is 
collect$1 ! rid]1 by hav+ omitt$ b5d+ ! 
neck ne> ! %\ld]s dur+ tra9+1 has ! neck
 firm on ! %\ld]s & n flexible or       
8rubb]-neck$40 ,h5ce ! rid] acts on !   
neck ?r\gh ! m\? & on ! %\ld]s ?r\gh !  
neck4 ,! h9d qu>t]s by be+ "u ! horse   
b9d !mselves to ! =eh&4 ,! rid] !n by   
act+ on ! =eh& acts likewise ^u ! h9d   
qu>t]s4  ,! entire body ( ! horse %\ld  
be1 if prop]ly collect$1 an en]getic &  

h>moni\s :ole4 ,! horse is 89 h&10      
because 8 jaw is flexible & he yields to
 ! effects ( ! bit4 ,! horse is light or
 h&y1 because he is balanc$ by cont9ual 
tra9+ & because 8 c5t] ( gravity is     
equally ne> bo? front & h9d qu>t]s2 h5ce
 ! prop] movem5t on ! "p ( ! rid] w     
di/urb ?is balance 9 any direction      
desir$4  ,! rid] at ?is po9t1 be+       
suppos$ to be able to get ! h9d legs up 
"u ! horse1 mu/ le>n to ga!r him4  ,to  
ga!r ! horse involves3  #a4 ,direct     
flexion 7! flexion ( ! jaw & head 9 !   
direction ( ! axis ( ! horse47  #b4     
,lat]al flexion 7! flexion ( ! neck at !
 poll 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! axis
 ( ! horse74  ,direct ,flexion4--,direct
 flexion is ! concession ! head & l[]   
jaw ( ! horse make 9 ! v]tical plane ( !
 axis1 ( ! horse :5 ! action ( ! re9s   
arre/s ! ext5sion ( ! neck4 ,! giv+ ( ! 
neck is conf9$ to ! upp] portions2 !    
front l9e ( ! face is made to approa* a 
v]tical l9e & ! head is made to make 9  
an almo/ imp]ceptible mann] a movem5t   

analog\s to a nod4  ,! giv+ ( ! jaw     
consi/s 9 op5+ ! m\?1 caus+ complete    
ab&on ( ! bit1 foll[$ imm$iately by !   
clos+ ( ! m\? & ! tak+ up ( contact ) ! 
bit aga94  ,to flex ! jaw 9 direct      
flexion1 fir/ />t ! horse into a walk4  
,nev] let ! gait slack5 dur+ flexion4   
,close ! legs4 ,:5 ! horse goes up into 
! bit1 close "o h& on "o snaffle re9 7if
 ! movem5t is done ) a snaffle bit71 or 
close ! h& on bo? curb re9s4 ,d n make !
 pressure ( long duration if resi/ance  
is enc\nt]$4 ,alt]nate ! action1 fir/ by
 releas+1 !n increas+ ! pressure4 ,?is  
is m uncom=table to ! horse ?an cont9u$ 
pressure1 & he w soon yield4  ,! head is
 flex$ 9 direct flexion s t x is set ) !
 front l9e ( ! face ne>ly v]tical by !  
action ( bo? curb re9s4 ,! head & neck  
are rais$ by ! snaffle bit1 %\ld !y be  
l[]$ too mu*4  ,lat]al                  
,flexion4--,lat]al flexion is a         
concession :i* ! head & neck make by    
turn+ ! head to ! "r or to ! left :5 an 
oppos+ action ( ! re9s /ops an ext5sion 

( ! neck4 ,! jaw gives 9 lat]al flexion 
z 9 direct flexion4 ,! neck gives by    
mak+ ! head make a turn ( a qu>t] ( a   
circle to ! "r or left at ! poll4       
,lat]al flexion %\ld be dem&$1 9 !      
beg9n+1 at ! walk4 ,to obta9 x1 to ! "r1
 = example3 fir/1 resi/ance mu/ be (f]$ 
by ! "r direct re91 :i* leads ! head    
into ! desir$ position2 ! left re9 !n   
acts to limit ?is movem5t & to "w toge!r
 ) ! "r re9 to obta9 ! concession ( !   
jaw4  ,flexion may be made dism\nt$1 if 
absolutely impossible ( execution m\nt$4
  ,direct ,flexion ,dism\nt$4--,/& on ! 
ne> side ( ! horse4 ,take ! snaffle re9s
 (f ! neck ov] ! horse's head & hold !m 
a few in*es 9 front ( 8 head ) ! left   
h&4 ,urge ! horse =w>d into a walk &    
raise ! head slightly to ! prop]        
elevation ) ! snaffle re9s4 ,:5 ! horse 
moves out at ! walk1 take ! curb re9s 9 
! "r h& & assimilate ! movem5t ( ! re9s 
z ?\gh flex+ ! jaw m\nt$4 ,d n let !    
horse slack5 spe$ or1 at any co/1 back  
up4  ,lat]al ,flexion ,dism\nt$4--,/& on

 ! ne> side1 ) ! snaffle re9 held z =   
direct flexion4 ,execute direct flexion 
& :5 p]=m$ lead ! horse's head to ! "r )
 a snaffle re91 increas+ ! pressure ( ! 
"r curb re9 slightly until ! head is    
turn$ to ! "r at ! poll4 ,d n let !     
horse move backw>d1 nor let ! neck flex 
9 re> ( ! poll4 ,! maximum movem5t ( !  
head is ov] an arc ( a circle ( #ij     
degrees4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! ,,*ange 
,,( ,,lead ,,at ,,! ,,gallop4   ,?is    
movem5t is to be und]tak5 :5 ! horse is 
capable ( tak+ ! desir$ lead f a trot on
 a /raight l9e4  #a4 ,put ! horse on a  
circle ( l>ge radius1 at a gallop4      
,leave ! circle by a l9e p>allel to !   
diagonal ( ! rid+-hall & =m ano!r l>ge  
circle to ! opposite h&1 keep+ ! same   
lead at ! gallop z on ! fir/ circle4    
,gallop+ on ! second circle ) ! same    
lead z on ! fir/ is gallop+ 8false40    
,besides l[]+ ! cr\p & balanc+ ! horse1 
! false lead impresses ! aids ^u !      
horse1 because to ma9ta9 a false lead ! 
aids us$ on ! fir/ circle mu/ be m      

/rongly us$ on ! second4  #b4 ,gallop ! 
horse on a /raight l9e1 lead+ "r4 ,br+  
him d[n to a trot1 previ\sly hav+ *ang$ 
! aids to gallop left1 :i* assi/s 9 br++
 ! horse to ! trot & prep>es ! way = !  
next move4 ,z soon z ! trot is tak51    
increase ! aids ( gallop left1 increase 
! impulsion1 & s5d ! horse into gallop  
left1 ) only a few /eps ( ! trot int]v5+
 betwe5 gallops4 ,gradually1 z ! horse  
becomes pr(ici5t1 decrease ! numb] (    
/eps tak5 at ! trot4  #c4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( 
trot requir$ betwe5 *anges ( lead is    
h>dly m ?an a slack5+ ( spe$1 or 8half  
halt10 make a l>ge circle to ! "r at !  
gallop1 lead+ "r4 ,leave ! circle on !  
diagonal1 z be=e1 & make ano!r circle to
 ! left1 hold+ ! "r lead4 ,*ange ! aids1
 :ile on ! second circle1 to gallop     
left1 )\t com+ to ! trot1 & =ce ! horse 
into ! *ange ( lead4  #d4 ,:5 ! horse c 
accompli% ! above1 attempt ! *ange (    
aids & =ce ! *ange ( lead on ! /raight  
l9e )\t dim9i%+ ! gait4  ,! above       
movem5ts are v difficult to accompli%   

smoo?ly & correctly4 ,! *ange ( aids mu/
 n be accompli%$ r\ghly & ! aids mu/ be 
us$ ) only ! int5sity requir$ to *ange !
 lead1 !reby n =c+ ! horse to increase (
 spe$4     ,,"p ,,iii4     ,,*apt] ,i4  
,,jump+4   ,jump+ is an ex]cise :i* :5  
prop]ly und]tak5 is mo/ in/ructive &    
productive ( good results to bo? man &  
horse4   ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,jump ,,=  
,,height4  7,jump+ f ! ,gallop ,left47  
#a4 ,z ! left =e foot is ab\t to leave !
 gr\nd1 j be=e ! mom5t ( susp5sion ( !  
gallop1 ! leg1 especially ! fetlock     
jo9t1 is /raight5$4  #b4 ,! head & neck 
are elevat$4  ,! above movem5t raises ! 
=eh&4  #c4 ,j z ! left foot is rais$ !  
two h9d legs are br\ght up to a place on
 ! gr\nd ab\t :]e ! left =e foot 04  #d4
 ,! h9d legs are /raight5$ out4  ,due to
 ! la/ movem5t1 ! horse completely      
leaves ! gr\nd & takes ! ob/acle1 ) =e &
 h9d legs b5t4  #e4 ,! horse l&s on !   
left =e foot1 legs /raight4  #f4 ,! "r  
=e foot1 leg /raight1 is !n br\ght to ! 
support4  #g4 ,! left =e foot is pick$  

up4  #h4 ,! "r =e foot is pick$ up &    
simultane\sly ! left h9d comes to !     
gr\nd4  #i4 ,! "r h9d comes to ! gr\nd4 
,! horse !n is gallop+ "r aft] l&+4  ,! 
horse leaps f a trot f "o front leg &   
bo? h9d legs4 ,! leap is m difficult1 z 
x is impossible at a trot to get bo? h9d
 legs side by side up "u ! body to 8take
 (f40  ,f ! walk & halt1 ! horse 9 jump+
 fir/ re>s1 !n /raight5s out 8 h9d legs4
  ,z jump+ = height at a gallop is !    
easie/ = a horse1 & z ! pr9ciples       
enc\nt]$ apply equally well to ! o!r    
gaits1 ! foll[+ d$uctions are made f !  
me*anism at ! gallop1 z expla9$ 9       
previ\s p>agraphs4  ,f ,p>agraph #a3 ,z 
! di/ance f ! jump to ! place :]e ! left
 leg leaves ! gr\nd is ( ! utmo/        
importance to ! horse1 he %\ld be all[$ 
to gauge 8 /ride :ile approa*+ ! jump4  
,f ,p>agraph #b3 ,z ! head & neck are   
rais$ to assi/ 9 rais+ ! =e qu>t]s1 !   
rid]'s body %\ld n lean =w>d ( !        
p]p5dicul>1 = ?is w\ld h9d] ! movem5t4  
,z ! horse's object is to light5 ! =e   

qu>t]s1 x foll[s t great spe$ is a      
detrim5t to a horse 9 jump+1 = ! m spe$ 
! m weight ^u ! =eh&4 ,rais+ ! head &   
neck necessitates l5g!n+ ! re9s at !    
mom5t ( ext5sion1 or lett+ !m slide     
?r\gh ! f+]s4 ,x foll[s !n1 t1 z a false
 movem5t ( ! h& ) a sev]e bit causes    
great] injury ?an "o ) a snaffle bit1 a 
snaffle bit %\ld be us$ 9 jump+ until   
pr(ici5cy is obta9$4  ,f ,p>agraph #c3  
,to facilitate ! br++ well up "u ! body 
( ! h9d leg1 ! rid]'s legs mu/ be c>ri$ 
back4  ,f ,p>agraph #e3 ,! weight ( !   
rid]'s body mu/ set to ! re> to assi/ ! 
horse by light5+ ! load on ! =eh& :ile  
l&+4 ,if a sev]e bit or a h>d h& pulls !
 head 9 & b5ds ! neck :ile ! horse is 9 
?is position1 by cramp+ ! muscles ( !   
neck ! horse is prev5t$ f /ret*+ 8 legs 
to ! front to insure a safe l&+4  ,f    
,p>agraph #g3 ,if ! rid]'s weight is    
=w>d or he is ?r[n ^u ! horse's neck    
:ile ! horse is l&+1 ! extra weight on !
 =eh& prev5ts ! =e leg be+ pick$ up &   
causes ov]-rea*+4 ,extreme spe$ has !   

same effect ) ! same result4  ,f        
,p>agraphs #h & #i3 ,x is se5 t ! horse 
is gallop+ ) ! o!r lead aft] l&+4 ,9    
jump+ 9 ! rid+-hall c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 
at ! corn] beyond ! jump if at ! gallop1
 =1 if gallop+ correctly at ! />t1 !    
horse is gallop+ false aft] ! jump4     
,tea*+ ! ,horse to ,jump4--,place a b>  
^u ! gr\nd & lead ! horse ov] x at a    
walk4 ,:5 ! horse executes ?is movem5t  
correctly1 raise ! b> to ab\t two feet &
 jump ! horse ^u ! longe4  ,to ,jump a  
,horse on ! ,longe4--,fir/ in/ruct !    
horse suffici5tly ^u ! longe until he   
goes equally well on ei!r h&4 ,approa* !
 jump1 ! horse circl+ on ! longe on !   
left h&1 = in/ance4 ,! tra9] holds !    
longe 9 ! left h& s t x c be all[$ to   
run out ) ease2 ! longe+-:ip is held 9 !
 "r h&4 ,circle ! horse ne> ! jump until
 ! horse goes quietly4 ,! circles are   
made slightly 9 re> ( ! jump4 ,:5 !     
horse is quiet1 move s t ! jump w       
int]cept ! circle ! horse is mak+4 ,z ! 
horse approa*es ! jump ! tra9]1 ) !     

longe fairly taut1 likewise approa*es ! 
end ( ! b> ne>e/ him1 keep+ ! longe+-:ip
 held 9 re> ( ! horse4 ,urge ! horse ) !
 :ip1 if necess>y1 until he jumps4 ,aft]
 tak+ (f1 let ! longe run ?r\gh ! f+]s s
 z n to yank ! horse or br+ him up %ort4
 ,:5 ! horse does well1 /op him & c>ess 
him or give him c>rots or oats4  ,jump+ 
%\ld be begun at fir/ at ! walk1 !n at !
 trot & gallop4 ,! horse jump+ = ! fir/ 
"t gauges 8 /ride m easily at ! walk4   
,a b> may be plac$ two or ?ree feet f ! 
gr\nd 9 ! op5+ ( ! corral f5ce1 etc41 s 
t ! horses t h be5 work$ at jump+ on !  
longe may be ?us int]cept$ by an easy   
jump on _! way to ! corral or to "s su* 
place to :i* !y are desir\s ( go+4 ,a   
man ) a longe+-:ip /&s ready to urge on 
any t refuse4 ,?is jump %\ld be /iff &  
helps to prep>e horses = outdoor jump+4 
,rid+ ! ,horse ,ov] ! ,jump4--,! horse  
be+ able to jump ) suffici5t accuracy1  
on ! longe1 is m\nt$4 ,fir/1 he is ridd5
 ov] ! b> on ! gr\nd1 !n ov] ! b>       
gradually rais$ to suit ! horse4  ,on   

tak+ a horse up to ! jump ! foll[+ are  
ess5tial po9ts to rememb]3  #a4 ,! rid] 
mu/ make up 8 m9d t he is go+ to make ! 
horse jump4  #b4 ,he mu/ h confid5ce 9 8
 balance & n /iff5 8 muscles4  #c4 ,he  
mu/ increase ! grip ) 8 knees & ! calves
 ( 8 legs & keep 8 h&s l[4  #d4 ,! rid] 
mu/ h ! horse well 9 h& & mu/ rememb] t 
if a horse attempts to slip out to !    
left1 ! use ( ! "r re91 to turn ! head  
to ! "r1 helps ! horse to g to ! left by
 free+ ! left %\ld]4 ,! re9 ( support is
 ! "o :i* %\ld be us$1 toge!r ) :i*ev]  
leg w /raight5 ! horse s t he is        
p]p5dicul> to 8 jump4  ,horses are m    
easily controll$ 9 ! rid+-hall1 b jump )
 m fre$om outdoors4 ,outdoor jump+ %\ld 
be tak5 up z soon z ! horse le>ns to    
jump mod]ately well indoors4  ,w+s are n
 f\nd 9 'cross-c\ntry "w1 h5ce a troop  
horse ^: tra9+ is fitt+ him = j su* "w  
%\ld n be made dep5d5t ^u !m by _! use 9
 ! rid+-hall all ! "t4  ,jump+ =        
,bread?4--,?is is a m difficult jump to 
tea* a new horse1 because he is m fe>ful

 ( a dit* ?an ( a f5ce4 ,f ! nature ( ! 
jump1 x c only be taught outdoors4 ,!   
me?od ( in/ruction is ! same z = jump+ =
 height4  ,z ! mom5tum acquir$ by spe$  
is ess5tial to c>ry ! horse's body      
across an op5 dit*1 great] spe$ is      
necess>y ?an 9 jump+ = height4          
,excessive spe$1 h[ev]1 s weights d[n ! 
=eh& t x becomes difficult = ! horse to 
raise 8 =eh& suffici5tly to cle> ! dit*4
     ,,conclusion4   ,al?\gh all horses 
are diff]5t "o f ano!r1 ! prec$+ rules  
g5]ally apply4 ,! rid] :o appreciates ! 
ne$s ( 8 horse is ! "o mo/ likely to    
succe$ 9 tra9+4  ,to _m1 ! exp5diture ( 
six mon?s 9 tra9+ troop horses by ^!    
me?ods seems unnecess>y & impracticable4
 ,) exp]i5c$ m5 & am5able horses ! "t   
may be slightly r$uc$4 ,a horse _c be   
hurri$1 & slip%od1 c>eless tra9+ is (t5 
worse ?an none4  ,z x has be5 f\nd      
entirely practical to foll[ out ?is     
c\rse ) enli/$ m5 on rem\nts at a       
regim5tal po/1 x is to be hop$ t heavy1 
h>d-gait$1 uncom=table horses to ride w 

soon disappe> f ! ranks4                
,illu/ration3 ,arion4 ,! highe/-pric$   
,am]ican trott]4 ,pur*as$ by ,j4        
,malcolm ,=bes1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 =       
#abe1jjj4 ,n[ own$ by ,m4 ,w4 ,savage1  
,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,arion holds ! fa/e/ 
record = a ?ree-ye>-old colt ( #b4aj4   
,illu/ration by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,savage4