,,the ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,car ,illustration3 ,photo by ,foulsham ,banfield1 ,ltd4 ,,dorothy ,,levitt ,her favourite photograph ,,the ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,car ,a ,,chatty ,,little ,,handbook ,,for ,,all ,,women ,,who ,,motor ,,or ,,who ,,want ,,to ,,motor ,,by ,,dorothy ,,levitt ,,edited ,,with ,,introductory ,,articles ,,by ,c4 ,,byng-,,hall ,,illustrated ,,by ,,photographs ,,specially ,,taken ,,london3 ,,john ,,lane1 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,lane ,,company1 ,,mcmix ,printed by ,,ballantyne ,,co4 ,,limited ,tavistock ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,london ,,introductory ,in presenting this book to the public the publisher is acting largely on the request of some hundreds of ladies1 some already motorists1 others would-be motorists4 ,miss ,dorothy ,levitt1 last year1 wrote a short series of articles for the ,daily ,graphic on the subject of ,motoring for ,women4 ,these articles attracted a great deal of attention and ,miss ,levitt was inundated with letters from all parts of the ,united ,kingdom and also from abroad1 asking her for further information on various points and also begging her to publish the articles and additional information in volume form4 ,miss ,levitt was also asked to contribute articles on the same lines to many magazines and weekly publications and further received requests from a number of distinguished women to give them personal instruction in the art of driving and managing the mechanism of their cars4 ,as the simplest way out of answering all these requests ,miss ,levitt has revised and enlarged her former articles and has added new chapters and a great deal of matter which she believes every woman motorist or beginner will find of use4 ,there has been no attempt to make this volume a formal text-book on motoring for women but rather a chatty little handbook1 containing simple and understandable instructions and hints for all women motorists1 whether beginners or experts4 ,the facts contained in the various chapters are not those gathered from any standard manual of motoring but are from ,miss ,levitt's own practical experience of six years' daily driving1 in all sorts of cars1 in all sorts of weather and under all sorts of conditions--pleasure trips1 long-distance tours at home and abroad and in competitions4 ,there may be points here and there which she has overlooked4 ,miss ,levitt1 however1 will answer such questions or furnish such further information as readers may properly desire1 either through the medium of his ,majesty's mails or1 perhaps1 in a later edition of this volume4 ,the photographs1 with which the several chapters are illustrated1 were specially taken for the work by ,mr4 ,horace ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,london1 ,february #aiji4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introductory v ,,dorothy ,,levitt3 ,a ,,personal ,,sketch #c ,,the ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,car ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,the ,,car--,,its ,,cost1 ,,upkeep ,,and ,,accessories #ae ,,ii4 ,,the ,,all-,,important ,,question ,,of ,,dress #bc ,,iii4 ,,the ,,mechanism ,,of ,,the ,,car #ca ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,drive #da ,v4 ,,troubles--,,how ,,to ,,avoid ,,and ,,to ,,mend ,,them #ea ,,vi4 ,,hints ,,on ,,expenses #fb ,,vii4 ,,motor ,,manners #fi ,,viii4 ,,tips--,,necessary ,,and ,,unnecessary #gg ,,distinguished ,,women ,,motoristes #he ,,the ,,coming ,,of ,,the ,,small ,,car #ic ,,car ,,index-,,marks ,,and ,,their ,,locale--,,in ,,britain1 ,,france ,,and ,,germany #aja ,,the ,,motor ,,woman',s ,,dictionary--,,brief ,,explanation ,,of ,,technical ,,terms #aaa ,,index #abc ,,advertisements--,,specially ,,selected ,,as ,,being ,,useful ,,to ,,women ,,motoristes #abi ,,illustrations ,to face page ,dorothy ,levitt4 ,her favourite photograph4 ,photo by ,foulsham ,banfield1 ,ltd4 ,frontispiece 8,drive your own car40 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #ad ,it is accessories that bring up the cost--you must have a hood4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #ah ,one of the most important articles of wear is a scarf or muffler for the neck4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #bd ,remember to twist the veil before tying--this prevents the knot working loose4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #bf 8,the useful overall40 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #bh ,this little drawer is the great secret4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #cj ,unscrew the cap and peep in4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #cb ,test the quantity of oil in the tank by inserting a piece of stick4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #cd ,pull up this small rod to enable the 8used0 oil to run out of the base-chamber4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #cf ,the adjustment of the foot-brake is a matter of seconds4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #ch ,in front of your car you will notice a handle4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #db ,release the foot from the right pedal and throttle slightly with the left foot on the left pedal4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #dd ,your next move is to take off the side brake4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #dh ,it is a simple matter to remove a faulty sparking plug4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #eb ,it is a simple matter to adjust the trembler or screw4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #ef ,be sure that all nuts and bolts are tight--a rattle is annoying4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #fj 8,be sure that the petrol tank is full40 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #fb ,this is the switch4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #ff ,this lever is used for changing gear4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #fh ,first advance the spark and give more air4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #gb ,the ,automobile ,association scouts will1 if necessary1 stop your car on the road and give you information4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #gd ,the engine will start easily if you first flood the carburettor slightly4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #gf ,the lubrication of the ,de ,dion is extremely simple4 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls #hj ,miss ,isabel ,savory1 who not only drives1 but repairs her own cars4 ,photo ,elliott ,fry #hd ,baroness ,campbell de ,lorentz1 the first lady in ,britain to drive her own car4 ,photo by ,keturah ,collings #hf ,the ,honble4 ,mrs4 ,assheton ,harbord4 ,drives a ,rolls ,royce car1 owns her own balloon1 8,the ,valkyrie10 and has competed with it in seven races #hh ,mrs4 ,george ,thrupp1 originator of the motor christening4 ,photo by ,arthur ,rouselle #ij ,,dorothy ,,levitt3 ,a ,,personal ,,sketch ,it is not considered difficult for mere man to write about a pretty1 young woman4 ,yet in the case of ,dorothy ,levitt it is difficult4 ,there are so many things in her delightful private life which would have a vivid interest for the public4 ,but ,i am forbidden to tread too deeply in that direction4 ,dorothy ,levitt is the premier woman motorist and botorist of the world4 ,and she is ready to prove and uphold her title at any time4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom1 in ,france and in ,germany1 she has achieved distinctions1 won success and carried off trophies such as no woman and few men can claim4 ,five years ago ,miss ,levitt won the ,championship of the ,seas in the great motor-boat race at ,trouville1 ,france1 defeating all comers4 ,three years ago at ,brighton she won a race and created a world's record for women of #gi miles per hour4 ,the following year she broke her own record and created a new world's record for women of #ia miles an hour4 ,looking at ,miss ,levitt one can hardly imagine that she could drive a car at such terrific speed4 ,the public1 in its mind's eye1 no doubt figures this motor champion as a big1 strapping ,amazon4 ,dorothy ,levitt is exactly1 or almost so1 the direct opposite of such a picture4 ,she is the most girlish of womanly women4 ,slight in stature1 shy and shrinking1 almost timid in her everyday life1 it is seeming a marvel that she can really be the woman who has done all that the records show4 ,and the way in which she came to be a motorist--it is a story in itself4 ,she was from childhood a good cyclist1 a good driver of horses1 a rider to hounds and an excellent shot with rifle or gun4 ,fishing was her favourite pastime4 ,she was quick of eye and sure of hand and nerves troubled her not at all4 ,a friend1 owning a motor-car1 paid a visit to the family in the ,west ,country4 ,in a very few days ,dorothy ,levitt had become well acquainted with the intricacies of that motor4 ,she handled the wheel as well as the owner or his chauffeur4 ,she attended1 as a spectator1 a county competition1 driving the car with such skill that the attention was attracted of the manager of a big motor firm4 ,he secured an introduction and asked her to drive one of his cars in a competition4 ,she agreed and thus became the first ,englishwoman to drive a motor-car in a public competition4 ,her first prize was won a month later1 and since then she has steadily mounted the tree of her chosen profession4 ,yet she has remained an amateur1 accepting no money prizes1 only medals and cups and such like trophies4 ,in hill climbs1 endurance and speed trials she is alike invincible4 ,at the first aerial hare-and-hounds race of balloons this year she was selected as the umpire4 ,the most careful1 as well as intrepid and fast-driving motorist1 was wanted4 ,miss ,levitt unerringly followed the hare from ,london to near ,arundel1 ,sussex1 and was on the spot when the first balloon among the hounds descended near the hare4 ,miss ,levitt has been offered many enticing professional engagements on the ,continent and in the ,united ,states but prefers to remain at home and an amateur4 ,in appearance ,dorothy ,levitt looks partly ,french1 partly ,irish1 with a soupon of ,american4 ,yet she is wholly ,english4 ,of medium height1 her figure is slim and very graceful4 ,she has a very girlish but expressive face1 large eyes that are brown and grey and green in varying lights1 brown hair that curls1 a straight nose that has the bare inclination of a saucy upward tip and a mouth which is too large4 ,it is a charming1 winning face4 ,the one fault of ,dorothy ,levitt is her modesty1 almost amounting to bashfulness4 ,one cannot get her to tell much of her many exciting adventures1 particularly those of which she is the heroine4 ,she is immensely popular1 has been toasted by ,royalty at ,german motor banquets1 elected honorary member of many of the first automobile clubs in this country and on the ,continent1 and has a host of friends1 some in the sacred circles of society1 others distinguished men and women of the more ,bohemian circles of art and literature1 music and the drama4 ,she is an inveterate first-nighter1 wears simple but ravishing clothes and1 to those who do not know her1 passes as a bright butterfly of fashion4 ,in a flat in a quiet but fashionable neighbourhood in the ,west-end of ,london1 ,miss ,levitt lives the life of a bachelor girl4 ,there she has a housekeeper and maid and a tiny ,pomeranian1 one 8,dodo10 to keep her company4 ,the flat contains1 as its feature rooms1 a ,louis ,,xiv4 drawing-room and a ,flemish dining-room1 the latter the scene of many little luncheon parties for which ,miss ,levitt is also famous4 ,hers is a busy life1 involving many thousands of miles of travel in the year4 ,she is to be seen at ,ascot1 ,goodwood1 ,cowes1 at ,henley1 at ,ranelagh4 ,to-day she may be in ,london4 ,next week you may hear of her as in ,france or ,germany taking part in a motor competition2 the week following she may be in ,scotland or of a house-party in the ,shires or botoring in the blue waters off the ,riviera coast4 ,it is little wonder that her ambition is to leave the gay whirl and to settle down quietly in the country1 with her motor1 her dogs and a fishing-rod and a gun4 ,of her public records ,i can do no better than quote extracts from her diary1 for ,miss ,levitt1 unlike the generality of women1 is most careful in keeping a very businesslike diary4 ,here are the extracts3 ,april #aijc4--;,first ,englishwoman to take part in public motor-car competition4 ,did not win4 ,will do better next time4 ,may #ac1 #aijc4--;,glasgow to ,london ,non-stop ,run4 ,drove #af horse-power ,gladiator4 ,gained #iid marks out of possible #ajjj4 ,marks deducted for tyre troubles4 ,august #aijc4--,won ,gaston ,menier ,cup at ,trouville1 ,france4 ,value of cup1 #cej guineas4 ,august #h1 #aijc4--;,drove motor-boat ,napier at ,cowes4 ,won the race4 ,afterwards commanded to go over to ,royal yacht by the ,king as his ,majesty wanted to see me put boat through its paces4 ,king thinks such boats may be useful for despatch work4 ,september #aijc4--,one thousand miles ,reliability ,trials4 ,sixteen horse-power ,gladiator4 ,won4 ,did fastest time in class4 ,october #b1 #aijc4--,southport ,speed ,trials4 ,drove #af horse-power ,gladiator4 ,won silver cup for speed4 ,won ,championship of the ,seas1 ,trouville4 ,napier motor-boat4 ,boat afterwards bought by ,french ,government for #ajjj4 ,september #aijd4--,light ,car ,trials4 ,successful4 ,drove small ,de ,dion1 #h horse-power4 ,entirely alone4 ,no mechanic attended to car4 ,did everything myself4 ,had non-stop for five days but small difficulties on sixth and last day4 ,october #aijd4--,southport ,speed ,trials4 ,drove #ej horse-power ,napier4 ,won two medals4 ,february #aije4--;,did ,liverpool and back to ,london in two days1 averaging a level #bj miles per hour throughout for the entire #daa miles4 ,unaccompanied by mechanic4 ,eight horse-power ,de ,dion4 ,may #aije4--,won ,non-stop ,certificate at ,scottish ,trials4 ,ran over very rough and hilly roads in the ,highlands4 ,eight horse-power ,de ,dion4 ,july #aije4--,won ,brighton ,sweepstakes on #hj horse-power ,napier1 at rate of #gi miles per hour1 constituting the woman's world record4 ,beat a great many professional drivers4 ,drove at rate of #gg miles in ,daily ,mail ,cup4 ,june #aijf4--,shelsley ,walsh ,hill ,climb4 ,was only sixth at finish4 ,fifty horse-power ,napier4 ,mine was only car competing which was not fitted with non-skids4 ,car nearly went over embankment owing to this and greasy state of roads4 ,june #aijf4--,south ,harting ,hill ,climb4 ,won medal on #ej horse-power ,napier4 ,also presented with silver casket for winning private match on same hill4 ,july #aijf4--;,aston ,hill ,climb 7,tring74 ,third on #ej horse-power ,napier4 ,october #aijf4--;,broke my own record and created new world's record for women at ,blackpool4 ,ninety horse-power six-cylinder ,napier4 ,racing car4 ,drove at rate of #ia miles per hour4 ,had near escape as front part of bonnet worked loose and1 had ,i not pulled up in time1 might have blown back and beheaded me4 ,was presented with a cup by the ,blackpool ,automobile ,club and also a cup by ,s4 ,f4 ,edge1 ,limited4 ,may #aijg4--;,bexhill1 ,second ,prize1 ,appearance ,competition4 ,eight horse-power ,de ,dion4 ,june #aijg4--;,germany4 ,won ,gold ,medal ,herkomer ,trophy ,race 7#ahah kilometres74 ,fourth out of #agb competitors4 ,in hill climb1 fifth1 and tenth in ,forstenrieder ,park ,speed ,trial out of #agb competitors4 ,was first of all women in all competitions4 ,sixty horse-power six-cylinder ,napier4 ,there were #db cars with much larger engines than ,i had4 ,october #aijg4--;,france1 ,gaillon ,hill ,climb4 ,forty horse-power six-cylinder ,napier4 ,won in my class by #bj seconds4 ,gradient of hill #a in #aj average4 ,june #aijh4--,prinz ,heinrich ,trophy1 ,germany4 ,made absolute non-stop run on #de horse-power ,napier4 ,won large silver placque4 ,july #aijh4--;,aston ,hill ,climb1 ,aston ,clinton4 ,made second fastest time of over #ej competitors on #fj horse-power ,napier4 ,august #aijh4--;,france4 ,trouville1 ,la ,cte du ,calvaire4 ,,the ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,car ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 8,,drive ,,your ,,own ,,car0 ,,the ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,car ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,car--,,its ,,cost1 ,,up-,,keep ,,and ,,accessories ,motoring as a ,pastime for ,women--,patience of more ,value than ,nerve--,selection of a ,car--,single-cylinder the best for ,women who are going to drive themselves and attend to the ,mechanism--,cost of a ,small ,car--,necessary ,accessories and their ,cost--,expense of ,up-keep--,the necessary ,licences and the ,cost4 ,patience1 the capacity for taking pains1 is of more value than the most ponderous nerve4 ,you may be afraid1 as ,i am1 of driving in a hansom through the crowded streets of town--you may be afraid of a mouse1 or so nervous that you are startled at the slightest of sudden sounds--yet you can be a skilful motorist1 and enjoy to the full the delights of this greatest of out-door pastimes1 if you possess patience--the capacity for taking pains4 ,motoring is a pastime for women3 young1 middle-aged1 and--if there are any--old4 ,there may be pleasure in being whirled around the country by your friends and relatives1 or in a car driven by your chauffeur2 but the real1 the intense pleasure1 the actual realisation of the pastime comes only when you drive your own car4 ,i have hunted--and was one with those who declare that the most glorious of all out-door life is in the saddle1 on a fast1 clean-jumping hunter2 but when1 by accident1 ,i took up motoring ,i found the exhilaration1 the delights of the gallop doubled4 ,it fascinated me1 and it will fascinate any woman who tries it4 ,i am writing this little book not so much for those women who have already taken up motoring1 but for those who would like to1 but either dare not because of nervousness1 or who imagine it is too difficult to understand the many necessary details4 ,in the following chapters ,i will endeavour to explain everything in the simplest possible manner1 without lapsing into confusing technicalities4 ,the first thing to discuss is the car4 ,there are scores of makes1 good1 bad and indifferent4 ,i have tried many different makes and have come to the conclusion that the ,de ,dion is an ideal single-cylinder car for a woman to drive4 ,it combines simplicity with reliability--two very important items to the automobiliste4 ,for your own driving1 if you are going to attend to the mechanism yourself1 you should purchase a single-cylinder car--more cylinders mean more work1 and also more expense as regards tyres1 petrol1 oil1 c4 ,the single-cylinder car is the most economical to run4 ,being constructed in a much lighter manner the weight on the tyres is less1 consequently the tyre bill is smaller1 a matter of great importance in the upkeep of a car4 ,the horse-power of a single-cylinder car is usually #h h4p4 or less4 ,as regards carriage work1 of course the purchaser can suit herself1 but the 8,victoria0 type of body has the most graceful lines4 ,colour1 also1 is a matter of one's own selection4 ,dark blue1 brown1 green1 red or cream1 they all look well1 and can be picked out with lines to match the upholstery1 or further embellished with a top panel of basket-work1 as is the car in the photograph4 ,such a car as ,i have described will cost1 new1 from #bcj4 ,this price1 however1 is for the car itself1 upholstered and complete as to seats and side lamps4 ,it is the accessories that bring up the cost4 ,it adds greatly to one's comfort to have a hood1 made of either black leather or khaki-coloured canvas1 with nickel or brass mountings to match the finish of your car4 ,such a hood will cost1 in leather1 about #bj1 and in canvas #ah4 ,i am quoting for the best quality in every instance1 for with motoring it is quality that counts in the long run4 ,a folding glass screen1 with nickel or brass fittings1 framed in stained wood1 will cost #aj4 ,the front lamps will cost about #f per pair1 and the rear lamp #a to #a #es4 ,a waterproof rug can be bought for #a to #b4 ,the car will1 of course1 seat two1 but it is often advisable to have a third seat4 ,this should be constructed so as to fold down when not in use1 and would cost #ae4 ,you can have a stationary seat fitted for #aj1 but these do not look so nice 7though quite as comfortable7 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,it ,,is ,,accessories ,,that ,,bring ,,up ,,the ,,cost--,,you ,,must ,,have ,a ,,hood as those that fold down4 ,in addition to these things it is necessary to carry a tyre repair outfit1 which will cost about #a1 also the following tools and spares3 ,ammeter1 jack1 pliers1 spanners1 carburetter jet key1 large and small screw-drivers1 hammer1 oil-can1 grease injector1 tyre-pump1 sparking-plug1 inlet and exhaust valves1 trembler blade and screw1 some washers1 split pins1 file1 very fine file for platinum points1 emery-powder1 insulated tape1 and some waste or swabs4 ,in buying your car you will probably find that the last car you were on is 8the best40 ,it is liable to become somewhat confusing if you go for many trial runs2 but one thing to bear in mind is that the car that will do five miles an hour faster than the one you previously tried is not necessarily the best car--it may be faster while it is running1 but it may not run for long--therefore take my advice and pin your faith on the car with the reputation for reliability1 the one that will not entail a big expenditure every few months for repairs4 ,nearly all of us1 nowadays1 have some motoring friends1 who have probably had experience with different makes of cars3 their experience should benefit you in your choice4 ,there are some very inexpensive cars on the market1 but inexpensive only as to initial outlay--they are likely to prove themselves sorry bargains before many months have passed4 ,one of the chief joys of motoring is to feel that you can rely upon your car4 ,in regard to housing the car1 if you are not fortunate enough to possess a stable or garage of your own1 one of the following courses is open to you3 ,hire a stable1 or garage1 and a man to attend to the cleaning of the car2 place it at one of the many garages1 public and semi-private1 now in existence--or you can stable it at the nearest mews and arrange with the ostler to do the washing4 ,i cannot give the exact cost of the first and last of these1 as they would naturally vary1 but if placed at a regular garage the cost would be from #hs4 #f;d4 to #abs4 #f;d4 per week4 ,another outlay is to be found in 8tips40 ,the men at a garage are always hungry for 8tips10 and your car will be polished with greater zest if the 8tips0 are frequent or generous4 ,the advertisement of the 8no tip0 garage is a fallacy4 ,the proprietor may consider this principle the right one1 but if you act according to his ideas your car will probably suffer4 ,petrol varies slightly in price1 but is usually from #as4 to #as4 #d;d4 per gallon4 ,as1 with the car illustrated1 you are able to run #bh to #cb miles on one gallon1 you will see that petrol is not a great item4 ,the next duty that devolves on you after becoming the owner of a car is to procure your licences4 ,there are two--one a licence for the car 7the same as a carriage licence71 the cost of which is governed according to the weight of the car1 probably near two guineas2 the other a driving licence1 costing #es4 ,both of these are to be obtained from the ,london ,county ,council offices in ,spring ,gardens1 ,london1 ,s4,w41 or in the country at the various ,county ,council headquarters--though the carriage licence can be obtained1 after due application1 at almost any post office4 ,your driving licence is an official printed paper with your name and address written in4 ,to obtain a number for the car it is necessary to apply to ,spring ,gardens1 or any of the ,registration and ,licensing authorities in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,if one writes to a ,county ,council1 the letter should be addressed3 8,clerk to the ,county ,council of ----1 ,county ,council ,offices1 ----10 and if to a county borough1 to 8,the ,town ,clerk1 ,town ,hall1 ----40 ,the registration fee is #bjs4 ,you will have to fill up a form and will then have a number registered4 ,this number you must have painted on two tin plates1 white on a black ground4 ,the figures must be #c in4 deep4 ,these number-plates must be affixed to the back and front of your car4 ,the back one must be so placed that the light from the back lamp is thrown on it and thus the number distinctly seen at night4 ,it is also necessary for part of the rear lamp to show a red light4 ,you should never go in your car without this licence--your driving licence1 for you must produce it when asked by the proper authorities or pay the penalty of #e4 ,but more of this later4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,all-,,important ,,question ,,of ,,dress ,the ,all-important ,question of ,dress--,masks and ,goggles are usually unnecessary--8,nothing like ,leather0 is a ,false ,cry--,the best ,head-gear--,a ,neck-muffler is of the greatest ,importance--,beware of ,rings and 8fluffy0 ,things--,the ,question of the ,overall--,what the ,secret ,drawer should contain--,hints about all ,garments--,suggestion anent carrying a ,revolver ,an all-important question is dress4 ,automobilists are nowadays more careful in the choice of their attire1 but there are still a goodly number who seem to imagine it is impossible to look anything but hideous when in an automobile4 ,on a closed-in car1 limousine or landaulette1 any kind of attire is permissible as the conditions are precisely the same as being driven in a carriage1 but with an open car neatness and comfort are essential4 ,when racing1 or when in countries where speed is not looked upon with such horror as in ,england--on the long1 straight seemingly never-ending1 military roads of ,france1 one can travel at a speed that makes goggles or masks a necessity1 but for motoring under ordinary conditions there is no reason why one should wear them4 ,it might be borne in mind that ,i am writing this book for the woman who is desirous of being her own driver and owning her own car2 yet perhaps my advice will be applicable to the whole sex4 ,i average about #djj miles per week--in all conditions of weather--all sorts of cars and all sorts of places1 and therefore speak from experience--in many instances dearly bought4 ,now1 as to ordinary garments1 dress for the season of the year exactly as you would if you were not going motoring4 ,i would advise shoes rather than boots as they give greater freedom to the ankles and do not tend to impede the circulation1 as a fairly tightly laced or buttoned boot would do1 but this is a matter of individual taste4 ,in winter time it is advisable to wear high gaiters1 have them specially made1 almost up to the knee4 ,as regards a frock--the plain 8tailor-made0 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,important ,,articles ,,of ,,wear ,,is ,a ,,scarf ,,or ,,muffler ,,for ,,the ,,neck with a shirt blouse of linen1 silk or 8,viyella0 is without doubt the most comfortable--and the wearer has the advantage1 at the end of a days' run1 of appearing trim and neat4 ,under no circumstances wear lace or 8fluffy0 adjuncts to your toilette--if you do1 you will regret them before you have driven half a dozen miles4 ,regarding coats--there is nothing like a thick frieze1 homespun1 or tweed1 lined with 8,jaeger0 or fur4 ,the former has the advantage of being lighter in weight than the latter and is just as warm and much less expensive4 ,in ,england in winter one can wear a coat of this description right up to the beginning of summer4 ,for summer itself1 the ideal coat is of thin cream serge4 ,it retains its freshness and does not crease like alpaca1 linen or silk4 ,the serge looks1 and feels1 smart all the summer--the silk or alpaca1 after its first hard day1 begins to look creased and shabby4 ,do not heed the cry 8nothing like leather40 ,leather coats do not wear out gracefully4 ,at first they may be delightful1 but when they have been caught in two or three showers they begin to have a hard1 stiff feeling which is far from comfortable4 ,i have1 however1 seen very pretty costumes1 coats and skirts1 made of thin glove kid1 or sude1 but these are luxuries1 as they cost from twenty-five to thirty guineas each4 ,as to head-gear1 there is no question3 the round cap or close-fitting turban of fur are the most comfortable and suitable1 though with the glass screen up it is possible to wear an ordinary hat1 with a veil round it4 ,however1 if you go in for caps1 see that they fit well--there is nothing more uncomfortable than the cap that does not fit4 ,it is a good plan to have caps made to match your costumes4 ,when fixing the cap1 pin it securely1 and over it put a crpe-de-chine veil1 of length a-plenty4 ,these can be obtained from most of the leading drapers1 and it is quite a simple matter to make them yourself with a length of crpe or washing silk4 ,before tying the veil1 twist the ends4 ,this prevents the knot working loose and is very necessary1 as the veil1 in addition to protecting the hair1 helps to keep the hat securely in place4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,remember ,,to ,,twist ,,the ,,veil ,,before ,,tying--,,this ,,prevents ,,the ,,knot ,,working ,,loose ,one of the most important articles of wear is a scarf1 or muffler1 for the neck--and the manner of wearing it is also important4 ,fold it1 then wind round the throat1 beginning at the front1 bringing the ends round from the back1 and fold over in front4 ,see that the throat is covered closely1 and not too loosely4 ,wearing this properly will save you all manner of colds1 sore throats and kindred sufferings4 ,regarding gloves--never wear woollen gloves1 as wool slips on the smooth surface of the steering-wheel and prevents one getting a firm grip4 ,gloves made of good1 soft kid1 fur-lined1 without a fastening1 and made with just a thumb1 are the ideal gloves for winter driving4 ,it is not advisable to wear rings4 ,if you do not want to leave them at home1 or in a hotel1 but want to wear them when you are indoors1 during your ride or tour take them off while on the car and stow them away4 ,rings1 when you are driving yourself1 hurt terribly1 and also the stones are loosened4 ,bracelets and bangles are irritating unless secured by a sleeve or glove from working up and down4 ,indispensable to the motoriste who is going to drive her own car is the overall4 ,this should be made of butcher-blue or brown linen1 to fasten at the back--the same shape as an artist's overall4 ,it should have long sleeves4 ,you can always slip off your coat and put on the overall in a moment--and it is necessary if you have anything to do in the car4 ,remember it is better to get grease-spots on your washable overall than on your coat or other clothes4 ,while there are several little repairs that it would be impossible to remedy if wearing gloves1 the majority of work on a car 7filling tanks1 c4 c47 can be done just as well if one's hands are protected by a pair of wash-leather gloves4 ,you will find room for these gloves in the little drawer under the seat of the car4 ,this little drawer is the secret of the dainty motoriste4 ,what you put in it depends upon your tastes1 but the following articles are what ,i advise you to have in its recesses4 ,a pair of clean gloves1 an extra handkerchief1 clean veil1 powder-puff 7unless you despise them71 hair-pins and ordinary pins1 a hand mirror--and ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 8,,the ,,useful ,,overall0 some chocolates are very soothing1 sometimes6 ,it is also advisable to carry a tablet of 8,antioyl0 soap4 ,if it has been necessary to use bare hands for a repair you will nearly always find some grease on your hands1 and this it is impossible to remove with ordinary soap4 ,of course it is possible to remove it with a little petrol1 but ,i have found that petrol roughens the skin and that the 8,antioyl0 soap is much better4 ,the mirror should be fairly large to be really useful1 and it is better to have one with a handle to it4 ,just before starting take the glass out of the little drawer and put it into the little flap pocket of the car4 ,you will find it useful to have it handy--not for strictly personal use1 but to occasionally hold up to see what is behind you4 ,sometimes you will wonder if you heard a car behind you--and while the necessity or inclination to look round is rare1 you can1 with the mirror1 see in a flash what is in the rear without losing your forward way1 and without releasing your right-hand grip of the steering-wheel4 ,if you are going to drive alone in the highways and byways it might be advisable to carry a small revolver4 ,i have an automatic 8,colt10 and find it very easy to handle as there is practically no recoil--a great consideration to a woman4 ,while ,i have never had occasion to use it on the road 7though1 ,i may add1 ,i practise continually at a range to keep my eye and hand 8in07 it is nevertheless a comfort to know that should the occasion arise ,i have the means of defending myself4 ,if you are driving alone a dog is great company4 ,the majority of dogs like motors and soon get into the habit of curling up on the seat by your side1 under your coat4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,this ,,little ,,drawer ,,is ,,the ,,great ,,secret ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,mechanism ,,of ,,the ,,car ,in which a ,practical ,introduction to the ,car is given with ,simple ,explanations of the ,details of the ,machinery--,the ,importance of ,lubrication--,the ,testing of the ,brakes--,the ,six ,levers and their ,various ,functions--,the ,electric ,battery 8,be sure you are right1 then go ahead40 ,this good old motto is just the thing to remember when one is going in for motoring4 ,remember1 ,i am discussing the woman who drives her own car1 and does all those things that ordinarily a chauffeur would have to do4 ,i am constantly asked by some astonished people1 8,do you really understand all the horrid machinery of a motor1 and could you mend it if it broke down80 but it really is not a very difficult matter4 ,the details of the engine may sound complicated and may look 8horrid10 but an engine is easily mastered4 ,a few hours of proper diligence1 provided you are determined to learn1 and you know all that you have to know4 ,again1 ,i must remind you that ,i am discussing the single-cylinder car1 which is by far the simplest for a woman to drive and attend to alone4 ,i have made it a rule never to allow any one to drive my own little car--and this is a rule that every one will find useful4 ,all cars have their individual idiosyncrasies1 and if you alone drive1 you get to understand every sound2 but if you allow any one to drive you are ignorant of what strain the car has been put to4 ,as a matter of fact1 a strange hand on the wheel and levers seems to put the car out of tune4 ,before starting out for a ride your first duty is to see that the petrol-tank is full4 ,it is unpleasant to be stranded on the road1 miles from anywhere1 minus petrol4 ,the petrol-tank is1 in many instances1 under the seat4 ,lift the cushions1 unscrew the cap and peep in4 ,if it is dark it will be necessary to hold a piece of stick in to see how much petrol there is1 but when there is occasion to do this1 be very careful that there is no dirt on the stick1 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,unscrew ,,the ,,cap ,,and ,,peep ,,in or a choked petrol-pipe or carburetter will result4 ,the slightest atom of dirt in the petrol will cause trouble4 ,if you are going for a very long run it is a wise plan to take an extra can with you4 ,it is1 perhaps1 unnecessary for me to warn you not to take a light near the petrol-tank while it is being filled up4 ,many cars have been wrecked through carelessness in this direction4 ,remember it is not actually the petrol that catches alight1 but the vapour that arises from it4 ,if your petrol-tank runs dry there is no danger--the car will simply come to a standstill4 ,the chamber in which the petrol and air mix and vapourise is called the carburetter1 from which the vapour is carried to the cylinder head by means of a pipe1 and is there exploded by the tiny electric spark from the sparking-plug1 the explosion forcing down the piston and causing the crank-shaft to revolve4 ,having examined your petrol-supply1 being sure to replace the screw quite tightly1 your next duty is to see that the water-tank is full4 ,this tank is situated behind the engine1 close to the dash-board4 ,unscrew the top and if you cannot see without uncomfortably bending over take a twig or stick and poke it in1 and the wet portion will tell you how much water there is2 though on some cars there is1 affixed to the screw tops of both the petrol-and water-tanks1 a metal rod which shows the amount of petrol or water in the tank4 ,when you are refilling the water-tank you can tell by the 8overflow0 when the tank is full--there is a special outlet1 so as to prevent the surplus from flowing over the top of the engine4 ,be sure to screw the top of the tank on again4 ,the next for examination is the oil-tank4 ,this supplies the oil to lubricate the engine and gears4 ,there are several different types of lubricators1 force or drip feed1 according to the type of car4 ,it is necessary to lift the bonnet to refill the oil-tank4 ,the 8bonnet0 is the metal covering to the engine4 ,when the bonnet is lifted1 metal supports will be found each side to hold it up4 ,it is important that you have plenty of oil1 for it is the lubrication that keeps your machinery in working trim4 ,without oil your engine and ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,test ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,oil ,,in ,,the ,,tank ,,by ,,inserting ,a ,,piece ,,of ,,stick gears would overheat and probably 8seize40 ,the lubricating oil is forced1 by a small hand pump1 to all the different parts of the engine and gears requiring it4 ,with the car illustrated1 it is necessary to pump a charge of oil into the engine about every twenty miles4 ,this is an easy matter and it is not necessary to stop the car to do it4 ,before starting out each day you should allow the 8used0 oil to run out of the base chamber4 ,this is done by lifting a small rod you will find on the left-hand side of the commutator4 ,if you pull this up it releases the oil1 which you will see running out4 ,when it is all out do not forget to press the rod into place again1 as failure to do this would mean serious trouble1 as the fresh oil1 when pumped into the engine1 would simply run right through on to the ground4 ,after this stale oil has been released1 two charges should be pumped into the engine before starting4 ,this is done by turning the pointer on the pump handle to 8,reservoir10 then pull up slowly1 turn the pointer to 8,moteur0 and press gently down4 ,to lubricate the gear1 fill from 8,reservoir0 as before1 turn the pointer to 8,vitesse0 and press down in the same manner4 ,apart from filling the various grease-caps occasionally1 on the steering1 c41 and greasing the wheel bearings1 this is all that is necessary in the way of lubrication4 ,the wheels1 however1 only require greasing about every #djj miles4 ,your next duty would be to test the brake4 ,get into the habit of doing this every time you go out4 ,it is no trouble to run the car a few yards to ascertain whether the brakes grip or not4 ,if all motorists1 no matter how expert1 were to spend a few moments in taking this precaution1 there would undoubtedly be fewer accidents4 ,we often read that 8the steering-gear went wrong10 but ,i am right in saying that1 in many cases1 the accidents are caused by the failure of the brakes when applied suddenly on an emergency4 ,the brakes may be in a satisfactory condition when you lock up the car after a day's run1 but when the car is stationary there is the slight possibility of a little oil dripping on to them during the night1 rendering them practically useless4 ,if there ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,pull ,,up ,,this ,,small ,,rod ,,to ,,enable ,,the 8,,used0 ,,oil ,,to ,,run ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,base-,,chamber is oil on the brakes1 however1 it can easily be burnt off by running the car a little way and applying the brakes several times--the friction will gradually burn it off4 ,the brakes sometimes slacken and need adjustment--an easy operation4 ,types of brakes may vary slightly with different types of cars4 ,on my single-cylinder car the brake is very simple4 ,to adjust1 you will find a small handle underneath the frame towards the back of the car1 on the off-side4 ,half a turn one way or the other if the brake is too slack or too fierce usually suffices4 ,it can be adjusted one way or the other in about a second or two4 ,we now come to the various levers and their different functions4 ,there are six levers1 the change-speed1 or gear-lever1 on the left-hand side of the steering-column1 under the steering-wheel2 the ignition-lever and the air-lever1 both to be found under the steering-wheel on the right-hand side of the steering-column2 the hand-throttle1 underneath the steering-wheel2 in centre of column1 on a small ratchet1 the hand-brake lever and the first-speed lever4 ,in this chapter ,i shall only deal with the first four4 ,it is the gear-lever that sets the gear in motion--practically puts the 8muscles0 of your car into play4 ,it is imperative that it be in neutral 7or central7 position when starting the engine1 or when applying either the hand-or foot-brake4 ,this gear-lever1 when in neutral position1 disconnects the engine and gear1 thereby allowing the road wheels to be brought to a standstill4 ,when first learning to drive there is a tendency to suddenly apply the brake without bringing the gear-lever into neutral position1 consequently a great strain is put upon the entire mechanism1 as rival forces are brought into play1 viz41 while the engine is pulling1 and through the driving-shaft turning the gears and propelling the wheels1 the action of the brake is to make the back wheels stationary4 ,as an example1 the shock on the mechanism in the event of this happening can be compared to taking a watch and banging it on the ground4 ,with regard to the other levers1 always ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,the ,,adjustment ,,of ,,the ,,foot-,,brake ,,is ,a ,,matter ,,of ,,seconds be quite sure that the ignition 7top7 lever is retarded1 and that the air-lever is in correct position4 ,it is impossible to exactly give the correct position for these as it is a matter of adjustment and liable to slightly vary with different cars4 ,however1 when once you have found the correct position it is impossible to get it wrong4 ,the next thing to do is to switch on the electric current4 ,the car carries a battery on the dash-board1 where is also the coil4 ,as it is possible to run #bjjj or #cjjj miles on one battery1 the replacing is not an expensive item4 ,the cost of a new battery is #aes4 #i;d4 ,the switch is on the coil and the current is set in motion by moving the switch from 8,a0 to 8,m40 ,having done all these things you are ready to start up the engine1 and after that1 drive4 ,it has taken a long time to explain the preliminary things that you should do before starting off on a run1 and the non-motoriste1 and even perhaps the intending motoriste1 will say1 8,if ,i have to do all those troublesome things it will take up all my time1 so ,i think ,i had better have a chauffeur02 but let me assure you that while it has taken some little time to explain these things in the plainest possible language1 it will take you but a few minutes to carry them out4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,how ,,to ,,drive ,starting the ,engine--,how to hold the ,steering-wheel--,various ,speeds and ,gears--,how to start the ,car--,the ,art of ,throttling--,the ,use of ,foot-pedals--,changing ,speed--,how to climb ,hills--,running ,downhill and on the ,level--,how to use ,brakes--,skidding--,driving ,backwards 8,fire in the heart of me1 moving and chattering1 ,youth in each part of me1 slender and strong1 ,light and tremendous ,i bear you along40 ,these lines1 ,i feel sure1 appeal to every motoriste as they exactly describe the little car in motion4 ,starting one's engine is not the nicest thing about motoring when a woman is acting as her own driver and mechanician1 but with the little cars no strength is required2 it is only the big cars that need a swelling of muscle4 ,there is a great knack in starting an engine1 but this1 once overcome1 ceases to be hard work4 ,in front of the car you will notice a handle4 ,push it inwards until you feel it fit into a notch1 then pull it up sharply1 releasing your hold of the handle the moment you feel you have pulled it over the resisting 7compression7 point4 ,unless starting a car fitted with magneto ignition1 on no account press down the handle--always pull it upwards1 smartly and sharply4 ,if it is pressed down the possibility of a backfire is greater--and a broken arm may result4 ,this1 however1 is not a common occurrence1 and is one that is brought about entirely through carelessness on the part of the would-be driver4 ,if the car has not been used for some hours it will sometimes be necessary to turn the starting handle two or three times--speaking from my own experience1 three times is the maximum2 it will usually start on the second turn4 ,of course in the winter it will take two or three turns1 as the petrol freezes and takes longer to vapourise4 ,the moment the engine is running you can get in the car and start driving4 ,hold the steering-wheel with both hands in the ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,in ,,front ,,of ,,your ,,car ,,you ,,will ,,notice ,a ,,handle manner and position in which it is most comfortable to yourself4 ,keep a firm hold of it all the time and do not get into the habit of driving with one hand on the wheel3 use both except when it is necessary to use either for changing speed1 c4 ,advance the ignition-lever forward and give more air by pulling back the 8air0 lever4 ,when you have tried the car once or twice you will easily be able to gauge the distance these various levers should be moved4 ,remember the faster the engine runs the more air she will take1 though when climbing a hill it is necessary to drive on a richer mixture 7less air1 with the regular supply of petrol7 and cut off the air inlet almost entirely4 ,you will soon understand the different sounds of the engine--and their prevention1 or cure4 ,when the car is stationary 7and the engine running7 always endeavour to run it as quietly as possible4 ,it is sometimes annoying to people to have the noise of an automobile outside their door and no good can accrue by allowing the engine to run on unchecked4 ,underneath the steering-wheel1 on the steering-column you will notice the throttle-lever1 mentioned in the preceding chapter4 ,its function is to regulate the mixture in the carburetter4 ,when you wish the engine to run very quietly and slowly1 you move this little lever from right to left4 ,when starting to drive again do not omit releasing the throttle1 otherwise the engine may stop owing to insufficiency of gas4 ,your next move is to take off the side brake4 ,you will find this lever on the right-hand side of the car4 ,now you are absolutely ready to start4 ,always remember that a car should receive careful treatment1 so therefore do not attempt to move anything by jerking it roughly--take everything very quietly4 ,you will notice two pedals on the left and right respectively of the steering-column1 on the floor4 ,the left-hand pedal acts as a throttle 7shutting off gas7 in exactly the same manner as the hand-throttle explained above1 that is1 when it is pressed down half-way--and the throttling process acts according to the amount of pressure put upon the pedal4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,release ,,the ,,foot ,,from ,,the ,,right ,,pedal ,,and ,,throttle ,,slightly ,,with ,,the ,,left ,,foot ,,on ,,the ,,left ,,pedal ,if it is pressed down still further it acts as a brake4 ,this foot-throttle and foot-brake are more frequently used than the hand-throttle and hand-brake4 ,the small pedal on the right-hand side of the steering-column is brought into service when first 7or lowest7 speed is required4 ,thus1 to start the car you press down this pedal as far as it will go1 at the same time pressing lightly on the throttle 7left-hand pedal71 and take hold of the change-speed 7or gear7 lever and push it as far forward as it will go1 at the same time releasing the left-hand pedal and keeping down the one on the right4 ,you are now travelling on first speed4 ,you will soon tell when this speed has reached its maximum power as the engine will be running very fast4 ,it will then be time to change to second speed4 ,this is done by releasing the right-hand pedal1 throttle slightly with the left foot and bring the gear-lever towards you as far as it will go1 at the same time slowly lifting your foot off the throttle4 ,you will now find the car moving much faster and will be able to tell1 as in the former instance1 when the maximum speed is obtained4 ,when you hear the engine beginning to 8race0 7run very fast71 slightly throttle again and push the gear-lever into third speed--away from you1 the same position as for 8first10 though1 of course1 in this instance it is unnecessary to touch the right-hand pedal1 which1 you must remember1 is only used for lowest speed4 ,you are now on third 7or top7 gear and will find that unless the country is very hilly you will usually be able to keep the car running on this gear for a long time1 varying the speeds from #aj to #bh miles an hour by deftly manipulating the ignition1 air and throttle4 ,changing speed on the car illustrated is an easy task1 and that is why ,i have taken the ,de ,dion car as an object-lesson4 ,with the majority of cars there is a deal of 8arm work0 necessary1 and in many cases not a little strain1 this strain very often counteracting the benefits otherwise derived from the driving4 ,in changing speed always remember to throttle slightly1 whether in changing from first or second to top1 or in slackening speed1 from top to second or first4 ,never change from first to top speed1 or from top to first without using the intermediate speed4 ,the first speed on these little cars is from zero to #i miles an hour1 the second from #i to #ah1 and the top from #ah to #bh4 ,i should advise you to get thoroughly used to the steering while on second speed1 and at first drive very slowly4 ,do not expect to be able to control the car in a few minutes4 ,take your time and get in sympathy with your motor as you would the horses you drive or ride4 ,gain confidence slowly4 ,once you have confidence in yourself the battle is nearly won4 ,bear in mind that when riding or driving a horse it is only partly under your control4 ,as it has a brain and will of its own it can bolt if it wishes to--but with a motor-car you rely upon yourself alone--you are master 7or should ,i say mistress87 of the situation4 ,when it is necessary to drive backwards1 push forward the small lever you will find at the side1 by the hand-brake1 push the change-speed lever forward 7same position as for top speed7 and steer exactly the reverse way to what you would do if you were going forward4 ,this will no doubt prove awkward at first1 and will necessitate a little practice1 but when once mastered you will find it equally easy to steer the car either in a backward or forward direction4 ,when running on any speed1 if you allow the car to gain impetus and then put the change-speed lever in neutral position1 the car will travel on in the same manner as a free-wheel bicycle1 the action of the gear being neutral temporarily disconnecting the engine and gear4 ,if you see an obstacle in the road do not go up to it at full speed and suddenly put on the brake4 ,the sudden application of the brake will hasten the end of the life of your tyres--and if you are not driving on non-skid tyres a bad accident may be the result if the road is at all wet4 ,of course occasion may sometimes arise whereby it is absolutely necessary to apply the brakes very suddenly--for instance1 if a car makes its appearance from a side turning that perhaps you had not noticed1 or an individual or dog attempts to cross the road a few yards in front of your car--but in cases of this kind you must rely on your own judgment4 ,illustration3 ,photo1 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,your ,,next ,,move ,,is ,,to ,,take ,,off ,,the ,,side ,,brake ,you will soon understand how far the car will run with a given impetus and learn to use the brakes gently and sparingly4 ,never get into the habit of using only one brake4 ,it is more convenient to use the foot-brake1 but if you do not sometimes use the hand-brake1 when an emergency arises you will find yourself looking for the hand-brake instead of your hand instinctively going out to it in the fraction of a second4 ,in travelling uphill run as far as possible at top speed--meanwhile listening to the throb of the engine4 ,when the top speed drops to about the maximum speed of the second1 it is time to change back to second1 but do not allow the engine to run too slowly before changing1 otherwise it will not 8pick up0 and it will be a great strain on it4 ,if the hill is a very steep one it may be necessary to change to first4 ,there is always a correct moment for changing speed1 both on the level and on hills1 but this is a thing that can only come with practice4 ,if you have a long decline to negotiate1 turn the switch off so that the engine is not running1 allowing the car to roll down on its own impetus1 controlling with the brakes1 but remember1 on the car slowing down1 after passing the foot of the hill1 to put the top gear in and switch on again1 otherwise the engine may stop4 ,if you are driving in a very hilly or mountainous country you must give the engine a charge of oil more frequently than every twenty miles on account of its having to be on low gear1 when the engine runs much faster and is liable to get over-heated--and if it does become over-heated you will soon notice a nasty 8knock0--regarding which ,i will explain in a later chapter1 on 8,troubles40 ,,chapter ,v ,,troubles--,,how ,,to ,,avoid ,,and ,,to ,,mend ,,them ,the ,battle of ,motor ,woe--,various ,troubles which may happen at any ,time--,how to diagnose each ,trouble and how to repair it--,prevention better than ,cure--,in spare ,time1 ,practice in ,repairing is ,valuable--,simple ,instructions from the ,tightening of a ,nut to the putting on of a ,tyre ,your troubles with a car may be nil--they may be a-plenty4 ,you may be at fault1 and again1 the trouble may simply be one of ordinary misfortune or due to the idiosyncrasies of your car3 but to whatever it is due1 learn quickly to mend matters and laugh at them rather than weep4 ,i well remember the first time ,i started out alone without a chauffeur4 ,somehow or other the car stopped 7cars in those days were not so reliable as they are to-day--and the one ,i had lent me had done good service74 ,for several hours ,i could not make out what was the matter1 wept bitter tears and was so down-hearted that it took me a day to get over it3 but most of the little troubles that arise are easily overcome on a modern car1 when once one understands how to locate them4 ,train your ear to distinguish the slightest sound foreign to the consistent running of the engine4 ,a single misfire means that there is some little thing needing attention2 but always remember to switch off the electric current before touching anything--if you do not you will get a shock4 ,there is only one trouble regarding which you are really justified in feeling angry--that is a punctured or burst tyre4 ,it is possible for a woman to repair a tyre1 but ,i am sure ,i am correct in saying that not one woman in a thousand would want to ruin her hands in this way4 ,nowadays there is a repairer in nearly every village1 and the best plan is to drive very slowly on the rim to this nearest repair-shop4 ,with a small1 light1 single-cylinder car it will do no harm1 but if you drive too fast1 or far1 the inner tube may be damaged4 ,however1 it is advisable to carry a 8,stepney0 wheel4 ,these wheels are really indispensable and should have the place of honour on a woman's ,illustration3 ,photo1 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,it ,,is ,a ,,simple ,,matter ,,to ,,remove ,a ,,faulty ,,sparking ,,plug car4 ,this 8,stepney0 wheel is an ordinary wheel1 fitted with flanges to fix on to the existing wheel1 and carries a tyre already pumped up--and can be affixed to your car in less than ten minutes4 ,no strength is required to put it in place4 ,in regard to tyres--there are several good makes1 such as ,dunlop1 ,continental1 ,michelin1 and several others4 ,the stock car you buy from the maker will probably be fitted with one of these makes1 but will have plain or corrugated treads4 ,as there is such a great danger through skidding it is advisable to pay a little extra and have non-skid tyres fitted4 ,in addition to preventing the car turning round on a greasy road1 being steel-studded they will obviate puncture to a great extent4 ,i use them winter and summer1 for although the country roads in summer are dry and the danger of sideslip very small1 when you reach a town you will nearly always find the tramlines 7if there are any7 have been watered1 and it is really in towns where the non-skid tyres are a necessity4 ,there are a dozen little things that may occur to you at any time1 and which you can easily remedy yourself1 but before starting on a lonely ride it would be well for you to practise the remedying of the troubles1 in fact1 give yourself lessons in them4 ,as ,i have already stated1 you may go almost a year without troubles of any kind2 still1 you should know all there is to know about them4 ,sooted plug4--,this is caused by the engine getting too much oil4 ,if the plug is 8sooted0 it will appear to be very black and oily-looking4 ,it is a matter of a minute to loosen the sparking-plug with a spanner1 and replace it with a new one2 but if you are not carrying a spare plug1 and are not in a hurry for a few minutes1 the dirt is easily washed off with a little petrol4 ,faulty plug4--,if the engine misfires it may either be owing to the above-mentioned trouble1 or may be caused by the porcelain becoming cracked or loose in its seating4 ,as this cannot be repaired a new plug is necessary4 ,gap on sparking-plug badly adjusted4--,if the engine is not pulling well it may be owing to the fact that the two tiny points across which the spark leaps are either too wide apart or are set too closely together4 ,if you get a good spark with the points in a certain position it is a good plan to insert the blade of a small pen-knife before finally replacing the plug1 making a mark on the knife where it was inserted4 ,on a future occasion this will be found useful1 as if the knife is again inserted between the points of a new plug and the points either opened or closed1 to meet the marked portion of the blade1 the correct adjustment will at once be arrived at4 ,to test battery4--,it is necessary to do this periodically1 as if the battery is not showing a sufficient number of ampres the car will run badly4 ,the test is made with an ammeter 7provision for which has been made in the list of spares71 the positive points making contact with those corresponding on the battery1 the amprage being registered on a small dial4 ,it should always show four or over4 ,when it gets below this point it is advisable to carry a spare battery1 as a stop on the road through a battery giving out is annoying1 and a battery cannot be procured at every repairer's4 ,empty petrol-tank4--,if the car comes to a standstill after a few misfires1 it may be caused through the petrol-supply being exhausted on account of the tank having sprung a leak or the petrol merely being used up4 ,the former is a very unusual occurrence1 rarely occurring on a car with the petrol-tank under the seat4 ,where the tank is placed at the back of the frame of the car it is often punctured by a sharp stone striking it4 ,always1 if going any distance1 carry a spare can of petrol and a funnel1 and before filling the tank be quite sure that there is no dust in the funnel or on the top of the can1 as the smallest quantity of dirt will choke your petrol or carburetter1 and this takes a long time to remedy4 ,choked petrol-pipe or carburetter4--,you may possibly believe at first that this trouble is caused by the petrol running out1 so look in the tank1 and if it contains petrol you may be sure that the flow is checked in some way4 8,agitate0 the float of the carburetter and it will most likely be found that there is no petrol coming through1 therefore there must be a stoppage between the tank and the ,illustration3 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,it ,,is ,a ,,simple ,,matter ,,to ,,adjust ,,the ,,trembler ,,or ,,screw carburetter4 ,at the bottom of the carburetter there is a little joint1 connecting the carburetter with a small tube through which the petrol is carried4 ,see first that the petrol-supply is turned off1 then loosen the joint and take out the pipe1 then turn on the petrol and see if it comes through as far as that4 ,if it does1 the trouble must be in the carburetter jet4 ,it is a simple task to remove this with the carburetter jet spanner1 and an ordinary hairpin would then remove every obstacle4 ,water in carburetter4--,this may sometimes cause the engine to run badly1 and is not an unusual occurrence4 ,on the top of the carburetter being removed the water will easily be noticed4 ,it is heavier than petrol and the little drops of water in the petrol look like drops of lead4 ,in order to guard against suspected water you can filter the petrol through a handkerchief laid in the funnel4 ,sticking valves4--,with the inlet valve this trouble may be caused by oil and dirt4 ,if this is the case it can be taken out and washed in petrol and replaced4 ,the car may not run as it should do on account of the inlet and exhaust valves being pitted and needing grinding in4 ,to grind in use a little emery-powder and oil1 and plenty of 8elbow grease0 until you succeed in eliminating all the little pits and making the surface quite smooth4 7,be careful to clean off all traces of the emery after grinding47 ,platinum point and screw adjustment4--,the platinum point on the trembler blade or screw occasionally gets worn uneven4 ,when contact is made1 if the adjustment is not correct1 the point will get worn down on one side and the engine will probably develop a 8knock0 and you will not be getting the maximum horse-power out of it4 ,it is a simple matter to smooth the points1 but a delicate touch is necessary4 ,the filing must be done with your finest file1 and a very few touches are necessary4 ,should you not happen to have a very fine file with you1 the points can be smoothed with emery-paper1 but care should be exercised in its use4 ,again let me warn you to have the electric current switched off before making any of these repairs or adjustments1 and particularly before removing the trembler blade1 screw or plug4 ,when the trembler blade and screw are replaced they will require readjustment4 ,when you think they are set at the proper point1 switch on1 and give the starting-handle a few turns as if to start the engine1 at the same time hold down the inlet valve1 by pressing down the small button on top of cylinder4 ,while turning1 watch the spark between the two points4 ,if it is feeble the adjustment is not correct1 the screw is either tight or too loose4 ,after a few attempts you will be able to adjust very quickly and almost unerringly4 ,see that the points are kept free from oil4 ,loose terminals4--,the car may run badly on account of a loose terminal of the wires on the sparking-plug or battery4 ,this is simply a matter of thoroughly tightening up the various little nuts with a spanner4 ,it is a good plan to just look over these occasionally1 for when the terminals once begin to work loose they will gradually get worse and you will probably have a stop on the road4 ,irregular petrol-supply4--,if the carburetter is getting too much or too little petrol1 it should be remedied by readjusting the needle valve in the carburetter4 ,when once it is properly set it will sometimes go for years without readjustment4 ,punctured float4--,i mention this trouble as ,i have personally experienced it1 but it is very rare and may not occur in the whole life of a car4 ,the float is a hollow cube1 for the purpose of regulating the height of petrol in the carburetter4 ,the float1 if punctured1 allows the petrol to enter1 causing it to remain at the bottom of the carburetter1 gradually taking in more petrol4 ,the effect of this is that the float does not perform its office1 as it becomes weighted with the petrol1 and this holds open the petrol inlet1 which overflows out of the carburetter4 ,i believe ,i have now enumerated all the troubles that you are likely to meet with1 and which you can look after yourself1 but because the list is long do not think for one moment that every time you go out in your little car you are going to experience them4 ,you may drive for weeks1 months1 almost years1 without ,illustration3 ,photo1 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,be ,,sure ,,that ,,all ,,nuts ,,and ,,bolts ,,are ,,tight--,a ,,rattle ,,is ,,annoying a tiny bit of trouble1 if you are careful4 ,the looking after the little things saves a heap of trouble4 ,the testing of this thing1 the dusting of that1 the tightening of a nut1 the loosening of a screw--all these may be commonplace trivial matters1 but if attended to will pay in the long run4 ,prevention is better than cure1 and the careful motoriste who looks after her car as she looks after herself will have little use for the hints in this chapter of mine4 ,above all1 whatever may arise1 try to forget to weep and remember to laugh4 ,then you will have won half the battle of 8,motor ,woe40 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,hints ,,on ,,expenses ,motoring need not be an ,expensive ,luxury--,two ,hundred ,pounds will go a long ,way if properly spent--,the ,second-hand ,car--,motor ,clubs--,the ,ladies' ,automobile ,club--,the ,automobile ,association--,motor ,schools and ,driving ,lessons ,by the time you have read and thoroughly digested the preceding chapters ,i feel sure you will be able to take your car out for a spin without any misadventure4 ,there are but a few points which ,i want to impress upon you in this chapter4 ,do not let what you may think the great expense debar you from the pleasure of motoring4 ,there is no great expense unless you want to make it so4 ,in my first chapter ,i spoke of the price of cars and accessories4 ,i gave a total of #cjj as the average probable outlay4 ,by no means do ,i want to revise these figures1 but wish to remind you that the figures quoted ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 8,,be ,,sure ,,that ,,the ,,petrol ,,tank ,,is ,,full0 are1 in every instance1 for articles of the very best quality4 ,there are now being made several small cars by big firms1 many of these cars being eminently suitable for a woman to drive4 ,it is possible to procure a car at #abj4 ,the accessories1 also1 such as the hood and screen1 need not be plated or expensively enamelled4 ,cape cart hoods which have the iron-work painted instead of plated are quite as serviceable1 require less cleaning and the cost is considerably less2 and so with other things--but it is wise to always get the best4 ,durability and reliability is what you want1 especially if you are limited as to expenditure4 ,i particularly mention these matters because only the other day a friend spoke to me about the expenditure1 and said that she could not possibly afford three hundred pounds4 ,she proposed to buy a second-hand car for a small sum and have it repaired4 ,my advice to her was 8,don't40 ,and then ,i ran over a list of expenditure in getting a new car and everything necessary new4 ,taking the same quality as mentioned in my first chapter1 but not as expensively or so well finished1 ,i found my total less than #bcj4 ,one could1 of course1 go much below this by buying a second-hand car2 but ,i would not advise this4 ,if you know the people who have a second-hand car for sale1 and can thus be assured that you will not in any way be tricked1 then it might be worth while buying4 ,but from the experience of people ,i know1 ,i would rather warn you against the cars which are advertised 8as good as new10 and for sale for a few pounds4 ,you would probably have to spend in repairs in the first year as much as a new car would cost4 ,so soon as you are the owner of a car1 licensed and ready for the road1 become a member of the ,ladies' ,automobile ,club of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,its headquarters are situated at ,claridge's ,hotel1 in ,upper ,brook ,street4 ,the club has a suite of rooms there4 ,send in your application to ,miss ,k4 d',esterre ,hughes1 the secretary of the club4 ,by joining the club you have many advantages4 ,for instance1 there is1 of course1 the convenience of using the club rooms and the club garage when in town1 and in getting a percentage off your hotel bills4 ,but there is the greater advantage of getting all the necessary information you may want regarding hotels1 roads1 and such like when you want to go for a tour4 ,there is1 in fact1 scarcely any information appertaining to motoring which you cannot get at the club4 ,it is always good for a woman car-owner to belong to the first motor club in the kingdom4 ,every big town has an automobile club affiliated with the ,royal ,club1 with which the ,ladies' ,club is also affiliated1 so that by membership in the ,ladies' ,club you have a standing at once with the other clubs throughout the country1 and also abroad4 ,every motoriste should become a member of the ,automobile ,association4 ,it is an association formed for the purpose of placing scouts on the different main roads to warn motorists of police traps--and the expenditure of #b #bs4 a year in this direction will perhaps be the means of saving you four or five times that amount within a few months4 ,you will be given an 8,a4,a40 badge to fasten on the front of your car1 and on seeing this the scouts will always stop you if there is any danger4 ,with regard to learning to drive1 you must do so on quiet country roads or at one of the many motoring schools in and around the big cities2 but know something of the school before you decide on it4 ,there are many in which your money would be thrown away4 ,if you do not go to a school choose a road where there is little or no traffic4 ,one is not allowed to learn in the parks4 ,in fact there is quite a heavy fine imposed on inexperienced drivers who use the parks4 ,do not go into a street of heavy traffic until you have thoroughly mastered your car1 and then drive first some half-dozen times with an expert friend as chauffeur and thus get used to the crushes and the twistings and turnings4 ,in traffic use your own judgment4 ,ladies are usually bad at judging distances1 and it is well to keep as much toward the middle of the road as possible and not try too many 8near things0 until you have reached the expert class4 ,do not be afraid to sound your horn1 yet ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,this ,,is ,,the ,,switch do not use it more than necessary4 ,at cross streets or roads and when approaching corners sound the horn and slacken speed by throttling4 ,there are numberless little things which1 after you have graduated to the ranks of the experienced motoriste1 you will buy1 not because they are absolutely necessary1 but because of their convenience4 ,for instance1 a speedometer4 ,all the half-dozen makes are good ones4 ,a speedometer is a very interesting accessory1 for it tells you exactly the pace at which you are travelling1 and in some instances has been known to influence the decision of a magistrate when deciding a charge of exceeding the speed-limit4 ,for winter driving they are now making a fur and leather arrangement which covers the steering-wheel2 but ,i would suggest that1 to the beginner at any rate1 this is superfluous4 ,soft kid gloves1 fur-lined1 are much better4 ,novelties of all sorts are always coming on the market2 but the beginner had better let some one else try these first4 ,it is an expensive thing to keep on experimenting with every new device for a car or the motoriste4 ,let others try them1 and if they should prove of real use you will soon know4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,this ,,lever ,,is ,,used ,,for ,,changing ,,gear ,,chapter ,,vii ,,motor ,,manners ,things which ,motoristes should and should not do when out in their ,car--,laws governing the ,highways--,pedestrians have the ,right of ,way--,points and ,times at which to drive slowly--,corners and the ,danger of cutting them--,when to sound the ,hooter--,the 8,courtesy of the ,road0 ,it is1 of course1 quite unnecessary to teach the well-bred woman manners4 ,the well-bred woman1 with her innate courtesy and unselfishness1 should she take up motoring1 no doubt would act as all motoristes should act when at the wheel of their car or out on the road4 ,so that while ,i have headed this chapter 8,motor ,manners0 ,i desire merely to bring to the notice of readers1 as prominently as possible1 those things which they should do and those which they should not do when out in their cars4 ,i can safely give this advice1 for personal experience has been my teacher4 ,for want of a better term ,i call these warnings and suggestions 8,manners40 ,if every woman and man who drove a car followed these suggestions there would not be an outcry against the motor-car4 ,unfortunately the great majority of motorists have to suffer for other people's faults--the disgraceful driving of the few4 ,the laws now governing motoring have increased largely in the last few years and will probably continue in the making4 ,i will not go into these various laws except to point out that because a person owns a motor-car the ownership of the roads is not necessarily included4 ,pedestrians1 according to the law1 practically own the highways1 not to the exclusion of other traffic1 but judgments in recent cases declare that it lies with drivers to keep clear of pedestrians and that all persons have a right to walk on the highways at their own pace1 whether paralytics or cripples4 ,dogs1 chickens and other domestic animals at large on the highway are not pedestrians1 and if one is driving at a regulation speed1 or under1 one is not responsible for their untimely end4 ,it is1 therefore1 especially advisable to drive slowly through all towns and villages4 ,drive slowly past all school-houses4 ,always pass vehicles and bicycles on the proper side1 and pass large vans1 'buses and electric tramcars very carefully1 as some one may be crossing the road and suddenly appear from behind4 ,drive slowly past any one driving or riding a restive horse and1 if necessary1 especially if it should be a lady or child riding or driving1 stop the engine4 ,this is an act of courtesy that will always be appreciated and may prevent a bad accident4 ,if the road is wet1 give pedestrians and cyclists a wide berth so as not to splash them with mud4 ,again1 if the road is wet1 you may be safe enough on account of your car being fitted with non-skid tyres1 but in this respect the cyclist is perhaps not so fortunate4 ,he may have a side-slip and fall perilously near your car wheels4 ,for this reason1 too1 give cyclists plenty of room4 ,do not fail to sound the hooter and slacken speed when coming to a cross-road1 side-turning or bend4 ,many accidents may be averted by taking this precaution4 ,never take a sharp corner at full speed4 ,a walking pace would be much better4 ,never pass or try to overtake a pedestrian1 cyclist or vehicle at a corner4 ,avoid the bad and perilous habit of trying to squeeze through doubtful openings in traffic either in town or country4 ,never drive the engine downhill4 ,do not leave the engine running when stopping outside a house4 ,the noise1 though it may be slight1 may be annoying to the inmates or neighbours4 ,if you have a syren fitted to your car1 do not sound it in a town or village4 ,a syren is really only necessary for ,continental driving4 ,remember that mail-vans have the 8right of way10 and that ordinary traffic is supposed to give way to them4 ,a hooter is meant to give warning1 not to startle people or wake up sleeping inmates in ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,first ,,advance ,,the ,,spark ,,and ,,give ,,more ,,air their houses at all hours4 ,do not sound your horn oftener than absolutely necessary4 ,remember1 however1 that it is necessary to sound the hooter when coming up behind and intending to pass a pedestrian or a vehicle4 ,but do not wait until you are within a few feet of a pedestrian or cyclist who is already doing his utmost to get out of your way and then sound your hooter4 ,if the cyclist be a novice or at all nervous such conduct might cause an accident4 ,keep within the legal limit of speed all the time except on a good and clear stretch of road1 where there happen to be no 8blind0 corners or dangerous cross-roads or traffic4 ,then there is no real harm done to any one in trying to see what you can get out of your car for a short spurt4 ,i cannot give you any special advice on the dust nuisance1 but if you follow my suggestions1 as already given1 you will cause the public as little inconvenience from dust as is in your power4 ,there is a little thing ,i specially want to warn motoristes against1 and that is taking corners on the wrong side of the road4 ,ordinarily you would not think of doing so4 ,but wait until you come to a few corners which you can see well around4 ,there is nothing in sight and so you skim the curb for the fun of it4 ,but do not keep on cutting corners--sooner or later it will become a habit and be done without thinking4 ,then comes the possibility of another car1 a vehicle of sorts1 a motorcycle or1 worst of all1 a cycle with a woman or child pedalling4 ,you may not lose your presence of mind1 but how about the cyclist8 ,don't cut corners on the wrong side of the road and there will be no need to worry about the answer to my query4 ,that one can show a great deal of courtesy to other cars and to general traffic on the road is assured1 but that few people do is also a fact4 ,here is a case worthy of attention4 ,every motoriste has or will experience it4 ,on the road in front of you is a covered car with noisy engine4 ,it is a landaulette or limousine which rattles more or less4 ,the noise of the engine is also magnified by being closed in4 ,the car is taking up the best part of the road ,illustration3 ,photo ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,the ,,automobile ,,association ,,scouts ,,will1 ,,if ,,necessary1 ,,stop ,,your ,,car ,,on ,,the ,,road ,,and ,,give ,,you ,,information and though you are anxious to pass it you cannot1 because of the noise1 attract the attention of the chauffeur and get him to draw out enough for you to make a safe pass4 ,it is very annoying and may go on for some time4 ,see to it1 therefore1 if you have a closed-in car1 that there is a mirror attached to the dash-board so that the chauffeur can see what is behind him and instruct him also to keep a watch1 from time to time1 for coming-up cars so that you can extend to them the courtesy of the road4 ,one other matter may be included in 8,motor ,manners0 and that is1 leaving the car on the road or in the street unattended4 ,in the first place the law says that you cannot leave your car unattended whether the engine is running or not4 ,it is within the discretion of the police to summons you4 ,they1 however1 do not interfere unless the engine is running noisily and the exhaust is smoking4 ,but in leaving one's car unattended on the road or street1 care should be taken1 as an act of courtesy to general traffic and pedestrians1 that the car does not block the way4 ,if on the curb in town1 and it be possible1 leave it on a side-street or1 if in front of house or shop1 give other people a chance to drive up to the front door4 ,at the same time do not stand your car deliberately in front of some one else's house instead of your own or your friend's1 if you are visiting4 ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls ,,the ,,engine ,,will ,,start ,,easily ,if ,,you ,,first ,,flood ,,the ,,carburettor ,,slightly ,,chapter ,,viii ,,tips--,,necessary ,,and ,,unnecessary ,motoring now so general that an ,owner of a ,car is not any longer considered to be necessarily a ,millionairess--,tipping should be on a sensible ,basis--,while the ,motor-car has emphasised ,tipping1 nowadays the modest ,shilling receives quite a ,welcome--,when to tip and when not to tip explained from ,personal ,experiences ,if there is one thing more than another which the motor-car has revived and intensified it is the habit and practice of tipping4 ,i need not give a lecture on tips4 ,all of us agree1 more or less1 that the present-day tip is one of the banes of existence4 ,but there are two sides to the question--one we as the givers of tips know a good deal about4 ,few know much about the other side--the side of the worker for and receiver of tips4 ,tips must therefore be divided into two classes--the necessary tip and the unnecessary4 ,there are more of the latter than the former4 ,under the head of necessary tips ,i would place the garage tip1 whether the garage be a public one or a private one at the house of a friend4 ,there are a few other necessary tips1 such as when a friend lends you a car for a drive or a tour or when your friend's chauffeur drives you to the railway station at an unusual hour or in very bad weather4 ,luckily the motor-car is coming into such general use to-day that those who may possess one are not necessarily put down as millionaires4 ,the chauffeur1 attendants and servants generally are beginning to realise this and no longer expect a handful of money from every motoriste4 ,the amount of tips which should be given1 in the numerous cases which ,i am going to mention1 should depend on your income and ability to afford4 ,that millionaires are not usually generous tippers is a well-known fact4 ,generally it is from the woman or man who is not very well off and who can ill afford it that the biggest tips come4 ,to those who count their half-crowns as worth a full thirty pence and value them accordingly1 ,i would say--,do not be afraid to accept a friend's invitation to visit them with your motor-car because you cannot afford to do much tipping4 ,be sensible about this matter and ,i can assure you that your friend's chauffeur1 or groom1 will also be sensible and welcome the modest shilling or half-crown you give him4 ,tipping at a public garage1 if you keep your car there1 has already been touched on in a previous chapter4 ,if you go on a tour or a little trip1 driving yourself1 and put your car in a public garage or the one attached to your hotel or roadside inn1 your car will not be touched unless you so order4 ,then for cleaning it1 furnishing petrol1 charging battery or anything else which may be wanted1 there are regulation charges and these will be put down in your bill4 ,the attendant at the garage may or may not be the man who did the work1 but if he is it would be quite the proper thing to give him a small tip1 just as you might tip the waiter or the chambermaid had they done any satisfactory work for you4 ,but this need not be more than either waiter or chambermaid receive1 and if your car has not been cleaned it is scarcely necessary to give the attendant even sixpence unless he has done some service for you4 ,some hotels and wayside inns nowadays clean cars which stop with them overnight without extra charge1 yet the fee they charge for the garage really covers this4 ,in such case a shilling to the man who did the work would not be amiss4 ,your car may come into his hands again and he may do better work on it because of the little tip4 ,if stopping just for lunch or tea at an hotel or inn and1 for convenience' sake1 you run your car into the yard or garage1 a small tip is necessary4 ,if you stop the night at a friend's house and your car is placed in your hostess's garage1 you will find it spick and span in the morning with water in the tank and your petrol-tank also replenished4 ,perhaps this petrol has been supplied from the spare can you carry1 or it may have come from your friend's supply4 ,you can quickly find out this4 ,naturally you will test your tanks and you can question ,illustration3 ,photo4 ,h4 ,w4 ,nicholls4 ,,the ,,lubrication ,,of ,,the ,,de ,,dion ,,is ,,extremely ,,simple the attendant4 ,should the petrol-tank not be filled up and should you have used all yours you would naturally ask for enough to fill your wants4 ,pay for this1 for in most garages nowadays a careful account is kept of petrol and other expenses4 ,a five-shilling tip for the man is quite enough4 ,if your hostess should have a stable only and not a garage1 and the man is only able to clean your car as he would a carriage and you have to do the filling of the tanks and the starting of the engine and so on1 a smaller tip is all that is necessary4 ,in staying a week-end at a country house1 if your car has not been used during your stay the tip of five shillings is quite sufficient4 ,but rules on such points depend on circumstances4 ,if the weather has been bad and the car is in a very muddy state the man will probably have had considerable extra work to bring out your car clean and shining4 ,remember what you would have had to pay at a public garage and act accordingly4 ,if you merely pay a call or go to lunch or tea with a friend1 and your hostess has a chauffeur who takes the car from you and brings it up to the front door at your departure1 a little tip1 perhaps two shillings1 should suffice4 ,but such a tip is quite an unnecessary one4 ,the man has done nothing but what he has been paid to do by your hostess4 ,he has done no special or extra work especially for you4 ,it is always a good thing to keep this in mind whether or no a man whom you are about to tip has performed any direct service for you1 extra in any way to what he is paid his wages for1 in connection with your car4 ,if he has1 a tip is not out of place1 if you can afford to give one4 ,do not let the idea run away with you that simply because you own and drive a car you must be handing tips to everybody4 ,more than half the tips given are absolutely unnecessary4 ,there are dozens of cases where people foolishly tip4 ,if your hostess's groom drove you in the dog-cart to the station to catch a train you might think a two-shilling tip all-sufficient4 ,yet when her chauffeur takes you to the same place in a motor-car you wonder whether he will think five shillings is enough4 ,it is really very absurd4 ,if we have to tip1 why not treat the motor-car as we would any vehicle and the chauffeur as we would any groom or coachman8 ,there are some people who feel justified1 if sent up to town in a friend's car1 in giving the chauffeur as a tip the amount of the first-class railway fare for the distance4 ,a tip decidedly should be given1 but certainly not so large a one as this1 in most cases1 would figure out4 ,if taken to town from a country house1 or vice versa1 and one travels in the car with one's hostess1 certainly no tip is necessary2 nor should one be given if one goes for a drive with one's hostess4 ,should a friend lend you a car for a day or a drive1 a small tip is properly given2 but if a friend lends you a car for a tour of some days1 the proper thing is to offer to pay the chauffeur's wages for the week4 ,a tip on the top of this should depend on the manner in which the man serves you4 ,i have mentioned all these different points because at some time or another they may be actual experiences of the woman who owns and drives her own car4 ,i do not claim to be an authority on tipping4 ,i distribute a good many gold and silver pieces during a year1 but ,i tip for services rendered and use common sense about the amounts4 ,i get the best of service everywhere4 ,if every woman who drives her own car followed my rule in this respect the tipping nuisance would not be such a terrible thing after all4 ,illustration3 _/99 ,photo ,elliott ,fry 99_/ ,,miss ,,isabel ,,savory1 ,,who ,,not ,,only ,,drives1 ,,but ,,repairs ,,her ,,own ,,cars ,,distinguished ,,women ,,motoristes ,the ,englishwoman at the ,wheel--,her ,skill in ,mechanics and ,map-reading--,the ,ladies' ,automobile ,club--,some ,noble ,women ,motoristes--,successful ,competitors--,lady ,racers at ,brooklands--,a 8,motor ,christening0 ,there is no country in the world--not even ,france1 where the motoring movement received its first real start and its keenest pursuit1 nor ,america1 where the fair sex is supposed to receive and to exercise its largest freedom--there is no country in the world in which woman may be seen at the helm of a motor-car so frequently as in ,england4 ,whatever the cause--whether it be due to a greater sense of security from annoyance on public roads or simply to superiority of pluck1 the fact remains that women in ,england excel their sisters in other countries as greatly in motoring as in horsemanship4 ,almost every woman who can afford it is1 of course1 a motoriste in the sense that she owns1 or has at her disposal1 a motor-car4 ,it is not1 however1 with the ladies whose experience of the pastime is limited to a seat beside or behind the driver that this chapter deals1 but rather with those who are accustomed to the task of driving and caring for their cars1 and who find a healthful recreation in doing it4 ,twenty or thirty years ago1 two of the essentials to a motorist--some acquaintance with mechanics and the ability to understand local topography--were supposed to be beyond the capacity of a woman's brain4 ,the supposition was simply due to the fact that woman's brain had never had occasion to approach these subjects4 ,fifty years ago a satirical writer--a man1 of course--averred that although instruction in 8the use of the globes0 was part of the curriculum of every girls' school1 no woman could understand1 or would try to understand1 a road map4 ,if the remark was true when it was written it is ,illustration3 ,photo by ,keturah ,collings ,,baroness ,,campbell ,,de ,,lorentz1 ,,the ,,first ,,lady ,,in ,,britain ,,to ,,drive ,,her ,,own ,,car certainly not true to-day4 ,the school-room globes have long been buried in the dust of disuse1 but the pastimes of cycling and motoring have made the understanding of maps a necessity to every active gentlewoman2 indeed the average woman is probably quicker than the average man in gathering from a map the information which it has to offer4 ,so with mechanics4 ,if a woman wants to learn how to drive and to understand a motor-car1 she can and will learn as quickly as a man4 ,hundreds of women have done and are doing so1 and there is many a one whose keen eyes can detect1 and whose deft fingers can remedy1 a loose nut or a faulty electrical connection in half the time that the professional chauffeur would spend upon the work4 ,incontestable evidence of the practical interest which ,englishwomen are taking in motoring is afforded by the existence and prosperity of the ,ladies' ,automobile ,club4 ,this institution was established in #aijc4 ,the annual subscription is five guineas1 and there is an entrance fee of the same amount4 ,there are nearly four hundred members1 most of whom are fully competent to drive their own cars4 ,the club has successfully organised a number of tours in ,england and on the ,continent as well as driving competitions at ,ranelagh4 ,the president of the ,ladies' ,automobile ,club1 the ,duchess of ,sutherland1 is the grande dame of automobilism in ,england4 ,the ,duchess is an accomplished motoriste1 and although in cold weather she prefers to be driven by somebody else1 in summer she may often be seen at the wheel4 ,her latest car is a ,mercds4 ,another peeress who drives1 and drives well1 is the ,countess of ,kinnoull4 ,the ,countess shares her husband's fondness for sport1 a great variety of which is provided in the neighbourhood of their beautiful ,scottish home at ,dupplin ,castle1 and she finds the motor-car an indispensable adjunct to the full enjoyment of country life4 ,lady ,wimborne1 whose energy and industry are as inexhaustible as those of her brother1 the late ,lord ,randolph ,churchill1 finds the ,illustration3 ,,the ,,honble4 ,,mrs4 ,,assheton ,,harbord ,drives a ,rolls ,royce ,car1 owns her own balloon 8,the ,valkyrie10 and has competed with it in seven races4 motor-car an invaluable aid to her useful activities as well as a means of recreation4 ,she has three or four cars1 and is an able and confident driver4 ,lady ,viola ,talbot1 daughter of the ,premier ,earl of ,england1 is like her father in the love of sport4 ,like him she is almost as fond of motors as of horses4 ,she is mistress of the car and its appurtenances1 and has driven some thousands of miles at home and abroad4 ,among other titled ladies who count their miles by the thousand may be named ,lady ,beatrice ,rawson1 a devotee of the small car2 ,lady ,muriel ,gore-,brown1 the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,maurice ,gifford1 of ,boothby ,hall1 ,grantham2 ,lady ,plowden1 and the ,baroness ,campbell de ,laurentz4 ,the ,baroness has the distinction of being the first lady in ,britain to drive and manage her own car4 ,cars in those days were patterned like high dog-carts and were mostly steamers4 ,the ,baroness possesses several photographs of herself and husband1 with a groom in the tiger's seat1 of the old-fashioned car4 ,to-day these pictures have a very queer look4 ,a complete list of the ladies who have taken part in motor-car road trials and club competitions would be wearisome to the reader1 but a few names may be mentioned4 ,miss ,muriel ,hind1 one of the few women who favour the motor-bicycle1 has won many medals in long-distance trials4 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,lloyd1 who is not only an expert driver1 but the inventor of some very ingenious appliances for motor-cars1 has done well in open competition with professional male drivers4 ,miss ,daisy ,hampson has won prizes with her #abj horse-power ,fiat4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,manville has taken part in the ,herkomer competition4 ,no list of distinguished women motoristes would be complete without the names of those who took part in the first race for ladies upon the ,brooklands course4 ,the race1 which was called the ,ladies' ,bracelet ,handicap1 took place in ,july #aijh4 ,there were five starters3 ,mrs4 ,locke-,king1 wife of the founder and owner of ,brooklands ,racecourse2 ,miss ,muriel ,thompson1 ,miss ,christabel ,ellis1 ,miss ,n4 ,ridge-,jones1 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,roland ,hewitt4 ,mrs4 ,locke-,king1 who started from scratch1 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,arthur ,rouselle ,,mrs4 ,,george ,,thrupp1 ,,originator ,,of ,,the ,,motor ,,christening finished a length in front of ,miss ,muriel ,thompson1 her speed over the course being at the rate of fifty miles an hour4 ,there are few lady motoristes who take a keener practical interest in their cars than ,miss ,isabel ,savory4 ,miss ,savory1 who has driven many cars1 is loud in her praises of her #aj horse-power ,cadillac4 ,this car she has always driven and attended to herself1 never having employed a chauffeur4 ,she has done all the oiling and adjustments and has put on many a new inner tube by the roadside4 ,she has driven long distances without any companion1 and has dealt single-handed and successfully with every emergency that has arisen4 ,mrs4 ,george ,thrupp1 of ,cadogan ,square1 has been driving ever since #ahif4 ,her favourite cars are the ,renault and ,mors1 in which she has toured in ,great ,britain and on the ,continent4 ,she has won prizes in driving competitions4 ,she was1 in fact1 one of the pioneers of motoring for women1 and her youngest boy1 ,roger1 was the first baby to have a 8motor christening40 ,other names of motoring women that occur to one are those of ,mrs4 ,edward ,kennard1 the novelist1 who is equally at home at the wheel of a #dj horse-power ,napier car and in the saddle of a motor-bicycle2 ,miss ,hunter ,baillie1 of ,cirencester2 ,mrs4 ,mark ,mayhew1 ,miss ,schiff1 ,mrs4 ,claude ,paine1 ,mrs4 ,nicol1 ,mrs4 ,weguelin1 ,mrs4 ,charles ,jarrott1 and ,mrs4 ,edge4 ,no doubt there are other names which at the moment have slipped the memory but which have as good a claim as these to inclusion in the catalogue of distinguished women motoristes4 ,the list is long enough1 however1 to show the ardour and success with which women have applied themselves to the mechanical details of automobilism4 ,,the ,,coming ,,of ,,the ,,small ,,car ,a good ,car at a low ,price--,lessons of the 8,small ,car ,derby0--,some notable ,small ,cars and their ,cost--,comparatively low ,running ,expenses--,the ,car of the ,people ,one of the latest and most notable developments of the motor industry is the prominence of the small car4 ,it is obvious that the number of individuals who can afford to pay from #aej to #bcj for a motor-car for purposes either of pleasure or business is enormous in proportion to the number of those who can afford to pay more4 ,motor manufacturers have never been blind to that fact4 ,it is only in recent years1 however1 that they have seen their way to meet the demand with satisfaction to their customers and profit to themselves4 ,the small car has come1 and its merits are so considerable1 the pockets to which it appeals so many1 that its popularity is assured4 ,it is not a very rash prophecy to declare that in a few years' time it will be the vehicle most commonly met with on the high road1 and its manufacture the mainstay of the motor trade4 ,in ,france1 where the possibilities--commercial and practical--of the small car were first foreseen1 the great motor race of the year1 the ,grand ,prix of the ,automobile ,club de ,france1 is now preceded by a ,grand ,prix des ,voiturettes1 and the result of the #aijh contest is a striking illustration of the speed and reliability of which some of these little vehicles are capable4 ,of the forty-seven voiturettes which went to the post1 twenty completed the course of #bhf miles in a little more than seven and a half hours4 ,the winner1 a car driven by a single-cylinder ,de ,dion engine and weighing little more than twelve hundred-weight1 covered the distance in five hours and three-quarters--an average speed of nearly fifty miles an hour2 while the second car1 a single-cylinder ,sizaire1 which was only six minutes behind at the finish1 covered one of the laps at an average speed of more than fifty-three miles an hour4 ,speeds such as these are happily not lawful on ,english roads4 ,i point to them only to illustrate the power that the motor manufacturer has succeeded in obtaining from a single cylinder of less than four inches bore1 and the excellence of design and material which has enabled him to produce a little vehicle1 weighing a good deal less than a ton1 yet capable of withstanding the shocks of rattling over #bhf miles of country road at racing speed4 ,the race for the ,grand ,prix des ,voiturettes and other recent trials have amply demonstrated the speed and reliability of the small car4 ,they have shown that for sums ranging from #aej to #bcj the manufacturer can make a car which1 for all practical purposes of everyday use upon the road1 is the equal in speed and trustworthiness of a car costing from three to five times as much4 ,the #h horse-power ,de ,dion1 which costs #bbe #aes41 went through the ,international ,touring-car ,trial of #aijh with flying colours4 ,it covered #ahjj miles of arduous road work in capital style1 and by shedding one of its passengers it even managed to climb the terrible two-mile slope of the ,kirkstone ,pass4 ,the #i horse-power ,sizaire1 the engine already referred to as having accomplished the fastest lap in the ,grand ,prix1 costs #aij guineas4 ,there are many other cars1 ,british and foreign1 not less reliable and equally moderate in price3 the ,phnix1 for example1 a twin-cylinder car1 costing #adj2 the ,jackson ,de ,dion1 costing #bbj2 the ,pick1 a four-cylinder #ad-af horse-power car1 costing only #afe2 the ,rover1 costing from #ajj to #bjj guineas according to engine-power and finish2 and the ,vauxhall4 ,when it is remembered that cars can often be bought second-hand but in first-class condition for about two-thirds of their original cost1 it will be recognised that motoring need not be the exclusive privilege of the very rich4 ,it is not1 however1 in the comparison of first cost so much as in that of the cost of maintenance that the small car appeals to the man of moderate means4 ,generally speaking it may be said that as compared with a full-powered car the small car uses little more than one-third the quantity of petrol per mile travelled1 and that its tyres cost only half as much and last twice as long4 ,a gallon of petrol1 which will propel a big car #ab or #ae miles1 will propel a little ,rover or ,phnix from #cj to #dj miles4 ,here is a statement of the actual cost of running a #f horse-power ,rover for eleven months over nearly #fjjj miles of country roads3 s4 d4 ,tyre ,repairs #b #b #i ,petrol #ab #j #j ,oil #ah #j ,sundry ,repairs #d #ab #e ------------- ,total #ai #ac #b ,the car belonged to a doctor who had to make frequent stoppages on the way1 so that the consumption of petrol was higher than it would have been with continuous travelling4 ,nevertheless1 the cost of running the car works out at about four-fifths of a penny per mile--less than third-class railway fare for one person4 ,this is1 no doubt1 an exceptionally low figure4 ,another user of an exactly similar car has found the cost of running #cdjj miles to be as follows3 s4 d4 ,tyre ,repairs #b #ac #j ,petrol #f #ai #j ,oil and ,grease #b #f #j ,sundry ,repairs #a #aj #j ,charging ,accumulators #ah #j ,brushes and ,waste #aj #j ------------ ,total #ad #af #j --almost exactly a penny a mile4 ,to these figures must1 of course1 be added the cost of licences1 insurance1 garaging1 and an allowance for the depreciation of the car--that is to say1 the difference between its first cost and the price at which it could be resold4 ,in every respect but one the advantages of the small car over its big brother are enormous4 ,its one drawback is that its accommodation is necessarily smaller4 ,the typical small car is a two-seater2 but that is the essence of its economy4 ,extra seats and extra passengers mean extra weight1 and extra weight requires larger engines and more petrol1 and entails more wear and tear on tyres1 machinery and chassis4 ,it is the weight that runs up the maintenance bill and the prospective purchaser should bear this in mind if he hankers after an extra seat4 ,i may point out1 nevertheless1 that some of the small cars in the market can be fitted with a detachable rear seat for #f or #g1 and that others have sufficient space for the accommodation of an extra passenger upon the floor4 ,a friend who owns a 8two-seater0 ,sizaire1 tells me that it often carries four passengers to the railway station4 ,it is as a two-seater1 however1 that the small car bases its claim to popular favour4 ,in the majority of journeys by any sort of private vehicle two is the number for which accommodation is most frequently required4 ,many owners of large cars have discovered that the occasions on which a two-seater would not serve their motoring purposes are comparatively few4 ,obviously it is gross extravagance to employ the voracious eater of petrol and rubber upon a service which can be accomplished at a quarter of the cost by a smaller car1 at the same speed1 with less strain upon the driver and with equal comfort to the passenger4 ,for these reasons the time is at hand when every motor-car owner2 however many big cars he may possess1 must add to his fleet at least one two-seater for run-about purposes4 ,the large car will be a luxury1 the small car will be a necessity--and not only for those who are ordinarily described as wealthy4 ,the time is coming when every man who can afford to go out of town at week ends will find it worth his while to be a motorist1 when every suburban house with a rental of over #fj will have its motor shed1 and when the small car will be as prevalent upon the country road as the bicycle is to-day4 ,,car ,,index-,,marks ,,and ,,their ,,locale ,one sees every day on the streets and roads cars bearing numbers and letters quite unfamiliar4 ,it is advantageous1 in many ways1 for the motoriste to be fairly well acquainted with some of the more important index-marks4 ,one can easily remember in the ,united ,kingdom that ,ireland's index-letters all contain the letter ,i and ,scotland's all the letter ,s 7with two exceptions74 ,england and ,wales to date1 with very few exceptions1 use up the letters ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e and ,f4 ,london has now four distinct index-marks and no doubt will add to them as the increase in cars may demand4 ,all motor-cars must have an index-mark and a registration number1 excepting those owned personally by his ,majesty the ,king4 ,white letters and figures on a black plate are for privately owned cars4 ,trade vehicles use coloured figures and letters1 usually red on a white plate4 ,trade vehicles usually also have additional letters which are granted them as a trade-mark or for trade purposes4 ,but the index-mark or letter of their locale must1 in all instances1 be placed first on the plate4 ,registration need not be effected in the same district in which the car is owned1 so that1 with some trouble1 an owner can have practically any letter she likes on her car4 ,the fee for registration1 #a1 need be paid only once on any one car1 excepting on change of ownership1 when a fee of #es4 is payable4 ,but with this change of ownership the index-mark and registration number remain the same4 ,if a new index-mark and registration number are wanted1 the existing ones can be cancelled and the car re-registered1 in any locality1 on payment of the full fee4 ,the following are the index-marks in use in the ,united ,kingdom3 ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,a ,london 7also ,,lb1 ,,lc and ,,ln7 ,,aa ,southampton ,county ,council ,,ab ,worcestershire ,,ac ,warwickshire ,,ad ,gloucestershire ,,ae ,bristol ,,af ,cornwall ,,ah ,norfolk ,,aj ,yorkshire1 ,n4 ,riding ,,ak ,bradford ,,al ,nottinghamshire ,,am ,wiltshire ,,an ,west ,ham ,,ao ,cumberland ,,ap ,sussex1 ,east ,,ar ,hertfordshire ,,at ,kingston-on-,hull ,,au ,nottingham ,,aw ,shropshire ,,ax ,monmouthshire ,,ay ,leicestershire ,b ,lancashire ,,ba ,salford ,,bb ,newcastle-on-,tyne ,,bc ,leicester ,,bd ,northamptonshire ,,be ,lindsey ,,bf ,dorsetshire 7also ,,fx7 ,,bh ,buckinghamshire ,,bj ,suffolk1 ,east ,,bk ,portsmouth ,,bl ,berkshire ,,bm ,bedfordshire ,,bn ,bolton ,,bo ,cardiff ,,bp ,sussex1 ,west ,,br ,sunderland ,,bt ,yorkshire1 ,east ,riding ,,bu ,oldham ,,bw ,oxfordshire ,,bx ,carmarthenshire ,,by ,croydon ,c ,yorkshire1 ,west ,riding ,,ca ,denbighshire ,,cb ,blackburn ,,cc ,carnarvonshire ,,cd ,brighton ,,ce ,cambridgeshire ,,cf ,suffolk1 ,west ,,ch ,derby ,,cj ,herefordshire ,,ck ,preston ,,cl ,norwich ,,cm ,birkenhead ,,cn ,gateshead ,,co ,plymouth ,,cp ,halifax ,,cr ,southampton ,borough ,,ct ,kesteven ,,cu ,south ,shields ,,cw ,burnley ,,cx ,huddersfield ,,cy ,swansea ,d ,kent ,,da ,wolverhampton ,,db ,stockport ,,dc ,middlesbrough ,,de ,pembrokeshire ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,,df ,northampton ,borough 7also ,,nh7 ,,dh ,walsall ,,dj ,st4 ,helens ,,dk ,rochdale ,,dl ,isle of ,wight ,,dm ,flintshire ,,dn ,york ,,do ,holland1 ,lincs4 ,,dp ,reading ,,dr ,devonport ,,du ,coventry ,,dw ,newport1 ,mon4 ,,dx ,ipswich ,,dy ,hastings ,e ,staffordshire ,,ea ,west ,bromwich ,,eb ,isle of ,ely ,,ec ,westmorland ,,ed ,warrington ,,ee ,grimsby ,,ef ,west ,hartlepool ,,eh ,hanley ,,ej ,cardiganshire ,,ek ,wigan ,,el ,bournemouth ,,em ,bootle ,,en ,bury ,,eo ,barrow-in-,furness ,,ep ,montgomeryshire ,,et ,rotherham ,,eu ,breckonshire ,,ew ,huntingdonshire ,,ex ,great ,yarmouth ,,ey ,anglesey ,f ,essex ,,fa ,burton-on-,trent ,,fb ,bath ,,fc ,oxford ,,fd ,dudley ,,fe ,lincoln ,,ff ,merionethshire ,,fh ,gloucester ,,fj ,exeter ,,fk ,worcester ,,fl ,peterborough ,,fm ,chester ,,fn ,canterbury ,,fo ,radnorshire ,,fp ,rutlandshire ,,fr ,blackpool ,,ft ,tynemouth ,,fx ,dorsetshire 7also ,,bf7 ,,fy ,southport ,h ,middlesex ,,ha ,smethwick ,j ,durham1 ,county ,k ,liverpool ,l ,glamorganshire ,,lb ,london 7also ,a7 ,,lc 8 ,,ln 8 ,m ,cheshire ,,mn ,isle of ,man ,n ,manchester ,,nh ,northampton 7also ,,df7 ,o ,birmingham ,p ,surrey ,r ,derbyshire ,t ,devonshire ,u ,leeds ,w ,sheffield ,x ,northumberland ,y ,somersetshire ,,scotland ,all cars bearing on their index-marks the letter ,s can1 at a glance1 be put down as ,scottish1 for ,scotland alone has a right to the use of this letter3 ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,,as ,nairnshire ,,bs ,orkney ,,ds ,peeblesshire ,,es ,perthshire ,g ,glasgow ,,hs ,renfrewshire ,,js ,ross and ,cromarty ,,ks ,roxburghshire ,,ls ,selkirkshire ,,ms ,stirlingshire ,,ns ,sutherlandshire ,,os ,wigtownshire ,,ps ,shetland ,,rs ,aberdeen ,city ,s ,edinburgh ,,sa ,aberdeen ,county ,,sb ,argyllshire ,,sd ,ayrshire ,,se ,banffshire ,,sh ,berwickshire ,,sj ,buteshire ,,sk ,caithness-shire ,,sl ,clackmannanshire ,,sm ,dumfriesshire ,,sn ,dumbartonshire ,,so ,elginshire ,,sp ,fifeshire ,,sr ,forfarshire ,,ss ,haddingtonshire ,,st ,inverness-shire ,,su ,kincardineshire ,,sv ,kinross-shire ,,sw ,kircudbrightshire ,,sx ,linlithgowshire ,,sy ,midlothian ,,ts ,dundee ,,us ,govan ,v ,lanarkshire ,,vs ,greenock ,,ws ,leith ,,xs ,paisley ,,ys ,partick ,,ireland ,the inclusion of the letter ,i on a car's index-mark stamps that car at once as ,irish1 for the use of this letter is confined to ,ireland3 ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,,ai ,co4 ,meath ,,bi ,co4 ,monaghan ,,ci ,queen's ,county ,,di ,co4 ,roscommon ,,ei ,co4 ,sligo ,,fi ,tipperary1 ,north ,,hi ,tipperary1 ,south ,,ia ,co4 ,antrim ,,ib ,co4 ,armagh ,,ic ,co4 ,carlow ,,id ,co4 ,cavan ,,ie ,co4 ,clare ,,if ,co4 ,cork ,,ih ,co4 ,donegal ,,ij ,co4 ,down ,,ik ,co4 ,dublin ,,il ,co4 ,fermanagh ,,im ,co4 ,galway ,,in ,co4 ,kerry ,,io ,co4 ,kildare ,,ip ,co4 ,kilkenny ,,ir ,king's ,county ,,it ,co4 ,leitrim ,,iu ,co4 ,limerick ,,iw ,co4 ,londonderry ,,ix ,co4 ,longford ,,iy ,co4 ,louth ,,iz ,co4 ,mayo ,,ji ,co4 ,tyrone ,,ki ,co4 ,waterford ,,li ,co4 ,west ,meath ,,mi ,co4 ,wexford ,,ni ,co4 ,wicklow ,,oi ,belfast ,,pi ,cork ,,ri ,dublin ,,ti ,limerick ,,ui ,londonderry ,,wi ,waterford ,,france ,in ,france the index-numbers are divided among sixteen sections1 including ,algeria1 which are called ,arrondissements minralogiques4 ,some of these sections contain as many as eight departments or counties4 ,the majority have single letters4 ,paris has five sets of single letters4 ,it is necessary for a motoriste from the ,united ,kingdom1 when taking her car into ,france1 to affix a ,french index-mark above her ,british one4 ,this mark and number will be given her at the point of debarkation on registering the car and on passing a pleasant and easy little examination in the art of driving4 ,this test consists in driving round a square or up and down the street for about a quarter or half a mile1 turning a few corners en route4 ,the ,french index-marks are as follows3 ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,a ,alais 7,gard1 ,hrault1 ,lozre1 ,ardche7 ,a-,l ,algrie ,b ,bordeaux 7,dpartements du sud de la ,garonne1 ,charente-,infrieure1 ,dordogne1 ,lot-et-,garonne7 ,c ,chlon-sur-,sane 7,cte-d',or1 ,jura1 ,ain1 ,doubs1 ,yonne1 ,sane-et-,loire7 ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,d ,douai 7,nord1 ,aisne7 ,e ,paris 7also ,g1 ,i1 ,u and ,x7 ,f ,clermont-,ferrand 7,puy-de-,dme1 ,haute-,loire1 ,cantal1 ,allier1 ,nivre7 ,g ,paris 7also ,e1 ,i1 ,u and ,x7 ,h ,chambry 7,savoie1 ,haute-,savoie1 ,isre1 ,drme1 ,basses-,alpes7 ,i ,paris 7also ,e1 ,g1 ,u and ,x7 ,l ,le ,mans 7,sarthe1 ,dpartements de la ,bretagne1 ,mayenne7 ,m-,v ,marseille 7,dpartements de la ,cte1 ,corse7 ,n-,o ,nancy 7,dpartements de l',est1 including the ,aube7 ,p-,k ,poitiers 7,dpartements du sud de la ,loire1 including the ,loiret7 ,s ,st4-,etienne 7,rhne1 ,loire7 ,t ,toulouse 7,languedoc1 including ,tarn and ,lot7 ,u ,paris 7also ,e1 ,g and ,i7 ,x ,paris ,y ,rouen 7,seine-et-,oise1 ,seine-et-,marne1 ,eure1 ,eure-et-,loire1 ,seine-,infrieure1 ,orne1 ,calvados1 ,manche7 or ,x ,,germany ,the motoriste from the ,united ,kingdom can take her car into ,germany and drive it there without having to put on a new number4 ,germany willingly accepts the ,british index-mark already on the car4 ,index-marks in ,germany are allotted in twenty-six different sections1 one of which1 ,prussia1 is sub-divided into twelve provinces and the city of ,berlin4 ,in nearly all the distinct kingdoms and duchies an attempt has been made to utilise the initial letter of that section1 thereby making recognition of the locale of the car quicker4 ,in ,prussia the mark is the number ,i in a ,roman figure followed by letters of the alphabet4 ,in many other provinces numbers in ,roman figures are also used1 the figure in most instances being followed by a letter of the alphabet4 ,the following are the ,german police index-marks for cars 7,kraftfahrzeuge73 ,,index-,,mark4 ,,locale4 ,prussia ,i ,a ,berlin ,i ,c ,east ,prussia ,i ,d ,west ,prussia ,i ,e ,brandenburg ,i ,h ,pomerania ,i ,j ,posen ,i ,k ,silesia ,i ,m ,saxony ,i ,p ,schleswig-,holstein ,i ,s ,hanover ,i ,t ,hesse-,nassau ,i ,x ,westphalia ,i ,z ,rhine ,province ,figures ,,ii and letters ,bavaria ,a1 ,b1 ,c and so on ,figure only1 ,i ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,saxony 7,kingdom7 ,,iv and ,v ,figures ,,iii and letters ,wrtemburg ,a1 ,b1 ,c and so on ,figure ,,iv and ,baden letters ,figure ,v and ,hesse letters ,m ,i ,mecklenburg-,schwerin ,s ,saxony 7,grand ,duchy7 ,m ,,ii ,mecklenburg-,strelitz ,o ,oldenburg ,b ,brunswick ,,sm ,saxe-,meiningen ,,sa ,saxe-,altenburg ,,kg ,saxe-,coburg-,gotha ,a ,anhalt ,,sr ,schwarzburg-,rudolstadt ,,ss ,schwarzburg-,sondershausen ,w ,waldeck ,,ra ,reuss 7old line7 ,,rj ,reuss 7young line7 ,,sl ,schaumburg-,lippe ,l ,lippe ,,hl ,lbeck ,,hb ,bremen ,,hh ,hamburg ,figure ,,vi and letter ,alsace-,lorraine ,a1 ,b 7,elsass-,lothringen7 and so on ,,the ,,motor ,,woman',s ,,dictionary ,,accelerator4--,a device1 operated by a pedal1 for increasing the speed of the engine1 either by suspending the controlling action of the governor or opening the throttle4 ,,accumulator4--,an apparatus for storing electricity4 ,see ,battery4 ,,acetylene4--,an inflammable gas giving a brilliant light4 ,it is commonly produced by adding water to carbide of calcium4 ,,ammeter4--,an instrument used for measuring the number of ampres in an electrical circuit4 ,see ,ampre4 ,,amp,,re4--,the unit of measure of the quantity of current flowing through an electrical circuit4 ,see ,volt4 ,,axles4--,the horizontal shafts or girders by which the weight of carriage is transferred to the road wheels and at the ends of which the wheels revolve4 ,a 8live0 axle is one which revolves with1 and by which the power of the engine is communicated to1 the driving-wheels4 ,,backfire4--,a premature explosion of the gaseous mixture in the cylinder4 ,when it occurs while the starting-handle is being turned its effects are distinctly unpleasant to the operator4 ,,battery4--,an arrangement of two or more cells either for the production or the storage of electricity4 ,in the former case it is known as a primary battery2 in the latter case it is known as a secondary battery1 a storage battery1 or an accumulator4 ,see ,cell4 ,,cell1 ,,electrical4--,a chemical apparatus for the production or storage of electricity4 ,two or more cells electrically connected constitute a battery4 ,,circulating ,,pump4--,the pump which forces the water through the radiator to ensure rapid cooling4 ,,bearings4--,the cradles or surfaces upon which the moving parts of machinery are supported4 ,they always require lubrication4 ,,belt4--,a flexible band sometimes used instead of gearing to transmit the power of the engine to the driving-wheels4 ,,bevel ,,gear4--,a gear consisting of cog-wheels with bevelled or sloping surfaces4 ,,big ,,end4--,the end of the connecting-rod which grasps the crank4 ,see ,connecting-rod4 ,,brake4--,a device for stopping or checking the motion of the car by the application of friction to one or other of the moving parts4 ,a motor-car should have at least three good brakes applicable by the hand and foot of the driver4 ,,brake ,,horse-,,power4 ,see ,horse-power4 ,,cam4--,a revolving disc of irregular shape designed to impart a variable motion to some other piece of mechanism--such as the spindle of a valve--in contact with it4 ,,carbide ,,of ,,calcium4--,a compound of chalk and coke which1 when brought into contact with water1 gives off the acetylene gas used for lighting4 ,,carburettor4--,the apparatus for regulating the rate of evaporation of the petrol and the proportions of its mixture with air4 ,it consists generally of a float chamber and a mixing-chamber4 ,,chain4--,in motor-cars chains are sometimes used1 as in the bicycle1 for the transmission of power from one part of the mechanism to another4 ,,change-,,speed ,,gear4--,the arrangement of shafts and toothed wheels by which the speed of the road wheels is altered without alterations in the speed of the engine4 ,,chassis4--,the entire framework and mechanism of the car--engines1 wheels1 axles1 c4--without the body or seating accommodation4 ,,clutch4--,a device for connecting the motive machinery with the driving-wheels at the will of the driver4 ,,coil4--,see ,induction ,coil4 ,,commutator4--,an appliance for enabling the driver to advance or retard the spark which ignites the mixture in the cylinder4 ,,compression4--,this word in motoring invariably applies to the compression of the gaseous mixture in the cylinder4 ,the efficiency and economy of the motor depend greatly upon the degree of compression at the moment of ignition4 ,,connecting-,,rod4--,the rod which connects the piston with the crank of the engine4 ,,cut-,,out4--,a device for diverting the exhaust gases directly into the air instead of compelling them to pass through the silencer4 ,the 8cut-out0 is seldom used except in racing4 ,it accelerates the engine at the cost of an appalling noise4 ,,cycle4--,see ,otto ,cycle4 ,,cylinder4--,the cast-iron chamber in which the petrol gas is compressed and exploded and in which the piston travels to and fro4 ,,densimeter4--,an instrument for testing the specific gravity 7i4e41 the weight as compared with water7 of petrol4 ,,differential ,,gear4--,the gear by which power is communicated to the driving-wheels in such a way that it is taken up automatically by either or both of them according to their respective requirements at the moment4 ,,dry ,,cell1 ,,or ,,battery4--,a cell1 or battery of cells1 which works without liquid4 ,dry cells are generally used for motoring purposes in preference to cells containing solution4 ,,dynamometer4--,an instrument for testing the amount of power expended by mechanical or animal effort4 ,the dynamometer used for testing motors is often called the 8pony brake40 ,see ,horse-power4 ,,electric ,,ignition4--,the ignition of the explosive mixture in the cylinder is effected by an electric spark caused by forcing an electric current through the sparking-plug4 ,the current is obtained 7#a7 from an accumulator or a primary battery1 in which case its pressure is raised to the required voltage by passing it through an induction coil2 or 7#b7 from a magneto-electrical instrument--which is very much like a dynamo on a small scale1 and is driven by the motor4 ,,exhaust4--,the gaseous products of combustion expelled from the cylinder during the scavenging stroke of the piston4 ,,fan4--,a rotary fan1 driven by the motor1 is often employed to increase the current of air passing through the radiator and thus to assist in cooling the water4 ,,feed4--,the method of conveying the petrol from the main tank to the carburettor4 ,if the tank is higher than the carburettor1 the petrol will pass by gravity4 ,otherwise it must be lifted by pressure4 ,the exhaust is generally employed for this purpose1 a hand-pump being fitted to furnish the necessary pressure for starting4 ,,fly-,,wheel4--,as only one of the four strokes of the motor is a working stroke1 a heavy fly-wheel is necessary to carry the piston through its cycle and promote easy running4 ,,frame4--,the structure which carries the machinery of the car4 ,,garage4--,a stable for motor-cars4 ,,gears4--,see ,bevel ,gear1 ,change-speed ,gear1 ,differential ,gear4 ,,governor4--,the appliance which automatically regulates the speed of the engine1 usually by checking the volume of mixture admitted to the cylinder4 ,,gradient4--,the inclination or slope of a road4 ,,gravity ,,feed4--,see ,feed4 ,,horse-,,power4--,boulton and ,watt calculated that a ,london dray-horse was capable of work equivalent to lifting #cc1jjj lb4 one foot high in one minute1 and this task--technically described as #cc1jjj foot-lb4 per minute--has been accepted as the 8unit of horse-power0 for the measurement of mechanical work4 ,the power of a petrol motor depends upon many factors--diameter of cylinder1 speed of working1 quality of mixture1 compression1 cooling-surfaces1 c4--some of which vary from moment to moment in practice4 ,the only real means of measuring it is by the dynamometer or pony-brake1 which records the power actually available for useful work4 ,horse-power so measured is called brake horse-power4 ,for purposes of competitions the ,royal ,automobile ,club use the following formula for rating the comparative power of petrol motors4 ,multiply the diameter of the cylinder in inches by itself and again by the number of cylinders4 ,the product divided by #b is the nominal horse-power4 ,,ignition4--,see ,electric ,ignition4 ,,induction-,,coil4--,an apparatus for intensifying the pressure of the electric current4 ,used in motor practice as a part of the system of high-tension ignition4 ,,inspection ,,pit4--,a pit or well1 generally situated in or near the garage1 to facilitate the examination and repair of the chassis of a car4 ,,licences4--,licences must be taken out 7#a7 by the owner of a car4 ,this licence costs from two to five guineas according to the weight of the car2 and 7#b7 the driver of a car4 ,this costs five shillings only4 ,,limousine4--,a large covered car4 ,,live ,,axle4--,see ,axles4 ,,lubrication4--,the application of oil1 grease or other substances suitable for the reduction of friction between sliding surfaces4 ,,mixture4--,the explosive charge of petrol and air admitted to the cylinder4 ,see ,carburettor4 ,,otto ,,cycle4--,nearly all petrol motor-car engines work upon the system invented by ,otto in #ahgf and known as the ,otto ,cycle4 ,the cycle consists of the successive operation of induction1 compression1 explosion and scavenging1 there being thus only one working stroke in four--that is in every two revolutions of the fly-wheel4 ,,over-,,heating4--,an accident generally resulting from deficient water circulation or insufficient lubrication4 ,unless speedily remedied it may result in serious damage to the motor4 ,see ,seizing4 ,,panne4--,a ,french word1 meaning 8a breakdown40 ,,petrol4--,a highly inflammable and volatile spirit distilled from petroleum4 ,seven pints of petrol weigh about as much as ten pints of water4 ,its vapour is heavier than air4 ,,piston4--,the disc which slides up and down in the cylinder1 and communicates the force of the explosion to the connecting-rod and crank4 ,,piston ,,rings4--,cast-iron split rings1 fitted in grooves round the piston to make a gas-tight joint between the piston and the walls of the cylinder4 ,,pony-,,brake4--,see ,dynamometer4 ,,pressure ,,feed4--,see ,feed4 ,,radiator4--,a device for cooling the water circulating round the cylinders by exposing it to a large surface in contact with free air4 ,,side-,,slip4--,an accident liable to occur on greasy roads1 but of less frequent occurrence since the introduction of 8non-skidding0 devices4 ,,silencer4--,a box or chamber designed to reduce the noise caused by the escape of the exhaust gases4 ,,spares4--,duplicate parts of machinery carried in case of a breakdown4 ,,sparking-,,plug4--,a porcelain plug1 carrying the electric wires1 which is screwed into the combustion chamber of the cylinder4 ,at the end of the plug within the cylinder are platinum points in connection with the wires4 ,the current jumping from point to point makes the spark which fires the charge4 ,,throttle4--,the control of the volume of mixture supplied to the engine4 ,,timing-,,gear4--,the gear which controls the times at which the valves of the engine open and close1 and at which the charge is fired4 ,,torque4--,the twisting effort of rotation4 ,,universal ,,joint4--,a flexible joint which permits the transmission of power from one shaft to another in any direction4 ,,volt4--,the unit of measure of electrical pressure4 ,it is the measure of the quality of the flow as compared with ampere which is the measure of quantity4 ,,index ,accelerator1 #aaa ,accessories1 cost of1 #ah1 #ci1 #fg ,accumulator1 #aaa ,acetylene1 #aaa ,air lever1 #cg1 #dc ,ammeter1 #ee1 #aaa ,ampre1 #aaa ,antioyl soap1 #bi ,automobile ,association1 #fe ,axles1 #aaa ,backfire1 #db1 #aab ,battery1 electric1 #ci2 to test1 #ee2 to adjust1 #eh2 purpose of1 #aab ,bearings1 #aab ,belt-transmission1 #aac ,bevel gear1 #aac ,big end1 #aac ,bonnet of car1 #cc ,bracelets and rings1 #bg ,brake horse-power--,see ,horse-power ,brakes1 testing1 #cf2 adjusting1 #cg2 applying1 #dd1 #dh2 number of1 #aac ,brooklands1 race for ladies at1 #aac ,cadillac car1 #ia ,cam1 #aac ,campbell de ,laurentz1 the ,baroness1 #hi ,car1 choice of1 #ag1 #ai2 care of1 #bj2 cost of1 #ah1 #fb1 #ic1 et seq42 registration and numbering of1 #bb1 #aja2 body of1 #ag2 advantage of single cylinder1 #ag1 #cb1 #id2 horse-power of1 #ag2 how to start1 #db2 changing speed1 #cg1 #de2 reversing1 #dg2 braking1 #dh2 learning to drive1 #di1 #ff1 #fi1 et seq4 ,carbide of ,calcium1 #aac ,carburettor1 #cc1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai2 troubles with1 #ef1 #fj ,chain-transmission1 #aad ,changing speed1 #cg1 #de1 #aad ,chassis1 #aad ,circulating-pump1 #aad ,clutch1 #aad ,coats for motoring1 #be ,coil--,see ,induction ,coil ,commutator1 #aad ,compression1 #aad ,corners1 how to drive round1 #gb1 #gd ,cost of the car and accessories1 #ah2 of motoring1 #fb1 #ic ,cyclists1 rights of1 #ga1 #gd ,cylinder1 single1 advantages of #ag1 #cb1 #id 8,daily ,graphic10 ,miss ,levitt's articles in the1 v4 ,de ,dion car1 #ag1 #df1 #id1 #ie ,densimeter1 #aae ,dictionary1 the ,motor-,woman's1 #aaa1 et seq4 ,differential gear1 #aae ,distinguished woman motorists1 #he1 et seq4 ,dog1 as companion1 #cj ,drawer under the seat1 uses of1 #bh ,dress for motoring1 #bd1 et seq42 shoes1 #bd2 gaiters1 #bd2 frocks #bd2 coats1 #be2 head-gear1 #bf2 muffler1 #bg2 gloves1 #bg1 #bh1 #fg2 rings and bracelets1 #bg2 overall1 #bh2 toilet accessories1 #bh1 #bi ,dry cell1 #aae ,dust nuisance1 #gc ,dynamometer1 #aaf ,edge1 ,mrs41 #ib ,electric ignition1 #aaf--,see also ,ignition ,ellis1 ,miss ,christabel1 #ij ,engine1 overheating of1 #ej ,england and ,wales1 index-marks of cars in1 #ajc ,exhaust1 #aaf ,fan1 rotary1 #aaf ,feed1 #aag ,fiat car1 #ij ,fly-wheel1 #aag ,foot-brake1 #dd1 #di ,foot-throttle1 #dd ,frame1 #aag ,france1 index-marks of cars in1 #ajg ,frocks for motoring1 #bd ,gaiters1 #bd ,garage1 #bj1 #gi1 #aag ,gear lever1 #cg1 #ch pedal1 #de ,gears1 #aag--,see also ,changing ,speed ,germany1 index-marks of cars in1 #aji ,gifford1 the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,maurice1 #hi ,gloves for motoring1 #bg1 #bh1 #fg ,gore-,brown1 the ,lady ,muriel1 #hi ,governor1 #aag ,grand ,prix des ,voiturettes1 #id ,hampson1 ,miss ,daisy1 #ij ,hand brake-lever1 #cg ,harbord1 the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,assheton1 #hi ,hats and head-gear1 #bf ,hewitt1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,roland1 #ij ,hill-climbing1 #di ,hind1 ,miss ,muriel1 #ij ,hood1 waterproof1 cost of1 #ah ,horn1 when to sound1 #fg1 #gb1 #gc ,horse-power1 #aah ,horses1 care to be exercised in passing1 #ga ,hotels1 tips at1 #hj ,hunter ,baillie1 ,miss1 #ib ,ignition lever1 #cg1 #ch1 #dc troubles1 #eb1 #ed1 #eh ,index-marks of cars1 in ,england and ,wales1 #ajc2 in ,scotland1 #aje2 in ,ireland1 #ajf2 in ,france1 #ajg2 in ,germany1 #ajh ,induction-coil1 #aai ,inspection pit1 #aai ,international ,touring ,car ,trial1 #ie ,ireland1 index-marks of cars in1 #ajf ,jackson ,de ,dion car1 #if ,jarrott1 ,mrs4 ,charles1 #ib ,kennard1 ,mrs4 ,edward1 #ib ,kinnoull1 the ,countess of1 #hh ,ladies' ,automobile ,club1 #fe1 #hg1 #hh ,ladies' ,bracelet ,handicap1 #ij ,lamps1 cost of1 #ah2 position of1 #bb ,leather coats1 disadvantages of1 #be ,levers of car1 #cg1 #ch ,levitt1 ,miss ,dorothy1 her motoring record1 #c1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 interest in aeronautics1 #e2 personal characteristics1 #f2 private life1 #g ,licences1 #ba1 #aai ,lloyd1 ,mrs4 ,herbert1 #ij ,locke-,king1 ,mrs41 #ij ,lubricating oil1 cost of1 #ig1 #ih ,lubrication1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #ej1 #aai ,lubricators1 types of1 #cc ,manners for motorists1 #fi1 et seq4 ,manville1 ,mrs4 ,e41 #ij ,map-reading1 #hf ,mayhew1 ,mrs4 ,mark1 #ib ,mechanics1 woman's capacity for1 #hg ,mercds car1 #hh ,mirror1 use of1 #bi1 #ge ,misfire1 meaning of1 #eb ,mixture1 control of1 #dc ,mors car1 #ia ,motor christening1 a1 #ia ,motoring as a pastime for women1 #ae1 #he2 dress for1 #bd1 et seq41 #fg2 cost of1 #fb1 #ic1 et seq4 manners1 #fi1 et seq4 troubles--,see ,troubles ,napier car1 #ib ,nicol1 ,mrs41 #ib ,number1 the1 of the car1 #bb1 #ajb--,see also ,index-marks ,oil-tank1 #cc1 #cd ,otto cycle1 #aai ,overheating1 #ej1 #abj ,paine1 ,mrs4 ,claude1 #ib ,pedals1 uses of1 #dd1 #de ,pedestrians1 rights of1 #gj1 #gb ,petrol1 cost of1 #ba1 #ig1 #ih2 consumption of1 #ba tank1 #cb1 #ef vapour1 inflammability of1 #cc1 #abj ,phnix car1 #if1 #ig ,pick car1 #if ,piston1 #abj ,plowden1 ,lady1 #hi ,pony-brake1 #abj ,puncture--,see ,tyres ,radiator1 #aba ,rawson1 the ,lady ,beatrice1 #hi ,registration of car1 #bb ,renault car1 #ia ,reversing1 #dg ,ridge-,jones1 ,miss ,n41 #ij ,rings and bracelets1 #bg ,road1 rights of the1 #fi1 et seq4 ,rolls-,royce car1 #hi ,rover car1 #if1 #ig ,savory1 ,miss ,isabel1 #ia ,scarf motoring1 how to wear1 #bg ,schiff1 ,miss1 #ib ,scotland1 index-marks of cars in1 #aje ,screen1 gloss folding1 cost of1 #ah ,seat1 extra1 cost of1 #ah1 #ii ,second-hand cars1 #fc1 #fd ,shoes for motoring1 #bd ,side-brake1 #dd ,side-slip1 #ec1 #aba ,sizaire car1 #id1 #ii ,small car1 economy of1 #ag1 #fb1 #ic1 et seq42 capabilities of1 #id1 #ie2 types of1 #ie1 #if ,soap1 ,antioyl1 #bi ,spares1 list of1 #ai ,sparking-plug1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #aba ,speed1 changing1 #cg1 #ch1 #de1 #df1 #dg legal limit of1 #gc ,speedometer1 #fg ,starting the car1 #db ,steering-wheel1 how to hold1 #db ,stepney wheel1 #eb ,sutherland1 the ,duchess of1 #hh ,switch1 #ci ,talbot1 the ,lady ,violet 7now ,lady ,viola ,gore71 #hi ,thompson1 ,miss ,muriel1 #ij ,throttle1 #cg1 #dd1 #aba ,thrupp1 ,mrs4 ,george1 #ia ,timing-gear1 #aba ,tips1 #bj1 #gg1 et seq4 ,tools and spares1 list of1 #ai ,traffic1 driving in1 #ff ,troubles3 with tyres1 #eb2 ignition1 #eb1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei2 feed1 #ef1 #ei2 carburettor1 #eg1 #fj2 valves1 #eg ,tyre repair outfit1 cost of1 #ai ,tyres1 troubles with1 #eb2 cost of maintenance1 #ig1 #ih2 types of1 #ec2 non-skid devices1 #ec ,united ,kingdom1 index-marks of cars in1 #aja ,universal joint1 #abb ,valves1 troubles with1 #eg ,vauxhall car1 #if ,veil1 how to wear1 #bf ,voiturette--,see ,small ,car ,volt1 #abb ,walker-,munro1 ,mrs41 #ib ,water-tank1 how to fill1 #cc ,week-end tips1 #ha ,weguelin1 ,mrs41 #ib ,wimborne1 ,lady1 #hh 99 99 99 99 99 #aiji ,new ,,napier ,models ,,models from #b to #f ,cylinders4 ,,power from #aj ,h4,p4 to #ij ,h4,p4 ,,prices from #bie to #a1ejj4 ,tourist ,trophy1 ,isle of ,man4 ,four-inch ,race won by the ,four-,cylinder #bf-;h4p4 ,napier4 ,price #dge4 ,napier ,cars are ,cheapest to run and last longest4 ,every ,chassis is ,guaranteed for #c years4 99 99 99 99 99 8,viyella0 ,,for ,,the ,,motorist ,for ,shirt-,blouses1 ,skirts1 ,costumes1 etc4 ,for ,nightdresses1 ,pyjamas1 etc4 8,the acme of comfort40 ,to be obtained in the latest designs and colourings from the leading ,drapers1 or name of nearest sent1 on application1 by 8,,viyella0 7,d4,l47 #be #bf ,newgate ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 8,,viyella0 ,hosiery ,underwear1 and 8,,viyella0 ,gloves1 made from the same yarns as the celebrated cloth4 ,specially suitable for sensitive skins4 ,,the ,,country ,,handbooks ,a ,series of ,illustrated ,practical ,handbooks dealing with ,country ,life4 ,suitable for the ,pocket or ,knapsack4 ,under the ,general ,editorship of ,,harry ,,roberts4 ,foolscap #hvo 7#f by #d inches74 ,price1 bound in ,limp ,cloth1 #cs4 net4 ,,the ,,tramp',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,h4 ,,roberts4 ,,the ,,still ,,room4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,roundell4 ,,the ,,bird ,,book4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,roberts4 ,,the ,,little ,,farm4 ,by 8,,home ,,counties40 ,,the ,,fisherman',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,edgar ,s4 ,,shrubsole4 ,,the ,,sailing ,,handbook4 ,by ,,clove ,,hitch4 ,,the ,,kennel ,,handbook4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,davies4 ,,the ,,gun ,,room4 ,by ,,alex ,,innes ,,shand4 ,,the ,,country ,,cottage4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,morris and ,,esther ,,wood4 ,,the ,,motor ,,book4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,mecredy4 ,,the ,,stable ,,handbook4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,,dale4 ,,the ,,tree ,,book4 ,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,jarvis and ,,harry ,,roberts4 ,,the ,,insect ,,book4 ,by ,w4 ,,percival ,,westell4 ,,the ,,photographer',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,charles ,,harrison and ,,john ,c4 ,,douglas4 ,,the ,,vet4 ,,book4 ,by ,f4 ,,townend ,,barton4 ,,the ,,small ,,holding4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,green4 ,john ,lane1 ,the ,bodley ,head1 ,vigo ,street1 ,london 99 99 99 99 99 8,it is giving us every satisfaction40 ,,of ,,the ,,third ,de ,dion ,bouton owned by ,mrs4 ,,chester1 ,ashurst1 ,haslemere1 her chauffeur1 ,m4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,james1 wrote in ,january #aijh as follows3 8,we have sold our #ab-;h4p4 ,de ,dion and have now a #bd-;h4p4 car4 ,it is giving us every satisfaction1 as we have now done #ejjj miles without any trouble at all4 8,i should like to mention that ,i have driven this #bd-;h4p4 car now for seven months1 before that the #ab-;h4p4 for two years1 and before ,i had an #h-;h4p4 for two years also1 and during that time of just on five years ,i have never been hung up on the road1 except1 of course1 for tyres1 which ,i think speaks very well for ,de ,dion cars40 ,models from #h h4p4 to #cj h4p4 ,catalogue gratis on application4 ,de ,dion ,bouton 7#aijg71 ,ltd4 ,sole ,authorised ,representatives of ,messrs4 ,de ,dion ,bouton et ,cie41 of ,puteaux1 ,france1 for the ,united ,kingdom and all ,british ,colonies and ,dependencies4 #aj ,great ,marlborough ,st41 ,regent ,st41 ,w4 ,telegrams--8,andesite1 ,london40 ,telephone--,nos4 #hafj #hafa ,central 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,motor ,,book ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,mecredy ,with ,numerous ,illustrations 78,the ,county ,handbooks407 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 net4 ,,press ,,opinions ,,scotsman4--8,an admirable1 succinct and clear account of the mechanism of a typical petrol car4 ,contains as much information as the ordinary owner of a motor is likely to want40 ,,aberdeen ,,free ,,press4--8,an exceedingly exhaustive account of how the motor works4 ,the machinery is described with the utmost clearness4 ,it should prove of the utmost value to all motorists who are not practical mechanics40 ,,birmingham ,,post4--8,his work is very valuable4 ,in addition it is a very dainty volume1 nicely printed1 illustrated1 and bound40 ,,morning ,,post4--8,in any case the book will help inexperienced enthusiasts to run their cars straight and to keep them in order40 ,,motor-,,car ,,world4--8,the book is the most satisfactory work on motor-cars which we have perused4 ,in the last two of these chapters ,mr4 ,mecredy gives many valuable hints on the care of cars1 how to prevent trouble1 and how to remedy defects when they do occur4 ,the book is profusely illustrated by means of both photographic reproductions and diagrams40 ,john ,lane1 ,the ,bodley ,head1 ,vigo ,st41 ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,,castle ,,motor ,,accessories ,illustration3 ,,castle ,,appeal ,,to ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,taste4 ,,and ,,they ,,are ,,as ,,good ,,as ,,they ,,appear4 ,illustration3 ,l1 ,m4 ,plugs4 ,for ,coil or ,magneto4 ,illustration3 ,simplex ,speedmeter4 ,simplicity and ,reliability4 ,illustration3 ,lamps for all ,cars4 ,gas or ,oil4 ,illustration3 ,castle ,accumulators4 ,sold at actual ,capacity by ,society of ,motor ,manufacturers' rating4 ,illustration ,write for ,list4 ,illustration ,ask your ,motor ,agent for 8,castle0 ,accessories always4 ,,united ,,motor ,,industries ,,ltd4 7,oldest ,motor ,accessory ,firm in the ,country7 #df ,,poland ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,fiction ,,galahad ,,jones4 ,a ,tragic ,farce4 ,by ,,arthur ,h4 ,,adams4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,galahad ,jones is a middle-aged bank clerk1 with a family4 ,one day1 on his way home1 a letter falls to his feet from the balcony of a house he is passing4 ,it is addressed 8,to ,you10 and on reading it he discovers that he is requested to meet the writer in the garden of the house at #aj o'clock that night4 ,in a spirit of knight-errantry he decides to do so1 and learns that the writer--a young girl--is kept practically in prison by her father1 because of her affection for a man of whom he does not approve4 ,the chivalry of ,galahad ,jones plunges him into many difficulties and leads to some very awkward and extremely amusing situations4 ,,joan ,,of ,,the ,,hills4 ,a ,novel by ,t4 ,b4 ,,clegg1 author of 8,the ,love ,child10 8,the ,wilderness10 8,the ,bishop's ,scapegoat40 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,mr4 ,clegg's previous novels have given him a position as an ,australian novelist to be reckoned with4 ,the present story opens in ,london1 but ,mr4 ,clegg is soon back in ,australia1 describing the life on a remote ,australian station with its refreshing bush atmosphere4 8,joan of the ,hills0 should increase the reputation that ,mr4 ,clegg has already achieved4 ,,the ,,measure ,,of ,,our ,,youth4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,alice ,,herbert4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,a brilliant novel of modern life1 by a new author4 ,its leading interest is the eternal one of sex2 but the treatment is particularly fresh and fearless1 and there is a sense of humour and of style that will please the fastidious4 ,the realism of the writing will be forgiven for the sake of the delicate and poetic vein of thought that underlies the story1 which is full of interest for the psychologist4 ,,sixpenny ,,pieces4 ,by ,a4 ,,neil ,,lyons4 ,uniform with 8,arthur's40 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,mr4 ,lyons' new book has for its central figure a 8,sixpenny ,doctor0 in the east end of ,london4 ,the sketches are connected by a thread of continuous interest as in ,mr4 ,lyons' former book1 the now famous 8,arthur's40 ,the volume is instinct with a realism that differs altogether from the so-called realism of the accepted 8gutter0 novels1 for it is the realism of life as it is1 and not as imagined4 ,,the ,,prince',s ,,pranks4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,charles ,,lowe4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,john ,lane1 ,the ,bodley ,head1 ,vigo ,st41 ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,,continental ,steel-,armoured ,non-,skid ,,tyres 8,are ,greatly ,appreciated by the ,experienced ,motorist40 ,illustration3 ,,continental ,,tyres ,the improved construction 7,model #aiji7 ,non-skid pattern possess exceptional non-skidding qualities1 and are not subject to overheating1 therefore the danger of bursting is reduced to a minimum4 ,nail punctures seldom occur1 owing to the tread being protected to a great extent by steel1 the walls being of exceptional strength compatible with the greatest possible resiliency4 ,the steel studs are deeply embedded in the rubber and canvas1 securely fastened1 and therefore cannot tear out unless subjected to abnormal strain4 ,in conclusion1 8,continentals0 have proved to be far and away the most reliable and serviceable as well as the most economical ,non-skid in existence4 ,your inquiry would be esteemed4 ,,continental ,,tyre ,,rubber ,,co4 7,great ,britain7 ,ltd41 #ajb-ajh ,clerkenwell ,rd41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,fiction ,,chip3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,mills ,,young1 author of 8,a ,mistaken ,marriage40 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,this is a story of the veld1 of the lives of a small community of ,europeans dwelling far from civilisation amid the silence and solitude of the swamps of ,east ,africa4 ,to the unhealthiness of the climate is added another danger--the disaffection of the natives upon the farm1 caused by their fear and dislike of their employer1 ,mordaunt1 the hero of the tale4 ,reckless1 holding life cheaply1 and with a scorn of fear1 ,mordaunt1 a man of great strength of character1 yet one who allows an early disappointment to embitter his life1 courts danger as he has for years vainly courted death4 ,then across his path comes ,chip1 the heroine of the tale1 who1 disguised as a boy1 seeks and obtains the post of overseer on the ranch4 ,the story describes their daily life1 the dangers which they face together1 and the great influence which the mysterious boy-overseer exercises over the dissipated misogynist1 his employer4 ,,little ,,dinners ,,with ,,the ,,sphinx4 ,by ,,richard ,,legallienne4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,,diana ,,dethroned3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,letts4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,phbe ,lankester1 unconsciously to herself1 is pledged to the old pagan ideal represented by ,diana the ,huntress4 ,healthy in body and mind1 ,phbe stands aloof from the troubles and desires of humanity1 until in her own wrecked happiness she awakes slowly to the need of some power greater and kindlier than ever ,diana knew4 ,it is only after the absolute surrender of self and after the awakening of a greater1 more maternal love than she has as yet known that she finds peace4 ,love and death and pity have conquered ,diana1 and the statue of the goddess that once adorned the ,lankesters' hall is banished to a lumber-room4 ,,someone ,,pays3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,noel ,,barwell4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 8,someone ,pays10 though exemplifying a subtle train of cause and effect1 is not a novel with a problem or a purpose4 ,the story is told by means of the correspondence passing between a number of persons4 ,we are first introduced to the post-bag at a country ,vicarage where ,sir ,bernard ,orr's son is being coached4 ,later the scene changes to ,cambridge1 and we watch the developments of a romance and an awkward entanglement which arise at the ,vicarage4 ,everything is smoothed out and ends happily for all parties1 especially for an unscrupulous triumphant cleric4 ,,the ,,odd ,,man4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,arnold ,,holcombe4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 ,john ,lane1 ,the ,bodley ,head1 ,vigo ,st41 ,london