,,the ,,monthly ,,review ,,of ,,dental ,,surgery3 ,,the ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,dental ,,association ,,no4 ,,viii4 ,,october1 #ahhj4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,the subjects rightly embraced in a ,medical education1 and the degree and manner in which those subjects should be respectively studied1 have been freely discussed in many places during the last few weeks4 ,dr4 ,michael ,foster in an 8,address in ,physiology10#a of unsurpassed interest1 contends without contradiction that no medical subject--now that the entrance upon medical studies is preceded by a tested preliminary education--need be studied as heretofore as a mere mental training1 and proposes that topographical anatomy1 which has hitherto been so studied1 should1 to a certain extent1 give way in favour of a more complete knowledge of physiology4 ,the address must1 and no doubt will1 be read by all interested in medical education1 whether general or special4 ,the following quotation will answer our present purpose3-- ,footnote #a3 ,address in ,physiology1 delivered at the ,annual ,meeting of the ,british ,medical ,association1 #ahhj4--,published in ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,august #bast1 #ahhj4 8,i think ,i am not overstating the case when ,i say that1 in the two years 7or less than two years7 which the medical student devotes to studies other than clinical1 #fj or #gj per cent4 of his time--in some cases even more--is spent on the study of topographical anatomy4 ,that study may be regarded in two lights--as a discipline1 and as practical useful knowledge4 ,the late ,dr4 ,parkes1 in a remarkable introductory address which he delivered at ,university ,college1 ,london1 many years ago1 insisted most strongly that its value as a discipline was far higher and more precious than its direct utility2 and ,i imagine that the more one reflects on the matter1 the more clearly this will appear4 ,the details of topographical anatomy have this peculiar feature1 that1 though they can only be learnt with infinite pains and labour1 unlike other things hard to learn1 they vanish and flee away with the greatest ease4 ,i would confidently appeal to my audience of practical men1 how much of the huge mass of minute facts1 which in their youth they gathered with so much toil1 remained fresh in their minds two years after they passed the portals of the ,college2 and how much now remains to them beyond a general view of the parts of the human frame1 and a somewhat more special knowledge of particular regions1 their acquaintance with which has been maintained by more or less frequent operations4 ,i would confidently ask them what is the ratio1 in terms of money or any other value1 which the time spent in those early anatomical struggles--say over the details of the forearm--bears to the amount of that knowledge remaining after twenty1 or ten1 or even five years of active practice1 or to the actual use to which that knowledge has been put4 8,no1 it is as a discipline1 and not for its practical utility1 that anatomy has been so useful2 and this1 indeed1 may frequently be recognised in the questions set at examinations4 ,when the candidate is expected to describe1 within the error of a few millimtres1 the structures traversed by a bayonet thrust obliquely through the neck1 or is invited to reproduce written photographs no less exact of the parts which1 from skin to skin1 underlie a triangle or quadrangle drawn in ink on the front or back of the thigh1 it is clear that the examiner has in view1 not the needs of practical life1 but an easy means of testing the proficiency of the student in mnemonic gymnastics4 ,of the value of anatomy as a discipline1 there can be no doubt4 ,in past years1 it has served as the chief culture of the medical student--as the chief means by which the rough material coming up to our great medical schools were trained to habits of accuracy1 of exactness1 of patient careful observation2 and their memories strengthened by exercise for the subsequent strain which would have to be put upon them by more strictly professional learning4 ,in this aspect1 the very sterility of the subject was a virtue4 ,the mere fact that the separate details seemed to hang loosely1 isolated in mental space1 held together by no theory1 by no ideas1 inasmuch as it made the learning a harder task1 increased its disciplinary value4 ,most wisely did the leaders of our profession insist that no trouble or expense should be spared to afford the neophyte this preparatory scientific training2 and that1 as far as examinations and the like can go1 no pains should be spared to compel him to avail himself of the opportunities offered4 ,indeed1 viewed as a branch of education1 the machinery of anatomical instruction has for many years past not been equalled by any40 ,professor ,burdon-,sanderson in his introductory lecture1 says1-- 8,the precious years which immediately precede a man's entry on professional duty1 are far too valuable to be wasted in learning anything he does not intend to retain40--,british ,medical ,journal1 ,october #ith1 #ahhj4 ,the observations of these most distinguishing physiologists and teachers1 support the view which has been taken respecting the education of the ,dental ,surgeon1 from the time the ,college of ,surgeons was in #aheg asked to establish a ,dental department1 up to the determination of the ,dental curriculum by the ,medical ,council in #ahgi4 ,an education equal in degree1 but different in kind to that of the ,general ,surgeon--an education which embraces a knowledge of the general principles of ,medicine and ,surgery1 and a special1 precise1 and practical knowledge of ,dental ,surgery1 was asked and given1 the degree of education progressing as the attendant circumstances allowed1 up to its present advanced condition4 ,the place assigned by ,dr4 ,michael ,foster to topographical ,anatomy in ,medical education1 will certainly hold good in the education of the ,dental ,surgeon4 ,physiology and ,chemistry1 subjects now inseparable and of surpassing interest1 are equally necessary to the ,special and ,general ,surgeon4 ,the position of ,medicine and ,surgery is not quite parallel4 ,the general principles of each must be thoroughly known1 but it is not necessary that the ,dental ,surgeon should be practically acquainted with all the details that pertain to any other branch of either than that which he selects to practice4 ,it is not needful that he should become a skilful midwife or oculist1 or that he should be skilled in the treatment in any other class of diseases than those to the treatment of which he proposes to devote his life4 ,for if he does acquire such detailed knowledge1 it will1 when no longer used1 8fade like a raindrop upon a porous stone10 and the time devoted to the acquisition will have been wasted1 and1 perhaps1 worse even than wasted1 for the subject may have been studied at the cost of neglect of the practical study of his speciality4 ,it does not admit of doubt that the high degree of manual skill1 without which the professed dentist is but a shameless pretender1 can be acquired best1 perhaps can be fully acquired only during youth2 that if the acquisition be put off till a medical education is completed1 the golden opportunity will have been lost4 ,mr4 ,fawcett tells us that the blind may acquire manual skill sufficient to secure independence1 but that it can be gained only during youth4 ,the adult blind1 he says1 have a greatly diminished power of learning4 ,the time may come when the principles of ,medicine and ,surgery will be taught before their special application to any particular class of disease1 and their modification resulting therefrom is entered upon4 ,till that time arrive1 it will be in the interest of the ,dental ,surgeon to study with the utmost care the general principles and their application to his own speciality1 and to acquire1 while he can1 a very full and perfect knowledge1 practical1 as well as scientific1 of ,dental ,surgery1 before he enters upon a detailed study of their application to any other branch or subject of ,medicine or ,surgery1 the practice of which he does not propose to follow1 and a trustworthy knowledge of which can not be retained or extended in the absence of continuous general practice4 ,the qualified surgeon who has devoted himself to the practice of dentistry1 may be legally qualified to treat any and every kind of case1 but would he be morally right in undertaking the treatment of a case1 say of fever or of stone8 all his knowledge of which diseases lies in a misty memory of facts brought before his notice1 and studied for a pass examination in long past student days4 ,as a matter of fact1 the dental surgeon of necessity limits his practice to his speciality1 and the general surgeon as a further fact1 where selection is possible1 declines to take ,dental cases1 though legally entitled so to do4 ,in the absence of special training1 he cannot be expected to possess the special knowledge requisite to successful treatment1 and to add the ,dental to the over loaded ,medical curriculum1 would be to greatly increase the rejections which1 in the case of the ,college of ,surgeons1 have already risen to the formidable amount of upwards of thirty per cent4 of the candidates for diplomas4 ,hence it is that ,dr4 ,michael ,foster1 in asking for more physiology1 asks for less topographical anatomy4 ,the ,dental curriculum requires for its honest fulfilment1 the whole of the assigned four years1 and more must not be attempted in the same four years1 for to repeat the words of ,professor ,burdon-,sanderson1--8,the precious years which immediately precede a man's entry on professional duty1 are far too valuable to be wasted in learning anything he does not intend to retain10 to which may be added1 or which his subsequent occupation will not allow him to retain4 ,if then more medical knowledge is required of the student than is embraced in the dental curriculum1 more time must be given for its acquisition4 ,transplantation and ,replantation4 7,continued from page #dbe47 ,at the period when transplantation was systematically performed1 the operators kept themselves supplied with an assortment of dried teeth1 i4e41 sound teeth1 obtained generally from the dead subject1 to make use of in case the tooth to be transplanted should not prove adaptable to its new abode4 ,the process is not spoken favourably of1 as the results were mostly unsatisfactory1 but at times such teeth became perfectly firm1 and even resisted the greatest efforts at their removal4 ,we can hardly for one moment suppose that teeth in the condition these were could have ever become attached to a living alveolo-dental membrane1 and the difficulty of accounting for this firmness would have been great indeed1 had it not been already solved for us4 ,in ,langenbeck's ,archiv4 fr ,chirurgie1 vol4 iv41 is a paper on 8,the ,replantation and ,transplantation of ,teeth10 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,mitscherlich1 which deserves to be better known1 and which1 apparently1 cannot have come under the observation of those who recently contributed to the ,lancet on the subject1 the excuse for which is less1 since it has been translated into ,english4#b ,the author1 in addition to much interesting and original matter1 records the following experiment4 ,in the upper jaw of a dog of a year old1 ,dr4 ,mitscherlich inserted into the socket of an incisor he had removed1 a similar tooth taken from a dog's skull1 and which he retained in situ by means of a silver wire passed through a hole in the tooth1 and a hole bored through the alveolar process of the jaw4 8,after six weeks the dog was killed1 having been given during the last few days three grains of picronitrate of potash three times a day2 the carotids were immediately injected4 ,the muscles1 like the gums1 were coloured yellow3 neither1 however1 in the implanted tooth nor in the sound ones was any alteration of colour perceptible4 ,the silver wire was porous1 and no longer held the tooth2 it was removed4 ,the tooth was quite firmly seated1 and could not be moved in the least by the fingers4 ,the gums1 as in the remaining teeth1 were accurately applied both to the alveolar process and also to the tooth itself1 and nowhere could any alteration be found in it4 ,the tooth was sawn through lengthways1 together with the upper jaw1 with a fine saw1 so that the pulp cavity was laid bare in its whole extent4 ,the latter was only filled with a little detritus1 and no trace of the pulp was discoverable2 none of the injection1 too1 had been forced into the cavity4 ,the tooth was everywhere most intimately connected with the surrounding parts1 and suppuration showed itself nowhere4 ,of the periosteum1 on the other hand1 there were only in a few places some small remains discoverable4 ,on the posterior surface of the tooth two small cavities were visible2 the larger of which lay more towards the point of the fang1 and extended to the pulp cavity2 they were filled with a soft substance1 and their walls appeared roundish4 ,these appearances were entirely confirmed by microscopical examination1 inasmuch as only in a few places1 especially on the anterior surface of the tooth1 were traces of the periosteum to be demonstrated2 where this was absent the tooth was eaten away1 and its absorption had proceeded in such a manner1 that a multitude of globular elements appeared on the section1 resembling the fragments which we find in ivory pegs which have been bored into bones1 and retained in them a considerable time2 in the two above-mentioned cavities the absorption had proceeded farther and farther1 and had at last attained its above-mentioned great extent4 ,the cementum could still be demonstrated in certain places1 it was1 however1 absorbed in the greatest part of its extent4 ,in the cavities of the tooth substance1 masses of bone were embedded1 they were applied to the walls of the cavities without any kind of intermediate substance1 and so held the tooth with such extraordinary firmness4 ,this osseous deposit1 which was directly connected with the alveolar processes1 was freely traversed with blood vessels1 which sometimes extended themselves close up to the tooth substance4 ,it was also so fully developed1 that the process had to be looked upon as fully accomplished1 and therefore1 a later exfoliation of the tooth was not to be expected4 ,the dentine itself showed nothing abnormal40 ,footnote #b3 8,archives of ,dentistry10 ,edited by ,edwin ,truman1 vol4 i41 p4 #afi4 ,we have quoted the author of the foregoing at some length1 as some of his conclusions upon this interesting experiment might seem antagonistic to our own4 ,thus1 whilst we agree with him in concluding that a dead tooth becomes united to a living jaw by a certain amount of absorption of its fangs by osteoblasts1 and a subsequent calcification of such tissue1 we do not believe such process as fully accomplished or permanent4 ,the valuable researches of ,tomes and ,de ,morgan show that during life a continual process of formation and absorption is taking place in bone1 whilst the former has also pointed out that the process of absorption in the fangs of temporary teeth is one alternating between absorption and deposition1 though in the end in favour of the former1 i4e41 that the osteoblasts which effect the absorption of the dentine often become calcified1 but are again eventually decalcified and become active osteoclasts4 ,what determines these bodies to act1 so to speak1 in a positive or a negative capacity would be most interesting to discover1 and1 in considering the subject1 we can hardly overlook the views of ,mr4 ,bridgman1 who compares the process of bone formation and decalcification to what occurs in an electrolytic cell1 where1 by changing the direction of the current1 the electrodes assume precisely opposite functions4 ,if1 then1 we could discover the conditions that would preserve the bone tissue1 in connection with the dentine1 from undergoing decalcification1 we might1 with every prospect of success1 transplant dead teeth1 but which1 as at present carried out1 invariably1 we believe1 eventually1 suffer the fate of ivory pegs introduced into the extremities of bones in disunited fractures4 ,indeed1 this result1 although more slowly effected1 appears nearly always to follow in those cases where the transplanted or replanted tooth has lost much of its alveolo-dental membrane2 whether the excising of a portion of the fang1 as advocated by ,magitt1 will prove beneficial or otherwise1 remains to be seen4 ,porcelain teeth having indentations in their fangs have been suggested1 first1 we believe1 by ,mitscherlich1#c and again by a recent writer in the ,lancet4 ,the former actually attempted two cases1 and with the success we should have anticipated1 for when after four or five weeks the caoutchouc splint which retained them in situ was removed they immediately followed the splint and fell out4 8,ossification had not taken place2 the entirely heterogeneous mass of stone had acted as a foreign body1 produced granulation and suppuration1 and so prevented union40 ,footnote #c3 ,op4 ,cit4 ,in conclusion1 we think enough has been stated to show that transplantation or replantation of living teeth1 or at all events1 of teeth having living alveolo-dental membrane may be exceptionally carried out with benefit to the patient2 if the chances of permanent success be not very great the chances of injury are1 we believe1 small1 and have been greatly exaggerated4 ,no such case has come under our observation1 but then in all we have witnessed1 the transplanted or replanted tooth has never been ligatured or otherwise forcibly retained in its alveolus4 ,we believe many of the cases of failure1 as probably those also of bone exfoliation1 arose from this procedure4 ,a tooth1 after either operation1 although at the time perfectly adjusted to its proper position1 becomes1 after a day or two1 elongated from its socket and less firm2 the result of effusion into the alveolo-dental membrane and about the tooth2 as this material becomes organized it forms1 no doubt1 the medium of union between the dental and alveolar portions of that membrane4 ,at all events1 after a week or so the tooth again recedes into its socket1 and as it does so becomes firmer and less sensitive to pressure2 if our view be correct1 the employment of a ligature or forcible retention of the tooth can only be objectionable4 ,a very different matter1 however1 will be the adjustment of a plate contrived so as to protect the transplanted or replanted tooth from violence or pressure until its attachment is ensured4 ,mercurial ,amalgams4 ,,by ,m4 ,g4 ,,cunningham4 ,after twenty-five years of stubborn fight supporters of gold as a filling for decayed teeth accept the possibility of plastic material being in certain cases its superior2 throughout this period ,i have been content to hold my peace and act entirely on my own judgment in the selection of material1 as however1 it seems to be the fact that a man who uses plastic filling without danger of being termed a 8quack10 may speak1 ,i would1 through your kind agency1 convey to brother ,dentists my method of preparing metallic amalgams1 which has saved me much trouble and my patients a large number of teeth4 ,in using amalgam1 the first thing we ought to take into consideration is whether that which we are using and calling by that name is such1 and ,i venture to say that in a very large number of cases it is no amalgam at all1 but a concrete admixture of solid metals with liquid mercury4 ,in the early days1 when metallic precipitate of silver was employed1 perfect amalgamation was not difficult to obtain1 provided the precipitate had been in the first instance properly washed and carefully stoppered1 the minute sub-division of the metal and absence of oxidation aiding largely to this result4 ,the fillings of the present day are of a totally different character1 coarse in grain1 and of a nature to oxidize on even momentary contact with air1 they become difficult to amalgamate with mercury1 which1 in itself1 is a highly oxidizable metal1 so that recourse is often had to a glass tube and violent agitation to produce that which is at best only a semblance of what it should be--a thoroughly homogeneous mass1 that upon setting will retain a uniform texture and density proportionate to the constituents of which the fillings are composed4 ,if1 however1 to the fillings and mercury be added a drop or less of sulphuric acid1 either in the palm of the hand or mortar1 it will be found that the metals will almost instantaneously amalgamate1 whilst the oxides combining with the acid leave a residuum which1 by its quantity1 clearly shows what a very imperfect body could have been a so-called amalgam containing only a small portion of them4 ,washing in pure water at once removes all trace of acid1 and a thoroughly reliable stopping can be at once produced from materials otherwise worse than useless4 ,introductory ,lecture to ,course on ,dental ,mechanics4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,walker4 ,,gentlemen1--,the authorities of the ,dental ,hospital of ,london have entrusted to me the heavy responsibility of lecturing on ,dental ,mechanics for this present ,session of #ahhj and #ahha4 ,i have undertaken this post with many misgivings2 the subject is so wide and comprehensive1 the study so important to you now1 and the effect of good or bad teaching will so deeply affect your whole life1 that ,i might well have hesitated before finally accepting the duties that will now devolve upon me4 ,i have taken a great interest in this ,hospital and ,school from its early foundation1 when the pupils were few1 and the ,school and ,hospital had1 so to speak1 to win its spurs2 but in passing1 ,i may here remark that that small class of students1 then a new feature in ,london life1 by their diligence1 learning and conduct1 have established throughout the country a name and reputation that you will have to perpetuate4 ,it was by the combined efforts of the whole profession1 and by the fact that its senior members were able to point back to so many successful students of this ,school and ,hospital1 now earnest practitioners in nearly every large town of the ,british ,isles1 that the leaders of our department of ,surgery were enabled to bring this special branch before the notice of ,parliament1 and obtain a ,bill which now governs the method and extent of the classes and hospital practice of all our schools4 ,as your lecturer1 ,i may perhaps without egotism mention that ,i was one of the six gentlemen appointed as the first ,assistant ,dental ,surgeons to this ,hospital1 while it was struggling through its first year of active life4 ,i remained at my post nearly ten years1 until driven by increasing practice to relinquish the work1 then1 as now1 carried on in your ,hospital4 ,it is the knowledge and experience ,i then gained1 and the lessons ,i have since learnt as the result of treatment in private practice1 that ,i have now to offer you--many failures and some successes1 many abortive schemes1 and some inventions that have stood the test of time4 ,my best thanks are due to the ,managing ,committee of this ,hospital1 for electing me to be the colleague of such men as ,alfred ,coleman1 ,c4 ,s4 ,tomes1 and ,d4 ,lewis4 ,gentlemen1 ,i am fully conscious of the honour1 and will do my best1 if health and strength are given me1 to redeem in part the loss you have sustained in the resignation of your late teacher1 ,mr4 ,james ,smith ,turner4 ,i know that you and your companions in hospital practice held him in high esteem4 ,he has been a true friend to the ,london ,dental ,school4 ,he had become a ripe and experienced teacher1 one fully alive to the best manner of treating his subject1 passing by what the student might gain for himself from books1 to dwell upon those details that a man of his experience could so fully grasp4 ,but much as we miss him1 we may yet congratulate ourselves that we have not to mourn over the death of so good and faithful a friend4 ,he is now as actively at work in another sphere of ,dental life2 he is even working harder than ever in perfecting the work that has so prospered in the hands of ,messrs4 ,tomes and ,turner4 ,he is consolidating the ,dental ,act of #ahgh1 making every effort to render the ,register of #ahha as perfect as may be1 and to raise the standard of ,dental ,education throughout ,great ,britain4 ,that the number of ,dental ,schools may be equal to what is now demanded by students1 the schools be sound in teaching power1 the men elected as teachers be conscientious in their newly appointed work1 that full and complete courses on each ,dental subject be delivered--these are a few items of his daily work4 ,the end and object of his endeavours is that the students in the various schools may gather wider stores of knowledge during their curriculum1 so that the various examining bodies may see their way to enforce a higher standard of examination than is now enforced to obtain the ,l4,d4,s4 ,diploma1 and the coveted power of registration4 ,those gentlemen who were members of ,mr4 ,turner's class last year will join with me in wishing him long life and energy to complete his self-imposed task4 ,to come to the special subject of my lecture4 ,at the risk of provoking the well-known retort of 8nothing like leather10 ,i venture to assert that no man can ever prove himself a good ,dental ,surgeon unless he is a skilled artist in ,dental ,mechanics4 ,to kindle a spark of my own enthusiasm for the subject1 to fan that spark into a flame that shall burn brighter and brighter in your life until you lay down the file and the engraver1 with a sense that you have done some good work in the world1 is at once my endeavour and my duty4 ,a painter or sculptor of eminence in his profession is frequently the leader in the fashionable world1 he is feasted by the city guilds1 his company is sought by the rich and noble1 he has the entre to the literary circles of every capital1 yet the work of the artist is1 at best1 but to reproduce a faint imitation of nature in cold marble or on inanimate canvass4 ,the subjects of your handiwork will be full of life and animation4 ,what is the necessary training for such accomplishments8 ,a full and perfect realization of all the forms of human beauty1 and of woman's beauty in particular4 ,why do ,i dwell so much on the complete form of beauty8 ,because no face can be perfect in beauty1 unless its features each and all are in harmony4 ,the teeth have a peculiarly marked position in relation to the features3 one missing link in the circle will attract attention and mar the harmony of an otherwise lovely face1 like a false chord in music4 ,projecting1 discoloured1 irregular1 misshapen1 crowded teeth1 all tend to destroy symmetry4 ,if so in the natural course of dentition1 how much more in the artificial6 ,i would urge you all to undertake at starting a thorough study of the normal bones of the skull4 ,normal bones of the face4--,in the anatomical class at your general hospital you will study the bones of the face in considerable detail1 but there your attention will be directed to the common or general characters of the bones4 ,you will there have to learn the usual shape of the bones1 their processes1 ridges1 grooves and depressions2 you will be shewn the characters1 not only by which you may at once recognise them1 but which you may always recognise in them4 ,i cannot too strongly urge you to master all these details4 ,but1 ,gentlemen1 here we have to study these bones in a practical manner2 we have to look upon them as parts of the living countenances of our patients1 and as no two faces are exactly alike1 a study of individual faces is necessary1 as a groundwork for your success in practical mechanical dentistry1 and you must study individual specimens of each of the facial bones4 ,a careless observer of a crowd of negroes might think they were all alike1 because each had a black skin1 woolly hair1 retreating foreheads1 thick lips and white teeth4 ,but yet a close observation would quickly tell him in truth there came behind all these coarse resemblances1 minute1 but noteworthy differences1 differences which he would be compelled to take note of before intercourse with them would be possible4 ,in the same way a general anatomist merely points out to you how all palates are alike1 and ,i want to go farther and shew you with equal truth how no two are alike1 but all differ4 ,depend upon it1 gentlemen1 your usefulness and success will vary with your skill in perceiving these lesser differences which characterise individuals4 ,the best name ,i can give to this study is comparative human anatomy4 ,let us take some examples of what ,i mean4 ,the upper jaw bone is the most complex of all the bones of the face4 ,looking at its central part or body we are first of all struck with the cavity in it--the antrum of ,highmore4 ,now1 if you take a hundred bones1 you will not be able to find two antra exactly alike1 but they will differ in size1 in shape1 in depth1 in width1 and in size of their angles and inclination of each of their walls4 ,and all these peculiarities influence the countenance1 and must1 therefore1 be studied before you can hope to be successful in replacing the lost dental organs4 ,the high cheek bone of the ,scotchman is a very familiar example of the effect of a variation in the antrum4 ,the alveolar process4--,the natural setting of the teeth varies also in its depth1 thickness1 smoothness1 irregularity1 and most importantly in its curve1 which may be a broad1 open semi-circle1 or a narrow semi-ellipse4 ,the nasal process1 too1 varies as much in different specimens2 you will find differences in length1 breadth1 in the angle it forms with the body of the bone1 and with the frontal bones2 all these particulars modify the shape of the nose1 and as ,i shall have to point out to you1 no feature is more worthy of your careful study than the human nose in its numberless varieties4 ,the malar process of this bone has similar varieties4 ,notice again the palate plate how it differs in breadth and arch1 and so modifies importantly the roof of the mouth1 to which a denture has been adapted4 ,the malar bones are unlike in thickness1 the size of their angles1 length of their offspringing processes1 and in the exact mode of articulation with neighbouring bones4 ,see too1 how frontal bones vary1 in one case a broad1 bold line forehead1 in another overhanging1 in a third narrow and pointed1 and you meet with infinite varieties between these extremes4 ,in passing to the nasal bones1 not only must we notice how they differ in length and breadth1 and the level of their edges1 but that the shape of their arch is constantly varying2 it may be broad and rounded1 or narrow and high1 even to sharpness4 ,this depends upon the prominence forward of the bony nasal septum1 the interval between the nasal processes of the upper maxilla1 that is to be bridged over the breadth of the nasal bones1 and the exact mode of their articulation with the upper jaw bone4 ,not alone does the usual arch differ thus1 but most obviously on the angle it forms with the frontal lines4 ,from your own observation you will at once grant me that noses vary as much as families2 in fact ,i am inclined to think that there is a good deal to be said for ,mr4 ,shandy's philosophy of noses4 ,the cartilages of the nose play a most important part in the shape of the organ1 and demand your study as much as the bones4 ,each variation in the shape of the nose has a corresponding variety of upper lip1 and the correlations between these two must be most carefully attended to4 ,granted that these differences are so numerous1 you must admit that the nose must have primary importance in the estimate of the ,dental ,surgeon1 when called upon to restore the lost ,dental organs4 ,i may remark that although ,i am examining noses every day of my life1 ,i have never yet found one assuming a direct line with the other central lines of the head and face4 ,to arrive at a just appreciation of the effect of these bones on the lines of the face you must examine them in the articulated skeleton1 not in one instance but in many--fifty or even a hundred--make weekly visits to the ,museum of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 and there examine all the specimens of articulated skulls and skeletons1 until you fully grasp the meaning of comparative human anatomy--the size1 the shape1 the relative acuteness of angles1 the proportions of the different parts4 ,it is this relationship1 the articulation of each bone with the other bones of the skull that is of primary importance to the ,dental ,surgeon4 ,the last bone that ,i shall mention to you this evening is the lower jaw1 perhaps the most important of all4 ,you will all soon be taught that it has a body1 a symphysis1 a ramus with its condyle1 coronoid process and sigmoid notch1 an alveolar process1 and various tubercles1 ridges1 spines1 grooves1 and depressions4 ,but beyond all such facts1 be at pains to notice1 gentlemen1 how all these various parts differ in different specimens4 ,the changes in the angle of the bone that are met with at different ages are notorious1 but you will have to learn that the angle of every adult differs1 that each form of countenance has its special maxillary angle1 nor are the depth1 thickness1 curve1 obliquity and relative prominence of different parts of the bone one whit more constant1 and if you would succeed in fitting artificial dentures to a lower jaw1 these individual peculiarities of the bone must be carefully studied4 ,the ,dental organs will be presented in full detail by my colleague1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,tomes1 but ,i should fail in the one point of my brief sketch1 if ,i did not refer you to the fact that no circle is found exactly corresponding with a second in the articulation of the thirty-two teeth implanted in the maxillary bones4 ,my remarks culminate in this apparently strange contradiction1 no two sets of teeth ever describe the same circle at any age4 ,the differences in children are only slight1 yet a difference exists2 the older the subject1 the greater the contrast visible4 ,yet harmony exists in the lines of the face2 once acknowledge this and you will perceive the labour and investigation necessary to make you grasp the subject in its broadest sense4 ,take1 for instance1 a patient at the age of sixty1 with edentulous jaws1 requesting artificial dentures to be prepared at your hands4 ,for such mechanism to be successful in the restoration of the contour of the face1 it will be necessary that it shall harmonise with the features2 you must carry your perception backwards to the appearance that this face presented when he had only attained the age of thirty3 this will be the art and science expected at your hands4 ,not to lengthen this my introductory lecture1 by labouring to define the various types of ,english faces1 when the bones are covered with the soft parts1 ,i have selected a few outlines of faces such as a sculptor and painter would study4 ,cast your eye upward1 you will see that each possesses its own characteristic and alterable features4 ,so in life2 and if you gentlemen are to be true ,dental ,surgeons1 you must rise to the ideal of artistic mechanics4 ,if ,i am to benefit you to the full bent of my wishes1 you must study nature in all its variety--nature when presented to you as destroyed by premature disease and death1 to be restored by your hand to its original conformation4 ,remember that use must follow beauty1 one cannot be dissevered from the other if you would obtain results1 complete in power of mastication1 speech1 durability1 and appearance4 ,to win success in appearance1 you must study the irregularities of the natural projection of circle1 and the character of circle4 ,if any irregularities are observed1 take a model cast of the mouth1 so that you can compare the natural organs whilst the artificial are in progress of arrangement2 modify these irregularities1 but do not efface their existence altogether4 ,the general conformation of the ,dental organs and the face must be your special study4 ,the colour of the teeth to be selected must receive at your hands great care3 compare the various tints at your disposal1 ascertain if a perfect self colour1 or a tinted1 shaded1 or stained tooth is the most pleasing2 which will harmonise best with the complexion1 producing a natural effect4 ,it will be your object to disguise that the new introductions are foreign bodies1 endeavour to make them appear as if they possessed life4 ,many colours absorb so much light that at night the appearance they present is black and death-like4 ,avoid such shades1 select those that reflect light2 in many cases the teeth should be almost transparent4 ,the colour of the hair1 the nature of the complexion will guide you in this endeavour2 hair and complexion must harmonise4 ,a heavy1 wavy head of hair1 dark and massive1 with bronzed face would indicate a strong shaded tooth1 solid in character and non-transparent1 yet a colour that will reflect rather than absorb the rays of light4 ,a ,saxon face with fair hair will strongly puzzle you at times2 the pearl hued1 thin and transparent teeth1 as a rule1 are appropriate for such a face4 ,when articulating the dentures1 every care must be taken and much thought and study bestowed to adjust the depth and height of the superior and inferior dentures to the length and depth1 to the thickness or thinness of the lips4 ,note and estimate the loss of structure by absorption1 and supply in proportion to the loss4 ,the circle and projection as above alluded to will be your special study4 ,give hours to produce a natural expression4 ,propose to the patient a short walk in your operating room2 if a good corridor is at your disposal1 so much the better1 use it4 ,by so doing you will ascertain what1 if any1 old habit of contortion of features is indulged in by the patient2 the character of the laugh1 if the lips are raised1 and how much2 at times only the tips of the teeth are manifest1 at others the full lip is raised exposing to view the crown of the tooth and the alveolus1 even to the lower margin of the meatus of the nose4 ,arrangements equal to all these expressions must be adopted4 ,the how1 will be told you in future lectures4 ,then1 again1 the smile2 the smile of a ,desdemona and the smile of an ,iago6 yet how much in a smile6 ,harmonise your mechanism so that the smile of the patient shall be rendered as natural and full of meaning as art can make it4 ,the movements of the lips and tongue in speech must be as carefully studied2 the eloquence of the orator and the no less eloquent prattle of a pretty woman4 ,during the visit of your patient strike out a conversation that shall put him at his ease1 and show him at his best2 this will aid you in observing what is required to render conversation easy to himself and acceptable to his hearers4 ,notice that the head is never carried in a perpendicular line with the body2 at times it leans to the right or the left1 the effect of this inclination is to lengthen in appearance the teeth of the incline4 ,notice also1 many patients have the ungainly habit of twisting the lips out of the natural line of the head and face4 ,it is by attention to all these details that the results of your work will be noble1 your claims to reward great1 your satisfaction not less in its kind than that of the sculptor or the painter2 whilst they can only charm the happy1 it is yours to relieve the suffering1 to alleviate pain1 and even to prolong life and restore lost beauty4 ,special ,general ,meeting of the ,midland ,counties ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association4 ,a ,special ,general ,meeting of the ,midland ,counties ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association1 was held on ,wednesday1 #fth ,october1 in the ,memorial ,hall1 ,albert ,square1 ,manchester4 ,the ,president of the branch1 ,h4 ,campion1 ,esq4 7,manchester71 presided1 and there were also present1 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,wormald 7,treasurer71 ,stockport2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,waite 7,secretary71 ,liverpool2 ,w4 ,h4 ,nicol 7,leeds72 ,r4 ,e4 ,stewart 7,liverpool72 ,dr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,wormald 7,bury72 ,t4 ,murphy 7,bolton72 ,q4 ,renshaw 7,rochdale72 ,w4 ,h4 ,ridge 7,stafford72 ,t4 ,mahonie 7,sheffield72 ,b4 ,harding 7,manchester72 ,t4 ,c4 ,parson 7,clifton72 ,h4 ,marsh 7,manchester72 ,t4 ,dilcock 7,liverpool72 ,d4 ,dopson 7,liverpool72 ,l4 ,matheson 7,manchester72 ,w4 ,dykes 7,manchester72 ,w4 ,headridge 7,manchester72 ,j4 ,g4 ,roberts 7,liverpool72 ,w4 ,taylor 7,batley72 ,w4 ,shillinglaw 7,birkenhead72 ,j4 ,s4 ,crapper 7,hanley72 and ,r4 ,rogers 7,cheltenham74 ,,the ,,minutes ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,meeting4 ,the first business before the meeting was the reading of the minutes of the last meeting4 ,they were taken as read4 ,the following letter was read by the ,secretary 7,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,waite73-- 8,to the ,hon4 ,sec4 of the ,midland ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association4 8,,dear ,,sir1--,i have much pleasure in informing you1 that at a meeting of the business ,committee of the representative ,board of the ,british ,dental ,association1 held on the #ast instant1 ,edward ,saunders1 ,esq41 in the chair1 the proposed bye-laws having been approved of1 the ,midland ,counties ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association was formally affiliated with the ,central ,body4 8,according to the desire of the meeting1 ,i have to convey to you our best wishes for the success of your efforts4 8,yours very truly1 8,,james ,,smith ,,turner1 8,hon4 ,sec41 ,british ,dental ,association40 ,the report which was then read by the ,secretary1 was as follows3-- ,,report ,,of ,,council4 ,as this is a ,special1 and not an ,ordinary ,general ,meeting1 and as the ,council have only met once1 there is not much upon which they can report4 ,in accordance with the resolution adopted at the last meeting1 circulars inviting practitioners in the ,midland ,district to join the ,association1 were issued to every name on the ,register4 ,up to the first of ,august1 the ,secretary had enrolled #cc members and #f associates1 and since that date there have been six applications for membership1 five of which the ,council have this day admitted1 viz41 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,rogers1 ,cheltenham2 ,t4 ,c4 ,parson1 ,clifton1 ,bristol2 ,t4 ,wormald1 ,oldham2 ,b4 ,l4 ,harding1 ,manchester2 ,w4 ,h4 ,ridge1 ,stafford4 ,the election of members will be by ballot1 at the ,council meeting following the date of application1 and the vote of two-thirds of those present1 will be necessary to ensure election4 ,a book has been provided for the entry of names of members attending the meetings1 and your ,council have further arranged for the admission of visitors1 each member having the privilege to admit two visitors1 whose names and addresses should be entered in a column provided for the purpose4 ,the ,council have nominated ,mr ,major ,stewart of ,liverpool1 as first ,vice-,president of the branch1 and they recommend that the ,annual ,meeting in ,april next be held in ,liverpool4 ,an analysis of the ,dentists ,register shews that #a1djj names have been enrolled1 of gentlemen engaged in the practice of ,dentistry1 in the ,midland ,counties4 ,of these1 about half are registered as practising in conjunction with pharmacy1 and of these last1 a considerable number--are names not to be found in the ,chemists' and ,druggists' ,directory4 ,some difficulty is encountered in attempts to verify cases of incorrect registration on account of changes of residences1 alterations or errors in spelling1 c41 this pertains to both the ,dentists' and ,chemists' ,directory1 so that it is not easy to identify positively in all instances4 ,if gentlemen1 who may be aware of the facts in any locality1 would be at the pains to collect them1 and submit them in a concise form1 so as to furnish clear and trustworthy evidence of fraudulent registration1 it would be of great service4 ,any one practising ,dentistry1 but who is not on the register1 or anyone on the register1 who can be shown not to have been in the practice of dentistry at the date of the ,act1 these are the two kinds of error it is desirable to expose4 ,it need scarcely be stated that an increase of members1 both of the ,central ,association1 and its separate branches1 is absolutely necessary to enable the ,executive to carry out the provisions of the ,act1 and there is little doubt that with moderate effort1 we may all succeed in inducing others to join4 ,the ,association is destined to represent the profession in the future1 and it is our business to make its representative character a living reality1 and not a mere empty name4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,crapper 7,hanley71 moved the adoption of the report4 ,it was seconded by ,mr4 ,headridge 7,manchester71 and carried4 ,mr4 ,major ,,stewart1 of ,liverpool1 said that as his name had been mentioned in the report1 he begged to thank them for the honour they had conferred on him by electing him ,vice-,president of the branch4 ,he thanked them1 on behalf of his brethren in ,liverpool1 for the honour the ,society had conferred on them4 ,,the ,,president',s ,,address4 ,the ,,president then delivered his address1 and said3-- ,gentlemen1--,it is my pleasing duty in the first place to thank you1 not only for the kindness you have shown in electing me to the responsible position of ,president of your ,branch1 but also for having given me the honour of being the ,first ,president of the ,first ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association4 ,i need scarcely say that the fact of our meeting here to-day as we are now doing is a subject for congratulation1 and the presence of so many1 and the distance some of you have come1 proves the interest you take in the great movement of the day1 which has called into existence the central ,society of which we now form a branch4 ,every new movement is sure to give rise to more or less excitement and sometimes to great expectations1 and ,i must1 therefore1 beg1 first for myself1 your kind forbearance for my numerous shortcomings1 of which ,i am only too conscious2 and secondly1 for your society ,i must also ask your kind consideration1 if at the first it seems to you scarcely to come up to the high standard of your anticipations1 requesting you to remember that it is still in its infancy1 that it has commenced its existence under difficulties1 and ,i regret to say1 not without some opposition4 ,it will1 therefore1 require care and energy1 not only on the part of the ,executive body1 but also in each individual member1 to bring it to that state of maturity we all are anxious to see it attain4 ,i feel certain from your presence here to-day that you have the interest of the ,society at heart1 but ,i venture to remind you that the simply feeling an interest in a thing is not sufficient in itself to command success4 ,that is a result which requires1 especially in these days1 both energy and labour1 and we must never forget that our future position and progress as a ,society1 will mainly depend on our own individual efforts1 since we are each of us an individual unit1 the aggregate of which units forms the ,society itself4 ,it would be natural for you to expect in this1 the first introductory paper1 a history of the origin and objects of the ,society1 but these were so ably treated of by the worthy ,secretary of the ,society on his visit to ,manchester1 and so many of you were present at the ,london meetings1 and so much has been already written on the subject1 that it would not only be superfluous but also presumptuous for me to attempt what has already been done by others so much more competent than myself1 and ,i am therefore deprived of what would have been an interesting topic for an address2 but although the past and the present have thus been taken from me1 there still remains the future2 and as ,i hope that in that future our ,midland branch will ultimately form a not unimportant unit1 ,i will therefore restrict what ,i have to say mainly to the subject of the branch itself1 and in doing so must crave your kind indulgence for the many imperfections in my efforts1 urging as my excuse the little time that numerous professional and other engagements leave at my disposal4 ,here1 ,i think1 we may congratulate ourselves1 that we exist as a branch of the ,british ,dental ,association and not as an independent ,society1 for ,i am sure we all feel that the scheme for the elevation of our profession to its proper position1 which that ,society has been formed to promote1 has been most judiciously planned1 and has thus far been most efficiently carried out--a scheme1 which whilst it in no way discourages the attainment of the higher qualification of full membership of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 in those who are anxious to distinguish themselves1 and possess the means and opportunity for so doing1 provides an efficient education in all those scientific and practical subjects which it is necessary for a ,dentist to know1 and by means of the ,dental ,diploma1 affords the public a guarantee that the possessor of that diploma has passed through a curriculum of such a standard as fully to qualify him for the practice of the branch of surgery which he professes4 ,nor must we allow to pass unnoticed the utter unselfishness of its promoters1 who laboured out of pure love for their profession1 knowing that they could never expect to see the good result of their labours in their lifetime1 unlike the man who is said to have remarked that he never could see the good posterity had done for him that he need trouble himself about posterity3 and as was the case with many of those grand memorials of the loving zeal and devotion of our ancestors1 those noble cathedrals with which so many parts of our country are adorned1 one generation was satisfied if they were able to lay the foundations and were permitted to see some portion of the superstructure erected during their lifetime1 so in like manner1 we must wait and not be discouraged if we are unable to see the full development of the present movement1 but should consider it a privilege to be permitted to assist in however humble a degree1 in taking part in what we fondly and reasonably hope will prove the formation of a grand future for our branch of surgery4 ,to our ,secretary and ,treasurer are due1 ,i believe1 the credit of having originated the branch1 and ,i take this opportunity of saying that ,i am unable in any way to claim a portion of that credit for myself1 for ,i gather from a letter in one of the journals1 that ,i was not only believed to have been one of the promoters1 but that ,i was thought to have been guilty of an act of discourtesy in what ,i had done1 or rather in what ,i had not done4 ,i knew nothing of the project till ,i received a printed circular inviting my co-operation1 and it was not till after the lapse of many weeks that ,i found myself able to join in the scheme4 ,the promoters worked hard in drafting the bye-laws and arranging the other necessary preliminaries1 but ,i am sure ,i may say for them that they feel amply rewarded by seeing their pet child1 over which they have laboured so long1 fully recognised as a legitimate offspring of the ,british ,dental ,association4 ,the objects of the branch1 you see by the bye-laws1 are fourfold3-- #a4 ,to render assistance1 as far as possible1 in carrying out the provisions of the ,dentists ,act4 #b4 ,the general consideration of subjects affecting the interests of the profession4 #c4 ,the reading and discussion of papers on ,dental ,surgery and ,mechanics4 #d4 ,the cultivation of a generous professional spirit amongst practitioners throughout the district4 ,with respect to the first object1 ,i think the purport of the ,act is so clear that it requires but few remarks from me4 ,it is impossible to draw any definite line where the help of an unqualified person must cease and that of the duly qualified practitioner commence4 ,any one who dresses a wound or a bruise1 or reduces a dislocation1 practises surgery1 and no one could for a moment imagine that a law would ever be passed to prevent his doing so2 and in like manner1 we could not expect that the legislature would ever allow the drawing of a tooth or any other similar operation to be made a penal action1 although the person so doing may be said to be practising ,dentistry2 but as soon as any one endeavours to make the public believe he is a qualified practitioner1 by assuming the title of ,dentist or any other name implying the possession of the ,dental diploma1 so soon he becomes amenable to the law2 the act thus guaranteeing to the public1 that for the future1 any one who claims the professional title shall of necessity have obtained the necessary qualification4 ,any person1 or any number of persons1 who may wish to put the act in force in any particular case can do so1 but before taking action it will be necessary to obtain the sanction of the ,medical ,council4 ,this at first sight may seem to be an unnecessary precaution1 yet ,i think on further consideration you will admit that it is a very wise provision1 as it entirely prevents the possibility of any one being proceeded against from personal pique or any other improper motive2 and if in any case it is thought desirable that a person's name should be removed from the register1 all that is necessary is to collect sufficient reliable evidence1 and transmit it to the central board in ,london1 who will bring the matter before the ,medical ,council1 the only body by whom such action can be taken4 ,and in cases where these proceedings may be necessary1 ,i am sure they can be carried out without earning for ourselves the opprobrium of acting as spies or professional police1 which some have already been willing to assign to us4 ,with regard to the second object of the ,society1 we must all feel that the interests of the profession will at times require the careful consideration of its members1 and necessitate the existence of some organised body which shall be able to act with the authority of the bulk of its members1 and for this1 no better scheme can be devised than the one we are now so much interested in--the formation of a central society1 with recognised branches in the more distant parts of the country1 constituting an organisation by which the feeling of the majority of the profession may at any time be ascertained on any question that may arise bearing on the well being of the profession4 ,in the third object1 8,the reading and discussion of papers on ,dental ,surgery and ,mechanics10 the surgery you will notice is placed first1 and justly so1 as the higher branch2 though in early times1 and ,i fear even to a more recent date1 the order in importance was more frequently reversed in practice4 ,the mere mechanical calling of former times--for in its infancy ,dentistry was little else--has now been developed into a profession and gained admission within the sacred portals of the ,college in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 and it is for the present and future generations to prove by the exercise of their highest mental as well as mechanical faculties1 that the profession is worthy of the position which has been accorded to it4 ,it has been noticed by those who most frequently attend the meetings of our speciality1 that papers on mechanical subjects are more easily procured1 and often prove more attractive than those on surgical subjects1 but this will no doubt become less as the educational facilities of the present day are brought to bear more and more on the whole body of the profession4 ,surely the preservation of the natural organs is of far more importance and value to the patient than the substitution of others1 however efficiently supplied4 ,what should we think of the surgeon who allowed himself to be deterred from directing all his energies to the preservation and restoration to health1 of a diseased or injured limb1 by the thought that an artificial substitute could be provided for it4 ,no6 ,no6 ,whatever our politics may be let our surgery be conservative4 ,far be it from me to appear to undervalue any branch of my profession1 for no one can have been long in practice without having experienced the well earned gratification derived from noticing the relief from pain1 and in many instances the perfect restoration to health1 that follows the substitution of efficient members in the place of useless and diseased ones2 but far greater is the credit and higher the appreciation of the patient1 when the diseased natural organs themselves can be preserved and restored to a state of efficiency2 and how great are the facilities for so doing in the present day1 compared with the early reminiscences of many of our older brethren4 ,all of us who were fortunate enough to hear the interesting paper read before the ,general ,meeting of the ,society in ,august last1 must have been forcibly struck with the contrast between the paucity and quality of the instruments there mentioned1 and the appliances of the present day4 ,what would have been the feelings--,i might almost say the bewilderment of the practitioner therein described1 could he have been transported into one of the large depts with which we are so familiar4 ,the numerous and beautifully adapted instruments for the variety of operations unknown in those days4 ,the admirably adjusted forces for each form of tooth1 the endless variety of excavators and pluggers1 the wonderfully delicate nerve extractors1 the rubber dam and its adjustments1 the saliva pump1 the electric mallet1 the improvement in our chairs1 and that greatest of all boons1 both to patient and operator1 the ,morrison engine1 the name of the inventor of which valuable instrument1 ought to be indelibly inscribed in letters of gold in the ,archives of ,dentistry1 to say nothing of the application of vulcanite and celluloid1 and the many ingenious appliances for the workshop4 ,surely these should lead us to value the benefits we enjoy1 and teach us to strive to use them to the best of our ability1 not influenced by the thought of self-glorification in attempting to surpass all others1 in the performance of this or that brilliant operation1 but ever remembering that the ultimate aim of all our efforts should be the increased amount of good which we are thereby enabled to accomplish for the benefit of our suffering fellow-creatures4 ,although the ,transactions of the ,odontological ,society contain a very voluminous and valuable collection of papers bearing on one speciality1 there still remain numerous subjects and modes of operating which may be made productive of profitable discussion4 ,such are the replantation of teeth now attracting so much attention1 the erosion of the surfaces of the teeth of which so little is known in the present day4 ,the various improvements in the materials for filling1 and amongst a variety of subjects1 far too numerous to be mentioned here1 the startling announcement of the so-called ,new ,departure ,creed4 ,as this last is a subject which ,i think we all feel greatly interested in1 and also bears on the branch of ,dentistry which we are now considering1 ,i will venture a few remarks on some of the articles of the accepted and new departure creeds as tabulated in the ,dental ,cosmos4 ,i am not aware that the so-called accepted creed has been the recognised standard of practice in this country4 ,the doctrine that gold1 and nothing but gold1 should be used for permanent fillings1 has certainly been extensively promulgated by those of our ,transatlantic brethren who have settled in this country2 and ,i cannot but look upon this new departure1 as the natural reaction which might be expected to follow the over anxiety to build up large adhesive gold fillings1 on fragments of weak and often disorganized teeth1 totally unsuited for such an operation2 but until ,i can see some stronger reason than has been hitherto adduced by the advocates of this new departure1 ,i must1 in any case suitable for a good gold filling1 confess my unwillingness to abandon for any other of the fillings now in use1 a material that we know from past experience is capable1 when judiciously applied1 of preserving and restoring to a state of efficiency1 in some cases for a period of twenty years or even for a much longer time1 teeth which otherwise would have been lost in about the same number of months4 ,for the efficient use of this material much must of course depend on the manipulative ability of the operator1 but it has often seemed to me a matter of doubt1 whether1 in the case of those large adhesive gold fillings1 the patient has received an equivalent for the tedious and necessarily expensive operation that has been undergone4 ,the choice between contour fillings and separation of the teeth in the case of approximal cavities1 must1 ,i think1 depend in a measure on the aptitude and judgment of the operator1 since the two plans when successfully performed1 may be made equally efficient4 ,the latter however--separation--seems to afford greater facilities for operating1 and also for cleanliness in those patients who are unable or unwilling to devote the time and attention necessary for that object4 ,the professed incompatibility of gold as a filling material with tooth bone1 seems to me to be at variance with the frequent success which we all must have experienced1 in the use of that filling in cavities on the labial surface of the roots of the upper incisors4 ,i mention this particular position as being easy of access for operating1 and also as being one where the enamel1 tooth bone1 gold1 and saliva1 are in constant contact with each other4 ,in those cases where the success of the operation has not equalled our expectations1 in endeavouring to estimate the probable incompatibility of the filling material as a cause of failure1 it is1 ,i think1 necessary to consider whether in the ordinary operation for filling1 the whole of the diseased dentine has been so thoroughly removed1 as to admit of its proving a satisfactory test case1 for the microscope reveals to us a change in the dentine in the sides of a decayed cavity1 even when it appears sound to the eye1 and also to the feel of the instrument2 and in those portions of the margin of the cavity which we undercut for the retention of the filling1 we have the dentine not only denuded of its nutrient covering1 the periosteum1 but also deprived of its nutrition from the pulp by the severance of the tubes of the dentine1 and the intervention of the filling material1 and in this deteriorated condition1 in all probability still exposed to the continuous action of the same deleterious influences 7whatever they may have been7 which first caused the decay2 and ,i cannot but think that the failure when it occurs1 is in a greater measure due to the above named causes1 rather than to the incompatibility of the gold with the tooth bone2 but with all the success that has attended the use of gold for so many years1 we must still1 ,i am sure1 be willing to admit the want of a perfect plastic filling1 which shall be able to withstand the friction of mastication1 and also the deleterious action of the fluids of the mouth4 ,the dictum that1 8a tooth that can be so treated as to be satisfactorily filled with anything1 is worth filling10 is one1 ,i think1 that all who value conservative surgery must readily agree with4 ,that 8unskilful and unscrupulous ,dentists fill with tin covered with gold1 thereby causing galvanic action1 pulpitis1 death of the pulp1 abscess1 and loss of the tooth10 has certainly not been an accepted creed in this country1 for ,i was early taught the use of this material both alone1 and in combination with gold1 when ,i first commenced the study of my profession with ,mr4 ,sheffield1 of ,exeter1 and long experience1 and the retention of a tin filling in my own mouth1 in a perfect condition for over five-and-twenty years1 has fully proved to me the value of this metal4 ,when used in combination with gold1 and exposed to contact with the fluids of the mouth1 it certainly undergoes a chemical change1 becoming nearly black in colour1 but without staining the tooth as some amalgams do2 it also becomes harder1 and cuts harsh like an amalgam filling1 but the change does not appear to cause any alteration in its bulk1 or in any respect to interfere with its efficiency as a filling1 nor have ,i ever found it produce any of the evils suggested in the creed1 and ,i cannot but think that it would be more used1 were it not for the universal prejudice that exists in the mind of the public in favour of gold1 partly arising from the magical charm which resides in the word gold1 and partly from the nothing but gold theory 7if ,i may so call it71 which has been so largely spread by our ,american brethren4 ,that 8a filling may be the best known for a tooth and yet leak badly10 seems a simple admission that in some cases bad is the best that we can do for them4 ,if experience has taught us anything1 it certainly has proved that it is the leak which does the mischief2 and as in warfare no fortress is considered stronger than its weakest part1 so is it with a tooth that is filled4 ,a small leaking point will soon undermine the filling1 and prove its ruin4 ,the statement that 8gutta-percha properly used is the most permanent filling material we possess10 must make us wish to know the meaning of the words1 8properly used10 for the rapidity with which it wears away1 in any position in which it is subjected to friction in mastication1 seems to me to prevent the possibility of its ever being permanent4 ,the force of the article which says that 8a poor gutta-percha filling1 in its proper place1 is better than a good gold one10 seems to depend on the question as to what is the proper place for a gutta-percha filling3 surely not the place where we can insert a good gold plug1 if by 8good10 is meant one that is not only solid1 but also sufficiently tight to exclude all moisture from the cavity4 ,it certainly is rather startling to hear from the country from which have come the severest criticisms on the use and the users of amalgam fillings1 the admission that 8amalgam per se1 is an excellent filling material40 ,with amalgams1 as with the other plastic materials1 a perfect filling of its kind has yet to be discovered1 for a measure of uncertainty seems to exist in all of them2 but as a proof that an amalgam may make a good useful filling1 ,i can say that ,i have seen more than one apparently in a perfect condition after thirty years' wear1 and ,i cannot but think that much of the discredit attaching to its use1 arises from its being the filling we naturally have recourse to in all cases of doubt and difficulty4 ,that 8the use of plastic filling material tends to lower the standard of ,dentistry1 thereby diminishing its sphere of usefulness10 is scarcely a fair way of stating the matter4 ,the indiscriminate use of them would certainly do so1 but the judicious selection of them in cases unsuited for the use of gold1 need not necessarily interfere with the acquirement of the manipulative ability necessary for making good gold fillings1 nor is it desirable that it should do so1 as the power of manipulation required for the successful use of gold1 must tend to perfect the powers of the operator in the use of all plastic materials1 and must thus extend the sphere of usefulness of that ,dentistry which has for its standard of excellency1 ability to save teeth4 ,time has only permitted me very briefly to notice some portions of this new creed1 to show that it contains much that might be productive of profitable discussion1 but ,i think from what has been said1 we may reasonably conclude that each material has its own particular advantages1 and that until we are in possession of a filling suitable for universal application1 a judicious selection is necessary on the part of the operator in each particular case4 ,the fourth1 and not the least important object of the society is 8the cultivation of a generous professional spirit amongst practitioners throughout the district10 and to this ,i hope may be added throughout the whole body of the profession2 for the knowledge that we are branches of one central society1 should lead to a feeling of fellowship not only with the members of the parent society1 but also with the members of the other branches1 and surely it is not too much to hope1 that with the extension of the ,society and its branches1 and the feeling of professional brotherhood thereby engendered1 we may see the gradual increase of that ,christian charity which 8thinketh no evil10 and which would scorn all attempts at self-exaltation1 by the disparagement of the efforts and qualifications of a fellow practitioner1 which ,i fear has been greatly encouraged by the isolation that has so long existed in our speciality4 ,nor must we omit to notice the great benefit to be derived from the friendly discussion of subjects in which we are all mutually interested1 not only to the profession at large1 but also to each one individually1 for which of us in his early days has not felt the wish that he had thought of this or that other mode of treatment in some particular case2 and what more likely to impress new ideas on the memory1 or1 to use a familiar expression1 make us 8have them at our fingers' ends0 7the place where surely they are wanted when operating71 than the friendly discussion of them which it is one of the objects of our ,society to encourage8 ,the ,president of the ,western branch has held out to us the hand of fellowship1 which ,i am sure ,i need not ask your permission to be allowed to reciprocate most fully--not only in the wish for their future prosperity1 but also in the assurance that any of their members who may have an opportunity of attending our meetings1 will at all times receive that cordial welcome which it should be our greatest pleasure to extend to all the members of our ,society and its branches1 thus realizing one of the great objects of our ,association1 and proving not only by our words1 but also by our actions1 that we are anxious to encourage that professional intercourse which must tend not only to our mutual benefit1 but also to that of the community at large2 and if1 as their ,president remarked1 it is a pleasure to them to think that in the formation of our branch we show 8the benefits resulting from the good example they have set us10 it is no less a subject of congratulation to us to know that they have at last recognised the good which is likely to accrue1 both to themselves and to the profession generally1 by following our example1 and forming themselves into a local branch of the ,british ,dental ,association4 ,and now1 fearing that ,i have already trespassed too long on your time and forbearance1 it only remains for me to thank you for the kind reception you have accorded me1 and to express the belief that1 although the barque which we have so successfully launched will probably meet with the usual amount of storms and difficulties1 still the old proverbial 8long pull and a strong pull and a pull all together10 in which you are so able and willing to join1 will carry it securely through the many undercurrents and quicksands which may threaten it on its course1 and secure what we all so ardently hope for--a useful1 as well as a long and prosperous career1 for the ,midland ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,mahonie 7,sheffield71 moved a vote of thanks to the ,president for his able and eloquent address1 and in doing so1 said that when the ,association was weak1 ,mr4 ,campion had come to their aid in a very courteous manner1 and they were now asked to give him their heartiest thanks for the paper which they had just heard read4 ,the paper was one which would last more than a year4 ,it was very instructive1 and he 7,mr4 ,mahonie7 thought that ,mr4 ,campion was eminently capable of giving them instructions in the way of ,dental ,reform4 ,he moved 8,that the best thanks of this meeting be given to the ,president of the ,midland ,counties ,branch of the ,british ,dental ,association1 for the able and eloquent paper which he had just read40 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,nicol 7,leeds71 seconded the motion in suitable terms4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,waite in supporting the motion1 said that it was a very great privilege for them to have such a ,president as they had in ,mr4 ,campion4 ,his wisdom had been of great service in superintending the efforts which the ,executive have had to put forth4 ,they had been delighted that morning with the interesting and instructive address which ,mr4 ,campion had given them1 but most of all with the very high and generous tone that breathed throughout the whole of the address1 and he 7,dr4 ,waite7 thought ,mr4 ,campion had struck a key-note which1 when the address came to be printed1 would vibrate not only throughout the ,midland ,counties of ,england1 but through every country where the ,dental profession was carried on4 ,the motion was carried with much enthusiasm1 and the meeting then adjourned till the afternoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,members assembled in the ,memorial ,hall at #b4cj p4m41 ,mr4 ,campion in the chair4 ,the ,,president stated that some idea had been started of bringing specimens to the meeting1 and in order to show what curiosities might be casually collected1 he offered a few specimens to the notice of the ,members4 ,mr4 ,,roff ,,king1 ,shrewsbury1 then read a paper on 8,modelling and ,modelling ,composition40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,crapper 7,hanley7 read a paper1 entitled 8,new ,ideas in ,mechanical ,dentistry10 and exhibited specimens of teeth which had been manufactured by a new process and sent to him to exhibit4 ,the ,,secretary read a paper received from ,mr4 ,f4 ,richardson1 ,derby--8,has ,vaccination any ,effect on the ,degeneration of the ,teeth80 ,mr4 ,h4 ,,marsh 7,manchester7 read a paper on the 8,use of ,nitrous ,oxide ,gas40 ,mr4 ,,murphy desired to ask the ,chairman whether ,licentiates in ,dental ,surgery were legally responsible if a patient expired whilst under the influence of the nitrous oxide gas1 or subsequently to the administration4 ,in the discussion which followed1 there appeared to be a unanimous opinion amongst those present that ,licentiates were not responsible1 but that it would be impossible to define such a position4 ,the ,,secretary read a letter from ,mr4 ,kyan of ,preston1 in which that gentleman expressed his regret at his inability to be present1 and hoped the ,members would have a successful meeting4 ,mr4 ,,renshaw moved a vote of thanks to those gentlemen who had furnished them with such interesting and instructive papers4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,wormald1 in seconding the resolution1 said they could1 with a little energy and support1 make that ,society very successful1 and as a representative body on behalf of their profession in the ,midland ,counties1 they could maintain such a position that it would become an honour to belong to it4 ,the ,,chairman remarked that it was no light work to prepare such papers as they had heard read2 much time and trouble must have been spent in the digest of the various subjects4 ,he gave the hearty thanks of the meeting to the contributors of those papers4 ,the resolution was carried unanimously4 ,mr4 ,major ,,stewart proposed a vote of thanks to ,mr4 ,campion for presiding4 ,mr4 ,,king seconded the motion1 which was carried unanimously4 ,the ,,chairman 7,mr4 ,campion7 returned his best thanks for the kind reception and assistance the ,members had rendered him whilst in the chair4 ,,the ,,dinner4 ,in the evening a dinner was held at the ,queen's ,hotel1 ,mr4 ,campion presiding1 ,mr4 ,major ,stewart in the vice-chair4 ,the ,,chairman proposed the health of 8,the ,queen and the rest of the ,royal ,family40 ,mr4 ,,mahonie then gave a recitation from ,shakespeare4 ,mr4 ,major ,,stewart in rising to propose the toast of the ,president of the branch said--,it is my pleasing duty as your ,vice-,president to propose this toast4 ,i find our worthy ,chairman took his ,m4,r4,c4,s4 degree in #ahef1 ,i therefore regard him as the father of the profession in this district of ,england2 those who were present this morning heard his inaugural address4 ,those words were words of wisdom1 and were addressed not only to the older1 but also to the younger members of our ,branch ,association4 ,his address will be read with pleasure by members of our profession in ,england and ,america4 ,with regard to the chairmanship of this branch1 ,i think it would have been wise if ,mr4 ,campion had been elected for three years1 until we were more consolidated4 ,i am glad to see so many members from this district present this evening1 and will now conclude by asking you to drink a bumper to the long life and successful career of our ,chairman4 ,the toast was accepted most loyally4 ,the ,,chairman in responding said1 gentlemen1 you must have listened to my voice sufficiently to-day--this is my last appearance before you this session4 ,our ,secretary has promised to allow me to enjoy myself1 otium cum dignitate1 after ,i have returned my best thanks4 ,it is with great diffidence ,i respond to this toast1 ,i really feel the difficulty increased tenfold by the kind manner in which you1 sir1 have proposed1 and my friends accepted this toast4 ,one word in regard to sub-branches--,i can see no reason why such large towns as ,liverpool and ,manchester should not establish sub-branches2 frequent meetings1 say once a month1 could be held for an exchange of thoughts and methods of operation in our department of ,surgery1 in which we are all interested2 so constituted1 they would be private societies1 to which any member of our branch might be admitted4 ,the great event of the next year will be the meeting of the ,international ,medical ,congress1 held in ,london during ,august4 ,this ,congress has held its meetings every alternate year for the last twelve years4 ,the ,london members of the ,medical profession have taken it up very warmly1 and are making preparations1 which must result in giving the ,congress such a reception as will be worthy of our capital4 ,the ,president of the ,dental section is ,mr4 ,edwin ,saunders1 whilst the ,vice-,presidents are ,mr4 ,john ,tomes1 and ,mr4 ,spence ,bate1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,tomes acts as ,secretary1 to all of whom we are much indebted for their untiring efforts in raising our department of ,surgery to its present position4 ,i trust that our branch will be well represented at this ,congress4 ,another subject ,i will broach is the establishment of a ,dental ,school in ,manchester4 ,if such a school is formed it should be in concert with the ,manchester ,medical ,school at the ,new ,victoria ,university4 ,when the charter was first granted for the formation of a university1 a medical school was not included1 but there appears very little doubt that in the course of time such school will be established2 let us then wait patiently until we can thoroughly and efficiently carry out such an undertaking4 ,i am sorry ,i cannot introduce you to a ,dental hospital2 this is to be deplored1 more especially as we took a prominent part in ,dental reform for the good of ,dental practitioners4 ,if younger and more able men will commence the work1 they shall receive my heartiest support and co-operation4 ,i must now conclude by expressing regret that ,i have not the gift of speech1 that ,i might explain to you the warm feelings ,i have in regard to the reception you have given me1 and the kind manner in which you have drunk my health4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,wormald sang 8,the ,spinning ,wheel40 ,dr4 ,,wormald1 in proposing 8,the ,british ,dental ,association10 said3 ,mr4 ,president1 and gentlemen1 this toast is one1 ,i am sure1 you will drink with the utmost cordiality4 ,those who sit round this board1 and have taken a part during the past few years in the politics of our profession1 must experience a feeling of congratulation that we are able to meet to-night1 and realize the fact that at last we occupy a recognized position4 ,we need re-organization1 and we need a central body1 and the ,british ,dental ,association is that recognized body1 and demands our support and assistance4 ,well1 join that ,association1 and do what you can to lift up the profession from the low level in which we have been placed1 and raise it to a much higher level4 ,we need1 as your ,president so kindly put it this afternoon1 a higher professional tone1 and a more generous feeling towards our brethren2 and that can only be obtained by coming more and more in contact with each other1 and through the influence of such an organization as this we are met to commence1 which will assist in placing our profession in a position which it should long ago have occupied4 ,many of those who are now in our ranks may not see the full result of our labours1 but depend upon this1 that our labours will be recognised in the great difference which will show itself more and more in this country between those who are worthily following their calling1 and those who indulge in non-professional practices4 ,the ,british ,dental ,association will become strong and durable1 and then we may be sure that under the wisdom and the guidance of those who have piloted our steps so far1 we may safely follow them wherever they lead1 and so lay a foundation upon which the rising generation may build up their professional career1 and help to raise the status of our profession4 ,that profession is worthy of all the time and attention that any honourable gentleman will give it1 if he will follow his calling worthily1 and serving the interests of a suffering public4 ,in connection with this toast1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 my friend ,dr4 ,waite1 will have the pleasure of responding1 and ,i have the greatest pleasure in coupling his name with it4 ,dr4 ,,waite responding1 said1 ,mr4 ,president1 ,mr4 ,vice-,president1 and gentlemen1 it is to me both a pleasure and a pride to be permitted to respond to the toast of the 8,british ,dental ,association40 ,i am not much of a believer in post-prandial oratory4 ,the period of replenishment for the physical energies1 should be a period of repose for the energies intellectual1 or perhaps better still1 a time of refreshment1 by agreeable and amusing conversation4 ,that ,englishmen should be fond of dining together1 is natural and characteristic2 that they should be almost equally prone to after dinner speechifying is somewhat surprising4 ,it is well1 however1 when the usages imposed by custom can be observed1 without making a too serious demand upon our drowsy powers1 and fortunately we have a condition of things existing at the present time which1 when fairly estimated1 is calculated to awaken agreeable reflections1 and inspire us with salutary hopes4 ,within the short space of five years1 events have occurred with astonishing rapidity1 that have substantially and permanently altered the position of the ,dental profession1 not alone in its relation to the general public1 but also in its internal organisation1 and the mutual relation of individuals to the whole body4 ,these events may be classified in three distinct items1 and in each we shall find elements of progress largely preponderating4 ,first of all1 most of you will recall the feeling which prevailed when the idea of obtaining an ,act of ,parliament was invoked at the ,manchester meeting of #ahge--;it was not regarded exactly as an utopian idea1 but certainly we felt it to be something almost too good to hope for4 ,well1 in less than three years from that time the ,dentists ,act was passed1 and now1 after two years experience and consideration1 we are able to discover what it is we have obtained1 though it is all too soon as yet1 to realise 7except very partially7 the practical benefits the ,act is destined to confer4 ,this much1 however1 we know4 ,we have a legal status4 ,we have legal rights and privileges4 ,we are admitted to the fellowship of the honourable and learned professions4 ,these three points are assured1 and we should see to it1 that we interpose no barrier of professional character or conduct between ourselves and the privileges our ,act bestows4 ,we know1 moreover1 that there are secured for those who will come after us1 more substantial benefits of education1 of practice1 of public appreciation1 such as none of us have been permitted to enjoy4 ,this is the characteristic feature of the ,dentists ,act4 ,its noblest provisions are for posterity4 ,no change1 nor circumstance1 can deprive any who have assisted in passing this ,act1 of the pure satisfaction of knowing that they have helped to hand on the profession of ,dental ,surgery in a far better condition than that in which they received it4 ,many have contributed in various ways1 whose share in the work will be forgotten1 but the work remains4 ,identified with the whole of the movement1 the names of ,tomes and ,turner will be preserved and revered for many1 many years1 yet withal the abundant reasons for personal gratification which those gentlemen have1 ,i am sure they rejoice a thousand fold more over the results achieved1 than they do at any honour or advantage accruing to themselves4 ,take it as it stands1 acknowledging its few imperfections1 and recognising its many decided benefits1 we have as good an ,act as we had any right to expect1 and as good as it was possible for us to get4 ,one of the hindrances to ,dental advancement has hitherto been the scarcity of educational facilities1 and the small proportion of practitioners who possessed any ,dental qualification4 ,at the time to which reference has already been made1 there were only some #cjj gentlemen in the whole of ,great ,britain who held a ,dental diploma4 ,there was only one licensing body in the country which granted ,dental certificates4 ,now we have #fcj gentlemen holding recognised ,dental qualifications1 viz41 of ,london about #djj1 ,edinburgh #af1 ,dublin #ahj1 ,glasgow #cc1 and the three last mentioned bodies are offering to gentlemen in practice1 the opportunity of examination1 sine curriculo1 upon thoroughly reasonable and accessible terms4 ,not only so1 the ,colleges of ,ireland and ,scotland have caused their certificates to possess a peculiar value1 in the careful provision they have made1 for preventing unprofessional practices on the part of their licentiates4 ,i am certainly astonished that the number of practitioners who have already availed themselves of these facilities is so small4 ,i know that this matter of obtaining a ,qualification is regarded variously by different persons1 but nothing is more certain than the growing tendency toward accredited qualification as indispensable to professional status2 the public are rapidly becoming aware 7and it is our business to educate the public in this matter7 that the operations of ,dental ,surgery cannot be safely entrusted to uneducated heads or hands1 and as a guarantee of something like the necessary knowledge and skill1 the public are beginning to understand the value of a purely ,dental ,qualification4 ,the larger the number of ,licentiates the more quickly the public will be taught1 and ere long the unqualified ,dentist will become a mere historic fact4 ,the all important feature of recent progress is the ,british ,dental ,association4 ,the ,dental body has been afflicted with inherent weakness through the want of organisation1 a weakness that paralyses1 and at the same time1 a weakness endowed with remarkable power1 the power of successfully defeating efforts toward general reformation4 ,so long as we were isolated and detached it is not wonderful that we were selfish and afraid of one another1 but a new era has dawned4 ,we have an ,association to which all are eligible1 where all can meet on the common ground of professional brotherhood and intercourse4 ,the control of the ,association1 embracing the future welfare of the whole body1 is committed to a ,board constituted on a representative basis4 ,none need be excluded from participation1 save by their own poverty of professional spirit1 a poverty exhibited alike by persistent recourse to unprofessional practice1 and by selfish indifference to professional politics4 ,there may be a kind of superiority in having a large practice1 or in holding a high scientific position1 but unless ,i am greatly mistaken the true superiority is that which overleaps all selfish considerations1 and delights in consecrating whatever power or position we may have to the elevation and improvement of the whole profession4 ,thank ,god we have men who have been inspired with a large measure of true professional spirit4 ,men who could think for themselves and hold their own opinions1 but who at the same time have been large-hearted enough to merge minor differences in the pursuit of one grand object4 ,such men as ,edwin ,saunders1 ,john ,tomes1 ,j4 ,smith-,turner1 ,t4 ,a4 ,rogers1 ,a4 ,coleman1 ,dr4 ,walker1 our esteemed ,president1 and many others1 stand forth as examples of true as distinct from sham superiority4 ,the facilities now afforded by our separate branches have removed the excuse so often urged when all the meetings took place in ,london1 and there is practically no obstacle to our speedy improvement4 ,we possess advantages of a political nature quite equal to those existing in any kindred profession4 ,these are the bare facts of the present time2 they furnish material for much thankfulness and for cheerful anticipation4 ,they are the foundation on which our future must be erected4 ,what that future is to be depends on what we mean to be4 ,the scaffolding is up1 the materials are ready4 ,willing hearts and willing hands are needed to complete the edifice4 ,there is a sublime principle working through the whole human family1 the operation of which no individual can withstand4 ,it was formulated by the ,founder of the grandest system the world has ever known1 and this is the formula-- 8,whosoever would be chief among you1 let him be your servant40 ,mr4 ,,mahonie1 in proposing the toast of 8,sir ,john ,lubbock1 and the promoters of the ,dentists ,act10 said3--,no words of mine can add additional lustre to the names--,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,mr4 ,john ,tomes1 ,mr4 ,james ,smith ,turner4 ,these men have earned a name for themselves which neither crayons nor oils--not even if they were placed in cathedral aisles--could add more2 these men have laboured much--laboured hard2 ,i beg to propose their health4 ,captain ,,rogers1 in responding1 spoke of the great triumph ,sir ,john ,lubbock had accomplished in passing ,bills connected with science1 this ,parliament4 ,he had great pleasure in thanking them for the hearty manner in which they had received the names of these gentlemen connected with ,dental ,reform4 ,mr ,t ,,murphy in proposing the 8,manchester ,school of ,medicine0 said3--,i have had put into my hands a toast to propose1 which is so intimately connected with our branch of the profession1 that it will require no eulogy on my part for it to be received with acclamation1 ,i mean the ,manchester ,royal ,school of ,medicine4 ,perhaps it will not be out of place if ,i give you a short outline of its history4 ,it was founded by the late ,mr4 ,t4 ,turner in the year #ahbd2 it was known for many years as the ,pine ,street ,school4 ,in #ahej a second school was established1 and being connected as ,i then was with a hospital in this city1 ,i can well remember the jealousy there was about the subjects that were sent out2 first one school and then another complaining that they were not getting their fair share1 and ,i must admit that the leaning was towards the old school1 which ,i think got1 on the whole1 rather more than its share4 ,in #aheh the founders of the rival schools came to the conclusion that the interests of the students would be best promoted by an amalgamation1 forgetting their differences and working together for the common weal4 ,in this way1 from the ,union of the ,pine ,street and ,chatham ,street ,schools1 that school arose which has been long known as the ,manchester ,school of ,medicine4 ,for sixteen years the work was carried on in ,faulkden ,street with difficulty both with regard to accommodation and light4 ,about the year #ahgb1 a meeting of the ,owen's ,college authorities met the leading ,members of the medical staff1 and it was agreed that it would be for the welfare of the ,school if it were handed over to the ,owen's ,college authorities4 ,the result has been the erection of one of the finest ,medical ,schools in the kingdom1 replete with everything necessary for the study of medicine4 ,the course of instruction not only enables students to qualify for ,college and ,hall1 but affords the more aspiring every facility for qualifying themselves for the higher distinctions of their profession4 ,when ,i mention the names of ,turner1 ,jordan1 ,wilson1 ,smith1 ,wilkinson1 ,bradley1 ,southam1 and last1 but not least1 the celebrated ,dalton1 and others1 who have gone2 ,gamgee1 ,watson1 ,williamson1 ,roscoe1 ,roberts1 ,morgan1 ,lund1 ,simpson1 ,ransome1 and other able men1 who are at present at the helm1 can there be a doubt about the quality of the education given8 and1 in conclusion1 is it too much to ask that before long we should have established in this city1 and in connection with the ,victoria ,university1 a ,dental ,school where we can send our sons to receive at the hands of these able men the necessary training to fit them for the practice of ,dentistry4 ,mr4 ,,marsh returned thanks for the toast2 he trusted some day ,mr4 ,campion would be appointed ,consulting ,dental ,surgeon to the ,manchester ,school of ,medicine4 ,dr4 ,,waite proposed 8,success to the ,western ,counties ,association10 coupling with it the name of ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,parson1 of ,clifton4 ,mr4 ,,parson having responded1 the proceedings terminated4 ,correspondence4 ,we do not hold ourselves responsible for the views expressed by our ,correspondents4 ,,mr4 ,,sewill ,,on ,,dental ,,caries4 ,,to ,,the ,,editors ,,of ,,the 8,,monthly ,,review ,,of ,,dental ,,surgery40 ,,sirs1--,while thanking you for your courteous notice of my contribution to the second edition of ,dr4 ,fothergill's work1 permit me to point out that my contribution was not intended as an exhaustive discussion of the subject of dental caries4 ,i was asked to write only upon the 8,hygiene of the ,teeth10 and to indicate to the medical practitioner the means available for the prevention of dental disease4 ,in accordance with the scheme of the work it was requisite to explain the etiology and pathology of caries in order to make clear the rationale of treatment1 and therefore1 with brevity consistent with the limited space at my disposal1 ,i did so1 adopting mainly what is termed the 8chemical0 theory of the disease4 ,this view1 as you remark1 is certainly 8theoretical10 but ,i venture to say it approaches as nearly to demonstration as need be4 ,i certainly do not hesitate to accept it as fact1 and ,i felt more bound to adopt it in the present instance1 seeing1 at least1 that upon this theory both the prophylaxis of caries as well as our treatment of the disease seem based4 ,i should be glad to see a discussion of the subject started in your columns or at the ,odontological ,society4 #f1 ,wimpole ,street1 ,yours faithfully1 ,september #cjth1 #ahhj4 ,,henry ,,sewill4 ,birmingham ,dental ,hospital1 ,broad ,street4 ,consulting ,physician4--,james ,sawyer1 ,m4,d41 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to the ,queen's ,hospital4 ,consulting ,surgeon4--,james ,west1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,senior ,surgeon to the ,queen's ,hospital4 ,consulting ,dentists4--,thomas ,h4 ,english1 ,adams ,parkes1 ,l4,d4,s4,eng4 ,surgeon ,chloroformist4--,f4 ,h4 ,maberley1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,dental ,surgeons4--,charles ,sims1 ,l4,d4,s4,eng41 ,wednesdays2 ,h4 ,breward ,neale1 ,l4,d4,s4,i41 ,tuesdays and ,thursdays2 ,f4 ,h4 ,batchelor1 ,l4,d4,s4,i41 ,mondays and ,fridays2 ,f4 ,e4 ,huxley1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4,eng41 ,l4,d4,s4 ,edin42 ,saturdays4 ,hon4 ,treasurer4--,w4 ,udal1 ,esq4 ,bankers4--,lloyd's ,banking ,company1 ,high ,street4 ,hon4 ,sec4--,allen ,edwards1 #hb1 ,new ,street4 ,,dental ,,hospital ,,of ,,exeter4 ,,cases ,,treated ,,from ,,june #ad,,th ,,to ,,september #cj,,th1 #ahhj4 ,children under #ad #cji ,extractions4 ,adults #fda ,under ,nitrous ,oxide and ,ether #bi ,gold ,stoppings #de ,white ,foil ditto #cg ,plastic ditto #abg ,miscellaneous cases #abi ---------- ,total #a1cag ---------- ,,henry ,,browne-,,mason1 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,white ,nickel ,bronze4 ,the pure white tint of nickel1 its inoxidisability1 and1 therefore1 the ease with which it is kept clean1 have caused it to come into general use for metal fittings1 especially those of vessels and carriages1 as well as for the bright parts of engines and machines4 ,but1 on account of the relatively high price hitherto obtained by nickel1 it has been employed chiefly in the state of electro-deposit4 ,nickel-plating is effected by two processes1 one hot and the other cold4 ,in the former a solution of sulphate of nickel is used in an enamel cast-iron trough4 ,this is the more rapid method1 but its results are not so satisfactory as in the cold process4 ,the latter is effected with a bath of double sulphate of nickel and ammonia1 the articles to be nickelised being suspended by a platinum wire attached to the positive pole of the battery1 while a plate of pure nickel1 to restore the metal to the bath1 is put in connection with the negative pole4 ,the nickelisation thus produced1 though it requires a longer time than the other process is finer and more durable4 ,there are1 however1 several objections to nickel-plating4 ,the process is injurious to the workmen engaged in it4 ,the thin coating of nickel is liable to peel off1 and in the case of parts exposed to wear1 or even with cleanings1 in course of time1 the nickel becomes so worn off at the edges as to expose the base metal beneath4 ,besides1 nickelisation does not entirely prevent the oxidisation of steel and iron4 ,a ,french ,company1 ,la ,socit ,franaise ,anonyme de ,nickel1 briefly referred to in connection with the ,applied ,science ,exhibition1 ,paris1 are endeavouring to supersede the nickelisation of brass and copper by the use of solid nickel bronze1 which is thus obtained4 ,the ore1 garnierite1 extensive deposits of which exist in ,new ,caledonia1 the ,french penal settlement1 is worked by ,messrs4 ,john ,higginson and ,co41 of ,noumea1 the concessionaires4 ,it is by them subjected to a roasting on preliminary fusion1 which forms a regulus1 containing from #fj to #gj per cent4 of metallic nickel4 ,this substance is shipped to the works of the company at ,septemes1 near ,marseilles1 where it is smelted into ingots and granule1 containing #ii per cent1 of pure nickel1 and per cent1 of utilisable metallic substances4 ,the extent of the mineral deposits in ,new ,caledonia1 the reduction in the cost of freight owing to the concentration of metal through the preliminary fusion1 and the economy effected by the new methods of reduction devised by ,m4 ,jules ,garnier1 enable the company to sell the pure metal at about one-half the price it obtained three years ago4 ,for a long time past1 efforts have been made to work nickel1 but without success1 until the present year1 because it was found too brittle2 now1 however1 pure nickel has been rolled and forged2 cups1 knives1 and other articles have been formed of it4 ,as a rule1 the pure nickel is formed by the founder with various proportions of copper1 zinc1 and tin1 according to circumstance1 to form nickel bronze2 but at least #bj per cent4 of nickel is required to secure inoxidisability1 and to give the desired tint4 ,all articles that are now made of brass or copper nickelised may be produced in solid white nickel bronze1 by the same processes1 and with the same plant1 and at practically the same cost2 they are also #bj per cent4 stronger1 so that in many cases they may be made so much lighter4 ,the great strength and the property of non-oxidisation render this alloy eminently suitable for mathematical and musical instruments4 ,a small quantity of nickel added to steel increases its hardness1 and renders it inoxidisable1 while edge-tools made of the alloy stand better than those of ordinary steel4 ,a nickel bell metal is also found to give good results4 ,the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahgh proved the action of a totally new system of metallurgy in connection with this beautiful metal1 and that of #ahgi showed its practical introduction into most branches of manufacturing industry4--,journal of the ,society of ,arts4 ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,all communications intended for the ,editors should be addressed to them at #bb1 ,grosvenor ,street1 ,grosvenor ,square4 ,all inquiries respecting ,advertisements and ,subscriptions should be sent to ,,george ,,butcher1 #d1 ,crane ,court1 ,fleet ,street1 ,e4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,retained anachronistic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #c4 ,footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4