file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,see #ehhie-;h4htm or #ehhie-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ehhie_/pg#ehhie-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ehhi e_/ehhie-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/bomb]/ra9 +a#jj;f]r ,transcrib]'s note3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,text 9 bold face is surr\nd$ by equals signs3 bold4 ,,bomb]s' ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,same ,,9 ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e by ,,lieut4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,f]ris #fcrd ,o4 ,bn41 ,c4,e4,f4 ,william ,briggs ,toronto ,copyright1 ,canada1 #aiaf1 by ,william ,briggs ,,preface ,?is "w is int5d$ to be us$ z a guide = (fic]s & ,n4,c4,o4's 9 tra9+ bomb]s4 ,! lectures giv5 at int]vals z ! m5 advance 9 ! tra9+ w emphasize ! features to be obs]v$4 ,a syllabus = a bomb]s' s*ool cov]+ a p]iod ( six days is %[n on page #cg z a fur!r guide to in/ructors4 ,a li/ ( mat]ial & equipm5t necess>y to c>ry out ! syllabus is %[n on page #ch4 ,prior to ! adoption by ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice ( ! pres5t me?od ( fight+ on ! ,we/]n front1 namely1 ! use ( bombs & gr5ades 7:i* = practical purposes require ! same c>e z high explosives71 x 0 n necess>y = ! rank & file ( ! ,infantry to h any great k ( explosives1 any "w t entail$ ! ext5sive use ( explosives be+ left to ! ,eng9e]s4 ,9 ! ,manual ( ,field ,eng9e]+1 #aiaa1 !re is a *apt] devot$ to ,explosives1 b z ?is "w 0 writt5 be=e ! adoption ( ! bomb me?od ( fight+ x c\ld n be expect$ t ! subject1 z treat$ !re1 applies fully to ! requirem5ts ( ?is arm ( ! s]vice "u pres5t-day conditions4 ,! ,infantry be+ call$ ^u to make use ( explosives 9 ! =m ( bombs & gr5ades1 makes x necess>y t !y h in/ruction 9 ! matt] ( h&l+1 %ipp+ & /orage ( !m 9 ord] to avoid accid5ts2 & a k ( _! *>act]i/ics & prop]ties to enable !m to make ! be/ use ( ^! altoge!r necess>y & useful ag5ts4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,capt4 ,g4 ,s4 ,la+ & ,capt4 ,g4 ,d4 ,p[is = valuable assi/ance 9 ?is "w4 ,j4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,sapheads #f ,,lecture ,i4--,explosives 7,work+ ,k7 #g ,,lecture ,,ii4--,explosives 7,classification1 ,*>act]i/ics & ,prop]ties7 #aj ,,lecture ,,iii4--,/udy ( a ,few ,types ( ,rifle & ,h& ,gr5ades #ag ,,lecture ,,iv4--,bomb]s' ,tra9+1 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 #bc ,,lecture ,v4--,frontal ,attack #cb ,,lecture ,,vi4--,consolidat+ ! ,gr\nd ,ga9$ #cd ,,lecture ,,vii4--,enfilade ,attack #ce ,,syllabus 7,six ,days' ,tra9+7 #cg ,,li/ ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,class ,,( #ej--7,six ,days' ,tra9+7 #ch ,,oral ,,exam9ations #ci ,,sapheads4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #a4 ,t4 ,%ap$ ,illu/ration3 ,diagram #b4 ,isl& ,saphead ,diagram #a4 7a7 ,bombs c only be ?r[n f n>r[ tr5*es 9 ! direction to :i* ! tr5* is runn+4 ,9 ord] to h complete comm& ( =egr\nd ) ?is type ( ,sap4 x is necess>y to make ! cross-head too wide4 7b7 ,! total area ( ,sap4 may become effective zone f ! fire ( "o bomb4 7c7 ,only two m5 c be employ$ at "o "t 9 con/ruct+ ?is type ( ,sap4 ,diagram #b4 7a7 ,(f]s complete range ( =egr\nd ) ! n>r[e/ possible wid? ( tr5*4 7b7 ,_c become effective zone f ! fire ( "o bomb4 7c7 ,a great] fight+ area is possible 9 ! same ext5t ( frontage4 7d7 ,:5 connect$ up to =m l9e ( tr5*es f :i* to make assault1 takes ! place ( an isl& trav]se & relieves conge/ion ( traffic at junction ( communicat+ tr5* & fire tr5*4 7e7 ,m m5 c be employ$ 9 con/ruct+ same ?an 9 ! ,t-%ap$ type4 ,bomb]s' ,tra9+ ,,lecture ,i4 ,,explosives4 ,work+ ,k4 ,h&l+4 ,9 mov+ cases conta9+ explosives great c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are n plac$ on any?+ or 9 su* a position t !y might topple ov] or be knock$ ov]1 or plac$ 9 su* a position t o!r objects might fall on !m4 ,m5 :o are entru/$ ) ! h&l+ ( ^! mat]ials %\ld be mo/ reliable & c>eful4 ,! ,?aw+ ( ,froz5 ,explosives4 ,"s explosives freeze 9 a temp]ature consid]ably above freez+ po9t1 & x is necess>y t !y be ?aw$ be=e us+4 ,! two recogniz$ me?ods ( ?aw+ froz5 explosives are z foll[s3 #a4 ,place 9 a /eam heat$ room1 b n on ! /eam pipes4 ,x is desirable t ! room h an ev5 temp]ature4 #b4 ,by ! use ( a d\ble heat]2 ! out] vessel to conta9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #abe deg4 ,f41 or n hott] ?an c be borne by ! h&2 ! inn] vessel conta9s ! explosive1 c>e be+ tak5 t !re is no fire 9 ! vic9ity4 ,a ,few ,causes ( ,accid5ts ) ,dynamite4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! causes ( accid5ts ) explosives1 z tak5 f /ati/ical in=mation compil$ by ! ,ont>io ,bureau ( ,m9es1 & circulat$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ accid5ts3-- ,dynamite4 #a4 ,=c+ prim] into hole :i* is too small = x4 #b4 ,presum+ t ! *>ge has a mis-fire1 & go+ too soon to inve/igate x4 #c4 ,tamp+ too tightly ne> ! explosive *>ge4 #d4 ,=c+ c>tridge into too small a hole or us+ a metal tamp+ rod4 #e4 ,?aw+ dynamite be=e an op5 fire1 blacksmi?'s =ge1 9 an ov51 or by ! heat ( ! sun's rays ?r\gh w9d[ glass4 ,detonators4 ,a ,few ,causes ( ,accid5ts ) ,detonators4 #a4 ,attempt+ to draw a wire f an electric detonator4 #b4 ,atta*+ a fuse to a detonator c>elessly4 #c4 ,try+ to de/roy a detonator by /rik+ x ) a /one4 #d4 ,f9d+ a detonator & tapp+ x to see if x is good4 #e4 ,hold+ an electric detonator 9 a gas flame4 #f4 ,by tread+ on a detonator a numb] ( !m h be5 kn[n to be explod$ 9 ! same room4 #g4 ,by prick+ ! composition 9 a detonator ) a p94 #h4 ,a sp>k f a m9]'s lamp fall+ into a box conta9+ fuses & detonators has be5 kn[n to explode !m4 ,%ipp+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to %ip explosives f po9t to po9t by wagons or o!r vehicles1 x is necess>y to inspect ! wagons & asc]ta9 t ev]y?+ is 9 ord] & good repair1 to make sure t ! plat=ms ( ! wagons & inside ( ! wagon-boxes are free f protrud+ nails or pieces ( metal t w\ld t5d to cause friction on ! cases4 ,a b$ ( /raw %\ld be prep>$ & ! cases plac$ on _! flat side1 "r side up1 )\t any space left betwe5 t w\ld p]mit ( displacem5t or cause friction by ! mov+ ( ! wagon 9 transportation4 ,horses us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be quiet & well brok51 & c>e tak5 t h>ness & acc\trem5ts are 9 a good /ate ( repair4 ,roads %\ld be *os5 z f> z possible t d n lead ?r\gh t[ns or ?ickly inhabit$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 wet wea!r x is necess>y t ! load be cov]$ ) t>paul91 & 9 hot wea!r ) :ite canvas to m9imize ! effect ( ! sun's rays4 ,on rea*+ ! de/9ation1 wagons %\ld be c>efully unload$ & /raw remov$ to a safe di/ance & burn$4 ,9 arrang+ = transportation by rail or boat1 ! c> or ! boat1 z ! case may be1 %\ld be ?or\ghly exam9$ & n entru/$ to ! dang]\s load unless y are absolutely sure x is 9 good ord]4 ,9 unload+ make sure t no vacant spaces occur betwe5 cases t w\ld p]mit ( %ift+ or friction1 & %\ld ! entire floor ( ! c> or boat be n occupi$ ) ! cases ! load %\ld be f5c$ or block$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t x %ift+ & ensure aga9/ friction4 ,%\ld any packages ( explosives1 :5 (f]$ = %ipm5t1 %[ outw>d signs ( oily /a9 or o!r indications t ! absorption ( ! liquid "p ( ! explosive 9 ! absorb5t mat]ial is n p]fect1 or t ! am\nt ( liquid "p is great] ?an ! absorb5t c c>ry1 ^! packages mu/ "u no consid]ation be load$1 & mu/ be imm$iately remov$ to a place ( safety & ! p>ties :o suppli$ !m imm$iately notifi$ !re(4 ,! c> conta9+ explosives mu/ be labell$ z su* 9 a conspicu\s mann] & mu/ be haul$ z ne> ! middle ( ! tra9 z possible1 & mu/ n be plac$ next to a c> conta9+ oil or inflammable mat]ial4 ,a fly+ swit* mu/ n be tak5 ) explosives4 ,9 case ( a wreck e precaution mu/ be tak5 to prev5t fire4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! high explosives burn quietly :5 light$ 9 small quantities1 & )\t caus+ disa/r\s explosions1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is n a safe exp]im5t4 ,/orage4 ,local conditions h mu* to d ) ! type ( /ructure to be built = an explosives' magaz9e4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! light] ! con/ruction ! bett]4 ,! laws ( "s c\ntries require t all magaz9es be built ( su* mat]ial1 & 9 su* a mann]1 t 9 ! ev5t ( an explosion ! build+ w be completely dis9tegrat$ & no pieces ?r[n to any great di/ance4 ,/orage 9 caves1 tunnels1 e>? or /one-cov]$ vaults1 & 9 log /ructures1 %\ld "u no circum/ances be tol]at$4 ,! *ief objection 9 all ^! cases is t ! /ructure w hold dampness1 & any dampness 9 a magaz9e conta9+ explosives into :i* nitrates ent] z an ess5tial or accessory +r$i5t1 is c]ta9 to affect its quality & r5d] x m or less dang]\s 9 subsequ5t use4 ,?is applies to gunp[d] & to practically all dynamites1 especially ^? made 9 ,am]ica4 ,x does n apply to ,kieselguhr ,dynamite ( =eign manufacture4 ,:5 x is desir$ to protect a magaz9e f rifle fire1 ! magaz9e may be bank$ ) e>? to an ext5t t w\ld be pro( aga9/ bullets1 & to a height well above ! cases z arrang$ 9 ! magaz9e2 arrangem5ts be+ made = p]p5dicul> air-%afts ?r\gh ! embankm5t next to ! out] wall at int]vals necess>y to give ! requir$ v5tilation2 v5tilat+ %afts be+ scre5$ ) f9e wire nett+ to exclude v]m9 & con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] t wat] _c ent]4 ,explosives %\ld be /or$ 9 ti]s1 box on box1 ) la?s betwe5 to prev5t dampness accumulat+4 ,no cases mu/ be op5$ 9 ! magaz9es1 a sep>ate build+ be+ provid$ at a safe di/ance = t purpose4 ,gunp[d] & dynamites 9 unop5$ cases1 & fuses securely box$1 may be /or$ 9 ! same magaz9e1 b no fulm9ates 9 ! =m ( caps1 or o!rwise1 or loose coils ( fuse1 %\ld ev] be /or$ 9 ! same build+ ) gunp[d] & high explosives4 ,x is important t ! magaz9e be kept clean1 & t no m5 ) nails 9 _! boots be all[$ to "w 9 a magaz9e4 ,no fires %\ld be light$ or smok+ all[$ 9 or ab\t a magaz9e conta9+ high explosives4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,explosives4 ,classification1 ,*>act]i/ics & ,prop]ties4 ,g5]al ,classification4 ,explosives are classifi$ g5]ally z foll[s3-- #a4 ,explosive mixtures ( ! nitrate class4 #b4 ,explosive mixtures ( ! *lorate class4 #c4 ,explosive comp\nds ( ! nitro-sub/itution class4 #d4 ,explosive comp\nds ( ! nitric-d]ivative class4 #e4 ,explosives ( ! ,spr5gel class4 #f4 ,fulm9ates & ,amides4 #g4 ,ammunition4 ,( ! sev5 classifications ( explosives1 we are deal+ ) b f\r 9 ! subject ( ,bomb ,fight+1 namely1 z classifi$ above1 #a1 #c1 #d & ! ,fulm9ates4 ,nitrate ,class4 ,explosive mixtures ( ! nitrate class4 ,! be/ kn[n example ( ?is class is gunp[d]1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are t x consi/s ( a me*anical mixture ( nitrates ) "s base conta9+ *>coal or o!r sub/ance yield+ c>bon4 ,! nitrates c>ry ! oxyg5 :i* comb9es ) ! base1 "u favorable circum/ances develop+ a l>ge volume ( gases at a high temp]ature1 s t if ! p[d] is conf9$ at ! "t ( explosion !re w be produc$ an enorm\s disruptive effect4 ,! /&>d composition ( gunp[d] is3-- ,potassium ,nitrate or ,salt-petre #ge p>ts4 ,*>coal #ae p>ts4 ,sulphur #aj p>ts4 ,x might be int]e/+ to note t ! *>coal employ$ = milit>y & sport+ p[d] is made f dog-wood1 :ile = inf]ior grades ( p[d] will[ & ald] are us$4 ,explosive ,comp\nds ( ! ,nitro-,sub/itution ,class & ,nitric-,d]ivative ,class4 ,! two explosives ( ^! classes :i* are g5]ally kn[n are gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e1 ) special prep>ations made f !m1 su* z dynamite1 bla/+ gelat9e1 etc4 ,gun-,cotton4 ,gun-cotton is made by treat+ suitably prep>$ cotton ) a mixture ( "o "p by weight ( nitric acid & ?ree p>ts sulphuric acid4 ,! imm]sion la/s #dh h\rs1 ! temp]ature be+ ma9ta9$ at #fj deg4 ,f4 ,! cotton is !n subject$ to a ?or\gh & prolong$ wa%+1 aft] :i* x is c>ri$ ?r\gh v>i\s processes to prep>e x = use4 ,! cellulose ( ! cotton has ?us be5 conv]t$ into tri-nitro cellulose4 ,by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! acids diff]5t degrees ( nitration may be obta9$4 ,gun-cotton is ext5sively us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,gun-cotton diff]s b slightly 9 appe>ance f ord9>y cotton4 ,x has a h>% feel & is less flexible ?an common cotton4 ,x becomes highly electrifi$ :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s & appe>s lum9\s :5 rubb$ 9 ! d>k4 ,x is entirely insoluble 9 hot or cold wat]1 b dissolves 9 a mixture ( e!r & ammonia4 ,x w r>ely take up m ?an two p] c5t4 ( moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,x is ins5sible to pressure1 p]cussion or friction1 unless closely conf9$ or firmly compress$4 ,x burns ) a fla%1 b )\t explosion if br\ght into contact ) burn+ or inc&esc5t bodies4 ,wet gun-cotton w n burn or explode4 ,its ignition temp]ature is #cfj degrees ,f4 ,pure gun-cotton w und]go no spontane\s decomposition & is ! safe/ explosive kn[n4 ,al?\gh x w n explode :5 wet1 x may be detonat$ 9 ?is condition by a ,m]cury ,fulm9ate ,detonator ) a small initial *>ge ( dry gun-cotton 9 contact ) x4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is a nitric e!r1 or specifically a glyc]yl tri-nitrate4 ,diff]5t degrees ( nitration yield ! mono-di- & tri-nitro glyc]9e1 respectively2 ! latt] be+ ! nitro-glyc]9e ( comm]ce4 ,x is made by treat+ an exce$+ly pure quality ( glyc]9e ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 ! proportions commonly adopt$ be+ #c p>ts ( nitric acid1 #e p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 & f #a to #a4ae p>ts ( glyc]9e4 ,! glyc]9e is add$ v sl[ly & ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! agitation ( ! mixture is n[ usually accompli%$ by compress$ air4 ,:5 made f ! pure/ +r$i5ts1 nitro-glyc]9e is an oily look+ fluid1 z cle> & transp>5t z wat]4 ,:5 fre%ly made x is :iti% & opaque1 b on /&+ x cle>s4 ,! specific gravity at normal temp]ature is ab\t #a4f deg4 ,f41 :5 froz5 #a4gce deg4 ,f4 ,nitro-glyc]9e dissolves 9 alcohol1 e!r1 me?yl-alcohol1 b5z9e1 etc4 ,fre%ly made1 opaque nitro-glyc]9e freezes at f #b4b deg4 ,f4 to #g4f deg4 ,f41 :ile ! transp>5t1 or cle>1 product freezes at f #ci4b deg4 ,f4 to #cg4d deg4 ,f4 ,9 its froz5 /ate x is less s5sitive to %ock or concussion ?an :5 x is 9 liquid4 ,x may be completely evaporat$ :5 at a temp]ature ( #aeh deg4 ,f4 ,its ignition temp]ature or fir+ po9t is #cef deg4 ,f4 ,expos$ to a temp]ature ( #cfe deg4 ,f4 x boils ) evolution ( vapors2 at #cha4b deg4 ,f4 x volatilizes sl[ly2 at #cib deg4 ,f4 x evaporates rapidly2 at #dbb4f deg4 ,f4 x detonates viol5tly4 ,f ?is po9t its behavior *anges1 pass+ ?r\gh temp]atures at :i* x explodes ) con/antly less5+ viol5ce until1 at a d>k1 *]ry-r$ heat1 x assumes a sph]oidal /ate & fails to explode4 ,?is applies to small quantities only4 ,:5 gradually heat$ x is c]ta9 to explode at #cef deg4 ,f4 ,picric ,acid4 ,:5 coal t> is subject$ to a fractional di/illation ! portion :i* comes ov] up to a temp]ature ( #agj deg4 ,c4 is call$ 8light oil0 & conta9s all ! comp\nds ( l[ boil+ pa9t conta9$ 9 t>1 & f ?is sev]al ( our mo/ valuable explosives c be obta9$4 ,:5 ^! light oils h di/ill$ ov] ! next fraction1 or 8middle oil10 yields ph5ol or c>bolic acid1 a body :i* nitrat$ gives picric acid1 :i* is ! basis ( ! ,fr5* high explosive 8mel9ite0 & ! ,engli% 8lyddite40 ,picric acid consi/s ( a v /rong nitric acid & c>bolic acid1 & is a v high explosive4 ,x 0 introduc$ by ,turp91 :o mix$ x ) collodium & call$ x 8mel9ite10 by :i* "n x is kn[n 9 ! ,fr5* ,s]vice4 ,x =ms ) metals a class ( salts 7picrates74 ,! potassium salts 7 sugge/$ z a bur/+ *>ge = %ells ne>ly fifty ye>s ago4 ,spr5gel &1 lat]1 ,turp91 employ$ ! acid itself z an explosive4 ,x 0 possible to get a great weight ( explosive into small space1 z ! acid c\ld be melt$ & p\r$ into ! %ell 9 a molt5 condition4 ,picric acid is a v safe explosive1 b has ! drawback ( act+ on metals1 =m+ 8picrates10 "s ( :i* are m s5sitive to di/urb+ influ5ces ?an ! acid itself4 ,lyddite4 ,lyddite consi/s ( melt$ solidifi$ picric acid1 & has ! same disadvantage ( =m+ 8picrates0 :5 9 contact ) metal1 mak+ x necess>y to v>ni% ! int]ior ( %ells :5 us$ 9 !m4 ,exp]i5ce ) lyddite %ells %[s !m to be v erratic1 due to ! fact t !y require a v p[]ful detonator1 ! use ( :i* is v dang]\s1 z !y may cause a premature explosion4 ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 ,^! disadvantages 9 picric acid l$ to its be+ l>gely replac$ by tri-nitro toluol1 or ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 :i* has a bur/+ pressure ( #aai1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* z aga9/ #ace1hbj p\nds = picric acid4 ,yet ! advantages ( ! =m] m ?an comp5sate & w>rant its use be+ pref]r$4 ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 does n act on metals to create s5sitive salts & is1 !re=e1 p]fectly /able4 ,! ,fr5* "n = ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 is 8,tolitype10 ! ,spani% 8,trilite10 & ! ,g]man 8,trotyle40 ,x is produc$ by heat+ tr\lue ) a mixture ( nitric acid & sulphuric acid4 ,tr\lue4 ,tr\lue is a liquid hydro-c>bon obta9$ along ) b5z9e4 ,tetryl4 ,tetryl is ano!r coal t> product conta9+ m nitrog5 ?an lyddite1 & is employ$ 9 detonators ) a little lead azide1 mak+ a less s5sitive & saf] prep>ation ?an fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,aunnonal4 ,aunnonal is a mixture ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 alum9um 9 f9e p[d] & nitrate ( ammonia1 & a trace ( *>coal4 ,x is safe & p[]ful1 b has ! disadvantage ( attract+ moi/ure1 & = t reason does n always explode4 ,dynamite4 ,dynamite is ! mo/ g5]ally us$ ( any bla/+ mat]ial 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahff by ,alfr$ ,nobel4 ,its pr9cipal consi/$ 9 us+ an absorb5t commonly call$ a 8dope10 :i* w\ld take up ! nitro-glyc]9e & hold x aft] ! mann] ( a sponge4 ,a suitable dope %\ld possess a cellul> /ructure s t ! nitro-glyc]9e may be subdivid$ into m9ute globules1 ea* be+ held sep>ately 9 its own cell1 completely isolat$ f e o!r4 ,9 ?is condition its s5sitiv5ess is greatly r$uc$1 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on ! am\nt ( nitro-glyc]9e absorb$4 ,dynamite may be classifi$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! absorb5t us$1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,dynamites ) in]t base1 7,kieselguhr1 ,magnesium c>bonate47 #b4 ,dynamite ) an active base1 7a7 ,combu/ible base4 7b7 ,explosive base4 ,! explosives' bases 9 7b71 z above1 may be ( ! nitro-sub/itution class1 or ! nitric-d]ivative class4 ,9 *oos+ ! dopes = in]t bases ( dynamite :]e wood pulp or sawdu/ is employ$1 x %\ld be ( "s por\s wood su* z spruce or basswood4 ,woods diff] consid]ably 9 ! am\nt ( nitro-glyc]9e !y w absorb1 rang+ f #fj to #he4 ,be=e introduc+ ! nitro-glyc]9e !y %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$4 ,good dynamite %\ld n feel greasy4 ,!re %\ld be no trace ( free nitro-glyc]9e inside ! wrapp] ( ! c>tridge4 ,sl[ly heat$ dynamite explodes at a temp]ature ( #cef deg4 ,f4 ,if rapidly heat$1 x explodes at #ddf deg4 ,f4 ,^! temp]atures apply only to ,kieselghur dynamite4 ,! ,am]ican dynamites conta9+ wood pulp & nitrates w explode ) some:at l[] temp]atures4 ,l nitro-glyc]9e x is mo/ s5sitive to %ock & friction j above ! freez+ po9t4 ,accord+ to ! dope us$1 x freezes at f #db deg4 ,f4 to #df deg4 ,f4 ,x is ne>ly1 b n q1 ins5sitive to %ock or friction :5 froz54 7,see page #hh1 ,manual ( ,field ,eng9e]+47 ,monobel4 ,monobel consi/s (3 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #g-a_/b to #i-a_/b ,nitrate ( ,amm4 #ff to #gj ,wood meal #g to #i ,*loride ( ,sodium #ad to #af ,rem4 ,moi/ure #a_/b to #b ,fulm9ates4 ,^! are ! mo/ p[]ful & dang]\s explosives 9 common use4 ,!y consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( metallic salts ( fulm9ic & amic acids4 ,! commone/ fulm9ate1 kn[n z m]cury fulm9ate1 is =m$ by dissolv+ m]cury 9 nitric acid1 to :i* solution :5 cool is add$ #aaj p>ts ( alcohol4 ,wat] is !n add$1 caus+ a grey fulm9ate to precipitate4 ,?is is c>efully wa%$ & air-dri$4 ,! op]ation is att5d$ ) great dang]4 ,! color ( fulm9ate v>ies f a :ite to dirty grey4 ,its specific gravity is #d4db deg4 ,f4 ,x has a sweeti% ta/e & is highly poison\s4 ,x is extremely s5sitive to heat & %ock ( e k9d4 ,its fir+ po9t :5 sl[ly heat$ is #cjf4e deg4 ,f41 & :5 rapidly heat$ #cfh4f deg4 ,f4 ,:5 wet x is less s5sitive1 b n secure aga9/ explosion4 ,! slighte/ friction w provoke its explosion4 ,x may be de/roy$ safely by treat+ x ) alkal9e sulphides4 ,fulm9ates ( o!r metals are capable ( be+ made1 su* z fulm9ates ( silv]1 gold1 plat9um1 z9c & copp]1 b ^! are m viol5tly explod$ & less /able4 ,! only "o :i* has come into any use be+ a silv] comp\nd4 ,m]cury fulm9ate is ! explosive us$ 9 ! manufacture ( detonators4 7,see page #hi1 ,manual ( ,field ,eng9e]+1 #aiaa47 ,detonators & ,fuses4 7,see pages #hi1 #ij & #ia1 ,manual ( ,field ,eng9e]+1 #aiaa47 ,!ory ( ,explosives & ,fumes4 ,def9ition ( ,explosive3 ,explosive is a sub/ance ei!r solid1 liquid1 or jelly1 :i*1 :5 subject$ to a %ock1 sudd5ly *anges f solids1 etc41 to gases1 at a v high temp]ature1 te>+ to pieces any vessel :i* may conta9 !m4 ,def9ition ( an ,explosion3 ,an explosion is a *emical reaction :i* is complet$ 9 an exce$+ly %ort p]iod ( "t ) ! evolution ( a l>ge quantity ( gas at a v high temp]ature4 ,if ?is reaction occurs 9 a body :i* is closely conf9$1 ! expansive effect ( ! highly heat$ gases produces disruptive effects4 ,if ! sudd5ness ( ! reaction is v great1 disrupt$ action ^u solid objects 9 contact ) ! body may be obta9$ ev5 :5 x is unconf9$1 because ! cohesion ( ^! objects c be ov]come m readily 9 an in/ant ( "t ?an ! in]tia ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! popul> error t nitro-glyc]9e & o!r high explosives act d[nw>ds2 z a matt] ( fact !y act ) equal =ce 9 all directions4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! viol5ce ( an explosion dep5ds ^u ?ree ?+s1 namely1 ! "t occupi$ complet+ ! reaction ( ! explosive body2 ! temp]ature produc$ by ! reaction1 ^u :i* directly dep5ds ! expansive =ces ( ! resultant gases2 & ! quantity ( gas evolv$ by ! reaction4 ,a f\r? consid]ation--:e!r ! products ( ! reaction are ! result ( "o set ( *emical actions occurr+ simultane\sly2 or :e!r ! set ( new comp\nds react ^u ea* o!r1 produc+ a second set ( comp\nds4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,types ,,( ,,rifle ,,& ,,h& ,,gr5ades4 ,g5]al4 ,! und]m5tion$ types ( gr5ades1 empty1 are issu$ = in/ruction3-- 7a7 ,gr5ade1 #cjc-;in*1 %ort rifle1 ,no4 #c1 ,m>k #a4 7,j4 patt]n47 7b7 ,gr5ade1 h&1 ,no4 #a1 ,m>k #a4 7c7 ,gr5ade1 h&1 ,no4 #e1 ,m>k #a4 7d7 ,gr5ades1 h&1 ,nos4 #f & #g1 ,m>k #a4 ,^! gr5ades 7 also kn[n z 7a7 ,hales ,rifle ,gr5ade2 7b7 ,r4 ,l4 impact or p]cussion gr5ade2 7c7 ,mill's patt]n gr5ade2 7d7 ,r4 ,l4 gr5ades1 friction1 "t4 ,( ^! 7a7 is = fir+ f ! po9t 4#cjc-;in* %ort rifle4 ,its range is ab\t #bjj y>ds4 ,! rema9d] are int5d$ to be ?r[n by h&4 ,h& gr5ades c be ( two classes1 ,heavy & ,light4 ,heavy gr5ades weigh ab\t #b lbs4 & light ab\t #a lb4 ,x is consid]$ t a man c ?r[ a #b-lb4 weight ab\t #cj y>ds & a p\nd-weight ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,heavy gr5ades project fragm5ts ( "s weight a fair di/ance1 :ile light gr5ades rely = effect pr9cipally on ! bla/ ( detonation4 ,! effective area ( a light gr5ade is ma9ly local1 #f y>ds diamet]1 b :5 possible x %\ld n be ?r[n less ?an #bj y>ds 9 ! op51 z /ones1 etc41 ?r[n up by ! explosion w\ld be dang]\s to ! ?r[]4 ,! dang] area ( ! heavy gr5ade is ab\t #cj y>ds 9 diamet]1 &1 !re=e1 x %\ld n be ?r[n less ?an #be y>ds 9 ! op54 ,) bo? gr5ades ! ?r[] %\ld cov] ! eyes at ! mom5t ( explosion & protect himself1 z small fragm5ts ( metal may c>ry fur!r ?an ! di/ance m5tion$4 ,! types ( h& gr5ades 7b71 7c7 & 7d7 diff] fundam5tally 9 ! means by :i* ignition is effect$2 7b7 explodes in/antane\sly on impact 7by p]cussion71 :ile 7c7 & 7d7 are fir$ by "t fuse1 :i* is lit 9 7c7 by spr+ action releas+ a trigg] at ! mom5t ! gr5ade leaves ! ?r[]'s h&1 & 9 7d7 by an indep5d5t action on ! "p ( ! ?r[] be=e ?r[+ ! gr5ade4 ,9 ! case ( 7b7 x is necess>y t ! gr5ade fall head fir/4 ,?is is done by ! backw>d pull 9 ! air ( ! /ream]s atta*$ to ! h&le4 ,9 us+ ?is gr5ade x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to see t ! /ream]s are op5$ out & free--be=e ?r[+1 & to ?r[ ! gr5ade well upw>ds4 ,9 ! case ( 7d7 ! total "t ( delay is slightly ov] #e seconds1 s t f #a-a_/b to #b seconds %\ld be us$ 9 ?r[+4 ,if ?r[n ha/ily x may arrive at ! m>k #c seconds be=e explod+ & all[ x to be return$ by ! enemy4 ,:5 h&l+ detonators = gr5ades1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! detonator by itself is capable ( bl[+ ! h& (f1 s x mu/ be c>efully h&l$1 & if an ignit] is accid5tally fir$ x %\ld be ?r[n a few y>ds cle> ( any "o 9 ! neighborhood4 ,:5 ! ignit]s & detonators are 9 ! gr5ades reasonable c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid r\gh usage z viol5t treatm5t might fire ! gr5ades1 ev5 9 ! safe position4 ,gr5ade 4#cjc-;in*1 ,%ort ,rifle1 ,no4 #c1 ,m>k #a 7,j4 patt]n74 ,description3 ,! gr5ade consi/s ( a /eel body fill$ ) explosive4 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ! explosive is a brass tube into ! =w>d end ( :i* ! detonator is ins]t$4 ,! re>w>d end ( ! body is clos$ by ! base piece :i* c>ries ! ne$le pellet1 two reta9+ bolts1 w9d vane & releas+ socket ) safety p94 ,to ! base piece is fix$ a base plug c>ry+ ! spr+ clip & a #aj-;in* /eel rod4 ,! action ( ! gr5ade is t1 ! safety p9 hav+ be5 remov$1 on fir+ ! releas+ socket sets back f "u ! w9d vane1 :i* is !n revolv$ by ! w9d pressure z ! gr5ade travels ?r\gh ! air4 ,aft] a few turns ( ! vane ! reta9+ bolts are no long] held 9 position by its inn] surface4 ,on impact ! ne$le pellet sets =w>d aga9/ ! creep spr+1 on ! detonator cap1 fir+ ! gr5ade4 ,! /eel body is s]rat$ s z to furni% num]\s missiles4 ,package ( ,gr5ades3 ,! wood5 box provid$ c>ries #bj gr5ades 9 protect+ t9s ) screw-(f lids1 #bj detonators1 rifle gr5ades 9 f\r t9 boxes ) lev] lids1 & #bb special blank c>tridges 9 a t9 box4 ,prep>ation = ,fir+3 ,! gr5ade is remov$ f its t9 & ! ebonite plug 9 its head is unscrew$ by h&4 ,! gr5ade is held nose d[n to make sure t ! ne$le pellet is held by ! reta9+ bolts4 ,if correct1 ! detonator is ins]t$ & screw$ home4 ,! rod is !n g5tly l[]$ into ! rifle1 ! clip sprung on ! muzzle & a blank c>tridge ins]t$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,! safety p9 is )drawn j be=e fir+4 ,if1 aft] ! safety p9 has be5 remov$1 ! gr5ade is n us$1 ! safety p9 may be replac$ if ! screw$ r+ has n unscrew$ & uncov]$ ! two reta9+ bolts1 b if ^! are uncov]$ ! gr5ade is 9 a dang]\sly s5sitive condition1 & if s f\nd %\ld be de/roy$4 ,only ! special detonators & c>tridges provid$ %\ld be us$4 ,if by accid5t a gr5ade 7 fir$ ) a bullet$ r\nd ! rifle w\ld probably bur/ & injure fir]4 ,?is gr5ade is v safe to h&le1 z x _c be fir$ by knock+ or dropp+ on ! gr\nd2 x mu/ travel ?r\gh ! air "s di/ance be=e ! reta9+ bolts fall out4 ,p5dulum ,dial ,sights4 ,a p5dulum dial sight graduat$ 9 y>ds1 = direct aim or high elevation1 is issu$ = use ) ! rifle gr5ades1 & c be easily affix$ to ! leaf ( ! back-sight4 ,%\ld ! sight n fit tightly on ! leaf1 ! spr+ sides %\ld be slightly p9*$ 94 ,gr5ade1 ,h&1 ,no4 #a1 ,m>k #a4 ,description3 ,! gr5ade consi/s ( a brass cyl9d] encircl$ by a n>r[ ca/-iron r+ s]rat$ to break up into #af fragm5ts4 ,! cyl9d] is m\nt$ on a wood block to :i* a cane h&le1 ) /ream]1 is atta*$4 ,! brass cyl9d] or body ( ! gr5ade is fill$ ) explosive1 & has its upp] end clos$ by ! detonator hold]1 fix$ by ?ree screws4 ,?is hold] c>ries two p9s = secur+ ! detonator4 ,! body has fitt$ above ! s]rat$ r+ two knobs & two indicat+ /ops4 ,! fir+ ne$le is c>ri$ 9 ! removable cap1 :i* has two grooves =m$ on x 9 :i* slide ! knobs on ! body4 ,! cap is c5trally pi]c$ = ! safety p94 ,on ! out] surface ( ! cap are /amp$ ! words 8,remove10 8,travel0 & 8,fire40 ,:5 ! knobs are 9 ! groove 8,remove10 z indicat$ by ! /ops1 ! cap c be remov$ & replac$2 ! c5tral position1 m>k$ 8,travel10 is to be adh]$ to normally2 :ile 9 ! position 8,fire0 ! cap1 aft] removal ( ! safety p91 is held 9 position by friction only1 & c be press$ inw>ds to fire ! gr5ade4 ,! action ( ! gr5ade is simply t ! cap is =c$ 9 on impact1 c>ry+ ! ne$le on to ! detonator1 ! cap hav+ be5 turn$ into ! position 8,fire0 & ! safety p9 hav+ be5 remov$ be=e ! ?r[+4 ,pack+3 ,! gr5ades are pack$ six 9 a wood5 box4 ,cyl9d]s conta9+ #aj detonators1 ,no4 #a ,h& ,gr5ade1 ,m>ks ,i4 or ,,ii41 are issu$ sep>ately4 ,prep>ation3 ,! cap is remov$1 a detonator is ins]t$ 9 ! recess1 ! grooves 9 ! detonator be+ plac$ opposite ! p9s on ! body1 & ! detonator is !n press$ home & turn$ to ! left 7its flange be+ "u ! heads ( ! two p9s7 until ! spr+ on ! detonator flange is releas$ ?us lock+ x 9 position4 ,! cap is !n replac$ & turn$ into ! position 8,travel40 ,! safety p9 mu/ on no acc\nt be )drawn dur+ ^! op]ations4 ,! cap f "o gr5ade w n inv>iably fit ano!r gr5ade well1 & /eps %\ld be tak5 to prev5t caps & gr5ades be+ int]*ang$4 ,?r[+ ! ,gr5ade3 ,:5 x is requir$ to use ! gr5ades1 all on ! belt %\ld be turn$ to 8,fire10 & ! :ipcord beckets & lea!r /rips %\ld be remov$ f ! safety p9s4 ,:5 a gr5ade is tak5 f ! belt1 ! /ream] is unw\nd & all[$ to hang free1 & ! safety p9 is )drawn imm$iately be=e ?r[+4 ,! gr5ade is grasp$ by ! end ( ! h&le & ?r[n 9 ! requir$ direction1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! /ream] does n get entangl$ ) ! ?r[]4 ,to insure ! gr5ade fir+ on impact1 x %\ld be ?r[n well upw>ds1 at an angle ( n less ?an #ce degrees4 ,%\ld ! gr5ade n be us$ ! cap %\ld be turn$ back to 8,travel0 & ! safety p9 replac$ & secur$ by pass+ ! :ipcord becket ov] ! cap & ?read+ ! lea!r /rip ?r\gh ! slot 9 ! end ( ! safety p94 ,gr5ade1 ,h&1 ,no4 #e1 ,m>k #a4 ,description3 ,! body ( ! gr5ade is ( ca/-iron1 s]rat$ to provide num]\s missiles on detonation4 ,into "o end is screw$ a c5tre piece1 ) sep>ate recesses = ! /rik] & detonator4 ,! /rik] is kept cock$ aga9/ its spr+ by its head cat*+ on ! end ( ! /rik] lev] :5 ! latt] lies aga9/ ! body ( ! gr5ade1 pivot$ on its fulcrum p94 ,! lev] is reta9$ 9 its position by ! safety p94 ,! detonator is a sep>ate unit1 consi/+ ( cap1 cap *amb]1 safety fuse1 & detonator4 ,! action ( ! gr5ade is t1 aft] ! safety p9 is )drawn1 on ?r[+ ! gr5ade ! lev] sw+s outw>d "u ! pull ( ! /rik] p9 spr+1 ?us releas+ ! /rik]1 :i* fires ! cap4 ,! safety fuse burns less ?an five seconds & !n fires ! detonator4 ,pack+3 ,! gr5ades are pack$ #ab 9 a wood5 box1 toge!r ) a cyl9d] conta9+ #ab detonators & l5g?s ( safety fuse atta*$4 ,prep>ation & ,use ( ! ,gr5ade3 ,unscrew ! base plug1 ins]t ! detonator1 etc41 into ! recesses provid$ & replace ! plug4 ,! gr5ade is !n held 9 ! ?r[+ h& 9 su* a mann] t ! /rik] lev] is held securely aga9/ ! body ( ! gr5ade by "s "p ( ! h&4 ,! safety p9 is pull$ out by ! o!r h& j be=e ! gr5ade is ?r[n4 ,if n ?r[n ! safety p9 %\ld be replac$4 ,gr5ades1 ,h&1 ,nos4 #f & #g1 ,m>k #a4 ,description3 ,! gr5ades consi/ ( t9 vessels fill$ ) high explosives & are pack$ #dj 9 ea* pack+ case1 ) f\r hav]sacks4 ,! 8,,heavy ,,gr5ade10 weight ab\t #a lb4 #ac oz41 conta9s an out] lay] ( scrap iron4 ,! ignit] socket is clos$ by a wood5 plug = transit1 & cov]$ by a papi] ma*e cap4 ,! 8,,light ,,gr5ade0 is entirely fill$ ) explosive4 ,weight slightly ov] #a lb4 ,! ,,ignit]s & ,,detonators1 pack$ #aj 9 a t9 & #dj 9 ea* pack+ case1 consi/ ( a friction ignit]1 a l5g? ( safety-fuse & a s]vice detonator4 ,! friction ignit] consi/s ( ! hold] to :i* is fix$ a flange ) two not*es & two spr+s4 ,x also has two horns1 :i* =m a grip = turn+ ! ignit] into ! lock$ position4 ,! friction b> is fix$ to a button ?r\gh :i* ! fir+ loop passes4 ,! ,,hav]sack is int5d$ to be c>ri$ simil>ly to be ord9>y s]vice hav]sack1 b ! sl+ is %ort] to cause ! gr5ades to re/ above ! hip & z f> z possible cle> ( o!r equipm5t4 ,! loose /r+s %\ld be ti$ r\nd ! wai/ to prev5t ! pockets sagg+ & ! gr5ades knock+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,prep>ation ( ,gr5ade3 ,remove papi] ma*e cap & ! wood5 plug f ! ignit] socket4 ,te> ! /rip f ! t9 box conta9+ ! t5 ignit]s1 ins]t an ignit] 9 ! socket s t ! not*es 9 ! flange pass ov] ! brass /uds on ! gr5ade4 ,turn ! ignit] 9 ei!r direction until x is lock$ by ! spr+s on ! flange & "o ( ! /uds :i* is !n held betwe5 ! two spr+s4 ,if x is requir$ to remove an ignit]1 "o ( ! spr+s mu/ be kept press$ d[n :ile ! ignit] is turn$ till ! spr+ is cle> ( ! /ud4 ,replace ! papi] ma*e cap & place ! gr5ade 9 a pocket ( ! hav]sack ) ! cap upp]mo/4 ,fir+ ! ,gr5ade3 ,remove ! papi] ma*e cap4 ,hold ! gr5ade 9 ! "r 7or ?r[+7 h& s t ! ignit] is t[>ds ! wri/1 ! =ef+] ov] ! bottom ( ! gr5ade4 ,pass ! =ef+] ( ! o!r h& ?r\gh ! fir+ loop &1 :5 ready to ?r[1 pull ) a %>p j]k4 ,if a second's "t is tak5 & ! gr5ade b[l$ or ?r[n x %\ld explode soon aft] rea*+ ! m>k4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,bomb]s' ,,tra9+--,,"p ,i4 ,discipl9e4 ,soldi]s d n receive any tra9+ 9 bomb+ until !y h pass$ ! recruit /age1 9 :i* special att5tion is giv5 t a v high degree ( discipl9e is atta9$4 ,9 bomb fight+ & tr5* w>f>e a high] degree ( discipl9e is dem&$4 ,9 addition to ! discipl9e :i* enables a unit to g on p>ade & c>ry out ! diff]5t movem5ts z "o man1 x is necess>y t e man be taught 9 su* a way t1 %\ld circum/ances arise1 t he %\ld be cut (f f 8 comrades he c c>ry on intellig5tly z a little unit by himself1 do+ ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t4 ,x is only by tra9+ t enables him to d ?is 9 ! abs5ce ( comm&]s t ! necess>y degree ( effici5cy c be atta9$4 ,organization4 ,! use ( bombs 0 adopt$ by ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #aiae4 ,! organization put into effect 9 ,engl& 0 z foll[s3 ,9 ea* brigade 0 =m$ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,brigade ,bomb]s' ,company4 ,m5 7 detail$ f ea* ( ! units =m+ ! brigade = _! initial tra9+1 :i* la/$ ov] a p]iod ( six days4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ( ! tra9+ p]iods at lea/ "o subalt]n p] battalion %\ld be atta*$ to ! ,brigade ,company = tra9+1 s t ! battalion is provid$ ) an (fic] qualifi$ to sup]9t5d ! tra9+ ( ! battalion bomb]s' section4 ,?is (fic] & o!rs %\ld return to ! brigade company = %ort p]iods ( tra9+ f "t to "t z x has be5 f\nd t new te*nical z well z tactical ideas are cont9ually be+ introduc$ into ?is important bran* ( "w4 ,"o s]geant1 two corporals & #cb rank & file are detail$ f ea* battalion4 ,! company is comm&$ by a select$ (fic]1 :o w be assi/$ by an additional ,n4,c4,o41 :o acts 9 ! capacity ( ,c4,s4,m4 & ,c4,q4,m4,s4 ,! ,company is kept up to /r5g? by a sy/em ( relays1 s t at ! end ( ea* ?ree days half ! m5 ( ! ,company are return$ to _! units = duty1 _! place be+ tak5 by o!rs detail$ = t purpose4 ,x w be se5 t by ?is me?od 9 a %ort "t ! entire brigade w h receiv$ _! prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ?is subject4 ,x mu/ n be consid]$ t _! tra9+ 9 bomb+ is complete at ! end ( six days1 fur!r p]iods = practices be+ arrang$ = 9 _! weekly tra9+ syllabus4 ,! prelim9>y tra9+ hav+ be5 complet$1 !re is =m$ :at 0 kn[n z a p]man5t ,brigade ,bomb]s' ,company4 ,! ,battalion ,bomb]s' ,section4 ,! ,battalion ,bomb]s' ,section1 :5 complete1 %\ld consi/ ( ab\t #dj tra9$ m51 includ+ ,n4,c4,o4's1 b ! tra9+ ( all m5 %\ld be proce$$ ) s t ultimately e man 9 ! battalion is qualifi$4 ,:5 tra9$ a ?r[] %\ld be able1 :5 /&+ 9 a tr5* beh9d "o trav]se1 to place #ge p] c5t4 ( 8 bombs 9 a bay on ! f>!r side ( a trav]se #cj y>ds away4 ,to be an exp]t bomb]1 "o mu/ be fit4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to take a c]ta9 am\nt ( physical ex]cise ea* day :ile 9 tra9+ & :5 on active s]vice4 ,9 ?is respect ! gr5adi]s are especially c>$ =4 ,!y are giv5 special privileges1 giv5 ! be/ ( billets & %ort] h\rs 9 ! tr5*es1 :i* gives !m pl5ty ( "t = ex]cise1 & _! favorite games1 :i* keeps !m 9 good condition4 ,dr9k+ is n prohibit$1 b if a man expects to be able to keep cool & ?9k & act quickly x is bett] to be temp]ate4 ,a bomb]s' duties 9 ! tr5*es are look$ ^u z mo/ int]e/+ & lack monotony4 ,if he und]/&s 8 "w & ! gr5ades1 t is1 :5 !y are safe1 he has no?+ to fe>1 al?\gh he w f9d t "s ( 8 m ignorant pals may %un him :5 he goes ab\t ) 8 full complem5t1 9 fact1 !y w make way :]ev] he goes4 ,:5 our ,fir/ ,canadian ,division w5t into ! tr5*es1 z also h _m o!r re9=c+ battalions1 )\t a suffici5t k ( bombs1 ! result 0 t _m accid5ts occurr$ ?r\gh c>elessness & ignorance & lack ( tra9+ 9 ?is important bran* ( "w4 ,practice 9 ,mak+ & ,?r[+ ( ,dummy ,bombs4 ,9 ord] t ! m5 may become pr(ici5t 9 ! matt] ( ?r[+ live bombs x is necess>y to h dummies :i* repres5t z ne>ly z possible 9 size1 %ape & weight ! live manufactur$ types :i* are us$ 9 active s]vice4 ,! m5 are accord+ly taught to make ^! by h&4 ,!re are f\r types ( ^!1 z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,! ,jam-,t9 ,dummy1 :i* is made ) an empty jam t91 ?ree-qu>t]s fill$ ) clay1 ! top be+ drawn toge!r & sewn ) wire4 ,?is type conta9s no explosives4 7b7 ,a jam-t9 made 9 ! same mann] b 9 ! c5tre ( ! t9 is plac$ half a c>tridge ( monobel ) fuse & cap4 ,^! two types ( bombs are made to weigh f "o to two & a qu>t] p\nds1 & may be ?r[n f ?irty to fifty y>ds4 7c7 ,p[d] ,puffs3 ,a p[d] puff is repres5tative ( a hair bru% bomb & consi/s ( a piece ( wood #a0 x #e0 x #ag01 #g0 at "o end be+ left full size1 ! rema9d] be+ cut away on ea* edge to =m a h&le4 ,on ! broad "p ( ?is is plac$ ano!r piece ( wood #b0 x #d0 x #f0 ) a hole #a-c_/h0 9 diamet] bor$ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,?is piece ( #b0 x #d0 is atta*$ by wire nails to ! #a0 x #e02 ! c5tre space is fill$ ) gunp[d] & cov]$ ) a small piece ( #a-;in* bo>d1 ! fuse be+ ins]t$ ?r\gh a #c_/h-;in* hole1 :i* is bor$ ?r\gh ! #a0 x #e04 ,! explosive us$ 9 ! hair bru%1 :i* ?is dummy repres5ts is a slab ( wet gun-cotton1 #a-c_/d0 x #c0 x #f0 ) a #a-c_/h0 cone-%ap$ hole 9 ! c5tre to receive a dry gun-cotton prim] :i* has a #c_/h0 hole 9 its c5tre to receive ! detonator1 :i* 9 turn receives ! fuse4 ,! weight ( slab #ae ounces2 ! weight ( prim] #a ounce4 ,h& ,gr5ade1 ,no4 #a1 ,m>k #a1 ,dummy4 7d7 ,a piece ( #b0 x #b0 wood1 #ag0 long1 "o end %ap$ = a h&le1 ! o!r end made p>tially r\nd1 a #a-c_/d0 gas pipe union be+ put ov] ! h&le end & driv5 tightly on to ! l>ge end ( ! /ick4 ,a groove is cut ar\nd ! /ick ab\t #h0 f ! h&le end1 to :i* is wir$ ?ree pieces ( cotton ab\t #a-a_/b0 x #bd0 long4 ,^! act z /ream]s & t5d to keep ! bus9ess end ( ! bomb =w>d 9 its flight4 ,note3 ,! idea ( ! explosive be+ us$ 9 ! dummy bombs is to accu/om ! m5 to h&l+ explosives1 ! light+ ( fuses & gaug+ ( ! "t requir$ p] in* = a s]vice fuse to burn1 at ! same "t n sacrific+ di/ance & accuracy 9 ?r[+4 ,x has be5 notic$ t m5 9 _! eag]ness to get rid ( ! live bomb lose sight ( ! ma9 object = :i* !y are be+ tra9$1 namely1 accuracy & range4 ,?r[+ ,position4 ,! correct position = ?r[+ is z foll[s3--,spread ! feet slightly & brace !m firmly on ! gr\nd1 ! %\ld] opposite ! ?r[+ h& be+ 9 ! direction to :i* y are ?r[+4 ,br+ ! o!r h& conta9+ ! bomb upw>ds ) a /raight arm & circul> motion1 releas+ ! bomb :5 ! h& is above ! head4 ,x is impossible 9 a n>r[ tr5* to move f a /&+ position :5 ?r[+4 ,! m5 9 ?r[+ practices %\ld !re=e be made to ma9ta9 a /&+ position4 ,s&bags4 ,x is necess>y t all m5 engag$ 9 tr5* fight+ %\ld be specially taught 9 ! uses ( s&bags & ! me?ods ( fill+1 ty+ & pass+ !m 9 ! tr5*4 ,! me?od ( pass+ s&bags 9 a tr5* is z foll[s3 ,! m5 place !mselves f two to ?ree paces ap>t ) _! backs 9 ! direction to :i* !y are pass+ ! s&bags & pass !m betwe5 _! legs f "o to ano!r4 ,?is me?od has ! d\ble advantage ( enabl+ !m to pass !m v quickly & keep _! heads d[n out ( dang] f rifle & ,m4 ,g4 fire at ! same "t4 ,! m5 %\ld receive fur!r practice 9 ! mann] ( build+ !m up to =m blockades & brea/ works1 etc41 9 ord] t !y may acquire spe$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a full supply ( s&bags1 gra9 sacks or fl\r sacks may be us$4 ,tra9+ 9 ! ,use ( ,digg+ & ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,frequ5t practices %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ord] t ! m5 are effici5tly tra9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x is v necess>y t ! m5 %\ld be taught ! use ( ^! tools 9 ! diff]5t positions1 t is1 /&+1 kneel+ & ly+4 ,?is c only be accompli%$ by frequ5t practices4 ,tra9+ 9 ,recon/ruction & ,repair ,"w4 ,?is c be c>ri$ out ) success 9 ! dummy tr5*es :i* we use = practices 9 bomb ?r[+ & by *ang+ ! front ( ^! tr5*es & wreck+ !m x is possible = ! m5 to get practice 9 ! use ( ! diff]5t mat]ials employ$ 9 recon/ruction & repair "w1 su* z e>?1 s&bags1 sods1 timb]1 bru%wood1 bale wire & mat]ial obta9$ f old pack+ cases4 ,means ( ,egress f ,tr5*4 ,on tak+ up a position 9 a tr5* m5 %\ld be taught to provide means ( egress !refrom at _! fir/ opportunity4 ,?is is done by cutt+ /eps 9 ! walls ( ! tr5*1 j suffici5tly l>ge en\gh to enable !m to get a foot-hold2 ! bottom "p ( ?is be+ re9=c$ ) a small piece ( bo>d to keep ! e>? f break+ away4 ,a h& hold is provid$ at ! top by means ( a /ake driv5 into ! gr\nd or a small piece ( wood secur$ by bale wire to a 8dead man0 buri$ 9 ! p>apet4 ,by ^! means ! :ole l9e is enabl$ to g =w>d at ! same "t %\ld occasion dem& x4 ,pass+ ( ,ord]s & ,in=mation 9 ! ,tr5*es4 ,m5 %\ld be taught ! art ( pass+ ( ord]s & in=mation correctly1 by ^w ( m\?4 ,?is is a v important "p ( ! soldi]s' tra9+1 & %\ld always be practis$ :5 ! tr5* practices are be+ c>ri$ out2 a s5d] ( messages be+ plac$ at "o end ( ! l9e & a receiv] at ! o!r to keep a record ( messages1 etc4 ,tr5* ,com=ts4 ,a little /udy 9 ! matt] ( p]sonal com=ts 9 ! tr5*es w prove to be ( great advantage to ! m54 ,! clo?+ %\ld be tight fitt+ ab\t ! neck & wai/ to prev5t fall+ e>? & pebbles gett+ inside ! clo?+ & work+ d[n into ! boots4 ,! m5 %\ld be in/ruct$ to take a *ange ( socks :5 !y g 9 ! tr5*es & x is also necess>y n to =get to h a supply ( smokes2 9 %ort1 by pay+ att5tion to ^! small matt]s !re may be _m com=ts enjoy$ 9 ! tr5*es :i* w\ld o!rwise be ov]look$4 ,uses ( ,bombs4--,! uses ( bombs may be classifi$ "u two heads1 ,def5sive & ,(f5sive4 ,def5sive3 7a7 ,?r[+ f sapheads to prev5t ! enemy f pu%+ _! saps too close to our tr5*es or /rong places4 7b7 ,to combat ! enemy's enfilade attack 9 our tr5* %\ld !y be successful 9 ga9+ entrance !reto4 7c7 ,f conceal$ positions bombs may be us$ to break up & ?r[ into confusion an enemy's attack+ =ce2 ?is especially applies to night attacks :5 enemy is advanc+ 9 close =mation4 ,(f5sive3 7a7 ,by ?r[+ f sapheads :5 de/roy+ ! enemy's keeps & /rong places4 7b7 ,supply+ cov] fire = wire cutt]s1 sapp]s1 etc4 7c7 ,assi/+ 9 a frontal attack on an enemy's position4 7d7 ,foll[+ up advantages ga9$ 9 a frontal attack by an enfilade attack to ! flanks & our front f position ga9$ 9 enemy's tr5*es4 ,advantages ( ,bomb & ,gr5ade ,fire ,ov] ,rifle ,fire4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t :5 advantages are claim$ = bomb & gr5ade fire ov] rifle fire t ! latt] has n its advantages1 too4 ,! advantages ( bomb & gr5ade fire mu/ be at %ort range & are1 !re=e1 specially adapt$ to ! type ( w>f>e wag$ at pres5t on ! ,we/]n front & may be consid]$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,ow+ to ! high & pron\nc$ trajectory we are able by ! use ( bombs to rea* ! enemy 9 8 tr5*1 :]eas ) rifle fire ! only precaution necess>y on ! "p ( ! enemy is to keep 8 head bel[ ! p>apet1 ! trajectory ( rifle fire be+ practically flat at po9t blank range4 7b7 ,x is possible ) a s+le #b-p\nd bomb to obta9 an effective zone ( #bj y>ds & a dang] space ( #dj y>ds 9 ! enemy's tr5* :i* is dead gr\nd to rifle fire4 7c7 ,! moral effect ( bomb fire is mu* great] ?an t ( rifle fire4 ,means ( ,protection ,aga9/ ,enemy's ,bombs4 7a7 ,! ,use ( ,wire ,nett+3 ,tr5*es1 ma*9e gun pits1 etc41 are cov]$ ) close wire nett+ to prev5t ! entrance ( enemy's bombs4 ,l[ scre5s ( wire nett+ may be plac$ 9 front ( ! p>apet to prev5t roll+ bombs gett+ into our tr5*es4 7b7 ,! ,digg+ ( small ,dit*es & ! ,break+ up ( ! ,surface ( ! ,gr\nd 9 front ( our position is an effective way ( prev5t+ bombs f roll+ t[>ds our position4 7c7 ,! adoption ( %all[ ,sleep+ ,pits 9 ! re> ( our tr5*es to provide qu>t]s = ! reliefs has be5 prov5 a success4 7d7 ,tr5*es %\ld n be made wid] or deep] ?an is absolutely necess>y1 z ! effect ( high explosives 9 deep tr5*es is mu* m deadly ?an 9 %all[ ones1 & ! highe/ "p ( ! p>apet & p>ados %\ld be next to ! tr5* & slop+ slightly f ! tr5*1 ! idea be+ n to aid bombs 9 roll+ into ! tr5*4 7e7 ,bomb & spl9t] pro( %elt]s may be built ov] keeps1 tr5*es & o!r /rong places4 7f7 ,! use ( sapheads f :i* bomb fire is provid$ to keep ! enemy f gett+ into bomb+ range ( our positions4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 7g7 ,ob/acles %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( our tr5*es at suffici5t di/ance :5 possible to prev5t enemy ?r[+ bombs into ! latt] f beh9d ^! ob/acles4 ,?is w disall[ ( bomb+ cov]+ fire = _! wire cutt]s4 ,/orage ( ,bombs 9 ,tr5*es4 ,ea* platoon comm&] 9 ! tr5*es is responsible t he has a supply ( bombs & gr5ades & procures ! same f ! brigade bomb]s' magaz9e1 :i* is locat$ any:]e f #a1ejj to #b1ejj y>ds 9 ! re> ( ! front l9e tr5*es4 ,!y are /or$ 9 ! tr5*es 9 bomb & spl9t] pro( pits provid$ = t purpose4 ,g5]al ,effici5cy & ,res\rcefulness4 ,:5 a unit goes into ! tr5*es ! success ) :i* x meets dep5ds entirely on ! degree ( effici5cy & res\rcefulness & physical condition ( ! m54 ,we are taught 9 ! diff]5t ,tra9+ ,manuals t ! ,briti% =ces d n retreat & %\ld x be necess>y t f a tactical or /rategical /&po9t ! comm&]s ( our =ces consid] x necess>y to give gr\nd1 ! movem5t is c>ri$ out "u :at is kn[n z a re> gu>d action & mu/ n "u any circum/ances be consid]$ 9 ! nature ( a defeat1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ) any?+ l equality 9 numb]s1 equipm5t & armam5t1 we are m ?an a mat* = ! fight+ =ces ( any o!r nation4 ,assum+ ?is to be true1 x is n s mu* ! tra9+ 9 ! build+ ( our tr5*es t our m5 require z ! tra9+ t w enable !m on occupy+ ! enemy's tr5*es to recon/ruct & repair !m to meet our own requirem5ts4 ,?is "w has (t5 to be c>ri$ out 9 daylight & "u fire1 mak+ x necess>y = ! m5 to "w 9 a prone position4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! m5 be skill$ 9 ! use ( ! digg+ & cutt+ tools us$ 9 tr5* w>f>e 9 ord] t accord+ly z we occupy ! enemy's tr5*es !y may be consolidat$ = our use & kept 9 repair z long z !y are requir$ = fight+1 communication or /orage tr5*es4 ,by ?is means ! gr\nd we ga9 is consolidat$ = our purposes z we advance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we d n consolidate our position z we advance we are left m or less 9 a /ate ( unprep>$ness & give ! enemy a *ance to laun* a c\nt]-attack ) good results4 ,all ! tra9+ t our m5 c possibly receive on ! subjects ( musketry1 bomb ?r[+1 etc41 t fits !m = tr5* w>f>e is practically lo/ unless !y are ?or\ghly skill$ 9 ! use ( ! tr5* digg+ & cutt+ tools1 9 :i* !y require z mu* tra9+ z 9 ! use ( ! rifle4 ,?is c only be accompli%$ by a sy/ematic arrangem5t & c>ry+ out ( practices 9 tr5*es :i* are built = t purpose4 ,to accompli% ! desir$ results special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! in/ruction & tra9+ t w enable a soldi] to use intellig5tly ! diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial :i* may come to h&4 ,= example1 our m5 may be taught to repair a tr5* by ! use ( s&bags1 sods & bru%wood1 b might n be able to obta9 ^! mat]ials4 ,at ! same "t back ( ! l9es !re might be all k9ds ( bale wire1 pack+ cases1 cull lumb]1 etc41 by means ( :i*1 ) a little in/ruction1 ! same "w ( repair+ ! tr5* might be accompli%$4 ,x is only by gett+ d[n into ! gr\nd & work+ out ^! problems = ourselves & mak+ note ( ! little ?+s1 n be+ above tak+ sugge/ions f ! la/ private 9 ! ranks1 t we w be effici5t to a degree necess>y to outwit & defeat our ev] indu/ri\s & sy/ematic enemy4 ,note4--,9 ! foll[+ lectures blackbo>d illu/rations may be us$ ) good results4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,frontal ,,attack4 ,prep>ation & ,organization4 ,9 tr5* w>f>e1 :5 our movem5ts are *ang$ f ! def5sive to ! (f5sive1 x is necess>y to *oose c]ta9 sections ( ! enemy's front l9e ( tr5*es4 ,^! are *os5 f a tactical po9t ( view1 & aft] hav+ be5 occupi$ & consolidat$ to our use become ! bases f :i* enfilade attacks are direct$ to ! flanks & front1 by means ( :i* we ext5d & connect our positions4 ,! ,(fic]s & _! ,/affs ord]+ ! (f5sive1 make a v c>eful /udy ( ! neighborhood 9 ! sections to be occupi$ f maps & sket*es :i* h be5 compil$ f in=mation ga9$ by ! ,air ,s]vice & ,reconnaisance4 ,!y f9ally decide ! exact ext5t ( front :i* w be occupi$ 9 ea* case by direct frontal attack4 ,! ext5t ( front 9 ea* case is nev] great] ?an is absolutely necess>y1 & is cle>ly def9$ 9 ord]s4 ,e (fic] tak+ a "p 9 ! assault is suppli$ ) maps & sket*es1 :i* con/itute "p ( 8 ord]s4 7,note ! necessity = e (fic] be+ able to make a /udy ( a locality f in=mation giv5 on maps & sket*es47 ,arrangem5ts are made = ! co-op]ation ( ! diff]5t arms ( ! s]vice tak+ "p 9 ! assault1 su* z ! eng9e]s1 artill]y1 air s]vice & infantry4 ,a s*$ule or program is arrang$ cov]+ ! movem5ts ( ! diff]5t arms ( ! s]vice1 :i* are c>ri$ out by "t-table1 ea* ,(fic] & ,non-,commission$ ,(fic] hav+ correct divisional "t4 ,arrangem5ts are made = re9=cem5ts1 ammunition1 supplies & mat]ials necess>y to c>ry out ! attack & consolidate ! new positions to be tak51 also = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( communication4 ,artill]y fire is direct$ on ! positions to be occupi$1 also on ! tr5*es to ea* flank & ! re> ( ! same1 & on ! enemy's ob/acles = a p]iod ( f ?irty m9utes to sev]al h\rs prior to ! advanc+ ( ! infantry4 ,saps are run out 9 front ( our ob/acles & z mu* progress z possible is made 9 jo9+ up ! sapheads to =m a new l9e ( tr5*es f :i* to deliv] ! actual assault )\t ! h9drance ( our own ob/acles4 ,our troops are mass$ z ne> z possible to ! front l9e 9 read9ess = ! assault4 ,! supplies ( ammunition & mat]ial are br\ght =w>d to z conv5i5t a position z possible1 to be tak5 into ! new position at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,saps are ext5d$ t[>ds ! enemy's ma*9e gun positions & any positions f :i* !y c\ld supply cov] fire1 & bombs are ?r[n f ^! to f9i% ! "w ( ! artill]y 9 ! de/ruction ( ! same4 ,at ! "t arrang$ 9 ! program ! artill]y cease fire on ! enemy's ob/acles & our wire cutt]s advance1 cov]$ by bomb fire1 to f9i% ! "w ( ! artill]y 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ob/acles4 ,! wire-cutt]s are arm$ ) axes1 saws1 billhooks1 cr[b>s1 wire-cutt]s1 & high explosive bombs1 & :5 !y h cle>$ ! way suffici5tly = our m5 to pass1 ! signal is giv5 & ! fir/ l9e ( bayonet m5 goes =w>d accompani$ by a few bomb]s4 ,!y are jo9$ 9 ! attack by ! wire-cutt]s4 ,! fir/ l9e is foll[$ by a second l9e & possibly a ?ird1 be=e ! section ( ! enemy's tr5* is occupi$4 ,! ,assault4 ,! assault may be said to be classifi$ "u ?ree heads1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,suppression ,,( ,,! ,,enemy' ,,fire4 #b4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,enemy',s ,,ob/acles4 #c4 ,,! ,,actual ,,deliv]y ,,( ,,! ,,assault4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,consolidat+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,ga9$4 ,consolidat+ ! ,gr\nd ,ga9$4 ,imm$iately we h occupi$ ! new positions1 x is necess>y to reorganize our =ces 7! flanks be+ protect$ by bomb+ p>ties :ile ?is "w is be+ c>ri$ out74 ,! diff]5t p>ties & reliefs necess>y are =m$1 z foll[s3 7,a7 ,,s5tries ,,& ,,reliefs4 7,b7 ,,recon/ruction ,,& ,,repair ,,p>ties4 7,c7 ,,sapp]s ,,& ,,digg]s4 7,d7 ,,supply ,,p>ty4 7,e7 ,,communication ,,m54 ,s5tries & ,reliefs4 7,a7 ,9 ea* bay ( ! tr5* x is necess>y at all times to h "o man on s5try &1 z a rule1 ?ree m5 9 relief1 & x is v important t means be provid$ t ! reliefs get ! necess>y re/ & sleep4 ,accord+ly1 %all[ sleep+-out pits are provid$ 9 ! re> ( ! tr5*es = t purpose4 ,?is "w is accompli%$ by ! sapp]s & ! digg]s ) ! assi/ance ( ! reliefs4 ,recon/ruction & ,repair4 7,b7 ,x is v important t ! recon/ruction & repair "w be got "u way z quickly z possible aft] occupy+ ! new position1 z any lack ( "t af=ds ! enemy an excell5t *ance to laun* a c\nt]-attack4 ,accord+ly1 ! entire p>ty are put to "w until ?is object is accompli%$4 ,communication tr5*es & o!r tr5*es along :i* we d n int5d to ext5d our frontage at ! pres5t "t w be d\ble-block$ by ! use ( s&bags1 s5tries be+ plac$ to gu>d same4 ,:at 0 ! enemy's communication tr5* prior to our occupation n[ really becomes our sapheads1 s x is necess>y to con/ruct positions 9 ^! f :i* we c ?r[ bombs to keep ! enemy 9 ! next l9e ( tr5*es at 8 di/ance until su* "t z we are prep>$ to ext5d our position 9 t direction4 ,! "w ( rev]s+ ! fire tr5* 7:at 0 ! enemy's p>ados n[ becomes our p>apet7 mu/ be complet$ z soon z possible1 & means ( egress f ! tr5*es mu/ be suppli$ 9 ord] t e man c advance at ! same in/ant %\ld occasion arise4 7,c7 ,at ! e>lie/ opportunity x w be necess>y to connect up our new position ) our old by a cont9uation ( :at 7 =m]ly our sapheads1 to enable u to get 9 our supply ( re9=cem5ts1 mat]ials1 food1 wat] & ammunition4 7,d7 ,x w be ! duty ( m5 re9=c+ to br+ =w>d a supply ( ammunition1 bombs & mat]ials = recon/ruction & consolidation ( ! new position & a supply ( food & wat]4 7,e7 ,arrangem5ts w h be5 previ\sly made = a l9e ( communication m5 to e/abli% telephone & telegraph communication & to ma9ta9 same4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,enfilade ,,attack4 ,enfilad+ ,p>ties & ,reliefs4 ,hav+ occupi$ ! section ( tr5*es z pre-arrang$1 & consolidat$ same "u cov] ( bomb fire1 we use ?is z a base f :i* to ext5d our position to ! flanks & front along ! enemy's tr5*es1 by means ( enfilad+ p>ties4 ,an enfilad+ p>ty may consi/ ( ?ree or m m54 ,:5 x consi/s ( ?ree m51 !y are ! ,,bayonet ,,man1 ! ,,?r[]1 & ! ,,c>ri]4 ,! bayonet man is really a tr5* sc\t1 :o proce$s ahead & is arm$ ) a ,,rifle & ,,bayonet1 or1 bett] /ill1 a ,,pair ,,( ,,pi/ols4 ,8 duties are to spy out ! tr5* & pass back in=mation to ! ?r[] z to ! locality & direction ( ! bays 9 front4 ,9 giv+ in=mation to ! ?r[] z to ! location ( diff]5t po9ts :i* he wants bomb$1 ! clock me?od may be us$2 ! ?r[]'s position be+ ! c5tre ( an imag9>y dial & twelve o'clock directly 9 front & 9 l9e ) ! section ( ! tr5* f :i* ! ?r[] is ?r[+4 ,x c be easily se5 t by ?is me?od in=mation c be giv5 ! ?r[] z to ! b5ds & twi/s ( ! tr5*4 ,ano!r me?od ! tr5* sc\t may use is m]ely po9t+ ! direction 9 :i* he wants ! bomb plac$1 & d5ot+ ! numb] ( y>ds di/ant4 ,! tr5* sc\t %\ld be v c>eful 9 wat*+ out = loopholes ?r\gh trav]ses f :i* ! enemy c\ld gu>d aga9/ ! approa* ( an enfilad+ p>ty1 also give in=mation :5 an isl& trav]se or communicat+ tr5* is rea*$4 ,9 ! =m] case x w be necess>y = an additional sc\t1 "o to proce$ ea* way4 ,9 ! latt] case1 s&bags w probably be requir$ to d\ble-block ! communicat+ tr5* & in=mation pass$ back to ?is effect s t supply m5 c ru% !m =w>d = t purpose4 ,x is necess>y t ! tr5* sc\t be a v wide-awake1 c>eful & res\rceful man1 & h 8 wits ab\t him at all times4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an (fic] or ,n4,c4,o4 9 ! enfilad+ p>ty ! ?r[] comm&s & is responsible t signals be giv5 t ! artill]y "k ! exact ext5t ( our frontage at all times4 ,?is is done by means ( a flag :i* is khaki color$ on ! enemy's side & r$ on our own side1 s t x c be easily pick$ up by our artill]y1 ! flag be+ ma9ta9$ 9 a correct position by ! use ( a d\ble flag-/aff4 ,at night ! signal may be giv5 by ! use ( fla%es or any o!r pre-arrang$ signals4 ,! c>ri]'s duty is to foll[ up & keep suppli$ ) a /ock ( bombs1 & to pass back in=mation1 messages & ord]s4 ,,syllabus4 ,,prelim9>y ,,tra9+4 ,p]iod ( ,six ,days4 ,ea* ,day--,fall 91 #h3de a4m41 #a3de p4m4 ,roll call$ by #i a4m4 & #b p4m4 ,class1 divid$ 9 f\r squads1 take turns 9 clean+ up4 ,fir/ ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,,iv41 ,bomb]s' ,tra9+1 ,"p ,i4 #i3de-aj3cj--,make jam-t9 dummies4 #aj3cj-aj3de--,/& easy4 #aj3de-ab3ae--,?r[+ practices4 #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,i41 ,explosives4 #b3de- #c3ae--,make p[d]-puffs & jam-t9 dummies4 #c3ae- #c3cj--,/& easy4 #c3cj- #d3cj--,?r[+ practices4 ,second ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,lesson ,,ii41 ,explosives4 #i3de-aj3cj--,make jam-t9 dummies & p[d]-puffs4 #aj3cj-aj3de--,/& easy4 #aj3de-ab3ae--,?r[+ practices4 #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,,iii41 ,"p ,i4 #b3de- #c3cj--,make jam-t9s & hair-bru%es4 #c3cj- #c3de--,/& easy4 #c3de- #d3cj--,?r[+ practices4 ,?ird ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,,iii41 ,"p ,,ii4 #i3de-ab3ae--;,digg+ tr5*es 9 relays4 #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,,iv41 ,"p ,,ii4 #b3de- #d3cj--;,digg+ tr5*es & saps 9 relays4 ,f\r? ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,v41 ) blackbo>d illu/rations4 #i3de-ab3ae--;,f9i% tr5*es & saps & c>ry out dummy frontal attack ) bombs4 #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,,vi4 #b3de- #d3cj--,repair & recon/ruct tr5* 7consolidate74 ,fif? ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,,vii41 ,enfilade ,attack 7b4b4 illus47 #i3de-aj3cj--,make jam-t9s & hair-bru% bombs4 #aj3cj-ab3ae--;,enfilade attack 9 tr5*es4 #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture1 review & oral exams4 #b3de- #c3cj--,tr5* practices 9 pass+ s&bags & uses ( mat]ials repair+4 #c3cj- #d3cj--,?r[+ practices4 ,six? ,day-- #i3jj- #i3de--,?r[+ te/s = range & accuracy4 #i3de-ab3ae--,oral exams4 by squads & practice 9 use ( repair mat]ials4 #b3jj- #b3de--,practice 9 use ( digg+ & cutt+ tools by relays4 #b3de- #d3cj--;,f9al ?r[+ te/s & oral exams4 by squads1 alt]nately4 ,note4--,if in/ructors are available x is a good idea to "w 9 squads alt]nately z sugge/$ by ! arrangem5t ( ,syllabus above4 ,equipm5t & mat]ial = s*ool ( fifty1 p]iod ( six days3 #a keg gunp[d]1 #a_/b case monobel1 #a coil fuse1 #a packet detonators 7#ajj71 #cf %ovels1 #cf picks1 #c pairs snips1 #c pairs wire ply]s1 #c hamm]s1 #c h& saws1 #c h& axes1 #c ,m>l9 spikes1 #b braces1 #b bits 7#c_/h-;in*71 #a aug] 7#a-c_/h-;in*71 #e y>ds cotton1 #b lbs4 #b-;in* wire nails1 #b lbs4 #b-a_/b-;in* wire nails1 #b lbs4 s(t wire 7/ovepipe71 #b bbls4 empty jam t9s 7#a to #b lbs471 #ajj l94 ft4 #a in* x #f in* common bo>ds1 #cf l94 ft4 #b in* x #d in* scantl+1 #a good siz$ blackbo>d & *alk1 #b "w b5*es 7improvis$71 #c boxes fusee mat*es1 #b doz5 s&bags ) ties atta*$1 bru% wood1 cull lumb]1 bale wire1 sods1 etc4 ,,exam9ation ,,pap]s4 ,lecture ,i4 #a4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 h&l+ explosives8 #b4 ,:at %\ld oily /a9s on dynamite indicate8 #c4 ,:at %\ld be done ) cases %[+ oily /a9s8 #d4 ,:at two me?ods %\ld be employ$ 9 ?aw+ dynamite8 #e4 ,"n a few causes ( accid5ts 9 h&l+ dynamite4 #f4 ,"n a few causes ( accid5ts 9 h&l+ detonators4 #g4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 %ipp+ explosives by wagons8 ,by rail8 #h4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal features to be consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a magaz9e8 #i4 ,is x wise to /ore explosives 9 tunnels or caves8 #aj4 ,h[ may a magaz9e be made bullet pro(8 #aa4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 ) m5 work+ 9 or ab\t magaz9es8 ,lecture ,,ii4 #ab4 ,"n ! explosives us$ 9 ! s]vice4 #ac4 ,9 :at %ape is gun-cotton put up = s]vice use8 #ad4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( gun-cotton8 #ae4 ,h[ is wet gun-cotton detonat$8 #af4 ,to :at use is dry gun-cotton put8 #ag4 ,is gun-cotton g5]ally consid]$ a safe explosive8 #ah4 ,:at uses are made ( gun-cotton8 #ai4 ,expla9 h[ y w\ld prep>e a gun-cotton *>ge4 #bj4 ,:at is a detonator8 #ba4 ,:at k9d ( explosive is us$ 9 s]vice detonator8 #bb4 ,:at k9ds ( fuses are us$ 9 ! s]vice8 #bc4 ,at :at rate d s]vice fuses burn p] second8 #bd4 ,at :at rate d in/antane\s fuses burn p] second8 #be4 ,:at use is made ( picric acid8 ,t4 ,n4 ,t48 ,nitro-,glyc]9e8 #bf4 ,is picric acid a safe explosive8 ,ans4 ,no4 #bg4 ,& :y8 ,lecture ,,iii4 #bh4 ,expla9 ! work+ ( a 4#cjc %ort rifle gr5ade4 #bi4 ,h[ are !y pack$ ready = %ipp+8 #cj4 ,h[ are !y prep>$ = fir+8 #ca4 ,h[ are !y c>ri$8 #cb4 ,:at arrangem5ts are to be us$ ) ! rifle = giv+ ! necess>y elevation8 #cc4 ,:at k9d ( ammunition is us$ ) !m8 #cd4 ,expla9 ! work+ ( a h& gr5ade ,no4 #e1 ,m>k #a4 #ce4 ,:at explosive is us$ 9 ,no4 #e1 ,m>k #a8 #cf4 ,h[ f> may x be ?r[n8 #cg4 ,:at is meant by cane & /ream] type ( gr5ade8 #ch4 ,expla9 ! work+ ( h& gr5ade ,no4 #a1 ,m>k #a4 #ci4 ,:y d we use dummy bombs8 #dj4 ,:y d we put explosives 9 dummy bombs8 #da4 ,expla9 ! manufacture ( ! jam-t9 dummy8 #db4 ,expla9 ! manufacture ( jam-t9 bomb8 #dc4 ,expla9 ! manufacture ( ! p[d]-puff4 #dd4 ,expla9 ! manufacture ( ! hair-bru% bomb8 #de4 ,:at explosive is us$ 9 ! hair-bru% bomb8 #df4 ,describe ! impact or p]cussion type ( gr5ade8 #dg4 ,h[ is ! dummy type made :i* repres5ts ! impact & p]cussion type8 #dh4 ,up to :at weight may dummies be made8 #di4 ,h[ f> may a #b-p\nd bomb be ?r[n8 #ej4 ,h[ f> may a #a-p\nd bomb be ?r[n8 #ea4 ,expla9 ! correct ?r[+ position = tr5* "w8 #eb4 ,:5 may a man be said to be tra9$ 9 ?r[+ f a tr5*8 #ec4 ,:at are ! def5sive uses ( bombs & gr5ades8 #ed4 ,:at are ! (f5sive uses ( bombs & gr5ades8 ,lecture ,,iv4 #ee4 ,:at is a saphead8 #ef4 ,expla9 "s ( ! diff]5t types ( sapheads us$4 #eg4 ,:at advantage has x ov] a 8,t0 %ap$ saphead8 #eh4 ,:at is meant by an isl& saphead8 #ei4 ,"n ! digg+ & cutt+ tools8 #fj4 ,:at mat]ials are us$ 9 tr5* w>f>e8 #fa4 ,h[ are s&bags fill$8 ,ti$8 ,pass$8 ,built8 #fb4 ,:at are ! uses made ( s&bags8 #fc4 ,:at is meant by 8bond0 9 use 9 s&bags8 #fd4 ,to :at uses are ! foll[+ mat]ials put 9 tr5* w>f>e3 ,e>?8 ,sods8 ,timb]8 ,bru%8 ,b>b ,wire8 ,bale ,wire8 #fe4 ,h[ are sods built to obta9 ! be/ results8 #ff4 ,:at is a revetm5t8 ,trav]se8 ,bay8 ,p>apet8 ,p>ados8 ,ob/acle8 #fg4 ,:at are ob/acles us$ =8 #fh4 ,h[ _m m5 usually con/itute a s5try & relief p] bay 9 a tr5*8 #fi4 ,:at arrangem5ts are made = sleep & re/ ( reliefs8 #gj4 ,:y are relief pits put 9 re> ( tr5*8 #ga4 ,:y are !y made %all[8 #gb4 ,:at /yle ( a tr5* is be/ suit$ to bomb w>f>e8 #gc4 ,:at precautions may be tak5 to prev5t enemy's bombs gett+ into our tr5*8 #gd4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( hav+ relief pit "u ! p>apet8 #ge4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( hav+ a deep tr5*8 #gf4 ,:at provisions %\ld be made s t our m5 c\ld advance f ! tr5* at ! same in/ant8 #gg4 ,:at is a 8dead man08 8,funk ,hole08 ,lecture ,v4 #gh4 ,:o are usually ! fir/ m5 ( ! ,infantry to advance 9 a frontal attack8 #gi4 ,h[ are !y arm$8 ,:at tools d !y c>ry8 ,:at are _! duties8 #hj4 ,:5 ! fir/ l9e advances :at d ! wire cutt]s d8 #ha4 ,:at "p d ! bomb]s take on a frontal attack8 #hb4 ,:o is responsible t !re is a supply ( bombs 9 ! tr5*8 #hc4 ,h[ are bombs /or$ 9 ! tr5*es8 #hd4 ,:]e is ! res]ve supply ( bombs /or$8 #he4 ,:at g5]al arrangem5ts are made prep>atory to frontal attack8 #hf4 ,:at arms ( ! s]vice may take "p 9 a frontal attack8 #hg4 ,:at ext5t ( frontage is usually plann$ to be occupi$ 9 a frontal attack8 ,ans4 ,only ! ext5t ( frontage t is absolutely necess>y4 #hh4 ,:y8 ,ans4 ,! odds are aga9/ ! attack+ =ces4 ,lecture ,,vi4 #hi4 ,:at is necess>y to be done on occupy+ a portion ( ! enemy's tr5*8 #ij4 ,:at is meant by consolidat+ gr\nd ga9$8 #ia4 ,h[ is our position protect$ :ile "w ( recon/ruction & repair is go+ on8 #ib4 ,h[ w communication be e/abli%$ 9 ! occupi$ portion ( ! enemy's tr5*8 #ic4 ,:at is meant by d\ble-block+8 ,:5 is x done8 ,h[ protect$8 #id4 ,:at precautions may be tak5 to provide com=t = ! m5 9 ! tr5*es8 #ie4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal advantages ( bomb fire1 or rifle & ma*9e gun fire8 #if4 ,g5]ally1 :at "w w ! sapp]s & digg]s d on occupy+ ! enemy's tr5*8 #ig4 ,h[ are ! enemy's communication tr5*es us$ to our advantage8 ,lecture ,,vii4 #ih4 ,:at is an enfilad+ p>ty8 #ii4 ,h[ _m m5 may con/itute an enfilad+ p>ty8 #ajj4 ,:5 p>ty consi/s ( ?ree1 :at are !y call$8 #aja4 ,:at are ! duties ( a tr5* sc\t8 #ajb4 ,"n "s ( ! mo/ important ?+s he %\ld look out =8 #ajc4 ,:at qualifications %\ld he possess8 #ajd4 ,h[ is he arm$8 #aje4 ,h[ does he pass in=mation to ! ?r[] reg>d+ location ( t>gets8 #ajf4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! ?r[]8 #ajg4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! c>ri]8 #ajh4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an (fic] or non-commission$ (fic]1 :o comm&s ! enfilad+ p>ty8 #aji4 ,h[ are ! artill]y advis$ ( ! ext5d+ ( our frontage :5 enfilad+8 #aaj4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 z we ga9 gr\nd 9 enfilade "w8 #aaa4 ,:at m5 foll[ up & keep 9 t\* ) enfilade p>ty8 ,:at are _! duties8 #aab4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ga9+ gr\nd by enfilade bomb attacks ov] t ( frontal attacks8 ,ans4 7a7 ,we h a m9imum ( exposure to ! enemy's rifle or ma*9e gun fire4 7b7 ,enfilade attacks provide ! means by :i* we use ! enemy's tr5* z our =tification aga9/ him4 7c7 ,z we advance ! gr\nd occupi$ is consolidat$ to our use s t at no "t d we h an ext5t ( frontage 9 an unprep>$ position4 7d7 ,! disorganization imm$iately foll[+ an ext5sive frontal attack gives ! enemy a *ance to laun* a c\nt]-attack4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,incorrect page ref]5ces 9 ! ,preface h be5 correct$4