file which includes the original        
illustration4       ,see #ehhie-;h4htm  
or #ehhie-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu
b_/#ehhie_/pg#ehhie-;images4html7       
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#eh
hie_/ehhie-;h4zip7         ,images of   
the original pages are available through
       ,internet ,archive4 ,see         
https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/bomberst
raininga#jj;ferr   ,transcriber's note3 
,italicized text is surrounded by       
underscores3 italics4        ,text in   
bold face is surrounded by equals signs3
 bold4      ,,bombers' ,,training ,,and 
,,application ,,of ,,same ,,in ,,trench 
,,warfare  by  ,,lieut4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,ferris
  #fcrd ,o4 ,bn41 ,c4,e4,f4             
,william ,briggs ,toronto  ,copyright1  
,canada1 #aiaf1 by ,william ,briggs     
,,preface   ,this work is intended to be
 used as a guide for officers and       
,n4,c4,o4's in training bombers4 ,the   
lectures given at intervals as the men  

advance in the training will emphasize  
the features to be observed4 ,a syllabus
 for a bombers' school covering a period
 of six days is shown on page #cg as a  
further guide to instructors4 ,a list of
 material and equipment necessary to    
carry out the syllabus is shown on page 
#ch4  ,prior to the adoption by the     
,british ,war ,office of the present    
method of fighting on the ,western      
front1 namely1 the use of bombs and     
grenades 7which for practical purposes  
require the same care as high           
explosives71 it was not necessary for   
the rank and file of the ,infantry to   
have any great knowledge of explosives1 
any work that entailed the extensive use
 of explosives being left to the        
,engineers4  ,in the ,manual of ,field  
,engineering1 #aiaa1 there is a chapter 
devoted to ,explosives1 but as this work
 was written before the adoption of the 
bomb method of fighting it could not be 
expected that the subject1 as treated   
there1 applies fully to the requirements

 of this arm of the service under       
present-day conditions4 ,the ,infantry  
being called upon to make use of        
explosives in the form of bombs and     
grenades1 makes it necessary that they  
have instruction in the matter of       
handling1 shipping and storage of them  
in order to avoid accidents2 and a      
knowledge of their characteristics and  
properties to enable them to make the   
best use of these altogether necessary  
and useful agents4  ,the author is      
indebted to ,capt4 ,g4 ,s4 ,laing and   
,capt4 ,g4 ,d4 ,powis for valuable      
assistance in this work4                
,j4 ,r4 ,f4     ,,contents4             
,,page    ,,sapheads                    
#f    ,,lecture ,i4--,explosives        
7,working ,knowledge7                   
#g    ,,lecture ,,ii4--,explosives      
7,classification1 ,characteristics      
and ,properties7                        
#aj    ,,lecture ,,iii4--,study of a    
,few ,types of ,rifle and       ,hand   
,grenades                               

#ag    ,,lecture ,,iv4--,bombers'       
,training1 ,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4         
#bc    ,,lecture ,v4--,frontal ,attack  
#cb    ,,lecture ,,vi4--,consolidating  
the ,ground ,gained                #cd  
,,lecture ,,vii4--,enfilade ,attack     
#ce    ,,syllabus 7,six ,days'          
,training7                              
#cg    ,,list ,,of ,,material ,,and     
,,equipment ,,for ,,class ,,of          
#ej--7,six ,days' ,training7            
#ch    ,,oral ,,examinations            
#ci     ,,sapheads4   ,illustration3    
,diagram #a4 ,t4 ,shaped  ,illustration3
 ,diagram #b4 ,island ,saphead          
,diagram #a4  7a7 ,bombs can only be    
thrown from narrow trenches in the      
direction to which the trench is        
running4 ,in order to have complete     
command of foreground with this type of 
,sap4 it is necessary to make the       
cross-head too wide4  7b7 ,the total    
area of ,sap4 may become effective zone 
from the fire of one bomb4  7c7 ,only   
two men can be employed at one time in  

constructing this type of ,sap4         
,diagram #b4  7a7 ,offers complete range
 of foreground with the narrowest       
possible width of trench4  7b7 ,cannot  
become effective zone from the fire of  
one bomb4  7c7 ,a greater fighting area 
is possible in the same extent of       
frontage4  7d7 ,when connected up to    
form line of trenches from which to make
 assault1 takes the place of an island  
traverse and relieves congestion of     
traffic at junction of communicating    
trench and fire trench4  7e7 ,more men  
can be employed in constructing same    
than in the ,t-shaped type4             
,bombers' ,training     ,,lecture ,i4   
,,explosives4   ,working ,knowledge4    
,handling4 ,in moving cases containing  
explosives great care should be taken   
that they are not placed on anything or 
in such a position that they might      
topple over or be knocked over1 or      
placed in such a position that other    
objects might fall on them4 ,men who are
 entrusted with the handling of these   

materials should be most reliable and   
careful4  ,the ,thawing of ,frozen      
,explosives4 ,some explosives freeze in 
a temperature considerably above        
freezing point1 and it is necessary that
 they be thawed before using4 ,the two  
recognized methods of thawing frozen    
explosives are as follows3    #a4 ,place
 in a steam heated room1 but not on the 
steam pipes4 ,it is   desirable that the
 room have an even temperature4    #b4  
,by the use of a double heater2 the     
outer vessel to contain water   at a    
temperature of #abe deg4 ,f41 or not    
hotter than can be borne by   the hand2 
the inner vessel contains the explosive1
 care being taken   that there is no    
fire in the vicinity4  ,a ,few ,causes  
of ,accidents with ,dynamite4 ,the      
following are a few of the causes of    
accidents with explosives1 as taken from
 statistical information compiled by the
 ,ontario ,bureau of ,mines1 and        
circulated for the purpose of preventing
 accidents3--   ,dynamite4    #a4       

,forcing primer into hole which is too  
small for it4    #b4 ,presuming that the
 charge has a mis-fire1 and going too   
soon to   investigate it4    #c4        
,tamping too tightly near the explosive 
charge4    #d4 ,forcing cartridge into  
too small a hole or using a metal       
tamping   rod4    #e4 ,thawing dynamite 
before an open fire1 blacksmith's forge1
 in an   oven1 or by the heat of the    
sun's rays through window glass4        
,detonators4  ,a ,few ,causes of        
,accidents with ,detonators4    #a4     
,attempting to draw a wire from an      
electric detonator4    #b4 ,attaching a 
fuse to a detonator carelessly4    #c4  
,trying to destroy a detonator by       
striking it with a stone4    #d4        
,finding a detonator and tapping it to  
see if it is good4    #e4 ,holding an   
electric detonator in a gas flame4      
#f4 ,by treading on a detonator a number
 of them have been known to be          
exploded in the same room4    #g4 ,by   
pricking the composition in a detonator 

with a pin4    #h4 ,a spark from a      
miner's lamp falling into a box         
containing fuses   and detonators has   
been known to explode them4  ,shipping4 
,when it is desired to ship explosives  
from point to point by wagons or other  
vehicles1 it is necessary to inspect the
 wagons and ascertain that everything is
 in order and good repair1 to make sure 
that the platforms of the wagons and    
inside of the wagon-boxes are free from 
protruding nails or pieces of metal that
 would tend to cause friction on the    
cases4 ,a bed of straw should be        
prepared and the cases placed on their  
flat side1 right side up1 without any   
space left between that would permit of 
displacement or cause friction by the   
moving of the wagon in transportation4  
,horses used for this purpose should be 
quiet and well broken1 and care taken   
that harness and accoutrements are in a 
good state of repair4 ,roads should be  
chosen as far as possible that do not   
lead through towns or thickly inhabited 

parts of the country4 ,in wet weather it
 is necessary that the load be covered  
with tarpaulin1 and in hot weather with 
white canvas to minimize the effect of  
the sun's rays4 ,on reaching the        
destination1 wagons should be carefully 
unloaded and straw removed to a safe    
distance and burned4 ,in arranging for  
transportation by rail or boat1 the car 
or the boat1 as the case may be1 should 
be thoroughly examined and not entrusted
 to the dangerous load unless you are   
absolutely sure it is in good order4 ,in
 unloading make sure that no vacant     
spaces occur between cases that would   
permit of shifting or friction1 and     
should the entire floor of the car or   
boat be not occupied with the cases the 
load should be fenced or blocked in such
 a way as to prevent it shifting and    
ensure against friction4 ,should any    
packages of explosives1 when offered for
 shipment1 show outward signs of oily   
stain or other indications that the     
absorption of the liquid part of the    

explosive in the absorbent material is  
not perfect1 or that the amount of      
liquid part is greater than the         
absorbent can carry1 these packages must
 under no consideration be loaded1 and  
must be immediately removed to a place  
of safety and the parties who supplied  
them immediately notified thereof4 ,the 
car containing explosives must be       
labelled as such in a conspicuous manner
 and must be hauled as near the middle  
of the train as possible1 and must not  
be placed next to a car containing oil  
or inflammable material4 ,a flying      
switch must not be taken with           
explosives4 ,in case of a wreck every   
precaution must be taken to prevent     
fire4 ,while most of the high explosives
 burn quietly when lighted in small     
quantities1 and without causing         
disastrous explosions1 it must be       
remembered that it is not a safe        
experiment4  ,storage4 ,local conditions
 have much to do with the type of       
structure to be built for an explosives'

 magazine4 ,in general1 it may be said  
that the lighter the construction the   
better4 ,the laws of some countries     
require that all magazines be built of  
such material1 and in such a manner1    
that in the event of an explosion the   
building will be completely             
disintegrated and no pieces thrown to   
any great distance4 ,storage in caves1  
tunnels1 earth or stone-covered vaults1 
and in log structures1 should under no  
circumstances be tolerated4 ,the chief  
objection in all these cases is that the
 structure will hold dampness1 and any  
dampness in a magazine containing       
explosives into which nitrates enter as 
an essential or accessory ingredient1 is
 certain to affect its quality and      
render it more or less dangerous in     
subsequent use4 ,this applies to        
gunpowder and to practically all        
dynamites1 especially those made in     
,america4 ,it does not apply to         
,kieselguhr ,dynamite of foreign        
manufacture4 ,when it is desired to     

protect a magazine from rifle fire1 the 
magazine may be banked with earth to an 
extent that would be proof against      
bullets1 and to a height well above the 
cases as arranged in the magazine2      
arrangements being made for             
perpendicular air-shafts through the    
embankment next to the outer wall at    
intervals necessary to give the required
 ventilation2 ventilating shafts being  
screened with fine wire netting to      
exclude vermin and constructed in such a
 manner that water cannot enter4        
,explosives should be stored in tiers1  
box on box1 with laths between to       
prevent dampness accumulating4 ,no cases
 must be opened in the magazines1 a     
separate building being provided at a   
safe distance for that purpose4         
,gunpowder and dynamites in unopened    
cases1 and fuses securely boxed1 may be 
stored in the same magazine1 but no     
fulminates in the form of caps1 or      
otherwise1 or loose coils of fuse1      
should ever be stored in the same       

building with gunpowder and high        
explosives4 ,it is important that the   
magazine be kept clean1 and that no men 
with nails in their boots be allowed to 
work in a magazine4 ,no fires should be 
lighted or smoking allowed in or about a
 magazine containing high explosives4   
,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,explosives4          
,classification1 ,characteristics and   
,properties4  ,general ,classification4 
,explosives are classified generally as 
follows3--    #a4 ,explosive mixtures of
 the nitrate class4    #b4 ,explosive   
mixtures of the chlorate class4    #c4  
,explosive compounds of the             
nitro-substitution class4 #d4 ,explosive
   compounds of the nitric-derivative   
class4    #e4 ,explosives of the        
,sprengel class4    #f4 ,fulminates and 
,amides4    #g4 ,ammunition4  ,of the   
seven classifications of explosives1 we 
are dealing with but four in the subject
 of ,bomb ,fighting1 namely1 as         
classified above1 #a1 #c1 #d and the    
,fulminates4  ,nitrate ,class4          

,explosive mixtures of the nitrate      
class4 ,the best known example of this  
class is gunpowder1 the characteristics 
of which are that it consists of a      
mechanical mixture of nitrates with some
 base containing charcoal or other      
substance yielding carbon4 ,the nitrates
 carry the oxygen which combines with   
the base1 under favorable circumstances 
developing a large volume of gases at a 
high temperature1 so that if the powder 
is confined at the time of explosion    
there will be produced an enormous      
disruptive effect4 ,the standard        
composition of gunpowder is3--          
,potassium ,nitrate or ,salt-petre      
#ge parts4   ,charcoal                  
#ae parts4   ,sulphur                   
#aj parts4  ,it might be interesting to 
note that the charcoal employed for     
military and sporting powder is made    
from dog-wood1 while for inferior grades
 of powder willow and alder are used4   
,explosive ,compounds of the            
,nitro-,substitution ,class and         

,nitric-,derivative ,class4 ,the two    
explosives of these classes which are   
generally known are gun-cotton and      
nitro-glycerine1 with special           
preparations made from them1 such as    
dynamite1 blasting gelatine1 etc4       
,gun-,cotton4 ,gun-cotton is made by    
treating suitably prepared cotton with a
 mixture of one part by weight of nitric
 acid and three parts sulphuric acid4   
,the immersion lasts #dh hours1 the     
temperature being maintained at #fj deg4
 ,f4 ,the cotton is then subjected to a 
thorough and prolonged washing1 after   
which it is carried through various     
processes to prepare it for use4 ,the   
cellulose of the cotton has thus been   
converted into tri-nitro cellulose4 ,by 
varying the strength of the acids       
different degrees of nitration may be   
obtained4 ,gun-cotton is extensively    
used for military purposes4  ,gun-cotton
 differs but slightly in appearance from
 ordinary cotton4 ,it has a harsh feel  
and is less flexible than common cotton4

 ,it becomes highly electrified when    
rubbed between the fingers and appears  
luminous when rubbed in the dark4 ,it is
 entirely insoluble in hot or cold      
water1 but dissolves in a mixture of    
ether and ammonia4 ,it will rarely take 
up more than two per cent4 of moisture  
from the atmosphere4 ,it is insensible  
to pressure1 percussion or friction1    
unless closely confined or firmly       
compressed4 ,it burns with a flash1 but 
without explosion if brought into       
contact with burning or incandescent    
bodies4 ,wet gun-cotton will not burn or
 explode4 ,its ignition temperature is  
#cfj degrees ,f4 ,pure gun-cotton will  
undergo no spontaneous decomposition and
 is the safest explosive known4         
,although it will not explode when wet1 
it may be detonated in this condition by
 a ,mercury ,fulminate ,detonator with a
 small initial charge of dry gun-cotton 
in contact with it4  ,nitro-,glycerine4 
,nitro-glycerine is a nitric ether1 or  
specifically a glyceryl tri-nitrate4    

,different degrees of nitration yield   
the mono-di- and tri-nitro glycerine1   
respectively2 the latter being the      
nitro-glycerine of commerce4 ,it is made
 by treating an exceedingly pure quality
 of glycerine with a mixture of nitric  
and sulphuric acids1 the proportions    
commonly adopted being #c parts of      
nitric acid1 #e parts of sulphuric acid1
 and from #a to #a4ae parts of          
glycerine4 ,the glycerine is added very 
slowly and with constant stirring4 ,the 
agitation of the mixture is now usually 
accomplished by compressed air4  ,when  
made from the purest ingredients1       
nitro-glycerine is an oily looking      
fluid1 as clear and transparent as      
water4 ,when freshly made it is whitish 
and opaque1 but on standing it clears4  
,the specific gravity at normal         
temperature is about #a4f deg4 ,f41 when
 frozen #a4gce deg4 ,f4 ,nitro-glycerine
 dissolves in alcohol1 ether1           
methyl-alcohol1 benzine1 etc4 ,freshly  
made1 opaque nitro-glycerine freezes at 

from #b4b deg4 ,f4 to #g4f deg4 ,f41    
while the transparent1 or clear1 product
 freezes at from #ci4b deg4 ,f4 to #cg4d
 deg4 ,f4 ,in its frozen state it is    
less sensitive to shock or concussion   
than when it is in liquid4 ,it may be   
completely evaporated when at a         
temperature of #aeh deg4 ,f4 ,its       
ignition temperature or firing point is 
#cef deg4 ,f4 ,exposed to a temperature 
of #cfe deg4 ,f4 it boils with evolution
 of vapors2 at #cha4b deg4 ,f4 it       
volatilizes slowly2 at #cib deg4 ,f4 it 
evaporates rapidly2 at #dbb4f deg4 ,f4  
it detonates violently4 ,from this point
 its behavior changes1 passing through  
temperatures at which it explodes with  
constantly lessening violence until1 at 
a dark1 cherry-red heat1 it assumes a   
spheroidal state and fails to explode4  
,this applies to small quantities only4 
,when gradually heated it is certain to 
explode at #cef deg4 ,f4  ,picric ,acid4
 ,when coal tar is subjected to a       
fractional distillation the portion     

which comes over up to a temperature of 
#agj deg4 ,c4 is called 8light oil0 and 
contains all the compounds of low       
boiling paint contained in tar1 and from
 this several of our most valuable      
explosives can be obtained4 ,when these 
light oils have distilled over the next 
fraction1 or 8middle oil10 yields phenol
 or carbolic acid1 a body which nitrated
 gives picric acid1 which is the basis  
of the ,french high explosive 8melinite0
 and the ,english 8lyddite40  ,picric   
acid consists of a very strong nitric   
acid and carbolic acid1 and is a very   
high explosive4 ,it was introduced by   
,turpin1 who mixed it with collodium and
 called it 8melinite10 by which name it 
is known in the ,french ,service4 ,it   
forms with metals a class of salts      
7picrates74 ,the potassium salts were   
suggested as a bursting charge for      
shells nearly fifty years ago4 ,sprengel
 and1 later1 ,turpin1 employed the acid 
itself as an explosive4 ,it was possible
 to get a great weight of explosive into

 small space1 as the acid could be      
melted and poured into the shell in a   
molten condition4 ,picric acid is a very
 safe explosive1 but has the drawback of
 acting on metals1 forming 8picrates10  
some of which are more sensitive to     
disturbing influences than the acid     
itself4  ,lyddite4 ,lyddite consists of 
melted solidified picric acid1 and has  
the same disadvantage of forming        
8picrates0 when in contact with metal1  
making it necessary to varnish the      
interior of shells when used in them4   
,experience with lyddite shells shows   
them to be very erratic1 due to the fact
 that they require a very powerful      
detonator1 the use of which is very     
dangerous1 as they may cause a premature
 explosion4  ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 ,these         
disadvantages in picric acid led to its 
being largely replaced by tri-nitro     
toluol1 or ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 which has a     
bursting pressure of #aai1jjj pounds per
 square inch as against #ace1hbj pounds 
for picric acid4 ,yet the advantages of 

the former more than compensate and     
warrant its use being preferred4 ,t4 ,n4
 ,t4 does not act on metals to create   
sensitive salts and is1 therefore1      
perfectly stable4 ,the ,french name for 
,t4 ,n4 ,t4 is 8,tolitype10 the ,spanish
 8,trilite10 and the ,german 8,trotyle40
 ,it is produced by heating troulue with
 a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric 
acid4  ,troulue4 ,troulue is a liquid   
hydro-carbon obtained along with        
benzine4  ,tetryl4 ,tetryl is another   
coal tar product containing more        
nitrogen than lyddite1 and is employed  
in detonators with a little lead azide1 
making a less sensitive and safer       
preparation than fulminate of mercury4  
,aunnonal4 ,aunnonal is a mixture of ,t4
 ,n4 ,t41 aluminum in fine powder and   
nitrate of ammonia1 and a trace of      
charcoal4 ,it is safe and powerful1 but 
has the disadvantage of attracting      
moisture1 and for that reason does not  
always explode4  ,dynamite4 ,dynamite is
 the most generally used of any blasting

 material in the world4 ,it was invented
 in #ahff by ,alfred ,nobel4 ,its       
principal consisted in using an         
absorbent commonly called a 8dope10     
which would take up the nitro-glycerine 
and hold it after the manner of a       
sponge4  ,a suitable dope should possess
 a cellular structure so that the       
nitro-glycerine may be subdivided into  
minute globules1 each being held        
separately in its own cell1 completely  
isolated from every other4 ,in this     
condition its sensitiveness is greatly  
reduced1 depending1 of course1 on the   
amount of nitro-glycerine absorbed4     
,dynamite may be classified1 according  
to the nature of the absorbent used1 as 
follows3--    #a4 ,dynamites with inert 
base1      7,kieselguhr1 ,magnesium     
carbonate47    #b4 ,dynamite with an    
active base1      7a7 ,combustible base4
      7b7 ,explosive base4  ,the        
explosives' bases in 7b71 as above1 may 
be of the nitro-substitution class1 or  
the nitric-derivative class4  ,in       

choosing the dopes for inert bases of   
dynamite where wood pulp or sawdust is  
employed1 it should be of some porous   
wood such as spruce or basswood4 ,woods 
differ considerably in the amount of    
nitro-glycerine they will absorb1       
ranging from #fj to #he4 ,before        
introducing the nitro-glycerine they    
should be thoroughly dried4 ,good       
dynamite should not feel greasy4 ,there 
should be no trace of free              
nitro-glycerine inside the wrapper of   
the cartridge4 ,slowly heated dynamite  
explodes at a temperature of #cef deg4  
,f4 ,if rapidly heated1 it explodes at  
#ddf deg4 ,f4 ,these temperatures apply 
only to ,kieselghur dynamite4 ,the      
,american dynamites containing wood pulp
 and nitrates will explode with somewhat
 lower temperatures4 ,like              
nitro-glycerine it is most sensitive to 
shock and friction just above the       
freezing point4 ,according to the dope  
used1 it freezes at from #db deg4 ,f4 to
 #df deg4 ,f4 ,it is nearly1 but not    

quite1 insensitive to shock or friction 
when frozen4 7,see page #hh1 ,manual of 
,field ,engineering47  ,monobel4        
,monobel consists of3                   
,nitro-,glycerine           #g-a_/b to  
#i-a_/b   ,nitrate of ,amm4          #ff
     to #gj       ,wood meal            
#g     to  #i       ,chloride of ,sodium
       #ad     to #af       ,rem4       
,moisture               #a_/b to  #b    
,fulminates4 ,these are the most        
powerful and dangerous explosives in    
common use4 ,they consist for the most  
part of metallic salts of fulminic and  
amic acids4 ,the commonest fulminate1   
known as mercury fulminate1 is formed by
 dissolving mercury in nitric acid1 to  
which solution when cool is added #aaj  
parts of alcohol4 ,water is then added1 
causing a grey fulminate to precipitate4
 ,this is carefully washed and          
air-dried4 ,the operation is attended   
with great danger4 ,the color of        
fulminate varies from a white to dirty  
grey4 ,its specific gravity is #d4db    

deg4 ,f4 ,it has a sweetish taste and is
 highly poisonous4 ,it is extremely     
sensitive to heat and shock of every    
kind4 ,its firing point when slowly     
heated is #cjf4e deg4 ,f41 and when     
rapidly heated #cfh4f deg4 ,f4 ,when wet
 it is less sensitive1 but not secure   
against explosion4 ,the slightest       
friction will provoke its explosion4 ,it
 may be destroyed safely by treating it 
with alkaline sulphides4  ,fulminates of
 other metals are capable of being made1
 such as fulminates of silver1 gold1    
platinum1 zinc and copper1 but these are
 more violently exploded and less       
stable4 ,the only one which has come    
into any use being a silver compound4   
,mercury fulminate is the explosive used
 in the manufacture of detonators4 7,see
 page #hi1 ,manual of ,field            
,engineering1 #aiaa47  ,detonators and  
,fuses4 7,see pages #hi1 #ij and #ia1   
,manual of ,field ,engineering1 #aiaa47 
,theory of ,explosives and ,fumes4      
,definition of ,explosive3 ,explosive is

 a substance either solid1 liquid1 or   
jelly1 which1 when subjected to a shock1
 suddenly changes from solids1 etc41 to 
gases1 at a very high temperature1      
tearing to pieces any vessel which may  
contain them4  ,definition of an        
,explosion3 ,an explosion is a chemical 
reaction which is completed in an       
exceedingly short period of time with   
the evolution of a large quantity of gas
 at a very high temperature4 ,if this   
reaction occurs in a body which is      
closely confined1 the expansive effect  
of the highly heated gases produces     
disruptive effects4 ,if the suddenness  
of the reaction is very great1 disrupted
 action upon solid objects in contact   
with the body may be obtained even when 
it is unconfined1 because the cohesion  
of these objects can be overcome more   
readily in an instant of time than the  
inertia of the surrounding air4 ,this   
has given rise to the popular error that
 nitro-glycerine and other high         
explosives act downwards2 as a matter of

 fact they act with equal force in all  
directions4 ,it is evident1 therefore1  
that the violence of an explosion       
depends upon three things1 namely1 the  
time occupied completing the reaction of
 the explosive body2 the temperature    
produced by the reaction1 upon which    
directly depends the expansive forces of
 the resultant gases2 and the quantity  
of gas evolved by the reaction4 ,a      
fourth consideration--whether the       
products of the reaction are the result 
of one set of chemical actions occurring
 simultaneously2 or whether the set of  
new compounds react upon each other1    
producing a second set of compounds4    
,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,study ,,of ,a ,,few 
,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,types ,,of     
,,rifle ,,and ,,hand ,,grenades4        
,general4 ,the undermentioned types of  
grenades1 empty1 are issued for         
instruction3--    7a7 ,grenade1         
#cjc-;inch1 short rifle1 ,no4 #c1 ,mark 
#a4 7,j4 pattern47   7b7 ,grenade1 hand1
 ,no4 #a1 ,mark #a4   7c7 ,grenade1     

hand1 ,no4 #e1 ,mark #a4   7d7          
,grenades1 hand1 ,nos4 #f and #g1 ,mark 
#a4  ,these grenades were also known as 
7a7 ,hales ,rifle ,grenade2 7b7 ,r4 ,l4 
impact or percussion grenade2 7c7       
,mill's pattern grenade2 7d7 ,r4 ,l4    
grenades1 friction1 time4  ,of these 7a7
 is for firing from the point           
4#cjc-;inch short rifle4 ,its range is  
about #bjj yards4  ,the remainder are   
intended to be thrown by hand4  ,hand   
grenades can be of two classes1 ,heavy  
and ,light4 ,heavy grenades weigh about 
#b lbs4 and light about #a lb4 ,it is   
considered that a man can throw a #b-lb4
 weight about #cj yards and a           
pound-weight about #ej yards4 ,heavy    
grenades project fragments of some      
weight a fair distance1 while light     
grenades rely for effect principally on 
the blast of detonation4  ,the effective
 area of a light grenade is mainly      
local1 #f yards diameter1 but when      
possible it should not be thrown less   
than #bj yards in the open1 as stones1  

etc41 thrown up by the explosion would  
be dangerous to the thrower4  ,the      
danger area of the heavy grenade is     
about #cj yards in diameter1 and1       
therefore1 it should not be thrown less 
than #be yards in the open4 ,with both  
grenades the thrower should cover the   
eyes at the moment of explosion and     
protect himself1 as small fragments of  
metal may carry further than the        
distance mentioned4  ,the types of hand 
grenades 7b71 7c7 and 7d7 differ        
fundamentally in the means by which     
ignition is effected2 7b7 explodes      
instantaneously on impact 7by           
percussion71 while 7c7 and 7d7 are fired
 by time fuse1 which is lit in 7c7 by   
spring action releasing a trigger at the
 moment the grenade leaves the thrower's
 hand1 and in 7d7 by an independent     
action on the part of the thrower before
 throwing the grenade4  ,in the case of 
7b7 it is necessary that the grenade    
fall head first4 ,this is done by the   
backward pull in the air of the         

streamers attached to the handle4 ,in   
using this grenade it is1 therefore1    
necessary to see that the streamers are 
opened out and free--before throwing1   
and to throw the grenade well upwards4  
,in the case of 7d7 the total time of   
delay is slightly over #e seconds1 so   
that from #a-a_/b to #b seconds should  
be used in throwing4 ,if thrown hastily 
it may arrive at the mark #c seconds    
before exploding and allow it to be     
returned by the enemy4  ,when handling  
detonators for grenades1 it should be   
remembered that the detonator by itself 
is capable of blowing the hand off1 so  
it must be carefully handled1 and if an 
igniter is accidentally fired it should 
be thrown a few yards clear of any one  
in the neighborhood4 ,when the igniters 
and detonators are in the grenades      
reasonable care should be taken to avoid
 rough usage as violent treatment might 
fire the grenades1 even in the safe     
position4  ,grenade 4#cjc-;inch1 ,short 
,rifle1 ,no4 #c1 ,mark #a 7,j4 pattern74

 ,description3 ,the grenade consists of 
a steel body filled with explosive4     
,down the centre of the explosive is a  
brass tube into the forward end of which
 the detonator is inserted4 ,the        
rearward end of the body is closed by   
the base piece which carries the needle 
pellet1 two retaining bolts1 wind vane  
and releasing socket with safety pin4   
,to the base piece is fixed a base plug 
carrying the spring clip and a #aj-;inch
 steel rod4  ,the action of the grenade 
is that1 the safety pin having been     
removed1 on firing the releasing socket 
sets back from under the wind vane1     
which is then revolved by the wind      
pressure as the grenade travels through 
the air4 ,after a few turns of the vane 
the retaining bolts are no longer held  
in position by its inner surface4  ,on  
impact the needle pellet sets forward   
against the creep spring1 on the        
detonator cap1 firing the grenade4  ,the
 steel body is serrated so as to furnish
 numerous missiles4  ,package of        

,grenades3 ,the wooden box provided     
carries #bj grenades in protecting tins 
with screw-off lids1 #bj detonators1    
rifle grenades in four tin boxes with   
lever lids1 and #bb special blank       
cartridges in a tin box4  ,preparation  
for ,firing3 ,the grenade is removed    
from its tin and the ebonite plug in its
 head is unscrewed by hand4 ,the grenade
 is held nose down to make sure that the
 needle pellet is held by the retaining 
bolts4  ,if correct1 the detonator is   
inserted and screwed home4  ,the rod is 
then gently lowered into the rifle1 the 
clip sprung on the muzzle and a blank   
cartridge inserted in the chamber4  ,the
 safety pin is withdrawn just before    
firing4  ,if1 after the safety pin has  
been removed1 the grenade is not used1  
the safety pin may be replaced if the   
screwed ring has not unscrewed and      
uncovered the two retaining bolts1 but  
if these are uncovered the grenade is in
 a dangerously sensitive condition1 and 
if so found should be destroyed4 ,only  

the special detonators and cartridges   
provided should be used4  ,if by        
accident a grenade were fired with a    
bulleted round the rifle would probably 
burst and injure firer4  ,this grenade  
is very safe to handle1 as it cannot be 
fired by knocking or dropping on the    
ground2 it must travel through the air  
some distance before the retaining bolts
 fall out4  ,pendulum ,dial ,sights4 ,a 
pendulum dial sight graduated in yards1 
for direct aim or high elevation1 is    
issued for use with the rifle grenades1 
and can be easily affixed to the leaf of
 the back-sight4  ,should the sight not 
fit tightly on the leaf1 the spring     
sides should be slightly pinched in4    
,grenade1 ,hand1 ,no4 #a1 ,mark #a4     
,description3 ,the grenade consists of a
 brass cylinder encircled by a narrow   
cast-iron ring serrated to break up into
 #af fragments4  ,the cylinder is       
mounted on a wood block to which a cane 
handle1 with streamer1 is attached4     
,the brass cylinder or body of the      

grenade is filled with explosive1 and   
has its upper end closed by the         
detonator holder1 fixed by three screws4
 ,this holder carries two pins for      
securing the detonator4 ,the body has   
fitted above the serrated ring two knobs
 and two indicating stops4  ,the firing 
needle is carried in the removable cap1 
which has two grooves formed on it in   
which slide the knobs on the body4 ,the 
cap is centrally pierced for the safety 
pin4  ,on the outer surface of the cap  
are stamped the words 8,remove10        
8,travel0 and 8,fire40 ,when the knobs  
are in the groove 8,remove10 as         
indicated by the stops1 the cap can be  
removed and replaced2 the central       
position1 marked 8,travel10 is to be    
adhered to normally2 while in the       
position 8,fire0 the cap1 after removal 
of the safety pin1 is held in position  
by friction only1 and can be pressed    
inwards to fire the grenade4  ,the      
action of the grenade is simply that the
 cap is forced in on impact1 carrying   

the needle on to the detonator1 the cap 
having been turned into the position    
8,fire0 and the safety pin having been  
removed before the throwing4  ,packing3 
,the grenades are packed six in a wooden
 box4 ,cylinders containing #aj         
detonators1 ,no4 #a ,hand ,grenade1     
,marks ,i4 or ,,ii41 are issued         
separately4  ,preparation3 ,the cap is  
removed1 a detonator is inserted in the 
recess1 the grooves in the detonator    
being placed opposite the pins on the   
body1 and the detonator is then pressed 
home and turned to the left 7its flange 
being under the heads of the two pins7  
until the spring on the detonator flange
 is released thus locking it in         
position4  ,the cap is then replaced and
 turned into the position 8,travel40    
,the safety pin must on no account be   
withdrawn during these operations4  ,the
 cap from one grenade will not          
invariably fit another grenade well1 and
 steps should be taken to prevent caps  
and grenades being interchanged4        

,throwing the ,grenade3 ,when it is     
required to use the grenades1 all on the
 belt should be turned to 8,fire10 and  
the whipcord beckets and leather strips 
should be removed from the safety pins4 
,when a grenade is taken from the belt1 
the streamer is unwound and allowed to  
hang free1 and the safety pin is        
withdrawn immediately before throwing4  
,the grenade is grasped by the end of   
the handle and thrown in the required   
direction1 care being taken that the    
streamer does not get entangled with the
 thrower4  ,to insure the grenade firing
 on impact1 it should be thrown well    
upwards1 at an angle of not less than   
#ce degrees4  ,should the grenade not be
 used the cap should be turned back to  
8,travel0 and the safety pin replaced   
and secured by passing the whipcord     
becket over the cap and threading the   
leather strip through the slot in the   
end of the safety pin4  ,grenade1 ,hand1
 ,no4 #e1 ,mark #a4 ,description3 ,the  
body of the grenade is of cast-iron1    

serrated to provide numerous missiles on
 detonation4 ,into one end is screwed a 
centre piece1 with separate recesses for
 the striker and detonator4  ,the       
striker is kept cocked against its      
spring by its head catching on the end  
of the striker lever when the latter    
lies against the body of the grenade1   
pivoted on its fulcrum pin4  ,the lever 
is retained in its position by the      
safety pin4  ,the detonator is a        
separate unit1 consisting of cap1 cap   
chamber1 safety fuse1 and detonator4    
,the action of the grenade is that1     
after the safety pin is withdrawn1 on   
throwing the grenade the lever swings   
outward under the pull of the striker   
pin spring1 thus releasing the striker1 
which fires the cap4 ,the safety fuse   
burns less than five seconds and then   
fires the detonator4  ,packing3 ,the    
grenades are packed #ab in a wooden box1
 together with a cylinder containing #ab
 detonators and lengths of safety fuse  
attached4  ,preparation and ,use of the 

,grenade3 ,unscrew the base plug1 insert
 the detonator1 etc41 into the recesses 
provided and replace the plug4  ,the    
grenade is then held in the throwing    
hand in such a manner that the striker  
lever is held securely against the body 
of the grenade by some part of the hand4
  ,the safety pin is pulled out by the  
other hand just before the grenade is   
thrown4  ,if not thrown the safety pin  
should be replaced4  ,grenades1 ,hand1  
,nos4 #f and #g1 ,mark #a4 ,description3
 ,the grenades consist of tin vessels   
filled with high explosives and are     
packed #dj in each packing case1 with   
four haversacks4  ,the 8,,heavy         
,,grenade10 weight about #a lb4 #ac oz41
 contains an outer layer of scrap iron4 
,the igniter socket is closed by a      
wooden plug for transit1 and covered by 
a papier mache cap4  ,the 8,,light      
,,grenade0 is entirely filled with      
explosive4 ,weight slightly over #a lb4 
,the ,,igniters and ,,detonators1 packed
 #aj in a tin and #dj in each packing   

case1 consist of a friction igniter1 a  
length of safety-fuse and a service     
detonator4 ,the friction igniter        
consists of the holder to which is fixed
 a flange with two notches and two      
springs4 ,it also has two horns1 which  
form a grip for turning the igniter into
 the locked position4 ,the friction bar 
is fixed to a button through which the  
firing loop passes4  ,the ,,haversack is
 intended to be carried similarly to be 
ordinary service haversack1 but the     
sling is shorter to cause the grenades  
to rest above the hip and as far as     
possible clear of other equipment4  ,the
 loose strings should be tied round the 
waist to prevent the pockets sagging and
 the grenades knocking against one      
another4  ,preparation of ,grenade3     
,remove papier mache cap and the wooden 
plug from the igniter socket4 ,tear the 
strip from the tin box containing the   
ten igniters1 insert an igniter in the  
socket so that the notches in the flange
 pass over the brass studs on the       

grenade4 ,turn the igniter in either    
direction until it is locked by the     
springs on the flange and one of the    
studs which is then held between the two
 springs4 ,if it is required to remove  
an igniter1 one of the springs must be  
kept pressed down while the igniter is  
turned till the spring is clear of the  
stud4 ,replace the papier mache cap and 
place the grenade in a pocket of the    
haversack with the cap uppermost4       
,firing the ,grenade3 ,remove the papier
 mache cap4  ,hold the grenade in the   
right 7or throwing7 hand so that the    
igniter is towards the wrist1 the       
forefinger over the bottom of the       
grenade4 ,pass the forefinger of the    
other hand through the firing loop and1 
when ready to throw1 pull with a sharp  
jerk4 ,if a second's time is taken and  
the grenade bowled or thrown it should  
explode soon after reaching the mark4   
,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,bombers'             
,,training--,,part ,i4   ,discipline4   
,soldiers do not receive any training in

 bombing until they have passed the     
recruit stage1 in which special         
attention is given that a very high     
degree of discipline is attained4 ,in   
bomb fighting and trench warfare a      
higher degree of discipline is demanded4
 ,in addition to the discipline which   
enables a unit to go on parade and carry
 out the different movements as one man1
 it is necessary that every man be      
taught in such a way that1 should       
circumstances arise1 that he should be  
cut off from his comrades he can carry  
on intelligently as a little unit by    
himself1 doing the right thing at the   
right time4 ,it is only by training that
 enables him to do this in the absence  
of commanders that the necessary degree 
of efficiency can be attained4          
,organization4 ,the use of bombs was    
adopted by the ,british ,war ,office    
early in the summer of #aiae4 ,the      
organization put into effect in ,england
 was as follows3 ,in each brigade was   
formed what was known as the ,brigade   

,bombers' ,company4 ,men were detailed  
from each of the units forming the      
brigade for their initial training1     
which lasted over a period of six days4 
,during the first of the training       
periods at least one subaltern per      
battalion should be attached to the     
,brigade ,company for training1 so that 
the battalion is provided with an       
officer qualified to superintend the    
training of the battalion bombers'      
section4 ,this officer and others should
 return to the brigade company for short
 periods of training from time to time  
as it has been found that new technical 
as well as tactical ideas are           
continually being introduced into this  
important branch of work4  ,one         
sergeant1 two corporals and #cb rank and
 file are detailed from each battalion4 
,the company is commanded by a selected 
officer1 who will be assisted by an     
additional ,n4,c4,o41 who acts in the   
capacity of ,c4,s4,m4 and ,c4,q4,m4,s4  
,the ,company is kept up to strength by 

a system of relays1 so that at the end  
of each three days half the men of the  
,company are returned to their units for
 duty1 their place being taken by others
 detailed for that purpose4 ,it will be 
seen that by this method in a short time
 the entire brigade will have received  
their preliminary training in this      
subject4 ,it must not be considered that
 their training in bombing is complete  
at the end of six days1 further periods 
for practices being arranged for in     
their weekly training syllabus4 ,the    
preliminary training having been        
completed1 there is formed what was     
known as a permanent ,brigade ,bombers' 
,company4  ,the ,battalion ,bombers'    
,section4 ,the ,battalion ,bombers'     
,section1 when complete1 should consist 
of about #dj trained men1 including     
,n4,c4,o4's1 but the training of all men
 should be proceeded with so that       
ultimately every man in the battalion is
 qualified4 ,when trained a thrower     
should be able1 when standing in a      

trench behind one traverse1 to place #ge
 per cent4 of his bombs in a bay on the 
farther side of a traverse #cj yards    
away4 ,to be an expert bomber1 one must 
be fit4 ,it is therefore necessary to   
take a certain amount of physical       
exercise each day while in training and 
when on active service4 ,in this respect
 the grenadiers are especially cared    
for4 ,they are given special privileges1
 given the best of billets and shorter  
hours in the trenches1 which gives them 
plenty of time for exercise1 and their  
favorite games1 which keeps them in good
 condition4 ,drinking is not prohibited1
 but if a man expects to be able to keep
 cool and think and act quickly it is   
better to be temperate4 ,a bombers'     
duties in the trenches are looked upon  
as most interesting and lack monotony4  
,if he understands his work and the     
grenades1 that is1 when they are safe1  
he has nothing to fear1 although he will
 find that some of his more ignorant    
pals may shun him when he goes about    

with his full complement1 in fact1 they 
will make way wherever he goes4 ,when   
our ,first ,canadian ,division went into
 the trenches1 as also have many other  
reinforcing battalions1 without a       
sufficient knowledge of bombs1 the      
result was that many accidents occurred 
through carelessness and ignorance and  
lack of training in this important      
branch of work4  ,practice in ,making   
and ,throwing of ,dummy ,bombs4 ,in     
order that the men may become proficient
 in the matter of throwing live bombs it
 is necessary to have dummies which     
represent as nearly as possible in size1
 shape and weight the live manufactured 
types which are used in active service4 
,the men are accordingly taught to make 
these by hand4 ,there are four types of 
these1 as follows3--    7a7 ,the        
,jam-,tin ,dummy1 which is made with an 
empty jam tin1   three-quarters filled  
with clay1 the top being drawn together 
and   sewn with wire4 ,this type        
contains no explosives4    7b7 ,a       

jam-tin made in the same manner but in  
the centre of the tin is   placed half a
 cartridge of monobel with fuse and cap4
 ,these two types   of bombs are made to
 weigh from one to two and a quarter    
pounds1 and   may be thrown from thirty 
to fifty yards4    7c7 ,powder ,puffs3  
,a powder puff is representative of a   
hair brush   bomb and consists of a     
piece of wood #a0 x #e0 x #ag01 #g0 at  
one end   being left full size1 the     
remainder being cut away on each edge to
   form a handle4 ,on the broad part of 
this is placed another piece of   wood  
#b0 x #d0 x #f0 with a hole #a-c_/h0 in 
diameter bored through the   centre4    
,this piece of #b0 x #d0 is attached by 
wire nails to the #a0   x #e02 the      
centre space is filled with gunpowder   
and covered with   a small piece of     
#a-;inch board1 the fuse being inserted 
through a   #c_/h-;inch hole1 which is  
bored through the #a0 x #e04 ,the       
explosive   used in the hair brush1     
which this dummy represents is a slab of

 wet   gun-cotton1 #a-c_/d0 x #c0 x #f0 
with a #a-c_/h0 cone-shaped hole in the 
centre to receive a dry gun-cotton      
primer which has a #c_/h0 hole in   its 
centre to receive the detonator1 which  
in turn receives the fuse4   ,the weight
 of slab #ae ounces2 the weight of      
primer #a ounce4    ,hand ,grenade1 ,no4
 #a1 ,mark #a1 ,dummy4    7d7 ,a piece  
of #b0 x #b0 wood1 #ag0 long1 one end   
shaped for a handle1   the other end    
made partially round1 a #a-c_/d0 gas    
pipe union being put   over the handle  
end and driven tightly on to the large  
end of the   stick4 ,a groove is cut    
around the stick about #h0 from the     
handle end1   to which is wired three   
pieces of cotton about #a-a_/b0 x #bd0  
long4   ,these act as streamers and tend
 to keep the business end of the bomb   
forward in its flight4  ,note3 ,the idea
 of the explosive being used in the     
dummy bombs is to accustom the men to   
handling explosives1 the lighting of    
fuses and gauging of the time required  

per inch for a service fuse to burn1 at 
the same time not sacrificing distance  
and accuracy in throwing4 ,it has been  
noticed that men in their eagerness to  
get rid of the live bomb lose sight of  
the main object for which they are being
 trained1 namely1 accuracy and range4   
,throwing ,position4 ,the correct       
position for throwing is as             
follows3--,spread the feet slightly and 
brace them firmly on the ground1 the    
shoulder opposite the throwing hand     
being in the direction to which you are 
throwing4 ,bring the other hand         
containing the bomb upwards with a      
straight arm and circular motion1       
releasing the bomb when the hand is     
above the head4 ,it is impossible in a  
narrow trench to move from a standing   
position when throwing4 ,the men in     
throwing practices should therefore be  
made to maintain a standing position4   
,sandbags4 ,it is necessary that all men
 engaged in trench fighting should be   
specially taught in the uses of sandbags

 and the methods of filling1 tying and  
passing them in the trench4 ,the method 
of passing sandbags in a trench is as   
follows3 ,the men place themselves from 
two to three paces apart with their     
backs in the direction to which they are
 passing the sandbags and pass them     
between their legs from one to another4 
,this method has the double advantage of
 enabling them to pass them very quickly
 and keep their heads down out of danger
 from rifle and ,m4 ,g4 fire at the same
 time4 ,the men should receive further  
practice in the manner of building them 
up to form blockades and breast works1  
etc41 in order that they may acquire    
speed in this matter4 ,in the absence of
 a full supply of sandbags1 grain sacks 
or flour sacks may be used4  ,training  
in the ,use of ,digging and ,cutting    
,tools4 ,frequent practices should be   
carried out in order that the men are   
efficiently trained in this work4 ,it is
 very necessary that the men should be  
taught the use of these tools in the    

different positions1 that is1 standing1 
kneeling and lying4 ,this can only be   
accomplished by frequent practices4     
,training in ,reconstruction and ,repair
 ,work4 ,this can be carried out with   
success in the dummy trenches which we  
use for practices in bomb throwing and  
by changing the front of these trenches 
and wrecking them it is possible for the
 men to get practice in the use of the  
different materials employed in         
reconstruction and repair work1 such as 
earth1 sandbags1 sods1 timber1          
brushwood1 bale wire and material       
obtained from old packing cases4  ,means
 of ,egress from ,trench4 ,on taking up 
a position in a trench men should be    
taught to provide means of egress       
therefrom at their first opportunity4   
,this is done by cutting steps in the   
walls of the trench1 just sufficiently  
large enough to enable them to get a    
foot-hold2 the bottom part of this being
 reinforced with a small piece of board 
to keep the earth from breaking away4 ,a

 hand hold is provided at the top by    
means of a stake driven into the ground 
or a small piece of wood secured by bale
 wire to a 8dead man0 buried in the     
parapet4 ,by these means the whole line 
is enabled to go forward at the same    
time should occasion demand it4         
,passing of ,orders and ,information in 
the ,trenches4 ,men should be taught the
 art of passing of orders and           
information correctly1 by word of mouth4
 ,this is a very important part of the  
soldiers' training1 and should always be
 practised when the trench practices are
 being carried out2 a sender of messages
 being placed at one end of the line and
 a receiver at the other to keep a      
record of messages1 etc4  ,trench       
,comforts4 ,a little study in the matter
 of personal comforts in the trenches   
will prove to be of great advantage to  
the men4 ,the clothing should be tight  
fitting about the neck and waist to     
prevent falling earth and pebbles       
getting inside the clothing and working 

down into the boots4 ,the men should be 
instructed to take a change of socks    
when they go in the trenches and it is  
also necessary not to forget to have a  
supply of smokes2 in short1 by paying   
attention to these small matters there  
may be many comforts enjoyed in the     
trenches which would otherwise be       
overlooked4  ,uses of ,bombs4--,the uses
 of bombs may be classified under two   
heads1 ,defensive and ,offensive4       
,defensive3    7a7 ,throwing from       
sapheads to prevent the enemy from      
pushing their   saps too close to our   
trenches or strong places4    7b7 ,to   
combat the enemy's enfilade attack in   
our trench should they   be successful  
in gaining entrance thereto4    7c7     
,from concealed positions bombs may be  
used to break up and throw   into       
confusion an enemy's attacking force2   
this especially applies to   night      
attacks when enemy is advancing in close
 formation4    ,offensive3    7a7 ,by   
throwing from sapheads when destroying  

the enemy's keeps and   strong places4  
7b7 ,supplying cover fire for wire      
cutters1 sappers1 etc4    7c7 ,assisting
 in a frontal attack on an enemy's      
position4    7d7 ,following up          
advantages gained in a frontal attack by
 an enfilade   attack to the flanks and 
our front from position gained in       
enemy's   trenches4  ,advantages of     
,bomb and ,grenade ,fire ,over ,rifle   
,fire4 ,it must not be supposed that    
when advantages are claimed for bomb and
 grenade fire over rifle fire that the  
latter has not its advantages1 too4 ,the
 advantages of bomb and grenade fire    
must be at short range and are1         
therefore1 specially adapted to the type
 of warfare waged at present on the     
,western front and may be considered as 
follows3    7a7 ,owing to the high and  
pronounced trajectory we are able by the
   use of bombs to reach the enemy in   
his trench1 whereas with rifle   fire   
the only precaution necessary on the    
part of the enemy is to   keep his head 

below the parapet1 the trajectory of    
rifle fire being   practically flat at  
point blank range4    7b7 ,it is        
possible with a single #b-pound bomb to 
obtain an effective   zone of #bj yards 
and a danger space of #dj yards in the  
enemy's trench   which is dead ground to
 rifle fire4    7c7 ,the moral effect of
 bomb fire is much greater than that of 
rifle   fire4    ,means of ,protection  
,against ,enemy's ,bombs4    7a7 ,the   
,use of ,wire ,netting3 ,trenches1      
machine gun pits1 etc41 are   covered   
with close wire netting to prevent the  
entrance of enemy's   bombs4 ,low       
screens of wire netting may be placed in
 front of the   parapet to prevent      
rolling bombs getting into our trenches4
    7b7 ,the ,digging of small ,ditches 
and the ,breaking up of the   ,surface  
of the ,ground in front of our position 
is an effective   way of preventing     
bombs from rolling towards our position4
    7c7 ,the adoption of shallow        
,sleeping ,pits in the rear of our      

trenches to provide quarters for the    
reliefs has been proven a   success4    
7d7 ,trenches should not be made wider  
or deeper than is absolutely            
necessary1 as the effect of high        
explosives in deep trenches is   much   
more deadly than in shallow ones1 and   
the highest part of the   parapet and   
parados should be next to the trench and
 sloping slightly   from the trench1 the
 idea being not to aid bombs in rolling 
into the   trench4    7e7 ,bomb and     
splinter proof shelters may be built    
over keeps1   trenches and other strong 
places4    7f7 ,the use of sapheads from
 which bomb fire is provided to keep the
   enemy from getting into bombing range
 of our positions4 7,see ,fig4 #a47     
7g7 ,obstacles should be placed in front
 of our trenches at   sufficient        
distance when possible to prevent enemy 
throwing bombs   into the latter from   
behind these obstacles4 ,this will      
disallow of   bombing covering fire for 
their wire cutters4  ,storage of ,bombs 

in ,trenches4 ,each platoon commander in
 the trenches is responsible that he has
 a supply of bombs and grenades and     
procures the same from the brigade      
bombers' magazine1 which is located     
anywhere from #a1ejj to #b1ejj yards in 
the rear of the front line trenches4    
,they are stored in the trenches in bomb
 and splinter proof pits provided for   
that purpose4  ,general ,efficiency and 
,resourcefulness4 ,when a unit goes into
 the trenches the success with which it 
meets depends entirely on the degree of 
efficiency and resourcefulness and      
physical condition of the men4 ,we are  
taught in the different ,training       
,manuals that the ,british forces do not
 retreat and should it be necessary that
 from a tactical or strategical         
standpoint the commanders of our forces 
consider it necessary to give ground1   
the movement is carried out under what  
is known as a rear guard action and must
 not under any circumstances be         
considered in the nature of a defeat1   

the reason for this being that with     
anything like equality in numbers1      
equipment and armament1 we are more than
 a match for the fighting forces of any 
other nation4 ,assuming this to be true1
 it is not so much the training in the  
building of our trenches that our men   
require as the training that will enable
 them on occupying the enemy's trenches 
to reconstruct and repair them to meet  
our own requirements4 ,this work has    
often to be carried out in daylight and 
under fire1 making it necessary for the 
men to work in a prone position4 ,it is 
therefore necessary that the men be     
skilled in the use of the digging and   
cutting tools used in trench warfare in 
order that accordingly as we occupy the 
enemy's trenches they may be            
consolidated for our use and kept in    
repair as long as they are required for 
fighting1 communication or storage      
trenches4 ,by this means the ground we  
gain is consolidated for our purposes as
 we advance4 ,on the other hand1 if we  

do not consolidate our position as we   
advance we are left more or less in a   
state of unpreparedness and give the    
enemy a chance to launch a              
counter-attack with good results4 ,all  
the training that our men can possibly  
receive on the subjects of musketry1    
bomb throwing1 etc41 that fits them for 
trench warfare is practically lost      
unless they are thoroughly skilled in   
the use of the trench digging and       
cutting tools1 in which they require as 
much training as in the use of the      
rifle4 ,this can only be accomplished by
 a systematic arrangement and carrying  
out of practices in trenches which are  
built for that purpose4 ,to accomplish  
the desired results special attention   
should be given to the instruction and  
training that will enable a soldier to  
use intelligently the different kinds of
 material which may come to hand4 ,for  
example1 our men may be taught to repair
 a trench by the use of sandbags1 sods  
and brushwood1 but might not be able to 

obtain these materials4 ,at the same    
time back of the lines there might be   
all kinds of bale wire1 packing cases1  
cull lumber1 etc41 by means of which1   
with a little instruction1 the same work
 of repairing the trench might be       
accomplished4 ,it is only by getting    
down into the ground and working out    
these problems for ourselves and making 
note of the little things1 not being    
above taking suggestions from the last  
private in the ranks1 that we will be   
efficient to a degree necessary to      
outwit and defeat our ever industrious  
and systematic enemy4    ,note4--,in the
 following lectures blackboard          
illustrations may be   used with good   
results4     ,,lecture ,v4  ,,frontal   
,,attack4   ,preparation and            
,organization4 ,in trench warfare1 when 
our movements are changed from the      
defensive to the offensive1 it is       
necessary to choose certain sections of 
the enemy's front line of trenches4     
,these are chosen from a tactical point 

of view1 and after having been occupied 
and consolidated to our use become the  
bases from which enfilade attacks are   
directed to the flanks and front1 by    
means of which we extend and connect our
 positions4 ,the ,officers and their    
,staffs ordering the offensive1 make a  
very careful study of the neighborhood  
in the sections to be occupied from maps
 and sketches which have been compiled  
from information gained by the ,air     
,service and ,reconnaisance4 ,they      
finally decide the exact extent of front
 which will be occupied in each case by 
direct frontal attack4 ,the extent of   
front in each case is never greater than
 is absolutely necessary1 and is clearly
 defined in orders4 ,every officer      
taking a part in the assault is supplied
 with maps and sketches1 which          
constitute part of his orders4  7,note  
the necessity for every officer being   
able to make a study of a locality from 
information given on maps and sketches47
  ,arrangements are made for the        

co-operation of the different arms of   
the service taking part in the assault1 
such as the engineers1 artillery1 air   
service and infantry4 ,a schedule or    
program is arranged covering the        
movements of the different arms of the  
service1 which are carried out by       
time-table1 each ,officer and           
,non-,commissioned ,officer having      
correct divisional time4  ,arrangements 
are made for reinforcements1 ammunition1
 supplies and materials necessary to    
carry out the attack and consolidate the
 new positions to be taken1 also for the
 establishment and maintenance of       
communication4 ,artillery fire is       
directed on the positions to be         
occupied1 also on the trenches to each  
flank and the rear of the same1 and on  
the enemy's obstacles for a period of   
from thirty minutes to several hours    
prior to the advancing of the infantry4 
,saps are run out in front of our       
obstacles and as much progress as       
possible is made in joining up the      

sapheads to form a new line of trenches 
from which to deliver the actual assault
 without the hindrance of our own       
obstacles4  ,our troops are massed as   
near as possible to the front line in   
readiness for the assault4 ,the supplies
 of ammunition and material are brought 
forward to as convenient a position as  
possible1 to be taken into the new      
position at the first opportunity4      
,saps are extended towards the enemy's  
machine gun positions and any positions 
from which they could supply cover fire1
 and bombs are thrown from these to     
finish the work of the artillery in the 
destruction of the same4  ,at the time  
arranged in the program the artillery   
cease fire on the enemy's obstacles and 
our wire cutters advance1 covered by    
bomb fire1 to finish the work of the    
artillery in the destruction of the     
obstacles4 ,the wire-cutters are armed  
with axes1 saws1 billhooks1 crowbars1   
wire-cutters1 and high explosive bombs1 
and when they have cleared the way      

sufficiently for our men to pass1 the   
signal is given and the first line of   
bayonet men goes forward accompanied by 
a few bombers4 ,they are joined in the  
attack by the wire-cutters4  ,the first 
line is followed by a second line and   
possibly a third1 before the section of 
the enemy's trench is occupied4  ,the   
,assault4 ,the assault may be said to be
 classified under three heads1 as       
follows3--    #a4 ,,suppression ,,of    
,,the ,,enemy' ,,fire4   #b4            
,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,enemy',s     
,,obstacles4   #c4 ,,the ,,actual       
,,delivery ,,of ,,the ,,assault4        
,,lecture ,,vi4  ,,consolidating ,,the  
,,ground ,,gained4   ,consolidating the 
,ground ,gained4 ,immediately we have   
occupied the new positions1 it is       
necessary to reorganize our forces 7the 
flanks being protected by bombing       
parties while this work is being carried
 out74 ,the different parties and       
reliefs necessary are formed1 as        
follows3    7,a7 ,,sentries ,,and       

,,reliefs4   7,b7 ,,reconstruction ,,and
 ,,repair ,,parties4   7,c7 ,,sappers   
,,and ,,diggers4   7,d7 ,,supply        
,,party4   7,e7 ,,communication ,,men4  
,sentries and ,reliefs4 7,a7 ,in each   
bay of the trench it is necessary at all
 times to have one man on sentry and1 as
 a rule1 three men in relief1 and it is 
very important that means be provided   
that the reliefs get the necessary rest 
and sleep4 ,accordingly1 shallow        
sleeping-out pits are provided in the   
rear of the trenches for that purpose4  
,this work is accomplished by the       
sappers and the diggers with the        
assistance of the reliefs4              
,reconstruction and ,repair4 7,b7 ,it is
 very important that the reconstruction 
and repair work be got under way as     
quickly as possible after occupying the 
new position1 as any lack of time       
affords the enemy an excellent chance to
 launch a counter-attack4 ,accordingly1 
the entire party are put to work until  
this object is accomplished4            

,communication trenches and other       
trenches along which we do not intend to
 extend our frontage at the present time
 will be double-blocked by the use of   
sandbags1 sentries being placed to guard
 same4 ,what was the enemy's            
communication trench prior to our       
occupation now really becomes our       
sapheads1 so it is necessary to         
construct positions in these from which 
we can throw bombs to keep the enemy in 
the next line of trenches at his        
distance until such time as we are      
prepared to extend our position in that 
direction4 ,the work of reversing the   
fire trench 7what was the enemy's       
parados now becomes our parapet7 must be
 completed as soon as possible1 and     
means of egress from the trenches must  
be supplied in order that every man can 
advance at the same instant should      
occasion arise4  7,c7 ,at the earliest  
opportunity it will be necessary to     
connect up our new position with our old
 by a continuation of what were formerly

 our sapheads1 to enable us to get in   
our supply of reinforcements1 materials1
 food1 water and ammunition4  7,d7 ,it  
will be the duty of men reinforcing to  
bring forward a supply of ammunition1   
bombs and materials for reconstruction  
and consolidation of the new position   
and a supply of food and water4  7,e7   
,arrangements will have been previously 
made for a line of communication men to 
establish telephone and telegraph       
communication and to maintain same4     
,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,enfilade ,,attack4  
,enfilading ,parties and ,reliefs4      
,having occupied the section of trenches
 as pre-arranged1 and consolidated same 
under cover of bomb fire1 we use this as
 a base from which to extend our        
position to the flanks and front along  
the enemy's trenches1 by means of       
enfilading parties4  ,an enfilading     
party may consist of three or more men4 
,when it consists of three men1 they are
 the ,,bayonet ,,man1 the ,,thrower1 and
 the ,,carrier4 ,the bayonet man is     

really a trench scout1 who proceeds     
ahead and is armed with a ,,rifle and   
,,bayonet1 or1 better still1 a ,,pair   
,,of ,,pistols4 ,his duties are to spy  
out the trench and pass back information
 to the thrower as to the locality and  
direction of the bays in front4 ,in     
giving information to the thrower as to 
the location of different points which  
he wants bombed1 the clock method may be
 used2 the thrower's position being the 
centre of an imaginary dial and twelve  
o'clock directly in front and in line   
with the section of the trench from     
which the thrower is throwing4 ,it can  
be easily seen that by this method      
information can be given the thrower as 
to the bends and twists of the trench4  
,another method the trench scout may use
 is merely pointing the direction in    
which he wants the bomb placed1 and     
denoting the number of yards distant4   
,the trench scout should be very careful
 in watching out for loopholes through  
traverses from which the enemy could    

guard against the approach of an        
enfilading party1 also give information 
when an island traverse or communicating
 trench is reached4 ,in the former case 
it will be necessary for an additional  
scout1 one to proceed each way4 ,in the 
latter case1 sandbags will probably be  
required to double-block the            
communicating trench and information    
passed back to this effect so that      
supply men can rush them forward for    
that purpose4  ,it is necessary that the
 trench scout be a very wide-awake1     
careful and resourceful man1 and have   
his wits about him at all times4  ,in   
the absence of an officer or ,n4,c4,o4  
in the enfilading party the thrower     
commands and is responsible that signals
 be given that the artillery know the   
exact extent of our frontage at all     
times4 ,this is done by means of a flag 
which is khaki colored on the enemy's   
side and red on our own side1 so that it
 can be easily picked up by our         
artillery1 the flag being maintained in 

a correct position by the use of a      
double flag-staff4 ,at night the signal 
may be given by the use of flashes or   
any other pre-arranged signals4  ,the   
carrier's duty is to follow up and keep 
supplied with a stock of bombs1 and to  
pass back information1 messages and     
orders4     ,,syllabus4  ,,preliminary  
,,training4  ,period of ,six ,days4     
,each ,day--,fall in1 #h3de a4m41 #a3de 
p4m4 ,roll called by #i a4m4 and #b p4m4
  ,class1 divided in four squads1 take  
turns in cleaning up4   ,first ,day--   
#i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,,iv41 ,bombers' 
,training1 ,part ,i4                    
#i3de-aj3cj--,make jam-tin dummies4     
#aj3cj-aj3de--,stand easy4              
#aj3de-ab3ae--,throwing practices4      
#b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,i41 ,explosives4
    #b3de- #c3ae--,make powder-puffs and
 jam-tin dummies4    #c3ae-             
#c3cj--,stand easy4    #c3cj-           
#d3cj--,throwing practices4   ,second   
,day--     #i3jj- #i3de--,lesson ,,ii41 
,explosives4    #i3de-aj3cj--,make      

jam-tin dummies and powder-puffs4       
#aj3cj-aj3de--,stand easy4              
#aj3de-ab3ae--,throwing practices4      
#b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,,iii41 ,part ,i4
    #b3de- #c3cj--,make jam-tins and    
hair-brushes4    #c3cj- #c3de--,stand   
easy4    #c3de- #d3cj--,throwing        
practices4   ,third ,day--    #i3jj-    
#i3de--,lecture ,,iii41 ,part ,,ii4     
#i3de-ab3ae--;,digging trenches in      
relays4   #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture ,,iv41 
,part ,,ii4   #b3de- #d3cj--;,digging   
trenches and saps in relays4   ,fourth  
,day--    #i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,v41   
with blackboard illustrations4          
#i3de-ab3ae--;,finish trenches and saps 
and carry out                 dummy     
frontal attack with bombs4   #b3jj-     
#b3de--,lecture ,,vi4   #b3de-          
#d3cj--,repair and reconstruct trench   
7consolidate74   ,fifth ,day--          
#i3jj- #i3de--,lecture ,,vii41 ,enfilade
 ,attack 7b4b4 illus47                  
#i3de-aj3cj--,make jam-tins and         
hair-brush bombs4                       

#aj3cj-ab3ae--;,enfilade attack in      
trenches4    #b3jj- #b3de--,lecture1    
review and oral exams4    #b3de-        
#c3cj--,trench practices in passing     
sandbags and                  uses of   
materials repairing4    #c3cj-          
#d3cj--,throwing practices4   ,sixth    
,day--    #i3jj- #i3de--,throwing tests 
for range and accuracy4                 
#i3de-ab3ae--,oral exams4 by squads and 
practice in use                 of      
repair materials4   #b3jj-              
#b3de--,practice in use of digging and  
cutting tools                 by relays4
   #b3de- #d3cj--;,final throwing tests 
and oral exams4 by                      
squads1 alternately4  ,note4--,if       
instructors are available it is a good  
idea to work in squads alternately as   
suggested by the arrangement of         
,syllabus above4   ,equipment and       
material for school of fifty1 period of 
six days3 #a keg gunpowder1 #a_/b case  
monobel1 #a coil fuse1 #a packet        
detonators 7#ajj71 #cf shovels1 #cf     

picks1 #c pairs snips1 #c pairs wire    
plyers1 #c hammers1 #c hand saws1 #c    
hand axes1 #c ,marlin spikes1 #b braces1
 #b bits 7#c_/h-;inch71 #a auger        
7#a-c_/h-;inch71 #e yards cotton1 #b    
lbs4 #b-;inch wire nails1 #b lbs4       
#b-a_/b-;inch wire nails1 #b lbs4 soft  
wire 7stovepipe71 #b bbls4 empty jam    
tins 7#a to #b lbs471 #ajj lin4 ft4 #a  
inch x #f inch common boards1 #cf lin4  
ft4 #b inch x #d inch scantling1 #a good
 sized blackboard and chalk1 #b work    
benches 7improvised71 #c boxes fusee    
matches1 #b dozen sandbags with ties    
attached1 brush wood1 cull lumber1 bale 
wire1 sods1 etc4     ,,examination      
,,papers4   ,lecture ,i4    #a4 ,what   
care should be taken in handling        
explosives8    #b4 ,what should oily    
stains on dynamite indicate8    #c4     
,what should be done with cases showing 
oily stains8    #d4 ,what two methods   
should be employed in thawing dynamite8 
#e4 ,name a few causes of accidents in  
handling dynamite4    #f4 ,name a few   

causes of accidents in handling         
detonators4    #g4 ,what care should be 
taken in shipping explosives by wagons8 
,by        rail8    #h4 ,what are the   
principal features to be considered in  
the        construction of a magazine8  
#i4 ,is it wise to store explosives in  
tunnels or caves8    #aj4 ,how may a    
magazine be made bullet proof8    #aa4  
,what precautions should be taken with  
men working in or about                 
magazines8   ,lecture ,,ii4    #ab4     
,name the explosives used in the        
service4    #ac4 ,in what shape is      
gun-cotton put up for service use8      
#ad4 ,what are the characteristics of   
gun-cotton8    #ae4 ,how is wet         
gun-cotton detonated8    #af4 ,to what  
use is dry gun-cotton put8    #ag4 ,is  
gun-cotton generally considered a safe  
explosive8    #ah4 ,what uses are made  
of gun-cotton8    #ai4 ,explain how you 
would prepare a gun-cotton charge4      
#bj4 ,what is a detonator8    #ba4 ,what
 kind of explosive is used in service   

detonator8    #bb4 ,what kinds of fuses 
are used in the service8    #bc4 ,at    
what rate do service fuses burn per     
second8    #bd4 ,at what rate do        
instantaneous fuses burn per second8    
#be4 ,what use is made of picric acid8  
,t4 ,n4 ,t48 ,nitro-,glycerine8    #bf4 
,is picric acid a safe explosive8       
,ans4 ,no4    #bg4 ,and why8   ,lecture 
,,iii4    #bh4 ,explain the working of a
 4#cjc short rifle grenade4    #bi4 ,how
 are they packed ready for shipping8    
#cj4 ,how are they prepared for firing8 
#ca4 ,how are they carried8    #cb4     
,what arrangements are to be used with  
the rifle for giving the                
necessary elevation8    #cc4 ,what kind 
of ammunition is used with them8    #cd4
 ,explain the working of a hand grenade 
,no4 #e1 ,mark #a4    #ce4 ,what        
explosive is used in ,no4 #e1 ,mark #a8 
#cf4 ,how far may it be thrown8    #cg4 
,what is meant by cane and streamer type
 of grenade8    #ch4 ,explain the       
working of hand grenade ,no4 #a1 ,mark  

#a4    #ci4 ,why do we use dummy bombs8 
#dj4 ,why do we put explosives in dummy 
bombs8    #da4 ,explain the manufacture 
of the jam-tin dummy8    #db4 ,explain  
the manufacture of jam-tin bomb8    #dc4
 ,explain the manufacture of the        
powder-puff4    #dd4 ,explain the       
manufacture of the hair-brush bomb8     
#de4 ,what explosive is used in the     
hair-brush bomb8    #df4 ,describe the  
impact or percussion type of grenade8   
#dg4 ,how is the dummy type made which  
represents the impact and               
percussion type8    #dh4 ,up to what    
weight may dummies be made8    #di4 ,how
 far may a #b-pound bomb be thrown8     
#ej4 ,how far may a #a-pound bomb be    
thrown8    #ea4 ,explain the correct    
throwing position for trench work8      
#eb4 ,when may a man be said to be      
trained in throwing from a trench8      
#ec4 ,what are the defensive uses of    
bombs and grenades8    #ed4 ,what are   
the offensive uses of bombs and         
grenades8   ,lecture ,,iv4    #ee4 ,what

 is a saphead8    #ef4 ,explain some of 
the different types of sapheads used4   
#eg4 ,what advantage has it over a 8,t0 
shaped saphead8    #eh4 ,what is meant  
by an island saphead8    #ei4 ,name the 
digging and cutting tools8    #fj4 ,what
 materials are used in trench warfare8  
#fa4 ,how are sandbags filled8 ,tied8   
,passed8 ,built8    #fb4 ,what are the  
uses made of sandbags8    #fc4 ,what is 
meant by 8bond0 in use in sandbags8     
#fd4 ,to what uses are the following    
materials put in trench warfare3        
,earth8 ,sods8 ,timber8 ,brush8 ,barb   
,wire8 ,bale ,wire8    #fe4 ,how are    
sods built to obtain the best results8  
#ff4 ,what is a revetment8 ,traverse8   
,bay8 ,parapet8 ,parados8 ,obstacle8    
#fg4 ,what are obstacles used for8      
#fh4 ,how many men usually constitute a 
sentry and relief per bay in a          
trench8    #fi4 ,what arrangements are  
made for sleep and rest of reliefs8     
#gj4 ,why are relief pits put in rear of
 trench8    #ga4 ,why are they made     

shallow8    #gb4 ,what style of a trench
 is best suited to bomb warfare8    #gc4
 ,what precautions may be taken to      
prevent enemy's bombs getting           
into our trench8    #gd4 ,what are the  
disadvantages of having relief pit under
 the parapet8    #ge4 ,what are the     
disadvantages of having a deep trench8  
#gf4 ,what provisions should be made so 
that our men could advance from         
the trench at the same instant8    #gg4 
,what is a 8dead man08 8,funk ,hole08   
,lecture ,v4    #gh4 ,who are usually   
the first men of the ,infantry to       
advance in a         frontal attack8    
#gi4 ,how are they armed8 ,what tools do
 they carry8 ,what are their            
duties8    #hj4 ,when the first line    
advances what do the wire cutters do8   
#ha4 ,what part do the bombers take on a
 frontal attack8    #hb4 ,who is        
responsible that there is a supply of   
bombs in the trench8    #hc4 ,how are   
bombs stored in the trenches8    #hd4   
,where is the reserve supply of bombs   

stored8    #he4 ,what general           
arrangements are made preparatory to    
frontal attack8    #hf4 ,what arms of   
the service may take part in a frontal  
attack8    #hg4 ,what extent of frontage
 is usually planned to be occupied in a 
frontal attack8       ,ans4 ,only the   
extent of frontage that is absolutely   
necessary4    #hh4 ,why8       ,ans4    
,the odds are against the attacking     
forces4   ,lecture ,,vi4    #hi4 ,what  
is necessary to be done on occupying a  
portion of the         enemy's trench8  
#ij4 ,what is meant by consolidating    
ground gained8    #ia4 ,how is our      
position protected while work of        
reconstruction and         repair is    
going on8    #ib4 ,how will             
communication be established in the     
occupied portion of         the enemy's 
trench8    #ic4 ,what is meant by       
double-blocking8 ,when is it done8 ,how 
protected8    #id4 ,what precautions may
 be taken to provide comfort for the men
 in         the trenches8    #ie4 ,what 

are the principal advantages of bomb    
fire1 or rifle and         machine gun  
fire8    #if4 ,generally1 what work will
 the sappers and diggers do on occupying
         the enemy's trench8    #ig4    
,how are the enemy's communication      
trenches used to our advantage8         
,lecture ,,vii4    #ih4 ,what is an     
enfilading party8    #ii4 ,how many men 
may constitute an enfilading party8     
#ajj4 ,when party consists of three1    
what are they called8    #aja4 ,what are
 the duties of a trench scout8    #ajb4 
,name some of the most important things 
he should look out for8    #ajc4 ,what  
qualifications should he possess8       
#ajd4 ,how is he armed8    #aje4 ,how   
does he pass information to the thrower 
regarding location          of targets8 
#ajf4 ,what are the duties of the       
thrower8    #ajg4 ,what are the duties  
of the carrier8    #ajh4 ,in the absence
 of an officer or non-commissioned      
officer1 who          commands the      
enfilading party8    #aji4 ,how are the 

artillery advised of the extending of   
our frontage          when enfilading8  
#aaj4 ,what precautions should be taken 
as we gain ground in enfilade           
work8    #aaa4 ,what men follow up and  
keep in touch with enfilade party8 ,what
          are their duties8    #aab4    
,what are the advantages of gaining     
ground by enfilade bomb          attacks
 over that of frontal attacks8          
,ans4 7a7 ,we have a minimum of exposure
 to the enemy's rifle or                
machine gun fire4             7b7       
,enfilade attacks provide the means by  
which we use the                        
enemy's trench as our fortification     
against him4             7c7 ,as we     
advance the ground occupied is          
consolidated to our                     
use so that at no time do we have an    
extent of                   frontage in 
an unprepared position4             7d7 
,the disorganization immediately        
following an extensive                  
frontal attack gives the enemy a chance 

to launch a                             
counter-attack4           99      99    
99      99      99      99              
,transcriber's note3    ,obvious        
typographical errors have been          
corrected4    ,inconsistencies in       
hyphenation have been standardized4     
,incorrect page references in the       
,preface have been corrected4