,transcrib]'s ,note   ,words 9 italics  
are m>k$ ) und]scores4  ,words 9 small  
capitals are %[n 9 ,,upp] ,,case4       
,v>iant spell+1 inconsi/ant hyph5ation &
 inconsi/ant use ( ligatures1 h be5     
reta9$4  ,"o miss+ full /op has be5     
add$1 a duplicate ^w has be5 delet$1 b  
o!rwise ! book is z pr9t$4              
,descriptions ( ! diagrams1 h be5 add$  
by ! transcrib]1 & are enclos$ 9 braces4
  ,o!r transcription *anges are describ$
 9 ! note at ! end ( ?is book4          
,illu/ration3 ,,physical ,,map ,,(      
,,h]t=d    ,george ,philip  ,son1 ,ltd4 
,! ,london ,geographical ,in/itute4     
,,cambridge ,,c\nty ,,geographies       
,g5]al ,editor3 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,guillem>d1
 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4    ,,h]t=d%ire          
,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press         
,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4   ,c4   
,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag]4    ,illu/ration3  
,publi%]'s colophon    ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 
,,pr9ces ,,/reet4   ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,&
 ,,co4   ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus4 
,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons4 

,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,&    
,,co41 ,,ltd4    ,all ,rights res]v$4   
,cambridge ,c\nty ,geographies          
,,h]t=d%ire    by    ,r4 ,,lydekk]    ,)
 ,maps1 ,diagrams & ,illu/rations       
,cambridge3   at ! ,univ]sity ,press    
#aiji       ,cambridge3   ,,pr9t$ ,,by  
,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4   ,,at ,,!        
,,univ]sity ,,press     ,,cont5ts       
,,page    #a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,"n    
,h]t=d%ire4 ,its        ,orig9 & ,mean+ 
#a    #b4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,c\nty
                        #d    #c4 ,size4
 ,%ape4 ,b\nd>ies                       
#h    #d4 ,surface & ,g5]al ,features   
#aj    #e4 ,wat]%$4 ,riv]s              
#af    #f4 ,geology & ,soil             
#be    #g4 ,natural ,hi/ory             
#ch    #h4 ,climate & ,ra9fall          
#ej    #i4 ,p--,race1 ,dialect1         
,settlem5ts1 ,population                
#eg    #aj4 ,agriculture--,ma9          
,cultivations1 ,woodl&s1 ,/ock          
#fb    #aa4 ,special ,cultivations      
#fg    #ab4 ,indu/ries & ,manufactures  

#gj    #ac4 ,m9]als--,an ,exhau/$       
,indu/ry                            #gd 
#ad4 ,hi/ory ( ,h]t=d%ire               
#gf    #ae4 ,antiquities--,prehi/oric1  
,roman1 ,saxon                     #hg  
#af4 ,ar*itecture4 7a7                  
,ecclesia/ical--,abbeys & ,*ur*es    #ig
    #ag4 ,ar*itecture4 7b7              
,milit>y--,ca/les                       
#aji    #ah4 ,ar*itecture4 7c7          
,dome/ic--,fam\s ,seats1 ,manor         
,h\ses1 ,cottages                       
#aad    #ai4 ,communications--,pa/ &    
,pres5t4 ,roads1 ,railways1             
,canals                                 
#abe    #bj4 ,adm9i/ration &            
,divisions--,anci5t & ,mod]n            
#ace    #ba4 ,! ,roll ( ,hon\r ( !      
,c\nty                          #ada    
#bb4 ,! ,*ief ,t[ns & ,villages (       
,h]t=d%ire             #aea             
,,illu/rations                          
,,page    ,mod]n ,h]t=d%ire3 ,/ation    
,road1 ,let*wor?                  #d    
,anci5t ,h]t=d%ire3 ,?at*$ ,cottages1   

,h>p5d5             #e    ,an ,old      
,f>m-,h\se ne> ,:ea?amp/ead             
#g    ,a ,typical ,h]t=d%ire ,village3  
,mu* ,hadham                   #ab      
,bancr(t1 ,hit*9                        
#ae    ,nett+ ! ,gade1 ,cassiobury ,p>k 
#ba    ,bi%op's ,/ort=d                 
#bd    ,view on ! ,d[ns look+ t[>ds     
,wall+ton f       ! ,icknield ,way      
#cb    ,six ,hills1 ,/ev5age 7,dani%    
,b>r[s7                          #ci    
,tr+ ,p>k                               
#df    ,fr5* ,r[1 ,/ ,albans            
#fj    ,anci5t ,h\se at ,welwyn1 n[ !   
,police ,/ation                #fb    ,a
 ,h]t=d%ire ,f>m ne> ,rickmanswor?      
#fd    ,a ,lav5d] ,field1 ,hit*9        
#fi    ,moor ,p>k1 ne> ,rickmanswor?    
#gb    ,canal & ,lock1 ,rickmanswor?    
#gc    ,mona/]y ,gateway1 ,/ ,albans    
#gg    ,! ,/aircase1 ,hatfield ,h\se    
#hc    ,cassiobury                      
#hd    ,! ,rye ,h\se3 ,portions ( !     
,s]vants' ,qu>t]s              #hf      
,palaeoli?ic ,fl9t ,implem5t            

#hi    ,neoli?ic ,celt ( ,gre5/one      
#hi    ,! ,devil's ,dyke1 ,m>=d         
#ib    ,anci5t ,causeway1 ,v]ulam 7,/   
,albans7                          #ic   
,roman ,wall 9 ,/ ,g]mans' ,mead[1      
,v]ulam                      #id    ,/  
,albans' ,abbey f ! s\? side            
#ie    ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,tew9                
#ii    ,/ ,m>y's1 ,*e%unt               
#ajj    ,/ ,hel5's1 ,:ea?amp/ead        
#aja    ,/ ,m>y's1 ,hemel ,hemp/ead     
#ajb    ,/ ,albans' ,abbey              
#ajc    ,ru9s ( ,sopwell ,nunn]y1 ,/    
,albans                           #ajf  
,! ,priory1 ,hit*9                      
#ajg    ,c\rty>d 9 ! ,bigg9 ,alm%\ses1  
,hit*9                   #ajh    ,!     
,priory1 ,k+'s ,langley                 
#aji    ,hatfield ,h\se1 ,s\? ,front    
#aaf    ,knebwor? ,h\se                 
#aag    ,wat] ,end ,f>m ne> ,:ea?amp/ead
                            #aah        
,*ri/'s ,hospital ,s*ool1 ,h]t=d        
#aai    ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,hit*9       
#abj    ,an ,old ,malt+ ,h\se1 ,baldock 

#aba    ,*equ]'s ,y>d1 ,wat=d           
#abb    ,! 8,fight+ ,cocks10 ,/ ,albans 
#abc    ,wal?am ,cross                  
#abd    ,! ,erm9e ,/reet at ,h]t=d ,hea?
                           #abf    ,!   
,icknield ,way1 %[+ a ,=d betwe5        
,ickle=d &       ,wilbury ,hill         
#abg    ,high ,/reet1 ,/ev5age      #abi
    ,view on ! ,great ,nor? ,road1      
,codicote ,village                #acj  
,wat=d                                  
#aca    ,! ,gr& ,junction ,canal ne>    
,hemel ,hemp/ead                 #acc   
,haileybury ,college                    
#acd    ,! ,%ire ,hall1 ,h]t=d          
#aci    ,! ,salisbury ,/atue1 ,hatfield 
#adc    ,cecil ,rhodes's ,bir?-place1   
,bi%op's ,/ort=d                #add    
,ru9s ( ,v]ulam ,h\se1 ! ,resid5ce (    
,francis1       ,visc\nt ,/ ,albans     
#ade    ,francis ,bacon1 ,visc\nt ,/    
,albans                             #adf
    ,*>les ,lamb                        
#adh    ,william ,c[p]                  
#adi    ,bi%op's ,/ort=d & ! ,riv] ,/ort

                        #aee    ,!      
,college ,*apel1 ,haileybury            
#aeg    ,let*wor?1 ,op5 ,air ,s*ool     
#afb    ,%r9e ( ,/ ,amphibalus1 ,/      
,albans' ,abbey                     #afe
    ,diagrams                           
#agj     ,,maps    ,h]t=d%ire1          
,topographical                          
,front ,cov]           0                
,geological                             
,back ,cov]    ,engl& & ,wales1 %[+     
,annual ,ra9fall                     #ee
   ,! illu/rations on pp4 #g1 #cb1 #fj1 
#fb1 #fd1 #hc1 #hf1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 
#ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1     
#aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1     
#abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #acj1 #acc1 #aci1 &   
#adc are reproduc$ f photographs by ,!  
,homel& ,association1 ,ltd42 & ^? on pp4
 #d1 #ab1 #ae1 #bd1 #ci1 #df1 #fi1 #gb1 
#gc1 #gg1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aag1 #abj1  
#abi1 #add1 #ade1 #aee1 #afa1 & #afe are
 f photographs by ,messrs ,f4 ,fri?     
,co41 ,ltd41 ,reigate4 ,messrs ,h4 ,w4  
,taunt  ,co41 ( ,ox=d1 suppli$ ! views  

on pp4 #ba1 #hd & #aca2 ,mr ,a4 ,elsd51 
( ,h]t=d1 ^? on pp4 #acd & #aeg2 & ,mr  
,h4 ,val5t9e1 ( ,h>p5d51 ! "o on p4 #e4 
#a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,"n ,h]t=d%ire4  
,its ,orig9 & ,mean+4   ,! only true &  
"r way ( le>n+ geography 7:i* 9 its     
wide/ s5se compreh5ds almo/ ev]y?+      
connect$ ) ! e>?7 is to become acqua9t$ 
) ! geography--or1 /rictly speak+1 !    
topography--& hi/ory ( ! di/rict 9 :i*  
we live4 ,mod]n ,engl& is split up into 
a numb] ( ma9 divisions kn[n z c\nties1 
& 9 "s in/ances also z %ires2 ! ^w %ire1
 :5 x is us$1 be+ add$ at ! end ( !     
c\nty "n4 ,?us we h ! c\nty ( ,essex or 
! c\nty ( ,h]t=d2 b :]eas 9 ! =m] case !
 ^w %ire is nev] add$1 x may be 9 ! case
 ( ! latt]4 ,we !n h ei!r ! c\nty (     
,h]t=d1 or ,h]t=d%ire1 z ! full         
designation ( ! t]ritorial unit 9 :i* we
 dwell4 ,9 (ficial docum5ts our area is 
always m5tion$ "u ! title ( ! 8,c\nty ( 
,h]t=d02 b imp]fectly educat$ p]sons :5 
fill+ 9 su* docum5ts frequ5tly write !  
8,c\nty ( ,h]t=d%ire40 ,?is is wrong &  

sup]flu\s2 %ire be+ equival5t to c\nty4 
,! ^w c\nty signifies an area ( :i* a   
c\nt or e>l is ! titul> head4 ,"h x may 
be incid5tally m5tion$ t ! title 8,e>l0 
is ( ,saxon orig91 :i* x 0 attempt$ to  
replace aft] ! ,conque/ by !            
,norman-,fr5* 8,c\nt02 ! attempt be+    
successful only 9 ! case ( an ,e>l's    
consort1 :o is /ill kn[n z 8,c\ntess40  
,x also obta9$ 9 ! case ( 8,c\nty10 :i* 
is ?us practically equival5t to         
8,e>ldom40  ,x n[ rema9s to enquire :y  
"s c\nties are also kn[n z %ires1 :ile  
o!rs are n ?us designat$4 ,9            
,anglo-,saxon times ,engl&1 9 place (   
be+ "o great k+dom1 0 split up into a   
numb] ( petty k+doms1 ea* rul$ by a     
sep>ate sov]eign4 ,essex 0 !n a k+dom by
 itself1 situat$ 9 ! ea/ ( ! c\ntry2    
:ile ,wessex 0 a we/]n k+dom1 & ,m]cia a
 sov]eignty m 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4      
,essex & ,sussex1 be+ small k+doms1 7   
con/itut$ c\nties by !mselves :5 !      
c\ntry came "u a s+le dom9ion1 & _!     
names h consequ5tly rema9$ )\t addition 

or alt]ation f ,anglo-,saxon times to   
our own day4 ,! l>g] k+doms1 su* z      
,wessex & ,m]cia1 71 on ! o!r h&1 split 
up into %>es1 or %ires1--i4e4 t :i* is  
%orn or cut (f--& _! names h disappe>$  
except z items 9 hi/ory4 ,h]t=d%ire1 !n1
 is 9 great "p a %>e ( ! anci5t k+dom ( 
,m]cia1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x seems to h =m$ a
 c5tre1 z ! ,m]cian k+s sp5t at lea/ a  
portion ( _! "t at ,b]gham/$t           
7,b]khamp/ead74 ,x is h[ev] only ! l>g] 
we/]n portion ( ! c\nty t belong$ to    
,m]cia1 a small] area on ! ea/]n side   
orig9ally be+ includ$ 9 ! k+dom (       
,essex4  ,z to ! mean+ ( ! "n ,h]t=d1   
!re has be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among  
ar*aeologi/s4 ,9 t extremely anci5t     
*ronicle1 8,domesday ,book10 ! "n1 x    
appe>s1 is spelt ,h]uds=d1 :i* is       
int]pret$ z mean+ 8! r$ =d40 ,! m g5]al 
& obvi\s int]pretation is1 h[ev]1 t (   
8h>t's-=d10 f ! ,anglo-,saxon heort1 a  
h>t1 or /ag2 & ?is explanation is       
support$ by ! occurr5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( !  
c\ntry ( su* names z ,ox=d1 ,horse=d1   

,gat=d 7 goat's-=d71 ,fair=d 7          
%eep's-=d71 & ,sw9=d4 ,writ+ on ?is     
subject 9 a pap] on ,h]t=d%ire          
place-names publi%$ 9 #ahei1 ! ,rev4    
,h5ry ,hall1 aft] allud+ to ! cu/om (   
nam+ =ds aft] animals1 conclud$ z       
foll[s3--8,at all ev5ts1 ! cu/om is s   
preval5t1 & ! ^w h>t s common =         
,anglo-,saxon localities1 z ,h>t's-ba?1 
,h>tlepool 7! ,h>t's pool71 ,h>tly--t   
?\gh sev]al o!r d]ivations h be5 giv5 = 
! capital ( ! c\nty1 none seems s       
simple1 or s satisfactory1 z t :i*      
int]prets x to mean ! h>t's =d40  ,?is  
int]pretation has be5 adopt$ by t       
division ( ,8 ,maje/y's local =ces =m]ly
 kn[n z ! ,hart=d%ire ,militia4         
,possibly x is support$ by ! title ( a  
neighb\r+ village1 ,h]t+=dbury1 t is to 
say1 ! /ronghold ne> ,h]t+=d1--! =d at !
 h>t's mead[4 ,:e!r or n x has any?+ to 
d ) ! matt]1 x may be wor?y ( m5tion t  
r$-de] antl]s occur 9 consid]able       
abundance buri$ 9 ! peat ( ,wal?am/[1   
l[] d[n ! ,lea valley1 9 ,essex4     #b4

 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,c\nty4        
,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,h]t=d%ire3 ,/ation
 ,road1 ,let*wor?  ,h]t=d is an inl&    
c\nty1 situat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n portion (  
,engl&1 & cut (f f ! ne>e/ sea by ! :ole
 wid? ( ,essex1 :i* =ms ! great] portion
 ( its ea/]n bord]4 ,nei!r has x any    
great riv] ( its own communicat+ ) !    
ocean2 al?\gh ! ,lea1 :i* is navigable  
bel[ ,h]t=d1 & falls into ! ,?ames at   
,b>k+ 9 ,essex1 af=ds ! means (         
transport+ malt 7! great output ( ,w>e7 
& o!r products to ,london & else:]e by  
wat]4 ,z to canal communication1 ?is w  
be discuss$ 9 a lat] section4           
,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,h]t=d%ire3 ,?at*$
 ,cottages1 ,h>p5d5  ,orig9ally ,h]t=d 0
 ess5tially an agricultural c\nty1 z x  
is to a great ext5t at ! pres5t day2 its
 nor!rn ?ree-qu>t]s be+ not$ = its      
production ( corn4 ,! s\!rn portion1 on 
! o!r h&1 0 p>tly a hay-gr[+ & graz+    
c\ntry4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 m especially on
 ! great l9es ( railway1 conditions h   
mat]ially alt]$2 & l>ge areas h become  

resid5tial di/ricts1 :i* 9 ! m s\!rn "p 
are little m ?an suburbs ( ! metropolis4
 ,pr9t+-e/abli%m5ts & factories--mov$ f 
,london = ! sake ( *eapness--h likewise 
be5 set up on ! outskirts ( _m ( ! l>g] 
t[ns1 su* z ,/ ,albans & ,wat=d1 or ev5 
9 "s ( ! villages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !      
old-fa%ion$ timb]$ & til$ or ?at*$      
cottages =m]ly s *>act]i/ic ( ! c\nty   
are rapidly vani%+ & giv+ place to !    
mod]n abom9ations 9 brick & slate4      
,gone1 too1 is ! old-fa%ion$ &          
picturesque smock-frock ( ! lab\r] & !  
%eph]d1 :i* 0 /ill mu* 9 evid5ce "s five
 & =ty ye>s ago1 or ev5 lat]2 its       
disappe>ance be+ accompani$ by ! loss ( 
_m *>act]i/ic local words & phrases1 to 
"s ( :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 a lat]     
section4 ,! gangs ( ,iri% m[]s & reap]s 
:i* us$ to p]ambulate ! c\nty at hay &  
h>ve/ "t are likewise a feature ( ! pa/4
  ,! sc5]y ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! c\nty  
diff]s--ow+ to its diff]5t geological   
=mation--v m>k$ly f t ( ! nor!rn        
two-?irds2 ! latt] area repres5t+ :at   

may be call$ typical ,h]t=d%ire4 ,al?\gh
 !re is no?+ gr& or /rik+ 9 ! sc5]y (   
?is "p1 = quiet & picturesque           
beauty--:e!r ( ! village ) its anci5t   
*ur* ne/l+ 9 ! %elt] ( ! well-wood$     
valley1 or ! w9d+ & tall-h$g$ lanes 7:]e
 !y h be5 suff]$ to rema97--x w\ld be   
h>d to beat2 & 9 _m in/ances is fully   
equal 9 *>m to ! mu*-vaunt$ ,devon%ire  
sc5]y1 al?\gh1 x is true1 ! h$ge-banks  
lack ! abundant gr[? ( f]ns *>act]i/ic (
 ^? ( ! latt] c\nty4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( ?is
 "p ( ! c\nty are its op5 gorse or hea? 
commons1 l ^? ( ,h>p5d51 ,gu/>d ,wood1  
,b[]'s ,hea?1 & ,b]khamp/ead4 ,f ! high]
 *alk d[ns on ! nor!rn m>*es ( ! c\nty  
ext5sive views may be obta9$ ov] ! flats
 ( ,b$=d%ire & ,cambridge%ire2 :ile 9 l 
mann] ! s\!rn range ( *alk hills 9 !    
neighb\rhood ( ,el/ree pres5ts a        
panoramic view ov] ! l[-ly+ clay pla9s (
 ! s\!rn portion ( ! c\nty & ,middlesex4
  ,illu/ration3 ,an ,old ,f>m-,h\se ne> 
,:ea?amp/ead  ,9 =m] days1 x may be     
m5tion$ 9 ?is place1 ! inhabitants (    

mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,engli% c\nties _h   
nicknames appli$ to !m by _! neighb\rs2 
8,h]t=d%ire ,h$gehogs0 be+ ! designation
 appli$ to natives ( ?is c\nty1 :ile _! 
neighb\rs to ! ea/w>d 7 dubb$ 8,essex   
,calves40     #c4 ,size4 ,%ape4         
,b\nd>ies4   ,! maximum l5g? (          
,h]t=d%ire1 along a l9e runn+ 9 a       
s\?-we/]ly & nor?-ea/]ly direction1 is  
ab\t tw5ty-eight miles2 :ile its greate/
 bread?1 along a l9e pass+ ne> its c5tre
 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,tr+ to t ( ,bi%op's
 ,/ort=d1 is v ne>ly ! same4 ,ow+ to its
 extremely irregul> outl9e1 ! c\nty has1
 = its size1 a v l>ge circumf]5ce1      
measur+ approximately #acj miles4 ,"h x 
%\ld be /at$ t ! anci5t area ( ! c\nty  
diff]s some:at f t ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! 
adm9i/rative c\nty4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus 
( #aija1 ! area ( ! anci5t1 or          
geographical c\nty1 includ$ #djf1aeg    
acres1 :]eas t ( ! adm9i/rative c\nty is
 only #djd1eah acres#a1 or ab\t #fcj    
squ>e miles4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! numb]s is 
due to ! fact t c]ta9 portions ( ! old  

c\nty1 su* z t "p ( ! p>i% ( ,cadd+ton  
orig9ally includ$ 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 h be5   
transf]r$ to adjac5t c\nties4 ,! figures
 relat+ to population1 etc4 giv5 9 !    
sequel ref] to ! adm9i/rative c\nty4  #a
 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture  
publi%$ 9 #aije ! numb] ( acres is giv5 
z #djb1hef2 & ?is is tak5 z ! basis (   
calculation 9 section #aj & 9 !         
diagrams4  ,9 size ,h]t=d may be reckon$
 a m$ium c\nty1 its acreage be+ r less  
?an t ( ,surrey1 & ab\t half t ( ,essex4
  ,to describe ! %ape ( ,h]t=d%ire is   
almo/ an impossibility1 on acc\nt ( its 
extremely irregul> cont\r2 b z its two  
maximum diamet]s are approximately      
equal1 x may be said to lie 9 a squ>e1 (
 :i* ! f\r angles h be5 cut away to a   
great] or less ext5t 9 a curi\sly       
irregul> mann]4 ,! reason ( ?is irregul>
 outl9e1 see+ t only ! ea/]n bord] is   
=m$ to any great ext5t by a riv]-valley1
 is v difficult to guess4 ,:]e its      
s\?-ea/]n b\nd>y leaves ! ,lea valley 9 
! neighb\rhood ( ,wal?am ,abbey1        

,middlesex gives (f f ,enfield ,*ase a  
k9d ( p59sula runn+ 9 a nor?-we/]ly     
direction into ,h]t=d%ire2 :ile1 9 its  
turn1 ,h]t=d%ire1 a %ort di/ance to !   
s\?1 s5ds a bett]-m>k$ & irregul>       
p59sula 79 :i* /&s ,*ipp+ ,b>net7 jutt+ 
f> into ,middlesex4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is 
int]lock+ arrangem5t1 a portion (       
,h]t=d%ire actually lies to ! s\? ( a "p
 ( ,middlesex1 al?\gh1 z a :ole1 ! =m]  
c\nty is due nor? ( ! latt]4 ,ano!r1 b  
n>r[]1 projection runs f ! s\?-we/]n    
corn] ( ! c\nty 9 ! neighb\rhood (      
,rickmanswor? s z to cut (f ! nor?-we/]n
 corn] ( ,middlesex f ,buck+ham%ire2    
:ile a ?ird prom95ce1 9 :i* ,tr+ is     
situat$1 is w$g$ into ,buck+ham%ire f ! 
we/]n side ( ! c\nty4 ,o!r m9or         
projections occur on ! nor?-we/]n &     
nor!rn bord]1 ( :i* ! mo/ pron\nc$ is ! 
"o nor? ( ,baldock1 jutt+ 9 betwe5      
,b$=d%ire & ,cambridge%ire4  ,z reg>ds  
b\nd>ies1 ,h]t=d%ire is bord]$ on ! ea/ 
by ,essex1 by ,middlesex on ! s\?1 by   
,buck+ham%ire on ! s\?-we/1 by ,b$=d%ire

 on ! nor?-we/1 &1 to a small ext5t1 by 
,cambridge%ire on ! nor?4 ,f a %ort     
di/ance bel[ ! ,rye ,h\se to ,wal?am    
,abbey ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,h]t=d%ire &     
,essex is a natural "o1 =m$ by ! riv]s  
,/ort & ,lea2 b ! o!r b\nd>ies ( our    
c\nty are1 = ! mo/ "p at any rate1      
purely artificial4  ,x %\ld be add$ t ^!
 b\nd>ies at ! pres5t day d n ev]y:]e   
accord ) ^? ( half a c5tury ago4 ,! p>i%
 ( ,cadd+ton 01 = in/ance1 9 =m] days   
p>tly 9 ,h]t=d%ire & p>tly 9 ,b$=d%ire1 
b "u ! provisions ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t  
,act ( #ahhh1 confirm$ 9 #ahig1 ! :ole (
 x 0 includ$ 9 ! latt] c\nty4 ,c]ta9 o!r
 alt]ations 7 made ab\t ! same "t 9 !   
b\nd>y4     #d4 ,surface & ,g5]al       
,features4   ,! cont\rs ( a di/rict     
dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! nature ( its  
geological =mations1 & ! action ( ra91  
riv]s1 & fro/ ^u ! rocks ( :i* !y are   
compos$4 ,^! =mations 9 ! case ( ?is    
c\nty are briefly describ$ 9 a lat]     
section4 ,"h x mu/ suffice to /ate t h>d
 slaty rocks =m jagg$ m\nta9 ranges1    

:ile s(t lime/ones l our ,h]t=d%ire *alk
 wea!r into r\nd$ dome-l hills & ridges1
 & heavy clays =m flat pla9s4 ,z !      
b$-rock1 or1 z we may say1 f\ndation1 ( 
,h]t=d%ire1 is con/itut$ ei!r by *alk or
 clay1 x is ! two latt] types ( sc5]y t 
ma9ly *>act]ise ?is c\nty4 ,x is only1  
h[ev]1 on ! nor?-we/]n & nor!rn bord]s (
 ! c\nty1 z at ,iv+hoe 9 ,bucks1 or     
betwe5 ,s&on & ,pirton1 t we f9d typical
 *alk sc5]y1 :]e ! d[ns =m+ !           
nor?-ea/]ly cont9uation ( ! ,*ilt]n     
,hills ( ,buck+ham%ire ent] our own     
area4 ,"h we f9d ! r\nd$ d[ns & holl[   
combes *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\? & ,nor? ,d[ns
 ( ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties2 & ! same abs5ce 
( woods1 except :]e artificial =e/+ has 
be5 attempt$4 ,"s approa* to true *alk  
sc5]y is likewise %[n on ! l9e ( hills  
on ! ,london side ( ,el/ree1 :]e !y     
ov]look ! clay pla9 =m+ ?is "p ( nor!rn 
,middlesex4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9
 ! sc5]y ( ?is "p z comp>$ ) t ( ! d[ns 
to ! nor? 9 t ^! hills are p>tially     
cov]$ ) a capp+ ( clay or gravel1 :ile !

 b$s or lay]s ( :i* ! *alk is compos$   
slope t[>ds ! pla9s at ! base ( ! ridge 
in/ead ( 9 ! opposite direction 7see    
section on ,,geology74  ,else:]e ! *alk 
is cov]$ ov] to a great] or less degree1
 alike on ! hills & 9 ! valleys1 ) ?ick 
deposits ( clay1 s&1 & gravel4 ,^!      
communicate to ! hills & valleys a      
cont\r q diff]5t f t ( *alk d[ns2 & 9 _m
 p>ts ( ! c\nty we h a s]ies ( m or less
 ne>ly p>allel l9es ( l[ undulat+ hills 
sep>at$ by wide1 op5 valleys4 ,examples 
( ?is type ( sc5]y are conspicu\s 9     
walk+ f ! valley ( ! ,v] at ,r$b\rn     
across ! hill on :i* ,ro?am/$ /&s1 !n   
desc5d+ into ! riv]less valley (        
,h>p5d51 aga9 cross+ ! hill to ! ea/ ( !
 latt]1 & !n desc5d+ into ! valley ( !  
,lea ne> ! ,great ,nor!rn railway       
/ation4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical      
,h]t=d%ire ,village3 ,mu* ,hadham  ,?is 
capp+ ( clay p]mits ! gr[? ( =e/ on !   
hills1 z d ! alluvial deposits 9 !      
valleys2 s t 9 its well-wood$ "* ! sc5]y
 ( ! great] "p ( ! c\nty is altoge!r    

diff]5t f t *>act]is+ ! b>e ,nor? & ,s\?
 ,d[ns & ! ,*ilt]n ,hills4 ,:]e ! *alk  
comes ne> ! surface !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy
 to ! gr[? ( bee*-trees1 spl5did        
examples ( :i* may be se5 9 ,bee*wood   
,p>k4 ,else:]e 9 ! *alk di/ricts ! elm  
is ! commone/ timb]-tree2 al?\gh x %\ld 
be said t ?is species ( tree 0 orig9ally
 introduc$ into ,engl& f abroad4        
,ref]5ce has already be5 made to !      
num]\s op5 commons dott$ ov] ! *alk area
 ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,^! appe> to h be5 left z
 op5 spaces at ! "t ! c\ntry 0 enclos$1 
ow+ to ! /]ility ( _! soil1 :i* is      
unsuit$ = gr[+ good crops ( ei!r corn or
 grass4 ,_m ( ^! commons1 z 9 !         
neighb\rhood ( ,h>p5d51 7 enclos$ "s "t 
previ\s to ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 :5 corn 
9 ?is c\ntry 0 s de>1 & e available     
piece ( l& capable ( gr[+ :eat          
consequ5tly ( great value4 ,x may be    
presum$ t ! commons ) ! be/ soil 7      
select$ = enclosure2 b mo/ ( su* enclos$
 commons produce inf]ior crops1 p>tly1 x
 may be1 ow+ to ! plan on :i* !y are    

cultivat$4 ,till tw5ty ye>s ago or      
!reab\ts all su* commons 9 ! writ]'s own
 neighb\rhood 7 divid$ into a numb] (   
p>allel /rips1 sep>at$ by grass         
8baulks02 ^! /rips repres5t+ !          
respective %>es ( ! copyhold]s ( !      
di/rict1 :o _h ! "r ( graz+ on ! orig9al
 common4 ,! abs5ce ( h$ges r5d]$ x      
necess>y t ! same k9d ( crop %\ld be    
gr[n ea* ye> on e plot4 ,?is made x n   
wor? ! :ile ( ! occupi]s to sp5d money  
on high cultivation4 ,( late ye>s _m (  
^! enclos$ commons h ei!r be5 built ov]1
 or come "u a s+le own]%ip1 !reby       
oblit]at+ "o m int]e/+ page 9 ! hi/ory (
 ! c\nty4  ,to ! s\? ( ! ,el/ree range (
 *alk hills ! sc5]y sudd5ly *anges1 & on
 em]g+ into ,middlesex f ! tunnel ?r\gh 
^! hills on ! ,midl& ,railway we ent] an
 ext5sive grassy pla91 *>act]is$ by its 
abundance ( oak trees1 ! sc>city ( elms1
 & ! total abs5ce ( a%4 ,p>ts ( ?is     
pla91 :i* is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,middlesex to
 ,london1 =m ! great grass-gr[+ &       
hay-produc+ di/rict ( ,ea/]n ,h]t=d%ire4

  ,a pla9 v simil> 9 "* to t s\? (      
,el/ree is ent]$ ^u to ! nor?w>d (      
,baldock1 j aft] leav+ ! l9e ( *alk     
hills1 al?\gh ! great] portion ( ?is    
nor!rn pla9 is situat$ 9 ,cambridge%ire 
& ,b$=d%ire4 ,:5 travell+ nor?w>d f     
,london by ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1   
obs]vant p]sons1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh !     
tunnels trav]s+ ! *alk hills nor? (     
,hit*91 _c fail to notice ! g5]al       
flatness ( ! c\ntry z ?is great pla9 is 
ent]$4 ,al?\gh s l ! s\!rn pla9 9 g5]al 
appe>ance1 ?is nor!rn pla91 z is notic$ 
9 ! section on ,geology1 is compos$ (   
mu* old] rocks4  ,illu/ration3 ,bancr(t1
 ,hit*9  ,! heights ( "s portions ( !   
*alk area above mean sea-level are1 =   
?is "p ( ,engl&1 consid]able4 ,?us      
,great ,(fley ,*ur* is #eed feet1 ,/    
,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,/ ,albans1 #djb feet1   
,/ev5age #cjf feet1 ,hit*9 ,*ur* #baf   
feet1 :ile a hill ne> ,!rfield atta9s ! 
height ( #ebe feet4 ,ha/oe ,hill ne>    
,tr+ is #gji feet4     #e4 ,wat]%$4     
,riv]s4   ,9 comm5c+ ?is section x w be 

well to devote a few l9es to ! prop]    
mean+ ( ! frequ5tly misund]/ood t]m     
8wat]%$40 ,x means ! l9e (              
wat]-division1 or wat]-p>t+2 t is to say
 ! l9e along a range ( hills f :i* !    
/reams fl[ 9 "o direction on "o side1 & 
9 ! opposite direction on ! o!r4 ,!     
ridge-tiles on a ro( =m an excell5t     
illu/ration ( a wat]%$4  ,e local /ream 
is sep>at$ f ! "o ne>e/ to x by a       
wat]%$2 :ile a riv]-sy/em1 su* z t ( !  
,?ames1 is sep>at$ by a mu* m important 
wat]%$ f ! o!r riv]-sy/ems :i* take _!  
orig9 ne> its s\rce4 ,su* riv]-sy/ems1  
ea* enclos$ by a s+le wat]%$ :i* x %>es 
) its neighb\rs1 are kn[n z             
dra9age-areas1 or cat*m5t-bas9s4        
,practically ! :ole ( ,h]t=d%ire lies 9 
! ,?ames dra9age-area4 ,at fir/ sight x 
w\ld be natural to suppose t ! summit ( 
! l9e ( *alk d[ns =m+ ! cont9uation ( ! 
,*ilt]n ,hills 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tr+ &
 cont9u+ !nce to ,dun/able w\ld         
con/itute ! wat]%$ betwe5 two           
riv]-sy/ems4 ,b ?is is n ! case1 = !    

,?ames cuts ?r\gh ! ,*ilt]n ,hills      
betwe5 ,wall+=d & ,pangb\rne1 & ?us     
receives ! dra9age ( bo? ! nor!rn & !   
s\!rn flanks ( t range4 ,! wat]%$ =m$ by
 ! cont9uation ( ! ,*ilt]ns 9 ! ,tr+    
di/rict is !re=e "o ( second-rate       
importance4  ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! *alk     
hills ne> ,hit*9 we h a wat]%$ ( fir/   
class1 or prim>y rank1 = x divides !    
,?ames cat*m5t-area f t ( ! ,great or   
,b$=d%ire ,ouse1 :i* fl[s into ! ,nor?  
,sea miles away f ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames4   
,only f\r comp>atively small /reams fl[+
 into ! ,ouse bas9 lie = "p or ! :ole ( 
_! c\rse )9 ! limits ( ! c\nty4 ,! fir/ 
( ^! is ! ,pirre1 or ,purwell1 a small  
brook :i* rises 9 ! p>i% ( ,ippolits1 &1
 aft] pass+ ,mu* ,wymondley1 fl[s into !
 ,hiz ne> ,ickle=d4 ,! ,hiz itself rises
 9 a spr+ at ,wellhead1 a %ort di/ance  
s\?w>d ( ,hit*9 7=m]ly also call$ ,hiz71
 & aft] receiv+ ! ,purwell1 fl[s to     
,ickle=d1 :]e x leaves ! c\nty1 be+ jo9$
 9 ,b$=d%ire by ! ,ivel1 :i* rises n f> 
f ,baldock1 pass+ ,biggleswade to jo9 ! 

,ouse4 ,bel[ ,biggleswade x fl[s ?r\gh  
,temps=d1 :]e x unites ) ! ,ouse4 ,! la/
 ( ! f\r /reams belong+ to ! ,ouse sy/em
 is ! ,rhee 7a ,saxon t]m signify+ a    
wat]-c\rse or riv]71 :i* spr+s /rongly f
 ! *alk a %ort di/ance we/ ( ,a%well1 & 
aft] pass+ ,accr+ton ,bridge & cross+ ! 
,erm9e ,/reet1 ev5tually falls into !   
,cam4  ,! :ole ( ! rema9+ riv]s ( !     
c\nty belong to ! ,?ames cat*m5t-area4  
,) ! exception ( ! ,?ame1 to be m5tion$ 
imm$iately 9 a sep>ate p>agraph1 ^! =m  
two ma9 sy/ems1 namely t ( ! ,colne     
dra9+ ! we/]n & t ( ! ,lea ! nor!rn &   
ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty2 ! wat]%$ betwe5 ^!  
two sy/ems runn+ 9 a nor?-we/]ly &      
s\?-ea/]ly direction betwe5 ,/ ,albans &
 ,hatfield1 & !nce to ! nor? ( ,*ipp+   
,b>net4  ,! ,?ame is almo/ entirely a   
,buck+ham%ire riv]1 b x rises 9 our     
c\nty & runs on ! nor? side ( ! great   
wat]%$ =m$ by ! cont9uation ( ! ,*ilt]n 
,hills2 ?is wat]%$ con/itut+ a broad1   
ne>ly wat]less belt sep>at+ !           
cat*m5t-area ( ! upp] ,?ame f t ( !     

,lea4 ,! ,?ame itself spr+s f ?ree heads
 9 ! p>i% ( ,tr+2 ! fir/ ( ^! ris+ ne> !
 vic>age1 ! second at a spot call$      
,dundell1 & ! ?ird 9 a spr+ kn[n z      
,bulb\rne4 ,! ?ree become unit$ at ,new 
,mill1 :5ce1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,putt5ham1
 ! ,?ame fl[s by ,aylesbury1 9          
,buck+ham%ire1 & f !re cont9ues its     
c\rse till x ev5tually jo9s ! ,?ames ne>
 ! village ( ,dor*e/]1 a consid]able    
di/ance bel[ ,ox=d4  ,( ! tribut>ies ( !
 ,colne sy/em1 ! mo/ important is ! ,v] 
7or ,v]lume71 :i* rises "s di/ance to ! 
ea/ ( ,*ev]ell's ,gre51 on ! ,watl+     
,/reet1 & passes ?r\gh ! village (      
,flam/ead1 & !nce ne> ! l9e ( ! high    
road to ,r$b\rn1 :]e x is jo9$ by an    
int]mitt5t /ream1 or 8b\rne10 kn[n z !  
,w5m]1 or ,wom]4 ,! latt] crosses ! road
 f ,h>p5d5 to ,r$b\rn at ! foot ( a /eep
 desc5t2 & 9 ! old days its appe>ance z 
a runn+ /ream 0 believ$ to =bode a dea?1
 or 8"s extremity ( dang]\s import40 ,f 
,r$b\rn ! ,v] cont9ues its c\rse by way 
( ,%af=d ,mill1 at :i* place x crosses !

 high road1 to ,/ ,albans1 :]e x passes 
betwe5 ! pres5t city & ! ru9$ walls (   
anci5t ,v]ulam1 to :i* latt] x is       
g5]ally believ$ to h giv5 its "n4 ,!nce 
its c\rse is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! old nunn]y 
( ,sopwell 7( :i* x suppli$ ! ext5sive  
fi%-ponds71 & f t po9t x fl[s ?r\gh ,p>k
 ,/reet to jo9 ! ,colne ne> ,colney     
,/reet2 ! latt] /ream giv+ ! "n to !    
unit$ riv]s1 al?\gh ! ,v] is consid]ably
 ! l>g] ( ! two con/itu5ts4 ,! ,colne   
itself rises 9 ! neighb\rhood (         
,titt5hang]1 betwe5 ,/ ,albans &        
,hatfield1 & passes ?r\gh ,london       
,colney on its way to jo9 ! ,v]4 ,ne>   
,wat=d ! ,colne receives an important   
tribut>y 9 ! %ape ( ! ,gade1 :i* issues 
f ! *alk 9 ! mead[s ( ,great ,gaddesd5  
7to :i* & ,gadebridge x gives ! "n71 &  
aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,hemel ,hemp/ead & ,na%
 ,mills1 is jo9$ at ,two ,wat]s by !    
,bulb\rne4 ,! latt] rises at ,tr+ v     
close to ! ,bulb\rne s\rce ( ! ,?ame 7! 
wat]%$ be+ "h v n>r[71 & runs by way ( !
 ,fri?1 ,dagnalls1 ,aldbury ,meads1     

,dudswell ,bottom1 & ,nor? ,*ur* to !   
nor?-ea/ side ( ,b]khamp/ead1 :]e its   
volume is increas$ by two important     
spr+s1 & !nce to ,two ,wat]s4 ,!re is   
also an int]mitt5t /ream kn[n z !       
,h]t=d%ire ,b\rne1 :i*1 :5 runn+1 fl[s  
into ! ,bulb\rne ab\t halfway betwe5    
,b]khamp/ead & ,boxmoor4 ,x is          
report$--& app>5tly correctly--to fl[ on
 ! av]age once 9 e sev5 ye>s2 ! po9t f  
:i* x fl[s may be high] up or l[] d[n 9 
! valley accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat]      
dis*>g$4  ,bel[ ,two ,wat]s ! ,gade 7z !
 unit$ /ream is n[ call$7 passes ?r\gh  
,k+s ,langley1 ,hunton ,bridge1 &       
,cassiobury ,p>k to jo9 ! ,colne betwe5 
t p>k & ,wat=d4 ,aft] skirt+ ! nor? side
 ( ,moor ,p>k imm$iately bel[ ! la/-nam$
 t[n1 ! ,colne receives ! ,*ess 7giv+ ! 
"n to ,*e%am1 9 ,buck+ham%ire71 :i*     
passes ?r\gh ,s>ratt 9 our own c\nty4 ,!
 ,colne !n rea*es ,rickmanswor?1 :]e x  
=ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,buck+ham%ire &     
,middlesex1 & !nce fl[+ by way (        
,uxbridge & ,colnbrook1 dis*>ges itself 

into ! ,?ames above ,/a9es1 aft] a c\rse
 ( ab\t ?irty-five miles4  ,illu/ration3
 ,nett+ ! ,gade1 ,cassiobury ,p>k  ,we  
pass next to ! bas9 ( ! ,lea or ,luy1 ! 
,logodunum or ,logrodunum ( ! anci5t    
,britons1 & ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ! c\nty4 ,!  
,lea itself takes orig9 9 a m>% at      
,leagrave1 or ,luigrave1 a little nor? (
 ,luton 7 ,lea-t[n71 9 ,b$=d%ire1 & aft]
 pass+ ?r\gh ,luton ,hoo1 9 t c\nty1 :]e
 x is exp&$ into a l>ge artificial lake1
 ent]s ,h]t=d%ire at ,ea/ ,hyde1 9 !    
valley nor? ( ,h>p5d51 & fl[s !nce by   
way ( ,:ea?amp/ead & ,brocket 7:]e x    
aga9 exp&s into ano!r artificial lake7  
to ,hatfield1 :5ce its c\rse is cont9u$ 
by way ( ,ess5don & ! nor? side (       
,bay=dbury ,p>k to ,h]t=d4 ,j be=e ent]+
 ! c\nty t[n ! ,lea receives ! ,mimram1 
or ,m>ran1 :i* rises 9 ! p>i% ( ,k+s    
,wald51 to ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,bury1 & fl[s 
to ! ea/w>d ( ,kimpton ,hoo1 & !nce by  
way ( ,codicote1 ,welwyn1 ,digswell 7)  
add$ supplies f local spr+s71 ,tew9     
,wat]1 & ,h]t+=dbury to its junction ) !

 ,lea close to ,h]t=d4 ,9 ! upp] "p (   
its c\rse ! ,mimram receives ! small    
brook kn[n z ! ,kime1 f :i* ,kimpton &  
,kimpton ,hoo take _! names4  ,9 ,h]t=d 
! ,lea is divid$ into two *annels1 "o ( 
:i* runs ?r\gh ! ea/]n portion ( ! t[n  
to cross ,great ,h]?am common1 :ile !   
o!r1 :i* is navigable1 passes along !   
we/]n side to jo9 its fell[ at ! a=esaid
 common4  ,at ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance    
betwe5 ,h]t=d & ,w>e ! ,lea is l>gely   
augm5t$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,beane           
7,b5efician7 & ! ,rib1 :i* jo9 close to 
_! union ) ! ma9 riv]4 ,! ,beane rises f
 a dit* 9 ! p>i% ( ,ardeley 7betwe5     
,/ev5age & ,bunt+=d71 & !nce fl[s 9 a   
s\?w>d direction by way ( ,walk]n1      
,a/on1 ,frogmore1 ,watton1 & ,/aple=d1  
pass+ on its way ?r\gh ,woodhall ,p>k1  
at ! entrance to :i* x is re9=c$ by     
sev]al /rong spr+s4 ,betwe5 ,watton &   
,/aple=d x also receives a small brook  
fl[+ f ,bragbury ,end4  ,/>t+ 9 an      
ea/]ly direction f ,ardeley or ,walk]n1 
we %all cross ! l[ wat]%$ divid+ !      

valley ( ! ,beane f t ( ! ,rib2 :i*     
latt] takes its rise ne> ,re$1 & aft]   
cross+ ! ,erm9e ,/reet at ! s\? end (   
,bunt+=d1 fl[s by way ( ,we/ ,mill &    
,new ,bridge to ,braugh+1 :]e x is jo9$ 
by ! ,qu91 :i* issues f a spr+ at       
,b>kway1 & pass+ by ,hormead & ,qu9bury 
7to :i* x l5ds its "n71 rea*es ,braugh+ 
,priory4 ,bel[ ,braugh+ ! ,rib1 z x is  
n[ call$1 fl[s by way ( ,hammels1 ,/&on1
 ,b>wick1 ,?undridge1 to cross ! ,erm9e 
,/reet at ,wade's ,mill1 & !nce vi ,w>e 
,we/mill & ,w>e ,p>k to jo9 ! ,lea ) !  
,beane4  ,f ,luton to ,hatfield ! c\rse 
( ! ,lea pursues a g5]ally s\?-ea/]ly   
direction2 at ,hatfield x becomes = a   
%ort di/ance due ea/1 & !n tr5ds to !   
nor?-ea/ ?r\gh ,h]t=d to ,w>e4 ,"h x    
takes a sudd5 b5d1 s t ! rema9d] ( its  
c\rse ?r\gh ! c\nty & ! adjac5t portion 
( ,essex is almo/ due s\?4 ,a direct l9e
 f ,luton to ! ,lea ne> ,wal?am ,abbey  
measures ab\t #dj miles2 b1 ow+ to its  
great nor?-ea/]ly b5d1 ! c\rse ( ! ,lea 
betwe5 ^! two po9ts is some?+ l #de     

miles4  ,illu/ration3 ,bi%op's ,/ort=d  
7%[+ ! ,pla9 ,c\ntry7  ,! la/ two riv]s 
on our li/ are ! ,a% & ! ,/ort1 bo? (   
:i* 9 ! upp] "p ( _! c\rses run f nor?  
to s\? ne>ly p>allel ) ! ,beane & !     
,qu94 ,! ,a% rises ne> ,br5t ,pelham &  
!nce fl[+ by ,mu* ,hadham & ?r\gh ! p>i%
 ( ,wid=d1 falls into ! ,lea above      
,/an/ead ,abbots4 ,! ,/ort1 :i* is ! mo/
 ea/]ly tribut>y ( ! ,lea 9 ! c\nty1 is 
( ,essex orig91 tak+ its rise at ! v    
bord] ( ! c\nty1 ne> ,meesdon1 & ent]+ x
 aga9 close to ,bi%op's ,/ort=d4 ,"s    
di/ance above ,/ort=d x receives "o     
tribut>y f ! ,essex & a second f !      
,h]t=d%ire side1 ! latt] =m+ = a %ort   
di/ance ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two c\nties4  
,at ,/ort=d ! ,/ort is :olly )9         
,h]t=d%ire1 b a little bel[ ! t[n x =ms 
! c\nty b\nd>y = a consid]able di/ance1 
pass+ by way ( ,sawbridgewor? on !      
,h]t=d%ire1 & ,h>l[ on ! ,essex side1 to
 jo9 ! ,lea a %ort di/ance bel[ ! ,rye  
,h\se4 ,f ?is po9t & ,hoddesdon ne>ly to
 ,wal?am ,abbey ! ,lea =ms ! b\nd>y     

betwe5 ,h]t=d%ire & ,essex1 f9ally leav+
 ! =m] c\nty ne> ,wal?am4 ,! riv] n[    
con/itutes ! l9e ( division betwe5      
,middlesex & ,essex1 f9ally jo9+ !      
,?ames bel[ ,b[ ,bridge1 at ,b>k+1 aft] 
a c\rse ( #de miles4  ,"h may conv5i5tly
 be m5tion$ ! celebrat$ ,*adwell spr+1  
ne> ,h]t=d1 :i* aft] supply+ ,london ) a
 l>ge am\nt ( wat] by way ( ! ,new ,riv]
 7( :i* m 9 a lat] *apt]7 = ?ree hundr$ 
ye>s1 fail$ tempor>ily 9 #ahig1 s t wat]
 began to fl[ into1 in/ead ( out ( its  
bas94 ,previ\s to ?is failure ! am\nt ( 
wat] dis*>g$ daily by ! ,*adwell spr+ 0 
e/imat$ at n less ?an #b1fjj1jjj        
gallons4 ,9 addition to ! tempor>y      
failure ( ,*adwell1 a spr+ 9 ,woolm]s   
,p>k1 ne> ,h]t=d1 has ( late ye>s       
completely dri$ up2 bo? ^! failures be+ 
attribut$ ma9ly1 if n entirely1 to !    
tapp+ ( ! ,h]t=d%ire wat]-supply by !   
deep bor+s 9 ,london4     #f4 ,geology &
 ,soil4   ,by ,geology we mean ! /udy ( 
! rocks1 & we mu/ at ! outset expla9 t !
 t]m rock is us$ by ! geologi/ )\t any  

ref]5ce to ! h>dness or compactness ( ! 
mat]ial to :i* ! "n is appli$2 ?us he   
speaks ( loose s& z a rock equally ) a  
h>d sub/ance l granite4  ,rocks are (   
two k9ds1 7#a7 ^? laid d[n mo/ly "u     
wat]1 7#b7 ^? due to ! action ( fire4   
,! fir/ k9d may be comp>$ to %eets (    
pap] "o ov] ! o!r4 ,^! %eets are call$  
b$s1 & su* b$s are usually =m$ ( s& 7(t5
 conta9+ pebbles71 mud or clay1 &       
lime/one or mixtures ( ^! mat]ials4 ,!y 
are laid d[n z flat or ne>ly flat %eets1
 b may aft]w>ds be tilt$ z ! result (   
movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/1 j z y may tilt  
%eets ( pap]1 fold+ !m into ar*es &     
tr\ghs1 by press+ !m at ei!r end4 ,aga91
 we may f9d ! tops ( ! folds s produc$  
worn away z ! result ( ! we>+ action (  
riv]s1 glaci]s1 & sea-waves ^u !m1 z y  
might cut (f ! tops ( ! folds ( ! pap] )
 a pair ( %e>s4 ,?is has happ5$ ) !     
anci5t b$s =m+ p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & we
 !re=e (t5 f9d !m tilt$1 ) ! upp] p>ts  
remov$4  ,! o!r k9ds ( rocks are kn[n z 
igne\s rocks1 :i* h be5 molt5 "u !      

action ( heat & become solid on cool+4  
,:5 9 ! molt5 /ate !y h be5 p\r$ out at 
! surface z ! lava ( volcanoes1 or h be5
 =c$ into o!r rocks & cool$ 9 ! cracks &
 o!r places ( weakness4 ,mu* mat]ial is 
also ?r[n out ( volcanoes z volcanic a% 
& du/1 & is pil$ up on ! sides ( !      
volcano4 ,su* a%y mat]ial may be arrang$
 9 b$s1 s t x p>takes to "s ext5t ( !   
qualities ( ! two great rock gr\ps4  ,! 
relations ( su* b$s are ( great         
importance to geologi/s1 = by means ( ^!
 b$s we c classify ! rocks accord+ to   
age4 ,if we take two %eets ( pap]1 & lay
 "o on ! top ( ! o!r on a table1 ! upp] 
"o has be5 laid d[n aft] ! o!r4         
,simil>ly ) two b$s1 ! upp] is also !   
new]1 & ! new] w rema9 on ! top aft]    
e>?-movem5ts1 save 9 v exceptional cases
 :i* ne$ n be reg>d$ "h1 & = g5]al      
purposes we may look ^u any b$ or set ( 
b$s re/+ on any o!r 9 our own c\ntry z  
be+ ! new] b$ or set4  ,! movem5ts :i*  
affect b$s may occur at diff]5t times4  
,"o set ( b$s may be laid d[n flat1 !n  

?r[n into folds by movem5t1 ! tops ( !  
b$s worn (f1 & ano!r set ( b$s laid d[n 
^u ! worn surface ( ! old] b$s1 ! edges 
( :i* w abut aga9/ ! olde/ ( ! new set (
 flatly deposit$ b$s1 :i* latt] may 9   
turn und]go di/urbance & r5ewal ( _!    
upp] portions4  ,aga91 aft] ! =mation ( 
! b$s _m *anges may occur 9 !m4 ,!y may 
become h>d5$1 pebble-b$s be+ *ang$ into 
conglom]ates1 s&s into s&/ones1 muds &  
clays into mud/ones & %ales1 s(t        
deposits ( lime into lime/one1 & loose  
volcanic a%es into exce$+ly h>d rocks4  
,!y may also become crack$1 & ! cracks  
are (t5 v regul>1 runn+ 9 two directions
 at "r angles "o to ! o!r4 ,su* cracks  
are kn[n z jo9ts1 & ! jo9ts are v       
important 9 affect+ ! physical geography
 ( a di/rict4 ,!n1 z ! result ( great   
pressure appli$ sideways1 ! rocks may be
 s *ang$ t !y c be split into ?9 slabs1 
:i* usually1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 split   
along planes /&+ at high angles to !    
horizontal4 ,rocks affect$ 9 ?is way are
 kn[n z slates4                ,,names  

,,( ,,sy/ems              ,,*>act]s ,,( 
,,rocks             ,rec5t              
,plei/oc5e------            ,plioc5e    
------ s&s1 sup]ficial deposits         
,,t]ti>y  ,eoc5e              ------    
clays & s&s *iefly                      
------            ,cretace\s            
*alk at top                             
s&/ones1 mud & clays bel[               
------  ,,second>y ,jurassic            
%ales1 s&/ones &                        
oolitic lime/ones                       
------            ,triassic             
r$ s&/ones & m>ls1                      
gypsum & salt                           
------            ,p]mian               
r$ s&/ones  magnesian                   
------  lime/one                        
s&/ones1 %ales & coals                  
,c>bonif]\s               at top        
s&/ones 9 middle                        
lime/one & %ales bel[                   
------                                  
,devonian                   r$ s&/ones1 
%ales1 slates & lime/ones               

------                                  
,silurian                   s&/ones &   
%ales                                   
?9 lime/ones  ,,prim>y                  
------                                  
%ales1 slates1            ,ordovician   
s&/ones &                               
?9 lime/ones                            
------                                  
,cambrian                   slates &    
s&/ones                                 
------                                  
s&/ones1            ,pre-,cambrian      
slates &                                
volcanic rocks                          
------  ,if we c\ld flatt5 out all ! b$s
 ( ,engl&1 & arrange !m "o ov] ! o!r &  
bore a %aft ?r\gh !m1 we %\ld see !m on 
! sides ( ! %aft1 ! newe/ appe>+ at !   
top & ! olde/ at ! bottom1 z %[n 9 !    
figure4 ,su* a %aft w\ld h a dep? (     
betwe5 #aj1jjj & #bj1jjj feet4 ,! /rata 
are divid$ into ?ree great gr\ps call$  
,prim>y or ,palaeozoic1 ,second>y or    
,mesozoic1 & ,t]ti>y or ,ca9ozoic1 & !  

l[e/ ( ! ,prim>y rocks are ! olde/ rocks
 ( ,brita91 :i* =m z x 7 ! f\ndation    
/ones on :i* ! o!r rocks re/4 ,^! may be
 spok5 ( z ! ,pre-,cambrian rocks4 ,!   
?ree great gr\ps are divid$ into m9or   
divisions kn[n z sy/ems4 ,! names ( ^!  
sy/ems are arrang$ 9 ord] 9 ! table ) a 
v r\gh indication ( _! relative         
importance1 ?\gh ! divisions above !    
,eoc5e h _! ?ickness exagg]at$1 z       
o!rwise !y w\ld h>dly %[ 9 ! figure4 ,on
 ! "r h& side1 ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! rocks
 ( ea* sy/em are /at$4  ,) ^! prelim9>y 
rem>ks we may n[ proce$ to a brief      
acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! c\nty4  ,9       
,h]t=d%ire1 ap>t f ! soil & ! sup]ficial
 accumulations ( gravel1 s&1 & clay1    
only ! l[] b$s or /rata ( ! ,t]ti>y & ! 
upp]mo/ =mations ( ! ,second>y p]iod are
 repres5t$4  ,z ! great] portion ( !    
subjac5t rocks ( ! c\nty is =m$ by !    
,*alk1 x w be conv5i5t to comm5ce ) ?is 
=mation4 ,! ,*alk ext5ds1 or 8/rikes10  
across all b ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( !    
c\nty 9 a broad belt1 ) a g5]al         

s\?-we/]ly or nor?-ea/]ly direction1    
rea*+ on ! nor!rn side1 ) a few         
exceptions1 to ! bord] ( ! c\nty &      
beyond1 :ile to ! s\?w>d its b\nd>y runs
 approximately ?r\gh ,bu%ey1 ,s\? ,mims1
 ,h]t=d1 & ,bi%op's ,/ort=d4 ,at        
,dun/able ! ,*alk =ms :at is call$ an   
8esc>pm5t10 t is to say a high & some:at
 precipit\s 7al?\gh r\nd$7 cliff        
ov]look+ ! great pla9 =m$ by ! m>ls &   
clays ( ! und]ly+ /rata4 ,z 9 all true  
esc>pm5ts1 ! b$s1 or /rata ( ! ,*alk1   
:i* are some:at tilt$ by e>?-movem5ts   
out ( _! orig9ally horizontal plane1    
incl9e1 or 8dip0 away f ! ma9 face ( !  
cliff1 t is to say1 t[>ds ! s\?-ea/2 &  
?is s\?-ea/]ly dip ( ! ,*alk1 ap>t f    
local int]ruptions & folds1 cont9ues to 
its s\!rly b\nd>y4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,*alk is a
 por\s =mation admirably fitt$ to       
collect & reta9 ! ra9-wat] fall+ ^u x1  
:ile x is und]la91 z we %all see %ortly1
 by ! imp]vi\s ,gault ,clay ( !         
,b$=d%ire pla91 & ov]la9 along its s\!rn
 b\nd>y by ! equally imp]vi\s ,london   

,clay1 x is obvi\s t x w hold all ! wat]
 ?us collect$1 & t ?is wat] w t5d to run
 deep d[n 9 ! rock 9 a s\?-ea/]ly       
direction4 ,h5ce ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,*alk  
zone =ms an almo/ p]fect wat]-collect+  
area1 :i* c be tapp$ along ! s\!rn side 
( ! c\nty by bor+ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ ,london
 ,clay4  ,! ,*alk comprises sev]al ma9  
divisions1 ( :i* ! highe/ is kn[n z !   
,upp] ,*alk1 or ! ,*alk ) fl9ts2 ?is :5 
fully develop$ be+ ab\t #cjj feet ?ick4 
,x is a s(t :ite lime/one trav]s$ by    
ne>ly horizontal lay]s ( black1         
:ite-coat$ fl9t1 :i* h orig9at$ by a    
process ( 8segregation0 9 ! rock        
subsequ5t to its deposition z ooze on ! 
old sea-b$4 ,usually ^! lay]s consi/ (  
irregul> nodul> masses2 b !re is        
sometimes a cont9u\s ?9 lay] ( sc>cely m
 ?an half-an-in* 9 ?ickness1 locally    
kn[n z 8*imney-fl9t40 ,! s\?-ea/]ly dip 
( ! ,*alk is %[n by ! lay]s ( fl9t to be
 n m1 z a rule1 ?an ?ree or f\r degrees4
 ,! ,upp] ,*alk ext5ds f ! summits ( !  
hills z f> d[n z ,rickmanswor?1 ,wat=d1 

,hatfield1 & ,h]t=d1 ?us =m+ ! b$-rock (
 ! great] portion ( ! c\nty4 ,by ! we>+ 
away ( ! ov]ly+ ,t]ti>y /rata1 a small  
cone1 or 8inli]10 ( ,*alk is expos$ at  
,nor?aw4  ,next comes a b$ ( ab\t f\r   
feet ?ick kn[n z ! ,*alk-rock4 ,x is a  
h>d cream-col\r$ rock1 conta9+ lay]s (  
gre5-coat$ nodules1 is trav]s$ by num]\s
 v]tical jo9ts1 & r+s to ! /roke ( !    
hamm]4 ,ow+ to its h>dness1 x resi/s !  
action ( ! wea!r1 & is !re=e 9 evid5ce  
at or ne> ! summits ( ! hills1 :]e x c  
be trac$ f close to ,b]khamp/ead ,ca/le 
by ,boxmoor & ,apsley1 & !nce to !      
s\?-we/ ( ,dun/able1 ,k5swor?1 ! s\? (  
,baldock1 & s 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction 
to ,lannock ,f>m4  ,illu/ration3 ,view  
on ! ,d[ns look+ t[>ds ,wall+ton f !    
,icknield ,way  ,bel[ ! ,*alk-rock we   
come to ! ,middle ,*alk1 or ,*alk )\t   
fl9ts1 :i* may be s mu* z #cej feet 9   
?ickness1 & rises 9 a r /eep slope or   
8/ep0 f ! und]ly+ b$s to be next        
m5tion$4 ,fl9ts are few & f> betwe5 9 ! 
,middle ,*alk1 :i* =ms ! we/]n slope ( !

 ,d[ns at ,roy/on1 z well z beyond !    
limits ( ! c\nty at ,luton1 & s on to ! 
,*ilt]n ,hills4 ,fossils are mu* m      
num]\s 9 ! ,middle ?an 9 ! ,upp] ,*alk4 
,! l[e/ b$ ( ! =m] is ! ,melb\rn ,rock1 
a h>d1 nodul> b& ab\t #aj feet ?ick4    
,next comes ! grey & :ite ,l[] ,*alk1 f 
#fe to #ij feet ?ick1 aft] :i* we rea* !
 ,tott]nhoe ,/one4 ,al?\gh only six feet
 9 ?ickness1 ?is ,tott]nhoe ,/one1 :i*  
=ms ! esc>pm5t ( ,roy/on ,d[ns1 is (    
importance z hav+ be5 l>gely employ$ 9 !
 con/ruction ( *ur*es & o!r build+s on !
 nor!rn side ( ! c\nty4 ,x is a s&y grey
 lime/one1 :i* us$ to be l>gely qu>ri$  
at ,tott]nhoe1 ) special precautions 9  
dry+4 ,x c be trac$ f ,tr+ by way (     
,miswell1 ,m>swor?1 ,pirton1 & ,radwell 
to ,a%well4  ,! ,tott]nhoe ,/one really 
=ms ! top ( ! ,*alk-m>l1 :i* is "s #hj  
feet ?ick1 & consi/s ( buff crumbl+ m>ly
 lime/ones4 ,x =ms a /rip ( l[ gr\nd at 
! base ( ! ,*alk esc>pm5t4 ,at ! bottom 
( ! ,*alk occurs ! s-call$ coprolite-b$1
 :i* conta9s l>ge quantities ( phosphate

 nodules4 ,=ty ye>s ago ^! b$s 7        
ext5sively work$ betwe5 ,hit*9 &        
,cambridge = ! sake ( ! nodules4  ,only 
on ! nor!rn bord] ( ! c\nty1 betwe5     
,hit*9 & ,baldock1 & also ne> ,tr+ & !n 
m]ely to a v small ext5t1 are any ( !   
b$s und]ly+ ! ,*alk expos$4 ,^!         
comprise1 fir/ly ! ,upp] ,gre5s&1 :i* is
 ei!r a s&y m>l or a s&/one ) gre5      
gra9s1 & secondly1 a d>k blue imp]vi\s  
clay kn[n z ! ,gault4 ,^! =mations      
con/itute ! pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,*alk    
hills 9 ,b$=d%ire1 ! sc5]y ( :i* is v   
simil> to t ( ! ,london ,clay pla9 9    
ea/]n ,h]t=d%ire & ,middlesex4  ,x is   
important to add t1 at a gradually      
increas+ dep? z we proce$ s\?1 ! ,gault 
und]lies ! :ole ( ! ,h]t=d%ire ,*alk1 & 
r5d]s ! latt] su* an excell5t wat]-be>+ 
=mation4 ,if ! ,gault be p]=at$ we come 
^u ! ,l[] ,gre5s&1 ano!r excell5t       
wat]-be>+ /ratum1 :i* comes to ! surface
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,silsoe1 9          
,b$=d%ire4  ,we may n[ turn to !        
=mations ov]ly+ ! ,*alk 9 ! s\!rn half (

 ! c\nty4 ,"h x %\ld be m5tion$ t all ! 
=mations hi!rto describ$ ov]lie 7or     
und]lie7 "o ano!r 9 :at is t]m$         
con=mable sequ5ce2 t is to say1 !re is  
no break betwe5 !m1 b a m or less ne>ly 
complete passage f "o to ano!r4 ,betwe5 
! ,*alk & ! ov]ly+ ,t]ti>y =mations1 !re
 is1 on ! o!r h&1 a great break or      
8uncon=mity02 ! surface ( ! ,*alk hav+  
be5 worn into a v irregul> cont\r1 above
 :i* we pass sudd5ly to ! ,t]ti>y b$s1  
g5]ally conta9+ at _! base a numb] (    
roll$ *alk fl9ts4 ,?is indicates t be=e 
! ,t]ti>y b$s 7 laid d[n1 ! ,*alk _h    
become dry l&2 aft] :i* a portion ( x   
once m subsid$ b5ea? ! ocean4 ,! ,t]ti>y
 b$s are 9 fact =m$ = ! mo/ "p f !      
dbris1 or we>+ away ( ! old ,*alk l&4   
,! l[e/ ,t]ti>y /ratum ( ea/]n & s\!rn  
,h]t=d%ire is kn[n z ! ,woolwi* & ,read+
 b$s4 ,^! consi/ ( alt]nations (        
bright-col\r$ pla/ic clays & s&y or     
pebble-b$s2 _! maximum ?ickness 9 !     
c\nty be+ ab\t #ce feet4 ,!y =m a b&    
ext5d+ f ,h>efield ,p>k to ,wat=d1 &    

!nce to ,hatfield & ,h]t=d4 ,bel[ !     
,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s we come on !      
,london ,clay1 ( :i* ! basem5t b$       
conta9s a lay] ( fl9t pebbles1 al?\gh ! 
rema9d] ( ?is ?ick =mation is a /iff    
blue clay1 turn+ br[n :5 expos$ to !    
action ( ! wea!r4 ,orig9ally ^! ,t]ti>y 
=mations mu/ h ext5d$ all ov] ! ,*alk ( 
c5tral ,h]t=d%ire1 z is demon/rat$ by ! 
occurr5ce ( pat*es1 or 8outli]s10 ( !m  
ov] a zone ( consid]able wid?4 ,su*     
,t]ti>y outli]s occur at ,micklefield   
,hall1 ,micklefield ,gre51 ,s>ratt1     
,abbot's ,langley1 ,b$mond1 ,b5net's    
,end1 & ,lev]/ock ,gre51 & 9 ! nor!rn1  
or ,/ ,pet]'s portion ( ,/ ,albans4     
,closely connect$ ) ^! ,t]ti>y =mations 
is ! well-kn[n ,h]t=d%ire pudd+-/one2 a 
conglom]ate =m$ ( /a9$ fl9t-pebbles     
cem5t$ toge!r by a fl9ty matrix z h>d z 
! pebbles !mselves1 s t a fracture =ms a
 clean surface trav]s+ bo? pebbles &    
cem5t4 ,?is pudd+-/one is usually f\nd 9
 ! gravels 7or wa%$ out ( !m7 9 irregul>
 masses1 weigh+ f a few p\nds to z _m   

tons4 ,x is /at$1 h[ev]1 to occur 9 its 
orig9al b$d+ betwe5 ,ald5ham & ,%5ley2 &
 ! rock evid5tly repres5ts a h>d5$ zone 
( ! ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s4 ,pudd+-/one  
is f\nd 9 special abundance at ,/       
,albans & aga9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,great
 ,gaddesd54 ,9 "s ,/ ,albans specim5s ! 
pebbles are /a9$ black = a consid]able  
?ickness by ! oxides ( iron1 :ile !     
c5tral core is bright r$ or orange4 ,su*
 specim5s1 :5 cut & poli%$1 =m ornam5tal
 /ones ( great beauty2 b1 on acc\nt ( _!
 h>dness1 ! exp5se ( cutt+ is v heavy4  
,except on ! high] "p ( ! ,*alk ,d[ns1 &
 v g5]ally along a n>r[ b& half way up !
 sides ( ! valleys1 ! a=esaid =mations  
are b r>ely expos$ 9 ! c\nty at !       
surface1 on acc\nt ( be+ ov]laid )      
sup]ficial deposits ( gravel1 clay1     
etc41 :i* are ( po/-,t]ti>y age1 & 7    
deposit$ = ! mo/ "p dur+ ! "t t man has 
be5 an inhabitant ( ! _w4 ,^! sup]ficial
 b$s are v frequ5tly t]m$ 8drift10 on   
acc\nt ( a l>ge portion be+ =m$ by ice1 
at ! "t t nor!rn ,europe 0 "u ! influ5ce

 ( ! great glacial p]iod4 ,ov] mo/ ( !  
*alk area ! d5ud$ surface ( ! ,*alk is  
cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( /iff clay full (  
fl9ts1 ?is lay] be+ =m$ by !            
dis9tegration ( ! ,*alk itself1 !       
soluble calc>e\s portion be+ dissolv$ & 
c>ri$ away1 :ile ! insoluble fl9ts &    
clay rema94 ,above ?is lay] 9 !         
neighb\rhood ( ,h]t=d1 ,b>net1 &        
else:]e1 is a s]ies ( gravelly b$s      
assign$ to ! middle division ( ! glacial
 p]iod2 :ile ^! 9 turn are ov]laid      
locally1 z at ,bricket ,wood1 betwe5 ,/ 
,albans & ,wat=d1 by ! *alky            
,b\ld]-clay1 ( upp] glacial age1 :i* is 
!re "s tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 o!r    
places1 z at ,h>p5d51 ! hills are capp$ 
by a /ill great] ?ickness ( clayey      
deposits1 m+l$ ) fl9ts1 re/+ ^u a v     
irregul> surface ( ,*alk1 :i* appe>s to 
be = ! mo/ "p ( glacial orig94 ,speak+  
g5]ally1 ,b\ld]-clay is *>act]i/ic ( !  
ea/1 & clay ) fl9ts & gravel ( ! we/]n  
side ( ! c\nty4  ,half way d[n ! sides (
 ! hills1 9 ! di/rict la/ nam$1 ! ,*alk 

is m or less completely expos$ at !     
surface along a n>r[ zone1 bel[ :i* we  
come ^u deposits ( gravel1 s&1 & clay   
fill+ ! bottoms ( ! valleys4 ,at ,b[l+  
,alley1 ,h>p5d51 ^! deposits are fully  
=ty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,al?\gh !y h be5   
suppos$ to be ! result ( riv] action1 x 
is m probable t !y are due to ra9-wa%4  
,inde$ ?is is practically prov$ 9 ! case
 ( ! valley lead+ f ,h>p5d5 t[>ds       
,no-,man's-,l&1 :]e ! l[] end is block$ 
by a ridge ( gravel1 :i* c\ld n possibly
 h be5 =m$ by riv] action4 ,! /ones 9 ^!
 valley-gravels are ( irregul> %ape1 &  
?us q diff]5t f ! r\nd$ pebbles ( !     
gravels ( ! ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s1 z se5
 at ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,/ ,albans4 ,at ,h>p5d5 
! upp]mo/ lay] ( valley-gravel is       
extremely clean & %>p1 g5]ally ( a gold5
 yell[ col\r ) blacki% ve9s4 ,deposits (
 brick-e>? occur locally ?r\gh\t ! ,*alk
 area4  ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! c\nty !    
soil is ! result ( ! decomposition ( !  
=ego+ sup]ficial =mations2 & is         
consequ5tly 9 mo/ cases ( a /iff] & m   

clayey "* on ! hill-tops ?an 9 !        
valleys1 :]e x frequ5tly =ms only a b$ (
 a foot1 or ev5 less1 9 ?ickness above !
 %>p1 runn+ gravel4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,*alk  
di/ricts ! soil conta9s a va/ numb] (   
fl9ts2 b x is1 nev]!less1 admirably     
adapt$ = corn-gr[+1 & especially =      
malt+-gra92 ,h]t=d be+ "o ( ! f\r       
,engli% c\nties be/ suit$ to crops ( !  
latt] nature4 ,on _m ( ! un5clos$       
commons ! soil is1 h[ev]1 ( a poor &    
hungry nature1 produc+ v>i\s k9ds (     
inf]ior grass1 toge!r ) spr+-fl[]+      
gorse1 z on ,h>p5d5 ,common1 or hea!r1 z
 at ,k+sb\rn ,gre51 betwe5 ,h>p5d5 &    
,luton1 & at ,gu/>d ,wood1 ne>          
,:ea?amp/ead4 ,on ! high] ,*alk ,d[ns   
ne> ,dun/able & ,roy/on !re is little or
 no soil prop]ly s-call$2 ! %ort1 b     
sweet & n\ri%+ grass gr[+ on ! *alk     
itself4 ,a v diff]5t type ( soil obta9s 
9 ! ,london ,clay area 9 ! s\? & ea/ ( !
 c\nty2 ?is be+ heavy & clayey1 & ?us   
bett] suit$ = grass ?an = corn2 9 fact 9
 ! old days ! ,middlesex portion ( ?is  

di/rict 0 kn[n to ! c\ntry p z !        
8,hay-c\ntry40 ,along _m ( !            
riv]-valleys peaty soils ( a m>%y &     
swampy nature prevail4     #g4 ,natural 
,hi/ory4   ,9 =m] days1 :5 ! mammo? or  
hairy elephant1 ! ext9ct woolly         
rh9oc]os1 & ! wild ox1 toge!r ) !       
,african hippopotamus & spott$ hya5a    
roam$ ov] ! ,?ames valley & af=d$ sport 
to our prehi/oric ance/ors1 ,engl& 0    
jo9$ to ! ,cont95t across :at is n[ !   
,engli% ,*annel2 s t ! animals & plants 
( ! s\!rn portion ( our isl&s1 at any   
rate1 7 m or less ne>ly id5tical ) ^? ( 
,france & ,belgium4 ,! adv5t ( ! great  
ice age1 or glacial p]iod1 caus$1 h[ev]1
 a va/ di/urbance ( ! fauna & flora 7z !
 assemblages ( animals & plants         
*>act]i/ic ( diff]5t c\ntries are       
respectively t]m$71 especially z ab\t   
?is "t !re occurr$ sev]al oscillations 9
 ! level ( our c\ntry1 dur+ "o or m (   
:i* ,great ,brita9 0 tempor>ily sep>at$ 
f ! ,cont95t4 ,h[ mu* or h[ little ^! & 
o!r *anges _h to d ) ! pov]ty ( !       

,briti% fauna z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,cont95t 
is too long & difficult a "q to be      
discuss$ 9 ?is place2 b c]ta9 x is t ev5
 ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl& d possess few]
 species ( animals & plants ?an ,france 
or ,belgium2 t ?is pov]ty increases ) ! 
di/ance f ! ,cont95t2 & t ,irel& is mu* 
poor] 9 species ?an ,engl&4 ,x may      
p]haps be well to add1 al?\gh x does n  
really conc]n our subject1 t !re appe>s 
to h be5 ano!r l&-connection by means ( 
:i* ,scotl& & ,irel& receiv$ a portion (
 _! faunas f ,sc&9avia by way ( :at is  
n[ ! ,nor? ,sea4  ,illu/ration3 ,six    
,hills1 ,/ev5age 7,dani% ,b>r[s7  ,at ! 
date ( ! f9al insulation ( ,great       
,brita9 f ! ,cont95t !re is e reason to 
believe t all ! l& animals ( ! =m] 7    
id5tical ) species inhabit+ adjac5t     
regions ( ! latt]4 ,& ev5 at ! pres5t   
day1 :5 isolation has = c5turies be5    
ex]t+ its influ5ce on ! non-migratory 7&
 9 "s degree also on ! migratory7       
animals1 !re are no species ( quadrup$s 
7mammals71 birds1 or reptiles absolutely

 peculi> to our isl&s1 ) ! exception ( !
 gr\se2 & 9 ! op9ion ( _m naturali/s t  
bird %\ld be reg>d$ r z a local v>iety  
or race ( ! will[-gr\se ( ,sc&9avia ?an 
z a di/9ct species4  ,m9or v>iations1   
h[ev]1 *>act]ise _m1 if n inde$ all1 (  
our ,briti% quadrup$s & birds :5        
contra/$ ) _! cont95tal repres5tatives4 
,! ,briti% squirrel is1 = in/ance1 v    
m>k$ly di/9ct f all ! cont95tal races ( 
t animal 9 ! matt] ( col\r+1 :ile       
some:at less decid$ diff]5ces *>act]ise 
our badg]1 h>e1 field-mice1 etc4        
,simil>ly1 among birds1 ! ,briti%       
coal-tit is s decid$ly di/9ct f its     
cont95tal repres5tatives t x is reg>d$  
by "s naturali/s z entitl$ to rank z a  
species by itself2 & m9or diff]5ces f _!
 cont95tal c\s9s are display$ by !      
,briti% r$brea/1 bullf9*1 great titm\se1
 & _m o!r resid5t species4 ,inde$1 if   
c>eful comp>isons 7 in/itut$ betwe5     
suffici5tly l>ge s]ies ( specim5s1 x is 
almo/ c]ta9 t all species ( resid5t     
,briti% l& animals1 z well z exclusively

 fre%-wat] fi%es1 w\ld display c]ta9    
diff]5ces f _! =eign repres5tatives2    
:ile 9 "s in/ances1 at any rate1 z is   
already kn[n to be ! case 9 reg>d to    
c]ta9 species1 m ?an "o local race ( an 
animal may exi/ 9 our own isl&s4  ,x is1
 h[ev]1 a "q z to :at is to be ga9$ by !
 recognition ( su* comp>atively trifl+  
local diff]5ces 9 animals 7& /ill m by  
assign+ to !m di/9ct te*nical names71 z 
! splitt+ process may be c>ri$ to an    
almo/ endless degree4 ,a l>ge ,london   
fi%mong] is1 = in/ance 7z ! writ] is    
in=m$71 able to di/+ui% a ,tay f a      
,sev]n or ,avon salmon2 :ile a :olesale 
game-deal] w 9 l mann] discrim9ate      
betwe5 a ,p]?%ire & a ,york%ire gr\se4  
,9 l mann] a ,h]t=d%ire badg] or /oat   
may be di/+ui%$ f _! ,midl& or ,nor? (  
,engl& repres5tatives2 b x is difficult 
to see 9 :at respect we %\ld be ! bett] 
= ! recognis+ ( ! exi/5ce ( su*         
diff]5ces4  ,accord+ly1 ! fauna & flora 
( ,h]t=d%ire may be reg>d$ = all        
practical purposes z m or less          

completely id5tical ) t ( ! s\?-ea/ (   
,engl& g5]ally2 & no?+ w\ld be ga9$1 ev5
 if space p]mitt$1 by giv+ li/s ( !     
species :i* h be5 f\nd )9 ! limits ( our
 c\nty4  ,! fauna & flora ( ,h]t=d%ire1 
l ^? ( o!r c\nties ) v>y+ geological    
=mations1 are n1 h[ev]1 by any means !  
same ev]y:]e4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are    
well-m>k$ local diff]5ces ma9ly         
associat$ ) :at naturali/s call         
8/ation02 t is to say1 diff]5ces (      
elevation1 soil1 geological =mation1    
climate1 etc41 etc4 ,! animals & plants 
( ! high *alk d[ns 9 ! neighb\rhood (   
,gaddesd51 ,dun/able1 & ,a%well1 are =  
in/ance m or less m>k$ly di/9ct f ^? ( !
 l[] level corn-gr[+ areas ( ! c5tre ( !
 c\nty4 ,on ^! elevat$ tracts we f9d1 = 
example1 :eate>s1 /one-curlews 7ne>     
,tr+71 blue butt]flies1 burnet-mo?s1    
small br[n-b&$ :ite snails1 a p]iw9kle-l
 snail ) a horny door to its %ell kn[n z
 ,cyclo/oma1 blue g5tians1 c]ta9 or*ids1
 & _m o!r k9ds ( plants r>ely or nev]   
se5 on ! l[ gr\nds4 ,! op5 commons &    

hea?s1 on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 already   
m5tion$1 are ! home ( hea!r & gorse1    
toge!r ) v>i\s di/9ctive birds &        
reptiles1 su* z /one*ats1 :9*ats1       
titl>ks1 goldf9*es1 vip]s1 sl[-worms1 & 
liz>ds4 ,9 ! riv]-bottoms & o!r swampy  
localities we f9d m>% & wat]-birds1 su* 
z yell[ wagtails1 snipes1 s&pip]s1      
grebes 7at ,tr+71 h]ons1 moorh5s1       
wat]-rails1 coots1 dab*icks1 & wild     
duck1 toge!r ) 7locally7 ! common grass 
or wat] snake1 amb]-snails1             
m>%-m>igolds1 purple loose-/rife1 ragg$ 
rob91 re$s1 & yell[ flags4  ,bee* trees1
 z m5tion$ above1 =m ! pr$om9ant timb]  
on ! *alk-l&s o!r ?an ! high d[ns1 :ile 
on ! heavi] soils ( ! c5tre ( ! c\nty _!
 place is ma9ly tak5 by elm & a%4 ,on ^!
 l[l&s & o!r op5 cultivat$ tracts are   
f\nd su* birds z p>tridges1 corncrakes1 
lapw+s1 pipits1 & l>ks2 :ile 9 !        
coppices1 h$g][s1 & g>d5s we look =     
night+ales 7f :i* bird ,h>p5d5 takes its
 "n1 ha]p5 be+ a night+ale & d5e a      
valley 9 ,anglo-,saxon71 blackcaps1     

:ite?roats1 wr5s1 & nu?at*es2 :ile !    
woods are ! resort ( gre5 & spott$      
woodpeck]s1 wood-pigeons1 jays1 &       
pheasants4 ,! l[ grass-gr[+ clay-pla9s  
on ! s\!rn side ( ! c\nty support1 z    
already /at$1 an abundant gr[? ( oaks to
 ! almo/ complete exclusion ( o!r timb] 
trees2 & ?is area d\btless also pres5ts 
c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 its fauna di/+ui%+ 
x f ! corn-gr[+ tract to ! nor?4 ,! oaks
 gr[ to a v great size1 especially at   
,sacombe & ,woodhall ,p>k1 & ?ree       
notable specim5s 9 ! c\nty are ,que5    
,elizabe?'s oak at ,hatfield1 ,g(f's oak
 at ,*e%unt1 & ! ,pan%ang] oak4  ,9     
addition to ^! local peculi>ities 9 !   
fauna dep5d5t ^u elevation1 geological  
=mation1 soil1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce (  
=e/1 !re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 o!rs = :i*   
climate may possibly acc\nt4  ,a case 9 
po9t is af=d$ by ! di/ribution (        
/ag-beetles & magpies 9 ! c\nty4 ,bo? ^!
 species are unkn[n 9 ! di/rict         
imm$iately r\nd ,h>p5d51 :ile ! =m]1 at 
any rate1 are likewise unkn[n 9 ! ,/    

,albans di/rict1 & app>5tly betwe5 t    
city & ,london4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we travel f 
,h>p5d5 to ! ea/1 magpies may be met )  
:5 we rea* ,codicote1 :ile 9 ! opposite 
direction !y occur 9 ! ,hemel ,hemp/ead 
di/rict4 ,z to ! exact po9t :]e         
/ag-beetles make _! appe>ance 9 ! latt] 
direction ! writ] has no in=mation1 b !y
 are to be met ) 9 ! neighb\rhood (     
,rickmanswor? & else:]e on !            
,buck+ham%ire bord]1 & become q common 9
 t c\nty4 ,grass-snakes1 s f> z ! writ] 
is aw>e1 are likewise abs5t f ! ,h>p5d5 
neighb\rhood1 al?\gh on ! ,cambridge%ire
 side ( ! c\nty !y are q common1 z !y   
are across ! bord]4  ,if ! local        
di/ribution ( ^! species 7 c>efully     
work$ out & mapp$1 we might p]haps be   
able to acc\nt = :at is at pres5t a     
puzzle4  ,) ! increase ( population &   
build+ ! wild fauna ( ,h]t=d%ire1 l t ( 
,engl& g5]ally1 has be5 gradually becom+
 poor] 9 species--probably inde$ f ! "t 
! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os 7          
ext]m9at$1 z !y possibly 71 by our      

prehi/oric ance/ors4 ,:5 ! wolf1 ! be>1 
! wild cat1 & ! beav] disappe>$1 is q   
unkn[n2 b x is 9 comp>atively mod]n     
times t ! m>t5 has be5 ext]m9at$1 a     
solit>y individual ( ?is species hav+   
be5 kill$ 9 ! c\nty )9 a score ( miles (
 ,london1 t is to say ne> ,wat=d1 s     
rec5tly z ,decemb]1 #ahgb4 ,polecats    
appe> to h almo/ if n q disappe>$ f !   
c\nty1 al?\gh a /raggl] may occasionally
 ent] f ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e a few /ill   
survive2 & "o 0 trapp$ 9 ,w>e ,p>k ab\t 
#ahhe4 ,ott]s are r>e1 al?\gh a few     
occasionally appe> 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,lea  
valley1 & "s may ent] ! c\nty f         
,buck+ham%ire1 9 p>ts ( :i* !y are mu* m
 common1 ! ,buck+ham%ire ,ott]-h\nds    
hav+ kill$ ov] a score ( ^! animals 9   
#aijh4 ,"s ye>s ago badg]s 7 to be f\nd 
9 _m p>ts ( ! c\nty1 a well-kn[n haunt  
previ\s to #ahdj be+ 8,badg]'s ,dell0 9 
,cassiobury ,p>k4 ,!y /ill occur locally
 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,buck+ham%ire side ( !
 c\nty1 & probably else:]e4 ,foxes owe  
_! pres]vation ma9ly to ! sport+ in/9cts

 ( ! c\nty g5try & f>m]s4  ,among birds 
t h disappe>$ f ! c\nty1 ! mo/ to be    
regrett$ is ! bu/>d1 :i* 9 ! e>ly "p (  
la/ c5tury 0 /ill to be f\nd 9 !        
neighb\rhood ( ,roy/on1 al?\gh ! precise
 date ( its ext]m9ation f ?is "p (      
,engl& is unkn[n4 ,! bitt]n1 too1 is1 at
 ! v mo/1 kn[n only z an occasional     
/raggl]2 b a specim5 0 %ot 9 a small    
m>%y pond on ,h>p5d5 ,common "s "t      
previ\s to #ahfj4 ,! ,roy/on cr[1 by "s 
naturali/s held to be only a =m ( !     
common cr[1 has be5 nam$ f ! ,h]t=d%ire 
t[n1 ?\gh a widespread species ?r\gh\t  
_m p>ts ( ,europe4  ,nei!r has          
ext]m9ation be5 conf9$ to animals4      
,f]n-hunt]s h 9 "s in/ances made a clean
 sweep ( c]ta9 species ( f]ns f _m      
di/ricts1 if n f ! c\nty g5]ally2 &     
n[adays aspl5iums1 %ield-f]ns1          
polypodies1 & false maid5hair           
7tri*omanes7 h completely disappe>$ f ! 
,h>p5d5 high roads & lanes2 ! pres5t    
writ] possess+ 9 8 g>d5 :at he believes 
to be ! sole rema9+ indig5\s specim5 ( !

 la/-nam$ species4  ,among localities   
specially celebrat$ = birds 9 ! c\nty   
are ,tr+ res]voirs1 :]e va/ flocks (    
wat]-birds congregate1 especially 9     
w9t]4 ,"h bre$s ! great cre/$ grebe2 &  
"h1 too1 0 %ot 9 #aija ! only kn[n      
,briti% example ( ! :ite-ey$ po*>d4 ,!  
neighb\r+ d[ns1 z already m5tion$1 =m "o
 ( ! *ief ,engli% resorts ( !           
/one-curlew1 or ?ick-knee2 a species (  
especial int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable 
mann] 9 :i* bo? birds & eggs assimilate 
to _! surr\nd+s4  ,illu/ration3 ,tr+    
,p>k  ,r>e birds1 z well z v>i\s m>itime
 species driv5 f _! normal resorts by   
/ress ( wea!r1 make _! appe>ance        
occasionally 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty1 b  
ref]5ces to v few ( su* cases mu/       
suffice4 ,dur+ ! great visitation (     
s&-gr\se 7a bird normally *>act]i/ic ( !
 /eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia7 to ! ,briti%   
,isles 9 #ahfc1 "s individuals rea*$ ?is
 c\nty4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury a     
little auk1 or rot*e1 0 tak5 on !       
millhead at ,:ea?amp/ead dur+ v sev]e   

wea!r2 a great nor!rn div] has be5 se5  
on ,tr+ res]voir2 a pair ( /orm petrels 
7 kill$ "s five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago at     
,hemel ,hemp/ead1 :]e sn[-bunt+s h      
likewise be5 se52 :ile v>i\s species (  
gulls f "t to "t put 9 an appe>ance 9   
w9t]4 ,among rec5t ev5ts ( ?is nature ! 
appe>ance at ,h>p5d5 ( an immature      
specim5 ( ! great purple h]on is c]ta9ly
 notewor?y4 ,9 #ahgh ! late ,mr ,j4 ,e4 
,littleboy _h record$ #bja species (    
birds f ! c\nty1 & a few o!rs h be5 add$
 s9ce1 br++ up ! numb] to #baj 9 #aijb4 
,9 reg>d to fi%es1 x is ( int]e/ to     
quote ! foll[+ passage f ,sir ,h5ry     
,*auncy's ,hi/orical ,antiquities (     
,h]t=d%ire1 publi%$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5?   
c5tury4 ,aft] ref]r+ to its o!r fi%1 x  
is !re /at$1 9 ! au?or's qua9t language1
 t ! riv] ,lea also conta9s 8"s         
,salmons2 :i* 7l "y ,de]7 h sev]al      
d5om9ations3 ! fir/ ,ye> !y are call$   
,salmon-smelts1 ! second ,ye>           
,salmon-sprats1 ! ?ird ,ye>             
,salmon-=ktails1 ! f\r? ,ye>            

,salmon-peall1 ! fif? ,ye> ,salmonets1 &
 ! six? ,ye> ,salmon2 & if ^! ,fi% _h   
free ,passage by ! ,mills1 & ?ro' !     
,sluices at ,wal?am up ! ,/ream t[>ds   
,w>e & ,h]t=d1 :]e !y might ,spawn 9    
fre% ,wat] & 7 c>efully pres]v$ f       
,po*]s1 !y w\ld greatly increase 9 t    
,riv]1 & be ( great b5efit1 z well to ! 
,city ( ,london z ! ,c\ntry2 = "s       
,wat]-m5 h obs]v$1 t !y delight 9 ?is   
,/ream1 & play mu* ab\t ^? ,sluices at  
,wal?am40  ,*auncy likewise m5tions t   
tr\t f ! ,lea bel[ ,h]t=d1 :]e x has    
peaty banks1 are mu* less r$ ?an ^? f ! 
gravelly /reams ( ! *alk di/ricts4  ,=  
botanical purposes ! c\nty has be5      
divid$ into six di/ricts correspond+ to 
! riv]-bas9s2 ! fir/ two belong+ to !   
,ouse sy/em1 & compris+ ! ,cam & ! ,ivel
 bas9s1 & ! o!r f\r1 compris+ ! ,?ame1 !
 ,colne1 ! ,br5t1 & ! ,lea1 p]ta9+ to ! 
,?ames sy/em4 ,( ^! ! ,lea area is !    
l>ge/1 ! ,colne next 9 size1 ! ,ivel    
consid]ably small]1 & ! o!r ?ree q      
small4 ,9 "s respects ! local *>act]s ( 

! flora are1 h[ev]1 bett] br\ght out by 
tak+ ! geological =mations z a basis (  
division4 ,! ,upp] ,*alk area1 capp$ )  
mu* ,b\ld]-clay on ! ea/]n1 & )         
clay-&-fl9ts & gravel on ! we/]n side1  
corresponds v closely z reg>ds ^!       
divisions ) ! ,lea & ! ,colne bas9s4 ,! 
,middle ,*alk1 :i* z we h se5 is expos$ 
on ! flanks ( ! cont9uation ( ! ,*ilt]n 
,hills 9 ! nor?-we/1 is peculi> 9 be+ ! 
only area 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* gr[s !        
pasque-fl[]1 or anemone2 ?is *iefly     
fl\ri%+ on s\?-we/]ly slopes1 z at      
,aldbury ,t[]s1 ne> ,tr+4 ,! ,middle    
,*alk is also ! *ief home ( ! v>i\s k9ds
 ( or*is2 ! dw>f1 ! man1 & ! butt]fly   
or*is be+ app>5tly re/rict$ to ?is      
=mation4 ,! ,t]ti>y area has a          
vegetation ( a totally diff]5t type f ! 
s-call$ 8dry-plant type0 *>act]i/ic ( ! 
,*alk area1 b x _c be fur!r m5tion$ "h4 
,9 ! five adjac5t c\nties !re occur #aaj
 species ( fl[]+ plants unkn[n 9        
,h]t=d%ire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h]t=d%ire has
 ab\t a doz5 plants 7exclusive (        

v>ieties ( ! bramble7 unkn[n 9 ! adjac5t
 c\nties4 ,( ! #hic native fl[]+ plants 
( ,h]t=d%ire ab\t #aaj h n be5 record$ f
 ,cambridge%ire1 :ile ab\t #abj are     
want+ 9 ,b$=d%ire1 #agj 9 ,buck+ham%ire1
 #adj 9 ,middlesex1 & #ajj 9 ,essex4 ,^!
 figures may1 h[ev]1 be subject to      
consid]able modification by future      
rese>*4 ,! foll[+ passage on ! relations
 ( ! ,h]t=d%ire flora is quot$ f !      
,victoria ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nties (        
,engl&3--  8,tak+ ! numb] ( species 9   
any adjo9+ c\nty :i* are abs5t f        
,h]t=d%ire z ! be/ index ( ! degree (   
relation%ip1 x w\ld appe> t ! flora (   
,bucks is ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ to t (      
,h]ts1 & t ^? ( ,cambridge & ,essex are 
! mo/ div]g5t4444 ,?is is j :at might be
 expect$ f ! physical features &        
geological /ructure ( ^! c\nties4 ,!    
floras ( ,cambridge & ,essex h also a m 
nor!rn or nor?-ea/]n facies "* ?an t (  
,h]t=d%ire1 :i* is ( a decid$ly s\!rn   
type4 ,! l>ge numb] ( ,h]t=d%ire species
 :i* h n yet be5 record$ f ,buck+ham%ire

 is probably due to ! flora ( t c\nty n 
hav+ be5 s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ z ours   
has be540     #h4 ,climate & ,ra9fall4  
,9 its orig9al s5se ! ^w climate meant !
 degree ( incl9ation ( ! sun's rays at  
any p>ticul> spot at a specifi$ date2 b 
n[adays x is employ$ to designate !     
av]age type ( wea!r exp]i5c$ 9 a        
di/rict4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se x comprises !
 results ( ! comb9$ effects (           
temp]ature1 atmosph]ic pressure1 !      
degree ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! direction & 
=ce ( ! w9d1 & ! am\nt ( ra9fall2 ! /udy
 ( climate con/itut+ ! sci5ce (         
meteorology4 ,al?\gh ! climate ( !      
,briti% ,isles is ( an exce$+ly         
*angeable type1 yet ! av]age ( !        
seasonal *anges is f> f be+ ! same 9 all
 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,tak+ temp]ature      
alone1 we f9d1 = in/ance1 t :ile !      
av]age = ! :ole ye> 9 ,%etl& is z l[ z  
#dc ,fahr5heit1 9 ! ,scilly ,isl&s x    
rises to #ec4 ,x is a v g5]al idea t 9  
our isl&s ! w9t] temp]ature ( a place   
dep5ds ^u :e!r x is situat$ 9 ! nor? or 

! s\?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake1 !      
temp]ature hav+ little relation to      
latitude1 b gr[+ cold] z we pass f ! we/
 to ! ea/]n side ( ! c\ntry2 ! s\? (    
,engl&1 z a :ole1 be+ mild] ?an ! nor?1 
n because x is ! s\?1 b because x       
includes su* a l>ge ext5t ( l& 9 ! we/4 
,! degree ( elevation above ! sea-level 
has mu* to d ) temp]ature & ! am\nt (   
moi/ure 9 ! air2 high l&s be+1 z a rule1
 cold] & dri] 9 w9t] ?an ^? ly+ at l[]  
levels4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>atively high
 elevation ( a consid]able proportion ( 
its area & its ea/]ly position1 c\pl$ ) 
! preval5ce ( nor?-ea/]ly & ea/]ly w9ds 
9 spr+1 ,h]t=d%ire ought to h1 on !     
:ole1 a cold & brac+ climate = ! great] 
"p ( ! ye>2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* is 
! case4 ,inde$1 x is commonly said t    
nor!rn ,h]t=d%ire is s cold & brac+1 t  
only /rong & robu/ con/itutions c /& x2 
b t = ^? bless$ ) su* con/itutions x is 
"o ( ! heal?ie/ c\nties 9 ! k+dom4      
,h]t=d%ire1 h[ev]1 l ,engl& on a small  
scale1 has local climates ( its own1    

dep5d5t ^u diff]5ces 9 elevation above !
 sea-level1 9 ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 9 !    
nature ( ! geological =mation & soil1 & 
also 9 aspect1 especially z reg>ds      
protection f ! ea/ w9d 9 spr+4 ,! slope 
( a hill fac+ s\? or s\?-we/ receives = 
in/ance f> m sun 9 w9t] ?an "o :i* looks
 9 ! opposite direction2 :ile x also    
escapes ! full bla/ ( ! bitt] ea/ w9d4  
,places situat$ on *alk1 & above all on 
gravel1 are dri]1 & consequ5tly--if on !
 same level & ) a simil> aspect--also   
w>m] ?an ^? on cold1 heavy clay or m>l4 
,z if to confirm & p]petuate !          
above-m5tion$ popul> error1 x happ5s t !
 nor!rn & nor?-we/]n di/ricts ( ! c\nty1
 t is to say1 ^? con/itut+ ! *alk area1 
are v mu* cold] & m brac+ ?an ^? to !   
s\? & ea/1 ^: sub/ratum is clay4 ,?is   
diff]5ce dep5ds1 h[ev]1 n on diff]5ces (
 latitude1 b on ! l[] elevation ( !     
s\!rn z comp>$ ) ! nor!rn di/ricts1     
c\pl$ ) ! protection f cold w9ds af=d$  
to ! l[ l&s by ! high gr\nd4 ,to ^? :o  
are 9 ! habit ( travell+ by ! ,midl&    

railway f ! nor?-we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty  
to ,london1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! climate
 ( ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn di/ricts is made  
self-app>5t 9 e>ly spr+ by ! extraord9>y
 diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( ! h$ges &     
trees on ! two sides ( ! ,el/ree tunnel4
 ,x is true t on ?is p>ticul> r\te !    
di/rict s\? ( ! tunnel is 9 ,middlesex1 
b to ! ea/w>d mu* ( ! l[l& is 9 ,h]ts4  
,on ! nor!rn side ( ! range ( *alk-hills
 pi]c$ by ?is tunnel ! haw?orn h$ges may
 be se5 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! spr+ to be 
absolutely devoid ( a sign ( gre52 :ile 
on ! opposite side !y w be 9 full leaf4 
,!re is1 9 fact1 ab\t a =tnight's       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,el/ree & ! ,mill     
,hill side ( ?is range 9 reg>d to !     
developm5t ( spr+-vegetation2 & :ile !  
nor!rn side is expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! 
ea/ w9d1 ! combes & valleys ) a         
s\?-we/]ly aspect ne> ! summit ( !      
opposite flank are s w>m & %elt]$ t h>dy
 species ( bamboo & palm w gr[ 9 ! op5  
air almo/ z luxuriantly z 9 simil>      
situations 9 ,surrey or ,sussex4  ,we   

see1 !n1 z has be5 well rem>k$1 t !     
division ( ! c\nty1 along ! l9e indicat$
 9 ! section on its geology1 into two v 
unequal portions--namely1 a l>ge        
nor?-we/]n area ) a relatively dry soil 
& atmosph]e1 & a small] s\?-ea/]n tract 
) a comp>atively moi/ soil &            
atmosph]e--=ms a suffici5t approa* to an
 accurate climatic division4  ,"h we may
 m5tion t ! daily temp]ature & ! am\nt (
 moi/ure 9 ! air1 toge!r ) ! b>ometric  
pressure & a numb] ( o!r details1 are   
record$ at ! ,meteorological ,(fice 9   
,london f reports receiv$ f a ho/ (     
obs]v+ /ations 7ei!r public or private7 
scatt]$ at int]vals all ov] ! c\ntry2 & 
at ! end ( ea* ye> ! av]ages1 or        
8means10 ( ^! obs]vations are work$ out 
= ! ,briti% ,isles & ,engl& g5]ally1 &  
likewise = ! v>i\s c\nties & o!r local  
di/ricts4 ,?is enables comp>isons to be 
in/itut$ betwe5 ! climates ( diff]5t    
places ) mu* great] accuracy ?an w\ld   
o!rwise be possible4  ,9 ! ye> #aije !  
mean temp]ature = ! :ole ( ,engl& 0     

#dhg1 :ile t ( ,h]t=d%ire 0 #dhi1 z     
d$uc$ f obs]vations tak5 at f\r /ations1
 ( :i* ,b5n+ton %[$ ! l[e/ mean ( #dhd1 
& ,new ,b>net ! highe/ ( #ejb4 ,!       
a=esaid c\nty mean ( #dhi 01 h[ev]1 #jf 
above ! av]age2 ! av]age mean = a s]ies 
( ye>s ?us be+ #dgh1 or ab\t #a l[] ?an 
t = ,engl& g5]ally4  ,if we turn to !   
map "h giv5 we notice t1 speak+ g5]ally1
 ! ra9fall ( ,engl& decreases /eadily z 
we pass f we/ to ea/4 ,! moi/ure-lad5   
cl\ds1 driv5 by ! preval5t w9ds across !
 ,atlantic1 precipitate _! cont5ts on   
rea*+ ! l&1 m especially if ! l& be     
high1 & 9 consequ5ce ! c\ntry beyond is 
less wet4 ,h]t=d%ire occupies a middle  
position betwe5 ! heavy av]ages ( ,wales
 & ,s4,w4 ,engl& & ! m9imum ( ,essex & !
 neighb\rhood ( ! ,wa%1 z we %\ld       
expect4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! av]age ( ! 
v>i\s /ations 9 our c\ntry is rem>kable4
 ,9 ! ye> #aije1 :i* is tak5 ?r\gh\t z !
 basis ( comp>ison1 ! highe/ ra9fall 9  
,engl& & ,wales occurr$ at ,glas ,lyn1  
ne> ,sn[don1 & 0 no less ?an #agff      

in*es2 :]eas ! l[e/ 0 regi/]$ at        
,%oeburyness1 9 ,essex1 ?is be+ only    
#adeg in*es2 :ile ! av]age ra9fall =    
,great ,brita9 0 #bgag in*es4 ,9        
,h]t=d%ire1 z we %all see1 ! av]age 9 t 
ye> = ! :ole c\nty 0 #bcdg in*es1 b ?is 
is #ae in*es bel[ ! g5]al av]age = a    
s]ies ( ye>s1 :i* is #bdeb in*es4 ,9 !  
same ye> ! av]age = ! f\r *ief obs]v+   
/ations 9 ! c\nty 01 h[ev]1 #bdbb in*es1
 ) a maximum ( #behh in*es at ,new      
,b>net & a m9imum ( #bbea in*es at      
,b5n+ton4 ,^! extremes 7 exce$$ by a    
maximum ( #bhbi in*es at ,p5dley ,manor1
 ,tr+1 & a m9imum ( #aica in*es 7or r m 
?an #e in*es above ! ,essex m9imum7 at  
,hillside1 ,bunt+=d4  ,illu/ration3     
,,engl&  ,,wales  ,,annual ,,ra9fall    
,,george ,,philip  ,,son ,,ltd4  7,!    
figures %[ ! annual ra9fall 9 in*es47   
,= a succession ( ye>s x has1 h[ev]1 be5
 obs]v$ t ! ra9fall ( ,h]t=d%ire is 9   
excess ( t ( all ! adjac5t c\nties to ! 
we/ & s\?4 ,?is is %[n by ! foll[+      
comp>ative av]age ra9falls = #aije2     

viz43 ,b$=d%ire 7#bc /ations71 #bjdg    
ins42 ,buck+ham%ire 7#cb /ations71 #bbjf
 ins42 ,middlesex1 exclusive ( ,london  
7#di /ations71 #bbbf ins42 & ,h]t=d%ire 
7#ea /ations71 #bcdg ins4 ,( ! #ajd     
/ations exclusive ( ,h]t=d%ire1 ! comb9$
 mean ra9fall is #baf in*es2 ,h]t=d%ire 
?us %[+ an excess ov] ! av]age ra9fall 9
 ! adjo9+ c\nties ( ne>ly two in*es 9   
actual am\nt4  ,z a :ole1 & 9 spite ( ! 
excess ov] its neighb\r 9 ! matt] (     
ra9fall1 ,h]t=d may be reckon$ among !  
relatively dry c\nties2 its av]age 9    
#aije be+ ne>ly f\r in*es bel[ t =      
,engl& g5]ally 9 ! same ye>4  ,at       
,b5n+ton !re 7 record$ #aebc h\rs (     
bright sun%9e dur+ ! ye>1 & #ed         
absolutely sunless days4 ,?r\gh\t ,great
 ,brita9 z a :ole !re 7 #ahf days 9 !   
same ye> on :i* a m9imum ( #jjje in* (  
ra9 fell2 all su* days ) t or a great]  
quantity ( ra9 be+ (ficially kn[n z     
ra9-days4 ,at ,gre5wi*1 :]e ! total     
am\nt ( ra9fall 0 #bcjbd in*es1 !       
ra9-days numb]$ #afa1 & ! wette/ mon? 0 

,june :5 #dcbc in*es ( ra9 7 regi/]$4   
,june 0 also ! wette/ mon? ( ! ye> 9    
,h]t=d%ire1 b ! am\nt ( ra9 0 mu* less  
?an at ,gre5wi*1 be+ only #cdf in*es4   
,z reg>ds bright sun%9e1 ! numb] ( h\rs 
9 ,engl& z a :ole am\nt$ to #aece1 :ile 
9 ,k5t ! numb] rea*$ #affgh1 & at       
,tunbridge ,wells #agabd h\rs4  ,9      
respect to ! numb] ( wet days dur+ ! ye>
 9 "q ,h]t=d%ire !re=e occupi$ a v      
cr$itable position1 al?\gh its record = 
sun%9e 0 less satisfactory4     #i4     
,p--,race1 ,dialect1 ,settlem5ts1       
,population4   ,previ\s to ! ,roman     
occupation ( ,brita9 ,h]t=d%ire 0       
inhabit$ by two ,briti% tribes1--!      
,cattyeu*lani1 ^: capital appe>s to h   
be5 ,v]ulam or ,/ ,albans1 & !          
,tr9obantes4 ,to :at ext5t ^! orig9al   
,briti% inhabitants ( ! c\nty surviv$ ! 
,roman & ,saxon invasions is unkn[n2 b x
 may be tak5 z c]ta9 t at an e>ly date  
,anglo-,saxon 0 ! language spok5 9 ?is  
"p ( ! c\ntry4 ,=ty ye>s ago            
,anglo-,saxon idioms & words /ill l+]$  

among ! lab\r+ rural population 9 !     
,h>p5d5 di/rict 7& probably else:]e71   
:i* h app>5tly n[ disappe>$ completely4 
,in/ead ( h\ses1 ! ,anglo-,saxon plural 
h\s5 01 = in/ance1 always us$ by ! old  
p2 :ile :5 a log ( timb] 0 cut ! wrong  
way ( ! gra9 !y w\ld say t x w\ld be    
sure to spalt 7equival5t to ! ,g]man    
spalt571 in/ead ( to split4  ,( !       
,anglo-,saxon language !re 7 orig9ally  
two *ief dialects1 a nor!rn & a s\!rn2 b
 aft] ! ,norman conque/ ! numb] ( su*   
dialects 0 increas$ to half-a-doz54     
,accord+ to ,dr ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis's ,engli%
 ,dialects1 s\!rn ,h]t=d%ire comes )9 ! 
doma9 ( ! s\?-ea/]n dialect1 :i* also   
prevail$ 9 ,middlesex1 s\?-ea/]n        
,buck+ham%ire1 & s\?-we/]n ,essex4      
,?r\gh\t ?is area !re is1 h[ev]1 an     
und]ly+ basis ( ! middle ea/]n dialect1 
:i* is /ill to be detect$ 9 nor!rn      
,h]t=d%ire1 z well z 9 ,essex1          
,b$=d%ire1 ,hunt+don%ire1 &             
,nor?ampton%ire4 ,x accord+ly appe>s t  
if ! ,ea/ ,anglian c\nties (            

,cambridge%ire1 ,suffolk1 & ,norfolk be 
elim9at$1 ! :ole ( ! c\ntry ly+ to !    
ea/w>d ( ! ,*ilt]n ,hills1 z well z !   
high gr\nds ( ,nor?ampton%ire1 _h "o    
dialect 9 common1 :i* 0 ! spee* ( ! e>ly
 ,teuton settl]s ( ?is "p ( ,engl&4 ,?is
 dialect1 dur+ ! c\rse ( f\rte5         
c5turies1 has be5 gradually modifi$ &   
alt]$ by ! spee* ( ,london till x has   
result$ 9 ! mod]n ,engli% ( ?is "p (    
s\?-ea/]n ,engl&4  ,accord+ to ,mr ,r4  
,a4 ,smi?1 writ+ 9 ! ,victoria ,hi/ory (
 ! ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 8,! gr\p+ (       
dialects 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry w\ld ?us   
unite ,h]t=d%ire ) ,essex1 & lead u to  
expect f ar*ology "s indications (      
,saxon r ?an ( ,anglian influ5ce 9 !    
c\nty4 ,! few results already obta9$ 9  
,h]t=d%ire c]ta9ly %[ a m>k$ abs5ce (   
,anglian *>act]i/ics1 b _m discov]ies   
mu/ be made be=e ! peculi>ities ( ,ea/  
,saxon rema9s c be demon/rat$4 ,to ! we/
 ( ! ,*ilt]ns en\gh has be5 recov]$ f   
graves to %[ t ! settl]s 9 ! upp] ,?ames
 valley1 presumably ! ,saxons ( ! ,we/1 

7 homog5e\s uni=m 9 *>act]i/ics &       
di/+ui%able f _! neighb\rs2 b at pres5t 
no?+ has be5 f\nd to l9k !m ) ! p (     
,essex1 :o probably rea*$ ! ea/]n slopes
 ( ! ,*ilt]ns at "o "t1 b 7 ma9ly conf9$
 to ! nor? ( ,essex & ! neighb\rhood (  
,london4 ,9 fact1 ! few discov]ies 9 ?is
 di/rict po9t r to a connection ) ,k5t !
 c\ntry ( ! ,briti% tribe ( ,cantii ?an 
) ,wessex40  ,:atev] may be ! precise   
/ate ( ! case ) reg>d to ^! details1 x  
may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ! pres5t          
population ( ,h]t=d%ire is ma9ly desc5d$
 f ! ,saxons :o came to ,brita9 9 ! fif?
 & six? c5turies4 ,!re mu/ h be51 h[ev]1
 a c]ta9 mixture ( anci5t ,briti% blood2
 :ile lat]1 & m especially among ! high]
 classes1 ?is 0 foll[$ by ! infusion ( a
 ,norman /ra94 ,o!rwise ! population ( !
 c\nty does n appe> to h be5 mu*        
influ5c$ by =eign immigration1 al?\gh   
!re 0 a settlem5t ( ,hugu5ots 9 ,/      
,albans1 :o h left _! m>k 9 ! "n ( "o ( 
! /reets--,fr5* ,r[--ne> ! m>ket-place4 
,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,r[1 ,/ ,albans     

,pass+ on to ! pres5t day1 we h !       
some:at curi\s anomaly t ! population ( 
! adm9i/rative c\nty is some:at l>g] ?an
 t ( ! orig9al c\nty2 ?is be+ due to !  
inclusion 9 ! =m] ( "s ?ickly populat$  
areas4 ,! population ( ! adm9i/rative   
c\nty 9 ! c5sus ( #aija 0 giv5 z        
#beh1dbc2 t5 ye>s previ\sly x 0         
#bbf1ehg1 ?us %[+ a v m>k$ increase2 t (
 ! anci5t c\nty 0 #bej1aeb p]sons4 ,!   
numb] ( p]sons to a squ>e mile 9        
,h]t=d%ire1 on ! latt] basis at ! =m]   
date1 0 ?us ab\t #cih1 aga9/ #eeh =     
,engl& & ,wales g5]ally4 ,dur+ ! la/    
tw5ty-five ye>s ! increase ( !          
population has ma9ly tak5 place on !    
?ree great l9es ( railways1 ! ,great    
,nor!rn1 ! ,midl&1 & ! ,nor?-,we/]n1 at 
su* places z ,b>net1 ,hit*91 ,/ ,albans1
 ,h>p5d51 & ,wat=d4 ,/ ,albans has inde$
 altoge!r out/ripp$ ! c\nty t[n 9 po9t (
 numb]s2 its population be+ #af1jai 9   
#aija aga9/ ! #i1cbb ( ,h]t=d4 ,9 common
 ) ,engl& g5]ally1 !re has ( late ye>s  
be5 a m>k$ t5d5cy = ! rural population  

to migrate to ! l>g] villages & t[ns2 & 
?is dom9ance ( ! urban population has   
be5 acc5tuat$ by ! transf]5ce to ,/     
,albans & else:]e ( l>ge manufactur+ &  
pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts f ! metropolis4 ,!    
urban di/ricts on ! l9es ( railway      
likewise con/itute ! resid5ce ( a l>ge  
population ( m5 hav+ daily bus9ess 9    
,london4  ,z 9 ! c\ntry g5]ally1 !      
females 9 #aija l>gely exce$$ ! male    
population 9 numb]s2 ! total = ! =m] be+
 #ah1agf1 & = ! latt] #af1gbc4 ,! great 
majority ( ^! liv$ 9 h\ses1 ( :i*       
#ed1ifc 7 inhabit$ at ! date 9 "q4 ,9   
addition to ^!1 #ga 7 liv+ 9 milit>y    
b>racks2 some?+ l ano!r #e1bjj 7 ma9ta9$
 9 workh\ses1 hospitals1 asylums1       
indu/rial s*ools1 etc41 :ile b>ges on ! 
canals acc\nt$ = ab\t ano!r #adg4 ,x    
%\ld be add$ t ! c\nty conta9s sev]al   
l>ge ,london asylums2 x w\ld !re=e give 
a v exagg]at$ proportion1 z comp>$ ) !  
true /ate ( ! case1 if ! numb] (        
lunatics resid5t 9 ! c\nty 7 quot$4     
,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,h\se at ,welwyn1 

n[ ! ,police ,/ation     #aj4           
,agriculture--,ma9 ,cultivations1       
,woodl&s1 ,/ock4   ,z already m5tion$1 !
 great] portion ( ,h]t=d%ire1 t is to   
say1 mo/ ( ! *alk area1 exclusive ( !   
d[ns1 commons1 woods1 & private p>ks1 0 
9 =m] ye>s devot$ to corn1 = !          
cultivation ( :i* its soil is p>ticul>ly
 well suit$4 ,inde$ ! c\nty _h !        
reputation ( gr[+ n only ! be/ b>ley =  
malt+1 b likewise ! be/ :eat-/raw 7t is 
to say1 ! h>de/ & :ite/7 = plait+4 ,!   
:eat itself 0 also ( specially good     
quality & h>dness1 & !re 0 likewise an  
abundance ( mills 9 :i* x c\ld be       
conv]t$ into fl\r4 ,a notewor?y feature 
( ,h]t=d%ire agriculture is ! practice (
 mix+ *alk ) ! soils1 especially :]e !y 
are clayey2 ?is result+ 9 a decid$      
increase 9 f]tility4  ,a c5tury & a half
 ago :eat1 b>ley1 & oats =m$ ! *ief     
c]eal crops2 beans be+ bett] suit$ to ! 
,vale ( ,aylesbury1 :ile peas are       
pr(itable only on ! v light *alky       
gr\nds4 ,clov]1 luc]ne1 trefoil1        

turnips1 & 79 lat] times7 sw$es &       
mangold are also ext5sively gr[n4 ,9 ?is
 connection x is int]e/+ to note t !    
fir/ crops ( r$ clov] & ( sw$e turnips  
ev] gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry 7 s[n at ,broadby 
,f>m1 ne> ,b]khamp/ead2 a spot celebrat$
 9 lit]ature z hav+ be5 ! home ( ,pet] !
 ,wild ,boy 9 #agbe4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt (   
grass l& 0 int]m+l$ ) t "u c]eal & root 
cultivation2 :ile1 z m5tion$ 9 e>li]    
sections1 mo/ ( ! heavy l& 9 ! s\? &    
s\?-ea/ ( ! c\nty is "u grass4          
8,h]t=d%ire f>m+10 obs]ves a rec5t      
writ]1 8has und]gone little mat]ial     
*ange s9ce ,ellis's description ( x 9   
#agcb2 ! hay-crop has become a m prom95t
 feature p]haps1 potatoes on ! light]   
soils h ga9$ a lead+ place 9 ! rotation1
 & ! /&>d ( f]tility has be5 rais$ all  
r\nd2 o!rwise a f>m on ! high           
*alk-plateau 0 f>m$ 9 #agcb pretty mu*  
on ! same l9es z x is to-day4 ,ellis    
gives a li/ ( ! *ief we$s1 #8cr[-g>lick1
 wild oat1 c>lock1 poppy1 maywe$1       
b9dwe$1 dock1 cr[-ne$le1 black b5t'3 !y 

are n less tr\blesome nor any ne>]      
ext9ction at ! pres5t "t1 ! la/ grass 9 
p>ticul> be+ v *>act]i/ic ( corn-l& on !
 #8clay ) fl9ts'40  ,illu/ration3 ,a    
,h]t=d%ire ,f>m ne> ,rickmanswor?  ,e   
ye> ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture publi%es a   
return 9 :i* ! numb] ( acres 9 ea* c\nty
 devot$ to ea* p>ticul> k9d ( crop is   
duly record$1 ! classification adopt$   
be+ z foll[s1 viz43 corn crops2 gre5    
crops2 clov]1 sa9fo91 & grasses = hay2  
grass n = hay2 flax2 hops2 small fruits2
 & or*>ds4 ,su* l& z produces none ( ^! 
crops is class$ z b>e fall[1 ( :i*      
,h]t=d%ire 9 #aije possess$ #ad1bge     
acres4  ,( ! total ( #djb1hefb acres 9 !
 c\nty1 #cbi1fda 7 "u cultivation 9 t   
ye>2 #aiag 7 or*>ds1 #bf1efh 7 woodl&1  
:ile #afeg acres consi/$ ( hea?s &      
commons us$ z graz+-gr\nds4 ,at ! same  
date !re 7 #aaf1gjj acres "u            
corn-cultivation2 t is to say1 some?+   
approa*+ "o-f\r? ! total acreage1 aga9/ 
ab\t "o-sev5? 9 ,k5t4 ,gre5 crops       
acc\nt$ = #cb1gjb acres1 :ile ( !       

rema9d] !re 7 #cf1hca "u clov]1 sa9fo91 
& grasses1 #ccae "u luc]ne1 mead[s      
claim$ #ed1ehi acres1 pa/ure #gj1fgh1 & 
small fruits #edd4 ,( ! corn-graz+ area1
 :eat occupi$ #ea1fia1 oats #cf1idf1 &  
b>ley #bg1ifj acres4  #b ,see page #h & 
footnote4  ,x is ?us app>5t t out ( !   
#cbi1fda acres ( cultivat$ l& no less   
?an #bjj1jjj1 or m ?an half ! :ole area 
( ! c\nty1 & ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! total 
f>m+ l&1 0 /ill "u ! pl\gh2 ?is l>ge    
proportion be+ at ! "t exce$$ only 9 six
 ,engli% c\nties4 ,! increase 9 p]man5t 
pa/ure has1 h[ev]1 be5 /eadily progress+
 s9ce ! great fall 9 ! price ( c]eals 9 
! sev5ties2 ?is be+ aid$ by !           
improvem5ts 9 ! means ( communication   
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 :i* h t5d$ to rob     
,h]t=d%ire ( its orig9al special        
advantage 7ow+ to its proximity7 9 !    
matt] ( supply+ ! metropolis ) corn &   
/raw4  ,! subject ( ,h]t=d%ire          
agriculture _c be dismiss$ )\t m5tion ( 
! fact t ! _w-r5[n$ agricultural /ation 
at ,ro?am/$1 9 ,h>p5d5 p>i%1 f\nd$ &    

end[$ by ! late ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 is 
includ$ )9 its limits4 ,?is includes a  
laboratory1 "u a ,director1 situat$ on !
 we/ side ( ,h>p5d5 common1 & c]ta9     
plots ( l& 9 ! p>k at ,ro?am/$ :]e      
agricultural exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on = 
m ?an sixty ye>s4 ,! :ole /ation is     
adm9i/]$ by a committee1 ma9ly appo9t$  
by ! ,royal ,society4  ,fruit is gr[n   
only to a comp>atively small ext5t 9    
,h]t=d%ire4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( ! c\nty are1
 h[ev]1 ! or*>ds 7n[ = ! mo/ "p m or    
less neglect$7 ( small black *]ries1    
kn[n z ,h]t=d%ire blacks1 & also z      
8mazz>ds10 :i* are situat$ ne> !        
home/eads ( mo/ ( ! old] f>ms4 ,^! are  
probably a cultivat$ v>iety ( ! wild    
black *]ry ( ! neighb\r+ woods4  ,on !  
ri*-soil$1 l[-ly+ l&s ( ! ,lea valley on
 ! s\?-ea/]n side ( ! c\nty are situat$ 
num]\s m>ket-g>d5s & nurs]ies4 ,! gr[+ (
 tomatos 7at ,h>p5d571 cucumb]s1 &      
grapes "u glass is c>ri$ on 9 sev]al    
p>ts ( ! c\nty on a m or less ext5sive  
scale4  ,elm1 oak1 bee*1 & a% =m ! mo/  

common timb]-trees ( ! c\nty1 b !       
pr$om9ance ( ea* k9d 9 p>ticul> di/ricts
 dep5ds1 z already m5tion$1 on ! nature 
( ! geological =mation4 ,! und]gr[? 9 ! 
woods1 :i* %\ld be cut e #ab or #ac     
ye>s1 consi/s ma9ly ( hazel4  ,z reg>ds 
! numb] ( ! l>g] & common] k9ds (       
dome/icat$ animals1 %eep 9 #aije rea*$ a
 total ( #id1dfa1 or ab\t #bcd to e     
#ajjj acres2 ! av]age = ,engl& g5]ally  
be+ #dde p] #ajjj acres4 ,! prevail+    
bre$s are ! ,hamp%ire ,d[n1 ! ,s\? ,d[n1
 & ! ,dorset2 ! latt] be+ fav\r$ on     
acc\nt ( _! e>ly lamb+4  ,h]t=d%ire is n
 a great horse-bre$+ c\nty1 & 9 #aije ! 
numb] ( ^! animals 0 only #ae1jgj4      
,cattle numb]$ #ch1fcf1 & pigs #be1cch4 
,%or?orns are ! fav\rite bre$ ( cattle  
among ! f>m]s2 & al?\gh 9 ! *alk        
di/ricts ! soil is n specially well     
suit$ = dairy purposes1 f>ms ne> ! ma9  
railways despat* a consid]able am\nt (  
milk to ,london4 ,! numb] ( horses 0    
ne>ly ! same z 9 #aija1 b cattle %[$ an 
increase ( ne>ly #bjjj head4 ,%eep1     

h[ev]1 _h decreas$ by ov] #bjjj & pigs  
by m ?an #fjjj4     #aa4 ,special       
,cultivations4   ,! mo/ important       
special cultivation 9 ,h]t=d%ire is     
und\bt$ly wat]cress1 :i* is v ext5sively
 gr[n 9 ! riv]-valleys ov] a broad belt 
( c\ntry ext5d+ f ! ,welwyn di/rict1    
?r\gh ! p>i%es ( ,h>p5d51 ,:ea?amp/ead &
 ,r$b\rn1 & !nce to ,am]%am &           
,rickmanswor?1 z well z to ! ,vale (    
,aylesbury 9 ,buck+ham%ire2 ?is di/rict 
be+ report$ to be ! be/ 9 ,engl& = ?is  
p>ticul> crop4 ,! cress is gr[n 9 b$s   
cut ?r\gh ! l[-gr\nd f "o b5d ( ! riv]  
to ano!r1 s t a con/ant1 b regulat$     
/ream ( wat] is cont9ually fl[+ ?r\gh4  
,! se$ is s[n 9 special b$s1 & ! "y     
cress c>efully plant$ out 9 regul> r[s 9
 ! mud ( ! p]man5t b$s dur+ ! autumn4   
,mu* c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 t5d+ & we$+
 ! crop1 f :i* two prolong$ cutt+s are  
obta9$ annually2 ! spr+ cutt+ be+1      
h[ev]1 mu* l>g] & bett] ?an ! autumn "o4
  ,aft] cutt+1 ! wat]cress is ti$ up 9  
bundles & pack$ 9 flat1 oblong1 osi]    

hamp]s1 or baskets2 ( :i*1 dur+ ! spr+  
season1 huge /acks may be se5 at ! local
 railway /ations await+ despat*1 ei!r to
 ! metropolis1 or to ! great manufactur+
 t[ns ( ! ,midl&s4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! 
l& on :i* wat]cress is gr[n is almo/    
valueless2 b ! wat]cress b$s yield a big
 r5tal4 ,to furni% mat]ial = ! a=esaid  
wat]cress hamp]s1 z well z = basket-"w  
g5]ally1 osi]s are cultivat$ 9 "s ( !   
riv]-valleys1 z 9 ! ,lea a mile or s    
above ,:ea?amp/ead1 :]e !re are ext5sive
 b$s4  ,next 9 importance to !          
cultivation ( wat]cress 9 !             
,h>p5d5-,r$b\rn di/rict is t ( lav5d] at
 ,hit*91 :]e num]\s fields on a spur ( !
 *alk range ne> ,w9dmill ,hill are      
devot$ to ! gr[? ( ?is fragrant plant4  
,9 late summ] or e>ly autumn ! t]m9al   
spikes ( blossom are nipp$ f _! long    
/ems1 & g>n]$ = ! sake ( _! conta9$ oil1
 :i* is di/ill$ into lav5d]-wat] 9      
,hit*9 itself4 ,lav5d]-wat] has be5     
produc$ at ,hit*9 = a p]iod ( fully     
eighty ye>s4 ,! gr[+ ( lav5d] z an      

indu/ry is extremely re/rict$ 9 ,engl&4 
,illu/ration3 ,a ,lav5d] ,field1 ,hit*9 
#ab4 ,indu/ries & ,manufactures4   ,z w 
be inf]r$ f ! /atem5ts 9 e>li] *apt]s ) 
reg>d to its ess5tially agricultural    
nature1 ,h]t=d%ire is 9 no wise a       
manufactur+ c\nty l ,lanca%ire or       
,york%ire2 ?is be+ due1 no d\bt1 9 great
 "p to ! fact t x possesses no          
comm]cially valuable m9]als ( its own1  
or1 at all ev5ts1 none :i* are at pres5t
 accessible to ! m9]4  ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t]
 ( a c5tury or s a c]ta9 numb] (        
manufactur+ & indu/rial e/abli%m5ts h   
be5 mov$ f ,london & set up 9 v>i\s p>ts
 ( ! c\nty1 z at ,/ ,albans & else:]e2 b
 ^! _c be t]m$ ,h]t=d%ire indu/ries 9 ! 
prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 & d n ne$ fur!r     
m5tion4  ,"o ( ! great indu/ries ( !    
c\nty is ! malt+ bus9ess c>ri$ on at    
,w>e1 z is indicat$ by ! numb] ( c[ls   
ov] ! dry+-kilns1 :i* =m conspicu\s     
objects = miles r\nd4 ,w>e 0 ! greate/  
malt+ place 9 ,engl&4 ,! me?od ( malt+  
is too well kn[n & ! indu/ry too widely 

spread to call = any special notes on ! 
subject4  ,9 =m] ye>s1 say up to ab\t   
#ahfe1 ! /raw-plait indu/ry af=d$       
employm5t to a :ole army ( work]s 9     
nor?-we/]n ,h]ts & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts 
( ,b$=d%ire & ,buck+ham%ire2 & at t date
 ! wom5 & *ildr5 might be se5 9 summ]   
plait+ ! /raw at almo/ e cottage-door 9 
ea* village or t[n4 ,z already m5tion$1 
! *alk di/ricts ( ! c\nty gr[ :eat-/raw 
specially well suit$ = plait4 ,! /raws  
to be us$ 7 select$ & pull$ "o by "o f !
 %eaves be=e ! latt] 7 ?re%$2 &1 aft]   
hav+ ! corn-e>s cut (f1 7 done up into  
bundles4 ,! latt] 7 9 turn cut into su* 
l5g?s z c\ld be obta9$ free f knots1 &  
ti$ up into small] bundles ready = sale 
to ! work]s4 ,be=e be+ employ$ 9 plait+1
 ea* /raw 0 split longitud9ally into    
sev]al /rips by means ( a brass         
in/rum5t1 :i* consi/$ ( a h&le & a      
po9t$1 />-%ap$ head b5t d[n at "r angles
 to ! =m]4 ,! f9i%$ plait 0 sold at s   
mu* p] 8score0 7t is to say tw5ty y>ds7 
= manufacture into hats & bonnets4 ,*eap

 ,*9ese lab\r has completely kill$ !    
local plait+ indu/ry2 b ! manufacture ( 
! f9i%$ =eign plait into hats /ill      
con/itutes an important trade 9 ,/      
,albans & else:]e1 z well z at ,luton & 
,dun/able 9 ,b$=d%ire2 ! sew+ ( ! plait 
into hats be+ done ma9ly1 if n entirely1
 9 l>ge factories4 ,tr+ 0 a great plait 
c5tre4  ,! manufacture ( textile fabrics
 0 =m]ly c>ri$ on 9 sev]al p>ts ( !     
c\nty1 b 9 mo/ ( ^! has ei!r completely 
ceas$ or fall5 into decl9e4 ,ab\t #ahjb 
!re 7 mills = ! manufacture bo? ( silk &
 clo? at ,rickmanswor?2 & ! occurr5ce ( 
! "n 8,full] ,/reet0 9 ! records ( ,/   
,albans app>5tly indicates ! exi/5ce at 
"s unkn[n date ( ! latt] indu/ry 9 t    
city1 & !re 7 c]ta9ly cotton-mills at   
,sopwell1 to ! s\? ( x4 ,! ,abbey       
silk-mills1 on ! ,v]1 are /ill work+ at 
,/ ,albans1 al?\gh ) a mu* dim9i%$      
output2 b ^? at ! neighb\r+ village (   
,r$b\rn h be5 rec5tly clos$4 ,tr+ _h    
silk-mills1 & canvas 0 also made !re4   
,lace-mak+ 0 probably c>ri$ on by "s ( !

 cottag]s on ! ,buck+ham%ire side ( !   
c\nty1 :]e x fl\ri%es to a c]ta9 ext5t  
at ! pres5t day1 & may ev5 /ill "h & !re
 survive4  ,illu/ration3 ,moor ,p>k1 ne>
 ,rickmanswor?  ,n[adays p]haps ! mo/   
important manufactur+ indu/ry 9 ! c\nty 
is t c>ri$ on at ! pap]-mills at        
,abbot's ,langley1 :]e a l>ge am\nt (   
high class pap] is turn$ out4 ,be+ on ! 
canal1 ^! mills h ! advantage (         
wat]-c>riage4 ,pap]1 x may be obs]v$1 is
 made n[adays f wood-pulp & esp>to      
grass1 z well z f l95 rags4             
,illu/ration3 ,canal & ,lock1           
,rickmanswor?  ,brick-mak+ employs a    
consid]able numb] ( h&s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( !
 c\nty2 ! glacial & o!r sup]ficial      
deposits on ! *alk area frequ5tly yield+
 excell5t brick-e>?2 :ile ! ,london clay
 may be employ$ = brick-mak+ any:]e 9 ! 
s\?-ea/]n di/ricts4 ,bricks f ! ,london 
clay1 :i* is naturally blue1 turn yell[ 
or :ite aft] burn+ 9 consequ5ce ( !     
combu/ion ( ! organic col\r+ matt]2 b _m
 ( ^? f ! glacial clays are ( a full ri*

 r$ ,at ,pepp]/ock1 ne> ,cadd+ton1      
h[ev]1 !re are manufactur$ c]ta9 v h>d1 
hea!r-col\r$ bricks1 :i* are mu* fav\r$ 
= h\se-build+ 9 nor?-we/]n ,h]t=d%ire1  
al?\gh _! col\r comp>es v unfav\rably 9 
! matt] ( effect :5 contra/$ ) !        
8brick-r$0 ( ! m ord9>y k9ds4  ,z we    
approa* ! ,gault pla9 ( ,b$=d%ire num]\s
 cem5t works may be se5 at ! edge ( !   
*alk-m>l ne> ! nor!rn bord]s ( ! c\nty1 
"s ( :i* may be )9 ! c\nty itself4 ,*alk
 is mu* work$1 z at ,hit*9 & else:]e1 = 
lime2 &1 z already m5tion$1 is dug      
l>gely by ! f>m]s = 8*alk+0 _! fields4  
,x is to su* digg+s t ! deep circul>    
pits 7n[ g5]ally pl\gh$ ov]7 to be se5 9
 _m arable fields are due4 ,! ,tott]nhoe
 /one has be51 & p]haps /ill is1 qu>ri$ 
locally = build+ 9 "s p>ts ( ! nor!rn   
di/ricts ( ! c\nty4     #ac4            
,m9]als--,an ,exhau/$ ,indu/ry4   ,hav+ 
ref]r$ 9 ! la/ section to brick-mak+1   
lime1 cem5t1 & ,tott]nhoe /one1 v little
 rema9s = m5tion 9 ! pres5t "o2 z !     
abs5ce ( m9es is "o ( ! features (      

,h]t=d%ire & ! adjac5t c\nties4         
,ref]5ce may1 h[ev]1 aga9 be made to !  
s-call$ coprolite b$s ( ! *alk-m>l :i* 7
 work$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hit*9 9 !    
e>ly "p ( ! fir/ half ( la/ c5tury z a  
s\rce ( phosphoric acid = agricultural  
manure4 ,! irregul>ly %ap$ black nodules
 ( phosphate ( lime occur cr[d$ toge!r 9
 a comp>atively ?9 b$4 ,!y 7 dug out1 & 
wa%$ f ! m>l 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$ on ! spot
 9 l>ge circul> tanks ?r\gh :i* a :eel 0
 made to revolve by horse-lab\r2 & !n   
c>t$ away to be conv]t$ by a *emical    
process into sup]phosphate4 ,aft] !     
excavation ( ! coprolite b$ f "o /rip ( 
a field1 ! m>l f ! next 0 ?r[n 91 & !   
top soil replac$1 s t ! l& 0 left 9 z   
good1 or ev5 bett]1 condition ?an       
previ\sly4 ,! indu/ry 0 cont9u$ till all
 ! b$s situat$ at or above a level :i* x
 paid to "w 7 exhau/$4  ,9 w9t] !re is a
 consid]able local trade 9 gravel &     
%+le1 dug ma9ly 9 ! valleys4 ,tw5ty ye>s
 ago ?is trade 0 mu* m ext5sive 9 "s    
di/ricts ?an is at pres5t ! case2 ?is   

be+ due p>tly to ! exhau/ion ( !        
deposits1 p>tly to ! fact t 9 di/ricts  
s]v$ by ! ,midl& ,railway ! use ( sy5ite
 f ,m\nt ,sorrel & ,*>nwood ,=e/1 9     
,leice/]%ire1 has to a consid]able ext5t
 replac$ fl9t-gravel z road-metal on !  
ma9 highways ( ! c\nty & 9 !            
metropolitan di/ricts4 ,=m]ly1 v l>ge   
quantities ( gravel 7 s5t f ,/ ,albans &
 ,h>p5d5 to ! nor!rn metropolitan       
suburbs su* z ,h5don & ,*ild's ,hill2 b 
mo/ ( t n[ dug is employ$ = road-metal  
on ! local by-roads4 ,"h x %\ld be      
m5tion$ t 9 ,h]t=d%ire phraseology ! t]m
 8gravel0 is us$ exclusively to d5ote ! 
co>se big-/on$ mat]ial us$ z road-metal2
 :at is ord9>ily d5ot$ z 8gravel0--t is 
to say ! mat]ial employ$ =              
g>d5-pa?s--be+ locally kn[n z 8hogg940  
,fl9ts pick$ f ! fields ( ! *alk area h 
a high] value z road-metal ?an dug      
gravel1 ow+ to _! sup]ior h>dness2 !    
s-call$ 8qu>ry-wat]10 :i* is pres5t 9   
all dug gravel1 hav+ be5 long s9ce dri$ 
out4  8,fac+0 fl9ts = build+ purposes is

 an art mu* less commonly practis$ 9 !  
c\nty ?an 0 ! case 9 e>li] days2 & :5   
build+s ( fac$ fl9t are contemplat$ x is
 g5]ally necess>y to s5d to a di/ance 9 
ord] to secure ! s]vices ( an exp]t 9 ! 
fac+ process4     #ad4 ,hi/ory (        
,h]t=d%ire4   ,! hi/ory ( ,h]t=d%ire    
includes su* a numb] ( ev5ts ( prim>y   
importance t x is some:at difficult to  
make a selection ( ^? mo/ fitt$ to appe>
 9 ! limit$ space available4 ,x 0 9 ?is 
c\nty t ! (f] ( ! cr[n ( ,engl& 0 made  
to ,william ! ,conqu]or1 & x 0 f "h t ! 
fir/ petition = ! r$ress ( grievances 0 
=w>d$ to ,*>les ,i2 :ile sev]al         
important battles h be5 f\ght )9 its    
limits4  ,to ! two ,briti% tribes :o    
inhabit$ ?is "p ( ,engl& previ\s to !   
,roman invasion1 ref]5ce has be5 made 9 
an e>li] section4 ,! fir/ l&+ ( ,julius 
,caes> took place 79 ,k5t7 9 #ee ,b4,c41
 & ! second & m successful 9 #ed ,b4,c42
 :ile a ?ird ,roman invasion took place 
"u ,claudius 9 #dc ,a4,d41 f :i* date ! 
,roman legions held possession ( ! :ole 

c\ntry till ab\t ! ye> #daj ,a4,d4 ,:e!r
 ,caes> himself ev] visit$ ,v]ulam does 
n appe> to be def9itely asc]ta9$1 b x 0 
e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( t great city t !      
enc\nt] betwe5 ! ,briti% ,que5 ,boadicea
 & ! ,romans took place4 ,dur+ ! ,roman 
p]iod ,h]t=d%ire1 :i* !n appe>s to h be5
 a well-populat$ & weal?y di/rict1 =m$ a
 "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,flavia ,caes>i5sis4  
,illu/ration3 ,! ,mona/]y ,gateway1 ,/  
,albans  ,! next great ev5t 0 ! ,saxon  
,conque/1 :i* 9 ,k5t 0 u%]$ 9 by ! l&+ (
 a =ce 9 ! ye> #ddi ,a4,d4 ,dur+ ?is "p 
( its hi/ory ! we/]n1 or l>g] portion ( 
our c\nty 0 includ$1 z already m5tion$1 
9 ! k+dom ( ,m]cia1 :ile ! ea/]n &      
small] section belong$ to t ( ,essex4 ,(
 ! num]\s ,m]cian k+s1 ! mo/ r5[n$ & mo/
 p[]ful 0 ,(fa1 ^: "n survives 9 ,(fley1
 :]e he _h a palace1 & :]e he di$ ab\t !
 ye> #gif1 :ile /ill engag$ 9 build+ !  
,mona/]y & ,abbey ( ,/ ,alban4 ,m]cia at
 ?is "t made a bid = ! supremacy ( !    
petty k+doms ( ?is "p ( ,engl&1 b 0     
ev5tually beat5 by ,wessex "u ! able    

rule ( ,egb]t4  ,x 0 9 ! reign ( !      
la/-m5tion$ sov]eign t invad]s ( ano!r  
nationality--namely ! ,danes--began to  
make _! pres5ce s]i\sly felt 9 ! s\?2 b 
x 0 n till ! "t ( 8 son & successor     
,ae!lwulf t !y l&$ on ! ea/ coa/4 ,e>ly 
9 8 reign a c\ncil ( ,m]cians & ,we/    
,saxons 0 held at ,k+sbury1 ne> ,/      
,albans1 to devise means = repell+ !    
invad]s2 :ile a second assembly 0 call$ 
= ! same purpose at ,b5n+ton 9 ! ye>    
#hej4 ,nei!r seems to h result$ 9       
effectual measures1 = 9 #hea we f9d a   
l>ge ,dani% fleet :i* _h sail$ up !     
,?ames beat+ (f "o ( ! ,saxon k+s1 :o _h
 m>*$ to /op its progress2 & aft] ?is   
ev5t ! c\nty 0 h>ri$ & raid$ "t aft] "t1
 till x 0 ev5tually divid$ ab\t ! ye>   
#hhj by a treaty execut$ at ,w$more     
betwe5 ! ,saxon sov]eign ,alfr$ &       
,gu?rum ! ,dane by a b\nd>y l9e runn+ f 
! m\? ( ! ,lea to its s\rce1 & !nce     
/raight across c\ntry to ,b$=d4 ,a few  
ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 namely 9 #hid1 !      
,dani% fleet sail$ up ! ,lea to ,h]t=d1 

:]e ,alfr$ crippl$ x by cutt+ into !    
banks ( ! riv]1 s t by loss ( wat] !    
vessels became /r&$1 & ! ,dani% =ce _h  
to fight its way to ! we/ ( ,engl&4     
,aft] num]\s skirmi%es & fights1 & !    
build+ ( =ts at ,h]t=d & on a small isl&
 ne> ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ! ,dani% invasion
 0 practically cru%$ by ,k+ ,edw>d1 :o  
di$ 9 #ibe4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9$ to 
be done by 8 son ,ae!l/an1 :o /\tly     
attack$ ! invad]s aft] !y _h made a raid
 on ,/ ,albans 9 #icj4 ,a memorial ( !  
,dani% soj\rn /ill exi/s 9 ,dacorum1 !  
"n ( ! we/]n hundr$ 9 :i* ,tr+ is       
situat$2 !re is also evid5ce to ! same  
effect 9 ! records ( gifts to ,/ ,albans
 ,abbey by ,danes :o _h settl$ 9 !      
neighb\rhood4 ,! ,m]cian %ire-sy/em1 :i*
 0 probably in/itut$ z an aid aga9/ !   
,danes1 is kn[n to h come into =ce by   
#ieg2 b 9 place ( ,h]t=d%ire hav+ a     
%]iff ( its own1 x %>$ "o ) ,essex2 an  
arrangem5t :i* rema9$ 9 =ce till ! reign
 ( ,elizabe?4 ,?is 0 9 ,edg>'s reign    
7#ieg-ige72 b ev5 !n we d n rea* ! end (

 ! ,dani% tr\ble1 :i* did n cease till  
aft] ,sweyn's invasions betwe5 ! ye>s   
#ajaa & #ajad1 :i* 7 worse ?an _!       
pr$ecessors1 & includ$ ! pillage (      
,cant]bury4 ,ab\t ?is "t occurs ! fir/  
m5tion ( 8,heorot=d0 z ! "n ( ! c\nty4  
,sc>cely _h ! c\ntry recov]$1 9 great]  
or less degree1 f ! ,dani% raids ?an x 0
 conqu]$ by ! ,normans "u ,william ,i1  
:o soon aft] ! battle ( ,ha/+s m>*$     
?r\gh ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,?ames till he   
rea*$ ,b]khamp/ead 9 ?is c\nty1 :]e he  
built ! ca/le ^: f\ndations & e>?works  
rema9 to ?is day4 ,by rel5tless sev]ity 
aga9/ all :o /ood 9 8 way on ! m>*1     
,william _h succe$$ 9 in/ill+ a :olesome
 fe> into ! ,saxon 7or1 z we n[ say1    
,engli%7 inhabitants ( ! c\ntry2 &1     
al?\gh he is report$ to h be5           
successfully oppos$ by ,fr$]ic1 ,abbot (
 ,/ ,albans1 he 0 f9ally t5d]$ !        
submission ( ! p & ! ,engli% cr[n at    
,b]khamp/ead4  ,to foll[ 9 detail !     
ev5ts ( ! tr\bl\s times :i* succe$$ !   
conque/ is "h impossible2 & x mu/       

suffice to /ate t at ,*ri/mas1 #aaaf1   
,h5ry ,i paid a visit to ,/ ,albans = ! 
purpose app>5tly ( quell+ tr\ble among !
 turbul5t ,norman b>ons :o _h n[ become 
! p>am\nt lords4 ,/eph5 also held a c\rt
 at ,/ ,albans 9 #aadc 9 connection )   
o!r tr\bles4 ,) ! b>e m5tion t sev]al   
,h]t=d%ire b>ons accompani$ ,ri*>d ,i 9 
8 crusade to ! ,holy ,l&1 we may pass on
 to ! qu>rel betwe5 ,k+ ,john & 8 b>ons1
 :i* has a v intimate connection ) our  
c\nty2 among ! oppos+ noblem5 be+ ,rob]t
 ,fitzwalt]1 _! lead]1 & ! ,e>ls (      
,essex & ( ,h]t=d4 ,! b>ons advanc$ f   
,nor?ampton to ,b$=d1 :ile ! ma9 body ( 
_! army m>*$ to ,w>e & !nce to ,london4 
,! sign+ ( ,magna ,*>ta produc$ tempor>y
 peace2 b ?is 0 soon succe$$ by fi]c]   
fight+ ?an ev] 9 ?is c\nty4 ,at !       
comm5cem5t ( #abae ,john himself 0 9 ,/ 
,albans1 & also _h possession ( ,h]t=d &
 ,b]khamp/ead ca/les4 ,9 ,may ( ! same  
ye> ,l\is l&$ f ,france1 & 9 due c\rse  
besieg$ ,h]t=d & ,b]khamp/ead till !y   
surr5d]$1 & !n proce$$ to ,/ ,albans1   

:]e he 0 = "s "t defi$ by ! abbot4 ,at !
 dep>ture ( ,l\is ! ca/les 7 re/or$ to !
 k+4  ,! next ev5t is ! loot+ ( ,/      
,albans by ,fulke de ,breaut & 8 b& 9   
#abag4  ,! tr\ble ) ! b>ons cont9u$ into
 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii2 & 9 ! ye> #abfa 
! autumn p>liam5t 0 held at ,/ ,albans4 
,up to #abie ! %ires alone s5t          
repres5tatives to p>liam5t b 9 ! session
 held at ,/ ,albans 9 t ye> ! cities1   
bor\ghs1 & *ief t[ns 7 ea* p]mitt$ to   
elect two p>liam5t>y burgesses4 ,dur+ ! 
reign ( ,edw>d ,,ii ! c\nty 0           
consid]ably involv$ 9 ! affairs ( ,sir  
,pi]s de ,gave/on1 :o sp5t mu* ( 8 "t at
 ,k+'s ,langley1 :]e ,edw>d _h a palace1
 & :]e ,gave/on 0 buri$ aft] 8 execution
 9 #acab4 ,dur+ t ye> ! papal envoy met 
! b>ons at ,/ ,albans ) a view to !     
settlem5t ( _! diff]5ces ) ! k+2 & 9    
,july1 #acba1 ! b>ons m>*$ ?r\gh t city 
on _! way to ,london4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5?   
c5tury ! c\nty suff]$ sev]ely f plague2 
b 9 spite ( ?is ,edw>d ,,iii sp5t mu* "t
 at ,langley2 & 9 #acfa ! k+ & que5 came

 to ,b]khamp/ead to take leave ( !      
,black ,pr9ce 7to :om ! ca/le _h be5    
giv57 previ\s to 8 dep>ture = ,aquita9e4
  ,9 #acha1 ow+ to exactions on ! "p ( !
 k+ & ! abbot ( ,/ ,albans1 !re broke   
out ! peasants' revolt1 9 :i* ,h]t=d%ire
 m5 took a l>ge %>e4 ,inde$ aft] !      
execution ( ,wat ,tyl] ! k+ propos$ to g
 himself to ,/ ,albans to puni% !       
insurg5ts1 b 0 p]suad$ to s5d a         
commission 9 8 /ead2 al?\gh a %ort "t   
lat]1 aft] ano!r riot1 8 maje/y appe>$ 9
 p]son 9 t city at ! head ( an arm$ =ce4
  ,) ! b>e m5tion t 9 ! second ye> ( 8  
reign ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv visit$ ! abbey1 we 
pass on to ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 &         
especially ! fir/ battle ( ,/ ,albans1  
:i* 0 f\ght 9 ,may1 #adee4 ,!           
,lanca/rians1 or royali/s1 held ! ma9   
/reet ( ! city till ! ,yorki/s1 "u !    
lead]%ip ( ! ,duke ( ,w>wick1 bur/ ?r\gh
 ! def5ces f ! direction ( ,sopwell &   
cut ! royali/ position 9 half4 ,9 less  
?an an h\r !y _h ! city 9 _! own h&s1   
aft] a great c>nage1 dur+ :i* ,k+ ,h5ry 

,,vi himself 0 w\nd$4 ,9 #adeh ! k+     
visit$ ,b]khamp/ead ) ! object ( quell+ 
! /rife1 b to no purpose2 & 9 ,febru>y1 
#adfa1 ! two factions aga9 f\ght an     
engagem5t at ,/ ,albans1 ?is "t at      
,b]n>d's ,hea?1 to ! nor?w>d ( ,/       
,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,?is second battle ( ,/  
,albans end$ 9 a victory = ! k+4 ,on    
#ad? ,april1 #adga1 ,edw>d defeat$      
,w>wick 9 ! great battle ( ,b>net1 on ! 
s\?-ea/ bord] ( ! c\nty4  ,illu/ration3 
,! ,/aircase1 ,hatfield ,h\se           
,h]t=d%ire _h mu* to d ) royalty dur+ ! 
reign ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii1 ! palace at   
,k+'s ,langley be+ be/[$ on ,que5       
,ca!r9e1 :ile ! k+ himself sp5t mu* "t  
at ,hunsdon ,h\se1 & also _h a resid5ce 
at ,titt5hang]4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a     
tradition t he 0 m>ri$ to ,anne ,boleyn 
at ,sopwell4 ,! ,pr9cess ,m>y liv$ = a  
"t at ,h]t=d ,ca/le previ\s to h]       
removal to ,hunsdon1 :]e ,pr9cess       
,elizabe? also liv$ be=e h] long soj\rn 
at ,hatfield1 9 :i* beautiful p>k %e 0  
in=m$ ( h] accession to ! ?rone4 ,:5    

que51 ,elizabe? cont9u$ to be a frequ5t 
visitor to ! c\nty2 & 9 h] reign1 ow+ to
 plague 9 ,london1 ! law c\rts 7 held = 
a "t at ,/ ,albans1 :ile1 = ! same      
reason1 ,p>liam5t sat at ,h]t=d 9 #aefd 
& #aeha4 ,! sov]eign h]self came z a    
gue/ to ,"l ,burleigh at ,!obalds1 to ! 
,e>l ( ,essex at ,cassiobury1 & to ,sir 
,ni*olas ,bacon at ,gorhambury4 ,james  
,i likewise sp5t mu* "t 9 ! c\nty1 hav+ 
an e/abli%m5t at ,roy/on1 & dy+ at      
,!obalds4 ,dur+ ! civil w>s ,h]t=d%ire  
m5 play$ an important "p 9 connection ) 
:at 0 kn[n z ! ,ea/]n ,association2 & 9 
#afdc1 :5 ! ,high ,%]iff v5tur$ to read 
a royal proclamation 9 ! m>ket-place at 
,/ ,albans1 he 0 arre/$ by ,cromwell    
himself4 ,to foll[ ! =tunes ( ,h]t=d%ire
 dur+ ! conflict betwe5 ,*>les ,i &     
,p>liam5t w\ld occupy too mu* space2 & x
 mu/ suffice to m5tion t 9 #affj ,sir   
,h>bottle ,grim/on ( ,gorhambury 0      
,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons & took a   
lead+ "p 9 ! re/oration ( ,k+ ,*>les    
,,ii4  ,illu/ration3 ,cassiobury  ,! la/

 ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\nty to :i* space 
admits allusion is ! ,rye ,h\se ,plot4  
8,9 ! spr+ ( #afhc10 to quote ! words ( 
a well-kn[n local writ]1 8,*>les ,,ii & 
,james ,duke ( ,york w5t to see ! races 
at ,newm>ket4 ,j opposite to ! ,rye     
,h\se ,inn !re /ood !n a ca/le1 built 9 
! days ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 & 9 t ca/le liv$ "o
 ,rumbold1 =m]ly an (fic] 9 ! p>liam5t>y
 army4 ,rumbold & ab\t a score ( equally
 reckless malcont5ts put _! heads toge!r
 ov] _! tank>ds1 &1 s f> z c be ga!r$ f 
_m r contradictory n>ratives1 !y =m$ a  
plot to delay ! royal p>ty on ! return  
j\rney f ,newm>ket to ,london1 by plac+ 
an ov]turn$ c>t 9 ! road-way1 9 ord] t  
!y might %oot ! ,k+ & ! ,duke ( ,york 9 
! confusion4 ,! conspiracy 0 fru/rat$1 =
 ! royal p>ty return$ e>li] ?an ,rumbold
 _h be5 l$ to expect1 & pres5tly ! plot 
leak$ out4 ,! ,rye ,h\se 0 se>*$1       
incrim9at+ pap]s 7 discov]$1 & ! affair 
culm9at$ 9 ! arre/ ( ^? nobl] patriots  
:o1 9 conc]t ) ,argyle1 _h be5 plann+ ! 
ov]?r[ ( :at !y hone/ly reg>d$ z a      

corrupt gov]nm5t40  ,illu/ration3 ,!    
,rye ,h\se4 ,portions ( ! ,s]vants      
,qu>t]s  ,! ,rye ,h\se1 x may be add$1  
is situat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n bord] ( !      
c\nty1 a %ort di/ance nor?-ea/ (        
,hoddesdon4     #ae4                    
,antiquities--,prehi/oric1 ,roman1      
,saxon4  ,! e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! pres5ce (
 man 9 ,h]t=d%ire is af=d$1 z else:]e 9 
?is c\ntry1 n by writt5 or sculptur$    
records1 b by /one implem5ts ( v>i\s    
%apes & types4 ,! v e>lie/ ( ^!         
implem5ts1 at any rate1 belong to a "t  
:5 ! mammo? inhabit$ ?is c\ntry1 :i* 0  
!n unit$ to ! cont95t2 & _! age mu/ be  
reckon$ by ?\s&s1 if n by t5s ( ?\s&s1 (
 ye>s4 ,! p]iod to :i* all ^! implem5ts 
belong1 be+ be=e all human records1 is  
kn[n z ! ,prehi/oric2 & x is important  
to m5tion t ?is t]m %\ld be re/rict$ to 
! epo* int]v5+ betwe5 ! "t ( ! =mation (
 ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s & !  
fir/ dawn ( hi/ory4 ,we (t5 f9d ! t]m   
8prehi/oric mon/]s0 appli$ to ! great   
reptiles ( ! ,*alk & ,oolites2 b su* a  

usage1 al?\gh etymologically ju/ifiable1
 is te*nically wrong4  ,! ,prehi/oric   
p]iod = lack ( all o!r means ( dat+ has 
be5 divid$ by antiqu>ians1 accord+ to ! 
mat]ial ( :i* man =m$ 8 implem5ts1 into 
! ,/one1 ! ,bronze1 & ! late-,celtic or 
,iron ,ages2 ! ,/one age be+ fur!r      
divid$ into an old]1 or ,palaeoli?ic1   
section1 9 :i* all ! s-call$ 8celts10 or
 fl9t implem5ts1 7 =m$ simply by *ipp+1 
& a new] ,neoli?ic section1 9 :i* !y 7  
(t5 gr\nd & poli%$4 ,9 connection ) ^!  
implem5ts att5tion may be direct$ to "s 
( ! anci5t e>?works 9 ! c\nty1 al?\gh ! 
age ( _m ( ^! is unkn[n1 & 9 "s cases   
may be lat] ?an ! ,roman occupation4 ,! 
antiquities new] ?an ! late-,celtic age 
are describ$ z ref]able to ! ,roman or !
 ,saxon p]iod1 z ! case may be4 ,^!     
correspond ) ! hi/ory ( ,engl& f #ee    
,b4,c4 to #ajff ,a4,d4  ,palaeoli?ic    
implem5ts are f\nd locally 9 c]ta9 p>ts 
( ! c\nty1 al?\gh f ! gravels ( a v     
consid]able area1 especially ! ,h>p5d5  
di/rict1 !y appe> to be abs5t4 ,! l>g]  

implem5ts1 or 8celts10 :i* are (t5 six  
or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 seem to h be5     
employ$ = all purposes1 & to h be5 held 
9 ! h&1 )\t h&le or %aft1 al?\gh "s ( !m
 might easily be us$ z spe>-heads4 ,!   
fir/ discov]y ( an implem5t ( ?is type 9
 ! c\nty 0 made ne> ,b$mond1 ,abbot's   
,langley1 9 #ahfa4 ,a few specim5s h be5
 obta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,colne bas92 b 9 
! di/rict r\nd ,k5swor? & ,cadd+ton va/ 
numb]s h be5 discov]$1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p
 j outside ! c\nty b\nd>y4 ,9 fact1 ne> 
,cadd+ton ! ,/one-age m5 _h a great     
manufactory ( ^! implem5ts3--a k9d (    
,palaeoli?ic ,%effield4 ,9 ! bas9 ( !   
,lea a few flakes1 etc41 h be5 f\nd at  
or ne> ,ayot ,/ ,pet]1 ,welwyn1 ,h]t=d1 
,b5geo1 ,w>e1 ,amwell1 ,hoddesdon1      
,ippolits1 ,/ock+ ,pelham1 & else:]e4   
,mu* m important is a 8f9d0 at ,hit*91  
ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,hiz1 & ?us situat$1 9  
"p at any rate1 9 ! ,ouse bas94 ,^!     
implem5ts1 :i* 7 fir/ br\ght to notice 9
 #ahgg1 occur 9 clay-pits work$ =       
brick-e>?1 & are accompani$ by bones ( !

 mammo?1 hippopotamus1 & rh9oc]os4      
,illu/ration3 ,palaeoli?ic ,fl9t        
,implem5t  7,f ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ,torquay7 
,illu/ration3 ,neoli?ic ,celt (         
,gre5/one  7,f ,bridl+ton1 ,yorks47     
,betwe5 ! ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic age  
exi/s a gap ( untold l5g?1 = ! l& _h    
aga9 to be re-peopl$4 ,*ipp$1 or        
r\gh-hewn celts1 or hat*ets1 ( ! latt]  
age h be5 pick$ up 9 fields ne> ,abbot's
 ,langley1 ,b$mond1 ,k5swor?1           
,:ea?amp/ead1 ,m>kyate ,/reet1 & ,we/on4
 ,poli%$ celts are m r>e1 b specim5s h  
be5 f\nd at ,pan%ang]1 ,k+'s ,langley1  
,aldbury 7ne> ,/ort=d71 ,a%well1 &      
betwe5 ,hit*9 & ,pirton4 ,p]=at$        
axe-heads & hamm]-heads ( /one1 :i* may 
belong to ! close ( ! ,neoli?ic or      
comm5cem5t ( ! ,bronze age1 are /ill m  
uncommon1 al?\gh a few su* h be5 f\nd1  
notably a hamm]1 ne> ,s&ridge1 n[       
pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,mu* ! same
 rem>k applies to *ipp$ arr[-heads--!   
fairy d>ts ( a m poetical age--b a few  
beautiful specim5s h be5 f\nd ne> ,tr+1 

"s s long ago z ! ye> #agfc or !reab\ts1
 & o!rs at ,a%well & ,hunsdon4  ,aft] a 
"t man le>nt ! use ( metal4 ,! smelt+ ( 
iron 0 at fir/ beyond 8 p[]1 & he       
employ$ ! mixture ( copp] & t9 :i* we   
t]m bronze4 ,( ?is age specim5s ( w+$   
celts & pal/aves 7a n>r[ hat*et1 ) a    
tang or socket = a haft7 h be5 f\nd 9   
v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty1 z well z socket$  
celts1 dagg]s1 swords1 spe>-heads1 & !  
l4 ,! mo/ important discov]y ( ?is      
nature 0 made 9 #ahgf dur+ dra9age      
op]ations at ,cumb]l[ ,gre51 ne>        
,baldock1 :5 "s =ty bronze implem5ts 7  
f\nd 9 a well-l hole4 ,gold ornam5ts1   
probably ref]able to ! same epo*1 h be5 
f\nd at ,little ,amwell & at ,m>dox1 ne>
 ,w>e4  ,we n[ come to ! e>ly ,iron     
,age1 :5 man _h succe$$ 9 ma/]+ ?is     
metal4 ,( ?is a v brief notice mu/      
suffice4 ,primitive co9s1 )\t           
inscription1 ( ! type issu$ by ,philip  
,,ii ( ,mac$on1 & h5ce kn[n z ,philippi1
 7 probably co9$ 9 ! c\nty 9 e>ly       
,briti% times2 b aft] ! ,roman invasion 

a numb] ( ,briti% co9s 7 /ruck at       
,v]ulamium1 among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i*   
are ^? ( ,t>ciovanus1 :o reign$ 9 t city
 f 7probably7 ab\t #cj ,b4,c4 to ab\t #e
 ,a4,d4 ,a l>ge numb] ( 8 co9s h be5    
f\nd at ,v]ulam1 z well z ^? ( o!r      
,briti% sov]eigns4 ,t>ciovanus1 x may be
 add$1 0 ! fa!r ( ,cunovel9us           
7,%akespe>e's ,cymbel9e71 ^: capital 0  
,camulodunum1 ! mod]n ,col*e/]4         
,illu/ration3 ,! ,devil's ,dyke1 ,m>=d  
,e>?works ( great b unkn[n antiquity are
 by no means uncommon 9 ,h]t=d%ire2 "o (
 ! mo/ important be+ ,grimes-dit*1 or   
,grimm's ,dyke1 traces ( :i* rema9 on   
,b]khamp/ead common1 z well z on !      
opposite side ( ! ,bulb\rne valley1 :ile
 a deep dit* runs 9 a bold sweep f ne>  
,great ,b]khamp/ead ?r\gh ,nor?*ur* &   
,wigg+ton to ! nor? ( ,*olesbury camp1 &
 !nce into ,buck+ham%ire4 ,bee* ,bottom 
=ms ano!r great dyke ly+ betwe5 ! site (
 ,v]ulam & ,s&ridge1 & is probably      
pre-,roman1 & possibly connect$ ) !     
encampm5t ea/ ( ,:ea?amp/ead kn[n z !   

,moats or ! ,slad4 ,! latt] =ms "p ( a  
great sy/em ( e>?works ( :i* ! opposite 
side is m>k$ by ! ,devil's ,dyke at     
,m>=d4 ,! great e>?works runn+ outside (
 & p>allel to p>ts ( ! ,roman wall at   
,v]ulam are likewise old] ?an ! latt]4  
,b]khamp/ead ,ca/le may /& on ! site (  
an e>li] camp1 z ,briti% & ,roman co9s h
 be5 f\nd !re2 b ! m\nd or keep1 z at   
,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ,pirton1 & ,h]t=d     
,ca/les1 is probably ,saxon4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ! well-pres]v$ camp ne> ,r$b\rn1    
kn[n z ! ,aubreys1 ,aub]ys1 or ,aubury1 
is c]ta9ly pre-,roman2 & ! same is      
probably ! case ) "s ( ! num]\s o!r     
e>?works dott$ ov] ! c\nty1 su* z       
,arbury ,banks1 ,a%well4 ,a few b>r[s or
 tombs ( pre-,roman age h be5 op5$ &    
exam9$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty1 z at     
,!rfield1 ,roy/on1 & ,easneye ne> ,w>e4 
,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,causeway1 ,v]ulam
  ,9 evid5ce ( ! ,roman occupation (    
,brita9 ,h]t=d%ire is unusually ri*1    
al?\gh limitations ( space prev5t any?+ 
l ju/ice be+ done to ?is "p ( ! subject4

 ,! c\nty is1 9 ! fir/ place1 trav]s$ f 
s\? to nor? by ?ree ma9 ,roman roads1 ! 
,watl+ ,/reet1 runn+ ?r\gh ,/ ,albans & 
,m>kyate1 ! ,erm9e ,/reet1 pass+ ?r\gh  
,h]t=d1 & ! ,icknield ,way1 trav]s+     
,hatfield & ,baldock2 z well z by !     
,roman ,way1 connect+ ! latt] t[n )     
,h]t=d4 ,( ^! we %all speak pres5tly4 ,!
 cr[n+ ,roman glory ( ,h]t=d%ire is1    
h[ev]1 ! city ( ,v]ulamium1 or ,v]ulam1 
situat$ on ! hill on ! opposite side ( !
 ,v] to ,/ ,albans4 ,mu* ( ! f\ndations 
( ?is city lie buri$ )9 ! area p>tially 
enclos$ by ! rema9s ( ! massive walls2 &
 ! pl\ghman )9 t r+ is con/antly turn+  
up co9s1 fragm5ts ( pott]y & glass1 &   
o!r articles4  ,illu/ration3 ,roman     
,wall 9 ,/ ,g]mans' ,mead[1 ,v]ulam  ,9 
"o place are buri$ ! app>5tly complete  
f\ndations ( an amphi!atre1 :i* 0 op5$  
out _m ye>s ago1 b aga9 cov]$ up aft]   
exam9ation4 ,( ! walls consid]able      
portions1 9 a m or less damag$          
condition1 /ill rema9 to be> eloqu5t    
te/imony to ! la/+ "* ( ,roman masonry2 

& mu* m w\ld h p]si/$ _h !y n be5 us$ z 
a conv5i5t s\rce ( mat]ials = !         
con/ruction ( ,/ ,albans' ,abbey & o!r  
anci5t build+s4 ,! basem5t ( a ,roman   
villa1 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 0    
op5$ out at ,s>ratt ,bottom 9 #aijh1 &  
plans ( ! /ructure prep>$1 aft] :i* !   
excavations 7 fill$ 94 ,o!r ,roman      
rema9s are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! di/rict4    
,illu/ration3 ,/ ,albans' ,abbey f !    
,s\? ,side  ,rav5sburgh ,ca/le1 ,hexton1
 is a well-kn[n ,roman camp1 built on an
 e>li] f\ndation2 & rema9s ( ,roman     
camps exi/ at ,braugh+ & sev]al o!r     
places 9 ! c\nty1 al?\gh 9 _m cases !   
precise age ( su* anci5t /ations does n 
appe> to be def9itely asc]ta9$4         
,isolat$ ,roman rema9s ( v>i\s k9ds     
occur 9 _m p>ts ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,f !      
writ]'s own neighb\rhood ! ,briti%      
,museum possesses a ,roman alt> f\nd _m 
ye>s ago at ,h>p5d51 z well z a         
,romano-,briti% /one c(f91 conta9+ a    
glass vessel & pott]y1 f\nd ne> ,pick=d 
,mill 9 ! ,lea valley1 ea/ ( ,h>p5d51 9 

#ahbg4 ,! rema9s ( ano!r ,roman int]m5t1
 includ+ f9e specim5s ( amphorae1 or    
l>ge two-h&l$ pott]y vessels1 7 f\nd    
ab\t ! ye> #ahfe ne> ,h>p5d5 /ation on !
 ,great ,nor!rn railway1 & ,b>kway has  
yield$ a f9e bronze /atuette ( ,m>s4    
,ref]5ce may "h be made to ! anci5t     
mill/ones1 = h& use1 made ( ,h]t=d%ire  
pudd+-/one1 & kn[n z qu]ns1 ( :i* !     
writ] gave two f9e specim5s f ,h>p5d5 to
 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bo? /ones h "o flat
 & "o convex surface1 b ! convexity is  
mu* great] 9 ! upp] /one1 :i* is almo/  
conical1 & is completely p]=at$ at !    
c5tre4 ,:5 9 use1 a /ick1 to s]ve z !   
axis ( rotation1 0 ins]t$ 9 ?is hole &  
receiv$ 9 a socket 9 ! ne!r /one4 ,!    
lab\r involv$ 9 mak+ ^! pudd+-/one qu]ns
 mu/ h be5 enorm\s4  ,) ! ,saxon p]iod  
we rea* ! age ( *ur* build+2 b ap>t f   
su* portions ( c]ta9 *ur*es z are ( t   
age1 ,h]t=d%ire is exce$+ly poor 9      
evid5ce ( ! ,saxon dom9ion4 ,a glass    
,anglo-,saxon bas91 toge!r ) a bronze   
,franki% pot ( late six? or e>ly sev5?  

c5tury "w1 01 h[ev]1 discov]$ at        
,:ea?amp/ead 9 #ahhf4 ,anglo-,saxon     
relics are believ$ also to h be5 une>!d 
at ,r$b\rn at a v e>ly p]iod1 :5 !y 7   
attribut$ to ,/ ,amphibalus2 & a ,saxon 
burial-place appe>s to h be5 f\nd ne>   
,s&ridge 9 mod]n times1 al?\gh          
un=tunately pl\gh$ ov]4 ,ap>t f ! above1
 !re are only a few isolat$ 8f9ds10 su* 
z ( ! co9s kn[n z m9imi1 & ( a gold     
ornam5t discov]$ at ,p>k ,/reet 9 #agdd4
     #af4 ,ar*itecture4 7a7             
,ecclesia/ical--,abbeys & ,*ur*es4   ,! 
ar*itecture ( ,h]t=d%ire build+s may be 
mo/ conv5i5tly discuss$ "u ?ree sep>ate 
sections1 namely3--7a7 ecclesia/ical1 or
 build+s relat$ to ! *ur*2 7b7 milit>y1 
or ca/les2 & 7c7 dome/ic1 or dwell+     
h\ses & cottages4  ,z 9 ,engl& g5]ally1 
! ar*itecture ( ! old] build+s ( all    
?ree classes has be5 affect$ to a great]
 or less degree by ! nature ( ! build+  
mat]ials mo/ easily accessible4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! nor!rn *alk area ( ! c\nty !         
,tott]nhoe /one ( ,b$=d%ire & ! nor!rn  

flanks ( ,h]t=d%ire 0 l>gely employ$ 9  
*ur* build+1 bo? = inside & outside "w1 
to ! latt] ( :i* x is b ill suit$4      
,fl9t--9 ! bett] class ( "w 8fac$0 or   
8dress$0 by fracture s z to pres5t a    
flatt5$ out] face--0 also v ext5sively  
us$4 ,! ,norman build]s ( ! t[] ( ,/    
,albans f\nd1 h[ev]1 a qu>ry ready to _!
 h&s 9 ! adjac5t walls ( ,v]ulam1 & we  
accord+ly f9d ?is "p ( ! /ructure made  
almo/ entirely ( ! *>act]i/ic ,roman    
bricks or tiles4 ,contemporane\s brick 0
 also locally us$ to a v consid]able    
ext5t ev5 9 ! *alk di/ricts2 & 9 !      
nor?-we/]n "p ( ! c\nty !re are num]\s  
beautiful examples ( ,tudor brick       
*imneys1 z at ,wat] ,end4 ,timb] 9 ! old
 days 01 h[ev]1 mu* *eap] ?an bricks1 & 
we consequ5tly f9d _m ( ! old]          
build+s--especially cottages--con/ruct$ 
( a framework ( wood1 arrang$ 9 ! fa%ion
 ( a net1 ) ! l>ge 8me%es0 fill$ 9 )    
brick4 ,?is type ( "w is locally kn[n z 
brick & /udd+ & to ! ar*itect z         
half-timb]$ "w4 ,o!r build+s 7 l>gely   

con/ruct$ ( a wood5 framework ov]la9 )  
la?-&-pla/] "w4  ,_m ( ! *ur*es built ( 
fl9t or ,tott]nhoe /one h _! angles or  
quo9s made ( h>d] mat]ial2 9 _m in/ances
 ( /one app>5tly f ,nor?ampton%ire1 b 9 
o!r cases ( ,roman brick2 simil>        
mat]ials be+ also us$ 9 ! ar*es ( "s ( !
 *ur*es4  ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,pet]'s1     
,tew9  ,a l>ge numb] ( ,h]t=d%ire *ur*es
 h relatively l[ battlem5t$ t[]s1       
frequ5tly ) a %ort spire or /eeple 9 !  
c5tre z at ,tew91 or a turret 9 "o      
corn]4 ,k5swor? is an example ( su* a   
battlem5t$ t[] )\t ei!r spire or turret2
 ,/ ,m>y's1 ,hit*91 ,tr+1 ,nor?*ur*1    
,b>net1 ,bu%ey1 ,k+'s ,wald51 ,*e%unt1 &
 ,wat=d are examples ( t[]s ) a turret 9
 "o angle1 :ile at ,a%well !re are      
turrets 9 all f\r corn]s4 ,"s ( ! small]
 *ur*es1 l ,/ ,mi*ael's1 ,/ ,albans1    
orig9ally _h no aisles4 ,clo?all *ur* is
 peculi> 9 t ! ro( ( ! t[] =ms a        
f\r-sid$ cone2 :ile ! ro( ( ! *ur* at   
,s>ratt is equally unique 9 be+         
saddle-back$1 t is to say1 hav+ a ridge 

runn+ at "r angles to t ( ! ro( ( ! nave
 & *ancel4  ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,m>y's1    
,*e%unt  ,app>5tly !re is no :olly      
,saxon *ur* 9 ! c\nty1 al?\gh sev]al ( !
 old] ones 7 con/ruct$ on ! site (      
,saxon build+s1 _m ( :i* 7 probably (   
wood1 & ?us ei!r p]i%$ ?r\gh decay or 7 
burnt dur+ ! ,dani% raids4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 !re are rema9s ( ,saxon "w 9 ,/        
,albans' ,abbey1 & !re are sev]al       
,h]t=d%ire *ur*es :i* are ref]r$ ) a    
great] or less degree ( c]ta9ty to !    
p]iod be=e ! ,norman conque/2 ! orig9al 
"p ( ,/ ,mi*ael's1 9 ,/ ,albans1 & ( ,/ 
,/eph5's1 to ! s\?-we/ ( t t[n1 may be  
cit$ z examples1 bo? dat+ f ! middle ( !
 t5? c5tury4 ,! *ur* ( ,s&ridge--on !   
road f ,/ ,albans to ,:ea?amp/ead--may  
likewise date f ! same epo*4            
,illu/ration3 ,/ ,hel5's1 ,:ea?amp/ead  
,illu/ration3 ,/ ,m>y's1 ,hemel         
,hemp/ead  ,( ,norman *ur*es !re are    
num]\s examples1 among :i* may be cit$ z
 a f9e specim5 ,/ ,m>y's1 ,hemel        
,hemp/ead1 ^: tall octagonal t[] & spire

 are visible f a long di/ance4 ,!       
,norman ar*es ( ! nave are ( great      
solidity1 :ile ! we/]n doorway1 dat+ f  
ab\t #aadj1 is a magnific5t example ( ! 
"w ( ! p]iod4 ,s>ratt *ur* is also      
l>gely ,norman1 z 0 also ! old *ur* ( ,/
 ,ni*olas1 ,h>p5d51 un=tunately pull$   
d[n 7) ! exception ( ! mu* lat] t[]7    
ne>ly half a c5tury ago4 ,a consid]able 
portion ( ,/ ,albans' ,abbey 7n[        
ca!dral71 ! pride ( ! :ole c\nty1 is    
also ,norman2 ! t[] ( ,roman brick be+1 
ap>t f mod]n additions1 :olly ( t p]iod4
 ,! old ,saxon ,*ur* ( ,k+ ,(fa1 :i*    
/ood on or ne> ! site ( ! pres5t build+1
 appe>s to h be5 completely swept away  
by ,abbot ,paul ( ,ca5 7#ajgg-ajic71 !  
f\nd] ( ! pres5t abbey1 :i* al?\gh      
complet$ by him1 0 n consecrat$ till    
#aaae4 8,x is to be inf]r$10 accord+ to 
! ,victoria ,hi/ory ( ,h]t=d%ire1 8t a  
clean sweep 0 made ( ! old build+s1 & no
 evid5ce z to _! site has be5 pres]v$4  
,! ,norman ,abbot's contempt = 8 ,saxon 
pr$ecessors 444 l$ him to de/roy _!     

tombs1 & he d\btless laid out 8 new     
build+ )\t attempt+ 9 any way to        
accommodate !m to ^? previ\sly exi/+ on 
! site4 ,b he pres]v$ & us$ up 9 8 new  
*ur* "s ( ! /onework ( ! old build+1    
giv+ a v prom95t place to ! turn$ %afts 
:i* /ill rema9 9 ! transept1 & are ! mo/
 notable relics ( ! ,saxon build+40 ,9 !
 pres5t nave1 :i* is ! second longe/ 9  
,engl&1 ! fir/ six pill>s on ! nor? side
 belong to ! orig9al /ructure ( ,abbot  
,paul2 aft] :i* we come to ,e>ly ,engli%
 7,po9t$7 "w2 ?is be+ cont9u$ to ! we/  
end ( ! build+ & back to ! fif? pill> on
 ! s\? side1 :5ce ,decorat$ "w ext5ds to
 ,/ ,cu?b]t's scre54 ,! ,norman "w      
7#ajgg-ajic7 ( "o side ?us faces        
,decorat$ "w 7#acjh-acbf7 on ! o!r1 b   
?is is due to accid5t r ?an design1 !   
,norman pill>s hav+ giv5 way e>ly 9 !   
*ur*'s hi/ory4 ,x has rec5tly be5       
sugge/$ t ! ,abbey /&s on ! site ( ! old
 ,roman amphi!atre1 & t ,/ ,pet]'s      
,/reet1 ,/ ,albans1 m>ks ! position ( ! 
,roman cursus1 or race-c\rse4           

,illu/ration3 ,/ ,albans' ,abbey  ,( !  
,decorat$ /yle1 9 vogue dur+ ! reigns ( 
! ?ree ,edw>ds1 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh\t !  
f\rte5? c5tury1 9 addition to !         
beautiful "w 9 ,/ ,albans' ,abbey1 we h 
examples 9 ,abbot's ,langley1 ,clo?all1 
& ,hit*9 *ur*es4 ,abbot's ,langley has  
also "s f9e ,norman "w 9 ! nave4 ,_m ( !
 *ur*es ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 l ,/     
,m>y's1 ,hit*91 h l>ge & beautiful      
por*es4 ,mo/ ( ! w9d[s 9 ,abbot's       
,langley *ur* are ,p]p5dicul>1 al?\gh "s
 on ! s\? side are ,decorat$2 & ,tr+ &  
,(fley *ur*es are :olly ( ! ,p]p5dicul> 
/yle4  ,previ\s to ! ,re=mation1        
,h]t=d%ire1 l o!r c\nties1 possess$     
num]\s religi\s h\ses1 su* z priories1  
mona/]ies1 nunn]ies1 & hospitals2 all ( 
:i*1 comm5c+ ) ! small] ones1 7         
suppress$ by ,h5ry ,,viii1 ^: *ief ag5t 
9 ! "w 0 ,?omas ,cromwell4 ,9 _m        
in/ances ! sole evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce (   
su* e/abli%m5ts is ! survival ( ! ^w    
8,abbey0 or 8,priory0 z ! "n ( a private
 mansion1 b sometimes _! gateways1 t[]s1

 or m]ely ru9s1 /ill rema94             
,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( ,sopwell ,nunn]y1 
,/ ,albans  ,! neighb\rhood ( ,/ ,albans
 is especially ri* 9 relics ( ?is       
nature4 ,to ! s\?1 on ! banks ( ! ,v]1  
are ! fam\s ru9$ walls ( ,sopwell       
,nunn]y1 a build+ kn[n to h be5 9       
exi/5ce s e>ly z #aaai2 b ( ! mona/]y   
!re rema9s only ! f9e gate-h\se 7long   
misus$ z a gaol71 toge!r ) traces ( !   
cloi/] ar*es on ! s\? wall ( ! abbey4 ,f
 docum5t>y evid5ce1 h[ev]1 aid$ by      
excavations 9 ! abbey or*>d1 x has be5  
f\nd possible to make a gr\nd-plan ( !  
:ole e/abli%m5t4 ,! la/ traces ( !      
hospital ( ,/ ,m>y-de-,pr vani%$ only   
dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 ! "n surviv+ 9 a     
private h\se by ! ,v]1 :i* is kn[n z !  
,pr4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,priory1 ,hit*9  
,hit*9 =m]ly possess$ a l>ge priory1 z  
is indicat$ by ! designation ( ! home ( 
! ,delm-,radcliffes2 z well z by !      
exi/5ce 9 ! t[n itself ( c]ta9 alm%\ses 
kn[n z ! 8,bigg940 ,! latt] 7 pur*as$ by
 a private g5tleman 9 #aede1 be+ at t "t

 "p ( ! dise/abli%$ 8,priory ( ,bygyng 9
 ! t[n ( ,hy*540 ,! ,bigg91 :i* 0 once  
inhabit$ by ,gilb]t9e nuns1 has a       
beautiful wood5 corridor4 8,! ,priory0 z
 ! title ( a h\se 9 ! ma9 /reet (       
,r$b\rn1 & 8,! ,cell0 z t ( a mansion   
fur!r d[n ! road1 at ,m>kyate1 are b two
 among _m o!r traces ( mona/ic          
in/itutions 9 ! c\nty4  ,illu/ration3   
,c\rty>d 9 ! ,bigg9 ,alm%\ses1 ,hit*9   
,( ,k+'s ,langley ,priory1 :i* is kn[n  
to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 #adjj1 a           
consid]able portion /ill exi/s4 ,a%ridge
 ,h\se n[ occupies ! site ( a l>ge      
mona/]y & college1 ( :i* !re are _m     
rema9s4 ,a brief ref]5ce may "h be made 
to ,/ ,albans' clock-t[]1 :i* 0 erect$  
betwe5 #adjc & #adab1 & f :i* ! curfew 0
 rung till s late z #ahfa1 :ile a bell 0
 also rung e>ly 9 ! morn+ to awak5 "w-p4
  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,priory1 ,k+'s       
,langley     #ag4 ,ar*itecture4 7b7     
,milit>y--,ca/les4   ,l mo/ o!r c\nties 
9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ,h]t=d%ire possesses !
 rema9s ( sev]al ,norman ca/les1 mo/ (  

:i* appe> to date back no fur!r ?an !   
,conque/1 :ile o!rs1 l ,b]khamp/ead     
7:]e1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s section1   
,m]cian k+s held _! c\rts71 h be5       
suppos$ to be con/ruct$ on ! site (     
e>li] build+s ( a simil> nature4  ,!    
total numb] ( ca/les built by ! ,normans
 to ov]awe _! new ,engli% subjects is   
/at$ to h be5 ab\t #aajj4 ,^!1 z may    
naturally be surmis$1 v>i$ consid]ably 9
 size1 "s be+ royal ca/les1 con/ruct$ = 
! def5ce ( ! c\ntry g5]ally & rul$ by a 
con/able or gu>dian1 :ile o!rs belong$  
to individual ,norman noblem5 = ! def5ce
 ( _! own e/ates1 & 7 = ! mo/ "p ! t]ror
 ( ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4  ,a ,norman     
ca/le ( ! highe/ type occupi$ a l>ge    
area1 ! l(ty & massive out] wall enclos+
 a space ( sev]al acres1 & be+ surm\nt$ 
) t[]s & protect$ by ba/ions1 :ile x 0  
also surr\nd$ by a moat or dit*4 ,)9 !  
enclosure ?us =m$ 7 ?ree ma9 divisions1 
! fir/ ( :i* 0 ! out] bailey1 or        
c\rty>d1 ent]$ by a t[]$ gateway furni%$
 ) a portcullis 7t is to say1 a gate :i*

 c\ld be dropp$ d[n f1 & drawn up into1 
! t[] by means ( a sy/em ( *a9s &       
pulleys7 & a drawbridge4 ,! /ables & o!r
 build+s 7 conta9$ 9 ?is c\rt4 ,next    
came ! inn] bailey1 or quadrangle1      
likewise ent]$ ?r\gh a t[]$ & =tifi$    
gateway1 & conta9+ ! *apel1 ! b>racks1 &
 ! keep4 ,la/ly1 we h ! keep or donjon  
itself1 :i* always conta9$ a well1 &    
con/itut$ ! f9al portion :i* 0 def5d$   
dur+ a protract$ siege :5 ! g>rison 0   
h>d press$4 ,9 *oos+ ! site = su* a     
milit>y ca/le1 ei!r a m or less isolat$ 
& /eep hill or rock might be select$1 or
 a situation 9 m>%y l[-l&s1 :]e access  
might be r5d]$ difficult or impossible  
by damm+ back ! wat]s4  ,! ,norman ca/le
 at ,b]khamp/ead1 :i* /ood close to !   
pres5t railway due ea/ ( ! /ation1 &    
portions ( ! ru9s ( :i* may be se5 f !  
tra91 0 built by ,rob]t ,e>l ( ,morton1 
bro!r ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,accord+  
to a rec5t writ]1 ! e>?works ( ?is ca/le
 repres5t ! orig9al =tress f\nd$ by !   
,conqu]or1 & ! appellation ( a 8burh0 to

 ! /ructure is consequ5tly errone\s4 ,a 
,saxon 8burh0 or 8burg0 0 a =tifi$ t[n1 
:]eas ! moat$ m\nd ( ,b]khamp/ead1 l ^? 
at ,h]t=d1 ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ,an/ey1    
,b5n+ton1 & ,pirton1 are ess5tially     
,norman ca/les ( ! type kn[n z 8mottes10
 or1 f _! %ape1 z 8m\nt & bailey        
ca/les40 ,x is a common idea t          
,b]khamp/ead 0 orig9ally a /one ca/le1 b
 ! e>?works n[ rema9+ really repres5t ! 
=tress itself4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii !
 cu/ody ( ,b]khamp/ead ,ca/le 0 entru/$ 
to ,?omas  ,becket1 :o replac$ ! old    
wood5 def5ces 7su* z /ockades1          
palisades1 & t[]s7 orig9ally cr[n+ !    
banks1 by walls ( fl9t rubble1 rema9s ( 
:i* /ill p>tly surr\nd ! enclosure4     
,h]t=d ,ca/le1 ! site ( :i* =ms !       
resid5ce ( ,8 ,maje/y's judges dur+ !   
assizes1 0 built by ,edw>d ! ,eld] ab\t 
! ye> #ije2 & aft] ! conque/ ,william ,i
 plac$ bo? ca/le & t[n 9 ! cu/ody (     
,pet] de ,valoignes4 ,o!r anci5t ca/les 
& baileys 9 ! c\nty include ! foll[+1   
viz3--  ,an/ey ,ca/le1 situat$ ab\t a   

mile f ! ea/]n bord] ( ,h]t=d%ire1 on ! 
wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,/ort & ! ,qu94 ,b5n+ton
 ,ca/le1 built on high gr\nd ab\t a mile
 f ! riv] ,beane & "s two miles f       
,walk]n ,bury2 ! ru9s include ! rema9s (
 a small1 squ>e keep1 z well z ( a      
bailey4 ,waytemore ,ca/le1 ,bi%op's     
,/ort=d1 belong+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 
is an excell5t example ( ! type ( =tress
 :i* owes ! ma9 "p ( its /r5g? to be+   
situat$ 9 a practically impassable      
morass2 t is to say1 :5 ! latt] 0 kept  
well flood$4 ,! fl9t rubble walls ( !   
keep are fully a doz5 feet 9 ?ickness4  
,small] baileys exi/$ at ,high ,d[n1 ne>
 ,pirton2 at ,p]iw9kle ,hill1 on ne>ly  
level gr\nd1 midway betwe5 ,re$ &       
,b>kway2 & also at ,walk]n1 on ! ,beane1
 ab\t a mile & a half di/ant f !        
village4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! x is notewor?y t 
! *ur* is situat$ close to ! ca/le1     
al?\gh1 unlike ! "o at ,an/ey1 x does n 
appe> to h be5 includ$ 9 an out] w>d4   
,! class ( def5sive works kn[n z        
home/ead moats--t is to say1 simple     

enclosures =m$ into isl&s by means (    
moats conta9+ wat]--d n1 p]haps1 /rictly
 speak+1 come "u ! title ( ei!r         
ar*itectural or milit>y /ructures4 ,/ill
 ?is seems ! mo/ conv5i5t place 9 :i* to
 m5tion !m4 ,! nor!rn & ea/]n di/ricts (
 ,h]t=d%ire are rem>kable = ! enorm\s   
numb] ( ^! home/ead moats2 ^! di/ricts  
be+ equall$ 9 ?is respect only by ,essex
 & ,suffolk4 ,on ! we/]n side ( ! c\nty 
!y are comp>atively uncommon4  8,^!     
enclosures10 obs]ves a writ] 9 !        
,victoria ,hi/ory ( ! c\nty1 8v>y       
greatly 9 size1 %ape1 & position1 & x is
 obvi\s t !y d n all belong to "o p]iod1
 = 9 all ages to surr\nd a piece ( l& ) 
a dit* has be5 "o ( ! mo/ elem5t>y =ms (
 def5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 z ) ! l>g]    
e>?works1 c]ta9 typical =ms4444 ,x %\ld 
be not$ t ! typical feature ( a home/ead
 moat is t ! e>?1 dug to =m ! deep      
surr\nd+ dit*1 0 ?r[n on to ! inclosure 
& spread1 ?us rais+ ! isl& slightly     
above ! surr\nd+ level4 ,! con/ruction (
 moats1 except = ornam5tal purposes1    

hav+ ceas$ :5 ! /ate ( ! c\ntry no long]
 necessitat$ su* protective measures    
aga9/ m5 or wild bea/s1 !y (t5 fell into
 decay1 or 7 p>tially fill$ up1 & _!    
ve/iges conv]t$ into ponds1 :ile _m may 
h be5 oblit]at$ z int]f]+ ) agriculture1
 b !re /ill rema9 a l>ge numb]40  ,to   
reproduce ! li/ ( ^! w\ld occupy f> too 
mu* space2 & x mu/ suffice to m5tion t  
examples ( home/ead moats may be se5 9 !
 p>i%es ( ,a%well1 ,braugh+1 ,pirton1 & 
,sawbridgewor?4  ,a /ep 9 advance ( !   
home/ead moat 0 =m$ by e>?works made on 
! same plan z ! latt]1 b provid$ ) a    
ramp>t & a 8fosse10 or dit*1 & 9 "s     
cases also ) out] def5ces4 ,( ?is type (
 e>?work ?ree examples are def9itely    
kn[n to occur 9 ! c\nty1 namely "o at   
,bygrave1 a second at ,:om]ley ,wood to 
! s\?-ea/ ( ,/ev5age1 & a ?ird at ,well 
,wood1 ,watton4  ,yet ano!r k9d (       
def5sive e>?work is to be f\nd 9 ! %ape 
( walls1 ramp>ts1 or dit*es surr\nd+ !  
sites ( anci5t villages4 ,( ?is we h a  
local example 9 ,k+sbury ,ca/le1 an old 

=tifi$ village ly+ to ! s\?-we/ ( ! city
 ( ,/ ,albans1 & cov]+ an area ( ab\t   
#bg acres4 ,! village /ood ^u a hill1 ( 
:i* ! summit has be5 plan$ (f & !       
mat]ial employ$ to =m /eep banks or     
ramp>ts1 "o ( :i* 0 p>tially ?r[n d[n to
 =m ! pres5t ,v]ulam ,road1 :ile ano!r  
portion p]si/s 9 ! %ape ( a /eep fall 9 
! g>d5s or y>ds at ! back ( ! h\ses on !
 nor? side ( ,fi%pool ,/reet4 ,! ma9    
/ructure ( ! ca/le 0 demoli%$ dur+ ! t5?
 c5tury1 & ! remnant ab\t ! ye> #aaeb4  
,x may be add$ t ! clay-pits on ! nor?  
side ( ,k+sbury ,ca/le are ! reput$     
s\rce ( ! mat]ial ( ! ,roman bricks (   
:i* ,v]ulam is built4  ,! gigantic      
e>?works ( ! type ( ,bee* ,bottom &     
,grimm's ,dyke h be5 m5tion$ 9 an e>li] 
section4     #ah4 ,ar*itecture4 7c7     
,dome/ic--,fam\s ,seats1 ,manor ,h\ses1 
,cottages4   ,) ! adv5t ( less tr\bl\s  
times at ! close ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses a  
m>k$ *ange is noticeable 9 ! plan &     
ar*itecture ( ! resid5ces ( ! great     
noblem5 & c\ntry g5tlem54 ,! ne$ =      

ca/les or =tifi$ h\ses ceas$ to exi/2 & 
att5tion 0 consequ5tly direct$ to com=t 
r ?an /r5g? 9 ! con/ruction ( c\ntry    
mansions4 ,=tunately a numb] ( ^! f9e   
old ,tudor resid5ces h surviv$ 9 diff]5t
 p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 b _m h be5 replac$ by 
o!r lat] /ructures built on ! old       
f\ndations4  ,^! ,tudor mansions usually
 took ! =m ( a l>ge h\se built r\nd a   
quadrangle1 ! hall occupy+ ! middle     
portion ( ! build+1 ) flank+ w+s on bo? 
sides4 ,! build+ mat]ial dep5d$ ^u !    
locality & on ! ta/e & means ( ! own]2 b
 9 ?is c\nty brick 0 ext5sively employ$ 
by ! ,tudor1 & /ill m s by ! ,/u>t      
build]s4  ,9 lordly c\ntry seats1 z well
 z 9 mansions ( a less pret5ti\s type1  
dat+ f ! ,tudor p]iod d[nw>d1           
,h]t=d%ire1 ow+ d\btless to its         
well-wood$ & picturesque sc5]y1 its good
 soil1 brac+ climate1 & proximity to !  
metropolis1 is especially ri*1 & 9 ?is  
respect pres5ts a m>k$ contra/ to !     
neighb\r+ c\nty ( ,essex4 ,! majority ( 
^! h\ses1 h[ev]1 h be5 ei!r completely  

rebuilt or m or less ext5sively alt]$ at
 lat] epo*s4  ,illu/ration3 ,hatfield   
,h\se1 ,s\? ,front  ,among ! few ( ^!   
noble resid5ces t c be m5tion$ "h1      
,hatfield ,h\se1 :i* 0 built betwe5 !   
ye>s #afje & #afaa by ! fir/ ,e>l (     
,salisbury1 pres5ts a magnific5t specim5
 ( e>ly ,jacobean ar*itecture 9 brick & 
/one1 mell[$ by "t to exquisitely s(t   
t9ts4 ,! orig9al palace1 :]e ,edw>d ,,vi
 liv$1 & :]e ,elizabe? 0 kept 9         
captivity1 n[ =ms ! /ables4 ,! m5tion ( 
! virg9 que5 naturally leads on to      
,a%ridge1 ne> ,b]khamp/ead1 =m]ly ! seat
 ( ! ,dukes ( ,bridgewat]1 :]e ,elizabe?
 also sp5t a consid]able "t 9 h] e>ly   
days4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t build+1 :i* /&s  
p>tly 9 ,h]t=d%ire & p>tly 9            
,buck+ham%ire1 is mo/ly mod]n ,go?ic1 ! 
f9e vault$ cell> is a remnant ( ! old   
mona/]y & college :i* =m]ly occupi$ !   
site4 ,knebwor?1 ne> ,/ev5age1 ! home ( 
! ,e>ls ( ,lytton1 al?\gh n[ a          
comp>atively mod]n ,go?ic build+1 0     
orig9ally a ,tudor mansion1 dat+ f !    

reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 ! pres5t h\se      
occupy+ ! position ( "o ( ! f\r w+s ( ! 
orig9al build+4 ,titt5hang]1 betwe5 ,/  
,albans & ,colney1 occupies ! site ( a  
royal resid5ce dat+ f ! f\rte5? & e>ly  
"p ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ! pres5t mansion1
 notable = its gr& oak /aircase1 is /at$
 to h be5 built 9 #afed1 al?\gh ! /yle (
 ! brickwork sugge/s ! e>ly "p ( !      
eighte5? c5tury4 ,little ,hadham ,hall1 
at ! village ( t "n1 is a spl5did       
example ( ,elizabe?an ar*itecture 9 r$  
brick4  ,illu/ration3 ,knebwor?  ,a v   
int]e/+ mansion is ,salisbury ,h\se1    
,%5ley1 built "s "t be=e #affi2 mu* ( ! 
orig9al brick build+ /ill rema9+ z an   
excell5t example ( ,/u>t ar*itecture4 ,!
 h\se is surr\nd$ by a broad moat1 & is 
approa*$ by a bridge4 ,mack]y ,end1 ne> 
,:ea?amp/ead1 conta9s "s f9e examples ( 
sixte5? c5tury ar*itecture2 & ,ro?am/$1 
ne> ,h>p5d51 is 9 ! ma9 a sev5te5?      
c5tury brick mansion1 dat+ f betwe5     
#afcj & #afej1 al?\gh x has old]        
portions1 & ! hall belong$ to a h\se    

con/ruct$ ( timb] on a fl9t base4  ,(   
f9e old h\ses n[ =m+ f>m-home/eads !re  
are _m examples on ! we/]n side ( !     
c\nty4 ,among ^! is ,turn]'s ,hall1 to !
 nor?-we/ ( ,h>p5d51 n[ consid]ably     
mod]nis$4  ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,end ,f>m
 ne> ,:ea?amp/ead  7,elizabe?an         
,manor-,h\se7  ,ano!r v int]e/+ build+ (
 ?is type is ,wat] ,end ,f>m1 9 ! p>i% (
 ,s&ridge1 situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,lea  
ab\t two miles f ,:ea?amp/ead1 & /at$ to
 h be5 built ab\t #afaj4 ,x is con/ruct$
 ( brick & has ! /raight-gabl$1 mullion$
 /yle *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] "p ( ! reign (
 ,elizabe? & ! comm5cem5t ( t ( ,james  
,i4 ,l _m o!r h\ses ( ,elizabe?an times 
x is con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,e1 &   
its ?ree /acks ( brick *imneys1 )       
octagonal %afts & m\ld$ brick caps &    
bases1 are especially *>act]i/ic ( !    
/yle ( ?is p]iod4  ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/'s
 ,hospital ,s*ool1 ,h]t=d  ,( lat] date 
are ! ,m>lbor\gh ,build+s1 or ,alm%\ses1
 ,/ ,albans1 erect$ by ,s>ah1 ,du*ess ( 
,m>lbor\gh 9 #agcf1 & af=d+ a f9e       

example ( ! brick ar*itecture ( t p]iod 
9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,"h   
also may be m5tion$ ! ,blue-,coat ,s*ool
 at ,h]t=d1 & ! ,boys' ,gramm> ,s*ool at
 ,hit*94  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,gramm>      
,s*ool1 ,hit*9  ,=ty ye>s ago ! c\nty   
ab\nd$ 9 picturesque brick-&-timb]      
cottages1 ro($ ) ei!r tiles or ?at*2 b  
^! are disappe>+ ye>ly "u ! h& ( !      
speculative build]1 to be replac$ by    
hide\s box-l build+s ( brick & slate4   
,"s1 h[ev]1 /ill survive1 ei!r 9 ! t[ns 
or ! small] hamlets1 su* z picturesque  
,amswell1 ne> ,:ea?amp/ead1 :i* may be  
cit$ z an ideal example ( "o ( ! small] 
,h]t=d%ire villages4  ,z has be5 well   
rem>k$ 9 ano!r volume ( ! pres5t s]ies1 
! great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! anci5t       
cottages & h\ses & ! great majority ( _!
 mod]n successors is t :ile ! =m]       
h>monise ) _! surr\nd+s1 reflect n a    
little ( ! _s ( ! build]1 & improve1 l  
good w9e1 ) age1 ! latt] are altoge!r   
out ( keep+1 & are likely to become1 if 
possible1 /ill m (f5sive & objectionable

 ) ! advance ( "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,an   
,old ,malt+ ,h\se1 ,baldock  ,:ile mo/ (
 ! old ,h]t=d%ire cottages 7 ( brick &  
timb]1 o!rs 7 built ( fl9t ) brick      
fac+s1 or m r>ely ( r\nd$ pebbles f !   
,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s1 or ) brick c\rses
 & w9d[-mullions2 "s 7 ( fea!r-edge     
bo>d+1 & o!rs aga9 ( rubble & pla/]4    
,illu/ration3 ,*equ]'s ,y>d1 ,wat=d  ,9 
,hemel ,hemp/ead ,high ,/reet is a      
build+1 n[ conv]t$ into cottages1 :i*   
conta9s above ! fireplaces on ! gr\nd & 
fir/ floors ! ,tudor rose & fleur-de-lys
 9 pla/]-"w2 :ile ! back ( a neighb\r+  
build+ probably dates f ! "t ( ,h5ry    
,,viii4 ,excell5t examples ( ! old      
brick-&-timb] cottages are to be se5 9 !
 village ( ,nor?*ur*1 & also at         
,aldbury1 ea/ ( ,tr+1 :]e ! old p>i%    
/ocks are likewise pres]v$4 ,mo/ ( ^!   
,aldbury cottages are til$1 al?\gh a few
 are cov]$ ) ?at*1 a /yle ( ro(+ mu*    
less common 9 t di/rict ?an 9 _m p>ts ( 
! c\nty4 ,wat=d has /ill a numb] ( old  
cottages1 notably 9 ,f>?+ ,lane &       

,*equ]'s ,y>d1 & 9 ,/ ,albans1          
especially 9 ! m>ket-place & ,fr5* ,r[1 
!re are sev]al dat+ f ! sixte5? &       
sev5te5? c5turies4 ,!re is also a v     
rem>kable old hexagonal wood5 h\se ne> !
 =d across ! ,v] at ,/ ,mi*ael's        
silk-mills1 said to be "o ( ! olde/     
lic5s$ h\ses 9 ,engl&4  ,illu/ration3 ,!
 8,fight+ ,cocks10 ,/ ,albans  7,anci5t 
,inn ne> ! ,=d across ! ,v]7  ,did space
 p]mit1 ref]5ce might be made to old    
h\ses 9 ,h]t=d1 ,b]khamp/ead1 & o!r t[ns
 & villages1 b ! facts m5tion$ are      
suffici5t to indicate ! int]e/ ( ! c\nty
 to antiqu>ians 9 ! matt] ( anci5t      
build+s1 & be=e conclud+ ?is section we 
mu/ n omit to m5tion :at is c]ta9ly n ! 
lea/ int]e/+ ( all ,h]t=d%ire           
antiquities--! ,cross at ,wal?am :i*    
,edw>d erect$ to 8 belov$ ,que5         
,eleanor2 ! la/ be=e arriv+ 9 ,london ( 
! fifte5 commemorat+ ! re/+-place ( h]  
body on its j\rney f ,gran?am to        
,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #abij4  ,illu/ration3 
,wal?am ,cross     #ai4                 

,communications--,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,roads1
 ,railways1 ,canals4   ,ly+ z x does on 
! direct r\te f ! metropolis to ! nor? &
 nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 & conta9+ 9 its     
we/]n portion ! =m]ly important city (  
,v]ulam1 ,h]t=d%ire1 z might be expect$1
 is trav]s$ by sev]al trunk roads lead+ 
9 ^? directions1 two ( :i* date f ,roman
 times4 ,:at ^! l9es ( communication 7 9
 pre-,roman days we h no means ( kn[+1  
al?\gh x is probable t !y 7 little m ?an
 rude tracks ?r\gh ! great =e/1 or      
8weald10 :i* 9 ^? days ext5d$ "s =ty    
miles to ! nor? ( ,london1 & af=d$ %elt]
 to ! great wild ox1 r$ de]1 wild bo>s1 
be>s1 & wolves4 ,road-mak+ 0 a special  
attribute ( ! anci5t ,romans2 & aft] !y 
_h con/ruct$ highways f _! e>ly /ations 
9 ,k5t1 !y probably set to "w on ^? 9 ! 
c\nties to ! nor?w>d ( ,london4 ,s well 
made & s /raight 7 ^! anci5t ,roman     
roads t _m ( !m 7) 9 "s cases a c]ta9   
am\nt ( local deviation7 h rema9$ ! ma9 
highways ( ! c\ntry d[n to ! pres5t day4
 ,imm$iately be=e ! introduction (      

railways1 :5 ! coa*+ traffic 0 br\ght to
 its highe/ pit* ( developm5t1 ^! ma9   
trunk roads--?anks to ! inv5tion (      
,macadam--7 ma9ta9$ 9 sup]b condition1  
?\gh ) ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/em "s (
 !m 7 all[$ to det]iorate4              
,illu/ration3 ,! ,erm9e ,/reet at ,h]t=d
 ,hea?  ,!re are ?ree great ,roman roads
 trav]s+ ,h]t=d%ire--,watl+ ,/reet1 !   
,icknield ,way1 & ,erm9e ,/reet4 ,watl+ 
,/reet />ts f ,dov]1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh 
,london1 ent]s ! c\nty to ! s\? (       
,el/ree1 :5ce x is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,colney
 ,/reet1 ,p>k ,/reet & ,/ ,/eph5s to ,/ 
,albans1 & !nce on ?r\gh ,r$b\rn &      
,m>kyate ,/reet1 & s to ,dun/able :5ce x
 ev5tually rea*$ ,*e/] & ,holyhead4     
,al?\gh frequ5tly miscall$ ! ,nor?      
,road1 ! mod]n repres5tative ( ,watl+   
,/reet is kn[n z ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead    
road4 ,orig9ally ! ,roman road 9 !      
neighb\rhood ( ,/ ,albans ran altoge!r  
to ! we/ ( ! ,v]1 f ,gorham ,block to ! 
,pondy>ds2 ?is section ( ! mod]n road1  
:i* crosses ! riv] to ent] ! city1 hav+ 

be5 con/ruct$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahbf-ahcd4   
,illu/ration3 ,! ,icknield ,way1 %[+ a  
,=d betwe5 ,ickle=d & ,wilbury ,hill  ,!
 ,icknield ,way 7tak+ its "n app>5tly f 
! ,briti% tribe ( ! ,ic5i7 may be !     
olde/ ( ! ?ree great tracks1 & orig9ally
 ( pre-,roman age1 z1 l ! ,pilgrims'    
,way 9 ,k5t1 x ma9ly foll[s ! l9e ( !   
*alk d[ns4 ,x may be call$ a            
cross-c\ntry road f ! we/ ( ,engl&1     
cutt+ ! ,watl+ ,/reet at ,dun/able1 &   
!nce ext5d+ 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction   
across ,h]t=d%ire ?r\gh ,little ,(fley1 
,ickle=d1 & ,baldock1 & !nce by way (   
,roy/on1 :]e x crosses ! ,erm9e ,/reet1 
to ,newm>ket & ,y>m\?4  ,! ,erm9e       
,/reet1 ! ?ird great ,roman road1 takes1
 on ! o!r h&1 a nor!rn direction1 pass+ 
?r\gh ,*e%unt1 ,wormley1 ,broxb\rne1 &  
,wadesmill1 & s by way ( ,bunt+=d to    
,roy/on4 ,!re is h[ev] "s diff]5ce (    
op9ion ab\t its c\rse4  ,illu/ration3   
,high ,/reet1 ,/ev5age  ,( mod]n roads1 
! ,*e/] & ,holyhead road has be5 already
 m5tion$ z foll[+ 9 ! ma9 ! l9e ( ! ,old

 ,watl+ ,/reet4 ,( equal importance is !
 ,great ,nor? ,road to ,york1 pass+     
?r\gh ,b>net1 ,hatfield1 ,welwyn1       
,codicote1 ,/ev5age1 & ,hit*94 ,( o!r   
highways x mu/ suffice to m5tion t !    
,b$=d road bran*es (f f ! ,*e/] &       
,holyhead at ,/ ,albans to run ?r\gh    
,h>p5d51 & s on to ,luton1 9 ,b$=d%ire2 
:ile ! ma9 road f ,london to ,cambridge 
& ,norwi* takes ! l9e ( ! ,lea valley on
 ! ea/]n side ( ! c\nty1 :i* x leaves a 
%ort di/ance to ! nor?w>d ( ,bi%op's    
,/ort=d4  ,illu/ration3 ,view on !      
#8,great ,nor? ,road1' ,codicote        
,village  ,9 coa*+ days ,/ ,albans 0 a  
f> m bu/l+ & busy t[n ?an x is at !     
pres5t day2 a v l>ge numb] ( coa*es     
pass+ daily ?r\gh ! city ea* way1 !     
majority runn+ on ! ,holyhead & ,*e/]   
road1 b a c]ta9 numb] tak+ ! ,b$=d l9e4 
,! two *ief coa*+ & po/+ inns 7 ! ,peah5
 & ! ,:ite ,h>t1 bo? ( :i* are /ill 9   
exi/5ce4  ,! spe$ & sm>tness ) :i* !    
mail-coa*es 7 run 9 ! days imm$iately   
prec$+ _! abolition 0 little %ort (     

m>vell\s4  ,illu/ration3 ,wat=d  ,! fir/
 half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw !          
introduction ( railways1 :i* gradually b
 surely kill$ ! old coa*+ traffic4 ,"o (
 ! fir/ l9es to be op5$ 0 ! ,london &   
,nor?-,we/]n--9 #ahch--:i* trav]ses !   
s\?-we/]n side ( ! c\nty1 pass+ ?r\gh   
,wat=d1 ,boxmoor1 ,b]khamp/ead1 & !     
outskirts ( ,tr+4 ,9 #ahec a bran* l9e 0
 op5$ f ,wat=d to ,/ ,albans1 & ano!r to
 ,rickmanswor? 9 #ahfb4 ,) a %ort break 
betwe5 ,boxmoor & ,hemel ,hemp/ead1 !   
,nor?-,we/]n sy/em is connect$ ) !      
,midl& by means ( a bran* l9e f !       
la/-nam$ t[n to ,h>p5d54 ,! ma9 l9e ( ! 
,midl&1 :i* trav]ses ! we/]n half ( !   
c\nty by way ( ,el/ree1 ,/ ,albans1 &   
,h>p5d51 0 op5$ 9 #ahfh4 ,bo? ,/ ,albans
 & ,h>p5d5 h bran*es ( ! ,great ,nor!rn 
,railway to ,hatfield1 :i* is on ! ma9  
l9e2 ! latt] cont9u+ ?r\gh ,welwyn1     
,/ev5age1 & ,hit*94 ,by means ( a bran* 
l9e ( ! ,great ,nor!rn f ,hatfield to   
,h]t=d1 we rea* ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ! f\r? 
great railway 9 ! c\nty1 ! ma9 l9e ( :i*

 runs ?r\gh ,broxb\rne1 ,sawbridgewor?1 
& ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 b connect$ also )   
,w>e & ,h]t=d1 & hav+ a bran* f ,/      
,m>g>et's to ,bunt+=d4  ,) su* a        
multiplicity ( l9es1 x might well be    
imag9$ t railway communication betwe5   
ne>ly all p>ts ( ! c\nty w\ld be        
well-nigh p]fect4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is
 is by no means ! case2 & ! j\rney by   
rail f ! we/]n to ! ea/]n side1 ow+ to  
*anges & delays1 is s sl[ & t$i\s1 t x  
is frequ5tly f\nd conv5i5t to hold      
important ,h]t=d%ire meet+s1 l ^? ( !   
,c\nty ,c\ncil1 9 ,london4  ,z reg>ds   
wat]-communication1 ! we/]n side ( !    
c\nty is s]v$ by ! ,gr& ,junction       
,canal1 :i*1 aft] leav+ ,leighton       
,buzz>d1 ent]s ! c\nty ne> ,tr+1 & !nce 
runs by way ( ,b]khamp/ead1 ,boxmoor1   
,hemel ,hemp/ead1 ,runton ,bridge1      
,wat=d & ,rickmanswor? 9 a s\?-ea/]ly & 
s\!rly direction to ,london4 ,a         
consid]able am\nt ( b>ge-traffic is /ill
 c>ri$ on ?is canal1 al?\gh no?+        
approa*+ t 9 pre-railway times4 ,9 ^?   

days ! :ole ( ! coal-supply = nor?-we/]n
 ,h]ts came by canal to ,boxmoor1 :5ce x
 _h to be c>t$ = long di/ances--"s #ad  
miles to ,h>p5d51 = in/ance4 ,z !re are 
at lea/ two v /eep hills--:i* become    
impossible = heavily lad5 teams :5 !    
roads are slipp]y--betwe5 ,boxmoor &    
,h>p5d51 ! inhabitants ( ! latt]        
picturesque village 7 apt to run %ort ( 
fir+ at ,*ri/mas4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,gr&
 ,junction ,canal ne> ,hemel ,hemp/ead  
,on ! o!r side ( ! c\nty ! ,lea is      
navigable = b>ges z f> up z ,w>e &      
,h]t=d2 & "h too a consid]able am\nt (  
heavy traffic is /ill c>ri$ on by wat]4 
,illu/ration3 ,haileybury ,college  ,9  
?is place m5tion may conv5i5tly be made 
( ! ,new ,riv]1 runn+ f ! valley ( !    
,lea ne> ! ,rye ,h\se1 at a gradually   
increas+ di/ance f t riv]1 to !         
metropolis4 ,! ,new ,riv]1 or           
,middleton's ,wat]s1 z x us$ also to be 
call$1 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! reign ( ,james   
,i1 at fir/ almo/ entirely by ,sir ,hugh
 ,middleton1 b lat] on by a company ) a 

special *>t]1 = ! purpose ( supply+ nor?
 ,london ) dr9k+-wat]4 ,! *ief s\rces ( 
! ,new ,riv] are ! spr+s at ,*adwell &  
,amwell4 ,at ! pres5t "t an orig9al #ajj
 %>e 9 ! ,new ,riv] ,company is wor? an 
almo/ fabul\s price4     #bj4           
,adm9i/ration & ,divisions--,anci5t &   
,mod]n4   ,! pres5t adm9i/ration &      
adm9i/rative divisions ( ,h]t=d%ire1 l  
^? ( o!r ,engli% c\nties1 h be5         
gradually evolv$ & develop$ f ^? ( our  
,saxon =efa!rs2 ea* alt]ation 9 ! =m (  
local gov]nm5t & ( local adm9i/rative   
b\nd>ies be+ bas$ on ! previ\sly exi/+  
sy/em4 ,by ! ,saxons ea* c\nty 0 divid$ 
into a numb] ( ma9 divisions kn[n z     
hundr$s1 or wap5takes1 ea* gov]n$ by a  
hundr$]1 or c5t5>y 7! equival5t ( ! ,old
 ,g]man ,z5tgraf571 & ea* hav+ a "n (   
its own4 ,h]t=d%ire is n[ divid$ into   
eight hundr$s1 ! names ( :i*1 comm5c+ on
 ! we/]n side ( ! c\nty1 are z foll[s3  
,dacorum 7includ+ ,tr+71 ,cassio 7) !   
important t[ns ( ,/ ,albans1 ,wat=d1 &  
,rickmanswor?71 ,h]t=d1 ,braugh+1       

,broadwat] 7occupy+ ne>ly ! c5tre71     
,hit*9 & ,pirton 7on ! nor?-we/ corn]71 
,odsey 79 ! extreme nor?71 & ,edw9/ree  
7on ! nor?-ea/74 ,orig9ally !y 7 m      
num]\s1 ,cassio1 = in/ance1 be+ mu*     
small] ?an at pres5t1 :ile ! ,hit*9     
division 0 reckon$ only z a half-hundr$4
 ,! orig9 ( ! names ( mo/ ( ! hundr$s   
are self-app>5t2 b t ( ,cassio          
7orig9ally ,kayso7 appe>s to be unkn[n1 
:ile t ( ,dacorum has "s connection ) ! 
,danes1 p]haps ref]r+ to a ,dani%       
settlem5t4  ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 
connect$ ) ! hundr$s ( ,h]t=d%ire is t  
?ree ( !m d n lie )9 :at f>m]s call a   
r+-f5ce4 ,dacorum1 = in/ance1 has two   
outly+ areas 9 ! s\?-ea/]n corn] (      
,cassio1 & a ?ird w$g$ 9 betwe5 ,cassio 
on ! we/1 ,broadwat] on ! nor?1 & an    
outly+ portion ( ,cassio on ! ea/4      
,broadwat]1 aga91 has a small outli] on 
! ,middlesex bord] ( ! s\?-ea/]n        
8p59sula0 ( ,cassio2 :ile ,cassio       
itself1 inclusive ( ! "o already        
m5tion$1 has no less ?an eight ( ^!     

curi\s outli]s1 "o situat$ 9 ! extreme  
nor? 9 ! hundr$ ( ,odsey4  ,ea* hundr$  
orig9ally _h its own c\rt1 or           
8hundr$-mote10 :i* met mon?ly2 & x 0    
divid$1 z at pres5t1 into t[n%ips1 or   
p>i%es4 ,! p>i%1 9 turn1 _h its own     
c\ncil1 or gemot1 :]e e freeman _h a "r 
to appe>4 ,?is assembly or c\ncil made  
its own local by-laws1 to en=ce :i* x _h
 a reeve1 a bailiff1 & a ti?+man1 ) !   
p[]s ( a con/able4 ,! reeve 0 *airman ( 
! t[n%ip gemot1 & c\ld summon t assembly
 at pleasure4  ,pass+ on to m mod]n     
times1 we f9d ,h]t=d%ire occupy+ a      
peculi> position 9 reg>d to local       
gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration 9 t x possess$ a
 k9d ( imp]ium 9 imp]io 9 ! %ape ( :at 0
 kn[n z ! ,lib]ty ( ,/ ,alban2 9 o!r    
words1 a l>ge area on ! we/]n side ( !  
c\nty orig9ally "u ! jurisdiction ( !   
abbots ( ,/ ,albans1 :o _h ! p[] (      
inflict+ ! dea?-p5alty4 ,orig9ally !re 0
 a sep>ate ,commission ( ! ,peace = !   
,lib]ty1 s t a ,ju/ice = ! ,c\nty _h no 
jurisdiction 9 ! =m] unless he _h be5   

specially induct$4 ,?is arrangem5t 0    
f\nd1 h[ev]1 to be inconv5i5t1 & !      
,lib]ty1 z su*1 0 aboli%$1 al?\gh x 0   
tak5 z a basis = ! splitt+ ( ! c\nty    
into a we/]n & an ea/]n division =      
judicial purposes4  ,! *ief (fic]s ( !  
c\nty are ! ,"l ,lieut5ant & ! ,high    
,%]iff2 ! =m] 7:o 9 ,h]t=d%ire is always
 a nobleman7 be+ ! direct local         
repres5tative ( ! sov]eign1 & hav+ !    
appo9tm5t ( magi/rates & ! (fic]s ( !   
t]ritorial =ces1 :ile ! latt] 7:o is a  
common]7 is ! head ( ! executive        
dep>tm5t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,!  
,"l ,lieut5ant holds (fice = life1 or   
dur+ ! sov]eign's pleasure1 b ! ,%]iff  
is appo9t$ annually by ! ,cr[n4 ,deputy 
,lieut5ants are suppos$ to act1 9 case (
 ne$1 = ! ,"l ,lieut5ant4  ,=m]ly !     
great] "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! c\nty 0       
conduct$ by ! ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace1 or   
,magi/rates1 at ,qu>t] ,sessions1 b mo/ 
( ?is is n[ transf]r$ to ! ,c\nty       
,c\ncil1 :i*1 z previ\sly /at$1 (t5     
meets 9 ,london4 ,?is ,c\nty ,c\ncil1   

:i* 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #ahhh1 is compos$ 
( ,ald]m5 & ,c\ncillors2 ! latt] ( :om  
are elect$1 :ile ! =m] are :at is call$ 
8co-opt$10 t is to say1 select$ by !    
,c\ncil itself1 ei!r f its own body1 or 
f ! g5]al public4 ,! duties ( ! ,c\nty  
,c\ncil include ! ma9t5ance ( high roads
 & bridges2 ! appo9tm5t & control1 9    
conjunction ) ! magi/rates1 ( ! police2 
! managem5t ( re=matories & lunatic     
asylums2 &1 9 a ^w1 ! g5]al c>ry+ out ( 
! laws enact$ by ,p>liam5t4  ,accord+ to
 a s*eme elaborat$ 9 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t
 pass$ 9 #ahid1 ! m important m9or local
 bodies are d5om9at$ ,di/rict ,c\ncils1 
& ^? ^: function is less ,p>i% ,c\ncils2
 ! =m] hav+ control ( ! m popul\s t[ns &
 villages1 o!r ?an cities & bor\ghs1 & !
 latt] ^? ) few] inhabitants4 ,= ?is    
purpose _m p>i%es are divid$ into a m   
popul\s ,urban & a less popul\s ,rural  
,di/rict4 ,c]ta9 t[ns 9 ! c\nty rank1   
h[ev]1 z cities1 or bor\ghs1 & h l>g]   
p[]s & diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t2 be+ rul$ 
by a ,mayor & ,corporation1 & hav+      

magi/rates & a police =ce di/9ct f ^? ( 
! c\nty4 ,among ^! privileg$ t[ns1 ,/   
,albans ranks z a city1 :ile ,h]t=d &   
,hemel ,hemp/ead are bor\ghs4 ,hemel    
,hemp/ead is a v anci5t bor\gh1 & has1 9
 addition to its ,mayor1 an (ficial kn[n
 z ! ,high ,bailiff4  ,! c\nty is       
likewise divid$ into a numb] ( ,poor    
,law ,unions1 ea* ) a ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians1
 ^: duty x is to manage ! workh\ses1 &  
appo9t (fic]s to c>ry out ! "w ( reliev+
 ! poor & ^? incapacitat$ by age or o!r 
cause f e>n+ _! own liv+4  ,illu/ration3
 ,! ,%ire ,hall1 ,h]t=d  ,z reg>ds !    
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ,assizes are held
 by ,8 ,maje/y's ,judges ?ree or f\r    
times a ye> at ! ,%ire ,hall1 ,h]t=d1 = 
! :ole c\nty2 ! ,gr& ,jury on su*       
occasions be+ compos$ entirely1 or      
ma9ly1 ( magi/rates4 ,qu>t] ,sessions1  
on ! o!r h&1 are held f\r times a ye> at
 ,h]t=d = ! ea/]n1 & at ! ,c\rt ,h\se1  
,/ ,albans1 = ! we/]n division ( !      
c\nty2 ^! c\rts be+ con/itut$ by !      
magi/rates = ! c\nty & ! mayors ( !     

bor\ghs & city4 ,petty ,sessions are    
held weekly1 =tnightly1 or mon?ly at a  
numb] ( ! t[ns & l>g] villages4 ,9 mo/  
cases ! c\nty magi/rates 9 ! imm$iate   
neighb\rhood preside at ^! sessions2 b !
 city ( ,/ ,albans & ! two bor\ghs h    
magi/rates ( _! own1 :o also hold petty 
sessions = try+ cases :i* occur )9 !    
area ( _! jurisdiction4  ,/ ,albans is !
 c5tre ( an episcopal diocese1 :i*      
includes mo/ ( t portion ( ,london      
situat$ )9 ! c\nty ( ,essex4            
,arrangem5ts are1 h[ev]1 n[ 9 progress =
 reliev+ ! ,bi%op ( ,/ ,albans ( ! c>e (
 t "p ( ! diocese commonly kn[n z       
8,london ,ov] ! ,bord]40  ,! diocese1 s 
f> z ,h]t=d%ire is conc]n$1 is divid$   
into ar*deaconries1 rural dean]ies1 &   
p>i%es4 ,! latt] are v num]\s1 al?\gh   
some:at less s ?an ! civil p>i%es1 = !  
purposes ( :i*1 z already m5tion$1 !    
ecclesia/ical p>i%es are frequ5tly split
 into an urban & a rural section4 ,!re  
are #agj ecclesia/ical p>i%es situat$   
:olly or p>tly )9 ! old c\nty1 ( :i*    

#afd are includ$ 9 ! diocese ( ,/       
,albans2 :ile ?ree belong to ,ely1 two  
to ,ox=d1 & "p ( "o 7,nor?wood7 to      
,london4  ,! l>g] t[ns1 ! city1 & ! two 
bor\ghs h ,education ,committees ( _!   
own2 b = ! re/ ( ! c\nty a ,committee ( 
?is nature is appo9t$ by ! ,c\nty       
,c\ncil4  ,h]t=d%ire has f\r p>liam5t>y 
divisions1 namely1 ,h]t=d1 ,hit*91 ,/   
,albans1 & ,wat=d1 ea* ( :i* returns "o 
memb] to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! c\nty is
 ?us repres5t$ only by f\r memb]s1 z    
aga9/ fifte5 = ,k5t4     #ba4 ,! ,roll (
 ,hon\r ( ! ,c\nty4   ,h]t=d%ire _c hope
 to rival su* c\nties z ,norfolk or ,k5t
 9 its roll ( di/+ui%$ names1 b x c %[ a
 fairly long li/ ( p]sons connect$ ) !  
c\nty :o h be5 fam\s4  ,s9ce ref]5ce has
 already be5 made 9 sev]al ( ! =ego+    
sections to ! visits ( ,engli% sov]eigns
 to ! c\nty1 or to _! resid5ce )9 its   
bord]s1 v brief m5tion ( ! connection   
betwe5 royalty & ! c\nty w suffice 9 ?is
 place4 ,nei!r "h nor else:]e 9 ^! pages
 is any attempt made to give a complete 

li/ ( su* visits4  ,! names ( ,boadicea1
 que5 ( ! ,ic5i1 & ( ,(fa1 k+ ( ,m]cia1 
:o _h 8 palace at ,(fley1 dy+ !re 9     
#gif1 w always be specially connect$ )  
,h]t=d%ire4 ,9 a some:at less degree !  
same may be said ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1
 to :om1 z already m5tion$1 ! cr[n ( ?is
 realm 0 (f]$ at ,b]khamp/ead4 ,edw>d   
,,ii & ,edw>d ,,iii frequ5tly resid$ at 
,langley ,palace1 :]e ,edmund de        
,langley1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,:ite ,rose       
faction1 0 born 9 #acda2 & ! same       
resid5ce 0 also us$ by ,ri*>d ,,ii4     
,h5ry ,i & 8 consort ,matilda 7 pres5t  
at ! d$ication ( ,/ ,albans' ,abbey on  
its completion by ,abbot ,paul2 & ,h5ry 
,,vi 0 at ! fir/ battle ( ,/ ,albans1   
:]e he 0 w\nd$4 ,h5ry ,,viii1 z m5tion$ 
on page #hb1 0 /ill m intimately        
connect$ ) ,h]t=d%ire1 & ! manor (      
,hit*9 0 conf]r$ by him 9 turn on ,anne 
,boleyn & h] successors4 ,ref]5ce has   
already be5 made to ! resid5ce ( ,que5  
,m>y1 9 h] y\?1 at ,a%ridge1 & ( ,que5  
,elizabe? 7be=e h] asc5t to ! ?rone7 bo?

 !re & at ,hatfield2 :ile1 z sov]eign1  
,elizabe? also visit$ ,/ ,albans on two 
or ?ree occasions z ! gue/ ( ,sir       
,ni*olas ,bacon at ,gorhambury1 & also  
w5t to o!r great h\ses 9 ! c\nty4 ,james
 ,i1 z m5tion$ on ! same page1 sp5t mu* 
"t at ,roy/on1 & di$ at ,!obalds4 ,!    
,rye ,h\se plot1 s call$ f ! meet+-place
 ( ! conspirators at ,broxb\rne1 z /at$ 
9 an e>li] section1 0 devis$ = ! purpose
 ( assass9at+ ,*>les ,,ii :ile on 8 way 
?r\gh ! c\nty4  ,9 connection )         
p]sonages ( royal blood1 m5tion may be  
made ( ,humphry1 ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 ^: "n
 is s intimately associat$ ) ,/ ,albans'
 ,abbey1 to ! mona/]y ( :i* he 0 admitt$
 a memb] 9 #adbc2 & also ( ,s>ah1       
,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh1 :o 0 born at      
,s&ridge 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & built & 
end[$ ! alm%\ses be>+ h] "n 9 ,/        
,albans4  ,among great /atesm5 connect$ 
) ! c\nty a prom95t place mu/ be assign$
 to ,que5 ,elizabe?'s c\ncillors &      
fav\rites1 ,"l ,burleigh & ! ,e>l (     
,essex4 ,to h] reign likewise belongs   

,sir ,ni*olas ,bacon1 ,keep] ( ! ,great 
,seal1 & own] ( ,gorhambury1 :]e he di$ 
9 #aegh4 ,ne>ly a c5tury lat] 7#afeb71  
,gorhambury came into ! possession (    
,sir ,h>bottle ,grim/on1 well kn[n z    
,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,salisbury ,/atue1     
,hatfield  ,pass+ on to ! ,victorian    
age1 we h two great /atesm51 namely1 ,"l
 ,melb\rne & ,"l ,palm]/on1 bo? ( :om   
liv$ at ,brocket1 :]e ! =m] di$2 &1     
subsequ5tly1 ! late ,m>quis (           
,salisbury1 own] ( /ately ,hatfield4 ,! 
fir/ ,visc\nt ,hampd51 sometime ,speak] 
( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 0 also a          
,h]t=d%ire man1 ) 8 resid5ce at ,kimpton
 ,hoo4 ,cecil ,rhodes1 ! ,s\? ,african  
premi] & 8,empire-build]10 likewise     
claims a place 9 ! roll ( hon\r ( !     
c\nty1 hav+ be5 born at ,bi%op's ,/ort=d
 rectory1 & ,commodore ,anson1 ! great  
circumnavigator1 ?\gh n a native1 liv$  
at ,moor ,p>k1 :]e he di$ 9 #agfb4      
,illu/ration3 ,cecil ,rhodes's          
,bir?-place1 ,bi%op's ,/ort=d  ,dame    

,juliana ,b]n]s1 imag9>y prioress (     
,sopwell nunn]y1 :o 0 suppos$ to h      
writt5 ! immortal ,treatyse on ,fys%ynge
 ) an ,angle1 ! fir/ "w on angl+ ev]    
publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 has be5 %[n to be a   
my?4 ,among names fam\s 9 lit]ature &   
sci5ce ! greate/ connect$ ) ! c\nty is  
p]haps t ( ! great philosoph] ,sir      
,francis ,bacon1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,v]ulam & 
,visc\nt ,/ ,albans1 :o1 dur+ 8 fa!r's  
resid5ce at ,gorhambury1 liv$ 9 ,v]ulam 
,h\se1 at ! ,pondy>ds4 ,on ! dea? ( 8   
fa!r ,sir ,ni*olas ,bacon he succe$$ to 
,gorhambury4 ,by a curi\s error he is   
frequ5tly call$ ,"l ,bacon1 al?\gh no   
su* title 0 ev] 9 exi/5ce4 ,john ,bunyan
 claims a place among ,h]t=d%ire lit]>y 
wor?ies z he 0 connect$ ) a *apel at    
,hit*94  ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( ,v]ulam  
,h\se1 ! ,resid5ce ( ,francis1 ,visc\nt 
,/ ,albans  ,illu/ration3 ,francis      
,bacon1 ,visc\nt ,/ ,albans  ,two ( !   
greate/ lit]>y names connect$ ) ! c\nty 
are ^? ( ,william ,c[p] ! poet1 & ,*>les
 ,lamb1 au?or ( ! ,essays ( ,elia1      

unsurpass$ z a ma/] ( delicately humor\s
 prose1 :e!r z essayi/ or lett]-writ]4  
,! =m] 0 born at ,b]khamp/ead rectory 9 
! ye> #agca2 b ,lamb 0 *iefly a visitor 
to ! c\nty1 ?\gh1 z he tells u 9 !      
,essays1 he 0 once a ,h]t=d%ire l&[n]1 &
 8 cottage at ,we/ ,hill ,gre51 ab\t #b 
miles f ,puck]idge1 /ill exi/s4 ,mack]y 
,end ,f>m 0 ! resid5ce ( ! ,brutons1 :o 
7 8 relatives1 & x 0 to _! h\se t 8     
visits 7 made2 s t ! neighb\rhood is    
ess5tially ,lamb's c\ntry4 ,x is a "q   
:e!r ! ,lyttons or ! beauties (         
,knebwor?1 _! home1 are ! m fam\s4 ,!   
great noveli/1 au?or ( ,! ,la/ ,days (  
,pompeii1 ,! ,caxtons1 & innum]able o!r 
tales1 z well z su* successful plays z  
,! ,lady ( ,lyons & ,money1 0 be/ kn[n  
to read]s 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury z   
,sir ,edw>d ,bulw]-,lytton1 ?\gh he     
began life z ,mr ,bulw] & di$ ,"l       
,lytton4 ,8 son1 poet1 ,ambassador1 &   
,vic]oy1 :o wrote "u ! "n ( 8,ow5       
,m]$i?10 0 sc>cely less di/+ui%$1 &     
receiv$ an ,e>ldom 9 #ahhj4 ,"h1 too1   

m5tion may be made ( ,mrs ,?rale1 !     
fri5d ( ,dr ,johnson1 :o 0 (t5 at ,(fley
 ,place1 :]e h] husb&1 ^: family 0 long 
connect$ ) ,/ ,albans1 0 born4 ,(fley   
,place 0 at ?is "t a f9e old ,elizabe?an
 mansion1 al?\gh x has s9ce be5 rebuilt4
 ,gadebridge ,p>k1 ,hemel ,hemp/ead1 0 !
 resid5ce ( ! great surgeon ,sir ,a/ley 
,pa/on ,coop]4 ,b a great] di/9ction    
atta*es to ! "n ( ,ro?am/$1 ne> ,h>p5d51
 z be+ ! resid5ce ( ! late ,sir ,john   
,b5net ,lawes1 ,b>t41 :o1 ) 8 sci5tific 
colleague ,sir ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 conduct$ !
 exp]im5ts :i* made _! names fam\s      
?r\gh\t ! agricultural _w4 ,sir ,john   
,lawes fir/ obta9$ ! idea ( us+         
fossilis$ phosphates = manure f         
,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 ! great ,cambridge    
botani/ 7himself sometime a resid5t at  
,hall ,place1 ,/ ,albans71 :o s5t him   
specim5s obta9$ f ! ,essex 8,crag10 ) a 
sugge/ion t !y might be us$ z a s\rce ( 
phosphoric acid4 ,y>rell1 ! naturali/1  
lies buri$ 9 ,bay=d *ur*y>d1 ) _m memb]s
 ( 8 family4 ,la/ 9 ! sci5tific & lit]>y

 li/1 we h ! "n ( ,sir ,john ,evans1 !  
great antiqu>ian & numismati/ ( ,na%    
,mills1 ,hemel ,hemp/ead1 :o di$ s      
rec5tly z #aijh4 ,to ,evans1 9          
conjunction ) ! late ,sir ,joseph       
,pre/wi*1 is ma9ly due ! cr$it (        
def9itely e/abli%+ ! fact t ! s-call$   
fl9t 8celts0 are really ! "w (          
prehi/oric man4 ,8 mo/ important & be/  
"w is ,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts4         
,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,lamb              
,illu/ration3 ,william ,c[p]  ,among    
great ecclesia/ics m5tion mu/ be made ( 
,ni*olas ,breakspe>1 born ne> ,abbot's  
,langley t[>ds ! close ( ! elev5?       
c5tury1 :o subsequ5tly became ,pope z   
,adrian ,,iv2 be+ ! only ,engli%man :o  
has occupi$ ! papal *air4 ,ref]5ce may  
also be made to ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 :o sp5t
 a consid]able portion ( 8 "t at        
,delam]e ,h\se4 ,nor mu/ we omit ,"y1 ! 
au?or ( ! ,night ,?\ghts & ,rector (    
,welwyn1 or t great mak] ( hymns1 ,dr   
,watts1 :o z ! #cf-ye> gue/ ( ,sir      
,?omas ,abney resid$ at ,!obalds1 :]e he

 di$4 ,among di/+ui%$ lawy]s1 ! mo/     
prom95t "n is t ( ,"l ,grim?orpe 7=m]ly 
,sir ,edmund ,beckett71 :o 01 h[ev]1    
connect$ ) ! c\nty1 n 9 8 pr(essional   
capacity1 b z ! re/or] ( ,/ ,albans'    
,abbey & o!r *ur*es 9 ! neighb\rhood4   
,mu* criticism has be5 exp5d$ on ,"l    
,grim?orpe's modes ( 8re/oration10 :i* 7
 c]ta9ly ( a dra/ic "*4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1  
be rememb]$ t :5 he und]took !          
re/oration ( ,/ ,albans' ,abbey x 0 9 a 
dang]\s condition1 & suffici5t money 0 n
 =?com+ to make x secure4 ,! result is t
 ! abbey1 al?\gh 9 _m ways unlike its   
=m] self1 w /& = c5turies4 ,"l          
,grim?orpe1 :o 0 a ,york%ireman1 built  
himself a resid5ce at ,bat*wood1 ne> ,/ 
,albans4  ,z ano!r well-kn[n lawy] &    
also a judge1 m5tion may be made ( ,"l  
,brampton 7,sir ,h5ry ,hawk9s71 :o came 
( a family long connect$ ) ,hit*91 at   
:i* t[n he 0 born4  ,sir ,h5ry ,*auncy1 
! antiqu>y & hi/orian ( ! c\nty1 to :om 
ref]5ce has s (t5 be5 made 9 ?is book1  
liv$1 & di$ 9 #agjj1 at ,y>dley2 &      

,balfe1 ! compos]1 made 8 home at ,r[ney
 ,abbey1 close by1 till 8 dea? 9 #ahgj4 
#bb4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,t[ns ,,& ,,villages   
,,( ,,h]t=d%ire4  7,! figures 9 brackets
 aft] ea* "n give ! population 9 #aija1 
& ^? at ! end ( ! sections give !       
ref]5ces to !     text47   ,abbot's     
,langley 7#ccdb71 a village situat$ on !
 ,gade1 ) a /ation on ! ,nor?-,we/]n    
,railway2 x 0 be/[$ 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d !   
,confessor ^u ! !n abbot ( ,/ ,albans1  
:5ce its "n4 ,hunton ,mill1 on ! ,gade1 
0 grant$ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,lee 9 #aedd1 & 
bo? ?is & ,na% ,mills 7 f>m$ f ! abbot (
 ,/ ,albans betwe5 #acdi & #acif4 ,!    
pres5t *ur*1 d$icat$ to ,/ ,lawr5ce1 _c 
be trac$ f>!r back ?an ! close ( !      
twelf? c5tury4 ,a we/ t[] 0 add$ ab\t   
#abjj4 7pp4 #gb1 #ij1 #aje1 #adi47      
,ald5ham 7#bdcg71 a village & manor ly+ 
to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,wat=d4 ,x has a gramm> 
s*ool2 & ne> by is ,ald5ham ,abbey1 !   
seat ( ,"l ,ald5ham4 ,9 #ahih two ,roman
 kilns 7 discov]$ 9 ! p>i%4 ,! *ur*1 :i*
 has be5 re/or$1 conta9s "o small       

twelf?-c5tury w9d[2 no trace ( ! *ancel 
rema9s4   ,! ,amwells--,great ,amwell   
7#adba71 & ,little ,amwell 7#icj7--small
 villages n f> f ! ,rye ,h\se4 ,amwell  
is associat$ ) ! "n ( ! ,quak] poet1    
,john ,scott1 :o liv$ !re = "s "t aft]  
#agdj4 ,ne> by is ,haileybury1 =m]ly !  
tra9+ college = ! (ficials ( ! ,ea/     
,india ,company1 b n[ a public s*ool4   
7p4 #ace47   ,a%ridge1 a doma9 9 ,little
 ,gaddesd5 p>i%1 situat$ on !           
,buck+ham%ire bord] ( ! c\nty1 &        
celebrat$ = its spl5did bee* woods4 ,x 0
 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ! ,dukes (           
,bridgewat]1 be+ acquir$ by ! ,eg]tons 9
 #afjd1 b x is n[ own$ by ,e>l ,br[nl[4 
,a build+1 =m]ly ! port]'s lodge1       
includes "s rema9s ( an old mona/ic     
college4 ,! pres5t h\se1 :i* /&s p>tly 9
 ,buck+ham%ire1 0 built by ! eigh? ,e>l 
( ,bridgewat]4 7pp4 #aae1 #adb47        
,a%well 7#abha71 a village on !         
,cambridge%ire bord] ( ! c\nty1 ) a     
/ation "s di/ance away on ! ,roy/on &   
,cambridge bran* ( ! ,great ,nor!rn     

,railway4 ,a%well1 :i* 0 =m]ly a t[n1 _h
 a fair & a m>ket 9 ! "t ( ,william !   
,conqu]or4 ,x 0 sev]ely visit$ by !     
plague4 ,its *ur*-t[] is ! only "o 9 !  
c\nty built :olly ( /one4 7pp4 #ib1     
#aac47   ,baldock 7#bjeg7 is a m>ket-t[n
 on ! ,icknield ,way1 to ! nor?-we/ (   
,hit*91 ) a /ation on ! above-m5tion$   
bran* ( ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway4 ,x   
dates f ,norman times1 :5 x 0 kn[n z    
,baudok4 ,dur+ ! ,crusades1 ,baldock1 l 
,/ ,albans1 ,b]khamp/ead1 & ,hoddesdon1 
_h a laz>-h\se = lep]s1 :o 7 at t "t    
num]\s all ov] ,engl&4 ,! li/ ( ,rectors
 is complete f ! days ( ! ,knights      
,hospitall]s 9 #acag4 ,! *ur* conta9s   
mu* ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul> "w4 7pp4    
#ij1 #id1 #abh47   ,b>kway 7#ffa71      
orig9ally ,b]kway1 is a small t[n &     
manor situat$ a few miles to ! nor?-ea/ 
( ,bunt+=d4 7p4 #if47   ,b>net1 or      
,*ipp+ ,b>net1 orig9ally ,*ipp+ ,b]net  
7#ghgf71 a l>ge & important m>ket-t[n   
ne> ! ,middlesex bord] ( ! c\nty1 ) a   
/ation 7,high ,b>net7 on a bran* ( !    

,great ,nor!rn ,railway4 ,ne> by are    
,new ,b>net & ,ea/ ,b>net1 ) a /ation on
 ! ma9 l9e1 & hav+ a population (       
#aj1jbd4 ,! "n ,b>net is a corruption ( 
! ,saxon ,b]gnet1 signify+ a little     
hill2 ! site ( ! t[n !n =m+ a small ris+
 9 ! mid/ ( ! great =e/2 ! prefix ,*ipp+
  m>ket is a ^w ( ,sc&9avian orig91     
repres5t$ 9 ! ,sw$i% ,jonkp+ & ! ,dani% 
,kjb5havn  7,cop5hag574 ,b>net 0 ! sc5e 
( a battle 9 #adga1 :5 ! ,yorki/s       
defeat$ ! ,lanca/rians1 kill+ _! lead]1 
,w>wick ! k+-mak]4 ,! m>ket 0 fam\s =   
its cattle2 & 9 addition to ?is !re is  
an annual horse-fair1 :i* =m]ly attract$
 deal]s f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 7pp4 #i1 
#ec1 #ed1 #hb1 #ii1 #abh47   ,ea/ ,b>net
 7#bhfg71 kn[n z ,la ,b>nette 9 !       
?irte5? c5tury1 & ,l[ ,b>net 9 ! fifte5?
 c5tury1 is situat$ on ! /ream kn[n z   
,pymmes' ,brook1 on ! we/]n side ( !    
valley ( :i* /&s ! almo/ des]t$ old p>i%
 *ur*4   ,bay=d 7#ccj71 a village ne>ly 
midway betwe5 ,hatfield & ,hoddesdon4 ,9
 ! *ur*y>d is buri$ ,william ,y>rell !  

naturali/4 ,bay=dbury is celebrat$ = its
 collection ( portraits ( memb]s ( !    
,kitcat ,club pa9t$ by ,sir ,godfrey    
,knell]4 7p4 #adg47   ,b5geo 7#cjfc71   
=m]ly ,b5gehoo1 a village 9 ! valley ( !
 ,beane "o mile nor? ( ,h]t=d4 ,! old   
*ur*1 n[ little us$1 is "o ( ! olde/ 9 !
 c\nty1 dat+ app>5tly f ! e>ly ,norman  
p]iod4 ,toge!r ) ,great ,wymondley *ur*1
 x is peculi>1 s f> z ,h]t=d%ire is     
conc]n$1 9 hav+ an apsidal *ancel4 ,9   
place ( a t[]1 x has a wood5 bell-cote4 
,pan%ang]1 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( ! late ,"l 
,c[p]1 is ne> by4   ,b5n+ton 7#ebb71 a  
m>ket-t[n & manor1 situat$ on ! ,beane1 
f :i* x takes its "n2 x 0 an important  
place 9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 x 0 ! resid5ce 
( ! k+s ( ,m]cia4 ,! *ur* is f\rte5?    
c5tury4 7pp4 #ec1 #ed1 #ef1 #gh1 #aaa47 
,b]khamp/ead1 or ,b]khamp/ead ,magna    
7#eadj71 an important m>ket-t[n#c on !  
,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway & ,gr&  
,junction ,canal1 & "o ( ! olde/ 9 !    
c\nty1 ! ca/le dat+ f ,norman times1 &  
be+ possibly on ! site ( an e>li] ,saxon

 edifice4 ,x 0 "h t ! cr[n ( ,engl& 0   
(f]$ to ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,! manor &
 ca/le 7 grant$ fir/ to ,pi]s ,gave/on &
 subsequ5tly to ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 
b 7 aft]w>ds annex$ to ! ,du*y (        
,cornwall4 ,b]khamp/ead1 :i* is n[ a    
petty-sessions t[n1 & has an anci5t     
gramm> s*ool1 =m]ly return$ burgesses to
 ,p>liam5t4 ,its alm%\ses 7 built 9     
#afhd4 ,c[p] 0 born "h4 ,b]khamp/ead    
,p>va & ,b]khamp/ead ,/ ,m>y's--! latt] 
n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,nor?*ur*--are        
villages 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! *ur* dates
 f ! ?irte5? c5tury2 x conta9s !        
beautiful ,torr+ton tomb4 7pp4 #b1 #g1  
#fc1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #ia1 #ib1 #aji1     
#aaa1 #aca1 #acb1 #ada47  #c ,! m>ket at
 ,b]khamp/ead has be5 discont9u$ = _m   
ye>s4   ,bi%op's ,/ort=d 7#gadc7 is !   
mo/ important t[n on ! ,essex bord] ( ! 
c\nty1 & has a /ation on ! ma9 l9e ( !  
,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 & a bridge ov] !
 ,/ort4 ,! t[n1 :i* has a m>ket1        
possess$ a consid]able trade 9 ,saxon   
times1 & 0 ! prop]ty ( ! ,bi%op (       

,london1 & to protect ?is1 & = ! purpose
 ( consolidat+ 8 own rights1 ,william ! 
,conqu]or built a small ca/le "h4       
,bi%op's ,/ort=d has a gramm> s*ool1 &  
=m]ly return$ memb]s to ,p>liam5t4 ,!   
*ur*1 :i* dates f ! t5? c5tury1 is an   
impos+ ,p]p5dicul> edifice1 & /&s on !  
site ( an e>li] build+4 7pp4 #bc1 #bd1  
#gi1 #ib1 #aab1 #acb1 #add47            
,illu/ration3 ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 & !     
,riv] ,/ort   ,boxmoor 7#aabg71 a small 
t[n on ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal & ,nor?  
,we/]n ,railway4 ,a ,roman villa 0      
discov]$ "h "s ye>s ago4 7pp4 #acb1     
#acc47   ,braugh+ 7#icj71 a village to !
 nor?-we/ ( ,/ort=d1 on ! ,cambridge    
road1 ) a /ation on ! ,great ,ea/]n     
,railway1 situat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,qu94  
,x dates f ,saxon times1 :5 x 0 kn[n z  
,brook+2 & x 0 grant$ a m>ket by ,/eph54
 ,a ,roman s>cophagus & _m ,roman co9s h
 be5 discov]$ 9 ! p>i%4 7pp4 #bb1 #aac1 
#acf47   ,broxb\rne 7#gdh7 is also a    
village on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 to 
! s\? ( ,hoddesdon3 x conta9s an alm%\se

 = poor wid[s f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #agbh4 ,!   
village is intimately connect$ ) ! ,rye 
,h\se ,plot4 7pp4 #abh1 #adb47          
,bunt+=d 7#abgb7 is a m>ket-t[n1 )      
alm%\ses1 on a bran* ( ! ,great ,ea/]n  
,railway runn+ nor?w>ds f ,/ort=d4 ,x 0 
grant$ a m>ket by ,edw>d ,,iii4 7pp4    
#ed1 #abh47   ,bu%ey 7#bhch71 a p>i% 9 !
 s\? ( ! c\nty1 sep>at$ f ,wat=d ab\t   
#aaff4 ,! village is n[ ! site ( !      
,h]kom] ,art ,s*ool4 ,! *ur* 0 8re/or$0 
9 #ahga1 :5 a late ,go?ic w9d[ 0 remov$4
   ,bygrave 7#adh71 a small m>ket-t[n a 
%ort di/ance nor?-ea/ ( ,baldock4       
,cassiobury1 a p>k & mansion at !       
nor?-we/ ( ,wat=d :i* has = _m g5]ations
 be5 ! resid5ce ( ! ,e>ls ( ,essex4 ,!  
pres5t h\se is mod]n4 7pp4 #bj1 #ba1    
#de1 #hd1 #he1 #acf47   ,*e%unt         
7#ab1bib7 is a l>ge m>ket-t[n 9 !       
s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! c\nty1 ne>ly        
nor?-we/ ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 ) a /ation on
 ! ,great ,ea/]n & "s di/ance f ! t[n   
itself4 ,x is celebrat$ = its nurs]y    
g>d5s1 roses be+ especially cultivat$4  

,)9 ,*e%unt p>i% is situat$ ,!obald's   
,p>k1 at "o "t a royal resid5ce4 ,*e%unt
 ,p>k is on ! opposite1 or nor? side ( !
 t[n2 & ne> by are ! rema9s ( an old    
nunn]y4 7pp4 #dc1 #ii1 #ajj1 #abh47     
,codicote 7#aade71 a small village to ! 
nor?-we/ ( ,welwyn4 ,! *ur* 0 an anci5t 
"o1 b a dra/ic 8re/oration0 9 #ahec     
de/roy$ mu* ( ! evid5ce ( ! age ( its   
con/itu5t portions4 7pp4 #dc1 #abh1     
#acj47   ,el/ree 7#acbc71 a village on !
 s\!rn bord] ( ! c\nty ly+ a little we/ 
( ! ,midl& ,railway1 on :i* x has a     
/ation4 ,x is rapidly becom+ a suburb ( 
,london4 7pp4 #g1 #aa1 #eb1 #abf1 #acb47
   ,flam/ead 7#ajci71 a village ne> !   
,watl+ ,/reet to ! nor? ( ,r$b\rn4 ,! "n
 is suppos$ to be a corruption (        
,v]lamp/ead1 ! ,v] fl[+ 9 ! valley bel[ 
! village4 ,! ,?omas ,saund]s alm%\ses 7
 built 9 #affi4 ,bee*wood1 ! seat ( !   
,sebright family is 9 ! p>i%4   ,great  
,gaddesd5 7#gdf71 a village 9 ,dacorum  
,hundr$ to ! nor? ( ,hemel ,hemp/ead4   
,gaddesd5 ,place1 :i* 0 burnt d[n 9     

#aije & rebuilt1 is ! seat ( ! ,halsey  
family1 :o possess$ ! neighb\r+ 8,gold5 
,p>sonage0 s long ago z #aedd4 ,! *ur*  
probably dates f ! twelf? c5tury4 7pp4  
#ai1 #ce1 #db47   ,! ,hadhams--,mu*     
,hadham 7#aaii71 ,little ,hadham        
7#fee7--two villages ly+ respectively to
 ! s\?-we/ & nor?-we/ ( ,bi%op ,/ort=d1 
& kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( !    
,conqu]or4 ,! manor ( ,hadham ,hall 0   
grant$ by ! cr[n to ! ,bi%ops ( ,london 
at ! "t :5 ! survey record$ 9 ,domesday 
books 0 made4 7pp4 #ab1 #aag47   ,h>p5d5
 7#dgbe71 a l>ge village or small t[n on
 ! ,midl& ,railway1 almo/ exactly       
half-way betwe5 ,/ ,albans & ,luton4    
,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,h>p5d5 78!      
valley ( night+ales07 has ne>ly d\bl$ 9 
size1 & is rapidly increas+4 ,)9 ! p>i% 
is ! agricultural exp]im5t-/ation (     
,ro?am/$2 ! laboratory be+ situat$ on ! 
bord]s ( ! village itself4 ,ab\t a mile 
to ! nor? is ,%ire-,m]e1 a small gre5   
p>tly 9 ,h]t=d%ire & p>tly 9 ,b$=d%ire1 
& 9 consequ5ce a fav\rite site =        

prize-fights 9 ! old days4 ,h>p5d5 has  
bran*-l9es connect$ ) ! ,great ,nor!rn &
 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railways4 ,) !         
exception ( ! m mod]n t[]1 ! *ur*1 :i* 0
 l>gely ,norman1 0 pull$ d[n & rebuilt 9
 ! sixties4 ,a ,norman ar* rema9s 9 !   
t[]4 7pp4 #g1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dc1 #de1  
#dg1 #ff1 #fg1 #ge1 #if1 #aag1 #acj1    
#acb47   ,hatfield1 or ,k+'s ,hatfield  
7#dccj71 is a small t[n on ! ma9 l9e ( !
 ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 *iefly        
notewor?y on acc\nt ( its connection )  
,hatfield ,h\se1 ! seat ( ! ,cecils1    
,m>quises ( ,salisbury4 ,z m5tion$      
above1 ,hatfield 0 at "o "t a royal     
palace2 b ! orig9al build+ is n[ us$ z a
 /able & rid+-s*ool1 ! pres5t h\se be+ (
 ,jacobean date4 ,! resid5ce at         
,hatfield ( ,que5 ,elizabe? is connect$ 
) ! old palace4 ,among ! features (     
,hatfield ,h\se are ! m>ble hall1 its   
oak-panell$ walls hung ) tape/ry1 & its 
panell$ ceil+ pa9t$2 ! gr& /aircase1    
hung ) portraits2 ! long gall]y1 ) its  
arm\r & pictures2 ,k+ ,james's          

draw+-room1 a magnific5tly decorat$     
ap>tm5t2 ! great d9+-room1 ) a bu/ ( ,"l
 ,burleigh2 ! arm\ry2 & ! beautiful     
*apel1 ) its exquisite ,flemi% w9d[ & a 
m>ble alt>-piece4 ,hatfield is an       
important railway c5tre = ! c\nty1 !    
,great ,nor!rn hav+ bran*es to ,h]t=d1  
,/ ,albans1 & ,h>p5d5 & ,luton4 ,petty  
sessions are held 9 ! t[n4 ,9 ! *ur* are
 ! monum5ts ( ! ,cecil family1 & a /atue
 ( ! late ,"l ,salisbury1 erect$ by     
c\nty subscription1 /&s at ! p>k        
entrance4 7pp4 #bj1 #bc1 #ca1 #cd1 #dc1 
#hc1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abh1 #acb1 #adb47     
,hemel ,hemp/ead 7#aa1bfd7 is an anci5t 
bor\gh & m>ket-t[n on ! we/]n side ( !  
c\nty connect$ ) ! ma9 l9e ( !          
,nor?-,we/]n ,railway at ,boxmoor1 &    
also s]v$ by a bran* jo9+ ! ma9 l9e ( ! 
,midl& at ,h>p5d54 ,9 addition to a     
mayor1 ,hemp/ead has a bor\gh (ficial   
kn[n z ! high bailiff#d4 ,! t[n1 :i* is 
situat$ 9 ! ,gade valley1 & =m]ly       
return$ memb]s ( its own to ,p>liam5t1  
is rem>kable = ! l5g? ( its ma9         

/reet--"p ( :i* is kn[n z ,m>l[es4 ,its 
m>ket-day is ,?ursday1 & !re is an      
annual wool-sale4 ,corn & cattle are its
 *ief trade1 ! /raw-plait indu/ry hav+  
ne>ly di$ out2 b ne> by is ,na% ,mills1 
! site ( a l>ge pap] factory4 ,! *ur*1  
:i* /&s to ! we/ ( ! ma9 /reet1 is a f9e
 example ( a cruci=m twelf?-c5tury p>i% 
*ur*2 x 0 comm5c$ ab\t #aadj & f9i%$ "s 
#dj ye>s lat]4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any 
e>li] build+ on ! site4 7pp4 #dc1 #dg1  
#aja1 #ajb1 #abb1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1     
#ach1 #adg47  #d ,! (fice ( high bailiff
 ( ,hemel ,hemp/ead is held by ! mayor4 
,h]t=d 7#icbb71 al?\gh by no means !    
l>ge/ t[n z reg>ds ! numb] ( its        
population1 occupies ! fir/ place1 z be+
 ! c\nty-t[n1 & ! only "o 9 ,h]t=d%ire  
:]e assizes are held4 ,x is also a      
m>ket-t[n & bor\gh 7) a mayor &         
corporation71 & =m]ly return$ memb]s (  
its own to ,p>liam5t1 al?\gh n[ x is    
only ! c5tre ( a p>liam5t>y division ( !
 c\nty4 ,9 addition to ! assizes = !    
:ole c\nty1 qu>t]-sessions = ! ea/]n    

division ( ,h]t=d%ire are held 9 ! ,%ire
 ,hall4 ,! site ( ,h]t=d ,ca/le--a      
build+ ( great antiquity--is n[ us$ z ! 
,judges' lodg+s 9 assize "t4 ,h]t=d has 
bran*es ( ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 = bo? boys 
& girls2 & )9 a %ort di/ance is         
,haileybury ,college1 n[ a public s*ool1
 b =m]ly ! tra9+-place = ! civil s]vice 
( ! old ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,h]t=d is 
s]v$ by bran*es ( bo? ! ,great ,ea/]n & 
,great ,nor!rn ,railways1 & has also    
wat] communication ) ,london by way ( ! 
,lea4 ,x is a c5tre ( ! wan+ malt+      
indu/ry4 ,! old *ur* 0 burnt d[n "s ye>s
 ago4 7pp4 #c1 #bj1 #ca1 #cd1 #gi1 #ha1 
#hd1 #ib1 #id1 #aaa1 #abf1 #acd1 #acf1  
#ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #adg47  ,illu/ration3 
,! ,college ,*apel1 ,haileybury         
,h]t+=dbury 7#gcc71 a village on !      
railway to ! we/ ( ,h]t=d1 dat+ f       
,norman times4 ,! manor ( ,rox=d 0      
grant$ by ,william ! ,conqu]or to       
,goisfr$e de ,beck = good s]vice r5d]$4 
,hexton 7#aee71 a village 9 a small p>i%
 ( ,cassio ,hundr$ on ! nor? bord] ( !  

c\nty jutt+ into ,b$=d%ire4 ,anci5t co9s
 h be5 f\nd 9 ! p>i%1 :i* includes ! old
 e>?work kn[n z ,rav5sburgh ,ca/le4     
,hexton seems to h be5 grant$ on two    
occasions to ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,alban4     
,hit*9 7#aj1jgb7 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t   
t[ns 9 ! c\nty1 & is n[ an important    
railway c5tre1 z x is ! />t+ po9t ( !   
,roy/on & ,cambridge bran* ( ! ,great   
,nor!rn ,railway1 on ! ma9 l9e ( :i* !  
t[n itself is situat$4 ,hit*9 is "o ( ! 
f\r p>liam5t>y c5tres ( ! c\nty1 & is   
not$ = its corn & cattle m>ket1 & also z
 be+ "o ( ! few places 9 ,engl& :]e     
lav5d] is cultivat$ = comm]cial         
purposes4 ,hit*9 pres]ves ! remnant ( an
 anci5t mona/]y 9 ! alm%\ses kn[n z !   
,bigg91 & teems ) build+s & sites (     
antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,petty sessions are  
held 9 ! t[n4 ,! p>i% *ur* is "o ( great
 beauty & int]e/1 ma9ly ( ! ,decorat$ & 
,p]p5dicul> /yles4 ,a picture ( !       
,adoration ( ! ,magi pres5t$ 9 #aggd is 
believ$ to be by ,rub5s4 7pp4 #ad1 #fh1 
#fi1 #gd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abj1 #abh1 

#acf1 #ada1 #adb1 #ade1 #adi47          
,hoddesdon 7#dgaa71 an anci5t m>ket-t[n 
on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! c\nty1 approa*$ f  
ei!r ! ,broxb\rne or ,rye ,h\se /ations 
( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,x is       
intimately connect$ ) ! /ory ( ! ,rye   
,h\se ,plot 7see page #he74 ,x may be   
m5tion$ "h t ! 8great b$ ( ,w>e0 is n[  
pres]v$ at ! ,rye ,h\se4 7pp4 #he1 #hf47
   ,! ,hormeads--,great ,hormead 7#cgf71
 ,little ,hormead 7#abh7--two villages1 
ne> ! ,qu9 ab\t two miles ea/ (         
,bunt+=d1 :ile ! latt] is ab\t half a   
mile s\? ( ! same4 ,bo? date f ! "t ( ! 
,conqu]or4   ,ippolits or ,hippolits    
7#hdj71 a village 9 ! ,hundr$ ( ,hit*91 
d$icat$ to ,/ ,hippolytus patron sa9t ( 
horses4 ,travell]s us$ to take _! horses
 to ! high alt>1 :]e miracles 7 p]=m$ on
 untam$ colts4   ,k5swor? 7#eaf71 a     
small & anci5t village 9 ,dacorum       
,hundr$ dat+ f ! "t ( ,edw>d !          
,confessor1 & =m]ly belong+ to ,/       
,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,! small *ur* dates f 
ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 al?\gh ! t[] is lat]4 

7pp4 #hh1 #ij1 #ih47   ,k+'s ,langley   
7#aegi71 a village on ! ,nor?-,we/]n    
,railway notable z ! site ( ! anci5t    
,tudor ,palace ( ,langley1 & ( a fri>y (
 :i* portions /ill rema94 ,! royal      
palace & p>k date at lea/ f #abii4 ,!   
fri>y belong$ to ! ,dom9ican ord]4 7pp4 
#ha1 #hb1 #ajg1 #ada47   ,lay/on 7#ihc72
 ! orig9al village is n[ repres5t$ only 
by ! ru9$ *ur* ( ,/ ,b>?olomew1 situat$ 
a %ort di/ance f ,bunt+=d1 & ( great    
antiquity4   ,let*wor?1 till rec5tly a v
 small village on ! ,great ,nor!rn      
,railway a little nor? ( ,hit*91 has n[ 
sprung into importance z ! site ( !     
8,g>d5 ,city02 an endeav\r to aid 9 br++
 ! population back to ! l&4             
,illu/ration3 ,let*wor?1 ,op5 ,air      
,s*ool   ,nor? ,mimms 7#aaab71 a village
 on ! ,nor? road1 situat$ "s di/ance to 
! s\?-ea/ ( ,/ ,albans4 ,a manor ( ,nor?
 ,mimms 0 9 exi/5ce at ! ,conque/4 ,!   
p>i% includes ?ree l>ge p>ks1           
,brookman's1 ,pott]ells1 & ,nor? ,mimms4
 ,! *ur*1 :i* is ri* 9 monum5ts1 dates f

 ! f\rte5? c5tury4   ,(fley 7#ajja71 or 
,great ,(fley1 :i* lies on ! ,b$=d%ire  
bord] ( ! c\nty1 betwe5 ,luton & ,hit*91
 takes its "n f ,(fa ,,ii1 k+ ( ,m]cia1 
:o di$ !re 9 8 palace4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y
 ,magdal5e is built 9 ! ,p]p5dicul>     
/yle1 ) an apsidal *ancel4 ,mrs ,?rale1 
! fri5d ( ,dr ,johnson1 liv$ z a girl at
 ,(fley ,place4 7pp4 #ad1 #aje1 #abh1   
#ada1 #adg47   ,r$b\rn 7#aicb71 a       
village on ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead road1 9 !
 valley ( ! ,v]1 ab\t f\r miles nor?-we/
 ( ,/ ,albans2 x has a /ation on !      
,h>p5d5 & ,hemel ,hemp/ead bran* ( !    
,midl& ,railway4 ,! manor ( ,r$b\rn 0   
giv5 to ,/ ,albans' ,abbey 9 ! reign (  
,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,! *ur*1 :i* is "s 
di/ance f ! ma9 /reet1 0 d$icat$ betwe5 
#ajid & #aaji1 b ! *ancel appe>s to h   
be5 rebuilt ab\t #acdj4 ,ne> ,*ur* ,end 
are ! anci5t e>?works kn[n z ! ,aubreys4
 7pp4 #ab1 #fg1 #gb1 #abf47             
,rickmanswor? 7#efbg71 at ! junction ( !
 ,colne1 ,gade1 & ,*ess riv]s1 is a t[n 
9 ! s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty1 close to 

! ,bucks & ,middlesex bord]s4 ,x has    
sev]al anci5t alm%\ses1 ( :i* "o dates f
 #afhj4 ,imm$iately to ! s\?-ea/ is     
,moor ,p>k1 ! seat ( ,"l ,ebury1 :]e ,"l
 ,anson =m]ly liv$4 ,?is once belong$ to
 ! abbots ( ,/ ,albans1 b 0 giv5 by     
,h5ry ,,vii to ! ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 & 9 !    
reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii 0 ! prop]ty (      
,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,! pres5t h\se is (    
comp>atively mod]n date4 ,! ,bury is an 
excell5t specim5 ( an e>ly sev5te5?     
c5tury mansion4 ,! *ur* appe>s to h be5 
rebuilt 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4             
,rickm]eswor? 0 ! old "n ( ! t[n4 ,!re  
are a numb] ( manors 9 ! p>i%4 7pp4 #bj1
 #ca1 #ga1 #gc1 #aca1 #acb47   ,roy/on  
7#ceag7 is situat$ on ! ,icknield ,way1 
actually on ! ,cambridge%ire bord]1 & is
 s]v$ by a /ation on ! ,cambridge bran* 
( ! ,great ,nor!rn4 ,! t[n1 :i* has a   
m>ket1 /&s j at ! foot ( ! *alk d[ns2 x 
has ! hon\r ( giv+ ! "n to "o ( !       
species1 or races1 ( ,briti% birds1 to  
wit1 ! ,roy/on cr[4 ,! *ur* is t ( an   
,augu/9ian priory n[ demoli%$4 ,james ,i

 _h a hunt+ seat "h4 7pp4 #cb1 #cc1 #de1
 #ic1 #abh47   ,/ ,albans 7#af1jai71    
situat$ ab\t tw5ty miles nor?-we/ (     
,london by rail1 enjoys ! di/9ction (   
be+ ! only t[n 9 ,h]t=d%ire entitl$ to  
/yle itself a 8city40 ,x is ! direct    
mod]n successor ( ! ,roman city (       
,v]ulamium1 ly+ on ! opposite side ( !  
,v]1 & itself dates f ,saxon times1 its 
anci5t mona/]y hav+ be5 f\nd$ by !      
,m]cian k+ ,(fa ,,ii 9 #gic1 9 memory ( 
,alban1 ! fir/ ,engli% ,*ri/ian m>tyr4  
,! city has a mayor & corporation1 & 0  
=m]ly a p>liam5t>y bor\gh 9 its own "r1 
al?\gh at ! pres5t day x =ms ! c5tre (  
an electoral di/rict return+ "o memb] to
 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x is also ! c5tre 
( ! we/]n division ( ,h]t=d%ire2--a     
division correspond+ 9 ! ma9 to ! old   
,lib]ty ( ,/ ,albans1 ! area ly+ )9 !   
jurisdiction ( ! abbot4 ,qu>t]-sessions 
= ! we/]n division ( ! c\nty are held 9 
! ,c\rt ,h\se1 & likewise petty-sessions
 = ! ,/ ,albans division ( ! c\nty1 z   
well z city petty-sessions = ,/ ,albans 

itself4 ,at ^! la/ ! city magi/rates    
sit2 ! cases be+ br\ght be=e !m by !    
local police =ce1 :i* is di/9ct f t ( ! 
c\nty4 ,! city is ! see ( ! bi%opric (  
,/ ,albans1 & its cr[n+ glory is its    
,abbey1 n[ rais$ to ! dignity ( a       
ca!dral4 ,(fa's abbey 0 attack$ &       
plund]$ by ! ,danes1 & a rebuild+ ( !   
mona/ic *ur* 0 contemplat$ by ,ealdr$1 !
 eigh? abbot1 :o collect$ build+        
mat]ials f ,v]ulam4 ,! long-def]r$ "w1  
on a new site1 0 h[ev] n und]tak5 till !
 "t ( ,paul ( ,ca51 ! fir/ ,norman abbot
 7#ajgg-ic74 ,?is abbot rebuilt ! *ur* &
 ne>ly all ! mona/ic build+s ) !        
mat]ials collect$ by 8 pr$ecessor2 &    
app>5tly made a clean sweep ( ! orig9al 
/ructures4 ,al?\gh ! fabric appe>s to h 
be5 complet$ by ,abbot ,paul1 !         
consecration did n take place till      
#aaae4 ,betwe5 #aaie & #abad ,abbot     
,john de ,cella comm5c$ a new we/ front1
 b only "p ( ! orig9al design 0 c>ri$   
out4 ,9 #abeg ! ea/]n end 0 9 a dang]\s 
condition1 & ! two ea/]nmo/ bays 7 pull$

 d[n2 & ev5tually a presbyt]y & a ,lady 
,*apel ) ve/ibule 7 add$4 ,ext5sive     
alt]ations & rebuild+ 7 c>ri$ out       
previ\s to #acbf1 & aga9 betwe5 #acce & 
#acdj4 ,o!r works 7 c>ri$ out by ,john  
de ,:ea?amp/ead betwe5 #adea & #adhd1   
includ+ ! rebuild+ ( ,/ ,&rew's *apel4  
,9 #aeec ! abbey 0 sold to ! ,mayor &   
,burgesses z a p>i% *ur*1 :5 ! ,lady    
,*apel 0 cut (f f ! re/ ( ! build+ by a 
public passage & us$ z a gramm> s*ool4  
,?is passage rema9$ till ab\t #ahgj1 :5 
! ,lady ,*apel 0 once m rejo9$ to ! ma9 
fabric4 ,ab\t ?is "t a re/oration (     
portions ( ! build+ 0 und]tak5 by a     
c\nty committee1 :5 ! l[-pit*$ ro( ( !  
nave 0 replac$ by a high-pit*$ "o on !  
l9es ( a mu* e>li] /ructure4 ,soon aft]1
 ! t[] 0 9 dang] ( collaps+1 ow+ to cru%
 9 ! support+ pill>s1 & ! :ole /ructure 
_h to be %or$ up previ\s to und]p9n+4   
,f9ally1 ! late ,"l ,grim?orpe und]took 
! completion ( ! 8re/oration10 :i* 0    
c>ri$ out 9 sub/antial b dra/ic /yle4 ,8
 mo/ notable "w compris$ ! complete     

rebuild+ ( ! we/ front 9 a peculi> /yle1
 ! repo9t+ ( ! t[]1 & ! replac+ ( its   
brick turrets by /one 8pepp]-pots40     
,illu/ration3 ,%r9e ( ,/ ,amphibalus1 ,/
 ,albans' ,abbey  ,! clock-t[] 9 ! c5tre
 ( ! city1 f :i* ! curfew 0 rung till ! 
sixties1 is ano!r int]e/+ build+1 z is  
also ! old gateway ( ! mona/]y1 n[ us$ z
 a gramm> s*ool4 ,ne> by ! city are !   
ru9s ( ,sopwell nunn]y4 ,! city has ?ree
 p>i%es1 ^? ( ! ,abbey1 ,/ ,pet]1 & ,/  
,mi*ael1 b x is also ext5d+ into ! p>i% 
( ,s&ridge4 ,on ! fur!r side ( ! ,v] is 
situat$ ,/ ,/eph5's4 ,/ ,albans is      
rapidly increas+ z a resid5tial di/rict1
 & also z a manufactur+ c5tre1 a numb] (
 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts f ,london hav+   
be5 rec5tly set up 9 its environs4      
,/raw-plait /ill rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! *ief  
trade1 al?\gh ! actual plait+ ( ! /raw  
has be5 kill$ by =eign competition4 ,a  
m>ket is held e ,saturday4 ,/ ,albans   
has a museum1 un=tunately n re/rict$ to 
local antiquities & natural hi/ory      
objects4 ,!re are ?ree railway /ations1 

"o on ! ,midl&1 ! second ! t]m9us ( a   
bran* l9e f ! ,nor?-,we/]n at ,wat=d1 & 
! ?ird t ( a bran* ( ! ,great ,nor!rn f 
,hatfield4 ,/ ,pet]'s *ur* /&s on ! site
 ( a ,saxon *ur* built 9 ! latt] half ( 
! t5? c5tury2 ?is 0 replac$ 9 less ?an  
#bjj ye>s by a ,norman edifice1 rema9s (
 :i* 7 f\nd dur+ ! alt]ations c>ri$ out 
by ! late ,"l ,grim?orpe4 ,/ ,mi*ael's  
*ur* conta9s ,bacon's tomb4  ,two       
notable battles 7 f\ght at ,/ ,albans   
dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,9 #adee !      
,yorki/s & 9 #adfa ! ,lanca/rians 7     
victori\s4 7pp4 #ad1 #ah1 #ce1 #eg1 #ei1
 #fj1 #fa1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1
 #hd1 #id1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 
#ajg1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj1     
#acg1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adi47    
,sawbridgewor? 7#bjhe71 pron\nc$        
,satswor?1 is a t[n on ! ea/]n bord] ( !
 c\nty1 to ! s\? ( ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ) a
 /ation on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,x 
0 orig9ally kn[n z ,sabric/wor?1 be+ !  
seat ( ! family ( ,say1 or de ,say4 ,x  
has a hi/ory dat+ f ! ,conque/4 7pp4    

#aac1 #acb47   ,%5ley 7#aabj7 a village 
ab\t f\r miles to ! s\?w>d ( ,/ ,albans2
 ! manor 9 ! "t ( ,/eph5 belong$ to ! de
 ,m&eviles1 :o _h also ! *ur*4   ,/&on  
7#aegg71 a village & manor1 ) a /ation  
on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway ab\t midway 
betwe5 ,bunt+=d & ,/an/ead ,abbots4     
,/&on ,lord%ip 0 ! seat ( ! ,lords ,a/on
 ( ,=f>1 :o inh]it$ x f ! ,sadl] family4
 ,! liv+ orig9ally belong$ to ! ,knights
 ,templ>s4   ,/an/ead ,abbots 7#adhd71  
n[ a p>i% & manor1 b =m]ly a bor\gh1 is 
a village ly+ ea/ ( ,h]t=d1 ne> ,/      
,m>g>et's /ation on ! ,great ,ea/]n     
,railway4   ,/ev5age 7#cieg71 a         
m>ket-t[n on ! ,great ,nor? ,road &     
,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 betwe5 ,welwyn 
& ,hit*94 ,! t[n orig9ally /ood ne> to !
 *ur* ( ,/ ,ni*olas1 n[ half-a-mile     
di/ant2 b aft] a disa/r\s fire1 a new   
settlem5t sprang up on ea* side ( !     
,nor? ,road1 :i* runs to ! s\?-we/ ( !  
old *ur*4 ,! =tie?1 & la/1 abbot ( ,/   
,albans 0 ,ri*>d ,boreham de ,/ev5age1  
elect$ 9 #aech1 & dismiss$ ! foll[+ ye> 

on ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,elmwood
 ,h\se1 n[ pull$ d[n1 0 ! home ( ,lucas1
 ! ,h]t=d%ire h]mit4 7pp4 #ad1 #ci1     
#aaf1 #abh1 #abi47   ,tr+ 7#dcdi7 =ms ! 
extreme we/]n outpo/ ( ,h]t=d%ire1 be+  
situat$ 9 ! p59sula project+ f ?is "p ( 
! c\nty into ! he>t ( ,buck+ham%ire4 ,x 
has a /ation on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway 
"s consid]able di/ance f ! t[n itself2 &
 ( late ye>s has become well-kn[n 9 !   
sci5tific _w on acc\nt ( ! private      
natural hi/ory museum e/abli%$ by !     
,hon4 ,walt] ,ro?s*ild 9 ,tr+ ,p>k1 !   
seat ( ,"l ,ro?s*ild4 ,tr+ 0 =m]ly "o ( 
! c5tres ( ! /raw-plait indu/ry4 7pp4   
#ah1 #db1 #df1 #dg1 #ed1 #gb1 #ij1 #ii1 
#aje47   ,wal?am ,cross 7#ebia71 a t[n  
on ! ,essex bord] ( ! c\nty1 ) a /ation 
on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 :i* takes  
its "n f "o ( ! crosses erect$ at !     
re/+-places on ! fun]al r\te ( ,que5    
,eleanor f ,gran?am4 7pp4 #abd1 #abe47  
,w>e 7#eegc71 an anci5t t[n to !        
nor?-ea/ ( ,h]t=d1 situat$ on ! riv]    
,lea 7:i* is "h navigable71 & on a bran*

 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,w>e1 :i*  
is associat$ ) ! /ory ( 8,john ,gilp910 
is ! *ief c5tre ( ! malt+ indu/ry 9 !   
c\nty2 ! grant ( a m>ket 0 made by ,k+  
,h5ry ,,iii 9 ! ye> #abed4 7pp4 #e1 #dd1
 #gj1 #hj47   ,wat=d 7#bi1cbg7 is by f> 
! l>ge/ t[n 9 ! c\nty1 be+ ! only "o ) a
 population :i* exce$$ #bj1jjj at !     
c5sus ( #aija4 ,x is situat$ 9 !        
s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty1 & is trav]s$ 
by ! ,colne2 x has a /ation on !        
,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 f :i* a bran* l9e
 runs to ,/ ,albans4 ,a m>ket has exi/$ 
s9ce ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 & is /at$ to h  
be5 grant$ by ,h5ry ,i4 ,wat=d play$ an 
important "p 9 ,wat ,tyl]'s ris+4 ,!    
,grove1 ! seat ( ! ,e>ls ( ,cl>5don1 &  
,cassiobury1 t ( ! ,e>ls ( ,essex1 are  
situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n4 ,wat=d is !
 c5tre ( ! ,we/ ,h]ts p>liam5t>y        
division & has num]\s mills & factories4
 ,! p>i% *ur* conta9s "s magnific5t     
monum5ts by ,ni*olas ,/one4 7pp4 #f1    
#ca1 #cd1 #dd1 #ii1 #abb1 #abc1 #aca1   
#acb1 #ada47   ,watton or               

,watton-at-,/one 7#gaj71 a village 9 !  
valley ( ! ,beane1 ne> ! c5tre ( !      
c\nty1 tak+ its "n f ! numb] ( spr+s 9 !
 neighb\rhood--,wat1 9 ,saxon1 signify+ 
a moi/ place4 ,watton1 :i* 0 9 exi/5ce z
 a manor 9 ! "t ( ! ,conqu]or1 0 ! home 
( ! anci5t family ( ,botel]1 ^: seat 0 !
 pres5t ,woodhall ,p>k1 n[ ! prop]ty ( !
 ,abel ,smi? family4 ,ne> by is ! manor 
h\se ( ,a/on ,bury1 a f9e example ( a   
sixte5? c5tury h\se1 also once belong+  
to ! ,botel]s1 ) tall1 twi/$ *imneys1 a 
magnific5t /aircase1 & an upp] room     
occupy+ ! :ole wid? ( ! build+4 7p4     
#aac47   ,welwyn 7#affj71 a village on !
 ,great ,nor!rn ,railway betwe5         
,hatfield & ,/ev5age4 ,"y1 :o 0 born ne>
 ,bi%op's ,wal?am 9 ,hamp%ire1 became   
,rector ( ! place1 wrote 8 ,night       
,?\ghts "h1 & is buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,two
 c5turies ago ,welwyn 0 celebrat$ = its 
*alybeate spr+s4 7pp4 #fb1 #abh1 #adi47 
,:ea?amp/ead 7#bdje71 a village 9 !     
valley ( ! ,lea1 betwe5 ,luton &        
,hatfield1 ) a /ation on ! ,luton &     

,dun/able bran* ( ! ,great ,nor!rn      
,railway4 ,! p>i% orig9ally includ$     
,h>p5d51 :i* 0 sep>at$ ab\t #ahfj4 ,"o (
 ! olde/ build+s is ,:ea?amp/ead ,place1
 or ,place ,f>m1 :i* dates back to ! "t 
( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & has "s f9e ,tudor  
*imneys2 x 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( !        
,brockett family1 ^: monum5ts are 9 !   
*ur*4 ,! *ur* itself1 :i* is a cruci=m  
edifice ) a c5tral t[]1 is d$icat$ to ,/
 ,hel51 & 0 judici\sly re/or$ 9 !       
sixties2 ! *ancel ) its ?ree beautiful  
lancet w9d[s 0 built ab\t #abcj1 ! t[] 0
 rebuilt t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5?      
c5tury1 & ! nor? transept betwe5        
#accj-dj4 ,! p>i% includes ! manors (   
,mack]y ,end & ,lam]2 ! latt] tak+ its  
"n f ! de la ,m>e family1 by :om x 0    
held 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,lam] ,h\se 0  
rebuilt ab\t #agfa4 7pp4 #ch1 #fg1 #ij1 
#ig1 #aja47     ,illu/ration3 ,/ack (   
rectangles ) areas proportional to      
population4    #agc1bhj #ahfa   #aib1bbf
 #ahga   #bjc1adj #ahha   #bbj1afb #ahia
   #bej1aeb #aija  ,fig4 #a4 ,diagram   

%[+ ! increase 9 ! population (         
,h]t=d%ire f #ahfa to #aija             
,illu/ration3 ,squ>es ) d5sity repres5t$
 by dots4    ,engl& & ,wales #eeh       
,h]ts             #dji   ,lanca%ire     
#bcdg  ,fig4 #b4 ,comp>ative d5sity ( ! 
population ( ,h]t=d%ire to ! sq4 mile 9 
#aija4 ,ea* dot repres5ts #aj p]sons    
,illu/ration3 rectangul> *>t    ,,engl& 
,,wales ,total #cb1ebg1hdc   ,,h]ts     
,fig4 #c4 ,! population ( ,h]ts         
7#beh1dbc7 z comp>$ ) t ( ,engl& &      
,wales   ,illu/ration3 rectangul> *>t   
,,engl&  ,,wales ,total #cg1cbg1dgi     
acres   ,,h]ts  ,fig4 #d4 ,! area (     
,h]ts 7#djd1eah acres7 z comp>$ ) t (   
,engl& & ,wales   ,illu/ration3 ,pie *>t
    ,p]man5t ,pa/ure                    
#abe1bfg   ,area n "u ,p]man5t ,pa/ure  
#bgg1ehi  ,fig4 #e4 ,proportionate area 
( ,p]man5t ,pa/ure to total area (      
,c\nty   ,illu/ration3 ,pie *>t    ,area
 n "u ,corn ,crops #bhf1aef   ,corn     
,crops                #aaf1gjj  ,fig4   
#f4 ,proportionate acreage ( ,corn      

,crops to total area ( ,c\nty           
,illu/ration3 ,pie *>t    ,b>ley #bg1ifj
   ,:eat  #ea1fia   ,oats   #cf1idf     
,fig4 #g4 ,proportionate acreage (      
,oats1 ,:eat1 & ,b>ley 9 ,h]ts          
,illu/ration3 ,pie *>t    ,mead[s &     
,p]man5t ,pa/ure   #abe1bfg   ,gre5     
,crops & ,rotation ,grasses #gb1hdh     
,corn ,crops                            
#aaf1gjj   ,woodl&s                     
#bf1efh   ,b>e ,fall[1 ,fruits          
#af1gcf   ,rema9+ area ( ,h]ts          
#dd1gcg  ,fig4 #h4 ,proportionate       
acreage ( l& "u ,cultivation & ,n "u    
,cultivation 9 ! ,c\nty   ,illu/ration3 
,pie *>t    ,horses       #ae1jgj       
,pigs         #be1cch   o!r ,cattle     
#ch1fcf   ,%eep        #id1dfa  ,fig4   
#i4 ,comp>ative numb]s ( ,live ,/ock 9  
,h]ts   ,cambridge3  ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john
 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4  ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity   
,,press4     ,illu/ration3  ,,geological
 ,,map ,,( ,,h]t=d    ,george ,philip   
,son1 ,ltd4      ,! ,london             
,geographical ,in/itute4                

,transcrib]'s ,note   ,on page #dc1 9 ! 
diagram ( geological sy/ems1 ! ,names ( 
,sy/ems 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 bold4  ,9 ! 
la/ *apt]1 ! ,names ( ,t[ns & ,villages 
7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 bold & 9 a l>ge     
font4  ,"u ea* map1 8,ltd40 or 8,,ltd401
 9 ! "n ( ! pr9t] 0 orig9ally pr9t$ ) ! 
8td0 or 8,,td0 rais$ above ! l9e ) a dot
 und]nea?4  ,! errata li/$ on a slip    
b\nd into ?is book h be5 appli$ to ?is  
text4  ,x reads3   ,h]t=d%ire   ,,errata
     ,page #cc1 l9e #ab f bottom1 aft]  
,baldock1 add & also ne>                
,tr+4      0  #fa1 l9e #f f top1 =      
,great ,we/]n read ,nor?-,we/]n4      0 
#acb1 l9e #ac f top1 = ,/ort=d1 read ,/ 
,m>g>et's4      0 #add1 l9e #b1 = ,!    
late ,visc\nt ,peel read ,! fir/        
,visc\nt ,hampd54      0 #aec1 l9e #e f 
top1 dele has a ca/le &4      0 #aed4 ,!
 m>ket at ,b]khamp/ead has be5          
discont9u$ =             _m ye>s4      0
 #aei4 ,! (fice ( high bailiff ( ,hemel 
,hemp/ead is held by !                  
mayor4  ,! *anges to pages #aed & #aei h

 be5 made by add+ footnotes4  ,figures h
 be5 mov$ to be ne> ! text !y illu/rate4
 ,! page numb]s 9 ! ,table (            
,illu/rations ref] to ! page numb] ( _! 
orig9al position 9 ! pr9t$ book4