,in this e-text1 text between underscores represents text printed in italics1 text between equal signs represents bold face text1 and text between tildes represents text printed in ,insular font4 ,small capitals have been replaced by ,,all ,,capitals4 text represents superscript text4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,british ,,popular ,,customs ,,present ,,and ,,past ,,george ,,bell ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,london3 ,,portugal ,,st41 ,,kingsway ,,cambridge3 ,,deighton1 ,,bell ,,and ,,co4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay3 ,a4 ,h4 ,,wheeler ,,and ,,co4 ,,british ,,popular ,,customs ,,present ,,and ,,past ,,illustrating ,,the ,,social ,,and ,,domestic ,,manners ,,of ,,the ,,people ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,calendar ,,of ,,the ,,year ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,t4 ,f4 ,,thiselton ,,dyer1 ,m4,a4 ,,pembroke ,,college1 ,,oxon4 ,illustration ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited #aiaa ,reprinted from ,stereotype plates4 ,,preface4 ,in presenting the following pages to the ,public ,i do not lay claim to any originality1 my object simply having been to collect together1 into a readable and condensed form1 from various sources within my reach1 accounts of ,customs which1 if not already obsolete1 are quickly becoming so4 ,with regard to the general plan of the book1 it speaks for itself4 ,it should1 however1 be stated that the movable feasts are placed under the earliest days on which they can fall4 ,in conclusion1 ,i would only add that ,i am much indebted to ,mr4 ,james ,britten1 of the ,british ,museum1 for the valuable help and suggestions which he has given me whilst passing the proof-sheets through the ,press4 ,t4 ,f4 ,,thiselton ,,dyer4 ,september #aeth1 #ahge4 ,,popular ,,customs4 ,,jan4 #a4 ,,new ,,year',s ,,day4 ,new ,year's ,day has always been a time of general rejoicing and festivity1 its observance being characterised by many a curious custom and superstitious practice4 ,history tells us how on this day the ,druids were accustomed1 with much pomp and ceremony1 to distribute branches of the sacred mistletoe amongst the people2 those precious gifts having the night before been cut from the oak-tree in a forest dedicated to the gods4 ,among the ,saxons of the northern nations the new year was ushered in by friendly gifts1 and celebrated with such extraordinary festivity that people actually used to reckon their age by the numbers of annual merry-makings in which they had participated4 ,fosbroke1 in his ,encyclopdia of ,antiquities1 notices the continuation of the ,roman practice of interchanging gifts during the middle and later ages2 a custom which prevailed especially amongst our kings1 queens1 and the nobility4 ,according to ,matthew ,paris1 ,henry ,,iii41 following the discreditable example of some of the ,roman emperors1 even extorted them from his subjects4 ,in ,rymer's ,fdera 7vol4 x4 p4 #chg7 a list is given of the gifts received by ,henry ,,vi4 between ,christmas ,day and ,february #dth1 #adbh1 consisting of sums of #djs41 #bjs41 #acs4 #d;d41 #ajs41 #fs4 #h;d41 and #cs4 #d;d4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,vii4 the reception of the ,new ,year's gifts presented by the king and queen to each other and by their household and courtiers1 was reduced to a solemn formula4 ,agnes ,strickland1 in her ,lives of the ,queens of ,england 7#ahfd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hc71 quotes the following extract from a ,,ms4 of ,henry ,,vii4's ,norroy herald1 in possession of ,peter ,le ,neve1 ,esq43 8,on the day of the ,new ,year1 when the king came to his foot-sheet1 his usher of his chamber-door said to him1 #8,sire1 here is a ,new ,year's gift coming from the queen2' then the king replied1 #8,let it come in4' ,then the king's usher let the queen's messenger come within the yate0 7meaning the gate of the railing which surrounded the royal bed1 instances of which are familiar to the public in the state bedrooms at ,hampton ,court to this day1 and it is probable that the scene was very similar71 8,henry ,,vii4 sitting at the foot of the bed in his dressing-gown1 the officers of his bed-chamber having turned the top sheet smoothly down to the foot of the bed when the royal personage rose4 ,the queen1#a in like manner1 sat at her foot-sheet1 and received the king's ,new ,year's gift within the gate of her bed-railing4 ,when this formal exchange of presents had taken place between the king and his consort1 they received1 seated in the same manner1 the ,new ,year's gifts of their nobles4 #8,and1' adds the herald1 assuming the first person1 #8,i shall report to the queen's grace and them that be about her1 what rewards are to be given to them that bring her grace ,new ,year's gifts1 for ,i trow they are not so good as those of the king4'0 #a ,elizabeth of ,york4 ,there is in the possession of the ,marquis of ,bath1 ,longleat1 a manuscript1 which contains a list of moneys given to ,king ,henry ,,viii4 in the twenty-fourth year of his reign1 as ,new ,year's gifts4 ,they are from archbishops1 bishops1 noblemen1 doctors1 gentlemen1 c4 ,the amount which the king's grace complacently pocketed on this occasion was #gibl4 #ajs4 #aj;d4--,n4 4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #h4 ,honest old ,latimer1 however1 says ,hone 7,every ,day ,book1 #ahcf1 vol4 i4 p4 #g71 instead of presenting ,henry ,,viii4 with a purse of gold1 put into the king's hand a ,new ,testament1 with a leaf conspicuously doubled down at ,hebrews xiii4 #d1 which1 on reference1 will be found to have been worthy of all acceptation1 though not1 perhaps1 well accepted4 ,a manuscript roll of the public revenue of the fifth year of ,edward ,,vi4 has an entry of rewards given on ,new ,year's ,day to the king1 officers1 and servants1 amounting to #aeel4 #es41 and also of sums given to the servants of those who presented ,new ,year's gifts to the king4 ,during the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 the custom of presenting ,new ,year's gifts to the sovereign was carried to an extravagant height4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,drake is of opinion that the wardrobe and jewelry of ,queen ,elizabeth were principally supported by these annual contributions on ,new ,year's ,day4 ,he cites lists of ,new ,year's gifts presented to her from the original rolls published in her 8progresses0 by ,mr4 ,nichols2 and from these it appears that the presents were made by the great officers of state1 peers and peeresses1 bishops1 knights and their ladies1 gentlemen and gentlewomen1 physicians and apothecaries1 and others of lower grade1 down to her ,majesty's dustman4 ,the presents consisted of sums of money1 costly articles of ornament for the queen's person or apartments1 caskets studded with precious stones1 valuable necklaces1 bracelets1 gowns1 embroidered mantles1 smocks1 petticoats1 looking-glasses1 fans1 silk stockings1 and a great variety of other articles4 ,the largest sum given by any of the temporal lords was #bjl42 but the ,archbishop of ,canterbury gave #djl41 the ,archbishop of ,york #cjl41 and the other spiritual lords1 #bjl4 and #ajl4 ,dr4 ,drake says1 that although ,elizabeth made returns to the ,new ,year's gifts1 in plate and other articles1 yet she nevertheless took sufficient care that the balance should be in her own favour4 ,in the reign of ,james ,i4 the money gifts seem to have been continued for some time1 but the ornamental articles presented seem to have been few and of small value4 ,no rolls1 nor1 indeed1 any notices of ,new ,year's gifts presented to ,charles ,i4 seem to have been preserved1 though probably there were such4 ,the custom1 no doubt1 ceased entirely during the ,commonwealth1 and was never afterwards revived1 at least1 to any extent worthy of notice4 ,mr4 ,nichols mentions that the last remains of the custom at court consisted in placing a crown-piece under the plate of each of the chaplains in waiting on ,new ,year's ,day1 and that this custom had ceased early in the nineteenth century4 ,the ,new ,year's gifts1 says ,chambers 7,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca71 presented by individuals to each other were suited to sex1 rank1 situation1 and circumstances4 ,from ,bishop ,hall's ,satires 7#aeih71 it appears that the usual gift of tenantry in the country to their landlords was a capon2 and ,cowley1 addressing the same class of society says3 8,ye used in the former days to fall ,prostrate to your landlord in his hall1 ,when with low legs1 and in an humble guise1 ,ye offer'd up a capon sacrifice ,unto his worship1 at a ,new ,year's tide40 ,ben ,jonson1 in his ,christmas ,masque1 among other characters introduces 8,new ,year's gift in a blue coat1 serving-man like1 with an orange1 and a sprig of rosemary on his head1 his hat full of brooches1 with a collar of gingerbread1 his torch-bearer carrying a marchpane1 with a bottle of wine on either arm40 ,an orange stuck with cloves was a common present1 and is explained by ,lupton1 who says that the flavour of the wine is improved1 and the wine itself preserved from mouldiness1 by an orange or lemon stuck with cloves being hung within the vessel1 so as not to touch the liquor4 ,when pins were first invented1 and brought into use about the beginning of the sixteenth century1 they were a ,new ,year's gift very acceptable to ladies1 instead of the wooden skewers which they had hitherto used4 ,sometimes1 however1 in lieu of pins1 they received a composition in money1 called pin money1 an expression which has been extended to a sum of money secured by a husband on his marriage for the private expenses of his wife4 ,gloves1 too1 were customary ,new ,year's gifts4 ,they were far more expensive than nowadays1 and occasionally a sum of money was given instead1 which was called glove money4 ,a hundred years ago1 the ,poet ,laureate not only wrote a ,new ,year's ode1 by way of salutation to the sovereign and royal family1 but those illustrious personages sat in state at ,st4 ,james's1 and heard it1 as it was sung by celebrated vocalists1 for whom it had been composed by some expert in music4 ,now that the ,laureate's song would be worth the listening to1 we have none written especially for the ,new ,year4 ,this musical festival has ceased to be4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #h4 ,latterly1 ,new ,year's ,day has been celebrated with but little public festivity1 the only open joyous demonstration being the sound of merry peals from the church bells1 as they ring out the ,old and ring in the ,new ,year4 ,many persons make a point of wearing new clothes on this day1 and consider any omission of the kind unlucky4 ,at court it is one of the twelve ,offering ,days4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 ,hampson1 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p #cc4 ,in the ,north of ,england it is considered unlucky for any inmate to go out of the house until some one from without has entered it2 and the first foot across the threshold is watched with great anxiety1 the good or bad luck of the house during the year1 depending on the first comer being a man or a woman4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #bdd4 ,opening the ,bible on this day is a superstitious practice observed in some parts of the country1 and much credit is attached to it4 ,it is usually set about with some little ceremony on the morning1 before breakfast1 as it must be performed fasting4 ,the ,bible is laid on the table unopened1 and the parties who wish to consult it are then to open it in succession4 ,they are not at liberty to choose any particular part of the book1 but must open it at random4 ,wherever this may happen to be1 the inquirer is to place his finger on any chapter contained in the two open pages1 but without any previous perusal or examination4 ,it is believed that the good or ill fortune1 the happiness or the misery1 of the consulting party1 during the ensuing year1 will be in some way or other described and foreshown by the contents of the chapter4 ,the custom is called dipping4--,pop4 ,antiq4 ,brand1 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bj2 ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #cjc4 ,it is customary in some places for persons to carry about decorated apples1 and present them to their friends4 ,the apples have three skewers of wood stuck into them1 so as to form a tripod foundation2 and their sides are ornamented with oat grains1 while various evergreens and berries adorn the top4 ,a raisin is occasionally fastened on each oat grain1 but this is probably an innovation4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,in some parts of the county of ,nottingham1 on the first day of the ,new ,year1 troops of little children might be seen a few years ago1 each bearing an orange1 an apple1 or a nutmeg1 sometimes gilded1 and stuck with cloves or rosemary1 which they were carrying to their friends to ask their blessing2 the present thus given was generally carefully reserved4--,jour4 of the ,archological ,association1 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bca4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,it appears from a ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum 7,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj1 ,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,donat4 #dhdc1 fol4 #dbc71 that the boys of ,eton ,school used1 on the day of the ,circumcision1 to play for little ,new ,year's gifts before and after supper2 and that boys had a custom on that day1 for good luck's sake1 of making verses1 and sending them to the provost1 masters1 c41 as also of presenting them to each other4 ,,cumberland ,,and ,,westmoreland4 ,early in the morning the common people assemble together1 carrying stangs and baskets4 ,any inhabitant1 stranger1 or whoever joins not this ruffian tribe in sacrificing to their favourite saint-day1 if unfortunate enough to be met by any of the band1 is immediately mounted across the stang 7if a woman1 she is basketed71 and carried shoulder high to the nearest public house1 where the payment of sixpence immediately liberates the prisoner4 ,none1 though ever so industriously inclined1 are permitted to follow their respective avocations on that day4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agia1 vol4 lxi4 p4 #aafi4 ,,essex4 ,formerly the bailiffs of ,maldon sent on the first day of the year1 to the king's vice-admiral of ,essex a present of oysters and wild fowl4 ,sir ,john ,bramston notices the arrival of the gift on ,new ,year's ,day 7,march #bf71 #afhh1 in his ,autobiography1 printed for the ,camden ,society in #ahde4 ,,herefordshire4 ,at ,bromyard and its neighbourhood1 as twelve o'clock on the #cast of ,december draws near1 and the last of the ,christmas carols are heard without doors1 and a pleasurable excitement is playing on the faces of the family around the last ,christmas log within1 a rush is made to the nearest spring of water1 and whoever is fortunate enough to first bring in the 8cream of the well10 as it is termed1 and those who first taste of it1 have 8prospect of good luck through the forthcoming year40 ,also1 in the early hours of the ,new ,year1 after a funeral service has been said over 8,old ,tom0 as the old year is called1 at the public-houses and ale and cider stores1 the streets are filled with boys and men1 singing in the loudest tones possible3 8,i wish you a merry ,christmas ,and a happy ,new ,year1 ,a pocket full of money1 ,and a cellar full of beer1 ,and a good fat pig ,to serve you all the year4 ,ladies and gentlemen ,sat 7sic7 by the fire1 ,pity we poor boys ,out in the mire40 ,the ,antiquary1 #ahgc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #g4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,ross1 it is deemed most unfortunate for a woman to enter the house first1 and therefore an inquiry is generally made whether a male has previously been there4 ,it is customary for the peasantry to send about on this day a small pyramid1 made of leaves1 apples1 nuts1 c4--,fosbroke1 ,sketches of ,ross1 #ahbb1 p4 #eh4 ,,lancashire4 ,should a female1 or a light-haired male1 be the first to enter a house on the morning of ,new ,year's ,day1 it is supposed to bring bad luck for the whole of the year then commencing4 ,various precautions are taken to prevent this misfortune3 hence many male persons with black or dark hair are in the habit of going from house to house1 on that day1 to take the ,new ,year in2 for which they are treated with liquor1 and presented with a small gratuity4 ,so far is the apprehension carried1 that some families will not open the door to any one until satisfied by the voice that he is likely to bring the house a year's good luck by entering it4 ,the most kindly and charitable woman in a neighbourhood will strongly refuse to give any one a light on the morning of ,new ,year's ,day1 as most unlucky to the one who gives it away4--,harland and ,wilkinson's ,lancashire ,folk-,lore1 #ahfg1 p4 #bad4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,on this day an old custom1 says ,train in his ,history of the ,isle of ,man 7#ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aae71 is observed called the quaaltagh4 ,in almost every parish throughout the island1 a party of young men go from house to house singing the following rhyme3 8,again we assemble1 a merry ,new ,year ,to wish to each one of the family here1 ,whether man1 woman1 or girl1 or boy1 ,that long life1 and happiness1 all may enjoy1 ,may they of potatoes and herrings have plenty1 ,with butter and cheese1 and each other dainty2 ,and may their sleep never1 by night or day1 ,disturbed be by even the tooth of a flea2 ,until at the ,quaaltagh again we appear1 ,to wish you1 as now1 all a happy ,new ,year40 ,when these lines are repeated at the door1 the whole party are invited into the house to partake of the best the family can afford4 ,on these occasions a person of dark complexion always enters first1 as a light-haired male or female is deemed unlucky to be the first-foot or quaaltagh on ,new ,year's morning4 ,the actors of the quaaltagh do not assume fantastic habiliments like the mummers of ,england1 or the guisards of ,scotland1 nor do they1 like these rude performers of the ,ancient ,mysteries1 appear ever to have been attended by minstrels playing on different kinds of musical instruments4 ,,northumberland4 ,the following extract1 relating to ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 is taken from the ,north of ,england ,advertiser of ,january #dth1 #ahgc3 ,the children on ,new ,year's morn are busy begging their ,new ,year's gifts1 saying1 8,old ,year out1 ,new ,year in2 please give us my ,new ,year's gift20 or 8,a merry ,christmas and a happy ,new ,year20 followed by the usual appeal for a present4 ,the first-foot is an important personage4 ,if he should be a dark man1 it is a sign of good luck2 if a light one not so lucky2 but alas6 if a woman1 the worst luck will befall the household4 ,similar to the first hearing of the cuckoo1 it is of the greatest importance whether or not you have money in your pocket and your cupboard full on ,new ,year's ,day4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,in this county it is considered unlucky to remove anything from a house until something has been brought in1 and therefore1 early in the morning1 each member of the family carries some trifling thing in4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,newark1 this rhyme is sung3 8,take out1 and take in1 ,bad luck is sure to begin2 ,but take in and take out4 ,good luck will come about40 ,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bca4 ,brand1 in his ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ae71 alludes to this custom as existing in ,lincoln and its neighbourhood4 ,the rhyme he quotes is slightly different from the above3 8,take out1 then take in1 ,bad luck will begin2 ,take in1 then take out1 ,good luck comes in40 ,,oxfordshire4 ,pointer1 in his ,oxoniensis ,academia 7#agdi1 p4 #ga71 alludes to a custom1 observed at ,brasenose ,college1 ,oxford1 of the ,bachelors of ,arts and ,undergraduates belonging to the college going in a body on ,new ,year's ,day to their ,principal1 and each presenting him with an epistle by way of a ,new ,year's gift1 wishing him a happy ,new ,year4 ,we learn from the same writer1 that it was formerly the practice at ,queen's ,college to give a needle and thread to the ,fellows1 being a rebus on their founder's name1 ,eglesfield1 aiguille in ,french signifying a needle1 and fil a thread 7p4 #ch74 ,,staffordshire4 ,a grotesque manorial custom is described as being kept up in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 in connection with ,hilton4 ,there existed in that house a hollow brass image1 about a foot high1 representing a man kneeling in an indecorous position4 ,it was known all over the country as ,jack of ,hilton4 ,there were two apertures2 one very small at the mouth1 another about two-thirds of an inch in diameter at the back1 and the interior would hold rather more than four pints of water1 which1 says ,plot 7,history of ,staffordshire1 #afhf1 p4 #dcc71 #8when set to a strong fire1 evaporates in the same manner as in an olopile1 and vents itself at the mouth in a constant blast1 blowing the fire so strongly that it is very audible1 and makes a sensible impression in that part of the fire where the blast lights4' ,the custom was this4 ,an obligation lay upon the lord of the adjacent manor of ,essington1 every ,new ,year's ,day1 to bring a goose to ,hilton1 and drive it three times round the hall-fire1 which ,jack of ,hilton was all the time blowing by the discharge of his steam4 ,he was then to carry the bird into the kitchen and deliver it to the cook2 and when it was dressed he was to carry it in a dish to the table of his lord paramount1 the lord of ,hilton1 receiving in return a dish of meat for his own mess4 ,an annual payment1 called ,moseley's ,dole1 was formerly made by the corporation1 consisting of a penny a piece to all the inhabitants of ,walsall1 and of the adjoining parish of ,rushall1 which is supposed to have anciently formed part of that of ,walsall4 ,three persons were employed to make the distribution1 who began on ,new ,year's ,day1 and went through the parishes1 giving a penny to each inmate of every house1 whether permanently or accidentally abiding there4 ,it is stated by ,plot 7,history of ,staffordshire71 that the earliest mention of this dole is in the #cfth ,henry ,,viii41 when #gl4 #ajs4 #i;d4 discharged it4 ,the first trace of it1 however1 that is found in the documents of the corporation is in #afcb1 when its amount was #adl4 #is4 #d;d4 ,the amount increased gradually till #agii1 when it was #fjl41 and until the time of its cessation in #ahbe1 it remained yearly about the same4 ,there are many traditions respecting the origin of this dole1 but they all concur in attributing it to one ,thomas ,moseley1 from whom an estate at ,bascott in ,warwickshire was derived4 ,the donor1 in granting this estate to the ,corporation1 charged it with the annual payment of nine marks to the ,abbot of ,hales ,owen1 8who should keep one mark for his labours in distributing the remaining eight marks1 at the obit of the said ,thomas ,moseley at ,walsall1 for the souls of the said ,thomas and ,margary his wife1 and others2 and this by the oversight of the ,vicar of ,walsall1 and of all the chaplains of the ,guild of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 of the church of ,walsall40 ,the eight marks above named were no doubt the origin of the dole1 and would1 before the ,reformation1 be amply sufficient to supply a penny a piece to all the parishioners1 or at least to all who repaired to the church on the obit day1 to pray for the donor and his wife--a superstitious custom which caused the estate to be seized by ,henry ,,viii41 when he suppressed the monasteries4--,history of ,staffordshire1 ,white1 #aheg1 p4 #fde2 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #ee4 ,,sussex4 ,at ,hastings1 apples1 nuts1 oranges1 c41 as well as money1 are thrown out of the windows to be scrambled for by the fisher-boys and men4 ,the custom is not kept up with the spirit of former days4 ,,warwickshire4 ,in the city of ,coventry a sort of cake known by the name of ,god-cakes is sent4 ,they are used by all classes1 and vary in price from a halfpenny to one pound4 ,they are invariably made in a triangular shape1 an inch thick1 and filled with a kind of mincemeat4 ,so general is the use of them on the first day of the ,new ,year1 that the cheaper sorts are hawked about the streets as hot cross buns are on ,good ,friday in ,london4 ,this custom seems peculiar to ,coventry4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbi4 ,,worcestershire4 ,a belief exists in this county1 that if the carol singer who first comes to the door on ,new ,year's morning be admitted at the front door1 conducted through the house1 and let out at the back the inmates will have good luck during the year4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cac4 ,,yorkshire4 ,the following quaint account of a whimsical custom formerly observed on ,new ,year's ,day is taken from ,blount's ,fragmenta ,antiquitatis1 #ahae1 p4 #eee3 ,near ,hutton ,conyers there is a large common1 called ,hutton ,conyers ,moor1 whereof ,william ,aislabie1 ,esq41 of ,studley ,royal 7lord of the ,manor of ,hutton ,conyers71 is lord of the soil1 and on which there is a large coney-warren belonging to the lord4 ,the occupiers of messuages and cottages within the several towns of ,hutton ,conyers1 ,baldersby1 ,rainton1 ,dishforth1 and ,hewick1 have right of estray for their sheep to certain limited boundaries on the common1 and each township has a shepherd4 ,the lord's shepherd has a pre-eminence of tending his sheep on every part of the common2 and wherever he herds the lord's sheep1 the several other shepherds are to give way to him1 and give up their hoofing-place so long as he pleases to depasture the lord's sheep thereon4 ,the lord holds his court the first day in the year1 to entitle those several townships to such right of estray2 the shepherd of each township attends the court1 and does fealty1 by bringing to the court a large apple-pie1 and a twopenny sweetcake 7except the shepherd of ,hewick1 who compounds by paying sixteen-pence for all1 which is drunk as after mentioned17 and a wooden spoon2 each pie is cut in two1 and divided by the bailiff1 one half between the steward1 bailiff1 and the tenant of the coney-warren before mentioned1 and the other half into six parts1 and divided amongst the six shepherds of the above mentioned six townships4 ,in the pie brought by the shepherd of ,rainton an inner one is made1 filled with prunes4 ,the cakes are divided in the same manner4 ,the bailiff of the manor provides furmenty and mustard1 and delivers to each shepherd a slice of cheese and a penny roll4 ,the furmenty1 well mixed with mustard1 is put into an earthen pot1 and placed in a hole in the ground1 in a garth belonging to the bailiff's house2 to which place the steward of the court1 with the bailiff1 tenant of the warren1 and six shepherds1 adjourn with their respective wooden spoons4 ,the bailiff provides spoons for the stewards1 the tenant of the warren1 and himself4 ,the steward first pays respect to the furmenty1 by taking a large spoonful2 the bailiff has the next honour1 the tenant of the warren next1 then the shepherd of ,hutton ,conyers1 and afterwards the other shepherds by regular turns2 then each person is served with a glass of ale 7paid for by the sixteen-pence brought by the ,hewick shepherd71 and the health of the lord of the manor is drank2 then they adjourn back to the bailiff's house1 and the further business of the court is proceeded with4 ,each pie contains about a peck of flour1 is about sixteen or eighteen inches diameter1 and as large as will go into the mouth of an ordinary oven4 ,the bailiff of the manor measures them with a rule1 and takes the diameter2 and if they are not of a sufficient capacity1 he threatens to return them1 and fine the town4 ,if they are large enough1 he divides them with a rule and compasses into four equal parts2 of which the steward claims one1 the warrener another1 and the remainder is divided amongst the shepherds4 ,in respect to the furmenty1 the top of the dish in which it is put is placed level with the surface of the ground2 all persons present are entitled to eat of it1 and those who do not1 are not deemed loyal to the lord4 ,every shepherd is obliged to eat of it1 and for that purpose is to take a spoon in his pocket to the court2 for if any of them neglect to carry a spoon with him he is to lay him down upon his belly1 and sup the furmenty1 with his face to the pot or dish2 at which time it is usual1 by way of sport1 for some of the bystanders to dip his face into the furmenty2 and sometimes a shepherd1 for the sake of diversion1 will purposely leave his spoon at home4 ,in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire1 those who have not the common materials for making a fire1 generally sit without one on ,new ,year's ,day2 for none of their neighbours1 although hospitable at other times1 will suffer them to light a candle at their fires4 ,if they do1 it is believed that one of the family will die within the year4--,gent4 ,mag4 #ahaa1 vol4 lxxxi4 p4 #dbd4 ,subjoined is all that appears to have survived of the ,yorkshire ,hagmena song3#b 8,to-night it is the ,new ,year's night1 to-morrow is the day1 ,and we are come for our right and for our ray1 ,as we used to do in old ,king ,henry's day ,sing fellows1 sing1 hag man1 ha6 ,if you go to the bacon-flick1 cut me a good bit2 ,cut1 cut1 and low1 beware of your maw2 ,cut1 cut1 and round1 beware of your thumb1 ,that me and my merry men may have some4 ,sing fellows1 sing1 hag-man1 ha6 ,if you go to the black ark1 bring me ten marks2 ,ten marks1 ten pound1 throw it down upon the ground1 ,that me and my merry men may have some4 ,sing fellows1 sing1 hag-man1 ha60 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 #b ,see #8,new ,year's ,eve4' ,,scotland4 ,in the ,memoirs of ,lord ,langdale by ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,hardy1 #aheb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ee1 occurs the following3 8,being in ,scotland1 ,i ought to tell you of ,scotch customs2 and really they have a charming one on this occasion 7i4e4 ,new ,year's ,day74 ,whether it is meant as a farewell ceremony to the old one1 or an introduction to the ,new ,year1 ,i can't tell2 but on the #cast of ,december1 almost everybody has a party1 either to dine or sup4 ,the company1 almost entirely consisting of young people1 wait together till twelve o'clock strikes1 at which time every one begins to move1 and they all fall to work4 ,at what8 why1 kissing4 ,each male is successively locked in pure ,platonic embrace with each female2 and after this grand ceremony1 which of course creates infinite fun1 they separate and go home4 ,this matter is not at all confined to these1 but wherever man meets woman it is the particular privilege of this hour4 ,the common people think it necessary to drink what they call hot-pint1 which consists of strong beer1 whisky1 eggs1 c42 a most horrid composition2 as bad1 or worse than that infamous mixture called fig-one1#c which the ,english people drink on ,good ,friday40 #c ,doubtless a misprint for fig-sue4 ,see under ,good ,friday4 ,the letter from which this is an extract is signed ,henry ,beckersteth1 and dated ,edinburgh1 ,january #ast1 #ahjb4 ,till very few years ago1 in ,scotland 7says a correspondent of ,chambers' ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bh71 the custom of first-footing was practised on ,new ,year's morning4 ,on the approach of twelve o'clock of the last night of the old year1 a hot-pint#d was prepared--that is1 a kettle or flagon full of warm1 spiced1 and sweetened ale1 with an infusion of spirits4 ,when the clock had struck the knell of the departed year1 each member of the family drank of this mixture1 8and good health1 and a happy ,new ,year1 and many of them1 to all the rest10 with a general hand-shaking1 and perhaps a dance round the table1 with the addition of a song to the tune of ,hey tuttie taitie3 8,weel may we a' be1 ,ill may we never see4 ,here's to the king ,and the gude companie60 c4 #d ,called also a het-pint4 ,time's ,telescope1 #ahbd1 p4 #c4 ,the elders of the family would then most probably sally out with the hot kettle1 and bearing also a competent provision of buns and short-bread1 or bread-and-cheese1 with the design of visiting their neighbours1 and interchanging with them the same cordial greetings4 ,if they met by the way another party similarly bent whom they knew1 they would stop1 and give and take sips from their respective kettles4 ,reaching the friend's house1 they would enter with vociferous good wishes1 and soon send the kettle circulating4 ,if they were the first to enter the house since twelve o'clock they were deemed as the first-foot2 and as such it was most important for luck to the family in the coming year1 that they should make this entry not empty-handed1 but with their hands full of cakes1 and bread-and-cheese2 of which1 on the other hand1 civility demanded that each individual in the house should partake4 ,to such an extent did this custom prevail in ,edinburgh1 in the recollection of persons still living1 that according to their account1 the principal streets were more thronged between twelve and one in the morning than they usually were at mid-day4 ,much innocent mirth prevailed1 and mutual good feelings were largely promoted4 ,an unlucky circumstance which took place on the #ast ,january1 #ahab1 proved the means of nearly extinguishing the custom4 ,a small party of reckless boys formed the design of turning the innocent festivities of first-footing to account for purposes of plunder4 ,they kept their counsel well4 ,no sooner had the people come abroad on the principal thoroughfares of the ,old ,town than these youths sallied out in small bands1 and commenced the business which they had undertaken4 ,their previous agreement was to look out for the white neckcloths1 such being the best mark by which they could distinguish in the dark individuals likely to carry any property worthy of being taken4 ,a great number of gentlemen were thus spoiled of their watches and other valuables4 ,the least resistance was resented by the most brutal maltreatment4 ,a policeman and a young man of the rank of a clerk in ,leith died of the injuries they had received4 ,an affair so singular1 so uncharacteristic of the people among whom it happened1 produced a widespread and lasting feeling of surprise4 ,the outrage was expiated by the execution of three of the youthful rioters on the chief scene of their wickedness2 but from that time it was observed that the old custom of going about with the hot pint--the ancient wassail--fell off4 ,there was in ,scotland also a first-footing independent of the hot-pint4 ,it was a time for some youthful friend of the family to steal to the door1 in the hope of meeting there the young maiden of his fancy1 and obtaining the privilege of a kiss as her first-foot4 ,great was the disappointment on his part1 and great the joking among the family1 if1 through accident or plan1 some half-withered aunt or ancient grand-dame came to receive him instead of the blooming ,jenny4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,in the south of ,scotland1 as soon as the clock has struck the midnight hour1 one of a family goes to the well as quickly as possible1 and carefully skims it2 this they call getting the scum or ream 7cream7 of the well3 8,twall struck--twa neebour hizzies raise1 ,an' liltin gaed a sad gate2 ,the flower o' the well to our house gaes ,an' ,i'll the bonniest lad get40 ,the flower of the well signifies the first pail of water1 and the girl who is so fortunate as to obtain the prize is supposed to have more than a double chance of obtaining the most accomplished young man in the parish4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,as soon as the last night of the year sets in1 it is the signal with the ,strathdown ,highlander for the suspension of his usual employment1 and he directs his attention to more agreeable callings4 ,the men form into bands1 with tethers and axes1 and shaping their course to the juniper bushes1 they return home laden with mighty loads1 which are arranged round the fire to dry until morning4 ,a certain discreet person is despatched to the dead and living ford to draw a pitcher of water in profound silence1 without the vessel touching the ground1 lest its virtue should be destroyed1 and on his return all retire to rest4 ,early on ,new ,year's morning the usque-cashrichd1 or water from the dead and living ford1 is drunk1 as a potent charm until next ,new ,year's ,day1 against the spells of witchcraft1 the malignity of evil eyes1 and the activity of all infernal agency4 ,the qualified ,highlander then takes a large brush1 with which he profusely asperses the occupants of all beds2 from whom it is not unusual for him to receive ungrateful remonstrances against ablution4 ,this ended1 and the doors and windows being thoroughly closed1 and all crevices stopped1 he kindles piles of the collected juniper in the different apartments1 till the vapour from the burning branches condenses into opaque clouds1 and coughing1 sneezing1 wheezing1 gasping1 and other demonstrations of suffocation ensue4 ,the operator1 aware that the more intense the 8smuchdan0 the more propitious the solemnity1 disregards these indications1 and continues1 with streaming eyes and averted head1 to increase the fumigation1 until in his own defence he admits the air to recover the exhausted household and himself4 ,he then treats the horses1 cattle1 and other bestial stock in the town with the same smothering1 to keep them from harm throughout the year4 ,when the gude wife gets up1 and having ceased from coughing1 has gained sufficient strength to reach the bottle dhu1 she administers its comfort to the relief of the sufferers2 laughter takes the place of complaint1 all the family get up1 wash their faces1 and receive the visits of their neighbours1 who arrive full of congratulations peculiar to the day4 ,mu nase choil orst1 8,my ,candlemas bond upon you10 is the customary salutation1 and means1 in plain words1 8,you owe me a ,new ,year's gift40 ,a point of great emulation is1 who shall salute the other first1 because the one who does so is entitled to a gift from the person saluted4 ,breakfast1 consisting of all procurable luxuries1 is then served1 the neighbours not engaged are invited to partake1 and the day ends in festivity4--,popular ,superstitions of the ,highlanders of ,scotland1 ,stewart1 #ahea4 ,pennant1 in his ,tour in ,scotland 7#agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf71 says that on ,new ,year's ,day the ,highlanders burn juniper before their cattle4 ,,forfarshire4 ,at the commencement of the ,new ,year#e the opulent burghers of ,montrose begin to feast with their friends1 and to go a round of visits1 which takes up the space of many weeks4 ,upon such occasions1 the gravest is expected to be merry1 and to join in a cheerful song4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 ,sinclair1 #agic1 vol4 v4 p4 #dh4 #e ,also at ,christmas4 ,,orkney ,,isles4 ,at ,lady1 companies of men go to the houses of the rich1 and awake the family by singing the ,new ,year's song1 in full chorus4 ,when the song is concluded1 the family entertain the musicians with ale and bread1 and give them a smoked goose or a piece of beef4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 xv4 p4 #adb4 ,at the parishes of ,cross1 ,burness1 c41 ,new ,year's gifts1 under the title of 8,christmas presents10 are given to maid-servants by their masters4--,stat4 ,account of ,scotland1 ,sinclair1 #agic1 vol4 vii4 p4 #dhh4 ,,handsel ,,monday4 ,,scotland4 ,the first ,monday of the year is a great holiday among the peasantry of ,scotland and children generally1 as being the day peculiarly devoted in that country to the giving and receiving of presents4 ,it is on this account called ,handsel ,monday1 handsel being in ,scotland the equivalent of a ,christmas-box1 but more especially implying a gift at the commencement of a season or the induing of some new garment4 ,the young people visit their seniors in expectation of tips 7the word1 but not the action1 unknown in the north74 ,postmen1 scavengers1 and deliverers of newspapers look for their little annual guerdons4 ,among the rural population1 ,auld ,handsel ,monday1 i4e4 ,handsel ,monday old style1 or the first ,monday after the twelfth of the month1 is the day usually held4 ,the farmers used to treat the whole of their servants on that morning to a liberal breakfast of roast and boiled1 with ale1 whisky1 and cake1 to their utmost contentment1 after which the guests went about seeing their friends for the remainder of the day4 ,it was also the day on which any disposed for change gave up their places1 and when new servants were engaged4 ,even now1 when most old fashions are much decayed1 ,auld ,handsel ,monday continues to be the holiday of the year to the class of farm-labourers in ,scotland4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #eb4 ,,co4 ,,of ,,edinburgh4 ,at ,currie the annual fair and ,old ,handsel ,monday are the only periodical holidays for the working classes2 on which latter occasion the servants enjoy the pleasure of returning to the bosom of their families1 and spending the close of the day with their friends4 ,the early part is generally observed in the less innocent amusement of raffles1 and shooting with fire-arms1 which1 being often old and rusty1 as well as wielded by inexperienced hands1 have occasioned some disagreeable accidents4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland #ahde1 vol4 i4 p4 #eej4 ,,jan4 #e4 ,,eve ,,of ,,the ,,epiphany4 ,formerly itinerant minstrels used to bear a bowl of spiced wine to the houses of the gentry and others1 from whom they expected a hospitable reception1 and calling their bowl a wassail-bowl1 they drank wassail to their entertainers4 ,in ancient kalendars is an observation on the #eth day of ,january1 the ,vigil of the ,epiphany1 8,kings created by beans10 and the sixth day is called 8,festival of ,kings10 with another remark1 that 8the ceremony of electing kings was continued with feasting for many days40--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #acd4 ,,devonshire4 ,at ,kingsbridge and ,salcombe it was formerly customary for the ciderist1 attended by his workmen with a large can or pitcher of cider1 guns charged with powder1 c41 to repair to the orchard1 and there at the foot of one of the best-bearing apple-trees1 drink the following toast three times repeated1 discharging the fire-arms in conclusion3 8,here's to thee1 old apple tree1 ,whence thou may'st bud1 ,and whence thou may'st blow6 ,and whence thou may'st bear apples enow6 ,hats full6 caps full6 ,bushel--bushel-sacks full6 ,and my pockets full too6 ,huzza60 ,the pitcher being emptied1 they returned to the house1 the doors of which they were certain to find bolted by the females2 who1 however bad the weather might be1 were inexorable to all entreaties to open them1 till some one had divined what was on the spit4 ,this was generally not easily thought of1 and if edible was the reward of him who first named it4 ,the party were then admitted4--,kingsbridge and ,salcombe ,historically ,depicted1 #ahai1 p4 #ga4 ,vide ,gent4 ,mag4 #agia1 vol4 lxi4 p4 #djc4 ,brand1 on the authority of a ,cornishman1 relates it also as a custom with the ,devonshire people to go after supper into the orchard with a large milk-pan full of cider1 having roasted apples pressed into it4 ,out of this each person in company takes what is called a clome--i4e4 earthenware--cup1 full of liquor1 and standing under each of the more fruitful apple-trees1 passing by those that are not good bearers1 he addresses them in the following words3 8,health to thee1 good apple tree1 ,well to bear pocket-fulls1 hat-fulls1 ,peck-fulls1 bushel bag-fulls20 and then drinking up part of the contents1 he throws the rest1 with the fragments of the roasted apples1 at the tree4 ,at each cup1 the company set up a shout4--,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,herrick thus alludes to this custom and the superstition attached to it3 8,wassail the trees1 that they may bear ,you many a plum and many a pear2 ,for more or less fruit they will bring1 ,as you do give them wassailing40 ,,gloucestershire4 ,in the parish of ,pauntley1 and the surrounding neighbourhood1 the servants of each farmer formerly assembled together in one of the fields that had been sown with wheat4 ,at the end of twelve lands1 they made twelve fires in a row with straw1 around one of which1 much larger than the rest1 they drank a cheerful glass of cider to their master's health1 and success to the future harvest2 then1 returning home1 they feasted on cakes soaked in cider1 which they claimed as a reward for their past labours in sowing the grain4--,fosbrooke1 ,hist4 of ,gloucestershire1 #ahjg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcb4 ,,herefordshire4 ,at the approach of the evening1 the farmers with their friends and servants meet together1 and about six o'clock walk out to a field where wheat is growing4 ,in the highest part of the ground1 twelve small fires and one large one1 are lighted up4#f ,the attendants1 headed by the master of the family1 pledge the company in old cider1 which circulates freely on these occasions4 ,a circle is formed round the large fire1 when a general shout and hallooing takes place1 which you hear answered from all the adjacent villages and fields4 ,sometimes fifty or sixty of these fires may be seen all at once4 ,this being finished1 the company return home1 where the good housewife and her maids are preparing a good supper4 ,a large cake is always provided1 with a hole in the middle4 ,after supper1 the company all attend the bailiff 7or head of the oxen7 to the wain-house1 where the following particulars are observed3 ,the master1 at the head of his friends1 fills the cup 7generally with strong ale71 and stands opposite the first or finest of the oxen4 ,he then pledges him in a curious toast1 the company follow his example with all the other oxen1 addressing each by his name4 ,this being finished1 the large cake is produced1 and1 with much ceremony put on the horn of the first ox1 through the hole above mentioned4 #f ,these fires represented our ,lord and the twelve ,apostles4 ,the ox is then tickled1 to make him toss his head2 if he throw the cake behind1 it is the mistress's perquisite2 if before 7in what is termed the boosy7 the bailiff himself claims the prize4 ,the company then return to the house1 the doors of which they find locked1 nor will they be opened until some joyous songs are sung4 ,on their gaining admittance a scene of mirth ensues1 which lasts the greater part of the night4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agia1 vol4 lxi4 p4 #aaf4 ,,staffordshire4 ,according to ,blount the inhabitants of this county at one time made a fire on the eve of the ,epiphany1 in memory of the blazing star that conducted the three ,magi to the manger at ,bethlehem4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,leeds1 families formerly invited their relations1 friends1 and neighbours to their houses1 for the purpose of playing at cards1 and partaking of a supper of which mince pies were an indispensable ingredient4 ,after supper was over the wassail-cup or wassail-bowl was brought in1 of which every one partook1 by taking with a spoon out of the ale a roasted apple and eating it1 and then drinking the healths of the company out of the bowl1 wishing them a merry ,christmas1 and a happy ,new ,year4 ,the festival of ,christmas used in this part of the country to be held for twenty days1 and some persons extended it even to ,candlemas4 ,the ingredients put into the bowl1 viz41 ale1 sugar1 nutmeg1 and roasted apples1 were usually called lambs' wool1 and the night on which it was drunk was commonly called ,wassail ,eve4--,gent4 ,mag4 #aghd1 vol4 liv4 p4 #ih4 ,,ireland4 ,in ,ireland 8on ,twelve ,eve in ,christmas1 they use to set up as high as they can a sieve of oats1 and in it a dozen of candles set round1 and in the centre one larger1 all lighted4 ,this in memory of our ,saviour and his ,apostles1 light of the world40--,sir ,henry ,piers' ,description of the ,county of ,westmeath1 #afhb1 in ,vallancey's ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #abd4 ,,jan4 #f4 ,,twelfth ,,day4 ,,the ,,epiphany4 ,in its character as a popular festival1 ,twelfth ,day stands only inferior to ,christmas4 ,the leading object held in view is to do honour to 8the three wise men10 or1 as they are more generally denominated1 8the three kings40 ,it is a ,christian custom1 ancient past memory1 and probably suggested by a paean custom1 to indulge in a pleasantry called the ,election of kings by beans4 ,some1 however1 maintain it to have been derived from the custom observed by the ,roman children1 who1 at the end of their saturnalia1 drew lots with beans1 to see who would be king4 ,in ,england in later times1 a large cake was made1 with a bean or silver penny inserted1 and this was called ,twelfth-cake4 ,the family and friends being assembled1 the cake was divided by lot1 and whoever got the piece containing the bean was accepted as the king for the day1 and called ,king of the ,bean4 ,it appears also that there was always a queen as well as a king on ,twelfth-,night4 ,a writer1 speaking of the celebration in the ,south of ,england in #aggd1 says3 8,after tea a cake is produced with two bowls containing the fortunate chances for the different sexes4 ,the host fills up the tickets1 and the whole company1 except the king and queen1 are to be ministers of state1 maids of honour1 or ladies of the bed-chamber4 ,often the host and hostess1 more by design than accident1 become king and queen4 ,according to ,twelfth ,day law1 each party is to support his character till midnight40 ,in the sixteenth century it would appear that some peculiar ceremonies followed the election of the king and queen4 ,barnaby ,googe1 in his paraphrase of the curious poem of ,naogeorgus1 ,the ,popish ,kingdom1 #aegj1 states that the king1 on being elected1 was raised up with great cries to the ceiling1 where with chalk he inscribed crosses on the rafters to protect the house against evil spirits4--,book of ,days1 #ahfc1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 ,see also ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 ,herrick1 the poet of our festivals1 has several allusions to the celebration of this day of our ancestors1 as may be seen in the subjoined poem3 8,,twelfe-,,night1 ,,or ,,king ,,and ,,queene4 8,now1 now the mirth comes ,with the cake full of plums1 ,where beane's the king of the sport here2 ,besides1 we must know1 ,the pea also ,must revell1 as queene1 in the court here4 ,begin then to chuse 7,this night as ye use7 ,who shall for the present delight here1 ,be a king be the lot1 ,and who shall not ,be ,twelfe-day queene for the night here4 ,which knowne1 let us make ,joy-sops with the cake2 ,and let not a man then be seene here4 ,who unurg'd will not drinke1 ,to the base from the brink1 ,a health to the king and queene here4 ,next crowne the bowle full ,with gentle lamb's-wooll2 ,adde sugar1 nutmeg1 and ginger1 ,with store of ale too2 ,and thus ye must doe ,to make the wassaile a swinger4 ,give them to the king ,and queene wassailing2 ,and though with ale ye be whet here2 ,yet part ye from hence1 ,as free from offence1 ,as when ye innocent met here40 ,in the last century ,twelfth ,night ,cards represented ministers1 maids of honour1 and other attendants of a court1 and the characters were to be supported through the night4 ,john ,britton1 in his ,autobiography tells us 8he suggested and wrote a series of ,twelfth ,night characters1 to be printed on cards1 placed in a bag1 and drawn out at parties on the memorable and merry evening of that ancient festival4 ,they were sold in small packets to pastrycooks1 and led the way to a custom which annually grew to an extensive trade4 ,for the second year my pen-and-ink characters were accompanied by prints of the different personages by ,cruikshank 7father of the inimitable ,george71 all of a comic or ludicrous kind40 ,such characters are still printed4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #fd4 ,formerly the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen1 and the ,guilds of ,london1 used to go to ,st4 ,paul's on ,twelfth ,day to hear a sermon4 ,this is mentioned as an old custom in the early part of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign4 ,twelfth ,day and its customs appear to have been observed by royalty almost from time immemorial4 ,at the ,english court in the eighth year of the reign of ,edward ,,iii41 the majestic title of ,king of the ,bean was conferred upon one of the king's minstrels1 as appears by a ,compotus of that date1 which states that sixty shillings were given by the king on the day of the ,epiphany to ,regan1 the trumpeter1 and his associates1 the court minstrels1 in the name of the king of the bean4--,strutt1 ,sports and ,pastimes1 #ahja1 p4 #bee4 ,the grand state of the sovereign on ,twelfth ,day1 and the manner of keeping festival at court1 in the reign of ,king ,henry ,,vii41 are set forth in ,le ,neve's ,,ms41 called ,the ,royalle ,book1 to the following effect3 ,as for ,twelfth ,day1 the king must go crowned in his royal robes1 kirtle1 surcoat1 his furred hood about his neck1 his mantle with a long train1 and his cutlas before him2 his armills upon his arms1 of gold set full of rich stones2 and no temporal man to touch it but the king himself2 and the squire for the body must bring it to the king in a fair kerchief1 and the king must put them on himself2 and he must have his sceptre in his right hand1 and the ball with the cross in the left hand1 and the crown upon his head4 ,and he must offer that day gold1 myrrh1 and sense2 then must the dean of the chapel send unto the ,archbishop of ,canterbury by clerk or priest the king's offering that day2 and then must the ,archbishop give the next benefice that falleth in his gift to the same messenger4 ,and then the king must change his mantle when he goeth to meat1 and take off his hood and lay it about his neck1 and clasp it before with a great rich ouche2 and this must be of the same colour that he offered in4 ,and the queen in the same form when she is crowned4 ,the same day that he goeth crowned he ought to go to matins2 to which array belongeth his kirtle1 surcoat1 tabard1 and his furred hood slyved over his head1 and rolled about his neck2 and on his head his cap of estate1 and his sword before him4 ,at even-song he must go in his kirtle and surcoat1 and hood laid about his shoulders1 and clasp the tippet and hood together before his breast with a great rich ouche1 and his hat of estate upon his head4 ,as for the void on the ,twelfth ,night1 the king and the queen ought to have it in the hall4 ,and as for the wassail1 the steward1 the treasurer1 and the controller1 shall come for it with their staves in their hands2 the king's sewer and the queen's having fair towels about their necks1 and dishes in their hands1 such as the king and queen shall eat of2 the king's carvers and the queen's shall come after with chargers or dishes1 such as the king or the queen shall eat of1 and with towels about their necks4 ,and no man shall bear anything unless sworn for three months4 ,and the steward1 treasurer1 comptroller1 and marshall of the hall shall ordain for all the hall4 ,and1 if it be in the great chamber1 then shall the chamberlain and ushers ordain1 after the above form2 and if there be a bishop1 his own squire1 or else the king's1 such as the officers choose to assign1 shall serve him2 and so of all the other estates1 if they be dukes or earls2 and so of duchesses and countesses4 ,and then there must come in the ushers of the chamber1 with the pile of cups1 the king's cups and the queen's1 and the bishop's with the butlers and wine to the cupboard1 and then a squire for the body to bear the cup1 and another for the queen's cup1 such as is sworn for hire4 ,the singers of the chapel may stand at the one side of the hall1 and when the steward cometh in at the hall-door1 with the wassail1 he must cry thrice 8,wassaile10 c41 and then shall the chapel answer it anon with a good song1 and thus in likewise1 if it please the king to keep the great chamber4 ,and then when the king and queen have done1 they will go into the chamber4 ,and there belongeth for the king1 two lights with the void1 and two lights with the cup2 and for the queen as many4--,antiq4 ,rep4 #ahjg1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbh4 ,on ,twelfth ,day1 #aefc1 ,mary ,queen of ,scots celebrated the ,french pastime of the ,king of the ,bean at ,holyrood1 but with a queen instead of a king1 as more appropriate1 in consideration of herself being a female sovereign4 ,the lot fell to the real queen's attendant1 ,mary ,fleming1 and the mistress good-naturedly arrayed the servant in her own robes and jewels1 that she might duly sustain the mimic dignity in the festivities of the night4 ,the ,english resident1 ,randolph1 who was in love with ,mary ,beton1 another of the queen's maids of honour1 wrote in excited terms about this festival to the ,earl of ,leicester4 8,happy was it10 says he1 8unto this realm1 that her reign endured no longer4 ,two such sights1 in one state1 in so good accord1 ,i believe was never seen1 as to behold two worthy queens possess1 without envy1 one kingdom1 both upon a day4 ,i leave the rest to your lordship to be judged of4 ,my pen staggereth1 my hand faileth1 further to write4----,the ,queen of the ,bean was that day in a gown of cloth of silver2 her head1 her neck1 her shoulders1 the rest of her whole body1 so beset with stones1 that more in our whole jewel-house were not to be found4 ,the cheer was great4 ,i never found myself so happy1 nor so well treated1 until that it came to the point that the old ,queen 7,mary7 herself1 to show her mighty power1 contrary unto the assurance granted me by the younger ,queen 7,mary ,fleming71 drew me into the dance2 which part of the play ,i could with good will have spared unto your lordship as much fitter for the purpose40--,lives of the ,queens of ,scotland1 ,strickland1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bj4 ,down to the time of the ,civil ,wars1 the feast of the ,epiphany was observed with great splendour1 not only at court1 but at the ,inns of ,court1 and the ,universities 7where it was an old custom to choose the king by the bean in a cake71 as well as in private mansions and smaller households4 ,we read1 too1 of our nobility keeping ,twelfth ,night by the diversion of blowing up pasteboard castles2 letting claret flow like blood out of a stag made of paste2 the castle bombarded from a pasteboard ship1 with cannon1 in the midst of which the company pelted each other with egg-shells filled with rose-water2 and large pies were made1 filled with live frogs1 which hopped and flew out upon some curious person lifting up the lid4 ,twelfth ,night grew to be a court festival1 in which gaming was a costly feature4 ,evelyn tells us that on ,twelfth ,night1 #affb1 according to custom1 ,his ,majesty 7,charles ,,ii47 opened the revels of that night by throwing the dice himself in the privy chamber1 where was a table set on purpose1 and lost his #ajjl4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #fc4 ,,cumberland4 ,in ,cumberland1 and other northern parts of ,england1 on ,twelfth ,night1 which finishes the ,christmas holidays1 the rustics meet together in a large room4 ,they begin dancing at seven o'clock1 and finish at twelve1 when they sit down to lobscouse and ponsondie2 the former is made of beef1 potatoes1 and onions1 fried together2 and in ponsondie we recognise the wassail or waes-hael of ale1 boiled with sugar and nutmeg1 into which are put roasted apples2 the anciently admired lambs'-wool4 ,the feast is paid for by subscription2 two women are chosen1 who with two wooden bowls placed one within the other1 so as to leave an opening and a space between them1 go round to the female part of the society in succession1 and what one puts into the uppermost bowl the attendant collectress slips into the bowl beneath it4 ,all are expected to contribute something1 but not more than a shilling1 and they are best esteemed who give most4 ,the men choose two from themselves and follow the same custom1 except that as the gentlemen are not supposed to be so fair in their dealings as the ladies1 one of the collectors is furnished with pen1 ink1 and paper1 to set down the subscription as soon as received4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbe1 p4 #ac4 ,in many of the small towns they partake of scalded field-peas1 and a hare or some other kind of game4 ,the peas are brought to table with the hare1 and are scalded in water with the husks on1 after which a lump of butter is put in the middle1 and they are picked out as they are eaten4 ,the supper concludes with a tharve-cake1 a large1 flat1 oaten cake1 baked on a girdle1 sometimes with plums in it4 ,dancing and drinking then occupy the remainder of the evening4 ,tar barrels are common at all their festivals1 and scarcely a town is without them4--,ibid4 #ahbi1 p4 #aa4 ,,derbyshire4 ,the morris-dancers who go about from village to village about ,twelfth ,day1 have their fool1 their ,maid ,marian 7generally a man dressed in woman's clothes1 and called 8the fool's wife107 and sometimes the hobby-horse2 they are dressed up in ribbons and tinsel1 but the bells are usually discarded4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bja4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,the rector of ,piddle ,hinton gives away on ,old ,christmas ,day a pound of bread1 a pint of ale1 and a mince pie1 to every poor person in the parish4 ,this distribution is regularly made by the rector to upwards of three hundred persons4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #f4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,anciently the ,mowbrays had great possessions in and about the ,isle of ,axholme1 and a seat1 at which they principally resided1 and were considered the greatest folks in that part of the country4 ,it so happened that on ,old ,christmas ,day1 while a young lady 7the daughter of the then ,mowbray7 was riding over the ,meeres to the church by an old road 7at that time the principal one across the village7 a gale of wind blew off her hood4 ,twelve farming men who were working in the fields saw the occurrence1 and ran to gather up the hood1 and in such earnest were they that the lady took so much amusement at the scene she forbade her own attendants joining in the pursuit4 ,the hood being captured1 and replaced on the lady's head1 she expressed her obligation to the men1 giving them each some money1 and promised a piece of land 7to be vested in certain persons in trust7 to throw up a hood annually on ,old ,christmas ,day4#g ,she also ordered that the twelve men engaged to contest the race for the hood should be clothed 7pro temp47 in scarlet jerkins and velvet caps3 the hood to be thrown in the same place as the one where she lost hers4 ,the custom is yet followed2 and though the ,meeres on which she was riding has long ago been brought into a state of cultivation1 and the road through been diverted1 yet an old mill stands in the field where the road passed through1 and is pointed out as the place where the original scene took place1 and the hood is usually thrown up from this mill4 ,there is generally a great concourse of people from the neighbouring villages who also take part in the proceedings2 and when the hood is thrown up by the chief of the boggons1 or by the officials1 it becomes the object of the villagers to get the hood to their own village1 by throwing or kicking it1 similar to the foot-ball4 ,the other eleven men1 called boggons1 being stationed at the comers and sides of the field to prevent1 if possible1 its being thrown out of the field2 and should it chance to fall into any of their hands it is 8boggoned10 and forthwith returned to the chief1 who again throws it up from the mill as before4 ,whoever is fortunate enough to get it out of the field1 tries to get it to his village1 and usually takes it to the public house he is accustomed to frequent1 and the landlord regales him with hot ale and rum4 #g ,the quantity of land given by ,lady ,mowbray was forty acres1 known by the name of the ,hoodlands4 ,the game usually continues until dusk1 and is frequently attended by broken shins and bruised heads4 ,the next day is occupied by the boggons going round the villages1 singing as waits1 who are regaled with hot furmenty2 from some they get coppers given them1 and from others a small measure of wheat1 according to the means of the donor4 ,the day after that they assume the character of plough bullocks1 and at a certain part of ,west ,woodside they 8smoke the fool20 that is1 straw is collected by those who like1 and piled on a heap1 a rope being tied or slung over the branches of the tree next the pile of straw2 the other end of the rope is fastened round the waist of the 8fool10 and he is drawn up1 and fire is put to the straw1 the 8fool0 being swung to and fro through the smoke1 until he is well nigh choked2 after which he goes round with his cap1 and collects whatever the spectator thinks proper to give4 ,the performance is then at an end until the following year4 ,see ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #id4 ,peek's ,history of ,axholme1 #ahae1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgg4 ,in the ,history of ,lincolnshire 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bad7 is the following account of this custom1 differing but little from the notice already given4 ,at ,haxey1 ,old ,twelfth ,day is devoted to throwing the hood1 an amusement1 which according to tradition1 was instituted by one of the ,mowbrays4 ,a roll of canvas1 tightly corded together1 from four to six pounds in weight1 is taken to an open field1 and contended for by the rustics4 ,an individual appointed casts it from him1 and the first person who can convey it into the cellars of any public house receives the reward of one shilling1 paid by the plough-bullocks or boggins4 ,a new hood being furnished when the others are carried off1 the contest usually continues till dark4 ,the next day the plough-bullocks or boggins go round the town collecting alms1 and crying 8,largess40 ,they are dressed like morris-dancers1 and are yoked to and drag a small plough4 ,they have their farmer1 and a fool called ,billy ,buck1 dressed like a harlequin1 with whom the boys make sport4 ,the day is concluded by the bullocks running with the plough round the cross on the green2 and the man that can throw the other down1 and convey the plough into the cellar of a public house1 receives one shilling for his agility4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #aeh4 ,,middlesex4 ,in ,london on ,twelfth ,night1 in former days1 boys assembled round the inviting shops of the pastrycooks1 and dexterously nailed the coat-tails of spectators who ventured near enough to the bottoms of the window frames1 or pinned them strongly together by their clothes4 ,sometimes eight or ten persons found themselves thus connected4 ,the dexterity and force of the nail-driving was so quick and sure that a single blow seldom failed of doing the business effectually4--,withdrawal of the nail without a proper instrument was out of the question1 and consequently1 the person nailed was forced either to leave part of his coat as a cognisance of his attachment1 or quit the spot with a hole in it4 ,at every nailing and pinning shouts of laughter arose from the perpetrators1 yet it often happened to one who turned and smiled at the duress of another1 that he also found himself nailed4 ,efforts at extrication increased mirth2 nor was the presence of a constable1 who was usually employed to attend and preserve free 8ingress1 egress1 and regress10 sufficiently awful to deter the offender4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 ,a curious custom of medival origin is observed at the ,chapel ,royal1 ,st4 ,james's ,palace1 on the festival of the ,epiphany4 ,after the reading of the sentence at the offertory1 8,let your light so shine before men10 c41 while the organ plays1 two members of her ,majesty's household1 wearing the royal livery1 descend from the royal pew and advance to the altar rails1 preceded by the usher1 where they present to one of the two officiating clergymen a red bag1 edged with gold lace or braid1 which is received in an offertory basin1 and then reverently placed on the altar4 ,this bag or purse is understood to contain the ,queen's offering of gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh1 in commemoration of the gifts of the ,magi to the infant ,saviour4--,echo1 ,jan4 #gth1 #ahfi4 ,in the ,lady's ,mag4 for #agfj1 is the following3 ,sunday ,jan4 #fth1 being ,twelfth ,day1 and a collar and offering day at ,st4 ,james'1 his ,majesty1 preceded by the heralds1 pursuivants1 c41 and the knights of the ,garter1 ,thistle1 and ,bath1 in the collars of their respective orders1 went to the ,royal ,chapel at ,st4 ,james'1 and offered gold1 myrrh1 and frankincense1 in imitation of the ,eastern ,magi offering to our ,saviour4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,in this island there is not a barn unoccupied on the whole twelve days after ,christmas1 every parish hiring fiddlers at the public charge4 ,on ,twelfth ,day the fiddler lays his head in the lap of some one of the wenches1 and the mainstyr fiddler asks who such a maid1 or such a maid1 naming all the girls one after another1 shall marry1 to which he answers according to his own whim1 or agreeable to the intimacies he has taken notice of during the time of merriment1 and whatever he says is absolutely depended on as an oracle2 and if he happen to couple two people who have an aversion to each other1 tears and vexation succeed the mirth2 this they call 8cutting off the fiddler's head10 for after this he is dead for a whole year4--,waldron's ,description of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahei1 p4 #aef4 ,,somersetshire4 ,a friend of mine1 says ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,bingham in ,n4 ,q4 7#crd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cc71 met a girl on ,old ,christmas ,day1 in a village of ,north ,somerset1 who told him that she was going to see the ,christmas thorn in blossom4 ,he accompanied her to an orchard1 where he found a tree1 propagated from the celebrated ,glastonbury thorn1 and gathered from it several sprigs in blossom4 ,afterwards the girl's mother informed him that it had been formerly the custom for the youth of both sexes to assemble under the tree at midnight on ,christmas ,eve1 in order to hear the bursting of the buds into flower1 and she added1 8,as they comed out1 you could hear 'um haffer40 ,jennings1 and after him ,halliwell1 give this word haffer for to crackle1 to patter1 to make repeated loud noises4 ,,staffordshire4 ,at ,paget's ,bromley a curious custom went out in the seventeenth century4 ,a man came along the village with a mock horse fastened to him1 with which he danced1 at the same time making a snapping noise with a bow and arrow4 ,he was attended by half a dozen fellow-villagers1 wearing mock deers' heads1 and displaying the arms of the several landlords of the town4 ,this party danced the ,hays1 and other country dances1 to music1 amidst the sympathy and applause of the multitude4 ,there was also a huge pot of ale with cakes1 by general contribution of the village1 out of the very surplus of which 8they not only repaired their church1 but kept their poor too2 which charges10 quoth ,dr4 ,plot1 8are not now1 perhaps1 so cheerfully borne40--,plot's ,nat4 ,hist4 of ,staffordshire1 #afhj1 p4 #dcd4 ,,westmoreland4 ,twelfth ,night1 or ,holly ,night1 was formerly celebrated at ,brough1 by carrying through the town a holly-tree with torches attached to its branches4 ,the procession set out at #h o'clock in the evening preceded by music1 and stopped at the town-bridge1 and again at the cross1 where it was greeted each time with shouts of applause4 ,many of the inhabitants carried lighted branches as flambeaux2 and rockets1 squibs1 c41 were discharged on the joyful occasion4 ,after the tree had been carried about1 and the torches were sufficiently burnt1 it was placed in the middle of the town1 when it was again cheered by the surrounding crowd1 and then was thrown among them4 ,the spectators at once divided into two parties1 one of which endeavoured to take the tree to one of the inns1 and the other to a rival inn4 ,the innkeeper whose party triumphed was expected to treat his partisans liberally4--,hone's ,table ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #bf2 ,handbook for the ,lakes1 ,murray1 #ahff1 p4 #aac4 ,,wales4 ,in some parts of ,pembrokeshire1 the following practice is observed4 ,a wren is secured in a small house made of wood1 with door and windows1 the latter glazed4 ,pieces of ribbon of various colours are fixed to the ridge of the roof outside4 ,sometimes several wrens are brought in the same cage1 and oftentimes a stable-lantern1 decorated as above mentioned1 serves for the wren's-house4 ,the proprietors of this establishment go round to the principal houses in their neighbourhood3 where1 accompanying themselves with some musical instrument1 they announce their arrival by singing the #8,song of the ,wren4' ,the wren's visit is a source of much amusement to children and servants1 and the wren's men1 or lads1 are usually invited to have a draught from the cellar1 and receive a present in money4 ,the #8,song of the ,wren' is generally encored1 and the proprietors very commonly commence high life below stairs1 dancing with the maid-servants1 and saluting them under the kissing bush1 where there is one4 ,the following is the #8,song of the ,wren3' 8,joy1 health1 love1 and peace1 ,be to you in this place4 ,by your leave we will sing1 ,concerning our king3 ,our king is well drest2 ,in silks of the best2 ,with his ribbons so rare1 ,no king can compare4 ,in his coach he does ride1 ,with a great deal of pride2 ,and with four footmen ,to wait upon him4 ,we were four at watch1 ,and all nigh of a match2 ,and with powder and ball ,we fired at his hall4 ,we have travell'd many miles1 ,over hedges and stiles1 ,to find you this king1 ,which we now to you bring4 ,now ,christmas is past1 ,twelfth ,day is the last4 ,th' ,old ,year bids adieu2 ,great joy to the ,new40 ,it would appear from the ninth line of the song that the wren at one time used to occupy a coach1 or that her house was placed upon wheels4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #aji4 ,,jan4 #g4 ,,st4 ,,distaff',s ,,day4--,,rock ,,day4 ,the day after ,twelfth ,day was called ,rock ,day#h and ,st4 ,distaff's ,day1 because on that day women resumed their spinning1 which had been interrupted by the sports of ,christmas2 for our ancestors1 it seems1 returned to their work in a very leisurely manner4 ,from ,herrick's ,hesperides 7p4 #cgd7 we learn that the men1 in boisterous merriment1 burned the women's flax1 and that they in retaliation dashed pails of water upon the men3 8,partly work1 and partly play ,ye must on ,st4 ,distaff's ,day3 ,from the plough soone free your teame1 ,then home and fother them2 ,if the maides a spinning goe1 ,burn the flax and fire the tow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bring in pails of water1 then ,let the maides bewash the men2 ,give ,st4 ,distaff all the night1 ,then bid ,christmas sport good night2 ,then next morning1 every one ,to his own vocation40 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #ach4 #h ,see #8,things not generally known1' by ,john ,timbs1 #ahei1 pp4 #a-f4 ,,plough ,,monday4 ,this was the name of a rustic festival1 held the first ,monday after ,twelfth ,day1 formerly of great account in ,england1 bearing in its first aspect1 like ,st4 ,distaff's ,day1 reference to the resumption of labour after the ,christmas holidays4 ,in ,catholic times1 the ploughmen kept lights burning before certain images in churches to obtain a blessing on their work2 and they were accustomed on this day to go about in procession1 gathering money for the support of these plough lights1 as they were called4 ,the ,reformation put out the lights1 but it could not extinguish the festival4 ,the peasantry contrived to go about in procession1 collecting money1 though only to be spent in conviviality in the public-house4 ,it was at no remote date a very gay and rather pleasant-looking affair4 ,a plough was dressed up with ribbons and other decorations--the ,fool plough4 ,thirty or forty stalwart swains1 with their shirts over their jackets1 and their shoulders and hats flaming with ribbons1 dragged it along from house to house1 preceded by one in the dress of an old woman1 but much bedizened1 bearing the name of ,bessy4 ,there was also a fool1 in fantastic attire4 ,in some parts of the country morris-dancers attended the procession2 occasionally1 too1 some reproduction of the ancient ,scandinavian sword-dance added to the means of persuading money out of the pockets of the lieges4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #id4 ,in ,tusser's ,five ,hundred ,points of ,husbandry1 under the account of the ,ploughman's ,feast ,days1 are the following lines3 8,plough ,munday1 next after that twelf-tide is past1 ,bids out with the plough3 the worst husband is last4 ,if plowman get hatchet or whip to the skrene1 ,maids loseth their cocke1 if no water be seen40 ,which are thus explained in ,tusser ,redivivus 7#agdd1 p4 #gi73 8,after ,christmas 7which formerly1 during the twelve days1 was a time of very little work71 every gentleman feasted the farmers1 and every farmer their servants and task-men4 ,plough ,monday puts them in mind of their business4 ,in the morning1 the men and the maid-servants strive who shall show their diligence in rising earliest4 ,if the ploughman can get his whip1 his ploughstaff1 hatchet1 or anything that he wants in the field1 by the fireside1 before the maid hath got her kettle on1 then the maid loseth her shrove-tide cock1 and it wholly belongs to the men4 ,thus did our forefathers strive to allure youth to their duty1 and provided them with innocent mirth as well as labour4 ,on this ,plough ,monday they have a good supper and some strong drink40 ,see also ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 ,in the ,british ,apollo 7fol4 #agaj1 ii4 #ib71 to an inquiry why the first ,monday after ,twelfth ,day is called ,plough ,monday1 answer is given3 8,plough ,monday is a country phrase1 and only used by peasants1 because they generally used to meet together at some neighbourhood over a cup of ale1 and feast themselves1 as well as wish themselves a plentiful harvest from the great corn sown 7as they call wheat and rye71 as also to wish a ,god-speed to the plough as soon as they begin to break the ground1 to sow barley1 and other corn1 which they at that time make a holiday to themselves as a finishing stroke after ,christmas1 which is their master's holiday time1 as 'prentices in many places make it the same1 appropriated by consent to revel among themselves40 ,formerly the following custom prevailed in the northern counties of ,england on ,plough ,monday4 ,if a ploughman came to the kitchen-hatch1 and could cry1 8,cock in the pot10 before the maid could cry 8,cock on the dunghill10 he was entitled to a cock for ,shrove ,tuesday4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #chf4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,plough ,monday is observed at ,cambridge by parties going about the town variously dressed in ribbons1 etc42 some with a female among them1 some with a man in women's clothes1 some with a plough3 they dance and collect money which is afterwards spent in a feast4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahaf1 p4 #c4 ,,derbyshire4 ,on ,plough ,monday the 8,plough bullocks0 are occasionally seen2 they consist of a number of young men from various farmhouses1 who are dressed up in ribbons1 their shirts 7for they wear no coats or waistcoats7 literally covered with rosettes of various colours and their hats bound with ribbons1 and decorated with every kind of ornament that comes in their way2 these young men yoke themselves to a plough1 which they draw about1 preceded by a band of music1 from house to house1 collecting money4 ,they are accompanied by the ,fool and ,bessy2 the ,fool being dressed in the skin of a calf1 with the tail hanging down behind1 and ,bessy generally a young man in female attire4 ,the ,fool carries an inflated bladder tied to the end of a long stick1 by way of whip1 which he does not fail to apply pretty soundly to the heads and shoulders of his team4 ,when anything is given a cry of 8,largess60 is raised1 and a dance performed round the plough4 ,if a refusal to their application for money is made they not unfrequently plough up the pathway1 door-stone1 or any other portion of the premises they happen to be near4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjb4 ,,huntingdonshire4 ,plough ,monday is observed in this county4 ,the mummers are called 8,plough-,witchers10 and their ceremony1 8,plough-,witching40--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cha4 ,,leicestershire4 ,macaulay 7,history of ,claybrook1 #agia1 p4 #abh17 says3 ,on ,plough ,monday ,i have taken notice of an annual display of morris-dancers at ,claybrook1 who come from the neighbouring villages of ,sapcote and ,sharnford4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,a correspondent of the ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #id1 giving the following interesting account as to how ,plough ,monday was1 in days gone by1 celebrated in the county1 says3--,rude though it was1 the ,plough procession threw a life into the dreary scenery of winter1 as it came winding along the quiet rutted lanes1 on its way from one village to another2 for the ploughmen from many a surrounding hamlet and lonely farmhouse united in the celebration of ,plough ,monday4 ,it was nothing unusual for at least a score of the 8sons of the soil0 to yoke themselves with ropes to the plough1 having put on clean smock frocks in honour of the day4 ,there was no limit to the number who joined in the morris-dance1 and were partners with 8,bessy10 who carried the money-box2 and all these had ribbons in their hats1 and pinned about them wherever there was room to display a bunch4 ,many a hardworking country ,molly lent a helping hand in decorating out her ,johnny for ,plough ,monday1 and finished him with an admiring exclamation of 8,lawks1 ,john6 thou does look smart1 surely40 ,some also wore small bunches of corn in their hats1 from which the wheat was soon shaken out by the ungainly jumping which they called dancing4 ,occasionally1 if the winter was severe1 the procession was joined by threshers carrying their flails1 reapers bearing their sickles1 and carters with their long whips1 which they were cracking to add to the noise1 while even the smith and the miller were among the number1 for the one sharpened the ploughshares and the other ground the corn2 and ,bessy rattled his box1 and danced so high that he showed his worsted stockings and corduroy breeches2 and very often1 if there was a thaw1 tucked up his gown skirts under his waistcoat1 and shook the bonnet off his head1 and disarranged the long ringlets that ought to have concealed his whiskers4 ,for ,bessy is to the procession of ,plough ,monday what the leading figurante is to an opera or ballet1 and dances about as gracefully as the hippopotami described by ,dr4 ,livingstone4 ,but their rough antics were the cause of much laughter1 and rarely do we ever remember hearing any coarse jest that would call up the angry blush to a modest cheek4 ,no doubt they were called 8plough-bullocks10 through drawing the plough1 as bullocks were formerly used1 and are still yoked to the plough in some parts of the country4 ,the rubbishing verses they recited are not worth preserving1 beyond the line1 which graces many a public-house sign1 8,god speed the plough40 ,at the large farmhouse1 besides money they obtained refreshment1 and through the quantity of ale they thus drank during the day managed to get what they called 8their load by night40 ,even the poorest cottagers dropped a few pence into ,bessy's box4 ,but the great event of the day was when they came before some house which bore signs that the owner was well-to-do in the world1 and nothing was given to them4 ,bessy rattled his box1 and the ploughmen danced1 while the country lads blew the bullocks' horns1 or shouted with all their might2 but if there was still no sign1 no coming forth of either bread-and-cheese or ale1 then the word was given1 the ploughshare driven into the ground before the door or window1 the whole twenty men yoked pulling like one1 and in a minute or two the ground before the house was as brown1 barren1 and ridgy as a newly-ploughed field4 ,but this was rarely done1 for everybody gave something1 and were it but little the men never murmured1 though they might talk about the stinginess of the giver afterwards amongst themselves1 more especially if the party was what they called 8well off in the world40 ,we are not aware that the ploughmen were ever summoned to answer for such a breach of the law1 for they believe1 to use their own expressive language1 8they can stand by it1 and no law in the world can touch 'em1 'cause it's an old charter20 and we are sure it would spoil their 8folly to be wise40 ,one of the mummers generally wears a fox's skin in the form of a hood2 but beyond the laughter the tail that hangs down his back awakens by its motion as he dances1 we are at a loss to find a meaning4 ,bessy formerly wore a bullock's tail behind1 under his gown1 and which he held in his hand while dancing1 but that appendage has not been worn of late4 ,,norfolk4 ,hone's ,year ,book1 p4 #bi1 gives a quotation from a ,briefe ,relation1 c41 #afdf1 wherein the writer says1 that the ,monday after ,twelfth ,day is called 8,plowlick ,monday0 by the husbandmen in ,norfolk1 8because on that day they doe first begin to plough40 ,,northamptonshire4 ,in the northern and eastern parts of the county ,plough ,monday is more noticed than in the neighbourhood of ,northampton4 ,the pageant varies in different places2 sometimes five persons precede the plough1 which is drawn by a number of boys with their faces blackened and reddled4 ,formerly1 when the pageant was of a more important character than now1 the plough was drawn by oxen decorated with ribbons4 ,the one who walks first in the procession is styled the ,master1 and is grotesquely attired1 having on a large wig2 two are gaily bedizened in women's clothes2 and two others have large hunches on their backs1 on which is sewed the knave of hearts4 ,these two are called ,red ,jacks1 or fools4 ,each of the five carries a besom1 and one of them a box1 which he rattles assiduously among the spectators to obtain their donations1 which are spent at night in conviviality and jollification4 ,in some instances they plough up the soil in front of the houses of such persons as refuse their contributions4 ,before the inclosure of open fields1 there was another custom in connection with the day4 ,when the ploughman returned from his labours in the evening1 the servant-maid used to meet him with a jug of toast and ale2 and if he could succeed in throwing his plough-hatchet into the house before she reached the door1 he was entitled to a cock to throw at ,shrovetide2 but if she was able to present him with the toast and ale first1 then she gained the cock4 7,see page #ch47--;,baker's ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 ii4 #abeg4 ,,yorkshire4 ,on the ,monday after ,twelfth ,day1 says ,clarkson 7,hist4 of ,richmond1 #ahba1 p4 #bic71 a number of young men from the country1 yoked to a plough1 drag it about the streets1 begging money1 in allusion to the labours of the plough having ceased in that severe weather4 ,in like manner the watermen in ,london1 when the ,thames is covered with ice in hard frosts1 haul a boat about the streets1 to show that they are deprived of the means of earning their livelihood4 ,,jan4 #aj4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,pointer1 in his ,oxoniensis ,academia 7#agdi1 p4 #if71 alludes to a practice observed at ,st4 ,john's and ,corpus ,christi ,colleges1 ,oxford1 of having a speech spoken on this day1 in laudem ,laudi ,archiepiscopi4 ,,jan4 #ab4 ,,scotland4 ,this day is observed by the people of ,halkirk1 as ,new ,year's ,day1 a time when servants are too apt to spend their hard-earned penny in drink and other equally useless purposes4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 xv4 p4 #ge4 ,,jan4 #ac4 ,,st4 ,,hilary',s ,,day4 ,st4 ,hilary is memorable in the annals of ,richmond1 in the county of ,york1 as on the anniversary of his festival the mayor is chosen for the ensuing year1 which causes it to be observed as a jubilee-day among the friends1 and those concerned in corporation matters4 ,st4 ,hilary likewise gives name to one of the four seasons of the year when the courts of justice are opened4--,clarkson's ,hist4 of ,richmond1 #ahba1 p4 #bic4 ,,jan4 #ad4 ,,mallard ,,night4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,this day was formerly celebrated in ,all ,souls ,college1 ,oxford1 in commemoration of the discovery of a very large mallard or drake in a drain1 when digging for the foundation of the college2 and though this observance no longer exists1 yet on one of the college 8gaudies0 there is sung in memory of the occurrence a very old song called 8,the swapping1 swapping mallard40 8,,the ,,merry ,,old ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,all ,,souls ,,mallard4 8,griffin1 bustard1 turkey1 capon1 ,let other hungry mortals gape on2 ,and on the bones their stomach fall hard1 ,but let ,all ,souls' men have their ,mallard4 ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1#i ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1 ,it was a swapping1 swapping ,mallard4 ,the ,romans once admired a gander ,more than they did their chief commander2 ,because he saved1 if some don't fool us1 ,the place that's called th' #8head of ,tolus4' ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1 c4 ,the poets feign ,jove turned a swan1 ,but let them prove it if they can2 ,as for our proof1 'tis not at all hard1 ,for it was a swapping1 swapping ,mallard4 ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1 c4 ,therefore let us sing and dance a galliard1 ,to the remembrance of the ,mallard2 ,and as the ,mallard dives in pool1 ,let us dabble1 dive1 and duck in bowl4 ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1 ,oh6 by the blood of ,king ,edward1 ,it was a swapping1 swapping ,mallard40 #i ,the allusion to ,king ,edward is surely an anachronism1 as ,king ,henry ,,vi4 was reigning at the time of the foundation of the college4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 ,when ,pointer wrote his ,oxoniensis ,academia 7#agdi71 he committed a grave offence by insinuating that this immortalised mallard was no other than a goose4 ,the insinuation produced a reply from ,dr4 ,buckler1 replete with irresistible irony2 but ,pointer met a partisan in ,mr4 ,bilson1 chaplain of ,all ,souls1 who issued a folio sheet entitled #8,proposals for printing by subscription the ,history of the ,mallardians1' with the figure of a cat prefixed1 said to have been found starved in the college library4--,hist4 of ,co4 of ,oxford1 #aheb1 p4 #add4 ,,jan4 #ag4 ,,septuagesima4 ,septuagesima occurs between this day and ,february the #bbnd1 according as the ,paschal full moon falls4 ,it was formerly distinguished by a strange ceremony1 denominated the ,funeral of ,alleluia4 ,on the ,saturday of ,septuagesima1 at nones1 the choristers assembled in the great vestiary of the cathedral1 and there arranged the ceremony4 ,having finished the last benedicamus1 they advanced with crosses1 torches1 holy waters1 and incense1 carrying a turf in the manner of a coffin1 passed through the choir1 and went howling to the cloister as far as the place of interment2 and then having sprinkled the water and censed the place1 returned by the same road4--,fosbroke's ,british ,monachism1 #ahdc1 p4 #ef4 ,,jan4 #bj4 ,,st4 ,,agnes' ,,eve4 ,this night was formerly much venerated by young maidens who wished to know when and whom they should marry4 ,it was required that on this day they should not eat1 which was called 8fasting ,st4 ,agnes' fast40 ,keats has made this custom the subject of one of his poems4 ,the following are a few stanzas from it3 8,st4 ,agnes's ,eve6 ,ah1 bitter chill it was6 ,the owl1 for all his feathers1 was a-cold2 ,the hare limp'd trembling through the frozen grass1 ,and silent was the flock in woolly fold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,they told me how1 upon ,st4 ,agnes's ,eve ,young virgins might have visions of delight2 ,and soft adorings from their loves receive1 ,upon the honey'd middle of the night1 ,if ceremonies due they did aright2 ,as supperless to bed they must retire1 ,and couch supine their beauties1 lilywhite2 ,nor look behind1 nor sideways1 but require ,of ,heaven1 with upward eyes1 for all that they desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,her vespers done1 ,of all its wretched pearls her hair she frees2 ,unclasp'd her warmed jewels one by one2 ,loosens her fragrant bodice2 by degrees ,her rich attire creeps rustling to her knees3 ,half hidden1 like a mermaid in sea-weed1 ,pensive awhile she dreams awake1 and sees1 ,in fancy1 fair ,st4 ,agnes in her bed1 ,but dares not look behind1 or all the charm is fled40 ,,scotland4 ,formerly on the eve of ,st4 ,agnes' ,day the following custom was1 and perchance still is observed in the northern parts of ,scotland by the mountain peasantry4 ,a number of young lads and lasses meeting together on the eve of ,st4 ,agnes1 at the hour of twelve1 went one by one to a certain cornfield1 and threw in some grain1 after which they pronounced the following rhyme3 8,agnes sweet and ,agnes fair1 ,hither1 hither1 now repair2 ,bonny ,agnes1 let me see ,the lad who is to marry me40 ,the prayer was granted by their favourite saint1 and the shadow of the destined bride or bridegroom was seen in a mirror on this very night4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahcb1 p4 #ae4 ,,jan4 #ba4 ,,st4 ,,agnes' ,,day4 ,since the ,reformation1 ,st4 ,agnes has by degrees lost her consequence in this country as superstition has subsided2 though our rural virgins in the north are yet said to practise some singular rites1 in keeping 8what they call ,st4 ,agnes' ,fast1 for the purpose of discovering their future husbands40--,clavis ,calendaria1 ,brady1 #ahae1 vol4 i4 p4 #agj4 ,see ,mother ,bunch's ,closet ,newly ,broke ,open1 #ahbe 7874 ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 ,burton1 #affj1 p4 #ech4 ,,jan4 #bd4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,eve4 ,,cornwall4 ,the first red-letter day in the ,tinner's ,calendar is ,st4 ,paul's ,pitcher-day1 or the ,eve of ,paul's ,tide4 ,it is marked by a very curious and inexplicable custom1 not only among tin-streamers1 but also in the mixed mining and agricultural town and neighbourhood of ,bodmin1 and among the seafaring population of ,padstow4 ,the tinner's mode of observing it is as follows3--,on the day before the ,feast of ,st4 ,paul1 a water-pitcher is set up at a convenient distance1 and pelted with stones until entirely demolished4 ,the men then leave their work1 and adjourn to a neighbouring ale-house1 where a new pitcher bought to replace the old one is successively filled and emptied1 and the evening is given up to merriment and misrule4 ,on inquiry whether some dim notion of the origin and meaning of this custom remained among those who still keep it up1 it was found to be generally held as an ancient festival intended to celebrate the day when tin was first turned into metal--in fact1 the discovery of smelting4 ,it is the occasion of a revel1 in which1 as an old streamer observes1 there is an open rebellion against the water-drinking system which is enforced upon them whilst at work4 ,the custom of observing ,paul's ,pitcher ,night is probably half-forgotten even in ,cornwall at the present time1 where many of the ancient provincial usages have been suffered to die out4 ,it was1 however1 in full vigour so recently as #ahei4 ,the boys of ,bodmin parade the town with broken pitchers1 and other earthenware vessels1 and into every house1 where the door can be opened1 or has been inadvertently left so1 they hurl a 8,paul's pitcher10 exclaiming1 8,paul's ,eve1 ,and here's a heave40 ,according to custom1 the first 8heave0 cannot be objected to2 but upon its repetition the offender1 if caught1 may be punished4--,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc2 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bci2 #bnd ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #cab4 ,,jan4 #be4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,day4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 part i4 p4 #cca71 says3 ,on the #beth of ,january 7#aeed71 being ,st4 ,paul's ,day1 was a general procession of ,st4 ,paul by every parish1 both priests and clerks1 in copes1 to the number of an hundred and sixty1 singing ,salve festa dies1 with ninety crosses borne4 ,the procession was through ,cheap unto ,leadenhall4 ,and before went two schools2 that is1 first1 all the children of the ,gray ,friars1 and then those of ,st4 ,paul's school4 ,there were eight bishops1 and the ,bishop of ,london1 mitred1 bearing the ,sacrament1 with many torches burning1 and a canopy borne over4 ,and so about the churchyard1 and in at the ,west door1 with the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen1 and all the ,companies in their best liveries4 ,and within a while after1 the ,king came1 and the ,lord ,cardinal1 and the ,prince of ,piemont1 and divers lords and knights4 ,at the foot of the steps to the choir1 as the ,king went up1 kneeled the gentlemen lately pardoned1 offering him their service4 ,after mass1 they returned to the court to dinner4 ,and at night bonfires1 and great ringing of bells in every church4 ,and all this joy was for the conversion of the realm4 ,it was on this day that the husbandmen of old used to make prognostics of the weather1 and of other matters for the whole year1 a custom which ,bourne 7,antiquitates ,vulgares1 chap4 xviii4 p4 #aei7 has tried to unravel4--,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 ,soane1 #ahdg1 p4 #db4 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4--,one of the strangest of the old ceremonies in which the clergy of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral used to figure was that which was performed twice a year1 namely1 on the day of the ,conversion1 and on that of the ,commemoration of ,st4 ,paul4 ,on the former of these festivals a fat buck1 and on the latter a fat doe1 was presented to the church by the family of ,baud1 in consideration of some lands which they held of the ,dean and ,chapter at ,west ,lee in ,essex4 ,the original agreement made with ,sir ,william ,le ,baud1 in #abgd1 was that he himself should attend in person with the animals2 but some years afterwards it was arranged that the presentation should be made by a servant1 accompanied by a deputation of part of the family4 ,the priests1 however1 continued to perform their part in the show4 ,on the aforesaid days1 the buck and doe were brought by one or more servants at the hour of the procession1 and through the midst thereof1 and offered at the high altar of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral2 after which the persons that brought the buck received of the ,dean and ,chapter1 by the hands of their chamberlain1 twelvepence for their entertainment2 but nothing when they brought the doe4 ,the buck being brought to the steps of the altar1 the ,dean and ,chapter1 apparelled in copes and proper vestments1 with garlands of roses on their heads1 sent the body of the buck to be baked1 and had the head and horns fixed on a pole before the cross in their procession round about the church1 till they issued at the ,west door1 where the keeper that brought it blowed the death of the buck1 and then the horns that were about the city answered him in like manner2 for which they had each of the ,dean and ,chapter three and fourpence in money1 and their dinner2 and the keeper1 during his stay1 meat1 drink1 and lodging1 and five shillings in money at his going away2 together with a loaf of bread1 having on it the picture of ,st4 ,paul4 ,this custom was continued till the reign of ,elizabeth4--,beauties of ,england1 ,brayley and ,britton1 #ahjc1 vol4 v4 p4 #dhf4 ,,jan4 #ca4 ,,execution ,,of ,,charles ,i4 ,the anniversary of the execution of ,king ,charles ,i4 was formerly celebrated1 and a special form of prayer made use of1 which was removed from the ,prayer ,book by an ,act of ,parliament 7#bb ,vict4 c4 #b1 ,march #be1 #ahei74 ,the following extract is taken from the ,courier1 of the #cjth of ,january1 #ahbf3 8,this being the anniversary of ,king ,charles' ,martyrdom 7in #afdi71 the ,royal ,exchange gates were shut till twelve o'clock1 when they were opened for public business40 ,there is a story told regarding a ,miss ,russell1 great granddaughter of ,oliver ,cromwell1 who was waiting-woman to the ,princess ,amelia1 daughter of ,george ,,ii41 to the effect that1 while engaged in her duty one #cjth of ,january1 the ,prince of ,wales came into the room1 and sportively said1 8,for shame1 ,miss ,russell6 why have you not been at church1 humbling yourself with weepings and wailings for the sins on this day committed by your ancestor80 ,to which ,miss ,russell answered1 8,sir1 for a descendant of the great ,oliver ,cromwell1 it is humiliation sufficient to be employed1 as ,i am1 in pinning up the tail of your sister60--,rede's ,anecdotes1 #agii1 quoted in ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #aib4 ,,jan4 #ca4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,on the eve of the #ast of ,february a festival was formerly kept1 called in the ,manks language ,laa'l ,breeshey1 in honour of the ,irish lady who went over to the ,isle of ,man to receive the veil from ,st4 ,maughold4 ,the custom was to gather a bundle of green rushes1 and standing with them in the hand on the threshold of the door1 to invite the holy ,saint ,bridget to come and lodge with them that night4 ,in the ,manks language1 the invitation ran thus3--8,brede1 ,brede1 tar gys my thie1 tar dyn thie ayms noght4 ,foshil jee yn dorrys da ,brede1 as lhig da ,brede e heet staigh40 ,in ,english1 8,bridget1 ,bridget1 come to my house1 come to my house to-night--open the door for ,bridget1 and let ,bridget come in40 ,after these words were repeated1 the rushes were strewn on the floor by way of a carpet or bed for ,st4 ,bridget4--,train's ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaf4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,the following extract from the ,newark ,advertiser of ,feb4 #bnd4 #ahgj1 describes a custom that existed for a long time at ,newark3 8,for many years past the last day in ,january has been observed in ,newark as a raffling day for oranges in the market-place4 ,on ,monday last application was made to ,mr4 ,superintendent ,riddell1 at the ,post ,office1 as to whether the practice would be allowed this year as usual4 ,he advised them to apply to the sitting magistrates1 and upon doing so ,mr4 ,wallis 7deputy clerk7 read to them the ,act of ,parliament1 which stated that they would be liable to three months' hard labour if they raffled4 ,the applicants said they believed there was some old charter which gave them the privilege in ,newark for raffling on that day1 but they were told the ,act of ,parliament made no exceptions1 and the magistrates said they could not give them permission to break the law4 ,on ,monday1 therefore1 no raffling took place1 and we may regard the practice as finally put an end to1 which will be a matter of great satisfaction to many4--,see1 ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,by the common people1 the ,saturday preceding ,shrove ,tuesday is called ,egg ,saturday4 ,this name is employed as a date by ,anthony ,wood3 8,one hundred and ninety-two bachelors to determine this ,lent1 but twenty-three or thereabouts were not presented on ,egg ,saturday40--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh4 ,lives of ,leland1 ,hearne1 and ,wood1 #aggb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #big4 ,,feb4 #a4 ,,candlemas ,,eve4 ,on ,candlemas ,eve was kindled the yule-brand1 which was allowed to burn till sunset1 when it was quenched and carefully laid by to teend 7i4e4 light7 the ,christmas clog or log at the next return of the season4 ,thus ,herrick1 ,hesperides1 p4 #ccg1 says3 8,kindle the ,christmas ,brand1 and then ,till sunne-set let it burne2 ,which quencht1 then lay it up agen ,till ,christmas next returne4 ,part must be kept wherewith to teend ,the ,christmas ,log next yeare2 ,and where 'tis safely kept1 the fiend ,can do no mischiefe there40 ,the rosemary1 the bay1 the ivy1 the holly1 and the mistletoe1 the ,christmas decorations of hall and cottage1 were now pulled down1 when1 according to the popular superstition1 not a branch1 nor even a leaf1 should be allowed to remain4 8,down with the ,rosemary and so ,down with the ,baies and the ,misleto3 ,down with the ,holly1 ,ivie1 all ,wherewith ye dress the ,christmas ,hall3 ,that so the superstitious find ,no one least branch there left behind3 ,for look1 how many leaves there be ,neglected there 7maids trust to me71 ,so many goblins you shall see40 ,herrick 7,hesperides1 p4 #cfa74 ,in the place1 however1 of the ,christmas decorations1 the 8greener box was upraised10 and ,christmas now was positively at an end4 ,some indeed1 considered this to have been the case on ,twelfth ,night1 and old ,tusser1 in his ,five ,hundred ,points of good ,husbandry1 strongly contends for it2 but then his head was more full of the cart and plough than of regard for old customs2 and like any other master1 he was naturally anxious that the holidays should be ended1 and the labourers should get to work again as soon as possible2 and merry-making1 however agreeable it may be1 will not help to dig the land or sow the grain4 ,but in spite of these wise saws1 the truth of which nobody would contest1 human feelings are stronger than human reason1 and customs1 when they tend to pleasure1 will maintain their ground till they are superseded1 not by privations1 but by other forms of amusement4--,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 ,soane1 #ahdg1 vol4 i4 p4 #eb4 ,the following is from ,herrick's ,hesperides1 p4 #ccg4 8,down with the ,rosemary and ,bayes1 ,down with the ,misleto2 ,instead of ,holly1 now up-raise ,the greener ,box for show4 ,the ,holly hitherto did sway1 ,let ,box now domineere1 ,until the dancing ,easter ,day1 ,or ,easter's ,eve appeare4 ,then youthful ,box1 which now hath grace ,your houses to renew1 ,grown old1 surrender must his place ,unto the crisped ,yew4 ,when ,yew is out1 then ,birch comes in1 ,and many flowers beside2 ,both of a fresh and fragrant kinne ,to honour ,whitsontide4 ,green ,rushes then1 and sweetest ,bents1 ,with cooler ,oaken boughs1 ,come in for comely ornaments ,to re-adorn the house4 ,thus times do shift2 each thing his turne does hold2 ,new things succeed1 as former things grow old40 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,it was at one time customary1 in the villages bordering on the ,trent1 to decorate not only churches but houses with branches of box1 and to light up a number of candles in the evening1 as being the last day of ,christmas rejoicings4 8,on ,candlemas ,day throw candles away0 is a popular proverb for the following day4--,jour4 ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bca4 ,,feb4 #b4 ,,candlemas ,,day4 ,this day1 the festival of the 8,purification of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary10 is sometimes called ,christ's ,presentation1 the ,holiday of ,st4 ,simeon1 and ,the ,wives' ,feast4 ,the ceremony of candle-bearing 7which continued in ,england till it was repealed for its ,popish tendency by an order in council in the second year of ,king ,edward ,,vi47 is generally considered to refer to what ,simeon said when he took the infant ,jesus in his arms1 and declared that he was a light to lighten the ,gentiles4 ,pope ,innocent1 in a sermon on this festival quoted in ,pagano ,papismus1 in reply to the question 8,why do we 7the ,catholics7 in this feast carry candles80 says1 8,because the ,gentiles dedicated the month of ,february to the infernal gods2 and as at the beginning of it ,pluto stole ,proserpine1 and her mother1 ,ceres1 sought her in the night with lighted candles1 so they in the beginning of this month1 walked about the city with lighted candles4 ,because the holy fathers could not utterly extirpate this custom1 they ordained that ,christians should carry about candles in honour of the blessed ,virgin ,mary2 and thus what was done before to the honour of ,ceres is now done to the honour of the ,virgin40 ,from whatever cause1 however1 the ceremony originated1 it acquired many additional rites in the process of time1 according to the manners and habits of those who adopted it4 ,we are told in ,dunstan's ,concord of ,monastic ,rules that 8the monks went in surplices to the church for candles1 which were to be consecrated1 sprinkled with holy water1 and incensed by the abbot4 ,every monk took a candle from the sacrist and lighted it4 ,a procession was made1 thirds and mass were celebrated1 and the candles1 after the offering1 were presented to the priest4 ,the monks' candles signified the use of them in the parable of the wise virgins40 ,according to some authorities1 there was on this day a general consecration of all the candles to be burnt in the ,catholic churches throughout the whole year2 and it should also be mentioned that from ,candlemas the use of tapers at vespers and litanies1 which had continued through the whole winter1 ceased until the ensuing ,all ,hallow ,mass1 which will serve to explain the old ,english proverb in ,ray's collection3 8,on ,candlemas ,day1 ,throw candle and candlestick away40 ,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 vol4 i4 p4 #be4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,formerly at ,lyme ,regis the wood-ashes of the family being sold throughout the year as they were made1 the person who purchased them annually sent a present on this day of a large candle4 ,when night came1 this candle was lighted1 and1 assisted by its illumination1 the inmates regaled themselves with cheering draughts of ale1 and sippings of punch1 or some other animating beverage1 until the candle had burnt out4 ,the coming of the ,candlemas ,candle was looked forward to by the young ones as an event of some importance2 for of usage they had a sort of right to sit up that night1 and partake of the refreshment1 till all retired to rest1 the signal for which was the self-extinction of the ,candlemas ,candle4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 ,,yorkshire4 ,formerly at ,ripon1 on the ,sunday before ,candlemas ,day1 the collegiate church was illuminated with candles4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai4 ,,scotland4 ,at grammar schools it is1 or was1 an universal custom for the children attending schools to make small presents of money to their teachers4 ,the master sits at his desk or table1 exchanging for the moment his usual authoritative look for one of bland civility1 and each child goes up in turn and lays his offering down before him1 the sum being generally proportioned to the abilities of the parent4 ,sixpence and a shilling are the usual sums in most schools1 but some give half1 and whole crowns1 and even more4 ,the boy and girl who give most are respectively styled king and queen4 ,the children being then dismissed for a holiday proceed along the streets in a confused procession1 carrying the king and queen in state1 exalted upon that seat1 formed of crossed hands1 which1 probably from this circumstance1 is called 8the king's chair40 ,in some schools it used to be customary for the teacher1 on the conclusion of the offerings1 to make a bowl of punch1 and regale each boy with a glass to drink the king and queen's health1 and a biscuit4 ,the latter part of the day was usually devoted to what was called the ,candlemass bleeze or blaze1 namely1 the conflagration of any piece of furze which might exist in their neighbourhood1 or1 were that wanting1 of an artificial bonfire4 ,according to ,sinclair the king's power lasted for six weeks1 and during his reign he was not only entitled to demand an afternoon's play for the scholars once a week1 but had also the royal privilege of remitting punishments4--,book of ,days1 vol i4 p4 #bad4 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 ,sinclair1 #agid1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #baa4 ,it was formerly customary in ,scotland to hold a football match1 the east end of a town against the west1 the unmarried men against the married1 or one parish against another4 ,the 8,candlemas ba'10 as it was called1 brought the whole community out in a state of high excitement4 ,on one occasion when the sport took place in ,jedburgh1 the contending parties1 after a struggle of two hours in the streets1 transferred the contention to the bed of the river ,jed1 and there fought it out amidst a scene of fearful splash and dabblement1 to the infinite amusement of a multitude looking on from the bridge4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,,western ,,isles ,,of ,,scotland4 ,as ,candlemas ,day comes round1 the mistress and servants of each family taking a sheaf of oats1 dress it up in woman's apparel1 and after putting it in a large basket1 beside which a wooden club is placed1 they cry three times1 8,briid is come6 ,briid is welcome60 ,this they do just before going to bed1 and as soon as they rise in the morning1 they look among the ashes1 expecting to see the impression of ,briid's club there1 which if they do1 they reckon it a true presage of a good crop and prosperous year1 and the contrary they take as an ill-omen4--,description of the ,western ,isles of ,scotland1 ,martin1 #agjc1 p4 #aai4 ,,collop ,,monday4 ,the ,monday before ,shrove ,tuesday is so called because it was the last day of flesh-eating before ,lent1 and our ancestors cut their fresh meat into collops or steaks1 for salting or hanging up until ,lent was over2 and hence in many places it is customary to have eggs and collops1 or slices of bacon at dinner on this day4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,at ,eton it was the custom for the scholars to write verses either in praise or dispraise of ,father ,bacchus1 poets being considered as immediately under his protection4 ,he was therefore sung on this occasion in all kinds of metres1 and the verses of the boys of the seventh and sixth1 and some of the fifth forms1 were affixed to the inner doors of the college4 ,verses are still written and put up on this day1 but the young poets are not confined to the subject of writing eulogiums on the ,god of ,wine4 ,it retains1 however1 the name of ,bacchus4--,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq41 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 ,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj1 fol4 #dbc4 ,,cornwall4 ,on the day termed ,hall' ,monday1 which precedes ,shrove ,tuesday1 about the dusk of the evening it is the custom for boys1 and in some cases for those who are above the age of boys1 to prowl about the streets with short clubs1 and to knock loudly at every door1 running off to escape detection on the slightest sign of a motion within4 ,if1 however1 no attention be excited1 and especially if any article be discovered negligently exposed1 or carelessly guarded1 then the things are carried away2 and on the following morning are discovered displayed in some conspicuous place1 to expose the disgraceful want of vigilance supposed to characterise the owner4 ,the time when this is practised is called 8,nickanan night20 and the individuals concerned are supposed to represent some imps of darkness1 who seize on and expose unguarded moments4 ,on the following eve 7,shrove ,tuesday71 the clubs are again in requisition2 but on this occasion the blows on the door keep time to the following chant3 8,nicka1 nicka nan2 ,give me some pancake1 and then ,i'll be gone4 ,but if you give me none1 ,i'll throw a great stone1 ,and down your doors shall come40 ,report of the ,royal ,institution of ,cornwall for #ahdb2 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #big4 ,,devonshire4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,bridestow1 ,okehampton1 the children go round to the different houses in the parish on the ,monday before ,shrove ,tuesday1 generally by twos and threes1 and chant the following verses1 by way of extracting from the inmates sundry contributions of eggs1 flour1 butter1 halfpence1 c41 to furnish out the ,tuesday's feast3 8,lent ,crock1 give a pancake1 ,or a fritter1 for my labour1 ,or a dish of flour1 or a piece of bread1 ,or what you please to render4 ,i see1 by the latch1 ,there's something to catch2 ,i see1 by the string1 ,there's a good dame within4 ,trap1 trapping throw1 ,give me my mumps1 and ,i'll be go0 7gone74 ,the above is the most popular version1 and the one indigenous to the place2 but there is another set1 which was introduced some years ago by a late schoolmistress1 who was a native of another part of the country1 where her version was customary3 8,shrovetide is nigh at hand1 ,and we are come a-shroving2 ,pray1 ,dame1 give something1 ,an apple1 or a dumpling1 ,or a piece of crumple cheese1 ,of your own making1 ,or a piece of pancake4 ,trip1 trapping throw2 ,give me my mumps1 and ,i'll be go40 ,this custom existed also in the neighbourhood of ,salisbury4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #gg4 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 ,,feb4 #c4 ,,st4 ,,blaize',s ,,day4 ,st4 ,blasius was ,bishop of ,sebaste1 a city of ,cappadocia1 in the ,lesser ,asia1 and is said to have suffered martyrdom in the persecution of ,licinus in #caf4 ,the fact of iron combs having been used in tearing the flesh of the martyr appears to be the reason for his having been adopted by the wool-combers as their patron saint4 ,the large flourishing communities engaged in this business in ,bradford1 and other ,english towns1 are accustomed to hold a septennial jubilee on the #crd of ,february1 in honour of ,jason of the ,golden ,fleece and ,st4 ,blaize2 and not many years ago the fte was conducted with considerable state and ceremony4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 ,in #ahbe the procession was drawn up in the following order3 ,herald bearing a flag4 ,woolstaplers on horseback1 each horse caparisoned with a fleece4 ,worsted ,spinners and manufacturers on horseback1 in white stuff waistcoats1 with each a sliver over the shoulder1 and a white stuff sash2 the horses' necks covered with nets made of thick yarn4 ,merchants on horseback1 with coloured sashes4 ,three guards4 ,masters' ,colours4 ,three guards4 ,apprentices and ,masters' ,sons1 on horseback1 with ornamented caps1 scarlet stuff coats1 white stuff waistcoats1 and blue pantaloons4 ,bradford and ,keighley ,bands4 ,mace-bearer1 on foot4 ,six guards4 ,king4 ,queen4 ,six guards4 ,guards4 ,jason4 ,princess ,medea4 ,guards4 ,bishop's ,chaplain4 ,bishop ,blase4 ,shepherd and ,shepherdess4 ,shepherd ,swains4 ,woolsorters1 on horseback1 with ornamented caps1 and various coloured slivers4 ,comb ,makers4 ,charcoal ,burners4 ,combers' ,colours4 ,band4 ,woolcombers1 with wool wigs1 c4 ,band4 ,dyers1 with red cockades1 blue aprons1 and crossed slivers of red and blue4 ,before the procession started it was addressed by ,richard ,fawcett1 ,esq41 in the following lines3 ,hail to the day1 whose kind auspicious rays ,deign'd first to smile on famous ,bishop ,blase6 ,to the great author of our ,combing trade1 ,this day's devoted1 and due honour's paid ,to him whose fame thro' ,britain's isle resounds1 ,to him whose goodness to the poor abounds4 ,long shall his name in ,british annals shine1 ,and grateful ages offer at his shrine6 ,by this our trade are thousands daily fed1 ,by it supplied with means to earn their bread4 ,in various forms our trade its work imparts1 ,in different methods1 and by different arts3 ,preserves from starving indigents distress'd1 ,as ,combers1 ,spinners1 ,weavers1 and the rest4 ,we boast no gems1 or costly garments vain1 ,borrow'd from ,india or the coast of ,spain2 ,our native soil with wool our trade supplies1 ,while foreign countries envy us the prize4 ,no foreign broil our common good annoys1 ,our country's product all our art employs2 ,our fleecy flocks abound in every vale1 ,our bleating lambs proclaim the joyful tale4 ,so let not ,spain with us attempt to vie1 ,nor ,india's wealth pretend to soar so high2 ,nor ,jason pride him in his ,colchian spoil1 ,by hardships gain'd1 and enterprising toil2 ,since ,britons all with ease attain the prize1 ,and every hill resounds with golden cries1 ,to celebrate our founder's great renown4 ,our shepherd and our shepherdess we crown4 ,for ,england's commerce and for ,george's sway ,each loyal subject give a loud ,huzza4 ,huzza6 ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bji4 ,see also ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 ii4 p4 #daf4 ,minshen1 in his ,ductor in ,linguas1 7#afag1 p4 #bcf71 under the word ,hock-tide speaks of ,s4 ,blase his day1 about ,candlemas1 when countrywomen goe about and make good cheere2 and if they finde any of their neighbour women a spinning that day1 they burne and make a blaze of fire of the distaffe1 and thereof called ,s4 ,blaze his day4 ,dr4 ,percy1 in his ,notes to the ,northumberland ,household ,book 7#ahbe1 pp4 #ccc-dce71 tells us that the anniversary of ,st4 ,blasius is the #crd of ,february1 when it is customary in many parts of ,england to light fires on the hills on ,st4 ,blayse night3 a custom anciently taken up1 perhaps1 for no better reason than the jingling resemblance of his name to the word 8blaze40 ,candles offered to ,st4 ,blaze4--,in honour of ,st4 ,blaze there formerly were offered to him candles1 which after receiving benediction were considered holy1 and became highly serviceable to all pious uses4 ,clavis ,calendaria1 ,brady1 #ahab4 vol4 i4 p4 #bii4 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 ,brayley and ,britton1 #ahji1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dah4 ,,shrove ,,tuesday4 ,shrove ,tuesday derives its distinctive epithet in ,english1 from the custom of the people in applying to the priest to shrive them1 or hear their confessions1 before entering on the great fast of ,lent the following day4 ,its ,latin and ,continental names have all a reference to the last time of eating flesh4 ,after the people had made the confession required by the ancient discipline of the ,church1 they were permitted to indulge in festive amusements1 though restricted from partaking of any repasts beyond the usual substitutes for flesh2 hence the name carnaval1 etymologically signifying1 ,flesh1 fare thee well4 ,from this cause originated the custom of eating pancakes at ,shrovetide1 which began on the ,sunday before the first in ,lent4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh4 ,that none1 however1 might plead forgetfulness of the ceremony of confessing and being shriven1 the great bell was rung at an early hour in every parish1 and in after times this ringing was still kept up in some places1 though the cause of it ceased with the introduction of ,protestantism2 it then got the name of the ,pancake ,bell4 ,taylor1 the water poet 7in his ,jacke-a-,lent ,workes1 #afcj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aae71 gives the following curious account as to the way in which ,shrove ,tuesday was celebrated in olden times3 8,always before ,lent there comes waddling a fat1 grosse groome1 called ,shrove ,tuesday1 one whose manners show he is better fed than taught1 and indeed he is the only monster for feeding amongst all the dayes of the yeere1 for he devoures more flesh in fourteene houres than this old kingdom doth 7or at least should doe7 in sixe weekes after4 ,such boyling and broyling1 such roasting and toasting1 such stewing and brewing1 such baking1 frying1 mincing1 cutting1 carving1 devouring1 and gorbellied gurmondizing1 that a man would thinke people did take in two months' provision at once4 ,moreover it is a goodly sight to see how the cookes in great men's kitchins doe frye in their master's suet1 that if ever a cooke be worth the eating1 it is when ,shrove ,tuesday is in towne1 for he is so stued and larded1 basted1 and almost over-roasted1 that a man may eate every bit of him and never take a surfet4 ,in a word1 they are that day extreme cholerike1 and too hot for any man to meddle with1 being monarchs of the marrow-bones1 marquesses of the mutton1 lords high regents of the spit and kettle1 barons of the gridiron and sole commanders of the frying-pan4 ,and all this hurly burly is for no other purpose than to stop the mouth of the land-wheale1 ,shrove-,tuesday1 at whose entrance in the morning all the whole kingdome is in quiet1 but by the time the clocke strikes eleven--which by the help of a knavish sexton is commonly before nine1--then there is a bell rung called the ,pancake-,bell1 the sound whereof makes thousands of people distracted and forgetful either of manner or humanitie4 ,then there is a thing cal'd wheat'n flowre1 which the sulphory1 necromanticke cookes doe mingle with water1 eggs1 spice1 and other tragicall1 magicall inchantments1 and then they put it little by little into a frying-pan of boyling suet1 where it makes a confused dismal hissing--like the ,lernean snakes in the reeds of ,acheron1 ,stix1 or ,phlegeton--until at last by the skill of the cooke it is transformed into the forme of a flap-jack1 which in our translation is call'd a pancake1 which ominous incantation the ignorant people doe devoure very greedily--having for the most part well dined before--but they have no sooner swallowed that sweet candied baite1 but straight their wits forsake them1 and they runne starke mad1 assembling in routs and throngs numberlesse of ungovernable numbers1 with uncivill civil commotions4 8,then ,tim ,tatters--a most valiant villaine--with an ensign made of a piece of a baker's maukin fixed upon a broomstaffe1 he displaies his dreadful colours1 and calling the ragged regiment together1 makes an illiterate oration1 stuft with most plentiful want of discretion1 the conclusion whereof is that somewhat they will doe1 but what they know not2 until at last comes marching up another troupe of tatterdemalions1 proclayming wars against no matter who1 so they may be doing4 ,then these youths arm'd with cudgels1 stones1 hammers1 rules1 trowels1 and handsawse1 put play-houses to the sacke1 and 99 99 99 to the spoyle1 in the quarrel breaking a thousand quarrels--of glasse1 ,i mean--making ambitious brickbats breake their neckes1 tumbling from the tops of lofty chimnies1 terribly untyling houses1 ripping up the bowels of feather beds1 to the inriching of upholsters1 the profit of plaisterers and dirt-dawbers1 the gaine of glasiers1 joyners1 carpenters1 tylers and bricklayers2 and1 what is worse1 to the contempt of justice2 for what avails it for a constable with an army of reverend rusty bill-men to command peace to these beastes8 for they with their pockets1 instead of pistols1 well charged with stone-shot1 discharge against the image of authority whole volleys as thicke as hayle1 which robustious repulse puts the better sort to the worst part1 making the band of unscowered halberdiers retyre faster than ever they come on1 and show exceeding discretion in proving tall men of their heels4 ,so much for ,shrove ,tuesday1 ,jacke-a-,lent's gentleman usher2 these have been his humours in former times1 but ,i have some better hope of reformation in him hereafter1 and indeed ,i wrote this before his coming this yeere1 #afag1 not knowing how hee would behave himselfe2 but tottering betwixt despaire and hope ,i leave him40 ,in connection with the custom of eating pancakes on this day1 ,fosbroke in his ,encyclopdia of ,antiquities 7vol4 ii4 p4 #egb7 says that 8,pancakes1 the ,norman ,crispell1 are taken from the ,fornacalia1 on ,feb4 #ahth1 in memory of the practice in use before the goddess ,fornax invented ovens40 ,the ,saxons called ,february 8,solmonath10 which ,dr4 ,f4 ,sayers1 in his ,disquisitions1 says is explained by ,bede's 8,mensis ,placentarum10 and rendered by ,spelman1 in an inedited ,,ms41 8,pancake month10 because in the course of it cakes were offered by the ,pagan ,saxons to the ,sun4 ,our most usual name of this ,tuesday1 says ,hampson 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh71 is originally ,swedish3 pankaka1 an omelette2 but1 it has been absurdly derived from the ,greek and 1 all bad1 in reference to the penitents at confession4 ,at one time ,shrove ,tuesday was the great holiday of the apprentices4 ,why it should have been so1 says ,hone 7,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #beh71 is easy to imagine1 on recollecting the sports that boys were allowed on that day at school4 ,the indulgences of the ancient city apprentices were great1 and their licentious disturbances stand recorded in the annals of many a fray4 ,the old plays make us aware of a licence which they took on ,shrove ,tuesday to assail houses of dubious repute1 and cart the unfortunate inmates through the city4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bci2 ,see ,dekker's ,seven ,deadly ,sinnes1 #afjf1 p4 #ce4 ,cock-,fighting4--,cock-fighting was a very general amusement up to the end of the last century4 ,it entered into the occupations of the old and young4 ,schools had their cockfights4 ,travellers agreed with coachmen that they were to wait a night if there was a cock-fight in any town through which they passed4 ,a battle between two cocks had five guineas staked upon it4 ,fifty guineas1 about the year #agfj1 depended upon the main or odd battle4 ,this made the decision of a 8long-main0 at cock-fighting an important matter4 ,the church bells at times announced the winning of a 8long-main40 ,matches were sometimes so arranged as to last the week4 ,when country gentlemen had sat long at table1 and the conversation had turned upon the relative merits of their several birds1 a cock-fight often resulted1 as the birds in question were brought for the purpose into the dining-room4--,roberts1 ,social ,history of ,s4 ,counties of ,england1 #ahef1 p4 #dba4 ,formerly cock-fighting was practised on ,shrove ,tuesday to a very great extent2 and in the time of ,king ,henry ,,vii4 this diversion seems to have been practised within the precincts of the court4 ,in a royal household account1 occurs the following3--8,march #b1 #g ,hen4 ,,vii4 ,item1 to ,master ,bray for rewards to them that brought ,cokkes at ,shrovetide1 at ,westmr4 xxs40 ,the earliest mention of cock-fighting in ,england is by ,fitz,stephens1 who died in #aaia4 ,he mentions it as one of the amusements of the ,londoners1 together with the game of foot-ball4 ,he says2 8,yearly at ,shrove-tide the boys of every school bring fighting-cocks to their masters1 and all the forenoon is spent at school1 to see these cocks fight together4 ,after dinner all the youth of the city goeth to play at the ball in the fields2 the scholars of every study have their balls2 the practisers also of the trades have everyone their ball in their hands4 ,the ancienter sort1 the fathers1 and the wealthy citizens1 come on horseback to see these youngsters contending at their sport1 with whom1 in a manner1 they participate by motion2 stirring their own natural heat in the view of the active youth1 with whose mirth and liberty they seem to communicate40 ,cock-fighting is now happily by law a misdemeanour1 and punishable by penalty4 ,throwing at ,cocks4--,in days not very long gone by1 the inhuman sport of throwing at cocks was practised at ,shrovetide1 and nowhere was it more certain to be seen than at the grammar-schools4 ,the poor animal was tied to a stake by a short cord1 and the unthinking men and boys who were to throw at it took their station at the distance of about twenty yards4 ,where the cock belonged to some one disposed to make it a matter of business1 twopence was paid for three shies at it1 the missile used being a broomstick4 ,the sport was continued till the poor creature was killed outright by the blows4 ,such outrage and tumult attended this inhuman sport a century ago that it was sometimes dangerous to be near the place where it was practised4--,book of ,days1 #ahfc1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,daily ,london ,advertiser1 ,wednesday1 ,march #gth1 #agei3--,yesterday1 being ,shrove ,tuesday1 the orders of the justices in the ,city and ,liberty of ,westminster were so well observed that few cocks were seen to be thrown at1 so that it is hoped this barbarous custom will be left off4 ,in ,men-,miracles 7by ,m4 ,lluellin1 student of ,christ ,church1 ,oxon1 #afgi1 p4 #dh71 quoted by ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #gh1 is the following ironical song on cock-throwing3 8,cocke a doodle doe1 'tis the bravest game1 ,take a cock from his dame1 ,and bind him to a stake3 ,how he struts1 how he throwes1 ,how he staggers1 how he crowes1 ,as if the day newly brake4 8,how his mistress cackles1 ,thus to find him in shackles4 ,and tied to a packe-thread garter4 ,oh1 the beares and the bulls ,are but corpulent gulls ,to the valiant ,shrove-tide martyr40 ,shying at ,leaden ,cocks4--,this was probably in imitation of the barbarous custom already described of 8shying0 or throwing at the living animal4 ,the 8cock0 was a representation of a bird or beast1 a man1 a horse1 or some device1 with a stand projecting on all sides1 but principally behind the figure4 ,these were made of lead cast in moulds4 ,they were shyed at with dumps from a small distance agreed upon by the parties1 generally regulated by the size or weight of the dump1 and the value of the cock4 ,if the thrower overset or knocked down the cock1 he won it2 if he failed1 he lost his dump4 ,shy for ,shy4--,this was played at by two boys1 each having a cock placed at a certain distance1 generally at about four or five feet asunder1 the players standing behind their cocks1 and throwing alternately2 a bit of stone or wood was generally used to throw with2 the cock was won by him who knocked it down4 ,corks and dumps were exposed for sale on the butchers' shambles on a small board and were the perquisites of the apprentices who made them2 and many a pewter plate1 and many an ale-house pot1 were melted at this season for shying at cocks1 which was as soon as fires were lighted in the autumn4 ,these games1 and all others among the boys of ,london1 had their particular times or seasons2 and when any game was out1 as it was termed1 it was lawful to steal the thing played with2 this was called smugging1 and it was expressed by the boys in a doggrel air4 8,tops are in1 spin 'em agin4 ,tops are out1 smugging about40 or1 8,tops are in1 spin 'em agin4 ,dumps are out1 c40 ,the fair cock was not allowed to have his stand extended behind more than his height and half as much more1 nor much thicker than himself1 and he was not to extend in width more than his height1 nor to project over the stand2 but fraudulent cocks were made extending laterally over the side1 so as to prevent his lying down sideways1 and with a long stand behind2 the body of the cock was made thinner1 and the stand thicker1 by which means the cock bent upon being struck1 and it was impossible to knock him over4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bec4 ,threshing the ,hen was a custom formerly practised on this day4 ,the following account taken from ,tusser ,redivivus1 #agaj 7#hvo4 ,june1 p4 #ae71 is curious4 8,the hen10 says the writer1 8is hung at a fellow's back1 who also has some horse-bells about him1 the rest of the fellows are blinded1 and have boughs in their hands1 with which they chase this fellow and his hen about some large court or small enclosure4 ,the fellow with his hen and bells shifting as well as he can1 they follow the sound1 and sometimes hit him and his hen2 other times1 if he can get behind one of them1 they thresh one another well favouredly2 but the jest is1 the maids are to blind the fellows1 which they do with their aprons1 and the cunning baggages will endear their sweethearts with a peeping-hole1 whilst the others look out as sharp to hinder it4 ,after this the hen is boiled with bacon1 and store of pancakes and fritters are made40 ,the same writer adds that after the hen-threshing1 8she that is noted for lying a-bed long1 or any other miscarriage1 hath the first pancake presented to her1 which most commonly falls to the dogs' share at last1 for no one will own it their due40 ,with regard to the origin of this custom1 it has been conjectured that as the fowl was a delicacy to the labourer1 it was therefore given to him on ,shrove ,tuesday for sport and food4--,tusser1 in his ,five ,hundred ,points of ,good ,husbandry 7#afbj71 has the following lines3 8,at ,shrovetide to shroving1 go thresh the fat hen1 ,if blindfold can kill her1 then give it thy men4 ,maids1 fritters1 and pancakes enough see you make1 ,let ,slut have one pancake1 for company sake40 ,in some places1 if flowers are to be procured so early in the season1 the younger children carry a small garland1 for the sake of collecting a few pence1 saying3 8,flowers1 flowers1 high do6 ,shreeny1 greeny1 rino6 ,sheeny greeny1 sheeny greeny1 ,rum tum fra60 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,at ,eaton1 on ,shrove ,tuesday1 as soon as ever the clock strikes nine1 all the boys in the school cry 1 1 1 as loud they can yell1 and stamp and knock with their sticks2 and then they doe all runne out of the schoole4--,aubrey ,,ms41 ,a4,d4 #afhf1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,a ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum already alluded to 7,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj1 ,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,donat4 #dhdc fol4 #dbc7 mentions a custom of the boys of ,eton school being allowed to play from eight o'clock for the whole day2 and of the cook's coming in and fastening a pancake to a crow1 which the young crows are calling upon1 near it1 at the school door4 ,,cheshire4 ,pennant1 in his ,journey from ,chester to ,london1 tells us of a place at ,chester without the walls1 called the ,rood-,eye1 where the lusty youth in former days exercised themselves in manly sports of the age3 in archery1 running1 leaping1 and wrestling1 in mock fights and gallant romantic triumphs4 ,a standard was the prize of emulation4 ,in a pamphlet also1 entitled1 ,certayne ,collection of ,anchiante ,times1 concerninge the ,anchiante and ,famous ,cittie of ,chester1 published in ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia 7#ahaj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehe71 is the following3 8,that whereas the ,companye and ,corporation of ,shoemakers within the cittie of ,chester did yearely1 time out of memory of man1 upon ,tewsday1 commonly called ,shrove ,tuesday1 or otherwise ,goteddesse day afternoon1 at the ,cross upon the ,roode-,dee1 before the ,mayor of the said cittie1 offer unto the ,company of ,drapers of the same cittie a ball of leather1 called a foote-ball1 of the value of #cs4 #d;d4 or thereabouts3 and by reason of the greate strife which did arise among the younge persons of the same cittie 7while diverse parties were taken with force and strong handes to bring the said ball to one of these three houses1 that is to say1 to the ,mayor's house1 or any one of the two ,sheriffs' houses of the time being71 much harme was done1 some in the great thronge fallinge into a trance1 some having their bodies brused and crushed2 some their arms1 heades1 or legges broken1 and some otherwise maimed1 or in perill of life3 to avoid the said inconveniences1 and also to torne and converte the said homage to a better use1 it was thought good by the ,mayor of the saide cittie and the rest of the ,common-,council to exchange of the said foote-ball as followeth3 that in place thereof1 there be offered by the ,shoemakers to the ,drapers1 six gleaves#aj of silver1 the which gleaves they appoynted to be rewards unto such men as would come1 and the same day and place1 passe and overcome on foot all others3 and the said gleaves were presently delivered according to the runninge of every one2 and this exchange was made in the time when ,henry ,gee was ,mayor of ,chester1#aa ,a4,d4 #aeci1 and in the thirty-firste yeare of ,kinge ,henry the ,eighth4 #aj ,an obsolete word for a hand-dart4 #aa ,the following is a copy of the order for the above-mentioned change1 extracted from 8the ,orders and ,acts of ,assembly1 of the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council of the ,city of ,chester10 in the ,town ,clerk's ,office3 8,jan #aj #c ,hen4 viii4 ,,henry ,,gee1 ,,mayor40--,after reciting the ancient use of archery and shooting in the long bow1 for the honour and defence of the realm1 and that the same is much decayed1 and other unlawful games much in use3 8,ordered by the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council1 with the consent of the whole occupation of drapers1 sadlers1 and shoemakers1 that the said occupation of shoemakers 7which always have1 time out of mind1 given and delivered yearly1 on ,shrove ,tuesday in the afternoon1 unto the drapers1 before the ,mayor at the ,cross on the ,roodee1 one ball of leather1 called a foot-ball1 of the value of #cs4 #d;d41 or above1 to play at from thence to the common-hall of the said city1 and further at the pleasure of the evil-disposed persons2 whereof hath arisen great inconveniences7 shall give and deliver yearly to the said drapers1 before the ,mayor at the said time and place3 six silver gleaves1 each of the value of #bg;d4 or above1 to be disposed of at the pleasure of the said ,mayor and drapers1 to him that shall win a foot-race before them1 that or any other day2 and that the sadlers 7who have time out of mind given1 and delivered yearly1 at the same time and place1 every master of them1 unto the drapers1 before the ,mayor1 one painted ball of wood1 with flowers and arms1 upon the point of a spear1 being goodly arrayed upon horseback accordingly7 shall henceforth give and deliver to the said drapers1 before the ,mayor1 at the same time and place upon horseback1 a bell of silver1 to the value of #cs4 #d;d41 to be disposed of at the discretion of the ,mayor and drapers1 to him that shall get the horse races on that day2 and that every man that hath been married in the said city1 since ,shrove ,tuesday1 then last past1 shall then and there also deliver to the said drapers before the ,mayor1 an arrow of silver1 to the value of #es4 or above1 instead of such ball of silk and velvet1 which such married men ought then to have given and delivered by the ancient custom of the said city 7used time out of mind71 which silver arrow shall be disposed of by the ,mayor and drapers1 for the preferment of the said feat and exercise of shooting in the long-bow1 for avoiding the said inconveniences1 any use or prescription to the contrary notwithstanding2 and also1 the said drapers and their successors1 shall keep yearly their recreation and drinking1 as they used to do1 time out of mind1 and that the shoemakers and sadlers1 and persons hereafter to be married1 shall observe this order upon pain of #ajl4 for every offence1 toties quoties1 to be forfeited to the drapers according to ancient custom40 8,alsoe1 whereas the ,companye and occupation of the ,sadlers within the ,cittie of ,chester did yearely by custome1 time out of memorie of man1 the same day1 hour1 and place1 before the ,mayor1 offer upon a truncheon1 staffe or speare1 a certaine homage to the ,drapers of the cittie of ,chester1 called the ,sadler's ball1 profitable for few uses or purposes1 as it was1 beinge a ball of silk of the bigness of a bowle1 was torned into a silver bell2 weighing about two ozs41 as is supposed1 of silver3 the which saide silver bell was ordayned to be the rewarde for that horse1 which with speedy runninge1 then should rune before all others1 and there presently should be given the daye and place4 ,this alteration was made the same time1 and by the same mayor1 like as the ,shoemakers' foote-ball was before exchanged into six silver gleaves4 8,also1 whereas of an anchant custom whereof man's memorie nowe livinge cannot remember the original and beginninge1 the same daye1 hower and place1 before the mayor for the time beinge1 every person which is married within the liberties of the saide cittie1 dwelling wheresoever without1 and all those that dwelle within the saide cittie1 for one yeare before1 and marye elswhere1 did offer likewise a homage to the said ,companye of ,drapers before the ,mayor1 a ball of silke1 of the like bignesse of a bowle2 the same mayor torned the same balls into silver arrowes1 the which arrowes they tooke order should be given to those which did shoote the longest shoote1 with divers kind of arrowes3 this exchange was made as before is mentioned of the ,shoemakers' foote-ball and the ,sadlers' ball4 ,in which exchange there appeared greate wisdom1 anchent and sage senators1 whoe had great studye and regarde to torne the foresaid thinges unto soe profitable uses and exercises2 so that there is three of the most commendable exercises and practices of war-like feates1 as running of men on foot1 runninge of horses1 and shootinge of the broad arrowe1 the flighte and the butt-shafte1 in the long-bowe1 are yearely there used2 which is done in a very few 7if in any7 citties of ,england1 soe far as ,i understand40 ,,cornwall4 ,it was customary at one time to tie fowls to stakes1 and set them as marks for boys to kill with bats4--,hitchins1 ,history of ,cornwall1 #ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbc4 ,,cumberland4 ,formerly the scholars of the free school of ,bromfield1 about the beginning of ,lent1 or1 in the more expressive phraseology of the country1 at ,fasting's ,even1 used to bar out the master1 i4e41 to depose and exclude him from his school1 and keep him out for three days4 ,during the period of this expulsion1 the doors of the citadel1 the school1 were strongly barricaded within2 and the boys1 who defended it like a besieged city1 were armed in general with bore-tree or elder pop-guns4 ,the master meantime made various efforts1 both by force and stratagem1 to regain his lost authority4 ,if he succeeded1 heavy tasks were imposed1 and the business of the school was resumed and submitted to1 but it more commonly happened that he was repulsed and defeated4 ,after three days' siege1 terms of capitulation were proposed by the master1 and accepted by the boys4 ,these terms were summed up in an old formula of ,latin ,leonine verses1 stipulating what hours and times should for the year ensuing be allotted to study1 and what to relaxation and play4 ,securities were provided by each side for the due performance of these stipulations1 and the paper was then solemnly signed by both master and pupils4 ,one of these articles1 always stipulated for and granted1 was the privilege of immediately celebrating certain games of long standing3 viz4 a foot-ball match and a cock-fight4 ,captains1 as they were called1 were then chosen to manage and preside over these games3 one from that part of the parish1 which lay to the westward of the school2 the other from the east4 ,cocks and foot-ball players were sought for with great diligence4 ,the party whose cocks won the most battles was victorious in the cock-pit2 and the prize1 a small silver bell1 suspended to the button of the victor's hat1 and worn for three successive ,sundays4 ,after the cock-fight was ended1 the foot-ball was thrown down in the churchyard2 and the point then to be contested was1 which party could carry it to the house of his respective captain1 to ,dundraw1 perhaps1 or ,west ,newton1 a distance of two or three miles1 every inch of which ground was keenly disputed4 ,all the honour accruing to the conqueror at foot-ball was that of possessing the ball4#ab--;,hutchinson's ,hist4 of ,cumberland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb4 #ab ,addison is described by his biographers as having been the leader of a barring out at the ,grammar ,school of ,lichfield4 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dda71 says1 that the custom of barring-out was practised in other places towards ,christmas time1 e4 g41 at the school of ,houghton-le-,spring1 in the county of ,durham4 ,among the statutes of the grammar-school founded at ,kilkenny1 in ,ireland1 ,march #ah1 #afhd1 in ,vallancey's ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eab1 is the following3 8,in the number of stubborn and refractory lads1 who shall refuse to submit to the orders and correction of the said school1 who are to be forthwith dismissed1 and not re-admitted without due submission to exemplary punishment1 and on the second offence to be discharged and expelled for ever10 are reckoned1 8such as shall offer to shut out the master or usher1 but the master shall give them leave to break up eight days before ,christmas1 and three days before ,easter and ,whitsuntide40 ,,derbyshire4 ,formerly the inhabitants of ,derby had a foot-ball match between the parishes of ,all ,saints and ,st4 ,peter's2 the conflicting parties being strengthened by volunteers from the other parishes1 and from the surrounding country4 ,the bells of the different churches rang their merry peals on the morning1 and gave rise to the following jingle on the five parishes of ,all ,saints'1 ,st4 ,peter's1 ,st4 ,werburgh's1 ,st4 ,alkmund's1 and ,st4 ,michael's3 8,pancakes and fritters1 ,say ,all ,saints' and ,st4 ,peter's2 ,when will the ball come1 ,say the bells of ,st4 ,alkmum2 ,at two they will throw1 ,says ,saint ,werabo'2 ,o6 very well1 ,says little ,michel40 ,the goal of ,all ,saints' was the water-wheel of the nun's mill1 and that of ,st4 ,peter's1 on the opposite side of the town1 at the gallow's balk1 on the ,normanton ,road2 the ball1 which was of a very large size1 was made of leather1 and stuffed quite hard with shavings1 and about noon was thrown into the market-place1 from the ,town ,hall1 into the midst of an assembly of many thousand people1 so closely wedged together1 as scarcely to admit of locomotion4 ,the moment the ball was thrown1 the 8war cries0 of the rival parishes began1 and thousands of arms were uplifted in the hope of catching it during its descent4 ,the opposing parties endeavoured by every possible means1 and by the exertion of their utmost strength1 to carry the ball in the direction of their respective goals1 and by this means the town was traversed and retraversed many times in the course of the day2 indeed1 to such an extent has the contest been carried1 that some years ago the fortunate holder of the ball1 having made his way into the river ,derwent1 was followed by the whole body1 who took to the water in the most gallant style1 and kept up the chase to near the village of ,duffield1 a distance of five miles1 the whole course being against the rapid stream1 and one or two weirs having to be passed2 on another occasion1 the possessor of the ball is said to have quietly dropped himself into the culvert or sewer which passes under the town1 and to have been followed by several others of both parties1 and1 after fighting his way the whole distance under the town1 to have come out victorious at the other side where1 a considerable party having collected1 the contest was renewed in the river4 ,on the conclusion of the day's sport the man who had the honour of 8goaling0 the ball was the champion of the year2 the bells of the victorious parish announced the conquest1 and the victor was chaired through the town4 ,so universal has been the feeling with regard to this game1 that it is said a gentleman from ,derby having met with a person in the backwoods of ,america1 whom from his style and conversation he suspected to be from the ,midland ,counties of ,england1 cried out when he saw him1 8,all ,saints' for ever20 to this the stranger instantly retorted1 8,peter's for ever20 and this satisfied them that they were fellow-townsmen4 ,a foot-ball match is also played at ,ashborne nearly in the same manner as at ,derby4--,jour4 ,arch4 ,assoc41 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjc4 ,a custom prevailed1 too1 in some parts of ,derbyshire which gave licence to the young men and boys to kiss any young women or girls whom they chose4 ,this1 together with the general holiday observed in the afternoon of that day1 and the customary sports then indulged in1 is of course a remnant of the medival carnival4 ,,devonshire4 ,in the south-eastern part of ,devon the children at this season of the year visit people's houses1 singing3 8,tippetty1 tippetty to1 ,give me a pancake and ,i'll be go40 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #bdd4 ,at ,tavistock1 the following lines are sung by the children at the houses of the principal inhabitants3 8,lancrock 787 a pancake1 ,a fritter for my labour2 ,i see by the string ,the good dame's in4 ,tippy tappy1 toe1 ,nippy1 nappy1 no2 ,if you'll give something4 ,i'll be ago 7i4e41 gone740 ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #chj4 ,,dorsetshire ,,and ,,wiltshire4 ,in these1 if not in other counties1 a practice called ,lent ,crocking is observed4 ,the boys go about in small parties visiting the various houses1 headed by a leader1 who goes up and knocks at the door1 leaving his followers behind him1 armed with a good stock of potsherds--the collected relics of the washing-pans1 jugs1 dishes1 and plates1 that have become the victims of concussion in the hands of unlucky or careless housewives for the past year4 ,when the door is opened1 the hero--who is1 perhaps1 a farmer's boy1 with a pair of black eyes sparkling under the tattered brim of his brown milking-hat--hangs down his head1 and1 with one corner of his mouth turned up into an irrepressible smile pronounces the following lines3 8,a-shrovin1 a-shrovin1 ,i be come a-shrovin2 ,a piece of bread1 a piece of cheese1 ,a bit of your fat bacon2 ,or a dish of dough nuts1 ,all of your own makin6 8,a-shrovin1 a-shrovin1 ,i be come a-shrovin1 ,nice meat in a pie1 ,my mouth is very dry6 ,i wish a wuz zoo well-a-wet1 ,i'de zing the louder for a nut6 ,chorus4--,a shrovin1 a-shrovin1 ,we be come a shrovin60 ,sometimes he gets a bit of bread and cheese1 and at some houses he is told to be gone2 in which latter case he calls up his followers to send their missiles in a rattling broadside against the door4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bci4 ,the late ,dr4 ,husenbeth in ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ace1 gives another version of the above rhyme3 8,i'm come a shroveing1 ,for a piece of pancake1 ,or a piece of bacon1 ,or a little truckle cheese1 ,of your own making4 ,give me some1 or give me none1 ,or else your door shall have a stone40 ,,hampshire4 ,at ,basingstoke1 and in some other parts of this county1 the boys and girls go to the houses of the well-to-do classes in little companies1 and1 knocking at the door1 repeat the following rhyme3 8,knick a knock upon the block2 ,flour and lard is very dear1 ,please we come a shroving here4 ,your pan's hot1 and my pan's cold1 7,hunger makes us shrovers bold7 ,please to give poor shrovers something here40 ,they then knock again1 and repeat both knocks and verses until they receive something4 ,the line in brackets is not said in ,basingstoke and several other places4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajj4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,at ,baldock1 ,shrove ,tuesday is long anticipated by the children1 who designate it ,dough-,nut-,day2 it being usual to make a good store of small cakes fried in hog's lard1 placed over the fire in a brass skillet1 called dough-nuts1 with which the young people are plentifully regaled4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #hc4 ,at ,hoddesdon1 in the same county1 the old curfew-bell1 which was anciently rung in that town for the extinction and relighting of 8all fire and candle-light10 still exists1 and has from time immemorial been regularly rang on the morning of ,shrove ,tuesday at four o'clock1 after which hour the inhabitants are at liberty to make and eat pancakes until the bell rings again at eight o'clock at night4 ,so closely is this custom observed1 that after that hour not a pancake remains in the town4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,,huntingdonshire4 ,formerly there prevailed in this county a custom called cock-running1 which1 though not quite so cruel as cock-throwing1 was not much inferior to it4 ,a cock was procured1 and its wings were cut3 the runners paid so much a head1 and with their hands tied behind them ran after it1 and the person who caught it in his mouth1 and carried it to a certain place or goal1 had the right of claiming the bird as his own4 ,in this race there was much excitement1 and not a little squabbling1 and the one who was lucky enough to secure the bird frequently had his face and eyes very much pecked4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbc1 p4 #dj4 ,,kent4 ,at ,all ,saints'1 ,maidstone1 the ancient custom of ringing a bell at mid-day on ,shrove ,tuesday is observed1 and is known as the 8,fritter-,bell40--,gent4 ,mag4 #ahfh1 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #gfa4 ,,lancashire4 ,part of the income of the head-master and usher of the grammar-school at ,lancaster arises from a gratuity called a cock-penny1 paid at ,shrovetide by the scholars1 who are sons of freemen2 of this money the head-master has seven-twelfths1 the usher five-twelfths4 ,it is also paid at the schools at ,hawkshead and ,clithero1 in ,lancashire2 and formerly was paid1 also at ,burnley1 and at ,whiteham and ,millom1 in ,cumberland1 near ,bootle4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #gb4 ,the tossing of pancakes 7and in some places fritters7 on this day was a source of harmless mirth1 and is still practised in the rural parts of ,lancashire and ,cheshire1 with its ancient accompaniments3 8,it is the day whereon both rich and poor1 ,are chiefly feasted on the self-same dish2 ,when every paunch1 till it can hold no more1 ,is fritter fill'd1 as well as heart can wish2 ,and every man and maide doe take their turne1 ,and tosse their pancakes up for feare they burne ,and all the kitchen doth with laughter sound1 ,to see the pancakes fall upon the ground40 ,pasquil's ,palinodia4 ,harland and ,wilkinson1 ,lancashire ,folk ,lore1 #ahfg1 p4 #bah4 ,,leicestershire4 ,in the ,newark1 says ,throsby 7,history of ,leicester #agia1 p4 #cef71 on ,shrove ,tuesday is held the annual fair1 chiefly for the amusement of the young4 ,formerly1 there was practised in its full extent the barbarous custom of throwing at cocks1 but now the amusement is confined to the purchase of oranges1 ginger-bread1 c41 and to a custom known by the name of 8,whipping-,toms20 a practice no doubt instituted by the dwellers in the ,newark to drive away the rabble1 after a certain hour1 from the fair4 ,two1 three1 or more men1 armed with cart-whips1 and with a handkerchief tied over one eye1 are let loose upon the people to flog them1 who are generally guarded with boots on their legs and sticks in their hands4 ,these whip-men1 called 8,whipping-,toms10 are preceded by a bell-man1 whose shake of his hand-bell gives a token or authority for the whipping the legs of those who dare to remain in the ,newark4 ,many arts and devices are practised by the ,whipping-,toms to take the people by surprise2 but quarrels sometimes ensue4 ,at ,claybrook1 in the same county1 a bell rings at noon1 which is meant as a signal for people to commence frying their pancakes4--,macaulay1 ,history of ,claybrook1 #agia4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,on this occasion it was formerly customary for the ,manks to have ,sollaghyn or ,crowdy for dinner1 instead of for breakfast1 as at other times2 and for supper1 flesh meat1 with a large pudding and pancakes2 hence the ,manks proverb3 8,ee shibber oie innid vees olty volg lane1 ,my jig laa caisht yon traaste son shen40 8,on ,shrove ,tuesday night1 though thy supper be fat1 ,before ,easter ,day thou may'st fast for that40 ,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aag4 ,,middlesex4 ,at ,westminster ,school1 ,london1 the following is observed to this day4 ,at #aa o'clock ,a4,m4 a verger of the ,abbey1 in his gown1 bearing a silver bton1 emerges from the college kitchen1 followed by the cook of the school1 in his white apron1 jacket1 and cap1 and carrying a pancake4 ,on arriving at the school-room door1 he announces himself1 #8,the ,cook2' and having entered the school-room1 he advances to the bar which separates the upper school from the lower one1 twirls the pancake in the pan1 and then tosses it over the bar into the upper school1 among a crowd of boys1 who scramble for the pancake2 and he who gets it unbroken1 and carries it to the deanery1 demands the honorarium of a guinea 7sometimes two guineas7 from the ,abbey funds1 though the custom is not mentioned in the ,abbey ,statutes3 the cook also receives two guineas for his performance4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg4 ,,norfolk4 ,it is customary at ,norwich to eat a small bun called cocque'els--cook-eels--coquilles 7the name being spelt indifferently71 which is continued throughout the season of ,lent4 ,forby1 in his ,vocabulary of ,east ,anglia1 calls this production 8a sort of cross-bun10 but no cross is placed upon it1 though its composition is not dissimilar4 ,he derives the word from coquille in allusion to their being fashioned like an escallop1 in which sense he is borne out by ,cotgrave1 who has 8pain coquill1 a fashion of an hard-crusted loafe1 somewhat like our stillyard bunne40 ,a correspondent of ,notes and ,queries says that he has always taken the word to be 8coquerells10 from the vending of such buns at the barbarous sport of 8throwing at the cock0 7which is still called a cockerell in ,e4 ,anglia7 on ,shrove ,tuesday4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 i4 pp4 #bic and #dab4 ,formerly there used to be held at ,norwich on ,shrove ,tuesday a most curious festivity1 to which ,blomefield in his ,history of ,norfolk 7#ahjf1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aee7 incidentally alludes4 ,in #addb1 he says1 there was a great insurrection at ,norwich1 for which the citizens were indicted1 who among other things pleaded in their excuse3 8,that ,john ,gladman1 of ,norwich1 who ever was1 and at thys our is1 a man of sad disposition1 and trewe and feythfull to ,god and to the ,kyng1 of disporte1 as hath been acustomed in ony cite or burgh thorowe alle this reame1 on ,tuesday in the last ende of ,crestemesse1 viz4 ,fastyngonge ,tuesday1 made a disport with his neighbours1 havyng his hors trappyd with tynnsoyle1 and other nyse disgisy things1 corouned as ,kyng of ,crestemesse1 in tokyn that seson should ende with the twelve monethes of the yere3 aforn hym went yche moneth1 disguysed after the seson requiryd1 and ,lenton clad in whyte and red heryngs skinns1 and his hors trappyd with oystyr-shells after him1 in token that sadnesse should folowe1 and an holy tyme2 and so rode in diverse stretis of the cite1 with other people with hym disguyssd1 and makyng myrth1 disportes1 and plays40 ,,northamptonshire4 ,in many parts of this county the church bell is rung about noon1 as the signal for preparing pancakes4 ,at ,daventry the bell which is rung on this occasion is muffled on one side with leather1 or buffed1 as it is termed1 and obtains the name of ,pan-burn-bell4 ,jingling rhymes in connection with this day are repeated by the peasantry1 varying in different districts4 ,the following are the most current3 8,pancakes and fritters1 ,says the bells of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,where must we fry 'em8 ,says the bells of ,cold ,higham4 ,in yonder land thurrow furrow1 ,says the bells of ,wellingborough4 ,you owe me a shilling1 ,says the bells of ,great ,billing4 ,when will you pay me8 ,says the bells at ,middleton ,cheney4 ,when ,i am able1 ,says the bells at ,dunstable4 ,that will never be1 ,says the bells at ,coventry4 ,oh1 yes it will1 ,says ,northampton ,great ,bell4 ,white bread and sop1 ,says the bells at ,kingsthrop4 ,trundle a lantern1 ,says the bells at ,northampton40 ,that the bells of the churches of ,northampton used also to be rung on this day may be inferred from the following similar doggerel3 8,roast beef and marsh-mallows1 ,says the bells of ,all ,hallow's1 ,pancakes and fritters4 ,says the bells of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,roast beef and boil'd1 ,says the bells of ,st4 ,giles'4 ,poker and tongs1 ,says the bells of ,st4 ,john's4#ac ,shovel1 tongs1 and poker1 ,says the bells of ,st4 ,pulchre's4#ad0 ,baker1 ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ib4 #ac ,st4 ,john's ,hospital4 #ad ,the church of ,st4 ,sepulchre is often called 8,pulchre's0 in ,northampton4 ,at ,earls ,barton the custom of making 8leek pasties0 is observed4 ,a party of shoemakers1 after procuring a chaff-cutter and a quantity of leeks1 proceed to the green1 where they publicly chop the vegetable to the amusement of the spectators4--,see ,gent4 ,mag41 #ahfg1 #dth ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bai4 ,,northumberland4 ,formerly at ,alnwick the waits belonging to the town used to come playing to the ,castle every year on ,shrove ,tuesday at two o'clock ,p4,m41 when a foot-ball was thrown over the ,castle walls to the populace4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol i4 p4 #ib4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,at ,aspley ,old ,hall1 in days gone by1 butter and lard1 fire and frying-pans were provided for all the poor families of ,wollaston1 ,trowell1 and ,cossall1 who chose to come and eat their pancakes at this mansion4 ,the only conditions attached to the feast were1 that no quarrelling should take place1 and that each wife and mother should fry for her own family1 and that when the cake needed turning in the pan1 the act should be performed by tossing it in the air and catching it again in the pan with the uncooked side downwards4 ,and many were the roars of laughter which took place among the merry groups in the kitchen1 at the mishaps which occurred in the performance of this feast1 in which his ,honour and ,madam joined4 ,in addition to the pancakes1 each man was allowed a quart of good ale1 women a pint1 and children a gill4--,sutton1 ,nottingham ,date ,book1 #aheb1 p4 #ge4 ,there is a curious tradition existing in ,mansfield1 ,woodhouse1 ,bulwell1 and several other villages near ,sherwood ,forest1 as to the origin of pancakes on ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,the inhabitants of any of the villages will inform the questioner that when the ,danes got to ,linby all the ,saxon men of the neighbouring villages ran off into the forest1 and the ,danes took the ,saxon women to keep house for them4 ,this happened just before ,lent1 and the ,saxon women1 encouraged by their fugitive lords1 resolved to massacre their ,danish masters on ,ash ,wednesday4 ,every woman who agreed to do this was to bake pancakes for this meal on ,shrove ,tuesday as a kind of pledge to fulfil her vow4 ,this was done1 and that the massacre of the ,danes did take place on ,ash ,wednesday is a well-known historical fact4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dej4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,in this county children go about singing the following rhyme1 begging at the same time for half-pence3 8,knick1 knock1 the pan's hot1 ,and we be come a shroving3 ,a bit of bread1 a bit of cheese1 ,a bit of barley dompling1 ,that's better than nothing4 ,open the door and let us in1 ,for we be come a pancaking40 ,at ,islip in the same county this version is used3 8,pit a pat2 the pan is hot1 ,we are come a shroving2 ,a little bit of bread and cheese ,is better than nothing4 ,the pan is hot1 the pan is cold2 ,is the fat in the pan nine days old80 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #hh4 ,,islands ,,of ,,scilly4 ,the boys celebrate the evening of this day by throwing stones against the doors of the dwellers' houses3 a privilege which they claim from time immemorial4 ,the terms demanded by them are pancakes or money to capitulate4 ,some of the older sort1 exceeding the bounds of this whimsical practice1 in the dusk of the evening1 set a bolted door or window-shutter at liberty1 by battering in a breach with large pieces of rock stones1 which sometimes causes work for the surgeon1 as well as for the smith1 glazier1 and carpenter4 ,the way of making reprisal1 in such cases1 is by a rope drawn across the road of the mischievous1 by means of which their flight is suddenly interrupted1 and themselves ignominiously hurled to the ground with the loss of their artillery4--,heath1 ,account of ,islands of ,scilly1 #agej1 p4 #abg4 ,,shropshire4 ,in ,the ,history and ,antiquities of ,ludlow1 #ahbb 7pp4 #ahh-ahi71 occurs the following account of a custom formerly observed on this day3 8,the corporation provide a rope1 three inches in thickness1 and in length thirty-six yards1 which is given out at one of the windows of the ,market-,house as the clock strikes four1 when a large body of the inhabitants divided into two parties--one contending for ,castle ,street and ,broad ,street wards1 and the other for ,old ,street and ,corve ,street wards--commence an arduous struggle1 and as soon as either party gains the victory by pulling the rope beyond the prescribed limits1 the pulling ceases1 which is1 however1 renewed by a second1 and sometimes by a third contest2 the rope being purchased by subscription from the victorious party1 and given out again4 ,without doubt this singular custom is symbolical of some remarkable event1 and a remnant of that ancient language of visible signs1 which1 says a celebrated writer1 8imperfectly supplies the want of letters1 to perpetuate the remembrance of public or private transactions40 ,the sign1 in this instance1 has survived the remembrance of the occurrence it was designed to represent1 and remains a profound mystery4 ,it has been insinuated that the real occasion of this custom is known to the corporation1 but that for some reason or other1 they are tenacious of the secret4 ,an obscure tradition attributes this custom to circumstances arising out of the siege of ,ludlow by ,henry ,,vi41 when two parties arose within the town1 one supporting the pretensions of the ,duke of ,york1 and the other wishing to give admittance to the king2 one of the bailiffs is said to have headed the latter party4 ,history relates that1 in this contest1 many lives were lost1 and that the bailiff1 heading his party in an attempt to open ,dinham ,gate1 fell a victim there40 ,,somersetshire4 ,an odd practice seems to prevail in some parts of ,somersetshire1 and also in ,devonshire and ,dorsetshire on ,shrove ,tuesday1 which is locally nick-named ,sharp ,tuesday4 ,the youngsters go about after dusk1 and throw stones against people's doors1 by what is considered by them an indefeasible right4 ,they at the same time sing in chorus3 8,i be come a shrovin ,vor a little pankiak2 ,a bit o' bread o' your baikin1 ,or a little truckle cheese o' your maikin1 ,if you'll gi' me a little1 ,i'll ax no more1 ,if you don't gi' me nothin1 ,i'll rottle your door40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 7,ed4 ,hazlitt71 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #dh4 ,,staffordshire4 ,in this county ,shrove ,tuesday goes by the name of ,goodish ,tuesday4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #bji4 ,,suffolk4 ,at ,bury ,st4 ,edmund's on ,shrove ,tuesday1 ,easter ,monday1 and the ,whitsuntide festivals1 twelve old women side off for a game at trap-and-ball1 which is kept up with the greatest spirit and vigour until sunset4 ,afterwards they retire to their homes1 where 8,voice1 fiddle1 or flute1 ,no longer is mute10 and close the day with apportioned mirth and merriment4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcj4 ,,surrey4 ,the following is taken from the ,times of ,march #gth1 #ahfb3 8,shrove ,tuesday was observed1 as in days of yore1 at ,dorking1#ae first by a perambulation of the streets by the foot-ball retinue1 composed of grotesquely-dressed persons1 to the sounds of music1 and in the afternoon by the kicking of the ball up and down the principal thoroughfares of the town4 ,the usual number of men and boys joined in the sport1 and played1 especially towards the end of the game1 with a roughness extremely dangerous to the limbs of the competitors4 ,as #f o'clock drew near the struggle for victory became more vehement2 the palm1 however1 was obtained1 for the fifth year1 by the players from the west end of the town4 ,the old custom of tolling the #8pancake bell' during the morning was1 on this occasion1 as during the last two or three years1 dispensed with40--,west ,surrey ,times4 #ae ,this custom prevails at ,epsom4 ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #dci4 ,it seems to have been observed also at ,twickenham1 ,bushy1 ,teddington1 ,kingston4 ,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bde4 ,,isle ,,of ,,wight4 ,at ,brighstone parties of young boys1 girls1 and very small children parade the village1 singing the following words3 8,shroving1 shroving1 ,i am come to shroving4 ,white bread and apple pie1 ,my mouth is very dry2 ,i wish ,i were well a-wet1 ,as ,i could sing for a nut4 ,shroving1 shroving1 ,i am come to shroving4 ,a piece of bread1 a piece of cheese1 ,a piece of your fat bacon1 ,dough nuts and pancakes1 ,all of your own making4 ,shroving1 shroving1 ,i am come to shroving40#af ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #bci4 #af ,for a more detailed account of the ,isle of ,wight ,shrovers1 see ,halliwell's ,popular ,rhymes1 #ahdi1 p4 #bdf4 ,,yorkshire4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #cia1 says that all the apprentices in the town of ,hedon whose indentures terminate before the return of the day assemble in the belfry of the church at eleven o'clock1 and in turn toll the tenor bell for an hour1 at the sound of which all the housewives in the parish commence frying pancakes4 ,the sexton1 who is present receives a small fee from each lad4 ,at ,scarborough on the morning of ,shrove ,tuesday hawkers parade the streets with barrows loaded with party-coloured balls1 which are purchased by all ranks of the inhabitants4 ,with these1 and armed with sticks1 men1 women1 and children repair to the sands below the old town1 and indiscriminately commence a contest1 one party trying to drive the ball into the sea1 and another equally zealous in their attempts to rescue it4 ,,wales4 ,formerly it was customary to take such hens as had not laid eggs before ,shrove ,tuesday1 and to thrash them to death1 as being no longer of any use4 ,the same custom also prevailed in some parts of ,cornwall4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ha2 ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 ,at ,harding1 in ,flintshire1 the lord of the manor1 attended by his bailiff1 formerly provided a foot-ball1 and after throwing it down in a field near the church 7called thence foot-ball field7 the young and old assembled together to play at foot-ball4--,kennett ,,ms4 ,british ,museum4 ,at ,tenby ,shrove ,tuesday was formerly a general holiday1 when the time was divided between foot-ball-kicking and pancake-eating4 ,the shutters remained upon the shop-windows1 while the windows of the private houses were barricaded with wood1 or blinded with laths1 bags1 and sacking4--,mason1 ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,scotland4 ,fastren's ,e'en is celebrated annually1 after the ,border fashion1 in the month of ,february1 the day being fixed by the following antiquated couplet3 8,first comes ,candlemas1 syne the ,new ,moon2 ,the next ,tuesday after is ,fastren's ,e'en40 ,crowdie is mentioned by ,sir ,f4 ,m4 ,eden 7,state of the ,poor1 #agig1 vol4 i4 p4 #dih7 as a never-failing dinner on ,shrove ,tuesday1 with all ranks of people in ,scotland1 as pancakes are in ,england2 and that a ring is put into the basin or porringer of the unmarried folks1 to the finder of which by fair means it was an omen of marriage before the rest of the eaters4 ,,the ,,highlands4 ,in the ,highlands the most substantial entertainment peculiar to the evening of ,shrove ,tuesday is the matrimonial brose 7pottage71 a savoury dish1 generally made of the bree 7broth7 of a good fat piece of beef or mutton1 which being sometimes a good while in retentum1 renders the addition of salt to the meal unnecessary4 ,before the bree is put in the bicker or plate1 a ring is mixed with the meal1 which it will be the aim of every partaker to get4 ,the first bicker being discussed1 the ring is put into two other bickers successively2 and should any of the candidates for matrimony find the ring more than once1 he may rest assured of his marrying before the next anniversary4 ,the brose1 and plenty of other good cheer1 being dispatched1 the guests betake themselves to another part of the night's entertainment4 ,soon as the evening circle convenes1 the ,bannich ,junit1 or 8sauty bannocks10 are resorted to4 ,the component ingredients of those dainties are eggs and meal1 and a sufficient quantity of salt to sustain their ancient and appropriate appellation of 8sauty40 ,these ingredients1 well mixed together1 are baked or roasted on the gridiron1 and are regarded by old and young as a most delicious treat2 and1 as may be expected1 they have a charm attached to them which enables the happy ,highlander to discover the object of all his spells--his connubial bedfellow4 ,a sufficient number of those designed for the palate being prepared1 the great or matrimonial bannock is made1 of which all the young people in the house partake4 ,into the ingredients of it there is some article intermixed1 which1 in the distribution1 will fall to the lot of some happy person1 who may be sure1 if not already married1 to be so before the next anniversary4 ,last of all are made the ,bannich ,bruader1 or dreaming bannocks1 to the ingredients composing which is added a little of that substance which chimney-sweeps call soot1 and which contains some charm4 ,in baking these last bannocks the baker must be as mute as a stone--one word would destroy the charm of the whole concern4 ,one is given to each individual1 who slips off with it quietly to bed1 and1 reposing his head on his bannock1 he will be gratified by the sight of his beloved in the course of his midnight slumbers4--,stewart1 ,popular ,superstitions of the ,highlanders of ,scotland1 #ahea1 p4 #agh4 ,,county ,,of ,,mid-,,lothian4 ,on ,shrove ,tuesday1 in the parish of ,inverness1 there is a standing match at football between the married and unmarried women1 in which the former are always victorious4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 ,sinclair1 #agie1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ai4 ,,perthshire4 ,formerly1 on this day1 the bachelors and married men drew themselves up at the ,cross of ,scone1 on opposite sides4 ,a ball was then thrown up1 and they played from two o'clock till sunset4 ,the game was this3 ,he who at any time got the ball into his hands1 ran with it till overtaken by one of the opposite party1 and then1 if he could escape from those of the opposite side who seized him1 he ran on2 if not1 he threw the ball away1 unless it was wrested from him by the other party2 but no person was allowed to kick it4 ,the object of the married men was to hang it1 i4e41 to put it three times into a small hole in the moor1 the goal or limit1 on the one hand2 that of the bachelors was to drown it1 i4e41 to dip it three times into a deep place in the river1 the limit of the other4 ,the party who could effect either of these objects won the game4 ,but1 if neither party won1 the ball was cut into equal parts at sunset4 ,in the course of the play1 one might always see some scene of violence between the parties2 but1 as the proverb of that part of the country expresses it1 8,all was fair at the ,ball of ,scone40 ,this custom is supposed to have had its origin in the days of chivalry4 ,an ,italian1 it is said1 came into that part of the country1 challenging all the parishes1 under a certain penalty in case of declining his challenge4 ,all the parishes declined the challenge except ,scone1 which beat the foreigner1 and in commemoration of this gallant action the game was instituted4 ,whilst the custom continued1 every man in the parish1 the gentry not excepted1 was obliged to turn out and support the side to which he belonged2 and the person who neglected to do his part on that occasion was fined4--,sinclair1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agif1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #hh4 ,,roxburghshire4 ,on this occasion the town of ,melrose presents a most singular appearance1 from the windows of the shops and dwellings in the main streets being barricaded4 ,this precaution is necessary to prevent breakage1 as football-playing on a most indiscriminate and unlimited scale is the order of the day4 ,the ball is thrown up at the cross at one o'clock1 when the young men of the town and neighbourhood1 with a sprinkling of the married athletes1 assemble in considerable numbers4 ,the foot-balls used are previously supplied by a general public subscription1 and from one o'clock the sport is kept up with great spirit until darkness sets in and puts a stop to the game4 ,business throughout the town is almost entirely suspended during the day4--,wade1 ,history of ,melrose ,abbey1 #ahfa1 p4 #add4 ,,ireland4 ,at ,kilrush in the county of ,clare1 this is the greatest day in the year for weddings1 and consequently the ,roman ,catholic priests are generally occupied in the celebration of matrimony from sunrise till midnight4 ,the general fee on this occasion is two guineas and a half2 and many thoughtless couples1 under the age of sixteen1 pay it with cheerfulness when they have not another penny in their possession4 ,those who do not marry on this day must wait until ,easter ,monday on account of the intervening ,lent4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #deh4 ,,feb4 #d4 ,,ash ,,wednesday4 ,among the ,anglo-,saxons ,ash ,wednesday had its ceremonial of strewing ashes upon not merely the public penitent1 but all2 and thereby spoke its awful teachings and warnings unto all--unto the young and old--the guiltless and the guilty4 ,as soon as none-song was over1 that is1 about mid-afternoon1 the ashes were hallowed and then put upon each one's forehead4 ,from their own parish church the people then went in procession to some other church1 and on coming back heard mass4 ,then1 and only then1 did such as were bound and able to fast take any kind of food4--,d4 ,rock1 ,the ,church of our ,fathers1 #ahdi-ec1 vol4 iii4 part ii4 p4 #fc4 ,formerly1 on this day1 boys used to go about clacking at doors1 to get eggs or bits of bacon wherewith to make up a feast among themselves2 and1 when refused1 would stop the keyhole up with dirt1 and depart with a rhymed denunciation4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj4 ,we learn also from ,fosbroke's ,british ,monachism 7#ahdc7 that in days gone by boys used on the evening of ,ash ,wednesday to run about with firebrands and torches4 ,in former times during the season of ,lent1 an officer denominated 8,the ,king's ,cock-,crower0 crowed the hour every night within the precincts of the palace1 instead of proclaiming it in the ordinary manner4 ,on the first ,ash ,wednesday after the accession of the ,house of ,hanover1 as the ,prince of ,wales1 afterwards ,george ,,ii41 was sitting down to supper1 this officer suddenly entered the apartment1 before the chaplain said grace1 and crowed 8past ten o'clock40 ,the astonished ,prince1 not understanding ,english1 and mistaking the tremulation of the crow for mockery1 concluded that this ceremony was intended as an insult1 and instantly rose to resent it2 when1 with some difficulty1 he was made to understand the nature of the custom1 and that it was intended as a compliment1 and according to court etiquette4 ,from that period the custom was discontinued4 ,the intention of crowing the hour of the night was no doubt intended to remind waking sinners of the august effect the third crowing of the cock had on the guilty ,apostle ,st4 ,peter2 and the limitation of the custom to the season of ,lent was judiciously adopted2 as1 had the practice continued throughout the year1 the impenitent would become as habituated and as indifferent to the crow of the mimic cock as they are to that of the real one1 or to the cry of the watchmen4 ,the adaptation to the precincts of the ,court seems also to have had a view1 as if the institutor 7probably the ,royal ,confessor7 had considered that the greater and more obdurate sinners resided within the purlieus of the palace4--,gent4 ,mag4 #aghe1 vol4 lv4 p4 #cda4 ,the beginning of ,lent was at one time marked by a custom now fallen into disuse4 ,a figure1 made up of straw and cast-off clothes1 was drawn or carried through the streets amid much noise and merriment2 after which it was either burnt1 shot at1 or thrown down a chimney4 ,this image was called 8,jack o',lent10 and was1 according to some1 intended to represent ,judas ,iscariot4 ,elderton1 in a ballad1 called ,lenton ,stuff1 in a ,,ms4 in the ,ashmolean ,museum1 thus concludes his account of ,lent3 8,then ,jake a' ,lent comes justlynge in1 ,with the hedpecce of a herynge1 ,and saythe1 repent yowe of yower syn1 ,for shame1 syrs1 leve yower swerynge3 ,and to ,palme ,sonday doethe he ryde1 ,with sprots and herryngs by hys syde1 ,and makes an end of ,lenton tyde60 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #big4 ,in ,ben ,jonson's ,tale of a ,tub1 occurs the following3 --8,on an ,ash ,wednesday1 ,when thou didst stand six weeks the ,jack o' ,lent1 ,for boys to hurl three throws a penny at thee40 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aja4 ,it was once customary for persons to wear black cloth during ,lent4 ,roberts in his ,cambrian ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahae1 #aab71 says this usage was entirely laid aside in his time2 but of late years it has been somewhat revived4 ,it is observed by ,mr4 ,fosbroke that ladies wore friars' girdles during this season1 and quoting from ,camden's ,remains he tells us how ,sir ,thomas ,more1 finding his lady scolding her servants during ,lent1 endeavoured to restrain her4 8,tush1 tush1 my lord10 said she1 8look1 here is one step to heavenward10 showing him a friar's girdle4 8,i fear me10 said he1 8that one step will not bring you one step higher40 ,in a curious tract written about #aagd by ,fitz,stephen1 a monk of ,canterbury1 and entitled ,descriptio ,nobilissim ,civitatis ,londoni1 there is an interesting account of the metropolis and its customs in ,henry ,,ii4's time4 ,speaking of the season of ,lent the writer says1 8,every ,friday afternoon a company of young men ride out on horses fit for war and racing1 and trained to the course4 ,then the citizens' sons flock through the gates in troops1 armed with lances and shields1 and practise feats of arms2 but the lances of the more youthful are not headed with iron4 ,when the king lieth near1 many courtiers1 and young striplings from the families of the great1 who have not yet attained the warlike girdle1 resort to these exercises4 ,the hope of victory inflames every one4 ,even the neighing and fierce horses shake their joints1 chew their bridles1 and cannot endure to stand still4 ,at length they begin their race2 afterwards the young men divide their troops and contend for mastery40 ,,essex4 ,at ,felstead the churchwardens distribute1 as the gift of ,lord ,rich1 seven barrels of white herrings and three barrels and a half of red on ,ash ,wednesday1 and the six following ,sundays1 to ninety-two poor householders of the parish1 selected by the churchwardens1 in shares of eight white herrings and four red a piece4 ,a list is kept of the persons receiving this donation1 and they continue to receive it during their lives1 unless they misconduct themselves or enter the workhouse4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #i4 ,,norfolk4 ,p4 ,le ,neve ,foster1 ,esq41 who in #ahce held the rectorial tithes of the parish of ,great ,witchingham1 under a lease from the warden and fellows of ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 was bound by a covenant contained therein1 to provide and distribute to and amongst the poor inhabitants and parishioners1 two seams of peas1 containing in all sixteen bushels4 ,the practice has been to give to every person who happens to be in the parish on ,ash ,wednesday1 whether rich or poor1 one quart of peas each4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #cd4 ,,scambling ,,days4 ,the days so called were ,mondays and ,saturdays in ,lent1 when no regular meals were provided1 and the members of our great families scambled4 ,in the old household-book of the fifth ,earl of ,northumberland there is a particular section appointing the order of service for these days1 and so regulating the licentious contentions of them4 ,shakespeare1 in his play of ,henry ,v4 7act v4 scene #b71 makes ,king ,henry say3 8,if ever thou be'st mine1 ,kate1 ,i get thee with scambling1 and thou must therefore needs prove a good soldier-breeder40 ,the word scambling is conjectured to be derived from the ,greek 1 oblique1 indirect1 c4 8,the scambling and unquiet time40 ,shak4 ,henry ,v4 act i4 sc4 #a4 --,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cej4 ,antiq4 ,repert4 #ahji1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #hg1 #ia1 #cje4 ,,feb4 #e4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,in ,smith's ,,ms4 ,lives of the ,lords of ,berkeley1 in the possession of the ,earl of ,berkeley 7p4 #di71 we read that on the anniversary of the founder of ,st4 ,augustine's1 ,bristol1 i4e41 ,sir ,robert ,fitzharding1 on the #eth of ,february1 8at that monastery there shall be one hundred poore men refreshed in a dole made unto them in this forme3 ,every man of them hath a chanon's loaf of bread1 called a myche 7a kind of bread71 and three hearings therewith4 ,there shall be doaled also amongst them two bushells of peys40--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol41 i4 p4 #aaf4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in ,leeds and the neighbourhood they eat a sort of pancake on the ,thursday following ,shrove ,tuesday1 which in that part they call ,fruttors 7,fritters7 ,thursday4 ,the ,leeds fritter1 it is said in the ,dialect of ,leeds1 #ahfb1 p4 #cjg1 is about one-fourth the size of a pancake1 thicker1 and has an abundance of currants in it4 ,,feb4 #h4 ,,chalk ,,sunday4 ,,ireland4 ,in the west of ,ireland nine-tenths of the marriages that take place among the peasantry are celebrated the week before ,lent1 and particularly on ,shrove ,tuesday1 on which day the ,roman ,catholic priests have hard work to get through all their duties4 ,on the first ,sunday in ,lent it is usual for the girls slyly to chalk the coats of those young men who have allowed the preceding festival to pass without having made their choice of a partner2 and 8illigible0 young men strut about with affected unconsciousness of the numerous stripes which decorate their backs1 while boys just arrived at manhood hold their heads higher1 and show tokens of great satisfaction1 if any good-natured lass affixes the coveted mark4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjg4 ,,feb4 #aj4 ,,st4 ,,scholastica',s ,,day4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,this festival was formerly observed at ,oxford4 ,the following extract is taken from ,the ,lives of ,leland1 ,hearne1 and ,wood 7#aggb4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cab73 ,friday1 the burghers or citizens of ,oxford appeared in their full number on ,st4 ,scholastica's ,day at ,st4 ,mary's4 ,alderman ,wright1 their oracle1 told them that if they did not appear there might be some hole picked in their charter1 as there was now endeavouring to be done in that of the city of ,london2 he told them moreover that1 though it was a popish matter1 yet policy ought to take place in this juncture of time4#ag #ag ,see ibid4 p4 #bie4 ,the origin of this custom was a furious contest between the citizens of ,oxford and the students4 ,some of the latter being at a tavern1 on the #ajth of ,february1 #aced1 broke the landlord's head with a vessel in which he had served them with bad wine4 ,the man immediately collected together a number of his neighbours and fellow-citizens1 who1 having for a long time waited for such an opportunity1 fell upon the students1 and in spite of the mandates of the ,chancellor1 and even the ,king himself1 who was then at ,woodstock1 continued their outrages for several days1 not only killing or wounding the scholars1 but1 in contempt of the sacerdotal order1 destroying all the religious crosses of the town4 ,for this offence the ,king deprived the city of many valuable privileges1 and bestowed them on the ,university1 and the ,bishop of ,lincoln forbade the administration of the sacraments to the citizens4 ,in the following year they petitioned for a mitigation of this sentence1 but without success2 but in #aceg a total abrogation of it was granted upon condition that the city should annually celebrate on ,st4 ,scholastica's day1 the #ajth of ,february1 a number of masses for the souls of the scholars killed in the conflict2 the mayor and bailiffs with sixty of the chief burgesses being bound also to swear at ,st4 ,mary's ,church observance of the customary rights of the ,university1 under the penalty of #ajj marks in case of omission of this ceremony4 ,it was further ordered1 that the said citizens should afterwards offer up singly at the high altar one penny1 of which sum forty pence were to be distributed to poor scholars1 and the remainder given to the curate of ,st4 ,mary's4 ,this offering being omitted upon the pretence that masses were abolished1 the ,university in ,queen ,elizabeth's reign sued them for the sum of #a1ejj marks due for such neglect during fifteen years2 when it was decreed that instead of mass there should be a sermon and a communion at ,st4 ,mary's 7which at length came only to public prayers71 and that the said offering should be made4 ,the traditional story that the mayor was obliged to attend with a halter round his neck1 which was afterwards1 to lessen the disgrace1 changed into a silken string1 has no real foundation4--,ibid41 p4 #bif4 ,,feb4 #ac4 ,,st4 ,,valentine',s ,,eve4 ,misson1 in his ,travels in ,england 7translated by ,ozell1 p4 #ccj71 describes the amusing practices of his time connected with this day4 ,he tells us that on the eve of the #adth ,february1 ,st4 ,valentine's day1 the young folks in ,england and ,scotland1 by a very ancient custom1 celebrate a little festival4 ,an equal number of maids and bachelors get together1 and each writes their true or some feigned name upon separate billets1 which they roll up1 and draw by way of lots1 the maids taking the men's billets1 and the men the maids'2 so that each of the young men lights upon a girl that he calls his ,valentine1 and each of the girls upon a young man which she calls hers4 ,by this means each has two ,valentines2 but the man sticks faster to the ,valentine that is fallen to him1 than the ,valentine to whom he is fallen4 ,fortune having thus divided the company into so many couples1 the ,valentines give balls and treats to their mistresses1 wear their billets several days upon their bosoms or sleeves1 and this little sport often ends in love4 ,there is another kind of ,valentine1 which is the first young man or woman that chance throws in your way in the street1 or elsewhere1 on that day4 ,in some places1 says ,hone 7,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbf71 at this time1 and more particularly in ,london1 the lad's ,valentine is the first lass he sees in the morning1 who is not an inmate of the house2 the lass's ,valentine is the first youth she sees4 ,gay mentions this usage on ,st4 ,valentine's ,day2 he makes a rustic housewife remind her good man-- 8,i early rose just at the break of day1 ,before the sun had chas'd the stars away2 ,a-field ,i went1 amid the morning dew ,to milk my kine 7for so should house-wives do72 ,thee first ,i spied1 and the first swain we see1 ,in spite of ,fortune shall our true-love be40 ,shakespeare bears witness to the custom of looking for your ,valentine1 or desiring to be one1 through poor ,ophelia's singing3 8,good morrow6 'tis ,st4 ,valentine's day1 ,all in the morning betime1 ,and ,i a maid at your window1 ,to be your ,valentine60 ,,derbyshire4 ,at ,ashborne the following custom is observed on ,valentine's ,eve4 ,when a young woman wishes to divine who her future husband is to be1 she goes into the churchyard at midnight1 and as the clock strikes twelve commences running round the church1 repeating without intermission3 8,i sow hempseed1 hempseed ,i sow1 ,he that loves me best ,come and after me mow40 ,having thus performed the circuit of the church twelve times without stopping1 the figure of her lover is supposed to appear and follow her4--,jour4 ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bji4 ,,devonshire4 ,the peasants and others believe that if they go to the porch of a church1 waiting there till half-past twelve o'clock on the ,eve of ,st4 ,valentine's day1 with some hempseed in his or her hand1 and at the time above-named1 then proceed homewards1 scattering the seed on either side1 repeating these lines3 8,hempseed ,i sow1 hempseed ,i mow1 ,she 7or he7 that will my true-love be1 ,come rake this hempseed after me10 his or her true love will be seen behind raking up the seed just sown1 in a winding-sheet4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #ee4 ,,norfolk4 ,as soon as it is dark1 packages may be seen being carried about in a most mysterious way2 and as soon as the coast seems clear1 the parcel is laid on the doorstep1 the bell rung1 and the bearer runs away4 ,inside the house is all on the qui vive1 and the moment the bell is heard1 all the little folks 7and the old ones too1 sometimes7 rush to the door1 and seize the parcel and scrutinize the direction most anxiously1 and see whether it is for papa or mamma1 or one of the youngsters4 ,the parcels contain presents of all descriptions1 from the most magnificent books or desks1 to little unhappy squeaking dolls4 ,these presents are always sent anonymously1 and nearly always contain a few verses1 ending with the distich3 8,if you'll be mine1 ,i'll be thine1 ,and so good morrow1 ,valentine40 ,the last three words are for the most part written on the wrapper also1 with the address1 thus3 ,,miss ,,mary ,,isabella ,,king1 ,st4 ,giles1' ,norwich4 ,good ,morrow1 ,valentine4 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #e2 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #agc4 ,at ,swaffham1 also1 ,valentines are sent on this evening4 ,watching for a convenient opportunity1 the door is slyly opened1 and the ,valentine attached to an apple or an orange1 is thrown in2 a loud rap at the door immediately follows1 and the offender taking to his heels1 is off instantly4 ,those in the house1 generally knowing for what purpose the amusing rap was made1 commence a search for the juvenile billet-doux3 in this manner numbers are disposed of by each youth4 ,by way of teasing the person who attends the door1 a white oblong square the size of a letter is usually chalked on the step of the door1 and should an attempt be made to pick it up1 great amusement is thus afforded to some of the urchins1 who are generally watching4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 ,,feb4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,valentine',s ,,day4 ,this is a festival which lovers have observed and poets have honoured from time immemorial4 ,the observance is much more than sixteen hundred years old1 when the ,christian ,valentine was beaten by clubs and beheaded1 at the time of the great heathen festival of love and purification4 ,a few years ago the observance was dying out2 but it has lately revived1 especially in ,london4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #abi4 ,in that curious record of domestic life in ,england in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 ,pepys' ,diary1 we find some notable illustrations of the customs connected with this day4 ,it appears that married and single were then alike liable to be chosen as a ,valentine2 and that lady ,valentines were honoured not by anonymous verses1 but by substantial gifts4 ,four days after ,pepys had chosen ,martha ,batten for his ,valentine1 he took her to the ,exchange1 and there1 8upon a pair of embroidered1 and six pair of plain white gloves1 ,i laid out #djs40 ,the question of expense troubled the diarist4 ,when1 in #affg1 he took his wife for 7honorary7 ,valentine1 he wrote down the fact that it would cost him #el42 but he consoled himself by another fact1 that he must have laid out as much 8if we had not been ,valentines40 ,the outlay at the hands of princes and courtiers was enormous4 ,when the ,duke of ,york was ,miss ,stewart's ,valentine1 he gave her a jewel of about #hjjl4 in value2 and in #affg1 ,lord ,mandeville1 being that lady's ,valentine1 presented her with a ring worth #cjjl4 ,the gifts of ,pepys to his wife look small by the side of presents made by lovers to ladies4 ,pepys came to an agreement with ,mrs4 ,pepys to be her ,valentine 7which did not preclude others from being so7 every year1 8and this year10 he remarks1 in #affh1 8it is likely to cost #dl4 or #el4 in a ring for her1 which she desires40 ,in #affi1 he bought more useful things for his cousin ,turner1 who told him she had drawn him for her ,valentine4 ,straightway he went to the ,new ,exchange1 and bought her a pair of fashionable 8green silk stockings1 and garters1 and shoe-strings1 and two pairs of jessimy gloves1 all coming to about #bhs40 ,london shops do not now exhibit green silk stockings1 but they tempt buyers with gallant intentions2 and 8,valentine gifts0 are in windows or on counters at prices to suit a few and terrify many4 ,other old customs have not been revived1 but we may learn some of these from old makers of ,notes1 and specially from ,pepys1 as to the old methods of choosing1 or avoiding to choose1 ,valentines4 ,when he went early on ,valentine's ,day to ,sir ,w4 ,batten's1 he says he would not go in 8till ,i asked whether they that opened the doors was a man or a woman2 and ,mingo who was there1 answered1 a woman1 which1 with his tone1 made me laugh2 so up ,i went1 and took ,mrs4 ,martha for my ,valentine 7which ,i do only for complacency72 and ,sir ,w4 ,batten1 he go in the same manner to my wife1 and so we were very merry40 ,on the following anniversary the diarist tells us that ,will ,bowyer came to be his wife's ,valentine1 8she having 7at which ,i made good sport to myself7 held her hands all the morning1 that she might not see the painters that were at work gilding my chimney-piece and pictures in my dining-room40 ,it would seem1 moreover1 that a man was not free from the pleasing pains of ,valentineship when the festival day was over4 ,on ,shrove ,tuesday1 ,march #crd1 #affc1 after dinner1 says ,pepys1 8,mrs4 ,the4 showed me my name upon her breast as her ,valentine1 which10 he added1 8will cost me #cjs40 ,again1 in #affg1 a fortnight after the actual day ,pepys was with his wife at the ,exchange1 8and there bought things for ,mrs4 ,pierce's little daughter1 my ,valentine 7which10 he says1 8,i was not sorry for1 it easing me of something more than ,i must have given to others71 and so to her house1 where we find ,knipp1 who also challenged me for her ,valentine20 of course1 ,pepys had to pay the usual homage in acknowledgment of such choice4 ,then1 as ,pepys had a little girl for ,valentine1 so boys were welcomed to early gallantry by the ladies4 ,a thoroughly domestic scene is revealed to us on ,valentine's ,day1 #affe3 8,this morning comes betimes ,dickie ,pen1 to be my wife's ,valentine1 and came to our bedside4 ,by the same token1 ,i had been brought to my bedside thinking to have made him kiss me2 but he perceived me1 and would not1 so went to his ,valentine--a notable1 stout1 witty boy40 ,when a lady drew a ,valentine1 a gentleman so drawn would have been deemed shabby if he did not accept the honour and responsibility4 ,on the #adth ,february1 #affg1 we have the following3 8,this morning called up by ,mr4 ,hill1 who1 my wife thought1 had come to be her ,valentine--she1 it seems1 having drawn him2 but it proved not4 ,however1 calling him up to our bedside1 my wife challenged him40 ,where men could thus intrude1 boys like ,dickie ,pen could boldly go4 ,thus in #affg3 8,this morning came up to my wife's bedside little ,will ,mercer1 to be her ,valentine2 and brought her name writ upon blue paper1 in gold letters1 done by himself very pretty2 and we were both well pleased with it40 ,the drawing of names and name-inscriptions were remnants of old customs before the ,christian era4 ,alban ,butler1 under the head of 8,st4 ,valentine1 ,priest and ,martyr10 says3 8,to abolish the heathens' lewd1 superstitious custom of boys drawing the names of girls in honour of their goddess1 ,februata ,juno1 on the #aeth of the month 7the drawing being on the eve of the #adth71 several zealous pastors substituted the names of saints in billets given on this day40 ,this does not1 however1 seem to have taken place till the time of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 who1 in the beginning of the seventeenth century1 as we are told in his ,life1 8severely forbade the custom of ,valentines1 or giving boys in writing the names of girls to be admired or attended on by them2 and to abolish it1 he changed it into giving billets with the names of certain saints for them to honour and imitate in a particular manner40 ,to the drawing of names--those of the saints gave way to living objects of adoration--was first added1 in #affg1 a custom out of which has sprung the modern epistolary ,valentine4 ,in the ,february of that year ,pepys writes3 8,i do first observe the fashion of drawing of mottoes as well as names2 so that ,pierce1 who drew my wife's1 did draw also a motto1 #8most courteous and most fair2' which1 as it may be used1 or an anagram made upon each name1 might be very pretty40 ,the ,valentines of chance were those who drew names2 the ,valentines by choice were made by those who could not open their eyes on ,valentine's morn till the one he or she most desired to see was near4 ,the one by chance sometimes proved to be the one by choice also1 and such were true ,valentines4 ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #abi1 #acj4 ,pennant1 in his ,tour in ,scotland1 tells us that in ,february young persons draw ,valentines1 and from thence collect their future fortune in the nuptial state2 and ,goldsmith1 in his ,vicar of ,wakefield1 describing the manners of some parties1 tells us they sent true-love knots on ,valentine morning4 ,st4 ,valentine's ,day is alluded to by ,shakspeare and by ,chaucer1 and also by the poet ,lydgate1 the monk of ,bury 7who died in #addj74 ,one of the earliest known writers of ,valentines was ,charles1 ,duke of ,orleans1 who was taken at the ,battle of ,agincourt4 ,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bae4 ,a singular custom prevailed many years ago in the west of ,england4 ,three single young men went out together before daylight on ,st4 ,valentine's ,day1 with a clap-net to catch an old owl and two sparrows in a neighbouring barn4 ,if they were successful and could bring the birds without injury to the inn before the females of the house had risen1 they were rewarded by the hostess with three pots of purl in honour of ,st4 ,valentine1 and enjoyed the privilege of demanding at any house in the neighbourhood a similar boon4 ,this was done as an emblem that the owl1 being the bird of wisdom1 could influence the feathered race to enter the net of love as mates on that day1 whereon both single lads and maidens should be reminded that happiness could alone be secured by an early union4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbg4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,in the village of ,duxford and other adjoining parishes the custom of 8valentining0 is still in feeble existence4 ,the children go in a body round to the parsonage and the farm-houses1 singing3 8,curl your looks as ,i do mine1 ,two before and three behind1 ,so good morning1 ,valentine4 ,hurra6 ,hurra6 ,hurra60 ,they start about #i ,a4,m4 on their expedition1 which must be finished by noon2 otherwise their singing is not acknowledged in any way4 ,in some few cases the donor gives each child a halfpenny1 others throw from their doors the coppers they feel disposed to part with amongst the little band of choristers1 which are eagerly scrambled after4--,the ,antiquary1 #ahgc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajc4 ,,derbyshire4 ,the following customs1 which have nearly died out1 were very prevalent about fifty or sixty years ago3 ,valentine ,dealing4--,each young woman in the house would procure several slips of paper1 and write upon them the names of the young men she knew1 or those she had a preference for4 ,the slips when ready were put into a boot or shoe 7a man's71 or else into a hat1 and shaken up4 ,each lassie then put in her hand and drew a slip1 which she read and retained until every one had drawn4 ,the slips were then put back and the drawing done over again1 which ceremony was performed three times4 ,if a girl drew the same slip thrice1 she was sure to be married in a short time1 and to a person of the same name as that which was written upon the thrice drawn slip4 ,looking through the ,keyhole4--,on the early morn of ,st4 ,valentine1 young women would look through the keyhole of the house door4 ,if they saw only a single object or person they would remain unmarried all that year4 ,if they saw1 however1 two or more objects or persons1 they would be sure to have a sweetheart1 and that in no distant time2 but if fortune so favoured them that by chance they saw a cock and a hen1 they might be quite certain of being married before the year was out4 ,sweeping the girls was another real old ,derbyshire custom4 ,if a girl did not have a kiss1 or if her sweetheart did not come to see her early on this morning1 it was because she was dusty1 and therefore it was needful that she should be well swept with a broom1 and then afterwards equally well kissed by the young men of the house1 and those living near1 who used to go round to their intimate friends' houses to perform this custom4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ace4 ,,herefordshire4 ,in many parts the poor and middling classes of children assemble together in some part of the town or village where they live1 and proceed in a body to the house of the chief personage of the place1 who1 on their arrival1 throws them wreaths and true lovers' knots from the window1 with which they adorn themselves4 ,two or three of the girls then select one of the youngest among them 7generally a boy71 whom they deck out more gaily than the rest1 and placing him at their head1 march forward1 singing as they go along3 8,good morrow to you1 ,valentine2 ,curl your locks as ,i do mine1 ,two before and three behind4 ,good morrow to you1 ,valentine40 ,this they repeat under the windows of all the houses they pass1 and the inhabitant is seldom known to refuse a mite towards the merry solicitings of these juvenile serenaders4--,hone's ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #bja4 ,,kent4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #aggi1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #acg3 8,being on a visit in a little obscure village in ,kent1 ,i found an odd kind of sport going forward3 the girls1 from eighteen to five or six years old1 were assembled in a crowd1 and burning an uncouth effigy1 which they called an holly-boy1 and which it seems they had stolen from the boys1 and in another part of the village the boys were assembled together1 and burning what they called an ivy-girl1 which they had stolen from the girls2 all this ceremony was accompanied with loud huzzas1 noise1 and acclamation40 ,,norfolk4 ,independent of the homage paid to ,st4 ,valentine on this day at ,lynn1 it is in other respects a red-letter day amongst all classes of its inhabitants1 being the commencement of its great annual mart4 ,this mart was granted by a charter of ,henry ,,viii4 in the twenty-seventh year of his reign1 8to begin on the day next after the feast of the purification of the blessed ,virgin ,mary1 and to continue six days next following40 ,since the alteration of the style1 in #ageb1 it has been proclaimed on ,valentine's ,day4 ,about noon1 the ,mayor and ,corporation1 preceded by a band of music1 and attended by twelve decrepit old men1 called from their dress 8,red ,coats10 walk in procession to proclaim the mart1 concluding by opening the antiquated and almost obsolete court of 8,piepowder40 ,like most establishments of this nature1 it is no longer attended for the purpose it was first granted1 business having yielded to pleasure and amusement4 ,formerly ,lynn mart and ,stourbridge 7,stirbitch7 fair1 were the only places where small traders in this and the adjoining counties supplied themselves with their respective goods4 ,no transactions of this nature now take place1 and the only remains to be perceived are the 8mart prices10 still issued by the grocers4 ,here the thrifty housewives1 for twenty miles round1 laid in their annual store of soap1 starch1 c41 and the booth of ,green1 from ,limehouse1 was for three generations the emporium of such articles2 but these no longer attend4 ,a great deal of money is however spent1 as immense numbers of persons assemble from all parts4 ,neither is there any lack of incitements to unburthen the pockets3 animals of every description1 tame and wild1 giants and dwarfs1 tumblers1 jugglers1 peep-shows1 c41 all unite their attractive powers1 in sounds more discordant than those which annoyed the ears of ,hogarth's 8enraged musician40 ,in the early part of the last century1 an old building1 which1 before the ,reformation1 had been a hall belonging to the guild of ,st4 ,george1 after being applied to various uses1 was fitted up as a theatre 7and1 by a curious coincidence1 where formerly had doubtless been exhibited1 as was customary at the guild feasts1 religious mysteries and pageants of the ,catholic age1 again were exhibited the mysteries and pageants of the ,protestant age7 during the mart and a few weeks afterwards1 but apparently with no great success4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbc4 ,in the parish of ,ryburgh it is customary for the children to go round to the houses in the village for contributions1 saying3 8,god bless the baker2 ,if you will be the giver1 ,i will be the taker40 ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #eie4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,in this county children go from house to house1 on the morning of ,st4 ,valentine's ,day1 soliciting small gratuities4 ,the children of the villages go in parties1 sometimes in considerable numbers1 repeating at each house the following salutations1 which vary in different districts3#ah 8,good morrow1 ,valentine6 ,first it's yours1 and then it's mine1 ,so please give me a ,valentine40 8,morrow1 morrow1 ,valentine6 ,first 'tis yours1 and then 'tis mine1 ,so please to give me a ,valentine4 ,holly and ivy tickle my toe1 ,give me red apples and let me go40 8,good morrow1 ,valentine6 ,parsley grows by savoury1 ,savoury grows by thyme1 ,a new pair of gloves on ,easter day4 ,good morrow1 ,valentine60 #ah ,see ,history and ,antiquities of ,weston ,favell 7#ahbg1 p4 #f74 ,brand in his ,pop4 ,antiq4 mentions this custom as existing in ,oxfordshire4--#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 ,it was formerly customary for young people to catch their parents and each other on their first meeting on ,st4 ,valentine's morning4 ,catching was no more than the exclamation1 8,good morrow1 ,valentine60 and they who could repeat this before they were spoken to1 were entitled to a small present from their parents or the elderly persons of the family2 consequently there was great eagerness to rise early1 and much good-natured strife and merriment on the occasion4#ai #ai ,the custom was observed at ,norfolk4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 ,in ,peterborough and in some of the villages in the northern part of the county sweet plum buns were formerly given1 and ,i believe are still made1 called ,valentine buns2 and these buns1 ,i am told1 are in some villages given by godfathers and godmothers to their godchildren on the ,sunday preceding and the ,sunday following ,st4 ,valentine's ,day4--,baker1 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,drawing lots or billets for ,valentines is a custom observed in the neighbourhood of ,mansfield1 where a few young men and maidens meet together1 and having put each their own name on a slip of paper1 they are all placed together in a hat or basket1 and drawn in regular rotation4 ,should a young man draw a girl's name1 and she his1 it is considered ominous1 and not unfrequently ends in real love and a wedding4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bca4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,in this county the following rhymes were used3 8,good morrow1 ,valentine6 ,i be thine1 and thou be'st mine1 ,so please give me a ,valentine60 ,also 8,good morrow1 ,valentine6 ,god bless you ever6 ,if you'll be true to me1 ,i'll be the like to thee4 ,old ,england for ever60 ,also 8,good morrow1 ,valentine1 ,first 'tis yours1 then 'tis mine1 ,so please give me a ,valentine40 ,the ,antiquary1 #ahgc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajg2 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 ,,yorkshire4 8,on ,valentine's ,day10 says ,clarkson 7,hist4 of ,richmond1 #ahba1 p4 #bic71 8the ceremony of drawing lots called ,valentines is seldom omitted4 ,the names of a select number of one sex with an equal number of the other are put into a vessel1 and every one draws a name1 which is called their ,valentine2 and which is looked upon as a good omen of their being afterwards united40 ,,march4 #a4 ,,st4 ,,david',s ,,day4 ,various attempts have been made to account for the custom of wearing the leek4 ,owen1 in his ,cambrian ,biography 7#ahjc71 considers it to have originated from the custom of cymhortha1 or the neighbourly aid practised among farmers4 ,he says that it was once customary in some districts of ,south ,wales for all the neighbours of a small farmer without means to appoint a day1 when they all met together for the purpose of ploughing his land1 or rendering him any service in their power4 ,on such an occasion each individual carried with him his portion of leeks to be used in making the pottage for the company4 ,some also are of opinion that the practice took its rise in consequence of a victory obtained by ,cadwallo over the ,saxons on the #ast of ,march1 #fdj1 when the ,welsh1 to distinguish themselves1 wore leeks in their hats4 ,shakespeare introduces the custom into his play of ,henry ,v41 act iv4 sc4 #g4 ,fluellin addressing the monarch says3 8,your grandfather of famous memory1 an't please your majesty1 and your great uncle ,edward the plack prince of ,wales1 as ,i have read in the chronicles1 fought a most prave pattle here in ,france4 8,k4 ,hen4 ,they did1 ,fluellin4 8,flu4 ,your majesty says very true3 if your majesty is remembered of it1 the ,welshmen did goot service in a garden where leeks did grow1 wearing leeks in their ,monmouth caps2 which1 your majesty knows1 to this hour is an honourable padge of the service2 and ,i do believe your majesty takes no scorn to wear the leek upon ,saint ,tavy's day40 ,this allusion by ,fluellin to the ,welsh having worn the leek in a battle under the ,black ,prince1 is not1 as some writers suppose1 wholly decisive of its having originated in the fields of ,cressy or ,poictiers1 but shows that when ,shakespeare wrote ,welshmen wore leeks4 ,in the same play the well-remembered ,fluellin's enforcement of ,pistol to eat the leek he had ridiculed1 further establishes the wearing as a usage4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 ,a contributor to a periodical work1 entitled ,gazette of ,fashion 7,march #ith1 #ahbb71 rejects the notion that wearing leeks on ,st4 ,david's ,day originated at the battle between the ,saxons and the ,welsh in the sixth century2 and considers it more probable that leeks were a ,druidic symbol employed in honour of the ,british ,ceudven1 or ,ceres4 ,in which hypothesis he thinks there is nothing strained in presuming that the ,druids were a branch of the ,phnician priesthood4 ,both were addicted to oak worship2 and during the funereal rites of ,adonis at ,byblos1 leeks and onions were exhibited in 8pots with other vegetables1 and called the gardens of that deity40 ,in the fifteenth century1 the celebration of ,st4 ,david's ,day was honoured with the patronage of royalty2 and numerous entries of payments1 such as the following1 are recorded in the 8,privy ,purse ,expenses of ,henry the ,seventh10 a monarch whose liberality is not proverbial3 8,march #a 7#adib74 ,walshemen on ,saint ,david ,day1 #b40 8,march #f 7#adid74 ,to the ,walshemen towardes their feste1 #b40--,med4 vi ,kalend41 vol4 i4 p4 #afh4 ,from ,poor ,robin's ,almanack for #ageg it appears that1 in former times in ,england1 a ,welshman was burnt in effigy on this anniversary3 8,but it would make a stranger laugh ,to see th' ,english hang poor ,taff3 ,a pair of breeches1 and a coat1 ,hat1 shoes1 and stockings1 and what not1 ,all stuffed with hay to represent ,the ,cambrian hero thereby meant3 ,with sword sometimes three inches broad1 ,and other armour made of wood1 ,they drag hur to some publick tree1 ,and hang hur up in effigy40 ,to this custom ,pepys probably alludes in his ,diary for #affg 7,bohn's ,edition1 #aheh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gfa73 8,in ,mark ,lane ,i do observe 7it being ,st4 ,david's ,day7 the picture of a man dressed like a ,welshman1 hanging by the neck upon one of the poles that stand out at the top of the merchant's houses1 in full proportion2 and very handsomely done1 which is one of the oddest sights ,i have seen a good while40 ,brand1 in his ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje71 thinks that from this custom arose the practice1 at one time in vogue amongst pastrycooks1 of hanging or skewering taffies or ,welshmen of gingerbread for sale on ,st4 ,david's ,day4 ,the goat has by time-honoured custom been attached to the regiment of the ,royal ,welsh 7#bcrd7 ,fusiliers1 and the following extract1 taken from the ,graphic 7,no4 #aga1 ,march1 #hth1 #ahgc71 shows how ,st4 ,david's ,day is observed by the officers and men of this regiment3 ,the drum-major1 as well as every man in the regiment1 wears a leek in his busby2 the goat is dressed with rosettes and ribbons of red and blue4 ,the officers have a party1 and the drum-major1 accompanied by the goat1 marches round the table after dinner1 carrying a plate of leeks1 of which he offers one to each officer or guest who has never eaten one before1 and who is bound to eat it up1 standing on his chair1 with one foot on the table1 while a drummer beats a roll behind his chair4 ,all the toasts given are coupled with the name of ,st4 ,david1 nor is the memory of ,toby ,purcell forgotten4 ,this worthy was gazetted major of the regiment when it was first raised1 and was killed in the ,battle of the ,boyne4 ,,middlesex4 ,st4 ,david's ,day is observed in ,london1 says ,hampson 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #afh71 by the ,charitable ,society of ,ancient ,britons1 who were established in #agad1 in behalf of the ,welsh ,charity ,school in ,gray's ,inn ,road4 ,on this occasion each man wears an artificial leek in his hat4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,on ,st4 ,david's ,day at ,jesus ,college1 ,oxford1 an immense silver gilt bowl1 containing ten gallons1 which was presented to the ,college by ,sir ,watkin ,williams ,wynne in #agcb1 is filled with 8swig10 and handed round to those who are invited to sit at the festive and hospitable board4--,hone's ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #bfe4 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby one of the benefit clubs marched through the town bearing the leek in their hats4 ,in the evening a ball took place1 at which artificial leeks were worn by both sexes4--,mason1 ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #ai4 ,,march #a4 ,,simnel ,,sunday4 ,simnel ,sunday is better known as ,mid-,lent or ,mothering ,sunday1 and was so called because large cakes called ,simnels were made on this day4 ,bailey in his ,dictionary 7fol4 #agfd1 by ,scott17 says1 ,simnel is probably derived from the ,latin ,simila1 fine flour1 and means a sort of cake1 or bun1 made of fine flour1 spice1 c4 ,frequent mention is made of the ,simnel in the household allowances of ,henry the ,first4 8,cancellarius v solidos in die et i ,siminellum dominicum1 et ii salum1 et i sextarium de vino claro1 et i sext4 de vino expensabili1 et unum grossum cereum1 et xl frusta ,candell40--,libr4 ,nigr4 ,scaccarii1 p4 #cda4 ,the 8,siminellum ,dominicum10 ,hearne thinks1 was a better kind of bread#bj and that 8,siminellum ,salum10 from sal1 cibus1 victus1 was the ordinary bread2 if it be not the ,latin ,salis 7,siminellum ,salinum71 in which case it denotes that more salt is contained in it than in the other4 ,if the derivation from ,simnel be not satisfactory1 perhaps the ,anglo-,saxon symbel1 a feast or banquet1 whence simbel1 dg1 a festival day1 may suffice4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #agg4 #bj ,alderman ,wilkinson of ,burnley1 a well known able ,lancashire antiquary1 some time since stated that it 8originally meant the very finest bread4 ,pain demain is another term for it1 on account of its having been used as ,sunday bread40 ,in ,wright's ,vocabularies it appears thus3--#8,hic artcopus1 a symnylle4' ,this form was in use during the fifteenth century4 ,in the ,dictionarius of ,john de ,garlande1 compiled at ,paris in the thirteenth century1 it appears thus3--8,simeneus placent simnels40 ,such cakes were signed with the figure of ,christ1 or of the ,virgin4 ,at ,bury1 in ,lancashire1 from time beyond memory1 thousands of persons come from all parts1 and eat 8simnels0 on ,simnel ,sunday4 ,formerly1 nearly every shop was open1 quite in defiance of the law respecting the closing during 8service10 but of late1 through the improved state of public opinion1 the disorderly scenes to which the custom gave rise have been partially amended4 ,efforts have been repeatedly made to put a stop to the practice altogether1 but in vain4 ,the clergy1 headed by the rector1 and the ministers of all denominations 7save the ,romanists7 have drawn up protests and printed appeals against this desecration1 but1 as just stated1 with scarcely any visible effect4 ,it is not a little singular that the practice of assembling in one town1 upon one day--the middle ,sunday in ,lent1 to eat simnel cake1 is a practice confined to ,bury4 ,much labour has been expended to trace the origin of this custom1 but without success4--,gent4 ,mag4 7,new ,series7 #ahff1 vol4 i4 p4 #ece2 ,baines1 ,history of ,lancashire1 #ahcf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ggf4 ,herrick in his ,hesperides has the following3 8,,to ,,dianeme4 8,a ,,ceremonie ,,in ,,glocester4 8,i'll to thee a ,simnell bring1 ',gainst thou go'st a mothering2 ,so that1 when she blesseth thee1 ,half that blessing thou'lt give me40 #a1 p4 #bghg4 ,again1 the bread called 8simnel bread0 is mentioned by ,jehoshaphat ,aspin1 in his ,pictures of ,manners1 c41 of ,england1 p4 #abf1 who quotes from a statute of #east of ,henry ,,iii43--,a farthing symnel 7a sort of small cake1 twice baked1 and also called a cracknel7 should weigh two ounces less than the wastel 7a kind of cake made with honey1 or with meal and oil74 ,curious are some of the tales which have arisen to explain the meaning of the name simnel4 ,some pretend that the father of ,lambert ,simnel1 the well-known pretender in the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 was a baker1 and the first maker of simnels1 and that1 in consequence of the celebrity he gained by the acts of his son1 his cakes have retained his name4 ,there is a story current in ,shropshire1 which is more picturesque4 ,long ago there lived an honest old couple1 boasting the names of ,simon and ,nelly1 but their surnames are not known4 ,it was their custom at ,easter to gather their children about them1 and thus meet together once a year under the old homestead4 ,the fasting season of ,lent was just ending1 but they had still left some of the unleavened dough which had been from time to time converted into bread during the forty days4 ,nelly was a careful woman1 and it grieved her to waste anything1 so she suggested that they should use the remains of the lenten dough1 for the basis of a cake to regale the assembled family4 ,simon readily agreed to the proposal1 and further reminded his partner that there were still some remains of their ,christmas plum-pudding hoarded up in the cupboard1 and that this might form the interior1 and be an agreeable surprise to the young people when they had made their way through the less tasty crust4 ,so far all things went on harmoniously2 but when the cake was made1 a subject of violent discord arose1 ,sim insisting that it should be boiled1 while ,nell no less obstinately contended that it should be baked4 ,the dispute ran from words to blows1 for ,nell not choosing to let her province in the household be thus interfered with1 jumped up1 and threw the stool she was sitting on at ,sim1 who1 on his part1 seized a besom1 and applied it with right good will to the head and shoulders of his spouse4 ,she now seized the broom1 and the battle became so warm1 that it might have had a very serious result1 had not ,nell proposed as a compromise that the cake should be boiled first and afterwards baked4 ,this ,sim acceded to1 for he had no wish for further acquaintance with the heavy end of the broom4 ,accordingly1 the big pot was set on the fire1 and the stool broken up and thrown on to boil it1 whilst the besom and broom furnished fuel for the oven4 ,some eggs1 which had been broken in the scuffle1 were used to coat the outside of the pudding when boiled1 which gave it the shining gloss it possesses as a cake4 ,this new and remarkable production in the art of confectionery became known by the name of the cake of ,simon and ,nelly1 but soon only the first half of each name was alone preserved and joined together1 and it has ever since been known as the cake of ,sim-,nel or ,simnel4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg4 ,mothering ,sunday4--,in many parts of ,england it was formerly customary for servants1 apprentices1 and others to carry presents to their parents on this day4 ,this practice was called ,going a-,mothering1 and originated in the offerings made on this day at the mother-church4 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7vol4 liv4 p4 #ih7 a correspondent tells us that whilst he was an apprentice the custom was to visit his mother on ,mid-,lent ,sunday 7thence called ,mothering ,sunday7 for a regale of excellent furmety4#ba #ba ,furmenty1 ,furmity1 or ,frumity2 still a favourite dish in the north1 consisting of hulled wheat boiled in milk and seasoned4 ,it was especially a ,christmas dish4 ,in the ,true ,gentlewoman's ,delight1 #afgf1 p4 #ag1 the following receipt is given for making furmity3 ,take a quart of sweet cream1 two or three sprigs of mace1 and a nutmeg cut in half1 put it into your cream1 so let it boil2 then take your ,french barley or rice1 being first washed clean in fair water three times and picked clean1 then boil it in sweet milk till it be tender1 then put it into your cream1 and boil it well1 and when it hath boiled a good while1 take the yoke of six or seven eggs1 beat them very well to thicken on a soft fire1 boil it1 and stir it1 for it will quickly burn2 when you think it is boiled enough sweeten it to your taste1 and so serve it in with rosewater and musk-sugar1 in the same manner you make it with wheat4--,nares' ,glossary 7,halliwell and ,wright71 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdj4 ,another correspondent of the same journal for ,may 7vol4 liv4 p4 #cdc7 says1 8,i happened to reside last year near ,chepstow1 in ,monmouthshire2 and there1 for the first time1 heard of ,mothering ,sunday4 ,my inquiries into the origin and meaning of it were fruitless2 but the practice thereabouts was for servants and apprentices on ,mid-,lent ,sunday to visit their parents1 and make them a present of money1 a trinket1 or some nice eatable2 and they are anxious not to fail in this custom40 ,a mothering-cake is alluded to in ,collins's ,miscellanies1 #agfb1 p4 #aad3 8,why1 rot thee1 ,dick6 see ,dundry's ,peak ,lucks like a shuggard motherin'-cake40 ,a sort of spiced ale called ,braggot1 ,bragget1 or ,braggat1 was used in many parts of ,lancashire on these visits of relations1 whence the day was called ,braggot ,sunday4 ,in ,nares' ,glossary 7,halliwell and ,wright1 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajb7 the following receipt for making bragget is given from the ,haven of ,health1 chap4 #bci1 p4 #bfh3 ,take three or four galons of good ale1 or more as you please1 two dayes or three after it is densed1 and put it into a pot by itselfe2 then draw forth a pottle thereof1 and put to it a quart of good ,english honey1 and set them over the fire in a vessell1 and let them boyle faire and softly1 and alwayes as any froth ariseth skumme it away1 and so clarifie it1 and when it is well clarified1 take it off the fire and let it coole1 and put thereto of pepper a pennyworth1 cloves1 mace1 ginger1 nutmegs1 cinamon1 of each two pennyworth1 beaten to powder1 stir them well together1 and set them over the fire to boyle againe awhile1 then bring milke warme1 put it to the reste1 and stirre alltogether1 and let it stand two or three daies1 and put barme upon it1 and drink it at your pleasure4 ,minshen in his ,ductor in ,linguas 7#afag1 p4 #ej7 tells us that ,braggot is composed of two ,welsh words1 ,brg1 malt1 and ,gots1 honeycombs4 ,in ,ben ,jonson's masque of the ,metamorphosed ,gipsies is the following reference to this word3 8,and we have serv'd there1 armed all in ale1 ,with the brown bowl1 and charg'd in braggat stale40 ,on this day also boys went about in ancient times into the villages with a figure of death made of straw1 from whence they were generally driven by the country people1 who disliked it as an ominous appearance1 while some gave them money to get the mawkin carried off4 ,its precise meaning under that form is doubtful1 though it seems likely to have purported the death of winter1 and to have been only a part of another ceremony conducted by a larger number of boys1 from whom the death carriers were a detachment1 and who consisted of a large assemblage carrying two figures to represent ,spring and ,winter4 ,these two figures they bore about1 and fought2 in the fight1 ,summer or ,spring got the victory over ,winter1 and thus was allegorized the departure or burial of the death of the year1 and its commencement or revival as ,spring4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceh4 ,in the north of ,england1 and also in the ,midland ,counties1 the following names are given to the ,sundays of ,lent1 the first of which however is anonymous3 8,tid1 ,mid1 ,misera1 ,carling1 ,palm1 ,paste ,egg-day40 ,another version of this couplet is given in the ,gent4 ,mag41 #aghh1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #bhh4 8,tid1 and ,mid1 and ,misera1 ,carling1 ,palm1 and ,good-,pas-,day40 ,the first three names are no doubt corruptions of some part of the ancient ,latin service or psalms used on each4--,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf2 see the ,festa ,anglo-,romana1 #afgh4 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#aghe1 p4 #ggi7 an advertisement for the regulation of ,newark fair is quoted1 which mentions that 8,careing ,fair will be held on ,friday before ,careing ,sunday20 and ,nichols remarks on this passage that he had heard the following old ,nottinghamshire couplet3 8,care ,sunday1 ,care away1 ,palm ,sunday and ,easter ,day40 --,ibid4 p4 #aac4 ,,lancashire4 ,fig-pies1 or1 as they are called in this country1 8fag-pies10 are1 or were1 eaten on a ,sunday in ,lent1 thence known as ,fag-pie ,sunday4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,,staffordshire4 ,fig-pie ,wake is kept in the parish of ,draycot-in-the-,moors and in the neighbouring villages on ,mid-,lent ,sunday4 ,the fig-pies are made of dry figs1 sugar1 treacle1 spice1 etc42 they are rather too luscious for those who are not 8to the manner born40 ,but yet on this ,sunday1 the friends of the parishioners come to visit them1 and to eat their fig-pies4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol1 i4 p4 #bbg4 ,,first ,,monday ,,in ,,march4 ,,berkshire ,,and ,,hampshire4 ,the first ,monday in ,march being the time when shoemakers in the country cease from working by candle-light1 it used to be customary for them to meet together in the evening for the purpose of wetting the block4 ,on these occasions the master either provided a supper for his men1 or made them a present of money or drink2 the rest of the expense was defrayed by subscriptions among themselves1 and sometimes by donations from customers4 ,after the supper was ended1 the block candlestick was placed in the midst1 the shop candle was lighted1 and all the glasses being filled1 the oldest hand in the shop poured the contents of his glass over the candle to extinguish it2 the rest then drank the contents of theirs standing1 and gave three cheers4 ,the meeting was usually kept to a late hour4#bb--;,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgj4 #bb ,in some places this custom took place on ,easter ,monday4 ,,friday ,,in ,,lide4 ,,cornwall4 ,the first ,friday in ,march is so called from lide1 ,anglo-,saxon for ,march4 ,this day is marked by a serio-comic custom of sending a young lad on the highest mound or hillock of the work1 and allowing him to sleep there as long as he can2 the length of his siesta being the measure of the afternoon nap for the tinners throughout the ensuing twelve months4 ,the weather which usually characterizes ,friday in ,lide is1 it need scarcely be said1 not very conducive to prolonged sleep4 ,in ,saxon times labourers were generally allowed their mid-day sleep2 and it has been observed that it is even now permitted to husbandmen in some parts of ,east ,cornwall during a stated portion of the year4 ,browne appears to allude to this practice in ,devonshire1 when he says in the third song of his first book1 in reference to the song-birds in the woodland3 8,whose pleasing noates the tyred swaine have made ,to steale a nap at noontide in the shade40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #fd4 ,,march #c4 ,,scotland4 ,sinclair1 in his ,statistical ,account of ,scotland 7#agie1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dfj71 says1 8,at ,sandwick the people do no work on the third day of ,march1 in commemoration of the day on which the church of ,sandwick was consecrated2 and1 as the church was dedicated to ,st4 ,peter1 they also abstain from working for themselves on ,st4 ,peter's day 7#bith ,june71 but they will work for another person who employs them40 ,,march #e4 ,,st4 ,,piran',s ,,day4 ,,cornwall4 ,the tinners observe this day1 says ,hitchins in his ,history of ,cornwall 7#ahdd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbe71 as a holiday1 which they call ,st4 ,piran's ,day4 ,this1 by a custom established from time immemorial1 sanctions a suspension from all labour1 because ,st4 ,piran is supposed to have communicated some important information relative to the tin manufacture4 ,,march #h4 ,,care ,,sunday4 ,this day1 the ancient ,passion ,sunday1 is the fifth ,sunday after ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,the word ,care1 which is also applied to ,christmas ,cakes1 has been a stumbling-block to etymologists4 ,the following remarks respecting its derivation are taken from ,hampson's ,med4 vi ,kalend4 7#ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #agh73--,t4 ,mareschall observes that the day on which ,christ suffered1 is called in ,german both ,gute ,freytag and ,karr ,freytag1 and that ,karr signified a satisfaction for a fine or penalty4 ,adelung speaking of ,charfreytag 7,care or ,carr ,friday7 and ,charwoche 7,care or ,carr-week71 observes that the first syllable is supposed to be the old ,cara1 preparation 7,zubereitung71 and that this week1 conformably to the usage of the ,jews1 was called ,preparation ,week 7,zubereitungswoche7 because the sixth day was ,preparation day 7,zubereitungstag71 when the ,jews prepared themselves for ,easter4 ,hence the ,greeks called ,carfriday1 ,dies ,parasceves1 of which the ,gothic ,gartag1 or ,garfreytag is a translation4 ,tatian 7,cap4 #eh7 names the ,friday before ,easter 8,garotag fora ,ostrum10 and renders the phrase1 8,my heart is prepared10 8,karo ist mein herza40 ,schiller's opinion1 however1 that ,char1 ,kar1 signifies mourning1 complaint1 sorrow1 has equal probability2 for it appears from ancient manuscripts that ,car formerly bore the signification of ,care or grief1 and in ,sweden1 where the fifth ,sunday in ,lent is denominated ,kaersunnutag1 the verb ,kra is actually to lament1 to complain4 ,dr4 ,jameson1 adopting the opinion of ,mareschall1 observes1 8,this name may have been imposed in reference to the satisfaction made by our ,saviour4 ,some1 however1 understand it1 as referring to the accusations brought against him on this day1 from the ,sueo-,gothic ,kra1 to complain40--,etymol4 ,dict41 ,art4 ,care ,sunday4 ,on this day1 in the northern counties1 and in ,scotland1 a custom obtains of eating ,carlings1 which are grey peas1 steeped all night in water1 and fried the next day with butter3 8,there'll be all the lads and lassies ,set down in the midst of the ha'1 ,with sybows1 and ryfarts1 and carlings ,that are bath sodden and raw40 ,ritson's ,scottish ,songs1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,as to the origin of this custom1 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aad7 offers the following explanation3--8,in the ,roman ,calendar1 ,i find it observed on this day1 that a dole is made of soft beans4 ,i can hardly entertain a doubt but that our custom is derived from hence4 ,it was usual among the ,romanists to give away beans in the doles at funerals2 it was also a rite in the funeral ceremonies of heathen ,rome4 ,why we have substituted peas ,i know not1 unless it was because they are a pulse somewhat fitter to be eaten at this season of the year40 ,having observed from ,erasmus that ,plutarch held pulse 7legumina7 to be of the highest efficacy in invocation of the ,manes1 he adds3 8,ridiculous and absurd as these superstitions may appear1 it is quite certain that ,carlings deduce their origin from thence40 ,this explanation1 however1 is by no means regarded as satisfactory4 ,hone 7,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgi7 says1 ,how is it that ,care ,sunday is also called ,carl and ,carling ,sunday2 and that the peas1 or beans of the day are called ,carlings8 ,carle1 which means a ,churle1 or rude boorish fellow1 was anciently the term for a working countryman or labourer2 and it is only altered in the spelling1 without the slightest deviation in sense1 from the old ,saxon word ,ceorl1 the name for a husbandman4 ,the older denomination of the day1 then1 may not have been ,care1 but ,carl ,sunday1 from the benefactions to the ,carles or ,carlen4 ,a correspondent of ,notes ,queries 7#ast ,s4 vol4 iii4 #ddi7 tells us that on the north-east coast of ,england1 where the custom of frying dry peas on this day is attended with much augury1 some ascribe its origin to the loss of a ship freighted with peas on the coast of ,northumberland4 ,carling is the foundation beam of a ship1 or the beam on the keel4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,in several villages in the vicinity of ,wisbeach1 in the ,isle of ,ely1 the fifth ,sunday in ,lent has been1 time immemorial1 commemorated by the name of ,whirlin ,sunday1 when cakes are made by almost every family1 and are called1 from the day1 ,whirlin ,cakes4--,gent4 ,mag4 #aghi1 vol4 lix4 p4 #dia4 ,,yorkshire4 ,the rustics go to the public-house of the village1 and spend each their ,carling-groat1 i4e41 that sum in drink1 for the ,carlings are provided for them gratis2 and a popular notion prevails that those who do not do this will be unsuccessful in their pursuits for the following year4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 ,,march #aj4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,william ,handy1 by will dated the #ajth of ,march1 #afbb1 bequeathed to the parish of ,st4 ,giles'1 ,oxford1 #dj1 upon condition that1 upon the #ajth of ,march for ever1 in the morning1 about #e o'clock1 they should ring one peal with all the bells1 and about #h or #i o'clock should go to service1 and read all the service1 with the ,litany and the ,communion1 as it is commanded to be read in the cathedral church1 and after that to have a sermon1 and in it to give ,god thanks for ,his great blessings in delivering and bringing the giver from ,papistry and idolatry to the light and truth of the blessed ,gospel2 and he desired that the preacher might have #ajs4 for his sermon1 and the minister #es4 for leading service1 and the poor to have given them in bread or money #ajs4 ,this sum1 with other money1 was laid out in #afcc1 in purchasing a tenement1 garden1 and one acre of pasture ground1 situated in ,corn ,street1 ,witney1 to the uses of the donor's will2 of the rent1 #aes4 a year was accordingly commanded to be paid to the minister for reading prayers and preaching a sermon on the #ajth of ,march1 #es4 to the clerk1 #es4 to the ringer1 and #aes4 to be distributed at the church1 with other money in small sums to the poor4#bc--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #bdi4 #bc ,there was a similar gift of the same donor to the parish of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 ,oxford2 but since #ahjj nothing has been paid in respect of this charity4 ,,march #aa4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,formerly1 there lived at ,newark one ,hercules ,clay1 a tradesman of considerable eminence1 and an alderman of the borough of ,newark4 ,during the siege1 in the night of the #aath of ,march #afdc1 he dreamed three times that his house was on fire2 on the third warning he arose much alarmed1 awoke the whole of his family1 and caused them to quit the premises1 though at that time all appeared to be in perfect safety4 ,soon afterwards1 however1 a bomb from a battery of the ,parliamentarian army on ,beacon ,hill1 an eminence near the town1 fell upon the roof of the house1 and penetrated all the floors1 and happily did little other execution4 ,the bomb was intended to destroy the house of the governor of the town1 which was in ,stadman ,street1 exactly opposite ,clay's house4 ,in commemoration of this extraordinary deliverance1 ,mr4 ,clay1 by his will1 gave #bjj to the ,corporation in trust to pay the interest of #ajj to the ,vicar of ,newark1 for a sermon to be preached every #aath of ,march4 ,the interest of the other #ajj he directed to be given in bread to the poor4 ,penny loaves were1 accordingly1 given to every one who applied1 and the day on which they were distributed1 was called 8,penny ,loaf ,day40--,hone's ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #cja4 ,,march #ab4 ,,st4 ,,gregory',s ,,day4 ,,ireland4 ,the feast of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 #abth of ,march1 was formerly observed as a holiday1 and one of festivity in all the rural schools in the baronies of ,forth and ,baigy 7the ,strongbonian ,colony71 in the county of ,wexford4 ,the manner was this3 the children1 for some days previous1 brought contributions1 according to the means and liberality of their parents1 consisting of money1 bread1 butter1 cream1 c41 and delivered them to the teacher4 ,on the morning of the joyous day1 the children repaired to the school-house in holiday dress1 where the teacher had everything prepared for the festivity1 the simple temple of learning decorated with the richest flowers within his means of obtaining1 and the presence of two or more kind-hearted females to do the honours and duties of the tea-table to the happy juveniles4 ,a 8king0 and a 8queen0 were nominated1 who1 of course1 took the seat of honour1 and the proud and busy teacher was everywhere all attention to his little pupils4 ,the day passed off in hilarity and innocent enjoyment1 and the competitive system of free offerings left1 generally1 something pleasing to tell for some days in the pockets and humble cupboard of the teacher4 ,this custom prevailed until after the commencement of the present century4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cib4 ,,march #ad4 ,,palm ,,saturday4 ,,scotland4 ,on the ,saturday before ,palm ,sunday the boys belonging to the grammar-school at ,lanark1 according to ancient usage1 used to parade the streets with a palm1 or its substitute1 a large tree of the willow kind1 7,salix caprea71 in blossom1 ornamented with daffodils1 mezereon1 and box-tree4 ,this day was called ,palm ,saturday1 and supposed to be a popish relic of very ancient standing4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 ,sinclair1 #agie1 vol4 xv4 p4 #de4 ,,march #ae4 ,,palm ,,sunday4 ,palm ,sunday receives its ,english and the greater part of its foreign names from the custom of bearing palm branches1 in commemoration of those which were strewn in the path of ,christ on his entry into ,jerusalem4 8,it is a custom among churchmen10 says the author of a ,normano-,saxon homily in the reign of ,henry ,,ii41 or ,richard ,i41 8to go in procession on this day4 ,the custom has its origin in the holy procession which our ,saviour made to the place where he chose to suffer death40 ,the ceremony of bearing palms on ,palm ,sunday was retained in ,england after some others were dropped1 and was one of those which ,henry ,,viii4 in #aecf declared were not to be discontinued4 ,in a proclamation in the library of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 dated the #bfth ,february1 #aeci1 8,concernyng rites and ceremonies to be used in due fourme in the ,churche of ,englande10 occurs the following clause3 8,on ,palme ,sonday it shall be declared that bearing of palmes renueth the memorie of the receivinge of ,christe in lyke maner into ,jerusalem before his deathe40 ,again1 in ,fuller's ,church ,history 7#afee1 p4 #bbb71 we read that 8bearing of palms on ,palm ,sunday is in memory of the receiving of ,christ into ,jerusalem a little before his death1 and that we may have the same desire to receive him into our hearts40 ,in ,howe's edition of ,stow's ,chronicle 7#afae1 fol4 p4 #eie71 it is stated1 under the year #aedh1 that 8this yeere the ceremony of bearing of palmes on ,palme ,sunday was left off1 and not used as before40--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aha2 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #abd4 ,it is still customary with our boys1 both in the south and north of ,england1 to go out and gather slips with the willow-flowers or buds at this time4 ,these seem to have been selected as substitutes for the real palm1 because they are generally the only things which can be easily obtained at this season4 ,this practice is still observed in the neighbourhood of ,london4 ,the young people go a-palming2 and the sallow is sold in ,london streets for the whole week preceding ,palm ,sunday4 ,in the north it is called going a-palmsoning or palmsning4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg4 ,stow in his ,survey of ,london 7#afjc1 p4 #ih7 says that 8in the weeke before ,easter had ye great shewes made for the fetching in of a twisted tree or with1 as they termed it1 out of the woodes into the kinge's house1 and the like into every man's house of honor or worship40 ,probably this was a substitute for the palm4 ,an instance of the great antiquity of this practice in ,england is afforded by the ,domesday ,survey1 under ,shropshire1 vol4 i4 p4 #beb1 where a tenant is stated to have rendered in payment a bundle of box twigs on ,palm ,sunday1 8,terra dimid4 car unus reddit inde fascem buxi in die ,palmarum40 ,by an ,act of ,common ,council1 #a and #b ,phil4 and ,mary1 for retrenching expenses1 it was ordered1 8that from henceforth there shall be no wyth fetcht home at the ,maior's or ,sheriff's ,houses4 ,neither shall they keep any lord of misrule in any of their houses40--,strype's ,stow1 #agbj1 book i4 p #bdf4 ,it was formerly the custom in some of the northern parts of ,england for the young men and maids who received the sacrament to walk after dinner into the corn-fields1 and to bless the corn and fruits of the earth4--,kennett1 ,,ms4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,,cornwall4 ,in former days persons resorted to 8,our ,lady of ,nantswell0 with a palm cross in one hand and an offering in the other4 ,the offering fell to the priest's share3 the cross was thrown into the well1 and if it swam was regarded as an omen that the person who threw it would outlive the year2 if however it sank1 a short ensuing death was foreboded4--,carew1 ,survey of ,cornwall1 #ahaa4 ,,derbyshire4 ,on ,palm ,sunday morning1 the boys go into the fields and gather branches of the willow2 these are carried about during the day1 and in some churches it is customary to use them for decoration4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjd4 ,,herefordshire4 ,the return of ,palm ,sunday has1 from time immemorial1 been observed at ,hentland ,church in a peculiar manner4 ,the minister and congregation receive from the churchwardens a cake or bun1 and1 in former times1 a cup of beer also4 ,this is consumed within the church1 and is supposed to imply a desire on the part of those who partake of it to forgive and forget all animosities1 and thus prepare themselves for the festival of ,easter4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #bge4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,hone1 in his ,year ,book 7#ahch1 p4 #aeic71 states that at ,kempton it has long been a custom for the inhabitants to eat figs on this day1 there termed ,fig ,sunday1 where it is also usual for them to keep wassel1 and make merry with their friends4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,a curious and quaint custom existed for very many years at ,caistor ,church1 in ,lincolnshire1 on ,palm ,sunday1 connected with a tenure of property2 and in the particulars of sale1 circulated in #ahde1 is the following account of it3 8,this estate is held subject to the performance1 on ,palm ,sunday in every year1 of the ceremony of cracking a whip in ,caistor ,church1 in the said county of ,lincoln1 which has been regularly and duly performed on ,palm ,sunday1 from time immemorial1 in the following manner3 8,the whip is taken every ,palm ,sunday by a man from ,broughton to the parish of ,caistor1 who1 while the minister is reading the first lesson1 cracks it three distinct times in the church porch1 then folds it neatly up1 and retires to a seat4 ,at the commencement of the second lesson1 he approaches the minister1 and kneeling opposite to him with the whip in his hand1 and the purse at the end of it1 held perpendicularly over his head1 waves it thrice1 and continues in a steadfast position throughout the whole of the chapter4 ,the ceremony is then concluded4 ,the whip has a leathern purse tied at the end of it1 which ought to contain thirty pieces of silver1 said to represent1 according to ,scripture1 8the price of blood40 ,four pieces of weechelm#bd tree1 of different lengths1 are affixed to the stock1 denoting the different ,gospels of the holy ,evangelists2 the three distinct cracks are typical of ,st4 ,peter's denial of his ,lord and ,master three times2 and the waving it over the minister's head as an intended homage to the ,blessed ,trinity40 #bd ,properly ,wych elm 7,ulmus montana74 ,in an article on this subject in the ,archological ,journal 7#ahdi1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bci71 the writer says3 8,i have not been able to trace this custom to its source4 ,it would appear to have prevailed in very primitive times1 and yet the circumstance of the custom requiring the more essential part of the ceremony to be performed during the reading of the second lesson is scarcely reconcilable with this idea2 but ,i am induced to think that the custom prevailed long before our present ritual existed1 and that it has in this respect been accommodated to the changes which time has effected in the services of the ,church4 ,unfortunately1 the title-deeds do not contain the slightest reference to the custom4 ,i have no means of tracing the title beyond #afge4 ,the parish of ,broughton is a very large one1 and anterior to #afge belonged1 with small exceptions1 to the ,anderson family2 but whether ,stephen ,anderson1 the then owner of the manor1 and the #bbjj acres of land sold in #ahde1 was owner of the other part of ,broughton1 which has long been in the possession of ,lord ,yarborough's ancestors1 ,i cannot say4 ,a partition of the property appears to have been made between the co-heiresses1 and the manor and #bbjj acres being settled in #aggb by ,sir ,stephen ,anderson1 of ,eyeworth1 on his niece1 ,frances ,elizabeth ,stephens1 and her issue2 upon her death it became the property of her son1 ,ellys ,anderson ,stephens1 who died in #ahdd1 leaving four daughters and co-heiresses1 and who1 in #ahde1 sold the property to a client of mine1 ,mr4 ,john ,coupland1 and who afterwards sold the manor and about #fjj acres to ,lord ,yarborough1 #ihb acres to myself1 and other portions to different purchasers1 reserving to himself about #bjj acres4 ,i cannot make out when this partition 7above alluded to7 took place4 ,the deed or will by which it was effected would probably refer to the custom and provide for the performance of it1 but there is no document with the title deeds tending to show whether the custom was due only in respect of the manor1 and #bbjj acres1 or in respect of ,lord ,yarborough's portion of the parish as well4 ,the fact of a partition having taken place1 rests rather upon tradition than evidence2 but supposing it1 as ,i do1 to be a fact1 it seems strange that the title-deeds should be silent as to the obligation imposed upon the owner of the manor to perform the service by which the whole property was held4 ,the manor and estate sold in #ahde1 were of the tenure of ancient demesne2 a tenure which is very rare at this time of day1 at least in this part of the world4 ,probably a reference to ,lord ,yarborough's title-deeds would clear up the mystery1 or ,sir ,charles ,anderson may have the means of doing so4 8,i may also refer to ,sir ,culling ,eardley as possibly in a position to throw some light on the subject2 for it was to him and his ancestors1 as lords of the manor of ,hundon1 in ,caistor1 to whom this service was due1 and for whose use the whip was deposited after the service in the pew of ,caistor ,church1 belonging to the lord of the manor of ,hundon4 ,all the versions that ,i have seen of the custom favour the opinion that it had some reference to the subject of the second lesson for ,palm ,sunday1 which is the #bfth chapter of ,st4 ,matthew1 and if so1 it would seem likely to follow1 that the principal part of the ceremony took place at the reading of that chapter2 but in that case it has clearly undergone some change1 because1 until the last revision of the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 there was no proper second lesson for the morning of ,palm ,sunday2 but the #bfth chapter of ,st4 ,matthew was part of the ,gospel for that day1 and had been so from ,anglo-,saxon times4 ,perhaps the better opinion is1 that this custom1 recently discontinued1 had been so varied from time to time as to have borne at last little resemblance to what originally took place4 ,i do not suppose at its commencement it was regarded as at all irreverent1 or was intended to be otherwise than most decorous1 according to the idea of a semi-barbarous age2 what it really was at first it is now impossible to conjecture or discover4 ,the explanation suggested in the particulars of sale appears too much in accordance with modern notions to be altogether correct4 ,some allege a tradition that it was a self-inflicted penance by a former owner of the ,broughton estate for killing a boy with such a whip40 ,in ,may1 #ahcf1 the following petition was presented to the ,house of ,lords by the lord of the manor against the annual observance of this custom2 but without effect3 8,to the ,lords ,spiritual and ,temporal in ,parliament assembled4 8,the petition of the undersigned ,sir ,culling ,eardley ,smith1 of ,bedwell ,park1 in the county of ,hertford1 sheweth1 that your petitioner is lord of the manor of ,hundon1 near ,caistor1 in the county of ,lincoln4 8,that the lord of the manor of ,broughton1 near ,brigg1 in the same county1 yearly1 on ,palm ,sunday1 employs a person to perform the following ceremony in the parish church at ,caistor1 etc42 that the performance of this superstitious ceremony is utterly inconsistent with a place of ,christian worship4 8,that it is generally supposed that it is a penance for murder1 and that1 in the event of the performance being neglected1 the lord of the manor of ,broughton would be liable to the penalty to the lord of the manor of ,hundon4 8,that your petitioner being extremely anxious for the discontinuance of this indecent and absurd practice1 applied to the lord of the manor of ,broughton for the purpose1 who declined entering into any negotiation until the deed should be produced under which the ceremony was instituted1 which deed 7if it has ever existed7 your petitioner is unable to produce4 8,that your petitioner subsequently applied to the ,bishop of ,lincoln to use his influence to prevent the repetition of the ceremony1 and offered to guarantee the churchwardens against any loss in consequence of their refusal to permit it4 8,that your petitioner believes there are no trustees of a dissenting chapel who would permit the minister or officers of their chapel to sanction such a desecration4 8,that the ceremony took place1 as usual1 on ,palm ,sunday1 in this year4 8,your petitioner therefore prays that your ,lordships will be pleased to ascertain from the bishop of the diocese why the ceremony took place2 that1 if the existing law enables any ecclesiastical persons to prevent it1 the law may be hereafter enforced2 and that1 if the present law is insufficient1 a law may be passed enabling the bishop to interfere for the purpose of saving the national ,church from scandal4 8,and your petitioner will ever pray40 ,,northamptonshire4 ,it is the universal custom1 with both rich and poor1 to eat figs on this day4 ,on the ,saturday previous1 the market at ,northampton is abundantly supplied with figs1 and there are more purchased at this time than throughout the rest of the year2 even the charity children1 in some places1 are regaled with them4 ,no conjecture is offered as to the origin or purpose of this singular custom4 ,may it not have some reference to ,christ's desiring to eat figs the day after his triumphant entrance into ,jerusalem8--,baker1 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 i4 p4 #bcb4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,in some parts of this country figs are eaten on ,palm ,sunday1 which is in consequence called ,fig ,sunday4#be--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #bbg4 #be ,see ,mid-,lent ,sunday4 ,,surrey4 ,from time immemorial a fair1 or wake1 has been held in the churchyard of ,crowhurst on ,palm ,sunday4 ,formerly1 excesses were frequently committed on the occasion through the sale of liquors2 but of late years the fair has been conducted with great decorum4--,brayley1 ,topographical ,history of ,surrey1 #ahda1 iv4 p4 #acb4 ,,wiltshire4 ,on ,st4 ,martin's ,hill1 near ,marlborough1 at which there is an ancient camp more than thirty acres in extent1 ,palm ,sunday is kept2 and persons in great numbers used to assemble there1 each carrying a hazel-nut bough with the catkins hanging from it4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 v4 p4 #ddg4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in ,yorkshire and the northern counties ,palm ,sunday is a day of great diversion1 young and old amusing themselves with sprigs of willow1 or in manufacturing palm-crosses1 which are stuck up or suspended in houses4 ,in the afternoon and evening a number of impudent girls and young men sally forth and assault all unprotected females whom they meet out of doors1 seizing their shoes1 and compelling them to redeem them with money4 ,these disgraceful scenes are continued until ,monday morning1 when the girls extort money from the men by the same means2 these depredations were formerly prolonged till ,tuesday noon4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbb1 p4 #fh4 ,at ,filey figs are also eaten on this day4--,cole1 ,history of ,filey1 #ahbf1 p4 #ace4 ,,wales4 ,in ,south ,wales ,palm ,sunday goes by the name of ,flowering ,sunday1 from the custom of persons assembling in the churchyards1 and spreading fresh flowers upon the graves of friends and relatives4--,,times1 #acth ,april1 #ahfh1 p4 #g4 ,,march #af4 ,,lancashire4 ,a rural celebration used to be held at ,poulton-in-the-,fylds on the ,monday before ,good ,friday1 by young men1 under the name of 8,jolly ,lads10 who visited such houses as were likely to afford good entertainments1 and excited mirth by their grotesque habits and discordant noises4 ,this was evidently borrowed from the practice of the pace or pask eggers1 of other parts of the county1 merely preceding instead of following ,easter4--,baines1 ,hist4 of ,lancashire1 #ahcf1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dcf4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,aubrey1 in ,,ms4 ,lansd41 #bca1 gives the following3 ,it is the custom for the boys and girls in country schools in several parts of ,oxfordshire1 at their breaking up in the week before ,easter1 to go in a gang from house to house1 with little clacks of wood1 and when they come to any door1 there they fall a-beating their clacks1 and singing this song3 8,herrings1 herrings1 white and red1 ,ten a penny1 ,lent's dead2 ,rise1 dame1 and give an egg1 ,or else a piece of bacon4 ,one for ,peter1 two for ,paul1 ,three for ,jack a ,lent's all4 ,away1 ,lent1 away60 ,they expect from every house some eggs1 or a piece of bacon1 which they carry baskets to receive1 and feast upon at the week's end4 ,at first coming to the door1 they all strike up very loud1 8,herrings1 herrings10 c41 often repeated4 ,as soon as they receive any largess1 they begin the chorus-- 8,here sits a good wife1 ,pray ,god save her life2 ,set her upon a hod1 ,and drive her to ,god40 ,but if they lose their expectation and must goe away empty1 then1 with a full cry1-- 8,here sits a bad wife1 ,the devil take her life2 ,set her upon a swivell1 ,and send her to the devil40 ,and1 in further indignation1 they commonly cut the latch of the door1 or stop the key-hole with dirt1 or leave some more nasty token of displeasure4--,thom's ,anecdotes and ,traditions1 #ahci1 p4 #aac4 ,,march #ag4 ,,st4 ,,patrick',s ,,day4 ,in the metropolis1 says ,stow in his ,sports1 ,pastimes1 and ,customs of ,london 7#ahdg1 p4 #bda71 this anniversary is generally observed at court as a high festival1 and the nobility crowd and pay their compliments in honour of the tutelary saint of ,ireland4 ,it is usually selected1 also1 for soliciting aid to a great national object--the promotion of education4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,in the ,illustrated ,london ,news of #bbnd ,march1 #ahfb1 p4 #bhe1 is the following paragraph3 8,lord ,langford1 as the highest ,irish nobleman in ,eton ,school1 presented1 on ,st4 ,patrick's ,day1 the beautifully-embroidered badges1 in silver1 of ,st4 ,patrick1 to the head master1 the ,rev4 ,e4 ,balston1 and the lower master1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,carter1 which were worn by the reverend gentlemen during the day4 ,about twenty-four of the ,irish noblemen and gentlemen in the school were invited to a grand breakfast with the head master1 as is customary on these occasions40 ,,ireland4 ,the shamrock is worn in all parts of ,ireland on this day4 ,old women1 with plenteous supplies of trefoil1 may be heard in every direction1 crying 8,buy my shamrock1 green shamrocks20 and children have 8,patrick's crosses0 pinned to their sleeves4 ,this custom is supposed to have taken its origin from the fact that when ,st4 ,patrick was preaching the doctrine of the ,trinity he made use of this plant1 bearing three leaves upon one stem1 as a symbol of the great mystery4#bf #bf ,mr4 ,jones in his ,historical ,account of the ,welsh ,bards 7#agid1 p4 #ac7 says3 ,when ,st4 ,patrick landed near ,wicklow the inhabitants were ready to stone him for attempting an innovation in the religion of their ancestors4 ,he requested to be heard1 and explained unto them1 that ,god is an omnipotent1 sacred ,spirit1 who created heaven and earth1 and that the ,trinity is contained in the ,unity2 but they were reluctant to give credit to his words4 ,st4 ,patrick1 therefore1 plucked a trefoil from the ground1 and expostulated with the ,hibernians3 8,is it not as possible for the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 as for these three leaves to grow upon a single stalk80 ,then the ,irish were immediately convinced of their error1 and were solemnly baptized by ,st4 ,patrick4 ,in ,contributions towards a ,cybele ,hibernica 7,d4 ,moore and ,a4 ,g4 ,more1 #ahff1 p4 #gc7 is the following note3 8,trifolium repens1 ,dutch clover1 ,shamrock4--,this is the plant still worn as shamrock on ,st4 ,patrick's ,day1 though ,medicago lupulina is also sold in ,dublin as the shamrock4 ,edward ,lhwyd1 the celebrated antiquary1 writing in ,december #afii to ,tancred ,robinson1 says1 after a recent visit to ,ireland3 #8,their shamrug is our common clover' 7,phil4 ,trans41 ,no4 #cce74 ,threkeld1 the earliest writer on the wild plants of ,ireland1 gives ,seamar-oge 7young trefoil7 as the ,gaelic name for ,trifolium pratense album1 and says expressly that this is the plant worn by the people in their hats on ,st4 ,patrick's ,day4 ,wade also gives ,seamrog as equivalent to ,trifolium repens1 while the ,gaelic name given for ,oxalis by ,threkeld is ,sealgan40 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bce7 says the ,trifolium filiforme is generally worn in ,cork4 ,it grows in thick clusters on the tops of walls and ditches1 and is to be found in abundance in old limestone quarries in the south of ,ireland4 ,the ,trifolium minus is also worn4 ,the following whimsical song descriptive of ,st4 ,patrick is given on ,hone's authority as one often sung by the ,irish3 ,st4 ,patrick was a gentleman1 and he came from decent people1 ,in ,dublin town he built a church1 and on it put a steeple2 ,his father was a ,wollaghan1 his mother an ,o',grady1 ,his aunt she was a ,kinaghan1 and his wife a widow ,brady4 ,tooralloo1 tooralloo1 what a glorious man our saint was6 ,tooralloo1 tooralloo1 ,o whack fal de lal1 de lal1 etc4 ,och6 ,antrim hills are mighty high1 and so's the hill of ,howth too2 ,but we all do know a mountain that is higher than them both too2 ',twas on the top of that high mount ,st4 ,patrick preach'd a sermon4 ,he drove the frogs into the bogs1 and banished all the vermin4 ,tooralloo1 tooralloo1 etc4 ,no wonder that we ,irish lads1 then1 are so blythe and frisky2 ,st4 ,patrick was the very man that taught us to drink whisky2 ,och6 to be sure he had the knack1 and understood distilling1 ,for his mother kept a sheebeen shop near the town of ,enniskillen4 ,tooralloo1 tooralloo1 etc4-- ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chg4 ,it is customary early in ,february for wealthy farmers and landowners in ,ireland to brew ale to be kept till the #agth of ,march1 ,st4 ,patrick's ,day2 and there is a delicious cake made this day1 to be eaten with pickled salmon4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cfg4 ,some years ago this day was welcomed1 in the smaller towns or hamlets1 by every possible manifestation of gladness and delight4 ,the inn1 if there was one1 was thrown open to all comers1 who received a certain allowance of oaten bread and fish4 ,this was a benevolence from the host1 and to it was added a 8,patrick's pot10 or quantum of beer2 but of late years whisky is the beverage most esteemed4 ,the majority of those who sought entertainment at the village inn were young men who had no families1 whilst those who had children1 and especially whose families were large1 made themselves as snug as possible by the turf fire in their own cabins4 ,where the village or hamlet could not boast of an inn1 the largest cabin was sought out1 and poles were extended horizontally from one end of the apartment to the other2 on these poles1 doors purposely unhinged1 and brought from the surrounding cabins1 were placed1 so that a table of considerable dimensions was formed1 round which all seated themselves1 each one providing his own oaten bread and fish4 ,at the conclusion of the repast they sat for the remainder of the evening over a 8,patrick's pot10 and finally separated quietly4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chf4 ,the following description of ,st4 ,patrick's ,day in ,ireland is taken from the ,time's ,telescope 7#ahbg1 p4 #ff73 ,every one is expected1 says the writer1 to wear a sprig of shamrock in honour of the saint and his country1 and a few pence will supply a family with plenty of this commodity4 ,in the morning upon the breakfast table of the 8master0 and 8the mistress0 is placed a plateful of this herb for a memento that it is ,patrick's ,day1 and they must 8drown the shamrock10 a figurative expression for what the servants themselves do at night in glasses of punch1 if the heads of the family are so kind as to send down the plate of shamrock crowned with a bottle of whisky1 under which is also expected to be found a trifle towards a treat4 ,while the lower circles are1 on this blessed of all ,irish days1 thus enjoying themselves in the evening1 the higher are crowding into that room of the castle entitled ,st4 ,patrick's ,hall1 which is only opened two nights in the year--this1 and the birth-night 7the #bcrd of ,april72 it is a grand ball1 to which none can be admitted who have not been presented and attended the ,viceroy's drawing-rooms2 and of course every one must appear in court dress1 or full uniforms1 except that1 in charity to the ladies1 trains are for that night dispensed with on account of the dancing4 ,a few presentations sometimes take place1 after which the ball commences1 always with a country dance to the air of 8,patrick's ,day10 and after this quadrilles1 etc41 take their turn4 ,,march #ah4 ,,sheelah',s ,,day4 ,,ireland4 ,the day after ,st4 ,patrick's ,day is 8,sheelah's ,day10 or the festival in honour of ,sheelah4 ,its observers are not so anxious to determine who 8,sheelah0 was as they are earnest in her celebration4 ,some say she was 8,patrick's wife10 others that she was 8,patrick's mother10 while all agree that her immortal memory is to be maintained by potations of whisky4 ,the shamrock worn on ,st4 ,patrick's ,day should be worn also on ,sheelah's ,day1 and on the latter night be drowned in the last glass4 ,yet it frequently happens that the shamrock is flooded in the last glass of ,st4 ,patrick's ,day1 and another last glass or two1 or more1 on the same night deluges the over-soddened trefoil4 ,this is not 8quite correct10 but it is endeavoured to be remedied the next morning by the display of a fresh shamrock1 which is steeped at night in honour of 8,sheelah0 with equal devotedness4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chg4 ,,march #ai4 ,,maundy1 ,,or ,,chare ,,thursday4 ,the day before ,good ,friday is termed ,maundy ,thursday1 because1 says the ,british ,apollo 7#agji1 ii4 #g71 on this day our ,saviour washed his disciples' feet1 to teach them the great duty of being humble2 and therefore he gave them a command to do as he had done1 to imitate their ,master in all proper instances of condescension and humility4 ,the origin1 consequently1 of this custom is of very great antiquity1 and1 unlike many other ceremonies connected with the ,church before the ,reformation1 remains in existence in a modified form up to the present day4 ,the original number of poor persons whose feet were washed by the king or queen was thirteen1 but this number was afterwards extended so as to correspond with the age of the reigning sovereign4 ,matthew ,paris mentions ,maundy money1 and the ,benedictional of ,archbishop ,robert at ,rouen1 a manuscript of the #ajth century1 cap4 xxix41 contains a 8,benedictio ad mandatum ipso die0 7,archologia1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #aai71 and ,wlnothus1 ,abbot of ,st4 ,alban's1 ordained a daily performance of the mandate4 ,in other houses it was customary to wash the feet of as many poor people as there were monks in the convent1 on ,holy ,thursday1 and on ,saturday before ,palm ,sunday3 the day of the latter ablution received the name of mandatum pauperum1 to distinguish it from the ,mandati ,dies4 ,during the ceremony the whole choir chanted the words of ,christ1 8,mandatum novum do vobis0 78,a new commandment ,i give unto you074 ,du ,cange quotes from the life of ,st4 ,brigida by ,chilienus3 8,proxima cna fuit ,domini1 qua sancta solebat ,mandatum ,christi calido complere lavacro40 7,du ,cange1 ,gloss41 tom4 iv41 col4 #cii47 ,archdeacon ,nares1 however1 apparently following ,spelman and ,skinner whose opinion is adopted by ,junius1 in opposition to ,minsheu1 says that this day is so named from the maunds1 in which the gifts were contained1 and he maintains that maund is a corruption of the ,saxon mand1 a basket4 ,the glossographer on ,matthew ,paris explains the word mandatum1 to be alms1 from the ,saxon ,mandye1 charity4 ,somner has no such word in his ,dictionary2 and it seems more probable that ,maunday ,thursday has originally been ,mandate ,thursday2 ,mandati ,dies being the name where the ,saxon mands were totally unknown4 lfric1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 having employed the ,latin name of this day1 ,cna ,domini1 gives these directions to the ,saxon priests3 8,on ,thursday you shall wash the altars before you celebrate mass1 otherwise you must not4 ,after vespers you must uncover the altars and let them remain bare until ,saturday1 washing them in the interior4 ,you shall then fast until nones4 ,imple mandata ,domini in cna ipsius4 #8,do on ,thursday as our ,lord commands you2' wash the feet of the poor1 feed and clothe them2 and1 with humility1 wash your feet among yourselves as ,christ himself did1 and commanded us so to do40 ,on the whole there seems to be no reason to doubt that the name maundy is derived from the mandate obeyed on this day4 ,the bread given to the poor on ,maundy ,thursday was named mandate bread1 mandati panes1 in the monasteries2 as the coin given was called mandate money4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 i4 #ahc-ahe4 ,one of the earliest instances on record of a monarch observing this custom1 and which is the more curious as it shows that the practice of regulating the amount of the dole given on ,maundy ,thursday by the age of the king was then in existence1 is preserved in the 8,rotulus ,mis1 or role of the wardrobe expenses of the #adth year of ,king ,john10 in which there appears an item of 8fourteen shillings and one penny1 for alms to thirteen poor persons1 every one of whom received thirteen pence at ,rochester1 on ,thursday1 in ,cna ,domini0 7,holy ,thursday71 ,john having then reigned thirteen complete years4 ,in the wardrobe expenses of ,edward ,i4 we find money given on ,easter eve to thirteen poor people whose feet the ,queen had washed2 which latter custom is said to have been performed by the sovereign so late as the reign of ,james ,,ii4--,thoms1 ,book of the ,court1 #ahdd1 p4 #caa4 ,henry ,,vii4 gave1 when thirty-eight years old1 thirty-eight coins and thirty-eight small purses to as many poor people3 8,march #be4 ,to thirty-eight poor men in almes1 #f #js4 #d;d4 ,for thirty-eight small purses1 #as4 #h;d4 ,there are several entries for the ,maundy in the 8,privy ,purse expenses0 of this sovereign1 as in #adif3 8,april #aj4 ,for bote hire for the ,maundy and the kinges robe1 payed by ,john ,flee1 #ds40 ,the order of the ,maundy1 as practised by ,queen ,elizabeth in #aegi is here given--7from ,no4 #fahc1 ,add4 ,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum73 8,order of the ,maunday made1 at ,greenwich1 #aith ,march #aegi1 #ad ,elizabeth40 8,first4--,the hall was prepared with a long table on each side1 and formes set by them2 on the edges of which tables1 and under those formes were lay'd carpets and cushions for her ,majestie to kneel when she should wash them4 ,there was also another table set across the upper end of the hall somewhat above the foot pace1 for the chappelan to stand at4 ,a little beneath the midst whereof1 and beneath the said foot-pace1 a stoole and cushion of estate was pitched for her ,majestie to kneel at during the service time4 ,this done the holy water1 basons1 alms1 and other things being brought into the hall1 and the chappelan and poor folks having taken the said places1 the laundresse1 armed with a faire towell1 and taking a silver-bason filled with warm water and sweet flowers1 washed their feet all after one another and wiped the same with his towell1 and soe making a crosse a little above the toes kissed them4 ,after hym1 within a little while1 followed the sub-almoner1 doing likewise1 and after him the almoner himself also4 ,then1 lastly1 her ,majestie came into the hall1 and after some singing and prayers made1 and the gospel of ,christ's washing of his disciples' feet read1 #ci ladyes and gentlewomen 7for soe many were the poor folks1 according to the number of the yeares complete of her ,majesties age71 addressed themselves with aprons and towels to waite upon her ,majestie2 and she1 kneeling down upon the cushions and carpets under the feete of the poore women1 first washed one foote of every one of them in soe many several basons of warm water and sweete flowers1 brought to her severally by the said ladies and gentlewomen2 then wiped1 crossed1 and kissed them1 as the almoner and others had done before4 ,when her ,majestie had thus gone through the whole number of #ci 7of which #bj sat on the one side of the hall1 and #ai on the other71 she resorted to the first again1 and gave to each one certain yardes of broad clothe to make a gowne1 so passing to them all4 ,thirdly2 she began at the first1 and gave to each of them a pair of gloves4 ,fourthly2 to each of them a wooden platter1 wherein was half a side of salmon1 as much ling1 six red herrings and lofes of cheat bread4 ,fifthly2 she began with the first again1 and gave to each of them a white wooden dish with claret wine4 ,sixthly2 she received of each waiting-lady and gentlewoman their towel and apron1 and gave to each poor woman one of the same1 and after this the ladies and gentlewomen waited no longer1 nor served as they had done throughout the courses before4 ,but then the treasurer of the chamber1 ,mr4 ,hennage1 came to her ,majestie with thirty-nine small white purses1 wherein were also thirty-nine pence 7as they saye7 after the number of yeares to her ,majestie's saide age1 and of him she received and distributed them severally4 ,which done she received of him soe many leather purses alsoe1 each containing #bjsh4 for the redemption of her ,majestie's gown1 which 7as men saye7 by ancient order she sought to give some of them at her pleasure but she to avoid the trouble of suite1 which accustomablie was made for that preferment1 had changed that reward into money1 to be equally divided amongst them all1 namely1 #bjsh4 a piece1 and she also delivered particularly to the whole company4 ,and so taking her ease upon the cushion of estate and hearing the quire a little while1 her ,majestie withdrew herself and the companye departed1 for it was by that time the sun was setting40 ,charles ,,ii4 observed this custom1 as we find in a letter preserved in the ,rawdon ,letters1 p4 #age3 8,on ,thursday last his ,majesty washed poor men's feet in the ,banquetting ,house1 an act of humility used by his predecessors on ,maundy ,thursday to as many poor men as he had lived years4 ,to each poor man he gave two yards of cloth for a coat1 three ells of linen for a shirt1 shoes1 stockings1 two purses1 the one with thirty-three pence1 the other with twenty pence1 one jole of ling1 one jole of salmon1 a quantity of red and white herrings1 one barrel with beer1 and another with wine1 with which they drank his ,majesty's health4 ,the queen did pay the same observance to several women about one of the clock at ,st4 ,james40 ,after these illustrations of the ceremonies formerly observed in the distribution of the royal alms on ,maundy ,thursday1 it becomes interesting to witness those which obtain at the present time4 ,the following is taken from the ,times newspaper 7,april #fth1 #ahga73 8,those ancient and royal charities designated the ,queen's ,maundy were distributed yesterday in ,whitehall ,chapel during ,divine service with the customary formalities1 to fifty-two aged men and fifty-two aged women1 the number of each one corresponding with the age of her most gracious ,majesty4 ,at three o'clock a procession1 consisting of a detachment of the yeomen of the guard under the command of a sergeant-major 7one of the yeomen carrying the royal alms on a gold salver71 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jelf1 ,d4,d41 ,sub-,almoner1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,hanby1 ,secretary and ,yeoman of the ,royal ,almonry1 and his ,assistant1 ,mr4 ,john ,hanby1 accompanied by senior children from the ,national ,schools in the parish of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist and ,st4 ,margaret1 ,westminster1 who had been selected to participate in this privilege for their good conduct1 proceeded from the ,almonry office1 in ,scotland ,yard1 to the ,chapel ,royal1 ,whitehall4 ,the arrival of the procession having been signified to the ,hon4 and ,very ,rev4 the ,dean of ,windsor1 ,lord ,high ,almoner1 and to the ,sub-,dean of the ,chapels ,royal1 they1 preceded by ,mr4 ,chapman1 ,sergeant of the ,vestry1 met it at the entrance1 and took their places immediately after the yeoman of the guard bearing the salver with the royal alms4 ,the whole procession then advanced in the following order3 ,boys of the ,chapel ,royal1 ,gentlemen of the ,chapel ,royal1 ,priests of the ,chapel ,royal1 ,sergeant-,major of the ,yeoman of the ,guard1 ,the ,yeoman with the ,salver of ,alms1 ,the ,sergeant of the ,vestry1 ,the ,lord ,high ,almoner1 ,the ,sub-,almoner and ,sub-,dean1 ,the ,children of the ,national ,schools1 ,the ,yeoman of the ,almonry and his ,assistant1 ,and the ,yeomen of the ,guard4 ,the procession having passed up the centre aisle to the steps of the altar1 the ,lord ,almoner1 the ,sub-,almoner1 and the ,sub-,dean1 and those forming the procession having taken their assigned places on either side of the chapel1 the royal alms being deposited in front of the royal closet1 the afternoon service 7a special service for the occasion7 was read by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vivian1 senior priest in waiting1 commencing with the ,exhortation1 ,confession1 ,absolution1 c4 ,then followed the #da,,st ,,psalm 7,,the ,,grand ,,chant74 ,,first ,,lesson1 ,,st4 ,,matthew1 ,,chap4 xxv4 #ad-ca4 ,first ,anthem 7,psalm xxxiv47--8,o taste and see how gracious the ,lord is40 ,goss4 #a4 #aes4 distributed to each woman4 ,to each man1 shoes and stockings4 ,second ,anthem4--8,o ,saviour of the world40 ,goss4 ,woollen and linen clothes distributed to each man4 ,third ,anthem4---8,i waited for the ,lord40 ,mendelssohn4 ,money purses distributed to each man and woman4 ,,second ,,lesson1 ,,st4 ,,matthew1 ,,chap4 xxv4 v4 #ca1 to the end4 ,fourth ,anthem 7,psalm xxi47--8,the king shall rejoice in thy strength40 ,greene4 ,then were read two prayers composed for the occasion1 after which followed the prayer for the ,queen1 and so on to the end40 ,the minor bounty and royal gate alms1 c41 were1 in accordance with ancient usage1 distributed at the ,almonry ,office1 in ,scotland ,yard1 on ,friday and ,saturday in the past week1 and on ,monday and ,tuesday during the current week1 to aged1 disabled1 and meritorious persons who had been previously recommended by the clergy of the various parishes in and round ,london4 ,there were over four thousand persons relieved4 ,the selections were made by the ,lord ,high ,almoner1 assisted by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jelf1 ,d4,d4 ,the payments were conducted by ,mr4 ,joseph ,hanby1 secretary and yeoman of ,her ,majesty's ,almonry in ordinary1 who has officiated on these occasions since ,easter1 #ahab1 inclusive4--,see also the ,true ,briton1 #ahja4 ,in ,nares' ,glossary 7#ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #aea7 occurs the following article3 8,chare ,thursday4--,the ,thursday in ,passion week1 corrupted1 according to the following ancient explanation1 from ,shear ,thursday1 being the day for shearing1 or shaving1 preparatory to ,easter4 ,called also ,maundy ,thursday3 8#8,upon ,chare ,thursday ,christ brake bread unto his disciples1 and bade them eat it1 saying it was his flesh and blood4'--,shepherd's ,kalendar4 8#8,if a man asks why ,shere ,thursday is called so1 ye may say that in holy ,chirche it is called ,cena ,domini1 our ,lordes ,super day4 ,it is also in ,englyshe called ,sher ,thursday1 for in old faders dayes the people wolde that day shere theyr hedes1 and clippe theyr berdes1 and poll theyr hedes1 and so make them honest agenst ,ester day4 ,for on ,good ,fryday they doo theyr bodyes none ease1 but suffre penaunce in mynde of him that that day suffred his passyon for all mankynde4 ,on ,ester even it is time to here theyr service1 and after service to make holy daye4 8#8,then1 as ,johan ,bellet sayth1 on ,sher ,thursday a man sholde so poll his here1 and clype his berde1 and a preest sholde shave his crowne1 so that there sholde nothynge be between ,god and hym4'0--,festival1 quoted by ,dr4 ,wordsworth1 in ,eccles4 ,biog4 vol4 i4 p4 #big4 ,in ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 7revised by ,sir ,henry ,ellis71 ,london1 #ahda1 in the chapter headed 8,shere ,thursday1 also ,maundy ,thursday10 the same derivation is given2 and in one of the notes1 a passage is quoted from the ,gent4 ,mag4 7,july #aggi1 p4 #cdi71 in which the writer says3 8,maundy ,thursday1 called by ,collier ,shier ,thursday1 ,cotgrave calls by a word of the same sound and import1 ,sheere ,thursday4 ,perhaps--for ,i can only go upon conjecture--as shear means purus1 mundus1 it may allude to the washing of the disciples' feet 7,john xiii4 #e41 et seq471 and be tantamount to clean4 ,see #ajth verse1 and ,lye's ,saxon ,dictionary v4 ,scip4 ,if this does not please1 the ,saxon scipan signifies dividere1 and the name may come from the distribution of alms upon that day1 for which see ,archol4 ,soc4 ,antiq41 vol4 i4 p4 #g1 seq42 ,spelman1 ,gloss4 v4 ,mandatum2 and ,du ,fresne1 vol4 iv4 p4 #djj4 ,please to observe1 too1 that on that day they also washed the altars1 so that the term in question may allude to that business4--,see ,collier's ,eccles4 ,history1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeg40 ,chare ,thursday1 however1 says ,dr4 ,hahn 7,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #chi71 is the correct expression1 and has nothing whatever to do with shearing or sheer1 or scipan4 ,shere is only a corruption of chare char1 care1 or carr4 ,in ,germany ,passion ,week is called ,charwoche1 and ,good ,friday ,charfreitag4 ,but in former times ,char was prefixed to every day of ,passion ,week1 and we find ,charmontag 7,chare ,monday71 ,chardienstag 7,chare ,tuesday71 c4 ,the origin of ,chare ,thursday is therefore evident4 ,char is an old ,german word signifying luctus1 solicitudo2 ,goth4 kar1 kara2 ,old ,saxon cara2 ,o4-,h4-,g4 chara2 ,anglo-,saxon cearu1 caru1 allied to ,latin cura1 c4#bg #bg ,see ,care ,sunday1 p4 #aba4 ,the original signification chare having become obsolete1 a word of similar sound was substituted in its place1 and hence ,shere ,thursday4 ,,middlesex4 ,robert ,halliday1 by his will1 dated #fth ,may1 #adia1 gave estates in the parish of ,st4 ,leonard1 ,eastcheap1 ,london1 the rents to be applied to various purposes1 and1 amongst others1 five shillings to the churchwardens yearly1 either to make an entertainment among such persons of the said parish of ,st4 ,clement1 who should be at variance with each other1 in the week preceding ,easter1 to induce such persons to beget brotherly love amongst them2 or if none should be found in the said parish1 then to make an entertainment with the said five shillings1 at the tavern1 amongst the honest parishioners of the said parish on the day of our ,lord's ,supper1 commonly called ,shere ,thursday1 that they might pray more fervently for the souls of certain persons named in his will4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #adf4 ,by indenture1 bearing date #aath ,april1 #afia1 ,john ,hall1 granted a messuage1 in the parish of ,st4 ,martin ,ongar1 to ,francis ,kenton and another1 in trust to pay out of the rents thereof1 amongst other sums1 ten shillings a year1 to the churchwardens of the parish of ,st4 ,clement1 ,eastcheap1 ,london1 on the ,thursday next before ,easter1 to provide two turkeys for the parishioners1 to be eaten at their annual feast1 called the reconciling or love feast1 usually made on that day4 ,the house is in the possession of the ,weavers' ,company1 who make the payment for the turkeys annually4--,ibid4 p4 #fj4 ,,northumberland4 ,the ,thursday before ,easter is called ,bloody ,thursday by some of the inhabitants of this and the neighbouring county of ,yorkshire4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #hg2 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #eie4 ,,march #bj4 ,,good ,,friday4 ,the term ,good ,friday is erroneously said to be peculiar to the ,english ,church2 but it is certainly an adoption of the old ,german ,gute ,freytag1 which may have been a corruption of ,gottes ,freytag1 ,god's ,friday1 so called on the same principle that ,easter ,day in ,england was at one period denominated ,god's ,day4 ,in a manuscript homily1 entitled ,exortacio in die ,pasche1 written about the reign of ,edward ,,iv41 we are told that the ,paschal ,day 8in some place is callede ,esterne ,day1 and in sum place ,goddes ,day40--,harl4 ,,mss4 ,cod4 id4 fol4 #id4 ,another ,,ms4 quoted by ,strutt 7,horda ,angel-,cynna1 vol4 iii4 p4 #age7 says it is called ,good ,friday1 because on this day good men were reconciled to ,god4 ,the length of the services in ancient times on this day1 occasioned it to be called ,long ,friday1 the ,lang ,frigdg of the ,anglo-,saxons1 which they probably received from the ,danes1 by whom at the present time the day is denominated ,lang ,freday4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahf4 ,the old ceremony of ,creeping to the ,cross on ,good ,friday is given from an ancient book of the ceremonial of the ,kings of ,england1 in the ,notes to the ,northumberland ,household ,book4 ,the usher was to lay a carpet for the king to 8creepe to the ,crosse upon40 ,the ,queen and her ladies were also to creepe to the ,crosse4 ,in an original ,proclamation1 black letter1 dated #bfth ,february1 #cjth ,henry ,,viii41 in the first volume of a ,collection of ,proclamations in the archives of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london 7p4 #ach71 we read3 8,on ,good ,friday it shall be declared howe creepyng of the ,crosse signifyeth an humblynge of ourselfe to ,christe before the ,crosse1 and the kyssynge of it a memorie of our redemption made upon the ,crosse40 ,anciently it was a custom with the kings of ,england on ,good ,friday to hallow1 with great ceremony1 certain rings1 the wearing of which was believed to prevent the falling sickness4 ,the custom originated from a ring1 long preserved with great veneration in ,westminster ,abbey1 which was reported to have been brought to ,king ,edward by some persons coming from ,jerusalem1 and which he himself had long before given privately to a poor person1 who had asked alms of him for the love he bare to ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,the rings consecrated by the sovereign were called 8,cramp-rings10 and there was a special service for their consecration4 ,andrew ,boorde1 in his ,breviary of ,health1 #aeeg1 speaking of the cramp1 says1 8,the ,kynge's ,majestie hath a great helpe in this matter in halowyng crampe-ringes1 and so geven without money or petition40 ,good ,friday has now almost ceased to be considered a fast by a great number of people4 ,by many indeed its solemn significance is by no means neglected2 but while these attend the churches others make high holiday4 ,on this day excursion trains begin running1 foot-races are advertised1 donkeys and gipsy drivers make their first appearance for the season on heaths and commons1 and ,cornish and ,devonshire wrestlers struggle for muscular triumphs in the presence of excited multitudes4--,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #bfa4 ,in many parts a small loaf of bread is baked on the morning of ,good ,friday1 and then put by till the same anniversary in the ensuing year4 ,this bread is not intended to be eaten1 but to be used as a medicine1 and the mode of administering it is by grating a small portion of it into water and forming a sort of panada4 ,it is believed to be good for many disorders1 but particularly for diarrha1 for which it is considered a sovereign remedy4 ,some years ago1 a cottager lamented that her poor neighbour must certainly die of this complaint1 because she had already given her two doses of ,good ,friday bread without any benefit4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee2 see ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bfb1 #bfc2 see also p4 #aeg4 ,in ,london1 and all over ,england 7not1 however1 in ,scotland71 the morning of ,good ,friday is ushered in with a universal cry of ,hot cross buns6 ,a parcel of them appears on every breakfast-table4 ,it is rather a small bun1 more than usually spiced1 and having its brown sugary surface marked with a cross4 ,the ear of every person who has ever dwelt in ,england is familar with the cry of the street bun-vendors3 8,one a penny1 buns1 ,two a penny1 buns1 ,one a penny1 two a penny1 ,hot ,cross buns60 ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #dah4 ,the following lines are taken from ,poor ,robin's ,almanac for #agcc3 8,good ,friday comes this month1 the old woman runs ,with one or two a penny hot cross buns1 ,whose virtue is1 if you believe what's said1 ,they'll not grow mouldy like the common bread40 ,it seems more than probable that the cross upon the ,good ,friday bun is intended to remind the devout of a ,saviour's sufferings4 ,the following extract in illustration of the ancient name and use of the bun is from ,bryant's ,analysis of ,ancient ,mythology1 #ahjg1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cga-cgc3 8,the offerings which people in ancient times used to present to the gods were generally purchased at the entrance of the ,temple1 especially every species of consecrated bread1 which was denominated accordingly4 ,one species of sacred bread which used to be offered to the gods was of great antiquity1 and called ,boun4 ,hesychius speaks of the ,boun1 and describes it as a #8kind of cake with a representation of two horns4'0 ,julius ,pollux mentions it after the same manner1 8a sort of cake with horns40 ,it must be observed1 however1 as ,dr4 ,jamieson remarks1 that the term occurs in ,hesychius in the form of 1 and that for the support of the etymon ,bryant finds it necessary to state that 8the ,greeks1 who changed the nu final into a sigma1 expressed it in the nominative 1 but in the accusative more truly 40 ,winckelman relates this remarkable fact1 that at ,herculaneum were found two entire loaves of the same size1 a palm and a half1 or five inches in diameter2 they were marked by a cross1 within which were four other lines1 and so the bread of the ,greeks was marked from the earliest period4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg4 ,the ,romans divided their sacred cakes with lines intersecting each other in the centre at right angles1 and called the quarters ,quadra4 8,et violare manu malisque audacibus orbem ,fatalis crusti1 patulis nec parcere quadris40 ,virg4 n4 lib4 vii4 #aad1 #aae4 8,nec te liba juvant1 nec sect quadra placent40 ,mart4 lib4 iii4 ,epig4 #gg4 ,in the ,north of ,england a herb-pudding1 in which the leaves of the passion-dock 7,polygonum ,bistorta7 are a principal ingredient1 is an indispensable dish on this day4 ,the custom is of ancient date1 and it is not improbable that this plant1 and the pudding chiefly composed of it1 were intended to excite a grateful reminiscence of the ,passion1 with a suitable acknowledgment of the inestimable blessings of the ,redemption4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aej4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,a yearly contribution is made of one quarter of wheat1 one quarter of barley1 and one quarter of beans1 by the proprietor of the great tithes of the parish of ,eaton ,bray1 to be distributed among the poor of the parish on ,good ,friday4 ,the great tithes of ,eaton ,bray are vested in the ,master and ,fellows of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 by whose lessee the quantity of grain above specified is regularly supplied2 the whole of which is distributed on ,good ,friday by the churchwardens and overseers1 among poor persons selected by them1 in proportion to their several wants and necessities4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #cc4 ,,berkshire4 ,john ,blagrave1 by will dated #cjth ,june1 #afaa1 devised to ,joseph ,blagrave and his heirs a mansion-house in ,swallowfield1 and all his lands and messuages in ,swallowfield1 ,eversley1 and ,reading1 on condition that they should yearly1 for ever1 upon ,good ,friday1 between the hours of six and nine in the morning1 pay #ajl41 in a new purse of leather1 to the mayor and burgesses1 to the intent that they should provide that the same should yearly be bestowed in the forenoon of the same day in the following manner1 viz41 twenty nobles to one poor maiden servant who should have served1 dwelt1 and continued in any one service within any of the three parishes of ,reading1 in good name and fame1 five years at the least1 for her preferment in marriage2 and to avoid partiality in the choice1 he ordered that there should be every ,good ,friday three such maidens in election1 to cast and try by lot whose the fortune should be1 and that of those three one should be taken out of each parish1 if it could be1 and that every fifth year one of the three should be chosen from ,southcote1 if any there should have lived so long2 and that there should be special choice of such maids as had served longest in any one place1 and whose friends were of least ability to help them4 ,that ten shillings should be given on the same day to the preacher of ,st4 ,laurence for a sermon2 and that afterwards there should be twenty shillings given to threescore of the poorest householders of the same parish who should accompany the maiden to whom the lot had fallen home to her dwelling-place1 and there leave her with her purse of twenty nobles4 ,that the ringer should have three shillings and fourpence to ring a peal till the same maiden reached home4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #adg4 ,,devonshire--,,dorsetshire4 ,in some parishes in these counties the clerk carries round to every house a few white cakes as an ,easter offering2 these cakes1 which are about the eighth of an inch thick1 and of two sizes--the larger being seven or eight inches1 the smaller about five in diameter--have a mingled bitter and sweet taste4 ,in return for these cakes1 which are always distributed after ,divine service on ,good ,friday1 the clerk receives a gratuity according to the circumstances or generosity of the householder4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,,essex4 ,in the centre of ,waltham ,church1 and suspended from the ceiling1 there formerly was a large and handsome brass chandelier1 which had thirty-six candles1 and used to be lighted up only on the evening of ,good ,friday1 when the church was thronged with persons from the surrounding parishes for miles1 who were chiefly attracted by the singing of the parish choir1 at that time deservedly in repute4 ,the chandelier was removed in effecting the restoration of the church4--,maynard1 ,history of ,waltham ,abbey1 #ahfe1 p4 #dj4 ,,lancashire4 ,the practice of eating fig-sue is prevalent in ,north ,lancashire on ,good ,friday4 ,it is a mixture consisting of ale1 sliced figs1 bread1 and nutmeg for seasoning1 boiled together1 and eaten hot like soup4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 p4 #bba4 ,if an unlucky fellow is caught with his lady-love on this day in ,lancashire1 he is followed home by a band of musicians playing on pokers1 tongs1 pan-lids1 etc41 unless he can get rid of his tormentors by giving them money to drink with4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eaf4 ,in some places in this county1 ,good ,friday is termed 8,cracklin ,friday10 as on that day it is customary for children to go with a small basket to different houses1 to beg small wheaten cakes1 which are something like the ,jews' ,passover bread1 but made shorter or richer1 by having butter or lard mixed with the flour4 8,take with thee loaves and cracknels0 7#a ,kings1 xiv4 #c74--;,harland and ,wilkinson1 ,lancashire ,folk-,lore1 #ahfg1 p4 #bbg4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,in ,glentham ,church there is a tomb with a figure known as ,molly ,grime4 ,formerly this figure was regularly washed every ,good ,friday by seven old maids of ,glentham1 with water brought from ,newell ,well1 each receiving a shilling for her trouble1 in consequence of an old bequest connected with some property in that district4 ,about #ahcb the custom was discontinued4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #ajj4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,good ,friday is in some instances superstitiously regarded in the ,isle of ,man4 ,no iron of any kind must be put into the fire on that day1 and even the tongs are laid aside1 lest any person should unfortunately forget this custom and stir the fire with them2 by way of a substitute a stick of the rowan tree is used4 ,to avoid also the necessity of hanging the griddle over the fire1 lest the iron of it should come in contact with a spark of flame1 a large hammock or soddog is made1 with three corners1 and baked on the hearth4--,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aag4 ,,middlesex4 ,it was for a considerable period customary on ,good ,friday for a sermon to be preached in the afternoon at ,st4 ,paul's ,cross1#bh ,london1 the subject generally being ,christ's ,passion4 ,the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen usually attended4 #bh ,respecting the age of ,st4 ,paul's ,cross1 ,stow declares himself ignorant4 ,dugdale1 however1 records1 on the authority of ,ingulphus1 that its prototype1 a cross of stone1 was erected on the same spot1 ,a4,d4 #hgj1 to induce the passers-by to offer prayers for certain monks slain by the ,danes4 ,st4 ,paul's ,cross consisted of some steps1 on which was formed a wooden pulpit1 covered with lead1 whence sermons were preached to the people every ,sunday morning4 ,it was not1 however1 specially reserved for this purpose2 since from this place1 at times1 the anathema of the ,pope was thundered forth1 or the ordinances of the reigning king were published1 heresies were recanted1 and sins atoned for by penance4 ,so early as #abef1 we find ,john ,mancell calling a meeting at ,powly's ,crosse1 and showing the people that it was the king's desire that they should be 8rulyd with justyce1 and that the libertyes of the cytie shulde be maynteyned in every poynt40 ,in #abii the ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's proclaimed from the ,cross that all persons who searched for treasure in the church of ,st4 ,martin-le-,grand1 or consented to the searching1 were accursed2 and it was here that ,jane ,shore1 with a taper in one hand1 and arrayed in her #8kyrtell onelye1' was exposed to open penance4 ,after #afcc1 sermons were no longer preached at the ,cross1 but within the cathedral2 and in #afdc it was altogether taken down4--,godwin and ,britton1 ,churches of ,london1 #ahci2 ,pennant1 ,account of ,london1 #agic2 ,brayley1 ,londiniana1 #ahbi4 ,at the church of ,all ,hallows1 ,lombard ,street1 a sermon is preached every ,good ,friday in accordance with the directions of the will of ,peter ,symonds1 dated #aehg4 ,gifts1 also1 are distributed1 consisting of a new penny and a packet of raisins1 to a certain number of the younger scholars of ,christ's ,hospital4--,city ,press1 ,april #abth1 #ahgc4bi #bi ,under the same will the children of ,langbourn ,ward ,schools who help in the choir1 and the children of the ,sunday ,school1 receive each a bun1 and various sums of new money1 ranging from #a;d4 to #as41 besides the poor of the parish1 on whom it bestowed #as4 each and a loaf4 ,the money used to be given away over the tomb of the donor1 until the railway in ,liverpool ,street effaced the spot4--,city ,press1 ,april #ab1 #ahgc4 ,just outside the church of ,st4 ,bartholomew-the-,great1 ,smithfield1 the rector places twenty-one sixpences on a gravestone1 which the same number of poor widows pick up4 ,the custom is nearly as old as the church1 and originated in the will of a lady1 who left a sum of money to pay for the sermon1 and to yield these sixpences to be distributed over her grave4 ,as however1 her will is lost1 and her tomb gone1 the traditionary spot of her interment is chosen for the distribution1 a strange part of the tradition being that any one being too stiff in the joints to pick up the money is not to receive it4--,ibid4 ,on ,good ,friday the ,portuguese and ,south ,american vessels in the ,london ,docks observe their annual custom of flogging ,judas ,iscariot4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,times 7,april #eth1 #ahgd73--8;,at daybreak a block of wood1 roughly carved to imitate the ,betrayer1 and clothed in an ordinary sailor's suit1 with a red worsted cap on its head1 was hoisted by a rope round its neck into the fore-rigging2 the crews of the various vessels then went to chapel1 and on their return1 about #aa a4m41 the figure was lowered from the rigging1 and cast into the dock1 and ducked three times4 ,it was then hoisted on board1 and after being kicked round the deck was lashed to the capstan4 ,the crew1 who had worked themselves into a state of frantic excitement1 then with knotted ropes lashed the effigy till every vestige of clothing had been cut to tatters4 ,during this process the ship's bell kept up an incessant clang1 and the captains of the ships served out grog to the men4 ,those not engaged in the flogging kept up a sort of rude chant intermixed with denunciations of the ,betrayer4 ,the ceremony ended with the burning of the effigy amid the jeers of the crowd40 ,there is an indorsement on one of the indentures of gift to the parish of ,hampstead stating that #dj had been given by a maid1 deceased1 to the intent that the churchwardens for the time being should provide and give to every one--rich and poor1 great and small1 young and old persons--inhabiting the parish1 upon every ,good ,friday yearly for ever1 one halfpenny loaf of wheaten bread4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #af4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,formerly1 at ,brazen-nose ,college1 ,oxford1 the scholars had almonds1 raisins1 and figs for dinner on ,good ,friday1 as appears by a receipt of thirty shillings1 paid by the butler of the ,college1 for 8eleven pounds of almonds1 thirty-five pounds of raisins1 and thirteen pounds of figs1 serv'd into ,brazen-nose ,college1 ,march #bhth1 #affb40--,pointer's ,oxoniensis ,academia1 #agdi1 p4 #ga4 ,,surrey4 ,a custom1 the origin of which is lost in the obscurity of time1 prevails in the neighbourhood of ,guildford of making a pilgrimage to ,st4 ,martha's 7or ,martyr's7 ,hill on ,good ,friday4 ,thither from all the country side youths and maidens1 old folks and children1 betake themselves1 and gathered together on one of the most beautiful spots in ,surrey1 in full sight of an old ,norman ,church which crowns the green summit of the hill1 beguile the time with music and dancing4 ,whatever the origin of this pilgrimage to ,st4 ,martha's1 it is apparently one that commends itself to the taste of the present generation1 and is not likely to die out with the lapse of years1 but to increase in popular estimation as long as the green hill lasts to attract the worshippers of natural beauty1 or to furnish the mere votaries of pleasure with the excuse and the opportunity for a pleasant holiday4--,times1 ,april #ahth1 #ahgj4 ,,sussex4 ,at ,brighton1 on this day1 the children in the back streets bring up ropes from the beach4 ,one stands on the pavement on one side1 and one on the other1 while one skips in the middle of the street4 ,sometimes a pair 7a boy and a girl7 skip together1 and sometimes a great fat bathing-woman will take her place1 and skip as merrily as the grandsire danced in ,goldsmith's ,traveller4 ,they call the day 8,long ,rope ,day40 ,this was done as lately as #ahfc4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ddd4 ,,worcestershire4 ,the parish church at ,leigh is decked on this day with 8funereal yew40 ,the same custom exists also at ,belbroughton in the same county4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in ,east ,yorkshire it was customary to keep a hot-cross-bun from one ,good ,friday to the next1 as it was reputed not to turn mouldy1 and to protect the house from fire4 ,presents of eggs and buns are made on this day4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #eie4 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby1 as late as the end of the last century1 the old people were in the habit of walking barefooted to the church--a custom continued from times prior to the ,reformation4 ,returning home from church they regaled themselves with hot-cross-buns1 and having tied a certain number in a bag1 they hung them up in the kitchen1 where they remained till the next ,good ,friday for medicinal purposes1 the belief being that persons labouring under any disease had only to eat of a bun to be cured4 ,about this time many young persons would meet together to 8make ,christ's bed40 ,this was done by gathering a quantity of long reed-leaves from the river1 and weaving them into the shape of a man2 they then laid the figure on a wooden cross in a retired part of a field or garden1 where they left it4 ,this custom is perhaps derived from an old popular popish custom of burying an image of ,christ on ,good ,friday1 which is described in ,barnabe ,googe's translation of ,nao-,georgus3 8,another image do they get1 like one but newly deade1 ,with legges stretcht out at length1 and hands upon his body spreade3 ,and him with pomp and sacred song they beare unto his grave40 --,mason1 ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #ai4 ,,ireland4 ,in the midland districts of ,ireland1 viz41 the province of ,connaught1 on ,good ,friday1 it is a common practice with the lower orders of ,irish ,catholics to prevent their children having any sustenance1 even to those at the breast1 from twelve o'clock on the previous night to the same hour on ,friday1 and the fathers and mothers will only take a small piece of dry bread and a draught of water during the day4 ,it is a common sight to see along the roads between the different market towns1 numbers of women with their hair dishevelled1 barefooted1 and in their worst garments3 all this is in imitation of ,christ's ,passion4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #daa4 ,,march #ba4 ,,easter ,,eve4 ,on ,easter ,eve it was customary in our own country to light in the churches what was called the ,paschal ,taper4 ,in ,coates's ,history of ,reading 7#ahjb1 p4 #aca7 is the following extract from the ,churchwarden's accounts3 8,paid for makynge of the ,paschall and the ,funte ,taper1 #es4 #h;d40 ,a note on this observes1 8,the ,pascal taper was usually very large4 ,in #aeeg the ,pascal taper for the ,abbey ,church of ,westminster was #cjj pounds weight40--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh4 ,on the eves of ,easter and ,whitsunday ,font-hallowing was one of the very many ceremonies in early times4 ,the writer of a ,,ms4 volume of ,homilies in the ,harleian ,library1 ,no4 #bcga1 says1 8in the begynning of holy chirch1 all the children weren kept to be chrystened on thys even1 at the font-hallowyng2 but now1 for enchesone that in so long abydynge they might dye without chrystendome1 therefore holi chirch ordeyneth to chrysten in all tymes of the yeare1 save eyght dayes before these evenys the chylde shalle abyde till the font-hallowing1 if it may safely for perill of death1 and ells not40 ,,cumberland1 ,,etc4 ,in ,cumberland and ,westmoreland1 and other parts of the north of ,england1 boys beg1 on ,easter ,eve1 eggs to play with1 and beggars ask for them to eat4 ,these eggs are hardened by boiling1 and tinged with the juice of herbs1 broom-flowers1 c4 ,the eggs being thus prepared1 the boys go out and play with them in the fields2 rolling them up and down like bowls upon the ground1 or throwing them up like balls into the air4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #agb4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,during the last century it was customary in this county1 on ,easter ,eve1 for the boys to form a procession bearing rough torches1 and a small black flag1 chanting the following lines3 8,we fasted in the light1 ,for this is the night40 ,this custom was no doubt a relic of the ,popish ceremony formerly in vogue at this season4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #afj4 ,,middlesex4 ,brayley in his ,londiniana 7#ahbi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjg7 mentions a custom of the sheriffs1 attended by the ,lord ,mayor1 going through the streets on ,easter ,eve1 to collect charity for the prisoners in the city prisons4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in ,east ,yorkshire young folks go to the nearest market-town to buy some small article of dress or personal ornament1 to wear for the first time on ,easter ,sunday1 as otherwise they believe that birds--notably rooks or 8crakes0--will spoil their clothes4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #eie4 ,in allusion to the custom of wearing new clothes on ,easter ,day ,poor ,robin says3 8,at ,easter let your clothes be new1 ,or else be sure you will it rue40 ,,ireland4 ,the day before ,easter ,day is in some parts called 8,holy ,saturday40 ,on the evening of this day1 in the middle parts of ,ireland1 great preparations are made for the finishing of ,lent4 ,many a fat hen and dainty piece of bacon is put into the pot1 by the cotter's wife1 about eight or nine o'clock1 and woe be to the person who should taste it before the cock crows4 ,at twelve is heard the clapping of hands1 and the joyous laugh1 mixed with an ,irish phrase which signifies 8out with the ,lent40 ,all is merriment for a few hours1 when they retire1 and rise about four o'clock to see the sun dance in honour of the ,resurrection4 ,this ignorant custom is not confined to the humble labourer and his family1 but is scrupulously observed by many highly respectable and wealthy families4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 ,,march #bb4 ,,easter ,,day4 ,easter1 the anniversary of our ,lord's ,resurrection from the dead1 is one of the three great festivals of the ,christian year--the other two being ,christmas and ,whitsuntide4 ,from the earliest period of ,christianity down to the present day1 it has always been celebrated by believers with the greatest joy1 and accounted the queen of festivals4 ,in primitive times it was usual for ,christians to salute each other on the morning of this day by exclaiming1 #8,christ is risen2' to which the person saluted replied1 #8,christ is risen indeed1' or else1 #8,and hath appeared unto ,simon'--a custom still retained in the ,greek ,church4 ,the term ,easter is derived1 as some suppose1 from ,eostre1#cj the name of a ,saxon deity1 whose feast was celebrated every year in the spring1 about the same time as the ,christian festival--the name being retained when the character of the feast was changed1 or1 as others suppose1 from ,oster1 which signifies rising4 ,if the latter supposition be correct1 ,easter is in name1 as well as reality1 the feast of the ,resurrection4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbc2 see ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #cj ,eostre is perhaps a corruption of ,astarte1 the name under which the ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,phnicians1 and the most ancient nations of the east worshipped the moon1 in like manner as they adored the sun1 under the name of ,baal4 ,in former times it was customary to make presents of gloves at ,easter4 ,in ,bishop ,hall's ,virgidemarium1 #aeih1 iv4 #e1 allusion is made to this custom4 8,for ,easter gloves1 or for a ,shrovetide hen1 ,which bought to give1 he takes to sell again40 ,it was an old custom for the barbers to come and shave the parishioners in the churchyard on ,sundays and high festivals 7at ,easter1 etc417 before matins1 which liberty was retained by a particular inhibition of ,richard ,flemmyng1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 ,a4,d4 #adbb4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbf1 p4 #gc4 ,allusion is made by ,mr4 ,fosbroke 7,british ,monachism1 #ahdc1 p4 #ef7 to a custom in the thirteenth century of seizing all ecclesiastics who walked abroad between ,easter and ,pentecost1 because the ,apostles were seized by the ,jews after ,christ's ,passion1 and making them purchase their liberty by money4 ,the custom of eating a 8gammon at ,easter10 says ,aubrey 7which is still kept up in many parts of ,england71 was founded on this1 viz41 to show their abhorrence of ,judaism at that solemn commemoration of our ,lord's ,resurrection4 ,of late years the practice of decorating churches with flowers on this festival has been much revived4 ,,cornwall4 ,a very singular custom prevailed at ,lostwithiel on ,easter ,sunday4 ,the freeholders of the town and manor having assembled together1 either in person or by their deputies1 one among them1 each in his turn1 gaily attired and gallantly mounted1 with a sceptre in his hand1 a crown on his head1 and a sword borne before him1 and respectfully attended by all the rest on horseback1 rode through the principal street in solemn state to the church4 ,at the churchyard stile the curate1 or other minister1 approached to meet him in reverential pomp1 and then conducted him to church to hear divine service4 ,on leaving the church he repaired1 with the same pomp and retinue1 to a house previously prepared for his reception4 ,here a feast1 suited to the dignity he had assumed1 awaited him and his suite1 and being placed at the head of the table1 he was served1 kneeling1 with all the rites and ceremonies that a real prince might expect4 ,the ceremony ended with a dinner2 the prince being voluntarily disrobed1 and descending from his momentary exaltation to mix with common mortals4 ,on the origin of this custom but one opinion can be reasonably entertained1 though it may be difficult to trace the precise period of its commencement4 ,it seems to have originated in the actual appearance of the prince1 who resided at ,restormel ,castle in former ages2 but on the removal of royalty this mimic grandeur stepped forth as its shadowy representative1 and continued for many generations as a memorial to posterity of the princely magnificence with which ,lostwithiel had formerly been honoured4--,hitchins1 ,history of ,cornwall1 #ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gag4 ,,cumberland4 ,at one time it was customary to send reciprocal presents of eggs at ,easter to the children of families respectively betwixt whom any intimacy existed4 ,for some weeks preceding ,good ,friday the price of eggs advanced considerably1 from the great demand occasioned by this custom4 ,the principal modes adopted to prepare the eggs for presentation were the following3--,the eggs being immersed in hot water for a few moments1 the end of a common tallow-candle was made use of to inscribe the names of individuals1 dates of particular events1 c4 ,the warmth of the eggs rendered this a very easy process4 ,thus inscribed1 the egg was placed in a pan of hot water1 saturated with cochineal1 or other dye-woods2 the part over which the tallow had been passed was impervious to the operation of the dye2 and1 consequently1 when the egg was removed from the pan1 there appeared no discoloration of the egg where the inscription had been traced1 but the egg presented a white inscription on a coloured ground4 ,the colour of course depended upon the taste of the person who prepared the egg2 but usually much variety of colour was made use of4 ,another method of ornamenting 8pace eggs0 was1 however1 much neater1 although more laborious than that with the tallow candle4 ,the egg being dyed1 it was decorated1 by means of a penknife1 with which the dye was scraped off1 leaving the design white on a coloured ground4 ,an egg was frequently divided into compartments1 which were filled up according to the taste and skill of the designer4 ,generally1 one compartment contained the name and also the age of the party for whom the egg was intended4 ,in another there was perhaps a landscape1 and sometimes a cupid was found lurking in a third2 so that these 8pace eggs0 became very useful auxiliaries to the missives of ,st4 ,valentine4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,the words pays1 pas1 pace1 pase1 pasce1 pask1 pasch1 passhe1 formerly used in this county1 and still used in the north1 are clearly derived from the ,hebrew through the ,greek 4 ,the ,danish ,paaske-egg1 and the ,swedish ,paskegg1 both likewise signify coloured eggs4 ,brand considers this custom a relic of ancient ,catholicism1 the egg being emblematic of the ,resurrection2 but it is not improbable that it is in its origin like many other ancient popular customs1 totally unconnected with any form of ,christianity1 and that it had its commencement in the time of heathenism4 ,the egg was a symbol of the world1 and ancient temples in consequence sometimes received an oval form4 ,this typification is found in almost every oriental cosmogony4 ,the sacred symbol is still used in the rites of the ,beltein1 which are1 unquestionably of heathen origin1 and eggs are presented about the period of ,easter in many countries4 8,easter10 says a recent tourist1 8is another season for the interchange of civilities when1 instead of the coloured egg in other parts of ,germany1 and which is there merely a toy for children1 the ,vienna ,easter egg is composed of silver1 mother-of-pearl1 bronze1 or some other expensive material1 and filled with jewels1 trinkets1 or ducats4--7,sketches of ,germany and the ,germans in #ahcd1 #ahce1 and #ahcf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afb2 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb47 ,this latter custom has lately become very popular in ,london4 ,john ,troutbeck1 by will1 ,october #bgth1 #aghg1 gave to the poor of ,dacre1 the place of his nativity1 #bjjl4 the interest thereof to be distributed every ,easter ,sunday on the family tombstone in ,dacre churchyard1 provided the day should be fine1 by the hands and at the discretion of a ,troutbeck of ,blencowe1 if there should be any living1 those next in descent having prior right of distribution2 and if none should be living that would distribute the same1 then by a ,troutbeck1 as long as one could be found that would take the trouble of it2 otherwise by the ministers and churchwardens of the parish for the time being2 that not less than five shillings should be given to any individual1 and that none should be considered entitled to it that received alms1 or any support from the parish4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #aae4 ,,derbyshire4 ,on ,easter ,sunday the old custom of sugar-cupping at the dripping-torr1 near ,tideswell1 is observed2 when the young people assemble at the torr1 each provided with a cup and a small quantity of sugar or honey1 and having caught the required quantity of water1 and mixed the sugar with it1 drink it1 repeating a doggerel verse4#ca--;,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjd4 #ca ,it is also a general belief in this county that unless a person puts on some new article of dress he will be injured by the birds1 and have no good fortune that year--,ibid4 p4 #bje2 see also p4 #afj4 ,,kent4 ,hasted1 in his ,history of ,kent 7#agih1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ach71 states that1 in the parish of ,biddenden there is an endowment of old but unknown date for making a distribution of cakes among the poor every ,easter ,day in the afternoon4 ,the source of the benefaction consists in twenty acres of land1 in five parcels1 commonly called the ,bread and ,cheese ,lands4 ,practically1 in ,mr4 ,hasted's time1 six hundred cakes were thus disposed of1 being given to persons who attended service1 while two hundred and seventy loaves of three and a half pounds weight each1 with a pound and a half of cheese1 were given in addition to such as were parishioners4 ,the cakes distributed on this occasion were impressed with the figures of two females side by side1 and close together4#cb ,amongst the country people it was believed that these figures represented two maidens named ,preston1 who had left the endowments2 and they further alleged that the ladies were twins1 who were born in bodily union1 that is1 joined side to side1 as represented on the cakes2 who lived nearly thirty years in this connection1 when at length one of them died1 necessarily causing the death of the other in a few hours4 ,it is thought by the ,biddenden people that the figures on the cakes are meant as a memorial of this natural prodigy1 as well as of the charitable disposition of the two ladies4 ,mr4 ,hasted1 however1 ascertained that the cakes had only been printed in this manner within the preceding fifty years1 and concluded more rationally that the figures were meant to represent two widows1 8as the general objects of a charitable benefaction40 #cb ,an engraving of one of these cakes will be found in the ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddc4 ,if ,mr4 ,hasted's account of the ,biddenden cakes be the true one1 the story of the conjoined twins--though not inferring a thing impossible or unexampled--must be set down as one of those cases1 of which we find so many in the legends of the common people1 where a tale is invented to account for certain appearances1 after the real meaning of the appearance was lost4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbg2 see ,britton and ,brayley1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahjc1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bjh2 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #fj4 ,,middlesex4 ,according to ,lysons' ,environs of ,london 7#agie1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fjc7 there was an ancient custom at ,twickenham of dividing two great cakes in the ,church upon ,easter ,day1 among the young people2 but it being looked upon as a superstitious relic1 it was ordered by ,parliament1 #afde1 that the parishioners should forbear this custom1 and1 instead thereof1 buy loaves of bread for the poor of the parish with the money that should have bought the cakes4 ,it appears that the sum of #a per annum is still charged upon the vicarage for the purpose of buying penny loaves for poor children on the ,thursday before ,easter4 ,within the memory of man they were thrown from the church-steeple to be scrambled for2 a custom which prevailed also at ,paddington4 ,,norfolk4 ,in this county it is customary to eat baked custards at ,easter1 and cheesecakes at ,whitsuntide4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdh4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,at ,university ,college1 ,oxford1 on this day1 the representation of a tree1 dressed with evergreens and flowers1 is placed on a turf close to the buttery1 and every member there resident1 as he leaves the ,hall after dinner1 chops at the tree with a cleaver4 ,the ,college cook stands by holding a plate1 in which the ,master deposits half a guinea1 each ,fellow five shillings and sixpence4 ,this custom is called 8chopping at the tree40--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #dfh4 ,on ,easter ,day the rector of ,ducklington for the time being1 as long as can be remembered1 has paid #aj per annum1 which was formerly given away in the church amongst the parishioners1 in veal or apple pies3 of late years it has been given away in bread4 ,all the parishioners of ,ducklington and ,hardwick who apply1 whether rich or poor1 without any distinction1 partake of it according to the size of their families4 ,many of the farmers take the bread as they say1 for the sake of keeping up their right4 ,it is stated that there is no document or record relating to this payment1 nor any tradition respecting its origin4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #ad4 ,the rector of ,swerford supplies a small loaf for every house in the parish on ,easter ,sunday1 which is given after evening service4 ,it is understood that this is given on account of a bushel of wheat1 which is payable out of a field called ,mill ,close1 part of the glebe4 ,each house1 whether inhabited by rich or poor1 receives a loaf4--,ibid4 p4 #ah4 ,,yorkshire4 ,it was customary in this country1 for the young men in the villages to take off the young girls' buckles1 and1 on the ,easter ,monday1 the young men's shoes and buckles were taken off by the young women4 ,on the ,wednesday they were redeemed by little pecuniary forfeits1 out of which an entertainment called a ,tansey ,cake1 was provided1 and the jollity concluded with dancing4 ,at ,ripon1 where this custom also prevailed1 it is reported that no traveller could pass the town without being stopped1 and1 if a horseman1 having his spurs taken away1 unless redeemed by a little money1 which was the only means to get them returned4 ,this seems to bear an affinity to the custom of hocking4 ,cole in his ,hist4 of ,filey 7#ahbh1 p4 #acf7 mentions a similar custom as practised in that place4 ,he says1 the young men seize the shoes of the females1 collecting as many as they can1 and1 on the following day1 the girls retaliate by getting the men's hats1 which are to be redeemed on a subsequent evening1 when both parties assemble at one of the inns1 and partake of a rural repast4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai4 ,two farms lying in the township of ,swinton1 and which belong to ,earl ,fitzwilliam1 every year change their parish4 ,for one year1 from ,easter ,day at twelve at noon till next ,easter ,day at the same hour1 they lie in the parish of ,mexbrough1 and then till ,easter ,day following at the same hour1 they are in the parish of ,wath-upon-,dearne1 and so alternately4--,blount's ,ancient ,tenures of ,land4 ,,wales4 ,easter ,day is generally kept in ,wales as the ,sunday1 that is1 with much and becoming respect to the sacredness of the day4 ,it is also marked by somewhat better cheer1 as a festival1 of which lamb is considered as a proper constitutional part4 ,in some places1 however1 after morning prayer1 vestiges of the sundry sports and pastimes remain4 ,it is thought necessary to put on some new portion of dress at ,easter and unlucky to omit doing so1 were it but a new pair of gloves or a ribbon4 ,this idea is evidently derived from the custom of former times1 of baptizing at ,easter1 when the new dress was in some degree symbolical of the new character assumed by baptism4 ,,ireland4 ,the solemnity of ,easter 7says ,bishop ,kennett7 was anciently observed in ,ireland with so great superstition that they thought it lawful to steal all the year1 to hoard up provisions against this festival time4--,kennett ,,ms4 ,in some parts of ,ireland at ,easter a cake1 with a garland of meadow flowers1 is elevated upon a circular board upon a pike1 apples being stuck upon pegs around the garland4 ,men and women then dance round1 and they who hold out longest win the prize4#cc--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbf1 p4 #cg4 #cc ,plutarch mentions a trial for dancing3 a cake the prize4 ,,march #bc4 ,,easter ,,monday4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,in the ,parliamentary ,returns of #aghf a donor of the name of ,randell is stated to have given by deed1 in #aeig1 five quarters of wheat and money to the poor of ,edlesborough4 ,forty-nine bushels of wheat were yearly sent by ,lady ,bridgewater to the mill to be ground in respect of this charity4 ,they were ground1 and the flour baked at her expense2 the bread was made up in four-pound loaves1 which were given away by the parish officers on ,easter ,monday to all the poor of the parish1 in shares varying according to the size of the families1 a loaf being given to each individual4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #ah4 ,,cheshire4 ,pasch eggs are begged at the farmhouses2 the children sing a short song1 asking for-- 8,eggs1 bacon1 apples1 or cheese1 ,bread or corn1 if you please1 ,or any good thing that will make us merry40 ,these eggs are in some parts of the county boiled in vinegar1 and otherwise ornamented1 and hung up in the houses until another year4 ,in some cottages as many as a score may be seen hanging4 ,the custom of lifting is also observed4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #ahej1 vol4 v4 p4 #bec4 ,in a pamphlet entitled ,certayne ,collections of ,anchiante ,times1 concerning the ,anchiante and ,famous ,cittie of ,chester1 already referred to and published in ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia1 is the following account of a curious practice once observed at ,chester1 8,there is an anchant custome in this cittie of ,chester3 the memory of man now livinge not knowing the original1 that upon ,monday in ,easter weeke1 yearely1 commonly called ,black ,mondaye1 the two sheriffes of the cittie do shoote for a breakfaste of calves-heades and bacon1 commonly called the ,sheriffes' ,breakfaste1 the maner being thus3 the day before1 the drum soundeth through the cittie1 with a proclamation for all gentlemen1 yeomen1 and good fellowes1 that will come with their bowes and arrowes to take part with one sheriff or the other1 and upon ,monday morning1 on the ,rode-dee1 the ,mayor1 shreeves1 aldermen1 and any other gentlemen that be there1 the one sherife chosing one1 and the other sherife chosing another1 and soe of the archers2 the one sherife shoteth1 and the other sherife he shoteth to shode him1 beinge at length some twelve score1 soe all the archers on one side to shote till it be shode1 and so till three shutes be wonne1 and then all the winners' side goe up together1 first with arrowes in their hands1 and all the loosers with bowes in their hands together1 to the common hall of the cittie1 where the maior1 aldermen1 and the reste1 take parte together of the saide breakfaste in loveing manner4 ,this is yearely done1 it beinge a commendable exercise1 a good recreation1 and a lovinge assemblye40 ,in the year #afdj the sheriffs gave a piece of plate to be run for1 instead of the calves'-head breakfast4 ,in #afgd1 a resolution was entered in the ,corporation journals that the calves'-head feast was held by ancient custom and usage1 and was not to be at the pleasure of the sheriffs and leave-brokers4 ,in the month of ,march1 #afgf-g1 the sheriffs and leave-brokers were fined #aj1 for not keeping the calves'-head feast4 ,for this feast an annual dinner was afterwards substituted1 usually given by the sheriffs at their own houses on any day most suitable to their convenience4 ,,derbyshire4 ,during a visit to the little village of ,castleton1 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #eie71 ,i noticed every child without exception had a bottle of elecampane--the younger ones having one tied round their necks--all sucking away at this curious compound of ,spanish juice1 sugar1 and water with great assiduity4 ,i was informed by a very old man that the custom had always obtained at ,castleton on this day as long as he could remember4 ,the custom of lifting was practised in some of the northern parts of this county4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bje4 ,,essex4 ,easter ,monday was formerly appropriated to the grand 8,epping ,hunt40 ,so far back as the year #abbf1 ,king ,henry ,,iii4 confirmed to the citizens of ,london free-warren1 or liberty to hunt a circuit about their city1 in the warren of ,staines1 c42 and in ancient times1 the ,lord ,mayor1 aldermen1 and corporation1 attended by a due number of the constituents1 are said to have availed themselves of this right of chase 8in solemn guise40 ,but years ago1 the 8,epping ,hunt0 lost the ,lord ,mayor and his brethren in their corporate capacity2 the annual sport subsequently dwindled into a mere burlesque and farcical show amongst the mob1 and even that has died away1 and is now numbered 8amongst the things that were40--,sports1 ,pastimes and ,customs of ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #bg4 ,the following extract illustrative of this ancient custom is taken from the ,chelmsford ,chronicle 7,april #aeth1 #ahje73 8,on ,monday last ,epping ,forest was enlivened with the celebrated stag-hunt4 ,the road from ,whitechapel to the ,bald-faced ,stag1 on the forest1 was covered with cockney sportsmen1 chiefly dressed in the costume of the chase1 in scarlet-frock1 black jockey cap1 new boots1 and buckskin breeches4 ,by ten o'clock the assemblage of civil hunters1 mounted on all sorts and shapes1 could not fall short of #a1bjj4 ,there were numberless ,dianas1 also of the chase1 from ,rotherhithe1 the ,minories1 c41 some in riding-habits1 mounted on titups1 and others by the side of their mothers1 in gigs1 tax-carts1 and other vehicles appropriate to the sports of the field4 ,the ,saffron ,walden stag-hounds made their joyful appearance about half after ten1 but without any of the ,melishes or ,bosanquets1 who were more knowing sportsmen1 than to risk either themselves1 or their horses1 in so desperate a burst4 ,the huntsmen having capped their half crowns1 the horn blew just before twelve1 as a signal for the old fat one-eyed-stag 7kept for the day7 being enlarged from the cart4 ,he made a bound of several yards1 over the heads of some pedestrians1 at first starting1 when such a clatter commenced as the days of ,nimrod never knew4 ,some of the scarlet-jackets were sprawling in the high road a few minutes after starting--so that a lamentable return of the maimed1 missing1 thrown1 and thrown out1 may naturally be supposed4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj2 see ,long ,ago1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ai1 #dd1 #hc1 #adf2 also ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 x4 pp4 #cgc1 #cii1 #dfj1 #dgh2 xi4 p4 #bf4 ,,herefordshire4 ,at this season1 in the neighbourhood of ,ross1 the rustics have a custom called corn-showing4 ,parties are made to pick out cockle from the wheat4 ,before they set out they take with them1 cake1 cider1 and a yard of toasted cheese4 ,the first person who picks the cockle from the wheat has the first kiss of the maid and the first slice of the cake4 ,this custom1 doubtless1 takes its origin from the ,roman as appears from the following line of ,ovid 7,fasti1 i4 #fia73-- 8,et careant loliis oculos vitiantibus agri40 8,let the fields be stripped of eye-diseasing cockle40 --,fosbroke1 ,ariconensia or ,archological ,sketches of ,ross and ,archenfield1 #ahbb4 ,,kent4 ,at this season young people go out holiday-making in public-houses1 to eat pudding-pies1 and this practice is called going a pudding-pieing4 ,the pudding-pies are from the size of a teacup to that of a small tea-saucer4 ,they are flat1 like pastrycooks' cheesecakes1 made with a raised crust to hold a small quantity of custard1 with currants lightly sprinkled on the surface4 ,pudding-pies and cherry-beer usually go together at these feasts4--,hone's ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #cfa4 ,,lancashire4 ,in ,lancashire1 and in ,cheshire1 ,staffordshire1 and ,warwickshire1 and perhaps in other counties1 the ridiculous custom of #8lifting' or #8heaving' is practised4 ,on ,easter ,monday the men lift the women1 and on ,easter ,tuesday the women lift or heave the men4 ,the process is performed by two lusty men or women joining their hands across each other's wrists1 then1 making the person to be heaved sit down on their arms1 they lift him up aloft two or three times1 and often carry him several yards along a street4 ,a grave clergyman who happened to be passing through a town in ,lancashire on an ,easter ,tuesday1 and having to stay an hour or two at an inn1 was astonished by three or four lusty women rushing into his room1 exclaiming they had 8come to lift him60 8,to lift him60 repeated the amazed divine2 8what can you mean80 8,why1 your reverence1 we've come to lift you1 'cause it's ,easter ,tuesday40 8,lift me because it's ,easter ,tuesday6 ,i don't understand you--is there any such custom here80 8,yes to be sure2 why1 don't you know8 ,all us women was lifted yesterday1 and us lifts the men to-day in turn4 ,and1 in course1 it's our reights and duties to lift 'em40 ,after a little further parley the reverend traveller compromised with his fair visitors for half-a-crown1 and thus escaped the dreaded compliment4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i41 p4 #dbe4 ,agnes ,strickland in her ,lives of the ,queens of ,england 7#ahfd1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc71 narrates how on the ,easter ,monday of #abij seven of ,queen ,eleanora's ladies unceremoniously invaded the chamber of ,king ,edward 7,i471 and seizing their majestic master1 proceeded to 8heave him0 in his chair1 till he was glad to pay a fine of fourteen pounds to enjoy his own peace and be set at liberty4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,public ,advertiser1 ,april #acth1 #aghg3--,the custom of rolling down ,greenwich-hill at ,easter is a relique of old city manners1 but peculiar to the metropolis4 ,old as the custom has been1 the counties of ,shropshire1 ,cheshire and ,lancashire boast of one of equal antiquity1 which they call heaving1 and perform with the following ceremonies1 on the ,monday and ,tuesday in the ,easter week4 ,on the first day1 a party of men go with a chair into every house into which they can get admission1 force every female to be seated in their vehicle1 and lift them up three times with loud huzzas4 ,for this they claim the reward of a chaste salute1 which those who are too coy to submit to may get exempted from by a fine of one shilling1 and receive a written testimony which secures them from a repetition of the ceremony for that day4 ,on the ,tuesday the women claim the same privilege1 and pursue their business in the same manner1 with this addition--that they guard every avenue to the town1 and stop every passenger1 pedestrian1 equestrian or vehicular40 ,a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag41 #aghd1 vol4 xcvi4 p4 #if1 says that lifting was originally designed to represent our ,saviour's ,resurrection4 ,,middlesex4--,,london4 ,in the ,easter holidays the young men1 says ,fitzstephen 7in his tract entitled #8,descriptio ,nobilissim ,civitatis ,londoni1' circa #aagd71 counterfeit a fight on the water3 a pole is set up in the midst of the river1 with a target strongly fastened to it1 and a young man standing in the fore part of a boat1 which is prepared to be carried on by the flowing of the tide1 endeavours to strike the target in his passage4 ,if he succeeds so as to break his lance1 and yet preserve his footing1 his aim is accomplished2 but if he fail1 he tumbles into the water1 and his boat passes away with the stream4 ,on each side1 however1 of the target1 ride two vessels1 wherein are stationed several young men ready to snatch him from the water1 as soon as he appears again above the surface4 ,formerly the ,lord ,mayors and the sheriffs were accustomed to1 separately1 ask each of their friends as were aldermen or governors of the hospitals1 whom they saw at church1 to dine with them at their own houses4 ,but1 in process of time1 however1 it was agreed that the ,lord ,mayor should invite all that were at church on the first day2 and the two sheriffs1 in their turn1 on the next succeeding days4 ,hence1 by degrees1 they began to invite other of the friends1 and the aldermen bringing their ladies1 other ladies were also invited1 so that the private houses not being large enough1 they began to entertain at their respective halls4--,brayley1 ,londiniana1 #ahbi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bh4 ,,northumberland4 ,formerly1 at ,easter and ,whitsuntide1 the mayor1 aldermen1 and sheriff of ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 with a great number of the burgesses1 went yearly to the ,forth1 or ,little ,mall of the town1 with the mace1 sword1 and cap of maintenance carried before them1 and patronised the playing at hand-ball1 dancing1 and other amusements1 and sometimes joined in the ball-play1 and at others joined hands with the ladies4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcj4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,deering1 in his ,historical ,account of ,nottingham 7#agea1 p4 #abe71 says3--,by a custom time beyond memory1 the mayor and aldermen of ,nottingham and their wives have been used on ,monday in ,easter week1 morning prayer ended1 to march from the town to ,st4 ,anne's ,well1 having the town waits to play before them1 and attended by all the clothing1 i4e41 such as have been sheriffs1 and ever after wear scarlet gowns1 together with the officers of the town1 and many other burgesses and gentlemen1 such as wish well to the woodward--this meeting being first instituted1 and since continued for his benefit4 ,,warwickshire4 ,easter ,monday and ,tuesday1 says a correspondent of ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahc71 were known by the name of heaving-days1 because1 on the former day1 it was customary for the men to heave and kiss the women1 and on the latter for the women to retaliate upon the men4 ,the women's heaving-day was the most amusing4 ,many a time have ,i passed along the streets inhabited by the lower orders of people1 and seen parties of jolly matrons assembled round tables on which stood a foaming tankard of ale4 ,there they sat in all the pride of absolute sovereignty1 and woe to the luckless man that dared to invade their prerogatives6 ,as sure as he was seen he was pursued2 as sure as he was pursued he was taken2 and1 as sure as he was taken1 he was heaved and kissed1 and compelled to pay sixpence for 8leave and licence0 to depart4 ,at one time a custom was observed at ,birmingham1 on the ,easter ,monday1 called 8,clipping the ,church40 ,this ceremony was performed amid crowds of people and shouts of joy1 by the children of the different charity schools1 who at a certain hour flocked together for the purpose4 ,the first comers placed themselves hand in hand with their backs against the ,church1 and were joined by their companions1 who gradually increased in number1 till at last the chain was of sufficient length completely to surround the sacred edifice4 ,as soon as the hand of the last of the train had grasped that of the first1 the party broke up1 and walked in procession to the other ,church 7for in those days ,birmingham boasted but of two71 where the ceremony was repeated4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #dca4 ,they have an ancient custom at ,coleshill1 says ,blount1 7,jocular ,tenures1 ,beckwith's ,edition1 p4 #bhf71 that if the young men of the town can catch a hare1 and bring it to the parson of the parish before ten o'clock on ,easter ,monday1 the parson is bound to give them a calf's-head1 and a hundred eggs for breakfast1 and a groat in money4 ,,worcestershire4 ,at sunset upon ,easter ,monday1 and at no other period throughout the year1 a game is played by the children of ,evesham called 8thread-my-needle40 ,from the season of this observance1 as well as the cry of the players while elevating their arms arch-wise1 which now is3 8,open the gates as high as the sky1 ,and let ,victoria's troops pass by10 it is probable1 says ,may in his ,hist4 of ,evesham 7#ahde1 p4 #cai71 that the custom originally had reference to the great festival of the church and the triumphant language of the ,psalmist1 applied to the event commemorated at this period--,psalm xxiv4 #i3 #8,lift up your heads1 ,o ye gates2 and be ye lift up1 ye everlasting doors2 and the ,king of glory shall come in40 ,the accuracy of this supposition1 however1 may be fairly doubted4 ,,wales4 ,in ,north ,wales1 says ,pennant1 the custom of heaving upon ,monday and ,tuesday in ,easter week is preserved2 and on ,monday the young men go about the town and country1 from house to house1 with a fiddle playing before them1 to heave the women4 ,on the ,tuesday the women heave the men4 ,at ,tenby ,easter ,monday was always devoted to merry-making2 the neighbouring villages 7,gumfreston especially7 were visited1 when some amused themselves with the barbarous sport of cock-fighting1 while others frequented the two tea-parties held annually at ,tenby and ,gumfreston1 and known as the 8,parish ,clerks' ,meeting40--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #ba4 ,,scotland4 ,,berwick-,,upon-,,tweed4 ,it is pleasurable1 says ,fuller in his ,history of ,berwick-upon-,tweed 7#agii1 p4 #dde71 to see what a great number of lovely and finely-dressed children make their appearance on ,easter ,monday1 which is known in this neighbourhood as the ,children's ,day4 ,being attended by a multitude of servants1 they parade and run about for many hours1 amusing themselves in a variety of ways4 ,this charming group is joined more or less by the parents of the children1 who1 together with such as are attracted by curiosity1 form1 on such occasions1 a company of a great many hundreds4 ,they assemble in greatest numbers behind the barracks1 where the rampart is broadest4 ,the fruiterers attend in full display1 as well as many itinerants in various pursuits4 ,the whole company may be called a sportive fair4 ,,ireland4 ,in the ,county of ,antrim this day is observed by several thousands of the working classes of the town and vicinity of ,belfast resorting to the ,cave-hill1 about three miles distant1 where the day is spent in dancing1 jumping1 running1 climbing the rugged rocks1 and drinking4 ,here many a rude brawl takes place1 many return home with black eyes1 and in some cases with broken bones4 ,indeed it is with them the greatest holiday of the year1 and to not a few it furnishes laughable treats to talk about till the return of the following spring4 ,on this evening a kind of dramatic piece is usually brought forward at the ,belfast ,theatre1 called ,the ,humours of the ,cave-hill4--,the ,table ,book1 p4 #ejg4 ,,co4 ,,clare4 ,on ,easter ,monday multitudes go to ,scattery ,island for the purpose of performing penance on their bare knees1 round the stony beach and holy well there4 ,tents are generally erected on this occasion1 and often times more whisky is taken by the pilgrims than is found convenient on their return in crowded boats4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dei4 ,,co4 ,,down4 ,at ,holywood the trundling of eggs1 as it is called1 is an amusement common at ,easter4 ,for this purpose the eggs are boiled hard1 and dyed of different colours1 and1 when they are thus prepared1 the sport consists in throwing or trundling them along the ground1 especially down a declivity1 and gathering up the broken fragments to eat them4 ,formerly it was usual with the women and children to collect in large bodies for this purpose1 though nothing can be1 to all appearance1 more unmeaning than this amusement4 ,they yet pursue it in the vicinity of ,belfast4 ,it is a curious circumstance that this sport is practised only by the ,presbyterians4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahai1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjg4 ,on ,easter ,monday several hundreds of young persons of the town and neighbourhood of ,portaferry resort1 dressed in their best1 to a pleasant walk near that town1 called 8,the ,walter40 ,the avowed object of each person is to see the fun1 which consists in the men kissing the females1 without reserve1 whether married or single4 ,this mode of salutation is quite a matter of course2 it is never taken amiss1 nor with much show of coyness2 the female must be very ordinary indeed1 who returns home without having received at least a dozen hearty kisses4 ,tradition is silent as to the origin of this custom1 which of late years is on the decline1 especially in the respectability of the attendants4--,the ,table ,book1 p4 #ejf4 ,,march #bd4 ,,easter ,,tuesday4 ,,middlesex4 ,every ,easter ,tuesday1 in pursuance of an ancient custom1 the boys of ,christ's ,hospital1 ,london1 pay a visit to the ,mansion ,house1 and receive from the ,lord ,mayor the customary ,easter gifts4 ,on reaching the ,mansion ,house1 they march into the ,egyptian ,hall1 and on passing the ,lord ,mayor1 receive a gratuity in coins fresh from the mint4 ,to the fifteen ,grecians a guinea each is given2 nine probationers1 half-a-guinea2 forty-eight monitors1 half-a-crown2 and the ordinary scholars1 one shilling each4 ,each boy also before leaving receives a glass of wine and two buns4 ,the boys wear linen badges on their coats1 on which the words 8,he is risen0 are inscribed4 ,after this ceremony1 the ,lord ,mayor and the rest of the civic authorities go in the customary state to ,christ ,church1 ,newgate ,street1 where the second ,spital sermon is preached4 ,at this service the whole of the ,christ's ,hospital boys attend4--,see ,daily ,news1 ,april #abth1 #ahga1 and ,april #crd1 #ahgb4 ,,northumberland4 ,holly-bussing1 says a writer in the ,newcastle ,express 7,april #afth1 #aheg71 is a vernacular expression for a very ancient custom celebrated at ,netherwitton1 the origin of which is unknown4 ,on ,easter ,tuesday the lads and lasses of the village and vicinity meet1 and1 accompanied by the parish clerk1 who plays an excellent fiddle1 the inspiring strains of which put mirth and mettle in their heels1 proceed to the wood to get holly2 with which some decorate a stone cross that stands in the village while others are 8bobbing around0 to 8,speed the ,plough0 or 8,birnie ,bouzle40 ,,march #be4 ,,lady ,,day4 ,the ,festival of the ,annunciation commemorates in the ,christian world the message of the ,angel to the ,virgin ,mary3 hence it was anciently called ,st4 ,mary's ,day in ,lent1 to distinguish it from other festivals in her honour3 8,seinte ,marie ,daye in ,leynte1 among ,all other dayes gode1 ,is ryt for to holde heghe ,he so whoso bein vnderstode40 ,harl4 ,,ms4 ,codex #bbgg1 fol4 i4 ,all the festivals of the ,virgin are properly ,lady ,days1 but this falling in ,lent1 and being the first quarter day for rents and other payments1 readily became ,lady ,day par excellence4 ,otherwise considered1 it is simply an abridgment of 8,our ,lady ,day the ,annunciation10 as we find it written in the reign of ,henry the ,sixth4 ,some old customs on paying quarterly rents are noticed in ,gascoigne's ,flowers of ,poesie1 #dto1 #aege3 ,and when the tenantes come to paie their quarter's rent1 ,they bring some fowle at ,midsummer1 a dish of fish in ,lent1 ,at ,christmasse a capon1 at ,michaelmasse a goose1 ,and somewhat else at ,new ,yeare's tide for feare their lease flie loose40 --,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf2 ,forster1 ,perenn4 ,calend4 #ahda1 p4 #eae4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,at ,st4 ,alban's certain buns called 8,pope ,ladies0 are sold on ,lady ,day1 their origin being attributed by some to the following story3--,a noble lady and her attendants were travelling on the road to ,st4 ,alban's 7the great ,north road passes through this town71 when they were benighted and lost their way4 ,lights in the clock-tower at the top of the hill enabled them at length to reach the monastery in safety1 and the lady in gratitude gave a sum of money to provide an annual distribution on ,lady ,day of cakes1 in the shape of ladies1 to the poor of the neighbourhood4 ,as this bounty was distributed by the monks1 the 8,pope ,ladies0 probably thus acquired their name4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #dab4 ,another correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 x4 #cda7 says these buns are sold on the first day of each year1 and that there is a tradition that they have some relation to the myth of ,pope ,joan4--,see also the ,gent4 ,mag4 #ahbj1 vol4 xc4 p4 #ae4 ,,lancashire4 ,the gyst-ale1 or guising-feast1 was an annual festival of the town of ,ashton-under-,lyne4 ,it appears from the rental of ,sir ,john de ,assheton1 compiled ,a4,d4 #adbb1 that twenty shillings were paid to him as lord of the manor for the privilege of holding this feast by its then conductors4 ,the persons named in the roll as having paid #cs4 #d;d4 each are3--8,margret1 that was the wife of ,hobbe the ,kynges 7of misrule72 ,hobbe ,adamson2 ,roger the ,baxter2 ,robert ,somayster2 ,jenkyn of the ,wode2 and ,thomas of ,curtual40 ,the meaning of the term gyst-ale is involved in some obscurity--most probably the payments above were for the gyst1 or hire1 for the privilege of selling ale and other refreshments during the festivals held on the payment of the rents of the manor4 ,these guisings were frequently held in the spring1 most probably about ,lady ,day1 when manorial rents were usually paid2 and1 as the fields were manured with marl about the same period1 the term marlings has been supposed to indicate the rough play or marlocking which was then practised4 ,this1 however1 must be a mistake1 since the term relates to merry pranks1 or pleasure gambols only1 and has no connection with marl as a manure4 ,these gyst-ales1 or guisings1 once ranked amongst the principal festivals of ,lancashire1 and large sums of money were subscribed by all ranks of society in order that they might be celebrated with becoming splendour4 ,the lord of the manor1 the vicar of the parish1 the farmer1 and the operative1 severally announced the sums they intended to give1 and when the treasurer exclaimed 8,a largesse10 the crowd demanded 8from whom80 and then due proclamation was made of the sum subscribed4 ,the real amount1 however1 was seldom named1 but it was announced that 8,lord ,johnson10 or some other equally distinguished person had contributed 8a portion of ten thousand pounds0 towards the expenses of the feast4 ,after the subscription lists were closed an immense garland was prepared1 which contained abundance of every flower in season1 interspersed with a profusion of evergreens and ribbons of every shade and pattern4 ,the framework of this garland was made of wood1 to which hooks were affixed1 and on these were suspended a large collection of watches1 jewels1 and silver articles borrowed from the richer residents in the town4 ,on the day of the gyst this garland was borne through the principal streets and thoroughfares1 attended by crowds of townspeople dressed in their best attire4 ,these were formed into a procession by a master of the ceremonies1 locally termed the king4 ,another principal attendant was the ,fool1 dressed in a grotesque cap1 a hideous grinning mask1 a long tail hanging behind him1 and a bell with which he commanded attention when announcements were to be made4 ,in an early period of these guisings the fool was usually mounted on a hobby-horse1 and indulged in grotesque pranks as he passed along--hence we obtained the term 8hob-riding10 and more recently the proverbial expression of 8riding one's hobby to death40--,harland and ,wilkinson1 ,legends and ,traditions of ,lancashire1 #ahgc1 p4 #hf4 ,,norfolk4 ,on a table of benefactions in the ,church at ,oxburgh it is stated that ,sir ,henry ,bedingfield paid at ,lady ,day annually #b for lands belonging to the township of ,oxburgh2 that this was called walk money1 and was given to the poor4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #abd4 ,,isle ,,of ,,thanet4 ,evelyn in his ,diary1 under the date of ,march #beth1 #afgb 7,bohn's ,edition1 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gh71 says3 8,observing almost every tall tree to have a weather-cock on the top bough1 and some trees half-a-dozen1 ,i learned that on a certain holiday the farmers feast their servants1 at which solemnity they set up these cocks as a kind of triumph40 ,,ireland4 ,at ,kilmacteige1 ,co4 of ,sligo1 the ,lady ,days are observed with most scrupulous attention1 that is to say1 so far as abstaining from all kind of daily labour1 or following any trade or calling1 although their sanctity does not operate on their minds so as to induce them to refrain from sports and pastimes1 cursing or swearing1 or frequenting tippling-houses and drinking to excess4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad-ai1 vol ii4 p4 #hfd4 ,,march #bi4 ,,low ,,sunday4 ,the ,octave or first ,sunday after ,easter4 ,the author of ,christian ,sodality1 a collection of discourses1 #afeb1 says3--,this day is called ,white or ,low ,sunday because in the ,primitive ,church those neophytes that on ,easter ,eve were baptized and clad in white garments did to-day put them off1 with this admonition1 that they were to keep within them a perpetual candour of spirit1 signified by the ,agnus ,dei hung about their necks1 which1 falling down upon their breasts1 put them in mind what innocent lambs they must be1 now that of sinful1 high1 and haughty men they were by baptism made low1 and little children of ,almighty ,god1 such as ought to retain in their manners and lives the ,paschal feasts which they had accomplished4 ,seymour in his ,survey of ,london 7#agcd1 ,b4 iv4 p4 #ajj7 tells us that the aldermen used to meet the ,lord ,mayor and sheriffs at ,st4 ,paul's in their scarlet gowns1 furred1 without their cloaks1 to hear the sermon4 ,,wales4 ,fenton in his ,tour through ,pembrokeshire 7#ahaa1 p4 #die7 alludes to the game of ,knappan as being played at ,pwlldu1 in the parish of ,penbedw1 on low ,easter-day4 ,he says the knappan was a ball of some hard wood1 of such a size as a man might hold in his hand1 and was boiled in tallow to make it slippery4 ,the players at this game were very numerous1 frequently amounting to a thousand or fifteen hundred people1 parish against parish1 hundred against hundred1 and sometimes county against county4 ,when the company assembled1 about one or two o'clock in the afternoon1 entirely naked1 with the exception of a light pair of breeches1 a great shout was given as the signal to begin1 and the ball was hurled bolt upright into the air by one of the parties and at its fall he that caught it hurled it towards the county or goal he played for4 ,the players consisted of horse and foot1 who in the purest times of the game never mixed1 being governed by certain rules and regulations that were never violated2 but long before this game was disused various abuses and disorders had crept into it1 so that it served to inflame every bad passion1 engender revenge1 foment private quarrels1 and stimulate even to bloodshed and murder4 ,,april #a4 ,,all ,,fools' ,,day4 ,on this day a custom prevails not only in ,britain1 but on the ,continent1 of imposing upon and ridiculing people in a variety of ways4 ,it is very doubtful what is the precise origin of this absurd custom4 ,in ,france the person imposed upon on ,all ,fools' ,day is called ,poisson d',avril1 an ,april ,fish1 which ,bellingen1 in his ,etymology of ,french ,proverbs1 published in #afef1 thus explains4 ,the word ,poisson1 he contends1 is corrupted through the ignorance of the people from ,passion1 and length of time has almost totally defaced the original intention1 which was as follows3 that as the ,passion of our ,saviour took place about this time of the year1 and as the ,jews sent ,christ backwards and forwards to mock and torment him1 that is1 from ,annas to ,caiaphas1 from ,caiaphas to ,pilate1 from ,pilate to ,herod1 and from ,herod back again to ,pilate1 this ridiculous custom took its rise from thence1 by which we send about from one place to another such persons as we think proper objects of our ridicule4 ,a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag41 #aghc1 vol4 liii4 p4 #egh1 also conjectures that this custom may have an allusion to the mockery of the ,saviour of the world by the ,jews4 ,another attempt to explain it has been made by referring to the fact that the year formerly began in ,britain on the #beth of ,march1 which was supposed to be the ,incarnation of our ,lord1 and the commencement of a new year was always1 both among the ancient heathens and among modern ,christians1 held as a great festival4 ,it is to be noted then that the #ast of ,april is the octave of the #beth of ,march1 and the close consequently of that feast which was both the festival of the ,annunciation and of the ,new ,year4 ,hence it may have become a day of extraordinary mirth and festivity4 ,alluding to this custom1 ,charles ,dickens1 jun4 7,gent4 ,mag4 #ahfi1 ,new ,series1 vol4 ii4 p4 #edc71 says3 ,a prince of the house of ,lorraine1 confined in one of ,louis ,,xiii4's prisons1 made his escape on the #ast of ,april by swimming across the moat1 and is accordingly commemorated as a poisson d',avril to this day4 ,why this should be so is not very clear1 inasmuch as the gaolers and not the prince would have been the ,april fools on the occasion4 ,a later version of the same story would appear to be the correct one4 ,here the prince and his wife1 escaping in the disguise of peasants on the #ast of ,april1 were recognised by a servant-maid as they were passing out of the castle-gates4 ,she immediately made for the guard-room1 giving the alarm to a sentinel by the way1 but1 unfortunately for her1 yet happily for the fugitives1 although she may have forgotten that it was ,all ,fool's ,day1 the soldiers on guard had not4 ,the information was treated with the utmost contempt1 the soldiers declining to be made game of1 and while the royal prison-breakers got clear off1 it is said that the luckless informer was soundly buffetted by the guard for her ill-timed jocularity4 ,this version of the story1 however1 goes to prove nothing beyond the fact that the custom of making ,april fools was well known in the time of ,louis ,,xiii41 but in nowise accounts for the curious expression poisson d',avril2 while the swimming story explains the fish1 but leads one to believe that the incident was the origin of the dedication of the #ast of ,april to fools4 ,another curious explanation of this peculiar custom1 giving it a ,jewish origin1 has also been suggested4 ,it is said to have begun from the mistake of ,noah sending the dove out of the ,ark before the water had abated on the first day of the ,hebrew month1 answering to our month of ,april1 and to perpetuate the memory of this deliverance it was thought proper1 whoever forgot so remarkable a circumstance1 to punish them by sending them upon some sleeveless errand similar to that ineffectual message upon which the bird was sent by the patriarch4--,public ,advertiser1 ,april #acth1 #agfi4 ,maurice1 in his ,indian ,antiquities 7vi4 #ga71 says that the custom prevailing both in ,england and ,india had its origin in the ancient practice of celebrating with festival rites the period of the vernal equinox1 or the day when the new year of ,persia anciently began4 ,addison1 in the ,spectator1 referring to the year #agaa1 remarks that 8a custom prevails everywhere among us on the #ast of ,april1 when everybody takes it in his head to make as many fools as he can4 ,a neighbour of mine--a very shallow1 conceited fellow1 makes his boast that for these ten years successively he has not made less than a hundred ,april fools4 ,my landlady had a falling-out with him1 about a fortnight ago1 for sending every one of her children upon some 8sleeveless errand10 as she terms it4 ,her eldest son went to buy a halfpenny-worth of inkle at a shoemaker's2 the eldest daughter was dispatched half a mile to see a monster2 and1 in short1 the whole family of innocent children were made ,april fools4 ,nay1 my landlady herself did not escape him4 ,the empty fellow has laughed upon these conceits ever since40 ,in the north of ,england persons imposed upon on this day are called 8,april ,gouks40 ,a gouk1 or gowk1 is properly a cuckoo1 and is used here1 metaphorically1 in vulgar language1 for a fool4 ,the cuckoo is1 indeed1 everywhere a name of contempt4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aci4 ,,hampshire4 ,in this county the following rhyme is said after twelve o'clock3-- 8,april fool's gone past1 ,you're the biggest fool at last2 ,when ,april fool comes again ,you'll be the biggest fool then40 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajj4 ,,middlesex4 ,in connection with the ancient custom of making 8,april fools0 on the #ast of ,april1 the following hoax was practised on the ,london public on the #ast ,april1 #ahfj4 ,some days previous thousands of persons received a neatly printed and official-looking card1 with a seal marked by an inverted sixpence at one of the angles4 ,it was to this effect3--8,tower of ,london4 ,admit the ,bearer and ,friend to view the ,annual ,ceremony of washing the ,white ,lions on ,sunday ,april #ast1 #ahfj4 ,admitted at the ,white ,gate4 ,it is particularly requested that no gratuity be given to the ,warders or their ,assistants40 ,the hoax succeeded remarkably well1 and consequently several thousand persons were taken in4 ,for many hours cabs might have been seen wending their way towards ,tower ,hill on that ,sunday morning2 the drivers asking every one they met 8,how they should get to the ,white ,gate40 ,at last this piece of deception was found out1 and the many thousands who had been thus imposed upon returned home highly disgusted4 ,,scotland4 ,the ,scotch have a custom of ,hunting the ,gowk1 as it is termed4 ,this is done by sending silly people upon fools' errands from place to place by means of a letter1 in which is written3-- 8,on the first day of ,april ,hunt the ,gowk another mile40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #adj4 ,,april #c4 ,,st4 ,,richard',s ,,day4 ,aubrey1 in ,,ms4 ,lansd4 #bca1 says3 8,this custome is yearly observed at ,droitwich1 in ,worcestershire1 where1 on the day of ,st4 ,richard1 they keep holyday1 and dresse the well with green boughs and flowers4 ,one yeare in the ,presbyterian time it was discontinued in the civil warres1 and after that the springe shranke up or dried up for some time2 so afterwards they revived their annual custom1 notwithstanding the power of the parliament and soldiers1 and the salt water returned again and still continues4 ,this ,st4 ,richard was a person of great estate in these parts1 and a briske young fellow that would ride over hedge and ditch1 and at length became a very devout man1 and after his decease was canonized for a saint40 ,,april #g4 ,,hock1 ,,or ,,hoke ,,day4 ,a popular holiday mentioned by ,matthew ,paris and other ancient writers4 ,it was usually kept on the ,tuesday following the second ,sunday after ,easter ,day1 and distinguished by various sportive pastimes1 which consisted1 according to ,spelman1 in the men and women binding each other1 and especially the women the men1 and so was called 8,binding ,tuesday40 ,jacob 7,law ,dictionary1 #agig7 says that 8,hokeday1 or ,hock ,tuesday 7,dies ,martis1 quem quindenam ,pasch vocant71 was a day so remarkable that rents were reserved and payable thereon2 and in the accounts of ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 there is a yearly allowance pro mulieribus hockantibus1 in some manors of theirs in ,hants1 where the men hock the women on ,monday1 and the contrary on ,tuesday2 the meaning of it is1 that on that day the women in merriment stop the way with ropes1 and pull passengers to them1 desiring something to be laid out in pious uses4 ,the following remarks are taken from ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #dii3-- ,the meaning of the word hoke or hock seems to be totally unknown1 and none of the derivations yet proposed seem to be deserving of our consideration4#cd ,the custom may be traced1 by its name at least1 as far back as the thirteenth century1 and appears to have prevailed in all parts of ,england1 but it became obsolete early in the last century4 ,at ,coventry1 which was a great place for pageantry1 there was a play or pageant attached to the ceremony1 which1 under the title of 8,the old ,coventry play of ,hock ,tuesday10 was performed before ,queen ,elizabeth during her visit to ,kenilworth1 in ,july #aege4 ,it represented a series of combats between the ,english and ,danish forces1 in which twice the ,danes had the better1 but at last1 by the arrival of the ,saxon women to assist their countrymen1 the ,danes were overcome1 and many of them were led captive in triumph by the women4 ,queen ,elizabeth laughed well at this play1 and is said to have been so much pleased with it that she gave the actors two bucks and five marks in money4 ,the usual performance of this play had been suppressed in ,coventry soon after the ,reformation1 on account of the scenes of riot which it occasioned4 #cd ,some have supposed that the term hock-day is equivalent to 8dies irrisionis10 or irrisiorius1 a day of scorn and triumph1 or1 as we now say1 8a day of hoaxing0--,med4 vi ,kalend41 #ahda1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aih4 ,verstegan derives ,hoc-tide from ,heughtyde1 which1 he says1 in the ,netherlands means a festival season4 ,denne conjectures the name of this festivity to have been derived from ,hockzeit1 the ,german word for a wedding4 ,skinner mentions a derivation from the ,dutch hocken1 desidere1 and adds1 8mallem igitur deducere ab ,a4,s4 ,heah-tid40 ,kennett 7,paroch4 ,antiq4 p4 #die7 suggests the ,saxon headg1 which answers to the ,french haut-jour4--,see ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahd-aia4 ,it will be seen that this ,coventry play was founded on the statement which had found a place in some of our chronicles as far back as the fourteenth century1 that these games of hock-tide were intended to commemorate the massacre of the ,danes on ,st4 ,brice's ,day1 #ajjb2 while others1 alleging the fact that ,st4 ,brice's ,day is the #acth of ,november1 suppose it to commemorate the rejoicings which followed the death of ,hardicanute1 and the accession of ,edward the ,confessor1 when the country was delivered from ,danish tyranny4 ,others1 however1 and probably with more reason1 think that these are both erroneous explanations2 and this opinion is strongly supported by the fact that ,hock ,tuesday is not a fixed day1 but a movable festival1 and dependent on the great ,anglo-,saxon pagan festival of ,easter1 like the similar ceremony of heaving1 still practised on the borders of ,wales on ,easter ,monday and ,tuesday4 ,such old pagan ceremonies were preserved among the ,anglo-,saxons long after they became ,christians1 but their real meaning was gradually forgotten1 and stories and legends1 like this of the ,danes1 afterwards invented to explain them4 ,it may also be regarded as a confirmation of the belief that this festival is the representation of some feast connected with the pagan superstitions of our ,saxon forefathers1 that the money which was collected was given to the church1 and was usually applied to the reparation of the church buildings4 ,we can hardly understand why a collection of money should be thus made in commemoration of the overthrow of the ,danish influence1 but we can easily imagine how1 when the festival was continued by the ,saxons as ,christians1 what had been an offering to some one of the pagan gods might be turned into an offering to the church4 ,the entries on this subject in the old churchwardens' registers of many of our parishes not only show how generally the custom prevailed1 but to what an extent the middle classes of society took part in it4 ,in ,reading these entries go back to a rather remote date1 and mention collections by men as well as women1 while they seem to show that there the women 8hocked10 as the phrase was1 on the ,monday1 and the men on the ,tuesday4 ,in the registers of the parish of ,st4 ,laurence1 under the year #adii1 we have3 8,item1 received of ,hock money gaderyd of women1 xxs4 ,item1 received of ,hock money gaderyd of men1 iiijs40 ,in the parish of ,st4 ,giles1 under the date #aece3 8,hoc money gatheryd by the wyves 7women71 xiijs4 ixd40 ,in ,st4 ,mary's parish1 under the year #aeei3 8,hoctyde money1 the mens gatheryng1 iiijs4 ,the womens1 xijs40 ,in the 8,privy ,purse ,expenses0 of ,henry ,,viii4 for the year #aeje1 is the following entry3-- 8,may #b4--,to ,lendesay for the wiffs at ,grenewiche upon ,hock ,monday1 #cs4 #d;d40 ,higgins1 in his ,short ,view of ,english ,history1 says that1 8,at ,hoctide the people go about beating brass instruments1 and singing old rhymes in praise of their cruel ancestors40 ,dr4 ,plot says that one of the uses of the money collected at ,hoketyde was the reparation of the several parish churches where it was gathered4 ,this is confirmed by extracts from the ,lambeth ,book4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahi4 ,,berkshire4 ,some singular ,hocktide customs observed at ,hungerford are thus described in the ,standard of ,april #adth1 #ahgd3--,these customs are connected with the ,charter for holding by the ,commons the rights of fishing1 shooting1 and pasturage of cattle on the lands and property bequeathed to the town by ,john ,o',gaunt1 ,duke of ,lancaster4 ,the proceedings commenced on ,friday evening with a supper1 at which the fare was macaroni1 ,welsh rare-bits1 watercress1 salad1 and punch4 ,to-day--,john ,o',gaunt's ,day--known in the town as 8,tuth0 ,day1 the more important business of the season is transacted at the ,town ,hall1 from the window of which the town-crier blows the famous old horn1 which has done service on these occasions for many long years4 ,the tything or 8tuth0 men thereupon proceed to the high constable's residence1 to receive their 8tuth0 poles1 which are usually decorated with ribbons and flowers4 ,the first business of these officials1 who are generally tradesmen of the borough1 is to visit the various schools and ask a holiday for the children2 then to call at each house and demand a toll from the gentlemen1 and a kiss from the ladies1 and distribute oranges ad libitum throughout the day1 in expectation of which a troop of children follow them through the streets1 which are for several hours kept alive by the joyous shouts and huzzas4 ,the high constable is elected at the annual court held to-day1 and one of the curious customs is the sending out by that officer's wife of a bountiful supply of cheesecakes among the ladies of the place4 ,,april #bj4 ,,worcestershire4 ,the #bjth of ,april is the great fair-day of ,tenbury1 and there is a belief in the county that the cuckoo is never heard till ,tenbury fair-day1 or after ,pershore fair-day1 which is the #bfth of ,june4#ce--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #dbi4 #ce ,formerly there prevailed a singular custom peculiar to the county of ,shropshire1 called the 8cuckoo-ale10 which was celebrated in the month of ,may1 and sometimes near the latter end of ,april4 ,as soon as the first cuckoo had been heard all the labouring classes left off work1 even if in the middle of the day1 and the time was devoted to mirth and jollity over what was called the cuckoo-ale4--,morning ,post1 ,may #agth1 #ahba4 ,,april #bc4 ,,st4 ,,george',s ,,day4 ,st4 ,george's ,day1 though now passed over without notice1 was formerly celebrated by feasts of cities and corporations1 as we learn from ,johan ,bale1 who1 speaking of the neglect of public libraries1 has the following curious apostrophe3 8,o cyties of ,englande1 whose glory standeth more in bellye chere then in the serche of wysdome godlye4 ,how cometh it that neyther you1 nor your ydell masmongers1 have regarded thys most worthy commodyte of your countrey8 ,i mean the conservacyon of your antiquytees1 and of the worthy labours of your lerned men4 ,i thynke the renowne of suche a notable acte wolde have muche longar endured than of all your belly bankettes and table tryumphes1 eyther yet of your newly purchased hawles to kepe ,st4 ,georges feast in40--,preface to the ,laboryeuse ,journey and ,serche of ,john ,lyelande for ,englande's ,antiquitees in ,lives of ,leland1 ,hearne1 and ,wood1 vol4 i41 sign ,c4 ,among courtiers and people of fashion blue coats were worn on this day4 ,captain ,face1 a character in the ,ram ,alley1 alludes to the custom among the knights3-- 8,do you bandy tropes8 ,by ,dis ,i will be knight1 ,wear a blue coat on great ,st4 ,george's ,day1 ,and with my fellows drive you all from ,paul's40 ,dodsley's ,old ,plays1 vol4 v4 p4 #dhf4 ,in ,epigram #cc of ,the ,seconde ,bowle1 by ,thomas ,freeman1 #dto1 #afad1 quoted also in ,dodsley's ,old ,plays1 vol4 xii4 p4 #cih1 its this distich3 8,with's eorum nomine keeping greater sway1 ,than a ,court blew coat on ,st4 ,george's ,day40 ,dr4 ,forster1 in his ,perennial ,calendar 7#ahbd1 p4 #ahe71 mentioning an allusion to this dress in ,reed's ,old ,plays 7vol4 xii471 observes that it was probably because blue was the fashionable colour of ,britain1 over which ,st4 ,george presides1 and not in imitation of the clothing of the fields in blue1 by the flowering of the blue-bells1 as many have supposed4 ,the king's spurs became the fee of the choristers at ,windsor on installations and feasts on ,st4 ,george's ,day4 ,in the 8,privy ,purse ,expenses of ,henry ,,vii40 is an entry under the year #adie3 8,oct4 #a4 ,at ,windesor4 ,to the children for the spoures40 ,a similar disbursement occurs thrice in the ,privy ,purse ,expenses of ,henry ,,viii4 in #aecj4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #c71 says1 8,april #bcrd #aeeg1 being ,st4 ,george's ,day1 the ,king's grace went a procession at ,whitehall1 through the hall1 and round about the court hard by the gate1 certain of the ,knights of the ,garter accompanying him1 viz41 the ,lord ,mountagu1 the ,lord ,admiral ,st4 ,anthony ,st4 ,leger1 the ,lord ,cobham1 the ,lord ,dacre1 ,sir ,thomas ,cheyne1 the ,lord ,paget1 the ,earl of ,pembroke1 the ,earl of ,arundel1 the ,lord ,treasurer1 and ,secretary ,petre1 in a robe of crimson velvet1 with the garter embroidered on his shoulder 7as ,chancellor of the ,garter74 ,one bare a rod of black1 and a doctor the book of records4 ,then went all the heralds1 and then the ,lord ,talbot bare the sword1 and after him the sergeant-at-arms4 ,and then came the king1 the ,queen's grace looking out of a window beside the court on the garden side4 ,and the bishop of ,winchester did execute the mass1 wearing his mitre4 ,the same afternoon were chosen three ,knights of the ,garter1 viz41 the ,lord ,fitz-,water1 the deputy of ,ireland2 ,lord ,grey of ,wilton1 deputy of ,guynes2 and ,sir ,robert ,rochester1 comptroller of the ,queen's house4 ,after1 the duke of ,muscovia 7as that ambassador was usually termed7 came through the hall and the guard stood on a row1 in their rich coats1 with halberts2 and so passed up to the ,queen's chamber1 with divers aldermen and merchants4 ,and after came down again to the chapel to evensong1 to see the ceremonies4 ,and immediately came the king1 7the ,lord ,strange bearing the sword71 and the ,knights of the ,garter1 to evensong1 which done1 they went all up to the chamber of presence4 ,after came the ambassador1 and took his barge to ,london4#cf #cf ,see also ,machyn's ,diary1 #ahdh1 p4 #aie4 ,,berkshire4 ,the following is a curious account of the expenses for decorating a figure of ,st4 ,george on this day1 taken from ,coates's ,history of ,reading1 p4 #bba3 8,charge of ,saynt ,george4 8,first payd for iij caffes-skynes1 and ij horse-skynnes1 iijs4 vjd4 8,payd for makeying the loft that ,saynt ,george standeth upon1 vjd4 8,payd for ij plonks for the same loft1 viijd4 8,payd for iiij pesses of clowt lether1 ijs4 ijd4 8,payd for makeyng the yron that the hors resteth upon1 vjd4 8,payd for makeyng of ,saynt ,george's cote1 viijd4 8,payd to ,john ,paynter for his labour1 xlvs4 8,payd for roses1 bells1 gyrdle1 sword1 and dager1 iijs4 iiijd4 8,payd for settyng on the bells and roses1 iijd4 8,payd for naylls necessarye thereto1 xd4 ob40 ,,cheshire4 ,in a pamphlet entitled ,certayne ,collections of ,anchiante ,times1 concerninge the ,anchante and ,famous ,cittie of ,chester 7already alluded to7 and published in ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia1 #ahaj1 vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ehh-eij1 is the following account of races at one time annually held at ,chester on ,st4 ,george's ,day3 ,in ,a4,d4 #afji1 ,mr4 ,william ,lester1 mercer1 being mayor of ,chester1 one ,mr4 ,robert ,amerye1 ironmonger1 sometime sherife of ,chester 7,a4,d4 #afjh71 he1 with the assent of the mayor and cittie1 at his own coste chiefly1 as ,i conceive1 caused three silver cuppes of good value to be made1 the whiche saide silver cuppes were1 upon ,st4 ,george's ,daye1 for ever to be thus disposed4 ,all gentlemen that would bringe their horses to the ,rood-dee that daye1 and there rune1 that horse which with spede did over-rune the rest1 should have the beste cuppe there presently delivered1 and that horse which came seconde1 nexte the firste1 before the rest1 had the seconde cuppe there also delivered1 and for the third cuppe it was to be rune for at the ringe1 by any gentleman that would rune for the same upon the said ,rood-dee1 and upon ,st4 ,george's ,daye1 being thus decreed1 that every horse putt in soe much money as made the value of the cupps or bells1 and had the money1 which horses did winne the same1 and the use of the cupps1 till that day twelve month1 being in bond to deliver in the cupps that daye1 soe also for the cuppe for the ringe1 which was yearly continued accordingly untill the yeare of our ,lord #afbc2 ,john ,brereton1 inn-holder1 being mayor of ,chester1 he altered the same after this manner and caused the three cupps to be sould1 and caused more money to be gathered and added1 soe that the intereste thereof woulde make one faire silver cuppe1 of the value of #h1 as ,i suppose1 it may be more worth1 and the race to be altered1 viz41 from beyonde the ,new-tower a great distance1 and soe to rune five times from that place rownd about the ,rood-dee1 and he that overcame all the rest the last course1 to have the cup freely for ever1 then and there delivered1 which is continued to this daye4 ,but here ,i must not omitt the charge1 and the solemnitie made1 the first ,st4 ,george's daye2 he had a poet1 one ,mr4 ,davies1 who made speeches and poeticale verses1 which were delivered at the high crosse before the mayor and aldermen1 with shewes of his invention1#cg which booke was imprinted and presented to that famous ,prince ,henry1 eldest sonne to the blessed ,king ,james1 of famous memorie4 ,alsoe1 he caused a man to go upon the spire of ,st4 ,peter's steeple in ,chester1 and by the fane1 at the same time he sounded a drum1 and displayed a baner upon the top of the same spire4 ,and this was the original of ,st4 ,george's race1 with the change thereof4 #cg ,the following description of this show1 written as it appears by ,mr4 ,amorye himself1 is copied from some ,cheshire collections1 among the ,harleian ,,mss4 ,no4 #baej1 f4 #cef4 ,it appears that instead of three cups1 as stated by ,mr4 ,rogers1 the prizes that year were two bells and one cup3 8,the manner of the showe1 that is1 if ,god spare life and health1 shall be seene by all the behoulders upon ,st4 ,george's ,day next1 being the #bcrd ,april1 #afaj1 and the same with more addytions to continue1 being for the kyng's crowne and dignitie1 and the homage to the ,kyng and ,prynce1 with that noble victor ,st4 ,george1 to be continued for ever4--,god save the ,kyng4 8,item4--,two men in greene liveries set with worke upon their other habit1 with blacke heare1 and blacke beards1 very ougly to behoulde1 and garlands upon their heads1 with firworks to scatter abroad1 to maintaine way for the rest of the showe4 8,it4 ,one on horseback1 with the buckler and head-peece of ,st4 ,george1 and three men to guide him1 with a drum before him1 for the honor of ,englande4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 called ,fame1 with a trumpet in his hand1 and three men to guide him1 and he to make an oration1 with his habit in pompe4 8,it4 ,one called ,mercury to descend from above in a cloude1 his wings and all other matters1 in pompe1 and heavenly musicke with him2 and after his oration spoken1 to ryde on horsebacke1 with his musicke before hym4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 with the ,kynge's arms upon a shield1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one called ,chester1 with an oration1 and drums before him1 his habit in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 conteening the ,kynge's crowne and dignity1 with an oration in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke with a bell1 dedicated to the kynge1 being double-gilt with the kynge's armes upon it1 carried upon a septer in pompe1 and before him a noise of trumpets1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 with an oration for the ,prynce1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 with a bell1 dedicated to the ,prynce1 his armes upon it1 in pompe1 and to be carried on a septer1 and before the bell1 a noyse of trumpets4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 with a cup for ,st4 ,george1 carried upon a septer1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 with an oration for ,st4 ,george1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,st4 ,george himself on horseback1 in complete armor1 with his stag and buckler1 in pompe1 and before him a noyse of drums4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 called ,peace1 with an oration1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 called ,plentye1 with an oration1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horsebacke1 called ,envy1 with an oration1 whom ,love will comfort1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,one on horseback1 called ,love1 with an oration to maintaine all1 in pompe4 8,it4 ,the ,maior and his bretheren1 at the pentes of this citye1 with ther best apparell1 and in scarlet2 and all the orations to be made before him1 and seene at the high crosse1 as they passe to the ,roodye1 wher by ,gent shall be runne for by thirr horses1 for the two bells on a double staffe and the cup to be runne for at the rynge in some place by ,gent and with a greater mater of the showe by armes1 and shott1 and with more than ,i can recyte1 with a banket after in the ,pentis to make welcome the ,gent2 and when all is done1 then judge what you have seen1 and so speak on your mynd1 as you fynd the-- 8,actor for the presente 8,robert ,amorye40 8,amor is love1 and ,amorye is his name1 ,that did begin this pomp and princelye game2 ,the charge is great to him that all begun1 ,who now is satisfied to see all so well done40 ,notwithstanding ,mr4 ,amorye had entertained the citizens so well in #afaj1 it was ordered in #afab 8that the sports and recreations used on ,st4 ,george's ,day should in future be done by the direction of the ,mayor and citizens1 and not of any private person40--,corporation ,records4 ,,leicestershire4 ,at ,leicester1 the 8,riding of the ,george0 was one of the principal solemnities of the town4 ,the inhabitants were bound to attend the ,mayor1 or to 8ride against the king10 as it is expressed1 or for 8riding the ,george0 or for any other thing to the pleasure of the ,mayor and worship of the town4 ,st4 ,george's horse1 harnessed1 used to stand at the end of ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 in ,st4 ,martin's ,church1 ,leicester4--,fosbroke1 ,dict4 of ,antiq4 ,,ireland4 ,st4 ,george's ,day was at one time celebrated at ,dublin with high veneration4 ,in the ,chain-book of the city of ,dublin are several entries to that purpose3 8,item #a4 ,it was ordered in maintenance of the pageant of ,st4 ,george1 that the ,mayor of the foregoing year should find the ,emperor and ,empress with their train and followers well apparelled and accoutered1 that is to say1 the ,emperor attended with two doctors1 and the ,empress with two knights1 and two maidens richly apparelled to bear up the train of her gown4 8,item #b4 ,the ,mayor for the time being was to find ,st4 ,george a horse1 and the wardens to pay #cs4 #d;d4 for his wages that day4 ,the bailiffs for the time being were to find four horses1 with men mounted on them1 well apparelled1 to bear the pole-axe1 the standard1 and the several swords of the ,emperor and ,st4 ,george4 8,item #c4 ,the elder master of the guild was to find a maiden well attired to lead the dragon1 and the clerk of the market was to find a golden line for the dragon4 8,item #d4 ,the elder warden was to find for ,st4 ,george four trumpets2 but ,st4 ,george himself was to pay their wages4 8,item #e4 ,the younger warden was obliged to find the ,king of ,dele and the ,queen of ,dele1 as also two knights1 to lead the ,queen of ,dele1 and two maidens to bear the train of her gown1 all being entirely clad in black apparel4 ,moreover1 he was to cause ,st4 ,george's ,chapel to be well hung in black1 and completely apparelled to every purpose1 and was to provide it with cushions1 rushes1 and other necessaries for the festivity of that day40--,harris1 ,history of ,dublin1 #agff1 p4 #adf4 ,,april #bd4 ,,st4 ,,mark',s ,,eve4 ,in ,poor ,robin's ,almanac for #aggj is the following3-- 8,on ,st4 ,mark's ,eve1 at twelve o'clock1 ,the fair maid will watch her smock1 ,to find her husband in the dark1 ,by praying unto good ,st4 ,mark40 ,ass-ridlin is another superstition practised in the northern counties4 ,the ashes being riddled or sifted on the hearth1 if any of the family be to die within the year the mark of the shoe1 it is supposed1 will be impressed on the ashes2 and many a mischievous wight has made some of the credulous family miserable by slyly coming down stairs1 after the rest have retired to bed1 and marking the ashes with the shoe of one of the members4--,jamieson1 ,etymol4 ,dict4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,on ,st4 ,mark's ,eve it is customary in this county for young maidens to make the dumb-cake1 a mystical ceremony which has lost its origin4 ,the number of the party never exceeds three2 they meet in silence to make the cake1 and as soon as the clock strikes twelve1 they each break a portion off to eat1 and when done they walk up to bed backwards without speaking a word1 for if one speaks the spell is broken4 ,those that are to be married see the likeness of their sweethearts hurrying after them1 as if wishing to catch them before they get into bed2 but the maids being apprised of this beforehand 7by the cautions of old women who have tried it71 take care to unpin their clothes before they start1 and are ready to slip into bed before they are caught by the pursuing shadow4 ,if nothing is seen1 the desired token may be a knocking at the doors1 or a rustling in the house1 as soon as they have retired4 ,to be convinced that it comes from nothing else but the desired cause1 they are always particular in turning out the cats and dogs before the ceremony begins4 ,those that are to die unmarried neither see nor hear anything2 but they have terrible dreams1 which are sure to be of newly-made graves1 winding-sheets1 and churchyards1 and of rings that will fit no finger1 or which1 if they do1 crumble into dust as soon as put on4 ,there is another dumb ceremony1 of eating the yolk of an egg in silence and then filling the shell with salt1 when the sweetheart is sure to make his visit in some way or other before morning4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebc4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in ,yorkshire it is usual for the common people to sit and watch in the church-porch from eleven o'clock at night until one in the morning4 ,in the third year1 for this must be done thrice1 it is supposed that they will see the ghosts of all those who are to die the next year pass into the church4 ,when any one sickens1 who is thought to have been seen in this manner1 it is presently whispered about that he will not recover1 for that such a one who has watched ,st4 ,mark's ,eve1 says so4 ,the superstition is in such force that1 if the patients themselves hear of it1 they almost despair of recovery1 and many are actually said to have died by the influence of their imaginations on this occasion4 8#8',tis now1' replied the village belle1 #8,st4 ,mark's mysterious ,eve2 ,and all that old traditions tell ,i tremblingly believe4 #8,how1 when the midnight signal tolls1 ,along the churchyard green ,a mournful train of sentenced souls ,in winding-sheets are seen6 #8,the ghosts of all whom ,death shall doom ,within the coming year1 ,in pale procession walk the gloom ,amid the silence drear4'0 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahai1 vol4 i4 p4 #aib2 ,j4 ,montgomery1 ,vigil of ,st4 ,mark4 ,,april #be4 ,,st4 ,,mark',s ,,day4 ,this day is distinguished in old kalendars by a second appellation1 ,litania ,major1 which had reference to the prayers1 and solemn processions of covered crosses on this day4 ,it was frequently confounded with the processions of the ,rogations1 which depended upon the movable feast of the ,ascension1 and were also called ,litanies1 though it does not appear that the processions of ,st4 ,mark were ever called ,rogations4 ,a mistake of this kind was committed by the author of a ,saxon homily on the ,litania ,major1 by applying to it the term ,gang ,days1 the ,saxon name of the three days preceding ,holy ,thursday4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 ,,northumberland4 ,st4 ,mark's ,day is observed at ,alnwick by a ridiculous custom in connection with the admission of freemen of the common1 alleged to have reference to a visit paid by ,king ,john to ,alnwick4 ,it is said that this monarch1 when attempting to ride across ,alnwick ,moor1 then called the ,forest of ,aidon1 fell with his horse into a bog or morass where he stuck so fast that he was with great difficulty pulled out by some of his attendants4 ,incensed against the inhabitants of that town for not keeping the roads over the moor in better repair1 or at least for not placing some post or mark pointing out the particular spots which were impassable1 he inserted in their charter1 both by way of memento and punishment1 that for the future all new created freemen should on ,st4 ,mark's ,day pass on foot through that morass1 called the ,freemen's ,well4 ,in obedience to this clause of their charter1 when any new freeman is to be made1 a small rill of water which passes through the morass is kept dammed up for a day or two previous to that on which this ceremonial is to be exhibited1 by which means the bog becomes so thoroughly liquified that a middle sized man is chin deep in mud and water in passing over it4 ,besides which1 not unfrequently1 holes and trenches are dug2 in these1 filled up and rendered invisible by the liquid mud1 several freemen have fallen down and been in great danger of suffocation4 ,in later times1 in proportion as the new-made freemen are more or less popular the passage is rendered more or less difficult4 ,early in the morning of ,st4 ,mark's ,day the houses of the new freemen are distinguished by a holly-tree planted before each door1 as the signal for their friends to assemble and make merry with them4 ,about eight o'clock the candidates for the franchise1 being mounted on horseback and armed with swords1 assemble in the market place1 where they are joined by the chamberlain and bailiff of the ,duke of ,northumberland1 attended by two men armed with halberds4 ,the young freemen arranged in order1 with music playing before them and accompanied by a numerous cavalcade1 march to the west end of the town1 where they deliver their swords4 ,they then proceed under the guidance of the moorgrieves through a part of their extensive domain1 till they reach the ceremonial well4 ,the sons of the oldest freemen have the honour of taking the first leap4 ,on the signal being given they pass through the bog1 each being allowed to use the method and pace which to him shall seem best1 some running1 some going slow1 and some attempting to jump over suspected places1 but all in their turns tumbling and wallowing like porpoises at sea1 to the great amusement of the populace1 who usually assemble in vast numbers on this occasion4 ,after this aquatic excursion1 they remount their horses and proceed to perambulate the remainder of their large common1 of which they are to become free by their achievement4 ,in passing the open part of the common the young freemen are obliged to alight at intervals1 and place a stone on a cairn as a mark of their boundary1 till they come near a high hill called the ,twinlaw or ,tounlaw ,cairns1 when they set off at full speed1 and contest the honour of arriving first on the hill1 where the names of the freemen of ,alnwick are called over4 ,when arrived about two miles from the town they generally arrange themselves in order and1 to prove their equestrian abilities1 set off with great speed and spirit over bogs1 ditches1 rocks1 and rugged declivities till they arrive at ,rottenrow ,tower on the confines of the town1 the foremost claiming the honour of what is termed 8winning the boundaries10 and of being entitled to the temporary triumphs of the day4 ,having completed the circuits the young freemen1 with sword in hand1 enter the town in triumph1#ch preceded by music1 and accompanied by a large concourse of people in carriages1 c4 ,having paraded the streets1 the new freemen and the other equestrians enter the ,castle1 where they are liberally regaled1 and drink the health of the lord and lady of the manor4 ,the newly-created burgesses then proceed in a body to their respective houses1 and around the holly-tree drink a friendly glass with each other4 ,after this they proceed to the market-place1 where they close the ceremony over an enlivening bowl of punch4--,antiquarian ,repertory1 #ahji1 vol4 iv4 p4 #chg2 ,history of ,alnwick1 #ahbb1 pp4 #cjd-cji2 ,gent4 ,mag41 #agef1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #gc4 #ch ,it appears by a traditionary account that at one time they were met by women dressed up with ribbons1 bells1 and garlands of gumflowers1 who welcomed them with dancing and singing2 they were called timber-waits1 probably a corruption of timbrel-waits1 players on timbrels1 waits being an old appellation for those who play on musical instruments in the street4 ,in the ,lonsdale ,magazine 7#ahbh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cab7 occurs the following3 ,on ,wednesday 7,st4 ,mark's ,day7 twelve persons were made free of the ,borough of ,alnwick1 by scrambling through a muddy pool1 and perambulating the boundaries of the moor4 ,,staffordshire4 ,at the fairs held in ,wednesbury on the #beth of ,april and #bcrd of ,july 7old style7 a custom prevailed for many years called 8,walking the ,fair40 ,the ceremonies connected with it were conducted in the following manner3 ,on the morning of the fair the beadle appeared in the market-place dressed for the occasion1 and wearing as badges of his office a bell1 a long pike1 c4 ,to him assembled a number of the principal inhabitants of the parish1 often with a band of music4 ,they then marched in procession1 headed by the beadle1 through different parts of the town2 called at the ,elephant and ,castle1 in the ,high ,bullen1 drank two tankards of ale1 and then returned into the market-place where they quenched their thirst again with the same kind of beverage4 ,after this they dined together at one of the public-houses4 ,the expenses incurred in this 8,walking the ,fair0 were defrayed by the parish funds4--,hist4 of ,wednesbury1 #ahed1 p4 #aec4 ,,april #bf4 ,,rogation ,,sunday4 ,rogation ,sunday received and retains its title from the ,monday1 ,tuesday1 and ,wednesday immediately following it1 which are called ,rogation ,days1 derived from the ,latin rogare1 to beseech2 the earliest ,christians having appropriated extraordinary prayers and supplications for those three days1 as a preparation for the devout observance of our ,saviour's ,ascension on the day next succeeding to them1 denominated ,holy ,thursday1 or ,ascension ,day4 ,so early as the year #eej1 ,claudius ,mamertus1 bishop of ,vienne in ,france1 extended the object of ,rogation ,days1 before then solely applied to a preparation for the ensuing festival of the ,ascension1 by joining to that service other solemnities1 in humble supplication for a blessing on the fruits of the earth at this season blossoming forth4 ,whether1 as is asserted by some authors1 ,mamertus had cause to apprehend that any calamity might befall them by blight or otherwise at this particular period1 or merely adapted a new ,christian rite on the ,roman terminalia1 is a matter of dispute4 ,sidonius1 bishop of ,clermont1 soon followed the example1 and the first ,council of ,orleans1 held in the sixth century1 confirmed its observance throughout the ,church4 ,the whole week in which these days happen is styled ,rogation ,week2 and in some parts it is still known by the other names of ,cross ,week1 ,grass ,week1 and ,gang or ,procession ,week3 ,rogation1 in token of the extraordinary praying2 ,cross1 because anciently that symbol was borne by the priest who officiated at the ceremonies of this season2 ,grass1 from the peculiar abstinence observed1 such as salads1 green-sauce1 c41 then substituted for flesh2 and ,gang1 or ,procession1 from the accustomed perambulations4 ,supplications and abstinence are yet enjoined by the ,reformed ,church1 and also such part of the ceremony of the processions as relates to the perambulating of the circuit of parishes1 conformably to the regulation made in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,one of our church homilies of the day is composed particularly for this occasion4 8,the people shall once a year1 at the time accustomed10 says the injunction of that ,sovereign1 8with the curate and substantial men of the parish1 walk about the parishes as they were accustomed1 and at their return to church make their common prayers2 provided that the curate in the said common perambulations1 as heretofore in the days of ,rogations1 at certain convenient places1 shall admonish the people to give thanks to ,god1 in the beholding of ,god's benefits1 for the increase and abundance of his fruits upon the face of the earth1 with the saying of ,psalm civ41 ,benedic1 anima mea1 c43 at which time also the same minister shall inculcate this and such like sentences1 8,cursed be he which translateth the bounds and dales of his neighbour10 or such other words of prayer as shall be hereafter appointed40 ,the bearing of willow wands makes part of this ceremony4 ,before the ,reformation1 the processions in this week were observed with every external mark of devotion2 the ,cross was borne about in solemn pomp1 to which the people bowed the ready knee2 with other rites considered of too superstitious a nature to warrant their continuance4--,brady1 ,clavis ,calendaria1 #ahae1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdh4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,a certain estate in ,husborne ,crawley has to pay #dl4 on ,rogation ,day1 once in seven years1 to defray the expenses of perambulating1 and keeping up the boundaries of the parish4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #aaf4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,on ,monday in ,rogation week was formerly held in the town of ,shaftesbury or ,shaston a festival called the ,bezant1 a festival so ancient that no authentic record of its origin exists4 ,the borough of ,shaftesbury stands upon the brow of a lofty hill1 and until lately1 owing to its situation1 was so deficient in water that its inhabitants were indebted for a supply of this necessary article of life to the little hamlet of ,enmore ,green1 which lies in the valley below4 ,from two or three wells or tanks1 situate in the village1 the water with which the town was provided was carried up the then precipitous road1 on the backs of horses and donkeys1 and sold from door to door4 ,the ,bezant was an acknowledgment on the part of the mayor1 aldermen and burgesses of the borough to the lord of the manor of ,mitcombe1 of which ,enmore ,green forms a part1 for the permission to use this privilege2 no charter or deed1 however1 exists among their archives1 as to the commencement of the custom1 neither are there any records of interest connected with its observances beyond the details of the expenses incurred from year to year4 ,on the morning of ,rogation ,monday1 the mayor and aldermen accompanied by a lord and lady appointed for the occasion1 and by their mace-bearers carrying the ,bezant1 went in procession to ,enmore ,green4 ,the lord and lady performed at intervals1 as they passed along a traditional kind of dance to the sound of violins2 the steward of the manor meeting them at the green1 the mayor offered for his acceptance1 as the representative of his lord1 the ,bezant1--a calf's head1 uncooked1--a gallon of ale1 and two penny loaves1 with a pair of gloves edged with gold lace1 and gave permission to use the wells1 as of old1 for another year4 ,the steward1 having accepted the gifts1 retaining all for his own use1 except the ,bezant1 which he graciously gave back1 accorded the privilege1 and the ceremony ended4 ,the ,bezant1 which gives its name to the festival is somewhat difficult to describe4#ci ,it consisted of a sort of trophy1 constructed of ribbons1 flowers1 and peacock's feathers1 fastened to a frame1 about four feet high1 round which were hung jewels1 coins1 medals1 and other things of more or less value1 lent for the purpose by persons interested in the matter2#dj and many traditions prevailed of the exceeding value to which in earlier times it sometimes reached1 and of the active part which persons of the highest rank in the neighbourhood took in its annual celebration4 #ci ,bezant being the name of an ancient gold coin1 the ceremony probably took its name from such a piece of money being originally tendered to the lord of the manor4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehe4 #dj ,hutchins says this beson or byzant was so richly adorned with plate and jewels1 borrowed from the neighbouring gentry1 as to be worth no less than #aejjl4--,history of ,dorset1 #ahjc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbe4 ,latterly1 however1 the festival sadly degenerated1 and in the year #ahcj1 the town and the manor passing into the hands of the same proprietor1 it ceased altogether1 and is now one of those many observances which are numbered with the past4 ,if this had not happened1 however1 the necessity for it no longer exists4 ,the ancient borough is no longer indebted to the lord of the manor for its water1 for1 through the liberality of the ,marquis of ,westminster1 its present owner1 the town is bountifully supplied with the purest water from an artesian well sunk at his expense4--,the ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehe2 ,hutchins1 ,history of ,dorset1 #ahjc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbe4 ,,kent4 ,in ,rogation week1 about ,keston and ,wickham1 a number of young men meet together and with a most hideous noise run into the orchards1 and1 encircling each tree1 pronounce these words3 8,stand fast1 root2 bear well top2 ,god send us a youling sop6 ,every twig1 apple big2 ,every bough1 apple enow40 ,for this incantation the confused rabble expect a gratuity in money1 or drink1 which is no less welcome2 but if they are disappointed of both1 they with great solemnity anathematize the owners and trees with altogether as insignificant a curse4 ,it seems highly probable that this custom has arisen from the ancient one of perambulation among the heathen1 when they made prayers to the gods for the use and blessing of the fruits coming up1 with thanksgiving for those of the preceding year2 and as the heathens supplicated olus1 god of the winds1 for his favourable blasts1 so in this custom they still retained his name with a very small variation3 this ceremony is called youling1 and the word is often used in their invocations4--,hasted1 ,history of ,kent1 vol4 i4 p4 #aji4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,at ,stanlake1 says ,plot1 the minister of the parish1 in his procession in ,rogation ,week1 reads the ,gospel at a barrel's head1 in the cellar of the ,chequer ,inn1 in that town1 where1 according to some1 there was formerly a hermitage1 according to others a cross1 at which they read a ,gospel in former times2 over which the house1 and particularly the cellar1 being built1 they are forced to continue the custom4--,history of ,oxfordshire1 #agje1 p4 #bjg4 ,,staffordshire4 ,among the local customs which formerly prevailed at ,wolverhampton may be noticed that which was popularly called 8,processioning40 ,many of the older inhabitants can well remember when the sacrist1 resident prebendaries1 and members of the choir assembled at morning prayers on ,monday and ,tuesday in ,rogation ,week1 with the charity children bearing long poles clothed with all kinds of flowers then in season1 and which were afterwards carried through the streets of the town with much solemnity1 the clergy1 singing-men and boys1 dressed in their sacred vestments1 closing the procession1 and chanting1 in a grave and appropriate melody1 the ,canticle1 ,benedicite1 omnia opera1 c4 ,this ceremony1 innocent at least1 and not illaudable in itself1 was of high antiquity1 taking probably its origin in the ,roman offerings of the ,primiti1 from which 7after being rendered conformable to our purer worship7 it was adapted by the first ,christians1 and handed down1 through a succession of ages1 to modern times4 ,the idea was1 no doubt1 that of returning thanks to ,god1 by whose goodness the face of nature was renovated1 and fresh means provided for the sustenance and comfort of his creatures4 ,it was discontinued about #agfe4 ,the boundaries of the township and parish of ,wolverhampton are in many points marked out by what are called ,gospel trees1 from the custom of having the ,gospel read under or near them by the clergyman attending the parochial perambulations4 ,those near the town were visited for the same purpose by the processioners before mentioned1 and are still preserved with the strictest care and attention4--,shaw1 ,history of ,staffordshire1 vol4 ii4 part i4 p4 #afe4 ,thus ,herrick in his ,hesperides says3-- 8,dearest1 bury me ,under that ,holy-,oke1 or ,gospel-,tree1 ,where 7though thou seest not7 thou may'st think upon ,me1 when thou yerely go'st procession40 ,,april #bi4 ,,ascension ,,eve4 ,,yorkshire4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,whitby ,gazette of ,may #bhth #ahgj3-- ,,the ,,penny ,,hedge4--,the formality of planting the penny hedge in the bed of the ,river ,esk1 on ,ascension ,eve1 was performed on ,wednesday last by ,mr4 ,isaac ,herbert1 who has for fifty years discharged this onerous duty4 ,the 8nine stakes10 8the nine strout-stowers10 and the 8nine gedders0 have all been once more duly 8planted40 ,the ceremony was witnessed by a number of ladies and gentlemen1 and that highly important functionary1 the bailiff of the lord of the manor1 ,mr4 ,george ,welburn1 of ,fylingdales1 was present1 and blew the usual malediction1 8,out on you6 ,out on you6 ,out on you60 through the same identical horn which seventeen centuries ago roused with its lugubrious notes1 on ,ascension ,eve1 our ancestors from their peaceful slumbers4 ,whether the wood was cut at the 8stray head10 and with a 8knife of a penny price10 we are not able to say1 but a good hedge was planted2 and although each stake may not be quite 8a yard from another10 the hedge will doubtless be of such strength as to withstand the effect of the prescribed number of tides4--,see ,young's ,history of ,whitby4 ,some time in the spring1 says a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai71 ,i think the day before ,holy ,thursday1 all the ,clergy1 attended by the singing men and boys of the choir1 perambulate the town 7,ripon7 in their canonicals1 singing hymns1 and the blue-coat charity-boys follow singing1 with green boughs in their hands4 ,,april #cj4 ,,ascension ,,day4 ,in ,england ,ascension ,day has been known as 8,bounds ,thursday10 from beating the bounds of the parish1 transferred by a corruption of ,rogation processions to this day4--,kalendar of ,english ,church1 #ahfe1 p4 #gb4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,in the parish of ,edgcott there was about an acre of land1 let at #cl4 a year1 called 8,gang ,monday land10 which was left to the parish officers to provide cakes and beer for those who took part in the annual perambulation of the parish4 ,at ,clifton ,reynes1 in the same county1 a bequest of land for a similar purpose directs that one small loaf1 a piece of cheese1 and a pint of ale should be given to every married person1 and half a pint of ale to every unmarried person resident in ,clifton1 when they walked the parish boundaries in ,rogation ,week4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 pp4 #abj1 #abb4 ,,cheshire4 ,pennant1 in his ,tour from ,chester to ,london 7#ahaa1 p4 #dj71 tells us that on ,ascension ,day the old inhabitants of ,nantwich piously sang a hymn of thanksgiving for the blessing of the ,brine4 ,a very ancient pit1 called the ,old ,brine1 was also held in great veneration1 and till within these few years was annually on this festival decked with flowers and garlands1 and was encircled by a jovial band of young people1 celebrating the day with song and dance4 ,aubrey 7in ,,ms4 ,lansd4 #bca7 says1 in ,cheshire1 when they went in perambulation1 they did blesse the springs1 i4e4 they did read a gospel at them1 and did believe the water was the better4 ,formerly there existed at ,frodsham the following custom3--,in the walking of the boundaries of the parish the 8men of ,frodsham0 passed1 across the brook dividing it from ,helsby 7then in the adjoining parish of ,durham71 the ,frodsham banner to the 8men of ,helsby10 who in their turn passed over the ,helsby banner4 ,,derbyshire4 ,one of the prettiest customs of the county of ,derby is that of well-dressing on ,holy ,thursday or ,ascension ,day at ,tissington1 near ,dovedale4 ,in the village are five springs or wells1 and these are decorated with flowers1 arranged in the most beautiful devices4 ,boards are cut into arches1 pediments1 pinnacles1 and other ornamental forms1 and are covered with moist clay to the thickness of about half-an-inch2 the flowers are cut off their stems and impressed into the clay as closely together as possible1 forming mottoes1 borders1 and other devices2 these are then placed over the wells1 and it is impossible to conceive a more beautiful appearance than they present1 the water gurgling from beneath them1 and overhung by the fine foliage of the numerous evergreens and forest trees by which they are surrounded4 ,there is one particular variety of the double daisy known to gardeners as the ,tissington daisy1 which appears almost peculiar to the place1 and is in much repute for forming the letters of the texts and mottoes1 with which the wells are adorned4 ,the day is observed as a complete holiday1 and the festival attracts a considerable number of visitors from all the neighbouring towns and villages4 ,divine ,service is performed in the ,church1 and on its conclusion the minister and congregation join in procession and visit each well4 ,a portion of ,scripture is read at each1 and a psalm or appropriate hymn is sung4 ,the whole of the wells being visited1 and a prayer offered up1 the company separate and1 from the absence of public-houses in the village1 spend the rest of the day in temperate enjoyment4 ,the same custom was observed at ,brewood and ,bilbrook1 in the ,county of ,stafford4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agid1 lxiv4 pp4 #aae1 #bbf2 ,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii p4 #bje2 vide ,times1 ,may #aith1 #ahgd4 ,,devonshire4 ,a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#aghg1 vol4 lvii1 p4 #gah71 says3 ,it is the custom in many villages in the neighbourhood of ,exeter 8to hail the ,lamb10 upon ,ascension morn4 ,that the figure of a lamb actually appears in the east upon this morning is the popular persuasion2 and so deeply is it rooted1 that it has frequently resisted 7even in intelligent minds7 the force of the strongest argument4 ,at ,exeter1 says ,heath in his ,account of the ,islands of ,scilly 7#agej1 p4 #abh71 the boys have a custom of throwing water1 that is1 of damming up the channel in the streets1 at going the bounds of the several parishes in the city1 and of splashing the water upon the people passing by4 ,neighbours as well as strangers1 are forced to compound hostilities by giving the boys of each parish money to pass without ducking2 each parish asserting its own prerogative in this respect4 ,,essex4 ,the ,oyster ,fishery has always formed a valuable part of the privileges and trading property of the town of ,colchester4 ,richard ,i4 granted to the burgesses the fishery of the ,river ,colne1 from the ,north ,bridge as far as ,westnesse2 and this grant was confirmed to them by subsequent charters1 especially that of ,edward ,,iv4 ,this fishery includes not merely the plain course of the ,colne1 but all the creeks1 c41 with which it communicates3 that is to say1 the entire ,colne ,water1 as it is commonly called4 ,it is1 moreover1 proved by records that the burgesses of ,colchester are legally entitled to the sole right of fishing in this water1 to the exclusion of all others not licensed and authorized by them2 8and have1 and ever had1 the full1 sole1 and absolute power to have1 take1 and dispose of to their own use1 all oysters and other fish within the said river or water40 ,there are some parishes adjoining the water whose inhabitants are admitted1 upon licence from the mayor1 to fish and dredge oysters therein1 these parishes being ,brightlingsea1 ,wivenhoe1 and ,east ,doniland4 ,for the better preservation of this privilege ,courts of ,admiralty or ,conservancy have been customarily held on ,colne ,water2 at which all offences committed within the limits of the aquatic royalty are presented by a jury1 and fines exacted on the offenders4 ,in ,march or ,april yearly1 proclamation is made by the legal authorities on the water near ,mersea ,stone1 8that the ,river ,colne is shut1 and that all persons are forbidden to dredge1 or take any oysters out of the said river or the creeks thereto appertaining before the feast of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 the #bbnd of ,july40 ,this is called ,setting 7i4e4 ,shutting7 the ,colne4--,cromwell1 ,history of ,colchester1 #ahbe1 pp4 #bhi-bid4 ,,lancashire4 ,under the name of ,richardson's ,charity1 a distribution takes place at ,ince on the feast of the ,ascension1 of five loads of oatmeal1 each load weighing two hundred and forty pounds4 ,three loads are given to the poor of the township of ,ince1 one to the poor of ,abram1 and the other to the poor of ,hindley4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #cf4 ,,middlesex4 ,in ,st4 ,magnus and other city churches in ,london1 the clergy are presented with ribbons1 cakes1 and silk staylaces4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #i4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,it is customary to go in triennial processions on ,holy ,thursday1 to perambulate the parishes and beat the boundaries1 for the purpose of marking and retaining possession2 hence the ceremony is called possessioning4 ,the parochial authorities are accompanied by other inhabitants and a number of boys1 to whom it is customary to distribute buns1 c41 in order to impress it upon their memory should the boundaries at any future period be disputed4--,baker1 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aca4 ,in the town of ,northampton the ceremony of beating the bounds is termed 8beating the cross40 ,,northumberland4 ,on ,ascension ,day1 says ,mackenzie in his ,history of ,newcastle 7#ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gdd71 every year the mayor and burgesses of ,newcastle survey the boundaries of the ,river ,tyne4 ,this annual festive expedition starts at the ,mansion-,house ,quay1 and proceeds to or near the place in the sea called ,sparhawk1 and returns up the river to the utmost limits of the ,corporation at ,hedivin ,streams4 ,they are accompanied by the brethren of the ,trinity ,house and the ,river ,jury in their barges4 ,brockett mentions the smock-race on ,ascension ,day1 a race run by females for a smock4 ,these races were frequent among the young country wenches in the north4 ,the prize1 a fine ,holland chemise1 was usually decorated with ribbons4 ,the sport is practised at ,newburn1 near ,newcastle4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #baj4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,in ,rogation week the bounds of many of the parishes are still beaten with as much pomp by the beadle as ever2 and it is believed that if an egg which is laid on ,ascension ,day be placed in the roof of a house1 the building will be preserved from fire and other calamities4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcc4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,at ,oxford the little crosses cut in the stones of buildings to denote the division of the parishes are whitened with chalk4 ,great numbers of boys1 with peeled willow rods in their hands1 accompany the minister in the procession4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj4 ,aubrey1 in his ,remains of ,gentilism and ,judaism1 says3 8,the fellows of ,new ,college have1 time out of mind1 every ,holy ,thursday1 betwixt the hours of eight and nine1 goune to the hospital called ,bart'lemews neer ,oxford1 when they retire into the chapell1 and certaine prayers are read1 and an antheme sung1 from thence they goe to the upper end of the grove adjoining to the chapell 7the way being before them strewed with flowers by the poor people of the hospitall71 they place themselves round about the spring there1 where they warble forth melodiously a song of three1 four1 or five parts2 which being performed they refresh themselves with a morning's draught there1 and retire to ,oxford before sermon40 ,,staffordshire4 ,formerly1 at ,lichfield1 the clergyman of the parish1 accompanied by the churchwardens and sidesmen and followed by a concourse of children bearing green boughs1 repaired to different reservoirs of water and there read the gospel for the day1 after which they were regaled with cakes and ale2 during the ceremony the door of every house was decorated with an elm bough4 ,this custom was founded on one of the early institutions of ,christianity1 that of blessing the springs and wells4--,account of ,lichfield1 #ahah-ai1 p4 #acc4 ,,suffolk4 ,by his will1 proved in ,december #aebg1 ,john ,cole of ,thelnetham1 directed that a certain farm-rent should be applied yearly to the purpose of providing 8a bushell and halffe of malte to be browne1 and a bushell of whete to be baked to fynde a drinkinge upon ,ascension ,even everlastinge for ye parishe of ,thelnetham to drinke at the ,cross of ,trappetes40 ,,worcestershire4 ,at ,evesham it is customary for the master-gardeners to give their work-people a treat of baked peas1 both white and grey 7and pork71 every year on ,holy ,thursday4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjh4 ,,may ,,eve4 ,an old ,roman kalendar1 cited by ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #baf71 says that on the #cjth of ,april boys go to seek the ,may-trees 7,maii arbores a pueris exquiruntur71 and in ,dryden's time this early observance of ,may seems to have been customary2 one of his heroines 8,wak'd1 as her custom was1 before the day1 ,to do th' observaunce due to sprightly ,may2 ,for sprightly ,may commands our youth to keep ,the vigils of her night1 and breaks their rugged sleep40-- ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 ,,cornwall4 ,at ,penzance a number of young men and women assemble together at a public-house1 and sit up till the clock strikes twelve1 when they go round the town with violins1 drums1 and other instruments1 and by sound of music call upon others to join them4 ,as soon as the party is formed1 they proceed to different farm-houses within four or five miles of the neighbourhood1 where they are expected as regularly as ,may morning comes2 and they there partake of a beverage called junket1 made of raw milk and rennet1 or running1 as it is called1 sweetened with sugar1 and a little cream added4 ,after this they take tea1 and 8heavy country cake10 composed of flour1 cream1 sugar1 and currants1 then partake of rum and milk1 and conclude with a dance4 ,after thus regaling themselves they gather the ,may4 ,while some are breaking down the boughs1 others sit and make the 8,may-music40 ,this is done by cutting a circle through the bark at a certain distance from the bottom of the ,may branches2 then1 by gently and regularly tapping the bark all round from the cut circle to the end1 the bark becomes loosened1 and slips away whole from the wood1 and a hole being cut in the pipe1 it is easily formed to emit a sound when blown through and becomes a whistle4 ,the gathering and the 8,may-music0 being finished1 they then 8bring home the ,may0 by five or six o'clock in the morning1 with the band playing and their whistles blowing4 ,after dancing throughout the town they go to their respective employments4 ,although ,may-day should fall on a ,sunday1 they observe the same practice in all respects1 with the omission of dancing in the town4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #efa4 ,,devonshire4 ,on the last day of ,april1 the proprietor of every flower-garden in the neighbourhood of ,torquay receives visits from a great number of girls1 who solicit 8some flowers for the ,may-dolls40 ,this is usually complied with1 and at no great cost1 as flowers are commonly very abundant4 ,soon after nine o'clock on ,may-day1 or the day following when that falls on ,sunday1 the same young folk call at every house1 and stop everyone they meet1 to show their ,may-dolls1 collecting1 at the same time1 such small gratuities as may be offered4--,once a ,week1 ,sept4 #bdth1 #ahgj4 ,,huntingdonshire4 ,at ,great ,gransden on the evening or night preceding ,may-day1 the young men 7farmers' servants7 go and cut the ,may or hawthorn boughs1 which they bring home in bundles1 and leave some at almost every house1 according to the numbers of young persons in it1 singing what they call ,the ,night ,song4 ,on the evening of ,may-day1 and the following evenings1 they go round to every house where they left a bough1 and sing the ,may ,song4 ,one is dressed with a shirt over his other clothes1 and decorated with ribbons1 and is called the ,may ,lord1 another in girls' clothes1 is called the ,may ,lady1 or ,mary4 ,one has a handkerchief on a pole or stick as a flag1 whose business is to keep off the crowd4 ,the rest have ribbons in their hats4 ,the money collected is spent in a feast of plum cake1 bread and cheese1 and tea4 ,,lancashire4 ,the evening before ,may-day is termed 8,mischief ,night0 by the young people of ,burnley and the surrounding district1 when all kinds of mischief are perpetrated4 ,formerly shop-keepers' sign-boards were exchanged3 8,john ,smith1 ,grocer10 finding his name and vocation changed1 by the sign over his door1 to 8,thomas ,jones1 ,tailor10 and vice vers2 but the police have put an end to these practical jokes4 ,young men and women1 however1 still continue to play each other tricks by placing branches of trees1 shrubs1 or flowers under each others' windows1 or before their doors4 ,all these have a symbolical meaning1 as significant1 if not always as complimentary1 as 8the ,language of ,flowers40 ,thus 8a thorn0 implies 8scorn20 8wicken0 7the mountain ash71 8my dear chicken20 8a bramble10 for one who likes to ramble1 c4 ,much ill-feeling is at times engendered by this custom4--,harland and ,wilkinson1 ,lancashire ,folk ,lore1 #ahfg1 p4 #bci2 see ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #ehj2 #dth ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #ebe4 ,while reading one evening towards the close of ,april #ahfa1 says a writer in the ,book of ,days 7vol4 i4 p4 #edf71 ,i was on a sudden aware of a party of waits or carollers who had taken their stand on the lawn in my garden1#da and were serenading the family with a song4 ,there were four singers1 accompanied by a flute and a clarionet1 and together they discoursed most simple and rustic music4 ,i was at a loss to divine the occasion of this loyal custom1 seeing the time was not within any of the great festivals1 ,easter1 ,may-day1 or ,whitsuntide4 ,inquiry resulted in my obtaining from an old 8,mayer0 the words of two songs1 called by the singers themselves 8,may ,songs10 though the rule and custom are that they must be sung before the #ast of ,may4 ,my chief informant1 an elderly man named ,job ,knight1 tells me that he went out a ,may-singing for about fourteen years1 but has now left it off4 ,he says that the ,mayers usually commence their singing-rounds about the middle of ,april1 though some parties start as early as the beginning of that month4 ,the singing invariably ceases on the evening of the #cjth of ,april4 ,job says he can remember the custom for about thirty years1 and he never heard any other than the two songs which follow4 ,these are usually sung1 he says1 by five or six men1 with a fiddle or flute and clarionet accompaniment4 ,the songs are verbally as recited by ,job ,knight1 the first of which leaves marks of some antiquity1 both in construction and phraseology4 ,there is its double refrain--the second and fourth lines in every stanza--which both musically and poetically are far superior to the others4 ,its quaint picture of manners1 the worshipful master of the house in his chain of gold1 the mistress with gold along her breast1 c41 the phrases 8house and harbour10 8riches and store10--all seem to point to earlier times4 ,the last line of this song appears to convey its object and to indicate a simple superstition that these songs were charms to draw or drive 8these cold winters away40 ,there are several lines in both songs1 in which the sense1 no less than the rhythm1 seems to have been marred from the songs having been handed down by oral tradition alone1 but ,i have not ventured on any alteration4 #da ,in the hamlet of ,swinton1 township of ,worsley1 parish of ,eccles4 ,in the second1 and more modern1 song1 the refrain in the fourth line of each stanza is again the most poetical and musical of the whole4 ,,old ,,may ,,song4 ,all in this pleasant evening1 together comers 78 come are7 we1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,we'll tell you of a blossom and buds on every tree1 ,drawing near to the merry month of ,may4 ,rise up1 the master of this house1 put on your chain of gold1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,we hope you're not offended1 7with7 your house we make so bold1 ,drawing near to the merry month of ,may4 ,rise up1 the mistress of this house1 with gold along your breast1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,and if your body be asleep1 we hope your soul's at rest1 ,drawing near to the merry month of ,may4 ,rise up1 the children of this house1 all in your rich attire1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,for every hair upon your head7s7 shines like the silver wire1 ,drawing near to the merry month of ,may4 ,god bless this house and harbour1 your riches and your store1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,we hope the ,lord will prosper you1 both now and evermore1 ,drawing near to the merry month of ,may4 ,so now we're going to leave you1 in peace and plenty here1 ,for the summer springs so fresh1 green1 and gay2 ,we shall not sing you ,may again until another year1 ,for to draw you these cold winters away4 ,,new ,,may ,,song4 ,come listen awhile to what we shall say1 ,concerning the season1 the month we call ,may2 ,for the flowers they are springing1 and the birds they do sing1 ,and the baziers#db are sweet in the morning of ,may4 ,when the trees are in bloom1 and the meadows are green1 ,the sweet-smelling cowslips are plain to be seen2 ,the sweet ties of nature1 which we plainly do see1 ,for the baziers are sweet in the morning of ,may4 ,all creatures are deem'd1 in their station below1 ,such comforts of love on each other bestow2 ,our flocks they're all folded1 and young lambs sweetly do play1 ,and the baziers are sweet in the morning of ,may4 ,so now to conclude with much freedom and love1 ,the sweetest of blessings proceeds from above2 ,let us join in our song that right happy may we be1 ,for we'll bless with contentment in the morning of ,may40#dc #db ,the bazier is the name given in this part of ,lancashire to the auricula1 which is usually in full bloom in ,april4 #dc ,the ,cheshire ,may-song is very similar to this4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,oliver in his ,monumental ,antiquities of ,great ,grimsby 7#ahbe1 p4 #ci71 speaking of ,holm ,hill and ,abbey ,hill1 two of the seven hills on which the ,british town of ,grym-by was situated1 says they were united by an artificial bank1 called the ,ket ,bank1 in connection with which he relates the following curious ceremony3-- ,the great female divinity of the ,british ,druids was ,ket1 or ,ceridwen2 a personification of the ,ark of ,noah2 the famous ,keto of ,antiquity1 or1 in other words ,ceres1 the patroness of the ancient mysteries4 ,to enter into a full explanation of these mysteries is unnecessary4 ,suffice it to say that the aspirant1 at the conclusion of the ceremony of initiation1 was placed in a small boat1 to represent the confinement of ,noah in the ,ark2--which boat was a symbol of the helio-arkite deity1--and committed to the waves with directions to gain a proposed point of land1 which was to him a shore1 not only of safety1 but of triumph4 ,on this shore he was received by the hierophant and his attendants1 who had placed themselves there for the express purpose1 and pronounced a favourite of ,ket1 by whom he was now said to be purified with water1 and consequently regenerated and purged from all his former defilements4 ,the ,abbey ,hill was the place where these sacred mysteries were celebrated1 and the designation of this bank fully corroborates the conjecture1 for whoever will attentively consider the situation of these two hills1 connected by an extended embankment even at the present day1 will be convinced that a more convenient spot could not be found for the performance of the above ceremony4 ,the sacred rites were solemnized within the stone circle1 which doubtless existed on the ,abbey ,hill1 and the candidate at the highest time of the tide was committed to the mercy of the waves from the point now known by the name of ,wellow ,mill1 and he had to struggle against the declining tide1 until he was cast at the foot of ,holm ,hill1 upon the bank of ,ket1 the presiding deity1 under whose special protection he was ever after placed4 ,this ceremony always took place on ,may ,eve1 for at no other season was the final degree of perfection conferred1 and as soon as the fortunate aspirants had succeeded in gaining the safe landing-place of ,ket1 which led by an easy gradation to the summit of the hill1 fires were lighted on the apex of this and all the neighbouring hills1 and the most extravagant joy was visible throughout the district4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,on ,may ,eve1 the juvenile branches of nearly every family in the ,isle of ,man1 used to gather primroses1 and strew them before the doors of their dwellings1 in order to prevent the entrance of fairies on that night4 ,it was quite a novel sight to a stranger to the custom to see this delicate flower plentifully arranged at the door of every house he might pass1 particularly in the towns on the night in question or early on the following morning4 ,this custom is now abandoned3 indeed1 it was continued to a late date more through the habit and amusement of children than from superstition4 ,persons more advanced in life congregated on the mountains on ,may ,eve1 and to scare fairies and witches1 supposed to be roaming abroad on that particular night in numbers greater than ordinary1 set fire to the gorse or ,koinney1 and blew horns4 ,many of them remained on the hills till sunrise1 endeavouring to pry into futurity by observing particular omens4 ,if a bright light was observed to issue1 seemingly1 from any house in the surrounding village1 it was considered a certain indication that some member of the family would soon be married2 but if a dim light were seen moving slowly in the direction of the parish church1 it was then deemed equally certain that a funeral would soon pass that way to the churchyard4--,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah4 ,,oxfordshire4 8,at ,woodstock10 says ,aubrey1 8they every ,may ,eve goe into the parke and fetch away a number of hawthorne trees1 which they set about their dores3 'tis pity that they make such a destruction of so fine a tree40 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby the inhabitants went out in troops1 bearing in their hands boughs of thorn in full blossom1 which were bedecked with other flowers1 and then stuck outside the windows of the houses4 ,maypoles were reared up in different parts of the town1 decorated with flowers1 coloured papers1 and bunches of variegated ribbon4--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,ireland1 #aheh1 p4 #ba4 ,,ireland4 ,the following custom of the ,irish is described in a ,,ms4 of the sixteenth century1 and seems to have been of ,pagan origin3 8,upon ,maie ,eve they will drive their cattell upon their neighbour's corne1 to eate the same up2 they were wont to begin from the vast1 and this principally upon the ,english churl4 ,unlesse they do so upon ,maie daie1 the witch hath power upon their cattell all the yere following40--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #ha4 ,sir ,henry ,piers1 in his ,account of ,westmeath1 #afhb1 says3--8,on ,may ,eve1 every family sets up before their door a green bush1 strewed over with yellow flowers1 which the meadows yield plentifully4 ,in counties where timber is plentiful1 they erect tall slender trees1 which stand high1 and they continue almost the whole year2 so that a stranger would go nigh to imagine that they were all signs of ale-sellers1 and that all houses were ale-houses40 ,,may #a4 ,,may ,,day4 ,the festival of ,may ,day has existed in this country1 though its form has often changed1 from the earliest times1 and we find abundant traces of it both in our poets and old chroniclers4 ,tollet imagines that it originally came from our ,gothic ancestors2 and certainly1 if this is to be taken for a proof1 the ,swedes and ,goths welcomed the first of ,may with songs and dance1 and many rustic sports2 but there is only a general1 not a particular1 likeness between our ,may-day festivities and those of our ,gothic ancestors4 ,others again have sought for the origin of our customs in the ,floralia1 or rather the ,maiuma1 of the ,romans1 which were established at a later period under the ,emperor ,claudius1 and differed perhaps but little from the former1 except in being more decent4 ,but though it may at first seem probable that our ,may-games may have come immediately from the ,floralia or ,maiuma of the ,romans1 there can be little question that their final origin must be sought in other countries1 and far remoter periods4 ,maurice says 7,indian ,antiquities1 vol i4 p4 #hg7 that our ,may-day festival is but a repetition of the phallic festivals of ,india and ,egypt1 which in those countries took place upon the sun entering ,taurus1 to celebrate ,nature's renewed fertility4 7phallos7 in ,greek signifies a pole1 in addition to its more important meaning1 of which this is the type2 and in the precession of the ,equinoxes and the changes of the calendar we shall find an easy solution of any apparent inconsistencies arising from the difference of seasons4 ,that the ,may-festival has come down to us from the ,druids1 who themselves had it from ,india1 is proved by many striking facts and coincidences1 and by none more than the vestiges of the god ,bel1 the ,apollo1 or ,orus1 of other nations4 ,the ,druids celebrated his worship on the first of ,may1 by lighting immense fires in honour of him upon the various carns1 and hence the day is called by the aboriginal ,irish and the ,scotch ,highlanders--both remnants of the ,celtic stock--la ,bealtine1 ,bealtaine or ,beltine1 that is1 the day of ,belen's fire1 for1 in the ,cornish1 which is a ,celtic dialect1 we find that tan is fire1 and to tine signifies to light the fire4 ,the ,irish still retain the ,phnician custom of lighting fires at short distances1 and making the cattle pass between them4 ,fathers1 too1 taking their children in their arms1 jump or run through them1 thus passing the latter as it were through the flames--the very practice so expressly condemned in ,scripture4 ,but even this custom appears to have been only a substitute for the atrocious sacrifice of children as practised by the elder ,phnicians4 ,the god ,saturn1 that is1 ,moloch1 was represented by a statue bent slightly forward1 and so placed that the least weight was sufficient to alter its position4 ,into the arms of this idol the priest gave the child to be sacrificed1 when1 its balance being thus destroyed1 it flung or rather dropt1 the victim into a fiery furnace that blazed below4 ,if other proofs were wanting of ,eastern origin1 we might find them in the fact that ,britain was called by the earlier inhabitants the ,island of ,beli1 and that ,bel had also the name of ,hu1 a word which we see again occurring in the ,huli festival of ,india4--,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 ,see ,higgins' ,celtic ,druids1 chap4 v4 sect4 #bc1 p4 #aha2 ,household ,words1 #ahei1 vol4 xix4 p4 #eeg2 ,tolan's ,history of the ,druids1 #hvo1 p4 #aae2 ,celtic ,researches1 #ahjf1 #hvo1 p4 #aia2 ,vossius1 ,on the ,origin of ,idolatries3 ,essai sur le ,culte des ,divinits ,gnratrices4 ,going a-,maying4--,bourne 7,antiquitates ,vulgares1 chap4 xxv47 describes this custom as it existed in his time3--,on the calends1 or first of ,may1 commonly called ,may-day1 the juvenile part of both sexes are wont to rise a little after midnight and walk to some neighbouring wood1 accompanied with music and blowing of horns1 where they break down branches from the trees1 and adorn themselves with nosegays and crowns of flowers2 when this is done they return with their booty homewards1 about the rising of the sun1 and make their doors and windows to triumph with their flowery spoils4 ,in ,chaucer's ,court of ,love we read that early on ,may-day 8,fourth goth al the court1 both most and lest1 to fetche the flowris fresh and blome40 ,in the old romance1 too1 ,la ,morte d',arthur1 translated by ,sir ,thomas ,maleor1 or ,mellor1 in the reign of ,edward ,,iv41 is a passage descriptive of the customs of the times4 8,now it befell in the moneth of lusty ,may1 that ,queene ,guenever called unto her the knyghtes of the ,round ,table1 and gave them warning that early in the morning she should ride on maying into the woods and fields beside ,westminster40 ,the rural clergy1 who seem to have mingled themselves with their flock on all occasions1 whether of sorrow1 devotion1 or amusement1 were reproved by ,grostete1 or ,greathead1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 for going a-maying4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc4 ,shakespeare likewise1 alluding to this custom1 says 7,henry ,,viii4 ,act v4 sc4 #c71 it was impossible to make the people sleep on ,may-morning1 and 7,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act i4 sc4 #a7 that they rose up early to observe ,may day4 8,if thou lovest me then1 ,steal forth thy father's house to-morrow night2 ,and in the wood1 a league without the town1 ,where ,i did meet thee once with ,helena1 ,to do observance to a morn of ,may1 ,there will ,i stay for thee40 ,and again3 8,no doubt they rise up early to observe ,the rite of ,may40--,act4 iv4 sc4 #a4 ,may-dew4--,this was held of singular virtue in former times1 and thus in the ,morning ,post of #bnd ,may1 #agia1 we are told that the day before1 being the ,first of ,may1 according to annual and superstitious custom1 a number of persons went into the fields and bathed their faces with the dew on the grass1 under the idea that it would render them beautiful4 ,pepys on a certain day in ,may makes this entry in his ,diary3 8,my wife away1 down with ,jane and ,w4 ,hewer to ,woolwich1 in order to a little ayre and to lie there to-night1 and so to gather ,may-dew to-morrow morning1 which ,mrs4 ,turner hath taught her is the only thing in the world to wash her face with40 ,may-games4--,when ,christianity1 says ,soane 7,curiosities of ,literature1 p4 #bcj71 found its way into ,britain1 the same mode would seem to have been adopted in regard to the ,may-games by the wise liberality of the first missionaries that we see them employing in so many other cases4 ,conceding to the prejudices of the people1 they did not attempt to root out long established characters1 but invested them with another character as bees close in with wax the noxious substance they are unable to remove4 ,thus in course of time the festival was not only diverted from its original intention1 but even the meaning of its various symbols was forgotten4 ,it degenerated into a mere holiday1 and as such long continued to be the delight of all ages and of all classes1 from king and queen upon the throne to the peasant in his cottage4 ,thus1 for example1 ,henry ,,viii4 appears to have been particularly attached to the exercise of archery and the observance of ,may4 8,some short time after his coronation10 says ,hall 7,vit4 ,henry ,,viii41 fol4 vi4 #f71 8he came to ,westminster with the ,queen and all their train4 ,and on a time being there1 his ,grace1 the ,earls of ,essex1 ,wiltshire1 and other noblemen1 to the number of twelve1 came suddenly into the ,queen's chamber1 all apparelled in short coats of ,kentish ,kendal1 with hoods on their heads1 and hosen of the same1 every one of them his bow and arrows1 and a sword and buckler1 like outlaws or ,robin ,hood's men2 whereof the ,queen1 the ladies1 and all others there1 were abashed1 as well for the strange sight1 as also for their sudden coming2 and after certain dances and pastimes made1 they departed40 ,stow1 too1 in his ,survey of ,london 7#afjc1 #dto1 p4 #ii7 has the following3--8,in the moneth of ,may1 namely on ,may-day in the morning1 every man1 except impediment1 would walke into the sweete meadows and greene woods1 there to rejoyce their spirites with the beauty and savour of sweete flowers1 and with the harmony of birds praysing ,god in their kind2 and for example hereof ,edward ,hall hath noted that ,k4 ,henry the ,eighth1 as in the #c of his reigne and divers other years1 so namely on the seventh of his reigne on ,may day in the morning1 with ,qween ,katheren his wife1 accompanied with many lords and ladies1 rode a-maying from ,greenwitch to the high ground of ,shooter's hill1 where as they passed by the way they espied a company of tall yeomen clothed all in greene1 with greene whoodes and with bowes and arrowes1 to the number of #ajj4 ,one being their chieftaine was called ,robin ,hoode1 who required the king and his companie to stay and see his men shoote1 whereunto the king graunting1 ,robin ,hoode whistled1 and all the #bjj archers shot off1 losing all at once1 and when he whistled againe1 they likewise shot againe2 their arrowes whistled by craft of the head1 so that the noyse was strange and loude1 which greatly delighted the king1 queene1 and their companie40 ,it may seem strange1 remarks ,soane1 that ,robin ,hood should be so prominent a figure in a festival which originated long before he was born1 since we first find mention of him and his forest companions in the reign of ,king ,john1 while the floral games of ,england1 as we have seen1 had their rise with the ,druids4 ,the sports of ,robin ,hood were most probably first instituted for the encouragement of archery1 and it is not surprising if a recreation so especially connected with summer and the forest1 was celebrated at the opening of the year--the opening1 that is1 so far as it related to rural sports and pleasures4 ,by degrees it would become blended with the festival already existing1 and in a short time1 from its superior attraction1 it would become the principal feature of it4 ,douce1 in his ,illustrations of ,shakespeare 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ded71 says the introduction of ,robin ,hood into the celebration of ,may probably suggested the addition of a king or lord of ,may4 ,soane1 however1 takes a very different view1 being of opinion that the custom of electing a ,lord and ,lady of the ,may in the popular sports existed at a far earlier period--long indeed before the time of ,robin ,hood's introduction--at the same time supporting his statement from a command given in the synod at ,worcester1 ,a4 ,d4 #abdj1 ,canon #ch1 8,ne intersint ludis inhonestis1 nec sustineant ludos fieri de rege et regina40 ,for an interesting account of the ,robin ,hood games see ,strutt's novel1 ,queen ,hoo ,hall 7quoted in ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p #ehj74 ,consult also ,ritson's ,collection of ,poems relating to ,robin ,hood 7#ahec71 and ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdg-bgb4 ,morris-dance4--,it is supposed to be of ,moorish origin1 and to be derived to us from ,spain4 ,hence its name4 ,the principal characters of it generally were ,robin ,hood1 ,maid ,marian1 ,scarlet1 ,stokesley1 ,little ,john1 the ,hobby ,horse1 the ,bavian or ,fool1 ,tom the ,piper with his pipe and tabor1 the ,dragon1 of which we have no mention before #aehe4 ,the number of characters varied much at different times and places4 ,see ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdg-bgj1 and ,book of ,days1 vol i4 pp4 #fcj-fcc4 ,maypoles4--,the earliest representation of an ,english maypole is that published in the ,variorum ,shakespeare1 and depicted on a window at ,betley in ,staffordshire1 then the property of ,mr4 ,tollet1 and which he was disposed to think as old as the time of ,henry ,,viii4 ,the pole is planted in a mound of earth1 and has affixed to it ,st4 ,george's red-cross banner1 and a white pennon or streamer with a forked end4 ,the shaft of the pole is painted in a diagonal line of black colour upon a yellow ground1 a characteristic decoration of all these ancient maypoles1 as alluded to by ,shakespeare in his ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 where it gives point to ,hermia's allusion to her rival ,helena as1 8a painted maypole40--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #ege4--,see ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 pp4 #bcd-bdg4 ,it was1 says ,hone 7,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #eef71 a great object with some of the more rigid reformers to suppress amusements1 especially maypoles2 and these idols of the people were taken down as zeal grew fierce1 and put up as it grew cool1 till1 after various ups and downs1 the favourites of the populace were by the ,parliament1 on the #fth ,april1 #afdd1 thus provided against3 8,the ,lords and ,commons do further order and ordain that1 all and singular maypoles that are or shall be erected1 shall be taken down and removed by the constables1 bossholders1 tithing-men1 petty constables1 and churchwardens of the parishes where the same be1 and that no maypole be hereafter set up1 erected1 or suffered to be set up within this kingdom of ,england or dominion of ,wales2 the said officers to be fined five shillings weekly till the said maypole be taken down40 ,accordingly down went all the maypoles that were left4 ,the restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 however was the signal for their revival4 ,on the very #ast of ,may afterwards1 in #affa1 the maypole in the ,strand was reared with great ceremony and rejoicing4 ,a contemporary writer 7in ,cities ,loyalty ,displayed1 #affa1 #dto7 speaking of it1 says1 8,this tree was a most choice and remarkable piece2 'twas made below ,bridge1 and brought in two parts up to ,scotland ,yard1 near the ,king's ,palace1 and from thence it was conveyed1 ,april #adth1 to the ,strand to be erected nearly opposite ,somerset ,house4 ,it was brought with a streamer flourishing before it1 drums beating all the way1 and other sorts of musick2 it was supposed to be so long that landsmen 7as carpenters7 could not possibly raise it2 7,prince ,james1 the ,duke of ,york1 ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england1 commanded twelve seamen off aboord to come and officiate the business1 whereupon they came and brought their cables1 pullies1 and other tacklins1 with six great anchors72 after this was brought three crowns borne by three men bare-headed1 and a streamer displaying all the way before them1 drums beating1 and other musick playing2 numerous multitudes of people thronging the streets with great shouts and acclamations all day long4 ,the maypole then being joyned together1 the crown and cane with the ,king's arms richly gilded was placed on the head of it4 ,this being done1 the trumpets did sound1 and in four hours space it was advanced upright1 after which being established fast in the ground1 six drums did beat1 and the trumpets did sound2 again great shouts and acclamations the people give that it did ring throughout all the ,strand4 ,after that came a morris-dance finely deckt1 with purple scarfs in their half-shirts with a tabor1 and pipe1 the ancient musick1 and danced round about the maypole1 and after that danced the rounds of their liberty4 ,upon the top of this famous standard is likewise set up a royal purple streamer1 about the middle of it is placed four crowns more1 with the ,king's arms likewise2 there is also a garland set upon it of various colours of delicate rich favours1 under which is to be placed three great lanthorns1 to remain for three honours2 that is1 one for ,prince ,james1 ,duke of ,york1 ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england2 the other for the ,vice-,admiral2 and the third for the rear-,admiral3 these are to give light in dark nights1 and to continue so long as the pole stands1 which will be a perpetual honour for seamen40--,see ,the ,town1 ,leigh ,hunt 7#ahei1 p4 #afa74 ,the author of a pamphlet entitled ,the ,way to ,things by ,words1 and ,words by ,things1 considers the maypole in a curious light4 ,we gather from him1 says ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bde71 that our ancestors held an anniversary assembly on ,may-day1 and that the column of ,may 7whence our maypole7 was the great standard of justice in the ,ey-commons1 or fields of ,may4 ,here it was the people1 if they saw cause1 deposed or punished their governors1 their barons1 and their kings4 ,the judge's bough or wand 7now discontinued1 and only faintly represented by a trifling nosegay71 and the staff or rod of authority in the civil and in the military 7for it was the mace of civil power1 and the truncheon of the field-officers71 are both derived from hence4 ,a mayor1 he says1 received his name from this ,may1 in the sense of lawful power2 the crown--a mark of dignity and symbol of power1 like the mace and sceptre--was also taken from the ,may1 being representative of the garland or crown1 which when hung on the top of the ,may or pole1 was the great signal for convening the people2 the arches of it1 which spring from the circlet and meet together at the mound or round bell1 being necessarily so formed1 to suspend it to the top of the pole4 ,the word maypole1 he observes1 is a pleonasm2 in ,french it is called singly ,mai4 ,in front of the spot now occupied by ,st4 ,mary-le-,strand anciently stood a cross1 at which1 says ,stow1 8,in the year #abid and other times1 the justices itinerant sat without ,london40 ,in the ,british ,apollo 7#agjh1 vol4 i47 a writer says3 ,it was a custom among the ancient ,britons1 before converted to ,christianity1 to erect these maypoles1 adorned with flowers1 in honour of the goddess ,flora4 ,keysler1 says ,mr4 ,borlase1 thinks that the custom of the maypole took its origin from the earnest desire of the people to see their king1 who1 seldom appearing at other times1 made his procession at this time of year to the great assembly of the states held in the open air4--,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdf4 ,chimney-sweepers4--,how or when the chimney-sweepers contrived to intrude their sooty persons into the company of the gay and graceful ,flora upon her high festival does not appear4 ,it is certain1 however1 that in ,london they have long observed the early days of ,may as an established holiday1 on which occasion they parade the streets in parties1 fantastically tricked out in tawdry finery1 enriched with strips of gilt and various coloured papers1 c4 ,with their faces chalked1 and their shovels and brushes in hand1 they caper the 8,chimney-sweeper's ,dance0 to a well-known tune1 considered by amateurs as more noisy than musical4 ,some of the larger parties are accompanied by a fiddle1 a 8,jack-in-the-,green10 and a 8,lord and lady of the ,may40 ,the 8,jack-in-the-,green0 is a man concealed within a frame of wickerwork covered with leaves1 flowers1 c4--,soane1 ,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 p4 #bfa2 ,sports1 ,pastimes1 and ,customs of ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #cd2 ,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fai4 ,milkmaid's ,dance4--,on the first day of ,may1 says a writer in the ,spectator 7vol4 v471 8the ruddy milkmaid exerts herself in a most sprightly manner under a pyramid of silver tankards1 and1 like the virgin ,tarpeia1 oppressed by the costly ornaments which her benefactors lay upon her40 ,these decorations of silver cups1 tankards1 and salvers were borrowed for the purpose1 and hung round the milk-pails1 with the addition of flowers and ribbons1 which the maidens carried upon their heads when they went to the houses of their customers1 and danced in order to obtain a small gratuity from each of them4 ,of late years the plate1 with the other decorations1 was placed in a pyramidical form1 and carried by two chairmen upon a wooden horse4 ,the maidens walked before it1 and performed the dance without any incumbrance4 ,sometimes in place of the silver tankards and salvers they substituted a cow4 ,the animal had her horns gilt1 and was nearly covered with ribbons of various colours1 formed into bows and roses1 and interspersed with green oaken leaves and bunches of flowers4--,strutt1 ,sports and ,pastimes1 #ahja1 b4 iv4 p4 #bff4dd #dd ,at ,baslow1 in the county of ,derby1 the festival of kit-dressing is1 occasionally1 observed4 ,the kits or milk pails are fancifully and tastefully decorated with ribbons1 and hung with festoons of flowers and ornaments of muslin and silk1 and with gold and silver thread4 ,the kits are carried on the heads of the young women of the village1 who1 attended by the young men and preceded by a band of music1 parade the streets1 and end the day's proceedings by a dance4 ,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjh4 ,pepys in his ,diary1 ,may #ast1 #affg1 says1 8,to ,westminster2 on the way meeting many milkmaids1 with their garlands upon their pails1 dancing with a fiddler before them1 and saw pretty ,nelly ,nell ,gwynne standing at her lodgings' door in ,drury ,lane in her smock sleeves and bodice1 looking upon one2 she seemed a mighty pretty creature40 ,in a set of prints called the ,tempest ,cryes of ,london1 one is called the ,merry ,milkmaid1 whose proper name was ,kate ,smith4 ,she is dancing with her milk-pail on her head1 decorated with silver cups1 tankards1 and salvers borrowed for the purpose1 and tied together with ribbons1 and ornamented with flowers4 ,misson1 too1 in his ,observations on his ,travels in ,england1 alludes to this custom4 ,he says3 ,on the #ast of ,may1 and the five and six days following1 all the pretty young country girls that serve the town with milk dress themselves up very neatly1 and borrow abundance of silver plate1 whereof they make a pyramid1 which they adorn with ribbons and flowers1 and carry upon their heads instead of their common milk-pails4 ,in this equipage1 accompanied by some of their fellow milkmaids and a bag-pipe or fiddle1 they go from door to door1 dancing before the houses of their customers1 in the midst of boys and girls that follow them in troops1 and everybody gives them something4--,ozell's ,translation1 #hvo1 #agai1 p4 #cjg4 ,in ,read's ,weekly ,times1 ,may #eth1 #agcc1 occurs the following3--,on ,may-day the milk-maids who serve the ,court danced minuets and rigadoons before the ,royal family1 at ,st4 ,james's ,house1 with great applause4 ,the following lines descriptive of the milkmaid's garland are taken from ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 pp4 #efi1 #egj3-- 8,in ,london thirty years ago1 ,when pretty milkmaids went about1 ,it was a goodly sight to see ,their ,may-day pageant all drawn out4 ,themselves in comely colours drest1 ,their shining garland in the middle1 ,a pipe and tabor on before1 ,or else the foot-inspiring fiddle4 ,they stopt at houses where it was ,their custom to cry #8milk below6' ,and1 while the music play'd1 with smiles ,join'd hands and pointed toe to toe4 ,thus they tripp'd on1 till--from door to door ,the hop'd-for annual present sent-- ,a signal came1 to courtsey low1 ,and at that door cease merriment4 ,such scenes and sounds once blest my eyes ,and charm'd my ears2 but all have vanish'd4 ,on ,may-day now no garlands go1 ,for milkmaids and their dance are banish'd4 ,see ,chappell's ,popular ,music of the ,olden ,time1 #ahee-i2 also ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aefb4 ,may-gosling4--,a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agia1 vol4 lxi4 p4 #cbg7 says a ,may-gosling1 on the #ast of ,may1 is made with as much eagerness in the north of ,england as an ,april noddy 7noodle7 or fool on the #ast of ,april4 8,u4 ,p4 ,k4 spells ,may-goslings0 is an expression used by boys at play as an insult to the losing party4 ,u4 ,p4 ,k4 is up-pick1 that is1 up with your pin or peg1 the mark of the goal4 ,an additional punishment was thus3 the winner made a hole in the ground with his heel1 into which a peg about three inches long was driven1 its top being below the surface2 the loser1 with his hands tied behind him1 was to pull it up with his teeth1 the boys buffeting with their hats1 and calling out1 8,up-pick6 you ,may gosling60 or 8,u4 ,p4 ,k41 gosling in ,may40#de #de ,see p4 #bfe4 ,,berkshire4 ,at ,abingdon the children and young people formerly went about in groups on ,may morning1 singing the following carol3-- 8,we've been a-rambling all the night1 ,and sometime of this day2 ,and now returning back again1 ,we bring a garland gay4 ,why don't you do as we have done ,on this first day of ,may8 ,and from our parents we have come1 ,and would no longer stay4 ,a garland gay we bring you here1 ,and at your door we stand2 ,it is a sprout well budded out1 ,the work of our ,lord's hand4 ,why don't you do1 c4 ,so dear1 so dear as ,christ loved us1 ,and for our sins was slain2 ,christ bids us turn from wickedness ,back to the ,lord again4 ,why don't you do10 c4-- ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dja4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,in a ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum entitled ,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj1 it is stated that on the day of ,st4 ,philip and ,st4 ,james1 if it be fair weather1 and the master grants leave1 those boys who choose it may rise at four o'clock1 to gather ,may-branches1 if they can do it without wetting their feet2 and that on that day they adorn the windows of the bed-chambers with green leaves1 and the houses are perfumed with fragrant herbs4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,some derive ,may from ,maia1 the mother of ,mercury1 to whom they offered sacrifices on the first day of it2 and this seems to explain the custom which prevails on this day at ,cambridge of children having a figure dressed in a grotesque manner1 called a ,may-lady1 before which they set a table having on it wine1 c4 ,they also beg money of passengers1 which is considered as an offering to the ,maulkin2 for their plea to obtain it is 8,pray remember the poor ,may-lady40 ,perhaps the garlands1 for which they also beg1 originally adorned the head of the goddess4 ,the bush of hawthorn1 or1 as it is called1 ,may1 placed at the doors on this day1 may point out the firstfruits of the spring1 as this is one of the earliest trees which blossoms4--,audley1 ,companion to the ,almanack1 #ahaf1 p4 #ga4 ,,cheshire4 ,in this county the young men formerly celebrated ,may-day by placing large bidden boughs over the doors of the houses where the young women resided to whom they paid their addresses2 and an alder bough was often placed over the door of a scold4--,lysons' ,magna ,britannia1 #ahaj1 vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #dfb4 ,maypoles are also erected1 and danced round in some villages with as much avidity as ever4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #ahej1 vol4 v4 p4 #bed4 ,washington ,irving in his ,sketch ,book says1 ,i shall never forget the delight ,i felt on first seeing a ,maypole4 ,it was on the banks of the ,dee1 close by the picturesque old bridge that stretches across the river from the quaint little city of ,chester4 ,i had already been carried back into former days by the antiquities of that venerable place1 the examination of which is equal to turning over the pages of a black-letter volume1 or gazing on the pictures in ,froissart4 ,the ,maypole on the margin of that poetic stream completed the illusion4 ,my fancy adorned it with wreaths of flowers1 and peopled the green bank with all the dancing revelry of ,may-day4 ,,cornwall4 ,in ,cornwall this day is hailed by the juveniles as 8dipping-day40 ,on ,may-morning the children go out into the country and fetch home the flowering branches of the white-thorn1 or boughs of the narrow-leaved elm1 which has just put forth its leaves1 both of which are called 8,may40 ,at a later hour all the boys of the village sally forth with their bucket1 can1 and syringe1 or other instrument1 and avail themselves of a licence which the season confers 8to dip0 or well nigh drown1 without regard to person or circumstances1 the passenger who has not the protection of a piece of 8,may0 in his hat or button-hole4 ,the sprig of the hawthorn or elm is probably held to be proof that the bearer has not failed to rise early 8to do observance to a morn of ,may40--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #big4 ,borlase1 in his ,natural ,history of ,cornwall1 tells us that an ancient custom still retained by the ,cornish is that of decking their doors and porches on the #ast of ,may with green sycamore and hawthorn boughs1 and of planting trees1 or rather stumps of trees1 before their houses4 ,bond1 in his ,history of ,east and ,west ,looe 7#ahbc1 p4 #ch71 says3--,on ,may-day the boys dress their hats with flowers and hawthorn1 and furnish themselves with bullocks' horns1 in which sticks of about two feet long are fixed1 and with these instruments filled with water they parade the streets all day1 and dip all persons who pass them if they have not what is called ,may in their hats1 that is1 a sprig of hawthorn4 ,a writer also in ,once a ,week 7,sept4 #bdth1 #ahgj71 speaking of certain ,cornish customs1 tells us that dipping was admitted by the boys of ,looe to be very great fun1 and a ,may-day without any would have been voted an utter failure2 nevertheless the coppers of commutation were very acceptable1 as the great two-day fair of the town was held towards the close of the week1 when cash was generally in demand4 ,hence when any one flung pence among them1 they were wont to chant during the scramble-- 8,the ,first of ,may is dipping-day1 ,the ,sixth of ,may is ,looe's fair day40 ,on the #ast of ,may a species of festivity1 ,hitchins tells us1 was observed in his time at ,padstow3 called the ,hobby-horse1 from the figure of a horse being carried through the streets4 ,men1 women1 and children flocked round it1 when they proceeded to a place called ,traitor ,pool1 about a quarter of a mile distant1 in which the hobby-horse was always supposed to drink4 ,the head after being dipped into the water1 was instantly taken out1 and the mud and water were sprinkled on the spectators1 to the no small diversion of all4 ,on returning home a particular song was sung1 which was supposed to commemorate the event that gave the hobby-horse birth4 ,according to tradition the ,french once upon a time effected a landing at a small cove in the vicinity1 but seeing at a distance a number of women dressed in red cloaks1 whom they mistook for soldiers1 they fled to their ships and put to sea4 ,the day generally ended in riot and dissipation4--,hitchins1 ,history of ,cornwall1 #ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbj4 ,on the first ,sunday after ,may-day it is a custom with families at ,penzance to visit ,rose-hill1 ,poltier1 and other adjacent villages1 by way of recreation4 ,these pleasure-parties generally consist of two or three families together4 ,they carry flour and other materials with them to make the 8heavy cake0#df at the farm-dairies1 which are always open for their reception4 ,nor do they forget to take tea1 sugar1 rum1 and other comfortable things for their refreshment1 which1 by paying a trifle for baking and for the niceties awaiting their consumption1 content the farmers for the house-room and pleasure they afford their welcome visitants4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p #efa4 #df ,see ,may-eve1 ,penzance1 p4 #baf4 ,,derbyshire4 ,maypoles are to be seen in some of the village-greens still standing1 and adorned with garlands on ,may-day4 ,on this morning1 too1 the young village women go out about sunrise for the purpose of washing their faces in the ,may-dew1 and return in the full hope of having their complexions improved by the process4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjf4 ,,devonshire4 ,at the village of ,holne1 situated on one of the spurs of ,dartmoor1 is a field of about two acres1 the property of the parish1 and called the ,ploy 7play7 ,field4 ,in the centre of this stands a granite pillar 7,menhir7 six or seven feet high4 ,on ,may-morning before daybreak the young men of the village used to assemble there1 and then proceed to the moor1 where they selected a ram lamb 7doubtless with the consent of the owner71 and after running it down1 brought it in triumph to the ,ploy ,field1 fastened it to the pillar1 cut its throat1 and then roasted it whole1 skin1 wool1 c4 ,at midday a struggle took place1 at the risk of cut hands1 for a slice1 it being supposed to confer luck for the ensuing year on the fortunate devourer4 ,as an act of gallantry the young men sometimes fought their way through the crowd to get a slice for the chosen amongst the young women1 all of whom1 in their best dresses1 attended the ,ram ,feast1 as it was called4 ,dancing1 wrestling1 and other games1 assisted by copious libations of cider during the afternoon1 prolonged the festivity till midnight4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cec4 ,in some places it is customary for the children to carry about from house to house two dolls1 a large and a small one--beautifully dressed and decorated with flowers4 ,this custom has existed at ,torquay from time immemorial4 ,,essex4 ,at ,saffron-,walden1 and in the village of ,debden1 an old ,may-day song 7almost identical with that given under ,,berkshire1 which see7 is sung by the little girls1 who go about in parties1 carrying garlands from door to door4 ,the garlands which the girls carry are sometimes large and handsome1 and a doll is usually placed in the middle1 dressed in white1 according to certain traditional regulations4--,illustrated ,london ,news1 ,june #fth1 #aheg1 p4 #eec4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,in the village of ,randwick1 hard by the ,stroud cloth-mills1 at the appointed daybreak1 three cheeses were carried upon a litter1 festooned and garlanded with blossoms1 down to the churchyard1 and rolled thrice mystically round the sacred building2 being subsequently carried back in the same way upon the litter in triumphal procession1 to be cut up on the village-green and distributed piecemeal among the bystanders4--,household ,words1 #ahei1 vol4 xix4 p4 #eae4 ,in this county the children sing the following song as they dance round the ,maypole3 8,round the ,maypole1 trit-trit-trot6 ,see what a ,maypole we have got2 ,fine and gay4 ,trip away1 ,happy is our new ,may-day40-- ,aunt ,judy's ,magazine1 #ahgd1 ,no4 xcvii4 p4 #dcf4 ,,hampshire4 ,in the village of ,burley1 one of the most beautiful villages of the ,new ,forest1 a maypole is erected1 a fte is given to the school-children1 and a ,may-queen is chosen by lot2 a floral crown surmounts the pole1 and garlands of flowers hang about the shaft4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,at ,baldock1 in former times1 the peasantry were accustomed to make a 8my-lord-and-my-lady0 in effigy on the first of ,may4 ,these figures were constructed of rags1 pasteboard1 old masks1 canvas1 straw1 c41 and were dressed up in the holiday habiliments of their fabricators--8my lady0 in the best gown'd1 apron1 kerchief1 and mob cap of the dame1 and 8my lord0 in the ,sunday gear of her master4 ,the tiring finished1 8the pair0 were seated on chairs or joint-stools1 placed outside the cottage-door or in the porch1 their bosoms ornamented with large bouquets of ,may flowers4 ,they supported a hat1 into which the contributions of the lookers-on were put4 ,before them1 on a table were arranged a mug of ale1 a drinking-horn1 a pipe1 a pair of spectacles1 and sometimes a newspaper4 ,the observance of this usage was exclusively confined to the wives of the labouring poor resident in the town1 who were amply compensated for their pains-taking by the contributions1 which generally amounted to something considerable4 ,but these were not the only solicitors on ,may-day2 the juveniles of ,baldock constructed a garland of hoops transversed1 decorated with flowers1 ribbons1 c41 affixed to the extremity of a staff1 by which it was borne1 similar to those at ,northampton and ,lynn4--,hone1 ,the ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #aeic4 ,the following amusing account of the manner in which ,may-day was formerly observed at ,hitchin is given by a correspondent of ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #efe3 ,soon after three o'clock in the morning a large party of the townspeople1 and neighbouring labourers parade the town1 singing the ,mayer's ,song4 ,they carry in their hands large branches of ,may1 and they affix a branch either upon or at the side of the doors of nearly every respectable house in the town4 ,where there are knockers they place their branches within the handles4 ,the larger the branch is that is placed at the door the more honourable to the house1 or rather to the servants of the house4 ,if in the course of the year a servant has given offence to any of the mayers1 then1 instead of a branch of ,may1 a branch of elder1 with a bunch of nettles1 is affixed to her door3 this is considered a great disgrace1 and the unfortunate subject of it is exposed to the jeers of her rivals4 ,on ,may-morning1 therefore1 the girls look with some anxiety for their ,may-branch1 and rise very early to ascertain their good or ill-fortune4 ,the houses are all thus decorated by four o'clock in the morning4 ,throughout the day parties of these mayers are seen dancing and frolicking in various parts of the town4 ,the group that ,i saw to-day1 which remained in ,bancroft for more than an hour1 was composed as follows3--,first came two men with their faces blacked1 one of them with a birch broom in his hand1 and a large artificial hump on his back2 the other dressed as a woman1 all in rags and tatters1 with a large straw bonnet on1 and carrying a ladle2 these are called 8,mad ,moll and her husband20 next came two men1 one most fantastically dressed with ribbons1 and a great variety of gaudy-coloured silk handkerchiefs tied round his arms1 from the shoulders to the wrists1 and down his thighs and legs to the ancles2 he carried a drawn sword in his hand2 leaning upon his arm was a youth dressed as a fine lady in white muslin1 and profusely bedecked from top to toe with gay ribbons--these were called the 8,lord and ,lady0 of the company2 after these followed six or seven couples more1 attired much in the same style as the lord and lady1 only the men were without the swords4 ,when this group received a satisfactory contribution at any house the music struck up from a violin1 clarionet1 and fife1 accompanied by the long drum1 and they began the merry dance4 ,while the dancers were merrily footing it the principal amusement to the populace was caused by the grimaces and clownish tricks of ,mad ,moll and her husband4 ,when the circle of spectators became so contracted as to interrupt the dancers1 then ,mad ,moll's husband went to work with his broom1 and swept the road-dust1 all round the circle1 into the faces of the crowd1 and when any pretended affronts were offered to his wife1 he pursued the offenders1 broom in hand2 if he could not overtake them1 whether they were males or females1 he flung his broom at them4 ,these flights and pursuits caused an abundance of merriment4 ,the ,mayer's ,song is a composition1 or rather a medley of great antiquity1 and is as follows3-- 8,remember us poor mayers all4 ,and thus do we begin ,to lead our lives in righteousness1 ,or else we die in sin4 ,we have been rambling all this night1 ,and almost all this day1 ,and now returned back again ,we have brought you a branch of ,may4 ,a branch of ,may we have brought you1 ,and at your door it stands1 ,it is but a sprout1 but it's well budded out ,by the work of our ,lord's hands4 ,the hedges and trees they are so green1 ,as green as any leek1 ,our ,heavenly ,father1 he watered them ,with his heavenly dew so sweet4 ,the heavenly gates are open wide1 ,our paths are beaten plain1 ,and if a man be not too far gone1 ,he may return again4 ,the life of man is but a span1 ,it flourishes like a flower2 ,we are here to day1 and gone to-morrow1 ,and are dead in an hour4 ,the moon shines bright1 and the stars give a light ,a little before it is day4 ,so ,god bless you all1 both great and small1 ,and send you a joyful ,may40 ,,huntingdonshire4 ,in the village of ,glatton1 ,may-day is observed by the election of ,queen of the ,may1 and the making of the garland4 ,the garland is of a pyramidal shape1 and in this respect resembles the old milk-maid's garland2 it is composed of crown-imperials1 tulips1 anemones1 cowslips1 kingcups1 daffodils1 meadow-orchis1 wallflowers1 primroses1 lilacs1 laburnums1 and as many roses and bright flowers as the season may have produced4 ,these1 with the addition of green boughs1 are made into a huge pyramidal nosegay1 from the front of which a gaily-dressed doll stares vacantly at her admirers4 ,this doll is intended to represent ,flora4 ,from the base of the nosegay hang ribbons1 handkerchiefs1 pieces of silk1 and any other gay-coloured fabric that can be borrowed for the occasion4 ,the garland is carried by the two maids of honour to the ,may queen who place their hands beneath the nosegay1 and allow the gay-coloured streamers to fall towards the ground4 ,the garland is thus some six feet high4 ,the following song was sung by 8the ,mayers0 on ,may-day1 #ahfe1 in the village of ,denton and ,chaldecote1 when they went round with their 8garland03-- 8,here comes us poor ,mayers all1 ,and thus do we begin ,to lead our lives in righteousness1 ,for fear we should die in sin4 ,to die in sin is a dreadful thing1 ,to die in sin for nought2 ,it would have been better for us poor souls ,if we had never been born4 ,good morning1 lords and ladies1 ,it is the first of ,may2 ,i hope you'll view the garland1 ,for it looks so very gay4 ,the cuckoo sings in ,april1 ,the cuckoo sings in ,may1 ,the cuckoo sings in ,june1 ,in ,july she flies away4 ,now take a ,bible in your hand1 ,and read a chapter through2 ,and when the day of judgment comes ,the ,lord will think of you40-- ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cgc4 ,it is the custom at ,warboys for certain of the poor of the parish to be allowed to go into ,warboys ,wood on ,may-day morning for the purpose of gathering and taking away bundles of sticks4 ,it may possibly be a relic of the old custom of going to a wood in the early morning of ,may-day for the purpose of gathering ,may-dew4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #db4 ,,kent4 ,sir ,dudley ,diggs1 by his will1 dated #afch1 left the yearly sum of #bj to be paid to two young men and two maids1 who on ,may #aith yearly should run a tye at ,old ,wives ,lees in ,chilham and prevail2 the money to be paid out of the profits of the land of this part of the manor of ,selgrave1 which escheated to him after the death of ,lady ,clive4 ,these lands1 being in three pieces1 lie in the parishes of ,preston and ,faversham1 and contain about forty acres1 all commonly called the ,running ,lands4 ,two young men and two young maids run at ,old ,wives ,lees in ,chilham yearly on ,may #ast1 and the same number at ,sheldwich ,lees on the ,monday following1 by way of trial2 and the two who prevail at each of those places run for the #aj at ,old ,wives ,lees as above mentioned on ,may #aith4--,hasted1 ,history of ,kent1 vol ii4 p4 #ghg4 ,at ,sevenoaks the children carry their tasteful boughs and garlands from door to door4 ,the boughs consist of a bunch of greenery and wild flowers tied at the end of a stick1 which is carried perpendicularly4 ,the garlands are formed of two hoops interlaced cross-wise1 and covered with blue and yellow flowers from the woods and hedges4 ,sometimes the garlands are fastened at the end of a stick carried perpendicularly1 and sometimes hanging from the centre of a stick borne horizontally by two children4 ,either way the effect is pleasing1 and fully worth the few pence which the appeal of 8,may-day1 garland-day6 please to remember the ,may-bough60 makes one contribute4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dbd4 ,,lancashire4 ,in most places it is customary for each driver of a team to decorate his horses with gaudy ribbons on ,may-day4 ,in ,liverpool and ,birkenhead1 however1 where some thousands of men are employed as carters1 this ,may-day dressing has grown into a most imposing institution4 ,every driver of a team in and around the docks appears to enter into rivalry with his neighbours1 and the consequence is that most of the horses are gaily dressed and expensively decorated4 ,the drivers put on their new suits1 covered with white linen slops1 and sport new whips in honour of the occasion4 ,some of the embellishments for the horses are of a most costly character2 not a few are disposed in most admirable taste2 and in several instances they amount to actual art-exhibitions1 since the carts are filled with the articles in which their owners deal4 ,real and artificial flowers are disposed in wreaths and other forms upon different parts of the harness1 and brilliant velvet cloths1 worked in silver and gold1 are thrown over the loins of the horses2 and if their owners are of sufficient standing to bear coats-of-arms1 these are emblazoned upon the cloths1 surrounded with many curious and artistic devices4 ,not only are the men interested in these displays1 but wives and daughters1 mistresses and servants1 vie with each other as to who shall produce the most gorgeous exhibition4 ,a few years ago the ,corporation of ,liverpool exhibited no fewer than one hundred and sixty-six horses in the procession1 the first cart containing all the implements used by the scavenging department1 most artistically arranged4 ,the railway companies1 the brewers1 the spirit-merchants1 and all the principal dock-carriers1 c41 send their teams with samples of produce to swell the procession4 ,after parading the principal streets1 headed by bands of music and banners1 the horses are taken home to their respective stables1 and public drinks are given to the carters by the ,corporation1 the railway companies1 and other extensive firms4 ,the ,mayor and other members of the ,corporation attend these annual feasts1 and after the repasts are ended the carters are usually addressed by some popular speaker1 and much good advice is frequently given them4--,harland and ,wilkinson1 ,legends and ,traditions of ,lancashire1 #ahgc1 p4 #if4 ,in the ,life of ,mrs4 ,pilkington 7,gent4 ,mag4 #aged1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ced7 allusion seems made to this custom4 ,the writer says1 ,they took places in the waggon1 and quitted ,london early on ,may-morning2 and it being the custom in this month for the passengers to give the waggoner at every inn a ribbon to adorn his team1 she soon discovered the origin of the proverb1 8as fine as a horse20 for before they got to the end of their journey the poor beasts were almost blinded by the tawdry party-coloured flowing honours of their heads4 ,in connection with this custom may be mentioned one practised at ,gilmerton1 in the parish of ,liberton1 county of ,edinburgh4 ,the carters have friendly societies for the purpose of supporting each other in old age or during ill-health1 and with the view partly of securing a day's recreation1 and partly of recruiting their numbers and funds1 they have an annual procession4 ,every man decorates his cart1 horse1 and ribbons1 and a regular procession is made1 accompanied by a band of music4 ,to crown all there is an uncouth uproarious race with cart-horses on the public road1 which draws forth a crowd of ,edinburgh idlers1 and all ends in a dinner1 for which a fixed sum is paid4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 ,the maypole of ,lostock1 a village near ,bolton1 in ,lancashire1 is probably the most ancient on record4 ,it is mentioned in a charter by which the town of ,west ,halton was granted to the ,abbey of ,cockersand1 about the reign of ,king ,john4 ,the pole1 it appears1 superseded a cross1 and formed one of the landmarks which defined the boundaries1 and must therefore have been a permanent and not an annual erection4 ,the words of the charter are1 8,de ,lostockmepull1 ubi crux sita fuit recta linea in austro1 usque ad crucem-super-le-,tunge40--,dugd41 ,monast4 ,anglic4 #ahcj1 vol4 vi4 p4 ii4 n4 ii4 p4 #ijf2 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,formerly it was customary in some parts of this county to change servants on ,may-day4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbc1 p4 #aah4 ,a peculiar rustic ceremony used annually to be observed at ,horncastle towards the close of the last century4 ,on the morning of ,may-day1 when the young people of the neighbourhood assembled to partake in the amusements which ushered in the festival of the month1 a train of youths collected themselves at a place called the ,may-bank4 ,from thence with wands enwreathed with cowslips1 they walked in procession to the maypole1 situated to the west end of the town1 and adorned on that morning with every variety in the gifts of ,flora4 ,here1 uniting in the wild joy of young enthusiasm1 they struck together their wands1 and1 scattering around the cowslips1 testified their thankfulness for that bounty which1 widely diffusing its riches1 enabled them to return home rejoicing at the promises of the opening year4--,weir1 ,sketches of ,horncastle4 ,dr4 ,stukeley1 in his ,itinerarium ,curiosum 7#agbd1 p4 #bi71 alluding to this custom1 says there is a maypole hill near ,horncastle1 where probably stood an ,hermes in ,roman times4 ,the boys annually keep up the festival of the ,floralia on ,may-day1 making a procession to this hill with ,may-gads 7as they call them7 in their hands4 ,this is a white willow wand1 the bark peeled off1 tied round with cowslips4 ,at night they have a bonfire1 and other merriment1 which is really a sacrifice or religious festival4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,may ,day is ushered in with blowing of horns on the mountains1 and with a ceremony which1 says ,waldron1 has something in the design of it pretty enough4 ,in almost all the great parishes they choose from among the daughters of the most wealthy farmers a young maid for the ,queen of ,may4 ,she is dressed in the gayest and best manner they can1 and is attended by about twenty others1 who are called maids of honour4 ,she has also a young man1 who is her captain1 and has under his command a good number of inferior officers4 ,in opposition to her is the ,queen of ,winter1 who is a man dressed in woman's clothes1 with woollen hood1 fur-tippets1 and loaded with the warmest and heaviest habits one upon another4 ,in the same manner are those1 who represent her attendants1 drest2 nor is she without a captain and troop for her defence4 ,both being equipt as proper emblems of the ,beauty of the ,spring and the ,deformity of the ,winter1 they set forth from their respective quarters1 the one preceded by violins and flutes1 the other with the rough music of the tongs and the cleavers4 ,both parties march till they meet on a common1 and then their trains engage in a mock battle4 ,if the ,queen of the ,winter's forces get the better1 so as to take the ,queen of ,may prisoner1 she is ransomed for as much as pays the expenses of the day4 ,after this ceremony ,winter and her company retire1 and divert themselves in a barn1 and the others remain on the green1 where1 having danced a considerable time1 they conclude the evening with a feast1 the queen at one table with her maids1 the captain with his troop at another4 ,there are seldom less than fifty or sixty at each board4 ,for the seizure of her ,majesty's person that of one of her slippers was substituted more recently1 which was in like manner ransomed to defray the expenses of the pageant4 ,the procession of the ,summer--which was subsequently composed of little girls1 and called the ,maceboard#dg--outlived that of its rival1 the ,winter1 some years1 and now1 like many other remnants of antiquity1 has fallen into disuse4--,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah2 ,waldron1 ,description of the ,isle of ,man1 p4 #aed4 #dg ,the maceboard 7probably a corruption of ,may sports7 went from door to door inquiring if the inmates would buy the queen's favour1 which was composed of a small piece of ribbon4 ,,middlesex4 ,london boasted several maypoles before the days of ,puritanism4 ,many parishes vied with each other in the height and adornment of their own4 ,one famed pole stood in ,basing ,lane1 near ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 and was in the time of ,stow kept in the hostelry called ,gerard's ,hall4 8,in the high-roofed hall of this house10 says he1 8sometime stood a large fir pole1 which reached to the roof thereof--a pole of forty feet long and fifteen inches about1 fabled to be the justing staff of ,gerard the ,giant40 ,a carved wooden figure of this giant1 pole in hand1 stood over the gate of this old inn until ,march #aheb1 when the whole building was demolished for city improvements4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #egf4 ,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fab4 ,a maypole was annually erected on ,may-day morning in ,leadenhall ,street1 then called ,cornhill1 before the south door of the church known as that of ,st4 ,andrew the ,apostle2 and1 in order to distinguish this church from others dedicated to the same saint1 it was termed in consequence ,st4 ,andrew's-,under-,shaft4#dh ,on the #ast ,may1 #aeag 7#ith of ,henry ,,viii471 a violent tumult occurred in the city1 and this pole was not raised afterwards4#di ,the inhabitants had long regarded with much jealousy the numerous foreigners who about that time took up their abode in ,london#ej and practised various trades1 to the great injury1 as was then thought1 of the citizens1 and on the #bhth of ,april a quarrel took place between some of the ,london apprentices--at that time a powerful body--and two or three foreigners whom they met in the street1 when blows were exchanged4 ,this disturbance1 however1 was quickly quelled1 but a rumour suddenly became general1 although none knew on what grounds1 that on the ensuing ,may-day1 taking advantage of the sports and pastimes which were expected1 all foreigners then in the city would be slain4 ,in consequence of this various precautions were adopted by the authorities with a view to prevent if possible any contemplated outrage1 and all men were commanded to stay in their houses4 ,notwithstanding this injunction1 on the evening before ,may-day two striplings were found in ,cheapside 8playing at the bucklers10 and having been commanded to desist1 the cry of 8',prentices1 'prentices1 bats and clubs60 the usual gathering words at that period1 was heard through the streets1 and many hundreds of persons1 armed with clubs and other weapons1 assembled from all quarters1 broke open the prisons1 destroyed many houses occupied by foreigners1 and committed other excesses4 ,after some exertions on the part of the city authorities1#ea nearly three hundred of the rioters were captured4 ,a commission was appointed to inquire into the insurrection1 and a great number of the prisoners were condemned to die1 but with the exception of one ,john ,lincolne1 who was hung1 they were all ultimately pardoned4 ,after this circumstance1 which acquired for the day on which it happened the title of 8,evil ,may-day10 and induced those in power to discountenance sports which led to large congregations1 the ,cornhill shaft was hung on a range of hooks under the 8pentises#eb0 of a neighbouring row of houses1 where it remained till #aedi4 ,in that year1 one ,sir ,stephen1 curate of ,st4 ,catherine ,cree1 in a sermon which he preached at ,paul's ,cross1 persuaded the people that this pole had been made into an idol by naming the church of ,st4 ,andrew with the addition of ,under that ,shaft2 and so worked upon them1 that in the afternoon of the same day1 8after they had dined10 the inhabitants with great labour raised the pole off the hooks on which it had rested thirty-two years1 and each man sawing off for himself a piece equal to the length of his house1 it was quickly demolished and burned4--,godwin and ,britton1 ,churches of ,london1 #ahci2 ,brayley1 ,londiniana1 #ahbi1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bbc2 ,hall's ,chronicle1 #aeag4 #dh ,this pole1 when it was fixed in the ground1 was higher than the church steeple2 and it is to this that ,chaucer the poet refers when he says1 speaking of a vain boaster1 that he bears his head 8as he would bear the great shaft of ,cornhill40--,stow's ,survey1 ,b4 ii4 p4 #fe2 ,godwin and ,britton1 ,churches of ,london1 #ahci4 #di ,pennant1 ,london 7#eth edition1 p4 #ehg71 says this shaft gave rise to the insurrection4 ,godwin and ,britton deny this was the case4 #ej ,hall1 in his ,chronicle1 says these foreigners 8compassed the citie rounde aboute1 in ,southwarke1 in ,westminster1 ,temple ,barre1 ,holborne1 ,sayncte ,martynes1 ,sayncte ,john's ,strete1 ,algate1 ,toure ,hyll1 and ,sainct ,katherines40 #ea ,cholmondeley1 constable of the ,tower1 discharged some guns into the streets1 while the ,earls of ,shrewsbury and ,surrey1 collecting the gentlemen of the ,inns of ,court1 restrained the violence of the populace4--,lyttleton1 ,history of ,england1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afg4 #eb ,of the pent-house1 or shelving roof projecting from the main wall1 by which the shops at that period were ordinarily protected1 many examples1 ,godwin and ,britton say1 existed in their time4 ,brayley in his ,londiniana 7vol4 iv4 p4 #cah7 says1 nearly opposite to ,craven ,buildings is a low public-house1 bearing the sign of the ,cock and ,pye 7a contraction for the ,cock and ,magpye71 which two centuries ago was almost the only dwelling in the eastern part of ,drury ,lane1 except the mansion of the ,drewries4 ,hither the youths and maidens of the metropolis1 who1 in social revelry on ,may-day threaded the jocund dance around the maypole in the ,strand1 were accustomed to resort for cakes and ale and other refreshments4 ,may ,fair4--,this saturnalia was held by a grant of the ,abbot of ,westminster1 8with revelry for fourteen days40 ,it took place annually1 commencing on the first of ,may4 ,the locality was anciently called ,brook ,field1 the site of which is now covered with ,curzon ,street1 ,hertford ,street1 and ,chesterfield ,house4 ,frequent allusions to the fair are found in plays and pamphlets of ,charles ,,ii4's time1 and hand-bills and advertisements of the reign of ,james ,,ii4 and his successors are in existence4 ,may ,fair was granted by ,james ,,ii41 in the fourth year of his reign1 to ,sir ,john ,coell and his heirs for ever1 in trust for ,henry ,lord ,dover1 and his heirs for ever4 ,before #agjd the ground became much built upon1 as we learn from the old rate-books1 and in ,november #agjh the gentlemen of the grand jury for the county of ,middlesex and the city of ,westminster made presentment of the fair1 in terms of abhorrence1 as a 8vile and riotous assembly40 ,the ,queen listened to a petition from the bench of justices for ,middlesex1 and a royal proclamation1 dated ,april #bhth1 #agji1 prohibiting the fair 7at least as far as the amusements were concerned71 was the result4 ,it was1 however1 soon revived 8as of old10 and1 we are told1 was much patronised 8by the nobility and gentry40 ,it had also its attractions for the ruder class of holiday-makers1 as we learn from the following copy of a hand-bill formerly in the ,upcott ,collection1 dated #agdh3 8,may ,fair4--,at the ,ducking ,pond on ,monday next1 the #bgth inst41 ,mr4 ,hooton's dog ,nero 7ten years old1 with hardly a tooth in his head to hold a duck1 but well known for his goodness to all that have seen him hunt71 hunts six ducks for a guinea against the bitch called the ,flying ,spaniel1 from the ,ducking ,pond on the other side of the water1 which has beat all she has hunted against1 excepting ,mr4 ,hooton's ,good ,blood4 ,to begin at two o'clock4 8,mr4 ,hooton begs his customers won't take it amiss to pay twopence admittance at the gate1 and take a ticket1 which will be allowed as cash in their reckoning2 no person admitted without a ticket1 that such as are not liked may be kept out4 8,note--,right ,lincoln ale40 ,mr4 ,morley1 in his ,history of ,bartholomew ,fair 7#ahei1 p4 #ajc71 after noticing the presentment of the grand jury in #agjh and the prohibition of ,may ,fair1 tells us that the fair was revived1 and 8finally abolished in the reign of ,george ,,ii4 after a peace-officer had been killed in the attempt to quell a riot40 ,the statement1 however1 of the fair having been finally abolished in the reign of ,george ,,ii4 is perfectly gratuitous on the part of the historian of 8,bartlemy10 as it existed until near the end of another reign4 ,carter the antiquary wrote an account of it in #ahaf1 and he says that a few years previously it was much in the same state as it had been for fifty years4 ,this description1 full of curious interest1 was communicated to the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,march #ahaf 7vol4 lxxxvi4 p4 #bbh74 ,it has been reprinted in ,hone's ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #egb2 ,see ,soane's ,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 #ahfg1 vol i4 p4 #bej1 c42 ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #ceh4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,on the morning of ,may-day the girls from the neighbouring villages of ,kingsthorpe1 c41 bring into ,northampton their garlands1 which they exhibit from house to house 7to show1 as the inhabitants say1 what flowers are in season71 and usually receive a trifle from each house4 ,the skeleton of the garland is formed of two hoops of osier or hazel crossing each other at right angles1 affixed to a staff about five feet long1 by which it is carried2 the hoops are twined with flowers and ribbons so that no part of them is visible4 ,in the centre is placed one1 two1 or three dolls1 according to the size of the garland and the means of the youthful exhibitors4 ,great emulation is excited amongst them1 and they vie with each other in collecting the choicest flowers1 and adorning the dolls in the gayest attire2 ribbon streamers of the varied colours of the rainbow1 the lacemakers adding their spangled bobbins1 decorate the whole4 ,the garlands are carried from house to house concealed from view by a large pocket-handkerchief1 and in some villages it is customary to inquire if the inmates would like to see the ,queen of the ,may4 ,wherever the young people receive a satisfactory contribution they chant their simple ditties1 which conclude with wishing the inhabitants of the house 8a joyful ,may10 or 8a merry month of ,may40 ,the verses sung by the ,dallington children are entirely different from those of any other village1 and are here subjoined3-- 8,the flowers are blooming everywhere1 ,o'er every hill and dale2 ,and oh6 how beautiful they are1 ,how sweetly do they smell6 ,go forth1 my child1 and laugh and play1 ,and let your cheerful voice1 ,with birds1 and brooks1 and merry ,may1 ,cry out1 ,rejoice6 rejoice60 ,when the ,mayers have collected all the money they can obtain1 they return to their homes1 and regale themselves1 concluding the day with a merry dance round the garland4--,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fae2 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dba4 ,clare1 8the ,peasant ,poet0 of ,northampton1 in one of his ,,ms4 ballads1 describes the manner in which ,may-day is observed in his native village1 ,helpstone1 near ,peterborough1 and the neighbourhood4 ,his delightful ballad is printed by ,miss ,baker in her work already quoted 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dbc74 8,how beautiful ,may and its morning comes in6 ,the songs of the maidens1 you hear them begin ,to sing the old ballads while cowslips they pull1 ,while the dew of the morning fills many pipes full4 ,the closes are spangled with cowslips like gold1 ,girls cram in their aprons what baskets can't hold2 ,and still gather on to the heat of the day1 ,till force often throws the last handful away4 ,then beneath an old hawthorn they sit1 one and all1 ,and make the ,may-garlands1 and round cuck a ball ,of cowslips and blossoms so showy and sweet1 ,and laugh when they think of the swains they shall meet4 ,then to finish the garland they trudge away home1 ,and beg from each garden the flowers then in bloom2 ,then beneath the old eldern1 beside the old wall1 ,they set out to make it1 maid1 misses and all4 ,the ribbons the ploughmen bought maids at the fair ,are sure to be seen in a garland so fair2 ,and dolls from the children they dress up and take1 ,while children laugh loud at the show they will make4 ,then they take round the garland to show at each door1 ,with kerchief to hide the fine flowers cover'd o'er2 ,at cottages also1 when willing to pay1 ,the maidens their much-admired garland display4 ,then at duck-under-water#ec adown the long road ,they run with their dresses all flying abroad2 ,and ribbons all colours1 how sweet they appear6 ,may seems to begin the life of the year4 ,then the garland on ropes is hung high over all1 ,one end to a tree1 and one hooked to a wall2 ,when they cuck the ball over till day is nigh gone1 ,and then tea and cakes and the dancing comes on4 ,and then1 lawk6 what laughing and dancing is there1 ,while the fiddler makes faces within the arm-chair2 ,and then comes the cushion1#ed the girls they all shriek1 ,and fly to the door from the old fiddler's squeak4 ,but the doors they are fastened1 so all must kneel down1 ,and take the rude kiss from the unmannerly clown4 ,thus the ,may games are ended1 to their houses they roam1 ,with the sweetheart she chooses each maiden goes home40 #ec ,duck-under-the-water4 ,a game in which the players run1 two and two1 in rapid succession1 under a handkerchief held up aloft by two persons standing apart with extended arms4 ,formerly in this northern part of ,northamptonshire even married women on ,may-day played at this game under the garland1 which was extended from chimney to chimney across the village street4--,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjd4 #ed ,the cushion dance appears to be of some antiquity3 it is thus mentioned by ,selden in his ,table ,talk1 under 8,king of ,england03--8,the court of ,england is much altered4 ,at a solemn dancing1 first you have the great measures1 then the ,corrantoes and the ,galliards1 and this is kept up with ceremony2 at length to ,french-more ,frenchmore and the cushion dance1 and then all the company dance--lord and groom1 lady and kitchen maid1 no distinction4 ,so in our court in ,queen ,elizabeth's time gravity and state were kept up4 ,in ,king ,james' time things were very pretty well4 ,but in ,king ,charles' time there was nothing but ,frenchmore and the cushion-dance1 omnium gatherum1 tolly polly1 hoite come toite40 ,in ,playford's ,dancing ,master 7#afih1 p4 #g7 it is described as follows3--8,this dance is begun by a single person 7either man or woman71 who1 taking a cushion in hand1 dances about the room1 and at the end of the tune stops and sings1 #8,this dance it will no further go2' the musician answers1 #8,i pray you1 good sir1 why say you so8' ,man4 #8,because ,jean ,sanderson will not come to4' ,musician4 #8,she must come to1 and she shall come to1 and she must whether she will or no4' ,then he lays down the cushion before a woman1 on which she kneels1 and he kisses her1 singing1 #8,welcome1 ,joan ,sanderson1 welcome1 welcome4' ,then she rises1 takes up the cushion1 and both dance1 singing1 #8,prinkum prankum is a fine dance1 and shall we go dance it once again8' ,then making a stop1 the woman sings as before1 #8,this dance it will no further go4' ,musician4 #8,i pray you1 madam1 why say you so8' ,woman4 #8,because ,john ,sanderson will not come to4' ,musician4 #8,he must come to1' c4 7as before74 ,and so she lays down the cushion before a man1 who1 kneeling upon it1 salutes her1 she singing #8,welcome1 ,john ,sanderson1' c4 ,then he taking up the cushion1 they dance round1 singing as before1 and thus they do till the whole company are taken into the ring4 ,then the cushion is laid before the first man1 the woman singing #8,this dance1' c4 7as before71 only instead of #8not come to1' they sing1 #8go fro2' and instead of #8,welcome1 ,john ,sanderson1' #8,farewell1 farewell2' and so they go out one by one as they came in40 ,this dance was well known in ,holland in the early part of the seventeenth century1 and an interesting engraving of it may be seen in the #8,emblems of ,john de ,brunnes1' ,amst4 #afbd4--,nares' ,glossary 7,halliwell and ,wright71 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 ,a native of ,fotheringhay1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,peach1 relates that he was formerly accustomed to go into the fields over-night and very early on ,may-day to gather cowslips1 primroses1 wood-anemones1 blue bells1 c41 to make the garlands4 ,the garland1 if possible1 was hung in the centre of the street on a rope stretched from house to house4 ,then was made the trial of skill in tossing balls 7small white leather ones7 through the framework of the garland1 to effect which was a triumph4 ,speaking of the ,may-bush 7a large tree selected for being tall1 straight1 full of branches1 and if possible flowers71 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,peach says1 8,i have been looking out for a pretty bush days before the time1 and if hawthorn and in blossom1 then it was glorious4 ,i have seen them ten or twelve feet high1 and many in circumference1 and they required a stalwart arm to carry and put them into a hole in the ground before the front door1 where they were wedged on each side so as to appear growing4 ,flowers were then thrown over the bush and around it1 and strewn as well before the door4 ,pretty little branches of whitethorn1 adorned with the best flowers procurable1 were occasionally put up1 unperceived by others if possible1 against the bed-room of the favourite lass1 to show the esteem in which she was held1 and the girls accordingly were early on the alert to witness the respective favours allotted them4 ,elder1 crab-tree1 nettles1 thistles1 sloes1 c41 marked the different degrees of respect in which some of them were held40--,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbg4 ,at ,nassington they carry garlands about1 and beg for money2 in the evening they tie them across the street from chimney to chimney1 and dance under them4 ,formerly married women used to amuse themselves by playing under them at the game of ,duck-under-the-water4#ee--;,ibid4 p4 #dbh4 #ee ,see note on page #beb4 ,at ,nassington a curious pasture custom also takes place on ,may-day4 ,there is a large tract of meadow-land lying on the side of the river ,nen1 which the inhabitants of the village have the right of pasturing cows upon4#ef ,the pasture season commences on ,may-day1 and on the evening preceding a rail is put across the entrance to the pasture1 which the cows must leap to get into4 ,much rivalry takes place on this occasion4 ,the lads watch through the night and the dawning of ,may-day1 the lasses with their cows being ready at the proper moment to see which cow shall leap the rail first into the meadow1 and the cow which does this is led round the village in the afternoon1 her horns decorated with ribbons1 c4 ,degradation only awaits the hindmost cow1 she has to carry elder1 nettles1 and thistles as her badge1 and the lass who milks her has to bear the gibes and jeers of the villagers4--,glossary1 c41 p4 #dbh4 #ef ,vide ,bridge's ,hist4 of ,co4 of ,northampton1 #agia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfh4 ,at ,morton-,pinkeney the following song is sung by the children on ,may-morning3-- 8,i have a little purse in my pocket1 ,all fixed with a silver pin2 ,and all that it wants is a more little silver ,to line it well within4 ,the clock strikes one1 ,i must be gone1 ,or else it will be day2 ,good morning to you1 my pretty fair maid1 ,i wish you the merriment of ,may40-- ,ibid4 p4 #dbf4 ,at ,polebrook1 on the last few days of ,april1 the ,queen of ,may and her attendants gather what flowers they can from the surrounding meadows1 and call at the houses of the principal inhabitants to beg flowers1 the gift or the loan of ribbons1 handkerchiefs1 dolls1 c41 with which to form their garland4 ,this being arranged on hoops1 the young maidens assemble on ,may-morning1 and carry it round the village1 preceded by a fiddler2 and the following quaint song--very similar to the one used at ,hitchin1 and thought from its phraseology to have been written in the time of the ,puritans--is sung by the ,queen and her company at the different houses1 and a gratuity is solicited4 8,remember us poor mayers all1 ,for now we do begin ,to lead our lives in righteousness1 ,for fear we die in sin4 ,to die in sin is a serious thing1 ,to go where sinners mourn2 ',twould have been better for our poor souls ,if we had ne'er been born4 ,now we've been travelling all the night1 ,and best part of this day2 ,and now we're returning back again1 ,and have brought you a branch of ,may4 ,a branch of ,may1 which looks so gay1 ,before your door to stand2 ',tis but a sprout1 but 'tis well spread out1 ,the work of our ,lord's hand4 ,arise1 arise1 you pretty fair maid1 ,out of your drowsy dream1 ,and step into your dairy-house ,for a sup of your sweet cream4 ,o1 for a sup of your sweet cream1 ,or a jug of your own beer2 ,and if we tarry in the town1 ,we'll call another year4 ,now take the ,bible in your hand1 ,and read a chapter through1 ,and when the day of judgment comes1 ,the ,lord will think of you4 ,repent1 repent1 ye wicked men1 ,repent before you die2 ,there's no repentance in the grave1 ,when in the ground you lie4 ,but now my song is almost done1 ,i've got no more to say2 ,god bless you all1 both great and small1 ,i wish you a joyful ,may40 ,the garland is afterwards suspended by ropes from the school-house to an opposite tree1 and the mayers and other children amuse themselves by throwing balls over it4 ,with the money collected tea and cakes are provided for the joyous party4 ,the ,queen of the ,may takes her seat at the head of the tea-table1 under a bower composed of branches of may and blackthorn2 a wreath of flowers is placed on her head1 and she is hailed 8,lady of the ,may40 ,the attendants wait round her1 the party of mayers seat themselves at a long table below1 and the evening concludes with mirth and merriment4--,glossary1 c41 p4 #dbd4 ,,northumberland ,the young people of both sexes go out early in the morning to gather the flowering thorn and the dew off the grass1 which they bring home with music and acclamations2 and having dressed a pole on the town-green with garlands1 dance around it4 ,a syllabub is also prepared for the ,may-feast1 which is made of warm milk from the cow1 sweet cakes1 and wine2 and a kind of divination is practised by fishing with a ladle for a wedding-ring which is dropped into it for the purpose of prognosticating who shall be first married4--,hutchinson1 ,hist4 of ,northumberland1 #aggh1 vol4 ii41 ,appendix1 p4 #ad4 ,at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne it was formerly usual on ,may-mornings for the young girls to sing these lines in the streets1 at the same time gathering flowers3-- 8,rise up1 maidens1 fie for shame6 ,for ,i've been four long miles from hame1 ,i've been gathering my garlands gay1 ,rise up1 fair maids1 and take in your ,may60-- ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,the ,may-day customs observed in this county are in many respects similar to those of other counties1 but ,nottinghamshire has the honour of being the parent of most of the happy sports which characterise this joyous period of the year1 from the fact of most of the ,may-day games having had their origin in the world famous ,robin ,hood1 whose existence and renown are so intimately connected with this district4 ,his connection with 8,merry ,sherwood0 and the ,sheriff of ,nottingham have been universal themes for centuries2 and these and the 8,miller of ,mansfield0 and the 8,wise ,men of ,gotham0 have done more towards making this county famous than all the rest of the ballads and popular literature put together4 ,maypoles and morris-dances were formerly very general1 and the characters of ,robin ,hood1 ,little ,john1 ,friar ,tuck1 ,maid ,marian1 and the ,hobby-horse were well sustained4 ,the maypoles were sometimes very elegantly ornamented1 and surmounted by flags and streamers of various colours4 ,one was not many years ago remaining by ,hucknall ,folkard1 and at the top were portions of the ironwork and decorations still in being4 ,the morris-dance was unquestionably one of the most popular of the many games incident to this season1 and was very generally prevalent throughout this county1 and many are the ballads dedicated to its observance4 ,the following is of #afad3-- 8,it was my hap of late by chance ,to meet a country morris-dance1 ,when1 chiefest of them all the foole ,plaid with a ladle and a toole2 ,when every younker shak't his hels1 ,and fine ,maid ,marian with her smoile1 ,showed how a rascal plaid the voile1 ,and when the hobby horse did wihy1 ,then all the wenches gave a tihy10 c4 ,may-day1 although a day of general holiday and rejoicing1 is nevertheless considered1 as is the whole of the month1 unlucky for marriage1 and few are celebrated on this day2 more weddings being hastened1 so as to be over before this day1 than postponed until ,june4 ,this does not apply to divinations for future partners1 for in some parts of the county it is usual to prepare a sweet mixture on the first of ,may1 composed of new milk1 cakes1 wine1 and spice1 and for the assembled company to fish with a ladle for a ring and a sixpence1 which have been dropped into the bowl2 the young man who gains the ring and the young woman the sixpence being supposed to be intended for each other4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcd4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,previous to the ,reformation a requiem mass is said to have been performed every ,may-morning at an early hour on the top of ,magdalen tower1 ,oxford1 for the repose of the soul of ,henry ,,vii41 who had honoured that college with a visit in #adhf-g4 ,the choristers continue to execute in the same place1 at five o'clock in the morning of the same day1 certain pieces of choir-music1 for which service the rectory of ,slimbridge in ,gloucestershire pays the yearly sum of #aj4 ,the ceremony has encouraged the notion that ,henry contributed to the erection of the tower1 but his only recorded act of favour to the college is the confirmation of its claim to the rectory charged with the annual payment4 ,the following hymn is sung on the occasion of this ceremony3 8,te ,deum ,patrem colimus1 ,te laudibus prosequimur1 ,qui corpus cibo reficis ,clesti mentem gratia4 ,te adoramus1 ,o ,jesu6 ,te1 ,fili unigenite6 ,te1 qui non dedignatus es ,subire claustra ,virginis4 ,actus in crucem factus es1 ,irato ,deo victima2 ,per te1 ,salvator unice1 ,vit spes nobis rediit4 ,tibi1 terne ,spiritus1 ,cujus afflatu peperit ,infantem ,deum ,maria1 ternum benedicimus6 ,triune ,deus1 hominum ,salutis ,auctor optime1 ,immensum hoc mysterium ,ovanti lingua canimus40 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#bnd ,s4 vii4 p4 #ddf7 thinks this hymn was composed by ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith1 a very learned fellow of ,magdalen ,college1 soon after the ,restoration1 and that it was not sung till about the middle of the last century4#eg--;,akerman1 ,history of ,oxford1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea2 ,wade1 ,walks in ,oxford1 #ahag1 vol4 i4 p4 #acb4 #eg ,whilst making some researches in the library of ,christchurch1 ,oxford1 ,dr4 ,rimbault discovered what appeared to him to be the first draft of the hymn in question4 ,it has the following note3--8,this hymn is sung every day in ,magdalen ,college ,hall1 ,oxon1 dinner and supper1 throughout the year for the after-grace1 by the chaplain1 clerks1 and choristers there4 ,composed by ,dr4 ,benjamin ,rogers1 ,doctor of ,musicke1 of the ,university of ,oxon1 #afhe40 ,it has been popularly supposed1 says ,dr4 ,rimbault1 to be the ,hymnus ,eucharisticus1 written by ,dr4 ,nathaniel ,ingelo1 and sung at the civic feast at ,guildhall on the #eth of ,july1 #affj1 while the ,king and the other exalted personages were at dinner2 but this is a mistake1 for the words of ,ingelo's hymn1 very different from the ,magdalen hymn1 still exist1 and are to be found in ,wood's ,collection in the ,ashmolean ,museum4 ,dr4 ,rimbault1 in a communication to the ,illustrated ,london ,news 7,may #agth1 #ahef71 speaking of this custom1 says3--,in the year of our ,lord ,god #aeja1 the 8most ,christian0 ,king ,henry ,,vii4 gave to ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen ,college the advowsons of the churches of ,slimbridge1 county of ,gloucester1 and ,fyndon1 county of ,sussex1 together with one acre of land in each parish4 ,in gratitude for this benefaction1 the college was accustomed1 during the lifetime of their royal benefactor1 to celebrate a service in honour of the ,holy ,trinity1 with the collect still used on ,trinity ,sunday1 and the prayer1 8,almighty and everlasting ,god1 we are taught by ,thy ,holy ,word that the hearts of kings10 c42 and after the death of the king to commemorate him in the usual manner4 ,the commemoration service ordered in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth is still performed on the #ast of ,may1 and the ,latin hymn in honour of the ,holy ,trinity1 which continues to be sung on the tower at sun-rising1 has evidently reference to the original service4 ,the produce of the two acres above mentioned used to be distributed on the same day between the ,president and ,fellows2 it has however for many years been given up to supply the choristers with a festal entertainment in the college-hall4 ,it was also the custom at ,oxford a generation ago for little boys to blow horns about the streets early on ,may-day1 which they did for the purpose of 8calling up the old maids40 8,i asked an aged inhabitant10 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dcj71 8how long the horn-blowing had ceased1 and he replied1 ever since the ,reform ,bill came in2 but that he remembered the time when the workhouse children were let out for ,may-day early in the morning with their horns and garlands1 and a worthy alderman whom he named always kept open house on that day1 and gave them a good dinner40 8,calling up the old maids0 no doubt refers to the practice of calling up the maids1 whether old or young1 to go a-maying4 ,hearne1 in his preface to ,robert of ,gloucester's ,chronicle1 alluding to the custom 7p4 #ah7 says3--8',tis no wonder1 therefore1 that upon the jollities on the first day of ,may formerly the custom of blowing with1 and drinking in1 horns so much prevailed1 which1 though it be now generally disused1 yet the custom of blowing them prevails at this season1 even to this day at ,oxford1 to remind people of the pleasantness of that part of the year1 which ought to create mirth and gayety40 ,aubrey has this memorandum in his ,remains of ,gentilisme and ,judaisme 7,,ms4 ,lansd4 #bff1 p4 #e73--;,at ,oxford the boys do blow cows' horns and hollow canes all night2 and on ,may-day the young maids of every parish carry about garlands of flowers1 which afterwards they hang up in their churches4 ,at ,combe1 in the same county1 troops of little girls dressed up fantastically parade the village1 carrying sticks1 to the top of which are tied bunches of flowers1 and singing the following song3-- 8,gentlemen and ladies1 ,we wish you a happy ,may2 ,we've come to show our garlands1 ,because it is ,may-day40 ,the same verse1 substantially1 is the ,may-day song at ,wootton1 an adjoining parish4 ,the last two of the four lines are sometimes as follow3-- 8,come1 kiss my face1 and smell my mace1 ,and give the lord and lady something40 ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dbe4 ,at ,headington1 about two miles from ,oxford1 the children gather garlands from house to house4 ,each garland is formed of a hoop for a rim1 with two half hoops attached to it and crossed above1 much in the shape of a crown2 each member is adorned with flowers1 and the top surmounted by a crown imperial or other showy bunch of flowers4 ,each garland is attended by four children1 two girls dressed in all their best1 who carry the garland1 supported betwixt them by a stick passed through it between the arches4 ,these are followed by the 8lord and lady10 a boy and girl1 who go from house to house and sing the same song as is sung at ,combe4 ,in the village are upwards of a dozen of these garlands1 with their 8lords and ladies10 which give to the place the most gay and animated appearance4--,literary ,gazette1 ,may #ahdg4 ,at ,islip the children1 carrying ,may-garlands1 go about in little groups1 singing the following carol3-- 8,good morning1 mi-sus and master1 ,i wish you a happy day2 ,please to smell my garland1 ,because it is the first of ,may40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 ,,shropshire4 ,it has been usual for the people in this neighbourhood to assemble on the ,wrekin hill on the ,sunday after ,may-day1 and the three successive ,sundays1 to drink a health 8to all friends round the ,wrekin20 but as on this annual festival various scenes of drunkenness and licentiousness were frequently exhibited1 its celebration has of late been very properly discouraged by the magistracy1 and is going deservedly to decay4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eii4 ,,somersetshire4 ,at ,minehead ,may-day is observed by the celebration of a custom called 8,hobby-horsing40 ,a number of young men1 mostly fishermen and sailors1 having previously made some grotesque figures of light stuff1 rudely resembling men and horses with long tails1 sufficiently large to cover and disguise the persons who are to carry them1 assemble together and perambulate the town and neighbourhood1 performing a variety of antics1 to the great amusement of the children and young persons4 ,they never fail to pay a visit to ,dunster ,castle1 where1 after having been hospitably regaled with strong beer and victuals1 they always receive a present in money4 ,many other persons1 inhabitants of the places they visit1 give them small sums1 and such persons as they meet are also asked to contribute a trifle2 if they are refused1 the person of the refuser is subjected to the ceremony of booting or pursuing4 ,this is done by some of the attendants holding his person while one of the figures inflicts ten slight blows on him with the top of a boot1 he is then liberated1 and all parties give three huzzas4 ,the most trifling sum buys off this ceremony1 and it is seldom or never performed but on those who purposely throw themselves in their way1 and join the party1 or obstruct them in their vagaries4 ,this custom probably owes its origin to some ancient practice of perambulating the boundaries of the parish4--,savage1 ,history of ,carthampton1 p4 #ehc4 ,,staffordshire4 ,at ,uttoxeter groups of children carry garlands of flowers about the town4 ,the garlands consist of two hoops1 one passing through the other1 which give the appearance of four half circles1 and they are decorated with flowers and evergreens and surmounted with a bunch of flowers as a sort of crown1 and in the centre of the hoops is a pendent orange and flowers4 ,mostly one or more of the children carry a little pole or stick1 with a collection of flowers tied together at one end1 and carried vertically1 and the children themselves are adorned with ribbons and flowers4 ,thus they go from house to house1 which they are encouraged to do by the pence they obtain4--,redfern1 ,history of ,uttoxeter1 #ahfe1 p4 #bfb4 ,,suffolk4 ,formerly in this county it was the custom in most farm-houses for any servant who could bring in a branch of hawthorn in full blossom to receive a dish of cream for breakfast4 ,to this practice the following rhyme apparently alludes3-- 8,this is the day1 ,and here is our ,may1 ,the finest ever seen1 ,it is fit for the queen2 ,so pray1 ma'am1 give us a cup of your cream0-- ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 ,,surrey4 ,in the parish of ,st4 ,thomas1 ,southwark1 says ,allen 7,history of ,surrey and ,sussex1 #ahbi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfa71 there was an ancient custom for the principal inhabitants to meet and dine together annually on the first of ,may4 ,this was called the 8,may-feast40 ,the gentleman who presided on the occasion was called the steward4 ,at the meeting in #afih1 ,mr4 ,john ,panther1 being in that office1 proposed to make a collection for binding out as apprentices the children of poor persons having a legal settlement4 ,this was readily acceded to1 and it was resolved that the minister of the parish1 and such gentlemen as had served the office of steward1 and should afterwards serve it1 should be governors4 ,this excellent plan has been followed ever since3 the members for the borough are always invited to the feast1 and a liberal collection is made4 ,by means of donations and good management on the part of the governors a considerable sum has been invested in the public funds4 ,these boys are apprenticed annually1 and if so many are not found in ,st ,thomas's parish1 the stewards in rotation may each appoint one from any other parish4--,brayley1 ,history of ,surrey1 #ahda1 vol4 v4 p4 #cii4 ,,sussex4 ,in very early times ,may-day was celebrated with great spirit in the town of ,rye2 young people going out at sunrise and returning with large boughs and branches of trees1 with which they adorned the fronts of the houses4 ,about three hundred years ago the ,corporation possessed certain woodlands1 called the common woods1 whither the people used to go and cut the boughs1 until at length they did so much damage that the practice was prohibited4 ,a few years ago here and there a solitary may-bough graced a house1 but they have now ceased to appear altogether4 ,a garland or two carried by little children1 and the chimney-sweepers in their ivy-leaves1 representing 8,jack of ,may10 are the only relics of these ,may-day sports1 so characteristic of merry ,england in former times4--,holloway1 ,hist4 of ,rye1 #ahdg1 p4 #fjh4 ,,westmoreland4 ,at a village called ,temple ,sowerby it is customary for a number of persons to assemble together on the green1 and there propose a certain number as candidates for contesting the various prizes then produced1 which consist of a grindstone as the head prize2 a hone1 or whetstone for a razor1 as the second2 and whetstones of an inferior description for those who can only reach a state of mediocrity in 8the noble art of lying60 ,the people are the judges4 ,each candidate in rotation commences a story such as his fertile genius at the moment prompts1 and the more marvellous and improbable his story happens to be1 so much the greater chance is there of his success4 ,after being amused in this manner for a considerable length of time1 and awarding the prizes to the most deserving1 the host of candidates1 judges1 and other attendants adjourn to the inns1 where the sports of the day very often end in a few splendid battles4--,every ,day ,book1 vol ii4 p4 #eii4 ,in this county it is the practice1 every ,may-morning1 to make folks ,may-goslings1#eh a practice similar to that on the first of ,april4 ,this custom prevails till twelve o'clock at noon1 after which time none carry on the sport4 ,on this day1 too1 ploughmen and others decorate themselves with garlands and flowers1 and parade through different towns for their annual collection1 which they spend in the evening with their sweethearts at the maypole4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbi1 p4 #agf4 #eh ,see page #bcc4 ,,worcestershire4 ,the dance round the ,maypole is kept up1 says ,cuthbert ,bede 7,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #ib71 at the village of ,clent1 near ,hagley4 ,,wales4 ,about a fortnight previous to ,may-day the question among the lads and lasses is1 8,who will turn out to dance in the summer this year80 ,from that time the names of the performers are buzzed in the village1 and rumour proclaims them throughout the surrounding neighbourhood4 ,nor is it asked with less interest1 8,who will carry the garland80 and 8,who will be the ,cadi80 ,about nine days or a week previous to the festival a collection is made of the gayest ribbons that can be procured4 ,during this time1 too1 the chosen garland-bearer is busily employed4 ,accompanied by one from among the intended dancers who is best known among the farmers for good conduct1 they go from house to house throughout their parish1 begging the loan of watches1 silver spoons1 and other utensils of this metal1 and those who are satisfied with the parties1 and have a regard for the celebration of this ancient day1 comply with their solicitation4 ,when ,may-day morn arrives the group of dancers assemble at the village tavern4 ,from thence 7when permission can be obtained from the clergyman of the parish7 the procession sets forth1 accompanied by the ringing of bells4 ,the arrangement and march are settled by the ,cadi1 who is always the most active person in the company1 and is1 by virtue of his office1 the chief marshal1 orator1 buffoon1 and money-collector4 ,he is always arrayed in comic attire1 generally in a partial dress of both sexes1 a coat and waistcoat being used for the upper part of the body1 and for the lower petticoats somewhat resembling ,moll ,flagon1 in the 8,lord of the ,manor40 ,his countenance is also distinguished by a hideous mask1 or is blackened entirely over1 and then the lips1 cheeks1 and orbits of the eyes are sometimes painted red4 ,the number of the rest of the party1 including the garland-bearer1 is generally thirteen1 and with the exception of the varied taste in the decoration of their shirts with ribbons1 their costume is similar4 ,it consists of clothing entirely new1 made of a light texture for dancing4 ,white decorated shirts1 are worn over the rest of their clothing2 the remainder of the dress is black velveteen breeches1 with knee-ties depending halfway down to the ancles1 in contrast with yarn hose of a light grey4 ,the ornaments of the hats are large rosettes of varied colours1 with streamers depending from them2 wreaths of ribbon encircle the crown1 and each of the dancers carries in his right hand a white pocket-handkerchief4 ,the garland consists of a long staff or pole1 to which is affixed a triangular or square frame1 covered with strong white linen1 on which the silver ornaments are fixed1 and displayed with great taste4 ,silver spoons1 c4 are placed in the shape of stars1 squares1 and circles4 ,between these are rows of watches1 and at the top of the frame1 opposite to the pole in its centre1 the whole collection is crowned with the largest and most costly of the ornaments1 generally a large silver cup or tankard4 ,this garland1 when completed on the eve of ,may-day1 is left for the night at that farm-house from whence the dancers have received the most liberal loan of silver and plate for its decoration1 or with that farmer who is distinguished in his neighbourhood as a good master1 and liberal to the poor4 ,its deposit is a token of respect1 and it is called for early on the following morning4 ,the whole party being assembled1 they march1 headed by the ,cadi4 ,after him follows the garland-bearer1 and then the fiddler1 while the bells of the village merrily ring the signal of their departure4 ,as the procession moves slowly along the ,cadi varies his station1 hovers about his party1 brandishes a ladle1 and assails every passenger for a customary and expected donation4 ,when they arrive at a farm-house they take up their ground on the best station for dancing4 ,in the meantime the buffoonery of the ,cadi is exhibited without intermission4 ,he assails the inmates of the house for money1 and when this is obtained the procession moves off to the next farm-house4 ,they do not confine the ramble of the day to their own parish1 but go from one to another1 and to any county town in the vicinity4 ,when they return to their resident village in the evening1 the bells1 ringing merrily1 announce their arrival4 ,the money collected during the day's excursion is appropriated to defray whatever expenses may have been incurred in the necessary preparations1 and the remainder is spent in jovial festivity4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #efb4 ,at ,tenby1 says ,mason 7,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #bb71 it was customary for the possessors of a maypole to try and pull down those set up in other places4 ,a watch was therefore set up round each4 ,,scotland4 ,in some parts of ,scotland1 says ,pennant1 there is a rural sacrifice on ,may-day4 ,a cross is cut on some sticks1 each of which is dipped in pottage1 and the ,thursday before ,easter one of these is placed over the sheep-cote1 the stable1 or the cow-house4 ,on the first of ,may they are carried to the hill1 where the rites are celebrated1 all decked with wild flowers1 and after the feast is over replaced over the spots they were taken from4 ,this was originally styled ,clonau-,beltein1 or the split branch of the fir of the rock4--,tour in ,scotland1 #agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 ,,county ,,of ,,edinburgh4 ,at ,edinburgh about four o'clock in the morning there is an unusual stir2 and a hurrying of gay throngs through the ,king's ,park to ,arthur's ,seat to collect the ,may-dew4 ,in the course of half an hour the entire hill is a moving mass of all sorts of people4 ,at the summit may be seen a company of bakers and other craftsmen1 dressed in kilts1 dancing round a maypole4 ,on the more level part is usually an itinerant vendor of whisky1 or mountain 7not ,may7 dew4 ,these proceedings commence with the daybreak4 ,about six o'clock the appearance of the gentry1 toiling up the ascent1 becomes the signal for servants to march home2 for they know that they must have the house clean and everything in order earlier than usual on ,may-morning4 ,about eight o'clock the fun is all over2 and by nine or ten1 were it not for the drunkards who are staggering towards the 8gude town10 no one would know that anything particular had taken place4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fji4 ,fergusson the ,scottish poet thus describes this custom3-- 8,on ,may-day in a fairy ring ,we've seen them1 round ,st4 ,anthon's spring1 ,frae grass the caller dew-drops wring1 ,to wet their ein1 ,and water clear as crystal spring1 ,to synd them clean40 ,formerly the magistrates of ,canongate1 ,edinburgh1 used to walk in procession to church upon the first ,sunday after ,beltane1 carrying large nosegays4 ,this observance was evidently a modified relic of the ancient festival of the sun2 and the original meaning of the custom must have been an expression of gratitude to that luminary1 deified under the name of ,baal1 for the first-fruits of his genial influence4--,household ,words1 #ahei1 vol4 xix4 p4 #eeh4 ,,the ,,highlands4 ,on the first of ,may the herdsmen of every village hold their ,beltein1 a rural sacrifice4 ,they cut a square trench on the ground1 leaving the turf in the middle2 on that they make a fire of wood1 on which they dress a large caudle of eggs1 butter1 oatmeal1 and milk2 and bring1 besides the ingredients of the caudle1 plenty of beer and whisky1 for each of the company must contribute something4 ,the rites begin with spilling some of the caudle on the ground1 by way of libation2 on that every one takes a cake of oatmeal1 upon which are raised nine square knobs1 each dedicated to some particular being1 the supposed preserver of their flocks and herds1 or to some particular animal1 the real destroyer of them3 each person then turns his face to the fire1 breaks off a knob1 and flinging it over his shoulder1 says1 ,this ,i give to thee1 preserve thou my horses2 this to thee1 preserve thou my sheep2 and so on4 ,after that they use the same ceremony to the noxious animals4 ,this ,i give to thee1 ,o fox6 spare thou my lambs2 this to thee1 ,o hooded-crow6 and this to thee1 ,o eagle6 ,when the ceremony is over they dine on the caudle1 and1 after the feast is finished1 what is left is hid by two persons deputed for that purpose2 but on the next ,sunday they re-assemble1 and finish the reliques of the first entertainment4--,pennant's ,tour in ,scotland1 #agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #aab4 ,,perthshire4 ,in ,sinclair's ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland 7#agid1 vol4 xi4 p4 #fbj7 the ,minister of ,callander says3--,upon the first day of ,may all the boys in a township or hamlet meet on the moors4 ,they cut a table in the green sod of a round figure1 by casting a trench in the ground of such circumference as to hold the whole company4 ,they kindle a fire1 and dress a repast of eggs and milk of the consistence of a custard4 ,they knead a cake of oatmeal1 which is toasted at the embers against a stone4 ,after the custard is eaten up1 they divide the cake into so many portions1 as similar as possible to one another in size and shape1 as there are persons in the company4 ,they daub one of these portions all over with charcoal until it is perfectly black4 ,they put the pieces of the cake into a bonnet4 ,every one blindfold draws out a portion2 he who holds the bonnet is entitled to the last piece4 ,whoever draws the black piece is the devoted person who is to be sacrificed to ,baal1 whose favour they mean to implore in rendering the year productive of the sustenance of man and beasts4 ,there is little doubt of these inhuman sacrifices having been once offered in this country as well as in the ,east1 although they now omit the act of sacrificing1 and only compel the devoted person to leap three times through the flames3 with which the ceremonies of this festival are closed4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s41 vol4 viii4 p4 #bha4 ,at ,logierait the #ast of ,may1 old style1 is chiefly celebrated by the cowherds1 who assemble by scores in the fields to dress a dinner for themselves of boiled milk and eggs4 ,these dishes they eat with a sort of cakes baked for the occasion1 and having small lumps raised all over the surface4--,ibid4 vol4 v4 p4 #hd4 ,,western ,,isles ,,of ,,scotland4 ,martin1 in his ,account of the ,western ,islands of ,scotland 7#agjc1 p4 #g71 speaking of the ,isle of ,lewis1 says that the natives in the village ,barvas retain an ancient custom of sending a man very early to cross ,barvas river every first day of ,may1 to prevent any females crossing it first2 for that they say would hinder the salmon from coming into the river all the year round4 ,they pretend to have learned this from a foreign sailor1 who was shipwrecked upon that coast a long time ago4 ,,ireland4 ,in the south-eastern parts of ,ireland 7and no doubt all over the island7 a custom used to prevail--perhaps so still--on ,may-day1 when the young people of both sexes1 and many old people too1 collected in districts and localities1 and selected the handsomest girl1 of from eighteen to twenty-one years of age1 as queen of the district for twelve months4 ,she was then crowned with wild flowers2 and feasting1 dancing1 and rural sports were closed by a grand procession in the evening4 ,the duties of her majesty were by no means heavy1 as she had only to preside over rural assemblies of young folks at dances and merrymakings1 and had the utmost obedience paid to her by all classes of her subjects4 ,if she got married before the next ,may-day her authority was at an end1 but still she held office until that day1 when her successor to the throne was chosen4 ,if not married during her reign of twelve months1 she was capable of being re-elected2 but that seldom happened1 as there was always found some candidate put forward by the young men of the district to dispute the crown the next year4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bbi4 ,in ,ireland1 says ,mr4 ,crofton ,croker1 ,may-day is called ,la na ,beal tina1 and ,may-eve neen na ,baal tina1 that is1 the day and eve of ,baal's fire1 from its having been in ancient times consecrated to the god ,beal1 or ,belus2 whence also the month of ,may is termed in ,irish ,mi na ,beal tine4 ,may-day is the favourite festival of the mummers4 ,they consist of a number1 varying according to circumstances1 of the girls and young men of the village or neighborhood1 usually selected for their good looks1 or their proficiency--the females in the dance1 the youths in hurling and other athletic exercises4 ,they march in procession1 two abreast1 and in three divisions3 the young men in the van and the rear1 dressed in white or other gay-coloured jackets or vests1 and decorated with ribbons on their hats and sleeves4 ,the young women are dressed also in light-coloured garments1 and two of them bear each a holly-bush1 on which are hung several new hurling balls1 the ,may-day present of the girls to the youths of the village4 ,the bush is decorated with a profusion of long ribbons1 or paper cut in imitation1 which adds greatly to the gay and joyous1 yet strictly rural1 appearance of the whole4 ,the procession is always preceded by music1 sometimes of the bagpipe1 but more commonly of a military fife1 with the addition of a drum or tambourine4 ,a clown is of course in attendance3 he wears a frightful mask1 and bears a long pole1 with shreds of cloth nailed to the end of it1 like a mop1 which ever and anon he dips in a pool of water or puddle1 and besprinkles such of the crowd as press upon his companions1 much to the delight of the younger spectators4 ,the mummers during the day parade the neighbouring villages1 or go from one gentleman's seat to another1 dancing before the mansion house1 and receiving money4 ,the evening of course terminates with drinking4--,fairy ,legends and ,traditions of the ,south of ,ireland1 #ahbe4 ,,county ,,down4 ,on the first of ,may from time immemorial1 until the year #agih1 a large pole was planted in the market-place at ,maghera1 and a procession of ,may boys1 leaded by a mock king and queen1 paraded the neighbourhood1 dressed in shirts over their clothes1 and ornamented with ribbons of various colours4 ,this practice was revived in #ahac1 and the ,may-boys collected about #ag at the different places where they called3 this defrayed the expense of a public dinner next day4 ,circumstances1 however1 occurred soon after which induced one of the neighbouring magistrates to come into the town and cut down the pole1 which had been planted in the market-place4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad1 vol4 i4 p4 #eic4 ,,county ,,dublin4 ,on the first day of ,may in ,dublin and its vicinity it is customary for young men and boys to go a few miles out of town in the morning1 for the purpose of cutting a ,may-bush4 ,this is generally a white-thorn1 of about four or five feet high1 and they carry it to the street or place of their residence1 in the centre of which they dig a hole1 and having planted the bush1 they go round to every house and collect money4 ,they then buy a pound or more of candles1 and fasten them to various parts of the tree or bush in such a manner as to avoid burning it4 ,another portion of 8the collection0 is expended in the purchase of a heap of turf sufficient for a large fire1 and1 if the funds will allow1 an old tar-barrel4 ,formerly it was not considered complete without having a horse's skull and other bones to burn in the fire4 ,the depts for these bones were the tanners' yards in a part of the suburbs1 called ,kilmainham2 and on ,may morning groups of boys drag loads of bones to their several destinations4 ,this practice gave rise to a threat1 yet made use of--8,i will drag you like a horse's head to the bone-fire40 ,about dusk1 when no more money can be collected1 the bush is trimmed1 the turf and bones are made ready to set on fire1 the candles are all lighted1 the bush fully illuminated1 and the boys1 giving three huzzas1 begin to dance and jump round it4 ,after an hour or so the heap of turf and bones is set fire to1 and when the candles are burnt out the bush is taken up and thrown into the flames4 ,they continue playing about until the fire is burnt out1 each then returns to his home1 and so ends their ,may-day4 ,about two or three miles from ,dublin on the great ,northern road is a village called ,finglass4 ,a high pole is decorated with garlands1 and visitors come in from different parts of the country1 and dance round it to whatever music chance may have conducted there4 ,the best male and female dancers are chosen king and queen1 and placed on chairs4 ,when the dancing is over they are carried by some of the party to an adjacent public-house1 where they regale themselves with ham1 beef1 whisky-punch1 ale1 cakes1 and porter1 after which they generally have a dance indoors1 and then disperse4 ,there is an old song relating to the above custom1 beginning 8,ye lads and lasses all1 to-day1 ,to ,finglass let us haste away1 ,with hearts so light and dresses gay1 ,to dance around the maypole40-- ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eie4 ,on ,may-day also1 or on the preceding night1 women put a stocking filled with yarrow under their pillow1 and recite the following lines3-- 8,good morrow1 good yarrow1 good morrow to thee2 ,i hope 'gain by the morrow my lover to see1 ,and that he may be married to me2 ,the colour of his hair1 and the clothes he does wear2 ,and if he be for me may his face be turned to me2 ,and if he be not1 dark and surly he may be1 ,and his back be turned to me40-- ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #eje4 ,,may #b4 ,,st4 ,,helen',s ,,day--,,rowan-,,tree ,,day4 ,,yorkshire4 ,from the following passage in ,atkinson's ,cleveland ,glossary 7p4 #dag71 it would appear that this is known in that district as ,st4 ,helen's ,day2 although the feast1 properly so called1 is held on ,august #ahth 7which see74 ,the transfer seems to have originated in the fact that the ,invention 7or ,discovery7 of the ,cross was due to ,st4 ,helen1 who was thus connected with the feast kept on ,may #crd under that title4 ,at ,cleveland1 ,yorkshire1 the #bnd of ,may1 ,st4 ,helen's ,day1 is ,rowan-tree day1 or ,rowan-tree ,witch-day1 and on that day even yet with some the method of proceeding is for some member of the household or family to go the first thing in the morning1 with no thought of any particular rowan-tree--rather1 ,i believe1 it might be said1 till some rowan-tree is fallen in with of which no previous knowledge had been possessed by the seeker4 ,from this tree a supply of branches is taken1 and 7a different path homewards having been taken1 by the strict observers1 from that by which they went7 on reaching home twigs are stuck over every door of every house in the homestead1 and scrupulously left there until they fall out of themselves4 ,a piece is also always borne about by many in their pockets or purses1 as a prophylactic against witching4 ,not so very long since either the farmers used to have whipstocks of rowan-tree wood--rowan-tree-gads they were called1--and it was held that1 thus supplied1 they were safe against having their draught fixed1 or their horses made restive by a witch4 ,if ever a draught came to a standstill--there being in such cases no rowan-tree-gad in the driver's hands1 of course--then the nearest witchwood-tree was resorted to1 and a stick cut to flog the horses on with1 to the discomfiture of the malevolent witch who had caused the stoppage4 ,,scotland4 ,on ,may #bnd1 the eve of the ,invention of the ,holy ,cross1 it is customary in ,aberdeenshire to form crosses of twigs of the rowan-tree and to place them over the doors and windows as a protection against evil spirits4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhc4 ,,may #c4 ,,the ,,highlands4 ,pennant1 in his ,tour in ,scotland 7#agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa7 says that a ,highlander never begins anything of consequence on the day of the week on which the #crd of ,may falls1 which he styles ,la ,sheachanna na bleanagh1 or the dismal day4 ,,may #h4 ,,apparition ,,of ,,st4 ,,michael4 ,,cornwall4 ,the most remarkable observance of antiquity remaining in this county is the 8,furry festival0 which has been celebrated from time immemorial on the #hth of ,may4 ,at ,helston the day used to be ushered in very early in the morning by the music of drums and kettles1 and other pleasant sounds1 the accompaniments of a song3-- 8,robin ,hood and ,little ,john1 ,they both are gone to the fair1 ,o2 ,and we will to the merry greenwood1 ,to see what they do there1 ,o4 ,and for to chase1 ,o1 ,to chase the buck and doe ,with ,hal-an-tow1 ,jolly rumble1 ,o4 ,and we were up as soon as any day1 ,o ,and for to fetch the summer home1 ,the summer and the may1 ,o1 ,for the summer is a come1 ,o1 ,and winter is a go1 ,o4 ,where are those ,spaniards ,that make so great a boast1 ,o8 ,they shall eat the grey goose-feather1 ,and we will eat the roast1 ,o4 ,in every land1 ,o1 ,the land that ere we go1 ,with ,hal-an-tow1 c41 ,and we were up1 c4 ,as for ,st4 ,george1 ,o1 ,st4 ,george he was a knight1 ,o1 ,of all the kings in ,christendom1 ,king ,george is the right1 ,o4 ,in every land1 ,o1 ,the land that ere we go ,with ,hal-an-tow1 c4 ,god bless ,aunt ,mary ,moses1 ,with all her power and might1 ,o2 ,and send us peace in merry ,england1 ,both day and night1 ,o40 ,it was a general holiday3 so strict1 indeed1 used the observance of this jubilee to be held that if any person chanced to be found at work1 he was instantly seized1 set astride on a pole1 and hurried on men's shoulders to the river1 where he was sentenced to leap over a wide space1 which if he failed in attempting he of course fell into the water4 ,there was always1 however1 a ready compromise of compounding for a leap4 ,about nine o'clock the revellers appeared before the grammar-school1 and demanded a holiday for the school-boys1 after which they collected money from house to house4 ,they then used to fad into the country 7fad being an old ,english word for to go71 and about the middle of the day returned with flowers and oak-branches in their hats and caps1 and spent the rest of the day until dusk in dancing through the streets to the sound of the fiddle1 playing a particular tune2 and threaded the houses as they chose--claiming a right to go through any person's house1 in at one door and out of the other4 ,in the afternoon the ladies and gentlemen visited some farmhouse in the neighbourhood2 whence1 after regaling themselves with syllabubs1 they returned1 after the fashion of the vulgar1 to the town1 dancing as briskly the fad-dance1 and entering the houses as unceremoniously4 ,in later times a select party only made their progress through the streets very late in the evening1 and having quickly vanished from the scene1 reappeared in the ballroom4 ,here meeting their friends1 they went through the usual routine of dancing till supper2 after which they all faddd it out of the room1 breaking off by degrees to their respective houses4 ,at present this custom is fast falling into disuse1 and the day is only celebrated by a few of the lower classes4 ,murray1 in his ,handbook for ,cornwall1 #ahfe1 p4 #cja1 says that the furry festival is in commemoration of the following curious legend3--,a block of granite1 which for many years had lain in the yard of the ,angel ,inn1 was in the year #aghc broken up and used as a part of the building materials for the assembly-room4 ,this stone1 says the legend1 was originally placed at the mouth of hell1 from which it was one day carried away by the devil as he issued forth in a frolicsome mood on an excursion into ,cornwall4 ,here he traversed the country1 playing with his pebble2 but it chanced that ,st4 ,michael 7who figures conspicuously in the town arms and is the patron saint of the town7 crossed his path2 a combat immediately ensued1 and the devil1 being worsted1 dropped the ,hell's stone in his flight2 hence the name of the town4 ,there have been many opinions regarding the meaning and derivation of the word furry4 ,polwhele says 7,history of ,cornwall1 #ahbf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #da7 that furry is derived from fer1 a fair3 a derivation which seems probable from the expression in the furry-song4 8,they both are gone to the fair1 ,o40 ,some think that the word in question is derived from the ,greek 1 to bear4 ,the rites of the furry correspond most intimately with the 1 a ,sicilian festival1 so named 1 or from carrying flowers1 in commemoration of the rape of ,proserpine1 whom ,pluto stole as she was gathering flowers--8herself a fairer flower60 ,others derive the word furry from the ,cornish furrier1 a thief1 from the green spoils they brought home from the woods4--,see ,potter's ,antiquities1 vol4 i41 and ,gent4 ,mag4 vol4 lx4 pp4 #ebj1 #hgc1 #aajj4 ,,may #aj4 ,,whitsunday4 ,in the ,catholic times of ,england it was usual to dramatise the descent of the ,holy ,ghost1 which this festival commemorates1--a custom we find alluded to in ,barnaby ,googe's translation of ,naogeorgus3 8,on ,whit-sunday whyte pigeons tame in strings from heaven flie1 ,and one that framed is of wood still hangeth in the skie4 ,thou seest how they with idols play1 and teach the people too2 ,none otherwise than little gyrls with puppets used to do40 ,in an old ,computus1 anno #aeji1 of ,st4 ,patrick's1 ,dublin1 we find ivs4 viid4 paid to those playing with the great and little angel and the dragon2 iiis4 paid for little cords employed about the ,holy ,ghost2 ivs4 vid4 for making the angel 7thurificantis7 censing1 and iis4 iid4 for cords of it--all on the feast of ,pentecost4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhe4 ,whitsunday is observed as a ,scarlet ,day in the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge4--,kalendar of the ,english ,church1 #ahfe1 p4 #gc4 ,the origin of the term ,whitsunday has been warmly contested by various writers1 and still seems to be an undecided question4 ,for an interesting article on this subject1 see ,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 i4 pp4 #dja-djc4 ,consult also ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aed2 #crd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dgi2 #dth ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #dcg4 ,dr4 ,neale's ,church ,festivals and their ,household ,words4--,the ,prayer ,book ,interleaved 7,champion and ,beaumont74 ,whitsun ,ale4--,ale was so prevalent a drink amongst us in old times1 as to become a part of the name of various festal meetings1 as ,leet-ale1 ,lamb-ale1 ,bride-ale 7bridal71 and1 as we see1 ,whitsun-ale4 ,it was the custom of our ancestors to have parochial meetings every ,whitsuntide1 usually in some barn near the church1 consisting of a kind of picnic1 as each parishioner brought what victuals he could spare4 ,the ale1 which had been brewed pretty strong for the occasion1 was sold by the churchwardens1 and from its profits a fund arose for the repair of the church4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #fcg2 also ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bgf1 #bhc4 ,,cornwall4 ,whitsuntide is observed at ,polperro by a custom of the young people going in droves into the country to partake of milk and cream4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #bih4 ,carew in his ,survey of ,cornwall 7p4 #fh71 speaking of the church ale1 says that 8two young men of the parish are yerely chosen by their last foregoers to be wardens1 who1 dividing the task1 make collection among the parishioners of whatsoever provision it pleaseth them voluntarily to bestow4 ,this they employ in brewing1 baking1 and other acates provisions against ,whitsuntide2 upon which holy-days the neighbours meet at the church-house1 and there merrily feed on their owne victuals1 contributing some petty portion to the stock1 which1 by many smalls1 groweth to a meetly greatness2 for there is entertayned a kind of emulation between these wardens1 who1 by his graciousness in gathering and good husbandry in expending1 can best advance the churche's profit4 ,besides1 the neighbour parishes at those times lovingly visit each one another and this way frankly spend their money together4 ,the afternoones are consumed in such exercises as olde and yong folke 7having leisure7 doe accustomably weare out the time withall4 ,when the feast is ended1 the wardens yeeld in their account to the parishioners1 and such money as exceedeth the disbursement is layd up in store1 to defray any extraordinary charges arising in the parish or imposed on them for the good of the country or the prince's service1 neither of which commonly gripe so much but that somewhat still remayneth to cover the purse's bottom40 ,this custom is falling into desuetude1 if it be not already discontinued4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 #bih4 ,,cumberland4 ,at this season1 and also at ,martinmas1 are held hirings for farmers' servants4 ,those who offer their services stand in a body in the market-place1 and to distinguish themselves hold a bit of straw or green branch in their mouths4 ,when the market is over the girls begin to file off1 and gently pace the streets with a view of gaining admirers1 while the young men1 with similar designs1 follow them1 and1 having eyed the lasses1 each picks up a sweetheart1 whom they conduct to a dancing-room1 and treat with punch and cake4 ,here they spend their afternoon1 and part of their half-year's wages1 in drinking and dancing1 unless1 as it frequently happens1 a girl becomes the subject of contention1 when the harmony of the meeting is interrupted1 and the candidates for her affection settle the dispute by blows without further ceremony4 ,whoever wins the victory secures the maid for the present1 but she is sometimes finally won by the vanquished pugilist4 ,when the diversions of the day are concluded1 the servants generally return to their homes1 where they pass about a week before they enter on their respective services4--,britton and ,brayley1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahjc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdc4 ,,essex4 ,heybridge ,church1 near ,maldon1 was formerly strewn with rushes1 and round the pews1 in holes made apparently for the purpose1 were placed small twigs just budding4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #dga4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,at ,st4 ,briavels1 after divine service1 formerly1 pieces of bread and cheese were distributed to the congregation at church4 ,to defray the expenses1 every householder in the parish paid a penny to the churchwardens1 and this was said to be for the liberty of cutting and taking the wood in ,hudnalls4 ,according to tradition1 the privilege was obtained of some ,earl of ,hereford1 then lord of the ,forest of ,dean1 at the instance of his lady1 upon the same hard terms that ,lady ,godiva obtained the privileges for the citizens of ,coventry4--,rudder1 ,history of ,gloucestershire1 #aggi1 p4 #cjg4 ,see ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #ahd4 ,a remnant of the old customs of ,whitsuntide is retained at the noble old church of ,st4 ,mary ,redcliffe1 ,bristol1 which is annually strewn with rushes in accordance with ancient practice4--,see ,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 ,a custom existed at ,wickham for the lord of the manor to give a certain quantity of malt to brew ale to be given away at ,whitsuntide1 and a certain quantity of flour to make cakes4 ,every one who kept a cow sent curd2 others1 plums1 sugar and flour4 ,a contribution of sixpence from each person was levied for furnishing an entertainment1 to which every poor person of the parish who came was presented with a quart of ale1 a cake1 a piece of cheese1 and a cheesecake4--,rudder1 ,history of ,gloucestershire1 #aggi1 p4 #hag4 ,,hampshire4 ,at ,monk ,sherborne1 near ,basingstoke1 both the ,priory and parish churches were decorated with birch on ,whitsunday4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aij4 ,,herefordshire4 ,on ,whitsunday1 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #eea71 ,i was in the church of ,king's ,pion1 near ,hereford1 and was struck with what seemed to me a novel style of church decoration4 ,every pew corner and 8point of vantage0 was ornamented with a sprig of birch1 the light green leaves of which contrasted well with the sombreness of the woodwork4 ,no other flower or foliage was to be seen in the church4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,miss ,baker 7,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words1 #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc7 describes the celebration of a ,whitsun-ale early in the present century in a barn at ,king's ,sutton1 fitted up for the entertainment1 in which the lord1 as the principal1 carried a mace made of silk1 finely plaited with ribbons1 and filled with spices and perfumes for such of the company to smell as desired it2 six morris dancers were among the performers4 ,in a ,whitsun-ale1 last kept at ,greatworth in #aghe1 the fool1 in a motley garb1 with a gridiron painted1 or worked with a needle1 on his back1 carried a stick with a bladder1 and a calf's tail4 ,majordomo and his lady as ,queen of ,may1 and my lord's morris 7six in number7 were in this procession4 ,they danced round a garlanded maypole4 ,a banquet was served in a barn1 and all those who misconducted themselves were obliged to ride a wooden horse1 and if still more unruly were put into the stocks1 which was termed being my lord's organist4--,glossary1 c41 p4 #dcd4 ,,northumberland4 ,an unchartered ,whitsun ,tryste ,fair is still held annually on ,whitsunbank ,hill1 near ,wooler4--,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #djb4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,a custom formerly prevailed amongst the people of ,burford to hunt deer in ,wychwood ,forest4 ,an original letter1 in the possession of the corporation1 dated #aeic1 directs the inhabitants to forbear the hunting for that year1 on account of the plague that was then raging1 and states an order that should be given to the keepers of the forest1 to deliver to the bailiffs two bucks in lieu of the hunting2 which privilege1 was not1 however1 to be prejudiced in future by its remittance on that occasion4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhd4 ,,somersetshire4 ,collinson1 in his ,history of ,somersetshire 7vol4 iii4 p4 #fbj71 speaking of ,yatton1 says that1 8,john ,lane of this parish1 gentleman1 left half an acre of ground1 called the ,groves1 to the poor for ever1 reserving a quantity of the grass for the strewing church on ,whitsunday40 ,,ireland4 ,the ,irish kept the feast of ,whitsuntide with milk food1 as among the ,hebrews2 and a breakfast composed of cake1 bread1 and a liquor made by hot water poured on wheaten bran4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhe4 ,at ,holy ,island1 as regularly as the season of ,whitsuntide comes1 a concourse of people is assembled to perform penance4 ,they make two hundred and eighty rounds1 the circumference of some being a mile1 others half a mile1 till they are gradually diminished to a circuit of the church of ,st4 ,mary4 ,a detailed and probably much exaggerated account of the scene upon this occasion will be found in ,hardy's ,holy ,wells of ,ireland1 #ahcf1 p4 #bi4 ,,may #aa4 ,,whitsun ,,monday4 ,,cheshire4 ,the ,whitsun ,mysteries were acted at ,chester1 seven or eight on each day during the ,monday1 ,tuesday and ,wednesday in ,whitsun week4 ,the drapers1 for instance1 exhibited the 8,creation20 the tanners took the 8,fall of ,lucifer20 the water-carriers of the ,dee reproduced the 8,deluge20 the cooks had the 8,harrowing of ,hell40 ,the performers were carried from one station to another by means of a movable scaffold1 a huge and ponderous machine mounted on wheels1 gaily decorated with flags1 and divided into two compartments1 the upper of which formed the stage1 and the lower1 defended from vulgar curiosity by coarse canvas draperies1 answered the purposes of the green-room4 ,the performers began at the ,abbey gates1 where they were witnessed by the high dignitaries of the ,church2 they then proceeded to the ,high ,cross1 where the ,mayor and the civic magnates were assembled2 and so on1 through the city1 until their motley history of ,god and ,his dealings with man had been played out4 ,the production of these pageants was costly2 each mystery has been set down at fifteen or twenty pounds1 present money4 ,the dresses were obtained from the churches1 until1 this practice being denounced as scandalous1 the guilds had then to provide the costume and other properties4--,see ,edinburgh ,essays1 #ahef2 also ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fcc-fcg4 ,,derbyshire4 ,derby having for many centuries been celebrated for its ale1 which ,camden says was made here in such perfection1 that wine must be very good to deserve a preference1 and ,fuller remarks1 8,never was the wine of ,falernum better known to the ,romans than the canary of ,derby is to the ,english10 it is not a matter of surprise to find some remnants of the ,whitsun-ales in the neighbourhood4 ,in a manuscript in the ,bodleian ,library is a record of the ,whitsun-ales at ,elvaston and ,ockbrook1 from which it appears that they were formerly required to brew four ales of a quarter of malt each4 ,every inhabitant of ,ockbrook was obliged to be present at each ale2 every husband and his wife to pay twopence1 and every cottager one penny2 the inhabitants of ,elvaston1 ,thurlaston1 and ,ambaston to receive all the profits and advantages arising from the ales to the use and behalf of the church at ,elvaston4 ,the inhabitants of ,elvaston1 ,thurlaston1 and ,ambaston to brew eight ales1 each inhabitant to be present as before1 or to send their money4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjf4 ,,hampshire4 ,at ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,winchester1 the ,dulce ,domum is sung on the evening preceding the ,whitsun holidays2 the masters1 scholars1 and choristers1 attended by a band of music1 walk in procession round the courts of the ,college1 singing it4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #deb4 ,see ,gent4 ,mag41 #ahaa1 vol4 lxxxi4 p4 #ejc4 ,,lancashire4 ,a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#aghc1 vol4 liii4 p4 #egh7 says there seems to be a trace of the descent of the ,holy ,ghost on the heads of the ,apostles in what passes at ,whitsuntide ,fair1 in some parts of ,lancashire1 where one person holds a stick over the head of another1 whilst a third1 unperceived1 strikes the stick1 and thus gives a smart blow to the first4 ,,leicestershire4 ,a fair used to be held on ,whitsun ,monday at ,hinckley1 when the millers from various parts of the country walked in procession dressed in ribbons1 with what they called the ,king of the ,millers at their head4 ,a writer 7in #aghg7 describing one of these fairs says3 ,to the old ceremony of riding millers1 many improvements were made upon a more extensive and significant plan3 several personages introduced that bore allusions to the manufacture1 and were connected with the place4 ,old ,hugo ,baron de ,grentemaisnel1 who made his first appearance in #aghf1 armed in light and easy pasteboard armour1 was this second time armed cap-a-pie in heavy sinker plate1 with pike and shield1 on the latter the arms of the town4 ,the representative baron of ,hinckley had the satisfaction of being accompanied by his lady1 the ,baroness ,adeliza1 habited in the true antique style1 with steeple hat1 ruff-points1 mantle1 c41 all in suitable colours2 each riding on nimble white steeds properly caparisoned2 they were preceded by the town banner1 and two red streamers embroidered with their respective names4 ,several bands of music gave cheerful spirit to the pageant1 but more particularly the militia band from ,leicester4 ,the frame-work knitters1 wool-combers1 butchers1 carpenters1 c41 had each their plays1 and rode in companies bearing devices or allusions to their different trades4 ,two characters1 well supported1 were ,bishop ,blaise and his chaplain1 who figured at the head of the wool-combers4 ,in their train1 appeared a pretty innocent young pair1 a gentle shepherd and shepherdess3 the latter carrying a lamb1 the emblem of her little self more than of the trade4 ,some other little folks1 well dressed1 were mounted on ponies1 holding instruments1 the marks of their fathers' businesses1 and ornamented with ribbons of all colours waving in the air4--,see ,nichols1 ,history of ,hinckley1 #ahac1 p4 #fgh4 ,throsby1 in his ,history of ,leicester 7#agia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #he71 gives the following account of a custom observed in his time at ,ratby4 ,he says3--,there shall be two persons chosen annually1 by a majority1 to be called caterers1 which shall on every ,whit ,monday go to ,leicester1 to what inn they shall think proper1 where a calf's head shall be provided for their breakfast2 and when the bones are picked clean1 they are to be put into a dish and served up with the dinner4 ,likewise1 the innkeeper is to provide two large rich pies1 for the caterers to take home1 that their families may partake of some of their festivity4 ,likewise1 there shall be provided for every person a short silk lace1 tagged at both ends with silver1 which1 when so equipped1 they shall all proceed to ,enderby1 and sell the grass of the ,wether 7a meadow so called7 to the best bidder2 from thence they shall go to the meadow1 and all dismount1 and each person shall take a small piece of grass from the before-mentioned ,wether1 and tie it round with their tagged lace1 and wear it in their hats1 and ride in procession to the ,high ,cross in ,leicester1 and there throw them among the populace2 from thence proceed to their inn1 and go in procession to ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 where a sermon shall be preached for the benefit of the hospital founded by ,henry1 ,earl of ,leicester4 ,when service is over1 a deed shall be read over by the clergyman1 concerning the gift of the above ,wether1 and the church shall be stuck with flowers4 ,when the ceremony is over1 they are to return to their inn to dinner1 and close the day with mirth and festivity4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,at ,corby near ,rockingham1 every twentieth year1 the inhabitants assemble at an early hour1 and stop up all roads and bye-ways in the parish1 and demand a certain toll of every person1 gentle or simple1 who may have occasion to pass through the village on that day4 ,in case of non-compliance a stout pole is produced1 and the nonconformist is placed thereon1 in a riding attitude1 carried through the village1 and taken to the parish stocks and imprisoned until the authorities choose to grant a dismissal4 ,it appears that ,queen ,elizabeth granted to the inhabitants of ,corby a charter to free them from town toll throughout ,england1 ,wales1 and ,scotland2 and also to exempt them from serving on juries at ,northampton1 and to free the knights of the shire from the militia law4 ,this custom of taking toll has been observed every twenty years in commemoration of the granting of the charter4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #dbd4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,until within the last century1 a custom prevailed in the parish of ,ensham1 by which the towns-people were allowed on ,whitsun ,monday to cut down and carry away as much timber as could be drawn by men's hands into the ,abbey yard1 the churchwardens previously marking out such timber by giving the first chop2 so much as they could carry out again1 notwithstanding the opposition of the servants of the ,abbey to prevent it1 they were to keep for the reparation of the church4 ,by this service they held their right of commonage at ,lammas and ,michaelmas1 but about the beginning of last century this practice was laid aside by mutual consent4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ffi4 ,,shropshire4 ,an old custom1 called the 8,boy's ,bailiff10 formerly prevailed at ,wenlock1 in ,whitsun week4 ,it consisted of a man who wore a hair-cloth gown1 and was called the bailiff1 a recorder1 justices1 and other municipal officers4 ,there were a large retinue of men and boys mounted on horseback1 begirt with wooden swords1 which they carried on their right sides1 so that they were obliged to draw their swords out with their left hands4 ,they used to call at the gentlemen's houses in the franchise1 where they were regaled with refreshment2 and they afterwards assembled at the ,guildhall1 where the town clerk read some sort of rigmarole which they called their charter1 one part of which was-- 8,we go from ,bickbury1 and ,badger1 to ,stoke on the ,clee1 ,to ,monkhopton1 ,round ,acton1 and so return we40 ,the first three named places are the extreme points of the franchise1 and the other two are on the return to ,much ,wenlock4 ,this custom is supposed to have originated in going a bannering4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhd4 ,,staffordshire4 ,the ,court of ,array1 or view of men and arms1 was held on ,whitsun ,monday in the vicinity of ,lichfield1 called ,greenhill1 where every householder failing to answer his name when called from the dozeners' list was fined a penny4 ,the origin of this singular ceremony is unknown2 it existed long before the charters of incorporation1 and may perhaps be the remains of the commissions of array issued in the time of ,henry ,v41 who ordered every man to keep in his possession arms and armour1 according to his goods and station in life1 whence the enrolment of a regular armour took place4 ,these statutes of array were repealed4 ,something1 however1 like the old custom was continued1 and a booth erected for this purpose1 in which the magistrates received all the inhabitants who chose to visit them1 and partake of a collation provided for that purpose4 ,the business of the day commenced about eight o'clock in the morning1 when the constables1 attended by armed men wearing their colours of distinction1 with drums beating1 preceded by morris dancers1 with the ,maid ,marian1 tabor and pipe1 c41 conducted the bailiffs and sheriff1 and other city officers1 to the bower1 where they were received with a salute from the men at arms4 ,the constable then returned to collect the dozeners with their standards or posies1 who1 with the inhabitants of each separate ward1 were with like ceremonies conducted to the bower4 ,the posies were probably originally images of saints3 they afterwards became emblems of trades1 or in many instances mere puppets or garlands borne upon the heads of their ancient halberds2 these were in every ward received with a volley from the men at arms1 who also fired over every separate house1 for which they received money and liquor from the inhabitants4 ,greenhill was on these occasions crowned with shows1 booths1 and stalls1 and the day was regarded as a festival for the city and neighbourhood4 ,about nine o'clock in the evening1 the whole of the posies being collected1 a procession was formed to conduct them to what was called the christening1 and was in the following order3-- ,tabor and pipe decorated with ribands4 ,tom fool and ,maid ,marian4 ,morrice dancers1 dancing sarabands1 clashing their staves4 ,two captains of the armed men4 ,twenty-four armed men with drums4 ,twenty-one dozeners with standards or posies4 ,two constables4 ,gaoler4 ,sheriff4 ,serjeants at ,mace and ,town ,crier4 ,bailiffs1 and ,town ,clerk4 ,citizens1 inhabitants1 c4 ,on arriving at the door of ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 after passing up ,boar ,street1 and down ,sadler ,street1 an address was made by the town clerk1 recommending a peaceable demeanour1 and watchful attendance to their duty2 and a volley being fired over the posies the business of the day ended4 ,at one time the images were deposited in the belfry of the adjoining church1 from which it may be concluded that the origin of this procession was religious4 ,this custom was abolished by the magistrates in #ahje1 at which time the expense was annually about #gj2 but was afterwards in some degree continued by private subscription4--,account of ,lichfield1 #ahah1 #ahai1 p4 #hg4 ,southey1 in his ,common ,place ,book 7#ahdi1 #bnd ,s4 p4 #ccf71 gives the following extract from ,mrs4 ,fienne's ,,mss3-- 8,at ,lichfield they have a custom at ,whitsuntide1 ye ,monday and ,tuesday1 called the ,green ,bower ,feast1 by which they hold their charter4 ,the bailiff and sheriff assist at the ceremony of dressing up babies with garlands of flowers and greens1 and carry them in procession through all the streets1 and then assemble themselves at the market-place1 and so go in a solemn procession through the great street to a hill beyond the town1 where is a large green bower made1 in which they have their feast4 ,many smaller bowers are made around for company1 and for booths to sell fruit1 sweetmeats1 ginger-bread10 c4 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby a women's benefit club walked in procession to church with band and banners before them and bunches of flowers in their hands4 ,after the service they dined1 and wound up the evening by dancing4--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #bc4 ,,may #ab4 ,,whitsun ,,tuesday4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,at ,biddenham there is an ancient customary donation of a quantity of malt1 made at ,whitsuntide by the proprietor of ,kempston ,mill1 near the parish4 ,the malt is always delivered to the overseers of the poor for the time being1 and brewed by them into ale1 which is distributed among all the poor inhabitants of ,biddenham on ,whit ,tuesday4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #fe4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,the ,eton ,montem was a long celebrated and time-honoured ceremony peculiar to ,eton1 and said to have been coeval with the foundation of the college1 and was observed biennially but latterly triennially down to the year #ahdd1 when it was totally abolished4 ,it was a procession of the scholars dressed either in military or fancy costume1 to a small mount on the south side of the ,bath ,road 7supposed to be a ,british or ,saxon barrow71 where they exacted money for salt1 as the phrase was1 from all persons present1 and from travellers passing4 ,the ceremony was called the ,montem4 ,the procession of boys1 accompanied by bands of music1 and carrying standards1 was usually followed by many old ,etonians1 and even by members of the royal family--in some cases by the king and queen4 ,arrived at ,salt-hill1 the boys ascended the 8mons10 or mount1 the 8captain0 unfolded the grand standard1 and delivered a speech in ,latin1 and the 8salt0 was collected4 ,the principal 8salt-bearers0 were superbly dressed1 and carried embroidered bags for the money4 ,the donation of the king and queen was called the 8royal salt10 and tickets were given to those who had paid their salt4#ei ,immense numbers of people used to assemble to witness the procession1 and the money collected frequently exceeded #ajjj4 ,after deducting the necessary expenses1 the remainder was given to the senior scholar1 who was elected to ,cambridge1 for his support at that ,university4 #ei ,the mottoes on the tickets varied in different years4 ,in #aggc1 the words were 8,ad ,montem20 in #agha and #aghg 8,mos pro lege est20 in #agij1 #agif1 #ahjh1 #ahab1 8,pro more et monte20 and in #agii and #ahje1 8,mos pro lege40--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf4 ,the origin of this custom1 notwithstanding much antiquarian research1 is unknown4 ,some1 however1 are of opinion that it was identical with the bairn or boy-bishop4 ,it originally took place on the #fth of ,december1 the festival of ,st4 ,nicholas 7the patron of children2 being the day on which it was customary at ,salisbury1 and in other places where the ceremony was observed1 to elect the boy-bishop1 from among the children belonging to the cathedral71 but afterwards it was held on ,whitsun ,tuesday4--,sheahan1 ,history of ,buckinghamshire1 #ahfb1 p4 #hfb2 ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia1 #ahac1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 p4 #eeh2 ,gent4 ,mag41 #ahbj1 vol4 xc4 p4 #ee2 ,see ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s41 vol i4 pp4 #aaj1 #cbb2 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #adf4 ,,cumberland4 ,the ten principal estates in the parish of ,hesket were formerly called ,red ,spears1 from the titles of the owners1 obtained from the curious tenure of riding through the town of ,penrith on every ,whitsun ,tuesday1 brandishing their spears4 ,these ,red-,spear ,knights seem to have been regarded as sureties to the sheriff for the peaceable behaviour of the inhabitants4--,britton and ,brayley1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahjb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aga4 ,,middlesex4 ,on the evening of ,whitsun ,tuesday1 a sermon is annually preached in the ancient church of ,st4 ,james1 ,mitre ,court1 ,aldgate1 ,london1 from a text having special reference to flowers4 ,this is popularly called the 8,flower sermon40--,kalendar of the ,english ,church1 #ahfe1 p4 #gd4 ,on this day is delivered in ,st4 ,leonard's ,church1 ,shoreditch1 a 8,botanical sermon0--the ,fairchild ,lecture1--for which purpose funds were left by ,thomas ,fairchild1 who died in #agbi4 ,it was formerly the custom of the ,president and several ,fellows of the ,royal ,society to hear this sermon preached4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #hj4 ,,scotland4 ,the custom of 8riding the marches0 existed at ,lanark1 and took place annually on the day after ,whitsun ,fair1 by the magistrates and burgesses1 known by the name of the ,langemark or ,landsmark ,day1 from the ,saxon langemark4#fj--,sinclair's ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agie1 vol4 xv4 p4 #de4 #fj ,see ,riding the ,marches1 p4 #cjg4 ,,may #ad4 ,,coteswold ,,games4 ,the vicinity of ,chipping ,campden was the theatre of the ,coteswold ,games1 which1 in the reign of ,james ,i4 and his unfortunate successor1 were celebrated in this part of ,england4 ,they were instituted by a public-spirited attorney of ,burton-on-the-,heath1 in ,warwickshire1 named ,robert ,dover1 and like the ,olympic games of the ancients1 consisted of most kinds of manly exercises4 ,the victors were rewarded by prizes1 distributed by the institutor1 who1 arrayed in a discarded habit of ,james'1 superintended the games in person for many years4 ,the meetings were annually held on ,whitsun ,thursday1 and were frequently attended by an immense number of people4 ,ben ,jonson1 ,drayton1 and other poets#fa of that age1 wrote verses on this festivity1 which1 in #afcf1 were collected into one volume1 and published under the title of ,annalia ,dubrensia4 #fa ,thomas ,randolph1 ,thomas ,heywood1 ,owen ,feltham1 and ,shackerly ,marmyon4 ,these diversities were at length terminated by the breaking out of the civil wars1 but were revived at the ,restoration2 and the memory of their founder is still preserved in the name ,dover's ,hill1 applied to an eminence of the ,cotswold range1 about a mile from the village of ,campden4--,britton and ,brayley1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahjc1 vol4 v4 p4 #fee2 see ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 #gab4 ,,may #af4 ,,norfolk4 ,in the parish of ,rockland1 annually on the #afth of ,may1 a sort of country fair is held1 called by the villagers the 8,guild10 and which is evidently a relic of the ,guild of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 held here in ,st4 ,peter's ,church before the ,reformation4 ,on this occasion a mayor of the ,guild is elected1 and he is chaired about the three parishes of ,rockland1 and gathers largess1 which is afterwards spent in a frolic4 ,there is another antique custom connected with the guild which yet obtains3 the inhabitants of certain houses in the 8,street0 have the privilege of hanging oaken-boughs outside their doors 7and their houses are thence called 8bough houses071 and on the day of the guild they draw home-brewed ale for all customers1 and are not interfered with for so doing1 either by the village licensed publican or the excise authorities4--,n4 4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dej4 ,,eel ,,fair4 ,,surrey4 ,about the middle of ,may there is an annual migration of young eels up the ,thames at ,kingston4 ,they appear in shoals1 giving to the margin of the river an appearance not altogether agreeable2 but their origin and destination are alike matter of conjecture4 ,it is reasonably supposed that these swarms migrate from the lakes in ,richmond ,park1 where immense numbers are annually bred1 and that they descend the rivers1 stocking the creeks and streams for some miles above the town4 ,there is generally a crowd of eager men1 women1 and children1 provided with every possible vessel wherein to catch the slippery prey on the first intimation of their approach2 and the animated scene has caused the occasion to be called ,eel ,fair4--,biden1 ,history of ,kingston-upon-,thames1 #aheb1 p4 #abh4 ,,may #ag4 ,,trinity ,,sunday4 ,its observance is said to have first been established by ,archbishop ,becket1 soon after his consecration4 8,hic post consecrationem suam instituit festivitatem principalem ,s4 ,trinitatis annis singulis in perpetuam celebrandam1 quo die primam missam suam celebravit40--,wharton1 ,h41 ,anglia ,sacra1 #afia1 fol4 pt4 i4 p4 #h4 ,it is still customary for the judges and great law-officers of the ,crown1 together with the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council1 to attend ,divine ,service at ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 and hear a sermon4 ,on ,trinity ,sunday1 formerly1 processions of children1 with garlands of flowers and ribbons1 were common4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #hc4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,the parish of ,clee possesses a right of cutting rushes from a piece of land1 called 8,bescars10 for the purpose of strewing the floor of the church every ,trinity ,sunday4 ,a small quantity of grass is annually cut to preserve this right4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bag4 ,,northumberland4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,newcastle ,daily ,journal of ,june #agth1 #ahfg3-- ,yesterday being ,trinity ,sunday1 in pursuance of a time-honoured custom1 the ,master1 ,deputy-,master1 and ,brethren of the ,ancient and ,honourable ,corporation of the ,trinity ,house attended officially in ,all ,saints' ,parish ,church1 ,newcastle4 ,a noteworthy relic of the past in connection with the service was the performance on the organ 7on the entrance and exit of the ,master and ,brethren7 of the national air1 #8,rule ,britannia4' ,the rendering of a secular air--even as an evidence of respect--has been objected to2 but the organist cites the custom of half a century4 ,,wiltshire4 ,aubrey1 in his ,miscellanies 7#agad1 p4 #di71 speaking of ,newnton1 says3 8,upon every ,trinity ,sunday1 the parishioners being come to the door of the hayward's house1 the door was struck thrice in honour of the ,holy ,trinity2 they then entered4 ,the bell was rung2 after which1 silence being ordered1 they read their prayers aforesaid4 ,then was a ghirland of flowers 7about the year #affj one was killed striving to take away the ghirland7 made upon an hoop1 brought forth by a maid of the town upon her neck1 and a young man 7a bachelor7 of another parish first saluted her three times in honour of the ,trinity1 in respect of ,god the ,father4 ,then she puts the ghirland upon his neck and kisses him three times in honour of the ,trinity1 particularly ,god the ,son4 ,then he puts the ghirland on her neck again1 and kisses her three times in honour of the ,holy ,trinity and particularly the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then he takes the ghirland from her neck1 and1 by the custom1 must give her a penny at least1 which1 as fancy leads1 is now exceeded1 as #bs4 #f;d41 c4 ,the method of giving this ghirland is from house to house annually1 till it comes round4 ,in the evening1 every commoner sends his supper to this house1 which is called the ,eale-house2 and having before laid in there equally a stock of malt1 which was brewed in the house1 they sup together1 and what was left was given to the poor40 ,,wales4 ,a very ancient custom is observed on ,trinity ,sunday in ,carnarvonshire3 the offerings of calves and lambs which happen to be born with the ,nod ,beuno1 or mark of ,st4 ,beuno--a certain natural mark in the ear1--have not yet entirely ceased4 ,they are brought to church 7but formerly to the monastery#fb7 of ,clynnok ,vaur on ,trinity ,sunday1 and delivered to the churchwardens1 who sell and account for them1 depositing the money in a great chest1 called ,cyff ,st4 ,beuno1 made of one oak1 and secured with three locks4 ,from this1 the ,welsh have a proverb for attempting any very difficult thing4 8,you may as well try to break open ,st4 ,beuno's chest40 ,the little money resulting from the sacred beasts1 or casual offerings1 is applied either to the relief of the poor or in aid of repairs4-- ,pennant1 ,tour through ,north ,wales1 #agha1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj4 #fb ,this monastery was founded ,a4,d4 #faf1 by ,guithin of ,gwydaint4 ,it was afterwards turned into a monastery of white monks1 but these seem soon to have been suppressed1 for1 at the time of ,pope ,nicholas ,,iv4's taxation it was a collegiate church1 consisting of five ,portionists or ,prebendaries1 and continued so to the time of the dissolution4--,leland1 ,itin4 vol4 v4 p4 #ae2 ,dugdale1 ,monast4 ,anglic4 #ahbe1 vol4 v4 p4 #fca4 ,,may #ah4 ,,trinity ,,monday4 ,,hampshire4 ,an annual fair is held on ,trinity ,monday1 ,tuesday1 and ,wednesday at ,southampton4 ,it is opened by the ,mayor and bailiffs1 with much ceremony1 on the preceding ,saturday afternoon4 ,the ,mayor erects a pole with a large glove fixed to the top of it1 near the miller's house2 and the bailiff then takes possession of the fair1 as chief magistrate in its precinct during the fair1 and invites the ,mayor and his suite to a collation in his tent4 ,he appoints a guard of halberdiers who keep the peace by day1 and watch the fair by night4 ,during the fair no person can be arrested for debt within its precincts4 ,on the ,wednesday at noon1 the ,mayor dissolves the fair1 by taking down the pole and glove1 or rather ordering it to be taken down2 which at one time was done by the young men of the town1 who fired at it with single balls1 till it was destroyed1 or they were tired of the sport4--,englefield1 ,walk through ,southampton1 #ahje1 p4 #ge4 ,,kent4 ,deptford ,fair originated in trifling pastimes for persons who assembled to see the ,master and ,brethren of the ,trinity ,house1 on their annual visit to the ,trinity ,house1 at ,deptford4 ,first there were juggling matches2 then came a booth or two2 afterwards a few shows4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbd4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,at ,kidlington1 says ,blount 7,jocular ,tenures1 ,beckwith's edition1 p4 #bha71 the custom is that on ,monday after ,whitsun week there is a fat live lamb provided2 and the maids of the town1 having their thumbs tied behind them1 run after it1 and she that with her mouth takes and holds the lamb1 is declared ,lady of the ,lamb1 which being dressed1 with the skin hanging on1 is carried on a long pole before the lady and her companions to the green1 attended with music1 and a ,morisco dance of men1 and another of women1 where the rest of the day is spent in dancing1 mirth1 and merry glee4 ,the next day the lamb is part baked1 boiled1 and roasted1 for the lady's feast1 where she sits majestically at the upper end of the table1 and her companions with her1 with music and other attendants1 which ends the solemnity4 ,,may #bj4 ,,corpus ,,christi ,,eve4 ,in ,north ,wales1 at ,llanasaph1 there is a custom of strewing green herbs and flowers at the doors of houses on ,corpus ,christi ,eve4--,pennant's ,manuscript quoted by ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #big4 ,at ,caerwis on ,thursday after ,trinity ,sunday1 which they call ,dudd ,son ,duw1 or ,dydd ,gwyl ,duw1 on the ,eve before1 they strew a sort of fern before their doors1 called red yn mair--,pennant's ,,ms4 ,,may #ba4 ,,corpus ,,christi ,,day4 ,corpus ,christi ,day is held on the ,thursday after ,trinity ,sunday1 to celebrate1 as the name indicates1 the doctrine of ,transubstantiation1 and was instituted in the year #abfd by ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 ,in olden times the ,skinners' fraternity of ,corpus ,christi made their procession on this day1 having 8borne before them more than two hundred torches of wax1 costly garnished1 burning bright0 7or painted and gilded with various devices72 and 8above two hundred clerks and priests1 in surplices and copes1 singing10 after which came the officers2 8the mayor and aldermen in scarlet1 and then the skinners in their best liveries40 ,a temporary revival of these imposing shows took place in ,mary's days previously to their discontinuance4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #hd4 ,,norfolk4 ,at one time on ,corpus ,christi ,day the crafts or companies of ,norwich walked in procession from the common hall1 by ,cutter ,row1 and round the market to the hall again4 ,each company had its banner1 on which was painted its patron or guardian saint4--,see ,history of ,norwich1 #agfh1 vol4 i4 p4 #age4 ,,northumberland4 ,the earliest mention of the religious ceremony of ,corpus ,christi play and procession in ,newcastle-upon-,tyne occurs in the ,ordinary of the ,coopers' ,company1 dated ,january #bjth1 #adbf2 though the great popularity of these exhibitions at ,york and other places must have induced the clergy1 merchants1 and incorporated traders of that town1 to adopt them long before this time4 ,there can be but little doubt that the several trades strove to outvie each other in the splendour of their exhibitions4 ,the ,company of ,merchant ,adventurers were concerned in the representation of five plays4 ,the hoastmen1 drapers1 mercers1 and boothmen had probably each one4 8,hoggmaygowyk0 was the title of one of their plays1 the representing of which1 in #aeed1 cost #dl4 #bs4 ,this ,company1 in #adhj1 made an act for settling the order of their procession on ,corpus ,christi ,day4 ,in #aehf the offering of ,abraham and ,isaac was exhibited by the slaters4 ,by the ,ordinary of the goldsmiths1 plumbers1 glaziers1 pewterers1 and painters1 dated #adcf1 they were commanded to play at their feast the three ,kings of ,coleyn4 ,in the books of the fullers and dyers1 one of the charges for the play of #aefd is3 8,item1 for #c yards of lyn cloth for ,god's coat1 #cs4 #b;d4 ob40 ,about the year #aegh1 the ,corpus ,christi plays seem to have been on the decline2 for the ,ordinary of the millers1 dated that year1 says1 8,whensoever the general plaies of the town shall be commanded by the mayor1 c410 they are to play1 8the ,antient playe of1 c40 ,similar expressions are used in the ,ordinary of the house carpenters in #aegi1 in that of the masons in #aeha1 and also in that of the joiners in #aehi4 ,weaver1 in his ,funeral ,monuments1 says that these plays were finally suppressed in all towns of the kingdom1 about the beginning of the reign of ,james ,i4 ,the only vestige that remains of the ,newcastle ,mysteries was preserved by ,bourne4 ,it is entitled 8,noah's ,ark2 or1 the ,shipwright's ,ancient ,play or ,dirge10 wherein ,god1 an ,angel1 ,noah and his wife1 and the ,devil are the characters4 ,mackenzie1 ,history of ,newcastle1 #ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gjh2 ,hone's ,ancient ,mysteries ,described1 #ahbc1 p4 #bac4 ,,yorkshire4 ,the play of ,corpus ,christi was acted in the ,city of ,york till the twenty-sixth year of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 #aehd4 ,it consisted of a solemn procession1 in remembrance of the ,sacrament of the ,body of ,christ2 the symbolic representation being borne in a shrine4 ,every trade in the city was obliged to furnish a pageant at its own expense1 and join the procession1 and each individual had to personify some particular passage in the ,old or ,new ,testament1 and to repeat some poetry on the occasion4 ,the whole was preceded by a great number of lighted torches1 and a multitude of priests in their proper habits2 after which followed the mayor and citizens1 surrounded by an immense concourse of spectators4 ,commencing at the great gate of the priory of the ,holy ,trinity1 they proceeded to the ,cathedral ,church and thence to ,st4 ,leonard's ,hospital1 where they left the sacrament4 ,there are several public orders yet remaining in the old register of the city relative to the regulation of this ceremony2 and indulgences were granted from the ,pope to those who contributed to the relief of the fraternity1 or who observed the annual ceremony in the most devout manner1 particularly if they personally attended from the country4--,drake's ,eboracum1 #agcf2 ,hargrove1 ,history of ,york1 #ahah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #did4 ,,ireland4 ,corpus ,christi ,day was formerly celebrated at ,dublin with high veneration4 ,in the ,chain-book of the ,city of ,dublin are several entries to that purpose4 ,we are told that there was a grand procession1 in which the glovers were to represent ,adam and ,eve1 with an angel bearing a sword before them4 ,the corrisees 7perhaps curriers7 were to represent ,cain and ,abel1 with an altar and their offering4 ,mariners and vintners1 ,noah and the persons in his ,ark1 apparelled in the habit of carpenters and salmon-takers4 ,the weavers personated ,abraham and ,isaac1 with their offering and altar4 ,the smiths represented ,pharaoh1 with his host4 ,the skinners1 the camell with the children of ,israel1 c4--,see ,harris1 ,history of ,dublin1 #agff1 p4 #adg4 ,,may #bb4 ,,coventry ,,show ,,fair4 ,this celebrated fair1 says ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf71 commences upon ,friday in ,trinity week1 and lasts for eight days4 ,the charter for it was granted by ,henry ,,iii4 in #abah1 at the instigation of ,randle1 ,earl of ,chester4 ,for many years it was one of the chief marts in the kingdom1 and was celebrated for the show designated the ,procession of ,lady ,godiva1 of which ,brand has given a long account4 ,,may #be4 ,,the ,,shrewsbury ,,show4 ,in the ,book of ,days 7vol4 i4 pp4 #gjd-gjh7 will be found an interesting and amusing account of the ,shrewsbury ,show1 which appears1 from the records of the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 to have been held time out of mind on the second ,monday after ,trinity ,sunday4 ,,flitting ,,day4 ,,scotland4 ,the #beth of ,may1 as the ,whitsunday term 7old style71 is a great day in ,scotland1 being that on which1 for the most part1 people change their residences4 ,the ,scotch generally lease their houses by the year1 and are thus at every twelve-month's end able to shift their place of abode4 ,accordingly1 every ,candlemas a ,scotch family gets an opportunity of considering whether it will1 in the language of the country1 sit or flit4 ,the landlord or his agent calls to learn the decision on this point2 and if 8flit0 is the resolution1 he takes measures by advertising to obtain a new tenant4 ,the two or three days following upon the ,purification1 therefore1 become distinguished by a feathering of the streets with boards projected from the windows1 intimating 8,a ,house to ,let40--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #fgi4 ,,may #bi4 ,,restoration ,,or ,,royal ,,oak ,,day4 ,in the ,diary of ,john ,evelyn 7#ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgc71 under the date of ,may #bith1 #affe1 is the following statement3-- ,this was the first anniversary appointed by ,act of ,parliament to be observed as a day of ,general ,thanksgiving for the miraculous restoration of ,his ,majesty3 our vicar preaching on ,psalm cxviii41 #bd1 requiring us to be thankful and rejoice1 as indeed we had cause4#fc #fc ,the special form of prayer in commemoration of the ,restoration of ,charles ,,ii41 was removed from the ,prayer ,book by ,act of ,parliament 7#bb ,vict4 c4 #b4 ,march #be1 #ahei74 ,on this day the chaplain of the ,house of ,commons preached in ,st4 ,margaret's ,church1 ,westminster1 before 8the ,house10 usually represented by the ,speaker1 the ,sergeant-at-arms1 the clerks1 and other officers1 and some half-dozen members4 ,this observance has been discontinued since #aheh4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #gd4 ,it is customary1 especially in the ,north of ,england1 for the common people to wear in their hats the leaves of the oak1 which are sometimes covered with gold leaf4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 ,,cornwall4 ,at ,looe1 as well as in other districts of ,east ,cornwall1 the usage of wearing an oaken leaf on the #bith of ,may was enforced by spitting at1 or 8cobbing10 the offender4--,once a ,week1 ,september #bdth1 #ahgj4 ,,derbyshire4 ,on the #bith of ,may branches of young oak are gathered and put up over the doors of many houses1 and a small sprig of the same tree is commonly worn in the button-hole4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc41 #aheb1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bjf4 ,,devonshire4 ,in the vicinity of ,starcross the children celebrate this anniversary by carrying about what they call ,may babies1 i4e41 little dolls1 carefully and neatly dressed1 decked with flowers1 and laid in boxes somewhat resembling coffins1 though such resemblance is not1 apparently1 the intention of the artists4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 ,in the ,every ,day ,book 7#ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #gah7 occurs the following3-- ,at ,tiverton1 on the #bith of ,may1 it is customary for a number of young men1 dressed in the style of the seventeenth century1 and armed with swords1 to parade the streets1 and gather contributions from the inhabitants4 ,at the head of the procession walks a man called 8,oliver10 dressed in black1 with his face and hands smeared over with soot and grease1 and his body bound by a strong cord1 the end of which is held by one of the men to prevent his running too far4 ,after these come another troop1 dressed in the same style1 each man bearing a large branch of oak2 four others1 carrying a kind of throne made of oaken boughs1 on which a child is seated1 bring up the rear4 ,a great deal of merriment is excited among the boys at the pranks of 8,master ,oliver10 who capers about in a most ludicrous manner4 ,some of them amuse themselves by casting dirt1 whilst others1 more mischievously inclined1 throw stones at him3 but woe betide the young urchin who is caught2 his face assumes a most awful appearance from the soot and grease with which 8,oliver0 begrimes it1 whilst his companions1 who have been lucky enough to escape his clutches1 testify their pleasure by loud shouts4 ,in the evening the whole party have a feast1 the expenses of which are defrayed by the collection made in the morning4 ,,durham4 ,mr4 ,cuthbert ,carlton1 of ,durham1 gives in the ,durham ,chronicle1 of ,november #bith1 #ahgb1 the following account of a curious custom called 8,push ,penny40 ,he says3 8,this custom1 which has been discontinued nearly a quarter of a century1 is thus referred to in the ,derbyshire ,times of ,saturday last3--#8,there is a custom which has been upheld from time immemorial by the ,dean and ,chapter of ,durham on three days in the year--#cjth of ,january1 #bith of ,may1 and #eth of ,november1 the anniversary of ,king ,charles' ,martyrdom1 ,royal ,oak ,day1 and ,gunpowder ,plot1 which is known among ,durham lads as 8push-penny40 ,on these days the ,chapter causes twenty shillings in copper to be scrambled for in the college yard by the juveniles1 who never fail to be present4' ,the practice observed every #bith of ,may1 and #eth of ,november1 was to throw away within the college thirty shillings in penny pieces4 ,whether the custom dates from time immemorial1 it is difficult to say1 but the two last dates would seem only to point to the origin of the custom at the end of the seventeenth1 or beginning of the eighteenth centuries1 to testify the loyalty of the ,dean and ,chapter to the ,throne1 and their appreciation of the happy restoration of the #8,merry ,monarch1' and the escape of the ,king and his ,parliament on the #eth of ,november4 ,there was some such custom1 however1 during the monastic period1 when pennies were thrown away to the citizens who were wont to assemble in the vicinity of the ,prior's mansion4 ,at ,bishop ,auckland the bishop was accustomed to throw away silver pennies at certain times of the year1 and it is even said that so much as a peck of copper was in earlier times scattered broad-cast among the people4 ,the ,reformation1 however1 swept these and many other old customs away1 but after the ,restoration of ,charles ,,ii41 the ,dean and ,chapter no doubt considered the #bith of ,may and the #eth of ,november ought to be kept as days of rejoicing1 and as one means of doing so caused one of their officials to throw a bag full of pennies to the people who met in the college4 ,the duty was entrusted to the senior verger of the cathedral4 ,for many years it was the practice for the children of the ,blue ,coat ,schools to attend ,divine service in the cathedral1 who were drawn up in rank and file in the nave1 for the inspection of the prebends1 who minutely examined the new scholastic garments of the ,blue ,coat scholars4 ,this being done they were ushered into the choir1 and at the end of the service a regular pell-mell rush was made for the cloister doors1 in order to be present at #8push-penny4' ,the scenes on these occasions were almost beyond description4 ,for a few years the custom thus continued1 the attendants at #8push-penny' gradually diminishing2 for twenty-five years1 however1 it has been discontinued1 nor is it likely to be revived40 ,at ,durham also on the #bith of ,may1 the choir ascend the large tower of the cathedral1 and sing anthems from the three sides of it4 ,this is done in remembrance of the monks chanting masses from it in behalf of ,queen ,philippa1 when engaged in the sanguinary battle of ,redhills with the ,scotch ,king1 ,david ,i41 #acdf4 ,the battle is commonly called the battle of ,neville's ,cross1 from the beautiful cross erected on the field of victory by the powerful ,baron of that name1 a fragment of which still remains4 ,the reason given why anthems are only sung from three sides of the tower1 not from the fourth1 is that a chorister once overbalanced himself1 and falling from it was killed4--,times1 ,may #fth1 #ahge4 ,,hampshire4 ,the working men of ,basingstoke and other towns in ,hampshire arise early on the #bith of ,may to gather slips of oak with the galls on2 these they put in their hats or anywhere about their persons4 ,they also hang pieces to the knockers1 latches1 or other parts of the house-doors of the wealthy1 who take them in to place in their halls1 c4 ,after breakfast these men go round to such houses for beer1 c4 ,should they not receive anything the following verses should be said3 8,shig-shag1 penny a rag ,bang his head in ,croommell's bag1 ,all up in a bundle40-- but fear often prevents them4 ,however1 the lads have no fear1 and use it freely to any one without an oak-apple or oak leaf on some part of his person1 and visible--ill-treating him for his want of loyalty4 ,after noon the loyalty ceases and then if any one be charged with having shig-shag1 the following verses are said3 8,shig-shag's gone past1 ,you're the biggest fool at last2 ,when shig-shag comes again1 ,you'll be the biggest fool then40 ,and the one who charges the other with the oak-leaf receives the ill-treatment4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajj4 ,,middlesex4 ,it was the custom1 some years ago1 to decorate the monument of ,richard ,penderell 7in the churchyard of ,st4 ,giles-in-the-,fields1 ,london71 on the #bith of ,may1 with oak branches2 but in proportion to the decay of popularity in kings1 this practice has declined4--,canfield1 ,portraits1 ,memoirs1 and ,characters of ,remarkable ,persons1 #agid1 p4 #ahf4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,formerly all the principal families in the town of ,northampton placed a large branch of oak over the door of their houses1 or in their balconies1 in remembrance of the restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the oak-boughs are gradually disappearing1 but the corporate body still goes in procession to ,all ,saints ,church1 accompanied by the boys and girls of the different charity schools1 each of them having a sprig of oak1 with a gilt oak-apple placed in the front of their dress2 and should the season be unpropitious1 and oak-apples be scarce1 small gilded potatoes are substituted4 ,the commemoration of this day has probably been more generally and loyally observed in this town than in many other places1 from a feeling of gratitude to that monarch1 who munificently contributed #ajjj tons of timber out of ,whittlewood ,forest and remitted the duty of chimney-money in ,northampton for seven years1 towards the rebuilding of the town after the destructive fire of #afge4 ,the statue of the king1 which is placed in the centre of the balustrade on the portico of ,all ,saints' ,church1 is always enveloped in oak-boughs on this day4--,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh4 ,,northumberland4 ,at one time the boys at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne had a taunting rhyme1 with which they used to insult such persons as they met on this day who had not oak-leaves in their hats3 8,royal oak1 ,the ,whigs to provoke40 ,there was a retort courteous by others1 who contemptuously wore plane-tree leaves3 8,plane-tree leaves2 ,the ,church folk are thieves40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgd4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,on ,royal ,oak ,day branches of that tree are carried in procession1 and decorate many of the signs of public houses in ,nottingham and elsewhere4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc41 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcd4 ,on this day the ,notts juveniles not only wear the usual piece of oak-twig1 but each young loyalist is armed with a nettle1 with which instrument of torture are coerced those unfortunates who are unprovided with 8royal oak10 as it is called4 ,some who are unable to procure it endeavour to avoid the penalty by wearing 8dog oak0 7maple71 but the punishment is always more severe on discovery of the imposition4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #dij4 ,,worcestershire4 ,in some parts of this county a garland1 similar to the ,may-day one1 is taken about on the #bith of ,may4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #ib4 ,at ,upton-upon-,severn oak-apple day is anxiously looked forward to by old and young4 ,early in the morning ropes are stretched across the street1 upon which are hung garlands1 composed of all such flowers as are in bloom4 ,the garlands are also ornamented with coloured ribbons and handkerchiefs1 and all the tea-spoons which can be collected are hung in the middle4 ,maypoles1 though less common1 and large boughs of oak are pressed into service4 ,many are the penn'orths of gold leaf sold the day before1 with which to gild the oak-apple for the button-hole4 ,a benefit club meets on this day1 and walks in procession with band and flags to church1 after which they make a progress through the town1 with music playing and colours flying1 finishing up with a dinner4--,illustrated ,london ,news1 ,may #cjth1 #aheg1 p4 #eae4 ,,scotland4 ,riding the ,marches4--,the practice of ,riding the ,marches1 says a writer in the ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland 7#ahde1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cii71 is observed in the parish of ,hawick1 ,roxburghshire4 ,this ancient ceremonial takes place on the last ,friday of ,may 7old style71 and is considered one of the most important days of the year4 ,the honour of carrying the standard of the town devolves upon the cornet1 a young man previously elected for the purpose2 and he and the magistrates of the town on horseback1 and a large body of the inhabitants and the burgesses1 set out in procession for the purpose of riding round the property of the town1 and making formal demonstration of their legal rights4 ,the following are a few stanzas from an ancient song1 which is sung by the cornet and his attendants from the roof of an old tenement belonging to the town1 and loudly joined in by the surrounding multitudes3-- 8,we'll a' hie to the muir a riding1 ,drumlanrig gave it for providing ,our ancestors of martial order ,to drive the ,english off our border4 ,at ,flodden field our fathers fought it1 ,and honour gained1 though dear they bought it2 ,by ,teviot side they took this colour1 ,a dear memorial of their valour4 ,though twice of old our town was burned1 ,yet twice the foemen back we turned1 ,and ever should our rights be trod on1 ,we'll face the foe to ,tirioden4#fd ,up wi' ,hawick its rights and common6 ,up wi' a' the border bowmen6 ,tiribus and ,tirioden4 ,we are up to guard the common40 #fd ,the slogan or war-cry of the burgh was 8,tiribus and ,tirioden10 a phrase probably derived from the ,saxons or ,danes4 ,the first word may be understood as making tolerably good ,anglo-,saxon4 ,tyr hbbe us2 ,may ,tyr have us in his keeping4 ,whilst the other conjoins the names of ,tyr and ,odin1 whose united aid is supposed to be invoked4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 author of ,annals and ,old ,memories of ,hawick1 thinks that the meaning of the phrase1 in our sense1 is1 8,gods of thunder and war1 protect us20 in another sense1 8,to battle1 sons of the gods40 ,the ancient feudal system of 8the ,riding of the ,marches0 by the burgesses still exists also at ,inveresk1 once within the fifty years4 ,they appear mounted on horseback1 and armed with swords4 ,the seven incorporated trades1 each headed by its captain1 follow in the train of the magistrates and town-council1 the whole cavalcade being preceded by the town officers1 with their ancient ,brabant spears1 and a champion armed cap-a-pie4 ,a gratuity is also allowed to a minstrel1 who attends at the succeeding feast1 and recites in verse the glories of the pageantry4#fe--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh4 #fe ,until about the year #ahcj1 on the annual payment of their rent to the agent of the ,duke of ,buccleuch1 an entertainment was given by the magistrates1 under the title of 8the ,hen ,feast40 ,it derived this title from the consideration that 8the kain fowls0 due by the lessees of the burgh mills were served up on this occasion4--,ibid41 p4 #bfi4 ,,june4 ,,paignton ,,fair4 ,,devonshire4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#ast ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #ff7 quotes from an old newspaper 7,june #gth1 #ahji7 the following account of ,paignton ,fair1 held at ,exeter4 ,at this fair1 says the writer1 the ancient custom of drawing through the town a plum-pudding of immense size1 and afterwards of distributing it to the populace1 was revived on ,tuesday last4 ,the ingredients which composed this enormous pudding were--four hundred pounds of flour1 one hundred and seventy pounds of beef suet1 one hundred and forty pounds of raisins1 and two hundred and forty eggs4 ,it was kept constantly boiling in a brewer's copper from ,saturday morning to the ,tuesday following1 when it was placed on a car1 decorated with ribbons1 evergreens1 c41 and drawn along the streets by eight oxen4 ,,scotland4 ,a solemn festival in the ,scotch ,metropolis is ordained by the ,statutes of ,george ,heriot's ,hospital 7cap4 ii47 in the following words3 8,but especially upon the first ,monday in ,june1 every year1 shall be kept a solemn commemoration and thanksgiving unto ,god1 in this form which followeth3 ,in the morning1 about eight of the clock of that day1 the lord provost1 all the ministers1 magistrates1 and ordinary ,council of the city of ,edinburgh1 shall assemble themselves in the ,committee-chamber of the said hospital2 from thence1 all the scholars and officers of the said hospital going before them two-by-two1 they shall go1 with all the solemnity that may be1 to the ,grey-,friars' ,church of the said city1 where they shall hear a sermon preached by one of the said ministers1 every one yearly in their courses1 according to the antiquity of their ministry in the said city40 ,on this occasion the statue of the founder is fancifully decorated with flowers4 ,each of the boys receives a new suit of clothes2 their relations and friends assemble1 and the citizens1 old and young1 being admitted to view the hospital1 the gaiety of the scene is highly gratifying4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gdg4 ,,june #a4 ,,wiltshire4 ,lord ,viscount ,palmerston1 in #agcd1 by deed1 gave for thrashers of ,charlton about an acre of land in ,rushall ,field1 the rent whereof was to be applied annually to give them a dinner wherewith to commemorate ,stephen ,duck the poet1 who was originally a thrasher of ,charlton4 ,the parish of ,rushall was afterwards inclosed1 and by the award date1 #abth ,january1 #ahjd1 a piece of arable land1 measuring one acre and fifteen poles1 was awarded in a different part of ,rushall ,field4 ,the land is now called ,duck's ,acre1 and let at a rent of #b #is4 #i;d4 per annum4 ,the land tax1 amounting to #cs4 per annum1 was reduced by a subscription raised in the parish4 ,the rent is paid for a dinner1 which is annually given on the #ast ,june1 to the thrashers of this parish4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #afi4 ,,june #i4 ,,ireland4 ,,clonmany1 ,,co4 ,,donegal4 ,the titular saint of this parish is ,columbkill4 ,the #ith of ,june is his festival day1 and formerly on this day many of the inhabitants drove down their cattle to the beach1 and swam them in that part of the sea into which runs the water of ,st4 ,columb's ,well--,mason's ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahe4 ,,june #aa4 ,,st4 ,,barnabas' ,,day4 ,on the feast of ,st4 ,barnabas it seems to have been usual to decorate some churches with garlands of flowers4 ,brand 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 #bic7 quotes the following disbursements from the ,churchwardens'1 ,accounts of ,st4 ,mary-at-,hill1 ,london1 in the reigns of ,edward ,,iv4 and ,henry ,,vii43-- 8,for ,rose garlondis and ,woodrove garlondis on ,st ,barnabe's ,daye1 xjd4 8,item1 for two doss' 7dozen87 di bocse 7box7 garlands for prestes and clerkes on ,st4 ,barnabe ,daye1 js4 xd40 ,,cumberland4 ,hesket1 an extensive parish in this county1 is noted for the singular circumstance of the ,court of ,inglewood ,forest 7in the precincts of which it is wholly included7 being held in it annually1 on ,st4 ,barnabas' ,day1 in the open air4 ,the suitors assemble by the highway-side1 at a place only marked by an ancient thorn1 where the annual dues to the lord of the forest1 compositions for improvements1 c41 are paid2 and a jury for the whole jurisdiction chosen from among the inhabitants of twenty mesne manors who attended on this spot4--,britton and ,brayley1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahjb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aga4 ,,june #ae4 ,,st4 ,,vitus' ,,day4 ,on ,st4 ,vitus' ,day1 says ,hazlitt 7,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aff71 the ,skinners' ,company1 accompanied by girls strewing herbs in their path1 and by ,bluecoat boys placed by their patronage on the foundation of ,christ's ,hospital1 march in procession from ,dowgate ,hill1 where their hall is1 to ,st4 ,antholin's ,church1 in ,watling ,street1 to hear service4#ff ,the sermon1 says ,hampson 7in his ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #bif71 for which the chaplain 7who is usually a member of the company1 educated at ,christ's ,hospital or ,tunbridge7 receives two guineas1 has probably arisen out of a pious bequest for the purpose4 #ff ,in ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 this custom is said to take place on ,corpus ,christi ,day4 ,,june #bc4 ,,midsummer ,,eve--,,st4 ,,john',s ,,eve4 ,on this eve people were in former times accustomed to go into the woods1 and break down branches of the trees1 which they brought to their homes1 and planted over their doors1 amidst great demonstrations of joy1 to make good the scripture prophecy respecting the ,baptist1 that many should rejoice in his birth4 ,this custom was at one time universal in ,england4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #hae4 ,it was a popular superstition that if any unmarried woman fasted on ,midsummer ,eve1 and at midnight laid a clean cloth with bread1 cheese1 and ale1 and then sat down as if going to eat1 the street door being left open1 the person whom she was afterwards to marry would come into the room and drink to her by bowing2 and after filling the glass would leave it on the table1 and1 making another bow1 retire4--,grose4 ,the same writer also tells us that any person fasting on ,midsummer ,eve1 and sitting in the church porch1 will at midnight see the spirits of the persons of that parish who will die that year come and knock at the church door1 in the order and succession in which they will die4 ,the fern was a most important object of popular superstition at this season4 ,it was supposed at one time to have neither flower nor seed1 the seed which lay on the back of the leaf being so small as to escape the sight of the hasty observer4 ,hence1 probably1 proceeding on the fantastic doctrine of signatures1 our ancestors derived the notion that those who could obtain and wear this invisible seed would be themselves invisible1 a belief of which innumerable instances may be found in our old dramatists4--,soane's ,book of the ,months4--,see ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 ,people also gathered on this night the rose1 ,st4 ,john's wort1 vervain1 trefoil1 and rue1 all of which were thought to have magical properties4 ,they set the orpine in clay upon pieces of slate or potsherd in their houses1 calling it a ,midsummer-man4 ,as the stalk was found next morning to incline to the right or left1 the anxious maiden knew whether her lover would prove true to her or not4 ,young men sought also for pieces of coal1 but in reality certain hard1 black1 dead roots1 often found under the living mugwort1 designing to place these under their pillows1 that they might dream of themselves4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #haf4 ,in addition to the superstitious customs already mentioned there was the ,dumb ,cake3#fg ,two make it1 ,two bake it1 ,two break it2 and the third must put it under each of their pillows1 but not a word must be spoken all the time4 ,this being done1 the diviners are sure to dream of the man they love4 ,there was the divination by hemp-seed1#fh which consisted of a person sowing hemp-seed1 saying at the same time1 ,hemp-seed ,i sow1 ,hemp-seed ,i hoe4 ,and he that is my true love1 ,come after me and mow4 ,the lover was sure then to make his appearance4--,soane's ,book of the ,months4 #fg ,see page #aii4 #fh ,see page #ajj4 ,towards night1 materials for a fire were collected in a public place and kindled4 ,to this the name of bonfire was given1 a term of which the most rational explanation seems to be that it was composed of contributions collected as boons or gifts of social and charitable feeling4 ,around this fire the people danced with almost frantic mirth1 the men and boys occasionally jumping through it1 not to show their agility1 but as a compliance with ancient custom4#fi--;,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 #fi ,fuller 7,mixt ,contemplations in ,better ,times1 #aheh1 p4 #be7 says he has met with 8two etymologies of bone-fires4 ,some deduce it from fires made of bones1 relating it to the burning of martyrs1 first made fashionable in ,england in the reign of ,king ,henry the ,fourth2 but others derive the word from boon1 that is1 good1 and fires40 ,the more probable explanation seems to be that of ,dr4 ,hickes1 and which has been adopted by ,lye in the ,etymologicon of ,junius1 namely1 that it was derived from the ,anglo-,saxon blfyr1 a burning pile1 by the change of a single letter only1 baal in the ,islandic signifying a conflagration4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,vii4 these fires were patronised by the ,court1 and numerous entries appear in the 8,privy purse ,expenses0 of that monarch1 by which he either defrayed the charges1 or rewarded the firemen4 ,a few are subjoined1 as examples of the whole3 8,june #bc 7#adic74 ,to making of the bonefuyr on ,midsomer ,eve1 #ajs4 8,june #bh 7#adie74 ,for making the king's bonefuyr1 #ajs4 8,june #bd 7#adig74 ,midsomer ,day1 for making of the bone-fuyr1 #ajs4 8,june #cj 7#adih74 ,the making of the bone-fuyr1 #b40 ,med4 vi ,kalend41 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc4 ,in the months of ,june and ,july1 says ,stow1 on the vigils of festival days1 and on the same festival days in the evening after the sun setting1 there were usually made bonfires in the streets1 every man bestowing wood or labour towards them2 the wealthier sort also1 before their doors near to the said bonfires1 would set out tables on the vigils1 furnished with sweet bread and good drink1 and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully1 whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit and be merry with them in great familiarity1 praising ,god for ,his benefit bestowed on them4 ,on these occasions it appears that it was customary to bind an old wheel round about with straw and tow1 to take it to the top of some hill at night1 to set fire to the combustibles1 and then roll it down the declivity4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,the ,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj 7,,ms4 ,addit4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #dhdc71 says3--8,in hac vigilia moris erat 7quamdiu stetit7 pueris1 ornare lectos variis rerum variarum picturis1 et carmina de vita rebusque gestis ,joannis ,baptist et prcursoris componere3 et pulchre exscripta affigere clinopodiis lectorum1 eruditis legenda40 ,,cheshire4 ,the annual setting of the watch on ,st4 ,john's ,eve1 in the city of ,chester1 was an affair of great moment4 ,by an ordinance of the mayor1 aldermen1 and common councilmen1 of that corporation1 dated in the year #aefd1 and preserved among the ,harleian ,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum1 a pageant which is expressly said to be 8according to ancient custom10 is ordained to consist of four giants1 one unicorn1 one dromedary1 one camel1 one luce1 one dragon1 and six hobby-horses1 with other figures4 ,by another ,,ms4 in the same library1 it is said that ,henry ,hardware1 ,esq41 the mayor in #aeii1 caused the giants in the ,midsummer show to be broken1 8and not to goe the devil in his feathers20 and it appears that he caused a man in complete armour to go in their stead2 but in the year #afja1 ,john ,ratclyffe1 being mayor1 set out the giants and ,midsummer show as of old it was wont to be kept4 ,in the time of the ,commonwealth the show was discontinued1 and the giants with the beasts were destroyed4 ,at the ,restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 the citizens of ,chester replaced their pageant1 and caused all things to be made new1 because the old models were broken4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #hcd4 ,,cornwall4 ,in ,cornwall the festival fires1 called bonfires1 are kindled on the eve of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist and ,st4 ,peter's ,day2 and ,midsummer is thence in the ,cornish tongue called 8,goluan10 which signifies both light and rejoicing4 ,at these fires the ,cornish attend with lighted torches1 tarred and pitched at the end1 and make their perambulations round their fires1 and go from village to village1 carrying their torches before them2 and this is certainly the remains of the ,druid superstition1 for 8faces prferre10 to carry lighted torches1 was reckoned a kind of ,gentilism and as such particularly prohibited by the ,gallick ,councils3 they were in the eye of the law 8accensores facularum10 and thought to sacrifice to the devil1 and to deserve capital punishment4--,borlase1 ,antiquities of ,cornwall1 #aged1 p4 #acj4 ,on ,whiteborough 7a large tumulus with a fosse round it71 on ,st4 ,stephen's ,down1 near ,launceston1 there was formerly a great bonfire on ,midsummer ,eve3 a large summer pole was fixed in the centre1 round which the fuel was heaped4 ,it had a large bush on the top of it4#gj ,round this were parties of wrestlers contending for small prizes4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 #gj ,the boundary of each tin-mine in ,cornwall is marked by a long pole with a bush at the top of it4 ,these on ,st4 ,john's ,day are crowned with flowers4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 ,,cumberland4 ,hutchinson 7,hist4 of ,cumberland1 vol4 i4 p4 #agg71 speaking of the parish of ,cumwhitton1 says3 ,they hold the wake on the ,eve of ,st4 ,john1 with lighting fires1 dancing1 c4 ,,lancashire4 ,the custom of making large fires on the ,eve of ,st4 ,john's ,day is annually observed by numbers of the ,irish people in ,liverpool4 ,contributions in either fuel or money to purchase it with are collected from house to house4 ,the fuel consists of coal1 wood1 or in fact anything that will burn3 the fire-places are then built up and lighted after dark4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #db4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,formerly the inhabitants lighted fires to the windward side of every field1 so that the smoke might pass over the corn2 they folded their cattle and carried blazing furze or gorse around them several times2 they gathered bawan fealoin or mugwort as a preventive against the influence of witchcraft2 and it was on this occasion they bore green meadow grass up to the top of ,barule in payment of rent to ,mannan-beg-mac-y-heir4--,train1 ,history of ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abj4 ,,middlesex4 ,the date of the first establishment of a regular watch or guard for the ,city of ,london is uncertain4 ,stow assures us it has been instituted 8time out of mind20 and we have1 as early as the #cith ,henry ,,vi41 the following entries3 8,payde to iiij men to wacche wt the ,mayre and to goo wt him a nyghtes1 xvjd40 8,payde in expenses for goyng about wt the ,mayre in the town in the wacche1 iiijd40 ,the watch for the ensuing year was always appointed with much pomp and ceremony on the vigil of ,st4 ,john1 or ,midsummer's ,eve2 hence the appellation of the ,midsummer ,watch4 ,on this night1 as we learn from ,stow1 the standing watches in every ward and street of the city and suburbs were habited in bright harness4 ,there was also a marching watch consisting of as many as #bjjj persons1 most of them old soldiers1 who appeared in appropriate habits1 armed1 and many of them1 especially the musicians and standard-bearers1 rode on horseback4 ,the watch was attended by men bearing cresset-lights1#ga which were provided partly by the companies1 and partly by the ,city ,chamber4 ,every cresset-bearer was presented with a 8strawen hat and a painted badge1 beside the donation of his breakfast next morning40 ,the constables1 one half of whom went out on the ,eve of ,st4 ,john1 and the other half on the ,eve of ,st4 ,peter1 were dressed in 8bright harnesse1 some over gilt1 and every one had a jornett of scarlet thereupon1 and a chain of gold1 his henchman following him1 and his minstrels before him1 and his cresset light at his side4 ,the ,mayor himself came after them1 well mounted1 with his sword-bearer before him1 in fair armour on horseback1 preceded by the waits1 or city minstrels1 and the ,mayor's officers in liveries of woosted1 or sea-jackets party-coloured4 ,the sheriff's watches came one after the other in like order1 but not so numerous2 for the ,mayor had1 beside his giant1 three pageants2 whereas the sheriff had only two besides their giants1 each with their morris-dancer and one henchman40 #ga ,cresset-light4--,a kind of fire-basket let into an iron frame at the end of a long pole1 and so contrived that the basket remained in a horizontal position1 whichever way the pole was carried4 ,these poles were usually borne on men's shoulders4 ,cresset-lights were also used as beacons and served instead of lighthouses for signals along the coast4 ,the badge of the ,admiralty was anciently a cresset4--,shakspeare makes ,glendower say1 in 8,henry ,,iv40 7,act iii4 s4 #a73 8,at my nativity1 ,the front of heaven was full of fiery shapes1 ,of burning cressets40 ,douce1 in his ,illustrations of ,shakspeare1 imagines the word to have been derived from the ,french word croiset--a cruet1 or earthen pot4 ,stow says that ,king ,henry ,,viii41 in the first year of his reign1 came privately into ,westcheap to view the setting of this watch1 8being clothed in one of the coates of his guard10 and at the next muster1 which was on ,st4 ,peter's night1 8the king and queene came roially riding to the signe of the ,king's ,head in ,cheape1 and there beheld the watche of the citie1 which watche was set out with divers goodly shewes1 as had been accustomed40 ,in the #cast year of this reign 7#aeci71 however1 the ,midsummer ,watch was discontinued2 but it was revived1 for one year only1 by ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 then ,lord ,mayor1 in the second year of ,edward the ,sixth's reign4--,stow's ,survey of ,london2 ,jupp1 ,history of the ,carpenter's ,company1 #ahdh1 pp4 #dj-dd4 ,,northumberland4 ,in the ordinary of the ,company of ,cooks at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 #aege1 quoted by ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah71 is the following clause3--8,and alsoe that the said fellowship of ,cookes1 shall yearelie of theire owne cost and charge mainteigne and keep the bonefires1 according to the auntient custome of the said towne on the ,sand-hill2 that is to say1 one bone-fire on the even of the ,feast of the ,nativitie of ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 commonly called ,midsomer ,even1 and the other on the even of the ,feast of ,st4 ,peter the ,apostle1 if it shall please the ,maior and ,aldermen of the said towne for the time being to have the same bone-fires40 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,deering1 in his ,nottinghamia ,vetus et ,nova 7#agea1 p4 #abc71 quoting from an old authority1 gives the following curious account of the watch once held at ,nottingham4 ,he says3 8,every inhabitant of any ability sets forth a man1 as well voluntaries as those who are charged with arms1 with such munition as they have2 some pikes1 some muskets1 calivers1 or other guns2 some partisans1 or halberts2 and such as have armour send their servants in their armour4 ,the number of these are yearly about two hundred1 who at sun-setting meet on the ,row1 the most open part of the town1 where the ,mayor's serjeant-at-mace gives them an oath1 the tenor wherof followeth in these words3 #8,you shall well and truly keep this town till to-morrow at the sun-rising2 you shall come into no house without license or cause reasonable4 ,of all manner of casualties1 of fire1 of crying of children1 you shall due warning make to the parties1 as the case shall require4 ,you shall due search make of all manner of affrays1 bloudsheds1 outcrys1 and all other things that be suspected1' c4 ,which done1 they all march in orderly array through the principal streets of the town1 and then they are sorted into several companies1 and designed to several parts of the town1 where they are to keep the watch until the sun dismisses them in the morning4 ,in this business the fashion is for every watchman to wear a garland1 made in the fashion of a crown imperial1 bedecked with flowers of various kinds1 some natural1 some artificial1 bought and kept for that purpose1 as also ribbands1 jewels2 and for the better garnishing whereof1 the townsmen use the day before to ransack the gardens of all the gentlemen within six or seven miles round ,nottingham1 besides what the town itself affords them3 their greatest ambition being to outdo one another in the bravery of their garlands40 ,this custom was kept up till the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,about the year #gej1 says ,plott1 a battle was fought near ,burford1 perhaps on the place still called ,battle-,edge1 west of the town1 towards ,upton1 between ,cuthred or ,cuthbert1 a tributary king of the ,west ,saxons1 and ,ethelbald1 king of ,mercia1 whose insupportable exactions the former king not being able to endure1 he came into the field against ,ethelbald1 met and overthrew him there1 winning his banner1 whereon was depicted a golden dragon2 in memory of which victory1 the custom of making a dragon yearly1 and carrying it up and down the town in great jollity on ,midsummer ,eve1 to which they added the picture of a giant1 was in all likelihood first instituted4--,plott1 ,natural ,history of ,oxfordshire1 #agje1 p4 #cef4 ,,worcestershire4 ,a very curious practice is observed on ,midsummer ,eve at ,kidderminster1 arising from the testamentary dispositions of two individuals once resident there4 ,a farthing loaf is given to every person born in ,church ,street1 ,kidderminster1 who chooses to claim it4 ,the bequest is of very ancient standing1 and the farthing loaf1 at the time of its date1 was far different to what it is now-a-days4 ,the day is called ,farthing ,loaf ,day1 and the bakers' shops are amply provided with these diminutives1 as it is the practice of the inhabitants throughout the town to purchase them4 ,superadded to this bequest is another4 ,about the year #aghh an old bachelor left a sum for the purchase of a twopenny cake for every unmarried resident in ,church ,street1 to be given on ,farthing ,loaf ,day1 and also the sum of two guineas to be paid to a household in the said street1 as remuneration for providing a supper of bread and cheese and ale1 to which every householder in the street should be invited4 ,the householders each take their turn in being host1 but with a promise1 that none except the occupiers of front houses should enjoy this dignity4 ,the toast directed to be drunk after supper is1 8,peace and good neighbourhood40 ,the money required arises from a sum which is lent at interest1 annually1 to any competent inhabitant of this favoured street1 upon his producing two good sureties for the repayment at the end of the year4--,hone's ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #gde2 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bda4 ,,yorkshire4 ,on ,midsummer ,eve1 at ,ripon1 in former days1 every housekeeper1 who in the course of the year had changed his residence into a new neighbourhood1 spread a table before his door in the street with bread1 cheese1 and ale for those who chose to resort to it4 ,the guests1 after staying awhile1 if the master was liberally disposed1 were invited to supper1 and the evening was concluded with mirth and good humour4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hff4 ,,wales4 ,bingley1 in his ,tour ,round ,north ,wales 7#ahjj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg71 says3 ,on the ,eve of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist they fix sprigs of the plant called ,st4 ,john's-wort over their doors1 and sometimes over their windows1 in order to purify their houses1 and by that means drive away all fiends and evil spirits4 ,,scotland4 ,the ,eve of ,st4 ,john is a great day among the mason-lodges of ,scotland4 ,what happens with them at ,melrose may be considered as a fair example of the whole4 ,immediately after the election of office-bearers for the year ensuing1 the brethren walk in procession three times round the ,cross1 and afterwards dine together under the presidency of the newly-elected grand master4 ,about six in the evening the members again turn out1 and form into line two abreast1 each bearing a lighted flambeau1 and decorated with their peculiar emblems and insignia4 ,headed by the heraldic banners of the lodge1 the procession follows the same route1 three times round the ,cross1 and then proceeds to the abbey4 ,on these occasions the crowded streets present a scene of the most animated description4 ,the joyous strains of a well-conducted band1 the waving torches1 and incessant showers of fire-works make the scene a carnival4 ,but at this time the venerable abbey is the chief point of attraction and resort1 and as the torch-bearers thread their way through its mouldering aisles1 and round its massive pillars1 the outlines of its gorgeous ruins become singularly illuminated1 and brought into bold and striking relief4 ,the whole extent of the abbey is1 with 8measured step and slow10 gone three times round4 ,but when near the finale1 the whole masonic body gather to the chancel1 and forming one grand semicircle around it1 where the heart of ,king ,robert ,bruce lies deposited near the high altar1 the band strikes up the patriotic air1 8,scots wha hae wi' ,wallace bled10 and the effect thus produced is overpowering4 ,midst showers of rockets and the glare of blue lights the scene closes4--,wade's ,history of ,melrose ,abbey1 #ahfa1 p4 #adf4 ,,ireland4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,liverpool ,mercury1 ,june #bith1 #ahfg3-- ,the old pagan fire-worship still survives in ,ireland1 though nominally in honour of ,st4 ,john4 ,on ,sunday night bonfires were observed throughout nearly every county in the province of ,leinster4 ,in ,kilkenny1 fires blazed on every hillside at intervals of about a mile4 ,there were very many in the ,queen's county1 also in ,kildare and ,wexford4 ,the effect in the rich sunset appeared to travellers very grand4 ,the people assemble1 and dance round the fires1 the children jump through the flames1 and in former times live coals were carried into the corn fields to prevent blight3 of course1 people are not conscious that this ,midsummer celebration is a remnant of the worship of ,baal4 ,it is believed by many that the round towers were intended for signal fires in connection with this worship4--,see ,gent4 ,mag4 #agie1 vol4 lxv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #abd2 see ,sir ,henry ,piers's ,description of ,westmeath1 #afhb2 and ,the ,comical ,pilgrim's ,pilgrimage into ,ireland1 #agbc p4 #ib4 ,croker1 in his ,researches in the ,south of ,ireland 7#ahbd1 p4 #bcc71 mentions a custom observed on the eve of ,st4 ,john's ,day1 and some other festivals1 of dressing up a broomstick as a figure1 and carrying it about in the twilight from one cabin to the other1 and suddenly pushing it in at the door4 ,the alarm or surprise occasioned by this feat produced some mirth4 ,the figure thus dressed up was called a ,bredogue4 ,at ,stoole1 near ,downpatrick1 there is a ceremony commencing at twelve o'clock at night on ,midsummer ,eve4 ,its sacred mount is consecrated to ,st4 ,patrick2 the plain contains three wells1 to which the most extraordinary virtues are attributed4 ,here and there are heaps of stones1 around some of which appear great numbers of people1 running with as much speed as possible2 around others crowds of worshippers kneel with bare legs and feet as an indispensable part of the penance4 ,the men1 without coats1 with handkerchiefs on their heads instead of hats1 having gone seven times round each heap1 kiss the ground1 cross themselves1 and proceed to the hill2 here they ascend1 on their bare knees1 by a path so steep and rugged that it would be difficult to walk up4 ,many hold their hands clasped at the back of their necks1 and several carry large stones on their heads4 ,having repeated this ceremony seven times1 they go to what is called ,st4 ,patrick's ,chair1 which are two great flat stones fixed upright in the hill2 here they cross and bless themselves as they step in between these stones1 and1 while repeating prayers1 an old man1 seated for the purpose1 turns them round on their feet three times1 for which he is paid2 the devotee then goes to conclude his penance at a pile of stones1 named the ,altar4 ,while this busy scene is continued by the multitude1 the wells and streams issuing from them are thronged by crowds of halt1 maimed1 and blind1 pressing to wash away their infirmities with water consecrated by their patron saint1 and so powerful is the impression of its efficacy on their minds1 that many of those who go to be healed1 and who are not totally blind1 or altogether crippled1 really believe for a time that they are by means of its miraculous virtues perfectly restored4--,hibernian ,magazine1 ,july #ahag4 ,,june #bd4 ,,midsummer ,,day--,,st4 ,,john ,,the ,,baptist',s ,,day4 ,the general customs connected with this season commenced on the preceding evening4--,see ,midsummer ,eve4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,the ,status ,schol ,etonensis1 ,a4,d4 #aefj 7,,ms4 ,addit4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #dhac71 says3 8,mense ,junii1 in ,festo ,natalis ,d4 ,johannis post matutinas preces1 dum consuetudo floruit accedebant omnes scholastici ad rogum extructum in orientali regione templi1 ubi reverenter a symphoniacis cantatis tribus ,antiphonis1 et pueris in ordine stantibus venitur ad merendam40 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,on a common called ,midsummer ,green1 in the parish of ,barnwell1 an annual fair is held1 commencing on ,midsummer ,day1 and continuing for a fortnight4 ,this fair is supposed to have originated with the assemblages of children at this place on the eve of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist's ,day1 whose yearly gatherings being attended by a considerable concourse of people1 attracted the notice of some pedlars1 who began to dispose of their merchandise on this spot as early as the reign of ,henry ,i4 ,the articles brought for sale are chiefly earthen-wares1 whence the festival has attained the name of ,pot fair4 ,the fair is proclaimed on the eve of ,midsummer ,day by the heads of the ,university1 first in the middle of the village1 and afterwards on the green where it is celebrated4 ,it appears to have assumed its legal form in the reign of ,henry ,,iii4--,brayley and ,britton1 ,beauties of ,england and ,wales1 #ahji1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,,cheshire4 ,in former times there was a privilege of licensing the minstrels1 peculiar to the ancient family of ,dutton4 ,the original grant came from ,earl ,randal ,blundeville to ,roger ,lacy1 constable of ,chester2 and his son1 ,john ,lacy1 assigned the privilege to the family of ,dutton4 ,the anniversary of this solemnity was constantly celebrated on the festival of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist by a regular procession of all the minstrels to the church of this tutelary saint in the city of ,chester4 ,but after having been constantly observed for at least #eej years1 it seems to have been discontinued in #ageh2 and1 as an instance how sacred these exclusive privileges were esteemed by legislative wisdom1 the ,act of the #bith of ,elizabeth1 which declares all itinerant minstrels to be vagabonds1 particularly excepts the minstrel-jurisdiction of ,john ,dutton1 of ,dutton in ,cheshire1 ,esq4--,gower1 ,materials for a ,history of ,cheshire1 #agga1 p4 #fg4 ,,cornwall4 ,hitchins1 in his ,history of ,cornwall 7#ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gag71 says3 ,midsummer ,day is considered as a high holiday1 on which either a pole is erected1 decorated with garlands1 or some flags displayed1 to denote the sanctity of the time4 ,this custom has prevailed from time immemorial1 of which it is scarcely possible to trace the origin4 ,,devonshire4 ,lynton revel begins on the first ,sunday after ,midsummer ,day4 ,it formerly lasted a week4 ,as in the days before the ,reformation1 revels until lately began on a ,sunday in ,lynton and ,lynmouth1 a barrel of beer having been placed near the church gate in readiness for the people coming out of church1 who partook of a glass and a cake1 called revel cake1 made with dark flour1 currants1 and carraway seeds4 ,wrestling formed a chief feature in the amusements1 and large sums were raised by subscription to purchase prizes4 ,however odd it may appear1 it is not more than twenty years since the silver spoons1 bought as prizes to be wrestled for1 were exhibited hung in front of the gallery in ,countisbury ,church during divine service on ,revel ,sunday4 ,of late years1 however1 owing to the prevalence of drunkenness1 especially on the ,sunday afternoon1 the respectable inhabitants have set their faces against these revels1 which have now dwindled into insignificance4 ,the collusion which sprang up among the wrestlers to share the prizes1 without their being won by a real trial of skill and strength1 hastened also greatly to abate the enthusiasm of the subscribers1 so that of late the prizes have not been beyond a few shillings collected from the people on the ground4 ,this of itself has given a death-blow to the revel4--,cooper1 ,guide to ,lynton and ,lynmouth1 #ahec1 p4 #ch4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,on this day a tent is erected on the summit of the ,tynwald ,hill 7called also ,cronk-y-,keeillown1 i4e41 ,st4 ,john's ,church ,hill1 a mound said to have been originally brought from each of the seventeen parishes of the island71 and preparations are made for the reception of the officers of state1 according to ancient custom4 ,early in the morning the ,governor proceeds from ,castletown under a military escort to ,st4 ,john's ,chapel1 situated a few hundred yards to the eastward of the ,tynwald ,hill4 ,here he is received by the ,bishop1 the ,council1 the clergy1 and the keys1 and all attend ,divine service in the chapel1 the ,government chaplain officiating4 ,this ended1 they march in a procession from the chapel to the mount1 the military formed in line on each side of the green turf walk4 ,the clergy take the lead1 next comes the ,vicar-,general1 and the two ,deemsters1 then the bearer of the sword of state in front of the ,governor1 who is succeeded by the ,clerk of the ,rolls1 the twenty-four keys1 and the captains of the different parishes4 ,the ceremony of the ,tynwald ,hill is thus stated in the ,lex ,scripta of the ,isle of ,man1 as given for law to ,sir ,john ,stanley1 in #adag3 8,this is the constitution of old time1 how yee should be governed on the ,tinwald day4 ,first you shall come thither in your royal array1 as a king ought to do by the prerogatives and royalties of the land of ,mann1 and upon the hill of ,tinwald sitt in a chair covered with a royal cloath and quishions1 and your visage in the east1 and your sword before you1 holden with the point upward4 ,your ,barrons in the third degree sitting beside you1 and your beneficed men and your ,deemsters before you sitting1 and your clarke1 your knight1 esquires1 and yeomen about you in the third degree1 and the worthiest men in your land to be called in before your ,deemsters1 if you will ask anything of them1 and to hear the government of your land and your will2 and the ,commons to stand without the circle of the hill1 with three clearkes in their surplices1 and your ,deemsters shall call the coroner of ,glanfaba1 and he shall call in all the coroners of ,man1 and their yardes in their hands1 with their weapons upon them1 either sword or axe2 and the moares1 that is to witt of every sheading2 then the chief coroner1 that is1 the coroner of ,glanfaba1 shall make affence upon pain of life or lyme1 that no man make a disturbance or stirr in the time ,tinwald1 or any murmur1 or rising in the ,king's presence1 upon pain of hanging and drawing2 and then to proceed in your matters whatsoever you have to doe1 in felonie or treason1 or other matters that touch the government of your land of ,manne40--,cumming's ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahdh1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,,middlesex4 8,there is this solemn and charitable custom in ye ,ch4 of ,st4 ,mary-,hill1 ,london4 ,on the next ,sunday after ,midsummer ,day1 every year1 the fellowship of the ,porters of ye ,city of ,london1 time out of mind1 come to this church in ye morning1 and whilst the ,psalms are reading1 they group two and two towards the rails of ye ,communion table1 where are set two basons2 and there they make their offering1 and so return to the body of ye ,church again4 ,after then the inhabitants of ye parish and their wives1 and others also then at church1 make their offering likewise2 and the money so offered is given to the poor decrepit ,porters of the said fellowship for their better subsistence40--,newcomb's ,,ms4 ,collect41 cited by ,bishop ,kennett4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,it was the custom to strew the church of ,middleton ,chenduit1 in summer1 with hay gathered from six or seven swaths in ,ash ,meadow1 which were given for this purpose4 ,in the winter the rector found straw4--,bridges's ,history of ,northamptonshire1 #agia1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg4 ,,northumberland4 ,it is customary on this day to dress out stools with a cushion of flowers4 ,a layer of clay is placed on the stool1 and therein is stuck1 with great regularity1 an arrangement of all kinds of flowers1 so close as to form a beautiful cushion4 ,these are exhibited at the doors of houses in the villages1 and at the ends of streets and cross lanes of larger towns1 where the attendants beg money from passengers to enable them to have an evening fte and dancing4 ,this custom is evidently derived from the 8,ludi ,compitalii0 of the ,romans2 this appellation was taken from the compita1 or cross lanes1 where they were instituted and celebrated by the multitude assembled before the building of ,rome4 ,it was the feast of the lares1 or household gods1 who presided as well over houses as streets4--,hutchinson's ,history of ,northumberland4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,the following notice of a curious custom1 formerly observed at ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford1 is taken from the ,life of ,bishop ,horne1 by the ,rev4 ,william ,jones 7,works1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aca73--8;,a letter of ,july the #beth1 #agee1 informed me that ,mr4 ,horne1 according to an established custom at ,magdalen ,college1 in ,oxford1 had begun to preach before the ,university1 on the day of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,for the preaching of this annual sermon1 a permanent pulpit of stone is inserted into a corner of the first quadrangle2 and so long as the stone pulpit was in use 7of which ,i have been a witness71 the quadrangle was furnished round the sides with a large fence of green boughs1 that the preaching might more nearly resemble that of ,john the ,baptist in the wilderness2 and a pleasant sight it was3 but for many years the custom has been discontinued1 and the assembly have thought it safer to take shelter under the roof of the chapel40 ,at the mowing of ,revel-mede1 a meadow between ,bicester and ,wendlebury1 most of the different kinds of rural sports were usually practised2 and in such repute was the holiday1 that booths and stalls were erected as if it had been a fair4 ,the origin of the custom is unknown2 but as the amusements took place at the time when the meadow became subject to commonage1 some have supposed it originated in the rejoicings of the villagers on that account4 ,these sports entirely ceased on the enclosure of ,chesterton field4--,dunkin1 ,history of ,bicester1 #ahaf1 p4 #bfi4 ,,somersetshire4 ,collinson1 in his ,history of the ,county of ,somerset 7#agia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ehf71 gives an account of a custom that was celebrated on the ,saturday before old ,midsummer ,day in the parishes of ,congresbury and ,puxton1 at two large pieces of common land1 called ,east and ,west ,dolemoors4 ,these1 he says1 were divided into single acres1 each bearing a peculiar and different mark cut on the turf1 such as a horn1 four oxen and a mare1 two oxen and a mare1 pole-axe1 cross1 dung-fork1 oven1 duck's nest1 hand reel1 and hare's tail4 ,on the ,saturday before old ,midsummer ,day1 several proprietors of estates in the parishes of ,congresbury1 ,puxton1 and ,week ,st4 ,lawrence1 or their tenants1 assembled on the commons4 ,a number of apples were previously prepared1 marked in the same manner with the before-mentioned acres1 which were distributed by a young lad to each of the commoners from a bag or hat4 ,at the close of the distribution1 each person repaired to his allotment as his apple directed him1 and took possession for the ensuing year4 ,an adjournment then took place to the house of the overseer of ,dolemoors 7an officer annually elected from the tenants71 where four acres1 reserved for the purpose of paying expenses1 were let by inch of candle1 and the remainder of the day was spent in sociability and hearty mirth4 ,,wiltshire4 ,at ,chiltern there is a sport widely practised by the boys1 which they call 8egg-hopping40 ,at the commencement of summer the lads forage the woods in quest of birds' eggs4 ,these1 when found1 they place on the road at distances apart in proportion to the rarity or abundance of the species of egg4 ,the hopper is then blindfolded1 and he endeavours to break as many as he can in a certain number of jumps4 ,the universality of the game1 and the existence of various superstitions1 combined with their refusal to part with the eggs for money1 would warrant a supposition that some superstition is connected with it4--,n4 ,q4 #crd4 ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dib4 ,,yorkshire4 ,old ,midsummer ,day1 says ,cole 7,history of ,scalby1 #ahbi1 p4 #dd71 is1 at ,scalby1 a kind of gala time1 when the sports1 as they are termed1 take place1 consisting of the most rustic description of amusements1 such as donkey-racing1 c41 and when booths are erected for the accommodation of the several visitors1 and the village presents a motley fair-like appearance4 ,,ireland4 ,,co4 ,,cork4 ,a pilgrimage to the source of the ,river ,lee is one frequently performed by two very different classes of persons--the superstitious and the curious2 the first led by a traditional sanctity attached to the place1 the latter by the reputed sublimity of its scenery1 and a desire of witnessing the religious assemblies and ceremonies of the peasantry4 ,the scenery of ,gougaun lake is bold and rugged1 surrounded by rocky and barren mountains2 in its centre is a small and solitary island1 connected with the shore by a narrow artificial causeway1 constructed to facilitate the rites of religious devotees1 who annually flock thither on the #bdth ,june 7,st4 ,john's ,day71 and the celebration of a pious festival4 ,the principal building on the island is a rudely formed circular wall of considerable solidity1 in the thickness of which are nine arched recesses or cells1 called chapels1 severally dedicated to particular saints1 with a plain flag-stone set up in each as an altar4 ,on the celebration of the religious meeting these cells are filled with men and women in various acts of devotion1 almost all of them on their knees4 ,croker1 in his ,researches in the ,south of ,ireland 7#ahbd1 p4 #bge71 describing one of these pilgrimages1 says3 ,to a piece of rusty iron considerable importance seems to have been attached2 it passed from one devotee to another with much ceremony4 ,the form consisted in placing it three times1 with a short prayer#gb across the head of the nearest person to whom it was then handed1 and who went through the same ceremony with the next to him1 and thus it circulated from one to the other4 ,the banks of the lake were the scenes of merry-making4 ,almost every tent had its piper1 two or three young men and women dancing the jig4 #gb 8,copy of the prayer to be said at the well of ,st4 ,john4--#8,o ,almighty ,god1 as ,i have undertaken this journey by way of pilgrimage in and through a penitential spirit1 in the first place ,i hope to render myself worthy of the favour ,i mean to ask1 to avoid drunkenness and licentiousness1 and hope to find favour in thy sight2 ,i therefore pay this tribute and fulfil the promise ,i have made2 ,i ask you therefore1 through the intercession of ,st4 ,john1 to grant me the following favour 7here mention your ailment1 the particular favour you stand in need of74 ,i know how unworthy ,i am of being heard1 but ,i resolve1 with thy gracious assistance1 henceforward to render myself worthy of your favour4 ,i implore this gift through the intercession of ,st4 ,john1 and the sufferings of ,christ our ,lord4 ,amen4' 8,n4,b4 ,you must be careful to avoid all excess in drinking1 dancing in tents1 for it is impossible characters can find favour in the sight of ,god1 such as these4 ,fasting going there had formerly been the custom40 ,,co4 ,,limerick4 ,at one time1 the tradesmen of ,limerick marched1 on ,midsummer ,day1 arranged under their respective leaders1 decorated with sashes1 ribbons1 and flowers1 and accompanied with a band of musicians1 and the shouts of the delighted populace1 through the principal streets of the city1 while their merry-men played a thousand antic tricks1 and the day generally ended in a terrible fight between the ,garryowen and ,thomond-gate boys 7the tradesmen of the north and south suburbs74--,fitzgerald and ,macgregor's ,history of ,limerick1 #ahbg1 p4 #edj4 ,,june #be4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in the village of ,micklefield1 about ten miles east of ,leeds1 it is the custom on the second day of the feast1 7,june #beth7 for about twelve of the villagers1#gc dressed1 in their best garb1 and wearing a white apron l'picier1 to carry a large basket 7generally a clothes-basket7 to each farm-house in the village1 the occupier of which seems to consider it his bounden duty to give them a good supply of confectionery of some kind to take away with them1 and ale ad libitum to drink in his house4--,n4 4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfc4 #gc ,these villagers call themselves 8,joss ,weddingers40 787 ,,june #bi4 ,,st4 ,,peter',s ,,day4 ,on this day many of the rites peculiar to the festival of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist were repeated4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,it appears from the ,status ,schol ,etonensis 7,a4,d4 #aefj7 that the ,eton boys had a great bonfire annually on the east side of the church on ,st4 ,peter's ,day1 as well as on that of ,st4 ,john ,baptist4 ,,kent4 ,the stranger who chances to attend ,divine service in ,farnborough parish church on the ,sunday next after the feast of ,st4 ,peter1 has his attention arrested by the floor of the porch being strewed with reeds4 ,by an abstract of the will of ,george ,dalton1 ,gent41 of ,farnborough1 dated ,december #crd1 #aeef1 set forth on a mural tablet in the interior of the church1 he learns that this gentleman settled a perpetual annuity of #acs4 #d;d4 chargeable upon his lands at ,tuppendence3 #ajs4 to the preacher of a sermon on the ,sunday next after the feast of ,st4 ,peter1 and #cs4 #d;d4 to the poor4 ,local traditional lore affirms that ,mr4 ,dalton was saved from drowning by reeds1 and that the annual sermon and odd manner of decorating the porch are commemorative of the event4 ,this day is called by the inhabitants of the village1 ,reed ,day or ,flag ,day4--,maidstone ,gazette1 #ahei4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,cole1 in his ,history of ,weston ,favell 7#ahbi1 p4 #eh71 says3--,the feast follows ,st4 ,peter's ,day4 ,the amusements and sports of the week consist of dinner and tea parties formed from the adjacent towns1 which meetings are frequently concluded with a ball1 indeed a dance at the inns on the few first days of the feast is indispensable4 ,games at bowls and quoits are pursued with great dexterity and interest by the more athletic visitants1 and in the evening the place presents a motley1 fair-like appearance2 but this continues for no longer period than the second or third day in the feast week4 ,,northumberland4 ,formerly1 says ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg71 on the evening of ,st4 ,peter's ,day1 the inhabitants of this county carried firebrands about the fields of their respective parishes4 ,they made encroachments on these occasions upon the bonfires of the neighbouring towns1 of which they took away some of the ashes by force2 this they called 8carrying off the flower 7probably the flour7 of the wake40 ,,yorkshire4 ,in an old account of ,gisborough1 in ,cleveland1 and the adjoining coast1 printed in the ,antiquarian ,repertory 7#ahjh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjd7 from an ancient ,,ms4 in the ,cotton ,library 7marked ,julius ,f4 ,c41 fol4 #dee71 speaking of the fishermen1 it is stated that 8,upon ,st4 ,peter's ,daye they invite their friends and kinsfolk to a festyvall kept after their fashion with a free hearte1 and noe shew of niggardnesse2 that daye their boates are dressed curiously for the shewe1 their mastes are painted1 and certain rytes observed amongst them1 with sprinkling their prowes with good liquor1 sold with them at a groate the quarte1 which custom or superstition1 suckt from their auncestors1 even contynueth down unto this present tyme40 ,the feast day of ,nun-,monkton is kept on ,st4 ,peter's ,day1 and is followed by the 8,little ,feast ,day10 and a merry time extending over a week4 ,on the ,saturday evening preceding the #bith a company of the villagers1 headed by all the fiddlers and players on other instruments that could be mustered at one time went in procession across the great common to 8,may-pole ,hill10 where there is an old sycamore 7the pole being near it7 for the purpose of 8rising ,peter10 who had been buried under the tree4 ,this effigy of ,st4 ,peter1 a rude one of wood1 carved--no one professed to know when--and in these later times clothed in a ridiculous fashion1 was removed in its box-coffin to the neighbourhood of the public-house1 there to be exposed to view1 and1 with as little delay as possible1 conveyed to some out-building1 where it was stowed away and thought no more about till the first ,saturday after the feast day 7or the second if the #bith had occurred at the back end of a week71 when it was taken back in procession again1 and re-interred with all honour which concluding ceremony was called 8,buryin' ,peter40 ,in this way did ,st4 ,peter preside over his own feast4 ,on the evening of the first day of the feast1 two young men went round the village with large baskets for the purpose of collecting tarts1 cheese-cakes1 and eggs for mulled ale--all being consumed after the two ceremonies above indicated4 ,this last good custom is not done away with yet1 suppers and1 afterwards1 dancing in a barn being the order while the feast lasts4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #cfa4 ,,scotland4 ,in ,sinclair's ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland 7#agib1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aje7 we are told that at ,loudoun1 in ,ayrshire1 the custom still retains among the herds and young people to kindle fires in the high grounds1 in honour of ,beltan4 ,beltan was anciently the time of this solemnity4 ,it is kept on ,st4 ,peter's day4 ,,july4 ,,commencement ,,day4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,in the ,university of ,cambridge1 the first ,tuesday in ,july is usually the ,commencement ,day4 ,the ,commencement ,sunday is the ,sunday immediately before the ,commencement ,day4 ,it is a commemoration day4 ,on ,commencement ,sunday1 the ,vice-,chancellor invites to dinner all noblemen1 the three ,regius ,professors1 and their sons and the public orator4--,adam ,wall1 ,ceremonies observed in the ,senate ,house of the ,university of ,cambridge1 #agih1 p4 #gf4 ,,huntingdonshire4 ,at ,old ,weston a piece of green sward belongs by custom to the parish clerk for the time being1 subject to the condition of the land being mown immediately before ,weston feast1 which occurs in ,july1 and the cutting thereof being strewed on the church floor previously to ,divine service on the feast ,sunday1 and continuing there during ,divine service4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bbj4 ,,lancashire4 ,at ,altcar the parish church is dedicated to ,st4 ,michael1 and1 in accordance with a very old custom1 a rush-bearing takes place in ,july4--,see ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 ,,northumberland4 ,in the ,history of ,alnwick 7#ahbb1 pp4 #bda-bdd7 the following account is given of an ancient custom celebrated on the proclamation of the fair held in ,july4 ,on the ,sunday evening preceding the fair1 the representatives of the adjacent townships that owe suit and service to his ,grace the ,duke of ,northumberland1 and the constables of ,alnwick1 with several of the freeholders and tradesmen1 attend at the castle1 where they are freely regaled4 ,the steward of the ,court1 and the bailiff with their attendants1 then proceed from the castle to the cross in the market-place1 where the bailiff proclaims the fair in the name of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,northumberland1 and calls over the names of the various townships that owe suit and service2 viz4 the townships of ,chatton and ,chillingham1 four men1 ,coldmarton and ,fowbury1 four men2 ,hetton and ,hezebrigge1 four men2 ,fawdon and ,clinch1 four men2 ,alnham and ,alnham ,moor1 two men2 ,tughall and ,swinhoe1 two men2 ,longhoughton and ,denwick1 four men2 ,lesbury and ,bilton1 two men2 ,lyham and ,lyham-hall1 one man2 with the principal inhabitants of the borough of ,alnwick4 ,the representatives who attend for the several townships in service are obliged to keep watch at different parts of the town the night before the fair1 which has been a custom from time immemorial4 ,on the fair-day the tenants of the ,duke within the barony of ,alnwick attend at the castle1 when the steward and bailiff proceed from thence to the market1 and proclaim the fair as before4 ,they then go to ,clayport ,street1 where the fair is again proclaimed1 and from thence to the castle4 ,the above townships1 by their attendance1 are exempt from paying toll in the borough for twelve months1 but if they do not attend1 they must pay the same till the next year4 ,,scotland4 ,,county ,,of ,,edinburgh4 ,the ,leith ,races take place either in the month of ,july or ,august4 ,as they were under the patronage of the magistrates of ,edinburgh1 it was usual for one of the city officers to walk in procession every morning during the week from the ,council ,chamber down to ,leith1 bearing aloft a silk purse1 gaily decorated with ribbons1 styled the ,city ,purse1 on the end of a pole1 accompanied by the town-guard drummer1 who1 being stationed in the rear of this dignitary1 continued beating a tattoo at his heels all the way to the race-ground4 ,the procession which at the onset consisted only of the officer and the drummer1 and sometimes a file or two of the town-guard1 gathered strength as it moved along the line of march1 from a constant accession of boys1 who were every morning on the look out for this procession1 and who preferred1 according to their own phrase1 8gaun down wi' the purse10 to any other way4 ,such a dense mass of these finally surrounded the officer and his attendant drummer that1 long before the procession reached ,leith1 both had wholly disappeared4 ,nothing of the former remained visible but the purse1 and the top of the pole on which it was borne4 ,these1 however1 projecting above the heads of the crowd1 still pointed out the spot where he might be found3 of the drummer1 no vestige remained2 but he was known to exist by the faint and intermittent sounds of his drum4 ,the town-guard also came in for a share of the honours and the business of this festive week4 ,these were marched down to ,leith every day in full costume4 ,having arrived upon the sands1 the greater part1 along with the drummer1 took their station at the starting-point1 where the remainder surrounded the heights4 ,the march of these veterans to ,leith is thus humorously described by ,ferguson3-- 8,come1 hafe a care 7the captain cries71 ,on guns your bagnets thraw3 ,now mind your manual exercise1 ,and march down row by row4 ,and as they march he'll glour about1 ,tent a' ther cuts an' scars2 ,mang these full many a gausy snout ,has gusht in birth-day wars ,wi' blude that day40 ,campbell1 ,history of ,leith1 #ahbg1 p4 #ahg4 ,,renfrewshire4 ,a very curious custom existed at ,greenock1 and in the neighbouring town of ,port ,glasgow1 at the fair held on the first ,monday in ,july1 and the fourth ,tuesday in ,november4 ,the whole trades of the town1 in the dresses of their guilds1 with flags and music1 each man armed1 made a grand rendezvous at the place where the fair was to be held1 and with drawn swords and array of guns and pistols1 surrounded the booths1 and greeted the baillie's announcement by tuck of drum1 8that ,greenock ,fair was open10 by a tremendous shout1 and a struggling fire from every serviceable barrel in the crowd4--,n4 4 ,q4 #ast ,s41 vol4 ix4 p4 #bdb4 ,,roxburghshire4 ,haig1 in his ,history of ,kelso 7#ahbe1 p4 #ajg71 tells us that in his time the ,society of ,gardeners1 on the second ,tuesday in ,july1 the day of their annual general meeting1 paraded the streets1 accompanied by a band of music1 and carrying an elegant device composed of the most beautiful flowers1 which1 on the company reaching the inn where they dined1 was thrown from the window to the crowd1 who soon demolished it in a scramble for the flowers4 ,fuller1 too1 in his ,history of ,berwick-upon-,tweed 7#agii1 p4 #ddg71 says the association of gardeners1 which took place in #agif1 had in his time a procession through the streets yearly4 ,it was accompanied with music2 and1 in the middle of the procession1 a number of men carried a large wreath of flowers4 ,the different officers belonging to this institution wore their respective insignia1 and the whole society dined together4 ,,july #a4 ,,ireland4 ,mason1 in his ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland 7#ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebh71 says that the great holiday in ,seagoe is on the first of ,july 7,old ,style71 being the anniversary of the battle of the ,boyne4 ,a procession takes place1 the whole population wear orange lilies1 and the day is spent in festivity4 ,,july #e4 ,,leicestershire4 ,at ,glenfield1 the parish clerk1 in accordance with an old custom1 strews the church with new hay on the first ,sunday after the #eth of ,july4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bai4 ,,july #g4 ,,st4 ,,thomas ,,becket',s ,,day4 ,,cornwall4 ,the festival called ,bodmin ,riding was kept on ,sunday and ,monday after ,st4 ,thomas ,becket's ,day 7,july #gth74 ,a puncheon of beer having been brewed in the preceding ,october1 and bottled in anticipation of the time1 two or more young men who were entrusted with the chief management of the affair1 and who represented the 8wardens10 went round the town attended by a band of drums and fifes1 or other instruments4 ,the crier saluted each house with1 8,to the people of this house a prosperous morning1 long life1 and a merry riding60 ,the musicians then struck up the riding tune1 and the householder was solicited to taste the riding ale1 which was carried round in baskets4 ,a bottle was usually taken in1 and it was acknowledged by such a sum as the means or humour of the townsman permitted1 to be spent on the public festivities of the season4 ,next morning a procession was formed3 all who could afford to ride mounted on horse or ass1 which proceeded first to the ,priory1 to receive two large garlands of flowers fixed on staves1 and then through the principal streets to the ,town ,end1 where the games were formally opened4 ,the sports1 which lasted two days1 consisted of wrestling1 foot-racing1 jumping in sacks1 c4 ,it should be remarked that a second or inferior brewing1 from the same wort1 was drunk at a minor merry-making at ,whitsuntide4 ,in an order1 dated ,november #aeth1 #aehc1 regulating the business of the shoemakers1 a class of tradesmen which seems for ages to have been more than usually numerous in ,bodmin1 it is directed by the mayor and the masters of the occupation1 8that at the ,rydyng every master and journeyman shall give their attendance to the steward1 and likewise bring him to church1 upon pain of #ab;d4 for every master1 and #f;d4 for every journeyman1 for every such default1 to the discretion of the master of the occupation40 ,at this festival there was held a curious kind of mock trial4 ,a ,lord of ,misrule was appointed1 before whom any unpopular person1 so unlucky as to be captured1 was dragged to answer a charge of felony2 the imputed crime being such as his appearance might suggest1 a negligence in his attire1 or a breach of manners4 ,with ludicrous gravity a mock trial was then commenced1 and judgment was gravely pronounced1 when the culprit was hurried off to receive his punishment4 ,in this his apparel was generally a greater sufferer than his person1 as it commonly terminated in his being thrown into the water or the mire4#gd 8,take him before the mayor of ,halgaver20 8,present him in ,halgaver ,court10 are old ,cornish proverbs4--,parochial ,history of ,cornwall1 #ahfh1 vol i4 p4 #ajd4 ,murray1 ,handbook for ,cornwall1 #ahfe1 p4 #bdd4 #gd ,carew1 in his ,survey of ,cornwall 7#ahaa1 p4 #bif71 speaking of this custom1 says3 8,the youthlier sort of ,bodmin townsmen use sometimes to sport themselves by playing the box with strangers whom they summon to ,halgaver4 ,the name signifieth the goat's moor1 and such a place it is1 lying a little without the town1 and very full of quagmires4 ,when these mates with any raw serving man1 or other young master1 who may serve and deserve to make pastime1 they cause him to be solemnly arrested1 for his appearance before the mayor of ,halgaver1 where he is charged with wearing one spur1 in going untrussed or wanting a girdle1 or some such like felony2 and after he hath been arraigned and tried1 with all requisite circumstances1 judgment is given in formal terms1 and executed in some ungracious prank or other1 more to the scorn than hurt of the party condemned4 ,now and then they extend their merriment with the largest1 to the prejudice of over-credulous people1 persuading them to fight with a dragon lurking in ,halgaver1 or to see some strange matter there2 which concludeth at least with a training them into the mire40 ,,kent4 ,becket's ,fair1 says ,hasted in his ,history of ,canterbury 7#ahja1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajd71 was held on the feast of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 and was so called from this day being the anniversary of the ,archbishop's translation from his tomb to his shrine1 and as such was fixed for this purpose1 as a means of gathering together a greater multitude for the celebration of this solemn day4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,in some parts of this county the ,sunday after ,st4 ,thomas ,becket's ,day goes by the name of ,relic ,sunday4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbb1 p4 #aib4 ,,july #i4 ,,staffordshire4 ,there existed at one time1 at ,wolverhampton1 an annual procession1 on ,july #ith 7the eve of the great fair71 of men in antique armour1 preceded by musicians playing the 8fair tune10 and followed by the steward of the ,deanery ,manor1 the peace-officers1 and many of the principal inhabitants4 ,tradition says the ceremony originated at the time when ,wolverhampton was a great emporium of wool1 and resorted to by merchants of the staple from all parts of ,england4 ,the necessity of an annual force to keep peace and order during the fair 7which is said to have lasted fourteen days1 but the charter says only eight7 is not improbable4 ,it was finally discontinued by ,sir ,william ,pulteney1 who was the lessee of the ,deanery ,manor1 to the great dissatisfaction of the people of ,wolverhampton4 ,these processions were the remains of the ,corpus ,christi pageantry1 which were always celebrated at the annual fairs1 and attended by men armed and equipped as if for war4--,shaw1 ,history of ,staffordshire1 #agih-ahja1 p4 #afe2 ,oliver1 ,historical ,account of the ,collegiate ,church of ,wolverhampton1 #ahcf1 p4 #dd4 ,,july #ab4 ,,ireland4 ,at ,maghera1 ,county ,down1 on the #abth of ,july1 the anniversary of the battle of ,aughrim1 the ,orangemen assemble1 walk in their insignia1 and dine together4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahdd1 vol4 i4 p4 #eid4 ,,july #ae4 ,,st4 ,,swithin',s ,,day4 ,st4 ,swithin was ,chancellor of the ,exchequer in the time of ,king ,ethelbert1 and the great patron saint of the cathedral and city of ,winchester4 ,in some church-books there are entries of gatherings of 8,saint ,swithine's farthyngs0 on this day4 ,there is an old proverb which says3 8,st4 ,swithin's ,day1 if thou dost rain1 ,for forty days it will remain3 ,st4 ,swithin's ,day1 if thou be fair1 ,for forty days 'twill rain na mair40 ,there is also a quaint saying1 that when it rains on ,st4 ,swithin's ,day1 it is the saint christening the apples4--,see ,timbs' ,things not ,generally ,known1 #ahef1 p4 #aec4 ,,surrey4 ,in the ,churchwardens' accounts of the parish of ,horley1 under the years #aeje-f1 is the following entry1 which implies a gathering on this saint's day3-- 8,itm4 ,saintt ,swithine farthyngs the said #b yeres1 #cjs4 #h;d40 ,,yorkshire4 ,sports were at one time annually celebrated at ,cloughton on ,saturday evening after the #aeth ,july4--,cole1 ,historical ,sketches of ,scalby1 ,burniston1 and ,cloughton1 #ahbi1 p4 #fc4 ,,july #ag4 ,,st4 ,,kenelm',s ,,day4 ,,worcestershire4 ,at ,clent1 in the parish of ,hales ,owen1 a fair was formerly held in a field in which ,st4 ,kenelm's ,chapel is situated4 ,it is1 says ,brand1 of very ancient date1 and probably arose from the gathering together of persons to visit the shrine of ,st4 ,kenelm on the feast of the saint1 #agth of ,july4 ,on the ,sunday after this fair1 ,st4 ,kenelm's wake was held1 at which a curious custom was practised1 called 8,crabbing the ,parson10 the origin of which is said to have arisen on this wise3--8,long1 long ago1 an incumbent of ,frankley1 to which ,st4 ,kenelm's is attached1 was accustomed1 through horrid1 deep-rutted1 miry roads1 occasionally to wend his way to the sequestered depository of the remains of the murdered saint-king1 to perform ,divine service4 ,it was his wont to carry some provisions with him1 with which he refreshed himself at a farm-house near the scene of his pastoral duties4 ,on one occasion1 however1 having eaten up his store of provisions1 he was tempted 7after he had donned his sacerdotal habit1 and in the absence of the good dame7 to pry into the secrets of a huge pot1 in which was simmering the savoury dish the lady had provided for her household2 among the rest dumplings formed no inconsiderable portion of the contents4 ,the story runs that the parson poached sundry of them1 hissing hot1 from the cauldron1 and1 hearing the footsteps of his hostess1 he1 with great dexterity1 deposited them in the sleeves of his surplice4 ,she1 however1 was conscious of her loss1 and1 closely following the parson to the church1 by her presence prevented him from disposing of them1 and1 to avoid her accusation1 he forthwith entered the reading-desk1 and began to read the service1 the clerk beneath making the responses4 ,erelong1 a dumpling slipped out of the parson's sleeve1 and fell on the clerk's head2 he looked up with astonishment1 but taking the matter in good part1 proceeded with the service4 ,presently1 however1 another dumpling fell on his head1 at which he1 with upturned eyes and ready tongue1 responded1 8,two can play at that1 master10 and1 suiting the action to the word1 he immediately began pelting the parson with crabs1 a store of which he had gathered1 intending to take them home in his pocket to foment the sprained leg of his horse1 and so well did he play his part1 that the parson soon decamped1 amid the jeers of the old dame1 and the laughter of the few persons who were in attendance40--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd4 ,,july #bj4 ,,st4 ,,margaret',s ,,day4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,on the feast of ,st4 ,margaret in #aeaa1 the ,miracle ,play of the ,holy ,martyr ,st4 ,george was acted on a stage in an open field at ,bassingborne in ,cambridgeshire1 at which there were a minstrel and three waits hired from ,cambridge1 with a property-man and a painter4 ,the following extract from an old churchwarden's book belonging to the parish of ,bassingborne1 gives the various subscriptions and expenses connected with it3-- ,memorandum3--,received at the play held on ,st4 ,margaret's day1 ,a4,d4 ,,mdxi41 in ,basingborn of the holy martyr ,st4 ,george4 ,received of the ,township of ,royston xiis4 ,tharfield vis viiid1 ,melton vs iiiid1 ,lillington xs vid1 ,whaddon ivs iiiid1 ,steeplemenden iiiis1 ,barly ivs id1 ,ashwell iiiis1 ,abingdon iiis ivd1 ,orwell iiis1 ,wendy iis ixd1 ,wimpole iis viid1 ,meldreth iis ivd1 ,arrington iis ivd1 ,shepreth iis ivd1 ,kelsey iis vd1 ,willington is xd1 ,fulmer is viiid1 ,gilden ,morden is1 ,tadlow is1 ,croydon is id1 ,hattey xd1 ,wratlingworth ixd1 ,hastingfield ixd1 ,barkney viiid1 ,foxten ivd1 ,kneesnorth vid4 ,item received of the town of ,bassingborn on the ,monday and ,friday after the play1 together with other comers on the ,monday1 xivs vd4 ,item received on the ,wednesday after the play1 with a pot of ale at ,kneesnorth1 all costs deducted1 is viid4 ,expenses of the said ,play4 ,first paid to the garnement man for garnements and propyrts and playbooks1 xxs4 ,to a minstrel and three waits of ,cambridge for the ,wednesday1 ,saturday1 and ,monday4 ,two of them the first day1 and three the other days1 vs xid4 ,item in expences on the ,players1 when the play was shewed1 in bread and ale and for other vittails at ,royston for those players1 iiis iid4 ,item in expences on the play day for the bodies of vi4 sheep1 xxiid each1 ixs iid4 ,item for three calves and half a lamb1 viiis iid4 ,item paid five days board of one ,pyke ,propyrte1 making for himself and his servant one day1 and for his horses pasture vi4 days1 is ivd4 ,item paid to turners of spits and for salt1 ixd4 ,item for iv chickens for the gentlemen1 ivd4 ,item for fish and bread and setting up the stages1 ivd4 ,item to ,john ,beecher for painting of three ,fanchoms and four ,tormentors4 ,item to ,giles ,ashwell for easement of his croft to play in1 is4 ,item to ,john ,hobarde1 ,brotherhood ,priest1 for the play book1 iis viiid4 ,antiquarian ,repertory1 #ahjh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbj4 ,,norfolk4 ,to the west of ,wereham ,church1 ,norfolk1 a well1 called ,st4 ,margaret's1 was much frequented in the times of ,popery4 ,here1 on ,st4 ,margaret's ,day1 the people regaled themselves with ale and cakes1 music and dancing4 ,alms were given1 and offerings and vows made1 at sainted wells of this kind4--,excursions in the ,county of ,norfolk1 #ahbi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ade4 ,,july #bb4 ,,st4 ,,bridget',s ,,eve4 ,,ireland4 ,on ,st4 ,bridget's ,eve every farmer's wife in ,ireland makes a cake1 called ,bairinbreac2 the neighbours are invited1 the madder of ale and the pipe go round1 and the evening concludes with mirth and festivity4--,col4 ,vallancey1 ,essay on the ,antiquity of the ,irish ,language1 #aggb1 p4 #ba2 see ,fosbroke's ,encyclopdia of ,antiquities1 #ahdj1 p4 #feg4 ,,july #be4 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,day4 ,it is customary in ,london to begin eating oysters on ,st4 ,james's ,day1 and in the course of the few days following upon their introduction1 the children of the humbler class employ themselves diligently in collecting the shells which have been cast out from taverns and fish-shops1 and of these they make piles in various rude forms4 ,by the time that old ,st4 ,james's ,day 7,august #eth7 has come about1 they have these little fabrics in nice order1 with a candle stuck in the top1 to be lighted at night4 ,as the stranger occasionally comes in contact with these structures1 he is suddenly surrounded by a group of boys1 exclaiming1 8,pray1 remember the grotto60 by which is meant a demand for a penny wherewith professedly to keep up the candle4 ,mr4 ,thoms considers that in the grotto thus made1 we have a memorial of the world-renowned shrine of ,st4 ,james at ,compostella1 which may have been formerly erected on the anniversary of ,st4 ,james by poor persons1 as an invitation to the pious1 who could not visit ,compostella to show their reverence to the saint by alms giving to their needy brethren4--,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abb2 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #f4 ,,kent4 ,the rector of ,cliff distributes at his parsonage-house1 on ,st4 ,james's day1 annually1 a mutton pie and a loaf to as many as choose to demand it2 the expense amounts to about #ae per annum4 ,,lancashire4 ,it was customary at one time for the ,corporation of ,liverpool to give an annual public dinner1 in the ,exchange1 to two or three hundred of the principal inhabitants1 on the #beth ,july and #aath ,november1 the days of the commencement of the ,liverpool fairs1 which were considered as days of festivity by all ranks of the community4 ,on these days the mayor1 bailiffs1 and burgesses1 in their gowns1 went in procession with a band of music1 from the ,exchange to the middle of ,dale ,street1 where they passed round a large stone1 whitewashed for the occasion1 and thence proceeded to another stone in the centre of ,castle ,street1 and back to the ,exchange1 where they dined4 ,this ancient custom was discontinued about the year #agfj4--;,corry1 ,history of ,liverpool1 #ahaj1 p4 #id4 ,,july #bf4 ,,mace ,,monday4 ,,berkshire4 ,the first ,monday after ,st4 ,anne's ,day1 ,july #bfth1 a feast is held at ,newbury1 the principal dishes being bacon and beans4 ,in the course of the day a procession takes place2 a cabbage is stuck on a pole1 and carried instead of a mace1 accompanied by similar substitutes for other emblems of civic dignity4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajde4 ,,july #bi4 ,,st4 ,,olave',s ,,day4 ,strype in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #aa71 says3 8,on the #bith ,july1 #aeeg1 being ,st4 ,olave's ,day1 was the church holiday in ,silver ,street1 the parish church whereof was dedicated to that saint4 ,and at eight of the clock at night began a stage play of a goodly matter 7relating1 it is like1 to that saint71 that continued unto twelve at midnight1 and then they made an end with good song40 ,,august4 ,,swan-,,upping4 ,formerly the members of the ,corporation of ,london1 in gaily-decorated barges1 went up the ,thames annually in ,august1 for the purpose of nicking or marking1 and counting their swans4 ,they used to land off ,barnes ,elms1 and partake of a collation4 ,this yearly progress was commonly but incorrectly called 8swan-hopping30 the correct designation is shown by the ancient statutes to be 8swan-upping10 the swans being taken up and nicked1 or marked4 ,a 8swan-with-two-nicks0 indicated1 by his second nick1 that he had been taken up twice4#ge #ge ,among the ,loseley ,,mss4 is an original roll of swan-marks1 showing the beaks of the swans to have been notched with stars1 chevrons1 crosses1 the initials of the owners' names1 or other devices4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #cic4 ,in the accounts of the ,vintner's ,company 7,egerton ,,ms4 #aadc1 fol4 #b17 is the following entry3-- 8,money payd for expense ,item4--,payd in the grete ffroste to for uppyng of ,james the under swanyerd for ,swanes upping of the ,maister ,swannes iiijs4 ,it--,for bote hyr at the same tyme iiijd4 ,,august #a4 ,,lammas ,,day4 ,gule of ,august1 or ,lammas ,day1 is variously explained4 ,gule1 from the ,celtic or ,british ,wyl or ,gule1 signifies a festival or holiday1 and explains ,gule of ,august to mean the holiday of ,st4 ,peter ad vincula in this month1 when the people of ,england1 in ,roman ,catholic times1 paid their ,peter-pence4 ,lammas is1 by some1 derived from lamb-masse1 because on that day the tenants who held lands of the cathedral church in ,york1 which is dedicated to ,st4 ,peter ad vincula1 were bound by their tenure to bring a live lamb into the church at high mass4 ,others derive it from the ,saxon word ,hlafmaesse1 signifying loaf-mass or bread-mass1 because on this day our forefathers made an offering of bread from new wheat4 ,blount says1 8,lammas ,day1 the #ast of ,august1 otherwise called the ,gule or ,yule of ,august1 which may be a corruption of the ,british word ,gwul ,awst1 signifying the #ast of ,august40 ,blount further says1 8that ,lammas is called ,alaf-,mass1 that is1 loaf or bread mass1 which signifies a feast of thanksgiving for the first fruits of the corn4 ,it was observed with bread of new wheat2 and in some places tenants were bound to bring new wheat to their lord on or before the #ast of ,august4 ,new wheat is called ,lammas wheat40 ,vallancey further affirms that this day was dedicated to the fruits of the soil2 that ,laeith was the day of the obligation of grain1 particularly of wheat1 and that ,mas signifies fruits of all kinds1 especially the acorn1 whence the word 8mast40 ,lammas is one of the four cross-quarter days of the year1 as they are now denominated4 ,whitsuntide was formerly the first1 ,lammas the second1 ,martinmas the third1 and ,candlemas the last4 ,some rents are yet payable at these ancient quarter-days in ,england1 and they continue general in ,scotland4--,timbs1 ,things not ,generally ,known1 #ahef1 p4 #aed2 see ,soane's ,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 vol ii4 p4 #abc2 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg4 ,it was once customary in ,england to give money to servants on ,lammas ,day1 to buy gloves2 hence the term glove-silver4 ,it is mentioned among the ancient customs of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,edmund1 in which the clerk of the cellarer had #b;d41 the cellarer's squire1 #aa;d41 the granger1 #aa;d41 and the cowherd a penny4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #ccd4 ,,devonshire4 ,the charter for ,exeter ,lammas ,fair is perpetuated by a glove of immense size1 stuffed and carried through the city on a very long pole1 decorated with ribbons1 flowers1 c41 and attended with music1 parish beadles1 and the nobility4 ,it is afterwards placed on the top of the ,guildhall1 and then the fair commences2 on the taking down of the glove the fair terminates4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajei4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,the first ,sunday in ,august is called1 by the ,manks peasantry1 yn chied doonaght a ouyr4 ,on that day they crowd in great numbers to the tops of the highest hills1 in the north to the summit of ,snafeld1 and in the south to the top of ,barule4 ,others visit the sanative wells of the island1 which are held in the highest estimation4 ,the veneration with which the ,pagan deities were regarded having been transferred along with their fanes and fountains to ,christian saints1 sanctified and sanative wells became the resort of the pious pilgrim1 and by the credulous invalid libations and devotions were1 according to ancient practice1 performed at these holy springs1 which were believed to be guarded by presiding powers to whom offerings were left by the visitants4 ,many a wonderful cure is said to have been effected by the waters of ,st4 ,catherine's ,well at ,port ,erin2 by the ,chibbyr ,parick1 or well of ,st4 ,patrick1 on the west end of the hill of ,lhargey-graue2 by ,lord ,henry's ,well on the south beach of ,laxey1 and by the well at ,peel1 also dedicated to ,st4 ,patrick1 which1 says the tradition1 just sprang forth where ,st4 ,patrick was prompted by ,divine instinct to impress the sign of the cross on the ground4 ,many extraordinary properties were ascribed to the ,nunnery ,well1 but the most celebrated in modern times for its medicinal virtues is the fine spring which issues from the rocks of the bold promontory called ,maughold ,head1 and which is dedicated to the saint of the name1 who1 it appears1 had blessed the well and endowed it with certain healing virtues4 ,on this account it is yet resorted to1 as was the pool of ,siloam of old1 by every invalid who believes in its efficacy4 ,on the first ,sunday in ,august the natives1 according to ancient custom1 still make a pilgrimage to drink its waters2 and it is held to be of the greatest importance to certain females to enjoy the beverage when seated in a place called the saint's chair1 which the saint1 for the accommodation of succeeding generations1 obligingly placed immediately contiguous4--,bennet1 ,sketches of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahbi1 p4 #fe2 ,waldron1 ,description of ,isle of ,man1 p4 #aea2 ,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aba4 ,,middlesex4 ,lammas ,day is noted in ,london for an annual rowing match on the ,thames1 instituted by ,thomas ,doggett1#gf an actor of celebrity1 in honour of the accession of ,george ,i4 to the throne of ,england4 ,doggett was so warmly attached to the ,brunswick family that ,sir ,richard ,steele termed him 8a ,whig up to the head and ears40 ,in the year after ,george ,i4 came to the throne1 ,doggett gave a waterman's coat and silver badge1 to be rowed for by six watermen on the #ast of ,august4 ,this he not only continued till his death1 but he bequeathed a certain sum of money1 the interest of which was to be appropriated annually1 for ever1 to the purchase of a like coat and badge1 by six young watermen1 whose apprenticeships had expired the year before4 ,this ceremony is performed every year1 the competitors setting out1 at a signal given1 at that time of the tide when the current is strongest against them1 and rowing from the old ,swan1 near ,london ,bridge1 to the ,white ,swan at ,chelsea4--,sports1 ,pastimes1 and ,customs of ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #ce4 #gf ,he first appeared on the ,dublin stage1 and afterwards1 with ,colley ,cibber and ,robert ,wilkes1 became joint manager of ,drury ,lane ,theatre4 ,he died in #agba4--;,faulkner1 ,history of ,chelsea1 #ahbi1 p4 #ahh4 ,in the parish of ,st4 ,luke1 ,chelsea1 were formerly 8,the ,lotts10 ,lammas land1 for ages appurtenant to the manor of ,chelsea4 ,the lord of the manor possessed the right of letting the land on lease for the spring and summer quarters1 beginning with ,march and ending in ,august1 and the inhabitants at large enjoyed the privilege of turning in their cattle from ,august till ,february1 being the autumn and winter quarters4 ,this state of appropriation continued till the year #ahbe or #ahbf1 when the directors of the ,kensington ,canal ,company took possession of them for their own use immediately upon the completion of the canal2 they have detained them ever since1 and have let them successively to several persons1 and received rent for the same4 ,the ,chelsea ,lammas lands had hitherto been opened on the #abth of ,august1 being the first of the month according to the old style4 ,the graziers1 butchers1 and others with their cattle1 used formerly to assemble in the lane leading to 8,the ,lotts10 on the eve of ,lammas1 and when the clock had struck twelve they entered the meadow4--,timbs1 ,things not ,generally ,known1 #ahef1 p4 #aed4 ,,sussex4 ,the following curious custom once existed at ,eastbourne4 ,on the three first ,sundays in ,august a public breakfast1 says ,royer 7,history of ,eastbourne1 #aghg1 p4 #abf71 is given at the parsonage-house by the tenants of the great tythes to the farmers and their servants1 each farmer being entitled to send two servants for every waggon that he keeps4 ,so that if a farmer have five waggons to do his necessary business he may send ten servants1 and so on in proportion for a less or greater number4 ,the farmers are entertained in the parlour with a sirloin of hot roast beef1 cold ham1 ,sussex cheese1 strong ale1 and ,geneva2 the men are entertained in the barn with everything the same as their masters except the beef4 ,it is presumed that this custom had its origin from the time the tythes were first taken in kind in this parish1 in order to keep all parties in good humour4 ,a petition to ,parliament for the abolition of this custom was presented as far back as #afdj1 and1 in #afdi1 an ordinance was enacted that #bjl4 per annum should be paid for the relief of the poor in lieu of the feast4 ,in #afhg the custom was revived2 more recently an annual payment of #bjl4 for the education of poor children was substituted1 and this amount now figures year by year in the accounts of ,st4 ,mary's schools as paid by the ,duke of ,devonshire4--,chambers' ,handbook of ,eastbourne1 #ahgb1 p4 #ce4 ,,st4 ,,wilfrid',s ,,feast4 ,,yorkshire4 ,hutton in his ,trip to ,coatham 7#ahaj1 p4 #fc71 says the great annual feast at ,coatham in his time was celebrated on the first ,sunday after ,lammas ,day1 old style1 and called ,st4 ,wilfrid's ,feast1 kept in commemoration of the prelate's return from exile4 ,on the evening before the feast commenced1 the effigy of this favourite of the people1 having been previously conveyed some miles out of the town1 made his public entry as returning after a long absence1 being met by crowds of people1 who1 with shouts and acclamations1 welcomed the return of the prelate and patron4 ,the same custom seems also to have been observed at ,ripon4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajei4 ,,scotland4 ,what appears as a relic of the ancient ,pagan festival of the ,gule of ,august1 was practised in ,lothian till about the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,the herdsmen within a certain district1 towards the beginning of summer1 associated themselves into bands1 sometimes to the number of a hundred or more4 ,each of these communities agreed to build a tower in some conspicuous place1 near the centre of their district1 which was to serve as the place of their rendezvous on ,lammas ,day4 ,this tower was usually built of sods1 for the most part square1 about four feet in diameter at the bottom and tapering to a point at the top1 which was seldom above seven or eight feet from the ground4 ,in building it1 a hole was left in the centre for a flagstaff1 on which to display their colours4 ,from the moment the foundation of the tower was laid1 it became an object of care and attention to the whole community2 for it was reckoned a disgrace to suffer it to be defaced2 so that they resisted1 with all their power1 any attempts that should be made to demolish it1 either by force or fraud2 and1 as the honour that was acquired by the demolition of a tower1 if effected by those belonging to another1 was in proportion to the disgrace of suffering it to be demolished1 each party endeavoured to circumvent the other as much as possible1 and laid plans to steal upon the tower unperceived1 in the night time1 and level it with the ground4 ,great was the honour that such a successful exploit conveyed to the undertakers2 and1 though the tower was easily rebuilt1 yet the news was quickly spread by the successful adventurers1 through the whole district1 which filled it with shouts of joy and exultation1 while their unfortunate neighbours were covered with shame4 ,to ward off this disgrace1 a constant nightly guard was kept at each tower1 which was made stronger and stronger1 as the tower advanced2 so that frequent nightly skirmishes ensued at these attacks1 but were seldom of much consequence1 as the assailants seldom came in force to make an attack in this way1 but merely to succeed by surprise2 as soon1 therefore1 as they saw they were discovered1 they made off in the best manner they could4 ,to give the alarm on these and other occasions1 every person was armed with a 8tooting horn10 that is1 a horn perforated in the small end1 through which wind can be forcibly blown from the mouth1 so as to occasion a loud noise2 and as every one wished to acquire as great dexterity as possible in the use of the 8tooting horn10 they practised upon it during the summer while keeping their beasts2 and towards ,lammas they were so incessantly employed at this business1 answering to1 and vieing with each other1 that the whole country rang continually with the sounds4 ,as ,lammas ,day approached each community chose one from among themselves for their captain1 and they prepared a stand of colours to be ready to be then displayed4 ,for this purpose they borrowed a fine table-napkin of the largest size from one of the farmers' wives within the district1 and ornamented it with ribbons4 ,things being thus prepared1 they marched forth early in the morning on ,lammas ,day1 dressed in their best apparel1 each armed with a stout cudgel1 and1 repairing to their tower1 there displayed their colours in triumph1 blowing horns1 and making merry in the best manner they could3 about nine o'clock they sat down upon the green and had their breakfast4 ,in the meantime scouts were sent out towards every quarter to bring them notice if any hostile party approached1 for it frequently happened1 that1 on that day1 the herdsman of one district went to attack those of another district1 and to bring them under subjection to them by main force4 ,if news were brought that a hostile party approached1 the horns sounded to arms1 and they immediately arranged themselves in the best order they could devise2 the stoutest and boldest in front1 and those of inferior prowess behind4 ,seldom did they await the approach of the enemy1 but usually went forth to meet them with a bold countenance1 the captain of each company carrying the colours1 and leading the van4 ,when they met they mutually desired each other to lower their colours in sign of subjection4 ,if there appeared to be a great disproportion in the strength of the parties1 the weakest usually submitted to this ceremony without much difficulty1 thinking their honour was saved by the evident disproportion of the match2 but1 if they were nearly equal in strength1 neither of them would yield1 and it ended in blows1 and sometimes bloodshed4 ,it is related that1 in a battle of this kind1 four were actually killed1 and many disabled from work for weeks4 ,if no opponent appeared1 or if they themselves had no intention of making an attack1 at about mid-day they took down their colours1 and marched1 with horns sounding1 towards the most considerable village in their district2 where the lasses and all the people came out to meet them1 and partake of their diversions4 ,boundaries were immediately appointed1 and a proclamation made1 that all who intended to compete in the race should appear4 ,a bonnet ornamented with ribbons was displayed upon a pole as a prize to the victor2 and sometimes five or six started for it1 and ran with as great eagerness as if they had been to gain a kingdom2 the prize of the second race was a pair of garters1 and the third a knife4 ,they then amused themselves for some time with such rural sports as suited their taste1 and dispersed quietly to their respective homes before sunset4 ,when two parties met1 and one of them yielded to the other1 they marched together for some time in two separate bodies1 the subjected body behind the other1 and then they parted good friends1 each performing their races at their own appointed place4 ,next day1 after the ceremony was over1 the ribbons and napkin that formed the colours were carefully returned to their respective owners1 the tower was no longer a matter of consequence1 and the country returned to its usual state of tranquillity4--,trans4 ,soc4 ,antiq4 of ,scotland1 vol4 i4 p4 #aid4 ,,aug4 #b4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,hunting the ram was a very ancient custom observed at ,eton1 but is now abolished4 ,lipscomb1 in his ,history of ,buckinghamshire 7#ahdg1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfg71 thus describes it3-- ,the college had an ancient claim upon its butcher to provide a ram on the ,election ,saturday1 to be hunted by the scholars2 but the animal having upon one occasion been so pressed as to swim across the ,thames1 it ran into ,windsor ,market1 with the boys after it1 and much mischief was caused by this unexpected accident4 ,the health of the scholars had also occasionally suffered from the length of the chase1 or the heat of the season4 ,the character of the sport was therefore changed about #agdj1 when the ram was ham-strung1 and1 after the speech1 was knocked on the head with large twisted clubs1 which are reported to have been considered as ,etonian curiosities4 ,but the barbarity of the amusement caused it to be altogether laid aside at the election in #agdg1 and the flesh of the ram was given to be prepared in pasties4 ,the dish still continues nominally to grace the ,election ,monday1 though the meat no longer boasts its original toughness1 being in fact the flesh of excellent wethers4 ,browne ,willis 7quoted by ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dda7 would derive this custom from what was used in the manor of ,east ,wrotham1 ,norfolk1 where the lord of the manor1 after the harvest1 gave half an acre of barley and a ram to the tenants thereof2 the which ram1 if they caught it was their own2 if not1 it was for the lord again4 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7,aug4 #agca1 vol4 i4 p4 #cea7 is the following3-- 8,monday1 ,august #bnd1 was the election at ,eton ,college1 when the scholars1 according to custom1 hunted a ram1 by which the provost and fellows hold a manor40 ,,aug4 #d4 ,,apprentices' ,,feast4 ,the ,city apprentices1 about the time of ,charles ,,ii41 had an annual feast4 ,on one occasion ,charles ,,ii4 sent them a brace of bucks for dinner at ,saddlers' ,hall1 where several of his courtiers dined with them1 and his natural son1 the duke of ,grafton1 officiated as one of the stewards4--,noorthouck1 ,history of ,london1 #aggc1 p4 #bdh4 ,,aug4 #e4 ,,st4 ,,oswald',s ,,day ,,lancashire4 ,dr4 ,whitaker 7,history of ,richmond1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bic7 quotes a manuscript description of a rush-bearing observed at ,warton1 on ,st4 ,oswald's ,day1 or the ,sunday nearest to it--he being the patron of the church4 8,the vain custom10 says the writer1 8of dancing1 excessive drinking1 c41 having been many years laid aside1 the inhabitants and strangers spend that day in duly attending the service of the church and making good cheer1 within the rules of sobriety1 in private houses2 and the next in several kinds of diversions1 the chiefest of which is usually a rush-bearing1 which is on this manner3--,they cut hard rushes from the marsh1 which they make up into long bundles1 and then dress them in fine linen1 silk ribbons1 flowers1 c42 afterwards1 the young women of the village which perform the ceremony that year1 take up the burdens erect1 and begin the procession 7precedence being always given to the churchwardens' burden71 which is attended not only with multitudes of people1 but with music1 drums1 ringing of bells1 and all other demonstrations of joy they are able to express4 ,when they arrive at the church they go in at the west end1 and setting down their burdens in the church1 strip them of their ornaments1 leaving the heads or crowns of them decked with flowers1 cut paper1 c41 in some part of the church1 generally over the cancelli4 ,then the company return to the town and partake of a plentiful collation provided for that purpose1 and spend the remaining part of the day1 and frequently a great part of the night also1 in dancing1 if the weather permits1 about a ,maypole1 adorned with greens and flowers1 or else in some other convenient place40 ,,aug4 #e4 ,,ravenglass ,,fair4 ,,cumberland4 ,on the first day of a fair held annually in ,muncaster1 called ,ravenglass ,fair1 the lord's steward was attended by the serjeant of the borough of ,egremont with the insignia called the ,bow of ,egremont1 the foresters with their bows and horns1 and all the tenants of the forest of ,copeland1 whose special service was to attend the lord and his representatives at ,ravenglass ,fair1 and abide there during its continuance4 ,on the third day1 at noon1 the officers and tenants of the forest departed1 after proclamation made2 ,lord ,muncaster and his tenants took a formal re-possession of the place1 and the day was concluded with horse races and rural diversions4 ,afterwards the fair was held for one day4--,lysons1 ,magna ,britannia1 #ahaf1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ada4 ,,aug4 #e4 ,,middlesex4 ,formerly a silver arrow used annually to be shot for by the scholars of the ,free ,school at ,harrow4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,gent4 ,mag41 #agca1 vol4 i41 p4 #cea3-- ,thursday1 ,august #eth1 according to an ancient custom1 a silver arrow1 value #c1 was shot for at the butts on ,harrow-on-the-,hill1 by six youths of the ,free ,school1 in archery habits1 and won by a son of ,captain ,brown1 commander of an ,east ,indiaman4 ,this diversion was the gift of ,john ,lyon1 ,esq41 founder of the said school4 ,,aug4 #f4 ,,black-,,cherry ,,fair4 ,,surrey4 ,henry ,,vi41 in the eighteenth year of his reign 7#addj71 granted to ,john de ,harmondesnorth1 ,abbot of ,chertsey1 the right to hold a fair on ,st4 ,anne's ,day1 ,july #bfth1 old style2 but this is now held in the town on the #fth of ,august1 and called 8,black ,cherry ,fair10 from the abundance of that fruit sold there4--,brayley1 ,history of ,surrey1 #ahda1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4 ,,aug4 #ae4 ,,assumption ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,this was formerly a great festival2 and it was customary to implore blessings upon herbs1 plants1 roots1 and fruits1 bundles of which were taken to the church and consecrated against hurtful things4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #ih4 ,,staffordshire4 ,the following abridged account of the ,minstrels' ,festival at ,tutbury1 celebrated at this season1 is taken from ,the ,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd3-- ,during the time of the ,dukes of ,lancaster the little town of ,tutbury was so enlivened by the noble hospitality they kept up1 and the great concourse of people who gathered there1 that some regulations became necessary for keeping them in order2 more especially those disorderly favourites of both the high and low1 the wandering jugglers or minstrels1 who displayed their talents at all festive boards1 weddings1 and tournaments4 ,a court was1 therefore1 appointed by ,john of ,gaunt1 to be held every year on the day after the festival of the ,assumption of the ,virgin1 to elect a king of the minstrels1 try those who had been guilty of misdemeanours during the year1 and grant licences for the future year1 all which were accompanied by many curious observances4 ,the wood-master and ranger of ,needwood ,forest began the festivities by meeting at ,berkley ,lodge1 in the forest1 to arrange for the dinner which was given them at this time at ,tutbury ,castle1 and where the buck they were allowed for it should be killed1 as also another1 which was their yearly present to the prior of ,tutbury for his dinner4 ,these animals having received their death blow1 the master1 keepers1 and deputies met on the ,day of ,assumption1 and rode in gay procession two and two1 into the town to the ,high ,cross1 each carrying a green bough in his hand1 and one bearing the buck's head1 cut off behind the ears1 garnished with a rye of pease and a piece of fat fastened to each of the antlers4 ,the minstrels went on foot1 two and two1 before them1 and when they reached the cross1 the keeper blew on his horn the various hunting signals1 which were answered by the others2 all passed on to the churchyard1 where1 alighting from their horses1 they went into the church1 the minstrels playing on their instruments during the time of the offering of the buck's head1 and whilst each keeper paid one penny as an offering to the church4 ,mass was then celebrated1 and all adjourned to the good dinner which was prepared for them in the castle1 towards the expenses of which the prior gave them thirty shillings4 ,on the following day the minstrels met at the bailiff's house in ,tutbury1 where the steward of the court1 and the bailiff of the manor1 with the wood-master1 met them4 ,a procession was formed to go to church1 the trumpeters walking first1 and then the musicians on stringed instruments all playing2 their king1 whose office ended on that day1 had the privilege of walking between the steward and bailiff2 after them came the four stewards of music1 each carrying a white wand1 followed by the rest of the company4 ,the psalms and lessons were chosen in accordance with the occasion1 and each minstrel paid a penny as a due to the vicar of ,tutbury4 ,on their return to the castle-hall one of the minstrels cried out1 8,oyez1 oyez1 oyez6 all minstrels within this honour1 residing in the counties of ,stafford1 ,derby1 ,nottingham1 ,leicester1 and ,warwick1 come in and do your suit and service or you will be amerced40 ,all were then sworn to keep the king of music's counsel1 their fellows'1 and their own2 and a lengthy charge from the steward followed1 in which he expatiated on the antiquity and excellence of their noble science4 ,after this the jurors proceeded to choose a new king1 who was taken alternately from the minstrels of ,staffordshire and ,derbyshire1 as well as four stewards1 and retired to consider the offences which were alleged against any minstrel1 and fine him if necessary4 ,in the meantime the old stewards brought into the court a treat of wine1 ale1 and cakes1 and the minstrels diverted themselves and the company by playing their merriest airs4 ,the new king entered1 and was presented by the jurors1 the old one rising from his place1 and giving the white wand to his successor1 pledging him in a cup of wine2 the old stewards followed his example1 and at noon all partook of a dinner prepared for them by the old king4 ,in the afternoon they all met at the abbey gate1 where a bull was given by the prior4 ,the poor beast1 after having had the tips of his horns sawed off1 his ears and tail cut off1 his body smeared with soap1 and his nose filled with pepper1 was let loose1 and if the surrounding minstrels could succeed in cutting off a piece of his skin before he crossed the river ,dove into ,derbyshire1 he became the property of the king of music1 but if not he was returned to the prior again4 ,after becoming the king's own1 he was brought to the ,high ,street1 and there baited with dogs three times4 ,it has been supposed that ,john of ,gaunt1 who assumed the title of ,king of ,castile and ,leon1 introduced this sport in imitation of the ,spanish bull-fights4 ,in course of time1 however1 the pursuit of the bull1 which had been confined to the minstrels1 became general1 and the multitude promiscuously joined in the barbarous sport1 which sometimes terminated in broken heads4 ,in #aggh the custom was abolished by the ,duke of ,devonshire1 after lasting four hundred years4--,see ,pitt's ,history of ,staffordshire1 #ahag1 p4 #di2 ,archologia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf2 ,plot1 ,natural ,history of ,staffordshire1 #afhf1 p4 #dci2 ,shauff1 ,history of ,staffordshire1 vol4 i4 p4 #eb4 ,,aug4 #af4 ,,st4 ,,roche',s ,,day4 ,this day was anciently kept like a wake1 or general harvest-home1 with dances in the churchyard in the evening4--,fosbrooke1 ,dict4 ,antiq4 ,,aug4 #ah4 ,,st4 ,,helen',s ,,day4 ,this saint gives name to numerous wells in the north of ,england4 ,dr4 ,kuerden1 in the middle of the seventeenth century1 describing one in the parish of ,brindle1 says3 8,to it the vulgar neighbouring people of the ,red ,letter do much resort with pretended devotion1 on each year upon ,st4 ,ellin's ,day1 where and when1 out of a foolish ceremony1 they offer1 or throw into the well1 pins1 which1 there being left1 may be seen a long time after by any visitor of that fountain40 ,a similar custom was observed some years ago by the visitors of ,st4 ,helen's well in ,sefton1 but more in accordance with an ancient practice than from any devotion to the saint4--,baines1 ,history of ,county of ,lancaster1 #ahcf1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dig2 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 pp4 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,,aug4 #bd4 ,,st4 ,,bartholomew',s ,,day4 ,bartholomew ,fair--,the origin of ,bartholomew ,fair was a grant from ,henry ,i41 in #aacc1 to a monk named ,rayer1 or ,rahere1 who had been his jester1 and had founded the ,priory of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 in later times transformed into a hospital4 ,the fair was annually held at the festival of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 and1 like all other ancient fairs1 was originally connected with the ,church1 under whose auspices miracle-plays1 founded on the legends of saints1 were represented1 which gave place to mysteries1 and these again to moralities2 afterwards1 profane stories were introduced1 the origin of the modern ,english drama4 ,it was discontinued after #ahee1 having flourished for seven centuries and a half4 ,established originally for useful trading purposes1 it had long survived its claim to tolerance1 but1 as ,london increased1 became a great public nuisance1 with its scenes of riot and obstruction in the very heart of the city4 ,after the opening of the fair1 it was customary anciently for wrestlers to exercise their art1 of which ,paul ,hentzner1 a ,german tutor1 travelling in the year #aeih through ,england has given an account4 ,he says1 8that every year upon ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 when the fair is held1 it is usual for the mayor1 attended by the twelve principal aldermen1 to walk in a neighbouring field1 dressed in his scarlet gown1 and about his neck a golden chain to which is hung a golden fleece1 and1 besides1 that particular ornament which distinguishes the most noble ,order of the ,garter4 ,when the mayor goes out of the precincts of the city a sceptre and sword and a cap are borne before him1 and he is followed by the principal aldermen in scarlet gowns with gold chains1 himself and they on horseback4 ,upon their arrival at a place appointed for that purpose1 where a tent is pitched1 the mob begin to wrestle before them1 two at a time2 the conquerors receiving rewards from the magistrates4 ,after this is over1 a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the crowd1 which are pursued by a number of boys1 who endeavour to catch them1 with all the noise they can make40 ,in a proclamation1 made in #afjh1 we find the following command laid down in reference to the wrestling3 8,so many aldermen as dine with my ,lord ,mayor and the sheriffs1 be apparelled in their scarlet gowns lined1 and after dinner their horses be brought to them where they dine1 and those aldermen which dine with the sheriffs1 ride with them to my lord's house1 to accompany him to the wrestling4 ,then when the wrestling is done1 they take their horses1 and ride back again through the fair1 and so in at ,aldersgate1 and so home again to the said ,lord ,mayor's house40 ,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys 7#affc7 alludes to this wrestling in his diary4 ,the scholars from the different ,london schools met at the ,priory for disputations on grammar and logic1 and wrangled together in verse4 ,john ,stow says3 8,i myself1 in my youth1 have yearly seen on the eve of ,st4 ,bartholomew the ,apostle1 the scholars of divers grammar schools repair unto the churchyard of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 the ,priory in ,smithfield1 where upon a bank boarded about under a tree1 some one scholar hath stepped up1 and there hath opposed and answered till he were by some better scholar overcome and put down2 and then the overcomer taking his place did like as the first4 ,and in the end1 the best opposers and answerers had rewards1 which ,i observed not but it made both good schoolmasters and also good scholars1 diligently against such times to prepare themselves for the obtaining of this garland4 ,i remember there repaired to these exercises1 amongst others1 the masters and scholars of the free schools of ,st4 ,paul's in ,london1 of ,st4 ,peter's at ,westminster1 of ,st4 ,thomas ,acon's ,hospital1 and of ,st4 ,anthonie's ,hospital2 whereof the last named commonly presented the best scholars1 and had the prize in those days4 ,this ,priory of ,st4 ,bartholomew being surrendered to ,henry ,,viii41 those disputations of scholars in that place surceased2 and was again1 only for a year or twain1 revived in the cloister of ,christ's ,hospital1 where the best scholars1 then still of ,st4 ,anthonie's ,school1 howsoever the same be now fallen both in number and estimation1 were rewarded with bows and arrows of silver1 given to them by ,sir ,martin ,bower1 goldsmith4 ,nevertheless1 however1 the encouragement failed2 the scholars of ,st4 ,paul's1 meeting with them of ,st4 ,anthonie's1 would call them ,anthonie's ,pigs1 and they again would call the other ,pigeons of ,paul's1 because many pigeons were bred in ,st4 ,paul's ,church1 and ,st4 ,anthonie was always figured with a pig following him2 and mindful of the former usage1 did for a long season disorderly provoke one another in the open street with ,salve tu quoque1 placet mecum disputare8 ,placet6 ,and so proceeding from this to questions in grammar1 they usually fell from words to blows1 with their satchels full of books1 many times in great heaps that they troubled the streets and passengers2 so that finally they were restrained with the decay of ,st4 ,anthonie's ,school40 ,in the first centuries of its existence ,bartholomew ,fair was one of the great annual markets of the nation and the chief cloth fair of the kingdom4 ,it was the great gathering in the metropolis of ,england1 for the sale of that produce upon which ,england especially relied for her prosperity4 ,two centuries after the ,conquest our wealth depended upon wool1 which was manufactured in the time of ,henry ,,ii41 in whose days there arose guilds of weavers4 ,in ,king ,john's reign there was prohibition of the export of wool and of the import of cloth4 ,a metropolitan cloth fair was therefore a commercial institution1 high in dignity and national importance4 ,there was a trade also at ,bartholomew ,fair in live stock1 in leather1 pewter1 and in other articles of commerce1 but cloth ranked first among the products of our industry4 ,the clothiers of ,england1 and the drapers of ,london1 had their standings during the fair in the ,priory churchyard4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 however1 ,bartholomew ,fair ceased to be a cloth fair of any importance2 but its name and fame is still preserved in the lane running parallel to ,bartholomew ,close1 termed 8,cloth ,fair10 which was generally inhabited by drapers and mercers in the days of ,strype4 ,a ,pedlars' ,court of ,piepowder was held within the ,priory gates1 for debts and contracts1 before a jury of traders formed on the spot1 at which the prior1 as lord of the fair1 presided by his representative4 ,it remained always by its original site1 being held in ,cloth ,fair to the last4 ,there is no record to be found of any ordinance by which the court of ,piepowder was first established in this country4 ,there never had been known a fair in ,europe to which such a court was not by usage attached4 ,such courts were held in the markets of the ,romans1 which some writers regard as fairs1 and in which they find the origin of modern fairs4 ,the court of ,piepowder in ,bartholomew ,fair1 or the corresponding court in any other fair in ,england1 had jurisdiction only in commercial questions4 ,it could entertain a case of slander if it was slander of wares1 not slander of person3 not even the king1 if he should sit in a court of ,piepowder1 could extend its powers4 ,in #adde four persons were appointed by the court of aldermen as keepers of the fair and of the court of ,piepowder1 the city being thus in that case represented as joint lord of the fair with the prior4 ,as the fair prospered it was rendered attractive by a variety of popular amusements4 ,all manner of exhibitions1 theatrical booths1 c41 thronged the fair1 and tumblers1 acrobats1 stilt-walkers1 mummers1 and mountebanks1 resorted to it in great numbers4 ,shows were exhibited for the exhibition of puppet-plays1 sometimes constructed on religious history1 such as 8,the ,fall of ,nineveh10 others were constructed on classic story1 as 8,the ,siege of ,troy40 ,shows of other kinds abounded1 and zoology was always in high favour4 ,in #aeic the keeping of the fair was for the first time suspended1 by the raging of the plague4 ,the same thing happened in #afjc1 in #afbe1 in #afcj1 in #affe1 and in #afff4 ,the licence of the ,restoration mainly arising from the low personal character of the king1 but greatly promoted by the natural tendency to reaction after the excess of severity used by the ,puritans in suppressing what was not to be suppressed1 at once extended ,bartholomew ,fair from a three days' market to a fortnight's--if not even at one time to a six weeks'--riot of amusement4 ,in #afgh the civil authorities had already taken formal notice of the 8,irregularities and ,disorders0 of ,bartholomew and ,lady ,fairs1 and referred it to a committee 8to consider how the same might be prevented1 and what damages would occur to the city by laying down the same40 ,this is the first hint of suppression that arises in the history of the fair1 and its arising is almost simultaneous with the decay of the great annual gathering as a necessary seat of trade4 ,in #afhe the fair was leased by the city to the sword bearer for three years at a clear rent of #ajj per year4 ,at the expiration of two years a committee having reported that the net annual profit for those years had amounted to not more than #fh1 the city fair1 then lasting fourteen days1 was1 on his application1 leased to the same sword-bearer for twenty-one years at the same rent4 ,as time went on1 however1 the ,corporation of ,london was still setting daily against the evil that was in the fair4 ,in #afia1 and again in #afid1 a reduction to the old term of three days was ordered1 as a check to vice1 and in order that the pleasures of the fair might not choke up the avenues of the traffic4 ,in #afig1 the ,lord ,mayor1 on ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day1 published an ordinance recorded in the ,postman 8for the suppression of vicious practices in ,bartholomew ,fair1 as obscene1 lascivious1 and scandalous plays1 comedies and farces1 unlawful games and interludes1 drunkenness1 etc41 strictly charging all constables and other officers to use their utmost diligence in persecuting the same40 ,but there was no suppression of the puppet-theatres4 ,jephthah's ,rash ,vow was performed that year at ,blake's ,booth1 as in the following years at ,blake and ,pinkethman's4 ,again on the #ahth of ,june1 #agjj1 stage-plays and interludes at the fair were for that year prohibited3 they were again prohibited by the mayor who ruled in the year #agjb4 ,in #afih1 a ,frenchman1 ,monsieur ,sorbire1 visiting ,london1 says1 8,i was at ,bartholomew ,fair4 ,it consists most of toy-shops1 also fiacres and pictures1 ribbon shops1 no books2 many shops of confectioners1 where any woman may be commodiously treated4 ,knavery is here in perfection1 dextrous cut-purses and pickpockets4 ,i went to see the dancing on the ropes1 which was admirable4 ,coming out1 ,i met a man that would have took off my hat1 but ,i secured it1 and was going to draw my sword1 crying out 8,begar6 damn'd rogue6 morbleu60 c41 when on a sudden ,i had a hundred people about me1 crying1 8,here1 monsieur1 see ,jephthah's ,rash ,vow20 8,here1 monsieur1 see ,the ,tall ,dutchwoman20 8,see ,the ,tiger10 says another2 8,see ,the ,horse and ,no ,horse1 whose tail stands where his head should do20 8,see the ,german ,artist1 monsieur20 8,see ,the ,siege of ,namur1 monsieur20 so that betwixt rudeness and civility ,i was forced to get into a fiacre1 and1 with an air of haste and a full trot1 got home to my lodgings40 ,in #agja ,bartholomew ,fair was presented as a nuisance by the ,grand ,jury of ,london1 and in #agej it was reduced to its original three days4 ,by the alteration of the calendar in #ageb1 the fair1 in the following year1 was1 for the first time1 proclaimed on ,september #crd4 ,on the #crd of ,december1 #agfj1 the ,london ,court of ,common ,council referred to its ,city ,lands ,committee to consider the tenures of the ,city fair1 with a view to their abolition4 ,the subject was then carefully discussed1 and a final report sent in1 with the opinion of counsel1 upon which the court came to a resolution1 that1 owing to the interest of ,lord ,kensington in ,bartholomew ,fair1 that was a nuisance which they could endeavour only by a firm practice of restriction to abate4 ,in #agfi plays1 puppet-shows1 and gambling were suppressed4 ,in #agih1 when the question of abolishing the fair was discussed1 a proposal to restrict it to one day was made and set aside1 because the measure might produce in ,london a concentrated tumult dangerous to life4 ,in the course of a trial at ,guildhall in #ahag1 involving the rights of ,lord ,kensington1 it was stated on ,lord ,kensington's behalf1 that considering the corrupt state of the fair1 and the nuisance caused by it in the neighbourhood of ,smithfield1 he should throw no obstacle in the way of its removal1 and was ready to give up his own rights over it1 on being paid their value4 ,his receipts from toll were stated to be #cjl4 or #djl4 a year1 and their estimated value #ejjl4 or #fjjl4 ,in the year #ahcj the ,corporation of ,london did accordingly buy from ,lord ,kensington the old ,priory rights1 vested in the heirs of ,chancellor ,rich1 and all the rights and interests in ,bartholomew ,fair then became vested in the ,city4 ,having thus secured full power over the remains in question1 the ,corporation could take into its own hands the whole business of their removal4 ,the fair at this time had long ceased to be a place of traffic1 and was only a haunt of amusement1 riot1 and dissipation4 ,latterly it had only been attended by the keepers of a few gingerbread stalls2 and consequently in #ahci measures were for the first time seriously adopted for its suppression1 and in the following year the exhibitions were removed to ,islington4 ,in #ahej the last proclamation by the ,lord ,mayor took place1 and in #ahee the once famous ,bartholomew ,fair came to an end4--,history and ,origin of ,bartholomew ,fair1 published by ,arliss and ,huntsman1 #ahjh2 ,chambers' ,encyclopdia 7#ahfj71 vol4 i4 p4 #gai2 ,morley1 ,memoirs of ,bartholomew ,fair1 #ahei2 ,chambers' ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfc-bfg4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,in the morning a number of maidens1 clad in their best attire1 went in procession to a small chapel1 situated in the parish of ,dorrington1 and strewed its floor with rushes1 from whence they proceeded to a piece of land called the 8,play-,garths10 where they were joined by most of the inhabitants of the place1 who passed the remainder of the day in rural sports1 such as foot-ball1 wrestling and other athletic exercises1 with dancing1 c4--,history of ,county of ,lincoln1 #ahcd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bee4 ,it was customary at ,croyland ,abbey to give little knives to all comers on ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day4 ,mr4 ,gough1 in his ,history of ,croyland ,abbey1 p4 #gc4 says that this abuse was abolished by ,abbot ,john de ,wisebech1 in the time of ,edward ,,iv41 exempting both the abbot and convent from a great and needless expense4 ,this custom originated in allusion to the knife wherewith ,st4 ,bartholomew was flayed4 ,three of these knives were quartered1 with three of the whips so much used by ,st4 ,guthlac1 in one coat borne by this house4 ,mr4 ,hunter had great numbers of them1 of different sizes1 found at different times in the ruins of the abbey and in the river4 ,,yorkshire4 ,dr4 ,johnston1 quoted by ,hampson 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #cdb71 has preserved an account of a pageant exhibited at ,dent on the rush-bearing 7,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day7 after the ,restoration1 in which1 among other characters1 ,oliver and ,bradshaw1 ,rebellion and ,war1 were represented1 all decked by times with vizardes on1 and strange deformities2 and ,bradshaw had his tongue run through with a red hot iron1 and ,rebellion was hanged on a gibbet in the market-place4 ,then came ,peace and ,plenty1 and ,diana with her nymphs1 all with coronets on their heads1 each of which made a several speech in verses of their loyalty to their king4 ,,aug4 #cj4 ,,preston ,,guild4 ,,lancashire4 ,concerning this curious custom1 ,britton1 in his ,lancashire 7#ahah1 p4 #aji71 gives the following account3-- ,it is a sort of public carnival or jubilee1 and is held every twenty years1 as appears by the records of the corporation4 ,the last confirmation was by ,charles ,,ii41 in #afhd1 since which time it has been regularly held1 in the first of ,anne1 ninth of ,george ,i41 sixteenth of ,george ,,ii41 and second1 twenty-second1 and again in the forty-second year of ,george ,,iii41 the only monarch1 except ,queen ,elizabeth1 who has reigned during the time of three guilds4 ,it begins about the latter end of ,august1 and1 by the ,charter1 which obliges the corporation to celebrate it at the end of every twenty years1 on pain of forfeiting their elective franchises and their right as burgesses1 twenty-eight days of grace are allowed to all who are disposed to renew their freedom4 ,by public proclamation it is declared that1 on failure of doing so1 they are ever after to be debarred of the same on any future occasion4 ,the last guild commenced on the #cjth of ,august1 #ahjb1 when an immense concourse of people of all ranks were assembled1 and processions of the gentlemen at the heads of the different classes of manufactories with symbolical representations of their respective branches of trade and commerce2 and bands of music passed through the principal streets of the town4 ,the mayor and corporation1 with the wardens of the different companies at the head of their respective incorporated bodies1 each in their official dresses1 and with their usual insignia1 fell into the ranks in due order1 and the whole was preceded by an excellent band of music belonging to the #agth ,regiment of ,light ,dragoons1 in full dress1 and their officers newly clothed4 ,besides the wool-combers'1 spinners'1 weavers'1 cordwainers'1 carpenters'1 vintners'1 tailors'1 smiths'1 plumbers'1 painters'1 glaziers'1 watchmakers'1 mercers' and drapers' companies1 the whole was closed by the butchers1 skinners1 tanners1 and glovers1 habited in characteristic dresses1 each company being attended by a band of music and a very elegant ensign4 ,in this order they proceeded to church1 and after service returned and paraded through the different streets in the same order4 ,the mayor afterwards entertained the gentlemen at his house1 and on the next day the mayoress repeated the treat to the ladies of the town and its vicinity1 who formed a procession on this day1 in a similar manner1 preceded by the girls of the cotton manufactory4 ,,sept4 ,,eccles ,,wake4 ,,lancashire4 ,an annual festival used to be held at ,eccles1 of great antiquity1 as old probably as the first erection of the church1 called ,eccles ,wake1 celebrated on the first ,sunday in ,september1 and was continued during the three succeeding days1 and consisted of feasting upon a kind of local confectionery1 called 8,eccles ,cakes10 and ale1 with various sports4 ,the following was the programme on such an occasion3 8,eccles ,wake4--,on ,monday morning1 at eleven o'clock the sports will commence 7the sports of ,sunday being passed over in silence7 with that most ancient1 loyal1 rational1 constitutional and lawful diversion-- 8,bull ,baiting--,in all its primitive excellence1 for which this place has been long noted4 ,at one o'clock there will be a foot race2 at two o'clock1 a bull baiting for a horse collar2 at four o'clock1 donkey races for a pair of panniers2 at five o'clock1 a race for a stuff hat2 the day's sport to conclude with baiting the bull1 ,fury1 for a superior dog-chain4 ,on ,tuesday1 the sports will be repeated2 also on ,wednesday1 with the additional attraction of a smock race by ladies4 ,a main of cocks to be fought on ,monday1 ,tuesday1 and ,wednesday for twenty guineas1 and five guineas the byes1 between the gentlemen of ,manchester and ,eccles2 the wake to conclude with a fiddling match by all the fiddlers that attend for a piece of silver40--,baines1 ,history of ,county of ,lancaster1 #ahcf1 vol4 iii4 p4 #abc4 ,,chalk-,,back ,,day4 ,,norfolk4 ,at ,diss1 it is customary for the juvenile populace1 on the ,thursday before the third ,friday in ,september 7on which latter day a fair and session for hiring servants are held71 to mark and disfigure each other's dresses with white chalk1 pleading a prescriptive right to be mischievous on 8,chalk-,back ,day40--,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s4 vol iv4 p4 #eja4 ,,ireland4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,leeds ,mercury1 ,september #hth1 #ahfc3--,the triennial ceremony of 8throwing the dart0 in ,cork ,harbour was performed on ,thursday afternoon by the mayor of that city4 ,this is one of those quaint ceremonials by which1 in olden time1 municipal boundaries were preserved and corporate rights asserted4 ,a similar civic pageant called 8riding the fringes0 7franchises7 was formerly held by the lord mayor and corporation of ,dublin1 in which1 after riding round the inland boundaries of the borough1 the cavalcade halted at a point on the shore near ,bullock1 whence the lord mayor hurled a dart into the sea1 the spot where it fell marking the limit of the maritime jurisdiction4 ,at #b o'clock1 ,p4,m41 the members of the ,cork town council embarked on board a steam-vessel1 attended by all the civic officers1 and the band of the ,cork civil artillery4 ,a number of ladies also attended4 ,the steamer proceeded out to sea until she reached an imaginary line between ,poor ,head and ,cork ,head1 which is supposed to be the maritime boundary of the borough4 ,here the mayor donned his official robes and proceeded1 attended by the mace and sword bearer1 the city treasurer1 and the town clerk1 all wearing their official costumes1 to the prow of the vessel1 whence he launched his javelin into the water1 thereby asserting his authority as lord high admiral of the port4 ,the event was celebrated by a banquet in the evening4 ,,sept4 #d4 ,,st4 ,,cuthbert',s ,,day4 ,,durham4 ,an offering of a stag was at one time annually made on ,st4 ,cuthbert's ,day1 in ,september1 by the ,nevilles of ,raby4 ,on one occasion1 however1 ,lord ,neville claimed that himself1 and as many as he might bring with him1 should be feasted by the ,prior upon the occasion4 ,to this the ,prior demurred1 as a thing that had never been before claimed as of right1 and as being a most expensive and onerous burden1 for the trains of the great nobility of that day were numerous in the extreme4 ,the result was that the ,prior declined to accept the stag when laid before the shrine1 by which they of the ,nevilles were so grievously offended that from words they got to blows1 and began to cuff the monks who were ministering at the altar4 ,the latter1 upon this occasion1 were not contented to offer a mere passive resistance1 for they made such good use of the large wax candles which they carried in belabouring their opponents as to compel them to retreat4 ,the retainers of the ,nevilles did not1 however1 condescend to take back again the stag which1 as they deemed1 had been so uncourteously refused4 ,the stag was an oblation by the ,nevilles of great antiquity1 and appears to have been brought into the church1 and presented with winding of horns4--,ornsby1 ,sketches of ,durham1 #ahdf1 p4 #gg2 ,mackenzie1 ,view of ,county of ,durham1 #ahcd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja4 ,,sept4 #h4 ,,nativity ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,an old tradition existing within the town of ,grimsby asserts that every burgess at his admission to the freedom of the borough anciently presented to the mayor a boar's head1 or an equivalent in money when the animal could not be procured4 ,the lord1 too1 of the adjacent manor of ,bradley1 it seems1 was obliged by his tenure to keep a supply of these animals in his wood for the entertainment of the mayor and burgesses1 and an annual hunting match was officially proclaimed on some particular day after the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,in the midst of these extensive woods the sport was carried on1 and seldom did the assembled train fail to bring down a leash of noble boars1 which were designed for a public entertainment on the following day4 ,at this feast the newly-elected mayor took his seat at the head of the table1 which contained the whole body corporate and the principal gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood--,med4 vi ,kalend41 vol4 i4 p4 #if4 ,,sept #ab4 ,,hampshire4 ,a fair used to be celebrated at ,winchester on the #abth of ,september1 and was by far the greatest fair in the kingdom4 ,the mayor resigned the keys of the four gates to a magistrate appointed by the bishop1 and collectors were stationed on all the roads4 ,merchants resorted to it from distant parts of ,europe1 and it formed a temporary city2 each street being appropriated to different commodities4--,historical and ,descriptive ,guide to ,winchester1 #ahbi1 p4 #hf4 ,,sept4 #ad4 ,,holy-,,rood ,,day4 ,this festival1 called also ,holy-,cross ,day1 was instituted by the ,romish ,church on account of the recovery of a large piece of the cross by the ,emperor ,heraclius1 after it had been taken away on the plundering of ,jerusalem by ,chosroes1 ,king of ,persia4 ,it appears to have been customary to go a-nutting upon this day1 from the following passage in the old play of ,grim the ,collier of ,croydon3 8,this day1 they say1 is called ,holy-,rood ,day1 ,and all the youth are now a-nutting gone40 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 is the following3--8,tuesday1 ,september #adth1 #agca1 being ,holy-,rood ,day1 the king's huntsmen hunted their free buck in ,richmond ,new ,park1 with bloodhounds1 according to custom40 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,it appears from the ,,ms4 ,status ,schol ,etonensis1 #aefj1 already quoted1 that1 in the month of ,september1 8on a certain day10 most probably the #adth1 the boys of ,eton ,school were to have a play-day1 in order to go out and gather nuts1 a portion of which1 when they returned1 they were to make presents of to the different masters4 ,before leave1 however1 was granted for their excursion1 they were required to write verses on the fruitfulness of autumn1 the deadly cold1 c41 of the coming winter4 ,,surrey4 ,at ,chertsey a fair is held on ,holy-,rood ,day 7,old ,style71 and goes by the name of 8,onion ,fair10 from the quantity of this esculent brought for sale4--,brayley1 ,history of ,surrey1 #ahda1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4 ,,sept4 #ba4 ,,st4 ,,matthew',s ,,day4 ,in ,brayley's ,londiniana 7#ahbi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cj7 is the following extract from the ,,ms4 copy of the journal of ,richard ,hoare1 ,esq41 during the year of his shrievalty1 #agdj-da3--,monday1 ,september #bast 7#agda71 being ,st4 ,matthew's ,day1 waited on my lord mayor to the great hall in ,christ's ,hospital1 where we were met by several of the presidents and governors of the other hospitals within the city1 and being seated at the upper end the children passed two and two1 whom we followed to the church1 and after having a sermon came back to the grammar-school1 where the boys made speeches in commemoration of their benefactors1 one in ,english1 the other in ,latin1 to each of whom it is customary for the lord mayor to give one guinea1 and the two sheriffs half-a-guinea a-piece as we did2 afterwards1 the clerk of the hospital delivered to the lord mayor a list of the several governors to the several hospitals nominated the preceding year4 ,then the several beadles of all the hospitals came in1 and laying down their staves on the middle of the floor1 retired to the bottom of the hall4 ,thereupon the lord mayor addressed himself to the city marshal1 inquiring after their conduct1 and if any complaint was to be made against any one in particular1 and no objection being made1 the lord mayor ordered them to take up their staves again2 all which is done in token of their submission to the chief magistrate1 and that they hold their places at his will1 though elected by their respective governors4 ,we were afterwards treated in the customary manner with sweet cakes and burnt wine4 ,,sept4 #bb4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,on this day1 at ,biddenham1 shortly before noon1 a little procession of villagers convey a white rabbit decorated with scarlet ribbons through the village1 singing a hymn in honour of ,st4 ,agatha4 ,this ceremony is said to date from the year of the first ,crusade4 ,all the unmarried young women who meet the procession extend the first two fingers of the left hand1 pointing towards the rabbit1 and say-- 8,gustin1 ,gustin1 lacks a bier6 ,maidens1 maidens1 bury him here40 ,the ,penny ,post1 ,november #ahgj4 ,,sept4 #bd4 ,,scalding ,,thursday4 ,in ,laud's diary occurs the following3 8#afce ,sept4 #bdth1 ,scalding ,thursday40 ,this was probably a homely term for the day of preparation for that high-day ,michaelmas1 when the victim goose was scalded1 plucked1 and hung--a week's hanging is the rule for a goose4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s41 vol4 iv4 p4 #dda4 ,,sept4 #bh4 ,,michaelmas ,,eve4 ,,surrey4 ,a curious custom once existed at ,kingston1 viz41 that of the congregation cracking nuts during the performance of divine service on the ,sunday next before the eve of ,st4 ,michael's ,day3 hence the phrase1 8,crack-,nut ,sunday40 ,this custom is considered by some to have had originally some connection with the choosing of the bailiff and other members of the corporate body on ,st4 ,michael's ,day1 and of the usual civic feast attending that proceeding4 ,it would seem1 however1 from the following passage in ,goldsmith's ,vicar of ,wakefield 7chap4 iv471 that the custom was not confined to ,kingston2 for the good vicar1 speaking of his parishioners1 says3--8,they kept up the ,christmas carol1 sent true-love-knots on ,valentine morning1 ate pancakes on ,shrovetide1 showed their wit on the first of ,april1 and religiously cracked nuts on ,michaelmas eve40--,brayley1 ,topographical ,history of ,surrey1 #ahda1 vol4 iii4 p #da4 ,,ireland4 ,the last ,sunday of summer has been1 heretofore1 a day of great importance with the ,irish1 as upon it they first tried the new potato1 and formed an opinion as to the prospects of the future harvest4 ,the day was always called1 in the west in particular1 8,garlic ,sunday10 perhaps a corruption of ,garland ,sunday4--,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cd4 ,,sept4 #bi4 ,,michaelmas ,,day4 ,at this season village maidens1 in the west of ,england1 go up and down the hedges gathering crab apples1 which they carry home1 putting them into a loft1 and forming with them the initials of their supposed suitors' names4 ,the initials which are found1 on examination1 to be most perfect on ,old ,michaelmas ,day are considered to represent the strongest attachments and the best for choice of husbands4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cef4 ,michaelmas ,goose4--,it was long a prevalent notion that the practice of eating goose on ,michaelmas ,day arose from the circumstance that ,queen ,elizabeth received the news of the defeat of the ,spanish ,armada whilst partaking of a goose on that anniversary4 ,this1 however1 is disproved by the fact that1 so far back as the tenth year of ,edward ,,iv4 7#adgj71 one ,john de la ,hay was bound1 amongst other services1 to render to ,william ,barnaby1 lord of ,lastres1 in ,herefordshire1 for a parcel of the demesne lands1 8xxd and one goose fit for his lord's dinner on the ,feast of ,st4 ,michael the ,archangel40--,sports1 ,pastimes1 and ,customs of ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #cg4 ,in the poems of ,george ,gascoigne1 #aege1 occur too the following lines3-- 8,and when the tenantes come to paie their quarter's rent1 ,they bring some fowle at ,midsummer1 a dish of fish in ,lent2 ,at ,christmasse a capon1 at ,michaelmasse a goose1 ,and somewhat else at ,new-yere's tide1 for feare their lease flie loose40 ,blount1 in his ,tenures1 says that probably no other reason can be given for this custom but that ,michaelmas day was a great festival1 and geese at that time were most plentiful4--,see ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cfg-cga4 ,,berkshire4 ,it appears from a tablet in the church at ,great ,coxwell1 that the ,rev4 ,david ,collier charged certain lands in the hamlet of ,little ,coxwell with the payment of eight bushels of barley yearly1 on the #bith of ,september1 for teaching the poor children of this parish to read1 write1 and cast accounts1 for three years1 when they were to be succeeded by two others to be taught for the same term1 and so on successively for ever1 and he empowered the vicar and churchwardens1 or the major part of them 7the vicar being always one7 to nominate the children4 ,the payment has been regularly made1 sometimes in kind1 but latterly in money estimated at the price of barley1 at the ,farringdon market1 the nearest to the day when the annual payment becomes due4 ,the payment is made1 under the direction of the churchwardens1 to a schoolmistress for teaching three children to read1 and1 if girls1 to mark also4 ,the number of children was formerly two only1 who were further taught to write and cast accounts2 but this part of their education was discontinued many years ago in consequence at the inadequacy of the fund1 and1 instead thereof an additional child was sent to be instructed with the others4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #dj4 ,the inhabitants of ,abingdon once had a custom of adorning their houses with flowers1 c41 on the election of a mayor4 ,a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#aghb1 vol4 lii4 p4 #eeh71 says3--,riding through ,abingdon early on one of the first ,sundays in ,october1 he found the people in the streets at the entrance of the town1 very busy in adorning the outside of their houses with garlands of flowers and boughs of trees1 and the paths were strewed with flowers4 ,one house was distinguished by a greater number of garlands than the rest1 and some were making to be fixed at the end of poles4 ,on inquiring the reason1 he was told that it was usual to have this ceremony performed in the street in which the new mayor lived on the first ,sunday that he went to church after his election4 ,,cornwall4 ,the manor of ,roscarrock1 the ,roscaret of ,domesday1 situated near ,endellion1 was held in the time of ,edward the ,confessor by ,alvin1 and at the time of the ,domesday survey by ,nigel under the ,earl of ,moriton4 ,a substantial house has been constructed on the site of the old mansion4 ,roscarrock pays a modus of #i in lieu of tithes2 this modus was anciently paid1 according to established custom1 in the church porch before sunrise on the morning of ,michaelmas ,day4--,parochial ,history of ,county of ,cornwall1 #ahfg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccc4 ,,essex4 ,the ,lawless ,court is kept1 says ,morant 7,history of ,essex #agfh1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgb71 at ,king's-hill1 about half a mile north-east of ,rochford ,church1 in the yard of a house once belonging to 4444 ,crips1 ,gent41 and afterwards to ,robert ,hackshaw1 of ,london1 merchant1 and to ,mr4 ,john ,buckle4 ,here the tenants kneel1 and do their homage4 ,the time is the ,wednesday morning next after ,michaelmas ,day1 upon the first cock-crowing1 without any kind of light but such as the heavens will afford4 ,the steward of the ,court calleth all such as are bound to appear with as low a voice as possible1 giving no notice1 when he that gives not an answer is deeply amerced4 ,they are all to whisper to each other2 nor have they any pen and ink1 but supply that office with a coal2 and he that owes suit and service thereto1 and appears not1 forfeits to the lord double his rent every hour he is absent4 ,a tenant of this manor forfeited not long ago his land for non-attendance1 but was restored to it1 the lord only taking a fine4 ,the ,court is called ,lawless because held at an unlawful or lawless hour1 or quia dicta sine lege3 the title of it runs in the ,court rolls to this day according to the form below3-- ,,king',s ,,hill ,,in ,,rochford4 ,curia de ,domino ,rege ,dicta sine ,lege1 ,tenta est ibidem ,per ejusdem consuetudinem4 ,ante ortum ,solis1 ,luceat nisi ,polus1 ,nil scribit nisi colis4 ,toties voluerit1 ,gallus ut cantaverit1 ,per cujus solum sonitum1 ,curia est summonita4 ,clamat clam pro ,rege ,in ,curia sine ,lege1 ,et nisi cito venerint1 ,citius pnituerint2 ,et nisi clam accedant ,curia non attendat2 ,qui venerit cum lumine1 ,errat in regimine ,et dum sunt sine lumine ,capti sunt in crimine1 ,curia sine cura ,jurati de injuria2 ,tenta ibidem die ,mercurii 7ante diem7 proximo1 post ,festum ,sancti ,michaelis ,archangeli1 anno ,regni ,regis1 c4 ,there is a tradition that this servile attendance was imposed at first upon certain tenants of divers manors hereabouts for conspiring in this place at such an unreasonable time to raise a commotion4#gg #gg ,at ,kidderminster1 says a correspondent of ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #aaia71 is a singular custom4 ,on the election of a bailiff the inhabitants assemble in the principal streets and throw cabbage-stalks at each other4 ,the town-house bell gives signal for the affray4 ,this is called 8lawless hour40 ,this done 7for it lasts an hour71 the bailiff elect and corporation1 in their robes1 preceded by drums and fifes 7for they have no waits71 visit the old and new bailiff1 constables1 c41 attended by a mob4 ,in the meantime the most respectable families in the neighbourhood are invited to meet and fling apples at them on their entrance4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,the custom of hanging out bushes of ivy1 boughs of trees1 or bunches of flowers at private houses as a sign that good cheer may be had within1 prevails in the city of ,gloucester at the fair held at ,michaelmas1 called ,barton ,fair from the locality4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #aac4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,in ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgb7 is the following account of a curious septennial custom observed at ,bishop ,stortford and in the adjacent neighbourhood on old ,michaelmas ,day1 taken from a ,london newspaper of the #ahth of ,october1 #aghg3-- ,on the morning of this day1 called ,ganging ,day1 a great number of young men assemble in the fields where a very active fellow is nominated the leader4 ,this person they are bound to follow1 who1 for the sake of diversion1 generally chooses the route through ponds1 ditches1 and places of difficult passage4 ,every person they meet is bumped1 male or female1 which is performed by two other persons taking them up by their arms1 and swinging them against each other4 ,the women in general keep at home at this period1 except those of less scrupulous character1 who1 for the sake of partaking of a gallon of ale and a plumcake1 which every landlord or publican is obliged to furnish the revellers with1 generally spend the best part of the night in the fields if the weather is fair1 it being strictly according to ancient usage not to partake of the cheer anywhere else4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,a correspondent of ,book of ,days 7vol ii4 p4 #cic7 gives the following account of the ceremonies formerly connected with the election of the mayor at ,nottingham4 ,on the day the new mayor assumed office 7,september #bi71 he1 the old mayor1 the aldermen1 and councillors1 all marched in procession to ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 where divine service was said4 ,after service the whole body went into the vestry1 where the old mayor seated himself in an elbow chair1 at a table covered with black cloth1 in the middle of which lay the mace covered with rosemary and sprigs of bay4 ,this was termed 8the burying of the mace10 doubtless a symbolical act1 denoting the official decease of its late holder4 ,a form of electing the new mayor was then gone through1 after which the one retiring from office took up the mace1 kissed it1 and delivered it into the hand of his successor4 ,the new mayor then proposed two persons for sheriffs1 and two for the office of chamberlains2 and after these had also gone through the votes1 the whole assemblage marched into the chancel1 where the senior coroner administered the oath to the new mayor in the presence of the old one3 and the town-clerk gave to the sheriffs and chamberlains their oath of office4 ,these ceremonies being over1 they marched in order to the ,new ,hall1 attended by such gentlemen and tradesmen as had been invited by the mayor and sheriffs1 where the feasting took place4 ,on their way1 at the ,week-day ,cross1 over against the ancient ,guild ,hall1 the town-clerk proclaimed the mayor and sheriffs2 and at the next ensuing market-day they were again proclaimed in the face of the whole market at the ,malt ,cross4 ,on these occasions the mayor and sheriffs welcomed their guests with bread and cheese1 fruit in season1 and pipes and tobacco4 ,,sussex4 ,at ,chichester1 ,sloe ,fair was always proclaimed under the ,canon ,gate by the bishop's steward eight days before the eve of ,st4 ,faith the ,virgin1 during which time the jurisdiction of the mayor ceased1 and the bishop had power to collect1 and did by his agent collect1 the tolls of the market and fair4 ,an instance is recorded 7#agjb7 in the annals of the corporation of the bishop claiming the keys of the city during the ,piepowder ,court4 ,the bishop's claim arose from a grant made as early as ,henry ,i4--,dally1 ,chichester ,guide1 #ahca1 p4 #bd4 ,the bailiff of ,seaford is annually elected on ,st4 ,michael's ,day4 ,the freemen of the town having previously assembled at the ,court ,hall--leaving the jurats on the bench--retire to a certain spot at the gate-post of a field near the west end of the town1 where the serjeant-at-mace of the body corporate nominates the chief magistrate for the ensuing year1 who is then and there elected4 ,this peculiar custom is supposed to have originated to prevent any influence on the part of the corporation magistrates 7jurats71 and to enable the freemen to make a free choice of their mayor4 ,,western ,,isles ,,of ,,scotland4 ,martin1 in his ,account of the ,western ,isles of ,scotland1 7#agjc1 p4 #gi71 speaking of the island ,lingay1 says that the inhabitants are much addicted to riding1 the plainness of the country disposing both men and horses to it4 ,they observe an anniversary cavalcade on ,michaelmas ,day1 and then all ranks of both sexes appear on horseback4 ,the place for this rendezvous is a large piece of firm sandy ground on the sea-shore1 and there they have horse racing for small prizes for which they contend eagerly4 ,there is an ancient custom by which it is lawful for any of the inhabitants to steal his neighbour's horse the night before the race and ride him all next day1 provided he delivers him safe and sound to the owner after the race4 ,the manner of running is by a few young men who use neither saddles nor bridles1 except small ropes made of bent instead of a bridle1 nor any sort of spurs but their bare heels2 and when they begin the race1 they throw these ropes on their horses' necks1 and drive them on vigorously1 with a piece of long sea-ware in each hand instead of a whip1 and this is dried in the sun several months before for that purpose4 ,this is a happy opportunity for the vulgar1 who have few occasions for meeting except on ,sundays2 the men have their sweethearts behind them on horseback and give and receive mutual presents3 the men present the women with knives and purses1 the women present the men with a pair of fine garters of divers colours2 they give them likewise a quantity of wild carrots4 ,macaulay says it was the custom1 till of late1 at ,st4 ,kilda1 on ,michaelmas ,day1 to prepare in every family a loaf or cake of bread1 enormously large1 and compounded of different ingredients4 ,this cake belonged to the ,archangel1 and had its name from him4 ,every one in each family1 whether strangers or domestics1 had his portion of this kind of shew-bread1 and had of course some title to the friendship and protection of ,st4 ,michael4--,history of ,st4 ,kilda1 #agfd1 p4 #bb4 ,martin1 speaking of the ,protestant inhabitants of ,skye1 says3 ,they observe the festivals of ,christmas1 ,easter1 ,good ,friday1 and ,st4 ,michael4 ,upon the latter day1 they have a cavalcade in each parish1 and several families bake the bread called ,st4 ,michael's bannock4 ,alluding to ,st4 ,kilbar village1 he observes that they likewise have a general cavalcade on ,st4 ,michael's ,day1 and take a turn round their church4 ,every family1 as soon as the solemnity is over1 is accustomed to bake ,st4 ,michael's cake2 and all strangers1 together with those of the family1 must eat the bread that night4--,martin's ,description of the ,western ,isles of ,scotland1 p4 #bac4 ,,ireland4 ,in ,ireland1 this season is celebrated by the making of the ,michaelmas cake4 ,a lady's ring is mixed in the dough1 and1 when the cake is baked it is cut into sections and distributed to the unmarried people at table1 and the person who gets the slice with the ring 8is sure to be married before next ,michaelmas40--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ebj4 ,,oct4 #b4 ,,goose ,,fair4 ,,nottingham4 ,the origin of this fair arose from the large quantities of geese which were driven up from the fens of ,lincolnshire for sale at this fair1 which is on the #bnd of ,october1 when geese are just in season4 ,persons now living can remember seeing fifteen or twenty thousand geese in the market-place1 each flock attended by a gooseherd with a crook1 which he dexterously threw round the neck of any goose1 and brought it out for inspection by the customer4 ,a street on the ,lincolnshire side of the town is still called ,goosegate1 and the flavour of the goose is fully appreciated by the good people of ,nottingham1 as1 on the fair day1 one is sure to be found on the table of twenty-nine out of a hundred of the better class of the inhabitants4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s41 vol4 vi4 p4 #efc4 ,a writer in ,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 7#ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcf71 alluding to the customs allowed at ,nottingham1 says that the mayor of ,nottingham formerly appears to have given a feast of hot roast geese on the last day of his mayoralty previous to the election of his successor4 ,,lancashire4 ,at ,great ,crosby1 a suburban village about seven miles from ,liverpool1 early in ,october1 every year there is held a local festival1 which is called the 8,goose ,fair40 ,the feast takes place when the harvest is gathered in about that part of the country1 and so it forms a sort of 8harvest-home0 gathering for the agriculturists of the neighbourhood4 ,it is said also that1 at this particular period1 geese are finer and fatter after feeding on the stubble-fields than at any other time4 ,curious to say1 however1 the bird in question is seldom1 if ever1 eaten at these feasts4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeh1 and vol4 iv4 p4 #hb4 ,,oct4 #f4 ,,st4 ,,faith',s ,,day4 ,on this day a very curious custom is observed in the ,north of ,england4 ,a cake of flour1 spring-water1 salt1 and sugar must be made by three maidens or three widows1 and each must have an equal share in the composition4 ,it is then baked before the fire in a ,dutch-oven1 and1 all the while it is doing1 silence must be strictly observed1 and the cake must be turned nine times1 or three times to each person4 ,when it is thoroughly done it is divided into three parts4 ,each one taking her share1 and cutting it into nine slips1 must pass each slip three times through a wedding-ring previously borrowed from a woman who has been married at least seven years4 ,then each one must eat her nine slips as she is undressing1 and repeat the following rhyme3-- 8,o good ,st4 ,faith1 be kind to-night1 ,and bring to me my heart's delight2 ,let me my future husband view1 ,and be my visions chaste and true40 ,then all three must get into bed with the ring suspended by a string to the head of the couch1 and they will be sure to dream of their future husbands4--,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgc4 ,,oct4 #aj4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,pack ,monday ,fair is held at ,sherborne on the first ,monday after the #ajth of ,october1 and is ushered in1 says ,hutchins 7,hist4 of ,dorset1 #aggd71 by the ringing of the great bell at a very early hour in the morning1 and by the boys and young men perambulating the streets with cows' horns4 ,tradition asserts that this fair originated at the termination of the building of the church1 when the people who had been employed about it packed up their tools1 and held a fair or wake in the churchyard1 blowing cows' horns in their rejoicing4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajcg4 ,,kent4 ,a fair was formerly held yearly on the #ajth of ,october1 in the precincts of the ville of ,christ ,church1 and was usually called ,jack and ,joan ,fair1 from its being esteemed a statute fair for the hiring of servants of both sexes1 for which purpose it continued till the second ,saturday or market-day had passed4--,hasted's ,history of ,kent1 #agii1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dbd4 ,,lancashire4 ,about the year #agfj1 it was customary with the burgesses of ,liverpool on the annual election of a mayor to have a bear baited4 ,this event took place on the #ajth of ,october1 and the demonstrations of rejoicing continued for several days4 ,the animal was first baited at the ,white ,cross1 at the top of ,chapel ,street1 and was then led in triumph to the exchange1 where the conflict was renewed4 ,a repetition of the same brutal cruelties was likewise exhibited in ,derby ,street1 and the diversion was concluded by the animal undergoing reiterated assaults at the ,stock ,market opposite the top of ,pool ,lane4 ,the bear was assailed separately by large mastiffs1 and if any dog compelled him to yell1 or was able to sustain the contest with superior address1 he was rewarded with a brass collar4 ,it was remarkable1 however1 that few of the bear's assailants could be induced to renew the fight after having once received the fraternal embrace4--,corry1 ,history of ,liverpool1 #ahaj1 p4 #ic4 ,,yorkshire4 ,formerly1 there existed in ,hull a custom of whipping all the dogs that were found running about the streets on the #ajth of ,october1#gh and at one time so common was the practice1 that every little urchin considered it his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might be seen in the street on that day4 #gh ,see ,st4 ,luke's ,day4 ,tradition assigns the following origin to the custom3--,previous to the suppression of monasteries in ,hull1 it was the custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and the wayfarer who came to the fair held annually on the #aath of ,october2 and while busy in this necessary preparation the day before the fair1 a dog strolled into the larder1 snatched up a joint of meat and decamped with it4 ,the cooks gave the alarm1 and when the dog got into the streets he was pursued by the expectants of the charity of the monks1 who were waiting outside the gate1 and made to give up the stolen joint4 ,whenever1 after this1 a dog showed his face while this annual preparation was going on1 he was instantly beaten off4 ,eventually1 this was taken up by the boys and1 until the introduction of the new police1 was rigidly put in practice by them every #ajth of ,october4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #dji4 ,,oct4 #ah4 ,,st4 ,,luke',s ,,day4 ,,kent4 ,at ,charlton1 a fair was held on this day1 and was characterized by several curious peculiarities4 ,every booth in the fair had its horns conspicuous in the front4 ,rams' horns were an article abundantly represented for sale1 even the gingerbread was marked by a gilt pair of horns4 ,it seemed an inexplicable mystery how horns and ,charlton ,fair had become associated in this manner1 till an antiquary at length threw a light upon it by pointing out that a horned ox is the recognised medival symbol of ,st4 ,luke1 the patron of the fair1 fragmentary examples of it being still to be seen in the painted windows of ,charlton ,church4 ,this fair was one where an unusual licence was practised4 ,it was customary for men to come to it in women's clothes--a favourite mode of masquerading two or three hundred years ago--against which the puritan clergy launched many a fulmination4 ,the men also amused themselves1 on their way across ,blackheath1 in lashing the women with furze1 it being proverbial that 8all was fair at ,horn ,fair40--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #fde4 ,a sermon was formerly preached at ,charlton ,church on the day of the fair4 ,a practice which originated by a bequest of twenty shillings a year to the minister of the parish for preaching it4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbf1 vol4 i4 pp4 #achf-achi4 ,,yorkshire4 ,drake1 in his ,eboracum 7#agcf1 p4 #bah71 says that a fair was always kept in ,micklegate1 on ,st4 ,luke's ,day1 for all sorts of small wares4 ,it was commonly called ,dish ,fair from the great quantity of wooden dishes1 ladles1 c41 brought to it4 ,an old custom was observed at this fair1 of bearing a wooden ladle in a sling on two stangs about it1 carried by four sturdy labourers1 and each labourer was supported by another4 ,this1 without doubt1 was a ridicule on the meanness of the wares brought to the fair1 small benefit accruing to the labourers at it4 ,drake tells us that in his time ,st4 ,luke's ,day was known in ,york by the name of ,whip-,dog ,day1 from a strange custom that schoolboys had of whipping all dogs that were seen in the streets on that day4 ,whence this uncommon persecution1 he says1 took its rise is uncertain1 and has even been considered by some to be of ,roman origin4 ,he regards1 however1 the following tradition as most probable3--,that in some time of popery a priest celebrating mass at this festival1 in some church in ,york1 unfortunately dropped the host after consecration1 which was suddenly snatched up and swallowed by a dog that lay under the altar table4 ,the profanation of this high mystery occasioned the death of the dog1 and a persecution began which was continued on the anniversary of this day4 ,the same custom also existed at ,manchester on the first day of ,acres ,fair1 which was held about the same time4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #cfj4 ,,oct4 #ba4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,richard ,aldridge gave the interest of #bjjl41 ,three per ,cent4 ,consols1 that the dividend should1 for ever1 be disposed of as follows3--#al4 #as4 to the vicar of the parish of ,st4 ,nicholas for performing morning service annually in the parish church on the #bast of ,october1 and preaching a sermon in commemoration of the glorious victory obtained by ,lord ,nelson over the combined fleets of ,france and ,spain off ,cape ,trafalgar1 on the #bast of ,october #ahje2 #ajs4 #f;d4 equally between the clerk and sexton for their attendance at such service and sermon4 ,the residue of the dividend to be applied to keeping a monument of his friend in good condition1 and the surplus after such repair to be given to the poor on the #fth of ,december each year in coals and garments4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #agj4 ,,oct4 #be4 ,,st4 ,,crispin',s ,,day4 ,in many places ,st4 ,crispin's ,day is a great holiday among the shoemakers1 and the origin of it is thus explained3--,two brothers1 ,crispin and ,crispinian1 natives of ,rome1 having become converts to ,christianity1 travelled to ,soissons in ,france about the year #cjc1 in order to propagate the ,christian faith4 ,being desirous1 however1 of rendering themselves independent they gained a subsistence by making shoes1 with which it is said they furnished the poor at an extremely small price1 an angel1 according to the legend1 supplying them with leather4 ,they suffered martyrdom in the persecution under ,maximian4 ,in ,time's ,telescope for #ahaf it is observed that the shoemakers of the present day are not far behind their predecessors in the manner of keeping ,st4 ,crispin4 ,from the highest to the lowest it is a day of feasting and jollity4 ,it is also observed as a festival with the corporate body of cordwainers or shoemakers of ,london1 but without any sort of procession on the occasion4 ,,northumberland4 ,in the town of ,hexham1 the following custom is1 or was1 at one time observed3--,the shoemakers of the town meet and dine by previous arrangements at some tavern2 a ,king ,crispin1 queen1 prince1 and princess1 elected from members of their fraternity of families1 being present4 ,they afterwards form in grand procession 7the ladies and their attendants excepted71 and parade the streets with banners1 music1 c41 the royal party and suite gaily dressed in character4 ,in the evening they reassemble for dancing and other festivities4 ,to his majesty and consort1 and their royal highnesses the prince and princess 7the latter usually a pretty girl71 due regal homage is paid during that day4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 vi4 p4 #bdc4 ,at one time the cordwainers of ,newcastle celebrated the festival of ,st4 ,crispin by holding a coronation of their patron saint in the court of the ,freemen's ,hospital at the ,westgate1 and afterwards walking in procession through the principal streets of the town4 ,this caricature show produced much laughter and mirth4--,mackenzie1 ,history of ,newcastle1 #ahbg1 vol4 i4 p4 #hh4 ,,sussex4 ,in the parishes of ,cuckfield and ,hurst-a-point1 ,st4 ,crispin's ,day is kept with much rejoicing4 ,the boys go round asking for money in the name of ,st4 ,crispin1 bonfires are lighted1 and it passes off very much in the same way as the #eth of ,november4 ,it appears from an inscription on a monument to one of the ancient family of ,bunell1 in the parish church of ,cuckfield1 that a ,sir ,john ,bunell attended ,henry ,v4 to ,france in the year #adae1 with one ship1 twenty men-at-arms1 and forty archers1 and it is probable that the observance of this day in that neighbourhood is connected with that fact4--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #cj4 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby an effigy was made and hung on some elevated and prominent place 7the steeple for instance7 on the previous night4 ,on the morning of the ,saint's day it was cut down and carried about the town1 a will being read in doggrel verse1 purporting to be the last testament of the ,saint1 in pursuance of which the several articles of dress were distributed to the different shoemakers4 ,at length nothing remained of the image but the padding1 which was kicked about by the crowd4 ,as a sort of revenge for the treatment given to ,st4 ,crispin1 his followers hung up the effigy of a carpenter on ,st4 ,clement's ,day4--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #bf4 ,,oct4 #bi4 ,,st4 ,,modwen',s ,,day4 ,,staffordshire4 ,this day used to be observed at ,burton-on-,trent4 ,on it was held a sale of cheese1 and a variety of sports and pastimes took place4--,pitt1 ,topographical ,history of ,staffordshire1 #ahag1 p4 #de4 ,,oct4 #cj4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,the manor of ,chetwode--a small village about five miles from ,buckingham--has been the property of the ,chetwode family from ,saxon times4 ,though of small extent1 it is the paramount manor of a liberty or district1 embracing several other manors and villages1 which are required to do suit and service at the ,court-,leet held at ,chetwode every three years4 ,the lord of ,chetwode manor has also the right to levy a yearly tax1 called the 8,rhyne ,toll10 on all cattle found within this liberty1 between the #cjth of ,october and the #gth of ,november1 both days inclusive4 ,the commencement of the toll1 which is proclaimed with much ceremony1 is thus described in an old document of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign3-- 8,in the beginning of the said drift of the common1 or rhyne1 first at their going forth1 they shall blow a welke-shell1 or horne1 immediately after the sun rising at the ,mansion-,house of the manor of ,chetwode1 and then1 in their going about1 they shall blow their horne the second time in the field between ,newton ,purcell and ,barton ,hartshorne1 in the said county of ,bucks1 and also shall blow their horne a third time at a place near the town of ,finmere1 in the county of ,oxford1 and they shall blow their horne the fourth time at a certain stone in the market of the town of ,buckingham1 and there to give the poor sixpence2 and so1 going forward in this manner about the said drift1 shall blow the horne at several bridges called ,thornborough ,bridge1 ,king's ,bridge1 and ,bridge ,mill4 ,and they also shall blow their horne at the ,pound ,gate1 called the ,lord's ,pound1 in the parish of ,chetwode44444 ,and also 7the ,lord of ,chetwode7 has always been used by his officers and servants to drive away all foreign cattle that shall be found within the said parishes1 fields1 c41 to impound the same in any pound of the said towns1 and to take for every one of the said foreign beasts twopence for the mouth1 and one penny for a foot for every one of the said beasts40 ,all cattle thus impounded at other places were to be removed to the pound at ,chetwode1 and if not claimed and the toll paid within three days1 8then the next day following after the rising of the sun1 the bailiff or officers of the lord for the time being shall blow their horne three times at the gate of the said pound1 and make proclamation that1 if any persons lack any cattle that shall be in the same pound1 let them come and shew the marks of the same cattle so claimed by them1 and they shall have them1 paying unto the lord his money in the manner and form before mentioned1 otherwise the said cattle that shall so remain1 shall be the lord's as strays40 ,this toll was formerly so rigidly enforced1 that if the owner of cattle so impounded made his claim immediately after the proclamation was over1 he was refused them1 except by paying their full market price4 ,though the custom is still regularly observed1 it has undergone some changes since the date of the above document4 ,the toll now begins at nine in the morning instead of at sunrise1 and the horn is first sounded on the church-hill at ,buckingham1 and gingerbread and beer distributed among the assembled boys1 the girls being excluded4 ,the officer then proceeds to another part of the liberty on the border of ,oxfordshire1 and there1 after blowing his horn as before1 again distributes gingerbread and beer among the assembled boys4 ,the toll is then proclaimed as begun1 and collectors are stationed at different parts to enforce it1 at the rate of two shillings a score upon all cattle and swine passing on any road within the liberty1 until twelve o'clock at night on the #gth of ,november1 when the 8,rhyne0 closes4 ,the occupiers of land within the liberty have long been accustomed to compound for the toll by an annual payment of one shilling4 ,the toll has sometimes been refused1 but has always been recovered with the attendant expenses4 ,it realised about #bjl4 a year before the opening of the ,buckinghamshire ,railway2 but now1 owing to ,welsh and ,irish cattle being sent by trains1 it does not amount to above #dl41 and is let by the present lord of the manor for only #al4 #es4 a year4 ,the existence of this toll may be traced to remote antiquity1 but nothing is known of its origin except from local tradition1 which1 however1 in this case has been so remarkably confirmed1 that it may safely be credited4 ,the parish of ,chetwode1 as its name implies1 was formerly thickly wooded2 indeed it formed a part of an ancient forest called ,rookwoode1 which is supposed to have been conterminous with the present liberty of ,chetwode4 ,at a very early period1 says our tradition1 this forest was infested with an enormous wild boar which became the terror of the surrounding country4 ,the inhabitants were never safe from his attacks1 and strangers who heard of his ferocity were afraid to visit or pass through the district1 so that traffic and friendly intercourse were seriously impeded1 as well us much injury done to property by this savage monster4 ,the lord of ,chetwode1 like a valiant knight1 determined to rid his neighbourhood from this pest1 or to die in the attempt4 ,bent on this generous purpose1 he sallied forth into the forest1 and1 as the old song has it1-- 8,then he blowed a blast full north1 south1 east1 and west-- ,wind well thy horn1 good hunter2 ,and the wild boar then heard him full in his den1 ,as he was a jovial hunter4 ,then he made the best of his speed unto him-- ,wind well thy horn1 good hunter2 ,swift flew the boar1 with his tusks smeared with gore1 ,to ,sir ,ryalas1 the jovial hunter4 ,then the wild boar1 being so stout and so strong-- ,wind well thy horn1 good hunter2 ,thrashed down the trees as he ramped him along ,to ,sir ,ryalas1 the jovial hunter4 ,then they fought four hours in a long summer day-- ,wind well thy horn1 good hunter2 ,till the wild boar fain would have got him away ,from ,sir ,ryalas1 the jovial hunter4 ,then ,sir ,ryalas he drawed his broad-sword with might-- ,wind well thy horn1 good hunter2 ,and he fairly cut the boar's head off quite1 ,for he was a jovial hunter40 ,matters being thus settled1 the neighbourhood rung with the praises of the gallant deed of the lord of ,chetwode1 and the news thereof soon reached the ears of the king1 who 8liked him so well of the achievement10 that he forthwith made the knight tenant in capite1 and constituted his manor paramount of all the manors within the limits and extent of the royal forest of ,rookwoode4 ,moreover1 he granted to him1 and to his heirs for ever1 among other immunities and privileges1 the full right and power to levy every year the 8,rhyne ,toll10 which has already been described4 ,such a custom as the 8,rhyne ,toll0 is not without its use4 ,it is a perpetual memorial1 perhaps more convincing than written history1 of the dangers which surrounded our ancestors1 and from which our country has happily been so long delivered that we can now scarcely believe they ever existed4--,the ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eag-eai4 ,,oct4 #ca4 ,,hallow ,,eve4 ,this eve is so called from being the vigil of ,all ,saints' ,day1 and is the season for a variety of superstitious and other customs4 ,in the north of ,england many of these still linger4 ,one of the most common is that of diving for apples1 or of catching at them with the mouth only1 the hands being tied behind1 and the apples suspended on one end of a long transverse beam1 at the other extremity of which is fixed a lighted candle4 ,the fruit and nuts form the most prominent parts of the evening feast1 and from this circumstance the night has been termed ,nutcrack ,night4#gi--,soane's ,book of the ,months1 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bae2 see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eai-ebj4 #gi ,see ,michaelmas ,eve1 p4 #cge4 ,sir ,william ,dugdale 7,life1 ,diary1 and ,correspondence of ,sir ,w4 ,dugdale1 edited by ,w4 ,hamper1 #ahbg1 p4 #ajd7 tells us that formerly1 on ,halloween1 the master of the family used to carry a bunch of straw1 fired1 about his corn1 saying3 8,fire and red low ,light on my teen now40 ,this fire-straw1 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #caf71 was meant to ward off witchcraft1 and so preserve the corn from being spoiled4 ,in ,scotland1 on ,halloween1 the red end of a fiery stick is waved about in mystic figures in the air to accomplish for the person the same spell4 ,red appears to be a colour peculiarly obnoxious to witches4 ,one ,halloween rhyme enjoins the employment of3 8,rowan tree and red thread1 ,to gar the witches dance their dead20 i4e41 dance till they fall down and expire4 ,the berries of the rowan-tree 7mountain-ash7 are of a brilliant red4 ,the point of the fiery stick waved rapidly takes the appearance of a 8red thread40 ,,cornwall4 ,the ancient custom of providing children with a large apple on ,allhallows ,eve is still observed to a great extent at ,st4 ,ives4 8,allan ,day10 as it is termed1 is the day of days to hundreds of children who would deem it a great misfortune were they to go to bed on ,allan night without the time honoured allan apple to hide beneath their pillows4 ,a large quantity of apples are thus disposed of1 the sale of which is dignified by the term ,allan ,market4--,hunt's ,romances of the ,west of ,england1 #ahga1 p4 #chh4 ,,lancashire4 ,in ,lancashire1 says ,hampson 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #cfe71 it was formerly believed that witches assembled on this night to do 8their deeds without a name10 at their general rendezvous in the forest of ,pendle1 a ruined and desolate farmhouse1 denominated the ,malkin ,tower1 from the awful purposes to which it was devoted4 ,this superstition led to a ceremony called lating1 or perhaps leeting the witches4 ,it was believed that1 if a lighted candle were carried about the fells or hills from eleven till twelve o'clock at night1 and burned all that time steadily1 it had so far triumphed over the evil power of the witches1 who1 as they passed to the ,malkin ,tower1 would employ their utmost efforts to extinguish the light1 and the person whom it represented might safely defy their malice during the season2 but if by accident the light went out1 it was an omen of evil to the luckless wight for whom the experiment was made4 ,it was also deemed inauspicious to cross the threshold of that person until after the return from leeting1 and not then unless the candle had preserved its light4--,see ,year ,book1 #ahch1 p4 #abgf4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,this festival1 called by the islanders ,sauin1 was formerly observed in the ,isle of ,man by kindling of fires with all the accompanying ceremonies1 to prevent the baneful influence of fairies and witches4 ,the island was perambulated at night by young men who stuck up at the door of every dwelling-house1 a rhyme in ,manks1 beginning3 8,noght oie howney hop-dy-naw1 ,this is ,hollantide ,eve10 c4 ,on ,hollantide ,eve1 boys go round the town shouting out a doggrel1 of which the following is an extract3 8,this is old ,hollantide night1 ,the moon shines fair and bright2 ,i went to the well ,and drank my fill2 ,on the way coming back ,i met a pole-cat2 ,the cat began to grin ,and ,i began to run2 ,where did you run to8 ,i ran to ,scotland2 ,what were they doing there8 ,baking bannocks and roasting collops4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you are going to give us anything1 give us it soon1 ,or we'll be away by the light of the moon60 ,for some peculiar reason1 potatoes1 parsnips1 and fish1 pounded together and mixed with butter1 form always the evening meal4--,train1 ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abc4 ,,middlesex4 ,in the reign of ,charles ,i41 the young gentlemen of the ,middle ,temple were accustomed at ,all ,hallow ,tide1 which they considered the beginning of ,christmas1 to associate themselves for the festive objects connected with the season4 ,in #afbi they chose ,bulstrode ,whitelocke as ,master of the ,revels1 and used to meet every evening at ,st4 ,dunstan's ,tavern1 in a large new room1 called 8,the ,oracle of ,apollo10 each man bringing friends with him at his own pleasure4 ,it was a kind of mock parliament1 where various questions were discussed as in our modern debating societies1 but these temperate proceedings were seasoned with mirthful doings1 to which the name of revels was given and of which dancing appears to have been the chief4 ,on ,all ,hallows ,day1 8the ,master 7,whitelocke1 then four-and-twenty71 as soon as the evening was come1 entered the hall followed by sixteen revellers4 ,they were proper1 handsome young gentlemen1 habited in rich suits1 shoes and stockings1 hats and great feathers4 ,the master led them in his bar gown1 with a white staff in his hand1 the music playing before them4 ,they began with the old masques2 after which they danced the ,brawls1#hj and then the master took his seat1 while the revellers flaunted through galliards1 corantos1 ,french and country dances1 till it grew very late4 ,as might be expected1 the reputation of this dancing soon brought a store of other gentlemen and ladies1 some of whom were of great quality1 and when the ball was over the festive party adjourned to ,sir ,sydney ,montague's chamber1 lent for the purpose to our young president4 ,at length the court ladies and grandees were allured1 to the contentment of his vanity it may have been1 but entailing on him serious expense1 and then there was great striving for places to see them on the part of the ,london citizens4 ,to crown the ambition and vanity of all1 a great ,german lord had a desire to witness the revels1 then making such a sensation at court1 and the ,templars entertained him at great cost to themselves1 receiving in exchange that which cost the great noble very little--his avowal that #8,dere was no such nople gollege in ,christendom as deirs4'0--,whitelocke's ,memoirs of ,bulstrode ,whitelocke1 #ahfj1 p4 #ef2 quoted in ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ech4 #hj ,erroneously written ,brantes in the authority quoted4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,if a girl had two lovers1 and wished to know which would be the most constant1 she procured two brown apple pippins1 and sticking one on each cheek 7after having named them from her lovers7 while she repeated this couplet3 8,pippen1 pippen1 ,i stick thee there1 ,that that is true thou may'st declare10 patiently awaited until one fell off1 when the unfortunate swain whose name it bore was instantly discarded as being unfaithful4 ,it is to this custom that ,gay has thus alluded3 8,see from the core two kernels now ,i take1 ,this on my cheek for ,lubberkin is worn1 ,and ,booby ,clod on t'other side is borne2 ,but ,booby ,clod soon falls upon the ground1 ,a certain token that his love's unsound2 ,while ,lubberkin sticks firmly to the last2 ,oh6 were his lips to mine but joined so fast40 ,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhf4 ,,yorkshire4 ,at ,ripon1 the women make a cake for every one in the family1 whence this eve is by them called cake-night4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai4 ,,wales4 ,in ,north ,wales there is a custom upon ,all ,saints' ,eve of making a great fire called ,coel ,coeth1 when every family for about an hour in the night1 makes a great bonfire in the most conspicuous place near the house1 and when the fire is almost extinguished every one throws a white stone into the ashes1 having first marked it2 then having said their prayers turning round the fire1 they go to bed4 ,in the morning1 as soon as they are up1 they come and search out the stones1 and if any one of them is found wanting they have a notion that the person who threw it in will die before he sees another ,all ,saints' ,eve4--,pennant ,,ms41 quoted by ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #chi4 ,in ,owen's ,account of the ,bards1 preserved in ,sir ,r4 ,hoare's ,itinerary of ,archbishop ,baldwin through ,wales 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cae71 the following particulars are given in connection with the above custom3--,the autumnal fire kindled in ,north ,wales on the eve of the #ast of ,november is attended by many ceremonies1 such as running through the fire and smoke1 each casting a stone into the fire1 and all running off at the conclusion1 to escape from the black short-tailed sow2 then supping upon parsnips1 nuts1 and apples2 catching at an apple suspended by a string1 with the mouth alone1 and the same by an apple in a tub of water2 each throwing a nut into the fire1 and those that burn bright betoken prosperity to the owners through the following year1 but those that burn black and crackle1 denote misfortune4 ,on the following morning the stones are searched for in the fire1 and if any be missing1 they betide ill to those who threw them in4 ,,scotland4 ,burns1 in his notes upon ,halloween1 gives the following interesting account of the superstitious customs practised by the ,scottish peasantry3 #a4 ,the first ceremony of ,halloween is pulling each a stock or plant of kail4 ,they must go out hand in hand1 with eyes shut1 and pull the first they meet with2 its being big or little1 straight or crooked1 is prophetic of the size and shape of the grand object of all their spells--the husband or wife4 ,if any yird1 or earth stick to the root1 that is tocher or fortune2 and the taste of the custoc1 that is the heart of the stem1 is indicative of the natural temper and disposition4 ,lastly1 the stems1 or--to give them their ordinary appellation--the runts1 are placed somewhere above the head of the door2 and the ,christian names of the people1 whom chance brings into the house are1 according to the priority of placing the runts1 the names in question4 #b4 ,they go to the barn-yard1 and pull each1 at three several times1 a stalk of oats4 ,if the third stalk wants the top-pickle1 the party in question will come to the marriage-bed anything but a maid4 #c4 ,burning the nuts is a famous charm1 they name the lad and lass to each particular nut as they lay them in the fire4 ,accordingly1 as they burn quietly together or start from beside one another1 the course and issue of the courtship will be4 #d4 ,steal out all alone to the kiln1 and darkling throw into the pot a clue of blue yarn1 wind it in a new clue off the old one2 and towards the latter end1 something will hold the thread2 demand1 8,who hauds80 i4e41 who holds4 ,an answer will be returned from the kiln-pot1 by naming the ,christian and surname of your future spouse4 #e4 ,take a candle and go alone to a looking-glass1 eat an apple before it1 and1 some traditions say you should comb your hair all the time1 the face of your conjugal companion to be will be seen in the glass as if peeping over your shoulder4 #f4 ,steal out unperceived and sow a handful of hempseed1 harrowing it with anything you can conveniently draw after you4 ,repeat now and then1 8,hempseed ,i sow thee2 hempseed1 ,i sow thee2 and him 7or her7 that is to be my true love come after me and pou thee40 ,look over your left shoulder1 and you will see the appearance of the person invoked in the attitude of pulling hemp4 ,some traditions say1 8,come after me1 and show thee10 that is show thyself1 in which case it simply appears4 ,others omit the harrowing1 and say1 8,come after me and harrow thee40 #g4 ,to win three wechts o' naething4--,this charm must likewise be performed unperceived and alone1 you go to the barn1 and open both doors1 taking them off the hinges if possible2 for there is danger that they1 being about to appear1 may shut the doors and do you some mischief4 ,then take that instrument used in winnowing the corn1 which in our dialect is called a wecht2 and go through all the attitudes of letting down corn against the wind4 ,repeat it three times2 and the third time an apparition will pass through the barn1 in it at the windy door and out at the other1 having both the figure in question1 and the appearance or retinue marking the employment or station in life4 #h4 ,take an opportunity of going unnoticed to a bean stack1 and fathom it three times round4 ,the last fathom of the last time1 you will catch in your arms the appearance of your future conjugal yoke-fellow4 #i4 ,you go out1 one or more1 for this is a social spell1 to a south running spring or rivulet1 where three lairds' lands meet1 and dip your left shirt sleeve4 ,go to bed in sight of a fire1 and hang your wet sleeve before it to dry4 ,lie awake1 and sometime near midnight an apparition1 having an exact figure of the grand object in question1 will come and turn the sleeve as if to dry the other side of it4 #aj4 ,take three dishes1 put clean water in one1 foul water in another1 leave the third empty2 blindfold a person1 and lead him to the hearth where the dishes are ranged2 he 7or she7 dips the left hand2 if by chance in the clean water1 the future husband or wife will come to the bar of matrimony a maid2 if in the foul1 a widow2 if in the empty dish1 it foretells with equal certainty no marriage at all4 ,it is repeated three times1 and every time the arrangement of the dishes is altered4 ,,aberdeenshire4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,guardian 7,november #aath1 #ahgd73--;,halloween was duly celebrated at ,balmoral ,castle4 ,preparations had been made days beforehand1 and farmers and others for miles around were present4 ,when darkness set in the celebration began1 and her ,majesty and the ,princess ,beatrice1 each bearing a large torch1 drove out in an open phaeton4 ,a procession formed of the tenants and servants on the estates followed1 all carrying huge torches lighted4 ,they walked through the grounds and round the ,castle1 and the scene as the procession moved onwards was very weird and striking4 ,when it had arrived in front of the ,castle an immense bonfire1 composed of old boxes1 packing-cases1 and other materials1 stored up during the year for the occasion1 was set fire to4 ,when the flames were at their brightest a figure dressed as a hobgoblin appeared on the scene1 drawing a car surrounded by a number of fairies carrying long spears1 the car containing the effigy of a witch4 ,a circle having been formed by the torch-bearers1 the presiding elf tossed the figure of the witch into the fire1 where it was speedily consumed4 ,this cremation over1 reels were begun1 and were danced with great vigour to the stirring strains of ,willie ,ross1 her ,majesty's piper4 ,,banffshire4 ,in former times at ,halloween1 ,christmas1 and other holidays1 the younger part of the community of ,cullen resorted to the sands and links of the bay for the purpose of playing foot-ball1 running foot-races1 c4 ,they left the town in procession1 preceded by a piper and other music1 and were attended by numbers from the adjacent districts4 ,the games were keenly contested1 and the victor was crowned by a bonnet adorned with feathers and ribbons1 previously prepared by the ladies4 ,when the games were over1 the whole party had a dance on the green1 with that merriment and glee to which the etiquette and formation of the ballroom at the present day are total strangers4 ,afterwards1 the procession was again formed1 and returned to the town1 the victor preceded by the music1 leading the way4 ,a ball took place in the evening1 at which he presided1 and1 moreover1 had the privilege of wearing his bonnet and feathers4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #cha4 ,,morayshire4 ,shaw1 in his ,history of the ,province of ,moray 7p4 #bda71 considers the festivity of this night as a kind of harvest-home rejoicing4 ,he says1 a solemnity was kept on the eve of the #ast of ,november1 as a thanksgiving for the safe ingathering of the produce of the fields4 ,,perthshire4 ,on ,all ,saints' ,even1 the inhabitants of ,callander1 set up bonfires in every village4 ,when the bonfire is consumed1 the ashes are carefully collected into the form of a circle4 ,there is a stone put in near the circumference1 for every person of the several families interested in the bonfire2 and whatever stone is removed out of its place or injured before the next morning1 the person represented by that stone is devoted1 or fey1 and is supposed not to live twelve months from that day4--,sinclair1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agic1 vol4 xi4 p4 #fba4 ,on the evening of the #cast of ,october 7,old ,style71 the inhabitants of ,logierait practise the following custom3--,heath1 broom and dressings of flax are tied upon a pole2 this faggot is then kindled2 one takes it upon his shoulders1 and1 running1 bears it round the village2 a crowd attending him4 ,when the first faggot is burnt out1 a second is bound to the pole and kindled in the same manner as before4 ,numbers of these blazing faggots are often carried about together1 and when the night happens to be dark they form a splendid illumination4--,sinclair1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agic1 vol4 v4 p4 #hd4 ,,ireland4 ,at this season the peasants assemble with sticks and clubs1 and go from house to house collecting money1 bread-cake1 butter1 c41 for the feast1 repeating verses in honour of the solemnity1 and demanding the inhabitants to lay aside the fatted calf and to bring forth the black sheep4#ha ,the women are employed in making the griddle cake and candles2 these last are sent from house to house in the vicinity1 and are lighted up on the next day before which they pray1 or are supposed to pray1 for the departed soul of the donor4 ,hempseed is sown by the maidens1 and they believe that1 if they look back1 they will see the apparition of the man intended for their future husbands2 they hang a smock before the fire on the close of the feast1 and sit up all night concealed in a corner of the room1 convinced that his apparition will come down the chimney and turn the smock4 ,they also throw a ball of yarn out of the window1 and wind it up on a reel within1 thinking that1 if they repeat the ,paternoster backwards and look at the ball of yarn without1 they will see his apparition4 ,they1 moreover1 dip for apples in a tub of water1 and endeavour to bring one up in the mouth2 they suspend a cord with a cross stick1 with apples at one point and candles lighted at the other1 and endeavour to catch the apple1 while it is in circular motion1 in the mouth4 ,these and many other superstitious customs are observed4--,valiancy1 ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis1 #aghf1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dei4 #ha ,this was preparatory to the sacrifice of the black sheep on the following day to ,saman--,see ,soane's ,new ,curiosities of ,literature1 #ahdg1 p4 #bai4 ,on ,halloween1 women take the yolk from eggs boiled hard1 fill the eggs with salt1 and eat egg1 shell and salt4 ,they are careful not to quench their thirst till morning4--,n4 ,q4 #dth4 ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #eje4 ,,nov4 ,,derbyshire4 ,at ,duffield1 a curious remnant of the right of hunting wild animals is still observed--this is called the 8squirrel hunt40 ,the young men of the village assemble together on the ,wakes ,monday1 each provided with a horn1 a pan1 or something capable of making a noise1 and proceed to ,keddleston ,park1 where1 with shouting and the discordant noise of the instruments1 they frighten the poor little squirrels1 until they drop from the trees4 ,several having been thus captured the hunters return to ,duffield1 and having released the squirrels amongst some trees1 recommence the hunt4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjh4 ,at ,duffield1 the right of collecting wood in the forest is also singularly observed4 ,the young men in considerable numbers collect together1 and having taken possession of any cart they can find1 yoke themselves to it1 and preceded by horns1 remove any trees or other wood from the various lanes and hedge-rows2 this is done almost nightly1 between ,september and the ,wakes1 in the first week in ,november1 when a bonfire is made of the wood collected on the ,wakes ,monday4--,ibid4 p4 #bjh4 ,,nov4 #a4 ,,all ,,saints' ,,day4 ,this festival takes its origin from the conversion1 in the seventh century1 of the ,pantheon at ,rome into a ,christian place of worship1 and its dedication by ,pope ,boniface ,,iv4 to the ,virgin and all the ,martyrs4 ,the anniversary of this event was at first celebrated on the #ast of ,may1 but the day was subsequently altered to the #ast of ,november1 which was thenceforth1 under the designation of the feast of ,all ,saints1 set apart as a general commemoration in their honour4 ,the festival has been retained by the ,anglican ,church--,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebi2 ,see ,soane's ,book of the ,months1 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bce4 ,a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag4 #aghc 7vol4 liii4 p4 #egh71 thinks the custom prevailing among the ,roman ,catholics of lighting fires upon the hills on ,all ,saints' night1 the ,eve of ,all ,souls1 scarcely needs explaining1 fire being1 even among the ,pagans1 an emblem of immortality1 and well calculated to typify the ascent of the soul to heaven4 ,a correspondent of the same periodical 7#aghh1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #fjb7 alludes to a custom observed in some parts of the kingdom among the ,papists1 of illuminating some of their grounds upon the eve of ,all ,souls1 by bearing round them straw1 or other fit materials1 kindled into a blaze4 ,this ceremony is called a ,tinley1 said to represent an emblematical lighting of souls out of purgatory4 ,,cheshire4 ,on ,all ,souls' ,eve1 both children and grown-up people go from door to door1 a-souling1 i4e41 begging for soul cakes1 or anything else they can get4 ,in some districts they perform a kind of play as well1 but in all instances the following1 or a similar song1 is sung3-- 8,you gentlemen of ,england1 pray you now draw near ,to these few lines1 and you soon shall hear ,sweet melody of music all on this evening clear1 ,for we are come a-souling for apples and strong beer4 ,step down into your cellar1 and see what you can find1 ,if your barrels are not empty1 we hope you will prove kind2 ,we hope you will prove kind with your apples and strong beer1 ,we'll come no more a-souling until another year4 ,cold winter it is coming on1 dark1 dirty1 wet and cold1 ,to try your good nature1 this night we do make bold2 ,this night we do make bold with your apples and strong beer1 ,and we'll come no more a-souling until another year4 ,all the houses that we've been at1 we've had both meat and drink1 ,so now we're dry with travelling1 we hope you'll on us think2 ,we hope you'll on us think with your apples and strong beer1 ,for we'll come no more a-souling until another year4 ,god bless the master of this house1 and the mistress also4 ,and all the little children that round the table go2 ,likewise your men and maidens1 your cattle and your store1 ,and all that lies within your gates we wish you ten times more2 ,we wish you ten times more with your apples and strong beer1 ,and we'll come no more a-souling until another year40 ,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahej1 vol4 v4 p4 #beb4 ,in the parish of ,lymm it is customary1 for a week or ten days before the #eth of ,november1 for the skeleton of a horse's head1 dressed up with ribbons1 c41 having glass eyes inserted in the sockets1 and mounted on a short pole by way of handle1 to be carried by a man underneath covered with a horse-cloth4 ,there is generally a chain attached to the nose1 which is held by a second man1 and they are attended by several others4 ,in houses to which they can gain access1 they go though some kind of performance1 the man with the chain telling the horse to rear1 open its mouth1 c4 ,the object of course is to obtain money4 ,the horse will sometimes seize persons1 and hold them fast till they pay for being set free2 but he is generally very peaceable1 for1 in case of resistance being offered1 his companions generally take to flight and leave the poor horse to fight it out4--,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #beh4 ,,lancashire4 ,at ,great ,marton1 there was formerly a sort of procession of young people from house to house1 at each of which they recited psalms1 and1 in return1 received presents of cakes1 whence the custom was called ,psalm-caking4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #cge4 ,,middlesex4 ,at a pension held at ,gray's ,inn in ,michaelmas ,term1 #ba ,henry ,,viii41 there was an order made that all the fellows of this house who should be present upon any ,saturday at supper1 betwixt the feasts of ,all ,saints and the ,purification of our ,lady1 or upon any other day at dinner or supper1 when there are revels1 should not depart out of the hall until the said revels were ended1 upon the penalty of #ab;d4 ,in #d ,edward ,,vi4 7#ag ,nov471 it was also ordered1 that thenceforth there should be no comedies1 called interludes1 in the house out of term time1 but when the feast of the ,nativity of our ,lord is solemnly observed1 and that when there shall be any such comedies1 then all the society at that time in common to bear the charge of the apparel4 ,in #d ,charles ,i4 7#ag ,nov471 it was also ordered that all playing of dice1 cards1 or otherwise1 in the hall1 buttery1 or butler's chamber1 should be thenceforth forbidden at all times of the year1 the twenty days of ,christmas only excepted4--,herbert1 ,antiquities of the ,inns of ,court1 #ahjd1 p4 #ccf4 ,,monmouthshire4 ,in this county1 says ,hone1 ,year ,book 7p4 #abhh71 a custom prevails among the lower classes of begging bread for the souls of the departed on ,all ,saints' ,day2 the bread thus distributed is called dole bread4 ,,shropshire4 ,it is customary1 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#ast ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cha7 for the village children to go round to all their neighbours ,souling1 collecting contributions1 and singing the following doggrel3-- 8,soul6 soul6 for a soul-cake2 ,pray1 good mistress1 for a soul-cake4 ,one for ,peter1 and two for ,paul1 ,three for them who made us all4 ,soul6 soul6 for an apple or two2 ,if you've got no apples1 pears will do4 ,up with your kettle1 and down with your pan1 ,give me a good big one1 and ,i'll be gone4 ,soul6 soul6 for a soul-cake1 c4 ,an apple or pear1 a plum or a cherry1 ,is a very good thing to make us merry4 ,soul6 soul6 c40 ,the soul-cake referred to is a sort of bun1 which at one time it was an almost general custom for persons to make1 to give to one another on this day4 ,,staffordshire4 ,tollett1 in his ,variorum ,shakspeare 7,the ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ii4 #b1 note7 says1 ,on ,all ,saints' ,day the poor people in ,staffordshire1 and perhaps in other country places1 go from parish to parish a-souling1 as they call it1 i4e4 begging and puling 7or singing small1 as ,bailey's ,dictionary explains puling7 for soul-cakes1 or any good thing to make them merry40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 7#ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cic71 gives the following lines as sung on the occasion3 8,soul1 soul1 for a soul-cake1 ,pray you1 good mistress1 a soul-cake40 ,,western ,,isles ,,of ,,scotland4 ,in ,st4 ,kilda1 the inhabitants used to make a large cake in the form of a triangle furrowed round1 all of which was eaten the same night4--,martin's ,western ,isles of ,scotland1 #agaf1 p4 #bhg4 ,from the same authority we learn that the inhabitants of ,lewis had an ancient custom of sacrificing to the sea-god called ,shony4 ,the inhabitants round the island came to the church of ,st4 ,mulvay1 each man having his provisions with him4 ,every family furnished a peck of malt1 which was brewed into ale4 ,one of their number was picked out to wade into the sea up to the middle1 and carrying a cup of ale in his hand1 he cried out with a loud voice1 saying1 8,shony1 ,i give you this cup of ale1 hoping that you'll be so kind as to send us plenty of sea-ware1 for enriching our ground the ensuing year20 and so threw the cup of ale into the sea--this was performed in the night time4 ,at his return to land1 they all went to church1 where there was a candle burning upon the altar2 and then standing silent for a little time one of them gave a signal1 at which the candle was put out1 and immediately all of them went to the fields1 where the rest of the night was spent in merriment4 ,,ireland4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #ddf7 mentions a custom at ,wexford1#hb of lighting candles 7more or less7 in every window in the house1 on the night of the vigil of ,all ,souls1 and when travelling along a country road where farmhouses and cottages are numerous1 the effect is quite picturesque on a dark ,november eve4 #hb ,this custom extends over the whole of ,ireland1 and is common in some parts of the ,continent4 ,,nov4 #b4 ,,all ,,souls' ,,day4 ,all ,souls' ,day is set apart by the ,roman ,catholic ,church for a solemn service for the repose of the dead4 ,in this country the day was formerly observed by ringing of the passing bell1 making soul-cakes1 blessing beans1 and other customs4 ,various tenures were held by services to be performed on this day4 ,the nut and apple omens of ,hallow ,even were continued on this day4 ,soul-mass cakes were given to the poor2 and at ,hallowasse frankincense was newly provided4--,timbs1 ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #aae4 ,,cheshire4 ,from ,all ,souls' ,day to ,christmas ,day1 ,old ,hob is carried about2 this consists of a horse's head enveloped in a sheet1 taken from door to door1 accompanied by the singing of doggerel-begging rhymes4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahej1 vol4 v4 p4 #bec4 ,,derbyshire4 ,formerly1 at the village of ,findern1 the boys and girls used to go every year in the evening of ,all ,souls' ,day to the adjoining common1 and light up a number of small fires among the furze growing there1 which they called ,tindles4--,gent4 ,mag4 #aghd1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hcf4 ,,herefordshire4 ,in this county and also in ,lancashire it was in days gone by usual for the wealthy to dispense oaten cakes1 called soul-mass cakes1 to the poor1 who upon receiving them repeated the following couplet in acknowledgment3 8,god have your soul ,beens and all40 ,see ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cib4 ,,shropshire4 ,in this county the inhabitants set on a board a high heap of small cakes1 called soul-cakes1 of which they offer one to every person who comes to the house on this day1 and there is an old rhyme1 which seems to have been sung by the family and guests3 8,a soul-cake1 a soul-cake2 ,have mercy on all ,christian souls for a soul-cake40 ,kennett's ,collections1 ,,ms4 ,bibl4 ,lansdown1 ,no4 #ajci1 vol4 #aje1 p4 #ab4 ,the same custom is mentioned1 and with very little variation1 by ,aubrey in the ,remains of ,gentilisme2 see ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 x4 pp4 #dji1 #ebe4 ,,wales4 ,the people of ,north ,wales have a custom of distributing soul-cakes on ,all ,souls' ,day1 at the receiving of which the poor people pray to ,god to bless the next crop of wheat4--,pennant4 ,,scotland4 ,in the county of ,aberdeen on ,all ,souls' ,day1 baked cakes of a particular sort are given away to those who may chance to visit the house where they are made4 ,the cakes are called 8dirge-loaf40--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhc4 ,,nov4 #e4 ,,gunpowder ,,plot4 ,the #eth of ,november is not observed by the populace with nearly so much festive diversion as in former times4 ,originally1 the burning of ,guy ,fawkes in effigy was a ceremony much in vogue1 especially among the lower classes1 but it is now confined chiefly to school-boys1 and even with them it is not so popular as in days gone by4 ,formerly1 the burning of 8a good guy0 was a scene of uproar perhaps unknown to the present day4 ,the bonfire1 for example1 in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields was conducted on a very grand scale4 ,it was made at the ,great ,queen ,street corner1 immediately opposite ,newcastle ,house4 ,fuel came all day long in carts properly guarded against surprise4 ,old people have recollected when upwards of two hundred cart-loads were brought to make and feed this bonfire1 and more than thirty 8guys0 were burnt upon gibbets between eight and twelve o'clock at night4#hc #hc ,the following extract is from the ,evening ,standard 7,february #eth1 #ahge73--8,this morning at ten o'clock the ,yeomen of the ,guard 7,beefeaters7 made their usual search before the meeting of ,parliament for any barrels of gunpowder that might be stowed away in the vaults under the ,houses of ,parliament40 ,the butchers of ,clare ,market1 also1 were accustomed to celebrate this anniversary in a somewhat peculiar style2 one of their body1 personating ,guy ,fawkes1 being seated in a cart1 with a prayer-book in his hand1 and a priest1 executioner1 c41 attending1 was drawn through the streets1 as if going to the place of execution2 while a select party1 with marrow-bones and cleavers1 led the way1 and others solicited money from the inhabitants and spectators4 ,the sums thus obtained were spent at night in jollity and carousing4--,sports1 ,pastimes1 and ,customs of ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #ci4 ,the following time-honoured rhyme is still sung1 and varies in different parts of the country3 8,pray remember ,the ,fifth of ,november1 ,gunpowder treason and plot2 ,for ,i know no reason ,why ,gunpowder treason ,should ever be forgot4 ,hollo boys6 ,hollo boys6 ,hurrah40 ,in ,poor ,robin's ,almanack for the year #afgg is the following3 8,now boys with ,squibs and crackers play1 ,and bonfire's blaze ,turns night to-day40 ,in some parts of the north of ,england the following song is sung3 8,happy was the man1 ,and happy was the day1 ,that caught ,guy ,going to his play1 ,with a dark lanthorn ,and a brimstone match ,ready for the prime to touch4 ,as ,i was going through the dark entry ,i spied the devil4 ,stand back6 ,stand back6 ,queen ,mary's daughter4 ,put your hand in your pocket1 ,and give us some money ,to kindle our bonfire4 ,hurrah40 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cih4 ,,derbyshire4 ,the rhyme formerly sung in many parts of this county is as below3 8,remember1 remember1 ,th' fifth o' ,november1 ,th' gunpowder plot1 ,shall ne'er be forgot6 ,pray gi's a bit o' coal1 ,ter stick in th' bun-fire hole6 ,a stick an' a stake1 ,for ,king ,george's sake-- ,a stowp an' a reel1 ,or else wey'll steal40 ,long ,ago1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 ,,lincolnshire4 ,in this county the following quaint rhyme was sung on the anniversary of the ,gunpowder ,plot3 8,remember1 remember ,the fifth o' ,november6 ,guy and his companions' plot3 ,we're going to blow the ,parliament up6 ,by ,god's mercy we wase catcht1 ,with a dark lantern an' lighted matcht60 ,long ,ago1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 ,,middlesex4 ,it is stated in the register at ,harlington1 under the date of #afhc1 that half an acre of land was given by some person1 whose name has been forgotten1 for the benefit of the bell-ringers of the parish1 to provide them with a leg of pork for ringing on the #eth of ,november4 ,it is called the ,pork ,acre4 ,the ground is let by the parish officers at #ejs4 a year1 which is paid by them to the bell-ringer4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #bg4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,the following is the rhyme formerly sung in this county3 8,gunpowder treason6 ,gunpowder treason6 ,gunpowder treason plot6 ,i know no reason ,why gunpowder treason ,should ever be forgot4 ,guy ,fox and his companions ,did the scheme contrive1 ,to blow the ,king and ,parliament ,all up alive4 ,but1 by ,god's providence1 him they catch1 ,with a dark lantern1 lighting a match6 ,hollo1 boys6 hollo1 boys6 make the bells ring6 ,hollo1 boys6 hollo1 boys6 ,god save the king6 ,hurrah40 ,long ,ago1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,at ,clifton the following rhyme is sung3 8,please to remember ,the fifth of ,november4 ,old ,guy ,faux ,and gunpowder plot ,shall never be forgot1 ,while ,nottingham castle ,stands upon a rock60 ,long ,ago1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 ,,oxfordshire4 8,the fifth of ,november1 ,since ,i can remember1 ,gunpowder treason and plot2 ,this was the day the plot was contriv'd1 ,to blow up the ,king and ,parliament alive2 ,but ,god's mercy did prevent ,to save our ,king and his ,parliament4 ,a stick and a stake ,for ,king ,james's sake6 ,if you won't give me one1 ,i'll take two1 ,the better for me1 ,and the worse for you40 ,this is the ,oxfordshire song chanted by the boys when collecting sticks for the bonfire1 and it is considered quite lawful to appropriate any old wood they can lay their hands on after the recitation of these lines4 ,if it happen that a crusty chuff prevents them1 the threatening finale is too often fulfilled4 ,the operation is called going a-progging4 ,in some places they shout1 previously to the burning of the effigy of ,guy ,fawkes1 8,a penn'orth of bread to feed the ,pope1 ,a penn'orth of cheese to choke him2 ,a pint of beer to wash it down1 ,and a good old faggot to burn him40 ,halliwell's ,pop4 ,rhymes1 #ahdi1 pp4 #bec1 #eed4 ,formerly1 it was the custom for the undergraduates of ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford1 to make verses on the #eth of ,november1 and to have two copies of them1 one to present to the master1 the other to stick up in the ,hall1 and there to remain till a speech on this occasion was spoken before supper4--,pointer1 ,oxoniensis ,academia1 #agdi1 p4 #aji4 ,,sussex4 ,at ,lewes on the #eth of ,november in each year1 a great torchlight procession1 composed of men dressed up in fantastic garbs1 and with blackened faces1 and dragging blazing tar barrels after them1 parade the high street1 while an enormous bonfire is lighted1 into which1 when at its highest1 various effigies are cast4 ,the day's festivities not unfrequently terminate in a general uproar and scene of confusion4 ,see ,lewes ,times1 ,november #acth1 #ahef4 ,,westmoreland4 ,the following doggerel is sung in this county3 8,i pray you remember the fifth of ,november1 ,gunpowder treason and plot2 ,the king and his train had like to be slain-- ,i hope this day'll ne'er be forgot4 ,all the boys1 all the boys1 let the bells ring6 ,all the boys1 all the boys1 ,god save the king6 ,a stick and a stake for ,king ,jamie's sake1-- ,i hope you'll remember the bonfire60 ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cb4 ,,wiltshire4 ,at ,marlborough the rustics have the following peculiar custom at their bonfires4 ,they form themselves into a ring of some dozen or more round the bonfire1 and follow each other round it1 holding thick club-sticks over their shoulders2 while a few others1 standing at distances outside this moving ring with the same sort of sticks1 beat those which the men hold over their shoulders1 as they pass round in succession1 all shouting and screaming loudly4 ,this might last half an hour at a time1 and be continued at intervals till the fire died out4--,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #cee4 ,at ,purton the boys1 for several weeks before the #eth of ,november1 used to go from house to house begging faggots for the bonfire1 in the middle of which was burnt the effigy of ,guy ,fawkes4 ,the following rhyme was sung on the occasion3 8,my brave lads remember ,the fifth of ,november1 ,gunpowder treason and plot2 ,we will drink1 smoke1 and sing1 boys1 ,and our bells they shall ring1 boys1 ,and here's health to our ,king1 boys1 ,for he shall not be forgot40 ,see ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acgi4 ,,yorkshire4 ,a very old custom prevails in the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 of preparing1 against the anniversary of ,gunpowder ,plot1 a kind of oatmeal gingerbread1 if it may be so called1 and of religiously partaking of the same on this day and subsequently4 ,the local name of the delicacy is ,parkin and it is usually seen in the form of massive loaves1 substantial cakes1 or bannocks4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cfh4 ,blount1 in his ,fragmenta ,antiquitatis 7,beckwith1 #ahae1 p4 #efe71 gives the following account of a custom observed at ,doncaster4 ,he says at this place on the #eth ,november1 yearly1 whether it happens on a ,sunday1 or any other day in the week1 the town waits play for some time on the top of the church steeple1 at the time when the congregation are coming out of the church from morning service1 the tune of 8,god ,save the ,king40 ,this has been done for four-score years at least1 and very possibly ever since the #eth of ,november has been a festival1 except that formerly the tune played was 8,britons1 strike home40 ,the waits always receive from the churchwardens sixpence a-piece for this service4 ,,nov4 #f4 ,,st4 ,,leonard',s ,,day4 ,,essex4 ,every tenant of the ,manor of ,writtell1 upon ,st4 ,leonard's ,day1 pays to the lord for everything under a year old a halfpenny1 for every yearling pig a penny1 and for every hog above a year old twopence1 for the privilege of pawnage in the lord's woods3 and this payment is called ,avage or ,avisage4--,blount's ,law ,dictionary1 #agag4 ,,worcestershire4 ,a list of holy days published at ,worcester1 in #abdj1 ordains ,st4 ,leonard's festival to be kept a half holy day1 enjoins the hearing of mass1 and prohibits all labour except that of the plough4--,every ,day ,book1 vol4 ii4 p4 #achb4 ,,nov #i4 ,,lord ,,mayor',s ,,day4 ,the office of ,chief ,magistrate of ,london was held for life till about #abad1 nor was it until more than a hundred years afterwards that the title of ,lord was given to the ,mayor4 ,this arose in the time of ,richard ,,ii41 on occasion of ,walworth1 the ,mayor of the day1 basely murdering ,wat ,tyler in ,smithfield4 ,that which in later days has been called the ,lord ,mayor's ,show was but a degenerate copy of the old ,pageant or ,triumph1 which assumed a variety of forms at different times1 blending ,paganism1 ,christianity1 and chivalry in marvellous confusion4 ,this1 however1 was not always the case1 for at one time it became the fashion for the city to employ dramatists of note upon these matters2 and there are yet extant certain pageants by ,decker1 ,middleton1 ,webster1 and others1 though perhaps inferior writers4--,soane's ,curiosities of ,literature4 ,with the processions1 c41 of late years1 most readers are sufficiently well acquainted from the newspapers of the day4 ,fully to describe those of former ages would require1 however1 a volume of no mean size2 but some idea of their general character may be formed from the following brief sketch3--,the first account of this annual exhibition known to have been published1 was written by ,george ,peele for the inauguration of ,sir ,wolstone ,dixie1 ,knight1 on the #bith of ,october 7,old ,style71 #aehe4 ,on that occasion1 as was customary to the times1 there were dramatic representations in the procession of an allegorical character4 ,children were dressed to personify the city1 magnanimity1 loyalty1 science1 the country1 and the river ,thames4 ,they also represented sailors1 soldiers1 and nymphs1 with appropriate speeches4 ,the show opened with a ,moor mounted on a lynx4 ,on ,sir ,thomas ,middleton's mayoralty1 in #afac1 the solemnity is described as unparalleled for the cost1 art1 and magnificence of the shows1 pageants1 chariots1 morning1 noon1 and night triumphs4 ,in #afee the city pageants1 after a discontinuance of about fourteen years1 were revived4 ,edmund ,gayton1 the author of the description for that year1 says that 8our metropolis1 for these planetary pageants1 was as famous and renowned in foreign nations as for their faith1 wealth1 and valour40 ,in the show of #afei1 an ,european1 an ,egyptian1 and a ,persian were personated4 ,on ,lord ,mayor's ,day1 #afga1 the ,king1 ,queen1 and ,duke of ,york1 and most of the nobility being present1 there were 8sundry shows1 shapes1 scenes1 speeches1 and songs in part20 and the like in #afgb and #afgc1 when the ,king again graced the triumphs4 ,the ,king1 ,queen1 ,duke and ,duchess of ,york1 ,prince ,rupert1 the ,duke of ,monmouth1 foreign ambassadors1 the chief nobility1 and ,secretary of ,state1 were at the celebration of ,lord ,mayor's ,day in #afgd1 when there 8were emblematical figures1 artful pieces of architecture1 and rural dancing1 with pieces spoken on each pageant40--,see ,hone's ,every ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #adde4 ,,nov4 #aa4 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,day4 ,the festival of ,st4 ,martin1 happening at that season when the new wines of the year are drawn from the lees and tasted1 when cattle are killed for winter food1 and fat geese are in their prime1 is held as a feast day over most parts of ,christendom4 ,on the ancient clog almanacs1 the day is marked by the figure of a goose1 our bird of ,michaelmas being1 on the continent1 sacrificed at ,martinmas4 ,in ,scotland and the north of ,england1 a fat ox is called a mart#hd clearly from ,martinmas1 the usual time when beeves are killed for winter use4--,book of ,days1 vol ii4 p4 #efh4 #hd ,mart1 according to ,skinner1 is a fair1 who considers it a contraction of market4 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #djj7 says that1 had not mart been the general name for a fair1 one might have been tempted to suppose it a contraction of ,martin1 the name of the saint whose day is commemorated4 ,salt ,silver4--,in the glossary to ,kennett's ,parochial ,antiquities 7p4 #dif7 is the following3--8,salt ,silver4--,one penny paid at the ,feast of ,st4 ,martin1 by the servile tenants to their lord1 as a commutation for the service of carrying their lord's salt from market to his larder40 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,there is a house in ,fenny ,stratford1 called ,st4 ,martin's house1 in the wall of which is a stone bearing the following inscription3-- 8,this house was settled on the parish officers of this town1 for the annual observance of ,st4 ,martin's ,day40--8,anno ,domini #ageb40 ,the house is let at #el4 #ds4 per annum1 and the rent1 after defraying the expense of repairs1 is laid out in giving an entertainment to the inhabitants of the town4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #ei4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,within the manor of ,whitlesea there is a custom for the inhabitants to choose1 on the ,sunday next after the feast of ,st4 ,martin1 two persons called storers1 to oversee the public business1 and likewise to provide a common bull1 in consideration whereof they enjoy a certain pasture called ,bull ,grass2 and the major part of the freeholders and copyholders at a meeting grant the grass every year to any person who will take it1 to have the same from ,lady-day till the corn is carried out of ,coatsfield4--,blount's ,fragmenta ,antiquitatis1 #ahae1 p4 #egf4 ,,cumberland4 ,thomas ,williamson1 by will1 dated #adth ,december1 #afgd1 gave the sum of #bjl4 to be laid out in land to be bestowed upon poor people born within ,st4 ,john's ,chapelry or ,castlerigg1 in mutton or veal1 at ,martinmas yearly1 when flesh might be thought cheapest1 to be by them pickled or hung up and dried1 that they might have something to keep them within doors upon stormy days4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #fc4 ,,warwickshire4 ,dugdale1 in his ,antiquities of ,warwickshire 7#agcj1 vol4 i4 p4 #d71 says3--,there is a certain rent due unto the lord of the ,hundred of ,knightlow1 called ,wroth money or ,warth money or ,swarff penny1 probably the same with ,ward penny4 ,this rent must be paid every ,martinmas ,day1 in the morning1 at ,knightlow ,cross1 before the sun riseth3 the party paying it must go thrice about the cross1 and say 8,the ,wrath money10 and then lay it in the hole of the said cross before good witness1 for if it be not duly performed the forfeiture is thirty shillings and a white bull4 ,,yorkshire4 ,in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire it is customary for a party of singers1 mostly consisting of women1 to begin at the feast of ,st4 ,martin a kind of peregrination round the neighbouring villages1 carrying with them a small waxen image of our ,saviour adorned with box and other evergreens1 and singing at the same time a hymn which1 though rustic and uncouth1 is nevertheless replete with the sacred story of the ,nativity4 ,the custom is yearly continued till ,christmas ,eve1 when the feasting1 or as they usually call it1 8good living10 commences2 every rustic dame produces a cheese preserved for the sacred festival1 upon which1 before any part of it is tasted1 according to an old custom1 she with a sharp knife makes rude incisions to represent the ,cross4 ,with this1 and furmity made of barley and meal1 the cottage affords uninterrupted hospitality4--,gent4 ,mag4 #ahaa1 vol4 lxxxi4 pt4 i4 p4 #dbc4 ,,ireland4 ,at ,st4 ,peter's1 ,athlone1 every family of a village1 says ,mason1 in his ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland 7#ahai1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ge71 kills an animal of some kind or other3 those who are rich kill a cow or a sheep1 others a goose or a turkey2 while those who are poor and cannot procure an animal of greater value1 kill a hen or a cock1 and sprinkle the threshold with the blood1 and do the same in the four corners of the house1 and this ceremonious performance is done to exclude every kind of evil spirit from the dwelling where this sacrifice is made1 till the return of the same day in the following year4 ,,nov4 #ac4 ,,st4 ,,brice',s ,,day4 ,the ,stamford ,bull ,running4--,from time immemorial down to a late period this day was annually celebrated at the town of ,stamford1 in ,lincolnshire1 by a rough sport called bull-running4 ,butcher1 in his ,survey of ,stamford 7#agag1 pp4 #gf1 #gg71 alluding to this custom1 says3--8,the butchers of the town at their own charge provide the bull1 and place him over-night in a stable or barn belonging to the alderman4 ,the next morning proclamation is made by the common bell-man of the town that each one shut up his shop-door and gate1 and that none1 upon pain of imprisonment1 do any violence to strangers1 for the preventing whereof 7the town being a thoroughfare and then being in ,term time7 a guard is appointed for the passing of travellers through the same without hurt4 ,that none have any iron upon their bull-clubs or other staff which they pursue the bull with4 ,which proclamation made1 and all the gates shut up1 the bull is turned out of the alderman's house1 and the men1 women1 and children1 with all the dogs in the town1 run after him1 c40 ,according to tradition the origin of the custom dates from the time of ,king ,john1 when1 one day1 ,william1 ,earl of ,warren1 standing on the battlements of the castle1 saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath4 ,some butchers1 coming to part the combatants1 one of the bulls ran into the town1 causing a great uproar4 ,the earl1 mounting his horse1 rode after the animal1 and enjoyed the sport so much that he gave the meadow in which the fight began to the butchers of ,stamford1 on condition that they should provide a bull1 to be run in the town annually1 on the #acth of ,november1 for ever after4 ,there is no documentary evidence on the subject1 but the town of ,stamford undoubtedly holds certain common rights in the meadow specified1 which is still termed the bull-meadow4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #egd4 ,,nov4 #ad4 ,st4 ,,erconwald',s ,,day4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 p4 #cbb71 says3--8,it was commanded1 that every priest in the diocese of ,london should go to ,st4 ,paul's in procession in copes on ,st4 ,erconwald's ,day40 ,november #adth1 #aeed4 ,,nov4 #ag4 ,,queen ,,elizabeth',s ,,accession4 ,queen ,elizabeth's accession was long observed as a ,protestant festival1 and with the society of the ,temple1 the ,exchequer1 ,christ's ,hospital1 ,westminster1 and ,merchant ,taylors' ,schools1 is1 says ,timbs1 kept as a holiday4 ,the ,pope in effigy1 in a chair of state1 with the devil1 a real person1 behind him1 caressing him1 c41 was formerly paraded in procession on this day in the streets of ,london1 and afterwards thrown into a bonfire4 ,in ,queen ,anne's time the ,pretender was added to the ,pope and the devil4 ,there were also great illuminations in the evening4 ,this anniversary was first publicly celebrated about #aegj1 twelve years after ,elizabeth's accession4 7,timbs1 ,something for ,everybody1 p4 #abb47 ,brayley in his ,londiniana1 vol4 iv4 p4 #gd1 et seq41 has given a very interesting account of these processions4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#ast ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cde7 says that when he was at ,christ's ,hospital the following curious custom prevailed on the #agth of ,november4 ,two or more boys would take one against whom they had any spite or grudge1 and having lifted him by the arms and legs1 would bump him on the hard stones of the cloisters4 ,in reading ,sir ,roger de ,coverley1 with notes by ,willis published in the ,traveller's ,library1 the same correspondent says that he found 7at p4 #acd7 what he considered a fair explanation4 ,a full account is there given1 he says1 of the manner in which the citizens of ,london intended celebrating1 in #agaa1 the anniversary of ,queen ,elizabeth's accession on the #agth of ,november1 some parts of which would almost seem to have been copied during the excitement against the papal bull in ,november #ahej4 ,probably therefore1 originally1 the unfortunate boy who had to endure the rude bumping by his schoolfellows was intended to represent the ,pope or one of his emissaries1 and that those who inflicted the punishment were looked upon as good ,protestants4 ,,nov4 #bc4 ,,st4 ,,clement',s ,,day4 ,the festival day of ,st4 ,clement was formerly considered as the first day of winter1 in which were comprised ninety-one days4 ,from a ,state proclamation in #aedj it appears that processions of children were frequent on ,st4 ,clement's ,day2 and1 in consequence of a still more ancient custom of perambulating the streets on the night of this festival to beg drink for carousing1 a pot was formerly marked against the #bcrd of ,november upon the old runic or clog almanacs2 but not upon all4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj42 ,plot1 ,history of ,staffordshire1 #afhf1 p4 #dcj2 see ,gough's ,camden ,brit4 vol4 ii4 pt4 xvi4 p4 #dii4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,the bakers of ,cambridge hold an annual supper on ,st4 ,clement's ,day1 which supper is called the 8,baker's ,clem40--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dib4 ,,kent4 ,in ,every ,day ,book 7#ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeja7 is the following account of an annual ceremony formerly celebrated on the evening of ,st4 ,clement's ,day1 by the blacksmiths' apprentices of the dockyard at ,woolwich3-- ,one of the senior apprentices being chosen to serve as ,old ,clem 7so called by them71 is attired in a great coat1 having his head covered with an oakum wig1 face masked1 and a long white beard2 thus attired1 he seats himself in a large wooden chair1 chiefly covered with a sort of stuff called bunting1 with a crown and anchor1 made of wood1 on the top and around it1 four transparencies representing the 8,blacksmiths' ,arms10 8,anchor ,smiths at ,work10 8,britannia with her ,anchor10 and 8,mount ,etna40 ,he has before him a wooden anvil1 and in his hands a pair of tongs and wooden hammer4 ,a mate1 also masked1 attends him with a wooden sledge-hammer2 he is also surrounded by a number of other attendants1 some of whom carry torches1 banners1 flags1 c42 others1 battle-axes1 tomahawks1 and other accoutrements of war4 ,this procession1 headed by a drum and fife1 and six men with ,old ,clem mounted on their shoulders1 proceed round the town1 not forgetting to call on the blacksmiths and officers of the dockyard3 here the money-box is pretty freely handed1 after ,old ,clem and his mate have recited their speeches1 which commence by the mate calling for order with1 8,gentlemen all1 attention give1 ,and wish ,st4 ,clem long1 long to live40 ,old ,clem then recites the following speech3-- 8,i am the real ,st4 ,clement1 the first founder of brass1 iron1 and steel1 from the ore4 ,i have been to ,mount ,etna1 where the god ,vulcan first built his forge1 and forged the armour and thunderbolts for the god ,jupiter4 ,i have been through the deserts of ,arabia2 through ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america2 through the city of ,pongrove1 through the town of ,tipmingo1 and all the northern parts of ,scotland4 ,i arrived in ,london on the #bcrd of ,november1 and came down to his ,majesty's dockyard at ,woolwich to see how all the gentlemen ,vulcans came on there4 ,i found them all hard at work1 and wish to leave them well on the twenty-fourth40 ,the mate then subjoins3 8,come all you ,vulcans stout and strong1 ,unto ,st4 ,clem we do belong2 ,i know this house is well prepared ,with plenty of money and good strong beer2 ,and we must drink before we part1 ,all for to cheer each merry heart4 ,come all you ,vulcans1 strong and stout1 ,unto ,st4 ,clem ,i pray turn out2 ,for now ,st4 ,clem's going round the town1 ,his coach-and-six goes merrily round4 ,huzza--a--a40 ,after having gone round the town and collected a pretty decent sum1 they retire to some public-house1 where they enjoy as good a supper as the money collected will allow4 ,,staffordshire4 ,on the feast of ,st4 ,clement1 a custom exists in ,staffordshire for the children to go round to the various houses in the village to which they belong singing the following doggerel3 8,clemany6 ,clemany6 ,clemany mine6 ,a good red apple and a pint of wine1 ,some of your mutton and some of your veal1 ,if it is good1 pray give me a deal2 ,if it is not1 pray give me some salt4 ,butler1 butler1 fill your bowl2 ,if thou fillst it of the best1 ,the ,lord'll send your soul to rest2 ,if thou fillst it of the small1 ,down goes butler1 bowl and all4 ,pray1 good mistress1 send to me ,one for ,peter1 one for ,paul1 ,one for ,him who made us all3 ,apple1 pear1 plum1 or cherry1 ,any good thing to make us merry2 ,a bouncing buck and a velvet chair1 ,clement comes but once a year2 ,off with the pot and on with the pan1 ,a good red apple and ,i'll be gone40 ,n4 ,q4 #ast4 ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #fah4 ,the following rhyme is also sung3 8,clemeny1 ,clemeny1 ,god be wi' you1 ,christmas comes but once a ye-ar2 ,when it comes1 it will soon be gone1 ,give me an apple1 and ,i'll be gone40 ,ibid4 #crd4 ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dib2 ,see ,oliver's ,history of ,collegiate ,church of ,wolverhampton1 #ahcf1 p4 #af4 ,,wales4 ,at ,tenby1 on ,st4 ,clement's ,day1 it was customary for the owners of fishing-boats to give a supper of roast goose and rice pudding to their crews4--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #bg4 ,,nov4 #bd4 ,,st4 ,,catherine',s ,,eve4 ,in ,strype's ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #ejg7 is the following notice of this festival3 8,the #bdth 7#aeef7 being ,st4 ,katharine's ,day 7or rather ,eve71 at six of the clock at night ,st4 ,katharine went about the battlements of ,st4 ,paul's ,church accompanied with fine singing and great lights2 this was ,st4 ,katharine's procession40 ,,nov4 #be4 ,,st4 ,,catherine',s ,,day4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,on ,cattern ,day the lace makers hold merry-makings1 and eat a sort of cakes called 8wigs0#he and drink ale4 ,tradition says it is in remembrance of ,queen ,catherine1 who1 when the trade was dull1 burnt all her lace1 and ordered new to be made4 ,the ladies of the court could not but follow her example1 and the consequence was a great briskness in the manufacture4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #chg4 #he ,cakes called 8wigs0 were very commonly sold in the ,midland counties some years ago1 and they are even mentioned as allowable at the collation in ,lent by a ,catholic writer nearly two centuries ago4 ,they were light and spongy1 and something like very light gingerbread4 ,as to the derivation of the name 8wig0 as applied to them1 a correspondent of ,notes and ,queries says he never dreamed of seeing it any where but in the shape of these cakes1 which greatly resembled a wig2 being round1 and having a thick rim round them1 which turned up like the curls of a wig of the olden times4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #crd4 ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,a paragraph in the ,cambridge ,chronicle 7,december #hth1 #ahfj7 alludes to the custom of the carpenters of ,chatteris1 in the ,isle of ,ely1 observing the feast of their patron ,saint1 ,st4 ,catherine1 by dining together1 c4 ,,kent4 ,the following extract is taken from ,n4 ,q4 7#bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #dg73--,on ,wednesday 7the #beth7 night last the towns of ,chatham1 ,rochester1 and ,brompton exhibited considerable excitement in consequence of a torchlight procession appearing in the streets1 headed by a band of fifes and drums4 ,notwithstanding the late hour 7eleven o'clock7 a large number of persons of both sexes1 accompanied the party4 ,the demonstration was got up by the rope-makers of the dockyard1 to celebrate the anniversary of the founder of the ropery 7,queen ,catherine74 ,the female representing her ,majesty 7who was borne in a chair of state by six rope-makers7 was dressed in white muslin1 wore a gilt crown1 and carried in her hand a ,roman banner4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,at one time it was customary1 at ,peterborough1 till the introduction of the new poor laws1 for the female children belonging to the workhouse1 attended by the master1 to go in procession round the city on ,st4 ,catherine's ,day4 ,they were all attired in white1 and decorated with various coloured ribbons1 principally scarlet2 the tallest girl was selected to represent the ,queen1 and was adorned with a crown and sceptre4 ,the procession stopped at the houses of the principal inhabitants1 and they sang the following rude ballad1 begging for money at every house as they passed along3 8,here comes ,queen ,catherine1 as fine as any queen1 ,with a coach and six horses a coming to be seen4 ,and a spinning we will go1 will go1 will go1 ,and a spinning we will go4 ,some say she is alive1 and some say she is dead1 ,and now she does appear with a crown upon her head4 ,and a spinning we will go1 c4 ,old ,madam ,marshall she takes up her pen1 ,and then she sits and calls for all her royal men4 ,and a spinning we will go1 c4 ,all you that want employment1 though spinning is but small1 ,come list1 and don't stand still1 but go and work for all4 ,and a spinning we will go1 c4 ,if we set a spinning1 we will either work or play1 ,but if we set a spinning we can earn a crown a day4 ,and a spinning we will go1 c4 ,and if there be some young men1 as ,i suppose there's some1 ,we'll hardly let them stand alone upon the cold stone4 ,and a spinning we will go1 c40 ,st4 ,catherine being the patron of the spinners1 as well as of spinsters1 and spinning being formerly the employment of the females at the workhouse1 it naturally followed that they should be selected to commemorate the anniversary of this ,saint2 and that this commemoration is of great antiquity appears from the early entries in the ,dean and ,chapter's accounts of payments on ,st4 ,catherine's ,day for wheels and reels for the children of the workhouse4--,baker1 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcf4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#dth ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccb71 alluding to the above custom1 says that it was not confined to ,peterborough1 but was observed throughout the whole of the ,northamptonshire lace-making districts1 as well as in those of ,bedfordshire4 ,according to popular tradition the custom is derived from one of the ,queens ,catherine in the time of ,henry ,,viii4--probably from ,catherine ,parr1 who was a ,northamptonshire woman4 ,by some this day is called 8,candle ,day10 from its forming the commencement of the season for working at lace-making by candle-light4 ,,isle ,,of ,,thanet4 ,on ,st4 ,catherine's ,day in the ,isle of ,thanet1 the carters place a small figure on a wheel on the front of their cart sheds4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #bce4 ,,worcestershire4 ,in this county the children go round to the farmhouses collecting apples and beer for a festival1 and sing the following lines3 8,catherine and ,clement1 be here1 be here1 ,some of your apples1 and some of your beer2 ,some for ,peter1 and some for ,paul1 ,and some for ,him that made us all4 ,clement was a good man1 ,for his sake give us some1 ,not of the worse1 but some of the best1 ,and ,god will send your soul to rest40 ,the ,chapter of ,worcester have a practice of preparing a rich bowl of wine and spices1 called the 8,cathern bowl10 for the inhabitants of the college upon this day4--,halliwell's ,popular ,rhymes1 #ahdi1 p4 #bch2 see ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #die1 #dif4 ,,nov4 #cj4 ,,st4 ,,andrew',s ,,day4 ,the commencement of the ecclesiastical year is regulated by the feast of ,st4 ,andrew1 the nearest ,sunday to which1 whether before or after1 constitutes the first ,sunday in ,advent1 or the period of four weeks which heralds the approach of ,christmas4 ,st4 ,andrew's ,day is thus sometimes the first and sometimes the last festival in the ,christian ,year4--,book of ,days1 vol ii4 p4 #fcf4 ,,kent4 ,hasted1 in his ,history of ,kent 7vol4 ii4 p4 #geg71 speaking of the parish of ,eastling1 says that1 on ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 there is a yearly diversion called squirrel-hunting in this and the neighbouring parishes1 when the labourers and lower kind of people1 assembling together1 form a lawless rabble1 and being accoutred with guns1 poles1 clubs and other such weapons1 spend the greater part of the day in parading through the woods and grounds1 with loud shoutings1 and under pretence of demolishing the squirrels1 some few of which they kill1 they destroy numbers of hares1 pheasants1 partridges1 and1 in short1 whatever comes in their way1 breaking down the hedges1 and doing much other mischief1 and1 in the evening betaking themselves to the ale-houses1 finish their career there as is usual with such sort of gentry4 ,,middlesex4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #ba71 says3--8,the #cjth ,november #aeeg being ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 was a procession at ,paul's1 and a priest of every parish attending1 each in his cope1 and a goodly sermon preached1 and after that1 the procession1 with salve festa dies40 ,,northamptonshire4 ,tander and ,tandrew are the names given to the festival of ,st4 ,andrew1 of which they are corruptions4 ,the anniversary of this saint is1 or rather was1 kept by the lacemakers as a day of festivity and merry-making2 but since the use of pillow-lace has in a great measure given place to that of the loom1 this holiday has been less and less observed4 ,the day in former times was one of unbridled licence3 village 8scholards0 barred out their master2 the lace schools were deserted2 and drinking and feasting prevailed to a riotous extent4 ,towards evening the villagers used to become suddenly smitten with a violent taste for masquerading4 ,women might be seen walking about in male attire1 while men and boys clothed in female dress visited each other's cottages1 drinking hot 8eldern wine10 the staple beverage of the season4 ,then commenced the mumming4--,sternberg1 ,dialect and ,folk ,lore of ,northamptonshire1 #ahea1 p4 #ahc2 ,a4 ,e4 ,baker1 ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words and ,phrases1 #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbf4 ,,sussex4 ,a correspondent of the ,athenum 7,no4 #iic7 says that the custom of squirrel-hunting was at one time kept up in this county1 but1 in consequence of the inclosure of the coppices and the more strict observance of the game1 it has wholly dropped4 ,,scotland4 ,in ,scotland this day is called ,andrys ,day1 ,androiss ,mess1 and ,andermess4 ,singed sheep's heads are borne in the procession before the ,scots in ,london on ,st4 ,andrew's ,day4--,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dae4 ,,stir ,,up ,,sunday4 ,the #beth ,sunday after ,trinity is called by the schoolboys 8,stir ,up ,sunday10 from the collect used on that day2 and they repeat the following lines without considering their irreverent application3 8,stir up1 we beseech thee1 ,the pudding in the pot1 ,and when we get home1 ,we'll eat it all hot40 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #dad2 ,see ,times1 ,november #beth1 #ahfc4 ,,advent4 ,advent ,bells4--,advent bells are rung in many parishes throughout various parts of ,england during the month of ,december4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#ast ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #ba7 says that1 in his neighbourhood--on the western borders of ,berks--he has heard their merry peals break gladsomely upon the dark stillness of the cold evening from many a steeple round4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,train1 in his ,history of the ,isle of ,man 7#ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg71 says1 that the fiddlers go round from house to house1 in the latter part of the night for two or three weeks before ,christmas1 playing a tune called the ,andisop4 ,on their way they stop before particular houses1 wish the inmates individually 8good morning10 call the hour1 then report the state of the weather1 and after playing an air1 move on to the next halting-place4 ,,picrous ,,day4 ,,cornwall4 ,the ,second ,thursday before ,christmas ,day is a festival observed by the tinners of the district of ,blackmore1 and known as 8,picrous ,day40 ,it is said to be the feast of the discovery of tin by a man named ,picrous4 ,it is not at present marked by any distinctive ceremonies1 but it is the occasion of a merry-making1 and the owner of the tin stream contributes a shilling a man towards it4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,q4 ,couch says his first impression was that the day took its name from the circumstance of a pie forming the pice de resistance of the supper2 but this explanation is not allowed by tinners1 nor sanctioned by the usages of the feast4--,hunt's ,romances of the ,west of ,england1 #ahga1 p4 #dfh4 ,,dec4 #e4 ,,st4 ,,nicholas' ,,eve4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 part4 i4 p4 #cbf71 says3--8,on the #eth ,december #aeed1 the which was ,st4 ,nicholas' ,eve1 at evensong time1 came a commandment that ,st4 ,nicholas should not go abroad nor about4 ,but1 notwithstanding1 it seems1 so much were the citizens taken with the mock ,st4 ,nicholas1 that is1 a boy-bishop1 that there went about three ,st4 ,nicholases in divers parishes1 as in ,st4 ,andrew's ,holborn and ,st4 ,nicolas ,olave's in ,bread ,street4 ,the reason the procession of ,st4 ,nicholas was forbid was because the ,cardinal had this ,st4 ,nicholas' ,day sent for all the convocation1 bishops1 and inferior clergy1 to come to him to ,lambeth1 there to be absolved from all their prejudices1 schisms1 and heresies40 ,,dec4 #f4 ,,st4 ,,nicholas' ,,day4 ,,the ,,boy-,,bishop4 ,st4 ,nicholas was deemed the patron of children in general1 but much more particularly of all schoolboys1 amongst whom the #fth of ,december 7the saint's festival7 used to be a very great holiday for more than one reason4 ,in those bygone times all little boys either sang or served about the altar at church2 and the first thing they did upon the eve of their patron's festival was to elect from among themselves1 in every parish church1 cathedral1 and nobleman's chapel1 a bishop and his officials1 or1 as they were then called1 8a ,nicholas and his clerks40 ,this boy-bishop and his ministers afterwards sang the first vespers of their saint1 and1 in the evening1 arrayed in their appropriate vestments1 walked all about the parish2 all were glad to see them1 and those who could afford it asked them into their houses to bestow a gift of money1 sweetmeats1 or food upon them4 ,in the year #abii we find ,edward ,i41 on his way to ,scotland1 permitting one of these boy-bishops to say vespers before him in his chapel at ,heton1 near ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 and making a considerable present to the said bishop and certain other boys that came and sang with him on the occasion1 on the #gth of ,december1 the day after ,st4 ,nicholas' ,day4 ,what was the custom in the houses of our nobles we may learn from the ,northumberland ,household ,book1 which tells us that 8,my lord useth and accustomyth to gyfe yerly1 upon ,saynt ,nicolas-,even1 if he kepe chapell for ,saynt ,nicolas1 to the master of his childeren of his chapell1 for one of the childeren of his chapell1 yerely1 vis4 viiid42 and if ,saynt ,nicolas com owt of the towne wher my lord lyeth1 and my lord kepe no chapell1 than to have yerely iiis4 iiijd40 ,at ,eton ,college1 it was on ,st4 ,nicholas' ,day1 and not on ,childermas1 that the boy-bishop officiated1 which he did not only at evensong1 but at mass1 which he began and went on with up to the more solemn part at the offertory3 8,in festo ,sancti ,nicholai1 in quo1 et nullatenus in festo ,sanctorum ,innocentium1 divina officia prter miss secreta exequi et dici permittimus per episcopum puerorum scholiarium ad hoc de eisdem annis singulis eligendum40 ,it was upon this festival that some wealthy man or other of the parish would make an entertainment on the occasion for his own household1 and invite his neighbours' children to come and partake of it2 and1 of course1 ,nicholas and his clerks sat in the highest place4 ,the ,golden ,legend tells how 8a man1 for the love of his sone that wente to scole for to lerne1 halowed every year the feest of ,saynt ,nycholas moche solemply4 ,on a time it happed that the fader had doo make redy the dyner1 and called many clerkes to this dyner40 ,individuals sometimes bequeathed money to find a yearly dinner on ,st4 ,nicholas' day for as many as a hundred ,childermas' tide scholars1 who were1 after meat1 to pray for the soul of the founder of the feast4 ,in our large schools and universities the festival was kept with public sports and games4 ,but it was at ,holy ,innocents1 or ,childermas' tide1 that ,nicholas and his clerks came forth in all their glory4 ,the boy-bishop had a set of pontificals provided for him4 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 had its 8una mitra alba cum flosculis breudatis--ad opus episcopi parvulorum--baculus ad usum episcopi parvulorum20 ,york ,minster1 too1 its 8una capa de tissue pro episcopo puerorum20 ,lincoln ,cathedral1 8a cope of red velvet1 ordained for the barn-bishop20 ,all ,souls' ,college1 ,oxford1 8j4 chem4 7ches487 j4 cap et mitra pro episcopo ,nicholao20 ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 ,sandwich1 8a lytyll chesebyll for ,seynt ,nicholas bysschop40 ,for the boy-bishop's attendants copes were also made1 and ,york had no fewer than 8novem cap pro pueris40 ,towards the end of evensong on ,st4 ,john's ,day the little ,nicholas and his clerks1 arrayed in their copes1 and having burning tapers in their hands1 and singing those words of the ,apocalypse 7c4 xiv47 8,centum quadraginta0 walked processionally from the choir to the altar of the ,blessed ,trinity1 which the boy-bishop incensed2 afterwards they all sang the anthem1 and he recited the prayer commemorative of the ,holy ,innocents4 ,going back into the choir these boys took possession of upper canons' stalls1 and those dignitaries themselves had to serve in the boys' place1 and carry the candles1 the thurible1 and the book1 like acolytes1 thurifers1 and lower clerks4 ,standing on high1 wearing his mitre1 and holding his pastoral staff in his left hand1 the boy-bishop gave a solemn benediction to all present1 and1 while making the sign of the ,cross over the kneeling crowd1 said3 8,crucis signo vos consigno2 vestra sit tuitio1 ,quos nos emit et redemit su carnis pretio40 ,the next day1 the feast itself of ,holy ,innocents1 the boy-bishop preached a sermon1 which of course had been written for him2 and one from the pen of ,erasmus1 8,concio de puero ,iesu10 spoken by a boy of ,st4 ,paul's ,school1 ,london1 is still extant1 and ,dean-,colet1 the founder of that seminary1 in his statutes for it1 ordained that 8all these children shall1 every ,childermas ,daye1 come to ,paulis ,churche1 and hear the childe bishop sermon2 and after be at the high masse1 and each of them offer a #a;d4 to the childe bysshop1 and with them the maisters and surveyors of the scole40 ,at evensong bishop ,nicholas and his clerks officiated as on the day before1 and until ,archbishop ,peckham's times1 used to take some conspicuous part in the services of the church during the whole octave of ,childermas tide4 ,about #abgi ,a4,d4 that primate decreed1 however1 thus3--8,puerilia autem solennia1 qu in festo solent fieri ,innocentum post vesperas ,s4 ,johannis tantum inchoari permittimus1 et in crastino in ipsa die ,innocentum totaliter terminentur40 ,this festival1 like ,st4 ,nicholas' ,day1 had its good things2 and then1 as now1 was marked by a better dinner in nunneries1 wherein the little boys who had served at the altars of the nuns' churches were not forgotten1 as we see by the expenses of ,st ,mary de ,prees3 8,paid for makyng of the dyner to the susters upon ,childermas ,day1 iiis4 iiijd4 ,it4 ,paid for brede and ale for ,saint ,nicholas1 iiis4 ,if schoolboys had the patron ,st4 ,nicholas1 little girls had their patroness too1 ,st4 ,catherine1 who by her learning overthrew the cavilings of many heathen philosophers and won some of them to ,christianity4 ,on this holy martyr's festival1 therefore1 did the girls walk about the towns in their procession4 ,all this was looked upon with a scowl by those who pulled down the ,church of ,god in this land3 hence ,cranmer1 towards the end of ,henry ,,viii4's reign1 forbade these and other like processions3--8,whereas heretofore dyverse and many superstitious 787 and childysshe observations have been used1 and yet to this day are observed and kept in many and sondry parties of this realm1 as upon ,sainte ,nicolas1 ,sainte ,catheryne1 ,sainte ,clement1 the ,holy ,innocentes1 and such like2 children be strangelye decked and apparelid to counterfaite priestes1 byshoppes1 and women2 and so ledde with songes and daunces from house to house1 bleassing the people1 and gatherynge of monye1 and boyes doo singe masse and preache in the pulpitt 444 the ,kyng's majestie willith and commaundeth that from henceforth all suche superstitions be loste and clyerlye exstinguished10 c4 ,queen ,mary restored these rites1 and the people were glad to see this1 along with other of their old religious usages1 given back to them2 and an eye-witness tells us that1 in ,a4,d4 #aeef1 8the ,v4 day of ,december was ,sant ,necolas evyn1 and ,sant ,necolas whentt abrod in most partt in ,london1 syngyng after the old fassyon1 and was reseyvyd with mony good pepulle into their howses1 and had mych good chere as ever they had1 in mony plasses40 ,some have thought that it was owing to his early abstinence that ,st4 ,nicholas was chosen patron of schoolboys2 a better reason perhaps is given to us by a writer in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#aggg1 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #aeh71 who mentions having in his possession an ,italian life of ,st4 ,nicholas1 from which he translates the following story1 which explains the occasion of boys addressing themselves to ,st4 ,nicholas' patronage3-- 8,the fame of ,st4 ,nicholas' virtues was so great that an ,asiatic gentleman1 on sending his two sons to ,athens for education1 ordered them to call on the bishop for his benediction2 but they1 getting to ,myra late in the day1 thought proper to defer their visit till the morrow1 and took up their lodgings at an inn1 where the landlord1 to secure their baggage and effects to himself1 murdered them in their sleep and then cut them into pieces1 salting them1 and putting them into a pickling tub with some pork1 which was there already1 meaning to sell the whole as such4 ,the bishop1 however1 having a vision of this impious transaction1 immediately resorted to the inn1 and calling the host to him1 reproached him for his horrid villany4 ,the man1 perceiving that he was discovered1 confessed his crime1 and entreated the bishop to intercede on his behalf to the ,almighty for his pardon1 who being moved with compassion at his contrite behaviour1 confession1 and thorough repentance1 besought ,almighty ,god not only to pardon the murderer1 but also1 for the glory of ,his name1 to restore life to the poor innocents who had been so inhumanly put to death4 ,the saint had hardly finished his prayer when the mangled and detached portions of the youths were1 by ,divine ,power1 reunited1 and perceiving themselves alive1 threw themselves at the feet of the holy man to kiss and embrace them4 ,but the bishop not suffering their humiliation1 raised them up1 exhorting them to return thanks to ,almighty ,god for this mark of ,his mercy1 and gave them good advice for the future conduct of their lives2 and then1 giving them the blessing1 he sent them with great joy to prosecute their studies at ,athens40--,d4 ,rock1 ,the ,church of our ,fathers1 #ahec1 vol4 iii4 part4 ii4 p4 #bae4 ,,dec4 #h4 ,,conception ,,of ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,strype1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,memorials 7#ahbb1 vol4 iii4 part #a4 p4 #cbg71 says3--8,the #hth ,december 7#aeed71 being the day of the ,conception of our ,blessed ,lady1 was a goodly procession at the ,savoy by the ,spaniards1 the priest carrying the ,sacrament between his hands1 and one deacon carrying a censer censing1 and another the holy-water stock1 and a number of friars and priests singing2 and every man and woman1 knights also and gentlemen1 bearing green tapers burning1 and eight trumpets blowing2 and when they ceased1 then began the sackbuts to play1 and when they had done1 there was one who carried two drums on his back1 and one came after beating them4 ,and so done1 they went about the ,savoy1 now singing1 and a while after playing again1 and by-and-by came singing into the church1 and after that they went to mass40 ,,dec4 #ac4 ,,st4 ,,barchan',s ,,day4 ,,scotland4 ,his day is still celebrated at ,kilbarchan by a fair1 held on the #ast of ,december1 ,old ,style1 7#acth ,december1 ,new ,style47 ,this rustic festival is alluded to in the ,laird of ,beltrees' poem on the life and death of the famous piper of ,kilbarchan1 ,habbie ,simpson3 8,sae kindly to his neighbour's niest1 ,at ,beltane and ,st4 ,barchan's feast4 ,he blew and then held up his breist1 ,as he were wead2 ,but now we needna him arreist1 ,for now he's deid60 ,chambers's ,pop4 ,rhymes of ,scotland1 #ahgj1 p4 #cia4 ,,dec4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,tibba',s ,,day4 ,this day was formerly celebrated in ,rutlandshire by fowlers and falconers1 who regarded the saint as their peculiar patroness4 ,camden mentions the town of ,rihall as particularly addicted to this superstitious observance1#hf and the passage1 which is strongly expressed1 was ordered to be expunged from his ,britannia by the ,index ,expurgationis1 printed at ,madrid in #afab by ,louis ,sanchez4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #hb4 #hf ,rihall1 ubi cum majores nostros ita fascinasset superstitio1 ut deorum multitudine ,deum verum propemodum sustulisset1 ,tibba minorum gentium diva1 quasi ,diana ab aucupibus utique rei accipitrari prses colebatur4--,britan4 #hvo4 ,lond4 edit4 #aeij1 p4 #dai4 ,,dec4 #ag4 ,,sow ,,day4 ,,scotland4 ,at ,sandwick1 in the ,orkneys1 it is usual for every family to kill a sow1 whence this day is called ,sow ,day4 ,this custom probably has some reference to the heathen worship of the sun1 to which1 among the northern nations1 the male of this animal was sacred4--,sinclair1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agic1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dfj2 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #hb4 ,,dec4 #ba4 ,,st4 ,,thomas' ,,day4 ,in some parts of the country ,st4 ,thomas' ,day is observed by a custom called ,going a ,gooding4#hg ,the poor people go round the parish and call at the houses of the principal inhabitants1 begging money or provisions wherewith to celebrate the approaching festivity of ,christmas4 ,in return for the alms bestowed during these 8gooding0 peregrinations1 it was customary for the recipients1 in former times1 to present to their benefactors a sprig of holly or mistletoe4--,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gbd2 see ,gent4 ,mag4 #agid1 vol4 lxiv4 p4 #bib4 #hg ,northamptonshire1 ,kent1 ,sussex1 ,herefordshire1 ,worcestershire1 etc4 ,girls1 says ,halliwell1 used to have a method of divination with a 8,st4 ,thomas's ,onion10 for the purpose of ascertaining their future partners4 ,they peeled the onion1 wrapped it up in a clean handkerchief1 and then1 placing it under their heads1 said the following lines3 8,good ,st4 ,thomas1 do me right1 ,and see my true love come to-night1 ,that ,i may see him in the face1 ,and him in my kind arms embrace40 ,one of the old cries of ,london was1 8,buy my rope of onions--white ,st4 ,thomas's ,onions40--,popular ,rhymes1 #ahdi1 p4 #bbd4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,an ancient annual payment of #el4 out of an estate at ,biddenham1 formerly belonging to the family of ,boteler1 and now the property of ,lord ,viscount ,hampden1 is regularly paid on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day to the overseers of the poor for the purchase of a bull1 which is killed1 and the flesh thereof given amongst the poor persons of the parish4 ,for many years past the annual fund1 being insufficient to purchase a bull1 the deficiency has been made good out of other charities belonging to the parish4 ,it was proposed some years ago by the vicar that the #el4 a year should be laid out in buying meat1 but the poor insisted on the customary purchase of a bull being continued1 and the usage is accordingly kept up4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #fd4 ,,berkshire4 ,the cruel practice of bull-baiting was continued annually on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 in the market place of the town of ,wokingham so lately as #ahba4 ,in #ahbb1 upon the passing of the ,act against cruelty to animals1 the corporation resolved on abolishing the custom4 ,the alderman 7as the chief magistrate is called there7 went with his officers in procession1 and solemnly pulled up the bull-ring1 which had from time immemorial been fixed in the market-place4 ,the bull-baiting at ,wokingham was regarded with no ordinary attachment by the inhabitants2 for1 besides the love of sport1 it was here connected with something more solid1 viz41 the ,christmas dinner4 ,in #affa1 ,george ,staverton gave by will1 out of his ,staines house1 after the death of his wife1 #dl4 to buy a bull for the use of the poor of ,wokingham parish1 to be increased to #fl4 after the death of his wife and her daughter1 the bull to be baited1 and then cut up1 8one poor's piece not exceeding another's in bigness40 ,great was the wrath of the populace in #ahbb at the loss1 not of the beef--for the corporation duly distributed the meat--but of the baiting4 ,they vented their rage for successive years in occasional breaches of the peace4 ,they found out1 often informed by the sympathising farmer or butcher1 where the devoted animal was domiciled2 proceeded at night to liberate him from stall or meadow1 and to chase him across the country with all the noisy accompaniments imaginable4 ,so long was this feeling kept alive that1 thirteen years afterwards1 viz41 in #ahce1 the mob broke into the place where one of the two animals to be divided was abiding and baited him1 in defiance of the authorities1 in the market-place2 one enthusiastic individual1 tradition relates1 actually lying on the ground and seizing the miserable brute by the nostril with his own teeth4 ,this was not to be endured1 and a sentence of imprisonment in ,reading ,gaol cooled the ardour of the ringleaders1 and gave the coup de grce to the sport4 ,the bequest of ,staverton now yields an income of #bjl41 and has for several years been appropriated to the purchase of two bulls4 ,the flesh is divided and distributed annually on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day by the alderman1 churchwardens1 and overseers1 to nearly every poor family 7between #bjj and #cjj71 without regard to their receiving parochial relief4 ,the produce of the offal and hide is laid out in the purchase of shoes and stockings for the poor women and children4 ,the bulls' tongues are recognised by courtesy as the perquisites of the alderman and town clerk4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #ce4 ,,cheshire4 ,the poor people go from farm to farm 8a-thomasin10 and generally carry with them a bag and a can1 into which meal1 flour1 and corn1 are put4 ,begging on this day is universal in this and the neighbouring counties4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahej1 vol4 v4 p4 #bec4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,at the village of ,thornton1 near ,sherborne1 a custom prevails amongst the tenants of the manor1 of depositing five shillings in a hole in a certain tombstone in the churchyard1 which precludes the lord of the manor from taking the tithe of hay during the year4 ,this must be done before twelve o'clock on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 or the privilege is void4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 #ahdb1 vol4 i4 p4 #hc4 ,there was a custom very generally practised in some parts of this county1 and which may even now be practised4 ,a few days before ,christmas the women1 children1 and old men in a parish would visit by turns the houses of their wealthier neighbours1 and in return for1 and in recognition of ,christmas greetings1 and their general demand of 8,please give me something to keep up a ,christmas10 would receive substantial pieces or 8hunks0 of bread and cheese1 bread and meat1 or small sums of money4 ,the old and infirm of either sex were generally represented by their children or grandchildren1 those only being refused the dole who did not belong to the parish4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #did4 ,,herefordshire4 ,st4 ,thomas's ,day is called by the poor inhabitants of this county 8,mumping ,day20 and the custom of going from house to house asking for contributions1 is termed going a-mumping4 ,,hertfordshire4 ,small pyramids1 says ,fosbroke 7,encyclopdia of ,antiquities1 #ahdj1 p4 #ffa71 formed of gilt evergreens1 apples1 and nuts1 are carried about at this time in ,hertfordshire for presents4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,formerly1 it was customary for the people to go to the mountains to catch deer and sheep for ,christmas1 and in the evening always to kindle a large fire on the top of every fingan or cliff4 ,hence1 at the time of casting peats1 every one laid aside a large one1 saying3 8,faaid mooar moayney son oie'l fingan10 that is1 8,a large turf for ,fingan's ,eve40--,train1 ,history of ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abd2 ,cregeen's ,manks ,dictionary1 p4 #fg4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,samuel ,higgs1 by his will1 bearing date #aath ,may1 #ahbj 7as appears from the church tablet71 gave #ejl4 to the vicar and churchwardens of the parish of ,farnsfield1 and directed that the interest should be given every year on the #bast of ,december1 in equal proportions1 to the poor men and women who could repeat the ,lord's prayer1 the creed1 and the ten commandments1 before the vicar or other such person as he should appoint to hear them4 ,the interest is applied according to the donor's orders1 and the poor persons appointed to partake of the charity continue to receive it during their lives4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #bji4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,at ,tainton1 a quarter of barley is provided annually1 at the expense of ,lord ,dynevor1 the lord of the manor1 and made into loaves called 8cobbs40 ,these were formerly given away in ,tainton church to such of the poor children of ,burford as attended4 ,a sermon was preached on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 #fs4 #h;d4 being paid out of ,lord ,dynevor's estate to the preacher4 ,the children1 however1 made so much riot and disturbance in the church1 that1 about the year #ahji1 it was thought better to distribute the cobbs in a stable belonging to one of the churchwardens1 which course has been pursued ever since4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #be4 ,,staffordshire4 ,in many parts of this county not only the old women and widows1 but representatives from every poor family in the parish1 go round for alms4 ,the clergyman is expected to give one shilling to each person1 and consequently the celebration of the day is attended with no small expense4 ,some of the parishioners give alms in money1 others in kind4 ,thus1 for example1 some of the farmers give corn1 which the millers grind gratis4 ,in some places the money collected is given to the clergyman and churchwardens1 who1 on the ,sunday nearest to ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 distribute it at the vestry4 ,the fund is called ,st4 ,thomas's ,dole1 and the day itself ,doleing ,day4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ajc1 #dhg4 ,,sussex4 ,a sum of #ael4 was placed in the ,arundel ,savings-,bank in the year #ahbd1 the interest of which is distributed on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day4 ,it is said that this money was found1 many years since1 on the person of a beggar1 who died by the road-side2 and the interest of it has always been appropriated by the parish officers for the use of the poor4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #abi4 ,,warwickshire4 ,in this county it is customary for the poor people to visit the farm-houses to beg contributions of corn4 ,this is called going a-corning4 ,,worcestershire4 ,at ,harvington the following rhyme is sung3 8,wissal1 wassail through the town1 ,if you've got any apples throw them down2 ,up with the stocking and down with the shoe ,if you've got no apples money will do4 ,the jug is white and the ale is brown1 ,this is the best house in the town40 ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #fag4 ,,yorkshire4 ,drake1 in his ,eboracum 7#agcf1 p4 #bag71 gives the following account of a custom that once existed at ,york on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 which he says he obtained from a manuscript that fell into his hands4 8,william the ,conqueror1 in the third year of his reign 7on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day71 laid siege to the city of ,york1 but finding himself unable1 either by policy or strength1 to gain it1 raised the siege1 which he had no sooner done1 but by accident he met with two fryers at a place called ,skelton1 not far from ,york1 and had been to seek reliefe from their fellows and themselves against ,christmas3 the one having a wallet full of victualls and a shoulder of mutton in his hand1 with two great cakes hanging about his neck2 the other having bottles of ale1 with provisions1 likewise of beife and mutton in his wallett4 ,the king1 knowing their poverty and condition1 thought they might be serviceable to him towards the attaining ,york1 wherefore 7being accompanied with ,sir ,george ,fothergill1 general of the field1 a ,norman born71 he gave them money1 and withall a promise1 that if they would lett him and his soldiers into their priory at a time appointed1 he would not only rebuild their priory1 but indowe it likewise with large revenues and ample privileges4 ,the fryers easily consented and the conqueror as soon sent back his army1 which1 that night1 according to agreement1 were let into the priory by the two fryers1 by which they immediately made themselves masters of all ,york2 after which ,sir ,robert ,clifford1 who was governor thereof1 was so far from being blamed by the conqueror for his stout defence made the preceding days1 that he was highly esteemed and rewarded for his valour1 being created ,lord ,clifford and there knighted1 with the four magistrates then in office1 viz41 ,horongate1 ,talbot 7who after came to be ,lord ,talbott71 ,lassells1 and ,erringham4 8,the arms of the city of ,york at that time was1 argent1 a cross1 gules1 viz41 ,st4 ,george's cross4 ,the conqueror charged the cross with five lyons1 passant gardant1 or1 in memory of the five worthy captains1 magistrates1 who governed the city so well1 that he afterwards made ,sir ,robert ,clifford governour thereof and the other four to aid him in counsell2 and the better to keep the city in obedience he built two castles1 and double moated them about2 and to shew the confidence and trust that he put in these old1 but new made1 officers by him he offered them freely to ask whatsoever they would of him before he went1 and he would grant their request1 wherefore they 7abominating the treachery of the two fryers to their eternal infamy71 desired that1 on ,st4 ,thomas's ,day for ever1 they might have a fryer of the priory of ,st4 ,peter's to ride through the city on horseback1 with his face to the horse's tayle1 and that in his hand1 instead of a bridle1 he should have a rope1 and in the other a shoulder of mutton1 with one cake hanging on his back and another on his breast1 with his face painted like a ,jew2 and the youth of the city to ride with him1 and to cry and shout 8,youl1 ,youl10 with the officers of the city rideing before and making proclamation1 that on this day the city was betrayed2 and their request was granted them1 which custom continued till the dissolution of the said fryery2 and afterwards in imitation of the same1 the young men and artizans of the city on the aforesaid ,st4 ,thomas's ,day1 used to dress up one of their own companions like a fryer1 and called him youl1 which custom continued till within this three-score years1 there being many now living which can testify the same1 but upon what occasion since discontinued ,i cannot learn3 this being done in memory of betraying the city by the said fryers to ,william the ,conqueror40 ,,wales4 ,william ,rogers1 by will1 ,june #ahjf1 gave to the minister and churchwardens of ,nevern1 ,pembrokeshire1 and their successors1 #hjjl41 ,three per ,cent4 ,consols1 to be transferred by his executors within six months after his decease2 and it was his will that the dividends should be laid out annually1 one moiety thereof in good beef1 the other moiety thereof in good barley1 the same to be distributed on every ,st4 ,thomas's ,day in each year1 by the minister and churchwardens1 to and among the poor of the said parish of ,nevern4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bd4 ,,dec4 #bd4 ,,christmas ,,eve4 ,,cheshire4 ,in ,chester1 and its neighbourhood1 numerous singers parade the streets and are hospitably entertained with meat and drink at the various houses where they call4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gcf4 ,,cornwall4 ,on ,christmas ,eve1 in former days1 says ,hunt 7,romances of the ,west of ,england1 #ahga1 p4 #cdi71 the small people1 or the spiggans1 would meet at the bottom of the deepest mines1 and have a midnight mass4 ,in this county the yule log is called 8the mock40 ,,derbyshire4 ,in some parts the village choir meet in the church on ,christmas ,eve1 and there wait until midnight1 when they proceed from house to house1 invariably accompanied by a small keg of ale1 singing 8,christians awake20 and during the ,christmas season they again visit the principal houses in the place1 and having played and sung for the evening1 and partaken of the ,christmas cheer1 are presented with a sum of money4--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjh4 ,,devonshire4 ,the ashton faggot is burned in ,devonshire on ,christmas ,eve4 ,the faggot is composed entirely of ash timber1 and the separate sticks or branches are securely bound together with ash bands4 ,the faggot is made as large as can conveniently be burned in the fire-place1 or rather upon the floor1 grates not being in use4 ,a numerous company is generally assembled to spend the evening in games and amusements1 the diversions being heightened when the faggot blazes on the hearth1 as a quart of cyder is considered due and is called for and served upon the bursting of every hoop or band round the faggot4 ,the timber being green and elastic1 each band generally bursts open with a smart report when the individual stick or hoop has been partially burned through4--,n4 4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cji4 ,in one or two localities1 it is still customary for the farmer with his family and friends1 after partaking together of hot cakes and cider 7the cake being dipped in the liquor previous to being eaten71 to proceed to the orchard1 one of the party bearing hot cake and cider as an offering to the principal apple-tree4 ,the cake is formally deposited on the fork of the tree1 and the cider thrown over the latter4#hh--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gcf4 #hh ,in some places this custom is observed on ,new ,year's ,eve4 ,a superstitious notion prevails in the western parts of ,devonshire that1 at twelve o'clock at night on ,christmas ,eve1 the oxen in their stalls are always found on their knees1 as in an attitude of devotion1 and that since the alteration of the style they continue to do this only on the eve of ,old ,christmas ,day4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgc4 ,it appears1 from a statement of charities in an old book1 that ,john ,martyn1 by will1 #bhth of ,november1 #agbi1 gave to the churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the parish of ,st4 ,mary ,major1 ,exeter1 twenty pounds1 to be put out at interest1 and the profits thereof to be laid out every ,christmas ,eve in twenty pieces of beef1 to be distributed to twenty poor people of the parish1 such as had no relief on that day1 for ever4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #d4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,it appears by the benefaction table in the church of ,ruardean1 that the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,anthony ,sterry1 vicar of ,lidney1 gave by deed1 in the fortieth year of ,queen ,elizabeth1 five shillings per annum1 payable out of an estate called the ,glasp1 in this parish1 for ringing a peal on ,christmas ,eve1 about midnight1 for two hours1 in commemoration of the ,nativity4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #f4 ,,hampshire4 ,in the neighbourhood of the ,new ,forest the following lines are sung on the wassailing of the trees3 8,apples and pears with right good corn1 ,come in plenty to every one2 ,eat and drink good cake and hot ale1 ,give earth to drink and she'll not fail40 ,christmas in the ,olden ,time1 ,london1 #ahci4 ,,herefordshire4 ,in the ,gent4 ,mag4 7vol4 xc4 pt4 i4 p4 #cc7 is the following account of a custom that formerly existed at ,tretyre on ,christmas ,eve4 ,the writer says3--,they make a cake1 poke a stick through it1 fasten it upon the horn of an ox1 and say certain words1 begging a good crop of corn for the master4 ,the men and boys attending the oxen1 range themselves around4 ,if the ox throws the cake behind1 it belongs to the men1 if before1 to the boys4 ,they take with them a wooden bottle of cyder and drink it1 repeating the charm before mentioned4 ,,kent4 ,hasted 7,history of ,kent1 vol4 iii4 p4 #chj7 says there was a singular custom used of long time by the fishermen of ,folkestone4 ,they chose eight of their largest and best whitings out of every boat when they came home from the fishery and sold them apart from the rest1 and out of the money arising from them they made a feast every ,christmas ,eve which they called a 8,rumbald40 ,the master of each boat provided this feast for his own company4 ,these whitings1 which are of a very large size1 and are sold all round the country as far as ,canterbury1 are called ,rumbald whitings4 ,this custom 7which is now left off1 though many of the inhabitants still meet jovially on ,christmas ,eve1 and call it ,rumbald ,night7 might have been anciently instituted in honour of ,st4 ,rumbald1 and at first designed as an offering to him for his protection during the fishery4#hi #hi ,cole1 in his ,history and ,antiquities of ,filey 7#ahbh1 p4 #adc71 gives the following account of a custom that existed in his time in connection with the herring fishery at that place4 ,he says1 during the time the boats are on the herring fishery the junior part of the inhabitants seize all the unemployed waggons and carts they can find and drag them down the streets to the cliff tops2 then leaving them to be owned and taken away by their respective proprietors on the following morning2 this is carried into effect about the third ,saturday night after the boats have sailed from ,filey1 under a superstitious notion that it drives the herrings into the nets4 ,previously to the fishermen setting out upon their expedition they send a piece of sea-beef on shore from each boat to such of their friends at the public houses as they wish 8weel beea20 this occasions 8a bit of a supper10 at which those who are going away and those who stay enjoy good cheer1 heightened by mutual good-will4 ,the ,sunday preceding their departure is called ,boat ,sunday1 when all their friends from the neighbouring villages attend to bid them farewell4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,waldron1 in his ,description of the ,isle of ,man 7#ahei1 p4 #abe7 says that on ,christmas ,eve every one leaves off work1 and rambles about till the bells begin to ring at midnight4 ,lord ,teignmouth 7,sketches of the ,coast of ,scotland and the ,isle of ,man1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd7 states that they then all flock to the churches1 bearing the largest candle they can procure4 ,the churches are decorated with holly1 and the service1 in commemoration of the birth of our ,saviour is called ,oiel ,verry4--,see ,train's ,history of the ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg4 ,,norfolk4 ,in some parts of ,norfolk libations of spiced ale used to be sprinkled on orchards and meadows4--,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gcf4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,on ,christmas ,eve1 #ahae1 says ,cole 7,history of ,ecton1 #ahbe71 the musicians of ,ecton1 accompanied by the vocalists of the church1 revived the custom of going round the village at midnight and singing a carol at the principal houses4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,at ,nottingham1 on ,christmas ,eve1 as well as in many other of the villages1 it is customary to toast apples on a string until they drop into a bowl of hot spiced ale1 which is placed to receive them2 this1 from the softness of the beverage is called 8lamb's-wool40 ,,oxfordshire4 ,pointer1 in his ,oxoniensis ,academia 7#agdi1 p4 #bj71 says that1 at ,merton ,college1 ,oxford1 the fellows meet together in the ,hall on ,christmas ,eve and other solemn times to sing a psalm and drink a grace-cup to one another 7called ,poculum ,charitatis71 wishing one another help and happiness4 ,these grace-cups they drink to one another every day after dinner and supper1 wishing one another peace and good neighbourhood4 ,,sussex4 ,at ,chailey1 the following doggerel is sung at the wassailing of the apple trees3 8,stand fast root1 bear well top1 ,pray the ,god send us a good howling crop4 ,every twig1 apples big1 ,every bough1 apples enow4 ,hats full1 caps full1 ,full quarters1 sacks full40#ij ,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #bic4 #ij ,see ,eve of ,epiphany1 p4 #ba4 ,,warwickshire4 ,a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agie1 vol4 lxv4 p4 #aaj7 thus describes an amusement practised on ,christmas ,eve at ,aston ,hall1 down to the end of last century4 ,as soon as supper is over a table is set in the hall4 ,on it is placed a brown loaf1 with twenty silver threepences stuck on the top of it1 a tankard of ale1 with pipes and tobacco1 and the two oldest servants have chairs behind it to sit as judges if they please4 ,the steward brings the servants1 both men and women1 by one at a time1 covered with a winnow sheet1 and lays their right hand on the loaf1 exposing no other part of the body4 ,the older of the two judges guesses at the person1 by naming a name1 then the younger judge1 and lastly1 the older again4 ,if they hit upon the right name1 the steward leads the person back again2 but if they do not1 he takes off the winnow sheet1 and the person receives a threepence1 makes a low obeisance to the judges1 but speaks not a word4 ,when the second servant was brought1 the younger judge guessed first and third2 and this they did alternately till all the money was given away4 ,whatever servant had not slept in the house the preceding night forfeited his right to the money4 ,no account is given of the origin of this strange custom1 but it has been practised ever since the family lived here4 ,when the money is gone the servants have full liberty to drink1 dance1 sing1 and go to bed when they please4 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgb71 speaking of this custom1 says1 can it be what ,aubrey1 in his introduction to his ,survey of ,wiltshire1 calls 8,cob-loaf-stealing80 ,,yorkshire4 ,there is in ,yorkshire a custom1 which has been by the country people more or less revived1 ever since the alteration in the style and calendar1 namely1 of watching1 on the midnight of the new and old ,christmas ,eve1 by beehives1 to determine upon the right ,christmas from the humming noise which they suppose the bees will make when the birth of our ,saviour took place4--,gent4 ,mag4 #ahaa1 vol4 lxxxi4 part4 i4 p4 #dbd4 ,christmas ,eve in ,yorkshire1 says a writer in ,time's ,telescope 7#ahbb1 p4 #bih71 is celebrated in a peculiar manner at eight o'clock in the evening the bells greet 8,old ,father ,christmas0 with a merry peal1 the children parade the streets with drums1 trumpets1 bells1 or perhaps1 in their absence1 with the poker and shovel1 taken from their humble cottage fire2 the yule candle is lighted1 and-- 8,high on the cheerful fire ,is blazing seen th' enormous ,christmas brand40 ,supper is served1 of which one dish1 from the lordly mansion to the humblest shed1 is invariably furmety2 yule cake1 one of which is always made for each individual in the family1 and other more substantial viands are also added4 ,at ,st4 ,cuthbert's ,church1 ,ackworth1 a sheaf of corn was at one time suspended on ,christmas ,eve outside the porch1 for the especial benefit of the birds4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eje2 see ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aag4 ,at ,dewsbury1 one of the church bells is tolled as at a funeral2 this is called the ,devil's ,knell1 the moral of which is that 8the ,devil died when ,christ was born40 ,this custom was discontinued for many years1 but revived by the vicar in #ahbh4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #aej4 ,at ,ripon1 on ,christmas ,eve1 the grocers send each of their customers a pound or half of currants and raisins to make a ,christmas pudding4 ,the chandlers also send large mould candles1 and the coopers logs of wood1 generally called yule clogs1 which are always used on ,christmas ,eve2 but should it be so large as not to be all burnt that night1 which is frequently the case1 the remains are kept till old ,christmas ,eve4--,gent4 ,mag4 #agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai4 ,cole in his ,historical ,sketches of ,scalby1 ,burniston1 and ,cloughton 7#ahbi1 p4 #de7 says the village choristers belonging to ,scalby assemble on ,christmas ,eve1 and remain out the whole night singing at the principal houses4 ,,ireland4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#crd ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #die7 says that1 in the south-east of ,ireland on ,christmas ,eve1 people hardly go to bed at all1 and the first who announces the crowing of the cock1 if a male1 is rewarded with a cup of tea1 in which is mixed a glass of spirits2 if a female1 with the tea only1 but as a substitute for the whisky she is saluted with half-a-dozen of kisses4 ,,dec4 #be4 ,,christmas ,,day4 ,st4 ,chrysostom informs us that1 in the primitive times1 ,christmas and ,epiphany were celebrated at one and the same feast 7,homil4 in ,diem ,nativ4 ,d4 ,n4 ,j4 ,christi1 ,opera1 edit4 ,monfaucon1 tom4 iii471 probably from a belief that the rising of the star in the ,east and the birth of ,christ were simultaneous4 ,the separation took place at the ,council of ,nice1 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,the ,armenians1 however1 continued to make but one feast of the two as late as the thirteenth century4 ,the learned have long been divided upon the precise day of the ,nativity4 ,some have fixed it at the ,passover2 others1 amongst whom was ,archbishop ,usher1 at the feast of ,tabernacles2 and it has been observed that1 if others were watching their flocks when it occurred in the field by night1 it would hardly have happened in the depth of winter4 ,be this as it may1 the #beth of ,december has been the day most generally fixed upon from the earliest ages of the ,church4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 in his ,commentary on the ,prophecies of ,daniel 7,part ,i4 chap4 ii4 p4 #add71 has a chapter1 8,of the ,times of the ,birth and ,passion of our ,saviour10 in which he accounts for the choice of the #beth of ,december1 the winter solstice1 by showing that not only the feast of the ,nativity1 but most others1 were originally fixed at cardinal points of the year2 and that the first ,christian calendar having been so arranged by mathematicians at pleasure1 without any ground in tradition1 the ,christians afterwards took up with what they found in the calendars3 so long as a fixed time of commemoration was solemnly appointed they were content4--,see ,baronii ,apparatus ad ,annales ,ecclesiasticos1 fol4 ,luc1 #agdj1 p4 #dge et seq42 ,bingham's ,antiquities of the ,christian ,church1 lib4 xx4 cap4 #d2 a curious tract entitled1 ,the ,feast of ,feasts1 or #8,the ,celebration of the ,sacred ,nativity of our ,blessed ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 grounded upon the ,scriptures and confirmed by the ,practice of the ,christian ,church in all ,ages2' see also ,knight's ,english ,cyclopdia1 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hhb4 ,the name given1 says a correspondent of ,book of ,days1 7vol4 ii4 p4 #gde7 by the ancient ,goths and ,saxons to the festival of the winter solstice was ,jul or ,yule1 the latter term forming to the present day the designation in the ,scottish dialect of ,christmas1 and preserved also in the phrase of the 8yule log40 ,perhaps the etymology of no term has excited greater discussions among antiquaries4 ,some maintain it to be derived from the ,greek or 1 the name of a hymn in honour of ,ceres1 others say it comes from the ,latin jubilum1 signifying a time of rejoicing1 or from its being a festival in honour of ,julius ,csar2 whilst some also explain its meaning as synonymous with ol or oel1 which in the ancient ,gothic language denotes a feast1 and also the favourite liquor used on such occasions whence our word ale4 ,a much more probable derivation1 however1 of the term in question is from the ,gothic giul or hiul1 the origin of the modern word wheel1 and bearing the same significance4 ,according to this very probable explanation1 the yule festival received its name from its being the turning-point of the year1 or the period at which the fiery orb of day made a revolution in his annual circuit and entered on his northern journey4 ,a confirmation of this view is afforded by the circumstance that1 in the old clog almanacs1 a wheel is the device employed for marking the season of yule-tide4 ,the season of the ,nativity is now no longer marked by that hospitality which characterized its observance among our forefathers4 ,at present ,christmas meetings are chiefly confined to family parties4 ,the wassail-bowl1 the yule-clog1 and the lord of misrule1 with a long train of sports and customs which formerly prevailed at this season are forgotten1 even ,christmas carols are nearly gone by2 and the decking of churches1 and occasionally of houses1 with holly and other evergreens1 forms now almost the only indication that this great festival is at hand4--,knight's ,english ,cyclopdia1 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hhb4 ,christmas1 says ,pre ,cyprian 7quoted by ,agnes ,strickland1 ,lives of the ,queens of ,england1 #ahfe1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cbj1 #cba71 was always observed in this country1 especially at the ,king's palaces1 with greater ceremony than in any other realm in ,europe4 ,among other ancient ceremonies1 he tells us how a branch of the ,glastonbury thorn used to be brought up in procession1 and presented in great pomp to the ,king and ,queen of ,england on ,christmas morning4 ,under the ,commonwealth4--,in the ,diary of ,john ,evelyn 7#ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #big71 under the date of the #beth of ,december1 occurs the following3-- 8,christmas ,day4 ,no sermon anywhere1 no church being permitted to be open1 so observed it at home40 ,again1 under the same date in #afed 7p4 #cda71 the statement is renewed3 8,christmas ,day4 ,no churches or public assembly4 ,i was fain to pass the devotions of that ,blessed ,day with my family at home40 ,alluding to the observance of ,christmas ,day in #afeg1 the same writer says3-- 8,i went to ,london with my wife to celebrate ,christmas ,day1 ,mr4 ,gunning preaching in ,exeter ,chapel1 on ,micah1 vii4 #b4 ,sermon ended2 as he was giving us the ,holy ,sacrament the chapel was surrounded with soldiers1 and all the communicants and assembly surprised and kept prisoners by them1 some in the house1 others carried away4 ,it fell to my share to be confined to a room in the house1 where yet ,i was permitted to dine with the master of it1 the ,countess of ,dorset1 ,lady ,hatton1 and some others of quality who invited me4 ,in the afternoon came ,colonel ,whalley1 ,goffe1 and others from ,whitehall to examine us one by one2 some they committed to the ,marshal1 some to prison4 ,when ,i came before them they took my name and abode1 examined me why1 contrary to the ordinance made that none should any longer observe the superstitious time of the ,nativity 7as esteemed by them71 ,i durst offend1 and particularly be at ,common ,prayers1 which they told me was but the mass in ,english1 and particularly pray for ,charles ,stuart1 for which we had no ,scripture4 ,i told them we did not pray for ,charles ,stuart1 but for all ,christian kings1 princes1 and governors4 ,they replied1 in so doing we prayed for the king of ,spain too1 who was their enemy and a ,papist2 with other frivolous and ensnaring questions and much threatening1 and1 finding no colour to detain me1 they dismissed me with much pity of my ignorance4 ,these were men of high flight and above ordinances1 and spake spiteful things of our ,lord's ,nativity4 ,as we went up to receive the sacrament the miscreants held their muskets against us1 as if they would have shot us at the altar1 but yet suffering us to finish the office of communion1 as perhaps not having instructions what to do in case they found us in that action2 so ,i got home late the next day1 blessed be ,god60 ,in a tract entitled ,round about our ,coal-,fire1 is the following account of the manner in which ,christmas was observed in days gone by3--,an ,english gentleman at the opening of the great day1 i4e41 on ,christmas ,day in the morning1 had all his tenants and neighbours enter his hall by daybreak4 ,the strong beer was broached1 and the black-jacks went plentifully about with toast1 sugar1 nutmeg1 and good ,cheshire cheese4 ,the hackin 7the great sausage7 must be boiled by daybreak1 or else two young men must take the maiden 7i4e41 the cook7 by the arms1 and run her round the market-place till she is ashamed of her laziness4 ,in ,christmas holidays1 the tables were all spread from the first to the last2 the sirloins of beef1 the minced pies1 the plum-porridge1 the capons1 turkeys1 geese1 and plum-puddings1 were all brought upon the board4 ,every one eat heartily1 and was welcome1 which gave rise to the proverb1 8,merry in the hall when beards wag all40--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #eca4 ,boar's ,head4--,aubrey1 in a ,,ms4 dated #afgh1 says3 8,before the last civil wars1 in gentlemen's houses at ,christmas1 the first diet that was brought to table was a boar's head with a lemon in his mouth40 ,christmas ,book4--,a book in which people were accustomed to keep an account of the ,christmas presents they received4--,nares' ,glossary 7,halliwell and ,wright71 #aheg1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 ,bustard4--,the bustard1 says ,timbs 7,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #adh71 has almost disappeared2 but within memory it might be seen in the ,christmas larders of large inns4 ,christmas ,candles4--,those were candles of an uncommon size1 and the name has descended to the small candles which children light up at this season4 ,hampson 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aji71 alluding to the custom1 says1 in some places candles are made of a particular kind1 because the candle that is lighted on ,christmas ,day must be so large as to burn from the time of its ignition to the close of the day1 otherwise it will portend evil to the family for the ensuing year4 ,the poor were wont to present the rich with wax tapers1 and yule candles are still in the north of ,scotland given by merchants to their customers4 ,at one time children at the village schools in ,lancashire were required to bring each a mould candle before the parting or separation for the ,christmas holidays4 ,christmas ,carols4--,the ,christmas carol 7said to be derived from cantare to sing1 and rola1 an interjection of joy7 is of very ancient date4 ,bishop ,taylor observes that the #8,gloria in ,excelsis1' the well-known hymn sung by the angels to the shepherds at our ,lord's ,nativity1 was the earliest ,christmas carol4 ,in the early ages of the ,church bishops were accustomed to sing these sacred canticles among their clergy4 ,the oldest printed collections in ,england are those of ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #aeba1 and of ,kele soon after4 ,warton1 in his ,history of ,english ,poetry1 notices a licence granted in #aefb to ,john ,tysdale for printing 8,certayne goodly carowles to be songe to the glory of ,god20 and again1 8,crestenmas carowles auctorisshed by my lord of ,london40 ,see ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 x4 p4 #dhe4 ,in the sixteenth century the popularity of carol-singing occasioned the publication of a duodecimo volume1 published in #afdb1 entitled1 8,psalmes or ,songs of ,sion1 turned into the language1 and set to the tunes of a strange land4 ,by ,w7illiam7 ,s7layter71 intended for ,christmas carols1 and fitted to divers of the most noted and common but solemne tunes1 everywhere in this land familiarly used and knowne40--,see ,athenum1 ,december #bjth1 #ahef2 ,sandy's ,christmas ,carols1 #ahcc4 ,decorations4--,tradition1 says ,phillips in his ,sylva ,florifera 7#ahbc1 vol4 i4 p4 #bha71 asserts that the first ,christian church in ,britain was built of boughs1 and that this plan was adopted as more likely to attract the notice of the people because the heathens built their temples in that manner1 probably to imitate the temples of ,saturn which were always under the oak4 ,the great feast of ,saturn was held in ,december1 and as the oaks of this country were then without leaves1 the priests obliged the people to bring in boughs and sprigs of evergreens2 and ,christians1 on the #bjth of the same month1 did likewise1 from whence originated the present custom of placing holly and other evergreens in our churches and houses to show the arrival of the feast of ,christmas4 ,the name of holly is a corruption of the word holy1 as ,dr4 ,turner1 our earliest writer on plants1 calls it ,holy and ,holy tree4 ,it has a great variety of names in ,germany1 amongst which is ,christdorn2 in ,danish it is also called ,christorn2 and in ,swedish ,christtorn1 amongst other appellations4 ,a correspondent of ,book of ,days1 speaking of this custom 7vol4 ii41 p4 #gec71 says the decking of churches1 houses1 and shops with evergreens at ,christmas springs from a period far anterior to the revelation of ,christianity1 and seems proximately to be derived from the custom prevalent during the ,saturnalia of the inhabitants of ,rome1 ornamenting their temples and dwellings with green boughs4 ,the favourite plants for church decoration at ,christmas are holly1 bay1 rosemary1 and laurel4 ,ivy is rather objectionable1 from its associations1 having anciently been sacred to ,bacchus4 ,cypress seems inappropriate from its funereal relations4 ,one plant1 in special1 is excluded--the mistletoe4 ,ibid4 p4 #gec4 ,game ,pies4--,these were formerly made at the season of ,christmas4 ,in the books of the ,salters' ,company1 ,london1 is the following-- 8,receipt4 ,fit to make a moost choyce paaste of gamys to be eten at ye ,feste of ,chrystmasse0 7#agth ,richard ,,ii ,a4,d4 #acid74 ,a pie so made by the company's cook in #ahcf was found excellent4 ,it consisted of a pheasant1 hare1 and a capon2 two partridges1 two pigeons1 and two rabbits2 all boned and put into paste in the shape of a bird1 with the livers and hearts1 two mutton kidneys1 forced meats1 and egg-balls1 seasoning1 spice1 catsup and pickled mushrooms1 filled up with gravy made from the various bones4--,see ,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #adh4 ,mince ,pies4--,these were popular under the name of 8mutton pies0 so early as #aeif3 ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gee4 ,they were also known as ,shred and ,christmas pies4 ,thus1 in ,sheppard's ,epigrams 7#afea1 p4 #aba71 we find the following3-- 8,no matter for plomb-porridge or ,shrid pies20 and ,herrick1 alluding to the custom of setting a watch upon the pies the night before ,christmas1 says3 8,come guard this night the ,christmas pie1 ,that the thief1 though ne'er so sly1 ,with his flesh-hooks don't come nigh1 ,to catch it40 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebg71 quoting from an old tract1 printed about the time of ,elizabeth1 or ,james ,i41 says they were also called ,minched pies4 ,selden1 in his ,table ,talk1 tells us that mince pies were baked in a coffin-shaped crust1 intended to represent the cratch or manger wherein the infant ,jesus was laid4 ,this statement may be regarded1 however1 as improbable1 as in old ,english cookery books the crust of a pie is generally called 8the coffin40 ,minced pies1 says ,timbs 7,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #adi71 were derived from the paste images and sweetmeats given to the ,fathers of the ,vatican at ,rome on ,christmas ,eve4 ,eating minced pies at ,christmas was formerly a test of orthodoxy against recusants4 ,mistletoe4--,at what period mistletoe came to be recognised as a ,christmas evergreen1 is not by any means certain4 ,we have ,christmas carols in praise of holly and ivy of even earlier date than the fifteenth century1 but allusion to mistletoe can scarcely be found for two centuries later1 or before the time of ,herrick4 ,coles1 too1 in his ,knowledge of ,plants1 #afef1 says of mistletoe1 8it is carried many miles to set up in houses about ,christmas-time1 when it is adorned with a white glistening berry40 ,in the tract1 ,round about our ,coal-,fire1 published early in the last century1 we are told the rooms were embowered with holly1 ivy1 cypress1 bays1 laurel1 and mistletoe4 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq41 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebc7 thinks that mistletoe was never put in churches among evergreens but by mistake or ignorance2 for1 says he1 it was the heathenish1 or profane plant1 as having been of such distinction in the pagan rites of druidism1 and it had its place therefore assigned it in kitchens1 where it was hung in great state4--,see ,timbs' ,things ,not ,generally ,known1 #ahef1 pp4 #aei-afj4 ,lord of ,misrule4--,his office was to preside over the festivities of ,christmas1 and his duties consisted in directing the various revels of the season4 ,in some great families1 and occasionally at ,court1 he was also called the ,abbot of ,misrule1 corresponding with the ,french ,abb de ,liesse1 a word which implies merriment4 ,stow1 in his ,survey of ,london1 alluding to this whimsical custom says3--8,in the feast of ,christmas there was in the king's house1 wheresoever he lodged1 a ,lord of ,misrule1 or master of merry disports1 and the like1 had ye in the house of every nobleman of honour1 or good worship1 were he spiritual or temporal4 ,the ,mayor of ,london1 and either of the sheriffs1 had their several lords of misrule1 ever contending1 without quarrel or offence1 who should make the rarest pastime to delight the beholders1 these lords beginning their rule at ,allhallowed ,eve1 continued the same till the morrow after the ,feast of the ,purification1 commonly called ,candlemas ,day1 in which space there were fine and subtle disguisings1 masks1 and mummeries1 with playing at cards for counters1 nayles1 and points1 in every house1 more for pastimes than for game40 ,leland 7,collectanea de ,rebus ,anglicis1 #aggj1 vol4 iii41 ,append4 p4 #bef71 speaking of the year #d ,henry ,,vii41 #adhi1 says3--8,this ,christmas ,i saw no disguisings1 and but right few playes2 but there was an ,abbot of ,misrule that made much sport1 and did right well his office40 ,it appears that large sums of money were expended by this king upon these masquerades and sports1 as the following extracts from his 8,privy ,purse ,expenses0 will show3-- 8,dec4 #bd 7#adia74 ,to ,ringley1 ,lorde of ,mysrewle1 upon a preste1 #el4 8,oct4 #bd 7#adib74 ,to ,ringley1 ,abbot of ,mysreule1 #el4 8,jan4 #b 7#adid74 ,for playing of the ,mourice daunce1 #bl4 8,jan4 #ae 7#adid74 ,to ,walter ,alwyn1 in full payment for the disguising made at ,christenmas1 #adl4 #cs4 #d;d4 8,march #c 7#adij74 ,to ,jacques ,haulte1 in full payment for the disguising at ,christenmas1 #cbl4 #ahs4 #f;d4 8,jan4 #b 7#aejc74 ,to the ,abbot of ,misrule1 in rewarde1 #fa4 #acs4 #d;d4 8,feb4 #ab 7#aejc74 ,to ,lewis ,adams1 that made disguysings1 #ajl40 ,the ,lord or ,abbot of ,misrule at ,court1 says ,hampson1 7,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aag7 was usually a writer of interludes and plays1 and the office was not unfrequently held by a poet of some reputation4 ,such1 for example1 was ,george ,ferrers1 8in whose pastimes ,edward the ,sixth10 we are told by ,warton1 8had great delight40 ,there can be no doubt1 however1 that scandalous abuses often resulted from the exuberant licence assumed by the lord of misrule and his satellites1 and consequently we find their proceedings denounced in no measured terms by ,prynne1 and other zealous puritans4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gdb4 ,stubbes1 a morose puritan in the days of ,elizabeth1 denominates the lord of misrule 8a grand captaine of mischiefe10 and has preserved a minute description of all his wild doings in the country1 of which the following is a summary4 ,he says that the lord of misrule on being selected1 takes twenty to sixty others1 8lyke hymself10 to act as his guard1 who are decorated with ribbands and scarfs and bells on their legs4 ,thus1 all things set in order1 they have their hobby-horses1 their dragons1 and other antiques1 together with the gaudie pipers and thunderyng drummers1 and strike up the devill's dance withal4 ,so they march to the church1 invading it1 even though service be performing1 with such a confused noyse that no man can hear his own voice4 ,then they adjourn to the churchyard1 where booths are set up1 and the rest of the day spent in dancing and drinking4 ,the followers of 8,my ,lord0 go about to collect money for this1 giving in return 8badges and cognizances0 to wear in the hat3 and do not scruple to insult1 or even duck1 such as will not contribute4 ,but1 adds ,stubbes1 another sort of fantasticall fooles are well pleased to bring all sorts of food and drink to furnish out the feast4--,see ,disraeli1 ,curiosities of ,literature1 #aheh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfb2 and ,strutt's ,sports and ,pastimes of the ,people of ,england1 p4 #bed4 ,mummers4--,these were amusements derived from the ,saturnalia1 and so called from the ,danish ,mumme1 or ,dutch ,momme1 disguise in a mask4 ,christmas was the grand scene of mumming1 and some mummers were disguised like bears1 others like unicorns1 bringing presents4 ,those who could not procure masks rubbed their faces with soot1 or painted them4 ,in the ,christmas mummeries the chief aim was to surprise by the oddity of the masques and singularity and splendour of the dresses4 ,everything was out of nature and propriety4 ,they were often attended with an exhibition of gorgeous machinery4--,fosbroke's ,encylopdia of ,antiquities1 #ahdj1 p4 #ffi2 see ,strutt's ,sports and ,pastimes1 #ahja1 pp4 #abd1 #ahi1 #aij2 also ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 x4 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe1 vol4 xi4 p4 #bga1 vol4 xii4 p4 #djg2 #crd ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #ff1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dhf4 ,pantomime4--,the ,christmas pantomime or harlequinade is1 in its present shape1 essentially a ,british entertainment1 and was first introduced into this country by a dancing master of ,shrewsbury named ,weaver in #agjb4 ,one of his pantomimes1 entitled ,the ,loves of ,mars and ,venus1 met with great success4 ,the arrival1 in the year #agag1 in ,london of a troupe of ,french pantomimists with performing dogs1 gave an impetus to this kind of drama1 which was further developed in #ageh by the arrival of the ,grimaldi family1 the head of which was a posture-master and dentist4 ,under the auspices of this family the art of producing pantomimes was greatly cultivated1 and the entertainment much relished4 ,joseph ,grimaldi1 the son of the dentist1 was clever at inventing tricks and devising machinery1 and ,mother ,goose1 and others of his harlequinades1 had an extended run4 ,at that time the wit of the clown was the great feature1 but1 by-and-by1 as good clowns became scarce1 other adjuncts were supplied1 such as panoramas or dioramic views2 and now the chief reliance of the manager is on scenic effects1 large sums of money being lavished on the mise en scne4 ,this is particularly the case as regards the transformation scene--i4e41 the scene where the characters are changed into clown1 harlequin1 c41 as much as #ajjjl4 being frequently spent on this one effort4 ,in ,london alone a sum of #dj1jjjl4 is annually expended at ,christmas time on pantomimes4 ,the ,king of the ,peacocks1 a pantomime produced at the ,london ,lyceum ,theatre during the management of ,madame ,vestris1 cost upwards of #cjjj4 ,even provincial theatres1 such as those of ,manchester or ,edinburgh1 consider it right to go to considerable expense in the production of their ,christmas pantomime4--,chambers' ,encyclopdia1 #ahgd1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bcg2 see ,disraeli's ,curiosities of ,literature1 #aheh1 pp4 #aaf-acj2 ,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 v4 pp4 #aic-ie4 ,plum-,porridge4--,this1 says ,misson1 was a 8sort of soup with plumbs1 which is not at all inferior to the pye40 ,dr4 ,rimbault says1 was not this the same as plum-pudding8 ,pudding was formerly used in the sense of stuffing or force-meat1 as we now say black-puddings4 ,porridge1 on the other hand1 was used in the sense of our pudding4 ,thus ,shakspeare talks of 8porridge after meat10 meaning pudding after meat4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #dhi4 ,snapdragon4--,a very favourite pastime at this season4 ,although so prevalent in ,england1 it is almost unknown in ,scotland4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gch4 ,a writer in the ,pantalogia 7#ahac1 vol4 x47 thus describes this sport3--,it is a kind of play1 in which brandy is set on fire1 and raisins thrown into it1 which those who are unused to the sport are afraid to take out1 but which may be safely snatched by a quick motion and put blazing into the mouth1 which being closed1 the fire is at once extinguished4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#bnd ,s4 vol4 vii4 p4 #bgg7 suggests as a derivation the ,german schnapps1 spirit1 and drache1 dragon1 and that it is equivalent to spirit-fire4 ,the game has also been called flap- and slap-dragon at different times4 ,shakspeare1 for example1 in the second part of ,henry ,,iv4 act ii4 sc4 #d1 makes ,falstaff answer3 8,and drinks off candles' ends for flap-dragons40 ,and in ,love's ,labours ,lost1 act v4 sc4 #a3 8,thou art easier swallowed than a flap-dragon40 ,see also the ,tatler1 ,no4 #he4 ,christmas ,sports4--,among the various games and sports of an olden ,christmas1 says ,dr4 ,rimbault1 were card-playing1 chess1 and draughts1 jack-pudding in the hall2 fiddlers and musicians1 who were regaled with a black-jack of beer and a ,christmas pie2 also singing the wassail1 scrambling for nuts1 cakes1 and apples2 dancing round standards decorated with evergreens in the streets2 the famous old hobby-horse1 hunting owls and squirrels1 the fool plough1 hot cockles1 and the game of hoodman-blind4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #dhi4 ,christmas ,tree4--,various suggestions have been made as to the origin of the ,christmas tree4 ,mr4 ,timbs1 in his ,something for ,everybody 7#ahfa1 p4 #abg71 suggests its being traceable to the ancient ,egyptians and their palm-tree1 which produces a branch every month1 and therefore held to be emblematical of the year4 ,the ,germans may be said to claim it as peculiar to themselves1 as being indicative of their attachment to ,christianity2 they identify it with the apostolic labours of ,st4 ,maternus1 one of the earliest1 if not the very first1 of the preachers of the ,gospel among them4 ,they have a legend of his sleeping under a fir-tree1 and of a miracle that occurred on that occasion4 ,mr4 ,mac,cabe 7,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #dhi71 however1 thinks the ,christmas tree is traceable to the ,roman ,saturnalia1 and was not improbably first imported into ,germany with the conquering legions of ,drusus4 ,the ,christmas tree1 such as we now see it1 with its pendent toys and mannikins1 is distinctly portrayed in a single line of ,virgil 7,georg4 ii4 #chi73 8,oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu40 ,consult ,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities 7#ahdi1 #bnd ed4 p4 #hdf1 in verb4 8oscillum071 where there is given an engraving 8from an ancient gem 7,maffei1 ,gem4 ,ant4 iii4 #fd7 representing a tree with four oscilla hung upon its branches40 ,any one looking into that valuable work will see at once that it is an exact picture of a ,christmas tree4 ,a correspondent of ,book of ,days 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ghg7 says1 within the last twenty years1 and apparently since the marriage of ,queen ,victoria with ,prince ,albert1 previous to which time it was almost unknown in this country1 the ,christmas tree has been introduced into ,england with the greatest success4 ,the ,vessel-,cup4--,there is a very pretty custom1 now nearly obsolete1 of bearing the 8vessel10 or1 more properly the wassail-cup1 at ,christmas4 ,this consists of a box containing two dolls1 dressed up to represent the ,virgin and the ,infant ,christ1 decorated with ribbons and surrounded by flowers and apples2 the box has usually a glass lid1 is covered over by a white napkin1 and carried from door to door on the arms of a woman2 on the top1 or in the box1 a china bason is placed1 and the bearer on reaching a house1 uncovered the box and sung the carol known as the 8,seven ,joys of the ,virgin40 ,the carrying of the 8vessel-cup0 is a fortuitous speculation1 as it is considered so unlucky to send any one away unrequited1 that few can be found whose temerity is so great as to deter them from giving some halfpence to the singer4 ,in ,yorkshire1 formerly1 only one image used to be carried about--that of the ,saviour1 which was placed in a box surrounded by evergreens1 and such flowers as could be procured at the season4 ,the party to whose house the figure was carried were at liberty to take from the decorations of the image a leaf or a flower1 which was carefully preserved and regarded as a sovereign remedy for the toothache4--,jour4 of ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ch2 ,book of ,days1 #ahfd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gbe2 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 vol4 i4 p4 #ded4 ,turkey4--,the turkey has graced the ,christmas table from the date of its introduction into ,england1 about the year #aebd4 ,tusser mentions the bird as forming part of the ,christmas fare in #aehg3 8,beefe1 mutton1 and porke1 shred pies of the best2 ,pig1 veale1 goose1 and capon1 and turkie well drest40 ,waits4--,musicians who play by night for two or three weeks before ,christmas1 terminating their performances generally on ,christmas ,eve4 ,it is uncertain1 says a correspondent of ,book of ,days 7vol ii4 p4 #gdb71 whether the term ,waits denoted originally musical instruments1 a particular kind of music1 or the persons who played under certain special circumstances4 ,there is evidence in support of all these views4 ,at one time the name of waits was given to minstrels attached to the king's court1 whose duty it was to guard the streets at night and proclaim the hour1 something in the same manner as the watchmen were wont to do in ,london before the establishment of the metropolitan police4 ,down to the year #ahbj1 perhaps later1 says the same writer 7p4 #gdc71 the waits had a certain degree of official recognition in the cities of ,london and ,westminster4 ,in ,london1 the post was purchased2 in ,westminster1 it was an appointment under the control of the high constable and the court of burgesses4 ,a police inquiry about ,christmas time in that year brought the matter in a singular way under public notice4 ,mr4 ,clay had been the official leader of the waits for ,westminster1 and1 on his death1 ,mr4 ,monro obtained the post4 ,having employed a number of persons in different parts of the city and liberties of ,westminster to serenade the inhabitants1 trusting to their liberality at ,christmas as a remuneration1 he was surprised to find that other persons were1 unauthorized1 assuming the right of playing at night1 and making applications to the inhabitants for ,christmas boxes4 ,sir ,r4 ,baker1 the police magistrate1 promised to aid ,mr4 ,munro in the assertion of his claims1 and the result1 in several cases1 showed that there really was this 8vested right0 to charm the ears of the citizens with nocturnal music4 ,at present1 however1 there is nothing to prevent any number of such itinerant minstrels from plying their midnight calling4 ,see two interesting articles on the subject by ,mr4 ,chappell in ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dhi1 #eji4 ,yule-clog or ,yule-log4--,this was generally lighted on ,christmas ,eve1 and was1 says ,soane1 as large as the hearth would admit of1 or the means of the rejoicers could supply2 and1 in some of the northern counties of ,england1 so long as the log lasted1 the servants were entitled to ale at their meals4 ,at one time custom prescribed that it should be lighted with a brand of the last year's block1 which had been carefully put by and preserved for that purpose1 as we find it recorded by ,herrick3 8,come bring with a noise1 ,my merrie1 merrie boys1 ,the ,christmas log to the firing2 ,while my good dame1 she ,bids ye all be free1 ,and drink to your heart's desiring4 ,with the last year's brand ,light the new block1 and ,for good success in his spending1 ,on your psalteries play ,that sweet luck may ,come while the log is a tiending40#ia #ia ,to ,teend is to kindle1 or to burn1 from the ,anglo-,saxon ,tendan to set on fire4 ,it is also requisite that the maidens who blow a fire1 should come to the task with clean hands3 8,wash your hands1 or else the fire ,will not tiend to your desire2 ,unwash'd hands1 ye maidens1 know1 ,dead the fire though ye blow40 ,,berkshire4 ,at ,cumnor the parishioners1 who paid vicarial tithes1 claimed a custom of being entertained at the vicarage1 on the afternoon of ,christmas ,day1 with four bushels of malt brewed into ale and beer1 two bushels of wheat made into bread1 and half a hundred weight of cheese4 ,the remainder was given to the poor the next morning after divine service4--,lysons' ,magna ,britannia1 #ahac1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bga4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,by the will of ,john ,popple1 dated the #abth of ,march1 #ahcj1 #dl4 yearly is to be paid unto the vicar1 churchwardens1 and overseers of the poor of the parish of ,burnham1 to provide for the poor people who should be residing in the poorhouse1 a dinner1 with a proper quantity of good ale and likewise with tobacco and snuff4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #d4 ,up to about #ahac1 a bull and boar1 a sack of wheat1 and a sack of malt were given away to the poor by the lord of the manor of ,prince's ,risborough about six o'clock every ,christmas morning4 ,this practice was then discontinued1 and for about five or six years after the discontinuance1 beef and mutton were distributed to the poor about ,christmas in lieu of the above articles4--,ibid4 p4 #ff4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agec1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #di73--;,at ,quainton1 above two thousand people went1 with lanterns and candles1 to view a blackthorn in that neighbourhood1 and which was remembered to be a slip from the famous ,glastonbury thorn1 and that it always budded on the #bdth1 was full blown the next day1 and went all off at night4 ,the people finding no appearance of a bud1 it was agreed by all that ,december #beth 7,new ,style7 could not be the right ,christmas ,day1 and accordingly refused going to church1 and treating their friends on that day as usual4 ,at length the affair became so serious1 that the ministers of the neighbouring villages1 in order to appease them1 thought it prudent to give notice that the ,old ,christmas ,day should be kept holy as before4 ,this famous hawthorn was supposed to be sprung from the staff of ,joseph of ,arimathea1 who having fixed it in the ground with his own hand on ,christmas ,day1 it took root immediately1 put forth leaves1 and the next day was covered with milk-white blossoms4#ib--,see ,hearne's ,history and ,antiquities of ,glastonbury1 #agbb4 #ib ,collinson1 in his ,history of ,somersetshire 7#agia71 alludes to the miraculous walnut-tree1 which grew in the ,abbey churchyard of ,glastonbury1 and never budded forth before the feast of ,st4 ,barnabas1 viz41 #aath ,june1 and on that very day shot forth leaves1 and flourished4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,at ,clare ,hall1 in ,cambridge1 a collar of brawn is always provided for the ,fellows' table on ,christmas ,day1 which comes up every day during the twelve days and then makes another and last appearance on ,candlemas ,day4 ,a sprig of ivy with berries is stuck in the centre of the top2 the berries are first dipped in flour1 probably to represent the hoar frost4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahfc1 p4 #cch4 ,,cornwall4 ,hitchins1 in his ,history of ,cornwall 7#ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gah71 gives the following account of the ,christmas plays1 which at one time were performed in this county at ,christmas4 ,he says1 the lads who engage in these theatrical representations appear fantastically dressed1 decorated with ribbons and painted paper1 with wooden swords1 and all the equipage necessary to support the several characters they assume4 ,to entertain their auditors1 they learn to repeat a barbarous jargon1 in the form of a drama1 which has been handed down from distant generations4 ,war and love are the general topics1 and ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon are always the most prominent characters4 ,interludes1 expostulations1 debate1 battle1 and death1 are sure to find a place among the mimicry2 but a physician who is always at hand immediately restores the dead to life4 ,it is generally understood that these ,christmas plays derived their origin from the ancient crusades1 and hence the feats of chivalry and the romantic extravagance of knight-errantry that are still preserved in all the varied pretensions and exploits4--,see ,every ,day ,book1 #ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abb4 ,it was customary at one time in ,cornwall on the last ,thursday that was one clear week before ,christmas ,day1 which was anciently called jeu-nhydn1 or ,white ,thursday1 for the tinners to claim a holiday1 because1 according to tradition1 on this day black tin or ore was first melted or turned into white tin or metal in these parts4--,hitchins1 ,history of ,cornwall1 #ahbd1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbe4 ,,cumberland4 ,in this county1 and in all the great towns in the ,north of ,england1 about a week before ,christmas1 what are called ,honey-,fairs are held1 in which dancing forms the leading amusement4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbd1 p4 #big4 ,,derbyshire4 ,christmas festivities are well observed in ,derbyshire2 mummers or guisers go from house to house1 and perform a play of ,st4 ,george4 ,they are dressed up in character and decorated with ribbands1 tinsel1 and other finery1 and on being admitted into the house commence their performance by ,st4 ,george announcing himself by beginning his oration3 8,i am ,st4 ,george1 the noble champion bold1 ,and with my glittering sword ,i've won three crowns of gold2 ,it's ,i who fought the fiery dragon1 ,and brought it to the slaughter2 ,and so ,i won fair ,sabra1 ,the king of ,egypt's daughter4 --,seven have ,i won1 but married none1 ,and bear my glory all alone1 --,with my ,sword in my hand1 ,who dare against me stand8 ,i swear ,i'll cut him down ,with my victorious brand40 ,a champion is soon found in the person of ,slasher1 who accepts the challenge4 ,st4 ,george then replies in a neat speech1 when they sing1 shake hands1 and fight with their wooden swords1 and ,slasher is slain4 ,the ,king then enters1 saying3--8,i am the ,king of ,england1 the greatest man alive10 and after walking round the dead body1 calls for1 8,sir ,guy1 one of the chiefest men in the world's wonder10 who shows his wonderful courage and prowess in calling for a doctor4 ,the doctor1 on making his appearance1 gives a long and quaint account of his birth1 parentage1 education1 and travels1 whilst perambulating around the fallen ,slasher1 and ends his oration by saying3 8,here take a little out of my bottle1 ,and put it down thy throttle40 ,the dead man is thus cured1 and having received the advice of1 8,rise1 ,jack1 and fight again1 the play is ended40--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bjf4 ,,dorsetshire4 ,it appears that in some parts of this county the mummers still go round at ,christmas-tide1 performing a species of play4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eje4 ,,essex4 ,on ,christmas day at ,hornchurch the lessee of the tithes1 which belong to ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 supplies1 says ,hone1 7,every ,day ,book1 #ahbg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afdi71 a boar's head dressed and garnished with bayleaves1 c4 ,in the afternoon it is carried in procession into the mill-field adjoining the churchyard1 where it is wrestled for and afterwards feasted upon at one of the public-houses by the rustic conqueror and his friends with all the merriment peculiar to the season4 ,the following appeared in the ,daily ,news of ,january #eth1 #aheb3--;,by ancient charter or usage in ,hornchurch a boar's head is wrestled for in a field adjoining the church1 a boar1 the property of the parish1 having been slaughtered for the purpose4 ,the boar's head1 elevated on a pole and decorated with ribbons1 was brought into the ring where the competitors entered1 and the prize was awarded4--,see ,morant1 ,history of ,essex1 #agfh1 vol4 i4 p4 #gd4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,it was formerly the custom of the city of ,gloucester to present to the ,sovereign at ,christmas a lamprey-pie with a raised crust4 ,the custom is of great antiquity1 and as ,henry ,i41 of lamprey-loving celebrity1 frequently held his ,court during ,christmas at ,gloucester1 it may have originated in his time4 ,in #aecj the ,prior of ,lanthony at ,gloucester sent 8cheese1 carp1 and baked lampreys0 to ,henry ,,viii4 at ,windsor1 for which the bearer received twenty shillings4--,tighe and ,davis1 ,annals of ,windsor1 p4 #efb4 ,during the ,commonwealth it appears from the following entry in the corporation minutes that the pie was sent to the members for the city3-- 8,item4--,paid to ,thomas ,suffield1 cook1 for lamprey-pies sent to our ,parliament men1 #jh #jjs4 #jj;d40 ,in #ageb it appears to have been the custom to present a lamprey-pie to the ,prince of ,wales1 as appears by ,mr4 ,jesse's book1 ,george ,selwyn and his ,contemporaries 7vol4 i4 p4 #aec71 where is printed the following letter from ,mr4 ,alderman ,harris to ,george ,selwyn1 then ,m4,p4 for ,gloucester3-- 8,gloucester1 #aeth ,january1 #ageb4 8,,sir1--,at the request of ,mr4 ,mayor1 whose extraordinary hurry of business will not afford him leisure to direct himself1 ,i am desired to acquaint you that by the ,gloucester waggon this week is sent the usual present of a lamprey-pie from this ,corporation to ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince of ,wales4 ,it is directed to you2 and ,i am further to request the favour of you to have the same presented with the compliments of this body1 as your late worthy father used to do4 8,sir1 your most obedient humble servant1 8,,gab4 ,,harris4 8,p4,s4--,the waggoner's inn is the ,king's ,head1 in the ,old ,change40#ic--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ahd4 #ic ,another correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ahe7 says that it was formerly the custom to send to the ,king the first lamprey caught in the river at the commencement of the season2 it was stewed1 that being the best way of cooking this fish4 ,,herefordshire4 ,in this county1 and also in ,worcestershire1 it is considered very unlucky for new shoes or tanned leather to be received into the house during the ,christmas week or on ,new ,year's ,day4--,see ,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #g4 ,,kent4 ,at one time the festivities of ,christmas were commenced at ,ramsgate by a curious musical procession4 ,the following account is taken from ,busby's ,concert ,room and ,orchestra ,anecdotes 7#ahbe1 vol4 i4 p4 #gc73-- ,a party of young people procure the head of a dead horse1 which is affixed to a pole about four feet in length1 a string is tied to the lower jaw1 a horsecloth is then attached to the whole1 under which one of the party gets1 and by frequently pulling the string keeps up a loud snapping noise1 and is accompanied by the rest of the party grotesquely habited and ringing hand-bells4 ,they thus proceed from house to house1 sounding their bells and singing carols and songs4 ,they are commonly gratified with beer and cake1 or perhaps with money4 ,this is provincially called a hodening2 and the figure above described a 8hoden10 or wooden horse4 ,this curious ceremony is also observed in the ,isle of ,thanet on ,christmas ,eve1 and is supposed to be an ancient relic of a festival ordained to commemorate our ,saxon ancestors' landing in that island4 ,,lancashire4 ,the following description of primitive manners in the houses of the gentry at ,christmas is extracted by ,baines 7,hist4 of ,lancashire1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bid7 from a family manuscript of the ,cunliffes1 of ,wycoller1 in ,lancashire1 and refers to an age antecedent to the wars of the ,parliament3--8,at ,wycoller-,hall the family usually kept open house the twelve days at ,christmas4 ,their entertainment was a large hall of curious ashler wood1 a long table1 plenty of furmerty1 like new milk1 in a morning1 made of husked wheat boiled1 roasted beef with fat goose and a pudding1 with plenty of good beer for dinner4 ,a roundabout fire-place1 surrounded with stone benches1 where the young folks sat and cracked nuts1 and diverted themselves2 and in this manner the sons and daughters got matching without going much from home40--,see ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #ia4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,train1 in his ,history of the ,isle of ,man 7#ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg71 says3--,the ,christmas festival is introduced by young persons perambulating the various towns and villages in the evenings1 fantastically dressed1 and armed with swords1 calling as they proceed1 8,who wants to see the ,white ,boys act80 ,when their services are engaged they1 like the ,scotch guisards or ,quhite boys of ,yule1 perform a rude drama1 in which ,st4 ,george1 ,prince ,valentine1 ,king of ,egypt1 ,sambo1 and the ,doctor are the dramatis person4 ,it was customary in the ,isle of ,man for every family that could afford it to have a brewing called ,jough-ny-nollick1 i4e41 ,christmas drink1 prepared for the festivities of the season4 ,on such occasions one brewing-kettle generally served a whole neighbourhood1 which gave rise to the monk's proverb1 8,to go about like a brewing-pan40--,ibid4 p4 #abg4 ,,middlesex4 ,malcolm1 in his ,anecdotes of the ,manners and ,customs of ,london 7#ahaa1 p4 #bei71 speaking of ,christmas ,day1 says3--8,it was a day of grand difference in the judgment of some1 and in the ,city of ,london some opened their shops1 but to stop mutinying they were shut up again2 yet do very few understand what the difference is that is now embraced in the judgments of those who desire the reformation from ,popish innovation1 but to give such further satisfaction herein1 it is the opinion of these that it is a day wherein it is very fit for the people of ,god to congregate in the church to hear the ,word of ,god preached1 but not a holiday or such a day as is of absolute necessity to be kept holy2 it is a day wherein it is no sin for a man to follow his calling1 and he must not by a ,popish innovation adore the day40 ,inns of ,court4--,there were anciently great doings in the halls of the ,inns of ,court at ,christmas4 ,at the ,inner ,temple early in the morning the gentlemen of the ,inn went to church1 and after the service they repaired into the hall to breakfast with brawn1 mustard1 and malmsey4 ,at the first course at dinner was 8served in1 a fair and large ,bore's head upon a silver platter1 with minstralsye40--,dugdale's ,orig4 ,jurid4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#eth ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejg71 alluding to the time-honoured custom of the ,boar's ,head ,feast at ,st4 ,john's ,gate1 ,clerkenwell1 says the boar's head is still served up at ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford 7see p4 #dgg71 but ,i do not think it can be more enjoyable than the ,christmas custom used to be at ,clerkenwell1 with the hall strewn with rushes1 the gigantic yule-log drawn in by the sons of the host 7the late proprietor71 with the accompanying announcement1 by bugles1 and the bringing in of the boar's head1 the 8cook dressed all in white10 singing the good old carol 7printed by ,wynkyn1 de ,worde1 #aeba71 copies of which being in the hands of the guests1 who joined in the chorus1 rendering the whole scene so pleasant as never to be forgotten4 ,the loving cup was never omitted1 and of course wassail was duly brought in1 8ye ,lorde of ,mysrewle doing his duty #8passing well4'0 ,the following is an exact copy of the carol3 8,,caroll ,,at ,,ye ,,bryngyne ,,in ,,ye ,,bore',s ,,heed4 ,caput apri differo ,reddens laudem ,domino4 ,the bore's heed in hande bringe ,i1 ,with garlens gay and rosemarie1 ,i pray you all synge merrilie1 ,qui estis in convivio4 ,the bore's heed ,i understande1 ,is the chefe servyce in this lande1 ,loke wherever it be fonde1 ,servite cum cantico4 ,be gladde lordes1 both more and lesse1 ,for this hath ordeyned our stewarde ,to chere you all this ,christmasse1 ,the bore's heed with mustarde40 ,subjoined is a copy of the invitation the late host and his predecessor used to issue1 which is a curious production3 8,we'll passe aboute ye lovynge cuppe1 ,and sende ye wassaile rounde2 ,with myrthe and songes of chyvalrie1 ,these goodlye ,halles shall sounde4 ,here is an illustration of the north side of the ,gate4 8,samuel ,wickens1 ye ,grande ,mayester of ye ,priorye of ,sainte ,john1 ,greetinge welle hys ryght trustye and welle beloved friends1 dothe herebye summon them to hys councill to be holden in ye ,greate ,halle of ye ,priorye1 aforesaide1 on ye ninthe daye of ,ianuarie1 anno ,domini1 one thousande eighte hundrede and seventie-three1 to adjudycate on ye qualitie of hys viandes3 that is to saye1 roaste beefe and plumbe puddynge1 and with a cordialle greetinge in ye wassaile boule and ye lovynge cuppe1 perpetuate to alle tyme and to tyme oute of mynde a ryghte goodlye and lastynge fellowshipe4 ,ye ,boare's heade will be broughte into ye halle1 and ye chante will be sange1 at sixe of the clocke1 at which tyme ye ,feast will begine40 ,,norfolk4 ,at ,yarmouth before the ,reformation it was a custom for the prior and monks1 and afterwards for the dean and chapter1 or the farmer of their parsonage1 to provide a breakfast for the inhabitants of the town every year on ,christmas ,day1 which custom continued till the #bast of ,elizabeth1 when1 on account of a grievous plague which carried off two thousand of the inhabitants in one year1 and on consideration of the ruinous condition of the parsonage-house1 it was agreed that ,thomas ,osborne1 who was then farmer of the parsonage1 should pay #el4 a year to the churchwardens for the use of the town in lieu of the said breakfast4 ,after the plague had ceased1 the breakfast was resumed and continued as usual1 till the reign of ,james ,i41 when ,william ,gostlynge1 then farmer1 absolutely refused to provide it or to pay an equivalent composition1 upon which the town preferred a complaint to the dean and chapter1 who promised not to countenance him in such a non-conformity to the terms of the lease by which he held of them4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,gostlynge was obliged to sign an agreement1 whereby he engaged to pay yearly to the town in lieu of the breakfast1 #ajl41 which was distributed to poor fishermen1 c41 and #el4 for his default1 in before refusing to provide the breakfast4 ,this continued till the making of a new agreement1 between the corporation and ,mr4 ,gostlynge1 of a grant of nomination and appointment of preachers and ministers in the town1 since which it seems that both breakfast and composition shared the fate of all human institutions and sank into oblivion4--,parkin1 ,history of ,great ,yarmouth1 #aggf1 p4 #ccj4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,cole1 in his ,history of ,weston ,favell 7#ahbg1 p4 #fj71 says ,christmas ,day is ushered in by the ringing of the bells of the church1 precisely at twelve o'clock1 called the midnight peal1 till which time many of the inhabitants sit round the jovial fire1 whence at twelve o'clock they emerge into the midnight air to listen to the peals of the bells of the neighbouring churches4 ,,northumberland4 ,in ,alnwick a custom existed of giving sweetmeats to children at ,christmas time1 called ,yule ,babies1 in commemoration of our ,saviour's nativity4--,history of ,alnwick1 #ahbb1 p4 #bfb4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,the inhabitants of ,north ,clifton were formerly ferry free4 ,in consequence1 the ferryman and his dog were indulged with a dinner each at the vicar's at ,christmas4 ,the ferryman also on that day received of the inhabitants a prime loaf of bread4--,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eji4 ,near ,raleigh there is a valley said to have been caused by an earthquake several hundred years ago1 which swallowed up a whole village1 together with the church4 ,formerly1 it was the custom of the people to assemble in this valley every ,christmas ,day morning to listen to the ringing of the bells of the church beneath them4 ,this1 it was positively stated1 might be heard by placing the ear to the ground and hearkening attentively4 ,as late as #ahbg it was usual on this morning for old men and women to tell their children and young friends to go to the valley1 stoop down1 and hear the bells ring merrily4 ,the villagers heard the ringing of the bells of a neighbouring church1 the sound of which was communicated by the surface of the ground4 ,a similar belief exists1 or did a short time ago1 at ,preston1 in ,lancashire4--,ibid4 p4 #eji4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,in the buttery of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 an ancient candle socket of stone still remains1 ornamented with the figure of the ,holy ,lamb4 ,it was formerly used to burn the ,christmas candle in1 on the high table at supper during the twelve nights of this festival4--,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfg4 ,it was formerly a custom for the butcher of ,merton ,college1 about ,christmas time1 to invite the scholars to a treat at his house1 when he used to provide a bull for the steward to knock down with his own hands1 whence this treat was called ,the ,kill-,bull4--,pointer1 ,oxoniensis ,academia1 #agdi1 p4 #bc4 ,the following account of the ancient custom of bringing in a boar's head at ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 is taken from a ,,ms41 in the ,bodleian ,library1 quoted in the ,antiquary 7#ahgc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dg73-- ,there is a custom at ,queen's ,college to serve up every year a boar's head1 provided by the manciple against ,christmas ,day4 ,this boar's head being boyl'd or roasted1 is laid in a great charger1 covered with a garland of bays or laurell as broad at bottom as the brims of the chargers4 ,when the first course is served up in the refectory on ,christmas ,day1 in the said college1 the manciple brings the said boar's head from the kitchen up to the high table1 accompanied with one of the tabarders 7i4e41 the scholars71 who lays his hand on the charger4 ,the tabarder sings a song1 and when he comes to the chorus all the scholars that are in the refectory joyn together and sing it3 ,i4 8,the boar's head in hand bear ,i1 ,bedeck'd with bays and rosemary1 ,and ,i pray you master merry be1 ,quotquot estis in convivio4 ,,chorus4 ,caput apri defero ,reddens laudes ,domino4 ,,ii4 ,the boar's head1 as ,i understand1 ,is the bravest dish in the land1 ,being thus bedeck'd with a gay garland1 ,let us servire convivio4 ,,chorus4 ,caput apri1 c4 ,,iii4 ,our steward has provided this ,in honour of the ,king of bliss1 ,which on this day to be served is1 ,in ,reginensi atrio4 ,,chorus4 ,caput apri10 c4 ,according to ,mr4 ,wade 7,walks in ,oxford1 #ahag1 vol4 i4 p4 #abh7 the usage is in commemoration of an act of valour performed by a student of the college1 who1 while walking in the neighbouring forest of ,shotover1 and reading ,aristotle1 was suddenly attacked by a wild boar4 ,the furious beast came open-mouthed upon the youth1 who1 however1 very courageously1 and with a happy presence of mind1 rammed in the volume1 and crying ,grcum est1 fairly choked the savage4 ,in an audit-book of ,trinity ,college for the year #aeei1 ,warton found a disbursement 8pro prandio ,principis natalicii40 ,a ,christmas prince1 or ,lord of ,misrule1 he adds1 corresponding to the ,imperator at ,cambridge1 was a common temporary magistrate in the colleges of ,oxford4--,see ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dih2 ,the ,antiquary1 #ahgc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ec2 ,wood1 in his ,athen ,oxonienses1 alludes to the ,christmas prince at ,st4 ,john's and ,merton ,colleges4 ,mummings at ,christmas are common in ,oxfordshire4 ,at ,islip some of the mummers wear masks1 others1 who cannot get masks1 black their faces and dress themselves up with haybands tied round their arms and bodies4 ,the smaller boys black their faces1 and go about singing-- 8,a merry ,christmas and a happy new year1 ,your pockets full of money1 and your cellars full of beer40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dff4 ,dr4 ,lee1 in ,n4 ,q4 7#eth ,s4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ejc-eje71 has given a curious old miracle play1 the text of which he says was taken down by himself from the lips of one of the performers in #ahec4 ,aubrey informs us that in several parts of ,oxfordshire it was the custom for the maidservant to ask the man for ivy to decorate the house1 and if he refused or neglected to fetch in a supply the maids stole a pair of his breeches1 and nailed them up to the gate in the yard or highway4 ,a similar usage prevailed in other places1 when the refusal to comply with such a request incurred the penalty of being debarred from the well-known privilege of the mistletoe4--,see ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gec4 ,,scilly ,,isles4 ,troutbeck1 in his ,state of the ,scilly ,isles 7#agif1 p4 #agb71 gives the following account of how ,christmas was celebrated in his time4 ,the young people1 he says1 exercise a sort of gallantry among themselves1 which they call goose-dancing1 when the maidens are dressed up for young men and the young men for maidens4 ,in the day time they dance about the streets in masquerade1 vieing with each other who can appear the most uncouth4 ,in the evenings they visit their neighbours in companies1 where they dance and make their jokes upon what has happened in the islands4 ,by this sort of sport according to yearly custom and toleration1 there is a spirit of wit and drollery kept up among the people4 ,the maidens1 who are sometimes dressed up for sea captains and other officers1 display their alluring graces to the ladies1 who are young men equipped for that purpose2 and the ladies exert their talents to them in courtly addresses1 their hangers are sometimes drawn1 c41 after which1 and other pieces of drollery1 the scene shifts to music and dancing1 which being over they are treated with liquor and then go to the next house of entertainment4 ,they have a custom also of singing carols at church on ,christmas ,day1 to which the congregation make contributions by dropping money into a hat carried about the church when the performance is over4--,heath's ,account of the ,scilly ,isles1 p4 #abe4 ,,somersetshire4 ,at ,west ,hatch the reeve or bailiff to the manor provided at the lord's expense a feast on ,christmas ,day1 and distributed to each householder a loaf of bread1 a pound and a half of beef1 and the like quantity of pork1 undressed1 and the same evening treated them with a supper4--,collinson1 ,history of ,county of ,somerset1 #agia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahf4 ,the following lines are sung at the ,christmas mummings in this county3 8,here comes ,i1 liddle man ,jan1 ,with my zword in my han6 ,if you don't all do1 ,as you be told by ,i1 ,i'll zend you all to ,york1 ,vor to make apple-pie40 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dff4 ,,staffordshire4 ,in ,shaw's ,history of ,staffordshire 7#agih-ahja7 is mentioned a custom formerly prevalent in the parish of ,great ,barr1 for the rector on every ,christmas ,day to give to each person1 great and small1 of his parish that came to his house1 so much bread1 beef1 mustard1 and vinegar as they could eat4 ,latterly1 however1 money was given instead4 ,plot1 in his ,natural ,history of ,staffordshire 7#afhf1 p4 #dcd71 gives the following account of a jocular custom celebrated in olden times at ,bromley ,abbots4 ,he says3--,within memory1 at ,abbots or ,pagets ,bromley1 they had a sort of sport which they celebrated at ,christmas 7on ,new ,year and ,twelfth ,day7 called the ,hobby-horse ,dance from a person who carried the image of a horse between his legs1 made of thin boards1 and in his hands a bow and arrow which1 passing through a hole in the bow and stopping upon a shoulder it had in it1 he made a snapping noise as he drew it to and fro1 keeping time with the musick2 with this man danced six others1 carrying on their shoulders as many reindeer heads1 three of them painted white1 with three red1 with the arms of the chief families 7viz41 of ,paget1 ,bagot1 and ,wells71 to whom the revenues of the town chiefly belonged1 depicted on the palms of them1 with which they danced the hays and other country dances4 ,to this hobby-horse dance there also belonged a pot1 which was kept by turns by four or five of the chief of the town1 whom they called reeves1 who provided cake and ale to put into this pot2 all people who had any kindness for the good intent of the institution of the sport1 giving pence a piece for themselves and their families1 and so foreigners too that came to see it1 with which money 7the charge of the cakes and ale being defrayed7 they not only repaired their church1 but kept the poor too1 which charges are not now perhaps so cheerfully borne4 ,there is an ancient payment made by the chamberlain of the corporation of ,stafford1 of an annual sum of money1 generally six shillings1 at ,christmas1 for the purchasing of plums1 to be distributed among the inhabitants of certain old houses in the liberty of ,forebridge4 ,the origin of this payment is ascribed by general reputation to the bounty of some individual who heard from some poor children a complaint on ,christmas ,day that they had no plums for a pudding2 and it is reported that he counted the houses then in the place1 and made provision for the supply of a pound of plums for each house4 ,the money received is laid out in plums1 which are divided into equal quantities1 and made up into parcels1 one for each of the houses1 fifteen or sixteen in number1 entitled by the established usage to receive a portion1 without reference to the circumstances of the inhabitants4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #e4 ,,suffolk4 ,brand 7,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhi7 alludes to a custom practised in the neighbourhood of ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds among the young men1 of hunting owls and squirrels on ,christmas ,day4 ,in #aceh1 at ,hawstead1 the customary tenants paid their lord at ,christmas a small rent1 called offering silver4 ,eleven of them paid in all xviijd4 ,in #achf the ,christmas offerings made by the master for his domestics amounted to xiiijd4 for seven servants4--,cullum1 ,history of ,hawstead1 #ahac1 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,,westmoreland4 ,at ,kendal1 if a man be found at work in ,christmas week his fellow-tradesmen lay violent hands on him1 and carry him on a pole to the ale-house1 where he is to treat them4--,southey's ,common ,place ,book1 #ahea1 #dth series1 p4 #ced4 ,,worcestershire4 ,at ,bewdley it was the custom for the bellman to go round on ,christmas morning1 ringing his bell in several parts of the town1 and singing the following doggerel1 first saying1 8,good morning1 masters and mistresses all1 ,i wish you all a merry ,christmas03 8,arise mistress1 arise1 ,and make your tarts and pies1 ,and let your maids lie still2 ,for if they should rise and spoil your pies ,you'd take it very ill4 ,whilst you are sleeping in your bed1 ,i the cold wintry nights must tread1 ,past twelve o'clock4 ,ehe60 ,kidderminster ,shuttle1 ,dec4 #bnd1 #ahga4 ,at ,yardley such of the poor as are excluded from partaking of certain doles on account of receiving regular weekly relief1 are allowed one shilling each out of a general charity fund at ,christmas1 under the name of plum-pudding money1 to the extent of about #dl4--,edwards1 ,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 p4 #bc4 ,,yorkshire4 ,blount tells us that1 in ,yorkshire and other northern parts1 after sermon or service on ,christmas ,day1 the people will1 even in the churches1 cry 8,ule6 ,ule60 as a token of rejoicing2 and the common sort run about the streets singing3 8,ule6 ,ule6 ,ule6 ,ule6 ,three puddings in a pule1 ,crack nuts and cry ,ule60 ,see ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgf-dgg4 ,one never-failing remnant of the olden time observed in this county1 says ,soane 7,curiosities of ,literature71 was the cheese1 which had been especially made and preserved for the season4 ,it was produced with much ceremony by every rustic dame1 who1 before she allowed it to be tasted1 took a sharp knife and scored upon it rude resemblances to the cross4 ,to this were added the mighty wassail bowl brimming with lamb's-wool1 and furmity made of barley-meal1 which last was also an essential of the breakfast-table4 ,between ,christmas ,day and the ,new ,year it is customary in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire to give every visitor a slice of 8pepper cake0 7a spiced gingerbread cake7 and cheese and a glass of gin4 ,in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire it is also the custom for the parishioners1 after receiving the ,sacrament on ,christmas ,day1 to go from church directly to the ale-house1 and there drink together as a testimony of charity and friendship4--,aubrey1 ,,ms4 quoted in ,time's ,telescope1 #ahbf1 p4 #bic4 ,at ,filey1 on ,christmas morning before break of day1 there existed formerly the greatest uproar1 by numbers of boys going round from house to house1 rapping at every door1 and roaring out1 8,i wish you a merry ,christmas and a happy new year10 which words were vociferated again and again till the family awoke and admitted the clamorous visitor2 who1 if he were the first1#id was treated with money or cheese and gingerbread1 which were also distributed1 but less liberally1 to subsequent visitors4 ,no persons 7boys excepted7 ever presumed to go out of doors till the threshold had been consecrated by the entrance of a male4 ,females had no part in this matter1 and if a damsel1 lovely as an angel1 entered first1 her fair form was viewed with horror as an image of death4--,cole1 ,antiquities of ,filey1 #ahbh1 p4 #acg4 #id ,the custom of first footing seems to have been confined in other places to ,new ,year's ,morning4 ,at ,huddersfield the children carry about a 8wessel-bob10 or large bunch of evergreens hung with oranges and apples1 and coloured ribbons1 singing the following carol3 8,here we come a wassailing ,among the leaves so green1 ,here we come a wandering ,so fair to be seen4 ,chorus4 ,for it is in ,christmas time ,strangers travel far and near1 ,so ,god bless you and send you a happy ,new year4 ,we are not daily beggars1 ,that beg from door to door1 ,but we are neighbours' children1 ,whom you have seen before4 ,call up the butler of this house1 ,put on his golden ring1 ,let him bring us a glass of beer1 ,and the better we shall sing4 ,we have got a little purse ,made of stretching leather skin1 ,we want a little of your money ,to line it well within4 ,bring us out a table ,and spread it with a cloth2 ,bring out a mouldy cheese1 ,also your ,christmas loaf4 ,god bless the master of this house1 ,likewise the mistress too1 ,and all the little children ,that round the table go4 ,good master and mistress1 ,while you're sitting by the fire1 ,pray think of us poor children ,who are wandering in the mire40 ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 xi4 p4 #add4 ,some years ago it was the custom in ,leeds1 and the neighbourhood1 for children to go from house to house singing and carrying what they called a 8wesley-bob40 ,this they kept veiled in a cloth till they came to a house door1 when they uncovered it4 ,the wesley-bob was made of holly and evergreens1 like a bower1 inside were placed a couple of dolls1 adorned with ribbons1 and the whole affair was borne upon a stick4 ,whilst the wesley-bob was being displayed1 a song or ditty was sung4 ,at ,aberford1 near ,leeds1 two dolls are carried about in boxes in a similar way1 and such an affair here is called a wesley-box4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 vi4 p4 #did4 ,at ,ripon1 on ,christmas ,day1 says a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#agij1 vol4 lx4 p4 #gai71 the singing boys come into the church with large baskets full of red apples1 with a sprig of rosemary stuck in each1 which they present to all the congregation1 and generally have a return made them of #b;d41 #d;d41 or #f;d41 according to the quality of the lady or gentleman4 ,the sword or morisco dance used to be practised at ,richmond1 during the ,christmas holidays1 by young men dressed in shirts ornamented with ribbons folded into roses1 having swords1 or wood cut in the form of that weapon4 ,they exhibited various feats of activity1 attended by an old fiddler1 by ,bessy in the grotesque habit of an old woman1 and by the fool almost covered with skins1 a hairy cap on his head1 and the tail of a fox hanging from his head4 ,these led the festive throng1 and diverted the crowd with their droll antic buffoonery4 ,the office of one of these characters was to go about rattling a box1 and soliciting money from door to door to defray the expenses of a feast and a dance in the evening4--,history of ,richmond1 #ahad1 p4 #bif4 ,in ,sheffield1 a male must be the first to enter a house on the morning of both ,christmas ,day and ,new ,year's ,day2 but there is no distinction as to complexion or colour of hair4 ,in the houses of the more opulent manufacturers1 these first admissions are often accorded to choirs of work-people1 who1 as 8waits10 proceed at an early hour and sing before the houses of their employers and friends ,christmas carols and hymns1 always commencing with that beautiful composition3 8,christians1 awake1 salute the happy morn1 ,whereon the ,saviour of mankind was born40 ,on expressing their good wishes to the inmates1 they are generally rewarded with something warm and occasionally with a pecuniary present4 ,among the class called 8respectable10 but not manufacturers1 a previous arrangement is often made2 that a boy1 the son of a friend1 shall come and be first admitted1 receiving for his good wishes a ,christmas-box of sixpence or a shilling4 ,the houses of the artisans and poor are successively besieged by a host of gamins1 who1 soon after midnight1 spread themselves over the town1 shouting at the doors1 and through keyholes1 as follows3 8,au wish ya a murry ,chrismas1-- ,a 'appy new year1-- ,a' pockit full of munny1 ,an' a celler full a' beer4 ,god bless the maester of this 'ouse-- ,the mistriss all-so1 ,an' all the little childrun ,that round the table go4 ,a apple1 a pare1 a plom1 an' a cherry2 ,a sup a' good ale mak' a man murry10 c4 ,the same house will not admit a second boy4 ,one is sufficient to protect it from any ill-luck that might otherwise happen4 ,a penny is the usual gratuity for this service4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 v4 p4 #cie4 ,,wales4 ,a custom prevails in ,wales of carrying about at ,christmas time a horse's skull dressed up with ribbons1 and supported on a pole by a man who is concealed under a large white cloth4 ,there is a contrivance for opening and shutting the jaws1 and the figure pursues and bites everybody it can lay hold of1 and does not release them except on payment of a fine4 ,it is generally accompanied by some men dressed up in a grotesque manner1 who1 on reaching a house1 sing some extempore verses requesting admittance1 and are in turn answered by those within1 until one party or the other is at a loss for a reply4 ,the ,welsh are undoubtedly a practical people1 and these verses often display a good deal of cleverness4 ,this horse's head is called ,mari ,lwyd1 which ,i have heard translated 8,grey mare40 ,lwyd certainly is grey1 but ,mari is not a mare in ,welsh4#ie--,n4 ,q4 #ast ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #agc4 #ie ,this custom was also practised in one or two places in ,lancashire about the year #ahdj4 ,the horse was played in a similar way1 but the performer was called 8,old ,ball40 ,it is no doubt a vestige of the old 8hobby-horse40--,ibid4 p4 #bde4 ,upon ,christmas ,day1 about three o'clock in the morning1 the ,welsh in many parts used to assemble in church1 and after prayers and a sermon1 continue there singing psalms and hymns with great devotion1 till it was daylight2 and if1 through age or infirmity1 any were disabled from attending1 they never failed having prayers at home1 and carols on our ,saviour's nativity4 ,this act of devotion was called ,pulgen1 or the crowning of the cock4 ,it was a general belief among the superstitious that instantly-- 8,at his warning1 ,whether in sea1 or fire1 in earth1 or air1 ,th' extravagant1 and erring spirit1 hies ,to his confine--0 ,during ,christmas time1 the cock was supposed to exert his power throughout the night1 from which no doubt originated the ,welsh word 8,pulgen0 as applied to this custom4--,bingley's ,tour ,round ,north ,wales1 #ahjj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbf4 ,at ,tenby it was customary at #d o'clock on ,christmas morning for the young men of the town to escort the rector with lighted torches from his residence to church4--,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby1 #aheh1 p4 #d4 ,sometimes also before or after ,christmas ,day the fishermen of ,tenby dressed up one of their number whom they called the 8,lord ,mayor of ,pennyless ,cone10 with a covering of evergreens and a mask over his face2 they would then carry him about1 seated on a chair1 with flags flying1 and a couple of violins playing before him4 ,before every house the 8,lord ,mayor0 would address the occupants1 wishing them a merry ,christmas and a happy new year4 ,if his good wishes were responded to with money his followers gave three cheers1 the masquer would himself return thanks1 and the crowd again cheered4--,ibid4 p4 #e4 ,,scotland4 ,in some parts of ,scotland1 he who first opens the door on ,yule ,day expects to prosper more than any other member of the family during the future year because1 as the vulgar express it1 8,he lets in yule40 ,on opening the door1 it is customary with some to place in the doorway a table or chair covered with a clean cloth2 and1 according to their own language1 to 8set on it bread and cheese to yule40 ,early in the morning1 as soon as any one of the family gets out of bed1 a new besom is set behind the outer door1 the design being to 8let in yule40 ,these superstitions1 in which yule is not only personified1 but treated as a deity1 are evidently of heathen origin4 ,it is common also to have a table covered in the house1 from morning until evening1 with bread and drink upon it1 that every one who calls may take a portion1 and it is considered particularly inauspicious if any one comes into a house and leaves it without doing so4 ,whatever number of persons call on this day1 all must partake of the good cheer4--,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #dh2 see ,jamieson1 ,etymol4 ,dict41 ,art4 ,yule4 ,any servant who is supposed to have a due regard to the interests of the family1 and is not at the same time emancipated from the yoke of superstition1 is careful to go early to the well on ,christmas morning to draw water1 pull the corn out of the sack1 and also to bring kale from the kitchen garden4 ,this is intended to insure prosperity to the family 7,ibid4 p4 #ii74 ,it is in fact the same as the ,usque ,cashrichd1 which was noticed among the superstitious customs of the first of ,january4--,see p4 #ag4 ,the doings of the guisards 7that is1 masquers71 says ,chambers 7,pop4 ,rhymes1 #ahgj1 p4 #afi71 form a conspicuous feature in the ,new ,year proceedings throughout ,scotland4 ,the evenings on which these personages are understood to be privileged to appear1 are those of ,christmas1 ,hogmanay1 ,new ,year's ,day1 and ,handsel ,monday4 ,dressed up in quaint and fantastic attire1 they sing a selection of songs which have been practised by them some weeks before4 ,there were important doings1 however1 one of a theatrical character4 ,there is one rude and grotesque drama 7called ,galatian7 which they are accustomed to perform on each of the four above-mentioned nights1 and which in various fragments or versions exists in every part of ,lowland ,scotland4 ,the performers1 who are never less than three1 but sometimes as many as six1 having dressed themselves1 proceed in a band from house to house1 generally contenting themselves with the kitchen for an arena1 whither in mansions1 presided over by the spirit of good humour1 the whole family will resort to witness the scene of mirth4--,see ,chambers' ,pop4 ,rhymes1 p4 #agj4 ,,angus-,,shire4 ,at ,christmas and the ,new ,year1 the opulent burghers begin to feast with their friends1 and go a round of visits1 which takes up the space of many weeks4 ,upon such occasions the gravest is expected to be merry1 and to join in a cheerful song4--,sinclair1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #agic1 vol4 v4 p4 #dh4 ,,forfarshire4 ,from the same authority we learn that1 in the parish of ,kirkden1 on ,christmas ,day1 the servant is free from his master1 and goes about visiting his friends and acquaintances4 ,the poorest man must have beef or mutton on the table1 and what they call a dinner with their friends4 ,they amuse themselves with various diversions1 particularly with shooting for prizes1 called here wad-shooting1 and many do but little business all the ,christmas week4--,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eji4 ,,aberdeenshire4 ,christmas morn is welcomed at ,st4 ,fergus by liberal libations of drinking-sowins1 or1 as they are called by the old people1 knotting-sowins2 and by the gathering of friends and neighbours around the social hearth4 ,that the humblest householder in the parish may have his ,christmas cakes1 a distribution of meal1 the gift of a benevolent individual1 is annually made by the kirk-session on ,christmas ,day1 to the poor on the roll4--,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland1 #ahde1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aih4 ,in certain parts also of the county of ,aberdeen1 the custom of not working during the three days of ,christmas 7,old ,style7 is still kept up4 ,straw1 termed 8yule straw10 is gathered beforehand1 and everything needed for food and fuel prepared in a similar way1 so that the festival may be kept in peace4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhc4 ,,banffshire4 ,in the account of ,keith1 given in the ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland 7#agic1 vol4 v4 p4 #dbh71 the inhabitants are said to have no pastimes or holidays except dancing on ,christmas and ,new ,year's ,day4 ,,berwick-,,upon-,,tweed4 ,fuller1 in his ,history of ,berwick upon ,tweed 7#agii1 p4 #ddf71 alluding to the customs of that place1 says1 there are four men called town waits1 who belong to the borough4 ,their business is to walk before the mayor1 recorder1 and justices1 playing on violins1 all the way to and from church on ,christmas ,day1 the day of the election of a mayor1 and ,november the #eth4 ,they also are obliged to attend these gentlemen at their four public dinners4 ,,the ,,highlands4 ,as soon as the brightening glow of the eastern sky warns the anxious housemaid of the approach of ,christmas ,day1 she rises1 full of anxiety1 at the prospect of her morning labours4 ,the meal1 which was steeped in the sowans-bowie a fortnight ago to make the ,prechdacdan sour or sour scones1 is the first object of her attention4 ,the gridiron is put on the fire1 and the sour scones are soon followed by hard cakes1 soft cakes1 buttered cakes1 bannocks1 and pannich perm4 ,the baking being once over1 the sowans pot succeeds the gridiron1 full of new sowans1 which are to be given to the family1 agreeably to custom1 this day in their beds4 ,the sowans are boiled into the consistence of molasses1 when the lagan-le-vrich or yeast-bread1 to distinguish it from boiled sowans1 is ready4 ,it is then poured into as many bickers as there are individuals to partake of it1 and presently served to the whole1 both old and young4 ,as soon as each despatches his bicker1 he jumps out of bed--the elder branches to examine the ominous signs of the day1 and the younger to enter on its amusements4 ,flocking to the swing1 a favourite amusement on this occasion1 the youngest of the family gets the first 8shouder10 and the next oldest to him in regular succession4 ,in order to add more to the spirit of the exercise1 it is a common practice with the person in the swing and the person appointed to swing him to enter into a very warm and humorous altercation4 ,as the swinged person approaches the swinger1 he exclaims1 8,ei mi tu chal10 8,i'll eat your kail40 ,to this the swinger replies1 with a violent shove1 8,cha ni u mu chal10 8,you shan't eat my kail40 ,these threats and repulses are sometimes carried to such a height as to break down or capsize the threatener1 which generally puts an end to the quarrel4 ,as the day advances those minor amusements are terminated at the report of the gun or the rattle of the ball clubs--the gun inviting the marksman to the 8kiavamuchd10 or prize shooting1 and the latter to 8,luchd-vouil10 or the ball combatants--both the principal sports of the day4 ,tired at length of the active amusements of the field1 they exchange them for the substantial entertainment of the table4 ,groaning under the 8,sonsy-haggis0 and many other savoury dainties unseen for twelve months before1 the relish communicated to the company by the appearance of the festive board is more easily conceived than described4 ,the dinner once despatched1 the flowing bowl succeeds and the sparkling glass flies to and fro like a weaver's shuttle4 ,the rest of the day is spent in dancing and games4--,grant1 ,popular ,superstitions of the ,highlands4 ,,orkney4 ,a writer in the ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,scotland 7#ahde1 vol4 xv4 p4 #abg71 speaking of ,westray1 says3--,one custom in this parish and common to ,orkney at large1 is that of allowing the servants four or five days' liberty at ,christmas to enjoy themselves1 only the most necessary part of domestic work1 with due attention to the bestial on the farm1 is done on these days4 ,the master of the house has also to keep up a well-furnished table for all his servants at this season4 ,,ireland4 ,at ,culdaff1 previous to ,christmas1 it is customary with the labouring classes to raffle for mutton1 when a sufficient number can subscribe to defray the cost of a sheep4 ,during the ,christmas holidays they amuse themselves with a game of kamman1 which consists in impelling a wooden ball with a crooked stick to a given point1 while an adversary endeavours to drive it in a contrary direction4--,mason1 ,stat4 ,acc4 of ,ireland1 #ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 ,,dec4 #bf4 ,,st4 ,,stephen',s ,,day4 ,for some unexplained reason ,st4 ,stephen's ,day was a great period with our ancestors for bleeding their horses1 which was practised by people of all ranks1 and recommended by the old agricultural poet ,tusser1 in his ,five ,hundred ,points of ,husbandry 7chap4 xxii4 st4 #af71 who says3 8,yer1 ,christmas be passed1 let horsse be let blood1 ,for manie a purpose it dooth him much good2 ,the day of ,s4 ,steeven old fathers did use2 ,if that do mislike thee1 some other day chuse40 ,mr4 ,douce says that the practice was introduced into this country by the ,danes4 ,naogeorgus1 according to his translator1 ,barnaby ,googe1 refers to it1 and assigns a reason3 8,then followeth ,saint ,stephen's ,day1 whereon doth every man1 ,his horses jaunt and course abrode1 as swiftly as he can1 ,until they doe extreemely sweate1 and then they let them blood2 ,for this being done upon this day1 they say doth do them good1 ,and keepes them from all maladies1 and sicknesse through the yeare1 ,as if that ,steven any time took charge of horses heare40 ,in explanation1 it may be stated that the ,saint was the patron of horses1 and that on this day1 which the ,germans call ,der grosse ,pferdstag1 the ,pope's stud was physicked and bled for the sake of the blood which was supposed to be a remedy in many disorders4 ,aubrey1 in his ,remains of ,gentilisme 7,,ms4 ,lansd4 #bbf71 says3 8,on ,st4 ,stephen's day1 the farrier came constantly and blouded all our cart-horses40 ,in the 8,receipts and ,disbursements of the canons of ,st4 ,mary in ,huntingdon10 is the following entry3 8,item1 for letting our horses blede in ,chrystmasse weke1 iiijd40--,med4 vi ,kalend4 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 ,christmas ,boxes is a term now applied to gifts of money at ,christmas given away on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day1 commonly called ,boxing ,day1 whereas1 anciently1 it signified the boxes in which gifts were deposited4 ,these boxes closely resembled the ,roman ,paganalia1 for the reception of contributions at rural festivals2 from which custom1 with certain changes1 is said to have been derived our ,christmas ,boxes4 ,at ,pompeii have been found earthen boxes1 in which money was slipped through a hole4 ,aubrey found one filled with ,roman denarii4--,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #aeb2 see ,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 xi4 pp4 #fe1 #ajg1 #afd1 #bde2 see also ,fosbroke's ,enclyclopdia of ,antiquities1 #ahdj1 p4 #ffb4 ,,bedfordshire4 ,in ,bedfordshire there formerly existed a custom of the poor begging the broken victuals the day after ,christmas ,day4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahbb1 p4 #bih4 ,,buckinghamshire4 ,it is stated in the ,parliamentary ,returns in #aghf1 that some land1 then let at #abl4 per annum1 was given by ,sir ,hugh ,kite for the poor of the parish of ,clifton ,reynes4 ,it appears from a book1 in the custody of the minister1 dated #ahba1 compiled by an antiquary for a history of the county1 that the rector holds a close of pasture-ground called ,kites1 which had been formerly given to support a lamp burning in the church of ,clifton ,reynes1 but which was subject to a charge of finding one small loaf1 a piece of cheese1 and a pint of ale to every married person1 and half-a-pint for every unmarried person1 resident in ,clifton on the feast of ,st4 ,stephen1 when they walked in the parish boundaries in ,rogation week4 ,the close was annexed to the rectory in the #abth of ,elizabeth4--,old ,english ,customs and ,charities1 #ahdb1 p4 #abj4 ,there was formerly a custom in the parish of ,drayton ,beauchamp called ,stephening4 ,all the inhabitants used to go on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day to the rectory1 and eat as much bread and cheese and drink as much ale as they chose at the expense of the rector4 ,the usage gave rise to so much rioting that it was discontinued1 and an annual sum was distributed instead in proportion to the number of the claimants4 ,in time1 the number of inhabitants1 however1 increased so considerably1 that about the year #ahbg the custom was dropped4--,ibid4 p4 #aba4 ,,cambridgeshire4 ,st4 ,stephen's ,day was formerly observed at ,cambridge4 ,slicer1 a character in the old play of the ,ordinary says1 8,let the ,corporal ,come sweating under a breast of mutton1 stuffed ,with pudding40 ,this1 says the annotator1 was called ,st4 ,stephen's pudding2 it used formerly to be provided at ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 uniformly on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day4--,dodsley's ,old ,plays1 #agba1 vol4 x4 p4 #bbi2 ,med4 vi ,kalend4 vol4 i4 p4 #aai4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,hunting the wren has been a pastime in the ,isle of ,man from time immemorial4 ,in ,waldron's time it was observed on the #bdth of ,december1 though afterwards it was observed on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day4 ,this singular ceremony is founded on a tradition that1 in former times1 a fairy of uncommon beauty exerted such undue influence over the male population1 that she1 at various times1 induced1 by her sweet voice1 numbers to follow her footsteps1 till by degrees she led them into the sea where they perished4 ,this barbarous exercise of power had continued for a great length of time1 till it was apprehended that the island would be exhausted of its defenders1 when a knight-errant sprang up1 who discovered some means of countervailing the charms used by this siren1 and even laid a plot for her destruction1 which she only escaped at the moment of extreme hazard by taking the form of a wren4 ,but though she evaded instant annihilation1 a spell was cast upon her by which she was condemned1 on every succeeding ,new ,year's ,day1 to reanimate the same form with the definite sentence that she must ultimately perish by human hand4 ,in consequence of this legend1 on the specified anniversary1 every man and boy in the island 7except those who have thrown off the trammels of superstition7 devote the hours between sunrise and sunset to the hope of extirpating the fairy1 and woe be to the individual birds of that species who show themselves on this fatal day to the active enemies of the race2 they are pursued1 pelted1 fired at1 and destroyed1 without mercy1 and their feathers preserved with religious care1 it being an article of belief that every one of the relics gathered in this laudable pursuit is an effective preservative from shipwreck for one year2 and that fisherman would be considered extremely foolhardy who should enter upon his occupation without such a safeguard2 when the chase ceases1 one of the little victims is affixed to the top of a long pole with its wings extended1 and carried in front of the hunters1 who march in procession to every house1 chanting the following rhyme3 8,we hunted the wren for ,robin the ,bobbin1 ,we hunted the wren for ,jack of the ,can1 ,we hunted the wren for ,robin the ,bobbin1 ,we hunted the wren for every one40 ,after making the usual circuit and collecting all the money they could obtain1 they laid the wren on a bier and carried it in procession to the parish churchyard1 where1 with a whimsical kind of solemnity1 they made a grave1 buried it and sang dirges over it in the ,manks language1 which they call her knell4 ,after the obsequies were performed1 the company1 outside the churchyard wall1 formed a circle and danced to music which they had provided for the occasion4 ,at present there is not a particular day for pursuing the wren3 it is captured by boys alone1 who follow the old custom principally for amusement4 ,on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day a group of boys go from door to door with a wren suspended by the legs1 in the centre of two hoops crossing each other at right angles1 decorated with evergreens and ribbons1 singing lines called ,hunt the ,wren4 ,if at the close of this rhyme they are fortunate enough to obtain a small coin1 they give in return a feather of the wren2 and before the close of the day the little bird may sometimes be seen hanging about featherless4 ,the ceremony of the interment of this bird in the churchyard1 at the close of ,st4 ,stephen's ,day1 has long since been abandoned2 and the sea-shore or some waste ground was substituted in its place4 ,,norfolk4 ,it is an old custom in the town of ,east ,dereham1 to ring a muffled peal from the church tower on the morning of ,st4 ,stephen's ,day4--,n4 ,q4 #crd ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #fi4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,the three vicars of ,bampton1 give beef and beer on the morning of ,st4 ,stephen's ,day to those who choose to partake of it4 ,this is called ,st4 ,stephen's breakfast4--,southey's ,common ,place ,book1 #dth ,s4 #ahea1 p4 #cie4 ,,yorkshire4 ,a correspondent of the ,gent4 ,mag4 7#ahaa1 vol4 lxxxi4 pt4 i4 p4 #dbc7 says1 that in the ,north ,riding of ,yorkshire on the feast of ,st4 ,stephen large goose pies are made1 all of which they distribute among their needy neighbours1 except one1 which is carefully laid up1 and not tasted till the ,purification of the ,virgin1 called ,candlemas4 ,on this day1 also1 six youths1 clad in white and bedecked with ribbands1 with swords in their hands1 travel from one village to another1 performing the 8sword dance40 ,they are attended by a fiddler1 a youth whimsically dressed1 named 8,bessy10 and by one who personates a physician4 ,one of the six youths acts the part of a king in a sort of farce1 which consists chiefly of music and dancing1 when the 8,bessy0 interferes while they are making a hexagon with their swords1 and is killed4--,time's ,telescope1 #ahad1 p4 #cae4 ,,wales4 ,on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day1 everybody is privileged to whip another person's legs with holly1 and this is often reciprocally done till the blood streams down4--,southey's ,common ,place ,book 7#ahea1 #dth ,s4 p4 #cfe74 ,in ,mason's ,tales and ,traditions of ,tenby 7#aheh1 p4 #e7 this custom is alluded to as being celebrated at that place4 ,,ireland4 ,on the anniversary of ,st4 ,stephen it is customary for groups of young villagers to bear about a holly-bush adorned with ribbons1 and having many wrens depending from it4 ,this is carried from house to house with some ceremony1 the 8wren-boys0 chanting several verses1 the burthen of which may be collected from the following lines of their song3 8,the wren1 the wren1 the king of all birds1 ,st4 ,stephen's ,day was caught in the furze1 ,although he is little1 his family's great1 ,i pray you1 good landlady1 give us a treat4 ,my box would speak if it had but a tongue1 ,and two or three shillings would do it no wrong2 ,sing holly1 sing ivy--sing ivy1 sing holly1 ,a drop just to drink1 it would drown melancholy4 ,and if you draw it of the best1 ,i hope in ,heaven your soul may rest2 ,but if you draw it of the small1 ,it won't agree with the wren-boys at all20 c41 c4 ,a small piece of money is usually bestowed on them1 and the evening concludes in merry-making with the money thus collected4--,croker1 ,researches in the ,south of ,ireland1 #ahbd1 p4 #bcc4 ,,dec4 #bh4 ,,holy ,,innocents' ,,day4 ,in consequence probably of the feelings of horror attached to such an act of atrocity as ,herod's murder of the children1 ,innocents' ,day used to be reckoned about the most unlucky throughout the year2 and in former times no one who could possibly avoid it began any work or entered on any undertaking on this anniversary4#if ,to many ,childermas ,day was especially inauspicious4 ,it is said of the equally superstitious and unprincipled monarch1 ,louis ,,xi41 that he would never perform any business1 or enter into any discussion about his affairs1 on this day1 and to make to him then any proposal of the kind was certain to exasperate him to the utmost4 ,we are informed too that1 in ,england1 on the occasion of the coronation of ,king ,edward ,,iv41 that solemnity which had been originally intended to take place on ,sunday1 was postponed till the ,monday1 owing to the former day being in that year the festival of ,childermas4 ,this idea of the inauspicious nature of the day was long prevalent1 and is even yet not wholly extinct4 ,to the present hour the housewives in ,cornwall1 and probably also in other parts of the country1 refrain scrupulously from scouring or scrubbing on ,innocents' ,day4--,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ggf4 #if ,in the play of ,sir ,john ,oldcastle1 the prevalence of this belief is instanced by an objection urged to an expedition proposed on a ,friday3--8,friday1 quoth'a1 a dismal day2 ,candlemas-day this year was ,friday40 ,it was1 moreover1 not considered lucky upon this day to put on new clothes or pare the nails4 ,in #aeag1 however1 ,king ,henry ,,viii41 by an order1 enjoined1 8that the ,king of ,cockneys1 on ,childermas ,day1 should sit and have due service2 and that he and all his officers should use honest manner and good order1 without any waste or destruction making in wine1 brawn1 chely1 or other vitails2 and also that he and his marshal1 butler1 and constable marshal1 should have their lawful and honest commandments by delivery of the officers of ,christmas1 and that the said ,king of ,cockneys1 he1 none of his officers1 medyl neither in the buttery nor in the stuard of ,christmass1 his officer1 upon pain of #djs4 for every such meddling2 and lastly1 that ,jack ,straw and all his adherents should be thenceforth utterly banisht1 and no more to be used in this house1 upon pain to forfeit1 for every time1 five pounds1 to be levied on every fellow happening to offend against this rule40--,every ,day ,book1 #ahfb1 vol4 i4 p4 #afdh2 ,dugdale's ,orig4 ,jurid4 ,it was at one time customary on this day to whip the juvenile members of a family4 ,gregory remarks that 8it hath been a custom1 and yet is elsewhere1 to whip up the children upon ,innocents' ,day morning1 that the memorie of this murther might stick the closer2 and1 in a moderate proportion1 to act over the crueltie again in kind40 ,gregory also states another custom1 on the authority of an old ritual belonging to the ,abbey of ,oseney1 communicated to him by his friend1 ,dr4 ,gerard ,langbain1 the ,provost of ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 from which it appears that1 at the church of ,oseney1 8they were wont to bring out1 upon this day1 the foot of a child prepared after their fashion1 and put upon with red and black colours1 as to signify the dismal part of the day4 ,they put this up in a chest in the vestry1 ready to be produced at the time1 and to be solemnly carried about the church to be adored by the people40--,gregorie's ,works1 ,episcopus ,puerorum in ,die ,innocentium1 #afhd1 p4 #aac4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,at ,woodchester a muffled peal is rung on this day4--,kalendar of the ,english ,church1 #ahff1 p4 #aid4 ,,northamptonshire4 ,in ,northamptonshire this festival was called 8,dyzemas ,day40 ,miss ,baker1 in her ,glossary of ,northamptonshire ,words 7#ahed1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjg71 says she was told by a sexagenarian on the southern side of the county that1 within his remembrance1 this day was kept as sacred as the ,sabbath1 and it was considered particularly unlucky to commence any undertaking1 or even to wash1 on the same day of the week throughout the year on which the anniversary of this day last fell1 and it was commonly said1 8,what is begun on ,dyzemas ,day will never be finished40 ,the source of the ill-omened ,dyzemas has not been settled3 its origin has been suggested from ,greek dus1 and mass1 as being expressive of misfortune1 evil1 peril1 in allusion to the massacre of the ,innocents4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#bnd ,s4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhi and #die7 asks if it has not reference to the name ,desmas1 given to one of the thieves crucified with our ,lord2 universal tradition seeming to attach ,desmas to the penitent1 and ,gestas 7or ,yesmas7 to the impenitent thief8 ,and if the local tradition has any reference to these names1 it would seem as if ,desmas was the name of ill-omen4 ,it has also been suggested that ,dyzemas ,day is tithe day3 in ,portuguese1 dizimas1 dizimos1 tenths1 tithes2 in law ,latin1 decimae1 the same4 ,timbs thinks it referable to the old north-country word disen1 i4e41 to dress out in holiday finery1 especially at this festive season4--,something for ,everybody1 7#ahfa1 p #aed74 ,,somersetshire4 ,from time immemorial a muffled peal has been rung on this festival at ,leigh-upon-,mendip4 ,at ,wells1 also1 on this day1 the bells of the cathedral ring out a muffled peal in commemoration of the martyrdom of the ,innocents4--,kalendar of the ,church of ,england1 #ahff1 p4 #aid4 ,,worcestershire4 ,at ,norton1 near ,evesham1 it is customary1 says a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#ast ,s4 vol4 viii4 p4 #fag71 to ring first a muffled peal for the slaughter of the ,holy ,innocents1 and then an unmuffled peal of joy for the deliverance of the ,infant ,christ4 ,,ireland4 ,holy ,innocents' ,day is with the ,irish 8the cross day of the year10 which they call in their own tongue 8,la crosta na bliana10 or sometimes 8,diar daoin darg10 the latter phrase signifying 8blood ,thursday40 ,on this day the ,irish housewife will not warp thread1 or permit it to be warped2 and the ,irish say that anything begun on this day must have an unlucky ending4 ,the following legend regarding the day is current in the county of ,clare3-- ,between the parishes of ,quin and ,tulla in this county is a lake called ,turlough4 ,in the lake is a little island1 and among a heap of loose stones in the middle of the island rises a white thorn-bush1 which is called 8,scagh an ,earla0 7the earl's bush74 ,a suit of clothes made for a child on the 8,cross day10 or 8,diar daoin darg10 was put on the child--the child died4 ,the clothes were put on a second and on a third child--they also died4 ,the parent of the children at length put out the clothes on the 8,scagh an ,earla10 and when the waters fell which for a time covered the bush1 the clothes were found to be full of dead eels4 ,such is the story2 and other stories like it are freely told of the consequences of commencing work on 8the cross day of the year0 in ,ireland4--,n4 ,q4 #dth ,s4 vol4 xii4 p4 #ahe4 ,,dec4 #ca4 ,,new ,,year',s ,,eve4 ,the last night of the old year has been called ,singing-,e'en1 from the custom of singing carols on the evening of this day4 ,this eve is called by the ,wesleyan ,methodists ,watch ,night1 because at their principal chapels the ministers and congregations hold a service to watch out the old year1 i4e41 they pray until about five minutes to twelve o'clock1 and then observe a profound silence until the clock strikes1 when they exultingly burst forth with a hymn of praise and joy4 ,latterly1 this service has been very generally observed by evangelical churchmen4--,see ,timbs' ,something for ,everybody1 #ahfa1 p4 #aef4 ,wassail-bowl4--,formerly1 at this season1 the head of the house assembled his family around a bowl of spiced ale1 from which he drank their healths1 then passed it to the rest1 that they might drink too4 ,the word that passed amongst them was the ancient ,saxon phrase1 wass hael2 that is1 to your health4 ,hence this came to be recognised as the ,wassail or ,wassel-bowl4 ,the poorer class of people carried a bowl adorned with ribbons round the neighbourhood1 begging for something wherewith to obtain the means of filling it4--,book of ,days1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg2 ,see ,nare's ,glossary 7,halliwell and ,wright71 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #idc2 ,antiquarian ,repertory1 vol4 i4 p4 #bah2 ,ritson's ,ancient ,songs1 #agij1 p4 #cjd4 ,,cornwall4 ,new ,year's ,day and ,eve are holidays with the miners4 ,it has been said they refuse to work on these days from superstitious reasons4--,hunt's ,romances of the ,west of ,england1 #ahga1 p4 #cej4 ,,cumberland4 ,at ,muncaster1 on the eve of the new year1 the children used to go from house to house singing a ditty which craves the bounty 8they were wont to have in old ,king ,edward's days40 ,no tradition exists as to the origin of this custom4 ,the donation was twopence or a pie at every house4--,hutchinson1 ,history of ,cumberland1 #agid1 vol4 i4 p4 #egj1 note4 ,,derbyshire4 ,on ,new ,year's ,eve a cold possett1 as it is called1 made of milk1 ale1 eggs1 currants1 and spice1 is prepared1 and in it is placed the wedding-ring of the hostess2 each of the party takes out a ladle full1 and in doing so takes every precaution to fish up the ring1 as it is believed that whoever is fortunate enough to 8catch0 the ring will be married before the year is out4 ,on the same night it is customary in some districts to throw open all the doors of the house just before midnight1 and to wait for the coming year1 as for an honoured guest1 by meeting him as he approaches1 and crying1 8,welcome60--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #aheb1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bja4 ,,gloucestershire4 ,on ,new ,year's ,eve the wassailers go about carrying with them a large bowl1 dressed up with garlands and ribbons1 and repeat the following song3 8,wassail6 wassail6 all over the town1 ,our toast it is white1 our ale it is brown1 ,our bowl it is made of a maplin tree2 ,we be good fellows all1 ,i drink to thee4 ,here's to our horse1 and to his right ear1 ,god send our maister a happy ,new ,year2 ,a happy ,new ,year as e'er he did see-- ,with my wassailing bowl ,i drink to thee4 ,here's to our mare and to her right eye1 ,god send our mistress a good ,christmas pye3 ,a good ,christmas pye as e'er ,i did see-- ,with my wassailing bowl ,i drink to thee4 ,here's to ,fil'pail cow and to her long tail1 ,god send our measter us never may fail ,of a cup of good beer1 ,i pray you draw near1 ,and our jolly wassail it's then you shall hear4 ,be here any maids8 ,i suppose there be some1 ,sure they will not let young men stand on the cold stone2 ,sing hey1 ,o maids1 come trole back the pin1 ,and the fairest maid in the house let us all in4 ,come1 butler1 come bring us a bowl of the best3 ,i hope your soul in heaven will rest2 ,but if you do bring us a bowl of the small1 ,then down fall butler1 bowl and all40 ,see ,dixon's ,ancient ,poems1 #ahdf1 p4 #aii4 ,,isle ,,of ,,man4 ,in many of the upland cottages it is customary for the housewife1 after raking the fire for the night1 and just before stepping into bed1 to spread the ashes smooth over the floor with the tongs in the hope of finding in it1 next morning1 the tract of a foot2 should the toes of this ominous print point towards the door1 then it is believed a member of the family will die in the course of that year2 but should the heel of the fairy foot point in that direction1 then it is firmly believed that the family will be augmented within the same period4--,train1 ,history of ,isle of ,man1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aae4 ,,nottinghamshire4 ,of the ,new ,year's customs observed in this county the wassail was until recently observed to a considerable extent4 ,this friendly custom was observed by the young women of the village1 who accustomed themselves to go about from door to door on ,new ,year's ,eve1 neatly dressed for the occasion1 and bearing a bowl richly decorated with evergreens and ribbands1 and filled with a compound of ale1 roasted apples1 and toast1 and seasoned with nutmeg and sugar4 ,the bowl was offered to the inmates with the singing of the following amongst other verses3 8,good master1 at your door1 ,our wassail we begin2 ,we all are maidens poor1 ,so we pray you let us in1 ,and drink our wassail4 ,all hail1 wassail6 ,wassail1 wassail6 ,and drink our wassail60 ,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc4 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcj4 ,on this night also1 in many parts of this county1 as well as in ,derbyshire1 a muffled peal is rung on the church bells till twelve o'clock1 when the bandages are removed from the bells whilst the clock is striking1 and a merry peal is instantly struck up2 this is called 8ringing the old year out and the new year in40--,jour4 of the ,arch4 ,assoc41 #ahec1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcj4 ,,oxfordshire4 ,it is a custom at ,merton ,college1 says ,pointer1 in his ,oxoniensis ,academia 7#agdi1 p4 #bd71 on the last night in the year 7called ,scrutiny ,night71 for the college servants1 all in a body1 to make their appearance in the hall before the warden and fellows 7after supper71 and there to deliver up the keys1 so that if they have committed any great crime in the year their keys are taken away1 and consequently their places1 otherwise they are of course delivered to them again4 ,at the opening of the scrutiny the senior ,bursar makes this short speech3 ,in hoc scrutinio hc tria sunt proponenda1 ,mores servientium--numerus ,portionistarum1 ,electio ,hortulanorum4 ,,isle ,,of ,,wight4 ,at ,yarmouth the following doggerel is sung at the season of the new year3 8,wassal1 wassal to our town6 ,the cup is white and the ale is brown2 ,the cup is made of the ashen tree1 ,and so is the ale of the good barley2 ,little maid1 little maid1 turn the pin1 ,open the door and let us come in2 ,god be here1 ,god be there1 ,i wish you all a ,happy ,new ,year40 ,halliwell's ,popular ,rhymes1 #ahdi1 p4 #bcf4 ,,yorkshire4 ,at ,bradford it is the practice of men and women1 dressed in strange costumes1 with blackened faces1 and besoms in hand1 to enter houses on ,new ,year's ,eve so as to 8sweep out the old year40--,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 i4 p4 #chc4 ,,scotland4 ,hogmanay is the universal popular name in ,scotland for the last day of the year4 ,it is a day of high festival among young and old--but particularly the young1 who do not regard any of the rest of the ,daft ,days with half so much interest4 ,it is still customary1 in retired and primitive towns1 for the children of the poorer class of people to get themselves on that morning swaddled in a great sheet1 doubled up in front1 so as to form a vast pocket1 and then to go along the streets in little bands1 calling at the doors of the wealthier classes for an expected dole of oaten bread4 ,each child gets one quadrant section of oat-cake 7sometimes1 in the case of particular cases1 improved by an addition of cheese71 and this is called their hogmanay4 ,in expectation of the large demands thus made upon them1 the housewives busy themselves for several days beforehand in preparing a suitable quantity of cakes4 ,the children1 on coming to the door1 cry 8,hogmanay60 which is in itself a sufficient announcement of their demands2 but there are other exclamations1 which either are or might be used for the same purpose4 ,one of these is3 8,hogmanay1 ,trollolay1 ,give us of your white bread1 and none of your grey60 ,what is precisely meant by the word hogmanay1 or by the still more inexplicable trollolay1 has been a subject fertile in dispute to ,scottish antiquaries1 as the reader will find by an inspection of the ,archologia ,scotica4 ,a suggestion of the late ,professor ,robison of ,edinburgh seems the best1 that the word hogmanay was derived from ,au qui menez1 78,to the misletoe go071 which mummers formerly cried in ,france at ,christmas4 ,another suggested explanation is1 ,au queux menez--that is1 bring to the beggars4 ,at the same time1 it was customary for these persons to rush unceremoniously into houses1 playing antic tricks1 and bullying the inmates1 for the money and choice victuals1 crying3 ,tire-lire 7referring to a small money-box they carried71 maint du blanc1 et point du bas40 ,these various cries1 it must be owned1 are as like as possible to 8,hogmanay1 trollolay1 give us of your white bread1 and none of your grey40--,chambers' ,pop4 ,rhymes of ,scotland1 #ahgj1 pp4 #afd-afe2 see ,hales's ,analysis of ,chronoloqy1 #ahcj1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ej1 #ea1 also ,n4 ,q4 #eth ,s4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cbi1 #eag4 ,in ,scotland also1 upon the last of the old year1 the children go about from door to door1 asking for bread and cheese1 which they call 8,nog-money10 in these words3 8,get up1 gude wife1 and binno sweir 7i4e41 be not lazy71 ,and deal your cakes and cheese while you are here2 ,for the time will come when ye'll be dead1 ,and neither need your cheese nor bread40 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 ,,lanarkshire4 ,at the town of ,biggar 7in the upper ward of ,lanarkshire7 it has been customary from time immemorial among the inhabitants to celebrate what is called 8burning out the old year40 ,for this purpose1 during the day of the #cast of ,december1 a large quantity of fuel is collected1 consisting of branches of trees1 brushwood1 and coals1 and placed in a heap at the 8cross20 and about nine o'clock at night the lighting of the fire is commenced1 surrounded by a crowd of lookers-on1 who each think it a duty to cast into the flaming mass some additional portion of material1 the whole being sufficient to maintain the fire till next or ,new ,year's ,day morning is far advanced4 ,fires are also kindled on the adjacent hills to add to the importance of the occasion4 ,it is considered unlucky to give out a light to any one on the morning of the new year1 and therefore if the house-fire has been allowed to become extinguished1 recourse must be had to the embers of the pile4 ,this then accounts for the maintenance of the fire up to a certain time on ,new ,year's ,day4 ,some consider these fires to be the relics of ,pagan or of ,druidical rites of the dark ages2 perhaps of a period as remote as that of the ,beltaine fires1 the change of circumstances having now altered these fires1 both as to the particular season of year of their celebration1 and of their various religious forms4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cbb4 ,,morayshire4 ,in the village of ,burghead1 situated on the southern shore of the ,moray ,frith1 about nine miles from ,elgin1 the county town of ,morayshire1 the following curious custom is observed3 ,on the evening of the last day of ,december 7,old ,style71 the youths of the village assemble about dusk1 and make the necessary preparations for the celebration of the 8,clavie40 ,proceeding to some shop they demand a strong empty barrel1 which is usually given at once1 but if refused taken by force4 ,another for breaking up1 and a quantity of tar are likewise procured at the same time4 ,thus furnished they repair to a particular spot close to the sea-shore1 and commence operations4 ,a hole about four inches in diameter is first made in the bottom of the stronger barrel1 into which the end of a stone pole1 five feet in length1 is firmly fixed3 to strengthen their hold a number of supports are nailed round the outside of the former1 and also closely round the latter4 ,the tar is then put into the barrel1 and set on fire1 and the remaining one being broken up1 stave after stave is thrown in until it is quite full4 ,the 8,clavie10 already burning fiercely1 is now shouldered by some strong man1 and borne away at a rapid pace4 ,as soon as the bearer gives signs of exhaustion1 another willingly takes his place2 and should any of those who are honoured to carry the blazing load meet with an accident1 as sometimes happens1 the misfortune incites no pity even among his near relatives4 ,in making the circuit of the village they are said to confine themselves to its old boundaries4 ,formerly1 the procession visited all the fishing-boats1 but this has been discontinued for some time4 ,having gone over the appointed ground1 the 8,clavie0 is finally carried to a small artificial eminence near the point of the promontory1 and interesting as being a portion of the ancient fortifications1 spared probably on account of its being used for this purpose1 where a circular heap of stones used to be hastily piled up1 in the hollow centre of which the 8,clavie0 was placed still burning4 ,on this eminence1 which is termed the 8durie10 the present proprietor has lately erected a small round column1 with a cavity in the centre for admitting the fire end of the pole1 and into this it is now placed4 ,after being allowed to burn on the 8durie0 for a few minutes1 the 8,clavie0 is most unceremoniously hurled from its place1 and the smoking embers scattered among the assembled crowd1 by whom1 in less enlightened times1 they were eagerly caught at and fragments of them carried home and carefully preserved as charms against witchcraft4 ,at one time superstition invested the whole proceedings with all the solemnity of a religious rite1 the whole population joining in it as an act necessary to the welfare and prosperity of the little community during the year about to commence4 ,the 8,clavie0 has now1 however1 degenerated into a mere frolic1 kept up by the youngsters more for their own amusement than for any benefit which the due performance of the ceremony is believed to secure4--,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 p4 #ch2 see also ,n4 ,q4 #bnd ,s4 vol4 ix4 pp4 #ajf1 #afi1 #bfi2 and ,book of ,days1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ghi-gia4 ,,orkney4 ,it was formerly the custom in ,orkney for large bands of the common class of people to assemble on ,new ,year's ,eve1 and pay a round of visits1 singing a song which commenced as follows3 8,this night it is guid ,new'r ,e'en's night1 ,we're a' here ,queen ,mary's men2 ,and we're come here to crave our right1 ,and that's before our ,lady40 ,brand's ,pop4 ,antiq4 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #i2 see ,chambers' ,pop4 ,rhymes of ,scotland1 #ahgj1 pp4 #afg1 #afh1 #cbd4 ,,ireland4 ,on the last night of the year a cake is thrown against the outside door of each house by the head of the family1 which ceremony is said to keep out hunger during the ensuing one4--,croker1 ,researches in the ,south of ,ireland1 #ahbd1 p4 #bcc4 ,a correspondent of ,n4 ,q4 7#eth ,s4 vol4 iii4 p4 #g7 says1 on ,new ,year's ,day about the suburbs at the ,county ,down side of ,belfast1 the boys run about carrying little twisted wisps of straw1 which they offer to persons whom they meet1 or throw into their houses1 as ,new ,year's offerings1 and expect to get in return any small present1 such as a little money or a piece of bread4 ,about ,glenarm1 on the coast of ,county ,antrim1 the 8wisp0 is not used1 but on this day the boys go about from house to house1 and are regaled with bannocks of oaten bread1 buttered2 these bannocks are baked specially for the occasion1 and are commonly small1 thick1 and round1 and with a hole through the centre4 ,any person who enters a house on ,new ,year's ,day must either eat or drink before leaving it4 ,,index4 ,abb de ,liesse1 #dei ,abbot of ,misrule1 #dei ,acres ,fair1 #chh ,advent ,bells1 #dca ,agatha 7,st471 #cgd ,agnes' 7,st47 ,day1 #dg ,agnes' 7,st47 ,eve1 #df ,agnes' 7,st47 ,fast1 #df ,alaf-mass1 #cdg ,ale1 the ,whitsun1 #bgh ,allan ,day1 #cie ,alleluia1 ,funeral of the1 #de ,all ,fools' ,day1 #ahd ,all ,hallows' ,day1 #cig ,all ,hallow ,mass1 #ee ,all ,saints' ,day1 #djd ,all ,souls' ,day1 #dji ,all ,souls' ,eve1 #dje ,andermess1 #dcj ,andisop1 #dca ,andrew's 7,st471 ,day1 #dbi ,andrew's 7,st471 ,under ,shaft1 #bdg ,androis ,mess1 #dcj ,andrys ,day1 #dcj ,anne's 7,st47 ,day1 #cdf1 #ceg ,annunciation1 ,festival of1 #ahj ,apparition of ,st4 ,michael1 #bge ,apples1 given away on ,new ,year's ,day1 #e ,apples1 ducking for1 on ,halloween1 #cid ,apple-trees1 wassailing of1 #dej ,april ,gouks1 #ahg ,apprentices' ,feast1 #cee ,array1 ,court of1 #bhg ,ascension ,day1 #baj ,ash ,wednesday1 #hd ,ashton faggot1 #ddf ,ass-ridlin1 #aii ,assumption of the ,virgin ,mary1 #ceg ,aughrim1 battle of1 #cdj ,august1 ,gule of1 #cdg ,auld ,handsel ,monday1 #ai ,avage or ,avisage1 #daf ,bacchus1 ,verses written in honour of1 #eh ,bacon1 gammon of1 eaten at ,easter1 #afb ,bairn bishop1 #bia ,baker's ,clem1 #dbc ,balmoral ,castle1 ,halloween at1 #dja ,bannich ,bruader1 #ij ,bannich ,junit1 #hi ,barchan's 7,st47 ,day1 #dcg ,barnabas' 7,st47 ,day1 #caj ,barring out1 #gb ,bartholomew's 7,st47 ,day1 #cfa ,barton ,fair1 #cgi ,bay1 used as a decoration at ,christmas1 #deh ,beans1 kings created by1 #bj ,bear-baiting1 #che ,beating the ,bounds1 #baj ,beating the ,cross1 #bac ,becket1 ,thomas--1 #cch ,becket's ,fair1 #cci ,bedfordshire1 #aea1 #bje1 #bij1 #cgd1 #dci1 #dic ,bees1 ,superstition regarding1 #dea ,bells1 #e1 #fb1 #hb1 #hg1 #dgf1 #dif1 #dii1 #ejj1 #ejd ,beltein1 #bbc1 #bfi ,berkshire1 #aai1 #aeb1 #aia1 #aid1 #bcc1 #cdf1 #cgg1 #dci1 #dff ,bezant1 festival at ,shaftesbury1 #bjg ,bible1 opening of1 on ,new ,year's ,day1 #e ,biddenham ,cakes1 #afe ,binding ,tuesday1 #ahh ,birch1 used as a decoration at ,whitsuntide1 #bha ,black ,cherry ,fair1 #ceg ,blaize's 7,st47 ,day1 #fj ,blasius 7,st471 #fj ,blayse 7,st47 ,night1 #fb ,blessing of the ,brine1 #baj ,blood ,thursday1 #ejj ,bloody ,thursday1 #adh ,bluecoats1 worn on ,st4 ,george's ,day1 #aic ,boar's ,head1 at ,christmas1 #dee1 #dgj1 #dgc1 #dgg ,boat ,sunday1 #ddc ,boggons1 #cb ,bonfires1 #bb1 #fa1 #cac1 #cie ,bounds1 beating of the1 #baj ,bounds ,thursday1 #baj ,boxing ,day1 #dic ,boy's ,bailiff1 #bhg ,boy ,bishop1 #bia1 #dcb ,boyne1 battle of1 #ccg ,braggot1 #aag ,braggot ,sunday1 #aag ,bread1 baked on ,good ,friday1 #adi ,bread ,mass1 #cdg ,brices' 7,st47 ,day1 #dba ,bride-,ale1 #bgh ,bridget's 7,st47 ,eve1 #cdd ,brine1 blessing of the1 #baj ,buckinghamshire1 #f1 #eh1 #fi1 #ace1 #afi1 #baj1 #bcd1 #bij1 #bia1 #cad1 #cbc1 #cca1 #ced1 #cgc1 #cij1 #dai1 #dbf1 #dfg1 #dic ,bull-baiting1 #cfi1 #dci ,bull-running1 #dba ,buns1 made on ,good ,friday1 #aej1 #aeg ,burning out the ,old ,year1 #ejf #8,buryin' ,peter1' #ccc ,burying the ,mace1 #chj ,bustard1 eaten at ,christmas1 #def ,cake ,night1 #cih ,cambridgeshire1 #ci1 #aje1 #abc1 #bcd1 #cbc1 #ccd1 #cdc1 #dai1 #dbc1 #dbf1 #dfh1 #did ,candles offered to ,st4 ,blayse1 #fb ,candle ,bearing1 #ed ,candle ,day1 #dbh ,candlemas ,ba'1 #eg ,candlemas bleeze or blaze1 #ef ,candlemas ,candle1 #ee ,candlemas ,day1 #ed ,candlemas ,eve1 #eb ,card-playing at ,christmas1 #dfc ,careing ,fair1 #aah ,careing ,sunday1 #aai ,care ,sunday1 #aba ,carl ,sunday1 #abb ,carlings1 #abb ,carling ,groat1 #abc ,carling ,sunday1 #abb ,carol ,singing1 #def #8,catching1' #aji ,catherine's 7,st47 ,day1 #dbf ,cathern bowl1 #dbi ,cattern ,day1 #dbf ,chalk-back-,day1 #cgj ,chare ,thursday1 #aci ,charles ,i41 ,king of ,england1 execution of1 #ej ,charles ,,ii41 ,king of ,england1 celebration of ,twelfth ,night by1 #bi2 his ,restoration1 #cja ,charlton ,fair1 #chg ,cheese1 given away at ,christmas1 #dhb ,cheshire1 #fi1 #afi1 #aie1 #baj1 #bcd1 #bhc1 #cad1 #cbd1 #dje1 #dji1 #dda1 #ddf ,childermas ,day1 #dih ,children's ,day1 #agg ,chimney ,sweepers' ,dance1 #bca ,chopping at the ,tree1 #afg ,christ's ,bed1 making of1 #aeh ,christ's ,hospital1 ,london1 #agi1 #caa1 #cgd1 #dbb ,christ's ,presentation1 #ed ,christmas under the ,commonwealth1 #ded ,christmas ,book1 #def ,christmas ,box1 #ai1 #dic ,christmas ,candles1 #def ,christmas ,carols1 #deg ,christmas ,clog1 #eb1 #deb ,christmas ,day1 #deb ,christmas ,decorations1 #deg ,christmas ,drink1 #dgc ,christmas ,eve1 #ddf ,christmas ,presents1 #ai ,christmas ,sports1 #djc ,christmas ,tree1 #dfc ,clome1 the1 used in wassailing1 #ba ,cloth ,fair1 #cfc ,church-porch1 watching in the1 #bjj ,churches decorated1 #aeg1 #afb1 #bhj1 #bha1 #deg ,claudius ,mamertus1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 #bjd #8,clavie1' the burning of1 #ejg ,clement's 7,st47 ,day1 #dbc ,clipping the ,church1 #agf ,cob loaf stealing1 #dea ,cobbs1 given away on ,st4 ,thomas' ,day1 #ddb ,cocks and ,dumps1 #fg ,cock ,crower1 #ib ,cock ,fighting1 #fe1 #agg #8,cock in the pot1' #ci #8,cock on the dunghill1' #ci ,cock ,penny1 #gi ,cock running1 #gh ,cock throwing1 #gh ,cocque'els1 #ha ,coelcoeth1 #cih ,coffin ,crusts1 #deh ,cold ,possett1 #ejb ,collar of ,brawn1 #dfh ,collop ,monday1 #eg ,columbkill1 #caj ,columb's 7,st47 ,well1 #caj ,commencement ,day1 #ccd ,compostella1 ,shrine of ,st4 ,james at1 #cde ,coquerells1 #ha ,coquilles1 #ha ,corn ,showing1 #agb #8,corning1 going a-1' #ddc ,cornwall1 #dg1 #eh1 #gc1 #abj1 #aba1 #abh1 #afb1 #baf1 #bce1 #bge1 #bgi1 #cjb1 #cae1 #cbd1 #cch1 #cci1 #cgh1 #cie1 #dca1 #ddf1 #dfh1 #eja ,corpus ,christi ,day1 #big ,corpus ,christi ,eve1 #big ,coteswold ,games1 #bib ,court of ,array1 #bhg ,coventry ,show ,fair1 #cjj ,crab-,apples1 gathered on ,michaelmas ,day1 #cgf ,crabbing the ,parson1 #cda ,crack-nut ,sunday1 #cge ,cracklin ,friday1 #aec ,cramp ,rings1 #di ,cresset-light1 #cag ,creeping to the ,cross1 #adh ,crispin's 7,st47 ,day1 #chh ,cross1 ,invention of the1 #bge ,cross ,day of the ,year1 #ejj ,crowdie1 #hh ,crowning of the ,cock1 #dhg ,croyland ,abbey1 knives given away at1 on ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day1 #cfg ,cuckoo1 #ahg1 #aib ,cuckoo ,ale1 #aib ,cumberland1 #bi1 #gb1 #aei1 #afc1 #bgi1 #bia1 #caj1 #cae1 #cef1 #dai1 #dfi1 #eja ,curfew ,bell1 #gh ,cushion ,dance1 #bec ,cuthbert's 7,st47 ,day1 #cga #8,cutting off the fiddler's head1' #cd ,cymhortha1 #aaj ,cypress1 used as decoration at ,christmas1 #deh ,daft ,days1 #eje #8,dart1 throwing the1' #cgj ,david's 7,st47 ,day1 #aaj #8,dead and ,living ,ford1' #ag ,decoration of ,churches1 #aeg1 #afb1 #bhj1 #bha1 #deg ,deptford ,fair1 #bif ,derbyshire1 #cj1 #ci1 #gd1 #ii1 #aje1 #abh1 #afe1 #agj1 #baa1 #bcg1 #bhc1 #cjb1 #djd1 #dji1 #dab1 #ddf1 #dfi1 #ejb ,desmas1 one of the thieves crucified with our ,lord1 #dii ,devils' ,knell1 #deb ,devonshire1 #bj1 #ei1 #gf1 #ajj1 #aeb1 #bab1 #bag1 #bcg1 #cjb1 #cjh1 #cbd1 #cdh1 #ddf #8,dipping1' #e ,dipping ,day1 #bce ,dirge ,loaf1 #daj ,dish ,fair1 #chg ,dismal ,day1 the1 #bge ,distaff's 7,st47 ,day1 #cf ,doggett1 ,thomas1 #cdi ,dogs1 ,whipping of1 #chf1 #chg ,dole ,bread1 #dja ,doleing ,day1 #ddc ,dorsetshire1 #cj1 #ee1 #aeb1 #aei1 #bje1 #che1 #dda1 #dgj ,dough-nut ,day1 #gh ,dover1 ,robert1 #bib ,drinking ,sowins1 #dhi ,druids1 #a1 #bbc ,duck-under-water1 #bec ,dulce ,domum1 sung at ,winchester ,school1 #bhd ,dumb-cake1 #aii1 #cab1 #chd ,durham1 #cjc1 #cga ,dutton1 family of1 privileged to license the ,cheshire minstrels1 #cbd ,dyzemas ,day1 #dii ,easter ,day1 #afa ,easter ,eve1 #aei ,easter ,monday1 #afi ,easter ,tuesday1 #agi ,eccles ,cakes1 #cfi ,eccles ,wake1 #cfi ,edward ,,iv4 of ,england1 his ,coronation1 #dih ,eel ,fair1 #bic ,egg-hopping1 #cbi ,egg ,saturday1 #eb ,elecampane1 #aga ,election of kings by beans1 #bd ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,england1 her accession observed1 #dbb ,epiphany1 #bd ,epping ,hunt1 #aga ,erconwald's 7,st47 ,day1 #dbb ,essex1 #f1 #id1 #aec1 #aga1 #bab1 #bcg1 #bhj1 #cgh1 #daf1 #dgj ,eton ,montem1 #bij ,eve of the ,epiphany1 #bj ,eve of ,paul's ,tide1 #dg ,evelyn1 ,john1 #ahc1 #ded ,evil ,may-day1 #bdh ,execution of ,charles ,i41 ,king of ,england1 #ej ,fad-dance1 #bgf ,fag-pies1 #aai ,fairchild ,lecture1 #bia ,faith's 7,st47 ,day1 #chd ,farthing ,loaf ,day1 #cai ,fastren's ,e'en1 #hh ,fastyngonge ,tuesday1 #ha ,fern1 superstitions connected with1 #cab ,ferrers1 ,george1 #dfj ,festival of ,kings1 #bj ,fiddler's ,head1 cutting off of the1 #cd ,fig-one1 #ae ,fig-pies1 #aai ,fig-pie ,wake1 #aai ,fig-sue1 #ae1 #aec ,fig-,sunday1 #abh1 #acc ,fires1 lighting of1 on ,eve of the ,epiphany1 #bb2 on ,st ,blaize's ,day1 #fa2 on ,st4 ,john's ,eve1 #cac2 on ,hallow ,eve1 #cie #8,first ,foot1' #e1 #ag1 #dhc ,flag ,day1 #ccb ,flap-dragon1 #dfc ,flap-jack1 #fc ,flitting ,day1 #cja ,floralia1 #bbc1 #bde ,flower of the ,well1 #ag ,flower ,sermon1 #bia ,flowering ,sunday1 #acd ,font-hallowing1 #aei ,fool-plough1 #cg ,foot ball1 #ge1 #hc1 #hg1 #dja ,freemen's ,well1 the1 #bja ,friars' ,girdles1 worn by ladies1 #id ,friday in ,lide1 #abj ,fritter ,bell1 #gh ,fritter ,thursday1 #if ,fruttors ,thursday1 #if ,funeral of the ,alleluia1 #de ,furmity1 #aag1 #dgb1 #dhc ,furry ,festival1 #bge ,gammon of ,bacon1 eaten at ,easter1 #afb ,gang ,monday ,land1 #baj ,gangweek1 #bjd ,ganging ,day1 #chj ,garland ,day1 #bdc ,garland ,sunday1 #cgf ,garlic ,sunday1 #cgf ,gaunt1 ,john of1 #ceh ,george's 7,st47 ,day1 #aib ,gerard's ,hall1 #bdg ,gestas1 one of the thieves crucified with our ,lord1 #dii ,giants1 display of1 at ,chester1 #cad ,gregory's 7,st47 ,day1 #abe ,glastonbury thorn1 #cd1 #ded1 #dfg ,gloucestershire1 #bb1 #bch1 #bhj1 #bib1 #cgi1 #chh1 #ddg1 #dgj1 #dii1 #ejb ,gloves1 at ,fairs1 #big1 #cdh ,glove ,money1 #d ,glove ,silver1 #cdh ,god ,cakes1 #ab ,goddes ,day1 #adh ,god's ,day1 #adh ,god's ,friday1 #adh #8,god speed the ,plough1' #da ,goluan1 #cae ,good ,friday1 #adh ,good ,friday ,bread1 #adi #8,gooding1 going-a1' #dch ,goodish ,tuesday1 #hf #8,good ,morrow1 ,valentine1' #aji ,good ,pas ,day1 #aah ,goose1 eaten at ,michaelmas1 #cgf ,goose ,fair1 ,nottingham1 #chc ,goose-pies1 #aif ,gosling1 ,may1 #bcc1 #bfe ,gospel ,trees1 #bjh ,gowk1 hunting the1 #ahh ,grace ,cup1 #dej ,grass ,week1 #bjd ,green ,bower ,feast1 #bhi ,greenock ,fair1 #ccg ,grimaldi1 ,joseph1 #dfa #8,grotto1 pray remember the1' #cde ,guisards1 #dhh ,guisings1 #aha ,gule of ,august1 #cdg ,gunpowder ,plot1 #daj ,guy ,fawkes1 his day1 #daj ,gyst ,ale1 #aha ,hackin1 the1 at ,christmas1 #def ,hailing the ,lamb1 #bab ,halgaver ,court1 #chi ,hall' ,monday1 #eh ,hallow ,eve1 #cid ,hampshire1 #gg1 #aai1 #ahg1 #bch1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bif1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cgb1 #ddh ,handsel ,monday1 #ai1 #dhh ,harlequinade1 #dfa ,harrow ,school1 shooting at1 #ceg ,hay1 strewn in churches1 #cbg1 #cch ,hays1 the1 #cd ,heaving1 #agc1 #agg ,heaving ,days1 #age ,heavy ,cake1 #baf1 #bcf ,helen's 7,st47 ,day1 #bgd1 #cfj ,hempseed1 divination by1 #ii1 #cac1 #djj ,hen-threshing1 #fh 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on ,may ,day1 #bdc ,hot ,cockles1 #dfc ,hot ,cross ,buns1 #aej1 #aeg ,hot ,pint1 #ae1 #ag ,hunting the ,gowk1 #ahh ,hunting the ,ram1 #ced ,hunting the ,squirrel1 #djd1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dfc1 #dha ,hunting the ,wren1 #did ,huntingdonshire1 #dj1 #gh1 #bag1 #bda1 #ccd ,inns of ,court1 #cif1 #dgc ,ireland1 #bc1 #ge1 #ia1 #if1 #abe1 #acf1 #aci1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afh1 #agh1 #ahc1 #aih1 #bbb1 #bgj1 #bhb1 #cjj1 #caj1 #cba1 #cbi1 #ccg1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cgj1 #cge1 #chc1 #djc1 #djh1 #dbj1 #deb1 #dia1 #dig1 #ejj1 #ejh ,irving1 ,washington1 his remarks on seeing a ,maypole1 #bcd ,isle of ,axholme1 #cj ,isle of ,man1 #h1 #cc1 #hj1 #aed1 #bba1 #bdf1 #caf1 #cbe1 #cdh1 #cie1 #dca1 #ddb1 #ddi1 #dgb1 #did1 #ejc ,isle of ,thanet1 #ahc1 #dbh ,isle of ,wight1 #hg1 #ejd ,ivy1 used as a decoration at ,christmas1 #deh1 #dgh ,ivy ,girl1 #ajg ,jack and ,joan ,fair1 #che ,jack of ,hilton1 #aj ,jack ,o',lent1 #ic ,jack of ,may1 #bfd ,jack-pudding1 #dfc ,james' 7,st47 ,day1 #cdd ,james 7,st47 the ,less1 his day1 #bcd ,james' 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,lancashire1 #g1 #gi1 #aai1 #acd1 #aec1 #aha1 #bac1 #bag1 #bdc1 #bhd1 #caf1 #ccd1 #cde1 #cee1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #chd1 #che1 #cie1 #djf1 #dgb ,la ,sheachanna na bleanagh1 #bge ,lating or ,leeting the ,witches1 #cie ,laurel1 used as a ,christmas decoration1 #deh ,lawless ,court1 at ,king's ,hill1 #cgh ,lawless ,hour1 at ,kidderminster1 #cgi ,leaping the ,well1 #bja ,leeks1 worn on ,st4 ,david's ,day1 #aaj1 #aac ,leek ,pasties1 #hc ,leet ,ale1 #bgh ,leicestershire1 #dj1 #gi1 #aig1 #bhd1 #cch ,leith ,races1 #cce ,lent ,crocking1 #gf ,leonard's 7,st47 ,day1 #daf ,lide1 ,friday in1 #abj ,lifting1 #agc ,lincolnshire1 #cj1 #dj1 #abh1 #aed1 #bbj1 #bde1 #bid1 #cfg1 #cgb1 #dab1 #dba ,loaf ,mass1 #cdg ,looe ,fair ,day1 #bcf ,long ,rope ,day1 #aeg 8,looking through the keyhole10 #aje ,lord ,mayor's ,day1 #dag1 #dei ,lord ,mayor of ,pennyless ,cone1 #dhg ,lord of ,misrule1 #cci1 #dei1 #dgd1 #dgh ,louis ,,xi4 of ,france1 his superstition regarding ,holy ,innocents' ,day1 #dih ,lotts1 the1 #cej ,low ,easter 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,saturnalia1 #deh1 #dfc ,sauin1 #cie ,scalding ,thursday1 #cge ,scambling ,days1 #ie ,scarlet ,days1 at ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 #bgh ,scholastica's 7,st47 ,day1 #ig ,scilly ,isles1 #hd1 #dgi ,scotland1 #ad1 #ai1 #dc1 #df1 #ef1 #hh1 #abj1 #abf1 #agg1 #ahh1 #bfg1 #bge1 #bib1 #cja1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cbj1 #ccd1 #cce1 #cea1 #chb1 #cid1 #cii1 #djh1 #daj1 #dcj1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dhg1 #eje ,scrutiny ,night1 #ejd ,septuagesima1 #de #8,setting the ,colne1' #bac #8,seven joys of the ,virgin1' #dfd ,shaftesbury ,bezant1 #bje ,shamrock1 #acf1 #aci ,sharp ,tuesday1 #hf ,sheelah's ,day1 #aci ,sher1 ,shere1 ,sheere1 ,thursday1 #adf ,shier ,thursday1 #adf ,shig-,shag1 #cje ,shrewsbury ,show1 #cjj ,shrid-pies1 #deh ,shropshire1 #hb1 #bfb1 #bhg1 #cja1 #djg1 #daj ,shrove ,tuesday1 #ci ,shying at ,leaden ,cocks1 #fg #8,shy for ,shy1' #fg ,simeon 7,st471 holiday of1 #ed ,simnel ,bread1 #aae ,simnel1 ,lambert1 #aae ,simnels1 #aad ,simnel ,sunday1 #aac ,singed ,sheeps' ,heads1 carried on ,st4 ,andrew's 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,swan-upping1 #cdf ,swarf ,penny1 #dbj #8,sweeping the ,girls1' #ajf ,swig1 #aac ,swithin's 7,st47 ,day1 #cda ,swithin's 7,st47 ,farthings1 #cda ,sword-dance1 #dhe ,tander1 ,tandrew1 name given to ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 #dcj ,tansy ,cake1 #afg ,tenbury ,fair ,day1 #aib ,terminalia1 #bjd ,tharve ,cake1 #cj ,thomas' 7,st47 ,day1 #dch ,thomas' 7,st47 ,onion1 #dci #8,thomasin1 going a1' #dda ,threshing the ,hen1 #fh ,throwing at ,cocks1 #ff #8,throwing the ,dart1' #cgj #8,throwing the ,hood1' #cb ,tibba's 7,st47 ,day1 #dch ,timber ,waits1 #bjc ,timbrel ,waits1 #bjc ,tindles1 #dji ,tinley1 #dje ,toothache1 remedy for1 #dfd ,tooting-horn1 #ceb ,trap and ball1 #hf ,trinity ,monday1 #bif ,trinity ,sunday1 #bid ,trolollay1 derivation of1 #eje ,trundling of ,eggs1 #agh ,turkey1 #adh1 #dfe ,tuth ,day1 #aib ,twelfth ,cake1 #bd ,twelfth ,day1 #bd ,twelfth ,night1 #bd ,twelfth ,night ,cards1 #be ,tynwald ,day1 #cbe ,usque-,cashrichd1 #dhh ,valentine's 7,st47 ,day1 #cge ,valentine's 7,st47 ,eve1 #ih ,valentines1 #aja ,valentine dealing1 #aje ,valentining1 #aje ,vessel ,cup1 #dfd ,vitus' 7,st47 ,day1 #caa ,virgin ,mary1 ,annunciation of1 #ahj2 ,assumption of1 #ceg2 ,nativity of1 #cgb2 ,purification of1 #ed ,wad-,shooting1 #dhi ,waits1 #dfe1 #dhe ,wakes ,monday1 #djd ,wales1 #ce1 #hh1 #aac1 #acd1 #aeh1 #afh1 #agg1 #ahd1 #bbb1 #bfe1 #bhi1 #bie1 #big1 #cbj1 #cij1 #cih1 #daj1 #dbe1 #dde1 #dhf1 #dif ,walk ,money1 #ahc #8,walking the ,fair1' #bjc ,walnut-tree1 legend of a miraculous1 #dfg ,ward ,penny1 #dbj ,warwickshire1 #ab1 #age1 #cjj1 #dai1 #ddc1 #dej ,wrath ,money1 #dbj ,wassail ,bowl1 #eja ,wassail ,eve1 #bc ,wassaile1 #bh ,wastel1 the1 #aae ,watch ,night1 #eja ,weaver1 introduces the ,pantomime1 #dfa ,well-dressing1 #baa ,wesley ,bob1 #dhc ,westminster ,school1 tossing the pancake at1 #hj ,westmoreland1 #f1 #ce1 #bfd1 #dae1 #dha #8,wetting the ,block1' #aai ,wheel1 its origin1 #ded ,whip-dog ,day1 #chg ,whipping ,toms1 #gi ,whirlin ,cakes1 #abc ,whirlin ,sunday1 #abc ,white ,sunday1 #ahc ,white ,thursday1 #dfh ,whitsun ,ale1 #bgh ,whitsunday1 #bgh ,whitsun ,monday1 #bhc ,whitsun ,mysteries1 #bhc ,whitsuntide1 #bgh1 #bha ,whitsun ,tuesday1 #bij ,whitsun ,tryste ,fair1 #bhb #8,wigs1' a sort of ,cake1 #dbf ,wilfrid's 7,st47 ,feast1 #cea ,wiltshire1 #gf1 #acc1 #bie1 #cji1 #cbi1 #dae ,wives' ,feast1 #ed ,worcestershire1 #ab1 #aeg1 #agf1 #ahh1 #aib1 #bae1 #bfe1 #cjf1 #cai1 #cda1 #daf1 #dbh1 #ddc1 #dhb1 #ejj ,wren1 hunting of1 #did ,wren-boys1 #dig ,wroth ,money1 #dbj ,wycoller ,hall1 ,christmas at1 #dgb ,yarrow1 divination connected with1 #bgc ,yew1 ,churches decorated with1 on ,good ,friday1 #aef ,yorkshire1 #ab1 #bc1 #dc1 #ef1 #hg1 #if1 #aaj1 #abc1 #acc1 #adh1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afg1 #bjj1 #bji1 #bgd1 #bii1 #cbj1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cda1 #cea1 #cfg1 #chf1 #cih1 #daf1 #dbj1 #ddd1 #dea1 #dhb1 #dif1 #ejd ,yorkshire ,hagmena ,song1 #ad ,youling1 #bjg ,yule1 derivation of the term1 #dec ,yule of ,august1 #cdg ,yule ,babies1 #dgf ,yule ,candle1 #dea ,yule ,clog1 #deb1 #dfe ,yule ,day1 #dhg ,yule ,log1 #dec1 #dfe ,yule ,straw1 #dhi ,yule-tide1 #dec ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,duke ,,street1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,s4,e41 ,,and ,,great ,,windmill ,,street1 ,w4 ,,an ,,alphabetical ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,contained ,,in ,,bohn',s ,,libraries4 ,detailed ,catalogue1 arranged according to the various ,libraries1 will be sent on application4 ,,addison',s ,works4 ,with the ,notes of ,bishop ,hurd1 ,portrait1 and #h ,plates of ,medals and ,coins4 ,edited by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,schylus1 ,the ,dramas of4 ,translated into ,english ,verse by ,anna ,swanwick4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 #es4 ---- ,the ,tragedies of4 ,newly translated from a revised text by ,walter ,headlam1 ,litt4,d41 and ,c4 ,e4 ,s4 ,headlam1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,the ,tragedies of4 ,translated into ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,allen',s 7,joseph1 ,r4 ,n47 ,battles of the ,british ,navy4 ,revised ,edition1 with #eg ,steel ,engravings4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,ammianus ,,marcellinus4 ,history of ,rome during the ,reigns of ,constantius1 ,julian1 ,jovianus1 ,valentinian1 and ,valens4 ,translated by ,prof ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,andersen',s ,danish ,legends and ,fairy ,tales4 ,translated by ,caroline ,peachey4 ,with #abj ,wood ,engravings4 #es4 ,,antoninus 7,m4 ,aurelius71 ,the ,thoughts of4 ,trans1 literally1 with ,notes and ,introduction by ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius4 #8,the ,argonautica4' ,translated by ,e4 ,p4 ,coleridge1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,appian',s ,roman ,history4 ,translated by ,horace ,white1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations #b vols4 #fs4 each4 ,,apuleius1 ,the ,works of ,comprising the ,golden ,ass1 ,god of ,socrates1 ,florida1 and ,discourse of ,magic4 #es4 ,,argyll 7,duke of74 ,the ,life of ,queen ,victoria4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ariosto',s ,orlando ,furioso4 ,translated into ,english ,verse by ,w4 ,s4 ,rose4 ,with ,portrait1 and #bd ,steel ,engravings4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,aristophanes' ,comedies4 ,translated by ,w4 ,j4 ,hickie4 #b vols1 #es4 each4 ,,aristotle',s ,nicomachean ,ethics4 ,translated1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by the ,venerable ,archdeacon ,browne4 #es4 ---- ,politics and ,economics4 ,translated by ,e4 ,walford1 ,m4,a41 with ,introduction by ,dr4 ,gillies4 #es4 ---- ,metaphysics4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,m',mahon1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,history of ,animals4 ,trans4 by ,richard ,cresswell1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,organon2 or1 ,logical ,treatises1 and the ,introduction of ,porphyry4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,o4 ,f4 ,owen1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,rhetoric and ,poetics4 ,trans4 by ,t4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,arrian',s ,anabasis of ,alexander1 together with the ,indica4 ,translated by ,e4 ,j4 ,chinnock1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,with ,maps and ,plans4 #es4 ,,athen,,us4 ,the ,deipnosophists2 or1 the ,banquet of the ,learned4 ,trans4 by ,prof4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,bacon',s ,moral and ,historical ,works1 including the ,essays1 ,apophthegms1 ,wisdom of the ,ancients1 ,new ,atlantis1 ,henry ,,vii41 ,henry ,,viii41 ,elizabeth1 ,henry ,prince of ,wales1 ,history of ,great ,britain1 ,julius ,csar1 and ,augustus ,csar4 ,edited by ,j4 ,devey1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,novum ,organum and ,advancement of ,learning4 ,edited by ,j4 ,devey1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,bass',s ,lexicon to the ,greek ,testament4 #bs4 ,,bax',s ,handbook of the ,history of ,philosophy1 for the use of ,students4 ,by ,e4 ,belfort ,bax4 #es4 ,,beaumont and ,,fletcher1 their finest ,scenes1 ,lyrics1 and other ,beauties1 selected from the whole of their works1 and edited by ,leigh ,hunt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bechstein',s ,cage and ,chamber ,birds1 their ,natural ,history1 ,habits1 ,food1 ,diseases1 and ,modes of ,capture4 ,translated1 with considerable additions on ,structure1 ,migration1 and ,economy1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,adams4 ,together with ,,sweet ,,british ,,warblers4 ,with #dc coloured ,plates and ,woodcut ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,bede',s 7,venerable7 ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,england4 ,together with the ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,chronicle4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,with ,map4 #es4 ,,bell 7,sir ,charles74 ,the ,anatomy and ,philosophy of ,expression1 as connected with the ,fine ,arts4 ,by ,sir ,charles ,bell1 ,k4,h4 #gth edition1 revised4 #es4 ,,berkeley 7,george71 ,bishop of ,cloyne1 ,the ,works of4 ,edited by ,george ,sampson4 ,with ,biographical ,introduction by the ,right ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balfour1 ,m4,p4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,bion4 ,see ,,theocritus4 ,,bj,,rnson',s ,arne and the ,fisher ,lassie4 ,translated by ,w4 ,h4 ,low1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,blair',s ,chronological ,tables ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,comprehending the ,chronology and ,history of the ,world1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,russian ,treaty of ,peace1 ,april #ahef4 ,by ,j4 ,willoughby ,rosse4 ,double vol4 #ajs4 ,,bleek',s ,introduction to the ,old ,testament4 ,by ,friedrich ,bleek4 ,edited by ,johann ,bleek and ,adolf ,kamphausen4 ,translated by ,g4 ,h4 ,venables1 under the supervision of the ,rev4 ,canon ,venables4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,boethius',s ,consolation of ,philosophy4 ,king ,alfred's ,anglo-,saxon ,version of4 ,with a literal ,english ,translation on opposite pages1 ,notes1 ,introduction1 and ,glossary1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,fox1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,bohn',s ,dictionary of ,poetical ,quotations4 #dth edition4 #fs4 ,,bohn',s ,handbooks of ,games4 ,new edition4 ,in #b vols41 with numerous ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,table ,,games3--,billiards1 ,bagatelle1 ,chess1 ,draughts1 ,backgammon1 ,dominoes1 ,solitaire1 ,reversi1 ,go-,bang1 ,rouge et ,noir1 ,roulette1 ,e4,o41 ,hazard1 ,faro4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,card ,,games3--,whist1 ,solo ,whist1 ,poker1 ,piquet1 ,ecart1 ,euchre1 ,bzique1 ,cribbage1 ,loo1 ,vingt-et-un1 ,napoleon1 ,newmarket1 ,pope ,joan1 ,speculation1 c41 c4 ,,bond',s ,a ,handy ,book of ,rules and ,tables for verifying ,dates with the ,christian ,era1 c4 ,giving an account of the ,chief ,eras and ,systems used by various ,nations2 with the easy ,methods for determining the ,corresponding ,dates4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,bond4 #es4 ,,bonomi',s ,nineveh and its ,palaces4 #g ,plates and #bid ,woodcut ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,boswell',s ,life of ,johnson1 with the ,,tour ,,in ,,the ,,hebrides and ,,johnsoniana4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,napier1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,frontispiece to each vol4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,brand',s ,popular ,antiquities of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,arranged1 revised1 and greatly enlarged1 by ,sir ,henry ,ellis1 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 c4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,bremer',s 7,frederika7 ,works4 ,translated by ,mary ,howitt4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,bridgwater ,,treatises4 ,bell 7,sir ,charles7 on the ,hand4 ,with numerous ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,kirby on the ,history1 ,habits1 and ,instincts of ,animals4 ,edited by ,t4 ,rymer ,jones4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,woodcuts4 ,vol4 ,i41 #es4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 out of print4 ,kidd on the ,adaptation of ,external ,nature to the ,physical ,condition of ,man4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,chalmers on the ,adaptation of ,external ,nature to the ,moral and ,intellectual ,constitution of ,man4 #es4 ,,brink 7,b4 ten7 ,early ,english ,literature4 ,by ,bernhard ten ,brink4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,to ,wyclif4 ,translated by ,horace ,m4 ,kennedy4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,wyclif1 ,chaucer1 ,earliest ,drama ,renaissance4 ,translated by ,w4 ,clarke ,robinson1 ,ph4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,from the ,fourteenth ,century to the ,death of ,surrey4 ,edited by ,dr4 ,alois ,brandl4 ,trans4 by ,l4 ,dora ,schmitz4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,five ,lectures on ,shakespeare4 ,trans4 by ,julia ,franklin4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,browne',s 7,sir ,thomas7 ,works4 ,edited by ,simon ,wilkin4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,burke',s ,works4 #h vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4--,vindication of ,natural ,society--,essay on the ,sublime and ,beautiful1 and various ,political ,miscellanies4 ,,ii4--,reflections on the ,french ,revolution--,letters relating to the ,bristol ,election--,speech on ,fox's ,east ,india ,bill1 c4 ,,iii4--,appeal from the ,new to the ,old ,whigs--,on the ,nabob of ,arcot's ,debts--,the ,catholic ,claims1 c4 ,,iv4--,report on the ,affairs of ,india1 and ,articles of ,charge against ,warren ,hastings4 ,v4--,conclusion of the ,articles of ,charge against ,warren ,hastings--,political ,letters on the ,american ,war1 on a ,regicide ,peace1 to the ,empress of ,russia4 ,,vi4--,miscellaneous ,speeches--,letters and ,fragments--,abridgments of ,english ,history1 c4 ,with a ,general ,index4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4--,speeches on the ,impeachment of ,warren ,hastings2 and ,letters4 ,with ,index4 ---- ,life4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,prior4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,burney4 ,the ,early ,diary of ,fanny ,burney 7,madame ,d',arblay71 #agfh-aggh4 ,with a selection from her ,correspondence and from the ,journals of her sisters1 ,susan and ,charlotte ,burney4 ,edited by ,annie ,raine ,ellis4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,evelina4 ,by ,frances ,burney 7,mme4 ,d',arblay74 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes by ,a4 ,r4 ,ellis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,cecilia4 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes by ,a4 ,r4 ,ellis4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,burn 7,r47 ,ancient ,rome and its ,neighbourhood4 ,an ,illustrated ,handbook to the ,ruins in the ,city and the ,campagna1 for the use of ,travellers4 ,by ,robert ,burn1 ,m4,a4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 ,maps1 and ,plans4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,burns 7,robert71 ,life of4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockhart1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,a new and enlarged ,edition4 ,revised by ,william ,scott ,douglas4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,burton',s 7,robert7 ,anatomy of ,melancholy4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,shilleto1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,introduction by ,a4 ,h4 ,bullen1 and full ,index4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,burton 7,sir ,r4 ,f47 ,personal ,narrative of a ,pilgrimage to ,al-,madinah and ,meccah4 ,by ,captain ,sir ,richard ,f4 ,burton1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,with an ,introduction by ,stanley ,lane-,poole1 and all the original ,illustrations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,this is the copyright edition1 containing the author's latest notes4 ,,butler',s 7,bishop7 ,analogy of ,religion1 ,natural and ,revealed1 to the ,constitution and ,course of ,nature2 together with two ,dissertations on ,personal ,identity and on the ,nature of ,virtue1 and ,fifteen ,sermons4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,butler',s 7,samuel7 ,hudibras4 ,with ,variorum ,notes1 a ,biography1 ,portrait1 and #bh ,illustrations4 #es4 ---- or1 further ,illustrated with #fj ,outline ,portraits4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,c,,sar4 ,commentaries on the ,gallic and ,civil ,wars41 ,translated by ,w4 ,a4 ,mc,devitte1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,camoens' ,lusiad2 or1 the ,discovery of ,india4 ,an ,epic ,poem4 ,translated by ,w4 ,j4 ,mickle4 #eth ,edition1 revised by ,e4 ,r4 ,hodges1 ,m4,c4,p4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,carlyle',s ,french ,revolution4 ,edited by ,j4 ,holland ,rose1 ,litt4,d4 ,illus4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,sartor ,resartus4 ,with #ge ,illustrations by ,edmund ,j4 ,sullivan4 #es4 ,,carpenter',s 7,dr4 ,w4 ,b47 ,zoology4 ,revised ,edition1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,with very numerous ,woodcuts4 ,vol4 ,i4 #fs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 out of print4 ,,carpenter',s ,mechanical ,philosophy1 ,astronomy1 and ,horology4 #aha ,woodcuts4 #es4 ---- ,vegetable ,physiology and ,systematic ,botany4 ,revised ,edition1 by ,e4 ,lankester1 ,m4,d41 c4 ,with very numerous ,woodcuts4 #fs4 ---- ,animal ,physiology4 ,revised ,edition4 ,with upwards of #cjj ,woodcuts4 #fs4 ,,castle 7,e47 ,schools and ,masters of ,fence1 from the ,middle ,ages to the ,end of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,by ,egerton ,castle1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with a ,complete ,bibliography4 ,illustrated with #adj ,reproductions of ,old ,engravings and #f ,plates of ,swords1 showing #aad ,examples4 #fs4 ,,cattermole',s ,evenings at ,haddon ,hall4 ,with #bd ,engravings on ,steel from designs by ,cattermole1 the ,letterpress by the ,baroness de ,carabella4 #es4 ,,catullus1 ,tibullus1 and the ,vigil of ,venus4 ,a ,literal ,prose ,translation4 #es4 ,,cellini 7,benvenuto74 ,memoirs of1 written by ,himself4 ,translated by ,thomas ,roscoe4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cervantes' ,don ,quixote de la ,mancha4 ,motteaux's ,translation revised4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,galatea4 ,a ,pastoral ,romance4 ,translated by ,g4 ,w4 ,j4 ,gyll4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,exemplary ,novels4 ,translated by ,walter ,k4 ,kelly4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,chaucer',s ,poetical ,works4 ,edited by ,robert ,bell4 ,revised ,edition1 with a ,preliminary ,essay by ,prof4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,chevreul on ,colour4 ,translated from the ,french by ,charles ,martel4 ,third ,edition1 with ,plates1 #es42 or with an additional series of #af ,plates in ,colours1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,china1 ,pictorial1 ,descriptive1 and ,historical4 ,with ,map and nearly #ajj ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,chronicles ,,of ,,the ,,crusades4 ,contemporary ,narratives of the ,crusade of ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 by ,richard of ,devizes and ,geoffrey de ,vinsauf2 and of the ,crusade at ,st4 ,louis1 by ,lord ,john de ,joinville4 #es4 ,,chronicles ,,of ,,the ,,tombs4 ,a ,collection of ,epitaphs by ,t4 ,j4 ,pettigrew1 ,f4,r4,s4 #es4 ,,cicero',s ,orations4 ,translated by ,prof4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,letters4 ,translated by ,evelyn ,s4 ,shuckburgh4 #d vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,on ,oratory and ,orators4 ,with ,letters to ,quintus and ,brutus4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a1 #es4 ---- ,on the ,nature of the ,gods1 ,divination1 ,fate1 ,laws1 a ,republic1 ,consulship4 ,translated by ,prof4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a41 and ,francis ,barham4 #es4 ---- ,academics1 ,de ,finibus1 and ,tusculan ,questions4 ,by ,prof4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,offices2 or1 ,moral ,duties4 ,cato ,major1 an ,essay on ,old ,age2 ,llius1 an ,essay on ,friendship2 ,scipio's ,dream2 ,paradoxes2 ,letter to ,quintus on ,magistrates4 ,translated by ,c4 ,r4 ,edmonds4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,clark',s 7,hugh7 ,introduction to ,heraldry4 #ahth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged by ,j4 ,r4 ,planch1 ,rouge ,croix4 ,with nearly #ajjj ,illustrations4 #es4 ,or with the ,illustrations ,coloured1 #aes4 ,,classic ,,tales1 containing ,rasselas1 ,vicar of ,wakefield1 ,gulliver's ,travels1 and ,the ,sentimental ,journey4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,coleridge',s 7,s4 ,t47 ,friend4 ,a ,series of ,essays on ,morals1 ,politics1 and ,religion4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,aids to ,reflection1 and the ,,confessions ,,of ,,an ,,inquiring ,,spirit1 to which are added the ,,essays ,,on ,,faith and the ,,book ,,of ,,common ,,prayer4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures and ,notes on ,shakespeare and other ,english ,poets4 ,edited by ,t4 ,ashe4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,biographia ,literaria2 together with ,two ,lay ,sermons4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,biographia ,epistolaris4 ,edited by ,arthur ,turnbull4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,table-,talk and ,omniana4 ,edited by ,t4 ,ashe1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,miscellanies1 sthetic and ,literary2 to which is added1 ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,life4 ,collected and arranged by ,t4 ,ashe1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,comte',s ,positive ,philosophy4 ,translated and condensed by ,harriet ,martineau4 ,with ,introduction by ,frederic ,harrison4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,philosophy of the ,sciences1 being an ,exposition of the ,principles of the ,cours de ,philosophie ,positive4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes4 #es4 ,,cond',s ,history of the ,dominion of the ,arabs in ,spain4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,foster4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,cooper',s ,biographical ,dictionary4 ,containing ,concise ,notices 7upwards of #ae1jjj7 of ,eminent ,persons of all ,ages and ,countries4 ,by ,thompson ,cooper1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with a ,supplement1 bringing the work down to #ahhc4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,cornelius ,,nepos4--,see ,,justin4 ,,coxe',s ,memoirs of the ,duke of ,marlborough4 ,with his original ,correspondence4 ,by ,w4 ,coxe1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revised edition by ,john ,wade4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,history of the ,house of ,austria 7#abah-agib74 ,with a ,continuation from the ,accession of ,francis ,i4 to the ,revolution of #ahdh4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,craik',s 7,g4 ,l47 ,pursuit of ,knowledge under ,difficulties4 ,illustrated by ,anecdotes and ,memoirs4 ,revised edition1 with numerous ,woodcut ,portraits and ,plates4 #es4 ,,cunningham',s ,lives of the ,most ,eminent ,british ,painters4 ,a ,new ,edition1 with ,notes and ,sixteen fresh ,lives4 ,by ,mrs4 ,heaton4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,dante4 ,divine ,comedy4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,f4 ,cary1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition1 by ,m4 ,l4 ,egerton-,castle4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,translated into ,english ,verse by ,i4 ,c4 ,wright1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition1 revised4 ,with ,portrait1 and #cd ,illustrations on ,steel1 after ,flaxman4 ,,dante4 ,the ,inferno4 ,a ,literal ,prose ,translation1 with the ,text of the ,original printed on the same page4 ,by ,john ,a4 ,carlyle1 ,m4,d4 #es4 ,,de ,,commines 7,philip71 ,memoirs of4 ,containing the ,histories of ,louis ,,xi4 and ,charles ,,viii41 ,kings of ,france1 and ,charles the ,bold1 ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,together with the ,scandalous ,chronicle1 or ,secret ,history of ,louis ,,xi41 by ,jean de ,troyes4 ,translated by ,andrew ,r4 ,scoble4 ,with ,portraits4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,defoe',s ,novels and ,miscellaneous ,works4 ,with ,prefaces and ,notes1 including those attributed to ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4--,captain ,singleton1 and ,colonel ,jack4 ,,ii4--,memoirs of a ,cavalier1 ,captain ,carleton1 ,dickory ,cronke1 c4 ,,iii4--,moll ,flanders1 and the ,history of the ,devil4 ,,iv4--,roxana1 and ,life of ,mrs4 ,christian ,davies4 ,v4--,history of the ,great ,plague of ,london1 #affe2 ,the ,storm 7#agjc72 and the ,true-born ,englishman4 ,,vi4--,duncan ,campbell1 ,new ,voyage round the ,world1 and ,political ,tracts4 ,,vii4--,robinson ,crusoe1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also with #hf ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,demmin',s ,history of ,arms and ,armour1 from the ,earliest ,period4 ,by ,auguste ,demmin4 ,translated by ,c4 ,c4 ,black1 ,m4,a4 ,with nearly #bjjj ,illustrations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,demosthenes' ,orations4 ,translated by ,c4 ,rann ,kennedy4 #e vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 #cs4 #f;d42 ,vols4 ,,ii4-,v41 #es4 each4 ,,de ,,sta,l',s ,corinne or ,italy4 ,by ,madame de ,stal4 ,translated by ,emily ,baldwin and ,paulina ,driver4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,dictionary of ,latin and ,greek ,quotations2 including ,proverbs1 ,maxims1 ,mottoes1 ,law ,terms and ,phrases4 ,with all the ,quantities marked1 and ,english ,translations4 ,with ,index ,verborum 7#fbb pages74 #es4 ,,dictionary of ,obsolete and ,provincial ,english4 ,compiled by ,thomas ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 c4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,didron',s ,christian ,iconography3 a ,history of ,christian ,art in the ,middle ,ages4 ,translated by ,e4 ,j4 ,millington and completed by ,margaret ,stokes4 ,with #bdj ,illustrations4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,diogenes ,,laertius4 ,lives and ,opinions of the ,ancient ,philosophers4 ,translated by ,prof4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,dobree',s ,adversaria4 ,edited by the late ,prof4 ,wagner4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,dodd',s ,epigrammatists4 ,a ,selection from the ,epigrammatic ,literature of ,ancient1 ,medival1 and ,modern ,times4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,philip ,dodd1 ,m4,a4 ,oxford4 #bnd ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #fs4 ,,donaldson',s ,the ,theatre of the ,greeks4 ,a ,treatise on the ,history and ,exhibition of the ,greek ,drama4 ,with numerous ,illustrations and #c ,plans4 ,by ,john ,william ,donaldson1 ,d4,d4 #es4 ,,draper',s ,history of the ,intellectual ,development of ,europe4 ,by ,john ,william ,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,dunlop',s ,history of ,fiction4 ,a new ,edition4 ,revised by ,henry ,wilson4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,dyer',s ,history of ,modern ,europe1 from the ,fall of ,constantinople4 #crd edition1 revised and continued to the end of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,by ,arthur ,hassall1 ,m4,a4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,dyer',s 7,dr4 ,t4 ,h47 ,pompeii3 its ,buildings and ,antiquities4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,dyer1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with nearly #cjj ,wood ,engravings1 a large ,map1 and a ,plan of the ,forum4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,dyer 7,t4 ,f4 ,t47 ,british ,popular ,customs1 ,present and ,past4 ,an ,account of the various ,games and ,customs associated with ,different ,days of the ,year in the ,british ,isles1 arranged according to the ,calendar4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,f4 ,thiselton ,dyer1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,ebers' ,egyptian ,princess4 ,an ,historical ,novel4 ,by ,george ,ebers4 ,translated by ,e4 ,s4 ,buchheim4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,edgeworth',s ,stories for ,children4 ,with #h ,illustrations by ,l4 ,speed4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,elze',s ,william ,shakespeare4--,see ,,shakespeare4 ,,emerson',s ,works4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4--,essays and ,representative ,men4 ,,ii4--,english ,traits1 ,nature1 and ,conduct of ,life4 ,,iii4--,society and ,solitude--,letters and ,social ,aims--,addresses4 ,,iv4--,miscellaneous ,pieces4 ,v4--,poems4 ,,epictetus1 ,the ,discourses of4 ,with the ,,encheiridion and ,fragments4 ,translated by ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,euripides4 ,a ,new ,literal ,translation in ,prose4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,coleridge1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,eutropius4--,see ,,justin4 ,,eusebius ,,pamphilus1 ,ecclesiastical ,history of4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,c4 ,f4 ,cruse1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,evelyn',s ,diary and ,correspondence4 ,edited from the ,original ,,mss4 by ,w4 ,bray1 ,f4,a4,s4 ,with #de engravings4 #d vols4 #es4 each4 ,,fairholt',s ,costume in ,england4 ,a ,history of ,dress to the end of the ,eighteenth ,century4 #crd ,edition1 revised1 by ,viscount ,dillon1 ,v4,p4,s4,a4 ,illustrated with above #gjj ,engravings4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,fielding',s ,adventures of ,joseph ,andrews and his ,friend ,mr4 ,abraham ,adams4 ,with ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,history of ,tom ,jones1 a ,foundling4 ,with ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,amelia4 ,with ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,flaxman',s ,lectures on ,sculpture4 ,by ,john ,flaxman1 ,r4,a4 ,with ,portrait and #ec ,plates4 #fs4 ,,foster',s 7,john7 ,essays3 on ,decision of ,character2 on a ,man's writing ,memoirs of ,himself2 on the epithet ,romantic2 on the aversion of ,men of ,taste to ,evangelical ,religion4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,essays on the ,evils of ,popular ,ignorance2 to which is added1 a ,discourse on the ,propagation of ,christianity in ,india4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,essays on the ,improvement of ,time4 ,with ,,notes ,,of ,,sermons and other ,pieces4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gaspary',s ,history of ,italian ,literature to the ,death of ,dante4 ,translated by ,herman ,oelsner1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,geoffrey ,,of ,,monmouth1 ,chronicle of4--,see ,old ,english ,chronicles4 ,,gesta ,,romanorum1 or ,entertaining ,moral ,stories invented by the ,monks4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,charles ,swan4 ,revised ,edition1 by ,wynnard ,hooper1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,gildas1 ,chronicles of4--,see ,old ,english ,chronicles4 ,,gibbon',s ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,complete and ,unabridged1 with ,variorum ,notes4 ,edited by an ,english ,churchman4 ,with #b ,maps and ,portrait4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,gilbart',s ,history1 ,principles1 and ,practice of ,banking4 ,by the late ,j4 ,w4 ,gilbart1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition 7#aijg71 revised by ,ernest ,sykes4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,gil ,,blas1 ,the ,adventures of4 ,translated from the ,french of ,lesage by ,smollett4 ,with #bd ,engravings on ,steel1 after ,smirke1 and #aj ,etchings by ,george ,cruikshank4 #fs4 ,,giraldus ,,cambrensis' ,historical ,works4 ,translated by ,th4 ,forester1 ,m4,a41 and ,sir ,r4 ,colt ,hoare4 ,revised ,edition1 ,edited by ,thomas ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #es4 ,,goethe',s ,faust4 ,part ,i4 ,german ,text with ,hayward's ,prose ,translation and ,notes4 ,revised by ,c4 ,a4 ,buchheim1 ,ph4,d4 #es4 ,,goethe',s ,works4 ,translated into ,english by various hands4 #ad vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4 and ,,ii4--,poetry and ,truth from ,my ,own ,life4 ,new and revised edition4 ,,iii4--,faust4 ,two ,parts1 complete4 7,swanwick47 ,,iv4--,novels and ,tales4 ,v4--,wilhelm ,meister's ,apprenticeship4 ,,vi4--,conversations with ,eckermann and ,soret4 ,,viii4--,dramatic ,works4 ,,ix4--,wilhelm ,meister's ,travels4 ,x4--,tour in ,italy1 and ,second ,residence in ,rome4 ,,xi4--,miscellaneous ,travels4 ,,xii4--,early and ,miscellaneous ,letters4 ,,xiii4--,correspondence with ,zelter 7out of print74 ,,xiv4--,reineke ,fox1 ,west-,eastern ,divan and ,achilleid4 ,,goldsmith',s ,works4 ,a new ,edition1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,grammont',s ,memoirs of the ,court of ,charles ,,ii4 ,edited by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,together with the ,,boscobel ,,tracts1 including two not before published1 c4 ,new ,edition4 #es4 ,,gray',s ,letters4 ,including the ,correspondence of ,gray and ,mason4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,tovey1 ,m4,a4 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 7,vol4 ,,iii4 in the ,press47 ,,greek ,,anthology4 ,translated by ,george ,burges1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,greek ,,romances of ,heliodorus1 ,longus1 and ,achilles ,tatius--viz41 ,the ,adventures of ,theagenes ,chariclea2 ,amours of ,daphnis and ,chloe2 and ,loves of ,clitopho and ,leucippe4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,r4 ,smith1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,greene1 ,,marlowe1 and ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,poems of4 ,edited by ,robert ,bell4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gregory',s ,letters on the ,evidences1 ,doctrines1 ,duties of the ,christian ,religion4 ,by ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,grimm',s ,,tales4 ,with the ,notes of the ,original4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,hunt4 ,with ,introduction by ,andrew ,lang1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,gammer ,grethel2 or1 ,german ,fairy ,tales and ,popular ,stories4 ,containing #db ,fairy ,tales4 ,trans4 by ,edgar ,taylor4 ,with numerous ,woodcuts after ,george ,cruikshank and ,ludwig ,grimm4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,grossi',s ,marco ,visconti4 ,translated by ,a4 ,f4 ,d4 ,the ,ballads rendered into ,english ,verse by ,c4 ,m4 ,p4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,guizot',s ,history of the ,english ,revolution of #afdj4 ,from the ,accession of ,charles ,i4 to his ,death4 ,translated by ,william ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,history of ,civilisation1 from the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire to the ,french ,revolution4 ,translated by ,william ,hazlitt4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,hall',s 7,rev4 ,robert7 ,miscellaneous ,works and ,remains4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hampton ,,court3 ,a ,short ,history of the ,manor and ,palace4 ,by ,ernest ,law1 ,b4,a4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,hardwick',s ,history of the ,articles of ,religion4 ,by the late ,c4 ,hardwick4 ,revised by the ,rev4 ,francis ,procter1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,hauff',s ,tales4 ,the ,caravan--,the ,sheik of ,alexandria--,the ,inn in the ,spessart4 ,trans4 from the ,german by ,s4 ,mendel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hawthorne',s ,tales4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4--,twice-told ,tales1 and the ,snow ,image4 ,,ii4--,scarlet ,letter1 and the ,house with the ,seven ,gables4 ,,iii4--,transformation ,the ,marble ,faun1 and ,blithedale ,romance4 ,,iv4--,mosses from an ,old ,manse4 ,,hazlitt',s ,table-talk4 ,essays on ,men and ,manners4 ,by ,w4 ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hazlitt',s ,lectures on the ,literature of the ,age of ,elizabeth and on ,characters of ,shakespeare's ,plays4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on the ,english ,poets1 and on the ,english ,comic ,writers4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,the ,plain ,speaker4 ,opinions on ,books1 ,men1 and ,things4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,round ,table4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,sketches and ,essays4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,the ,spirit of the ,age2 or1 ,contemporary ,portraits4 ,edited by ,w4 ,carew ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,view of the ,english ,stage4 ,edited by ,w4 ,spencer ,jackson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,heaton',s ,concise ,history of ,painting4 ,new ,edition1 revised by ,cosmo ,monkhouse4 #es4 ,,hegel',s ,lectures on the ,philosophy of ,history4 ,translated by ,j4 ,sibree1 ,m4,a4 ,,heine',s ,poems1 ,complete4 ,translated by ,edgar ,a4 ,bowring1 ,c4,b4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,travel-,pictures1 including the ,tour in the ,harz1 ,norderney1 and ,book of ,ideas1 together with the ,romantic ,school4 ,translated by ,francis ,storr4 ,a ,new ,edition1 revised throughout4 ,with ,appendices and ,maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,heliodorus4 ,theagenes and ,chariclea4--,see ,,greek ,,romances4 ,,help',s ,life of ,christopher ,columbus1 the ,discoverer of ,america4 ,by ,sir ,arthur ,helps1 ,k4,c4,b4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life of ,hernando ,cortes1 and the ,conquest of ,mexico4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,life of ,pizarro4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life of ,las ,casas the ,apostle of the ,indies4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,henderson 7,e47 ,select ,historical ,documents of the ,middle ,ages1 including the most famous ,charters relating to ,england1 the ,empire1 the ,church1 c41 from the #fth to the #adth ,centuries4 ,translated from the ,latin and edited by ,ernest ,f4 ,henderson1 ,a4,b41 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 #es4 ,,henfrey',s ,guide to ,english ,coins1 from the ,conquest to #ahhe4 ,new and revised ,edition by ,c4 ,f4 ,keary1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #fs4 ,,henry ,,of ,,huntingdon',s ,history of the ,english4 ,translated by ,t4 ,forester1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,henry',s 7,matthew7 ,exposition of the ,book of the ,psalms4 #es4 ,,herodotus4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,henry ,cary1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,analysis and ,summary of4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,wheeler4 #es4 ,,hesiod1 ,,callimachus1 and ,,theognis4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,hoffmann',s 7,e4 ,t4 ,w47 ,the ,serapion ,brethren4 ,translated from the ,german by ,lt4-,col4 ,alex4 ,ewing4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,holbein',s ,dance of ,death and ,bible ,cuts4 ,upwards of #aej ,subjects1 engraved in facsimile1 with ,introduction and ,descriptions by ,francis ,douce and ,dr4 ,thomas ,frognall ,dibden4 #es4 ,,homer',s ,iliad4 ,a new translation by ,e4 ,h4 ,blakeney1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 containing ,books ,i4-,,xii4 #cs4 #f;d4 7,vol4 ,,ii4 in the ,press47 ---- ,translated into ,english ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,homer',s ,odyssey4 ,hymns1 ,epigrams1 and ,battle of the ,frogs and ,mice4 ,translated into ,english ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ---- ,see also ,,pope4 ,,hooper',s 7,g47 ,waterloo3 ,the ,downfall of the ,first ,napoleon3 a ,history of the ,campaign of #ahae4 ,by ,george ,hooper4 ,with ,maps and ,plans4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,the ,campaign of ,sedan3 ,the ,downfall of the ,second ,empire1 ,august-,september1 #ahgj4 ,with ,general ,map and ,six ,plans of ,battle4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,horace4 ,a new literal ,prose translation1 by ,a4 ,hamilton ,bryce1 ,,ll4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hugo',s 7,victor7 ,dramatic ,works4 ,hernani--,ruy ,blas--,the ,king's ,diversion4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,newton ,crosland and ,f4 ,l4 ,slous4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,poems1 chiefly ,lyrical4 ,translated by various ,writers1 now first collected by ,j4 ,h4 ,l4 ,williams4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,humboldt',s ,cosmos4 ,translated by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott1 ,b4 ,h4 ,paul1 and ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4,l4,s4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each1 excepting ,vol4 ,v4 #es4 ---- ,personal ,narrative of his ,travels to the ,equinoctial ,regions of ,america during the years #agii-ahjd4 ,translated by ,t4 ,ross4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,views of ,nature4 ,translated by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott and ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #es4 ,,humphreys' ,coin ,collector's ,manual4 ,by ,h4 ,n4 ,humphreys4 ,with upwards of #adj ,illustrations on ,wood and ,steel4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,hungary3 its ,history and ,revolution1 together with a copious ,memoir of ,kossuth4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hunt',s ,poetry of ,science4 ,by ,richard ,hunt4 #crd ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #es4 ,,hutchinson 7,colonel74 ,memoirs of the ,life of4 ,by his ,widow1 ,lucy3 together with her ,autobiography1 and an ,account of the ,siege of ,lathom ,house4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ingulph',s ,chronicles of the ,abbey of ,croyland1 with the ,,continuation by ,peter of ,blois and other ,writers4 ,translated by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,irving',s 7,washington7 ,complete ,works4 #ae vols4 ,with ,portraits1 c4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,i4--,salmagundi1 ,knickerbocker's ,history of ,new ,york4 ,,ii4--,the ,sketch-,book1 and the ,life of ,oliver ,goldsmith4 ,,iii4--,bracebridge ,hall1 ,abbotsford and ,newstead ,abbey4 ,,iv4--,the ,alhambra1 ,tales of a ,traveller4 ,v4--,chronicle of the ,conquest of ,granada1 ,legends of the ,conquest of ,spain4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4--,life and ,voyages of ,columbus1 together with the ,voyages of his ,companions4 ,,viii4--,astoria1 ,a ,tour on the ,prairies4 ,,ix4--,life of ,mahomet1 ,lives of the ,successors of ,mahomet4 ,x4--,adventures of ,captain ,bonneville1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,wolfert's ,roost4 ,,xi4--,biographies and ,miscellaneous ,papers4 ,,xii4-,,xv4--,life of ,george ,washington4 #d vols4 ,,irving',s 7,washington7 ,life and ,letters4 ,by his ,nephew1 ,pierre ,e4 ,irving4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,isocrates1 ,the ,orations of4 ,translated by ,j4 ,h4 ,freese1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 #es4 ,,james',s 7,g4 ,p4 ,r47 ,life of ,richard ,cur de ,lion4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 7,vol4 ,i4 out of print47 ,,jameson',s 7,mrs47 ,shakespeare's ,heroines4 ,characteristics of ,women3 ,moral1 ,poetical1 and ,historical4 ,by ,mrs4 ,jameson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,jesse',s 7,e47 ,anecdotes of ,dogs4 ,with #dj ,woodcuts and #cd ,steel ,engravings4 #es4 ,,jesse',s 7,j4 ,h47 ,memoirs of the ,court of ,england during the ,reign of the ,stuarts1 including the ,protectorate4 #c vols4 ,with #db ,portraits4 #es4 each4 ---- ,memoirs of the ,pretenders and their ,adherents4 ,with #f ,portraits4 #es4 ,,johnson',s ,lives of the ,poets4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,alexander ,napier1 with ,introduction by ,professor ,hales4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,josephus 7,flavius71 ,the ,works of4 ,whiston's ,translation1 revised by ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,shilleto1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,topographical and ,geographical ,notes by ,colonel ,sir ,c4 ,w4 ,wilson1 ,k4,c4,b4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,julian1 the ,emperor4 ,containing ,gregory ,nazianzen's ,two ,invectives and ,libanus' ,monody1 with ,julian's extant ,theosophical ,works4 ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,junius',s ,letters4 ,with all the ,notes of ,woodfall's ,edition1 and important ,additions4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,justin1 ,,cornelius ,,nepos1 and ,,eutropius4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,juvenal1 ,,persius1 ,,sulpicia and ,,lucilius4 ,translated by ,l4 ,evans1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,kant',s ,critique of ,pure ,reason4 ,translated by ,j4 ,m4 ,d4 ,meiklejohn4 #es4 ---- ,prolegomena and ,metaphysical ,foundations of ,natural ,science4 ,translated by ,e4 ,belfort ,bax4 #es4 ,,keightley',s 7,thomas7 ,mythology of ,ancient ,greece and ,italy4 #dth ,edition1 revised by ,leonard ,schmitz1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,with #ab ,plates from the ,antique4 #es4 ,,keightley',s ,fairy ,mythology1 illustrative of the ,romance and ,superstition of ,various ,countries4 ,revised ,edition1 with ,frontispiece by ,cruikshank4 #es4 ,,la ,,fontaine',s ,fables4 ,translated into ,english ,verse by ,elizur ,wright4 ,new ,edition1 with ,notes by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lamartine',s ,history of the ,girondists4 ,translated by ,h4 ,t4 ,ryde4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,history of the ,restoration of ,monarchy in ,france 7a ,sequel to the ,history of the ,girondists74 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,history of the ,french ,revolution of #ahdh4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lamb',s 7,charles7 ,essays of ,elia and ,eliana4 ,complete ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,specimens of ,english ,dramatic ,poets of the ,time of ,elizabeth4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,memorials and ,letters of ,charles ,lamb1 ,by ,serjeant ,talfourd4 ,new ,edition1 revised1 by ,w4 ,carew ,hazlitt4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,tales from ,shakespeare4 ,with ,illustrations by ,byam ,shaw4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lane',s ,arabian ,nights' ,entertainments4 ,edited by ,stanley ,lane-,poole1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,lappenberg',s ,history of ,england under the ,anglo-,saxon ,kings4 ,translated by ,b4 ,thorpe1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,new edition1 revised by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,leonardo ,,da ,,vinci',s ,treatise on ,painting4 ,translated by ,j4 ,f4 ,rigaud1 ,r4,a4 ,with a ,life of ,leonardo by ,john ,william ,brown4 ,with numerous ,plates4 #es4 ,,lepsius',s ,letters from ,egypt1 ,ethiopia1 and the ,peninsula of ,sinai4 ,translated by ,l4 and ,j4 ,b4 ,homer4 ,with ,maps4 #es4 ,,lessing',s ,dramatic ,works1 ,complete4 ,edited by ,ernest ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,memoir of ,lessing by ,helen ,zimmern4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,laokoon1 ,dramatic ,notes1 and the ,representation of ,death by the ,ancients4 ,translated by ,e4 ,c4 ,beasley and ,helen ,zimmern4 ,edited by ,edward ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,with a ,frontispiece of the ,laokoon group4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lilly',s ,introduction to ,astrology4 ,with a ,,grammar of ,astrology and ,tables for ,calculating ,nativities1 by ,zadkiel4 #es4 ,,livy',s ,history of ,rome4 ,translated by ,dr4 ,spillan1 ,c4 ,edmonds1 and others4 #d vols4 #es4 each4 ,,locke',s ,philosophical ,works4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,st4 ,john4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,lockhart 7,j4 ,g47--,see ,,burns4 ,,lodge',s ,portraits of ,illustrious ,personages of ,great ,britain1 with ,biographical and ,historical ,memoirs4 #bdj ,portraits engraved on ,steel1 with the respective ,biographies unabridged4 #h vols4 #es4 each4 ,vols4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 and ,,vii4 out of print4 ,,loudon',s 7,mrs47 ,natural ,history4 ,revised edition1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with numerous ,woodcut ,illus4 #es4 ,,longus4 ,daphnis and ,chloe4--,see ,,greek ,,romances4 ,,lowndes' ,bibliographer's ,manual of ,english ,literature4 ,enlarged ,edition4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #f vols4 cloth1 #es4 each4 ,or #d vols4 half morocco1 #bl4 #bs4 ,,lucan',s ,pharsalia4 ,translated by ,h1 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,lucian',s ,dialogues of the ,gods1 of the ,sea ,gods1 and of the ,dead4 ,translated by ,howard ,williams1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,lucretius4 ,a ,prose ,translation4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro4 ,reprinted from the ,final 7#dth7 ,edition4 ,with an ,introduction by ,j4 ,d4 ,duff1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,literally translated4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,with a ,metrical ,version by ,j4 ,m4 ,good4 #es4 ,,luther',s ,table-,talk4 ,translated and ,edited by ,william ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,autobiography4--,see ,,michelet4 ,,machiavelli',s ,history of ,florence1 together with the ,prince1 ,savonarola1 various ,historical ,tracts1 and a ,memoir of ,machiavelli4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mallet',s ,northern ,antiquities1 or an ,historical ,account of the ,manners1 ,customs1 ,religions and ,laws1 ,maritime ,expeditions and ,discoveries1 ,language and ,literature1 of the ,ancient ,scandinavians4 ,translated by ,bishop ,percy4 ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition1 with a ,translation of the ,,prose ,,edda1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,blackwell4 #es4 ,,manzoni4 ,the ,betrothed3 being a ,translation of #8,i ,promessi ,sposi4' ,by ,alessandro ,manzoni4 ,with numerous ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,,marco ,,polo',s ,travels2 the ,translation of ,marsden revised by ,t4 ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #es4 ,,marryat',s 7,capt4 ,r4,n47 ,masterman ,ready4 ,with #ic ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,mission2 or1 ,scenes in ,africa4 ,illustrated by ,gilbert and ,dalziel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,pirate and ,three ,cutters4 ,with #h ,steel ,engravings1 from ,drawings by ,clarkson ,stanfield1 ,r4 ,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,privateersman4 #h ,engravings on ,steel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,settlers in ,canada4 #aj ,engravings by ,gilbert and ,dalziel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,poor ,jack4 ,with #af ,illustrations after ,clarkson ,stansfield1 ,r4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,peter ,simple4 ,with #h full-page ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,martial',s ,epigrams1 complete4 ,translated into ,prose1 each accompanied by one or more ,verse ,translations selected from the ,works of ,english ,poets1 and other sources4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,martineau',s 7,harriet7 ,history of ,england1 from #ahjj-ahae4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,history of the ,thirty ,years' ,peace1 ,a4,d4 #ahae-df4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,see ,comte's ,positive ,philosophy4 ,,matthew ,,of ,,westminster',s ,flowers of ,history1 from the beginning of the ,world to ,a4,d4 #acjg4 ,translated by ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,maxwell',s ,victories of ,wellington and the ,british ,armies4 ,frontispiece and #e ,portraits4 #es4 ,,menzel',s ,history of ,germany1 from the ,earliest ,period to #ahdb4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,michael ,,angelo ,,and ,,raphael1 their ,lives and ,works4 ,by ,duppa and ,quairemere de ,quincy4 ,with ,portraits1 and ,engravings on ,steel4 #es4 ,,michelet',s ,luther's ,autobiography4 ,trans4 by ,william ,hazlitt4 ,with an ,appendix 7#aaj pages7 of ,notes4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,history of the ,french ,revolution from its earliest indications to the flight of the ,king in #agia4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mignet',s ,history of the ,french ,revolution1 from #aghi to #ahad4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,new edition1 reset4 ,,mill 7,j4 ,s474 ,early ,essays by ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,collected from various sources by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,miller 7,professor74 ,history ,philosophically ,illustrated1 from the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire to the ,french ,revolution4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,milton',s ,prose ,works4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,st4 ,john4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,poetical ,works1 with a ,memoir and ,critical ,remarks by ,james ,montgomery1 an ,index to ,paradise ,lost1 ,todd's ,verbal ,index to all the ,poems1 and a ,selection of ,explanatory ,notes by ,henry ,g4 ,bohn4 ,illustrated with #abj ,wood ,engravings from ,drawings by ,w4 ,harvey4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,mitford',s 7,miss7 ,our ,village ,sketches of ,rural ,character and ,scenery4 ,with #b ,engravings on ,steel4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,moli,,re',s ,dramatic ,works4 ,a new ,translation in ,english ,prose1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,wall4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,montagu4 ,the ,letters and ,works of ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu4 ,edited by her great-grandson1 ,lord ,wharncliffe's ,edition1 and revised by ,w4 ,moy ,thomas4 ,new ,edition1 revised1 with #e ,portraits4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,montaigne',s ,essays4 ,cotton's ,translation1 revised by ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt4 ,new ,edition4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,montesquieu',s ,spirit of ,laws4 ,new ,edition1 revised and corrected4 ,by ,j4 ,v4 ,pritchard1 ,a4,m4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,more',s ,utopia4 ,robinson's translation1 with ,roper's #8,life of ,sir ,thomas ,more1' and ,more's ,letters to ,margaret ,roper and others4 ,edited1 with ,notes1 by ,george ,sampson4 ,introduction and ,bibliography by ,a4 ,guthkelch4 #es4 ,,morphy',s ,games of ,chess4 ,being the ,matches and best ,games played by the ,american ,champion1 with ,explanatory and ,analytical ,notes by ,j4 ,lwenthal4 #es4 ,,motley 7,j4 ,l474 ,the ,rise of the ,dutch ,republic4 ,a ,history4 ,by ,john ,lothrop ,motley4 ,new ,edition1 with ,biographical ,introduction by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,mudie',s ,british ,birds2 or1 ,history of the ,feathered ,tribes of the ,british ,islands4 ,revised by ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,martin4 ,with #eb ,figures of ,birds and #g ,coloured ,plates of ,eggs4 #b vols4 ,,neander 7,dr4 ,a47 ,life of ,jesus ,christ4 ,translated by ,j4 ,mc,clintock and ,c4 ,blumenthal4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,history of the ,planting and ,training of the ,christian ,church by the ,apostles4 ,translated by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryland4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,memorials of ,christian ,life in the ,early and ,middle ,ages2 including ,light in ,dark ,places4 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryland4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nibelungen ,,lied4 ,the ,lay of the ,nibelungs1 metrically translated from the old ,german text by ,alice ,horton1 and edited by ,edward ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,to which is prefixed the ,essay on the ,nibelungen ,lied by ,thomas ,carlyle4 #es4 ,,nicolini',s ,history of the ,jesuits3 their ,origin1 ,progress1 ,doctrines1 and ,designs4 ,with #h ,portraits4 #es4 ,,north 7,r47 ,lives of the ,right ,hon4 ,francis ,north1 ,baron ,guildford1 the ,hon4 ,sir ,dudley ,north1 and the ,hon4 and ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,north4 ,by the ,hon4 ,roger ,north4 ,together with the ,autobiography of the ,author4 ,edited by ,augustus ,jessopp1 ,d4,d4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,nugent',s 7,lord7 ,memorials of ,hampden1 his ,party and ,times4 ,with a ,memoir of the ,author1 an ,autograph ,letter1 and ,portrait4 #es4 ,,old ,,english ,,chronicles1 including ,ethelwerd's ,chronicle1 ,asser's ,life of ,alfred1 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth's ,british ,history1 ,gildas1 ,nennius1 and the spurious chronicle of ,richard of ,cirencester4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #es4 ,,oman 7,j4 ,c47 ,the ,great ,indian ,epics3 the ,stories of the ,,ramayana and the ,,mahabharata4 ,by ,john ,campbell ,oman1 ,principal of ,khalsa ,college1 ,amritsar4 ,with ,notes1 ,appendices1 and ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ovid',s ,works1 complete4 ,literally translated into ,prose4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,pascal',s ,thoughts4 ,translated from the ,text of ,m4 ,auguste ,molinier by ,c4 ,kegan ,paul4 #crd ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pauli',s 7,dr4 ,r47 ,life of ,alfred the ,great4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,to which is appended ,alfred's ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,version ,,of ,,orosius4 ,with a literal ,translation interpaged1 ,notes1 and an ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,grammar and ,,glossary1 by ,b4 ,thorpe4 #es4 ,,pausanias' ,description of ,greece4 ,newly translated by ,a4 ,r4 ,shilleto1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,pearson',s ,exposition of the ,creed4 ,edited by ,e4 ,walford1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,pepys' ,diary and ,correspondence4 ,deciphered by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,m4,a41 from the original ,shorthand ,,ms4 in the ,pepysian ,library4 ,edited by ,lord ,braybrooke4 #d vols4 ,with #ca ,engravings4 #es4 each4 ,,percy',s ,reliques of ,ancient ,english ,poetry4 ,with an ,essay on ,ancient ,minstrels and a ,glossary4 ,edited by ,j4 ,v4 ,pritchard1 ,a4,m4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,persius4--,see ,,juvenal4 ,,petrarch',s ,sonnets1 ,triumphs1 and other ,poems4 ,translated into ,english ,verse by various ,hands4 ,with a ,life of the ,poet by ,thomas ,campbell4 ,with ,portrait and #ae ,steel ,engravings4 #es4 ,,pickering',s ,history of the ,races of ,man1 and their ,geographical ,distribution4 ,with ,,an ,,analytical ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,man by ,dr4 ,hall4 ,with a ,map of the ,world and #ab coloured ,plates4 #es4 ,,pindar4 ,translated into ,prose by ,dawson ,w4 ,turner4 ,to which is added the ,metrical ,version by ,abraham ,moore4 #es4 ,,planch4 ,history of ,british ,costume1 from the ,earliest ,time to the ,close of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,planch1 ,somerset ,herald4 ,with upwards of #djj ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,plato',s ,works4 ,literally translated1 with ,introduction and ,notes4 #f vols4 #es4 each4 ,i4--,the ,apology of ,socrates1 ,crito1 ,phdo1 ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 ,phdrus1 ,thetetus1 ,euthyphron1 ,lysis4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,carey4 ,,ii4--,the ,republic1 ,timus1 and ,critias4 ,translated by ,henry ,davis4 ,,iii4--,meno1 ,euthydemus1 ,the ,sophist1 ,statesman1 ,cratylus1 ,parmenides1 and the ,banquet4 ,translated by ,g4 ,burges4 ,,iv4--,philebus1 ,charmides1 ,laches1 ,menexenus1 ,hippias1 ,ion1 ,the ,two ,alcibiades1 ,theages1 ,rivals1 ,hipparchus1 ,minos1 ,clitopho1 ,epistles4 ,translated by ,g4 ,burges4 ,v4--,the ,laws4 ,translated by ,g4 ,burges4 ,,vi4--,the ,doubtful ,works4 ,translated by ,g4 ,burges4 ---- ,summary and ,analysis of the ,dialogues4 ,with ,analytical ,index4 ,by ,a4 ,day1 ,,ll4,d4 #es4 ,,plautus',s ,comedies4 ,translated by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,pliny4 ,the ,letters of ,pliny the ,younger4 ,melmoth's translation1 revised by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,t4 ,bosanquet1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,plotinus1 ,select ,works of4 ,translated by ,thomas ,taylor4 ,with an ,introduction containing the substance of ,porphyry's ,plotinus4 ,edited by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 #es4 ,,plutarch',s ,lives4 ,translated by ,a4 ,stewart1 ,m4,a41 and ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,morals4 ,theosophical ,essays4 ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,morals4 ,ethical ,essays4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,shilleto1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,poetry ,,of ,,america4 ,selections from ,one ,hundred ,american ,poets1 from #aggf to #ahgf4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,linton4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,political ,,cyclop,,dia4 ,a ,dictionary of ,political1 ,constitutional1 ,statistical1 and ,forensic ,knowledge2 forming a ,work of ,reference on subjects of ,civil ,administration1 ,political ,economy1 ,finance1 ,commerce1 ,laws1 and ,social ,relations4 #d vols4 7#ahdh47 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,vol4 ,i4 out of print4 ,,pope',s ,poetical ,works4 ,edited1 with copious ,notes1 by ,robert ,carruthers4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,vol4 ,i4 out of print4 ---- ,homer's ,iliad4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated by the entire ,series of ,flaxman's ,designs4 #es4 ---- ,homer's ,odyssey1 with the ,battle of ,frogs and ,mice1 ,hymns1 c41 by other translators4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,with the entire ,series of ,flaxman's ,designs4 #es4 ---- ,life1 including many of his ,letters4 ,by ,robert ,carruthers4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,poushkin',s ,prose ,tales3 ,the ,captain's ,daughter--,doubrovsky--,the ,queen of ,spades--,an ,amateur ,peasant ,girl--,the ,shot--,the ,snow ,storm--,the ,postmaster--,the ,coffin ,maker--,kirdjali--,the ,egyptian ,nights--,peter the ,great's ,negro4 ,translated by ,t4 ,keane4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,prescott',s ,conquest of ,mexico4 ,copyright edition1 with the notes by ,john ,foster ,kirk1 and an introduction by ,g4 ,p4 ,winship4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,conquest of ,peru4 ,copyright edition1 with the notes of ,john ,foster ,kirk4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,reign of ,ferdinand and ,isabella4 ,copyright edition1 with the notes of ,john ,foster ,kirk4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,propertius4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,f4 ,gantillon1 ,m4,a41 and accompanied by ,poetical ,versions1 from various sources4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,proverbs1 ,handbook of4 ,containing an entire ,republication of ,ray's ,collection of ,english ,proverbs1 with his additions from ,foreign ,languages and a complete ,alphabetical ,index2 in which are introduced large additions as well of ,proverbs as of ,sayings1 ,sentences1 ,maxims1 and ,phrases1 collected by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #es4 ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain1 and other ,objects of ,vertu4 ,comprising an ,illustrated ,catalogue of the ,bernal ,collection of ,works of ,art1 with the prices at which they were sold by auction1 and names of the possessors4 ,to which are added1 an ,introductory ,lecture on ,pottery and ,porcelain1 and an ,engraved ,list of all the known ,marks and ,monograms4 ,by ,henry ,g4 ,bohn4 ,with numerous ,wood ,engravings1 #es42 or with ,coloured ,illustrations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,prout',s 7,father7 ,reliques4 ,collected and arranged by ,rev4 ,f4 ,mahony4 ,new issue1 with #ba ,etchings by ,d4 ,maclise1 ,r4,a4 ,nearly #fjj pages4 #es4 ,,quintilian',s ,institutes of ,oratory1 or ,education of an ,orator4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,racine',s 7,jean7 ,dramatic ,works4 ,a metrical ,english version4 ,by ,r4 ,bruce ,boswell1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,ranke',s ,history of the ,popes1 during the ,last ,four ,centuries4 ,translated by ,e4 ,foster4 ,mrs4 ,foster's translation revised1 with considerable additions1 by ,g4 ,r4 ,dennis1 ,b4,a4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,history of ,servia and the ,servian ,revolution4 ,with an ,account of the ,insurrection in ,bosnia4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,kerr4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,recreations in ,,shooting4 ,by #8,craven4' ,with #fb ,engravings on ,wood after ,harvey1 and #i ,engravings on ,steel1 chiefly after ,a4 ,cooper1 ,r4,a4 #es4 ,,rennie',s ,insect ,architecture4 ,revised and enlarged by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,with #ahf ,woodcut ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,reynolds' 7,sir ,j47 ,literary ,works4 ,edited by ,h4 ,w4 ,beechy4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,ricardo on the ,principles of ,political ,economy and ,taxation4 ,edited by ,e4 ,c4 ,k4 ,gonner1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,richter 7,jean ,paul ,friedrich74 ,levana1 a ,treatise on ,education3 together with the ,autobiography 7a ,fragment71 and a short ,prefatory ,memoir4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,richter 7,jean ,paul ,friedrich74 ,flower1 ,fruit1 and ,thorn ,pieces1 or the ,wedded ,life1 ,death1 and ,marriage of ,firmian ,stanislaus ,siebenkaes1 ,parish ,advocate in the ,parish of ,kuhschnapptel4 ,newly translated by ,lt4-,col4 ,alex4 ,ewing4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,roger ,,de ,,hoveden',s ,annals of ,english ,history1 comprising the ,history of ,england and of other ,countries of ,europe from ,a4,d4 #gcb to ,a4,d4 #abja4 ,translated by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,roger ,,of ,,wendover',s ,flowers of ,history1 comprising the ,history of ,england from the ,descent of the ,saxons to ,a4,d4 #abce1 formerly ascribed to ,matthew ,paris4 ,translated by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 out of print4 ,,rome in the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,containing a complete ,account of the ,ruins of the ,ancient ,city1 the ,remains of the ,middle ,ages1 and the ,monuments of ,modern ,times4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,eaton4 ,with #cd ,steel ,engravings4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,see ,,burn4 ,,roscoe',s 7,w47 ,life and ,pontificate of ,leo ,x4 ,final edition1 revised by ,thomas ,roscoe4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,life of ,lorenzo de' ,medici1 called #8the ,magnificent4' ,with his poems1 letters1 c4 #ajth ,edition1 revised1 with ,memoir of ,roscoe by his ,son4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,russia4 ,history of1 from the earliest ,period1 compiled from the most authentic sources by ,walter ,k4 ,kelly4 ,with ,portraits4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,sallust1 ,,florus1 and ,,velleius ,,paterculus4 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,schiller',s ,works4 ,translated by various hands4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each3-- ,i4--,history of the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,,ii4--,history of the ,revolt in the ,netherlands1 the ,trials of ,counts ,egmont and ,horn1 the ,siege of ,antwerp1 and the ,disturbances in ,france preceding the ,reign of ,henry ,,iv4 ,,iii4--,don ,carlos1 ,mary ,stuart1 ,maid of ,orleans1 ,bride of ,messina1 together with the ,use of the ,chorus in ,tragedy 7a short ,essay74 ,these ,dramas are all translated in metre4 ,,iv4--,robbers 7with ,schiller's original ,preface71 ,fiesco1 ,love and ,intrigue1 ,demetrius1 ,ghost ,seer1 ,sport of ,divinity4 ,the ,dramas in this volume are translated into ,prose4 ,v4--,poems4 ,,vi4--,essays1 sthetical and ,philosophical4 ,,vii4--,wallenstein's ,camp1 ,piccolomini and ,death of ,wallenstein1 ,william ,tell4 ,,schiller and ,,goethe4 ,correspondence between1 from ,a4,d4 #agid-ahje4 ,translated by ,l4 ,dora ,schmitz4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,schlegel',s 7,f47 ,lectures on the ,philosophy of ,life and the ,philosophy of ,language4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on the ,history of ,literature1 ,ancient and ,modern4 ,translated from the ,german4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on the ,philosophy of ,history4 ,translated by ,j4 ,b4 ,robertson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ,modern ,history1 together with the ,lectures entitled ,csar and ,alexander1 and ,the ,beginning of our ,history4 ,translated by ,l4 ,purcell and ,r4 ,h4 ,whitelock4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- sthetic and ,miscellaneous ,works4 ,translated by ,e4 ,j4 ,millington4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,schlegel',s 7,a4 ,w47 ,lectures on ,dramatic ,art and ,literature4 ,translated by ,j4 ,black4 ,revised ,edition1 by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,schopenhauer on the ,fourfold ,root of the ,principle of ,sufficient ,reason1 and ,on the ,will in ,nature4 ,translated by ,madame ,hillebrand4 #es4 ---- ,essays4 ,selected and ,translated4 ,with a ,biographical ,introduction and ,sketch of his ,philosophy1 by ,e4 ,belfort ,bax4 #es4 ,,schouw',s ,earth1 ,plants1 and ,man4 ,translated by ,a4 ,henfrey4 ,with coloured ,map of the ,geography of ,plants4 #es4 ,,schumann 7,robert74 ,his ,life and ,works1 by ,august ,reissmann4 ,translated by ,a4 ,l4 ,alger4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,early ,letters4 ,originally published by his ,wife4 ,translated by ,may ,herbert4 ,with a ,preface by ,sir ,george ,grove1 ,d4,c4,l4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,seneca on ,benefits4 ,newly translated by ,a4 ,stewart1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,minor ,essays and ,on ,clemency4 ,translated by ,a4 ,stewart1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,shakespeare ,,documents4 ,arranged by ,d4 ,h4 ,lambert1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,shakespeare',s ,dramatic ,art4 ,the ,history and ,character of ,shakespeare's ,plays4 ,by ,dr4 ,hermann ,ulrici4 ,translated by ,l4 ,dora ,schmitz4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,shakespeare 7,william74 ,a ,literary ,biography by ,karl ,elze1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,translated by ,l4 ,dora ,schmitz4 #es4 ,,sharpe 7,s47 ,the ,history of ,egypt1 from the ,earliest ,times till the ,conquest by the ,arabs1 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,by ,samuel ,sharpe1 #b ,maps and upwards of #djj ,illustrative ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,sheridan',s ,dramatic ,works1 ,complete4 ,with ,life by ,g4 ,g4 ,s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sismondi',s ,history of the ,literature of the ,south of ,europe4 ,translated by ,thomas ,roscoe4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,smith',s ,synonyms and ,antonyms1 or ,kindred ,words and their ,opposites4 ,revised ,edition4 #es4 ---- ,synonyms ,discriminated4 ,a ,dictionary of ,synonymous ,words in the ,english ,language1 showing the ,accurate signification of words of similar meaning4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,percy ,smith1 ,m4,a4 #fs4 ,,smith',s 7,adam7 ,the ,wealth of ,nations4 ,edited by ,e4 ,belfort ,bax4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,theory of ,moral ,sentiments4 ,with a ,memoir of the ,author by ,dugald ,stewart4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,smith',s 7,pye7 ,geology and ,scripture4 #bnd ,edition4 #es4 ,,smyth',s 7,professor7 ,lectures on ,modern ,history4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,smollett',s ,adventures of ,roderick ,random4 ,with short ,memoir and ,bibliography1 and ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,adventures of ,peregrine ,pickle4 ,with ,bibliography and ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,the ,expedition of ,humphry ,clinker4 ,with ,bibliography and ,cruikshank's ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,socrates 7surnamed #8,scholasticus'74 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,history of 7,a4,d4 #cje-dde74 ,translated from the ,greek4 #es4 ,,sophocles1 ,the ,tragedies of4 ,a ,new ,prose ,translation1 with ,memoir1 ,notes1 c41 by ,e4 ,p4 ,coleridge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,southey',s ,life of ,nelson4 ,with ,portraits1 ,plans1 and upwards of #ej ,engravings on ,steel and ,wood4 #es4 ---- ,life of ,wesley1 and the ,rise and ,progress of ,methodism4 #es4 ---- ,robert ,southey4 ,the ,story of his ,life written in his ,letters4 ,edited by ,john ,dennis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sozomen',s ,ecclesiastical ,history4 ,translated from the ,greek4 ,together with the ,,ecclesiastical ,,history ,,of ,,philostorgius1 as epitomised by ,photius4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,e4 ,walford1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,spinoza',s ,chief ,works4 ,translated1 with ,introduction1 by ,r4,h4,m4 ,elwes4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,stanley',s ,classified ,synopsis of the ,principal ,painters of the ,dutch and ,flemish ,schools4 ,by ,george ,stanley4 #es4 ,,staunton',s ,chess-,player's ,handbook4 #es4 ,,staunton',s ,chess ,praxis4 ,a ,supplement to the ,chess-player's ,handbook4 #es4 ---- ,chess-player's ,companion4 ,comprising a ,treatise on ,odds1 ,collection of ,match ,games1 and a ,selection of ,original ,problems4 #es4 ,,stockhardt',s ,experimental ,chemistry4 ,edited by ,c4 ,w4 ,heaton1 ,f4,c4,s4 #es4 ,,stowe 7,mrs4 ,h4 ,b47 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,strabo',s ,geography4 ,translated by ,w4 ,falconer1 ,m4,a41 and ,h4 ,c4 ,hamilton4 #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,strickland',s 7,agnes7 ,lives of the ,queens of ,england1 from the ,norman ,conquest4 ,revised ,edition4 ,with #f ,portraits4 #f vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,life of ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,lives of the ,tudor and ,stuart ,princesses4 ,with ,portraits4 #es4 ,,stuart and ,,revett',s ,antiquities of ,athens1 and other ,monuments of ,greece4 ,with #ga ,plates engraved on ,steel1 and numerous ,woodcut ,capitals4 #es4 ,,suetonius' ,lives of the ,twelve ,csars and ,lives of the ,grammarians4 ,thomson's translation1 revised by ,t4 ,forester4 #es4 ,,swift',s ,prose ,works4 ,edited by ,temple ,scott4 ,with a ,biographical ,introduction by the ,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,m4,p4 ,with ,portraits and ,facsimiles4 #ab vols4 #es4 each4 ,i4--,a ,tale of a ,tub1 ,the ,battle of the ,books1 and other early works4 ,edited by ,temple ,scott4 ,with a ,biographical ,introduction by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky4 ,,ii4--,the ,journal to ,stella4 ,edited by ,frederick ,ryland1 ,m4,a4 ,with #b ,portraits and ,facsimile4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4--,writings on ,religion and the ,church4 ,v4--,historical and ,political ,tracts 7,english74 ,,vi4--,the ,drapier's ,letters4 ,with facsimiles of ,wood's ,coinage1 c4 ,,vii4--,historical and ,political ,tracts 7,irish74 ,,viii4--,gulliver's ,travels4 ,edited by ,g4 ,r4 ,dennis1 ,b4,a4 ,with ,portrait and ,maps4 ,,ix4--,contributions to ,periodicals4 ,x4--,historical ,writings4 ,,xi4--,literary ,essays4 ,,xii4--,full ,index and ,bibliography1 with ,essays on the ,portraits of ,swift by ,sir ,frederick ,falkiner1 and on the ,relations between ,swift and ,stella by the ,very ,rev4 ,dean ,bernard4 ---- ,poems4 ,edited by ,w4 ,ernst ,browning4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,tacitus4 ,the ,works of4 ,literally translated4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ,,tasso',s ,jerusalem ,delivered4 ,translated into ,english ,spenserian ,verse by ,j4 ,h4 ,wiffen4 ,with #h ,engravings on ,steel and #bd ,woodcuts by ,thurston4 #es4 ,,taylor',s 7,bishop ,jeremy7 ,holy ,living and ,dying4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ten ,,brink4--,see ,,brink4 ,,terence and ,,ph,,drus4 ,literally translated by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 ,to which is added1 ,smart's ,metrical ,version of ,phdrus4 #es4 ,,theocritus1 ,,bion1 ,,moschus1 and ,,tyrt,,us4 ,literally translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,m4,a4 ,to which are appended the ,metrical ,versions of ,chapman4 #es4 ,,theodoret and ,,evagrius4 ,histories of the ,church from ,a4,d4 #ccb to ,a4,d4 #dbg2 and from ,a4,d4 #dca to ,a4,d4 #edd4 ,translated4 #es4 ,,thierry',s ,history of the ,conquest of ,england by the ,normans4 ,translated by ,william ,hazlitt4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,thucydides4 ,the ,peloponnesian ,war4 ,literally translated by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,dale4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ---- ,an ,analysis and ,summary of4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,wheeler4 #es4 ,,thudichum 7,j4 ,l4 ,w47 ,a ,treatise on ,wines4 ,illustrated4 #es4 ,,ure',s 7,dr4 ,a47 ,cotton ,manufacture of ,great ,britain4 ,edited by ,p4 ,l4 ,simmonds4 #b vols4 #es4 each4 ---- ,philosophy of ,manufactures4 ,edited by ,p4 ,l4 ,simmonds4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,vasari',s ,lives of the most ,eminent ,painters1 ,sculptors1 and ,architects4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,foster1 with a ,commentary by ,j4 ,p4 ,richter1 ,ph4,d4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,virgil4 ,a ,literal ,prose ,translation by ,a4 ,hamilton ,bryce1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with ,portrait4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,voltaire',s ,tales4 ,translated by ,r4 ,b4 ,boswell4 ,containing ,bebouc1 ,memnon1 ,candide1 ,l',ingnu1 and other ,tales1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,walton',s ,complete ,angler4 ,edited by ,edward ,jesse4 ,with ,portrait and #bjc ,engravings on ,wood and #bf ,engravings on ,steel4 #es4 ,,walton',s ,lives of ,donne1 ,hooker1 c4 ,new ,edition revised by ,a4 ,h4 ,bullen1 with a ,memoir of ,izaak ,walton by ,wm4 ,dowling4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #es4 ,,wellington1 ,life of4 ,by #8,an ,old ,soldier4' ,from the materials of ,maxwell4 ,with ,index and #ah ,steel ,engravings4 #es4 ---- ,victories of4 ,see ,,maxwell4 ,,werner',s ,templars in ,cyprus4 ,translated by ,e4 ,a4 ,m4 ,lewis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,westropp 7,h4 ,m47 ,a ,handbook of ,archology1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 ,roman4 ,illustrated4 #es4 ,,wheatley',s ,a ,rational ,illustration of the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,white',s ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 ,with ,notes by ,sir ,william ,jardine4 ,edited by ,edward ,jesse4 ,with #dj ,portraits and coloured ,plates4 #es4 ,,wieseler',s ,chronological ,synopsis of the ,four ,gospels4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,canon ,venables4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,william of ,,malmesbury',s ,chronicle of the ,kings of ,england4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,sharpe4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #es4 ,,xenophon',s ,works4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a41 and the ,rev4 ,h4 ,dale4 ,in #c vols4 #es4 each4 ,,young 7,arthur74 ,travels in ,france during the years #aghg1 #aghh1 and #aghi4 ,edited by ,m4 ,betham ,edwards4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,tour ,in ,ireland1 with ,general ,observations on the state of the country during the years #aggf-gi4 ,edited by ,a4 ,w4 ,hutton4 ,with ,complete ,bibliography by ,j4 ,p4 ,anderson1 and ,map4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,yule-,,tide ,,stories4 ,a ,collection of ,scandinavian and ,north-,german ,popular ,tales and ,traditions4 ,edited by ,b4 ,thorpe4 #es4 ,,bohn',s ,,libraries4 ,a ,,special ,,offer4 ,messrs4 ,bell have made arrangements to supply selections of #ajj or #ej volumes from these famous ,libraries1 for #aa #aas4 or #f #fs4 net respectively4 ,the volumes may be selected without any restriction from the full ,list of the ,libraries1 now numbering nearly #gej volumes4 ,,write ,,for ,,full ,,particulars4 ,,the ,,york ,,library ,a ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,reprints ,,on ,,thin ,,paper4 ,with specially designed title-pages1 binding1 and end-papers4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 in cloth1 #bs4 net2 ,in leather1 #cs4 net4 #8,the ,york ,library is noticeable by reason of the wisdom and intelligence displayed in the choice of unhackneyed classics4444 ,a most attractive series of reprints4444 ,the size and style of the volumes are exactly what they should be4'--,bookman4 ,the following volumes are now ready3 ,,charlotte ,,bront',s ,,jane ,,eyre4 ,,burney',s ,,evelina4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,,annie ,,raine ,,ellis4 ,,burney',s ,,cecilia4 ,edited by ,,annie ,,raine ,,ellis4 #b vols4 ,,burton',s ,,anatomy ,,of ,,melancholy4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,shilleto1 ,m4,a41 with ,introduction by ,a4 ,h4 ,,bullen4 #c vols4 ,,burton',s 7,,sir ,,richard7 ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,al-,,madinah ,,and ,,meccah4 ,with ,introduction by ,,stanley ,,lane-,,poole4 #b vols4 ,,calverley4 ,,the ,,idylls ,,of ,,theocritus1 with the ,eclogues of ,virgil4 ,translated into ,english ,verse by ,c4 ,s4 ,,calverley4 ,with an ,introduction by ,r4 ,y4 ,,tyrrell1 ,litt4,d4 ,,cervantes' ,,don ,,quixote4 ,,motteux',s ,translation1 revised4 ,with ,,lockhart',s ,life and ,notes4 #b vols4 ,,classic ,,tales3 ,,johnson',s ,,rasselas1 ,,goldsmith',s ,,vicar ,,of ,,wakefield1 ,,sterne',s ,,sentimental ,,journey1 ,,walpole',s ,,castle ,,of ,,otranto4 ,with ,introduction by ,c4 ,s4 ,,fearenside1 ,m4,a4 ,,coleridge',s ,,aids ,,to ,,reflection1 and the ,confessions of an ,inquiring ,spirit4 ,,coleridge',s ,,friend4 ,a series of ,essays on ,morals1 ,politics1 and ,religion4 ,,coleridge',s ,,table ,,talk ,,and ,,omniana4 ,arranged and ,edited by ,t4 ,,ashe1 ,b4,a4 ,,coleridge',s ,,lectures ,,and ,,notes ,,on ,,shakespeare1 and other ,english ,poets4 ,edited by ,t4 ,,ashe1 ,b4,a4 ,,draper',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,intellectual ,,development ,,of ,,europe4 #b vols4 ,,ebers' ,,an ,,egyptian ,,princess4 ,translated by ,e4 ,s4 ,,buchheim4 ,,george ,,eliot',s ,,adam ,,bede4 ,,emerson',s ,,works4 ,a new edition in #e volumes1 with the ,text edited and collated by ,,george ,,sampson4 ,,fielding',s ,,tom ,,jones 7#b vols471 ,,amelia 7#a vol471 ,,joseph ,,andrews 7#a vol474 ,,gaskell',s ,,sylvia',s ,,lovers4 ,,gesta ,,romanorum1 or ,entertaining ,moral ,stories invented by the ,monks4 ,translated from the ,latin by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,swan4 ,revised edition1 by ,,wynnard ,,hooper1 ,m4,a4 ,,goethe',s ,,faust4 ,translated by ,,anna ,,swanwick1 ,,ll4,d4 ,revised edition1 with an ,introduction and ,bibliography by ,,karl ,,breul1 ,litt4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,,goethe',s ,,poetry ,,and ,,truth ,,from ,,my ,,own ,,life4 ,translated by ,m4 ,,steele-,,smith1 with ,introduction and ,bibliography by ,,karl ,,breul1 ,litt4,d4 ,,hawthorne',s ,,transformation 7,,the ,,marble ,,faun74 ,,hooper',s ,,waterloo3 ,,the ,,downfall ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,napoleon4 ,with ,maps and ,plans4 ,,irving',s ,,sketch ,,book4 ,,irving',s ,,bracebridge ,,hall1 ,,or ,,the ,,humourists4 ,,jameson',s ,,shakespeare',s ,,heroines4 ,,lamb',s ,,essays4 ,including the ,essays of ,elia1 ,last ,essays of ,elia1 and ,eliana4 ,,marcus ,,aurelius ,,antoninus1 ,,the ,,thoughts ,,of4 ,translated by ,,george ,,long1 ,m4,a4 ,with an ,essay on ,marcus ,aurelius by ,,matthew ,,arnold4 ,,marryat',s ,,mr4 ,,midshipman ,,easy4 ,with #h ,illustrations4 #a vol4 ,,peter ,,simple4 ,with #h ,illustrations1 #a vol4 ,,mignet',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution1 from #aghi to #ahad4 ,,montaigne',s ,,essays4 ,cotton's translation4 ,revised by ,w4 ,c4 ,,hazlitt4 #c vols4 ,,motley',s ,,rise ,,of ,,the ,,dutch ,,republic4 ,with a ,biographical ,introduction by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 #c vols4 ,,pascal',s ,,thoughts4 ,translated from the ,text of ,m4 ,,auguste ,,molinier by ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul4 ,third edition4 ,,plutarch',s ,,lives4 ,translated1 with ,notes and a ,life by ,,aubrey ,,stewart1 ,m4,a41 and ,,george ,,long1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 ,,ranke',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,popes1 during the ,last ,four ,centuries4 ,mrs4 ,foster's translation4 ,revised by ,g4 ,r4 ,,dennis4 #c vols4 ,,swift',s ,,gulliver',s ,,travels4 ,edited1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,g4 ,r4 ,,dennis1 with facsimiles of the original illustrations4 ,,swift',s ,,journal ,,to ,,stella4 ,edited1 with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,f4 ,,ryland1 ,m4,a4 ,,trollope',s ,,barsetshire ,,novels4--,,the ,,warden 7#a vol471 ,,barchester ,,towers 7#a vol471 ,,dr4 ,,thorne 7#a vol471 ,,framley ,,parsonage 7#a vol471 ,,small ,,house ,,at ,,allington 7#b vols471 ,,last ,,chronicle ,,of ,,barset 7#b vols474 ,,voltaire',s ,,zadig ,,and ,,other ,,tales4 ,translated by ,r4 ,,bruce ,,boswell4 ,,arthur ,,young',s ,,travels ,,in ,,france1 during the years #aghg1 #aghh1 and #aghi4 ,edited with ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,m4 ,,betham ,,edwards4 ,,masters ,,of ,,literature ,crown #hvo4 with portrait1 #cs4 #f;d4 net each4 ,this ,series represents an attempt to include in a portable form the finest passages of our prose masters1 with some apparatus for the intensive study of what is1 by the consent of the specialists1 the particular author's very best4 ,the selection of passages has been entrusted to the best contemporary guides1 who are also critics of the first rank1 and have the necessary power of popular exposition4 ,the editors have also been asked to adjust their introductions to the selection1 and to write the connecting links which form a special feature of the series4 ,these connections bring the excerpts together in one focus1 and exhibit at the same time the unity and development of the given writer's work4 ,first ,list of ,volumes3 ,,scott4 ,by ,professor ,a4 ,j4 ,,grant4 ,,thackeray4 ,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,chesterton4 ,,fielding4 ,by ,professor ,,saintsbury4 ,,carlyle4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,evans4 ,,defoe4 ,by ,,john ,,masefield4 ,,emerson4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,perris4 ,,de ,,quincey4 ,by ,,sidney ,,low4 ,,dickens4 ,by ,,thomas ,,seccombe4 ,,sterne4 ,by ,dr4 ,,sidney ,,lee4 ,a detailed prospectus will be sent on application4 ,,bell',s ,,handbooks ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,masters ,,in ,,painting ,,and ,,sculpture4 ,,edited ,,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,new ,,and ,,cheaper ,,reissue4 ,post #hvo4 ,with #dj ,illustrations and ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 #cs4 #f;d4 net each4 ,the following ,volumes have been issued3 ,,botticelli4 ,by ,a4 ,,streeter4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,brunelleschi4 ,by ,,leader ,,scott4 ,,correggio4 ,by ,,selwyn ,,brinton1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,carlo ,,crivelli4 ,by ,g4 ,,mcneil ,,rushforth1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,della ,,robbia4 ,by the ,,marchesa ,,burlamacchi4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,andrea ,,del ,,sarto4 ,by ,h4 ,,guinness4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,donatello4 ,by ,,hope ,,rea4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,francia4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 ,,gaudenzio ,,ferrari4 ,by ,,ethel ,,halsey4 ,,gerard ,,dou4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,martin4 ,translated by ,,clara ,,bell4 ,,giorgione4 ,by ,,herbert ,,cook1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,giotto4 ,by ,f4 ,,mason ,,perkins4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,frans ,,hals4 ,by ,,gerald ,s4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 ,,leonardo ,,da ,,vinci4 ,by ,,edward ,,mccurdy1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,luini4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 #crd ,edition4 ,,mantegna4 ,by ,,maud ,,cruttwell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,memlinc4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,james ,,weale4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,michel ,,angelo4 ,by ,lord ,,ronald ,,sutherland ,,gower1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,perugino4 ,by ,g ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,piero ,,della ,,francesca4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,waters1 ,m4,a4 ,,pintoricchio4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,march ,,phillipps4 ,,raphael4 ,by ,h4 ,,strachey4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rembrandt4 ,by ,,malcolm ,,bell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rubens4 ,by ,,hope ,,rea4 ,,signorelli4 ,by ,,maud ,,cruttwell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,sodoma4 ,by the ,,contessa ,,lorenzo ,,priuli-,,bon4 ,,tintoretto4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,stoughton ,,holborn1 ,m4,a4 ,,van ,,dyck4 ,by ,,lionel ,,cust1 ,m4,v4,o41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,velasquez4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,stevenson4 #eth ,edition4 ,,watteau4 ,by ,,edgcumbe ,,staley1 ,b4,a4 ,,wilkie4 ,by ,lord ,,ronald ,,sutherland ,,gower1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,write for ,illustrated ,prospectus4 ,new ,editions1 fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 each net4 ,,the ,,aldine ,,edition ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,poets4 #8,this excellent edition of the ,english classics1 with their complete texts and scholarly introductions1 are something very different from the cheap volumes of extracts which are just now so much too common4'--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 #8,an excellent series4 ,small1 handy1 and complete4'--,saturday ,review4 ,blake4 ,edited by ,w4 ,m4 ,rossetti4 ,burns4 ,edited by ,q4 ,a4 ,aitken4 #c vols4 ,butler4 ,edited by ,b4 ,b4 ,johnson4 #b vols4 ,campbell4 ,edited by ,his ,son-in-law1 the ,rev4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hill4 ,with ,memoir by ,w4 ,allingham4 ,chatterton4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 ,chaucer4 ,edited by ,dr4 ,r4 ,morris1 with ,memoir by ,sir ,h4 ,nicolas4 #f vols4 ,churchill4 ,edited by ,jas4 ,hannay4 #b vols4 ,coleridge4 ,edited by ,t4 ,ashe1 ,b4,a4 #b vols4 ,collins4 ,edited by ,w4 ,moy ,thomas4 ,cowper4 ,edited by ,john ,bruce1 ,f4,s4,a4 #c vols4 ,dryden4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,hooper1 ,m4,a4 #e vols4 ,goldsmith4 ,revised ,edition by ,austin ,dobson4 ,with ,portrait4 ,gray4 ,edited by ,j4 ,bradshaw1 ,,ll4,d4 ,herbert4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,grosart4 ,herrick4 ,edited by ,george ,saintsbury4 #b vols4 ,keats4 ,edited by the late ,lord ,houghton4 ,kirke ,white4 ,edited1 with a ,memoir1 by ,sir ,h4 ,nicolas4 ,milton4 ,edited by ,dr4 ,bradshaw4 #b vols4 ,parnell4 ,edited by ,g4 ,a4 ,aitken4 ,pope4 ,edited by ,g4 ,r4 ,dennis1 ,with ,memoir by ,john ,dennis4 #c vols4 ,prior4 ,edited by ,b4 ,b4 ,johnson4 #b vols4 ,raleigh and ,wotton4 ,with ,selections from the ,writings of other ,,courtly ,,poets from #aedj to #afej4 ,edited by ,ven4 ,archdeacon ,hannah1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,rogers4 ,edited by ,edward ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,scott4 ,edited by ,john ,dennis4 #e vols4 ,shakespeare's ,poems4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,a4 ,dyce4 ,shelley4 ,edited by ,h4 ,buxton ,forman4 #e vols4 ,spenser4 ,edited by ,j4 ,payne ,collier4 #e vols4 ,surrey4 ,edited by ,j4 ,yeowell4 ,swift ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,mitford4 #c vols4 ,thomson4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,tovey4 #b vols4 ,vaughan4 ,sacred ,poems and ,pious ,ejaculations4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,lyte4 ,wordsworth4 ,edited by ,prof4 ,dowden4 #g vols4 ,wyatt4 ,edited by ,j4 ,yeowell4 ,young4 #b vols4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,mitford4 ,,the ,,all-,,england ,,series4 ,,handbooks ,,of ,,athletic ,,games4 #8,the best instruction on games and sports by the best authorities1 at the lowest prices4'--,oxford ,magazine4 ,small #hvo4 cloth1 ,illustrated4 ,price #as4 each4 ,cricket4 ,by ,,fred ,c4 ,,holland4 ,cricket4 ,by the ,hon4 and ,rev4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton4 ,croquet4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 the ,hon4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,needham4 ,lawn ,tennis4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,wilberforce4 ,with a ,chapter for ,ladies1 by ,mrs4 ,,hillyard4 ,tennis and ,rackets and ,fives4 ,by ,,julian ,,marshall1 ,major ,j4 ,,spens1 and ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,arnan ,,tait4 ,golf4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,everard4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,rowing and ,sculling4 ,by ,,guy ,,rixon4 ,rowing and ,sculling4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,woodgate4 ,sailing4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight1 dbl4 vol4 #bs4 ,swimming4 ,by ,,martin and ,j4 ,,racster ,,cobbett4 ,camping out4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,macdonell4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,canoeing4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,hayward4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,mountaineering4 ,by ,dr4 ,,claude ,,wilson4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,riding4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,kerr1 ,v4,c4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,ladies' ,riding4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,kerr1 ,v4,c4 ,boxing4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,allanson-,,winn4 ,with ,prefatory ,note by ,bat ,mullins4 ,fencing4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,colmore ,,dunn4 ,cycling4 by ,h4 ,h4 ,,griffin1 ,l4,a4,c41 ,n4,c4,u41 ,c4,t4,c4 ,with a ,chapter for ,ladies1 by ,miss ,,agnes ,,wood4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,wrestling4 ,by ,,walter ,,armstrong4 ,new ,edition4 ,broadsword and ,singlestick4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,allanson-,,winn and ,c4 ,,phillipps-,,wolley4 ,gymnastics4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,jenkin4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,gymnastic ,competition and ,display ,exercises4 ,compiled by ,f4 ,,graf4 ,indian ,clubs4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,cobbett and ,a4 ,f4 ,,jenkin4 ,dumb-bells4 ,by ,f4 ,,graf4 ,football--,rugby ,game4 ,by ,,harry ,,vassall4 ,revised ,edition 7#aiji7 ,football--,association ,game4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,alcock4 ,revised ,edition4 ,hockey4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,creswell4 ,new ,edition4 ,skating4 ,by ,,douglas ,,adams4 ,with a ,chapter for ,ladies1 by ,miss ,l4 ,,cheetham1 and a ,chapter on ,speed ,skating1 by a ,fen ,skater4 ,dbl4 vol4 #bs4 ,baseball4 ,by ,,newton ,,crane4 ,rounders1 ,fieldball1 ,bowls1 ,quoits1 ,curling1 ,skittles1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,walker and ,c4 ,c4 ,,mott4 ,dancing4 ,by ,,edward ,,scott4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,,the ,,club ,,series ,,of ,,card ,,and ,,table ,,games4 #8,no well-regulated club or country house should be without this useful series of books4'--,globe4 ,small #hvo4 cloth1 ,illustrated4 ,price #as4 each4 ,bridge4 ,by #8,,templar4' ,six-handed ,bridge4 ,by ,,hubert ,,stuart4 #f;d4 ,whist ,by ,dr4 ,,wm4 ,,pole1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,solo ,whist4 ,by ,,robert ,f4 ,,green4 ,billiards4 ,by ,major-,gen4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,drayson1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,with a ,preface by ,w4 ,j4 ,peall4 ,hints on ,billiards4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,buchanan4 ,double vol4 #bs4 ,chess4 ,by ,,robert ,f4 ,,green4 ,the ,two-,move ,chess ,problem4 ,by ,b4 ,g4 ,,laws4 ,chess ,openings4 ,by ,i4 ,,gunsberg4 ,draughts and ,backgammon4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' ,reversi and ,go ,bang4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' ,dominoes and ,solitaire4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' ,bzique and ,cribbage4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' cart and ,euchre4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' ,piquet and ,rubicon ,piquet4 ,by #8,,berkeley4' ,skat4 ,by ,,louis ,,diehl4 ,a ,skat ,scoring-book4 #as4 ,round ,games1 including ,poker1 ,napoleon1 ,loo1 ,vingt-et-un1 c4 ,by ,,baxter-,,wray4 ,parlour and ,playground ,games4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,laurence ,,gomme4 ,,bell',s ,,cathedral ,,series4 ,profusely ,illustrated1 cloth1 crown #hvo #as4 #f;d4 net each4 ,,english ,,cathedrals4 ,an ,itinerary and ,description4 ,compiled by ,,james ,g4 ,,gilchrist1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,revised and edited with an ,introduction on ,cathedral ,architecture by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,bangor4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,,ironside ,,bax4 ,,bristol4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,canterbury4 ,by ,,hartley ,,withers4 #fth ,edition4 ,,carlisle4 ,by ,c4 ,,king ,,eley4 ,,chester4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #crd ,edition4 ,,chichester4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,corlette1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,durham4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bygate1 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 #dth ,edition4 ,,ely4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,sweeting1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,exeter4 ,by ,,percy ,,addleshaw1 ,b4,a4 #crd ,edition1 revised4 ,,gloucester4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 #eth ,edition4 ,,hereford4 ,by ,a4 ,,hugh ,,fisher1 ,a4,r4,e4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,lichfield4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,clifton4 #crd ,edition1 revised4 ,,lincoln4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,kendrick1 ,b4,a4 #dth ,edition4 ,,llandaff4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,morgan ,,willmott1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,manchester4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,norwich4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,quennell4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,oxford4 ,by ,rev4 ,,percy ,,dearmer1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,peterborough4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,sweeting4 #crd ,edition1 revised4 ,,ripon4 ,by ,,cecil ,,hallett1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rochester4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,palmer1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,st4 ,,albans4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,st4 ,,asaph4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,,ironside ,,bax4 ,,st4 ,,david',s4 ,by ,,philip ,,robson1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,patrick',s1 ,,dublin4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,bernard1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4,d4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s4 ,by ,rev4 ,,arthur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 ,,st4 ,,saviour',s1 ,,southwark4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,salisbury4 ,by ,,gleeson ,,white4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 ,,southwell4 ,by ,rev4 ,,arthur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,wells4 ,by ,rev4 ,,percy ,,dearmer1 ,m4,a4 #dth ,edition4 ,,winchester4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 ,,sergeant4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 ,,worcester4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,strange4 #crd ,edition4 ,,york4 ,by ,a4 ,,clutton-,,brock1 ,m4,a4 #eth ,edition4 ,uniform with above ,series4 ,now ready4 #as4 #f;d4 net each4 ,,bath ,,abbey1 ,,malmesbury ,,abbey1 and ,,bradford-,,on-,,avon ,,church4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,beverley ,,minster4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,the ,,churches ,,of ,,coventry4 ,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,woodhouse4 ,,malvern ,,priory4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,anthony ,c4 ,,deane4 7,in the ,press47 ,,romsey ,,abbey4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,st4 ,,bartholomew',s1 ,,smithfield4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,church4 ,,canterbury4 ,by the ,rev ,canon ,c4 ,f4 ,,routledge4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,stratford-,,on-,,avon ,,church4 ,by ,,harold ,,baker4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,the ,,temple ,,church4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,tewkesbury ,,abbey4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 #dth ,edition4 ,,wimborne ,,minster and ,,christchurch ,,priory4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,westminster ,,abbey4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #crd ,edition4 ,,bell',s ,,handbooks ,,to ,,continental ,,churches4 ,profusely ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 net each4 ,,amiens4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,bayeux4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,mylne4 ,,chartres3 ,the ,cathedral and ,other ,churches4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,mont ,,st4 ,,michel4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,paris 7,,notre-,,dame74 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 ,,rouen3 ,the ,cathedral and ,other ,churches4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,new from ,cover to ,cover4 ,,webster',s ,,new ,,international ,,dictionary4 ,messrs4 ,bell have pleasure in announcing an entirely new edition of ,webster's ,international ,dictionary4 ,the fruit of ten years' work on the part of the large staff of ,editors and ,contributors is represented in this edition1 which is in no sense a mere revision of #8,the ,international1' but exceeds that book--in convenience1 quantity1 and quality--as much as it surpassed the #8,unabridged4' ,points of the ,new ,international4 #djj1jjj ,,words ,,and ,,phrases ,,defined4 ,half this number in old ,international4 #bgjj ,,pages1 every line of which has been revised and reset4 7#djj pages in excess of old ,international1 and yet the new book is practically the same size47 #fjjj ,,illustrations1 each selected for the clear explication of the term treated4 ,,divided ,,page3 important words above1 less important below4 ,,encyclop,,dic ,,information on thousands of subjects4 ,,synonyms more skilfully treated than in any other ,english work4 ,,gazetteer and ,,biographical ,,dictionary are up to date4 ,,more ,,information of ,,more interest to ,,more people than any other ,dictionary4 ,,get ,,the ,,best in ,scholarship1 ,convenience1 ,authority1 ,utility4 ,,write ,,now for full prospectus and specimen pages ,,london3 ,g4 ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,york ,,house1 ,,portugal ,,st41 ,,kingsway1 ,w4,c4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the language used in the source document has been retained1 except as mentioned below4 ,this includes unusual and inconsistent spellings 7also of names and titles of publications71 hyphenation1 punctuation1 the inconsistent use of quotation marks1 etc4 ,non-,english words and phrases 7in particular in texts quoted by the author7 have not been corrected1 except as listed below4 ,preface3 444 the movable feasts are placed under the earliest days on which they can fall3 this is not always the case1 and some movable feasts are described in chapters without dates4 ,pages #ff and #id3 ,fits,stephen and ,fitz,stephens may refer to the same person4 ,page #bee1 ,and all that it wants is a more little silver3 as printed in the source document4 ,other sources give 8a little more silver04 ,page #beh1 ,hucknall ,folkard3 as printed in the source document2 possibly ,hucknall ,torkard1 both names appear to exist4 ,page #bei1 ,akerman3 as printed in the source document2 others spellings exist as well4 ,page #bhh1 444 the enrolment of a regular armour 4443 possibly an error for 444 the enrolment of a regular army4444 ,page #ddj3 444 after the death of his wife and her daughter 4443 does not seem logical 7his wife already having died71 but is as printed in the source document4 ,other sources mention only the daughter in respect to the #f pounds4 ,changes made3 ,some punctuation errors and obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently4 ,footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph1 poem1 etc4 to which they belong4 ,for this e-text1 festivals1 days1 dates etc4 have been regarded as chapters1 with countries1 counties or other localities being sections4 ,in some cases1 this is a change compared to the source document4 ,in some cases the source of poems and songs has been moved to its own line underneath the poem or song4 ,page #abf3 ,the date 7,march #ae7 has been moved from before ,,scotland to before ,,palm ,,saturday ,page #ade3 royal gate arms changed to royal gate alms ,page #agi3 ,portaffery changed to ,portaferry ,page #bei3 ,tu1 qui non dedignatus es changed to ,te1 qui non dedignatus es ,page #bij3 triennally changed to triennially 7cf4 biennially in the same sentence7 ,page #cdh3 mobility changed to nobility ,page #cfi3 ,the month 7,sept47 has been moved from before ,lancashire to before ,,eccles ,,wake ,page #cgj3 cork town ,council changed to ,cork town council ,page #dag3 revised changed to revived ,page #dcd3 444 and the book like1 acolytes1 444 changed to 444 and the book1 like acolytes1 444 ,page #eai3 ,tuth ,day moved to its proper place ,page ,a#ad3 entry ,longus moved to before ,lowndes