,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
available ?r\gh       ,int]net ,ar*ive4 
,see                                    
https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/suicideit
%i/or#jjwe/   ,transcrib]'s note3       
,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics
 7italics74        ,a c>et "* is us$ to 
d5ote sup]scription4       ,sup]script$ 
*>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets   
7example3 7aa-#a7an74      ,a ,social   
,sci5ce ,treatise4  ,,suicide  ,its     
,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 ,jurisprud5ce1     
,causation1 & ,prev5tion4  by  ,w4      
,,wynn ,,we/cott1 ,m4,b4 ,,lond4        
,deputy ,coron] = ,c5tral ,middlesex4   
,jo9t ,au?or ( ! ,extra ,ph>macopia4    
,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,lewis1 #acf1 ,g[]     
,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #ahhe4                   
,,to                    ,,george ,,dan=d
 ,,?omas1 ,,esq41 ,m4,d41               
,,coron] ,,= ,,c5tral ,,middlesex1      
,,?is ,,volume ,,is                     
,,d$icat$                       ,,)     
,,mu* ,,respect ,,& ,,e/eem             
,,by                                ,,! 

,,au?or4     ,,preface4   ,9 prep>+ an  
,essay on ,suicide1 :i* ,i rec5tly      
deliv]$ be=e a ,society ( m$ical m5 9   
,london1 ,i f\nd x impossible 9 ! limit$
 "t at my disposal to d any?+ l ju/ice  
to ! gravity & importance ( ! subject4  
,! "q is "o well wor?y ( ! e>ne/        
consid]ation ( ! community2 inde$1 x may
 be legitimately reg>d$ z "o ( our      
,social ,problems1 z x involves matt]s  
:i* are intimately connect$ ) our social
 organisation1 & is ) propriety embrac$ 
9 our legislative enactm5ts4  ,:5 we    
reflect1 ) satisfaction p]haps1 t 9     
,engl& crime has be5 /eadily decreas+1 !
 fact t ,suicide has be5 z /eadily on ! 
increase 9 ,great ,brita91 & 9 almo/ e  
c\ntry 9 ,europe1 :ile x awak5s our     
sympa?y on behalf ( ! unhappy victims1  
%\ld /imulate our ex]tions t[>ds promot+
 ! dim9ution ( ?is moral plague spot4   
,^! consid]ations1 add$ to ! fact t !re 
are b two books 9 ! ,engli% language    
devot$ entirely to ?is subject1"o dat$ z
 f> back z #ahdj1 & ! o!r1 a mo/        

valuable b almo/ entirely /ati/ical "w1 
translat$ f ! ,italian1h induc$ me to   
re-arrange & ext5d my notes1 & ,i n[ (f]
 !m to my pr(essional bre?r5 & o!r      
/ud5ts ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 ! foll[+ %ort
 treatise on ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1     
,jurisprud5ce1 ,causation1 & ,prev5tion 
( ,suicide4  ,z ,deputy ,coron] =       
,c5tral ,middlesex frequ5t opportunities
 are af=d$ me ( inve/igat+ cases (      
,suicide1 & ,i h add$ to ?is volume     
orig9al in/ances & e/imates d]iv$ f ^?  
suicidal dea?s ( ,london1 ^u :i* inque/s
 h be5 held by ,dr4 ,dan=d ,?omas1 or   
myself4  ,! works ( ,legoyt1 ,morselli1 
& ,wagn]1 conta9 an almo/ complete      
e/imation ( ! /ati/ical proportions 9   
reg>d to ! causes & means ( suicide 9   
,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 c41 & to !m ,i
 am greatly indebt$ = su* in=mation4  ,!
 ,bibliographical ,index conta9s !      
titles ( o!r works :i* h be5 consult$4  
,let me hope t my humble ef=ts may t5d 9
 "s degree to ! prev5tion (             
self-de/ruction1 & ! promotion ( a m    

robu/ & heal?y public op9ion on !       
subject3 if ?is volume conduces to ^!   
ends my object w h be5 a*iev$4  ,9      
conclusion1 ,i mu/ express my deep      
obligation to my fri5d ,dr4 ,duncan     
,mac,larty1 = 8 _m welcome sugge/ions1 &
 = 8 c>e 9 revis+ ^! %eets = ! press4   
,,wm4 ,,wynn ,,we/cott1 ,m4,b4    #d1   
,torriano ,av5ue1   ,london1 ,n4,w4     
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4                  
,,page    ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction2 !  
,e?ics ( ! ,subject                   #a
          ,,ii4 ,hi/ory3 ,anci5t &      
,mod]n                               #g 
,,iii4 ,notable ,suicides3 ,anci5t1 ( ! 
,middle                ,ages1 & ,mod]n  
#ag          ,,iv4 ,orig9 ( ! ,"n2      
,classic ,au?ors1                       
examples ( ! ,lit]ature ( ,suicide1     
,engli% & ,=eign                        
#bi          ,v4 ,jurisprud5ce2 ,suicide
 z a ,crime 9                ,engl&1 &  
abroad                                  
#dc          ,,vi4 ,jurisprud5ce2       
,suicide & ,life ,assurance2            

9 respect to ,m>riage1 & to             
,wills                                  
#ea          ,,vii4 ,pres5t ,rate1 &    
,increase1 9 ,europe                    
#eh          ,,viii4 ,causation 9 g5]al1
 ,classification                   #fe  
,,ix4 ,effect ( ,race1 ,climate1 c4     
#ge          ,x4 ,effect ( ,education1  
,religion1 &                ,morality   
#ha          ,,xi4 ,effect ( ,urban &   
,rural ,life1 &                         
,employm5t2 ! effect ( ,milit>y1        
,naval1 & ,prison ,life                 
#ic          ,,xii4 ,effect ( ,times &  
,seasons                            #ajb
          ,,xiii4 ,effect ( ,age1 ,sex1 
& ,social ,/ate                  #ajg   
,,xiv4 ,m5tal ,diseases                 
#aaf          ,,xv4 ,epidemic ,suicide1 
& ,suicide f                ,imitation1 
& = ,notoriety                          
#abi          ,,xvi4 ,effect ( ,bodily  
,diseases1 ,alcoholism1                 
,want ( ,sleep2 ,h]$it>y influ5ce1      
& ,spiritualism                         

#ace          ,,xvii4 ,effect ( ,tdium  
,vit1 ! ,passions1                      
,mis]y1 & ,despair                      
#ada          ,,xviii4 ,! ,means (      
,suicide1 _! relative                   
frequ5cy at home1 & abroad              
#add          ,,xix4 ,suicide comp>$ to 
,crime 9                ,g5]al2         
,attempt$ ,suicide1 its relative        
am\nt                                   
#aed          ,,xx4 ,suicide 9 ,briti%  
,india                                  
#afa          ,,xxi4 ,! ,prev5tion1 &   
,treatm5t (                ! ,suicidal  
t5d5cy                                  
#aff          ,,xxii4 ,! ,suicide (     
,animals                                
#agd    ,app5dix1 ,rules ( ,assurance   
,companies                              
#ahj    ,,bibliographical ,,index       
#ahb    ,,g5]al ,,index                 
#ahg     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,introduction4   
,9 e age ( ! _w1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( almo/ e 
c\ntry1 we f9d in/ances m or less num]\s
 ( m5 & wom5 :o1 pref]r+ ! dim unc]ta9ty

 ( ! future to ! pa9ful realities ( !   
pres5t1 h s\ght relief f all _! tr\bles 
by sudd5ly t]m9at+ _! own exi/5ce4      
,mis]y & pa9 h be5 ! lot ( ! human race 
ev] s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory1 & ^! causes h 
f ! e>lie/ times induc$ p]sons to de/roy
 !mselves1 & ev5 ! fe> ( et]nal puni%m5t
 has n suffic$ to det] !m4  ,sorr[1     
suff]+1 & m5tal disease are practically 
! only causes ( ,mod]n ,suicide2 b 9 !  
anci5t _w1 suicides f ^! causes 7 ei!r  
mu* m r>e ?an !y are at ! pres5t "t1 or 
else 7 pass$ ov] z unwor?y ( record1 9 !
 pres5ce ( suicides ( a m hon\rable     
nature4 ,hundr$s ( in/ances h come d[n  
to u 9 :i* dea? has be5 self-s\ght &    
inflict$ f an idea or conviction t su*  
self-de/ruction 0 to be ( obvi\s        
advantage to ! /ate1 or to ! suff]]'s   
family2 or aga91 ! fatal act 0 frequ5tly
 committ$ z a po9t ( hon\r to obviate ! 
disgrace & ignom9y ( fall+ into ! h&s ( 
a conqu]or2 or1 aga91 to avoid pollution
 & %ame at ! h&s ( unscrupul\s & debas$ 
tyrants4  ,! hi/ory ( ! ,jews z n>rat$ 9

 ! ,old ,te/am5t probably %[s few]      
in/ances ( ,suicide ?an ! records ( any 
o!r nation 7n9e only 9 #d1jjj ye>s72 b  
:e!r or no !re has be5 any special      
int]position ( ,provid5ce on _! behalf1 
or :e!r ! result has be5 due to ! inh]5t
 virtues ( ! laws ( ,moses1 ?is is n !  
prop] place to discuss or decide4  ,x _c
 be d5i$ t ! influ5ce ( religion has    
caus$ ?\s&s to make a volunt>y sacrifice
 ( _! lives1 z (f]+s to _! deities2 &   
?\s&s m h volunt>ily c\rt$ dea? to prove
 ! s9c]ity ( _! fai?4  ,madame de ,/ael 
has1 ) que/ionable propriety1 po9t$ out 
t all ! 8m>tyr ?rong0 7 really in/ances 
( self-de/ruction in/igat$ by devotion  
to fai?1 & t all suicides to avoid ! /a9
 ( guilt are dea?s ( duty4  ,b1 among ! 
numb]less fai?s ( ! _w1 ext9ct1 & n[    
exi/+1 _m h _h a direct t5d5cy to inve/ 
! idea ( self-de/ruction ) a *>m4 ,"s   
because !y taught ! doctr9e ( total     
ext9ction at dea?2 o!rs because !y      
inculcat$ a belief 9 metempsy*osis2 :il/
 o!rs1 aga91 h taught ! c]ta9ty ( bliss 

h]eaft]1 if dea? occur1 :e!r self-s\ght 
or o!rwise1 :ile fight+ = ! fai?4       
,philosophy also1 :i* at diff]5t times  
supplant$ or supplem5t$ religi\s ideas1 
has (t5 notably enc\rag$ ,suicide4 ,!   
f>-fam$ sy/em ( ! ,/oics1 f\nd$ by ,z5o1
 directly approv$ ( x2 to !m x 0 !      
culm9at+ po9t ( self-abnegation1 a      
flight f degradation4 ,! equally notable
 sy/em ( ! ,epicureans also f\nd 9      
,suicide a cong5ial !me = panegyric2 !y 
believ$ 9 no future /ate1 & propos$ x z 
a means ( escape f pa9 or annoyance "h4 
,9 rec5t times1 accompany+ p]iods (     
decl9e ( religi\s f]v\r1 new sy/ems (   
m5tal & moral philosophy h sprung up &  
become popul>2 & ^!1 if n op5ly advocat+
 ! cause & p]missibility ( self-murd]1 h
 nev] associat$ !mselves ) ,*ri/ianity 9
 condemn+ x4 ,a p]usal ( ! volumes (    
,voltaire1 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 & ( ,david 
,hume1 w make ?is obvi\s4  ,b x seems   
probable t 9 ! m9ds ( _m suicides !re   
has be51 bel[ any religi\s fai?1 or     
philosophical dogma1 ! deeply-root$     

conviction t dea? 0 a sleep & p]man5t   
re/1 an et]nal oblivion 9 ! grave1 & !y 
consequ5tly came to reg>d x z ! gr&     
solatium = pres5t he>t-break+ grief (   
m9d1 or intol]able pa9 ( body4  ,no m   
p[]ful individual det]r5t has be5       
sugge/$ ?an ! firm unwav]+ m5tal        
conviction 7:i* has always be5 prop\nd$ 
by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*7 t a self-inflict$   
dea? is an evil to :i* no?+ on ?is side 
( ! grave c comp>e1 & t to ru%          
unsolicit$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,creator  
is an inexpiable crime4  ,z a g5]al     
prev5tive1 ! =ce ( a well direct$ sy/em 
( education1 act+ on ! probably unlimit$
 capacity = improvem5t inh]5t 9 ! human 
race1 is ! lev] to :i* mod]n            
civilization is dispos$ to tru/4  ,b z  
,i h already /at$1 sev]al mod]n sy/ems (
 philosophy & e?ics1 :il/ !y are !      
(f%oots & result ( a m highly develop$  
m9d1 yet h n assi/$ 9 ! ext9ction ( ?is 
blot1 b h r t5d$ to exculpate suicide1 &
 remove ! idea ( its moral s9fulness4   
,! l9e ( argum5t ) respect to our       

subject1 :i* is foll[$ by "s ( ^? :o    
lead mod]n philosophical ?\ght1 may     
p]haps be briefly outl9$ z foll[s3   ,x 
is an ess5tial attribute ( ,humanity t x
 is progressive2  sy/ems ( ,morality    
arise :i* are ea* ( a high] nature ?an !
  prec$+2 !re is no f9ality ev5 9       
,religi\s improvem5t4   ,all ,religions 
become improv$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by ca/+  
aside  _! h>%] outl9es & less delicate  
features2 = example1 !  ,*ri/ian's      
,hell1 f be+ a fi]y corporeal dungeon1  
is develop$  into a p]iod ( m5tal       
torture & remorse4   ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity !n
 is exalt+ itself2 x has ( late tacitly 
cons5t$ to ! removal ( e>?ly p5alties f 
! s9 (  ,suicide1 p5alties :i* 9 a      
bygone age /atute law borr[$ f          
ecclesia/ical law2 ?is is "o m>k ( its  
progressiv5ess4   ,no?+ is practically  
ga9$ by call+ ,suicide a crime2 no "o   
ab\t to slay himself to be rid (        
bra9-di/ract+ tr\ble w be  re/ra9$ by ! 
?\ght t 8 propos$ action is crim9al2 9  
"s cases self-de/ruction is contemptible

 & c[>dly2 9 "s x  is v5ial2 9 "s cases 
dea? is di/9ctly ! less] evil1 9 a few  
x has be5 hon\rable1 & z su* %\ld escape
 all condemnation1  & m]it ! approval ( 
m5 ( developm5t & ref9em5t4 ,9          
conclusion1 says ,philosophy1 nei!r m>ks
 ( contempt to ! corpse1  nor legal     
=feitures1 nor br&+ ! suicide's memory1!
 ?ree  ecclesia/ical p5alties1h _h any  
obvi\s effect 9 *eck+ !  act4   ,no?+ b 
! increase ( education w suffice to     
prev5t ^?  suicides :i* are prompt$ by  
immoral ?\ghts & feel+s2 z to  ! v5ial  
ones1 su* z we see 9 ^? :o b anticipate 
! h\r  ( release f ! tortures ( disease1
 :y %\ld we1 :o are n  ill1 grudge !m   
?is relief3 & z to ^? inspir$ by !      
highe/  & mo/ ref9$ s5tim5ts ( hon\r1 we
 are well cont5t to live 9  a _w 9 :i*  
su* val\r & self-sacrifice are exhibit$4
  ,! au?or hopes no individual w feel   
aggriev$ at ?is resum ( ! s-call$       
advanc$ views on ,suicide ( to-day2 he  
does n associate !m ) any p]son 9       
p>ticul>4 ,^! maxims simply repres5t !  

impressions rema9+ on 8 m9d aft] sev]al 
conv]sations ) m5 :o cultivate ! mod]n  
developm5ts ( ?\ght4  ,) ?is apology to 
! read]s ( ^! pages1 ! div]g5ce betwe5  
,*ri/ian & philosophic views is left    
beh9d2 & ! ma9 object ( ! "w is pursu$ 9
 an indep5d5t sci5tific ve91 )\t /ray+  
into ! bye-ways ( ,e?ical discussion4   
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(         
,,suicide4   ,! hi/ory ( ,greece ext5ds 
back to su* a remote p]iod t x is n     
cle>ly evid5t :at ! g5]al op9ion on     
,suicide 0 among its e>ly inhabitants4  
,h[ev]1 a few l&m>ks occur4 ,9 su* a dim
 pa/ z ! "t ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 ,ajax1 "o (
 ! ,grecian h]oes1 slew himself1 9 a fit
 ( passion1 br\ght on by (f5d$ vanity4  
,lycurgus1 ! legislator ( ,sp>ta1 0 "o  
:o kill$ himself = 8 c\ntry's good4     
,,/rabo1 ! hi/orian1 9 8 ,t5? ,book1    
tells u t at ,ceos1 ! c\ntry (          
,simonides1 ,b4,c4 #ejj1 x 0 an e/abli%$
 cu/om to all[ ! act ( self-de/ruction  
to p]sons :o _h atta9$ ! age ( #fj1 or  
:o _h become incapacitat$ by _!         

infirmities4 ,sev]al suicides c be      
directly trac$ to oracles2 ! great      
,oracle at ,delphi has become especially
 notori\s2 ,codrus1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 &       
,ari/odemus1 kill$ !mselves di/9ctly 9  
consequ5ce ( ^! oracul> utt]ances4  ,!re
 is a tradition m5tion$ by ,plut>*1     
,pl9y1 & ,virgil1 t on ! coa/ ( ,epirus1
 on ! p59sula call$ ,n]itos 7,virgil1   
neid1 iii41 #bga71 ov]look+ ! ,ionian   
,sea1 0 ! hill !n nam$ ,leucate1 or     
,leucadia2 "h /ood a ,temple d$icat$ to 
,apollo1 & f ?is rock a suicidal leap   
into ! sea became ! common sequ5ce to   
disappo9t$ love1 = ! ,greeks ( ^? times4
 ,sappho1 a poetess1 ^: love = ,phaon 0 
unrequit$1 is said to h orig9at$ !      
cu/om2 an arm ( ! sea has1 s9ce !n1 cut 
(f ?is promontory f ! ma9l&1 & ! isl& is
 n[ call$ ,/4 ,maur4 ,tradition is      
evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a cu/om1 ev5 if x 
be object$ to z pro( ( an individual    
fact4  ,timon ( ,a!ns1 ! ,misan?rope1 ^:
 exact era is also unc]ta91 is n>rat$ to
 h be5 a suicide2 he met ) "s curable   

accid5t1 b f 8 int5se dislike ( 8       
fell[m5 he refus$ all assi/ance1 & all[$
 himself to die unreliev$4 ,?is 0 !     
philosoph] :o is said to h kept 9 8 g>d5
 a fig-tree specially conv5i5t = hang+  
oneself on1 & :i* he refra9$ f hav+ cut 
d[n1 s z to be able to accommodate 8    
fri5ds4 ,%akespe>e's play 8,timon (     
,a!ns10 ref]s to ?is odd "*4  ,!        
,sp>tans1 t brave & h>dy race1 are kn[n 
to h disapprov$ ( ,suicide2 x is n>rat$ 
t an hon\rable burial 0 refus$ to       
,artemidorus1 :o sacrific$ 8 life       
unnecess>ily at ! battle ( ,plata1 :i* 0
 f\ght ,b4 ,c4 #dgi1 betwe5 ! unit$     
,greeks & ! ,p]sians4 ,among ! suicides 
( ,greece1 h[ev]1 occur ! names ( "s (  
h] greate/ m51 lawgiv]s1 orators1       
g5]als1 philosoph]s1 & /atesm52 al?\gh  
we f9d 9 ,greek cu/om m condemnation ( !
 practice ?an 9 ,roman law4  ,9 ,!bes1 x
 0 a cu/om t no hon\rs %\ld be paid at !
 dea? ( a suicide1 & no fun]al rites 7  
all[$2 ! body 0 ord]$ to be burn$ 9 !   
abs5ce ( ! relatives ( ! deceas$4  ,at  

,a!ns1 a suicide 0 n all[$ to be burn$ &
 8 a%es pres]v$1 z 0 ! cu/om = ! ri* &  
great1 if su* di$ 9 w>1 or by a natural 
dea?4 ,see ,samuel ,petit1 8,de ,legibus
 ,atticis40  ,! body 0 buri$ in/ead1 & !
 "r h& /ruck (f & buri$ 9 a sep>ate     
place4 ,see s*9es1 ,ctesiphon1 & 9      
,plato1 ,laws1 ,book ix41 regulations   
are laid d[n = ! burial ( suicides4     
,ari/otle1 9 8 ,e?ics1 v41 cap4 xi41    
describes 8 views ( ! crime1 call+ x a  
8s9 aga9/ ! /ate10 & adds t ! memory ( !
 ,suicide %\ld be m>k$ by infamy4  ,a   
ref]5ce to ! ,li/ ( ,notable ,suicides  
:i* foll[s 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 w %[ t      
p]sons ( ! highe/ intellig5ce h committ$
 suicide at ea* epo* ( anci5t hi/ory4   
,9 a survey ( ! hi/ory ( ,rome we f9d   
m5tion ( an ,epidemic ( ,suicide among !
 soldi]s ( ,t>qu9 ! ,fir/2 !y 7 ord]$ to
 ! task ( excavat+ sew]s 9 ,rome1 &     
believ+ ?is "w to be d]ogatory to _!    
dignity1 !y kill$ !mselves 9 l>ge       
numb]s3 ! t5d5cy 0 *eck$ by an edict t !
 bodies ( all suicides %\ld be expos$ to

 public view nail$ on crosses4 ,see     
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,book xxvi4 cap4 xv4
  ,b 9 ! v long p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,roman 
/ate 0 advanc+ to greatness1 & ?r\gh\t !
 times ( ! ,republic1 suicide 0 a v r>e 
occurr5ce4  ,9 ! lat] "p ( ,rome's      
hi/ory1 dur+ ! empire1 x became a v     
prom95t crime2 :5 luxury & slo?         
pr$om9at$1 & ! doctr9es ( ! philosoph]s 
,z5o & ,epicurus became fa%ionable1     
suicide became rampant4 ,9 ! reigns (   
,claudius1 ,a4,d4 #db1 & ,n]o1 ,a4,d4   
#ee1 ev5 ,s5eca1 t cultur$ villa91      
ackn[l$g$ its practice to be excessively
 frequ5t1 al?\gh he ultimately committ$ 
! act himself4 ,at ?is "t ! prevail+    
s5tim5t 0 ?us t]sely express$1 8,mori   
licet cui viv]e non placet10 9 !        
language ( ! ,/oic s*ool4  ,b ?r\gh\t ! 
:ole hi/ory ( ,rome !re 0 no /atute     
decl>+ x to be ei!r a crime or a        
misdemean\r1 & no puni%m5t = ! attempt1 
among ! p2 b ! soldi]s ( ! /ate 7       
re/ra9$ by a ,milit>y ,law1 & ! attempt 
puni%$ by ignom9y4 ,"o su* /atute 0     

publi%$ by ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 ,a4,d4   
#ach4 ,see ,dige/ ( ,roman ,law1 8,de re
 milit>i40  ,,val]ius ,,maximus1 ,lib4  
#b1 cap4 #f1 a ,roman writ] ( ! fir/    
c5tury1 circa ,a4,d4 #ca1 tells u t at  
,massilia1 a colony1 ! ,s5ate kept a    
supply ( poison1 :i* 0 di/ribut$ to     
applicants = ! purpose ( suicide1 if !  
,s5ate ?\ght _! reasons suffici5t4 ,see 
,montaigne1 ,essais1 ,liv4 iv41 *ap4 #c4
  ,,pl9y ! ,eld]1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 says !re  
are ?ree diseases1 to escape any "o (   
:i* a man has a good title to de/roy    
himself1 & ! wor/ ( ^! is /one 9 !      
bladd]2 & he adds1 8x is a privilege (  
man :i* ,deity does n possess40         
,,tacitus1 d4 ,a4,d4 #ace1 rem>ks t     
among ! nobles1 suicide 0 ! frequ5t     
result ( mis=tune1 or ! public disgrace 
( fall+ "u ! displeasure ( ! ,emp]or4   
,,m>cus ,,aurelius1 circa ,a4 ,d4 #aej1 
is said to h rem>k$ t 8a man _h z mu* "r
 to leave ! _w z he _h to leave a room  
full ( smoke40  ,,diog5es ,,la]tius1    
circa ,a4 ,d4 #bbj1 tells u t ! greate/ 

lead]s ( m5 advis$ ! wise to its        
commission4 ,lib4 viii41 i4 #ff4        
,,livy1 ,c,,s>1 & ,,tacitus m5tion t !  
w>like1 semi-savage races :o peopl$     
,nor? & ,we/ ,europe1 ! ,ib]ians1       
,gauls1 ,cimri1 & ,g]mans1 7 all mu*    
addict$ to self-slaught]1 especially 9  
ord] to avoid slav]y1 & ! %ame ( defeat4
  ,,livy also speaks ( its preval5ce    
among ! p ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 9 ! "t (   
,scipio1 a ,roman g5]al1 :o 0 engag$ 9 !
 ,punic w>s1 & :o _h ample opportunities
 ( obs]vation 9 ^? c\ntries4  ,,plut>*1 
9 8 ,life ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 n>rates ! 
dea? ( ! ,brahm9 ,calanus1 :o burn$     
himself ) mu* c]emony 9 ! pres5ce ( !   
,mac$onian army1 & app>5tly )\t any     
p>ticul> reason4  ,! ,brahm9 ,sages ( ! 
,h9doo races taught ! virtues ( suicide1
 z a mode ( escape f ! pangs ( disease &
 ! weakness ( old age4  ,,josephus1 9 8 
8,hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,jews10 ,lib4     
vii41 cap4 #cd1 gives a full description
 ( ! frightful suicidal slaught] among  
!m at ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 9 :i* he     

himself 0 engag$1 & 9 :i*               
self-de/ruction 8 fai?ful gu>d ,simon   
begg$ him to p>ticipate1 & aft] its     
capture1 "s ?\s&s1 "u ,eleaz>1 retir$ to
 ! =tress ( ,massada1 & !re kill$       
!mselves to avoid fall+ into ! h&s ( !  
,romans4  ,! doctr9es ( ,mohamm$ 9      
respect to suicide are reveal$ 9 num]\s 
p>ts ( ! ,koran2 x is spok5 ( z a crime 
:i* r\ses all ! ang] ( ,allah1 & w>ns   
believ]s t its commission w be puni%$ 9 
ano!r life4 ,see ,koran1 iv41 v4 #cc4   
8,d n kill y\rselves1 = ,god is m]ciful1
 & :osoev] kille? himself ?r\gh malice &
 wick$ness1 %all assur$ly be burn$ 9    
hell fire40  ,a celebrat$ ,ottoman says1
 8,?is crime is ( a m grave nature ?an  
homicide40 ,! ,koran1 ,surah iii4 v4    
#adi1 says1 8,man does n die b by ! w ( 
,god1 & at ! end ( 8 appo9t$ "t40  ,& ! 
,mohamm$an races h ?r\gh\t hi/ory       
exhibit$ an avoidance ( suicide1 :i* is 
m>k$ly se5 :]e ^! dwell 9 apposition to 
! ,brahm9 races ( ,india1 :o h always   
rejoic$ 9 self-de/ruction2 ca/+ !mselves

 into _! sacr$ riv]s1 & leav+ _! old p  
on ! banks to be dr[n$2 ?r[+ !mselves   
b5ea? ! :eels ( _! idol /atues1 & insi/+
 on ! self-sacrifice ( ! wid[s ( _!     
nation4  ,legoyt m5tions t 9 ,arm5ia1 9 
anci5t times1 ! h\se ( a suicide 0 curs$
 & !n burnt4  ,! ,t>t> races ( ,c5tral  
,asia avoid suicide4  ,9 ! anci5t k+dom 
( ,p]sia1 x 0 a r>e occurr5ce1 no d\bt  
because x 0 =bidd5 by ! ,magian         
religion4  ,! only ,mohamm$ans :o h     
approv$ ( suicide h be5 diss5t]s f !    
pure fai? ( ,islam2 su* sects z ^? ( !  
,assass9s "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,%eik ,al   
,djebal1 ! 8,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta910 & ! 
disciples ( ,babek & ,k>ma?1 :o massacr$
 ! inhabitants ( ,mecca 9 ! t5? c5tury4 
,9 ,*9a & 9 ,japan1 ev5 up to our own   
times1 ,suicide has be5 reg>d$ z a      
virtue2 life is held *eaply !re1 & if a 
m&>9 or o!r (ficial be sup]s$$1 he turns
 q naturally to suicide z ! prop] end ( 
8 exi/5ce2 b dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 9      
,japan1 especially :]e !re has be5      
int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 !re are         

regulations int5d$ to prev5t x2 t5 ye>s 
imprisonm5t is ! puni%m5t = ! attempt 9 
! case ( lov]s4  ,until lately x 0 !    
cu/om = a man ( hon\r :o _h be5 insult$ 
by ano!r1 to rip 8 body op5 ) a sword1 9
 pres5ce ( 8 oppon5t1 call+ on him to d 
likewise2 ! aggressor 0 di%on\r$ = ev]  
if he fail$ to d s4  ,! ,p]uvians &     
,mexicans1 at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 
kill$ !mselves 9 l>ge numb]s r ?an be   
sla9 or made captive by !               
invad]s4,falret4  ,! ,prie/s ( ,anci5t  
,egypt1 :o 7 ! philosoph]s ( ! nation1  
by _! doctr9es ( a univ]sal s\l &       
metempsy*osis1 contribut$ n a little to 
popul>ise suicide4,bayle4  ,seso/ris1 :o
 _h become bl9d1 kill$ himself1 )       
calmness & reflection4  ,b at a lat]    
date1 foll[+ ! dea? ( ,cleopatra1 x     
became ev5 m usual2 a society exi/$ = ! 
purpose ( associat+ toge!r p]sons       
desir\s ( self-inflict$ dea?4,buonaf$e4 
,among ! ,*aldeans1 z among ! ,hebrews1 
suicide seems to h be5 r>e4  ,on ! coa/ 
( ,malab>1 x 0 ! cu/om = wives to ?r[   

!mselves on ! fun]al pyres ( _!         
husb&s4,voltaire4 ,& among ! ,negro     
races ( ,africa ! same cu/om has be5    
not$4  ,among ! aborig9al natives ( !   
,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t1 some:at simil> 
cu/oms prevail$ to ^? ref]r$ to 9 ,india
 among ! ,brahm9s2 wives & slaves _h to 
sacrifice !mselves at a *ief's fun]al4  
,! anci5t ,sc&9avian tribes1 ! wor%ipp]s
 ( ,od91 anticipat$ _! entry aft] dea?  
into ! ,hall ( ,valhalla1 o!rwise 8!    
hall ( ^? dead by viol5ce10 & h5ce old  
p]sons & o!rs :o _h fail$ to die 9      
battle1 7 l$ to seek dea? at _! own h&s4
  ,*ri/ianity1 ! greate/ ,religion1     
f\nd$ ^u & spr++ f ! decad5t ,jewi%     
,fai?1 at once condemn$ suicide1 ?us    
foll[+ up ! traditions :i* ! ,jews _h   
pres]v$ f _! e>lie/ times4  ,! ,fa!rs ( 
! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* d5\nc$ x2 ,/4 ,augu/9e 
9 8 8,city ( ,god10 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 &    
,?omas ,aqu9as1 are p>ticul>ly prom95t 9
 inveigh+ aga9/ ! enormity ( ! (f5ce1 & 
yet ev5 ^! condon$ ! s9 9 c]ta9         
in/ances4  ,! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*        

repeat$ly c5sur$ x4  ,! ,c\ncil (       
,arles1 ,a4,d4 #deb1 condemn$ x z a     
crime1 :i* c\ld only be due to          
diabolical en]gy4  ,! ,c\ncil ( ,braga1 
,a4,d4 #efc1 repeat$ ! condemnation4  ,!
 ,c\ncil ( ,aux]re1 ,a4,d4 #egh1        
inflict$ a p5alty on its commission1    
viz43 no commemoration 0 to be made 9 ! 
,eu*>i/1 & no ,psalms 7 to be sung at ! 
burial4  ,! ,c\ncil ( ,troyes ( ! n9?   
c5tury r5ew$ ^! ecclesia/ical p5alties4 
,pope ,ni*olas ,i4 says1 8a suicide mu/ 
be buri$1 b only le/ ! omission %\ld be 
(f5sive to o!rs40  ,*>lemagne adopt$ !  
pr9ciple ( refus+ ! ,mass1 b all[$      
psalms & *>itable subscriptions = pray]s
 = ! dead to be us$1 because1 he said1  
8no "o c s\nd ! dep?s ( ,god's designs40
  ,! ,roman ,ca?olic canon law1 section 
,de ,pnit5tia1 assures u t ,judas       
committ$ a great] s9 9 kill+ himself ?an
 9 betray+ 8 ma/] ,*ri/ to a c]ta9 dea?4
  ,9 our own c\ntry we f9d ! ,anglo     
,saxon ,k+ ,edg> assimilat$ ! crime (   
suicide to t ( murd] 9 g5]al1 & ord]$ t 

! suicide 0 n to be buri$ 9 holy 7i4e4  
consecrat$7 gr\nd1 & nei!r psalms nor   
masses 7 to be us$4  ,= sev]al c5turies 
aft]w>ds1 ! civil lawgiv]s ( ,engl&     
rema9$ cont5t to all[ suicide to fall "u
 ,ecclesia/ical ,law1 b at ! ,re=mation 
! ,ecclesia/ical ,/atutes 7 incorporat$ 
) ! ,/atute law ( ! realm1 ?us con/itut+
 x a civil (f5ce z well z a great moral 
crime4  ,9 ,france1 ,l\is ,,ix41 ,sa9t1 
d4 #abgj1 en=c$ ! p5alty ( !            
confiscation ( ! prop]ty ( a suicide2 & 
by ! crim9al law ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 dat$   
#afgj1 ! /atutes relat+ to suicide 7    
revis$1 & ! body 0 ord]$ to be dragg$ at
 ! c>t's tail4  ,x became ! cu/om (     
,norm&y to insi/ on =feiture ( e/ate if 
! suicide 0 committ$ to avoid puni%m5t1 
& n o!rwise4  ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,t\l\se    
also decid$ 9 ?is mann]4  ,9 ! #ad?     
c5tury ,*>les ,v4 impos$ ?is law on all 
! c\ntry "u 8 dom9ion2 & inde$ x rema9$ 
9 =ce 9 ,france until #aghi1 :5 x 0     
repeal$ by ! ,national ,assembly1       
because x imp$$ human lib]ty ( action4  

,suicide is n a crime 9 ! ,code         
,napoleon4  ,yet 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian      
c5turies suicide l+]$ on z an occasional
 virtue1 ei!r = ! purpose ( pres]v+ !   
fai?1 or to avoid apo/acy1 to procure ! 
hon\r ( m>tyrdom1 or to reta9 ! cr[n (  
virg9ity3 "s em95t ,*ri/ian tea*]s h    
consid]$ su* dea?s desirable4 ,! ,roman 
,ca?olic ,sa9ts ,pelagia & ,sophronia 7 
examples ( canonis$ suicides2 & two     
wid[s1 ,b]5ice & ,prosdocea1 are prais$ 
by ,/4 ,*ryso/om = de/roy+ !mselves to  
avoid pollution4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4     
,,notable ,,suicides4   ,i4,,m5tion$ ,,9
 ,,! ,,bible4  ,,abimele*1 #abjf ,b4,c41
 ,k+ ( ! ,%e*emites4 ,judges1 cap4 ix4  
,,samson1 #aabj ,b4,c41 ,judge (        
,israel4 ,judges1 cap4 xvi4  ,,saul1    
#ajej ,b4,c41 ! fir/ ,k+ ( ,israel4 ,i4 
,samuel1 cap4 xxxi4  ,,saul',s ,arm\r   
,be>]1 an ,amalekite1 loc4 cit4         
,,ahitophel1 #ajbc ,b4,c41 ,c\nsellor ( 
,david4 ,,ii4 ,samuel1 cap4 xvii4       
,,zimri1 #ibi ,b4,c41 ,k+ ( ,israel4    
,,ii4 ,k+s1 cap4 xvi4  ,,eleaz>1 #afd   

,b4,c41 "o ( ! ,maccabees4 ,i4          
,maccabees1 cap4 vi4  ,,razis1 #afb     
,b4,c41 a ,jewi% ,eld]4 ,,ii4           
,maccabees1 cap4 xiv4  ,,judas          
,,isc>iot1 ,a4,d4 #cc1 ! ,traitor4      
,acts1 cap4 i4  ,,pontius ,,pilate1     
,a4,d4 #cf1 ,procurator ( ,judaea4      
,josephus4 ,antiquities1 xviii41 #d1 #a1
 #b1 & also ,eusebius1 ,hi/ory1 cap4 ii4
 #g4   ,,ii4,,classical4  ,,seso/ris1 or
 ,,rameses ! ,great1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 kill$
 himself 9 despair at hav+ lo/ 8 sight4 
,,m5on1 #bjjj ,b4,c41 ,gov]nor (        
,n9eveh1 fir/ husb& ( ,semiramis1       
aft]w>ds ,que5 ( ,assyria2 he hung      
himself :5 ,n9us ! ,k+ became enam\r$ ( 
8 wife4  ,,ajax1 #aahd ,b4,c41 9 !      
,trojan ,w>1 slew himself 9 a fr5zy (   
ang] aga9/ ,ulysses1 to :om in/ead ( to 
himself ! arm\r ( ! dead ,hector _h be5 
allott$4  ,,codrus1 #ajgj ,b4,c41 ! la/ 
,k+ ( ,a!ns2 he 0 at w> ) ! ,h]aclid1 an
 oracle _h =etold t ! victory w\ld fall 
to ! nation ^: k+ di$ 9 battle4 ,codrus 
ent]$ ! enemy's camp 9 disguise1 provok$

 a qu>rel ) two ( ! soldi]s1 & 0 kill$  
by !m4  ,,dido1 #ajjj ,b4,c41 ,pr9cess (
 ,tyre1 wid[ ( ,si*u1 hav+ f\nd$        
,c>?age1 /abb$ h]self on h] fun]al pile1
 to avoid m>riage ) ,j>bos1 %e hav+ v[$ 
et]nal fidelity to h] husb&'s memory4   
,,lycurgus1 #ijj ,b4,c41 ,lawgiv] (     
,sp>ta1 prep>$ a code ( laws = ! p1 b\nd
 !m to obs]ve ^! laws dur+ 8 abs5ce1 !n 
left ! ,/ate1 & de/roy$ himself4 ,^!    
laws rema9$ 9 =ce = #gjj ye>s4          
,,s>danapalus1 #gei ,b4,c41 ,k+ (       
,assyria1 burn$ himself 9 8 palace ) 8  
wives4  ,,ari/odemus1 #gcj ,b4 ,c4 hav+ 
kill$ 8 daught] to propitiate ! oracle  
at ,delphi1 slew himself on h] tomb1 f  
remorse4  ,,*>ondas1 #efj ,b4,c41 !     
,lawgiv] ( ,catana1 a ,greek colony 9   
,sicily1 made x a law1 ) ! p5alty (     
dea?1 t no man %\ld ent] ! assembly     
arm$3 return+ "o day f pursu+ "s robb]s 
beyond ! city1 he ent]$ ! assembly to   
report1 )\t hav+ laid aside 8 weapons4  
,be+ tax$ ) break+ 8 own laws1 he slew  
himself on ! spot4  ,,lucretia1 #eaj    

,b4,c41 wife ( ,t>qu9ius ,collat9us1    
/abb$ h]self 9 ! pres5ce ( h] husb& &   
fa!r z a prote/ aga9/ h] attempt$ rape  
by ,sextus1 son ( ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus4   
,,artemidorus1 #dgi ,b4,c41 ?rew 8 life 
away 9 ! battle ( ,plata4  ,,!mi/ocles1 
#ddi ,b4,c41 an ,a!nian ,g5]al1 0       
bani%$1 & ultimately poison$ himself4   
,,isocrates1 #dcf ,b4,c41 an ,a!nian    
orator1 />v$ himself to dea?1 on acc\nt 
( ! defeat ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! battle (    
,*]ona4  ,,emp$ocles1 #dce ,b4,c41 poet 
& philosoph]1 ?rew himself into ! crat] 
( ,m\nt ,etna4  ,,appius1 ,,!           
,,decemvir1 #djj ,b4,c41 kill$ himself 9
 prison1 :]e he 0 ca/ by ! ,tribunes    
aft] ! /orm ( popul> indignation :i*    
foll[$ 8 attempt$ s$uction ( ,virg9ia4  
,,decius ,,mus1 #cch ,b4,c41 ,roman     
,consul1 ?rew away 8 life 9 battle aga9/
 ! ,lat9s1 z did 8 son1 ,b4,c4 #bif1 & 8
 gr&son1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhj4  ,,demo/h5es1    
#cbe ,b4,c41 ! mo/ celebrat$ orator (   
antiquity1 poison$ himself to escape f !
 pursuit ( ! soldi]s ( ,antipat]4       

,,nicocles1 #caj ,b4,c41 ,k+ ( ,paphos1 
9 ,cyprus1 intrigu$ aga9/ ,ptolemy1 &   
de/roy$ himself1 & 8 :ole family did !  
same1 to avoid be+ disgrac$4  ,,br5nus1 
#bgh ,b4,c41 a ,gallic g5]al1 invad$    
,greece1 b 8 army be+ defeat$1 he kill$ 
himself 9 a fit ( intoxication4  ,,z5o1 
#bfd ,b4,c41 f\nd] ( ! ,/oic sect (     
philosoph]s1 9 walk+ 9 8 s*ool "o day1  
he fell & broke a f+]2 ?is s disgu/$ him
 ) life 9 ?is _w1 t he w5t /raight home 
& /rangl$ himself4  ,,regulus1 #bea     
,b4,c41 a ,roman consul dur+ ! ,fir/    
,punic ,w>1 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] to 
,c>?age4 ,"s ye>s aft] he 0 all[$ to g  
to ,rome to negotiate an ex*ange (      
prison]s1 hav+ fir/ be5 compell$ to b9d 
himself by an oa? to return if          
unsuccessful4 ,on arriv+ 9 ,rome he     
dissuad$ 8 c\ntrym5 f ! propos$ t]ms &  
!n promptly return$ to c]ta9 dea? at    
,c>?age4  ,,!ox5a ,,& ,,h] ,,husb& ?rew 
!mselves into ! sea to escape capture by
 ! soldi]s ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4         
,,clean!s1 #bdj ,b4,c41 a ,/oic         

philosoph]1 />v$ himself because he 0   
seiz$ ) an illness1 pref]r+ dea? to l+]+
 disease4  ,,hasdrubal1 ,,! ,,wife ,,(1 
#baf ,b4,c41 set fire to a temple & ?rew
 h]self & h] two *ildr5 into ! flames r 
?an fall into ! h&s ( ,scipio ! ,roman  
g5]al4 ,h] husb& 0 a ,c>?ag9ian g5]al :o
 f\ght 9 ! ,second ,punic w>4           
,,sophonisba1 #bjc ,b4,c41 0 ! daught] (
 ,hasdrubal ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 m>ri$ to
 ,syphax1 ,pr9ce ( ,numidia2 b %e fell a
 captive into ! h&s ( ,mas9issa1 :o !n  
took h] to wife1 b ,scipio ! ,roman     
g5]al hav+ se5 h]1 also fanci$ h] z a   
wife1 s %e drank poison to avoid ?is    
second *ange4  ,,erato/h5es1 #aid       
,b4,c41 ma!matician1 />v$ himself to    
dea? because he f\nd 8 sight fail+ him4 
,,hannibal1 #ahc ,b4,c41 a celebrat$    
,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 be+ defeat$ by ,scipio
 at ,zama1 fl$ to ,bi?ynia1 b be+ pursu$
 ev5 !re1 kill$ himself by means (      
poison1 :i* he always c>ri$ ab\t him    
conceal$ 9 r+s4  ,,cleombrotus1 a "y    
,greek philosoph]1 :o aft] read+ !      

,phdon ( ,plato1 ?rew himself (f a wall 
into ! sea4 7,ovid47  ,,ari/>*us1 #aeg  
,b4,c41 gramm>ian & critic1 />v$ himself
 to dea?1 at ,cyprus1 aft] be+ bani%$ f 
,alex&ria4  ,,caius ,,grac*us1 #aba     
,b4,c41 ,tribune ( ,rome1 0 kill$ by a  
slave at 8 own reque/1 aft] defeat by ! 
consul ,opimius4  ,,antio*us ,,(        
,,cyzicus1 #ie ,b4,c41 ,k+ ( ,syria1    
kill$ himself :5 de?ron$ by ,seleucus4  
,,mi?ridates1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,pontus1 #fc    
,b4,c41 kill$ himself to avoid fall+    
into ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 aft] be+ defeat$
 by ,pompey4  ,,lucretius1 #ed ,b4,c41  
,roman poet & philosoph]1 de/roy$       
himself 9 8 =ty-f\r? ye>4  ,,ptolemy1   
#ej ,b4,c41 ,k+ ( ,cyprus1 kill$ himself
 by poison4  ,,cato1 ,,m>cus1 #df       
,b4,c41 hav+ oppos$ ,cs>1               
unsuccessfully1 retir$ to ,utica1 &     
feel+ too pr\d to humiliate himself be=e
 a conqu]or1 /abb$ himself1 & di$ ! same
 night1 aft] sp5d+ 8 la/ h\rs 9 read+   
,plato's ,phdon1 a dialogue on !        
,immortality ( ! ,s\l4  ,,brutus1 #db   

,b4,c41 ,roman /atesman1 slew himself ) 
8 sword aft] defeat at ! battle (       
,philippi4  ,,portia1 8 wife1 kill$     
h]self by swall[+ r$-hot coals on he>+ (
 h] husb&'s dea?4  ,,cassius1 #db       
,b4,c41 ,roman g5]al1 be+ defeat$ at !  
battle ( ,philippi by ,antony &         
,octavian1 ?rew himself on 8 sword4     
,,pomponius ,,atticus1 #cc ,b4,c41 man (
 lett]s1 />v$ himself1 because he became
 afflict$ ) "s inte/9al disease4  ,,m>k 
,,antony1 #cj ,b4,c41 ,roman ,consul1   
g5]al1 & /atesman1 be+ defeat$ at !     
battle ( ,actium1 & des]t$ z he ?\ght by
 ,cleopatra1 cut op5 8 b[els & di$ 9    
t]rible agony4  ,,cleopatra1 #cj ,b4,c41
 ,que5 ( ,egypt1 ! belov$ ( ,antony1 on 
he>+ ( 8 dea?1 kill$ h]self4 ,! only m>k
 ( injury on h] body 0 a small puncture 
on ! arm2 x is d\btful :e!r ?is 0 caus$ 
by ! bite ( an asp1 or by a poison$     
bodk94  ,,cocceius ,,n]va1 ,a4,d4 #bj1  
an em95t lawy] & fav\rite ( ! ,emp]or   
,tib]ius1 />v$ himself z a prote/ aga9/ 
! extravagance ( ! ,c\rt4  ,,gallus1    

,a4,d4 #bf1 ,roman poet1 kill$ himself  
:5 exil$ = treason3 he 0 a fri5d (      
,virgil4  ,,arria & h] husb& ,p,,tus1   
,a4,d4 #de4 ,ptus _h revolt$ aga9/ !    
,emp]or ,claudius1 )\t success4 ,f9d+ 8 
condemnation unavoidable1 ,arria /abb$  
h]self1 call+ on h] husb& to imitate h]1
 :i* he did4  ,,boadicea1 ,a4,d4 #fj4   
,que5 ( ! ,ic5i 9 ,brita91 9 ! "t (     
,n]o1 be+ defeat$ by ! ,roman ,g5]al    
,suetonius1 %e poison$ h]self4          
,,apicius1 ,a4,d4 #fd41 ! greate/       
glutton kn[n to hi/ory1 hang$ himself4  
,,s5eca1 ,a4,d4 #fe1 ,rhetorician1 &    
tutor to ,n]o1 op5$ 8 ve9s & bl$ himself
 to dea?1 :5 "u condemnation =          
conspiracy4 ,paul9a1 8 wife1 op5$ h]    
ve9s at ! same "t4  ,,lucan1 ,a4,d4 #ff1
 a ,roman poet1 be+ conc]n$ 9 ! same    
conspiracy z ,s5eca1 kill$ himself 9 !  
same mann]4  ,,n]o1 ,a4,d4 #fh1 ,emp]or 
( ,rome1 0 condemn$ = 8 villanies to be 
:ipp$ to dea?2 to avoid ?is execution he
 de/roy$ himself4  ,,o?o1 ,a4,d4 #fi1   
,roman ,emp]or1 aft] a reign ( ?ree     

mon?s1 0 defeat$ by ,vitellius1 & !n    
slew himself 9 disgu/4  ,,jews1 !1 at ! 
,siege ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 ,a4,d4    
#gj4 ,josephus n>rates t ! ,jewi%       
soldi]s de/roy$ !mselves 9 l>ge numb]s1 
& endeav\r$ to prevail on him to d !    
same4  ,,silius ,,italicus1 ,a4,d4 #ij1 
a ,roman ,consul & poet1 be+ afflict$ ) 
an incurable disease at #ge ye>s old1   
/>v$ himself to dea?4  ,,pelagia1 (     
,antio*1 ,a4,d4 #caj1 ca/ h]self (f !   
h\se top to avoid ! p]secutions ( !     
,pagans1 & 0 aft]w>ds canonis$ z a ,sa9t
 by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 see ,/4    
,ambrose1 ,de ,virg9ibus4  ,,sophronia1 
,a4,d4 #caj1 canonis$ z ,sa9t           
,sophronia1 de/roy$ h]self to avoid !   
sn>es set = h] mode/y by ! ,emp]or      
,max5tius4  ,,corellius ,,rufus1 ,a4,d4 
#aaj4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] speaks 9 t]ms (    
s9c]e regret t ?is fri5d %\ld h tak5 8  
own life4  ,,s]vius1 ! ,gramm>ian1      
,a4,d4 #djj1 :o wrote comm5t>ies on     
,virgil1 kill$ himself 9 ! reign (      
,honorius1 r ?an suff] ! pa9s ( ! g\t1  

to :i* he 0 v subject4   ,,iii4,,middle 
,,ages ,,& ,,mod]n ,,times4  ,a v long  
int]val occurs "h1 dur+ :i* p]iod ,i _c 
discov] any ,notable ,suicides3 on pass+
 to ! next s]ies a great *ange w be     
notic$ z to causation1 ! days ( suicide 
= hon\r are pass$3 ,mis]y has become !  
ma9spr+4  ,,ri*>d ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1  
#acii4 ,"s hi/orians1 z ,wals+ham1      
,ott]b\rne1 & ,pet] ( ,blois1 say t ?is 
k+ />v$ himself to dea?4  ,,*>les       
,,vii41 ,k+ ( ,france1 #adfa1 />v$      
himself1 because he fe>$ ! ,dauph9 w\ld 
poison him4  ,,aco/a1 ,,uriel1 #afdg1 a 
,jew :o became a ,*ri/ian1 b becom+     
involv$ 9 ! toils ( ! ,inquisition1     
de/roy$ himself4  ,,burton1 ,,rob]t1    
#affj1 au?or ( ! 8,anatomy (            
,melan*oly10 committ$ suicide to v]ify !
 prophecy he _h made z to ! date ( 8    
dea?4  ,,temple1 ,,john1 #afhi1         
,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>4  ,,cree*1      
,,?omas1 #agjj1 ! le>n$ translator (    
8,lucretius10 kill$ himself 9 imitation 
( ! au?or ^: works he translat$4        

,,budgell1 ,,eu/ace1 #agad1 au?or1 ?rew 
himself f a boat into ! ,?ames4         
,,sc>bor\gh1 ,,"l1 #agbg1 kill$ himself 
9 ! dilemma :i* ( two ladies to         
associate )4  ,,gre51 ,w41 #agej1 a     
weav]1 jump$ (f ! ,monum5t1 ,london4    
,,*att]ton1 ,,?omas1 #aggj1 ,poet1 by   
poison1 f pov]ty4  ,,clive1 ,,"l1 #aggd1
 %ot himself2 he _h be5 ungratefully    
treat$2 he _h1 h[ev]1 made two attempts 
on 8 life 9 8 y\?4  ,,c>dan1 ,,j]ome1   
#aege1 ,physician & ,a/rolog]1 hav+     
=etold 8 dea? = a c]ta9 date1 & f9d+    
himself /ill well1 kill$ himself to     
v]ify 8 prophecy4  ,,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41  
#aggh4 ,"s au?orities say he poison$    
himself by ars5ic4  ,,craddock1 ,t41    
#aghj1 a bak]1 jump$ (f ! top ( !       
,monum5t1 ,london4  ,,clavi]e1 ,e41     
#agic1 ! ,girond91 /abb$ himself2 & 8   
wife kill$ h]self aft] him4             
,,condorcet1 ,m4 ,j4 ,a41 #agid1 ,fr5*  
,ma!matician1 kill$ himself 9 prison4   
,,rol&1 #agie1 ,fr5* ,m9i/]1 by a sword 
?ru/4  ,,romme1 #agie1 ,fr5* ,/atesman1 

by /abb+4  ,,pi*egru1 ,c41 #ahjd1 ,fr5* 
,g5]al1 /rangl$ himself ) 8 sc>f :5 9   
prison1 accus$ ( plott+ aga9/ !         
gov]nm5t4  ,,vill5euve1 ,p41 ,fr5*      
,admiral1 #ahjf1 /abb$ himself :5 suff]+
 f melan*olia4  ,,levy1 ,,lyon1 #ahaj1 a
 ,jewi% diamond m]*ant1 jump$ (f !      
,monum5t1 ,london4  ,,williams1 #ahaa1 !
 murd]] ( ! ,m>r family4  ,,klei/1 ,h4  
,,von41 #ahaa1 ,g]man au?or1 %ot himself
 aft] kill+ a lady to :om he 0 mu*      
atta*$1 at h] reque/4  ,,b]?i]1 ,l4 ,a41
 #ahae1 ,fr5* ,g5]al4  ,,romilly1 ,,sir 
,s41 #ahah1 ,juri/ & ,m4,p41 kill$      
himself ?ree days aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife4 
,,*ri/ophe1 #ahbj1 ,k+ ( ,hayti4        
,,engli%man1 an1 #ahbj1 ?rew himself    
into ! crat] ( ,vesuvius4  ,,campbell1  
,,sir ,g41 #ahba1 ,engli% ,admiral4     
,,ca/l]eagh1 ,,"l1 #ahbb1 cut 8 ?roat4  
,,sa9t ,,simon1 ,c4 ,h41 #ahbb1 a       
,fr5*man1 f\nd] ( a religi\s sect4      
,,bra*mann1 ,,luise1 #ahbb1 ,g]man      
poetess4  ,,montgom]y1 #ahbh1 took      
prussic acid1 :5 a prison] = =g]y1 9    

,newgate4  ,,cond1 ,,pr9ce ,,de1 #ahcj1 
hang$ himself4  ,,rob]t ,,leopold1      
#ahce1 pa9t]1 cut 8 ?roat1 f jeal\sy4   
,,gros1 ,,b>on1 #ahce1 pa9t]1 dr[n$     
himself f disappo9tm5t4  ,,colton1 ,c4  
,c41 #ahcb1 an ecc5tric cl]gyman1 au?or 
( 8,lacon40  ,,moyes1 ,,miss ,e41 #ahci1
 jump$ (f ! ,monum5t1 ,london1 because  
h] fa!r1 be+ r$uc$ 9 circum/ances1 x 0  
decid$ t %e %\ld e>n h] own liv+4       
,,b]es=d1 ,,"l ,,james1 #ahda4  ,,mun/]1
 ,,e>l ,,(1 #ahdb1 son ( ,william ,,iv4 
,,blan*>d1 ,,laman1 #ahde1 j\rnali/4    
,,haydon1 ,b4 ,r41 #ahdf1 pa9t]1 on     
acc\nt ( money tr\bles1 %ot himself4    
,,prasl91 ,,duc ,,de1 #ahdg1 8 wife 0   
f\nd murd]$2 he 0 arre/$ on suspicion1 &
 0 f\nd self-sla9 9 prison4  ,,watts1   
,,walt]1 #ahej1 ,lessee ( ! ,olympic    
,!atre4  ,,b\rg1 ,,/4 ,,edme1 #ahea1    
au?or2 f\nd /rangl$ by 8 sc>f4  ,,lay>d1
 ,,lieut4-,,col41 #ahec1 ( 8,n9eveh0    
fame4  ,,rob9son1 ,,rev4 ,t41 #ahed1    
?rew himself (f ! cliffs at ,dov]4      
,,franks1 ,,dr41 #ahee1 editor ( !      

,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 aft] kill+ 8 son4  
,,sadleir1 ,,john1 ,m4,p41 #ahef1 by    
prussic acid1 :5 f\nd guilty ( ,bank    
frauds4  ,,sm>t1 ,a41 #ahef1 a wat*mak]1
 ?rew himself d[n f ! ,:isp]+ ,gall]y 9 
,/4 ,paul's4  ,,mill]1 ,,hugh1 #ahef1   
geologi/1 f ov]work4  ,,russell1 ,,*as41
 #ahef1 ,*airman ( ! ,great ,we/]n      
,railway4  ,,mos]1 ,,isaac1 #ahfa1 a    
millionaire ,jew4  ,,fitzroy1 ,,admiral1
 #ahfe1 meteorologi/4  ,,gre51 ,g4 ,w41 
#ahfg1 a m]*ant1 jump$ (f ,susp5sion    
,bridge at ,clifton4  ,,w>d]1 ,,dr4 ,a4 
,w41 #ahfg1 at ,brighton1 aft] murd]+ 8 
wife4  ,,!odore1 ,emp]or ( ,abyss9ia1   
#ahfh4  ,,lee1 ,,?omas1 #ahfh1 ?rew     
himself f ! ,nor? ,t[] ( ! ,cry/al      
,palace4  ,,prevo/-,,p>adol1 #ahgj1     
,fr5* ,m9i/]4  ,,b[ley1 ,r4 ,k41 #ahgj1 
,manag] ( ! ,cry/al ,palace4            
,,mat?iess51 ,,dr41 #ahgj1 em95t *emi/4 
,,willes1 ,,sir ,,james ,s41 #ahgb1     
em95t judge1 f ov]work4  ,,delaw>r1     
,,e>l1 #ahgc1 :5 insane4  ,,abdul       
,,aziz1 #ahgf1 ,sultan ( ,turkey1 ve9s (

 ! b5d ( ! arm op5$ by scissors4        
,,lyttleton1 ,,"l ,,george1 #ahgf1 em95t
 s*ol>1 :5 insane4  ,,but*]1 ,,dr4      
,,sam41 #ahgf1 ,bi%op ( ,mea?1 :5       
insane4  ,,br&on1 ,,raphael1 #ahgg1     
ar*itect4  ,,mahom$1 ,,ismail ,,khan1   
#ahhc1 an ,afghan surgeon1 by prussic   
acid4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,lit]ature4   
,! ,lit]ature ( ! subject is ( v div]se 
"*4 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many h produc$
 _m works on suicide z a fact4 ,engl&   
has be5 cont5t ) "o "w on suicide1 t (  
,=bes ,w9sl[1 8,! ,anatomy ( ,suicide10 
dat$ #ahdj4 8,x is an int]e/+ collection
 ( anecdotes1 arrang$ )\t mu* reg>d to  
me?od or au!nticity40 7,a!num47  ,!     
?or\ghly sci5tific /ati/ical "w ( ,h4   
,morselli1 ( ,tur91 has be5 rec5tly     
publi%$ 9 an ,engli% =m1 b x is h>dly a 
readable book1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( 
/ati/ics2 & ! subject1 moreov]1 is      
treat$ f an ,italian /&po9t1 & = ^!     
reasons has n f\nd _m read]s 9 ?is      
c\ntry4  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 pl5ty (       
ref]5ces to suicide 9 ,engli% lit]ature1

 & "s essays1 *iefly 9 its def5ce4 ,"s (
 ^! ,i catalogue "h1 & also sev]al      
ref]5ces f ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,i also add 
a few examples ( au?ors ( ,greece &     
,rome :o conc]n$ !mselves ) ! subject4  
,( =eign works relat+ to suicide1 a li/ 
w be f\nd 9 ! ,bibliographical ,index4  
,among ! au?ors ( ,greek & ,roman       
civilization1 9 fav\r ( all[+ suicide to
 be committ$1 7  ,,ari/ippus1 circa #cfj
 ,b4,c41 f\nd] ( ! ,cyr5aic philosophy4 
,,hegesias1 a ,cyr5aic philosoph]1 circa
 #cjj ,b4,c4  ,,epicurus1 d4 #bgj       
,b4,c41 f\nd] ( ! ,epicurean philosophy4
  ,,z5o1 d4 #bfd ,b4,c41 f\nd] ( ! ,/oic
 philosophy4  ,,clean!s1 d4 #bdj ,b4,c41
 a pupil ( ,z5o4  ,,cic]o1 d4 #dc ,b4,c4
  ,,s5eca1 d4 ,a4,d4 #fe4  ,,pl9y ,,!   
,,eld]1 d4 ,a4,d4 #gi4  ,,epictetus1 d4 
circa ,a4,d4 #ajj4  ,,plut>*1 d4 ,a4,d4 
#adj4  ,,m>cus ,,aurelius ,,anton9us1 a 
,/oic1 d4 ,a4,d4 #ahj4  ,,diog5es       
,,la]tius1 circa ,a4,d4 #bjj4  ,! foll[+
 fam\s au?ors d5i$ its p]missibility1 & 
condemn$ ^? :o practis$ x3  ,,py?agoras1

 d4 #ebj ,b4,c4  ,,socrates1 d4 #cii    
,b4,c4  ,,plato1 d4 #cdh ,b4,c4         
,,ari/otle1 d4 #cba ,b4,c4  ,,s*9es1 d4 
#cad ,b4,c4  ,,virgil1 d4 #ai ,b4,c4    
7,see neid1 vi4 #dcd47  ,,pl9y ,,!      
,,y\ng]1 ,a4,d4 #aaf4  ,,lucian1 d4     
,a4,d4 #ahj4  ,,plot9us1 d4 ,a4,d4 #bgj4
  ,accord+ to ,morselli ( ,tur91 ! ^w   
8suicide0 orig9at$ 9 ,france1 9 ! middle
 ( ! la/ c5tury4  ,9 ?is matt] he       
app>5tly copi$ ,fr5* au?ors :o claim t x
 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! 8,dictionnaire de       
,trev\x0 7! t[n ( ,trev\x71 by          
,desfonta9es1 9 #ageb4 ,x appe>s along )
 ,p>ricide 9 ! 8,dictionnaire de        
l',academie ,franaise10 ( #agfb4        
,ri*elet1 9 8 fam\s ,fr5* ,diction>y (  
#afhj1 has1 ,i f9d1 ,p>ricide1 b n      
,suicide4  ,s mu* = ,france4 ,) reg>d to
 ,engl&1 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* says1 8,up to !
 middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury our good    
writ]s use self-homicide1 nev] suicide40
 ,na?an ,bailey1 9 8 ,engli% ,diction>y1
 #bnd ed4 #agcf1 gives ! ^w 8suicide40  
,b ! ^w is mu* old] ev5 ?an t2 9 !      

introduction to ,edw>d ,phillips' 8,new 
,_w ( ,words10 dat$ #affb1 ^! rem>ks are
 to be f\nd3 8,"o b>b>\s ^w ,i %all     
produce1 :i* is suicide1 a ^w :i* ,i _h 
r %\ld be d]iv$ f sus1 a s[1 ?an f !    
pron\n sui1 unless !re be "s my/]y 9 x2 
z if x 7 a sw9i% "p = a man to kill     
himself40 ,"s ,engli% ,diction>ies1 su* 
z ,wright's1 give ! obsolete ^w         
8suicism40  8,suicidium0 looks l a ,lat9
 ^w1 b is n s1 al?\gh ,na?an ,bailey 9 !
 #cj? edition ( 8 ,diction>y says x is2 
! mod]n t]m 8,suicide10 is ( c\rse d]iv$
 f ! ,lat9 words 8sui10 self1 & 8cd0 to 
kill2 b ! anci5t ,romans1 al?\gh famili>
 ) ! fact1 us$ a phrase to express x4   
,!y said1 8sibi mortem conscisc]e0      
7,cic]o1 ,oratio pro ,clu5tio71 8to     
procure 8 own dea?02 & 8v55o mortem sibi
 conscisc]e0 = 8to poison himself10 or  
8to procure dea? = himself by poison40  
,!y also us$ z alt]native phrases 8vim  
sibi inf]re10 8to cause viol5ce to      
himself10 ,velleius ,pat]culus2 8sua    
manu cad]e10 ,tacitus1 ,annales2 & 8mors

 volunt>ia10 ,cic]o1 ,epi/ol ad         
famili>es4  ,! anci5t ,greek phrase =   
8suicide10 0  1 s*ylus2 8a suicide0 0 1 
s*ylus2 = our phrase 8to commit suicide0
 !y us$ a v]b 1 ,sophocles4  ,euripides 
uses 3 9 ,plato is f\nd 1 & also 9      
,euripides2 two o!r =ms ( spee* 7  1    
s*9es1 &  1 ,plato4  ,! ,g]mans use !   
t]m 8,selb/mord10 ! ,italians 8il       
suicidio40  ,! foll[+ ,engli% ,au?ors h 
ei!r writt5 treatises on suicide1 or    
else h made m5tion ( x 9 _! works4  ,!  
li/ is ( c\rse n complete1 b x repres5ts
 ! views ( _m writ]s ( em95ce f ! "t (  
,h5ry ! ,eigh? to a rec5t date4  ,,sir  
,,?omas ,,m1 9 8 8,utopia10 dat$ #aeaf1 
,book ,,ii41 writes3 8,b yf ! disease be
 n onelye yncurable1 b also full (      
contynuall payne & angui%e2 444 & se+e 8
 lyffe to him is b a torm5te1 t he wyl n
 bee vnwill+e to dye1 b r take a good   
hope to him1 & ei!r dispat*e himselfe   
out ( t payneful lyffe1 z out ( a       
prison1 or racke ( torm5t1 or elles     
suff] hymselfe wyll+lye to be ridde oute

 ( x by o!r40  ,^! l9es are f ! ,engli% 
translation by ,ralph ,rob9son1 #aeea4  
,,%akespe>e 7d4 #afaf7 9 8,julius ,cs>10
 ,act ,v4 ,sc5e #a41 makes ,brutus say3 
8,ev5 by ! rule ( t philosophy1     ,by 
:i* ,i did blame ,cato = ! dea?     ,he 
gave himself3,i "k n h[1     ,b ,i d f9d
 x c[>dly & vile1     ,= fe> ( :at might
 fall1 s to prev5t     ,! "t ( life3arm+
 myself ) pati5ce1     ,to /ay !        
provid5ce ( "s high p[]s1     ,t gov]n u
 bel[40  ,& 9 8,hamlet10 ,act ,i41 ,sc5e
 #b1 writes3      8,o1 t ?is too1 too   
solid fle% w\ld melt1     ,?aw & resolve
 itself into a dew2     ,or t ! ,ev]la/+
 _h n fix$     ,8 canon 'ga9/ self      
slaught]1 ,o ,god6 ,o ,god6     ,h[     
we>y1 /ale1 flat1 & unpr(itable         
,seem to me all ! uses ( ?is _w40  ,& 9 
,act ,,iii41 ,sc5e #a1 is f\nd ! long   
passage comm5c+1 8,to be1 or n to be2 t 
is ! "q20 9 :i* ! relative m]its ( life 
& dea? are discuss$4  ,9 8,o!llo10 ,act 
,i41 ,sc5e #c1 he makes ,rod]igo say1   
8,i w incont95tly dr[n myself40 8,x is  

sill9ess to live :5 to live is a        
torm5t20 to :i* ,iago replies1 8a pox on
 dr[n+ ?yself6 x is clean out ( ! way3  
seek ?\ r to be hang$ 9 compass+ ?y joy1
 ?an to be dr[n$ & g )\t h]40  ,,dr4    
,,john ,,donne1 d4 #afca1 wrote an essay
 on ?is subject1 entitl$ #81 or ,t      
self-slay+ is n s naturally s9 t x may  
nev] be o!rwise4  ,,mass+]1 ! ,dramati/1
 d4 #afdj4      8,?is ,roman resolution 
( self-murd]     ,w n hold wat] at !    
,high ,tribunal     ,:5 x comes to be   
argu$2 my good g5ius     ,prompts me to 
?is consid]ation4 ,he     ,t kills      
himself t'avoid mis]y1 fe>s x2     ,& at
 ! be/ %[s a ba/>d val\r40  ,,milton1 d4
 #afgd1 says3      8,nor love ?y life1  
nor hate3 b :at ?\ liv'/     ,live well2
 h[ long or %ort p]mit to ,heav540      
,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne1 d4 #afhb1 au?or (
 8,religio ,m$ici10 wrote1 8,suicide is1
 n to fe> dea?1 b yet to be afraid (    
life40  ,,sir ,,wm4 ,,temple1 d4 #afii1 
said1 8,a man %\ld dep>t ?is life :5 he 
has no fur!r pleasure 9 rema9+40  ,,h5ry

 ,,dodwell1 ! le>n$ ,non-juror1 d4      
#agaa1 0 ! au?or ( an 8,apology =       
,suicide40  ,,rob]t ,,flem+1 d4 #agaf1  
,noncon=mi/ ,m9i/]1 wrote 8,! comm& #8?\
 %alt n kill' =bids suicide z well z    
homicide40  ,,george ,,sewell1 d4 #agbf1
 9 a poem call$ 8,! ,suicide10 writes3  
8,:5 all ! bl&i%m5ts ( life are gone1   
,! c[>d %r9ks to dea?1 ! brave live on40
  ,,ri*>d ,,savage1 d4 #agdc4 ,9 8 poem 
8,! ,w&]]0 are ^! l9es3      8,f me 7%e 
cries71 pale wret*1 ?y com=t claim1     
,born ( despair1 & ,suicide my "n6      
,:y %\ld ?y life a mom5t's pa9 endure8  
,"h e object pr(f]s grief a cure4       
,%e po9ts :]e leaves ( hemlock black5+  
%oot6     ,fe> n1 pluck6 eat 7said %e7 !
 sov]eign root6     ,or leap yon rock1  
possess a wat]y grave1     ,& leave ?y  
sorr[ to ! w9d & wave6     ,or m>k?is   
poni>d ?us f mis]y frees6     ,%e w\nds 
h] brea/64440  ,,samuel ,,ri*>dson1 9   
8,cl>issa ,h>l[e10 #agdi3 8,to be cut (f
 by ! sword ( injur$ fri5d%ip is ! mo/  
dreadful ( all dea?s1 next to suicide40 

,,edw>d ,,"y1 d4 #agfe1 9 8 8,night     
,?\ghts10 ,night ,v41 ,! ,relapse3      
8,! bad on ea* punctili\s pique ( pride1
     ,or gloom ( hum\r1 w\ld give rage !
 re92     ,b\nd o'er ! b>ri]1 ru% into !
 d>k1     ,& m> ! s*emes ( ,provid5ce   
bel[4             99       99       99  
99       99      ,o ,brita91 infam\s =  
suicide60  ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 9 #aggc1 0  
ask$3 8,suppose t a man is sure t1 if he
 lives a few days long]1 he %all be     
detect$ 9 a fraud1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w 
be utt] disgrace & expulsion f society1 
%\ld he make away ) himself80 & he      
answ]$1 8,!n1 let him g abroad to a     
di/ant c\ntry1 let him g to "s place :]e
 he is n kn[n4 ,don't let him g to !    
,devil1 :]e he is kn[n40  ,,hume1       
,,david1 d4 #aggf1 ! hi/orian1 0 unable 
to condemn ! practice1 & inde$ wrote an 
8,essay on ,suicide10 %[+ t x 0 consi/5t
 ) our duty4  ,,black/one1 d4 #aghj1    
8,comm5t>ies10 ,book ,,iv41 cap4 #ad3   
8,! suicide is guilty ( a d\ble (f5ce3  
"o spiritual 9 evad+ ! pr]ogative ( !   

,almighty2 ! o!r temporal1 aga9/ ! k+1  
:o ha? an int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( 8    
subjects40  ,,dryd51 d4 #agjj1 writes3  
8,brutus & ,cato might dis*>ge _! s\ls1 
,& give !m furl\ghs = ano!r _w2     ,b  
we l s5tries1 are oblig$ to /&     ,9   
/>less nights1 & wait ?'appo9t$ h\r40   
,& 9 8 ,fables speaks ( ,suicide 9 t]ms 
( abhorr5ce3      8,! slay] ( himself   
too1 saw ,i !re3     ,! gore1 congeal$1 
0 clott$ 9 8 hair4     ,) eyes half     
clos$1 & m\? wide ope1 he lay1     ,&   
grim z :5 he brea!d 8 sull5 s\l away40  
,,gibbon1 ,,edw41 ! hi/orian1 d4 #agid1 
0 9 fav\r ( its p]missibility "u c]ta9  
circum/ances4  ,,mason1 ,,william1 d4   
#agig1 writes3      8,unlic5s$ to       
et]nity6 ,?9k6 ?9k6     ,& let ! ?\ght  
re/ra9 ?y impi\s h&40  ,,paley1 ,,rev4  
,,wm41 d4 #ahje1 ! great ,biblical      
s*ol>1 discusses ! "q ( ,suicide4 ,he   
concludes t its commission argues aga9/ 
our rev]5ce = ! ,deity1 exhibits a want 
( religi\s =titude1 & a defici5cy (     
reg>d = our future /ate4  ,,tom ,,pa9e1 

d4 #ahji1 9 8 8,age ( ,reason10 approves
 ( ,suicide1 & m ?an "o case has be5    
trac$ directly to ! m5tal & moral effect
 ( read+ ?is "w4  ,,"l ,,byron1 d4      
#ahbd1 9 8 8,don ,juan10 c4 xiv41 v4 #d1
 writes3      8,a sleep )\t dreams aft] 
a r\gh day     ,( toil1 is :at we covet 
mo/2 & yet     ,h[ clay %r9ks back f m]e
 quiesc5t clay6     ,! v ,suicide t pays
 8 debt     ,at once )\t in/alm5ts 7an  
old way     ,( pay+ debts1 :i* cr$itors 
regret71     ,lets out impati5tly 8 ru%+
 brea?1     ,less f disgu/ ( life1 ?an  
dread ( dea?40  ,,sir ,,*as4 ,,morgan   
writes3 8,:at poetical suicides &       
sublime despair might h be5 prev5t$ by a
 timely dose ( blue pill1 or ! (f] ( a  
,loge aux ,itali5s60  ,,colton1 d4      
#ahcb1 9 8 8,lacon10 writes3 8,suicide  
sometimes proce$s f c[>dice1 b n always2
 = c[>dice sometimes prev5ts x3 s9ce z  
_m live because !y are afraid to die1 z 
die because !y are afraid to live40  ,x 
has be5 affirm$ t ! works ( ,,rob]t     
,,ow51 ( ,lan>k1 d4 #aheh1 manufactur] &

 social economi/1 :o 0 au?or ( sev]al   
vision>y s*emes = ! mutual advancem5t ( 
m51 h1 l ^? ( ,tom ,pa9e1 l$ to !       
commission ( self-de/ruction4       4 4 
4 4 48     8,we are ! fools ( "t &      
t]ror3 ,days     ,/eal on u1 & /eal f u1
 yet we live     ,loa?+ our life1 &     
dread+ /ill to die     ,9 all ! days (  
?is dete/$ yoke     ,?is vital weight ^u
 ! /ruggl+ he>t1     ,:i* s9ks ) sorr[1 
or beats quick ) pa91     ,or joy t ends
 9 agony1 or fa9tness     ,9 all ! days 
( pa/ & future1 =     ,9 life !re is no 
pres5t1 we c numb]     ,h[ few1h[ less  
?an few1 :]e9 ! s\l     ,=be>s to pant =
 dea?1 & yet draws back     ,z f a /ream
 9 w9t]1 ?\gh ! *ill     ,be b a        
mom5t's44440  ,,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,maudsley   
writes3 8,any poor creature f ! gutt] c 
put an end to himself2 !re is no        
nobility 9 ! act1 & no great am\nt (    
c\rage requir$ = x4 ,x is a de$ r (     
c[>dice %irk+ duty1 g5]at$ 9 a mon/r\s  
feel+ ( self1 & accompli%$ 9 ! mo/      
s9ful1 because wick$ ignorance4 ,ev5 if 

! act ( ,cato did n speak = itself1 he 0
 f> too self-consci\s4 ,montaigne tells 
u t he 0 giv5 to dr9k+1 & ! ,catos1 z a 
race1 7 not$ = rigid sev]ity ( "*1 :i*  
mo/ly signifies n>r[ness ( vision1      
self-love1 & conceit40   ,,=eign        
,,lit]ature4  ,,desfonta9es1 9 !        
,supplem5t du ,dictionnaire de ,trev\x1 
#ageb1 fir/ uses ! t]m 8,suicide0 9     
,fr5* ,lit]ature4  ,,duv]g] ,,de        
,,haurane1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,cyran1 !       
patri>* ( ! ,jans5i/s1 wrote 9 #afjh1 a 
treatise on ,suicide1 speak+ ( x z      
equally p]missible ) ! "r ( fell[ m5 to 
execute judicially3 he adds1 8,a man may
 kill himself = ! good ( 8 pr9ce1 = t ( 
8 c\ntry1 or = t ( 8 relations40        
,,maup]tuis1 ,,pi]re ,,de1 approv$ ( its
 commission :5 life becomes we>isome4   
,see 8uvres10 #ageb4  ,,montaigne1      
,,mi*el ,,de1 8,essays30 ^! h mu*       
in=mation ( an hi/orical "*4 ,see ,lib4 
,,ii4 cap4 iii41 8,! ,cu/om ( ! ,isle ( 
,ceos10 also _m ref]5ces to ! dea? (    
,cato4  ,,montesquieu1 :o1 9 8 8,lettres

 ,p]sanes10 writt5 9 ! "* ( a ,p]sian   
g5tleman resid5t 9 ,europe1 speaks (    
,suicide ) fav\r1 yet does n m5tion x by
 ?is title2 9 ! #gd? lett] he gives a   
complete apology = x4 ,see also 8       
8,esprit des ,lois0 = o!r rem>ks on !   
crime4 ,to ?is au?or is due ! cr$it or  
discr$it ( ! obs]vation t ,engl& is !   
classic l& ( ,suicide4  ,,voltaire1 9 8 
8,comm5taire sur ,l'esprit des ,lois10  
approves ( suicide1 & does make use (   
?is t]m2 b 9 o!rs ( 8 works he condemns 
x2 9 %ort1 he appe>s to h be5 undecid$ 9
 ! matt]4 ,x is n>rat$ ( him1 t he & a  
fri5d contemplat$ & decid$ "o ev5+ on   
committ+ ! act1 b ,voltaire _h alt]$ 8  
m9d 9 ! morn+4  ,,madame ,,de ,,/ael1 9 
h] y\?1 wrote an ,essay approv+ (       
,suicide2 b1 lat] 9 h] life1 wrote      
8,reflexions sur le ,suicide10 #ahac1 9 
:i* %e recant$ _m ( h] op9ions4 ,%e     
rem>ks t "s suicides are a matt] ( duty2
 su* are ! dea?s 9 a =lorn hope on !    
battle field2 o!rs 7 hon\rable z ^? (   
,cato1 ,decius1 ,codrus1 & ,regulus4    

,aga91 %e says1 8to pref] dea? to guilt 
is a suicide ( duty1 & su* 7 all        
m>tyrdoms40 ,%e disc>ds ! doctr9e t !   
suicide is a c[>d2 he is a man :o has   
conqu]$ ev5 8! fe> ( dea?40  ,,r\sseau1 
,j4 ,j41 wi%$ t x 7 p]missible2 ,he     
call$ x1 h[ev]1 8un vol fait au g5re    
huma940 ,see ,n\velle ,heloise4 ,he is  
said by "s au?orities to h caus$ 8 own  
dea? by tak+ ars5ic4  ,,lam>t9e condemns
 ! practice 7see 8 rem>ks on ! dea? (   
,cato7 9 ! 8,c\rs de ,litt]ature40      
,,elias ,,regnault says1 8,x is = man ! 
highe/ expression ( 8 lib]ty40          
,,falret1 ,j4 ,p41 8,c'e/ un acte de    
dlire40  ,,riv>ol1 ,,anto9e1 8,l'orgueil
 e/ t\j\rs plus prs du suicide que du   
rep5tir40  ,,*ateaubri&1 ,,fran,,ois    
,a41 8,les suicides sont t\j\rs communs 
*ez les peuples corrompus40  ,,la       
,,luz]ne1 ,c4 ,,guillaume1 8,la religion
 enleve au suicide l'excuse1 le prtexte1
 la scurit1 que lui donne l'incr$ulit40 
,,ta9e1 ,h4 8,qu& la d\leur e/ extrme   
l'homme se rfugie1 dans t\s les asiles1 

jusque dans le suicide1 jusque dans la  
folie40  ,,sa9te ,,beuve1 ! poet1 wrote1
 "u ! pseudonym ( ,joseph ,delorme1 an  
apology = suicide1 9 v]se4  ,,prudhomme1
 8,la communaut ab\tit p> t\tes ses     
voies au ,suicide20 & aga91 8,le suicide
 e/ une banqu]\te frauduleuse40         
,l',,abbe ,,bauta91 8,le suicide e/  la 
fois une gr&e absurdit1 et un gr&       
crime40  ,,gir>d91 ,e4 ,,de1 8,bonap>te 
a decl> que t\t soldat qui se tue1 e/ un
 soldat qui ds]te40  ,i v5ture to add "h
 ?ree o!r ,fr5* ref]5ces to ! ^w3       
,,prudhomme1 8,la propriet e/ le        
,suicide de la ,socit40  ,,balzac1      
8,qu'un homme batte sa matresse c'e/ une
 blessure mais sa femme c'e/ un         
,suicide40  ,,m>t91 ,a41 8,le celibat e/
 en mme temps le vhicule de la dbau*e1  
le sc&ale du monde1 et le suicide du    
g5re huma940  ,,/4 ,,m>c ,,gir>d94 8,le 
suicide n'e/ pas la maladie des simples 
de cur et d'esprit1 c'e/ la maladie des 
raff9s et des philosophes40  ,,goe!1    
,,johann ,w4 ,,von41 9 8 novel 8,!      

,sorr[s ( ,w]t]10 exalts suicide1 z !   
end ( "o's exi/5ce4 ,! suicide ( a "y   
man nam$ ,j]usalem sugge/$ to ! au?or ! 
composition ( ?is "w1 :i* has be5       
def9itely ! cause ( suicides1 among :om 
0 ,fraule9 von ,lassb]g1 :o dr[n$       
h]self4 ,! au?or himself attempt$ ! act4
  ,,foscolo1 ,,ugo1 d4 #ahbg1 ! ,italian
 poet1 imitat$ ,goe!'s 8,w]t]0 9 8      
8,ultime lettre di ,jacopo ,ortis10 & 9 
a simil> /ra9 disc\rses on !            
unpleasantness ( life1 & ! advantages ( 
end+ x :5 desirable4  ,,becc>ia1 ,c4    
,,bonesana1 9 8 8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts10 
writt5 9 ,italian1 b :i* has be5        
translat$ into almo/ all ,european      
languages1 decides 9 ^! words2 8,suicide
 is a crime :i* seems n to admit (      
puni%m5t1 = x _c be inflict$ b on !     
innoc5t1 :5 x w\ld be unju/1 or ^u an   
ins5sible body1 :5 x w\ld h no m effect 
?an sc\rg+ a /atue4 ,its only puni%m5t  
is aft] dea?2 x is 9 ! h&s ( ,god alone2
 b x is no crime ) reg>d to man40 ,see  
,*apt] ,,xxxii4  ,,morselli1 ,,enrico4  

8,il ,suicidio40 ,( ?is great /ati/ical 
"w1 & ! op9ions express$ !re91 ,legoyt1 
,a41 9 8 treatise1 rem>ks1 8he ma9ta9s a
 c]ta9 tol]ance ( ,suicide1 & is well   
cont5t to look on x z a natural fact1   
gov]n$ by a law ( human nature1         
precisely simil> to ! laws ( ,m>riages1 
,bir?s1 & ,dea?s40 ,see 8,le ,suicide10 
#ahha1 p4 #ih4     ,,*apt] ,v4          
,,crim9al ,,jurisprud5ce4   ,by ,engli% 
law ,suicide is ( ! ,felony ( ,murd]1   
inasmu* z x is ! murd] ( "o ( ! subjects
 ( ! sov]eign3 x is a murd] committ$ by 
a man on himself4 ,!re is au?ority =    
say+ t !re is no su* (f5ce z            
self-manslaught]4 ,reg9a v4 ,burgess1   
,leigh & ,cave1 #beh4 ,x is suicide1 or 
8felo-de-se10 n only to kill oneself )  
delib]ation1 :5 9 "r m9d1 & ( ye>s (    
discretion1 b also to kill oneself      
accid5tally :5 p]=m+ a feloni\s act2 su*
 z attempt+ to kill ano!r4 ,b if a man  
is kill$ at 8 express desire by ano!r1 x
 is n suicide1 because 9 law ! reque/ is
 illegal & void1 ?\gh ! latt] is a      

murd]]4 ,yet if "o p]suade ano!r to kill
 himself1 & he does s1 x is suicide1 &  
also murd] 9 ! advis]3 see ,r4 v4       
,dyson4  ,s also if two p]sons agree to 
commit suicide toge!r1 & "o succe$ & "o 
fail1 ! survivor is guilty ( murd]1 =   
aid+ & abett+ a suicide4 ,see ,r4 v4    
,russell1 & ,r4 v4 ,alison4  ,to        
con/itute felo-de-se1 ! deceas$ mu/ die 
)9 a ye> & a day ( 8 self-inflict$      
injury1 & mu/ h be5 9 8 "r m9d1 yet 9 ! 
int]val he _c 9 law purge 8 (f5ce by    
rep5tance4 ,see #a ,hale1 ,p4,c41 #dab4 
,p]sons obvi\sly insane frequ5tly kill  
!mselves1 yet x _c be d5i$ t p]sons are 
frequ5tly f\nd self-sla91 :o h nev] %[n 
any sign ( m5tal d]angem5t4  ,to avoid a
 v]dict ( felo-de-se1 x %\ld be %[n by !
 evid5ce t ! deceas$ _h n arriv$ at ye>s
 ( discretion1 or else 0 suff]+ f       
uns\ndness ( m9d2 9 ! adult ! cons5t ( !
 w to a self-inflict$ action %\ld n be  
d5i$ until disprov$4  ,! argum5t by :i* 
jurors are suppos$ to be influ5c$1 viz41
 t no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld commit t :i* is 

! v negation ( a law ( nature is1 9     
fact1 an aggravation ( ! (f5ce4 ,if     
t5able x w\ld excuse e crim9al f blame1 
& w\ld apply ! m p[]fully 9 proportion  
to ! int5sity ( ! crime4  ,to murd] a   
"m1 or a daught]1 is z mu* repugnant to 
a s5sible man1 z to murd] himself2 b if 
none b lunatics c\ld commit su* crimes1 
no "o w\ld be culpable at all4  ,&1     
!re=e1 by ! law ( our l&1 if a lunatic  
ev5 murd] himself 9 a lucid int]val1 he 
is felo-de-se1 z mu* z any man1 & if he 
murd] ano!r man 9 a lucid int]val he is 
z mu* a murd]] z any o!r man4 ,see #a   
,hawk9s1 ,p4,c41 cap4 ix41 ss4 #b & #c4 
,at ! pres5t "t1 ! abs5ce ( a s\nd m9d 9
 cases ( self murd]1 is ! con/ant       
presumption ( jurym51 :o by avoid+ a    
v]dict ( felo-de-se1 commit an amiable  
p]jury1 to save1 z !y say1 ! reputation 
( ! deceas$ among 8 survivors4  ,n[ at  
"o "t ! ,engli% law prescrib$ = !       
suicide an +lori\s burial 9 ! highway1 )
 a /ake driv5 ?r\gh ! body2 & ! vic>i\s 
puni%m5t ( 8 fri5ds by ! =feiture ( 8   

goods & *attels to ! ,cr[n4  ,no def9ite
 legal au?ority c be giv5 = ?is =m (    
burial2 ,black/one does n m5tion x4  ,x 
0 aboli%$ 9 #ahbc by #d ,george ,,iv41  
c4 #eb2 by ?is /atute no ,coron] %\ld   
issue a w>rant = ! burial ( a suicide 9 
any highway1 b x 0 enact$ t ! corpse    
%\ld be buri$ privately 9 any *ur*y>d or
 bury+ gr\nd betwe5 #i & #ab at night   
)\t any religi\s rites4  ,?is enactm5t  
has be5 fur!r am5d$ by ,acts #dc & #dd  
,victoria c4 #da1 & #de & #df ,victoria1
 c4 #ai 7#ahhb71 :i* provide t ! body ( 
a suicide may be buri$ ei!r sil5tly1 or 
) any su* ord]ly1 or ,*ri/ian religi\s  
s]vice at ! grave1 z ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! 
body ?9ks fit1 or ,i w\ld add1 c        
procure4  ,!re is ( c\rse no clause     
compell+ any m9i/] ( religion to p]=m   
any def9ite burial s]vice4  ,b ,i h no  
d\bt t 9 su* cases !re w\ld be no       
difficulty 9 f9d+ "s cl]gyman to use =ms
 ( pray] at ! grave1 :i* w\ld be        
satisfactory to ! relatives4 ,! law 0   
=m]ly evad$ z foll[s3 if x seem$ likely 

t a v]dict ( felo-de-se w\ld be f\nd1 ! 
inquiry 0 adj\rn$1 & 9 ! meantime ! body
 0 buri$ "u a w>rant f ! ,coron]4  ,9 ! 
"t ( ! legal au?or ,bracton 7#abfj71 a  
p]son committ+ suicide to avoid         
conviction = a felony1 =feit$ 8 l&s &   
goods2 o!r suicides =feit$ _! goods     
only4  ,?is di/9ction 0 lo/ sight ( 9 ! 
"t ( ,/aund=de1 :o wrote 9 #aegj4  ,!   
law ( =feitures 9 o!r respects rema9$ ! 
same until #ahgj1 :5 =feitures = felony 
7 aboli%$ by #cc & #cd ,victoria1 c4    
#bc4  ,:il/ su* disabilities exi/$1 x 0 
p]haps a k9dness ( juries to misrepres5t
 ! mann] ( dea?1 & to f9d t all suicides
 7 ( uns\nd m9d2 b n[ t ^! disabilities1
 bo? ( =feitures1 & usages ( contempt to
 ! corpse1 h be5 tak5 away1 !re does n  
seem to be any necessity to refra9 f    
f9d+ a v]dict 8accord+ to ! evid5ce10   
:i* a ,coron]'s jury is sworn to d2 at  
lea/1 m accurately1 a ,coron]'s jury is 
sworn to give a v]dict 8accord+ to !    
evid5ce1 & ! be/ ( _! k & belief10 ?us  
giv+ a great] fre$om 9 inve/igation ?an 

is giv5 to jurym5 9 a crim9al c\rt4     
,,/ev5son1 9 ,taylor's 8,m$ical         
,jurisprud5ce10 rem>ks1 8,x is to be    
hop$ t ^! rec5t enactm5ts ( ! ,burial   
,laws w d away ) _m absurd v]dicts (    
#8,tempor>y ,insanity2'0 & ,*itty1 ,j41 
#ahcd1 adds1 8,if juries 7 m (t5 to f9d 
v]dicts subject+ p>ties to "s ignom9y1 9
 cases :]e !re is no pret5ce ( insanity1
 ! appreh5sion ( su* a result w\ld t5d  
to prev5t ! frequ5cy ( ! act40 7,m$4    
,jurisprud5ce1 cap4 ix4 sec4 v47  ,!re  
are /ill "s au?orities :o ?9k t evid5ce 
( insanity c\ld be f\nd 9 all cases1 if 
only suffici5tly inve/igat$4 ,see       
8,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce10 ,april      
#ahfa4 ,i feel b\nd to say ?is is to me 
only an amiable fallacy4  ,sev]al cases 
h come "u my p]sonal notice :]e         
delib]ate suicide has be5 committ$ by   
p]sons ( ! cle>e/ intellect1 :o h nev]  
%[n any "o symptom ( m9d failure1 :o 7 n
 ev5 ecc5tric1 & yet :o *ose to         
sacrifice _! life 9 ?is _w & risk _!    
et]nal future1 j to avoid a pass+       

annoyance4 ,su* a *oice may %[1 if y l1 
a weakness ( m9d1 b is n :at our ,text  
,books tea* u to und]/& by ! expression 
,lunacy4  ,gibbon1 8,decl9e & ,fall ( ! 
,roman ,empire10 c4 #ad1 rem>ks1 8,:5ev]
 an (f5ce inspires less horror ?an !    
puni%m5t aw>d$ to x1 ! rig\r ( p5al law 
is oblig$ to give way to ! common feel+s
 ( mank9d40 ,j]emy ,b5?am rem>ks t      
jurors d n hesitate to violate _! oa?s1 
& s meet ! int]f]5ce ( law1 by f9d+     
suicides to be 8non compos40  ,!        
frequ5cy ) :i* ,coron]s' juries return a
 v]dict ( 8,suicide :il/ 9 a /ate (     
tempor>y insanity10 is less a pro( ( !  
connection betwe5 suicide & lunacy1 ?an 
a sign ( ! futility ( ! exi/+ laws      
relat+ to ! crime ( felo-de-se4  ,!     
commission ( suicide does1 no d\bt1     
raise ! "q ( insanity1 b 9 su* cases !  
issue %\ld be tri$1 n decid$ (fh&4 ,!   
reports ( ! foll[+ crim9al trials may be
 consult$ = fur!r in=mation on ! subject
 ( ! association ( suicide ) crime4  ,9 
,reg9a v4 ,ga!rcole1 #ahci1 ! prison]   

attempt$ to dr[n himself2 ano!r man     
jump$ into ! wat] to save him1 b lo/ 8  
own life 9 ! attempt2 ,g4 0 convict$ (  
,murd]4  ,9 ,reg9a v4 ,fi%]1 #ahfe1 a   
man & wife agre$ to die toge!r2 bo? took
 opium2 ! wife di$1 ! man by vomit+ 0   
sav$2 he 0 convict$ ( murd]1 al?\gh he  
_h once be5 9 an asylum4  ,9 ,reg9a v4  
,may1 #ahgb1 a "y man :o _h aid$ a y\?  
to kill himself 0 tri$ = ! crime1 & !   
same rul+ 0 laid d[n by ! judge1 t to   
aid or abet is murd]4  ,9 ,reg9a v4     
,dyson 7,russell & ,ryan1 ,crim9al      
,cases71 two p]sons agre$ to kill       
!mselves toge!r2 "o surviv$1 & 0 held to
 be guilty ( murd]4  ,! true doctr9e ( !
 ,engli% crim9al law w\ld be p]haps1 z  
foll[s3 ,if suicide af=ds any           
presumption ( insanity1 x is ( insanity 
at ! mom5t only1 & ev5 !n1 if n support$
 by o!r evid5ce1 x is n en\gh to deprive
 ! p]son ( imputability4 ,see ,mc,adam  
v4 ,walk]1 #a ,d[1 ,p>ly4 ,cases1 #ahg4 
,felo-de-se is a crime1 & a p]son is    
innoc5t until f\nd guilty4  ,,sir       

,,james ,,fitzjames ,,/eph5 writes3     
8,suicide may be wick$1 & is c]ta9ly    
injuri\s to society1 b x is s 9 a mu*   
less degree ?an murd]4 ,! injury to !   
p]son kill$ we _c e/imate2 ! injury to  
survivors is g5]ally small4 ,x is a     
crime :i* produces no 7public7 al>m1 &  
:i* _c be repeat$40  8,x w\ld !re=e be  
bett] to cease to reg>d x z a crime1 &  
to provide t any "o :o attempt$ to kill 
himself1 or :o assi/$ any o!r p]son to d
 s1 %\ld be liable to second>y          
puni%m5t40  ,:e!r x be true t ! injury  
to survivors is g5]ally small is1       
p]haps1 op5 to "q2 especially 9 cases   
:]e ! suicide is ! sole means = !       
ma9t5ance ( o!rs1 a wife & family1 =    
in/ance2 9 su* a case1 if suicide be n a
 crime1 x is at lea/ a c[>dly neglect ( 
duty4  ,! mod]n ,fr5* view ( !          
disabilities ( suicide is %[n by ,m4 ,j4
 ,tissot1 9 ,le ,droit ,p5al1 #ahfj1    
vol4 #b1 p4 #dh2 he discusses ! aspect f
 :i* suicide %\ld be view$ by law3 8!   
p5alties %\ld be fix$ ) reg>d to ju/ice1

 dec5cy1 & cu/om2 !y w\ld n fulfil !    
fir/ condition if !y injur$ innoc5t     
survivors1 nor ! second if !y t5d$ to   
di%on\r humanity by ill-treatm5t ( !    
rema9s40  8,x %\ld suffice to refuse an 
hon\rable fun]al1 ! cu/om>y burial      
c]emonies2 ?is puni%m5t w\ld be         
privative only4 ,! citiz5 :o flees 8    
c\ntry is n hon\r$ 9 8 dep>ture40 ,& 9  
8,la ,manie du ,suicide10 he says1 8!   
fun]al %\ld be private1 z if society1   
religion1 & family1 7 blu%+ at !        
disgrace40  ,= anci5t ,fr5* laws on     
,suicide1 see ,lav]dy1 ,code ,p5al1     
cxi41 c4  ,9 ! ,,g]man ,/rafgesetzbu*1  
article #baf1 we f9d1 8,if a p]son is   
induc$ to kill ano!r by ! express &     
s]i\s reque/ ( ! p]son kill$1 he %all be
 imprison$ = n less ?an ?ree ye>s1 & n m
 ?an five ye>s40  ,no m5tion is made (  
suicide prop]1 9 old ,g]man codes4  ,9 !
 ,,bav>ian & ,,saxon ,codes suicide is n
 m5tion$3 b up to #ahga1 x 0 ! ,saxon   
law t ! bodies ( suicides %\ld be s5t to
 ! s*ools ( anatomy = dissection4  ,9 ! 

,,au/rian ,code1 !re is a proviso t !   
suicide %all be buri$ by c]ta9 (ficials1
 b n 9 a *ur*y>d4  ,! ,,prussian ,code  
=bids any injury to ! corpse2 !re are to
 be no m>ks ( respect at ! fun]al2 if ! 
suicide be committ$ to avoid puni%m5t1 !
 execution] is to bury ! body4  ,!      
,,fr5* ,law is v rem>kable2 ,m4 ,hlie   
/ates x ?us3 8,la loi n'a po9t incrim9  
le suicide4 ,le fait de complicit e/ il 
punissable8 ,la negative e/ evid5te40   
,9 ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates suicide has nev]   
be5 a crime aga9/ /atute law1 nor h !re 
ev] be5 any burial b>b>ities 9 cases (  
suicide2 b any "o accessory to a suicide
 is guilty ( murd] z a pr9cipal4  ,!    
,,engli% ,,draft ,,p5al ,code propos$ to
 make ! abetm5t ( suicide a special     
(f5ce1 subject to p5al s]vitude = life1 
z a maximum puni%m5t4  ,! attempt to    
commit suicide 0 to be puni%$ by two    
ye>s' imprisonm5t ) h>d lab\r4          
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,civil ,,jurisprud5ce4  
,! civil bran* ( ! jurisprud5ce ( our   
subject is m complex ?an ! crim9al4     

,life assurance companies naturally     
object to h to pay sums ( money =       
suicidal dea?s1 :5 ^! are prov$ to h    
occurr$ 9 p]sons :o h nev] %[n any m5tal
 d]angem5t1 & :o may h _h reasons =     
provid+ a consid]able sum ( money = _!  
families1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( =feit+ _!   
own fur!r conc]n 9 ?is _w4 ,su*         
fraudul5t suicides h tak5 place1 j z "s 
m5 h n hesitat$ to risk be+ judicially  
execut$ = murd]1 committ$ to obta9 sums 
( money & o!r valuables4  ,our ,engli%  
,judges h1 un=tunately1 n be5 unanim\s 9
 _! decisions respect+ ! =feiture (     
insurances by volunt>y dea?2 & !        
assurance companies h fur!r complicat$ !
 matt] by ! ins]tion ( peculi> clauses 9
 _! policies1 & by us+ alt]native       
phrases1 mean+ suicide1 :i* ! law c\rts 
h held to inf] diff]5t notions4  ,x has 
always be5 ! cu/om to ins]t 9 policies (
 life assurance ! proviso t ! dea? ( !  
assur$ by suicide %\ld r5d] ! policy    
void4 ,?is 0 und]/ood to mean t         
felo-de-se void$ ! policy4  ,b x became 

! con/ant practice ( ,coron]'s juries to
 f9d t p]sons :o _h be5 prov$ to h      
de/roy$ !mselves 7 suff]+ f 8tempor>y   
insanity03 !y ?us avoid$ a v]dict (     
felo-de-se2 h5ce arose ! necessity ( an 
und]/&+ :e!r or n 8,suicide :il/ insane0
 did or did n vitiate a policy4 ,9      
equity1 ( c\rse1 su* a dea? %\ld n d s1 
because ! dea? occurs )\t ! volunt>y    
det]m9ation ( a heal?y m9d1 & no "o c   
contract himself out ( ! possibility (  
"s day los+ 8 reason4  ,! difficulty    
might nev] h aris51 b = ?is un=tunate   
/ra9+ ( ! ^w insanity to cov] all cases 
( suicide4  ,on ! ,cont95t1 9 _m ,/ates1
 ?is injudici\s mode ( reg>d+ suicides  
does n exi/2 :5 madm5 kill !mselves1 _! 
madness is regi/]$2 & :5 p]sons :om no  
"o has ev] notic$ to be unable to manage
 _! affairs1 & ^: m5tal /ate has n be5  
di/urb$1 until !y h pref]r$ dea? to     
life1 on acc\nt ( "s loss or annoyance1 
_! volunt>y dea?s are regi/]$ z su*4 ,9 
^? /ates unseemly squabbles betwe5      
assurance companies & executors are q   

r>e4  ,to dispute & refuse paym5t1      
h[ev]1 0 f\nd by ! companies n altoge!r 
a pr(itable bus9ess1 because su* cases  
gave rise to mu* discussion & m         
misrepres5tation1 & ! litigat+ company 0
 apt to be avoid$ by p]sons ab\t to     
*oose a company to insure )4  ,sev]al   
cases :i* appe>$ to be attempts at fraud
 h be5 ! subject ( inve/igation 9 c\rts 
( law4 ,see reports ( ! suits (         
,borrodaile v4 ,hunt]1 #ahda2 ,s*wabe v4
 ,clift1 #ahde2 ,isett v4 ,! ,am]ican   
,insurance ,company2 & ,! ,/4 ,l\is     
,insurance ,company v4 ,graves4  ,9 !   
fir/ case1 a cl]gyman jump$ (f ,vauxhall
 ,bridge into ! ,?ames & 0 dr[n$2 9 8   
case ! policy /at$ t x %\ld be avoid$ if
 ! assur$ %\ld 8die by 8 own h&s40 ,at !
 trial1 ,ersk9e1 ,j41 told ! jury !     
policy mu/ be void if ! deceas$ jump$   
into ! wat]1 int5d+ to kill himself1 &  
kn[+ t ?is action w\ld kill him2 he also
 left x to !m to say :e!r ! deceas$     
c\ld1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 di/+ui% "r f    
wrong4 ,! jury became confus$1 = !y f\nd

 t ! deceas$ ?rew himself (f ) int5t to 
de/roy himself1 & also t he 0 n capable 
( decid+ "r f wrong4 ,! v]dict 0 ent]$ =
 ! def5dants1 t is1 t deceas$ 0         
felo-de-se4 ,on ,appeal1 ! case 0 argu$ 
be=e f\r judges 9 #ahdc2 !y1 h[ev]1     
diff]$ 9 op9ion2 ?ree judges held t x 0 
felo-de-se1 & "o t ! assur$ 0 tempor>ily
 insane1 & t 8 dea? 0 due to an insane  
uncontrollable impulse4  ,?is matt] 9   
dispute arose aga9 9 #ahde 9 ! case (   
,s*wabe v4 ,clift2 ! deceas$ drank      
sulphuric acid1 & di$1 :5 cle>ly insane4
 ,! jury return$ a v]dict ( dea? dur+   
insanity1 int5d+ !reby to say t ! policy
 %\ld n be void4 ,9 ?is policy ! t]m us$
 0 8suicide10 & ! judge1 ,cresswell1    
held t ?is ^w meant felo-de-se4 ,on     
appeal1 ?is judgm5t 0 rev]s$1 ! judges  
aga9 diff]+2 ! majority held t ! clause 
meant 8int5tionally kill+ himself10 :e!r
 9 a reasonable /ate ( m9d or n2 !      
m9ority 7 ( op9ion t disease ( ! s5ses1 
or ! reason1 lead+ to suicide1 0 n      
int5tional dea?1 nor su* z ought to     

cause a =feiture4  ,?is decision ( !    
judges 0 ( great importance1 & l$ !     
companies to alt] ! word+ ( _! policies1
 = "u ! old sy/em any "o :o 9 an attack 
( delirium dur+ a fev]1 or aft] an      
accid5t1 %\ld jump out ( a w9d[ & kill  
himself1 w\ld !reby =feit 8 policy2 !   
public c\ld n put up ) ?is dictum1 :i*  
if law1 is n ! equity ( ! case4  ,"s    
companies ins]t$ clauses :i* provid$ =  
compromises ( su* claims2 o!rs def9itely
 /at$ t any volunt>y dea? %\ld avoid a  
policy1 b res]v$ to !mselves ! "r to    
return a "p ( ! policy value1 calculat$ 
up to ! day ( dea?4  ,at ! pres5t "t1   
h[ev]1 policies1 :i* 9 !ory are avoid$  
by suicide1 are almo/ always practically
 paid by ! companies1 9 full1 or ne>ly  
s1 unless !re be any reason to suspect !
 exi/5ce ( a fraudul5t int5tion on ! "p 
( ! assur$4  ,x may be broadly /at$ t   
n[1 9 #ahhe1 ! companies h almo/ all    
agre$ to make assign$ policies          
indisputable4  ,! foll[+ axioms w be    
f\nd ( great value3   ,:5 ! assur$1 be+ 

himself b5eficially int]e/$ 9 !         
assurance1 dies a felo-de-se1 public    
policy requires t ! contract  be r5d]$  
void4 ,& ! same holds good ( ^? :o claim
 "u  ! assur$1 %\ld he h assign$ x1 :e!r
 = valuable  consid]ation or n4 ,bunyon1
 p4 #gd4   ,b :5 ! assur$ is b ! nom9ee 
( ! assur]1 & has no  b5eficial int]e/ 9
 ! insurance1 nei!r equity nor public   
policy  require ! insurance to be       
avoid$2 /ill1 ?is po9t has n be5        
judicially fix$4 ,pope1 p4 #cea4   ,:5 !
 suicide is insane1 ! policy is n       
avoid$1 unless by  special condition ( !
 policy4 ,see ,horn v4 ,anglo-,au/ralian
 ,ass4  ,co4   ,a condition may be      
ins]t$ t if ! policy be assign$ to a    
?ird  p]son1 & 9 fav\r ( t assignee or  
^? claim+ "u him1  su* %all n be void2 &
 ! ,c\rts h decid$ t ! insur+  company  
may be ! assignee4 ,see ,:ite v4 ,brit4 
,emp4 ,ass4 ,co4 #g  ,l4 ,r4 ,equity1   
#cid4   ,if a condition 7 ins]t$ t !    
policy %\ld n lapse1 ev5 if  ! assur$   
kill$ himself :5 ( s\nd m9d1 & :5       

b5eficially  int]e/$1 x w\ld be void 9  
law f public policy4   ,a condition     
support+ ! insurance1 9 ! ev5t ( suicide
 dur+  insanity1 :e!r ! assur$ 7        
b5eficially int]e/$ or n1  w\ld n be    
void 9 law4   ,a condition1 avoid+ !    
policy 9 case ! assur$ %\ld 8commit     
suicide10 8die by 8 own h&10 or 8p]i% by
 8 own h&10  includes all cases (       
volunt>y dea?1 :e!r ! p]son be sane or  
insane1 & :e!r b5eficially int]e/$ or n 
s4 ,see ,borrodaile  v4 ,hunt]2 ,clift  
v4 ,s*wabe2 ,dufaur v4 ,! ,pr(essional  
,ass4 ,co4  ,= m detail$ in=mation      
consult ,bunyon1 & ,pope4 7,see         
,bibliographical ,index74 ,see also !   
,app5dix4  ,i pass f life assurance to  
"o or two o!r que/ions1 :i* are         
sometimes rais$ by ! occurr5ce (        
suicide4 ,! records ( ,engli% ,law w    
furni% num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! exi/5ce (
 uns\ndness ( m9d is n prov$ by ! fact (
 subsequ5t self-de/ruction4  ,! po9t has
 mo/ly aris5 = argum5t 9 cases :]e x is 
desir$ to set aside a m>riage1 on !     

gr\nd t suicide quickly foll[+ matrimony
 is evid5ce t !re has be5 an abs5ce ( a 
s\nd m9d1 able to make a m>riage        
contract2 or :5 suicide has imm$iately  
foll[$ ! mak+ ( a w2 9 ^! cases also x  
has be5 argu$ t ! m]e fact t suicide has
 tak5 place is pro( ( m5tal disease1 &  
conclusive reason = sett+ su* a docum5t 
aside4  ,p]sons desir\s ( full in=mation
 on ^! topics %\ld consult ! reports ( !
 cases "h m5tion$1 viz43  ,mc,adam v4   
,walk]1 #a ,d[4 ,p4,c4 #adh2 9 ?is suit 
! m>riage 0 upheld1 al?\gh ! bridegroom 
kill$ himself ! same day4  ,burr[s v4   
,burr[s1 #a ,hagg4 ,eccles4 ,rep4 #aji4 
,9 ?is case ! w ( ! te/ator1 :o de/roy$ 
himself1 0 upheld1 al?\gh ! act 0       
committ$ only ?ree days aft] sign+ ! w4 
,9 ! suit ( ,*amb]s v4 ,que5's ,proctor1
 #b ,curt4 #dae1 ! w 0 held to be good1 
al?\gh suicide 0 committ$ ! day aft] !  
signature ( ! w1 & not)/&+ t x 0 prov$  
by evid5ce t ! te/ator _h suff]$ f      
delusions ?ree days be=e dea?4  ,/e$ v4 
,calley1 #a ,ke51 #fbj1 ,reg9a v4       

,rumball1 9 #ahdc1 & ,reg9a v4 ,f>ley1 9
 #ahdd1 are o!r in/ances ( ! exi/5ce (  
insanity n be+ held to be prov$ by      
subsequ5t suicide4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4   
,,pres5t ,,suicide ,,rate ,,&           
,,increase4   ,x is a matt] ( ! greate/ 
difficulty to obta9 rec5t /ati/ics ( !  
actual numb]s ( suicides1 ei!r 9 our own
 c\ntry1 or 9 ! ,cont95tal ,/ates4  ,ea*
 nation has its own me?ods ( obta9+ ^!  
/ati/ics1 & its own modes ( tabulation1 
& ^? v>iations r5d] x v difficult to    
procure figures = comp>ison4  ,b beyond 
?is h9drance to accuracy lies ! deep]   
"o1 t :atev] may be ! ,/ate "u          
consid]ation1 ev5 :5 we h obta9$ !      
au!ntic numb]s suppli$ by ,gov]nm5t1 we 
may re/ assur$ t ^! numb]s fall v f>    
%ort ( ! actual totals4 ,9 v _m /ati/ics
 9 :i* sci5tific & m$ical m5 are        
int]e/$1 !y are only confront$ by !     
difficulty ( want ( accuracy (          
obs]vation1 b 9 ?is matt] to want (     
accuracy is add$ int5tional             
misrepres5tation4  ,relations1 fri5ds1 &

 ,i mu/ add family doctors1 w all       
frequ5tly comb9e to slur ov] ! self-done
 some?+ :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! dea? cause4 
,b1 7 x ev5 possible to avoid ?is s\rce 
( error1 !re are o!rs :i* also obscure  
our calculations2 = example1 ( ! total  
numb] ( bodies f\nd 9 our riv]s1 lakes1 
& ponds1 & on ! sea coa/1 a consid]able 
numb] are nev] id5tifi$ at all2 & ( ^?  
:i* are id5tifi$1 9 a consid]able numb] 
( cases m1 no evid5ce w be =?com+ :i* w 
be suffici5t to prove by :at means !    
deceas$ got into ! wat]4  ,x !n becomes 
necess>y ei!r to provide a valueless    
column ( figures nam$ 8,f\nd ,dr[n$10 or
 else "s (ficial has to allot ! cases by
 s5tim5t to suicide1 murd]1 or          
misadv5ture1 at 8 discretion4  ,z a     
pro(1 if any be ne$$1 ( ! necess>y      
inaccuracy ( e/imates reg>d+ suicide    
totals1 & ! proportion :i* dr[n+ be>s z 
a means to ! o!r means us$1 ,i add !    
numb]s publi%$ 9 a ,p>liam5t>y pap] =   
#ahhb-hc ( ! dead bodies f\nd 9 !       
,?ames1 9 ! ,metropolitan di/rict4    ,9

 #ahhb !re 7 f\nd   #bhd   ,9 #ahhc     
#bfj                                    
,toge!r1 #edd viol5t dea?s4  ,inque/s 7 
held on all ^! cases1 & ! be/ evid5ce   
obta9able 0 produc$4    ,! v]dicts 7    
,accid5tal dea? 9                       
#bdb cases4   ,wilful murd]             
#b      ,suicide 9                      
#ei      ,f\nd dr[n$1 i4e41 no op9ion   
(f]$ 9  #bda     ,& aga91 9 a rec5t ye>1
 f a total ( #dj corpses f\nd 9 !       
,reg5t's ,canal1 9 ! ,london di/rict1   
#bb 7 return$ z 8,cause ( dea? n kn[n02 
& ( #df corpses f\nd 9 ! ,riv] ,lea1 #ai
 7 also /at$ to h be5 8,f\nd ,dr[n$40   
,! em95t au?ority1 ,bri]re de ,boismont1
 confesses1 aft] a long inve/igation (  
"s ?\s& suicides1 purport+ to be ! total
 = ,p>is = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 z      
foll[s3 8,"o may !n1 )\t any fe> ( be+  
inaccurate1 e/imate ! numb] ( suicides  
committ$1 z almo/ d\ble ! numb] (       
suicides regi/]$40  ,! foll[+ table w be
 f\nd to give ! late/ calculations ( !  
actual numb] ( suicides p] million (    

inhabitants 9 ! diff]5t ,european       
,/ates2 & w %ew ! e/imat$ increase or   
decrease dur+ ! /at$ numb] ( prec$+     
ye>s4                                   
,numb] (   ,increase  ,t]m   ,,ye>4     
,,c\ntry4       ,suicides     p]      ( 
p] ,million4 ,million4 ,ye>s4      #ahhj
 ,portugal               #af          #c
       #e   #ahhj ,spa9                 
#ai          #b       #e   #ahhc ,irel& 
#bd          #f       #e   #ahgh ,russia
 & ,f9l&     #ce      ,dec4 #ab    #f   
#ahha ,italy                  #dd       
#g       #e   #ahha ,scotl&             
#dh         #aa       #e   #ahhj ,holl& 
#ea     ,/ation>y  #aj   #ahhb ,engl&   
#gd          #g      #aj   #ahge ,norway
                 #ge      ,dec4 #cc     
#ac   #ahgi ,belgium                #ij 
#bb       #e   #ahgg ,sw$5              
#aja         #ae       #e   #ahhj       
,bav>ia               #ajb         #aa  
#e   #ahgg ,au/ria               #add   
#bd       #c   #ahhj ,hanov]            
#aej         #aj       #e   #ahgg       

,prussia               #afh         #cd 
#d   #ahhj ,france                #baf  
#ef       #e   #ahha ,switz]l&          
#bdj         #be       #e   #ahgh ,d5m>k
               #bfe         #cb       #e
   #ahgh ,saxony                #dfi    
#agj       #e     ,9 an endeav\r to make
 an accurate e/imate ( ! suicide rate ( 
! v>i\s /ates1 & ! relative increase 9 !
 rates1 we are met by ! fur!r difficulty
 t ! p]iods ( obs]vation v>y mu* 9 l5g?2
 9 ,holl&1 = example1 !re 0 no =mal     
collection ( numb]s until #ahfi2 on !   
o!r h&1 9 ,sw$51 ! am\nt ( suicide has  
be5 e/imat$ ev] s9ce #agej4  ,an enorm\s
 decrease may be obs]v$ 9 ! figures     
relat+ to ,norway2 x may be due to ! v  
/r+5t laws relat+ to intoxication1 & to 
! regulations plac$ on ! sale &         
consumption ( alcoholic dr9ks ab\t tw5ty
 ye>s ago4  ,! calculation ( ! av]ages (
 ! v>i\s c\ntries is p]=m$ by ! =mula   
us$ by ,pr(essor ,bodio3 x  #ajj        
7aa-#a7an3 9 :i* a  ! numb] ( suicides 9
 ! la/ ye>3 a  ! numb] ( suicides 9 !   

fir/ ye> ( ! s]ies3 & n  ! numb] ( ye>s 
( obs]vation4  ,! foll[+ table f ,legoyt
 is int]e/+1 b ! data are n s rec5t z 9 
! =ego+ li/1 & h5ce d n co9cide3        
,,table %[+ ! ,diff]5ce 9 ! ,rates (    
,v>iation p] c5t4  betwe5 ,population & 
,suicide f #ahfe to #ahgf4              
,suicide4              ,population4     
,,c\ntry4            ,increase p]       
,v>iation4 c5t4 on ,total               
,numb]s4      ,engl&       #adf         
#bga   ,au/ria        #ib         #ffe  
,bav>ia        #eb         #ahd         
,belgium        #gj         #fdd        
,d5m>k       #aba         #abb   ,france
       ,a loss        #agc   ,italy     
#aje         #aea   ,norway         #ha 
#adc   ,prussia        #fg         #dij 
,russia        #aaj         #dgj        
,saxony        #ahh         #ehd   ,sw$5
         #gf         #bdj   ,switz]l&   
#fe         #fcf   ,irel&      ,a loss  
,/ation>y4   ,f9l&        #ec           
,/ation>y4     ,z a g5]al rsum ( !      
consid]ation ( ! am\nt ( ,suicide1 x    

appe>s t ! civiliz$ ,/ates ( ,europe 7) 
?ree exceptions7 %[ a gradual & uni=m   
increase ( ,suicide rate2 & t ev5 s9ce !
 beg9n+ ( ! c5tury self-de/ruction has  
increas$1 & /ill goes on increas+1 m    
rapidly ?an ! increase ( population1 &  
to a great] ext5t ?an ! g5]al dea?-rate4
  ,f a consid]ation ( ! g5]al /ati/ics (
 v>i\s c\ntries e/imat$ annually1 )     
reg>d to actual numb]s & p]c5tage (     
,suicides1 we conclude t l simil>       
/ati/ics appli$ to subjects ( a totally 
unvolitional nature1 !y v>y f ye> to ye>
 & f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,b ! v>iations 9 
! two classes1 ( volunt>y & involunt>y  
incid5ts1 d n range toge!r con/antly2 9 
fact1 ! /ati/ics ( ! cont95tal obs]v]s  
seem to %[ t1 if we class toge!r        
,suicide                ,homicide       
z ,,volunt>y ,,acts1   ,m>riage         
&   ,illegitimate ,bir?s    ,dea?s      
z ,,involunt>y ,,acts1   ,accid5tal     
,dea?s     & comp>e a p]iod ( sev]al    
ye>s 9 sev]al c\ntries1 ! greate/       
v>iations occur v r>ely 9 suicide4      

,suicide1 !n1 v>ies less ?an            
,illegitimate ,bir?s1 ,dea?s &          
,accid5tal ,dea?s4 ,bir?s h v>i$ ! lea/4
 ,x is a curi\s fact t illegitimate     
bir?s1 ! g5]al mortality1 & accid5tal   
dea?s1 h (t5 (f]$ great] v>iations f !  
av]age1 al?\gh ! human w has no p[] ov] 
!m1 ?an suicide1 homicide1 & m>riages   
:i* are volunt>y actions4  ,h5ce x has  
be5 argu$1 t social actions dep5d5t on  
human volition1 v>y+ z !y d             
proportionally f ye> to ye>1 d n diff] f
 ^? obs]v$ 9 ph5om5a ( a physiologic or 
organic nature4 ,= a l5g!n$ discussion  
on ?is subject1 see ,morselli1 ,rmel91 &
 ,rh5is*3 ! =m] /ates1 8,! laws ( social
 life are n suffici5tly kn[n to enable u
 to attribute ! v>iations 9 suicide to  
"o cause1 su* z human lib]ty1 or free-w1
 diff]5t & opposite to ^? natural =ces  
on :i* we make bir?s & dea?s to dep5d2 =
 we h no positive gr\nds = giv+ diff]5t 
int]pretations to simil> ph5om5a1 m]ely 
because v>iations appe> 9 psy*ical      
facts40,il ,suicidio4     ,,*apt]       

,,viii4  ,,! ,,causation ,,( ,,suicide4 
,9 consid]+ ?is portion ( our subject we
 %all be assi/$ by analogy1 if we       
inve/igate ! data ( contribut+ causes1 9
 a mann] simil> to t :i* is ord9>ily    
pursu$ ) reg>d to diseases1 9 textbooks 
( m$ic9e4  ,i ref] to ! me?od (         
di/ribut+ ^! causes into two classes (  
pr$ispos+ influ5ces1 & excit+ or det]m9+
 causes4  ,x w be v necess>y1 h[ev]1 to 
be> 9 m9d t ! onset ( a disease is      
g5]ally ( a nature q remov$ f ! influ5ce
 ( ! w2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 suicide is   
volunt>y1 ! result ( a di/9ct action1   
foll[+ a direct det]m9ation4 ,x is !    
det]m9ation :i* is l$ up to by /ates (  
pr$isposition1 :e!r !y be cosmic1       
racial1 or m5tal4  ,"o l>ge class1      
p]haps "o-?ird ( all suicides1 are ( a  
diff]5t nature2 ^! are ! effect ( an    
insane act2 ! pr$isposition is lunacy2 !
 det]m9+ cause is a delusion1           
halluc9ation1 mania1 or epileptic n]ve  
/orm4  ,! gr\p ( influ5ces :i* we %all  
consid] z pr$ispos+1 mu/ 9 ! case (     

insane suicides be consid]$ z !         
pr$ispos+ causes ( ! uns\ndness ( m9d4  
,&1 aga91 ! causes d5ot$ z excit+1 9 ^! 
pages1 are also ! excit+ causes ( !     
insanity 9 mo/ cases4 ,f ?is po9t (     
view1 ! fact ( ,suicide is only an      
incid5t occurr+ 9 ,lunacy4  ,! v>i\s =ms
 ( insanity1 & _! influ5ce 9 promot+    
suicide1 _! treatm5t1 & ! means ( avoid+
 ! fatal act1 w be ref]r$ to1 lat] on4  
,m4 ,casimir ,br\ssais1 9 8 "w 8,hygine 
,morale10 divides ! causes ?us3  ,a4    
,circum/ances indep5d5t ( ! w4  ,b4     
,volunt>y causes4  ,9 ,class ,a4 he     
rec\nts3 individual organisation1       
h]$ity1 sex1 age1 /ate ( heal?1 or      
disease1 c\ntry1 climate1 seasons1      
hi/orical epo*s4  ,9 ,class ,b4 he      
places employm5t1 education1 mis]y1 loss
 ( =tune1 gambl+1 disappo9t$ love1      
jeal\sy1 dome/ic tr\bles1 calumny1 w\nd$
 self-love1 failure ( ambition1 remorse1
 religi\s & political fanaticism1       
imitation4  ,m4 ,tissot1 9 8 treatise on
 our subject1 proposes ! foll[+         

arrangem5t ( ! causes ( suicide3   #a4  
,remote negative causes1 su* are want ( 
religion & want (  morality4   #b4      
,remote positive causes2 ei!r           
physiological1 moral1 or physical4   #c4
 ,proximate physical causes4   #d4      
,proximate moral causes1 ei!r public or 
p]sonal4  ,b he adds1 8_m ( ^! causes   
act concurr5tly2 x is inde$ r>e n to f9d
 ?is to be ! case40  ,9 ,class #b he    
places3 ,physiological1 ! p[] (         
reflection4 ,moral3 idl5ess1 bad        
company1 gambl+1 debau*]y1 !atrical     
plays1 evil imag9+s1 evil lit]ature2 &  
,physical3 insanity1 hypo*ondriasis1    
ennui1 no/algia1 alcoholism1 celibacy1 )
 su* data z climate1 age1 temp]am5t1    
h]$ity4  ,to ,class #c he allots bodily 
diseases1 pa91 mis]y1 privation1 slav]y1
 loss ( =tune1 fe> ( puni%m5t1 & envy4  
,9 ,class #d1 "u p]sonal1 he places1    
(f5d$ vanity1 despair1 remorse1 suicide 
to expiate a fault1 suicide to secure   
virtue or p]sonal purity or hon\r1      
impati5ce to obta9 ! future life1 & !   

vanity ( dy+ = no?+4 ,"u public causes  
he classes suicide to save public hon\r 
( a gov]nm5t1 to av5ge ! disgrace ( "o's
 c\ntry1 to def5d ! hon\r ( o!rs1 &     
suicide 9 despair ( ! /ate ( public     
affairs4  ,desp9e1 9 8 ,natural         
,psy*ology1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #gd-acb1     
divides ,insane ,suicides into f\r      
s]ies3   ,i4,dea? occurs f an act       
propos$ by ! delusion ( delirium2 z  if 
a man %\ld jump (f a high place ?9k+ he 
is able to fly4  7,delirium47           
,,ii4,self-de/ruction f ,lypemania1     
produc+ a /ate ( su*  sorr[ & fe> t !   
s5tim5t ( atta*m5t to life is lo/4      
7,melan*olia47   ,,iii4,suicide is p]=m$
 to obta9 dea?1 simply f ! desire to    
die4 7,suicidal ,monomania47   ,,iv4,!  
suff]] is caus$ by 8 malady to be viol5t
 & to de/roy  someone1 ei!r himself or  
o!rs4 7,acute ,mania47  ,he !n proce$s  
to /udy suicides1 9 p]sons ( heal?y m9d1
 8s\s l'influ5ce d'un c]veau sa940 ,x is
 det]m9$ by passions :i* arise f noble &
 g5]\s s5tim5ts1 :il/ homicide dep5ds on

 egoti/ical & p]v]se passions4 ,he      
divides into ?ree s]ies ! passions      
det]m9+ suicide3   ,i4,^? occurr+ dur+  
rage or viol5t passion1 incompatible )  
free w4   ,,ii4,9 su* a psy*ical /ate1 t
 ! man morally free1 does n  decide by  
free-w4 ,plac$ betwe5 two modes (       
action1 impos$ on  him by circum/ances2 
& ( :i* "o is s repugnant to 8 feel+s  t
 he takes ! o!r :i* is less repugnant1  
viz41 suicide4   ,,iii4,9 ! /ate ( moral
 lib]ty1 9 :i* ! man decides on 8       
action by 8 free w4  ,he !n gives z     
causes1 despair1 ennui1 alcoholism1     
religion1 loss ( hon\r1 to escape       
execution1 mis]y1 self-sacrifice1 &     
/oicism4  ,! old] au?ors on ,suicide    
only view$ x f a n>rative & s5tim5tal   
po9t ( view1 & x is only ( late ye>s t x
 has be5 ! object ( any sci5tific       
rese>*2 b n[ t a /udy ( suicide1 z a    
fact1 has be5 in/itut$1 x has fall5     
almo/ entirely into a /ati/ical groove1 
to ! neglect ( rese>* into ! m5tal /ate 
& emotions ( ! un=tunate individuals :o 

become victims4 ,suicide is an          
individual act1 & ?is po9t is 9 dang] ( 
be+ lo/ sight ( 9 a too absorb+ /udy (  
g5]al pr9ciples4  ,mo/ copi\s &         
elaborate inve/igations h be5 made into 
! proportional int5sity ( cosmic1       
telluric1 climatic1 & racial /ates1 z   
causes ( ,suicide1 to ! neglect ( ! fact
 t m5 & wom5 are n simply automatons1 & 
t m5tal & moral causes act 9 diff]5t    
fa%ions on diff]5t m9ds m c]ta9ly ?an   
data ( temp]ature1 geological =mation1 &
 position ( ! sun4 ,?an ,morselli1 no   
man has contribut$ m in=mation on !     
subject ( ,suicide2 b he is s f> l$ on  
by 8 devotion to figures1 t he actually 
assigns z a cause ( suicide & z a factor
 9 its preval5ce1 ! relative position ( 
! ,sun & ,e>?1 ! alt]nat+ /ates (       
,aphelion & ,p]ihelion6  ,i am "u great 
obligation to cont95tal obs]v]s1 = 9 !  
ensu+ pages ,i quote frequ5tly f _!     
/ati/ics1 viz41 f tt+51 ,wagn]1 ,falret1
 ,quetelet1 ,bri]re de ,boismont1       
,drobis*1 ,legoyt1 ,lisle1 & f ,morselli

 ( ,tur91 :o supplies ! mo/ rec5t data4 
,among pr$ispos+ influ5ces w be m5tion$1
 ! effects ( race1 religion1 education1 
& morality2 toge!r ) ^? ( climate1 & !  
geographical peculi>ities ( a c\ntry4   
,! v>y+ proportions exhibit$ by !       
diff]5ces ( age1 sex1 & social          
condition2 ! effects ( t[n z comp>$ )   
c\ntry life1 & ! special *>act]i/ics ( !
 milit>y & naval s]vices1 & ( prison    
life1 w be describ$4  ,9 respect to     
social life1 m5tion w be f\nd ( ! /ates 
( celibacy1 matrimony1 & wid[$ life2 &  
also "s special ref]5ce to suicide 9    
*ildhood4  ,9 our consid]ation ( det]m9+
 causes we %all be guid$ by ! s*eme (   
tabulation 9 use 9 _m cont95tal /ates1  
because x af=ds a bett] means (         
comp>ison betwe5 ! sev]al data1 ?an if  
any indep5d5t arrangem5t 7 sugge/$4 ,?is
 s*eme divides ^! f9al causes into ?ree 
ma9 classes1 ( m5tal diseases1 bodily   
diseases1 & moral or immoral motives1 z 
foll[s3   ,a4,m5tal ,affections4 ,see   
special ,*apt]2 includ+ ,insomnia1      

,spiritualism1 suicides caus$ by        
,imitation1 & desire ( ,notoriety4      
,b4,bodily diseases2 ,incurable         
diseases2 pa91 ,alcoholism1 ,morphia    
habit1 & ! effect ( ,h]$it>y            
pr$isposition4   ,c4,tdium vit1         
no/algia1 etc4   ,d4,viol5ce ( !        
passions2 jeal\sy1 ang]1 av>ice1        
disappo9t$  love1 spite4   ,e4,effect ( 
! ,vices2 lib]t9ism1 onanism1           
drunk5ness4   ,f4,dome/ic tr\ble1 &     
angui% ( ! affections2 loss ( relatives1
  delud$ hopes1 diss5sions at home1 want
 ( *ildr54   ,g4,f9ancial losses2 loss (
 employm5t1 gambl+1 loss ( law suits4   
,h4,mis]y1 want ( home & food1 & fe> (  
su* want4   ,i4,fe>1 %ame1 & remorse2   
s$uction1 unm>ri$ pregnancy1 !  haunt+ (
 a crim9al's consci5ce4   ,j4,despair2  
?is class is made to include unkn[n     
causes2 to :i* may  be add$3            
,k4,hon\rable motives1 yet misdirect+   
conduct4  ,beyond all ! pr$ispositions1 
& /ates ( disease1 z causes ( a volunt>y
 dea?1 foll[ ! consid]ation ( ! less    

tangible1 b t]ribly effectual moral     
motives1 :i* h be5 briefly tabulat$4    
,volumes h be51 & might /ill be writt5  
on ! disa/r\s effects ( ungov]n$        
passions1 & ill-regulat$ desires1 & _!  
consequ5ces1 guilt & %ame1 remorse &    
t]ror4  ,volumes also might be          
contribut$ on ! alli$ subjects ( ! mis]y
 & pa91 always pres5t ) u1 & ne> u1 &   
:i* b few ( u :olly escape contact )1 or
 %>+4 ,9 ^! pages we mu/ be cont5t ) a  
notice ( only ! mo/ frequ5t ( ^?        
tr\bles4  ,z be=e obs]v$1 ! suicides (  
em95t m5 9 anci5t hi/ory 7 usually      
br\ght ab\t by motives m or less        
hon\rable1 if mi/ak51 b practically1 9  
our times1 ! f9al causes ( ! act are ( a
 less elevat$ "*4  ,if we except ! case 
( lunatics "u protection1 among :om !   
proportion ( suicides is small1 f ! c>e 
) :i* !y are wat*$1 & ! case ( ^? 9 :om 
insanity bur/s =? sudd5ly1 & )\t any    
w>n+1 ! catalogue ( motives giv5 above w
 be f\nd practically almo/ complete4    
,bri]re de ,boismont gives ! foll[+     

classification ( #d1eie cases :i*       
occurr$ 9 ,france1 assign+ ! m5tal or   
moral det]m9+ causes4  ,b x is obvi\s t 
^! tables mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis1  
because ( ! impossibility ( discov]+ 9 e
 case ! true motive1 & because ( !      
co9cid5ce ( sev]al causes 9 _m in/ances4
    #feb ,lunatics1 ab\t "o-sev5? ( all 
cases4   #dje ,o!r diseases ( body1     
incurable1 or ) intol]able pa94   #ecj  
,alcoholism4   #cfa ,dome/ic tr\bles4   
#caa ,sorr[1 disappo9tm5t4   #acd       
,remorse1 & fe> ( ! law4   #cjf         
,disappo9t$ love4   #bcg ,ennui4   #bgg 
,rev]ses ( =tune1 & cupidity4   #bhb    
,pov]ty & mis]y4    #ee ,delirium (     
acute diseases4    #dd ,gambl+4    #dc  
,want ( occupation4    #bf ,pride &     
vanity2 notoriety4    #ef ,indol5ce4    
#ade ,hypo*ondriac & hy/]ical4    #ed   
,jeal\sy4   #aba ,misconduct4   #eef    
,motive unkn[n4  ,kolb1 ,j4 ,f41 9 8 "w 
on ! 8,condition ( ,nations10 gives !   
foll[+ ,table ( ,causation 9 respect to 
,fr5* ,suicides2 9 a rec5t ye>1 #gi p]  

c5t4 7 males1 & #ba p] c5t4 7 females4  
,f a total ( #e1ibb suicides1 #a1gid 7  
caus$ by m5tal disord]s1 #hee dome/ic   
tr\bles1 #hcg bodily diseases & pa91    
#gja alcoholism1 #fhh pov]ty & mis]y1   
#bce viol5ce ( ! passions1 #bbi remorse1
 & fe> ( ! law1 & #ehc f motives        
unclass$4  ,( #f1ghb cases obs]v$ by    
,falret1 ! foll[+ proportions 7         
calculat$ by him3 ,caus$ by mis]y #ag1  
loss ( =tune #aba1 gambl+ #adc1 love    
affairs #aai1 dome/ic tr\bles #ai1      
fanaticism #aff1 calumny1 w\nd$         
self-love1 & fail$ ambition #ag1 remorse
 #abg4  ,no attempt on a l>ge scale has 
ev] be5 made to tabulate ,engli% cases1 
z to causation4  ,! foll[+ ,table       
arrang$ by ,m4 ,lisle1 has nev] be5     
equall$1 = complet5ess1 & = ! l>ge numb]
 ( cases includ$ 9 its scope4   ,,fr5*  
,,suicides4,lisle4                      
,,causes4                     ,male4    
,female4   ,,total4      ,mis]y         
#b1cee      #ehg    #b1idb   ,debts1    
bus9ess emb>rassm5ts             #b1hji 

#aie    #c1jjd   ,gambl+                
#aeg        #a      #aeh   ,loss (      
employm5t                           #bcg
       #bf      #bfc   ,loss ( law-suits
                            #acg        
#ai      #aef   ,o!r losses             
#ccb       #ei      #cia   ,fe> ( pov]ty
                              #bfd      
#ee      #cai   ,rev]se ( =tune         
#bhj       #de      #cbe   ,regret =    
loss ( =tune                    #fc     
#ag       #hj   ,unrealis$ hope ( =tune 
#ec       #ab       #fe   ,no/algia     
#bf        -       #bf   ,loss ( *ildr51
 position1 c4              #cgc         
#aic      #eff   ,bad conduct &         
+ratitude ( *ildr5      #acg       #gd  
#baa   ,sorr[ = abs5t *ildr5            
#bj       #bj       #dj   ,sorr[ =      
abs5ce f family                #ce      
#af       #ea   ,sorr[ ( *ildr5 =       
ill-treatm5t         #aei       #gb     
#bca   ,p>5tal squabbles                
#aaj       #bf      #acf   ,jeal\sy     
betwe5 memb]s ( a family          #ai   

#g       #bf   ,o!r dome/ic tr\bles     
#c1cee    #a1bdb    #d1eig   ,disappo9t$
 love                            #ich   
#fbg    #a1efe   ,jeal\sy               
#bbi      #aah      #cdg   ,pregnancy1  
unm>ri$                           -     
#bci      #bci   ,disgu/ ) m>riage      
#ce       #ah       #ec   ,remorse      
#aij       #gg      #bfg   ,idl5ess     
#gf        #d       #hj   ,debau*]y     
#a1efi      #bcc    #a1hjb   ,drunk5ness
                                  #fef  
#hb      #gch   ,habitual rogu]y        
#b1aje      #cei    #b1dfd   ,disgu/ )  
social position                  #fh    
#i       #gg   ,desire to avoid legal   
pursuit              #a1gda      #cfe   
#b1ajf   ,desire to avoid execution (   
judgm5t        #chc       #ba      #bjd 
,desire to avoid milit>y duty           
#bff        -      #bff   ,desire to    
avoid calumny                       #cg 
#bg       #fd   ,desire to avoid pa9    
#c1ebb    #a1afe    #d1fhg   ,disgu/ (  
life                            #a1edg  

#cgd    #a1iba   ,hypo*ondria           
#fdj      #baa      #hea   ,disgu/ (    
milit>y life                     #bad   
-      #bad   ,reproa*es ( employ]s     
#ajf       #da      #adg   ,sorr[ = loss
 ( situation                  #ec       
#bd       #gg   ,rivalry 9 bus9ess      
#h        -        #h   ,insanity1 g5]al
                          #f1gdd        
#c1ihb   #aj1gbf   ,insanity1 p>tial1 or
 monomania              #fjc      #bdd  
#hdg   ,idiocy                          
#eaj      #cjg      #hag   ,c]ebral     
conge/ion                          #ejd 
#agg      #fha   ,passion               
#ea       #ag       #fh   ,political    
excitem5t                          #cd  
-       #cd   ,religi\s fe>s            
#dj       #bh       #fh   ,suicide aft] 
crime                          #bii     
#bh      #cbg   ,unkn[n cause           
#e1aba    #a1ced    #f1gde              
#ci1cjb   #ab1hbd   #eb1abf             
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,race1 ,,geographical   
,,influ5ces1 ,,& ,,climate4   ,!        

inhabitants ( ! majority ( c\ntries are 
n at ! pres5t "t s unique racially1 z 0 
probably ! case at an e>li] date4 ,races
 ( m5 h spread !mselves to contigu\s    
l&s1 & h emigrat$ to o!r tracts (       
c\ntry2 s t x is n[ mu* ! rev]se ( usual
 to f9d a nation compos$ ( any "o race1 
or ev5 ( a v prepond]at+ majority ( "o  
/ock4 ,! m ne>ly1 h[ev]1 t a /ate is ?us
 con/itut$1 ! m obvi\s appe>s ! fact t  
ea* race ( m5 has a c]ta9 und]ly+       
8special rate ( suicide40  ,?is rate1 ,i
 say1 und]lies all ! v>iations exhibit$ 
by ! v>i\s portions ( t race2 :i* may be
 due to ,climate1 ,religion1 ,morals1 or
 ,education4  ,! idea ( a real ,specific
 ,e?nic ,rate ( ,suicide is1 ,i believe1
 due to ,wagn] ( ,b]l92 & ! m ! subject 
has be5 exam9$1 ! m obvi\s ! conclusion 
appe>s4  ,x may be comp>$ to t pr9ciple 
adopt$ by mod]n *emi/s1 t e elem5t>y    
body has a def9ite specific rate (      
gravity2 & inde$ ! simile may be c>ri$  
f>!r /ill1 = z ! *emi/ by comb9+ 8      
elem5ts c prep>e a new body1 hav+ a     

diff]5t specific gravity rate1 dep5d5t  
on ! rates ( ! orig9al elem5ts2 s a     
c\ntry compos$ ( a mixture ( two races1 
exhibits a 8,suicide ,rate0 diff]5t f ! 
special rates ( ! con/itu5t races1 &    
int]m$iate betwe5 !m4  ,al?\gh x may n  
be practicable to prove ^! /atem5ts by a
 direct appeal to figures1 because no   
case c be produc$ :i* is n1 at any rate 
to "s ext5t1 complicat$ by consid]ations
 ( a collat]al nature1 b yet ! m deeply 
! matt] is inve/igat$ ! m true x w be   
f\nd to appe>4 ,! /ati/ics collect$ by  
,wagn] & by tt+5 may be consult$ 9 ?is  
connection4  ,! *anges ( rate produc$ by
 ,race m+l+ c be /udi$1 n only 9        
c\ntries :]e ! process has be5 go+ on = 
c5turies1 b also 9 respect to rec5t     
movem5ts ( m54 ,:5 ,europeans emigrate1 
!y are f\nd to c>ry ) !m to _! new home 
_! peculi>ities 9 reg>d to ,suicide3 !  
sev]al races ( ,g]mans h a high rate at 
home1 & on exam9ation ( ! records ( a   
c\ntry peopl$ by emigration1 ( ,new     
,york1 = in/ance1 we f9d t ! ,g]mans !re

 kill !mselves m (t5 ?an ! ,anglo-,saxon
 elem5t1 :i* has 9 its home a l[ suicide
 rate4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhc1 9 ,new ,york  
!re 7 #aea cases1 ( ^! no less ?an #gj 7
 ,g]mans2 n[ ! proportion ( ,g]mans 9   
,new ,york is c]ta9ly n sev5-fifte5?s ( 
! population4  ,! ,negro races 9 _!     
orig9al homes %ew an avoidance (        
volunt>y dea?1 & !y c>ry ?is *>act]i/ic 
) !m into o!r l&s3 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !  
relative proportion betwe5 ! numb] (    
suicides1 9 col\r$ & :ite m51 is ab\t "o
 to eighty4  ,! rate ( suicide obs]vable
 9 a race is se5 to be curi\sly         
associat$ ) /ature2 ! orig9al           
inhabitants ( ,g]many 7 tall & fair2 ^! 
_h orig9ally a high rate1 & desc5dants (
 ?is race %ew ! same peculi>ity to-day4 
,9 proportion z ^! fair tall ,g]mans    
infiltrate ano!r c\ntry1 j z c]ta9ly    
does ! suicidal total gr[4 ,morselli    
/ates t 9 ,italy ! rate increases f s\? 
to nor?1 gradually1 9 proportion z !    
/ature also increases1 until ! ,g]man   
/ates are rea*$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r  

tall fair race1 :o h a l[ rate1 !       
,slavonic2 on ! ea/]n bord]s ( ,hung>y  
:]e ^! immigrate1 ! ,hung>ian rates are 
l[]$4  ,9 ,europe ! highe/ proportion ( 
suicide is %ewn by ! ,g]manic races1 & !
 two /ocks1 ,g]man & ,sc&9avian1 divide 
! supremacy = ! maximum rate4  ,! ne    
plus ultra ( ,g]man purity 9 race is    
f\nd 9 ,saxony1 & ?is k+dom has ! l>ge/ 
suicide ratio ( any c\ntry4  ,! height (
 ,sc&9avian purity 9 race is f\nd 9     
,d5m>k1 & !re also ! ratio is v l>ge1   
enorm\s1 9 fact3 9 ,norway ! rate 0 = v 
long also extreme1 b ! great sev]ity (  
rec5t laws ) respect to (f5ces & to     
drunk5ness h made an almo/ incr$ible    
r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( suicide4  ,our     
,briti% population is ( too mix$ a blood
 to enable /ati/ics to %[ mu* ( value2 b
 ! ratio is mu* small] 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon
 ?an 9 ! ,g]man4  ,! ,celtic races avoid
 suicide1 z is se5 by ! l[ rates 9      
,irel& & ,wales4  ,! races ( ,slavonic  
orig9 %[ ! l[e/ rates1 ) ^? ( ,asiatic  
,turanian orig91 ! ,magy>s1 ,f9ns1 &    

,lapps4   ,,climate ,,& ,,geographical  
,,data4  ,! extremes ( heat & cold seem 
to t5d to a l[ rate4 ,9 ,europe ! highe/
 rates are f\nd 9 ! c5tral & upp]       
two-?irds ( ! nor? temp]ate zone2 !     
maximum be+ at ab\t #ej lat4  ,!        
c\ntries ( ! we/ & ! s\? ( ,europe give 
! m9imum proportions4  ,! pr9cipal      
suicide area ( ,europe is a zone ly+ f !
 nor? ( ,france to ! ea/ ( ,g]many1 )   
two foci1 viz41 ! c\ntry ar\nd & includ+
 ,p>is1 at a rate ( #ccj p] million (   
inhabitants1 & ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 at a  
rate ( #dfi p] million4 ,comp>e ) ^! v  
high numb]s ! proportions %[n by regions
 ly+ m to ! s\?3 viz41 ,calabria1 #i2   
,portugal1 #af2 ,s>d9ia1 #ac2 ,spa91    
#ai2 & ,sicily1 #ah p] million4 ,leav+  
?is c5tral ,european area1 & advanc+ to 
! nor?1 we aga9 rea* t]ritories :]e l[] 
rates are f\nd to prevail1 al?\gh n s l[
 z ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,:ile      
,scotl& has a rate ( #dh1 ,irel&'s      
proportion is ev5 mu* less1 ab\t #bd4   
,f9l& has a l[ rate1 & s has ,nor!rn    

,russia1 #ce p] million inhabitants4    
,m\nta9\s c\ntries %[ a l[] rate ?an    
l[l&s2 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& & ,wales    
give a ratio only half t ( ,engl&4  ,9 !
 m\nta9 cantons ( ,switz]l&             
self-de/ruction is almo/ unhe>d (4  ,!  
am\nt ( suicide v>ies consid]ably 9 !   
sev]al c\nties ( ,engl&2 x has 9 _m ye>s
 happ5$ t ,rutl& & ,we/morel& h %[n a v 
high rate2 b ?is may possibly be due to 
_! v small size r5d]+ ! comp>ison       
unfair4  ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,radcliffe1 "s    
ye>s ago n[1 took ! pa9s to calculate ! 
rate p] million = ea* c\nty1 f !        
,regi/r>'s returns2 he gives ! foll[+ z 
! c\nties hav+ ! highe/ rates3  ,!      
,london area3 ,middlesex1 #aje2 ,k5t1   
#ig2 ,surrey1 #ie2 & ,sussex1 #hi p]    
million inhabitants4  ,! ,midl& area3   
,leice/]1 #hi2 ,l9coln1 #hg2 ,nott+ham1 
#hg2 ,w>wick1 #gg2 & ,d]by1 #hj4  ,!    
,nor!rn area3 ,we/morel&1 #ii2 ,cumb]l&1
 #hf2 ,lanca/]1 #gj2 & ,*e/]1 #gj p]    
million4  ,v l>ge proportions foll[ !   
great ,riv]s ( ,europe1 especially !    

,po1 ,se9e1 ,loire1 ,rhone1 ,od]1 ,rh9e1
 ,elbe1 ,?ames1 & ! ,s*eldt 9 ,belgium4 
,on ,m>%es1 ,salt ,m>%es1 & l&s l[ ly+ &
 liable to floods1 ! ratio is mu* less1 
z 9 ,holl& & on ! ,l&es 9 ,france4 ,b we
 %all1 ,i ?9k1 be ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ t x
 is n ! riv] t has caus$ ! suicides1 nor
 ! m>% t has made !m few2 ! tru? no d\bt
 is t ! m>% has r5d]$ ! p few1 & simple 
9 habit1 :il/ riv]s1 ! olde/ means (    
locomotion1 invit$ settl]s1 & settl]s   
made t[n aft] t[n1 & !n a city on ea*   
riv]1 & multitudes grew1 & z "s few     
became weal?y1 ! millions became        
p]man5tly 9 want4  ,montesquieu1 ) :om  
suicide 0 a fav\rite /udy1 call$ ,engl& 
! 8,l& ( ,suicide10 f its fogs & damp1  
d>k1 cold climate1 b he 0 wrong2 ev5 at 
t "t ,france _h a heavi] volunt>y       
dea?-rate4 ,ov] & above :i* our suicides
 clu/] 9 pref]5ce r\nd our summ] mon?s1 
& n our foggy ones1 to :i* fall our     
heavie/ ord9>y dea?-rates4     ,,*apt]  
,x4  ,,education1 ,,religion1 ,,&       
,,morals4   ,q closely connect$ ) !     

consid]ation ( ^! influ5ces1 are o!rs   
p>tly dep5d5t on !m1 ! mann]s & cu/oms (
 a population1 ! ext5t ( civilisation1 &
 education1 & _! religi\s & moral /ate4 
,! mann]s & cu/oms are to a great ext5t 
peculi> to ea* race1 :ile ! memb]s ( ea*
 race are all apt to take on an am\nt ( 
civilisation by means ( education1 :i*  
v>ies 9 a q indef9ite mann]4 ,no am\nt (
 argum5t or inquiry seems1 h[ev]1 to    
invalidate ! /atem5t t a prepond]ant    
rate ( suicide1 & a high rate ( madness 
exi/ 9 c\ntries ! f>!/ advanc$ 9 our    
mod]n ideas ( civilization1 & 9         
education1 & 9 mod]n modes ( ?\ght4  ,! 
int5sely complicat$ /ate ( mod]n society
 lays ambu%es = u ( myriads ( dang]s1   
difficulties1 annoyances1 illnesses1 &  
worries1 :i* to ! d5iz5 ( a savage      
c\ntry are entirely unkn[n4 ,t !        
influ5ce ( mod]n education is to        
increase ! suicide-rate is prov$ by     
/ati/ics ( _m sorts2 f tables ( !       
p]c5tage among/ ^? 8able to read &      
write10 & ! rev]se2 f ! conscription    

tables ( ,france & ,italy1 & f ! fact t 
^? c\ntries :i* possess ! high] /&>d (  
g5]al culture1 furni% ! l>ge/ cont+5t ( 
volunt>y dea?s1 o!r data be+ equal1 or  
all[$ =4  ,m4 ,br\c1 inde$1 w5t s f>1 _m
 ye>s ago1 z to affirm t1 giv5 ! numb] (
 p]sons 9 ! public s*ools ( a c\ntry1 he
 c\ld d$uce ! numb] ( suicides :i* took 
place !re annually4  ,i subjo9 a        
comp>ison betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( population
 at s*ool & ! suicide rate 9 ,italy1    
tabulat$ by ,morselli3-                 
,s*ol>s p]    ,suicides p]              
,hundr$         ,million                
,inhabitants4    ,inhabitants4          
#ahfc-fd                   #edd         
#bgb   #ahfe-ff                   #eei  
#bhg   #ahfg-fh                   #fje  
#caj   #ahfi-gj                   #fjf  
#bge   #ahga-gb                   #fdd  
#cb   #ahgc-gd                   #fhj   
#cfe   #ahge-gf                   #gae  
#cec   #ahgg                      #gde  
#djf     ,! same effect is exhibit$ by  
tables %[+ ! relative numb]s ( newspap]s

 publi%$ 9 ea* ,/ate2 ! m num]\s ^! are1
 ! high] ! volunt>y dea?-rate2 & 9      
,/ates :]e ! lit]ature is ( ! high]     
type1 sci5tific & critical1 we f9d1     
mutatis mut&is1 a high] rate ?an :]e !  
j\rnals simply conta9 news & politics4  
,bri]re de ,boismont gives a            
classification ( #d1eie ,fr5* suicides1 
9 respect to education2 a rsum foll[s3  
,male4    ,female4   ,,total4      ,well
 in/ruct$                 #dfg      #ajf
      #egc   ,read & write well         
#fja      #ahh      #ghi   ,read1 b     
write ill           #a1ade      #eaa    
#a1fef   ,read1 b d n write             
#a        #b        #c   ,illit]ate     
#cf       #bi       #fe   ,data unkn[n  
#ifi      #edj    #a1eji     ,9 respect 
to ,engl&1 ! ,report ( ! ,regi/r> ,g5]al
 = #ahhj conta9s a /atem5t1 :i* ,i      
subjo91 ( ! effect ( education on !     
proportion ( volunt>y dea?s1 calculat$  
on ! av]ages ( ! t5 ye>s #ahfi-gh1 )    
reg>d to ! numb]s ( adults :o 7 able to 
sign _! names 9 ! m>riage regi/]s4      

,c\nties :]e #bg     #ege million (   7 
unable to sign !     inhabitants4       
regi/]                      ,c\nties :]e
 less    #fib p] million (   ?an #bg b m
           inhabitants4   ?an #ag 7     
unable          ,c\nties :]e less       
#hjb p] million (   ?an #ag 7 unable    
inhabitants4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !        
proportions ( crime aga9/ ! p]son 7 !   
l[e/ on record1 & ! bett] educat$       
c\nties %[$ ! m9imum4  ,! rule t suicide
 rate increases ) ! am\nt ( education is
 m g5]ally obs]v$ ?an almo/ any o!r     
t5d5cy :i* we h to consid]2 & x is      
probably an accurate /atem5t )\t any    
res]vation2 h[ev] unpalatable su* a     
dictum may be1 ,i am n aw>e ( any /ate  
:]e ! rev]se holds good4 ,! g5]al op9ion
 has always be5 t ?is rule is only true 
:5 ! =m ( education is faulty2 ! pages (
 _m au?ors w %[ ! argum5t t secul> k mu/
 be judici\sly comb9$ ) religi\s tea*+1 
or else su* a result may appe>2 b !     
facts seem to lead u to ! awkw>d        
dilemma1 t ei!r ! religi\s tea*+ is     

seldom duly adm9i/]$1 or else t ev5     
piety is unavail+ z a det]r5t4 ,prophets
 h n be5 lack+ = sev]al ye>s pa/1 :o h  
nev] ceas$ to w>n u t our pres5t sy/em (
 remov+ ,*ri/ian tea*+ f ! necess>y     
curriculum ( our public s*ools1 w       
inevitably increase crime & suicide 9 ! 
ris+ g5]ation4  ,& ,i fe> !re c be no   
d\bt t ?is com+ g5]ation w %[ a high]   
rate1 b :e!r ! dim9ution ( religi\s     
in/ruction w be ! cause1 w be op5 to "q4
  ,p]sonally1 & speak+ ) ref]5ce to !   
masses ( ! population1 ,i ?9k x is      
likely to cause su* an increase2        
because1 al?\gh x may be pref]able =    
well-educat$ m5 & wom5 to confess to    
hone/ d\bt1 9 pref]5ce to acquiesc5ce 9 
a =m ( fai? :i* !y _c he>tily hold2     
/ill1 9 m9ds ( less developm5t1 = :om a 
?or\gh education is impossible1 great]  
/ability ( "* is ensur$ by an e>ly      
inculcat$ religi\s conviction ( !       
sanctity ( life1 & an idea ( ! duty (   
wait+ on ,provid5ce to guide our        
conc]ns4   ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,(           

,,religion4  ,x is impossible to d5y t1 
9 respect to ! influ5ce ( religion on ! 
proportions ( suicide 9 ,europe1 !      
maximum rate con/antly falls to         
,prote/ant ,/ates1 to ! ,roman ,ca?olic 
next1 !n ! ,greek ,*ur*1 &1 la/ly1 !    
m9imum falls to ! ,jews4  ,an av]age1   
e/imat$ f a l>ge collection ( numb]s by 
,morselli1 %[s t ! ratio is #eh p]      
million 9 ,ca?olic ,/ates1 #aij p]      
million 9 ,prote/ant ,/ates1 & 9 !      
,greek ,*ur* #dj p] million2 b ! l[     
suicide rate ( ! ,slavonic races r5d]s  
conclusions z to ! ,greek ,*ur* mo/     
unreliable2 b x seems to ! au?or t ?is  
is n an accurate d$uction f ! relative  
numb]s1 ! proportion allott$ to         
,prote/ant c\ntries be+ mu* too high4   
,legoyt gives ,ca?olics #fb1 ,prote/ants
 #ajb1 ,greek ,*ur* #cf1 ,jews #dh1 &   
?is seems an e/imate m ne> ! tru?4      
,curi\sly en\gh1 ,ca?olics f> exce$     
,prote/ants 9 ! /ati/ics ( total crime 9
 all c\ntries4  ,) reg>d to ! ,jews1 we 
are met by ! difficulty ( ! co9cid5ce ( 

race & religion1 9 ! mo/ m>k$ =m ! _w   
has ev] se54 ,! ,jews are und\bt$ly m   
liable to lunacy ?an are ,*ri/ians2 9   
,bav>ia1 = example1 !re is "o lunatic to
 #ijh ,ca?olics1 #ifg ,prote/ants1 &    
#ead ,jews4  ,hi/ory r5d]s x q c]ta9 t 9
 ! days ( ,jewi% purity1 & 9 ! "t ( !   
k+s up to ! ,babyloni% captivity1 !     
numb] ( suicides 0 v small4             
,self-de/ruction is n ev5 m5tion$ 9 !   
,p5tateu* z a crime2 x 0 app>5tly ?\ght 
t ! comm&1 8?\ %all n kill10 obvi\sly   
includ$ x4  ,9 lat] days ! numb]        
increas$2 aft] ! close ( ,old ,te/am5t  
hi/ory1 :5 ! ,jews became m mix$ ) o!r  
nations1 x became common4 ,_m kill$     
!mselves 9 ! ,roman siege ( ,j]usalem1 z
 ,josephus n>rates2 9 #aeba1 =ty ,jews 7
 imprison$ 9 ,france1 d\btless =        
purposes ( extortion2 !y all kill$      
!mselves ,contes de ,guillaume de       
,nangis1 p4 #if4 ,& al?\gh _m ,jews put 
an end to _! exi/5ce dur+ ! times (     
t]rible p]secution ( ! ,middle ,ages1   
notably #abjj-adjj1 !y h always pres]v$ 

a reputation ?r\gh\t ,europe = contempt 
( suff]+1 & = ! avoidance (             
self-de/ruction4  ,com+ n[ to ! pres5t  
day once m1 ,i introduce "h a ,table1   
compil$ *iefly f ,italian & ,g]man      
s\rces1 :i* %[s ! comp>ative suicide    
rates1 9 juxtaposition to ! comp>ative  
proportions ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant     
inhabitants2 x is v sugge/ive1 & calls =
 a few words respect+ ! ,prote/ant      
,religion4 ,comp>e ,morselli1 ,influ5ze 
,sociali1 p4 #bah4                      
,ca?olics ,prote/ants                   
,suicides    p]        p]               
,,c\ntry4           p]    ,?\s&   ,?\s& 
,million     (         (                
,inhabitants,inhabitants                
,spa9                      #ai          
#iii         #a    ,ca?olic  ,portugal  
#af       #iii         #a    ,c\ntries  
,italy                      #dd         
#iie         #b              ,belgium   
#ij       #iif         #d               
,france                    #baf         
#ihb        #af                         

,mix$   ,irel&                    #bd   
#geg        #bcd    ,ca?olics ,bav>ia   
#ajb       #gac        #bge     prevail 
,l[] ,alsace              #acj          
#fdb        #cbb              ,bad5     
#aeg       #fdh        #cca             
,holl&1 ,s\?             #ej       #cfg 
#fac      ,mix$   ,prussia              
#afh       #cca        #fea             
,prote/ants,holl&1 ,nor?             #ed
       #bgh        #ffc     prevail     
,wurtemburg                #agb         
#cjd        #fhg              ,black    
,=e/              #afj       #bei       
#gcf              ,old5burgh            
#bjj       #bbh        #gfd             
,swiss ,prote/ant ,cantons  #bgi        
#fh         #ibb              ,engl&    
#gd       #ec         #idf   ,prote/ant 
,hanov]                   #aej       #bi
         #ifj    ,c\ntries ,saxony      
#dfi       #ba         #igf             
,d5m>k                   #bfe        #a 
#iii              ,sw$5                 
#aja        #j        #a1jjj            

,norway                     #ge         
#j        #a1jjj     ,! ,prote/ant      
,religion1 m ?an any o!r1 is ! ,religion
 ( ,idea2 ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity1 all   
ideals1 are its aims2 x refuses all     
mat]ial assi/ance2 nei!r image1 nor     
cross1 nor beads1 is an ess5tial4  ,!   
,prote/ant is taught to educate 8       
consci\sness1 & is responsible alone = 8
 own actions2 he _c lean on ! re$ (     
com=t f ,masses1 or on ! idea t a       
confession ( 8 s9s to a prie/ absolves  
him f ! result ( !m4  ,prote/antism t5ds
 to develop individual rese>* into its  
doctr9es1 self-reflection1 & inw>d      
commun+s ) "o's consci\sness4  ,my/]i\s 
& sublime dogma is ! object (           
contemplation1 ) ! int5tion t su*       
idealism %all br+ =? fruit z good       
actions4  ,?is sy/em1 s gr& & ov]p[]+   
is1 x appe>s1 liable to d]ange weak     
m9ds1 especially :5 by neglect+ a due   
%>e ( tak+ "o's own worldly             
responsibilities1 su* aspire to be      
devotees1 inspir$ by ! highe/ ideals1 b 

decl9+ to translate good int5tions into 
good de$s1 & ! active ex]cise ( *>ity1 &
 duty to _! neighb\rs4  ,! extraord9>y  
lat]al (f%oots ( ! *ur*1 :i* are se5 at 
int]vals1 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,revivalism1 & !
 proce$+s ( ! ,salvation ,army1 are all 
to a c]ta9 ext5t mis*iev\s2 al?\gh !y   
are1 no d\bt1 productive ( "s b5efit to 
^? :o /ill rema9 9 gross ignorance &    
vice4 ,yet su* viol5t tempor>y          
ebullitions ( !ological activity d      
c]ta9ly unh+e m5's m9ds1 & d fo/] a     
high] suicide rate4 ,! m p]man5t1 b less
 viol5t1 waves ( *ange 9 religi\s matt]s
 d m good1 & at ! same "t less h>m2 ,i  
ref] to ! alt]nat+ popul>ity ( su* =ms z
 ,evangelicalism & ,ritualism4 ,almo/   
all sudd5 *anges1 especially 9 fai? &   
viol5t emotions1 are h>mful4  ,9 g5]al1 
z a result ( ! sum ( religi\s /ati/ics1 
too num]\s & volum9\s = quotation "h1 we
 may g5]alise & say t ,ca?olics incl9e  
to suicide ?r\gh madness1 foll[+ _!     
vices1 :ile ,prote/ants fly to suicide z
 relief f dome/ic tr\bles1 monet>y      

anxieties1 remorse = wa/$ opportunities1
 & regret = ! abs5ce ( hop$ = results2  
!y are also m liable ?an ,ca?olics to   
suicide foll[+ religi\s mania4          
,extravagances 9 religion are sometimes 
a symptom ( madness2 at o!rs1           
extravagances 9 religion lead to madness
 9 enfeebl$ m9ds4   ,,morality4  ,!     
morals ( a /ate _c fail to h a deep &   
la/+ effect on ! am\nt ( crime &        
madness1 & h5ce on ! suicide rate4 ,b x 
is by no means easy to prove by /ati/ics
 ! actual rate ( influ5ce2 ! social     
cu/oms & modes ( life are s v v>i\s1 & !
 diff]5t laws ( ea* /ate ) reg>d to     
moral s9s are s diff]5t4 ,at ! same "t x
 _c be d5i$ t sev]al important nations1 
among :om ! virtues ( social family life
 are specially /udi$1 h a v high suicide
 rate1 su* z ! ,g]mans & ,danes4  ,!    
av]age ( suicide is f\nd g5]ally to run 
h& 9 h& ) t ( ! ratio ( total crime4    
,crime has increas$ = _m ye>s 9 all     
,european c\ntries except ,brita9 &     
,holl&4 ,suicide has increas$ 9 all     

except ,norway & ,russia1 & b slightly 9
 ,engl& & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,:]e !re is an    
av]age annual increase ( suicide1 !re is
 almo/ always se5 a syn*ron\s increase (
 crime4,morselli4 ,/ill "s c\ntries ) v 
small suicide rate h a v l>ge proportion
 ( crime1 z ,spa9 & ,italy1 :i* h an    
av]age ( "o convict to #h1acj           
inhabitants2 :ile ,d5m>k has "o convict 
to #aaj1dgd inhabitants1 & ,engl& has "o
 convict to #acb1gia inhabitants4  ,x   
has be5 f\nd t 9 respect to ! dep>tm5ts 
( ,france1 ! maximum ( homicides occurr$
 9 connection ) ! m9imum (              
suicides4,desp9e4  ,also 9 ,italy1 9 ^? 
di/ricts :]e crimes aga9/ prop]ty       
pr$om9ate1 suicides are m frequ5t ?an 9 
^? divisions :]e crimes ( blood are     
frequ5t4,morselli4  ,p>5t ,du ,*atlet   
rem>ks t ! suicide rate ( pro/itutes is 
v l[4 ,bri]re de ,boismont e/imates !   
proportion suppli$ 9 ,p>is by regi/]$   
fall5 wom5 z #a-bdj ( all cases4 ,?is   
au?or also /ates1 ( 8 s]ies ( ,fr5*     
cases1 t #dj p] c5t4 7 p]sons :o l$ bad 

moral lives1 ei!r drunk>ds1 gambl]s1    
?ieves1 pro/itutes1 or p]sons liv+ 9    
adult]y4  ,! proportion :i* falls to ^? 
:o are 9 heal?1 & lead regul> lives1 is 
v small2 :il/ ^? :o beg9 life 9 heal?1 &
 p&] to _! vices & appetites1 ab&on     
!mselves1 z /ati/ics def9itely %[1 to a 
prospect ( pov]ty1 disease1 & crime2 to 
! prison1 ! asylum1 ! hospital1 & to a  
suicide's grave4  ,& x is n only op5    
vice t l[]s ! tone a man may ev5 keep   
all ! conv5tional rules ( morality1 &   
yet fall 9 ?is mann]1 if he neglect &   
ignore a *e]ful acquiesc5ce 9 ^? high   
moral aspirations1 :i* alone make ! idea
 ( a self-s\ght dea? an evil to :i* no?+
 on ?is side ( ! grave c comp>e4  ,!re  
ne$ n be any difficulty 9 und]/&+ t lack
 ( moral tra9+1 & imp]fect & improp]    
education1 fo/] suicide2 = x is obvi\s t
 m5 w be m prone to s91 if !y h _h _!   
consci5ces weak5$ by bad advice1 loose  
habits1 & ! companion%ip ( p]sons :o    
take a light view ( wick$ness1 & only   
sne] at self-improvem5t & goodness4  ,a 

sy/em ( 8laiss] all]10 & 8don't c>e10   
are /epp+ /ones to suicide2 self-re/ra9t
 & active ef=ts aft] p]fection lead "o  
daily f>!r f x4  ,ari/otle1 9 !         
8,e?ics10 ,lib4 #c1 cap4 #g1 & ,plato1 9
 8 8,phd10 rem>k t 8,suicide is committ$
 to avoid evil1 & n because x is        
hon\rable40  ,! suicide judges t !      
possible evil aft] dea? is less ?an !   
tr\ble he has n[ to be>2 h5ce x is cle> 
en\gh t ! be/ prev5tive is to fix on !  
crime ! "* ( an evil mu* great] ?an any 
t c happ5 to a man naturally4  ,al?\gh x
 has be5 %ewn t ! spread ( education is 
foll[$ by an increas$ am\nt (           
self-de/ruction1 yet1 if a l>ge numb] ( 
suicides be analys$1 ! ratio ( "o-fif?  
only are well educat$2 b !n x mu/ be    
rememb]$ t only a small fraction ( !    
population is educat$ at all ?or\ghly4  
,x is ! spread ( an uns\nd sy/em (      
p>tial education1 ! ta/+ ( ! ,pi]ian    
spr+ )\t dr9k+ deeply1 :i* poisons !    
m9d2 m]e fragm5t>y1 rudim5t>y in/ruction
 unballa/$ by ! requisite am\nt ( moral 

& religi\s tea*+4 ,! m]e ability to read
 is1 ,i ?9k1 liable to become a great   
curse unless mo/ c>efully us$1 = x is   
only too common to f9d t ^? :o c only   
read1 only read :at !y _h mu* bett] h   
left unread2 su* z s5sational tales1 !  
crim9al trials 9 ! daily pap]s1         
political squabbles1 & n>ratives (      
suicides4 ,!re c\ld be no /rong] prompt+
 influ5ce & det]m9+ cause ( volunt>y    
dea? to _m an ail+ & tempt$ suff]] ?an !
 p]usal ( su* lit]ature4  ,9 8,aurora   
,floyd0 & 8,lady ,audley's ,secret10 two
 novels ( high /&+1 suicide is sugge/$  
def9itely z a rem$y = tr\ble1 at lea/   
twelve times4  ,*4 ,elam writes1 8,!    
great publicity giv5 to ! m9uti (       
atroci\s crimes 9 ! public press is     
und\bt$ly a fruitful s\rce ( crime4     
,dove1 :o poison$ 8 wife1 confess$1 aft]
 8 conviction1 t ! idea _h be5 giv5 to  
him by /udy ( ! case ( ,palm]1 at       
,rugeley40     ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,urban   
,,& ,,rural ,,life2 ,,employm5t2 ,,army1
 ,,navy1 ,,& ,,prison ,,life4   ,!      

suicide rate ( any great city is f\nd to
 be high] ?an ! rate ( ! rural di/rict  
ar\nd x1 & ?is /atem5t is true ( e      
c\ntry4 ,_m causes contribute to ?is    
increas$ rate1 besides ! m]e d5sity (   
population1 :i* h[ev] may be consid]$ to
 h ( itself an influ5ce to make suicide 
m frequ5t4  ,/ati/ics d n %ew t !       
proportion increases ) ! total          
population ( ! urban di/rict2 9 ,london1
 = example1 al?\gh ! total population is
 s mu* great] ?an t ( ,brussels1 yet !  
suicide rate is mu* l[]4  ,urban life   
only t5ds to exagg]ate ! g5]al          
incl9ation ( a p2 z ,morselli puts x18! 
suicide rate is high 9 ! rural di/ricts 
:5 x is s 9 ! t[ns2 9 ! latt]1 on !     
contr>y1 x becomes l[] 9 proportion to !
 g5]al av]age40  ,t[n life is p[]ful to 
modify ! human w1 & ! feel+s & acts (   
mank9d1 b x w n neutralise all ! o!r    
social & individual influ5ces4  ,! mo/  
important difficulty 9 mak+ correct     
e/imates ( ! suicide rates ( cities1 is 
! unc]ta9ty z to :]e ! l9e %\ld be drawn

 to sep>ate ! t[n f ! c\ntry2 = x is    
obvi\s t if ^! h diff]5t rates1 !       
proportion = ! t[n may be r5d]$ high or 
l[ accord+ly1 :e!r ! l9e be drawn ?r\gh 
! suburbs1 or beyond ! f>!/ ( !m4       
,cities m ?an villages conta9 ! two     
extreme /ates ( ri*es & pov]ty1 bo? (   
:i* t5d to a volunt>y dea?3 9 cities !  
/ruggle = exi/5ce is mu* %>p] ?an x is  
amid ! scatt]$ population ( villages1 & 
toge!r ) ?is po9t is ! collat]al "o (   
m5tal /ra9 & excitem5t exi/+ :5 n       
requir$ = m]ely procur+ a liv+4  ,!     
ratio ( suicides 9 sev]al cities1       
calculat$ 9 ! ye> #ahhc1 is "h giv51 )  
ref]5ce to a million (                  
inhabitants3,p>is1 #djb2 ,cop5hag51     
#cjb2 ,/ockholm1 #ced2 ,naples1 #cd2    
,rome1 #gd2 ,london1 #hg2 ,vi5na1 #bhg2 
,brussels1 #bga2 ,b]l91 #agj2 ,/4       
,pet]sburgh1 #bjf2 & ,new ,york1 #add4  
,9 ,london1 ,buckle tells u1 !re has    
always be5 a high] rate ?an 9 ! re/ (   
,engl&4 ,dur+    #ahdf-ej !y 7 #ajg p]  
million  ,engl&1 #ff   #ahef-fa         

#ajj                     #fe   #ahfa-gj 
#hh                     #ff   #ahgb-gf  
#hf                     #fi  ,^! figures
 %[ ab\t "o-?ird m suicide 9 ,london ?an
 ! c\ntry4 ,! same proportion holds good
 at ! pres5t "t4  ,! ,middlesex portion 
( ,london has always _h a high] p]c5tage
 ?an ei!r ! ,k5t or ,surrey portions4   
,9 ,b]l9 ! suicide rate 0 /ation>y 9    
#ahfj-ahgb2 inde$1 decreas+ 9           
#ahgj-ahgb1 b a l>ge rate comp>$ to !   
c\ntry ar\nd2 9 #ahfj ! relative numb]s 
7 #afj = ! city to #ajj 9 ! c\ntry4     
,legoyt calculates ! suicide rate ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates z #cb p] million2 & ,new  
,york ,city1 = ! ye> #ahgf1 z #adb p]   
million4   ,,employm5t4  ,) reg>d to !  
bus9ess ( "o's life1 x has be5 notic$ t 
pr(essions & trades1 :i* by habits1     
physical & m5tal1 br+ wom5 ne> to m51   
(t5 t5d to raise 9 an extraord9>y degree
 ! incl9ation ( wom5 to kill !mselves4  
,x is a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty to 
procure /ati/ics suffici5tly reliable ( 
! numb]s ( ea* pr(ession & trade1 to    

c\ple ) ! numb]s ( kn[n suicides ( ea*  
trade & pr(ession1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ 
a 8pr(essional suicide rate40  ,italian 
/ati/ics %[ t ! rates are high] 9 ^?    
trades :i* are conc]n$ ) luxuries1 & l[]
 9 ^? ^: products comm& a m regul>      
m>ket1 su* z are necess>ies4            
,goldsmi?s1 jewell]s1 mak]s ( arms1     
sci5tific in/rum5ts1 toilet necess>ies1 
musical in/rum5ts1 c41 give a high] rate
 ?an t ( build]s1 weav]s1 sp9n]s1       
tailors1 glov]s1 c4  ,nuns1 conv5t      
maids1 & lay si/]s1 all num]\s classes 9
 ,italy1 give v few suicides4  ,9 !     
high] walks ( education ! rates are all 
high]4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 doctors1 lawy]s1   
milit>y m51 & ! gov]n+ (ficials1 all are
 v prone to self-de/ruction4  ,9 ^?     
c\nties ( ,france :]e !re is ! greate/  
att5tion paid to trade1 agriculture1 &  
comm]ce1 ! suicide rate is ! highe/2 9  
c\nties :]e ! developm5t ( bus9ess is   
slight ! rate is l[]4  ,&1 fur!r1 x is  
almo/ univ]sally true t ! /ates t h mo/ 
p]fect railway sy/ems are ^? :i* h !    

l>ge/ av]age ( suicide4  ,n[1 all       
c\ntries hav+ a l>gely develop$ trade   
are liable to comm]cial depressions2 ^! 
are con/antly foll[$ by waves ( increas$
 lunacy & m num]\s suicides2 & note t ^!
 effects foll[ n imm$iately on a crisis1
 b aft] a little int]val4  ,at ! crisis 
! majority ( m9ds are /rung up to ! ne$$
 ef=t3 x is ! loos5+ ( ! t5sion t upsets
 ! m5tal equilibrium2 ! exhau/ion foll[+
 prolong$ ex]tion4 ,simil> to ^!        
comm]cial waves are ! effects ( w>1     
increas$ prices & taxation2 x 0 n ! bad 
ye>s ( ! ,crimean ,w> t gave ! heavie/  
volunt>y dea? rate1 b ! two ye>s aft]4  
,9 ,au/ria ! w> ( #aheh-i 0 effectual 9 
! increas$ rates ( #ahfj-fa4  ,9 ,france
 suicides & lunatics 7 m num]\s 9 #ahgb 
& #ahgc1 n 9 ! ye>s ( ! w>1 #ahgj &     
#ahga4  ,legoyt gives ! foll[+ analysis 
( suicides3 ,middle classes & outca/s1  
#eif p] million2 lib]al pr(essions1     
#bah2 indu/rial classes1 #abh2 till]s ( 
! soil1 #ij p] million4  ,i subjo9 a    
,table1 borr[$ f ,lisle1 %ew+ !         

employm5t 9 m ?an #ej1jjj cases (       
suicide 9 ,france4  ,,table ( #eb1abf   
,fr5* ,suicides arrang$ accord+ to      
,occupation4                            
,male4   ,female4 ,,total4      ,i4,(   
,,slight ,,education3                   
,%eph]ds                         #bgf   
#cb     #cjh         ,woodcutt]s1 *>coal
 burn]s      #ed       #f      #fj      
,agricultural lab\r]s         #ab1agi   
#c1fha  #ae1hfj         ,begg>s &       
vagabonds             #cce     #aae     
#dej         ,pro/itutes                
#j      #ec      #ec         ,me*anics 9
 ,wood               #a1gbi      #gb    
#a1hja                   ,lea!r         
#cgg      #bg     #djd                  
,iron                #a1dcg      #fd    
#a1eja                   ,cotton1 ,silk 
#a1cci     #dfc   #a1hjb                
,/one               #a1jgi      #dh     
#a1abg         ,o!r me*anics            
#eda      #ia     #fcb         ,port]s1 
,commissionaires          #cfh       #f 
#cgd         ,sailors                   

#caa       #i     #cbj         ,driv]s (
 c>riages1 vans        #dfh       #g    
#dge         ,dome/ic s]vants           
#a1bgj   #a1bjd   #b1dgd                
,,ii4,( ,,bett] ,,education3            
,bak]s1 confection]s             #cgc   
#bi     #djb         ,but*]s            
#bfe      #bd     #bhi                  
,furniture deal]s                 #bei  
#bh     #bhg         ,hatt]s            
#ajb      #ba     #abc         ,%oemak]s
                        #fci      #df   
#fhe         ,hairdress]s               
#afd       #h     #agb         ,tailors 
#fdd     #ghj   #a1dbd         ,laundry 
work]s                    #gc     #bba  
#bid         ,g5]al %opkeep]s           
#a1bcc     #bhi   #a1ebb                
travell+ deal]s        #cad      #fb    
#cgf         ,inn-keep]s                
#gda     #aei     #ijj                  
,,iii4,( ,,sup]ior ,,education3         
,:olesale deal]s1 bank]s        #chb    
#ab     #cid         ,m]*ants' cl]ks    
#dda      #bg     #dfh         ,arti/s  

#aid      #be     #bai         ,cl]ks & 
copyi/s               #bgf       #b     
#bgh         ,/ud5ts                    
#aah       #b     #abj         ,public  
(ficials                #a1ahg      #bc 
#a1baj         ,pr(essors & tea*]s      
#afi      #cb     #bja         ,milit>y 
& ,navy m5           #b1hbf       #d    
#b1hcj         ,lawy]s & doctors1 c4    
#dbg      #af     #ddc         ,p]sons  
own+ prop]ty         #b1fic     #hjh    
#c1eja                                  
,,iv4                                   
,)\t bus9ess                #a1ajf      
#b1jab   #c1aah         ,unkn[n         
employm5t              #b1gda   #b1ddg  
#e1ahh                                  
#ci1cjb  #ab1hbd  #eb1abf      ,,milit>y
 ,,& ,,naval ,,life4  ,x is an almo/    
univ]sal tru? t ! suicide rate ( any    
/ate is small] ?an ! rate obs]v$ 9 ! m5 
compos+ ! ,army & ,navy ( ! same c\ntry4
  ,?is po9t 0 fir/ br\ght prom95tly into
 notice ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago ) respect to
 our ,engli% soldi]s2 ,dr4 ,mill> po9t$ 

out t 9 #ahfb ! rate 0 #bgh p] million  
7e/imat$ at p] million71 & 9 #ahga at   
#djj p] million1 & at ! pres5t "t x is  
ab\t triple ! rate = ord9>y ,engli%m5 ( 
betwe5 #bj & #cj ye>s ( age4 ,9 !       
,italian army at ! pres5t "t ! rate is  
treble t ( ord9>y ,italians betwe5 #bj &
 #cj ye>s ( age4  ,! suicidal t5d5cy (  
an army is mat]ially increas$ by =eign  
s]vice2 s t 9 ! ,engli% ,army1 :5 !     
numb] 0 #cci p] million at home1 9      
,india ! numb]s 7 #dfh4 ,& x has be5    
f\nd t !re is a high] p]c5tage among    
soldi]s ( long s]vice2 ?ree times !     
am\nt is f\nd among soldi]s ( ov] #ad   
ye>s' s]vice ?an is f\nd among ^? ( "u  
#c ye>s' s]vice4  ,dr4 ,mill> also      
obs]v$ t !re 7 twice z _m volunt>y dea?s
 9 ! ,cavalry z 9 ! ,infantry4  ,9      
,saxony ! soldi]'s rate 0 #fdj p]       
million1 :ile ! civilian's rate 0 #cfh2 
9 ,prussia1 #dai to #afh2 9 ,sw$51 #dej 
to #aja2 9 ,au/ria1 #ddb to #add2 9     
,wurtemburg1 #cbj to #agj2 9 ,belgium1  
#ffb to #ij2 9 ,france1 #eaj to #baf4   

,9 ! ,au/rian1 ,italian1 & ,fr5* armies 
! (fic]s h a rate d\ble t ( ! m52       
non-commission$ (fic]s h ! highe/ rate4 
,! high milit>y rate seems to spread1   
too1 among civilians 9 _! neighb\rhood2 
"s ( ! highe/ civilian rates are f\nd on
 ! ,au/rian & ,prussian milit>y         
fronti]s1 :]e !re is con/antly a milit>y
 e/abli%m5t reta9$ z a gu>d4  ,ev5 at ! 
pres5t "t 9 our ,navy ! rate is mu*     
high] ?an among civilians4 ,f a ,report 
on ! ,heal? ( ! ,navy1 #ahhc1 ,i f9d !re
 7 among #dc1cej (fic]s & m51 #bee      
dea?s2 #agf f disease1 #gi f injury1 &  
#f suicides4 ,?is gives a dea?-rate (   
only #ehh p] ?\s&1 ) a suicide rate (   
#ache p] million4   ,,prison ,,life4    
,prison]s h a high] suicide rate ?an    
civilians at lib]ty1 especially if we   
consid] attempts at suicide4  ,x is     
usual to make a di/9ction betwe5        
convicts ^: fate is settl$1 & prison]s  
arre/$1 & untri$1 or at lea/ n convict$4
 ,= in/ance1 ,morselli gives =          
,engl&3 ,prison]s1 #a1ajj2 ,convicts1   

#cej1   ,france3              #gej2     
#hj1  z ! relative rates ( volunt>y     
dea?4  ,female prison]s give a v high   
rate 9 ,d5m>k & ,italy1 & suicides (    
females are m num]\s ?an ^? ( males 9 ! 
prisons ( ^! two /ates4  ,m ?an half (  
,prison] ,suicides are ( m5 & wom5      
convict$ ( crimes aga9/ ! p]son4  ,!    
long] a prison] rema9s 9 a convict      
prison1 ! less is ! t5d5cy to suicide2  
mo/ prison]s become us$ to ! mode ( life
 "u a ye> ( conf9em5t4  ,solit>y        
conf9em5t produces a great] suicide     
t5d5cy ?an associat$ imprisonm5t1 & !   
sy/ems ( mix$ prison]s4  ,f a return (  
,engli% local prisons1 j issu$1 ,i f9d  
!re 7 9 #ahhc1 only t5 cases ( suicide1 
( :om only "o 0 a female4 ,?is return   
did n include ! great convict           
e/abli%m5ts2 ) respect to :i* ,i may add
 t successful attempts at               
self-de/ruction are v r>e1 & /ati/ics   
are n directly available4  ,9 ! prisons 
( ,italy1 ! frequ5cy ( suicide is       
greate/ 9 prison]s ( betwe5 tw5ty-"o &  

?irty ye>s2 t is at an e>li] age ?an    
among p at l>ge2 x is f\nd to be m (t5  
attempt$ by c\ntrym5 ?an by t[n dwell]s2
 ano!r rev]sal ( data4  ,ne>ly half (   
all cases occur 9 ! fir/ ye> (          
conf9em5t4 ,two-?irds ( ! prison        
suicides _h always be5 report$ z 8well  
conduct$40  ,only tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 ( !
 cases occurr$ 9 crim9als hav+ a %ort]  
s5t5ce ?an ?ree ye>s4  ,s f> z ,i c     
le>n1 all ^! po9ts are1 broadly speak+1 
equally true ) reg>d to prisons 9       
,engl&4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,seasons   
,,& ,,times4   ,x is an old1 old /ory t 
! de/9ies ( man are gov]n$ by ! sun1    
moon1 & planets2 b mod]n sci5ce r sc\t$ 
! ideas ( ! a/rolog]s & ,*aldeans2 to   
suicide is due ! hon\r ( re9troduc+ !   
connection4 ,morselli says1 ) reg>d to !
 sun1 8,x is 9 fact well kn[n t ! numb] 
( ^! viol5t dea?s v>ies accord+ to !    
position ( ! e>? & ! sun4 ,9 ! season ( 
! ye> 9 :i* ! e>? is 9 aphelion !re is a
 maximum1 ( suicide2 :5 9 p]ihelion !   
m9imum is atta9$40  ,! result ( a l>ge  

collection ( /ati/ics %[s1 h[ev]1 t !   
maximum suicide rate occurs 9 summ] #hh 
times out ( #ajj1 z oppos$ to w9t]2 9   
spr+ ! maximum occurr$ #i times 9 #ajj4 
,z to ! m9imum1 x occurs 9 w9t] #hh     
times out ( #ajj1 & only #ab times 9    
autumn out ( ! same numb] ( obs]vations4
  ,z to ! mon?s1 9 a g5]al way1 suicide 
increases f ,janu>y to ,july1 & !n      
decreases aga91 mon? by mon?1 to ! end (
 ! ye>4 ,reckon+ by cities only1 in/ead 
( by /ates1 ! results are a little      
upset1 b 9 #aa cases ( l>ge numb]s1 #i  
maxima fell 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,!  
numb] ( cases ( m5tal disease has be5   
obs]v$ to v>y 9 simil> mon?s1 rea*+ _!  
maximum 9 ! heat ( summ]4  ,! foll[+    
,table ( 8,dea? ,rates ( ea* ,season0   
may be comp>$ ) ! =ego+ rem>ks on !     
8,seasonal ,suicide rate03              
,spr+4  ,summ]4  ,autumn4  ,w9t]4       
,,total4      ,engl&    #aaj       #if  
#ie       #ii      #djj   ,france       
#aag       #hh       #hf      #aji      
#djj   ,holl&     #hh       #ia         

#abf       #ie      #djj   ,au/ria      
#aae       #hb       #ia      #aab      
#djj   ,italy       #hh      #aje       
#ajj      #ajg      #djj     ,f ^!      
figures x w be app>5t t ! greate/       
mortality 9 ,engl& falls to spr+1 & next
 to w9t]2 or exactly opposite to !      
t5d5cy ( suicide4 ,9 ,italy only d !    
maxima ( g5]al mortality & suicide      
co9cide 9 ! hott] two qu>t]s ( ! ye>4   
,x is n s mu* ! actual hot wea!r :i*    
seems to increase ! numb] ( suicides & !
 am\nt ( lunacy1 nor ! actual cold wea!r
 :i* seems to *eck ! numb]1 z x is t !  
onset ( hot wea!r s]i\sly affects !     
human sy/em 9 su* a way z to upset !    
equilibrium ( m9d function1 & to suff]  
m5tal motives to d]ange ! intellect4  ,9
 ^! consid]ations ! spr+ is reckon$ z   
consi/+ ( ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may1 & ! o!r 
seasons accord+ly4  ,i d n f9d t ^!     
seasonal peculi>ities are v m>k$ 9 !    
suicide rates ( ?is c\ntry tak5 alone1 n
 9 ,london at any rate2 = example1 ,i   
subjo9 ! figures obta9$ 9 ,c5tral       

,middlesex = two ye>s4                  
#ahhc4  #ahhd4        #ahhc4  #ahhd4    
,spr+   #cj     #bd    ,autumn   #bj    
#ae   ,summ]   #bc     #cg    ,w9t]     
#bb     #bf     ,! ,annual ,reports ( ! 
,regi/r> ,g5]al d n ?r[ any light on ?is
 "q1 nor1 ,i may say1 on sev]al o!r     
some:at fanciful inve/igations into :i* 
=eign obs]v]s h l$ ! way4  ,morselli    
/ates1 8x is mo/ probable t ! moon      
ex]cises m or less influ5ce on suicides 
z x does on madness & epilepsy1 :i* are 
g5]ally aggravat$ at ! "t ( ! wan+ moon 
7full moon & second qu>t]740  8,!       
influ5ce ( ! moon w\ld be m %>ply felt  
by m5 ?an by wom51 p>ticul>ly at new    
moon40 ,?is la/1 x seems1 is !          
conclusion drawn f ! lab\rs ( ! mod]n   
a/rolog]s ( ,prussia4  ,b f ! /ati/ics  
giv5 by himself = #ahfi1 x appe>s t     
#beeh & #behh p] #a1jjj occurr$         
respectively 9 ! moon's fir/ qu>t] & la/
 qu>t]1 aga9/ #bdfh & #bchf p] #a1jjj 9 
! new moon & full moon qu>t]s2 no v m>k$
 diff]5ce4  ,) reg>d to days1 ,bri]re de

 ,boismont f9ds 9 reg>d to ,p>is t !    
numb] ( suicides 9 ! fir/ t5 days ( a   
mon? exce$s ! numb] ( ! la/ tw5ty2 &1   
/rang] /ill1 ! two fir/ days ( ! mon?   
also give ! l>ge/ numb]s3 ?is does n    
occur 9 ,engl&1 nor 9 ,london alone4  ,z
 to week days1 among m5 ! beg9n+ ( !    
week is mo/ fatal2 ,monday highe/1 !n   
,tuesday1 !n ,w$nesday1 & ,saturday !   
fewe/4  ,among wom5 also peculi>ities   
come out1 b !y are diff]5t2 ,saturday   
has /ill ! fewe/1 ! ,?ursday & ,friday  
are v high1 ,monday & ,tuesday l[1 b    
,sunday has ! highe/ numb] ( all4  ,& n[
 ) reg>d to h\rs & times ( ! day1       
d>kness seems to be pref]r$ to daylight4
 ,b accord+ to a r complete set (       
tables1 :i* ,i reproduce "h1 giv+ e h\r1
 night & day1 ,i f9d t f #f a4m4 to #aj 
a4m41 ab\t noon1 & f #b to #c p4m4 h v  
mu* ! highe/ numb]s4 ,! rate dim9i%es   
almo/ regul>ly f #c p4m41 ?r\gh midnight
 to #c a4m41 :5 ! l[e/ numb] is rea*$4  
,bri]re de ,boismont arrang$ ?is ,table2
 x ref]s to #a1iic cases obs]v$ 9 ,p>is4

        #a a4m4    #ea   #a p4m4    #gi 
#b a4m4    #di   #b p4m4   #aag    #c   
a4m4    #de   #c p4m4   #add    #d a4m4 
#ej   #d p4m4    #hi    #e a4m4    #gj  
#e p4m4    #hf    #f a4m4   #ajb   #f   
p4m4    #fg    #g a4m4   #ajb   #g p4m4 
#hi    #h a4m4   #abf   #h p4m4    #fi  
#i a4m4   #ajd   #i p4m4    #fi   #aj   
a4m4   #aaj  #aj p4m4    #fb   #aa a4m4 
#ha  #aa p4m4    #dd   #ab ,noon   #abc 
#ab p4m4    #fe        ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  
,,sex1 ,,age1 ,,& ,,social ,,/ate4   ,! 
relative proportion ( suicides exhibit$ 
by ! sexes is "o ( ! data 9 connection )
 our subject t receiv$ ! e>lie/         
att5tion1 & f su* e>ly obs]vations1     
until ! pres5t "t1 ! proportion has be5 
rem>kably con/ant 9 our own c\ntry1 &   
?r\gh\t ,europe4  ,?ree males to "o     
female is ! prevail+ rate %[n by !      
majority ( /ates reckon$ 9 _! entirety4 
,9 urban di/ricts1 & 9 ! great cities ! 
female proportion is increas$1 & av]ages
 "o woman to two m54 ,! ,spani>ds =m !  
mo/ notable exception to ! av]age1      

female suicide ev5 9 ! rural di/ricts ( 
,spa9 be+ abnormally frequ5t2 ,italy1   
:i* resembles ,spa9 9 _m peculi>ities1  
is n simil> 9 ?is respect4  ,z a reason 
= ! pr$om9ance ( male suicide1 att5tion 
is call$ to ! fact t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce
 falls at ! pres5t "t1 & always has     
fall5 *iefly to ! m5 ( a /ate1 ! typical
 female m9d1 x %\ld also be rememb]$1 is
 m capable ( accommodat+ itself to *ange
 ( circum/ances1 & is also m m>k$ by    
p[]s ( self-sacrifice1 ?an ! male       
intellect4  ,! m prom95t causes ( male  
suicide are ! vices1 money tr\bles1 &   
tdium vit2 :il/ females are m (t5 driv5 
to take _! lives by ! passions1 m5tal   
weaknesses1 remorse1 & %ame4  ,x is a   
peculi>ity ( female self-de/ruction t   
,sunday is v frequ5tly *os5 z ! day =   
its commission2 on ! o!r h&1 males avoid
 ,sunday v m>k$ly4  ,9 ,g5eva1 an old   
notification1 dat$ #aggg1 0 rec5tly     
f\nd1 /at+ t two out ( ?ree volunt>y    
dea?s 9 ! city 7 ^? ( m54  ,9 ! dec5nial
 p]iod #ahfa-gj1 ! proportion ( #bic    

males to #ajj females 0 f\nd 9 ,engl& & 
,wales2 b 9 ! #aj ye>s #ahga-hj1 ! rate 
= males _h increas$ up to #cjf1 to #ajj 
females2 s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ! female rate  
has aga9 gone up1 be+ 9 #ahhb n less ?an
 #ajj wom5 to #bgh m54  ,! ,regi/r>     
,g5]al calculat$ 9 #ahhj t ! *ance ( a  
male infant dy+ by suicide 9 ,engl&1 0  
#a to #baa1 & ( a female s do+ 0 #a to  
#egh4  ,! female rate = ,engl& has      
always be5 high] ?an t ( _m cont95tal   
/ates4  ,) respect to ,london1 9 #ahgh !
 proportions 7 #be to #a2 & 9 #ahha1 !  
female rate 0 less2 #cjc m5 to #a woman4
  ,9 ,p>is1 ( late ye>s1 ! female rate  
has be5 v high2 #ab male to #a female4  
,scotl& %[s a high female rate4  ,!     
pres5t proportions ( ! ,european        
c\ntries are3 ,france1 #gi to #ba2      
,italy1 #hj to #bj2 ,prussia1 #hb to    
#ah2 ,spa91 #ga to #bi2 ,saxony1 #gg to 
#bc2 ,russia1 #hj to #bj2 ,holl&1 #gh to
 #bb2 ,irel&1 #gh to #bb2 & ,scotl&1 #gb
 to #bh4  ,= ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 
! e/imat$ numb]s are #gibe to #bjge4  ,=

 ! ,engli% coloni/s 9 ,au/ralia1 #hb to 
#ah is ! e/imat$ proportion4  ,z an     
illu/ration ( ! trifl+ causes :i*       
sometimes lead to ! act1 ,i may m5tion t
 ,drs4 ,georget & ,falret h bo? /at$ 9  
m$ical j\rnals t ,fr5* wom5 h frequ5tly 
committ$ suicide1 only because !y h     
happ5$ to lose _! p]sonal *>ms (        
appe>ance4,burr[s4  ,! female sex       
contributes a consid]able numb] ( cases 
dep5d5t on *ild-bir?2 ^! are ( two      
classes3 suicide dur+ ! c\rse ( ! m5tal 
failure1 ! pu]p]al mania1 s well kn[n to
 occur at times 9 pregnancy & aft]      
p>turition2 & ^? sadd5+ cases (         
self-de/ruction occurr+ z a sequ5ce to !
 m5tal anxiety & %ame1 dep5d+ on        
pregnancy & *ild-bir? 9 s+le wom51 :o   
are con/antly be+ s$uc$ "u promise ei!r 
( m>riage1 or at lea/ ( ma9t5ance1 & !n 
des]t$ by m5 ^: malevol5ce is only      
equall$ by _! lu/4  ,simple hy/]ia is   
also ! cause ( a small p]c5tage ( female
 suicides2 ! amatory passion be+ usually
 prim>ily at fault4   ,,age4  ,9 a      

calculation includ+ ! great] "p (       
,europe1 ! effect ( age is f\nd to be   
su* t ! proportion ( suicide increases f
 *ildhood up to ab\t fifty-five ye>s (  
age1 & !n decl9es v uni=mly4  ,! l>ge/  
numb]s occur 9 ! ye>s betwe5 =ty &      
fifty4  ,tak+ bo? sexes toge!r1 ! p]iod 
( life :i* exhibits by f> ! mo/ cases   
ext5ds f tw5ty-"o to sixty ye>s ( age4  
,! male t5d5cy comes to its maximum aft]
 =ty ye>s ( age4  ,! female t5d5cy comes
 to its maximum be=e ?irty ye>s ( age4  
,9 ,engl& ! ratio ( female suicide      
betwe5 ! ye>s ( fifte5 & tw5ty exce$s ! 
male by m ?an "o-t5?4 ,9 ,italy x has   
be5 obs]v$ ! rate becomes high1 at an   
e>li] age ?an 9 ,europe g5]ally4 ,y\? is
 a f]tile suicide /age1 & aft] a        
/ation>y p]iod at a high rate1 !re comes
 ano!r p]iod m>k+ ! decay ( m9d & !     
decl5sion ( life2 9 ?is1 man has b a    
%ort future to reg>d1 & he pref]s to    
await a natural end1 especially z at ?is
 "t ( life ! religi\s feel+s1 (t5 cl\d$ 
ov] by ! /ruggles ( middle life1 aga9   

%9e cle>4 ,esquirol wrote1 8,la         
vieillesse1 qui inspire  l'homme le     
desir de vivre1 p>cequ'il e/ plus prs du
 t]me de la vie1 e/ r>em5t expose au    
suicide40 ,see 8,maladies m5tales40 ,!re
 exi/s1 h[ev]1 "s confusion 9 ! matt]1  
due to associat+ actual numb]s )        
p]-c5tages at v>i\s ages1 inasmu* z     
,legoyt insi/s t ! am\nt increases      
absolutely ) age4  ,! ,regi/r> ,g5]al = 
,engl& has /at$ t ! suicidal t5d5cy )   
reg>d to age increases ) ! advance ( age
 to ! #fe-ge dec5nial p]iod1 & t x !n   
dim9i%es1 /ill h[ev] rema9+ v great2 9  
?is c\ntry !n ! am\nt does n decrease at
 su* an e>ly age1 z 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries (
 ,europe4  ,i add z an example1 ! ,sw$i%
 proportions dur+ ! sev]al p]iods (     
life1 to %[ ! rate = age3               
,,age4       ,male4  ,female4      ,to  
#af ye>s        #ce    #ji   #af to #bj 
ye>s    #aia    #hh   #ba to #cj ye>s   
#iac   #bib   #ca to #dj ye>s   #afac   
#bcb   #da to #ej ye>s   #bjfc   #cej   
#ea to #fj ye>s   #bjag   #cdb   #fa to 

#gj ye>s   #adfc   #bgi   ,beyond #gj   
ye>s   #icg   #aid     ,9 ,new ,york1   
dur+ #ahhc1 ( #aea cases1 #i 7 "u tw5ty 
ye>s ( age1 & #e ov] sev5ty ye>s4       
,,suicide ,,9 ,,*ildhood4  ,suicide1    
ap>t f lunacy1 is ! act ( passion1 or   
despair1 & s f> sp>es *ildhood1 dur+ :i*
 /age ( life "o is protect$ by o!rs f   
c>e1 & :5 ! m9d is n yet op5$ en\gh to  
feel ! ov]:elm+ tides ( amatory1 jeal\s1
 & o!r passionate feel+s :i* ! adult    
intellect has to /ruggle ?r\gh1 &       
p]*ance survive4 ,x is v r>e1 also1 =   
insanity to occur 9 a *ild be=e pub]ty1 
unless cong5ital1 z imbecility4  ,bri]re
 de ,boismont gives ! ages ( #d1eie     
suicides 9 ,p>is2 among/ ^! 7 #gg *ildr5
 "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 #af p] c5t4  ,f  
#ahfe to #ahgd1 9 ,engl&1 !re 7 #ha     
suicides f t5 to f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 #de 
male & #cf female2 ! ratio betwe5 ^!    
numb]s %[s female precocity4 ,*ild      
suicide is increas+ 9 ,engl& & 9 almo/  
all ! cont95tal /ates4  ,*ildhood       
possesses a mo/ highly s5sitive m5tal   

organisation1 c\pl$ ) a want ( p[] to   
fully weigh ! consequ5ces ( any act2 b  
:at und\bt$ly causes _m cases n[ is     
ov]-pressure 9 education2 :ile !        
education itself produces precoci\s     
developm5t ( ! reflective faculties1 (  
vanity1 & ( ! desires4  ,dur+ ! la/ few 
ye>s !re h be5 sev]al ,engli% cases (   
*ildr5 kill+ !mselves1 because unable to
 p]=m s*ool tasks2 yet x mu/ be all[$ t 
! mo/ mod]n alt]ation 9 s*ool life1!    
abolition ( corporal puni%m5t1has remov$
 "o f]tile cause ( suicide 9 *ildhood4  
,see ,f]rey & ,coll9eau4  ,a writ] 9 !  
,psy*ological ,j\rnal discusses #bd     
cases1 #ag boys & #g girls2 ( ^! *ildr5 
#a 0 five ye>s old1 #b n9e1 #b t51 #e   
elev51 & #g twelve4 ,all ! girls dr[n$  
!mselves4   ,,m>riage1 ,,celibacy1      
,,wid[hood4  ,hav+ reg>d simply to      
numb]s1 !re are mo/ suicides among !    
unm>ri$1 next among ! m>ri$1 !n among   
wid[$ p]sons1 & la/ly1 among p]sons     
divorc$ & sep>at$4  ,ba*elors kill      
!mselves (t5] ?an m>ri$ m52 b 9 ,italy1 

,france1 ,switz]l& & ,saxony1 m>ri$ wom5
 (t5] ?an virg9s4 ,wid[s surpass wid[]s 
9 frequ5cy ( suicide1 & x has be5       
sugge/$ by /ati/ics t wid[hood 9 ?is    
respect br+s woman ne>] to man ?an any  
o!r social condition4  ,w>s t5d to raise
 ! rate among wom51 because !y make s _m
 wid[s2 ! suicide rate ( wid[s rose 9 a 
sudd5 leap 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 :5 !  
la/ w> broke out1 & rema9$ ov] & above !
 rate ( virg9s & wives = two ye>s aft]4 
,m>ri$ m5 h1 ?r\gh\t1 ! l[e/ rate2      
suicide is m frequ5t among celibate m5  
?an among virg9s4  ,divorce causes m    
male suicide ?an female4  ,among m51    
all[+ = extant numb]s ( ea* class1 we   
f9d ^! resultant proportions = #ahhb3   
,,c\ntries4  ,m>ri$4  ,s+le4   ,wid[$4  
,france        #ajj       #ajd          
#afj   ,italy         #ajj       #aad   
#aih   ,wurtemburg    #ajj       #adg   
#afb     ,tak+ ,france z an example1 !  
foll[+ proportions are f\nd among !     
suicides1 aft] exclud+ males "u fifte5  
ye>s ( age1 & females "u eighte53       

,,! ,,sexes4  ,celibate4  ,m>ri$4       
,wid[$4      ,m5          #dbbad        
#bgaga    #gcgj   ,wom5         #hjjj   
#hjhg    #abaj     ,t is1 unm>ri$ m5    
few] ?an wid[]s4 ,unm>ri$ wom5 a trifle 
few] ?an m>ri$ wom54  ,9 ,prussia1      
curi\sly en\gh1 ^! /ates are alt]$2     
m>ri$ m5 kill !mselves ! mo/ (t51 &     
m>ri$ wom5 kill !mselves ! lea/ (t54    
,italy1 aga91 resembles ,france4  ,9    
,new ,york1 = #ahhc1 ( #abd m5 & #bg    
wom5 :o kill$ !mselves1 #gh 7 m>ri$1 #dc
 s+le1 & #bd wid[$ or divorc$4  ,ano!r  
curi\s rem>k has be5 made1 :5ev] & :]ev]
 ! m>riage rate is fall+1 ! suicide rate
 is increas+1 & ! rev]se4 ,! fir/ case  
is %[n1 ( late ye>s1 by ,france1        
,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,au/ria2 9 ,italy &    
,switz]l&1 f #ahge1 & 9 ,belgium1 f     
#ahgc to #ahgf4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ,holl&1  
,norway & ,f9l&1 %[ an increase 9 !     
numb] ( m>riages1 & a t5d5cy to a l[]   
suicide rate4  ,! pres5ce ( *ildr5 to   
m>ri$ life affects ! suicide rate2 !y   
re/ra9 ! "m m ?an ! fa!r1 9 m>ri$ life &

 wid[hood2 :il/ !y h ! contr>y effect on
 divorc$ p]sons4  ,9 ,france1 = example1
 ! suicide loss among ! m>ri$1 :]e !re  
are *ildr51 is #bje p] million m5 to #de
 p] million wom52 :]e !re are no *ildr51
 x is #dgj p] million m5 to #aeh p]     
million wom52 & among wid[$ p]sons1 :]e 
!re are *ildr51 ! rate is #ebf p]       
million m5 to #ajd p] million wom52 &   
:]e !re are no *ildr51 x is #a1jjd p]   
million m5 to #bch p] million wom54     
,b]tillon rem>ks t wid[s are mu* less   
anxi\s ?an wid[]s to m>ry aga92 t _m    
wid[s become s to _! peace & happ9ess1 &
 ! isolation & b]eavem5t ( wid[hood are 
usually ov]balanc$ by woman's noble/    
virtue & c>e1 mat]nal love2 :]e !re is  
no su* outcome ne$$1 suicide fa/5s its  
fangs on ! m9d4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv4      
,,insanity ,,9 ,,relation ,,to          
,,suicide4   ,x is n my int5tion 9 ^!   
pages to ent] into a l5g!n$ discussion (
 ! once mu* debat$ "q z to :e!r suicide 
be inv>iably a pro( ( pre-exi/+         
insanity4  ,x is suffici5t = my purpose 

t a c]ta9 numb] ( suicides are def9itely
 insane1 & t 9 ^! cases ! act has be5   
committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( "s delusion f   
:i* ! pati5t 0 suff]+4 ,su* a "o may h  
be5 insane on a s+le po9t1 & no o!r2 or 
he may h be5 entirely dem5t$4  ,b !re   
c]ta9ly are o!r cases1 9 :i* no symptoms
 ( m5tal disease c be discov]$2 ei!r 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! deceas$1 or 9 8 rec5t       
actions1 appe>ance1 or conduct4 8,!re is
 no lunacy pres5t :]e ! s5se ( we>9ess (
 life is 9 exact relation to exi/+      
circum/ances2 :]e obvi\s moral causes   
exi/ :i* satisfactorily acc\nt = ! de$2 
:5 ! resolve has be5 fix$ delib]ately1 &
 might h be5 ab&on$ _h ! circum/ances   
become alt]$2 & 9 :i* we discov]1 aft]  
hone/ & imp>tial se>*1 no o!r sign or   
symptom ( m5tal d]angem5t4 ,:5 a man    
pref]s dissolution to a mis]able or     
contemptible life1 or "o full ( m5tal & 
physical ills1 ,morality & ,religion mu/
 *>ge him ) ! de$2 ,insanity ne$ n claim
 him = h] own40  ,! in/9ct (            
self-pres]vation is n s /rong z to      

prev5t m5 altoge!r f be+ tir$ ( life1 & 
seek+ _! own dea?s4 ,!y may h exhau/$   
all ! available s\rces ( pleasure1 _!   
bus9ess may h gone wrong1 or _! hon\r   
may h suff]$1 pov]ty & loss ( position  
may be at h&1 _! difficulties may seem  
entirely beyond _! p[] to surm\nt1 & !y 
calmly & delib]ately arrange to leave   
beh9d !m a life :i* has become          
unbe>able2 su* an act may be unwise1 &  
is c]ta9ly presumptu\s1 b x has 9 x no  
sign ( disease4  ,& aga91 ! exi/5ce (   
insanity _c be affirm$ 9 ^? suicides1   
:i* h tak5 place 9 e age ( ! _w1 & are n
 q obsolete ev5 n[1^? cases ( volunt>y  
dea? among natives ( unciviliz$         
c\ntries1 :i* =m a "p ( ei!r _!         
political1 social1 or religi\s          
in/itutions4  8,j z madness may exi/1   
)\t any idea ( suicide1 s suicide may   
take place1 ! effect ( a full & free    
det]m9ation1 =m$ by a heal?y m9d1 &     
execut$ ) ! coolness & complete sy/em ( 
precautions ( ! mo/ p]fect logic10 says 
,maudsley1 & he c>ries ) him ! great] "p

 ( high] class m$ical op9ion4  ,all our 
necessities1 our desires1 & our         
passions1 produce a m5tal & bodily      
/ruggle2 e want ( man1 ?\gh necess>y to 
8 p]fection1 involves victims to m5tal  
failure1 & consequ5tly ei!r to crime or 
suicide4 ,ev5 religion is frequ5tly f\nd
 to lead to disord] ( intellect1 f too  
great ab/raction ( ?\ght f our e>?ly    
duties2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 m5tal failure
 is (t5 %ewn by religion becom+ s       
absorb+ a !me t x causes a pati5t to    
=get 8 worldly responsibilities4  ,!    
foll[+ au?orities1 :o h specially /udi$ 
! /ate ( m9d 9 cases ( volunt>y dea?1   
incl9$ to ! doctr9e t all suicides are  
insane3 ,esquirol1 ,falret1 ,b\rd91     
,w9sl[1 ,*evrey1 ,fod]1 & ,davey4  ,=bes
 ,w9sl[ especially 0 ! *ampion ( ?is    
op9ion2 he di/9ctly wrote1 no heal?y m9d
 ev] p]mitt$ ! act2 b !n 9 8 "t a wave (
 special t5d]ness to all crim9als       
ov]%ad[$ ! c\ntry2 & exi/s ev5 n[1 = our
 paup]s are f> less well c>$ = ?an our  
gaol birds4  ,m4 ,fod]1 ,pr(essor (     

,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce at ,/rasburg1 us$ 
to say ( volunt>y dea?1 8a suicide mu/  
be insane20 b ?is 0 a colloquial rem>k1 
r ?an a m$ical dogma4  ,m4 ,falret1 9 8 
treatise on 8,suicide &                 
,hypo*ondriasis10 says1 8suicide is     
necess>ily an act ( delirium20 p]haps x 
is to a m$ical man :o consid]s          
hypo*ondriasis & hy/]ia to be insanity4 
,9 ! ye> #aggg ?is "q ( ! co9cid5ce (   
suicide ) insanity 0 gravely argu$ be=e 
! ,p>liam5t at ,p>is1 b ! decision 0 put
 aside on a "q ( =m1 & nev] settl$ by   
!m4  ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,davey read an essay  
be=e ! ,ba? & ,bri/ol ,bran* ( ! ,briti%
 ,m$ical ,association a few ye>s back1 9
 :i* he prov$ to 8 own satisfaction t   
8suicide is at all times1 & "u all      
circum/ances1 ! effect ( a positive bra9
 disease20 b 8 argum5ts fail to expla9 !
 cases :]e two p]sons commit ! act      
toge!r2 are we to suppose su* disease ( 
bra9 to be contagi\s8 ,he m5tions su* a 
case1 b )\t explanation4 ,see ,asylum   
,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 vol4 vii4     

#ajh1 & xvi4 #djf4  ,x may be only a    
co9cid5ce1 b x is a fact1 t almo/ )\t   
exception ! support]s ( ! !ory t all    
suicides are insane h be5 m$ical        
att5dants 9 asylums4  ,closely connect$ 
) uns\ndness ( m9d is ! disease epilepsy
 & its consequ5ces2 z is well kn[n1 !   
less viol5t =ms1 ^? 9 :i* ! convulsive  
seizures are less obvi\s1 are m liable  
to end 9 m5tal impairm5t1 & !nce 9      
suicide1 ?an are ! m well-develop$ cases
 ( convulsion4 ,& among ! modes (       
exhibit+ its effects1 x mu/ n be =gott5 
t epilepsy is 9 "s cases apt to %[      
itself1 n 9 a physical spasm b 9 a n]ve 
/orm1 bur/ ( passion1 & :at n3 comp>e ! 
op9ion ( ,tr\sseau1 9 8,l',union        
,m$icale10 #ahfa2 he says3  8,x may ev5 
safely be ass]t$ t if a man :o has      
pres5t$ no previ\s m5tal di/urbance1 or 
any sign ( lunacy or furor1 is n "u !   
influ5ce ( alcohol1 or any o!r drug1    
commit murd] or suicide1 he is          
epileptic1 & has suff]$ a complete      
p>oxysm1 or has _h epileptic v]tigo40   

,?is v sweep+ ass]tion does n comm5d    
itself to me1 nor is x1 s f> z ,i c     
asc]ta91 g5]ally accept$ z reliable2 x  
is too f> rea*+ & dogmatic2 x is "o ?+  
to believe epilepsy may be reveal$ by a 
bur/ ( viol5ce1 & q ano!r ?+ to decide t
 e act ( sudd5 passion is epilepsy1     
i4e41 disease1 & !re=e blameless4       
,bl&=d1 9 8 "w on 8,insanity10 /ates3   
8,t sane p commit suicide is a fact t   
mu/ be app>5t to e "o :o ex]cises common
 s5se 9 look+ ^u ! subject4 ,! hundr$s (
 poor p]sons :o are br\ght to our       
hospitals1 half dr[n$1 or ) ?roats half 
cut1 are n insane 9 any m$ical s5se ( ! 
^w4 ,( c\rse !re are insane p]sons :o   
are suicidal40  ,m4 ,leuret             
epigrammatically sums up ! causes (     
self-murd] 9 ! ?ree words1 madness1     
want1 & crime4  ,! 8,lancet10 9 ! autumn
 ( la/ ye>1 9 an editorial article1     
rem>k$3  8,)\t hair-splitt+1 ! great    
majority ( suicides are p]fectly well   
aw>e ( ! nature ( ! act !y are p]=m+1 & 
d a de$ ) a s f> intellig5t purpose (   

escap+ f a mis]y :i* seems un5durable1  
or because ( "s t]ror or %ame t = ! "t  
ov]:elms4  8,x is he>t-break+ &         
bra9-te>+ tr\ble t causes x1 9 ! 7hope  
or7 belief t dy+ is sleep1 or et]nal    
oblivion40  ,dr4 ,gray1 9 ! ,am]ican    
,j\rnal ( ,insanity1 vol4 xxxiv41       
writes1 9 reg>d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3     
8,suicide is always an unnatural act1 b 
9 ! l>ge proportion ( cases1 if n 9 !   
majority1 x is committ$ by sane p40     
,bucknill & ,tuke1 8,psy*ological       
,m$ic9e10 /ate def9itely1 8x _c be      
disput$ t suicide may be done 9 a       
p]fectly heal?y /ate ( m9d10 444 8nei!r 
c x be d\bt$ t x is ! effect ( a        
c]ebro-m5tal disease 9 _m cases40  ,m4  
,f4 ,dabadie1 ! au?or ( a fam\s ,fr5* "w
 on ,suicide1 rem>ks1 8if physiologi/s  
_h endeav\r$ simply to e/abli% t suicide
 0 frequ5tly a sign ( madness1 no "o    
w\ld h d5i$ !m2 b to pret5d1 z "s ,fr5* 
physiologi/s h done1 t e suicide is     
insane1 is to insult hi/ory & common    
s5se1 & to expose oneself to ridicule40 

,des ,etangs1 9 8 "w1 8,suicide 9       
,france1 f #aghi to #ahfj10 analyses &  
reviews ! causation ( #baj1jjj cases2 he
 is fully conv9c$ ( ! v l>ge numb] (    
p]sons :o kill !mselves f sane motives1 
& ) a sane m9d4  ,he n>rates num]\s     
in/ances 9 :i* suicides h left _!       
reasons = ! act1 writt5 out at l5g?1 &  
^! reasons1 9 mo/ cases1 %ew 8une       
lucidit p>faite40  ,m4 ,littr rem>ks1   
8,qu& un homme expose clairem5t les     
raisons qui l'emp*5t de vivre plus      
longtemps1 et qu& ces raisons sont reles
 et non pas imag9aires1 quel motif      
y-a-t-il de lui d5i] la lib]t morale1   
telle que n\s la connaissons *ez *acun  
de n\s80  ,9 ?is place may suitably be  
m5tion$ ! sad dea? ( ! ,afghan surgeon  
,mahom$ ,ismail ,khan1 :o _h /udi$      
m$ic9e 9 ,engl&1 _h tak5 8 diplomas1 &  
_h !n f\nd all av5ues to mak+ a liv+ 9  
,engl& clos$ to him on acc\nt ( 8       
nationality1 col\r1 c4 7he c\ld n return
 to 8 ,indian home1 hav+ lo/ ca/e !re72 
he1 poor fell[1 aft] mak+ repeat$ ef=ts 

to obta9 a situation t w\ld support him1
 & aft] hav+ exhau/$ 8 private means1   
drank prussic acid 9 b$ at 8 lodg+s4 ,he
 left beh9d him a long & detail$ hi/ory 
( himself1 end+ 9 a diss]tation on      
suicide & its p]missibility4  ,?is      
essay1 f its great m$ical & psy*ological
 int]e/1 0 (f]$ to ! editor ( "o ( our  
lead+ m$ical j\rnals = publication1 b   
?is 0 decl9$1 on ! gr\nd t ! argum5ts 9 
fav\r ( suicide 7 s delusive t x w\ld be
 a public error to dissem9ate !m4       
,hi/ory repeats itself1 = ,i f9d        
,voltaire n>rates t he knew a           
pr(essional man :o1 be=e kill+ himself1 
wrote an essay on suicide1 & s5t x =    
publication to ! au?orities ( 8 native  
t[n1 9 #agfi2 ! t[n c\ncil refus$ to    
publi% x1 assign+ z _! reason1 t x w\ld 
enc\rage m5 to quit a life1 ( :i* s mu* 
ill c\ld be said4  ,x may be /at$ "h1 z 
a g5]alization1 t :il/ ! m$ium c\rse (  
life is ! safe/1 ! extremes ( ri*es &   
indulg5ce1 & _! rev]se1 pov]ty &        
asceticism1 bo? increase ! suicide rate 

9 ab\t an equal proportion4  ,po/-mortem
 exam9ation has n z yet disclos$ any    
def9ite bra9 lesion1 ev5 9 positive     
insanity1 s t ! discov]y ( a bra9 blemi%
 associat$ ) suicide is h>dly to be     
expect$4 ,!re h n be5 any l>ge numb] (  
inve/igations into ! po/-mortem         
appe>ances ( ! bra9 9 dea?s f suicide 9 
?is c\ntry2 9 ,wurtemburg1 h[ev]1 = two 
ye>s1 #ahgc-ahge1 a special exam9ation 0
 ord]$ 9 all cases ( suicide 9 ! insane1
 )\t any v valuable result be+ arriv$   
at1 viz41 def9ite lesions ( ! bra9 exi/$
 9 #de p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 def9ite       
disease ( o!r organs 9 #af p] c5t41 &   
negative results 9 #ci p] c5t4          
,bucknill & ,tuke divide insane suicides
 into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,! monomania (  
self de/ruction2 #b4 ,9 melan*olia1 dea?
 is *os5 z ! less] evil2 #c4            
,delusional1 z :5 ! suff]] he>s a voice 
comm&+ him to act on its behe/s4  ,x mu/
 n be =gott5 t ! crim9al law ( ,engl&   
all[s ! possibility ( a lunatic committ+
 a murd] 9 a lucid int]val2 & s also a  

lunatic may be held to kill himself 9 a 
lucid int]val4   ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,lunacy4
  ,! special symptoms ( ea* =m ( madness
 w on consid]ation be f\nd suffici5t to 
acc\nt = difficulties 9 =m+ any?+ l an  
accurate e/imate ( ! relative am\nt (   
suicide 9 ea* ( its =ms4 ,= example1 9  
mania1 sudd5 outbur/s ( viol5ce may ei!r
 end 9 in/ant self-de/ruction1 or !     
sudd5 viol5ce causes su* precautions to 
be at once tak51 t suicide is n         
practicable4 ,9 melan*olia ! *ances ( a 
self-inflict$ dea? be+ all[$ to occur1  
are mu* great]1 because ! pati5t is     
in(f5sive1 & ! disease is ( long        
cont9uance2 ! suff]] has (t5 daily      
opportunities = mon?s2 & ?us we f9d     
melan*olia cr$it$ ) ! l>ge/ numb]4 ,9   
monomaniacs1 aga91 ! project ( suicide  
is (t5 matur$ 9 _! bra9s1 :il/ !y hide  
_! delusions2 until a sudd5 outbur/ (   
suicide or crime />tles ! relations1 :o 
h only be5 say+ to ea* o!r j be=e1 8!   
pati5t is safe en\gh1 ! only ?+ ! matt] 
) him is ! pres5ce ( a delusion40  ,to  

imbecility1 aga91 we d n f9d _m cases   
allott$2 ! imbecile has n m9d en\gh to  
feel 8 grievances suffici5tly /rong to  
make him ex]t himself to end !m4  ,9 !  
,reports ( ! ,engli% ,lunacy            
,commission]s ! cases ( dem5tia are     
subdivid$ into two classes1 ord9>y &    
s5ile1 ea* giv+ ab\t z _m cases z mania4
  ,ab]crombie rem>k$1 t ! mo/ /rik+     
peculi>ity ( melan*olia is ! prop5sity  
to self-murd]2 "u a conviction (        
ov]:elm+ & helpless mis]y1 ! feel+ (    
life to be a burd51 arises2 & ?is is    
succe$$ by a det]m9ation to quit x4 ,a  
s+ul> modification is sometimes se51 9  
:i* ) ! desire ( dea?1 !re exi/s a s5se 
( ! s9 ( suicide2 & to avoid ?is s91    
ano!r idea arises1 viz41 to br+ ab\t !  
dea? by committ+ a murd]1 & s to be     
execut$4 ,sev]al in/ances h be5         
describ$1 9 :i* ! insane murd]] has     
di/9ctly av[$ ?is process ( reason+1    
disclaim+ any malice aga9/ ! p]son he _h
 kill$1 :o by ! way 0 g5]ally a *ild1 & 
9 "o case ! reason = *oos+ a *ild 0 also

 expla9$ by ! lunatic1 :i* 0 to avoid ! 
risk ( s5d+ out ( ! _w a p]son 9 a /ate 
( unrep5t$ s94  ,9 ! nor?-we/]n & c5tral
 p>ts ( ,europe madness & suicide       
co9cide 9 int5sity4  ,osi&] /at$ t !    
scale ( madness among ! ,european /ates 
has mu* resemblance to ! comp>ative     
suicide rates4  ,on an approximate      
e/imation ,i f9d t ! ,g]manic /ock has  
#b madm5 p] #a1jjj p]sons1 !            
,celtic-,lat9 has #a madman p] #a1jjj   
p]sons1 ! ,slavonic has #jf only4  ,x is
 e/imat$ t !re are ab\t #cjj1jjj mad    
p]sons 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ( :om ,g]many1     
,france1 & ,engl&1 give ! great] numb]4 
,! ,fr5* & ,italian /ati/ics ( insane   
suicides are n subdivid$1 & s are n     
available to %[ ! relative proportions (
 ! =ms ( insanity2 ! ,g]man numb]s give 
! foll[+ result 9 rec5t ye>s1 #ahge et  
seq43                              ,p]  
,c5t4   ,,=ms ,,( ,,lunacy4             
,males4  ,females4      ,religi\s mania 
#jg     #jf   ,monomania           #jf  
#je   ,melan*olia        #fhg     #fi   

,bra9 fev]         #e      #bh   ,mania 
#ea     #bf   ,imbecility          #eg  
#ej   ,unnam$            #adb     #aie  
,) reg>d to our own c\ntry1 ! la/       
,report ( ! ,lunacy ,commission]s =     
,engl& & ,wales %[s t ( #ac1eha pati5ts 
admitt$ to ! regi/] ( lunatics = #ahhb1 
#c1hgg 7 /at$ to h a suicidal prop5sity1
 viz41 #a1ghe1 or #bfh p] c5t4 ( !      
males2 & #b1jib1 or #cjb p] c5t4 ( !    
females4  ,! total numb] ( lunatics 9   
*>ge = ! ye> #ahhb 0 #gf1gfe1 & ( ^! #ag
 committ$ suicide3 #aj males & #d       
females 9 asylums1 #a male be=e         
admission1 & #a male & #a female :ile   
8on leave40 ,!re 7 #ag suicides also 9 !
 ye> #ahha4 ,?is small numb] ( actual   
dea?s speaks volumes = ! c>e & att5tion 
:i* mu/ be be/[$ on ! suicidal pati5ts4 
,! proportion ( suicidal t5d5cy 0 high] 
among paup] ?an among well-to-d         
lunatics4  ,! highe/ rate ( suicidal    
prop5sity 0 f\nd 9 cases ( melan*olia1 a
 proportion ( #eg1 comp>$ to mania #ba1 
ord9>y dem5tia #af1 s5ile dem5tia #ae1 &

 idiocy #h4  ,! /ates ( family life gave
 ^! proportions3 m>riage #cb1 celibacy  
#bd1 & wid[hood #bi1 & ( m>ri$ p]sons1 m
 females ?an males4  ,! ,report also    
subdivides ^! cases ) respect to !      
causes assign$ = ! insanity2 ! foll[+ 7 
! mo/ f]tile causes1 ) ! relative       
proportions3  ,dome/ic tr\ble1 #ig      
7twice z _m females z males72 adv]se    
circum/ances1 #fj2 ov]work1 worry1 #ge2 
religi\s excitem5t1 #cf2 love affairs1  
#ai2 n]v\s %ock1 #ad2 alcoholic excess1 
#aba 7n9ete5 males to six females72     
sexual excess1 #je2 sun/roke1 #jg2      
v5]eal disease1 #jc2 self-abuse1 #aj2   
accid5ts1 #cb2 pregnancy & p>turition1  
#cf2 *ange ( life 7females71 #bi2       
privation1 #bj2 old age1 #cj2 bodily    
disease1 #aaj2 h]$it>y transmission1    
#bbh2 & previ\s attacks1 #aeh4  ,9      
,engl& x is n practicable to =m any     
reliable e/imate ( ! true proportion (  
insane suicides1 z comp>$ ) ^? occurr+ f
 disease & m5tal tr\ble4 ,on ! ,cont95t 
an attempt is made 9 mo/ ,/ates to      

assign ! proportion2 b x is easy to po9t
 out ! difficulty ( ! task & ! num]\s   
errors t are liable to creep into su*   
calculations4 ,! foll[+ rates p] #a1jjj 
suicides h be5 publi%$ 9 ! 8,asylum     
,j\rnal10 vol4 #bg3 ,france1 #cjj insane
 p] #a1jjj2 ,belgium1 #dgj2 ,prussia1   
#ccc2 ,italy1 #cdc2 & ,bav>ia1 #cdb4    
,m4 ,prvo/1 9 a le>n$ inve/igation (    
cases ( volunt>y dea?1 e/imat$ t #ah p] 
c5t4 occurr$ 9 insane p]sons4  ,i h made
 c>eful inve/igation into all ! cases ( 
suicide :i* ,i h obs]v$1 & all ^? cases 
^u :i* ,i h held inque/s1 z ! ,deputy = 
,dr4 ,dan=d ,?omas1 9 ,middlesex1 & ,i h
 f\nd t 9 #bj p] c5t4 only _h ! deceas$ 
ev] exhibit$ symptoms ( insanity obvi\s 
to ! fri5ds & relations4  ,! suicide    
rates ( ! great ,g]man lunatic asylums  
are high] ?an ^? ( our ,engli% ones4    
,dr4 ,lw5h>dt1 ( ! great asylum at      
,sa*s5burg1 /ates t ! av]age numb] (    
suicidal dea?s 9 t in/itution is #e p]  
c5t41 a l>ge proportion2 = 9 ! asylum ( 
,ill5au #c p] c5t4 only kill$ !mselves1 

& 9 ! asylum ( ,halle1 only #ag p] c5t4 
,! v>y+ rates ( suicidal dea? 9 asylums 
dep5d v mu* on ! qualities ( ! nurses on
 ! /aff1 & on ! relative numb] ( pati5ts
 atta*$ to ea* att5dant1 = no?+ b a     
con/ant & lynx-ey$ survey w prev5t !    
self-de/ruction ( a l>ge proportion (   
lunatics1 :5 !y h a wave ( suicidal     
t5d5cy pass+ ov] _! m9ds4     ,,*apt]   
,,xv4  ,,epidemic ,,suicide2 ,,suicide  
,,f ,,imitation1 ,,& ,,desire ,,=       
,,notoriety4   ,9 relation to lunacy &  
m5tal di/urbance1 ,i mu/ n[ ref] to ! "q
 ( ,epidemic & ,imitational ,suicide4   
,no crime seems to h s /rong a t5d5cy to
 spread by example & imitation z ?is "o4
 ,epidemics h occurr$ on _m occasions1 &
 ,i h already m5tion$ an epidemic (     
suicide tak+ place among ! soldi]s (    
,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus4  ,at ,alex&ria1 9 ! 
"t ( ! ,ptolemies1 an epidemic 0        
orig9at$ by ,hegesias ! philosoph]1 :o  
disc\rs$ s eloqu5tly on ! num]\s trials 
( ?is life & ! pleasures ( dea?1 t      
numb]s ( p]sons de/roy$ !mselves2 & !   

philosoph] 0 bani%$4  ,:5 ,xan?us1 a    
city ( ,lycia1 0 conqu]$ by ,brutus1 !  
citiz5s slew !mselves by hundr$s4  ,at  
,miletus ! wom5 committ$ suicide 9 l>ge 
numb]s1 because _! husb&s & lov]s 7     
deta9$ by ! w>s3 !y hang$ !mselves2 !   
fr5zy 0 *eck$ by an edict t _! bodies 7 
to be dragg$ nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,o!r  
examples ( :olesale suicide are %[n by !
 p ( ,sidon1 :o burn$ _! city & !mselves
 :5 besieg$ by ,artax]xes ,o*us1 by !   
,tyrians :5 conqu]$ by ,alex&]1 & by !  
,a*eans :5 defeat$ by ,metellus4  ,at   
,m>seilles1 an old hi/orian records t at
 "o "t ! "y wom5 made x q a habit to    
kill !mselves :5 _! lov]s 7 n con/ant to
 !m47,esquirol47  ,l>ge numb]s (        
suicides 7 committ$ by ,*ri/ians 9 !    
t]rible times ( p]secution 9 ! reigns ( 
,n]o1 ,decius1 & ,diocletian4  ,9 !     
danc+ mania & ! follies ( ,t>antulism 9 
,naples1 betwe5 #aejj & #afjj1 ! pati5ts
 (t5 ?rong$ 9 cr[ds to ! sea %ore1 &    
ru%$ s++ into ! waves1 z ,lecky n>rates4
  ,an epidemic ( dr[n+ affect+ wom5     

alone also occurr$ at ,lyons2 ^! cases  
_h no app>5t cause2 x 0 *eck$ by an ord]
 to expose all ! bodies nak$ 9 ! m>ket4 
,see ,spon1 8,hi/oire de la ,ville de   
,lyon10 #afgf1 & ,prim]osius ,jacobus1  
8,de muli]um morbis10 #affe4  ,syd5ham  
is ! au?ority = ! /atem5t t suicide     
prevail$ to an al>m+ degree 9 ,mansfield
 9 ! ye> #afig2 & at ,v]sailles1 9      
#agic1 #cjj p]sons kill$ !mselves4 ,at  
,r\5 9 #ahjf1 at ,/uttg>dt 9 #ahaa1     
epidemics occurr$4 ,9 ,valois an        
epidemic ( hang+ took place 9 #ahac1 see
 ,syd5ham1 8,complete ,works10 vol4 ii4 
,9 ,july & ,augu/ #ahjf1 #cjj p]sons    
committ$ suicide 9 ,cop5hag52 ^! cases  
=m$ a di/9ctly m>k$ epidemic4 ,suicide  
is almo/ epidemic1 or endemic1 9        
connection ) ! disease ,pellagra 9      
,italy1 ,spa91 & ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,x is
 said t "o-?ird ( ! victims ( ?is       
disease kill !mselves4 ,?is sc\rge      
appe>s to be a n]v\s affection1         
associat$ ) ery!ma & deg5]ation ( ! sk91
 & dep5d5t p>tly on ! effect ( ! sun1   

especially 9 spr+1 & p>tly on !         
consumption ( unheal?y maize z food2 its
 mo/ usual t]m9ation is 9 dem5tia4      
,gr\ps ( ,suicides f ,imitation1 almo/  
am\nt+ to m9ute epidemics1 h occurr$ f  
sev]al *ur*es1 monum5ts1 & elevat$      
/ructures1 _! great height be+ !        
inc5tive to ! victim to ?r[ himself (f2 
su* are ! ,duomo ( ,milan1 ,/4 ,pet]'s  
at ,rome1 ! ,campanile ( ,giotto1       
,flor5ce1 ! ,v5dme ,column1 ,p>is1 !    
,monum5t1 ,london1 ! ,susp5sion ,bridge 
at ,clifton1 & ! ,ar*way at ,highgate2 f
 ?is la/ viaduct1 :i* is protect$ only  
by a l[ wall1 !re h be5 f\r suicides 9 z
 _m mon?s2 9 response to repeat$        
repres5tations f ,dr4 ,dan=d ,?omas &   
myself1 ! ,local ,bo>d h at la/ und]tak5
 to put up a rail+ on ?is bridge4  ,aft]
 ! suicide ( ,"l ,ca/l]eagh1 a l>ge     
numb] ( p]sons put an end to _! lives 9 
! same mann]4 ,sev]al imitational       
suicides & suicidal attempts occurr$ 9  
#ahda1 foll[+ ! dr[n+ ( a "y woman 9 !  
,?ames4 ,%e left a lett] beh9d h]1      

expla9+ h] un=tunate love affairs2 h]   
case made a great noise at ! "t1 & mu*  
public fuss & public sympa?y 7 %ewn on  
h] behalf1 & no d\bt l$ to h]           
successors' dea?s4  ,aft] a trag$y at   
,p5tonville1 9 #ahdb1 9 :i* a man cut ! 
?roats ( 8 *ildr5 & !n committ$ suicide 
himself1 !re 7 )9 a week two simil>     
cases4  ,at a meet+ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy (
 ,m$ic9e1 #ahbg1 ,dr4 ,co/el relat$ t1 9
 ,p>is1 at ! ,hotel des ,invalides1 a   
soldi] hav+ hung himself on a po/1 8    
example 0 9 a v %ort "t foll[$ by twelve
 o!r invalid$ soldi]s4 ,! po/ 0 remov$1 
& !re 7 no m cases 9 ! build+ = a       
consid]able p]iod4  ,legoyt n>rates t ! 
drama ( 8,*att]ton10 by ,m4 de ,vigny1  
:5 p]=m$ 9 ,p>is1 caus$ _m p]sons to    
kill !mselves 9 imitation ( ! h]o2 & he 
ass]ts t ! same effect has foll[$1 9    
,france1 ! /udy ( ,ugo ,foscolo's       
8,jacopo ,ortis10 ,byron's 8,manfr$10   
,*ateaubri&'s 8,r510 ,con/ant's         
8,adolphus10 & ,lam>t9e's 8,raphael40   
,dr4 ,ebr>d1 9 8,le ,suicide10 #ahgj1   

condemns ! tea*+ ( ! /ories ( ! ,/oics &
 _! suicides to s*oolboys1 ?9k+ x       
blamewor?y to famili>ise ! y\?ful m9d ) 
! idea ( self-de/ruction4  ,9 ,g]many1  
_m ref]5ces 9 ! lit]ature ( our "t may  
be f\nd1 9 :i* ! /udy ( ,pessimism1!    
doctr9es ( ,s*op5hau] 7d4 #ahfj71 are   
blam$ = decoy+ m5 to self-de/ruction4   
,! foll[+ notice is cut f a newspap]1   
,april #ahhe3   ,no less ?an sev5       
suicides effect$ or attempt$ 7 report$ 9
  ,p>is "o day la/ week4 ,at five 9 !   
morn+1 a pack+-case mak]  9 ! ,faub\rg  
,/4 ,m>t91 nam$ ,rozette1 took a dose ( 
laudanum1  & 0 remov$ to a hospital 9 a 
critical /ate2 at sev51 a  mess5g] 0    
f\nd hang+ 9 8 lodg+s at an hotel 9 !   
,rue  de ,*>tres2 ab\t ! same "t a      
conci]ge at #af1 ,rue ,*algr91  committ$
 suicide ) *>coal2 at eight1 a retir$   
tradesman1 ag$  #fb1 kill$ himself by   
fir+ a revolv] 9 8 m\?2 at "o1 a man    
liv+ 9 ! ,place de la ,*apelle1 /abb$   
himself ) a %oemak]'s  knife2 at f\r1 a 
port] at ! ,c5tral ,m>kets %ot himself )

  a revolv]2 & la/ly1 at t5 9 ! ev5+1 a 
tailor1 liv+ at  ! ,rue ,bonap>te1 %ot  
himself twice 9 ! head :ile rid+ 9 a    
cab4,galignani4  ,i h reason to believe 
t x is p]fectly true 7al?\gh x has be5  
d5i$7 t a v consid]able numb] ( ,fr5*   
(fic]s & m5 slew !mselves 9 ! confusion 
& headlong retreat :i* foll[$ ! g5]al   
advance ( ! ,engli% l9e1 at ! close ( ! 
battle ( ,wat]loo1 :5 ! confusion 0 made
 worse conf\nd$ by ! additional         
onslaught ( ! ,prussians f ! flank4  ,m4
 ,legoyt also n>rates ?is /atem5t z     
au!ntic1 & !re is no inh]5t             
improbability 9 x1 if we consid] t among
 ^? :o fl$1 7 ! 8,old ,gu>d0 :o _h nev] 
kn[n defeat4  ,! love ( notoriety also  
comes 9 = m5tion 9 ?is place4 ,"o man   
has kill$ himself by atta*+ 8 body to a 
rocket1 & !n sett+ fire to ! fuse2 no?+ 
b a desire to be notori\s seems to      
expla9 ?is action4 ,ano!r man ?rew      
himself into ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 
,emp$ocles1 ! philosoph]1 ?rew himself  
into ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,etna4  ,soon aft] 

! dea? ( ,miss ,moyes ! fir/ ( a s]ies (
 suicides f ! ,monum5t1 ,london1 ,elam  
n>rates t a lad took poison ) ! int5t to
 kill himself2 :5 que/ion$ by ! police1 
he answ]$1 8,i wi%$ to be talk$ ab\t1 l 
! woman :o ?rew h]self (f ! ,monum5t40  
,& ?is is a v fair example ( _m in/ances
 ( volunt>y dea?1 b :e!r x =ms a good   
public policy to call ^? suff]]s insane 
is que/ionable3 p]sonally1 ,i ?9k t su* 
p]sons are enc\rag$ by ! neglect to     
/igmatise !m z crim9als4  ,x is n e     
suicide f a dang]\s height t is caus$ by
 imitation2 !re does und\bt$ly exi/ a   
peculi> =m ( fasc9ation1 apt to arise f 
a s5se ( insecurity1 su* z occurs to a  
p]son /&+ on a cliff or a h\se top1 & ,i
 am conv9c$ t ?is fasc9ation does cause 
_m involunt>y suicides4  ,m5tal debility
 is a cause ( x1 & s is dyspepsia1 & ,i 
expect t l lack ( c\rage x is a matt] ( 
lack ( heal?4 ,o!r =ms ( ?is weakness   
are occasionally se52 "s m5 d>e n tru/  
!mselves ) a razor1 & o!rs h a t]ror (  
h&l+ a revolv]4  ,improvem5t ( heal?1   

/rong m5tal ef=t1 & cu/om remove ^!     
unpleasant feel+s4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi4   
,,bodily ,,diseases2 ,,insomnia1        
,,spiritualism1 ,,h]$ity1 ,,&           
,,alcoholism4   ,incurable bodily       
diseases1 & ! accompany+ pa9 ( "s o!r   
disord]s1 are n uncommon causes ( a     
volunt>y dea?4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t     
incurable diseases are ev5 m p[]ful z a 
cause ?an v pa9ful ones4  ,! heavy      
volunt>y dea? rate ( p]sons afflict$ )  
pellagra has be5 already notic$1 z has !
 dictum ( ,pl9y t ! pres5ce ( /one 9 !  
bladd] con/itutes a fair reason =       
self-de/ruction4 ,n long ago ,i held an 
inque/ on ! body ( a m$ical man :o hung 
himself to avoid ! pa9 & worry ( an     
app>5tly incurable /ricture ( ! ure?ra4 
,cont95tal /ati/icians h calculat$ t    
bodily disease causes #h p] c5t4 (      
,italian suicides1 #ac p] c5t4 ( ,fr5*1 
#aj p] c5t4 ( ,norwegian1 & #ab p] c5t4 
( ,prussian suicides4 ,^! are volunt>y  
dea?s1 n dea?s dur+ delirium accompany+ 
disease4  ,loss ( sight1 & loss ( he>+1 

are bo? causes ( increas$ suicide rate2 
9 ,prussia x has be5 e/imat$ t p]sons   
hav+ suff]$ su* deprivation contribute a
 rate almo/ d\ble t ( p]sons n s        
afflict$4   ,,insomnia4  ,closely       
connect$ ) m5tal & bodily disord]s z a  
cause ( suicide is sleeplessness1 ap>t f
 organic disease4 ,!re is1 ,i suppose1  
no?+ m try+ to ! s5sations1 & no?+ m    
exhau/+ to ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?an ?is       
symptom4 ,its t5d5cy to become habitual1
 & to become m & m complete1 are its    
h>ass+ qualities4 ,i h held inque/s on  
cases di/9ctly ref]able to ! mis]y caus$
 by want ( sleep4  ,t sleeplessness is  
an important factor 9 produc+ suicide is
 po9t$ out v =cibly by ,dr4 ,jos4       
,williams 9 an article 9 ! 8,lancet0 (  
#ahej4 8,bus9ess m5 especially apply to 
_! doctors = ?is ailm5t1 & _! reque/ is 
(t5 answ]$ by a little anti-dyspeptic   
mixture1 :]eas a p[]ful s$ative = a few 
nights1 until re/ & *ange c be arrang$  
=1 w\ld be ! means ( pres]v+ life40  ,! 
8,m$ical ,times & ,gazette10 #ahgb1 9   

ref]r+ to two simil> dea?s f suicide1 ^?
 ( ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,willes & ,hugh ,mill] !
 ,geologi/1 insi/$ also on ! necessity (
 procur+ sleep & re/ = worri$ m51 & s   
did good s]vice4   ,,alcohol4  ,)\t d\bt
 ! habitual use ( alcohol to excess is a
 v f]tile suicide prompt]1 & x is f\nd t
 ! /rong] ! =m ( alcohol us$1 ! m (t5   
crime & suicide are produc$2 su* are z  
r>e :5 ! light w9es are drunk1 z !y are 
frequ5t among _s dr9k]s4  ,luni]1 ,ann4 
,m$4 ,psy*ol41 #ahgb1 calculat+ !       
results 9 #gi dep>tm5ts1 /ates t ! am\nt
 ( crime 9 ,france is 9 direct          
proportion to ! consumption ( alcohol1 &
 s are ! rates ( lunacy & suicide4 ,z a 
mean ( ! e/imates ( _m obs]v]s1 ab\t    
"o-eigh? ( all suicides are directly    
caus$ by alcohol4 ,x produces suicide 9 
sev]al ways2 9 a fit ( drunk5ness1 dur+ 
delirium trem5s1 by caus+ mania or      
melan*olia1 or by lead+ to complete     
imbecility4  ,suicides due to alcoholic 
poison+1 & alcoholic m9d failure1 are   
inde$ se5 among ^? :o are too ri* to    

require to "w at all1 or to be regul>ly 
at "w2 b ! greate/ am\nt ( disease &    
dea? due to alcohol exi/s among ! poor1 
& especially among ! poor ( our great   
cities2 a v l>ge numb] ( ^! sp5d almo/ !
 :ole ( _! small e>n+s 9 poison\s dr9ks4
 ,! radical rem$y = suicide caus$ by ?is
 =m ( indulg5ce is d\btless ! improvem5t
 ( ! intellectual & moral /atus1 !      
cultivation ( habits ( ?rift1 economy1 &
 =esight4 ,if ! humble me*anic c\ld only
 be l$ to ! conviction ( ! p>am\nt      
necessity ( assur+ himself aga9/        
accid5ts1 disease1 & old age1 & ( avoid+
 ! degradation ( becom+ *>geable dur+   
su* mis=tunes to ! means ( o!rs :o h    
provid$ su* /ore1 he w\ld neglect !     
gross indulg5ces ( ! sot1 = ! self-e/eem
 & hon\r aris+ f a consci\sness ( hav+  
work$ :ile x 0 yet day1 & laid up a /ore
 = ! evil h\rs :i* d s surely come4  ,! 
dr9k "q is "o1 h[ev]1 :i* is n[ s       
frequ5tly br\ght to our notice1 by our  
wor?y teetotal & temp]ance fri5ds1 t ,i 
am sure ,i ne$ n occupy mu* space 9     

discuss+ ! am\nt ( self-de/ruction caus$
 by alcohol1 directly or indirectly1    
?r\gh debau*]y1 loss ( money1 position1 
or self-respect4   ,,h]$ity4  ,!        
influ5ce ( ,h]$it>y ,pr$isposition is "o
 ( surpass+ int]e/1 b is also ano!r ( ^?
 causes ( :i* x is v difficult to       
procure accurate /ati/ics2 & v few      
c\ntries h z yet giv5 any data 9        
connection ) x4  ,relations ( suicides  
are apt to be v retic5t ( confess+ to   
lunacy 9 _! families1 & x is h]$it>y    
m5tal failure1 lunacy1 epilepsy1        
dipsomania1 c41 :i* are ! =]unn]s ( a   
future dea? by suicide4  ,9 ,bav>ia     
alone has an ef=t be5 made to e/imate   
h]$it>y influ5ce2 f #aheg-ff1 we are    
told x 0 %ewn to exi/ 9 #ac p] c5t4 (   
all volunt>y dea?s1 s9ce !n 9 #ah p]    
c5t4  ,voltaire n>rates t he knew a     
pr(essional man1 8 bro!r1 & ! fa!r (    
bo?1 :o all kill$ !mselves at ! same    
age1 9 ! same mann]4  ,bucknill & ,tuke 
give examples ( suicide f h]$it>y       
insanity1 & rem>k1 8t !y ab\nd20 simil> 

cases w be f\nd describ$ 9 almo/ all    
works treat+ ( insanity4  ,falret gives 
sev]al cases1 = example3,9 "o1 a        
gr&mo!r1 "m1 & gr&*ild1 kill$ !mselves4 
,9 ano!r1 five sons & "o daught]1 ( a   
que/ionably sane fa!r1 all committ$ !   
act4  ,gries+] gives u an example3,a man
 & 8 wife became insane1 he hung himself
 & %e dr[n$ h]self2 "o daught] poison$  
h]self1 a son /rangl$ himself1 & ano!r  
daught] ?rew h]self (f a h\se top4  ,9  
,lisle1 on 8,suicide10 t5 m>k$ cases are
 giv54  ,burr[s n>rates1 at full l5g?1 !
 case ( "o family1 z foll[s3,! gr&fa!r  
hang$ himself2 he left f\r sons1 "o     
hang$ himself1 "o cut 8 ?roat1 "o dr[n$ 
himself1 & "o di$ a natural dea?4 ,two (
 ^! sons _h l>ge families2 ( ! ?ird1 two
 *ildr5 became insane1 "o di$ a natural 
dea?1 ! o!r made sev]al attempts on 8   
life1 & two o!rs dr[n$ !mselves1        
app>5tly sane4  ,! effect ( m5tal       
agitation 9 a p]son kn[+ t he is !      
desc5dant ( insane p]sons or ( suicides1
 is wor?y ( consid]ation2 to a          

well-educat$ man1 :at a 8skeleton 9 !   
closet0 to live )1 mu/ be ! con/ant     
recollection ( ! risk to :i* h]$it>y    
transmission exposes him4 ,su* a spectre
 may well refuse to be laid1 & mu/ be a 
f]tile cause 9 ! production ( ano!r     
g5]ation ( suicides4   ,,spiritualism4  
,!re is yet ano!r m5tal cause :i* is    
cr$it$ bo? ) caus+ insanity & ) caus+   
suicide1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,i ref] to ,spiritualism1 9 ! mod]n     
acceptation ( ! title4 ,x has be5       
s]i\sly discuss$ 9 ,am]ica1 :e!r or n a 
believ] 9 spiritualism is n ipso facto  
mad 7,buckham7 b )\t go+ to t extreme   
po9t ( view1 x is mo/ wise to be> 9 m9d 
t _m cases ( lunacy & _m suicides h be5 
assign$ to ?is cause4  ,! comb9$ effects
 ( a belief 9 ! doctr9e t x is possible 
9 our bodies to hold communication ) !  
dep>t$1 & ( attempts to practise ?is    
sy/em ( int]c\rse1 conjo9$ ) ! coroll>y 
t :at spirits reveal is true1 & s to    
say1 inspir$1 has frequ5tly _h a mo/    
fatal effect on m9ds ( a dreamy sort4 ,i

 knew1 myself1 a mo/ sane & s5sible "y  
m$ical man1 :o became imbu$1 ?r\gh a    
spirituali/ic fa!r1 ) a fai? 9 !        
possibility ( obta9+ in=mation ( a my/ic
 & occult "* by means ( some:at mesm]ic 
proce$+s2 sad to relate1 he v soon      
became m5tally upset ) a religi\s t]ror1
 & took 8 life1 )\t hav+ previ\sly ev9c$
 any t5d5cy to self-de/ruction4         
,,*apt] ,,xvii4  ,t,,dium-,,vit1 ,,!    
,,passions1 ,,mis]y ,,& ,,despair4      
,life we>9ess 0 ! suicide cause1 :i*    
,fr5* au?ors suppos$ to be excit$ 9     
,engli% p by _! climate2 & 9 l mann] to 
_! error 9 attribut+ a heavi] suicide   
rate to ,engl& ?an to _! own c\ntry2 !y 
err$ 9 assign+ tdium vit z a f]tile     
suicide cause 9 ,engl&4 ,mod]n          
obs]vations disclose b v few ,engli%    
suicides due to ?is influ5ce2 we isl&]s 
require z a rule a /rong] /imulus ?an   
?is "o to induce u to t]m9ate our       
exi/5ces4 ,mis]y & despair cause a v    
l>ge numb] ( cases2 & s d our passions1 
yet ! passions d n cause s l>ge a       

p]c5tage z 9 hott] c\ntries2 along !    
,m$it]ranean coa/1 :]e a sub-tropical   
climate exi/s1 ! vices & lic5se ( !     
passions are a m fruitful cause ?an 9   
our temp]ate clime4  ,tdium vit1 disgu/ 
( life1 is n (t5 a simple we>9ess1 n at 
lea/ z a suicide cause2 x is ei!r pr(\nd
 sorr[ produc$ by a v real & s]i\s loss1
 or else x is ! effect ( satiety foll[+ 
! abuse ( pleasure2 /ill x is           
occasionally se5 9 m5 & wom5 :o h no    
object 9 life1 & no ne$ ( ex]tion1 & 9  
:om ev5 ! daily task ( f9d+ some?+ to   
pass away ! "t is too on]\s4  ,tissot   
cites ! cases ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe1      
,dido1 ,sappho1 ,phyllis1 ,alcyon1      
,portia1 ,an?ony1 ,cleopatra & ,arria1 z
 examples ( suicide caus$ by unre/ra9$  
passions2 & _m mod]n in/ances are       
describ$ 9 ,=bes ,w9sl['s ,anatomy (    
,suicide4 ,jeal\sy & disappo9tm5t 9 love
 affairs d n cause s _m volunt>y dea?s z
 is commonly suppos$2 & ,i ?9k x        
probable t ! suicides ( lov]s are (t5   
caus$ p>tly by a desire to puni% ! (f5d+

 ones by ! regretful feel+s :i* ! dea? (
 a once-lov$ p]son mu/ excite2 & su*    
v5geance is n )\t a c]ta9 sweetness to  
"s p]sons' m9ds4  ,curi\sly en\gh envy  
also has be5 assign$ z ! cause ( a      
p]son's volunt>y dea?1 al?\gh x is n    
cle> :at consolation ?is c (f]4  ,! _s (
 v9dictiv5ess is1 ,i regret to be oblig$
 to say1 a r f]tile cause 9 ?is c\ntry2 
= example1 ,dr4 ,dan=d ,?omas n>rates t 
a s]vant maid1 a few ye>s ago1 9 ,c5tral
 ,middlesex1 hav+ be5 blam$ = h]        
neglig5ce1 0 giv5 a mon?'s notice to    
leave2 %e ask$ p]mission to g out1 x 0  
grant$2 %e w5t out & b\ght a piece (    
rope2 ! same ev5+ %e 0 f\nd hang+ 9 h]  
b$room4  ,9 ! same di/rict1 & ab\t !    
same "t1 a "y woman-s]vant /rangl$      
h]self ) a neck sc>f to spite h]        
mi/ress1 :o _h scold$ h] = breakages due
 to c>elessness4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases !    
cle> op9ion ( bo? ,coron] & jury 0 t a  
feel+ ( spite 0 ! only prompt] ( ! act4 
,sev]al wor?y memb]s ( ! m$ical         
pr(ession h s\ght 9 suicide a refuge f !

 m5tal pa9 & anxiety caus$ by unju/     
accusations2 a doctor is desp]ately     
liable to su* *>ges1 :i* are usually    
br\ght = ! purpose ( extort+ money1 or =
 rev5ge4  ,!re 0 a sad example 9 #ahfe (
 a surgeon at ,salisbury1 & "o two ye>s 
ago at ,h\nsl[2 & s9ce !n at ,k5s+ton a 
mu* respect$ m$ical practition] /oop$ to
 self-de/ruction :5 a crim9al *>ge 0    
br\ght aga9/ him1 :i* subsequ5t         
inve/igation %[$ to be )\t ! legal &    
m$ical facts necess>y to support x4  ,i 
believe t if a calculation c\ld be made 
( ! proximate causes ( suicide 9 ,engl&1
 ! mo/ common causes w\ld be f\nd to be 
mis]y1 despair ( success 9 life1 &      
remorse = crimes1 misdemean\rs &        
follies4  ,9 conclud+ ! consid]ation (  
causation1 ,i rem>k t ,morselli & o!rs h
 said1 t 9 ! anci5t _w political        
fanaticism _h its era = caus+ m5 to end 
_! lives2 9 ! ,middle ,ages religi\s    
fanaticism held its sway z a cause (    
suicide2 & ,i %\ld add t 9 mod]n times x
 is ! high pressure at :i* we live1 !   

difficulty ( obta9+ a livelihood1 & !   
=c$ education ( ! "y1 :i* fills our     
asylums & swells our volunt>y dea?-rate4
     ,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,! ,,means ,,(  
,,suicide4   ,x is a some:at curi\s     
fact1 consid]+ ! imm5se numb] ( feasible
 means ( t]m9at+ "o's exi/5ce1 t !re    
%\ld be su* a small numb] ( me?ods 9    
con/ant use4 ,to enum]ate ! possible    
means :i* %\ld fulfil ! necessities ( ! 
case1 viz41 to be c]ta9 & be spe$y1 w\ld
 take too long1 & w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,!
 means t are us$ daily are practically v
 few2 ! foll[+ eight me?ods include     
almo/ e case3 ,hang+1 dr[n+1 %oot+1 cut 
?roat & o!r w\nds1 falls f a height1    
plac+ ! body 9 ! pa? ( railway tra9s &  
o!r vehicles1 poison1 & suffocation by  
want ( air1 or poison\s gases4 ,volunt>y
 />vation1 :i* 0 common 9 anci5t ,rome1 
is n[ almo/ unkn[n4 ,! relative frequ5cy
 ( ^! means is f\nd to v>y 9 ea* c\ntry1
 & 9 ea* c\ntry v>ies ) age1 sex1       
occupation1 & opportunity1 b ^! sev]al  
numb]s are v con/ant ye> aft] ye>4      

,:5ev] we f9d ! use ( an exceptional    
means1 :i* causes prolong$ or m         
exquisite torture1 we con/antly f9d     
evid5t traces ( insanity7,morselli74 ,! 
sane man may kill himself1 b he         
endeav\rs to d x z easily z may be4  ,! 
means ,i h said is gov]n$ by            
opportunity2 = example1 ,russians1 on   
acc\nt ( _! climate1 live mo/ly indoors1
 & are =bidd5 by law to c>ry arms1 s we 
f9d hang+ mo/ common4 ,9 ,italy we h an 
out-door life1 & arms are frequ5tly     
c>ri$1 & !re we f9d %oot+ & dr[n+ ! mo/ 
common4 ,& n[ ( late ye>s1 9 proportion 
to ! spread ( railways1 we f9d ! numb] (
 p]sons ca/+ !mselves "u tra9s to       
increase4  ,,hang+ is ! mo/ prom95t     
means ( suicide almo/ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 !
 ,g]mans are ! mo/ conspicu\s = *oos+   
?is mode ( dea?1 & next ! ,russians2 !  
,italians1 on ! contr>y avoid x4 ,x is  
by f> ! mo/ common means us$ 9 ,engl&1 &
 has ( late ye>s be5 ga9+ 9 frequ5cy 9  
_m ,european c\ntries1 notably 9 ,france
 & ,d5m>k4 ,x is nev] s common among    

wom5 z among m5 9 any c\ntry4  ,,dr[n+  
is ! next mo/ frequ5t means4 ,italy &   
,france supply ! l>ge/ proportions2 its 
am\nt be>s a def9ite relation to !      
av]age temp]ature2 ! cool] ! climate !  
less frequ5t is suicidal dr[n+2 x is r>e
 9 ,russia4 ,! annual reports %[ t x is 
decreas+ 9 ,france4  ,! female sex is ! 
especial patroness ( dea? by dr[n+ 9 e  
c\ntry2 twice z _m wom5 z m5 dr[n       
!mselves 9 ,europe e ye>4  ,,fire ,,arms
 are us$ *iefly 9 ,italy & ,switz]l&2 !y
 =m ! fif? means 9 ord] ( frequ5cy 9    
,engl&4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! milit>y   
fronti]s ( ,au/ria & ,g]many !y are a   
frequ5t means ( dea?4  ,,cut ,,?roat    
occupies ab\t ! same position z dr[n+ 9 
,engl& & ,irel&2 b 9 no o!r c\ntry is x 
any?+ l s common4 ,x is beyond all o!r  
w\nds ! mo/ common4 ,op5+ ( ! ve9s is an
 almo/ =gott5 practice4  ,,falls f a    
height are a specially fav\r$ means (   
de/ruction ) ! ,italians2 x is neglect$ 
by all o!r nationalities4  ,,poison is  
ano!r mode ( kill+ v popul> among !     

,anglo-,saxons1 especially 9 ,engl& & ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s poisons are v easily 
procur$ by anyone1 because !y are us$ 9 
! arts1 :il/ o!rs are difficult to be   
obta9$1 & are seldom us$ = suicidal     
purposes1 except by m$ical m5 & *emi/s4 
,! poisons mo/ frequ5tly us$ are3       
,opium1 morphia1 & _! prep>ations2      
prussic acid1 cyanide ( potassium 7us$ 9
 photography71 & ess5tial oil ( bitt]   
almonds 7us$ 9 cook]y72 c>bolic acid &  
its prep>ations1 ! dis9fectant liquids2 
oxalic acid 7us$ 9 ! arts1 to clean     
metals72 /ry*nia & its prep>ations1 !   
v]m9-kill+ p[d]s4  ,less frequ5tly us$  
are lun> cau/ic2 ! m]curial salts2 !    
vegetable n>cotics2 ! m9]al acids2      
prep>ations ( ars5ic1 phosphorus1 & its 
prep>ations1 *iefly v]m9 kill]s2 & salts
 ( copp]4  ,,suffocation by c>bonic acid
 gas 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,p>is4 ,clos$ *>coal  
/oves are common 9 ,france1 & x is easy 
to de/roy life by means ( !m 9 a small  
room4 ,! practice is spread+ 9 ,france1 
& has tak5 root 9 ,g]many also4  ,i n[  

subjo9 tables ( ! means employ$ 9       
,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 & 9 ,london1 
& 9 ,europe g5]ally4   ,,engli%         
,,suicides tabulat$ accord+ to ,means4  
#ahha4        #ahhb4                    
,,means1                                
,male4,female4,male4,female4            
,railways & o!r vehicles #dd     #f     
#ea     #e   ,fire-arms                 
#aah    #d    #aba    #b   ,cut ?roat   
#bgi   #fj    #bfd   #ef   ,cuts & /abs 
#af     #b    #bc     #c   ,falls f a   
height         #bg    #ac    #bj    #ba 
,burns1 scalds1 explosions    #b     #a 
#e     #j   ,dr[n+                      
#bga   #agb   #bdj   #agi   ,hang+      
#dgd   #aaa   #ebh   #abj   ,/rangl+    
#cg    #ab    #cj     #i   ,suffocation 
by vap\rs       #b     #j     #j     #j 
,poison                      #adg   #ha 
#aag   #aaa   ,o!r causes               
#ei    #ag    #dg    #ac                
,,total       #a1dgf  #dgi  #a1ddf  #eai
                                        
,,suicides 9 ,,engl&3 ,relative use (   

v>i\s ,,poisons4                        
#ahha4        #ahhb4         ,,poisons4 
,male4,female4,male4,female4            
,ars5ic                 #f     #b     #d
     #b   ,m]cury                 #j    
#j     #d     #c   ,ammonia             
#a     #a     #j     #a   ,phosphorus   
#c     #e     #a     #e   ,sulphuric    
acid          #a     #a     #b     #a   
,nitric acid             #j     #j      
#a     #c   ,hydro*loric acid       #f  
#a     #h     #b   ,oxalic acid         
#g     #h    #ac    #aa   ,c>bolic acid 
#ae    #ah     #f    #ac   ,opium &     
morphia      #cc     #f    #bj    #ab   
,alcohol                 #j     #a      
#a     #a   ,belladonna & aconite  #a   
#a     #a     #c   ,*lor(orm            
#a     #a     #a     #j   ,*loral       
#d     #a     #a     #j   ,prussic acid 
#ai     #a     #h     #c   ,cyanide (   
potassium   #ae     #a    #aj     #d    
,/ry*nia               #g     #i     #h 
#aa   ,b5zol9e               #j     #j  
#a     #j   ,v]m9 kill]s          #j    

#j     #g    #ag   ,dis9fectant fluid   
#j     #j     #a     #a   ,o!r poisons  
#ai    #bd    #ai    #ah                
,,total    #adg   #ha    #aag   #aaa    
,z a comp>ison betwe5 ,engl&1 z a :ole1 
& ,london1 ,i subjo9 ^! figures1 relat+ 
to cases 9 ,c5tral ,middlesex dur+ #ahhc
 & #ahhd1 inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,dan=d     
,?omas or myself3                       
#ahhc         #ahhd       ,,means4      
,male4,female4,male4,female4      ,hang+
       #af     #a    #ah     #d   ,dr[n+
      #ae    #aj     #g     #d   ,poison
        #ac     #e    #ba    #aj        
,fire-arms     #ab     #j     #h     #j 
,cut ?roat    #ac     #d    #ab     #c  
,falls          #e     #c     #a     #c 
,/abs          #j     #j     #a     #j  
,railways       #a     #a     #j     #j 
,burns          #j     #j     #a     #j 
,suffocation    #a     #j     #a     #j 
,/rangulation  #a     #j     #a     #j  
,o!r means    #a     #j     #j     #j   
,,total    #gh    #bd    #gj    #be     
,,report ( ,regi/r> ,g5]al = ,scotl&1   

#ahha4    ,population                   
#c1gde1dhe   ,total ,dea?s              
#gb1cbe   ,g5]al ,dea?-rate             
#aica   ,suicide ,rate                  
#dhe   ,total ,suicides                 
#ahb     ,( :om 7 ,males          #aca  
,females         #ea  ,,table ( ,,means4
           ,,means4    ,male4,female4   
,railways        #b     #a   ,fire-arms 
#aj     #j   ,cut ?roat     #bf     #d  
,cuts & /abs  #b     #j   ,hang+        
#dd     #h   ,dr[n+       #bg    #bf    
,poison         #aa     #i   ,un/at$    
means  #i     #c     ,n4,b4,^! are !    
late/ /ati/ics issu$1 #ahhe4   ,,regi/r>
 ,,g5]al',s ,,report = ,,irel& = #ahhb &
 #ahhc4  ,g5]al ,dea? ,rate1 #ahhb1 0   
#agd2 #ahhc 0 #aib4  ,suicide ,rate1    
#ahhb1 0 #bjg2 #ahhc 0 #bdg4            
#ahhb4                         #ahhc4   
,!re 7                   ,!re 7         
#ada ,homicides4                #ajg    
,homicides4                             
#aje ,suicides  ,male1   #ha4    #abd   
,suicides  ,male1   #hi4                

,female1 #bd4                  ,female1 
#ce4     ,! ,,means 73                  
#ahhb4                 #ahhc4           
,,means4                      ,male4    
,female4     ,male4     ,female4        
,hang+          #bd      #d          #ai
         #h   ,dr[n+         #ad      #f
          #ag        #ad   ,%oot+       
#ba      #b          #bj         #j     
,cutt+          #ac      #f          #be
         #h   ,poison            #b     
#d           #g         #b   ,o!r means 
#g      #b           #a         #c      
,9 a ,report on ! ,heal? ( ! ,briti%    
,navy = #ahhc1 !re are six suicides     
describ$1 :i* occurr$ dur+ ! ye>2 #b 7  
by fire-arms1 #a by hang+1 #b by dr[n+1 
& #a f poison4  ,i add "h a table1      
suppli$ by ! 8,lancet10 ( ! relative    
proportional use ( v>i\s means 9 !      
c\ntries ( ,europe4   ,p] #a1jjj        
,suicides4         ,means4              
,engl&4,prussia4,italy4,belgium4,switz]l
&4,france4      ,hang+       #cfh       
#fjh   #afg    #ede       #dcj          

#dej   ,dr[n+      #bjh     #ahb   #cjj 
#bbh       #bfg       #bij   ,fire-arms 
#df     #aji   #bdd    #aah       #agj  
#aaj   ,cutt+       #bjf      #ed    #ee
     #ci        #fg        #dj   ,poison
         #id      #cj    #fa     #bc    
#cc        #bj   ,fall+        #bj      
#i   #aac     #ae        #aa        #cj 
,suffocation    #cj       #c    #bb     
#d        #ac        #gj     ,legoyt has
 calculat$ ! relative proportions ( ^!  
causes 9 ! two sexes1 9 ,europe z a     
:ole1 ?us3                              
,hang+4,dr[n+4,fire-arms4,w\nds4,falls4,
poison4      ,male    #eba      #aej    
#acd      #hi     #bf    #dh   ,female  
#cie      #cdf       #h       #ei       
#bg    #aag     ,( #aea suicides 9 ,new 
,york1 9 #ahhc1 #ef 7 f fire-arms1 #ai  
hang+1 #ae /abb+ & cutt+1 #ab dr[n+1 #aa
 falls f a height1 #ah poison+ ) ,p>is  
gre51 & #g ) opium4  ,^! cases h be5    
also tabulat$ 9 a mann] %[+ ! relative  
am\nts ( ea* means accord+ to           
nationalities1 & disclose ! v rem>kable 

fact1 t ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]mans & ,iri%1
 :5 !y h emigrat$ & are liv+ 9 a =eign  
c\ntry1 /ill reta9 _! racial            
pr$ilections = means ( suicide2 b !y    
also %ew t !re is a t5d5cy to foll[ !   
cu/om ( a place1 inasmu* z poison1 !    
fav\rite means ( ! native ( ,new ,york1 
becomes m frequ5t among ! ,fr5* &       
,g]mans !re1 ?an x is among ,fr5* &     
,g]mans at home4  ,( means r>ely obs]v$1
 ,i may m5tion1 dea? by />vation2 x is m
 r>e n[-a-days ?an x 0 9 classical      
times2 x requires extreme resolution to 
p]sev]e 9 ?is means ( self-de/ruction1 &
 x is extremely pa9ful4  ,"o case (     
attempt$ crucifixion is on record1 t (  
,mat!w ,lovat1 9 #ahjb1 at ,v5ice2 he   
inde$ made two attempts1 b fail$ 9 bo?4 
,9 ,middlesex1 la/ ye>1 a man           
delib]ately inhal$ coal gas f ! supply  
pipe 9 8 room1 & s di$ ( suffocation &  
blood poison+4  ,dur+ #ahha1 !re 7 five 
unusual cases 9 ,engl&2 two p]sons blew 
!mselves up ) gunp[d]1 "o p]son burn$   
himself to dea?1 "o di$ ( volunt>y      

/>vation1 & "o di$ f eat+ horsehair4    
,dur+ #ahhj1 "o suicide 0 caus$ by dr9k+
 p>aff9 _s1 & ano!r by swall[+ p5nies & 
pebbles4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4  ,,suicide  
,,& ,,crime ,,comp>$2 ,,& ,,attempt$    
,,suicide4   ,x is in/ructive to comp>e 
! /ati/ics ( crime 9 g5]al ) ^? (       
suicide2 su* data z are f\nd 9 8,re*]*es
 sur le p5*ant au ,crime10 by ,a4       
,quetelet1 illu/rate ?is matt]2 he gives
 ! figure ( a curve %[+ ! am\nt ( crime 
at diff]5t ages ( life4 ,?is curve rises
 f almo/ z]o at t5 ye>s ( age to ne>ly  
its maximum at #bj1 q its highe/ po9t at
 #bc1 & !n falls ev5ly to half its      
height at #de2 !nce ev5ly to #gj1 :5 x  
is at a simil> position to #ae ye>s (   
age1 & !nce ev5ly to z]o at ! age ( #ajj
 ye>s4 ,^! proportions are f\nd to exi/ 
at ! pres5t "t 9 our own c\ntry4 ,among 
wom5 ! maximum falls a little lat] 9    
life ?an among m51 viz41 at #cj ye>s (  
age4 ,( crime 9 g5]al1 "o woman is      
convict$ to f\r m54  ,! seasons disclose
 a peculi> proportion2 9 summ] !re are  

mo/ crimes aga9/ ! p]son1 fewe/ aga9/   
prop]ty2 9 w9t]1 fewe/ crimes aga9/ !   
p]son1 mo/ aga9/ prop]ty4  ,(ficials &  
pr(essional m5 are m prone to commit    
crimes aga9/ ! p]son ?an aga9/ prop]ty2 
lab\r]s & me*anics commit m crimes aga9/
 prop]ty ?an aga9/ ! p]son4 ,celibacy   
contributes #fj out ( #ajj crim9als4 ,x 
seems tol]ably c]ta9 t "o-half ( insane 
p]sons1 two-?irds ( ! poor1 & ?ree-f\r?s
 ( all crim9als are p]sons :o h drunk to
 excess4  ,i add 9 ?is place1 figures   
%ew+ ! pres5t decrease ( crime 9 ,engl& 
& ,scotl&1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 !    
preface4 ,?is dim9ution may be1 9 "s "p1
 due to an increase ( ! police =ce1 & to
 ! great] effici5cy ( ^! (fic]s4 ,if ^! 
be ! real causes ( ! improvem5t1 & n    
increas$ morality1 ! reason :y ! suicide
 rate is n decreas+ becomes expla9$1    
because1 z ,i po9t out else:]e1 ! police
 are almo/ p[]less to control !         
p]petration ( suicide4  ,! numb] (      
p]sons committ$ = crim9al trial 9 #ahhb 
0 #ae1bfj2 ?is %ews a dim9ution ( #cha  

^u ! av]age ( five ye>s prec$5t4 ,9     
,scotl&1 #b1fib p]sons 7 committ$ =     
trial aga9/ #b1hei1 ! av]age = ! five   
ye>s imm$iately prec$+4 ,! total numb] (
 8p]sons ( bad "* kn[n to ! police0 9   
,engl& is also dim9i%$ 9 #ahhb1 be+     
#ch1iff1 aga9/ #ci1afa 9 ! previ\s ye>1 
& comp>$ to #df1hgg 9 ! ye> #ahgb4  ,sir
 ,john ,lubbock has lately call$        
att5tion to ! dim9i%$ am\nt ( ,engli%   
crime at ! pres5t "t1 & attributes x to 
! spread ( education4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,smi?
 has also spok5 on ! same po9t1 b       
hesitates to assign education z ! cause 
( ! improvem5t2 he m5tions ano!r        
rem>kable po9t1 t ! highe/ rates (      
crim9al viol5ce are associat$ ) !       
population e>n+ ! highe/ wages1 *iefly  
?r\gh ! great] am\nt ( alcoholic liquors
 s consum$4  ,suicide c]ta9ly has po9ts 
( diff]5ce to o!r crimes ( viol5ce2 !   
wick$ ones ( e>? are n ^? :o specially  
practice x4 ,education *ecks crime1     
al?\gh "u ! influ5ce ( increas$ m5tal   
t5sion self-sacrifice is m rife2 alcohol

 increases crime & suicide also2 ?is ,i 
believe to be due to ! fact t habitual  
alcoholic excess less5s ! controll+ p[] 
( ! consci5ce1 & r5d]s ! m9d less able  
to )/& ! t5sion induc$ by developm5t4   
,! preval5ce ( suicide is e day         
attribut$ to ! progress ( immorality2 ,i
 associate x z mu* ) ! developm5t (     
?\ght4  ,savages1 implacable 9 _! hate1 
f]oci\s 9 _! v5geance1 & atroci\s 9 _!  
pleasures1 d n commit x1 al?\gh !y kill 
_! old p1 & d n hesitate to dr9k f !    
skulls ( _! enemies4 ,x 0 n common among
 any ( ! great nations ( old until !y   
became cultivat$ intellectually4 ,comp>e
 ,regnault on ,m5tal ,ali5ations4       
,,attempt$ ,,suicide4  ,! relative      
proportion betwe5 suicides & suicidal   
attempts has be5 ! subject ( mu*        
diff]5ce ( op9ion4  ,x is a common idea 
t _m attempts are made ) a view to co]ce
 or influ5ce relations & fri5ds1        
attempts :i*1 9 fact1 are n int5d$ to be
 successful1 al?\gh !y sometimes succe$4
  ,9 g5]al1 if a second attempt be made1

 aft] a fruitless ef=t1 & especially    
aft] recov]y f injury1 ! pati5t is      
insane4 ,attempts at suicide by cutt+ v 
frequ5tly fail1 z d attempts by ! use ( 
fire-arms2 b on ! o!r h&1 dea? is mu* m 
c]ta9 if dr[n+ or hang+ has be5 ! means 
us$4  ,9 cases ( poison+1 also1 !       
victims are (t5 f\nd half dead1 &       
skilful treatm5t re/ores a great numb]4 
,9 a rec5t case a man ?rew himself      
betwe5 ! rails 9 front ( an advanc+     
tra91 & yet escap$ )\t any injury2 b su*
 attempts are almo/ c]ta9 de/ruction4   
,og/on 7,ed4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 ,feb4 #ahhe7 
n>rates a v int]e/+ & in/ructive case ( 
suicide3 ! deceas$ _h evid5tly made     
repeat$ attempts to kill himself ) a    
razor2 six incisions 7 visible on ! *e/ 
& five on ! neck1 b ! un=tunate man f9d+
 himself n dy+ fa/ en\gh1 _h f9ally ca/ 
himself into ! sea1 & 0 dr[n$4  ,9 view 
( ! great unc]ta9ty exi/+ z to !        
relation betwe5 attempt$ & complet$     
self-de/ruction1 ,i made a special      
appeal to ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ?is      

c\ntry1 ?r\gh ! m$ical j\rnals1 =       
in=mation1 b receiv$ only few replies4  
,z a rule1 hospital m$ical (fic]s       
consid] t attempts f> outnumb]          
successes1 :il/ g5]al practition]s      
incl9e to ! op9ion t failures are less  
frequ5t4 ,z a summ>y ( all ! cases      
report$ to me1 ! numb]s 7 9 ! relative  
proportion ( #ba failures to #ab        
complet$ in/ances4 ,i h already said h[ 
difficult x is to =m a correct e/imate (
 ! numb] ( suicides 7see page #eh72 !   
s\rces ( error are /ill m num]\s :5 we  
attempt to e/imate ! numb] (            
unsuccessful attempts4 ,! police are    
entirely at a loss to supply any        
valuable in=mation z to ! proportion (  
attempts4 ,i consid] t !y are n conc]n$ 
9 a ?ird ( su* in/ances2 !y only he> (  
^? cases t occur 9 ! public /reets1 or 9
 lodg+ h\ses1 or 9 ! p>ks2 or ( ^?      
attempts at dr[n+1 :i* are at times     
frequ5t1 by jump+ f ! bridges1          
especially 9 ,london4  8,( "o hundr$    
p]sons10 says ,esquirol1 8:o attempt    

suicide only =ty succe$40 ,bri]re de    
,boismont says1 8= "o suicide !re are   
two attempts40 ,legoyt has asc]ta9$ t 9 
,dubl91 #ahgd-gf1 = ?ree ye>s !         
proportions 7kn[n to ! police7 7 #da    
successes & #abc attempts4 ,he also     
calculates t 9 ! c\ntries ( ,europe1    
exclud+ ,turkey1 !re are annually       
#bh1jjj p]sons :o attempt to kill       
!mselves1 & #bb1jjj succe$4 ,!          
,/ati/ical ,society publi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,i4 
( _! ,j\rnal ! foll[+ figures2 9 "o ye>1
 #ge complet$ to #dg attempts2 9 ano!r1 
#aag complet$ to #eh attempt$2 ^! 7     
,london cases1 & ! numb]s 71 ,i believe1
 procur$ f ! police regi/]s4 ,dur+ a    
p]iod ( n9e ye>s1 #d1eie suicides 7     
regi/]$ 9 ,p>is1 & #a1hfd suicidal      
failures4 ,9 ,bad51 dur+ two ye>s1 #dag 
suicides 7 discov]$1 :il/ ! (ficial     
records %[ only #bb cases ( attempt$    
suicide4  ,! attempt to commit suicide  
is mu* less liable to int]ruption ?an   
attempt$ murd]4 ,!re is no resi/ance f !
 oppon5t to be all[$ =1 & x is easy to  

evade ! (fic]s ( ! law by attempt+ ! act
 :5 alone4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is a r>e
 ev5t = anyone to commit suicide :5 9   
company ) o!rs4 ,! majority ( suicides  
are n discov]$ until aft] dea?4  ,comte 
consid]s x a folly ( lawmak]s to ?9k t  
enactm5ts c *eck ! act4  ,heb]1 8,j\rney
 ?r\gh ,india10 calls att5tion to ! v   
small am\nt ( success1 dur+ _m ye>s1 :i*
 ,engli% (ficials a*iev$ 9 prev5t+      
suicidal dr[n+ at ,b5>es & else:]e 9    
,briti% ,india1 by means ( legal        
enactm5ts4   ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,suicidal   
,,attempts4  ,suicide1 z be=e describ$1 
is a felony2 ! attempt to commit a      
felony is 9 ! eye ( ! ,engli% law a     
misdemean\r2 consult ,r4 v4 ,higg9s1 #b 
,ea/41 #h2 & ,r4 v4 ,m>t91 #i ,c4 & ,p4 
#bac-bae4 ,an attempt at ,felo-de-se is 
a misdemean\r ov] :i* ! qu>t] sessions h
 jurisdiction2 b x is n an attempt to   
commit murd] )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act #bd    
#be ,vict1 c4 #ajj1 see ,r4 v4 ,burgess1
 #a4 ,l4 & ,c4 #beh1 #cb ,l4 ,j41 ,m4   
,c4 #ef4  ,:5 ! police he> ( an attempt 

at suicide1 ! culprit is tak5 9 *>ge by 
!m2 if s]i\sly injur$ ! pati5t is wat*$ 
9 hospital by a police (fic]4 ,x is     
cu/om>y to *>ge ! (f5d] be=e !          
magi/rates z soon z practicable2 9 su* a
 case x is m usual to b9d ov] ! prison] 
to 8keep ! peace10 ?an x is to s5d !    
case = trial2 if !re be any evid5ce (   
insanity1 ! prison] is exam9$ by !      
police surgeon & ano!r m$ical man2 & if 
f\nd to be insane is c]tifi$ z su*1 &   
conf9$ 9 an asylum4  ,i _c refra9 f say+
 t bo? law & cu/om ) respect to ,suicide
 are 9 a v unsatisfactory & anomal\s    
/ate4 ,on ! "o h&1 self-murd] is rank$  
by ! law z a felony1 "o ( ! wor/ (      
crimes2on ! o!r h&1 h>dly "o suicide a  
ye> is call$ a felon4 ,suicide is n 9   
law any pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( insanity1 yet
 no soon] is ! suicide q dead1 ?an almo/
 e "o cries out t he 0 insane4 ,aga91 an
 attempt at suicide is a misdemean\r    
puni%able by imprisonm5t1 yet a p]son   
caught 9 ! act & tak5 be=e ! magi/rates 
is g5]ally dismiss$ f cu/ody1 n because 

( insanity1 c]ta9ly n1 because if t 7 ! 
plea1 he w\ld be s5t to an asylum1 & n  
set free2 b let ! culprit pres5tly die f
 a cause dep5d5t on ! suicidal injury1 &
 ! v]dict w be t he 0 insane4 ,surely   
su* incongruities _c be all[$ to exi/   
mu* long]4     ,,*apt] ,,xx4  ,,suicide 
,,9 ,,briti% ,,india4   ,! in=mation    
convey$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 9 ref]5ce to  
suicide 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! c\ntries (      
,europe1 applies 9 a small degree only  
to ,h9do/an4 ,9 ?is va/ tract ( c\ntry1 
includ+ _m sep>ate /ates1 "s ( :i* are  
/ill "u native rul]s1 & 9 :i* v diff]5t 
religi\s beliefs exi/1 & are practis$   
side by side1 ! suicidal t5d5cies are v 
v>i$4 ,! habits & cu/oms ( ! sev]al     
races are s entirely di/9ct 9 _m po9ts1 
t no surprise ne$ be felt :5 we obs]ve !
 v diff]5t attitudes ^! hold 9 respect  
to self-de/ruction4 ,! ,mohamm$an races 
avoid x2 ! ,brahm9s enc\rage x 9 _!     
religi\s cu/oms1 & 9 _! social life2    
:il/ ! float+ ,briti% population        
exhibits a slightly high] rate ?an t ( !

 ,briti% at home4  ,! laws respect+     
suicide 9 ! di/ricts "u ,briti% rule1   
are enact$ by ! ,indian ,p5al ,code1    
cap4 xvi41 ss4 #cjj1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cji4  
,= o!r regulations ref] to s4 #ai (     
,reg4 xix4 ( #ahjg2 & ,nizamut ,adawlut 
,reports1 ,vol4 iii4 ( #ahcc4  ,! av]age
 suicide rate = ,india1 z a :ole1 ,i    
e/imate at #dj p] million2 ! rate = !   
city ( ,calcutta alone 0 e/imat$ "s ye>s
 ago z high z "o 9 #b1jjj4  ,/ati/ics ( 
suicide are un=tunately ev5 less        
reliable 9 respect to ,india ?an !y are 
9 reg>d to ,europe1 = x is to be fe>$ t 
a v l>ge numb] ( murd]s are hidd5 by    
want ( evid5ce1 & by false /atem5ts1 "u 
! g>b ( volunt>y dea?4 ,! ,h9doos ( !   
l[] class h ! v fa9te/ idea ( ! value ( 
tru? = its own sake1 & ,h9doo evid5ce c 
be manufactur$ at a l[ price 9 any      
quantity4  ,! causation ( ! suicides ( !
 natives ( ,h9do/an falls into f\r *ief 
divisions 7,*ev]s71 ^u ea* ( :i* ,i add 
a few rem>ks4   ,,rev5ge ,,or           
,,accusation4  ,al?\gh less common at ! 

pres5t "t ?an =m]ly1 cases are /ill se5 
9 :i* a man or woman w commit suicide to
 spite ano!r1 & call d[n ! opprobrium ( 
! neighb\rs on him = "s injury1 or      
fanci$ slight1 su* dea?s 7 call$ *&i1 or
 self-immolation2 ! ,rajpoot class      
greatly practis$ x2 !y w\ld prote/ aga9/
 a decree1 & !n /ab !mselves z a f9al   
prote/4 ,ano!r =m 0 dhurna1 sitt+ at an 
enemy's door & wait+ = dea? by />vation1
 hop+ to br+ d[n a curse on ! (f5d]4 ,! 
erection ( a koor1 or wood pile1 =      
conflagration1 & self-burn+ !reon1 ) or 
)\t ! (f]+ ( "s animal1 0 also a process
 design$ to invoke curses on an oppon5t4
 ,cases h also be5 obs]v$ is :i* a man  
has cut 8 ?roat 9 a neighb\r's h\se1 s t
 ! neighb\r might be accus$ ( murd]1 & s
 be made to suff] ! p5alty = t crime4 ,a
 fakir has be5 kn[n to set himself on   
fire1 to excite *>ity2 & a ,brahm9 has  
?r[n himself into a well1 t 8 gho/ might
 haunt ! own] ( x4,esdaile4             
,,religion4  ,! ,brahm9 religion has _h 
= ages a t5et t self-sacrifice is ! mo/ 

acceptable (f]+ to deity1 & five modes (
 great sanctity are enum]at$3 #a4       
,/>vation2 #b4 ,bury+ alive2 #c4 ,dr[n+ 
9 ! ,ganges2 #d4 ,cov]+ ! body ) dri$ c[
 dung1 & sett+ x on fire2 & #e4 ,cutt+ !
 ?roat at ! m\? ( ! ,ganges4 ,see !     
8,aye5 ,akb]y40 ,to ?r[ oneself (f !    
precipices ( ! ,mahadeo hills 0 also a  
sacr$ act 7,sleeman71 & p]haps above all
 0 deem$ ! dea? by cru%+ "u ! :eels ( ! 
,c> ( ,jugg]na?4  ,a collat]al religi\s 
rite is sati1 or ! en=c$ burn+ ( wid[s  
aft] ! dea? ( ! husb&2 ?is m>tyrdom is  
n[ almo/ ext9ct1 except p]haps 9 !      
native-gov]n$ /ates4 ,x 0 v preval5t z  
late z #ahjc1 9 :i* ye> no less ?an #bge
 wives 7 burn$ )9 #cj miles ( ,calcutta4
  ,a male ,h9doo w also occasionally    
burn himself on a wood pile ev5 n[1 j z 
did ,calanus 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 
,see 8,fri5d ( ,india10 #ahff4  ,=bes   
describes sev]al cases 9 :i* ,brahm9    
devotees =c$ !mselves to cont9ue eat+   
until _! dea?s took place4   ,,physical 
,,suff]+4  ,suicide z a means ( relief f

 pa9 & disease is common 9 ,b5gal2 !    
sacr$ books nam$ ! ,%a/ras inculcate !  
doctr9e ( its propriety 9 su* cases4 ,9 
=m] times ^! dea?s took place ) public  
c]emonials1 b are n[ p]=ce privately    
complet$4 ,inte/9al worms seem to       
produce great physical pa9 & discom=t   
among ! poor rice-eat+ ,b5galese1 &     
suicide is n infrequ5t f ?is            
cause4,wood=d4   ,,grief1 ,,%ame1 ,,&   
,,jeal\sy4  ,! ,h9doos seem to be v     
s5sitive to "s trifl+ annoyances1 :i* ! 
,engli%man w\ld take no notice (1 &     
suicides are n uncommonly ! effect (    
insults & imputations4 ,?us1 !          
,commission] ( ! ,*ota ,nagpore di/rict 
m5tion$ ! case ( a woman :o poison$     
h]self because h] husb& compla9$ ( h]   
untid9ess1 & ano!r because %e 0 ask$ to 
fe$ h] own *ild1 in/ead ( be+ provid$ ) 
a nurse4 ,a wife kill$ h]self because a 
fri5d told h] t h] husb& 0              
illegitimate4,bellasis4  ,=bes m5tions t
 :5 he 0 at ,dhuboy suicide 0 v common  
among ,h9doo wid[s ( ! upp] classes1 :o 

be+ int]dict$ f m>riage ?rew !mselves   
into ! wells aft] p]ceiv+ ! results ( _!
 imprud5ces4 ,jeal\sy is also a v f]tile
 cause ( suicide among ,h9doo wom54  ,! 
means us$ = committ+ suicide 9 ,india   
are among females almo/ always dr[n+1   
especially 9 wells1 & among ! males     
dr[n+ & hang+ are ab\t equally          
common4,muir ( ,madras4     ,,*apt]     
,,xxi4  ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,suicide1  
,,& ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,suicidal   
,,t5d5cy ,,9 ,,! ,,insane4   ,x is a    
t]rible ?\ght t our mu* boa/$           
civilisation & mod]n educational        
advantages br+ ) !m a suicide rate :i*  
no?+ s f> has be5 f\nd to *eck4  ,!     
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 at our pres5t high   
pressure1 ends 9 ! survival ( ! /ronge/ 
& mo/ able2 ! weak] 9 body1 & ! feebl] 9
 m9d1 get pu%$ aside & pass away be=e _!
 due "t by disease & self-de/ruction4   
,:at c be done8 ! :eel ( progress _c be 
/opp$ because x cru%es "s victims 9 its 
onw>d c\rse4 ,! abolition ( monopolies1 
& ev5 ! re=ms ( l& hold+1 l& conveyance1

 ! refusal ( special advantages to      
primog5iture1 & ! s*emes ( trade        
unioni/s1 n[ be+ agitat$1 _c d away )   
pov]ty4 8,! poor ye h always ) y10 said 
,jesus1 & ,he no d\bt meant1 8& always  
%all h10 9 ?is probation>y _w4 ,if only 
! gr& pr9ciple ( 8mod]ation 9 all ?+s0 7
 m ?or\ghly foll[$ out to its legitimate
 conclusion1 _m dea?s due to ! extremes 
:i* s _m /rive aft]1 might be avoid$2   
peace1 heal?1 & compet5ce %\ld be our   
aim1 n weal? & extravagance2 & ! waves (
 comm]cial depression :i* s repeat$ly   
occur are b ! sequ5ce ( comm]cial       
exagg]ation1 & foll[ ^u ov]-inflat$     
m>kets4  ,h[ev] v>i\s may be ! op9ions  
reg>d+ ! m5tal /ate ( suicides1 !re is  
no practical diss5t f ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! 
desirability ( prev5t+ ! commission (   
suicide4  ,= our purpose1 !n1 x w       
suffice to consid]1 on ! "o h&1 :at     
means are necess>y to re/ra9 pati5ts :o 
are ackn[l$g$ to be insane2 & on ! o!r  
h&1 :at measures are p]missible to      
dissuade & prev5t ^? 9 tr\ble or pa9 f  

tak+ _! own lives2 su* means w be       
equally available :e!r we ?9k ^! suff]]s
 sane 9 _! dea?s1 or insane f ! "t :5 !y
 attempt ! de/ruction ( _! lives4  ,!re 
are d\btless cases ( suicide 9 :i* x is 
impossible to decide z to ! m5tal /ate (
 ! pati5t2 no def9ition ( insanity has  
ev] yet be5 agre$ to1 & probably nev] w2
 & until m$ical sci5ce has advanc$ s f> 
z to be able to e/imate h[ mu* grief or 
pa9 a man c support )\t attempt+ to     
evade 8 suff]+s1 !re always w be        
volunt>y dea?s ( p]sons :o are s        
notori\sly sane z to =bid ! application 
( re/ra9t4 ,yet survivors w po/ulate a  
mom5t>y insanity1 :5 su* p]sons %all h  
de/roy$ !mselves to avoid ! possibility 
( an error ( judgm5t4   ,,suicide ,,(   
,,! ,,insane4  ,9 a "w su* z ?is1 int5d$
 n entirely = physicians1 b also =      
/ud5ts ( ,social ,sci5ce1 ,i d n ?9k x  
fitt+ to ent] into p>ticul>s z to !     
exact means ( treat+ ! suicidal         
prop5sity 9 su* cases1 nor d ,i sugge/  
any def9ite m$ical prescriptions to     

relieve collat]al symptoms2 su* may be  
safely left 9 ! h&s ( ! skilful         
physician4 ,i h only to insi/ on ! urg5t
 necessity t exi/s = ! imm$iate removal 
f society ( any p]son exhibit+ m9d      
failure1 :o %[s any t5d5cy to           
self-de/ruction2 & ev5 if suicide be n  
def9itely ?reat5$1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9  
comm5c+ ! c>e & treatm5t ( a lunatic4   
,&1 aga91 ! means ( treatm5t1 &1 if     
necess>y1 ( co]cion ( ^? def9itely (    
weak1 or ( uns\nd m9d1 fall to ! ali5i/4
  ,! :ole "q ( ,asylum treatm5t is n[ "u
 consid]ation2 :e!r any private         
e/abli%m5ts at all %\ld exi/1 is debat$ 
) zeal2 ! fur!r "q ( :e!r ! treatm5t &  
c>e ( ! insane ought n to be begun &    
p]haps cont9u$1 j z is ! treatm5t (     
bodily disease1 )\t any =mal            
c]tification1 has also be5 broa*$ (     
late1 by an editorial 9 ! 8,lancet0 (   
la/ ye>4 ,^! que/ions d n fall )9 !     
scope ( a treatise on 8,suicide z a     
fact40 ,! manag]s & att5dants 9 ,engli% 
asylums may at any rate be congratulat$ 

on _! c>e ( _! pati5ts 9 ?is matt]1 = ! 
rate ( suicide 9 asylums is b #a p]     
#a1jjj annually4  ,_m once popul> modes 
( treatm5t ( insane p]sons are n[ almo/ 
=gott51 j z _m modes ( treat+ bodily    
diseases h disappe>$4  ,z a prev5tive ( 
suicide 9 melan*olia1 ! not$ ,av5brugg] 
recomm5d$ t ! pati5t %\ld be made to    
dr9k a p9t ( cold wat] e h\r1 :il/ 8    
feet 7 wrapp$ 9 flannel4 ,hufel& also   
advis$ ! +e/ion ( pl5ty ( cold wat] =   
mania4 ,! em95t ali5i/ ,burr[s recomm5d$
 emetics1 ble$+1 & w>m ba?s1 accompani$ 
by cold d\*e to ! head1 z measures fitt$
 to remove ! suicidal prop5sity4 ,!     
means recomm5d$ by ,bri]re de ,boismont 
= avoid+ ! suicidal prop5sity 9 ! insane
 7 ! p]si/5t use ( morphia to ensure    
sleep1 & ! prolong$ use ( ba?s1 !       
cont9u\s imm]sion ( ! body = f\r1 five1 
or six h\rs4 ,gries+] rem>ks t m$ication
 is ( no use1 & t me*anical re/ra9t does
 n remove ! t5d5cy1 ev5 if x r5d]s ! act
 impossible = ! "t2 no?+ b con/ant wat*+
 is ( any avail until ! incl9ation      

passes (f4  ,x has be5 sugge/$ by _m    
physicians t ble$+ w\ld remove !        
suicidal t5d5cy 9 cases :]e x is        
associat$ ) c]ebral irritation1         
conge/ion1 or inflammation4  ,sev]al    
cases ( cut-?roat are on record1 9 :i* !
 pati5t1 :o _h j be5 rav+1 became sane  
aft] ! ble$+ :i* foll[$ 8 act3 ,dr4     
,s\?wood ,smi? m5tions ?is1 see         
8,philosophy ( ,heal?10 vol4 i41 p4     
#aji2 & ! eld] ,disraeli m5tions t a    
surgeon n>rat$ su* a case to him4 ,see  
8,curiosities ( ,lit]ature40 ,! case ( !
 late ,sir ,samuel ,romilly 0 "o example
 ( ?is po9t2 ! ble$+ re/or$ 8 s5ses1 &  
he did all 9 8 p[] to *eck ! hmorrhage4 
,see ,wynt]4 8,bord]l&s ( ,insanity40   
,suicidal pati5ts require mo/ wat*+ e>ly
 9 ! morn+2 a good lun* (t5 dispels !   
t5d5cy = ! day4 ,dur+ convalesc5ce f    
mania1 c41 relapses into suicidal       
condition are v common1 & x is frequ5tly
 9 ^! remissions t nurses become less   
wat*ful j :5 !y %\ld be vigilant1 & !   
act is committ$4  ,:5 ! t5d5cy is !     

result ( alcoholism1 we are met by ?is  
difficulty2 re/ra9t is ne$$1 & yet no "o
 has ! p[] to en=ce re/ra9t2 ! physician
 succe$s well en\gh 9 reliev+ !         
alcoholic delirium & co9cid5t risk (    
suicide1 p]haps "t aft] "t2 b is p[]less
 to prev5t a succe$+ attack4 ,unless a  
suff]] c be induc$ to volunte] 8 entry  
into a retreat1 !re are no means ( sav+ 
him f himself4 ,s long z a man is       
s5sible :5 sob]1 be x only = an h\r a   
day1 he is beyond ! rea* ( compulsory   
cure4  ,9 ! suicidal mania ( p>turition1
 on ! o!r h&1 ! pati5t is happy 9 be+   
already1 f h] /ate1 "u ! practical      
control ( h] m$ical att5dant1 & h5ce su*
 cases are almo/ always re/ra9$         
successfully4  ,! ess5ce ( impulsive    
insanity is its occurr5ce )\t any w>n+2 
yet _m su* suicides might be prev5t$ by 
a m c>eful obs]vation on ! "p ( !       
companions ( a pati5t4 ,:5ev] !re be any
 h]$it>y ta9t ( insanity1 or (          
dipsomania1 or ( *ronic n]v\s disease1  
or epilepsy2 if !re be h]$ity (         

self-de/ruction1 or if !re h be5 a      
previ\s attack ( insanity1 or if !re be 
insomnia1 ! slighte/ symptoms ( m5tal   
alt]ation %\ld be wat*$ =2 alt]ations ( 
conduct1 ! attitude ( suspicion1 or (   
self-accusation1 or ( unnecess>y        
melan*oly4 ,! facial expression w       
frequ5tly raise ! al>m2 ! re/less uneasy
 eye1 & ev] v>y+ play ( ! muscles ( !   
face 9 "o case2 & ! settl$ gl>e ( ! eye1
 & expressionless features 9 ano!r1 %\ld
 w>n obs]v]s ( an approa*+ crisis (     
disord]$ intellect4   ,,suicide ,,(     
,,sane ,,p]sons4  ,! suicidal t5d5cy s  
(t5 coexi/s1 ei!r ) /raight5$           
circum/ances1 or sudd5 deprivation (    
income1 t ! v modes ( treatm5t mo/      
likely to remove ! t5d5cy are by ^! v   
causes r5d]$ impracticable4 ,tempor>y   
ab/5tion f duty or bus9ess1 c\pl$ )     
*ange ( climate & sc5e1 w\ld d\btless   
cure a v l>ge p]c5tage ( cases1 b x is  
exactly ! inability to drop ! *a9s (    
employm5t1 & ! abs5ce ( ! monet>y means 
= travel :i* are lack+4  ,! means ( cure

 :5 !y are practicable are obvi\s en\gh 
to any physician2 a heal?y & n too      
ardu\s employm5t2 *ange ( air1 & sc5e2 &
 ( companion%ip2 ! improvem5t ( ! bodily
 heal?1 ! exhibition ( n]v9e tonics2 &  
la/1 b n by any means lea/1 ! ex]cise ( 
e possible means ( mak+ sleep a c]ta9ty4
  ,! cont9u\s por+ ov] "o's tr\bles1 &  
contemplat+ "o's fate1 )\t ! def9ite    
l5g?y int]missions giv5 by heal?y sleep1
 are mo/ f]tile causes ( n]v\s breakd[n 
& attempt$ self-de/ruction4 ,! occurr5ce
 ( a long night's slumb] frequ5tly      
entirely removes ! p]nici\s int5tions at
 :i* an ov]wr\ght bra9 arriv$ ov] night4
  ,i h already allud$ to ! debat$ "q z  
to ! t5d5cies ( religion & education4   
,/ati/ics seem to po9t s cle>ly to      
developm5t ( ! m9d & m5tal t5sion z a   
cause ( volunt>y dea?1 t x is probably (
 no use to look to education z a cure = 
! suicidal t5d5cy 9 individuals4  ,!    
cultivation ( a religi\s conviction ( ! 
sanctity ( life1 & ! s9 ( a             
self-inflict$ dea? is a m c]ta9 h9drance

 to suicide4 ,p]sons :o are unable to   
obta9 ?is m5tal conviction1 are1 ,i     
believe1 m prone to take _! lives 9 "t (
 tr\ble1 & beyond good advice & ! c>e ( 
_! fri5ds1 ,i d n "k t any means exi/ to
 re/ra9 !m4 ,see ,legoyt1 ,esquirol1    
,cazeauvieile & ,descuret4  ,a man has a
 /rong natural claim on 8 relations to  
take c>e ( him :5 he meets ) an accid5t1
 or is bodily ill1 & x is always        
admitt$2 ! same claim exi/s t he %\ld be
 protect$ aga9/ himself1 n only :5      
insane1 b :5 9 great m5tal p]turbation1 
mis]y or despair4 ,no?+ b a con/ant     
wat*fulness w suffice to re/ra9 "s      
p]sons f end+ a life ( pres5t           
wret*$ness1 & enable !m to exp]i5ce !   
bett] times1 :i* are v (t5 9 ! future4  
,among measures ( precaution1 ! removal 
( sugge/ive weapons1 & ( books & pap]s  
likely to br+ to recollection in/ances (
 crime or self-de/ruction1 mu/ n be     
omitt$4  ,e ef=t %\ld be made to secure 
full occupation = ! m9d ( a compos+ "*  
if possible2 ennui or tdium vit is an   

important pr$ispos+ influ5ce4  ,( !     
num]\s ,fr5* au?ors on suicide1 ! fir/  
rank is held by ,bri]re de ,boismont2 8 
sugge/ions = ! prev5tion ( suicide1     
among reasonable p]sons1 i4e41 n insane1
 are to avoid sadness1 to procure a     
family1 & to foll[ "s bus9ess2 & ) reg>d
 to religion1 he advises ! confessional 
& ! cloi/]4 ,ebr>d also extols ^! two   
means ( cure2 ( ! latt] rem$y ,i h no   
exp]i5ce1 & ! =m] is n likely to be mu* 
us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  8,we are attack$ by  
_m moral & social ills2 !re is mu*      
madness 9 our heads1 & _m evil passions1
 & weaknesses 9 our he>ts2 b ! s\rces ( 
purity are n dri$ up1 ! spr+s ( human   
en]gy are n exhau/$4 ,let u hope !n1 let
 u hope60     ,,*apt] ,,xxii4  ,,suicide
 ,,( ,,animals4   ,! "q 8to :at ext5t   
does ! m9d ( "o ( ! l[] animals resemble
 t ( man10 has be5 argu$ by _m able m51 
b no v def9ite decision has be5 arriv$  
at4 ,! po9t is ( prime importance 9 a   
consid]ation ( :e!r animals c commit    
suicide2 ,i mean 8c animals kill        

!mselves int5tionally1 ei!r z ! result (
 consid]ation & *oice1 or ( impulse80   
,no "o d\bts t animals may die f "s     
volunt>y action ( _! own2 = example1 a  
dog may die ( eat+ poison$ food1 or a   
horse may die f a bl[ caus$ by jump+ ov]
 a space ) insuffici5t caution &        
obs]vation1 or a monkey may cut 8 ?roat 
by imitat+ a man %av+2 simil> dea?s w\ld
 n be call$ suicide 9 man4 ,! t5d5cy ( !
 pres5t day is r 9 fav\r ( grant+ to !  
l[] be+s ( creation a l>g] %>e (        
intellig5ce ?an us$ to be assign$ to !m4
 ,n _m ye>s ago x 0 almo/ univ]sally    
grant$ t animals _h no s\l1 & no future 
life1 & only a limit$ in/9ct 9 ?is life2
 no reason+ p[]s1 & no =ekn[l$ge (      
approa*+ dea?2 all ^! po9ts h ( late    
ye>s be5 decl>$ to be unc]ta94  ,if we  
d5y to animals p[]s ( reflection & k ( a
 necess>y dea?1 x is n possible to ass5t
 to ! /atem5t t an animal c 9 its own   
m9d decide to end its life at any c]ta9 
"t4  ,"s animals1 c]ta9ly1 prote/ aga9/ 
ent]+ a y>d :]e o!rs h be5 slaught]$1 z 

if ! smell ( blood sugge/$ _! fate to   
!m1 b :at we und]/& z in/9ct suffices to
 expla9 ?is t]ror4 ,birds ( prey are    
kn[n to detect by sight or smell :5 an  
animal is ab\t to die2 ?is aga9 is !    
in/9ct provid$ to supply !m ) food4  ,if
 x be true t a scorpion w /+ itself to  
dea? :5 irritat$ beyond measure1 ,i %\ld
 be incl9$ to ?9k t x p]i%es 9 its ef=ts
 to /+ its enemies2 or if n1 ,i %\ld    
imag9e t ! action resembles t ( a man   
te>+ 8 hair f ang]1 :5 he _c injure 8   
oppon5t4 ,& ! same ideas w apply to !   
case ( ! bee1 :i* is simil>ly said to   
kill itself 9 w\nd+ its enemy4  ,wild   
birds w refuse food & die1 if conf9$ 9 a
 cage2 & ! survivor ( a pair ( tame     
birds1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 mate1 is (t5     
notic$ to refuse food & rapidly die (   
exhau/ion2 b ,i %\ld expla9 su* cases by
 say+ t ! loss _h made s int5se an      
impression on ! creature's consci\sness 
z to sup]s$e ! impulse to fe$ itself4   
,i myself rememb] see+ a heal?y little  
dog refuse food1 p9e away & die1 :5 its 

"y mi/ress1 :o _h = mon?s h\rly pett$ x1
 became a "m1 & ! dog became neglect$2  
its dea? 0 f neglect ( a volunt>y       
action1 b 0 x volitional8  ,regnault1   
,elias1 9 8 "w on ,m5tal ,ali5ation1    
decides aga9/ ! possibility ( ! l[]     
animals ev] effect+ a volunt>y dea?2 he 
says1 8,suicide is ! mo/ en]getic       
ass]tion ( man's sup]iority2 :y d n     
animals conceive & execute x8 ,because  
_! nature is entirely passive2 to !m !  
*oice ( life or dea? is n giv52 man1 on 
! contr>y1 em95tly free & active1 is    
able to ext5d 8 en]gy ev5 z f> z        
self-de/ruction40  ,n>ratives ( ! dea?s 
( animals1 especially :5 ^! h be5 pets1 
are apt to be v unreliable1 f ! infusion
 ( s5tim5t1 & _m ( ! anecdotes ( suicide
 ( animals :i* ,i h inve/igat$ h a      
semi-my?ical "*4 ,! /ories to :i* ,i    
give ref]5ces w\ld close ! controv]sy z 
to :e!r animals ev] d1 or d n commit    
suicide1 i4 e41 kill !mselves ) !       
int5tion ( end+ _! lives1 & n           
accid5tally nor inadv]t5tly1 if !y c\ld 

be reli$ on to possess any?+ l sci5tific
 accuracy4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 publi%$ 9    
newspap]s1 c41 :]e errors w\ld be liable
 to suff] correction4  ,ari/otle n>rates
 t a horse hav+ be5 induc$ to h         
connection ) 8 own dam1 by ! artifice ( 
veil+ h]1 = he _h refus$ to d s         
previ\sly1 on see+ :at he _h done1 jump$
 int5tionally f a cliff1 & 0 kill$ by ! 
fall4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ,animals1 lib4 ix41
 cap4 #dg4  ,b ,pr(essor ,axe1 ( !      
,royal ,vet]9>y ,college1 tells me t he 
has nev] he>d ( su* a refusal on ! "p ( 
a horse1 nei!r has he ev] obs]v$ any    
in/ance :i* seem$ to him to po9t to !   
int5tional self-de/ruction ( any animal4
  ,!re is an old /ory m5tion$ 9         
,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson1 t a        
scorpion if irritat$ by plac+ x )9 a r+ 
( burn+ coals1 w ?ru/ its own /+ into   
itself1 & s commit suicide2 ,dr4        
,johnson d\bt$ x1 & rem>k$ t ,maup]tuis 
did n cr$it x4  ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 !
 classic 8,dictionnaire d',hi/oire      
,naturelle10 vol4 #ae1 says he has tri$ 

! exp]im5t1 & ! scorpions simply became 
suffocat$4  ,!re is ref]5ce to ! suicide
 ( scorpions 9 ,nature1 ,vol4 xi41 p4   
#bi1 :i* speaks ( irritat+ a scorpion by
 means ( a burn+ glass1 ) ! same result4
 ,9 ! next week's numb]1 p4 #dg1 is     
ano!r m5tion ( a simil> obs]vation4 ,at 
,vol4 xx41 p4 #eec1 a writ] d5ies !     
possibility ( a scorpion /rik+ itself1  
:il/ at p4 #egg1 ,pr(4 ,all5 ,?ompson   
details he>say in/ances ( scorpions     
=cibly pi]c+ _! own heads by _! recurv$ 
/+s1 :5 annoy$ by a bright light4       
,y\att1 ,wm41 ,v4 ,s41 tells ! /ory ( an
 artill]y horse :i* refus$ food1 & di$ f
 />vation1 aft] ! dea? ( ano!r horse1 ) 
:i* he _h long work$4 ,see 8,! ,horse40 
,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,l9dsay is a copi\s writ]  
on ?is subject4 ,he fully believes 9    
animal suicide1 & speaks ( old age1     
w\nd$ feel+s1 pa91 desp]ation1 cont9u$  
ill usage1 captivity1 & self-sacrifice z
 causes2 & /ates t he has notes (       
in/ances occurr+ 9 ! dog1 horse1 mule1  
camel1 llama1 ass1 monkey1 seal & de]2  

/ork1 cock1 jackdaw & duck2 spid] &     
scorpion2 he n>rates also "s ( ! cases =
 :i* ,i h giv5 ref]5ces4 ,see 8,m9d 9 ! 
,l[] ,animals40  ,he gives also _m v    
int]e/+ examples ( accid5tal            
self-de/ruction1 su* z ! /rangl+ (      
horses by _! halt]s1 :5 endeav\r+ to    
escape f a /able2 t monkeys h cut _!    
?roats f imitat+ a man %av+2 & t mice h 
be5 poison$ by eat+ gre5backs4  ,"s     
sorts ( fi%1 z salmon1 h be5 notic$ to  
?r[ !mselves out ( ! wat]1 b x seems v  
d\btful :e!r ?is act is meant to be     
suicidal4  ,volunt>y dea?s ( animals    
dur+ panic & t]ror1 & f fasc9ation1 seem
 to int]v5e betwe5 accid5tal suicides1 &
 suicides :i* appe> to be ! result (    
*oice2 su* dea?s are caus$ by ! headlong
 flight ( %eep :5 worri$ by a dog1 or   
are caus$ by fires on ! prairies2 or by 
fasc9ation1 z se5 9 ! case ( mo?s 9 a   
c&le flame4  ,o!r in/ances ( app>5t     
suicide may be consult$1 viz43          
,suicide (1   ,dogs1 by a railway tra91 
see ,freeman's ,j\rnal1 ,dubl91 #ahgh4  

,"s f[ls1 by dr[n+4 ,sir ,s4 ,bak]4 ,!  
,alb]t ,nyanza4 #ahgf4   ,de] 9 ,am]ica4
 ,dr4 ,pi]qu94 ,trait de la folie4      
#ahci4   ,/orks 9 conflagrations4       
,h\zeau1 ,j4 ,c4 ,etudes sur les facults
  m5tales des animaux4 #ahgb4   ,pike1 f
 pa94 ,watson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,! ,reason+ ,p[] 
( ,animals4 #ahgj4   ,dog1 f ! pa9 ( a  
seton4 ,wynt]4   ,spid]4 ,gillies1 ,r4  
,on ! ,habits ( ,spid]s4 #ahgf4   ,dog1 
by dr[n+4 ,%rewsbury ,*ronicle4 ,oct4   
#be1 #ahgh4   ,cat1 by dr[n+4 ,notes &  
,qu]ies4 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahgh4   ,dog1 by   
dr[n+4 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,june1 #be1    
#ahhd4   ,horse by dr[n+4 ,! ,vet]9>ian4
 ,aug4 #ahfd4   ,cat1 by dr[n+4 ,/am=d  
,m]cury4 ,aug4 #af1 #ahgh4   ,horse1 by 
dr[n+1 at ,alloa4 ,july #ahgf4   ,elk4  
,sir ,s4 ,bak]4 ,eight ye>s 9 ,ceylon4  
#ahgd4   ,dog1 f madness4 ,dr4          
,macdonald4 ,times4 ,oct4 #ahgd4   ,dog1
 f pa9 ( a w\nd4 ,dundee ,adv]tis]4     
#ahgd4     old age4 ,nor!rn ,ensign4    
,july #bj1 #ahgj4      ,norris          
7,l9dsay47     old age & pa94 ,morris4  

7,l9dsay47     brok5 legs1 ,nor? ,briti%
 ,daily ,mail4 #ahgf4   ,monkey4 ,=bes4 
7,l9dsay47   ,canvas-back ,duck4        
,gillmore1 ,p41 ,prairie & ,=e/4 #ahgd4 
,,app5dix4  ,,! ,,attitude ,,(          
,,assurance ,,companies ,,to ,,!        
,,suicide4   ,to obta9 ?is in=mation    
application 0 made to ea* ( ! (fices    
m5tion$1 = a prospectus :i* %\ld include
 ! regulations ) respect to =feiture (  
policies4 ,i f9d by analysis t !re are  
sev5 v>ieties 9 ! proce$+s ( !          
companies1 & 9 all ( !m assign$ policies
 are indisputable4   ,a4,policy is void 
by suicide3,cr[n1 ,h&-9-,h&1 ,law1      
,rock1  ,provid5t1 & ,royal ,ex*ange4   
,( ^!1 h[ev]     ,h&-9-,h& may return   
premiums & int]e/4     ,law may pay a   
sum ( money if ! directors ?9k fit4     
,provid5t may pay a surr5d] value4      
,cr[n may make a reasonable all[ance    
unless ! suicide be    felo-de-se4      
,b4,policy is n void aft] five ye>s'    
exi/5ce3,atlas1 ,gre%am1 ,mutual 7if    
assur$ be #cj ye>s old71 ,prud5tial1    

,:itt+ton1 ,sun4  ,c4,policy is n void  
aft] ?ree ye>s' exi/5ce3,alliance1      
,briti% ,empire1 ,norwi* ,union1        
,pelican4  ,d4,policy is n void aft] two
 ye>s3,/>1 ,comm]cial ,union4           
,e4,policy is n void aft] #ac           
mon?s3,gu>dian2 ,london ,assurance      
,company4   ,f4,policy is n void aft] "o
 ye>3,cl]ical1 ,m$ical1 & ,g5]al2       
,legal & ,g5]al2 ,liv]pool1 ,london1 &  
,globe4   ,g4,no m5tion is made (       
suicide 9 ! prospectuses ( ! foll[+     
companies3,equitable2 ,london1          
,ed9burgh1 & ,glasg[2 ,economic2 ,new   
,york2 ,nor!rn2 ,royal2 ,scotti%        
,amicable2 ,union2 ,we/ ( ,engl&4  ,!   
,union1 & ,we/ ( ,engl&1 h a clause t   
8,no claim is disput$ unless !re is     
palpable fraud40  ,( ^! ?irty-two       
companies only "o makes a di/9ction     
betwe5 suicide ( ! insane1 & felo-de-se1
 viz41 ! ,cr[n4     ,,bibliographical   
,,index4    ,agabeg & ,h>ris4 ,pr9ciples
 ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 #crd ed4 #ahhd4     
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4     

#ahgh4 ,see ,palm]1 ,o4 ,h41 &  ,gray1  
,j4 ,p4   ,anti-hegesias4 ,a ,fr5* ,poem
 on ,suicide1 critical & hi/orical4     
#agfc4   ,ba]1 ,a4 ,d] ,alcoolismus4    
#ahgh4   ,b>euc4 ,reflexions sur le     
,suicide4 #aghi4   ,becc>ia1 ,bonesana  
,c4 ,on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1 an essay4 
#aggg4   ,beck1 ,john ,b4 ,elem5ts (    
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 #ahdb4   ,b5?am1 
,j]emy4 ,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law4 #ahdc4 
,b]tr&1 ,l\is4 ,trait du ,suicide4      
#aheg4   ,block1 ,georg4 ,vom           
,selb/mord4 #agib4   ,bonomi4 ,del      
,suicidio 9 ,italia4 #ahgh4   ,b\rd91   
,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,du ,suicide4 #ahde4       
,bri&1 ,j41 & ,*aud1 ,e4 ,manuel complet
 de ,mdec9e ,lgale4 #ahhj4   ,bri]re de 
,boismont1 ,alex&]4 ,du ,suicide4 #ahef4
   ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4   ,br\c4    
,consid]ations sur le ,suicide de notre 
epoque4 #ahcf4   ,bucknill & ,tuke4 ,a  
,manual ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e4 #d? ed4
 #ahgi4   ,buckle1 ,h4 ,t4 ,hi/ory (    
,civilization 9 ,engl&4 #ahfi4          
,bunyon1 ,c4 ,t4 ,a ,treatise on ,life  

,assurance4 #ah4   ,buonaf$e1 ,appiano4 
,hi/oire de ,suicide4 #agfb & #ahdc4    
,burda*4 ,trait de ,physiologie4 #ahda4 
,burr[s1 ,g4 ,m4 ,comm5t>ies on         
,insanity4 #ahbh4   ,camp1 ,maxime du4  
,memoires d'un ,suicide4 #ahee4   ,c>o1 
,e4 ,le ,suicide dans ses rapports avec 
le civilisation4 #ahef4   ,c>p5t]1 ,w4  
,b4 ,pr9ciples ( ,m5tal ,physiology4 #d?
 ed4 #ahgf4   ,casp]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,=5sic    
,m$ic9e1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,j4 ,w4
  ,balf\r4 #ahfa-e4   ,cazauvieilh1 ,j4 
,b4 ,du ,suicide4 #ahdj4   ,*ev]s1      
,norman4 ,! ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce (     
,india4 #ahgj4   ,*evrey1 ,j4 ,etude    
,mdicale sur le ,suicide4 #ahaf4        
,*itty1 ,joseph1 ! ,eld]4 ,m$ical       
,jurisprud5ce4 #ahcd4   ,connoisseur1   
,!4 ,no4 #ej4 #agee4   ,dabadie1 ,f4    
,les ,suicides ,illu/res4 ,vol4 ,i4     
#ahei4   ,david4 ,note sur le ,suicide  
en ,danem>k4 #ahfj4   ,debreyne1 ,m4 ,du
 ,suicide4 #ahdg4   ,descuret1 ,j4 ,b4  
,f4 ,la ,mdec9e des ,passions4 #ahda4   
,desp9e1 ,prosp]4 ,psy*ologie           

,naturelle4 #ahfh4   ,dictionnaire des  
,sci5ces ,mdicales4 ,art4 ,suicide1 by  
,esquirol4   ,d\ay1 ,edmond4 ,le        
,suicide4 #ahgj4   ,dumas1 ,jean4 ,trait
 du ,suicide4 #aggc4   ,ebr>d1 ,n4 ,du  
,suicide4 #ahga4   ,elam1 ,*4 ,a        
,physician's ,problems4   ,esp9e1 ,m>c  
de4 ,essai analytique de ,/ati/ique     
,mortuaire ,comp>e4  #aheh4   ,esquirol1
 ,e4 ,maladies ,m5tales1 #ahch1 &       
,article ,s4 9 ,dict4 des  ,sci5ces     
,mdicales4   ,etangs1 ,des4 ,du ,suicide
 ,politique4 #ahfj4   ,falret1 ,j4 ,p4  
,de l'hypo*ondrie et du ,suicide4 #ahbb4
   ,f>r1 ,a4 ,reports ( ,regi/ration (  
,dea?s4   ,fod]1 ,f4 ,e4 ,trait de      
,mdic9e ,lgale4 #ahac4   ,=mey1 ,j4 ,h4 
,s4 ,mlanges philosophiques4 ,b]l91     
#aged4   ,frankl91 ,r4 ,v4 ,de la       
,philosophie et de la ,morale du        
,suicide4 #ahce4   ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e4
 ,vol4 xxv4 #agee4   ,gir>d91 ,/4 ,m>c  
de4 ,du ,suicide et de la ,ha9e de la   
,vie4 #ahdc4   ,goe!1 ,j4 ,w4 ,von4 ,!  
,sorr[s ( ,w]t]4 #aggd4   ,gru1 ,eugne4 

,les ,morts ,viol5ts4 #ahfd4   ,heck]4  
,de ,autokeiria ,m>tyrum4 #agbj4        
,holba*1 ,paul de4 ,le ,sy/me de la     
,nature4 #aggj4   ,indian ,m$ical       
,gazette4   ,jacc\d4 ,n\veau            
,dictionnaire de ,mdec9e4 ,art4         
,suicide4 #ahhc4   ,j]vis1 ,sir ,john4  
,(fice & ,duties ( ,coron]s1 by         
,mel%eim]1 ,r4,e4  #ahhj4   ,josephus1  
,flavius1 ,works (4   ,j\sset1 ,p4 ,g4  
,du ,suicide1 #aheh1 & ,sur le ,rage1   
#ahfh4   ,kays]4 ,la ,/ati/ique         
,(ficielle du ,suicide en ,norvege4     
#aheb4   ,lancet1 ,!4   ,lav]dy4 ,code  
,p5al4   ,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,hi/ory (  
,european ,morals4   ,legoyt1 ,a4 ,le   
,suicide4 #ahha4   ,leibnitz1 ,c4 ,w4   
,von4 ,du ,suicide4 #ahfe4   ,l]oy1 ,dr4
 ,etudes sur le ,suicide4 #ahgj4        
,lisle1 ,e4 ,du ,suicide4 #ahef4        
,lunacy ,commission]s1 ,returns ( !4    
,luys1 ,j4 ,des ,maladies ,h]$itaires4  
#ahfc4   ,m>c1 ,c4 ,c4 ,h4 ,de la       
,folie4 #ahdj4   ,maudsley1 ,h5ry4      
,insanity & ,crime1 #ahfd1 & ,body &    

,m9d1 #ahgc4   ,m$ical ,critic4 #ahfa1  
#ahfb4   ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4     
,m5tal ,sci5ce ,asylum1 ,j\rnal (4      
,m]ian1 ,de4 ,disc\rs sur la cra9te de  
la ,mort1 et sur le ,suicide4  #agfc4   
,mesni]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,e4 ,du ,suicide dans  
l',arme4 #ahha4   ,mill>1 ,w1 ,h4       
,suicide 9 ! ,army4 ,see ,j\rnal ( !    
,/ati/ical  ,society4 #ahgd4            
,montaigne1 ,mi*el de1 ,essays (4 #aehj4
   ,moore1 ,c4 ,a ,full ,enquiry into   
,suicide4 #agij4   ,morselli1 ,enrico4  
,il ,suicidio4 ,milan1 #ahgi1 &         
,suicide1 an abridg$  translation1      
,london1 #ahha4   ,montesquieu1 ,c4 de  
,s4 ,lettres ,p]sanes4 ,nos4 #gd & #gf4 
,nizamut ,adawlut4 ,reports ( ,crim9al  
,cases 9 ,india4   ,oett+54 ,ueb] ,acut5
 und ,*ronis*5 ,selb/mord4 #ahha4       
,og/on1 ,francis4 ,lectures on ,m$ical  
,jurisprud5ce4 #ahgh4   ,osi&]4 ,ueb] d5
 ,selb/mord1 #ahac4   ,paley1 ,w4       
,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political        
,philosophy4 #aghe4   ,p>5t ,du ,*atlet4
 ,hygine ,publique1 #ahcf1 & ,de la     

,pro/itution1  #aheg4   ,p>is &         
,fonblanque4 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4     
#ahbc4   ,plut>*4 ,life ( ,alex&] !     
,great4   ,pope1 ,h4 ,m4 ,law &         
,practice ( ,lunacy4 #ahgg4   ,prvo/4   
,notes sur le ,suicide dans le ,canton  
de ,g5ve4 #ahcf4   ,psy*ological        
,m$ic9e1 ,j\rnal (1 #ahei1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1
 #ahhb4   ,quetelet1 ,l4 ,a4 ,j4 ,de    
l'homme1 #ahce1 & ,essai de ,/ati/ique  
,morale1  #ahff4   ,radcliffe1 ,j4 ,n4  
,suicide ,fields4   ,ravizza1 ,c4 ,il   
,suicidio4 ,milan4 #ahgh4   ,ray1       
,isaac4 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce &         
,insanity4 #ahci4   ,regi/r> ,g5]al1    
,reports (4 ,annual4   ,regnault1       
,elias4 ,n\velles ,reflexions sur le    
,suicide4 #ahcj4   ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j4 ,la
 ,n\velle ,heloise4 ,lett]s xxi4 & xxii4
 ,"p iii4   ,salomon1 ,bromb]g4 ,wel*e  
s9d die ,ursa*5 d] 9 neue/] ,zeit s     
sehr b]h& nehm5d5 ,selb/mord54 #ahfa4   
,sleeman1 ,w4 ,h4 ,rambles &            
,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial4   
#ahhd4   ,smi?'s ,annals ( ,indian      

,adm9i/ration4   ,social ,sci5ce        
,review4 #ahfb et seq4   ,/ael1 ,mme4   
de4 ,influ5ce des ,passions1 #ahag4     
,reflexions sur le  ,suicide1 #ahbj4    
,/aeudl91 ,c4 ,f4 ,ges*i*te d]          
,vor/ellung5 und ,lehr5 vom             
,selb/morde4 #ahbd4   ,/ati/ical        
,society1 ,j\rnal (4   ,/eph51 ,sir ,j4 
,f4 ,a ,dige/ ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 #ahgg1 
& a ,hi/ory  ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&4
 #ahhc4   ,suicide1 an ,elegy4 #agge4   
,suicide1 its ,guilt & ,puni%m5t1 9 ,s4 
,p4 ,c4 ,k4 s]ies4 #ahcf4   ,suicide1   
on4 ,rel4 ,tract ,soc4 #ahcj4           
,szafk[ski1 ,l4 ,f4 ,de la ,mort        
volontaire4 #ahdj4   ,t>dieu1 ,a4 ,a4   
,etude ,mdico-,legale4 #ahgj4   ,taylor1
 ,a4 ,s4 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce2 edit$ by
 ,/ev5son4 #ahhc4   ,tissot1 ,j4 ,la    
,manie du ,suicide4 #ahdj4   ,tissot1   
,j4 ,le ,droit ,p5al4 #ahfj4   ,tissot1 
,s4 ,a4 ,onanisme4 #e? ed4 #agha4       
,tr\sseau1 ,a4 ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e4        
#ahfg-ga1 transl4 by ! ,new ,syd5ham    
,soc4   ,voltaire4 ,f4 ,m4 ,ar\et de4   

,dictionnaire ,philosophique4 #agfe4    
,wagn]1 ,adolph4 ,die ,gesetzmssigkeit 9
 d5 s*e9b> willkrli*5  m5s*li*5 ,h&lung5
 vom ,/&punkte d] ,/ati/ik4 #ahfd4      
,:>ton1 ,francis4 ,m5tal ,uns\ndness4   
#ahee4   ,:>ton & ,/ill4 ,m$ical        
,jurisprud5ce4 #ahgc4   ,w9sl[1 ,=bes4  
,! ,anatomy ( ,suicide4 #ahdj4   ,_w1   
,!1 ,no4 #aic4 ,sept4 #agef4            
,,index4     ,ab]crombie on ,suicide1   
#abd4    ,advanc$ ,views on ,suicide1   
#e4    ,afghan ,surgeon1 ,suicide ( an1 
#aba4    ,age1 ,effect (1 #aji4         
,alcohol1 ,abuse (1 #acf1 #aef1 #agj4   
,animals1 ,suicide (1 #agd4             
,anomalies ( ,law1 #afj4    ,aphelion1  
#fi4    ,ar*way at ,highgate1 #aca4     
,ari/otle on ,suicide1 #i1 #ia1 #agf4   
,army1 ,suicide 9 !1 #ih4    ,assurance 
,companies1 #ahj4    ,asylums1 ,=eign1  
#abg4    ,asylums1 ,use (1 #afh4        
,a!ns1 ,anci5t1 #i4    ,attempt$        
,suicide1 #aef4    ,attitude (          
,assurance ,companies1 #ahj4    ,au/ria1
 ,suicide 91 #fa1 #fb1 #if1 #ii1 #adf4  

,au/rian ,suicide ,law1 #ej4    ,axe1   
,pr(essor1 on ,suicide1 #agf4           
,bailey1 ,na?an1 on ,orig9 ( ! ,"n      
,suicide1 #ca4    ,balzac on ,suicide1  
#da4    ,becc>ia on ,suicide1 #db4      
,belgium1 ,suicide 91 #fj1 #fb4         
,b5?am on ,suicide1 #dg4    ,b]5ice1    
,suicide (1 #af4    ,b]l91 ,suicide     
,rate 91 #ie4    ,bible1 ,suicides ( !1 
#ag4    ,bibliographical ,index1 #ahb4  
,bl&=d on ,suicide1 #abj4    ,ble$+1    
,use (1 #afi4    ,bl9dness1 ,effect (1  
#ace4    ,bodily ,disease1 #ace4        
,bodio1 ,=mula (1 #fa4    ,borrodaile v4
 ,hunt]1 #ec4    ,brahm9s1 ,suicide     
among1 #aa1 #afa4    ,bri]re de         
,boismont1 #hc1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #agc4       
,br\ssais on ,causes ( ,suicide1 #ff4   
,buckmill & ,tuke on ,suicide1 #aba1    
#abc4    ,burial ( a ,suicide1 #de4     
,burr[s v4 ,burr[s1 #ef4     ,calanus1  
#aa4    ,calcutta1 ,suicide ,rate (1    
#afb4    ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas1 #adf4     
,cato1 #bb1 #ch4    ,causation1 #fe4    
,causes1 ,tables (1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd4 

,celibacy1 #aab1 #aee4    ,ceos1 #g4    
,*amb]s v4 ,que5's ,proctor1 #eg4       
,*>coal ,/oves1 #adg4    ,*att]ton1     
,suicide (1 #acb4    ,*ildhood1 #aaa4   
,*ildr51 ,effect ( hav+1 #aad4    ,*9a1 
,suicide 91 #ac4    ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #c1 
#ad4    ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 #af4    ,cities1
 #ic1 #id4    ,classical ,au?ors1 #cj4  
,suicides1 #ah4    ,climate1 #gh4       
,cloi/]1 ,use ( !1 #agc4    ,coal ,gas1 
,suicide by1 #aec4    ,colton on        
,suicide1 #cg4    ,comm]ce1 #if4        
,confessional1 #agc4    ,convict ,life1 
#ajj4    ,coron]1 ,w>rant (1 #de4       
,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 #ad4    ,crime1 #ij1
 #aed4    ,crucifixion1 #aeb4    ,curi\s
 means ( ,suicide1 #aec4    ,cut-?roat1 
#adf4     ,dabadie on ,suicide1 #aba4   
,deafness1 #ace4    ,decrease ( ,crime1 
#aee4    ,dem5tia1 #abd1 #abf4          
,d5m>k1 ,suicide ,rate 91 #fj1 #fb1 #hi4
    ,desfonta9es1 #ca1 #ci4    ,desp9e  
on ! ,causes ( ,suicide1 #fg4           
,developm5t ( ,m9d1 #aef4    ,dr[n+1    
#ade4    ,drunk5ness1 #acg4             

,ecclesia/ical ,law1 #ae4    ,education 
increases ,suicide ,rate1 #ha1 #aab1    
#aef4    ,education decreases ,crime1   
#aee4    ,egypt1 ,suicide 91 #ac4       
,elam on ,suicide1 #ib1 #acc4           
,emigration1 #gf1 #aeb4    ,employm5t1  
#ie4    ,engl&1 ,suicide 91             
,army (1 #ih4            ,navy (1 #ii4  
,prisons (1 #ajj4    ,epicureans1 #c1   
#aj4    ,epilepsy1 #aai1 #aga4          
,epidemic ,suicide1 #abi4    ,etna1     
,m\nt1 #acc4    ,europe1 ,suicide 91    
#aea4     ,fail$1 ,suicide1 #aef4       
,falls1 ,suicide by1 #acd1 #adf4        
,family ,life1 #hi1 #abf4               
,fasc9ation1 #acd4                9     
,animals1 #agh4    ,felo-de-se1 #dc1    
#afj4    ,female ,suicide1 #aje1 #ajh1  
#aji1 #aaj4    ,fire ,arms1 #ade4       
,flem+1 ,r41 on ,suicide1 #cd4          
,=feitures by ,suicide1 #de1 #df4       
,=ms ( ,lunacy1 #abc4    ,f\nd ,dr[n$1  
#ei4    ,france1 ,laws 91 #af1 #ej4     
,suicide 91 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #hc1 #aae1   
#aea4     ,gas1 ,suicide by1 #adf1 #aec4

    ,g]man ,law on ,suicide1 #di4       
,g]many1 ,suicide ,rates 91 #fj1 #fb1   
#hg1 #aad1 #abe1 #aeb4    ,gibbon on    
,suicide1 #dg4    ,goe! on ,suicide1    
#da4    ,greece1 ,anci5t1 #g4    ,greek 
t]ms = ,suicide1 #cb4     ,hamlet1 #cc4 
,hang+1 #ade4    ,hegesias1 #abi4       
,h]$ity1 #ach4    ,h9doos1 #aa4         
,hi/ory ( ,suicide1 #g4    ,holl&1      
,suicide 91 #fj1 #fa4    ,horn v4       
,assurance ,company1 #ee4    ,horse1    
,suicide (1 #agf4    ,h\rs ( ! ,day1    
#ajf4    ,hume1 ,david1 #c1 #cf4        
,hy/]ia1 #aji4     ,iago on ,suicide1   
#cc4    ,imbecility1 #abd1 #abe4        
,imitation1 #aca4    ,increase (        
,suicide1 #eh1 #fj1 #fb4    ,india1     
,suicide 91 #afa4    ,insanity1         
#aaf-abh4             n prov$ by        
,suicide1 #dg1 #dh1 #ef1 #afj4          
,insomnia1 #acf4    ,irel&1 ,suicide 91 
#aej4    ,italy1 ,suicide 91 #fj1 #fb1  
#aaj1 #aac1 #aea4          ,prisons (1  
#aja4     ,japan1 ,suicide 91 #ac4      
,jews1 ,suicide among !1 #b1 #aa1 #he4  

v liable to lunacy1 #hf4    ,johnson1   
,dr41 on ,suicide1 #cf4                 
on ,suicide ( ,scorpions1 #agg4         
,jurisprud5ce1 ,civil1 #ea4             
,crim9al1 #dc4     ,koor 9 ,india1 #afb4
     ,lat9 t]ms = ,suicide1 #ca4        
,laws on ,suicide1 #dc4        ,=eign1  
on ,suicide1 #di4        ,indian1 on    
,suicide1 #afa4    ,lea ,riv]1 ,corpses 
9 !1 #fj4    ,legoyt on ,suicide1 #db4  
,l9dsay on ,animal ,suicide1 #agg4      
,lisle on ,suicide causes1 #gc4         
,lit]ature ( ,suicide1 #bi4    ,london1 
,rate ( ,suicide 91 #id4           means
 ( ,suicide 91 #adi4    ,l\is ,,ix41    
#ae4         ,,xiv41 #af4    ,love      
,affairs1 #adb4    ,lunacy1 #aaf-abh4   
,lunatics1 ,suicide (1 #dd1 #abc4       
,lyons1 ,epidemic at1 #acj4             
,mac,adam v4 ,walk]1 #ef4    ,madness1  
,am\nt (1 #abe4    ,mania1 #abc1 #abe1  
#abf4    ,m>riage1 #aab1 #aad4          
,second1 #aae4    ,m>seilles1 #acj4     
,m>%es1 #gi4    ,m>tyrdom1 #b4          
,maup]tius1 #ci4    ,means ( ,cure1     

#aga4    ,means ( ,suicide1 #add4       
9 ,india1 #afe4    ,m$ical ,m51 ,suicide
 (1 #adc4    ,melan*olia1 #abc1 #abd1   
#abf4    ,m5tal ,diseases1              
,metempsy*osis1 #b4    ,mexico1 #ac4    
,middle ,ages1 ,suicides ( !1 #bd4      
,miletus1 ,suicide 91 #abi4    ,milit>y 
,life1 #ih4    ,mod]n ,suicides1 #bd4   
,mohamm$ans1 ,suicide among1 #ab1 #afa4 
,monday1 #aje4    ,monomania1 #abc1     
#abe1 #abf4    ,moon1 ,effect ( !1 #ajb1
 #ajd4    ,montaigne1 #aj1 #ch4         
,monum5t1 ,!1 #aca1 #acc4    ,morality1 
#hi4    ,morselli on ,suicide1 #bi1 #db1
 #fi1 #hg1 #ajj1 #ajd4    ,moses1 #b4   
,m\nta9s1 #gi4     ,navy1 #ih1 #aea4    
,negroes1 #ad1 #gf4    ,new ,york1      
,suicide 91 #ie1 #aeb4    ,norway1      
,suicide 91 #fj1 #fb1 #hg4    ,notable  
,suicides1 #ag4    ,novels1 ,fam\s1 #ib4
    ,nuns1 #ie4     ,occupation1 #ie4   
,od91 #ad4    ,old ,age1 #aaj4    ,orig9
 ( ! ,"n ,suicide1 #ca4    ,o!llo1 #cc4 
,ov]-pressure1 #aab4     ,pa91 ,suicide 
f1 #ace1 #afd4    ,pa9e1 ,tom1 on       

,suicide1 #cg4    ,p>is1 ,suicide 91    
#acb4    ,pellagra1 #acj4    ,p]ihelion1
 #fi4    ,p]sia1 #ab4    ,p]u1 #ac4     
,pessimism1 #acb4    ,philosophy        
enc\rages ,suicide1 #c4    ,poison1     
#adf1 #adh    ,police1 ,!1 #aee1 #aei4  
,policies void$ by ,suicide1 #ahj4      
,portugal1 ,suicide 91 #fj1 #hg4    ,po/
 ,mortem appe>ances1 #abb4              
,pr$isposition1 ,h]$it>y1 #ach4         
,pres5t ,rates ( ,suicide1 #eh4         
,prev5tion1 #aff4    ,prison ,life1     
#ajj4    ,pro/itutes1 #ij4              
,prote/antism1 #he1 #hg4    ,prote/ants1
 ,morselli's ,table ( ,suicide by1 #hg4 
,pu]p]al ,suicide1 #agj4     ,quetelet  
on ,crime1 #aed4     ,r4 v4 ,alison1    
#dc4    ,r4 v4 ,dyson1 #dc1 #dh4    ,r4 
v4 ,fi%]1 #dh4    ,r4 v4 ,ga!rcole1 #dh4
    ,r4 v4 ,may1 #dh4    ,race1 ,effects
 (1 #ge4    ,railways1 #if4    ,r>e     
,means1 #aec4    ,reg5t's ,canal1 #ei4  
,religion1 #he1 #agb4    ,rev5ge1 #afb4 
,revivalism1 #hh4    ,ritualism1 #hh4   
,rome1 ,anci5t1 ,suicide 91 #i4         

,suicide ,law 91 #aj4    ,roman         
,ca?olics1 ,suicide ,rates (1 #he4      
,r\sseau1 #c1 #dj4    ,rural ,life1 #ic4
    ,russia1 ,suicide 91 #ade4          
,sa9ts1 ,suicide (1 #af4    ,salvation  
,army1 #hh4    ,sati1 #afc4    ,savages1
 #aef4    ,sc&9avia1 #ad4    ,s*ool     
,tasks1 #aab4    ,s*op5hau]1 #acb4      
,s*wabe v4 ,clift1 #ec4    ,scorpions1  
,suicide (1 #agf4    ,scotl&1 ,suicide  
91 #adi1 #aej4    ,seasons1 ,effect ( !1
 #ajb1 #aed4    ,sex1 #ajg1 #aeb4       
,%akespe>e1 #cc4    ,sleep1 ,value (1   
#agb4    ,sleeplessness1 #acf1 #agb4    
,spa91 ,suicide 91 #fj1 #hg1 #ajg4      
,specific ,rates ( ,suicide1 #ge4       
,spiritualism1 #adj4    ,spite1 #adb4   
,/ael1 ,madame de1 #b1 #dj4             
,/>vation1 ,suicide by1 #aeb4    ,/eph51
 ,sir ,j41 on ,suicide1 #dh4    ,/oics1 
!1 #c1 #aj1 #acb4    ,/one 9 ! ,bladd]1 
#aj4    ,/oves1 #adg4    ,sun1 ,effects 
( !1 #ajb4    ,suffocation z a means1   
#adf4    ,surgeons1 ,suicide (1 #adc4   
,sunday1 #aje4    ,sw$54 ,suicide 91    

#fj1 #fb1 #hg1 #aaa4     ,tdium ,vit1   
#ada4    ,ta9e on ,suicide1 #da4        
,tall ,races1 #gg4    ,t>antulism1 #acj4
    ,tempor>y ,insanity1 #dd1 #df4      
,t5d5cy1 ,morn+1 to ,suicide1 #agj4     
,?ames1 ,corpses 9 !1 #ei4    ,?omas1   
,dr4 ,dan=d1 on ,suicide f ,spite1 #adb4
    ,!bes1 #i4    ,?roat-cut1 #adf4     
,timon ( ,a!ns1 #h4    ,tissot on       
,suicide1 #di1 #ff4    ,t[n ,life1 #ic4 
,trades1 #ie4    ,tr\sseau on ,epilepsy1
 #aai4    ,tuke & ,bucknill1 #aba1 #abc4
     ,urban ,life1 #ic4    ,utopia ( ,m1
 #cb4     ,valhalla1 #ad4    ,v]tigo1   
,epileptic1 #aai4    ,vesuvius1 ,m\nt1  
#acc4    ,v9dictiv5ess1 #adb4           
,virg9ity1 #aac4    ,void ,policies1    
#ahj4    ,voltaire1 #c1 #ci4     ,w>rant
 ( a ,coron]1 #de4    ,w>s1 #if1 #aac4  
,wat]loo1 ,battle (1 #acc4    ,w]t]1    
,sorr[s (1 #da4    ,:ite v4 ,brit4 ,emp4
 ,co41 #ee4    ,wid[hood1 #aab4         
,w9sl[1 ,f41 on ,suicide1 #bi4    ,wom5 
*oose ,sunday = ,suicide1 #aje4         
,y\?1 #aaj4     ,z5o1 #c1 #aj4          

,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4     ,,london3  
,pr9t$ by ,h5ry ,hans>d & ,son1 ne>     
,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4           99    
99      99      99      99      99      
,transcrib]'s note3  ,obvi\s            
typographical errors h be5 sil5tly      
correct$4  ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation &    
acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & 
punctuation rema9s un*ang$4