,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,silv] ,,books ,,= ,,collectors ,) ,frontispieces & _m ,illu/rations4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,*9a4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts4 7,h[ to collect & value ,old ,engrav+s47 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,co/ume4 ,by ,g4 ,,woolliscr(t ,,rhead4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,& ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,l[es4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,black]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,fo/]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,e>!nw>e4 7,companion volume to 8,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a407 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,broadley4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,pewt]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass ,m4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,po/age ,,/amps4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,j4 ,,melville4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,tr9kets4 ,by ,,maciv] ,,p]cival4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture4 7,companion volume to 8,*ats on ,old ,furniture407 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,co9s4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,h\sehold ,,curios4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,silv]4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,japanese ,,pr9ts4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,davison ,,ficke4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,milit>y ,,curios4 ,by ,,/anley ,c4 ,,johnson4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,clocks ,,& ,,wat*es4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,royal ,,cop5hag5 ,,porcela94 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,%effield ,,plate4 7,companion volume to 8,*ats on ,old ,silv]407 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,engli% ,,draw+s4 ,by ,,r&all ,,davies4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,w$gwood ,,w>e4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,b>n>d4 ,,bye ,,pa?s ,,( ,,curio ,,collect+4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,) ,frontispiece & #gb ,full page ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw91 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,,george ,,ii ,,p]iod1 #agda4 ,mak]1 ,pet] ,ar*ambo4 ,frontispiece4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,silv] ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd5 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture10 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,frontispiece ,,& ,,n9ety-,,n9e ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations ,,toge!r ,,) ,,illu/rat$ ,,tables ,,( ,,m>ks ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,ltd ,,london3 ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,fir/ publi%$ #aiae ,second ,impression #aiag ,?ird ,impression #aiai ,f\r? ,impression #aibb ,fif? ,impression #aibe 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,to ,,alfr$ ,,davies1 ,,9 ,,remembrance ,,( ,,our ,,fri5d%ip ,,preface ,! /udy ( old silv] usually beg9s :5 ! inquir+ possessor ( family plate sets himself ! task ( asc]ta9+ ! date & ! probable value ( "s piece long 9 8 family & possibly lately bequea!d to him4 ,) old *9a1 & probably ) old furniture1 ! ta/e = collect+ is (t5times an acquir$ "o1 b x is 9 ! ,engli%man's blood to rum9ate ov] 8 old plate1 & ! hall-m>ks ( ! assay (fices 9 ,london & 9 ! prov9ces1 9 ,scotl& & 9 ,irel&1 h be5 plac$ !reon ) a=e?\ght4 ,! plate closet is c\s9 to ! /rong-box1 inasmu* z ! co9 ( ! realm & gold & silv] plate h be5 subject$ to /r+5t laws ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! te*nical ^w 8hall-m>k0 has become a common t]m 9 ! language synonym\s ) g5u95ess4 ,! /ricte/ sup]vision1 "u ! p>5tal eye ( ! law1 has upheld ! dignity ( ! silv]smi?s gu>antees4 ,h5ce ! pride ( possession ( old silv]4 ,pictures & furniture & engrav+s ^: ance/ry is d\btful ?ru/ !mselves 9 ! m>ket )\t fe> ( ! wat*ful (ficial eye4 ,b old silv] be>+ ! hall-m>ks ( anci5t & hon\rable guilds ( silv]smi?s1 /amp$ at ! accr$it$ assay (fices1 is1 ) few exceptions1 :at x purports to be4 ,x is a pr\d record & a spl5did h]itage4 ,9 deal+ ) ! subject ( old silv] 9 a volume ( ?is size suffici5t details h be5 giv5 to enable ! collector to id5tify 8 silv] if x be 9 ! ma9 /ream ( silv]smi?s' "w4 ,on ! :ole1 except :]e x is necess>y 9 c]ta9 fields to illu/rate ! only examples1 sumptu\s specim5s h be5 avoid$ 9 ! illu/rations z be+ outside ! scope ( ?is volume & ! public to :om x is int5d$ to appeal4 ,! collector ( old silv] mu/ h a pretty ta/e & a f9e judgm5t4 ,x is n an absolute law t age det]m9es beauty4 ,hall-m>ks1 ?\gh !y d5ote date1 d n gu>antee excell5ce ( design4 ,ev]y?+ t be>s ! hall-m>k ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,hall ( ,london is n beautiful1 :e!r x be old or :e!r x be new4 ,! connoisseur mu/ dige/ ! fact t ! assay m>ks ( ! lion1 ! leop>d's head1 ! date-m>k1 & ! re/1 are s _m (ficial symbols1 accurate z to date & suffici5t gu>antee z to ! /&>d ( ! metal1 b mean+less 9 reg>d to ! art ( ! piece on :i* !y /&4 ,! assay (fices are m]ely /amp+ ma*9es4 ,:at ,som]set ,h\se is to legal docum5ts s ! assay (fices are to silv] & gold plate1 & no?+ m4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( plac+ su* me*anical control "u ,gov]nm5t sup]vision4 ,! excell5ce ( a piece ( plate is gov]n$ by ! same laws :i* control all o!r bran*es ( decorative art4 ,r>ity is a factor n especially treat$ 9 ?is volume4 ,r>e specim5s are n necess>ily beautiful ev5 ?\gh !y be unique4 ,9 cov]+ s wide a field 9 s small a volume1 mu* has _h to be omitt$4 ,!re are _m volumes on old ,engli% silv] plate1 b 9 reg>d to rese>*1 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,jackson1 8,engli% ,goldsmi?s & _! ,m>ks10 ) ov] elev5 ?\s& m>ks1 /&s alone & supplants all o!r volumes4 ,e collector mu/ reg>d ?is "w z ! bible ( silv]-plate collect+4 ,i h giv5 suffici5t space to m>ks 9 ! pres5t volume to indicate ^? us$ by ! ,london & o!r assay (fices4 ,"s m>ks are giv5 :i* d n appe> else:]e1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! tables %\ld enable ! beg9n] to come to a def9ite conclusion z to ! date ( 8 silv]4 ,9 especial1 ! ,table ( v>iations 9 ! %apes ( %ields 9 ! hall-m>k & /&>d-m>k employ$ at ! ,london ,assay ,(fice f ! accession ( ,que5 ,elizabe? to ! pres5t day1 is a feature n be=e giv5 9 s concise a =m 9 any o!r volume4 ,! m>ks on silv] are /amp$1 ! design ?us appe>s 9 relief1 :ile ! edges ( ! %ield on :i* x appe>s are sunk4 ,! reproduction ( ?is has (f]$ a difficulty 9 illu/ration 9 all volumes on old silv]4 ,to pr9t black lett]s or designs on a :ite backgr\nd1 al?\gh easy1 is unsatisfactory4 ,on ! contr>y1 to pr9t ! rais$ design 9 :ite on a dead black backgr\nd is n a reali/ic pres5tation ( ! m>k z x appe>s to ! eye4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts ,i h reproduc$ ! m>ks 9 a mann] m closely approa*+ _! actual appe>ance1 & less sugge/ive ( black-&-:ite designs on pap]4 ,i h to express my ?anks = ! k9d assi/ance ,i h receiv$ 9 reg>d to photographs & wax ca/s & draw+s ( m>ks1 & = p]mission to include !m 9 ?is volume z illu/rations1 to ! foll[+3 ! au?orities ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,clo?work]s & ! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,m]c]s ,i am enabl$ to reproduce "s f9e examples f _! ,halls4 ,to ,"l ,dillon ,i am indebt$ = 8 c\rtesy 9 all[+ ! inclusion ( an int]e/+ example 9 8 possession4 ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs h af=d$ me access to _! records1 includ+ ! use ( copyright photographs ( specim5s :i* h pass$ ?r\gh _! h&s1 & c\rte\s assi/ance 9 reproduc+ examples 9 _! possession4 ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co41 & ,messrs4 ,g>r>d ,co41 h simil>ly ext5d$ to me _! practical aid2 ,messrs4 ,john ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ( ,exet]1 h enabl$ me to d ju/ice to ! art ( ! ,exet] silv]smi?1 & ,messrs4 ,h>ris & ,s9clair1 ( ,dubl91 h enri*$ my *apt] on ,iri% silv]4 ,i h also to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,c>r+ton ,co4 = ! ,frontispiece & = ! f9e design ( an ,iri% ,di% ,r+ %[n on ! cov]4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,smi?1 my photograph]1 has giv5 exceptional c>e 9 obta9+ good results4 ,x is1 !re=e1 my hope t ?is volume w /& z an au?oritative outl9e hi/ory ( ! subject ( :i* x treats1 t x may po9t ! way to possessors ( old silv] to arrive at s\nd conclusions z to _! heirlooms1 & t x may indicate to collectors ! sali5t features ( _! hobby4 ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,janu>y #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #aa ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #ai ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m>ks ,,/amp$ ,,^u ,,silv] #bc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ecclesia/ical ,,plate #fe ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,maz]1 ,,! ,,/&+ ,,cup1 ,,! ,,flagon1 ,,! ,,tank>d1 ,,! ,,beak]1 ,,! ,,w9e ,,cup #hc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,salt ,,cell> #aci ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,spoon #agg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,posset-,,pot1 ,,! ,,porr+] #aie ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,c&le/ick #bba ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,teapot1 ,,! ,,c(fee-,,pot1 ,,! ,,tea-,,caddy #bci ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,ca/]1 ,,! ,,sug>-,,b[l1 ,,! ,,cream-,,pail1 ,,! ,,cake-,,basket #bfg ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,cream-,,jug #bii ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,scotti% ,,silv] #caa ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,iri% ,,silv] #cbi ,,app5dix1 ,,conta9+ ,,tables ,,( ,,date ,,lett]s4 ,,london 7#aeih-ahce7 #cdg ,,table ,,( ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,%ields4 ,,london 7,,elizabe? ,,to ,,george ,v7 #ceg ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,m>ks3 ,,london1 ,,prov9cial1 ,,scotti%1 ,,& ,,iri% #cei ,,index #daa ,,illu/rations ,george ,,ii ,c(fee ,pot1 #agda4 ,mak]1 ,pet] ,ar*ambo4 ,frontispiece ,,page ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,ecclesia/ical ,,plate ,elizabe?an ,*alices #fg ,elizabe?an ,*alice2 ,*>les ,i ,*alice #ga ,*>les ,,ii ,cup2 ,william ,,iii ,flagons #ge ,*>les ,,ii & ,que5 ,anne ,pat5s #gi ,george ,,ii ,communion ,cup #ha ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,/&+ ,,cup1 ,,! ,,flagon1 ,,! ,,tank>ds1 ,,! ,,beak]s1 ,,& ,,! ,,w9e ,,cup ,maz]1 ) inscription dat$ ,exet]1 #adij #hg ,! ,leigh ,cup & ,cov]1 #adii #ia ,cup & ,cov]1 #aehe #ie ,/onew>e ,jug ) ,silv] ,cov] & ,foot1 #aegj #ie ,! ,samuel ,pepys ,/&+ ,cup & ,cov]1 #afgg #ii ,flagon1 #aegb2 ,flagon1 #aeii #aje ,tank>ds1 ,*>les ,,ii1 #afgi1 & ,william ,,iii1 #agja #aaa ,*>les ,,ii ,tank>ds1 ,york1 #afhd #aaa ,que5 ,anne ,tank>d1 ,exet]1 #agje #aae ,mug1 #agcc1 & ,tank>d1 #agdh1 ,exet] #aag ,beak]s3 ,james ,i1 #afjf2 ,*>les ,i1 #afca2 ,*>les ,,ii1 #afga #aba ,james ,i ,w9e ,cup #abe ,/u>t ,w9e ,cups2 ,sev5te5?-c5tury ,c&le/ick #abi 8,montei?0 ,pun*-b[l1 #agjd #ace ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,salt ,,cell> ,h\r-glass ,/&+ ,salt ,cell>1 #aejj #adc ,bell-%ap$ ,salt ,cell>1 #afja #adg ,circul> ,salt ,cell>1 #afch #aea ,octagonal ,salt ,cell>1 #afgi1 8,! ,sumn] ,salt0 #aee ,lambe? ,delft & ,r\5 fai5ce ,salt ,cell>s #afa ,gr\p ( ,small ,circul> ,salts1 ,que5 ,anne1 ,george ,,ii1 & ,george ,,iii #afe ,salts ) ,glass ,l9]1 ,george ,,iii #afg ,gr\p ( ,oblong ,salts ) ?ree feet1 ,george ,,iii #afg ,gr\p ( ,salt ,cell>s1 ,george ,,iii1 %[+ transition #aga ,gr\p ( ,salt ,cell>s1 ,george ,,iii1 ,george ,,iv1 & ,william ,,iv #agc ,,*apt] ,v4--,,! ,,spoon ,sev5te5?-c5tury ,spoons #aha ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5?-c5tury ,spoons #ahe ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5?-c5tury ,spoons #ahi ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,! ,,posset-,,pot ,,& ,,! ,,porr+] ,commonweal? ,porr+]1 #afec #aig ,*>les ,,ii ,posset-pot & ,cov]1 #affb2 ,porr+]1 ,silv]-gilt1 #affi #aig ,*>les ,,ii ,porr+]1 #afff #bja ,*>les ,,ii ,posset-cup & ,cov]1 #afgi #bja ,posset-pot & ,cov]1 #afhc #bje ,*>les ,,ii ,porr+]1 #afgb #bji ,que5 ,anne ,porr+]1 ,exet]1 #agjg #bji ,james ,,ii ,posset-cup & ,cov]1 #afhe #bac ,/af=d%ire ,e>!nw>e ,posset-cup1 dat$ #afhe #bac ,plum ,bro? ,di% & ,ladle1 #afig #bag ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,c&le/ick ,*>les ,i ,c&le/ick1 #afcg #bbc ,lambe? ,delft ,c&le/ick1 dat$ #afdh #bbc ,*>les ,,ii ,c&le/icks1 #afgc #bbg ,snuff]s & ,tray1 #afhb #bca ,c&le/icks ,que5 ,anne1 #agjd1 #agjf2 ,george ,i1 #agba #bca ,c&le/ick1 ,%effield1 #aghb #bce ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,! ,,c(fee-,,pot1 ,,! ,,teapot1 ,,! ,,tea-,,caddy ,c(fee-pot1 ,newca/le1 #agcg #bdc ,teapot 7,hon\rable ,ea/ ,india ,company71 #afgj #bdc ,teapot1 #agde #bdg ,kettle1 ) ,/& & ,_s-lamp1 #agdf #bea ,gr\p ( ,c(fee-pots & ,teapots #bee ,tea-caddies1 ,exet]1 #agah2 ,london1 #agcj #bei ,george ,,iii ,tea-caddies #bei ,pair ( ,tea-caddies & ,sug>-box1 #agfj #bfc ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,ca/]1 ,,! ,,sug>-,,b[l1 ,,! ,,cream-,,pail1 ,,! ,,cake-,,basket ,william ,,iii & ,que5 ,anne ,ca/]s1 #agja & #agab #bfi ,george ,,ii ,ca/]1 ,exet]1 #agbh #bgc ,gr\p ( ,ca/]s1 ,william ,,iii1 ,george ,,ii1 & ,george ,,iii #bgg ,c5tre-piece1 #agfa #bgi ,c5tre-piece1 #agge #bgi ,sug>-b[l1 ,classic ,/yle1 #aggc #bhc ,sug>-b[l1 ,pi]c$ ,"w ) ,glass ,l9]s 7late ,eighte5? ,c5tury7 #bhe ,cream-pails1 #aggf1 #aghb #bhe ,bread-baskets1 #agde to #agge #bhi ,cake-basket1 #agfa2 ,w$gwood ,cake-basket #bia ,w$gwood ,e>!nw>e ,dess]t-baskets #bie ,,*apt] ,x4--,,! ,,cream-,,jug ,jug1 ,paul de ,lam]ie1 #agcf #cja ,gr\p ( ,cream-jugs1 ,george ,i & ,george ,,iii #cje ,gr\p ( ,cream-jugs1 late ,george ,,iii #cji ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,scotti% ,,silv] ,scotti% ,quai*1 ,ed9burgh1 #agje #cac ,mug1 ,ed9burgh1 #agij #cac ,sug>-ca/]1 ,ed9burgh1 #agdf #cag ,c(fee-pot1 ,ed9burgh1 #agfi #cba ,tea-urn1 ,ed9burgh1 #aggh #cbe ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,iri% ,,silv] ,ca/]1 ,dubl9 7,george ,lyng71 #afii #cca ,lov+-cup1 ) h>p h&les1 ,cork1 #afid #cca ,c5tre-piece1 ,dubl91 #agdj #cce ,cream-jug1 sign$ by ,jona?an ,buck1 ,cork1 #agfd #cci ,cream-jug1 ,dubl91 #agdj #cci ,cream-pail1 ,dubl91 #aggj #cdc ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,i ,alphabets ( ,date ,lett]s us$ at ,london ,assay ,(fice #cdg-cee ,table %[+ v>iations 9 ,hall & ,/&>d ,m>ks #ceg ,s]ies ( ,examples ( ,london ,assay ,m>ks #cei-che ,s]ies ( ,examples ( ,prov9cial ,assay ,m>ks #chg-cii ,s]ies ( ,examples ( ,scotti% & ,iri% ,assay ,m>ks #dja-dji ,i ,,! ,,m>ks ,,/amp$ ,,^u ,,silv] ,i4 ,,! ,,hall-,,m>k ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,m>k ,,iii4 ,,! ,,date ,,m>k ,,iv4 ,,! ,,mak]',s ,,m>k ,v4 ,,! ,,high] ,,/&>d ,,m>k ,,vi4 ,,! ,,duty ,,m>k ,,vii4 ,,! ,,=eign ,,m>k ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] 7pp4 #cdg-dji7 ,illu/rations ( typical ,m>ks ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m>ks ,,/amp$ ,,^u ,,silv] ,i4 ,! ,hall-m>k4 ,its significance--,! hall-m>k compulsory by law--,v>i\s hall-m>ks4--,,ii4 ,! ,/&>d ,m>k4 ,! silv] /&>ds--,! ,lion passant 7,engl&71 ! ,?i/le 7,scotl&71 & ! ,h>p 7,irel&74--,,iii4 ,! ,date ,m>k4 ,! alphabets us$ by ! v>i\s assay (fices4--,,iv4 ,! ,mak]'s ,m>k4 ,initials ( surname--,lat] usage1 det]m9$ by law1 initials ( ,*ri/ian & surnames4--,v4 ,! ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k4 ,! lion's head eras$ & ! figure ( ,britannia 7compulsory f #afig to #agbj1 optional aft]w>ds74--,,vi4 ,! ,duty ,m>k4 ,! reign+ sov]eign's head f ,george ,,iii to ,victoria 7#aghd to #ahij74--,,vii4 ,! ,=eign ,m>k4 ,=eign silv] plate assay$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to be> an additional m>k4 ,i4 ,,! ,,hall-,,m>k ,?is is ! m>k /amp$ ^u gold or silv] plate by a recogniz$ guild1 & signifies t ! object s /amp$ has successfully pass$ ! assay appli$ to x to det]m9e its quality4 ,briti% hall-m>ks possess a reputation :i* !y und\bt$ly des]ve4 8,9 ?is c\ntry ! sy/em has exi/$ sub/antially 9 its pres5t =m s9ce ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i40#a ,9 ?is reign1 "u /atutory au?ority1 x 0 laid d[n t all silv] made 9 ,engl& 0 to be z good z ! silv] co9 or bett]1 & prov9cial silv]smi?s 7"o f ea* c5tre7 7 to proce$ to ,london to h _! "w assay$ & h ! m>k ( ! leop>d's head /amp$ ^u x4 ,= six c5turies ! hall-m>k ( ! w>d5s ( ! 8,mi/]y ( ,goldsmi?s0 ( ! city ( ,london has /ood z a gu>antee ( value1 & is int5d$ to af=d suffici5t protection to ! pur*as]4 ,?is hall-m>k1 or t[n m>k z x came to be kn[n lat]1 d5otes ! place :]e ! assay 0 made4 ,x 0 /ruck on all su* articles z w\ld be> ! 8,t\*02 ?is is ! te*nical t]m synonym\s ) assay+4 ,z w be se5 subsequ5tly1 ! hall-m>k does n /& alone4 ,v e>ly x 0 deem$ exp$i5t to /amp "s fur!r m>k1 :i* %\ld d5ote ! date :5 ! piece 0 actually assay$ at ! hall or assay (fice4 ,?is second assay m>k1 or w>d5's m>k1 is kn[n z ! date lett]4 ,! ,company ( ,goldsmi?s 9 ,london1 incorporat$ by *>t] 9 #acbg1 possess$ pl5>y p[]s :i* !y ex]cis$ ) consid]able rig\r4 ,!y fram$ /r+5t regulations det]m9+ trade cu/oms1 !y kept a wat*ful eye on recalcitrant memb]s :o %[$ any t5d5cy to l[] ! dignity ( ! craft1 & !y puni%$ ) sev]ity all ^? :o c\nt]feit$ ! (ficial m>ks ( ! hall4 ,?is dom9ance ov] ! ev]yday transactions ( ! work] 9 plate 0 support$ by a s]ies ( ,acts ( ,p>liam5t ext5d+ ov] a l5g?y p]iod4 ,!y are highly te*nical1 & ! /udy ( hall-m>ks is ( a complex nature1 & adds no inconsid]able task to ! hobby ( collect+ old silv]4 ,9 ! ma9 x w be se5 t ! p[] at fir/ exclusively conf]r$ on ! ,london ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 & aft]w>ds di/ribut$ to v>i\s assay (fices 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 has be5 kept "u due subjection by ! ,cr[n & by p>liam5t>y legislation4 ,!re is no trade m protect$ by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t gov]n+ ! details ( its proc$ure4 ,! fa%ion+ ( gold & silv] plate be+ s intimately relat$ to que/ions ( curr5cy & affect+ ! co9 ( ! realm1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! t5d5cy ( legislation has be5 to relieve ! old guilds ( mu* ( _! =m] p[]4 ,we f9d t "o ( ! recomm5dations ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on hall-m>k+1 9 #ahgi1 0 t ! :ole ( ! assay (fices %\ld be plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 9 ord] t a uni=m /&>d ( quality %\ld be gu>ante$4 ,we h se5 t ! ,london assay (fice is ! doy5 ( assay (fices4 ,at fir/1 plate1 al?\gh wr\ght else:]e1 _h to be> ! ,london hall-m>k ( ! leop>d's head4 ,sev5 cities 7 appo9t$1 by a /atute ( ,h5ry ,,vi 9 #adbc1 to ex]cise ! "r ( assay+ plate1 viz4 ,salisbury & ,bri/ol = ! ,we/ ,c\ntry1 ,newca/le & ,york = ! ,nor? ,c\ntry1 ,cov5try = ! ,midl&s1 ,l9coln & ,norwi* = ,ea/ ,anglia1 & ,london1 ( c\rse1 cont9u$ its functions4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,assay ,(fices ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?ree out ( ^! sev51 ,l9coln1 ,salisbury1 & ,cov5try1 _h discont9u$ to assay silv]1 & x 0 n ?\ght necess>y to reappo9t !m4 ,9 #agjj ,york1 ,bri/ol1 & ,norwi* 71 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii1 reappo9t$ = assay+ & m>k+ wr\ght silv]4 ,by ! same ,act1 #ab ,william1 cap4 #d1 two new assay (fices 7 appo9t$1 ,exet] & ,*e/]1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ reign by #a ,anne1 cap4 #i1 ,newca/le 0 also reappo9t$4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 #aggc1 two additional assay (fices 7 creat$ at ,birm+ham & at ,%effield by #ac ,george ,,iii1 cap4 #eb4 ,london1 dur+ all ?is "t _h cont9u$ to assay silv] 9 unbrok5 cont9uity f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ^? :o h a l>ge quantity ( old silv] plate pass+ ?r\gh _! h&s1 t1 9 spite ( ! numb] ( prov9cial assay (fices1 ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( old ,engli% silv] be>s ! ,london hall-m>k4 ,! ,hall-m>ks ( ! ,v>i\s ,assay ,(fices ,9 ! ,app5dix 7pp4 #cdg-dji7 are illu/rations %[+ ! v>i\s hall-m>ks us$ at diff]5t p]iods by ! w>d5s & assay ma/]s ( ! appo9t$ cities4 ,! foll[+ indicate ! *ief m>ks us$4 ,london 7! leop>d's head1 sometimes l a k+ on a pack ( c>ds1 & lat]1 :5 uncr[n$1 l a tig]'s head74 ,*e/] 7an upright sword betwe5 ?ree :eat%eaves74 ,newca/le1 clos$ 9 #ahhd 7?ree ca/les set 9 a %ield1 two ov] "o1 simil> 9 arrangem5t to ! ,*e/] :eat%eaves74 ,exet]1 clos$ 9 #ahhc 7e>ly m>k lett] ,x ) cr[n above4 ,aft] #agja ?ree ca/les1 sometimes jo9$ toge!r z "o ca/le ) ?ree t[]s1 simil> to ,ed9burgh m>k74 ,norwi* 7ca/le above ) lion b5ea?2 ! ca/le is less l a ca/le ?an any o!r ( ! ca/le m>ks74 ,york1 clos$ 9 #ahef 7e>ly m>k a fleur-de-lis1 %[+ only half1 ! o!r half undeciph]able1 conjectur$ by "s au?orities to be a rose1 by o!rs a leop>d's head2 ?is latt] is n[ accept$ z correct1 & cle>ly %[s 9 "s examples2 lat] m>k %ield ) cross ( ,engl& & five lions74 ,birm+ham 7an an*or71 ,%effield 7a cr[n71 ,ed9burgh 7a ca/le ) ?ree t[]s74 ,glasg[ 7a tree ) a bird p]*$ on top1 & a t9y bell susp5d$ f b\ghs1 a fi% transv]sely across ! trunk74 ,dubl9 7figure ( ,hib]nia s9ce #agcj74 ,cork 7%ip & ca/le1 two m>ks74 ,! ,v>y+ ,numb] ( ,m>ks ,us$ ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 & extremely puzzl+ to beg9n]s 9 ! /udy ( hall-m>ks1 to f9d t ! prov9cial (fices us$1 9 addition to _! own place-m>k1 ! leop>d's head ( ! ,london assay (fice4 ,f #afig to #agai ! leop>d's head disappe>s f all silv]1 = ! reason :i* is giv5 9 detail 9 ,section ,v ( ?is *apt]--8,! ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k0 7pp4 #di-ei74 ,9 its place two o!r m>ks occur--! lion's head eras$ & ! figure ( ,britannia4 ,^! 7 only us$ 9 ,london betwe5 ! ye>s #afig & #agja1 dur+ :i* five ye>s prov9cial (fices ceas$ to assay any silv]4 ,?is is a hiatus 9 prov9cial m>ks :i* ! beg9n] %\ld note4 ,f #agja to #agai ! prov9cial (fices us$ _! place-m>ks toge!r ) ! two new m>ks 7! lion's head eras$ & ! figure ( ,britannia71 :i* 7 compulsory by law4 ,?is law 0 repeal$ 9 #agai & ,london rev]t$ to ! old /yle m>k ( ! leop>d's head1 s t ,london-m>k$ silv] ( #agbj is m>k$ ) ! same numb] ( m>ks z t be=e ! ,act ( #afig1 t is f\r m>ks4 ,b x appe>s t ! prov9ces = a long p]iod did n rev]t to ! old /yle ( m>k+4 ,newca/le1 = in/ance1 adds ! leop>d's head f #agbj 9 addition to h] t[n m>k2 ,exet] simil>ly took ! leop>d's head 9 #agbj4 ,*e/] also add$ ano!r m>k1 ! leop>d's head1 at ! same "t4 ,! result ( ?is is t be=e #agja ,*e/] _h f\r m>ks1 sometimes only ?ree1 b aft] #agbj five 7 us$2 :5 ! duty m>k 0 add$ 7see p4 #cie7 six m>ks 7 employ$4 ,! leop>d's head 0 n discont9u$ till #ahci1 r$uc+ ! m>ks to five1 & n[1 s9ce ! abolition ( ! duty m>k 9 #ahij1 !re are only f\r4 ,exet] _h1 ) ! use ( ! leop>d's head1 five m>ks1 b 9 #agdh ! leop>d's head _h disappe>$4 ,newca/le cont9u$ ! leop>d's head dur+ ! p]iod ( ! duty m>k1 ?us mak+ six m>ks1 till ! clos+ ( ! (fice 9 #ahhd4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,m>k ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( ,engli% silv] plate ! /&>d ma9ta9$ has be5 always equal to t ( ! silv] co9age1 & sometimes high]4 ,! control ( ! /&>d has long be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 &1 x has already be5 %[n1 ! prov+ or assay+ ( all articles1 9 ord] t !y may be (ficially /amp$ z ( /]l+ silv]1 0 allocat$ to ! w>d5s & assay ma/]s ( ! ,london & o!r assay (fices4 ,obvi\sly if x _h be5 p]mitt$ to manufacture silv] plate at a l[] /&>d ?an ! co9 ( ! realm1 ! latt] w\ld h be5 melt$ d[n to be made into plate at a pr(it4 ,9 ord] to regulate ! uni=m proc$ure ( ! trade ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! am\nt ( alloy to be add$ to silv] 0 v cle>ly laid d[n by law4 ,! /&>d = silv] has be5 9 =ce = six hundr$ ye>s1 s9ce ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 viz4 #aa oz4 #b dwts4 ( silv] & #ah dwts4 alloy 9 e p\nd troy ( plate2 t is #ibe p>ts ( silv] 9 e ?\s& p>ts4 ,f ! ye> #afig to #agbj ! /&>d 0 fix$ at #aa oz4 #aj dwts4 ( silv] to ! p\nd troy1 t is 4#ieh4 ,?is high] or 8,britannia0 /&>d is describ$ 9 ,section ,v ( ?is *apt] 7pp4 #di-ei74 ,9 reg>d to ?is new /&>d1 t is a /&>d above ! /]l+ ( ! co9 ( ! realm1 special m>ks 7 us$ dur+ ! above p]iod & h be5 us$ s9ce !n to ! pres5t day :5ev] silv] plate is ( ! new /&>d4 ,x 0 illegal to make silv] plate ( less ?an ?is new /&>d dur+ ! p]iod #afig to #agbj2 aft] ?is p]iod !re are two /&>ds1 ! high] be+ optional4 ,ano!r p]iod :5 silv] plate 0 high] 9 /&>d ?an ! silv] co9 ( ! realm 0 dur+ a portion ( ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ! :ole ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 & ! :ole ( ! reign ( ,m>y1 until ,elizabe? 9 ! second ye> ( h] reign elevat$ ! debas$ co9age to its =m] /&>d ( f95ess4 ,9 #aedc ,h5ry ,,viii r$uc$ ! /&>d f #aa oz4 #b dwts4 to #aj oz42 t is1 t5 p>ts ( silv] to two p>ts ( alloy4 ,9 #aede he r$uc$ x fur!r to #f oz4 9 ! p\nd troy1 t is half silv] & half alloy4 ,9 #aedf he made a /ill fur!r r$uction to #d oz41 s t silv] co9s ( t p]iod conta9 only "o ?ird silv]4 ,9 #aeeb ?is 0 increas$ to #aa oz4 #a dwt41 to be r$uc$ to #aa oz4 9 ,m>y's reign4 ,dur+ all ^! *anges ! silv] plate rema9$ true to its old /&>d1 & z ?\gh 9 pr\d sup]iority ov] ! co9 ( ! realm1 ! ,london ,goldsmi?s adopt$ 9 #aede z a /&>d m>k a new /amp--! lion passant1 :i* has be5 _! /&>d m>k f t day to ! pres5t "t1 & has be5 recogniz$ by _m /atutes s9ce t "t z con/itut+ ! /&>d m>k1 or /]l+ m>k ( ! ,/ate1 or1 z x 0 t]m$ at ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 8,h] ,maje/y's ,lion40 ,on two occasions1 !re=e1 ! silv] plate ( ?is c\ntry 0 ( f9] quality ?an ! co9 ( ! realm3 on ! fir/ :5 ! co9 ( ! realm 0 debas$1 & on ! second :5 silv] plate 0 compulsorily rais$ to a high] /&>d ?an ! co9 ( ! realm4 ,! lion passant1 :i* is ! /&>d m>k1 has naturally be5 employ$ by prov9cial (fices z a gu>antee ( /]l+ or /&>d silv]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #afig to #agbj ! lion passant disappe>s f all silv] 9 ! 8,britannia0 /&>d p]iod :5 o!r m>ks 7 sub/itut$4 ,b 9 #agbj ! lion passant m>k occurs aga9 on all ,london silv]1 & 9 ,*e/]1 ,exet]1 ,york1 & ,newca/le m>ks4 ,f #aggc bo? ,%effield & ,birm+ham h us$ ! m>k ( ! lion passant4 ,9 reg>d to ,scotl&1 ! /&>d m>k = ,ed9burgh1 aft] #ageg1 is a ?i/le1 & = ,glasg[ a lion rampant aft] #ahai4 ,! ,iri% /&>d m>k is a h>p cr[n$ f ! ye> #afch1 :i* m>k is on all ,iri% silv] assay$ at ! ,dubl9 (fice4 ,f #agcj ! figure ( ,hib]nia has be5 ! duty m>k & ! h>p cr[n$ ! /&>d m>k on all ,iri% silv] assay$ at ,dubl94 ,^! m>ks are %[n 9 ,app5dix 7pp4 #cdg-dji74 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,date ,,m>k ,among ! v>i\s m>ks us$ = ! purposes we h indicat$1 ! date m>k is "o :i* has a vital significance4 ,x e/abli%es ) c]ta9ty ! ye> 9 :i* a piece ( silv] 0 fa%ion$ & tak5 to ! assay (fice to be /amp$ z /]l+ silv]4 ,! easie/ plan 9 reg>d to date m>ks w\ld h be5 to /amp ! actual date ^u ea* piece ( silv] or gold assay$1 b ?is 0 too simple a proc$ure = ! 8,mi/]y ( ! ,goldsmi?s40 ,!y employ$ alphabets ( v>i\s /yles & ea* ye> 0 repres5t$ by a diff]5t lett]1 & to add fur!r to ! puzzl+ difficulty ( deciph]+ ^! symbols1 c]ta9 lett]s 7 omitt$4 ,moreov]1 ea* assay t[n has its own s]ies ( date m>ks4 ,lett]s ( ! alphabet are us$ sometimes f ,a to ,t1 or ,a to ,u1 or f ,a to ,z2 sometimes ! lett]s ,j & ,v are omitt$1 & 9 "o case = a consid]able p]iod ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 7 us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( type 7 us$ & !y appe> 9 %ields ( diff]+ %apes4 ,! /udy !re=e ( ! date m>ks ( ! ,london assay (fice & ( ! v>i\s prov9cial assay (fices toge!r ) ! date m>ks us$ 9 ,scotl& & 9 ,irel& is v intricate1 & ! det]m9ation ( ^! ) exactitude might occupy a man ! great] portion ( 8 life4 ,! /&>d "w on ! subject is 8,engli% ,goldsmi?s & _! ,m>ks10 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,jackson1 :i* conta9s ov] elev5 ?\s& m>ks reproduc$ 9 facsimile4 ,mr4 ,jackson 9 ! #aije edition _h work$ = sev5te5 ye>s at ?is subject1 & 8 lab\rs h be5 /up5d\s2 a new edition %ortly to appe> w repres5t a qu>t] ( a c5tury's "w4 ,!re is no o!r book on ! subject )9 measurable di/ance ( ?is encyclopa$ia4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! pres5t volume only a limit$ numb] ( m>ks c be illu/rat$1 b ! au?or has giv5 typical examples cov]+ ! ,london m>ks1 :i* are ! mo/ important1 & a few examples f mo/ ( ! prov9cial assay (fices z well z f ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,^! w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix 7pp4 #cdg-dji74 ,london ,! ,goldsmi?s' ,company ( ,london has an hon\rable & anci5t hi/ory & mu/ be reg>d$ z ! lead+ _s 9 reg>d to hall-m>ks4 ,x is admitt$ t1 f a public po9t ( view1 ! hall-m>ks /amp$ on silv] by ! v>i\s assay (fices h a v def9ite mean+4 8,our hall-m>ks af=d a gu>antee ( value to :i*1 x is n to be wond]$ at1 consid]able importance atta*es1 s9ce ^! goods may safely be reg>d$ z an inve/m5t40 ,! true function ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company is a protective "o--protective 9 ! int]e/s ( hone/ trad]s1 protective 9 ! int]e/s ( public buy]s4 ,we sugge/ t !y might p]=m an educational s]vice by ?r[+ op5 _! assay (fice to public inspection4 ,nei!r ! ,royal ,m9t nor ! ,bank ( ,engl& may be said to be an inaccessible holy ( holies4 ,! assay+ ( silv] & gold is a process :i* affects ! pocket ( ! public to a l>ge ext5t4 ,z cu/odians ( hi/oric ar*ives ( no insignificant value1 !re is no reason :y su* records %\ld n be z readily accessible to ! g5]al /ud5t z are ! pap]s 9 ! ,public ,record ,(fice :i* divulge bygone ,/ate secrets4 ,possibly if ! assay+ 7 plac$ "u ,gov]nm5t sup]vision1 z has s (t5 be5 /rongly advocat$1 ^! ?+s might come to pass4 ,9 reg>d to data und\bt$ly ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company c claim an anci5t record4 ,!y are pr\dly jeal\s ( _! reputation & rightly anxi\s to gu>d ! public int]e/4 ,!re is no d\bt t 8! laws ( hall-m>k+1 scatt]$ z !y are ov] a multitude ( /atutes1 are highly te*nical1 & n ! lea/ necess>y re=m is _! consolidation40 ,! ,goldsmi?s' ,company 0 once a trade guild1 b ?is is ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & !y exi/ solely 9 ! public int]e/4 ,to-morr[ !y c\ld be swept aside by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & all silv] c\ld be assay$ & /amp$ at ! ,royal ,m9t or by ,gov]nm5t assay]s4 ,9 reg>d to ! date lett]s ! ,london ,assay ,(fice has consi/5tly1 ) "o exception1 #afif1 adh]$ to tw5ty lett]s 9 ea* alphabet1 t is f ,a to ,u 7omitt+ ,j74 ,b ! prov9cial (fices 7 w(ully erratic & exhibit a loos5ess & want ( sy/em 9 n adh]+ to ! same arrangem5t ( alphabets 9 succe$+ p]iods4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ ^! ecc5tricities 9 detail1 a few examples w suffice4 ,newca/le f #agjb to #agbj employ$ ! alphabet z foll[s3--,a 7#agjb71 ,b 7#agjc71 ,d 7#agje71 ,f 7#agjg71 ,m 7#agab71 ,o 7#agaf71 ,p 7#agag71 ,q 7#agah71 ,d 7#agai71 ,e 7#agbj74 ,"s ( ^! 7 us$ = m ?an "o ye>4 ,9 ! next two p]iods1 #agba to #agci & #agdj to #ageh1 ! alphabet ends at ,t4 ,lat] alphabets run to ,z4 ,*e/] employ$ an alphabet sometimes end+ 9 ,x1 sometimes 9 ,v1 & sometimes 9 ,u1 & "o s]ies runs f ,a to ,z 7exclud+ ,j7 f #ahci to #ahfc4 ,! result ( ! some:at *aotic alphabet m>ks has be5 to focus ! att5tion ( ! collector too mu* on ?is p>ticul> side ( ! subject4 ,! id5tification ( m>ks1 ! outw>d symbols ( "t & place1 h r$uc$ ! /udy ( old silv] to a some:at l[] plane ?an x %\ld occupy by "r4 ,x is prop] t su* det]m9+ factors %\ld h _! place1 b n ! fir/ place4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 *9a collectors ignor$ pa/e & glaze & laid p>ticul> /ress on m>ks1 & x is a v happy accid5t t a great portion ( ,engli% porcela9 & mu* ( ,engli% e>!nw>e is unm>k$4 ,x has ev5tually l$ collectors to ?9k = !mselves & "k some?+ m ( ! te*nique & to le>n to appreciate ! arti/ic value ( specim5s ( ! pott]'s art com+ "u _! h&4 ,! collector ( old silv]1 h[ev]1 _c hope to escape f m>ks2 !y are an integral "p ( ! subject1 & com+ z !y d "u ! /rict surveillance ( ! law1 !y (f] protection to 8 inve/m5t & h ! com=t+ assurance ( gilt-edg$ security4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! subtle speculation z to exact p]iod :i* accompanies ! acquisition ( old furniture1 nor is !re ! same elem5t ( *ance :i* gov]ns ! op]ations ( ! picture collector4 ,! hall-m>k1 ! /&>d m>k1 ! date m>k1 & ! mak]'s m>k /amp$ ) me*anical precision proclaim 8) damnable it]ation0 ! /r+ ( unalt]able facts4 ,9 reg>d to m>ks x is int]e/+ to read :at ,mr4 ,octavius ,morgan1 ! pione] ( ! /udy ( hall-m>ks1 says 9 #aheb3 8,e p]son :o is possess$ ( an article ( gold or silv] plate has mo/ probably obs]v$ a small gr\p ( m>ks /amp$ on "s "p ( x4 ,few h[ev] h1 ,i believe1 reg>d$ !m 9 any o!r light ?an z a pro( t ! article s m>k$ is made ( ! metal :i* x pr(esses to be1 & t ! metal itself is ( a c]ta9 purity4 ,& ?is is 9 fact ! real ultimate object & int5tion ( ^! m>ks2 b besides ?is ! ar*aeologi/ c d$uce f !m o!r important & int]e/+ in=mation1 z by !m he c le>n ! precise ye> 9 :i* any article be>+ ^! m>ks 0 made4 ,x is !re=e to ^! m>ks t ,i am ab\t to direct att5tion ) a view to elucidate _! hi/ory & peculi> mean+40 ,to ,mr4 ,morgan's lab\rs 9 an unkn[n field all subsequ5t writ]s on hall-m>ks are indebt$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ collector :o realiz$ _! importance4 ,x seems amaz+ t up to #aheb no?+ appe>s to h be5 kn[n to ! intellig5t layman or ! public at l>ge ( ^! symbols :i* _h appe>$ on plate = "s six hundr$ ye>s4 ,x sugge/s ! idea t ! m>k+ 0 reg>d$ 9 ! nature ( a trade secret4 ,! 8mi/]y0 ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company 0 n to be pr(an$ by vulg> eyes4 ,9 ! light ( ?is x may be conjectur$ t ! *aotic arrangem5t ( alphabets came ab\t n by accid5t b by design4 7,see ,*ronological ,li/ ( ,specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ?is volume1 p4 #dad47 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,mak]',s ,,m>k ,?is ( all ! m>ks %\ld be ! mo/ intimate & %\ld indicate ! p]sonal t\*1 z some?+ com+ f ! craftsman to ! possessor4 ,x is ! heirloom :i* ! old silv]smi? h&s to po/]ity4 ,8 m>k signifi$ 8 pride 9 8 art1 t is 9 ! days :5 craftsm5 7 arti/s & :atsoev] _! h& f\nd to d !y did x ) all _! might4 ,b ! mak]'s m>k1 set on x fir/ by 8 pun* :5 he duly s5t 8 appr5tice to ! assay (fice to h x assay$ & m>k$ by ! great function>ies ( 8 guild1 has become eclips$ beside ! impos+ array ( symbols /amp$ ^u x at ! ,goldsmi?s' ,hall4 ,t ! piece exi/s & 0 br\ght into be+ by ! humble silv]smi? is ( less] importance ?an ! r[ ( legally environ$ escut*eons signify+ s mu* ) su* un]r+ v]acity3 t x 0 assay$ & f\nd ( /&>d quality1 s d[n comes ! /amp ( ! lion passant2 t ! ye> 0 s & s anno dom9i1 d[n comes ! /amp ( ! secret date lett]1 s c>efully gu>d$ f ! public2 t ! duty 0 paid1 & n till !n1 ano!r /amp1 ?is "t ) ! k+'s head2 & la/ b n lea/1 d[n comes ! /amp ( ! leop>d's head1 d5ot+ t all ?is 0 done "u ! surveillance ( ! ,mi/]y ( ,goldsmi?s ( ,london4 ,h5ce ! collector1 :o comes a c5tury or two aft] ^! great happ5+s1 by caprici\s fate ca/s 8 l5s on ! signs manual ( /&>d1 & pro(s ( place & date2 b ! b>e initials ( ! mak]1 :i* came fir/ f ! furnace to ! assay (fice1 n[ come la/1 z insignificant lett]s m]ely d5ot+ t ! specim5 happ5$ to h be5 made at all4 ,:at w\ld "o give = a few human t\*es 9 connexion ) our old silv]6 ,we may imag9e t our c&le/icks ( ! ye> #agej held ! flick]+ wax c&les :i* 7 gutt]+ :5 ! dawn broke :5 our great-great-gr&fa!r lo/ 8 =tune at c>ds 9 ! c\nty ( --1 or maybe x 0 somebody else's gr&fa!r4 ,b ?is is 9 ! realms ( fancy1 & ! =tune is lit]ally fabul\s4 ,:y are !re no ,george ,morl&s 9 ! silv]smi?'s craft8 ,_c ! guilds dig out _! romantic hi/ory f _! ar*ives8 ,j to ?9k t our design] ( c&elabra & flagons ran a f9e c>e] on ,h\nsl[ ,hea? ) game/]s & fight+ m52 or did he1 j t once1 h a duel ) "y ,"l ,:at's-8-,"n 9 ! ,gu>ds1 & p9k$ him8 ,did n ! /ory get to ,:ite's & to ! ,cocoa ,tree ,clubs1 h[ ! tradesman scor$6 ,b no su* ?+4 ,all ^! initials ( mak]s are empty ( su* vanities4 ,we c d bett] ) pr9ts4 ,^? :o possess ! engrav$ "w ( ,ryl& h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t he 0 h\nd$ by ,b[ ,/reet runn]s & hid1 l ! mod]n ,lefroy1 at ,/epney1 & t he 0 hang$ = =g]y4 ,!re is ,william ,blake1 :o dream$ z great dreams z ,joseph ( old1 :o gave imag9>y sitt+s to ,pontius ,pilate1 :o wrote wond]ful poetry1 & :o di$ 9 a g>ret4 ,copp]-plates 7 de>1 b he _h no pov]ty ( inv5tion1 & s9ce ! days :5 z a *ild he saw angels foll[+ ! reap]s 9 ! corn1 he liv$ = po/]ity & left 8 record4 ,b h grav]s on silv] & inv5tors ( symmetrical goblets ( gold less blood ?an ^? :o drew l9es on copp]8 ,!re is some?+ human miss+ 9 ^! /r+s ( initials & b>e names s s$ul\sly ga!r$ toge!r by dry-z-du/ compil]s4 ,9 furniture1 mak]s' names h become h\sehold words4 ,*ipp5dale1 ,%]aton1 ,hepple:ite h creat$ /yles ( _! own4 ,( ,%]aton we h p]sonal details piquant en\gh to add fre% lu/re to 8 sat9wood creations4 ,!re is ! /ory ( ! "o teacup 9 ! back /reet ( ,soho1 :i* 0 h&$ to 8 ,scotti% appr5tice 9 ! little %op :5ce he issu$ 8 religi\s pamphlets4 ,9 *9a ! p]sonal note is dom9ant--,josiah ,w$gwood ) 8 wood5 leg sma%+ vases at ,etruria ) 8,?is won't d = ,josiah ,w$gwood40 ,or ,?omas ,cookwor?y dy+ ( a brok5 he>t 9 ,virg9ia aft] 8 life's failure at ,plym\?4 ,or ! ,bro!rs ,el]s ) _! secret und]gr\nd telephone 9 ,bradwell ,wood 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,9 silv] w>e ! ,elizabe?an & ! ,/u>t p]iods run p>allel ) furniture2 ! names ( mak]s are r>ely kn[n4 ,b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury besides ,paul de ,lam]ie1 ,paul ,/orr1 ,f4 ,k&l]1 ,pet] ,ar*ambo1 ,pi]re ,platel1 & a few o!rs ! claim to fame ( ! individual silv]smi? has be5 oblit]at$ by ! he>t-se>*+s ( collectors = p]iods1 su* z ! ,high] ,/&>d or ! /yle t]m$ 8,que5 ,anne40 ,9 #agci ! initials 7 by law alt]$ f ! fir/ two lett]s ( ! surname to ! fir/ lett] ( ! surname & ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,9 e>li] ye>s ! mak] _h a device--a dolph91 a />1 a cross1 or any o!r symbol to d5ote 8 individual "w4 ,n[adays anonymity is fur!r safegu>d$ by ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company ( ,london1 :o admit names ( firms4 ,_! pr9t$ =m runs3 8,/atem5t to be made 9 writ+ by ,manufactur]s1 ,deal]s & o!rs1 br++ or s5d+ ,gold or ,silv] ,plate to be ,assay$ & ,hall-,m>k$40 ,presumably 9 ! old days pr5tice "w pass$ z t ( ! ma/]4 ,b ! pr5tice grew old] & 0 all[$ to come out into ! light4 ,b ,x ,co41 ,y ,co41 ,z ,co4 may s5d _! /amps r\nd to small] & m orig9al m5 to impress on _! "w4 ,! public1 c>+ m = ! lion1 et cet]a1 ?an = ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 "k no bett]2 z = ! real mak]s ! public "k n\ght4 ,b we ask1 is ?is ! way to enc\rage our work]s 9 plate8 ,syndicates h no b[els ( compassion1 b assay (fices might be suppos$ to m9i/] to ! int]e/s ( ! art ( ! work] 9 preci\s metals4 ,to kill or to /ifle individuality is a crime aga9/ ,art4 ,if ,%]aton _h be5 a silv]smi? 8 "n w\ld h be5 unkn[n4 ,by law x has be5 det]m9$ t ! initials ( ! mak] %all appe> on ea* article ( silv] assay$2 !re is no?+ 9 any /atute conc]n+ ! middle man4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at /eps ! v>i\s assay (fices take to asc]ta9 t ! actual mak]'s "n is ^u ! pieces to :i* !y affix _! (ficial symbols4 ,to g back to ! f\rte5? c5tury3 !re is a f9e t\* ( human nature record$ ( "o memb] ( ! goldsmi?s' guild ( ,london :o 0 f\nd guilty ( mals outrages 9 connexion ) 8 "w4 ,he 0 f9$ a pipe ( w9e1 & twelve p5ce a week = "o ye> to a poor memb] ( ! company4 ,among ! human t\*es left !re are fragm5ts record$ :i* are int]e/+ to collectors4 ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am1 ! great ,london goldsmi? 9 ! middle sixte5? c5tury1 c>ri$ on bus9ess 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet at ! sign ( ! ,gras%opp]4 ,to ?is day !re is a gras%opp] z a wea!rcock beh9d ! ,royal ,ex*ange4 ,!re is ,sir ,rob]t ,vyn]1 :o made ! coronation cr[n jewels = ,*>les ,,ii1 aft]w>ds /ol5 by ,colonel ,blood & scatt]$ 9 ! ,m9ories1 :o 0 a goldsmi? ( ,lomb>d ,/reet4 ,he ent]ta9$ ,*>les ,,ii dur+ 8 mayorality4 ,sir ,rob]t1 :5 he _h well drunk51 grew v famili> ) ! k+1 :o wi%$ to /eal away )\t c]emony & proce$ to 8 coa*4 ,b ! mayor pursu$ him to ,guildhall y>d1 & cat*+ hold ( him exclaim$ ) an oa?1 8,sir1 y %all /ay & take t' o!r bottle10 & ! ,m]ry ,mon>*1 true to 8 "n1 ) a smile humm$ ! l9e ( ! old song3 8,he t is drunk is z great z a k+10 & turn$ back to f9i% ! bottle4 ,we l ?is /ory4 ,a piece ( plate ) ,sir ,rob]t ,vyn]'s initials ( ! ye> #afge w\ld possess add$ value = ?is t\* ( nature :i* makes ! :ole _w k94 ,on ! look-out = l9ks connect+ ! silv]smi? ) ?+s human we f9d an int]e/+ %op c>d ( ,ellis ,gamble1 to :om by 8 own desire "y ,hog>? 0 appr5tic$ & le>n$ to engrave on silv] plate4 ,x may be imag9$ t he 0 n an 8,idle ,appr5tice10 & 8 e>ly "w ) ! grav] on ! flagons & tank>ds 9 ,mr4 ,gamble's %op %\ld /imulate rese>*4 ,x 0 "h t he drew h]aldic bea/s4 ,8 appr5tice%ip t]m9at$ :5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,!re is pres]v$ 9 ,hog>? ,illu/rat$ 7by ,irel&7 ! engrav+ ( ! ,k5dal ,arms dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip1 %[+ f9e design4 ,we give ! inscription on ,ellis ,gamble's %op c>d1 :i* is 9 a frame1 t]m$ by bookplate collectors 8,*ipp5dale40 ,!re is a full-l5g? figure ( a w+$ angel /&+ on a scroll1 & ! lett]+ is some:at cr[d$ bel[ 9 ,engli% & 9 ,fr5*3-- 8,ellis ,gamble1 ,goldsmi? at ! ,gold5 ,angel 9 ,cranb\rn ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,fields1 ,makes ,buys & ,sells all sorts ( ,plate1 ,r+s & ,jewells1 etc40 ,an int]e/+ sidelight on mak]s' names is af=d$ by ! v>i\s copp] tok5s :i* !y /ruck1 be>+ _! names & addresses4 ,we app5d a %ort li/ ( goldsmi?s' tok5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y come f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry & f ,irel&1 & read]s hav+ sev5te5? c5tury silv] be>+ ^! initials may be able to id5tify ! mak]4 ,,london4 ,! ,h]mitage 7,wapp+7 ,john ,mayhew4 ,g\ldsmi? ,8 ,halfep5y ,ne>e ! ,armitage ,bridg4 ,i4,m #afff ,we/ ,smi?feild ,euodias ,inman4 8 halfe ,p5y ,9 ,smi?feild ,r\nds4 ,g\ldsmi?4 ,bee* ,lane 7,b>bican7 7on a f>?+74 ,elizabe? ,wood 7) ! ,goldsmi?s' arms7 ,9 ,bea* ,lane4 #afef4 ,e4 ,w4 ,seacole ,lane 7,sn[ ,hill7 7on a f>?+74 ,samuell ,*apell 9 ,seacole ,lane1 #afga4 ,! ,goldsmi?s' arms on rev]se4 ,,exet] 7on a f>?+74 ,samuell ,calle 7) design ( a man smok+7 ,g\ldsmi? 9 ,exon 7) design ( cov]$ cup74 ,,ba? 7on a f>?+74 ,geo4 ,reve4 ,goldsmi? 7) ,goldsmi?s' arms7 ,9 ,ba?4 #afeh4 ,g4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,ox=d 7on a f>?+74 ,w ,rob9son #affh 7) ,goldsmi?s' arms7 ,g\ldsmi? 9 ,oxon ,w4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,dov] 7on a f>?+74 ,willian ,keylocke 7) ! ,goldsmi?s' arms7 ,9 ,dov]4 #affg4 ,w ,m ,k ,,irel&4 ,dubl9 7on a p5ny74 ,io4 ,p>t+ton4 ,g\ldsme4 7,arms3 on a b5d cotise1 an eagle74 ,k+es head4 ,sk9n] ,r[1 ,dubl91 #a;d4 ,,kilk5ny 7on a p5ny74 ,william ,keovgh #a;d4 ,kilk5y4 ,goldsmi? 7) design ( a m]maid74 ,among ! eighte5? c5tury ,am]ican silv]smi?s !re are "s t /& out prom95tly1 & ! exhibition ( old ,am]ican plate held at ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ,bo/on 9 #aijf br\ght !m to notice4 ,!re is ! "w ( ,john ,dixwell f #afhj to #agce :o 0 ! son ( ,colonel ,john ,dixwell1 "o ( ! regicides :o fl$ to ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,b ! hi/oric pun* b[l made by ,paul ,rev]e 0 ! pice de rsi/ance1 & 0 %[n toge!r ) "s =ty o!r ( 8 creations4 ,x 0 made = ! fifte5 8,sons ( ,lib]ty40 ,! inscription runs3 8,to ! memory ( ! glori\s ,n9ety-,two memb]s ( ! ,hon\rable ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay1 :o1 undaunt$ by ! insol5t m5aces ( villa9s 9 p[]1 f a /rict reg>d to consci5ce & ! ,lib]ties ( _! con/itu5ts1 on ! #cj? ,june1 #agfh1 ,vot$ ,n ,to ,resc9d40 ,b ,paul ,rev]e1 silv]smi?1 has ano!r claim to r5[n z a patriot4 ,longfell[1 9 8 ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn1 has a poem tell+ ( 8,paul ,rev]e's ,ride10 sev5 ye>s aft] he fa%ion$ ?is pun* b[l4 ,! /ory runs t he wait$1 boot$ & spurr$1 on ! ,*>le/[n %ore = secret news to c>ry ?r\gh all ! c\ntryside4 444 ,if ! ,briti% m>* ,by l& or sea f ! t[n to night1 ,hang a lant]n al(t 9 ! belfry ar* ,( ! ,nor? ,*ur* t[] z a signal light1-- ,"o1 if by l&1 & two1 if by sea4 ,we "k ! /ory ( ! op5+ %ots at ,lex+ton1 ! ob/9ate fooli%ness ( ! ,nor? ,m9i/ry & ! deaf e> ,george ,,iii turn$ to ! wisdom ( ,*a?am4 ,longfell[ pays po/]ity's tribute to ! silv]smi?3-- ,a voice 9 ! d>kness1 a knock at ! door1 ,& a ^w t %all e*o = ev]more6 ,=1 borne on ! night-w9d ( ! ,pa/1 ,?r\gh all our hi/ory1 to ! la/1 ,9 ! h\r ( d>kness & p]il & ne$1 ,! p w wak5 & li/5 to he> ,! hurry+ ho(-beats ( t /e$1 ,& ! midnight message ( ,paul ,rev]e4 ,v4 ,,! ,,high] ,,/&>d ,,m>k ,! high] /&>d m>k has a significance peculi>ly its own4 ,by #h & #i ,william ,,iii1 cap4 #h1 x 0 enact$ t any p]son br++ silv] plate f ,janu>y #afif to ,novemb] #afigb to any ( ! ,royal ,m9ts1 :i* silv] plate be m>k$ z /]l+ silv] ) ! m>k usually employ$ at ! ,hall ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company ( ,london %\ld receive 8)\t t>ry+ till x be melt$ & assay$10 five %ill+s & f\r p5ce p] ounce4 ,section #i ( ?is *apt] ( ! ,act conta9s 9 (ficial t]ms an allusion to ! grave sc&als t _h %ak5 ! comm]cial /ability ( ! c\ntry = _m ye>s4 8,& :]eas x might reasonably be suspect$ t "p ( ! silv] co9s ( ! realm _h be51 by p]sons reg>d+ _! own private ga9 m ?an ! public good1 molt5 & conv]t$ into vessels ( silv] or o!r manufactur$ plate1 :i* crime has be5 ! m easily p]petrat$ by !m1 inasmu* z ! goldsmi?s or o!r work]s ( plate by ! =m] laws & /atutes ( ! realm 7 n oblig$ to make _! plate ( f9] silv] ?an ! /]l+ or /&>d orda9$ = ! monies ( ! realm10 x 0 enact$ t f & aft] #be? ,m>* #afig no silv] plate %\ld be made t 0 n ( high] /&>d ?an ! co9 ( ! realm4 ,x 0 laid d[n t ! legal m>ks on all silv] 7 to be ! mak]'s m>k1 express$ by ! two fir/ lett]s ( 8 surname1 & t ! m>ks ( ! assay (fices %\ld be = ?is new plate ! lion's head eras$ & 8! figure ( a woman commonly call$ ,britannia0 9 lieu ( ! =m] m>ks ( ! leop>d's head & ! lion passant4 ,9 addition to ?is ! date m>k 0 to be /amp$ to %[ 9 :at ye> ! plate 0 made4 ,9 ?is ,act ( #afif x w be obs]v$ t ! m5tion ( ! leop>d's head & ! lion passant include ,london m>ks only4 ,z ! manufacture ( silv] plate ( ! old /&>d 0 illegal aft] ! pass+ ( ?is ,act & ! use ( ! old m>ks 0 equally illegal1 x w\ld appe> t ! prov9cial assay (fices 7 preclud$ f /amp+ silv]4 ,t ?is appe>s to be ! case is sugge/$ by ! reappo9tm5t ( ! prov9cial (fices 9 #agjj4 ,york1 ,exet]1 ,bri/ol1 ,*e/]1 & ,norwi*1 at :i* cities m9ts _h be5 op5$ = ! co9age ( ! new silv]1 7 reappo9t$ by #ab ,william1 cap4 #d1 to assay & m>k silv] plate z h]et(ore4 ,! new /&>d 0 to be obs]v$4 ,! m>ks to be employ$ 7 ! mak]'s m>k1 ! lion's head eras$1 ! figure ( ,britannia1 ! city m>k1 & ! date lett]1 8a v>iable ,roman lett]10 :i* latt] provision 0 n !n1 & has n s9ce1 be5 obs]v$1 z o!r types h be5 us$4 ,f #be? ,m>*1 #afig1 till #agjj no plate 0 !re=e assay$ at any ( ! prov9cial c5tres4 ,9 #agjb ! t[n ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne 0 appo9t$ z an assay t[n ) simil> privileges & re/rictions z 9 ! above-m5tion$ cities4 ,! old /&>d ( silv] 0 4#ibe1 t is 9 e ?\s& p>ts only #ge 7 to be ( alloy4 ,! new /&>d 0 4#iei1 t is only #da p>ts ( alloy c\ld be legally us$4 ,?is rais$ ! /&>d ( silv] plate above t ( ! co9 ( ! realm4 ,! new /&>d 0 ! only legal /&>d = silv] plate f ,m>* #afig till #agbj1 :5 ! old /&>d 0 reviv$ & ! high] /&>d m>ks ( ! ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$ 7 no long] compulsory4 ,silv] plate !n dropp$ to ! same f95ess z ! co9 ( ! realm4 ,b if silv]smi?s desir$ to make silv] ( ?is high] /&>d !y c\ld d s1 & su* silv] plate w\ld receive ! /amps at ! assay (fices1 ( ! ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$4 ,x is ?us %[n t ! dates :5 silv] plate mu/ compulsorily be> ! ,high] ,/&>d m>ks are betwe5 ! ye>s #afig & #agbj4 ,! foll[+ note w be useful to collectors4 ,a piece ( silv] m>k$ ) ! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$ may be an example fall+ "u any ( ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4 ,assay$ 9 ,london betwe5 #afig & #agjj1 :5 ,london 0 ! only (fice assay+ silv] plate4 7,x 0 illegal 9 ,engl& to make silv] plate ( a l[] /&>d betwe5 #afig & #agbj47 #b4 ,assay$ 9 ,london betwe5 #agja & #agbj4 #c4 ,assay$ at ,*e/]1 ,exet]1 ,york1 & ,norwi*1 betwe5 #agja & #agbj4 #d4 ,assay$ at ,newca/le f #agjb to #agbj4 #e4 ,assay$ at any ( ! assay (fices 7except ,dubl92 no ,high] ,/&>d silv] be+ made 9 ,irel&7 aft] #agbj to ! pres5t day4 ,al?\gh su* silv] plate ( ! ,high] ,/&>d has n s9ce be5 compulsory by law s9ce #agbj4 ,! ,britannia p]iod is an intricate p]iod 9 ! /udy ( silv] plate1 b ! hi/ory und]ly+ ! ,acts :i* gov]n$ ! hall-m>k+ at ?is p]iod %\ld appeal to ! collector :o wi%es to end[ 8 plate ) hi/oric int]e/4 ,)\t digress+ too widely into economic que/ions :i* ?reat5$ to p>alyse comm]ce & to de/roy ! allegiance to ,william ,,iii1 x is ( ess5tial int]e/ to ! collector ( old silv] plate to realize ! conditions :i* r5d]$ ! ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k ( ! ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$ necess>y to prev5t f9ancial disa/]s ( consid]able magnitude4 ,! plate closet provides ! hi/orian ) _m ( 8 facts4 ,x 0 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,i t ! loyali/s melt$ d[n _! plate to be conv]t$ into co9 ( ! realm4 ,x 0 9 ,william's day t clipp]s ( co9s provid$ silv] = ! silv]smi? to fa%ion into 8 pleas+ %apes4 ,at :at co/ w be %[n4 ,till ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii our co9 _h be5 /ruck by a process z old z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! metal 0 %ap$ ) %e>s & /amp$ by ! hamm]4 ,! inexactitude ( su* co9age became ! opportunity = ! clipp] ( co9s4 ,a mill 0 set up at ! ,t[] ( ,london :i* 0 work$ by horses & sup]s$$ ! human h&4 ,! co9s 7 exactly circul>1 _! edges 7 inscrib$ ) a leg5d1 & clipp+ 0 !reby made app>5tly impossible4 ,b ! hamm]$ co9s & ! mill$ co9s 7 curr5t toge!r4 ,! result 01 z x always is1 t ! light & poor] co9 drove ! bett] "o out ( ! curr5t circulation4 ,! mill$ cr[n new f ! m9t became m valuable = %ipm5t abroad or = use 9 ! crucible4 ,co9]s grew & multipli$ because ! damag$ & defac$ co9s c\ld be m easily imitat$4 ,hundr$s ( wret*$ p]sons 7 dragg$ up ,holborn ,hill1 & 9 spite ( flogg+1 br&+1 & hang+1 ! trade ( ! co9 clipp] 0 easi] ?an highway robb]y1 & z =tunes 7 to be made ^? :o foll[$ t avocation took ! risks1 z did smuggl]s4 ,x 0 a dang]\s occupation4 ,sev5 m5 7 hang$ "o morn+ & a woman br&$1 b ?is did n det] ! hundr$s :o 7 undetect$4 ,"o clipp] :o 0 caught (f]$ #f1jjj = a p>don1 :i* 0 reject$1 b ! news gave a /imulus to ! indu/ry4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day became al>m$ at ! /ate ( ?+s1 :i* grew f bad to worse4 ,a sum ( #eg1bjj ( hamm]$ money paid into ! ,ex*equ] 0 te/$ by ! (ficials4 ,x %\ld h weigh$ above #bbj1jjj ounces2 x weigh$ "u #aad1jjj ounces4 7,l[ndes' ,essay = ! ,am5dm5t ( ! ,silv] ,co9s1 #afie47 ,a ,quak] :o came f ! ,nor? j\rney$ s\?w>ds1 & 8 di>y %[s t z he travell$ t[>ds ,london ! innkeep]s 7 a/oni%$ at ! full & heavy weight ( ! half-cr[ns he (f]$4 ,!y ask$ :]e su* money c\ld be f\nd4 ,! gu9ea :i* he pur*as$ at ,lanca/] = tw5ty-two %ill+s bore a diff]5t value at e /age4 ,9 ,london x 0 wor? ?irty %ill+s1 & w\ld h be5 wor? m _h n ! ,gov]nm5t fix$ ?is z ! highe/ at :i* gold %\ld be receiv$ 9 paym5t ( taxes4 ,! ,memoirs ( ?is ,quak] 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian "s ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x may readily be imag9$ t su* a /ate ( ?+s began to cripple trade4 ,m]*ants /ipulat$ z to ! quality ( ! co9 9 :i* !y 7 to be paid4 8,! lab\r] f\nd t ! bit ( metal :i*1 :5 he receiv$ x1 0 call$ a %ill+1 w\ld h>dly1 :5 he want$ to pur*ase a pot ( be] or a loaf ( rye bread1 g z f> z sixp5ce40 ,tonson ! booksell] s5ds ,dryd5 =ty brass %ill+s4 ,ano!r "t he paid ! poet 9 silv] pieces t 7 s bad t !y c\ld n be pass$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t /ill believ$ 9 p5alties1 & hop$ t dra/ic puni%m5t w\ld /op ! clipp+ ( ! hamm]$ co9 & ! melt+ & export ( ! new mill$ co94 ,a clipp] :o in=m$ aga9/ two o!r clipp]s 0 p>don$4 ,any "o in=m+ aga9/ a clipp] _h a rew>d ( =ty p\nds4 ,:oev] 0 f\nd 9 ! possession ( silv] clipp+s1 fil+s1 or p>+s %\ld be burn$ 9 ! *eek ) a r$-hot iron4 ,(fic]s 7 emp[]$ to se>* = bullion1 & ! onus ( pro( z to its orig9 0 ?r[n on ! possessors1 or fail+ ?is !y 7 f9$ heavily4 ,b all 9 va9 7 ^! dra/ic measures2 clipp+ /ill cont9u$ 9 defiance ( all p5al laws4 ,colley ,cibb] 9 8 ,love's ,la/ ,%ift1 or ! ,fool 9 ,fa%ion1 has a hit at ! debas$ /ate ( ! co9age4 ,a gay cynic says1 8,virtue is z mu* debas$ z our money3 &1 9 fai?1 ,dei ,gratia is z h>d to be f\nd 9 a girl ( sixte5 z r\nd ! brim ( an old %ill+40 ,?is is n ! place to enum]ate ! _m fooli% s*emes t 7 prop\nd$1 "s too co/ly1 "s unju/1 "s haz>d\s4 ,locke & ,newton br\ght _! m9ds to be> on ! subtleties ( ! "q1 & adopt$ ! ideas ( ,dudley ,nor?1 :o di$ 9 #afic4 ,8 tract on ! re/oration ( ! curr5cy is practically ! same z t subsequ5tly adopt$4 ,william ,l[ndes1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ! bor\gh ( ,sea=d1 8a mo/ respectable & indu/ri\s public s]vant10 z ,"l ,macaulay t]ms him1 0 incapable ( ris+ above ! details ( 8 (fice 9 ord] to cope ) economic pr9ciples4 8,he 0 n 9 ! lea/ aw>e t a piece ( metal ) ! ,k+'s head on x 0 a commodity ( :i* ! price 0 gov]n$ by ! same laws :i* gov]n ! price ( metal fa%ion$ into a spoon or a buckle1 & t x 0 no m 9 ! p[] ( ,p>liam5t to make ! k+dom ri*] by call+ a cr[n a p\nd ?an to make ! k+dom l>g] by call+ a furlong a mile4 ,he s]i\sly believ$1 incr$ible z x may seem1 t if ! ounce ( silv] 7 divid$ into sev5 %ill+s in/ead ( five1 =eign nations w\ld sell u _! w9es & _! silks = a small] numb] ( ounces40 ,happily ,l[ndes 0 completely refut$ by ,locke 9 8 ,fur!r ,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ! ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money1 #afie4 ,locke recomm5d$ :at ,dudley ,nor? _h advis$1 namely1 t ! ,k+ %\ld issue a proclamation decl>+ hamm]$ money %\ld pass only by weight4 ,:at se>*+1 br&+1 f9+1 burn+1 & hang+ _h fail$ to d w\ld h be5 accompli%$ at once4 ,! clipp+ ( ! hamm]$ co9 & ! melt+ ( ! new mill$ co9 to be made into silv] plate w\ld h ceas$4 ,b x _h "o objection4 ,! loss w\ld fall on ! individual4 ,^? 9 ^: h&s ! clipp$ co9 happ5$ to be at a p>ticul> mom5t w\ld be> ! loss4 ,b ! loss 9 equity %\ld be borne by ! ,/ate :i* _h all[$ su* evils to g un*eck$4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to rem$y ?is t all clipp$ co9 aft] a c]ta9 date w\ld be ex*ang$ = good co9 at ! m9t4 ,b x 0 soon realiz$ t ?is w\ld make clipp+ m pr(itable ?an ev]4 ,a real rem$y 0 devis$ b unhappily x fell ?r\gh4 ,a proclamation 0 to be prep>$ ) great secrecy1 & publi%$ simultane\sly 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,?is 0 to decl>e hamm]$ co9 %\ld !nce=? only pass by weight4 ,e possessor ( su* co9 c\ld )9 ?ree days deliv] x 9 a seal$ packet to ! local au?orities to be weigh$ & w\ld receive a promissory note to receive f ! ,treasury ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual quantity ( silv] ! pieces conta9$ & ! quantity !y %\ld h conta9$4 ,anxi\s days foll[$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 b x 0 det]m9$ ! public %\ld be> ! loss on ! clipp$ co9s4 ,x 0 laid d[n t a "t %\ld be fix$ :5 no clipp$ money %\ld pass1 except 9 paym5ts to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & t a lat] "t %\ld be fix$ aft] :i* no clipp$ money %\ld pass at all4 ,! #d? ( ,may1 #afif1 0 nam$ z ! date on :i* ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld cease to receive clipp$ money 9 paym5t ( taxes4 ,t5 furnaces 7 erect$ 9 a g>d5 beh9d ! ,treasury1 :i* 0 !n a "p ( ,:itehall1 & :i* lay betwe5 ! ,banquet+ ,h\se & ! riv]4 ,e day huge heaps ( clipp$ & unrecognizable co9s 7 "h turn$ into +ots ( silv] & 7 s5t (f to ! ,m9t at ! ,t[] 7,l',h]mitage1 ,janu>y #ad-bd1 #afif74 ,! sc5e may readily be imag9$4 ,! second ( ,may #afif _h be5 fix$ by ,p>liam5t z ! la/ day 9 :i* ! cr[ns1 half-cr[ns1 & %ill+s 7 to be receiv$ 9 paym5t ( taxes = face value4 ,! gu>ds _h to be call$ 9 to keep ord]4 ,! ,ex*equ] 0 besieg$ by a va/ multitude f dawn to midnight4 ,! ,act provid$ t ! money 0 to be br\ght 9 by be=e ! #d? ( ,may4 ,! #crd 0 a ,sunday1 !re=e ,saturday1 ! #bnd ( ,may1 0 actually ! la/ day4 ,dur+ ! next few mon?s1 z ! issues ( ! new co9age 7 unduly sl[1 ! t5sion 0 v great4 ,! upp] classes liv$ on cr$it4 8,money exce$+ sc>ce1 s t none 0 paid or receiv$3 b all 0 on tru/0 7,evelyn's ,di>y1 ,may #ac?74 8,want ( curr5t money = smalle/ conc]ns ev5 = daily provisions 9 ! m>kets40 7,june #aa?1 ,evelyn's ,di>y47 ,by ab\t ,augu/ #afif1 signs ( prosp]ity began to be obs]v$ aft] a v try+ "t ow+ to ! sc>city ( silv]4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 a v anxi\s p]iod = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,malcont5ts /irr$ up ! populace & tumults occurr$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,jacobite tracts 7 publi%$ advocat+ viol5t measures4 ,william _h /ra9$ 8 private cr$it 9 ,holl& to procure bread = ! ,army4 ,b ! crisis 0 wea!r$ & ! co9age "q 0 settl$4 ,x h>dly ne$s an apology f ! au?or to br+ ^! facts t]sely toge!r be=e ! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 old ,engli% silv]4 ,! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$ belong to ?is tr\bl\s p]iod4 ,!y come z a coroll>y to ! co9age "q1 & !y %\ld provide ! collector ) food = ?\ght :5ev] he sees !m /amp$ ^u silv] 9 8 possession4 ,! /&>d ( silv] plate 0 rais$ z a fur!r safegu>d1 9 ord] t ! clipp]s %\ld h no inc5tive to melt d[n ! new co9age4 ,f #afig to #agbj ! silv] plate1 be+ compulsorily by law ( a high] /&>d ?an ! co9 ( ! realm1 /ood z a safegu>d aga9/ ! return to clipp+4 ,! ,britannia /&>d1 !re=e1 to collectors %\ld be some?+ m ?an r>e4 ,x %\ld induce reflective ?\ght z to ! successive /ages ! tr\bl\s disputations1 ! sugge/$ rem$ies1 & ! awful puni%m5ts :i* came z a prelude to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,high] ,/&>d4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod ! figure ( ,britannia 0 /amp$ ^u silv] plate1 b ! practice 0 n v ext5sive1 & ! ,britannia /amp is us$ )\t ! accompany+ lion's head eras$4 ,! date :5 ?is m>k appe>s is at a p]iod subsequ5t to #aghd & relates to ! drawback or exemption f duty on silv] plate export$4 7,see ! 8,duty ,m>k10 p4 #fa47 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,duty ,,m>k ,9 reg>d to duty on silv] plate1 x 0 fir/ impos$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,scotl& 9 #agai1 :5 ! old silv] /&>d 0 reviv$4 ,! duty 0 fix$ at #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,lat] by #c ,geo4 ,,ii1 9 #agcj1 ! duty 0 impos$ on silv] plate assay$ 9 ,irel&1 & at ?is date ! figure ( ,hib]nia 0 us$ to d5ote t duty _h be5 paid to ! k+4 ,9 #aghd1 by #bd ,geo4 ,,iii1 cap4 #ec1 a duty ( #f;d4 p] ounce 0 levi$4 ,?is appli$ to ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & x 0 enact$ t1 9 addition to ! o!r m>ks =m]ly employ$ by ! mak]s & assay (fices1 ! new m>k ( ! k+'s head %\ld be /amp$ on e piece ( silv] plate on :i* duty has be5 paid4 ,by ano!r section ( ?is ,act x 0 a felony puni%able by dea? to use any c\nt]feit /amp contr>y to law4 ,by a lat] ,act1 #ee ,geo4 ,,iii1 9 #ahae1 ! c\nt]feit+ ! k+'s head duty m>k 0 puni%able by dea?2 & ?is 0 only a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! duty on silv] plate 0 n[ #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce4 ,f #aghd1 !re=e1 on ,engli% & ,scotti% silv] ! duty m>k ( ! head ( ! reign+ sov]eign appe>s on all silv] plate1 /amp$ 9 an oval escut*eon4 ,9 reg>d to ! duty m>k on ,iri% plate1 x 0 n until #ahjg by #dg ,geo4 ,,iii t ! /amp ( ! k+'s head1 or t ( ! reign+ sov]eign 0 add$ to ! o!r m>ks to d5ote t duty _h be5 paid to ! k+4 ,! old m>k ( ,hib]nia 0 all[$ to rema92 orig9ally x 0 a duty m>k1 b x may be n[ reg>d$ z ! hall-m>k ( ,dubl94 ,! v>i\s sov]eigns' heads 7 us$ d[n to #ahij1 :5 ! duty 0 discont9u$ & ! m>k aboli%$4 ,9 connexion ) ^! duty m>ks ! ,act ( #aghd has a section :i* has an int]e/+ provision1 & ^? collectors :o may happ5 to f9d a figure ( ,britannia on a piece ( silv] )\t its companion m>k ( ! lion's head eras$ may be puzzl$ z to ! reason ( ! omission4 ,fir/ x does n d5ote t ! silv] plate 0 ( ! high] /&>d4 ,x 0 a m>k /amp$ on silv] :i* 0 export$4 ,by ! above ,act duty 0 n *>g$ on silv] export$1 & 9 ord] to prev5t any ( ?is plate be+ tak5 abroad = a %ort "t only1 & !n l&$ 9 ?is c\ntry to be sold "h )\t ! duty hav+ be5 paid1 x 0 /amp$ ) ! figure ( ,britannia4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,duty ,m>ks us$3-- ,irel& #agcj to #ahjg ,figure ( ,hib]nia4 ,engl& & ,scotl& #aghd to #ahbj ,head ( ,george ,,iii4 ,irel& #ahjg to #ahbj d4 d4 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& #ahba to #ahcj ,head ( ,george ,,iv4 d4 d4 #ahca to #ahcf ,head ( ,william ,,iv4 d4 d4 #ahcg to #ahij ,head ( ,victoria4 ,duty aboli%$ #ahij4 ,! illu/rations ( ^! duty m>ks are %[n 9 ! ,table 7p4 #ceg74 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,=eign ,,m>k ,! ,=eign ,m>k is a protective measure4 ,a great am\nt ( =eign wr\ght plate _h f\nd its way into ?is c\ntry & 0 be+ sold by deal]s )\t s5d+ x to ! assay (fice4 ,x 0 ( a l[] /&>d ?an w\ld h be5 pass$ by ! assay (fices1 t is to say x 0 n /]l+ silv] z und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry1 viz4 #ibe p>ts silv] 9 e ?\s& p>ts ( metal--t is1 admitt+ only #ge p>ts ( alloy 9 e ?\s&4 ,9 #ahdb an ,act 0 pass$1 #e & #f ,vic41 :i* enact$ t no silv] plate :i* _h n be5 wr\ght 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 or ,irel& 0 to be sold 9 ^! c\ntries unless x _h fir/ be5 assay$ 9 ! same mann] z silv] wr\ght 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,b no provision 0 made t su* =eign silv] %\ld be> an additional /amp1 nor does x seem t ! ,act 0 v mu* put into op]ation4 ,! provisions seem to h be5 evad$ till #ahfg1 :5 by #cj & #ca ,vic4 all import$ plate _h to be m>k$ ) lett] ,f 9 an oval escut*eon1 d5ot+ x 0 ( =eign manufacture1 al?\gh x _h pass$ ! te/s & o!rwise _h ! /amps ( ,briti% or ,iri% assay (fices ^u x4 ,?is is n v satisfactory1 al?\gh ! practice has n[ be5 alt]$4 ,a pur*as] gets a piece ( silv] plate ) ! lion & ! leop>d's head on x1 & ?is to ! tyro d5otes quality1 & allays any fe>s he may h z to its orig94 ,he may innoc5tly imag9e he is support+ home indu/ries1 n kn[+ :at ! mean+ ( ! lett] ,f may be at ! end ( ! r[ ( symbols4 ,?is =eign m>k1 illu/rat$ 9 ,table1 p4 #ceg1 0 us$ f #ahgf to #aijd4 ,x seems unfair to ,briti% manufactur]s t =eign silv] is assay$ "h = competitive sale ) home manufactur$ plate2 x be>s ! "t-hon\r$ symbols t h be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re is also ! possibility t "s fraudul5t deal] may remove ! ,f1 & /raightway ! piece becomes ,briti%4 ,x 0 n 9 ! public int]e/ t su* a loose /ate ( ?+s %\ld cont9ue4 ,by ! ,hall ,m>k+ ( ,=eign ,plate ,act 7#d ,edw4 ,,vii4 c4 #f71 ,=eign silv] plate 0 m>k$ by ! ,assay ,(fices ) ! foll[+ m>ks 9 addition to ! ,/&>d ,m>k & ! ,date ,lett]s4 ,9 #aijf1 by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 c]ta9 alt]ations 7 made 9 ! ,london1 ,%effield1 ,glasg[ & ,dubl9 m>ks on ,=eign plate assay$4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #a ,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,hall-m>k+ ( ,gold & ,silv] ,plate1 #ahgi4 #b ,a p]iod ( elev5 mon?s4 ,! ye> #afif end$ on #bd? ,m>*1 & ! ye> #afig comm5c$ on #be? ,m>*4 ,,ii ,,ecclesia/ical ,,plate ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,*alice ,,& ,,cov]4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,exet] patt]n4 ,inscription1 8,/4 ,petrox ,exon40 ,exet] hall-m>k #aegb4 7,9 possession ( ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 ,exet]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,*alice ,,& ,,cov]4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,inscription1 8,! ,p>y%e ( ,trynitye 9 ! ye>e ( our ,lorde #aege40 ,exet] hall-m>k1 #aege4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cia47 7,9 possession ( ! ,p>i% ( ,tr9ity1 ,exet]47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ecclesia/ical ,,plate ,! ,*alice1 ,elizabe?an =ms1 ) cov] = use z pat5--,! de/ruction ( silv] plate at ! ,re=mation--,! ,exet] /yle ( *alice--,! sacram5tal flagon--,! ,communion ,cup--,specim5s ( pat5s4 ,9 reg>d to sacr$ vessels 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! ,re=mation x is notewor?y t 9 design !y cl+ to a national =m & diff] v consid]ably f ^? us$ 9 e>ly m$ival days or at ! pres5t "t 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,prior to ! ,re=mation ! plate f\nd on ! alt> = ! celebration ( ! ,holy ,sacram5t consi/$ ( a *alice1 a pat51 two cruets to conta9 w9e & wat] = consecration1 :i* 7 really two ew]s ) lids ( small size1 & ! pyx 9 :i* ! ,eu*>i/ 0 res]v$4 ,! *alice consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts3 ! cup or b[l1 ! /em :i* 9 its middle swell$ out into a bulb call$ ! knop1 = ! conv5i5ce ( hold+ x1 & ! foot4 ,! pat5 0 a small salv] slightly sunk 9 ! middle l an ord9>y plate4 ,h5ry ,,viii 9 8 spoliation ( ! mona/]ies1 _! l&s & _! gold & silv] plate1 set ! pace :i* 0 cont9u$ "u ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,no /one 0 left unturn$ to /amp out all traces ( ! old religion4 ,x is rem>kable t s mu* has escap$ ! bl9d fury t seiz$ ! re=m]s 9 _! lu/ = de/ruction4 ,:ole libr>ies 7 de/roy$2 illum9at$ books 7 consign$ to ! flames z ! "w ( ! devil4 ,/a9$ glass w9d[s1 c>v$ woodwork ) figures ( sa9ts1 brasses ) religi\s emblems1 all fell b5ea? ! ru?less h& ( ! iconocla/ic ,puritan4 8,at ,sunbury we brake d[n t5 mighty great angels 9 glass1 at ,b>ham brake d[n ! twelve apo/les 9 ! *ancel1 & six sup]/iti\s pictures m !re3 & eight 9 ! *ur*1 "o a lamb ) a cross on ! back3 & digg$ d[n ! /eps & took up f\r sup]/iti\s inscriptions 9 brass40 ,s writes "o ,d[s+1 a fanatic1 9 a di>y he kept ( 8 do+s1 :]e he & 8 myrmidons sc\r$ a hundr$ & fifty p>i%es4 ,bi%op ,hall ( ,norwi* sav$ 8 w9d[s by tak+ out ! heads ( ! figures4 ,) su* religi\s f]v\r abroad x c well be imag9$ t ! alt> vessels1 ! f9e *alices & o!r ecclesia/ical plate1 came "u ! ban t _h be5 pron\nc$ aga9/ relics ( a ,*ur* :i*1 :atev] may h be5 its dogmas1 _h always enc\rag$ ! f9e arts & employ$ ! g5ius ( ! craftsm5 9 creat+ edifices :i* /& among ! noble/ ( man's h&iwork & 9 embelli%+ !m ) decorations z spiritual z ! bra9 ( ! arti/ c\ld conceive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,*alice ,,& ,,cov]4 ,p>cel-gilt4 ,inscription1 8,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ,exon40 ,london hall-m>k1 #aegc4 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 ,exet]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,i ,,*alice ,,& ,,cov]4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,inscription1 8,/4 ,petrox 9 ,oxon40 ,exet] hall-m>k1 #afdj4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cia47 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 ,exet]47 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d ! commission]s appo9t$ by ,edw>d ,,vi mak+ z exhau/ive an inquiry ?r\gh\t ! l& z ! valu]s ( a mod]n ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,!y seiz$ all ! plate 9 ! *ur*es ) ! exception ( *alices & pat5s1 & ^! !y we$$ out if !y consid]$ ! p>i% too small to h m ?an "o or two4 ,h5ce x is r>e to f9d pre-,re=mation ecclesia/ical plate1 ev5 *alices & pat5s1 because ! ,*ur* au?orities pref]r$ to melt x d[n & use ! money = o!r purposes ?an to h x confiscat$4 ,9 #aedg by #a ,edw>d ,,vi x 0 enact$ t communion 9 bo? k9ds %\ld be adm9i/]$ to ! laity4 ,! old =m ( *alice & pat5 rema9$ = a "t1 z ev5 ! ,re=mation ) all its fury c\ld n & did n :olly uproot all ! mo/ sacr$ & deeply seat$ ritual 9 connexion ) religi\s obs]vances4 ,! subject ( ! *ange 9 ! =m ( ! *alice ) its inv]t$ cup & ! introduction ( ! sev]] =m ( ! op5 communion cup & ! flagon1 is a /udy 9 ecclesia/ical & political hi/ory :i* _c be fur!r pursu$ "h4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! old =ms ( *alice are n frequ5tly met )1 & h be5 c>efully gu>d$ by religi\s bodies1 possibly hav+ to be hidd54 ,! examples n[ extant are usually f\nd 9 ca!dral cities & 9 ! cu/ody ( corporate bodies or ,*ur* au?orities4 ,we are =tunate 9 be+ able to reproduce illu/rations ( "s f9e ,exet] examples exhibit+ exquisite symmetry & *>act]i/ic ornam5tation4 ,! pat51 x %\ld be obs]v$1 0 made to s]ve z a cov] = ! communion cup1 a /yle :i* appe>s to h be5 g5]al 9 ,elizabe?'s day1 & ! old pre-,re=mation pat5 0 disc>d$ by ecclesia/ical law4 ,9 ! illu/ration giv5 7p4 #fg7 ( a *alice & cov] ?is =m is se54 ,! specim5 is silv]-gilt ( ! /yle kn[n z ! ,exet] patt]n4 ,! b[l is conical 9 %ape ) engrav$ foliat$ ornam5t4 ,! knop is flut$ & ! foot is 9 simil> /yle4 ,! inscription is 8,/4 ,petrox1 ,exon10 & ! piece is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 ,exet]4 ,! mak] is ,i4 ,ions1 & ! piece be>s ! ,exet] hall-m>k = ! ye> #aegb1 ! ye> ( ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,! *alice & cov] illu/rat$ on ! same page is ano!r f9e example ( ! ,exet] patt]n1 ) inscription on cov] 8,! ,p>y%e ( ,trynitye 9 ! ye>e ( our ,lorde #aege40 ,! mak] is ,i4 ,ions & ! ,exet] date m>k #aege4 ,! m>ks ( ?is piece are illu/rat$ page #cia4 ,ano!r ,elizabe?an *alice & cov] be>s ! ,london hall-m>k ( #aegc4 ,x is p>cel gilt1 has a /raight b[l ) slight lip1 & engrav$ foliat$ b&s4 ,its inscription is 8,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ,exon40 ,?is is illu/rat$ on page #ga toge!r ) a ,*>les ,i *alice & cov] made by ,j4 ,r4 ,radcliff & be>+ ! ,exet] m>k ( #afdj1 ! date :5 ,/raf=d 0 impea*$ & two ye>s be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! m>k on ! middle ( ! b[l1 ) ! mak]'s "n 9 full betwe5 ! two b&s ( floriat$ decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,cup4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,london hall-m>k1 #affj4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cfi47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,iii ,,flagons4 ,london hall-m>k1 #afib4 ,mak]'s m>k1 ,i4,y4 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 ,exet]47 ,an int]e/+ ,*>les ,,ii cup1 silv]-gilt1 is illu/rat$ page #ge4 ,! mak]'s m>k is ,h4 ,g4 & ! date lett] is a black-lett] capital ,c1 indicat+ ! ye> #affj4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! position ( ! m>ks & ! irregul> mann] 9 :i* !y 7 /amp$ at t p]iod4 ,! m>ks are illu/rat$ on page #cfi4 ,cups su* z ?is h sometimes _h portions add$ to !m1 conv]t+ !m into ew]s ) curv$ sp\t & l>ge h&le4 ,!re is a piece among ! corporation plate at ,york :i* sugge/s su* an alt]ation4 ,9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii ! puritanic =m ( ! few pieces ( plate !n rema9+ (f5d$ ! new _s ( gaiety4 ,cromwell's cavalry _h /abl$ _! horses 9 ca!drals2 ) ! ,re/oration1 communion cups 7 conv]t$ into vessels = less sacr$ use4 ,illu/rat$ on ! same page are two ,william ,,iii flagons1 ) date lett] = #afib1 & mak]'s m>k ,i4 ,y4 ,^! are 9 ! possession ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 ,exet]4 ,^! flagons 7 wr\ght 9 ,london 9 ! fateful ye> :5 ,m>lbor\gh 0 dismiss$ f 8 (fice on suspicion ( high treason1 :5 ,l\is ,,xiv esp\s$ ! cause ( ! exil$ ,james & prep>$ to invade ,engl&4 ,by ! naval victory ( ,la ,hogue ! supremacy ( ! seas 0 ga9$4 ,on l& ! ,fr5* took ,namur1 b al?\gh ,william 0 defeat$ he prev5t$ ! ,fr5* f ent]+ ,brussels4 ,all ^! pieces ( news filt]$ ?r\gh to ,london 9 ! days :5 ! craftsman 0 pati5tly hamm]+ ^! flagons & twi/+ ! h&les & fa%ion+ ! ?umb-pieces4 ,to-day to ! curi\s & p5sive m9d ! r[ ( /amp$ symbols recalls ! ,engl& ( ,william4 ,examples ( ! pat5s lat] 9 use are %[n on page #gi4 ,! two ,*>les ,,ii pieces are on feet1 & x w be se5 t !y are ornam5t$ ) rope-patt]n bord]s4 ,!y are inscrib$ 8,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ,exet]40 ,! ,london date lett] is = #afhj1 & ! mak]'s m>k is ,e4 ,g4 ,betwe5 !m /&s a ,que5 ,anne lavabo b[l ) ! ,exet] m>k = #agjb1 ! mak] be+ ,john ,el/on4 ,a ,que5 ,anne pat5 is illu/rat$ b5ea? on ! same page4 ,! ,exet] date m>k is = #agad1 & ! mak] is ,p5teco/ ,symonds4 ,! illu/ration %[s 9 :at position ! m>ks are plac$1 & !y are illu/rat$ on page #cia4 ,a rem>kable communion cup & cov] ( small size is illu/rat$ on page #ha4 ,?is is a ,george ,,ii specim5 & is unique4 ,x be>s ! ,exet] m>k = #agbi1 & ! mak] is ,james ,/rong4 ,! /em ( ?is cup is 9 balu/] =m ( f9e proportions4 ,! cov] is rem>kable1 be+ int5d$1 :5 remov$1 = use z a flat pat54 ,9 addition to ! usual c5tral button x has f\r small additional feet4 ,x 0 int5d$ = ! use ( ! sick1 h5ce its small] size4 ,altoge!r x is a mo/ rem>kable piece4 ,x has an inscription :i* runs3 8,deo ,*ri/o et ,ecclesiae ,/4 ,m>t9i ,exon 9 usu infirmorum40 ,! m>ks on x are giv5 "u ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,pat5s4 ,london1 #afhj4 ,mak]1 ,e4 ,g4 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,lavabo ,,b[l4 ,exet]1 #agjb4 ,mak] ,john ,el/on4 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 ,exet]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,pat54 ,exet] hall-m>k1 #agad4 ,mak]1 ,p5teco/ ,symonds4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cia47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ,exet]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,communion ,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 ,,george ,,ii4 ,exet] hall-m>k1 #agbi4 ,mak]1 ,james ,/rong4 7,m>ks are illu/rat$ above47 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's1 ,exet]47 ,,iii ,,! ,,maz] ,,! ,,/&+ ,,cup ,,! ,,flagon ,,! ,,tank>d ,,! ,,beak] ,,! ,,w9e ,,cup ,,! ,,pun*-,,b[l ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,maz]1 ,,! ,,/&+ ,,cup1 ,,! ,,flagon1 ,,! ,,tank>d1 ,,! ,,beak]1 ,,! ,,w9e ,,cup1 ,,! ,,pun*-,,b[l ,! ,maz]1 ! fifte5?-c5tury precursor ( ! pun*-b[l--,"s hi/oric ,/&+ ,cups 7! ,leigh ,cup1 #adii7--,/onew>e jugs ) silv] m\nts & cov]s--,! sev5te5? c5tury--,! ,pepys ,/&+ ,cup--,elizabe?an flagons--,sev5te5?-c5tury ,tank>ds--,! ,/u>t ,beak]--,/u>t w9e cups--,! 8,montei?0 =m pun*-b[l ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is *apt] x w be se5 t a survey is made ( ! dr9k+ vessels ( silv] plate 9 use dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,) ! adv5t ( c(fee & tea1 silv] plate f\nd a new] field1 & ! c(fee-pots1 tea-pots1 & tea-caddies ( ! eighte5? c5tury are dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod prior to ! g5]al use ( glass1 metals 7 employ$ = dome/ic plate4 ,pewt]1 be+ less co/ly1 0 m us$ ?an silv] plate1 :i* 0 conf9$ to ! weal?i] classes2 & = ^? ( l[] degree ! black-jack & ! 8old lea!r bottel0 suffic$4 ,fai5ce f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & f ,cologne e>ly f\nd its way to ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,bell>m9e jugs1 l>ge 9 capacity & /rongly made ( gres de ,fl&res /onew>e1 7 possibly mu* 9 dem& = s]v+ sack & be] & o!r liquors consum$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( all simple objects to become ornate4 ,! e>lie/ pla9 horn cups us$ by ! h]dsman & ! simples develop$ into silv]-m\nt$ ri*ly-*as$ dr9k+ horns = use at ! ca/le4 ,( ?is class is ! dr9k+ horn belong+ to ,"l ,cawdor1 at ,gold5 ,grove1 ) silv] m\nts support$ by silv] dragon & greyh\nd1 :i* has a hi/ory dat+ f ! days ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,! wood5 b[l1 z we see 9 ! maz]1 became enri*$ ) co/ly m\nts4 ,^! additions r>ely add$ to ! utility ( ! vessel1 b !y d5ote its elevation into usage by m weal?y p4 ,! pla9 grey or mottl$ & excell5tly pott$ /onew>e jug1 ! l ( :i* ,mi/ress ,quickly mu/ h us$ to p\r out ! can>y ( ,fal/aff & ,b>dolf & ! ?ir/y set ( tap/]s :o surr\nd$ ! fat knight1 0 common en\gh 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,b 9 ,elizabe?'s day x add$ luxuri\s app5dages to itself 9 ! %ape ( silv] or silv]-gilt rim & lid & b&s & foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,maz]1 ,,( ,,maple ,,wood4 ,m\nt$ 9 silv]-gilt1 ornam5t$ ) quatrefoil belts4 ,inscription on boss1 8,a ,gift to ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 #adij40 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,maz]1 ,,%[+ ,,inscription4 7,9 possession ( ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 ,exet]47 ,! maz]1 a wood5 vessel 9 =m l ! m mod]n pun*-b[l1 m\nt$ 9 silv]1 is ! e>lie/ type ( our dome/ic plate4 ,^! b[ls 7 ornam5t$ ) silv] b&s & silv] rims1 & 9 "s cases !re 0 a silv] circul> plate or boss 9 ! c5tre ( ! vessel inside4 ,! example we illu/rate is m\nt$ 9 silv]-gilt ) quatrefoil belts4 ,x has an inscription on ! boss1 8,a ,gift to ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,petrock1 #adij40 ,! wood ( ^! maz]s 0 usually maple1 & ! "n is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,briti% ^w mas>m 7maple74 ,! ,dut* ^w maes] means a knot ( maple wood4 ,sp5s] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury has ! l9es3 ,!n1 lo6 ,p]igot1 ! pl$ge :i* ,i plight1 ,a maz] ywr\ght ( ! maple w>e1 ,:]e9 is en*as$ _m a fair fight ,( be>s & tig]s t make fi]ce w>4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( dr9k+ vessels ( ! ,middle ,ages ?is =m ( ! broad b[l foll[$ ! e>li] horn dr9k+ cup4 ,maz]s 7 n made aft] ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! =m 0 n conf9$ to ,engl&1 = ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 8,"l ( ! ,isles10 has ! c\plet3 ,br+ hi!r1 he said1 ! maz]s f\r ,my noble fa!rs lov$ ( yore4 ,9 reg>d to "s ( ! prices paid = maz]s at auction 9 ,london1 ! foll[+ may convey an idea z to r>ity4 ,9 #aijc a fifte5?-c5tury maz] realiz$ #adj4 ,9 #aijb a sixte5?-c5tury example br\ght #agj4 ,9 #aije a maz] dat$ #aebg sold = #ejj1 b 9 #aijh "o dat$ #aecd fet*$ ! colossal price ( #b1cjj4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is ! highe/ price paid = maplewood4 ,if ! b[l _h be5 all silv]1 & _h be5 sold by ! ounce1 ! sum paid w\ld h be5 rem>kable4 ,b collectors are no respect]s ( p]sons1 & z a r>ity a maz] makes an appeal :i* x _c d z a "w ( art4 ,! specim5s rema9+ aft] c5turies ( v&alism :i* h come d[n to u f ! e>ly days diff] 9 "*4 ,! maz] is rem9isc5t ( ,sc&9avian dr9k+ cu/oms4 ,to ?is day ! ,dane 9 dr9k+ y\r heal? says 8,scol40 ,etymologi/s ) f9e imag9ation h l9k$ ?is ) skull1 & s\ght to inf] t ! old ,norsem5 drank out ( skulls4 ,x is a my? z old z ! upas-tree4 ,dekk] 9 8 ,wond] ( a ,k+dom says3 ,w\ld ,i _h t5 ?\s& soldi]s' heads1 ,_! skulls set all 9 silv]1 to dr9k heal?s ,to 8 confusion fir/ inv5t$ w>4 ,we may agree ) ! s5tim5t1 & we c\ld fitt+ly dr9k confusion to a mod]n intrigu] to l end1 b1 = all t1 ! d]ivation is wrong4 ,! scol ( ! ,dane has ref]5ce to little wood5 spoons us$ ) ! b[l to ladle out ! liquor1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! pun* ladle ( _m c5turies lat] p]=m$ ! same s]vice4 ,! ^w scull1 ! o> ( a %allop1 is ! same ^w4 ,byron1 wi%+ to pose z a wick$ p]son1 ga!r$ a cr[d ( wayw>d spirits at ,new/ead :o drank out ( a skull4 ,"s ,hi/oric ,/&+ ,cups ,contempor>y ) ! maz]s are magnific5t /&+ cups & cov]s1 su* z ! 8,ana!ma0 ,cup1 ( ! date #adha1 at ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 or ! ,lynn ,cup1 a c5tury e>li]1 9 possession ( ! corporation ( ,k+'s ,lynn4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ! contemplation ( our art treasures1 & m especially ! plate t is left to u1 t ! data ^u :i* we may =m conclusions are v sl5d]4 ,happily mu* t is sup]lative is left to u1 unsca!d ?r\gh c5turies ( civil w> & plund]+s & melt+s-d[n2 b (t5 two pieces ( ! same p]iod repres5t extreme types4 ,"o may be a m]ely ord9>y common vessel & ! o!r may be ( mo/ exquisite & beautiful "w1 :i* rea*$ ! summit ( excell5ce ev5 9 its own day4 ,comp>isons are odi\s4 ,b x is z ?\gh 9 five c5turies h5ce all else 7 swept aside & all t ! tw5ty-fif? c5tury _h ^u :i* to pass judgm5t on ! eighte5? c5tury pott] 7 sundry ornate ,w$gwood vases & c]ta9 crude cottage figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,leigh ,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 ,) ,london hall-m>k = #adii4 ,ri*ly ornam5t$ 9 ,go?ic /yle4 ,hav+ inscription on b&s ( blue enamel 9 lett]s ( silv]4 ,! second e>lie/ cup kn[n ) a hall-m>k4 7,see description p4 #ic47 7,by c\rte\s p]mission ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company47 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company an illu/ration ( ! fam\s ,leigh ,/&+ ,cup & cov] is "h produc$4 ,! date ( ?is is #adii4 ,! vessel is ornam5t$ ) rais$ cross$ b&s1 & 9 ! panels =m$ by _! int]section are alt]nate heads ( maid5s & flagons1 :i* are ! badges ( ! company4 ,! foot re/s on ?ree m9iature flagons1 & has a deep *as$ bord] ) a pi]c$ trefoil enri*m5t4 ,on ! cov] are ! arms ( ! ,city ( ,london & ! company4 ,! cov] is surm\nt$ by a maid5 seat$1 ) an unicorn recl9+ 9 h] lap1 ! ^w 8,desy]0 on its side4 ,r\nd ! cov] & cup are b&s ( blue enamel1 ) lett]s ( silv]1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3 ,to ,ellect ! ,ma/] ( ! ,m]c]ie hi!r am ,i s5t ,& by ,sir ,?omas ,legh = ! same ent5t4 ,?is specim5 exhibits ! ,go?ic /yle1 & ?is is ! second e>lie/ cup kn[n ) a hall-m>k4 ,! 8,ana!ma0 ,cup be>s ! ,london hall-m>k = #adha4 ,! antiquity ( ^! e>ly cups illum9ate ! field ( collect+4 ,! ,leigh ,cup is contempor>y ) ! magnific5t *apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii at ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,"h is a "w ( art wr\ght by ! silv]smi? only two ye>s aft] ,john ,cabot made 8 fir/ voyage to ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica1 & on ! heels ( ! discov]y ( ! sea r\te to ,india by ,vasco da ,gama4 ,! /&+ cup & cov] c>ries ) x rites & c]emonies t h be5 reta9$ to ! pres5t day by all ^? corporations & companies & clubs :o h a ritual ext5d+ into ! pa/4 ,x is n always easy to give ! exact reason :y cu/oms are /ill punctili\sly obs]v$4 ,to d(f "o's hat to a fri5d or a sup]ior is an act :i* has a long hi/ory4 ,to take (f "o's casque ( arm\r 0 to become at once unprotect$ f ! sword-cut4 ,"o c imag9e two knights meet+ %[+ ?is confid5ce 9 ea* o!r's hon\r 9 remov+ _! casques4 ,simil>ly 9 ! tak+ ( w9e ! obs]vances ( to-day 9 reg>d to ! lov+-cup h equally s\nd reasons to support !m1 z be+ a symbolic cont9uance ( simil> actions ( ! pa/ :5 _! mean+ 0 m def9itely prosaic ?an x is n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 #aehe4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,height #aj_/ 94 ,,elizabe?an ,,/onew>e ,,jug4 c4 #aegj4 ,) silv]-m\nt$ cov] & foot4 7,9 possession ( ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,sm$ley1 ,esq47 7,photographs by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,!re are _m record$ in/ances :]e trea*]\s foes h /abb$ a gue/ :5 9 ! act ( dr9k+4 ,x is n difficult to realize ! sequel & ! necessity = ! usage4 ,:5 "o man drank1 8 comrade /ood by 8 side ) dagg] ready to def5d 8 fri5d f trea*]y4 ,! cu/om to-day at civic banquets & 9 old clubs 9 reg>d to ! lov+-cup pass$ r\nd is expla9$4 ,!re are always ?ree /&+4 ,two face ea* o!r & ! ?ird /&s beh9d ! p]son dr9k+ z a safegu>d aga9/ p]fidy4 ,poison & ! fe> ( dea? 7 always prom95tly be=e our ance/ors 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! w9e cup 0 an easy means 9 p]petrat+ rev5ge2 9 consequ5ce cry/al goblets1 :i* 7 suppos$ to split or *ange col\r :5 poison 0 pres5t1 7 mu* 9 vogue4 ,!re 7 v>i\s =ms ( /&+ cups4 ,! craftsman exp5d$ 8 skill & inv5tion 9 produc+ novelties4 ,x ?us happ5s t ^! creations exhibit ! silv]smi?'s cunn+ at its be/4 ,a v int]e/+ cup & cov] is t kn[n z ! 8,we/bury40 ,x is a f9e example ( ! ,elizabe?an silv]smi?'s "w1 & is silv]-gilt4 ,x is1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 9 ! =m ( an acorn on a /em ) flatt5$ knob1 & spread+ m\ld$ base1 ) turn$ knob to ! cov]4 ,! cup ( ! acorn is clev]ly sugge/$ by a s]ies ( /amp$ r+s4 ,?is cup has an inscription :i* runs3 ,giv5 to ! ,*ur* ( ,we/bury by ,collonel ,wauckl5 & ,m>y ,contes ( ,malbr\4 #afga4 ,on ! cov] are ! initials ( ! donors1 ,t4 ,w4 & ,m4 ,m4 ,accord+ to ,ho>e's ,wilt%ire1 & ,cockayne's ,complete ,pe]age1 ,ext9ct & ,dormant1 ,m>y1 wid[ ( ! second ,e>l ( ,m>lbor\gh1 0 m>ri$ to "o ,?omas ,wauckl51 son ( a blacksmi?4 ,?is is n too great a dem& on our cr$ulity1 z a cause de clbre 9 ! c\rts disclos$ ! fact only a few ye>s ago t a c\ntess 0 m>ri$ to ! son ( a coa*man :o _h pos$ z a pr9ce4 ,we d n "k 9 :at mann] ,colonel ,wauckl5 ga9$ 8 milit>y title4 ,he possibly may dur+ ! 8late w>s0 h emulat$ ,hudibras1 ,:5 civil dudgeons fir/ grew high1 ,& out he rode a-colonell+4 ,b sc&al !re is :i* has settl$ heavily on ! cup & its donors4 ,x is /at$ t at ! "t ( its gift to ! *ur* ( ,we/bury1 ,m>y ! ,c\ntess _h be5 dead a ye> & 0 buri$ 9 a turnip field4 ,?is ,elizabe?an cup made its public appe>ance 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii1 & ! said inscription w\ld seem to h be5 plac$ ^u x by ! 8,collonel0 to scre5 ! fact t 8 wife 0 dead4 ,x w\ld appe> to h be5 = a long "t 9 dome/ic use be=e x 0 h&$ ov] to ! cu/ody ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x be>s ! ,london hall-m>k = #aehe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pepys ,,/&+ ,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 c4 #afgg4 ,height #bc 94 ,) inscription 9 %ield at base1 8,samuel ,pepys4 ,admiralitati ,angl3 ,secretis ,societ3 ,pannif3 ,lond3 ,mr4 ,an4 ,,mdclxxvii40 7,by c\rtesy ( ! ,company ( ,clo?work]s47 ,! ,/onew>e ,jug ,z has already be5 said1 ! /onew>e vessels ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries came into ,engl& & 7 9 common use 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?4 ,f9e examples ( mottl$ 8tig] w>e0 ) silv] m\nts 7 evid5tly us$ by m luxuri\s possessors1 & su* specim5s br+ enorm\s prices "u ! hamm]4 ,! celebrat$ ,we/ ,mall+ ,elizabe?an jug sold at ,*ri/ie's1 9 #aijc1 = #a1ebb4 ,?is example 0 describ$ z ,fulham delft or /onew>e1 spla%$ purple1 orange1 gre51 & o!r col\rs1 9 ! /yle ( ! old ,*9ese1 & m\nt$ ) neck-b&1 h&le m\nt1 body-/raps1 foot & cov]1 ( silv]-gilt4 ,x has ! ,london hall-m>k ( #aeha1 ! ye> aft] ,drake return$ 9 ! ,gold5 ,h9d f 8 voyage ar\nd ! _w4 ,! mak]'s m>k is a fleur-de-lis /amp$ 9 intaglio1 repeat$ on cov]1 neck-b&1 & foot4 ,its height is #i_/ in*es4 ,! weight ( silv] /raps is only #i oz4 8,x may h be5 us$ = sacr$ purposes10 says "o ( ! j\rnali/ic critics1 :o m>vell$ at ! price1 8b )\t d\bt is no?+ m ?an an old sack-pot40 ,we illu/rate an example ) silv]-m\nt$ cov] & foot1 ab\t #aegj 9 date1 :i* %[s ! type ( jugs ( ,tudor days ( ?is class4 ,!re are _m examples ( ?is k9d ( tank>d4 ,! ,v9tn]s' ,company has "o ( delft m\nt$ 9 silv]-gilt ) cov] ) inscription1 8,?9k & ,?ank10 & 8,?ank ,david ,gitt+ = ?is40 ,x be>s a date #aefc4 ,! dates ( mo/ ( ! specim5s ( ?is class ( /onew>e or delft flagon range f ab\t #aefj to ab\t #aeie4 ,! ,pepys ,/&+ ,cup & ,cov] ,9 cont9u+ ! exam9ation ( lov+-cups ! comp>ison c be made betwe5 ! e>ly ornate ,go?ic type exemplifi$ 9 ! ,leigh cup2 ! re/ra9$ & solid piece ( craftsman%ip 9 ! ,we/bury cup2 & ! appli$ /yle ( decoration1 ,fr5* 9 "*1 f\nd 9 pieces f ab\t #afgj = ! next t5 ye>s or s4 ,! ,pepys cup is ab\t #afgg1 & typifies ?is la/ p]iod4 ,!re is among ! ,york ,corporation plate a silv]-gilt cup1 #ag_/ in*es high1 ) cov] surm\nt$ by a lion c\*ant4 ,?is 8,turn]0 cup has ! inscription3 8,iones ,turn] s]vi5s ad legem ,civitatis ,ebor ,recordator hoc ,majori et ,communitati ejus de gratitud9is ergo d$it1 #afgi40 ,! hall-m>k is ,london1 #afgi4 ,!re is a resemblance 9 ?is cup to ! ,pepys cup3 x is f9ely decorat$ ) acan?us leaves4 ,9 #ahic a copy ( ! ,turn] cup1 ) ! lion trans=m$ into ! lion ( ,engl&1 & embelli%$ ) %ields ( ! v>i\s ,dukes ( ,york1 0 pres5t$ to ,8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,george by ! citiz5s ( ,york on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage4 ,9 #afgg ,samuel ,pepys 0 elect$ ,ma/] ( ! ,clo?work]s' ,company1 to :om he pres5t$ ?is cup 7illu/rat$71 :i* is /ill us$ at _! d9n]s4 ,its description is z foll[s3 ,/&+ cup & cov]1 p>cel gilt4 ,deep pla9 b& r\nd rim1 bel[ :i* is a *as$ laurel wrea?4 ,! re/ ( ! cup is ov]laid ) an out] framework ( pi]c$ & emboss$ "w ( ornate "*1 :i* is n gilt4 ,! design embraces foliat$ scrolls ) griff91 & includ$ are teazles & two rams1 symbols ( ! ,clo?work]s' ,company4 ,! cov] is surm\nt$ by a ram4 ,! cup be>s an inscription3 8,samuel ,pepys ,admiralitati ,angl3 ,secretis ,societ3 ,pannif3 ,lond3 ,mr4 ,an4 ,,mdclxxvii10 & a monogram ,s4 ,p41 toge!r ) ! arms ( ,pepys4 ,?is piece belongs to ! ,*>les ,,ii p]iod1 & is typical ( ! *>act]i/ic /yle ( appli$ decoration1 und\bt$ly ( ,fr5* orig94 ,?is cup has ! mak]'s m>k#c ,t ,g or ,j ,g int]lac$1 & he evid5tly 0 an ,engli% craftsman work+ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! ,*>les ,,ii p]iod & dur+ ! %ort reign ( ,james ,,ii4 ,! vogue !n disappe>$4 ,engli% silv] plate at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is wor?y ( note1 on acc\nt ( its te*nique4 ,a noticeable feature 9 ?is p]iod ( free *as$ "w1 9 pieces ) l>ge leaves & fruit or figure subjects1 is ! bold mann] 9 :i* ! leaf spr+s f ! collet ( ! foot4 ,among "s ( ! mo/ treasur$ objects ( ?is late sev5te5?-c5tury outbur/ ( f9e craftsman%ip are sconces & mirror frames1 & especially l>ge beak]s & ovi=m vases & cov]s ) floriat$ ornam5t ri*ly *as$4 ,x 0 at t "t t ,gr9l+ ,gibbons ! woodc>v] revell$ 9 8 intricate fl[] & fruit pieces c>v$ 9 ! s(t lime & *e/nut woods4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! same arti/ic impulses 7 9 ! air4 ,side by side ) ! silv]smi?'s art 7 o!r fa%ions 9 furniture1 9 silk hang+s1 9 co/ume1 9 ! build+ & ar*itecture ( h\ses & ! habits ( ! p :o dwelt 9 !m4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ) s _m civil di/urbances x 0 inevitable t easily movable possessions su* z plate 7 ! fir/ to be realiz$4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e f ! remnants /ill rema9+ :at ! plate mu/ h be5 l :i* grac$ ! spl5did banquet+ halls ( ! days ( ,elizabe?4 ,! massive flagons1 su* z t illu/rat$ page #aje1 & ! gleam+ di%es & lordly plates rightly belong to an age :5 c\rti]s wore d\blets ri*ly sewn ) pe>ls1 :5 dreams ( conque/s 9 ! ,new ,_w set m5's m9ds aflame1 :5 new trade r\tes 7 op5$ & great companies =m$1 :5 ! /urdy _s ( indep5d5ce e/abli%$ itself 9 ^! realms to take root & develop into _w supremacy on ! seas1 & e/abli% an abid+ place 9 ! c\ncil *amb]s ( ,europe1 & :5 ,%akespe>e & ,b5 ,jonson1 & ,kit ,m>l[e1 & ,edmund ,sp5s] ) inspir$ vision p5etrat$ into ! doma9 ( romance & won endur+ fame4 ,b gold & silv] plate hold a some:at insecure place z hi/oric records4 ,! ?ief ) v&al h&s put _m a cunn+ly fa%ion$ vessel into ! melt+-pot to escape detection4 ,! ,civil ,w> ) its burn+s & plund]+s on ! "o h&1 & ! loyal devotion ( cavali]s :o gladly saw _! plate g to equip ,*>les's army1 on ! o!r1 acc\nts = _m m specim5s ( craftsman%ip :i* c nev] come aga94 ,o!r treasures left ! c\ntry2 ! ret9ue ( ,que5 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 h] ,fr5* reta9]s & h] scullions & prie/s1 j\rney$ 9 =ty coa*es to ,dov] ) mu* plate4 ,*>les ,i1 writ+ to ,buck+ham1 calls ^u ,/e5ie to help him & says3 8,i comm& y to s5d away to-morr[ all ! ,fr5* out ( ! t[ne1 if y c by fair means1 b /rike n long 9 disput+1 o!rways =ce !m away1 dryv+ !m l s _m wilde bea/s1 until y h %ipp$ !m1 & ! devil goe ) !m40 ,h[ !y plund]$ ! ,que5 ( jewels & plate1 & ( ! money !y ow$ 9 ,drury ,lane1 & ( ! scuffle !y _h ) ! ,k+'s ,gu>ds :o turn$ !m out ( ,som]set ,h\se1 is a piquant /ory4 ,to ?is day 9 ! vaults1 beside du/y docum5ts1 ?ree /ones record ! la/ re/+-place ( all t is mortal ( ?ree ( ! ,que5's fai?ful ,fr5* s]vants1--a scullion1 a *apla91 & a wait+-woman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,flagon4 ,) ,london date lett] = #aeii4 ,decorat$ 9 =mal /rap "w & foliat$ design incis$ 9 outl9e4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,flagon4 ,m>k$ ) leop>d's head1 lion rampant1 & ,london date lett] = #aegb4 ,decorat$ 9 *as$ floriat$ design4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,9 ^! tr\bl\s ,/u>t times _m pieces ( silv] 7 buri$ by ! own]s :o nev] came back1 & !y may /ill lie buri$ to ?is day4 ,o!rs 7 dis9t]r$ & pr\dly grace "s ( our f9e collections4 ,"o ?9ks ( ,john ,rivett1 ! blacksmi?1 :o deliv]$ up brok5 pieces ( copp] to ! ,puritan iconocla/s :o _h direct$ him to break up ! eque/rian /atue ( ,*>les ,i4 ,b ! /atue itself he buri$ 9 8 g>d5 at ,holborn ,fields by night1 & at ! ,re/oration x 0 re-erect$ 9 its old place at ,*>+ ,cross1 :]e x n[ /&s4 ,)\t d\bt1 "s ( our mo/ treasur$ plate has _h z ev5tful a hi/ory z ! 8,man on ! ,black ,horse40 ,elizabe?an ,flagons ,to leave /&+ cups & retrace our /eps1 we may exam9e ano!r class ( vessel1 ! flagon4 ,?is is tall & usually rotund 9 %ape1 hav+ a n>r[ neck4 ,x belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( ! specim5s rema9+ are among communion plate1 b its use 0 n conf9$ to ecclesia/ical purposes4 ,! "n is ( anci5t orig91 & 0 possibly at fir/ appli$ to any vessel hold+ dr9k--! ,dani% ^w flacon goes back _m c5turies4 ,we f9d v>i\s ref]5ces to x 9 ! old] writ]s4 ,bacon writes3 8,m _h s5t him by a suitor 9 ,*anc]y two silv] flagons10 & ,%akespe>e1 9 ,hamlet1 has 8,a mad rogue6 he p\r'd a flagon ( ,rh5i% on my head once40 ,! relation%ip ( ! flagon to ! tank>d is a close "o4 ,! =m z x cont9u$ to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 practically un*ang$ f t ( ! e>lie/ kn[n types4 ,x diff]s f ! ,italianate ew] ) its sl5d] neck & graceful proportions4 ,ale obvi\sly requir$ a broad1 swell+ vessel4 ,!re is no?+ f9nick+ ab\t t old ,engli% bev]age4 ,b w9e necessitat$ some?+ m delicate4 ,al?\gh no?+ 9 silv] has emulat$ ! mod]n long1 ?9-neck$1 glass cl>et jugs ) silv] m\nts1 yet !re has always be5 a di/9ction betwe5 ale1 ! popul> dr9k ( ! p1 & w9e ( =eign orig9 m pleas+ to ! palate ( ! connoisseur4 ,9 ! two ,elizabe?an examples illu/rat$ 7page #aje71 x w be se5 t al?\gh tall] & m gr&iose1 ^! are ! prototypes ( ! lat] tank>d1 ( :i* ! def9ite =m 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! evolution ( design1 :e!r x be a cont9uity ( ! same te*nique & m$ium1 or an adaption by ! silv] work] ( ! =ms ( ! glass work]1 ! pott]1 or ! woodwork]1 is always int]e/+ to ! /ud5t4 ,!re is little d\bt t ^! silv] tank>ds 7 9 a measure d]ivative f ,sc&9avian types belong+ to ! e>li] era4 ,man did n on a sudd5 inv5t new %apes = ev]yday use :i* no o!r man1 9 no o!r c\ntry or 9 no o!r age1 _h ev] conceiv$4 ,! salt-glaz$ /onew>e ( ,g]many & ,fl&]s )\t d\bt introduc$ new fa%ions to ! silv]smi?4 ,! canettes ( ,jacquel9e ,c\ntess ( ,ha9ault 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,vr\w ,jacoba's ,kannetjes1 ! ,cologne cannette ( /onew>e ( middle sixte5? c5tury days1 & ! ,flemi% cru*e1 a decorat$ jug ) a pewt] lid & m\nts1 all _h an influ5ce on ! silv]smi?4 ,b ! law ( supply & dem&1 ev5 9 e>ly days1 0 some?+ :i* c\ld n be ga9said4 ,man himself det]m9$ :at 0 be/ fitt$ to 8 ne$s4 ,x w be se5 t ! e>li] example ( ! two illu/rat$ is dat$ 9 ,london1 #aegb1 ! ye> ( ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,x has ! almo/ /raight sides1 n>r[+ slightly t[>ds ! top & broad5+ t[>ds ! foot4 ,x is decorat$ ) *as$ floriat$ design1 reliev$ by v]tical b&s cont9u$ on ! cov] to ! apex4 ,! cov] is surm\nt$ by a button1 9 =m l a seal-top spoon ( a lat] era4 ,! h&le is bold1 & x lacks ! /r5g!n+ b& at ! base :i* is %[n 9 ! adjac5t example1 :]e ! h&le is jo9$ to ! b>rel by a b&4 ,! m>ks w be se5 on ! face ( ! piece 9 ! middle ( ! surface bel[ ! cov]4 ,! o!r example be>s ! ,london date lett] = #aeii1 t[>ds ! close ( ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,! piece is ( f9e proportions1 ) massive scroll h&le4 ,! cov]1 z 9 ^! e>li] examples1 is dome-%ap$1 & is surm\nt$ by a circul> radiat+ disc ) balu/] ornam5t4 ,! billet1 or ?umb-piece1 is *as$ ) a man's head4 ,! decoration ( ! b>rel is ( ! /yle frequ5tly f\nd ^u tank>ds & bell salts ( ! late ,elizabe?an p]iod & 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,james ,i1 t is =mal /rap "w1 & scroll leafage incis$ 9 outl9e4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 is matt$4 ,9 pass+ x may be notic$ t ?is /rap design 0 seiz$ lat] by ! woodwork] 9 8 panel "w4 ,! body re/s on an appli$ foot1 :i* is rep\ss & *as$ ) scroll outl9es1 simil> to ! cov]4 ,two b&s pass ar\nd ! b>rel & ! l[] "o secures ! h&le4 ,a panel ) female head 9 relief adds dignity to a specim5 :i* is ( exceptional "*4 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,tank>ds ,! ^w 8tank>d0 belongs to an e>li] p]iod ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is ( widespread d]ivation4 ,9 old ,fr5* x is tanqua]d1 9 old ,dut* x is tanka]d1 & 9 ,iri% x is tancaird4 ,& no d\bt all ?ree races drank well f ^! vessels4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,b5 ,jonson says3 ,ha? 8 tank>d t\*'d y\r bra98 ,sure !y're fall'n asleep aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,tank>ds4 ,,william ,,iii4 #agja4 ,mak]1 ,david ,williams4 ,scroll h&le ) applique r[ ( rosettes4 ,,*>les ,,ii4 #afgi4 ,*as$ acan?us leaf h&le ) bead$ ornam5t4 ,l[] "p *as$ ) acan?us leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,tank>ds4 #afhd4 ,mak]1 ,george ,gibson1 ,york4 ,mak]1 ,william ,busfield1 ,york4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 8,:5 any calls = ale10 says ,swift1 8fill ! l>ge/ tank>d cup top full40 ,b silv]smi?s & collectors h _! own nom5clature ap>t f poets1 & ! tank>d belongs1 9 spite ( lit]>y pro( to ! contr>y1 to ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,x is ! poet1 aga91 :o has cont9u$ ! use ( ! ^w flagon1 reg>dless ( ! ana*ronism4 ,be x a tank>d1 a mug1 jug1 c1 pot1 bottle or glass1 su* prosaic t]ms are swept aside 9 v]se to figure z ! 8flagon0 or ! 8fl[+ b[l40 ,! tank>d ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies becomes m utilit>ian1 & m national 9 "*4 ,! body is drum-l 9 =m1 & ! cov] is flat4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ little ! =m diff]$ f ,*>les ,,ii to ,william ,,iii1 ! examples illu/rat$ on page #aaa prove ?is po9t4 ,! e>li] example1 on ! "r1 is *as$ ) acan?us & palm leaves4 ,! bead$ ornam5t on ! h&le is a feature 9 bo?4 ,two o!r specim5s are illu/rat$ on page #aaa1 bo? ) ! ,york date lett] ,b = #afhd1 ! ye> be=e ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,"o is made by ,george ,gibson & ! o!r by ,william ,busfield4 ,! tall] tank>d has a flat two-memb]$ lid1 & ! o!r has a flat "o-memb]$ lid4 ,9 bo? ^! examples x is obs]vable t ! scroll h&les h an ext5sion ( no utilit>ian value4 ,x is n beautiful nor useful4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,william ,,iii example illu/rat$ on same page1 ! diff]5ce w at once be se54 ,9 ^! examples a noticeable feature is ! m\ld$ base4 ,gradually ! spread foot became ( dim9i%$ size4 ,x 0 ( no practical use4 ,lat] =ms %[ a re/ra9t1 almo/ a pov]ty ( symmetrical design1 by ! abs5ce ( ! foot4 ,! =m becomes m squat4 ,we are accu/om$ to x 9 ,engli% plate1 b x comp>es slightly unfav\rably ) =eign plate1 :]e ! balance is m su/a9$4 ,! massive h&le really dem&s a m solid base4 ,9 ! ,york examples1 :]e ! f9ials ( ! h&le trail on ! gr\nd1 x is especially noticeable4 ,! billets or ?umb-pieces are evid5tly design$ = ornam5t1 & foll[ e>li] examples ( great] proportions4 ,if !y err1 !y err on ! side ( /r5g?4 ,9 ! ,exet] example illu/rat$ on page #aae1 ! mak]'s m>k is ,ao41 & ! piece also be>s ! /amp$ m>ks ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$1 d5ot+ ! high] /&>d4 ,! date lett] is = #agje4 ,?is is typically ,que5 ,anne /yle1 & is a ye> aft] ,m>lbor\gh's great victory at ,bl5heim4 ,! scroll h&le is massive & ! t]m9al is level ) ! base4 ,! m>ks are illu/rat$ at ! foot ( ! page1 & c be se5 cle>ly on ! body ( ! piece bel[ ! cov]4 ,x is an extremely int]e/+ specim51 wor?y ( ! cab9et ( ! collector4 ,! ?umb-piece is 9 ! =m ( a convolut$ scroll resembl+ ! %ell-l ornam5t plac$ on e>ly salt cell>s4 ,x is ess5tially a metal-work]'s device1 b x may be rem>k$ t 9 salt cell>s ( fai5ce ! same ornam5t is us$4 ,! ,lambe? delft salt cell> ( ! late sev5te5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ on page #afa1 indicates ?is p>allel betwe5 ! pott] & ! silv]smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,tank>d4 ,) ,exet] m>ks = #agje4 ,mak]'s m>k ,ao4 ,includ+ ! ,high] ,/&>d m>ks4 7,illu/rat$ above47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,sp5c] ,cox1 ,esq47 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,ii ,,mug4 ,) ,exet] m>ks = #agcc illu/rat$4 ,,george ,,ii ,,tank>d4 ,) ,exet] m>ks = #agdh 7illu/rat$ p4 #cia74 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ,exet]47 ,! o!r two ,exet] examples are illu/rat$ on page #aag1 & are ( ! p]iod ( ,george ,,ii4 ,x w be se5 t ! cov] leaves ! flat =m hi!rto fix$ dur+ a long p]iod ext5d+ back to ,*>les ,,ii1 & beg9s to resume ! dom$ %ape ( ! e>ly ,elizabe?an types4 ,b !re is no knob or button ) balu/] ornam5t su* z 9 ! e>li] =ms4 ,! dome top ( ! lat] p]iod is exceptionally retic5t4 ,9 turn+ back to ! ,william ,,iii example illu/rat$ on page #aaa1 9 date #agja1 x w be se5 t ! flat top did1 on occasion1 h an ornam5t2 9 ?is example ! ornam5t takes an elaborate =m1 b z a rule ! flat-topp$ tank>d )\t ornam5t may be said to ext5d f ab\t #afdj to #agdj4 ,9 ! ,exet] tank>d1 dat$ #agdh1 ! h&le /ill foll[s ! previ\s /yles1 & adds an ornam5tal =m 9 its t]m9al :i* gives a pleas+ effect ) its t]m9al 9 d\ble curves4 ,! adjac5t mug is ! precursor ( ! new =m ( vessel :i* became individual4 ,! tank>d 0 pass$ ar\nd & foll[$ ! cu/om obs]v$ 9 ! lov+-cup4 ,b ! mug 0 p]sonal & exhibit$ a *ange 9 ! dr9k+ habits ( ! common folk4 ,x became a common ut5sil 9 inns 9 pewt]1 & its proportions 7 gov]n$ by /atute4 ,! date ( ?is silv] mug is #agcc1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii4 ,! m>ks1 ) ! ,exet] date lett] = ! ye> #agcc1 are %[n "u ! illu/ration 7page #aag74 ,! ,/u>t ,beak] ,! pott] & ! glasswork] 7 always dogg+ ! heels ( ! silv]smi?4 ,n[ & aga9 ! silv]smi? borr[$ an idea f ! o!r arts4 ,! ,/u>t beak]s are a class ap>t4 ,we illu/rate examples f ! op5+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,james ,i1 #afjf1 to ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! ,james ,i beak]1 9 date #afjf1 %[s ! engrav$ floral design ( well-balanc$ proportions4 ,x is a tall1 cyl9drical vessel1 & ! decoration is 9 keep+ ) ! surface to be ornam5t$4 ,! engrav+ slightly sugge/s 9 its "*1 ?\gh n 9 its te*nique1 ! /rapwork decoration ( ! same p]iod4 ,! m>ks ( ?is piece are giv5 on page #cfa4 ,^! are int]e/+ illu/rations ( evolution4 ,! second example ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,i %[s a slackness 9 design :i* comp>es unfav\rably ) ! specim5 ( ! previ\s reign4 ,?is is a piece j prior to ! outbur/ ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,ev5 "h1 slight z is ! engrav+1 we cat* ! sugge/ion ( ! lat] ,/u>t loz5ge decoration employ$ 9 o!r arts1 z = in/ance 9 furniture1 notably 9 ,/u>t *air backs ( ?is p]iod4 ,! love = ! p>allelogram 0 n conf9$ to ! silv] work]4 ,! ,*>les ,,ii beak]1 9 date #afga1 is )\t ornam5t4 ,x 0 made a ye> aft] ! infam\s secret treaty ( ,dov]1 :5 ,*>les ,,ii became a p5sion] ( ,l\is ,,xiv to ! tune ( #aej1jjj d[n & #bbe1jjj a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,i ,,beak]4 #afjf4 ,,*>les ,i ,,beak]4 #afca4 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,beak]4 #afga4 ,m>ks 7illu/rat$ p4 #cfa47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,! process ( evolution is pla94 ,fir/ ! tall %ape ) ! spread+ foot1 foll[$ by ! squatt] =m ) less ornam5t :]e ! foot disappe>s1 & is succe$$ 9 a %ort "t by ! pla9 type4 ,"h we h ! precursor ( ! glass tumbl]4 ,:at ! silv]smi? made 0 obvi\sly too exp5sive = ! ord9>y p]son4 ,! glass work]s introduc$ by ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham f ,v5ice 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii f\nd a fa%ion ready to _! h&s4 ,?is silv] beak] ( ! days ( ! ,m]ry ,mon>* /&s z a prototype ( ! mod]n glass tumbl]4 ,! succession ( =ms is some?+ to be pr\d ( 9 ! hi/ory ( a c\ntry4 ,! peculi> usage ( words1 ! cont9uance ( old obs]vances1 & ! developm5t ( co/ume1 h ea* f\nd expon5ts to specialize on ! evolution ( types & ! succession to pres5t =ms4 ,b :o has idealiz$ ! glass tumbl] ( ! public-h\se b>8 ,"h 9 silv] is ! def9ite prototype1 & no glass mak] has inv5t$ any?+ m suitable4 ,= we> & te> he has made ! base ?ick]1 or %all we say to disguise ! fact t ! glass conta9s less ?an x purports to hold8 ,! ,w9e ,cup ,! ,/u>t w9e cups ( silv] are ( exceptional int]e/4 ,!y are ( graceful =m & exhibit a v>iety ( balu/] ornam5t ( pleas+ "*4 ,! tall w9e cup ( ! "t ( ,james ,i is ! "w ( ,pet] ,pet]son1 a not$ silv]smi? ( ,norwi*4 ,! ,norwi* m>k ( ! ca/le & ! mak]'s m>k ( ! orb & cross are cle>ly visible 9 ! illu/ration ( ! cup itself1 & are fur!r illu/rat$ on page #cie4 ,! /em is sl5d] & ( balu/] =m4 ,! upp] "p ( ! b[l has small trefoils ( engrav$ ornam5t dep5d+ on ! l9e runn+ ar\nd ! brim4 ,! l[] "p ( ! b[l is emboss$ ) leaves & floral conv5tional patt]n4 ,! foot is simil>ly emboss$4 ,sometimes ^! w9e cups1 or grace cups z !y are t]m$1 because x is believ$ t !y 7 us$ at ! end ( a banquet to dr9k a grace1 h octagonal b[ls4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,o!r =ms are l ! mod]n op5-b[l$ *ampagne-glass4 ,*>les ,i w9e cups obvi\sly are n common4 ,! ,civil ,w> laid a heavy toll on su* portable articles4 ,dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 accord+ to all report1 9 ! words ( ,butl] 9 8 ,hudibras1 ! ,r\ndheads _h a t5d5cy to ,comp\nd = s9s !y are incl9'd to ,by damn+ ^? !y h no m9d to1 & we h ,"l ,macaulay's well-kn[n pron\ncem5t t ! ,puritans condemn$ be>-bait+ n s mu* = ! pa9 :i* x gave to ! be>1 z = ! pleasure :i* x gave to ! spectators4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 !re=e1 t w9e cups ( ! ,commonweal? p]iod 7 mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,to come to ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii1 ! ,great ,fire ( ,london 9 #afff did enorm\s damage4 ,! ,clo?work]s' ,hall burnt = ?ree days & nights on acc\nt ( ! oil 9 ! cell>s4 ,! ,pepys ,cup happily 0 sav$1 z we h se54 ,?is 0 9 ,septemb]1 b s great 0 ! area ( ! fire 9 ! city t ! gr\nd cont9u$ to smoke 9 ,decemb]4 ,lady ,c>t]et told ,pepys t pieces ( burn$ pap] 7 driv5 by ! w9d z f> z ,cranborne 9 ,w9dsor ,=e/4 ,london rema9$ 9 ru9s till #affh4 ,pepys goes to ,:itehall at ! outset ( ! fire to tell ! ,k+ :at he _h se51 & he sugge/$ precautions by bl[+ up h\ses to /op ! spread ( ! fire4 ,pepys is solicit\s = ! safety ( ! ,navy ,(fice1 :i* 0 betwe5 ,crut*$ ,fri>s & ,see?+ ,lane1 & ,sir ,william ,p5n br\ght ! workm5 f ,woolwi* & ,dept=d y>ds to demoli% h\ses on ! 8,t[] ,/reet & ,f5*ur* sides40 ,x is int]e/+ to read t ! ,di>i/ s5t (f 8 money1 plate1 & valuables to ,sir ,w4 ,rid] at ,be?nal ,gre51 & !n he & ,sir ,william ,p5n dug a hole 9 _! g>d5 9 :i* !y put _! w9e & ,p>mezan *eese4 ,all ?is is piquant 9 reg>d to ! vicissitudes ( =tune ?r\gh :i* our old plate has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,i ,,tall ,,w9e ,,cup4 ,norwi* hall-m>k4 ,mak]1 ,pet] ,pet]son4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cie47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,! examples ( w9e cups illu/rat$ on page #abi %[ two =ms4 ,"o is tall] ?an ! o!r1 & !y /& z ! great prototypes 9 solid silv] ( our mod]n w9e glasses4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ to indicate t !y are ( silv] 9 ! illu/ration1 save ! d>k surface ( ! b[l4 ,x is pleasant to be able to give a ,*>les ,i piece dat$ #afca4 ,! mak] ( ?is is ,william ,%ute4 ,?is belongs to ! e>li] p]iod ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,i1 :5 ! %ad[s 7 deep5+4 ,x is a delicately balanc$ cup ) sl5d] /em & f9ely proportion$ balu/] ornam5t4 ,! m>ks are illu/rat$ page #cfa4 ,! o!r cup is ( ! ,*>les ,,ii p]iod1 & ! m>ks are %[n b5ea?1 ! mak]'s be+ ,p4 ,d4 & ! date lett] be+ h = #affe1 an ev5tful ye>4 ,! ,plague ( ,london 0 n[ at its height4 ,! fir/ ,dut* w> comm5c$1 & 9 ,june ! ,dut* 7 defeat$ "u ,van ,tromp at ,l[e/(t4 ,! adjac5t illu/ration 7page #abi7 %[s o!r contempor>y metal "w4 ,"h is a brass c&le/ick ( ! middle sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! balu/] ornam5t is common to ! silv] cup & to ! brass c&le/ick4 ,no two ( ^! c&le/icks are alike1 ! balu/] ornam5t v>y+ accord+ to ! individual mood ( ! mak]4 ,x is ! same factor :i* pr$om9ates 9 ,jacobean furniture ) turn$ rails ) v>y+ ornam5ts4 ,! *a9 is complete4 ,! silv]smi?1 ! brass-work]1 ! woodc>v]1 & ! glassbl[] ea* f\nd1 accord+ to 8 te*nique1 ?is /yle ( ornam5t pleas+ to 8 m9d4 ,accord+ly ! collector :o comes aft] may see = himself ! influ5ce ea* has _h on ! o!r4 ,! /ud5t may see 9 ! e/abli%$ =m ( ! /em ( ! mod]n w9e glass some?+ tempt+ him to l+] ov] ! process ( evolution4 ,! ,pun*-b[l ,arti/s & writ]s h made ! pun*-b[l ( ! eighte5? c5tury famili>4 ,! *9a collector well kn[s t x 0 n always ( silv]4 ,! amateur collector is always to ! =e ) 8 pun*-ladle ) silv] b[l & ebony h&le1 & ! said ladle mu/ always h a co9 ( ! p]iod sold]$ at ! bottom ( ! b[l to d5ote its g5u95ess4 ,alas6 s few ( ^! are au!ntic4 ,! co91 :i* among o!r ?+s %\ld be ! /amp ( v]acity1 does n agree ) ! hall-m>ks--& "o lie 9 a piece damns x 9 its entirety4 ,x is a sad /ory1 b pun*-ladles seem to be ! fir/ /ep 9 obliquity ( ! fak]4 ,!y are easy to make1 & app>5tly easy to palm (f on ! "y collector4 ,!re are hundr$s ( p :o h a pun*-ladle ) a hi/ory--n ! real hi/ory--b !y h n a pun*-b[l4 ,x is l hav+ a bridle )\t a horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/u>t ,,silv] ,,w9e ,,cups4 ,tall]1 #afca 7,*>les ,i74 ,mak]1 ,william ,%ute4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cfa47 ,small]1 #affe 7,*>les ,,ii74 7,m>ks illu/rat$ b5ea?47 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,brass ,,c&le/ick4 ,engli% ,middle ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,height #g 94 7,9 collection ( au?or47 ,! 8,montei?0 =m ( pun*-b[l1 ) removable rim ( scallop$ =m1 made ?us = ! ins]tion ( w9e glasses1 0 kn[n z e>ly z #agja4 ,nobody c say :y ! t]m 8,montei?0 0 appli$ to ?is1 b presumably x 0 tak5 f ! inv5tor or fir/ us]1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z our curr5t words1 s&wi*1 orr]y1 c>digan1 well+ton1 id5tify objects fir/ us$ by1 or contempor>y )1 ! p]sons ^: names !y be>4 ,! pun*-b[l is comp>atively mod]n1 inasmu* z ! bev]age itself is n ( anci5t date4 ,! ^w 8pun*0 is said to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,h9du/ani1 signify+ ! five +r$i5ts--_s1 wat]1 sug>1 lemon1 & spice4 8,a qu>t ( ale is a di% = a k+10 says ,%akespe>e 9 ,a ,w9t]'s ,tale2 8,!n to ! spicy nut-br[n ale10 says ,milton 9 8 ,l',allegro4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,william ,,iii !re is no d\bt t _s dr9k+ became preval5t1 ?\gh x 0 n till ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! evil became a national crime fo/]$ by ! gre$ ( ! ,gov]nm5t = taxes4 ,! drunk5ness 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii 0 appall+4 ,william ,hog>?1 ! great satiri/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 holds ! mirror to 8 day 9 ! two pr9ts1 ,be] ,/reet & ,g9 ,lane1 publi%$ 9 #agea4 ,9 ! =m]1 ?\gh x _c be said to be idyllic1 ! comp>ative prosp]ity ( ! populace "u ! be]-dr9k+ regime is satirically comp>$ ) _! condition "u ! dom9ion ( ,g9 9 8 companion picture1 :]e = gruesome details ! grav] ( ! satiri/ is unsurpass$4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ?is truly horrible pr9t is a woman half 9 rags1 evid5tly 9 a drunk5 condition1 :ile ! infant is slipp+ f h] arms into a cell>1 f :i* hangs ! di/ill]'s _s measure4 ,hog>? does n believe 9 half-tru?s4 ,a /upefi$ wret* close by is clut*+ a keg ( g94 ,on an adjac5t p>apet a dog is %>+ a bone ) a sot4 ,! pawnbrok] is %[n z do+ a busy trade4 ,a woman is giv+ g9 to h] infant f a glass4 ,! tott]+ build+s ) fall+ bricks are symbolic ( ! utt] rott5ness ( ! social fabric4 ,! spire ( ,/4 ,george's1 ,bloomsbury1 /&s out z indicative ( ! alo(ness ( ! ,*ur* to ?is devili% orgy4 ,/4 ,giles is triumphant4 ,! lurid backgr\nd completes a t]rible indictm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day--! gh\ls lift+ a man into a c(f9 ) a nak$ *ild at ! foot1 ! b&ag$ heads & lift$ /ools ( a drunk5 mob1 ! drunk5 man 9 a :eelb>r[ ) m g9 be+ p\r$ d[n 8 ?roat4 ,hog>? ) 8 t\* ( irony comb9es ! pa?os ( te>s1 "y *ildr5 /&+ innoc5tly apa!tic to all ?is1 ! ev]yday environm5t ( _! lives4 ,?is 0 ,hog>?'s bit+ criticism on ! attempt to /imulate ! dr9k+ ( spirits & decrease ! consumption ( be]4 ,hog>? is co>se1 he is (f5sive1 he is brutal2 b he des]ves well ( all :o love tru?4 ,rabelais _h to pa9t 8 satires 9 gigantic gruesom5ess to rea* ! e> ( 8 day4 ,bruti%ness _c be exorcis$ by ! spr9kl+ ( rose-wat]4 ,! pun*-b[l comes /raight f ?is p]iod4 ,we take x z we f9d x1 symbolic ( days :5 ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t did n disda9 to hicc\gh _! drunk5 spee*es 9 ! ,h\se1 :5 ,cab9et ,m9i/]s 7 n a%am$ ( be+ drunk4 ,?is belongs to ! e>ly ,georgian era2 x is associat$ ) ,jacobite plots1 ) supp]s held 9 secret1 ) toa/s drunk 9 solemn ritual to ! ,k+ ov] ! wat]4 ,x belongs to ! hunt+ squires & p>sons too1 to ! nabobs f 8,john ,company10 & to ! nebul\s p]iod ( ,hanov]ian asc5dancy4 ,! ,/u>ts 7 dead ) _! fateful1 romantic1 & f9al d[nfall4 ,_! memory l+]$ 9 ! p's he>ts2 x 0 kept alive by ! old religion1 & x haunt$ ! songs ( ! p4 ,b ! ,georges1 by law elect1 _h plant$ _! feet firmly--& ! ,h\se ( ,hanov] surviv$ all romance4 ,among ! classes ( pun*-b[ls ! ,montei? takes ! ari/ocratic place4 ,its decoration is pret5ti\s4 ,its utility1 ) its removable rim ) ! scallop$ edge1 is its claim to recognition1 by ! collector4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 7page #ace71 9 date #agjd1 comes /raight f ! days :5 ,*>les ,mordaunt1 ,"l ,pet]bor\gh1 p]=m$ 8 m>vell\s exploits 9 ,spa94 ,he captur$ ,b>celona 9 #agje4 ,s*ol>1 wit1 man ( fa%ion1 he 0 ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! armies & ! fleet 9 ! ,spani% ,w>4 ,he 0 z *ivalr\s z ,don ,quixote4 ,he m>ri$ ,ana/asia ,rob9son1 ! prima donna ( h] day4 8,brave to tem]ity1 lib]al to pr(usion1 c\rte\s 9 8 deal+s ) 8 enemies1 a protector ( ! oppress$1 an ador] ( woman--! la/ ( ! knights-errant4 ,he liv$10 says ,walpole1 8 biograph]1 8a romance1 b 0 capable ( mak+ x a hi/ory40 ,?is specim5 comes /raight f ^! days ( sea fight & l& fight 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries "u ,m>lbor\gh1 :5 8our army10 to quote ,uncle ,toby1 8swore t]ribly 9 ,fl&]s40 ,! ,que5 ,anne sob]ness ( design seems to h be5 disc>d$ 9 ^! ,montei?s4 ,!re is some?+ rococo & elaborate1 z ?\gh 9 defiance ( e/abli%$ retic5ce4 ,! heavy ornam5t ( lion's head & h&les1 ! massive gadroon$ edge ( ! scallop$ design1 ! b[l deeply flut$1 ! emboss$ m$allion ) coat ( arms1 & ! foot enri*$ ) bead$ ornam5t1 all indicate t su* specim5s 7 reg>d$ z ! ,/&+ ,cup1 s to speak1 ( ! p]iod4 ,) ! pun*-b[l an end practically is made ( silv] vessels = dr9k+4 ,! sov]eignty ( glass 0 n[ e/abli%$4 ,porcela9 & ev5 e>!nw>e _h made inroads into ! silv]smi?'s doma94 ,! age ( mod]nity 0 at h&4 ,illu/ration3 8,,montei?0 ,,pun* ,,b[l4 ,,london1 #agjd4 ,high] ,/&>d ,m>ks & ,mak]1 ,&rew ,fogelb]g4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,,sale ,,prices ,prices are always problematical4 ,specim5s v>y accord+ to /ate1 & o!r factors det]m9+ ! price p] ounce at :i* !y are sold4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ prices obta9$ at auction may be ( int]e/ to read]s3-- ,,/&+ ,,cups4 ,^! are among ! mo/ sumptu\s pieces ( ,engli% silv]4 ,prices always range high4 ,tudor cup1 #f oz4 #ae dwt4 7#aebe7 #hhj 8 on foot1 #ad oz4 #c dwts4 7#aeba7 #d1acj 0 & cov] 7,james ,i7 7#afdj71 #ff oz4 #d1jjj ,/&+ cup1 ,*>les ,i1 #dgjs4 p] oz4 #hb 8 ,*>les ,,ii1 #a oz4 #ac dwts41 #ebjs4 p] oz4 #db ,lov+-cup1 ,*>les ,,ii 7#afgh71 #agjs4 p] oz4 #fi 0 ,william & ,m>y 7#afhh71 #afes4 p] oz4 #hh 8 ,que5 ,anne 7#agjc71 #abjs4 p] oz4 #adj ,,tank>ds4 ,james ,i tank>d 7#aejd7 #a1gbj ,elizabe?an tank>d & cov] 7#aeii71 #ba oz4 #ae dwt4 7a record price7 #b1cjj ,elizabe?an 7,hu? sale7 7#aegc7 #a1gjj ,*>les ,i pla9 tank>d 7#afbi71 #gejs4 p] oz4 #ffg ,pla9 tank>d2 ,york2 mak]1 ,m>maduke ,be/ 7#afga71 #aies4 p] oz4 #bcd ,commonweal? 7#afdi71 mak] ,,af41 #bijs4 p] oz4 #dac ,! range ( prices is3 ,commonweal?1 ab\t #bj p] oz42 ,*>les ,,ii1 #h to #aj p] oz42 ,william & ,m>y1 #d p] oz42 ,anne1 #b p] oz42 ,george ,i1 #bjs4 p] oz4 ,,beak]s4 ,h5ry ,,vii1 silv]-gilt 7#adif71 #f oz4 #af dwt4 sold 9 #aijb #a1bgj ,elizabe?an 7#aeii71 #dijs4 p] oz4 #aig ,*>les ,i 7#afce71 #caes4 p] oz4 #gc ,*>les ,,ii 7#affb71 #bijs4 p] oz4 #df ,william ,,iii 7#afii71 #agjs4 p] oz4 #ff ,,w9e ,,cups4 ,elizabe?an goblet1 #g oz41 #ecjs4 p] oz4 #ahh ,*>les ,i1 w9e cup 7#afch71 #c oz4 #ad dwts4 #hh ,commonweal? ,goblet 7#afej72 mak]1 ,,hs41 #hjjs4 p] oz4 #aah ,,pun*-,,b[ls4 ,william ,,iii 8,montei?0 7#agja71 #ajjs4 p] oz4 #cih ,que5 ,anne 8,montei?0 7#agje71 #gjs4 p] oz4 #bfg ,pun*-b[l 7#agej71 #bcs4 p] oz4 #ae ,,footnotes3 #c ,^! initials1 f\nd on a ,james ,,ii mug1 ) ! date lett] = #afhe1 are illu/rat$ p4 #cfi4 ,,iv ,,! ,,salt ,,cell> ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,salt ,,cell> ,e>ly salt cell>s--,! /&+ salt--,! h\r-glass =m--,! bell-%ap$ salt--,! sev5te5? c5tury--octagonal & circul> types--,! eighte5? c5tury--tr5*] salts--,tripod salts--,! op5work /yle ) glass l9]--,! evolution ( =m 9 ! salt cell> ( ! lat] p]iods4 ,9 ! old days :5 co/ume det]m9$ ! g5tle f ! simple1 :5 dem>cations ( rank 7 def9itely pron\nc$1 :5 m5 wore fea!rs 9 _! hats & swords at _! sides1 :5 reta9]s & m5ials sat at ! same bo>d ) _! "l & lady1 ! cu/oms ( ! table 7 n our cu/oms4 ,x 0 only 9 ,elizabe?'s day1 :5 d9n] 0 s]v$ at a long table1 t ! oak5 floor replac$ ru%es4 ,! d9]s ?rew bones to ! dogs1 & al?\gh sweet s\nds came f ! musician's gall]y1 ! sc5e "o may recall is "o r ( b>b>ic spl5d\r ?an ( luxuri\s ref9em5t4 ,to him :o loves to quick5 ! dry bones ( collect+ into some?+ pulsat+ ) life1 ! salt cell> provides a delight :i* is n easily equall$4 ,x 0 an hon\r$ gue/ at e fea/4 ,x 0 ! social !rmomet] :i* m>k$ ! exact degree ( rank ( ! sitt]s4 ,p]sons ( di/9ction sat above ! salt1 & betwe5 x & ! head ( ! table4 ,^? :o sat bel[ ! salt 7 dep5d5ts & inf]ior gue/s4 ,if only ^! salt cell>s reproduc$ z illu/rations c\ld give tongue to ! secrets !y caught 9 :isp] f ! upp] end ( ! table be=e ! )draw+ *amb]1 prototype ( our mod]n draw+-room1 became a necessity6 ,if walls _h e>s1 & if ! salt cell>s ( ,tudor ,engl& or ( ! /ormy days ( ! ,/u>ts c\ld h be5 fitt$ ) ,am]ican gramophone wax cyl9d]s1 ! by-ways ( secret hi/ory w\ld be less tangl$ to ! hi/orian4 ,_h ?is be5 ! case1 mod]n millionaires w\ld h be5 9 competition ) "o ano!r to secure preci\s records1 z x is only a ri* man :o c af=d to ga!r toge!r a repres5tative collection ( old salt cell>s4 ,b = all t1 ! collector ) small means1 :o is less ambiti\s1 may obta9 specim5s t are ( exceptional int]e/1 & 9 8 que/ he may1 ev5 9 ^! days :5 collectors sc\r ,europe1 come across an example :i* may be antique4 ,z may be imag9$1 ^! 8salts0 are v v>i$ 9 "*4 ,!y may be ( silv]1 ( e>!nw>e1 or ( ivory4 ,!y may be ( simple =m ) little to di/+ui% !m arti/ically1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ( su* intricate design & r>e workman%ip z to make !m sup]b examples ( ! art ( ! jewell] or silv]smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&+ ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,,go?ic ,,p]iod4 c4 #aejj4 ,h\r-glass =m4 ,height #i_/ 94 ,f a draw+ by ,de la ,motte4 7,at ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge47 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! salt cell> sold at ,*ri/ie's 9 #aijb = #c1jjj4 ,x 0 only #g_/ in*es 9 height4 ,x is silv]-gilt1 be>+ ! ,london hall-m>k = #aegg1 & ! mak]'s m>k1 a hood$ falcon1 probably ! "w ( ,?omas ,bampton1 ( ! 8,falcon40 ,! receptacle = ! salt is ( rock cry/al1 & ! base /&s ^u claw feet1 :i* are ( cry/al4 ,! cov] is squ>e1 hav+ a circul> dome top1 above :i* /&s a delicately modell$ figure ( a *]ub z an apex4 ,a /&+ salt ( ! "t ( ,james ,i1 ) ! ,london hall-m>k = #afac1 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's 9 #aijc = #a1aej4 ,! height ( ?is is #aa_/ in*es1 & beyond its special value on acc\nt ( its age & r>ity1 its =m is n possess$ ( great] elegance ?an _m a l[ly pepp] ca/] ^: pres5ce x w\ld scorn on ! same bo>d4 ,f ! r>e ,h5ri ,,ii majolica ( ! sixte5? c5tury to ! humble tr5*] salt1 ! range ( salt cell>s is a compreh5sive "o4 ,! mo/ sumptu\s examples1 set 9 a magnific5ce ( *as$ design exhibit+ ! f9e/ craftsman%ip ( ! goldsmi? & silv]smi?1 comm& high prices on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 & old salts ( exceptional "* place _! collect+ 9 ! h&s ( ! elect ^: cab9ets are kn[n all ov] ! _w4 ,b !re are _m less] examples ( ! silv]smi?'s "w1 & x is n yet too late to acquire pieces sugge/ive ( days :5 at ! table 8! je/ 0 cr[n$ at ! upp] end & ! l[] half made e*o40 ,! ,city ,companies possess _m f9e examples1 & among ! college plate at ,ox=d & ,cambridge !re are _m unequall$ specim5s ( ! high-/&+ old salts4 ,!re is ! silv]-gilt pla9 salt pres5t$ by ,rog] ,dun/] to ! ,clo?work]s' ,company 9 #afda1 & ano!r a drum-%ap$ salt1 silv]-gilt1 ! 8,guift ( ,daniel ,waldo1 ,clo?work]1 ,esquire1 ano #affj40 ,!n !re is ! circul> salt & cov]1 #bb in*es high1 ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 ) ! date lett] ( ! ye> #afja1 :i* 0 8! guift ( ,ri*>d ,rog]s1 ,comptroll] ( ,8 ,majties ,mynt0 444 8desir+ ! same may bee us$ at _! solemne meet+s & to bee rememb]$ z a good b5efactor1 anno dni #afcb40 ,?is salt has a body ( glass1 r\nd :i* are two silv]-gilt coll>s 9 *as$ & rep\ss "w4 ,! ,goldsmi?s' ,company h o!r salts1 notably "o ! 8,gift ( ,?omas ,seym\r0 9 #afic4 ,! ,hab]da%]s' ,company h a circul> salt ! gift ( ,sir ,hugh ,hamm]sley 9 #afcf4 ,! ,innhold]s' ,company h two circul> salts ! gift ( ,john ,wett]wor? 9 #afbf1 & a circul> salt1 silv]-gilt1 #af in*es high1 ) a dome rais$ on f\r scrolls1 t]m9at$ by an obelisk1 ! gift ( ,anne1 wid[ ( ,john ,sweete1 #afce4 ,! ,ironmong]s' ,company h two f9e silv] salts1 p>cel gilt1 %ap$ l h\r-glasses1 hav+ six-foil$ sides1 9 ?ree ( :i* is foliage engrav$4 ,! date ( "o is #aeah & ( ! o!r #aebb4 ,! ,sk9n]s' ,company h a silv]-gilt octagonal salt #i in*es high1 ! gift ( ,b5 ,alb91 a memb]1 9 #afgf4 ,! ,m]c]s' ,company salts we are enabl$ to illu/rate by c\rte\s p]mission4 ,! ,v9tn]s' ,company h a f9e silv]-gilt salt1 ! gift ( ,john ,p[el1 ,ma/] ( ! ,company1 9 #agjb4 ,x is l a squ>e casket 9 =m1 ) panels ri*ly decorat$ 9 bold relief ) figures1 & ! cov] surm\nt$ by an urn ^u :i* /&s a female figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,bell-,,%ap$ ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,hav+ comp>tm5ts = salt & spices4 ,on ?ree ball feet4 ,london #afja4 ,decorat$ ) designs ( roses 9 flat *as+ 9 upright panels4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,"s r>e examples are 9 ! possession ( corporate bodies4 ,!re is ! silv]-gilt salt & cov]1 #ae_/ in*es high1 belong+ to ! ,corporation ( ,norwi*4 ,?is is1 z ! inscription indicates1 8,! ,gyfte ( ,pet> ,reade ,esqvi>40 ,! plate m>ks are a roman capital lett] ,d1 ! arms ( ,norwi*1 & a cross m\nd )9 a loz5ge4 ,x 0 made at ,norwi*1 & its date is n lat] ?an #aefh1 = ,pet] ,reade di$ 9 t ye>4 ,!n !re is ! wond]ful ,a%burnham salt cell> & cov] ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 ! e>lie/ /&+ salt1 #ab_/ in*es high1 be>+ ! ,london hall-m>k ( ! ye> #aejh1 & ! mak]'s m>k1 a ris+ sun4 ,?is 0 b\ght by ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs = #e1fjj4 ,lat] salt cell>s1 :ile /ill be+ collectors' pieces1 dep>t f ! old] =m :5 8bel[ ! salt0 _h no mean+4 ,! old silv] salt cell>s ( ,que5 ,anne & ,georgian days are ano!r /ory4 ,! elegance ( =m & ! qua9t retic5ce ( design make !m desirable acquisitions = any mod]n d9+-table4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ! furniture ( ,*ipp5dale & ( ,%]aton has be5 collect$ ) su* avidity to refurni% old homes & to give age to mod]n mansions1 ! dem& = old silv] accessories ( ! table has be5 equally great4 ,9 consequ5ce1 spuri\s silv] ( lat] date1 ) ! old hall-m>ks cunn+ly ins]t$1 has appe>$ 9 great quantities4 ,z a w>n+ to ! collector ( 8old salts10 x _c too /rongly be urg$ t 9 8 e>lie/ flights he %\ld consult a fri5d :o has pass$ ?r\gh ! same /ages be=e him4 ,! same advice is1 un=tunately1 necess>y 9 connection ) collect+ old *9a & old furniture4 ,! lit]ature ( ^! two subjects is m ready to h&1 & !re are _m popul> h&books design$ to set ! feet ( ! novice 9 collect+ on ! "r pa?4 ,9 silv] collect+ !re is always a sure road4 ,9 furniture or 9 *9a !re is no puissant company ( furniture exp]ts or *9a morali/s4 ,! buy] may be advis$ to use 8 common s5se & dem& t ! deal] put on ! invoice ! exact description ( ! goods he is sell+4 ,if aft] exp]t advice ! pur*as] f9ds he has be5 deceiv$1 he has 8 rem$y 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,b ) silv]1 !re are ! hall-m>ks det]m9$ by law = ! protection ( ! public4 ,! ,goldsmi?s' ,company exi/ to safegu>d ! public aga9/ fraud1 & _! hon\rable traditions ext5d1 z we h se51 ov] f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,if any buy] has any d\bt z to ! ,london m>ks or ! prov9cial m>ks on a piece ( silv] he has pur*as$1 x is easy to e/abli% _! au!nticity4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! m>k is a ,london "o1 ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company w\ld obvi\sly be pleas$ to discov] ! id5tity ( any "o c\nt]feit+ _! anci5t m>ks4 ,!y h /atutory p[]s to inflict f9es on p]sons convict$ ( su* malpractices1 & 9 ! public int]e/ !y w\ld naturally prosecute inquiries z to h[ false m>ks came to be plac$ on silv] purport+ to be assay$ by an old & hon\rable company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,silv]-gilt4 ,dat$ #afch1 & hav+ ,london hall-m>k ( t date4 ,greate/ height #f_/ 94 ,engrav$ ) ! arms ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company & ! arms ( ,john ,de?ick1 ! donor4 7,see m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cfe47 7,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company47 ,y may se>* ! *ronological tables ( ! /atutes ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & y w f9d no?+ relative to puni%m5ts specially laid d[n to meet ! case ( fabricators ( old furniture or old *9a1 b 9 reg>d to =g+ old silv] m>ks !re are a multitude ( protective measures4 ,!re is re=m ne$$ 9 ! laws relat+ to silv]1 & urg5tly ne$$4 ,we (f] ?is sugge/ion to "s ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t bur/+ to di/+ui% himself4 ,x 0 urg5tly recomm5d$ by ! ,committee ( #ahef1 & a ,bill 0 prep>$ by ! ,commission]s ( ,inl& ,rev5ue 9 #aheg1 b no?+ came ( x4 ,! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 aga91 9 #ahgi made fur!r recomm5dations1 b no re/rictive measure has ev] be5 laid be=e ,p>liam5t4 8,!re is mu* to say = ! old dem& ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company = fur!r p[]s ( en=c+ ! law ?an ! m]e "r to sue = p5alties4 ,sales by auction n[ take place ) practical impunity1 no matt] h[ spuri\s & debas$ ! goods may be1 & !re is evid5ce & to sp>e to %[ t ! g5]al s5se ( ! trade & ! public is 9 fav\r ( ! pres]vations ( ! old gu>antee40 ,! /udy ( salt cell>s sugge/s a fly+ ^w on ! salt spoon4 ,to quote f an essay by ,addison1 dat$ #agaa1 ! ,spectator says1 9 an acc\nt he gives ( d9+ ) a f9e lady3 8,9 ! mid/ ( ^! my ,mus+s %e desires me to rea* h] a little ,salt ^u ! po9t ( my ,knife1 :i* ,i did 9 su* ,trepidation & hurry ( ,ob$i5ce1 t ,i let x drop by ! way1 at :i* %e imm$iately />tl$ & said x fell t[>ds h]4 ,^u ?is ,i look$ v blank2 &1 obs]v+ ! ,conc]n ( ! :ole ,table1 began to consid] myself ) "s confusion1 z a p]son t _h br\ght "s ,disa/] ^u ! ,family40 ,?is is a pretty picture ( eighte5? c5tury 8high life40 ,! sup]/ition conc]n+ ! spill+ ( salt is /ill ) u1 b help+ salt ) a knife is no long] 9 fa%ion 9 8polite society40 ,9 g5]al salt cell>s may be classifi$ z foll[s1 comm5c+ ) ! ,/&+ ,salt1 ) its det]m9ation ( rank z to ^? :o sat above ! salt & ^? :o sat bel[ x3-- ,/&+ ,salts4--,! e>lie/ are %ap$ l h\r-glasses4 ,^! belong to ! fifte5? & fir/ half ( sixte5? c5tury4 ,cyl9drical & casket =ms1 ) ri* ornam5tation 9 rep\ss "w1 ) *as$ figures & surm\nt$ by cov] ) /&+ figure1 are f\nd 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,e4g4 ! ,/&+ ,salt1 "p ( ! ,/oke ,prior treasure1 dat$ #aefc 7at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum74 ,! ,bell-%ap$ ,salt is ( ! late sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! tall ,/eeple ,salt belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,! above types (t5 _h comp>tm5ts 9 ti]s res]v$ = spices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,octagonal ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,) f\r gu>ds4 ,london1 #afgi4 ,hav+ ! arms ( ! company & inscrib$ 8,ex dono ,h5rici ,sumn]4 ,mr40 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,sumn] ,salt1 ! gift ( ! ,ma/] ( t date4 ,greate/ height #h_/ 94 7,= m>ks see p4 #ceg47 7,by c\rtesy ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company47 ,! circul> & octagonal =ms ( less] height1 ) ?ree & sometimes f\r gu>ds ) scroll ends1 belong to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,tr5*] ,salts4--,^! 7 9 use contemporane\sly ) ! tall /&+ salts1 ei!r on less =mal occasions or at ! l[] end ( ! table bel[ ! salt4 ,e>ly =ms 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are circul> 7#afjc7 or triangul> 7#afcj74 ,^! 7 dim9utive1 measur+ only "s #c in*es across1 & be+ sometimes only #a in* high4 ,eighte5?-c5tury ,salts4--,a great v>iety ( =m is app>5t1 & _m /yles succe$$ ea* o!r1 disappe>+ only to be reviv$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]4 ,circul> 7#afih-agaj71 oval1 octagonal 7#agae-dj71 tripod 7#agej74 ,circul> ) ?ree feet2 oblong & octagonal1 slightly tall] 7#agge71 ) pi]c$ "w on f\r feet1 & ) glass l9]4 ,oblong1 pla91 ) f\r feet4 ,ture5-%ap$ or boat-%ap$1 pla91 ) swell+ foot1 sometimes ) r+s z h&les1 or ) two h&les 7#aghj74 ,%ell-%ap$ salts 9 vogue #aghh2 circul>1 vase-%ap$1 ) lions' heads & tripod feet 7#agih74 ,e>ly ,n9ete5?-c5tury ,salts4--,george ,,iv & ,william ,,iv /yles1 a rev]sion to "s ( ! old] types4 ,! ture5 & ! circul>-%ap$ salt1 ) f\r or ?ree feet 7#ahbj-ahcj74 ,circul> b[ls on /&s1 ) tripod & elaborate feet1 ! fa%ion 7#ahaj-ahcj74 ,_m pieces betray classical influ5ce4 ,! illu/rations ( ! v>i\s types ( salt cell>s %\ld be suffici5t to indicate to ! read] ! great field :i* is op5 to him4 ,! examples range f ! r>] e>li] p]iods to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! descriptions giv5 ( ! successive /ages 9 fa%ion & 9 design %\ld /imulate ! int]e/ ( ! /ud5t 9 reg>d to ! und]curr5ts ( evolution progressive1 & (t5 retrogressive1 ?r\gh ?ree c5turies ( ! silv]smi?'s art4 ,! /&+ salt1 9 h\r-glass =m1 ( ! ,go?ic p]iod at ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 illu/rat$ 7page #adc71 is 9 date ab\t #aejj4 ,its height is #i_/ in*es4 ,x belongs to t great p]iod ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,x is contempor>y ) ! magnific5t *apel 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,x has surviv$ ! spoliation ( ! days ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,its p]fect symmetry1 its delicate ornam5t1 its exquisite grace delight ! eye4 ,!re is no?+ r$undant1 no?+ t calls = am5dm5t4 ,x /&s z a p]fect creation ( ! ,engli% silv]smi?4 ,! unwritt51 & nev] to be writt51 hi/ory ( su* a piece is n ! lea/ :i* appeals to u n[adays4 ,we may rev]e ! exquisite craft ( ! design]4 ,b !re is a tribute we owe to ! sagaci\s cu/odians :o1 possibly 9 fe> ( dea?1 pres]v$ ?is = po/]ity4 ,its hid+-places1 its n>r[ escapes1 its glori\s em]g+ into ! light ( day1 to occupy a ni*e1 almo/ sacr$1 9 mod]n reg>d1 ^! are happ5+s t _c be *ronicl$4 ,z an hi/oric relic1 a page rema9+ f ! old hi/ory ( ^! realms1 su* an example claims adoration4 ,a f9e bell salt is illu/rat$ 7page #adg74 ,x is on ?ree ball feet4 ,x has ! ,london m>k1 ! lett] ,d 9 ,lomb>dic capitals1 = #afja4 ,x is decorat$ 9 upright panels1 ) flat *as+ ) floral design ( roses4 ,x is con/ruct$ 9 comp>tm5ts = salt & spices & pepp]4 ,^! bell salts belong to ! end ( ! sixte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 !y are mo/ly on ?ree feet4 ,at ! ,dunn-,g>dn] sale1 9 #aijb1 #fjj 0 paid = a specim54 ,!y /&1 9 po9t ( "t1 betwe5 ! h\r-glass =m & ! /eeple salts4 ,few appe> to h be5 made1 or1 at any rate1 few are n[ 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce !y br+ great prices on acc\nt ( _! r>ity4 ,! r+ at ! top is noticeable1 ma9ly z ! prototype ( ! r+-h&le ( cruets1 ) ! same cont5ts n[ 9 use ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,& ! ball foot1 peculi> to ! silv]smi? z some?+ especially applicable to 8 te*nique is /ill reta9$ 9 silv] cruets ( to-day4 ,! circul> ,/u>t salt cell> comes /raight f ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 ,x has ! date lett] = #afch4 ,see ,m>ks illu/rat$ page #cfe4 ,?is salt /ood on ! ,m]c]s' ,company table 9 #afdb--;ev5tful ye>1 :5 ,*>les 0 misguid$ en\gh to g 9 p]son to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ) 8 gu>ds to arre/ ! five memb]s4 ,?is 0 ! signal = ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! salt cell> we n[ see 0 hurri$ly put 9 ! vaults ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company4 ,! tra9$-b&s ( ,london 7 up4 ,! city decl>$ = ! ,p>liam5t1 & ,*>les rais$ 8 /&>d at ,nott+ham4 ,john ,de?ick1 ! donor1 may h f\ght 9 ! civic cause4 ,"h is ! salt he gave to 8 ,company 9 ^? /irr+ days1 an illu/ration ( :i* we are enabl$ to produce by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company4 ,x has ?ree h&les ) scroll ends4 ,x is an important piece4 ,x is silv]-gilt1 & engrav$ ) ! arms ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company & ! arms & cre/ ( ,john ,de?ick4 ,! octagonal salt illu/rat$ 7p4 #aee7 %[s ! /yle ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x has f\r h&les ) scroll ends4 ,^! h&les 7 = support+ a napk9 :i* 0 plac$ ar\nd ! salt4 ,x is ( ! ye> #afgi1 & ! m>ks are illu/rat$ on page #ceg4 ,x is inscrib$1 8,ex dono h5rici ,sumn] ,mr40 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,sumn] ,salt1 & ,h5ry ,sumn]1 ! donor1 0 ,ma/] ( ! ,m]c]s' ,company at t date4 ,its diamet] is #i_/ in*es & its greate/ height is #h_/ in*es4 ,?is is ! ye> ( ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act4 ,?is ,act def9es ! lib]ties ( ! subject4 ,all prison]s except ^? *>g$ ) felony or treason c dem& t !y be br\ght be=e a judge to te/ ! validity ( _! det5tion4 ,all p]sons *>g$ ) felony or treason mu/ be tri$ at ! next sessions or else admitt$ to bail1 or1 fail+ ?is1 be dis*>g$4 ,no p]son c\ld be recommitt$ = ! same (f5ce & no p]son imprison$ beyond ! sea4 ,heavy p5alties 7 impos$ on ^? :o violat$ ?is ,act4 ,illu/ration3 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,e>!nw>e ,,salt ,,cell>s4 ,,lambe? ,,delft ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #d_/ 94 ,,r\5 ,,fai5ce ,,salt ,,cell>4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #c 94 7,9 collection ( au?or47 ,contempor>y ) ! silv]smi?'s "w x is int]e/+ to notice 9 pass+ :at ! pott] 0 do+4 ,we illu/rate 7p4 #afa7 a ,lambe? delft salt cell> ( ! late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,its height is only #d_/ in*es4 ,x simulates ! silv] /yle4 ,! gu>ds or h&les are m %ell-l 9 =m ?an ^? ( ! silv]smi?4 ,! te*nique ( ! pott] ) 8 twi/+ ( ! pla/ic clay is responsible ( ?is4 ,b ! furniture mak] ( ! p]iod has some?+ to add1 too1 9 reg>d to ?is =m ( ornam5t4 ,9 8 te*nique x is t]m$ ! 8,spani% foot40 ,x appe>s 9 feet & 9 ! scrolls ( h&les = *airs4 ,a salt cell> ( ,r\5 fai5ce is illu/rat$ 7p4 #afa7 ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 height ?is is #c in*es4 ,x %[s ! squ>e =m1 ) slight depress$ surface at apex = ! salt1 z ?\gh ! salt 7 a r>e commodity4 ,x is int]e/+1 & %\ld help ! /ud5t to ca/ 8 eyes f>!r afield 9 attempt+ to arrive at conclusions 9 reg>d to def9ite /yles4 ,( ,tr5*] salts !re is mu* to say4 ,all t is n poetry is prose1 z ,monsieur ,j\rda9 f\nd out4 ,a salt may be ,/&+--t is1 x may be a c]emonial piece dem&+ ! ritual ( its ord]--or x may be a m]e tr5*] salt2 ! "n indicates its usage4 ,in/ead ( be+ among ! great folk1 x 0 among ! dep5d5ts at ! l[] /ratum ( ! table4 ,tr5*] salts 7 once m5ial 9 ! e>li] p]iods1 b z "t w5t on ! great /&+ salt disappe>$ & tr5*] salts became g5]al = g5tle & simple4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 f ,que5 ,anne to ,george ,,iv 7#ahbj71 & 9 succe$+ ye>s ! salts 7 all tr5*] salts--because !re 7 none o!r4 ,9 ! e>ly days tr5*] salts 7 associat$ ) s]vility or ) dep5d5ce1 b lat] ! salt at ! elb[ ( ! ma/] ( ! fea/ c>ri$ ) x no?+ d]ogatory4 ,f ,que5 ,anne1 #agjb1 to ! end ( ! reign ( ,george ,i1 #agbg1 little diff]5ce is noticeable & ! l[ly tr5*] salt *anges v slightly4 ,x is oblong or x becomes octagonal4 ,b 9 practical =m x is sub/antially ! same4 ,two specim5s exhibit+ ?is are giv5 7p4 #afe74 ,! circul> salts1 ) ?ree feet1 belong to ! e>ly ,george ,,iii p]iod4 ,! feet 9 ^! are 9 ho( =m ) cone-%ap$ t]m9als 7see illu/ration1 p4 #afe74 ,! e>ly ,george ,,iii p]iod exhibits o!r v>ieties ( ! salt cell>4 ,!re 0 ! wire-"w cell> ) ca/ additions1 & ! pi]c$ & cut %eet silv]4 ,mo/ ( ^! types are oblong 9 %ape & 7 design$ to receive a glass l9]4 ,^! specim5s are usually ) f\r feet4 ,! example dat$ #agfi is ( wire "w4 ,! o!r example adjac5t ) floral wrea?1 dat$ #aghe1 is 9 ! ,fr5* /yle1 :i* became preval5t at ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! feet ( ^! examples are usually claw-&-ball or lion's paw feet4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note ! contempor>y /yles ( ! *air mak]4 ,! same influ5ces 7 at "w gov]n+ ! work] 9 wood & ! craftsman 9 metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr5*] ,,salts4 ,,que5 ,,anne4 #agab4 ,,george ,,ii4 #agcj4 ,,circul> ,,salt ,,) ,,?ree ,,feet4 ,,e>ly ,,george ,,iii4 #agfh4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghe4 ,feet ) ho(-%ap$ & cone-%ap$ t]m9als4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,salts ,,) ,,glass ,,l9] ,,& ,,f\r ,,feet4 ,,e>ly ,,george ,,iii4 #agfi4 ,floral wrea?s & *a9 p]iod 9 ,fr5* /yle4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghe4 ,claw & ball feet & lion's paw feet4 ,wire "w ) ca/ additions & pi]c$ & cut %eet silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,salt ,,) ,,?ree ,,feet4 ,,oblong ,,salt ,,) ,,f\r ,,feet4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghf4 ,clov5 ho( feet4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghi4 ,feet ) club t]m9al4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,! clov5-ho( foot or ! club t]m9al are f\nd 9 ! r\nd %ap$ salt cell> 9 ! same p]iod or slightly lat]4 ,usually ?is type is f\nd ) ?ree feet4 ,?is pla9 =m disp5ses ) ! glass l9]4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! /yles become v>i$4 ,!re is ! ture5 =m1 f :i* type _m v>iations are bas$4 ,simil>ly ! boat-%ap$ salt is typical ( _m simil> pla9 designs ( ?is nature--"s ) two h&les4 ,! examples illu/rat$ 7p4 #aga71 9 vogue f #agha to #agig1 %[ ! g5]ic type f :i* simil> =ms deviate4 ,z 9 ! above types ! swell+ foot is a feature1 s ) o!r examples1 f #aghi to #ahjc1 ! foot disappe>s4 ,! piece 9 date #aghi1 illu/rat$ 7p4 #aga71 may be comp>$ ) simil> circul> =ms made by ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s 9 lu/rew>e = cottage use4 ,! wa%+-tub %ap$ salt cell>1 9 date #ahjc1 indicates ! decad5ce ( design4 ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury %[ ^! poor =ms 9 replacem5t ( ! e>ly designs4 ,specim5s ( ! days ( ,george ,,iv & ,william ,,iv 7"o 9 date #ahbj & ! o!r #ahcb7 are illu/rat$ 7p4 #agc74 ,"h is a rev]sion to old] =ms1 ! ture5 %ape ) gadroon$ edge & ) f\r legs1 & ! circul> =m ) ?ree legs4 ,( ! circul> =m ! classic rotund urn or vase %ape seiz$ ! fancy ( ! silv]smi? at v>i\s p]iods4 ,z e>ly z #agga we f9d ! =m 9 ! p]=at$ "w1 ) swags & classic ornam5tation1 r sugge/ive ( ,fr5* fa%ions1 & obvi\sly int5d$ = use ) a glass l9]4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 7p4 #agc71 & adjac5t is a piece dat$ #ahaj1 made by ,messrs4 ,rundell1 ,bridge1 & ,rundell1 ( ! late ,george ,,iii p]iod4 ,x is important1 z x is silv]-gilt4 ,x /&s z typical ( ! attempt to popul>ize ! ,pompeiian =ms4 ,! w+$ figure1 f\nd on tables ( ! p]iod1 ! tripod feet ( club or goat-l =m1 ! base ) key-patt]n ornam5t1 /amp x z ( ! ,fir/ ,empire4 ,george ,,iii 0 n yet dead1 he 0 only insane1 & ,bonap>te _h n be5 bani%$ to ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,9 fact1 ,well+ton 0 fight+ 9 ,spa91 & ,wat]loo _h yet to be f\ght 9 #ahae4 ,b "h is a piece ) ! same arti/ic impulses z ! *airs & tables at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,! /ory ( ! salt cell> comes to an end4 ,its cu/oms & its dignities are lo/ except to ^? :o love ! delv+ into ! record ( ! mann]s ( pa/ days1 8n[ "h1 at upp] end o' ! table1 n[ i' ! middle40 ,! salt cell> has a complete hi/ory = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & ) its evolution p>i passu is ! m>* ( social cu/om4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,/&+ ,,salts4 ,elizabe?an 7#aegc71 #aj oz4 #bde 8 7#aegg71 #ac oz4 #ah dwts4 #gbj ,james ,i 7bell-%ap$7 7#afjh7 #ccf 0 8 7#afac7 #a1aej ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,iii ,,salts ,,) ,,swell+ ,,foot4 #agha-agij4 ,! ture5-=m salt1 f :i* type _m v>iations are bas$4 #agia-agig4 ,! boat %ap$ salt1 typical ( _m simil> pla9 designs1 "s ) h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,foot4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghi4 ,! circul> salt4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s made simil> =ms 9 lu/re w>e = cottage use4 ,,george ,,iii4 #ahjc4 ,! wa%+-tub salt4 ,! decad5ce ( design is %[n 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 poor =ms replac$ ! e>ly /yles4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,rev]sion ,,to ,,old] ,,=ms4 ,,george ,,iv4 #ahbj4 ,,william ,,iv4 #ahcb4 ,?ree feet & f\r feet bo? employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,salt ,,cell>s ,,9 ,,vogue4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agga4 ,p]=at$ "w ) classic ornam5t4 ,,late ,,george ,,iii4 #ahaj4 ,made by ,rundell1 ,bridge ,rundell4 ,attempt to adopt new =ms1 ,pompeian & o!rs2 tripod feet v small4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,,tr5*] ,,salts4 ,william & ,m>y1 #bces4 p] oz4 #bj ,william ,,iii 7#c7 7#afih71 #acbs4 p] oz4 #fj ,que5 ,anne 7#b71 oval 7#agjh71 #afes4 p] oz4 #dj 8 7#b71 circul> 7#agac71 #aies4 p] oz4 #bh ,george ,i br+ f #fjs4 to #hjs4 p] oz4 ,george ,,ii br+ ab\t #cjs4 to #djs4 p] oz4 ,sets ( f\r & six br+ high] prices p] oz4 ,aft] ?is date prices drop consid]ably4 ,v ,,! ,,spoon ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,spoon ,e>ly spoons & _! r>ity--,! ,apo/le spoon--,! seal-top spoon--,! slipp$-/alk spoon--,! ,puritan spoon--,! ,trifid spoon--,! lob$-end spoon4 ,f ,elizabe? to ! late ,georges ! range ( spoons is a long "o1 & compreh5ds1 9 ! e>ly days1 classes t are prohibitive 9 price = ! pocket ( ! av]age collector4 ,!re are spoons & spoons4 ,f ! e>ly elaborations 9 ,apo/le1 or ,maid5head1 or lion-sejant =ms to ! lat] /yles ( rat-tail teaspoon or ! fanciful caddy-spoon !re is *oice en\gh to suit ! idiosyncrasies ( mo/ collectors4 ,inde$1 x may be said t ! collect+ ( spoons is a ?+ ap>t4 ,silv]smi?s !mselves became speciali/s :5 !y made spoons2 ! craftsm5 7 on a plane by !mselves1 & s x comes to pass t ! collector1 foll[+ 9 _! wake a c\ple ( c5turies aft]w>ds or m1 has to give special /udy to ?is bran* ( silv] plate4 ,x is n necess>y1 to trace ! antiquity ( ! spoon1 to rev]t to ,roman days1 to enum]ate :at has be5 f\nd 9 ,saxon graves1 or to w&] ?r\gh ! m$ival p]iod to %[ ! use & developm5t ( ! spoon4 ,x is suffici5t1 9 ! pres5t volume1 to take spoons z f\nd 9 ! realm ( collect+4 ,practically ?is may be said to beg9 at ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 ?\gh 9 #aijc a set ( ?irte5 apo/le spoons 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's1 ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii & hav+ ! ,london hall-m>k = #aecf1 = #d1ijj4 ,b ?is is s5sational4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! mo/ popul> spoon ( ! ,tudor p]iod1 t is includ+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii 7#adhe-aeji71 ,h5ry ,,viii 7#aeji-dg71 ,edw>d ,,vi 7#aedg-ec71 ,m>y 7#aeec-eh71 & ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc71 0 ! well-kn[n apo/le spoon4 ,x is r>e to f9d any examples be=e #aejj4 ,! olde/ kn[n is dat$ #adic4 ,!y 7 call$ apo/le spoons because ea* spoon 0 surm\nt$ ) a figure ( "o ( ! apo/les ) 8 cu/om>y emblems1 su* z ,/4 ,pet] ) ! key1 ,/4 ,john ) ! cup ( sorr[1 etc4 ,!y 7 ?irte5 9 numb] to make a complete set--t is1 ! twelve apo/les & ! ,ma/] spoon1 be>+ an image ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 al?\gh ! ?irte5? 9 "s cases 0 ,/4 ,paul4 ,! /udy ( apo/le spoons does n beg9 or end ) ,engli% silv]4 ,!y orig9at$ on ! ,cont95t1 & ! goldsmi?s ( ,nuremburg & ( ,p>is1 ( ,milan & ( ,madrid1 fa%ion$ !m 9 l =m1 ea* accord+ to ! traditions & te*nique ( 8 s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,spoons4 ,,slipp$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/alk4 #afea4 ,,puritan4 c4 #affj 7,norwi*74 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,flat ,,/em4 #affe4 ,%[+ *ang+ =m ( b[l & h&le4 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,x 0 app>5tly ! cu/om 9 ,tudor days to (f] a set ( ^! spoons1 or1 if ! donor 7 less ri*1 a few] numb]1 z a *ri/5+ gift4 ,sometimes only f\r 7 giv51 repres5t+ ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,9 mod]n days ! gift ( a *ri/5+ spoon /ill cont9ues1 ?\gh ! spoon is %orn ( its =m] apo/le head4 ,!re are _m passages 9 ! old ,engli% au?ors ref]r+ to ?is cu/om1 & num]\s ref]5ces 9 old wills bequea?+ sets ( ^! apo/le spoons z heirlooms4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,,viii1 v4 #b1 ,cranm]1 :o decl>es 8 unwor?9ess to act z sponsor--is met ) ! rebuke f ! ,k+3 8,come1 come1 my "l1 y'd sp>e y\r spoons40 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! emblems usually f\nd associat$ ) ! diff]5t apo/les4 ,! foll[+ li/ w enable ! collector to id5tify ! "o f ! o!r3-- ,/4 ,pet]--) a key or a fi%4 ,/4 ,?omas--a c>p5t]'s squ>e or a spe>4 ,/4 ,&rew--a transv]se or saltire cross1 on :i* he suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,/4 ,john--a cup ) a w+$ s]p5t4 ,/4 ,philip--a cross ( v>y+ =m1 usually on a long /aff4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew--a l>ge knife1 because he 0 flay$ 9 8 m>tyrdom4 ,/4 ,mat!w--a wallet or purse1 or sometimes a spe> or an axe4 ,/4 ,jude--a lance or a saw2 sometimes a club4 ,/4 ,james ! ,great--a pilgrim's /aff1 z pione] mission>y4 ,/4 ,mat?ias--a halb]t or an axe4 ,/4 ,james ! ,less--a full]'s pole1 because he 0 kill$ by a bl[ on ! head dealt him by ,simeon ! full]4 ,/4 ,simon ,zelotes--a saw1 9 allusion to 8 m>tyrdom4 ,! ?irte5? is ei!r ,/4 ,paul ) a sword1 or ! ,ma/] spoon1 ) orb & cross & h& rais$ 9 bless+4 ,sometimes ,judas ,isc>iot takes 8 place 9 lieu ( "o ( ! o!rs1 usually ( ,/4 ,mat!w ) ! purse2 & ,/4 ,m>k1 9 "s sets1 replaces ,/4 ,simon2 & ,/4 ,luke occurs 9 lieu ( ,/4 ,mat?ias 9 o!rs4 ,!re is no d\bt t apo/le spoons h be5 l>gely s\ght aft] by collectors z some?+ desirable & antique4 ,!y h accord+ly be5 manufactur$ by ! ?\s& to meet su* a dem&1 & "y collectors _c be too c>eful 9 accept+ au!nticity by ^w ( m\? f any sell]4 ,!re are always ! museum examples = ready ref]5ce4 ,!y are 9 glass cases easy ( access1 & a close inspection c be made at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* is little %ort ( actually h&l+ ! specim5s4 ,?is rem>k applies equally to seal-top & o!r old] =ms ( spoons n frequ5tly h&l$ by ! beg9n]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,e>ly ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,spoons4 ,,apo/le ,,spoon4 ,/4 ,&rew4 #afdh4 ,,seal-,,top ,,spoon4 #afeb4 ,,trefoil-,,%ap$ ,,top4 #agjc4 ,newca/le4 ,,trefoil-,,%ap$ ,,top4 #agjc4 ,london4 ,m>k$ ) ,britannia & lion's head eras$4 ,! lat] spoons %[ ! comm5cem5t ( =m ( mod]n b[ls4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,sets ( ?irte5 apo/le spoons are v r>e4 ,!re is ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s set at ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 & includ+ ! r>e ,ma/] spoon & also ,/4 ,paul ) a sword1 :i* spoon be>s ! date m>k = #aeae1 :ile ! o!rs are hall-m>k$ #aeff4 ,!re is ! ,swett5ham set1 :i* belong$ to ! ,*e%ire family ( t "n1 hall-m>k$ #afag4 ,! ,goldsmi?s' ,company h a set ) ! hall-m>k #afbf1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to !m "s ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,george ,lamb]t4 ,we illu/rate two examples ( apo/le spoons1 "o made at ,exet] 9 #afgd1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,simon ,zelotes 7p4 #ahi71 & ! o!r made 9 ,london 9 #afdh1 ) ! figure ( ,/4 ,&rew ) ! saltire cross 7p4 #ahe74 ,s+le specim5s c be obta9$1 ?\gh prices range high2 :at c\ld be procur$ = #e t5 ye>s ago n[ fet*es #cj4 ,:e!r ! w> w br+ prices d[n rema9s to be se54 ,sixte5?-c5tury apo/le spoons realize f #cj to #ij "u ! hamm]1 accord+ to /yle1 age1 condition1 & o!r det]m9+ factors4 ,e>li] spoons ?an ! sixte5? c5tury br+ high] prices1 any?+ f #ej to #ajj4 ,! ,seal-top ,spoon ,contempor>y ) ! apo/le spoons 7 o!r types4 ,! t]ms n[ appli$ to !m are purely collectors' names4 ,!re 0 ! acorn t]m9al1 ! seat$ lion ) a %ield 7lion sejant71 ! seat$ owl1 ! p9eapple1 ! mitre1 & ! head ( ! ,virg91 :i* cont9u$ = a long p]iod & is n[ kn[n z ! ,maid5head v>iety4 ,b ! mo/ common 0 ! seal-top ) balu/] ornam5t1 :i* =m la/$ well into ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we illu/rate an example ) ! ,london hall-m>k = #afeb4 ,x w be notic$ t ! hall-m>k appe>s 9 ! b[l ( ! spoon4 ,?is is ! leop>d's head1 & may be obs]v$ 9 all e>ly spoons ( ! apo/le & k9dr$ classes4 ,! ,slipp$-/alk ,spoon ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,i 7#afbe-di7 ! b[l ( ! spoon began to take diff]5t proportions1 & to dep>t f ! pe>-l =m4 ,x became m oval & n>r[] at ! base & wid] ne> ! /em4 ,b 9 reg>d to evolution ( =m1 ! mod]n spoon1 z is readily se51 is an inv]sion ( ! b[l4 ,x is egg-%ap$1 b ! n>r[e/ "p is n[ away f ! h&le1 :]eas =m]ly ! n>r[e/ "p 0 jo9$ to ! h&le4 ,all ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury spoons %[ ! old =m & ! lat] spoons %[ ! opposite4 ,! innovation is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 giv5 on page #ahe1 ( e>ly eighte5?-c5tury examples4 ,! slipp$-/alk spoon 0 simply a radical dep>ture f excessive ornam5t4 ,x may h be5 on acc\nt ( religi\s motives1 x may h be5 by reason ( economy4 ,obvi\sly su* a spoon co/ less to produce )\t its t]m9al figure4 ,h5ce we h ! slipp$-9-!-/alk v>iety :i* 0 cut (f transv]sely z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #aha7 ( an example dat$ #afea1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 :i* =m readily develop$ into ! s-call$ ,puritan spoon ) pla91 flat h&le1 :i* %ortly exhibit$ wid] ends4 ,( ?is /yle two examples are illu/rat$ 7p4 #aha74 ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,e>ly ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,spoons4 ,,apo/le ,,spoon4 ,/4 ,simon ,zelotes4 ,exet] hall-m>k4 ,date prick$ on back1 #afgd4 ,,flat-,,/em ,,spoon4 ,trefoil top4 ,rat's-tail back4 ,mak]1 probably ,?omas ,simpson4 ,exet] hall-m>k #agab4 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ,exet]47 ,,lob$-,,end ,,spoon4 ,%[+ bo? sides4 #afgi4 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,! ,trifid ,spoon ,?is /yle 0 a pass+ fa%ion4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a %ape ) split ends 0 n = po/]ity4 ,! design 0 n pleas+ nor 0 ! =m utilit>ian4 ,! example illu/rat$ 7p4 #ahe7 0 made at ,newca/le 9 #agjc1 & is m>k$ ) ! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$4 ,! adjac5t illu/ration ) ! ,london hall-m>k ( ! same date %[s ! =m :i* 0 calculat$ to la/ = a long] p]iod4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury %[s ! attempt ( ! spoon-mak] to inv5t new =ms4 ,! ,exet] example ( trifid =m ) ! hall-m>k = #agab exhibits ! rat's-tail back1 m]ely a device 9 te*nique to /r5g!n ! b[l1 al?\gh ?is is f\nd z e>ly z #afgj4 ,9 #agej ?is rat-tail at ! back became %ort] & 0 kn[n z a 8crop40 ,its purpose 0 ! same1 to /r5g!n ! h&le 9 its juncture ) ! b[l4 ,v>i\s v>ieties claim$ recognition = ! mom5t4 ,!y 7 ornam5tal & essay$ to fix new /yles1 b _! day 0 %ort4 ,!y /& n[ z collectors' examples4 ,! lob$ end specim5 illu/rat$ 7p4 #ahi7 %[s ?is type ) ornam5t on ! back ( ! b[l1 :i* /ill reta9s its rat-tail =m 9 subjection4 ,x is n[ m]ely an ornam5t or a relic ( a =m] /yle1 z ! h&le ends abruptly & some:at clumsily be=e ! rat-tail comm5ces z an adjunct or ornam5t4 ,su* a fa%ion 0 n de/9$ to live long4 ,?is has ! ,london hall-m>k = ! ye> #afgi4 ,! mod]n spoon comes 9 process ( evolution f ^! e>li] =ms4 ,! /raight /em ( apo/le or seal-top days 0 /ill reta9$ 9 ! flat ,puritan =m4 ,we h se5 t ! b[l und]w5t a *ange 9 =m1 b ! /em or h&le simil>ly 0 ! subject ( inv5tive caprice4 ,x became 8wavy0 9 =m 9 ! "t ( ,william ,,iii4 ,! ,que5 ,anne type1 ap>t f its pron\nc$ rat-tail back1 became develop$ 9 ! reign ( ,george ,i into a type :i* may be t]m$ ! ,hanov]ian spoon4 ,! outl9e ( ! end is cont9u$ 9 a curve )\t a break4 ,?is is ! new =m :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,:atev] ornam5t 0 introduc$1 :e!r z additional to ! b[l or to ! h&le1 ! =m became e/abli%$4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is =m1 simple & utilit>ian1 0 :at is t]m$ ! 8old ,engli%10 :i* is f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! h&le 0 b5t back & ! rat-tail became a crop4 ,! fiddle patt]n 9 common use to-day 0 a late eighte5?-c5tury innovation4 ,!re is no?+ beautiful 9 ! e>s ( ! fiddle patt]n1 :i* might well be lopp$ (f4 ,x w be se5 t ! hi/ory ( spoons is a long "o & complicat$ by fa%ions4 ,nor is ! /udy light5$ by ! v>i\s usages to :i* spoons may be put4 ,x may readily be imag9$ t ! use ( c(fee & tea br\ght ! small spoon into common] use4 ,to-day ! da9ty spoon at five o'clock tea is a mod]n usage4 ,b !re is "s sugge/ion t 9 eighte5?-c5tury days ! spoon ( fa%ion 0 trivial 9 "* 9 comp>ison ) ! l>g] spoons 9 use4 ,pope1 ! man ( ! t[n & depict] ( ! beau monde1 has ! l9es3 ,or o'er cold c(fee trifle ) ! spoon1 ,c\nt ! sl[ clock & d9e exact at noon1 sugge/+ ! dilettante late at breakfa/4 ,evid5tly ! spoons 7 at t date made = toy+ & correspond$ ) our mod]n tea & c(fee spoons4 ,some?+ %\ld be said ( ! mann] ( m>k+ spoons4 ,! positions ( ! hall-m>ks are wor?y ( ! collector's notice4 ,be=e ! ,re/oration1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds1 ! leop>d's head 0 plac$ inside ! b[l1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/rations we give ( v>i\s examples4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii ! /yle ( m>k+ may be said to be transitional4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s "s examples h all ! m>ks on ! h&le4 ,ev5 t[>ds ! la/ ye>s ( ! reign o!r examples h ! leop>d's head 9 ! b[l & ! re/ ( ! m>ks on ! h&le4 ,aft] ?is ! m>ks appe> on ! h&le1 & ab\t #agha !y 7 plac$ at ! end ( ! h&le in/ead ( close to ! b[l1 z 0 ! =m] practice4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,apo/le ,,spoons4 ,x is impossible to fix prices4 ,9 ,july #aijc a set ( ?irte5 ) hall-m>k = #aecf realiz$ #d1ijj4 ,s+le specim5s may r\ghly be valu$ z foll[s3 ,fifte5? c5tury1 any?+ f #ej to #cjj2 sixte5? c5tury1 f #cj to #ajj2 sev5te5? c5tury1 #c to #dj4 ,six spoons 7#afca7 br\ght #bhj & a pair 7#afbb7 only #g4 8,fakes0 are abundant 9 ?is class4 ,,seal-,,top ,,spoons4 ,prices range f #h to #be apiece4 ,,caddy-,,spoons4 ,^! f middle ( eighte5? c5tury are a l>ge class1 :i* %\ld appeal to ! collector ( limit$ means4 ,b ev5 9 ?is mode/ field ! fak] has be5 busy4 ,,vi ,,! ,,posset-,,pot ,,& ,,! ,,porr+] ,illu/ration3 ,,commonweal? ,,porr+]4 #afec4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cfe47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,posset-,,pot ,,& ,,cov]4 #affb4 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,porr+]4 #affi4 ,silv]-gilt4 7,) m>ks bel[47 ,mak]1 ,i ,n 7possibly ,euodias ,inman74 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d47 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,posset-,,pot ,,& ,,! ,,porr+] ,! antiquity ( ! ,posset-pot--,its national use--,! ,porr+]--,! two =ms contempor>y ) ea* o!r--,/u>t examples--,! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury pott]s--,! m]g+ ( ! two types into ! b[l4 ,a cold climate dem&s hot cordials4 ,!re 0 no elaborate sy/em ( hot-wat] pipes 9 ! draughty1 cold1 & damp ,elizabe?an mansions ) _! ru%-cov]$ floors4 ,x 0 a necessity1 ap>t f long & deep potations ( /rong dr9ks1 to take a nightcap or caudle-cup ( some?+ hot4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! dr9k+ ( hot pun* sup]s$$ ?is4 ,b 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ! cu/om ( ! posset ( hot sack ) spices & hav+ milk & eggs1 z a supp] bev]age 0 univ]sal4 ,n t ! posset-cup 0 idle 9 ! daytime4 ,x succe$$1 ev5 if x did n replace1 ! /&+ or lov+-cup at w$d+s & o!r c]emonies4 8,mix a posset = ! m]ry ,sir ,john ,fal/aff10 might1 & possibly did1 ref] to any h\r ( ! day1 = t jovial s\l did n /& on c]emony z to :5 he drank1 s long z x 0 copi\s & (t-repeat$4 ,t ! posset-cup 0 ( some?+ ?ick] ?an m]e spic$ ale or hot w9e is %[n by ,%akespe>e's 8,?\ %alt eat a posset to night at my h\se0 7,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor74 ,& ,lady ,macbe?1 z a la/ act be=e ! f9al commission ( ! trea*]\s crime1 says3-- ,i h drugg$ _! possets1 ,t dea? & nature d cont5d ab\t !m1 ,:e!r !y live or die4 ,we h se5 t ! caudle 0 curdl$ milk1 ) w9e & hot spices1 & t x 0 smok+ hot4 ,%akespe>e says1 8,we'll h a posset ='t soon at night1 i' fai?1 at ! latt] end ( a sea-coal fire40 ,x 0 und\bt$ly hot1 & x seems to h be51 sometimes = m$ical reasons1 made d\bly s4 ,h5ce ,dryd5 writes3 ,a sp>+ diet did h] heal? assure2 ,or sick1 a pepp] posset 0 h] cure4 ,! object ( a vessel1 9 ! end1 det]m9es its e/abli%$ =m4 ,its purpose be+ to receive a hot caudle1 dem&$ t ! posset-pot or cup %\ld h a cov] to keep its cont5ts w>m4 ,its two h&les nev] seem to h des]t$ x1 until x became a %all[ di% or b[l = bro?4 ,^! h&les und\bt$ly s]v$ a purpose1 b ! love ( ornam5t & ! balance ( vessels :i* 7 always ( beautiful =m & p]fect symmetry dem&$ two h&les1 by :i* design !y succe$$ ! /yle ( ! lov+-cup h&$ ar\nd1 b x is n possible to conceive t ! posset-cup 0 o!r ?an = p]sonal use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,posset-,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 ,london1 #afgi4 ,cov]1 #affj4 ,height #g_/ 94 7,by c\rtesy ( ,"l ,dillon47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,porr+]4 ,london1 #afff4 7,photograph by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 7,9 possession ( ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,sm$ley1 ,esq47 ,9 reg>d to e>ly days ! posset-cup has n surviv$4 ,we h ma9ly posset-cups ( ! ,/u>t p]iod :i* ran contempor>y ) ! porr+]4 ,we might almo/ t]m ?is ! transitional p]iod4 ,b ! diff]5ce is app>5t4 ,:]eas ! posset-cup or pot _h a cov]1 ! porr+] _h no cov]4 ,o!rwise 9 =m !re is little diff]5ce4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! cov]$ vessel 0 a protection aga9/ poison4 ,:5 ?is fe> 0 no long] preval5t ! op5 vessel became safe4 ,! illu/rations %[ ! v>i\s types4 ,!y belong ma9ly to ! ,/u>t p]iod4 ,x is n possible to give a posset-pot f :i* ! contempor>ies ( ,fal/aff drank _! caudle4 ,we c only conjecture f frequ5t lit]>y ref]5ces t su* vessels 7 9 common use4 ,app>5tly !y h long disappe>$1 z !re are few ,tudor examples4 ,!re is a f9e posset-pot & cov]1 ( gold1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,! e>lie/ example illu/rat$ is a ,commonweal? porr+]1 ) ! hall-m>k = #afec 7illu/rat$ p4 #aig74 ,"h evid5tly is a vessel op5-m\!d1 & !re 0 no int5tion t x %\ld possess a cov]4 ,x is ( diff]5t =m to ! contempor>y posset-cup1 & 0 n us$ = ! same purpose4 ,app>5tly x 0 = some?+ int5d$ to reta9 ! heat to a less] degree1 h5ce ! abs5ce ( ! lid4 ,x is futile n[adays to conjecture ) exactitude = :at purpose ^! vessels 7 us$4 ,b1 presumably1 ! porr+] 0 = some?+ m solid & less /imulat+4 ,! date ( ?is ,puritan porr+] is a memorable "o4 ,x belongs to ! ye> :5 ! ,dut* 7 defeat$ (f ,portl& 9 ,febru>y1 aga9 (f ! ,nor? ,=el& 9 ,june1 & (f ,texel 9 ,july1 :5 ,van ,tromp 0 kill$4 ,9 ! ye> ( ?is porr+] ,oliv] ,cromwell =cibly dissolv$ ! ,rump ,p>liam5t4 8,clad 9 pla9 grey clo!s & grey wor/$ /ock+s10 ,oliv] sat 9 ! ,h\se li/5+ impati5tly to ,sir ,h>ry ,vane1 till at l5g? he c\ld be> x no m4 ,he rose1 & aft] *>g+ ! ,h\se ) inju/ice & self-int]e/1 he cri$1 8,y\r h\r is come2 ! ,"l ha? done ) y40 ,clapp+ 8 hat on 8 head1 he /rode into ! middle ( ! ,h\se ) 8,x is fit y %\ld sit "h no long]6 ,y %\ld give place to bett] m56 ,y are no ,p>liam5t60 ,?irty muskete]s ent]$ at a sign f _! g5]al1 & ! ?irty memb]s cr[d$ to ! door4 ,! ,speak] refus$ to quit 8 *air1 till ,h>rison (f]$ to 8l5d him a h& to come d[n40 ,cromwell lift$ ! mace f ! table4 8,:at %all we d ) ?is bauble80 he said2 8,take x away60#d ,on ! same page is illu/rat$ a ,*>les ,,ii posset-pot & cov]1 ) ! date m>k ( ,london = #affb1 & by its side is a small porr+] ( ! date ( #affi4 ,?is 0 evid5tly = ! use ( a *ild1 :i* is "s indication t ^! small] vessels 7 actually us$ = some?+ 9 ! nature ( food1 & ! possibility t !y d]ive _! "n f ! ^w 8porridge0 is a conjecture n to be easily dismiss$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,posset-,,pot ,,& ,,cov]4 #afhc4 7,) m>ks illu/rat$ b5ea?47 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,! b[l ( ,/u>t days has an ogee outl9e contract$ t[>ds ! m\?1 giv+ x a pe>-%ap$ =m2 ?is is common 9 porr+]s & posset-pots ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! example ) ! ,london hall-m>k = #affb ! body is decorat$ ) sph]oidal swell+ loz5ges1 giv+ "* to ! piece4 ,! cov] is pla91 & height5s consid]ably ! f9e proportions1 & is surm\nt$ by a knob 9 balu/] =m4 ,! h&les are delicate & ( gracefully curv$ =m4 ,! h&les ( ! adjac5t porr+]1 x w be se51 are flat4 ,f #afec1 ! date ( ! ,commonweal? porr+]1 to ?is latt] small porr+]1 x w be se5 t ! h&les are 9 a transitional /age4 ,! upp] half ( ! h&le may be lik5$ to a fanciful lett] ,c1 ! bottom curve ( :i* ends half-way 9 ! int]ior ( ! h&le1 ! h&le be+ cont9u$ until x jo9s ! b[l l[] d[n4 ,9 ! second example1 #affb1 ! ,c /ret*es f ! juncture ( ! h&le ) ! b[l at ! top to its juncture aga9 at ! l[] end1 ! cont9uation ( ! h&le bel[ ?is is a slight additional outw>d curve4 ,9 #affi ! h&le _h become a lett] ,s4 ,! ,c =m is slightly indicat$ by a break 9 ! upp] curve on ! inside ( ! h&le4 ,a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s =ms ( h&le illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt] %[s t ! ,c =m 9 comb9ation ) ! ,s =m oscillat$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! elaborate posset-cup & cov] ( #afgi 7illu/rat$ p4 #bja7 ! ,s =m w\ld seem to h become e/abli%$2 b ano!r example1 #afhc 7illu/rat$ p4 #bje71 %[s ! lett] ,c aga9 9 /rong comb9ation ) ! lett] ,s 9 ! h&le4 ,9 #afhe ! pott]1 we see1 0 tr\bl$ by no su* fanciful problems4 ,9 ! pot illu/rat$ he makes a /raight=w>d simple h&le1 be/ suit$ to 8 te*nique4 ,( ! same date & illu/rat$ on ! same page 7p4 #bac7 is a f9e ,james ,,ii posset-cup1 & "h ! h&le takes ! =m ( ! lett] ,c1 & aga9 a second ,c = ! l[] half ( ! h&le4 ,by ! ye> #afij ! lett] ,s =m h&le 9 graceful curves _h become e/abli%$4 ,! illu/ration on page #bja %[s a posset-cup & cov]1 :i* is produc$ by ! k9dness ( ,"l ,dillon4 ,9 date x is #afgi & ! cov] is #affj4 ,! b[l is emboss$ ) tulips4 ,! h&les are scroll$ t]ms & ca/4 ,! cov] is a flatt5$ dome ) pla9 flang$ edge & emboss$ ) tulips4 ,! knob is a ca/+ ( f\r grotesque faces conjo9$4 ,its height is #g_/ in*es4 ,?is cup is /at$ to h be5 pres5t$ by ,*>les ,,ii to 8 daught]1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,lit*field4 ,! m>ks are 8,london0 & ,i4 ,s4 9 %ap$ %ield4 ,m>k on cov] ,w4 ,b4 9 a he>t4 ,x w be se5 9 comp>ison ) ! porr+] ( ! date ( #afff1 illu/rat$ on ! same page1 t ! c>yatides h&les :i* are simil> to e>ly ,italian metal-"w1 are "p ( ! h&le itself1 & ! female bu/ =ms ! swell+ curve4 ,"h 9 ! fir/ example ( ! posset-cup ! head is set z ?\gh x 7 a ?+ ap>t & unconnect$ ) ! design ( ! h&le 9 its entirety4 ,9 ! l[] example ( ! porr+] ! head actually becomes full face1 & consequ5tly is m]ely a mean+less survival ( ! old] =m & n an integral "p ( ! design ( ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,porr+]4 #afgb4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,porr+]4 ,exet] hall-m>k1 #agjg4 ,mak]1 ,edmund ,ri*>ds4 7,m>ks illu/rat$47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ,exet]47 ,! posset-pot & cov]1 ) ! ,london date m>k = #afhc1 exhibits ano!r =m2 its body has /raight] sides4 ,! scroll h&les are simil> to "s ( ! old] =ms1 & ! woman's head is reta9$4 ,! acan?us-leaf decoration occurs on ! l[] "p ( ! body1 ! re/ be+ pla94 ,"h ! proportion ( decorat$ & undecorat$ surface introduces ano!r factor4 ,x is se5 on ! l[] portion ( ! ,*>les ,,ii porr+] ( ! date ( #afff1 & x l+]s 9 ! ,exet] piece ( ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod1 #agjg1 ) ! addition ( a decorative b& ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! way up ! b[l 7illu/rat$ p4 #bji74 ,9 ! ,tudor p]iod we h se51 9 reg>d to ! mottl$ /onew>e tank>ds1 t ! pott] & ! silv]smi? work$ 9 sympa?y ) ea* o!r4 ,9 late ,/u>t days x _c be said t ! silv]smi? & ! pott] _h v mu* 9 common4 ,we illu/rate two specim5s ( ! days ( ,james ,,ii ( ! same date1 #afhe4 ,! fir/ is a posset-pot & cov] ( unusual =m1 ) /eeple-l cov] & balu/] t]m9al4 ,?is is on a high foot1 & ! h&les h a massiv5ess ab\t !m n usually associat$ ) posset-cups4 ,! ye> #afhe is an important date 9 ! art ( ! silv]smi?4 ,! ,edict ( ,nantes 0 revok$1 & 9 consequ5ce _m hundr$s ( ,hugu5ot refugees1 silk-weav]s & metal-work]s1 came to ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,spitalfield looms & ! names ( ,fr5* mak]s on ! silv] plate date f ?is influx ( =eign craftsm54 ,bel[ ?is is a posset-cup made by ! ,/af=d%ire pott]1 racy ( ! soil1 & f> remov$ f ! subtleties ( ! work] 9 silv]4 ,?is is dat$ #afhe1 & inscrib$ 8,william ,simpson ,8 cup40 ,! h&les1 six 9 numb]1 are em95tly suit$ to ! pla/ic clay4 ,! convolutions ( ! small] h&le are sugge/ive ( ! glass-work]4 ,"h ! pott] & ! silv]smi? jo9 h&s1 = ! h&le ( ! m elaborate piece is sugge/ive ( ! glass-work] too4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,v5etian glass-work]s _h settl$ 9 ,london "u ! patronage ( ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x is n unnatural to suppose1 see+ t ! glass-bl[]1 ! silv]smi?1 & ! pott] 7 all work+ 9 competition1 t !y ca/ an eye on ea* o!r's "w4 ,!re is a peculi> design embodi$ 9 ! "w ( ! old glass-work]s ( ,v5ice1 = c5turies embosom$ on ! lagoons at ,murano1 :i* design is tak5 /raight f ! wat]s ( ! ,adriatic4 ,!re is a little d5iz5 ( ^? wat]s1 delicate & ( extreme beauty1 only "s #c or #d in*es long1 kn[n z ! sea-horse4 ,he swims 9 ! blue wat] or curls 8 tail ar\nd a we$4 ,8 head is l a ,roman horse ) ar*$ neck4 ,^? :o "k ! delightful configuration ( ?is creature1 ! hippocampus antiquorum1 w realize ! p>allel4 ,! ,v5etian glass-work] adapt$ ?is design1 ready to h&1 z ! ,cop5hag5 pott]s h tak5 ! figures ( birds & animals ( ! ,baltic to give =m & col\r to _! "w4 ,all craftsm5 h done ?is1 f ! anci5t cave-dwell] 9 ,bordeaux :o scrat*$ ! re9de] 9 motion :i* he has left = po/]ity to criticize1 to ! ,japanese ) _! fi%es & birds & insects4 ,! %ort-nos$ sea-horse ) its beautiful & graceful =m has be5 snat*$ by ! glass-bl[] & transfus$ 9 ! furnace1 ) skilful & adept art 9 manipulat+ ! pliant metal1 into a h&le ) conv5tionaliz$ =m4 ,! ar*$ back becomes a r[ ( bead-l ornam5t 9 ! b[ ( ! h&le1 a /yle ( ornam5tation :i* peeps out f old ,italian glass goblets1 /ill 9 due subjection4 ,:5 x crosses ! ,alps into ,g]many ! =eign glass-work]1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! delicate sugge/ion ( ! orig9 ( ! ornam5t1 /raightway makes ! h&les into huge app5dages1 dep>t+ m & m f ! initial s\rce ( inspiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,,ii ,,posset-,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 #afhe4 ,( unusual =m4 ,) inscription1 8,! legacy ( y\r de> gr&mo!r1 ,m>y ,leigh40 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pott] ,,& ,,! ,,silv]smi?4 ,,/af=d%ire ,,e>!nw>e ,,posset-,,cup4 ,) inscription1 8,william ,simpson ,8 ,cup #afhe40 ,! glass-bl[] ( ,/u>t days1 a craftsman 9 metal1 & ! silv] work] meet at ?is po9t1 & ! bead-l ornam5t is d]ivative f ?is old =m4 ,x is %[n 9 simpl] /yle 9 ! ,*>les ,,ii porr+] ( #afgb 7illu/rat$ p4 #bji71 & 9 m elaborate developm5t 9 ! ,james ,,ii posset-pot4 ,! =m] is ne>] to nature1 & possibly ne>] to ! glass-work]4 ,! pott] has simil>ly twi/$ 8 clay ) equal swiftness & ease into convolutions simil> to ! glass-bl[]'s te*nique1 b he has gone away f ! orig9al4 ,) an elaboration f> & above ! ?ree b5ds he has giv5 to 8 pla/ic body 9 8 h&le1 ! ,g]man glass-bl[] has essay$ to improve on ?is =m1 accord+ to 8 lights2 ! result is t "s ( ! ,g]man glass consi/s ma9ly 9 a f9e elaboration ( h&le4 ,9 reg>d to ! evolution ( design1 some?+ %\ld be said ( ! ,exet] piece ) ! hall-m>k ( t city1 #agjg1 /raight f ! days ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,! mak] ( ?is piece 0 ,edmund ,ri*>ds4 ,did he "k t 9 8 crane-head h&le he 0 p]petuat+ some?+ t 0 to live to ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,to-day mod]n ,japan has run ! crane to dea?4 ,9 textiles & 9 metal-"w ! design ( ! crane appe>s aga9 & aga94 ,x is f\nd 9 scissors2 we h be=e u an elaborate pair1 made = ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 ) crane h&les1 elaborately f9i%$ & gild$4 ,our la/ illu/ration t]m9ates ! hi/ory ( ! silv] vessel int5d$ = use = posset1 or caudle1 or porridge1 or bro?4 ,! b[l 7p4 #bag71 or1 z x is t]m$ 9 ! old inv5tory :i* has come d[n ) ! piece1 a 8,plum ,bro? ,di%10 dates f #afig1 ! ye> ( ! ,treaty ( ,ryswick1 :5 ,l\is ,,xiv recogniz$ ,william ,,iii z ,k+ ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! mak] is ,john ,bod+ton4 ,prior to ,que5 ,anne1 ?is example %[s all ! retic5ce ( design usually associat$ ) ! ,que5 ,anne /yle4 ,x beg9s a new area4 ,! posset-pot & ! silv] porr+] 7 dy+ or dead2 ! days ( ! pun*-b[l1 ! ture51 & all ! intricacies ( ! mod]n silv] vessel = tea1 = c(fee1 = s\p1 & fitt$ = ! complexities ( a m mod]n life1 7 at h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plum ,,bro? ,,di% ,,& ,,ladle4 ,,william ,,iii4 #afig4 ,mak] ,john ,bod+ton4 7,m>ks illu/rat$47 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d47 ,x is ?us se5 t ! design ( ! metal-work] is p]5nial2 x belongs to no especial p]iod & to no p>ticul> c\ntry4 ,! work+ ( silv] is "o ( ! olde/ arts crafts ( man4 8,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun10 said ,solomon1 & al?\gh 8 m9d 0 n fix$ on ! arts & crafts1 !re is an applicability ab\t ! adage4 ,! caprice ( fa%ion has det]m9$ = h[ long a p]iod a c]ta9 =m %\ld be 9 use1 till x 0 replac$ by "s o!r =m--a deviation f ! =m] or a rev]sion to an old] =m4 ,x is ! pleasure ( ! collector to unravel ! motives :i* l$ to *anges or :i* put a dead /op to inv5tiv5ess4 ,e object he exam9es1 e specim5 he owns1 is ano!r fact :i* /&s 9 ! long *a9 enabl+ him to pick 8 way f "o conclusion to ano!r4 ,! premises are !re1 ! data is 81 if only 8 conclusions be s\nd4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,posset-,,pots4 ,prices v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! example4 ,*>les ,,ii examples be+ f #ajjs4 to #cjjs4 p] oz4 ,f\r examples h sold = z mu* z #djj4 ,,porr+]s4 ,unique & e>ly examples are j z exp5sive z posset-pots4 ,*>les ,,ii specim5s h realiz$ f #cjj to #fjj4 ,exceptional pieces h br\ght s5sational prices4 ,a ,*>les ,,ii example ( #affa1 mak] ,i4 ,w41 sold 9 #aiji = #a1jae at #bgjs4 p] oz4 ,9 ! same ye> a small] "o1 made by ,george ,gibson 9 #afhj1 sold = #ccjs4 p] oz41 realiz+ #ge4 ,! diff]5ces 9 prices disc]nible f ,*>les ,,ii to late ,georgian are r\ghly3 ,william ,,iii1 #e to #ab p] oz42 ,que5 ,anne1 #c to #f p] oz42 ,george ,i & ,,ii1 #ejs4 p] oz4 ,! fak] has be5 active ) s-call$ 8,que5 ,anne0 porr+]s1 ) special flut+ & m>k$ ) ! ,britannia or high] /&>d m>k4 ,collectors :o h be5 tak5 9 by ^! c h !m assay$ at ! ,london ,assay ,(fice or else:]e1 & if ! m>k is =g$ !re is a legal rem$y4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,gre54 ,,vii ,,! ,,c&le/ick ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,i ,,c&le/ick4 #afcg4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cfa47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lambe? ,,delft ,,c&le/ick4 ,) coat ( arms1 & dat$ #afdh4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,c&le/ick ,! sev5te5?-c5tury c&le/ick--,e>ly examples--,! contempor>y pott]--,*>les ,,ii examples--,! eighte5? c5tury--,que5 ,anne & e>ly ,georgian types--,prov9cial mak]s--,! classic /yle--,! ,%effield c&le/ick4 ,ecclesia/ical c&le/icks h be5 9 use f e>lie/ times4 ,! pricket =m1 t is ) ! spike = /ick+ ! c&le on1 may be se5 9 use to-day4 ,?is =m has surviv$ 9 spite ( its obvi\s inconv5i5ce4 ,x might h be5 ( use = c&les ( great size1 b ev5 !n long c&les 7 apt to turn ov] if n kept upright by ! att5dant prie/s4 ,! pricket or spike =m may be at once dismiss$1 al?\gh old]1 z be+ outside ! field ( ! dome/ic c&le/ick4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! receptacle = c&les 9 common dome/ic use 9 ,elizabe?an days1 x is n[ lo/4 ,! c&le/ick has n be5 s =tunate z ! spoon to escape ! melt+-pot4 ,ev5 e>ly ,/u>t examples are r>e4 ,specim5s ( c&le/icks ( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are s r>e z to be beyond ! av]age collector's pocket4 ,we are enabl$ to produce an e>ly example ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,i1 be>+ ! ,london hall-m>ks = ! ye> #afcg4 ,?is is ! v ye> t ,hampd5 refus$ to pay %ip-money z taxes4 ,"u cold & unimpassion$ exam9ation1 x w\ld appe> t ^! patriots /ood really on te*nicalities4 ,! c\ntry g5tleman1 ! man ( ,buck+ham%ire environ$ by cornl&s1 refus$ to pay %ip-money2 t is1 money to be devot$ to safegu>d+ our coa/s4 ,! m5 ( ,devon1 ! m5 ( ! ,k5ti% coa/s & ! ,essex e/u>ies1 ! ,l9coln%ire ports1 ! ,york%ire seabo>d1 ! city ( ,bri/ol1 & e/u>y ( ! ,?ames gu>d+ ,london1 ^! 7 ! fit & prop] p]sons to pay = safegu>d+ ! %ores2 ! c\ntry g5tleman ^: ?\ghts c\ld n so> above ! soil1 /raightway became a patriot because he w\ld n co-op]ate ) ! re/ ( 8 c\ntry 9 pay+ taxes = common def5ce4 ,! ,dut* c\ld sweep ! ,*annel & ,van ,tromp c\ld c>ry a broom 9 d]ision at 8 ma/head1 b _m ( ! c\ntry g5tlem5 ( ! ,puritan days talk$ ( turnips1 & to resi/ paym5t ( %ip-money 0 deem$ patriotic4 ,x w be se5 t ! example illu/rat$ is simple 9 =m4 ,x is n s delicate z ! brass c&le/ick ( a slightly lat] day 7illu/rat$ p4 #abi74 ,! bottom is l an inv]t$ w9e cup1 & ! /raight pill> holds ! c&le4 ,! m>ks on ?is are on ! rim ( ! bottom1 upside d[n1 :i* has l$ "s p]sons to suppose t ! base might be us$ z a w9e cup1 :i* is absurd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,c&le/icks4 ,,london1 #afgc4 ,height #aa 94 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,?is type is ! pla9e/ possible1 & sugge/s t little ( any value prec$$ x4 ,x leaves "o ) que] imag9+s z to :at ! ,tudor =m may h be5 l4 ,b "o mu/ n be too exact+4 ,a glance at table mann]s gives mod]n precisians a %ock4 ,!re 0 a common di%1 at :i* all help$ !mselves4 ,! habit ( putt+ ! h&s into ?is di% to seize bits ( meat does n seem to h be5 reg>d$ z objectionable4 ,?is 0 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 no s\p plates till ab\t ! ye> #afjj4 ,nor 0 !re any l>ge spoon = s]v+ f ! ture5 till ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 t is ab\t #agjj4 ,! ,lambe? delft c&le/ick1 ) coat ( arms1 dat$ #afdh1 is m symmetrical ?an ! example ( ! silv]smi?4 ,x has ! plat=m = ! grease1 simil> to lat] examples 9 ! next reign made ( gun-metal1 & v heavy4 ,*>les ,,ii ,examples ,!re 0 an extraord9>y dem& = silv] plate 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ! di>ies ( ,pepys & ( ,evelyn4 ,we illu/rate a pair ( especial beauty & delicacy 7p4 #bbg74 ,^! c&le/icks 7 sold at ,*ri/ie's 9 #aijh = #a1dbj4 ,!y are #aa in*es 9 height1 & !y be> ! ,london hall-m>k = #afgc4 ,! b>rel is %ort1 & flut$ to repres5t a clu/] ( eight small columns4 ,! b>rel is connect$ ) a ca/ & vase-%ap$ /em1 ornam5t$ ) f\r lobes & f\r acan?us leaves4 ,! plat=m has volut+ %ells1 & ! base is compos$ ( f\r escalop %ells4 ,!re is a delicacy ab\t ^! c&le/icks :i* is ,italianate 9 "*4 ,f ! b>rel to ! base ! l9es are graceful & subtle4 ,!re is no?+ l !m 9 ,engli% silv]4 ,!y sugge/ ! fanciful design ( ! be/ ,japanese art1 c5turies be=e t art _h p5etrat$ ,europe4 ,rem>kable 9 _m respects1 x is repres5tative ( ! joy\sness & vivacity ( ! ,re/oration2 !y h no =be>s & no successors4 ,!y are unique4 ,! flut$ column 0 a =m :i* appeal$ to ! ,c>olean mak]4 ,9 squ>e bases ) plat=ms inv]t$1 ?is type dep>ts f ! fanciful curves ( ! pair illu/rat$4 ,! /raight l9e is pr$om9ant 9 ! base1 ! plat=m1 & ! socket4 ,sometimes ! balu/] ornam5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is introduc$ 9 ! /em4 ,o!r late ,/u>t =ms include ! type ) octagonal base1 sometimes pla9 hamm]$1 & deep1 f :i* ! /em spr+s z f a pan1 & o!r =ms ) flut$ column /ill on octagonal base1 :i* 9 ! lat] days ( ! sev5te5? c5tury began to be m subdu$ 9 "*4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! plat=m disappe>s 9 silv] c&le/icks4 ,an int]e/+ specim5 is ! ,*>les ,,ii snuff]s & tray1 ( ! date ( #afhb4 ,! snuff]s are pla9 & flat & h ! "* ( ! h&les ( ! porr+]1 ( ! date #affi 7illu/rat$ p4 #bca74 ,?is flat op5work is peculi>ly ,engli%1 & belongs to ! late ,/u>t p]iod4 ,x is exhibit$ on ! h&le at ! back ( ! tray4 ,! tray is z retic5t z ! silv] ( ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,c&le/icks4 ,,que5 ,,anne4 ,london1 #agjd4 ,,que5 ,,anne4 ,exet]1 #agjf4 ,,george ,i4 #agba4 ,mak]1 ,john ,newton1 ,london4 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,snuff]s ,,& ,,tray4 #afhb4 7,) m>ks illu/rat$47 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,! c&le/icks ( ! eighte5? c5tury v>y consid]ably 9 "*4 ,! flut$ column dep5d5t on ! octagonal base1 ) ! relic ( ! old plat=m1 is reta9$ 9 a b& ) gadroon$ edge4 ,! illu/ration 7p4 #bca7 %[s v>i\s /yles1 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! balu/] ornam5t1 s common 9 ,/u>t days1 0 adopt$1 & ran ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury1 until classic influ5ces swept x aside4 ,?is ornam5t1 f\nd z a t]m9al 9 silv] knobs ( e>ly date1 n[ became elongat$ & assum$ v>i\s =ms1 ) swell+ & undulat+ =m1 sometimes ) ornam5t$ edge1 till x became absorb$ ) ! classic =m ( upright flut+ & urn-l nozzle4 ,c&le/icks ) removable nozzles 7 fir/ introduc$ ab\t #ageh2 ! tall ,cor9?ian column =m is noticeable at ?is p]iod4 ,! urn sockets 7 9 vogue f #agij to #agih4 ,x %\ld be not$ t removable nozzles :5 f\nd on sev5te5?-c5tury pieces may be reg>d$ z a lat] addition4 ,! prov9cial c&le/ick mak] 0 n beh9d ! ,london mak] at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! ,%effield ,assay ,(fice comm5c$ op]ations 9 #aggc ! classic /yle 0 at its height4 ,! ,adam bro!rs _h impress$ _! p]sonality on furniture & on ar*itecture4 ,w$gwood _h div]t$ ,/af=d%ire into ! pa?s ( ,olympus4 ,"h x %\ld be said t 8,%effield plate10 s call$1 is n ,%effield silv] plate4 ,x is difficult to expla94 ,plate is ! te*nical t]m we employ 9 reg>d to solid gold or silv]4 ,plat$ ?+s :i* may be ei!r gold plat$ or silv] plat$1 are ( bas] metal1 m frequ5tly copp]1 cov]$ ) a lay] ( gold or ( silv]4 ,%effield has won a r5[n = h] antique silv] plat$ w>e4 ,b "h we h ,%effield silv] plate1 t is ,%effield silv]1 ) ! m>ks ( ! assay (fice4 ,we give an example 7illu/rat$ p4 #bce71 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! grant+ ( ! *>t] to ,%effield4 ,c&le/icks1 silv] & silv]-plat$1 7 ! specialties ( ,%effield1 & v beautiful !y are4 ,! ribbon fe/oon ) knots sugge/s ! ,l\is ,qu9ze p]iod4 ,?is indicates ! dep>ture f ! /]n classic types2 & ! nozzle is removable1 a /yle :i* 0 !n 9 common use4 ,z a /udy1 ! c&le/ick exhibits inf9ite v>iety4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 f ,que5 ,anne to ! late ,george ,,iii p]iod1 (f]s _m =ms4 ,! ,/u>t c&le/ick is on ano!r plane1 & appeals to ! collector ( r>e examples4 ,! c&le is some?+ dead & gone2 x /&s on ! ?re%old ( mod]nity l "s dim ance/ral gho/ ( =m] days4 ,! electric bulb is triumphant1 p>aff9 is plebeian1 & gas /ret*es back a c5tury :5 ,we/m9/] ,bridge 0 fir/ lit by gas 9 #ahac4 ,nobody has apo/rophiz$ a gas bracket or a p>aff9 lamp4 ,b ! c&le is bo? hi/oric & poetical & ! c&le/ick (f]s a pleas+ field to ! collector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,c&le/ick4 ,classic /yle4 ,made at ,%effield4 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,,sale ,,prices ,prices v>y to a consid]able ext5t4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! salt cell>s1 sets br+ high] prices ?an ! s+le examples4 ,! diff]5ces 9 prices are3-- ,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,sets ( f\r #hj to #ajj ,sets ( two #dj to #gj ,,late ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,sets ( f\r #bj to #dj ,sets ( two #g to #bj ,s+le specim5s v>y f #b to #aj1 accord+ to design4 ,9 buy+ c&elabra at s mu* p] ounce1 beg9n]s %\ld c>efully asc]ta9 weight1 z examples sold at #es4 p] ounce h realiz$ ov] #bjj ow+ to _! massiv5ess4 ,,viii ,,! ,,teapot ,,! ,,c(fee-,,pot ,,! ,,tea-,,kettle ,,! ,,tea-,,caddy ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,teapot1 ,,! ,,c(fee-,,pot1 ,,! ,,tea-,,kettle1 ,,! ,,tea-,,caddy ,! teapot1 its e>ly =m--,! sev5te5? c5tury--,! eighte5?-c5tury c(fee-pot--,! tea-kettle & /&--,late ,georgian teapots & c(fee-pots--,! tea-caddy & its v>ieties4 ,! silv] plate ( a c\ntry und\bt$ly reflects ! mann]s & cu/oms ( its us]s4 ,! gr[? ( luxury und\bt$ly has _h its influ5ce ^u ! manufacture ( a great numb] ( silv] articles employ$ 9 ev]yday use4 ,b al?\gh ! field be l>g]1 ! class ( articles1 to say no?+ ( ! av]age arti/ic quality1 diff]s 9 ! same measure z ! habits ( ! us]s4 ,! antiqu>y ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury :o turns to ! late n9ete5? c5tury w f9d m>malade-pots & pickle-=ks 9 lieu ( posset-pots & pun*-ladles4 ,he w f9d t *eap *emi/s h dissem9at$ hair-bru%es & *eap sc5t-bottles ( inf]ior glass ) silv] rims4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n teapot is ( ! ye> #afgj1 al?\gh ,pepys tells ( dr9k+ tea 9 #affj4 ,?is f9e specim5 is a lant]n-%ap$ teapot ) a hi/ory1 & is illu/rat$ page #bdc4 ,x is inscrib$1 8,?is ,silv] tea ,pott 0 pres5t$ to ye ,comttee ( ye ,ea/ ,india ,company by ye ,"r ,honole ,george ,"l ,b]keley ( ,b]keley ,ca/le4 ,a memb] ( t ,hon\rable & wor?y ,society & ,a true ,he>ty ,l\] ( !m4 #afgj40 ,x is engrav$ ) ! arms ( ! donor & ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! mak]'s m>k is ,t4 ,l41 & ! date lett] & hall-m>ks ( ,london are ( ! ye> #afgj4 ,9 ! ye> #afij ! =m ( teapot 0 melon-%ap$1 /ill tall1 & /ill sugge/ive ( a c(fee-pot1 made m manife/ by ! /opp] atta*$ at ! sp\t by a *a94 ,b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 teapots und]w5t a *ange2 !y began to assume /yles :i* h endur$ to ! pres5t day4 ,s9ce ,que5 ,anne sat 9 ! ,orang]y 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s ) h] bosom fri5d 8,mrs4 ,freeman0 ov] a di% ( tea to he> ( ,m>lbor\gh's victories1 ! habit has become e/abli%$ 9 popul> fav\r4 ,! rivalry betwe5 c(fee & tea & ! attempt ( *ocolate to obta9 supremacy are int]e/+ side-lights 9 social hi/ory1 t9ctur$ by political bias & prejudice4 ,c(fee claims ! field fir/4 ,! hon\r ( introduc+ tea rema9s betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,dut*1 :ile t ( c(fee re/s betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*4 ,! price ( tea 9 #affj 0 sixty %ill+s p] p\nd1 & ,?omas ,g>way1 tobacconi/ & c(fee-man1 0 ! fir/ :o retail$ tea4 ,8 %op bill is ! mo/ curi\s & hi/orical acc\nt ( tea we h3 8,tea 9 ,engl& ha? be5 sold 9 ! leaf = six p\nds1 & sometimes = t5 p\nds ! p\nd weight1 & 9 respect ( its =m] sc>c5ess & de>ness x ha? be5 only us$ z a regalia 9 high treatm5ts & ent]ta9m5ts1 & pres5ts made !re( to pr9ces & gr&ees till ! ye> #afeg4 ,! said ,g>way did pur*ase a quantity !re(1 ! fir/ publicly sold ! said tea 9 leaf or dr9k1 made accord+ to ! directions ( ! mo/ kn[+ m]*ants into ^? ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,on ! k ( ! said ,g>way's cont9u$ c>e & indu/ry 9 obta9+ ! be/ tea1 & mak+ dr9k !re(1 v _m noblem51 physicians1 m]*ants1 etc41 h resort to 8 h\se to dr9k ! dr9k !re(4 ,he sells tea f #afs4 to #ejs4 a p\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee-,,pot4 #agcg4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cii47 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d ,co47 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,teapot4 #afgj4 ,pres5t$ by ,"l ,george ,b]keley to ! ,hon\rable ,ea/ ,india ,company4 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,"h is a sev5te5?-c5tury adv]tisem5t3 c ,m9c+ ,lane 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury g bett]8 ,z to c(fee1 x is int]e/+ to read ! wom5's petition to ,p>liam5t1 9 #afgd4 ,!y compla9$ t c(fee 8made m5 z unfruitful z ! des]ts :5ce t unhappy b]ry is said to be br\ght2 t ! (fspr+ ( our mighty ance/ors w\ld dw9dle into a succession ( apes & pygmies1 & on a dome/ic message1 a husb& w\ld /op by ! way to dr9k a c\ple ( cups ( c(fee40 ,?is is 9 ! ve9 ( ! mod]n ,suffragi/ & on ! same sub-head4 ,9 #afgc ! m5 ( ,engl& 7 fight+ aga9/ ! ,dut* at ! engagem5t (f ,texel to def5d _! he>?s & homes1 c(fee or no c(fee4 ,ap>t f ! peculi> lant]n %ape ( ! fir/ examples1 teapots assum$ v>i\s =ms4 ,!y 7 tall & pe>-%ap$ ab\t #afij4 ,by #agjg1 is ,que5 ,anne's day1 we f9d !m g\rd or melon-%ap$ till ab\t #agbj4 ,9 #agbe !y 7 ( less] height4 ,f ! op5+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury to #agfe1 ! teapots began to assume r\nd proportions 9 ! body4 ,at a lat] date !y 7 octagonal4 ,9 #aggf !y incl9$ to ! ,%]aton /yle1 & 9 #aghi to ! ,hepple:ite /yle ( design1 bo? ^! latt] ) ! /raight sp\t4 ,t ! h&le 0 e>ly ( ebony is %[n 9 ! example illu/rat$ 7p4 #bdg71 ) ! ,london hall-m>ks ( #agde1 ) ! g\rd-%ap$ body4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ?is example :i* places x 9 ! realm ( ! posset-pot4 ,its cov] is surm\nt$ by a cone ornam5t4 ,its =m1 /rik+ly ap>t f mod]n tea-table niceties1 m>ks x z a collector's piece4 ,its inscription is ( hi/oric int]e/4 ,a ,kettle & ,/&1 ) _s-lamp1 is ( ! next ye>1 #agdf 7illu/rat$ p4 #bea74 ,x is ! "w ( ! celebrat$ ,paul de ,lam]ie1 ^: g5ius 9 work+ 9 plate plac$ him 9 ! lead+ position among ! silv] design]s ( 8 p]iod4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ab\t ?is "t ! pott] came into s]i\s competition ) ! silv]smi?1 especially 9 reg>d to teapots & c(fee-pots4 ,he actually did produce1 9 ! e>ly examples ( ,b[ & ,worce/] & ,coalbrookdale1 teapots 9 blue & :ite ) ! same r\nd body z ?is tea-kettle4 ,! sp\t ( ! pott] always pres5t$ great] difficulties 9 te*nique ?an did ! sp\t ( ! silv]smi?4 ,9 e>ly types ( porcela9 x is 9 =m simil> to ! two silv] examples ( teapot & tea-kettle ( #agde & #agdf4 ,b ! pott] c\ld n atta9 to ! flut+s & *as$ ornam5t ( ! work] 9 metal4 ,! silv]smi?'s sp\t sold]$ on ! body1 has spread+ ornam5t em95tly suitable to af=d /r5g? at ! juncture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,ii ,,teapot4 ,,london1 #agde4 ,) pe>-%ap$ body /&+ on graduat$ foot1 ) f9ely %ap$ ebony h&le4 ,panel be>+ inscription3 8,9 tok5 ( s9c]e ,fri5d%ip & 9 ,hon\r ( ,success at ! conque/ ( ! ,isl& ( ,cape ,breton1 ,pet] ,w>r51 ,esqr41 ,re>-,admiral ( ! ,blue pres5ts ?is piece ( plate to ,sir ,willm4 ,pepp]rell1 ,b>t41 ,l\isb\rg1 ,comm&] to ,8 ,maje/y's ,=ces4 #ag ,june1 #agde40 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,9 ,paul de ,lam]ie's "w !re is1 9 ! graceful convolutions ( ! h&le & ! equally delightful curves 9 ! tripod legs1 some?+ ess5tially prop] to 8 craft4 ,no pott] c\ld emulate ?is "w4 ,x w\ld be too caprici\s 9 fir+1 & if made 9 porcela9 x w\ld be too fragile = use4 ,x is !re=e ( int]e/ 9 comp>+ ! pott]'s "w ) t ( 8 contempor>y ! plate-work] to see h[ 9 rivalry ! ma/]s ( ! latt] craft surpass$ ! work] 9 clay by mak+ ! full use ( _! own p>ticul> te*nique4 ,9 all possibility ! eighte5? c5tury teapots 7 tak5 by silv]-work] & pott] alike f ,*9ese porcela9 prototypes1 :i* mu/ h come ov] 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! trad+ days ( ,john ,company1 z we see t ! e>lie/ lant]n example ( ! sev5te5? c5tury proce$$ f t wor?y company1 & !re 0 a great numb] import$ f ,holl&4 ,:e!r ?is be grant$ or n1 x may be laid d[n z a r\gh rule = guidance t :5ev] ! silv]-work] & ! pott] produc$ results closely approa*+ ea* o!r 9 =m1 ! work] 9 metal 0 n avail+ himself ( ! be/ qualities ( 8 art4 ,he may h be5 foll[+ ! trammels ( fa%ion1 or he may h be5 a m$iocre work] on a l[] plane4 ,t ! pott] did actually emulate ! silv]smi? c be se5 at once 9 ! ,/af=d%ire silv]-lu/re teapots1 :i* foll[$ z f> z possible ! silv] %apes4 ,!y 7 9 use 9 cottages1 & set on ! dress] look$ v impos+4 ,if ! squire's lady _h h] silv]1 or ! f>m]'s wife h] ,%effield plat$ set1 ! cottag] _h h] lu/re w>e4 ,9 ! museum at ,etruria are "s models c>v$ 9 pe>-wood ( urns & b[ls :i* ,josiah ,w$gwood _h execut$ = reproduction 9 8 w>e4 ,^! rem>kable c>v$ wood vessels exhibit a /rong similitude to ! designs ( contempor>y silv] plate4 ,!y illu/rate ! po9t t ! pott] at 8 highe/ actually did look ) delight on ! creations ( ! silv]smi?4 ,x 0 natural t he %\ld d s1 & x 0 equally natural t ! contemplation ( !m %\ld influ5ce 8 own art4 ,!re is a silv] teapot design$ by ,john ,flaxman 7,w$gwood's great design]74 ,x is melon-%ap$1 silv] gilt1 *as$ ) scrolls1 m$allions1 & cupids rid+ on dolph9s4 ,x is inscrib$3 8,design$ by ,john ,flaxman = 8 e/eem$ fri5d & g5]\s patron ,josiah ,w$gwood1 #aghd40 ,! mak]'s m>k is ,i4,b4 "u a cr[n1 & ! date lett] is = #aghi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kettle ,,) ,,/& ,,& ,,_s ,,lamp4 #agdf4 ,mak]1 ,paul de ,lam]ie4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,! ,c(fee-pot ,9 reg>d to ! c(fee-pot1 !re is an example ( ! date ( #afhf1 n[ on view at ! ,london ,museum f ! collection ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,ellis4 ,x w be se5 t ! c(fee-pot 0 always tall2 x nev] less5$ its height to become possess$ ( ! pe> or g\rd-%ap$ or circul> body ( its rival4 ,x actually influ5c$ ! height & =m ( ! teapot & x 0 n until ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! teapot ?rew (f its similitude to ! c(fee-pot 9 reg>d to height2 & f t date :5 tea-dr9k+ _h become e/abli%$1 x pursu$ its own way 9 design4 ,! *ocolate-pot foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! c(fee-pot & has nev] dep>t$ v mat]ially f its e>ly =m4 ,x is always r small] ?an its prototype1 & may be di/+ui%$ f ! c(fee-pot by ! h&le1 :i* 9 ! *ocolate-pot is n set opposite ! sp\t1 z is ! case 9 ! teapot & ! c(fee-pot1 b is 9 ! middle1 set at "r-angles to ! sp\t4 ,x is necess>y to exam9e ! cu/oms ( ! p]iod to arrive at conclusions 9 reg>d to silv]4 ,9 #afig ! ,e>l ( ,bri/ol notes 9 8 di>y ! paym5t 8( a bill 9 full to ,mr4 ,*amb]s = tea-kettle & lamp1 weight n9ety oz4 elev5 dwts41 at six %ill+s & two p5ce40 ,^! tea-kettles 7 probably no new ?+1 &1 z c(fee came fir/1 7 possibly a cont9uation ( simil> =ms = ! decoction ( c(fee4 ,!y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! tea-urns :i* became popul> a c5tury lat] 7see illu/ration p4 #cbe74 ,tea & c(fee & *ocolate1 ale & bro?1 & possibly can>y1 7 all drunk by diff]5t classes ( ! community at ! same "t4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! eighte5?-c5tury teacups--fir/ f ,holl& & ! ,ea/ & lat] f our own porcela9 factories1 9 ! fir/ /ages )\t h&les--! new bev]age1 especially 9 remote & unfa%ionable di/ricts1 0 drunk f ! silv] porr+]s !n 9 use4 ,at ! date ( ! ,tatl] ! middle classes 9 ! c\ntry 7 /ill cont5t ) milk1 wat]-porridge1 bro?1 ale1 or small be] = breakfa/4 ,! family ( ,john ,wesley drank small be] at e meal4 ,by ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,jonas ,hanway1 :o introduc$ ! umbrella to ,engl&1 & ,john ,wesley1 bo? declaim$ 9 va9 aga9/ ! preval5t tea-dr9k+4 ,j z 9 e>li] days ,london appr5tices 7 to h meat 9 lieu ( salmon1 !n pl5tiful 9 ! ,?ames1 s c\ntry maids accept+ s]vice 9 ,london /ipulat$ t !y 7 to h tea twice a day4 ,we are indebt$ to ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza1 ! ,que5 ( ,*>les ,,ii1 = ! introduction ( tea4 ,edmund ,wall]1 ! ,c\rt poet1 :o made an oration to ! ,puritan ,p>liam5t & sav$ 8 neck1 has an 8,ode on ,tea0 eulogiz+ ,ca!r9e & ! h]b4 ,by ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne tea-dr9k+ _h become a fix$ habit4 ,bi%op ,burnet1 :o di$ 9 #agae1 drank tw5ty-five cups 9 a morn+4 ,!re 0 ,dr4 ,johnson at ! o!r end ( ! c5tury :o drank 8 sixte5 cups at a sitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee-,,pots4 ,,george ,,iii4 c4 #aggj4 ,,george ,,ii4 c4 #agcj4 ,,george ,,iii4 c4 #agge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee-,,pots ,,& ,,teapots4 ,,late ,,george ,,iii ,,p]iod4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,a page ( teapots & c(fee-pots ( v>y+ p]iods ( ! eighte5? c5tury %[s ! /yles 9 vogue 7illu/rat$ p4 #bee74 ,! upp] gr\p %[s a c(fee-pot ab\t #agcj ) ebony h&le1 & r small] ?an "s ( ! lat] =ms4 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ! ,newca/le c(fee-pot1 ( #agcg1 %[+ simil> "* 7p4 #bdc74 ,?is really is ! e/abli%$ =m ( ! c(fee-pot1 :i* has la/$ to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 9 spite ( v>i\s deflections 9 /yle :i* 7 only transitory4 ,by ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury x _h become m ornate 9 "*4 ,its decoration 0 rococo 9 /yle1 & x became massive & impressive 9 size4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! specim5 ( ab\t #agge1 on ! "r1 ! fe/oons _h become a prom95t =m ( ornam5t4 ,! h&les 9 bo? ^! l>g] & lat] types are brok51 ) a po9t on ! l[] half turn+ outw>ds4 ,! ,ed9burgh example ( #agfi 7illu/rat$ p4 #cba7 %[s ! same "*4 ,an illu/ration ( a f9e c(fee-pot ) ! ,london hall-m>k = #agda is giv5 z a ,frontispiece to ?is volume4 ,x 0 made by ,pet] ,ar*ambo1 & be>s 8 initials ,p4,a4 9 script 9 an oval1 brok5 %ield4 ,! l9es ( ?is example are ( exceptional grace4 ,! proportions ( ! body are well balanc$4 ,! circul> foot ) its f9e gradations adds a lightness to ! design4 ,! lid is ( f9e proportions1 & is t]m9at$ by a pla9 cone ornam5t giv+ height to ! piece4 ,! h&le is ( ebony & ( pleas+ curves4 ,! %ap$ sp\t has a t]m9al ornam5t ( balu/] =m jo9$ to ! body1 :i* produces an effect at once orig9al & exquisitely h>moni\s4 ,?is example is produc$ by ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,c>r+ton ,co4 ,x belongs to ! /ormy ye>s ( ,george ,,ii & ! w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession4 ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia _h seiz$ ! ri* prov9ce ( ,silesia1 z "o ( ! claimants = ! dom9ions ( ,m>ia ,!resa ( ,au/ria4 ,c>t]et came into p[] on ! fall ( ,walpole4 8,:at is x to me10 he said1 8:o is judge or :o is bi%op8 ,x is my bus9ess to make k+s & emp]ors1 & to ma9ta9 ! balance ( ,europe40 ,9 #agdc1 at ! ,battle ( ,dett+51 0 ! la/ occasion an ,engli% sov]eign 0 9 ! field1 until ,8 ,maje/y ,george ,v broke t prec$5t by visit+ ! ,briti% tr5*es 9 ,fl&]s4 ,! l[] gr\p on page #bee belongs to ! late ,george ,,iii p]iod4 ,! c(fee-pot & teapot on ! left belong to ! same set4 ,! flat1 spread+ knob to ! lid is a =m ( ornam5t :i* succe$$ ! long-e/abli%$ balu/] =m & cont9u$ ) v>iations to mod]n days1 & is f\nd 9 *eap ,britannia metal teapots = common use 9 e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury days4 ,! o!rs on ! "r exhibit novel features4 ,! spread+ m\? ( ! pot surm\nt$ by an ov]hang+ lid is a =m :i* 0 readily seiz$ by ! pott]4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,/af=d%ire teapots1 notably ^? by ,w$gwood1 are 9 ?is /yle1 z x 0 an easy %ape = ! pott] to "w4 ,! sp\t1 ap>t f its position l[ d[n on ! body1 is especially a pott]'s =m4 ,! c(fee-pot at ! top1 9 urn =m1 ) its long foot to give x ! requisite height1 is uncommon & did n long survive4 ,! teapot b5ea? x has a /&1 ano!r innovation adopt$ by ! pott]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,=ms ,,( ,,tea-,,caddy3 ,,squ>e ,,& ,,r\nd4 ,,george ,i4 #agah 7,,exet]74 ,,george ,,ii4 #agcj 7,,london74 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,types3 ,,oval ,,9 ,,=m4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agge 7,,london74 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghd 7,,london74 ,%[+ evolution 9 =m culm9at+ 9 ! ,%]aton tea-caddy4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,! ,tea-caddy ,! e>ly =ms ( tea-caddy 7 squ>e or r\nd4 ,x may be imag9$ t s preci\s a bev]age _h to be /or$ c>efully4 ,h5ce ! receptacles = tea 7 some:at luxuri\s 9 "*4 ,we illu/rate a squ>e type repres5tative ( ! e>ly days ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7illu/rat$ p4 #bei74 ,?is example 0 made at ,exet]4 ,! ,s\? ,sea ,bubble 0 j ab\t to be bl[n at ! =mation ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,company to take ov] ! national debt4 ,su* a specim5 is ( r>ity & is wor? ab\t #dj or #ej4 ,! r\nd example adjac5t is ( ,london make ) ! hall-m>ks = #agcj1 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ,george ,,ii1 /raight f ! days :5 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole gov]n$ ,engl&4 ,! late eighte5?-c5tury types 7 oval 9 =m4 ,! illu/ration ( two examples 7p4 #bei7 %[s ?is /yle4 ,! left-h& "o is 9 date #agge1 & its fell[ has ! ,london hall-m>ks = #aghd4 ,^! %[ v cle>ly ! evolution 9 =m culm9at+ 9 ! sat9wood ,%]aton v>iety tea-caddy s mu* s\ght aft] by collectors4 ,! l9es ( ! silv]smi? became co9cid5t ) ! work] 9 r>e woods4 ,!y t\* at ?is date4 ,if "o takes ,*ipp5dale's ,director or ,%]aton's design books we c see ! progress ( ! cab9et-mak]1 fir/ 9 mahogany & !n 9 sat9 & o!r beautifully col\r$ woods1 9 arriv+ at a casket simil> 9 "* to ! silv]-work]'s design4 ,half-way betwe5 ! e>ly & late eighte5? c5tury /yles we illu/rate 7p4 #bfc7 a set ( ,tea-caddies & a ,sug>-box1 9 date #agfj1 %[+ :]e ! silv]smi? adh]$ to ! high] plane ( 8 te*nique1 equally evad+ ! plagi>ism ( ! pott] or ! cab9et-mak]4 ,?is set ( ?ree vessels is indisputably metal 9 e in* ( _! con/ruction4 ,! bases are rem9isc5t ( ! floral ref9em5ts ( ! ,*>les ,,ii & ,james ,,ii p]iods4 ,! b[ls h a rotundity & exquisite sprightl9ess 9 =m1 reliev$ by *as+ t defies ! woodwork] & _c be imitat$ by ! pott]4 ,! knobs app]ta9 s /rongly to ! metal-work] t !y are inimitable4 ,?is set1 !re=e1 /&s z be+ exceptionally int]e/+ 9 exhibit+ ! "w ( ! arti/ 9 silv] kept on a high level ap>t f extrane\s influ5ces4 ,! lat] teapot _c be said to h mu* to comm5d x1 if x be ) /raight sp\t & ( oval or geometric =m4 ,(t5times x is a woodwork]'s design ) additions4 ,! cab9et-mak] has n essay$ to make a wood5 teapot4 ,b ! silv]smi? has complet$ ! hiatus4 ,take ! tea-caddy ( #aghd 7illu/rat$ p4 #bei71 add a /raight metal sp\t & a h&le2 ! result is a teapot2 b x c h>dly lay claim to be+ 9 ! fir/ rank ( design4 ,x /&s ) ! mod]n pott]'s results1 exceptionally f9e 9 _! own field--r\nd1 hexagonal1 octagonal1 oval1 squ>e1 or ( _m o!r =ms1 all suit$ to 8 pla/ic art1 b ! silv]-work] %\ld /& on a plane ap>t1 & 9 ! be/ p]iods he did4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,c(fee-,,pots4 ,que5 ,anne c(fee-pots realize f #ejs4 to #fjs4 p] oz4 ,george ,i c(fee-pots ab\t #a p] oz41 & ,george ,,ii f #ajs4 to #acs4 p] oz4 ,george ,,iii c(fee-pots br+ f #gs4 to #ajs4 p] oz4 & ,george ,,iv & ,william ,,iv ab\t #es4 or #fs4 p] oz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pair ,,( ,,george ,,ii ,,tea-,,caddies ,,& ,,sug>-,,box4 ,,london1 #agfj4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,,teapots4 ,all teapots be=e ,george ,i are r>e1 & br+ l>ge prices4 ,que5 ,anne teapots br+ #e to #aj p] oz41 & specim5s sell = #ej to #hj4 ,on ! o!r h& ,george ,,ii teapots are sold f #aes4 to #djs4 p] oz42 ,george ,,ii & ,george ,,iv examples sell = #ajs4 to #aes4 p] oz4 ,,tea-,,kettles4 ,que5 ,anne1 ) /& & lamp 7#agji71 by ,n4 ,locke1 sold 9 #aiji = #bjjs4 p] oz41 #bdc4 ,george ,i1 ) /& & _s-lamp 7#agae71 #acjs4 p] oz41 #aeh4 ,george ,,ii1 ) /& & _s-lamp 7#agch71 #chs4 p] oz41 #ajc4 ,,tea-,,caddies4 ,que5 ,anne1 octagonal 7#agaj71 #ges4 p] oz41 #bg4 ,caddies 7#b7 by ,paul de ,lam]ie 7#agdg71 #afjs4 p] oz41 #bdc4 ,george ,,iii1 oblong 7#agfj71 #cjs4 p] oz41 #ab4 ,,ix ,,! ,,ca/] ,,! ,,c5tre-,,piece ,,! ,,sug>-,,b[l ,,! ,,cream-,,pail ,,! ,,cake-,,basket ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/]s4 #agab 7,,que5 ,,anne74 ,mak]1 ,ti4 7,see m>ks above47 #agja 7,,william ,,iii74 ,mak]1 ,*ri/oph] ,cann]4 7,see m>ks above47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,ca/]1 ,,! ,,c5tre-,,piece1 ,,! ,,sug>-,,b[l1 ,,! ,,cream-,,pail1 ,,& ,,! ,,cake-,,basket ,! ,que5 ,anne & ,e>ly ,georgian ,ca/]--,its evolution 9 =m--,! eighte5?-c5tury ,c5tre-piece--,! ,sug>-b[l--,classic influ5ce--,late eighte5?-c5tury silv] b[ls ) glass l9]s--,! ,cream-pail--,! ,cake-basket--,pi]c$ & int]lac$ "w--,! eighte5?-c5tury pott]4 ,! classes ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt] embrace ! mo/ delightful ( ! eighte5?-c5tury silv] plate1 & appeal intimately to ! decorative in/9cts ( ! collector4 ,! pieces range f ! utilit>ian ca/] capable ( v>i$ ornam5t1 to ! elaborate table c5tre1 an object ( exquisite grace & capable ( ris+ to p]fection 9 ! h&s ( an accompli%$ craftsman4 ,pi]c$ "w ( great delicacy 0 a feature ( ! eighte5?-c5tury decoration4 ,z ) furniture1 ! silv] 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury began to gr[ complex 9 its "*1 9 keep+ ) ! gr[? ( luxury4 ,! c5tury :i* began ) ! sob] furniture & homely int]iors ( ,que5 ,anne1 clos$ ) ! magnific5ce ( ,*ipp5dale & ! subtleties ( ,%]aton4 ,! ,ca/] ,! ca/] c be trac$ 9 an unbrok5 l9e z an article ( table use f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 ) s simple an object1 app>5tly incapable ( mu* v>iation 9 =m1 x is int]e/+ to note ! successive /ages ( fa%ion & ! diff]5t phases ( its hi/ory4 ,at fir/ x 0 ( less] height4 ,! examples illu/rat$ on pages #bfi & #bgg %[ ?is4 ,! /raight cyl9drical =m1 illu/rat$ on page #bfi1 simil> to t made by ,*ri/oph] ,cann]1 appe>s to h be5 ! e>lie/ type1 & ?is la/$ f ab\t #afhj = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,!re is a set ( ?ree ,*>les ,,ii ca/]s ( ?is /yle made by ,an?ony ,nelme 9 #afhd4 ,!re is also a simple =m ab\t ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) pla9 r\nd top4 ,a f9e ,iri% example1 made by ,george ,lyng1 & m>k$ ) ! ,dubl9 hall-m>ks = #afii 7illu/rat$ p4 #cca71 %[s a m ornate "* n infrequ5t 9 ,iri% silv]4 ,! ,iri% silv]smi? 0 (t5 ahead ( 8 ,engli% contempor>ies4 ,by #agab ! ,que5 ,anne ca/] 0 becom+ tall] & ! body reta9$ ! b& f\nd 9 ! /raight cyl9drical =m4 ,! cov] (f]$ a field = delightful & v>i$ patt]ns 9 pi]c$ "w4 ,!re is a *>m ab\t ^! individual patt]ns :i* is irresi/ible to ! collector4 ,! cov] is surm\nt$ by a balu/] knob :i* x reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! successive *anges 9 ! body4 ,^! ornam5ts are delicately symmetrical1 & 9 "o in/ance com+ "u ! writ]'s obs]vations ! knob 0 a m9iature ( ! ca/] x cr[n$4 ,! m>ks on ca/]s are plac$ at ! top ( ! neck ne> ! cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,ii ,,ca/]4 ,,exet]1 #agbh4 ,mak]1 ,ri*>d ,freeman4 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,ellett ,lake ,son1 ,exet]47 ,9 #agcj1 at ! ,c\rt ( ,w>d5s at ! ,london ,assay ,(fice1 x 0 laid d[n t ! m>ks be /ruck z f> di/ant f ea* o!r z possible1 s t ! s]ies ( m>ks c\ld n be cut out 9 "o piece & sold]$ into ano!r piece4 ,x _h be5 f\nd t x 0 8an anti5t practice among evil-dispos$ goldsmi?s0 ( conv]t+ new plate into old by ?is means4 ,v>iations 9 ! body took place2 sometimes ! b& ar\nd took an octagonal =m & ! concave body above & ! convex body bel[ foll[$ ?is geometric =m 9 _! curve4 ,!re is an example ( ?is type ) ! hall-m>ks = ,london = #agaf1 & ! mak]'s m>k ,a4 ,d4 9 %ield1 wr\ght by ,*>les ,adam4 ,?is is among ! ,*e/] ,corporation plate4 ,! ,george ,,ii sug> ca/] ) ! ,exet] hall-m>ks = #agbh1 made by ,ri*>d ,freeman1 is unique4 ,its beautifully %ap$ body is exquisitely suit$ to ! te*nique ( ! metal-work]4 ,! pla9 b& at base & ! graduat$ foot c>ry out ! symmetrical =m1 & help to give effect to ! cov] ) its delightful pi]c$ ornam5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is pi]c$ design is exactly 9 keep+ ) ! retic5ce ( ! re/ ( ! piece1 & ! balu/] knob1 almo/ acorn-l 9 =m1 completes a v f9e piece ( craftsman%ip4 ,! progress 9 =m f ! days ( ,george ,,ii to ! end ( ! c5tury is %[n 9 ! gr\p illu/rat$ on page #bgg4 ,^! ca/]s1 z w be notic$1 are all circul> 9 body1 & d n include geometric =ms4 ,! ,george ,,ii example 7#agdg7 0 ! fix$ type f ,george ,i to ! e>ly ye>s ( ,george ,,iii4 ,a ,scotti% example ( a sug> ca/] 7illu/rat$ p4 #cag71 hav+ ! ,ed9burgh hall-m>ks = #agdf1 %[s ?is e/abli%$ =m4 ,at ! latt] end ( ! reign ( ,george ,,ii & 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,george ,,iii1 f #agfj1 x is noticeable t ! body swells 9 bulb\s =m1 increas+ 9 height f ! foot4 ,! next example 7#agga7 %[s ! new top1 pe>-%ap$2 ! swell+ l[] "p ( ! body is /ill pron\nc$ & ! foot is tall]1 z 9 ! cream-jugs ( ! p]iod4 ,9 bo? ^! ,george ,,iii examples ! cov] is surm\nt$ by a p9e-cone knob4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/]s4 ,,william ,,iii4 #agja4 ,,george ,,ii4 #agdg4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agfj4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agga4 #a4 ,! pla9 =m ) circul> top4 #b4 ,! fix$ type f ,george ,i to e>ly ,george ,,iii4 #c4 ,! swell+ body increas+ 9 height f foot2 ! p9e-cone top4 #d4 ,! new pe>-%ap$ top4 ,! swell+ l[] "p ( body leav+ foot z 9 cream-jugs ( ! same p]iod4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,george ,,iii ,,c5trepiece #agfa4 ,height1 highe/ "p1 #ad_/ 94 ,diamet] #bj_/ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,george ,,iii ,,c5trepiece4 c4 #agge4 ,mak]'s m>k1 ,t4,f4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,! ,c5tre-piece ,! ca/] nev] attempt$ to be o!r ?an retic5t4 ,x 0 l a poor relation at ! table 9 company ) ! magnific5ce ( ! c5tre-piece4 ,! pi]c$ "w 9 subdu$ ornam5t pales be=e ! elaboration 9 su* a c5tre-piece z t illu/rat$ on page #bgi1 ) ! ,london hall-m>ks = #agfa4 ,! basket is ( elaborate & graceful =m1 & ! eight bran*+ c&le/icks m>k x z a sumptu\s specim54 ,! feet are elaborate & 9 rococo /yle4 ,x belongs to ! e>ly ye>s ( ,george ,,iii1 ( ,g>rick1 ( ,mackl91 & ( ,foote4 ,x 0 contempor>y ) ! enorm\s head-dresses1 ! subject ( s _m c>icatures1 :i* foll[$ ! indecor\s hoop-petticoats ( ! dissolute days ( ,george ,,ii4 ,pa/e & pla/] & p[d] rais$ ^! head ornam5ts to a sup]/ructure repres5t+ *>iots1 & a fureur des cabriolets1 relat$ by ,horace ,walpole4 ,m5 _h !m pa9t$ on _! wai/coats1 & wom5 /uck a "o-horse po/-*aise on ! top ( _! elaborate head-dress1 :i* said head-dress 0 n *ang$ = "s weeks4 ,m$ical m5 ( ! day speak ( ?is 9 t]ms :i* we w n introduce "h4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds _h comm5c$ to pa9t 8 immortal portraits1 ,h&el _h f\nd cong5ial soil "u ! ,h\se ( ,hanov] to settle "h1 provid+ satiri/s ) subjects z to 8 glutton\s habits1 & produc+ music t has become ,engli% to ^? :o l oratorio4 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale _h publi%$ 8 ,director 9 #aged1 ) its wond]ful designs2 & ,rob]t ,adam1 9 #ageh1 _h put 8 scre5 & gateway across ! ,admiralty 9 ,:itehall1 & 0 translat+ dull ,london /reets into classic /yle4 ,^! 7 ! nights at ! 8,turk's ,head0 ) ,dr4 ,johnson1 ! support] ( ! ,royal ,h\se1 ! uphold] ( purity & piety 9 an impure & irreligi\s age1 ,burke ) 8 fla%+ conv]sation1 & ,goldsmi? & ,david ,g>rick1 & a circle ( m5 :o c\nt$ = m ?an ! mac>onis & ! fops ( ,pall ,mall & ,/4 ,james's ,/reet4 ,weal? 0 p\r+ into ! c\ntry f ,india1 & ) x came rapidly acquir$ habits ( luxury--habits t quickly reflect$ !mselves 9 ! furniture & dome/ic appurt5ances4 ,?is silv] c5tre-piece ( #agfa1 !re=e1 tells ! /ory ( ^! days ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 8rem>kable = ! great indu/rial revolution1 :i* gradually trans=m$ ,engl& f an agricultural to a manufactur+ c\ntry1 dep5d+ = food supplies on =eign c\ntries40 ,a second exam9ation ( ! silv] c5tre-piece1 #agfa1 ) ! above notes 9 view1 at once discloses its "*--out ( ,france & ( ,italy1 ) "h a t\* & !re a t\* f cont95tal /yles4 ,if trivial toys su* z ! pant91 a pa/ebo>d figure on /r+s1 c\ld take ! t[n by /orm1 ! craftsman 9 metal1 ) fa%ions /ream+ f ov] ! ,*annel1 c\ld n & did n hold alo(4 ,traditional features l+] or become rejuv5at$1 su* z ! sconces ( ! c&le/icks :i* rev]t to ! leaflike =m ( ^? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! basket ) int]lac$ "w /&s p>allel ) ! simil> "w 9 porcela9 f ! ,meiss5 factory ) rais$ fl[]s at ea* int]section1 j z 9 ?is silv] c5tre-piece1 & ! old ,saxon factory made ?is type ( vase & basket z e>ly z #agdj 9 ! 8,kr9ol95grapp50 p]iod4 ,b ! feet might h come /raight out ( ,*ipp5dale's ,director1 ) _! curves & %\ld]s & peculi> /yle4 ,if ,*ipp5dale borr[$ wisely f ! cab9et-mak] ( ,france1 ! ,engli% silv]smi?s1 _m ) ,fr5* blood 9 _! ve9s1 f\nd 9 ,fr5* design some?+ too allur+ to ignore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,b[l4 ,) ,london hall-m>ks1 #aggc4 ,made by ,s4 ,j4 ,crespell4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #cgg47 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,b[l ,,& ,,cream-,,pails4 ,pi]c$ %eet silv] ) blue glass l9]s4 ,,london1 #aghb4 ,,london1 #aghf4 ,,london1 #aggf4 7,at ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,take ano!r c5tre-piece1 ab\t #agge 9 date 7illu/rat$ p4 #bgi74 ,"h are features equally int]e/+4 ,! rococo =m has become subdu$4 ,!re are /ill bran*+ curves1 & pla9 baskets ) int]lac$ "w take ! place ( ! floriat$ /yle c&le-hold]s4 ,! fe/oons ) m$allions indicate ! classic /yle !n 9 vogue4 ,9 ?is c5tre-piece ! classic /yle is se5 9 comb9ation )1 almo/ 9 opposition to1 ! moribund rococo /yle4 ,^! may be comp>$ ) an e>li] ,iri% c5tre-piece1 #agdj 9 date 7illu/rat$ p4 #cce74 ,! ,sug>-b[l ,9 ! specim5 illu/rat$ 7p4 #bhc7 ! classic /yle is se5 at its be/4 ,! body is decorat$ ) fe/oons1 rosettes1 & ! rim & foot h a pla9 bead ornam5t4 ,! h&les are snakes ) ! head t]m9at+ at ! rim ( ! b[l4 ,x sugge/s t x might be a b[l ( sculapius r ?an a homely sug>-b[l4 ,pompeii & ,rome1 translat$ ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ! ,bro!rs ,adam1 & ! metal-work] ( ! ,l\is ,seize p]iod1 h ea* contribut$ to ?is composite /yle4 ,x is n ( ! purity ( =m ( silv] vessels f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,x m]ely borr[s ornam5t f classic orig9als2 x is l ,sir ,bulw] ,lytton's translation ( ,horace1 r m ,sir ,bulw] ?an ,horatius ,flaccus4 ,9 date ?is is #aggc & 0 made by ,s4 & ,j4 ,crespell4 ,x belongs to ! same p]iod z ! ,%effield silv] c&le/ick illu/rat$ on page #bce4 ,!re is ano!r sug>-b[l 7illu/rat$ p4 #bhe71 ) ! ,london hall-m>ks = #aghf1 %[+ ! /yle ,l\is ,seize l',anglaise :i* came into ,engli% cab9et design aft] #agic1 :5 ,%]aton publi%$ 8 book ( designs4 ,?is is an exceptionally da9ty piece ( "w4 ,! classic influ5ce is /ill to be obs]v$1 b *ang$ into some?+ m sprightly1 sav\r+ ( ! b\doir ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 & ! metal-"w on tables & lock escut*eons 9 ! ,petit ,trianon4 ,x is especially a silv]smi?'s piece4 ,x is a beautiful metal framework = a blue glass l9]4 ,! ,cream-pail ,tall] vessels ) a h&le are usually t]m$ cream-pails1 ?\gh "s collectors believe !y 7 us$ = sug>4 ,z !y are ( cut "w !y mu/ h be5 us$ ) a glass l9]4 ,!y pres5t "s beautiful =ms /ill cl++ to classic ornam5tation 9 comb9ation ) :atev] new =ms ! craftsman c\ld inv5t 9 conjunction ) a sev]e /yle4 ,! two illu/rat$ 7p4 #bhe7 %[ slightly diff]+ int5tions4 ,! fir/ on ! "r1 ) ! ,london hall-m>ks = #aggf1 ) its undulat+ top is 9 keep+ ) ! wavy rims ( ! salt cell>s ( ! same p]iod1 ( ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,! fe/oon ( drap]y ) rosettes is 9 classic /yle & ! foot & l[] body has ! traditional acan?us-leaf decoration4 ,! h&le & broad cut patt]n ornam5t+ ! body may be comp>$ ) ! ,iri% example 7illu/rat$ p4 #cdc71 made 9 #aggj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bread-,,baskets ,,) ,,h&les4 ,,london1 #agde-agge4 ,wire & %eet silv] ) ca/ & *as$ ornam5t4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,! o!r example on ! same page 7p4 #bhe7 is 9 date #aghb1 ! ye> :51 aft] ?ree ye>s' siege ( ,gibralt>1 ! ,fr5* & ,spani% made a supreme ef=t by sea & l& to w9 ! key ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b 7 beat5 ) heavy loss by ,g5]al ,eliot4 ,! fe/oons & ! vase 9 panel are n[ 9 incis$ decoration & are subs]vi5t4 ,! /yle beg9s to break away f traditional sev]ities & e/abli% some?+ orig9al & z retic5t z ! classical =ms )\t be+ s coldly =mal & unnational4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cake-,,basket4 #agfa4 ,mak]1 ,edw>d ,rom]4 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,w$gwood ,,cream-,,w>e ,,basket4 7,9 collection ( au?or47 ,! ,bread-basket ,! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury saw ! gr[? & developm5t ( pi]c$ %eet silv] ) its v>i$ /yles1 & concomitant ) ! %eet "w !re are examples exhibit+ a f9e p]fection 9 wire "w4 ,pi]c$ bread- or cake-baskets ) cable b& are features ( ?is p]iod4 ,! pi]c$ mu/>d-pot1 decant] /&1 & o!r simil> articles 7 common4 ,oval pi]c$ baskets 7 introduc$1 ) h&les1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii 7#agbg-fj74 ,orig9ally !y 7 possibly = bread only4 ,"s collectors det]m9e ?is by ! patt]n on "s ( !m ( :eat-e>s 7see example illu/rat$ p4 #bhi74 ,by ! "t ( ,george ,,iii !y 7 elaborately pi]c$ & *as$ & massive1 & _h feet4 ,9 o!r examples ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury !y _h no feet1 & 7 m basket-l 9 =m4 ,!re 0 an example 9 ! ,dunn-,g>dn] collection ( a bread-basket 9 imitation ( wick] basket-"w4 ,?is be>s ! ,london hall-m>ks = ! ye> #agcc & ! mak]'s initials ,p4 ,l41 a cr[n & /> above1 & a fleur-de-lis bel[1 = ,paul de ,lam]ie1 ! mak]4 ,! page ( f\r examples 7p4 #bhi7 illu/rates ! types preval5t f #agde to #agge4 ,! top left-h& specim5 is ( wire "w ornam5t$ by :eat-e>s4 ,a pla9 cake-basket ) ! ,london m>k = #agfa1 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii1 is illu/rat$ 7p4 #bia72 ! mak] is ,edw>d ,rom]4 ,bel[ ?is is %[n a contempor>y ,w$gwood cream-w>e basket 9 imitation ( wick]-w>e4 ,"h ! te*nique ( ! silv]smi? & ! pott] may be comp>$4 ,! ,eighte5?-c5tury ,pott] ,9 connexion ) pi]c$ & int]lac$ "w ! pott] did attempt to run side by side ) ! work] 9 silv] plate4 ,! two ,w$gwood pieces 7illu/rat$ p4 #bie7 %[ ?is p>allel4 ,! upp] "o is a *e/nut basket & cov]4 ,:ile adh]+ 9 a measure to ! /rict te*nique ( ! work] 9 clay--& "h be x said x comes ne> to ! f9e reticulat$ "w ( "s ( ! highe/ ,*9ese porcela9--x1 at ! same "t1 approa*es ! contempor>y ref9em5ts 9 p]=at$ %eet metal execut$ by ! silv]smi?4 ,! l[] example is ev5 m rem>kable2 x is a ,w$gwood cream-w>e fruit-basket & cov]4 ,?is c5tre-piece1 ?\gh n emulat+ ! gr&iose proportions & elaborate bran*es ( ! silv] c5tre-pieces su* z we h se51 accompli%es :at 0 app>5tly impossible1 ! manipulation ( pla/ic clay z ?\gh x 7 silv] wire4 ,! result is delightful & surpris+4 ,9 reg>d to ! elaboration ( ?is cut-&-drawn "w1 ! ,le$s pott]s :o foll[$ ,josiah ,w$gwood's /yle produc$ tall c5tre-pieces 9 cream-w>e ) bran*es hav+ baskets & trays4 ,x is an und\bt$ pro( t imitation is ! s9c]e/ =m ( flatt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w$gwood ,,cream-,,w>e ,,p]=at$ ,,*e/nut-,,b[l4 ,late eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w$gwood ,,cream-,,w>e ,,p]=at$ ,,dess]t-,,basket4 ,late eighte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,pott] ,,& ,,! ,,silv]smi?4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,ca/]s4 ,ord9>y ,que5 ,anne examples br+ #ejs4 to #fjs4 p] oz42 ,george ,i & ,george ,,ii1 #bes4 to #ces4 p] oz42 ,george ,,iii & ,george ,,iv1 #ahs4 to #bjs4 p] oz4 ,lat] specim5s only fet* #es4 to #abs4 p] oz4 ,r>e & e>li] examples br+ high] prices1 e4g43 ,william & ,m>y 7#agja71 #bbes4 p] oz4 #aab ,que5 ,anne 7#b71 7#agac71 #aaes4 p] oz4 #gb ,,sug>-,,b[ls4 ,! av]age prices are r\ghly z foll[s3 ,george ,i1 #fjs4 to #hjs4 p] oz42 ,george ,,ii1 #bjs4 to #ejs4 p] oz42 ,george ,,iii1 #hs4 to #ejs4 p] oz4 7v>y+ f engrav$ & flut$ to pi]c$ & appli$ ornam5t72 ,george ,,iv1 #gs4 7flut$7 to #ces4 p] oz4 7pi]c$ & appli$ ornam5t72 ,william ,,iv1 #fs4 to #bjs4 p] oz4 ,exceptional pieces ( c\rse br+ exceptional prices4 ,a sug>-basket ( #agbe1 by ,paul ,lam]ie1 sold 9 #aiji = #aac1 at #aies4 p] oz4 ,a set ( ?ree ,george ,,iii 7#agfc7 sug> vases & cov]s 7 sold at ! ,a%burnham ,sale 9 ,m>* #aiad1 = #bad1 at #aces4 p] oz4 ,x ,,! ,,cream-,,jug ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,ii ,,helmet-,,%ap$ ,,jug4 ,,london1 #agcf4 ,mak]1 ,paul de ,lam]ie4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,cri*ton ,bro!rs47 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,cream-,,jug ,! eighte5?-c5tury tea-table & its accessories--,! beauty ( ! cream-jug--,its evolution 9 =m dur+ a c5tury4 8,i mu/ fur!r advise y1 ,h>riet10 says a lady 9 ! ,fool ( ,quality1 9 admoni%+ h] daught]1 8n to heap su* m\nta9s ( sug> into y\r tea1 nor to p\r su* a deluge ( cream 92 p w c]ta9ly take y = ! daught] ( a dairymaid4 ,!re is "y ,fanny ,quirp1 :o is a lady by bir?1 & %e has br\ght h]self to ! p]fection ( nev] suff]+ ! t9cture ( h] tea to be spoilt by :it5+1 nor ! flav\r to be adult]at$ by a gra9 ( sweet40 ,?is 0 publi%$ f #agff to #aggj & indicates t a set ( rules = obs]vance 0 afoot 9 a "t :5 etiquette 0 =mal4 ,b if cream 0 neglect$ by "s precisians1 ! cream-jug be>s evid5ce t 9 _m circles x 0 a welcome & possibly v necess>y addition to ! /rong gre5 tea !n drunk4 ,x 0 etiquette to place ! spoon 9 ! cup to %[ ! ho/ess t no m tea 0 requir$4 ,x 0 ! cu/om at ,scotti% tea-tables & possibly else:]e to h numb]$ spoons4 ,! gue/s did n ask = a second cup until all ! o!r gue/s _h f9i%$ ! fir/4 ,h5ce ! cups 7 pass$ up to ! ho/ess & ! spoons numb]$ to ensure t ea* got 8 own aga94 ,sir ,alex&] ,boswell 9 8 poem 8,ed9burgh0 writes3 ,! r$ /one teapot ) its silv] sp\t1 ,! teaspoons numb]$ & ! tea fill$ out2 ,?\gh pati5ce fails1 & ?\gh ) ?ir/ he burns1 ,all1 all mu/ wait till ! la/ cup returns4 ,! silv] /ra9] _h app>5tly become obsolete 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's day1 = he writes 9 ,/4 ,ronan's ,well3 8,a silv] /ra9]1 9 :i* 9 times m economical ?an our own1 ! lady ( ! h\se plac$ ! tea-leaves aft] ! v la/ drop _h be5 exhau/$1 t !y might hospitably be divid$ among ! company to be eat5 ) bread & butt]40 ,! ,scots are a h>dy race4 ,9 lieu ( ! /ra9] a long-h&l$ spoon ) pi]c$ b[l 0 us$ to ?ru/ d[n ! sp\t1 z sometimes ! tea refus$ to p\r out4 ,etiquette =bade ! ho/ess to bl[ d[n ! sp\t4 ,! beauty & v>iety ( ! cream-jugs may be trac$ = a :ole c5tury4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples 7illu/rat$ p4 #cja7 %[s a f9e helmet-%ap$ jug1 hav+ ! ,london hall-m>ks = ! ye> #agcf1 & ! m>k ( ,paul de ,lam]ie ! mak]1 r5[n$ = 8 sup]lative "w4 ,! h&le is orig9al 9 conception & has a grotesque head z a t]m9al4 ,! ornam5t is elaborate & repres5tative ( ! be/ types ( ! ,george ,,ii era4 ,a cream-jug ( ab\t #agdj1 made 9 ,dubl9 by ,john ,hamilton 7illu/rat$ p4 #cci7 may be comp>$ ) ! above example4 ,! helmet =m ) ! undulat+ rim is common to bo? specim5s1 b ! treatm5t diff]s 9 "*4 ,! ,iri% example has ?ree feet & possesses beauties peculi>ly its own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cream-,,jugs4 ,,george ,i4 #agbf4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agfd4 ,evolution f rotund =m ( e>ly eighte5? c5tury to sl5d] %apes4 ,! h&le becomes brok5 9 its curves4 ,?ree feet are 9 frequ5t use4 ,! lip po9t$ & elongat$4 7,see ,iri% cream-jugs1 p4 #cci47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cream-,,jugs4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aggi4 ,,george ,,iii4 #aghj4 ,! s+le foot v>y+ 9 l5g? & ! body becom+ elongat$4 ,comp>e ) ca/]s ( same p]iod z to elongation f foot4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,t e>ly eighte5?-c5tury examples 7 n always highly ornate is %[n by ! cream-jug ) ,london hall-m>ks = #agbf4 ,?is repres5ts ! transitional /age betwe5 ! simple "* ( ! ,que5 ,anne /yles & ! elaboration f\nd 9 ^? ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,! s]ies ( cream-jugs illu/rat$ 7p4 #cje7 %[s ! evolution 9 =m f ! ,que5 ,anne rotundity to m sl5d] examples2 ! h&le becomes brok5 9 its curves & ?ree feet are 9 frequ5t use4 ,! lip is po9t$ & elongat$4 ,?is latt] /yle la/$ f ab\t #agdj to ab\t #agfe 7see a f9e ,iri% example ( ?is type illu/rat$1 p4 #cci74 ,?is specim5 is 9 date #agfd4 ,illu/rat$ on page #cje are two typical examples ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ?ree feet h 9 #aggi disappe>$4 ,! s+le foot is n[ fa%ionable & v>ies 9 height4 ,! body becomes elongat$4 ,! h&les /ill reta9 ! old] mid-c5tury =ms1 ) slight v>iations4 ,! t5d5cy to increas$ height 9 ! cream-jugs at ?is date may be comp>$ ) ! ca/]s illu/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,a selection ( late ,george ,,iii cream-jugs 7illu/rat$ p4 #cji7 %[s ! classic t5d5cy at ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! example1 9 date #agij1 is tall & has a foot t]m9at+ 9 a squ>e base1 l a classic vase4 ,! adjac5t example1 t5 ye>s lat]1 is a rev]sion to ! pott]'s =m ) flat bottom4 ,! flat-topp$ h&le is a rem9isc5ce ( ! classic urn4 ,! evolution 9 =m1 z is se51 is /eadily t[>ds ! full] body4 ,! examples %[n on ! same page1 9 date #ahjd & #ahji1 indicate new t5d5cies4 ,x is m]ely ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum ( fa%ion4 ,9 ! fir/ example ! foot is beg9n+ to appe> 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ rim at ! base4 ,! h&le 9 ! la/ specim5 returns to ! sev]e classic circul> %ape4 ,,sale ,,prices ,,cream ,,jugs ,! prices ( ^! v>y accord+ to ! /yle ( ornam5t1 *as+1 & g5]al "*4 ,que5 ,anne pla9 examples h br\ght z mu* z #abes4 p] oz41 realiz+ #be4 ,e>ly eighte5?-c5tury specim5s br+ z a rule f #fjs4 to #ajjs4 p] oz4 ,lat] eighte5?-c5tury drop consid]ably 9 value1 f #djs4 to #fjs4 p] oz4 ,a ,george ,,iv cream-jug1 made by ,paul ,/orr 9 #ahbj1 sold = #cfs4 p] oz4 & realiz$ #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,cream-,,jugs4 ,,george ,,iii4 #agij4 ,,george ,,iii4 #ahjj4 ,! beg9n+ ( classic type4 ,foot frequ5tly foll[+ classic vase =m4 ,! rev]sion to ! pott]'s /yle ) flat bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,cream-,,jugs4 ,,george ,,iii4 #ahjd4 ,,george ,,iii4 #ahji4 ,! evolution t[>ds ! full] body4 ,! reappe>ance ( foot z a n>r[ rim at base4 ,! h&le assum+ its =m] circul> %ape4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton ,co47 ,,xi ,,scotti% ,,silv] ,illu/ration3 ,,scotti% ,,quai*4 ,,ed9burgh1 #agje4 ,mak]1 ,rob]t ,+lis4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dje47 7,9 possession ( ,messrs4 ,g>r>d ,co47 ,illu/ration3 ,,mug4 ,,ed9burgh1 #agij4 7,*as+ add$ lat]47 ,assay ,ma/]1 ,ar*ibald ,ure4 ,mak]1 ,joseph ,k]r4 ,m>k$ ,a ,u1 ,i ,k1 & date lett] ,k4 7,at ,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh47 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,scotti% ,,silv] ,! anci5t hi/ory ( ! silv]smi?s' craft 9 ,scotl&--,peculi>ities 9 m>k+--,! /&>d m>k ( ! ,?i/le introduc$ 9 #agei 7,ed9burgh71 ! ,lion rampant 7,glasg[7 9 #ahai4 ,! /udy ( ,scotti% silv] is a special "o4 ,its manufacture & ! /atutes gov]n+ ! goldsmi?s & silv]smi?s ext5d back to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! *ief c5tres ( m>k+ & assay+ 7 prim>ily ,ed9burgh & latt]ly ,glasg[ 9 addition4 ,b x is rem>kable h[ _m t[ns & burghs assay$ silv]4 ,9 comp>ison ) ,engl& ! manufacture ( silv] plate seems to h cov]$ a wid] area 9 ,scotl&4 ,examples are extant %[+ t ,dundee assay$ silv] z e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) ! t[n m>k ( ! two-h&l$ pot ) lilies1 & ! same m>k 0 us$ 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,p]? _h its lamb & ! flag1 emblem ( ,/4 ,john4 ,ab]de5 _h ! lett]s ,,abd2 ,elg9 _h ,,eln2 ,banff _h ,,ba2 & ,inv]ness _h ,,ins1 or its m>k ( a camel4 ,?is is en\gh1 meagre ?\gh x be1 to indicate t ! id5tification ( ,scotti% silv] requires no little close /udy into ! records cov]+ an intricate field1 & _m m>ks unattribut$ to any special place are believ$ to be ,scotti% 9 orig94 ,( ! ,scotti% silv]-plate1 illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x may be said t1 :5ev] possible1 details are giv5 ( ! peculi>ities ( m>k+ to enable ! /ud5t to famili>ize himself ) ! diff]5ces 9 comp>ison ) ,engli% silv]4 ,! assay ma/]'s initials1 ! mak]'s initials1 & ! date lett] are an array ( lett]s possibly puzzl+ to ! beg9n]4 ,! quai* 7illu/rat$ p4 #cac7 0 made at ,ed9burgh 9 #agje4 ,! mak] 0 ,rob]t ,+lis1 & ! assay ma/]1 ,james ,p5man4 ,! m>ks are illu/rat$ p4 #dje4 ,^! old vessels 7 us$ = dr9k+ spirits1 & ! two h&les d5ote t1 l ! ,engli% lov+-cup1 !y 7 pass$ ar\nd4 ,!y are n us$ ov] ?is side ( ! bord]4 ,!y are sometimes made ( h>d d>k wood1 & possibly _! orig9 may be trac$ to ,sc&9avian =ms4 ,! ,dut* h simil> vessels4 ,9 ! ,willet-,hol?uys5 ,museum at ,am/]dam !re is a silv] br&y- or lov+-cup ) e>s 9 =m l ! ,scotti% quai* or quaigh4 ,?is is ( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x measures #i c5timetres 9 height by #aa c5timetres 9 wid?4 ,! side ( ! cup is divid$ into six emboss$ p>ts1 ea* encircl+ an engrav$ m$allion ( f\r symbolic figures--,fai?1 ,ju/ice1 ,sci5ce1 & ,lab\r4 ,all ^! are surr\nd$ by m$allions 9 ,r5aissance /yle3 ! well-kn[n conv5tional dragons1 g>l&s ( fl[]s1 & *]ubs' heads4 ,! h&les are also ornam5t$4 8,x is a truly ,dut* sweetly pretty little ?+10 says ,frans ,co551 ! curator1 ! au?or ( a bro*ure on ! collection1 8& seems to h be5 made on purpose to be held by a /rong1 p[]ful fi/ at ! fe/ive bo>d4 ,& fe/ive bo>ds 7 ( frequ5cy 9 ! days ( ! ,great ,republic1 :5 ! m]ry cup w5t r\nd ) snapdragon1 or ev5 br&y pure & undilut$1 z a k9d ( ,engli% lov+-cup4 ,& ! ladies p>took z well z ! g5tlem54 ,nei!r did !y refuse ! we$ :i* *e]s b n inebriates40 ,! au?or lam5ts t ?is =m has disappe>$ f use 9 ,holl&4 8,9 c\rse ( "t10 he says1 8bitt]s & g9 took ! place ( br&y1 & ! pretty vessel deg5]at$ into a *>act]less bottle or jug1 :i* 9 its turn 0 replac$ by ! teapot40 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug>-,,ca/]4 ,,ed9burgh1 #agdf4 ,m>k$ ) ,mak]'s m>k1 ,e ,o1 & ,assay ,ma/]'s initials ,h ,g 7,hugh ,gordon71 ca/le1 & date ,lett] ,r4 7,at ,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh47 ,! quai* illu/rat$1 9 date #agje1 exhibits ! purity ( design ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x belongs to ! ye> prior to ! appo9tm5t ( a commission to arrange ! t]ms ( union betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,9 #agjg ?is 0 legally effect$4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 to be call$ ,great ,brita94 ,!re 0 to be "o ,p>liam5t = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 :i* ,scotl& 0 to be repres5t$ by =ty-five memb]s 9 ! ,commons & sixte5 pe]s 9 ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,! ,union ,jack 0 to be ! flag ( ,great ,brita94 ,! cup ) ! flat h&le1 or 8lug0 z x is t]m$ 9 ,scotl&1 level ) ! brim1 0 sometimes ( m ornam5tal =m1 ) six sph]oidal sides1 & ! h&les 7 *as$4 ,!re is also ! 8ble$+-cup0 us$ by b>b]-surgeons s freely 9 ! late sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a specim5 ( ?is class ( silv] vessel1 dim9utive 9 "*1 at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! m>ks = ! ye> #afih are tak5 f ?is b[l 7see p4 #cgc74 ,a quai* made by ,?omas ,moncur at ,glasg[ 9 #affe sold 9 #aiji = #djh1 at #efjs4 p] oz4 ,on ! same page z ! quai* is illu/rat$ a mug1 9 date #agij4 ,x is ! o!r end ( ! c5tury f ! simple quai*4 ,x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( decad5t /yles2 ! ov]load$ ornam5t1 ! want ( subtle sugge/iv5ess 9 ! design1 %[s t ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 at h&4 ,x has an int]e/ z be+ contempor>y ) ,rob]t ,burns4 ,tam ,o',%ant] 0 writt5 9 ?is ye>4 ,to ?is ye> belongs ,burke's ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* "w _h a great influ5ce 9 turn+ ,engli% op9ion aga9/ ! revolutioni/s4 ,_m replies 7 publi%$ to refute ,burke1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,rights ( ,man by ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,! sug>-ca/] 7illu/rat$ p4 #cag7 belongs to ! ,george ,,ii epo* ( silv]4 ,evid5tly ! ri* & v>i$ /yles ext5d$ to ,scotl&4 ,! same impulses influ5c$ bo? nations be=e ! union2 9 date ?is is #agdf4 ,?is is m>k$ ) ! mak]'s initials1 ,e4 ,o41 & ! assay ma/]'s initials1 ,h4 ,g4 7,hugh ,gordon72 !re is1 9 addition1 ! m>k ( ! ca/le & ! date lett] ,r4 ,! balu/] ornam5t is 9 almo/ acorn =m4 ,! top ) its p]=at$ design is always a pleas+ feature 9 ca/]s4 ,! floriat$ ornam5t 9 ?is example is ( f9e "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,george ,,iii ,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,,ed9burgh1 #agfi4 ,height #ab_/ 94 ,mak] ,patrick ,rob]tson4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dje47 7,at ,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh47 ,! ye> #agdf is a notable "o 9 ,scotti% hi/ory4 ,9 #agde ! ,"y ,pret5d]1 ,*>les ,edw>d ,/u>t1 de> to memory 9 ,scotl&1 l&$4 8,*>lie is my d>l9'0 0 a =bidd5 tune at ,balmoral z late z ! reign ( ,victoria4 ,! entry ( ! ,pr9ce into ,ed9burgh 9 #agde result$ 9 ! defeat ( ,sir ,john ,cope1 & ! victori\s army invad$ ,engl& & rea*$ ,d]by4 ,! ye> #agdf saw ! ,battle ( ,cullod5 & ! defeat ( ! ,pret5d]4 ,"h is a ca/] ( ^! romantic days1 days t f9d expression 9 v>i\s romances--romances t are true to ! life4 ,simon ,fras]1 ,"l ,lovat1 0 behead$ on ,t[] ,hill = 8 duplicity4 ,_m great ,scotti% families tri$ to sit on bo? sides ( ! f5ce4 ,"o son w5t to ! ,hanov]ian =ces & ! o!r to ! ,/u>t invad]4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son's ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae %[s ! poignancy ( ! situation4 ,b ,engl& held alo( 9 #agde4 ,9 #agae1 :5 ! eld] ,pret5d] essay$ to claim 8 own1 ,engl& 0 lukew>m1 b 9 #agde ! ,h\se ( ,hanov] _h become deeply root$ & no l5i5cy 0 %[n to ! invad]s4 ,! ,ed9burgh c(fee-pot 7illu/rat$ p4 #cba71 9 date #agfi1 is a delightful piece4 ,x 0 made by ,patrick ,rob]tson2 ! m>ks are illu/rat$ p4 #dje4 ,?is 0 9 ! e>ly ,george ,,iii p]iod4 ,9 ?is ye> 0 publi%$ ! fir/ ( ! 8,lett]s ( ,junius10 an acrid attack on ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,public ,adv]tis] on behalf ( ,john ,wilkes1 ! demagogue4 ,?is ye> saw ! bir? ( ,engli% ,radicalism4 ,wilkes 0 elect$ z memb] = ,middlesex = ! f\r? "t1 b ,p>liam5t decl>$ 8 oppon5t1 ,colonel ,luttrell1 at ! bottom ( ! poll1 to be elect$4 ,! mean+ ( ! motto 8,wilkes & ,lib]ty0 is ?us und]/ood4 ,?is c(fee-pot ( ^? days claims recognition by reason ( its beauty ( =m4 ,! sp\t ) dragon head is graceful & orig9al4 ,! h&le1 9 ebony1 foll[s ! brok5 curves ( ! p]iod1 ! cone-top & ! some:at elongat$ foot & n>r[ base to ! body proclaim ! contempor>y /yle4 ,! tea-urn ( #aggh 7illu/rat$ p4 #cbe71 also made by ,patrick ,rob]tson1 is m>k$ ) ! ca/le ( ,ed9burgh1 ! ,?i/le /&>d m>k1 ! date lett] ,z1 & ! mak]'s initials ,p4 ,r4 ,x is a beautiful piece 9 classic /yle1 ) flut$ ovi=m body2 x is decorat$ at summit & base ) acan?us ornam5t4 ,x has flat scroll h&les ) delicate bead$ ornam5t4 ,on tall flut$ foot ) bold spread+ t]m9als1 x /&s on squ>e base decorat$ ) classic *as+4 ,x is z classic z ,pr9ces ,/reet1 ,ed9burgh4 ,x is delightfully ,scotti%1 & repres5ts ! nor!rn ,a!ns z exemplifi$ 9 ! m9or art ( ! silv]smi?4 ,x is j prior to ! days ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ! 8,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?10 :o has *>m$ ,scot & s\?ron alike by 8 magic spell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea-,,urn4 ,,ed9burgh1 #aggh4 ,mak]1 ,patrick ,rob]tson4 ,m>k$ ) ca/le1 ,p ,r1 ?i/le1 & date lett] ,z4 7,at ,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh47 ,?is is a v meagre exposition ( ! art ( ! silv]smi? 9 ,scotl&1 b space does n p]mit ( fur!r details 9 a volume ( ?is size4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ,scotti% silv] "o is confront$ ) s mu* t is excell5t4 ,! subject is l ,scotti% poetry2 "o turns to ! an?ology ( ,sir ,george ,d\glas & "o f9ds a race ( night+ales4 ,,xii ,,iri% ,,silv] ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/]4 ,,dubl91 #afii4 ,mak]1 ,george ,lyng4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dji47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lov+-,,cup1 ,,) ,,h>p ,,h&les4 ,,cork1 c4 #afid4 ,mak]1 ,rob]t ,goble4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dji47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,h>ris ,s9clair1 ,dubl947 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,iri% ,,silv] ,! anci5t art ( ! silv]smi?--,! sev5te5? c5tury--,! inv5tiv5ess & orig9ality ( ! ,iri% craftsman--,eighte5?-c5tury m>ks--,! figure ( ,hib]nia--,! ,h>p & ,cr[n--,! ,potato or ,di% ,r+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! art ( ! goldsmi? & silv]smi? 0 practis$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ,irel&1 z ! v>i\s ornam5ts discov]$ 9 excavation cle>ly prove4 ,!re is some?+ *>act]i/ic 9 ?is e>ly ,iri% metal "w1 z especially notewor?y 9 its ripe & accompli%$ art z is ! illum9ation 9 ! ,book ( ,kells4 ,old records %[ t goldsmi?s 7 work+ 9 ,dubl9 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh !re is no m5tion ( ! actual =mation ( a guild or company till #adih4 ,app>5tly ^! e>ly records d n det]m9e :at m>ks 7 9 use4 ,x is n till #afje t m5tion is made ( a mak]'s m>k & a t[n m>k on ,dubl9 plate4 ,9 #afcg a *>t] 0 grant$ to ! goldsmi?s ( ,dubl9 by ,*>les ,i1 & x 0 laid d[n t no gold or silv] 0 to be ( less f95ess ?an ! /&>d ( ,engl&4 ,f #afch onw>ds !re appe>s to h be5 a date lett]1 ?\gh 9 "s cases its use 0 erratic1 ! same /amp be+ us$ = succe$+ ye>s4 ,9 #agbi ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t enact$ t plate %\ld be assay$ by ! assay ma/] & be> ! mak]'s /amp1 ! h>p cr[n$1 & ! date lett]4 ,9 #agcj1 by ! ord] ( ! ,commission]s ( ,excise1 a f\r? /amp 0 add$1 ! figure ( ,hib]nia1 to d5ote t ! duty _h be5 paid4 ,9 #ahjg ! sov]eign's head 0 ord]$ to be plac$ on all plate z a duty m>k1 & ! figure ( ,hib]nia 0 all[$ to rema91 s t till #ahij1 :5 ! duty 0 tak5 (f silv]1 ! two duty m>ks ran toge!r4 ,b ,hib]nia may be reg>d$ z a hall-m>k1 ?\gh t 0 n its orig9al purpose4 ,! city ( ,cork nev] _h a date lett]4 ,prior to #agae ! city arms1 a %ip 9 full sail betwe5 two ca/les1 0 us$ toge!r ) ! mak]'s m>k1 :i* latt] embodi$ "s h]aldic device4 ,lat] ! only m>k us$ at ,cork 0 ! mak]'s initials & ! ^w ,,/]l+1 or ! ^w ,,doll>2 ?is took ! place ( ! t[n m>k4 ,! (ficial guide to ! ,iri% metal "w at ! ,dubl9 ,museum1 to :i* we are indebt$ = mu* in=mation1 /ates t 8,imm5se quantities ( silv] 7 manufactur$ 9 ,cork dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 b comp>atively little rema9s at ! pres5t day1 mo/ ( x hav+ be5 melt$ d[n z ! fa%ions *ang$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trepiece4 ,,dubl91 #agdj4 ,mak]1 ,rob]t ,cald]wood4 7,! design ( a ,potato ,r+ by same mak] is %[n on cov] ( ?is volume47 7,at ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york47 ,! ^w 8doll>0 alludes to ! silv] t 0 us$ = plate1 mu* ( x be+ obta9$ f ,spani% doll>s4 ,?is is p>allel to ! usage on ! co9age4 ,! ^w 8,portobello0 is f\nd on ,engli% silv] co9$ ab\t ! ye> #agci f silv] tak5 at ,portobello by ,admiral ,v]non2 & ! ^w 8,lima0 on ,george ,,ii gold co9s1 signify+ t !y 7 f bullion captur$ f ! ,spani>ds at t place4 ,anne's gu9eas1 ( #agjc1 h ! ^w 8,vigo10 relat+ to ,sir ,george ,rooke's captures4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? & beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 silv] co9s 7 s sc>ce t ,spani% doll>s 7 made legal t5d] ) ! head ( ,george ,,iii /amp$ on !m4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury ! ,dubl9 m>ks appe> add$ to ! ,cork m>k ,,/]l+4 ,! foll[+ are among "s ( ! ,cork m>ks f\nd3 ,,/]l+ & mak]'s m>k1 ,c4 ,t4 7,c>d5 ,t]ry7 ab\t #aghj4 ,,/]l+ & mak]'s m>k ,c ,t ,i ,w 7,c>d5 ,t]ry & ,john ,williams71 ab\t #ahjj4 ,& !re is ,rob]t ,goble1 #afid1 a piece ( ^: delightful "w we illu/rate ) m>ks2 ! ,cork mace at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 a specim5 ( beautiful craftsman%ip1 is m>k$ ) ! ,cork ca/le & %ip1 & ! lett]s ,r4 ,g4 ,!re is also ,jona?an ,buck1 #agfd1 & a f9e cream-jug ( 8 sup]b "w is illu/rat$ 7p4 #cci74 ,besides ,dubl9 & ,cork !re 7 o!r places at :i* silv] 0 assay$ & m>k$3 at ,lim]ick1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) ! m>k ( ! fleur-de-lis2 ,y\ghal 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) ! t[n m>k ( a s+le-ma/$ %ip4 ,9 #aghc a small village ne> ,wat]=d1 t]m$ ,new ,g5eva1 ow+ to a company ( ,g5eva wat*-mak]s hav+ settl$ !re1 _h an assay (fice = a few ye>s1 ma9ly = wat*-cases4 ,! h>p 0 us$ 9 _! m>k4 ,clonmel1 ,wat]=d1 ,mull+]1 ,k9sale1 ,kilk5ny1 & ,drogh$a all made plate :i* 0 assay$ at ,dubl94 ,! olde/ piece ( ,iri% hall-m>k$ plate n[ exi/+ is a flagon 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 be>+ ! ,dubl9 hall-m>k = #afch4 ,! ca/] 7illu/rat$ p4 #cca7 is 9 date #afii1 & be>s ! ,dubl9 hall-m>ks = t ye> & ! mak]'s initials ,g4 ,l4 7,george ,lyng74 ,m>ks illu/rat$ page #dji4 ,?is example is int]e/+ z %[+ ! type ( art exi/+ contempor>y ) ,engli% "w4 ,! grace & elegance ( ?is ca/] /amp x z be+ ! "w ( a practis$ arti/1 & ?\gh d\btless ,engli% fa%ions did affect ! class ( articles made1 ! native skill 9 ! subtle use ( ornam5t & ! p]fection ( symmetry 0 9 /rong evid5ce across ! ,iri% ,*annel4 ,a lov+-cup ) two h&les1 9 h>p =m1 0 made by ,rob]t ,goble1 ( ,cork1 ab\t #afid1 7illu/rat$ p4 #cca74 ,^! cups are peculi>ly ,iri% & 7 made n[h]e else1 except :5 ! ,engli% silv]smi? or ! ,%effield platework] copi$ !m4 ,! h>p to ?is day has rema9$ symbolic ( ,er91 & ,beleek teacups ( delicate egg-%ell porcela9 sometimes h a h>p h&le4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury a great numb] ( ^! two-h&l$ h>p cups 7 made4 ,!y h a f9e bold =m & evid5tly fulfil ! object = :i* !y 7 made4 ,! m>ks z %[n 9 ! specim5 illu/rat$ are usually at ! top ( ! body ne> ! rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cream-,,jug4 ,,cork1 #agfd4 ,f9e *as$ & rep\ss "w4 ,sign$ "u lip1 8,jona?an ,buck1 #agfd40 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dji47 ,illu/ration3 ,,cream-,,jug4 ,,dubl91 c4 #agdj4 ,mak]1 ,john ,hamilton4 ,f9ely *as$ & emboss$ decoration4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,h>ris ,s9clair1 ,dubl947 ,9 ! ye> #agdj1 :5 ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia seiz$ ! ri* c\ntry ( ,silesia1 "y ,oliv] ,goldsmi? sat at ! feet ( 8 s*oolma/]1 t old soldi] ( =tune1 ,?omas ,byrne1 :o _h s]v$ ) our army 9 ,spa94 ,he li/5$ to 8! exploits ( ,pet]bor\gh & ,/anhope1 ! surprise ( ,monjui*1 & ! glori\s disa/] ( ,brihuega10 & he l5t an e> to ! /ories ( 8! great ,rapp>ee *iefs1 ,balde>g ,o',donnell & gallop+ ,hogan40 ,at fifte5 he ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 z a poor s*ol>4 ,to-day he re/s on ,college ,gre51 "o ( ,irel&'s pr\d monum5ts4 ,at ?is date ! silv]smi? 0 do+ great ?+s2 ! ,metropolitan ,museum at ,new ,york has a f9e c5tre-piece ( ^! f>-(f days4 ,x w be se5 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #cce7 to :at ref9em5t ! art ( ! ,dubl9 silv]smi? _h atta9$4 ,! mak] is ,rob]t ,cald]wood1 & 9 su* a specim5 claims recognition = craftsman%ip ( a v high ord]4 ,8 m>k is ,r4 ,c4 ) a small cr[n betwe5 ! lett]s1 & 8 "w is always priz$ by collectors4 ,a cream-jug1 made by ,john ,hamilton1 ( ,dubl9 ab\t ! same date 7illu/rat$ p4 #cci71 may be comp>$1 to ! advantage ( ! ,iri% craftsm51 ) "w ( ! same p]iod wr\ght 9 ,engl& or ,scotl&4 ,!re is a sugge/ion 9 ! h&le ( ! old h>p design ( ! lov+-cup1 b ! ri* *as+ & exquisite ornam5tation ( ! body exhibit ! f9e/ t\*es ( ! silv]smi?'s art4 ,on ! same page a f9e cream-jug made by ,jona?an ,buck ( ,cork1 9 #agfd1 is illu/rat$1 & ! m>ks are giv5 on page #dji4 ,x is m9utely sign$ 9 full "u ! lip1 8,jona?an ,buck1 #agfd40 ,! m>k has a buck 9 a %ield4 ,! h&le 9 ?is piece /ill lov+ly adh]es to ! h>p =m1 delightfully adapt$ to ?is graceful vessel4 ,we may conjecture t ?is 0 a w$d+ gift to "s bride1 z ! figures ( ! goddess ,v5us & ,cupid are 9 f9e relief4 ,su* an example is unique ) its elaborate *as$ & rep\ss "w4 ,! cream-pail 7illu/rat$ p4 #cdc7 is ( ,dubl9 make1 ab\t #aggj4 ,!re is /rong classic influ5ce4 ,! drap]y1 ! m$allion rosette1 & ! key patt]n ( ! incis$ "w1 all tell ( ! prevail+ fa%ion4 ,x is z classic z ! doorways on ! ,quays at ,dubl94 ,b !re is a robu/ness 9 ,iri% classicism :i* e/abli%es x z some?+ n m]ely copi$ z a prevail+ fa%ion b embodi$ 9 ! h&iwork ( ! craftsman4 ,p]haps ! ,lat9ity ( ! old fai? imp>t$ a cosmopolitan k9%ip to ! metal-work]s & c>v]s & art craftsm5 ( ,irel&4 ,!y always realiz$ to ! full cont95tal fa%ions :5 ! wave ( importation rea*$ _! %ores4 ,! delights ( ,gallic or ,italian arti/s became at once acclimatiz$4 ,! potato r+ or di% /& is a =m ( ,iri% silv] n made else:]e4 ,!y 7 r+s ( metal ^u :i* old ,ori5tal b[ls 7 plac$ to prev5t ! hot vessel injur+ ! poli%$ surface ( ! mahogany table4 ,!y 7 possibly us$ lat] to support wood5 b[ls = hold+ potatoes4 ,g5u9e ,iri% examples are always circul>4 ,!y belong to ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b[l & di% 7 synonym\s t]ms 9 ^? days1 h5ce !y are sometimes call$ 8,di% ,r+s40 ,!re are ?ree types3 7#a7 ,! pla9 pi]c$4 7#b7 ,pi]c$ "w1 ornam5t$ ) fl[]s & birds & pa/oral sc5es4 7#c7 ,basket "w =m$ ( r\nd wire twi/$1 or flat squ>e wire /rips int]lac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cream-,,pail4 ,,dubl91 c4 #aggj4 ,mak]1 ,w ,hughes4 ,contempor>y ladle by ano!r mak]4 7,m>ks illu/rat$ p4 #dji47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,h>ris ,s9clair1 ,dubl947 ,on ! cov] ( ?is volume is illu/rat$ an example ( a typical ,iri% di% r+1 k9dly l5t by ,messrs4 ,c>r+ton ,co4 ,?is is 9 date ab\t #agfj1 ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,,ii4 ,! mak] is ,rob]t ,cald]wood4 ,x is repres5tative ( ! pi]c$ type1 hav+ exquisite *as$ "w ) birds & fl[]s4 ,su* pieces are only f\nd1 z a rule1 9 well-kn[n private collections or on ! %elves ( museum cases4 ,! ye> be=e x 0 fa%ion$ 9 ,dubl91 ,g5]al ,wolfe _h captur$ ,quebec1 & 9 ,septemb] #agfj ,montreal _h capitulat$1 complet+ ! conque/ ( ,canada4 ,! foll[+ ,mak]s' ,m>ks w be ( int]e/ to ^? possess+ old ,iri% silv] z ( use 9 det]m9+ dates ( ,dubl9 silv]2 & specim5s be>+ ^! initials are to be se5 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum3-- #afee1 ,d4 ,b4 7,daniel ,bell+ham72 #afeg1 ,i4 ,s4 7,john ,slic]72 #afhj1 ,w4 ,l4 7,walt] ,lewis72 #agae1 ,j4 ,t4 7,john ,tuite72 #agaf1 ,j4 ,w4 7,joseph ,walk]72 #agag1 ,i4 ,h4 7,john ,hamilton72 #agbd1 ,m4 ,w4 7,mat!w ,walk]72 #agbe1 ,i4 ,s4 7,john ,/]ne72 #agdc1 ,r4 ,h4 7,rob]t ,holmes72 #agdh1 ,w4 ,w4 7,william ,williamson72 #agdh1 ,w4 ,k4 7,william ,knox72 #agej1 ,c4 ,s4 7,*ri/oph] ,sk9n]72 #agfj1 ,g4 ,b4 7,george ,be]e72 #agfc1 ,i4 ,l4 7,john ,laughl972 #agfe1 ,s4 ,w4 7,/eph5 ,wal%72 #agfe1 ,w4 ,t4 7,w4 ,t[n%5d72 #aggj1 ,d4 ,k4 7,d>by ,kehoe72 #agga1 ,c4 ,h4 7,capel ,h>rison72 #aggb1 ,t4 ,l4 7,?omas ,lilly72 #aggc1 ,c4 ,t4 7,*>les ,t[n%5d72 #agge1 ,t4 ,j4 7,?omas ,jones72 #aggf1 ,r4 ,w4 7,rob]t ,williams72 #aghj1 ,i4 ,n4 7,john ,nickl972 #agij1 ,w4 ,l4 7,william ,law72 #ahjb1 ,r4 ,b4 7,rob]t ,bread+72 #ahai1 ,i4 ,l4 ,b4 7,james le ,bas74 ,,sale ,,prices ,,potato ,,or ,,di% ,,r+s4 ,l>ge prices h be5 paid = ^! examples ( ,iri% silv] ) scroll "w1 pa/oral sc5es1 fruit1 & fl[] subjects1 & pi]c$ trellis decoration4 ,!y realize prices v>y+ f #ej to #bej1 & f9e e>ly examples br+ ev5 m4 ,! foll[+ prices h be5 giv5 = examples3 #ageg1 #abi2 #agfj1 #bcjs4 p] oz41 #ih2 #aggb1 #ahhs4 p] oz41 #acf2 #aghf1 #bjjs4 p] oz41 #afd4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,i ,! foll[+ ,tables are int5d$ to be ( practical use to ! /ud5t ( ,old ,silv]1 & !y are arrang$ 9 a conv5i5t =m = ref]5ce4 ,i4 ,tables %[+ ,date ,lett]s us$ at ! ,london ,assay ,(fice f #aeih to #ahce 7pages #cea-cee74 ,,ii4 ,table %[+ ,diff]5ces ( ,%ields 9 ,hall ,m>ks1 ,/&>d ,m>ks1 & ,date ,m>ks ( ,london ,assay ,(fice1 f ! ,accession ( ,que5 ,elizabe? to ! pres5t day 7page #ceg74 ,,iii4 ,s]ies ( ,examples %[+ ,types ( ,m>ks f\nd on au!ntic specim5s ( ,old ,silv] assay$ 9 ,london dur+ ! above p]iod 7pages #cei-che74 ,,iv4 ,s]ies ( ,examples f ,silv] assay$ at ,exet]1 ,*e/]1 ,norwi*1 ,york1 ,newca/le1 ,birm+ham1 & ,%effield 7pages #chg-cii74 ,scotti% & ,iri% ,m>ks are also giv5 7pages #dja-dji74 ,i ,,tables ,,%[+ ,,date ,,lett]s ,us$ at ,london ,assay ,(fice4 #aeih-ahce ,,ii ,,table ,,%[+ ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,%ields ,9 ,london ,hall ,m>ks1 ,/&>d ,m>ks & ,date ,m>ks1 ,f ,elizabe? to ,george ,v ,,table ,,( ,,london ,,assay ,,(fice ,,annual ,,date ,,lett]s4 #aeih-afag4 #afah-afcg4e #afch-afeg4 #afeh-afgg4 ,a ,a #aeih a ,a #afah ,a ,a #afch ,a ,a #afeh ,b ,b #aeii b ,b #afai ,b ,b #afci ,b ,b #afei ,c ,c #afjj c ,c #afbj ,c ,c #afdj ,c ,c #affj ,d ,d #afja d ,d #afba ,d ,d #afda ,d ,d #affa ,e ,e #afjb e ,e #afbb ,e ,e #afdb ,e ,e #affb ,f ,f #afjc f ,f #afbc ,f ,f #afdc ,f ,f #affc ,g ,g #afjd g ,g #afbd ,g ,g #afdd ,g ,g #affd ,h ,h #afje h ,h #afbe ,h ,h #afde ,h ,h #affe ,i ,i #afjf i ,i #afbf ,j ,i #afdf ,j ,i #afff ,k ,k #afjg ,k #afbg ,k ,k #afdg ,k ,k #affg ,l #afjh l ,l #afbh ,l ,l #afdh ,l ,l #affh ,m ,m #afji m ,m #afbi ,m ,m #afdi ,m ,m #affi ,n ,n #afaj n ,n #afcj ,n ,n #afej ,n ,n #afgj ,o ,o #afaa o ,o #afca ,o ,o #afea ,o ,o #afga ,p #afab p ,p #afcb ,p ,p #afeb ,p ,p #afgb ,q ,q #afac q ,q #afcc ,q ,q #afec ,q ,q #afgc ,r ,r #afad r ,r #afcd ,r ,r #afed ,r ,r #afgd ,s #afae s ,s #afce ,s ,s #afee ,s ,s #afge ,t ,t #afaf t ,t #afcf ,t ,t #afef ,t ,t #afgf ,v ,v #afag v ,v #afcg ,v #afeg ,v ,v #afgg ,! %ape ( ! %ields us$ is %[n 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,,table ,,( ,,london ,,assay ,,(fice ,,annual ,,date ,,lett]s4 #afgh-afif4 #afif-agae4 #agaf-agce4 #agcf-agee4 a ,a #afgh ,a ,a #afif ,a ,a #agaf a ,a #agcf ,a b ,b #afgi ,b ,b #afig ,b ,b #agag b ,b #agcg c ,c #afhj ,c ,c #afih ,c ,c #agah c c #agch d ,d #afha ,d ,d #afii ,d ,d #agai d ,d #agci e ,e #afhb ,e ,e #agjj ,e ,e #agbj e ,e #agdj f ,f #afhc ff ,f #agja ,f ,f #agba f ,f #agda g ,g #afhd g ,g #agjb ,g ,g #agbb g ,g #agdb h ,h #afhe h ,h #agjc ,h ,h #agbc h ,h #agdc i ,i #afhf i ,i #agjd ,i ,i #agbd i ,i #agdd ,k #afhg k ,k #agje ,k ,k #agbe k ,k #agde ,a l ,l #afhh l ,l #agjf ,l ,l #agbf l ,l #agdf ,m #afhi m ,m #agjg ,m ,m #agbg m ,m #agdg ,a n ,n #afij n ,n #agjh ,n ,n #agbh n ,n #agdh o ,o #afia o ,o #agji ,o ,o #agbi o ,o #agdi p ,p #afib p ,p #agaj ,p ,p #agcj p ,p #agej ,q #afic q ,q #agaa ,q ,q #agca q ,q #agea r ,r #afid r ,r #agab ,r ,r #agcb r ,r #agebf s ,s #afie s ,s #agac ,s ,s #agcc s ,s #agec t ,t #afif t ,t #agad ,t ,t #agcd t ,t #aged v ,v #agae ,v ,v #agce v ,v #agee ,! %ape ( ! %ields us$ is %[n 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,,table ,,( ,,london ,,assay ,,(fice ,,annual ,,date ,,lett]s4 #agef-agge4 #aggf-agie4 #agif-ahae4 #ahaf-ahce4 ,a a #agef a a #aggf ,a a #agif a a #ahaf ,b b #ageg b b #aggg ,b b #agig b b #ahag ,c c #ageh c c #aggh ,c c #agih c c #ahah ,d d #agei d d #aggi ,d d #agii d d #ahai ,e e #agfj e e #aghj ,e e #ahjj e e #ahbj ,f f #agfa f f #agha ,f f #ahja f f #ahba ,g g #agfb g g #aghb ,g g #ahjb g g #ahbb ,h h #agfc h h #aghc ,h h #ahjc h h #ahbc ,i i #agfd i i #aghd ,i i #ahjd i i #ahbd ,k k #agfe k k #aghe ,k k #ahje k k #ahbe ,l l #agff l l #aghf ,l l #ahjf l l #ahbf ,m m #agfg m m #aghg ,m m #ahjg m m #ahbg ,n n #agfh n n #aghh ,n n #ahjh n n #ahbh ,o o #agfi o o #aghi ,o o #ahji o o #ahbi ,p p #aggj p p #agij ,p p #ahaj p p #ahcj ,q q #agga q q #agia ,q q #ahaa q q #ahca ,r r #aggb r r #agib ,r r #ahab r r #ahcb ,s s #aggc s s #agic ,s s #ahac s s #ahcc ,t t #aggd t t #agid ,t t #ahad t t #ahcd ,u v #agge u v #agie ,u v #ahae u v #ahce ,! %ape ( ! %ields us$ is %[n 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,,ii ,,table ,,%[+ ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,%ields ,,9 ,,london ,,hall-,,m>ks1 ,,/&>d ,,m>ks1 ,,& ,,date ,,m>ks ,,f ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,to ,,george ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,iii ,,examples ,,%[+ ,,types ,,( ,,m>ks#g ,f\nd on ,au!ntic ,specim5s ,( ,old ,silv] ,assay$ 9 ,london ,f ! ,reign ( ,elizabe? ,to ! ,pres5t ,day ,,iii ,,london ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,v #aeeh to #aegg 7,tw5ty lett]s are us$1 omitt+ ,j47 ,! e>li] lett]s ( ?is alphabet 7 impress$ ) a /amp foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! %ape ( ! lett]4 ,lat] a %ield 0 us$4 ,! type ( ?is date lett] is ,black ,lett] ,small4 ,simil> type 0 us$ f #afgh to #afif1 & ! %ields are ! same %ape4 ,?is type 0 aga9 us$ 9 ! reign ( ,victoria f #ahef to #ahge1 b ! %ield is diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,v #aegh to #aeig 7,tw5ty lett]s are us$1 omitt+ ,j2 & ! ,u is ( ! same =m z ! ,v1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 succe$+ alphabets till ! ye> #agce47 ,roman ,capital ,lett]s are us$ at ?is p]iod4 ,! lion & leop>d's head are 9 a /amp foll[+ ! outl9e1 a practice :i* cont9u$ till #afgh4 ,f #agaf to #agce1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,i1 a simil> alphabet 0 us$ ) %ields ( ! same %ape2 b ! fir/ f\r ye>s h ! figure ( ,britannia & lion's head eras$1 ! ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k4 ,9 #agbj ! lion & leop>d's head ) a new %ape ( %ield cle>ly indicate ! diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,v #aeih to #afag ,lomb>dic ,capitals are us$ 9 ?is alphabet4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ?is s]ies are ! lett] ,a ) its crossb> 7#aeih71 ! lett] ,c 7#afjj71 :i* is a ,d rev]s$1 & ! lett] ,g 7#afjd74 ,illu/ration3 a to v #afah to #afcg ,! lett]s us$ are ,small ,italic4 ,! %ields are slightly long] & po9t$ at bottom4 ,! noticeable lett]s puzzl+ to beg9n]s are b 7#afai71 simil> to h 7#afbe71 l 7#afbh71 & s 7#afce74 ,! l 7#afbh7 is simil> to ! s 7#agec74 ,,london ,,m>ks ,illu/ration3 #aefd ,illu/ration3 #aegh ,illu/ration3 #afjf ,,beak] 7illu/rat$ p4 #aba74 ,illu/ration3 #afca ,mak]1 ,william ,%ute4 ,illu/ration3 #afcg ,,c&le/ick 7illu/rat$ p4 #bbc74 ,,london ,,m>ks ,,! ,,c\rt ,,h& ,,alphabet #afch to #afeg ,,*>les ,i4 ,,& ,,commonweal? ,! next alphabet us$ at ! ,london ,assay ,(fice = annual date lett]s is ( a peculi> type kn[n z ! ,c\rt ,h&4 ,mo/ ( ! lett]s are ( a "* :i* has n surviv$ 9 mod]n usage & !y are ( a =m dissimil> to any o!r4 ,?is ,c\rt ,h& 0 employ$ f ! ye> #afch to #afeg1 t is dur+ ! latt] half ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,i & dur+ ! ,commonweal? up to #afeg4 ,?is s]ies ( *>act]s 0 aga9 us$ f #afif to #agae1 t is to say dur+ six ye>s ( ! reign ( ,william ,,iii1 ! :ole ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 & = ! fir/ two ye>s ( ,george ,i4 ,two v important p]iods are ?us cov]$ by ^! two ,c\rt ,h& alphabets4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to avoid confus+ ! "o p]iod ) ! o!r1 z !re are o!r factors :i* det]m9e :i* is ! latt] s]ies4 ,! leop>d's head & ! lion are1 f #afig to #agbj1 replac$ by ! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$4 ,! illu/ration ( bo? s]ies ( ,c\rt ,h& lett]s on pages #cea & #cec w enable read]s to id5tify !m m readily4 ,! examples illu/rat$ on page #cfe are1 9 conjunction ) ! mak]'s m>k1 ! leop>d's head1 & ! lion passant1 = ! p]iod #afch to #afeg4 ,a comp>ison may be made ) ! lat] ,c\rt ,h& *>act]s1 :]e examples w be f\nd illu/rat$ on page #cgc4 ,illu/ration3 a to u #afch to #afeg ,among ! difficulties pres5t$ by ?is ,c\rt ,h&1 ! foll[+ lett]s are likely to give tr\ble 9 id5tification ow+ to _! simil>ity 9 %ape1 :i* becomes m pron\nc$ :5 ! lett]s are worn & ! details slightly oblit]at$4 ,! a 7#afch7 may be mi/ak5 = ! i 7#afdf72 ! b 7#afci7 is n unlike ! lett] h 7#afde72 & ! k 7#afdg7 resembles ! lett] b 7#afci71 :i* ) its peculi> =m1 :5 worn1 is only di/+ui%able by ! b> across ! c5tre4 ,a worn lett] d 7#afda7 is apt to resemble an s 7#afee74 ,9 exam9+ ! lett]s "u a glass1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y are n upside d[n1 z 9 "s in/ances !y (t5 resemble o!rs4 ,! %ape ( ! %ield is usually cle>ly en\gh def9$ to %[ ! po9t$ base4 ,al?\gh ^! lett]s are s extremely puzzl+1 especially to beg9n]s1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 comp>ison ) ! simil> ,c\rt ,h& alphabet :i* 0 us$ lat] f #afif to #agae1 t ! date m>ks are only confirmatory4 ,9 ! lat] s]ies !re is ! diff]5ce 9 ! omission ( ! lion passant & ! leop>d's head1 replac$ by ! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$4 ,b ! "* ( ! silv] itself tells its own /ory 9 cases :]e date m>ks & /&>d m>ks happ5 to be :olly oblit]at$4 ,a piece ( ,que5 ,anne plate diff]s s ess5tially 9 /yle f a piece ( ,*>les ,i or ,cromwellian t x %\ld be impossible to fall into any error 9 mi/ak+ ! "o = ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 #afch ,,salt ,,cell> 7illu/rat$ p4 #aea74 ,illu/ration3 #afdj ,illu/ration3 #afdh ,,apo/le ,,spoon 7illu/rat$ p4 #ahe74 ,illu/ration3 #afec ,,porr+] 7illu/rat$ p4 #aig74 ,illu/ration3 #afed ,,london ,,m>ks #afeh to #afif ,,*>les ,,ii1 ,,james ,,ii1 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,?is p]iod cov]s ! late ,/u>t silv]--,*>les ,,ii1 ,james ,,ii1 & ! major portion ( ! reign ( ,william ,,iii4 ,! p]iod repres5ts a r5aissance 9 ! /yles1 & !re is a noticeable rejuv5ance 9 ! specim5s /ill pres]v$4 ,= example1 see c&le/icks illu/rat$ 7page #bbg74 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t dur+ ! ,*>les ,i p]iod 9 ! days ( ! ,civil ,w> mu* ( ! silv] 0 melt$ d[n to enable ! k+ to use x 9 /rik+ ! co9s ( ! realm4 ,simil>ly 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii ! old silv] 0 call$ 9 by ! ,royal ,m9t to be melt$ d[n to conv]t into co9 ( ! realm1 = reasons :i* we h expla9$ else:]e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! depr$ations ( ! co9-clipp]s mu* ( ! f9e old silv] ( ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ii & ,james ,,ii 0 de/roy$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! silv] ( ! reigns ( ,*>les ,i1 ,*>les ,,ii1 & ,james ,,ii is ( consid]able r>ity4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 or1 to be exact1 f #afig to #agbj1 ! ,high] ,/&>d 0 obligatory1 & ) ?is dep>ture1 & ! fa%ions ( ,que5 ,anne1 a new p]iod ( silv] is ent]$4 ,collectors are divid$ into s*ools accord+ to _! pr$ilections4 ,to "o1 no?+ lat] ?an ,elizabe? (f]s any int]e/4 ,to ano!r1 e>ly ,/u>t silv] af=ds *>ms :i* no lat] p]iod c supplant4 ,aga91 to o!rs ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod is ! be-all & end-all ( _! ambitions 9 collect+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,u #afeh to #afgg ,9 ?is alphabet ! peculi>ities are ! lett]s ,c 7#affj7 & ,e 7#affb71 :i* are only di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by ! cross-b> to ! lett] ,e4 ,! lett] ,g is an exceptional =m 7#affd71 & is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,o 7#afga7 is also an unusual =m4 ,lett]s ,t 7#afgf7 & ,l 7#affh7 are some:at simil> 9 =m1 & may easily be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r 9 worn examples4 ,! lett] ,h 7#affe7 is illu/rat$ z ! m>k on a w9e-cup 7page #abi74 ,illu/ration3 a to t #afgh to #afif ,9 ! ye> #afgi an oblong %ield 0 us$ = ! lion1 z %[n on page #ceg4 ,?is m>k is tak5 f ! ,sumn] ,salt 9 ! ,m]c]s' ,company ,hall1 illu/rat$ page #aee4 ,! lett] ,e is f\nd on a ,snuff]s & ,tray1 illu/rat$ page #bca1 & ! lett] ,f on a ,porr+] 7#afhc71 illu/rat$ page #bje4 ,! lett] ,h 7#afhe7 is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,9 reg>d to ?is alphabet great *anges 7 9 ! air 7see ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k1 pages #di-ei71 & ?is alphabet comes to an end ) ! lett] t1 & no lat] date lett] ?an t 0 employ$4 ,b f ,m>* to ,may 9 #afig ! lett] a ( ! ,c\rt ,h& alphabet 0 us$1 & f ,may #afig to ,may #afih ! ,c\rt ,h& lett] b 0 us$ 7see succe$+ alphabet74 ,?is is ! only occasion :5 ! ,london ,assay ,(fice dep>t$ f ! regul> employm5t ( tw5ty lett]s1 f ,a to ,u1 exclud+ ! lett] ,j4 ,illu/ration3 #affj ,,cup 7illu/rat$ p4 #ge74 ,illu/ration3 #affd ,illu/ration3 #afge ,illu/ration3 #afhe ,illu/ration3 #afib ,o!r ,m>ks illu/rat$ are #affe 7p4 #abi71 #affi 7p4 #aig71 #afhb 7p4 #bca71 #afhc 7p4 #bje74 ,,london ,,m>ks #afig to #agae ,,william ,,iii 7#afig-agjb71 ,,que5 ,,anne 7#agjb-agad7 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 "s important ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :i* relate to ,silv] ,plate & det]m9e c]ta9 *anges :i* are int]e/+ to collectors4 ,9 #afif-g1 by #h & #i ,william ,,iii1 cap4 #h1 ! /&>d ( silv] plate 0 rais$ high] ?an t ( ! co9age1 to /op ! practice ( melt+ d[n ! co9 ( ! realm & conv]t+ x into plate4 ,f ! #be? ( ,m>*1 #afig1 ! new /&>d became compulsory1 & any silv] plate made less ?an 4#iei1 t is1 #iei p>ts ( pure silv] 9 e ?\s&1 0 illegal4 ,! m>ks ( ! mak] 7 to be ! fir/ two lett]s ( 8 surname1 & ! lion passant & ! leop>d's head 7 to be discont9u$4 ,! new /&>d silv] 0 to be /amp$ ) ! figure ( ,britannia 9 place ( ! =m] m>k1 & ! lion's head eras$ 9 place ( ! latt]4 ,9 #agjj1 "u #ab ,william ,,iii1 cap4 #d1 ,*e/]1 ,york1 ,exet]1 ,bri/ol1 & ,norwi* 7 reappo9t$ ,assay ,t[ns ) ! "r to /amp silv]4 ,x 0 enact$ t ! new /&>d %\ld be obs]v$2 t ! mak]'s m>k1 ! v>iable date lett] 78,roman071 ! arms ( ! city1 ! lion's head eras$1 & ! figure ( ,britannia be /amp$ on ! silv]4 ,9 #agjb1 #a ,anne1 cap4 #c1 a simil> p[] 0 conf]r$ on ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,illu/ration3 a to v #afig to #agae ,?is alphabet pres5ts a difficulty at ! outset4 ,! lett] a 0 only us$ f ,m>* to ,may #afig1 & f !nce to ,may #afih ! lett] b 0 us$4 ,an example is illu/rat$ on page #bag ( ?is latt] p]iod4 ,! mak]1 ,john ,bod+ton1 signs ! fir/ two lett]s ( 8 surname bel[ a bi%op's mitre4 ,! lett] c is illu/rat$ f a m>k on a cupp+-b[l1 #afih1 & %\ld be comp>$--z %\ld all ! lett]s 9 ?is ,c\rt ,h& alphabet--) ! lett] c 7#afdj7 9 ! s]ies #afch to #afeg4 ,! lett] c 7#afih7 & q 7#agaa7 are %[n opposite4 ,! mak]'s initials1 ,ke1 /& = ,william ,kei?4 ,! lett] d 7#afii7 is giv5 else:]e 7page #cec74 ,! lett] f 7#agja7 is ! m>k on a sug>-ca/] illu/rat$ 7page #bfi74 ,! mak]1 ,*ri/oph] ,cann]1 /amps ! fir/ two lett]s ( 8 surname4 ,! lett] i 7#agjd7 is unlike any mod]n i1 & is f a ,montei? illu/rat$ 7page #ace74 ,! mak]1 ,l\is ,mettay]1 uses ! fir/ two lett]s ( 8 surname4 ,! lett] k 7#agje7 is equally unfamili>4 ,x is f a teapot & /&4 ,! mak]1 ,simon ,pant91 signs ! fir/ lett]s ( 8 ,*ri/ian & surnames4 ,9 #agci ?is 0 made compulsory by /atute4 ,! lett] r 7#agab7 is %[n on a ca/] illu/rat$ 7page #bfi74 ,all ! m>ks on opposite page d5ote ! ,high] ,/&>d--figure ( ,britannia & lion's head eras$4 ,! ,high] ,/&>d 7#afig-agbj7 ,illu/ration3 #afih ,mak]1 ,william ,kei?4 ,illu/ration3 #agje ,mak]1 ,simon ,pant94 ,illu/ration3 #agjg ,mak]1 ,rob]t ,coop]4 ,illu/ration3 #agji ,mak]1 ,se? ,l(?\se4 ,illu/ration3 #agaa ,mak]1 ,william ,kei?4 ,o!r ,m>ks illu/rat$ are #afig 7p4 #bag71 #agja 7p4 #bfi71 #agjd 7p4 #ace71 #agab 7p4 #bfi74 ,,london ,,m>ks #agaf to #aggh ,,george ,i1 ,,george ,,ii1 & ,,george ,,iii 7! fir/ qu>t] ( 8 reign74 ,9 ! six? ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,i1 9 #agbj1 ! old silv] /&>d 0 reviv$4 ,aft] #agbj ! figure ( ,britannia & ! lion's head eras$ disappe> f silv]4 ,9 #agba ! leop>d's head & ! lion passant reappe> z hall & /&>d m>ks1 & f ?is date ! prov9cial (fices aga9 took up ! assay+ ( silv]4 ,9 #agba ! leop>d's head 0 9 a squ>e %ield1 z %[n on page #ceg4 ,9 #agbb & #agbc ! leop>d's head 0 9 a circul> %ield4 ,9 #agbd & #agbe ! %ield = ! leop>d's head 0 9 an escut*eon ) a r\nd$ base 7see illu/ration1 page #ceg74 ,f #agbf to #agbh ! leop>d's head aga9 is 9 a circul> %ield1 & ?is & ! previ\s ye>s1 #agbb & #agbc1 are ! only occasions :5 ! circul> %ield 0 us$4 ,! %apes ( ! %ields ( ! lion passant dur+ ?is "t are %[n 9 ! ,table 7page #ceg74 ,f #agbi to #agch ! leop>d's head is 9 a %ield ) a po9t$ base1 & ! lion is 9 an oblong %ield4 ,f #agci to #agee ! lion is 9 a %ield :i* is irregul> 9 %ape foll[+ ! outl9e4 ,! leop>d's head f #agci to #agej is 9 a %ield ( elaborate %ape1 & ! :isk]s ( ! leop>d are cle>ly m>k$ 9 ! /amp4 ,f #agea to #agee ! %ield = ! leop>d's head *anges4 ,^! diff]5ces c be se5 9 ! ,table 7page #ceg74 ,f #agef to #agge ! leop>d's head has ano!r %ield4 ,! lion f #agef to #ahie 7#aci ye>s7 reta9s ! same %ap$ %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,v #agaf to #agce ,! example giv5 on ! opposite page = ! ye> #agag belongs to ! ,high] ,/&>d p]iod4 ,! m>k = #agbb is f a tea-caddy made by ,b[les ,na%1 ^: m>k is a ,b ) a />4 ,illu/ration3 a to u #agcf to #agee ,! example giv5 on ! opposite page = ! ye> #agec %[s ! date lett] s1 & is noticeable z likely to be confus$ ) ! lett] f #agda4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,u #agef to #agge ,! m>k = #agfa on a cake-basket ) ! mak]'s m>k1 ,e4,r4 7,edw>d ,rom]7 is illu/rat$ 7page #bia74 ,x w be obs]v$ t f ?is date ! initial lett]s ( ,*ri/ian & surname ( mak]s 7 n[ us$4 ,?is 0 compulsory 9 #agci by #ab ( ,george ,,ii cap4 #bf4 ,= ! ye> #aggc a sug>-b[l is illu/rat$ 7page #bhc74 ,! m>ks are giv5 on ! opposite page4 ,! mak]s 7 ,s4 & ,j4 ,crespell4 ,illu/ration3 #agag ,illu/ration3 #agbb ,mak]1 ,b[les ,na%4 ,illu/ration3 #agea ,mak]1 ,b5jam9 ,gignac4 ,illu/ration3 #agec ,illu/ration3 #aggc ,,sug>-,,b[l 7illu/rat$ p4 #bhc74 ,o!r ,m>ks illu/rat$ are #agdf 7p4 #bea71 #agfa 7p4 #bia74 ,,london ,,m>ks #aggf to #ahce ,,george ,,iii1 ,,george ,,iv 7#ahbj-cj71 ,,william ,,iv ,! mo/ important feature 9 reg>d to m>ks 9 ?is p]iod is ! addition ( ! reign+ sov]eign's head1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #aghd4 ,?is ,duty ,m>k 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! reigns ( ,george ,,iii1 ,george ,,iv1 ,william ,,iv1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,victoria until #ahij1 :5 ! m>k ( ! sov]eign's head 0 discont9u$ on ! abolition ( ! duty on silv]4 ,9 reg>d to ! collection ( silv]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is p]iod embraces decad5t /yles4 ,! delicacy ( ! ,/u>t p]iod ) its ref9em5t & grace1 & ! subsequ5t retic5ce ( ! ,que5 ,anne & e>ly ,georgian /yles1 ) _! sob] ?\gh ess5tially national "*1 0 subm]g$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! ,victorian era4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( orig9ality & a feel+ ( dull1 insipid1 or ov]load$ ornam5t 9 mo/ ( ! "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,practically ) ?is p]iod1 f a collector's po9t ( view1 ! subject comes to an end4 ,b !re are bright spots n[ & aga9 visible4 ,!re is ! classic influ5ce due to ! same arti/ic impulse :i* direct$ ,w$gwood & ! ,bro!rs ,adam2 b ?is only ext5d$ into ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,fir/ ,empire /yle came & w5t 9 furniture & silv]1 & only fitfully does x appe> 9 design lat] ?an #ahcj4 ,illu/ration3 a to u #aggf to #agie ,9 ?is p]iod ! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! m>ks is ! addition ( ! head ( ,george ,,iii1 9 #aghd1 :5 ! ,duty ,act 0 pass$ 7#bd ,george ,,iii74 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,u #agif to #ahae ,?ree examples are giv5 f ?is p]iod1 #agih1 #ahjh1 & #ahaj2 ! la/ set ( m>ks is tak5 f a silv]-gilt salt ) ,pompeian /yle ( ornam5t made by ,rundell1 ,bridge & ,rundell4 ,?is is illu/rat$ on page #agc4 ,illu/ration3 a to u #ahaf to #ahce ,9 #ahba ! head ( ,george ,,iv replac$ t ( 8 fa!r1 & f #ahca to #ahcf ! head ( ,william ,,iv 0 /amp$ z a ,duty ,m>k4 ,9 #ahba ! leop>d's head lo/ its cr[n1 & has s rema9$ s9ce t date4 ,! lion at ! same "t _h ! head full] & 9 pr(ile1 9 :i* /yle x has cont9u$ till ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 #aggi ,illu/ration3 #agih ,illu/ration3 #ahjh ,illu/ration3 #ahaj ,,salt ,,cell> 7p4 #agc74 ,illu/ration3 #ahbf ,,london ,,m>ks #ahcf to #aiae ,,victoria 7#ahcg-aija71 ,,edw>d ,,vii 7#aija-aj71 ,,george ,v ,f a collect+ po9t ( view !re is n mu* 9 ?is la/ p]iod to invite comp>ison ei!r 9 beauty or orig9ality ) ! be/ p]iods ( old silv]4 ,9 ord] to complete ! s]ies ( examples h]e9 giv5 a selection ( m>ks has be5 made cov]+ ?is p]iod1 s t ! read] may recognize mod]n m>ks1 especially :5 ! design ( ! piece has be5 copi$ f "s old specim54 ,! p]iod is important 9 embrac+ sev]al protective measures design$ to safegu>d ! public int]e/s & to br+ ! assay (fices "u /rict] sup]vision4 ,! ,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,hall-,m>k+ ( ,gold & ,silv] ,plate1 etc41 :i* 0 issu$ 9 #ahgi1 %\ld be c>efully /udi$ by ^? /ud5ts :o wi% to ma/] ! complexities ( hall-m>k+4 ,9 #ahgf x 0 enact$ 7#ci & #dj ,vict4 cap4 #ce7 t all =eign plate1 be=e its sale 9 ,engl&1 %\ld be assay$ "h & be> ! lett] ,f 9 an oval escut*eon4 ,am5d$ by #d ,edw>d ,,vii1 cap4 #f1 #aijd4 ,9 reg>d to =g]y ( silv] plate !re is ample provision to br+ ! (f5d]s to book4 ,by ,vict4 #g & #h1 cap4 #bb1 sections #e & #f1 p5alties are provid$ = ^? alt]+ & add+ to plate1 & possess+1 sell+1 or export+ su* plate )\t fre% assay2 a f9e ( #aj c be impos$ = ea* article s f\nd 9 a p]son's possession )\t lawful excuse4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,u #ahcf to #ahee ,f #ahcg ! head ( ,que5 ,victoria appe>s z a ,duty ,m>k1 & till #ahge ! leop>d's head1 /ill uncr[n$1 is ( a diff]5t =m 7see ,table1 page #ceg74 ,illu/ration3 a to u #ahef to #ahge ,9 ?is p]iod ! %ape ( ! %ield = ! date lett]1 :i* _h rema9$ ! same s9ce #agef1 0 n[ = ! la/ "t us$4 ,its new %ape is %[n 9 ! foll[+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,a to ,u #ahgf to #ahie ,! %ape ( ! date %ield 0 *ang$ ) ! lett] ,b 9 #ahgg4 ,9 #ahgf1 ) ! lett] ,a1 ! %ield ( ! leop>d's head 0 *ang$1 & ! face became m fel9e ) :isk]s 7see ,table1 page #ceg74 ,9 #ahgf ano!r new m>k 0 add$1 ! lett] ,f1 9 an oval escut*eon1 :i* 0 compulsory by law to be /amp$ on all =eign silv] assay$ at any (fice 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 #ahij ! sov]eign's head disappe>s1 z ! duty on silv] 0 !n aboli%$4 ,illu/ration3 a to u #ahif to #aiae ,9 ?is la/ p]iod ( all x w be obs]v$ t ! %ields ( ! date lett] & ! leop>d's head bo? *ange _! %apes1 & h ?ree lobes4 ,illu/ration3 #ahce ,mak]1 ,william ,eames4 ,illu/ration3 #ahde ,mak]1 ,r4 ,g>r>d4 ,illu/ration3 #ahgc ,illu/ration3 #ahia ,mak]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,h>ris4 ,illu/ration3 #aiae ,,footnotes3 #e ,^! & subsequ5t alphabets foll[ entries 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 & 7 v]ifi$ f pieces ( plate by ,mr4 ,octavius ,morgan4 7,see p4 #ch47 #f ,^! lett]s h be5 v]ifi$ by me f pieces ( old silv]4--,a4 ,h4 #g ,! ,position ( ,m>ks4 ,m>ks are n plac$ on old silv] 9 a /raight l9e4 ,!y are %[n 9 ?is mann] 9 ?is volume = conv5i5ce1 & are ! au?or's own arrangem5t4 ,!y are 9 practice irregul>ly /amp$1 sometimes 9 a circle & sometimes upside d[n4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! mak] put 8 m>k on fir/ prior to s5d+ ! piece to ! ,assay ,(fice4 ,! rema9+ m>ks 7 /amp$ !reon "u ! direction ( ! ,w>d5s4 ,al?\gh ! mak]'s m>k 0 /amp$ fir/1 "s ( ! o!r m>ks 7 (t5 plac$ on ea* side ( x4 ,,iv ,,examples ,,( ,,prov9cial ,,m>ks ,,exet] ,,*e/] ,,norwi* ,,york ,,newca/le ,,birm+ham ,,%effield ,,prov9cial ,,m>ks ,,exet] ,al?\gh ! records %[ t ,exet] 0 among ! ,assay ,(fices appo9t$ 9 #agjj by #ab & #ac ,william1 cap4 #c & #d1 x is evid5t t silv] 0 assay$ "h by ! city guild ( goldsmi?s1 z "s ( ! m>ks f\nd on old silv]1 indubitably ( ,exet] orig91 belong to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we are enabl$1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ellett ,lake ( ,exet]1 to give a v repres5tative selection ( ,exet] m>ks1 &1 9 addition1 to give illu/rations ( ! pieces !mselves 9 ?is volume4 ,x w be se5 t ! e>li] m>ks date f #aegb1 & ! ,x surm\nt$ by a cr[n 0 ! city or hall-m>k up to a p]iod z late z #afdj4 ,9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 subsequ5t to ! ,act ( ,william ,,iii1 ! hall-m>k becomes a ca/le ) ! %ield divid$ by a v]tical l9e4 ,9 #aggc a ,report 0 made by a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :o held an inquiry & took evid5ce z to ! mann] ( conduct+ ! ,assay ,(fices 9 ,london1 ,york1 ,exet]1 ,bri/ol1 ,*e/]1 ,norwi*1 & ,newca/le4 ,! ,assay ,ma/] at ,exet]1 9 describ+ ! me?od employ$ at 8 (fice1 /at$ t ! hall-m>k 0 a ca/le1 & ! date lett] = #aggb 0 ,z1 9 ,roman "*1 & t ,a 0 to be ! lett] = ! next ye>1 & t ! :ole alphabet 0 gone ?r\gh4 ,b ,j1 app>5tly1 0 nev] us$ at ,exet]1 & 9 lat] alphabets no lett] aft] ,u 0 us$1 e4g4 ,a to ,u 7#agig to #ahaf71 etc4 ,,exet] ,,m>ks ,x is n possible 9 a volume ( ?is size to give all ! date lett]s ( prov9cial (fices1 b ! foll[+ may be ( use z indicat+ ! lett]s us$ at ,exet]3-- ,a to ,z 7#agja to #agbd7 9 po9t$ %ield4 a to z 7#agbe to #agdh7 ,a to ,z 7#agdi to #aggb7 9 squ>e %ield4 ,a to ,y 7#aggc to #agif74 ,! lett] ,i 0 us$ = two ye>s1 #agha & #aghb4 ,a to ,u 7#agig to #ahaf7 9 squ>e %ield4 a to u 7#ahag to #ahcf7 9 squ>e %ield ) f\r corn]s cut (f4 ,a to ,u7#ahcg to #ahef7 ditto ditto4 ,a to ,u 7#aheg to #ahgf7 ditto4 ,a to ,f 7#ahgg to #ahhb71 :5 ! (fice clos$4 ,squ>e %ield ) oval base4 ,9 reg>d to ! m>ks illu/rat$ on opposite page x w be se5 t ! ,high] ,/&>d ,m>k 0 us$ at ,exet] aft] #agja4 ,examples are %[n1 #agjf & #agad4 ,collectors h sometimes /umbl$ into ! belief t no silv] 0 all[$ by law to be assay$ at any o!r (fice ?an ,london dur+ ! p]iod #afig to #agbj4 ,b x is only betwe5 #afig & #agja t ! prov9cial (fices 7 practically clos$4 ,f #agja till #agbj su* (fices did assay & m>k silv] plate ) ! figure ( ,britannia1 & ! lion's head eras$4 ,illu/ration3 #aege ,,*alice 7illu/rat$ p4 #fg74 ,illu/ration3 #afdj ,,*alice 7illu/rat$ p4 #ga74 ,illu/ration3 #agjf ,mak]1 ,john ,el/on4 ,illu/ration3 #agad ,mak]1 ,p5teco/ ,symonds4 ,illu/ration3 #agdh ,,tank>d 7illu/rat$ p4 #aag74 ,o!r ,exet] ,m>ks illu/rat$ are #agje 7p4 #aae71 #agjg 7p4 #bji71 #agbh 7p4 #bgc71 #agbi 7p4 #ha71 #agcc 7p4 #aag74 ,,prov9cial ,,m>ks ,,*e/]1 ,,norwi*1 ,,& ,,york ,! old ca!dral cities 7 ! c5tres ( art1 !re=e x is n surpris+ to f9d assay (fices e/abli%$ !re f ! e>lie/ times4 ,besides ,exet]1 :i* we h consid]$1 !re 7 assay (fices at ,*e/]1 ,norwi*1 & ,york4 ,x is rem>kable t no assay (fice appe>s to h exi/$ at ,cant]bury1 nor at ,salisbury1 nor at ,w9*e/]4 ,*e/] has a long hi/ory 9 connexion ) ! co9age & ) assay+ silv]4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury !re is a record ( ! assay ( silv] !re1 & ,*>les ,i /ruck "s ( 8 silv] co9age !re 9 #afde ) ! m9t m>k ( ! ?ree :eat%eaves ( ! city4 ,norwi* 0 m5tion$ z "o ( ! assay t[ns 9 #b ,h54 ,,vi1 cap4 #ag1 9 #adbc1 :i* hon\r x %>es ) ,york & ,newca/le z be+ ( su* anci5t l9eage4 ,! corporation ( ,norwi* possesses sev]al pieces ( plate ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 ) ! city arms1 a lion1 & a ca/le z a hall-m>k4 ,a ,tudor rose ) a cr[n above is ! /&>d m>k4 ,! (fice ceas$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,york is ano!r (fice :i* is n[ ext9ct4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 n m5tion$ among ! o!r assay (fices1 b 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x _h recomm5c$ b did little bus9ess1 & no plate seems to h be5 assay$ !re s9ce ab\t #ahgj4 ,! ,*e/] hall-m>k d[n to #afig is ! city arms1 viz4 a dagg] erect betwe5 ?ree %eaves ( :eat4 ,9 #agja ! m>k became ?ree demi-lions ) :eat%eaves1 :5 ,*e/] 0 reappo9t$ z "o ( ! assay (fices 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii4 ,! %ield 0 aga9 *ang$ aft] #agge to ! old] =m ) ! dagg] :i* is /ill 9 use at ! ,*e/] assay (fice4 ,we give on ! opposite page an example ( ! m>k 9 #agge1 ) ! ?ree demi-lions sup]impos$ on ! %ield ) ! ?ree :eat%eaves4 ,! lat] m>k1 ( ! ye> #ahjj1 %[s ! dagg] ) ! :eat%eaves4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! m>ks h ! leop>d's head & ! lion passant1 ! hall-m>k & ! /&>d-m>k ( ! ,london (fice4 ,! pres5t m>ks us$ at ! ,*e/] ,assay ,(fice1 toge!r ) ! mak]'s initials1 are ! lion passant1 ! ,city arms1 & ! date lett]4 ,! lett]s n[ 9 use are ,italic capitals comm5c+ ) ,a 9 #aija4 ,! lett] = #aiae is ,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an example is giv5 ( ,norwi* m>ks /amp$ on a tall w9e-cup1 ab\t #afbj1 ( ! ,james ,i p]iod4 ,! ca/le & lion is ! hall-m>k4 ,a ,tudor rose surm\nt$ by a cr[n is also f\nd on ,norwi* silv] z ! /&>d m>k4 ,! m>k ( ! orb & cross giv5 opposite is ! m>k ( ,pet] ,pet]son ! mak]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,york m>k prior to #agjj is ( a peculi> composite "*4 ,x is n[ held to repres5t half leop>d's head & half fleur-de-lis conjo9$4 ,! example %[n is on a flagon 9 ! possession ( ! ,corporation ( ,york1 & 0 made by ,m>maduke ,be/1 ^: initials are /amp$2 ! lett] ,r is ! date lett] = #afgd4 ,! o!r example1 ab\t #ahjj1 %[s ! hall-m>k ) ! ,/4 ,george's cross & ! five dim9utive lions4 ,! date-m>k 0 oblit]at$ on ?is specim54 ,! mak]'s m>k is ,n4,g4 ,! duty m>k 0 too worn to reproduce4 ,x w be notic$1 z at ,*e/]1 ! leop>d's head & lion passant are includ$ 9 ! m>ks4 ,,*e/] ,illu/ration3 #agge ,mak]1 ,ri*>d ,ri*>dson4 ,illu/ration3 #ahjj ,,norwi* ,illu/ration3 c4 #afbj ,,w9e ,,cup 7illu/rat$ p4 #abe74 ,,york ,illu/ration3 #afgd ,mak]1 ,m>maduke ,be/4 ,illu/ration3 c4 #ahjj ,,prov9cial ,,m>ks ,newca/le-on-,tyne 7#agjb-ahhd7 ,birm+ham1 ,%effield 7#aggc to pres5t day7 ,newca/le is cit$ 9 ! ,acts ( #adbc & #adfb z "o ( ! cities appo9t$ to assay silv]4 ,by ! ,act relat+ to ! ,high] ,/&>d1 & mak+ x illegal to assay silv] else:]e ?an ,london1 !re is a hiatus aft] #afif4 ,b ! prov9cial assay (fices did n long rema9 compulsorily idle4 ,!y petition$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & obta9$ r$ress4 ,9 #agjb1 #a ,anne1 cap4 #c 0 specially applicable to ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 & ?is ,act reappo9t$ ! t[n = assay+ silv]1 & x is !re on record t 8!re is1 & "t out ( m9d ha? be51 an anci5t ,company ( ,goldsmi?s1 :i*1 ) _! families1 by ! said p5alty are l to be ru9$1 & ! trade utt]ly lo/ 9 ! said t[n40 ,! ,newca/le date lett]s are z foll[s3#h-- #agjb to #agbj1 ,a to ,q4 ,9 circul> %ields4 ,except ,a1 :i* is 9 a squ>e %ield4 ,lett]s us$ 9 no ord]4 #agba to #agci1 a to ,t4 ,old ,engli% capitals1 except a & ,t4 ,circul> %ields1 except ,r & ,t4 #agdj to #ageh1 ,a to ,t4 ,roman capitals 9 %ield ) po9t$ base4 #agei to #agij1 ,a to ,z4 ,italic capitals ditto ditto #agia to #ahad1 ,a to ,z4 ,roman capitals4 ,%ield hexagonal 9 %ape4 #ahae to #ahch1 ,a to ,z4 ,block capitals4 ,squ>e-%ap$ %ield ) top corn]s cut (f4 #ahci to #ahfc1 ,a to ,z4 ,roman capitals4 ,hexagonal %ield4 #ahfd to #ahhc1 a to u4 ,small ,roman type4 ,oval %ield4 ,(fice clos$ 9 #ahhd4 ,! complete ,newca/le m>ks are ! ,lion passant1 ! ,leop>d's ,head1 ! ,t[n or ,hall ,m>k ( ,?ree ,ca/les1 ! ,date ,lett]1 ! ,mak]'s ,m>k1 & ! ,duty ,m>k ( ! ,sov]eign's ,head 7till #ahij74 ,birm+ham & ,%effield 7 bo? grant$ ! rights to assay silv] 9 #aggc by #ac ,geo4 ,,iii1 cap4 #eb4 ,! ,birm+ham m>ks are an ,an*or1 a ,lion passant1 a ,date ,lett]1 & ! ,mak]'s ,m>k1 & ! ,duty ,m>k till x 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahij4 ,! date alphabets = ,birm+ham#a are3-- #aggc to #agih1 ,a to ,z4 ,roman capitals4 #agih to #ahbd1 a to z4 ,small ,roman4 #ahbd to #ahdi1 ,a to ,z4 ,old ,engli% capitals4 #ahdi to #ahge1 ,a to ,z4 ,roman capitals4 #ahge to #aijj1 a to z4 ,old ,engli% small4 #aijj to #aibd1 a to z4 ,small ,roman4 ,! ,(fice ,ye> beg9s #a/ ,july & ends #cj? ,june4 ,! ,%effield#i m>ks are ! ,lion passant1 a ,cr[n1 ! ,date ,lett]1 ! ,mak]'s ,m>k1 & ! ,sov]eign's ,head z ! ,duty ,m>k till aboli%$ 9 #ahij4 ,f #aggc to #ahbc ! date lett]s 7 tak5 at r&om4 ,f #ahbd to ! pres5t day !y run 9 regul> ord] f ,a to ,z4 ,on small pieces ( silv] ! cr[n & date lett] are on "o pun*4 ,! alphabets = ,%effield are3-- ,lett]s omitt$-- #ahbd to #ahdc1 a to z4 i1 j1 n1 o1 w1 y4 #ahdd to #ahfg1 ,a to ,z4 ,j & ,q4 #ahfh to #ahib1 ,a to ,z4 ,i4 #ahic to #aiag1 a to z4 j4 ,! ,newca/le m>ks1 #agcg1 are drawn f a c(fee-pot 7illu/rat$ page #bdc74 ,! ,date ,lett] is ,r 9 old ,engli% capital type4 ,! ,birm+ham m>ks 7reproduc$ opposite7 are 9 date #ahjd & #ahhi4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,duty ,m>k ( ,sov]eign's ,head is 9 a brok5 oval %ield4 ,! ,%effield m>ks are f c&le/icks1 t ( #aggc be+ made by ,samuel ,rob]ts ,co4 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne ,illu/ration3 #agcg ,,c(fee-,,pot 7illu/rat$ p4 #bdc74 ,,birm+ham ,illu/ration3 #ahjd ,illu/ration3 #ahhi ,,%effield ,illu/ration3 #aggc ,mak]1 ,samuel ,rob]ts ,co4 ,illu/ration3 #aggh ,,footnotes3 #h ,= details conc]n+ ^! m>ks ,i am indebt$ to ,?omas ,taylor1 ,esq41 ( ,*ip*ase ,ca/le1 & to ,basil ,&]ton1 ,esq41 ,public ,libr>ian1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4--,a4 ,h4 #i ,i am indebt$ = ^! m>ks to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,assay ,ma/]1 ,birm+ham1 & to ! ,assay ,ma/]1 ,%effield4 ,v ,,examples ,,( ,,scotti% ,,& ,,iri% ,,m>ks ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,dubl9 ,,cork ,,scotti% ,,silv] ,scotti% m>ks are 9 a field by !mselves4 ,! art ( ! silv]smi? has always be5 on a high level 9 ,scotl&1 & ! /atutes gov]n+ ! m>ks are _m 9 numb]1 & ext5d ov] a long p]iod f z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,besides ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 ! numb] ( ,scotti% hall-m>ks is legion4 ,! foll[+ t[ns are kn[n to h m>k$ & presumably assay$ silv]3 ,/irl+1 ,p]? 7sometimes hav+ m>k ( lamb & flag1 & sometimes d\ble-head$ spread-eagle71 ,inv]ness1 ,dundee 7m>k$ ) design ( t[n arms1 a pot ( lilies71 ,ab]de51 & ,banff4 ,ed9burgh us$ ! ?i/le z ! ,/&>d ,m>k aft] #agei4 ,be=e t date ! ,assay ,ma/]'s initials 7 us$4 ,! ,hall ,m>k is a ca/le ) ?ree t[]s1 & has be5 9 use s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,date ,m>k1 lett]s ,a to ,z 7omitt+ ,j71 has be5 regul>ly employ$ s9ce #afha4 ,! ,mak]'s ,m>k has be5 us$ s9ce #adeg4 ,! ,duty ,m>k ( ! sov]eign's head 0 add$ f #aghd to #ahij4 ,glasg[1 ^: patron sa9t is ,/4 ,k5tig]n 7kn[n also z ,/4 ,mungo71 has = a ,hall ,m>k a tree ) a bird p]*$ on summit1 a bell susp5d$ f ! b\ghs1 & transv]sely across trunk a salmon ) a r+ 9 8 m\?2 ! latt] allud+ to ! miracle ( ! recov]y 9 ! fi%'s m\? ( ! lo/ r+ ( ! ,que5 ( ,caidy[4 ,! ,/&>d ,m>k is a lion rampant1 us$ aft] #ahai1 & ! ,mak]'s ,m>k 8 initials4 ,! ,duty ,m>k ( ! sov]eign's head 0 us$ z at ,ed9burgh4 ,,scotti% ,,m>ks ,! ,ed9burgh m>ks ( ! date #agje %[n on ! opposite page are f an old ,scotti% ,quai* 7illu/rat$ page #cac74 ,rob]t ,+lis 0 ! ,mak]1 & ! ,assay ,ma/] 0 ,james ,p5man1 & _! initials are on sep>ate /amps4 ,! lett] ,a is ! date lett] = #agje4 ,! m>k = #agej %[s ! lett] ,v 9 italic capitals1 & ! ,assay ,ma/]'s initials are ,h4,b1 & ! ,mak]s' are signifi$ by ,k ,d4 ,an ,ed9burgh mug is m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,a4,u & ,i ,k1 /&+ = ,alex&] ,ure1 ! ,mak]1 & ,james ,k]r1 ! ,assay ,ma/]4 ,! date lett] is ,k1 probably repres5t+ ! ye> #agij4 ,a sug>-ca/]1 #agdf 7illu/rat$ page #cag71 has ! ,mak]'s initials ,e4,o4 & ! ,assay ,ma/]'s initials ,h4,g4 7= ,hugh ,gordon74 ,! ca/le is also /amp$ z ! ,hall ,m>k1 & ! date lett] ,r 9 italic capitals4 ,a c(fee-pot made by ,patrick ,rob]tson1 #agfi 7illu/rat$ page #cba71 has ! m>ks %[n opposite4 ,! ?i/le is ! ,/&>d ,m>k2 ! ca/le is ! ,hall ,m>k2 ,p4,r4 is ! ,mak]'s ,m>k2 & ! lett] ,p = ! date4 ,ano!r ( ,patrick ,rob]tson's pieces--a f9e tea-urn 9 classic /yle--is illu/rat$ page #cbe4 ,! date lett] = ?is is ,z1 indicat+ ! ye> #aggh4 ,two ,glasg[ m>ks are %[n opposite4 ,"o is be=e #ahai1 be=e ! lion rampant 0 us$2 & ! o!r %[s ! lion rampant1 ! ,/&>d ,m>k ( ,glasg[ /ill 9 use4 ,! ,duty ,m>k ,/amp is ! head ( ,george ,,iv4 ,f is ! date lett] = #ahbd4 ,,ed9burgh ,illu/ration3 #agje ,,quai* 7illu/rat$ p4 #cac74 ,illu/ration3 #agej ,illu/ration3 #agfi ,,c(fee-,,pot 7illu/rat$ p4 #cba74 ,,glasg[ ,illu/ration3 #agac ,illu/ration3 #ahbd ,,iri% ,,silv] ,iri% silv] (f]s "s complications 9 reg>d to its m>k+s1 & x is especially int]e/+ 9 its "*4 ,dubl9 is ! c5tre ( ! silv]smi?s' "w 9 ,irel&1 & (ficially ! ,dubl9 ,goldsmi?s' ,company holds ! exclusive "r ( assay+ & m>k+ ,iri% silv]2 b1 z we %all %[1 !re 0 excell5t silv] made else:]e 9 ,irel&1 notably at ,cork1 & 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ,iri% silv] "s f9e specim5s are illu/rat$4 ,! ,/&>d ,m>k is ! h>p1 & 0 us$ ) ! cr[n add$ to x1 9 ! ye> #afcg1 "u ! t]ms ( a *>t] grant$ by ,*>les ,i to ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,dubl94 ,z we h se51 9 ,engl& f #aghd to #ahij ! head ( ! sov]eign 0 add$ z a m>k to d5ote t duty _h be5 paid4 ,b 9 ,irel& a ,duty ,m>k 0 9 =ce z e>ly z #agcj1 viz4 ! figure ( ,hib]nia4 ,9 #ahjg1 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii1 ! duty 0 rais$2 & x 0 enact$ #dg ,geo4 ,,iii t ! k+'s head %\ld be /amp$ z a ,duty ,m>k4 ,?is 0 cont9u$ till #ahij1 z 9 ,engl&1 b at ! same "t ! old ,duty ,m>k ( ! figure ( ,hib]nia 0 reta9$1 & has /ill be5 us$ s9ce #ahij4 ,! figure ( ,hib]nia may be practically reg>d$ z a ,hall ,m>k1 al?\gh x 0 fir/ adopt$ to d5ote t duty _h be5 paid4 ,! ,mak]'s ,m>k1 9 ! e>ly days a device1 & lat] initials1 foll[s ! practice ( assay (fices 9 ,engl&4 ,! date lett] 0 us$ f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! pres5t s]ies ( lett]s f #ahif to #aibj cov]s ! alphabet f ,a to ,z 7omitt+ ,j7 9 old ,engli% capitals4 ,,iri% ,,m>ks ,dubl94 #afii4 ,! m>ks ( ?is date %[n opposite are f a ca/] 7illu/rat$ page #cca74 ,! mak] is ,george ,lyng4 ,?is 0 ( ! p]iod prior to ! adoption ( ! figure ( ,hib]nia4 ,dubl94 #agjf4 ,^! m>ks are tak5 f a cup ) h>p h&les4 ,! h>p ) cr[n is 9 a gracefully %ap$ %ield4 ,! ,mak]'s initials are ,e4,b41 & ! date lett] ,s4 ,dubl94 #aggj4 ,9 ^! m>ks1 drawn f a cream-pail 7illu/rat$ page #cdc71 ! figure ( ,hib]nia appe>s4 ,x w be not$ t ?is is prior to ! addition ( a ,duty ,m>k 9 ,engl& 79 #aghd71 & prior to ! fur!r addition ( a second ,duty ,m>k 9 ,irel& 79 #ahjg71 :5 ! head ( ,george ,,iii d5ot$ t duty _h be5 paid4 ,! ,mak] ( ?is piece 0 ,w ,haynes4 ,! date is ab\t #aggj1 b undeciph]able4 ,! pres5t ,dubl9 alphabet ,a to ,z1 ,old ,engli% capitals 7omitt+ ,j71 comm5c$ 9 #ahif4 ,! date lett] = #aiae is ,u4 ,^! lett]s are 9 ! same ord] z ! ,london alphabet f #ahif1 b ! latt] is small ,roman1 & comm5ces aga9 at ,a 9 #aiaf1 :]eas ! ,dubl9 alphabet cont9ues to ,z 9 #aibj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cork4 #afid4 ,?is s]ies ( m>ks %[n opposite includes ! m>k ( ,rob]t ,goble1 ( ,cork1 ! mak]4 ,! two ca/les on diff]5t /amps appe> on ,cork examples1 & ! galley ) sails4 ,cork4 #agfd4 ,^! m>ks are drawn f a cream-jug 7illu/rat$ page #cci71 ) f9e *as$ & rep\ss "w1 sign$ by ,jona?an ,buck 9 full1 & hav+ z a m>k a buck1 toge!r ) ! ^w ,,/]l+1 :i* 0 sometimes us$ on ,cork & o!r ,iri% silv]4 ,,dubl9 ,illu/ration3 #affi ,,ca/] 7illu/rat$ p4 #cca74 ,illu/ration3 #agjf ,mak]1 ,edw>d ,b>rett4 ,illu/ration3 c4 #aggj ,,cream-,,pail 7illu/rat$ p4 #cdc74 ,,cork ,illu/ration3 c4 #afid ,,lov+-,,cup4 ,mak]1 ,rob]t ,goble4 7illu/rat$ p4 #cca74 ,illu/ration3 #agfd ,,cream-,,jug4 ,mak]1 ,jona?an ,buck4 7illu/rat$ p4 #cci74 ,,index ,addison1 ,spectator1 quot$ on salt spoon1 #aec ,alphabets ( ,london date m>ks 7#aeih-ahce71 #cei-che ,am]ican silv]smi?s1 #dg ,ana!ma ,cup1 ! 7#adha71 ,pembroke ,college1 #ij1 #id ,apo/le spoons1 li/ ( apo/les ) _! emblems1 #ahc2 prices1 #ahg1 #aic ,assay (fices1 e>ly1 #bg2 eighte5? c5tury1 #bh ,basket "w 9 silv]1 #bgf1 #bhb2 bread & cake baskets1 #bic ,beak]1 ! ,/u>t1 #aai2 illu/rations ( !1 #aba 8,be] ,lane10 engrav+ by ,hog>?1 #acb ,bell-%ap$ salt cell>1 illu/rat$1 #adg ,bel[ ! salt1 table cu/oms1 #ada ,birm+ham ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #cih1 #cii ,bod+ton1 ,john1 silv]smi? 7#afig71 #baf ,b[l1 plum bro? 7#afig71 illu/rat$1 #bag ,boxes = sug>1 #bfa ,bread-basket1 !1 #bic ,britannia m>k1 =g]ies (1 #bbj ,britannia m>k1 :5 f\nd on silv]1 #ea2 us$ :5 silv] is n high] /&>d1 #eh1 #fa ,buck1 ,jona?an1 silv]smi?1 ,cork1 specim5 illu/rat$1 #cci ,busfield1 ,william1 silv]smi?1 ,york1 #aac ,caddy spoons1 #aid ,cake basket1 !1 #bic ,c&le hold]s1 "p ( c5tre-pieces1 #bgf ,c&le/ick1 brass1 sev5te5?-c5tury1 illu/rat$1 #abi ,c&le/icks1 silv]-- ,*>les ,,ii examples illu/rat$1 #bbg ,e>ly eighte5?-c5tury examples illu/rat$1 #bca ,e>ly ,/u>t type1 #bbe ,lambe? delft example 7#afdh7 illu/rat$1 #bbc ,%effield example 7#aghb7 illu/rat$1 #bce ,ca/]s1 #bga-bgf ,ca/]s illu/rat$-- ,george ,,ii 7,exet]71 #bgc ,gr\p 7,que5 ,anne & ,george ,,iii71 #bgg ,iri% 7#afii71 #cca ,scotti% 7#agdf71 #cag ,william ,,iii & ,que5 ,anne1 #bfi ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza popul>izes tea-dr9k+1 #bed ,c5tre-piece1 !1 #bgf ,*alice1 !1 ,elizabe?an =ms1 #gc1 #gd2 ! ,exet] patt]n1 #gc ,*>les ,i /atue1 ,*>+ ,cross1 its secret burial1 #ajg ,*>les ,,ii & ,"l ,mayor1 piquant /ory (1 #dd ,*e/] ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #cie ,,*ronological ,,li/ ,,( ,,specim5s ,,illu/rat$-- ,h5ry ,,vii #adij ,maz]1 #hg 7#adhe-aeji7 #adii ,leigh ,cup1 ,m]c]s' ,company1 #ia #aejj ,h\r-glass /&+ salt1 #adc ,elizabe? #aegj ,/onew>e jug ) silv] m\nts1 #ie 7#aeeh-afjc7 #aegb ,flagon1 #aje #aegb ,*alice & cov]1 #fg #aegc ,*alice & cov]1 #ga #aege ,*alice & cov]1 #fg #aehe ,/&+ cup & cov]1 #ie #aeii ,flagon1 #aje #afja ,bell-%ap$ salt cell>1 #adg ,james ,i #afjf ,beak]1 #aba 7#afjc-afbe7 c4 #afbj ,tall w9e cup 7no date lett]71 #abe ,*>les ,i #afca ,w9e cup1 #abi 7#afbe-afdi7 #afca ,beak]1 #aba #afcg ,c&le/ick1 #bbc #afch ,salt cell>1 ,m]c]s' ,company1 #aea #afdj ,*alice & cov]1 #ga #afdh ,apo/le spoon 7,/4 ,&rew71 #ahe ,commonweal? #afea ,spoon1 slipp$ 9 ! /alk1 #aha 7#afdi-affj7 #afeb ,spoon1 seal-top1 #ahe #afec ,porr+]1 #aig #affj ,spoon1 ,puritan1 #aha ,*>les ,,ii #affj ,cup1 #ge 7#affj-afhe7 #affb ,posset-cup & cov]1 #aig #affe ,spoon1 flat /em1 #aha #affe ,w9e cup1 #abi #afff ,porr+]1 #bja #affi ,porr+]1 #aig #afgj ,teapot1 #bdc #afga ,beak]1 #aba #afgb ,porr+]1 #bji #afgc ,c&le/icks1 #bbg #afgd ,apo/le spoon 7,/4 ,simon ,zelotes71 ,exet]1 #ahi #afgg ,pepys /&+ cup1 #ii #afgi ,spoon1 lob$ end1 #ahi #afgi ,tank>d1 #aaa #afgi ,caudle cup & cov]1 #bja #afgi ,octagonal salt cell> 7,m]c]s' ,company71 #aee #afhj ,pat5s1 #gi #afhb ,snuff]s & tray1 #bca #afhc ,posset-pot & cov]1 #bje #afhd ,tank>ds 7,york71 #aaa #afhe ,posset-pot & cov]1 #bac ,william ,,iii #afib ,flagons1 #ge 7#afhi-agjb7 #afid ,lov+-cup 7,cork71 #cca #afig ,di% & ladle1 #bag #afii ,ca/] 7,dubl971 #cca #agja ,ca/]1 #bfi #agja ,tank>d1 #aaa ,anne #agjb ,spoon trefoil top1 rat's-tail 7,exet]71 #ahi 7#agjb-agad7 #agjb ,lavabo b[l1 #gi #agjc ,spoon1 trefoil top 7,newca/le71 #ahe #agjc ,spoon1 trefoil top1 #ahe #agjd ,c&le/ick1 #bca #agjd 8,montei?0 pun*-b[l1 #ace #agje ,tank>d 7,exet]71 #aae #agje ,scotti% quai*1 #cac #agjf ,c&le/ick 7,exet]71 #bca #agjg ,porr+] 7,exet]71 #bji #agab ,ca/]1 #bfi #agab ,tr5*] salt cell>1 #afe #agad ,pat5 7,exet]71 #gi ,george ,i #agah ,tea-caddy 7,exet]71 #bei 7#agad-agbg7 #agba ,c&le/ick1 #bca #agbf ,cream-jug1 #cje ,george ,,ii #agbh ,ca/] 7,exet]71 #bgc 7#agbg-agfj7 #agbi ,small communion cup & cov]1 #ha #agcj ,tea-caddy1 #bei #agcj ,c(fee-pot1 #bee #agcj ,tr5*] salt cell>1 #afe #agcc ,mug 7,exet]71 #aag #agcf ,jug1 helmet-%ap$1 #cja #agcg ,c(fee-pot 7,newca/le71 #bdc #agdj ,c5tre-piece 7,dubl971 #cce #agdj ,cream-jug 7,dubl971 #cci #agda ,c(fee-pot1 ,frontispiece #agde ,teapot1 #bdg #agdf ,kettle & /&1 #bea #agdf ,ca/] 7,ed9burgh71 #cag #agdg ,ca/]1 #bgg #agdh ,tank>d 7,exet]71 #aag #ageh ,tr5*] salt cell>1 #afe #agfj ,tea-caddies & sug> box1 #bfc #agfj ,iri% potato-r+1 ,design on cov] ( volume #agdj-agge ,bread-baskets1 #bhi ,george ,,iii #agfj ,ca/]1 #bgg 7#agfj-ahbj7 #agfa ,c5tre-piece1 #bgi #agfa ,cake-basket1 #bia #agfd ,cream-jug1 #cje #agfd ,cream-jug 7,cork71 #cci #agfe ,circul> salt cell> ) club feet1 #afe #agfi ,salt cell> ) glass l9]1 #afg #agfi ,c(fee-pot 7,ed9burgh71 #cba #aggj ,cream-pail 7,dubl971 #cdc #agga ,salt cell>1 p]=at$ "w1 #agc #agga ,ca/]1 #bgg #aggc ,sug>-b[l1 #bhc #agge ,c(fee-pot1 #bee #agge ,tea-caddy1 #bei #agge ,c5tre-piece1 #bgi #aggf ,cream-pail1 #bhe #aggh ,tea-urn 7,ed9burgh71 #cbe #aggi ,cream-jug1 #cje #aghj ,cream-jug1 #cje #agha-agij ,salt cell>s1 ture5 =m1 #aga #aghb ,c&le/ick 7,%effield71 #bce #aghb ,cream-pail1 #bhe #aghd ,tea-caddy1 #bei #aghe ,salt cell>1 circul>1 #afe #aghe ,salt cell> ) glass l9]1 #afg #aghf ,salt cell>1 clov5-ho( feet1 #afg #aghf ,sug>-b[l1 #bhe #aghi ,salt cell> ) club feet1 #afg #aghi ,salt cell>1 circul>1 #aga #agij ,cream-jug1 #cji #agij ,mug 7,ed9burgh71 #cac #agia-agig ,salt cell>1 boat-%ap$1 #aga #agij-ahjj ,c(fee-pots & teapots1 #bee #ahjj ,cream-jug1 #cji #ahjc ,salt cell>1 wa%+ tub =m1 #agc #ahjd ,cream-jug1 #cji #ahji ,cream-jug1 #cji #ahaj ,salt cell>1 ,pompeian design1 #agc ,george ,,iv #ahah ,salt cell>1 ture5 =m1 #agc 7#ahbj-ahcj7 ,william ,,iv #ahcb ,salt cell>1 circul>1 #agc 7#ahcj-ahcg7 ,classic influ5ce1 :5 at its height1 #bhg ,clipp$ co9s call$ 91 panic 9 #afif1 #eg ,c(fee-dr9k+1 wom5's petition to ,p>liam5t1 #bde ,c(fee-pots1 #bej ,c(fee-pots illu/rat$-- ,george ,,ii 7#agda71 ,frontispiece ,gr\p ,george ,,ii & ,george ,,iii1 #bee ,newca/le 7#agcg71 #bdc ,scotti% 7#agfi71 #cba ,co9 clipp+1 attempt to /amp out1 #eb ,co9]s1 heavy p5alties =1 #ec ,communion cup & cov] 7,exet]71 #gh ,copp] tok5s1 sev5te5? 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c5tury1 #bhg ,gamble1 ,ellis1 goldsmi?1 ma/] ( ,hog>?1 8 %op c>d1 #de ,gibson1 ,george1 silv]smi?1 ,york1 #aac 8,g9 ,/reet10 engrav+ by ,hog>?1 #acb ,glasg[ ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #dje ,glasg[ silv]4 ,m>ks1 #djd2 quai* 7#affe7 illu/rat$1 #cac ,glasswork]1 designs ( !1 utiliz$ 9 silv]1 #bab ,goble1 ,rob]t1 silv]smi?1 ,cork1 specim5 illu/rat$1 #cca2 m>ks illu/rat$1 #dji ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 ,london1 e>ly p[] (1 #bf2 ! true function (1 #ce2 salt cell>s 9 possession (1 #adf ,hall-m>ks1 explanation (1 #be-cj ,hall-m>ks ( v>i\s ,assay ,(fices1 #bh ,h&le1 !1 ( posset-pot & porr+]1 #bjg ,hanway1 ,jonas1 condemns tea1 #bed ,h>p h&les 9 ,iri% silv]1 #cch2 cup illu/rat$1 #cca ,hib]nia1 figure (1 z a m>k1 #cc1 #ccd ,high] /&>d m>k1 explanation (1 #di-ei ,hog>?1 ,william1 appr5tic$ to goldsmi?1 #de2 8 satires on dr9k+1 #acb ,h\se ( ,commons ,select ,committee on ,hall-m>k+ ( ,plate1 #be1 #bg1 #aec ,h\r-glass =m ( salt cell> illu/rat$1 #adc ,individuality ( craftsm5's "w ext+ui%$1 #dc ,initials ( mak]s1 #dc ,innhold]s' ,company salt cell>s1 #adf ,ions1 ,i41 silv]smi?1 ,exet]1 #gd ,iri% goldsmi?s1 #dg ,iri% mak]s' names1 #cde1 #cdf ,iri% plate illu/rat$-- ,ca/]1 #cca ,c5tre-piece1 #cce ,cream-jugs1 #cci ,cream-pail1 #cdc ,lov+-cup1 #cca ,potato-r+1 ,cov] ( volume ,iri% silv]1 #cbi ,iri% /&>d m>k1 #cc ,iri% t[ns :]e silv] 0 wr\ght1 #ccg ,jug1 /onew>e 7#aegj71 ) silv] m\nts1 #aja ,lambe? delft salt cell>1 #afc ,lam]ie1 ,paul de1 m>k illu/rat$1 #bea ,lant]n-%ap$ teapot 7#afgj7 illu/rat$1 #bdc ,lavabo b[l illu/rat$1 #gi ,leigh /&+ cup1 !1 #ic 8,lima0 f\nd on ,george ,,ii gold co9s1 #ccg ,lion's head eras$ m>k1 :5 f\nd on silv]1 #ea ,locke1 8,fur!r ,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ! ,rais+ ! ,value ( ,money10 #ee ,london hall-m>ks-- ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #abi1 #ace1 #aig1 #bje1 #bag1 #bca1 #bea1 #bfi1 #bia1 #cdi-che ,table ( date lett]s 7#aeih-ahce71 #cea-cee ,table %[+ diff]5ces 9 %apes ( %ields1 #ceg ,longfell[3 poem on ,paul ,rev]e1 silv]smi?1 #dh ,l\is ,seize /yle 9 table ornam5ts1 #bhg ,lov+-cup1 !1 & its c]emonial1 #id ,l[ndes' 8,essay = ! ,am5dm5t ( ! ,silv] ,co9s10 #ec1 #ee ,lu/re w>e 7,/af=d%ire7 emulat+ silv]1 #bdi ,mak]s' m>ks1 explanation (1 #dj ,mak]s' names1 ,iri% silv]1 li/ (1 #cde1 #cdf ,m>ks illu/rat$-- ,birm+ham1 #cii ,*e/]1 #cie ,cork1 #dji ,dubl91 #dji ,ed9burgh1 #dje ,exet]1 #cia ,glasg[1 #dje ,london1 #cea-che ,newca/le1 #cii ,norwi*1 #cie ,%effield1 #cii ,york1 #cie ,m>ks on silv]--a trade secret1 #ch ,m>ks /amp$ on silv]1 v>i\s1 #bc-fc ,m>ks1 ! position (1 z /amp$ on silv]1 #cei2 to prev5t fraud1 #bge2 us$ by v>i\s assay (fices1 #bi2 :]e plac$ on spoons1 #aic ,maz]1 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #hf ,m]c]s' ,company1 ,leigh ,cup 7#adii7 illu/rat$1 #ia ,montei? pun*-b[l illu/rat$1 #ace ,mordaunt1 ,*>les1 ,e>l ( ,pet]bor\gh1 #acd ,morgan1 ,octavius1 8 pione] "w on m>ks1 #ch ,mug1 !1 #aai ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 date lett]s employ$ at1 #cf1 #cg2 illu/rat$1 #cig-cii ,newca/le-on-,tyne silv] plate illu/rat$-- ,c(fee-pot1 #bdc ,spoon1 #ahe ,n9ete5? c5tury1 e>ly1 types ( salt cell>s1 #aeg ,norwi* ,corporation salt cell>1 #adi ,norwi* m>k illu/rat$1 #cie ,norwi* silv] plate illu/rat$-- ,tall w9e cup1 #abe ,pat51 !1 its =m1 #fi ,pepys1 ,samuel1 buries 8 silv] plate at ,be?nal ,gre51 #abg ,pepys /&+ cup & cov]1 !1 #aja ,pet]bor\gh1 ,e>l (1 8 exploits1 #acd ,pet]son1 ,pet]1 silv]smi?1 ,norwi*1 #abc ,prov9cial ,assay ,(fices reappo9t$1 #ej ,prov9cial (fices ceas$ m>k+ silv] = five ye>s1 #bi1 #ej ,porcela9 teapots ! prototypes ( silv]1 #bdf1 #bdi ,porr+]1 !1 #aie-bbj 8,portobello10 f\nd on ,engli% silv] co9s1 #ccd ,posset-pot1 !1 #aie-bbj ,posset-pot1 sixte5?-c5tury ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 #bjc ,potato-r+1 ,iri%1 #cdb ,pott]1 ! eighte5?-c5tury1 & ! silv]smi?1 #afi1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bid ,pott]y1 sev5te5?-c5tury example ( posset-cup1 #baa ,prices-- ,beak]s1 #acg ,c&le/icks1 #bbi1 #bcg ,ca/]s1 #big ,c(fee-pots1 #bfb ,cream-jugs1 #cjh ,cups1 /&+1 #acg ,di% r+s1 #cdf ,elizabe?an jug1 #aja ,goblets1 #ach ,iri% silv]1 #cdf ,jug1 /onew>e1 silv] m\nts1 #aja ,lov+-cups1 #acg ,maz]s1 #hi 8,montei?10 #ach ,porr+]s1 #bai1 #bbj ,posset-pots1 #bai ,potato-r+s1 #cdf ,pun*-b[ls1 #ach ,quai*1 #cbj ,salt cell>s1 #ade1 #adi1 #aei1 #agj1 #age ,spoons1 apo/le1 #ahg1 #aic2 caddy1 #aid2 seal-top1 #aid ,/&+ cups1 #acg ,sug>-b[ls1 #big ,tank>ds1 #acg ,tea-caddies1 #bfa1 #bfe ,tea-kettles1 #bfe ,teapots1 #bfe ,w9e cups1 #ach ,pun*-b[l1 !1 #abh ,pun*-b[l1 hi/oric ,am]ican1 #dg ,puritans1 de/ruction ( objects ( art by1 #gj ,quai*1 ! ,scotti%1 #caf ,que5 ,anne =g]ies posset-pots1 #bbj ,radcliff1 ,j4 ,r41 silv]smi?1 ,exet]1 #gd ,rev]e1 ,paul1 celebrat$ ,am]ican silv]smi?1 #dh ,ri*>ds1 ,edmund1 silv]smi?1 ,exet]1 #baf ,r+1 potato or di%1 ,iri%1 #cdb ,rom]1 ,edw>d1 silv]smi?1 #bid ,salt cell>s1 #aci2 classifi$ li/ ( types1 #aed1 #aeg ,salt cell>s-- ,norwi* ,corporation1 #adi ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 #aeh2 illu/rat$1 #adc ,clo?work]s' ,company1 #adf ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 #adf ,ironmong]s' ,company1 #adf ,innhold]s' ,company1 #adf ,m]c]s' ,company1 #aei2 illu/rat$1 #aea1 #aee ,sk9n]s' ,company1 #adf ,v9tn]s' ,company1 #adf ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 quot$ z to tea-leaves1 #cjd ,scotti% silv]1 #caa-cbg ,scotti% silv] plate illu/rat$-- ,ca/]1 #cag ,c(fee-pot1 #cba ,mug1 #cac ,quai*1 #cac ,tea-urn1 #cbg ,scotti% /&>d m>k1 #ce ,sev5te5?-c5tury tank>ds1 #aaj ,%apes ( %ields1 diff]5ces 91 table %[+1 #ceg ,%effield ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #cih1 #cii ,%effield 8silv] plat$0 or silv] plate1 def9ition1 #bcd ,%effield silv] plate illu/rat$-- ,c&le/ick1 #bce ,%ields1 table %[+ diff]5ces 9 ,london ,hall-m>ks1 #ceg ,%ute1 ,william1 silv]smi?1 m>ks illu/rat$1 #cfa ,silv] m\nt+s = wood vessels1 #hf2 = e>!nw>e1 #hf1 #ih1 #aja1 #aji ,sk9n]s' ,company salt cell>s1 #adf ,som]set ,h\se1 ! battle (1 #ajg ,spani% doll>s legal t5d] ) head ( ,george ,,iii /amp$ on !m1 #ccg ,spoons-- ,apo/le1 #ahj1 #ahc2 illu/rat$1 #ahe1 #ahi2 prices1 #ahg ,fiddle patt]n1 #aib ,flat /em1 #ahh2 illu/rat$1 #aha ,maid5head1 #ahg ,rat-tail1 #aia2 illu/rat$1 #ahi ,seal-top1 #ahg2 illu/rat$1 #ahe2 prices1 #aid ,slipp$ 9 ! /alk1 #ahh2 illu/rat$1 #ahe ,trifid1 #ahh2 illu/rat$1 #ahe ,spoons1 plac+ ( m>ks on1 #aic ,/af=d%ire silv]smi?'s designs1 #bid ,/af=d%ire lu/re w>e emulat+ silv]1 #bdi ,/af=d%ire pott]'s emulation ( silv] plate1 #afi1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bid ,/&>d ,m>ks1 #ca-cc ,/&>d "w on m>ks1 #cd ,/&+ cups1 #ij ,/&+ salt cell>s1 #aed 8,/]l+0 f\nd on ,cork silv]1 #ccd ,/onew>e jug1 !1 ,elizabe?an1 ) silv] m\nts1 #ih1 #aja ,/rong1 ,james1 silv]smi?1 ,exet]1 #gh ,sug>-b[ls1 #bhg ,sug>1 silv] boxes =1 #bfa ,sumn] salt cell>1 !1 illu/rat$1 #aee ,symonds1 ,p5teco/1 silv]smi?1 ,exet]1 #gh ,table cu/oms1 8bel[ ! salt10 #ada ,tank>ds1 sev5te5?-c5tury1 #aaj ,tea adv]tisem5t1 a qua9t sev5te5?-c5tury1 #bdb ,tea-caddies1 #beh2 evolution to cab9et-mak]'s /yle1 #bfa ,tea-dr9k+1 excessive1 #bed ,teapot1 ! e>lie/ kn[n silv] 7#afgj71 #bda ,teapots1 #bda ,tea-/ra9]s1 #cjd ,tea-table mann]s1 eighte5?-c5tury1 #cjc ,tea-urn1 ,scotti%1 #aggh2 illu/rat$1 #cbe 8,tig]0 w>e1 ,elizabe?an1 ) silv] m\nts1 #ih ,tok5s1 copp] 7sev5te5? c5tury7 ) goldsmi?s' names1 #df ,t[n m>ks f\nd on ,scotti% silv]1 #cae ,tr5*] salt cell>s1 #aeg ,turn] cup1 ! 7#afgi71 ,york ,corporation plate1 #ajb 8,vigo0 f\nd on ,que5 ,anne's gu9eas 7#agjc71 #ccg ,vyn]1 ,sir ,rob]t1 piquant /ory (1 #dd ,w$gwood wood5 models ( silv]smi?'s designs1 #bej ,wesley1 ,john1 condemns tea1 #bed ,we/ ,mall+ jug1 ! ,elizabe?an 7#aeha71 #aja ,w9e cup1 ! ,/u>t1 #abc ,w9e cup1 illu/rations (-- ,james ,i1 #abe ,*>les ,,ii1 #abi ,wom5's petition to ,p>liam5t aga9/ c(fee1 #bde ,william ,,iii & ! debasem5t ( ! co91 #di ,york ,corporation plate1 #ajb ,york ,m>ks illu/rat$1 #cie ,york silv] plate illu/rat$-- ,tank>ds 7,*>les ,,ii71 #aaa ,m>ks1 #cie ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,wok+ ,,unw9',s 8,,*ats0 ,,s]ies ,*ats on ,old ,jewell]y & ,tr9kets4 ,by ,,maciv] ,,p]cival4 ,) ne>ly #cjj ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,! book is v ?or\gh1 deal+ z x does ) classic1 antique & mod]n ornam5ts2 ) gold1 silv]1 /eel & p9*beck2 ) ! preci\s /ones1 ! common] /ones & imitation40 ,outlook4 8#8,*ats on ,old ,jewell]y & ,tr9kets' is a book :i* w enable e woman to turn ov] h] jewel-case ) a fre% int]e/ & a new intellig5ce2 a practical guide = ! humble b anxi\s collector4444 ,a good gloss>y ( te*nicalities & _m excell5t illu/rations complete a valuable contribution to collector's lore40 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,*ats on ,cottage & ,f>mh\se ,furniture4 ,a companion volume to 8,*ats on ,old ,furniture40 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #ge o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,"o gets v mu* = "o's money 9 ?is book4 ,sev5ty-?ree full-page illu/rations 9 half-tone embelli% a lett]press :i* is replete ) wise description & valuable h9ts40 ,vanity ,fair4 8,mr4 ,hayd5's book is a guide to all sorts ( desirable & simple furniture1 f ,/u>t to ,georgian1 & x is a delight to read z well z a sure help to selection40 ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 8,mr4 ,hayd5 writes lucidly & is c>eful & accurate 9 8 /atem5ts2 :ile ! advice he gives to collectors is bo? s\nd & reasonable40 ,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,*ats on ,old ,co9s4 ,by ,,fr$ ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #beh o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,a mo/ useful & in/ructive book 444 w prove a boon to ! int5d+ collector ( old co9s & tok5s1 & full ( int]e/ to e collector4 ,z 0 to be expect$ ( any volume ( ?is s]ies1 ! illu/rations are num]\s & good1 & greatly assi/ ! read] to grasp ! ess5tials ( ! au?or's descriptions40 ,outlook4 8,! au?or has n only produc$ #8a practical guide = ! collector' b a h&y book ( ref]5ce = all4 ,! volume is wond]fully *eap40 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,*ats on ,old ,copp] & ,brass4 ,by ,,fr$ ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #hf o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,burgess is an exp]t on old copp] & bronze1 & 9 8 book !re is little in=mation lack+ :i* ! mo/ ard5t collector might want40 ,! ,obs]v]4 8,italian bronzes1 ,african *>ms1 ,*9ese & ,japanese enamels1 bells1 mort>s1 ,indian idols1 dials1 c&le/icks1 & snuff boxes1 all come 9 = _! %>e ( att5tion1 & ! read] :o has ma/]$ ,mr4 ,burgess's pages c face 8 rival 9 ! auction-room or ! deal] 9 8 %op ) little fe> ( suff]+ by ! transaction40 ,! ,nation4 ,*ats on ,h\sehold ,curios4 ,by ,,fr$ ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,) #id ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,mr4 ,burgess gives mu* in=mation ab\t su* attractive antiques z old glass & enamels1 old lea!r "w1 old clocks & wat*es1 old pipes1 old seals1 musical in/rum5ts1 & ev5 old sampl]s & *ildr5's toys4 ,! book is1 9 %ort1 an excell5t & compreh5sive guide = :at "o may call ! g5]al collector1 t is1 ! collector :o does n conf9e himself to "o class ( antique1 b buys :atev] he comes across 9 ! curio l9e1 provid$ t x is int]e/+ & at mod]ate price40 ,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,*ats on ,japanese ,pr9ts4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,davison ,,ficke4 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #ef ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,mr4 ,ficke writes ) ! k ( ! exp]t1 & 8 hi/ory ( ,japanese pr9t+ f v e>ly times & 8 criticism ( ! arti/s' "w are wond]fully int]e/+40 ,tatl]4 8,?is is "o ( ! mo/ delightful & notable memb]s ( an attractive s]ies4444 ,a beg9n] :o %all h ma/]$ & made ?or\ghly 8 own ! beauty ( l9e & ! v>i\s subtlety & boldness ( l9e> composition display$ 9 ^! sixty & odd photographs w h no mean f\ndation = fur!r /udy40 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,*ats on ,old ,clocks4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,) a frontispiece & #hj ,illu/rations4 #bnd ,ed4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,a practical h&book deal+ ) ! examples ( old clocks likely to come "u ! obs]vation ( ! collector4 ,*>m+ly writt5 & illu/rat$40 ,outlook4 8,"o specially useful feature ( ! "w is ! prom95ce ,mr4 ,hayd5 has giv5 to ! mak]s ( clocks1 deal+ n only ) ^? ( ,london1 b also ^? ( ! lead+ prov9cial t[ns4 ,! li/s he gives ( ! latt] are highly valuable1 z !y are n to be f\nd 9 any simil> book4 ,! volume is1 z usual ) ?is s]ies1 pr(usely illu/rat$1 & may be recomm5d$ z a highly int]e/+ & useful g5]al guide to collectors ( clocks40 ,! ,connoisseur4 ,*ats on ,old ,silv]4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,) a frontispiece1 #ii full-page ,illu/rations1 & illu/rat$ table ( m>ks4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,mr4 ,hayd5's #8,*ats on ,old ,silv]' deals v ?or\ghly ) a popul> bran* ( collect+4 ,!re are a hundr$ full-page illu/rations toge!r ) illu/rat$ tables & *>ts1 & ! /ud5t ( ?is book c w&] r\nd ! old curiosity %ops ( ^! isl&s ) a valuable equipm5t ( k4444 ,altoge!r we h "h a well-writt5 summ>y ( ev]y?+ t "o c\ld wi% to "k ab\t ?is bran* ( collect+40 ,! ,sph]e4 8,! in=mation x gives w be ( exceptional value at ?is "t1 :5 s _m families w be =c$ to "p ) _! treasures--& old silv] is among ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ! pres5t day40 ,morn+ ,po/4 ,*ats on ,old ,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,fo/]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #aaf o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 ,?is book pres5ts 9 a concise & popul> =m a v>iety ( valuable in=mation on ! collection & pres]vation ( m9iatures1 on ! lead+ ,engli% & ,fr5* arti/s1 & on ! specim5s exhibit$ 9 public gall]ies4 8,mr4 ,fo/] is truly a guide1 philosoph] & fri5d4 ,he tells u n only h[ to judge & h[ to buy m9iatures1 b h[ to take prop] c>e ( !m4444 ,! spl5did photographs by :i* ! book is enri*$ adds 9 a great measure to its attractiv5ess & utility40 ,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,*ats on ,old ,lace & ,ne$lework4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,l[es4 ,) a frontispiece & #gd o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 ,writt5 by an exp]t & en?usia/ 9 ^! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( art4 ,! l[ price at :i* ! "w is issu$ is exceptional 9 deal+ ) ^! subjects1 & x is rem>kable 9 view ( ! te*nical k display$ & ! _m photographic illu/rations :i* practically int]leave ! book4 8,9 comm5dable1 cle> & concise /yle ,mrs4 ,l[es expla9s ! te*nical features di/+ui%+ ea* example1 mak+ ! book ! utmo/ value 9 id5tify+ samples ( old lace40 ,weldon's ,ladies' ,j\r4 ,*ats on ,ori5tal ,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,black]4 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece & #gj o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 ,w be ( ! utmo/ s]vice to collectors & to all :o may h old ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela9 9 _! possession4 ,x deals ) ori5tal *9a f ! v>i\s /&po9ts ( hi/ory1 te*nique1 age1 m>ks & values1 & is ri*ly illu/rat$ ) admirable reproductions4 8,a treatise t is s in=m+ & compreh5sive t x comm&s ! prompt recognisation ( all :o value ! *oice productions ( ! ori5tal arti/s4444 ,! illu/rations are num]\s & invaluable to ! atta9m5t ( exp]t k1 & ! result is a h&book t is z indisp5sable z x is unique40 ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,*ats on ,engli% ,e>!nw>e4 ,a companion volume to 8,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a40 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,) a col\r$ frontispiece1 #aej ,illu/rations & tables ( ov] #bjj illu/rat$ m>ks4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,to ! ev]-increas+ numb] ( collectors :o are tak+ an int]e/ 9 old ,engli% pott]y 444 w be f\nd "o ( ! mo/ delightful1 z x is a practical "w on a fasc9at+ subject40 ,he>? & ,home4 8,"h we h a h&book1 writt5 by a well-kn[n au?ority1 :i* gives 9 ! concise/ possible =m all ! in=mation t ! beg9n] 9 e>!nw>e collect+ is likely to ne$4 ,moreov]1 x conta9s "o or two features t are n usually f\nd 9 ! multif>i\s #8guides' t are produc$ to-day40 ,nation4 ,*ats on ,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,broadley4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,be+ an exp]t collector1 ,mr4 ,broadley n only disc\rses on ! k9ds ( autograph he owns1 b gives "s excell5t caution>y advice & a valuable #8caveat emptor' *apt] = ! b5efit ( o!r collectors40 ,we/m9/] ,gazette4 8,x is assur$ly ! be/ "w ( ! k9d yet giv5 to ! public2 & supplies ! int5d+ collector ) ! v>i\s s\rces ( in=mation necess>y to 8 equipm5t40 ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,*ats on ,old ,pewt]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,) #eb half-tone & num]\s o!r ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,x is a rem>kably ?or\gh & well-arrang$ guide to ! subject1 suppli$ ) useful illu/rations & ) li/s ( pewt]]s & ( _! m>ks s complete z to make x a v complete & satisfactory book ( ref]5ce40 ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 8,be=e sett+ out to collect old pewt] x w\ld be z well to read ,mr4 ,mass's book1 :i* is exhau/ive 9 its in=mation & its li/s ( pewt]]s1 analytical index1 & hi/orical & te*nical *apt]s40 ,spectator4 ,*ats on ,po/age ,/amps4 ,by ,,fr$ ,j4 ,,melville4 ,) #eg half-tone & #ag l9e ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 8,! :ole book1 ) its num]\s illu/rations ( excell5t quality1 is a vade mecum = /amp collectors1 ev5 ?\gh _! ef=ts may be b mode/2 we congratulate ,mr4 ,melville on a rem>kably good guide1 :i* makes fasc9at+ read+40 ,academy4 8,!re is no d\bt t ,mr4 ,melville's book fills a void4 ,!re is no?+ exactly l x4 ,agreeably writt5 9 a popul> /yle & adequately illu/rat$1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ guides to philatelic k t h yet be5 publi%$40 ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,ltd41 #a ,,adelphi ,,t]race1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#b 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ?is text4 ,page #ef3 possess] *ang$ to possessor--possessor ( su* co94 ,page #gh3 m>k]'s *ang$ to mak]'s--! mak]'s m>k is ,e4 ,g4 ,page #hf3 peple *ang$ to p--m weal?y p4 ,page #ih3 dittograph 8to0 remov$--to ! son4 ,page #aad3 f9als to f9ials--f9ials ( ! h&le4 ,page #bae3 hugh to huge--huge app5dages4