,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,c>at symbol 80 designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,h&books ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,craftsm54 ,,edit$ ,,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,,litt4,d4 ,illu/rat$ ,monographs1 ,biographical & ,critical1 on ! ,great ,craftsm5 & ,work]s ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,times4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 ,imp]ial #afmo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 #es4 net ea*4 ,fir/ ,volumes ( ! ,s]ies ,,! ,,pavem5t ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,si5a4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,hob>t ,,cu/1 ,m4,a4 ,,pet] ,,vis*]4 ,by ,,cecil ,,headlam1 ,b4,a4 ,,! ,,ivory ,,work]s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,cu/4 ,o!rs to foll[4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dossett] ,,photo4 ,,briti% ,,museum #a4 ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,dipty* ,byzant9e1 fif? c5tury ,see p4 #ee4 ,,! ,,ivory ,,work]s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,cu/ ,illu/ration ,,london ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons #aijb ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,,to ,,my ,,de> ,,fa!r ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,book4 ,,preface ,?is little book c d no m ?an humbly t\* ! fr+e ( a l>ge subject2 b if x leads ! read] to a fur!r /udy ( ?is beautiful craft1 x w h amply fulfill$ its duty4 ,i mu/ express my deep obligation to ! magnific5t volume on ivories by ,m4 ,emile ,mol9i]1 ^: ma/]ly arrangem5t ( a v fragm5t>y & scatt]$ subject is a model ( lucidity2 & also to ,dr4 ,hans ,graev51 ^: s*ol>ly rese>*es & excell5t photographs are indisp5sable = a real /udy ( ! craft4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,cu/4 ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations xiii ,,bibliography xvii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,consul> ,,& ,,o!r ,,secul> ,,dipty*s #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,lat9 ,,& ,,byzant9e ,,ivories #cg ,i4 ,lat9 & ,lat9o-,byzant9e & ! ,e>ly ,byzant9e ,ivories #cg ,,ii4 ,byzant9e ,caskets #ge ,,iii4 ,! ,byzant9e ,r5aissance #hd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lomb>dic1 ,,anglo-,,saxon1 ,,c>lov+ian ,,& ,,g]man ,,ivories #if ,i4 ,lomb>d ,ivory ,c>v+s #if ,,ii4 ,anglo-,saxon ,ivory ,c>v+s #ii ,,iii4 ,! ,c>lov+ian ,r5aissance #ajf ,,iv4 ,g]man ,ivory ,c>v+ 9 ! "t ( ! ,ottos #aah ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,romanesque ,,& ,,go?ic ,,ivories #abi ,,li/ ,,( ,,dipty*s #aeg ,,li/ ,,( ,,places ,,:]e ,,important ,,examples ,,( ,,ivories ,,c ,,be ,,f\nd #afe ,,index #afg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,an ,,angel4 ,leaf ( a ,dipty*4 ,fif? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,briti% ,museum1 ,london ,frontispiece #b4 ,,second ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,probianus1 ,,vice-,,prefect ,,( ,,rome4 ,end ( f\r? c5tury ,b]l9 ,libr>y #h #c4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,probus1 ,,consul ,,at ,,rome1 #djf ,a4,d4 ,duomo1 ,ao/a #i #d4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,ore/es1 ,,consul ,,at ,,rome1 #ecj ,a4,d4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #ad #e4 ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,amalasun?a787 ,six? ,c5tury4 ,italian ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #cj #f4 ,,adam ,,9 ,,! ,,t]re/rial ,,p>adise1 ,,& ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,leaves ( a ,dipty*4 ,fif? c5tury4 ,italian ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #da #g #h4 ,,two ,,plaques1 ,,! ,,crucifixion & ,,*ri/ ,,leav+ ,,! ,,pr,,torium4 ,fif? c5tury4 ,italian ,briti% ,museum #df1 #dg #i4 ,,pyx ,,) ,,! ,,sc5e ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,heal+ ,,! ,,p>alytic4 ,six? c5tury4 ,italo-,byzant9e ,muse de ,cluny1 ,p>is #ea #aj4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels 7f ,s4 ,mi*ele di ,murano74 ,six? c5tury4 ,italo-,byzant9e ,rav5na ,museum #ec #aa4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels1 ) ?ree sc5es f ! ,nativity 7f ,metz ,ca!dral74 ,six? c5tury4 ,italo-,byzant9e ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is #eg #ab4 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,ivory ,,?rone ,,( ,,/4 ,,maximian1 ) ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ & ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,six? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,duomo1 ,rav5na #ei #ac4 ,a ,,panel ,,f ,,! ,,same ,,?rone1 ,,br++ ,,joseph',s ,,coat ,,to ,,jacob4 ,six? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,duomo1 ,rav5na #fc #ad4 ,,oliphant4 ,n9? to t5? c5tury4 ,ori5tal ,byzant9e ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #gc #ae4 ,,v]oli ,,casket4 ,byzant9e ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #gg #af4 ,,front ,,( ,a ,,casket1 ) sc5es f ! life ( ,david4 ,n9? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,museo ,kir*]iano1 ,rome #ha #ag4 ,,h>baville ,,tripty*4 ,t5? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,l\vre1 ,p>is #hg #ah4 ,,plaque ,,) ,,! ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,elev5? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #hi #ai4 ,,*ri/ ,,en?ron$4 ,elev5? c5tury4 ,byzant9e ,trivulzio ,collection1 ,milan #ia #bj4 ,,*ri/ ,,cr[n+ ,,! ,,emp]or ,,romanus ,,& ,,! ,,empress ,,eudoxia4 ,elev5? c5tury4 ,byzant9e4 ,cab9et des ,mdailles1 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is #ic #ba4 ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi4 ,elev5? c5tury4 ,anglo-,saxon ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #aja #bb4 ,,! ,,xxvii? ,,psalm ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,sc5ic ,,=m4 ,n9? c5tury4 ,c>lov+ian ,zri* ,museum #aji #bc4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels4 ,n9? c5tury4 ,c>lov+ian ,abbey ( ,/4 ,gall1 ,switz]l& #aac #bd4 ,,! ,,crucifixion ,,& ,,allegorical ,,figures4 ,n9? c5tury4 ,c>lov+ian ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #aae #be4 ,,panel ,,( ,,! ,,crucifixion1 f a book cov]4 ,t5? c5tury4 ,g]man ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,man*e/] #abc #bf4 ,,c]emonial ,,comb4 ,elev5? c5tury4 ,engli% ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #abg #bg4 ,a ,,bi%op',s ,,crozi]4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #aca #bh4 ,,! ,,coronation ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,?irte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,l\vre1 ,p>is #acg #bi4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild4 ,?irte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #aci #cj4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,cross4 ,?irte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,l\vre1 ,p>is #ada #ca4 ,a ,,polypty*1 ) ! ,virg9 & ,*ild & v>i\s sc5es f ! ,nativity4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #adc #cb4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,dipty*4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,may] ,coll41 ,liv]pool ,museum #ade #cc4 ,,plaque ,,f ,a ,,casket ,,repres5t+ ,,danc]s4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #adg #cd4 ,a ,,mirror ,,case1 ) ! ,elopem5t ( ,gu9iv]e & ,lancelot4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,may] ,coll41 ,liv]pool ,museum #adi #ce4 ,,panel ,,f ,a ,,casket4 ,f\rte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #aea #cf4 ,,tripty* ,,made ,,= ,,bi%op ,,gr&ison ,,( ,,exet]4 #acbg-acfi4 ,engli% ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #aec #cg4 ,,tripty*4 ,e>ly fifte5? c5tury4 ,italian ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london #aee ,,bibliography ,antoniewicz4 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung54 ,g4 ,bhne1 ,leipsic4 ,b>bi] de ,montault1 ,xavi]4 ,le symbolisme du bli] sur les crosses d'ivoire au moy5 ge4 ,revue de l',art ,*rti54 #ahhc1 p4 #aeg4 ,d>cel1 ,alfr$4 ,collection ,basilewsky4 ,catalogue raisonn4 #b vols4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,spitz]1 ,frdric4 ,la ,collection ,spitz]4 ,les ,ivoires4 ,notice de ,m4 ,alf4 ,d>cel4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,g>ucci4 ,/oria dell' arte cri/iana4 ,vol4 #f4 ,prato1 #ahgb-hj4 ,gatty1 ,*>les ,t4 ,catalogue ( ,m$ival & ,lat] ,antiquities conta9$ 9 ! ,may] ,museum4 ,gilb]t ,walmsley4 ,liv]pool1 #ahhc4 ,goodye>1 ,w4 ,h4 ,roman & ,m$ival ,art4 ,flood ,v9c5t1 ,*atauqua ,press4 ,gori1 ,ant4 ,francesco4 ,!saurus ,vet]um ,dipty*orum ,consul>ium et ,ecclesia/icorum4 #c vols4 ,flor5ce1 #agei4 ,graev51 ,hans4 8,ent/ellte ,consul> ,dipty*on40 ,mit?4 ,ar*4 ,in/ituts4 ,rom4 #ahib1 p4 #bjd4 8,e9 ,reliqui5k/*5 aus ,pirano40 ,jahrbu* d] ,kun/hi/oris*5 ,sammlung5 des ,all]h*/5 ,kais]hauses1 ,wi54 ,vol4 ,,xx4 #ahii4 8,d] ,wi5]-,g5esis und byzant9is*e ,elf5be9w]ke40 ,d4 ,vol4 ,,xxi4 #aijj4 8,antike ,vorlag5 ,byzant9is*e ,elf5be9reliefs40 ,jahrbu* d] ,k4 ,preuss4 ,kun/sammlung51 ,,xviii4 #c4 #ahig4 ,photographs4 ,frh*ri/li*e und mittelalt]li*e ,elf5be9w]ke 9 photographis*] ,na*bildung 8,aus ,sammlung5 9 ,engl&40 #ahih4 8,aus ,sammlung5 9 ,itali540 #aijj4 ,lab>te1 ,jules4 ,hi/oire des ,arts ,indu/riels au ,moy5 ,age et l',epoque de la ,r5aissance4 ,ve ,a4 ,morel4 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 ,maskell1 ,w4 ,anci5t & ,m$ival ,ivories 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,london1 ,*apman & ,hall1 #ahgb4 ,! ,introduction is sold sep>ately4 ,price #as4 ,mey]1 ,wilhelm 7aus ,spey]74 ,zwei ,antike ,elf5be9tafeln d] k4 ,/aats-,biblio!k 9 ,mn*54 ,mn*51 ,v]lag d] ,k4 ,akademie4 #ahgi4 ,mol9i]1 ,emile4 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,arts appliqus l',indu/rie du ,ve la f9 du ,,xviiie ,sicle4 ,vol ,i4 ,ivoires4 ,e4 ,lvy et ,cie4 ,p>is4 ,catalogue des ,ivoires4 ,muse national du ,l\vre4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,oldfield1 ,edmund4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,ivory ,c>v+s 9 v>i\s collections4 ,) ,memoir by ,sir ,digby ,wyatt4 ,fir/ edition1 #ahef4 ,new edition1 )\t memoir1 #ahic4 ,pulzky1 ,francis4 ,catalogue ( ! ,fejvry ,ivories 9 ! ,museum ( ,joseph ,may]1 ,esq4 ,liv]pool1 #ahef4 ,r\jon1 ,mol9i] et ,m>c\4 ,catalogue ,illu/r ,(ficiel de l',exposition ,rtrospective de l',art ,franais des ,orig9es #ahjj4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,s*>f1 ,sir ,g4 ,article on 8,sculpture0 9 ,w>+'s ,art ,treasures ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,man*e/]1 #ahgc4 ,s*lumb]g]1 ,g4 ,un ,emp]eur ,byzant9 au ,xe ,sicle4 ,nicphore ,phocas4 ,p>is4 ,didot4 #ahij4 ,l',epope ,byzant9e la f9 du ,xe ,sicle4 ,p>is1 ,ha*ette et ,cie4 #ahif4 ,/uhlfau?1 ,g4 ,die alt*ri/li*e ,elf5be9pla/ik4 ,leipsig1 #ahif4 ,v5turi1 ,adolfo4 ,un c(ano civile bizant9o di ,cividale4 ,gall]ie nazionale italiane4 ,vol #c4 #ahig4 ,/oria dell' arte italiana4 ,i4 ,dai primordi dell' arte cri/iana al tempo di ,giu/iano4 ,hoepli4 ,milan1 #aija4 ,vge1 ,w4 ,katalog d] ,b]l9] ,elf5be9w]ke4 7,9 c\rse ( publication47 ,b]l91 #aijj4 8,e9 deuts*] ,s*nitz] des ,x ,jahrhund]ts40 ,jahrbu* d] k4 preuss4 ,kun/sammlung54 ,vol4 ,,xx4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,we/wood1 ,j4 ,o4 ,a ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,fictile ,ivories 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,cont95tal ,collections ( ,classical & ,m$ival ,ivories4 ,*apman & ,hall4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,wilp]t1 ,josef4 ,un ,capitolo della ,/oria di ,ve/>io4 ,l',arte4 #ahih1 #ahii4 ,,! ,,ivory ,,work]s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,*apt] ,i ,,consul> ,,& ,,o!r ,,secul> ,,dipty*s ,f ! e>lie/ dawn ( ! human race until our "t1 ,ivory has held a fir/ place z a mat]ial = mak+ ! pleas+ little luxuries ( life1 religi\s or civil4 ,cave-,man has left beh9d him incis$ sket*es ( animals1 ! product ( 8 leisure mom5ts2 all lit]ature tells ( ! use ( x1 & ! digg]'s spade turns up a s]ies ( *>m+ objects1 f ! ornam5tal hair combs ( a prehi/oric pr9cess1 :o dazzl$ ! ,egyptian c\rt "s #gjjj ye>s ,b4,c41 to ! ivory-h&l$ walk+-/ick ( "s g\ty old ,greek :o liv$ at ! outset ( ?is mo/ prosaic era4 ,to ?is passion = c>v$ ivory we owe our k ( ! cont9uity ( art = _m c5turies aft] ! break up ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! almo/ complete cessation ( monum5tal sculpture4 ,9 fact1 no su* cont9u\s *a9 has surviv$ 9 any o!r arti/ic production2 & ?is alone makes ! /udy ( ! craft ( su* int5se int]e/1 illu/rat+ z x does ! e>ly quick5+ ( art 9 a p]iod ( great obscurity betwe5 ! old ord] & ! new4 ,!re is no real break betwe5 ,classical art & t ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian 0 ! la/ phase ( ,roman art1 & ! ,*ur* h&$ on ) ! ,*ri/ian religion a mass ( ,judaic & ,lat9 culture :i* ! b>b>ian races1 hav+ none ( _! own1 accept$1 b ?r\gh _! diff]5t nature & requirem5ts1 modifi$ & debas$4 ,!nce we see ! cont9uity1 & also ! two ma9 causes ( ! det]ioration ( ,classical art3 fir/1 by ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 9 its e>ly days antagoni/ic to ! pla/ic arts1 ow+ to a haunt+ horror ( images1 inh]it$ f ,judaism1 & a fe> ( fall+ back "u ! pagan spell ( s5su\s beauty3 & ?\gh lat] & = a long p]iod ! ,*ur* became by f> ! mo/ munific5t & inspir+ patron1 ! f9al t5d5cy 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire 0 to /ifle ! true _s ( art by subject+ x to z dogmatic a rig\r 9 design z 9 doctr9e4 ,secondly ! ne> pres5ce ( ! p[]ful & rapidly assimilat+ b>b>ian1 :o imitat+ all ?+s1 (t5 ignorant ( _! mean+1 & incapable ( good workman%ip1 r$uc$ art 9 ! ,we/]n ,empire to ! l[e/ ebb4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople !re l+]$ a fad+ %ad[ ( ! old ,greek _s1 :i*1 at lea/1 inspir$ ! craftsman to f9i%$ workman%ip & a love ( elegant =m4 ,9 spite ( ! p>alysis caus$ by ! en=cem5t ( a fix$ canon ( iconography !re 7 long p]iods ( high arti/ic excell5ce 7,figs4 #ag & #ah74 ,we h an exagg]at$ idea ( ! rigidity ( ,byzant9e art ow+ to ! num]\s repetitions by inf]ior craftsm5 :i* are f\nd 9 our museums1 & by confus+ ! ,gold5 ,age1 ) ! p]iod ( real deadness :i* comm5c$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & has la/$ to ?is v day 9 ! art ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,byzant9e art became ! te*nical s*ool ( ! y\ng] nations1 tea*+ !m craftsman%ip & design1 ?us enabl+ !m to express _! m impulsive religi\s emotions & lead+ !m on till !y f\nd ! full expression ( _! g5ius 9 ! aspir+ beauty ( ,go?ic art4 ,! be/ p]iod = comm5c+ ! /udy ( m$ival ivory-c>v+ is ) ! f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d41 & ! great s]ies ( ,consul> ,dipty*s :i* =m ! backbone ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! craft & creat$ a type :i* la/$ ?r\gh ! :ole m$ival era4 ,!odosius ! ,great 7#cie71 divid$ ! ,roman ,empire betwe5 8 two sons4 ,arcadius rul$ ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 8 capital cont9u+ at ,con/ant9ople4 ,honorius1 !n only elev5 ye>s old1 nom9ally gov]n$ ! ,we/]n4 ,he did n make ! ,et]nal ,city 8 seat ( gov]nm5t1 9 fact ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt _h r>ely return$ !re s9ce x 0 des]t$ by ,diocletian4 ,milan 0 consid]$ too expos$ to ! attacks ( ! b>b>ians1 s ! city ( ,rav5na1 almo/ impregnable ow+ to ! surr\nd+ m>%es1 0 *os51 & rema9$ ! capital ( ! v>y+ rul]s ( ,italy until ! eigh? c5tury4 ,two ,consuls 7 *os5 = ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 _! names cont9u+ to give ! legal date to ! ye>1 accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om4 ,& ?\gh e ve/ige ( political p[] 0 gone1 ! po/ 0 ! object ( mu* ambition1 x be+ a p]sonal fav\r ( ! ,emp]or1 & conf]r+ on ! hold] ! highe/ rank4 ,x also br\ght great popul>ity ) ! p1 :o /ill hon\r$ ! "n ( ,consul1 full ( memories ( ! great republic1 & /ill m passionately appreciat$ ! ,games 9 ! ,circus1 :i* x 0 ! exp5sive privilege ( ! ,consul to inaugurate on 8 accession4 ,^! ,games 7 an occasion = great o/5tation1 & 7 c>ri$ out ) lavi% exp5diture4 ,fir/ !re 0 a procession ( all ! dignit>ies ( ! city1 9 :i* ! ,consul 0 ! mo/ important figure2 ?is 0 greet$ on its arrival at ! amphi!atre by ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( spectators />t+ up & clapp+ _! h&s2 !n all 7 brea?lessly /ill :ile ! ,consul1 cynosure ( e eye1 flung d[n into ! ar5a ! small :ite napk91 or ,mappa ,circ5sis1 ) :i* he1 & he alone1 might signal ! comm5cem5t ( ! games4 ,?is 0 ! psy*ic mom5t1 & ! sc5e has be5 pres]v$ = all "t on ! c>v$ ivory dipty*s :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! ,consul to ! ,s5ators & o!r high (ficials 9 commemoration ( 8 (fice4 ,! ^w dipty* is d]iv$ f ! ,greek or 8d\ble fold$10 & ! dipty*s giv5 by ! ,consuls 7 an elaborate =m ( ! ord9>y writ+-tablets or pugill>es1 8a ?+ held 9 ! fi/40 ,!y consi/$ ( two pieces ( ivory jo9$ toge!r l a book by h+es1 decorat$ on ! outside & groov$ inside to hold ! wax1 :i* 0 writt5 on by a %>p /yle4 ,! mo/ important leaf is ! "r h& "o1 or t :i* comes upp]mo/ :5 ! book is clos$1 on x1 ) a few e>ly exceptions1 ! ,consul's "n 0 always inscrib$1 ! second leaf be>+ 8 titles4 ,^! consul> dipty*s probably conta9$ ! ,fa/i ,consul>es or ,li/ ( ,consuls up to ! ye> ( ! donor4 ,!y 7 (t5 gild$1 ! inscriptions be+ pa9t$ 9 r$2 & "s 7 ( great size1 z ! ,byzant9e ,angel 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7frontispiece71 :i* measures #af by #e 941 & is s l>ge t no kn[n tusk w\ld suffice to cut x4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! anci5ts possess$ "s secret = roll+ out ivory or jo9+ x invisibly2 b x is m likely t elephants _h n be5 s mu* kill$ d[n = ! sake ( _! ivory1 s l>g] tusks 7 obta9able4 ,^! tablets 7 s co/ly t ,!odosius decre$ 9 #chd t !y %\ld only be giv5 away by ! ,consules ,ord9>ii1 or ! ,consuls admitt$ on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y & :o nam$ ! ye>1 & n by ^? :o replac$ !m or by any o!r (ficials2 b ?is law 0 soon disreg>d$1 & n9e ye>s lat] we read 9 a lett] ( ! noble ,roman ,symma*us t1 9 hon\r ( 8 son's elevation to ! qu/or%ip he is s5d+ to ! v same ,emp]or a dipty* set 9 gold4 ,?is s]ies ( dipty*s spreads ov] a p]iod ( ab\t #aej ye>s1 f ! end ( ! f\r? to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! sculpture /eadily decreas+ 9 value1 ! e>lie/ examples %[ fre$om ( design & good "w1 b ! la/ 7 no?+ b indiff]5t repetitions ( ! same subjects1 9 bad proportion & worse relief till x became possible to produce a figure su* z t ( ,ore/es 7,fig4 #d74 ,soon aft] ,ore/es ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian aboli%$ ?is anci5t (fice1 &1 really1 he mu/ be held ju/ifi$ if all ! consuls c\ld d 0 to give blood?ir/y %[s to ! citiz5s1 & /ill m corrupt ! /&>d ( art by di/ribut+ su* despicable types ( art among ! prov9cials4 ,x is noticeable t all ! fif? c5tury dipty*s1 ! e>lie/ & ! be/1 bo? consul> & o!rwise are f ! ,we/4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury !re 0 a complete collapse1 foll[+ ! fur!r invasions ( ! ,huns & o!r b>b>ians1 & ! ,we/]n ,empire flick]$ out ) ! suppression1 by ,odoac] ! ,go?1 ( ! la/ emp]or1 grotesquely nam$ ,romulus ,augu/ulus1 a sort ( satire on 8 unwor?y foll[+ ( su* mighty pr$ecessors4 ,ore/es1 ,consul at ,rome1 #ecj 7,fig4 #d71 ,no4 #cd1a is ! only ,we/]n ,consul ( ! six? c5tury ^: dipty* has be5 pres]v$2 ! /yle is s l t ( ,con/ant9ople1 t x gives weight to ,graev5's !ory t ! m$allions on x repres5t ,amalasun?a1 daught] ( ,!odoric ! ,o/ro-,go?1 :o 0 !n rul+ 9 ! "n ( h] "y son ,a?alric1 & :o c>ri$ on t %ort r5aissance ( ! ,arts1 s artificially introduc$ f ,con/ant9ople by h] fa!r4 ,! bu/s _c repres5t ! reign+ ,emp]or ,ju/9ian & 8 wife ,!odora1 because at t "t he 0 =ty-eight ye>s ( age1 & !y nev] _h a son4 ,be=e pass+ to ! real consul> dipty*s1 x is impossible to leave unm5tion$ ! spl5did tablets ( ,probianus at ,b]l9 7,fig4 #b71 ,no4 #ej4 ,we "k no m ?an :at ! well-cut inscription tells u1 t he 0 ,,vic>ius ,,urbis ,,rom1 or ,vice-,prefect ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,b1 judg+ f ! /yle1 ! good proportions 7admitt+ ! conv5tion :i* made ! p]son ( highe/ rank ! l>ge/71 ! dignifi$ faces1 & ! natural arrangem5t ( ! drap]y1 x mu/ be ( e>ly date1 probably t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ab\t ! "t ( ! beautiful tablets ( ! ,nicoma*i & ! ,symma*i 7,no4 #eh71 to :i* x is closely alli$ by ! well-hung drap]y & ! surr\nd+ bord] ( delicately cut honeysuckle patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]l9 ,,museum #b4 ,,second ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,probianus ,end ( f\r? c5tury ,! top has a slight gable1 z 9 ! e>ly dipty* ( ,probus 7,fig4 #c71 ,no4 #b4 ,probianus is depict$ 9 ! ,tribunal1 sitt+ on 8 high-back$ ?rone1 surr\nd$ by 8 cl]ks1 :o be> piles ( writ+ tablets1 & bel[1 probably outside ! cancelli or b>ri]1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 all ,roman basilicas1 /& ! litigants1 :o appe> to be congratulat+ him4 ,out/ret*$ f+]s1 9 e>ly art1 meant ! act ( spee*1 & !n1 z n[1 congratulatory addresses 7 inscrib$ & pres5t$4 ,on ! second leaf we see ! address on 8 knee1 & by a curi\s conv5tion he is writ+ ) 8 own h& ! words !y acclaim him )1 8,,probiane ,,floreas40 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,ao/a ,,ca!dral #c4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,probus ,9 ! fir/ leaf he is deliv]+ judgm5t1 & ! two l[] figures we> ! toga1 %[+ !y are ( high rank1 & on ! o!r bo? he & ! litigants are array$ 9 ! *lamys ( ord9>y folk4 ,bel[1 betwe5 ! litigants is se5 a my/]i\s object on a tripod /&1 :i* "s say is ! clepsydra or wat]-clock1 & o!rs decl>e to be ! (ficial inkpot4 ,on ! "r ( ! ,vice-,prefect is a curi\s /&>d-l erection call$ ! vexilla regalia1 on :i* 0 pa9t$ ! portraits ( ! ,emp]or & ,empress1 & :i* 0 nev] abs5t f any important c]emonial4 ,! dipty* fir/ on ,mol9i]'s li/ cov]s an antiphon>y 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,basilica at ,monza1 :i* conta9s s _m o!r int]e/+ antiquities4 ,leg5d tells u t ?is ivory 0 s5t ab\t ! ye> #fjj to ! ,lomb>d que51 ,!odol9da1 by ,pope ,gregory ! ,great 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( h] ef=ts to conv]t h] v b>b>ic subjects f ! ,arian h]esy to ,ca?olicism4 ,?ree figures are repres5t$1 a be>d$ soldi] & a /ately lady1 :o has ) h] a little boy4 ,x is evid5tly a portrait gr\p1 & has giv5 rise to _m que/ion+s2 & among ! names ( ! num]\s hi/orical p]sonages connect$ ) x are ^? ( ! g5]al ,con/antius1 8 wife1 ! fam\s ,galla ,placidia1 daught] ( ,!odosius ,i41 & _! little son1 aft]w>ds ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 ,?is w\ld place x t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,?is !ory is q possible1 hi/orically2 b1 judg+ f ! /yle1 ! attribution ( ,mol9i] is m likely4 ,he consid]s t ! figures repres5t ano!r trio :o liv$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury e>li]4 ,! decad5ce 9 art 0 s exce$+ly rapid t x is v d\btful if su* good craftsman%ip & orig9ality ( design 7 possible at ! lat] p]iod4 ,mol9i] sugge/s t ! c>v+ repres5ts ! great g5]al ,/ili*o1 :o ?\gh ( ,v&al orig91 rais$ himself to a position ( great p[]4 ,he fai?fully s]v$ ,!odosius ,i41 & ! ,emp]or on 8 dea?b$ intru/$ to him ! c>e ( 8 two "y sons4 ,/ili*o1 h[ev]1 f9d+ 8 influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\rt 0 *eck$ by ,ruf9us1 conc5trat$ 8 en]gies 9 ! ,we/1 & practically rul$ ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & 8 weak "y son-9-law1 ! ,emp]or ,honorius4 ,he kept ! invad+ hordes at bay by conque/ & treaty till 8 fall 9 #djh1 9 :i* ye> ! ?ree p]sons depict$ on ^! tablets--,/ili*o1 8 wife ,s]5a1 adopt$ daught] & niece ( ,!odosius ,i41 & _! "y son1 ,eu*]ius1 7 all cruelly murd]$4 ,?is attribution w\ld date x ab\t #djj1 & an exam9ation ( ! /yle supports ! idea4 ,! proportions are good1 & ! drap]y well r5d]$1 especially ,s]5a's girdl$ tunic4 ,! :ole design %[s orig9ality1 & ! figures be+ portraits1 ! craftsman 0 ?r[n on 8 own res\rces & c\ld n copy f classical sculpture4 ,! pose ( ! figures is some:at uneasy1 & contra/s unfav\rably ) ! grace ( ! ,bac*antes on ! beautiful private dipty*1 "p 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny1 & "p 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,no4 #eh71 :i* probably =m$ ! cov] ( a m>riage contract betwe5 ! families ( ! ,nicoma*i & ! ,symma*i4 ,^! tablets1 ?\gh ne>ly ( ! same date1 adh]e closely to "s ,greek model1 & ?\gh ga9+ mu* 9 beauty1 lose 9 orig9ality4 ,camille ,jullian 9 an int]e/+ article#b po9ts out h[ 9 ! mid/ ( ?or\ghly ,roman surr\nd+s1 x is only ! en]getic face ( ,/ili*o :i* is n ,roman 9 type & betrays 8 b>b>ian orig94 ,! %ort tunic worn by ,/ili*o is embroid]$ all ov] ) pictures ( 8 wife & son1 8 long *lamys hav+ only portraits ( ! boy4 ,x 0 a popul> cu/om at ?is p]iod to h ! portraits ( ne> relations embroid]$ on ,/ate g>m5ts1 especially pictures ( *ildr54 ,! poet ,claudian 9 8 panegyric on ,/ili*o1 alludes to sc5es f ! lives ( ,eu*]ius & 8 little si/]s be+ embroid]$ on ! robe ( _! fa!r4 ,m (t5 ! portrait 0 on a squ>e ( /uff1 or segm5t1 :i* 0 let into ! front ( ! g>m5t 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,! fir/ dipty* ( c]ta9 date is t ( ,probus1 ,consul at ,rome1 #djf1 ,no4 #b 7,fig4 #c71 & probably int5d$ z a gift = ! ,emp]or ,honorius1 :o is depict$ !reon z a figure ( heavy proportions1 borr[$ f ! common type ( imp]ial /atue4 ,! head is evid5tly a portrait1 z ev5 at ! mo/ decad5t p]iod !re 0 always a /riv+1 ev5 if an unsuccessful "o1 aft] portraiture & naturalism4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! nimbus r\nd ! head ( ,honorius4 ,9 hea!n times ! nimbus 0 giv5 to ! immortals#c & to images ( ! deifi$ emp]ors4 ,*ri/ian art adopt$ x1 b n inv>iably1 & x appe>s to h be5 reg>d$ m z an attribute ( p[] ?an sa9tl9ess4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ & 8 disciples & ! ,old ,te/am5t#d h]oes receiv$ x1 x also encircl$ ! heads ( ! great p ( ?is _w4 ,we f9d x on ! celebrat$ ,ju/9ian mosaics at ,s4 ,vitale 9 ,rav5na1 & on ! m$als ( ,ju/9ian1 & z late z ! elev5? c5tury on ! plaque ( ! ,emp]or & ,empress1 ,romanus & ,eudoxia1 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale at ,p>is 7,fig4 #bj74 ,next 9 date & inf9itely co>s] 9 execution is t ( ,felix1 #dbh 7,no4 #c72 ! head is ( a rugg$ type1 & ! ,consul is repres5t$ /&+ alone at ! door ( 8 h\se4 ,a/urias1 #ddi 7,no4 #d71 on ! contr>y1 is ?ron$ high 9 front ( a colonnade & accompani$ by two att5dants4 ,9 ! tablet1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,consul ,boe?ius1 #dhg 7,no4 #e71 we see = ! fir/ "t ! ,consul seat$1 mappa 9 h&1 signall+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! games2 b ! design on ! two leaves /ill has "s v>iation1 & on ! second leaf he /&s )\t ! mappa4 ,! dipty* ( ,sividius1 #dhh 7,no4 #f71 furni%es ! e>lie/ example ( ! tablets ( simpl] type1 :i* 7 probably giv5 to p ( l[] degree4 ,x is decorat$ by an inscrib$ m$allion surr\nd$ by foliat$ scrolls & f\r rosettes4 ,all ^! are f ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #d4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,ore/es1 #ecj ,a4,d4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! six? c5tury & ! dipty* ( ,areob9dus1 ,consul at ,con/ant9ople1 #ejf1 we *ange to ! ,ea/]n ,empire & f9d ! =mal type already fix$ 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,! ,consul is se5 sitt+ on ! sella curulis1 or consul> *air4 ,?is has no back1 & is usually made ( ivory1 ) elaborately c>v$ masks & claws ( lions1 & sometimes has small figures ( ,victory on ! arms4 ,on x is a ri*ly embroid]$ cu%ion1 r o/5tati\sly %[+2 = to sit on a cu%ion 9 ! ,circus 0 only all[$ to c]ta9 privileg$ classes4 ,8 feet re/ on ! scabellum1 or /ool1 & he is clad 9 8 gorge\s fe/ival robe1 :i* is a developm5t ( ! purple triumphal g>b ( ! victori\s g5]als 9 e>li] days4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ?is dress are /ill "u discussion1 b accord+ to ,mey]#e !y consi/ ( f\r p>ts3 #a/4 ,! pa5ula4 ,a long pla9 "u-robe ) long n>r[ sleeves2 #bnd4 ,! colobium4 ,a %ort] embroid]$ ov]-tunic1 ) half l5g? wide sleeves2 #crd4 ,an embroid]$ /rip1 :i* is laid ov] "o %\ld] & hangs d[n be=e & beh9d2 #d?4 ,a nameless wrap ( light] mat]ial1 embroid]$ or wov5 9 a patt]n4 ,! complete dress 0 call$ ! trabea or toga picta4 ,wilp]t1#f h[ev]1 decl>es t ,nos4 #c & #d are "o long piece equal to ! anci5t toga3 )\t :i*1 by a decree ( #chb1 ! ,s5ators 7 =bidd5 to appe> 9 public1 & :i* by m & m fold+ 0 r$uc$ into ! n>r[ ,byzant9e lorum4 ,! feet 7 cov]$ ) r$ lea!r %oes1 fa/5$ by cross$ ribbons ) fall+ ends4 ,! ,consul holds 9 8 "r h& ! mappa circ5sis & 9 8 left ! scipio or sceptre4 ,^! sceptres are cr[n$ by _m devices--an eagle1 bu/s ( ! imp]ial family & ev5 two sitt+ figures4 ,z 9 ! dipty* ( ,ore/es1 !re are (t5 two female p]sonifications ( ,rome & ,con/ant9ople2 ! =m]1 on ! ,consul's "r h&1 holds a tess]a 9 h] "r & a spe> 9 h] left h&4 ,h] helmet has ?ree cre/s1 :ile t ( ,con/ant9ople only "o4 ,! latt] holds up h] "r h& & be>s a %ield or /&>d 9 ! left4 ,^! cities are sometimes repres5t$ 9 little m$allions on ! ,consul's *air 7,no4 #ag74 ,v (t5 above ! head ( ! c5tral figure 7 m$allions ) ! portraits ( imp]ial p]sonages1 or1 p]haps1 r5[n$ ance/ors4 ,^! ni*es 7 design$ 9 imitation ( ^? wood5 %r9es 9 :i* ,roman h\seholds kept ! wax5 bu/s ( _! ance/ors4 ,sometimes ^! dipty*s 7 f9i%$ ) a cross1 & "s h a m$allion ) ! bu/ ( ,*ri/ 7,no4 #cf74 ,! upp] "p 0 inscrib$ ) ! "n & titles ( ! ,consul1 ! la/ "n always d5om9at+ ! ye>4 ,"s e>ly tablets h ! "n 9 ! g5itive1 always a sign ( antiquity1 z ,nicoma*orum & ,symma*orum 7,no4 #eh71 ,felicis 7,no4 #c71 ,lampadorium 7,no4 #cc71 & ! pla9 tablets be>+ ! "n ,galli5i ,concessi ,v4,c4 ,v4 ,inl4 or ,vir ,inlu/ris1 ,v4 ,c4 or ,vir ,cl>issimus1 & ev5 ,patric4 or ,patrician1 7 p]sonal titles & n h]$it>y4 ,!y d5ot$ t ! be>] _h held high (fice4 ,we also f9d ,prfectus1 & ,comes dome/icorum equites1 or comm&] ( ! imp]ial bodygu>d4 ,to be call$ ,vir spectabilis1 or a respectable man1 0 !n e/eem$ a high hon\r1 :ile 9 our deg5]ate days x is almo/ consid]$ an insult4 ,b ,cons4 ord94 or ,consul ord9>ius 0 ! real dignity1 & ) "o exception always /ood la/4 ,9 ! l[] division ( ! ,ore/es tablet1 two s]vants p\r money f sacks1 d\btless commemorat+ ! ,consul's l>gesse to ! p4 ,9 "s dipty*s !y scatt] prizes = ! ,games1 & (t5 !re are lively repres5tations ( ! *>iot races 7,no4 #cc71 & ! fights ) wild bea/s4 ,areob9dus has left u ! mo/ v>i$ pictures4 ,a r[ ( spectators look on at ! /ruggl+ gladiators 7,no4 #i71 or ,be/i>ii fight+ ) all sorts ( wild bea/s1 lions & be>s 7,no4 #g71 a bull-fight 7,no4 #aj71 & on an anonym\s dipty* at ,liv]pool 7,no4 #ea71 five magnific5t elans are be+ attack$ by hunt]s4 ,! fights d n appe> to h be5 v dang]\s = ! m52 ! sc5es are (t5 q comic f ! num]\s precautions tak51 especially on ! ,basilewsky tablet at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7,no4 #eb74 ,! fight]s1 c>efully pack$ 9 lea!r protectors1 bolt ?r\gh doors ) peep-holes1 or climb into a sort ( cr['s-ne/1 curl+ up _! f]oci\s oppon5ts at ! end ( extremely long spe>s4 ,9 fact !re 0 e means ( escape1 trap-doors1 turn/ile exits1 & ev5 dummy figures to div]t ! att5tion ( ! animals4 ,p]haps x 0 necess>y1 = we read ( ,pompey provid+ six hundr$ lions = a s+le %[1 & ( ,trajan celebrat+ 8 ,dacian victories by ! slaught] ( elev5 ?\s& bea/s4 ,if ^! little precautions _h n be5 tak51 ! ent]ta9m5t might h end$ abruptly1 & m 9 fav\r ( ! l[] animals ?an ! lords ( creation4 ,! fights ( ! gladiators repres5t$ on ! ,besanon tablet mu/ h be5 m exhibitions ( skill ?an /ruggles to ! dea?4 ,^! gladiatorial fights ceas$ aft] ! g5]\s act ( ! monk ,telema*us4 ,he1 aft] travell+ to ,rome f ! f> ,ea/ ) ! set purpose1 /ept d[n into ! ar5a1 at ! triumphal games ( ! ,emp]or ,honorius 7#djd71 & tri$ to "p ! combatants4 ,he 0 /on$ to dea? by ! enrag$ multitude2 b 8 dea? 0 n unavail+1 = 8 memory 0 respect$1 & ^! degrad+ exhibitions 7 = ev] aboli%$4 ,basilius1 ,consul at ,con/ant9ople1 #eda1 0 ! la/ ( ! ,consuls be=e ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 impati5t ( ! empty %[ ( p[]1 absorb$ ! (fice among 8 o!r titles1 & f t "t ! ,emp]ors always w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( be+ made ,consul once on _! accession4 ,basilius is repres5t$ on ! fir/ leaf ( 8 dipty* 7,no4 #cg7 /&+ by ! figure ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o holds a /&>d on a gigantic pole4 ,bel[ is a m9ute *>iot race4 ,on ! second leaf1 :i* has be5 cut1 a figure ( ,victory holds an oval m$allion portrait ( ! ,consul4 ,bel[ is an eagle ) out/ret*$ w+s4 ,^! two leaves1 ?\gh widely sep>at$1 7 prov$ to be a pair by ! lik5ess ( ! ?9 sickly face ( ! ,consul on ea* leaf4 ,?is dipty* v>ies consid]ably f ! contempor>y design1 & ?\gh all idea ( ! real /ructure ( ! body1 & ( ! hang ( drap]y f ! limbs has disappe>$1 /ill x %[s s mu* orig9ality & clev] portraiture1 t ,graev51 aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ! fa%ion ( ! dress1 attributes x to an e>li] ,consul ,basilius ( #dhj1 at a "t be=e ! gr\p+ _h become s /]eotyp$4 ,! numb] ( ^! c>v+s giv5 away 0 s consid]able t all 7 n ( ! same ri*ness4 ,!re are _m tablets ( simpl] design & r\gh] make1 sev]al be+ small] & 9 camel bone 7,no4 #dc74 ,^! 71 z already /at$1 int5d$ = p]sons ( l[] degree4 ,! decoration consi/$ usually ( a m$allion1 inscrib$1 or ) ! bu/ ( ! ,consul1 surr\nd$ by foliat$ scrolls 7,areob9dus has left sev]al ( ?is latt] k9d among 8 num]\s dipty*s74 ,! ,b>b>9i leaf has a *>m+ v>iation1 ! bu/ be+ inclos$ 9 a g>l& b\nd ) hang+ ribbons 7,no4 #da74 ,"s are fully inscrib$ 7,no4 #ce71 & o!rs h only a monogram l t =m$ f ! ,greek lett]s ( ! "n ,areob9dus 7,no4 #ab74 ,ju/9ianus1 ,consul at ,con/ant9ople 9 #eda1 & aft]w>ds ,emp]or1 has1 9 addition to 8 names1 a ,lat9 d$ication fram$ 9 a circul> m\ld+ ( delicate honeysuckle patt]n4 ,! dipty* ( ,philox5us at ! ,biblio?que nationale 7,no4 #bi7 is q a new dep>ture4 ,?ree m$allions1 l9k$ by knott$ cords1 conta9 ! portrait ( ! ,consul1 8 "n & titles 9 ,lat91 & bel[1 a female bu/1 :o1 "s ?9k1 repres5ts 8 wife4 ,%e is m likely to be ! p]sonification ( ,con/ant9ople1 judg+ f ! abs5ce ( ! fa%ionable headge>1 ! hair be+ simply p>t$ "u a n>r[ diadem1 & f ! /&>d %e grasps 9 h] h&1 :i* is embroid]$ ) a g>l& 9 ! same fa%ion z t held by ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ,basilius dipty*on4 ,! faces are well *>act]iz$ & ! :ole workman%ip is excell5t1 r\nd x is an elaborate bord]1 ! spaces be+ fill$ 9 by a ,greek v]se1 :i* runs z foll[s3 8,i ,philox5us be+ ,consul1 (f] ?is pres5t to ! wise ,s5ate40 ,!re is a simpl] dipty* ( ?is ,consul at ,liv]pool1 :i* be>s a ,greek d$ication to a fri5d4 ,! mo/ important among ! anonym\s consul> dipty*s is ! f9e "o pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,treasury at ,halb]/adt 7,no4 #ch7 on :i* ! be>d$ ,consul /&s among 8 fri5ds1 ! gr\p be+ v>i$ on ea* leaf4 ,above1 9 a n>r[ division1 are two small imp]ial figures seat$ on a wide ?rone ) ! figures ( ,rome & ,con/ant9ople2 at ! back /&s a ,victory1 z 9 ! simil> design on a co9 ( ,!odosius ,i4 ,bel[1 9 ano!r n>r[ division1 are pa!tic gr\ps ( captive b>b>ians4 ,! inscription has be5 cut f ! top1 b ! :ole /yle po9ts to an e>ly date1 & ,mey] places x betwe5 ^? ( ,a/urias & ,boe?ius 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! tablet ( ,lampadius at ,brescia is especially int]e/+ = ! l>ge picture x gives ( a *>iot race1 %[+ ! quadrigas ru%+ pa/ ! sp9a or turn+ po/4 ,! ,consul1 clad 9 ! trabea sits ) two companions beh9d ! ri*ly c>v$ cancelli or balu/rade4 ,! only simil> repres5tation is on ! magi/]ial dipty* at ,liv]pool 7,no4 #ea71 b ! id5tification is v confus+4 ,9 ! ,brescia tablet ! c5tral trabea-clad figure & ! man on 8 left bo? hold ! mappa1 b on t at ,liv]pool !re is1 m reasonably1 only "o />t]1 b he is on ! left ( ! c5tral figure1 :o holds a libation cup in/ead ( ! mappa1 & all ?ree figures h ! same un-consul> dress4 ,mey] po9ts out an inscription ann\nc+ ! re/oration ( ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre by ,caec9a ,felix ,lampadius1 9 ! second half ( ! fif? c5tury2 ! inscription be+ 9 ! g5itive is also a sign ( antiquity4 ,b ! smoo? & r too m9ute workman%ip connect x ) ! be/ dipty*s ( ! e>ly six? c5tury1 & s ,mol9i] attributes x to ,lampadius1 ,consul at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ecj1 & ! same ye> z our old fri5d ,ore/es 7,fig4 #d71 & ! smoo? f9i% ( ! ,lampadius tablet c be contra/$1 n altoge!r unfav\rably1 ) ! r\gh] modell+ ( :at _h become by !n almo/ a prov9cial s*ool4 ,! nameless consul> dipty* ( ,b\rges 7,no4 #ci71 divides into two equal regi/]s4 ,above1 ! be>d$ ,consul is seat$ betwe5 two gu>ds1 on "o leaf ^! h long hair1 & may h be5 int5d$ = ,go?s1 & 9 ! corn]s ( ! ar* are two eagles exactly l ^? on ! ,/4 ,gregory dipty* at ,monza 7,no4 #dd74 ,9 ea* l[] half is a be/i>ius transfix+ lions & leop>ds ) 8 spe>4 ,! treatm5t1 if r\gh1 is free1 & ! gr\p+ ( ! lions is some:at simil> to t 9 ! ,adam tablet at ! ,b>gello 7,fig4 #f74 ,x is probably fif? or e>ly six? c5tury4 ,mey] quotes ! text ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 :o describes ! in/allation ( ,clovis ! ,franki% k+ z ,consul ( ! ,we/ 9 #ejh1 ) all ! pomp & hon\r ( ,roman cu/om1 & repeats ! r problematic sugge/ion t ?is dipty* commemorates ! occasion4 ,! ivory tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 call$ ! ,apo!osis ( ,romulus1 f a v d\btful read+ ( ! monogram1 is probably also ( ! fif? or ev5 six? c5tury1 ?\gh its ?or\ghly hea!n subject seems to necessitate an e>li] date4 ,! composition is mo/ elaborate4 ,bel[1 ! ,consul1 clad 9 ! toga1 is seat$ 9 an ar*itectural triumphal c> drawn by f\r elephants1 ea* ) _! driv]4 ,9 ! c5tre he is se5 9 m9iature driv+ 9 a quadriga1 :i* be>s him upw>d1 prec$$ by eagles1 f ! fun]al pile to ! heav5s1 :]e he is aga9 repres5t$ 9 ! h&s ( w+$ g5ii1 :o pres5t him to ! assembl$ gods4 ,?is is int]e/+ z be+ an example ( t cont9u\s me?od ( composition1 9 :i* ! same figure is repeat$ act+ 9 sequ5ce4 ,?is me?od 0 introduc$ into ,roman art ab\t ! ,augu/an age1 & 0 l>gely cont9u$ by ,*ri/ian art1 especially 9 ! ,,mss4 ,x ga9$ great popul>ity1 & = a :ile x seem$ d\btful :e!r ! 8cont9u\s0 or ! 8episodic0 me?od w\ld be ! lead+ feature 9 mod]n art4#g ,sev]al consul> dipty*s h be5 turn$ to ,*ri/ian religi\s uses by slight alt]ations ( ! figures1 & by ! removal ( inscriptions & sc5es f ! games4 ,! mo/ important trans=m$ dipty* is 9 ! ,ca!dral ,treasury at ,monza 7,no4 #dd71 :i* n[ repres5ts ,/4 ,gregory & ,k+ ,david4 ,! alt]ations h be5 consid]able1 & h giv5 rise to _m diff]5ces ( op9ion1 b ! late/ writ]s1 ) ! exception ( ,mey]1 h gone back to ! op9ion ( ! e>lie/1 ,gori1 :o decl>$ ! consul> orig9 ( ^! tablets4 ,/4 ,gregory did n die till #fjd1 s c\ld n h be5 canoniz$ be=e ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! /yle is fully t ( ! consul> dipty*s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! sa9ts are depict$ 9 full consul> robes1 ! "r h& rais$ ) ! mappa 9 ! act ( fl++ x into ! ar5a1 & 9 ! left ! scipio4 ,! backgr\nd has ! typical decorat$ ar*1 support$ by cannelat$ pila/]s1 ov] ! capitals ( :i* are rectangul> spaces hav+ ! names ( ,gregory & ,david cut ) a deep backgr\nd1 z if to de/roy any "u c>v+4 ,above ! ar* is a cross simil> to t on ,fig4 #d1 on ea* side are two eagles ( ! ,b\rges patt]n 7,no4 #ci74 ,david sits on a curule *air1 8 feet re/+ on a /ool 9 good consul> fa%ion4 ,on ea* side ( ! *air1 above ! leg1 is a squ>e ) deep cut c>v+4 ,^! squ>es might h conta9$ ! n[ oblit]at$ bu/s ( ,rome & ,con/ant9ople1 :i* decorate t "p on ! dipty* ( ,ana/asius 7,no4 #ag74 ,9 fact ! knot & twi/$ /alks almo/ foll[ ! outl9es ( a head & %\ld]s4 ,!re is m deep c>v+ let 9 a n>r[ groove betwe5 ! pila/]s & ! smoo? backgr\nd1 all ( :i* has a ,c>lov+ian "*4 ,/4 ,gregory has be5 giv5 a tonsure & 8 hair has be5 cut at ! exp5se ( 8 e>s1 :i* h be5 cut away too4 ,! robes are unt\*$1 b ,gregory's sceptre has be5 alt]$ to a cross4 ,above ! head ( ,david are fa9t traces ( an inscription on ! smoo? backgr\nd1 & on ! o!r leaf !re is a lat] inscription ref]r+ to ,gregory's ,antiphon>y1 to a copy ( :i* ! tablets =m]ly act$ z a cov]4 ,on a reliqu>y book cov] at ,prague is ano!r consul *ang$ into ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #de74 ,?is figure has suff]$ consid]ably1 = ! trabea has be5 s mu* smoo!d t x is h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,! mappa has be5 turn$ into a volum5 or roll1 ! scipio into a key1 & ! feet h be5 b>$4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a class ( dipty*s1 ea* leaf consi/+ ( five pieces jo9$ toge!r by ivory bead+ or metal m\nt+s4 ,! f\r pieces 7 arrang$ l a frame r\nd ! c5tral & mo/ important plaque4 7,see ! lat] ,*ri/ian book cov]1 ,fig4 #aj47 ,mey] sugge/s !y 7 especially int5d$ = gifts to memb]s ( ! imp]ial family4 ,"s ( ^! five-piece panels 7 m probably int5d$ z book cov]s1 b "o und\bt$ consul> dipty* 9 five p>ts /ill survives1 ?\gh ! pieces are scatt]$4 ,two horizontal /rips are 9 ! collection ( ! ,m>*ese di ,trivulzio at ,milan4 ,! upp] "o1 ) a bu/ ( ,con/ant9ople borne by two w+$ figures1 is inscrib$ ) a d$ication to an ,emp]or1 :ile ! l[] /rip1 :i* is c>v$ ) b>b>ians ru%+ =w>d to pres5t tribute 7! same motive z t ( ! ,magi71 be>s ! ,consul's titles4 ,two upright pieces ( slightly v>y+ wid?1 on a book cov] 9 ! ,muni* ,libr>y1 repres5t a consul 9 ! act ( walk+ to 8 "r1 & c>ry+ :at is probably a congratulatory address to ! ,emp]or1 8 h&s be+ religi\sly veil$4 ,above & beh9d him is an ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 ) l>ge %ield & spe>1 8 robe embroid]$ on ! %\ld]s1 & 8 neck encircl$ by a coll> f :5ce hangs a bulla1 j z we see !m on ! mosaic 9 ,/4 ,vitale at ,rav5na4 ,! n>r[] piece has a rigidly v]tical design4 ,bel[ is ! full face figure ( a man hold+ a long /aff1 & above1 ! upp] portion ( a figure ( ,victory1 hold+ up ov] h] head a wrea? conta9+ a bu/ ( ! ,emp]or1 ! exact enl>gem5t ( ^? ,victories :i* s (t5 /& on ! arms ( ! curule *air 7,no4 #ag74 ,mey] consid]s t ^! two unequal pieces =m$ ! two sides1 b ! complete want ( balance 9 ! composition makes ,mol9i]'s op9ion t !y bo? =m$ ! "r side ! m probable4 ,?is increases ! numb] ( pieces to sev51 b ! ,victory hav+ no bord] may h be5 sawn (f ! c5tral plaque4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! five-piece panel at ,rav5na 7,fig4 #aj71 ! c5tral plaque is divid$ horizontally by a bead+1 if n 9 two sep>ate pieces4 ,if we consid] t ^! two pieces =m$ ! "r side1 & multiply _! comb9$ wid? = ! left side1 & !n comp>e ! total ( ! two sides ) ! wid? ( ! horizontal /rips1 !re is /ill ample space = a c5tral plaque repres5t+ ! ,emp]or4 ,mey] adds to ! li/ ( dipty*s ! celebrat$ five-piece tablet 9 ! ,b>b>9i ,libr>y at ,rome4 ,! upp] & l[] /rips are ( exactly ! same "*1 & 9 ! c5tral plaque ! ,emp]or 7probably ,con/ant9e ! ,great7 is se5 on a re>+ horse1 "u ^: feet is a woman ) h] lap full ( fruit1 :o p]sonifies "s conqu]$ c\ntry4 ,9 ! left piece is ! figure ( a soldi] br++ a ,victory1 & ! o!r side1 :i* %\ld h a repres5tation l ! ,muni* ,consul1 is lo/4 ,mol9i] emphatically decl>es ?is c\ld n h be5 a consul> dipty*1 z !re is no trace ( inscription2 b sugge/s t x 0 ! cov] ( a book int5d$ = ! ,emp]or4 ,!re is "o m dipty* 9 exce$+ly high relief1 :i* may possibly be class$ among ! consul> s]ies1 ! date & subject ( :i* is /ill a matt] ( mu* discussion4 ,"o leaf is 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #e71 & ! o!r 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum 7,no4 #eg74 ,! ,flor5t9e portion repres5ts a p]sonage clad 9 a robe blaz+ ) jewels1 & /&+ "u an elaborate edifice1 hold+ orb & sceptre4 ,! ,vi5na leaf is practically ! same1 only ! figure is seat$ on a ?rone set ) preci\s /ones1 & ext5ds ! "r h& 9 ! same mann] z ! ,empress ,eudoxia on ,fig4 #bj1 :il/ ! left h& supports ! orb4 ,! sex ( ?is p]sonage 0 long disput$1 b n[ x is consid]$ by mo/ writ]s to repres5t a woman1 bo? f ! modell+ ( ! =m & f ! dress4 ,! robes ( ,emp]or & ,empress 7 v simil>1 b on exam9+ ! mosaics ( ,/4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 we f9d t ?\gh ,ju/9ian & ,!odora bo? we> ! *lamys1 h]s is m lavi%ly decorat$1 & %e we>s a l>ge coll> ( p5dant jewels1 :ile ,ju/9ian has ! fibula4 ,b ! head-dresses 7 always tol]ably di/9ctive till consid]ably lat]4 ,ladies ( high rank all wore a k9d ( wig-l turban1 sometimes d\ble1 z 9 ! case ( ,s]5a 7,no4 #a74 ,t x 0 a turban & n hair is evid5t f ! /rip$ patt]n on t ( ,s]5a4 ,?is 0 (t5 b\nd ) jewels1 & ! imp]ial family wore diadems ) long /r+s ( jewels hang+ ov] ! e>s1 z on ! ,b>gello tablet4 ,^! p5dants 7 (t51 b n inv>iably1 worn by ! ,emp]or1 b 8 diadem fitt$ close on to 8 =ehead )\t ! int]v5+ wig1 z we see on ! int]e/+ n9? c5tury casket 9 ! ,museo ,kir*]iano 9 ,rome1 :]e bo? head-dresses are repres5t$4 ,a l>ge segm5t is ins]t$ on ! front ( h] robe by a jewell$ edg+1 on :i* we see ! portrait ( a *ubby boy dress$ 9 ! trabea1 & wield+ mappa & scipio1 a diadem ) p5dants be+ on 8 head4 ,hav+ decid$ t ! figure is int5d$ = a lady1 !re rema9s ! vex$ "q ( :o %e is4 ,mol9i] ?9ks %e is ( ,byzant9e orig91 n wr\ght ) ! delicate art ( ! t5? to ! elev5? c5turies1 b e>li] & co>s]1 & go+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s hi/oric *>act]s 9 se>* ( a "n1 he attributes ! portrait to ! ,empress ,ir5e1 wid[ ( ,leo ,,iv41 & long ,reg5t = h] t5-ye>-old son ,con/ant9e ,,iv41 = %e alone w\ld d>e to be portray$ ?ron$1 & ) all ! attributes ( sov]eignty4 ,x 0 ,ir5e :o1 9 ! middle ( ! ,iconocla/ic p]iod1 conv5$ a c\ncil ( ! ,*ur*1 repeal$ ! new laws1 & enc\rag$ ! use ( religi\s images ?r\gh\t h] realm4 ,?is attribution w\ld br+ ! date ( ! dipty* d[n to ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & lat] ?an ! /yle w\ld seem to w>rant2 & x is vigor\sly oppos$ by ,graev51 :o decl>es t aft] ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 !re 7 no m purely secul> repres5tations2 & t ! co9s ( ,ir5e repres5t h] ) bo? diadem & sceptre surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! aff9ity ( ! ar*itecture ) t on dipty*s ( ! e>ly six? c5tury1 z ! eagles on ! top1 :i* are exactly l ^? surm\nt+ ! ,b\rges 7,no4 #ci7 & ,/4 ,gregory 7,no4 #dd7 dipty*s4 ,also ! columns ) tightly w\nd curta9s are extremely ne> 9 design to ^? on ! tablets ( ! ,poet & ,muse at ,monza 7,no4 #fc74 ,curta9s1 h[ev]1 ) horizontal /ripes 7 fairly con/ant all ?r\gh e>ly art1 b 7 less us$ 9 /rictly ,byzant9e ,art ?an 9 any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #e4 ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty* ,,( ,,amalasun?a787 ,italian1 six? c5tury ,graev5 hav+ giv5 good reasons = plac+ ?is ivory 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 sugge/s t x repres5ts ,amalasun?a1 daught] ( ,!odoric1 :o1 by "r ( conque/ & ! reluctant cons5t ( ! ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 0 ,k+ ( ,italy f #dic-ebf2 & :o1 by good gov]nm5t1 _h br\ght ab\t "s measure ( ord]1 & induc$ a slight r5aissance ( ! arts4 ,amalasun?a gov]n$ at ,pavia 9 ! "n ( h] "y son ,a?alric 7,fig4 #e74 ,graev5 sugge/s t ^! two are also repres5t$ 9 ! m$allions on ! dipty* ( ,ore/es 7,fig4 #d74 ,a?alric is repres5t$ )\t a diadem1 l 8 gr&fa!r on ! gold m$al1 & he we>s a coat 9 ,go?ic fa%ion1 l t on ! co9s ( ,!odatus1 8 successor1 & 8 "m's second husb&4 ,amalasun?a attempt$ to control ,!odatus 9 ! same mann] z h] dead son1 b he res5t$ ! int]f]5ce & _h h] murd]$1 ?us sev]+ ! la/ l9k ) ! enlight5$ rgime ( ,!odoric1 & plung+ ! c\ntry once m 9 d>kness & b>b>ism4 ,!re /ill rema9 = att5tion ! ,private ,dipty*s1 :i* 7 giv5 away to celebrate a m>riage1 or a happy recov]y to heal?1 or "s o!r dome/ic reason4 ,! subjects 7 usually my?ological1 & ! compositions1 sometimes ( great beauty1 7 *iefly borr[$ f ,classical ,art4 ,fir/1 & by f> ! mo/ beautiful1 is ! magnific5t dipty* ( ! noble families ( ! ,nicoma*i & ! ,symma*i2 ! two leaves are1 respectively1 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny at ,p>is & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 9 ,london4 ,! wond]ful pres]vation ( ! surface %[s ! s(t modell+ ( ! ivory1 & ?\gh ! ,p>is leaf has be5 cruelly %att]$ & sev]al pieces lo/1 ! s(t fl[ ( ! drap]y is /ill suffici5tly visible4 ,x is r sadd5+ to ?9k ( ! long p]iods :i* mu/ elapse 9 ! hi/ory ( ivory c>v+1 f ?is "t :5 drap]y 0 /ill a ?+ ( beauty1 %[+ ! =m x seem$ to hide1 on ?r\gh phases 9 :i* ! g>m5ts 7 laid on 9 a s]ies ( flat lumps1 or cov]$ ) a multitude ( mean+less l9es1 until1 f9ally1 x em]ges 9 ,go?ic art1 no long] diaphan\s & cl++1 x is true1 b drap]y1 real drap]y1 hang+ 9 long sway+ folds & fall+ r\nd ! feet 9 delicate little heaps 9 a mann] ^: p]fection 0 ! sole pr]ogative ( ! ,fr5* craftsm54 ,betwe5 ! ,nicoma*us dipty* & ! fam\s ,dipty*on ,quir9alis ( ,brescia 7,no4 #ei71 !re is a great abyss4 ,on "o leaf ( ! latt] are c>v$ ,hippolytus & ,phdra1 a poor copy ( "s ,greek model2 on ! o!r ,diana & ,endymion4 ,mey] ?9ks x probable t 9 ! repres5tation ( ! *a/e ,diana1 coyly salut+ h] lov] "u ! *91 we may f9d ! portrait ( a ,roman lady4 ,c]ta9ly ! attitude ( ! lady's left h&1 firmly plac$ on h] hip1 c\ld h be5 copi$ f no ,greek orig9al1 & fur!r1 ^! two figures h curta9s beh9d !m & embroid]y on ! %\ld]s ( _! tunics1 aft] ! popul> fa%ion ( ! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! ar*itectural backgr\nd1 an ar* support$ by two pila/]s1 :i* is v simil> to t on ! ,/4 ,gregory dipty*1 except t "h ! /r+-c\rse :i* supports ! scallop %ell has n be5 cut away z 9 t at ,monza4 ,liv]pool ,museum has a f9e pair ( tablets repres5t+ sculapius & ,hygeia 7,no4 #fa72 :i* und\bt$ly ref] to recov]y f an illness4 ,! figure ( sculapius appe>s to be tak5 f ! ,f>nese ,h]cules4 ,ano!r small ivory ( ?is subject is 9 a private collection 9 ,zuri*2 ! figures v>y consid]ably1 b are evid5tly ( ! same p]iod--mid six? c5tury4 ,!re is "o m dipty* 9 t wond]ful collection 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,basilica at ,monza2 repres5t+ an eld]ly bald-head$ man1 ^: heavy torso & fat puffy face are well *>act]iz$1 ?\gh ! pose is r awkw>dly r5d]$4 ,he appe>s to be a poet1 = writ+ tablets & a volum5 lie at 8 feet1 & on ! adjo9+ leaf we see a ,muse play+ on ! lyre4 ,b f h] matronly figure & 8 uncompromis+ ugl9ess1 we appe> to be deal+ ) ano!r ( ^? portrait dipty*s1 l ! "o at ,brescia1 9 :i* ! noble ,roman _h 8 portrait tak5 9 fancy dress4 ,!re are two mo/ int]e/+ tablets n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale at ,p>is1 orig9ally f ,s5s1 :]e !y long s]v$ z a b9d+ to ! ?irte5? c5tury ,,ms4 conta9+ 8,! ,(fice ( ,fools10 or t read on ! fir/ day ( ! ye>1 & 9 :i* 0 incorporat$ _m cu/oms d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,saturnalia4 ,! decoration is frankly pagan1 & is some:at simil> 9 /yle to ! s>cophagi ( ! ?ird c5tury1 on :i* ! v>i\s sc5es are sup]impos$ 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,on "o leaf ,bac*us ,helios is repres5t$ clasp+ a ?yrsis 9 "o h& & an empty w9e-cup 9 ! o!r1 :ile he /&s upright 9 a c> drawn by a male & female c5taur4 ,above are lively sc5es ( ! v9tage1 little figures ga!r+ grapes & gaily tread+ out ! w9e4 ,at ! bottom ( ! tablet a gr\p ( sea-gods are se5 disport+ !mselves among dolph9s & o!r fi%4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! o!r tablet ,diana ,lucif]a1 rises l ! moon f ! sea2 %e we>s a cresc5t on h] br[1 & r\nd h] head floats a cl\d ( airy drap]y4 ,%e c>ries a light$ tor*1 & ! two bulls :i* draw h] *>iot b\nd rapidly upw>d out ( ! sea4 ,above are a satyr & nymph1 "s wom51 ,cupid & ! t9y figure ( ,v5us 9 a %ell1 & bel[1 ly+ on ! wat]s1 is a figure ( ! ,sea1 surr\nd$ by fi% & hold+ a curi\s cru/acean 9 h] h&4 ,^! dipty*s h pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes dur+ ! lapse ( "t4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum !re is a lat] c>v+ on ! back ( a mutilat$ consul> dipty*1 f :i* ! :ole surface has be5 smoo!d away1 leav+ only a deep] outl9e "h & !re4 ,?is gives an idea ( ! fate ( a l>ge numb] ( c>v$ ivories1 & ( our great loss2 & x is entirely to ! adoption ( dipty*s = liturgical purposes by ! ,*ur* t we owe ! pres]vation ( ^? t rema94 ,! bi%ops1 be+ high function>ies1 may h receiv$ !m z gifts1 & o!rs 7 votive4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,mopsue/e1 9 #eej1 ord]$ ! *ur*es to keep ! dipty*s1 & ! names ( ^? p]sons to be pray$ = dur+ ! celebration ( mass to be inscrib$ 9 !m1 9 ! foll[+ categories1 all hav+ a m or less local connection ) ! p>ticul> *ur*3 ,fir/ly3 ,neophytes1 or newly baptiz$2 ,secondly3 ,b5efactors1 ,sov]eigns & ,bi%ops2 ,?irdly3 ,sa9ts & ,m>tyrs2 & ,la/ly3 ,! ,fai?ful ,dead 89 ! sleep ( peace40 ,p 7 v anxi\s to h _! names inscrib$1 & fe>ful ( be+ scrat*$ out = h]esy4 ,= ! dead bi%ops ! pray] 0 less = !m1 ?an to !m1 f :i* comes ! ^w 8canonize10 or to be nam$ 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,mass4 ,on ! inn] side ( ! dipty* ( ,clem5t9us1 at ,liv]pool1 !re is 9 r\ghly writt5 ,greek lett]s a pray] = ! cl]gy ( a *ur* ( ,/4 ,aga?a1 & = 8our ,%eph]d ,hadrian ! ,patri>*10 :o c be none o!r ?an ,pope ,hadrian 7#gie72 ?is dipty* probably came f a *ur* 9 ,sicily1 = ,greek 0 /ill spok51 & ! patron sa9t ( ,pal]mo is ,/4 ,aga?a4 ,li/s ( bi%ops 7 inscrib$1 & :5 ! li/ grew too long p>*m5t leaves 7 ins]t$4 ,:ole s]vices 7 b\nd 9 ^! c>v+s1 & ! cov]s ( _m ( ! olde/ ,,mss4 are ( dipty*s1 set 9 an elaborate bord] ( goldsmi?'s "w1 to increase ! size z well z to enhance ! beauty4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! numb]s to ! dipty*s1 9 all cases1 ref] to ^? 9 ! li/ ( dipty*s at ! end ( ! book4 #b ,mlanges de l',ar*ol4 et d',hi/oire1 ,rome1 #ahhb4 #c ,see ! figure ( ,circe 9 ! ,casa di ,mode/a1 ,pompeii4 #d ,see ! ,jo%ua ,rotulus1 edit$ by ! ,directors ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 ,rome4 #e ,zwei ,antike ,elf5be9tafeln1 ,muni*1 #ahgi4 #f ,l',arte1 #ahih4 #g ,roman ,art1 ,wickh(f1 ,eng4 trans4 by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,/rong4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lat9 ,,& ,,byzant9e ,,ivories ,i4 ,,lat91 ,,lat9o-,,byzant9e ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,byzant9e ,,ivories ,at ! end ( ! la/ *apt] x 0 %[n h[ ! ,*ur* _h pres]v$ a l>ge numb] ( consul> dipty*s1 ei!r un*ang$ or alt]$ to suit ,*ri/ian iconography4 ,to t li/ mu/ be add$ sev]al ivory c>v+s ) religi\s subjects1 yet s closely connect$ ) ! class ( ,private ,dipty*s1 t x is m ?an probable t !y also h und]gone trans=mation4 ,! mo/ important among ^! are a fragm5t>y panel 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,bologna & ! celebrat$ ,ivory ,book ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral4 ,on ! ,bologna fragm5t is ! figure ( a be>d$ man ( heavy type1 9 a well design$ b poorly execut$ robe2 he clasps a roll 9 8 left l& & b5ea? 8 neatly s&all$ feet is a /ool1 always a m>k ( hon\r1 9 ! side ( :i* is a deep5$ space ) ! "n 8,petrus0 rudely inscrib$4 ,above1 9 ! brok5 p$im5t1 is a ni*e ) ! bu/ ( a be>d$ man1 labell$ 8,m>cus40 ,! :ole is surr\nd$ by a h&some ovolo m\ld+1 z are also ! panels ( ! ,r\5 ,book ,cov]1 :i* may be ( a slightly lat] date1 b !y mu/ bo? be plac$ e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,! ,r\5 c>v+s repres5t ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 )\t a d\bt1 = !y are already ( t iconographical type :i* _h become fix$ by ! end ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 ,/4 ,paul ) a bald head & long po9t$ be>d1 & ,/4 ,pet] ) ?ick hair & a r\nd curl+ be>d2 b x is v likely t ! figures on bo? ! ,bologna & ,r\5 tablets 7 orig9ally int5d$ = au?ors or poets z on ! s]ies ( complim5t>y dipty*s4 ,! ar*itecture l5ds cr$5ce to ?is !ory1 ! cannelat$ columns & p$im5t flank$ by s-call$ 8doves10 be+ mu* ! same z t on ! v>i\s six? c5tury dipty*s4 ,! drap]y too1 has be5 copi$ f good models1 t ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ) ! "r arm buri$ 9 ! folds ( 8 toga1 is 9 imitation ( ! fam\s ,lat]an ,sophocles4 ,ano!r pro( ( alt]ation is ! mann] 9 :i* he holds a n>r[ key 9 a grasp wide en\gh to conta9 a roll z l>ge z t 9 ! ,bologna fragm5t4 ,!re is a dipty* 9 ,tongres ,ca!dral1#h :i* has a hi/ory c>ry+ x back to ! n9? c5tury4 ,! names ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,tongres f #hee-iei be+ engrav$ on ! back4 ,x evid5tly belongs to ! l>ge class ( ivories ( mix$ ,lat9o-,byzant9e orig94 ,! v9e scroll bord]1 ! flat relief & r groov$ work+ ( ! drap]ies1 also ! peculi> /ock+s & ori5tal %oes are all features ( ?is class4 ,/4 ,paul raises 8 h& to bless 9 ! ,greek mann]1 ) only two f+]s ext5d$4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is ge/ure is v>i\sly giv51 _m say x is symbolical ( ! dual nature ( ,our ,"l & ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,byzant9e1 equally ) ,italian art1 sprang f ! la/ floraison ( ,roman ,art1 & grew up at ,con/ant9ople1 ! ,new ,rome1 b mu* modifi$ by ,greek & ,syrian influ5ces4 ,at fir/ ! culture ( ! two ,empires 0 s l9k$ toge!r1 t x is ! m]e/ %ade :i* di/+ui%es ,roman ,art 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! division wid5s1 & ! two bran*es /ret* out1 "o1 ! purely ,lat91 soon to )] & almo/ p]i%1 & ! o!r to gr[ into t spread+ tree ( ,byzant9e ,art1 ^: bran*es h scatt]$ fruit 9 e "p ( ,europe & ! ,levant4 ,! late/ bloom on ! purely ,lat9 bran*1 be=e x comm5c$ to decay1 includ$ ivories ( s+ul> beauty1 z ! spl5did casket at ,brescia & ! fam\s ,c>r& dipty* 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce 7,figs4 #e & #f74 ,?is c>v+ is ( sup]b f9i%1 wor?y ( ! beautiful ,bac*ante dipty*1 ?\gh ! design is less purely classical4 ,! fir/ leaf repres5ts ,adam 9 ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 engag$ 9 nam+ ! animals1 ! figure is ?or\ghly ,greek1 & ! treatm5t closely resembles an ,orpheus sc5e1 ?\gh ! curi\sly crimp$ hair & heavy h&s & feet betray a decl9e 9 art4 ,! animals %[ delightful t\*es ( fir/-h& obs]vation1 ! worry+ attitude ( ! little dog1 :o1 =gett+ he is 9 ,p>adise1 is j go+ to b>k at ! dignifi$ goat bel[4 ,! droop ( ! bull's head z he grazes by ! side ( ! ,f\r ,riv]s is v natural1 ?\gh ! arti/ /ill adh]es to ! r dry te*nique ( animal portrayal 9 anci5t art4 ,^! animals may be comp>$ ) ^? on ! dipty* ( ,b\rges1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! backgr\nd 9 mu* ! same way1 b ) less defiance ( p]spective1 z !y are suppos$ to be leap+ 9 ! act ( fight+4 ,! object ( mu* controv]sy is ano!r f9e ,e>?ly ,p>adise c>v$ on ! back ( an ,areob9dus dipty* 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #ac74 ,x is divid$ into regi/]s by irregul> l9es ( h]bage2 above are ,adam & ,eve & ! ,s]p5t1 next come a s]ies ( weird my?ological creatures1 & !n foll[ s]ri$ ranks ( animals1 fabul\s & o!rwise4 ,mol9i] decl>es x _c be lat] ?an ! six? c5tury1 & connects x ) ! ,b>gello dipty*1 b !re is a real diff]5ce 9 ! feel+ & te*nique ( ! animals1 & a biz>re elem5t1 q =eign to ! matt]-(-fact & /raight=w>d me?ods ( anci5t art4 ,9 ! op9ion ( de ,l9as & ,graev51 ! c>v+ 0 add$ 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & ! =m] po9ts out a connection ) ! c>v+s on ! faade ( ,orvieto ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #f4 ,,dipty* ,,) ,,! ,,e>?ly ,,p>adise ,,& ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul ,italian1 fif? c5tury ,! second leaf ( ! ,b>gello dipty* is cov]$ ) ?ree r[s ( exquisitely c>v$ & well *>act]iz$ figures4 ,! top r[ may repres5t ! meet+ ( ,paul & ,b>nabas ) ,pet] at ,damascus4 ,! next %[s ,paul at ,malta1 %ak+ ! vip] into ! fire 7,acts1 xviii4 #c71 & rema9+ unhurt1 to ! surprise ( ,publius1 gov]nor ( ! isl&1 :o /&s by dress$ z a man ( rank 9 a *lamys embroid]$ ) a segm5t & fa/5$ by a ri* fibula4 ,! soldi] ) ! /range sleev$ fur coat hung ov] 8 %\ld]s is probably "o ( ! gov]nor's gu>d4 ,at ! bottom we see ! heal+ ( ! fa!r ( ,publius1 :o lay sick ( a fev]4 ,! ,lipsanoteca1 or l>ge ivory casket 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,brescia1 is a f9e "w ( e>ly ,*ri/ian sculpture1 & has f> m connection ) antiquity ?an ) ! e>ly developm5t ( ! art ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b x is difficult to pass x by undescrib$1 z x gives ! e>ly types ( s mu* t is met aga9 9 lat] art4 ,mol9i] classes x among ! six? c5tury ivories ( mix$ /yle4 ,b ,we/wood po9ts out t ! m+l+ ( subjects f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories1 & ! small size giv5 to "s ( !m z bord] pieces1 %[ ! precise treatm5t ( _m e>ly s>cophagi1 also ! classical nature ( _m ( ! details po9t to an e>ly date1 & he attributes x at late/ to ! f\r? c5tury1 ) :i* date ,graev5 entirely agrees4 ,! casket has a frieze ( fifte5 heads 9 m$allions1 & 9 ! n>r[ bord]s are ! symbolical ,types ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,! l>ge c5tral sc5es are f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 %[+ ,*ri/ z ! ,good ,%eph]d at ! ,gate ( ! ,fold1 & sev]al ( ! miracles :i* became s popul> on ! ,italo-,byzant9e ivories1 includ+ ! r>] sc5e ( ! ,rais+ ( ,jairus's daught]1 :i* has _m features 9 common ) ! ,rais+ ( ,tabi?a on "o ( a s]ies ( ?ree mo/ int]e/+ little plaques 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 notably 9 ! treatm5t ( ! long wav+ hair ( ! att5dant wom54 ,on ! flat lid ! ,cycle ( ! ,passion is mo/ fully illu/rat$1 b /ops %ort ) ! sc5e 9 ! ,prtorium be=e ! sad repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! great simil>ity betwe5 ! art ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n divisions ( ! ,roman ,empire has already be5 m5tion$1 & x is ?is simil>ity :i* causes consid]able difficulty 9 classify+ ! e>ly ivories4 ,! ?ree ,briti% ,museum plaques j ref]r$ to z hav+ a close connection 9 ! sc5e ( ! ,rais+ ( ,tabi?a to ! ,brescia casket1 :i* is und\bt$ly ( ,we/]n orig91 h also a /rong resemblance to ! fir/ half ( a dipty* n[ 9 ! ,trivulzio ,collection at ,milan1 bo? 9 ! dress ( ! soldi]s1 & 9 ! cr\*+ figure ( "o ( ! ,holy ,wom51 :i* are almo/ id5tical on ! two ivories4 ,mol9i] consid]s ! ,trivulzio tablet to be purely ,con/ant9opolitan1 b ,graev5 produces good evid5ce = connect+ x ) ,lat9 sculpture4 ,?is tablet is divid$ into two sc5es f ! fir/ ,ea/] ,morn1 ! />tl$ soldi]s by ! tomb ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,angel appe>+ to ! two ,m>ies4 ,! proportions are on ! :ole good1 ?\gh incl9+ to ! dump9ess peculi> to ! reliefs on ! s>cophagi4 ,!re are o!r details :i* betray ! influ5ce ( ^! sculptures4 ,! half op5$ door ( ! tomb is f\nd on pagan c(f9s1 & ! dress ( ! soldi]s1 ) ! /range r\nd headge>1 r l a cook's cap1 is (t5 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jews1 & is f\nd on sev]al ( ! s>cophagi4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum plaques ! ,israelites :o /oop d[n to dr9k ( ! wat] f ! rock we> exactly ! same dress1 treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 ev5 to ! ends ( ! *lamys1 :i* fly out 9 rapid movem5t4 ,?is dress is also f\nd 9 a ,codex 7,no4 #bhf7 at ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 & aga9 on ano!r set ( plaques 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* belong$ to a casket1 & are ( a deep r$di% col\r4 ,on ^! plaques ! types ( ! ,holy ,wom5 are ! same z ^? on ! ,trivulzio tablet1 & ! cr\*+ wom5 9 ! ,rais+ ( ,tabi?a 9 ! ,briti% ,museum set ( ?ree4 ,! ,crucifixion 7,fig4 #g7 belongs to ! col\r$ set1 & is ! e>lie/ repres5tation kn[n1 except+ t on ! c>v$ wood doors ( ,/4 ,sab9a at ,rome1 :i* 7 made by ,greek workm5 = ,pope ,cele/9 7#dcb-ddj71 & ! two conceptions h mu* 9 common 9 modell+ & pose4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! titulus is writt5 only 9 ,lat94 ,a mo/ important pro( ( ! ,lat9 orig9 ( ^! ivories is ! f9ely cut honeysuckle m\ld+ :i* surr\nds ! door ( ! tomb 9 ! ,trivulzio tablet1 & :i* is f\nd bo? on ! dipty* ( ,probianus 7,fig4 #b7 & on t ( ! ,nicoma*i family 7,no4 #eh74 ,! tablet has ano!r close connection ) ! ,probianus dipty* 9 ! division ( ! surface into two ti]s by ! bord]1 & ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ?ree dim5sional space1 by gr\p+ ! figures firmly on ! gr\nd4 ,?is k 0 soon =gott51 & ! figures on sculptures ( sc>cely lat] date float ab\t "o ov] ! o!r )\t ! arti/ be+ 9 ! lea/ tr\bl$ by ! problem ( ! dep? ( inclos$ space4 ,! close connection ) ^! dipty*s po9ts to an e>ly date1 probably n lat] ?an ! fir/ decades ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! divid+ bord]#i is v common 9 ,c>lov+ian ivories1 & is1 p]haps1 "o reason :y ,we/wood & ,/uhlfau? attribute ! ,trivulzio plaque to t epo*1 b a comp>ison ( ! 8space0 arrangem5t1 imp]fect z x is1 ) any ,c>lov+ian ivory1 cle>ly %[s ! sup]iority ( ! m anci5t "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,graev5 ,,photo4 ,,briti% ,,museum #g4 ,,! ,,crucifixion ,italian1 comm5cem5t ( fif? c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,graev5 ,,photo4 ,,briti% ,,museum #h4 ,,*ri/ ,,leav+ ,,! ,,pr,,torium ,italian1 comm5cem5t ( fif? c5tury ,aft] ?is "t angels 7 r>ely repres5t$ )\t w+s2 ! abs5ce ( w+s makes ! beautiful nimb$ angel on ! ,trivulzio plaque q indi/+ui%able f ! figures ( ,*ri/ on ! ,briti% ,museum plaques ) ! ,passion4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 j ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! e>lie/ repres5tation ( ! symbolism ( ! ,apocalypse 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,bull ( ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,mat!w's ,angel4 ,! r\nd %ape ( ! tomb1 ) ! rais$ til$ ro(1 is a difficult po9t1 x appe>s to be ! g]m ( ! elaborate circul> edifice ) a cupola :i* became su* a feature 9 purely ,byzant9e ,art2 b !re 7 _m circul> tombs#aj 9 ,rome = ! arti/ to copy1 & ! huge r\nd mass ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,hadrian consi/$ ( a drum1 rais$ on a squ>e basis1 & decorat$ ) columns & /atues 9 a r simil> mann] to ! tomb on ! f9e ,byzant9e plaque ) ! ,asc5sion1 9 ! ,muni* ,museum4 ,?us we f9d ! two sets ( plaques 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,trivulzio tablet closely connect$ ) ea* o!r & 9 t\* ) ! ,brescia casket4 ,! workman%ip is n s good on ! small] pieces1 b on ! :ole ! draw+ is fairly correct1 ! drap]y well design$ & fall+ 9 few & s(t folds ov] ! r *ubby =ms2 & ! :ole te*nique is v diff]5t f ! unyield+ drap]ies & ! too m9ute details ( ! consul> dipty*s4 ,sculpture 9 ivory prosp]$1 :ile t 9 m>ble decl9$4 ,! fa%ion ( sculptur$ m>ble s>cophagi _h almo/ di$ out 9 ! six? c5tury2 b ! ,lat9 types & traditions 7 c>ri$ on by a s]ies ( c>v$ pyxes1 till !y gradually m]g$ 9 ! ,lat9o-,byzant9e ,art4 ,^! pyxes are little circul> boxes made 9 ,italy1 & dat+ practically f ! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,_m 7 ( pagan orig91 & decorat$ ) my?ological subjects1 "s be+ us$ = ! toilet requisites ( ,roman ladies2 & o!rs 71 d\btless1 acc]ae1 or boxes = hold+ inc5se = hea!n wor%ip1 su* z we see 9 ! h& ( ! lovely ,bac*ante on ! dipty* ( ! ,symma*i family 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,aft]w>ds !y f\nd a place 9 ,*ri/ian liturgy1 be+ us$ to hold ! ,res]vation ( ! ,ho/4 ,! mo/ anci5t & beautiful pyx ( ,*ri/ian orig9 is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,x 0 probably c>v$ 9 ! fif? c5tury f good antique models2 on x1 ,*ri/1 pos$ l ,probianus on 8 dipty*1 & repres5t$ z a be>dless y\?1 is tea*+ ! ,apo/les4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul 7:o usually takes ! place ( ,judas among ! twelve7 are seat$ at ,8 feet4 ,! apo/le on ! "r ( ,*ri/ raises 8 h&1 j 9 ! mann] ( a consul ab\t to ?r[ ! mappa4 ,on ! o!r side is a v beautiful figure ( ,abraham sacrific+ ,isaac4 ,! /yle is s completely t ( ! s>cophagi t :5 ! design is drawn z a flat /rip x c\ld easily be mi/ak5 = "o4 ,9 ! ,b>gello !re is a well-c>v$ pyx ) a lively picture ( ! ,angel appe>+ to ! ,%eph]ds1 :o1 ) _! r\gh %ort g>m5ts & ?ick crook$ /icks are typical antique figures & v l ,joseph's bro!rs on ! ,?rone ( ,maximian 7,fig4 #ac74 ,we also f9d on ! ,?rone ! /range basket *air 9 :i* ! ,virg9 sits4 ,! onw>d ru% ( ! ,magi1 z !y be> gifts to ! ,infant ,savi\r1 is a v fav\rite motive 9 ,byzant9e ,art4 ,_! b>b>ic co/ume1 ( tr\s]s & %ort girdl$ %irt1 surm\nt$ by a ,phrygian cap1 traces back all ?r\gh anci5t ,greek ,art1 &1 m9us ! cap1 is /ill ! summ] dress ( ! ,russian peasant4 ,a pyx 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny 7,fig4 #i7 is ( int]e/1 giv+ "s ( ! same s]ies ( miracles t are f\nd s repeat$ly at ?is p]iod1 bo? 9 c>v+s & 9 ! mosaics4 ,! ,heal+ ( ! ,p>alytic1 :o c>ries 8 b$1 ,re/or+ sight to ! man born bl9d1 ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 & ! ev] popul> :ale sc5es f ! ,life ( ,jonah 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians seem$ turn$ away f ! sc5es ( ,*ri/'s ,passion & ,dea?1 & only dwelt on ,8 human relations z a ,tea*] & ,heal]1 & on ,8 glori\s position z 8,pantocrator10 ,rul] ( ,all4 ,a great triumphal joy seems to break out 9 ! gl[+ mosaics ( ! e>li] basilicas1 & aga9 & aga91 ,*ri/1 ! ,mighty1 ! ,rul]1 is repres5t$ 9 enorm\s size on ! glitt]+ walls1 & n a trace ( ,8 suff]+s1 :i* =m$ ! *ief !me ( lat] art4 ,9 ! s]ies ( miracles ,*ri/ is ne>ly always repres5t$ is a "y be>dless man1 ) a slight smile1 ! hair sometimes cut %ort 9 ,roman fa%ion1 b m (t5 at ?is p]iod ) clu/]+ curls4 ,?is y\ng]1 or 8,ideal0 type is1 p]haps1 slightly ! e>li]1 & we f9d x 9 ! catacomb frescoes & ! mo/ anci5t mosaics & s>cophagi4 ,! s-call$ 8,portrait0 type ( ,*ri/1 z a ,naz>5e1 ) long hair & be>d & a grave face1 t5d+ to sev]ity 0 employ$ at ! same "t & sometimes side by side 9 ! same decoration1 z 9 ! ,ivory ,book ( ,/4 ,lupici51 & ! mosaics ( ,s4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 bo? six? c5tury4 ,9 ea* case ,he is figur$ z ,pantocrator1 ?is type be+ inv>iably be>d$ 9 ,byzant9e ,art4 ,on "s few s>cophagi ,he is also repres5t$ ) a be>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mus,e ,,de ,,cluny1 ,,p>is #i4 ,,pyx1 ,,*ri/ ,,rais+ ,,! ,,p>alytic ,italo-,byzant9e1 six? c5tury ,e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury !re _h be5 a %>p /ruggle ab\t ! appe>ance ( ,our ,"l2 _m sid$ ) ,t]tullian1 mak+ ,him ( abject =m1 o!rs ) ,j]ome & ,john ,*ryso/om decl>$ ,he conqu]$ s\ls by ,8 beauty4 ,! latt] op9ion prevail$1 z x agre$ ) ! exi/+ traditions ( ! beauty ( ! ,immortals4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t dur+ ?is controv]sy no actual portrait 0 ref]r$ to1 all ! s-call$ portraits ( ,our ,"l be+ ( lat] date4 ,fig4 #aj is typical ( a l>ge gr\p ( ivory c>v+s ( mix$ orig94 ,^! book cov]s & ! lat] pyxes are closely alli$ to ! sc5ic pieces on ! ,?rone ( ,maximian1 ?\gh ! te*nique is inf]ior1 "s be+ ( v r\gh workman%ip4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! panels is l t ( ! five-piece consul> dipty* m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 only ! v]tical side panels are divid$ into two pieces by a bord]4 ,! ?ree important examples ( ?is k9d ( book cov] are3 ?is s+le panel f ,s4 ,mi*ele di ,murano1 n[ 9 ! ,rav5na ,libr>y1 ! two panels ( ! ,book ( ,/4 ,lupici51 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale at ,p>is1 & ! pair lately discov]$ by ,dr4 ,/rzyg[ski 9 ! ,patri>*al ,libr>y at ,ets*miadz9 on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,museum1 ,,rav5na #aj4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels1 ,,f ,s4 ,,mi*ele ,,di ,,murano ,italo-,byzant9e1 six? c5tury ,! figures on ! ,murano panel are long & slight1 & ! modell+1 ?\gh v b>b>\s1 does r\nd (f to ! backgr\nd4 ,above are ! well-kn[n gr\p ( fly+ angels support+ a g>l&4 ,^! figures 9 ! c\rse ( "t h gone ?r\gh a :ole cycle ( *anges2 />t+ f ! fly+ ,erotes :o s commonly support ! portrait ( ! deceas$ on ,roman s>cophagi1 !y became clo!d & elongat$1 z we see !m "h1 & at la/ /ripp$ & *ubby aga9 we f9d !m on ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici1 :ile _! gr[n-up relations hov] ov] _m an ,italian picture & sculpture4 ,! peculi> dumpy dolph9 is an int]e/+ specim5 ( longevity1 go+ ?r\gh m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ( life f ! ,*oragic ,monum5t at ,a!ns to a ,london ,dr9k+ ,f\nta9 )\t *ang+ a l9e4 ,! surpris$ ge/ure ( ! accompany+ disciple 7,fig4 #i71 & ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 9 ! ,fi]y ,furnace 7,fig4 #aj71 is ano!r ( ^? delightful conv5tions t meet u at e turn 9 ?is mo/ nave gr\p ( sculptures4 ,we meet x aga9 9 ! ,/4 ,lupici5 panels1 :i* are v simil>1 b ne>] 9 te*nique to ! sc5es on ! ,?rone ( ,maximian4 ,! subjects v>y little1 b in/ead ( ,jonah !re is a *>m+ picture ( ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia /&+ by ! well4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ seat$ 9 ! c5tral panel is old & be>d$1 & x s closely resembles ! ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ on ! ,?rone 7,fig4 #ab7 t1 except = ! l>ge cruci=m nimbus1 x might be tak5 = t sa9t4 ,! workman%ip is co>se & ! h&s are t]ribly l>ge & ill drawn4 ,! draw+ on ! ,ets*miadz9 ,book ,cov]1 :i* is 9 ! same /yle z ,/4 ,lupici51 is /ill m incorrect1 ! legs & arms ( ! fly+ angels be+ q deta*$ & m]ely plac$ 9 ! drap]y at suitable angles4 ,! modell+ is ev5 worse1 & goes 9 _m places %e] d[n to ! backgr\nd f a surface cov]$ ) groov$ l9es4 ,yet ! figure ( ! y\?ful ,*ri/ is n unpleas+1 ) ! wide smoo? face s *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,byzant9e art4 ,! pose1 ) f+]s rais$ to tea* or bless1 is tak5 directly f ! ,roman (ficial type1 & %\ld be comp>$ ) ! dipty* ( ,probianus4 ,! ,virg9 is accompani$ by two angels1 :o1 ?\gh )\t w+s1 c be recogniz$ by _! po9t$ diadems1 :i* h be5 inh]it$ by ! angels 9 ,italian pa9t+4 ,!re are a numb] ( ivories ( a d\ble "*1 /rongly influ5c$ by ,byzant9e art yet n s closely alli$ to ! ,rav5na ,?rone z ^? already m5tion$4 ,! magnific5t angel 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %\ld probably be class$ among ^! 7frontispiece74 ,x is ! fir/ half ( a dipty* ( unusual size1 & ?\gh ! drap]y is a little unmean+ 9 places1 /ill x is good1 & ) ! ri* ar*itecture & ! ?ickly fea!r$ w+s1 =ms a spl5did :ole4 ,!re is no?+ to comp>e ) x 9 ! six? c5tury = firmness ( design2 yet ! t5d5cy to fullness 9 ! face & ! weal? ( detail are signs ( lat5ess1 & x c h>dly be dat$ ) any c]ta9ty be=e ! la/ ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! fir/ half ( ! ,greek inscription reads1 8,receive ^! ?+s t are pres5t & le>n+ ! cause--04 ,x is sad to see h[ soon ?is f9e type 0 debas$ & moon faces & un/ructural =ms became ! ord] ( ! day4 ,a beautiful book cov] 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale at ,p>is 7,fig4 #aa7 came f ! ,ca!dral ( ,metz1 :]e x _h be5 = c5turies a model to ! ,c>lov+ian & ,g]man craftsm54 ,! pure design & ju/ness ( ! movem5ts1 toge!r ) ! g5]\s folds ( ! drap]y1 all d5ote a close /udy ( ! f9e "w ( antiquity2 yet ! complication ( ! design & ! exagg]at$ f95ess ( ! c>v+1 :i* is pi]c$ "r ?r\gh1 %[ h[ f> ! "w is f ! simplicity ( anci5t art4 ,! ,italian craftsman _h /ill individuality en\gh to resi/ ! ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 "s ?+s4 ,! ,virg9 is drap$ l a ,roman lady1 & ,h]od has n yet donn$ ! dress ( a ,byzant9e function>y1 z on ! lat] ivories :]e c\rt etiquette reigns supreme4 ,! arti/ ( ! ,milan book cov]s _h n s mu* /r5g?1 & has succumb$ /ill m to ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,^! panels h be5 enri*$ at a lat] date by a jewell$ lamb & cross4 ,mu* ( ! dress & detail is /ill ,lat91 b he draws 8 inspiration f ! apocryphal gospel ( ,nicodemus1 & repres5ts ! ,virg9 receiv+ ! ,div9e message1 n 9 h] own h\se b by ! side ( a /ream1 f :i* %e is draw+ wat] 9 a tall vase4 ,! ?ree plaques ( ! casket ( ,w]d5 7n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum7 belong to ?is s]ies2 !re are ! same ru%+ figures ( ! ,magi1 be>+ /range gifts on flat di%es1 & ! ,virg9 also /&s by ! /ream4 ,a curi\s survivor ( paganism is pres5t at ! ,baptism ( ,our ,"l1 ! allegorical figure ( ,jordan1 n by any means a mode/ accessory1 b a l>ge muscul> figure1 pr\dly comp>+ 8 f9e %\ld]s ) ! r meagre proportions ( ! sacr$ figures4 ,decid$ly ! ,*ri/ian arti/s pref]r$ ! ,_s to ! ,fle%1 & ! era ( elongat$ figures & *ampagne bottle %\ld]s 0 soon to comm5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,giraudon ,,photo4 ,,biblio?,,que ,,nationale1 ,,p>is #aa4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels1 ,,) ,,?ree ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,nativity ,italo-,byzant9e1 six? c5tury ,milan ,ca!dral possesses ano!r ivory c>v+ too important to be pass$ ov]1 :i* ,mol9i] & ,graev5 attribute to ?is p]iod 9 contradiction to ,lab>te1 :o decl>es x to be ,italian ,c>lov+ian ( ! n9? c5tury1 b ! design is too closely connect$ ) ! s]ies j "u discussion = x to be possibly ( lat] date ?an ! six? c5tury4 ,! two leaves ( ! dipty* are cr[d$ ) active little figures1 all int5t on ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?\gh ! angel by ! tomb is almo/ id5tical ) t on ! ,trivulzio tablet1 ! gu>ds are diff]5tly dress$1 hav+ ! cre/$ helmet & mail$ tunic ( antique ,roman soldi]s4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two s*ools _h become complete :5 ! plaque 9 ! ,muni* ,museum 0 c>v$1 probably well on 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,x is unmi/akably ,byzant9e2 9 ! l[] half ! ,holy ,wom5 visit ! ,tomb1 :il/ above1 !re is a f9e figure ( ,*ri/ asc5d+ to heav52 ,he rises ) a p[]ful impetus1 & ! :ole sc5e is f> sup]ior 9 vig\r to ! lat] repres5tations4 ,!re is an int]e/+ plaque 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum1 on :i* ! ,c>lov+ian craftsman has closely imitat$ ! gr\p+ ( ! ,holy ,wom5 & ! soldi]s r\nd ! tomb4 ,! glory ( ! ivory craft is at ,rav5na1 ! magnific5t ,?rone ( ,/4 ,maximian1 bi%op ( t city f #edf-eec4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,,ricci ,,photo4 ,,ca!dral1 ,,rav5na #ab4 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,?rone ,,( ,,maximian ,italo-,byzant9e1 six? c5tury ,?is ca!dra or episcopal *air is entirely cov]$ ) c>v$ ivory1 & has be5 treasur$ 9 ! ,ca!dral = m ?an f\rte5 c5turies4 ,! ?rone 0 made 9 ! six? c5tury1 dur+ t p]iod ( great arti/ic activity1 :5 ,ju/9ian 0 engag$ 9 beautify+ ,con/ant9ople & ! o!r great cities ( 8 ,empire4 ,! new ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia 0 be+ decorat$ 9 ! mo/ gorge\s mann]4 ,! old *ronicl]s tell ( gold & silv] doors1 & six doors ( c>v$ ivory2 s ! cu/om ( ov]lay+ l>ge surfaces ) ivory plaques 0 n an innovation4 ,! bi%op ord]$ 8 ,?rone & set x up at a "t :5 ,rav5na 0 /ill an important c5tre1 & ye>ly add+ to ! numb] ( its beautiful build+s4 ,s4 ,vitale1 newly f9i%$ & decorat$ ) ! celebrat$ mosaic portraits ( ,ju/9ian & ,!odora1 0 consecrat$ by ,/4 ,maximian himself1 :o is pictur$ on ! walls by ! side ( ! ,emp]or4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is enc\ragem5t1 art1 & sculpture 9 p>ticul>1 _h already comm5c$ t /eady decl9e to ! p]iod ( comp>ative /agnation :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,krumba*]1 ! well-kn[n ,byzant9e s*ol>1 says1 affect$ n only art b lit]ature1 & la/$ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 f ab\t #fej to #hej4 ,! decl9e c be trac$ 9 ! mosaics at ,rav5na2 ^? 9 ,s4 ,vitale are n s good z ^? 9 ! tomb ( ,galla ,placidia1 :ile ! decoration ( ! ,bapti/]y is ! mo/ anci5t & ! be/4 ,! ,?rone is mo/ preci\s z an exception1 %[+ really arti/ic "w 9 a p]iod :5 orig9ality 0 r>e4 ,! height is "o y>d f\rte5 in*es1 ! seat be+ flank$ by two panels ris+ above x & =m+ ! arms2 ! front is entirely fill$ 9 by ! l>ge panel ) five sa9ts1 ! back is high & semi-circul>1 ! top be+ ar*$4 ,at ! junction ( ! side panels1 ) ! front & back1 are upright po/s1 :i* =m ! feet1 & ris+ slightly above ! level ( ! panels are capp$ by flatt5$ balls2 ^!1 & ! /rips ( ivory :i* divide ! back into little sc5es1 are c>v$ ) ! mo/ decorative v9e scrolls1 gr[+ out ( vases ( classical %ape1 & peopl$ ) a :ole _w ( animals leap+ 9 & out amid ! leaves & bun*es ( grapes4 ,^! bord]s %[ real progress & ! adoption ( new ori5tal ideas4 ,! animat$ scroll "w is (t5 f\nd on ! ,ea/]n textiles ( ?is p]iod1 :i* mu/ h =m$ objects ( con/ant trade4 ,! ,koptic tombs on ! ,nile ,delta#aa h yield$ a num]\s collection ( contempor>y textiles ) beautifully wov5 patt]ns 9 mu* ! same /yle4 ,! v9e f be+ a popul> pagan decoration became closely connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! c>v+ ( ! wide bord]s on ! back1 if r summ>y1 atta9s ! l>g5ess ( treatm5t z ( sculpture 9 m>ble4 ,! actual manual "w on ! ,?rone v>ies some:at1 & is probably ! "w ( diff]5t artizans1 ,byzant9e or ,italian1 b !re c be little d\bt t ! :ole 0 ! "w ( "o ma/] m9d4 ,! ,five ,sa9ts on ! front panel are ( noble design & mo/ c>efully c>v$1 b lack+ 9 spontaneity4 ,ea* /&s "u ! famili> r\nd ar*1 & ! scallop %ell is arrang$ z a k9d ( halo beh9d ea* head4 ,! gr& figure ( ,john ! ,bapti/ /&s 9 ! middle ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 among :om we are tempt$ to recognize ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 b ?is resemblance is probably ow+ to ! arti/'s pov]ty ( types4 ,above1 9 ! bord]1 flank$ by two peacocks ( evid5t ,syrian orig91 is ! monogram ( ! sa9t1 :i* reads ,maximianus episcopus4 ,! plaques on ! side panels deal ) ! life ( ,joseph1 & ^? on ! back h sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,! latt] 7 tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 b only sev5 rema91 f\r inside & ?ree out4 ,"s ( ^! are c>v$ on ea* side1 & all are bord]$ ) a n>r[ & mu* debas$ ,greek bead & loz5ge m\ld+1 :i* is an additional help 9 ! id5tification ( ! /ray+ pieces4 ,"o ( ^! lo/ plaques is n[ 9 ! collection ( ,c\nt ,/rogan(f at ,rome2 x repres5ts on "o side 8! ,entry into ,j]usalem10 & on ! o!r 8! ,nativity10 ) an additional incid5t 9 ! )]+ ( ! h& ( ! incr$ul\s att5dant1 ,salome1 :i* is rec\nt$ 9 ! apocryphal gospels4 ,! type ( ,joseph 9 ?is sc5e is j ! l[-br[$1 bullet-head$ type ( ! ,greek wre/l]1 & mu/ h be5 borr[$ f "s anci5t sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,,ricci ,,photo4 ,,ca!dral1 ,,rav5na #ac4 ,,panel ,,f ,,! ,,?rone ,,( ,,maximian ,italo-,byzant9e1 six? c5tury ,9 ! sc5e ( ! ,annunciation ! ,virg9 sits 9 a high-back$ *air ( basket-"w1 j l t on ! ,b>gello pyx1 ) ! ,visit ( ! ,magi4 ,%e is sp9n+1 z describ$ 9 ! apocryphal gospels1 & beside h] /&s a basket = h] wool4 ,! plaque1 ) ! ,virg9 rid+ on an ass1 is n ! flight into ,egypt1 b ! j\rney to ,be?lehem j be=e ! ,*ild 0 born1 & ! languid attitude ( ! ,virg9 z %e leans 9 weakness on ! %\ld] ( ,joseph1 is r5d]$ ) mu* feel+4 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ is peculi>ly int]e/+ z x gives an insight into ! e>ly types ( ?is subject4 ,! ,holy ,_s 9 ! =m ( a dove flies headlong d[nw>ds1 & ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z a little nak$ *ild1 & beside him1 lean+ on an urn is ! p]sonification ( ! ,riv] ,jordan4 ,ano!r remnant ( pagan tradition is f\nd 9 ! w+$ & be>d$ g5ius ( ,sleep1 :o /&s by ,ph>aoh's c\* 9 ! 8,dream ,sc5e40 ,?is figure also appe>s on a plaque 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is decorat$ ) sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! /range be>d$ angel be+ pres5t at ! baptism4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ ivory 9 ! same room1 a pyx repres5t+ ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,m5as1 :i* has ano!r peculi>ity 9 common ) ! c>v+s on ! ,?rone1 9 ! elaborate & curi\sly embroid]$ bl\se worn by ! execution]1 :i* is l t worn by ,joseph 9 ! h\se ( ,potiph>4 ,! sc5es f ,joseph's life are m deeply c>v$ ?an ! o!rs1 ! figures are wond]fully *>act]iz$1 ! ori5tal faces ( ! ,egyptians are fram$ 9 long plaits1 l ! ,egyptian hair dress+ on ! monum5ts1 :i* is ev5 n[ to be se5 on ! ,upp] ,nile4 ,all ^! reliefs are a curi\s mixture ( close obs]vation ( nature & s]vile imitations ( classical types4 ,! woman pres5t at ! sale ( ,joseph1 holds h] h& 9 h] veil l _m a /ately figure 9 ,roman art1 b ! meet+ ( ,joseph ) 8 old fa!r is q mod]n 9 its emotional =ce1 ! old man trembl+ly tott]s =w>d into ! arms ( 8 /alw>t "y son1 & "o _c help feel+ irritat$ at ! by/&]s' conv5tional ge/ures z !y gaze on su* a t\*+ sc5e4 ,jacob's wild di/ress 7,fig4 #ac7 is t]ribly reali/ic1 & ! contra/$ /ony despair ( ! b]eav$ ,ra*el is mo/ dramatic4 ,ra*el appe>s 9 o!r pres5tm5ts ( ?is subject1 b ! ,bible n>rative m5tions h] dea? "s "t be=e4 ,! prov5ance ( ?is great monum5t is a v ?orny "q1#ab _m writ]s notice ! /rongly m>k$ ori5tal *>act]i/ics1 & "s inf] t x 0 import$ f ,alex&ria1 :i* !n _h a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( arti/s & craftsm54 ,/4 ,maximian c]ta9ly visit$ ,alex&ria be=e he 0 made bi%op1 & he may aft]w>ds h ord]$ ! ,?rone to be made !re1 or br\ght ov] ,alex&rian workm54 ,!re is e reason to believe ! /ory t ! ,emp]or ,h]aklius br\ght ov] a c>v$ ivory ?rone f ,alex&ria 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury4 ,! difficulty ( adopt+ ?is ,alex&rian !ory lies 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,italo-,byzant9e s*ool 9 ,italy1 :i* is prov$ by ! numb] ( pyxes & book cov]s1 :i* seem to %[ ne>ly e /ep betwe5 ! old ,lat9 & ! almo/ entirely ,byzant9e art ( ! ,rav5na ,?rone4 ,( c\rse _m ( ^! may h be5 influ5c$ by ! c>v+s on ! ,?rone1 b _m are und\bt$ly ( e>li] date4 ,any way1 ) ! acceptance or rejection ( ?is !ory /&s or falls ! ,european orig9 ( sev]al o!r mo/ important ivories3 fir/ & mo/ important1 ! mu*-discuss$ ,b]l9 dipty*1 repres5t+ on "o leaf ,*ri/ z a middle-ag$ man1 v simil> 9 type to ! ,john ,bapti/ 7,fig4 #ab71 & on ! o!rs ! ,virg91 att5d$ by w+less angels2 ,s*mirn(f1 by close exam9ation ( ! bord]1 :i* has be5 p>tially cut away1 believes he has discov]$ ! rema9s ( a monogram simil> to t on ! front panel ( ! ,?rone4 ,also ! plaque ) ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,tongres dipty*1 ! 8,bateman0 dipty*1 & "o or two o!rs :i* are closely relat$ 9 /yle4 ,ref]5ce 0 made to an ivory ?rone br\ght f ,alex&ria to ,con/ant9ople by ,h]aklius 7#faj-fda74 ,?is ?rone 0 ultimately plac$ 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,grado1 & ! leg5d grew up t x 0 actually ! episcopal ?rone ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 ! ,ca/ello at ,milan !re are a s]ies ( five plaques deal+ ) ! subject ( ,/4 ,m>k's mission to ,alex&ria & ,cyr5e1 z told 9 ! ,acts ( ,/4 ,m>k2 !re is e probability t !y belong$ to ! ?rone ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,grado1 :i* appe>s to h be5 m or less p]fect 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b is report$ by a lat] writ] to be entirely /ripp$ ( its decoration4 ,! ,milan reliefs are ( a v di/9ctive te*nique1 ! drap]y be+ m>k$ by rib-l folds1 usually 9 c\ples1 & ! type ( face is ref9$1 ?\gh ov] elaborat$4 ,!y are e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,h]aklius1 & probably date f ! six? c5tury4 ,?ree scatt]$ plaques are unmi/akably connect$ ) ?is s]ies2 ,/4 ,pet] dictat+ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ) a w+$ figure beh9d1 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,! ,annunciation1 9 ! ,trivulzio ,collection at ,milan4 ,! two la/ are m delicately c>v$1 b ! /rik+ simil>ities ( pose & drap]y1 & ! same viol5t p]spective ( ! ar*itecture1 make x almo/ c]ta9 t !y are f ! same ateli]1 if n by ! h& ( ! same craftsman4 ,two ivories ( a totally diff]5t /yle seem to belong to ! next c5tury1 b _! dates are /ill a matt] ( d\bt4 ,"o is a plaque 9 ! ,treasury ( ,trves ,ca!dral1 deeply und]cut & full ( little figures & details4 ,we/wood says x repres5ts ! arrival ( ! ,holy ,coat to t v ,ca!dral4#ac ,! relic is 9 a casket held by two ecclesia/ics1 :o sit 9 a gorge\s c> drawn by a pair ( horses4 ,! procession is l$ by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e & receiv$ at ! *ur* doors by 8 "m1 ,hel5a1 :o holds a cross 9 memorial ( h] j\rney to ,j]usalem to fet* ! ,true ,cross4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is ! ,porta ,nigra1 & ! nave ( a basilica %[+ an apse4 ,un=tunately1 !re is no pro( ( ?is attractive !ory1 ?\gh ! build+ 9 ! backgr\nd does resemble ! ,porta ,nigra 7/ill exi/+ at ,trves7 & ! basilica !re has a v simil> apse2 b all ,roman ar*itecture imp]fectly depict$ looks mu* alike1 e basilica has an apse1 & x is n record$ h[ long ! ivory has be5 9 ! ,treasury at ,trves4 ,?us we mu/ be reconcil$ to call x by an indet]m9ate "n4 ,x is c]ta9ly ,byzant9e1 & mo/ probably ab\t ! sev5? c5tury4 ,if possible !re is /ill great] unc]ta9ty ab\t ! second ivory1 :i* is also ( an ar*itectural "* & has lately be5 acquir$ by ! ,l\vre au?orities4 ,x is )\t d\bt ,byzant9e1 & repres5ts ! conv5tional type ( ,/4 ,paul1 prea*+ to a di/+ui%$ & eag] cr[d4 ,! relief ( ! ivory is v deep1 & !re is a c]ta9 boldness 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mass ( ! cr[d1 also ! city :i* t[]s ov] head1 is ( a v real /ructure & seems int5d$ = "s actual city4 ,comp>+ ! r\nd ar*$ build+s ) ! types ( ar*itecture on ! six? & sev5? c5tury mosaics1 ,mol9i] & ,saglio attribute ?is ivory to ! same p]iod1 b ,s*lumb]g] _c believe x to be m anci5t ?an ! t5? c5tury4 ,! deep r$ col\r is ! remnant ( ! purple /a91 :i* 0 probably /ill fur!r enri*$ by gild+4 ,) few exceptions1 x has be5 ! common practice to col\r ivories z well z /atues1 & ?\gh mu* at v>iance ) our mod]n ta/e 7:i* is f\nd$ on a mi/ak5 appreciation ( ! t9t ( m>ble f :i* ! col\r has fad$71 x mu/ h greatly enhanc$ ! effect1 especially 9 ! small] objects :i* ent] almo/ into ! prov9ce ( bij\t]ie4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! iconocla/ic#ad tr\bles comm5c$2 ! movem5t 0 at fir/ "o ( real re=m1 ! *>ge ( idolatry :i* _h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,greek ,*ri/ians by _! ,mahometan neighb\rs 0 n )\t f\ndation1 b un=tunately ! love ( images 0 deeply root$ 9 ! he>t ( ! p1 :o transf]r$ to ^! little pictures & images ! same homage !y _h paid to _! local protect+ deities 9 pagan times4 ,a p[]ful p>ty1 always a m9ority1 ga9$ ! e> ( ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,isaurian 7#gag-gda71 a man ( l[ bir?1 :o _h rais$ himself to 8 high /ation by %e] m]it on ! field ( battle1 & ?\gh he has be5 bitt]ly abus$ by 8 enemies1 he appe>s to h be5 q above ! av]age ( imp]ial "*1 :i*1 x mu/ be confess$1 did n rea* an ov]p[]+ly high level4 ,?is man1 hav+ subdu$ 8 c\ntry's enemies 9 ! ,ea/1 turn$ 8 active m9d to ! annihilation ( ! unhappy arti/s & all _! works4 ,at fir/ 8 measures 7 mod]ate1 ! remov+ ( pictures out ( rea* ( ! lips ( ! wor%ipp]s2 b sup]/ition 0 s deeply root$ t an abortive revolt broke out1 in/igat$ by ! monks1 :o1 besides be+ ! mo/ /r5u\s advocates = images1 7 also ! *ief manufactur]s4 ,?is rebellion 0 easily suppress$1 b x provok$ sev]] measures1 an edict 0 promulgat$ t all images 7 to be de/roy$1 & ! pa9t$ walls ( ! *ur*es to be cov]$ ) pla/]4 ,all opposition 0 puni%$ by a rapid cresc5do ( p5alties1 by imprisonm5t1 mutilation & excommunication4 ,m revolts foll[$1 ,leo became /ill m angry1 & ! next ?+ we read ( is ! de/ruction by fire ( ! great ,libr>y ( ,con/ant9ople1 gu>ds & all1 by ord] ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! gu>ds 7 n a matt] ( importance1 z a viol5t dea? "o way or o!r 0 ( small mom5t 9 ^? mo/ unpleasant times2 b ! manuscripts 7 an irrep>able loss1 almo/ z t]rible z ! burn+ ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y by ! ,mahometans1 only a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 & = ! same unreasonable reason4 ,^! /ruggles cont9u$1 ) less or m viol5ce1 = ne>ly #aej ye>s2 ! *ol]ic ,leo 0 succe$$ by 8 /ill m viol5t son1 ,con/ant9e ,v4 :o1 accord+ to ! opposite p>ty 7:i* conta9$ all ! *ronicl]s71 0 closely relat$ to ! ,evil ,"o1 b he c]ta9ly _h great en]gy1 & 0 probably n s black z he 0 pa9t$4 ,he cont9u$ ! "w ( 8 fa!r ) great vig\r1 &1 x mu/ be add$1 consid]able cruelty4 ,sometimes !re 0 comp>ative calm1 z :5 ! ,empress ,ir5e seiz$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t f h] unhappy son1 ,con/ant9e ,,vi41 9 #gig1 & issu$ an edict ( tol]ance4 ,%e 0 a wond]ful woman1 & liv$ 9 imp]ial /ate = _m ye>s1 aga9/ all law1 human & div9e2 = %e 0 _m bad ?+s1 besides be+ a woman1 & z su*1 deb>r$ f gov]nm5t4 ,among h] s*emes 0 an alliance ) ,*>lemagne1 to :om %e (f]$ h] h&2 ! (f] 0 n accept$1 & soon aft] %e 0 exil$ to ,lesbos by ano!r usurp]1 :o1 be+ a viol5t iconocla/1 imm$iately re/or$ all ! oppressive laws4 ,) delightful read9ess ! ecclesia/ical ,g5]al ,c\ncils promulgat$ decrees =1 or aga9/1 ! cult ( images1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,!ophilus1 ! la/ ( ! iconocla/ic emp]ors1 0 a great build] ( *ur*es & palaces1 & none ( ! iconocla/s w5t to ! l5g? ( =bidd+ ! introduction ( ! human =m1 & r$uc+ decoration to geometrical motives & scroll "w1 z is ! case ( ,arabian art4 ,!ophilus 0 succe$$ by 8 wid[1 ! ,empress ,!odora1 :o gov]n+ 9 ! "n ( h] infant son ,mi*ael ,,iii41 promptly rev]s$ all ! edicts ( h] husb& & 8 pr$ecessors1 & ende>$ h]self to ! ,greeks1 by ! re/oration ( _! belov$ images1 & ! f9al defeat ( ! iconocla/ic p>ty1 :i* 0 accompli%$ ab\t #hdb4 ,?\gh !re 0 a s5sible diff]5ce aft] ?is movem5t1 /ill x is easy to exagg]ate its influ5ce on ,byzant9e art4 ,! edicts ( ! ,emp]or 7 n always c>ri$ out to ! lett]1 except1 p]haps1 9 ! capital city1 & ev5 !re ! small] objects 7 secret$1 & wom51 always cons]vative1 clung to _! l>es & p5ates1 keep+ up ! old obs]vances z mu* z possible4 ,_m an ob/9ate monk took pride & pleasure 9 sett+ ! law at defiance1 c>v+ little dipty*s ) ! decoration on ! inn] side1 s t !y c\ld be fold$ toge!r & slipp$ away 9 safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #ad4 ,,oliphant ,ori5tal-,byzant9e1 n9? & t5? c5turies ,! civil art w5t on un9t]rupt$ly1 & 9 su* a luxuri\s city ! objects ( secul> use mu/ h be5 v ri* & v>i$4 ,a l>ge s]ies ( caskets h come d[n to u1 pres]v$ 9 ! treasuries ( *ur*es z %r9es = ! relics ( sa9ts1 also l>ge oliphants1 or complete tusks1 holl[$ out & ?ickly cov]$ ) l9k$ patt]ns ( /rongly ori5tal /yle2 ^! 7 fir/ import$ f ! ,ea/ & aft]w>ds imitat$ m or less exactly by ,byzant9e craftsm54 ,9 e>ly ritual !y 7 us$ z horns to ann\nce ! comm5cem5t & ! end ( ! ,mass1 & also to conta9 relics1 & x 0 ! latt] use :i* br\ght !m 9 su* numb]s to ! ,we/4 ,! m9iaturi/s1 also1 cont9u$ _! art1 copy+ & illu/rat+ texts ( ,hom] & ,virgil & o!r classical writ]s4 ,! iconocla/ic movem5t1 ?\gh la/+ a c5tury & a qu>t]1 _h no p]man5t effect 9 *eck+ ! natural developm5t ( art4 ,9 fact1 ! great] impetus giv5 to ! civil art _h r ! effect ( purify+ ! ,byzant9e /yle by con/ant ref]5ce to ! antique1 & prep>$ ! way = ! ,r5aissance ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,byzant9e art is /ill s little kn[n t x is probable t _m ivories n[ class$ 9 ! t5? may belong to ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,mol9i] attributes ev5 ! ,vi5na & ,b>gello dipty* 7,fig4 #e7 to ! mid iconocla/ic p]iod1 to t lull 9 ! /orm dur+ ! reign ( ! ,empress ,ir5e 7end ( eigh? c5tury71 ^: portrait he consid]s x to be4 ,?is ivory1 ?\gh m probably ( ! six? c5tury1 has "s slight lik5ess 9 ! wide face & full neck to ! two bu/s ( ,*ri/ & ! symbolic angel ( ,/4 ,mat!w 9 ! ,libr>y1 ,rav5na 7! eagle ( ,/4 ,john is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum74 ,^! mu/ be class$ ) ano!r ivory ( ?is p]iod 9 ! ,l\vre1 a figure ( ,*ri/ /&+ "u a ri*ly decorat$ ar*1 b ! l[ =ehead & />+ eyes1 ) ! pomp\s attitude1 9 imitation ( ! beautiful ,briti% ,museum angel1 make x positively ridicul\s4 ,ano!r plaque 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ! only dat$ ivory ( ! n9? c5tury1 repres5ts an emp]or be+ cr[n$ by ! ,virg91 & be>s ! "n ( a 8,basileus ,leo40 ,! e>ly emp]ors ( ?is "n are too anci5t1 & ! la/ ?ree 7 rabid iconocla/s1 s t br+s x to ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi41 cr[n$ 9 #hhf4 ,un=tunately ?is "w1 :i* %\ld be mo/ useful = comp>ison1 is ( r\gh te*nique1 & evid5tly a prov9cial production1 = no craftsman ( ! great metropolis c\ld h produc$ su* uncultivat$ "w1 ev5 on ! morr[ ( ! iconocla/ic crisis4 ,,ii4 ,,byzant9e ,,caskets4 ,we owe to ! s]ies ( secul> caskets mo/ ( our k ( ?is transitional p]iod4 ,!y d n appe> to h be5 articles ( great luxury & 7 usually made ( bone & sometimes indiff]5tly c>v$4 ,! fa%ion cont9u$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 & side by side ) ^! secul> caskets we h o!rs decorat$ ) sc5es f ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 :i*1 ?\gh v few 9 numb] at fir/1 become m frequ5t z "t goes on4 ,! religi\s caskets h _m details 9 common ) ! secul>1 b draw _! inspiration f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,!re is great simil>ity 9 ! design ( ! secul> caskets1 ! box itself be+ made ( wood & cov]$ ) ivory plaques4 ,! lids are ei!r 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ pyramid1 & h+$1 or flat & slid+ into grooves4 ,! decoration consi/s ( an elaborate bord] surr\nd+ ei!r long sc5ic plaques1 z 9 ! ,v]oli casket 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,fig4 #ae71 or m (t5 little squ>es conta9+ a s+le figure 7,b>gello1 etc474 ,! bord]s %[ /rong ori5tal influ5ce1 & inv>iably consi/ ( r+$ rosettes connect$ by a po9t$ leaf2 ^! rosettes sometimes alt]nate ) co9-l m$allions1 & !re are occasionally additional b&s ( v>y+ patt]n1 z on ! ,volt]ra casket 7late ,spitz] ,collection7 at ! ,muse de ,cluny4 ,! subjects are a pro( ( ! /ill l+]+ p[] ( classical antiquity1 & ( ! infiltration ( ori5tal designs4 ,!y are ei!r tak5 f anci5t my?s 7(t5 v imp]fectly und]/ood by ! adaptor71 or f sc5es 9 ! hippodrome or circus 7,volt]ra72 p]haps also f ! /atues1 "p ( ! ,grecian loot t ,con/ant9e _h br\ght f ,rome to decorate 8 new city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #ae4 ,,! ,,v]oli ,,casket ,byzant9e1 n9? & t5? c5turies ,mo/ ( ^! caskets are compos$ 9 ! gaye/ frame ( m9d2 on ! beautiful ivory ,v]oli casket ! little loves1 on ! light fanta/ic toe1 dance to ! h>p+ ( poor1 melan*oly1 old ,polyphemus1 :o is compell$ to cease 8 solit>y lam5t & play hornpipes & jigs = ! b5efit ( wild ,bac*antes1 :o :irl r\nd & r\nd till _! drap]y is toss$ out l foam4 ,x is amus+ to see ^! same ladies on ! casket at ,cividale1 no long] c>v$ ) delicate f9i%1 b angul> & r\gh1 ! drap]y fly+ out l wire1 & ! developm5t ( ! muscles rivall+ t ( a prima ball]9a4 ,! mak] ( ! ,pirano casket 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum imitat$ ! ,v]oli 9 _m ?+s1 z ! putti & ! pan!r1 & ! gr\p ( ,m>s c>ess+ ,v5us "u ! *91 9 ! good old-fa%ion$ ,brescia dipty* way1 also ! peculi> treatm5t ( ! hair 9 t9y knobby r+lets1 :i* is f\nd aga9 on ! ,bologna casket1 & on two mo/ int]e/+ plaques 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"o plaque repres5ts ,*ri/ free+ ! ,s\ls 9 ,hades1 & ! o!r ,! ,nativity4 ,on ! fir/ !re is a gr\p ( little *ild-s\ls ) poli%$ r\nd muscles & knobby hair1 also ! hair ( ! angels 9 bo? ! sc5es is ( ! same "*1 ! re/ ( ! te*nique has little to di/+ui% x f ! s-call$ ,x-,,xi c5tury type2 b ! conception ( ! subject is n ! ord9>y /]eotyp$ "o ( lat] ye>s1 & ^? few peculi>ities ( /yle h su* a m>k$ connection ) ! ,v]oli casket1 t ,graev5 consid]s x likely t !y bo? came f ! same ateli]1 & may1 p]haps1 be dat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,be=e po9t+ out ! v>i\s simil>ities betwe5 ^! secul> caskets1 & ^? ) religi\s subjects1 x w\ld be well to inquire into ! ance/ry ( ! sep>ate /yles4 ,! classical designs on ! secul> caskets are m completely conv5tionaliz$ ?an w\ld be ! result ( direct imitation ( antique orig9als by lat] craftsm52 & ! co9-l bord]s give a clue to f9d+ out :at 7 _! actual models4 ,!y mu/ h be5 inspir$ by ! rep\ss designs on gold & silv] plate1 x be+ a v common practice1 9 all ages1 to ins]t co9s r\nd ! edges ( preci\s vessels4 ,! peculi> tap]+ ankles & delicate wri/s are ano!r pro( ( "s o!r te*nique int]v5+ betwe5 ! m>ble sculpture & ! ivories4 ,! t5d5cy ( m>ble to crack if expos$ to too great a weight1 l$ to a /urd9ess 9 all deta*$ =ms1 & n ev5 9 ! bronze /atues are su* exagg]at$ly sl5d] extremities to be f\nd4 ,anci5t records (t5 tell ( l>ge masses ( plate be+ pres5t$ to *ur*es 9 ! ,we/4 ,a s+le gift to ,/4 ,g]ma9 at ,aux]re 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 consi/$ ( "o hundr$ silv] vessels1 includ+ two great di%es decorat$ ) reliefs f ! neid1 & a ?ird ) ! 8,rape ( ,europa10 & hav+ ,greek inscriptions4 ,if !re 0 su* a mass ( plate 9 ! ,we/1 ! ri*ness ( ,con/ant9ople 9 gold & silv] vessels mu/ h be5 simply fabul\s4 ,! descriptions ( ! ,byzant9e *ronicl]s1 & ! figures giv5 ( ! ,v5etian %>e 9 ! sack ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,crusad]s 9 #abjd1 are a/\nd+4 ,! silv] casket at ,anagni =ms a connect+ l9k2 x is ! same %ape & /yle z ! ivory caskets1 & ! little silv] reliefs are m\nt$ 9 ! same mann] ) bord] /rips4 ,! caskets ) religi\s subjects are d]iv$ f ! m9iatures 9 anci5t & contempor>y manuscripts1 z has be5 abundantly prov$ by ! complete correspond5ce ( exi/+ plaques & m9iatures4 ,! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum possesses an excell5t example 9 ! /rip ( ivory1 ) ,jo%ua receiv+ envoys f ! p ( ,gibeon1 :i* is tak5 almo/ l9e = l9e f two m9iatures 9 ! fam\s ,jo%ua ,roll 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y2 except t 9 ! translation ( ! pa9t+ into sculpture1 c]ta9 details _h to be simplifi$1 & ! s]ri$ ranks ( ,jo%ua's soldi]s 7 r$uc$ to a fai?ful copy ( ! =w>d gr\p4 ,a t9y plaque 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe at ,dresd5 is ano!r in/ance ( ?is connection ) ! manuscripts4 ,x is "o ( two surviv+ portions ( a casket decorat$ ) ! life ( ,joseph1 & is directly inspir$ by ! wond]ful ,g5esis codex at ,vi5na4 ,?is codex is especially int]e/+ z %[+ ! arti/'s delight 9 sc5es ( dome/ic affection2 ! picture1 :i* co9cides ) ! ivory c>v+1 illu/rates ! dep>ture ( ,joseph to get news ( 8 bre?r54 ,8 fa!r ) a /ately ge/ure bids him g1 & z he goes he turns to kiss 8 little bro!r ,b5jam91 :o foll[s him a little way4 ,! sculptor has tak5 ! mom5t ( ! kiss1 & ! g5tl5ess ( ! action is l ! little dome/ic sc5e on ! casket 9 ! ,museo ,kir*]iano at ,rome 7,fig4 #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,graev5 ,,photo4 ,,museo ,,kir*]iano1 ,,rome #af4 ,,front ,,( ,a ,,casket4 ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,david ,byzant9e1 n9? c5tury ,! c>v+s on ?is casket give a graphic acc\nt ( ! e>ly life & adv5tures ( ,david1 & are mo/ probably d]iv$ f "s lo/ manuscript ( ! ,book ( ,samuel4 ,! active little figures are exce$+ly droll1 & x is difficult n to ?9k t a little ( ! gay secul> _s _h crept into ^! m sob] sc5es4 ,! lamb :i* sits up & begs :ile ,david pipes is p>ticul>ly engag+4 ,! front side ( ! slop+ lid is giv5 up to mo/ tragic sc5es4 ,! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & ! ,murd] ( ,za*>iah1 ! ,high ,prie/1 8kill$ betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>40 ,! inscription tells u t ! casket 0 int5d$ z a m>riage gift to a ,basileus & ,basilissa f ano!r w$d$ pair1 ! portraits all be+ on ! top4 ,! v>i\s details :i* ! two s]ies ( caskets h 9 common1 prove !y belong to ! same p]iod4 ,on ! ,v]oli casket 7,fig4 #ae71 ! gr\p ( m5 /on+ ! bull :i* be>s away ,europa corresponds ) a m9iature 9 ! ,jo%ua ,roll1 :i* depicts ! /on+ ( ! captive p ( ,a*an4 ,! rosette bord] is also f\nd on a twelf? c5tury casket ) half-l5g? figures ( sa9ts 9 ! ,b>gello4 ,on "s ( ^! caskets ! plaques are decorat$ ) designs tak5 bodily f ,ori5tal textiles & c>v+s2 ! small] ,volt]ra casket 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny is a case 9 po9t1 & x has ! additional *>m ( an op5work bord] ( maple leaves on a gilt backgr\nd4 ,"s writ]s call ^! caskets ,italo-,byzant9e because a l>ge numb] h be5 f\nd 9 ! treasuries ( ,italian ca!drals1 b _! ance/ry is ?or\ghly ,byzant9e4 ,x is n impossible t "s few examples 7 made 9 ! ,we/1 z sev]al /one reliefs h be5 f\nd 9 ,v5etia1 cle>ly dat+ f ! fir/ decade ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & ornam5t$ ) ! same classical subjects1 confus$ 9 ! same way ) =eign elem5ts1 & surr\nd$ by ! cu/om>y rosette bord]1 & :i* are mo/ probably copies ( ^! ,byzant9e fancy goods4 ,! ,?rone ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! apse ( 8 *ur* 9 ,rome1 is made up 9 ! same way ) little plaques repres5t+ ! ,lab\rs ( ,h]cules & o!r purely pagan subjects4 ,! ivory c>v+s belong to two p]iods1 "o1 admitt$ly1 ( ! n9? c5tury :5 ! ,?rone 0 re/or$1 & ! o!rs are traditionally suppos$ to date f ! lifetime ( ! apo/le4 ,x 0 inclos$ #bjj ye>s ago 9 a hide\s cas+1 & no close exam9ation is p]mitt$4 ,if ?is *air is really ( great antiquity1 ev5 if n s e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury1 x w\ld be a great support to ,v5turi's assumption t all ^! secul> caskets belong really to classical antiquity1 & are ( late ,roman orig94 ,!re is a beautiful casket 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,troyes1 ( ! t5? or elev5? c5tury1 :i* 0 s5t back by ,g>ni] de ,traisnel1 ,bi%op ( ,troyes1 & ,almon] to ! ,crusad]s4 ,g>ni] di$ 9 ! ,ea/1 b s5t home 8 %>e ( ! spoil f ,con/ant9ople4 ,x is /a9$ a ri* purple & evid5tly belong$ to ! ,basileus1 :o is depict$ on horseback4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,byzant9e ,,r5aissance4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,byzant9e ,art comm5ces ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury1 &1 r\ghly speak+1 co9cides ) ! rule ( ! great ,mac$onian dyna/y1 a p]iod :5 ! w>rior emp]ors1 usurp]s or o!rwise1 kept ! invad+ b>b>ians at bay4 ,! ,byzant9e *ronicl]s expatiate at great l5g? on ! unp>allel$ luxury ( ! ,c\rt & h[ ! 8,sacr$ ,palace0 0 fill$ ) art treasures2 & !y also tell u t ,con/ant9e ,,vii41 ,porphryg5itus 7#iaa-iei71 0 an en?usia/ic amateur1 & ev5 employ$ 8 8sacr$0 f+]s 9 c>v+ & pa9t+ beautiful objects2 x 0 ab\t ! only ?+ he did d1 = ! gov]nm5t 0 entirely tak5 out ( 8 h&s by a s]ies ( usurp]s :o 7 nom9ally 8 colleagues4 ,ivory c>v+ 0 only "o small portion ( ?is great /ream ( decorative "w1 b an important "p1 z !re 0 practically no sculpture 9 /one4 ,9 ! new basilica at ,con/ant9ople 7 "s animals c>v$ on ! m>ble f\nta9s1 & a few inf]ior bas-reliefs h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,crimea & ,m\nt ,a?os1 b ! te*nique is m]ely an enl>gem5t ( ! t9y reliefs1 ) a complete loss ( t delicacy & lov+ f9i% :i* is ! greate/ *>m ( ! ivory craft4 ,! numb] ( examples ( c>v$ ivory dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies is s great t x is mo/ difficult to make a selection4 ,! ,reliqu>y ( ! ,true ,cross 9 ! ,franciscan ,*ur* at ,cortona is valuable = comp>ison ) o!r c>v+s ( ! t5? c5tury1 = x is dat$ by an inscription m5tion+ ! ,basileus ,nicephorus1 ,conqu]or ( ! ,b>b>ians1 :o c be no o!r ?an ,nicephorus ,phocas 7#ifc-ifi74 ,! reliqu>y is divid$ 9 ! usual mann] into f\r comp>tm5ts by ! arms ( ! great c5tral crucifix1 & ow+ to ! %all[ness ( ! space ! figures are n s disproportionately tall z 0 mo/ly ! case4 ,9 ! rese>* = dignity & rev]5ce ! figures became less & less e>?ly1 ! %\ld]s slop+ away to no?+1 & a gr[+ t5d5cy crept 9 to exagg]ate ! height out ( all proportion2 also ! calm expression on ! delicate oval faces grew m & m solemn1 till on "s ( ! lat] ivories x is positively lugubri\s4 ,yet ! quiet grace & exquisite dignity ( a figure l t ( ! ,virg9 on ! ,h>baville ,tripty* 7,fig4 #ag71 is h>dly to be f\nd 9 ! f9e/ ,italian art4 ,! pose ( ?is figure & t ( ,john ! ,=]unn]1 1 are almo/ id5tical ) ^? on ! ,cortona ,reliqu>y2 ! ,virg9's ge/ure ( adoration is simple & spontane\s1 & x is only :5 x is repeat$ by ,/4 ,john t ! balance ( ! patt]n becomes too exact & pa9s ! eye4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/1 gr&ly pos$ on ! highback$ ?rone1 is ! type ( ne>ly e o!r repres5tation ( ! ,savi\r ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod 7cf4 ,fig4 #ai7 & traces back directly to ! ,roman (ficial dipty*s4 ,! drap]y is elegant & well consid]$1 ?\gh ! folds h a h>d flatness 9 spite ( ! s(t f9i% ( ! te*nique4 ,! features inh]it mu* f ! antique1 ! well-cut br[ & deeply set eyes1 b ! noses h increas$ 9 l5g? & h t slight curve at ! tip :i* is s *>act]i/ic1 & becomes s pron\nc$1 9 lat] ,byzant9e ,art4 ,! f9e heads1 fram$ 9 _! rugg$ mane ( hair1 are v picturesque1 b !re is su* a /rong family lik5ess among !m1 t x is q refre%+ to meet a bald =ehead l t ( ,/4 ,paul or ,/4 ,john ,!ologus1 "h repres5t$ z an ag$ man & n z ! be>dless /ripl+ ( ,we/]n art4 ,above all1 x is ! h&s & ! well-proportion$ muscul> feet1 :i* %[ ! p[] ( ! real arti/ escap+ f ! conv5tionality ( 8 subject4 ,on ! back ( ! panel he has fre$ himself entirely f ! spell ( classical antiquity & drunk deeply ( new ori5tal ideas1 creat+ a mo/ decorative design1 illu/rat+ ! 8,triumph ( ! ,cross10 :i* rises1 ornam5t$ ) roses1 above ! fl[]+ e>?1 /ret*+ up to ! skies1 :i* are ?ickly cov]$ ) />s1 & be> ! ,greek inscription ,jesus ,*ri/ ,victori\s4 ,two tall cypresses1 tightly b\nd by ! symbolical v9e & by ivy1 b[ be=e x1 :il/ f ! gr\nd spr+ small trees & re$s1 among :i* wild animals run 9 & out4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,giraudon ,,photo4 ,,l\vre1 ,,p>is #ag4 ,,tripty* ,d',,h>baville ,byzant9e1 t5? c5tury ,! trees may be contra/$ ) ! fruitful olives on ! ,b>gello plaque ( ! ,asc5sion 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! composition ( ?is sc5e is gr& 9 "*1 9 spite ( its small size1 & !re is great fre$om ( movem5t 9 ! l[] gr\p1 ea* pose be+ clev]ly *>act]iz$2 ! gr\p+ is sc>cely fre] 9 ! ,italian conception ( ?is subject1 & ! uprais$ h& ( ! apo/le on ! ,virg9's left is to be se51 c5turies lat]1 9 ! fam\s 8,assumption ( ! ,virg90 by ,titian4 ,!re are _m o!r plaques ) sc5ic pictures4 ,! elaborate c>v+ ( ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 is /ill fix$ to ! ,bamb]g ,missal1 :i* belong$ to ,cunigunda1 wife ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 7#ajjb-ajbh74 ,! sc5e is cr[d$1 & takes place "u a ri*ly pi]c$ canopy4 ,*ri/ holds ! ,infant ,s\l ( ! ,virg91 :il/ two angels ) veil$ h&s fly d[n to receive x4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ^! pictorial sculptures is a dipty* n[ un=tunately divid$4 ,ea* leaf has two sc5es1 ! fir/1 repres5t+ ! ,holy ,wom5 kneel+ be=e ! ris5 ,*ri/ & ! ,resurrection1 is at ,dresd51 :ile ! o!r1 ) ! ,crucifixion & ! ,deposition1 is 9 ! ,prov9cial ,museum at ,hanov]4 ,! v>i\s sc5es are treat$ ) mu* fre$om1 & ! proportions are excell5t4 ,x is en\gh to glance at ! appall+ l5g? ( ! two ,m>ies 9 a twelf? c5tury plaque ) ! ,resurrection 7,b>gello7 to realize h[ mu* we h to be ?ankful = 9 ! e>li] p]iods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,graev5 ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #ah4 ,,asc5sion ,byzant9e1 elev5? c5tury ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( tripty*s#ae all m or less ( ! ,h>baville s*ool4 ,a f9e "o at ! ,l\vre ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,!odore has lo/ ! second w+1 & ( ano!r /ill f9] "o1 only ! spl5didly c>v$ w+s rema91 widely sep>at$ n[1 "o be+ 9 ,vi5na & ! o!r 9 ! ,doge's ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,sev]al ( ^! little %r9es inclose a gr\p ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ! two mo/ beautiful be+ 9 ! ,episcopal ,museums ( ,utre*t & ,lige4 ,c\nt ,/rogon(f 9 8 int]e/+ collection at ,rome has a p>ticul>ly f9e seat$ ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,! :ole pose is mo/ pleas+ & ! ,infant ,*ri/ on h] knee has a f> m *ildi% face ?an usual1 ! ,holy ,*ild be+ m (t5 l a little man1 rais+ 8 h& to bless ) exagg]at$ dignity4 ,b ! in]adicable love ( o/5tation & luxury leads ! arti/ to dim9i% ! importance ( a really dignifi$ figure by add+ a mass ( gigantic & ov]-decorat$ accessories1 & ! legs ( ! ?rone are wr\ght ) m exactitude ?an he be/[s on ! robe ( ! c5tral figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,,rossi ,,photo4 ,,trivulzio ,,collection1 ,,milan #ai4 ,,*ri/ ,,en?ron$ ,byzant9e1 elev5? c5tury ,!re are _m o!r int]e/+ ivories 9 ?is f9e collection1 :i* ev5 conta9s "o ( ! lo/ plaques f ! ,?rone ( ,maximian4 ,among !m is a noble figure ( ,*ri/ ,tea*+ :i* might well correspond to ! ,john ,bapti/ at ,liv]pool1 "o ( ! gems ( ! ,may] ,collection4 ,john be>s a roll ) ! text comm5c+1 8,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god10 :i* w\ld ref] to ! ,*ri/ on ! opposite leaf ( a dipty*4 ,! ,liv]pool ,museum also possesses a f9e tripty*1 ) ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john4 ,?is is a type :i* seiz$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,g]man p1 :o con/antly repeat$ x1 los+1 p]haps1 9 te*nique1 b ga9+ 9 vig\r & expression1 z w be se5 on ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bd4 ,! plaque 9 ! ,cab9et des ,mdailles ( ! ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #bj71 is a fitt+ end to an acc\nt ( ! ivories ( ! ,byzant9e ,r5aissance4 ,x repres5ts ! ,emp]or ,romanus ,,iv4 & ! ,empress ,eudoxia be+ cr[n$ by ,*ri/4 ,x is d\bly int]e/+1 z ?r\gh its c]ta9 date 7! ,emp]or's reign only la/+ f\r ye>s #ajfg-ajga71 we c comp>e x ) e>li] "w1 z ! ,cortona ,reliqu>y or ! ,h>baville tripty* 7,fig4 #ag71 & see t aft] m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ! art _h n *ang$ = bett] or worse4 ,?is plaque is also int]e/+ f its arti/ic value1 :i* is v high1 ! figure ( ,*ri/ be+ "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! :ole range ( ,byzant9e ivory c>v+4 ,we c see t ! arti/ 0 p]fectly capable ( r5d]+ drap]y 9 a s(t & pliant mann]1 yet ! tyranny ( ! c\rt etiquette compell$ him to envelope ! ,basileus & ,basilissa 9 ! /iffe/ ( %ea?s1 cov]$ ) a regul> mosaic ( jewels2 & to pay hon\r to ! ,savi\r he 0 oblig$ to place "u ,8 feet t triple plat=m ( hide\s device4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,giraudon ,,photo4 ,,cab9et ,,des ,m,,dailles1 ,,biblio?,,que ,,nationale1 ,,p>is #bj4 ,,romanus ,,iv4 ,,& ,,eudoxia ,,cr[n$ ,,by ,,*ri/ ,byzant9e1 elev5? c5tury 8,! composition ( ! figures is n ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t]s1 b ! law ( tradition ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*40 ,^! are ! words ( a decree ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & x is n surpris+ t ^! compositions1 settl$ on !ological gr\nds 7 incl9$ to be unv>y+ & hi]atic1 ! wond] is t !y h s _m arti/ic qualities4 ,ano!r bond = ! un=tunate arti/ 0 a c]ta9 "w call$ 8,a ,guide to ,pa9t+10 9 :i* m9ute regulations are laid d[n = e detail ( =m & col\r+4 ,x does n appe> to h be5 9 =ce till aft] ?is p]iod ( r5aissance1 b a /rict adh]5ce to ^! =mul is1 )\t d\bt1 ! reason :y x is practically impossible to tell a n9ete5? f a twelf? c5tury mosaic by ref]5ce alone to /yle4 ,?is great /ream ( art & culture w5t on un9t]rupt$ly1 no matt] :at 7 ! palace intrigues or ! sudd5 *anges ( gov]nm5t4 ,"o w9t] night a great cry is rais$1 ! ,emp]or1 ! brave g5]al ^: glori\s campaigns _h enabl$ ! city to increase its weal? & comm]ce a ?\s&fold1 _h be5 sla91 f\lly murd]$ by ord] ( 8 wife & 8 anci5t fri5d4 ,yet !re is no revolt among ! p2 :at is x to !m8 ,a few dang]\s p>tizans are kill$1 & lat] a few ( ! hir$ murd]]s1 & ! wife 9 "q1 are (f]$ up to ! ,*ur* 9 expiation ( ! usurp]'s crime4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,nicephorus ,phocas is ,emp]or1 & by ! next morn+ ,john ,zimisces is cr[n$ & reign+ 9 8 /ead4 ,bo? ! emp]ors 7 good g5]als1 & c\ld keep ! b>b>ians at bay1 &1 = ! matt] ( t1 !y 7 bo? flagrant usurp]s1 ! rightful sov]eigns1 ,basil & ,con/ant9e1 be+ kept half prison]s 9 ! palace1 :ile _! s-call$ colleagues rul$ ! c\ntry2 & if fre$om f invasion1 weal?1 & munific5t patronage ( ! arts are signs ( good gov]nm5t1 !n ^! usurp]s 7 patt]n rul]s4 ,?is 0 by no means ! case ) ,basil ,,ii41 :o1 at ! mature age ( sixty flung (f ! tutelage ( 8 colleagues & plung$ into a wild c>e] ( conque/1 e>n+ = himself n only ! title ( 8,de/roy] ( ! ,bulg>ians10 b ! he>ty hatr$ ( 8 subjects at home & 9 ! prov9ces4 ,) ,basil we mu/ leave ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 :i* _h rea*$ its apogee ( political p[] & art production4 ,x 0 c5turies be=e ! int]nal decay made itself felt1 b ! great edifice nev] recov]$ ! %ock ( ! invasion & sack ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,crusad]s 9 #abjd1 & fall+ bit by bit be=e ! attacks ( ! ,mahometans1 f9ally fell an easy prey to ! ,seljuk ,turks 9 #adec4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,second leaf 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,decorative & ,indu/rial ,art1 ,brussels4 #i ,see ! plaque ) ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 9 ! ,l\vre4 #aj ,a r\nd tomb ) a cupola has be5 excavat$ 9 ! ,via ,prae/9a1 & ! circul> ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,co/anzo is ! tomb ( a daught] ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 #aa ,les ,tapiss]ies ,coptes1 p> ,m4 ,g]spa*1 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #ab ,v5turi consid]s t ! ,?rone 0 made = ano!r ,maximian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople #cde1 & be+ tak5 9 ! c\rse ( "t to ,v5etia1 is id5tical ) t m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,deacon ,john2 :o tells ( an ivory ?rone s5t 9 ,decemb]1 #ajja1 by ! ,doge ,pietro ,orseolo1 to ! ,emp]or ,otto ,,iii41 :o 0 !n resid+ 9 ,rav5na1 & gave x to ! ,ca!dral4 ,!re is no m5tion ( an ivory ?rone 9 ! ,ca!dral be=e ?is date4 ,cf4 ,/oria dell' arte italiana1 vol4 i41 p4 #dff4 ,ricci connects ?is ?rone ) t ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,grado4 ,cf4 ,l'arte italiana decorativa e indu/riale1 vol4 vii41 p4 #ajd4 #ac ,?is coat is said to be ! "o 8)\t seam10 = :i* ! soldi]s ca/ lots1 & :i* has an und\bt$ hi/ory f ! "t ( ! ,empress ,hel5a1 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 #ad ,f 1 a lik5ess1 & 1 ,i break 9 pieces4 #ae ,full li/ giv5 by ,mol9i]1 ,les ,arts appliqus1 vol4 i4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lomb>dic1 ,,anglo-,,saxon1 ,,c>lov+ian ,,& ,,g]man ,,ivories ,i4 ,,lomb>d ,,ivory ,,c>v+s ,we h se5 h[ ,con/ant9ople1 or ! 8,new ,rome10 became ! c5tre ( ! new ,*ri/ian ,_w z ,alex&ria _h be5 ( ! ,hell5i/ic2 & = _m c5turies ! ri*es & spl5d\r ( ?is mo/ luxuri\s city %one out on ! b>b>ian nations1 z a lode/> = _! imag9ation & a patt]n = all civilization & culture4 ,byzant9e1 be+ an intrusive art 9 ^! c\ntries1 did n entirely cru% out native ef=t1 b modifi$ ! design & va/ly improv$ ! te*nique4 ,ea* imitator introduc$ m ( himself & got fur!r f ! ,greek orig9al1 s !re arose a composite /yle1 /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,byzant9es1 yet be>+ 9 x ! se$s ( a national art4 ,leav+ aside ! l>ge numb] ( ,syro-,byzant9e & o!r ,ea/]n ivories1 we mu/ pass on to ,italy1 :]e ! rema9s ( ! old ,lat9 art /ill l+]$1 ?\gh t]ribly debas$ & m+l$ ) t ( ! b>b>ian ,lungob>ds4 ,by ! sev5? c5tury sculpture 0 r$uc$ to a deplorable /ate1 & z ,cattaneo says1#af x is mo/ unlikely t ! ,rav5na c>v$ s>cophagi 7 really made at ?is p]iod2 !y m probably belong$ to anci5t burials1 ) ! new "n c>v$ on ! lid4 ,ev5 9 ivory c>v+1 :i* is always beh9d ! age1 we f9d an almo/ ludicr\s b>b>ity4 ,an ivory tablet ( ! eigh? c5tury 9 ! ,bologna ,museum is a fair example ( ?is mix$ /yle2 x has ?ree ti]s ( sc5es f ! ,nativity1 & %[s /rong ,byzant9e influ5ce1 yet !re is some?+ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y1 b>b>ic z x is1 :i* seems to lead on to ! lat] ,italian /yle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :i* def9itely connects ) ! e>lie/ ,go?ic art 9 ,france4#ag ,an example ( ?is may be se5 9 a plaque 9 ! ,b>gello1 repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 glory surr\nd$ by angels4 ,by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ example ( ?is long p]iod is ! dipty* ( ,rambona 9 ! ,vatican1 :i* 9 spite ( ! mis]able relief & ! rud5ess ( ! te*nique1 pla9ly %[s ! two influ5ces1 ,lomb>dic & ,byzant9e4 ,at ! foot ( ! cross is a l>ge repres5tation ( ,romulus & ,remus ) ! ,roman wolf4 ,at ! top ! famili> pair ( fly+ angels1 mu* curtail$1 be> a m$allion conta9+ a bu/ ( ,*ri/ rais+ ,8 h& to bless 9 ! ,greek mann]4 ,on ! second leaf ! ,virg9 is en?ron$ betwe5 two *]ubim1 ! l[] portion be+ ornam5t$ ) fragm5t>y scroll-"w ( a nor!rn type1 surr\nd+ figures ( ! sa9ts ( m or less ,byzant9e design4 ,an important inscription runs betwe5 /at+ t ! dipty* 0 c>v$ = a c]ta9 ,ageltruda1 :o 0 mo/ probably ! wife ( ,guy1 ,duke ( ,cam]9o & ,spoleto1 ,k+ ( ,italy1 & ,emp]or 9 #hia4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum !re are two notewor?y examples ( ,lomb>d ,art2 a /range tall-figur$ gr\p ( ,! ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple1 ) ar*itecture ( a /rongly m>k$ ,lomb>d type1 & a plaque ) a repres5tation ( ,joseph's ,dream4 ,bo? ( ^! are c>v$ 9 a l>ge /yle ) op5 surfaces1 b %[ a v rudim5t>y notion ( drap]y4 ,! latt] is especially int]e/+ z ! design is almo/ exactly ! same z 9 ! elaborate s]ies ( plaques f ! ,paliotto or %r9e 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,sal]no 7elev5? to twelf? c5tury74 ,! subjects ( ^! c>v+s are tak5 f ! life ( ,*ri/ & f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & %[ an unusually full s]ies ( sc5es f ,g5esis1 ) mo/ picturesque repres5tations ( ! creation4 ,! flu5cy ( ! design & te*nique ( ^! plaques is a /range & sudd5 oasis 9 a des]t ( b>b>ism4 ,if !y 7 made at ,sal]no1 z seems likely1 ! te*nique ( "s s*ool 9 ! old ,greek city may h l+]$ on1 receiv+ new life f ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,normans1 :o c]ta9ly %[$ !mselves ard5t patrons ( ! arts 9 ,sicily4 ,!re _h be5 little enc\ragem5t ( ! arts else:]e 9 ,italy4 ,sev]al objects ( goldsmi?'s "w & ivory 9 ! ,basilica at ,monza are said to h belong$ to ,!odol9da1 ! ,lomb>d que51 9 addition to ! fam\s ivory dipty* s5t to h] by ,gregory ! ,great1 :i* 0 ( an e>li] date4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] ,popes ,adrian & ,leo ,,iii41 second$ ,*>lemagne 9 8 ef=ts to re/ore le>n+ & culture2 & f9ally ,didi]1 ! great abbot ( ,monte ,cass9o 9 #ajah1 & aft]w>ds ,pope1 0 also a great admir] & b5efactor ( ! arts4 ,x is n surpris+ t poor ,italy made s little progress1 = all ?is "t %e 0 ravag$1 fir/ by ! ,s>ac5s1 :o invad$ ! ma9l& f ,sicily1 :i* !y _h conqu]$ f ! ,greeks1 & !n by ! ,normans1 :o 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 consolidat$ _! p[] 9 ,s\? ,italy1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,sicily1 "u ,rob]t ,guisc>d4 ,,ii4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,ivory ,,c>v+s4 ,! e>lie/ c>v+s 9 ! ,nor!rn c\ntries /ill belong$ to ! type ( geometric & int]lac$ patt]ns r\ghly cut 9 walrus or :alebone4 ,! panels f ! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,caletricus1 ,bi%op ( ,*>tres 9 ! six? c5tury1 is an example ( ?is r\gh k9d ( decoration1 :i* is also f\nd on objects f ! ,g]manic tombs4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons 7 f> m advanc$1 ow+ to ! tra9+ ( ! ,keltic s*ools4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a :alebone casket1 probably made 9 ,nor?umbria 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x is ornam5t$ ) sc5es f ! ,sagas1 ! ,holy ,scriptures & f ,roman leg5ds2 ?is range ( subjects gives a clue to ! explanation ( ! /yle1 :i* is ,norse1 influ5c$ by ,byzant9e religi\s art1 b ! latt] has be5 s trans=m$ by ! unskilful craftsman t x is h>dly recognizable4 ,! :ole casket is bord]$ by a ,runic inscription relat+ ! capture ( ! :ale :i* suppli$ ! bone2 x has be5 translat$ ?us3 8,! :ale's bones f ! fi%es' flood1 ,i lift$ on ,f]g5's ,hill3 ,he 0 da%$ to dea? 9 8 gambols ,z a-gr\nd he swam 9 ! %all[s40 ,! "n ,f]g5 occurs on a *>t] ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,f]ry ,hill 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham4 ,! front panel is divid$ into two1 & repres5ts ! daught] ( ,h]odias receiv+ ,john ,bapti/'s head1 ! headless body ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & ! ,wise ,m5 (f]+ gifts1 ! ^w 8,magi0 be+ writt5 9 runes above !m4 ,all t rema9s ( ! ,byzant9e model ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild are two nimb$ heads1 "o bel[ ! o!r1 a less] & a great] disk %elt]$ by a typical ,byzant9e ciborium or f\r-pill>$ canopy4 ,"o end has a picture ( ,romulus & ,remus & _! wolf1 & ! re/ is decorat$ ) sc5es f ! ,sagas4 ,! backgr\nd ( ^! reliefs is s cr[d$ by small objects & fragm5ts ( scroll-"w t ! sc5es are difficult to make out2 b x is extremely int]e/+ z a sample ( ,engli% art 9 ! "t ( ! ,hept>*y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #ba4 ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi ,anglo-,saxon1 elev5? c5tury ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,fig4 #ba71 has be5 also attribut$ to ?is p]iod1 b ,we/wood's op9ion t x is ( ! elev5? c5tury is m probably correct1 ! workman%ip be+ mo/ delicate & f9i%$1 & ! design closely connect$ ) ! pictures 9 ! t5? c5tury ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 :i* h ! same cr9kl$ edges to ! drap]y1 l>ge heads & protrud+ eyes1 ) a %>ply acc5tuat$ pupil4 ,9 ! relief ! modell+ ( ! face1 ) ! holl[ betwe5 ! wide *eekbones & ! lips gives ! face q a ,hib]nian appe>ance :i* is visible 9 sev]al o!r ivories ( ?is class1 notably 9 a mo/ pa!tic ,deposition 9 ! same museum4 ,! ri*ly embroid]$ dress & t9y feet & h&s %[ ,byzant9e influ5ce1 b ! ar*itecture1 ) ! tw9 ar* w9d[s is ?or\ghly ,saxon4 ,! my/]i\s man on ! ro( is a curi\s g5re addition1 & ! owl1 mo/ likely typifies ! night4 ,! hunt+ sc5es cle>ly %[ ! two art waves1 ! lions are un9tellig5tly copi$ f ! conv5tional ,byzant9e animal1 b v consid]able fir/-h& in=mation is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! bo>s & be>s1 ) :i* ! craftsman probably _h "s p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,! ,deposition ref]r$ to above is ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & has a curi\s prototype 9 ! ,arundel ,psalt] 7,no4 #fj1 ,briti% ,museum71 ) ! same att5uat$ anatomy & f9ely plait$ drap]y4 ,! design is in/9ct ) ! _s ( ^! ,anglo-,saxons & _! ,keltic tea*]s1 z is se5 9 ! m\rnful expression ( ! faces1 & ! utt] deadness ( ,*ri/'s body z ,he falls =w>d f ! cross1 hang+ ,8 ?readlike arms4 ,! :ole feel+ is ( suff]+ & sadness1 v diff]5t f ! *e]ful sc5es on ! e>li]1 & ! calm1 unmov$ solemnity ( ! lat] ,byzant9e art4 ,?is rese>* = expression 0 a special feature ( ! m emotional ,g]manic nations1 & 9 spite ( ! almo/ comic peculi>ities1 !re is a s9c]e rev]5ce & religi\s feel+1 :i* is almo/ unkn[n 9 any o!r s*ool ( ivory c>v+4 ,! s]ies ( *essm5 made ( walrus ivory t 7 f\nd 9 ! ,isl& ( ,lewis %\ld be m5tion$ "h2 !y h /umpy figures & f9e rugg$ c\nt5ances1 & ! ?rones are c>v$ ) ! elaborate trac]y s typical ( ?is arti/ic movem5t4 ,! game ( *ess 0 e>ly br\ght f ! ,ea/1 z 0 ! game ( draughts1 & _m pieces are to be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s museums ( ,europe4 ,9 addition to ! *essm51 ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a f9e set ( draughts deeply c>v$ 9 ,romanesque /yle1 ) m5 & animals4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum !re is a specim5 ( a l>ge & elaborate set ( *essm51 hav+ ti]s ( att5dants r\nd ! pr9cipal figure4 ,a *>m+ /ory is told 9 "o ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/es1 & 0 repeat$ly c>v$ on mirror cov]s & o!r small objects 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %[+ ! popul>ity ( ! game4 ,x tells h[ ! crusad] ,huon de ,bordeaux 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,s>ac5 admiral & condemn$ to dea?2 "o *ance 0 giv5 him1 t he %\ld play a game ( *ess ) ! admiral's daught]1 ! mo/ exp]t play] ( h] day1 ! /akes be+ 8 life or ! lady's h&2 b x seems ! lady look$ too mu* 9 8 eyes & too little at ! game1 & ! result 0 "o m conv]t to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! trac]y :i* decorates ! ?rones ( ! *essm5 is a small example ( ! elaborate int]lac$ scroll-"w1 :i* is a lead+ feature 9 ,keltic & ,anglo-,saxon "w4 ,9 ! manuscripts x is (t5 r$uc$ to a s]ies ( calligraphic fl\ri%es1 b x also develops into s]p5ts & dragons inextricably wov5 toge!r1 &1 lat]1 m v>i$ animal =ms are introduc$ & ev5 human figures are se5 cru%$ 9 ! s]p5t9e r+s4 ,=ms f vegetation are r>ely se51 & ! introduction ( ! acan?us into ^! intricacies is due to ! ,c>lov+ian scribes ( ! n9? c5tury & may be se5 9 ! ,bible writt5 = ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,sev]al objects decorat$ ) ! e>li] =ms ( ?is wild trac]y are f\nd 9 ! great abbeys ( ,g]many & ,ea/]n ,france1 & are ?\ght to h be5 made 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel& & br\ght ov] by ! ?rong ( mission>ies :o flock$ on to ! cont95t to conv]t ! wild tribes ( ,frisia1 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 be>+ ) !m culture & le>n+4 ,little ,irel& 9 e>ly days 0 a c5tre ( arti/ic diffusion1 almo/ m important = ! ,nor!rn nations ?an t ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,ow+ to fre$om f invasion1 ,*ri/ianity & civilization _h cont9u$ to fl\ri% & ! remnant ( ! old ,lat9 lit]ature 0 c>efully pres]v$4 ,n long aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,patrick1 ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 hav+ increas$ 9 /r5g? & le>n+1 s5t =? ! fam\s ,/4 ,columba to m9i/] to ! hordes ( b>b>ians :o 7 ov]-runn+ ,brita94 ,/4 ,columba met ) great success & f\nd$ sev]al l>ge mona/]ies :i* became p[]ful c5tres ( religion & le>n+ 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s ! s*ools ( ,irel& cont9u$ 9 great repute1 num]\s b&s ( mission>ies 7 s5t across ! sea to conv]t ! ,g]manic tribes on ! cont95t4 ,mo/ fam\s among ^! 0 ,/4 ,columbanus1 :o lab\r$ 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,france = _m ye>s1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,switz]l& & ,italy1 dy+ 9 #fae at ! mona/]y he _h f\nd$ at ,bobbio4 ,ev]y:]e ^! monks w5t !y took ) !m ! se$s ( art & le>n+1 beautiful illum9at$ manuscripts & o!r small works ( art1 :i* =m$ an inexhau/ible /ore ( motifs = ! sculptors & goldsmi?s ( ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,"o ( ! disciples ( ,columbanus1 ,/4 ,gall1 :o 0 call$ ! 8,apo/le ( ,switz]l&10 f\nd$ !re ! great mona/]y nam$ aft] him1 :i* became a mo/ fl\ri%+ art c5tre 9 lat] ye>s4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons 7 n idle1 & 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,/4 ,boniface & _m o!rs pi]c$ f> into ! wild =e/s ( ,g]many1 f\nd+ ! great mona/ic e/abli%m5ts :i* exi/ to ?is day4 ,?is 0 n a fleet+ movem5t1 b a close relation 0 kept up betwe5 ,engl& & ! cont95t till well into ! elev5? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,r5aissance4 ,*>lemagne1 cr[n$ emp]or 9 #hjj1 if n p]haps ! wondr\s h]o ( tradition1 0 a v p[]ful factor 9 ! hi/ory & civilization ( 8 day1 & ex]t$ all 8 en]gy to introduce ord] & le>n+ among ! va/ hordes ( b>b>ians :o m or less will+ly ackn[l$g$ 8 rule4 ,he /irr$ up all lat5t p[]s1 introduc$ new ideas & /imulat$ an admiration = all ,roman culture1 be+ dazzl$ q z mu* by ! actual pomp & spl5d\r ( ! ,con/ant9opolitan c\rt z by ! memories ( anci5t ,rome4 ,he invit$ le>n$ m5 f ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 b ! mo/ fam\s 7 ,alcu91 :o 0 born at ,york1 & 8 pupil1 ,eg9h>dt1 :o became ,secret>y & ,*ronicl] to ,*>lemagne & 8 successor4 ,! ,c>lov+ian r5aissance 0 a mo/ composite production4 ,byzant9e ,art _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,nor!rn races1 & at ?is "t its influ5ce 0 spread /ill fur!r by ! pres5ce ( arti/s exil$ by ! iconocla/s2 b ! ,anglo-,saxon influ5ce 0 ev5 /rong]1 enc\rag$ z x 0 by ! b&s ( mission>ies1 & by ,alcu9 & 8 foll[]s4 ,to ^! int]m+l$ /ra9s mu/ be add$ ! indep5d5t ,gallo-,roman rem9isc5ce1 ! /udy ( ! monum5ts1 & also a /range1 b und5iable ,ori5tal t5d5cy1 aris+ f communications ) ! ,ea/ & ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,?is r5aissance1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t artificial1 la/$ = ne>ly ?ree c5turies & affect$ ! civilization ( ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,c>lov+ian art fl\ri%$ = c5turies 9 ,g]many1 b ! invasions ( ! ,normans *eck$ = a :ile ! arti/ic progress ( ,nor!rn ,france4 ,:at little art !y _h 0 9 mu* ! same ,norse /yle1 b fre%ly b>b>ic & n l t ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 :i* _h und]gone c5turies ( incubation & _h ! additional ,lat9 elem5t4 ,x 0 to ?is ,anglo-,saxon ,art1 conv5tional z x _h become1 ! human =m (t5 be+ r$uc$ to a geometrical figure1 t ! ,c>lov+ian craftsm5 turn$ = inspiration4 ,two classes ( ivory c>v+ arose1 "o copi$ almo/ directly f ! m9iatures 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 :i* 7 !mselves d]iv$ f late ,roman types2 & ! second foll[+ m closely 9 ! /eps ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod !re is a close connection betwe5 ! illum9ator & ! ivory c>v]1 ! latt] try+ to treat 8 subjects m 9 ! mann] ( a pa9t]1 enl>g$ ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian repres5tations & began to break ) tradition & recov] 8 lib]ty4 ,! figures /ill1 9 _m cases1 reta9 ! heavy & r cru%$ =ms ( deg5]ate ,roman art2 & 9 ! endeav\r to imp>t deep] expression ! proportions 7 (t5 spoil$1 delicate p>ts1 z ! features be+ del9eat$ 9 undue size1 & ! rese>* = orig9ality (t5 lead+ to viol5t & exagg]at$ attitudes1 & to ! ov]load+ ( detail1 yet all ! ge/ures are in/9ct ) life1 & full ( a nave directness ( action4 ,a small plaque 9 ! museum at ,zuri* 7,fig4 #bb7 is a good illu/ration ( ! imm5se influ5ce ( ! m9iatures on ivory c>v+4 ,! ,book ( ,psalms 0 especially popul>1 & ?is plaque is a ^w = ^w translation ( c]ta9 v]ses ( ! ,x,x,v,i,ith ,psalm 7,,xxvi4 9 ! ,vulgate7 into pla/ic =m4 v4 #b4 8,:5 ! wick$1 ev5 my enemies & my foes1 came ^u me to eat up my fle%1 !y /umbl$ & fell40 7,! cr[d ( w>riors1 "s ( :om h fall574 v4 #e4 8,= 9 ! "t ( tr\ble he %all hide me 9 8 pavilion3 9 ! secret ( 8 tab]nacle he %all hide me3 he %all set me up ^u a rock40 7,david is se5 be+ welcom$ into ! ,tab]nacle1 :i* /&s on a rock74 ,"p ( v4 #f4 8,!re=e w ,i (f] 9 8 tab]nacle sacrifices ( joy0 7alt> & lamb74 ,v4 #aj4 8,:5 my fa!r & "m =sake me !n ! ,"l w take me up0 79 ! "r corn] a man & woman turn away f a *ild74 ,! h& above is typical ( ! protection ( ,god :i* is ask$ = ?r\gh\t ! psalm4 ,! slight & ?9-ankl$ figures1 & ! cont9u\s me?od ( n>ration are *>act]i/ic ( ! m9iatures1 :i* orig9ally d]iv$ _! te*nique f late ,roman ,art1 & c>ri$ on ! old sy/em ( an unbrok5 s]ies ( sc5es :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ,trajan's ,column4 ,9 ! ,utre*t ,psalt] 7,anglo-,saxon7 is an almo/ id5tical illu/ration ( ?is psalm1 :i* proves t ?is plaque 0 copi$ f x or "s analog\s manuscript1 z ! ,bodley ,psalt] 7,no4 #fjc7 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! ,psalt]s h furni%$ a model = ano!r ( ^! sc5ic psalms1 c>v$ on a plaque set 9 ! magnific5t b9d+ ( ! ,psalt] ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale at ,p>is4 ,! manuscript 0 writt5 betwe5 ! ye>s #hdb-hfi1 & !re is no reason to ?9k t ! jewell$ & ivory cov] is n contempor>y4 ,"o side gives a graphic picture ( ! ,l,v,ith ,psalm1 & ! o!r repres5ts ,na?an tell+ ,david ! /ory ( ! little ewe lamb 7#b ,sam4 xii474 ,! ,l\vre possesses a plaque1 also ( ! n9? c5tury1 repres5t+ ! int]view ( ,abn] & ,joab 7#b ,sam4 ii471 a subject by no means ( g5]al int]e/1 & unlikely to h a pla/ic type1 :i* proves /ill fur!r ! cu/om ( copy+ ! m9iatures ) m or less s]vility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*weiz]is*] ,,l&esmuseum1 ,,zuri* #bb4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,psalm ,,xxvii ,c>lov+ian1 n9? c5tury ,"o m sc5ic plaque 9 ! ,l\vre is ( int]e/1 n s mu* 9 connection ) ! ,,mss41 b f ! /rong resemblance to ! ,probianus dipty* 7,fig4 #b71 especially 9 ! l[] sc5e1 :]e ! figures raise _! h&s to ,solomon on 8 judgm5t seat4 ,on ! second half ,david is dictat+ 8 psalms to an assembly ( cl]ks4 ,x is difficult to class ! ivories ( ?is long p]iod1 b ! majority are ( ,g]man orig94 ,art & culture 7 a great deal dep5d5t on ! ,c\rt1 :i* _h ! effect ( br++ into l9e ! "w ( craftsm5 ( v v>y+ nationalities4 ,"h also 0 a fe> le/ ! p %\ld wor%ip ! images !mselves1 b an iconocla/ic _s nev] arose1 & ^! num]\s c>v+s1 besides add+ to ! sumptu\sness ( ! cult1 7 us$ = ! in/ruction ( ! unlett]$4 ,ivory 0 class$ ) ! preci\s metals1 & mu* s\ght aft] = ecclesia/ical purposes1 ! great abbeys ( ea/]n ,france & ,g]many became regul> work%ops1 mak+ a l>ge numb] ( exquisite objects 9 goldsmi?'s "w & ivory4 ,we are giv5 a little side-light on ! use ( ivory 9 a lett] ( ,eg9h>dt to 8 son1 9 :i* he m5tions t he is s5d+ him a c>v$ ivory model ( classical ar*itecture t he %\ld bett] und]/& c]ta9 passages 9 ,vitruvius4 ,! m5tion ( ! "w done 9 ! mona/]ies br+s u to ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,gall & ! monk ,tuotilo1 :o has long be5 ! h]o ( ! craft2 b1 alas1 ! *>m+ picture t ! *ronicl] ,ekkeh>dt gives1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ( ?is ,leon>do among craftsm5 is utt]ly )\t f\ndation2 t !re 0 a monk ,tuotilo at ! end ( ! n9? & ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5turies ! records ( ! mona/]y tell u1 & a note add$ by a lat] h& says t he 0 le>n$ & a sculptor4 ,ekkeh>dt spoils 8 argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,tuotilo by attribut+ to him too _m p]fections1 & by f9ally quot+ ! op9ion ( ,*>lemagne1 :o _h be5 dead & buri$ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is v sad to h to give up ! "o real individual :o greets u on ! r we>y pa? ( anonymity4 ,! f9e book cov]1 "o leaf ( :i* ,ekkeh>dt attributes to ,tuotilo 7,fig4 #bc71 is /ill safely pres]v$ 9 ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,gall1 b ! two leaves appe> to be by ! same h&1 ?\gh !re is e reason to attribute ! workman%ip to ! n9? c5tury4 ,on ! upp] leaf ,*ri/ is repres5t$ 9 glory1 y\?ful & be>dless 9 type1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ,c>lov+ian ivories :i* come f ! ,g]manic "p ( ! empire4 ,!re 0 a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,g]man craftsm5 :o closely imitat$ ! ivories ( ! ,italo-,byzant9e s*ool ( ! six? c5tury1 ! great abbeys hav+ _m specim5s ( anci5t ivory c>v+ 9 _! treasuries4 ,! two *]ubim & ,f\r ,evangeli/s ) _! symbolic bea/s are also /rongly ,byzant9e2 above are bu/s ( ! sun & moon & b5ea? ! figures ( ,ocean & ,e>?4 ,9 fact1 ! arrangem5t is borr[$ :olesale f a v frequ5t ,c>lov+ian type ( ! crucifixion 7,fig4 #bd71 ev5 to ! little tombs :i* h no connection ) ! subject4 ,! workman%ip is delicate1 b v conv5tional1 & ! conc5tric folds on ?is & on ! second leaf1 po9t to ! influ5ce ( ! manuscripts4 ,! second leaf repres5ts ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ! attitude is /iff & ! drap]y is t]ribly unreal1 hav+ almo/ ! appe>ance ( corrugat$ iron1 b ! movem5ts ( ! angels are fre]1 especially ! =w>d movem5t ( ! "o on ! ,virg9's "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*ob+] ,,& ,,episcopal ,,libr>y1 ,,s&h]r ,,photo4 ,,/4 ,,gall1 ,,switz]l& #bc4 ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,gospels ,c>lov+ian1 n9? c5tury ,! l[] sc5e repres5ts ,/4 ,gall tam+ ! be>s1 :i* br+ him bread :il/ 8 companion sleeps4 ,9 ?is c>v+ we see :at ! craftsman c d :5 left to himself2 x is n a v arti/ic production1 b x has a fre%ness entirely lack+ 9 ! o!r panels4 ,! ornam5tal panels are spl5didly c>v$1 & recall ! beautiful op5work panels on ! book cov] at ,monza1 :i* mo/ probably belong$ to ,b]5g]1 ,k+ ( ,italy 9 #hhh1 & ,emp]or #iaf1 & also ! m>ble scre5s & balu/rades :i* decorate s _m ,byzant9e build+s4 ,!re are two m plaques at ,cluny#ah :i* %\ld be class$ ) ^!1 & :i* are decorat$ ) scroll-"w conta9+ figures ( m5 fight+ ) satyrs & lions4 ,! figures h a great lik5ess to ^? on ! six? c5tury dipty*s1 especially ! dipty* 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 & z t dipty* =m$ "p ( ! treasure ( ,metz ,ca!dral1 x c\ld easily h s]v$ z a model to ! ,c>lov+ian ivory work]s4 ,! ri* bord] is ( scroll-"w ) alt]nat+ rosettes & animals4 ,! second plaque is /ill m l ! ,byzant9e orig9al1 & ?is simil>ity has caus$ _m writ]s to diff] ) ,mol9i] & class x among pure ,byzant9e "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #bd4 ,,crucifixion ,c>lov+ian1 n9? c5tury ,"o ( ! mo/ important ivories ( ! t5? c5tury is ! ,frank=t book cov]2 ! second leaf is /ill 9 ! ,libr>y1 b ! o!r 0 9 ! late ,spitz] ,collection4 ,x repres5ts ! l>ge figure ( ,an ,ar*bi%op *ant+ ! ,psalms 9 company ) "s small] canons1 ! :ole gr\p be+ surr\nd$ by a battlem5t$ wall1 probably t ( ! conv5t4 ,! "w is dry1 b v exact & p>ticul>ly int]e/+ = ! /udy ( e>ly ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts1 :i* are giv5 ) great detail4 ,9 ! ,frank=t leaf1 ! ,ar*bi%op celebrates ! mass1 surr\nd$ by att5dant prie/s & acolytes4 ,! num]\s repres5tations ( ! crucifixion ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies c be r\ghly divid$ into two classes3 ^? decid$ly orig9al & o!rs copi$ f ,byzant9e models4 ,! ,c>lov+ian type is fill$ ) symbolism1 n altoge!r ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,^! plaques are v num]\s & all v>y slightly4 ,fig4 #bd is typical ( a l>ge numb]4 ,! :ole sc5e is emotional1 all creation is mov$1 ! sun & moon are repres5t$ ) m\rnful faces1 :ile ! att5dant angels weep bitt]ly2 & bel[1 ! old pagan p]sonifications ( ,e>? & ,sea b[ _! heads 9 sorr[4 ,/ephaton ) re$ & sponge1 & ,long9us ) 8 spe>1 /& on ea* side ( ! ,cross1 & ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john are always ne>4 ,! two wom5 c>ry+ bann]s are allegorical figures ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,synagogue#ai or ! ,old & ,new ,disp5sations2 ! bann] ( ! latt] is sometimes rev]s$ & brok51 :ile ! ,*ur* 9 "s r5d]+s ( ! sc5e cat*es ! blood ( ! ,r$eem] 9 a *alice4 ,^! figures seem to be ! successors ( ! little cities ( ,j]usalem & ,be?lehem 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian mosaics1 :i* likewise typifi$ ! ,old & ,new ,disp5sations4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,cross is (t5 roll$ a s]p5t1 emblem ( ,*ri/'s triumph ov] ,evil & ,dea?2 & on ea* side ! dead are ris+ & /ret*+ out _! h&s t[>ds _! ,r$eem]4 ,on ! ,metz book cov] 9 ! ,biblio?que nationale1 ,adam & ,eve cr\* b5ea? ! feet ( ! ,savi\r4 ,on ! ,brunswick casket1 ,sol & ,luna are ea* depict$ driv+ 9 a biga & be>+ tor*es4 ,on ?is ,brunswick casket1 & on "o 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ be>dless1 & ! te*nique is close to ! ,/4 ,gall book cov]4 ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod ! plaques are ne>ly always fram$ by a deeply cut acan?us bord]4 ,_m ( ^! c>v+s %[ traces ( col\r & o!rs h be5 /udd$ ) gold nails1 & portions incru/$ ) gold foil 7,fig4 #bd74 ,two plaques 9 ! ,b>gello h a *>m+ additional bord] ( t9y dots & beads inlaid ) gold4 ,9 ! ivory plaque on ! cov] ( ! gospels :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 to ! ,abbey at ,bamb]g 7n[ 9 ! ,muni* ,libr>y71 ! /rong] ,byzant9e influ5ce is visible1 ! relief1 also1 is exceptionally deep1 ! figures ( ! two soldi]s be+ almo/ deta*$1 z 9 ! purely ,byzant9e ivory ( ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 9 ! same libr>y4 ,?is ,byzant9e influ5ce is also to be se5 9 ,! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny2 ! arrangem5t ( ?is c>v+ is m l a ,reliqu>y ( ! ,true ,cross1 ! f\r comp>tm5ts be+ cr[d$ ) figures4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ is rob$ 9 a fl[+ g>m5t1 z 9 _m ,byzant9e r5d]+s ( ! subject1 & !re is a great] delicacy ( te*nique1 %[+ ! m intimate k ( ,byzant9e models4 ,! drap]y on ! ,ess5 & ,tongres plaques is p>ticul>ly good1 & !y probably 7 c>v$ 9 ! same ateli]4 ,,iv4 ,,g]man ,,ivory ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,ottos4 ,otto ! ,great hav+ consolidat$ 8 p[] 9 ,g]many1 und]took1 9 #ifb1 ! classic exp$ition to ,rome to be cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ! ,we/4 ,an ivory tablet1 n[ 9 ! ,trivulzio ,collection at ,milan1 appe>s to commemorate t ev5t4 ,x repres5ts ,otto1 8 wife ,adelheid1 & _! little son1 kneel+ at ! feet ( ,*ri/1 :ile _! patron sa9ts1 ,maurice & ,m>y1 int]c$e = !m1 ! "n ,,otto ,,imp]ator be+ inscrib$ b5ea?4 ,! app>5t age ( ! "y ,otto1 ab\t sev5 ye>s1 w\ld co9cide ) ! date ( ! coronation1 mak+ ?is c>v+ valuable = comp>ison ) o!r ,g]man ivories1 _m be+ ( f> e>li] date & closely connect$ ) ! ,c>lov+ian1 f :i* ?is *>act]i/ically ,g]man art sl[ly develop$4 ,! /yle ( ! ,trivulzio plaque is rude1 ! figures heavy & incl9$ to be co>se1 b !re is a l>g5ess ( design1 ! drap]y be+ arrang$ 9 wide planes1 & ! en]getic heads1 ) ! typical long po9t$ be>ds & r\nd cut hair1 are ( m>k$ ,g]manic type4 ,) ?is c]ta9 k ( ! ,g]man /yle 9 ! second half ( ! t5? c5tury1 x is easi] to turn back & exam9e ! transitional p]iod1 :i* is repres5t$ by a s]ies ( caskets 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,brunswick ,museum1 & ! ,bamb]g ,reliqu>y1 half ( :i* is at ,muni*1 & half 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,! ,l\vre casket has _m ,c>lov+ian features1 ! long til$ ro(s ) sl5d] columns are exactly l ^? 9 ! ,bible ( ,*>les le ,*auve 7n9? c5tury74 ,t ( ,brunswick %[s /rong ,byzant9e influ5ce1 & ! ,bamb]g casket is typical ( ! ,g]man imitations ( ,byzant9e type2 ! =ms h a great] fulness & a c]ta9 sw+ is introduc$ into ! placid folds ( ! ,byzant9e drap]y1 a sw+ :i* develops into ! gu/y flutt]+s :i* are a curi\s *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! ,g]man s*ools4#bj ,a gorge\s ivory casket is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral at ,qu$l9burg adorn$ ) exquisite jewell$ filigree "w1 & rep\sse plaques4 ,! plaques are 9 conv5tional ,byzant9e design1 :ile ! ivory sides ( ! casket are ornam5t$ ) seat$ figures & sc5es f ! gospels1 ( ,byzant9e inspiration x is true1 b translat$ into ! mo/ colloquial ,g]man4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r might h sat z a model = ! heavily built angel 9 ! ,ea/] ,morn+ sc5e1 & if ?is casket really dates back to ! "t ( ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 ^: gift x is said to h be51 x proves t ?is ,g]man national art _h exi/$ z e>ly z ! second decade ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( squ>e plaques belong to ! second half ( ! c5tury1 & are mu* ! same type z ! ,trivulzio tablet2 ! figures are positively grotesque1 ) _! peculi> cap-l hair1 />+ eyes1 heavy features1 & l>ge unmodell$ =ms1 yet !re is su* a s9c]e rev]5ce & solemn e>ne/ness ab\t !m1 t ! att5tion is =cibly arre/$4 ,! ,d>m/adt plaque repres5ts ,*ri/ heal+ ! ,demoniac1 :o is held1 :il/ ! evil _s /ruggles =? f 8 lips4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses an equally well-c>v$ plaque ) ! ,rais+ ( ! ,wid['s ,son at ,na91 ! v]tical folds are f9ely flut$1 & ! features1 ?\gh peculi>1 are 9 no way co>se4 ,! backgr\nd ( ?is plaque l "o 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & ano!r at ,liv]pool1 is cov]$ ) a diap] ( cruci=m p]=ations1 l ^? on ,/4 ,patrick's ,bell & o!r e>ly ,iri% antiquities4 ,*ri/ is y\?ful & be>dless on ! ,b]l9 plaque1 :i* repres5ts ,m>y & ,joseph f9d+ ,him 9 ! ,temple4 ,! te*nique 9 ?is & ! rema9+ plaques at ,liv]pool is slightly co>s]1 b ! /yle 9 all is id5tical4 ,*ri/ alone is nimb$1 & 9 ea* ! figures h heavy masses ( hair drawn back half ov] ! e>s1 & /range solid robes1 ) ! fold$ edge ( ! transv]se drap]y pass+ j bel[ ! knee4 ,ano!r v exceptional s]ies1 :i* mu/ be ! "w ( "s ,rh5i% ma/] at ! end ( ! c5tury1 is int5sely =cible 9 /yle2 b ! arti/ is already preoccupi$ ) ! te*nical effects ( :i* he %[s himself su* a ma/]4 ,! cov] ( ! ,e*t]na* codex1 :i* is said to h belong$ to ! ,empress ,!ophano1 be>s 9 ! c5tre an ivory plaque repres5t+ ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ) ,long9us & ,/ephaton4 ,^! biz>re figures seem to presage ! :ole future ( ,g]man art1 ! love ( descriptive figures1 t evil %\ld appe> evil1 & e>?ly ?+s %\ld h no heav5ly aspect4 ,p]haps !y c>ri$ _! love ( naturalism to extremes1 & z heav5ly ?+s 7 few & f> betwe51 !y also ga9$ a /rong e>?ly ta9t4 ,! ,crucifixion on a b9d+ 9 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y at ,man*e/] 7,fig4 #be7 is evid5tly by ! same arti/4 ,! gr\p+ is purely ,byzant9e1 b ! sev]ance ( feel+ is z f> z ! ,ea/ is f ! ,we/4 ,! ge/ure ( ! belov$ disciple z he clasps 8 h&s to control 8 passionate emotion1 is wor? all ! /]eotyp$ poses ( ,byzant9e art1 & "o =gets ! crudity ( ! :ole ?+ 9 wond] at ! emotion p5t up 9 ^? rugg$ =ms4 ,! clumsy features & m\/a*e divid$ into two solid pieces1 ) ! =ceful attitudes & ! peculi> drap]y edg$ ) an embroid]$ hem1 are f\nd aga9 on sev]al o!r c>v+s1#ba notably an ag$ figure ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny4 ,! bald head1 wr9kl$ =ehead1 & ! fulness ( ! droop+ lids1 are portray$ ) wond]ful realism 9 a wide & r\gh te*nique1 ! v rev]se ( ! c>ess+ f9i% ( ! contempor>y ,byzant9e arti/4 ,?is contra/ ( ,g]man & ,byzant9e art on a book belong+ to ! ,empress1 raises ! "q ( h[ mu* ( ! ,byzant9e influ5ce 0 attributable to ,!ophano1 gr&*ild ( ! arti/ic ,con/ant9e ,porphryg5itus1 & si/] ( ! ,emp]ors ,basil & ,con/ant9e4 ,aft] long hesitation on ! "p ( ! pr\d ,byzant9e ,c\rt1 ! ,g]man (f] 0 accept$ & ,!ophano1 ! delicately nurtur$ ,porphryg5ite1 0 m>ri$ to t little boy we see kneel+ by 8 "m's side on ! ,trivulzio tablet1 & set =? on a j\rney to ! savage wilds ( ,g]many4 ,otto ,,ii4 grew up to be an h]oic dream]1 & on 8 e>ly dea?1 dur+ "o ( 8 campaigns 9 ,italy1 ! y\?ful ,!ophano claim$ to be reg5t1 & _h a h>d /ruggle = ! rights ( h] "y son1 ,otto ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,ryl&s ,,libr>y1 ,,man*e/] #be4 ,,crucifixion ,g]man1 t5? c5tury ,!ophano1 ^: gr& figure /&s out aga9/ a backgr\nd ( incr$ible rud5ess & turbul5ce1 mu/1 und\bt$ly1 h _h consid]able influ5ce 9 introduc+ ! s(t] ,byzant9e mann]s4 ,h] husb&1 ,otto ,,ii41 is said to h adopt$ mu* ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt c]emonial1 & ! w$d+ pres5ts %e br\ght ) h]1 on h] arrival 9 #igb1 mu/ h =m$ a fund ( novel design = ! ,g]man craftsm54 ,yet x is v easy to exagg]ate h] p]sonal influ5ce4 ,byzantium _h always be5 a rem>kable civiliz+ ag5t1 & 9 ! t5? to elev5? c5turies 0 ex]cis+ ! /ronge/ influ5ce on ! ,we/4 ,relations ) ,g]many _h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e ! "t ( ,!ophano1 & 7 cont9u$ long aft]4 ,9 reality ,otto ,,iii4 0 ! m special admir] & imitator ( ,byzant9e arts & cu/oms1 ?is influ5ce com+1 no d\bt1 indirectly f 8 "m's c>e 9 *oos+ = 8 ma/]s1 m5 ( high culture4 ,"o ( ^! m51 ! mo/ tru/$ c\ncillor ( ,!ophano1 0 ! ref9$ & le>n$ ,greek1 ,john ( ,calabria2 & ! o!r1 ! ,g]man1 ,b]nw>d1 0 a mo/ en?usia/ic amateur ( ! arts1 & on 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,see ( ,hilde%eim1 help$ to create ! new ,g]man s*ool :i* fl\ri%$ all ?r\gh ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,9 e museum !re are examples ( ! ,byzant9o-,g]man s*ool1 "o bran* ( :i* 0 situat$ 9 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ces4 ,! relief ( ! ,rh5i% c>v+s is usually bold1 & ! figures l>ge & long1 b !y (t5 lack bo? ! spontaneity ( ! ,g]mans & ! elegance ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,a *>m+ repres5tation ( ! ,nativity encircl$ by an embattl$ wall1 & ano!r plaque ) ! ,visitation ( ! ,magi1 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 %[ ^! features1 ! figures hav+ almo/ ! appe>ance ( *ildr5's toys set out at r&om )\t ! slighte/ relation to ! backgr\nd4 ,a peculi> feature 9 "s ( ^! c>v+s1 is ! r[ ( dots drill$ d[n ! c5tre ( ea* fold4 ,!re 0 also a s*ool ( direct copi]s ( ,byzant9e c>v+s1 :i* v>ies f ! mo/ mis]able c>icatures to su* spl5didly f9i%$ "w1 t critics exp]i5ce great difficulty 9 decid+ = or aga9/ ! ,byzant9e orig94 ,a case 9 po9t is ! magnific5t book cov] 9 ! ,vatican1 :i* came f ! ,abbey ( ,lors* 9 ,g]many1 & ! simil> panel 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! c5tral figure ( ,*ri/ on ! ,vatican panel has a wide smoo? face 7)\t a be>d71 z 9 ! six? c5tury sculptures4 ,! ,virg9's face is mu* n>r[] & m ( ! ,byzant9e type1 & ! robes are treat$ ) a wond]ful complexity ( folds4 ,bo? ^! panels are divid$ l ! five-piece dipty* 7,fig4 #aj1 ) a s+le figure on ea* side71 & h a simil> pair ( fly+ angels above1 & long n>r[ sc5e b5ea?4 ,we/wood has attribut$ !m to ,italy 9 ! six? to eigh? c5turies1 b t is impossible1 z ! actual te*nique is f> m delicate ?an any?+ t c\ld h be5 accompli%$ ev5 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,mol9i] ?9ks x probable t ! ,vatican panel is an orig9al f ! f9e/ p]iod ( ,byzant9e ,art1 & ! ,engli% panel is an imitation by an almo/ contempor>y ,g]man craftsman4 ,! extraord9>y simil>ity ( te*nique1 ev5 d[n to su* small details z ! folds ( drap]y on ! ?ighs ( ! /&+ figures1 seems to po9t t ! two panels came f ! same ateli]1 ev5 if !y 7 n made = ! same book cov]1 ! latt] seem+ to be disprov$ ow+ to ! slight v>iation 9 size & %ape ( "s ( ! panels4 ,! book cov] 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d is a v>iant ( ! panel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,briti% ,,museum #bf4 ,,c]emonial ,,comb ,engli%1 elev5? c5tury ,mo/ ( ! small objects connect$ ) ecclesia/ical c]emonial are ( ?is p]iod1 = in/ance ! liturgic combs us$ by ! bi%op or (ficiat+ prie/ be=e celebrat+ high mass2 ! comb 0 a special feature 9 ,anglo-,saxon ritual1 & sev]al h be5 f\nd 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! /range l>ge comb 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,wales1 & is probably ab\t ! elev5? c5tury 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x %[s ! lat] =ms ( ! ,anglo-,saxon scroll-"w & has mu* 9 connection ) ,romanesque decoration4 ,! comb ( ,/4 ,gauzel91 ,bi%op ( ,t\l is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral at ,nancy1 & ! comb ( ,/4 ,l\p 9 ! ca!dral at ,s5s2 bo? betray /rong ,byzant9e & ori5tal influ5ce1 & bo? date f ! t5? c5tury4 ,^! combs all h ! m g5]al arrangem5t ( a d\ble r[ ( tee?1 9 two sizes2 b t attribut$ to ,/4 ,h]ib]t 79 ,cologne ,museum71 has only "o r[1 & is probably m anci5t1 z ! gr\p+ ( ! ,crucifixion is l t on ! ,c>lov+ian plaques ( ! n9? c5tury 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! urcei1 or holy wat] /\ps are usually ( ,g]man orig94 ,a magnific5t example 9 ,milan ,ca!dral be>s ! inscription ( ,gotfr$us1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 #igc-igh4 ,x is v h&some 9 design1 be+ surr\nd$ by an arcade1 above :i* rise ! t[]s ( ! new ,j]usalem4 ,und]nea? are seat$ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild & ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 modell$ 9 ! r heavy ,g]man /yle ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,ano!r urceus 9 ! ,h]mitage ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg is ( ! same bucket %ape1 b ornam5t$ ) two ti]s ( arcades conta9+ complicat$ sc5es f ! ,passion4 ,! ,ca!dral ,treasury at ,aix-la-,*apelle conta9s two ( ^! urcei "o ( an octagon %ape1 ea* panel hav+ two figures4 ,! /yle ( c>v+ is l t ( ! s*ool ( ivory c>v]s f\nd$ by ,b]nw>d at ,hilde%eim 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,l',ar*ittetura 9 ,italia1 ,,vi4-,,xi4 c5t4 ,v5ice1 #ahij4 #ag ,see ,m>cel ,reymond1 ,la ,sculpture ,toscane4 ,flor5ce1 #ahig4 #ah ,nos4 #ajda-b1 ,cat4 #ahha4 #ai ,dr4 ,paul ,web]1 ,gei/li*e ,s*auspiel und ,kir*li*e ,kun/4 #bj ,see a plaque 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! ,nativity1 & notably ! ,salutation4 #ba ,see article by ,dr4 ,w4 ,vge 9 ! ,jahrbu* d] kgl4 preuss4 ,kun/-samml41 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,romanesque ,,& ,,go?ic ,,ivories ,romanesque ,art grew up nor? ( ! ,alps 9 ! valley ( ! ,l[] ,rhone & ,s\? ,france1 & is especially ! "w ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,! ,italians l$ ! way 9 ! fir/ c5turies ,a4,d41 & 7 foll[$ by ! ,greeks ( ,byzantium1 & !n by ! ,c>lov+ian ,g]manic peoples 9 ! great art developm5t ( ,europe2 b f ! elev5? c5tury ,france entirely fills ! /age1 & ?is pre-em95ce 0 kept up till ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 :5 ,italy aga9 takes a lead+ "p4 ,! ,romanesque /yle 0 transitional1 & turn$ = re-inspiration to ! ,gallo-,roman monum5ts1 b x is deeply influ5c$ by t nor!rn _s :i* lat] on triumph$ 9 ! full p]fection ( ! ,go?ic ,art4 ,!re 0 a great revival ( monum5tal sculpture ) ! gr[? ( ! ,romanesque _s1 & sculptur$ figures1 f be+ introduc$ t5tatively 9 ! capitals & o!r p>ts connect$ ) ! /ructure1 lat]1 entirely fill$ ! great tympana or ar*es surm\nt+ ! doors ( ! *ur*es1 & f !nce spread to e nook & cranny till 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies !y 7 numb]$ by ?\s&s4 ,c>v$ ivories are n s num]\s 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies z 9 ! ye>s be=e1 & :5 !y became popul> aga91 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ! division betwe5 ! sculptors 9 /one & ! ivory work]s _h tak5 place1 beautiful & clev] imitations ( ! sculptures 7 turn$ out by ! doz51 b x is exce$+ly r>e to f9d ! "w ( a real arti/4 ,! sculptures ( ! elev5? & e>ly twelf? c5turies h _m details 9 common ) ! book cov] at ,/4 ,gall 7,fig4 #bc72 b gradually ! folds ( ! drap]y grew v]tical & ! figures m drawn out1 & ) a peculi> t5d5cy to arrange ! hair 9 set curl$ locks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important transitional ivories is ! dipty* ( ,/4 ,nicasius1 ,bi%op ( ,rheims1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,t\rnai1 & is /ill /rongly ,c>lov+ian1 z w be se5 9 ! typical repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,ea* leaf has a c5tral m$allion1 t on ! fir/ leaf conta9+ ! ,agnus ,dei support$ by angels1 ^: movem5ts c be closely p>allel$ 9 ! ,/4 ,gall plaque4 ,above1 ,*ri/ is ?ron$ 9 a m&orla & accompani$ by ! symbols ( ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,on ! second leaf1 9 addition to ! m$allion conta9+ ! figure ( ,/4 ,nicasius are "s pi]c$ v9e scrolls r l ^? on ,fig4 #bc1 & by f> ! be/ "p ( a v poor "w4 ,! drap]y is1 p]haps1 bett] design$ ?an 9 ! ,c>lov+ian sculptures1 b ! folds are only engrav$1 & ?\gh !re is a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! type ( ! faces1 9 ! matt] ( beauty x is entirely = ! worse4 ,a plaque 9 ! ,briti% ,museum seems also to belong to ?is p]iod1 x is bord]$ by a fl[]$ scroll & has repres5tations ( ,! ,nativity1 ,! ,ann\ncem5t to ! ,%eph]ds & ,! ,baptism1 ! latt] be+ v /range2 ! figure ( ,*ri/ be+ imm]s$ to ! wai/ 9 a l>ge vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #bg4 ,,crozi] ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,! ,romanesque age 01 above all1 ! age ( symbolism2 ! sculptures on ! pa/oral /aves are full ( hidd5 mean+4 ,! tau1 or crut* %ape1 is ! e>lie/ =m & belong$1 m especially1 to ! insignia ( ! abbots1 ?\gh 9 lat] days !y also _h crozi]s4 ,! mo/ anci5t tau#bb belong$ to ,mor>d1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 de ,prs 7#iij-ajad7 & is ornam5t$ ) a network patt]n4 ,ano!r f9e tau1 ) ! ends curl+ upw>ds & f9i%$ ) lions' heads1 belong$ to ,gr>d1 ,bi%op ( ,limoges4 ,! e>li] crozi]s _h a simple volute usually end+ 9 a dragon's or s]p5t's head1 ) snapp+ jaws1 :i* symbolizes ! /ruggle betwe5 ! s]p5t & ! cross1#bc ! latt] be+ borne by ! symbolic ram1 a developm5t ( ! ,agnus ,dei4 ,?is ram is ! symbol ( ,*ri/2 z ,/4 ,ambrose says1 because he wa%es 8 fleece1 guides ! flock1 clo!s ! %eph]d1 conqu]s ! wolves by 8 /r5g? & 0 ! victim :i* replac$ ,isaac at ! sacrifice1 & aga91 because ! ram is sil5t be=e ! %e>]s1 z ,*ri/ 0 be=e 8 judges1 & f9ally ! crozi] curls l ! horn ( a ram1 a symbol ( =ce4 ,! fam\s crozi] 7s-call$ ( 8,/4 ,gregory07 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,gregory on ! ,clian ,hill at ,rome1 %[s ! dragon's head1 ! ram be>+ ! cross & a /range little lion cub1 :i* is a direct ref]5ce to ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* drew m on fancy ?an on fact1 x 0 n>rat$ h[ ! lion cub di$ at bir? & c\ld only be recall$ to life by ! brea? ( its fa!r4 ,! ,romanesque ,*ur* plung$ ev5 deep] into ?is symbolic ?\ght1 & ! ,pascal ,tap]1 :i* signifies ! life ( ,*ri/ on e>? 0 plac$ 9 a c&elabrum support$ by lions4 ,! /range pagan =m1 half human & half s]p5t1 ) a cock's head1 is none o!r ?an ! my/ic ,abraxas1 ^: "n 9 ,greek num]als repres5t$ 9 ! elaborate ,gno/ic calculations ! :ole hi]>*y ( heav5 & ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is symbol 0 suppos$ to h great talismanic p[]s to w>d (f evil1 & ?\gh x 0 contr>y to canonical rules1 ,gno/ic gems engrav$ ) ! ,abraxas deity 7 (t5 set 9 ! episcopal crozi]s1 or ev5 ! crook 0 decorat$ ) ?is my/]i\s symbol1 z on ! ivory crozi] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! crozi]s became m & m complicat$ 9 design1 :ole gr\ps ( figures 7 introduc$ & foliage ( a fre] patt]n1 z 9 ! ,/aff ( ,/4 ,ives1 ,bi%op ( ,*>tres1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce4 ,! ,go?ic arti/s ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies fill$ ! volutes ) figures & exquisite foliage1 ! gr\ps ( ! ,crucifixion & ! ,virg9 9 glory fitt+ back to back s accurately1 t ea* side appe>$ p]fect1 & ! jo9 ( ! ivory volute on to ! wood5 /aff 0 (t5 hidd5 by a r[ ( sa9ts "u delicate ,go?ic canopies4 ,! book cov] ( ! ,pr9cess ,melis&a1 daught] ( ,baldw9 ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem 7#aafj71 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,,ms4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 x is especially int]e/+ z x %[s ! curi\s mixture ( ,byzant9e1 ,arabian1 & ,we/]n art :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,franki% rul]s ( ! ,ea/1 & :i* mu/ h _h consid]able influ5ce on ,fr5* art4 ,! upp] panel is ornam5t$ ) repres5tations ( ! six good actions1 ! pr9cipal actor be+ ri*ly app>ell$ z a ,byzant9e basileus4 ,^! m$allions are surr\nd$ by a cord-l scroll1 & ! spaces are fill$ ) /ruggl+ ori5tal animals1 :i* symbolize ! combat ( ! ,virtues & ,vices4 ,on ! l[] leaf ! m$allions conta9 sc5es f ! life ( ,k+ ,david & bo? panels are surr\nd$ by a bord] ( ?or\ghly ori5tal design4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! subject ( ,go?ic c>v+s1 "o class ( bone caskets %\ld be m5tion$ :i* are r\ghly c>v$ 9 imitation ( ! ,romanesque monum5tal /yle1 ) r[s ( tall figures "u r\nd arcades4 ,mol9i] ?9ks !y are r ar*ai/ic ?an ar*aic1 be+ made 9 ,con/ant9ople z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 f old models1 & sold to conta9 ! relics br\ght back f ! ,ea/ by ! ,crusad]s4 ,!re are examples 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,muse ,cluny2 ! latt] conta9$ ! relics ( ,/4 ,b>naby1 & 0 ! gift ( ,hugh1 ,abbot d',e/ival & ,bi%op ( ,ptolemas 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! /ages ( developm5t f ! ,romanesque to ,go?ic are almo/ imp]ceptible1 & x is h>d to say :5 ! l+]+ classical traditions receiv$ _! f9al trans=mation4 ,! same brea? :i* awak5$ ! life 9 ar*itecture fre$ ! sculptor f ! *a9s ( cu/om1 & we may consid] ! /atues on ! por* at ,*>tres z ! comm5cem5t ( mod]n sculpture4 ,l ! ,greeks1 ! ,go?ic arti/s =m$ a type by ! process ( selection f individuals4 ,! new art 0 at fir/ absolutely religi\s & simple1 b ! rese>* = grace & ! ev] gr[+ naturalism1 mitigat$1 x is true1 by extreme elegance & delicacy1 gradually engross$ ! entire m9d ( ! arti/ & end$ 9 ! exclusion ( all spirituality4 ,! ivory c>v]s long cont9u$ repeat+ ! old =mul1 & x 0 only by ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t !y comm5c$ to copy ! exquisite /atues :i* decorat$ ! new ca!drals 9 su* numb]s4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ?irte5? c5tury "w /ill extremely old-fa%ion$ 9 /yle1 z ! ?ree little pi]c$ plaques 9 ! ,l\vre1 repres5t+ ! twelve apo/les1 accompani$ by ! fav\rite ,fr5* sa9ts1 ,d5is1 ,ru/icus & ,eleu!rius4 ,! /yle is /ill transitional1 b ! =ms ( ! foliage are fre]1 & a consid]able modification ( type is visible4 ,! ,virg9 9 ! ,collection ,fillon is seat$ full face ) ! ,*ild sitt+ equally on bo? knees1 ! /iffness ( ! pose be+ only reliev$ by a little fre$om 9 ! turn ( ! ,*ild's head4 ,! m>vell\s impulse ( religi\s en?usiasm1 :i*1 aris+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 became evid5t by ! passionate f]v\r ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg91 & ! multiplication ( h] images = public & private devotion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ideally noble repres5tations is t 9 ! gr\p ( ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,l\vre1 7,fig4 #bh72 x closely resembles ! be/ sculpture 9 its sev]e l9es1 & 0 probably made ab\t #abhj4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] !re is an entry 9 ! ,inv5tory ( ,*>les ,v4 :i* mo/ probably ref]s to ?is gr\p2 x reads mo/ qua9tly 9 ! old ,fr5*4 8,item1 ung c\rronnem5t de ,no/re ,seigneur ,no/re-,dame1 d'yvire et trois angellotz de mesmes40 ,! e>li] ivories 7 always pa9t$1 & mu* ( ! orig9al col\r+ is pres]v$4 ,! ,virg9 is dress$ 9 ri* robes1 semes de ,france 7z mu* 9 hon\r ( ! ,royal ,h\se z ( h] attribute ! 8lily071 b %e is utt]ly unconsci\s ( self z %e humbly b[s h] head to receive ! cr[n4 ,! two little ec/atic angels =m a "p ( e gr\p ( ! ,glorification ( ! ,virg91 ei!r be>+ tall c&les1 or ) _! h&s rais$ 9 adoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,giraudon ,,photo4 ,,l\vre1 ,,p>is #bh4 ,,coronation ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,end ( ?irte5? c5tury ,!re is h>dly fifty ye>s betwe5 ?is purely ideali/ic conception & ! beautiful1 b completely mundane ,vi]ge de la ,sa9te ,*apelle 9 ! same collection4 ,?is magnific5t figure is c>v$ f "o huge piece ( ivory1 & 0 probably ! gift ( ,/4 ,l\is to 8 new *apel1 ab\t #acbj4 ,! ma/]ly arrangem5t ( ! drap]y & ! exquisite f9i% make x "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ivories ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b ! old simplicity is q gone1 & ! /udi$ ease ( ! ,virg9's pose is *os5 to give value to e l9e ( drap]y & figure4 ,!re is a feel+ ( movem5t 9 all h] be+1 :i*1 ) ! beautiful brok5 folds ( ! drap]y has )9 x ! g]m ( t re/lessness :i*1 rapidly increas+1 became a pa9ful fault 9 lat] ,go?ic sculpture4 ,! col\r+ is v delicate1 ! pupils ( ! eyes are d>k2 ! lips1 :i* are j p>t+ 9 a r affect$ smile1 are lightly t\*$ ) c>m9e1 & a fa9t gild$ bord] relieves ! edges ( ! g>m5ts4 ,! little seat$ figure ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,b>gello 7,fig4 #bi71 is m direct & simple 9 design1 & is probably ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! curve 9 _m ( ^! figures has be5 put d[n to ! %ape ( ! tusk2 ?is is no d\bt ! case 9 _m examples1 b ! peculi> twi/ is fir/ f\nd 9 "s ( ! /one figures ( ! ,sa9te ,*apelle1 :]e x seems to h be5 introduc$ z a contra/ to ! p]p5dicul> %afts ( ! ar*itecture1 & ! con/ant employm5t ( ?is peculi> twi/ 9 ! t9y figures ( ! ivory reliefs & 9 /one c>v+1 proves x to be m a "q ( ta/e ?an necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #bi4 ,,! ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,?irte5? c5tury ,9 ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj two lovely ivory figures 7 plac$ toge!r & =m$ a gr\p ( ! ,annunciation4 ,!y belong to diff]5t private collections1#bd & h be5 beautifully illu/rat$ 9 ! spl5did s]ies ( photogravures ( ! treasures 9 ! ,exposition retrospective de l',art franais4 ,:e!r !y are by ! h& ( ! same craftsman seems a matt] ( d\bt1 z ! te*nique ( ! drap]y v>ies some:at2 b no?+ c equal ! exquisite s(tness ( ! ,virg9's robes & ! dignifi$ pose1 wor?y ( ! be/ "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ideal & pa!tic gr\p ( ,! ,desc5t f ! ,cross n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #cj74 ,x is /rangely rem9isc5t 9 design1 recall+ ! ,byzant9e r5d]+ ( ! same subject 9 an elev5? c5tury ivory1 late 9 ! ,bonaff ,collection1 9 :i* ! ,virg9 raises ! h& ( ,*ri/ to h] lips ) ! same noble & re/ra9$ ge/ure1 :ile ,8 lifeless body slips helplessly d[n ov] ! %\ld] ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,a simil> gr\p is sculptur$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,le ,b\rget 9 ,savoy1 :i* is also useful 9 giv+ a clue to ! f\r? figure1 :i* is evid5tly miss+ f ! ,l\vre gr\p4 ,maskell1 9 ! introductions to 8 ,catalogue ( ,ivories 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ref]s to a small c>v+ f ! c5tre ( a crozi] :i* repres5ts ! ,dead ,*ri/ on ! knees ( ! ,virg91 :i* is treat$ ) /rong b res]v$ feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,giraudon ,,photo4 ,,l\vre1 ,,p>is #cj4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,cross ,end ( ?irte5? c5tury ,! s]ies ( religi\s tableaux cloans are v num]\s1 especially 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 !y consi/ ( two1 ?ree or m pieces & 7 int5d$ = private devotions or z portable decorations = ! v>i\s alt>s ( a *ur*1 be+ tak5 ) ! cross & c&les by ! acolyte & plac$ on ! alt> = mass4 ,! ornam5tation 0 usually 9 ti]s ( little sc5es1 or ) "o l>ge c5tral figure 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! subjects h little v>iety & are tak5 f ! ,passion or ! popul> ,lg5de dore4 ,! sc5es usually foll[ 9 *ronological ord] f ! bottom ( ! left leaf to ! correspond+ corn] on ! "r4 ,! composition is (t5 v confus$1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy to portray diff]5t /ages ( ! same action 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts1 to avoid plac+ figures on a second plane1 & (t5 ! complicat$ ar*itectural sett+ compell$ ! figures to be plac$ 9 contort$ attitudes2 9 _m repres5tations ( ! ,crucifixion ! figure ( ,*ri/ is /rangely twi/$ to br+ ! head on a level ) ! o!r figures b5ea? ! arcade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london #ca4 ,,polypty*4 ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild--,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,nativity ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,a f9e tripty* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,collection ,m>t9 le ,roy at ,p>is1 is especially int]e/+1 z x is an e>ly example ( ! composition ( ! sc5es ( ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 z describ$ by ,jaques ,vorag9e 9 ! ,lg5de dore1 & x %[s h[ ! types h>dly alt]$ all ?r\gh ! succe$+ c5tury4 ,! angel com+ to ! ,virg9 to ann\nce h] dea? br+s h] a palm f ,p>adise z a sign2 ! gr\p ( m5 9 uneasy attitudes are ! apo/les newly dropp$ f ! cl\ds1 hav+ be5 collect$ f all p>ts to be pres5t4 ,! l[e/ sc5e ( ! c5tral "p is ! mo/ important2 9 x ! ,virg9 is ly+ dead1 surr\nd$ by ! apo/les1 :il/ ! little nak$ s\l is on ! arm ( ,*ri/1 ,:o raises ,8 h& to bless ! dead body4 ,! :ole imag]y is ! same z on ! ,byzant9e ivory 9 ! ,libr>y at ,muni*4 ,9 ano!r "p ! body is borne away = burial4 ,on ! second regi/] ! ,virg9 rises 9 glory c>ry+ a palm & book & accompani$ by ! mo/ *>m+ gr\p ( music-mak+ angels2 above1 %e sits en?ron$ beside ,*ri/ & att5d$ by ! two c&le-be>+ angels4 ,! only kn[n sign$ m$ival ivory is a box 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* be>s ! "n ( ,jehan ,nicolle4 ,9 ! ,inv5tory ( ,*>les ,v4 ! "n ( "o ivory c>v] has surviv$1 b he 0 also goldsmi? to ! k+4 8,item1 deux grans beaulx tableaux d'yvire des troys ,m>ies que fi/ ,jehan le ,braelli]1 en ung e/uy de cuir40 ,^! e/uys de cuir 7 made ( v beautiful tool$ lea!r1 two f9e examples are 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,ref]5ce is made to z _m z ?ree degrees ( ivory c>v]s 9 ! li/ ( me/i]s & m>*&ise ( ! t[n ( ,p>is 9 #abeh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,may] ,,collection1 ,,liv]pool ,,museum #cb4 ,,fir/ ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,dipty* ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,z ! c\ntry grew m settl$1 ri*es & com=t increas$1 & once m ! ivory c>v]s turn$ _! att5tion to ornam5t+ ! little objects ( civil life1 & we f9d exquisitely c>v$ writ+ tablets1 caskets & articles = ! toilet1 z combs1 long hair wav]s1 & above all1 ! cov]s = ! little metal mirrors t 7 worn hang+ f ! girdle4 ,no self-respect+ woman c\ld disp5se ) ^! little luxuries1 & 9 ! l5g?y ,miroir de ,m>iage ( ,eu/a*e ,des*amps1 "o v]se deals ) ! requirem5ts ( a wife3 ,pigne1 tressoir1 semblablem5t ,et miroir1 p\r moy ordonn] ,d'yvoire me devez donn]1 ,et l'e/uy qui soit noble et g5t ,p5dre a *eannes d'arg5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #cc4 ,,plaque ,,f ,a ,,casket ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,q a new range ( subjects 7 introduc$ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 civil z 9 religi\s subjects ! compositions 7 fix$ & v>i$ b little aft]w>ds2 ?\gh we "k t ab\t #acdj !re 0 a complete *ange 9 dress1 & ! old-fa%ion$ long loose robes1 :i* fell 9 su* s(t folds 7 disc>d$ = tight] & r %ort] g>m5ts2 ^! are sometimes se5 9 social gr\ps1 z ! games ( la m\rre & la ma9 *aude 7a sort ( =feits71 :i* are c>v$ on a pair ( writ+ tablets 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! subjects are ne>ly all f lit]>y s\rces1 ! m9iatures ( ! ,,mss4 hav+ once m furni%$ models = ! ivory c>v]4 ,!re is a beautiful little casket 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) sc5es f ! romance ( ,la ,*a/ela9e de ,v]gi1 & ! delightful danc+ gr\p 9 ! ,b>gello 7,fig4 #cc7 =m$ "p ( a simil> casket4 ,! rhy?mic fl[ ( ! s(t ri* drap]y z ! danc]s move to ! s\nd ( music is exce$+ly beautiful & ! treatm5t broad1 consid]+ t ! :ole sc5e is conta9$ 9 little m ?an six squ>e in*es4 ,! figures are well proportion$1 b ) h>dly any muscul> developm5t1 & !re is an entire abs5ce ( manl9ess 9 ! male figures1 :o c only be recogniz$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! hair1 ! c5tre lock be+ cut across ! =ehead1 & by ! slightly %ort] robes4 ,sc5es are tak5 f ! ,lai d',ari/ote & ! o!r s-call$ classical romances ( ,jason1 ,alex&] & ,virgil1 ! latt] be+ describ$ z a m$ival en*ant]4 ,bo? he & poor ,ari/otle 7 mo/ cruelly treat$ by _! mi/resses1 ! dignifi$ ,virgil be+ compell$ to crawl on all f\rs :ile ! lady rides on 8 back1 & ,ari/otle f>$ ev5 worse1 be+ susp5d$ 9 mid-air 9 a basket4 ,! cycle ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table are ev] popul> !mes1 especially ! sc5e ( ,tri/an & ,iseult surpris$ by ! reflection ( ,k+ ,m>k 9 ! f\nta94 ,! ,assault ( ! ,ca/le ( ,love 0 tak5 f an allegory 9 ! ,romaunt de la ,rose4 ,! knights ride up to =ce ! gate or scale ! battlem5ts & are met ) a %[] ( posies1 b ! fair g>rison makes b a fa9t %[ ( resi/ance1 & ! enemy is soon )94 ,f\r lions or basilisks crawl along ! out] edge ( ^! mirrors = conv5i5ce 9 op5+ ! circul> cov]4 ,!re are examples 9 all collections ( ^! civil ivories1 "s ( a p]fectly m>vell\s delicacy & m9ut5ess1 & x is unnecess>y to "n any special examples1 except1 p]haps1 a f9e b brok5 mirror cov] 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny :i* is spl5didly c>v$ ) ! figures ( a k+ & que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,may] ,,collection1 ,,liv]pool ,,museum #cd4 ,,! ,,elopem5t ,,( ,,gu9iv]e ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,! art ( ,s\!rn ,france _h a peculi> local /yle1 ! figures be+ heavi] & flabbi] ) little ?\ght ( ! modell+ ( =ms1 :i* 7 ?ickly cov]$ ) brilliant pa9t2 !re is p]haps a great] fre$om 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! figures4 ,by ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,franco-,flemi% influ5ce appe>s1 & art rapidly lo/ its delicacy 9 ! attempts at realism4 ,a magnific5t *ess-bo>d 9 ! ,b>gello ( ! closely alli$ ,burgundian s*ool1 is c>v$ ) a t\rney & o!r fe/ivities1 & gives a good picture ( ! co/umes ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! beautiful ivory h>p 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! prettily c>v$ w& ( ! ,"l ,high ,falcon] ( ,engl& 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum are "s ( ! late/ ,go?ic ef=ts be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re is little to di/+ui% ,g]man ivories 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies f ! ,fr5*2 p]haps !re is a t5d5cy to great] elaboration 9 ! ar*itecture1 & on r>e occasions ! figures betray ! ,g]man type2 b 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! love ( realism ga9$ gr\nd1 & ! ivory c>v]s m closely imitat$ ! pa9t]s & ! rapidly increas+ s*ool ( wood c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al9>i ,,photo4 ,,b>gello1 ,,flor5ce #ce4 ,,panel ,,f ,a ,,casket ,fr5*1 f\rte5? c5tury ,! ,engli% 7 also pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! ,fr5* ,go?ic art1 b gradually work$ out a /yle ( _! own4 ,!re 0 less monotony ( design & a consid]able modification ( types1 ! figures becom+ ?9n] & ! faces grav]1 m e>ne/ & sweet] 9 expression1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 m reali/ic2 also !re is a v>iation 9 c]ta9 details ( ! co/umes4 ,two pi]c$ plaques ) sc5es f ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,agnes :i* 7 9 ! ,meyrick & ,spitz] ,collections1 & a plaque repres5t+ ,*ri/ ) ! apo/les1 ! gr\p be+ surr\nd$ by ri* ar*itecture1 & two o!r pi]c$ plaques ) sc5es ( ! ,passion1 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 seem to be ,engli% "w4 ,9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 n[ 9 ! same museum1 is a deeply cut dipty* ( a /rongly *>act]i/ic type repres5t+ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & ,*ri/ tea*+2 ! figures are fram$ 9 ar*itecture ( an ,engli% type decorat$ ) small h]aldic roses4 ,?is dipty* =m$ "p ( bo? ! ,soltyk(f & ,spitz] ,collections4 ,! tripty* 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,fig4 #cf7 is closely connect$ ) x1 & is said to h be5 c>v$ = ,bi%op ,gr&ison ( ,exet] 7#acbg-acfi71 b ,mol9i] ?9ks t ! /yle is f> ne>] t ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is also ! w+ ( a dipty*1 9 two divisions1 ) ,! ,annunciation1 & bel[1 ,john ,bapti/2 ! o!r w+ is 9 ! ,l\vre & repres5ts ! ,coronation1 ) ,john ! ,evangeli/ 9 ! l[] comp>tm5t4 ,be=e clos+ ?is %ort survey1 "o small /atuette 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum %\ld be m5tion$1 z ! sweet & affectionate e>ne/ness ( ! ,virg9's face is typical ( ! ,engli% ivories1 = if f> inf]ior to ! ,fr5* 9 actual te*nique1 !y h a dep? ( rev]5t feel+ :i* is too (t5 entirely want+ 9 ! latt]4 ,! ,italian ivory work]s cont9u$ long "u ! spell ( ! ,byzant9es1 & :5 ar\s$ to ! fre% ideas ( ,go?ic art1 _! "w at fir/ %[$ few features t c\ld di/+ui% x f ! ,fr5* models4 ,gradually ! designs became less conc5trat$ & _m diff]5ces crept 91 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! conv5tional foliage4 ,! gorge\sly col\r$ crozi] 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection is an example ( ?is p]iod2 x belong$ to ,b5ci ,aldobr&9i1 ,bi%op ( ,volt]ra 9 #acca4 ,on ! top is a half-l5g? figure ( ,*ri/ betwe5 two m52 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi is figur$ )9 ! crook1 :i* em]ges f ! ?roat ( a dragon1 & j bel[1 9 f\r highly-pa9t$ %r9es1 sit ! ,evangeli/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mansell ,,photo4 ,,briti% ,,museum #cf4 ,,tripty* ,,( ,,bi%op ,,gr&ison ,,( ,,exet] ,engli%1 f\rte5? c5tury ,9 ! late f\rte5? c5tury ! ,italians comm5c$ an entirely orig9al /yle ( c>v+ on n>r[ /rips ( bone4 ,! figures ) ! sc5ic accessories are closely relat$ to ! e>ly s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,^! sculptures1 unlike ! unmix$ ivory ( ! ,fr5* c>v+s1 7 always fram$ 9 n>r[ int>sia bord]s4 ,small tripty*s 7,fig4 #cg7 develop$ into enorm\s size1 z ! great alt>-piece 9 ! old ,sacri/y at ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia & ! fam\s retable 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* comes f ! abbey ( ,poissy1 & 0 ! gift ( ! ,due de ,b]ri1 bro!r ( ,*>les ,v41 & "o ( ! reg5ts = ! "y ,*>les ,,vi4 9 #achj4 ,x conta9s 8 portrait & t ( 8 wife1 ,jehanne de ,b\rgogne4 ,! fragm5ts ( a ?ird l>ge retable /ill exi/1 divid$ betwe5 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y at ,man*e/] & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,^! retables are l>ge 9 size1 b n great 9 design1 & ?\gh ! gr\ps ( figures are lovely 9 detail1 !y are n impressive z a :ole1 ! l[ relief giv+ little scope = ! play ( light & %ade4 ,!re are _m beautiful polygonal caskets ) dom$ cov]s1 also combs & o!r small articles1 & a v excell5t acc\nt ( ! :ole s]ies has be5 giv5 by ,julius v4 ,s*loss] 9 ! ,wi5] ,jahrbu* = #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,london ,,loan ,,collection ,,hon4 ,a4 ,,b]es=d-,,hope1 ,m4,p4 #cg4 ,,tripty* ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,bone ,italian1 e>ly fifte5? c5tury ,?is %ort acc\nt ( ! ,ivory ,work]s ( ! ,middle ,ages comm5c$ ) ,italy 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 &1 hav+ made ! r\nd ( ,europe1 returns to h] aft] a ?\s& ye>s1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & mu/ close1 j at ! outgo+ ( ! m$ival era1 ) ?is magnific5t gr\p ( c>v+s1 :i* lies half across ! bord] l9e ( ! e>ly & true ,r5ascim5to4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,see an article on ,crozi]s by ,cahi] & ,m>t91 ,mlanges d',ar*ologie1 t4 iv4 #bc ,see an article by ,b>bi] de ,montault1 ,revue de l',art ,*rti51 #ahhc1 p4 #aeg4 #bd ,! ,angel belongs to ,m4 ,g4 ,*al&on & ! ,virg9 to ,m4 ,p4 ,g>ni]4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,dipty*s ,,f ,,mol9i] ,,consul> #a4 ,ab\t #djj4 ,probably ,,/ili*o4 a4 ,/ili*o1 /&+1 arm$1 be>d$4 b4 ,s]5a & little ,eu*]ius1 /&+4 ,tesorio della ,basilica1 ,monza4 #b4 #djf4 ,,probus4 ,rome4 a4 ,emp]or ,honorius1 /&+1 arm$1 ) /&>d & orb4 b4 ,emp]or ,honorius1 /&+1 arm$1 ) %ield & spe>4 ,ca!dral ,treasury1 ,ao/a4 #c4 #dbh4 ,,felix4 ,rome4 a4 ,/&+ 9 trabea1 be>d$4 b4 ,/&+ 9 *lamys4 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #d4 #ddi4 ,,a/urias4 ,rome4 a4 ,sitt+ on curule *air1 two att5dants 7lo/74 b4 ,same type 7=m]ly at ,lige74 ,d>m/adt ,museum4 #e4 #dhg4 ,,boe?ius4 ,rome4 a4 ,sitt+1 hold+ mappa4 b4 ,/&+4 ,museo ,civico1 ,brescia4 #f4 #dhh4 ,,sividius4 ,rome4 a4 ,inscrib$ m$allion & scrolls4 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 b4 ,inscrib$ m$allion & scrolls 7lo/74 #g4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,consul> type4 ,lions4 b4 ,cons4 type4 ,be>s4 ,national ,museum1 ,zuri*4 #h4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type4 ,be>s 7,basilewsky ,coll474 ,museum ( ! ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 b4 7,lo/47 #i4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type4 ,gladiators4 b4 7,lo/1 or possibly pair to ,no4 #aj47 ,besanon ,museum4 #aj4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 7,lo/ or possibly pair to ,no4 #i47 b4 ,cons4 type4 ,bull-fight 7late ,baudot ,coll474 ,muse de ,cluny1 ,p>is4 #aa4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,cross$ cornucopias4 ,biblioteca1 ,lucca4 #ab4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,bu/ & scroll4 ,monogram4 ,trivulzio ,collection1 ,milan4 #ac4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,same z ,no4 #ab4 7,r5aissance c>v+ on back47 ,l\vre1 ,p>is4 #ad4 #ejf4 ,,areob9dus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,type ( ,no4 #ab1 )\t monogram 7=m]ly 9 ,treasury ( ,/4 ,gaud5zio1 ,nov>a74 ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4 #ae4 #eac4 ,,clem5t9us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,cons4 type4 ,monogram4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool ,museum4 #af4 #eae4 ,,an!mius4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type 7lo/74 7,=m]ly at ,limoges47 #ag4 #eag4 ,,ana/asius4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type4 ,be>s4 b4 ,cons4 type4 ,manumission ( slaves1 etc4 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #ah4 #eag4 ,,ana/asius4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type 7=m]ly at ,lige74 ,b]l9 ,museum4 b4 ,cons4 type 7brok571 7=m]ly at ,lige74 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london4 #ai4 #eag4 ,,ana/asius4 ,con/ant9ople4 b4 ,type ( ,no4 #ah4 ,two ,amazons & juggl]s4 ,*apt] ,libr>y1 ,v]ona4 #bj4 #eag4 ,,ana/asius4 ,con/ant9ople4 b4 ,l[] fragm5t1 two ,amazons & tumbl]s4 7,=m]ly ,coll4 ,jauz1 lo/47 #ba4 #eah4 ,,magnus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,cons4 type 7=m]ly at ,leyd574 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #bb4 #eah4 ,,magnus4 ,con/ant9ople 7attribut$ to74 a4 ,type ( ,no4 #ba 7camel bone74 ,re-inscrib$ ,,pio ,,praesule ,,baldrico ,,iub5te4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool ,museum4 #bc4 #eah4 ,,magnus4 ,con/ant9ople 7attribut$ to74 a4 ,type ( ,no4 #ba4 ,re-inscrib$ ,,arabonti ,,deo ,,vota 7=m]ly ,basilewsky ,coll474 ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #bd4 #eah4 ,,magnus4 ,con/ant9ople 7attribut$ to74 a4 ,type ( ,no4 #ba4 ,*ang$ to wr9kl$ old man4 ,museo di ,ca/ello1 ,milan4 #bf4 #eba4 ,,ju/9ianus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,inscrib$ m$allion1 f\r rosettes4 ,trivulzio ,collection1 ,milan4 #bg4 #eba4 ,,ju/9ianus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,type ( ,no4 #bf4 ,collection ,sigismond ,bordac4 #bh4 #eba4 ,,ju/9ianus4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,type ( ,no4 #bf 7=m]ly at ,autun74 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #bi4 #ebe4 ,,philox5us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,?ree l9k$ m$allions 7=m]ly 9 ,/4 ,corneille1 ,compigne74 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #cj4 #ebe4 ,,philox5us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,inscrib$ octagon ) scrolls4 ,trivulzio ,collection1 ,milan4 #ca4 #ebe4 ,,philox5us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,type ( ,no4 #cj4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool ,museum4 #cb4 #ebe4 ,,philox5us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,type ( ,no4 #cj 7worn74 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 #cc4 #ecj8 ,,lampadius4 ,con/ant9ople4 ,consul beh9d cancelli4 ,*>iot ,race4 ,museo ,civico1 ,brescia4 #cd4 #ecj4 ,,ore/es4 ,rome4 a4 & b4 ,cons4 type4 ,two ,s]vants4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london4 #ce4 #eci4 ,,arion4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,bu/ & scrolls4 ,*apt] ,h\se ( ,orvi$o ,ca!dral1 ,spa94 #cf4 #edj4 ,,ju/9us4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 & b4 ,bu/ & scrolls4 ,?ree m$allions4 ,two s]vants4 ,b]l9 ,museum4 #cg4 #eda4 ,,basilius4 ,con/ant9ople4 a4 ,consul & ,con/ant9ople4 ,ca/ello1 ,milan4 b4 ,victory4 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,,anonym\s ,,consul> ,,dipty*s #ch4 ,v4 c5t4 a4 ,consul & fri5ds2 above1 imp]ial figures en?ron$2 bel[1 b>b>ians4 b4 ,repeat$ ) v>iations4 ,ca!dral ,treasury1 ,halb]/adt4 #ci4 ,v4-,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,consul & two att5dants4 ,bel[1 l>ge sc5e1 leop>d fight4 b4 ,consul & two att5dants4 ,bel[1 l>ge sc5e1 lions 7=m]ly 9 ,ca!dral ,treasury74 ,b\rges ,museum4 #dj4 ,v4-,,vi4 c5t4 ,s-call$ ,apo!osis ( ,romulus4 ,consul borne to ,heav5 9 *>iot4 ,briti% ,museum4 #da4 ,,vi4 c5t4 b4 ,bu/ 9 g>l&1 f\r rosettes4 ,biblioteca ,b>b>9i1 ,rome4 #db4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,two worn fragm5ts ( a dipty*4 ,cons4 type4 7,lat] c>v+ on back47 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,briti% ,museum4 #dc4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,bu/ & scrolls4 ,type ( ,no4 #ab4 ,camel bone4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool ,museum4 #dd4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,cons4 type1 sitt+4 b4 ,cons4 type1 /&+4 ,*ang$ to ,/4 ,gregory & ,k+ ,david4 ,tesorio della ,basilica1 ,monza4 #de4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,cons4 type1 *ang$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,libr>y ( ! ,metropolitan ,*apt] ,h\se1 ,prague4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,five-piece dipty*4 7#df7 ,top4 ,fly+ figures4 7#dg7 ,bottom4 ,b>b>ians4 ,trivulzio ,collection1 ,milan4 7#dh7 ,top4 ,fly+ figures4 ,basle ,museum4 7#di7 ,"r side4 ,consul & ,victory4 ,muni* ,libr>y4 ,,(ficial ,,dipty*s #ej4 ,end ( ,,iv4 or comm5cem5t ( ,v4 c5t4 ,probianus4 ,vice-prefect ( ,rome4 a4 ,sitt+1 deliv]+ ju/ice4 ,bel[1 two litigants4 b4 ,sitt+ ) scroll4 ,bel[1 two litigants4 ,b]l9 ,libr>y4 #ea4 ,v4-,,vi4 c5t4 ,above1 type ( ,no4 #cc4 ,bel[1 fight ) elans4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool ,museum4 #eb4 ,v4-,,vi4 c5t4 a4 & b4 ,games 9 ,circus 7v>i$71 7=m]ly 9 ,basilewsky ,coll474 ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #ec4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,rome c>ry+ orb & spe>4 b4 ,con/ant9ople c>ry+ cornucopia & palm4 ,lat] inscription ,temp]ancia & ,ca/itas4 ,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 ,vi5na ,museum4 #ed4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,a bald man /&+ half "u a por*4 b4 ,slightly v>i$ pose4 ,ca!dral ,treasury1 ,nov>a4 #ee4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,/&+ figure4 ,museo ,civico1 ,bologna4 #ef4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,muse1 /&+ 7brok51 f\nd at ,trves74 ,b]l9 ,museum4 #eg4 ,,vi4 c5t4 787 a4 ,figure1 sitt+4 ,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 ,vi5na4 b4 ,figure1 /&+4 ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce4 ,,private ,,dipty*s #eh4 ,end ( ,,iv4 or comm5cem5t ( ,v4 c5t4 a4 ,nicoma*orum4 ,drap$ figure & tor*4 ,muse de ,cluny1 ,p>is4 b4 ,symma*orum4 ,drap$ figure & alt>4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london4 #ei4 ,v4-,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,hippolytus & ,phdra4 b4 ,diana & ,endymion4 ,museo ,civico1 ,brescia4 #fj4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,two regi/]s4 ,dioscuri4 ,europa & ! ,bull4 ,trie/e ,museum4 #fa4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 sculapius4 b4 ,hygeia4 ,may] ,collection1 ,liv]pool4 #fb4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,muse ) lyre4 b4 ,poet4 ,tesorio della ,basilica1 ,monza4 #fc4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 & b4 ,au?ors & ,muses1 v>i$ poses4 #fd4 ,,vi4 c5t4 a4 ,bac*us ,helios4 b4 ,diana ,lucif]a 7=m]ly 9 ! ,ca!dral ,treasury74 ,s5s ,museum4 #fe4 ,,vi4 c5t4 ,?ree regi/]s4 ,apollo & ! ,muses 7brok574 ,biblio?que nationale1 ,p>is4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,museums ,! foll[+ ,museums are ri*e/ 9 ,m$ival ,ivory ,c>v+4 ,au/ria4 ,,vi5na4 7,cab9et des ,antiques71 ,k4 ,k4 ,oe/]rei*is*es ,museum4 ,engl&4 ,,london4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 7,?is museum has a l>ge collection ( ,fictile ,ivories47 ,salt+ ,loan ,collection4 ,,liv]pool4 ,may] ,collection4 ,free ,public ,museum4 ,,man*e/]4 ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y4 7,late ,craw=d ,collection47 ,,ox=d4 ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,france4 ,,p>is4 ,biblio?que nationale ,cab9et des ,mdailles4 ,dp>tem5t des ,,mss4 ,muse de ,cluny4 ,muse du ,l\vre4 ,g]man ,empire4 ,,b]l94 ,kun/kamm]4 ,k4 ,museum4 ,k4 ,biblio!k4 ,,muni*4 ,k4 ,/aats-,biblio!k4 ,national ,bav>ian ,museum4 ,italy4 ,,bologna4 ,museo ,civico4 ,,brescia4 ,museo ,civico4 ,,flor5ce4 ,museo nazionale4 ,b>gello4 ,,milan4 ,museo ar*eologico4 ,ca/ello4 ,tesorio del ,duomo4 ,,monza4 ,tesorio della ,basilica4 ,,rav5na4 ,museo ,civico4 ,duomo4 ,,rome4 ,biblioteca ,b>b>9i4 ,museo ,kir*]iano 7,collegio ,romano74 ,vatican4 ,museo cri/iano4 ,biblioteca4 ,= ! /udy ( ,ivory ,c>v+s ,m4 ,mol9i] gives a full bibliography 9 8 "w on ,ivoires4 ,= illu/rations4 ,g>ucci1 vol4 vi4 & ! ,collections ( ,photographs publi%$ by ,dr4 ,graev54 ,fictile ,ivories = sale1 see ,oldfield's ,catalogue4 ,,index ,abraxas1 #acc4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,ca!dral1 #abh4 ,aldobr&9i1 ,b5ci1 ,bi%op ( ,volt]ra1 crozi] (1 #aeb4 ,amalasun?a1 #g1 #cj1 #ca4 ,anagni1 silv] casket at1 #hj4 ,ana/asius1 dipty* (1 #bd4 ,areob9dus1 dipty*s (1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #dj4 ,a/urias1 dipty* (1 #ac4 ,bamb]g ,missal1 #hh2 reliqu>y1 #aah1 #aai4 ,basil ,,ii41 ! ,emp]or1 #ie4 ,basilewsky tablet1 #ah4 ,basilius1 dipty* (1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,bateman dipty*1 #fg4 ,b]l91 ,museum1 #di1 #ff1 #ge1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba1 #acd4 ,b]nw>d1 ,bi%op ( ,hilde%eim1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh4 ,besanon1 #ah4 ,boe?ius1 dipty* (1 #ac4 ,bologna1 ,museo ,civico1 #cg1 #gh1 #ig4 ,bonaff ,collection1 #adj4 ,book cov]s1 #aj1 #be1 #bf1 #eb-eg1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aba1 #abc1 #abe1 #acd4 ,b\rges1 #bb1 #bi1 #dj4 ,brescia1 #ba1 #cb1 #cd1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #dh1 #gh4 ,brunswick1 #aag1 #aai4 ,brussels1 ,royal ,art ,museum1 #ch n4 ,cambridge1 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 #dd4 ,c>r& dipty*1 #ci-db4 ,caskets1 ,byzant9e1 #ge-hd2 ,anglo-,saxon1 #ajj2 ,c>lov+ian1 #aai1 #abj2 ,romanesque1 #acd2 ,go?ic1 #adf1 #adg4 ,*al&on1 ,m41 #adj4 ,*>lemagne1 #ajf4 ,*>les ,v41 inv5tory (1 #acf1 #add4 ,*essbo>d1 #aej4 ,*essm51 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,*ri/1 repres5tation (1 9 e>ly times1 #ej1 #ea4 ,cividale1 #gh4 ,clem5t9us1 dipty* (1 #cf4 ,clovis1 #bb4 ,cologne1 ,museum1 #abg4 ,combs1 c]emonial1 #abf1 #abg4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 ! ,emp]or1 #bg4 ,con/ant9e ,v41 ! ,emp]or1 #ga4 ,con/ant9e ,,vi41 ! ,emp]or1 #ga4 ,con/ant9e ,,vii41 ! ,emp]or1 #hd4 ,consul> dipty*s1 #c1 et seq4 ,cortona ,reliqu>y1 #he1 #ib4 ,crozi]s1 #aca-acc1 #adb1 #aeb4 ,d>m/adt1 #abj4 ,dresd51 #hj1 #hh4 ,e*t]na* codex1 #aba4 ,ess51 #aah4 ,ets*miadz9 book cov]1 #eb1 #ee4 ,felix1 dipty* (1 #ac4 ,flor5ce1 ,b>gello1 #bb1 #bg1 #ci-db1 #di1 #fd1 #gd1 #gf1 #hb1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #aag1 #acc1 #ach1 #aci1 #adg1 #aej4 ,frank=t1 #aaf4 ,g>ni]1 ,m41 #adj4 ,gr>d1 ,bi%op ( ,limoges1 #acb4 ,gotfr$us1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 #abg4 ,gr&ison1 ,bi%op1 tripty* (1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,pope1 #aj4 ,hadrian1 ,pope1 #cf4 ,halb]/adt1 ,ca!dral1 #ba4 ,hanov]1 ,prov9cial ,museum1 #ij4 ,h>baville tripty*1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ib4 ,h]aklius1 ! ,emp]or1 #ff1 #fg4 ,honorius1 ! ,emp]or1 #e1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah4 ,iconoclasm ( ! ,emp]ors1 #gj-ge4 ,ir5e1 ! ,empress1 #bi1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd4 ,ju/9ian1 ! ,emp]or1 #f1 #g1 #ah1 #bj1 #bh4 ,lampadius1 tablet (1 #ba1 #bb4 ,le ,b\rget1 ,*ur*1 #adj4 ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,emp]or1 #gj1 #ga4 ,leo ,,vi41 ! ,emp]or1 #ge4 ,lige1 ,episcopal ,museum1 #ij4 ,lipsanoteca1 !1 #db4 ,liv]pool ,museum1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #cc1 #cf1 #eh1 #ib1 #aba1 #ade1 #adi1 #aej4 ,london1 ,briti% ,museum1 #e1 #bc1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #ee1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ge1 #gh1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #abj1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #add1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aec4 ---- ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 #ab1 #cb1 #ce1 #dh1 #ef1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aae1 #abe1 #aca1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee4 ,lors*1 ,abbey (1 #abe4 ,man*e/]1 ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 #abb1 #abc1 #aed4 ,maximian1 ! ,?rone (1 #di1 #eb1 #ed1 #eh-fg1 #ib4 ,melis&a1 ,pr9cess1 #acd4 ,metz1 ,ca!dral1 #ee1 #aad4 ,meyrick ,collection1 #aea4 ,milan1 ,ca/ello1 #fg4 ---- ,ca!dral1 #ef1 #eh1 #abg4 ---- ,trivulzio ,collection1 #be1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #eh1 #fh1 #ia1 #aah1 #abd4 ,mirror cov]s1 #adh1 #adi4 ,monza1 ,basilica at1 #aj1 #bb1 #bd1 #ca1 #cc1 #ii1 #aad4 ,mopsuete1 ,c\ncil (1 #ce4 ,mor>d1 ,abbot1 #acb4 ,muni*1 ,libr>y1 #bf1 #aah1 #aai1 #add4 ---- ,museum1 #dh1 #eh4 ,nancy1 ,ca!dral1 #abg4 ,nicephorus ,phocas1 #he1 #ie4 ,nicolle1 ,jehan1 #add4 ,nicoma*i & ,symma*i1 dipty* ( !1 #ab1 #ce1 #de4 ,oliphants1 #gc1 #gd4 ,ore/es1 dipty* (1 #f1 #g1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #bb1 #ca4 ,otto ! ,great1 ! ,emp]or1 #aah4 ,otto ,,ii41 ! ,emp]or1 #abd4 ,otto ,,iii41 ! ,emp]or1 #fe n41 #abd4 ,ox=d1 ,bodleian1 #abf4 ,p>is1 ,l\vre1 #dj1 #de n41 #fi1 #ge1 #hg1 #ij1 #aaj1 #aai1 #acd1 #ace-ada1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aed4 ,p>is ,biblio?que nationale1 #ac1 #bj1 #cd1 #eb1 #ee1 #eg1 #ib1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aae4 ---- ,muse de ,cluny1 #ab1 #cb1 #di1 #ea1 #gf1 #hc1 #aad1 #aah1 #abb1 #acd1 #adi4 ---- ,collection ,m>t9 le ,roy1 #adb4 ,pavia1 ,c]tosa1 #aed4 ,philox5us1 dipty* (1 #bj4 ,pirano casket1 #gh4 ,poissy1 ,abbey (1 #aed4 ,prague1 #be4 ,probianus1 dipty* (1 #g1 #h1 #de1 #di1 #ee1 #aaj4 ,probus1 dipty* (1 #h1 #i1 #ab4 ,pyxes1 #dh-ea4 ,qu$l9burg1 #abj4 ,quir9alis dipty*on1 #cb4 ,rambona1 dipty* (1 #ig4 ,rav5na1 #d1 #ac1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #eh-fg1 #gd4 ,romanus & ,eudoxia1 #ac1 #ib1 #ic4 ,rome1 ,b>b>9i ,libr>y1 #bj1 #bg4 ---- ,kir*]ian ,museum1 #bh1 #ha1 #hb4 ---- ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,gregory1 #acb4 ---- ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! ,?rone ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #hc4 ---- ,c\nt ,/rogan(f1 #fb1 #ij1 #ib4 ---- ,vatican1 #ig1 #abe1 #abf4 ,romulus1 ! ,apo!osis (1 #bc4 ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ,ivory ,book (1 #cg1 #ch4 ,/4 ,b>naby1 relics (1 #ace4 ,/4 ,caletricus1 ,bi%op ( ,*>tres1 #ii4 ,/4 ,columba1 #aje4 ,/4 ,columbanus1 #aje4 ,/4 ,gall1 mona/]y (1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #acj4 ,/4 ,gauzel91 comb (1 #abg4 ,/4 ,gregory & ,k+ ,david1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #ca4 ,/4 ,gregory1 crozi] (1 #acb4 ,/4 ,h]ib]t1 comb (1 #abg4 ,/4 ,ives1 ,bi%op ( ,*>tres1 #acc4 ,/4 ,l\p1 comb (1 #abg4 ,/4 ,lupici51 ,ivory ,book (1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed4 ,/4 ,nicasius1 dipty* (1 #acj4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ah1 #aad1 #abh4 ,sal]no1 ,ca!dral1 #ih4 ,salt+ ,collection1 #add1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,s5s1 ,ca!dral1 #abg4 ,sividius1 dipty* (1 #ad4 ,soltyk(f ,collection1 #aeb4 ,spitz] ,collection1 #aaf1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,/ili*o1 dipty* (1 #aa1 #ab4 ,symma*us1 #f4 ,symma*i1 dipty* ( !1 #ab1 #cb1 #dh4 ,telema*us1 #ah4 ,!odol9da1 ,que51 #aj1 #ii4 ,!odora1 ! ,empress1 #gb4 ,!odosius ,i41 ! ,emp]or1 #c1 #e1 #ba4 ,!ophano1 ! ,empress1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd4 ,!ophilus1 ! ,emp]or1 #gb4 ,tongres1 ,ca!dral1 #ch1 #fg1 #aah4 ,t\rnai1 ,ca!dral1 #acj4 ,trves1 ,ca!dral1 #fh1 #fi4 ,troyes1 ,ca!dral1 #hd4 ,tuotilo1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,urcei1 #abg1 #abh4 ,utre*t1 ,episcopal ,museum1 #ij4 ,v5ice1 ,doge's ,palace1 #ij4 ,v]oli casket1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #hb4 ,vi5na1 ,museum1 #bg1 #bh1 #gd1 #gh1 #ij4 ,volt]ra casket1 #gf1 #hc4 ,w]d51 casket (1 #ef4 ,zuri*1 #cc1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4