,,engli% ,,*ur* ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,engli% ,,ca!drals ,,cant]bury--,,pet]bor\gh-- ,,durham--,,salisbury--,,li*field-- ,,l9coln--,,ely--,,wells--,,w9*e/]-- ,,gl\ce/]--,,york--,,london ,by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,,van ,,r5ssela]4 ,illu/rat$ ) "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r ,draw+s by ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,also ) ,plans & ,diagrams4 ,fif? ,edition1 revis$ & correct$4 ,clo?1 #bjs4 net ,,h&book ,,( ,,engli% ,,ca!drals ,by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,,van ,,r5ssela]4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,draw+s by ,,joseph ,,p5nell4 ,also ) ,plans & ,diagrams4 ,clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw91 ,,ltd41 ,,london ,,engli% ,,*ur* ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,h&book ,by ,a4 ,,freeman ,,smi? ,= _m ye>s ,art ,ma/] & ,in/ructor 9 all ,ar*itectural ,subjects 9 ! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art1 ,birm+ham ,,) ,,twelve ,,plates ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw91 ,,ltd4 ,,london3 ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aibb4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,preface ,! object ( ?is little "w is to give an outl9e ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 z f\nd 9 *ur*es ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,engl&4 ,& x is hop$ t x may be f\nd useful to ^? visit+ ^? noble build+s1 ^: antiquity & insep>able connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry 9 _! gr[? & developm5t1 9 addition to ! highe/ purpose = :i* !y 7 erect$ by ! fai?ful foll[]s ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 entitle !m to v5]ation & c>eful /udy 9 ! realms ( hi/ory1 art1 & religion4 ,its purpose z a h&book is to expla9 ! orig9 & use ( "s ( ! =ms :i* are pres5t$ to ! eye ( ! visitor to ^! anci5t monum5ts1 n z be+ ! result ( caprice1 or m]e /hetic motives1 b z d]iv$ orig9ally f a deep conviction ( ! liv+ tru? :i* _! f\nd]s pr(ess$1 & :i* !y attempt$ to express 9 all _! con/ructive "w4 ,x is int5d$ t ! book may also be f\nd useful z an elem5t>y introduction to ! /udy ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture ?r\gh ! _m elaborate & exhau/ive treatises :i* are publi%$ on ! subject4 ,to su* /ud5ts1 lit]>y /udy %\ld be supplem5t$ by p]sonal acqua9tance ) build+s recognis$ z /&>ds ( excell5ce4 ,! ,introduction deals ) symbols z ! motive ( ,go?ic design4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! v>i\s p]iods ( ,engli% ,go?ic are def9$ by _! pr$om9at+ =ms & ornam5ts dat+ f ! sev5? to ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,simple examples h be5 *os5 9 ord] to avoid ! confusion :i* might result f ! *oice ( m complex illu/rations4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! illu/rations ! works ( ,ag9c\rt1 ,didron1 ,ow5 ,jones1 & ! late ,je?ro ,a4 ,coss9s1 h be5 consult$ = ^? ( ,plate ,i4 ,( ! rema9+1 ,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #e1 & ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #a1 are f works ( ,p>k] & ,rickman respectively4 ,five details are f photographs2 ! rema9d] are f orig9al sket*es & /udies by ! ,au?or4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,,byzant9e ,,& ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian #ac ,,ii4 ,,anglo-,,saxon #ba ,,iii4 ,,norman #bg ,,iv4 ,,transitional1 #aade-aaij 7,,norman ,,to ,,e>ly ,,engli%7 #ce ,v4 ,,e>ly ,,engli% #ci ,,vi4 ,,decorat$ #de ,,vii4 ,,decorat$ #dg ,,viii4 ,,p]p5dicul> #ec ,,ix4 ,,p]p5dicul> #ee ,x4 ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,ro(s #fc ,,xi4 ,,vault+ #ga ,,xii4 ,,vault+ #gc ,,*ronology ,! popul> classification ( ,engli% ,go?ic ,ar*itecture divides ! /yle into f\r p]iods1 ?us3 ,norman ,william ,i41 #ajff1 to ,ri*>d ,i41 #aahi4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,ri*>d ,i41 #aahi1 to ,edw>d ,i41 #abgb4 ,decorat$ ,edw>d ,i41 #abgb1 to ,ri*>d ,,ii41 #acgg4 ,p]p5dicul> ,ri*>d ,,ii41 #acgg1 to ,edw>d ,,vi41 #aedg4 ,^! t]ms are useful1 b n suffici5tly descriptive4 ,!y 7 sup]s$$ by ! late ,edmund ,%>pe's 8,sev5 ,p]iods10 ! t]ms ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! =ms ( ! w9d[s & _! trac]y1 b are applicable to o!r details4 ,,%>pe',s 8,,sev5 ,,p]iods40 ,saxon #ajff4 ,norman #ajff to #aade4 ,transitional #aade 0 #aaij4 ,lancet #aaij 0 #abde4 ,geometrical #abde 0 #acae4 ,curvil9e> #acae 0 #acfj4 ,rectil9e> #acfj 0 #aeej4 ,,plate ,i ,,byzant9e ,,& ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,engli% ,*ur* ,ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages ,,introduction ,,plate ,i ,,byzant9e ,,& ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,! t]m ,go?ic 0 appli$ orig9ally z "o ( contempt 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ! ar*itects ( ! ,r5aissance1 :o attempt$ to reproduce ! anci5t ar*itecture ( ,rome1 & consid]$ ,m$ival ,art1 :i* _h rul$ all dep>tm5ts ( design ?r\gh\t ,europe dur+ ! ?ree prec$+ c5turies1 to be no bett] ?an ! inv5tion ( ! ,b>b>ians1 ! ,go?s1 & ! ,v&als1 :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! ?ree previ\s c5turies ! p]secut$ conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 7 driv5 to take refuge 9 any hid+-place available4 ,9 ,rome !y desc5d$ to ! ,catacombs1 ! und]gr\nd work+s ( ! anci5t ,roman /one qu>ries1 consi/+ ( n>r[1 l[ passages1 _! aggregate l5g?s am\nt+ to hundr$s ( miles4 ,!re !y qu>ri$ out ( ! rock _! *amb]s = assembly1 :]e !y ga!r$ = wor%ip 9 ! light ( tor*es or lamps1 & excavat$ recesses = ! burial ( _! dead4 ,^! *amb]s 7 imitat$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,crypts 7hidd5 *amb]s7 exi/+ "u "s *ur*es & ca!drals4 7,comp>e ,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #a & #b47 ,! walls ( ! catacombs h rude incis$ inscriptions & c>v+s reveal+ ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? by symbols1 su* z ! cross1 sugge/+ ! ,crucifixion--! emblem ( sacrifice2 ! circle1 ! l9e )\t end1 ! symbol ( ,et]nity 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #c72 ! triangle1 trefoil1 & triquetra1 symbols ( ! ,tr9ity 7,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h72 ! quatrefoil ( ! f\r evangeli/s 7,figs4 #i & #aj74 ,! fi% 0 adopt$ z a symbol ( ! ,r$eem]1 because ! lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w ic?ys1 :5 us$ z an acro/ic1 gave ! initials ( ! words--,jesus1 ,*ri/1 ,god1 ,son1 ,savi\r 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #aa74 ,?is symbol 0 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ! decoration ( baptismal fonts4 ,! ,vesica piscis 7,lat91 ! bladd] ( a fi%7 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #e7 0 us$ z a nimbus or glory to surr\nd ! figure ( a sacr$ p]sonage 9 sculpture & 9 pa9t+4 ,its "n %[s ! use ( ,lat9 t]ms 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* z di/+ui%$ f ! ,greek 9 ,byzantium1 :i* 0 an anci5t ,greek city adopt$ by ,con/ant9e1 ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]or1 z ! capital ( ! ea/]n division ( ! ,roman ,empire "u ! new "n ( ,con/ant9opolis--! mod]n ,con/ant9ople4 ,b ! t]m 8,byzant9e0 has be5 reta9$ 9 matt]s relat+ to art4 ,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #ae & #af1 %[ ! ,greek ,cross1 :i* is a v]sion ( ! ,greek lett] *i comb9$ ) ! lett] rho 7simil> to ! ,engli% ,p74 ,?is symbol repres5t$ ! "n ,*ri/1 & 0 ! ,*ri/ian /&>d1 ! ,lab>um1 *os5 by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,plate ,i41 #c;,a4 ,! sacr$ monogram g5]ally f\nd 9 *ur* decoration /&s = ! ,lat9 phrase ,jesus hom9um ,salvator--8,jesus1 ! ,savi\r ( m540 ,! ,greek lett]s ,,ihs 7iota1 eta1 sigma7 gave ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! "n ,jesus4 ,9 ! plan ( an ,engli% ca!dral or cruci=m *ur*1 ! symbol ( ! ,lat9 ,cross is made ! basis ( its =m 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #a74 7,! ,byzant9e or ,greek ,cross has ! f\r limbs ( equal l5g?47 ,! ,nave1 ,n4 7,lat91 navis1 a %ip1 a symbol ( ! ,*ur*71 is built f we/ to ea/4 ,! ,*oir or ,*ancel1 :i* is scre5$ (f by a ,cancellum or lattice1 is 9 cont9uation ( ! ,nave to ! ea/ end4 ,?is 9 "s ca!drals includes ! ,lady ,*apel1 :i* 0 9 m$ival times d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 sev]al *ur*es & "s ca!drals ! head ( ! ,cross1 ! ,*ancel or ,*oir1 is n 9 l9e ) ! ,nave1 b is slightly incl9$ to "o side--n 9 all cases ! same side4 ,two explanations are giv5 = ?is1 "o be+ its ori5tation--i4e41 ! axis ( its l5g? po9ts to ! ris+ ( ! sun on ! day ( its f\ndation1 :i* does n co9cide ) t ( ! ,nave1 ! ,*ancel hav+ be5 comm5c$ at an e>li] or lat] date & diff]5t season ( ! ye>4 ,! o!r !ory is t x symbolises ! head ( ,*ri/ fall+ on "o side 9 dea?4 ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #ad 7f ! 8,gramm> ( ,ornam5t071 %[s an ornam5tal design compos$ entirely ( e>ly ,*ri/ian symbols4 ,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #ab & #ac1 c>v$ ornam5t & a capital be>+ crude resemblance to an anci5t ,ionic capital4 ,bo? ,figs4 #ab & #ac are "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek & ,roman ,art )\t ref]5ce to symbolism4 ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #d1 %[s a *evron 7a ,fr5* milit>y ornam5t71 a decoration dat+ back to anci5t ,egypt1 :]e x symbolis$ ! waves ( ! ,nile1 & 0 adopt$ 9 _m lat] p]iods1 & became conspicu\s 9 ! ,norman ar*es ( ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,,plate ,,ii ,,anglo-,,saxon ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,plate ,,ii ,,anglo-,,saxon ,!re c be no d\bt t ,*ri/ianity f\nd its way into ,brita9 e>ly dur+ ! ,roman occupation1 b 0 suppress$ ?r\gh ! viol5t p]secutions by ! ,pagan tribes :o rul$ foll[+ ! ,roman dep>ture ,a4,d4 #daj1 to be reviv$ & fur!r develop$ aft] ! mission ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,a4,d4 #eig1 f ,rome to ! ,anglo-,saxons1 :o occupi$ ,brita9 betwe5 ! fif? & elev5? c5turies4 ,! *ur* ( ,gre5/ead1 9 ,essex1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! c\ntry1 & 0 built by ,anglo-,saxons4 ,its walls are ( sub/antial logs ( timb] plac$ upright ^u a f\ndation ( rude /onework4 ,?is me?od appe>s to be a survival ( _! me?od ( build+ _! dwell+s4 ,( /one build+s1 ! *ur* t[] ( ,b>ton-on-,humb] 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #f7 is a good example ( ,anglo-,saxon "w4 ,9 x ! ext]nal angles ( ! t[] & ( ! door & w9d[ op5+s h _! quo9s 7corn] /ones7 ( 8long-&-%ort0 "w1 ! "n appli$ to ,saxon masonry ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* long /ones are plac$ on end ) %ort /ones laid flat1 sugge/+ _! orig9 to be ! "w ( c>p5t]s :o w\ld place timb]s 9 su* positions1 contra/$ ) t ( masons1 :o w\ld place all /ones horizontally or at "r-angles to pressure4 ,9 ?is example & ! v f9e "o at ,e>ls ,b>ton1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ?is 8long-&-%ort0 "w is c>ri$ ov] ! ext]ior ( ! wall z a k9d ( surface decoration4 ,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #c1 %[s ! pres5t-day mann] ( fram+ timb]s 9 a p>tition ) sill 7s471 po/s or /uds 7p471 l9tel 7l471 incl9$ /ruts1 & corbel-blocks 7c4b474 ,saxon timb] fram+ w\ld be on simil> l9es1 & ?is mann] 0 p]petuat$ traditionally 9 _! /one walls4 ,! practice ( imitat+ woodwork 9 /one & vice v]sa is "o to be f\nd 9 ! works ( all ages f remote antiquity4 ,! heads ( ,saxon door & w9d[ op5+s 7 ei!r semicircul> 7,plate ,,ii41 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i7 or =m$ by plac+ two /ones incl9$ to ea* o!r ?us--1 & a %ort column or rude balu/] 0 sometimes plac$ betwe5 two w9d[s4 ,note4--,! w9d[ ov] ! clock face 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #f7 is an ins]tion ( a lat] p]iod4 ,! int]e/+ little *ur* at ,brad=d-on-,avon1 ,wilt%ire1 %[s ! same mann] ( build+ 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #a74 ,anglo-,saxon bell-t[]s appe> to h be5 g5]ally cov]$ ) a ro( ( ! =m %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #e1 z at ,sompt+1 ,sussex4 ,,plate ,,iii ,,norman1 #ajff-aahi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,plate ,,iii ,,norman1 #ajff-aahi ,! ,norman p]iod dates f ,a4,d4 #ajff1 ?\gh ! ,norman mann] ( build+ _h be5 adopt$ aft] ! ye> #ajjj1 :5 *ur* build+ 0 reviv$ aft] susp5sion 9 anticipation ( ! ,mill5nium1 :i* 0 expect$ to br+ ! end ( ! _w4 ,t dread$ ye> hav+ safely pass$1 *ur* build+ 0 vigor\sly reviv$4 ,timb] con/ruction _h l$ to frequ5t disa/] by fire1 & z l>g] build+s 7 n[ requir$1 bett] con/ruction became imp]ative4 ,masonry mu/ sup]s$e c>p5try 9 wall con/ruction1 & ! necess>y skill$ lab\r came f ,norm&y4 ,! influx ( sup]ior tal5t foll[+ ! ,norman ,conque/ result$ 9 great improvem5t 9 e dep>tm5t ( build+4 ,/ately ca!drals 7 f\nd$1 ea* = ! reception ( ! ca!dra or ?rone ( ! bi%op4 ,abbeys & mona/]ies & p>i% *ur*es = ! cl]gy 7 built ?r\gh\t ! l&1 z prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( ,norman "w 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e p]iod ( ,engli% ,go?ic ar*itecture has c]ta9 =ms appe>+ 9 ! g5]al composition & details :i* help to fix ! p]iod to :i* !y belong4 ,9 ! ,norman ! squ>e & ! circle1 ! "r angle & ! semicircle1 are ! prevail+ figures sugge/ive ( /r5g? & sev]ity s evid5t 9 ! impressive naves ( ,ely1 ,pet]bor\gh1 ,norwi*1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,tewkesbury1 & ! =tress-l ca!dral ( ,durham4 ,plate ,,iii4 gives a few details ( "w ( ! ,norman p]iod4 ,! t]m pi] 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #a7 def9es ! pill>s or masses ( masonry support+ ! ar*es betwe5 ! nave & aisles ( a *ur*4 ,?is example 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #a71 f ,/4 ,john's ,*apel 9 ! ,:ite ,t[] ( ,london1 ,william ! ,conqu]or's resid5ce1 is circul> ) a squ>e capital *amf]$ d[n to ! circul> pi]1 & has a slightly m\ld$ abacus 7! cr[n+ m\ld+ ( a capital74 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #b1 ! cu%ion capital1 is ! simple/ k9d ( ,norman capital4 ,x is cubical1 ) its squ>e faces r\nd$ d[n to ! %aft4 ,note4--,! %afts ( all ,engli% ,go?ic columns are cyl9drical--i4e41 )\t any dim9ution t[>ds ! top1 9 contra/ ) ,greek & ,roman %afts1 :i* are always dim9i%$4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #c1 is ! capital ( a respond--a half-column atta*$ to a wall & c>ry+ an ar* or "p ( a ro(4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #d1 ! corbel-table1 or cornice und]nea? ! eaves ( a ro( 7corbel--a bracket74 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #e1 ! base ( a pi] ) spur ornam5ts4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f1 fragm5t ( a ,norman ar* ( f\r ord]s1 ea* ord] be+ a sep>ate ar*1 ?ree ( :i* are enri*$ ) ! ,norman *evron4 ,! drip/one or hood-m\ld+ 7d4s47 encloses ! ar* z 9 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h1 ?\gh its orig9al function--to protect ! m\ld+ "u x f wea!r--is n ne$$ "h1 b x is g5]ally introduc$ to give effective f9i% to ! ar*4 ,! capitals 9 ?is gr\p are scallop capitals4 ,a small portion ( a simil> capital is %[n at ! "r h& ( ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g1 is a ,norman font ( ! simple b[l =m enri*$ ) c>v$ ,norman heads connect$ by ,byzant9e ornam5t & surr\nd$ ) a ,norman arcade ( int]sect+ ar*es--a feature (t5 introduc$ 9 ! walls ( *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h1 is a d\ble-recess$ w9d[ ) an ar* ( ?ree ord]s4 ,! columns 9 ! positions %[n are call$ jamb-%afts or nook-%afts2 ^? on ! "r are deta*$ & may be remov$1 leav+ ! bases & capitals rema9+4 ,on ! left ! %afts are engag$--i4e41 =m "p ( ! masonry ( ! wall4 ,^! two v>ieties are nev] f\nd toge!r z "h1 b are ?us %[n = conv5i5ce4 ,! capitals are a v>iety ( ! cu%ion capital4 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #i1 is a cu%ion capital ) ! triquetra symbol ( ! ,tr9ity 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #h74 ,byzant9e influ5ce is evid5t 9 ! ornam5t ( ! capitals 7,plate ,,iii41 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 & #i71 9 ! *evron 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f71 & ! decoration ( ! font 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g74 ,norman walls dep5d$ = _! /r5g? ^u _! ?ickness1 ) ! slight addition at int]vals1 :]e lat]al pressure occurr$1 ( ?9 pila/]-l buttresses project+ only a few in*es equally f bottom to top4 ,,plate ,,iv ,,transitional1 #aade-aaij 7,,norman ,,to ,,e>ly ,,engli%7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,plate ,,iv ,,transitional1 #aade-aaij ,! p]iod ( ,transition f ,norman to ,e>ly ,engli% dates f #aade to #aaij1 9 ! reigns ( ,/eph5 & ,ri*>d ,i41 ! p]iod :5 ar*itecture gradually pass$ f ! massiv5ess & sev]ity ( ,romanesque1 z express$ 9 ! ,norman1 to ! delicate ref9em5t ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,9 its g5]al "* !re is mu* t is common to bo? p]iods4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ 9 its details z capitals1 ar*es1 c>v+1 etc4 ,plate ,,iv41 ,figs4 #a & #c1 %[ ,transitional capitals 9 :i* ! squ>e abacus ( ! ,norman rema9s & ! concave surface ( ! body or bell contra/s ) ! convex ( ! ,norman 7,plate ,,iii41 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #f1 & #i74 ,rude c>v+ sugge/ive ( foliage 0 sometimes introduc$4 ,! plac+ ( two po9t$ ar*es "u a semicircle 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #b7 is especially indicative ( ! ,transitional p]iod4 ,9 ! ,transitional p]iod ! po9t$ or ,go?ic ar* 0 fir/ introduc$1 & e/abli%$ z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,go?ic /yle on acc\nt ( its sup]ior /r5g? & fitness4 ,9 ! ,transition1 holl[s 7 introduc$ sep>at+ ! r\nds 9 m\ld+s 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d74 ,9 o!r respects ,transitional "w diff]s little f ,norman4 ,,plate ,v ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,lancet1 #aaij-abde ,,geometrical1 #abde-acae ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,,plate ,v ,,e>ly ,,engli%1 #aahi-abgb ,9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod k ( ! true pr9ciples ( ar*itectural design & con/ruction advanc$ consid]ably--m\ld+s & c>v+ atta9$ ! highe/ ref9em5t1 & ! "w ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod is admitt$ to be ! pure/ ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,improv$ sci5tific con/ruction is mo/ evid5t 9 ! walls4 ,! developm5t ( /one-vault$ ro(s 7a protection aga9/ fire7 c>ri$ by ar*$ ribs br\ght d[n ! incumb5t load on to ! walls1 produc+ ?ru/s ^u !m :i* _h to be provid$ aga9/4 ,! old mann] ( mak+ ! wall ( great ?ickness 0 wa/eful & unsatisfactory4 ,! happy idea ( ! ,go?ic buttress fulfill$ all ! requirem5ts1 & produc$ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful features ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,x 0 built 9 dim9i%+ /ages1 its outl9e enclos+ ! graceful p>abolic curve ( nature--! pa? ( ! comb9$ ?ru/s & _! oppos+ reactions4 ,?is /ructure 0 c>ri$ to p]fection :5 comb9$ ) ! fly+-buttress 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aj71 :i* conduct$ ! ?ru/ f ! l(ty wall ( ! nave ov] ! ext]nal ro( ( ! aisle by an ar* on ! wall-buttress1 :i* 0 /r5g!n$ to d its "w by ! addition ( a heavy p9nacle4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #i1 f ,li*field ,ca!dral1 %[s two buttresses ( ! ,lancet p]iod built to meet ! ?ru/ ( ! ribs c>ry+ ! vault+ ( ! ,*apt]-h\se & ,libr>y ov]4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! approximate direction ( ! ?ru/s is indicat$ by ! arr[s a1 b1 :i*1 if unoppos$1 w\ld cause a collapse2 ! ultimate deflection ( _! pa? by ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t masonry is indicat$ by dott$ l9es )9 ! buttress1 !reby produc+ equilibrium ?r\gh ! oppos+ resi/ance f ! f\ndations along ! same pa?4 ,9 ,plate ,v41 ,figs4 #aj & #aa1 ! pi]s _h columns surr\nd+ !m ^: %afts 9 ! ,lancet p]iod 7 deta*$1 b connect$ at _! extremities by m\ld$ /one b&s 7,a1 ,b71 & at ! bases & capitals4 ,^! pi]s 7 sometimes c>ri$ to a great height1 z ^? 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :i* h ?ree ( ^! /one b&s 9 _! height4 ,9 ! ,geometrical p]iod ! %afts =m$ "p ( ! ma9 pi]1 7 n deta*$1 & resembl$ m\ld+s 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #aa74 ,su* %afts 7 describ$ z engag$4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #g1 %[s a t[] ) a broa*-spire belong+ to ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,9 ! figure ! f\r broa*es are ! small pyramids cov]+ ! squ9* ar*es or squ9* corbels1 :i* c>ri$ f\r ( ! eight sides ( ! octagonal spire across ! angles ( ! t[]4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #d1 %[s ?ree ,lancet w9d[s "u a s+le ar* or drip/one4 ,?is gr\p+ ( ! w9d[s soon sugge/$ ! design ( trac]y w9d[s1 9 :i* ! lights are sep>at$ by mullions1 ! simple/ =m be+ z repres5t$ 9 ! ,li*field ,*apt]-h\se 9 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #i4 ,geometrical arrangem5ts 7 inv5t$ f ! simple "o 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #e7 to ! elaborate w9d[s & arcades ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,cusps 7spe> po9ts7 7 =m$ 9 ! trac]y1 ! ,s(fit-cusp 7s4c47 project+ f ! und]side ( ! mullion1 indicat+ e>ly "w & uncommon4 ,all o!r cusps 7 work$ on ! *amf] 7c4c71 _! po9ts be+ v>i\sly %ap$4 ,9 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #h1 ! capitals 7 ei!r m\ld$1 or c>v$ ) /iff-leaf foliage1 be+ conv5tional--i4e41 design$ on natural pr9ciples1 b n 9 imitation ( nature1 & sometimes ( great beauty1 b nev] s delicate z to sugge/ its unsuitability to ! mat]ial 9 :i* x 0 wr\ght4 ,holl[s 9 ! ar* & o!r m\ld+s 7 enri*$ ) ! too? ornam5t 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #ab71 :i* occurs 9 ! ,lancet p]iod only4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #b1 %[s ! decoration ( gables ) crockets & f9ial4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #c1 %[s diap] ornam5ts us$ 9 wall decoration4 ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #f1 %[s a /r+ c\rse & drip/one4 ,all m\ld+s consi/ ( l>ge r\nds & deep holl[s1 sep>at$ by fillets 7a1 b71 & are frequ5tly arrang$ 9 ext5sive gr\ps1 z 9 doorways1 arcad+1 etc4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,salisbury is ! only "o :i* is ?r\gh\t belong+ to ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,,plate ,,vi ,,decorat$1 #abgb-acgg ,,geometrical1 #abde-acae ,,curvil9e>1 #acae-acfj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,plate ,,vii ,,decorat$1 #abgb-acgg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,plates ,,vi ,,& ,,vii ,,decorat$1 #abgb-acgg2 ,,geometrical1 #abde-acae2 ,,curvil9e>1 #acae-acfj ,! t]m 8decorat$0 is appli$ to ! "w ( ?is p]iod because ( ! sup]fluity ( its ornam5ts4 ,almo/ e feature 0 enri*$ ) c>v$ ornam5t4 ,! pr$om9at+ =m is ! curvil9e> l9e1 ! ogee or ogival 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #b71 ,hog>?'s 8l9e ( beauty & grace10 :i* occurs 9 ! l9es ( trac]y1 ! %ape ( ar*es1 sections ( m\ld+s1 & ( foliat$ ornam5t4 ,! ,geometrical p]iod1 #abde-acae1 is ! ov]lapp+ ( ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$4 ,! t]m ,geometrical is appli$ on acc\nt ( ! w9d[ trac]y1 :i* is made up ( circles & triangles m or less elaborate4 ,! *ange f ,geometrical to ,curvil9e> or fl[+ trac]y is demon/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #a1 #b2 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #b1 be+ a slight alt]ation ( ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #e1 reticulat$--net-l--is a common example produc$ 9 ! same mann] z ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #b1 & is adaptable to all %apes ( w9d[s4 ,_m elaborate & beautiful designs 7 produc$ on ^! pr9ciples by ext5sion ( su* elem5ts z 9 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #c4 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #d1 is a common type ( w9d[2 an ext5sion ( ! simple two-light w9d[ 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #i71 frequ5tly enri*$ ) cusps & ball-fl[] 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #c7 9 ! holl[s ( ! mullions4 ,9 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aj1 ! buttresses are decorat$ ) ni*es = /atu>y4 ,a fly+-buttress is %[n 7,f4,b471 c>ry+ ! ?ru/ ( ! /one-vault$ ro( ( ! nave ov] ! ext]nal ro( ( ! aisle into ! ma9 buttress1 ^: weight & consequ5t /ability are increas$ by ! heavy p9nacle4 ,! small] buttress 7,c47 resi/s ! ?ru/ ( ! w9d[ ar*es4 ,norwi* ,ca!dral displays an int]e/+ array ( fly+-buttresses4 ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #f1 %[s a t[] & spire at ! cross+ ( nave & transepts4 ,! base ( ! spire & its broa*es 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #g7 are conceal$ by a p>apet wall1 ) battlem5ts protect+ a footway r\nd ! spire1 :i* c\ld be us$ z a place ( obs]vation4 ,m\ld+s 9 ! ,geometrical p]iod atta9$ ! greate/ ref9em5t4 ,_m c be fav\rably comp>$ ) ^? ( ! be/ ,greek p]iods4 ,ar*es cont9u$ to be built 9 squ>e ord]s 7,plate ,,iii41 ,figs4 #f & #h71 & consi/$ ( r\nd m\ld+s1 g5]ally sep>at$ by deep holl[s & fillets 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #g74 ,9 m\ld+s ( ! ,curvil9e> p]iod 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #h7 ! ogee sup]s$$ ! r\nd1 & ! holl[s 7 %all[]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod ! squ>e ord]s ceas$1 & ! planes ( ! ord]s 7 at ab\t #de ) ! v]tical 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #i2 comp>e ) ,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ab74 ,! wave-m\ld+ 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #i7 & ! scroll-m\ld+ 7,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #i1 #ab1 & #ac71 suppos$ to resemble a p>*m5t scroll1 are conspicu\s 9 ! ,curvil9e>4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ornam5t is indicat$ on ,plate ,,vii41 9 mo/ ( :i* ! ogee l9e is app>5t4 ,! ball-fl[] 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #c7 is a di/9ctive feature ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod sup]s$+ ! too? ornam5t ( ! ,lancet 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #ab74 ,x 0 appli$ to holl[ m\ld+s ( ar*es & trac]y ( w9d[s1 vault+1 & spires4 ,capitals 7 m\ld$ z 9 ! section 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #ac71 or c>v$1 z ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #d1 g5]ally 9 imitation ( natural foliage1 v>y+ f a bold conv5tionalism 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #e7 to a close imitation ( nature1 z ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #a 7a4a474 ,animal =ms & small human figures 7 occasionally introduc$4 ,figure sculpture rea*$ its highe/ degree ( excell5ce 9 ?is p]iod4 ,con/ruction 0 fur!r advanc$1 b 9 design ! climax _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! ,geometrical p]iod1 & a v gradual decl9e set 91 z %[n 9 excessive ornam5tation & lit]al imitation ( natural =ms 9 /onework1 :i* is unsuitable = su* delicate treatm5t on acc\nt ( its fragility4 ,! increas+ weal? ( ! nation dur+ ?is p]iod is indicat$ by ! gr&eur ( ! build+s & ! r$undancy ( ornam5t4 ,,plate ,,viii ,,p]p5dicul>1 #acgg-aedg ,,rectil9e>1 #acfj-aeej ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,plate ,,ix ,,p]p5dicul> ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,plates ,,viii ,,& ,,ix ,,p]p5dicul>1 #acgg-aedg ,,rectil9e>1 #acfj-aeej ,! t]m 8p]p5dicul>0 0 appli$ to ! "w ( ?is p]iod1 ! la/ ( ,engli% ,go?ic1 on acc\nt ( ! pr$om9ance ( v]tical l9es 9 ! :ole ar*itectural design1 & especially 9 w9d[ trac]y4 ,a comp>ison ( ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #e1 net trac]y1 ) ,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #e1 rectil9e>1 w expla9 h[ ! latt] 0 develop$ f ! =m] by ext5d+ ! sides ( ! me%es ( ! net by /raight l9es into ! summit ( ! w9d[4 ,b z ! t]m p]p5dicul> is only a relative "o1 n necess>ily mean+ v]tical1 ! t]m rectil9e> 0 sub/itut$1 be+ descriptive ( ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole design 9 mass & detail4 ,9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ! t]m 8p]p5dicul>0 is pref]r$ z ! "o mo/ g5]ally kn[n4 ,w9d[s became s l>ge1 *iefly = ! display ( /a9$ glass1 z to r$uce ! wall spaces betwe5 !m to little m ?an pi]s1 & transoms 7horizontal mullions7 _h to be introduc$ to /r5g!n ! v]tical mullions4 ,see ,plate ,,ix41 ,figs1 #a & #b 7a4b471 belfry w9d[s 9 ^! examples4 ,l(t9ess is a special trait ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,walls 7 c>ri$ to a great] height ?an previ\sly4 ,! ext]nal ro( 0 frequ5tly cov]$ ) lead1 & incl9$ at an angle easy to walk ^u4 ,! ro(-timb]s 7 support$ by ornam5tal pr9cipals expos$ to view f ! int]ior1 or !re 0 a /one-vault$ int]nal ro( ( ri* design1 ! increas$ ?ru/s ^u ! walls be+ c\nt]act$ by l>g] buttresses4 ,tall t[]s 7 built1 su* z ^? ( ,york ,m9/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,worce/]1 & ! *ur*es ( ,bo/on 7,l9coln%ire71 ,wrexham1 ,taunton1 & _m o!rs ( magnific5ce4 ,plate ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a & #c1 give v>ieties ( small] p>i% *ur* t[]s4 ,9 ^! ! ,tudor ar* & squ>e-head$ w9d[ are %[n4 ,spires are n s common z 9 ! prec$+ p]iods4 ,buttresses 7 plac$ diagonally at all corn]s1 sci5tifically ! be/ position 7,plate ,,ix41 ,figs1 #a & #b74 ,9 l>ge *ur*es ext]nal wall surfaces 7 enri*$ ) panell+1 cov]+ 9 "s cases ! :ole f gr\nd to summit1 & comb9$ ) op5 trac]y 9 ! battlem5ts4 ,9 ! int]ior ! same k9d ( decoration prevail$1 & 9 "s cases ! w9d[ trac]y 0 c>ri$ bel[ ! glass d[n to ! floor z panell+4 ,plate ,,ix41 ,figs4 #d;,a & #d;,b1 gives ! comp>ative %ape ( battlem5ts4 ,ar*-m\ld+s 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ab7 g5]ally includ$ ! l>ge holl[ also common 9 ! w9d[ jambs4 ,! plane ( ! ar*-m\ld+s 0 incl9$ to ! v]tical #de 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ab74 ,! usual drip/one 7d4s47 & "s ( _! corbels are %[n 9 ,plate ,,viii41 ,figs4 #a & #c4 ,pi]s 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #aa7 7 ( ! simple =m %[n ) columns at ! angles1 s+le1 or 9 gr\ps1 z ,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ac1 ! g5]al cont\r ( ! pi] be+ a rhombus or loz5ge 9 plan4 ,! ogee ar* ) crockets & f9ial 0 cont9u$ f ! ,decorat$ p]iod4 ,! ,tudor or f\r-c5tr$ ar* 7,plate ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a & #f7 belongs to ! late ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #d1 %[s a common =m ( ,tudor door-head ) ! label or squ>e drip/one & c>v$ sp&ril 7a triangul> space74 ,columns 7 circul>1 ) octagonal bases & capitals1 ! latt] m\ld$ or c>v$ ) oak-leaf foliage or conv5tional ornam5t1 resembl+ t 9 ,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #i4 ,corbels ) %ields 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #i71 armorial be>+s1 & ! ,tudor rose 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #b71 frequ5tly occur4 ,_m ,p]p5dicul> *ur*es are ri* 9 ornam5tal woodwork3 *oir /alls ) lift+ seats 7mis]]es71 "u :i* are grotesque c>v+s2 poppy-heads 7,fr4 p\pe1 a doll71 ! b5*-end ornam5ts :i* sometimes c>ri$ a small c>v$ figure among foliage2 panell$ scre5s cr[n$ ) bratti%+ 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #e71 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,! t]m bratti%+ is also appli$ to ! op5 trac]y ( "s battlem5ts ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> is ! longe/ ( ! ,engli% ,go?ic p]iods4 ,9 x ,go?ic con/ruction atta9$ its climax2 ornam5tation decl9$ f a ref9$ realism to co>se conv5tionalism1 co9cid+ ) ! decl9e ( spiritual life 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,ca!drals & *ur*es increas$ 9 all dim5sions1 & ev]y?+ %[$ ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! r5aissance ( classic art :i* 0 fl\ri%+ on ! ,cont95t4 ,classic m\ld+s 7 imitat$1 & c>v$ ornam5t ( pure ,italian design 0 appli$ to decorate ,go?ic =ms--notable in/ances be+ ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & ! ,salisbury ,*antry 9 ,*ri/*ur* ,priory ne> ,b\rnem\?4 ,bo? 7 ! "w ( ,torregiano1 a contempor>y ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! ,engli% p clung to _! ,go?ic /yle = a c5tury aft] ! same _h almo/ disappe>$ f ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 #aeeh-afjc1 classic details1 includ+ ! five ord]s1 7 completely incorporat$ into ,go?ic design4 ,! po9t$ ar* disappe>$2 ! ,roman semicircle took its place4 ,brickwork sup]s$$ masonry1 ro( con/ruction 0 conceal$1 & all k9ds ( %ams 7 introduc$4 ,!n came a p]iod ( close imitation ( ,greek & ,roman temples1 until ! ,go?ic revival "u its pione]1 ,a4 ,w4 ,pug9 7b4 #ahab1 d4 #aheb71 ^: lit]>y works are v in/ructive & int]e/+ read+4 ,! pres5t-day 7#aibb7 t5d5cy is t[>ds a revival ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture4 ,,plate ,x ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,ro(s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,,plate ,x ,,engli% ,,go?ic ,,ro(s ,next 9 importance to ! con/ruction ( sub/antial walls comes ! necessity ( wea!r-pro( & /orm-pro( ro(s1 su* z %\ld pres]ve ! /ability ( ! walls1 or _! dis9tegration w\ld be ha/5$ by t :i* %\ld be _! protection4 ,! nature ( ! cov]+ & ! action ( wea!r are ! pr9cipal factors affect+ _! design & con/ruction4 ,! rig\rs ( ! ,engli% climate require a cov]+ to be su* z to prev5t ! p5etration ( ra91 & _! support to be /rong en\gh to resi/ ! pressure ( sn[ & ! hurricane4 ,! high-pit*$ ro( 7( /eep incl9ation7 is common to all p]iods ( ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,! av]age ,norman ro( 0 pit*$ ab\t #de1 its apex be+ ab\t a "r angle compos$ agreeably ) ! semicircul> ar*es 9 ! gables4 ,! high]-pit*$ ro(s came simultane\sly ) ! introduction ( ! po9t$ ar*1 sometimes at a pit* ( #fj1 ultimately decl9+ to ab\t #bj or less 9 ! late ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,! out] cov]+ is g5]ally ( bo>ds ov]laid ) tiles or %eet-lead1 ! latt] be+ imp]ative 9 ! l[-pit*$ ro(s4 ,! :ole ( ! cov]+ is c>ri$ by common raft]s or sp>s ris+ f ! walls to ! apex ( ! ro(4 ,plate ,x41 ,figs4 #a & #b1 %[ two ord9>y pr9cipals or trusses4 ,^! are 9 no s5se ,go?ic1 b are "h giv5 to m cle>ly expla9 ! pr9ciples ( ro( con/ruction4 ,! common raft]s 7c4r47 be>+ ! cov]+ are ( light timb]1 t5d+ to b5d "u ! weight2 to prev5t ?is purl9s 7,p471 /\t beams1 are plac$ at suitable int]vals1 & ^! are c>ri$ at _! ends by ! ro( trusses4 ,! tie-beam 7t4b7 is ! *ief beam ( ! truss4 ,! pr9cipal raft]s 7p4r47 are fram$ into x & into ! heads ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 po/s4 ,9 ! ,que5-po/-truss ! coll> unites ! ,que5 po/s2 /ruts & cross-braces complete ! /ructure4 ,9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ ro(-truss all ! /resses are neutralis$ 9 ! truss itself1 & ! :ole framework re/s z a dead weight ^u ! walls )\t any lat]al ?ru/ to =ce !m out ( ! v]tical4 ,! ,k+-po/-truss is suitable to ro(s up to #cj feet span1 ! ,que5-po/-truss to #dj feet4 ,op5 timb] ro(s h _! con/ruction visible f ! int]ior4 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #h1 %[s a crude ,que5-po/-truss 9 an old ,worce/]%ire *ur*1 9 :i* ! tie-beam has be5 *os5 f a b5t log s z to prev5t its b5d+ "u ! ro( load4 ,9 ! trusses 7,plate ,x41 ,figs4 #a1 #b7 ! ,k+ & ,que5 po/s act l ! key/ones ( an ar*1 s t by bolt+ or /rapp+ up ) ironwork at po9ts s4s4 ^! po/s are put into a /ate ( t5sion1 ! tie-beam 7t4b47 is pull$ up to a camb]1 or curve1 & is also 9 t5sion4 ,9 ! crude ,que5-po/-truss 7,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #h7 ^! conditions are rev]s$1 = ! tie-beam supports ! ,que5 po/s4 ,9 ,plate ,x41 ,figs4 #a & #b1 all ! spaces 9 ^! trusses are triangul>1 a fact :i* ensures /ability :]e ! p>ts are ( prop] /r5g? & prop]ly unit$4 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #d1 is a truss$ raft] ro( requir+ no purl9s nor pr9cipal--ea* common raft] is a truss4 ,?is k9d ( ro( is suitable only to small spans2 its weake/ "p is f a4 to b4 ,9 ! ro(-truss1 or pr9cipal1 ! ,go?ic ar*itects object$ to ! tie-beam z an ob/ruction to ! s5se ( l(t9ess1 s desirable 9 ! *ur* int]ior1 & !re=e inv5t$ ! hamm]-beam pr9cipal 7,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #g71 :i* resembles a ,que5-po/-truss1 hav+ a coll> & ,k+ po/4 ,! hamm]-beams 7h4b47 are sub/itutes = ! tie-beam4 ,9 ?is pr9cipal ! space betwe5 ! coll> & ! apex ( ! ro( is satisfactorily truss$1 b f ! coll> d[nw>ds ! ,que5 po/s 7,q4p47 & wall po/s 7w4p47 ) _! braces 7b47 become m]e brackets support+ ! small ,k+-po/-truss above1 br++ its load z l[ z possible on to ! walls1 s t _! weight ( masonry & buttresses may effectually resi/ ! lat]al ?ru/ ( ! ro( ^u !m4 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #e1 %[s a coll> pr9cipal ) curv$ braces4 ,! t5d5cy ( all ro( pr9cipals is to spread at ! walls2 ?is has be5 met by mod]n *ur*-build]s by introduc+ an iron tie-rod 9 place ( a tie-beam1 ?us =m+ a triangle1 ! only =m ( absolute /ability1 = ! :ole ( ! pr9cipal1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e connect+ ! hamm]-beams 9 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #g4 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #f1 %[s a l[-pit*$ ,p]p5dicul> ro( ) pr9cipals & half-pr9cipal4 ,! common raft]s are conceal$ by a panell$ ceil+1 ! panels be+ =m$ by pr9cipal raft]s & purl9s4 ,! ar*$ trusses br+ "p ( ! ?ru/ l[ d[n on to ! walls1 :i* are /r5g!n$ by heavy buttresses on ! outside4 ,! half-pr9cipal is plac$ ov] a w9d[ ar*4 ,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #c1 %[s a l[-pit*$ ro( & ceil+ support$ by a tie-beam only1 /r5g!n$ at its be>+s by wall po/s & braces4 ,,plate ,,xi ,,go?ic ,,vaults ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,,plate ,,xii ,,go?ic ,,vaults ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,plates ,,xi ,,& ,,xii ,,go?ic ,,vaults ,/one-vault$ ro(s became necess>y 9 *ur* build+ e>ly 9 ! ,norman p]iod = security aga9/ fire4 ,!y 7 made aft] ! ,roman mann]1 semicircul>1 ) simil> vaults int]sect+ at "r angles4 ,! l9es ( _! int]sections are ! gro9s4 ,:5 two int]sect+ vaults are ( equal semicircles1 ea* gro9 is a semi-ellipse4 ,?is gro9 is ! weake/ "p ( ! vault2 9 ord] to /r5g!n x ! ,normans built an ar* call$ ! gro9 rib1 und]nea? ! gro91 to support x4 ,difficulties 7 met 9 =m+ int]sect+ vaults ( unequal span1 clumsy contrivances 7 resort$ to1 until1 9 ! ,transition p]iod1 #aade-aaij1 ! introduction ( ! po9t$ ar* solv$ ! problem1 & l$ ! way to ! developm5t ( ,go?ic vault+4 ,! ,roman & ,norman vaults 7 built ^u tempor>y c5t]+4 ,a c5tre is a timb] frame made l a ro(-truss %ap$ to ! =m ( ! ar*2 a s]ies ( c5tres 7 plac$ at conv5i5t di/ances ap>t & cov]$ ) /rong bo>d+ ^u :i* ! vault 0 built4 ,aft] ! masonry 0 completely set1 ! tempor>y c5t]+ 0 remov$1 leav+ ! vault to c>ry itself4 ,z ! sy/em ( vault+ develop$1 cross ribs & wall ribs 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #c7 7 add$1 & mu* ( ! tempor>y c5t]+ 0 disp5s$ )2 ornam5tal arrangem5ts 7 design$ by introduc+ m ribs1 & ! web--! cov]+ surface ( masonry--0 r$uc$ to small panels 9 ! ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul> p]iods4 ,9 ! ,tudor p]iod1 #adhe-aeeh1 ! web became ! pr9cipal "p1 ! ribs be+ m]e m\ld+s work$ ^u its surface 9 ! =m ( fan-vault+1 a simple example ( :i* c be /udi$ 9 ! s\? por* ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral1 & ! mo/ elaborate 9 ! ro( ( ! ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,a bay ( a ca!dral is "o ( ! spaces into :i* its l5g? is divid$ by ! supports ( ! ro( z pi]s1 ar*es1 or pr9cipals4 ,! bays ( ! aisles are usually squ>e--^? ( ! nave1 *oir1 or transepts rectangul> on acc\nt ( _! great] wid?4 ,v]tically ea* ( ! bays ( ! nave1 etc41 is divid$ into ?ree /ories 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b71 ! gr\nd/ory ris+ f ! floor2 ! tri=ium1 or bl9d/ory1 hav+ no w9d[s1 is ov] ! aisles1 & ! cl]e/ory ov] ! tri=ium4 ,! prefix cl]e--bright--indicates ! brilliancy ( its light4 ,9 ! ,norman p]iod ^! ?ree divisions 7 ne>ly equal 9 height4 ,9 ! succe$+ p]iods ! gr\nd/ory atta9$ ab\t half ( ! total height ( ! bay1 ! cl]e/ory 0 ext5d$ d[nw>ds1 & ! tri=ium r$uc$1 until1 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 x entirely disappe>$4 ,plate ,,xi41 ,figs4 #c & #d1 %[ a few squ>e bays ( ,go?ic vault+ 9 skeleton diagrams ) ! =ms ( plan indicat$ by dott$ l9es ^u _! base-planes4 ,all ! l9es repres5t ribs4 ,plate ,,xi41 ,figs4 #b & #c1 %[ quadrip>tite vault+--i4e41 hav+ f\r comp>tm5ts 9 "o bay4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m ( ,go?ic vault1 & belongs *iefly to ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,! ribs ah1 bh1 ci1 di are wall ribs2 bg1 cg1 ag1 dg1 are cross ribs2 ae1 ce1 be1 de1 are ! diagonal ribs4 ,! ridge-ribs eg & h1 e1 i1 are horizontal1 & int]sect ! summits ( ! cross ribs & diagonals4 ,at e int]section !re is g5]ally a c>v$ key/one or boss4 ,9 ! vault+ ( a nave ! bread? across is ab\t twice ! bread? ( ! aisles1 s t ! nave bays are n squ>e1 b rectangul>4 ,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #d1 & ,plate ,,xii41 ,fig4 #b1 %[ li]ne-vault+1 hav+ li]ne-ribs1 ! %ort ribs jo9+ & support+ all ! asc5d+ ribs z h1 k1 l1 m1 g4 ,plate ,,xii41 ,figs4 #b & #c1 are li]ne vaults4 ,t %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is "u ! belfry ( a *ur* t[] at ,cov5try1 ) circul> op5+ = hoi/+ ! bells4 ,! detail at ,b %[s ! me?od ( collect+ ! ?ree ribs into "o at ! spr+]s 9 ! corn]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 by small ar*es 9 ! trac]y ( ribs4 ,plate ,,xii41 ,fig4 #a1 %[s fan-vault+ hav+ no ribs4 ,! l9es %[n indicate m\ld+s on ! masonry imitat+ ribs4 ,! /ructure is built up ( slabs ( /one1 accurately jo9$ toge!r =m+ concave half-cones1 _! v]tices be+ ! spr+]s ( ! vault4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ "s ( ! jo9t+2 ! o!r l9es repres5t ! imitation ribs4 ,! cr[n ( ! vault is ! flat surface gh1 gi1 g5]ally ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,,index ,abacus1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #a ,arcade 7,norman71 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g ,ball-,fl[]1 ,pl4 ,,vi41 ,fig4 #c ,b&1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa ,base1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,figs4 #a1 #e ,battlem5ts1 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #d;,a1 #d;,b ,bay1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b ,belfry ,w9d[s1 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,boss1 ,pl4 ,,xii41 ,figs4 #b1 #c ,braces1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #b1 #g ,bratti%+1 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #e ,broa*-,spire1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #g ,buttress1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #i2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aj ,buttress 7,diagonal71 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,byzant9e1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,figs4 #c to #af ,byzantium1 p4 #ag ,camb]1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 p4 #fg ,catacombs1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #a ,ca!dral1 p4 #bi ,c5t]+1 p4 #ge ,*amf]-,cusp1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #e ,*evron1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #d2 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f ,*rism1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,figs4 #ae1 #af ,cl]e/ory1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b ,coll>1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #b1 #e1 #g1 #h ,conv5tional1 p4 #dd ,corbel ,blocks1 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,fig4 #c ,corbel-,table1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #d ,crocket1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,figs1 #a1 #b2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ad ,crypt1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #b ,cu%ion ,capital1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,figs4 #b1 #h1 #i ,cusp1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #e ,cyl9drical ,%afts1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #b ,deta*$ ,%afts1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h ,drip/one1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,figs4 #f1 #h ,engag$ ,%afts1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h ,fan-,vault+1 ,pl4 ,,xii41 ,fig4 #a ,f9ial1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #b2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #f1 #aj1 #aa2 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #f ,fi% ,symbol1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #aa ,fl[+ ,trac]y1 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #b1 #c ,fly+-,buttress1 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aj ,font 7,norman71 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g ,geometrical ,trac]y1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #e2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #a ,go?ic ,ar*1 ,pl4 ,,iv41 ,fig4 #b2 ,pl4 ,v41 ,figs4 #d1 #e ,gro91 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 p4 #ge ,gr\nd/ory1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b ,hamm]-,beam1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,fig4 #g ,hood-,m\ld+1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,figs4 #f1 #h ,i4,h4,s41 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #c;,a ,jamb-,%aft1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h ,lab>um1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,figs4 #ae1 #af ,label1 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #d ,lancet ,w9d[s1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #d ,li]ne-,vault+1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #d2 ,pl4 ,,xii41 ,figs4 #b1 #c ,long-&-,%ort ,"w1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,mullion1 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #f ,nave1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #a ,ogee or ,ogival1 ,pl4 ,,vi41 ,fig4 #b ,op5 ,timb] ,ro(1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #c to #h1 p4 #fg ,ord]s ( ,ar*es1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,figs4 #f1 #h ,p>apet1 ,pl4 ,,vi41 ,fig4 #f2 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a to #d ,pi]1 ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #a ,p9nacle1 ,pl4 ,,vi41 ,fig4 #f2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c ,pit* ( ,ro(1 ,pl4 ,x4 ,po9t$ ,ar*1 pp4 #cg1 #ch ,pr9cipal & ,pr9cipal ,raft]1 ,pl4 ,x41 all ,figs4 ,purl91 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,quadrip>tite ,vault+1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #c ,quatrefoil1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,figs4 #i1 #aj ,que5 ,po/1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #b1 #g1 #h ,quo91 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,figs4 #f to #i ,raft]s1 ,common1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h ,respond1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #c2 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ca ,reticulat$ ,trac]y1 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #e ,sacr$ ,monogram1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #c;,a ,scallop ,capital1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f ,scroll-,m\ld+1 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac ,%aft1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ca ,sill1 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,fig4 #c ,s(fit-,cusp1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #e ,sp&ril1 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #fj ,spr+]1 ,pl4 ,,xii41 ,fig4 #c1 detail ,spur1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #e ,squ>e & ,circle1 ,pl4 ,,iii41 p4 #cj ,squ9* ,ar*es1 p4 #dc ,/iff-,leaf1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #h ,/r+ ,c\rses & ,drip/ones1 ,pl4 ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d2 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #f2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #h ,/rut1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #g ,/uds1 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,fig4 #c ,symbols1 ,pl4 ,i4 ,tie-,beam1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #h ,too? ,ornam5t1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #ab ,trac]y ,developm5t1 ,pl4 ,v41 ,figs4 #d1 #e2 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,figs4 #a to #e ,transitional1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,transom1 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 p4 #eh ,trefoil1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #g ,tri=ium1 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b ,triquetra1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #h2 ,pl4 ,,iii41 ,fig4 #i ,truss1 ,pl4 ,x4 ,tudor ,ar*1 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #d2 ,pl4 ,,ix41 ,fig4 #f ,tudor ,fl[]1 ,pl4 ,,viii41 ,fig4 #b ,vault+ ,ribs1 ,pl4 ,,xii41 ,figs4 #b1 #c2 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,figs4 #c1 #d ,vesica ,piscis1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 #e ,wall ,po/1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,figs4 #c1 #g1 p4 #fh ,wave--,m\ld+1 ,pl4 ,,vii41 ,fig4 #i ,web 7,vault+71 ,pl4 ,,xi41 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 p4 #gf ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,guild=d ,,& ,,e%]