,illustration3 ,floral decoration ,,key ,,and ,,guide ,,to ,,native ,,trees1 ,,shrubs ,,and ,,woody ,,vines ,,of ,,dallas ,,county by ,,norma ,,stillwell ,dallas1 ,texas ,april1 #aici ,,printed ,,by ,,proctor-,,adams ,,printing ,,service ,,dallas1 ,,texas ,illustration3 ,floral decoration ,,preface ,this simple key and guide to the woody plants--trees1 shrubs and woody vines--which grow naturally in ,dallas ,county1 ,texas1 has been prepared to help beginners of any age in getting better acquainted with these leafy neighbors and friends4 ,woody plants offer one of the best places to begin a study of nature3 first because there are but few kinds to learn in comparison with many other living forms--about #ij of these plants against estimated numbers for the county of about #cjj birds1 #ejj to #ajjj other flowering plants and over #be1jjj insects2 second1 woody plants remain in one place1 freely available for observation at any hour or season and year after year--if they escape human interference4 ,and what more helpful link toward acquaintance with other interesting forms of natural life can be found than an intimate friendship with their mutual friends1 the trees6 ,the distinctions between trees and shrubs or between shrubs and woody vines are often purely arbitrary1 depending in part on age4 ,a plant which grows at least twenty feet tall and usually 7not always7 has just one woody1 self-supporting stem at the ground is considered a tree4 ,a plant which rarely grows taller than twenty feet1 in a given region1 and usually has more than one woody stem rising from the ground is considered a shrub4 ,the separation of herbs from woody plants divides those plants which usually die down to the ground each winter from those having woody stems which persist above ground year after year4 ,some ninety different woody plants are distinguished from one another and briefly described in this key and guide4 ,each description represents a single species with the exception of the cactus1 yucca1 red oaks and red haws2 the differences between the various species of these plants are too complex for this brief manual4 ,scientific names are included here1 not with any thought that they should be memorized or that they need be used in ordinary conversation1 but to avoid the possibility of misunderstandings such as often arise from some common names which are used by different persons to designate different plants4 ,many plants have more than one common name and often one common name is used for two or more quite unlike plants4 ,common names listed first are the ones considered more suitable4 ,the first part of the scientific name represents the genus 7plural1 genera71 a degree of relationship or grouping smaller than the family but more inclusive than the species4 ,the second name represents the species or specific kind of plant2 species are occasionally divided into varieties 7var474 ,the abbreviation following the scientific name stands for the name of the botanist who first described or named the plant1 scientifically4 ,l4 stands for ,linnaeus1 8the father of modern botany01 who first used this double-name 7binomial7 system of scientific classification4 ,more extended descriptions and further information about these plants may be found in some of the reference books listed in the back of this booklet2 many1 if not all of them1 are available in the ,dallas ,public ,library4 ,only the more necessary technical words have been used and these are defined or illustrated herein4 ,although this booklet endeavors to include all the woody plants growing naturally in ,dallas ,county1 no doubt omissions and errors will be found and the author will be glad to be informed of them4 ,grateful acknowledgement is made to ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,longnecker and ,dr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,cheatum of the ,department of ,biology1 ,southern ,methodist ,university1 and to ,dr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,tharp of the ,department of ,botany and ,bacteriology1 ,university of ,texas1 for their most helpful suggestions and criticisms4 ,although this booklet is based upon the field observations of the author and her husband1 ,jerry ,e4 ,stillwell1 who assisted her in many ways1 she has made free use of such technical information as was needed from the volumes listed in the bibliography4 ,the illustrations used in this publication were drawn for it by ,alice ,ferguson4 ,,norma ,,stillwell1 ,dallas1 ,texas4 ,copyright #aici by the author4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,key ,this key is based chiefly on leaves and twigs1 as they offer the easiest clues for identification1 especially in this climate where leaves are present about three-fourths of the year4 ,the best method of study is to carry this booklet to the woody plant or plants you want to know4 ,if this is not convenient1 have at least a leafy twig in hand4 ,when collecting specimens for study 7a large-paged magazine will do for carrying and pressing71 notes should include the date and location1 any peculiarities of the bark1 nature of thorns if not on the specimen taken1 color of twigs or any other features which might change in drying1 flowers or seeds or any such extra clues which might help to find the right name for the plant4 ,small specimens of leafy twigs may be taken in suitable locations without endangering or damaging woody plants provided they are always cut1 never torn from the branches4 ,the sizes as well as shapes of leaves are usually more typical on older plants or on the higher branches of trees4 ,when either leaves or twigs are described as opposite1 this condition will be found to be true for both1 although sometimes the opposite member is missing2 but leaflets 7leaf-like units of a compound leaf7 may sometimes be opposite when the complete leaves are not--the position of leaves1 not leaflets1 is used in this key4 ,the terms rare1 common or abundant are used to apply solely to ,dallas ,county4 ,begin with the numbers #a in the key and decide which of these fits the woody plant whose name you are seeking4 ,turn to the key number following the #a you have chosen and again choose between the two descriptions bearing the same number4 ,continue this process until you have reached the name of a plant4 ,this name will be followed by some number above #bjj2 turn to this number in the guide and see whether this more complete description fits4 ,if each of your choices in the key has been correct you now know the name of your plant4 ,if this description in the guide does not fit your plant1 go over the key again1 selecting this time the other choice at any number where you may have been in doubt4 ,whenever it has been necessary to use an obscure or variable characteristic an effort has been made so to arrange the key that the right answer will be reached whichever the choice4 ,that is why some plant names appear more than once in the key4 ,if the following points are noted any careful observer should be successful in identifying the native woody plants of ,dallas ,county by the use of this key4 ,it will be found helpful in other regions where the native plants are similar to those of ,dallas ,county4 #a4 ,look carefully for thorns or prickles4 #b4 ,notice anything unusual about the bark of trunk and branches--knotty1 flaky1 peeling1 color1 etc4 #c4 ,try to choose mature leaves of typical shapes and sizes rather than the unusual ones4 #d4 ,look for flowers1 fruits or seeds on or under a tree or other woody plant4 ,these may furnish just the confirmation you need to feel sure of the right name4 ,,glossary axil3 the angle where a leaf stem joins a twig4 deciduous3 losing its leaves in winter1 not evergreen4 dioecious3 bearing staminate1 or male1 flowers on separate plants from the pistillate1 or fruit-bearing flowers2 hence some plants of certain species never bear fruits or seeds4 fruit3 that part of any plant which contains the seeds4 lenticel3 air pore in the bark4 monoecious3 bearing the two kinds of flowers on the same plant4 opaque3 not admitting or transmitting light4 perfect3 having both stamens and pistils in one flower1 as most showy flowers have4 pistillate3 possessing a pistil or pistils and lacking stamens2 female1 or fruit-bearing4 staminate3 possessing stamens and lacking a pistil2 male1 or pollen-bearing4 translucent3 admitting some light but not clear or transparent4 ,illustration3 ,,flowers and ,,twigs ,spike ,cyme ,umbel ,panicle ,catkin ,twigs ,opposite winter bud leaf scar ,alternate ,flower ,parts anther pistil stamen sepal petal ,pea ,shaped ,flower ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,simple ,,leaves ,elliptical ,acute ,tip ,coarsely ,serrate 7toothed7 ,margin ,lobed ,rounded ,pointed ,oblong ,crenate ,margin ,midrib ,ovate ,acuminate ,tip ,notched ,margin ,truncate ,base ,linear ,heart ,serrate ,margin ,more than one main vein at the base ,sickle ,obovate ,doubly ,serrate ,margin veins united near margin ,illustration3 ,,compound ,,leaves ,pinnate odd leaflet ,palmate ,twice ,pinnate leaflet ,,key ,,to ,,native ,,woody ,,plants ,,of ,,dallas ,,county ,based ,principally ,on ,leaves ,numbers below #bjj refer to the key1 above #bjj to the guide 7p4 #bj74 #a4 ,leaves evergreen #b #a4 ,leaves deciduous #g #b4 ,leaves pinnately compound #ga #b4 ,leaves not pinnately compound #c #c4 ,plants with very thick1 fleshy1 flattened1 leaf-like stems1 usually covered with many prickles prickly-pear cactus #bfi #c4 ,leaves not very thick and fleshy and not prickly except at tips #d #d4 ,leaves in large rosette close to ground #e #d4 ,leaves needle-like1 not in rosettes #f #e4 ,leaves sword-shaped yucca #bje #e4 ,leaves fan-shaped palmetto 7rare7 #bjc #f4 ,inner bark yellowish brown1 berries light blue red cedar #bja #f4 ,inner bark darker brown1 berries larger and darker1 purplish mountain cedar 7rare7 #bjb #g4 ,leaves simple #h #g4 ,leaves compound #fg #h4 ,leaves and twigs alternate #i #h4 ,leaves and twigs opposite #ed ,leaves ,simple and ,alternate #i4 ,leaves linear 7long and narrow7 #aa #i4 ,leaves not linear #aj #aj4 ,leaves smooth and very glossy on both sides1 broadly truncate at base1 stems flattened cottonwood #bjg #aj4 ,leaves not possessing all three characteristics as given in #aj above #ab #aa4 ,leaves usually less than inch wide1 midrib yellowish and prominent on both sides willow #bjf #aa4 ,leaves usually more than inch wide1 midrib not yellowish nor prominent on both sides peach #bci #ab4 ,trunks or twigs with thorns or spines #ac #ab4 ,trunks and twigs without thorns or spines #ah #ac4 ,thorny vines greenbrier #bjd #ac4 ,thorny trees or shrubs #ad #ad4 ,leaf margins entire 7smooth7 #ag #ad4 ,leaf margins not entire1 variously serrate or toothed #ae #ae4 ,leaves either blunt at tip or shallowly lobed or cut1 primary veins usually straight to margins1 often doubly serrate red haws #bcb #ae4 ,leaves pointed at tip1 serrate1 not cut or lobed1 veins united or curving near margins #af #af4 ,leaf width more than half the length1 leaf flat1 glands1 if present on leaf-stem near leaf1 dark wild plum 7tree7 #bcg #af4 ,leaf width less than half the length1 tending to fold lengthwise1 usually two bright red glands on leaf-stem near leaf dwarf plum #bch #ag4 ,leaf smooth or glossy1 tip pointed1 juice of stem milky bois d'arc or ,osage orange #bbf #ag4 ,leaf wooly on under side1 especially when young1 usually rather blunt at tip1 juice of stem not milky wooly bumelia1 chittam wood or gum elastic #bgb #ah4 ,leaves either lobed or coarsely toothed #cc #ah4 ,leaves neither lobed nor coarsely toothed1 sometimes doubly toothed #ai #ai4 ,leaf margin serrate or crenate or doubly toothed #bj #ai4 ,leaf margin smooth or wavy #dg #bj4 ,vines rattan #bfa #bj4 ,not vines #ba #ba4 ,leaf margins doubly toothed 7large and small teeth7 #bb #ba4 ,leaf margins not doubly toothed #be #bb4 ,leaves #c to #g inches long1 twigs not corky winged #bc #bb4 ,leaves #a to #c inches long1 twigs sometimes corky winged #bd #bc4 ,inner bark mucilaginous 78slippery0 when chewed71 leaves rough above1 downy below red or slippery elm #bbj #bc4 ,inner bark not mucilaginous1 leaves rather smooth above and downy below white or ,american elm #bba #bd4 ,leaves #a to #b inches long1 rather blunt tips1 flowers in fall cedar elm #bbb #bd4 ,leaves #a to #c inches long1 tapering point1 flowers in spring winged elm 7rare7 #bbc #be4 ,bark of trunk with warty or knotty projections rough-leaved hackberry #bbd #be4 ,bark of trunk without warty projections #bf #bf4 ,leaf length more than #d times width peach #bci #bf4 ,leaf length less than #c times width #bg #bg4 ,larger twigs with whitish cross-streaks1 flowers and fruit in catkin-like racemes wild cherry 7rare7 #bcf #bg4 ,twigs without whitish cross-streaks1 flowers and fruits not in racemes #bh #bh4 ,lowest pair of primary leaf veins much longer than others ,new ,jersey tea #bfj #bh4 ,lowest pair of primary leaf veins not much1 if any1 longer than others #bi #bi4 ,leaf veins and midrib yellowish and prominent on under side1 primary veins closely and evenly spaced ,indian cherry #bei #bi4 ,leaf veins and midrib not yellowish1 if prominent on under side not closely and evenly spaced #cj #cj4 ,leaves #c to #e inches long 7rarely much larger71 sometimes mitten-shaped or1 on young shoots1 intricately lobed1 margins rather coarsely serrate or toothed red mulberry #bbg #cj4 ,leaves #a to #c inches long1 margins finely serrate or crenate1 not lobed #ca #ca4 ,leaves #a to #b inches long1 margins crenate1 veinlets not conspicuous1 twigs pale gray swamp holly #bec #ca4 ,leaves #b to #c inches long1 margins serrate1 veinlets netted and conspicuous below1 twigs purplish or reddish #cb #cb4 ,width of leaves more than half their length1 flat1 glands on leaf-stem dark wild plum 7tree7 #bcg #cb4 ,width of leaves less than half their length1 tending to fold lengthwise1 usually #b bright red glands on leaf-stem near leaf dwarf plum #bch #cc4 ,lobed or coarsely toothed leaves on vines #cd #cc4 ,lobed or coarsely toothed leaves not on vines #ch #cd4 ,leaf margins smooth1 though sometimes slightly lobed #ce #cd4 ,leaf margins deeply lobed or coarsely toothed or both #cf #ce4 ,leaves #b to #d inches long ,carolina moonseed 7sarsaparilla7 #bbi #ce4 ,leaves #d to #aj inches long ,canada moonseed 7very rare7 #bcj #cf4 ,leaf surfaces not downy or wooly #cg #cf4 ,at least lower leaf surfaces somewhat wooly grapes #bff and #bfg #cg4 ,leaves mostly #c-;divided or deeply lobed or cut1 fleshy cow-itch vine #bfd #cg4 ,leaves coarsely toothed1 not divided or deeply lobed1 grapelike except thin and smooth1 or nearly smooth ,cissus ampelopsis #bfe #ch4 ,leaves as broad as long sycamore #bca #ch4 ,leaves not as broad as long #ci #ci4 ,leaves toothed1 not tough1 rough above1 not broader toward tip1 often lobed on young trees red mulberry #bbg #ci4 ,leaves tough1 not rough above1 lobed or notched #dj #dj4 ,leaves regularly notched but not deeply lobed #dd #dj4 ,leaves deeply lobed or else broader toward tip1 not regularly notched #da #da4 ,lobes few and shallow or sharp-pointed at tips #db #da4 ,lobes not sharp-pointed at tips #de #db4 ,lobes1 if any1 few and shallow and near tip1 leaves decidedly broader toward tip #dc #db4 ,leaves with several to many sharp-pointed lobes1 some of them always fairly deep1 variously shaped1 7more than one species7 red oaks #bai #dc4 ,leaves #d to #aj inches long black jack oak #bah #dc4 ,leaves #b to #c inches long water oak1 duck oak or pin oak #bag #dd4 ,leaf notches pointed chinquapin oak #baf #dd4 ,leaf notches rounded swamp chestnut oak #bae #de4 ,leaves #f to #ab inches long bur oak #bad #de4 ,leaves less than #f inches long #df #df4 ,leaves #c to #e inches long post oak #bab #df4 ,leaves less than #c inches long scrub oak #bac ,leaf ,margins ,smooth or ,wavy1 ,not ,lobed or ,toothed #dg4 ,vines #dh #dg4 ,not vines #ej #dh4 ,leaves #b to #d inches long ,carolina moonseed #bbi #dh4 ,leaves #d to #aj inches long #di #di4 ,leaves deeply heart-shaped at base1 wooly1 leaf margin not extending beyond base of stem1 not angled or lobed wooly pipevine #bbh #di4 ,leaves not always deeply heart-shaped at base1 not wooly1 leaf margin extending slightly beyond base of stem1 leaves often angled or shallowly lobed ,canada moonseed 7very rare7 #bcj #ej4 ,leaves broad1 at least nearly as broad as long1 more than one main vein at base redbuds #bdj and #bda #ej4 ,leaves decidedly longer than wide1 one main vein at base #ea #ea4 ,leaves smooth or shiny above #eb #ea4 ,leaves not smooth1 or shiny above southern hackberry #bbe #eb4 ,leaf midrib and veins yellow and very prominent beneath1 primary veins closely and evenly spaced1 not branched ,indian cherry #bei #eb4 ,leaf veins not very prominent beneath1 not yellow1 not evenly spaced #ec #ec4 ,leaves broader toward tip1 sometimes lobed #dc #ec4 ,leaves not broader toward tip1 not lobed persimmon #bgc ,leaves ,simple and ,opposite #ed4 ,upper pairs of leaves often united around stem #ee #ed4 ,upper pairs of leaves not united around stem #ef #ee4 ,a vine1 leaves evergreen coral honeysuckle 7rare7 #bhb #ee4 ,a shrub1 though some of stems long and straggling bush honeysuckle #bhc #ef4 ,leaf margins entire or wavy #eg #ef4 ,leaf margins serrate or coarsely toothed #fc #eg4 ,leaves to #a inches long #eh #eg4 ,leaves #a to #aj inches long #ei #eh4 ,leaves light yellowish green1 glossy1 narrowly oblong-obovate ,st4 ,andrew's cross 7sandy land7 #bfh #eh4 ,leaves dark green above1 lighter and downy beneath1 not glossy1 ovate ,indian currant #bhd #ei4 ,leaves glossy above1 often in whorls of three or sometimes more1 midrib broad and yellow button bush #bha #ei4 ,leaves not glossy above1 not in whorls1 midrib not yellow #fj #fj4 ,leaves #g to #aj inches long catalpa or cigar tree 7rare7 #bgi #fj4 ,leaves less than #f inches long #fa #fa4 ,twigs dark1 with conspicuous light dots1 primary veins not prominent below nor indented above1 usually less than #b inches long swamp privet #bgg #fa4 ,twigs without conspicuous light dots1 primary veins prominent below and indented above1 usually over #b inches long #fb #fb4 ,leaves smooth but not glossy above1 tending to cluster towards ends of twigs flowering dogwood 7rare7 #bgj #fb4 ,leaves rough above1 distributed along branchlets dwarf or rough-leaved dogwood #bga #fc4 ,twigs bright green1 often #d-sided or ridged1 leaves smooth but not glossy1 acuminate tips waahoo #bed #fc4 ,twigs neither green nor #d-sided #fd #fd4 ,leaves very glossy above black haw #bhe #fd4 ,leaves not glossy above #fe #fe4 ,leaves #c to #e inches long1 rather coarsely toothed ,french mulberry #bgh #fe4 ,leaves to #c inches long1 finely serrate or crenate #ff #ff4 ,leaves blunt at tip spring herald #bgf #ff4 ,leaves tapering at both ends swamp privet #bgg #fg4 ,compound leaves alternate #fh #fg4 ,compound leaves opposite #ia ,leaves ,compound and ,alternate #fh4 ,trunks or twigs with spines or thorns #fi #fh4 ,trunks and twigs without spines or thorns #gd #fi4 ,low shrubs1 #f inches to #b feet high pasture rose #bcd #fi4 ,not low shrubs #gj #gj4 ,leaves with #c to #e leaflets #ga #gj4 ,leaves with more than #e leaflets #gb #ga4 ,stems trailing1 usually on the ground dewberries #bce #ga4 ,stems climbing prairie rose 7rare7 #bcc #gb4 ,thorns long1 often branched honey locust #bdc #gb4 ,thorns or prickles short #gc #gc4 ,leaflets ovate and with odd leaflet at tip prickly ash #bdf #gc4 ,leaflets oblong and without odd leaflet at tip mesquite #bdj #gd4 ,vines #ge #gd4 ,not vines #gh #ge4 ,leaves twice-pinnately compound pepper vine #bfc #ge4 ,leaves palmately compound or with #c leaflets #gf #gf4 ,three leaflets #gg #gf4 ,five or more leaflets ,virginia creeper #bfb #gg4 ,leaves succulent 7thick and juicy71 sometimes three-lobed instead of parted cow-itch vine 7rare7 #bfd #gg4 ,leaves not succulent1 leaflets always fully parted1 plant often shrubby when young poison oak or poison ivy #bea #gh4 ,leaves twice-pinnately compound chinaberry #bdh #gh4 ,leaves not twice-pinnate #gi #gi4 ,three leaflets 7sometimes #e on wafer ash7 #hj #gi4 ,more than #c leaflets #hb #hj4 ,leaflets less than #b inches long aromatic or ill-scented sumac #beb #hj4 ,leaflets #b to #e inches long #ha #ha4 ,all leaflets stemless1 twigs glossy wafer ash 7rare7 #bdg #ha4 ,terminal leaflet longer stemmed than other two1 twigs not glossy poison oak or poison ivy #bea #hb4 ,leaflets rounded toward tips #hc #hb4 ,leaflets acute or acuminate #hd #hc4 ,twigs dark green1 leaflets not gland-dotted ,eve's necklace #bdd #hc4 ,twigs not green1 leaflets dotted with tiny amber glands river locust #bde #hd4 ,leaf margins smooth or nearly so #hd;,a #hd4 ,leaf margins distinctly toothed or serrate #hf #hd;,a4 ,leaves #a to #c feet long1 #ac to #da leaflets1 twigs very stout tree of ,heaven 7rare7 #bdh;,a #hd;,a4 ,leaves less than #a foot long1 #h to #ba leaflets1 twigs not very stout #he #he4 ,leafy wings along stems between leaflets with odd leaflet at tip winged or dwarf sumac #bej #he4 ,leaf stem not or rarely winged between leaflets without odd leaflet at tip soapberry 7wild chinaberry7 #beg #hf4 ,leaflets #e to #g #hg #hf4 ,leaflets #i to #ca #hh #hg4 ,terminal leaflet usually broader toward tip and at least twice as large as lowest pair hickory #baa #hg4 ,terminal leaflet not broader toward tip and not much larger than others ,spanish or ,texas buckeye #bef #hh4 ,twigs reddish or purplish1 a shrub smooth sumac #bdi #hh4 ,twigs neither reddish nor purplish1 trees #hi #hi4 ,pith of twigs dark and chambered black walnut #bjh #hi4 ,pith of twigs not dark1 continuous #ij #ij4 ,nut nearly cylindric1 seed sweet pecan #bji #ij4 ,nut #d-;angled1 seed bitter bitter pecan 7rare7 #baj ,leaves ,compound and ,opposite #ia4 ,vines #ib #ia4 ,not vines #id #ib4 ,leaves palmately compound 7alternate7 ,virginia creeper #bfb #ib4 ,leaves not palmately compound #ic #ic4 ,twice-pinnately compound 7alternate7 pepper vine #bfc #ic4 ,once-pinnate trumpet creeper #bhj #id4 ,palmately compound fetid or ,ohio buckeye #beh #id4 ,not palmately compound #ie #ie4 ,with terminal leaflet #if #ie4 ,without terminal leaflet mesquite #bdj #if4 ,twice-pinnately compound 7alternate7 chinaberry #bdh #if4 ,once-pinnate #ig #ig4 ,leaflets #e to #aa1 usually #g1 twigs not bright green #ih #ig4 ,leaflets #c to #e 7rarely #g or #i71 twigs bright green box elder #bee #ih4 ,twigs brownish gray1 lenticels obscure1 flowers and fruits in cymes1 shrubs elderberry #bhf #ih4 ,twigs greenish gray or gray1 whitish lenticels noticeable1 flowers and fruits in panicles1 trees #ii #ii4 ,leaves bright or yellowish green on both sides1 leaf-scar of twig straight or nearly so on upper edge green ash #bge #ii4 ,leaves dark green above1 paler below1 leaf-scar of twig concave or notched on upper edge white ash #bgd ,illustration3 about natural size #bfj ,new ,jersey tea2 fruit #bgf spring herald #bfa rattan vine #bfh ,st4 ,andrew's cross #beb aromatic sumac #bfd cow-itch vine #bhd ,indian current #bec swamp holly ,illustration3 about natural size #bed waahoo #bfe ,cissus ampelopsis #bhe black haw #bgh ,french mulberry #bga dwarf dogwood #bhc bush honeysuckle #bhb coral honeysuckle #bgg swamp privet ,illustration3 about natural size #bhj trumpet creeper #bdd ,eve's necklace #bdf prickly ash #bde river locust #bdi smooth sumac #bef ,texas buckeye ,illustration3 about natural size #bdh chinaberry #bfb ,virginia creeper #bej winged sumac #bfc pepper vine #beg soapberry #beh ,ohio buckeye ,illustration3 about natural size #bdg wafer ash #bea poison ivy #bcj ,canada moonseed #bei ,indian cherry #bhf elderberry #bee box elder #bbi ,carolina moonseed #bbh wooly pipevine ,,guide ,,to ,,native ,,woody ,,plants ,,of ,,dallas ,,county ,capital letters and page numbers following the descriptions of a few of these plants refer to the bibliography at the end of this guide4 ,,pine ,,family #bja4 ,,red ,,cedar 7,juniperus virginiana ,l47 abundant tree of medium height4 ,habitat3 all soils1 especially limestone hills in southwestern part of county4 ,leaves3 small1 thick1 scale-like or like short needles4 ,bark3 thin1 reddish brown1 shreddy1 inner layers yellowish brown4 ,twigs3 of young shoots bear the sharper-pointed leaves4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 in ,february or ,march2 staminate minute1 numerous1 rusty2 pistillate purplish1 inconspicuous4 ,fruit3 light blue1 spherical1 inch diameter4 ,wood3 reddish at heart1 sapwood light1 used for cedar chests1 rustic work1 and fence posts2 for the last inferior only to bois d'arc as it is very lasting in contact with the soil4 #bjb4 ,,mountain ,,cedar 7,juniperus mexicana ,spreng47 rare tree except at ,camp ,wisdom and vicinity4 ,habitat3 dry uplands1 this about its eastern limit but abundant westward4 ,leaves3 similar to red cedar4 ,inner bark3 darker brown than on red cedar4 ,fruit3 larger and darker than red cedar1 purplish4 ,wood3 light brown1 hard and close-grained but weak1 used for fuel1 fence posts1 poles and landscape planting4 ,,palm ,,family #bjc4 ,,dwarf ,,palmetto 7,sabal minor ,pers47 low shrub of the river bottom1 rare4 ,leaves3 #ae to #bj inches long1 spreading1 fan-shaped1 from an underground stem2 browsed by cattle and mostly destroyed when ,bois d',arc ,island was cleared for cultivation4 ,flowers3 whitish1 small1 from a slightly branched central stalk4 ,fruit3 black1 spherical1 smooth1 dry1 about inch across4 ,l 7p4 #bbc7 7,s4 glabra74 ,m 7p4 #bdj47 ,,lily ,,family #bjd4 ,,greenbrier 7,smilax bona nox ,l47 abundant vine2 locally called stretchberry1 saw-brier1 cat-brier4 ,habitat3 woodlands and thickets1 becoming especially obnoxious in heavily pastured woodlands4 ,leaves3 #a to #d inches long1 to #c wide1 alternate1 oval or somewhat heart-shaped1 margins entire2 smooth1 thick1 shining1 many remaining green and some mottled with brown in winter2 all primary veins running lengthwise of leaf4 ,stems3 long1 evergreen1 often very prickly1 climbing by tendrils4 ,flowers3 small1 inconspicuous1 yellowish or greenish1 dioecious1 in umbels1 six 8petals04 ,fruit3 black1 shining or covered with a bloom1 round or nearly so1 size of small peas4 ,this vine's greatest virtue seems to be that it offers food and shelter to the birds4 #bje4 ,,yucca1 bear-grass1 ,spanish dagger 7,yucca species7 more than one species in the county2 abundant in meadows and along roadsides4 ,leaves3 grasslike but large1 thick and tough1 in rosettes1 often with white threads on margins2 sharp-pointed4 ,woody stem3 very short in our species4 ,flowers3 greenish white or creamy1 many along a central stalk two or three feet tall2 each cupped flower about an inch or two long1 fertilized by a small white moth which lays its egg inside4 ,fruit3 a short1 thick1 cylindrical pod containing layers of flat1 black seeds4 ,,willow ,,family #bjf4 ,,willow 7,salix nigra ,marsh47 the black willow is probably the only native species growing in the county4 ,the weeping willow 7,salix babylonica7 has not been observed growing in the county except where planted4 ,willows grow close to water or in low ground1 are very common and grow very rapidly where they have an abundant supply of water2 very valuable in checking soil erosion as their roots help to hold the soil in place4 ,leaves3 simple1 alternate1 #c to #f inches long1 to wide1 acuminate1 with fine1 incurved serrations4 ,bark3 rough1 shaggy on old trees1 usually light brown4 ,twigs3 conspicuously yellowish orange in winter1 smooth or glossy1 very slender4 ,flowers3 in catkins1 yellowish1 dioecious4 ,fruit3 cottony-covered seeds4 ,wood3 soft1 light1 weak1 used for a special charcoal in manufacturing gunpowder1 some species for artificial limbs4 #bjg4 ,,cottonwood 7,populus deltoides var4 virginiana ,sudw47 common1 large tree1 also called ,carolina poplar4 ,habitat3 prefers lowlands and stream banks although will grow in dry soil4 ,leaves3 simple1 alternate1 #c to #e inches each way1 commonly glossy on both sides1 broad and straight across at the base1 coarsely toothed or crenate1 stems flattened4 ,bark3 thick1 light gray1 deeply furrowed on trunks to smooth and yellowish green on branches4 ,twigs3 stout1 greenish yellow to pale gray1 smooth2 lenticels large1 pale1 lengthwise2 buds large1 scales very sticky-resinous4 ,flowers3 staminate are red catkins1 pistillate greenish yellow1 dioecious4 ,fruit3 cottony-covered seeds4 ,wood3 soft1 light weight1 warps easily but cheap because of rapid growth of tree2 new methods of rapid kiln-drying have lessened warping4 ,,walnut ,,family #bjh4 ,,black ,,walnut 7,juglans nigra ,l47 tree1 common in rich bottomlands4 ,leaves3 alternate1 pinnately compound1 one to two feet long1 #ae to #bc leaflets1 each about #c inches long1 tapering and toothed2 with a characteristic odor when crushed4 ,bark3 thick1 dark1 rough4 ,twigs3 have dark1 chambered pith shown by splitting lengthwise through center4 ,flowers3 greenish1 male in catkins1 female inconspicuous1 both kinds on the same tree4 ,fruit3 green to black husk does not split1 round2 shell rough1 very hard1 dark2 nut rich and sweet4 ,wood3 hard1 strong1 rich brown color1 very valuable for gunstocks1 furniture1 etc4 #bji4 ,,pecan 7,carya pecan ,engl4 ,graebn47 abundant1 the state tree4 ,habitat3 rich bottomlands preferred4 ,leaves3 similar to black walnut but average fewer leaflets1 #i to #ag4 ,twigs3 do not have dark1 chambered pith4 ,bark3 somewhat variable in appearance but generally lighter in color than walnut and not as flaky as soapberry both of which it resembles4 ,fruit3 very valuable crop in ,texas1 many cultivated varieties tending toward larger size of nuts and thinner shell4 ,wood3 not valuable1 hard but brittle and not strong4 #baj4 ,,bitter ,,pecan 7,carya texana ,schn47 rare tree of low woodlands4 ,the nuts are #d-;angled and the seeds bitter4 ,wood tough and strong4 #baa4 ,,hickory 7,carya buckleyi ,durand7 uncommon in this county4 ,observed in sandy woods4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 of #e to #i leaflets1 the terminal #d to #f inches long1 #b to #b wide1 twice as large as the lowest1 obovate and tapering at each end4 ,bark3 dark1 rough1 close4 ,fruit3 resembles pecan but broader2 shell thick1 somewhat wrinkled1 light in color2 seed sweet4 ,wood3 hard1 brittle1 little used except for fuel4 ,,beech ,,family ,white ,oak ,group3 ,fruit requires #a year to mature2 leaves without sharp points to lobes 7except chinquapin oak leaves74 ,bark3 usually lighter gray than on black or red oaks4 #bab4 ,,post ,,oak 7,quercus stellata ,wang7 most abundant tree of dry1 sandy1 upland woods4 ,leaves3 #c to #e inches long1 with #e rounded lobes wider toward the outer end2 like bur oak but smaller2 dead leaves often cling in winter1 especially on young trees4 ,flowers3 as in other oaks1 male in catkins1 female inconspicuous1 both kinds on same tree4 ,fruit3 an oval acorn1 to #a inch long in a rather shallow cup4 ,bark3 rough1 with deep grooves4 ,twigs3 very fuzzy when young4 ,wood3 hard1 durable in soil but difficult to season1 used mainly for fuel1 fence posts and crossties4 #bac4 ,,scrub ,,oak3 or dwarf post oak 7probably a variety of ,q4 stellata74 ,habitat3 on limestone hills where common4 ,leaves3 similar to post oak but less than #c inches long and less deeply lobed4 ,bark3 thin1 light gray1 with loose scales4 ,sometimes attains tree size though usually shrubby and growing in dense thickets1 typically not over #bj feet high4 #bad4 ,,bur ,,oak or mossy-cup oak 7,quercus macrocarpa ,michx47 common large tree of lowlands2 heavy1 thick branches make it the sturdiest looking of our oaks4 ,leaves3 #f to #ab inches long1 deeply #e to #g lobed with the lobes rounded and larger toward the tip1 upper lobe largest and wavy margined or shallowly lobed4 ,acorns3 large1 #b inches or more in diameter1 the cup usually deep and heavily fringed4 ,wood3 for cabinetmaking and all sorts of construction1 shipbuilding1 etc4 #bae4 ,,swamp ,,chestnut ,,oak or basket oak 7,quercus prinus ,l47 ,habitat3 rich bottomlands1 not common4 ,leaves3 obovate1 margins deeply wavy or with small1 regularly rounded notches1 downy beneath1 #c to #h inches long4 ,bark3 light gray1 with broad flakes4 ,acorns3 about #a inches long by #a inch wide1 shiny brown1 with a shallow cup1 eaten by cows 7cow oak74 ,wood3 used for lumber1 veneer1 cooperage1 wheels1 implements1 and baskets4 #baf4 ,,chinquapin ,,oak or chestnut oak 7,quercus muehlenbergii ,engelm47 ,habitat3 various1 prefers limestone soil1 common4 ,leaves3 similar to preceding species but more sharply notched4 ,bark3 thick1 usually silvery gray1 large1 loose scales on surface4 ,acorns3 smaller than preceding and have very short stems4 ,branches3 typically fewer1 larger and more irregular than preceding4 ,wood3 hard1 strong1 close-grained1 durable1 used for cooperage1 furniture1 crossties1 fuel4 ,black or ,red ,oak ,group3 ,fruit requires two years to mature1 leaves have sharp points on lobes4 #bag4 ,,water ,,oak1 duck oak1 or pin oak 7,quercus nigra ,l47 ,habitat3 low1 sandy land1 rare4 ,leaves3 usually about #b inches long and #a wide1 narrow toward base1 usually broader toward tip1 shallowly lobed toward tip or entire1 smooth and dark green above1 tardily deciduous4 ,bark3 rather smooth1 reddish brown4 ,fruit3 acorns usually solitary1 very short-stalked1 light brown1 to inch long4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard1 strong1 little used except for fuel and crossties4 #bah4 ,,black ,,jack ,,oak 7,quercus marilandica ,muench47 ,habitat3 dry1 upland woods1 sandy soil1 with post oaks where few other trees grow1 common4 ,leaves3 #d to #aj inches long1 very wide at tip1 narrow toward base1 only very shallowly lobed1 dark above1 leathery1 dead leaves often clinging to young trees in winter4 ,bark3 rough1 dark1 broken into small1 hard flakes4 ,fruit3 an acorn about inch long with a cup enclosing about half the nut which is yellowish brown and often striped4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard and strong but little used except as fuel4 #bai4 ,,red ,,oak 7,quercus species74 ,several species of red oak are not easily distinguished except by specialists and the problem is complicated by the fact that many species interbreed readily1 thus producing many variations from the typical forms4 ,probably ,q4 shumardii var4 schneckii is the most common red oak around ,dallas4 ,the leaves are similar in shape to the black oak but are thinner and lack the prominent rusty hairs in the forks of the veins2 lobes are usually from #e to #g and vary greatly as to length and width4 ,the ,texas red oak 7,q4 texana ,buckley7 is a closely related smaller tree of dry uplands4 ,the ,spanish oak 7,q4 rubra ,l47 is another red oak of dry uplands2 it is easily recognized when the leaves assume one typical form which is narrow and rounded at the base with the three or more narrow lobes occurring near the tip4 ,for more complete descriptions of these trees the reader is referred to the latest edition of ,sargent's 8,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america40 ,,nettle ,,family #bbj4 ,,red ,,or ,,slippery ,,elm 7,ulmus fulva ,michx47 ,habitat3 principally in rich soil on low hillsides or stream banks1 a common tree4 ,leaves3 doubly toothed1 unequal at the base1 #c to #g inches long1 rough on both sides4 ,twigs3 somewhat mucilaginous or 8slippery0 when chewed2 buds covered with rusty hairs4 ,inner ,,bark3 very mucilaginous1 used in medicine2 outer ,,bark3 grayish brown with flat ridges4 ,flowers3 small1 inconspicuous1 appearing very early in spring1 before the leaves2 in clusters1 each flower on a long drooping stalk4 ,fruit3 green-winged seeds1 disk-shaped1 notched at tip but without incurved tips4 ,wood3 close-grained1 tough1 heavy1 hard1 used for fence posts1 crossties1 implements1 ribs for small boats1 etc4 #bba4 ,,white ,,or ,,american ,,elm 7,ulmus americana ,l47 ,habitat3 similar to red elm1 less common4 ,leaves3 similar except usually rather smooth above and downy below1 veins prominent below and parallel from midrib to leaf edge4 ,twigs3 brownish and smoother1 buds without rusty hairs1 not1 or very slightly1 mucilaginous4 ,cross section of ,,bark shows alternate layers of brown and white2 surface dark gray with irregular1 flat-topped ridges4 ,flowers3 very short-stalked4 ,seed3 wings notched1 with incurving tips4 ,wood3 hard1 strong1 tough1 difficult to split1 coarse-grained1 used for wheel-hubs1 saddletrees1 floors1 boats4 #bbb4 ,,cedar ,,elm 7,ulmus crassifolia ,nutt47 ,habitat3 varied1 our most abundant elm1 resists drouth and root rot1 hence recommended as a shade tree4 ,leaves3 #a to #b inches long1 usually blunt tipped4 ,young ,,twigs3 reddish and slightly downy1 sometimes have corky wings4 ,flowers and ,fruit3 in late summer and early autumn4 ,branches3 relatively short and numerous1 making dense shade in spite of small size of leaves4 ,wood3 brittle1 sometimes used for hubs1 furniture and fencing2 mostly for fuel and charcoal4 #bbc4 ,,winged ,,elm 7,ulmus alata ,michx47 ,usually found on low1 sandy land2 not common4 ,leaves3 #a to #c inches long1 pointed at the tip4 ,twigs3 usually with many broad1 corky wings1 though sometimes absent4 ,flowers3 in spring4 ,wood3 similar to other elms4 #bbd4 ,,rough-,,leaved ,,hackberry 7,celtis occidentalis var4 crassifolia ,gray74 ,habitat3 varied1 more common on rich soil4 ,leaves3 ovate1 toothed at least toward the long point1 #b to #d inches long4 ,fruit3 a roundish1 dark purple berry ripening in early fall1 often clinging to the tree through the winter and forming a popular food for many birds2 about inch in diameter4 ,bark3 of trunk usually conspicuous with its characteristic warty projections4 ,wood3 heavy but soft and weak1 decays rapidly when exposed1 little used except for fuel4 ,the characteristic brown gall on the twigs is almost a mark of recognition in winter1 when trees are too small to show the typical warty bark4 #bbe4 ,,southern ,,hackberry 7,celtis laevigata ,willd47 ,less common than previous species4 ,distinguished by the smooth margins of the slightly longer and narrower ,,leaves and by the orange or yellowish color of the ,,fruit4 ,both trees are widely planted for shade as they are resistant to root rot4 #bbf4 ,,bois ,d',,arc ,,or ,,osage ,,orange 7,maclura pomifera ,schn47 also called horse-apple4 ,abundant in rich bottomland4 ,leaves3 entire1 dark green and glossy1 oval1 pointed at tip1 #c to #e inches long4 ,the yellowish-brown ,,bark distinguishes it from any other thorny tree1 contains tannin and that of root a yellow dye4 ,flowers3 monoecious1 the female in a rounded ball1 male in an elongated cluster4 ,fruit3 resembles a very rough1 large1 bright green orange4 ,wood3 bright orange in color1 most durable in contact with the soil1 used principally for posts4 #bbg4 ,,red ,,mulberry 7,morus rubra ,l47 ,common in rich lowlands1 often in the shade of larger trees4 ,leaves3 #c to #e inches long or rarely much larger in dense shade1 toothed1 ovate1 pointed at tip1 rounded or heart-shaped at base2 on young trees often mitten-shaped or deeply and variously lobed1 rough above4 ,flowers3 monoecious or dioecious1 in drooping catkins1 the female shorter4 ,fruit3 red to black1 resembles blackberry1 ripens through ,may1 very attractive to many birds1 especially the migrating thrushes4 ,bark3 thin1 dark grayish brown1 breaking into long scales4 ,twigs3 slender1 somewhat zigzag1 with milky juice4 ,wood3 light1 soft1 weak1 used for fence posts1 cooperage and boat building4 ,,birthwort ,,family #bbh4 ,,wooly ,,pipevine 7,aristolochia tomentosa ,sims47 or ,dutchman's pipe4 ,habitat3 low1 rich woods1 not abundant4 ,leaves3 large1 round-heart shaped1 downy1 soft1 margins entire4 ,stems3 slender1 very high climbing4 ,flowers3 tube u-curved like a ,dutchman's pipe1 with lobes turned back2 small yellowish1 inconspicuous flowers not to be confused with the leather flower 7,viorna7 which is also sometimes called pipevine2 ,viorna has four thick1 leathery1 purplish petals shaped like the bowl of a pipe4 ,fruit3 many flat1 black1 shiny1 pie-shaped seeds packed in a six-angled1 cylindrical seed case about #a to #b inches in diameter and #b to #c inches long4 ,a closely related cultivated vine is often planted where a dense screen is desired4 ,b 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fdf74 ,illustration3 #bbh wooly pipevine ,,moonseed ,,family #bbi4 ,,carolina ,,moonseed 7,cocculus carolinus 7,l7 ,,dc47 also called wild sarsaparilla or coral vine4 ,habitat3 hedgerows and thickets1 edges of woods1 a common vine4 ,leaves3 variable1 oval to slightly heart-shaped1 usually blunt or rounded at the tip1 usually about #b or #c inches long4 ,stems3 slender1 green and somewhat fuzzy when young4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 small1 greenish1 #f-parted4 ,fruits3 size of small peas1 soft1 scarlet1 one-seeded1 in small1 dense clusters2 very decorative in winter and excellent bird attraction4 ,illustration3 #bbi ,carolina moonseed #bcj4 ,,canada ,,moonseed 7,menispermum canadense ,l47 very rare vine of low woods4 ,stems3 #f to #ab feet long4 ,leaves3 #c to #g-;angled or shallowly lobed1 broader than long1 #d inches or much more4 ,flowers3 small1 white1 #f-h petals1 #ab-bd stamens4 ,fruit3 black with a bloom1 resembling small grapes2 seed spirally curved4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aca74 ,illustration3 #bcj ,canada moonseed ,,plane ,,tree ,,family #bca4 ,,sycamore or buttonwood 7,platanus occidentalis ,l47 a common tree1 along stream banks and in low woods1 often the largest tree in its locality as it grows rapidly4 ,bark3 thin1 smooth1 greenish gray1 flaking off in large patches and exposing the under bark which is whitish like that on limbs1 especially conspicuous in winter woods4 ,leaves3 #d to #g inches long and about as broad1 very coarsely toothed1 often shallowly #c or #e-lobed1 light green above1 paler below4 ,twigs3 slender1 rather shiny and zigzag2 bud with a single1 cap-like scale1 enclosed by the base of the leaf-stalk4 ,fruit3 a compact ball about #a inch across1 remaining on its drooping stem all winter1 composed of many seeds which separate and are blown away in spring4 ,often planted as street tree because of rapid growth and resistance to drouth1 but the large leaves and flaking bark cause unsightly litter4 ,wood3 coarse-grained1 hard1 not strong1 heavy1 hard to split2 used for butchers' blocks1 furniture1 interior trim1 and tobacco boxes4 ,,rose ,,family #bcb4 ,,red ,,haw or hawthorn 7,crataegus species7 probably about four species in the county4 ,three are easily distinguished by the shapes of the leaves and the size of the fruits3 7a7 ,leaves3 very wooly when young1 broad near base and nearly as broad as long1 doubly toothed and often shallowly lobed2 especially susceptible to the cedar rust4 ,fruit3 red1 resembling large rose hips1 edible1 mealy1 about inch across1 ripening in ,september and falling early4 ,grows in the vicinity of ,white ,rock ,creek and ,lake4 ,leaves and flowers in early ,april4 7b7 ,leaves3 usually obovate1 tapering at base and somewhat blunt at tip1 darker and smoother than 7a74 ,fruit3 about inch or less across1 ripening ,october or ,november1 clinging late into winter4 ,flowers and leaves both smaller and appearing later than 7a74 ,same region4 7c7 ,leaves3 deeply and sharply cut4 ,fruit3 inch or less across1 many in a drooping cluster4 ,river bottoms in southeastern part of county4 ,a fourth species is distinctive for its loose1 flaky bark4 ,wood3 tough and hard but all trees in this region too small to be of commercial importance4 #bcc4 ,,prairie ,,rose 7,rosa setigera ,michx47 rare1 climbing or trailing1 vine-like shrub of low sandy land4 ,leaves3 compound leaflets2 mostly three1 or five4 ,stems3 green1 with stout1 scattered prickles1 sometimes #bj feet long1 usually much less4 ,flowers3 bright pink1 styles united into a column4 ,fruit3 rounded1 red in autumn1 nearly inch in diameter4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhc47 #bcd4 ,,pasture ,,rose 7,rosa foliolosa ,nutt47 a common1 very low shrub4 ,habitat3 meadows1 roadsides1 open woods1 ,white ,rock ,lake1 etc4 ,flowers3 white or pale pink1 solitary1 sweet-scented4 ,stem3 #f to #ab inches tall1 reddish1 slender1 with few prickles4 ,fruits3 red1 haw-like1 in fall and winter4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 small leaflets #g to #aa1 red in autumn or green and tardily deciduous4 ,d 7p4 #ajf47 #bce4 ,,dewberry 7,rubus trivialis7 abundant trailing 8shrub0 of woods1 roadsides1 thickets and ditches4 ,leaves3 compound1 #c to #e leaflets1 rose-like1 evergreen or nearly so4 ,stems3 green1 prickly1 usually lying on the ground1 several feet long4 ,flowers3 white1 #e petals1 like small single roses4 ,fruit3 black1 many-seeded1 juicy1 ripe ,april-,may1 popular with birds1 boys and redbugs4 #bcf4 ,,wild ,,black ,,cherry 7,prunus serotina ,ehr47 a rare1 small tree observed in low1 sandy woods4 ,leaves3 oval or longer1 pointed at tip1 finely serrate1 dark red glands at base2 glossy above1 paler below4 #b-f inches long4 ,flowers3 in grape-like clusters1 drooping1 white1 in late ,march4 ,fruit3 resembling small grapes1 bitter but edible4 ,bark3 of branches and young trunks glossy1 reddish brown1 marked with white1 horizontal lines1 finally becomes rough and broken into irregular plates4 ,wood3 is second in value only to black walnut1 reddish brown1 fine grained1 used for furniture1 and interiors4 ,fruit3 used to flavor rum1 the bark in medicines4 #bcg4 ,,wild ,,plum 7,prunus mexicana ,s4 ,watson7 common tree in woodlands1 especially in low1 rich ground4 ,leaves3 oval1 finely toothed1 #b to #c inches long1 downy or smooth but not shiny4 ,flowers3 white1 sweet-scented1 in ,february and ,march4 ,fruit3 oval1 about #a inch diameter1 red1 with a bloom2 makes a delicious1 tart jelly2 different trees ripen from ,august into ,october4 ,winter ,,twigs3 smooth1 dark purplish1 the smaller ones often thorny-tipped4 ,bark3 smooth on branches but peeling1 finally rough and dark gray4 ,j 7p4 #efe47 #bch4 ,,dwarf ,,plum 7,prunus angustifolia var4 varians ,wight ,hedr47 a shrub1 often flowering when #a or #b feet high1 rarely a very small tree1 common on dry hillsides1 meadows and fence rows1 often forming thickets4 ,leaves3 slightly narrower than those of the tree plum1 smooth or shiny above1 often tending to fold together lengthwise4 ,flowers3 small1 white1 in ,march4 ,fruit3 about inch in diameter1 bright red1 ripe in midsummer4 ,twigs3 very glossy and dark reddish purple1 with sharp thorns4 ,j 7p4 #egj47 #bci4 ,,peach 7,prunus persica 7,l47 ,sieb ,zucc47 an uncommon escape from cultivation1 growing readily from seeds along roadsides1 etc4 ,these trees usually bear small1 hard1 flavorless fruit but may be used as parent stock on which to graft desirable cultivated varieties4 ,flowers3 showy1 pink4 ,,pea ,,family #bdj4 ,,mesquite 7,prosopis glandulosa ,torr47 an abundant small tree with a short trunk and open1 spreading crown4 ,habitat3 hilly pastures west of the ,trinity ,river4 ,flowers3 tiny1 yellow1 in catkins1 blooming about ,may first and often again after summer rains4 ,pods3 #d to #i inches long1 somewhat constricted between the seeds1 containing a sweet pulp as well as #aj to #bj seeds2 valuable as food for livestock4 ,leaves3 ,twice-pinnately compound1 alternate1 #h to #aj inches long1 composed of one or two pairs of primary divisions each bearing #ab to #bj leaflets usually much less than two inches long4 ,twigs3 have spines1 usually in pairs at the leaf-axils4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard1 closegrained1 durable in soil1 used for fence posts1 underpinnings of buildings and fuel4 ,the roots are large and heavy1 giving rise to the saying that ,west ,texans dig for their wood4 #bda4 ,,redbud 7,cercis canadensis ,l47 a medium or small tree common in woodlands4 ,leaves3 heart-shaped or truncate at base and blunt or slender-pointed at tip1 #c to #e inches long and wide1 smooth above1 margin entire4 ,twigs3 smooth1 dark reddish brown1 slender4 ,bark3 of larger trunks finally divided into long1 narrow plates1 the surface separating into thin scales4 ,flowers3 pea-shaped1 pink with a red calyx1 inch long1 in clusters close to the branches and sometimes even down on the trunk4 ,fruit3 reddish brown pods #b to #d inches long1 about inch wide1 flattened1 often persistent into winter4 ,wood3 dark brown1 hard but weak1 not valued commercially4 ,the tree is common in cultivation because of its attractive early-blooming flowers2 it is easily grown from seed4 #bdb4 ,,redbud 7,cercis reniformis ,engl47 a small tree or tall shrub of limestone ridges southwest of ,dallas4 ,leaves3 kidney-shaped1 not pointed1 generally more glossy above than ,c4 canadensis1 8,mountain ,redbud40 #bdc4 ,,honey ,,locust 7,gleditsia triacanthos ,l47 a very thorny tree common in a variety of soils4 ,leaves3 some once-pinnately compound and some twice1 both kinds on the same tree1 leaflets numerous1 #a to #a inches long and wide1 nearly entire1 turning yellow in autumn4 ,twigs3 slender1 shining1 usually reddish brown1 distinctive for the large1 pronged thorns which they bear in the second year and retain for many years4 ,bark3 of trunk becoming rough1 its broad ridges with thick1 recurved edges1 highly variable as to the number of thorns retained4 ,flowers3 tiny1 yellow1 in catkins1 very sweet-scented4 ,fruit3 flat1 reddish brown pods1 #aj to #ah inches long1 usually twisted1 containing a sweetish pulp between the hard seeds2 they are widely scattered by many animals which relish the pulp but fail to digest the seeds4 ,wood3 hard1 strong1 coarse-grained1 durable in the soil1 bright red-brown1 used for fence posts1 wheel hubs and in construction4 ,this tree is very resistant to drouth but gives scanty shade and causes much litter4 #bdd4 ,,eve',s ,,necklace 7,sophora affinis ,torr4 ,gray7 a small1 slender tree becoming almost vine-like when crowded by other trees1 common on stream borders1 limestone hills1 or prairie ravines4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound of #ac to #ai pointed or blunt leaflets about #a in4 long and #a wide with entire or slightly wavy margins4 ,twigs3 dull or glossy green becoming mottled with gray1 sometimes zigzag4 ,bark3 thin1 gray1 finally breaking into many1 loose1 oblong scales4 ,flowers3 in4 long1 white to lavender rose1 in drooping clusters1 pea-shaped4 ,fruit3 dull black pods #a to #d inches long1 tightly constricted between the seeds1 often clinging to the tree with the flowers of the following spring4 ,wood3 light red with #aj or #ab layers of bright yellow sapwood1 heavy1 hard and strong but too small to be of commercial importance4 ,this little tree is native only to eastern and central ,texas and the borders of adjacent states4 ,k 7p4 #adg47 ,illustration3 #bdd ,eve's necklace #bde4 ,,river ,,locust 7,amorpha fruticosa ,l47 or false indigo3 a tall shrub fairly common in low1 moist ground1 more common in sun than shade4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 of #i to #be leaflets1 oblong or elliptical1 to #a in4 long1 gland-dotted4 ,flowers3 in dense1 erect clusters1 each floret consisting of one dark purple petal wrapped around the ten gold-tipped stamens and the style4 ,fruit3 pods about in4 long heavily dotted with amber-colored glands4 ,k 7p4 #afj47 ,illustration3 #bde river locust ,,rue ,,family 7,citrus ,fruits ,in ,this ,family7 #bdf4 ,,prickly ,,ash 7,xanthoxylum clava-herculis ,l47 also called tear-blanket or toothache tree3 a rather small tree common in rich lowlands1 8of its largest size on the rich intervale lands of the streams flowing into the ,trinity ,river04 ,leaves3 pinnately compound of #c to #i pairs of leaflets1 usually ovate with acute or acuminate tips1 #a to #b in4 long1 shiny above1 dull beneath1 margins crenate-serrate1 aromatic and tingling-spicy as are the fruit and bark4 ,twigs3 have scattered1 hooked spines1 often black on young shoots4 ,bark3 smooth1 bluish gray1 conspicuous for its corky1 cone-shaped knobs which are sometimes still tipped with sharp spines2 bark of root is especially stimulating and tonic1 used by negroes for toothache and rheumatism4 ,flowers3 small1 white or greenish1 in small cymes1 opening after the leaves4 ,fruit3 inch long1 and nearly round1 pitted capsules split in early autumn to reveal the shiny black seeds2 relished by many birds4 ,wood3 light weight1 close-grained1 light brown with yellow sapwood1 not valued as much as the bark4 ,illustration3 #bdf prickly ash #bdg4 ,,wafer ,,ash 7,ptelea trifoliata ,l47 or hop tree3 a rare1 small tree or shrub of low woodlands4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 usually composed of three1 rarely five leaflets1 #b to #e inches long1 #a to #c wide1 the terminal generally larger and more tapering toward the base than the others1 margins entire or finely serrate1 dark and shiny above1 gland-dotted beneath4 ,twigs3 dark1 glossy1 resembling cherry2 winter buds rounded1 whitish4 ,bark3 of branches resembles cherry1 dark and shining but cracks and curls1 becoming rough2 bitter1 tonic4 ,flowers3 greenish white1 compound terminal cymes2 in midsummer2 disagreeable odor4 ,fruit3 winged seed disks similar to those of elm but larger1 nearly #a inch2 the drooping clusters conspicuous on winter branches2 occasionally used in place of hops in beer brewing4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard and close-grained4 ,illustration3 #bdg wafer ash ,,mahogany ,,family #bdh4 ,,chinaberry 7,melia azederach ,l47 a familiar cultivated tree occasionally escaped from cultivation2 a native of ,china much planted for shade in the southern states2 sometimes found in remote woods where birds must have dropped the seeds4 ,leaves3 alternate1 twice-pinnately compound1 dark green above1 margins of leaflets often shallowly lobed or wavy4 ,twigs3 thick1 upright1 dark4 ,bark3 dark1 somewhat smooth on branches4 ,flowers3 lavender1 in large1 loose clusters on wood of the previous year1 scented1 in ,april or ,may4 ,fruit3 ,opaque1 yellow1 size of marbles1 remaining into winter4 ,wood3 light and brittle1 color resembles mahogany but the grain is much coarser and does not polish well4 ,i 7p4 #cec47 ,illustration3 #bdh chinaberry ,,quassia ,,family #bdh;,a4 ,,tree ,,of ,,heaven1 ,chinese sumac1 7,ailanthus glandulosa ,desf47 ,several sprouts of this tree were observed in ,kessler ,park woodlands after this booklet had been set in type4 ,the #a to #c foot1 pinnately compound ,,leaves and very stout ,,twigs are ready marks of identification4 ,flowers3 greenish1 in large panicles1 the staminate ill-scented4 ,fruit3 winged seeds rusty colored4 ,wood3 soft and weak4 ,an escape from cultivation1 undesirable because of its numerous root-suckers4 ,,cashew ,,family #bdi4 ,,smooth ,,sumac 7,rhus glabra ,l47 abundant tall shrub1 in woods or fields1 prefers lowlands but also common in shallow depressions of uplands4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 #f to #ab inches long1 leaflets toothed1 dark and smooth above2 turning bright scarlet in early autumn4 ,twigs3 smooth1 reddish brown or with a whitish bloom2 stout2 buds entirely encircled by leaf stem or scar1 juice milky4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 staminate in large1 loose clusters of small1 creamy flowers2 pistillate clusters more compact and soon showing tinge of red4 ,fruit3 dark red1 fuzzy1 acid skins cover each dry seed1 retain color nearly all winter2 may be used to make a substitute for lemonade4 ,wood3 too scanty to be of value1 center pithy4 ,illustration3 #bdi smooth sumac #bej4 ,,winged ,,or ,,dwarf ,,sumac 7,rhus copallina ,l47 a tall shrub or rarely a small tree1 abundant on limestone hills and bluffs4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 #f to #h inches long1 leaflets not or remotely serrate on margins1 leafy wings along stem between leaflets4 ,twigs3 slightly pubescent 7fuzzy71 buds not entirely encircled by leaf scar1 juice watery4 ,flowers3 similar to ,r4 glabra but later1 in ,august4 ,fruit3 clusters do not retain their bright color as late4 ,wood3 light and soft1 greenish brown4 ,illustration3 #bej winged sumac #bea4 ,,poison ,,ivy1 ,,poison ,,oak 7,rhus toxicodendron ,l47 an abundant1 woody1 high-climbing vine1 often appearing shrubby when young1 or in the absence of a support2 preferring woodlands1 but also in open places4 ,leaves3 compound1 of three leaflets #b to #e inches long1 coarsely toothed or lobed or more rarely entire4 ,bark3 noticeable for numerous aerial rootlets on large specimens4 ,branches3 extending at right angles from main stem4 ,flowers3 inconspicuous1 whitish4 ,fruit3 white1 in small1 loose clusters4 ,all parts of the plant very poisonous to the touch3 the apparent immunity of some persons may be lost at any time and those who have suffered previous attacks seem more subject to the poison thereafter4 ,illustration3 #bea poison ivy #beb4 ,,aromatic ,,or ,,ill-,,scented ,,sumac 7,rhus trilobata and var4 aromatica7 or skunk bush3 a spreading1 low to medium shrub common in dry upland woods4 ,leaves3 compound1 of three leaflets1 teeth or lobes usually rounded1 to #a inches long2 both plants and opinions vary as to whether leaves are aromatic or ill-scented when crushed4 ,twigs3 are noticeable in winter for their cone-shaped buds4 ,flowers3 in ,march1 small1 yellow4 ,fruit3 small clusters of red stone fruits covered with white hairs1 ripe in midsummer1 decorative4 ,k 7p4 #bjd-e47 ,illustration3 #beb aromatic sumac ,,holly ,,family #bec4 ,,swamp ,,holly 7,ilex decidua ,walt47 or possum haw1 a common small tree or shrub thriving best in lowlands1 but also grows on dry limestone bluffs4 ,leaves3 #a to #b inches long1 usually blunt at the tip1 margins with small1 rounded teeth4 ,twigs3 light gray1 the short stems often densely covered with fruit scars1 resembling tiny cones2 alternate on the branches4 ,bark3 pale gray often mottled1 smooth4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 white1 very inconspicuous4 ,fruit3 round1 scarlet or orange1 close to the branches1 singly or few together1 on wood of the previous year1 often remain through winter4 ,wood3 heavy1 close-grained1 creamy-white4 ,this tree suffers from vandals1 especially near ,christmas1 although not evergreen like its spiny-leaved relative1 ,ilex opaca which is grown commercially and is also a native of ,east ,texas4 ,youpon 7,ilex vomitoria7 is another native of ,east ,texas which resembles our swamp holly even more closely except that its leaves are evergreen1 and its fruit more pulpy4 ,illustration3 #bec swamp holly ,,staff-,,tree ,,family #bed4 ,,waahoo or burning bush 7,evonymus atropurpureus ,jacq47 a medium to tall shrub or small tree of low woodlands1 not very common4 ,leaves3 opposite1 simple1 #b to #e inches long1 tapering at both ends1 finely serrate1 light green and often turning pinkish in autumn4 ,twigs3 green with gray stripes1 often more or less #d-;angled4 ,bark3 smoothish1 mottled gray4 ,flowers3 small1 very dark red1 #d-lobed1 in ,may4 ,fruit3 crimson1 not more than one in each lobe of #d-lobed rosy pod hanging from red1 threadlike stem1 in winter4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard and close-grained4 ,the climbing bittersweet1 native of ,oklahoma and ,east ,texas1 is a member of this family4 ,illustration3 #bed waahoo ,,maple ,,family #bee4 ,,box ,,elder 7,acer negundo ,l47 a medium-sized tree fairly common in low woods and along stream banks4 ,this is the only member of the family native to ,dallas ,county4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 opposite1 usually #e leaflets1 sometimes #c or #g1 #b to #e in4 long1 light green1 coarsely toothed4 ,twigs3 usually green1 smooth4 ,bark3 gray1 with regular1 shallow furrows4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 very small1 staminate forming green1 silky tassels4 ,fruit3 seeds with elongated wings1 in pairs forming v's1 ripen and fall in autumn although their stems cling until spring4 ,wood3 light1 soft1 close-grained2 used for woodenware1 interior finish and paper pulp4 ,sugar can be made from the sap4 ,this tree grows rapidly in a moist situation but is short-lived4 ,illustration3 #bee box elder ,,soapberry ,,family #bef4 ,,spanish or ,,texas ,,buckeye 7,ungnadia speciosa ,endl47 a tall shrub or small tree1 not very common1 in upland woods2 native only to ,texas1 ,new ,mexico and northern ,mexico2 ,dallas ,county about its northeastern limit4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 ash-like but alternate1 leaflets #a to #c inches long1 wrinkled undersurface4 ,twigs3 light brown4 ,bark3 light gray1 thin1 with numerous shallow fissures4 ,flowers3 color of redbud1 slightly larger and averaging two weeks later1 #d or #e slender petals and red stamens often curving in opposite directions4 ,fruit3 #c or rarely #d round1 black1 shiny seeds1 smaller than true buckeyes but having the pale 8eye-spot02 leathery brown pods usually crack open and drop the seeds in ,october or ,november1 themselves remaining through the winter4 ,the seeds are powerful emetics and reputed to be poisonous4 ,wood3 heavy1 close-grained1 soft but brittle1 reddish brown4 ,k 7p4 #bae47 ,illustration3 #bef ,texas buckeye #beg4 ,,soapberry or wild chinaberry 7,sapindus drummondii ,h4 ,a47 a medium-sized tree1 fairly common in lowlands1 a tree of the southwest-central states4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound of #d to #i pairs of sickle-shaped leaflets about #b inches long with entire margins2 lack the odd terminal leaflet of walnuts and pecans4 ,twigs3 slender1 the outer branches often drooping4 ,bark3 light gray1 rough and loosely scaly4 ,flowers3 small1 creamy white1 showy because of large size of the terminal clusters1 in ,may or ,june4 ,fruit3 golden1 or amber1 translucent1 size of marbles1 drooping from tips of branches1 remain until spring when they sometimes turn black4 ,wood3 heavy1 strong and splits easily between annual rings1 hence used for basket splints4 ,illustration3 #beg soapberry #beh4 ,,fetid or ,,ohio ,,buckeye 7,aesculus glabra ,willd47 medium shrub or rarely small tree in this region1 low or upland woods but nowhere common4 ,leaves3 opposite1 palmately compound1 of #g to #i slender1 toothed leaflets1 #b to #d inches long1 #a to #b wide1 conspicuous in early spring as they are among the first to open4 ,twigs3 stout1 with large opposite buds1 the terminal one containing leaves as well as flower clusters2 branches usually divide into twos4 ,flowers3 in ,april1 pale yellow clusters1 stamens slightly longer than the petals4 ,fruit3 brown1 glossy seeds1 flattened on one side1 with a large1 pale 8eye-spot02 two or three in a leathery1 rounded husk1 #a to #b inches across1 covered with short1 scattered prickles4 ,the seed was once believed to be a cure for rheumatism when carried in the pocket4 ,wood3 light1 close-grained1 tough2 used for artificial limbs1 splints1 woodenware and paper pulp2 ill-scented4 ,illustration3 #beh ,ohio buckeye ,,buckthorn ,,family #bei4 ,,indian ,,cherry 7,rhamnus caroliniana ,walt47 or yellow buckthorn1 a shrub or small tree1 fairly common in rich1 low woods and limestone slopes4 ,leaves3 glossy1 dark green1 #b to #e in4 long and #a to #b in4 wide1 rounded at base and acute or acuminate at tip1 margins obscurely serrate1 veins yellow1 evenly spaced and prominent on the under side2 turning dark purple or yellow in autumn1 tardily deciduous on young trees4 ,twigs3 with naked winter buds small and pointed4 ,flowers3 in ,may1 inconspicuous1 usually dioecious4 ,fruit3 size of small peas1 containing #b to #d seeds2 scattered1 on short stems2 red in summer1 turning black in autumn4 ,wood3 hard1 light brown1 close-grained and brittle4 ,illustration3 #bei ,indian cherry #bfj4 ,,new ,,jersey ,,tea 7,ceanothus ovatus ,desf47 or ,,red-,,root2 a shrub #a to #c feet high1 common on dry uplands of woods1 meadows and roadsides4 ,leaves3 veins depressed above and prominent beneath as in the other two local members of this family1 lowest pair longest1 not dark and glossy above1 #a or #b in4 long1 less than half as wide4 ,twigs3 slender1 retaining stems and whitish fruit 8cups0 in winter4 ,flowers3 tiny1 white1 fragrant1 in small1 dense1 rather cone-shaped clusters2 the #e petals and #e sepals all white and incurved1 petals forming a hood from which anthers project2 in ,april4 ,fruit3 small1 three-lobed1 white1 ripening in summer4 ,k 7p4 #baf47 ,illustration3 #bfj ,new ,jersey tea2 fruit #bfa4 ,,rattan ,,vine or ,,supple-,,jack 7,berchemia scandens ,trel47 a fairly common1 high-climbing1 woody vine of low woods4 ,leaves3 similar to ,indian cherry except much smaller1 #a to #b in4 long4 ,stems3 smooth1 greenish1 pliable1 tough1 very slender when young1 becoming several inches thick in old age4 ,flowers3 small1 greenish-white1 in small panicles4 ,fruit3 oval1 blackish1 about in4 long1 containing one seed4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ejb74 ,illustration3 #bfa rattan vine ,,vine 7,,grape7 ,,family #bfb4 ,,virginia ,,creeper 7,psedera quinquefolia ,greene7 7,parthenocissus q4 ,planch47 or woodbine3 common woodland vine preferring lowlands1 climbing tall trees or covering stumps4 ,leaves3 alternate1 palmately compound1 of #e to #g leaflets1 irregularly toothed1 tapering at each end1 #b to #d in4 long2 turning bright scarlet in early fall4 ,flowers3 clustered1 inconspicuous4 ,fruit3 bluish1 round1 like tiny grapes1 popular with birds4 ,more than one species but not readily distinguished4 ,some have adhesive disks at the tips of tendrils4 ,often but needlessly confused with poison ivy4 ,illustration3 #bfb ,virginia creeper #bfc4 ,,pepper ,,vine 7,cissus arborea ,des ,moulins7 a fairly common vine in river bottoms and low1 sandy soils4 ,leaves3 alternate1 twice-pinnately compound1 dark green1 reddish when young and in autumn2 resembling chinaberry2 decorative4 ,stems3 slender4 ,flowers3 whitish1 small4 ,fruit3 like small grapes but glossy black1 inedible1 ripe in ,august4 ,k 7p4 #bbc74 ,illustration3 #bfc pepper vine #bfd4 ,,cow-,,itch ,,vine 7,cissus incisa ,des ,moulins7 a rather rare vine preferring open1 sandy woods4 ,leaves3 fleshy1 sometimes palmately compound1 or deeply #c-lobed or #c-parted4 ,stems3 somewhat fleshy4 ,flowers3 small1 in compound umbels1 usually #d spreading petals4 ,fruit3 small1 grape-like1 blackish4 ,k 7p4 #bbb74 ,illustration3 #bfd cow-itch vine #bfe4 7,,cissus ,,ampelopsis ,pers47 no common name2 a rare vine of low woods4 ,leaves3 grape-like1 but smooth and thin1 broadly oval1 or heart-shaped1 coarsely toothed4 ,fruit3 bluish1 inedible1 like small grapes4 ,main ,,stem3 sometimes with many short1 leafy branches4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eji74 ,illustration3 #bfe ,cissus ampelopsis #bff4 ,,mustang ,,grape 7,vitis candicans ,engelm47 abundant vine of roadside thickets and woods4 ,leaves3 large1 angled1 shallow-toothed1 very wooly beneath2 the leaves of young shoots are usually deeply1 many-lobed in marked contrast to the older4 ,flowers3 small1 whitish1 fragrant1 in drooping clusters4 ,fruit3 large as marbles1 acid1 but palatable1 blackish1 ripe ,july4 ,k 7p4 #bbj74 #bfg4 ,,summer ,,grape 7,vitis species7 a vine of woods and roadside thickets4 ,leaves3 large1 unlobed to deeply lobed1 wooly when young4 ,fruit3 small1 pleasant1 ripe in autumn4 ,,st4 ,,john',,swort ,,family #bfh4 ,,st4 ,,andrew',s ,,cross 7,ascyrum hypericoides ,l47 low shrub of low1 sandy woods1 rather rare4 ,leaves3 to #a inches long1 opposite1 many remaining green through mild winters4 ,flowers3 yellow1 about inch across1 of four petals1 falling early2 two of four sepals larger1 leaflike1 clasping bud or seed-pod between them4 ,fruit3 several small seeds in each disk-like pod1 tardily deciduous4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ebh74 ,illustration3 #bfh ,st4 ,andrew's cross ,,cactus ,,family #bfi4 ,,prickly ,,pear ,,cactus 7,opuntia ,sp47 a shrub1 common in meadows and dry woods4 ,branches 7joints73 broad1 flat1 green1 spiny and somewhat leaflike4 ,true ,,leaves3 small1 fleshy1 thick scales1 early deciduous4 ,flowers3 #b to #e inches across1 having many glossy1 yellow petals and numerous stamens4 ,fruit3 reddish1 prickly1 about an inch across and slightly longer4 ,this shrub is a valued forage crop in many parts of western ,texas1 after the spines have been burned off with a blow torch4 ,,dogwood ,,family #bgj4 ,,flowering ,,dogwood 7,cornus florida ,l47 shrub or small tree1 very rare2 usually in rocky or sandy woods1 often with cedar4 ,leaves3 simple1 #b to #e inches long1 #a to #b wide1 opposite1 mostly in clusters at the ends of branches2 entire or nearly so1 veins prominent beneath4 ,twigs3 distinguished in winter by the pale 8flat turnip-shaped0 flower buds2 bright red or yellowish green1 slender4 ,bark3 furrowed and breaking into somewhat rectangular plates2 astringent and aromatic1 used in medicine4 ,branches3 usually horizontally spreading and upcurved at tips4 ,flowers3 greenish yellow1 small1 in dense heads surrounded by #d large1 white1 notched1 petal-like bracts2 in ,march and ,april4 ,fruit3 dense clusters of glossy1 scarlet1 oval berries1 about inch long4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard1 strong1 very close-grained2 for turnery1 tool handles1 forms for metal-spinners for which last it is sold by the pound4 #bga4 ,,dwarf or ,,rough-,,leaf ,,dogwood 7,cornus asperifolia ,michx47 a large shrub1 or rarely a small tree1 common and widespread1 preferring lowlands4 ,leaves3 simple1 opposite1 nearly entire1 rough above1 paler and downy beneath1 #b to #d inches long1 ovate or oblong4 ,twigs3 bright red in winter1 rough or with whitish pubescence4 ,bark3 thin1 narrowly ridged1 with close1 dark red-brown scales4 ,flowers3 small1 white1 in flat-topped clusters1 in ,april or ,may following black haw flowers which they resemble4 ,fruit3 small1 white1 on reddish stems1 ripe late summer and fall4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard1 strong1 fine-grained2 adapted for turnery4 ,illustration3 #bga dwarf dogwood ,,sapodilla ,,family #bgb4 ,,wooly ,,bumelia1 ,,chittam ,,wood1 or ,,gum ,,elastic 7,bumelia lanuginosa ,pers47 a common tree of widespread and varied habitat4 ,leaves3 mostly blunt at apex1 entire1 #a to #b inches long1 dark and smooth above1 whitish or sometimes rusty1 wooly beneath1 especially when young2 tardily deciduous4 ,twigs3 with small1 scattered spines usually tipping the smallest twigs4 ,flowers3 in ,july1 whitish1 inconspicuous4 ,fruit3 ripe ,sept4 and ,oct41 oval1 black1 few or solitary2 sweetish1 with a single1 dark brown1 shining seed about inch across4 ,wood3 hard1 heavy1 tough1 smooth-grained4 ,,ebony ,,family #bgc4 ,,persimmon 7,diospyros virginiana ,l47 a common small or rarely large tree1 on dry1 open ground1 old fields or sometimes rich bottom lands4 ,leaves3 ovate1 entire1 #d to #f inches long1 dark and shining above1 paler beneath4 ,twigs3 slender1 light brown or ashy gray1 with a thick pith cavity4 ,bark3 dark1 divided into nearly square blocks4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 pistillate solitary bell-shaped about inch deep and inch wide2 staminate shorter and tubular clustered in #b's or #c's2 both creamy colored1 opening in ,may4 ,fruit3 soft1 round1 orange-brown1 about #a to #b inches across1 containing many large1 flat1 smooth seeds2 edible1 ripe in fall and winter1 whenever the calyx separates readily from the fruit4 ,wood3 hard1 dense1 strong2 brown or black heartwood1 wide sapwood white or yellowish2 used for shuttles1 golf-stick heads1 but not commercially valuable4 ,,olive ,,family #bgd4 ,,white ,,ash 7,fraxinus americana ,l47 a common1 rather large tree of widespread and various habitat4 ,leaves3 opposite1 pinnately compound1 #e to #i but usually #g leaflets1 entire or with obscure or rounded teeth1 #c to #e inches long and #a to #c wide1 dark green above and paler beneath4 ,twigs3 stout1 gray or light brown in winter1 with large1 roundish leaf-scars concave or notched on upper side4 ,bark3 dark brown or gray1 broken by many narrow fissures4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 the staminate clusters often mistaken for seeds when they harden and cling through winter1 a condition caused by the sting of an insect mite4 ,fruit3 nearly cylindrical seed with a thin wing attached1 oar-shaped1 #a to #b inches long1 in dense clusters4 ,wood3 heavy1 hard1 tough1 strong1 brown2 valuable for tool handles1 oars1 furniture and interiors2 valued as a shade tree4 #bge4 ,,green ,,ash 7,fraxinus pennsylvanica var4 lanceolata ,sarge47 prefers bottom lands4 ,leaves3 differ from white ash in the leaf color which is light or bright green on both sides1 margins more sharply serrate and serrations extending nearly to the base1 leaflets narrower4 ,fruit3 wings extend more than half way along two sides of the seed portion4 ,twigs3 leaf-scar straight or nearly so on upper side4 ,since this tree often hybridizes with the white ash1 the species are sometimes hard to distinguish4 #bgf4 ,,spring ,,herald 7,adelia pubescens ,nutt47 spring goldenglow1 or devil's elbow2 an abundant shrub of medium height1 widespread but preferring upland woods4 ,leaves3 simple1 opposite1 to #a inches long1 blunt1 with fine1 rounded teeth4 ,twigs3 light1 gray1 zigzag or tangled4 ,flowers3 dioecious1 very early1 petal-less1 clusters of stamens pale yellow1 pistillate flowers greenish4 ,fruit3 oval1 bluish1 ripen and fall early in summer4 ,these bushes make dense cover for birds and small animals4 ,it is always distinguishable from swamp holly by its opposite twigs4 ,k 7p4 #bhg74 ,illustration3 #bgf spring herald #bgg4 ,,swamp ,,privet 7,adelia acuminata ,poir47 a tall shrub or rarely a small tree growing only in low or swampy woods where fairly common4 ,leaves3 opposite1 usually #a to #c inches long and about an inch wide1 margins entire or finely serrate1 tips acuminate4 ,twigs and ,,bark3 dark1 rather smooth with light dots4 ,flowers3 similar to spring herald4 ,fruit3 elongated1 usually tapering4 ,illustration3 #bgg swamp privet ,,vervain ,,family #bgh4 ,,french ,,mulberry 7,callicarpa americana ,l47 or beautyberry3 a medium shrub fairly common in low woods especially where sandy4 ,leaves3 simple1 opposite1 coarsely toothed1 #c to #e inches long1 #a to #c wide1 light green1 tapering at both ends1 softly fuzzy on both sides and with tiny shining glands beneath4 ,twigs3 with pale1 rusty fuzz4 ,flowers3 pale pink1 in dense clusters close to the branches at each pair of leaves4 ,fruit3 bright reddish purple1 about inch across1 in dense clusters #a to #a inches across1 surrounding the stems4 ,often planted for the decorative fruits which are attractive to birds4 ,k 7p4 #cda74 ,illustration3 #bgh ,french mulberry ,,bignonia ,,family #bgi4 ,,cigar ,,tree 7,catalpa speciosa ,warder47 a tree well known in cultivation and rarely as an escape1 in woods4 ,this tree with its large1 opposite1 heart-shaped ,,leaves1 showy white or lavender1 flaring bell-shaped ,,flowers and pencil-like ,,pods is too conspicuous to require a detailed description4 ,wood3 soft1 light1 coarse-grained2 sometimes planted in groves in rich soil for use as fence posts or sometimes for railroad ties4 #bhj4 ,,trumpet ,,creeper 7,tecoma radicans ,l47 a rare vine growing along fence rows and edges of woods in sandy land2 common in ,east ,texas4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound and opposite1 of #i to #aa leaflets1 toothed1 pointed1 ovate4 ,flowers3 large1 orange-red1 flaring trumpet-shaped1 nearly #c inches long4 ,fruit3 pods #b to #e inches long1 tapered2 seeds flat1 winged1 numerous4 ,illustration3 #bhj trumpet creeper #bha4 ,,buttonbush 7,cephalanthus occidentalis ,l47 button willow3 usually a large shrub1 fairly common in swamps or near water2 often cultivated4 ,leaves3 simple1 opposite or in whorls of #c or more1 smooth1 dark green1 with a stout yellow midrib1 #b to #g inches long1 to #c wide4 ,twigs3 stout1 smooth1 with a thick pith1 pale reddish-brown and covered with a bloom in their first winter4 ,bark3 dark1 rough1 with narrow scales2 contains tannin2 used in treatment of fevers4 ,flowers3 creamy white1 fragrant1 in dense balls about #a to #a inches in diameter4 ,fruit3 a dark brownish1 hard ball1 remaining through the winter4 ,,honeysuckle ,,family #bhb4 ,,coral ,,honeysuckle or ,,trumpet ,,honeysuckle 7,lonicera sempervirens ,l47 an evergreen vine1 rare except in cultivation2 common in ,east ,texas2 low woods and thickets4 ,leaves3 oblong1 smooth1 upper pairs united or encircling stem4 ,flowers3 ,trumpet-shaped1 light red1 yellowish inside1 #a to #a inches long1 in clusters4 ,fruit3 scarlet1 fleshy4 ,illustration3 #bhb coral honeysuckle #bhc4 ,,bush ,,honeysuckle 7,lonicera albiflora ,t4 ,g47 not very common2 on limestone bluffs1 upland meadows and thickets4 ,leaves3 opposite1 upper pair usually united or encircling stem1 not evergreen4 ,stems3 stiff and upright or sometimes long and trailing1 both usually to be found on one bush2 this habit is the best point of distinction between this species and the rarer trumpet honeysuckle when there are no flowers present4 ,fruit3 scarlet1 fleshy4 ,flowers3 whitish or yellowish1 small4 ,k 7p4 #chb74 ,illustration3 #bhc bush honeysuckle #bhd4 ,,indian ,,currant 7,symphoricarpos orbiculatus ,moench47 or coralberry1 the last name also used for other plants1 locally well known as buckbrush or partridge brush4 ,this #a to #c-;foot shrub is abundant in woodlands1 especially in rich soil4 ,leaves3 simple1 opposite1 entire or nearly1 #a to #a inches long1 usually blunt at tip1 darker above4 ,twigs3 wiry1 brown4 ,flowers3 white1 small1 in dense clusters at leaf-axils4 ,fruit3 magenta red1 in dense clusters encircling stems1 remaining through winter4 ,the much smaller size of bush1 leaves and fruit clusters prevents confusion with ,french mulberry4 ,b 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bgg74 ,illustration3 #bhd ,indian current #bhe4 ,,black ,,haw 7,viburnum rufidulum ,raf47 or possum haw3 a shrub or more often a small tree2 in woods1 preferring lowlands4 ,leaves3 thick1 glossy1 finely serrate1 about #c inches long and half as wide2 a rusty fuzz at the base of the veins beneath2 simple1 opposite1 red in autumn4 ,twigs3 sometimes coated with rusty fuzz as the buds always are4 ,bark3 dark reddish brown1 with small1 roundish scales4 ,flowers3 late ,march or early ,april1 white1 in flat clusters about #e or #f inches across4 ,fruit3 oval1 about one-half inch long1 blue with a bloom1 containing a single stony seed2 especially attractive in autumn1 turning from red to blue4 ,wood3 ill-scented4 ,illustration3 #bhe black haw #bhf4 ,,elderberry or common elder 7,sambucus canadensis ,l47 usually a tall shrub2 common in low1 rich woods4 ,leaves3 pinnately compound1 of #e to #aa oblong1 or oval1 smooth leaflets1 #b to #d inches long1 the lower often #c-parted2 sharply serrate1 opposite4 ,twigs3 with thin woody layer surrounding thick white pith4 ,flowers3 small1 white1 in large1 compound1 flat clusters2 sweet-scented4 ,fruit3 purplish black1 glossy1 juicy1 popular with birds1 ripe in late summer4 ,k 7p4 #cha74 ,illustration3 #bhf elderberry ,,bibliography ,a4 ,blakeslee ,jarvis1 8,trees in ,winter10 ,macmillan1 #aibf4 ,includes only the trees found in ,new ,england1 about #be of them also here2 illustrated4 ,contains a good section on the care and planting of trees4 ,b4 ,britton ,brown1 8,illustrated ,flora of the ,northern ,states and ,canada10 #c vol41 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 #aiac edition4 ,these volumes1 though technical1 are helpful in the identification of many plants because of the detailed line drawings which illustrate every species4 ,c4 ,brown1 ,h4 ,p41 8,trees of ,northeastern ,united ,states10 ,christopher ,publishing house1 #aich1 second edition4 ,useful leaf1 fruit and twig keys4 ,d4 ,coulter1 ,john ,m41 8,botany of ,western ,texas10 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,herbarium1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahid4 ,obviously out of date and also out of print but describes a few species of this region which are to be found in no other book4 ,e4 ,gray1 ,asa1 8,gray's ,new ,manual of ,botany10 ,american ,book ,co41 #gth edition1 #aijh4 ,a technical handbook for the flowering plants and ferns of the ,central and ,northeastern states and ,canada4 ,mentioned here because its system of classification and scientific names has been followed1 in most cases4 ,this manual more nearly conforms to the new international rules of classification than any other available1 except ,sargent4 ,f4 ,hough1 ,romeyn ,beck1 8,handbook of the ,trees of the ,northern ,states and ,canada40 ,published by the author1 ,lowville1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg4 ,includes many of our trees and useful because of the detailed photographic illustrations4 ,g4 ,mattoon ,webster1 8,forest ,trees of ,texas10 bulletin #bj1 ,texas ,forest ,service1 ,college ,station1 #aibh4 ,contains descriptions and drawings of #ib ,texas trees1 about #de of them in ,dallas ,county4 ,inexpensive4 ,h4 ,parks1 ,h4 ,b41 8,valuable ,plants ,native to ,texas10 ,bulletin #eea1 ,texas ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,college ,station1 #aicg4 ,notes on the uses and habits of native plants1 with special emphasis on honey plants4 ,i4 ,rogers1 ,julia ,ellen1 8,the ,tree ,book10 ,doubleday ,page1 #aiab4 ,old but still popular guide to the trees of ,north ,america1 illustrated4 ,useful and interesting facts about trees are here told in a most interesting manner4 ,j4 ,sargent1 ,charles ,sprague1 8,manual of the ,trees of ,north ,america10 ,houghton ,mifflin1 #aicc4 ,includes complete technical descriptions of the #ef plants in this booklet which sometimes attain such height and habit as to be called trees4 ,k4 ,schulz1 ,ellen ,d4 7,quillen71 8,texas ,wild ,flowers10 ,laidlaw ,bros41 #aibh4 ,describes about #ah of the species in this booklet4 ,one of the best books for beginners in the study of wild flowers of our region4 ,l4 ,small1 ,john ,kunkel1 8,flora of the ,southeastern ,united ,states10 published by the author1 #aijc4 ,this is the only complete floral manual ever published which includes ,dallas ,county4 ,needed for identification of a few species but the book is out-of-date in its system of classification and also out of print4 ,ditto for the edition of #aiac4 ,m4 ,small1 ,john ,kunkel1 8,manual of the ,southeastern ,flora10 published by the author1 ,new ,york1 #aicc4 ,descriptions technical but helpful in the identification of a few species not described in many other books4 ,this volume does not include ,texas4 ,,index ,a ,acer negundo1 #bee ,adelia acuminate1 #bgg ,adelia pubescens1 #bgf ,aesculus glabra1 #beh ,amorpha fruticosa1 #bde ,aristolochia tomentosa1 #bbh ,ascyrum hypericoides1 #bfh ash1 green1 #bge ash1 prickly1 #bdf ash1 wafer1 #bdg ash1 white1 #bgd ,b bear grass1 #bje beautyberry1 #bgh beech family1 #bab-bbj ,berchemia scandens1 #bfa bignonia family1 #bgi-bha birthwort family1 #bbh bois d'arc1 #bbf box elder1 #bee buck-brush1 #bhd buckeye1 fetid1 #beh ,ohio1 #beh ,spanish1 #bef ,texas1 #bef buckthorn1 ,carolina1 #bei yellow1 #bei buckthorn family1 #bei-bfa ,bumelia lanuginosa1 #bgb bumelia1 wooly1 #bgb burning bush1 #bed button willow1 #bha buttonbush1 #bha buttonwood1 #bca ,c cactus family1 #bfi ,callicarpa americana1 #bgh ,canada moonseed1 #bcj ,carolina moonseed1 #bbi poplar1 #bjg ,carya buckleyi1 #baa pecan1 #bji texana1 #baj cashew family1 #bdi-beb ,catalpa speciosa1 #bgi catbrier1 #bjd ,ceanothus ovatus1 #bfj cedar1 mountain1 #bjb red1 #bja ,celtis laevigata1 #bbe occidentalis 7var471 #bbd ,cephalanthus occidentalis1 #bha ,cercis canadensis1 #bda reniformis1 #bdb cherry1 ,indian1 #bei wild black1 #bcf ,chinaberry1 #bdh wild1 #beg chittam wood1 #bgb cigar tree1 #bgi ,cissus ampelopsis1 #bfe arborea1 #bfc incisa1 #bfd ,cocculus carolinus1 #bbi coralberry1 #bhd honeysuckle1 #bhb vine1 #bbi ,cornus asperifolia1 #bga florida1 #bgj cottonwood1 #bjg cow-itch vine1 #bfd ,crataegus1 #bcb ,d devil's elbow1 #bgf dewberry1 #bce ,diospyros virginiana1 #bgc dogwood1 dwarf1 #bga flowering1 #bgj rough-leaved1 #bga dogwood family1 #bgj-bga ,dutchman's pipe1 #bbh ,e ebony family1 #bgc elder1 #bhf box1 #bee elderberry1 #bhf elm1 ,american1 #bba cedar1 #bbb red1 #bbj slippery1 #bbj white1 #bba winged1 #bbc ,eve's necklace1 #bdd ,evonymus atropurpureus1 #bed ,f false indigo1 #bde ,fraxinus americana1 #bgd pennsylvanica 7var471 #bge ,french mulberry1 #bgh ,g ,gleditsia triacanthos1 #bdc grape1 mustang1 #bff summer1 #bfg grape family1 #bfb-bfg greenbrier1 #bjd gum elastic1 #bgb ,h hackberry1 rough-leaved1 #bbd southern1 #bbe haw1 black1 #bhe possum1 #bec1 #bhe red1 #bcb hawthorn1 #bcb hickory1 #baa holly1 swamp1 #bec holly family1 #bec honey locust1 #bdc honeysuckle1 bush1 #bhc coral1 #bhb honeysuckle family1 #bhb-bhf hop tree1 #bdg horse-apple1 #bbf ,i ,ilex decidua1 #bec ,indian cherry1 #bei ,indian currant1 #bhd indigo1 false1 #bde ivy1 poison1 #bea ,j ,juglans nigra1 #bjh ,juniperus mexicana1 #bjb virginiana1 #bja ,l lily family1 #bjd-bje locust1 honey1 #bdc river1 #bde ,lonicera albiflora1 #bhc sempervirens1 #bhb ,m ,maclura pomifera1 #bbf mahogany family1 #bdh maple family1 #bee ,melia azederach1 #bdh ,menispermum canadense1 #bcj mesquite1 #bdj moonseed family1 #bbi-bcj ,morus rubra1 #bbg mulberry1 ,french1 #bgh red1 #bbg mustang grape1 #bff ,n necklace1 ,eve's1 #bdd nettle family1 #bbj-bbg ,new ,jersey tea1 #bfj ,o oak1 basket1 #bae black jack1 #bah bur1 #bad chestnut1 #baf chinquapin1 #baf cow1 #bae duck1 #bag dwarf post1 #bac mossy cup1 #bad pin1 #bag poison1 #bea post1 #bab red1 #bai scrub1 #bac ,spanish1 #bai swamp chestnut1 #bae ,texas red1 #bai water1 #bag olive family1 #bgd-bgg ,opuntia sp41 #bfi ,osage orange1 #bbf ,p palm family1 #bjc palmetto1 dwarf1 #bjc ,parthenocissus1 #bfb ,partridge brush1 #bhd pea family1 #bdj-bdd peach1 #bci pecan1 #bji pecan1 bitter1 #baj pepper vine1 #bfc persimmon1 #bgc pine family1 #bja-bjb pipevine1 wooly1 #bbh plane tree family1 #bca ,platanus occidentalis1 #bca plum1 dwarf1 #bch ,mexican1 #bcg wild1 #bcg poison ivy1 #bea oak1 #bea poplar1 ,carolina1 #bjg ,populus deltoides 7var471 #bjg possum haw1 #bec1 #bhe prickly ash1 #bdf prickly pear cactus1 #bfi privet1 swamp1 #bgg ,prosopis glandulosa1 #bdj ,prunus angustifolia 7var471 #bch mexicana1 #bcg persica1 #bci serotina1 #bcf ,psedera quinquefolia1 #bfb ,ptelea trifoliata1 #bdg ,q ,quercus macrocarpa1 #bad marilandica1 #bah muehlenbergii1 #baf nigra1 #bag prinus1 #bae rubra1 #bai ,shumardii 7var471 #bai stellata1 #bba and var41 #bac texana1 #bai ,r rattan vine1 #bfa redbud1 #bda1 #bda red-root1 #bfj red haw1 #bcb ,rhamnus caroliniana1 #bei ,rhus copallina1 #bej glabra1 #bdi toxicodendron1 #bea trilobata 7var471 #beb river locust1 #bde ,rosa foliosa 7foliolosa71 #bcd setigera1 #bcc rose1 pasture1 #bcd prairie1 #bcc rose family1 #bcb-bci ,rubus trivialis1 #bce rue family1 #bdf-bdg ,s ,sabal minor1 #bjc ,st4 ,andrew's cross1 #bfh ,st4 ,john'swort family1 #bfh ,salix nigra1 #bjf ,sambucus canadensis1 #bhf ,sapindus drummondii1 #beg sapodilla family1 #bgb sarsaparilla1 wild1 #bbi sawbrier1 #bjd skunkbush1 #beb ,smilax1 #bjd soapberry1 #beg family1 #bef-beh ,sophora affinis1 #bdd ,spanish buckeye1 #bef dagger1 #bje spring goldenglow1 #bgf herald1 #bgf staff-tree family1 #bed stretchberry1 #bjd sumac1 aromatic1 #beb dwarf1 #bea ill-scented1 #bea smooth1 #bdi winged1 #bej supplejack1 #bfa swamp holly1 #bec privet1 #bgg sycamore1 #bca ,symphoricarpos1 #bhd ,t tear-blanket1 #bdf ,tecoma radicans1 #bhj ,texas buckeye1 #bef toothache tree1 #bdf trumpet creeper1 #bhj honeysuckle1 #bhb ,u ,ulmus americana1 #bba alata1 #bbc crassifolia1 #bbb fulva1 #bbj ,ungnadia speciosa1 #bef ,v vervain family1 #bgh ,viburnum rufidulum1 #bhe vine family1 #bfb-bfg ,virginia creeper1 #bfb ,vitis candicans1 #bff sp41 #bfg ,w waahoo1 #bed wafer ash1 #bdg walnut1 black1 #bjh walnut family1 #bjh-baj willow1 #bjf family1 #bjf-bjg woodbine1 #bfb ,x ,xanthoxylum clava-herculis1 #bdf ,y ,yucca1 #bje ,illustration3 ,cover image ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,included species drawings with each species 7the printed edition included all drawings in a single section47