,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,primitive ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms4 ,by ,,james ,a4 ,,f>r]4 #8,a book :i* is really bo? in/ructive & amus+1 & :i* w op5 a new field ( ?\ght to _m read]s4'--,,a!n,,um4 #8,an admirable example ( ! application ( ! sci5tific me?od & ! work+ ( ! truly sci5tific _s4'--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,*atto ,,w9dus1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4 ,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts ,,includ+ ,a ,,new ,,translation ,,( ,,becc>ia',s #8,,dei ,,delitti ,,delle ,,p5e' ,,by ,,james ,,anson ,,f>r] ,illu/ration ,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly #ahhj ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface4 ,! reason = translat+ afre% ,becc>ia's #8,dei ,delitti e delle ,p5e' 7#8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts'7 is1 t x is a classical "w ( its k9d1 & t ! int]e/ :i* belongs to x is /ill f> f be+ m]ely hi/orical4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli% long ago2 b ! *ange 9 ! ord] ( ! sev]al *apt]s & p>agraphs1 :i* ! "w und]w5t be=e x 0 clo!d 9 its f9al dress1 is s great1 t ! new translation & ! old "o really con/itute q diff]5t books4 ,! object ( ! prelim9>y *apt]s is to place ! hi/orical importance ( ! orig9al 9 its j light1 & to increase ! int]e/ ( ! subjects x discusses4 ,! ,translator has ab/a9$ f all criticism or comm5t ( ! orig9al1 less f complete agreem5t ) all its ideas ?an f ! conviction t annotations are m (t5 vexati\s ?an pr(itable1 & are be/ left to ! read] to make = himself4 ,!re is sc>cely a s5t5ce 9 ! book on :i* a comm5tator might n be prolix4 ,to comb9e ! maximum ( p]spicuity ) ! maximum ( fidelity to ! orig9al has be5 ! c>d9al pr9ciple obs]v$ 9 ! translation4 ,b x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 no less impossible ?an contr>y to ! _s ( ! orig9al to h attempt$ to r5d] p]fectly compreh5sible :at ! au?or purposely wrapp$ 9 obscurity4 ,a translation c b foll[ ! lights & %ades ( ! surface x reflects1 r5d]+ cle> :at is cle> 9 ! orig9al1 & opaque :at is opaque4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,becc>ia',s ,,life ,,& ,,"*4 ,/ate ( ,lomb>dy "u ,c\nt ,firmian--,! /ate ( crim9al law--,torture /ill 9 use--,! abolition ( torture be=e ,becc>ia--,becc>ia n a lawy] by pr(ession--,autobiographical lett] ( ,becc>ia to ! ,abb ,morellet--,influ5ce on ,becc>ia ( ,montesquieu & ,helvetius--,8 philosophy ( life & tru?--,8 fri5ds1 ! ,v]ri--,connection ) ,pietro ,v]ri--,! ,caff p]iodical--,reception ( ! #8,dei ,delitti' 9 ,p>is--,translation ( x by ,morellet--,comm5t>y by ,voltaire--,! ,swiss m$al--,becc>ia's fe> ( ecclesia/ical p]secution a motive = occasional obscurity--,feel+ 9 ,v5ice aga9/ ! au?or--,fac*9ei's criticism--,protection ( ,c\nt ,firmian--,adv]se criticism by contempor>y lawy]s--,ramsay's lett] to ,did]ot1 illu/rative ( ! despair ( re=m--,becc>ia's j\rney to ,p>is--,8 spe$y return--,enmity & jeal\sy ( ,pietro ,v]ri--,becc>ia's invitation to ,/4 ,pet]sburg--,8 lectures on political economy1 & lat] life #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,becc>ia ,,on ,,legislation4 ,pres5t inconceivability ( torture due to ,becc>ia--,h[ f> he 0 ! fir/ to write aga9/ x--,torture fir/ aboli%$ 9 ,engl&--,becc>ia's influ5ce 9 ,russia--,quotations f 8 treatise 9 ,ca?>9e's in/ruction = ! new code--,becc>ia's influ5ce 9 ,france2 ,tuscany2 ,au/ria2 ,p5nsylvania--,becc>ia ! fir/ advocate ( ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t--,relative sev]ity ( dea? & o!r p5alties--,slight relation ( crime to puni%m5t--,reasons :y capital puni%m5t is always m unc]ta9 ?an o!r p5alties--,cases acc\nt+ = its unc]ta9ty--,! effici5cy ( a puni%m5t its real te/--,futility ( discuss+ ! g5]al "r ( puni%m5t--,in/ances ( ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t 9 anci5t & mod]n times--,! argum5t = its abolition ! same z t = ! abolition ( torture #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,becc>ia ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,g5]al debt ( ,engli% law to ,becc>ia--,engli% utilit>ianism due to ,becc>ia--,8 influ5ce fir/ traceable 9 ,black/one--,fallacy ( old crim9al law 9 mak+ ! am\nt ( temptation ! measure ( puni%m5t--,ed5 ! fir/ to expose x 9 8 #8,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law'--,attitude ( m5 ( lett]s to ! crim9al law1 z ( ,goldsmi?1 ,"l ,kames1 & ,field+--,fir/ attempt at law re=m by ,sir ,w4 ,m]$i?--,con/ant opposition ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords--,effect on re=m ( ,madan's #8,executive ,ju/ice' & ,paley's *apt] on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts--,relation ( ,paley to ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,ell5bor\gh--,paley's def5ce ( ,engli% law--,8 approval ( ! sugge/ion ( ?r[+ murd]]s into a d5 ( wild bea/s--,h[>d's ideas ( re=m & contribution to x--,bad effect ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ,engl&--,romilly's orig9al idea ( re=m--,8 ,privately ,/eal+ ,bill--,8 criticism ( ,paley--,8 ,%oplift+ ,bill reject$ by ! ,lords--,! pillory def5d$ by ,"l ,ell5bor\gh--,capital puni%m5t = =g]y by ,"l ,t5t]d5--,rapid *anges aft] ! ,re=m ,bill--,! triumph ( ,becc>ia's pr9ciples #df ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,p5ology4 ,! _s ( ,becc>ia's "w--,! sl[ progress ( p5ology z a sci5ce--,its difficulties--,confusion ( guilty & innoc5t--,relation ( int5tion to crime--,objects & animals once "p ( ! crim9al _w--,p5al laws ! expression ( moral s5tim5ts1 & also ! cause ( !m--,t5d5cy ( actions to rema9 immoral :5 !y h ceas$ to be p5al--,illu/ration f suicide & infanticide--,! ,equality ( puni%m5t1 its ,analogy & ,proportion to crime1 z pr9ciples ( p5al law--,! object ( puni%m5t--,! difficulties ( ! det]r5t-&-re=mative !ory--,! object ( law to regulate natural v9dictiv5ess--,traceable hi/orically to ?is purpose--,! measure ( puni%m5t on ?is !ory--,abs5ce ( any su* measure at pres5t--,possibility ( a fix$ scale ( crime & puni%m5t illu/rat$ by ! ,*9ese code--,! "q ( aggravat$ p5alties = re-convictions--,! cu/om contr>y to ! _s ( ! laws3 its evil results--,limitations to ! univ]sality ( ! cu/om--,its error ( pr9ciple prov$ by numb] ( re-convictions--,! prev5tiv5ess ( puni%m5t dim9i%$ by its great unc]ta9ty--,frequ5t *anges ( ,engli% p5al sy/em--,failure ( pres5t sy/em to re=m or det]--,puni%m5t itself a cause ( crime--,its possible relaxation--,puni%m5ts mo/ fitt$ = injuries to ! p]son1 or = (f5ces l cruelty to animals--,indirect prev5tives ( crime--,a ,prison]s' ,fund--,cumulative s5t5ces--,conclusion #fi ,,becc>ia',s #8,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts1' ,,translat$4 ,,*ap4 ,,to ,,! ,,read] #aaa ,i4 ,,introduction #aag ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,puni%m5ts--,,"r ,,( ,,puni%m5t #aba ,,iii4 ,,consequ5ces #abd ,,iv4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,laws #abe ,v4 ,,obscurity ,,( ,,! ,,laws #acj ,,vi4 ,,imprisonm5t #acb ,,vii4 ,,pro(s ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,judgm5ts #acd ,,viii4 ,,witnesses #ach ,,ix4 ,,secret ,,accusations #aci ,x4 ,,lead+ ,,que/ions #add ,,xi4 ,,oa?s #adf ,,xii4 ,,torture #adh ,,xiii4 ,,prosecutions ,,& ,,prescriptions #aeg ,,xiv4 ,,crim9al ,,attempts1 ,,accomplices1 ,,impunity #afb ,,xv4 ,,! ,,mildness ,,( ,,puni%m5ts #afe ,,xvi4 ,,capital ,,puni%m5t #afi ,,xvii4 ,,bani%m5t ,,& ,,confiscations #ahj ,,xviii4 ,,infamy #ahc ,,xix4 ,,promptness ,,( ,,puni%m5ts #ahe ,,xx4 ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,puni%m5ts--,,p>dons #ahi ,,xxi4 ,,asylums ,,( ,,refuge #aib ,,xxii4 ,,proscription #aid ,,xxiii4 ,,proportion ,,betwe5 ,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts #aif ,,xxiv4 ,,measure ,,( ,,puni%m5ts #aii ,,xxv4 ,,division ,,( ,,puni%m5ts #bjb ,,xxvi4 ,,crimes ,,( ,,high ,,treason #bjd ,,xxvii4 ,,crimes ,,aga9/ ,,p]sonal ,,security--,,de$s ,,( ,,viol5ce #bje ,,xxviii4 ,,injuries #bjh ,,xxix4 ,,duels #bab ,,xxx4 ,,!fts #bac ,,xxxi4 ,,smuggl+ #bad ,,xxxii4 ,,debtors #baf ,,xxxiii4 ,,public ,,peace #bbj ,,xxxiv4 ,,political ,,idl5ess #bba ,,xxxv4 ,,suicide #bbb ,,xxxvi4 ,,crimes ,,( ,,difficult ,,pro( #bbg ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,k9d ,,( ,,crime #bca ,,xxxviii4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,errors ,,& ,,inju/ice ,,9 ,,legislation2 ,,& ,,fir/ly ,,( ,,false ,,ideas ,,( ,,utility #bcc ,,xxxix4 ,,family ,,_s #bce ,,xl4 ,,! ,,treasury #bdj ,,xli4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,crimes--,,k--,,magi/rates--,,rew>ds #bdb ,,xlii4 ,,conclusion #bea 99 99 99 99 99 #8,all m51 :e!r s+ly or collectively1 naturally d wrong1 nor is !re any law :i* w prev5t x4 ,= e k9d ( puni%m5t has be5 successively tri$ by mank9d1 if haply !y might suff] less injury f malefactors4 ,& x is probable t 9 _! orig9 puni%m5ts = ev5 ! grave/ crimes are comp>atively mild1 b t1 z !y are disreg>d$1 mo/ ( !m come 9 c\rse ( "t to be puni%m5ts ( dea?2 yet ?is 9 its turn is also disreg>d$4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 "s great] t]ror ?an dea? mu/ be inv5t$1 or dea? at lea/ s]ves n z a det]r5t1 m5 be+ l$ to risk x1 sometimes by pov]ty1 :i* embold5s !m ?r\gh necessity1 sometimes by p[]1 :i* makes !m ov]rea*+ & insol5t2 or sometimes by "s o!r circum/ance :i* subord9ates all a man's passions to "s "o passion t is insup]able & dom9ant4''' ,& x is simply impossible1 & a v fooli% idea1 to ?9k t1 :5 human nature is firmly b5t on do+ any?+1 x c be det]r$ f x ei!r by =ce ( law or by any o!r t]ror4'--,,?ucydides4 #8,h[ _m condemnations h ,i se5 m crim9al ?an ! crimes !mselves6'--,,montaigne4 ,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,becc>ia',s ,,life ,,& ,,"*4 ,! #8,dei ,delitti e delle ,p5e' 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #agfd4 ,x quickly ran ?r\gh sev]al editions1 & 0 fir/ translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #agff by ! ,abb ,morellet1 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 translat$ into mo/ ( ! languages ( ,europe1 n exclud+ ,greek & ,russian4 ,! au?or ( ! book 0 a native ( ,milan1 !n "p ( ! ,au/rian dom9ions1 & "u ! gov]nor%ip ( ,c\nt ,firmian1 a wor?y repres5tative ( ! lib]al despotism ( ,m>ia ,!resa & h] *ief m9i/]1 ,kaunitz4 ,"u ,firmian's adm9i/ration a p]iod ( b5eficial re=ms began = ,lomb>dy4 ,agriculture 0 enc\rag$1 museums & libr>ies ext5d$1 great works ( public utility c>ri$ on4 ,ev5 ! ,*ur* 0 %orn ( h] privileges1 & be=e ,firmian _h be5 t5 ye>s 9 ,lomb>dy all traces ( ecclesia/ical immunity _h be5 de/roy$2 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,*ur*1 & h] p[] to hold l&s 9 mortma9 7 re/rict$1 ! "r ( asylum 0 aboli%$1 &1 above all1 ! ,holy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition4 ,let ^! few facts suffice to indicate ! _s ( ! imm$iate political surr\nd+s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,becc>ia's "w appe>$4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! lib]alism ( ! ,c\nt1 ! p5al laws & cu/oms ( ,lomb>dy rema9$ ! same2 & ! cruel legal proc$ure by torture exi/$ /ill1 unt\*$ by ! salut>y re=ms effect$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 ! prep>atory torture1 to extort confession f crim9als n yet condemn$2 !re 0 torture = ! discov]y ( a crim9al's accomplices2 & !re 0 ! extraord9>y or great] torture1 :i* prec$$ ! execution ( a s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,x is true t torture c\ld only be appli$ to crimes ( a capital nature1 b !re 0 sc>cely an act 9 ! possible category ( crimes t 0 n !n puni%able ) dea?4 ,pro(s ( guilt 7 s\ght almo/ entirely f torture & secret accusations1 :il/ p5alties dep5d$ less on ! text ( any kn[n law ?an on ! discretion--t is1 on ! caprice--( ! magi/rate4 ,x 0 ?is sy/em t ,becc>ia's little "w de/roy$1 & _h t be5 its only result1 x w\ld /ill des]ve to live 9 m5's memories = its hi/orical int]e/ alone4 ,= ^u ! legislation ( t "t1 & especially ^u t ( ,italy1 ?is pamphlet on crim9al law broke l a ray ( sunlight on a dungeon floor1 mak+ ev5 black] t :i* 0 black be=e by ! v brilliancy :i* x %$ ^u x4 ,to ,becc>ia prim>ily1 ?\gh n ( c\rse solely1 belongs ! glory ( hav+ expell$ ! use ( torture f e legal tribunal ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h already aboli%$ x 9 ,prussia2#a x _h be5 discont9u$ 9 ,sw$52 x 0 n recognis$ 9 ! milit>y codes ( ,europe1 & ,becc>ia said x 0 n 9 use 9 ,engl&4 ,?is 0 true g5]ally1 al?\gh ! pe9e =te et dure1 by :i* a prison] :o w\ld n plead 0 subject$ to be squeez$ ne>ly to dea? by an iron weight1 0 n aboli%$ till ! ye> #agga4b ,x is rem>kable t a book :i* has done m = law re=m ?an any o!r be=e or s9ce %\ld h be5 writt5 by a man :o 0 n a lawy] by pr(ession1 :o 0 totally unv]s$ 9 legal practice1 & :o 0 only tw5ty-six :5 he attack$ a sy/em ( law :i* _h on its side all au?ority1 liv+ & dead4 ,hume 0 n tw5ty-sev5 :5 he publi%$ 8 #8,treatise on ,human ,nature1' nor 0 ,b]keley m ?an tw5ty-six :5 he publi%$ 8 #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4' ,! simil> precocity display$ by ,becc>ia is sugge/ive1 !re=e1 ( ! inquiry1 h[ f> ! greate/ revolutions 9 ! ?\ghts or cu/oms ( ! _w h be5 due to writ]s "u ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,! foll[+ lett] by ,becc>ia to ! ,abb ,morellet 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! latt]'s translation ( 8 treatise is p]haps ! be/ introduction to ! life & "* ( ! au?or4 ,! lett] 9 "q has be5 quot$ by ,villema9 9 pro( ( ! debt ow$ by ! ,italian lit]ature ( ! la/ c5tury to t ( ,france1 b f ! allusions !re9 conta9$ to ,hume & ! #8,spectator' x is evid5t t some?+ also 0 due to our own4 ,becc>ia _h sp5t eight ye>s ( 8 y\? 9 ! college ( ! ,jesuits at ,p>ma1 ) :at s5se ( gratitude ?is lett] w %[4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( ! great] "p ( x3-- ,y\r lett] has rais$ 9 me s5tim5ts ( ! deepe/ e/eem1 ( ! greate/ gratitude1 & ! mo/ t5d] fri5d%ip2 nor c ,i confess to y h[ hon\r$ ,i feel at see+ my "w translat$ into ! language ( a nation :i* is ! mi/ress & illum9ator ( ,europe4 ,i owe ev]y?+ to ,fr5* books4 ,!y fir/ rais$ 9 my m9d feel+s ( humanity :i* _h be5 suffocat$ by eight ye>s ( a fanatical education4 ,i _c express to y ! pleasure ) :i* ,i h read y\r translation2 y h embelli%$ ! orig9al1 & y\r arrangem5t seems m natural ?an1 & pref]able to1 my own4 ,y _h no ne$ to fe> (f5d+ ! au?or's vanity3 9 ! fir/ place1 because a book t treats ( ! cause ( humanity belongs1 :5 once publi%$1 to ! _w & all nations equally2 & z to myself 9 p>ticul>1 ,i %\ld h made little progress 9 ! philosophy ( ! he>t1 :i* ,i place above t ( ! intellect1 _h ,i n acquir$ ! c\rage to see & love ! tru?4 ,i hope t ! fif? edition1 :i* w appe> %ortly1 w be soon exhau/$1 & ,i assure y t 9 ! six? ,i w foll[ entirely1 or ne>ly s1 ! arrangem5t ( y\r translation1 :i* places ! tru? 9 a bett] light ?an ,i h s\ght to place x 94 ,z to ! obscurity y f9d 9 ! "w1 ,i he>d1 z ,i wrote1 ! cla% ( *a9s t sup]/ition /ill %akes1 & ! cries ( fanaticism t dr[n ! voice ( tru?2 & ! p]ception ( ?is frightful spectacle induc$ me sometimes to veil ! tru? 9 cl\ds4 ,i wi%$ to def5d tru?1 )\t mak+ myself h] m>tyr4 ,?is idea ( ! necessity ( obscurity has made me obscure sometimes )\t necessity4 ,add to ?is my inexp]i5ce & my want ( practice 9 writ+1 p>donable 9 an au?or ( tw5ty-eight1#c :o only five ye>s ago fir/ set foot 9 ! c>e] ( lett]s4 ,d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 ,buffon1 ,hume1 illu/ri\s names1 :i* no "o c he> )\t emotion6 ,y\r immortal works are my cont9ual /udy1 ! object ( my occupation by day1 ( my m$itation 9 ! sil5ce ( night4 ,full ( ! tru? :i* y tea*1 h[ c\ld ,i ev] h burn$ inc5se to wor%ipp$ error1 or debas$ myself to lie to po/]ity8 ,i f9d myself rew>d$ beyond my hopes 9 ! signs ( e/eem ,i h receiv$ f ^! celebrat$ p]sons1 my ma/]s4 ,convey to ea* ( ^!1 ,i pray y1 my mo/ humble ?anks1 & assure !m t ,i feel = !m t pr(\nd & true respect :i* a feel+ s\l ent]ta9s = tru? & virtue4 ,my occupation is to cultivate philosophy 9 peace1 & s to satisfy my ?ree /ronge/ passions1 ! love1 t is1 ( lit]>y fame1 ! love ( lib]ty1 & pity = ! ills ( mank9d1 slaves ( s _m errors4 ,my conv]sion to philosophy only dates back five ye>s1 & ,i owe x to my p]usal ( ! #8,lettres ,p]sanes4' ,! second "w t complet$ my m5tal revolution 0 t ( ,helvetius4 ,! latt] =c$ me irresi/ibly into ! way ( tru?1 & ar\s$ my att5tion = ! fir/ "t to ! bl9dness & mis]ies ( humanity4 ''' ,i lead a tranquil & solit>y life1 if a select company ( fri5ds 9 :i* ! he>t & m9d are 9 cont9ual movem5t c be call$ solitude4 ,?is is my consolation1 & prev5ts me feel+ 9 my own c\ntry z if ,i 7 9 exile4 ,my c\ntry is q imm]s$ 9 prejudices1 left 9 x by its anci5t ma/]s4 ,! ,milanese h no p>don = ^? :o w\ld h !m live 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 a capital :i* c\nts #abj1jjj inhabitants1 y w sc>cely f9d tw5ty :o love to in/ruct !mselves1 & :o sacrifice to tru? & virtue4 ,my fri5ds & ,i1 p]suad$ t p]iodical works are among ! be/ means = tempt+ to "s sort ( read+ m9ds incapable ( m s]i\s application1 are publi%+ 9 pap]s1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,engli% #8,spectator1' a "w :i* 9 ,engl& has contribut$ s mu* to increase m5tal culture & ! progress ( good s5se4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]s h a colony 9 ?is ,am]ica1 & we are _! disciples because we are ! disciples ( reason1 c4 ,?us1 ! two writ]s to :om ,becc>ia ow$ mo/ 7 ,montesquieu & ,helvetius4 ,! #8,lettres ,p]sanes' ( ! =m]1 :i* satiris$ s _m ?+s !n 9 cu/om1 conta9$ b little ab\t p5al laws2 b ! idea is !re />t$ = ! fir/ "t t crimes dep5d b little on ! mildness or sev]ity ( ! puni%m5ts atta*$ to !m4 #8,! imag9ation1' says ! writ]1 #8b5ds ( itself to ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry2 & eight days ( prison or a slight f9e h z mu* t]ror = a ,european br\ght up 9 a c\ntry ( mild mann]s z ! loss ( an arm w\ld h = an ,asiatic4'#d ,! #8,esprit des ,lois1' by ! same au?or1 probably contribut$ m to ! =mation ( ,becc>ia's ?\ghts ?an ! #8,lettres ,p]sanes1' = x is impossible to read ! twelf? book ( t "w )\t be+ /ruck by ! resemblance ( ideas4 ,! #8,de ,l',esprit' ( ,helvetius 0 condemn$ by ! ,sorbonne z #8a comb9ation ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( poison scatt]$ ?r\gh mod]n books4' ,yet x 0 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial books ( ! "t4 ,we f9d ,hume recomm5d+ x to ,adam ,smi? = its agreeable composition fa!r ?an = its philosophy2 & a writ] :o _h mu* 9 common ) ,becc>ia drew f x ! same inspiration t he did4 ,t writ] 0 ,b5?am1 :o tells u t :5 he 0 ab\t tw5ty1 & on a visit to 8 fa!r & /epmo!r 9 ! c\ntry1 he w\ld (t5 walk beh9d !m read+ a book1 & t 8 fav\rite au?or 0 ,helvetius4 ,! influ5ce ( ! pr$om9ant ,fr5* philosophy appe>s ?r\gh\t ,becc>ia's treatise4 ,human ju/ice is bas$ on ! idea ( public utility1 & ! object ( legislation is to conduct m5 to ! greate/ possible happ9ess or to ! lea/ possible mis]y4 ,! ve9 ( dissatisfaction ) life & ( disbelief 9 human virtue is a m>k$ feature ( ,becc>ia's philosophy4 ,to him life is a des]t1 9 :i* a few physical pleasures lie scatt]$ "h & !re2#e 8 own c\ntry is only a place ( exile1 save = ! pres5ce ( a few fri5ds engag$ l himself 9 a w> ) ignorance4 ,human ideas ( morality & virtue h only be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies & aft] mu* blood%$1 b sl[ & difficult z _! gr[? has be51 !y are ev] ready to disappe> at ! slighte/ breeze t bl[s aga9/ !m4 ,becc>ia ent]ta9s a simil> despair ( tru?4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d repres5ts a va/ sea ( errors1 9 :i* at r>e int]vals a few tru?s only float upp]mo/2 & ! durability ( great tru?s is z t ( a fla% ( lightn+ :5 comp>$ ) ! long & d>k night :i* envelops humanity4 ,= ?is reason he is ready to be ! s]vant ( tru?1 n h] m>tyr2 & he recomm5ds 9 ! se>* = tru?1 z 9 ! o!r affairs ( life1 a little ( t #8philosophical indol5ce' :i* c>es n too mu* ab\t results1 & :i* a writ] l ,montaigne is be/ fitt$ to inspire4#f ,! few select fri5ds :o made life at ,milan j supportable 7 ,pietro & ,aless&ro ,v]ri1 ,frisi1 & "s o!rs4 ,pietro ,v]ri 0 t5 ye>s old] ?an ,becc>ia1 & x 0 at 8 in/ance t ! latt] wrote 8 fir/ treatise on a subject :i* !n dem&$ "s att5tion1 namely1 #8,! ,disord]s & ,rem$ies ( ! ,co9age4' ,?is "w 0 publi%$ two ye>s be=e ! #8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1' b ?\gh x provok$ mu* discussion at ! "t1 x has long s9ce ceas$ to h any int]e/4 ,c\nt ,pietro ,v]ri 0 ! son ( ,gabriel1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ alike = 8 legal k & high position 9 ,milan4 ,at ! h\se ( ,pietro1 ,becc>ia & ! o!r fri5ds us$ to meet = ! discussion & /udy ( political & social que/ions4 ,aless&ro1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,pietro1 held ! (fice ( #8,protector ( ,prison]s1' an (fice :i* consi/$ 9 visit+ ! prisons1 li/5+ to ! grievances ( ! inmates1 & discov]+1 if possible1 reasons = _! def5ce or = m]cy4 ,! di/ress+ sights he 0 witness ( 9 ?is capacity are said to h _h ! mo/ m>k$ effect ^u him2 & !re is no d\bt t ?is fact caus$ ! att5tion ( ! fri5ds to be s mu* direct$ to ! /ate ( ! p5al laws4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 at ! in/igation ( ! two bro!rs t ,becc>ia und]took ! "w :i* 0 de/9$ to make 8 "n s fam\s4 ,:y !n did ,pietro ,v]ri n write x himself8 ,! answ] w\ld seem to be1 out ( def]5ce = ! position & op9ions ( 8 fa!r4 ,x 0 "s "t lat] t ,gabriel def5d$ ! use ( torture 9 ! ,milanese ,s5ate1 & ,pietro wrote a "w on torture :i* he did n publi% 9 8 fa!r's lifetime4 ,x 0 probably due also to ! fa!r's position t ,aless&ro held 8 (fice ( ,protector ( ! ,prison]s1 s t !re 7 obvi\s reasons :i* prev5t$ ei!r bro!r f und]tak+ ! "w 9 "q4 ,x 0 at "o "t said t ! "w really 0 ,pietro ,v]ri's & n ,becc>ia's1 = x 0 publi%$ anonym\sly1 & away f ,milan4 ,! dome/ic circum/ances ( ,pietro l5t "s c\nt5ance to ?is /ory1 z did also ! fact t he *>g$ himself ) ! tr\ble ( mak+ a correct copy ( ! manuscript1 s t a copy ( ! treatise does actually exi/ 9 ,pietro's h&writ+4 ,! /ory1 h[ev]1 has long s9ce be5 disprov$2 yet to %[ ! great int]e/ :i* ,pietro took 9 ! "w1 & ! ready assi/ance he gave to 8 fri5d1 a lett] to him f ,becc>ia1 ) respect to ! second edition1 des]ves m5tion1 9 :i* ,becc>ia begs him n only to revise ! spell+ correctly1 b g5]ally to erase1 add1 & correct1 z he pleases4 ,x w\ld appe> t he 0 already tir$ ( lit]>y success1 = he tells 8 fri5d1 t b = ! motive ( pres]v+ 8 e/eem & ( af=d+ fre% alim5t to _! fri5d%ip1 he %\ld f indol5ce pref] obscurity to glory itself4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,becc>ia always _h a /rong pref]5ce = ! contemplative z oppos$ to ! practical & active life1 & t b = 8 fri5d ,pietro ,v]ri he w\ld probably nev] h di/+ui%$ himself at all4 ,he w\ld h said ) ,plato t a wise man %\ld reg>d life z a /orm1 & hide himself beh9d a wall till x be ov]pa/4 ,he almo/ does say ?is 9 8 essay on ! #8,pleasures ( ! ,imag9ation1' publi%$ soon aft] ! #8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts4' ,he advises 8 read] to /& aside & look on at ! re/ ( mank9d z !y run ab\t 9 _! bl9d confusion2 to make 8 relations ) !m z few z possible2 & if he w d !m any good1 to d x at t di/ance :i* w prev5t !m f upsett+ him or draw+ him away 9 _! own vortex4 ,let him 9 happy contemplation enjoy 9 sil5ce ! few mom5ts t sep>ate 8 bir? f 8 disappe>ance4 ,let him leave m5 to fight1 to hope1 & to die2 & ) a smile bo? at himself & at !m1 let him repose s(tly on t enlight5$ indiff]5ce ) reg>d to human ?+s :i* w n deprive him ( ! pleasure ( be+ j & b5efic5t1 b :i* w sp>e him f ^? useless tr\bles & *anges f evil to good t vex ! great] "p ( mank9d4 ,?is essay on ! #8,imag9ation' 0 publi%$ soon aft] ! #8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts' 9 ! p]iodical to :i* ,becc>ia alludes 9 8 lett] to ,morellet4 #8,! ,caff' 0 ! "n ( ! p]iodical :i*1 f ,june #agfd1 he & 8 fri5ds publi%$ e t5? day = a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,! model ( ! pap] 0 ! ,engli% #8,spectator1' & its object to propagate useful k pleasantly among ! ,milanese1 :il/ its "n re/$ on ! supposition t ! fri5ds :o compos$ x execut$ _! lab\rs dur+ meet+s 9 a c(fee-h\se4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ contributions to x by ,becc>ia are 8 #8,fragm5t on ,/yle1' 8 article on #8,p]iodical ,newspap]s1' & 8 essay on ! #8,pleasures ( ! ,imag9ation4' ,! publication ( ! #8,delitti e delle ,p5e' int]rupt$ its au?or's dreams ( philosophical calm1 by fulfill+ 8 hopes ( lit]>y fame4 ,! ,fr5* encyclopdi/s 7 ! fir/ to recognise its m]its1 & ,d',alemb]t1 ! ma!matician1 at once pr$ict$ = ! writ] ! rew>d ( an immortal reputation4 ,morellet's translation1 9 :i* ! arrangem5t1 ?\gh n ! matt] ( ! text1 0 entirely alt]$1 ran ?r\gh sev5 editions 9 six mon?s1 & ,becc>ia1 z has be5 se51 0 only too delight$ ) ! hon\r ?us conf]r$ on him to compla9 9 any way ( ! lib]ties tak5 by ! translator ) ! orig9al4 ,a /ill great] hon\r 0 ! comm5t>y writt5 by ,voltaire4 ,! fact t only )9 a few miles ( 8 own resid5ce a girl ( eighte5 _h be5 hung = ! exposure ( a ba/>d *ild l$ ,voltaire to welcome ,becc>ia's "w z a sign t a p]iod ( s(t] mann]s & m humane laws 0 ab\t to dawn ^u ! _w's hi/ory4 ,%\ld n a p1 he argues1 :o l ! ,fr5* pique !mselves on _! polit5ess also pride !mselves on _! humanity8 ,%\ld !y reta9 ! use ( torture1 m]ely because x 0 an anci5t cu/om1 :5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,engl& & o!r c\ntries %[$ t crimes 7 n m num]\s 9 c\ntries :]e x 0 n 9 use1 & :5 reason indicat$ ! absurdity ( inflict+ on a man1 be=e 8 condemnation1 a puni%m5t m horrible ?an w\ld await 8 prov$ guilt8 ,:at c\ld be m cruel1 too1 ?an ! maxim ( law t a man :o =feit$ 8 life =feit$ 8 e/ates8 ,:at m inhuman ?an ?us to puni% a :ole family = ! crime ( an individual1 p]haps condemn+ a wife & *ildr5 to beg _! bread because ! head ( ! family _h h>b\r$ a ,prote/ant prea*] or li/5$ to 8 s]mon 9 a cav]n or a des]t8 ,amid ! contr>iety ( laws t gov]n$ ,france1 ! object ( ! crim9al proc$ure to br+ an accus$ man to de/ruction might be said to be ! only law :i* 0 uni=m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,s signal a success 9 ,france 0 a suffici5t gu>antee ( success else:]e4 ,a k ( ! book mu/ h spe$ily cross$ ! ,*annel1 = ,black/one quot$ x ! v ye> aft] its publication4 ,x 0 fir/ translat$ into ,engli% 9 #agfh1 toge!r ) ,voltaire's comm5t>y2 b j z ,morellet's translation pr(ess$ to h be5 publi%$ at ,philadelphia1 s ! ,engli% translator kept 8 "n a secret4 ,! ,economical ,society ( ,b]ne1 :i* 0 accu/om$ to be/[ a gold m$al on ! writ] ( ! be/ treatise on any giv5 subject1 violat$ its own rules 9 fav\r ( ! anonym\s writ] ( ! #8,delitti1' invit+ him to disclose 8 "n1 & to accept ! gold m$al #8z a sign ( e/eem due to a citiz5 :o _h d>$ to raise 8 voice 9 fav\r ( humanity aga9/ ! mo/ deeply engra9$ prejudices4' ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ! brightness ( ?is success4 ,9 lit]ature z 9 w> no position ( hon\r c be won or held )\t dang]1 & ( ?is ,becc>ia seems to h be5 consci\s :5 he plead$ aga9/ ! *>ge ( obscurity1 t 9 writ+ he _h _h be=e 8 eyes ! fe> ( ecclesia/ical p]secution4 ,8 love = tru?1 he confess$1 /opp$ %ort at ! risk ( m>tyrdom4 ,he _h1 inde$1 ?ree v cle> w>n+s to ju/ify 8 fe>s4 ,muratori1 ! hi/orian1 _h suff]$ mu* f accusations ( h]esy & a!ism1 & _h ow$ 8 immunity f worse consequ5ces *iefly to ! lib]al protection ( ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 ,! ,m>quis ,scipio ,maffei _h also incurr$ simil> *>ges = 8 hi/orical h&l+ ( ! subject ( ,free-w4 ,b !re 0 ev5 a /rong] w>n+ ?an ^!1 & "o n likely to be lo/ on a man ) y\? & life be=e him2 t 0 ! fate ( ! un=tunate ,giannone1 :o1 only sixte5 ye>s be=e ,becc>ia wrote1 _h end$ ) 8 life 9 ! citadel ( ,tur9 an imprisonm5t t _h la/$ tw5ty ye>s1 = c]ta9 obs]vations on ! ,*ur* ( ,rome :i* he _h be5 ra% en\gh to ins]t 9 8 #8,hi/ory ( ,naples4' ,( all ! attacks :i* ! publication ( ! #8,dei ,delitti' provok$1 ! bitt]e/ came naturally f a !ological p54 ,at ! v "t t ,becc>ia's "w appe>$1 ! ,republic ( ,v5ice 0 occupi$ 9 a viol5t conte/ t\*+ ! ,inquisitorial ,c\ncil ( ,t52 & imag9+ t ,becc>ia's rem>ks ab\t secret accusations _h be5 direct$ aga9/ ! proc$ure ( _! fam\s tribunal1 :il/ !y attribut$ ! "w to a ,v5etian nobleman call$ ,quir9i1 !y =bade its circulation "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,x 0 on _! behalf & ) ?is belief t ! ,dom9ican ,padre1 ,fac*9ei1 took up 8 p5 & wrote a book1 entitl$1 #8,notes & ,obs]vations on ! 8,dei ,delitti10' 9 :i* he argu$1 among o!r ?+s1 n only t secret accusations 7 ! be/1 *eape/1 & mo/ effective me?od ( c>ry+ out ju/ice1 b t torture 0 a k9d ( m]cy to a crim9al1 purg+ him 9 8 dea? f ! s9 ( falsehood4 ,9 ^! #8,notes & ,obs]vations' ,becc>ia & 8 "w 7 assail$ ) t vig\r & lucidity = :i* ! ,dom9ican s*ool ( writ+ has always be5 s conspicu\s4 ,! au?or 0 describ$ z #8a man ( n>r[ m9d1' #8a madman1' #8a /upid impo/or1' #8full ( poison\s bitt]ness & calumni\s mordacity4' ,he 0 accus$ ( writ+ #8) sacrilegi\s impo/ure aga9/ ! ,inquisition1' ( believ+ t #8religion 0 incompatible ) ! good gov]nm5t ( a /ate2' nay1 he 0 condemn$ #8by all ! reasonable _w z ! enemy ( ,*ri/ianity1 a bad philosoph]1 & a bad man4' ,8 book 0 /igmatis$ z #8sprung f ! deepe/ abyss ( d>kness1 horrible1 mon/r\s1 full ( poison1' conta9+ #8mis]able argum5ts1' #8insol5t blasphemies1' & s =?4 ,?is fulm9ation rea*$ ,milan on ,janu>y #ae1 #agfe1 & on ! #ba/ ! ,rispo/a1 or reply1 0 ready = publication4#g ,?is def5ce 0 ! "w ( 8 fri5ds1 ! ,v]ris1 & 0 publi%$1 l ! orig9al1 anonym\sly2 z x 0 writt5 9 ! fir/ p]son ?r\gh\t1 x 0 g5]ally at ! "t & ev5 till lately ascrib$ to ! same au?or z ! orig9al1 b ! fact is n[ e/abli%$ beyond d\bt t ! real au?ors 7 ,pietro & 8 bro!r4 ,! writ]s wisely refra9$ f ! use ( retaliatory language1 conf9+ !mselves 9 _! def5ce solely to *>ges ( irreligion & s$ition1 respond+ to six :i* accus$ ,becc>ia ( ! latt]1 & to tw5ty-?ree :i* decl>$ him guilty ( ! =m]4 ,b x is probable t ,becc>ia ow$ 8 escape f p]secution less to 8 apology ?an to ! lib]al protection ( ,c\nt ,firmian1 :o 9 8 report ( ! affair to ! ,c\rt ( ,vi5na spoke ( ! ,rispo/a z #8full ( mod]ation & hon\rable to ! "* ( its au?or4' ,t ! ,c\nt fully agre$ ) ,becc>ia's op9ions on torture is prov$ by a lett] he wrote1 9 :i* he decl>es himself to h be5 mu* pleas$ ) :at ,becc>ia _h said on ! subject4 ,8 vanity1 he said1 _h be5 flatt]$ by x1 = 8 own feel+s ab\t torture _h always be5 ! same4 ,! book seem$ to him writt5 ) mu* love ( humanity & mu* imag9ation4 ,becc>ia always ackn[l$g$ 8 gratitude to ! ,c\nt = 8 action 9 ?is matt]4 ,to ,morellet he wrote1 t he ow$ ! ,c\nt 8 tranquillity1 9 hav+ protect$ 8 book2 & :51 a few ye>s lat]1 he publi%$ 8 book on ,/yle1 he d$icat$ x to ,firmian z 8 b5efactor1 ?ank+ him = hav+ scatt]$ ! cl\ds t envy & ignorance _h ga!r$ ?ickly ov] 8 head1 & = hav+ protect$ "o ^: only object _h be5 to decl>e ) ! greate/ caution & respect ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,less dang]\s p]sonally ?an ! !ological criticism1 b m p]nici\s to re=m1 0 ! ho/ile criticism t at once appe>$ f ! ?ick phalanx ( pr(essional lawy]s1 ! s\nd-?9k+ #8practical m54' ,f :om only two %ort extracts ne$ be rescu$ f oblivion1 z illu/rations ( ! objections once rais$ aga9/ ideas :i* h s9ce become ! common gr\ndwork ( all subsequ5t legislation1 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe4 ,! fir/ extract is f a "w on crim9al ju/ice by a lawy] ( ,prov5ce1 :o 9 #aggj wrote z foll[s3-- ,! treatise #8,dei ,delitti1' in/ead ( ?r[+ any light on ! subject ( crimes1 or on ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld be puni%$1 t5ds to e/abli% a sy/em ( ! mo/ dang]\s & novel ideas1 :i*1 if adopt$1 w\ld g s f> z to ov]turn laws receiv$ hi!rto by ! great] "p ( all civilis$ nations4 ,& an advocate to ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is ?us express$ himself1 9 refutation ( ,becc>ia3-- ,:at c be ?\ght ( an au?or :o presumes to e/abli% 8 sy/em on ! dbris ( all hi!rto accept$ notions1 :o to accr$it x condemns all civilis$ nations1 & :o sp>es nei!r sy/ems ( law1 nor magi/rates1 nor lawy]s8 ,b ( f> great] hi/orical int]e/ ?an su* criticism is t ( ,ramsay1 ! ,scot* poet & pa9t]1 to :om a copy ( ,becc>ia's treatise _h be5 %[n by ,did]ot1 & :o wrote a lett] ab\t x to ! latt]1 :i*1 ?\gh x conta9s "s v j criticisms on ,becc>ia1 yet reads = ! mo/ "p v curi\sly by ! light ( subsequ5t hi/ory1 & illu/rates graphically ! despair ( all re=m !n felt by mo/ m5 ( reflection4#h ,ramsay argues t ! p5al laws ( a p>ticul> c\ntry c only be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( a p>ticul> c\ntry1 & n 9 ! ab/ract2 t ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry w always en=ce laws ) a view to its own security2 & t no?+ less ?an a g5]al revolution w ev] make ! hold]s ( political p[] li/5 = a mom5t to ! claims ( philosoph]s4 ,b 7he goes on7 s9ce x w\ld be an absurd folly to expect ?is g5]al revolution1 ?is g5]al recon/ruction1 :i* c\ld only be effect$ by v viol5t means1 su* z w\ld be at lea/ a v great mis=tune = ! pres5t g5]ation1 & hold out an unc]ta9 prospect ( comp5sation = ! next "o1 e speculative "w1 l ! #8,dei ,delitti e delle ,p5e1' ent]s into ! category ( ,utopias1 ( ,platonic ,republics & o!r ideal gov]nm5ts2 :i* display1 inde$1 ! wit1 ! humanity1 & ! goodness ( _! au?ors1 b :i* nev] h _h nor ev] w h any influ5ce on human affairs4''' ,i "k t ^? g5]al pr9ciples :i* t5d to enlight5 & improve ! human race are n absolutely useless ''' t ! enlight5m5t ( nations is n )\t "s effect on _! rul]s ''' provid$ t ! pr]ogative ( ! latt]1 _! p[]1 _! security1 _! au?ority1 _! safety1 is n t\*$ !reby4''' ,i "k well t ?is g5]al enlight5m5t1 s mu* boa/$ (1 is a beautiful & glori\s *im]a1 ) :i* philosoph]s love to amuse !mselves1 b :i* w\ld soon disappe> if !y w\ld op5 hi/ory1 & see !refrom to :at causes improv$ in/itutions are due4 ,! nations ( antiquity h pass$1 & ^? ( ! pres5t w pass1 be=e philosophy & its influ5ce h re=m$ a s+le gov]nm5t4''' ''' ,! cries ( sages & philosoph]s are z ! cries ( ! innoc5t man on ! :eel1 :]e !y h nev] prev5t$1 nor w ev] prev5t him f expir+1 ) 8 eyes upturn$ to heav51 :i* w p]haps "s day /ir up en?usiasm1 or religi\s madness1 or "s o!r av5g+ folly1 to accompli% all t _! wisdom has fail$ to d4 ,x is nev] ! oration ( ! philosoph] :i* dis>ms ! p[]ful rul]2 x is some?+ else1 :i* ! comb9ation ( *ance ev5ts br+s ab\t4 ,mean:ile we mu/ n seek to =ce x f him1 b mu/ entreat humbly = su* good z he c grant u1 t is :i* he c grant u )\t injury to himself4 ,ramsay 0 s f> "r1 t :e!r a revolution 0 ! only hope = !ories l ,becc>ia's or n1 ! realisation ( _m ( !m 0 "o ( ! fir/ results ( t g5]al revolution1 :i* seem$ to ,ramsay s impossible & undesirable4 ,8 lett]1 z x is a *>act]i/ic expression ( t common apa?y & despair ( *ange :i* afflict at times ev5 ! mo/ sangu9e & hopeful1 s x is1 f its misplac$ despair1 a good cure = moods ( l despond5cy4 ,= ! complete triumph ( ,becc>ia's !ories ab\t torture1 to say no?+ ( o!r improvem5ts 9 law t he liv$ to witness1 is p]haps ! mo/ signal in/ance 9 hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( !ory ov] practice4 ,= albeit t 8 !ory 0 at total v>iance ) ! beliefs & ideas ( ! :ole practical s*ool1 ,becc>ia liv$ to see torture aboli%$1 n only 9 ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany1 b 9 ,au/ria g5]ally1 9 ,portugal & 9 ,sw$51 9 ,russia z well z 9 ,france4 ,yet ,ramsay's fe>s at ! "t 7 m reasonable ?an ! hopes ( ,becc>ia4 ,!re 0 little ( ev5tfulness 9 ,becc>ia's life1 & ! only episode 9 x ( int]e/ 0 8 visit to ,p>is 9 #agff4 ,?i!r he & 8 fri5d ,pietro _h be5 invit$ by ,morellet1 9 ! "n ( ! philosoph]s at ,p>is1 & ?i!r he />t$ 9 ,octob] #agff2 n ) ,pietro1 :o c\ld n leave ,milan1 b ) ,aless&ro ,v]ri1 on a j\rney :i* 0 to include ,london z well z ,p>is1 & 0 to occupy 9 all a p]iod ( six mon?s4 ,a few ye>s e>li] ,becc>ia c\ld h imag9$ no great] hon\r4 ,to associate ) ! philosoph]s he s highly rev]5c$1 z a philosoph] himself1 :at great] happ9ess or rew>d c\ld he h ask$8 ,yet :5 x came !re 0 no *>m 9 x2 & x 0 ) difficulty he c\ld be p]suad$ to g4 ,= ) 8 love = di/9ction !re came into competition ! love ( 8 wife1 & if he pref]r$ h] company to t ( ! wise/ & wittie/ celebrities ( ,p>is1 :o %all say t he 0 ! worse philosoph] = t8 ,:5 ! visit to ,p>is 0 contemplat$ x 0 a "q ( ei!r n go+ at all or ( leav+ ,t]esa beh9d2 !re 0 n money en\gh = h] to travel too4 ,= ,becc>ia1 ?\gh ! son ( a m>quis & ( noble orig91 0 n ri*4 ,:5 9 8 tw5ty-?ird ye> he m>ri$ ,t]esa1 8 fa!r 0 s oppos$ to ! mat* on ! score ( insuffici5cy ( =tune1 t = "s "t aft] ! m>riage he refus$ to receive ! "y c\ple into 8 h\se1 & !y liv$ 9 consid]able pov]ty4 ,appeal _h ev5 be5 made to ! ,gov]nm5t itself to break (f1 if possible1 s unsuitable a mat*2 b ! lov]s _h _! own way1 ( c\rse1 9 ! end1 ?\gh x 0 n = "s "t t ! dome/ic qu>rel 0 heal$1 & !n1 x appe>s1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,pietro ,v]ri4 ,becc>ia w\ld c]ta9ly h done bett] n to h gone to ,p>is at all4 ,8 lett]s to 8 wife dur+ 8 abs5ce %[ t he 0 mis]able all ! "t4 ,9 e lett] he calculates ! duration ( "t t w elapse be=e 8 return1 & !re is an ev5 curr5t ( di/ress & affection runn+ ?r\gh all ! descriptions ( 8 j\rney4 ,! assurance is frequ5t t b = mak+ himself ridicul\s he w\ld return at once4 ,f ,lyons he writes t he is 9 a /ate ( ! deepe/ melan*oly2 t ev5 ! ,fr5* !atre he _h s mu* look$ =w>d to fails to div]t him2 & he begs 8 wife to prep>e p = 8 spe$y return by tell+ !m t ! air ( ,france has a bad effect on 8 heal?4 ,ev5 :5 ,p>is 0 rea*$1 & ,becc>ia & ,aless&ro 7 w>mly welcom$ by ,d',alemb]t1 ,morellet1 ,did]ot1 & ,b>on ,holba*1 ! homesickness rema9$4 #8,y w\ld n believe1' says ,becc>ia to 8 wife1 #8! welcomes1 ! polit5ess1 ! demon/rations ( fri5d%ip & e/eem1 :i* !y h %[n to me & my companion4 ,did]ot1 ,b>on ,holba*1 & ,d',alemb]t especially en*ant u4 ,! latt] is a sup]ior man1 & mo/ simple at ! same "t4 ,did]ot displays en?usiasm & good hum\r 9 all he does4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ is want+ to me b y\rself4 ,all d _! be/ to please me1 & ^? :o d s are ! greate/ m5 9 ,europe4 ,all ( !m deign to li/5 to me1 & no "o %[s ! slighte/ air ( sup]iority4' ,yet ,morellet tells u t ev5 on arrival ,becc>ia 0 s absorb$ 9 melan*oly1 t x 0 difficult to get f\r consecutive words f 8 m\?4 ,six days aft] 8 arrival ,becc>ia writes 9 a simil> /ra93 t he is 9 ! mid/ ( adorations & ! mo/ flatt]+ praises1 consid]$ z ! companion & colleague ( ! greate/ m5 9 ,europe1 reg>d$ ) admiration & curiosity1 8 company compet$ =2 9 ! capital ( pleasures1 close to ?ree !atres1 "o ( !m ! ,comdie ,franaise1 ! mo/ int]e/+ spectacle 9 ! _w2 & t yet he is unhappy & discont5t$1 & unable to f9d di/raction 9 any?+4 ,he tells 8 wife t he is 9 excell5t heal?1 b t %e mu/ say j ! contr>y1 9 ord] t !re may be a good pretext = 8 return2 & ! bett] to ensure ?is1 he s5ds 8 wife ano!r lett] :i* %e may %[ to 8 p>5ts1 & 9 :i*1 at ! end ( mu* g5]al news ab\t ,p>is1 he alludes incid5tally to ! bad effect on 8 heal? ( dr9k+ ! wat]s ( ! ,se9e4 ,he regrets hav+ to resort to ?is fiction2 b consid]s t he is ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ances4 ,accord+ly he made a rapid j\rney back1 leav+ 8 companion to visit ,engl& alone2 ?is exp$ition to ,p>is be+ ! only ev5t t ev] broke ! ev5 t5or ( 8 life4 ,8 ,fr5* fri5ds r des]t$ him1 ,morellet 9 8 memoirs go+ ev5 s f> z to speak ( him z half-mad4 ,b x 0 to 8 fri5d%ip ) ! ,v]ris t ?is j\rney to ,p>is 0 mo/ disa/r\s1 & no?+ is m m\rnful ?an ! petty jeal\sies :i* h5ce=? completely e/rang$ f him 8 e>ly fri5ds4 ,! fault seems to h re/$ ma9ly ) ! two bro!rs1 ^: lett]s 7only rec5tly publi%$7 reveal an am\nt ( bitt]ness aga9/ ,becc>ia = :i* x is difficult to f9d any ju/ification1 & :i* disposes = ev] ( all claims ( _! writ]s to any real nobl5ess ( "*4#i ,!y compla9 to "o ano!r ( ,becc>ia's ,p>isian airs1 ( 8 lit]>y pride1 ( 8 want ( gratitude2 !y rejoice to ?9k t 8 reputation is on ! wane2 t 8 illu/ri\s fri5ds at ,p>is s5d him no copies ( _! books2 t he gets no lett]s f ,p>is2 nay1 !y ev5 g s f> z to welcome ! adv]se criticisms ( 8 #8,dei ,delitti1' & to hope t 8 #8gold5 book' is %ut up = ev]4#aj ,aless&ro writes to 8 bro!r t all 8 ?\ghts are turn$ to ! means ( mortify+ ,becc>ia2 & ! rev5ge ! bro!rs ?9k mo/ likely to humiliate him is = ,aless&ro to ext5d ! limits ( 8 travels1 s z to comp>e fav\rably ) ,becc>ia 9 ! eyes ( ! ,milanese4 ,!y delight 9 call+ him a madman1 an imbecile1 a h>lequ92 !y l5d a ready e> to all t gossip says 9 8 discr$it4#aa ,9 ! mo/ trifl+ action ,pietro sees an int5d$ slight1 & is especially sore :]e 8 lit]>y ambition is t\*$4#ab ,x ang]s him t ,becc>ia %\ld receive praise = ! ,apology writt5 aga9/ ,fac*9ei1 ! "w hav+ be5 entirely writt5 by himself1 ) "s help f 8 bro!r1 b ) n s mu* z a comma f ! h& ( ,becc>ia4#ac ,"s books :i* ,becc>ia _h br\ght to him f ,p>is he imag9$ 7 really gifts to him f ! au?ors2 he believ$ t ,d',alemb]t _h s5t him 8 #8,mlanges' ( 8 own accord1 n at ! reque/ ( ,becc>ia1 z ! latt] _h repres5t$2 b ev5 ,aless&ro admits t x 0 conc]n+ ! books1 z ,becc>ia _h said4#ad ,9 %ort1 ! :ole correspond5ce %[s t ,pietro ,v]ri 0 extremely jeal\s ( ! success :i* he himself _h help$ 8 fri5d to atta91 & t disappo9t$ lit]>y vanity 0 ! real explanation ( 8 sudd5ly transmut$ affection4 ,b1 to turn f ?is unpleasant episode ( ,becc>ia's life1 ,ca?>9e ,,ii41 soon aft] 8 return to ,milan1 invit$ him to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 to assi/ 9 ! prep>ation ( h] int5d$ code ( laws4 ,x w\ld seem f "o ( ,pietro ,v]ri's lett]s t ,becc>ia 0 at fir/ incl9$ to accept ! proposal1#ae b x is improbable t any su* (f] w\ld really h tempt$ him to ex*ange ,italian suns = ,russian sn[s1 ev5 if ,kaunitz & ,firmian _h n resolv$ to remove ! temptation1 by mak+ 8 tal5ts ( s]vice at home4 ,?is !y did by mak+ him ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ! ,palat9e ,s*ool ( ,milan1 9 ,novemb] #agfh2 & 8 publi%$ lectures on ?is subject =m ! l>ge/ "w he ev] wrote4 ,!re is no ne$ to foll[ 9 fur!r detail ! life ( ,becc>ia1 = f ?is "t to 8 dea? tw5ty-six ye>s aft]w>ds he nev] did nor wrote any?+ :i* aga9 plac$ him conspicu\sly 9 ! _w's eye4#af ,8 "t 0 divid$ betwe5 ! calls ( 8 family & 8 c\ntry1 b ev5 z a memb] ( ! ,gov]nm5t he nev] fill$ any v important po/ nor di/+ui%$ himself 9 any way above 8 colleagues4 ,?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea? he became a memb] ( a committee = ! re=m ( ! civil & crim9al jurisprud5ce1 & he & 8 =m] fri5d ,pietro ,v]ri liv$ to see _m ( ! ideals ( _! y\? become ! actualities ( _! manhood1 !mselves help+ to promote _! accompli%m5t4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,becc>ia t on two sev]al occasions1 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,naples came to visit him 9 8 h\se1 he abs5t$ himself purposely f ! irksom5ess ( an int]view4 ,s he liv$ to ! age ( fifty-six1 little notic$ by ! _w1 a lov] ( solitude r ?an ( society1 pref]r+ a few fri5ds to _m acqua9tances1 lead+ a quiet & useful life1 b to ! la/ true to ! philosophy he _h pr(ess$ 9 8 y\?1 t x is bett] to live z a spectator ( ! _w ?an z "o ) any direct int]e/ 9 ! game4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,becc>ia ,,on ,,legislation4 ,x is n easy 9 ! days ( a mild] adm9i/ration ( p5al laws ?an a c5tury ago ! mo/ sangu9e c\ld h dream$ ( to d full ju/ice to ^? :o lab\r$1 z ,becc>ia & 8 fri5ds did1 at ! p]il ( _! lives & lib]ties1 = ^? v immunities :i* we n[ enjoy4 ,we _c conceive t x %\ld ev] h be5 necess>y to argue aga9/ torture1 or t x %\ld h be5 a bold ?+ to d s2 /ill less c we conceive t x %\ld ev] h _h its def5d]s1 or t m5 %\ld h be5 cont5t$ ) ! sophism1 t x 0 inde$ an evil1 b an evil :i* 0 necess>y & inevitable4 ,! v success ( ,becc>ia's "w has s accu/om$ u to its result t we are apt to reg>d x1 z m5 reg>d a spl5did ca!dral 9 _! native t[n1 ) v little recognition ( its claims to admiration4 ,! "w is !re1 !y see x1 !y live "u its %ad[2 !y are ev5 ready to boa/ ( x2 b :at to !m is ! toil & risk ( its build]s1 or ! c>e & ?\ght ( its ar*itects8 ,x may be said t ?is indiff]5ce is ! v consummation ,becc>ia w\ld mo/ h desir$1 z x is ! mo/ signal pro( ( ! success ( 8 lab\r4 ,s signal1 inde$1 has be5 t success1 t already ! atrocities :i* m5 9 ^? days accept$ z among ! unalt]able conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 or resign$ !mselves to z ! necess>y safegu>ds ( society1 h become s repulsive to ! _w's memory1 t m5 h agre$ to hide !m f _! hi/orical consci\sness by seldom read+1 writ+1 or speak+ ( _! exi/5ce4 ,& ?is is surely a fact to be rememb]$ ) hopefulness1 :5 we he> an evil l w> ) all its att5dant atrocities1 def5d$ n[adays by precisely ! same argum5ts :i* little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago 7 urg$ on behalf ( torture1 b :i* h prov$ nev]!less insuffici5t to keep x 9 exi/5ce4 ,x may be ask$1 ,h[ f> 0 ,becc>ia ! fir/ to prote/ aga9/ ! cruelty & absurdity ( torture8 ,to ?is x mu/ be repli$ t al?\gh actually he 0 n ! fir/1 he 0 ! fir/ to d s ) effect4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 previ\s writ]s on ! subject & ,becc>ia is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man ^: ideas are 9 advance ( ^? ( 8 age & a man :o raises ! ideas ( 8 age to a level ) 8 own4 ,s e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury ,montaigne1 9 8 #8,essay on ,consci5ce1' _h said pla9ly en\gh t ! putt+ a man to ! rack 0 r a trial ( pati5ce ?an ( tru?2 t pa9 0 z likely to extort a false confession z a true "o2 & t a judge1 by hav+ a man rack$ t he might n die innoc5t1 caus$ him to die bo? innoc5t & rack$4 ,also ,grevius ,cliv5sis wrote a "w :il/ 9 prison 9 ,am/]dam1 9 :i* he s\ght to prove t torture 0 iniquit\s1 fallaci\s1 & un*ri/ian4#ag ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #afbd2 & ne>ly a c5tury lat] a ,jesuit1 ,spee1 wrote aga9/ ! use ( torture1 z also aga9/ ! cruel practices 9 =ce aga9/ wit*es4#ah ,& 9 lat] days ,montesquieu1 tw5ty ye>s be=e ,becc>ia1 _h gone s f> z to say t1 s9ce a civilis$ nation l ,engl& _h ab&on$ torture )\t evil consequ5ces1 x 0 !re=e unnecess>y2 b he foll[$ ! subject to no def9ite conclusion4 ,becc>ia himself 0 ready en\gh to ref] all 8 ?\ghts to ,fr5* inspiration1 & to lay aside all claim to orig9ality1 ) respect to :i* ,d',alemb]t once wrote to him3 #8,a man su* z y has no ne$ ( a ma/]1 /ill less ( a ma/] l myself4 ,y are l ! ,titus ,curtius ( ,tacitus1 ex se natus1 nor h y\r (fspr+ any gr&p>5t4 ,a fa!r l y\rself is en\gh = !m4' ,b ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ c\ntry to lay aside ! use ( torture und\bt$ly belongs to ,engl&1 j z ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ 9 mod]n times to aboli% capital puni%m5t1 except = political (f5ces1 belongs to ,russia2 & ! practical example ?us af=d$ by our laws probably did m = ! g5]al abolition ( ! cu/om ?an any writt5 treatise on ! subject ev] w\ld h done alone4 ,engli% & =eign juri/s long delight$ to hon\r ! ,common ,law = its non-recognition ( torture4 ,b ?\gh torture 0 contr>y to ! ,common ,law1 & ev5 to ,magna ,*>ta1 x 0 n contr>y to ,pr]ogative2 & until ! ,commonweal? x 0 us$ z matt] ( c\rse 9 all grave accusations at ! m]e discretion ( ! mon>* & ,privy ,c\ncil4#ai ,!re=e ,becc>ia po9t$ to ,engl& z a c\ntry :i* did n use torture ) m ju/ice ?an ,grotius _h done1 :o1 :5 ! rack 0 /ill 9 use among/ u1 quot$ ,engl& z a pro( t p might safely live )\t torture4 ,x is ( int]e/ to trace "s ( ! practical results :i* foll[$ ,becc>ia's treatise dur+ ! ?irty ye>s t he liv$ aft] its publication2 t is1 f ! ye> #agfd to #agid4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* ! fir/ attempt 0 made to apply 8 pr9ciples to practice 0 ,russia1 :]e ,ca?>9e ,,ii4 0 anxi\s to e/abli% a uni=m p5al code1 bas$ on ! lib]al ideas ( ! "t1 :i* !n f\nd m fav\r 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg ?an !y did at ,p>is4 ,= ?is purpose 9 #agfg %e summon$ to ,mosc[ f all ! prov9ces ( ,russia ^? #feb deputies :o =m$ ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ! hi/ory ( t c\ntry to a ,russian ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! in/ructions t 7 read to ?is assembly1 z ! basis = ! propos$ codification ( ! laws1 ! pr9ciples prop\nd$ 7 c\*$ n only 9 ! _s b (t5 9 ! v words ( ! au?or ( ! #8,crimes & ,puni%m5ts4' ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,laws %\ld only be consid]$ z a means ( conduct+ mank9d to ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,x is incomp>ably bett] to prev5t crimes ?an to puni% !m4 ,! aim ( puni%m5t is n to torm5t s5sitive be+s4 ,all puni%m5t is unju/ t is unnecess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( public safety4 ,9 me?ods ( trial ! use ( torture is contr>y to s\nd reason4 ,humanity cries out aga9/ ! practice & insi/s on its abolition4 ,judgm5t mu/ be no?+ b ! precise text ( ! law1 & ! (fice ( ! judge is only to pron\nce :e!r ! action is contr>y or con=mable to x4 ,9 ! ord9>y /ate ( society ! dea? ( a citiz5 is nei!r useful nor necess>y4 ,! foll[+ especially is f ,becc>ia3-- ,w\ld y prev5t crimes1 contrive t ! laws fav\r less diff]5t ord]s ( citiz5s ?an ea* citiz5 9 p>ticul>4 ,let m5 fe> ! laws & no?+ b ! laws4 ,w\ld y prev5t crimes1 provide t reason & k be m & m diffus$4 ,to conclude3 ! sure/ b mo/ difficult me?od ( mak+ m5 bett] is by p]fect+ education4#bj ,al?\gh ^! in/ructions 7 n s mu* laws z sugge/ions ( laws1 x is obvi\s :at _! effect mu/ h be5 :5 publi%$ & diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,russia4 ,t !y 7 translat$ into ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian proves ! int]e/ t 0 tak5 9 ,europe by ?is fir/ attempt to apply ! maxims ( philosophy to practical gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,france ,becc>ia's book became widely popul>1 & _m writ]s help$ to propagate 8 ideas1 su* z ,s]van1 ,brissot1 ,lacretelle1 & ,pa/oret4 ,lacretelle attributes ! :ole impulse ( crim9al law re=m to ,becc>ia1 :ile regrett+ t ,montesquieu _h n said en\gh to attract g5]al att5tion to ! subject4 ,8 book is said to h s *ang$ ! _s ( ! old ,fr5* crim9al tribunals1 t1 t5 ye>s be=e ! ,revolution1 !y bore no resemblance to _! =m] selves4 ,all ! y\ng] magi/rates gave _! judgm5ts m accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,becc>ia ?an accord+ to ! text ( ! law4#ba ,! result ( ! agitation appe>$ 9 ! ,royal ,ord9ances ( #aghj & #aghh1 direct$ to ! dim9ution ( torture1 ! only re=ms :i* prec$$ ! ,revolution4 ,x is said t ! la/ "t anyone 0 tortur$ 9 ,france 0 9 ! ye> #aghh1 ! la/ ye> ( ! anci5 rgime4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution m ?an a hundr$ diff]5t (f5ces ceas$ to incur ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,! mo/ successful adoption ( ,becc>ia's pr9ciples ( puni%m5t occurr$ 9 ,tuscany1 "u ! ,gr& ,duke ,leopold4 ,:5 he asc5d$ ! ducal ?rone1 ! ,tuscans 7 ! mo/ ab&on$ p ( all ,italy4 ,robb]ies & murd]s 7 none ! less frequ5t = all ! gall[s1 :eels1 & tortures :i* 7 employ$ to repress !m4 ,b ,leopold 9 #aghf resolv$ to try ,becc>ia's plan1 = :i* purpose he publi%$ a code1 proportion+ puni%m5ts to crimes1 aboli%+ mutilation & torture1 r$uc+ ! numb] ( acts ( treason1 less5+ confiscations1 de/roy+ ! "r ( asylum1 & above all aboli%+ capital puni%m5t ev5 = murd]4 ,! result 01 says a contempor>y1 t ,tuscany1 f hav+ be5 ! l& ( ! greate/ crimes & villanies1 became #8! be/ ord]$ ,/ate ( ,europe4'#bb ,dur+ tw5ty ye>s only five murd]s 7 committ$ 9 ,tuscany1 :il/ at ,rome1 :]e dea? cont9u$ to be inflict$ ) great pomp1 z _m z sixty 7 committ$ )9 ! space ( ?ree mon?s4#bc ,torture 0 def9itely & totally aboli%$ 9 ,portugal 9 #aggf1 9 ,sw$5 9 #aghf1bd & 9 ,au/ria 9 #aghi4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry1 inde$1 x _h be5 aboli%$ by ,m>ia ,!resa sixte5 ye>s be=e 9 h] ,g]man & ,poli% prov9ces2 & ! ,p5al ,code ( ,joseph ,,ii41 publi%$ 9 #aghe1 0 an additional tribute to ! cause ( re=m4 ,secret ord]s 7 ev5 giv5 to ! tribunals to sub/itute o!r puni%m5ts = hang+1 yet s t ! g5]al public %\ld be unaw>e ( ! *ange4 ,!re 0 ! greate/ anxiety t x %\ld n be ?\ght t ?is *ange 0 out ( any def]5ce = ,becc>ia or 8 s*ool4 #8,9 ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t1' said ,kaunitz1 #88 ,maje/y pays no reg>d at all to ! pr9ciples ( mod]n philosoph]s1 :o1 9 affect+ a horror ( blood%$1 ass]t t primitive ju/ice has no "r to take f a man t life :i* ,nature only c give him4 ,our sov]eign has only consult$ 8 own conviction1 t ! puni%m5t he wi%es sub/itut$ = ! capital p5alty is m likely to be felt by reason ( its duration1 & !re=e bett] fitt$ to inspire malefactors ) t]ror4' ,nor 0 x only 9 ,europe t ,becc>ia's influ5ce ?us prevail$1 = z soon z ! ,am]ican ,colonies _h %ak5 (f _! ,engli% connection !y began to re=m _! p5al laws4 ,:5 ! ,revolution began !re 7 9 ,p5nsylvania ne>ly tw5ty crimes puni%able by dea?1 & )9 eighte5 ye>s ( its close ! p5al code 0 ?or\ghly trans=m$1 x be+ orda9$ 9 #agid t no crime %\ld any long] be capital b murd] 9 ! fir/ degree4 ,x is true t ?is 0 b a return to ! pr9ciples adopt$ by ,p5n on ! settlem5t ( ! colony1 b ,p5n's p5al code 0 annull$ by ,que5 ,anne1 & ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t insi/$ on a /rict adh]5ce to ! *>t] f ,*>les ,,ii41 :i* enjo9$ ! ret5tion ( ! ,/atute & ! ,common ,law ( ,engl&4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! new ,con/itution 0 =m$ 9 #aggf1 ! argum5ts ( ,becc>ia gave fre% life to ! memories ( ,p5n4#be ,?us be=e 8 dea? ,becc>ia saw torture almo/ entirely aboli%$ 9 ,europe1 & a g5]al t5d5cy spread+ to foll[ ! _s ( ! *anges he advocat$ 9 o!r details ( crim9al law4 ,probably no o!r !ori/ ev] liv$ to witness s complete an adoption ( 8 pr9ciples 9 practice1 or s ?or\gh a trans=mation ( ! sy/em he attack$4 ,x is possible t he b gave body & voice to ideas ( *ange already widely preval5t 9 8 "t2 b ! m]it ( a man belongs none ! less to himself1 :o *anges ! in/ability ( public op9ion into an active & solid =ce1 & :o gives di/9ct expression to ! long+s vaguely felt by a multitude4 ,b if ! int]e/ ( ,becc>ia's *apt] on ,torture is n[ m]ely hi/orical1 an int]e/ t is actual /ill atta*es to 8 advocacy ( ! total abolition ( capital puni%m5t1 ?is be+ ! cause ) :i* 8 "n is mo/ g5]ally associat$1 & = :i* x is likely to be longe/ rememb]$4 ,previ\s writ]s1 l ,montaigne1 if !y deprecat$ ! excess or sev]ity ( ! dea? p5alty1 nev] ?\ght ( urg+ t x %\ld be aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,!re is an app>5t discrepancy 9 ,becc>ia's fir/ condemn+ dea? z too sev]e a puni%m5t & !n recomm5d+ lifelong s]vitude z "o ( m det]r5t p[]2 b ,becc>ia w\ld h said t ! great] c]ta9ty ( ! latt] m ?an comp5sat$ = ! great] sev]ity ( ! o!r4 ,z reg>ds ! relative p[] ( ! two puni%m5ts1 x probably v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals1 "s m5 hav+ a great] dread ( ! "o1 & "s ( ! o!r4 ,! popul> !ory c]ta9ly goes too f>1 :5 x assumes t all m5 h a great] dread ( ! gall[s ?an ( any?+ else4 ,:5 ,george ,,iii4 once grant$ a p>don to ! female convicts 9 ,newgate on condition ( _! transportation to ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ?\gh sev5te5 ( !m accept$ ! (f]1 !re 7 yet six :o pref]r$ dea? to a removal f _! native c\ntry4 ,x is also /at$ by ,h[>d t 9 ,d5m>k ! puni%m5t 9 cases ( infanticide1 namely1 imprisonm5t = life1 ) lab\r & an annual :ipp+ on ! place ( ! crime1 0 #8dread$ m ?an dea?1' :i* x sup]s$$ z a puni%m5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! frequ5cy ( any crime be>s little or no relation to ! puni%m5t affix$ to x4 ,e crim9al beg9s a new c>e]1 9 :i* he ?9ks less ( ! nature ( 8 puni%m5t ?an ( 8 *ances ( elud+ x4 ,nei!r tradition nor example c\nt ) him = mu* 9 8 balance ( ! *ances 9 8 own fav\r4 ,! law c nev] be s c]ta9 9 its execution z x is unc]ta9 9 its application1 & x is ! examples ( impunity1 n ( puni%m5t1 to :i* m5 turn :5 !y violate ! law4 ,s t :e!r ! puni%m5t = murd] be an excruciat+ dea?1 z 9 anci5t ,rome1 or a m]e f9e1 z 9 anci5t ,engl&1 ! motives = escape are always ! same1 ! means to effect x are always ! same1 & ! belief 9 8 p[] to effect x is correspond+ly p[]ful 9 e crim9al guilty ( homicide4 ,ev5 if we assume t dea? is absolutely ! sev]e/ p5alty devisable by ! law1 & t z a puni%m5t = murd] x is n too sev]e1 x rema9s c]ta91 t1 relatively to ! circum/ances ( a trial = murd]1 to ! reluctance ( judges or juries to pass an irretrievable s5t5ce1 to _! fe> ( error1 to _! consci5ti\s reg>d = human life1 x is really a mu* less t]rible dang] = a malefactor to face ?an a p5alty :i* w\ld ju/ify few] hopes ( impunity4 ,nor are su* scruples to convict unreasonable1 :5 we consid] ! numb] :o on app>5tly conclusive evid5ce h be5 falsely & irrevocably condemn$ to dea?4 ,playgo]s :o h se5 #8,! ,lyons ,mail' w rememb] h[ b>ely ,lesurques1 ! ,p>isian g5tleman1 escap$ puni%m5t = ! guilt ( ,dubosc1 ! robb] & murd]]4 ,b ! moral ( ! /ory is lo/ 9 ! play1 = ,lesurques actually 0 execut$ = ! crime ( ,dubosc1 by reason ( ! /rong resemblance he bore to him1 ! latt] only receiv+ ! due rew>d = 8 crimes aft] ! innoc5t man _h di$ z a common murd]] on ! scaffold4 ,!n !re are cases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! fam\s case ( ,calas1 "s "o hav+ committ$ suicide1 "s "o else is execut$ z ! murd]]4 ,t dead m5 tell no tales is z true ( m5 hung z ( m5 murd]$1 & ! innoc5ce ( an execut$ man may be prov$ long aft]w>ds or n at all4 ,:]e !re is no capital puni%m5t1 z 9 ,mi*igan1 a man's innoc5ce may be discov]$ subsequ5tly to conviction1 & ju/ice done to him = ! error ( ! law4 ,su* a case actually happ5$ n long ago 9 ,mi*igan1 :]e a prison]'s innoc5ce 0 cle>ly prov$ aft] t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,:]e capital puni%m5t exi/s1 !re is no su* hope2 nor is !re any rem$y if1 z 9 ! case ( ,lewis1 :o 0 hung 9 #ahca1 ano!r man ?irty-?ree ye>s aft]w>ds confesses himself ! murd]]4 ,x is impossible to preclude all *ances ( su* errors ( ju/ice4 ,illu/rative ( ?is is ! /ory ( ! *ur* organi/ ne> ,kieff1 :o murd]$ a f>m] ) a pi/ol he /ole f a prie/4 ,aft] 8 crime he plac$ ! pi/ol 9 ! sacri/y1 & !n1 :5 he _h prev5t$ ! prie/ f giv+ evid5ce aga9/ him by ! act ( confession1 w5t & d5\nc$ ! prie/ z ! culprit4 ,! prie/1 9 spite ( 8 prote/ations ( innoc5ce1 0 s5t5c$ to h>d lab\r = life2 & :51 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! organi/ confess$ 8 guilt on 8 dea?b$1 & ! prie/'s lib]ation 0 appli$ =1 x 0 f\nd t he _h di$ only a few mon?s be=e4#bf ,t ! scruple to convict dim9i%es ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t1 & !re=e raises hopes ( impunity1 is illu/rat$ by ! case ( two ,am]ican bro!rs :o1 desir\s to p]petrate a murd]1 wait$ till _! victim _h left _! ,/ate1 9 :i* capital puni%m5t _h be5 aboli%$1 & _h betak5 himself to a ,/ate :i* /ill reta9$ x1 be=e !y v5tur$ to execute _! crim9al int5tion4 ,t su* reluctance to convict is (t5 mo/ injuri\s to ! public is prov$ by ! case ( a woman at ,*elms=d :o "s ye>s ago 0 acquitt$1 9 spite ( /rong evid5ce1 on a *>ge ( poison+1 & :o1 be=e h] guilt 0 f9ally prov$1 liv$ to poison sev]al o!r p]sons :o w\ld o!rwise h escap$ h] arts4#bg ,su* consid]ations z ^! w1 p]haps1 lead "s day to ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t4 ,! f9al te/ ( all puni%m5t is its effici5cy1 n its humanity4 ,!re is (t5 m inhumanity 9 a long s5t5ce ( p5al s]vitude ?an 9 a capital s5t5ce1 = ! majority ( murd]]s des]ve z little m]cy z !y get4 ,! _m (f5ces :i* h ceas$ to be capital 9 ,engli% law yield$ less to a s5se ( ! inhumanity ( ! puni%m5t z relat$ to ! crime ?an to ! exp]i5ce t su* a puni%m5t l$ to almo/ total impunity4 ,! bank]s1 = in/ance1 :o petition$ ,p>liam5t to aboli% capital puni%m5t = =g]y1 did s1 z !y said1 because !y f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! infliction ( dea?1 or ! possibility ( its infliction1 prev5t$ ! prosecution1 ! conviction1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! crim9al2 !re=e !y begg$ = #8t protection = _! prop]ty :i* !y w\ld d]ive f a m l5i5t law4' ,= ! same reason x is ( little avail to call 9 "q1 z ,becc>ia does1 ! "r ( society to inflict dea? z a puni%m5t4 ,!re may be a di/9ction betwe5 ! "r ( society & its might1 b x is "o ( little com=t to ! man :o incurs its res5tm5t4 ,a man 9 a dungeon does bett] to amuse himself ) spid]s & cobwebs ?an ) reflections on ! encroa*m5t ( ! law ^u 8 lib]ty1 or ) !ories ab\t ! rights ( gov]nm5t4 ,:5ev] society has ceas$ to ex]cise any ( its p[]s aga9/ individuals1 x has n be5 f ! acceptance ( any new doctr9e z to its rights1 b f m enlight5$ views z to its real int]e/s1 & a cultivat$ dislike ( cruelty & oppression4 ,:5 ,becc>ia wrote aga9/ capital puni%m5t1 "o great argum5t aga9/ its abolition 0 its practical univ]sality4 ,x _h be5 aboli%$ 9 anci5t ,egypt by k+ ,sabaco1#bh 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,roman ,republics by ! ,porcian law1 & 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire by ,calo-,johannes4#bi ,b ^! cases 7 too remote f mod]n times to l5d mu* weight to ! g5]al argum5t4 ,at t "t ,russia alone ( all ! c\ntries 9 ! _w _h1 f ! accession ( ! ,empress ,elizabe?1 af=d$ a practical example ( ! fact1 t ! g5]al security ( life is n dim9i%$ by ! )drawal ( ! protection ( capital puni%m5t4 ,b s9ce t "t ?is tru? has become less & less a !ory or speculation1 & x n[ re/s on ! positive exp]i5ce ( no inconsid]able portion ( ! _w4 ,9 ,tuscany1 ,holl&1 ,portugal1 ,russia1 ,r\mania1 ,saxony1 ,prussia1 ,belgium1 & 9 t5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! dea? p5alty has ei!r be5 aboli%$ or discont9u$2 & c x be ?\ght t ! p ( ^? c\ntries are s indiff]5t to ! safety ( _! lives z to be cont5t ) a less effici5t legal protection ?an is v\*saf$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! protection is dea?8 ,! oppon5ts ( capital puni%m5t may fairly1 !re=e1 draw an argum5t 9 _! fav\r f ! fact t s _m p>ts ( ! _w h f\nd x n incompatible ) ! g5]al security ( life to erase ! dea? p5alty f _! li/ ( det]r5t ag5cies4 ,x is bett] to rely on s pla9 a fact ?an on /ati/ics :i*1 l two-edg$ weapons1 (t5 cut bo? ways4 ,! frequ5cy ( executions 9 "o c\ntry & _! total abs5ce 9 ano!r may sev]ally coexi/ ) great num]ical equality 9 ! numb] ( murd]s committ$ 9 ea*4 ,x is always bett]1 !re=e1 to look = "s o!r cause = a giv5 numb] ( murd]s ?an ! k9d ( puni%m5t direct$ to _! repression4 ,!y may dep5d on a ?\s& o!r ?+s1 :i* x is difficult to asc]ta9 or elim9ate4 ,?us bo? 9 ,bav>ia1 :]e capital puni%m5t has be5 reta9$1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e x _h be5 aboli%$ 9 #ahgd1 murd]s h increas$ greatly 9 rec5t ye>s2 & ?is fact has1 ) great probability1 be5 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( bad habits contract$ dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w>4 ,capital puni%m5t be+ less g5]al 9 ! _w n[ ?an torture 0 :5 ,becc>ia wrote1 x seems to be a fair logical inf]5ce t x is already f> advanc$ t[>ds its total disappe>ance4 ,= ! same argum5t :i* ,voltaire appli$ 9 ! case ( torture _c fail soon] or lat] to be appli$ to capital puni%m5t4 #8,if1' he says1 #8!re 7 b "o nation 9 ! _w :i* _h aboli%$ ! use ( torture2 & if 9 t nation crimes 7 no m frequ5t ?an 9 o!rs1 ''' its example w\ld be surely suffici5t = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,engl& alone might in/ruct all o!r nations 9 ?is p>ticul>2 b ,engl& is n ! only nation4 ,torture has be5 aboli%$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & ) success2 ! "q1 !re=e1 is decid$4' ,if 9 ?is argum5t we read capital puni%m5t in/ead ( torture1 murd]s in/ead ( crimes1 & ,portugal in/ead ( ,engl&1 we %all be/ appreciate t :i* is aft] all ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ capital puni%m5t1 namely1 t x has be5 prov$ unnecess>y = its pr(ess$ object 9 s _m c\ntries t x might safely be rel9qui%$ 9 all4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,becc>ia ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,:atev] improvem5t our p5al laws h und]gone 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s is due prim>ily to ,becc>ia1 & to an ext5t t has n always be5 recognis$4 ,"l ,mansfield is said nev] to h m5tion$ 8 "n )\t a sign ( respect4 ,romilly ref]r$ to him 9 ! v fir/ spee* he deliv]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! subject ( law re=m4 ,& !re is no ,engli% writ] ( t day :o1 9 treat+ ( ! crim9al law1 does n ref] to ,becc>ia4 ,ev5 ! idea ( public utility z ! f9al te/ & /&>d ( morality is d]iv$ f ,becc>ia1 & ! fam\s expression1 #8! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1' occurs1 9 capital lett]s1 9 ! v fir/ page ( ! #8,delitti e delle ,p5e4'#cj ,b5?am himself fully ackn[l$g$ ?is4 #8,prie/ley 0 ! fir/1' he says1 #8unless x 0 ,becc>ia1 :o taught my lips to pron\nce ?is sacr$ tru?3 t ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] is ! f\ndation ( morals & happ9ess4' ,& ) ref]5ce to 8 idea ( ! measurable value ( diff]5t pa9s & pleasures1 he says3 #8,x 0 f ,becc>ia's little treatise on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts t ,i drew1 z ,i well rememb]1 ! fir/ h9t ( ?is pr9ciple1 by :i* ! precision & cle>ness & inconte/abl5ess ( ma!matical calculations are introduc$ = ! fir/ "t into ! field ( morals4' ,engli% philosophy & legislation1 !re=e1 owe en\gh to ,becc>ia = 8 treatise nev] to be =gott5 among u4 ,/&+1 z x does1 9 ref]5ce to law z ,bacon's #8,novum ,organon' to sci5ce1 or ,desc>tes' #8,pr9cipia' to philosophy1 & repres5t+ a return to fir/ pr9ciples & rejection ( m]e prec$5t 9 ! matt] ( p5al laws1 x w nev] fail to gratify ^? :o1 ) little admiration = law 9 ! concrete1 c yet f9d pleasure 9 /udy+ x 9 ! ab/ract4 ,mo/ m5 w turn readily f a sy/em built up1 z our own is1 ( un9telligible di/9ctions1 & bas$ on au?ority r ?an on exp]i5ce1 to a sy/em :]e no di/9ctions exi/ save ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! nature ( ?+s & are f\nd$ on ! real diff]5ces t di/+ui% ! moral actions ( mank9d4 ,! fir/ trace ( ,becc>ia's influ5ce 9 ,engl& appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 ( :i* ! book on ! ,crim9al ,laws 0 publi%$ ! v next ye> aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,italian treatise4 ,t ,black/one 0 well acqua9t$ ) x is prov$ by 8 frequ5t ref]5ce to x 9 treat+ ( crimes4 ,f ,becc>ia he argues t ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5ts is m effectual ?an _! sev]ity1 & f9ds x absurd to apply ! same puni%m5t to crimes ( diff]5t malignity4 ,black/one 0 also ! fir/ pr(essional lawy] to f9d fault ) ! frequ5cy ( capital puni%m5t 9 ,engl&1 & to po9t out z #8a melan*oly tru?' ! pres5ce ( #afj actions 9 ! /atute book :i* 7 felonies )\t b5efit ( cl]gy4 ,b !re 0 "o great fallacy1 p]vad+ our :ole crim9al law1 :i* ,black/one left undetect$ & unt\*$4 ,?is 01 t ! sev]ity ( puni%m5t mu/ be augm5t$ 9 proportion to ! increase ( temptation1 & t ! measure ( ! guilt ( a crime lay 9 ! facility ) :i* x might be committ$4 #8,among crimes ( an equal malignity1' says ,black/one1 #8^? des]ve mo/ puni%m5t1 z mo/ injuri\s :i* a man has ! mo/ frequ5t & easy opportunities ( committ+1 :i* _c s easily be gu>d$ aga9/ z o!rs1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ! (f5d] has ! /ronge/ inducem5t to commit4' ,& on ?is pr9ciple he f9ds x reasonable1 t1 :ile ! !ft ( a pocket-h&k]*ief %\ld be a capital crime1 ! !ft ( a load ( hay %\ld only involve transportation4 ,!re 0 n an anomaly 9 our old crim9al practice :i* 0 n bas$ on ?is !ory--a !ory :i* _h1 inde$1 its prec$5t 9 ! old ,hebrew law t puni%$ m sev]ely a !ft f a field ?an a !ft f a h\se2 & ! fir/ writ] :o prote/$ aga9/ x 0 ,ed51 aft]w>ds ,"l ,auckl&1 :o 9 #agga publi%$ 8 #8,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law1' "o ( ! be/ books ev] writt5 on ! subject4 ,! influ5ce ( ,becc>ia is app>5t 9 ,ed5's "w1 n only by 8 direct ref]5ce to x1 b by 8 _s ( decl>$ opposition to ! actual practice ( ! law4 ,two in/ances ( its t5d5cy w suffice4 #8,imprisonm5t1 inflict$ by law z a puni%m5t1 is n accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( wise legislation4 ,x s9ks useful subjects into bur!ns on ! community1 & has always a bad effect on _! morals2 nor c x communicate ! b5efit ( example1 be+ 9 its nature seclud$ f ! eye ( ! p4' ,& aga93 #8,:atev] exce$s simple dea? is m]e cruelty4 ,e /ep beyond is a trace ( anci5t b>b>ity1 t5d+ only to di/ract ! att5tion ( ! spectators & to less5 ! solemnity ( ! example4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z v9dictive ju/ice2 ! idea is %ock+4' ,m5 ( lett]s z a rule did n speak ) ?is boldness1 b 9 consci\s opposition to pr(essional & popul> feel+ express$ _! d\bts ) a hesitation t 0 almo/ apologetic4 ,s1 = example1 ,goldsmi? c\ld n #8avoid ev5 que/ion+ ! validity ( t "r :i* social comb9ations h assum$ ( capitally puni%+ (f5ces ( a slight nature4'#ca ,/range1 t 9 ,engl& su* an argum5t %\ld ev] h seem$ a d>+ novelty1 a ?+ to be said t5tatively & ) res]ve6 ,"l ,kames attack$ our crim9al law 9 a /ill m indirect way1 by trac+ puni%m5t hi/orically to ! rev5ge ( individuals = _! private injuries1 & by extoll+ ! excell5ce ( ! crim9al law ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,!y1 he said1 avoid$ capital puni%m5ts z mu* z possible1 pref]r+ o!rs :i* equally prev5t$ ! recommission ( crimes4 ,su* puni%m5ts effect$ _! end #8) less h>%ness & sev]ity ?an is f\nd 9 ! laws ( any o!r nation1 anci5t or mod]n4'#cb ,no?+ c\ld be m int]e/+ ?an ,"l ,kames' acc\nt ( ! gr[? ( crim9al law1 f ! rude rev5ges ( savages to ! legal puni%m5ts ( civilis$ ,/ates2 b x 0 probably int5d$ by its au?or less z an hi/orical treatise ?an z a veil$ attack ^u ! p5al sy/em ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a good illu/ration ( ! timidity ( ! ,!oretical s*ool aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ =ces ( ! ,practical s*ool ( law1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 includ$ ! great body ( ! legal pr(ession2 & x is ! fir/ sign ( an attempt to apply ! exp]i5ce ( o!r c\ntries & times to ! improvem5t ( our own jurisprud5ce4 ,x c]ta9ly %\ld mod]ate our rev]5ce = ance/ral wisdom to f9d ev5 a man l ,field+1 ! noveli/1 speak+1 9 8 ,*>ge to ! ,gr& ,jury ( ,middlesex1 ( ! pillory & ! loss ( a man's e>s z #8an extremely mild' puni%m5t = a bad case ( libel1 or decl>+ our puni%m5ts ( t "t to be #8! milde/ & mo/ void ( t]ror ( any o!r 9 ! kn[n _w4' ,yet ,field+ recognis$ sev]al ( ! true pr9ciples ( puni%m5t4 ,he attribut$ ! increase ( crime to ! great abuse ( p>dons1 :i*1 he said1 _h br\ght _m m m5 to ! gall[s ?an !y _h sav$ f x4 ,he also advocat$ ! dim9ution ( ! numb] ( executions1 _! great] privacy & solemnity1 :il/ he recomm5d$ _! foll[+ z closely z possible on conviction1 t pity = ! crim9al might be lo/ 9 dete/ation = 8 crime4#cc ,b t ! humanity ( ! speculative s*ool ( law 0 n )\t "s influ5ce on public op9ion1 z well z to a c]ta9 ext5t a reflection ( x1 is prov$ by a few abortive attempts 9 ,p>liam5t to mitigate ! sev]ity ( our p5al code 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,ev5 s e>ly z #ageb ! ,commons agre$ to commute ! puni%m5t ( felony 9 c]ta9 cases to h>d lab\r 9 ! docks2 b ! ,lords refus$ _! cons5t1 z f t "t onw>d = m ?an eighty ye>s !y regul>ly cont9u$ to refuse x to all mitigation ( ! laws affect+ crime4 ,x mu/ ev] rema9 a matt] ( regret1 t ! rle ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! matt] ( crim9al law re=m %\ld h cont9u$ f #ageb to #ahcb to be "o ( sy/ematic & ob/9ate opposition to *ange1 & an opposition :i* _h no ju/ification 9 ! g5]al level ( national enlight5m5t4 ,! *ief hon\r ( ! e>lie/ attempt at law re=m belongs to ,sir ,william ,m]$i?1 :o 9 #aggj mov$ = a committee ( inquiry into ! /ate ( ! crim9al laws4 ,?is committee propos$ 9 its report ( ! foll[+ ye> ! repeal ( a few ,acts :i* made c]ta9 (f5ces capital2 & accord+ly ! ,commons 9 #aggb agre$1 t x %\ld no long] be puni%able z high treason to make an attempt on ! life ( a ,privy ,c\ncillor1 t des]tion ( (fic]s or soldi]s %\ld no long] be capital1 nor ! belong+ to p :o call$ !mselves ,egyptians4 ,"s o!r proposals 7 negativ$1 su* z a repeal ( ! h>d law ( ,james ,i4 aga9/ infanticide2 b ! ,h\se ( ,lords refus$ _! ass5t ev5 to ! slight *anges pass$ by ! ,commons4 #8,x 0 an innovation1 !y said1 & subv]sion ( ! law4'#cd ,x is no reproa* to ,m]$i?1 ,burke1 & ,fox t !y ceas$ to wa/e _! /r5g? aga9/ ,cons]vatism su* z ?is4 ,all hope ( re=m 0 out ( ! "q2 & ! mo/ dreadful atrocities 7 suff]$ or def5d$4 ,9 #aggg a girl ( #ad lay 9 ,newgate "u s5t5ce to be burnt alive = false co9age1 because "s :itewa%$ f>?+s1 t 7 to pass = sixp5ces1 7 f\nd on h] p]son2 & a reprieve only came j z ! c>t 0 ready to take h] to ! /ake4 ,n till #agij 0 ! law aboli%$ by :i* wom5 7 liable to be burnt publicly = high or petit treason4#ce ,b :atev] t5d5cy might h be5 aris+ 9 !ory or 9 practice ab\t ?is "t to mitigate ! sev]ity ( our laws 0 de/9$ to receive a dead *eck f ! publication 9 #aghd & #aghe respectively ( two books :i* des]ve hi/orical recollection4 ,! fir/ 0 ,madan's #8,?\ghts on ,executive ,ju/ice1' 9 :i* ! au?or1 adopt+ ,becc>ia's pr9ciple ( ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t z ! be/ *eck on crime1 advocat$ an unfl9*+ c>ry+ out ( ! laws z !y /ood4 #8,x 01' says ,romilly1 #8a /rong & vehem5t c5sure ^u ! judges & ! m9i/]s = _! mode ( adm9i/]+ ! law1 & = ! frequ5cy ( ! p>dons :i* !y grant$4 ,x 0 v mu* read1 & c]ta9ly 0 foll[$ by ! sacrifice ( _m lives4' ,! ye> be=e its publication #ea malefactors 7 execut$ 9 ,london1 ! ye> aft] #ig1 :il/ n long aft]w>ds 0 se5 ! r>e spectacle ( ne>ly #bj crim9als hung at a "t4 ,romilly 0 s mu* %ock$ at :at he consid]$ ! folly & inhumanity ( ,madan's book t he wrote a %ort tract ( obs]vations ^u x1 ( :i* he s5t a copy to ea* ( ! judges4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! feel+ ( t "t t only a hundr$ copies ( 8 tract 7 sold4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f t "t t ,romilly began to make ! crim9al law 8 special /udy1 s t to ,madan indirectly our c\ntry owes ! ef=ts ( ,romilly4 ,! o!r book 0 f a man :om above all o!rs our =efa!rs delight$ to hon\r4 ,?is 0 ,ar*deacon ,paley1 :o 9 #aghe publi%$ 8 #8,moral & ,political ,philosophy1' & d$icat$ x to ! !n ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle4 ,nor is ?is fact ( ! d$ication immat]ial1 = ! said ,bi%op 0 ! fa!r ( ! future ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,ell5bor\gh1 :o enjoys ! melan*oly fame ( hav+ be5 ! invet]ate & successful oppon5t ( ne>ly e movem5t made 9 8 "t1 9 fav\r ( ! mitigation ( our p5al laws4 ,! *apt] on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts 9 ,paley & ! spee*es ( ,"l ,ell5bor\gh on ! subject 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords are1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! same ?+2 s t ,paley's *apt] is ( di/9ct hi/orical importance1 z ! *ief cause ( ! ob/ruction ( re=m1 & z ! be/ expression ( ! philosophy ( 8 day4 ,if o!r c\ntries adopt$ ,becc>ia's pr9ciples m quickly ?an our own1 x 0 simply t ^? pr9ciples f\nd no oppon5ts any:]e equal to ,ar*deacon ,paley & 8 pupil1 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh4 ,paley1 ( c\rse1 def5d$ ! ?+ he f\nd e/abli%$2 nor1 consid]+ ! sy/em he _h to def5d1 did he /ate ! case = x )\t +5uity4 ,he _h1 inde$1 no?+ to add to :at ,black/one _h said reg>d+ puni%m5t1 namely1 t x 0 inflict$1 n 9 proportion to ! real guilt ( an (f5ce1 b 9 proportion to its facility ( commission & difficulty ( detection4 ,to /eal f a %op 0 n m crim9al ?an to /eal f a h\se1 b1 z x 0 m difficult to detect1 x 0 m sev]ely puni%$4 ,%eep1 horses1 & clo? on blea*+-gr\nds 7 m expos$ to ?ieves ?an o!r k9ds ( prop]ty2 !re=e _! !ft requir$ a /rong] det]r5t p5alty4 ,!re 0 only "o (f5ce :i* ,paley ?\ght ! ,engli% law puni%$ too sev]ely1 & t 0 ! (f5ce ( privately /eal+ f ! p]son4 ,9 all o!r cases he def5d$ ! application ( ! capital p5alty4 ,x 01 he ?\ght1 ! peculi> m]it ( ! ,engli% law t x swept into ! net e crime :i* "u any possible circum/ance might m]it dea?1 :il/ x only s+l$ out a few cases 9 ea* class ( crime = actual puni%m5t2 s t :il/ few really suff]$ dea?1 ! dread & dang] ( x hung ov] ! crimes ( _m4 ,! law 0 n cruel1 = x 0 nev] meant to be indiscrim9ately execut$1 b left a l>ge m>g9 = ! ex]cise ( m]cy4 ,paley agre$ ) ,becc>ia t ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t 0 ( m consequ5ce ?an its sev]ity4 ,= ?is reason he recomm5d$ #8undeviat+ imp>tiality 9 c>ry+ ! laws into execution2' he blam$ ! #8weak timidity' ( juries1 lead+ !m to be ov]-scrupul\s ab\t ! c]ta9ty ( _! evid5ce1 & prote/$ aga9/ ! maxim t x 0 bett] = t5 guilty m5 to escape ?an = "o innoc5t man to p]i%4 ,a man :o fell by a mi/ak5 s5t5ce might1 he argu$1 be consid]$ z fall+ = 8 c\ntry1 because he 0 ! victim ( a sy/em ( laws :i* ma9ta9$ ! safety ( ! community4 ,su* 0 ! reason+ :i* = ne>ly half a c5tury gov]n$ ! c\rse ( ,engli% hi/ory1 & :i* = all t "t x 0 a h]esy to dispute4 ,b>b>\s spectacles 71 ,paley ?\ght1 ju/ly f\nd fault )1 z t5d+ to demoralise public feel+4 #8,b1' he cont9u$1 #8if a mode ( execution c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld augm5t ! horror ( ! puni%m5t1 )\t (f5d+ or impair+ ! public s5sibility by cruel or unseemly exhibitions ( dea?1 x might add some?+ to ! efficacy ( example2 & by be+ res]v$ = a few atroci\s crimes might also enl>ge ! scale ( puni%m5t1 an addition to :i* seems want+1 = z ! matt] rema9s at pres5t y hang a malefactor = a simple robb]y1 & c d no m to ! villa9 :o has poison$ 8 fa!r4 ,some?+ ( ! sort we h be5 describ+ 0 ! proposal1 n long s9ce sugge/$1 ( ca/+ murd]]s into a d5 ( wild bea/s1 :]e !y w\ld p]i% 9 a mann] dreadful to ! imag9ation1 yet conceal$ f ! view4' ,x is int]e/+ aft] ?is to le>n1 t ,paley ?\ght torture prop]ly explod$ f #8! mild & cauti\s sy/em ( p5al jurisprud5ce e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1' & t 7to d him ju/ice7 he urg$ private p]sons to be t5d] 9 prosecut+1 out ( reg>d = ! difficulty ( prison]s to obta9 an hone/ means ( livelihood aft] _! dis*>ge4 ,h[>d's book on ! ,laz>ettos ( ,europe appe>$ f\r ye>s aft] ,paley's "w4 ,al?\gh x did n deal directly ) crimes1 x indirectly treat$ ( _! connection ) puni%m5t4 ,h[>d 0 able to %[ t :il/ 9 ,middlesex alone #dfg p]sons _h be5 execut$ 9 n9e ye>s1 only six _h be5 execut$ 9 ,am/]dam2 t = a hundr$ ye>s ! av]age numb] ( executions _h be5 "o a ye> at ,utre*t & t = tw5ty-f\r ye>s !re _h n ev5 be5 "o !re4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e 0 t ! dim9ution ( puni%m5t _h a direct effect 9 dim9i%+ crime4 ,h[>d also advocat$ ! re/riction ( capital puni%m5t to cases ( murd]1 arson1 & burgl>y2 highwaym51 footpads1 & habitual ?ieves %\ld1 he ?\ght1 end _! days 9 a p5it5ti>y r ?an on ! gall[s4 ,ev5 ?is 0 a bold proposal1 9 a /ate ( society yet 9 bondage to ,paley4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 occurr$ m fatal to ! re=m ( our p5al laws ?an ev5 ! philosophy ( ,paley1 & t 0 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,be=e #agij !re _h be5 #aae capital (f5ces 9 ,france2 s t to alt] ! crim9al law 9 ,engl& 0 to foll[ a prec$5t ( unpleasant auspices4 ,re=m n unnaturally sav\r$ ( revolution1 & especially a re=m ( ! p5al laws4 ,9 #ahjh ,romilly said he w\ld advise anyone1 :o desir$ to realise ! mis*iev\s effects ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ,engl& to attempt "s legislative re=m on humane & lib]al pr9ciples4 ,) bitt]ness he tells ! /ory ( a "y nobleman1 :o1 address+ him insol5tly at ! b> ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 in=m$ him t he = 8 "p 0 = hang+ all crim9als4 ,romilly obs]v$ t he suppos$ he meant puni%m5ts %\ld be c]ta9 & ! laws execut$1 :atev] !y 74 #8,no1 no1' 0 ! reply1 #8x isn't t4 ,!re is no good done by m]cy4 ,!y only get worse3 ,i w\ld hang !m all up at once4' ,& ?is repres5t$ ! preval5t op9ion4 ,w9dham1 9 a spee* aga9/ ! ,%oplift+ ,bill1 inquir$1 #8,_h n ! ,fr5* ,revolution begun ) ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t 9 e case8''' ,0 su* a sy/em z ?is 0 to be set up )\t consid]ation aga9/ t ( ,dr4 ,paley6'#cf ,romilly's fir/ idea ) respect to ! re=m ( ! crim9al law 0 a suffici5tly humble "o4 ,x 0 no?+ m ?an to raise ! am\nt ( ! value ( ! prop]ty1 ! !ft ( :i* %\ld expose a man to dea?4 ,twelvep5ce1 z fix$ by ! /atute ( ,elizabe?1 orig9ally signifi$ a mu* great] !ft ?an x _h come to signify aft] a lapse ( two c5turies4 ,romilly _h at fir/ no idea ( remov+ ! dea? p5alty = !ft2 8 only hope 0 to get x affix$ to a grav] !ft ?an ! l>c5y ( a %ill+4 ,yet ev5 s he c\ld n br+ himself to consult ) ! judges on ! subject ( 8 int5d$ bill1 = #8he _h n ! lea/ hope !y w\ld approve ( ! measure4' ,x 0 by ! advice ( ,sc>lett1 ,"l ,ab+]1 t he v5tur$ to aim at ! repeal ( all /atutes puni%+ m]e !ft ) dea?2 b1 deem+ x hopeless to urge _! abolition all at once1 he resolv$ to beg9 ) t fam\s /atute ( ,elizabe? :i* made x a capital crime to /eal a h&k]*ief or any?+ else f ! p]son ( ano!r :i* 0 ( ! value ( a %ill+4 ,8 bill to effect ?is pass$ bo? ,h\ses ! same ye> x 0 introduc$ 7#ahjh71 9 spite ( ! /rong opposition ( ! great legal dignit>ies 9 ei!r ,h\se4 ,! /atute 0 bas$1 said ,judge ,burton1 on ! exp]i5ce ( two & a half c5turies4 ,! alt]native puni%m5t ( transportation = sev5 ye>s1 said ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 w\ld be too %ort2 x %\ld be = m ye>s ?an sev51 if n = life4 ,if any *ange ( puni%m5t 7 necess>y1 said ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 x %\ld be transportation = life4 ,su* 0 legal op9ion g5]ally z express$ by its able/ repres5tatives ) respect to ! due puni%m5t = pocket-pick+ n a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is easy n[ to smile at su* errors1 &1 at ! b>r5 wa/e ( wisdom sp5t 9 _! def5ce1 b :at weight aft] t c be atta*$1 on subjects ( ! g5]al policy ( ! law1 to ! op9ion ( its *ief pr(essors8 ,c x be too mu* regrett$ t ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,ell5bor\gh %\ld h sacrific$ to 8 own au?ority1 :il/ alive1 ! au?ority ( all judges ev] de/9$ to succe$ him8 ,! success :i* att5d$ ,romilly's ,privately ,/eal+ ,bill & ! failure :i* att5d$ almo/ all 8 o!r ef=ts 0 probably due to ! fact t l>c5y f ! p]son )\t viol5ce 01 z has be5 said1 ! "o s+le k9d ( (f5ce :i* _h ,paley's sanction = ceas+ to be capital4 ,b ! v success ( 8 fir/ bill 0 ! *ief cause ( ! failure ( 8 subsequ5t ones4 ,=1 capital puni%m5t hav+ be5 remov$ = m]e pilf]+1 prosecutions became m frequ5t1 & ! oppon5ts ( re=m 7 ?us able to decl>e t an increase ( !ft _h be5 ! direct consequ5ce ( ! abolition ( ! capital p5alty4 ,x 0 9 va9 to po9t out1 t ! app>5t increase ( !ft 0 due to ! great] read9ess ( individuals to prosecute & ( juries to convict1 :5 a v]dict ( guilt no long] involv$ dea? z ! consequ5ce4 ,romilly also injur$ 8 cause by a pamphlet on ! crim9al law1 9 :i* he criticis$ sev]ely ! doctr9es ( ,paley4 ,s /rongly 0 ?is res5t$1 t 9 #ahaj 8 bill to aboli% capital puni%m5t = /eal+ =ty %ill+s f a dwell+-h\se did n ev5 pass ! ,commons1 be+ g5]ally oppos$1 z x 0 by ,w9dham1 because ! ma9t5ance ( ,paley's reputation 0 reg>d$ z a great object ( national conc]n4#cg ,t is to say1 m5 vot$ n s mu* aga9/ ! bill z aga9/ ! au?or ( a h]esy aga9/ ,paley4 ,9 ^? days to /eal five %ill+s' wor? ( goods f a %op 0 a capital (f5ce1 & ,paley _h expla9$ ! philosophy ( ! puni%m5t4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to foll[ ! c\rse ( ,romilly's bill aga9/ ?is law1 call$ ! ,%oplift+ ,act1 ?r\gh ! details ( its hi/ory4 ,suffice x to say t x pass$ ! ,commons 9 #ahaj1 #ahaa1 #ahac1 #ahaf1 b 0 regul>ly ?r[n out by ! ,lords1 & only def9itely became law _m ye>s lat]4 ,b ?\gh ! debates on ! subject no long] possess ! vivid int]e/ t once belong$ to !m1 & are be/ left to ! oblivion t en%r\ds !m1 x is in/ructive to take j "o sample ( ! eloqu5ce & argum5ts1 t once l$ ,lords & ,bi%ops captive & express$ ! highe/ legal wisdom obta9able 9 ,engl&4 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 on ! la/ day b "o ( ,may #ahaj1 appeal$ to _! lord%ips to pause1 be=e !y pass$ ! ,%oplift+ ,bill & gave _! ass5t to ! repeal ( a law :i* _h s long be5 held necess>y = ! security ( ! public4 ,no "o1 he insi/$1 0 m dispos$ ?an himself to ! ex]cise ( clem5cy1 b !re 0 n ! slighte/ gr\nd = ! ins9uations ( cruelty t _h be5 ca/ on ! adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,if %oplift+ did n require ! p5alty ( dea?1 ! same rule w\ld h to apply to horse- & %eep-/eal+2 &1 9 spite ( all t 0 said 9 fav\r ( ?is speculative humanity1 !y mu/ all agree1 t prev5tion ( crime %\ld be ! *ief object ( ! law1 & t t]ror alone c\ld prev5t ! crime 9 "q4 ,^? :o 7 ?us speculat+ 9 mod]n legislation urg$ t puni%m5t %\ld be c]ta9 & proportionate2 b he c\ld satisfy ! ,h\se t any attempt to apply a puni%m5t 9 exact con=mity to ! (f5ce w\ld be p]fectly ludicr\s4 ,he _h consult$ ) ! o!r judges1 & !y 7 unanim\sly ( op9ion t x w\ld n be exp$i5t to remit ?is "p ( ! sev]ity ( ! crim9al law4#ch ,he !re=e entreat$ !m to pause4 ,ne$ x be said t ! ,h\se ( ,lords paus$1 z !y 7 entreat$ to d1 & t !y paus$ & paus$ aga91 9 a mann] m sugge/ive ( ! full /op ?an ! comma1 g5]ally out ( def]5ce to ! same au?ority8 ,romilly 0 indignant t s _m prelates vot$ aga9/ 8 bills2 b c\ld !y h done o!rwise1 :5 ! be/ legal au?orities 9 ,engl& urg$ t x w\ld be fatal to vote = !m8--:5 !y 7 gravely told t if a c]ta9 bill pass$1 !y w\ld n "k :e!r !y /ood on _! heads or on _! feet8 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh 0 s h>d ^u #8speculative humanity1' z oppos$ to real practical common s5se1 t ! speculative s*ool are nev] likely to =get him4 ,b !y owe too mu* to him n to =give him2 s9ce he is ! /&+ pro(1 t 9 matt]s ( ! g5]al policy ( ! law pr(essional op9ion is a less tru/wor?y guide ?an popul> s5tim5t1 & t 9 que/ions ( law re=m x is be/ to neglect ! fossil-wisdom ( =gott5 judges1 & to seek ! op9ion ( ,jones r\nd ! corn] z readily z t ( ,jones ^u ! ,b5*4 ,a /rong feel+ aga9/ ! pillory 0 ar\s$ by ! s5t5ce pass$ aga9/ ,"l ,co*rane 9 #ahad1 by :i*1 = suppos$ complicity 9 a plot to raise ! price ( ! ,funds1 he 0 condemn$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t1 to a f9e ( #ajjjl41 & to /& 9 ! pillory4 ,a bill = ! abolition ( ! pillory accord+ly pass$ ! ,commons ! v next ye>1 b ,"l ,ell5bor\gh succe$$ aga9 9 br++ ! ,upp] ,h\se to a pause3 ! pillory =soo? 0 z old z #abfi2 x 0 spok5 ( by ! old hi/orians2 x 0 n conf9$ to ?is c\ntry1 = ,du ,cange spoke ( x on ! ,cont95t4 ,= ^! reasons ! pillory rema9$ a legal puni%m5t d[n to ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t reign4 ,yet ,"l ,ell5bor\gh 0 "o ( ! be/ judges kn[n to ,engli% hi/ory2 he 01 accord+ to 8 biograph]1 a man #8( gigantic intellect1' & "o ( ! be/ classical s*ol>s ( 8 day2 & if he err$1 x 0 ) all hone/y & goodness ( purpose4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,t5t]d5's opposition to any *ange 9 ! law ( =g]y4 ,8 great m]its too z a judge are matt] ( hi/ory1 yet :5 ! ,commons _h pass$ ! bill = ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t = =g]y1 ,"l ,t5t]d5 assur$ ! ,h\se ( ,lords t !y c\ld n #8)\t great dang] take away ! puni%m5t ( dea?4' #8,:5 x 0 recollect$ h[ _m ?\s& p\nds1 & ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s1 might be ab/ract$ f a man by a deep-laid s*eme ( =g]y1 he ?\ght t ?is crime ought to be visit$ ) ! utmo/ ext5t ( puni%m5t :i* ! law !n wisely all[$4' ,! ,h\se ( ,lords aga9 paus$ 9 submission to judicial au?ority4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 :o succe$$ ,romilly z law re=m]1 9 #ahbj introduc$ ) success six p5al re=m bills into ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 b ! ,lords ass5t$ to none ( !m t 7 ( any practical importance to ! c\ntry4 ,!y agre$1 inde$1 t x %\ld no long] be a capital (f5ce = an ,egyptian to reside "o ye> 9 ! c\ntry1 or = a man to be f\nd disguis$ 9 ! ,m9t1 or to injure ,we/m9/] ,bridge2 b !y did n agree to remove ! capital p5alty = su* (f5ces z w\nd+ cattle1 de/roy+ trees1 break+ d[n ! banks ( riv]s1 or s5d+ ?reat5+ lett]s4 ,x 0 fe>$ t if ! puni%m5t 7 mitigat$1 ! :ole ( ,l9coln%ire might be subm]g$1 :ole =e/s cut d[n1 & :ole h]ds de/roy$4 ,z to ! ,%oplift+ ,bill1 !y w\ld n let dea? be aboli%$ = /eal+ 9 %ops altoge!r1 b only :]e ! value ( ! !ft 0 "u #ajl4 ,t seem$ ! limit ( safe concession4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,m9i/]ial law re=m]1 succe$$ 9 gett+ ! dea? p5alty repeal$ = sev]al crimes :i* 7 practically obsolete1 b =ty k9ds ( =g]y alone /ill rema9$ capital (f5ces4 ,s great1 h[ev]1 did ! *anges appe> to be1 t ,sir ,james ,mack9to% decl>$1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 t x 0 z if he _h liv$ 9 two diff]5t c\ntries1 su* 0 ! contra/ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,yet ,sir ,james di$ 9 ! v ye> t ! fir/ ,re=m ,bill pass$1 & x 0 n till aft] t ev5t t any really great progress 0 made t[>ds ameliorat+ ! p5al laws4 ,x is well kn[n t ,"l ,t5t]d5 refus$ ev] to sit aga9 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords if ! ,re=m ,bill became law1 & t he pr$ict$ t t measure w\ld am\nt to ! political ext9ction ( ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( our crim9al law ,"l ,t5t]d5 0 "r1 = ! p]iod ( long pauses _h pass$ away1 & rapid *anges 7 made ) b %ort int]vals ( brea?+-"t4 ,f ! ye> ! ,re=m ,bill pass$ ! s*ool ( ,becc>ia & ,b5?am a*iev$ rapid successes 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahcb x ceas$ to be capital to /eal a horse or a %eep1 9 #ahcc to break into a h\se1 9 #ahcd to return prematurely f transportation1 9 #ahce to commit sacrilege or to /eal a lett]4 ,b ev5 till #ahcg !re 7 /ill #cg capital (f5ces on ! /atute-book2 & n[ !re are only two1 murd] & treason4 ,hang+ 9 *a9s 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahcd2 ! pillory 0 :olly aboli%$ 9 #ahcg2 & ! same ye> ,ew>t1 aft] _m ye>s' /ruggle1 obta9$ = prison]s on trial = felony ! "r 7/ill m]ely a nom9al "o7#ci ( be+ def5d$ by c\nsel4 ,?us x has come ab\t t1 aft] /eady opposition & fi]ce conflict1 ,engli% law f9ds itself at ! v po9t :i* ,johnson & ,goldsmi? _h atta9$ a hundr$ ye>s be=e2 s true is x1 z ,becc>ia has said1 t ! enlight5m5t ( a nation is always a c5tury 9 advance ( its practice4 ,! victory has conclusively be5 ) ! ultra-philosoph]s1 z !y 7 once call$1 ) ! speculative humanit>ians1 = :om good ,"l ,ell5bor\gh _h s hone/ a contempt4 ,paley's philosophy has long s9ce be5 =gott51 & if x af=ds any lesson at all1 x lies *iefly 9 a comp>ison betwe5 8 gloomy pr$ictions & ! actual results ( ! *anges he deprecat$4 ,! practical & pr(essional s*ool ( law has yield$ on all ! mo/ important po9ts to ! dissolv+ influ5ce ( ,becc>ia's treatise2 & ! gr[+ dem& = increas+ ! security ( human life by ! in/itution ( a p5alty1 m effective because m c]ta91 ?an t at pres5t 9 =ce1 po9ts to ! /ill fur!r triumph ( ,becc>ia's pr9ciples1 likely be=e long to m>k ! progress ( 8 influ5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,p5ology4 ,if we w\ld br+ to ! /udy ( ,becc>ia's treatise ! same disposition ( m9d ) :i* he wrote x1 we mu/ ent] ^u ! subject ) ! free/ possible _s ( inquiry1 & ) a _s ( d\btfulness1 undet]r$ 9 its rese>* by au?ority h[ev] v5]able1 by cu/om h[ev] ext5d$1 or by "t h[ev] long4 ,x has be5 f too great rev]5ce = ! wisdom ( antiquity t m5 9 all ages h consign$ _! lives & prop]ties to ! limit$ le>n+ & slight exp]i5ce ( g5]ations :i* only liv$ = !mselves & _h no ?\ght ( b9d+ po/]ity 9 ! rules !y ?\ght suitable to _! own times4 ,becc>ia s\nd$ ! fir/ note ( t appeal f cu/om to reason 9 ! dom9ion ( law :i* has be51 p]haps1 ! brighte/ feature 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n times1 & is /ill trans=m+ ! in/itutions ( all c\ntries4 ,! object1 !re=e1 ( ?is *apt] is *iefly negative1 be+ none o!r ?an to raise su* mi/ru/ ( m]e cu/om1 & s /rong a s5se ( d\bt1 by ! contradictions app>5t 9 exi/+ laws & !ories1 t ! difficulties ( _! solution may tempt to "s inve/igation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y re/4 ,t ,p5ology is /ill only 9 its exp]im5tal /age z a sci5ce1 9 spite ( ! progress x has made 9 rec5t times1 is cle> f ! *anges t are s con/antly be+ made 9 e dep>tm5t ( our p5al sy/em4 ,we no long] mutilate nor kill our crim9als1 z our ance/ors did 9 ! pl5itude ( _! wisdom2 we h ceas$ to transport !m1 & our only /udy n[ is to tea* !m useful trades & labori\s indu/ry4 ,yet :e!r we %all bett] br+ !m to love lab\r by compulsory idl5ess or by compulsory "w1 :e!r %ort imprisonm5t or long is ! mo/ effective discipl9e1 :e!r seclusion or association is lea/ likely to demoralise !m1 ^! & simil> que/ions h _! answ]s 9 a quicks& ( unc]ta9ty4 ,?is only may exp]i5ce be said to h yet def9itely prov$1 t v little relation exi/s 9 any c\ntry betwe5 ! giv5 quantity ( crime & ! quantity or sev]ity ( puni%m5t direct$ to its prev5tion4 ,x has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to e/abli% ?is tru?1 & ev5 yet x is b p>tially recognis$ ov] ! _w4 ,x w\ld appe> at fir/ sight t !re c\ld be little to say ab\t crimes & puni%m5ts1 s obvi\s & self-evid5t seem ! relations t exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,_m p /ill believe 9 an innate s5se ( ju/ice 9 mank9d1 suffici5t always to prev5t wide ab]rations f equity4 ,is x1 !y might ask1 conceivable t m5 %\ld ev] lose sight ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! puni%m5t ( guilt & ! puni%m5t ( innoc5ce8--t !y %\ld ev] puni% "o equally ) ! o!r8 ,yet !re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :i* 9 its pa/ or pres5t hi/ory has n involv$ ! relations ( a crim9al 9 ! puni%m5t inflict$ on him2 & 9 savage c\ntries g5]ally x is /ill common to satisfy ju/ice ) v5geance on "s blood-relation ( a malefactor :o escapes f ! puni%m5t due to 8 crime4 ,x w\ld also seem to dem& no great insight to p]ceive t a volunt>y int5tion mu/ be a univ]sal attribute ( a crim9al action4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( puni%+ a man :o 9 8 sleep kill$ ano!r1 al?\gh1 if ! injury to society be ! measure ( puni%m5t1 8 crime is equival5t to int5tional homicide4 ,yet at ,a!ns an involunt>y murd]] 0 bani%$ until he c\ld1 give satisfaction to ! relatives ( ! deceas$2 & 9 ,*9a1 ?\gh ! p5al code g5]ally sep>ates int5tional f accid5tal crimes1 anyone :o kills a ne> relation by accid5t or commits c]ta9 k9ds ( arson by accid5t und]goes diff]5t degrees ( bani%m5t & a fix$ numb] ( bamboo /rokes4#dj ,ev5 inanimate objects or animals x has be5 ?\ght ?r\gh _m ages reasonable to puni%4 ,9 ,a!ns an axe or /one t kill$ anyone by accid5t 0 ca/ beyond ! bord]2 & ! ,engli% law 0 only repeal$ 9 ! pres5t reign :i* made a c>t:eel1 a tree1 or a bea/1 t kill$ a man1 =feit to ! ,/ate = ! b5efit ( ! poor4 ,! ,jewi% law condemn$ an ox t gor$ anyone to dea? to be /on$1 j z x condemn$ ! human murd]]4 ,& 9 ! middle ages pigs1 horses1 or ox5 7 n only tri$ judicially l m51 ) c\nsel on ei!r side & witnesses1 b !y 7 hung on gall[s l m51 = ! bett] det]r5ce ( _! k9d 9 future4#da ,^! cu/oms _h d\btless _! def5d]s1 & left ! _w n )\t a /ruggle4 ,x mu/ h co/ "s "o1 :osoev] fir/ que/ion$ ! wisdom ( hang+ animals or murd]+ a crim9al's relations1 z mu* ridicule z x co/ ,becc>ia to "q ! efficacy ( torture or ! "r ( capital puni%m5t4 ,b ! boldness ( ?\ght 9 t unkn[n re=m] 0 probably lo/ sight ( 9 ! arrogance ( 8 pr(anity1 & he d\btless paid ) 8 own neck = 8 folly 9 def5d+ ! pig's4 ,x may be said t all su* absurdities are pa/2 t ! ,jews1 ! ,a!nians1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,europeans ( ! middle ages c sc>cely be cit$ z reasonable be+s2 t !y _h no rational !ory ( puni%m5t1 & t _! errors h be5 long s9ce disc>d$4 ,b at lea/ _! example sugge/s t ev5 9 our own sy/em !re may be inconsi/5cies & blemi%es :i* cu/om & au?ority hide f our eyes4 ,p5al laws are ! expression ( ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 & ei!r are z v>iable z ! o!r4 ,9 ,holl& x 0 once a capital (f5ce to kill a /ork1 & 9 ,engl& to cut d[n a man's *]ry-tree4 ,= a ,roman lady to dr9k w9e 0 z he9\s a s9 z adult]y1 = ei!r ( :i* %e incurr$ ! extreme s5t5ce ( ! law4 ,9 ,a!ns idl5ess 0 = a long "t puni%able2 ?\gh to a ,sp>tan an ,a!nian f9$ = idl5ess seem$ to be puni%$ = keep+ up 8 dignity4 ,9 ,mexico drunk5ness 0 a grav] crime ?an sl&]2 = :il/ ! sl&]] lo/ 8 e>s or lips1 ! drunk5 man or woman 0 clubb$ or /on$ to dea?4 ,b if p5al laws ?us express ! wide v>iability ( human morality1 !y also contribute to make actions moral or immoral accord+ to ! p5alties by :i* !y en=ce or prev5t !m4 ,= n only does :atev] is immoral t5d to become p5al1 b any?+ c be made immoral by be+ fir/ made p5al2 & h5ce indiff]5t actions (t5 rema9 immoral long aft] !y h ceas$ to be actually puni%able4 ,?us ! ,jews made ,sabba?-break+ equally immoral ) homicide or adult]y1 by affix+ to ea* ( !m ! same capital p5alty2 & ! =m] (f5ce1 ?\gh x no long] =ms "p ( any crim9al code1 has /ill z mu* moral =ce aga9/ x z _m an (f5ce directly puni%able by ! law4 ,b p]haps ! be/ illu/rations ( ! t5d5cy ( actions to reta9 ! infamy1 atta*$ to !m by a pa/ condition ( fanatical puni%m5ts1 are ! cases ( suicide & *ild-kill+4 ,c\ld a ,greek ( ! classical p]iod1 or a cultivat$ hi/orian l ,plut>* reappe> on e>?1 no?+ w\ld /rike him m vividly ?an ! mod]n conception or rec5t treatm5t ( ^! crimes4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 ! great ,sp>tan lawgiv]1 met 8 dea? by volunt>y />vation1 f ! p]suasion t ev5 ! dea?s ( lawgiv]s %\ld be ( use to mank9d1 & s]ve !m ) an example ( virtue & greatness2 & ,s5eca held t x 0 ! "p ( a wise man n to live z long z he c\ld b z long z he ought4 ,) :at a/oni%m5t1 !n1 w\ld n ,plut>* or ,s5eca read ( rec5t ,european puni%m5ts = suicide--( ,lady ,hales los+ ! e/ate %e 0 jo9tly possess$ ( ) h] husb&1 ! ,judge1 because he dr[n$ himself2 ( ! /ake & ! cross-roads2 ( ! ,engli% law :i* /ill reg>ds suicide z murd]1 & condemns "o ( two m5 :o 9 a mutual attempt at self-de/ruction survives ! o!r to ! puni%m5t ( ! ord9>y murd]]6 ,is x possible1 he w\ld ask1 t an action :i* 0 once reg>d$ z among ! noble/ a man c\ld p]=m1 has really come to be look$ ^u ) any o!r feel+ ?an "o ( pity or a sad respect8 ,! case ( infanticide sugge/s simil> ?\ghts4 ,:5 we rememb] t bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle comm5d$ z a valuable social cu/om t :i* we treat z a crime2 :5 we recall ! fact t ! life ( a ,sp>tan infant dep5d$ on a committee ( eld]s1 :o decid$ :e!r x %\ld live or p]i%1 we %all bett] appreciate ! di/ance we h travell$1 or1 z "s w\ld say1 ! progress we h made1 if we take up "s ,engli% daily pap] & read ( "s high-m9d$ ,engli% judge s5t5c+1 at lea/ =mally1 "s wret*$ woman to dea?1 because1 9 ord] to save h] *ild f />vation or h]self f %ame1 %e has releas$ x f exi/5ce4 ,yet ! feel+1 ( :i* su* a s5t5ce is ! expression1 is (t5 extoll$ z "o ( ! highe/ triumphs ( civilisation2 & ! laws1 z if !re 7 no diff]5ce betwe5 adult & infant life1 glory 9 protect+ ! weakness ( a *ild by _! m]ciless disreg>d = ! weakness ( its "m4 ,b at lea/1 x w be ?\ght1 we h by ?is "t arriv$ at "s pr9ciples ab\t puni%m5t :i* correspond ) ! et]nal tru?s ( equity4 ,is n ,equality1 = in/ance1 "o ( ! prim>y ess5tials ( puni%m5t8 ,does x n /& z a p5al axiom ) almo/ ! sanction ( a moral law t all m5 %\ld suff] equally = equal crimes8 ,yet1 if by equality be meant ! same puni%m5t1 ! same k9d ( lab\r1 ! same t]m ( s]vitude1 ! same pecuni>y f9e--& ?is is ! only ?+ x c mean--:at m obvi\s ?an t ! same puni%m5t = ri* & poor1 = "y & old1 = /rong & weak1 = m5 & wom51 = educat$ & un$ucat$1 w br+ to ! con/itution ( a p5al code ! utmo/ inequality ! imag9ation c conceive8 ,becc>ia insi/s t ! law c d no m ?an assign ! same extr9sic puni%m5t to ! same crime2 t is1 ! same puni%m5t1 reg>dless ( all o!r ext]nal consid]ations2 & he calls = ! infliction ( ! same puni%m5t on ! nobleman z on ! common]4 ,let x be s2 b ! same puni%m5t is no long] an equal "o2 & h5ce f ?is v dem& = equality spr+s ! dem& = its v opposite1 = :at ,b5?am calls ! equability ( puni%m5t2 t is1 consid]ation = ! diff]5t circum/ances ( individual crim9als4 ,s t ! same nom9al puni%m5t n be+ ! same real "o1 equality ( puni%m5t appe>s to be a *im]a1 & ! law1 :i* puni%es1 say1 a di/+ui%$ (fic] less sev]ely ?an x puni%es a co/]mong] = ! same crime1 errs p]haps really less f actual equality ?an if x condemn$ bo? to precisely ! same puni%m5t4 ,aga91 ,proportion betwe5 crime & puni%m5t seems to be ano!r natural dem& ( equity4 ,yet x is evid5t t x is only approximately possible1 & w v>y 9 e age & c\ntry accord+ to ! preval5t notions ( morality4 ,is imprisonm5t = a ye>1 or imprisonm5t = life1 or = h[ long1 a fair & proportionate puni%m5t = p]jury8 ,:o %all decide8 ,%all we submit x to ! op9ion ( ! judges8 ,b has n ,romilly left on record ! /ory ( ! two m5 tri$ by two diff]5t judges = /eal+ "s *ick5s1 :o 7 s5t5c$ respectively "o to imprisonm5t = two mon?s1 & ! o!r to transportation8 ,%all we !n give up all attempt at proportion & apply ! same det]r5t z equally efficaci\s aga9/ slight or grave (f5ces8 ,draco1 :5 ask$ :y he made dea? ! puni%m5t = mo/ (f5ces t 7 possible1 is said to h repli$1 #8,small ones des]ve x1 & ,i c f9d no great] = ! grave/4' ,! same reason+ 0 = a long "t t ( our own law2 & 9 ,japan1 :]e e wrong act 0 "o ( disob$i5ce to ! ,emp]or1 & accord+ly ( equal value1 ! same p5alty ( dea? = gambl+1 !ft1 or murd]1 obviat$ all difficulties ) reg>d to a proportion :i* is easi] to imag9e ?an x is to def9e4 ,analogy betwe5 crime & puni%m5t is ano!r idea :i*1 except 9 ! case ( dea? = dea?1 has be5 relegat$ f ! practice ( mo/ crim9al laws4 ,yet ! pr9ciple has 9 its fav\r ! au?ority ( ,moses1 ! au?ority ( ! :ole _w & ( all "t1 t puni%m5t %\ld1 if possible1 resemble ! crime x puni%es 9 k9d2 s t a man :o bl9ds ano!r %\ld be bl9d$ himself1 he :o disfigures ano!r be disfigur$ himself4 ,?us 9 ! old-_w my?ology1 ,!seus & ,h]cules inflict on ! evil p[]s !y conqu] ! same cruelties _! victims 7 fam\s =2 ,t]m5us hav+ 8 skull brok5 because ) 8 own skull he broke ! heads ( o!rs2 & ,busiris1 :o sacrific$ o!rs1 be+ himself sacrific$ 9 8 turn4 ,bo? ,montesquieu & ,becc>ia also advocate analogy 9 puni%m5t1 & s does ,b5?am to "s degree2 !re be+1 inde$1 few great] contra/s betwe5 ! !ories ( ! great ,engli% juri/ & mod]n ,engli% practice ?an t ! =m] %\ld n h deprecat$ "s suff]+ by burn+ z a p5alty analog\s to ! crime ( arson1 & t he %\ld h advis$ ! transfix+ ( a =g]'s h& or ( a calumniator's tongue by an iron in/rum5t be=e ! public gaze z good & effici5t puni%m5ts = =g]y & sl&]4 ,^! are "s ( ! difficulties ( ! subject1 :i* tea* u ! necessity ( con/ant op5-m9d$ness ) reg>d to all ideas or practices connect$ ) crim9al law4 ,b1 w\ld we fur!r exam9e our e/abli%$ notions1 we %\ld consid] a /atem5t f ,hobbes :i* goes to ! v root ( ! !ory ( puni%m5t4 #8,9 rev5ges or puni%m5ts1' says ,hobbes1 #8m5 ought n to look at ! greatness ( ! evil pa/1 b ! greatness ( ! good to foll[1 :]eby we are =bidd5 to inflict puni%m5t ) any o!r design ?an = ! correction ( ! (f5d] & ! admonition ( o!rs4' ,& ov] & ov] aga9 ! same ?+ has be5 said1 till x has come to be a commonplace 9 ! philosophy ( law1 t ! object ( puni%m5t is to re=m & det]4 ,z 0 once said by a great legal au?ority1 #8,we d n hang y because y /ole a horse1 b t horses may n be /ol54'#db ,puni%m5t by ?is !ory is a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,yet1 suppos+ x 7 prov$ to-morr[ t puni%m5t fails entirely ( ! ends imput$ to x2 t1 = example1 ! great] numb] ( crimes are committ$ by crim9als :o h be5 puni%$ already2 t = "o *ance ( a man's re=mation dur+ 8 puni%m5t !re are a hundr$ 9 fav\r ( 8 det]ioration2 & t ! det]r5t influ5ce ( 8 puni%m5t is altoge!r remov$ by 8 own descriptions ( x2 %all we suppose = a mom5t t society w\ld cease to puni%1 on ! gr\nd t puni%m5t atta9$ none ( its pr(ess$ ends8 ,w\ld x say to ! horse-/eal]1 #8,keep y\r horse1 = no?+ we c d to y c make y any bett]1 nor det] o!rs f try+ to get horses 9 ! same way8' ,or to take a /rong] case4 ,a des]t] f ! ranks escapes to 8 home1 breaks into x at night1 robs an infirm fa!r ( all ! sav+s he has provid$ = 8 old age1 & 9 a /ruggle = _! possession s injures him t he dies4 ,mu/ ! law disclaim all indignation1 all res5tm5t1 9 ! puni%m5t x inflicts1 & say to su* a ruffian t x only deals h>d ) him 9 ord] to w>n o!rs by 8 example1 & ) ! pi\s hope ( mak+ a good man ( him 9 ! future8 ,if res5tm5t is ev] j1 is x wrong to give x public expression8 ,if x is natural & "r 9 private life1 :y %\ld x be a matt] ( %ame 9 public life8 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z j ang] = a s+le man1 does x become unju/ :5 di/ribut$ among a million8 ,z a matt] ( fact ! law af=ds a v cle> pro(1 t its real purpose is to adm9i/] retributive ju/ice & t puni%m5t has no end beyond itself1 by its c>eful apportionm5t ( puni%m5t to crime1 by its inv>iable adju/m5t betwe5 ! evil a man has done & ! evil x deals out to him 9 return4 ,= :at purpose puni% (f5ces accord+ to a c]ta9 scale1 = :at purpose /ay to measure _! gravity1 if m]ely ! prev5tion ( crime is ! object ( puni%m5t8 ,:y puni% a slight !ft ) a few mon?s' imprisonm5t & a burgl>y ) z _m ye>s8 ,! slight !ft1 z easi] to commit1 z m tempt+ accord+ly1 %\ld surely h a h>d] p5alty affix$ to x ?an a crime :i*1 z x is m difficult1 is also less probable & less 9 ne$ ( /rong c\nt]-inducem5ts to re/ra9 x4 ,t ! law nev] reasons 9 ?is way is because x weighs (f5ces accord+ to _! diff]5t degrees ( crim9ality1 or1 9 o!r words1 because x feels t ! fair retaliation = ! burgl>y is n a fair retaliation = ! !ft4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! prev5tion ( crime is ! *ief object ( puni%m5t1 :y wait till ! crime is committ$8 ,:y n puni% be=e1 z a c]ta9 ,turk 9 ,b>b>y is said to h done1 :o1 :5ev] he b\ght a fre% ,*ri/ian slave1 _h him =?) susp5d$ by 8 heels & ba/9ado$1 t ! sev]e s5se ( 8 puni%m5t might prev5t him f committ+ 9 future ! faults t %\ld m]it x8#dc ,:y %\ld we ev] let a man out ( prison :o has once ent]$ "o8 ,is he n !n a hundr$ times m likely to violate ! law ?an he 0 be=e2 & is he ev] m dang]\s to society ?an :5 he has once suff]$ = ! public example1 & be5 releas$ f ! discipl9e t 0 int5d$ to re=m him8 ,x is /ill true1 z ,goldsmi? said long ago1 t we s5d a man to prison = "o crime & let him loose aga9 ready to commit a ?\s&4 ,& s x is1 t ( ! #gd1jjj s\ls :o make up our crim9al classes1 :il/ ab\t #cd1jjj ( !m fill our prisons & re=matories1 !re is /ill an army ( #dj1jjj at l>ge 9 our mid/1 :om we class z kn[n ?ieves1 receiv]s ( /ol5 goods1 & suspect$ p]sons4#dd ,a *ild's simple philosophy ( puni%m5t !re=e is aft] all ! correct "o1 :5 x tells y )\t hesitation t ! reason a man is puni%$ = a bad action is simply #8because he des]ves x4' ,! notion ( des]t 9 puni%m5t is bas$ entirely on feel+s ( ! ju/ice ( res5tm5t4 ,s t ! prim>y aim ( legal puni%m5t is precisely ! same z may be %[n hi/orically to h be5 its orig91 namely1 ! regulation by society ( ! wrongs ( individuals4 ,9 all e>ly laws & societies di/9ct traces may be se5 ( ! transition ( ! v5detta1 or "r ( private rev5ge1 f ! control ( ! p]son or family injur$ by a crime to t ( ! community at l>ge4 ,! latt] at fir/ decid$ only ! "q ( guilt1 :il/ leav+ its puni%m5t to ! pleasure ( ! individuals directly conc]n$ by x4 ,ev5 to ?is day 9 ,turkey s5t5ces ( dea? = murd] run z foll[s3 ,s-&-s is condemn$ to dea? at ! dem& ( ! victim's heirs2 & su* s5t5ces are sometimes direct$ to be c>ri$ out 9 _! pres5ce4#de ,by degrees ! community obta9$ control ( ! puni%m5t z well1 & ?us private might became public "r1 & ! res5tm5t ( individual injuries ! ,retributive ,ju/ice ( ! ,/ate4 ,! recognition ( ?is regulation ( res5tm5t z ! ma9 object ( puni%m5t af=ds ! be/ te/ = measur+ its j am\nt4 ,= t am\nt w be f\nd to be j :i* is necess>y2 t is to say1 :i* j suffices = ! object x aims at--! satisfaction ( g5]al or private res5tm5t4 ,x mu/ be s mu*1 & no m1 z w prev5t individuals f pref]r+ to take ! law into _! own h&s & seek+ to r$ress _! own injuries4 ,?is degree c only be ga!r$ f exp]i5ce1 nor is x any real objection to x1 t x mu/ obvi\sly be some:at arbitr>y & v>iable4 ,bo? ,wladimir ,i41 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,cz> ( ,russia1 & ,wladimir ,,ii4 tri$ ! exp]im5t ( aboli%+ capital puni%m5t = murd]2 b ! increase ( murd]s by ! v5detta compell$ !m to fall back ^u ! old modes ( puni%m5t4#df ,"s c5turies lat] ! ,empress ,elizabe? successfully tri$ ! same exp]im5t1 )\t ! revival ( ! v5detta1 ! /ate ( society hav+ s f> alt]$ t ! relations ( a murd]$ man no long] insi/$ on ! dea? ( 8 murd]]4 ,b _h ,elizabe? aboli%$ all legal puni%m5t = murd]--_h %e1 t is1 all[$ no public v5detta ( any k9d--und\bt$ly ! v5detta w\ld h become private aga94 ,by ! same rule1 9 ! case ( !ft1 ! value ( ! ?+ /ol51 ) "s equival5t = ! tr\ble ( its recov]y1 tak5 f ! (f5d] or made a li5 on 8 e>n+s1 appe>s to be all t ju/ice c dem&4 ,sir ,samuel ,romilly1 himself second to none z a lawy]1 wrote sev5ty ye>s ago3 #8,if ! re/itution ( ! prop]ty /ol51 & only a few weeks' or ev5 b a few days' imprisonm5t 7 ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( !ft1 no !ft w\ld ev] be committ$4' ,yet ! foll[+ s5t5ces are tak5 at r&om f au!ntic ,engli% s\rces3 ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t = /eal+ a pipe1 six mon?s = /eal+ a p5ny1 a twelvemon? = /eal+ an umbrella1 five ye>s' p5al s]vitude = /eal+ "s /amps f a lett]1 sev5 ye>s = /eal+ twop5ce4 ,9 su* cases ! pr9ciple ( v9dictiv5ess exce$s ! limits ( necessity1 & !re=e ( ju/ice2 :il/ ! law loses all its dignity z ! expression ( unimpassion$ res5tm5t4 ,is x possible1 !n1 s be=eh& to apportion puni%m5ts to crimes t :5 a crime is committ$ x %all be b necess>y to ref] to a code & at once detect its appropriate puni%m5t8 ,or mu/ ! law be g5]al 9 its language1 & leave a wide m>g9 to ! discretion ( ! judge8 ,becc>ia w\ld h ! judicial function conf9$ solely to ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! fact ( a crime1 its puni%m5t preorda9$ by ! law4 ,on ! o!r h& x is said1 t x is impossible to anticipate e case t may arise2 t no two cases are ev] alike2 t x is bett] to leave ! nice adju/m5t ( p5alties to ! wisdom & imp>tiality ( a judge1 & only limit 8 discretion by rules ( a mo/ expansive description4 ,! ,*9ese p5al code ( #afdg is probably ! ne>e/ approa* to ,becc>ia's conception1 & no?+ is m m>vell\s ?an ! precision ) :i* x apportions puni%m5ts to e %ade ( crime1 leav+ no conceivable (f5ce1 ( commission or omission1 )\t its exact numb] ( bamboo /rokes1 its exact pecuni>y p5alty1 or its exact t]m or di/ance ( bani%m5t4 ,x is impossible 9 ?is code to conceive any discretion or room = d\bt left to ! judicial (fic]s beyond ! discov]y ( ! fact ( an alleg$ crime4 ,b :at is practicable 9 "o c\ntry is practicable 9 ano!r2 s t ! *>ge s (t5 urg$ aga9/ ?us elim9at+ judicial discretion1 t x is fair 9 !ory b impossible 9 practice1 f9ds itself at direct issue ) ! facts ( actual life4#dg ,b al?\gh ! laws ( e c\ntry ?us recognise 9 diff]5t degrees ! retributive nature ( puni%m5t1 by _! con/ant att5tion to its apportionm5t to crime1 !re is ano!r coroll>y ( ! desirability ( a j proportion betwe5 ! two1 :i* has nev] be51 nor is ev] likely to be1 accept$3 namely1 t f ! po9t ( view ( ! public int]e/1 :i* 9 !ory is ! only legal view1 x is no mitigation ( a crime t x is a fir/ (f5ce1 nor any aggravation ( "o t x is ! second4 ,= s9ce ! obs]vance ( "s regul> proportion betwe5 crime & puni%m5t1 :atev] t proportion may be1 con/itutes ! fir/ pr9ciple ( an equitable code2 & s9ce ! mo/ important ?+ 9 public morality is a fix$ p5al e/imate = e class ( crime2 x is above all ?+s desirable t ! law %\ld always adh]e to su* proportion & e/imate1 by conc]n+ itself solely ) ! crime & n ) ! crim9al4 ,! injury to ! public is precisely ! same :e!r a crim9al has brok5 ! law = ! fir/ "t or = ! ?\s&? & fir/2 & to puni% a man m sev]ely = 8 second (f5ce ?an = 8 fir/1 because he has be5 puni%$ be=e1 is to ca/ aside all reg>d = t due proportion betwe5 crime & puni%m5t :i* is aft] all ! *ief +r$i5t ( retributive ju/ice1 & to inflict a p5alty (t5 altoge!r incomm5surate ) ! injury inflict$ on ! public4 ,= in/ance1 ! injury to ! public is no great] ! hundr$? "t a man /eals a rabbit ?an x is ! fir/4 ,! public may be int]e/$ 9 ! prev5tion ( poa*+1 b x is n int]e/$ 9 ! p]son ( ! poa*]1 nor 9 ! numb] ( times he may h brok5 ! law4 ,! law claims to be imp]sonal--to treat (f5ces z !y affect ! ,/ate1 n z !y affect individuals2 to act me*anically1 coldly1 & dispassionately4 ,x has1 !re=e1 simply to deal ) ! am\nt ( injury done by ea* specific (f5ce1 & to affix to x its specific p5alty1 reg>dless ( all matt]s ( moral antec$5ts4 ,! repetition ( an (f5ce may make its immorality ! great]1 b its crim9ality rema9s ! same1 & ?is only is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! law4 ,x is ! specific crime1 n ! fact t x is a second or ?ird felony1 :i* is injuri\s4 ,nei!r a community nor an individual suff] m f ! commission ( a crime by a man :o commits x = ! second "t ?an f its commission by a man :o has nev] committ$ x be=e4 ,if two bro!rs are ea* robb$ ( a p\nd apiece on two sev]al occasions1 ! "o :o is robb$ ea* "t by ! same crim9al suff]s no m ?an ! "o :o is robb$ ea* "t by diff]5t crim9als4 ,/ill less is ! public m injur$ 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! =m] bro!r is entitl$ = 8 second loss to no m re/itution ?an ! o!r1 nor has any m claim on society = ! infliction ( a sev]] puni%m5t on 8 behalf ?an t inflict$ = ! second loss ( 8 bro!r4 ,a few /ories may be tak5 z illu/rative ( ?\s&s to indicate ! mis*ief & trave/y ( ju/ice :i* arises f ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple1 & f ! cu/om ( mak+ a legal inquiry into moral antec$5ts4 ,a f>m lab\r]1 ) a wife & f\r *ildr51 & e>n+ elev5 %ill+s a week1 0 imprison$ 9 ! c\nty gaol = two mon?s = ! !ft ( a p\nd ( butt]4 ,soon aft] 8 release sickness ent]$ 8 home1 & to supply 8 *ildr5's wants he aga9 yield$ to temptation & /ole twelve duck's eggs4 ,= ?is he 0 s5t5c$ to sev5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude2 or r n = ?is !ft1 b because he _h already incurr$ a sev]e puni%m5t = a !ft ( "s butt]4 ,! s5t5ce 0 mo/ p]fectly lawful1 b 0 x n p]fectly unju/8 ,almo/ any numb] ( ! #8,times' w illu/rate ! same ?+4 ,take ! acc\nt ( ! ,middlesex ,sessions ( ,febru>y #bd1 #ahhj4 ,!re we f9d ! case ( a man & woman s5t5c$ to sev5 & five ye>s' p5al s]vitude respectively4 ,:at enormities _h !y committ$8 ,! man _h /ol5 ?ree-halfp5ce f somebody2 & ! woman1 :o 0 a laundress1 _h /ol5 two skirts1 ( ! value ( six %ill+s1 f a v5dor ( %eep's trott]s4 ,! man _h incurr$ previ\sly sev5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude = a robb]y ) viol5ce1 & ! woman _h ?ree times 9 h] life be5 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t4 ,b is x j t1 because a man has be5 sev]ely puni%$ once1 no rule nor measure %all be obs]v$ ) him if he incur puni%m5t aga98 ,& might n a v5dor ( %eep's trott]s h be5 satisfi$1 )\t a laundress becom+ a burd5 to ! ,/ate8 ,x w be said1 ( c\rse1 t ! practice ( giv+ increas$ s5t5ces :]e !re h be5 previ\s convictions prevails all ov] ! _w & 9 all /ates ( civilisation4 ,b 9 t v fact lies ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t aga9/ x4 ,by ! ,roman law a ?ird case ( !ft1 h[ev] slight1 expos$ a man to dea?4#dh ,by ! laws ( ,/4 ,l\is ! man :o /ole a ?+ ( trifl+ value lo/ an e> ! fir/ "t1 a foot ! second1 & 0 hung ! ?ird4 ,by ! crim9al code ( ,s>d9ia 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 asses 7 condemn$ to lose "o e> ! fir/ "t !y trespass$ on a field n _! ma/]'s1 & _! second e> = a second (f5ce4 ,b en\gh ( su* in/ances4 ,! practice is und\bt$ly univ]sal2 b s at "o "t 7 ordeals & tortures4 ,may n1 !n1 ! practice be1 l !m1 "p & p>cel ( a crude /ate ( law1 su* z 0 unavoidable 9 its em]g5ce to bett] ?+s1 b su* z x is wor? "s ef=t to escape f8 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 limitations ev5 to ! suppos$ univ]sality ( ! cu/om4 ,= ! ,roman juri/s did n consid] a re-conviction z a circum/ance 9 itself :i* ju/ifi$ aggravation ( puni%m5t2 & all t c be ga!r$ f "s fragm5ts 9 ! ,p&ects & ,code is1 t "s p>ticul> cases ( repeat$ crimes 7 puni%$ m sev]ely ?an a fir/ (f5ce4 ,b !y 7 crimes ( ! same k9d2 & a man ^: fir/ crime 0 a !ft & ^: second 0 an assault w\ld n h incurr$ an aggravat$ p5alty4 ,x is ! same to-day 9 ! ,au/rian1 ,tuscan1 & a few o!r codes3 a second crime is only puni%$ m sev]ely z a second crime :5 x is ( ! same k9d z ! fir/1 s t x w\ld n suffice to prove simply a previ\s conviction = felony irrespective ( ! p>ticul> sort4 ,!re is also ano!r limitation t has sometimes be5 recognis$1 = 9 ! ,roman law ! rule ( an increas$ p5alty fell to ! gr\nd1 if ?ree ye>s elaps$ )\t (f5ce betwe5 ! puni%m5t = "o crime & ! commission ( a second4#di ,if x be said t a second conviction makes x necess>y = society to protect itself by /rong] measures aga9/ a memb] :o ?us defies its p[]1 x may be ask$ :e!r ?is is n an application ( exactly ! same reason+ to ! crimes ( individuals1 :i* z appli$ to ! crimes ( all m5 g5]ally l$ our ance/ors s f> a/ray 9 ! di/ribution ( _! puni%m5ts4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m plausible ?an _! reason+3 #8,! puni%m5t 9 vogue does n dim9i% ! crime1 !re=e increase ! puni%m5t4' ,b no?+ c\ld h be5 less satisfactory ?an ! result1 = ) ! increase ( puni%m5t t ( crime w5t h& 9 h&4 ,! same reason+ is equally plausible 9 ! case ( individuals1 ) ! same p]plex+ "q result+ 9 ! end3 #8,h[ comes x t1 9 spite ( ! ?reat5$ great] puni%m5t1 ! majority ( crim9als are yet old (f5d]s8' ,x is unhappily no m]e !ory1 t ! majority ( crimes are committ$ precisely by ^? :o risk mo/ 9 committ+ !m2 by ^?1 t is1 :o commit !m ) ! aggravat$ p5alty full 9 view4 ,by ! exi/+ law 7( :i* bo? ! ,crim9al ,code- & ! ,p5al ,s]vitude-,commission]s h propos$ ! mitigation7 anyone convict$ ( felony aft] a previ\s conviction = felony is liable to p5al s]vitude = life1 or to imprisonm5t ) h>d lab\r = f\r ye>s1 ) "o or m :ipp+s4 ,! m9imum puni%m5t = a second conviction ( felony is sev5 ye>s4 ,yet1 ) ! k ( su* increas$ puni%m5ts be=e _! eyes1 ) ! full consci\sness ( _! liabilities z old (f5d]s1 (ficial /ati/ics %[ t ( bo? ! male & female convicts 9 ! ,engli% convict prisons consid]ably m ?an half h incurr$ previ\s convictions4#ej ,( ! male convicts 9 #ahgh1 #gi p] c5t41 & ( ! female #hi p] c5t41 7 cases ( recidu\s crime4 ,may x n1 !n1 be argu$ f su* a failure ( ! sy/em to an error 9 ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s8 ,= is x n evid5t t ! aggravat$ p5alty does z little to det] z ! orig9al puni%m5t does to re=m8 ,b und\bt$ly puni%m5t1 al?\gh 9 its orig9 & pres5t int5tion v9dictive1 mu/ ex]cise a c]ta9 prev5tive =ce aga9/ crime1 & ?is prev5tive =ce c sc>cely be e/imat$1 = t :i* is prev5t$ is1 ( c\rse1 n se54 ,b ! effici5cy ( puni%m5t z a det]r5t is proportion$ to its c]ta9ty1 & !re is a l>ge elem5t ( unc]ta9ty t c nev] be elim9at$4 ,= e malefactor !re are two hopes3 fir/1 t he may escape detection or appreh5sion2 secondly1 t he may escape conviction4 ,t 8 hopes ( impunity are n )\t reason great] ?an 8 fe>s ( puni%m5t ! foll[+ facts atte/4 ,9 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 f #ahfg to #ahgf1 ! total numb] ( pr9cipal indictable (f5ces committ$ 9 ! metropolis aga9/ prop]ty--& ^! con/itute ! great majority ( crimes--7 #aag1cde4 ,b ! appreh5sions = ^! (f5ces 7 only #bf1dbf1 ! convictions only #ai1bdb4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ances aga9/ appreh5sion = su* crimes z burgl>y or l>c5y are f\r to "o 9 fav\r ( ! crim9al1 :il/ ! *ances aga9/ 8 conviction & puni%m5t are fully z high z six to "o4 ,:5 we ?us f9d t only #af p] c5t4 ( su* crimes receive any puni%m5t1 ! rema9+ #hd p] c5t4 escap+ x altoge!r1 & t only #bb p] c5t4 are ev5 foll[$ by appreh5sion1 we %all ! m admire ! g5]al efficacy ( our crim9al ma*9]y1 9 :i* prev5tion by puni%m5t plays s small a "p4#ea ,b puni%m5t be>s mu* ! same relation to crime 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge t x does 9 ! metropolis4 ,let "o ye> be tak5 z a fair sample ( all4 ,! total numb] ( indictable (f5ces ( all k9ds report$ to ! police 9 #ahgg-h 0 #ed1jfe4 ,= ^! (f5ces only #bd1jfb p]sons 7 appreh5d$4 ,( ^! latt] only #af1hbj 7 held to bail or committ$ = trial2 & ( ^! aga9 #ab1dgc 7 convict$ & puni%$4#eb ,s t1 ?\gh ! proportion ( convictions to ! numb] ( prison]s :o come to trial is ab\t #ge p] c5t41 ! proportion ( convictions1 t is1 ( puni%m5ts1 to ! numb] ( crimes committ$ is s l[ z #bc p] c5t4 ,( ! #ed1jfe crimes report$ to ! police 9 "o ye> #da1eib 7 actually committ$ ) impunity2 & ?us ! proportion :i* successful crime ( all sorts be>s to unsuccessful is r m ?an z f\r to "o4#ec ,s t !re is evid5t tru? 9 :at a good au?ority has said3 #8,few (f5ces comp>atively are foll[$ by detection & puni%m5t1 & ) a mod]ate degree ( cunn+ an (f5d] may g5]ally g on = a long "t ) b feeble *ecks1 if n complete impunity4'#ed ,aga9/ ?is g5]al unc]ta9ty ( puni%m5t1 :i* no sev]ity 9 ! law c affect or make up =1 ! only c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t dep5d5t on ! law is 9 ! ev5t ( conviction4 ,b ev5 ?is c]ta9ty is ( a v qualifi$ nature1 = x dep5ds on s5tim5ts ( due proportion betwe5 a crime & its p5alty1 :i* 9 no two m5 are ! same4 ,e increase ( sev]ity 9 puni%m5t dim9i%es its c]ta9ty1 s9ce x holds out to a crim9al fre% hopes ( impunity f ! clem5cy ( 8 judges1 prosecutors1 or jury4 ,b !re is a /ill fur!r unc]ta9ty ( puni%m5t1 = x is z well kn[n 9 ! crim9al _w z else:]e t ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ 9 c\rt is n ! real s5t5ce1 & t nei!r p5al s]vitude = five ye>s nor p5al s]vitude = life mean necess>ily any?+ ( ! sort4 ,! humanity ( mod]n legislation insi/s on a remission ( puni%m5t1 dep5d5t on a convict's life 9 ! public works prisons1 9 ord] t ! elem5t ( hope may bright5 8 lot & p]*ance re=m 8 "*4 ,?is remission 0 at fir/ dep5d5t simply on 8 conduct1 :i* 0 p]haps too g5]\sly call$ good :]e x 0 h>d = x to be bad2 n[ x dep5ds on 8 indu/ry & am\nt ( "w done4 ,yet ! elem5t ( hope might be o!rwise assur$ ?an by less5+ ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t1 say1 by associat+ indu/ry or good conduct ) su* little privileges ( diet1 lett]-writ+1 or receiv+ ( visits1 z /ill %$ "s rays ( pleasure ov] ! monotony ( felon-life4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 t ! ,commission ( #ahfc1 :i* s /rongly advocat$ ! remissibility ( p>ts ( p5al s5t5ces1 did s 9 despite ( "o ( its pr9cipal memb]s1 aga9/ no less an au?ority ?an ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice1 !n ,sir ,alex&] ,cockburn4#ee ,! v fact ( ! remissibility ( a s5t5ce is an admission ( its excessive sev]ity2 = to say t a s5t5ce is nev] c>ri$ out is to say t x ne$ nev] h be5 inflict$4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 arises1 ,does crime dep5d to any appreciable ext5t on imprisonm5t at all1 or on ! l5g? or %ortness ( s5t5ces8 ,! "r to ask su* a "q d]ives itself f rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,9 #ahec ! c\ntry decid$ to %ort5 t]ms ( p5al s]vitude z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! !n expir+ sy/em ( transportation1 = :i* !y 7 to be sub/itut$4 ,f\r ye>s lat] x 0 resolv$ to equalise t]ms ( p5al s]vitude ) ^? =m]ly giv5 ( transportation1 ?\gh transportation = sev5 ye>s 0 /ill to h its equival5t 9 ?ree ( p5al s]vitude4 ,!n came ! g>rott+ ye>1 #ahfb1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! m9imum t]m ( p5al s]vitude 0 rais$ to five ye>s1 :il/ no s5t5ce ( p5al s]vitude1 aft] a previ\s conviction ( felony1 0 to be = less ?an sev5 ye>s4 ,n[ aga9 ! tide has turn$ 9 fav\r ( %ort] s5t5ces1 & x is (ficially propos$ to rel9qui% ! latt] m9imum ( s]vitude z too sev]e1 & z lead+ 9 practice to s5t5ces ( simple imprisonm5t1 :i* on ! o!r h& are decl>$ to be too slight4 ,9 su* a zigzag pa? has our p5al legislation be5 feel+1 & is /ill feel+1 its way1 ) evid5t misgiv+ ( t pr9ciple ( repression1 z false z x is old1 t an increase ( crime c only be met by an increase ( puni%m5t4 ,!re seem to be ?ree pr9cipal reasons :y1 "u our pres5t sy/em1 crime /ill keeps its g5]al level1 irrespective ( all *anges 9 our degrees ( puni%m5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our public works prisons1 h[ev] excell5t = _! mat]ial results1 are s _m s*ools ( crime1 :]e = ! "o hone/ trade a man le>ns by compulsion he acquires a k ( ?ree or f\r t are di%one/4 #8,i h become acqua9t$1' says a releas$ convict1 #8) m ( :at is bad & evil1 toge!r ) ! s*emes & dodges ( pr(essional ?ieves & sw9dl]s1 dur+ ! f\r ye>s ,i s]v$ ! ,que5 = no?+1 ?an ,i %\ld h done 9 fifty ye>s outside ! prison walls4' #8,! association rooms at ,d>tmoor are z bad z x is possible = any?+ to be ''' !y are really class-rooms 9 ! college ( vice1 :]e all are alike /ud5ts & pr(essors4 ,! pres5t sy/em 9 mo/ in/ances m]ely completes ! man's vici\s & crim9al education1 in/ead ( 9 ! slighte/ degree re=m+ him4'#ef ,x has be5 attempt$ 9 v>i\s ways to obviate ?is difficulty1 by dim9i%+ opportunities ( companion%ip2 b ! real demoralisation ( prison life is probably due less to ! actual contact ( bad m5 ) "o ano!r ?an to ! dead5$ s5se ( crim9ality :i* !y d]ive f ! feel+ ( numb]s1 j z f ! same cause ! dang] ( dr[n+ is =gott5 on ! ice4 ,prison]s 9 gangs lose all %ame ( crime1 j z m5 9 armies =get _! native horror ( murd]4 ,9 ! second place1 a l>ge proportion ( ! habitual crim9al class is =m$ ( weak-m9d$ or imbecile p]sons1 notori\s = ! repeat$ commission ( petty !fts1 crimes ( viol5ce & passion1 & confess$ to be #8n am5able to ! ord9>y influ5ces ( self-int]e/ or fe> ( puni%m5t4'#eg ,x is n[ propos$ to sep>ate ?is class ( prison]s f o!rs2 b is puni%m5t op]ative on !m at all8 ,is n _! prop] place an asylum8 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re is ! dis*>ge f prison2 & truly1 if ! prev5tion ( crime be a ma9 object ( society1 x is j :5 a man is releas$ f prison t1 f a social po9t ( view1 !re w\ld seem mo/ reason to s5d him !re4 ,= ev5 if1 :il/ 9 prison1 he has le>n$ no di%one/ means ( livelihood1 h[ %all he1 :5 out ( x1 set ab\t obta9+ an hone/ "o8 ,if temptation 0 too /rong = him :5 all doors 7 op5 to him1 is x likely to be less /rong :5 mo/ are clos$8 ,w x n be some?+ l a miracle1 if1 ) two p\nds paid to him on 8 dis*>ge & 8 railway f>e paid home1 he eat = any consid]able "t ! bread ( hone/y1 & sleep ! sleep ( ! j8 ,t ^! causes d to a great ext5t defeat ! prev5tive effect ( our p5al laws1 is prov$ by ! tale ( our crim9al /ati/ics1 :i* reveal ! fact t mo/ ( our crime is committ$ by ^? :o h once be5 puni%$1 & t ( g5]al crime ab\t #gg p] c5t4 is committ$ ) impunity4 ,b if s l>ge a proportion ( crimes pass unpuni%$ altoge!r1 x is evid5t t society dep5ds mu* less = its g5]al security ^u its puni%m5ts ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,might x n1 !re=e1 /ill fur!r relax su* puni%m5ts1 :i* are really a sev]e tax on ! great majority ( hone/ p = ! repression ( ! v small proportion :o con/itute ! di%one/ "p ( ! community8#eh ,= if puni%m5t is weak to prev5t crime1 x is /rong to produce x1 & x is sc>cely op5 to d\bt t its productive =ce is f> great] ?an its prev5tive4 ,our t]ms ( imprisonm5t compel m p]sons to ent] a c>e] ( crime ?an !y prev5t f pursu+ "o1 t be+ (t5 ! only res\rce left = ^? :o dep5d on a crim9al's lab\r4 ,:e!r 9 prison or ! workh\se1 su* dep5d5ts become a *>ge to society2 nor does x seem reasonable1 t if "o man "u sore temptation /eals a loaf1 a hundr$ o!r m5 :o d no su* ?+ mu/ contribute to keep1 n only ! prison] himself1 b 8 family too1 9 _! daily bread = s long a "t z x pleases ! law to deta9 him f e>n+ 8 & _! necess>y subsi/5ce4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 !re is m to fe> f a puni%$ ?an f an unpuni%$ crim9al1 !re is ! less reason to regret ! g5]al impunity ( crime4 ,!re is inde$ a l>ge class ( crimes = ! prev5tion ( :i* m w\ld be done1 by leav+ !m to _! natural consequ5ces1 & to ! /rong p[] aga9/ !m :i* ! g5]al int]e/s & moral feel+s ( mank9d w always en=ce1 ?an by actual puni%m5t4 ,x is p>ticul>ly crimes ( di%one/y :i* are be/ puni%$ by ! m]e fact ( _! discov]y4 ,by ! ,norwegian law if an (f5d] holds any (ficial place he is puni%$1 n by f9e or imprisonm5t1 b by ! loss ( 8 (fice & all ! privileges connect$ ) x4#ei ,& if we imag9e a c\ntry )\t any legal p5alty at all = !ft or di%one/y1 ?ieves & _! tribe w\ld soon f9d _! prop] puni%m5t1 by t process ( social %ift+1 :i* w\ld drive !m to ! mo/ delet]i\s or dang]\s occupations ( life ev5 m effectually ?an x s drives !m at pres5t4 ,! less dep5d5ce is plac$ on ! p5al sanctions ( crime1 ! /rong] d ! moral re/ra9ts f x become4 ,x is aga9/ crimes affect+ ! p]son t puni%m5ts are mo/ desirable & _! v9dictive "* mo/ ju/ly display$4 ,p]sonal viol5ce calls = p]sonal det5tion or p]sonal *a/isem5t2 & ! pr9ciple ( analogy 9 puni%m5t is mo/ appropriate 9 ! case ( a man :o maltreats 8 wife or abuses 8 /r5g? aga9/ any weakness great] ?an 8 own4 ,puni%m5t 9 su* cases is a dem& ( natural ju/ice1 :e!r anyone is affect$ by ! example or n1 & :e!r or n ! man himself is improv$ by x4 ,n only is x ! be/ means ( en=c+ t p]sonal security :i* is "o ( ! ma9 functions ( ! ,/ate1 b x is an expression ( t s5se ( moral reprobation :i* is s necess>y to ! good ord] ( society4 ,repression by ! law seems likewise ! only means ( prev5t+ t l>ge class ( actions :i* affect ! g5]al "* & tone ( a c\ntry1 :il/ !y injuri\sly affect no individual 9 p>ticul>4 ,! protection ( creatures too feeble to protect !mselves ju/ifies1 "u ?is head1 ! legal puni%m5t ( cruelty to animals4 ,x is idle to say t ! law c d no?+ aga9/ ! av]age moral s5se ( ! community1 = ! law is (t5 at fir/ ! only possible lev] ( our moral ideas4 ,7 x n = ! law we %\ld /ill bait bulls & be>s1 & f9d amusem5t 9 cock-?r[+2 & till ! law includes h>es & pigeons )9 ! pale ( protection drawn s t5d]ly r\nd bulls & be>s1 no moral s5se is likely to arise aga9/ ! morbid pleasures ( c\rs+ & pigeon-%oot+4 ,t ! puni%m5ts ( long cu/ody by :i* we n[ def5d our lives & prop]ties are out ( all proportion to ! real ne$s ( social exi/5ce is indicat$ by su* a fact z t no increase ( crime us$ to att5d ! p]iodical release ( prison]s :i* 0 = long1 if x is n /ill1 cu/om>y 9 ,russia at ! beg9n+ ( ea* reign4 ,nei!r 9 ,india1 :5 on ! ,que5's assumption ( ! title ( ,empress1 a p>don 0 grant$ to ab\t "o-t5? ( ! prison population1 did any increase ( crime ensue1 z1 accord+ to all crim9al reason+1 x %\ld h done1 if ! safety ( society dep5ds on ! cu/ody ( ! crim9al class4#fj ,9 ,sw$5 a l[ rate ( crime seems to be a direct consequ5ce ( a l[ scale ( puni%m5t4 ,( ^? condemn$ to travaux =cs1 :i* may v>y f a p]iod ( two mon?s to a p]iod = life1 #fd p] c5t4 are condemn$ = "o ye>1 & only #c p] c5t4 are condemn$ = sev5 ye>s2#fa :il/ s5t5ces to ! latt] p]iod 9 ,engl& =m betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t4 ( ! s5t5ces to p5al s]vitude4 ,b if ! cu/ody ( ! crim9al class has be5 ov]rat$ z a prev5tive ( crime1 or reg>d$ z ! sole prev5tive in/ead ( "o among/ _m1 x does n foll[ t crime on t acc\nt mu/ be left to itself4 ,x only foll[s t we %\ld tru/ to puni%m5t less & to o!r ag5cies m 9 our w> ) crime1 & t we %\ld seek to *eck ! latt] at its s\rce1 n 9 its full /ream1 by att5d+ to ! improvem5t ( ! g5]al conditions ( life4 ,x is q c]ta91 = in/ance1 t ! spread ( education1 ( :i* ,becc>ia wrote 9 t]ms ( su* despair1 means ! dim9ution ( crime2 & z ! majority ( crimes are committ$ betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & =ty1 x may be pr$ict$ t f ! pres5t ye> onw>ds ! great ,act ( #ahgj w be> increas+ fruit 9 l[]+ our crim9al /ati/ics4 ,m too may be hop$ = f ! electric light ?an f any multiplication ( prisons4 ,!re are a few obvi\s rem$ies by :i* ! inducem5ts to crime might be easily dim9i%$4 ,9 #ahjh ,sir ,samuel ,romilly br\ght 9 a bill1 to provide p]sons tri$ & acquitt$ ( felony ) comp5sation1 at ! discretion ( ! judge1 = ! loss !y incurr$ by _! det5tion & trial4 ,?is 0 object$ to1 on ! gr\nd t ! paym5t ( su* comp5sation out ( ! c\nty rates w\ld disc\rage prosecutions2 & ! only ju/ice done to m5 falsely accus$ f t day to ?is is ! au?orisation giv5 to goal-gov]nors 9 #ahgh to provide prison]s1 :o h be5 br\ght f ano!r c\nty = trial at ! assizes & h be5 acquitt$1 ) means ( return+ to _! own homes4 ,some?+ m ?an ?is is requir$ to save a man s situat$ f fall+ into real crime4 ,"o ?+ t might be done1 :i* w\ld also s]ve at ! same "t to keep a prison]'s family f want1 ! ma9 s\rce ( crime1 w\ld be ! =mation ( a ,prison]s' ,fund1 = 8 & _! b5efit4 ,= ?is !re is a prec$5t 9 a q rec5t ,act4 ,= ! ,act1 :i* aboli%$ ! =feiture ( a felon's prop]ty1 enabl$ ! ,cr[n to appo9t an adm9i/rator ( x1 = ! b5efit ( ! p]sons injur$ by ! crime & ! felon's family1 ! prop]ty itself & its income rev]t+ ultimately to ! convict or to 8 repres5tatives4 ,!re c\ld1 h[ev]1 be no objection 9 ju/ice to ! =feiture ( a proportionate "p ( e felon's prop]ty1 su* =feiture to be d$icat$ to ! =mation ( a fund1 out ( :i* assi/ance %\ld be giv51 bo? to ! families ( prison]s dur+ _! cu/ody & to ! prison]s !mselves on _! dis*>ge4#fb ,su* a fund might be /ill fur!r increas$ by ! sub/itution ( a li5 on a man's wages or income = _m m9or (f5ces n[ puni%$1 b n prev5t$1 by imprisonm5t4 ,by ! pres5t ,engli% law a p]son convict$ ( m (f5ces ?an "o may be s5t5c$ = ea* (f5ce sep>ately1 ! puni%m5t ( ea* "o 9 succession tak+ effect on ! expiration ( ! o!r4 ,by ?is law 7:i* ! ,crim9al ,code ,commission]s propose to alt]7 imprisonm5t may be spread ov] ! :ole ( a lifetime4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,*9ese law aga9 (f]s a model1 = x enacts t :5 two or m (f5ces are prov$ aga9/ a man1 !y %all all be e/imat$ toge!r1 & ! puni%m5t ( all ! less] (f5ces be includ$ 9 t ( ! pr9cipal *>ge1 n 9 addition to x ,s also if ! (f5ces are *>g$ at diff]5t times1 & ! puni%m5t ( "o has be5 already dis*>g$1 !re is no fur!r puni%m5t = ! o!r subsequ5t *>ges1 unless !y be *>ges ( great] crim9ality1 9 :i* case only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! puni%m5ts c be legally incurr$4#fc ,b ?is ( c\rse presupposes a def9ite scale ( crimes & puni%m5ts4 ,su* are "s ( ! problems connect$ ) p5ology1 :i* be/ illu/rate ! imp]fection ( its hi!rto atta9$ results4 ,only "o ?+ z yet seems to /& out f ! mi/1 :i* is1 t closely associat$ z crime & puni%m5t are bo? 9 ?\ght & spee*1 !y are b little associat$ 9 reality4 ,! am\nt ( crime 9 a c\ntry appe>s to be a giv5 quantity1 dep5d5t on q o!r causes ?an ! p5al laws direct$ to its repression4 ,! effici5cy ( ! latt] seems proportion$ to _! mildness1 n to _! sev]ity2 su* sev]ity be+ always spoil$ by an inevitable mod]ation 9 practice4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 w\ld seem to be1 t a %ort simple code1 ) e puni%m5t atta*$ to e (f5ce1 ) e motive = aggravation ( puni%m5t /at$1 & on s mod]ate a scale t no discretion = its mitigation %\ld be necess>y1 w\ld be ! means be/ calculat$ to give to p5al laws _! utmo/ value z prev5tives ( crime1 ?\gh exp]i5ce proves t z su* prev5tives _! place is a purely second>y "o 9 a really good sy/em ( legislation4 ,,footnotes #a ,by a ,cab9et ,ord] ( ,june #c1 #agdj4 ,see ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 iii4 #g4 #b ,pike1 ,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #bhc1 #cdf4 #c ,becc>ia 0 born 9 #agch1 & 8 book appe>$ 9 #agfd4 ,!re=e he 0 only #bf4 ,! #bh mu/ ref] to ! "t he wrote ! lett]4 #d ,lettre #hj4 #e ,i ,piac]i della ,immag9azione1 9 8 collect$ works by ,vill>i1 p4 #edf4 #f ,vill>i1 ,op]e di ,becc>ia1 #edg4 #g ,x is publi%$ 9 ! ,ha>lem edition ( ! ,dei ,delitti1 #agff4 #h ,! lett] is 9 ,did]ot's uvres1 ix4 #dea-ff4 #i ,see ! two volumes ( _! ,lett]e publi%$ at ,milan by ,dr4 ,c4 ,casati1 #ahhj4 #aj ,lett]e1 ii4 #bba3 #8,il suo libro d'oro sicuro *iuso4' #aa ,lett]e1 ii4 #aej4 #ab ,pietro _h s5t "s ( 8 manuscripts to ,morellet1 p]haps 9 ! hope t ! latt] w\ld (f] to translate !m4 ,anyh[ ,becc>ia br\ght back no complim5ts to ,pietro f ,p>is1 & ! key to ,pietro's feel+s lies 9 ! words he wrote to 8 bro!r ! day aft] ,becc>ia's return3 #8,non mi ha detto una sillaba *e mo/ri *e alcuno sappia 9 ,p>igi1 *e io sono al mondo4' #ac ,lett]e1 i4 #cia2 ii4 #gj1 #abg1 #aea1 #baa1 #bie4 ,x is satisfactory = ?is po9t to be settl$1 = ev5 s lately z #ahfb1 ,sig4 ,cant1 9 8 "w on ,becc>ia1 attributes ! ,rispo/a to him1 say+ t all ! intr9sic pro(s are 9 fav\r ( its be+ 8 "w4 ,p4 #eh4 #ad ,ibid4 ii4 #aei4 #ae ,lett]e1 ii4 #bbe4 #af ,morellet1 ,mmoires1 i4 #afg3 #8,rev5u ,milan il a fait peu de *ose1 et sa f9 n'a pas rpondu son db1 phnomne commun p>mi les g5s de lettres d',italie1 qui ont un premi] feu bi5 vif1 mais qui1 #be et #cj ans1 se dsabus5t comme ,salomon et reconnaiss5t que la sci5ce e/ vanit1 sans avoir att5du d'tre aussi savant que lui4' #ag ,cant1 ,becc>ia1 #db4 #ah ,9 a book call$ ,cautio ,crim9alis1 publi%$ 9 #agah4 #ai ,j>d9e's ,read+ on ,torture4 #bj ,tooke's ,ca?>9e ,,ii41 #dda-h4 ,rambaud's ,russie1 #dgf4 #8,dans l'in/ruction p\r la confection du n\veau ,code1 ,ca?>9e ,,ii41 suivant sa propre expression1 avait pill les philosophes d',occid5t1 mais surt\t ,montesquieu et ,becc>ia4' #ba ,morellet1 ,mmoires1 i4 #afe4 #bb ,g5]al ,c4 ,lee's ,memoirs4 #bc ,?is fact re/s on ! au?ority ( a g5tleman ( ,pisa1 :o told x to ,dr4 ,ru%1 ! s-call$ #8,am]ican sculapius1' :o wrote aga9/ capital puni%m5t t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 #bd ,by ,gu/avus ,,iii4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 discont9u$ long be=e1 z ,becc>ia speaks ( x z non-exi/5t :5 he wrote4 #be ,turnbull's ,visit to ,philadelphia ,prison1 #agig4 #bf ,times1 ,m>* #a1 #ahhj4 #bg ,= mo/ ( ! above facts ! writ] is indebt$ to ! pap]s publi%$ by ! ,h[>d ,association1 k9dly s5t to him by ! ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,tallack4 #bh ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #fe3 4 #bi ,gibbon1 c4 #dh3 #8,dur+ 8 gov]nm5t ( tw5ty-five ye>s ! p5alty ( dea? 0 aboli%$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4' ,a4,d4 #aaah-aadc4 #cj ,becc>ia d\btless got ! expression f ,helvetius1 :o us$ x 9 8 ,l',esprit1 i4 #bbh1 #bia4 #ca ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 c4 #bg2 & ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w1 lett] #gi4 ,johnson 0 m outspok5 9 ! ,rambl]1 ,no4 #aad 7#agea71 9 :i* he advocat$ ! re/riction ( capital puni%m5t to cases ( murd]4 #cb ,"l ,kames' ,hi/orical ,law ,tracts4 ,crim9al ,law4 #aggf4 #cc ,enquiry into ! ,late ,increase ( ,robb]s 7#agea74 #cd ,m]$i?'s spee* ( ,may #ac1 #aggg1 9 ,p>l4 ,deb41 xix4 #bci4 #ce ,lecky's ,engl&1 i4 #ejf4 #cf ,spee*1 ,may #aa1 #ahaj4 #cg ,romilly's ,memoirs1 ii4 #cbb4 #ch ,hans>d1 & ,campbell's ,*ief ,ju/ices1 iii4 #bcc4 ,! argum5ts are almo/ ,paley's ^w = ^w4 #ci ,/eph5's ,engli% ,crim9al ,law1 #aef1 #agh4 #dj ,sir ,g4 ,/aunton's ,p5al ,code ( ,*9a1 #cdg1 #daf4 #da ,see sev]al in/ances 9 ,b>+ ,g\ld's ,curiosities ( ,old5 ,times1 9 ! *apt] on ,que] ,culprits4 #db ,s ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira41 i4 #af3 #8,nemo prud5s punit quia peccatum e/1 s$ ne peccetur4 ,revoc>i enim prt]ita non possunt1 futura prohib5tur4' ,comp>e ibid41 ii4 #ca1 & ,plato1 ,laws1 xi4 #icd ,a4 #dc ,! same is ! philosophy ( ! nurs]y-rhyme book3-- #8,t's ,jack4 ,lay a /ick on 8 back4 ,:at's he done8 ,i _c say4 ,we'll f9d out to-morr[1 & beat him to-day4' ,s said also a m s]i\s au?ority1 ,p]i&]1 tyrant ( ,cor9?1 sometimes c\nt$ among ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 ( ,greece3 4 #8,puni% n only ^? :o h done wrong1 b ^? :o are go+ to4' #dd ,judicial ,/ati/ics1 #ahgh1 xi4 #de ,:ite's ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ii4 #cca4 #df ,pi]son1 ,aus ,russl&'s ,v]gang5heit1 #ca1 #cb4 #dg ,see ,sir ,g4 ,/aunton's ,p5al ,code ( ,*9a1 lxxi4 #bgh-i1 #bhe1 #cde1 #cfg1 #cha1 #ddi1 = tables apportion+ puni%m5t to diff]5t crimes accord+ to an exact ma!matical scale4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ?is scale 0 nev] act$ ^u1 ev5 if x is n obs]v$ n[1 ab\t :i* !re is no good evid5ce4 #dh ,f>9accius3 #8,pote/ pro tribus furtis1 quamvis m9imis1 pna mortis imponi4' ,! philosophy ( ?is 01 t to d any?+ twice 0 ! same z do+ x frequ5tly3 #8,quod bis fit1 frequ5t] fi]i dicitur4' #di ,! ,fr5* h two words1 rcidive & rcidiv]1 to signify a relapse into crime1 ! ^w be+ appli$ z a metaphor f m$ic9e1 :]e x means ! recurr5ce ( a disease4 ,9 ,engli% we might adopt ! ^w recidu\s to express r5ew$ acts ( crime aft] puni%m5t4 #ej ,! figures = ,may #ahgh are3 ,m51 #h1ihc2 ( ^! only #b1jfd _h _h no previ\s conviction ( any k9d1 #d1fgb _h _h s5t5ces %ort ( p5al s]vitude1 & #b1bdg p5al s]vitude s5t5ces4 ,( ! #a1bbf wom51 #abd _h nev] be5 convict$ be=e1 #fce _h _h s5t5ces %ort ( p5al s]vitude1 #efg p5al s]vitude s5t5ces4--7,p4,s4 ,report1 iii4 #aagj4 ,see also ii4 #bjf1 #bif1 #cfd47 #ea ,p5al ,s]vitude ,acts ,commission1 #ahgi1 vol4 iii4 #aaie-f4 #eb ,judicial ,/ati/ics1 #ahgh1 xvi4 #de4 #ec ,! same seems to be also true ( ,france4 #8,quoi de plus important que ce fait1 qu'en moy5ne annuelle #cj1jjj crimes ou dlits re/5t impunis p>ce que les auteurs en sont inconnus1 et #aj1jjj environ p>ce que les *>ges portes contre les accuss ou prv5us ont t juges insuffisantes4'--,,legoyt1 ,la ,france et l'trang]1 i4 #djf4 #ed ,hill1 ,crime1 #bh4 #ee ,memorials ( ,millbank1 ii4 #bgd-e4 #ef ,! au?or ( ,five ,ye>s' ,p5al ,s]vitude4 ,) ?is te/imony agrees ?or\ghly t ( ! ,*apla9 ( ,p>khur/ ,prison 7,p4,s4 ,rep4 iii4 #gjg-h71 t ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,portl& ,prison 7ii4 #afd-e71 & t ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,spike ,isl& 7iii4 #had-e74 #eg ,p5al ,s]vitude ,report1 i4 #dc4 #eh ,if we include (f5ces proce$$ aga9/ summ>ily ) ! indictable (f5ces report$1 ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! population may be c\nt$ z di%one/4 #ei ,/rafgesetzbu*1 c4 vi4 #cc4 #fj ,:eel]1 ,imp]ial ,assemblage at ,delhi1 #ahgg1 #abd1 #abg4 #fa ,congrs pnit5tiaire int]national4 ,tableau xii4 #fb ,!re is a prec$5t = su* a law 9 ! legislation ( ,leopold1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany3 #8,les malheureux inju/em5t emprisonns et reconnus innoc5ts devai5t tre indemniss au moy5 d'un fonds =m p> les am5des1 msure quitable et pr(ondm5t huma9e4'--,,loiseleur1 ,hi/4 des ,pe9es1 #ccf4 #fc ,/aunton's ,p5al ,code ( ,*9a1 #bi4 ,,dei ,,delitti ,e ,,delle ,,p5e4 ,,by ,,! ,,m>quis ,,ces>e ,,becc>ia4 ,,translat$4 #8,9 rebus quibuscumque difficilioribus non expect&um ut quis simul et s]at et metat1 s$ prp>atione opus e/1 ut p] gradus maturescant4'--,,bacon4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,"s remnants ( ! laws ( an anci5t conqu]+ p1 :i* a pr9ce :o reign$ 9 ,con/ant9ople "s #a1bjj ye>s ago caus$ to be compil$1 mix$ up aft]w>ds ) ,lomb>d rites & pack$ 9 ! miscellane\s volumes ( private & obscure comm5tators--^! are :at =m t set ( traditional op9ions :i* f a great "p ( ,europe receive nev]!less ! "n ( laws2 & to ?is day x is a fact1 z disa/r\s z x is common1 t "s op9ion ( ,c>pzovius1 "s old cu/om po9t$ out by ,cl>us1 or "s =m ( torture sugge/$ 9 t]ms ( complac5t f]ocity by ,f>9accius1 con/itute ! laws1 s c>elessly foll[$ by ^?1 :o 9 all trembl+ ought to ex]cise _! gov]nm5t ov] ! lives & =tunes ( m54 ,^! laws1 ! dregs ( ! mo/ b>b>\s ages1 are exam9$ 9 ?is book 9 s f> z reg>ds crim9al jurisprud5ce1 & ,i h d>$ to expose _! faults to ! directors ( ! public happ9ess 9 a /yle :i* may keep at a di/ance ! un5light5$ & intol]ant multitude4 ,! _s ( frank inquiry aft] tru?1 ( fre$om f commonplace op9ions1 9 :i* ?is book is writt51 is a result ( ! mild & enlight5$ ,gov]nm5t "u :i* ! ,au?or lives4 ,! great mon>*s1 ! b5efactors ( humanity1 :o are n[ our rul]s1 love ! tru?s exp\nd$1 ) =ce b )\t fanaticism1 by ! obscure philosoph]1 :o is only r\s$ to indignation by ! excesses ( tyranny1 b is re/ra9$ by reason2 & exi/+ abuses1 = :osoev] well /udies all ! circum/ances1 are ! satire & reproa* ( pa/ ages1 & by no means ( ! pres5t age or ( its lawgiv]s4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 %all wi% to hon\r me ) 8 criticisms1 ,i w\ld h beg9 ) a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! purpose ( my "w--a purpose :i*1 s f> f dim9i%+ legitimate au?ority1 w s]ve to increase x1 if op9ion c effect m ov] m5's m9ds ?an =ce1 & if ! mildness & humanity ( ! gov]nm5t %all ju/ify x 9 ! eyes ( all m54 ,! ill-conceiv$ criticisms t h be5 publi%$ aga9/ ?is book are f\nd$ on confus$ notions1 & compel me to int]rupt = a mom5t ! argum5ts ,i 0 address+ to my enlight5$ read]s1 9 ord] to close once = all e door aga9/ ! misappreh5sions ( timid bigotry or aga9/ ! calumnies ( malice & envy4 ,!re are ?ree s\rces ( ! moral & political pr9ciples :i* gov]n mank9d1 namely1 revelation1 natural law1 & social conv5tions4 ,) reg>d to _! pr9cipal object !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! fir/ & ! o!r two1 b !y all resemble "o ano!r 9 ?is1 t !y all ?ree conduce to ! happ9ess ( ?is pres5t mortal life4 ,to consid] ! diff]5t relations ( social conv5tions is n to exclude ^? ( revelation & natural law2 r x is ! ?\s&fold *anges :i* revelation & natural law1 div9e & immutable ?\gh !y be1 h und]gone 9 ! deprav$ m9d ( man1 by 8 own fault1 ow+ to false religions & arbitr>y notions ( virtue & vice1 t make x appe> necess>y to exam9e1 ap>t f all o!r consid]ations1 ! result ( purely human conv5tions1 express$ or impli$1 = ! public ne$ & welf>e3 ?is be+ an idea 9 :i* e sect & e moral sy/em mu/ necess>ily agree2 & x w always be a laudable endeav\r1 :i* seeks to con/ra9 ! head/rong & unbeliev+ to con=m to ! pr9ciples t induce m5 to live toge!r 9 society4 ,!re are1 !n1 ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( virtue & vice--! religi\s1 ! natural1 & ! political4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ought nev] to conflict1 al?\gh all ! consequ5ces & duties t fl[ f any "o ( !m d n necess>ily fl[ f ! o!rs4 ,! natural law does n require all t revelation requires1 nor does ! purely social law require all t natural law requires2 b x is mo/ important to di/+ui% ! consequ5ces ( ! conv5tional law--t is1 ( ! express or tacit agreem5ts among m5--f ! consequ5ces ( ! natural law or ( revelation1 because !re9 lies ! limit ( t p[]1 :i* c rightly be ex]cis$ betwe5 man & man )\t a special m&ate f ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,consequ5tly ! idea ( political virtue may1 )\t any slur ^u x1 be said to be v>iable2 t ( natural virtue w\ld be always cle> & manife/1 7 x n obscur$ by ! /upidity or ! passions ( m52 :il/ ! idea ( religi\s virtue rema9s ev] "o & ! same1 because reveal$ directly f ,god & by ,him pres]v$4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be a mi/ake to ascribe to "o1 :o only discusses social conv5tions & _! consequ5ces1 pr9ciples contr>y ei!r to natural law or to revelation1 = ! reason t he does n discuss !m4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 :5 he speaks ( a /ate ( w> z ant]ior to a /ate ( society1 to und]/& x 9 ! s5se ( ,hobbes1 z mean+ t no obligation nor duty is prior to ! exi/5ce ( society1 in/ead ( und]/&+ x z a fact due to ! corruption ( human nature & ! want ( any express$ sanction4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to impute x z a fault to a writ] :o is consid]+ ! results ( ! social compact t he does n admit !m z pre-exi/5t to ! =mation ( ! compact itself4 ,div9e ju/ice & natural ju/ice are 9 _! ess5ce immutable & con/ant1 because ! relation betwe5 simil> ?+s is always ! same2 b human or political ju/ice1 be+ no?+ m ?an a relation betwe5 a giv5 action & a giv5 /ate ( society1 may v>y accord+ z su* action becomes necess>y or useful to society2 nor is su* ju/ice easily disc]nible1 save by "o :o analyses ! complex & v *angeable relations ( civil comb9ations4 ,:5 once ^! pr9ciples1 ess5tially di/9ct1 become confus$1 !re is no m hope ( s\nd reason+ ab\t public matt]s4 ,x app]ta9s to ! !ologian to fix ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! j & ! unju/1 9 s f> z reg>ds ! intr9sic goodness or wick$ness ( an act2 to fix ! relations betwe5 ! politically j & unju/ app]ta9s to ! publici/2 nor c ! "o object cause any detrim5t to ! o!r1 :5 x is obvi\s h[ ! virtue t is purely political ought to give place to t immutable virtue :i* emanates f ,god4 ,:oev]1 !n1 ,i repeat1 w hon\r me ) 8 criticisms1 let him n beg9 by suppos+ me to advocate pr9ciples de/ructive ( virtue or religion1 see+ t ,i h %[n t su* are n my pr9ciples2 & in/ead ( 8 prov+ me to be an infidel or a rebel1 let him contrive to f9d me a bad reason] or a %ortsight$ politician2 b let him n tremble at e proposition on behalf ( ! int]e/s ( humanity2 let him conv9ce me ei!r ( ! inutility or ( ! possible political mis*ief ( my pr9ciples2 let him prove to me ! advantage ( receiv$ practices4 ,i h giv5 a public te/imony ( my religion & ( my submission to my sov]eign 9 my reply to ! ,notes & ,obs]vations2 to reply to o!r writ+s ( a simil> nature w\ld be sup]flu\s2 b :oev] w write ) t grace :i* becomes hone/ m51 & ) t k :i* %all relieve me f ! pro( ( fir/ pr9ciples1 ( :at "* soev]1 he %all f9d 9 me n s mu* a man :o is eag] to reply z a peaceable lov] ( ! tru?4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,m5 = ! mo/ "p leave ! regulation ( _! *ief conc]ns to ! prud5ce ( ! mom5t1 or to ! discretion ( ^? ^: int]e/ x is to oppose ! wise/ laws2 su* laws1 namely1 z naturally help to diffuse ! b5efits ( life1 & *eck t t5d5cy !y h to accumulate 9 ! h&s ( a few1 :i* ranges on "o side ! extreme ( p[] & happ9ess1 & on ! o!r all t is weak & wret*$4 ,x is only1 !re=e1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a ?\s& errors 9 matt]s t mo/ ne>ly t\* _! lives & lib]ties1 only aft] we>9ess ( evils t h be5 suff]$ to rea* a climax1 t m5 are induc$ to seek a rem$y = ! abuses :i* oppress !m1 & to recognise ! cle>e/ tru?s1 :i*1 precisely on acc\nt ( _! simplicity1 escape ! notice ( ord9>y m9ds1 unaccu/om$ z !y are to analyse ?+s1 & apt to receive _! impressions anyh[1 f tradition r ?an f inquiry4 ,we %all see1 if we op5 hi/ories1 t laws1 :i* are or ought to be cov5ants betwe5 free m51 h g5]ally be5 no?+ b ! in/rum5t ( ! passions ( "s few m51 or ! result ( "s accid5tal & tempor>y necessity4 ,!y h nev] be5 dictat$ by an unimpassion$ /ud5t ( human nature1 able to conc5trate ! actions ( a multitude ( m5 to a s+le po9t ( view1 & to consid] !m f t po9t alone--! greate/ happ9ess divid$ among ! greate/ numb]4 ,happy are ^? few nations :i* h n wait$ = ! sl[ movem5t ( human comb9ations & *anges to cause an approa* to bett] ?+s1 aft] intol]able evils1 b h ha/5$ ! int]m$iate /eps by good laws2 & des]v+ is t philosoph] ( ! gratitude ( mank9d1 :o _h ! c\rage1 f ! obscurity ( 8 despis$ /udy1 to scatt] abroad among ! p ! fir/ se$s1 s long fruitless1 ( useful tru?s4 ,! k ( ! true relations betwe5 a sov]eign & 8 subjects1 & ( ^? betwe5 diff]5t nations2 ! revival ( comm]ce by ! light ( philosophical tru?s1 diffus$ by pr9t+2 & ! sil5t int]national w> ( indu/ry1 ! mo/ humane & ! mo/ wor?y ( rational m5--^! are ! fruits :i* we owe to ! enlight5m5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,b h[ few h exam9$ & combat$ ! cruelty ( puni%m5ts1 & ! irregul>ities ( crim9al proc$ures1 a "p ( legislation s elem5t>y & yet s neglect$ 9 almo/ ! :ole ( ,europe2 & h[ few h s\ght1 by a return to fir/ pr9ciples1 to dissipate ! mi/akes accumulat$ by _m c5turies1 or to mitigate1 ) at lea/ t =ce :i* belongs only to asc]ta9$ tru?s1 ! excessive caprice ( ill-direct$ p[]1 :i* has pres5t$ up to ?is "t b "o long example ( lawful & cold-blood$ atrocity6 ,& yet ! groans ( ! weak1 sacrific$ to ! cruelty ( ! ignorant or to ! indol5ce ( ! ri*2 ! b>b>\s tortures1 multipli$ ) a sev]ity z useless z x is prodigal1 = crimes ei!r n prov$ or q *im]ical2 ! disgu/+ horrors ( a prison1 enhanc$ by t :i* is ! cruelle/ execution] ( ! mis]able--namely1 unc]ta9ty2--^! ought to />tle ^? rul]s ^: function x is to guide ! op9ion ( m5's m9ds4 ,! immortal ,presid5t1 ,montesquieu1 has treat$ cursorily ( ?is matt]2 & tru?1 :i* is indivisible1 has =c$ me to foll[ ! lum9\s foot/eps ( ?is great man2 b ?9k+ m51 = :om ,i write1 w be able to di/+ui% my /eps f 84 ,happy %all ,i e/eem myself if1 l him1 ,i %all succe$ 9 obta9+ ! secret gratitude ( ! unkn[n & peaceable foll[]s ( reason1 & if ,i %all inspire !m ) t pleas+ ?rill ( emotion ) :i* s5sitive m9ds respond to ! advocate ( ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,to exam9e & di/+ui% all ! diff]5t sorts ( crimes & ! mann] ( puni%+ !m w\ld n[ be our natural task1 7 x n t _! nature1 :i* v>ies ) ! diff]5t circum/ances ( times & places1 w\ld compel u to ent] ^u too va/ & we>isome a mass ( detail4 ,b x w suffice to indicate ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples & ! mo/ p]nici\s & common errors1 9 ord] to undeceive no less ^? :o1 f a mi/ak5 love ( lib]ty1 w\ld introduce an>*y1 ?an ^? :o w\ld be glad to r$uce _! fell[-m5 to ! uni=m regul>ity ( a conv5t4 ,:at w be ! p5alty suitable = su* & su* crimes8 ,is dea? a p5alty really useful & necess>y = ! security & good ord] ( society8 ,are torture & torm5ts j1 & d !y atta9 ! end :i* ! law aims at8 ,:at is ! be/ way ( prev5t+ crimes8 ,are ! same p5alties equally useful 9 all times8 ,:at influ5ce h !y on cu/oms8 ,^! problems des]ve to be solv$ ) su* geometrical precision z %all suffice to prevail ov] ! cl\ds ( sophi/ication1 ov] s$uctive eloqu5ce1 or timid d\bt4 ,_h ,i no o!r m]it ?an t ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to make cle>] to ,italy t :i* o!r nations h d>$ to write & are beg9n+ to practise1 ,i %\ld deem myself =tunate2 b if1 9 ma9ta9+ ! rights ( m5 & ( inv9cible tru?1 ,i %\ld contribute to rescue f ! spasms & agonies ( dea? any un=tunate victim ( tyranny or ignorance1 bo? s equally fatal1 ! bless+s & te>s ( a s+le innoc5t man 9 ! transports ( 8 joy w\ld console me = ! contempt ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,puni%m5ts--,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,puni%m5t4 ,f political morality1 unless f\nd$ on ! immutable s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 no la/+ advantage c be hop$4 ,:atev] law deviates f ^! s5tim5ts w enc\nt] a resi/ance :i* w ultimately prevail ov] x1 j 9 ! same way z a =ce1 h[ev] slight1 if con/antly appli$1 w prevail ov] a viol5t motion appli$ to any physical body4 ,if we consult ! human he>t we %all !re9 discov] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! real "r ( ! sov]eign to puni% crimes4 ,no man has gratuit\sly p>t$ ) a portion ( 8 own lib]ty ) a view to ! public good2 t is a *im]a :i* only exi/s 9 romances4 ,ea* "o ( u w\ld wi%1 if x 7 possible1 t ! cov5ants :i* b9d o!rs %\ld n b9d himself4 ,!re is no man b makes himself ! c5tral object ( all ! comb9ations ( ! globe4 ,! multiplication ( ! human race1 slight 9 ! ab/ract1 b f> 9 excess ( ! means af=d$ by nature1 b>r5 & des]t$ z x orig9ally 01 = ! satisfaction ( m5's ev] increas+ wants1 caus$ ! fir/ savages to associate toge!r4 ,! fir/ unions necess>ily l$ to o!rs to oppose !m1 & s ! /ate ( w> pass$ f individuals to nations4 ,laws are ! conditions "u :i* m51 lead+ indep5d5t & isolat$ lives1 jo9$ toge!r 9 society1 :5 tir$ ( liv+ 9 a p]petual /ate ( w>1 & ( enjoy+ a lib]ty :i* ! unc]ta9ty ( its t5ure r5d]$ useless4 ,( ?is lib]ty !y volunt>ily sacrific$ a "p1 9 ord] to enjoy ! rema9d] 9 security & quiet4 ,! sum-total ( all ^! portions ( lib]ty1 sacrific$ = ! good ( ea* individually1 con/itutes ! sov]eignty ( a nation1 & ! sov]eign is ! lawful tru/ee & adm9i/rator ( ^! portions4 ,b1 besides =m+ ?is tru/-fund1 or deposit1 x 0 necess>y to protect x f ! encroa*m5ts ( individuals1 ^: aim x ev] is n only to recov] f ! fund _! own deposit1 b to avail !mselves ( t contribut$ by o!rs4 #8,s5sible motives1' 7 !re=e want$ to div]t ! despotic w ( ! individual f re-plung+ into _! primitive *aos ! laws ( society4 ,su* motives 7 f\nd 9 puni%m5ts1 e/abli%$ aga9/ transgressors ( ! laws2 & ,i call !m s5sible motives1 because exp]i5ce has %[n t ! majority ( m5 adopt no fix$ rules ( conduct1 nor avoid t univ]sal pr9ciple ( dissolution1 obs]vable alike 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical _w1 save by reason ( motives :i* directly /rike ! s5ses & con/antly pres5t !mselves to ! m9d1 c\nt]balanc+ ! /rong impressions ( private passions1 oppos$ z !y are to ! g5]al welf>e2 n eloqu5ce1 nor declamations1 nor ! mo/ sublime tru?s h ev] suffic$ to curb ! passions = any l5g? ( "t1 :5 excit$ by ! lively =ce ( pres5t objects4 ,z x1 !n1 0 necessity :i* con/ra9$ m5 to yield a "p ( _! individual lib]ty1 x is c]ta9 t ea* w\ld only place 9 ! g5]al deposit ! lea/ possible portion--only s mu*1 t is1 z w\ld suffice to induce o!rs to def5d x4 ,! aggregate ( ^! lea/ possible portions con/itutes ! "r ( puni%m5t2 all t is beyond ?is is an abuse & n ju/ice1 a fact b n a "r4#fd ,puni%m5ts :i* exce$ :at is necess>y to pres]ve ! deposit ( ! public safety are 9 _! nature unju/2 & ! m j puni%m5ts are1 ! m sacr$ & inviolable is p]sonal security1 & ! great] ! lib]ty t ! sov]eign pres]ves = 8 subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,consequ5ces4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples is1 t ! laws alone c decree puni%m5ts = crimes1 & ?is au?ority c only re/ ) ! legislator1 :o repres5ts collective society z unit$ by a social contract4 ,no magi/rate 7:o is "p ( society7 c ju/ly inflict puni%m5ts ^u ano!r memb] ( ! same society4 ,b s9ce a puni%m5t t exce$s ! legally fix$ limit is ! lawful puni%m5t plus ano!r "o1 a magi/rate c1 "u no pretext ( zeal or ! public good1 add to ! p5alty already decre$ aga9/ a del9qu5t citiz54 ,! second consequ5ce is1 t ! sov]eign1 :o repres5ts society itself1 c only =m g5]al laws1 obligatory on all2 he _c judge :e!r any "o 9 p>ticul> has brok5 ! social compact1 = 9 t case ! nation w\ld be divid$ into two p>ties1 "o repres5t$ by ! sov]eign1 ass]t+ ! violation ( su* contract2 ! o!r by ! accus$1 d5y+ ! same4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( a ?ird p]son to judge ( ! fact2 9 o!r words1 ( a magi/rate1 ^: decisions %all simply consi/ ( affirmations or d5ials ( p>ticul> facts1 & %all also be subject to no appeal4 ,! ?ird consequ5ce is ?is3 if x 7 prov$ t ! sev]ity ( puni%m5ts 7 simply useless 7to say no?+ ( be+ directly oppos$ to ! public good & to ! v object ( prev5t+ crimes71 ev5 9 t case x w\ld be contr>y n only to ^? b5efic5t virtues t fl[ f an enlight5$ reason1 :i* pref]s to rule ov] happy human be+s ?an ov] a flock ( slaves1 ! con/ant victims ( timid cruelty1 b x w\ld be also contr>y to ju/ice & to ! nature ( ! social contract itself4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,laws4 ,!re is also a f\r? consequ5ce ( ! above pr9ciples3 t ! "r to int]pret p5al laws _c possibly re/ ) ! crim9al judges1 = ! v reason t !y are n legislators4 ,! judges h n receiv$ ! laws f our ance/ors z a family tradition1 z a legacy t only left to po/]ity ! duty ( obey+ !m1 b !y receive !m f liv+ society1 or f ! sov]eign t repres5ts x & is ! lawful tru/ee ( ! actual result ( m5's collective wills2 !y receive !m1 n z obligations aris+ f an anci5t oa?#fe 7null1 because x b\nd wills n !n 9 exi/5ce1 & iniquit\s1 because x r$uc$ m5 f a /ate ( society to t ( a flock71 b z ! result ( ! tacit or express$ oa? made to ! sov]eign by ! unit$ wills ( liv+ subjects1 z *a9s necess>y = curb+ & regulat+ ! disord]s caus$ by private int]e/s4 ,?is is ! natural & real s\rce ( ! au?ority ( ! laws4 ,:o1 !n1 w be ! rightful int]pret] ( ! laws8 ,w x be ! sov]eign1 ! tru/ee ( ! actual wills ( all1 or ! judge1 ^: sole function x is to exam9e :e!r su* & su* a man has committ$ an illegal act or n8 ,9 e crim9al case a judge ought to =m a complete syllogi/ic d$uction1 9 :i* ! /atem5t ( ! g5]al law con/itutes ! major premiss2 ! con=mity or non-con=mity ( a p>ticul> action ) ! law1 ! m9or premiss2 & acquittal or puni%m5t1 ! conclusion4 ,:5 a judge is oblig$1 or ( 8 own accord wi%es1 to make ev5 no m ?an two syllogisms1 ! door is op5$ to unc]ta9ty4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s ?an t common axiom1 #8,we mu/ consult ! _s ( ! laws4' ,x is l break+ d[n a dam be=e ! torr5t ( op9ions4 ,?is tru?1 :i* seems a p>adox to ord9>y m9ds1 m /ruck z !y are by a little pres5t inconv5i5ce ?an by ! p]nici\s b remote consequ5ces :i* fl[ f a false pr9ciple enroot$ among a p1 seems to me to be demon/rat$4 ,our k & all our ideas are reciprocally connect$ toge!r2 & ! m complicat$ !y are1 ! m num]\s are ! approa*es to !m1 & ! po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,e man has 8 own po9t ( view--a diff]5t "o at diff]5t times2 s t #8! _s ( ! laws' w\ld mean ! result ( good or bad logic on ! "p ( a judge1 ( an easy or difficult dige/ion2 x w\ld dep5d n[ on ! viol5ce ( 8 passions1 n[ on ! feebl5ess ( ! suff]]1 on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! judge & ! pla9tiff1 or on all ^? m9ute =ces :i* *ange ! appe>ances ( ev]y?+ 9 ! fluctuat+ m9d ( man4 ,h5ce x is t we see a citiz5's fate *ange sev]al times 9 8 passage f "o c\rt to ano!r2 t we see ! lives ( wret*es at ! m]cy ( ! false reason+s or ( ! tempor>y caprice ( a judge1 :o takes z 8 rightful canon ( int]pretation ! vague result ( all t confus$ s]ies ( notions :i* affect 8 m9d4 ,h5ce x is t we see ! same crimes puni%$ diff]5tly by ! same c\rt at diff]5t times1 ow+ to its hav+ consult$1 n ! con/ant & fix$ voice ( ! laws1 b _! un/able & err+ int]pretations4 ,no inconv5i5ce t may arise f a /rict obs]vance ( ! lett] ( p5al laws is to be comp>$ ) ! inconv5i5ces ( subject+ !m to int]pretation4 ,! mom5t>y inconv5i5ce 9 ! =m] case involves1 inde$1 correct+ ! words ( ! law :i* are ! cause ( ! unc]ta9ty1 a task bo? easy & necess>y2 b ! fatal lic5ce ( argu+1 ! s\rce ( s _m arbitr>y & v5al disputes1 is !reby prev5t$4 ,:5 a fix$ code ( laws1 :i* mu/ be obs]v$ to ! lett]1 leaves to ! judge no fur!r tr\ble ?an to inquire into ! actions ( citiz5s & to decide on _! con=mity to ! writt5 law2 :5 ! /&>d ( j & unju/1 :i* %\ld equally direct ! actions ( ! ignorant citiz5 z ( ! philosophical "o1 is n a matt] ( controv]sy b ( fact2 !n are p no long] subject to ! petty tyrannies ( _m m51 :i* are all ! m cruel by reason ( ! small] di/ance t sep>ates ! suff]] f ! inflictor ( suff]+1 & :i* are m p]nici\s ?an ! tyrannies ( a s+le man1 inasmu* z ! despotism ( _m is only curable by t ( "o1 & a despot's cruelty is proportion$1 n to ! p[] he possesses1 b to ! ob/acles he enc\nt]s4 ,"u a fix$ code ( laws citiz5s acquire t consci\sness ( p]sonal security1 :i* is j1 because x is ! object ( social exi/5ce1 & :i* is useful1 because x enables !m to calculate exactly ! evil consequ5ces ( a misde$4 ,x is true !y w also acquire a _s ( indep5d5ce1 b n su* a _s z w seek to %ake ! laws & prove rebelli\s aga9/ ! *ief magi/rates1 except aga9/ su* ( !m z h d>$ to apply ! sacr$ "n ( virtue to a spiritless submission to _! own self-int]e/$ & caprici\s op9ions4 ,^! pr9ciples w displease ^? :o h assum$ ! "r to transf] to _! subord9ates ! /rokes ( tyranny !y !mselves h suff]$ f _! sup]iors4 ,i p]sonally %\ld h ev]y?+ to fe>1 if ! _s ( tyranny & ! _s ( read+ ev] w5t toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,obscurity ,,( ,,! ,,laws4 ,if ! int]pretation ( laws is an evil1 x is cle> t _! obscurity1 :i* necess>ily involves int]pretation1 mu/ be an evil also1 & an evil :i* w be at its wor/ :]e ! laws are writt5 9 any o!r ?an ! v]nacul> language ( a c\ntry4 ,= 9 t case ! p1 be+ unable to judge ( !mselves h[ x may f>e ) _! lib]ty or _! limbs1 are made dep5d5t on a small class ( m52 & a book1 :i* %\ld be sacr$ & op5 to all1 becomes1 by virtue ( its language1 a private &1 s to speak1 a family manual4 ,! great] ! numb] ( ^? :o und]/& & h 9 _! h&s ! sacr$ code ( ! laws1 ! few] w be ! crimes committ$2 = x is beyond all d\bt t ignorance & unc]ta9ty ( puni%m5ts l5d assi/ance to ! eloqu5ce ( ! passions4 ,yet :at %all we ?9k ( mank9d1 :5 we reflect1 t su* a condition ( ! laws is ! invet]ate cu/om ( a l>ge "p ( cultivat$ & enlight5$ ,europe8 ,"o consequ5ce ( ^! la/ reflections is1 t )\t writ+ no society w ev] assume a fix$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 :]e9 ! p[] %all belong to ! social :ole1 & n to its p>ts1 & :]e9 ! laws1 only alt]able by ! g5]al w1 %all n suff] corruption 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! cr[d ( private int]e/s4 ,exp]i5ce & reason h taught u1 t ! probability & c]ta9ty ( human traditions dim9i% 9 proportion to _! di/ance f _! s\rce4 ,s t if !re be no /&+ memorial ( ! social contract1 h[ w laws ev] resi/ ! inevitable =ce ( "t & passion8 ,f ?is we see h[ useful is ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* makes ! public1 & n a few individuals1 ! gu>dians ( ! sacr$ laws1 & :i* has scatt]$ t d>k _s ( cabal & intrigue1 de/9$ to disappe> be=e k & ! sci5ces1 :i*1 h[ev] app>5tly despis$1 are 9 reality fe>$ by ^? t foll[ 9 _! wake4 ,?is is ! reason t we see 9 ,europe ! dim9ution ( ^? atroci\s crimes t afflict$ our ance/ors & r5d]$ !m by turns tyrants or slaves4 ,:oev] kn[s ! hi/ory ( two or ?ree c5turies ago & ( our own1 c see t f ! lap ( luxury & effem9acy h sprung ! mo/ pleas+ ( all human virtues1 humanity1 *>ity1 & ! tol]ation ( human errors2 he w "k :at h be5 ! results ( t :i* is s wrongly call$ #8old-fa%ion$ simplicity & hone/y4' ,humanity groan+ "u implacable sup]/ition2 ! av>ice & ambition ( a few dye+ ) human blood ! gold5 *e/s & ?rones ( k+s2 secret assass9ations & public massacres2 e noble a tyrant to ! p2 ! m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel tru? pollut+ ) blood h&s t e day came 9 contact ) ! ,god ( m]cy--^! are n ! works ( ?is enlight5$ age1 :i* "s1 h[ev]1 call corrupt4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,imprisonm5t4 ,an error1 n less common ?an x is contr>y to ! object ( society--t is1 to ! consci\sness ( p]sonal security--is leav+ a magi/rate to be ! arbitr>y executor ( ! laws1 free at 8 pleasure to imprison a citiz51 to deprive a p]sonal enemy ( 8 lib]ty on frivol\s pretexts1 or to leave a fri5d unpuni%$ 9 spite ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( 8 guilt4 ,imprisonm5t is a puni%m5t :i*1 unlike e o!r1 mu/ ( necessity prec$e ! decl>ation ( guilt2 b ?is di/9ctive "* does n deprive x ( ! o!r ess5tial ( puni%m5t1 namely1 t ! law alone %all det]m9e ! cases "u :i* x %all be m]it$4 ,x is = ! law1 !re=e1 to po9t out ! am\nt ( evid5ce ( a crime :i* %all ju/ify ! det5tion ( ! accus$1 & 8 subjection to exam9ation & puni%m5t4 ,= su* det5tion !re may be suffici5t pro(s 9 common report1 9 a man's flight1 9 a non-judicial confession1 or 9 ! confession ( an accomplice2 9 a man's ?reats aga9/ or con/ant enmity ) ! p]son injur$2 9 all ! facts ( ! crime1 & simil> indications4 ,b ^! pro(s %\ld be det]m9$ by ! laws1 n by ! judges1 ^: decisions1 :5 !y are n p>ticul> applications ( a g5]al maxim 9 a public code1 are always adv]se to political lib]ty4 ,! m t puni%m5ts are mitigat$1 t mis]y & hung] are bani%$ f prisons1 t pity & m]cy are admitt$ )9 _! iron doors1 & are set above ! inexorable & h>d5$ m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 ! slight] w be ! evid5ces ( guilt requisite = ! legal det5tion ( ! suspect$4 ,a man accus$ ( a crime1 imprison$ & acquitt$1 ought to be> no m>k ( disgrace4 ,h[ _m ,romans1 accus$ ( ! grave/ crimes & !n f\nd innoc5t1 7 rev]5c$ by ! p & hon\r$ ) magi/]ial positions6 ,= :at reason1 !n1 is ! lot ( a man innoc5tly accus$ s diff]5t 9 our own times8 ,because1 9 ! crim9al sy/em n[ 9 vogue1 ! idea ( =ce & might is /rong] 9 m5's m9ds ?an ! idea ( ju/ice2 because accus$ & convict$ are ?r[n 9 confusion into ! same dungeon2 because imprisonm5t is r a man's puni%m5t ?an 8 m]e cu/ody2 & because ! two =ces :i* %\ld be unit$ are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 namely1 ! int]nal =ce1 :i* protects ! laws1 & ! ext]nal =ce1 :i* def5ds ! ?rone & ! nation4 ,7 !y unit$1 ! =m]1 ?r\gh ! common sanction ( ! laws1 w\ld possess 9 addition a judicial capacity1 al?\gh indep5d5t ( t possess$ by ! supreme judicial p[]2 & ! glory t accompanies ! pomp & c]emony ( a milit>y body w\ld remove ! infamy1 :i*1 l all popul> s5tim5ts1 is m atta*$ to ! mann] ?an ! ?+1 z is prov$ by ! fact t milit>y prisons are n reg>d$ 9 public e/imation z s disgraceful z civil ones4 ,!re /ill rema9 among our p1 9 _! cu/oms & 9 _! laws 7always a hundr$ ye>s1 9 po9t ( m]it1 9 arre> ( ! actual enlight5m5t ( a nation71 !re /ill rema91 ,i say1 ! savage impressions & fi]ce ideas ( our ance/ors ( ! ,nor?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pro(s ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,judgm5t4 ,!re is a g5]al !orem :i* is mo/ useful = calculat+ ! c]ta9ty ( a fact1 z1 = in/ance1 ! =ce ( ! pro(s 9 ! case ( a giv5 crime3-- #a4 ,:5 ! pro(s ( a fact are dep5d5t "o on ano!r--t is to say1 :5 ea* s+le pro( re/s on ! weight ( "s o!r--!n ! m num]\s ! pro(s are1 ! small] is ! probability ( ! fact 9 "q1 because ! *ances ( error 9 ! prelim9>y pro(s w\ld increase ! probability ( error 9 ! succe$+ ones4 #b4 ,:5 ! pro(s ( a fact all dep5d equally on a s+le "o1 _! numb] nei!r increases nor dim9i%es ! probability ( ! fact 9 "q1 because _! total value resolves itself into t ( ! s+le "o on :i* !y dep5d4 #c4 ,:5 ! pro(s are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r--t is to say1 :5 !y d n d]ive _! value "o f ! o!r--!n ! m num]\s ! pro(s adduc$1 ! great] is ! probability ( ! fact 9 "q1 because ! falsity ( "o pro( affects 9 no way ! =ce ( ano!r4 ,i speak ( probability 9 connection ) crimes1 :i*1 to des]ve puni%m5t1 ought to be prov$4 ,b ! p>adox is only app>5t1 if "o reflects t1 /rictly speak+1 moral c]ta9ty is only a probability1 b a probability :i* is call$ c]ta9ty1 because e s5sible p]son necess>ily ass5ts to x1 by a =ce ( habit :i* arises f ! necessity ( act+1 & :i* is prior to all speculation4 ,! c]ta9ty requisite = c]tify+ t a man is a crim9al is1 !re=e1 ! same t det]m9es ev]yone 9 ! mo/ important actions ( 8 life4 ,! pro(s ( a crime may be divid$ into #8p]fect' & #8imp]fect1' ! =m] be+ ( su* a nature z exclude ! possibility ( a man's innoc5ce1 & ! latt] su* z fall %ort ( ?is c]ta9ty4 ,( ! fir/ k9d "o pro( alone is suffici5t = condemnation2 ( ! second1 or imp]fect k9d1 z _m are necess>y z suffice to make a s+le p]fect pro(2 t is to say1 :51 ?\gh ea* pro( tak5 sep>ately does n exclude ! possibility ( innoc5ce1 yet _! conv]g5ce on ! same po9t makes su* innoc5ce impossible4 ,b let x be not$ t imp]fect pro(s1 f :i* an accus$ has x 9 8 p[] to ju/ify himself & decl9es to d s1 become p]fect4 ,?is moral c]ta9ty ( pro(s1 h[ev]1 is easi] to feel ?an to def9e ) exactitude3 = :i* reason ,i ?9k t ! be/ law is "o :i* atta*es to ! *ief judge assessors1 tak5 by lot1 n by selection1 !re be+ 9 ?is case m safety 9 ! ignorance :i* judges by s5tim5t ?an 9 ! k :i* judges by op9ion4 ,:]e ! laws are cle> & precise1 ! function ( a judge consi/s solely 9 ! c]tification ( fact4 ,if = se>*+ out ! pro(s ( a crime ability & clev]ness are requir$1 & if 9 ! pres5tation ( ! result cle>ness & precision are ess5tial1 all t is requir$ to judge ( ! result is simple & common good s5se1 a faculty :i* is less fallaci\s ?an ! le>n+ ( a judge1 accu/om$ z he is to wi% to f9d m5 guilty & to r$uce ev]y?+ to an artificial sy/em borr[$ f 8 /udies4 ,happy ! nation :]e ! laws are n a sci5ce6 ,x is a mo/ useful law t ev]yone %all be judg$ by 8 equals1 because :]e a citiz5's lib]ty & =tune are at /ake ^? s5tim5ts :i* inequality inspires %\ld h no voice2 t feel+ ( sup]iority ) :i* ! prosp]\s man reg>ds ! un=tunate "o1 & t feel+ ( dislike ) :i* an inf]ior reg>ds 8 sup]ior1 h no scope 9 a judgm5t by "o's equals4 ,b :5 ! crime 9 "q is an (f5ce aga9/ a p]son ( a diff]5t rank f ! accus$1 !n "o half ( ! judges %\ld be ! equals ( ! accus$1 ! o!r half equals ( ! pla9tiff1 t s1 e private int]e/ be+ balanc$1 by :i* ! appe>ances ( ?+s are involunt>ily modifi$1 only ! voice ( ! laws & ( tru? may be he>d4 ,x is also 9 accordance ) ju/ice t an accus$ p]son %\ld h p[] up to a c]ta9 po9t ( refus+ judges :om he may suspect2 & if he is all[$ ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] = "s "t )\t opposition1 he w seem to condemn himself4 ,v]dicts %\ld be public1 & ! pro(s ( guilt public1 9 ord] t op9ion--:i* is1 p]haps1 ! only bond ( society !re is--may place a *eck on outbur/s ( =ce & passion1 & t ! p may say1 #8,we are n slaves )\t def5ce'3 a feel+ :i* bo? inspires !m ) c\rage & is z good z a tribute to a sov]eign :o und]/&s 8 real int]e/4 ,i refra9 f po9t+ out o!r details & precautions :i* require simil> regulations4 ,i %\ld h said no?+ at all1 _h x be5 necess>y = me to say ev]y?+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,witnesses4 ,x is a great po9t 9 e good sy/em ( laws to det]m9e exactly ! cr$ibility ( witnesses & ! pro(s ( guilt ,e reasonable man--t is1 e man ) a c]ta9 connection betwe5 8 ideas & ) feel+s l ^? ( o!r m5--is capable ( be>+ witness4 ,! true measure ( 8 cr$ibility is only ! int]e/ he has 9 speak+ or 9 n speak+ ! tru?2 s t no?+ c be m frivol\s ?an to reject ! evid5ce ( wom5 on ! pretext ( _! feebl5ess1 no?+ m *ildi% ?an to apply ! results ( real dea? to civil dea? z reg>ds ! te/imony ( ! condemn$1 no?+ m unmean+ ?an to insi/ on ! m>k ( infamy 9 ! infam\s :5 !y h no int]e/ 9 ly+4 ,among o!r abuses ( gramm>1 :i* h no slight influ5ce on human affairs1 t "o is notable :i* makes ! evid5ce ( a condemn$ crim9al null & void4 #8,he is dead civilly' say gravely ! p]ipatetic lawy]s1 #8& a dead man is incapable ( any action4' ,9 support ( ?is silly metaphor _m victims h be5 sacrific$1 & x has v (t5 be5 disput$ ) all s]i\sness :e!r ! tru? %\ld n yield to judicial =mulas4 ,provid$ t ! te/imony ( a condemn$ crim9al does n g to ! ext5t ( /opp+ ! c\rse ( ju/ice1 :y %\ld n a fitt+ p]iod be all[$1 ev5 aft] condemnation1 bo? to ! extreme wret*$ness ( ! crim9al & to ! int]e/s ( tru?1 s t1 by 8 adduc+ fre% matt] to alt] ! complexion ( ! fact1 he may ju/ify himself or o!rs 9 a new trial8 ,=ms & c]emonies are necess>y 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 because !y leave no?+ to ! free w ( ! adm9i/rator2 because !y give ! p an idea ( a ju/ice :i* is n tumultu>y & self-int]e/$1 b /eadfa/ & regul>2 & because m51 ! slaves ( habit & imitation1 are m influ5c$ by _! feel+s ?an by argum5ts4 ,b su* =ms c nev] )\t fatal dang] be s firmly fix$ by ! laws z to be injuri\s to tru?1 :i* f be+ ei!r too simple or two complex ne$s "s ext]nal pomp to conciliate ! ignorant populace4 ,! cr$ibility1 !re=e1 ( a witness mu/ dim9i% 9 proportion to ! hatr$1 fri5d%ip1 or close connection betwe5 himself & ! accus$4 ,m ?an "o witness is necess>y1 because1 s long z "o affirms & ano!r d5ies1 no?+ is prov$1 & ! "r :i* ev]yone has ( be+ held innoc5t prevails4 ,! cr$ibility ( a witness becomes appreciably less1 ! great] ! atrocity ( ! crime imput$1#ff or ! improbability ( ! circum/ances1 z 9 *>ges ( magic & gratuit\sly cruel actions4 ,x is m likely1 z reg>ds ! =m] accusation1 t _m m5 %\ld lie ?an t su* an accusation %\ld be true1 because x is easi] = _m m5 to be unit$ 9 an ignorant mi/ake or 9 p]secut+ hatr$ ?an = "o man to ex]cise a p[] :i* ,god ei!r has n conf]r$ or has tak5 away f e creat$ be+4 ,! same reason+ holds good also ( ! second accusation1 = man is only cruel 9 proportion to 8 int]e/ to be s1 to 8 hatr$ or to 8 fe>4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re is no sup]flu\s feel+ 9 human nature1 e feel+ be+ always 9 /rict accordance ) ! impressions made ^u ! s5ses4 ,9 ! same way ! cr$ibility ( a witness may sometimes be less5$ by ! fact ( 8 be+ a memb] ( "s secret society1 ^: purposes & pr9ciples are ei!r n well und]/ood or diff] f ^? ( g5]al acceptance2 = su* a man has n only 8 own passions b ^? ( o!rs besides4 ,la/ly1 a witness's evid5ce is almo/ null :5 spok5 words are con/ru$ into a crime4 ,= ! tone1 ! ge/ure1 all t prec$es or foll[s ! diff]5t ideas atta*$ by m5 to ! same words1 s alt] & modify a man's utt]ances1 t x is almo/ impossible to repeat !m exactly z !y 7 spok54 ,moreov]1 actions ( a viol5t & unusual "*1 su* z real crimes are1 leave _! traces 9 ! numb]less circum/ances & effects t fl[ f !m2 & ( su* actions ! great] ! numb] ( ! circum/ances adduc$ 9 pro(1 ! m num]\s are ! *ances = ! accus$ to cle> himself4 ,b words only rema9 9 ! memory ( _! he>]s1 & memory is = ! mo/ "p unfai?ful & (t5 deceitful4 ,x is on t acc\nt ev] s mu* m easy to fix a calumny ^u a man's words ?an ^u 8 actions4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,secret ,,accusations4 ,palpable b consecrat$ abuses1 :i* 9 _m nations are ! necess>y results ( a weak political con/itution1 are ,secret ,accusations4 ,= !y r5d] m5 false & res]v$1 & :oev] may suspect t he sees 9 8 neighb\r an in=m] w see 9 him an enemy4 ,m5 !n come to mask _! real feel+s1 & by ! habit ( hid+ !m f o!rs !y at la/ get to hide !m f !mselves4 ,unhappy !y :o h come to t2 :o1 )\t cle> & fix$ pr9ciples to guide !m1 w&] lo/ & confus$ 9 ! va/ sea ( op9ions1 ev] busi$ 9 sav+ !mselves f ! horrors t oppress !m1 ) ! pres5t mom5t ev] embitt]$ by ! unc]ta9ty ( ! future1 & )\t ! la/+ pleasures ( quiet & security1 dev\r+ 9 unseemly ha/e ^? few pleasures1 :i* occur at r>e int]vals 9 _! melan*oly lives & sc>cely console !m = ! fact ( hav+ liv$6 ,is x ( su* m5 we c hope to make intrepid soldi]s1 def5d]s ( _! c\ntry & cr[n8 ,is x among su* m5 we %all f9d incorrupt magi/rates1 able ) _! free & patriotic eloqu5ce to su/a9 & develop ! true int]e/s ( _! sov]eign1 ready1 ) ! tribute !y be>1 to c>ry to ! ?rone ! love & bless+s ( all classes ( m51 & !nce to br+ back to palaces & cottages alike peace & security1 & t active hope ( ameliorat+ _! lot :i* is s useful a leav51 nay1 :i* is ! life ( ,/ates8 ,:o c protect himself f calumny1 :5 x is arm$ by ! /ronge/ %ield ( tyranny1 secrecy8 ,:at sort ( gov]nm5t c t ev] be :]e 9 e subject a rul] suspects an enemy1 & is oblig$ = ! sake ( ! g5]al tranquillity to rob ea* individual ( its possession8 ,:at are ! pretexts by :i* secret accusations & puni%m5ts are ju/ifi$8 ,are !y ! public welf>e1 ! security & ma9t5ance ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,b h[ /range a con/itution is t1 :]e he :o has =ce on 8 side1 & op9ion1 :i* is ev5 /rong] ?an =ce1 is afraid ( e citiz56 ,is !n ! indemnity ( ! accus] ! excuse8 ,9 t case ! laws d n suffici5tly def5d him2 & %all !re be subjects /rong] ?an _! sov]eign8 ,or is x to save ! in=m] f infamy8 ,:at6 secret calumny be fair & lawful1 & an op5 "o des]v+ ( puni%m5t6 ,is x1 !n1 ! nature ( ! crime8 ,if indiff]5t actions1 or ev5 useful actions1 are call$ crimes1 !n ( c\rse accusations & trials c nev] be secret en\gh4 ,b h[ c !re be crimes1 t is1 public injuries1 unless ! publicity ( ?is example1 by a public trial1 be at ! same "t ! int]e/ ( all m58 ,i respect e gov]nm5t1 & speak ( none 9 p>ticul>4 ,circum/ances are sometimes su* t to remove an evil may seem utt] ru9 :5 x is inh]5t 9 a national sy/em4 ,b _h ,i to dictate new laws 9 any =gott5 corn] ( ! univ]se1 my h& w\ld tremble & all po/]ity w\ld rise be=e my eyes be=e ,i w\ld au?orise su* a cu/om z t ( secret accusations4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ by ,montesquieu t public accusations are m suit$ to republics1 :]e ! public good ought to be ! citiz5s' fir/ passion1 ?an to mon>*ies1 :]e su* a s5tim5t is v feeble1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t itself1 & :]e ! appo9tm5t ( (fic]s to accuse transgressors ( ! law 9 ! "n ( ! public is a mo/ excell5t in/itution4 ,b e gov]nm5t1 be x republican or mon>*ical1 ought to inflict ^u a false accus] ! same puni%m5t :i*1 _h ! accusation be5 true1 w\ld h fall5 ^u ! accus$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,sugge/ive ,,int]rogations--,,depositions4 ,our laws prohibit sugge/ive 7lead+7 que/ions 9 a lawsuit3 ^?1 t is 7accord+ to ! doctors ( law71 :i*1 in/ead ( apply+1 z !y %\ld d1 to ! g5us 9 ! circum/ances ( a crime1 ref] to ! species2 ^?1 9 o!r words1 :i* f _! imm$iate connection ) a crime sugge/ to ! accus$ a direct answ]4 ,que/ions1 accord+ to ! crim9al lawy]s1 ought1 s to speak1 #8to envelop ! ma9 fact spirally & nev] to attack x 9 a direct l9e4' ,! reasons = ?is me?od are1 ei!r t an answ] may n be sugge/$ to ! accus$ :i* may place him face to face ) ! *>ge aga9/ him1 or p]haps because x seems unnatural = him directly to crim9ate himself4 ,b1 :i*ev] ( ^! reasons x may be1 ! contradiction is rem>kable betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( su* a cu/om & ! legal au?orisation ( torture2 = :at int]rogatory c be m sugge/ive ?an pa98 ,! =m] reason applies to ! "q ( torture1 because pa9 w sugge/ to a /rong man ob/9ate sil5ce1 9 ord] t he may ex*ange ! great] p5alty = ! less]1 :il/ x w sugge/ to a weak man confession1 9 ord] t he may escape f pres5t torm5t1 :i* has m influ5ce ov] him ?an pa9 :i* is to come4 ,! o!r reason evid5tly applies too1 = if a special "q leads a man to confess aga9/ natural "r1 ! agonies ( torture w m easily d ! same4 ,b m5 are m gov]n$ by ! diff]5ce ( names ?an by t ( ?+s4 ,f9ally1 a man :o1 :5 exam9$1 p]si/s 9 an ob/9ate refusal to answ]1 des]ves a puni%m5t fix$ by ! laws1 & "o ( ! heavie/ !y c inflict1 t m5 may n 9 ?is way escape ! necess>y example !y owe to ! public4 ,b ?is puni%m5t is n necess>y :5 x is beyond all d\bt t su* a p]son has committ$ su* a crime1 que/ions be+ useless1 9 ! same way t confession is1 :5 o!r pro(s suffici5tly demon/rate guilt ,& ?is la/ case is ! mo/ usual1 = exp]i5ce proves t 9 ! majority ( trials ! accus$ are wont to plead #8,n guilty4' ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,oa?s4 ,a contradiction betwe5 ! laws & ! natural feel+s ( mank9d arises f ! oa?s :i* are requir$ ( an accus$1 to ! effect t he w be a tru?ful man :5 x is 8 greate/ int]e/ to be false2 z if a man c\ld really swe> to contribute to 8 own de/ruction1 or z if religion w\ld n be sil5t ) mo/ m5 :5 _! int]e/ spoke on ! o!r side4 ,! exp]i5ce ( all ages has %[n t m5 h abus$ religion m ?an any o!r ( ! preci\s gifts ( heav52 & = :at reason %\ld crim9als respect x1 :5 m5 e/eem$ z ! wise/ h (t5 violat$ x8 ,too weak1 because too f> remov$ f ! s5ses1 are = ! mass ( p ! motives :i* religion opposes to ! tumult ( fe> & ! love ( life4 ,! affairs ( heav5 are conduct$ by laws absolutely diff]5t f ^? :i* gov]n human affairs2 s :y compromise ^? by ^!8 ,:y place m5 9 ! t]rible dilemma ( ei!r s9n+ aga9/ ,god or concurr+ 9 _! own ru98 ,! law1 9 fact1 :i* en=ces su* an oa? comm&s a man ei!r to be a bad ,*ri/ian or to be a m>tyr4 ,! oa? becomes gradually a m]e =mality1 ?us de/roy+ ! =ce ( religi\s feel+s1 :i* = ! majority ( m5 are ! only pl$ge ( _! hone/y4 ,h[ useless oa?s are has be5 %[n by exp]i5ce1 = e judge w be> me out :5 ,i say t no oa? has ev] yet made any crim9al speak ! tru?2 & ! same ?+ is %[n by reason1 :i* decl>es all laws to be useless1 & consequ5tly injuri\s1 :i* are oppos$ to ! natural s5tim5ts ( man4 ,su* laws incur ! same fate z dams plac$ directly 9 ! ma9 /ream ( a riv]3 ei!r !y are imm$iately ?r[n d[n & ov]:elm$1 or a :irlpool =m$ by !mselves corrodes & und]m9es !m imp]ceptibly4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,torture4 ,a cruelty consecrat$ among mo/ nations by cu/om is ! torture ( ! accus$ dur+ 8 trial1 on ! pretext ( compell+ him to confess 8 crime1 ( cle>+ up contradictions 9 8 /atem5ts1 ( discov]+ 8 accomplices1 ( purg+ him 9 "s metaphysical & incompreh5sible way f infamy1 or f9ally ( f9d+ out o!r crimes ( :i* he may possibly be guilty1 b ( :i* he is n accus$4 ,a man _c be call$ guilty be=e s5t5ce has be5 pass$ on him by a judge1 nor c society deprive him ( its protection till x has be5 decid$ t he has brok5 ! condition on :i* x 0 grant$4 ,:at1 !n1 is t "r b "o ( m]e might by :i* a judge is emp[]$ to inflict a puni%m5t on a citiz5 :il/ 8 guilt or innoc5ce are /ill undet]m9$8 ,! foll[+ dilemma is no new "o3 ei!r ! crime is c]ta9 or unc]ta92 if c]ta91 no o!r puni%m5t is suitable = x ?an t affix$ to x by law2 & torture is useless1 = ! same reason t ! crim9al's confession is useless4 ,if x is unc]ta91 x is wrong to torture an innoc5t p]son1 su* z ! law adjudges him to be1 ^: crimes are n yet prov$4 ,:at is ! political object ( puni%m5ts8 ,! intimidation ( o!r m54 ,b :at %all we say ( ! secret & private tortures :i* ! tyranny ( cu/om ex]cises alike ^u ! guilty & ! innoc5t8 ,x is important1 inde$1 t no op5 crime %all pass unpuni%$2 b ! public exposure ( a crim9al ^: crime 0 hidd5 9 d>kness is utt]ly useless4 ,an evil t has be5 done & _c be undone c only be puni%$ by civil society 9 s f> z x may affect o!rs ) ! hope ( impunity4 ,if x be true t !re are a great] numb] ( m5 :o ei!r f fe> or virtue respect ! laws ?an ( ^? :o transgress !m1 ! risk ( tortur+ an innoc5t man %\ld be e/imat$ accord+ to ! probability t any man w h be5 m likely1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to h respect$ ?an to h despis$ ! laws4 ,b ,i say 9 addition3 x is to seek to conf\nd all ! relations ( ?+s to require a man to be at ! same "t accus] & accus$1 to make pa9 ! crucible ( tru?1 z if ! te/ ( x lay 9 ! muscles & s9ews ( an un=tunate wret*4 ,! law :i* orda9s ! use ( torture is a law :i* says to m53 #8,resi/ pa92 & if ,nature has creat$ 9 y an inext+ui%able self-love1 if %e has giv5 y an inali5able "r ( self-def5ce1 ,i create 9 y a totally contr>y affection1 namely1 an h]oic self-hatr$1 & ,i comm& y to accuse y\rselves1 & to speak ! tru? betwe5 ! lac]ation ( y\r muscles & ! dislocation ( y\r bones4' ,?is infam\s crucible ( tru? is a /ill-exi/+ monum5t ( t primitive & savage legal sy/em1 :i* call$ trials by fire & boil+ wat]1 or ! accid5tal decisions ( combat1 judgm5ts ( ,god1 z if ! r+s ( ! et]nal *a9 9 ! control ( ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ at e mom5t be dis>rang$ & put out = ! petty in/itutions ( mank9d4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 torture & ! trial by fire & wat] is1 t ! result ( ! =m] seems to dep5d on ! w ( ! accus$1 & t ( ! o!r two on a fact :i* is purely physical & extr9sic to ! suff]]2 b ! diff]5ce is only app>5t1 n real4 ,! av[al ( tru? "u tortures & agonies is z little free z 0 9 ^? times ! prev5tion )\t fraud ( ! usual effects ( fire & boil+ wat]4 ,e act ( our w is ev] proportion$ to ! =ce ( ! s5sible impression :i* causes x1 & ! s5sibility ( e man is limit$4 ,h5ce ! impression produc$ by pa9 may be s int5se z to occupy a man's entire s5sibility & leave him no o!r lib]ty ?an ! *oice ( ! %orte/ way ( escape1 = ! pres5t mom5t1 f 8 p5alty4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! answ] ( ! accus$ is z inevitable z ! impressions produc$ by fire & wat]2 & ! innoc5t man :o is s5sitive w decl>e himself guilty1 :5 by s do+ he hopes to br+ 8 agonies to an end4 ,all ! diff]5ce betwe5 guilt & innoc5ce is lo/ by virtue ( ! v means :i* !y pr(ess to employ = its discov]y4 ,torture is a c]ta9 me?od = ! acquittal ( robu/ villa9s & = ! condemnation ( innoc5t b feeble m54 ,see ! fatal drawbacks ( ?is pret5d$ te/ ( tru?--a te/1 inde$1 t is wor?y ( cannibals2 a te/ :i* ! ,romans1 b>b>\s z !y too 7 9 _m respects1 res]v$ = slaves alone1 ! victims ( _! fi]ce & too highly laud$ virtue4 ,( two m51 equally innoc5t or equally guilty1 ! robu/ & c\rage\s w be acquitt$1 ! weak & ! timid w be condemn$1 by virtue ( ! foll[+ exact tra9 ( reason+ on ! "p ( ! judge3 #8,i z judge _h to f9d y guilty ( su* & su* a crime2 y1 ,a ,b1 h by y\r physical /r5g? be5 able to resi/ pa91 & !re=e ,i acquit y2 y1 ,c ,d1 9 y\r weakness h yield$ to x2 !re=e ,i condemn y4 ,i feel t a confession extort$ amid torm5ts c h no =ce1 b ,i w torture y afre% unless y corroborate :at y h n[ confess$4' ,! result1 !n1 ( torture is a matt] ( temp]am5t1 ( calculation1 :i* v>ies ) ea* man accord+ to 8 /r5g? & s5sibility2 s t by ?is me?od a ma!matician might solve bett] ?an a judge ?is problem3 #8,giv5 ! muscul> =ce & ! n]v\s s5sibility ( an innoc5t man1 to f9d ! degree ( pa9 :i* w cause him to plead guilty to a giv5 crime4' ,! object ( exam9+ an accus$ man is ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,b if ?is tru? is difficult to discov] f a man's air1 demean\r1 or c\nt5ance1 ev5 :5 he is quiet1 mu* m difficult w x be to discov] f a man ^u ^: face all ! signs1 :]eby mo/ m51 sometimes 9 spite ( !mselves1 express ! tru?1 are di/ort$ by pa94 ,e viol5t action confuses & causes to disappe> ^? trifl+ diff]5ces betwe5 objects1 by :i* "o may sometimes di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,a /range consequ5ce t fl[s naturally f ! use ( torture is1 t an innoc5t man is !reby plac$ 9 a worse condition ?an a guilty "o1 because if bo? are tortur$ ! =m] has e alt]native aga9/ him4 ,= ei!r he confesses ! crime & is condemn$1 or he is decl>$ innoc5t1 hav+ suff]$ an undes]v$ puni%m5t4 ,b ! guilty man has "o *ance 9 8 fav\r1 s9ce1 if he resi/ ! torture firmly1 & is acquitt$ 9 consequ5ce1 he has ex*ang$ a great] p5alty = a small] "o4 ,!re=e ! innoc5t man c only lose1 ! guilty may ga91 by torture4 ,?is tru? is1 9 fact1 felt1 ?\gh 9 a confus$ way1 by ! v p]sons :o place !mselves f>!/ f x4 ,= a confession made "u torture is ( no avail unless x be confirm$ by an oa? made aft] x2 & yet1 %\ld ! crim9al n confirm 8 confession1 he is tortur$ afre%4 ,"s doctors ( law & "s nations only all[ ?is infam\s begg+ ( ! "q to be employ$ ?ree times2 :il/ o!r nations & o!r doctors leave x to ! discretion ( ! judge4 ,x 7 sup]flu\s to enlight5 ! matt] m ?or\ghly by m5tion+ ! numb]less in/ances ( innoc5t p]sons :o h confess$ !mselves guilty f ! agonies ( torture2 no nation1 no age1 b c m5tion its own2 b m5 nei!r *ange _! natures nor draw conclusions4 ,!re is no man :o has ev] rais$ 8 ideas beyond ! common ne$s ( life b runs occasionally t[>ds ,nature1 :o ) secret & confus$ voice calls him to h]self2 b cu/om1 t tyrant ( human m9ds1 draws him back & fright5s him4 ,! second pretext = torture is its application to suppos$ crim9als :o contradict !mselves "u exam9ation1 z if ! fe> ( ! puni%m5t1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! s5t5ce1 ! legal pageantry1 ! maje/y ( ! judge1 ! /ate ( ignorance t is common alike to innoc5t & guilty1 7 n en\gh to plunge into self-contradiction bo? ! innoc5t man :o is afraid1 & ! guilty man :o seeks to %ield himself2 z if contradictions1 common en\gh :5 m5 are at _! ease1 7 n likely to be multipli$1 :5 ! m9d is p]turb$ & :olly absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( seek+ safety f imm95t p]il4 ,torture1 aga91 is employ$ to discov] if a crim9al is guilty ( o!r crimes besides ^? ) :i* he is *>g$4 ,x is z if ?is argum5t 7 employ$3 #8,because y are guilty ( "o crime y may be guilty ( a hundr$ o!rs4 ,?is d\bt weighs ^u me3 ,i wi% to asc]ta9 ab\t x by my te/ ( tru?3 ! laws torture y because y are guilty1 because y may be guilty1 because ,i mean y to be guilty4' ,torture1 aga91 is inflict$ ^u an accus$ man 9 ord] to discov] 8 accomplices 9 crime4 ,b if x is prov$ t x is n a fitt+ me?od = ! discov]y ( tru?1 h[ w x s]ve to disclose accomplices1 :i* is "p ( ! tru? to be discov]$8 ,z if a man :o accuses himself w\ld n m readily accuse o!rs4 ,& is x j to torm5t m5 = ! crimes ( o!rs8 ,w n ! accomplices be disclos$ f ! exam9ation ( ! witnesses & ( ! accus$1 f ! pro(s & :ole circum/ances ( ! crime2 9 sum1 f all ^? v means :i* %\ld s]ve to convict ! accus$ himself ( guilt8 ,accomplices g5]ally fly imm$iately aft] ! capture ( a companion2 ! unc]ta9ty ( _! lot ( itself condemns !m to exile1 & frees ! c\ntry f ! dang] ( fre% (f5ces f !m2 :il/ ! puni%m5t ( ! crim9al :o is caught atta9s its precise object1 namely1 ! av]t+ ( o!r m5 by t]ror f a simil> crime4 ,ano!r ridicul\s reason = torture is ! purgation f infamy2 t is to say1 a man judg$ infam\s by ! laws mu/ confirm 8 te/imony by ! dislocation ( 8 bones4 ,?is abuse ought n to be tol]at$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is believ$ t pa91 :i* is a physical s5sation1 purges f infamy1 :i* is m]ely a moral condition4 ,is pa91 !n1 a crucible1 & infamy a mix$ impure sub/ance8 ,b infamy is a s5tim5t1 subject nei!r to laws nor to reason1 b to common op9ion4 ,torture itself causes real infamy to ! victim ( x4 ,s ! result is1 t by ?is me?od infamy w be tak5 away by ! v fact ( its infliction6 ,x is n difficult to g back to ! orig9 ( ?is ridicul\s law1 because ! absurdities !mselves t a :ole nation adopts h always "s connection ) o!r common ideas :i* ! same nation respects4 ,! cu/om seems to h be5 d]iv$ f religi\s & spiritual ideas1 :i* h s great an influ5ce on ! ?\ghts ( m51 on nations1 & on g5]ations4 ,an infallible dogma assures u1 t ! /a9s contract$ by human weakness & undes]v+ ( ! et]nal ang] ( ! ,supreme ,be+ mu/ be purg$ by an incompreh5sible fire4 ,n[1 infamy is a civil /a92 & z pa9 & fire take away spiritual & incorporeal /a9s1 :y %\ld n ! agonies ( torture take away ! civil /a9 ( infamy8 ,i believe t ! confession ( a crim9al1 :i* "s c\rts insi/ on z an ess5tial requisite = condemnation1 has a simil> orig92--because 9 ! my/]i\s tribunal ( rep5tance ! confession ( s9s is an ess5tial "p ( ! sacram5t4 ,?is is ! way m5 abuse ! sure/ lights ( revelation2 & z ^! are ! only ones :i* exi/ 9 times ( ignorance1 x is to !m on all occasions t docile humanity turns1 mak+ ( !m ! mo/ absurd & f>-fet*$ applications4 ,^! tru?s 7 recognis$ by ! ,roman legislators1 = !y inflict$ torture only ^u slaves1 :o 9 law _h no p]sonality4 ,!y h be5 adopt$ by ,engl&1 a nation1 ! glory ( ^: lit]ature1 ! sup]iority ( ^: comm]ce & weal?1 & consequ5tly ( ^: p[]1 & ! examples ( ^: virtue & c\rage leave u no d\bt z to ! goodness ( h] laws4 ,torture has also be5 aboli%$ 9 ,sw$52 x has be5 aboli%$ by "o ( ! wise/ mon>*s ( ,europe1 :o1 tak+ philosophy ) him to ! ?rone1 has made himself ! fri5d & legislator ( 8 subjects1 r5d]+ !m equal & free 9 _! dep5d5ce on ! laws1 ! sole k9d ( equality & lib]ty t reasonable m5 c ask = 9 ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,nor has torture be5 deem$ necess>y 9 ! laws :i* regulate armies1 compos$ ?\gh !y are = ! mo/ "p ( ! dregs ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & = t reason m ?an any o!r class ( m5 ! m likely to require x4 ,a /range ?+1 = :oev] =gets ! p[] ( ! tyranny ex]cis$ by cu/om1 t pacific laws %\ld be oblig$ to le>n f m9ds h>d5$ to massacre & blood%$ ! mo/ humane me?od ( conduct+ trials4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prosecutions ,,& ,,prescriptions4 ,z soon z ! pro(s ( a crime & its reality are fully c]tifi$1 ! crim9al mu/ be all[$ "t & opportunity = 8 def5ce2 b ! "t all[$ mu/ be s %ort z n to int]f]e ) ! spe$9ess ( 8 puni%m5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 is "o ( ! pr9cipal re/ra9ts f crime4 ,a false philan?ropy seems oppos$ to ?is %ortness ( "t2 b all d\bt w vani%1 on reflection t ! m defective any sy/em ( law is1 ! great] are ! dang]s to :i* innoc5ce is expos$4 ,b ! laws %\ld fix a c]ta9 space ( "t bo? = ! def5ce ( ! accus$ & = ! discov]y ( pro(s aga9/ him4 ,x w\ld place ! judge 9 ! position ( a legislator 7 x 8 duty to fix ! "t necess>y = ! latt]4 ,9 ! same way ^? atroci\s crimes1 ^: memory t>ries long 9 m5's m9ds1 des]ve1 :5 once prov$1 no prescription 9 fav\r ( a crim9al :o has fl$ f 8 c\ntry2 b less] & obscure crimes %\ld be all[$ a c]ta9 prescription1 :i* may remove a man's unc]ta9ty conc]n+ 8 fate1 because ! obscurity 9 :i* = a long "t 8 crimes h be5 involv$ d$ucts f ! bad example ( 8 impunity1 & ! possibility ( re=m meantime rema9s to him4 ,x is en\gh to indicate ^! pr9ciples1 because ,i _c fix a precise limit ( "t1 except = a giv5 sy/em ( laws & 9 giv5 social circum/ances4 ,i w only add t1 ! advantage ( mod]ate p5alties 9 a nation be+ prov$1 ! laws :i* %ort5 or l5g!n1 accord+ to ! gravity ( crimes1 ! t]m ( prescription or ( pro(s1 ?us mak+ ( prison itself or ( volunt>y exile a "p ( ! puni%m5t1 w supply an easy classification ( a few mild puni%m5ts = a v l>ge numb] ( crimes4 ,b ^! p]iods ( "t w n be l5g!n$ 9 exact proportion to ! atrocity ( crimes1 s9ce ! probability ( a crime is 9 inv]se ratio to its atrocity4 ,x w1 !n1 be necess>y to %ort5 ! p]iod = inquiry & to increase t ( prescription2 :i* may appe> to contradict :at ,i said be=e1 namely1 t x is possible to inflict equal p5alties on unequal crimes1 by c\nt+ z a p5alty t p]iod ( imprisonm5t or ( prescription :i* prec$es ! v]dict4 ,to expla9 to ! read] my idea3 ,i di/+ui% two k9ds ( crimes--! fir/1 atroci\s crimes1 beg9n+ ) homicide & includ+ all ! excessive =ms ( wick$ness2 ! second compris+ less consid]able crimes4 ,?is di/9ction is f\nd$ 9 human nature4 ,p]sonal security is a natural "r1 ! security ( prop]ty a social "o4 ,! numb] ( motives :i* impel m5 to violate _! natural affections is f> small] ?an ^? :i* impel !m1 by _! natural long+ = happ9ess1 to violate a "r :i* !y d n f9d writt5 9 _! he>ts b only 9 ! conv5tions ( society4 ,! v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! probability ( ^! two k9ds ( crime respectively makes x necess>y t !y %\ld be rul$ by diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,9 cases ( ! m atroci\s crimes1 because !y are m uncommon1 ! "t = inquiry ought to be s mu* ! less z ! probability ( ! innoc5ce ( ! accus$ is great]2 & ! "t ( prescription ought to be long]1 z on an ultimate def9ite s5t5ce ( guilt or innoc5ce dep5ds ! de/ruction ( ! hope ( impunity1 ! h>m ( :i* is proportion$ to ! atrocity ( ! crime4 ,b 9 cases ( less] crim9ality1 :]e ! presumption 9 fav\r ( a man's innoc5ce is less1 ! "t = inquiry %\ld be long]2 & z ! h>m ( impunity is less1 ! "t ( prescription %\ld be %ort]4 ,b su* a division ( crimes ought1 inde$1 n to be admitt$1 if ! dang] ( impunity decreas$ exactly 9 proportion to ! great] probability ( ! crime4 ,"o %\ld rememb] t an accus$ man1 ^: guilt or innoc5ce is unc]ta91 may1 ?\gh acquitt$ = lack ( pro(s1 be subject$ = ! same crime to a fre% imprisonm5t & inquiry1 9 ! ev5t ( fre% legal pro(s ris+ up aga9/ him1 s long z ! "t ( prescription accord$ by ! laws has n be5 pa/4 ,su* at lea/ is ! compromise t ,i ?9k be/ fitt$ to pres]ve bo? ! lib]ty & ! security ( ! subject1 x be+ only too easy s to fav\r ! "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 t ^! two bless+s1 ! inali5able & equal patrimony ( e citiz51 are left unprotect$ & undef5d$1 ! "o f decl>$ or veil$ despotism1 ! o!r f ! turbul5ce ( civil an>*y4 ,!re are "s crimes :i* are at ! same "t ( common occurr5ce & ( difficult pro(4 ,9 !m ! difficulty ( pro( is equival5t to a probability ( innoc5ce2 & ! h>m ( _! impunity be+ s mu* ! less to be consid]$ z _! frequ5cy dep5ds on pr9ciples o!r ?an ! risk ( puni%m5t1 ! "t = inquiry & ! p]iod ( prescription ought bo? to be proportionately less4 ,yet cases ( adult]y & p$]a/y1 bo? ( difficult pro(1 are precisely ^? 9 :i*1 accord+ to receiv$ pr9ciples1 tyrannical presumptions ( quasi-pro(s & half-pro(s are all[$ to prevail 7z if a man c\ld be half-innoc5t or half-guilty1 9 o!r words1 half-puni%able or half-acquittable72 9 :i* torture ex]cises its cruel sway ov] ! p]son ( ! accus$1 ov] ! witnesses1 & ev5 ov] ! :ole family ( an un=tunate wret*1 accord+ to ! coldly wick$ tea*+ ( "s doctors ( law1 :o set !mselves up z ! rule & /&>d = judges to foll[4 ,9 view ( ^! pr9ciples x w appe> /range 7to anyone :o does n reflect1 t reason has1 s to speak1 nev] yet legislat$ = a nation71 t x is j ! mo/ atroci\s crimes or ! mo/ secret & *im]ical ones--t is1 ^? ( ! lea/ probability--:i* are prov$ by conjectures or by ! weake/ & mo/ equivocal pro(s3 z if x 7 ! int]e/ ( ! laws & ( ! judge1 n to se>* = ! tru?1 b to f9d out ! crime2 z if ! dang] ( condemn+ an innoc5t man 7 n s mu* ! great]1 ! great] ! probability ( 8 innoc5ce ov] t ( 8 guilt4 ,! majority ( mank9d lack t vig\r :i* is equally necess>y = ! greate/ crimes z = ! greate/ virtues2 :5ce x w\ld appe>1 t bo? extremes are contemporane\s ph5om5a 9 nations :i* dep5d r on ! en]gy ( _! gov]nm5t & ( ! passions t t5d to ! public good1 ?an on _! size & ! con/ant goodness ( _! laws4 ,9 ! latt] ! weak5$ passions seem m adapt$ to ma9ta9 ?an to improve ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,f :i* fl[s an important consequ5ce1 namely1 t great crimes 9 a nation d n always prove its decl9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,crim9al ,,attempts1 ,,accomplices1 ,,impunity4 ,x does n foll[1 because ! laws d n puni% int5tions1 t !re=e a crime begun by "s action1 significative ( ! w to complete x1 is undes]v+ ( puni%m5t1 al?\gh x des]ves less ?an a crime actually committ$4 ,! importance ( prev5t+ an attempt at a crime ju/ifies a puni%m5t2 b1 z !re may be an int]val betwe5 ! attempt & ! execution1 ! res]vation ( a great] puni%m5t = a consummat$ crime may pres5t a motive = its non-completion4 ,! same may be said1 ?\gh = a diff]5t reason1 :]e !re are sev]al accomplices ( a crime1 n all ( !m its imm$iate p]petrators4 ,:5 sev]al m5 jo9 toge!r 9 an und]tak+1 ! great] its risk is1 ! m w !y seek to make x equal = all ( !m2 ! m difficult x w be1 !re=e1 to f9d "o ( !m :o w be will+ to put ! de$ into execution1 if he !reby incurs a great] risk ?an t incurr$ by 8 accomplices4 ,! only exception w\ld be :]e ! p]petrator receiv$ a fix$ rew>d1 = !n1 ! p]petrator hav+ a comp5sation = 8 great] risk1 ! puni%m5t %\ld be equalis$ betwe5 him & 8 accomplices4 ,su* reflections may appe> too metaphysical to :osoev] does n consid] t x is ( ! utmo/ advantage = ! laws to af=d z few gr\nds ( agreem5t z possible betwe5 companions 9 crime4 ,"s c\rts promise impunity to an accomplice 9 a s]i\s crime :o w expose 8 companions1 an exp$i5t t has its drawbacks z well z its advantages4 ,among ! =m] mu/ be c\nt$ ! national au?orisation ( trea*]y1 a practice :i* ev5 crim9als dete/2 = crimes ( c\rage are less p]nici\s to a p ?an crimes ( c[>dice1 c\rage be+ no ord9>y quality1 & ne$+ only a b5efic5t direct+ =ce to make x conduce to ! public welf>e1 :il/ c[>dice is m common & contagi\s1 & always m self-conc5trat$ ?an ! o!r4 ,besides1 a tribunal :i* calls = ! aid ( ! law-break] proclaims its own unc]ta9ty & ! weakness ( ! laws !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advantages ( ! practice are1 ! prev5tion ( crimes & ! intimidation ( ! p1 ow+ to ! fact t ! results are visible :il/ ! au?ors rema9 hidd52 moreov]1 x helps to %[ t a man :o breaks 8 fai? to ! laws1 t is1 to ! public1 is likely also to break x 9 private life4 ,i ?9k t a g5]al law promis+ impunity to an accomplice :o exposes a crime w\ld be pref]able to a special decl>ation 9 a p>ticul> case1 because 9 ?is way ! mutual fe> :i* ea* accomplice w\ld h ( 8 own risk w\ld t5d to prev5t _! association2 ! tribunal w\ld n make crim9als audaci\s by %[+ t _! aid 0 call$ = 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,su* a law1 h[ev]1 %\ld accompany impunity ) ! bani%m5t ( ! in=m]4''' ,b to no purpose d ,i torm5t myself to dissipate ! remorse ,i feel 9 au?oris+ ! inviolable laws1 ! monum5t ( public confid5ce1 ! basis ( human morality1 to resort to trea*]y & dissimulation4 ,:at an example to ! nation x w\ld be1 7 ! promis$ impunity n obs]v$1 & 7 ! man :o _h respond$ to ! invitation ( ! laws dragg$ by le>n$ quibbles to puni%m5t1 9 spite ( ! public tro? pl$g$ to him6 ,su* examples are n r>e 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 nei!r1 !re=e1 is ! numb] small1 ( ^? :o consid] a nation 9 no o!r light ?an 9 t ( a complicat$ ma*9e1 ^: spr+s ! clev]e/ & ! /ronge/ move at _! w4 ,cold & ins5sible to all t =ms ! delight ( t5d] & s5sitive m9ds1 !y ar\se1 ) imp]turbable sagacity1 ei!r ! s(te/ feel+s or ! /ronge/ passions1 z soon z !y see !m ( s]vice to ! object !y h 9 view1 h&l+ m5's m9ds j z musicians d _! in/rum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,mildness ,,( ,,puni%m5ts4 ,f ! simple consid]ation ( ! tru?s hi!rto demon/rat$ x is evid5t t ! object ( puni%m5t is nei!r to torm5t & inflict a s5sitive creature nor to undo a crime already committ$4 ,c he1 ^: function x is1 s f> f act+ f passion1 to tranquillise ! private passions ( 8 fell[s1 h>b\r 9 ! body politic su* useless cruelty1 ! in/rum5t ei!r ( furi\s fanatics or ( weak tyrants8 ,%all p]*ance ! %rieks ( an unhappy wret* call back f nev]-rec$+ "t actions already execut$8 ,! object1 !re=e1 ( puni%m5t is simply to prev5t ! crim9al f injur+ anew 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & to det] o!rs f committ+ simil> injuries2 & ^? puni%m5ts & t me?od ( inflict+ !m %\ld be pref]r$ :i*1 duly proportion$ to ! (f5ce1 w produce a m efficaci\s & la/+ impression on ! m9ds ( m5 & inflict ! lea/ torture on ! body ( a crim9al4 ,:o c read hi/ory )\t be+ horror-/ruck at ! b>b>\s & useless torm5ts :i* m51 :o 7 call$ wise1 9 cold blood devis$ & execut$8 ,:o is !re b mu/ feel 8 blood boil1 :5 he reg>ds ! ?\s&s ( wret*es :om mis]y1 ei!r int5d$ or tol]at$ by ! laws 7:i* h always fav\r$ ! few & outrag$ ! _m71 has driv5 to a desp]ate return to ! orig9al /ate ( nature2 :5 he sees !m ei!r accus$ by m5 end[$ ) ! same s5ses1 & consequ5tly ) ! same passions z !mselves1 ( impossible crimes1 ! fiction ( timid ignorance1 or guilty ( no?+ b fidelity to _! own pr9ciples2 & :5 he sees !m lac]at$ by sl[ tortures1 subject to well-contriv$ =malities1 an agreeable sight = a fanatical multitude8 ,9 ord] t a puni%m5t may atta9 its object1 x is en\gh if ! evil ( ! puni%m5t exce$s ! advantage ( ! crime1 & 9 ?is excess ( evil ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t & ! loss ( ! possible advantage f ! crime ought to be consid]$ z "p2 all beyond ?is is sup]flu\s & consequ5tly tyrannical4 ,m5 regulate _! conduct by ! reit]at$ impression ( evils !y "k1 n by reason ( evils !y ignore4 ,giv5 two nations1 9 "o ( :i*1 9 ! scale ( puni%m5ts proportion$ to ! scale ( crimes1 ! sev]e/ p5alty is p]petual s]vitude1 & 9 ! o!r ! :eel2 ,i say t ! =m] w h z great a dread ( its sev]e/ puni%m5t z ! latt] w h2 & if !re be any reason = transport+ to ! =m] c\ntry ! great] p5alties ( ! o!r1 ! same reason+ w s]ve = increas+ /ill m ! p5alties ( ?is latt] c\ntry1 pass+ imp]ceptibly f ! :eel to ! sl[e/ & mo/ elaborate tortures1 nay1 ev5 to ! la/ ref9em5ts ( t sci5ce :i* tyrants und]/& only too well4 ,! m cruel puni%m5ts become1 ! m human m9ds h>d51 adju/+ !mselves1 l fluids1 to ! level ( objects ar\nd !m2 & ! ev] liv+ =ce ( ! passions br+s x ab\t1 t aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( cruel puni%m5ts1 ! :eel fright5s m5 only j z mu* z at fir/ did ! puni%m5t ( prison4 ,! v sev]ity ( a puni%m5t leads m5 to d>e s mu* ! m to escape x1 accord+ to ! greatness ( ! evil 9 prospect2 & _m crimes are ?us committ$ to avoid ! p5alty ( a s+le "o4 ,c\ntries & times :]e puni%m5ts h be5 mo/ sev]e h ev] be5 ^? :]e ! bloodie/ & mo/ inhuman de$s h be5 committ$1 ! same _s ( f]ocity t guid$ ! h& ( ! legislator hav+ guid$ also t ( ! p>ricide & assass92 on ! ?rone dictat+ iron laws = ! villan\s s\ls ( slaves to obey1 & 9 ! obscurity ( private life urg+ to ! slaught] ( tyrants1 only to create fre% ones 9 _! /ead4 ,two o!r fatal consequ5ces fl[ f ! cruelty ( puni%m5ts1 & are contr>y to _! v purpose1 ! prev5tion ( crimes4 ,! fir/ is1 t x is n s easy to pres]ve ! ess5tial proportion betwe5 crime & puni%m5t1 because1 h[ev] mu* a /udi$ cruelty may div]sify its =ms1 none ( !m c g beyond ! extreme limit ( endurance :i* is a condition ( ! human organisation & s5sibility4 ,:5 once ?is extreme limit is atta9$1 x w\ld be impossible to inv5t su* a correspond+ increase ( puni%m5t = /ill m injuri\s & atroci\s crimes z w\ld be necess>y to prev5t !m4 ,! o!r consequ5ce is1 t impunity itself arises f ! sev]ity ( puni%m5ts4 ,m5 are re/ra9$ )9 limits bo? 9 good & evil2 & a sight too atroci\s = humanity c only be a pass+ rage1 n a con/ant sy/em1 su* z ! laws ought to be2 if ! latt] are really cruel1 ei!r !y are *ang$1 or !mselves give rise to a fatal impunity4 ,i conclude ) ?is reflection1 t ! scale ( puni%m5ts %\ld be relative to ! condition ( a nation4 ,on ! h>d5$ m9ds ( a p sc>cely em]g$ f ! savage /ate ! impressions made %\ld be /rong] & m s5sible4 ,"o ne$s a ?und]bolt = ! de/ruction ( a fi]ce lion t faces r\nd at ! %ot ( a gun4 ,b 9 proportion z m5's m9ds become s(t5$ 9 ! social /ate1 _! s5sibility increases1 & comm5surate ) t increase %\ld be ! dim9ution ( ! =ce ( puni%m5t1 if x be desir$ to ma9ta9 any proportion betwe5 ! object & ! s5sation t att5ds x4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,capital ,,puni%m5t4 ,?is useless prodigality ( puni%m5ts1 by :i* m5 h nev] be5 made any bett]1 has driv5 me to exam9e :e!r ! puni%m5t ( dea? be really useful & j 9 a well organis$ gov]nm5t4 ,:at k9d ( "r c t be :i* m5 claim = ! slaught] ( _! fell[-be+s8 ,c]ta9ly n t "r :i* is ! s\rce ( sov]eignty & ( laws4 ,= ^! are no?+ b ! sum-total ( ! smalle/ portions ( individual lib]ty1 & repres5t ! g5]al w1 t is1 ! aggregate ( individual wills4 ,b :o ev] wi%$ to leave to o!r m5 ! option ( kill+ him8 ,h[ 9 ! lea/ possible sacrifice ( ea* man's lib]ty c !re be a sacrifice ( ! greate/ ( all goods1 namely1 ( life8 ,& if !re c\ld be t sacrifice1 h[ w\ld su* a pr9ciple accord ) ! o!r1 t a man is n ! ma/] ( 8 own life8 ,yet he mu/ h be5 s1 c\ld he h giv5 to himself or to society z a body ?is "r ( kill+ him4 ,! dea? p5alty !re=e is n a "r2 ,i h prov$ t x _c be s2 b x is a w> ( a nation aga9/ "o ( its memb]s1 because 8 annihilation is deem$ necess>y & exp$i5t4 ,b if ,i c %[ t 8 dea? is nei!r necess>y nor exp$i5t1 ,i %all h won ! cause ( humanity4 ,! dea? ( a citiz5 c only be deem$ necess>y = two reasons4 ,! fir/ is :51 ?\gh depriv$ ( 8 p]sonal fre$om1 he has /ill su* connections & p[] z ?reat5 ! national security2 :5 8 exi/5ce is capable ( produc+ a dang]\s revolution 9 ! e/abli%$ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! dea? ( a citiz5 becomes !n necess>y :5 ! nation is recov]+ or los+ its lib]ty1 or 9 a "t ( an>*y1 :5 confusion takes ! place ( laws2 b 9 times :5 ! laws hold undi/urb$ sway1 :5 ! =m ( gov]nm5t corresponds ) ! wi%es ( a unit$ nation1 & is def5d$ int]nally & ext]nally by =ce1 & by op9ion :i* is p]haps ev5 /rong] ?an =ce1 :]e ! supreme p[] re/s only ) ! real sov]eign1 & ri*es s]ve to pur*ase pleasures b n places1 ,i see no necessity = de/roy+ a citiz51 except :5 8 dea? might be ! real & only re/ra9t = div]t+ o!rs f committ+ crimes2 ?is latt] case con/itut+ ! second reason = :i* "o may believe capital puni%m5t to be bo? j & necess>y4 ,s9ce mank9d g5]ally1 suspici\s always ( ! language ( reason1 b ready to b[ to t ( au?ority1 rema9 unp]suad$ by ! exp]i5ce ( all ages1 9 :i* ! supreme puni%m5t has nev] div]t$ resolute m5 f committ+ (f5ces aga9/ society2 s9ce also !y are equally unmov$ by ! example ( ! ,romans & by tw5ty ye>s ( ! reign ( ! ,empress ,elizabe? ( ,russia1 dur+ :i* %e pres5t$ ?is illu/ri\s example to ! fa!rs ( _! p1 an example :i* is at lea/ equival5t to _m conque/s b\ght by ! blood ( h] c\ntry's sons1 x is suffici5t m]ely to consult human nature itself1 to p]ceive ! tru? ( ! ass]tion ,i h made4 ,! greate/ effect t any puni%m5t has ^u ! human m9d is n to be measur$ by its int5sity b by its duration1 = our s5sibility is m easily & p]man5tly affect$ by v slight b repeat$ impressions ?an by a /rong b brief %ock4 ,habit holds univ]sal sway ov] e s5ti5t be+1 & z we speak & walk & satisfy our ne$s by its aid1 s moral ideas only /amp !mselves on our m9d by long & repeat$ impressions4 ,x is n ! t]rible yet brief sight ( a crim9al's dea?1 b ! long & pa9ful example ( a man depriv$ ( 8 lib]ty1 :o1 hav+ become z x 7 a bea/ ( bur!n1 repays ) 8 toil ! society he has (f5d$1 :i* is ! /ronge/ re/ra9t f crimes4 ,f> m pot5t ?an ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* m5 ev] h be=e _! eyes 9 ! remote di/ance1 is ! ?\ght1 s efficaci\s f its con/ant recurr5ce3 #8,i myself %all be r$uc$ to z long & mis]able a condition if ,i commit simil> misde$s4' ,capital puni%m5t makes an impression 9 prospect :i*1 ) all its =ce1 does n fully meet t ready _s ( =getfulness1 s natural to man ev5 9 8 mo/ important conc]ns1 & s liable to be accel]at$ by 8 passions4 ,z a g5]al rule1 m5 are />tl$ by ! sight ( viol5t suff]+s1 b n = long1 & !re=e su* impressions are wont s to trans=m !m z to make ( ord9>y m5 ei!r ,p]sians or ,sp>tans2 b 9 a free & settl$ gov]nm5t impressions %\ld r be frequ5t ?an /rong4 ,capital puni%m5t becomes a spectacle = ! majority ( mank9d1 & a subject = compassion & abhorr5ce = o!rs2 ! m9ds ( ! spectators are m fill$ ) ^! feel+s ?an ) ! :olesome t]ror ! law pret5ds to inspire4 ,b 9 mod]ate & cont9u+ p5alties ! latt] is ! pr$om9ant feel+1 because x is ! only "o4 ,! limit1 :i* ! legislator %\ld affix to ! sev]ity ( p5alties1 appe>s to lie 9 ! fir/ signs ( a feel+ ( compassion becom+ upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators1 :5 !y look ^u ! puni%m5t r z _! own ?an z t ( ! crim9al4 ,9 ord] t a puni%m5t may be j1 x mu/ conta9 only su* degrees ( int5sity z suffice to det] m5 f crimes4 ,b z !re is no "o :o on reflection w\ld *oose ! total & p]petual loss ( 8 lib]ty1 h[ev] great ! advantages (f]$ him by a crime1 ! int5sity ( ! puni%m5t ( s]vitude = life1 sub/itut$ = capital puni%m5t1 has t 9 x :i* is suffici5t to daunt ! mo/ det]m9$ c\rage4 ,i w add t x is ev5 m det]r5t ?an dea?4 ,v _m m5 face dea? calmly & firmly1 "s f fanaticism1 "s f vanity1 :i* almo/ always att5ds a man to ! tomb2 o!rs f a la/ desp]ate attempt ei!r no long] to live or to escape f _! mis]y2 b nei!r fanaticism nor vanity h any place among fett]s & *a9s1 "u ! /ick1 "u ! yoke1 9 a cage ( iron2 ! wret* ?us puni%$ is s f> f t]m9at+ 8 mis]ies t ) 8 puni%m5t he only beg9s !m4 ,! m9d ( man (f]s m resi/ance to viol5ce & to extreme b brief pa9s ?an x does to "t & to incessant we>9ess2 = :il/ x c1 s to speak1 ga!r itself toge!r = a mom5t to repel ! =m]1 its vigor\s ela/icity is insuffici5t to resi/ ! long & repeat$ action ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! case ( capital puni%m5t1 ea* example pres5t$ ( x is all t a s+le crime af=ds2 9 p5al s]vitude = life1 a s+le crime s]ves to pres5t num]\s & la/+ w>n+s4 ,& if x be important t ! p[] ( ! laws %\ld (t5 be witness$1 !re ought to be no long int]vals betwe5 ! examples ( ! dea? p5alty2 b ?is w\ld presuppose ! frequ5cy ( crimes1 s t1 to r5d] ! puni%m5t effective1 x mu/ n make on m5 all ! impression t x ought to make1 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be useful & n useful at ! same "t4 ,& %\ld x be object$ t p]petual s]vitude is z pa9ful z dea?1 & !re=e equally cruel1 ,i w reply1 t1 tak+ into consid]ation all ! unhappy mom5ts ( s]vitude1 x w p]haps be ev5 m pa9ful ?an dea?2 b :il/ ^! mom5ts are spread ov] ! :ole ( a lifetime1 dea? ex]cises all its =ce 9 a s+le mom5t4 ,!re is also ?is advantage 9 p5al s]vitude1 t x has m t]rors = him :o sees x ?an = him :o suff]s x1 = ! =m] ?9ks ( ! :ole sum-total ( unhappy mom5ts1 :il/ ! latt]1 by ! unhapp9ess ( ! pres5t mom5t1 has 8 ?\ghts div]t$ f t :i* is to come4 ,all evils are magnifi$ 9 imag9ation1 & e suff]] f9ds res\rces & consolations unkn[n to & unbeliev$ 9 by spectators1 :o sub/itute _! own s5sibility = ! h>d5$ s\l ( a crim9al4 ,! foll[+ is ! k9d ( reason+ adopt$ by ! ?ief or ! assass91 ^: only motives = n break+ ! laws are ! gall[s or ! :eel4 7,i "k t ! analysis ( "o's own ?\ghts is an art only le>nt by education1 b a ?ief does n ! less act accord+ to c]ta9 pr9ciples because he is unable to express !m74 #8,( :at sort1' he argues1 #8are ^! laws t ,i am b\nd to obs]ve1 t leave s great an int]val betwe5 myself & ! ri* man8 ,he d5ies me ! p5ny ,i ask ( him1 & excuses himself by ord]+ f me a "w ( :i* he himself kn[s no?+4 ,:o has made ^! laws8 ,7 !y n made by ri* & p[]ful m51 :o h nev] deign$ to visit ! wret*$ hovels ( ! poor1 :o h nev] divid$ a mu/y loaf ( bread amid ! innoc5t cries ( fami%$ *ildr5 & ! te>s ( a wife8 ,let u break ^! bonds1 :i* are fatal to ! great] numb]1 & only useful to a few indol5t tyrants2 let u attack inju/ice 9 its s\rce4 ,i w return to my /ate ( natural indep5d5ce2 ,i w live = "s "t happy & free on ! fruits ( my c\rage & address2 & if ! day %\ld ev] come :5 ,i h to suff] & rep5t = x1 ! "t ( suff]+ w be %ort1 & ,i %all h "o day ( mis]y = _m ye>s ( lib]ty & pleasure4 ,z ! k+ ( a small b&1 ,i w correct ! errors ( =tune1 & see ^! tyrants pale & tremble be=e "o1 :om 9 _! insol5t arrogance !y rat$ l[] ?an _! horses or _! dogs4' ,!n religion hov]s be=e ! m9d ( ! crim9al1 :o turns ev]y?+ to a bad use1 & (f]+ him a facile rep5tance & an almo/ c]ta9 et]nity ( bliss does mu* to dim9i% 9 8 eyes ! horror ( t la/ trag$y ( all4 ,b ! man :o sees 9 prospect a great numb] ( ye>s1 or p]haps ! :ole ( 8 life1 to be pass$ 9 s]vitude & suff]+ be=e ! eyes ( fell[-citiz5s ) :om he is liv+ 9 fre$om & fri5d%ip1 ! slave ( ^? laws :i* _h once protect$ him1 makes a useful comp>ison ( all ^! circum/ances ) ! unc]ta9 result ( 8 crimes & ) ! %ortness ( ! "t = :i* he w\ld enjoy _! fruits4 ,! ev] pres5t example ( ^? :om he actually sees ! victims ( _! own imprud5ce1 impresses him mu* m /rongly ?an ! sight ( a puni%m5t :i* h>d5s r ?an corrects him4 ,capital puni%m5t is injuri\s by ! example ( b>b>ity x pres5ts4 ,if human passions1 or ! necessities ( w>1 h taught m5 to %$ "o ano!r's blood1 ! laws1 :i* are int5d$ to mod]ate human conduct1 ought n to ext5d ! savage example1 :i* 9 ! case ( a legal execution is all ! m baneful 9 t x is c>ri$ out ) /udi$ =malities4 ,to me x seems an absurdity1 t ! laws1 :i* are ! expression ( ! public w1 :i* abhor & :i* puni% murd]1 %\ld !mselves commit "o2 & t1 to det] citiz5s f private assass9ation1 !y %\ld !mselves ord] a public murd]4 ,:at are ! true & ! mo/ useful laws8 ,are !y n ^? cov5ants & conditions :i* all w\ld wi% obs]v$ & propos$1 :5 ! incessant voice ( private int]e/ is hu%$ or is unit$ ) ! int]e/ ( ! public8 ,:at are e man's feel+s ab\t capital puni%m5t8 ,let u read !m 9 ! ge/ures ( indignation & scorn ) :i* ev]yone looks ^u ! execution]1 :o is1 aft] all1 an innoc5t adm9i/rator ( ! public w1 a good citiz5 contributory to ! public welf>e1 an in/rum5t z necess>y = ! int]nal security ( a ,/ate z brave soldi]s are = its ext]nal4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! s\rce ( ?is contradiction2 & :y is ?is feel+1 9 spite ( reason1 in]adicable 9 mank9d8 ,because m5 9 _! mo/ secret he>ts1 t "p ( !m :i* m ?an any o!r /ill pres]ves ! orig9al =m ( _! fir/ nature1 h ev] believ$ t _! lives lie at no "o's disposal1 save 9 t ( necessity alone1 :i*1 ) its iron sceptre1 rules ! univ]se4 ,:at %\ld m5 ?9k :5 !y see wise magi/rates & grave prie/s ( ju/ice ) calm indiff]5ce caus+ a crim9al to be dragg$ by _! sl[ proc$ure to dea?2 or :5 !y see a judge1 :il/ a mis]able wret* 9 ! convulsions ( 8 la/ agonies is await+ ! fatal bl[1 pass away coldly & unfeel+ly1 p]haps ev5 ) a secret satisfaction 9 8 au?ority1 to enjoy ! com=ts & pleasures ( life8 #8,ah' !y w say1 #8^! laws are b ! pretexts ( =ce1 & ! /udi$ cruel =malities ( ju/ice are b a conv5tional language1 us$ = ! purpose ( immolat+ u ) great] safety1 l victims de/9$ 9 sacrifice to ! insatiable idol ( tyranny4 ,t assass9ation :i* !y prea* to u z s t]rible a misde$ we see nev]!less employ$ by !m )\t ei!r scruple or passion4 ,let u pr(it by ! example4 ,a viol5t dea? seem$ to u a t]rible ?+ 9 ! descriptions ( x t 7 made to u1 b we see x is a matt] ( a mom5t4 ,h[ mu* less t]rible w x be = a man :o1 n expect+ x1 is sp>$ all t !re is ( pa9ful 9 x4' ,su* are ! fatal argum5ts employ$1 if n cle>ly1 at lea/ vaguely1 by m5 dispos$ to crimes1 among :om1 z we h se51 ! abuse ( religion is m pot5t ?an religion itself4 ,if ,i am confront$ ) ! example ( almo/ all ages & almo/ all nations :o h inflict$ ! puni%m5t ( dea? ^u "s crimes1 ,i w reply1 t ! example avails no?+ be=e tru?1 aga9/ :i* !re is no prescription ( "t2 & t ! hi/ory ( mank9d conveys to u ! idea ( an imm5se sea ( errors1 among :i* a few tru?s1 confus$ly & at long int]vals1 float on ! surface4 ,human sacrifices 7 once common to almo/ all nations1 yet :o = t reason w d>e def5d !m8 ,t "s few /ates1 & = a %ort "t only1 %\ld h ab/a9$ f inflict+ dea?1 r fav\rs my argum5t ?an o!rwise1 because su* a fact is 9 keep+ ) ! lot ( all great tru?s1 ^: duration is b z ( a lightn+ fla% 9 comp>ison ) ! long & d>ksome night t envelops mank9d4 ,t happy "t has n yet arriv$ :5 tru?1 z error has hi!rto done1 %all belong to ! majority ( m52 & f ?is univ]sal law ( ! reign ( error ^? tru?s alone h hi!rto be5 exempt1 :i* supreme wisdom has se5 fit to di/+ui% f o!rs1 by mak+ !m ! subject ( a special revelation4 ,! voice ( a philosoph] is too feeble aga9/ ! noise & cries ( s _m foll[]s ( bl9d cu/om1 b ! few wise m5 scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! e>? w respond to me f _! inmo/ he>ts2 &1 amid ! _m ob/acles t keep x f a mon>*1 %\ld tru? p]*ance arrive 9 spite ( him at 8 ?rone1 let him "k t x comes !re att5d$ by ! secret wi%es ( all m52 let him "k t be=e 8 praises ! bloody fame ( conqu]ors w be sil5c$1 & t po/]ity1 :i* is j1 w assign him ! =emo/ place among ! pacific triumphs ( a ,titus1 an ,anton9e1 or a ,trajan4 ,happy 7 humanity1 if laws 7 n[ dictat$ to x = ! fir/ "t1 :5 we see on ! ?rones ( ,europe b5efic5t mon>*s1 m5 :o enc\rage ! virtues ( peace1 ! sci5ces & ! arts1 :o are fa!rs to _! p1 :o are cr[n$ citiz5s1 & ! increase ( ^: au?ority =ms ! happ9ess ( _! subjects1 because x removes t int]m$iate despotism1 m cruel because less secure1 by :i* ! p's wi%es1 always s9c]e1 & always att5d$ to :5 !y c rea* ! ?rone1 h be5 usually int]cept$ & suppress$4 ,if !y1 ,i say1 suff] ! anci5t laws to exi/1 x is ow+ to ! inf9ite difficulties ( remov+ f errors ! rev]$ ru/ ( _m ages2 :i* is a reason = enlight5$ citiz5s to desire ) all ! great] ard\r ! cont9ual increase ( _! au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,bani%m5t ,,& ,,confiscations4 ,:osoev] di/urbs ! public peace1 or obeys n ! laws1 t is1 ! conditions "u :i* m5 be> ) & def5d "o ano!r1 ought to be exclud$ f society1 t is1 to be bani%$ f x4 ,bani%m5t1 x w\ld seem1 %\ld be employ$ 9 ! case ( ^? aga9/ :om1 :5 accus$ ( an atroci\s crime1 !re is a great probability b n a c]ta9ty ( guilt2 b = ?is purpose a /atute is requir$1 z little arbitr>y & z precise z possible1 condemn+ to bani%m5t any man :o %all h plac$ 8 c\ntry 9 ! fatal dilemma ( ei!r fe>+ him or ( injur+ him1 leav+ him1 h[ev]1 ! sacr$ "r ( prov+ 8 innoc5ce4 ,/rong] reasons !n %\ld exi/ to ju/ify ! bani%m5t ( a native ?an ( a =eign]1 ( a man crim9at$ = ! fir/ "t ?an ( "o :o has be5 (t5 s situat$4 ,b %\ld a man :o is bani%$ & exclud$ = ev] f ! society ( :i* he 0 a memb] be also depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty8 ,su* a "q may be reg>d$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,! loss ( prop]ty is a great] puni%m5t ?an bani%m5t2 !re ought1 !re=e1 to be "s cases 9 :i*1 accord+ to 8 crime1 a man %\ld lose ! :ole1 or "p1 or none ( 8 prop]ty4 ,! confiscation ( ! :ole w occur1 :5 ! legal s5t5ce ( bani%m5t is ( a k9d to annihilate all ! ties t exi/ betwe5 society & its (f5d+ memb]2 = 9 su* a case ! citiz5 dies1 & only ! man rema9s2 & ) reg>d to ! political body civil dea? %\ld produce ! same effect z natural dea?4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! confiscat$ prop]ty %\ld pass to a man's lawful heirs r ?an to ! head ( ! ,/ate1 s9ce dea? & bani%m5t 9 its extreme =m are ! same ) reg>d to ! body politic4 ,b x is n by ?is subtlety t ,i d>e to disapprove ( confiscations ( prop]ty4 ,if "s h ma9ta9$ t confiscations h act$ z *ecks on acts ( rev5ge & on ! great p[] ( individuals1 x is f neglect+ to consid] t1 h[ev] mu* good puni%m5ts may effect1 !y are n = t reason always j1 because to be j !y mu/ be necess>y2 & an exp$i5t inju/ice c be tol]at$ by no legislator1 :o wi%es to close all doors aga9/ wat*ful tyranny1 ev] ready to hold out flatt]+ hopes1 by tempor>y advantages & by ! prosp]ity ( a few p]sons ( celebrity1 9 disreg>d ( future ru9 & ( ! te>s ( numb]less p]sons ( obscurity4 ,confiscations place a price on ! heads ( ! feeble1 cause ! innoc5t to suff] ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty1 & make ! commission ( crimes a desp]ate necessity ev5 = ! innoc5t4 ,:at sadd] sight c !re be ?an t ( a family dragg$ d[n to infamy & mis]y by ! crimes ( its head1 unable to prev5t !m by ! submission impos$ on x by ! laws1 ev5 suppos+ su* prev5tion to h be5 )9 its p[]6 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,infamy4 ,infamy is a sign ( public disapprobation1 depriv+ a crim9al ( ! good-w ( 8 c\ntrym51 ( _! confid5ce1 & ( t feel+ almo/ ( frat]nity t a common life inspires4 ,x does n dep5d ^u ! laws4 ,h5ce ! infamy :i* ! laws inflict %\ld be ! same z t :i* arises f ! natural relations ( ?+s1 ! same z t taught by univ]sal morality1 or by t p>ticul> morality1 :i* dep5ds on p>ticul> sy/ems1 & sets ! law = ord9>y op9ions or = ?is & t nation4 ,if ! "o k9d ( infamy is diff]5t f ! o!r1 ei!r ! law loses 9 public e/eem1 or ! ideas ( morality & hone/y disappe>1 9 spite ( declamations1 :i* are nev] efficaci\s aga9/ facts4 ,:oev] decl>es actions to be infam\s :i* are 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 detracts f ! infamy ( actions t are really 9 !mselves infam\s4 ,corporal & pa9ful puni%m5ts %\ld n be inflict$ = ^? crimes :i* h _! f\ndation 9 pride1 & draw f pa9 itself _! glory & nutrim5t4 ,= su* crimes ridicule & infamy are m fitt$1 ^! be+ p5alties :i* curb ! pride ( fanatics by ! pride ( ! behold]s1 & only let tru? itself escape _! t5acity by sl[ & ob/9ate ef=ts4 ,by su* an opposition ( =ces aga9/ =ces1 & ( op9ions aga9/ op9ions1 ! wise legislator de/roys t admiration & a/oni%m5t among a p1 :i* a false pr9ciple causes1 ^: orig9al absurdity is usually hidd5 f view by ! plausible conclusions d$uc$ f x4 ,p5alties ( infamy ought nei!r to be too common1 nor to fall ^u too _m p]sons at a "t2 n too common1 because ! real & too frequ5t effects ( matt]s ( op9ion weak5 ! =ce ( op9ion itself2 n too g5]al1 because ! disgrace ( _m p]sons resolves itself into ! disgrace ( none ( !m4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! way to avoid conf\nd+ ! relations & inv>iable nature ( ?+s1 :i*1 be+ unlimit$ by "t & 9 ceaseless op]ation1 conf\nds & ov]turns all n>r[ regulations t dep>t f x4 ,x is n only ! arts ( ta/e & pleasure :i* h = _! univ]sal pr9ciple ! fai?ful imitation ( nature2 b ! art ( politics itself1 at lea/ t :i* is true & p]man5t1 is subject to ?is g5]al maxim1 s9ce x consi/s 9 no?+ else ?an ! art ( direct+ 9 ! be/ way & to ! same purposes ! immutable s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,promptness ,,( ,,puni%m5ts4 ,! m spe$ily & ! m ne>ly 9 connection ) ! crime committ$ puni%m5t %all foll[1 ! m j & useful x w be4 ,i say m j1 because a crim9al is !reby sp>$ ^? useless & fi]ce torm5ts ( susp5se :i* are all ! great] 9 a p]son ( vigor\s imag9ation & fully consci\s ( 8 own weakness2 m j also1 because ! privation ( lib]ty1 9 itself a puni%m5t1 c only prec$e ! s5t5ce by ! %orte/ possible int]val compatible ) ! requirem5ts ( necessity4 ,imprisonm5t1 !re=e1 is simply ! safe cu/ody ( a citiz5 p5d+ ! v]dict ( 8 guilt2 & ?is cu/ody1 be+ ess5tially disagreeable1 ought to be z brief & easy z possible4 ,! %ortness ( ! "t %\ld be measur$ bo? by ! necess>y l5g? ( ! prep>ations = ! trial & by ! s5iority ( claim to a judgm5t4 ,! /rictness ( conf9em5t %\ld be no m ?an is necess>y ei!r = ! prev5tion ( escape or = gu>d+ aga9/ ! concealm5t ( ! pro( ( crimes4 ,! trial itself %\ld be f9i%$ 9 ! %orte/ "t possible4 ,:at contra/ m cruel ?an t betwe5 a judge's ease & a def5dant's angui%8 betwe5 ! com=ts & pleasures ( an unfeel+ magi/rate on ! "o h&1 & ! te>s & wret*$ness ( a prison] on ! o!r8 ,9 g5]al1 ! weight ( a puni%m5t & ! consequ5ce ( a crime %\ld be z efficaci\s z possible = ! re/ra9t ( o!r m5 & z little h>d z possible = ! individual :o is puni%$2 = "o _c call t a prop] =m ( society1 :]e x is n an infallible pr9ciple1 t its memb]s int5d$1 9 con/itut+ x1 to subject !mselves to z few evils z possible4 ,i said t ! promptness ( puni%m5t is m useful1 because ! %ort] ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! puni%m5t & ! misde$1 ! /rong] & ! m la/+ 9 ! human m9d is ! association ( ^! ideas1 crime & puni%m5t1 s t ins5sibly !y come to be consid]$1 ! "o z ! cause & ! o!r z its necess>y & inevitable consequ5ce4 ,x is a prov$ fact t ! association ( ideas is ! cem5t ( ! :ole fabric ( ! human intellect1 & t )\t x pleasure & pa9 w\ld be isolat$ & ineffective feel+s4 ,! fur!r remov$ m5 are f g5]al ideas & univ]sal pr9ciples1 t is1 ! m commonplace !y are1 ! m !y act by _! imm$iate & ne>e/ associations1 to ! neglect ( remot] & m complex ones1 ! latt] be+ ( s]vice only to m5 /rongly impassion$ = a giv5 object ( pursuit1 inasmu* z ! light ( att5tion illum9ates a s+le object1 :il/ x leaves ! o!rs obscure4 ,!y are also ( s]vice to m9ds ( a high] quality1 because1 hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( runn+ rapidly ov] _m subjects at a "t1 !y possess facility 9 plac+ 9 contra/ ) "o ano!r _m p>tial feel+s1 s t ! result ( _! ?\ghts1 9 o!r words1 _! action1 is less p]il\s & unc]ta94 ,! close connection1 !re=e1 ( crime & puni%m5t is ( ! utmo/ importance1 if x be desirable t 9 r\gh & common m9ds !re %\ld1 toge!r ) ! s$uctive idea ( an advantage\s crime1 imm$iately />t up ! associat$ idea ( its puni%m5t4 ,long delay has no o!r effect ?an ! p]petual sep>ation ( ^! two ideas2 & :atev] ! impression produc$ by ! puni%m5t ( a crime1 x produces x less z a puni%m5t ?an z a sight1 & only produces x :5 ! horror ( ! p>ticul> crime1 :i* w\ld s]ve to /r5g!n ! feel+ ( ! puni%m5t1 has be5 weak5$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,ano!r pr9ciple w\ld s]ve admirably to draw /ill clos] ! important connection betwe5 a misde$ & its puni%m5t1 & t is1 t ! latt] %\ld z f> z possible con=m to ! nature ( ! crime4 ,?is analogy facilitates m>vell\sly ! contra/ t ought to exi/ betwe5 ! impulse to ! crime & ! c\nt]-influ5ce ( ! puni%m5t1 ! "o1 t is1 div]t+ ! m9d & guid+ x to an end q diff]5t f t to :i* ! s$uctive idea ( transgress+ ! law endeav\rs to lead x4 ,p]sons guilty ( less] crimes are usually ei!r puni%$ 9 ! obscurity ( a prison1 or transport$1 z an example to nations :o h giv5 no (f5ce1 to a di/ant & !re=e almo/ useless s]vitude4 ,s9ce ! grave/ crimes are n ^? :i* m5 are tempt$ to commit on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 ! public puni%m5t ( a great misde$ w be reg>d$ by mo/ m5 z /range & ( impossible occurr5ce2 b ! public puni%m5t ( light] crimes1 to :i* m5's ?\ghts m readily incl9e1 w make an impression1 :i*1 at ! same "t t x div]ts ! m9d f !m1 w re/ra9 x /ill m f crimes ( great] gravity4 ,puni%m5ts %\ld n only be proportion$ to "o ano!r & to crimes 9 po9t ( =ce1 b also 9 ! mode ( _! infliction4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,puni%m5ts--,,p>dons4 ,"o ( ! greate/ prev5tives ( crimes is1 n ! cruelty ( ! puni%m5ts atta*$ to !m1 b _! infallibility1 & consequ5tly t wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! magi/rates & t inexorable sev]ity on ! "p ( ! judge :i*1 to be a useful virtue1 mu/ co9cide ) a mild sy/em ( laws4 ,! c]ta9ty ( a puni%m5t1 mod]ate ?\gh x be1 w ev] make a /rong] impression ?an ! fe> ( ano!r1 m t]rible1 p]haps1 b associat$ ) ! hope ( impunity2 = ev5 ! lea/ evils :5 c]ta9 always t]rify m5's m9ds1 & hope1 t gift ( heav51 :i* (t5 makes up to u = ev]y?+1 always ?r[s into ! di/ance ! idea ( great] evils1 especially :5 its =ce is increas$ by impunity1 :i* av>ice & weakness s (t5 grant4 ,x is sometimes ! cu/om to release a man f ! puni%m5t ( a slight crime :5 ! injur$ p]son p>dons him3 an act1 inde$1 :i* is 9 accordance ) m]cy & humanity b contr>y to public policy2 z if a private citiz5 c\ld by 8 remission d away ) ! necessity ( ! example 9 ! same way t he c excuse ! rep>ation due = ! (f5ce4 ,! "r ( puni%+ does n re/ ) an individual1 b ) ! community z a :ole1 or ! sov]eign4 ,an individual c only r5\nce 8 p>ticul> portion ( t "r1 n annul t ( all ! re/4 ,9 proportion z puni%m5ts become mild]1 clem5cy & p>don become less necess>y4 ,happy ! nation 9 :i* _! ex]cise %\ld be baneful6 ,clem5cy1 !re=e1 t virtue1 :i* has sometimes made up 9 a sov]eign = fail+s 9 all ! o!r duties ( ! ?rone1 ought to be exclud$ 9 a p]fect sy/em ( legislation1 :]e puni%m5ts are mild & ! me?od ( trial regul> & exp$iti\s4 ,?is tru? w appe> a h>d "o to anybody liv+ 9 ! pres5t *aotic /ate ( ! crim9al law1 :]e ! necessity ( p>don & fav\rs accords ) ! absurdity ( ! laws & ) ! sev]ity ( s5t5ces ( puni%m5t4 ,?is "r ( p>don is inde$ ! faire/ pr]ogative ( ! ?rone1 ! mo/ desirable attribute ( sov]eignty2 x is1 h[ev]1 ! tacit m>k ( disapproval t ! b5efic5t disp5s]s ( ! public happ9ess exhibit t[>ds a code1 :i* ) all its imp]fections claims 9 its fav\r ! prejudice ( ages1 ! volum9\s & impos+ array ( innum]able comm5tators1 ! weighty app>atus ( un5d+ =malities1 & ! adhesion ( ^? p]sons ( half-le>n+ :o1 ?\gh less fe>$ ?an real philosoph]s1 are really m dang]\s4 ,b let x be rememb]$ t clem5cy is ! virtue ( ! mak]1 n ( ! executor1 ( ! laws2 t x %\ld be conspicu\s 9 ! code ( laws r ?an 9 p>ticul> judgm5ts2 t ! %[+ to m51 t crimes may be p>don$ & t puni%m5t is n _! necess>y consequ5ce1 enc\rages ! hope ( impunity1 & creates ! belief t s5t5ces ( condemnation1 :i* might be remitt$ & are n1 are r viol5t exhibitions ( =ce ?an emanations ( ju/ice4 ,:at %all be said !n :5 ! sov]eign grants a p>don1 t is1 public immunity to an individual1 & :5 a private act ( un5light5$ k9dness con/itutes a public decree ( impunity8 ,let ! laws !re=e be inexorable & _! adm9i/rators 9 p>ticul> cases inexorable1 b let ! law-mak] be mild1 m]ciful1 & humane4 ,let him f\nd 8 edifice1 z a wise ar*itect1 on ! basis ( self-love2 let ! g5]al int]e/ be ! sum ( ! int]e/s ( ea*1 & he w no long] be con/ra9$1 by p>tial laws & viol5t rem$ies to sep>ate at e mom5t ! public welf>e f t ( individuals1 & to raise ! appe>ance ( public security on fe> & mi/ru/4 ,z a pr(\nd & feel+ philosoph] let him all[ m51 t is1 8 bre?r51 to enjoy 9 peace t small %>e ( happ9ess :i* is giv5 !m to enjoy 9 ?is corn] ( ! univ]se1 9 t imm5se sy/em e/abli%$ by ! ,fir/ ,cause1 by ,him ,:o ,is4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,asylums ,,( ,,refuge4 ,!re rema9 two que/ions = me to exam9e3 ! fir/1 :e!r asylums ( refuge are j1 & :e!r int]national agreem5ts ( extradition are exp$i5t or n4 ,!re %\ld be no spot )9 ! b\nd>ies ( any c\ntry indep5d5t ( ! laws4 ,e citiz5 %\ld be foll[$ by _! p[]1 z e sub/ance is foll[$ by its %ad[4 ,!re is only a diff]5ce ( degree betwe5 impunity & ! "r ( asylum2 & z ! effective influ5ce ( puni%m5t consi/s m 9 its inevitability ?an 9 its viol5ce1 asylums d m to invite to crimes ?an puni%m5ts d to det] f !m4 ,! multiplication ( asylums is ! =mation ( s _m petty sov]eignties2 = :]e !re are no laws to comm&1 !re x is easy = new laws1 oppos$ to ! g5]al laws ( a c\ntry1 to be =m$1 & consequ5tly = a _s oppos$ to t ( ! :ole collective social body to arise4 ,all hi/ory %[s t f asylums h issu$ great revolutions 9 ,/ates & 9 ! op9ions ( mank9d4 ,"s p]sons h ma9ta9$ t a crime1 t is1 an action contr>y to ! laws1 is puni%able :]ev] committ$1 z if ! "* ( subject 7 indelible1 or1 9 o!r words1 synonym\s )1 nay1 worse ?an1 ! "* ( slave2 z if a man c\ld be ! subject ( "o k+dom & ! resid5t ( ano!r1 or z if 8 actions c\ld )\t contradiction be subord9ate to two sov]eign p[]s & to two legal sy/ems (t5 contradictory4 ,s "s ?9k t a cruel action done1 say1 at ,con/ant9ople is puni%able at ,p>is1 = ! ab/ract reason t he :o (f5ds humanity des]ves to h collective humanity = 8 enemy1 & m]its univ]sal execration2 z if judges 7 ! av5g]s ( human s5sibility 9 g5]al1 & n r ( ! cov5ants t b9d m5 toge!r4 ,! place ( puni%m5t is ! place ( ! crime1 because !re1 & !re only1 is x a compulsory duty to injure an individual1 to prev5t an injury to ! public4 ,a villa91 b "o :o has n brok5 ! cov5ants ( ! society ( :i* he 0 n a memb]1 may be an object ( fe>1 & = t reason be expell$ & exil$ by ! sup]ior p[] ( t society2 b he _c be legally & =mally puni%$1 s9ce x is = ! laws to av5ge1 n ! intr9sic malice ( p>ticul> actions1 b ! violation ( compacts4 ,b :e!r ! int]national extradition ( crim9als be useful ,i w\ld n v5ture to decide1 until laws m 9 con=mity ) ! ne$s ( humanity1 until mild] p5alties1 & until ! emancipation ( law f ! caprice ( m]e op9ion1 %all h giv5 security to oppress$ innoc5ce & hat$ virtue2 until tyranny %all h be5 conf9$1 by ! =ce ( univ]sal reason :i* ev] m & m unites ! int]e/s ( k+s & subjects1 to ! va/ pla9s ( ,asia2 h[ev] mu* ! conviction ( f9d+ n[h]e a span ( e>? :]e real crimes 7 p>don$ might be ! mo/ efficaci\s way ( prev5t+ _! occurr5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,( ,,proscription4 ,! second "q is1 :e!r x is exp$i5t to place a rew>d on ! head ( a kn[n crim9al1 & to make ( e citiz5 an execution] by arm+ him aga9/ ! (f5d]4 ,ei!r ! crim9al has fl$ f 8 c\ntry or he is /ill )9 x4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! sov]eign enc\rages ! commission ( a crime & exposes its au?or to a puni%m5t1 be+ !reby guilty ( an injury & ( an usurpation ( au?ority 9 ! dom9ions ( ano!r1 & au?oris+ o!r nations to d ! same by himself4 ,9 ! second case ! sov]eign displays 8 own weakness1 = he :o has ! p[] :]e) to def5d himself seeks n to pur*ase x4 ,moreov]1 su* an edict upsets all ideas ( morality & virtue1 :i* are ev] ready to vani% f ! human m9d at ! v slighte/ brea?4 ,n[ ! laws invite to trea*]y1 & anon !y puni% x2 ) "o h& ! legislator tight5s ! bonds ( ! family1 ( k9dr$1 & ( fri5d%ip1 :il/ ) ! o!r he rew>ds :osoev] violates & despises !m2 always 9 self-contradiction1 he at "o mom5t invites to confid5ce ! suspici\s natures ( m51 & at ano!r scatt]s mi/ru/ broadca/ among !m4 ,in/ead ( prev5t+ "o crime1 he causes a hundr$4 ,^! are ! res\rces ( weak nations1 ^: laws are b ! tempor>y repairs ( a ru9$ build+ t tott]s ?r\gh\t4 ,9 proportion z a nation becomes enlight5$1 good fai? & mutual confid5ce become necess>y1 & t5d ev] m to id5tify !mselves ) true policy4 ,tricks1 intrigues1 d>k & indirect pa?s1 are = ! mo/ "p =ese51 & ! g5]al quickness ( all m5 collectively ov]-rea*es & blunts t ( s+le individuals4 ,! v ages ( ignorance1 9 :i* public morality incl9es m5 to obey ! dictates ( private morality1 s]ve z in/ruction & exp]i5ce = ! ages ( enlight5m5t4 ,b laws :i* rew>d trea*]y & /ir up cl&e/9e ho/ility by spread+ mutual suspicion among citiz5s1 are oppos$ to ?is union ( private & public morality1 a union :i* is s necess>y1 & to ! obs]vance ( :i* individuals might owe _! happ9ess1 nations _! peace1 & ! univ]se a some:at long] p]iod ( quiet & repose f ! evils :i* at pres5t p]vade x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,proportion ,,betwe5 ,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts4 ,n only is x ! g5]al int]e/ t crimes %\ld n be committ$1 b t !y %\ld be r>e 9 proportion to ! evils !y cause to society4 ,! m oppos$ !re=e t crimes are to ! public welf>e1 & ! m num]\s ! inc5tives to !m1 ! /rong] %\ld be ! repell5t ob/acles4 ,?is pr9ciple accord+ly e/abli%es ! necessity ( a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 crimes & puni%m5ts4 ,if pleasure & pa9 are ! motors ( s5sitive be+s1 if ! invisible lawgiv] ( humanity has decre$ rew>ds & puni%m5ts z "o ( ! motives to impel m5 to ev5 _! noble/ endeav\rs1 ! inexact di/ribution ( ^! motives w give rise to t contradiction1 z little notic$ z x is ( common occurr5ce1 namely1 t ! laws puni% crimes :i* are entirely ( _! own creation4 ,if an equal p5alty is atta*$ to two crimes ( unequal injury to society1 ! great] crime ( ! two1 if x promise a great] advantage ?an ! o!r1 w h no /rong] motive 9 re/ra9t ( its p]petration4 ,:oev]1 = example1 sees ! same puni%m5t ( dea? decre$ = ! man :o kills a pheasant & ! man :o slays 8 fell[ or falsifies an important docum5t1 w draw no di/9ction betwe5 su* crimes2 & ?us moral s5tim5ts1 ! product only ( _m ages & ( mu* blood%$1 ! sl[e/ & mo/ difficult atta9m5t ( ! human m9d1 dep5d5t1 x has be5 ?\ght1 on ! aid ( ! mo/ sublime motives & on a p>ade ( ! grave/ =malities1 w be de/roy$ & lo/4 ,x is impossible to prev5t all ! disord]s t may arise 9 ! univ]sal conflict ( human passions4 ,_! increase dep5ds on t ( population & on ! cross+s ( private int]e/s1 :i* _c be direct$ ) geometrical exactness to ! public welf>e4 ,9 political ari?metic ! calculation ( probabilities mu/ be sub/itut$ = ma!matical exactness4 ,glance at ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & y w see disord]s increase ) ! increase ( ! b\nds ( empire2 ?us national feel+ be+ to ! same ext5t dim9i%$1 ! g5]al inducem5t to crime increases ) ! great] int]e/ ( ea* individual 9 su* disord]s1 & on ?is acc\nt ! necessity = aggravat+ p5alties ev] cont9ues to increase4 ,t =ce1 simil> to ! =ce ( gravitation1 :i* con/ra9s u to seek our own well-be+1 only admits ( c\nt]action 9 proportion to ! ob/acles oppos$ to x4 ,! effects ( ?is =ce make up ! confus$ s]ies ( human actions2 if ^! cla% toge!r & imp$e "o ano!r1 puni%m5ts1 :i* ,i w\ld call political ob/acles1 prev5t bad effects f result+1 )\t de/roy+ ! impell+ cause1 :i* lies 9 ! s5sibility insep>able f humanity2 & ! legislator1 9 enact+ !m1 acts ! "p ( a clev] ar*itect1 ^: function x is to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( gravitation to cause a build+ to fall1 & to br+ to be> all ! l9es :i* contribute to its /r5g?4 ,giv5 ! necessity ( ! aggregation ( mank9d1 & giv5 ! cov5ants :i* necess>ily result f ! v opposition ( private int]e/s1 a scale ( (f5ces may be trac$1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* t5d directly to ! de/ruction ( society1 & end+ ) acts ( ! smalle/ possible inju/ice committ$ aga9/ individual memb]s ( x4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes are compris$ all ! actions oppos$ to ! public welf>e :i* are call$ crimes1 & :i* by imp]ceptible degrees decrease 9 enormity f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,if ! inf9ite & obscure comb9ations ( human actions admitt$ ( ma!matical treatm5t1 !re ought to be a correspond+ scale ( puni%m5ts1 v>y+ f ! sev]e/ to ! slighte/ p5alty4 ,if !re 7 an exact & univ]sal scale ( crimes & puni%m5ts1 we %\ld h an approximate & g5]al te/ by :i* to gauge ! degrees ( tyranny & lib]ty 9 diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 ! relative /ate ( ! humanity or wick$ness ( diff]5t nations4 ,b ! wise legislator w re/ satisfi$ ) m>k+ out ! pr9cipal divisions 9 su* a scale1 s z n to inv]t _! ord]1 nor to affix to crimes ( ! fir/ degree puni%m5ts due to ^? ( ! la/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,,puni%m5ts4 ,we h se5 t ! true measure ( crimes is ! injury done to society4 ,?is is "o ( ^? palpable tru?s :i*1 h[ev] little dep5d5t on quadrants or telescopes = _! discov]y1 & fully )9 ! rea* ( any ord9>y intellig5ce1 are yet1 by a m>vell\s comb9ation ( circum/ances1 only recognis$ cle>ly & firmly by "s few ?9k]s1 belong+ to e nationality & to e age4 ,b ,asiatic ideas1 & passions clo!d ) au?ority & p[]1 h1 g5]ally by imp]ceptible movem5ts1 sometimes by viol5t assaults on ! timid cr$ulity ( mank9d1 dissipat$ ^? simple notions1 :i* p]haps =m$ ! fir/ philosophy ( primitive communities1 & to :i* ! enlight5m5t ( ?is age seems likely to reconduct u1 b to d s ) t great] sur5ess1 :i* c be ga9$ f an exact inve/igation into ?+s1 f a ?\s& unhappy exp]i5ces1 & f ! v ob/acles t militate aga9/ x4 ,!y :o h ?\ght t ! crim9al's int5tion 0 ! true measure ( crimes 7 9 ! wrong4 ,= ! int5tion dep5ds on ! actual impression ( ?+s ^u a man1 & on 8 prec$5t m5tal disposition1 ?+s :i* v>y 9 all m5 & 9 ea* man1 accord+ to ! v rapid succession ( 8 ideas1 8 passions1 & 8 circum/ances4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be necess>y to =m n only a p>ticul> code = ea* citiz51 b a fre% law = e crime4 ,sometimes ) ! be/ int5tions m5 d ! greate/ evil to society2 & sometimes ) ! v wor/ !y d x ! greate/ good4 ,o!rs aga9 measure crimes r by ! rank ( ! p]son injur$ ?an by _! importance 9 reg>d to ! public weal4 ,7 ?is ! true measure ( crimes1 any act ( irrev]5ce t[>ds ! ,supreme ,be+ %\ld be puni%$ m sev]ely ?an ! assass9ation ( a mon>*1 :]eas ! sup]iority ( ,8 nature af=ds an inf9ite comp5sation = ! diff]5ce ( ! (f5ce4 ,la/ly1 "s h ?\ght t ! gravity ( an act's s9fulness %\ld be an elem5t 9 ! measure ( crimes4 ,b an imp>tial obs]v] ( ! true relations betwe5 man & man1 & betwe5 man & ,god1 w easily p]ceive ! fallacy ( ?is op9ion4 ,= ! =m] relation%ip is "o ( equality2 necessity alone1 f ! cla% ( passions & oppos+ int]e/s1 hav+ giv5 rise to ! idea ( ! public utility1 ! basis ( human ju/ice4 ,b ! o!r relation%ip is "o ( dep5d5ce on a p]fect ,be+ & ,creator1 :o has res]v$ to ,himself alone ! "r ( be+ at ! same "t legislator & judge1 & c alone unite ! two functions )\t bad effects4 ,if ,he has decre$ et]nal puni%m5ts to ^? :o disobey ,8 omnipot5ce1 :at insect %all d>e to take ! place ( ,div9e ju/ice1 or %all wi% to av5ge t ,be+1 :o is all-suffici5t to ,himself1 :o c receive f ?+s no impression ( pleasure nor ( pa91 & :o alone ( all be+s acts )\t reaction8 ,! degree ( s9fulness 9 an action dep5ds on ! unse>*able wick$ness ( ! he>t1 :i* _c be kn[n by f9ite be+s )\t a revelation4 ,h[1 !n1 f\nd !reon a /&>d = ! puni%m5t ( crimes8 ,9 su* a case m5 might puni% :5 ,god p>dons1 & p>don :5 ,god puni%es4 ,if m5 c act contr>y to ! ,almighty by (f5d+ ,him1 !y may also d s 9 ! puni%m5ts !y inflict4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,puni%m5ts4 ,"s crimes t5d directly to ! de/ruction ( society or to ! sov]eign :o repres5ts x2 o!rs affect individual citiz5s1 by imp]ill+ _! life1 _! prop]ty1 or _! hon\r2 :il/ o!rs1 aga91 are actions contr>y to ! positive or negative obligations :i* b9d e individual to ! public weal4 ,any action t is n includ$ betwe5 ! two above-indicat$ extremes c only be call$ a crime or puni%$ z su* by ^? :o f9d _! int]e/ 9 s call+ x4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ^! limits has produc$ 9 diff]5t nations a sy/em ( e?ics contr>y to ! sy/em ( laws1 has produc$ _m actual sy/ems ( laws at total v>iance ) "o ano!r1 & a quantity ( laws :i* expose ev5 ! wise/ man to ! sev]e/ p5alties4 ,consequ5tly ! words virtue & vice h become ( vague & v>iable mean+1 & f ! unc]ta9ty ?us surr\nd+ individual exi/5ce1 li/lessness & a fatal apa?y h spread ov] political communities4 ,! op9ion t ea* citiz5 %\ld h lib]ty to d :atsoev] is n contr>y to ! laws1 )\t fe> ( any o!r inconv5i5ce ?an su* z may arise f ! action itself--?is is ! political dogma t %\ld be believ$ by ! p & promulgat$ by ! *ief magi/rates1 a dogma z sacr$ z t ( ! incorrupt gu>dian%ip ( ! laws1 )\t :i* !re c be no legitimate society2 a j comp5sation to mank9d = _! sacrifice ( t entire lib]ty ( action :i* belongs to e s5sitive be+1 & is only limit$ by ! ext5t ( its =ce4 ,?is x is t =ms lib]al & vigor\s s\ls1 & enlight5$ m9ds2 t makes m5 virtu\s ) t virtue :i* c resi/ fe>1 & n ) t flexible k9d ( prud5ce :i* is only wor?y ( a man :o c put up ) a prec>i\s & unc]ta9 exi/5ce4 ,:osoev] w read ) a philosophical eye ! codes & annals ( diff]5t nations w f9d almo/ always t ! names ( virtue & vice1 ( good citiz5 & crim9al1 are *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 n 9 accordance ) ! *anges t occur 9 ! circum/ances ( a c\ntry1 & consequ5tly 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al int]e/1 b 9 accordance ) ! passions & errors t h sway$ diff]5t legislators 9 succession4 ,he w obs]ve full (t51 t ! passions ( "o age =m ! basis ( ! morality ( lat] ones2 t /rong passions1 ! (fspr+ ( fanaticism & en?usiasm1 weak5$ &1 s to speak1 gnaw$ away by "t 7:i* r$uces to a level all physical & moral ph5om5a7 become little by little ! prud5ce ( ! age1 & a useful in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ! /rong man & ! clev]4 ,9 ?is way ! vague/ notions ( hon\r & virtue h be5 produc$2 = !y *ange ) ! *anges ( "t1 :i* causes names to survive ?+s2 z also ) ! *anges ( riv]s & m\nta9s1 :i* =m frequ5tly ! b\nd>ies ( moral no less ?an ( physical geography4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,crimes ,,( ,,high ,,treason4 ,! fir/ class ( crimes--t is1 ! wor/1 because !y are ! mo/ injuri\s to society--are ^? kn[n z crimes ( high treason4 ,only tyranny & ignorance1 :i* conf\nd words & ideas ( ! cle>e/ mean+1 c apply ?is "n1 & consequ5tly ! heavie/ puni%m5t1 to diff]5t k9ds ( crimes1 ?us r5d]+ m51 z 9 a ?\s& o!r cases1 ! victims ( a ^w4 ,e crime1 be x ev] s private1 injures society2 b e crime does n aim at its imm$iate de/ruction4 ,moral1 l physical actions1 h _! limit$ sph]e ( activity1 & are diff]5tly circumscrib$1 l all ! movem5ts ( nature1 by "t & space2 & !re=e only a sophi/ical int]pretation1 :i* is g5]ally ! philosophy ( slav]y1 c conf\nd :at et]nal tru? has di/+ui%$ by immutable diff]5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,crimes ,,aga9/ ,,p]sonal ,,security--,,acts ,,( ,,viol5ce--,,puni%m5ts ,,( ,,nobles4 ,aft] crimes ( high treason come crimes oppos$ to ! p]sonal security ( individuals4 ,?is security be+ ! prim>y end ( e prop]ly con/itut$ society1 x is impossible n to affix to ! violation ( any citiz5's "r ( p]sonal security "o ( ! sev]e/ puni%m5ts t ! laws all[4 ,"s crimes are injuries to a man's p]son1 o!rs to 8 prop]ty1 & ! =m] %\ld c]ta9ly be puni%$ by corporal puni%m5ts4 ,(f5ces1 !re=e1 aga9/ p]sonal security & lib]ty are among ! greate/ ( crimes4 ,"u ?is head fall n only ! assass9ations & !fts ( ! common p1 b ^? also committ$ by ! nobles & magi/rates1 ^: influ5ce1 act+ ) great] =ce & to a great] di/ance1 de/roys 9 ^? subject to !m all ideas ( ju/ice & duty1 & gives /r5g? to ^? ideas ( ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 :i* are equally p]il\s ultimately to him :o ex]cises no less ?an to him :o endures x4 ,nei!r ! noble nor ! ri* man ought to be able to pay a price = injuries committ$ aga9/ ! feeble & ! poor2 else ri*es1 :i*1 "u ! protection ( ! laws1 are ! prize ( indu/ry1 become ! n\ri%m5t ( tyranny4 ,:5ev] ! laws suff] a man 9 c]ta9 cases to cease to be a p]son & to become a ?+1 !re is no lib]ty2 = !n y w see ! man ( p[] devot+ all 8 indu/ry to ga!r f ! numb]less comb9ations ( civil life ^? :i* ! law grants 9 8 fav\r4 ,?is discov]y is ! magic secret t *anges citiz5s into bea/s ( burd51 & 9 ! h& ( ! /rong man =ms ! *a9 :]e) to fett] ! actions ( ! imprud5t & ! weak4 ,?is is ! reason :y 9 "s gov]nm5ts1 t h all ! semblance ( lib]ty1 tyranny lies hidd5 or ins9uates itself un=ese51 9 "s corn] neglect$ by ! legislator1 :]e ins5sibly x ga9s =ce & gr[s4 ,m5 oppose ! /ronge/ b>ri]s aga9/ op5 tyranny1 b !y see n ! imp]ceptible insect1 :i* gnaws !m away1 & makes = ! invad+ /ream an op5+ t is all ! m sure by v reason ( its concealm5t f view4 ,( :at k9d1 !n1 w be ! puni%m5ts due to ! crimes ( nobles1 ^: privileges =m s great a "p ( ! laws ( diff]5t c\ntries8 ,i w n "h inquire :e!r ?is traditional di/9ction betwe5 nobles & commons be advantage\s 9 a gov]nm5t1 or necess>y 9 a mon>*y2 nor :e!r x be true t a nobility =ms an int]m$iate p[] 9 re/ra9t ( ! excesses ( ! two extremes1 & n r a ca/e :i*1 9 slav]y to itself & to o!rs1 conf9es all circulation ( m]it & hope to a v n>r[ circle1 l ^? f]tile & pleasant oases scatt]$ among ! va/ s&-des]ts ( ,arabia2 nor :e!r1 suppos+ x to be true t inequality is inevitable & useful 9 society1 x be also true t su* inequality %\ld subsi/ betwe5 classes r ?an individuals1 & %\ld rema9 ) "o "p ( ! body politic r ?an circulate ?r\gh ! :ole2 :e!r x %\ld r p]petuate itself ?an be subject to con/ant self-de/ruction & r5ovation4 ,i w conf9e myself to ! puni%m5ts prop] = nobles1 affirm+ t !y %\ld be ! same = ! greate/ citiz5 z = ! lea/4 ,e di/9ction ( hon\r or ( ri*es presupposes1 to be legitimate1 a prior /ate ( equality1 f\nd$ on ! laws1 :i* reg>d all subjects z equally dep5d5t on !mselves4 ,"o mu/ suppose ! m51 :o r5\nc$ _! natural /ate ( despotic indep5d5ce1 to h said3 #8,let him :o is m indu/ri\s ?an 8 fell[s h great] hon\rs1 & let 8 fame be great] among 8 successors2 let him :o is m prosp]\s & hon\r$ hope ev5 to become m s1 b let him fe> no less ?an o!r m5 to break ^? conditions by virtue ( :i* he is rais$ above !m4' ,true x is t su* decrees did n emanate 9 a convocation ( ! human race1 b su* decrees exi/ 9 ! et]nal relations ( ?+s2 !y d n de/roy ! suppos$ advantages ( a nobility1 ?\gh !y prev5t its abuses2 & !y make laws fe>$1 by clos+ e admission to impunity4 ,& if any "o %all say t ! same puni%m5t inflict$ ^u a noble & ^u a common] is n really ! same1 by reason ( ! div]sity ( _! education1 & ( ! disgrace spread ov] an illu/ri\s family1 ,i w reply1 t ! s5sibility ( ! crim9al is n ! measure ( puni%m5t1 b ! public injury1 & t ?is is all ! great] :5 committ$ by ! m highly fav\r$ man2 t equality ( puni%m5t c only be s :5 consid]$ extr9sically1 be+ really diff]5t 9 ea* individual2 & t ! disgrace ( a family c be remov$ by public pro(s ( k9dness on ! "p ( ! sov]eign t[>ds ! innoc5t family ( ! crim9al4 ,& :o is !re b kn[s t =malities :i* /rike ! s5ses s]ve z reason+s ) ! cr$ul\s & admir+ populace8 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,injuries ,,& ,,( ,,hon\r4 ,injuries t are p]sonal & affect a man's hon\r--t is1 ! fair %>e ( fav\r t he has a "r to expect f o!rs--%\ld be puni%$ ) disgrace4 ,!re is a rem>kable contradiction betwe5 ! civil laws1 :i* set s jeal\s & supreme a gu>d ^u individual life & prop]ty1 & ! laws ( s-call$ hon\r1 :i* set op9ion above ev]y?+4 ,?is ^w hon\r is "o ( ^? t h s]v$ z ! basis = long & brilliant argum5tations1 )\t any fix$ or p]man5t idea be+ atta*$ to x4 ,h[ mis]able is ! condition ( human m9ds1 m di/9ctly cognisant ( ! remote/ & lea/ important ideas ab\t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ?an ( ^? ne> & important moral notions1 :i* are ev] fluctuat+ & confus$1 accord+ z ! w9ds ( passion impel !m & a well-guid$ ignorance receives & transmits !m6 ,b ! seem+ p>adox w vani%1 if "o consid]s1 t1 z objects become confus$ :5 too ne> ! eyes1 s ! too great prop9quity ( moral ideas easily causes ! num]\s simple ideas :i* compose !m to become bl5d$ toge!r1 to ! confusion ( ^? cle> l9es ( dem>cation dem&$ by ! geometrical _s1 :i* w\ld fa9 measure exactly ! ph5om5a ( human s5sibility4 ,& ! wond] w vani% altoge!r f ! imp>tial /ud5t ( human affairs1 :o w suspect t s great a moral ma*9]y & s _m re/ra9ts are p]*ance n ne$$1 9 ord] to r5d] m5 happy & secure4 ,?is hon\r1 !n1 is "o ( ^? complex ideas :i* are an aggregate n only ( simple ideas b ( ideas no less complex ?an !mselves1 & :i* 9 _! v>i\s pres5tm5ts to ! m9d n[ admit & n[ omit "s ( _! diff]5t compon5t elem5ts1 only reta9+ "s few common ideas1 j z 9 algebra sev]al complex quantities admit ( a common divisor4 ,to f9d ?is common divisor 9 ! diff]5t ideas t m5 =m ( hon\r1 we mu/ ca/ a rapid glance ov] ! fir/ =mation ( communities4 ,! necessity ( rem$y+ ! disord]s caus$ by ! physical despotism ( ea* man s+ly produc$ ! fir/ laws & ! fir/ magi/rates2 ?is 0 ! end & object ( ! in/itution ( societies1 & ?is end has always be5 ma9ta9$1 ei!r 9 reality or appe>ance1 at ! head ( all codes1 ev5 ( ^? t op]at$ o!rwise4 ,b ! clos] contact ( m5 ) "o ano!r & ! progress ( _! k br\ght ab\t an endless s]ies ( mutual actions & ne$s1 :i* ev] lay beyond ! =esight ( ! laws & bel[ ! actual p[] ( individuals4 ,f ?is epo* began ! despotism ( op9ion1 :i* af=d$ ! only means = obta9+ f o!rs ^? b5efits & av]t+ ^? evils1 = :i* ! laws fail$ to provide4 ,x is ?is op9ion t is ! tr\ble equally ( ! wise man & ! fool2 t has rais$ ! semblance ( virtue to high] cr$it ?an virtue itself2 t ev5 makes ! rascal turn mission>y1 because he f9ds 8 own int]e/ !re94 ,h5ce ! fav\r ( m5 became n only useful b necess>y1 if a man w\ld n fall bel[ ! g5]al level4 ,h5ce1 n only does ! ambiti\s man seek aft] su* fav\r z useful to himself1 & ! va9 man g begg+ = x z a pro( ( 8 m]it1 b ! man ( hon\r also may be se5 to require x z a necessity4 ,?is hon\r is a condition t v _m m5 atta* to _! own exi/5ce4 ,born aft] ! =mation ( society1 x c\ld n be plac$ 9 ! g5]al deposit2 x is r a mom5t>y return to ! /ate ( nature1 a mom5t>y )drawal ( "o's self f ! dom9ion ( ^? laws :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 fail to af=d ! suffici5t def5ce requir$ ( !m4 ,h5ce bo? 9 ! /ate ( extreme political lib]ty & 9 t ( extreme political subjection ! ideas ( hon\r disappe> or get p]fectly confus$ ) o!rs4 ,= 9 ! =m] ! despotism ( ! laws r5d]s ! pursuit ( ! fav\r ( o!rs ( no avail2 & 9 ! latt] /ate ! despotism ( m51 by de/roy+ civil exi/5ce1 r$uces ev]ybody to a prec>i\s & tempor>y p]sonality4 ,hon\r1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ^? mon>*ies t are a mitigat$ =m ( despotism1 be+ to !m :at revolutions are to despotic ,/ates1 namely1 a mom5t>y return to ! /ate ( nature1 & a rem9d] to ! *ief rul] ( ! condition ( primitive equality4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,duels4 ,f ?is necessity ( ! fav\r ( o!r p arose private duels1 :i* sprang up precisely 9 an an>*ical /ate ( ! laws4 ,x is said !y 7 unkn[n to antiquity1 p]haps because ! anci5ts did n meet suspici\sly arm$ 9 ! temples1 ! !atres1 or ) fri5ds2 p]haps because ! duel 0 an ord9>y & common sight1 pres5t$ to ! p by gladiators1 :o 7 slaves or l[ p1 & freem5 disda9$ to be ?\ght & call$ private gladiators4 ,9 va9 has x be5 s\ght to extirpate ! cu/om by edicts ( dea? aga9/ any man accept+ a *all5ge1 = x is f\nd$ on t :i* "s m5 fe> m ?an dea?2 s9ce )\t ! fav\r ( 8 fell[s ! man ( hon\r =esees himself expos$ ei!r to become a m]ely solit>y be+1 a condition insuff]able to a sociable man1 or to become ! butt ( insults & disgrace :i*1 f _! con/ant op]ation1 prevail ov] ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,:y is x t ! l[] ord]s d n = ! mo/ "p fight duels l ! great8 ,n only because !y are dis>m$1 b because ! ne$ ( ! fav\r ( o!rs is less g5]al among ! p ?an among ^? :o1 9 high] ranks1 reg>d !mselves ) great] suspicion & jeal\sy4 ,x is n useless to repeat :at o!rs h writt51 namely1 t ! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ ?is crime is to puni% ! aggressor--9 o!r words1 ! man :o gives rise to ! duel--decl>+ him to be innoc5t :o )\t 8 own fault has be5 con/ra9$ to def5d t :i* exi/+ laws d n assure to him1 t is1 op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,!fts4 ,!fts )\t viol5ce %\ld be puni%$ by f9e4 ,he :o enri*es himself at ano!r's exp5se ought to suff] at 8 own4 ,b1 z !ft is g5]ally only ! crime ( wret*$ness & despair1 ! crime ( t unhappy portion ( mank9d to :om ! "r ( prop]ty 7a t]rible1 & p]haps n necess>y "r#fg7 has left b a b>e subsi/5ce2 & z pecuni>y p5alties increase ! numb] ( crim9als above ! numb] ( crimes1 depriv+ ! innoc5t ( _! bread 9 ord] to give x to ! wick$1 ! fitte/ puni%m5t w be t k9d ( s]vitude :i* alone c be call$ j1 namely1 ! tempor>y s]vitude ( a man's lab\r & p]son = ! comp5sation ( society1 ! p]sonal & absolute dep5d5ce due f a man :o has essay$ to ex]cise an unju/ sup]iority ov] ! social compact4 ,b :5 ! !ft is accompani$ ) viol5ce1 ! puni%m5t also %\ld be a comb9ation ( corporal & s]vile puni%m5t4 ,"s previ\s writ]s h %[n ! evid5t abuse t arises f n di/+ui%+ puni%m5ts = !fts ( viol5ce f ^? = !fts ( cunn+1 ?us mak+ an absurd equation betwe5 a l>ge sum ( money & ! life ( a man4 ,= !y are crimes ( a diff]5t nature2 & 9 politics1 z 9 ma!matics1 ?is axiom is mo/ c]ta91 t betwe5 het]og5e\s quantities ! t]ms ( diff]5ce are inf9ite2 b x is nev] sup]flu\s to repeat :at has h>dly ev] be5 put into practice4 ,political ma*9]y m ?an any?+ else reta9s ! motion orig9ally giv5 to x1 & is ! sl[e/ to adapt itself to a fre% "o4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,smuggl+4 ,smuggl+ is a real crime aga9/ ! sov]eign & ! nation2 b its puni%m5t %\ld n be "o ( disgrace1 because its commission incurs no disgrace 9 public op9ion4 ,b :y does ?is crime nev] entail disgrace ^u its au?or1 see+ t x is a !ft aga9/ ! pr9ce1 & consequ5tly aga9/ ! nation8 ,i answ]1 t (f5ces :i* m5 d n consid] c be committ$ aga9/ !mselves d n int]e/ !m en\gh to produce public indignation aga9/ _! p]petrator4 ,smuggl+ is an (f5ce ( ?is "*4 ,m5 9 g5]al1 on :om remote consequ5ces make v feeble impressions1 d n p]ceive ! h>m t smuggl+ c d !m1 nay1 (t5 !y enjoy a pres5t advantage f x4 ,!y only p]ceive ! injury done to ! sov]eign2 !y are n int]e/$1 !re=e1 9 )draw+ _! fav\r f a smuggl] z mu* z !y are 9 do+ s f a man :o commits a !ft 9 private life1 :o =ges a signature1 or br+s ^u !m o!r evils4 ,! pr9ciple is self-evid5t1 t e s5sitive be+ only int]e/s himself 9 ! evils :i* he kn[s4 ,?is crime arises f ! law itself2 s9ce ! b5efit x promises increases ) ! increase ( ! import duty1 & !re=e ! temptation & ! facility ( committ+ x increases ) ! circumf]5ce ( t]ritory to be gu>d$ & ! small size ( ! prohibit$ w>es4 ,! p5alty ( los+ bo? ! prohibit$ goods1 & :atev] effects are f\nd ) !m1 is mo/ j2 b its efficacy w be great] 9 proportion z ! import duty is l[]1 because m5 only incur risks relative to ! advantage d]ivable f ! prosp]\s issue ( _! und]tak+4 ,b ought su* a crime to be let g unpuni%$ 9 ! case ( a man :o has no effects to lose8 ,no3 !re are k9ds ( smuggl+ ( s mu* importance to ! rev5ue 7:i* is s ess5tial & s difficult a "p ( a good sy/em ( laws71 t su* a crime des]ves a consid]able puni%m5t1 ev5 imprisonm5t or s]vitude2 b imprisonm5t & s]vitude con=mable to ! nature ( ! crime itself4 ,= example1 ! prison ( ! tobacco-smuggl] ought n to be ! same z t ( ! assass9 or ! ?ief2 & ! lab\rs ( ! =m]1 limit$ to ! "w & s]vice ( ! v treasury he wi%$ to defraud1 w be ! puni%m5ts mo/ con=mable to ! nature ( 8 crime4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,( ,,debtors4 ,! good fai? ( contracts & ! security ( comm]ce compel ! legislator to assure to cr$itors ! p]sons ( insolv5t debtors4 ,b ,i ?9k x important to di/+ui% ! fraudul5t f ! innoc5t bankrupt1 ! =m] ( :om %\ld receive ! same puni%m5t z t assign$ to false co9]s1 s9ce x is no great] crime to falsify a piece ( co9$ money1 ! pl$ge ( m5's mutual obligations1 ?an to falsify ^? obligations !mselves4 ,b ! innoc5t bankrupt--he :o1 aft] a se>*+ inquiry1 has prov$ be=e 8 judges t ! wick$ness or mis=tune ( "s "o else1 or ! inevitable vicissitudes ( human prud5ce1 h despoil$ him ( 8 sub/ance--= :at b>b>\s reason ought su* an "o to be ?r[n into prison1 & depriv$ ( ! only poor b5efit t rema9s to him1 a b>r5 lib]ty1 9 ord] to suff] ! agonies ( ! really guilty1 &1 9 despair at 8 ru9$ hone/y1 to rep5t p]haps ( t innoc5ce1 by :i* he liv$ peacefully "u ! protection ( ^? laws t x 0 n 9 8 p[] n to (f5d aga9/8 ,laws1 too1 dictat$ by ! p[]ful by reason ( _! rapacity1 & endur$ by ! feeble by reason ( t hope1 :i* g5]ally glimm]s 9 ! human he>t1 & leads u to believe t unfav\rable cont+5cies are res]v$ = o!rs1 fav\rable ones = ourselves6 ,m5 left to _! natural feel+s love cruel laws1 h[ev] mu*1 z subject to !m !mselves1 x might be = _! individual int]e/ t !y %\ld be mitigat$2 because _! fe> ( be+ injur$ by o!rs is great] ?an _! desire to inflict injuries !mselves4 ,to return to ! innoc5t bankrupt4 ,grant+ t 8 obligation %\ld n be ext+ui%able by any?+ %ort ( total paym5t2 grant+ t he %\ld n be suff]$ to )draw f x )\t ! cons5t ( ! p>ties int]e/$1 nor to transf] "u ! dom9ion ( o!r laws 8 indu/ry1 :i* %\ld p]=ce be employ$1 "u p5alties1 to enable him to satisfy 8 cr$itors 9 proportion to 8 pr(its2 :at fair pretext1 ,i ask1 c !re be1 su* z ! security ( comm]ce or ! sacr$ "r ( prop]ty1 to ju/ify ! deprivation ( 8 lib]ty8 ,su* a deprivation is only ( use1 :5 x is s\ght to discov] ! secrets ( a suppos$ innoc5t bankrupt by ! evils ( s]vitude1 a mo/ unusual circum/ance :]e a rigor\s inquiry is in/itut$4 ,i believe x to be a maxim 9 legislation1 t ! am\nt ( political inconv5i5ces v>ies directly 9 proportion to ! injury !y d ! public1 & inv]sely 9 proportion to ! difficulty ( _! pro(4 ,x w\ld be possible to di/+ui% a case ( fraud f a grave fault1 a grave fault f a light "o1 & ?is aga9 f p]fect innoc5ce2 !n to affix to ! fir/ ! p5alties due = crimes ( falsification2 to ! second less] p5alties1 b ) ! loss ( p]sonal lib]ty2 &1 res]v+ = ! la/ degree ! free *oice ( ! means ( recov]y1 to deprive ! ?ird degree ( su* lib]ty1 :il/ leav+ x to a man's cr$itors4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 grave & light %\ld be fix$ by ! bl9d imp>tiality ( ! laws1 n by ! dang]\s & arbitr>y wisdom ( a judge4 ,! fix+s ( limits are z necess>y 9 politics z 9 ma!matics1 equally 9 ! measurem5t ( ! public welf>e z 9 ! measurem5t ( magnitudes4#fh ,h[ easily might ! f>see+ legislator h9d] a l>ge "p ( culpable bankruptcy1 & relieve ! mis=tunes ( ! indu/ri\s & innoc5t6 ,! public & op5 regi/ration ( all contracts2 fre$om to e citiz5 to consult !m 9 well-kept docum5ts2 a public bank =m$ by wisely-apportion$ taxes ^u prosp]\s comm]ce1 & int5d$ = ! timely relief ( any un=tunate & innoc5t memb] ( ! company2--su* measures w\ld h no real drawback & might produce numb]less advantages4 ,b easy1 simple1 & great laws1 :i* await b ! signal ( ! legislator1 9 ord] to scatt] ri*es & /r5g? ?r\gh a nation--laws :i* w\ld be celebrat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 hymns ( gratitude--are ei!r ! lea/ ?\ght ( or ! lea/ desir$ ( all4 ,an uneasy & petty _s1 ! timid prud5ce ( ! pres5t mom5t1 & a circumspect /iffness aga9/ innovations1 ma/] ! feel+s ( ^? :o gov]n ! complex actions ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,tranquillity4 ,la/ly1 among ! crimes ( ! ?ird k9d are especially ^? :i* di/urb ! public peace & civic tranquillity2 su* z noises & riots 9 ! public /reets1 :i* 7 made = ! conv5i5ce ( m5 & traffic1 or fanatical s]mons t excite ! easily r\s$ passions ( ! curi\s multitude4 ,= _! passions ga!r =ce f ! numb] ( he>]s1 & m f a c]ta9 obscure & my/]i\s en?usiasm1 ?an f cle> & quiet reason+1 :i* nev] has any influ5ce ov] a l>ge mass ( m54 ,! light+ ( a city by night at ! public exp5se2 ! di/ribution ( gu>ds 9 ! diff]5t qu>t]s2 simple moral disc\rses on religion1 b only 9 ! sil5t & holy quiet ( *ur*es1 protect$ by public au?ority2 spee*es on behalf ( private & public int]e/s 9 national assemblies1 p>liam5ts1 or :]ev] else ! maje/y ( sov]eignty resides--all ^! are efficaci\s means = prev5t+ ! dang]\s cond5sation ( popul> passions4 ,^! means are a pr9cipal bran* ( t magi/]ial vigilance :i* ! ,fr5* call police2 b if ?is is ex]cis$ by arbitr>y laws1 n laid d[n 9 a code ( g5]al circulation1 a door is op5$ to tyranny1 :i* ev] surr\nds all ! b\nd>ies ( political lib]ty4 ,i f9d no exception to ?is g5]al axiom1 t #8,e citiz5 ought to "k :5 8 actions are guilty or innoc5t4' ,if c5sors1 & arbitr>y magi/rates 9 g5]al1 are necess>y 9 any gov]nm5t1 x is due to ! weakness ( its con/itution1 & is =eign to ! nature ( a well organis$ gov]nm5t4 ,m victims h be5 sacrific$ to obscure tyranny by ! unc]ta9ty ( _! lot ?an by public & =mal cruelty1 = ! latt] revolts m5's m9ds m ?an x abases !m4 ,! true tyrant always beg9s by ma/]+ op9ion1 ! precursor ( c\rage2 = ! latt] c only %[ itself 9 ! cle> light ( tru?1 9 ! fire ( passion1 or 9 ignorance ( dang]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,( ,,political ,,idl5ess4 ,wise gov]nm5ts suff] n political idl5ess 9 ! mid/ ( "w & indu/ry4 ,i mean by political idl5ess t exi/5ce :i* contributes no?+ to society ei!r by its "w or by its weal?2 :i* ga9s )\t ev] los+2 :i*1 /upidly admir$ & rev]5c$ by ! vulg>1 is reg>d$ by ! wise man ) disda91 & ) pity = ! be+s :o are its victims2 :i*1 be+ de/itute ( t /imulus ( an active life1 ! necessity ( pres]v+ or increas+ ! /ore ( worldly goods1 leaves to ! passions ( op9ion1 n ! lea/ /rong ones1 all _! en]gy4 ,?is k9d ( idl5ess has be5 confus$ by au/]e declaim]s ) t ( ri*es1 ga!r$ by indu/ry2 b x is n = ! sev]e & n>r[ virtue ( "s c5sors1 b = ! laws1 to def9e :at is puni%able idl5ess4 ,he is n guilty ( political idl5ess1 :o enjoys ! fruits ( ! virtues or vices ( 8 ance/ors & sells 9 ex*ange = 8 pleasures bread & exi/5ce to ! indu/ri\s poor1 :o c>ry on peacefully ! sil5t w> ( indu/ry aga9/ weal?1 in/ead ( by =ce a w> unc]ta9 & sangu9>y4 ,! latt] k9d ( idl5ess is necess>y & useful1 9 proportion z society becomes wid] & its gov]nm5t m /rict4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,suicide ,,& ,,abs5ce4 ,suicide is a crime to :i* a puni%m5t prop]ly s call$ seems inadmissible1 s9ce x c only fall ^u ! innoc5t or else ^u a cold & ins5sible body4 ,if ! latt] mode ( puni%+ ! crime makes no m impression on ! liv+ ?an w\ld be made by inflict+ viol5ce on a /atue1 ! o!r mode is unju/ & tyrannical1 inasmu* z political fre$om necess>ily presupposes ! purely p]sonal nature ( puni%m5t4 ,m5 love life only too mu*1 & ev]y?+ t surr\nds !m confirms !m 9 ?is love4 ,! s$uctive image ( pleasure1 & hope1 t sweete/ illusion ( mortals1 = ! sake ( :i* !y swall[ l>ge draughts ( evil mix$ ) a few drops ( cont5tm5t1 are too attractive1 = "o ev] to fe>1 t ! necess>y impunity ( su* a crime %\ld ex]cise any g5]al influ5ce4 ,he :o fe>s pa91 obeys ! laws2 b dea? puts an end 9 ! body to all ! s\rces ( pa94 ,:at1 !n1 w be ! motive :i* %all re/ra9 ! desp]ate h& ( ! suicide8 ,:oev] kills himself does a less] evil to society ?an he :o = ev] leaves ! b\nd>ies ( 8 c\ntry1 = :il/ ! =m] leaves !re9 all 8 sub/ance1 ! latt] transports himself toge!r ) "p ( 8 prop]ty4 ,nay1 if ! p[] ( a community consi/s 9 ! numb] ( its memb]s1 ! man :o )draws himself to jo9 a neighb\r+ nation does twice z great an injury z he :o simply by dea? deprives society ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 r$uces itself to ?is3 :e!r ! leav+ to ea* memb] ( a nation a p]petual lib]ty to abs5t himself f x be advantage\s or detrim5tal4 ,no law ought to be promulgat$ t has n =ce to back x1 or t ! nature ( ?+s deprives ( validity2 & z m9ds are rul$ by op9ion1 :i* itself foll[s ! sl[ & indirect impressions ( legislation1 :il/ x resi/s ^? t are direct & viol5t1 ! mo/ salut>y laws become infect$ ) ! contempt felt = useless laws1 & are reg>d$ r z ob/acles to be surm\nt$ ?an z ! deposit ( ! public welf>e4 ,moreov]1 if1 z 0 said1 our feel+s are limit$ 9 quantity1 ! great] respect m5 may h = ?+s outside ! laws1 ! less w rema9 to !m = ! laws !mselves4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ! wise adm9i/rator ( ! public happ9ess may draw "s useful consequ5ces1 ! exposition ( :i* w\ld lead me too f> f my subject1 :i* is to demon/rate ! uselessness ( mak+ a prison ( ! ,/ate4 ,a law ) su* an object is useless1 because1 unless inaccessible rocks or an unnavigable sea sep>ate a c\ntry f all o!rs1 h[ w x be possible to close all ! po9ts ( its circumf]5ce & keep gu>d ov] ! gu>dians !mselves8 ,a man :o transports ev]y?+ he has ) him1 :5 he has done s _c be puni%$4 ,su* a crime once committ$ c no long] be puni%$1 & to puni% x be=eh& w\ld be to puni% m5's wills1 n _! actions1 to ex]cise comm& ov] _! int5tion1 ! free/ "p ( human nature1 & altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! control ( human laws4 ,! puni%m5t ( an abs5t man 9 ! prop]ty he leaves beh9d him w\ld ru9 all int]national comm]ce1 to say no?+ ( ! facility ( collusion1 :i* w\ld be unavoidable1 except by a tyrannical control ( contracts4 ,& 8 puni%m5t on 8 return1 z a crim9al1 w\ld prev5t ! rep>ation ( ! evil done to society1 by mak+ all removals p]petual4 ,! v prohibition to leave a c\ntry augm5ts p's desire to d s1 & is a w>n+ to =eign]s n to ent] x4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a gov]nm5t t has no o!r means ?an fe> = keep+ m5 9 a c\ntry1 to :i* !y are naturally atta*$ f ! e>lie/ impressions ( _! infancy8 ,! sure/ way ( keep+ !m 9 _! c\ntry is to augm5t ! relative welf>e ( ea* ( !m4 ,z e ef=t %\ld be employ$ to turn ! balance ( comm]ce 9 our own fav\r1 s x is ! greate/ int]e/ ( a sov]eign & a nation1 t ! sum ( happ9ess1 comp>$ ) t ( neighb\r+ nations1 %\ld be great] at home ?an else:]e4 ,! pleasures ( luxury are n ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 ?is happ9ess1 h[ev] mu* !y may be a necess>y rem$y to t inequality :i* increases ) a c\ntry's progress1 & a *eck ^u ! t5d5cy ( weal? to accumulate 9 ! h&s ( a s+le rul]4#fi ,b comm]ce & ! int]*ange ( ! pleasures ( luxury h ?is drawback1 t h[ev] _m p]sons are engag$ 9 _! production1 !y yet beg9 & end ) a few1 ! great majority ( m5 only enjoy+ ! smalle/ %>e ( !m1 s t ! feel+ ( mis]y1 :i* dep5ds m on comp>ison ?an on reality1 is n prev5t$4 ,b ! pr9cipal basis ( ?is happ9ess ,i speak ( is p]sonal security & lib]ty "u ! limitations ( ! law2 ) ^! ! pleasures ( luxury fav\r population1 & )\t !m !y become ! in/rum5t ( tyranny4 ,z ! noble/ wild bea/s & ! free/ birds remove to solitudes & inaccessible =e/s1 leav+ ! f]tile & smil+ pla9s to ! wiles ( man1 s m5 fly f pleasures !mselves :5 tyranny acts z _! di/ributor4 ,x is1 !n1 prov$ t ! law :i* imprisons subjects 9 _! own c\ntry is useless & unju/4 ,! puni%m5t1 !re=e1 ( suicide is equally s2 & consequ5tly1 al?\gh x is a fault puni%able by ,god1 = ,he alone c puni% aft] dea?1 x is n a crime 9 ! eyes ( m51 = ! puni%m5t !y inflict1 in/ead ( fall+ on ! crim9al himself1 falls on 8 family4 ,if anyone objects1 t su* a puni%m5t c nev]!less draw a man back f 8 det]m9ation to kill himself1 ,i reply1 t he :o calmly r5\nces ! advantages ( life1 :o hates 8 exi/5ce "h bel[ to su* an ext5t z to pref] to x an et]nity ( mis]y1 is n likely to be mov$ by ! less efficaci\s & m remote consid]ation ( 8 *ildr5 or 8 relations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,crimes ,,( ,,difficult ,,pro(4 ,!re are "s crimes :i*1 are at ! same "t frequ5t 9 society & yet difficult to prove1 z adult]y1 p$]a/y1 infanticide4 ,adult]y is a crime :i*1 politically consid]$1 d]ives its =ce & direction f two causes1 namely1 f ! v>iable laws 9 =ce among mank9d1 & f t /ronge/ ( all attractions :i* draws "o sex t[>ds ! o!r4#gj ,_h ,i to address nations /ill de/itute ( ! light ( religion1 ,i w\ld say t !re is yet ano!r consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 adult]y & o!r crimes4 ,= x spr+s f ! abuse ( a con/ant & univ]sal human impulse1 an impulse ant]ior to1 nay1 ! cause ( ! in/itution ( society2 :]eas o!r crimes1 de/ructive ( society1 d]ive _! orig9 r f mom5t>y passions ?an f a natural impulse4 ,to anyone cognisant ( hi/ory & 8 k9d1 su* an impulse w seem to be equival5t 9 ! same climate to a con/ant quantity2 & if ?is be s1 ^? laws & cu/oms :i* seek to dim9i% ! sum-total w be useless or dang]\s1 because _! effect w be to bur!n "o half ( humanity ) its own ne$s & ^? ( o!rs2 b ^? laws1 on ! contr>y1 w be ! wise/1 :i* foll[+1 s to speak1 ! g5tle incl9ation ( ! pla91 divide ! total am\nt1 caus+ x to ramify into s _m equal & small portions1 t aridity or ov]fl[+ are equally prev5t$ ev]y:]e4 ,conjugal fidelity is always proportion$ to ! numb] & to ! fre$om ( m>riages4 ,:]e m>riages are gov]n$ by h]$it>y prejudices1 or b\nd or loos5$ by p>5tal p[]1 !re ! *a9s are brok5 by secret intrigue1 9 despite ( ord9>y morality1 :i*1 :il/ conniv+ at ! causes ( ! (f5ce1 makes x its duty to declaim aga9/ ! results4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( su* reflections = ! man :o1 liv+ 9 ! light ( true religion1 has high] motives to correct ! =ce ( natural effects4 ,su* a crime is ( s in/antane\s & secret commission1 s conceal$ by ! v veil ! laws h drawn r\nd x 7a veil necess>y1 inde$1 b fragile1 & "o t enhances1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 ! value ( ! desir$ object71 ! occasions = x are s easy1 & ! consequ5ces s d\btful1 t ! legislator has x m 9 8 p[] to prev5t ?an to puni% x4 ,z a g5]al rule1 9 e crime :i* by its nature mu/ mo/ frequ5tly g unpuni%$1 ! p5alty atta*$ to x becomes an inc5tive4 ,x is a quality ( our imag9ation1 t difficulties1 if !y are n insurm\ntable nor too difficult1 relatively to ! m5tal en]gy ( ! p>ticul> p]son1 excite ! imag9ation m vividly1 & place ! object desir$ 9 l>g] p]spective2 = !y s]ve z x 7 z s _m b>ri]s to prev5t an erratic & flighty fancy f quitt+ hold ( its object2 &1 :ile !y compel ! imag9ation to consid] ! latt] 9 all its be>+s1 x atta*es itself m closely to ! pleasant side1 to :i* our m9d mo/ naturally incl9es1 ?an to ! pa9ful side1 :i* x places at a di/ance4 ,p$]a/y1 s sev]ely puni%$ by ! laws1 & s readily subject$ to ! tortures t triumph ov] innoc5ce1 is f\nd$ less on ! necessities ( man1 :5 liv+ 9 a /ate ( isolation & fre$om1 ?an on 8 passions :5 liv+ 9 a /ate ( society & slav]y4 ,x d]ives its =ce n s mu* f satiety ( pleasure z f ! sy/em ( education n[ 9 vogue1 :i*1 beg9n+ by mak+ m5 useless to !mselves 9 ord] to make !m useful to o!rs1 causes1 by its too /rict seclusion1 a wa/e ( all vigor\s developm5t1 & accel]ates ! approa* ( old age4 ,infanticide equally is ! result ( ! unavoidable dilemma 9 :i* a woman is plac$ :o f weakness or by viol5ce has fall54 ,f9d+ h]self plac$ betwe5 ! alt]native ( infamy on ! "o side1 & ! dea? ( a be+ ins5ti5t ( its pa9s on ! o!r1 h[ c %e fail to pref] ! latt] to ! infallible mis]y await+ bo? h]self & h] unhappy (fspr+8 ,! be/ way to prev5t ?is crime w\ld be to give effici5t legal protection to weakness aga9/ tyranny1 :i* exagg]ates ^? vices t _c be hidd5 by ! cloak ( virtue4 ,i d n pret5d to dim9i% ! j wra? ^! crimes des]ve2 b1 9 indicat+ _! s\rces1 ,i ?9k myself ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ "o g5]al conclusion1 & t is1 t no puni%m5t = a crime c be call$ exactly j--t is1 necess>y--s long z ! law has n adopt$ ! be/ possible means1 9 ! circum/ances ( a c\ntry1 to prev5t ! crimes x puni%es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,( ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,k9d ,,( ,,crime4 ,! read] ( ?is treatise w p]ceive t ,i h omitt$ all ref]5ce to a c]ta9 class ( crime1 :i* has delug$ ,europe ) human blood2 a crime :i* rais$ ^? fatal piles1 :]e liv+ human bodies s]v$ z food = ! flames1 & :]e ! bl9d multitude s\ght a pleasant spectacle & a sweet h>mony f ! l[ dull groans1 emitt$ by wret*$ suff]]s f volumes ( black smoke1 ! smoke ( human limbs1 :il/ _! bones & /ill palpitat+ entrails 7 scor*$ & consum$ by ! flames4 ,b reasonable m5 w see t ! place1 ! age1 & ! subject suff] me n to inquire into ! nature ( su* a crime4 ,x w\ld be too long & remote f my subject to %[1 h[ a p]fect uni=mity ( ?\ght ought1 contr>y to ! practice ( _m c\ntries1 to be a necessity 9 a ,/ate2 h[ op9ions1 :i* only diff] by ! mo/ subtle & imp]ceptible degrees1 & are altoge!r beyond ! rea* ( human intellig5ce1 c yet convulse society1 :5 "o ( !m is n legally au?oris$ 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs2 & h[ ! nature ( op9ions is su*1 t1 :il/ "s become cle>] by virtue ( _! conflict & opposition1 7^? t are true float+ & surviv+1 b ^? t are false s9k+ to oblivion17 o!rs aga91 ) no inh]5t self-support1 require to be clo!d ) au?ority & p[]4 ,too long w\ld x be to prove1 t h[soev] hateful may seem ! gov]nm5t ( =ce ov] human m9ds1 ) no o!r triumphs to boa/ ( b dissimulation & debasem5t1 & h[soev] contr>y x may seem to ! _s ( g5tl5ess & frat]nity1 comm&$ alike by reason & ! au?ority we mo/ v5]ate1 x is yet necess>y & indisp5sable4 ,all ?is %\ld be tak5 z cle>ly prov$ & con=mable to ! true int]e/s ( humanity1 if !re be anyone :o1 ) recognis$ au?ority1 acts accord+ly4 ,i speak only ( crimes t spr+ f ! nature ( humanity & ! social compact2 n ( s9s1 ( :i* ev5 ! temporal puni%m5ts %\ld be regulat$ by o!r pr9ciples ?an ^? ( a n>r[ philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,false ,,ideas ,,( ,,utility4 ,false ideas ( utility ent]ta9$ by legislators are "o s\rce ( errors & inju/ice4 ,x is a false idea ( utility :i* ?9ks m ( ! inconv5i5ce ( individuals ?an ( ! g5]al inconv5i5ce2 :i* tyrannises ov] m5's feel+s1 in/ead ( ar\s+ !m into action2 :i* says to ,reason1 #8,be ?\ subject4' ,x is a false idea ( utility :i* sacrifices a ?\s& real advantages = "o imag9>y or trifl+ drawback2 :i* w\ld deprive m5 ( ! use ( fire because x burns or ( wat] because x dr[ns2 & ^: only rem$y = evils is ! entire de/ruction ( _! causes4 ,( su* a k9d are laws prohibit+ ! we>+ ( arms1 = !y only dis>m ^? :o are n incl9$ nor resolv$ to commit crimes1 :il/ ^? :o h ! c\rage to violate ! mo/ sacr$ laws ( humanity1 ! mo/ important 9 ! law-code1 are little likely to be induc$ to respect ^? less] & purely arbitr>y laws1 :i* are easi] to contrav5e ) impunity2 & ! /rict obs]vance ( :i* w\ld imply ! de/ruction ( all p]sonal lib]ty1 7t lib]ty de>e/ to ! enlight5$ legislator & to m5 g5]ally17 subject+ ! innoc5t to vexations :i* only ! guilty des]ve4 ,^! laws1 :il/ !y make /ill worse ! position ( ! assail$1 improve t ( _! assailants2 !y increase r ?an dim9i% ! numb] ( homicides1 ow+ to ! great] confid5ce ) :i* an un>m$ man may be attack$ ?an an arm$ "o4 ,!y are n s mu* prev5tive ( crimes z fe>ful ( !m1 due z !y are to ! excitem5t r\s$ by p>ticul> facts1 n to any reason$ consid]ation ( ! advantages or disadvantages ( a g5]al decree4 ,aga91 x is a false idea ( utility1 :i* w\ld seek to imp>t to a multitude ( intellig5t be+s ! same symmetry & ord] t brute & inanimate matt] admits (2 :i* neglects pres5t motives1 ! only con/antly p[]ful influ5ces ) ! g5]ality ( m51 to give =ce to remote & future ones1 ! impression ( :i* is v brief & feeble1 unless a =ce ( imag9ation beyond :at is usual makes up1 by its magnify+ p[]1 = ! object's remot5ess4 ,la/ly1 x is a false idea ( utility1 :i*1 sacrific+ ! ?+ to ! "n1 di/+ui%es ! public good f t ( e individual memb] ( ! public4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( society & ! /ate ( nature1 t 9 ! latt] a savage only commits injuries aga9/ o!rs ) a view to b5efit himself1 :il/ 9 ! =m] /ate m5 are sometimes mov$ by bad laws to injure o!rs )\t any correspond+ b5efit to !mselves4 ,! tyrant ca/s fe> & dread into ! m9ds ( 8 slaves1 b !y return by rep]cussion ) all ! great] =ce to torm5t 8 own brea/4 ,! m conf9$ fe> is 9 its range1 s mu* ! less dang]\s is x to him :o makes x ! in/rum5t ( 8 happ9ess2 b ! m public x is & ! l>g] ! numb] ( p x agitates1 s mu* ! m likely is x t !re w be "s ra%1 "s desp]ate1 or "s clev] & bold man :o w try to make use ( o!rs = 8 own purpose1 by rais+ 9 !m hopes1 t are all ! m pleasant & s$uctive z ! risk incurr$ 9 !m is spread ov] a great] numb]1 & z ! value atta*$ by ! wret*$ to _! exi/5ce dim9i%es 9 proportion to _! mis]y4 ,?is is ! reason :y (f5ces ev] give rise to fre% ones3 t hatr$ is a feel+ mu* m durable ?an love1 inasmu* z x d]ives its =ce f ! v cause t weak5s ! latt]1 namely1 f ! cont9uance ( ! acts t produce x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,( ,,family ,,_s4 ,su* fatal & legalis$ iniquities z h be5 ref]r$ to h be5 approv$ ( by ev5 ! wise/ m5 & practis$ by ev5 ! free/ republics1 ow+ to _! hav+ reg>d$ society r z an aggregate ( families ?an z "o ( individuals4 ,suppose !re to be #ajj1jjj individuals1 or #bj1jjj families1 ( five p]sons ea*1 includ+ its repres5tative head3 if ! association is con/itut$ by families1 x w consi/ ( #bj1jjj m5 & #hj1jjj slaves2 if x be an association ( individuals1 x w consi/ ( #ajj1jjj citiz5s1 & n a s+le slave4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re w be a republic1 =m$ ( #bj1jjj little sov]eignties2 9 ! second ! republican _s w brea!1 n only 9 ! m>ket-places & meet+s ( ! p1 b also )9 ! dome/ic walls1 :]e9 lies s great a "p ( human happ9ess or mis]y4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 also1 z laws & cu/oms are ! result ( ! habitual s5tim5ts ( ! memb]s ( ! republic--t is1 ( ! heads ( families--! mon>*ical _s w gradually introduce itself1 & its effects w only be *eck$ by ! conflict+ int]e/s ( individuals1 n by a feel+ t brea!s lib]ty & equality4 ,family _s is a _s ( detail & conf9$ to facts ( trifl+ importance4 ,b ! _s :i* regulates communities is ma/] ( g5]al pr9ciples1 ov]looks ! totality ( facts1 & comb9es !m into k9ds & classes1 ( importance to ! welf>e ( ! great] numb]4 ,9 ! community ( families sons rema9 9 ! p[] ( ! head ( ! family s long z he lives1 & are oblig$ to look =w>d to 8 dea? = an exi/5ce dep5d5t on ! laws alone4 ,accu/om$ to submission & fe> 9 ! fre%e/ & mo/ vigor\s "t ( life1 :5 _! feel+s are less modifi$ by t timidity1 aris+ f exp]i5ce1 :i* m5 call mod]ation1 h[ %all !y )/& ^? ob/acles 9 ! way ( virtue :i* vice ev] opposes1 9 t feeble & fail+ p]iod ( life :5 despair ( liv+ to see ! fruit ( _! lab\rs h9d]s !m f mak+ vigor\s *anges8 ,:5 ! community is "o ( individuals1 ! subord9ation t prevails 9 ! family prevails by agreem5t1 n by compulsion2 & ! sons1 z soon z _! age )draws !m f _! /ate ( natural dep5d5ce1 aris+ f _! feebl5ess & _! ne$ ( education & protection1 become free memb]s ( ! dome/ic commonweal?1 subject+ !mselves to its head1 9 ord] to %>e 9 its advantages1 z free m5 d by society at l>ge4 ,9 ! o!r condition ! sons--t is1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ useful "p ( a nation--are plac$ altoge!r at ! m]cy ( _! fa!rs2 b 9 ?is "o !re is no enjo9$ connection betwe5 !m1 beyond t sacr$ & inviolable "o ( ! natural m9i/ration ( necess>y aid1 & t ( gratitude = b5efits receiv$1 :i* is less (t5 de/roy$ by ! native wick$ness ( ! human he>t ?an by a law-orda9$ & ill-conceiv$ /ate ( subjection4 ,su* contradictions betwe5 ! laws ( a family & ! fundam5tal laws ( a ,/ate are a f]tile s\rce ( o!r contradictions betwe5 public & private morality1 giv+ rise consequ5tly to a p]petual conflict 9 e individual m9d4 ,= :il/ private morality inspires fe> & subjection1 public morality tea*es c\rage & fre$om2 :il/ ! =m] inculcates ! re/riction ( well-do+ to a small numb] ( p]sons indiscrim9ately1 ! latt] inculcates its ext5sion to all classes ( m52 & :il/ ! "o enjo9s ! con/ant sacrifice ( self to a va9 idol1 call$ #8! good ( ! family' 7:i* is frequ5tly n ! good ( any s+le memb] t composes x71 ! o!r tea*es m5 to b5efit !mselves1 provid$ !y break n ! laws1 & incites !m1 by ! rew>d ( en?usiasm1 :i* is ! precursor ( _! action1 to sacrifice !mselves to ! good ( _! c\ntry4 ,su* contradictions make m5 scorn to foll[ virtue1 :i* !y f9d s complicat$ & confus$1 & at t di/ance f !m1 :i* objects1 bo? moral & physical1 d]ive f _! obscurity4 ,h[ (t5 x happ5s t a man1 9 reflect+ on 8 pa/ actions1 is a/oni%$ at f9d+ himself di%one/4 ,! l>g] society gr[s1 ! small] fraction ( ! :ole does ea* memb] ( x become1 & ! m is ! feel+ ( ! commonweal? dim9i%$1 unless c>e be tak5 by ! laws to re9=ce x4 ,societies1 l human bodies1 h _! circumscrib$ limits1 ext5sion beyond :i* involves inevitably a di/urbance ( _! economy4 ,! size ( a ,/ate ought app>5tly to v>y inv]sely ) ! s5sibility ( its compon5t p>ts2 o!rwise1 if bo? increase toge!r1 good laws w f9d1 9 ! v b5efit !y h effect$1 an ob/acle to ! prev5tion ( crimes4 ,too l>ge a republic c only save itself f despotism by a process ( subdivision1 & a union ( ! p>ts into s _m f$]ative republics4 ,b h[ effect ?is1 save by a despotic dictator ) ! c\rage ( ,sylla & z mu* g5ius = con/ruction z he _h = de/ruction8 ,if su* a man be ambiti\s1 ! glory ( all ! ages awaits him2 & if he be a philosoph]1 ! bless+s ( 8 fell[-citiz5s w console him = ! loss ( 8 au?ority1 ev5 %\ld he n become indiff]5t to _! +ratitude4 ,9 proportion z ! feel+s :i* unite u to our own nation are weak5$1 d ^? = ! objects imm$iately ar\nd u ga9 9 /r5g?2 & x is = ?is reason t "u ! sev]e/ despotism ! /ronge/ fri5d%ips are to be f\nd1 & t ! family virtues1 ev] ( an exalt$ "*1 are ei!r ! mo/ common or ! only ones4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 h[ limit$ h be5 ! views ( ! great majority ( legislators4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,( ,,! ,,treasury4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ne>ly all p5alties 7 pecuni>y4 ,m5's crimes 7 ! pr9ce's patrimony2 attempts aga9/ ! public safety 7 an object ( ga91 & he ^: function x 0 to def5d x f\nd 8 int]e/ 9 see+ x assail$4 ,! object ( puni%m5t 0 !n a suit betwe5 ! treasury1 :i* exact$ ! p5alty1 & ! crim9al3 x 0 a civil bus9ess1 a private r ?an a public dispute1 :i* conf]r$ ^u ! treasury o!r rights ?an ^? conf]r$ ^u x by ! calls ( ! public def5ce1 :il/ x inflict$ ^u ! (f5d] o!r grievances ?an ^? he _h incurr$ by ! necessity ( example4 ,! judge 01 !re=e1 an advocate = ! treasury r ?an an imp>tial inve/igator ( ! tru?1 an ag5t = ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] r ?an ! protector & m9i/] ( ! laws4 ,b z 9 ?is sy/em to confess a fault 0 ! same ?+ z to confess oneself a debtor to ! treasury1 t be+ ! object ( ! crim9al proc$ure 9 ^? days1 s ! confession ( a crime1 & a confession s manag$ z to fav\r & n to hurt fiscal int]e/s1 became & /ill rema9s 7effects always outla/+ _! causes s long7 ! c5tre po9t ( all crim9al proc$ure4 ,)\t su* confession a crim9al convict$ by indubitable pro(s w incur a p5alty less ?an ! "o legally atta*$ to 8 crime2 & )\t x he w escape torture = o!r crimes ( ! same sort :i* he may h committ$4 ,) x1 on ! o!r h&1 ! judge becomes ma/] ( a crim9al's p]son1 to lac]ate him by me?od & =mality1 9 ord] to get f him z f s mu* /ock all ! pr(it he c4 ,giv5 ! fact ( ! crime z prov$1 confession af=ds a conv9c+ pro(2 &1 to make ?is pro( /ill less op5 to d\bt1 x is =cibly exact$ by ! agonies & despair ( physical pa92 :il/ at ! same "t a confession t is extra-judicial1 t is t5d]$ calmly & indiff]5tly1 & )\t ! ov]p[]+ fe>s ( a trial by torture1 is held insuffici5t = a v]dict ( guilt4 ,inquiries & pro(s1 :i* ?r[ light ^u ! fact1 b :i* weak5 ! claims ( ! treasury1 are exclud$2 nor is x out ( consid]ation = 8 wret*$ness & weakness t a crim9al is sometimes sp>$ f torture1 b out ( reg>d = ! claims :i* ?is entity1 n[ my?ical & inconceivable1 might lose4 ,! judge becomes ! enemy ( ! accus$1 :o /&s 9 *a9s be=e him1 ! prey ( mis]y1 ( torm5ts1 & ! mo/ t]rible future2 he does n seek to f9d ! tru? ( a fact1 b to f9d ! crime 9 ! prison]1 try+ to entrap him1 & ?9k+ x to ! loss ( 8 own cr$it if he fail to d s1 & to ! detrim5t ( t infallibility :i* m5 pret5d to possess ab\t ev]y?+4 ,! evid5ce t ju/ifies a man's imprisonm5t re/s ) ! judge2 9 ord] t a man may prove himself innoc5t1 he mu/ fir/ be decl>$ guilty3 t is call$ an (f5sive prosecution2 & su* are crim9al proce$+s 9 ne>ly e "p ( enlight5$ ,europe1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! real prosecution1 ! in=mative "o--t is1 ! indiff]5t inquiry into a fact1 su* z reason enjo9s1 su* z milit>y codes employ1 & su* z is us$ ev5 by ,asiatic despotism 9 trivial & unimportant cases--is ( v scant use 9 ! tribunals ( ,europe4 ,:at a complex maze ( /range absurdities1 d\btless incr$ible to a m =tunate po/]ity6 ,only ! philosoph]s ( t "t w read 9 ! nature ( man ! possible actuality ( su* a sy/em z n[ exi/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,crimes--,,( ,,k--,,magi/rates--,,rew>ds--,,education 4 ,x is bett] to prev5t crimes ?an to puni% !m4 ,?is is ! *ief aim ( e good sy/em ( legislation1 :i* is ! art ( lead+ m5 to ! greate/ possible happ9ess or to ! lea/ possible mis]y1 accord+ to calculation ( all ! goods & evils ( life4 ,b ! means hi!rto employ$ = ?is end are = ! mo/ "p false & contr>y to ! end propos$4 ,x is impossible to r$uce ! turbul5t activity ( m5 to a geometrical h>mony )\t any irregul>ity or confusion4 ,z ! con/ant & mo/ simple laws ( nature d n prev5t ab]rations 9 ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 s1 9 ! inf9ite & contradictory attractions ( pleasure & pa91 di/urbances & disord] _c be prev5t$ by human laws4 ,yet ?is is ! *im]a t n>r[-m9d$ m5 pursue1 :5 !y h p[] 9 _! h&s4 ,to prohibit a numb] ( indiff]5t acts is n to prev5t ! crimes t may arise f !m1 b x is to create new ones f !m2 x is to give caprici\s def9itions ( virtue & vice :i* are proclaim$ z et]nal & immutable 9 _! nature4 ,to :at %\ld we be r$uc$ if ev]y?+ _h to be =bidd5 u :i* might tempt u to a crime8 ,x w\ld be necess>y to deprive a man ( ! use ( 8 s5ses4 ,= "o motive t drives m5 to commit a real crime !re are a ?\s& t drive !m to ! commission ( ^? indiff]5t acts :i* are call$ crimes by bad laws2 & if ! likelihood ( crimes is proportion$ to ! numb] ( motives to commit !m1 an increase ( ! field ( crimes is an increase ( ! likelihood ( _! commission4 ,! majority ( laws are no?+ b privileges1 or a tribute paid by all to ! conv5i5ce ( "s few4 ,w\ld y prev5t crimes1 !n cause ! laws to be cle> & simple1 br+ ! :ole =ce ( a nation to be> on _! def5ce1 & suff] no "p ( x to be busi$ 9 ov]?r[+ !m4 ,make ! laws to fav\r n s mu* classes ( m5 z m5 !mselves4 ,cause m5 to fe> ! laws & ! laws alone4 ,salut>y is ! fe> ( ! law1 b fatal & f]tile 9 crime is ! fe> ( "o man ( ano!r4 ,m5 z slaves are m s5sual1 m immoral1 m cruel ?an free m52 &1 :il/ ! latt] give _! m9ds to ! sci5ces or to ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry1 sett+ great objects be=e !m z _! model1 ! =m]1 cont5t$ ) ! pass+ day1 seek 9 ! excitem5t ( lib]t9age a di/raction f ! no?+ness ( _! exi/5ce1 &1 accu/om$ to an unc]ta9ty ( result 9 ev]y?+1 !y look ^u ! result ( _! crimes z unc]ta9 too1 & s decide 9 fav\r ( ! passion t tempts !m4 ,if unc]ta9ty ( ! laws affects a nation1 r5d]$ indol5t by its climate1 its indol5ce & /upidity is !reby ma9ta9$ & increas$2 if x affects a nation1 :i* ?\gh fond ( pleasure is also full ( en]gy1 x wa/es t en]gy 9 a numb] ( petty cabals & intrigues1 :i* spread di/ru/ 9 e he>t1 & make trea*]y & dissimulation ! f\ndation ( prud5ce2 if1 aga91 x affects a c\rage\s & brave nation1 ! unc]ta9ty is ultimately de/roy$1 aft] _m oscillations f lib]ty to s]vitude1 & f s]vitude back aga9 to lib]ty4 ,w\ld y prev5t crimes1 !n see t enlight5m5t accompanies lib]ty4 ,! evils t fl[ f k are 9 inv]se ratio to its diffusion2 ! b5efits directly proportion$ to x4 ,a bold impo/or1 :o is nev] a commonplace man1 is ador$ by an ignorant p1 despis$ by an enlight5$ "o4 ,k1 by facilitat+ comp>isons betwe5 objects & multiply+ m5's po9ts ( view1 br+s _m diff]5t notions into contra/1 caus+ !m to modify "o ano!r1 all ! m easily z ! same views & ! same difficulties are obs]v$ 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! face ( a widely diffus$ national enlight5m5t ! calumnies ( ignorance are sil5t1 & au?ority1 dis>m$ ( pretexts = its manife/ation1 trembles2 :il/ ! rigor\s =ce ( ! laws rema9s un%ak51 no "o ( education hav+ any dislike to ! cle> & useful public compacts :i* secure ! common safety1 :5 he comp>es ! trifl+ & useless lib]ty sacrific$ by himself ) ! sum-total ( all ! lib]ties sacrific$ by o!rs1 :o )\t ! laws might h be5 ho/ile to himself4 ,:oev] has a s5sitive s\l1 :5 he contemplates a code ( well-made laws1 & f9ds t he has only lo/ ! p]nici\s lib]ty ( injur+ o!rs1 w feel himself con/ra9$ to bless ! ?rone & ! mon>* t sits ^u x4 ,x is n true t ! sci5ces h always be5 injuri\s to mank9d2 :5 !y 7 s1 x 0 an inevitable evil4 ,! multiplication ( ! human race ov] ! face ( ! e>? introduc$ w>1 ! rud] arts1 & ! fir/ laws1 m]e tempor>y agreem5ts :i* p]i%$ ) ! necessity t gave rise to !m4 ,?is 0 mank9d's primitive philosophy1 ! few elem5ts ( :i* 7 j1 because ! indol5ce & slight wisdom ( _! fram]s pres]v$ !m f error4 ,b ) ! multiplication ( m5 !re w5t ev] a multiplication ( _! wants4 ,/rong] & m la/+ impressions 71 !re=e1 ne$$1 9 ord] to turn !m back f repeat$ lapses to t primitive /ate ( disunion :i* ea* return to x r5d]$ worse4 ,^? primitive delusions1 !re=e1 :i* peopl$ ! e>? ) false div9ities & creat$ an invisible univ]se t gov]n$ our own1 conf]r$ a great b5efit--,i mean a great political b5efit--^u humanity4 ,^? m5 7 b5efactors ( _! k9d1 :o d>$ to deceive !m & drag !m1 docile & ignorant1 to wor%ip at ! alt>s4 ,by pres5t+ to !m objects t lay beyond ! scope ( s5se & fl$ f _! grasp ! ne>] !y seem$ to approa* !m--nev] despis$1 because nev] well und]/ood--!y conc5trat$ _! divid$ passions ^u a s+le object ( supreme int]e/ to !m4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ /eps ( all ! nations t =m$ !mselves out ( savage tribes2 ?is 0 ! epo* :5 l>g] communities 7 =m$1 & su* 0 _! necess>y & p]haps _! only bond4 ,i say no?+ ( t *os5 p ( ,god1 = :om ! mo/ extraord9>y miracles & ! mo/ signal fav\rs 7 a sub/itute = human policy4 ,b z x is ! quality ( error to fall into inf9ite subdivisions1 s ! sci5ces t grew out ( x made ( mank9d a bl9d fanatical multitude1 :i*1 %ut up )9 a close labyr9?1 collides toge!r 9 su* confusion1 t "s s5sitive & philosophical m9ds h regrett$ to ?is day ! anci5t savage /ate4 ,t is ! fir/ epo* 9 :i* ! sci5ces or r op9ions are injuri\s4 ,! second epo* ( hi/ory consi/s 9 ! h>d & t]rible transition f errors to tru?1 f ! d>kness ( ignorance to ! light4 ,! great cla% betwe5 ! errors :i* are s]viceable to a few m5 ( p[] & ! tru?s :i* are s]viceable to ! weak & ! _m1 & ! contact & f]m5tation ( ! passions at su* a p]iod ar\s$1 are a s\rce ( inf9ite evils to unhappy humanity4 ,:oev] pond]s on ! diff]5t hi/ories ( ! _w1 :i* aft] c]ta9 int]vals ( "t are s mu* alike 9 _! pr9cipal episodes1 w !re9 frequ5tly obs]ve ! sacrifice ( a :ole g5]ation to ! welf>e ( succe$+ ones1 9 ! pa9ful b necess>y transition f ! d>kness ( ignorance to ! light ( philosophy1 & f despotism to fre$om1 :i* result f ! sacrifice4 ,b :5 tru?1 ^: progress at fir/ is sl[ & aft]w>ds rapid 7aft] m5's m9ds h calm$ d[n & ! fire is qu5*$ t purg$ a nation ( ! evils x suff]$71 sits z ! companion ( k+s ^u ! ?rone1 & is rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ 9 ! p>liam5ts ( free gov]nm5ts1 :o w ev] d>e ass]t t ! light :i* enlight5s ! p is m injuri\s ?an d>kness1 & t ackn[l$g+ ! true & simple relations ( ?+s is p]nici\s to mank9d8 ,if bl9d ignorance is less p]nici\s ?an confus$ half-k1 s9ce ! latt] adds to ! evils ( ignorance ^? ( error1 :i* is unavoidable 9 a n>r[ view ( ! limits ( tru?1 ! mo/ preci\s gift t a sov]eign c make to himself or to 8 p is an enlight5$ man z ! tru/ee & gu>dian ( ! sacr$ laws4 ,accu/om$ to see ! tru? & n to fe> x2 indep5d5t = ! mo/ "p ( ! dem&s ( reputation1 :i* are nev] completely satisfi$ & put mo/ m5's virtue to a trial2 us$ to consid] humanity f high] po9ts ( view2 su* a man reg>ds 8 own nation z a family ( m5 & ( bro!rs1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! nobles & ! p seems to him s mu* ! less z he has be=e 8 m9d ! l>g] total ( ! :ole human species4 ,philosoph]s acquire wants & int]e/s unkn[n to ! g5]ality ( m51 b t "o above all o!rs1 ( n bely+ 9 public ! pr9ciples !y h taught 9 obscurity1 & !y ga9 ! habit ( lov+ ! tru? = its own sake4 ,a selection ( su* m5 makes ! happ9ess ( a p1 b a happ9ess :i* is only transitory1 unless good laws s increase _! numb] z to less5 ! probability1 always consid]able1 ( an un=tunate *oice4 ,ano!r way ( prev5t+ crimes is to int]e/ ! magi/rates :o c>ry out ! laws 9 seek+ r to pres]ve ?an to corrupt !m4 ,! great] ! numb] ( m5 :o compose ! magi/racy1 ! less dang] w !re be ( _! ex]cis+ any undue p[] ov] ! laws2 = v5ality is m difficult among m5 :o are "u ! close obs]vation ( "o ano!r1 & _! inducem5t to increase _! individual au?ority dim9i%es 9 proportion to ! smallness ( ! %>e ( x t c fall to ea* ( !m1 especially :5 !y comp>e x ) ! risk ( ! attempt4 ,if ! sov]eign accu/oms 8 subjects1 by =malities & pomp1 by sev]e edicts1 & by refusal to he> ! grievances1 :e!r j or unju/1 ( ! man :o ?9ks himself oppress$1 to fe> r ! magi/rates ?an ! laws1 x w be m to ! pr(it ( ! magi/rates ?an to ! ga9 ( private & public security4 ,ano!r way to prev5t crimes is to rew>d virtue4 ,on ?is head ,i notice a g5]al sil5ce 9 ! laws ( all nations to ?is day4 ,if prizes (f]$ by academies to ! discov]]s ( useful tru?s h caus$ ! multiplication ( k & ( good books1 :y %\ld n virtu\s actions also be multipli$1 by prizes di/ribut$ f ! munific5ce ( ! sov]eign8 ,! money ( hon\r ev] rema9s unexhau/$ & fruitful 9 ! h&s ( ! legislator :o wisely di/ributes x4 ,la/ly1 ! sure/ b mo/ difficult means ( prev5t+ crimes is to improve education--a subject too va/ = pres5t discussion1 & ly+ beyond ! limits ( my treatise2 a subject1 ,i w also say1 too intimately connect$ ) ! nature ( gov]nm5t = x ev] to be aught b a b>r5 field1 only cultivat$ "h & !re by a few philosoph]s1 d[n to ! remote/ ages ( public prosp]ity4 ,a great man1 :o enlight5s ! humanity t p]secutes him1 has %[n 9 detail ! *ief educational maxims ( real utility to mank9d2 namely1 t x consi/s less 9 a b>r5 multiplicity ( subjects ?an 9 _! *oice selection2 9 sub/itut+ orig9als = copies 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical ph5om5a pres5t$ by *ance or int5tion to ! fre% m9ds ( y\?2 9 incl9+ !m to virtue by ! easy pa? ( feel+2 & 9 det]r+ !m f evil by ! sure pa? ( necessity & disadvantage1 n by ! unc]ta9 me?od ( comm&1 :i* nev] obta9s m ?an a simulat$ & transitory ob$i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,conclusion4 ,f all t has gone be=e a g5]al !orem may be d$uc$1 ( great utility1 ?\gh little com=mable to cu/om1 t common lawgiv] ( nations4 ,! !orem is ?is3 #8,9 ord] t e puni%m5t may n be an act ( viol5ce1 committ$ by "o man or by _m aga9/ a s+le individual1 x ought to be above all ?+s public1 spe$y1 necess>y1 ! lea/ possible 9 ! giv5 circum/ances1 proportion$ to its crime1 dictat$ by ! laws4' ,,footnotes #fd ,note t ! ^w ,"r is n oppos$ to ! ^w ,=ce2 b ! =m] is r a modification ( ! latt]2 t is1 ! modification mo/ advantage\s to ! great] numb]4 ,& by ju/ice ,i mean no?+ else ?an ! *a9 :i* is necess>y = hold+ toge!r private int]e/s & prev5t+ _! break+ away into ! orig9al /ate ( insociability4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful n to atta* to ?is ^w ,ju/ice ! idea ( any?+ real1 z ( a physical =ce or an indep5d5t entity2 x is only a human mode ( ?9k+1 a mode t has unb\nd$ influ5ce ov] ea* "o's happ9ess4 ,/ill less d ,i mean t o!r k9d ( ju/ice t has emanat$ f ,god1 & has its imm$iate connection ) ! p5alties & rew>ds ( a future life4 #fe ,if e individual is b\nd to society1 society is no less b\nd to e individual by a contract :i* is necess>ily obligatory on bo? sides4 ,?is obligation1 :i* desc5ds f ! ?rone to ! cab91 :i* b9ds equally ! greate/ & mo/ mis]able ( m51 means no?+ b t x is ! int]e/ ( all m5 t cov5ants advantage\s to ! great] numb] %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! ^w #8obligation' is "o ( ^? :i* are mu* m frequ5t 9 e?ics ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce1 & :i* are ! abbreviat$ symbol ( a tra9 ( reason+ r ?an ( a s+le idea4 ,seek = an idea correspond+ to ! ^w #8obligation' & y w seek 9 va92 reason ab\t x1 & y w bo? und]/& y\rself & be und]/ood by o!rs4 #ff ,accord+ to ! crim9ali/s ! great] ! atrocity ( ! crime ! great] ! cr$ibility ( ! witness4 ,look at ! iron maxim dictat$ by ! mo/ cruel /upidity3 ,9 atrocissimis leviores conjecture sufficiunt1 et licet judici jura transgr$i4 ,translate ?is into common language1 & ,europeans w see "o ( ! v _m & equally s5seless rules to :i* almo/ )\t kn[+ x !y are subject3 ,9 ! mo/ atroci\s crimes 7t is1 9 ! lea/ probable7 ! slighte/ conjectures are en\gh1 & ! judge may legitimately exce$ ! law4 ,absurd legal practices are (t5 ! result ( fe>1 :i* is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( all human contradictions4 ,legislators 7:o are really only lawy]s1 au?oris$ by *ance to decide ab\t ev]y?+1 & to become f int]e/$ & v5al writ]s arbit]s & legislators ab\t ! =tunes ( m571 al>m$ by ! condemnation ( "s innoc5t p]son1 h load$ jurisprud5ce ) sup]flu\s =malities & exceptions1 ! exact obs]vance ( :i* w\ld cause an>*y to sit ) impunity on ! ?rone ( ju/ice4 ,9 _! fright at "s crimes ( an atroci\s nature & difficult to prove1 !y ?\ght !mselves "u ! necessity ( gett+ ov] ! v =malities e/abli%$ by !mselves2 & s1 n[ ) despotic impati5ce1 n[ ) fem99e timidity1 !y h trans=m$ grave trials into a k9d ( play1 9 :i* haz>d & subt]fuge act ! pr9cipal "p4 #fg ,9 ! orig9al manuscript & ! fir/ edition !re 0 no n4 ,x is unkn[n h[ x got 91 or :e!r ,becc>ia 0 aw>e ( x4 ,cant1 ,becc>ia1 #abg4 #fh ,comm]ce & prop]ty are n !mselves an end ( ! social compact1 b !y may be a means to rea* t end4 ,to expose all ! memb]s ( society to evils1 = ! production ( :i* s _m circum/ances "w toge!r1 w\ld be to subord9ate ends to means--a p>alogism ( all ! sci5ces1 b especially ( political sci5ce1 & "o into :i* ,i fell 9 ! fir/ editions1 :]e ,i said t ! innoc5t bankrupt ought to be kept gu>d$ 9 pl$ge ( 8 debts or employ$ z a slave to lab\r = 8 cr$itors4 ,i am a%am$ ( hav+ s writt54 ,i h be5 accus$ ( irreligion )\t des]v+ to be1 & ,i h be5 accus$ ( s$ition )\t des]v+ to be4 ,i (f5d$ ! rights ( humanity1 & no "o reproa*$ me = x6 #fi ,:]e a c\ntry's b\nd>ies increase at a great] rate ?an its population1 !re luxury fav\rs despotism1 fir/ly1 because sc>city ( m5 means less indu/ry1 & less indu/ry means a great] dep5d5ce ( pov]ty ^u weal?1 & great] difficulty & less dread ( a comb9ation ( ! oppress$ aga9/ _! oppressors2 secondly1 because ! flatt]ies1 ! s]vices1 ! di/9ctions1 ! submission1 :i* cause ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /rong man & ! feeble to be all ! m felt1 are m easily obta9$ f few m5 ?an f _m1 s9ce m5 are m indep5d5t ! less subject !y are to obs]vation1 & are ! less subject to obs]vation ! m num]\s !y are4 ,b :]e ! population increases at a fa/] rate ?an ! b\nd>ies are enl>g$1 luxury is oppos$ to despotism1 because x gives life to m5's indu/ry & activity1 & ! necessity ( ! poor man (f]s too _m pleasures & com=ts to ! ri* man = ! pleasures ( pure o/5tation1 :i* increase ! idea ( dep5d5ce1 to h ! great] place4 ,h5ce x is obs]vable t 9 l>ge1 weak1 & depopulat$ ,/ates1 unless !re are c\nt]act+ causes1 ! luxury ( o/5tation prevails ov] ! luxury ( com=t2 b 9 popul\s r ?an l>ge ,/ates ! luxury ( com=t always causes ! dim9ution ( t ( o/5tation4 #gj ,?is attraction resembles 9 _m po9ts t ( gravitation1 :i* moves ! univ]se1 because1 l x1 x dim9i%es ) di/ance2 & if ! "o =ce controls all ! movem5ts ( physical bodies1 ! o!r controls ^? ( ! m9d dur+ ! cont9uance ( its sway4 ,b !y diff] 9 ?is1 t1 :il/ gravitation is c\nt]balanc$ by ob/acles1 ! o!r = ! mo/ "p ga9s =ce & /r5g? f ! increase ( ! v ob/acles oppos$ to x4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet