,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,laught] by ,,james ,,sully ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,! ,,human ,,m9d3 a ,text-book ( ,psy*ology4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #bas4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 ,,! ,,tea*]',s ,,h&book ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,*ildhood4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,ways3 be+ ,selections f 8,/udies ( ,*ildhood04 ,) #be ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt top1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,laught] ,,its ,,=ms1 ,,its ,,causes1 ,,its ,,developm5t ,,& ,,its ,,value ,,by ,,james ,,sully1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,human ,,m9d10 8,,/udies ,,( ,,*ildhood10 ,,etc4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aijb ,,to ,,my ,,*ildr5 ,,& ,,my ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,hope ,,t ,,if ,,!y ,,cultivate ,,bo? ,,bra9 ,,& ,,he>t1 ,,& ,,h ,a ,,quick ,,e> ,,= ,,! ,,muffl$ ,,moan+s ,,along ,,! ,,road1 ,,!y ,,may ,,he> ,,also1 ,,above ,,! ,,deep] ,,music1 ,,! ,,bli! ,,notes ,,( ,,laught]4 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t "w is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ attempt to treat on a consid]able scale ! :ole subject ( ,laught]1 "u its v>i\s aspects1 & 9 its connections ) our s]i\s activities & int]e/s4 ,z su*1 x w1 ,i feel sure1 lay itself op5 to ! criticism t x lacks complet5ess1 or at lea/1 proportion4 ,a fur!r criticism to :i*1 ,i feel equally sure1 x w expose itself1 is t x cle>ly reflects ! peculi>ities ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ]4 ,! anticipation ( ?is objection does n1 h[ev]1 di/urb me4 ,x seems to me to be n only inevitable1 b desirable--at lea/ at ! pres5t /age ( our k ( ! subject--t "o :o attempts to und]/& an impulse1 ( :i* ! int5sities & ! =ms appe> to v>y greatly among m51 ( :i* ! work+s are (t5 subtle1 & ( :i* ! significance is by no means obvi\s1 %\ld1 :ile mak+ full use ( o!rs' impressions1 draw l>gely on 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,portions ( ! volume h already appe>$ 9 ,reviews4 ,*apt] ,i4 0 publi%$ 7"u ! title 8,prolegom5a to a ,!ory ( ,laught]07 9 ,! ,philosophical ,review1 #aijj2 ,*apt] ,v41 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 #aijb2 & ,*apt] ,,viii41 9 ,! ,int]national ,mon?ly1 #aija4 ,! p>ts ( ,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,vi4 :i* treat ( ! psy*ology ( tickl+ appe>$ 9 ! ,compte r5du ( ! ,f\r? ,int]national ,congress ( ,psy*ology 7,,ivme ,congrs ,int]national de ,psy*ologie71 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,"s ( ! ideas 9 ,*apt] ,x4 are outl9$ 9 an article on 8,! ,uses ( ,hum\r10 :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,national ,review1 #ahig4 ,"s ( my obligations to o!r writ]s & work]s h be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 ! volume4 ,= fri5dly assi/ance 9 read+ ! pro(s ( ! "w ,i am greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,c>ve? ,read1 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,hill1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,k]1 ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,miss ,c4 ,osborn1 & ,miss ,alice ,woods4 ,h,,tel ,,du ,,weis%orn1 ,,val ,d',,annivi]s1 ,augu/1 #aijb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,objections to s]i\s /udy ( laught] #a ,previ\s treatm5t ( subject by philosoph]s #d ,_! way ( deal+ ) facts #f ,exam9ation ( an illu/ration giv5 by ,dr4 ,lipps #i ,common defects ( !ories #ag ,difficulties ( attempt to treat subject sci5tifically #ai ,scope ( inquiry #bj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,smile ,,& ,,! ,,laugh4 ,ne$ ( /udy+ ! bodily process 9 laught] #be ,*>act]i/ics ( ! movem5ts ( ! smile #bf ,expressive function ( ! smile #bg ,cont9uity ( processes ( smil+ & laugh+ #bg ,*>act]i/ics ( ! movem5ts ( laught] #cj ,concomitant organic *anges dur+ laught] #cc ,physiological b5efits ( laugh+ #cd ,effects ( excessive laught] #cg ,! laugh z expression #ci ,relation ( expression to feel+ 9 laught] #dj ,int]actions ( joy\s feel+ & organic concomitants #dd ,deviations f ! normal type ( laugh #dh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,occasions ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,laught]4 #a4 ,laught] z provok$ by s5se-/imulus3 tickl+ #ej ,tickli% areas #eb ,*>act]i/ics ( ! s5sations ( tickl+ #ec ,motor reactions provok$ by tickl+ #ef ,h[ f> attributes ( s5sation det]m9e laught] ( tickl+ #eg ,! m5tal factor 9 effect ( tickl+ #ei ,objective conditions ( successful tickl+ #fj ,tickl+ z appeal+ to a p>ticul> mood #fb #b4 ,o!r quasi-reflex =ms ( laught] #fd ,v>ieties ( automatic or 8n]v\s0 laught] #fe ,common elem5t 9 ^! v>ieties3 relief f /ra9 #fg #c4 ,v>ieties ( joy\s laught] #gj ,prolong$ laugh+ fit #gc ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 joy\s laught] #ge ,occasions ( joy\s laught] #gf 7a7 ,play #gf 7b7 ,teas+ z provocative situation #gg 7c7 ,practical jok+ & laught] #gh 7d7 ,laught] z an accompanim5t ( conte/ #gh 7e7 ,occasions ( unusual solemnity z provok+ laught] #gi ,physiological basis ( laugh+ habit #hj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,laughable4 ,! objective ref]5ce 9 laught] #hb ,univ]sal elem5t 9 ! laughable #hc ,gr\ps ( laughable ?+s #hg 7#a7 ,novelty & oddity #hg 7#b7 ,bodily de=mities #hh 7#c7 ,moral de=mities & vices #ia 7#d7 ,brea*es ( ord] & rule #id 7#e7 ,small mis=tunes #if 7#f7 ,ref]5ces to ! indec5t #ih 7#g7 ,pret5ces #aja 7#h7 ,want ( k or skill #ajb 7#i7 ,relations ( contr>iety & incongruity #ajg 7#aj7 ,v]bal play & witticism #aaa ,co-op]ation ( diff]5t laughable features #aad 7#aa7 ,manife/ations ( playfulness 9 objects #aaf 7#ab7 ,spectacle ( successful combat #aag ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s4 #a4 ,! ,!ory ( ,degradation #aai ,ari/otle's !ory #abj ,!ory ( ,hobbes #abj ,pr(4 ,ba9's !ory #aba ,criticism ( !ory ( degradation #abb #b4 ,!ory ( ,contr>iety or ,incongruity #abe ,kant's !ory ( nullifi$ expectation #abf ,criticism ( ,kant's !ory #abf ,function ( surprise 9 effect ( ! ludicr\s #abi ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( incongruity #acj ,criticism ( ,s*op5hau]'s !ory #acb ,diff]5t =ms ( ! incongru\s #acd ,summ>y ( criticism ( !ories #ace ,attempts to unify ! two pr9ciples #acf ,! laughable z failure to comply ) a social requirem5t #aci ,h[ primitive laught] comes into effect ( ! ludicr\s #adj ,relation ( sudd5 gladness to release f con/ra9t #ada ,elem5t ( contempt 9 effect ( ! ludicr\s #adb ,laught] & ! play-mood #ade ,! play-mood 9 ! effects ( ! ludicr\s #adi ,summ>y ( results ( inquiry into !ories #aec ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,laught]4 ,problem ( ! orig9 ( laught] 9 ! race #aee ,suppos$ rudim5ts ( mir? 9 animals #aef ,! dog's manife/ations ( a s5se ( fun #aei ,! mir?ful displays ( ! ape #afb ,fir/ appe>ance ( laught] 9 *ild3 date ( ! fir/ smile #afd ,date ( ! fir/ laugh #aff ,! laugh z foll[+ ! smile #afh ,ord] ( ! two 9 ! evolution ( ! race #agj ,conjecture z to g5esis ( ! human smile #aga ,h[ ! primitive smile may h gr[n into ! laugh #agc ,problem ( ! evolution ( ! laught] ( tickl+ #agf ,effects ( tickl+ 9 animals #agg ,date ( fir/ response to tickl+ 9 ! *ild #agg ,tickl+ z inh]itance f remote ance/ors #agh ,value ( evolutional !ories ( tickl+ #aha ,h[ laught] may h come into tickl+ #ahc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,laught] ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,( ,,life4 ,problem ( ! e>ly developm5t ( laught] 9 ! individual #ahf ,developm5t ( smile & laugh z movem5ts #ahh ,! g5]al process ( emotional developm5t #ahi ,relation ( laught] ( joy to t ( play #aid ,developm5t ( laught] ( joy #aie ,em]g5ce ( laught] ( surprise #aig ,fir/ laught] ( release f /ra9 #aig ,crude =m ( laught] ( jubilation #aih ,developm5t ( laught] z accompanim5t ( play #aih ,e>ly =ms ( laugh+ impi%ness #bja ,fir/ manife/ations ( r[dyi% laught] #bjc ,g]ms ( rogui% laught] #bje ,fir/ crude p]ceptions ( ! laughable #bjg ,! mir?ful greet+ ( s\nds #bji ,e>ly responses to ! funny 9 ! visible _w #bab ,fir/ enjoym5t ( pret5ces #bad ,e>ly laught] at ! improp] #bae ,dim p]ceptions ( ! incongru\s & ! absurd #baf ,e>ly s5se ( v]bal fun #bag ,summ>y ( results #bah ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laught] ,,( ,,savages4 ,s\rces ( our k ( savage laught] #bbj ,diff]5t views ( travell]s on ! subject #bbj ,laught] z a sali5t *>act]i/ic ( savages #bbc ,descriptions ( _! movem5ts ( laught] #bbg ,abundance ( good spirits #bbh ,laught] z accompanim5t ( %yness #bbh ,laught] & fondness = teas+ #bbi ,r\gh practical jokes #bcj ,! way 9 :i* laught] is accept$ #bcb ,laught] ( sup]iority & contempt #bcc ,indec5t "* ( jocosity #bcd ,appreciation ( ! laughably odd #bce ,ridicule ( =eign ways #bcg ,laught] at ! do+s ( ! :ite man #bch ,laught] ( ! exp]t at ! ignoramus #bdj ,savage society & ! :ite man's gau*]ie #bda ,g]m ( s5se ( ! absurd #bdb ,! ridicul+ ( fell[-tribesm5 #bdd ,reciprocal laught] ( ! m5 & ! wom5 #bde ,example ( dry hum\r #bdf ,organisation ( laught] z ent]ta9m5t #bdg ,g]ms ( ! mimetic art #bdg ,diff]5tiation ( pr(essional je/]s1 etc4 #bdi ,amus+ songs & /ories #bej ,co-exi/5ce ( diff]5t levels ( laught] #bea ,h[ to manage ! savage by laught] #beb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,laught] ,,9 ,,social ,,evolution4 ,connection betwe5 laught] & social life #bed ,contagi\sness ( mir? z social quality #bee ,social uses ( laught] #bef ,class-diff]5tiation z condition ( laught] #beh ,h[ social gr\p+ wid5s ! field ( ! laughable #bei ,utility ( reciprocal gr\p-laught] #bfa ,screw+ up memb]s ( o!r gr\ps #bfa ,laught] ( sup]iors at inf]iors #bfc ,quizz+ ( au?orities by subjects #bfd ,mir?ful turn+ on task-ma/]s #bfe ,woman's laugh+ retort #bfg ,corrective function ( laught] ( inf]iors #bfh ,conciliatory s]vice ( gr\p-laught] #bfi ,summ>y ( social utilities ( laught] #bga ,laught] ( o!r gr\ps z corrective ( self-importance #bgb ,social movem5ts z influ5c+ laught] #bgb ,*anges ( fa%ion #bgc ,fa%ion & cu/om #bge ,m]ry aspects ( movem5ts ( fa%ion #bgf ,droll side ( desc5t ( fa%ion to l[] ranks #bgg ,laught] at ! old-fa%ion$ #bgi ,! movem5t ( progress #bgi ,mir?ful greet+ ( new ideas & practices #bhj ,laugh+ away effete cu/oms #bha ,influ5ce ( mir?ful _s on social *anges #bhc ,effect ( evolution ( culture gr\ps #bhc ,effect ( m9ut] subdivision ( sets #bhe ,effect ( progress 9 break+ d[n gr\p-b>ri]s #bhf ,droll aspects ( transition ( society to a plutocratic =m #bhg ,ref9+ effect ( culture-movem5t on hil>ity #bhh ,decl9e ( old] volum9\s m]rim5t #bij ,conflict betwe5 popul> mir? & au?ority #bia ,comb9ation ( /&>ds 9 popul> e/imate ( laughable #bic ,prep>ation = individual laught] #bie ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,laught] ,,( ,,! ,,individual3 ,,hum\r4 ,def9ition ( hum\r #big ,*>act]i/ics ( hum\r #bih ,intellectual basis ( humor\s s5tim5t #cjj ,humor\s contemplation z b9ocul> #cja ,! field ( ! laughable = ! humori/ #cjb ,modification ( ! conative attitude 9 hum\r #cjd ,complexity ( hum\r z feel+ #cje ,problem ( fusion ( dissimil> feel+s #cjg ,facts expla9$ by our analysis ( hum\r #caj ,v>iations ( hum\r ) race & nationality #caa ,temp]am5t & individuality 9 hum\r #cac ,hum\r z enl>g+ range ( laugh+ activity #cae ,! f9] detection ( ! amus+ 9 "* #cae ,! appreciation ( unfitness ( m5 to circum/ances #cag ,"*-/udy z a pa/ime #cah ,laught] z p]meat+ sph]e ( s]i\s #cai ,effect ( k9dl9ess 9 ext5d+ range ( laught] #cbj ,scope = amus+ =m ( self-scrut9y #cba ,laught] z mode ( self-correction #cbb ,h[ hum\r aids a man 9 deal+ ) o!rs #cbe ,laugh+ away ! small] tr\bles #cbf ,s]vice ( hum\r 9 ! great] tr\bles #cbh ,humor\s contemplation ( social sc5e #ccj ,amus+ aspects ( ! f9e _w #cca ,! j\rnal z m$ium ( amus+ self-display #ccd ,! social spectacle ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t #ccg ,hum\r 9 contemplation ( social sc5e 9 seasons ( /ress #ccg ,! manife/ations ( w>-temp] z humor\s spectacle #cch ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,laughable ,,9 ,,art3 ,,com$y4 ,s\rce ( impulse ( comic art #cdc ,scope = laught] 9 art z a :ole #cde ,orig9 ( jocose lit]ature #cdf ,! dawn ( com$y #cdf ,comic incid5ts z developm5t ( *ild's play #cdg ,comic value ( repetitions #cdh ,elem5ts ( trick]y & dup]y #cdi ,com$y z reflect+ movem5ts ( social laught] #cea ,comic dialogue z display ( wit #cec ,!ories ( wit #ced ,wit z intellect at play #ced ,wit & ^w-play #cef ,"* z comic mat]ial #ceg ,mode ( repres5tation ( "* 9 com$y #ceh ,comic "* z type #cei ,developm5t ( "*-draw+ 9 classic com$y #cei ,treatm5t ( "* 9 e>ly ,engli% com$y #cfa ,molire z comic portray] #cfd ,8 art ( con/ruct+ "* #cfd ,contra/ ( ! anti-social p]son & ! social _w #cfe ,! ab/ract & ! concrete 9 ,molire's *>act]s #cfe ,! comic dn\em5t 9 ,molire's plays #cfh ,molire's po9t ( view #cfh ,*>act]i/ics ( ,com$y ( ,re/oration #cgj ,lamb & ,macaulay on moral aspect ( com$y #cga ,ju/ification ( ,lamb's view ( ,re/oration ,com$y #cgc ,! social z di/9ct f ! moral po9t ( view #cgc ,slack5+ ( social re/ra9ts by com$y #cgf ,limitations ( field ( comic pres5tation #cgg ,! comic po9t ( view 9 fiction #cgh ,laught] ( mix$ tone 9 lit]ature3 satire #chj ,diff]5t degrees ( s]i\sness 9 satire #cha ,me?od ( virul5t satire #chb ,wit 9 satire #chc ,contra/ ( satirical & humor\s lit]ature #chd ,! relation ( wit to hum\r #che ,b\nd>ies ( satire & humor\s lit]ature #chf ,hum\r z +r$i5t ( prose fiction #chg ,! b\nd>ies ( hum\r ( fiction & ( philosophy #cij ,hum\r 9 o!r species ( lit]ature #cij ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ultimate ,,value ,,& ,,limitations ,,( ,,laught]4 ,ne$ ( br++ 9 philosophic po9t ( view #cib ,philosophy z completion ( individual criticism ( life #cih ,room = laught] 9 philosophic contemplation #cic ,philosophy z belittl+ our ev]yday _w #cid ,reasons :y philosoph]s are n commonly humori/s #cie ,speculative ,idealism z robb+ our common _w ( int]e/ #cif ,relation ( ,optimism & ( ,pessimism to laught] #cig ,possibilities ( laught] 9 philosophic ,scepticism #cii ,conditions ( developm5t ( philosophic hum\r #dja ,hum\r 9 ! f9al evaluation ( life #djb ,s]vice ( philosophic hum\r #djc ,ju/ification ( ! individual po9t ( view #dje ,legitimacy ( an amus$ contemplation ( "o's _w #dje ,amus$ contemplation z fav\r+ ! survival ( ! unfit #djh ,! philosoph]'s pref]5ce = retirem5t #djh ,po9t ( view ( contemplation ( ?+s by philosophic humori/ #dji ,! contemplator z held by 8 social _w #dji ,po9ts ( view ( humori/1 com$ian & satiri/ #daj ,"q ( total value ( laught] #daa ,alleg$ purify+ function ( com$y #daa ,corrective function ( social laught] to-day #dac ,ridicule z a te/ ( tru? #dad ,e/imate ( helpfulness ( private laught] #dae ,place ( laught] among human qualities #daf ,relation ( laught] to social affections #dag ,re/ra9t ( laught] by society #dah ,control ( laught] z "p ( moral self-regulation #dbj ,prud5tial reasons = controll+ laught] #dbb ,! promotion ( a love ( laught] 9 o!rs #dbc ,! claims ( ! agela/ to be let alone #dbd ,! cultivation ( laught] 9 ! "y #dbf ,! /atus ( laught] to-day #dbg ,causes ( decl9e ( popul> mir? #dbh ,*>act]i/ics ( laught] ( ! h\r #dcj ,possibility ( dea? ( laught] #dca ,h[ its cons]vation may be effect$ #dcb #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,a writ] :o und]takes to disc\rse on laught] has to enc\nt] m ?an "o v>iety ( irritat+ objection4 ,he f9ds to 8 dismay t a consid]able "p ( 8 species1 :i* has be5 flatt]+ly describ$ z ! laugh+ animal1 has nev] ex]cis$ its high & di/+ui%+ capacity4 ,nay1 m1 he soon le>ns t a good _m oppose !mselves to ! practice & are laught]-hat]s4 ,?is k9d ( p]son 7 7 is s possess$ ) ! _s ( s]i\sness t ! opposite temp] ( jocosity appe>s to him to be some?+ %ock+ly wrong4 ,all audible laught] is = him an ill-br$ display1 at once unsightly z a bodily contortion1 &1 z a lapse f ! gravity ( reason1 a k9d ( m5tal degradation4 ,?is e/imate ( laught] z some?+ unseemly is well repres5t$ 9 ,"l ,*e/]field's ,lett]s1 9 :i* ! writ] congratulates himself on ! fact t s9ce he has _h ! full use ( 8 reason nobody has ev] he>d him laugh4 ,9 "s cases ?is feel+ ( repugnance t[>ds mir? & fun takes on m ( an e?ical aspect4 ,! laugh] is id5tifi$ ) ! sc(f] at all ?+s wor?y & condemn$ z morally bad--a view illu/rat$ 9 ! say+ ( ,pascal3 8,diseur de bons mots1 mauvais c>actre04 ,n[ x seems evid5t t "o :o disc\rses on laught] is b\nd to notice ?is attitude ( ! laught]-hat]4 ,if #b he believes t ! moods ( hil>ity & ! enjoym5t ( ! ludicr\s h _! rightful place 9 human exp]i5ce1 he mu/ be ready to *all5ge ! monopoly ( wisdom claim$ by ! out-&-out /ickl]s = s]i\sness1 & to dispute ! proposition t ! op51 hone/ laugh connotes ei!r a vulg> ta/e or a deprav$ moral nature4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 our disc\rs] ne$ n di/ress himself ab\t ^! r s\r-temp]$ laught]-hat]s4 ,9 ^! days we h to confront n s mu* opposition z indiff]5ce4 ,in/ead ( ! d5\nc] ( mir? z vulg> or wick$1 we h ! refra9] f laught]1 ! non-laugh] pure & simple4 ,z 8 ,greek "n 8agela/0 77 sugge/s1 ?is r annoy+ type 0 n unkn[n 9 anci5t times4 ,9 m]ry ,engl&1 too1 ,%akespe>e _h met ) ! agela/s :o w\ld ,n %[ _! tee? 9 way ( smile1 ,?\gh ,ne/or swe> ! je/ be laughable4 ,yet x is only ( late t ! v>iety has appe>$ 9 its full =ce4 ,to :at scanty proportions 9 ^! latt] days ! b& ( laugh]s has dw9dl$ is sugge/$ by ! "n :i* is n[ commonly giv5 !m1 = 8humori/0 meant n s long ago an odd fell[ or 8ecc5tric04 ,inde$1 "o ( our liv+ writ]s sugge/s t 8z ! _w becomes m decor\s hum\r becomes tongue-ti$ & obsolete04#a ,ev5 if we grant t ! 8gela/s0 are gett+ r$uc$ to ! dim5sions ( a petty sect1 ! consid]ation ne$ n det] u f *oos+ laught] z our !me4 ,^? :o h ! p]fect e> = music are probably b a t9y portion ( ! human family2 yet nobody has sugge/$ #c t ?is is an argum5t aga9/ ! writ+ ( books on musical =m1 ! sci5ce ( ?or\gh bass & ! re/4 ,! fri5ds ( laught] h1 h[ev]1 always exi/$1 & ev5 9 ^! r dre>y days are p]haps m num]\s ?an is (t5 suppos$4 ,9 support ( ?is idea "o may recall ! curi\s fact t1 z ! essayi/ j quot$ rem>ks1 we all %r9k f ! 8awful imputation0 impli$ 9 ! words 8,y h no s5se ( hum\r04 ,?is recognition ( ! capacity = appreciat+ a joke z a human attribute :i* x is well n to be )\t is1 ( c\rse1 v f> f be+ pro( ( a g5u9e love ( fun 9 ! recognis]s !mselves4 ,yet x at lea/ atte/s ! exi/5ce ( ?is love 9 a respectable numb] ( _! fell[s4 ,n[ ?is true fri5d ( laught] 7 7 may urge 8 own objection to our propos$ discussion1 an objection less irritat+ p]haps ?an t ( ! zeal\s laught]-hat] & ( ! indiff]5t agela/1 b on ! o!r h& ( a m p5etrat+ ?ru/4 ,he n unnaturally dislikes ! idea ( 8 daily pa/ime be+ made ! subject ( grave inquiry4 ,he feels 9 its acute/ =m ! res5tm5t ( ! natural man on see+ 8 enjoym5t br\ght "u ! scalpel & l5s ( ! sci5tific inquir]4 ,he urges ) =ce t ! *uckl+s ( hum\r are ! v lighte/ & flimsie/ ( human ?+s2 & t to try to capture !m & subject !m to s]i\s inve/igation looks mu* l ! proc$ure ( ! *ild ^: impulsive h& w\ld seize & exam9e 8 da9ty soap bubbles4 ,to ^! objections f ! true fri5ds ( ! mir?ful god "o owes x to reply c\rte\sly & at l5g?4 ,yet ! answ] _c well be giv5 at ! outset4 ,a disc\rse on laught] c remove ?is k9d ( objection1 if at all1 only by %[+ 9 its own treatm5t ( ! subject t s]i\s ?\ght may t\* ev5 ! gossam] w+ ( ! m]ry #d sprite & n de/roy2 t all ?+s1 & s ! lighte/1 are ?+s to be compreh5d$1 if only we c rea* ! "r po9ts ( view2 & t ! problems :i* rise above ! m5tal horizon1 z soon z we beg9 to ?9k ab\t man's humor\s b5t1 h a q peculi> int]e/1 an int]e/ 9 :i* all :o c bo? laugh at ?+s & pond] on !m may be expect$ to %>e4 ,x seems evid5t t "o :o is to probe ! _s ( fun 9 man1 & to extract its mean+1 %\ld h special qualifications4 ,x is by no means suffici5t1 z "s w\ld seem to suppose1 t he %\ld be able to ?9k cle>ly4 ,he mu/ c\ple ) ! gravity ( ! ?9k] some?+ ( ! intellectual lightness & nimbl5ess ( ! je/]4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ be 9 w>m t\* ) 8 !me1 ! jocose mood itself1 realis+ 8 subject at once vividly & compreh5sively by help ( a ri* p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,n[ x _c be said t ^? :o h (f]$ to tea* u ! secrets ( laught] h commonly exhibit$ ^! qualifications 9 a conspicu\s measure4 ,x is a "p ( ! :imsicality :i* seems to run ?r\gh human affairs t ! _s ( fun %\ld be misund]/ood n m]ely by ! av[$ly indiff]5t & ! av[$ly ho/ile1 b by ^? :o1 s9ce !y (f] to elucidate its ways1 might be expect$ to h "s p]sonal acqua9tance ) x4 ,! comb9ation ( a f9e feel+ = ! baffl+ behavi\r ( ?is _s ) a ke5 sci5tific analysis1 su* z is f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,george ,m]$i?'s ,essay on ,com$y1 seems to be a r>ity 9 lit]ature4 ,?is want ( ! famili> t\* is especially obs]vable 9 a good deal ( ! treatm5t ( laught] by philosophic writ]s4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell on ! sublime subtleties ( ! metaphysicians :o conceive ( ! comic z a 8mom5t0 9 ! dialectic process :i* ! /hetic 8,idea0 #e has to pass ?r\gh4 ,! acc\nt ( ! gyrations :i* ! ,idea has to describe1 :5 once x passes out ( t /ate ( h>moni\s union ) ! s5su\s image :i* we call 8! beautiful10 reads /rangely en\gh4 ,hav+1 = reasons t are n made too cle>1 torn itself away f its peaceful companion 7! image71 & set itself up z antagoni/ to ?is 9 8! sublime10 ! augu/ ,idea enc\nt]s ! unpleasant retaliation ( ! image x has disc>d$ 9 8! ugly10 :]e we see ! det]m9ation ( ! injur$ p>ty to defy its late companion2 ?\gh1 9 ! end1 x revives f ! 8swoon0 into :i* ?is rude behavi\r ( ! image has plung$ x1 & recov]s its legitimate claims--) :i* x w\ld seem x 0 at ! outset dissatisfi$--9 :at we call 8! ludicr\s04 ,i h "h tri$ to put ! speculative subtleties ( ^! ,hegelian writ]s1 s f> z ,i am able to cat* _! drift1 into intelligible ,engli%1 & n to c>icature !m4 ,ev5 fav\rable critics ( ^! !ories h f\nd x difficult n to treat !m ) "s am\nt ( irony2 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no rehabilitator ( ,hegelian ?\ght 9 ,engl& has z yet be5 bold en\gh to introduce to our insul> m9d a *apt] ( ! sacr$ my/]ies :i*1 z !y may well suspect1 s easily l5ds itself to pr(ane je/+4 ,h[ remote ?is k9d ( conception ( ! ludicr\s is f ! homely laught] ( mortals may be se5 9 su* attempts z are made by ^! ,hegelian ?9k]s to connect ! two4 ,hegel himself1 9 t\*+ on ! nature ( com$y1 ass]t$ t 8only t is truly comic 9 :i* ! p]sons ( ! play are comic = !mselves z well z = ! spectators04 ,?is seems to mean 7x is always haz>d\s to say confid5tly :at a ,hegelian pron\ncem5t does mean7 t a l>ge "p ( :at ! _w has #f fooli%ly suppos$ to be com$y1 includ+ ! plays ( ,molire1 are n s4#b ,x is1 p]haps1 too mu* to expect t ! aspir+ metaphysician1 :51 z he fondly ?9ks1 he has ga9$ ! altitude f :i* ! dialectic process ( ! ,_w-idea is se5 to unfold itself1 %\ld tr\ble himself ab\t s vulg> a ?+ z our ev]yday laught]4 ,b laught] has its mild retaliations = ! neglig5t1 & ! com$ian ( to-day1 z ( old1 is m likely to pluck f ^? :o tread ! speculative cl\d-heights mat]ial = 8 m]rim5t ?an any fur!r enlight5m5t on ! my/]ies ( 8 craft4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m to ! purpose to ref] to ^? !ori/s :o make "s %[ ( expla9+ :at ! ord9>y man und]/&s by ! ludicr\s1 & ( te/+ _! !ories by an appeal to recognisable examples4 ,x is in/ructive to note ! cauti\sness ) :i* !y w sometimes v5ture on ! slipp]y 8empirical0 gr\nd4 ,s*op5hau]1 = example1 9 sett+ out 8 !ory ( ! ludicr\s--a !ory :i* we %all deal ) lat] on--9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 *ief "w1 ?\ght x 8sup]flu\s0 to illu/rate 8 !ory by example4 ,9 ! second volume1 h[ev]1 he comes to ! help ( ! 8intellectual sluggi%ness0 ( 8 read]s & condesc5ds to furni% illu/rations4 ,& :at does ! read] suppose is ! fir/ to be select$8 ,! amus+ look ( ! angle =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! tang5t & ! curve ( ! circle2 :i* look is due1 he tells u1 to ! reflection t an angle implies ! meet+ ( two l9es :i*1 :5 prolong$1 int]sect1 :]eas ! /raight l9e ( ! tang5t #g & ! c>ve ( ! circle are able m]ely to graze at "o po9t1 :]e1 /rictly speak+1 !y are p>allel4 ,9 o!r words1 we laugh "h because ! angle :i* />es u 9 ! face is irreconcilable ) ! idea ( a meet+ ( a tang5t & a curv$ l9e4 ,) a *>m+ c&\r ! writ] proce$s3 8,! ludicr\s 9 ?is case is1 no d\bt1 extremely weak2 on ! o!r h&1 x illu/rates ) exceptional cle>ness ! orig9 ( ! ludicr\s 9 ! incongruity betwe5 :at is ?\ght & :at is p]ceiv$04#c ,! significance ( ?is inv5tion ( 8 own illu/ration by ,s*op5hau] is t he 0 n a metaphysical recluse1 b knew ! _w & its lit]atures4 ,o!r !ori/s h n %[n ! same d>+1 b h cont5t$ !mselves ) f9d+ _! in/ances4 ,yet 9 too _m cases ! arbitr>y way 9 :i* illu/rations h be5 select$1 :ile in/ances mak+ aga9/ ! !ory h be5 ignor$1 %[s cle>ly en\gh t !re has be5 no s]i\s ef=t to build on a l>ge & firm basis ( obs]vation4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ n only f ! works ( ,g]mans1 b f ^? ( a p :i* has claim$1 & ) ju/ice1 to be ! laugh+ nation p> excell5ce4 ,9 a rec5t volume1 m>k$ by great +5uity1 ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]gson1#d an accompli%$ ?9k]1 attempts to r$uce all =ms ( ! ludicr\s to a sub/itution 9 our movem5ts1 spee* & action1 ( ! rigidity 7raideur7 ( a ma*9e = ! pliancy & v>iability ( an organism4 ,! writ] has no difficulty 9 f9d+ examples ( ! /iff me*anical effects :i* amuse u1 say1 9 ge/ures & c>riage4 ,b ! a/oni%+ ?+ is t he nev] ref]s to ! complem5t>y gr\p ( facts1 ! in/ances ( excessive spontaneity & #h fre$om ( movem5t :]e a c]ta9 repression & me*anical uni=mity are look$ =4 ,! exub]ant *ildi% b\nd+s ( ! cl[n1 an excess ( emphasis or ge/ure 9 social int]c\rse1 ^! & ! l are surely j z comical z ! want ( ! signs ( a full play ( life may be 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,p]haps an ev5 worse (f5ce ?an ignor+ facts is try+ to twi/ !m into a %ape t w fit an adopt$ !ory4 ,?is occurs1 too1 & frequ5tly1 among writ]s on our subject4 ,"h is an example among rec5t !ori/s4 ,accord+ to a ,fr5* essayi/1 :5 we laugh at a cl[n pu%+ h>d aga9/ an op5 door1 we d n laugh m]ely at ! absurd disproportion betwe5 ! task to be accompli%$ & ! am\nt ( ef=t put into x4 ,we only laugh :5 our m9ds pass to a second & reflective /age1 & recognise t ! man does n p]ceive ! door to be op51 :51 consequ5tly1 we are able to view ! disproportionate & q ne$less ex]tion z natural4#e ,a m /rik+ in/ance ( inability to und]/& ! swift movem5t ( common m5's laught] x w\ld be difficult to f9d4 ,z we %all see1 !ories ( laught]1 l !ories ( ,%akespe>e's g5ius1 h frequ5tly come to grief by project+ beh9d ! ?+ :i* !y seek to acc\nt = too mu* ( ! au?or's own habitual reflectiv5ess4#f ,p]haps we %all ! bett] see h[ !ori/s h be5 wont to ignore & to misund]/& ! laugh+ exp]i5ces ( ! pla9 man if we exam9e at "s l5g? #i ! mode ( deal+ ) ! subject adopt$ by a writ] :o holds a high place among contempor>y psy*ologi/s4 ,pr(4 ,lipps has rec5tly elaborat$ a !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 illu/rat+ x at "s l5g?4#g ,?is !ory may be describ$ z a modification ( ,kant's1 :i* places ! cause ( laught] 9 8! sudd5 trans=mation ( a t5se expectation into no?+04 ,accord+ to ,lipps1 we h ! 8comic0 :5 8! little0 measures itself ) some?+ else & s /eps into ! daylight4 ,!re is a m5tal movem5t 7,vor/ellungsbewegung7 f a pres5tation relatively great or important to "o relatively little or unimportant2 & ! impression ( ! comic dep5ds on ! nullification ( ! latt] ?r\gh its contr>iety to ! =m] & ! disappo9tm5t :i* ?is involves4 ,:at may be call$ ! belittl+ idea--:i* ! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d is ! important "o--always comes fir/1 ! belittl$ or nullifi$ "o1 always second4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate 8 po9t he takes among o!r examples t ( a hat on ! wrong head4 ,a man topp$ by a *ild's small cap1 & a *ild cov]$ ) a man's big hat are1 he tells u1 equally comical4 ,b ! reason is diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,9 ! fir/1 />t+ ) ! p]ception ( ! wor?y man1 we expect an adequate head-cov]+1 & ?is expectation is nullifi$ by ! ob/9ate pres5ce ( ! t9y cap4 ,"h1 !n1 ! funny feature1 ! belittl$ ?+1 is ! dim9utive cap4 ,9 ! second case1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ( ?\ght is j ! rev]se4 ,we "h set out ) ! p]ception ( ! headge>1 n ) t ( its we>]4 ,x is ! dignifi$ man's hat t n[ #aj fir/ fixes our att5tion1 & x is ! obtrusion ( ! *ild b5ea? :5 we expect ! prop] we>] :i* is ! comical feature4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a man puts on a baby's cap x is ! cap :i* is absurd1 :5 a baby dons 8 fa!r's cyl9d] x is ! baby :i* is absurd4 ,?is is +5i\s1 "o mu/ confess1 b does x n involve "s twi/+ ( facts8 ,w\ld ! unphilosophic humori/ recognise ?is acc\nt ( ! ways ( laught]8 ,has ?is acc\nt ! note ( famili>ity ) ^! ways8 ,let u see4 ,at ! outset "o may ent] a mode/ prote/ aga9/ ! quiet assumption t ! two incid5ts "h select$ are laughable 9 an equal degree4 ,x may be urg$ t1 to ! gr[n-up spectator at lea/1 ! sight ( ! little "o cr[n$ ) ! :elm+ headge> ( 8 sire is immeasurably m amus+ ?an ! o!r4 ,"h ! au?or /rikes "o z proce$+ r ha/ily1 z he seems to d also :5 he assumes t an exceptionally big & an exceptionally little nose are equally palpable examples ( ! laughable4 ,?is is1 to say ! lea/1 disputable4 ,"o c h>dly ?9k ( a com$y turn+ on ! smallness ( a p]son's nose1 z ! ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac ( ,m4 ,ro/& turns on its bigness4 ,b ?is objection ne$ n1 p]haps1 be press$4 ,pass+1 !n1 to ! explanation ( 8 two examples (f]$ by ! au?or1 we are fir/ ( all /ruck by ! app>5t arbitr>9ess ( ! supposition1 t ! movem5t ( ?\ght :i* he assumes %\ld 9 ! "o case take exactly ! rev]se direction ( t tak5 9 ! o!r4 ,see+ t bo? are in/ances ( a grotesquely unsuitable head-cov]+ %\ld "o n expect ! enjoym5t ( !m to spr+ out ( a simil> k9d ( m5tal activity8 #aa ,! au?or probably means to say t we t5d to fix ! att5tion on ! m dignifi$ feature 9 ea* case1 ! man b5ea? ! t9y cap1 & ! man's hat above ! t9y head4 ,b t is f> f be+ c]ta94 ,& 9 any case !re are good reasons aga9/ assum+ a 8contr>y motion0 ( ?\ght "h4 ,dr4 ,lipps w no d\bt all[1 z a tra9$ psy*ologi/1 t ^! intellectual movem5ts are subject to well-recognis$ laws4 ,"o d$uction f ^! is t ! sight ( a hat w sugge/ ! idea ( ! human figure to :i* x belongs mu* m c]ta9ly & m p[]fully ?an ! sight ( ! figure w sugge/ ! idea ( its appropriate cov]+4 ,i believe t ev]ybody's exp]i5ce w confirm ?is4 ,a hat se5 ev5 9 a %op-w9d[ />ts ! impulse to ?9k ( "s we>]2 b :o w\ld say t see+ a human head1 say across ! d9n]-table or 9 an adjo9+ /all at ! !atre1 prompts u to ?9k ( its prop] cov]+8 ,special circum/ances1 su* z ! pres5ce ( an exceptional baldness appeal+ to pity1 mu/ be add$ be=e our ?\ghts flit to ! out-(-door receptacle4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole int]e/ & significance ( a hat lie 9 a ref]5ce to a we>]1 b n vice v]s4 ,we mu/1 !n1 reject ! idea ( a d\ble & oppos$ movem5t ( ?\ght "h4 ,if any movem5t takes place x mu/ be assum$ to be 9 ea* case a transition f ! p]ception ( ! hat to ! idea ( its cu/om>y & prop] we>]4 ,n[1 are we aw>e :5 we laugh at ei!r ( ^! odd sights ( c>ry+ out ?is movem5t ( ?\ght8 ,keep+ to ! indisputable case ( ! *ild's head "u or 9 ! man's hat1 d we1 be=e ! agreeable spasm seizes u1 fir/ m5tally grasp ! hat & !n pass to ! idea ( its rightful we>]8 ,i1 at lea/1 _c f9d ?is to be true 9 #ab my own exp]i5ce4 ,b su* inability may be due to ! abs5ce ( a suffici5tly delicate introspection4 ,let u !n try to te/ ! po9t 9 ano!r way4 ,if ! smile ( amusem5t ) :i* we greet ?is spectacle comes f ! dissolution ( ! idea ( ! adult male figure1 we %\ld expect ! enjoym5t ( ! ludicr\s aspect to be especially conspicu\s :5 ! hat appe>s an in/ant be=e ! *ild-we>]1 & s ?\ght is compell$ to travel 9 ! requir$ direction4 ,let u suppose t a *ild 9 8 nurs]y puts on 8 fa!r's hat & /&s on a *air1 & t y ent] ! room & cat* a glimpse ( ! hat fir/1 say above a piece ( furniture1 & = a brief mom5t expect to see an adult b5ea?4 ,no d\bt y w be aw>e ( a def9ite movem5t ( ?\ght 9 ! requir$ direction & ( ! dissolution into no?+ ( ! expectant idea4 ,b w ! elem5t ( cle> anticipation & its annihilation int5sify y\r feel+ ( ! funn9ess ( ! spectacle1 or ev5 make ! funn9ess m pat5t8 ,y w\ld1 no d\bt1 9 su* a case1 exp]i5ce a little %ock1 ! full excitem5t ( surprise1 & t might add volume to ! :ole feel+ ( ! mom5t4 ,y might1 too1 n improbably1 laugh m he>tily1 = y w\ld h a s5se ( hav+ be5 tak5 91 & !re w\ld be a side-curr5t ( hil>ity direct$ aga9/ y\rself4 ,b ,i v5ture to affirm t ! spectacle z su* w\ld n impress y z be+ "o :it m ludicr\s :5 se5 9 ?is way1 fir/ ! hat & !n ! we>]1 ?an if y\r eye _h light$ on ! two toge!r4 ,:at seems to happ5 :5 we are amus$ by ?is little comic sc5e 9 ! nurs]y8 ,d we n at a glance p]ceive a grotesque :ole1 viz41 a hat on ! wrong head1 & is n our amusem5t too swiftly =?com+ to all[ ( our s+l+ out a "p ( :at is se5 & go+ ?r\gh ! #ac process ( ?\ght describ$ by ! +5i\s au?or ( ?is !ory8 ,sci5ce seems to be> out :at common obs]vation discov]s1 = ! new] psy*ology tea*es t 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( p]ceiv+ an object we obta9 n a di/9ct appreh5sion ( p>ts1 b a vague appreh5sion ( a :ole into :i* detail & def9it5ess only come lat] & gradually4 ,an ensemble1 :i* c only be describ$ z a :ole made up ( ill-fitt+ p>ts1 ?is seems to be ! object on :i* our att5tion is focuss$ :5 we laugh at ! *ild "u ! ne$lessly capaci\s hat4 ,?is intuition involves1 no d\bt1 "s rapid seiz+ ( details3 b ! att5tion to p>ts is n to sep>ate objects1 z ! language ( ,dr4 ,lipps sugge/s1 b to relat$ p>ts1 to ! hat z worn 9 relation to ! we>]4 ,?is seems to be an adequate acc\nt ( :at takes place s f> z x is ! palpable unfitness ( dim5sions :i* moves u to laught]4 ,b x may be urg$1 & rightly urg$1 t ! laughable spectacle is m ?an ?is1 t :at tickles u is ! uncu/om>y & topsy-turvy arrangem5t ( ?+s4 ,& "h1 x may be said1 !re c]ta9ly is impli$ a movem5t ( ?\ght1 namely1 to some?+ outside ! spectacle1 to :at is cu/om>y & 9 ord]4 ,! supposition is a highly plausible "o4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 :at we p]ceive is a :ole1 x is reasonable to assume t if su* a movem5t occurs x mu/ be1 n1 z ,dr4 ,lipps supposes1 f "o "p ( x to ano!r1 b f ! pres5t :ole z oddly & wrongly compos$ to "s o!r :ole z rightly compos$4 ,d we n1 x may be ask$1 "h c>ry out a process fairly well describ$ 9 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 t is1 conceive ( 8an incongruity betwe5 ! real object & its idea10 & s1 by implication1 g back to ?is idea8 #ad ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply t1 s f> z ,i c analyse my own m5tal /ate at su* a mom5t1 ,i d n f9d ! pres5ce ( any idea ( ano!r & normal :ole to be a necess>y elem5t 9 a full enjoym5t ( ! grotesque :ole be=e my eyes4 ,su* a second :ole w\ld1 "o supposes1 h to be ei!r ! same hat on ! "r head1 or ! same head "u its prop] cov]+1 & ,i f9d t ,i am p]fectly well able to enjoy ! com$y ( ! *ild cr[n$ ) ! tall hat )\t mak+ pres5t to my m9d ei!r ( ^! comb9ations4 ,"h1 aga91 ,i ?9k1 a bett] sci5tific !ory be>s out ! result ( "o's individual self-exam9ation4 ,psy*ology has made x cle> t 9 recognis+ an object1 say a weasel cross+ ! road on :i* we are walk+1 we d n ne$ to h pres5t to our m9d 79 addition to ! p]ception ( ! object7 a pictorial idea or image ( a weasel z =m$ f pa/ obs]vations4 ,ow+ to ! organis+ ( a c]ta9 p]ceptual disposition--a read9ess to see an object z a famili> "o1 z ( a p>ticul> 8sort0--our m9d in/antly greets x z a weasel4 ,9 o!r words1 we recognise ?+s by ! help n ( images pres5t to ! m9d at ! mom5t1 b ( c]ta9 +ra9$ 8app]ceptive0 t5d5cies or attitudes4 ,all ! high] animals seem to %>e ) u ?is highly useful capability ( imm$iate & in/antane\s recognition4 ,n[ ,i take x t !re is ano!r side to ^! app]ceptive t5d5cies4 ,n only d !y secure = u1 )\t ! necessity ( call+ up di/9ct ideas1 ^! in/ant recognitions ( a sort ( ?+1 !y enable u z well z intellig5t animals m5tally to reject pres5tations :i* d n answ] to 8! sort ( ?+04 ,i c say t ?is wax figure is n a man )\t hav+ any di/9ct image ( ! liv+ man pres5t to my consci\sness4 ,?is ability #ae to recognise :at we see z n ( a p>ticul> k9d ( ?+1 )\t call+ up a def9ite idea ( ?is k9d1 ext5ds to comb9ations & arrangem5ts ( p>ts 9 a :ole4 ,:51 aft] my s]vant has du/$ my books & re>rang$ !m on ! %elves1 ,i in/antly recognise t !y are wrongly plac$1 ,i may at ! mom5t be q unable to say :at ! "r arrangem5t 04#h ,accord+ to my view1 ! p]ceptions ( ! laughable :i* ,dr4 ,lipps illu/rates are in/antane\s p]ceptions4 ,z su*1 !y may1 & commonly d1 arise imm$iately1 t is1 )\t any rev]sion to ! idea ( :at is ! cu/om>y or normal arrangem5t4 ,b ! read] may urge ) =ce t ! enjoym5t ( ?is *>m+ bit ( *ildi% pret5ce involves m ?an a p]ception ( ! unusual & ! irregul>4 ,d we n at lea/ appreh5d ! fact t ! hat is n m]ely unfitt+1 & grotesquely wrong1 b a usurpation ( ! pr]ogative ( ! sup]ior8 ,is n ! behavi\r ( ! *ild s delici\sly :imsical j because we fix ! m5tal eye on ?is elem5t ( make-believe8 ,& if s1 does n ?is imply t we h pres5t to ! m9d ! prop] belong+s ( ! hat1 viz41 ! fa!r's head & figure8 ,i readily agree t :5 we make our p]ceptions reflective1 z we may d1 ?is idea is apt to em]ge4 ,z has be5 impli$ above1 ! sight ( ! tall hat does t5d to sugge/ ! idea ( its usual we>]1 & 9 l+]+ on ?is qua9t bit ( act+ we may n improbably cat* ourselves imag9+ ! hat on ! "r #af head1 especially z we see t x is ! *ild's playful aim to p]sonate ! privileg$ own]4 ,& ! same ?+ might occur 9 laugh+ at ! fa!r topp$ ) ! small *ild's hat2 = ! laugh]1 :o w\ld 9 ?is case m probably be a *ild1 might naturally en\gh re9/ate 9 imag9ative ?\ght ! small *ild's head to :i* ! cap belongs4 ,?is comb9ation seems at lea/ to be mu* m likely to recur to ! imag9ation ?an ! o!r comb9ation1 :i* reta9+ ! we>] sub/itutes ! idea ( ! "r hat4 ,h[ f> any di/9ct image ( ! hat ?us m5tally transf]r$ to ! "r we>] ent]s into ! appreciation ( ?is humor\s spectacle1 x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,diff]5t m9ds may behave diff]5tly "h4 ,judg+ f my own exp]i5ce ,i %\ld say t at mo/ only a vague 8s*ematic0 outl9e ( ! prop] arrangem5t pres5ts itself to ! imag9ation4 ,?is seems to me to be :at "o might naturally expect4 ,laught]1 z ,i conceive ( x1 fa/5s ^u some?+ human4 ,x is ! liv+ we>] t is emphasis$ 9 ! comical juxtaposition2 we m naturally describe x z ! *ild we>+ 8 fa!r's hat1 ?an z ! fa!r's hat on ! *ild4 ,& = ! comic effect x is suffici5t t we recognise ! hat to be ! fa!r's4 ,?is we c d )\t m5tally pictur+ ! hat z worn by ! fa!r4 ,! hat has become a symbol1 & means = u ! man's hat & ! dignity :i* belongs to ?is1 ?\gh we may h at ! "t no m5tal image ( x z worn by its rightful possessor4 ,our exam9ation seems to %[ t ?is app>5tly simple example ( ! laughable is v inadequately acc\nt$ = by suppos+ a movem5t ( m9d f "o pres5tation or idea to ano!r :i* contrav5es & #ag nullifies ! fir/4 ,x may be add$ t1 ) respect to :at is c]ta9ly pres5t to our consci\sness1 :5 we look at ?is bit ( *ild's play we d n f9d ! relation ( "p to "p to be m]ely "o ( contr>iety4 ,a curi\s fact1 n z yet fully /udi$ by ! psy*ologi/1 is :at may be call$ ! int]-diffusion ( *>act]s betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts ( a complex pres5tation4 ,! figure ( a f9ely dress$ lady 9 a ga!r+ ( poor p may ei!r ?r[ ! %abby look ( ! latt] into great] relief by contra/1 or r$eem x f its %abb9ess by l5d+ x "s ( its own glory4 ,! latt] effect is fav\r$ by a c]ta9 contemplative attitude :i* disposes u to look at ! :ole z su*1 & ) ! lea/ am\nt ( inspection ( details & _! relations4 ,:5 we reg>d ! *ild 9 ! big hat a semblance ( ! dignity :i* lies 9 ! mean+ ( ! latt] is transf]r$ to ! small head2 & ! m5tal seizure ( ?is transf]r$ look ( dignity by ! spectator is ess5tial to a full enjoym5t ( ! %[ z a bit ( make-believe1 ( innoc5t hypocrisy4 ,simil>ly1 if we are dispos$ to laugh1 a little contemptu\sly1 at ! man 9 ! *ild's hat1 x is because ! hat ?r[s = half a mom5t ov] ! heavy & l9$ face some?+ ( ! fre% sweet look ( infancy4#i ,x has seem$ wor? :ile to exam9e at "s l5g? ! attempt ( ,dr4 ,lipps to deal ) a simple in/ance ( ! laughable because1 9 spite ( a recognisable ef=t to connect !ory ) concrete facts1 x illu/rates ! common t5d5cy to adapt ! facts to ! !ory2 &1 fur!r1 ! no less common t5d5cy to ov]look ! ri* v>iety ( exp]i5ce #ah :i* our laught] cov]s1 ! multiplicity ( ! s\rces ( our m]rim5t & ! way 9 :i* ^! may co-op]ate 9 ! enjoyable contemplation ( a ludicr\s object4 ,z we %all see1 !ories ( ! ludicr\s h aga9 & aga9 brok5 d[n f attempt+ to f9d "o uni=m cause 9 a doma9 :]e ! op]ation ( 8,plurality ( ,causes0 is p>ticul>ly well m>k$4 ,x may be add$ t su* !ories1 ev5 if !y 7 n "o-sid$ & =c$ acc\nts ( ! s\rces ( our m]rim5t1 w\ld /ill suff] f "o fatal defect3 z ,lotze says ( ,kant's doctr9e1#aj !y make no attempt to %[ :y ! dissolv$ expectation or ! failure to subsume a pres5tation "u an idea %\ld make u laugh1 r ?an1 let u say1 c\gh or sigh4 ,lotze1 besides be+ a psy*ologi/1 0 a physiologi/1 & x may be add$1 a humori/ 9 a quiet way1 & ! read] ( 8 l9es :o may h _h ! privilege ( kn[+ him w see aga9 ! ironical little p\t & ! m]ry tw9kle ( ! d>k eye beh9d ! words4 ,we h agre$ t ! disc\rs] on ! comic1 h[ev] gravely philosophic he desires to be1 mu/ t\* bo? f9ely & compreh5sively ! common exp]i5ces ( mank9d4 ,yet x may well be ?\ght1 9 ! light ( ! attempts made 9 ! pa/1 t ?is is dem&+ too mu*4 ,! reli% = ?+s :i* fe$ our laught] is z we "k a v v>iable end[m5t4 ,z ! ,ma/] tells u1 8,a je/'s prosp]ity lies 9 ! e> ( him t he>s x m ?an 9 ! tongue ( him t makes x04 ,! faceti ( e>li] ages fall on mod]n e>s ) a s\nd z dull z t ( an un/rung drum4 ,x may well be t p]sons :o pass a l>ge numb] ( _! h\rs #ai 9 ab/ruse reflection gr[ incapable ( enjoy+ _m ( ! common] v>ieties ( laught]4 ,_! capability ( laps+ into ! jocose ve9 becomes greatly re/rict$ & may take directions t seem out-(-!-way to ! m habitual laugh]4 ,s*op5hau]'s funny little attempt to extract a joke out ( ! meet+ ( ! tang5t & ! circle seems to be a case 9 po9t4 ,on read+ "s ( ! def9itions ( ! ludicr\s contribut$ by ! f]tile ,g]man m9d1 "o is =c$ to conclude t ! writ]s _h _! own peculi>1 esot]ic modes ( laught]4 ,:51 = example1 ,h]r ,/4 ,s*tze1 ^: 8attempt at a !ory ( ! ,comic0 is pron\nc$ by ! r5[n$ ,?4 ,vis*] to be 8excell5t0 7vorzgli*71 proce$s to def9e 8 subject 9 ?is way3 8,! comic is a p]ception or idea1 :i* aft] "s mom5ts excites ! obscure feel+ t nature c>ries on a m]ry game ) man :ile he ?9ks himself free to act1 9 :i* game ! circumscrib$ lib]ty ( man is mock$ 7v]spottet7 by a ref]5ce to a high] lib]ty10#aa "o seems to measure ! scope ( ! wor?y writ]'s s5se ( fun4 ,t ! irony ( ?+s 9 _! relation to our desires & aims has its amus+ aspect is c]ta93 b :o t kn[s any?+ ( ! div]sifi$ =ms ( human mir? c\ld ev] ?9k ( try+ to drag all ( !m "u s n>r[ a rubric8 ,a vivid p]ception ( ! v>iability ( ! s5se ( ! laughable 9 man1 ( ! modification1 9 ! case ( individuals & ( races1 ( ! range ( its play1 & ( ! /&>ds to :i* x subjects itself1 by a ?\s& unkn[n influ5ces ( temp]am5t & habits ( life1 may well repel n m]ely ! philosophic recluse :o c h>dly be expect$ p]haps to h foll[$ f> ! _m wild #bj excursions ( ! laugh+ impulse1 b o!rs z well4 ,h we n1 x may be ask$1 9 ! appreciation ( :at is funny or laughable a mode ( s5sibility pre-em95tly erratic1 kn[+ no law1 & incapable !re=e ( be+ und]/ood8 ,d n ! m grotesque attempts to frame !ories ( ! subject seem to mock ! se>* = law :]e no law is8 ,! difficulty may be admitt$ :il/ ! practical conclusion drawn is reject$4 ,c]ta9ly no ?9k] w succe$ 9 ?r[+ light on ! d>k problem :o does n /r5u\sly fight aga9/ ! n>r[+ influ5ces ( 8 8subjectivity10 :o does n make a s]i\s ef=t to get outside ! b\nds ( 8 p]sonal pref]5ces1 & to compass 9 l>ge vision ! f>-rang+ play ( ! mir?ful _s1 & ! endless diff]5c+ ( its manife/ations4 ,b if a man c only succe$ 9 do+ ?is )\t los+ 8 head 9 ! some:at rollick+ sc5e1 !re is no?+ t ne$ repel him f ! task2 = reason assures u t "h too1 j z 9 o!r doma9s ( human exp]i5ce :]e ?+s look$ caprici\s & lawless en\gh at ! outset1 ord] & law w gradually disclose !mselves4 ,a s]i\s inquiry into ! subject1 su* z we propose to make1 mu/1 x is evid5t1 />t f ?is sci5tific presupposition4 ,we take ! language ( ev]yday life to imply t human laught]1 not)/&+ its v>iability1 its seem+ caprices1 is subject to law4 ,we speak ( an objective region ( 8! laughable10 t is ( objects & relations ( objects :i* are fitt$ & :i* t5d to excite laught] 9 u all alike4 ,x w be "o ( our *ief problems to det]m9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is field ( ! laughable1 & to def9e its b\nd>ies4 ,b a s]i\s inquiry w take u f>!r ?an ?is4 ,:ile we d well to insi/ t ! lightness & #ba caprici\sness ( movem5t1 ! swift unpr$ictable com+ & go+1 are ( ! ess5ce ( laught]1 x w be "o ma9 object ( ?is inquiry to %[ h[ our mir?ful explosions1 our sportive raill]ies1 are atta*$ at _! v roots to our s]i\s int]e/s4 ,laught]1 look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 has its significance z a function ( ! human organism1 & z spread+ its b5efits ov] all ! pa?s ( life4 ,we mu/ probe ?is value ( our laugh+ mom5ts if we are to treat ! subject adequately4 ,9 ?us propos+ to give to laught] a purpose 9 ! s*eme ( human life1 "o mu/ face ! risk ( (f5d+ its fri5ds yet m deeply4 ,to ^! laught] is s preci\s & suffic+ a good 9 itself1 t to propose to connect x ) "s extr9sic & s]i\s purpose looks l robb+ x ( its delici\s fre5ess & enslav+ x to its traditional foe1 excess ( s]i\sness4 ,to ^! objectors x may suffice to say at ! pres5t /age t _! appreh5sion appe>s to me to be gr\ndless4 ,to laugh away ! sp>e mom5ts w cont9ue to be to ! laught]-lov+ ! same delightful pa/ime ev5 %\ld we succe$ 9 %[+ t x br+s o!r bless+s 9 its tra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 to %[ t x does br+ ^! bless+s may turn out to be a h&y argum5tum ad hom9em 9 meet+ ! attacks ( ! laught]-hat]4 ,he c\ld n1 "o supposes1 give himself q s mu* ( ! look ( fl\t$ virtue if we c\ld conv9ce him t laught]1 :5 p]fect fre$om is gu>ante$ x 9 its own legitimate t]ritory1 w unask$1 &1 inde$1 unwitt+ly1 ?r[ refre%+ & heal+ drops on ! dry pa/ures ( life4 ,p]haps "s ?\ght ( ^! b5efits 0 pres5t to ! ,greek philosoph]--! v same :o 0 = bani%+ ,hom] & o!r poets f 8 ideal commonweal?--:5 he utt]$ ! pretty conceit t #bb ! ,graces 9 se>*+ = a temple :i* w\ld n fall1 f\nd ! s\l ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,our subject is a l>ge "o1 & we mu/ endeav\r to keep all p>ts ( x /eadily 9 view4 ,to beg9 )1 we w try to avoid ! error ( ^? :o 9 _! subtle disquisitions on ! comic idea =got t laught] is a bodily act1 & n fe> to allude to su* unmetaphysical entities z lung & diaphragm1 :]e !y seem to be a c5tral fact 9 ! situation4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! v peculi> behavi\r ( our respiratory & o!r organs :5 ! feel+ ( ! comic seizes u1 seems to belong to a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,inde$1 x appe>s to me t 9 try+ to get at ! mean+ ( ^! g5tle & enjoyable %ak+s ( ! m9d1 we %all d well to />t1 s to speak1 ) ! bodily %ak+s1 :i* are1 to say ! lea/1 mu* m accessible to /udy4 ,fur!r1 x seems desirable to /udy ! utt]ances ( ! _s ( fun ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( its expression4 ,! gros rire1 ! cacophon\s guffaw1 mu/ n be reg>d$ z too vulg> to be admitt$ "h4 ,! attempts 9 ! pa/ to build up a !ory ( ! ludicr\s h commonly fail$ ?r\gh a fa/idi\s & highly artificial re/riction ( ! laughable attribute to ! field ( wit & ref9$ hum\r :i* ! cultivat$ man is 9 ! habit ( enjoy+4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,x may possibly be f\nd t no satisfactory explanation ( our enjoym5t ( ! laughable is obta9able )\t tak+ a glance at =ms ( mir? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,among ! /range ?+s said ab\t laught] is surely ! s5t5ce ( ,bacon3 8,9 laugh+ !re ev] prec$e? a conceit ( some?+ ridicul\s1 & !re=e x is prop] to man04 ,t ! fa!r ( ! inductive philosophy %\ld h approa*$ ! subject 9 ?is way #bc is "o ( ! ironies t meet u 9 ^! discussions2 =1 all[+ t he is "r z to 8 fact t only man laughs1 we mu/ surely recognise t 8 reason is hopelessly weak4 ,! conceit :i* ,bacon "h talks ab\t is1 we all "k1 by no means a univ]sal accompanim5t ( laught]2 &1 :at is m important1 ev5 :5 x occurs x is wont to gr[ di/9ct r 9 ! =m ( an aft]?\ght ?an 9 t ( an antec$5t4 ,among all ?+s human1 surely laught] ought lea/ ( all to be afraid ( recognis+ its humble k9sfolk4 ,! importance ( ?us sweep+ into our sci5tific net specim5s ( all grades ( laught] w be se5 :5 x is recognis$ t ! "o promis+ way ( deal+ ) ?is subject is to trace its developm5t f its e>lie/ & crude/ =ms4 ,if we beg9 at ! top ( ! evolutional s*eme1 & take no acc\nt ( ! l[] grades1 we are v likely to fail to p5etrate to ! core ( ! laughable1 z s _m ( our pr$ecessors h fail$4 ,b if we w only /oop to consid] its manife/ations at ! l[e/ discov]able levels1 & !n conf9e ourselves to ! m mode/ problem3 ,h[ did ! fir/ laught]1 m9dless z x may well seem to u1 get develop$ & diff]5tiat$ into ! v>iety ( =ms :i* make up ! humor\s exp]i5ce ( civilis$ man8 we may w9 a mode/ success4 ,x w be evid5t t any attempt to pursue ?is l9e ( inquiry w h to take note1 n only ( facts obta9able f ! realm ( primitive laught] z repres5t$ by infancy & ! savage /ate1 b ( ^? social =ces :i* h _h s mu* to d ) %ap+ ! manife/ations ( mir?4 ,! common directions ( our laught] atte/ its social "* & illu/rate h[ x has ins9uat$ itself into ! _m movem5ts ( social life4 ,= a l reason we %all ne$ to discuss to "s ext5t #bd ! place ( laught] 9 ,art1 & ! treatm5t ( ! s\rces ( m]rim5t by ! com$ian4 ,la/ly1 ?is l>g] consid]ation ( ! subject w1 we %all probably f9d1 take u to an exam9ation ( c]ta9 e?ical or practical que/ions1 viz41 ! value :i* is to be assign$ to ! laugh+ prop5sity1 & ! prop] limits to be set to its indulg5ce4 ,! subject s conceiv$ is a l>ge & complex "o1 & x w be h>d to deal ) x at once ?\ghtfully & famili>ly1 ) ! g5u9e r+ ( laught] ev] pres5t to ! e>4 ,! pres5t writ] w acc\nt himself happy if1 9 a l9e :]e s _m appe> to h miss$ success1 he atta9 to a mod]ate measure ( x4 #be ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,smile ,,& ,,! ,,laugh4 ,to treat ! facts ) prop] respect seems to be m ?an ord9>ily incumb5t on u 9 deal+ ) ! nature & ! significance ( our laught]4 ,?is means1 z already h9t$1 t "s inquiry be made into ! act ( laugh+ itself1 ! mann] ( x1 & ! circum/ances :i* accompany x1 & t ?is inquiry be c>ri$ out 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive way possible4 ,we grave eld]s are wont to ?9k ( laugh+ & smil+ z some?+ q occasional1 a mom5t>y lapse once 9 a :ile f ! p]si/5t attitude ( s]i\sness4 ,?is view is apt to be express$ 9 too unqualifi$ a =m4 ,simple types ( humanity1 ! *ild & ! savage1 frequ5tly %[ u mir?ful laught] fill+ a mu* l>g] space 9 ! day's h\rs ?an our view w\ld sugge/4 ,a jolly boy1 ! subject ( *ronic high spirits1 :i* are apt to try ! pati5ce ( s$ate s5iors1 might p]haps say--if inde$ he c\ld be br\ght to frame a !ory ( life--t laugh+ is ! prop] way to pass ! "t1 & t s]i\sness is a tiresome necessity :i* c be tol]at$ only n[ & aga94 ,& 9 any case su* a view might be said to repres5t ! m5tal attitude ( ^? happy idiots & imbeciles ( :om we read t !y 8are p]si/5tly joy\s & #bf b5ign10 & con/antly laugh+ or smil+1 & t 8_! c\nt5ances (t5 exhibit a /]eotyp$ smile04#ab ,yet1 attractive z ?is !ory may be = a lov] ( laught]1 x _c well adju/ itself to /]n physiological facts4 ,! full process ( laught] is1 l c\gh+1 sobb+ & o!r actions1 a viol5t int]ruption ( ! rhy?mic fl[ ( ! respiratory movem5ts4 ,z su*1 its function 9 ! human organism seems to be limit$ to t ( an occasional spurt4 ,ev5 a p]petual smile1 q ap>t f its insipidity = o!rs ?an ! smil]1 w\ld1 /rictly speak+1 h>dly be compatible ) ! smoo? on-fl[ ( ! vital processes4 ,:at has be5 nam$ ! 8ev]la/+ b>r5 simp]0 does n really am\nt to ?is4 ,! ,smile & ! ,laugh1 view$ z physiological ev5ts1 /& 9 ! close/ relation "o to ! o!r4 ,a smile is1 z we %all see1 rightly reg>d$ z an incomplete laugh4 ,h5ce we %all d well to /udy ! two toge!r4 ,smil+ involves a complex gr\p ( facial movem5ts4 ,x may suffice to rem9d ! read] ( su* *>act]i/ic *anges z ! draw+ back & slight lift+ ( ! com]s ( ! m\?1 ! rais+ ( ! upp] lip1 :i* p>tially uncov]s ! tee?1 & ! curv+ ( ! furr[s betwixt ! com]s ( ! m\? & ! no/rils 7! naso-labial furr[s7 :i* ^! movem5ts involve4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! =mation ( wr9kles "u ! eyes--a mo/ *>act]i/ic "p ( ! expression--:i* is a fur!r result ( ! fir/ movem5ts4 ,! increas$ brightness ( ! eyes is probably ! effect ( _! t5s5ess1 due to ! contraction ( ! adjac5t muscles & ! pressure ( ! rais$ *eek1 ?\gh #bg an accel]ation ( ! circulation )9 ! eyeball may h some?+ to d ) x4 ,^! facial *anges are common to ! smile & to ! laugh1 ?\gh 9 ! m viol5t =ms ( laught] ! eyes are apt to lose "u _! la*rymal suffusion ! sp>kle :i* ! smile br+s4 ,z a *>act]i/ic gr\p ( facial movem5ts ! smile is excell5tly well suit$ = its purpose--! primitive & mo/ univ]sal expression ( a pleasurable or happy /ate ( m9d4 ,x =ms1 9 respect ( c]ta9 ( its features at lea/1 a m>k$ contra/ to ! expression ( opposite feel+s4 ,?us x is f> remov$1 & s easily di/+ui%able1 f ! facial expression dur+ weep+1 viz41 ! firmly clos$ eyelids & ! wide op5+ ( ! m\? 9 ! =m ( a squ>i% cavity2 z also f ! face's betrayal ( l[ spirits & 8crossness10 9 ! depress$ corn]s ( ! m\?1 ! oblique eyebr[s & ! furr[$ =ehead4 ,i h spok5 "h ( ! primitive unsophi/icat$ smile z x may be obs]v$ 9 *ildr5 & ^? adults :o h n le>n$ to control ! primitive1 & in/9ctive movem5ts ( ! face4 ,among ! cultivat$ classes ( a civilis$ community1 ?is primitive smile is n only re/ra9$ & modifi$1 b s]ves o!r uses ?an ! confession ( ! elem5tal exp]i5ces ( pleasure & gladness4 ,) ! contemptu\s smile1 ! slightly ironical smile ( ! sup]ior p]son1 ! bitt]1 s>donic smile1 we %all h happily b little to d "h4 ,x is en\gh to rem>k t ^! diff]5tiations answ] closely to ^? ( laught]1 & s fur!r illu/rate ! organic aff9ity ( ! two4 ,we may n[ pass to ! l>g] exp]i5ce ( ! audible laugh4 ,t ?is action is physiologically cont9u\s ) #bh ! smile has already be5 sugge/$4 ,! facial expression is approximately ! same 9 ! broad smile & ! g5tle laugh4 ,x is only :5 laught] gr[s immod]ate t !re is a m>k$ addition ( o!r features1 viz41 ! /rong contraction ( ! muscles ab\t ! eyes lead+ to fr[n+1 & ! %$d+ ( te>s4 ,h[ closely connect$ are smil+ & mod]ate laugh+ may be se5 by ! t5d5cy we exp]i5ce :5 we rea* ! broad smile & ! fully op5 m\? to />t ! respiratory movem5ts ( laught]4 ,z ,d>w9 & o!rs h po9t$ out1 !re is a s]ies ( gradations f ! fa9te/ & mo/ decor\s smile up to ! full explosion ( ! laugh4#ac ,"o may1 p]haps1 g f>!r & say t ! s]ies ( gradations "h indicat$ is gone ?r\gh1 m or less rapidly1 9 an ord9>y laugh4 ,p]sons :o laugh sl[ly1 f9d+ x difficult to 8let !mselves g10 c be se5 to pass ?r\gh ^! /ages4 ,x has be5 said by an +5i\s ,am]ican inquir] t laught] may beg9 ei!r ) ! eyes or ) ! m\?1 ! frequ5cy ( ! =m] mode1 z comp>$ ) ! latt]1 9 ! in/ances exam9$ be+ z #g to #e4ad ,x may be add$ t1 to ?is cont9uity ( =m 9 ! actions ( smil+ & laugh+1 !re answ]s a community ( function4 ,z w be %[n m fully by-&-by1 bo? are 9 _! primitive =ms manife/ations ( pleasure1 laught] be+ prim>ily ! expression ( ! full] measures ( ! happy or gladsome /ate1 & v>y+ 9 en]gy & volume ) ! degree ( ?is fulness4 ,! *ronological relations ( ! reign ( ! smile & ! laugh 9 ! life ( ! individual w occupy u #bi pres5tly4 ,"h x may be en\gh to say t ^! relations all[ u to ?9k ( smil+ at once z ! precursor & z ! successor ( h] k9sman4 ,! fir/ smiles are a /ep away f ! exce$+ gravity ( baby-hood t[>ds full hil>ity1 ! la/ are a /ep back f ?is hil>ity to ! /olid composure ( s5ile infancy4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! %>p di/9ction (t5 drawn betwe5 smil+ & laugh+ is artificial4 ,society1 l$ by its ,*e/]field1 may emphasise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! incipi5t & ! complet$ process1 all[+ ! "o & =bidd+ ! o!r2 b ! natural man is incl9$ to reg>d !m z "o4 ,! recognition ( ?is id5tity ( ! two actions is evid5c$ by ! usages ( spee*4 ,we see 9 ! classical languages a t5d5cy to employ ! same ^w = ! two1 laugh+ l smil+ be+ reg>d$--prim>ily & ma9ly at lea/--z an object ( visual p]ception4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly de> 9 ! case ( ! ,lat9 8rid]e10 :i* means to smile z well z to laugh1 ! =m 8subrid]e0 be+ r>e4 ,?is t5d5cy to assimilate ! laugh & ! smile z facial expressions 0 naturally supplem5t$ by ! employm5t1 bo? 9 ,greek & 9 ,lat91 ( a sep>ate ^w = audible laught] 7801 8ca*9n>e07 9 cases :]e x 0 ne$ful to emphasise ! fact ( s\nd4 ,9 "s mod]n languages ! relation ( smil+ to laugh+ is precisely indicat$ z t ( a less full to a full] action 7,italian1 8rid]e0 & 8sorrid]e02 ,fr5*1 8rire0 & 8s\rire02 ,g]man1 8la*50 & 8l*eln074 ,possibly ! exi/5ce ( two unrelat$ words 9 our own & "s o!r mod]n languages po9ts to ! fact t c]ta9 races h be5 m impress$ by ! dissimil>ity betwe5 ! audible & ! inaudible expression ?an by ! simil>ity ( ! visible manife/ations4 #cj ,x is wor? not+ t ev5 aft] ! two expressions h be5 di/+ui%$ by sep>ate names !re is a t5d5cy to use ! /rong] metaphor 8to laugh10 r ?an ! weak] "o 8to smile10 9 describ+ ! bright] aspects ( nature's beauty1 su* z mead[s :5 9 fl[]4 ,a pa9t]1 :om ,dante meets 9 ,purgatory1 & recognises z ! fir/ 9 ! art ( illum9ation1 gracefully transf]s ?is di/9ction to a bro!r pa9t] by say+ t ! leaves :i* ! latt] pa9t$ 8laugh m0 7piu ridon7 ?an 8 own4#ae ,we may n[ turn to ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( laugh+1 t is1 ! production ( ! famili> s]ies ( s\nds4 ,l sigh+1 sobb+ & "s o!r actions1 x is an int]ruption ( ! natural rhy?m ( ! respiratory process1 9 :i* inspiration & expiration foll[ "o ano!r at regul> int]vals4 ,! obvi\s feature ( ?is int]ruption 9 ! case ( laught] is ! s]ies ( %ort1 spasmodic1 expiratory movem5ts by :i* ! s\nds are produc$4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 prec$$ by a less notic$ inspiration ( exceptional en]gy & dep?4 ,^! int]ruptions ( ! ord9>y respiratory movem5ts involve an unusually en]getic action ( ! l>ge muscles by :i* ! *e/ is exp&$1 viz41 ^? :i* secure ! contraction & s ! desc5t ( ! dome-%ap$ diaphragm1 & ^? by ! action ( :i* ! ribs are elevat$4 ,! production ( ! s\nds by ! spasmodic expiratory movem5ts %[s t ! passage f ! tra*ea into ! ph>ynx1 viz41 ! glottis or *9k betwe5 ! vocal cords1 is p>tially clos$4 ,! quality ( ! s\nds is #ca expla9$ by ! p>ticul> arrangem5ts1 at ! mom5t ( ! ca*9nation1 ( ! vocal app>atus1 & m p>ticul>ly ! %ape ( ! resonance *amb] ( ! m\?4 ,famili> ?\gh we are ) !m1 we %\ld f9d x h>d to give an accurate description ( ! s\nds ( laught]4 ,to beg9 )1 !y seem to v>y consid]ably 9 ! case ( ! same p]son & /ill m 9 t ( diff]5t p]sons4 ,laught] has n yet l5t itself to ! me?ods ( ! exp]im5tal psy*ologi/1 & s has n be5 /udi$ ) sci5tific precision4 ,by-&-by1 we may hope1 ! phonograph w capture its s\nds1 & enable u to obs]ve !m at our leisure4 ,mean:ile1 only a v r\gh acc\nt ( !m is possible4 ,tak+ ! laught] ( ! adult male1 :i* is p]haps m frank & bett] pron\nc$1 we f9d ! m common =ms ( it]at$ s\nds to range f ! broad v[el s\nd aw 79 8law07 to ! %>p a 79 8bat074 ,! long o s\nd 7z 9 8g071 involv+ ! r\nd$ m\? ap]ture1 seems to me to be f> less common4 ,! same applies to ! long ee & ai s\nds1 & ^? :i* seem to be mo/ closely alli$ to !m4 ,^! v>iations appe>1 s f> z ,i c judge1 to g ) alt]ations ( pit*4 ,! broad] s\nds1 e4g41 aw1 seem naturally to ally !mselves to ! h>di] deep-pit*$ explosion1 ! o!rs to ! m cackle-l utt]ances 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! regi/]4 ,?is connection %[s itself1 too1 9 ! *ange 9 ! v[el-quality :51 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! laugh runs ?r\gh a cad5ce ( pit* f a high] to a l[] note4 ,^! consid]ations w prep>e u to f9d t ! v[el-quality ( ! s\nd v>ies 9 g5]al ) sex & ) age4 ,accord+ to ,hall] & ,gratiolet ! s\nds ( #cb ! laught] ( wom5 & *ildr51 :i* correspond ) _! high] vocal pit*1 approa* 9 v[el-quality to ! ,fr5* i & e4#af ,consid]able v>iations f ^! typical =ms w\ld seem to occur n[ & aga94 ,9 ! ,am]ican returns already ref]r$ to1 ! mode ( laugh+ describ$ is repres5t$ by su* odd symbols z 8gah6 gah60 8iff6 iff60 8tse6 tse60 etc4 ,^! s+ul>ities1 if1 z x seems1 !y are int5d$ to repres5t habitual modes ( voic+ mir?1 are1 "o suspects1 h>dly ref]rible to natural diff]5ces ( vocalisation1 b are probably ! result ( ! int]f]+ ag5cies ( n]v\sness & affectation :i*1 z we "k1 h mu* to d ) fix+ ! =m ( mir?ful expression4 ,! description ( laught] "h (f]$ applies only to ! typical =m4 ,x w\ld h to be modifi$ consid]ably to suit ! att5uat$ =ms to :i* ! expression is r$uc$ 9 8polite society04 ,( ^!1 m pres5tly4 ,ev5 :]e ! vocal outbur/ reta9s its primitive spontaneity & fulness consid]able v>iations are obs]vable1 connect$ ) diff]5ces 9 ! :ole respiratory & vocal app>atus4 ,! int5sity & volume ( ! s\nd1 ! pit* & v[el-quality1 ! rapidity ( ! successive expirations1 ! l5g? ( ! s]ies1 ! mode ( comm5c+ & ( end+1 may all exhibit v>iations :i* help to make ! laught] ( "o p]son or ( "o race diff]5t f t ( ano!r4 ,we may n[ pass to "s o!r accompanim5ts ( ! muscul> movem5ts ( laught]4 ,x is ( importance to /udy ^! ) c>e if we wi% to e/imate ! precise value ( ! hil>i\s explosion 9 ! economy ( human life4 #cc ,s9ce ! movem5ts ( laught] are sudd5 & viol5t int]ruptions ( ! smoo? rhy?mic fl[ ( ! respiratory process1 we may expect to f9d t !y h important organic effects1 involv+ n m]ely ! me*anism ( respiration1 b also t ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,"h1 x seems1 we h to d ) a d\ble effect ,fir/ ( all 7we are told71 ?is s]ies ( spasmodic expirations--dur+ :i*1 z we h se51 ! glottis is p>tially clos$--increases ! pressure )9 ! ?orax or *e/1 & s imp$es ! entry ( blood f ! ve9s into ! he>t4 ,?is effect is se5 9 ! turgidity ( ! head & neck :i* appe>s aft] prolong$ & viol5t laugh+4 ,9 ! second place1 ! exceptionally deep inspirations t5d to exp& ! lungs ) air1 & to dra9 (f ! blood f ! ve9s into ! he>t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! two actions1 ! deep5$ inspiration & ! prolong$ expiration1 alt]nate dur+ a fit ( laught]1 appe>s to secure a consid]able advantage 9 respect bo? ( accel]at$ circulation & m complete oxyg5ation ( ! blood4 ,! brisk] movem5t ( ! blood aft] laught] has rec5tly be5 obs]v$ 9 "s exp]im5tal inquiries into ! effects ( emotional excitem5t ( v>i\s k9ds on ! pulse4#ag ,x is n improbable t ?is exp$it$ circulation produces m remote effects on ! organism4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t "o ( ! advantages ( a 8good laugh0 is t x relieves ! bra91 & ?is w\ld seem to imply t x quick5s ! movem5t ( ! blood ?r\gh ! f9e & readily clogg$ vessels :i* p]meate ! bra9-/ructures4 #cd ,& "h we f9d ourselves face to face ) ! "q3 ,:at tru? is !re 9 ! say+ t laught] has b5eficial physiological effects8 ,a curi\s *apt] might be writt5 on ! views prop\nd$1 bo? by ! light-he>t$ revell] & ! grave & philosophic onlook]1 on ! :olesom5ess ( ?is =m ( 8bodily ex]cise04 ,only a b>e ref]5ce to ?is aspect ( ! subject c1 h[ev]1 be giv5 "h4 ,to beg9 )1 ! unle>n$1 :o "k no?+ ( diaphragms or ( conge/$ ve9s ne$+ to be reliev$1 h _h a %rewd conviction t laught] sets ! curr5t ( life mov+ briskly4 ,prov]bs1 su* z 8laugh & gr[ fat10 atte/ ?is common conviction4 ,^? :o h cat]$ to ! laught]-lov]s h n unnaturally made mu* ( ?is salut>y influ5ce4 ,! m$ival writ]s ( ! laughable /ory 9 v]se 7! 8fabliau0 or 8,conte rire en v]s07 held firmly to ! belief 9 ! 8sanit>y virtue0 78v]tu sa9e07 ( a bur/ ( laught]4 ,?is popul> view has be5 support$ by ! weight ( le>n$ au?ority4 ,vocal ex]cises1 ( :i* laugh+ is cle>ly "o1 h be5 recomm5d$ by exp]ts f ! "t ( ,ari/otle z a means ( /r5g!n+ ! lungs & ( fur!r+ ! heal? ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,by _m1 moreov]1 laught] has be5 specifically inculcat$ z a hygi5ic measure4 ,! le>n$ ,burton 7b4 #aegg7 quotes a numb] ( physicians 9 fav\r ( ! anci5t cu/om ( enliv5+ ! fea/ ) mir? & jokes4#ah ,! read] may f9d ref]5ces to ! salut>y effects ( laught] 9 ! late/ text-books ( physiology4 ,bo? by a vigor\s re9=cem5t ( ! actions ( ! l>ge muscles :i* d ! "w ( respiration1 &1 /ill m1 by ! b5eficial effects ( ^! re9=c$ actions on ! functions ( ! #ce lungs & ! circulatory app>atus1 laught] prop]ly f9ds a place among 8bodily ex]cises04#ai ,! b5eficial effects ( laught] h n be5 ov]look$ by ! p$agogue4 ,mulca/]1 = example 7born ab\t #aecj71 gives a high place to laugh+ among 8 8physical0 or heal?-giv+ ex]cises4 ,! physiological reasons adduc$ are sometimes funny en\gh3 = ! au?or relies on ,gal5 & ! doctr9e ( 8spirits04 ,he ?9ks t laught] w help ^? :o h cold h&s & cold *e/s & are tr\bl$ ) melan*olia1 s9ce x 8move? mu* aire 9 ! brea/1 & s5de? ! w>m] spirites outw>d04 ,tickl+ "u ! armpits may well be add$1 see+ t ^! p>ts h a great /ore ( small ve9s & little art]ies 8:i* be+ tickl$ s become w>me !mselves1 & f !nce disp]se heat ?r\gh\t ! :ole bodie04#bj ,h[ f> ^! b5ign effects on heal?1 :i* are recognis$ by ! mod]n physician z well z by 8 pr$ecessor1 are due to ! vigor\s re9=cem5t br\ght by laught] to ! "w ( respiration & ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 x is n easy to say4 ,! latt] process rem9ds "o ( ! circulation ( p$e/rians & vehicles 9 our ,london /reets4 ,9 a g5]al way x manages itself fairly well4 ,yet n[ & aga9 a lu/y 8,move on60 f a policeman seems to be di/9ctly b5eficial4 ,simil> b5efits may be ext5d$ to ! organs ( dige/ion & ! re/4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n lose sight ( ! possibility t laught] may act b5eficially on our h>d-press$ #cf frames 9 ano!r way4 ,z has be5 sugge/$ above1 ! lu/y ca*9nation is nature's way ( voic+ gladness1 a sudd5 increase ( pleasure4 ,n[ x has be5 held by psy*ologi/s t pleasurable feel+s t5d to fur!r ! :ole gr\p ( organic functions1 by add+ to ! n]v\s vig\r :i* keeps !m go+4 ,laught] may owe a "p ( its b5ign influ5ce on our bodily /ate to ! fact t x produces a consid]able increase ( vital activity by way ( height5$ n]v\s /imulation4#ba ,"o feature ( ! laugh+ outbur/ may pretty safely be ascrib$ to ?is increase ( n]v\s action "u pleasurable excitem5t4 ,9 all g5u9ely hil>i\s moods1 ! laugh is accompani$ by a good deal ( diffus$ activity ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,?is is se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! unsophi/icat$ laught] ( *ildr5 & savages4 ,! sudd5 glee :i* />ts ! laugh />ts also movem5ts ( arm1 leg & trunk1 s t arms flap w+-l1 or meet 9 ! joy\s clap1 & ! :ole body jumps4 ,9 old] p matt]s may n be c>ri$ s f>1 ?\gh !re are examples ( ! l>ge %ak+s ( laught]1 notably t ( ,c>lyle's ,teufelsdrckh1 ^: great laugh 0 "o 8n ( ! face & diaphragm only1 b ( ! :ole man f head to heel02 & x is h>d p]haps = any man tak5 by ! 8/ab0 ( a good joke to keep 8 arms d[n & 8 body v]tical4 ,x may be add$ t ?is supplem5t+ ( ! en]getic #cg respiratory actions by movem5ts ( ! limbs gives to laught] its cle> title to be call$ a muscul> ex]cise4 ,z su* x is vigor\s1 volum9\s & bord]+1 s to speak1 on ! viol5t4 ,its salut>y influ5ce1 l t ( ! surgeon's knife1 w consequ5tly dep5d on ! cel]ity ( its op]ation4 ,"h we come to ! o!r column 9 ! reckon+4 ,if laught] does good by its occasional irruption into a doma9 :i* o!rwise w\ld h too mu* ( dr[sy monotony1 its b5efit is rigor\sly circumscrib$4 ,only too easily c x ov]do ! 8flu%+0 "p1 & inundate & de/roy :5 x %\ld m]ely cleanse4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mir?ful ca*9nation1 j because x is an irruption1 a disord]ly proce$+1 mu/ n be unduly prolong$4 ,at :at mom5t 9 a prolong$ fit ( laught] ! undesirable effects beg9 to appe>1 x is n easy to say4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a good "p ( :at rema9s ( mod]n laught] is by no means pure hil>ity4 ,!re is 9 x f ! fir/ ejaculation some?+ ( a bit+ s5sation1 or some?+ ( a melan*oly pa94 ,yet1 waiv+ ?is & look+ on :at beg9s z g5u9e hil>ity1 we %all f9d t x is n s simple a matt] to det]m9e ! mom5t :5 fur!r prolongation ( ! ex]cise w be weak5+ r ?an /r5g!n+4 ,! excitem5t ( laught]1 l t ( w9e1 may 9 its measurem5ts h to be adju/$ to individual con/itution4 ,among ! humiliations ( life may be reckon$ ! discov]y ( an inability to g on laugh+ at ! brilliant descriptions ( a c>icaturi/1 & an exp]i5ce ( a*+ exhau/ion1 ( flabby collapse1 :ile o!rs cont9ue ! exhil>at+ *orus4 ,x is natural to look on ! te>s :i* (t5 accompany boi/]\s laught] z an unfav\rable symptom4 ,?+s :i* d u good %\ld n1 we argue1 make u cry4 ,yet #ch we may reflect t m5 h be5 kn[n to cry out ( %e] happ9ess4 ,) "s laugh]s1 too1 ! moi/ure may come at an e>li] /age ?an ) o!rs4 ,0 ,%akespe>e1 "o wond]s1 ?9k+ ( a viol5t laught] :5 he made ,ia*imo tell ,imog5 t h] "l ,leonatus _h mock$ ! ,fr5* lov]'s lugubri\s despond5cies 8) 8 eyes 9 flood ) laught]08 ,p]haps 9 ,%akespe>e's age1 :5 laught] 0 held 9 ) loos] re91 ! te>s came m readily4 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 :o has made a c>eful /udy ( laught]'s te>s1 _! appe>ance dur+ a viol5t attack is common to all ! races ( mank9d4 ,he connects !m ) ! contraction ( ! muscles r\nd ! eyes :i* has = its purpose ! compress+ ( ! gorg$ blood-vessels & s ! protection ( ! eyes4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! te>s alike 9 ! case ( grief & ( extravagant mir?4 ,! p>oxysm ( excessive laught] ?us approa*es ! o!r extreme ( viol5t grief2 & ?is fact1 ,d>w9 ?9ks1 may help u to und]/& h[ x is t hy/]ical pati5ts & *ildr5 (t5 laugh & cry alt]nately4#bb ,h[ev] x may be ) ! te>s1 !re is no d\bt t viol5t & prolong$ laught] works mis*ief 9 o!r ways4 ,! sigh t s frequ5tly foll[s ! laugh1 & has be5 suppos$ to illu/rate ! wid] tru? t 8all pleasures h a /+ 9 ! tail10 ne$ n be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,x is ! sign ( re/oration ( equilibrium aft] ! hil>i\s upset4 ,! pro/rat+ effects ( viol5t laught] 7 well kn[n to ,%akespe>e4 ,?us he speaks ( be+ 8/abb$0 #ci ) laught]1 ( laugh+ oneself 8into /it*es0--an exp]i5ce :i* ,milton probably _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote ( 8laught] hold+ bo? 8 sides0--( ! he>t be+ almo/ brok5 8) extreme laugh+0 & ( laugh+ oneself 8to dea?04#bc ,! ,am]ican returns speak ( a :ole ,iliad ( evil aft]-effects3 fatigue1 weakness1 sadness1 gidd9ess1 brea?lessness & s =?4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$ t ^! unpleasant exp]i5ces h>dly ju/ify u 9 apply+ to laught] ! r /rong epi!t ( 8kill+04 ,!y are1 "u normal circum/ances1 tempor>y inconv5i5ces only1 & to ! lov] ( fun d n s]i\sly c\nt z aga9/ its sub/antial bless+s4 ,:5 laught] kills1 z x does sometimes1 x is because x has deg5]at$ into some?+ di/9ctly abnormal1 ally+ itself to hy/]ical grief or to ! unh++ effect ( a great m5tal %ock4 ,z already not$1 ! laugh1 l ! smile :i* is its beg9n+1 is 9 g5]al an expression ( a pleasurable /ate ( feel+4 ,among unsophi/icat$ *ildr5 & savage adults x is ! common mode ( express+ all consid]able int5sities ( pleasure :5 !y involve a sudd5 bright5+ ( ! pleasure-tone ( consci\sness1 z 9 ! ov]fl[ ( gladness or good spirits4 ,z su* x /&s 9 m>k$ dissimil>ity to ! expression ( opposite tones ( feel+4 ,to beg9 )1 x pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to /ates ( suff]+1 sorr[ & l[ spirits 9 g5]al4 ,x illu/rates ! broad g5]alisation laid d[n by psy*ologi/s t a /ate ( pleasure manife/s itself 9 vigor\s & expansive movem5ts1 :]eas a /ate ( pa9 involves a l[]+ ( muscul> en]gy & a k9d ( %r9k+ into oneself4 ,9 a m special way x =ms an anti!sis1 9 c]ta9 ( its features at lea/1 to ! expression ( viol5t #dj suff]+4 ,d>w9 rem>ks t 9 ! production ( screams or cries ( di/ress ! expirations are prolong$ & cont9u\s & ! inspirations %ort & int]rupt$2 :]eas 9 ! production ( laught] we h1 z we h se51 ! expirations %ort & brok5 & ! inspirations prolong$4 ,?is is m]ely "o case ( ! wid] g5]alisation t 8! :ole expression ( a man 9 good spirits is exactly ! opposite ( t ( "o suff]+ f sorr[04#bd ,! value ( ?is arrangem5t z help+ u to und]/& "o ano!r's feel+s is obvi\s4 ,among ! _m mi/akes :i* we are wont to commit 9 read+ our *ildr5's m9ds1 t ( confus+ _! joy & grief _c1 =tunately1 be a frequ5t "o4 ,x is only 9 exceptional & abnormal cases1 :]e ! extremes ( boi/]\s mir? & grief seem to approa* "o ano!r1 t ! language ( ! "o c be mi/ak5 = t ( ! o!r4 ,a curi\s po9t1 :i* ! +5uities ( "s lat] psy*ologi/s compel u to consid]1 is :e!r ! pleasure1 ( :i* laught] is popul>ly suppos$ to be ! outcome or effect1 really /&s 9 ?is relation to x4 ,accord+ to ! !ory "h ref]r$ to1 ( :i* ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james is ! be/-kn[n advocate 9 our language1 a blu% _c be attribut$ to an antec$5t feel+ ( mode/y or %amefac$ness3 b = ! blu% !re w\ld be no feel+ ( mode/y3 9 tru?1 x is ! blu%1 i4e41 ! hot s5sation ( x1 t con/itutes ! feel+4 ,! !ory has done mu* to popul>ise psy*ology 9 ^! la/ days4 ,x is1 ,i h f\nd1 a plum 9 a pudd+ :]e plums are r>e = _m :o read psy*ology = exam9ations4 ,x seems to be #da p>ticul>ly de> to "y wom54 ,x c]ta9ly has ab\t x ! *>m ( a lively fancy4 ,b sci5ce has1 alas6 sometimes to d battle ) livel9ess ( fancy2 & x has to d ?is "h4 ,by try+ to get all y\r emotions out ( ! organic effects1 y f9d y\rself 9 ! awkw>d situation ( be+ unable to say h[ ^! organic effects !mselves are br\ght ab\t4 ,y mu/ h some?+ ( ! emotional ?rill & ( ! n]v\s ?rill :i* ?is involves be=e y get t int]f]5ce ) ! r\t9e action ( ! muscles ( ! facial capill>ies :i* br+s on ! blu%4 ,n only may ! pres5ce ( an elem5t ( feel+ at ! v beg9n+ ( an emotional exp]i5ce be ?us %[n to be a necess>y assumption1 x c1 9 c]ta9 cases at lea/1 be cle>ly obs]v$4 ,?is applies m p>ticul>ly to su* feel+s z ! admiration ( a beautiful l&scape or a f9e bit ( h>monis$ melody4 ,9 ^! cases x mu/1 "o w\ld suppose1 be evid5t to all t ! pleasurable emotion is />t$ & su/a9$ by num]\s curr5ts ( agreeable s5sation p\r+ 9 by way ( eye or e>1 & by ! agreeable p]ceptions :i* gr[ imm$iately out ( ^!4 ,to say t all ! joy\s elevation 9 ^! exp]i5ces spr+s out ( ! second>y1 int]nally excit$ s5sations1 ^? :i* accompany ! alt]$ condition ( muscle & gl&1 ! height5$ pulse-rate1 ! bodily ?rill & ! re/1 is surely to inflict an undes]v$ indignity on 8! high] s5ses10 & to exhibit ! full dep? ( ludicr\s p>adox :i* lurks 9 ?is !ory4#be ,! case ( laught] is n q s cle>4 ,x has1 inde$1 "o *>act]i/ic :i* seems to fav\r ! #db view t ! bodily resonance is ev]y?+1 namely1 t x is easily induc$ 9 a me*anical or quasi-me*anical mann]4 ,x is ( all ! expressive movem5ts ! "o mo/ subject to ! =ce ( imitation4 ,*ildr5's laught]1 & t excit$ by ! popul> game1 ! 8laugh+ *orus10 cle>ly illu/rate its contagi\s "*4#bf ,moreov]1 z we "k1 a fit ( laught] may be br\ght on1 9 "p at lea/1 by actions :i* presumably re9/ate "s ( ! physiological elem5ts 9 ! process4 ,?us my son tells me t he 0 ov]tak5 by an irresi/ible impulse to laugh :5 rid+ a horse )\t a saddle1 & aga9 :5 runn+ a race2 & my daught] _h ! same t5d5cy at ! end ( h] fir/ m\nta9 climb4 ,x seems probable t ! movem5ts & ! *ang$ condition ( ! brea?+ function are prime causes ( ! irresi/ible t5d5cy 9 su* cases4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ?+ to all[ ! indisputable fact t laught] c be excit$ 9 ?is seem+ly me*anical way1 ano!r ?+ to claim = ! reaction 9 su* cases ! value ( ! full joy\s outbur/4 ,i believe t a p]son :o wat*es 8 m5tal processes c obs]ve t a m]ely imitative laught] does n br+ ! :ole delightful psy*osis :i* arises :5 "s agreeable impression initiates ! movem5ts4 ,to ?is x mu/ be add$ t 9 ! cases "h t\*$ on ! imitation is n :olly me*anical4 ,:5 we laugh because o!rs laugh1 d we n accept _! laught] z a playful *all5ge & fall into ! gay mood8 ,& are we n1 commonly at lea/1 affect$ by o!rs' volum9\s laught] z by a droll sight & s\nd1 :i* directly /imulates ! mir?ful muscles8 ,my son's laught]1 #dc 9 ! circum/ances j ref]r$ to1 seem$ to be direct$ to ! movem5ts ( ! horse's e>s1 & to ^? ( ! boy runn+ j 9 front ( him4 ,! movem5ts ( laught] h1 9 ! case ( "s adults1 come s completely "u ! initiative control ( m5tal processes1 t ev5 :5 p[]ful organic =ces prompt ! movem5ts1 x is necess>y to make a %[ ( f9d+ "s cause ( m]rim5t4 ,com+ n[ to ! ord9>y case ( ! emotional reaction1 we note fir/ ( all ! swift1 explosive "* ( ! outbur/4 ,if ! motor dis*>ge foll[ ! fir/ swell ( joy\s feel+1 :i* is popul>ly said to excite x1 x seems to d s ) su* electrical rapidity z to make x impossible to detect ?is initial swell z di/9ctly prec$+ x4 ,yet ?is fact ne$ n baffle our inquiry4 ,:5 = example we laugh at "s absurd incongruity 9 spee* or mann]s1 c we n see t ! p]ception :i* />ts ! laugh is an emotional p]ception1 "o :i* n only directs itself to some?+ t has emotional int]e/ & value1 namely1 ! incongru\s features z su*1 b is flood$ f ! v fir/ ) ! gladness ( mir?4 ,to say t my p]ception ( a big woman hang+ ^u ! arm ( a small man is a purely intellectual affair1 l ! p]ception ( ! inequality ( two l9es 9 a geometrical figure1 is1 "o fe>s1 to confess ei!r to a pov]ty ( humor\s exp]i5ce or to a v scanty faculty ( psy*ological analysis4 ,b p]haps ! cle>e/ dispro( ( ?is qua9t p>adox 9 ! realm ( laught] is suppli$ by ! situation already ref]r$ to1 t ( =c$ ab/5tion f a *oral laugh ?r\gh fatigue4 ,:5 ?us 8d\bl$ up0 & impot5t1 we may be q capable ( seiz+ ! funny turns ( ! good 8/ory10 & ( feel+ all ! #dd =ce ( ! bugle-call ( ! o!rs' laught]4 ,9 soo? x is j "h t ! mis]y ( ! situation lies1 t ! joy\s s5se ( fun 9 ! air is n[ robb$ ( its /urdy ally & s r$uc$ to a /ate ( limp ineffici5cy4 ,! comicality /ill makes full appeal3 we feel x1 b ! feel+ is d5i$ its full normal outfl[4 ,?is br+s u face to face ) ! k]nel1 ! valuable k]nel1 ( tru? :i* lies 9 :at seems at fir/ an empty p>adoxical nut%ell4 ,?\gh ! 8bodily rev]b]ation0 t is1 ! swiftly return+ tid+s ( a rais$ or depress$ n]v\s activity 9 outly+ regions ( ! organism1 is n ev]y?+ 9 an emotion1 x is a "p1 & an important "p4 ,! full exp]i5ce ( ! joys ( ! comic1 l o!r full emotional exp]i5ces1 implies t ! v5ts are cle>1 t ! n]v\s swirl />t$ at ! c5tres at ! mom5t :5 we greet ! com+ ( fun ) gladness c f9d its cu/om>y outfl[ along ! famili> *annels4 ,n only s1 b z sugge/$ above1 ?is l>ge expansion ( ! area ( n]v\s commotion ?r\gh\t ! bodily sy/em gives add$ life & a m di/9ctive "* to ! enjoym5t ( fun4 ,i h "h suppos$ a p]fectly simple in/ance ( laught] 9 :i* a sudd5 increase ( pleasure up to ! po9t ( gladness br+s on ! reaction4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re is "s complication1 "s reciprocal action betwe5 ! out-p\r+ m5tal gladness & ! 9-p\r+ somatic resonance4 ,9 a good1 prolong$ laugh ! bodily factor does und\bt$ly react ^u ! psy*o-physical process :i* makes up ! m5tal gaiety1 & ?is means t x prec$es ! lat] /ages ( ?is process4 ,9 all cases :]e ?is c5tral psy*o-physical factor is complex & requires "t = its #de completion1 ! int]actions betwe5 x & ! bodily factor become vital4 ,z h9t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! reflective intuitions :i* are said by c]ta9 !ori/s to be ! cause1 & s to prec$e laught]1 are (t5 aft]-?\ghts4 ,?is means t :5 ! laugh+ app>atus is set & ready to dis*>ge1 ! fir/ joy\s p]ception ( some?+ funny1 ?\gh utt]ly vague ) respect to ! p>ticul> features & relations :]e9 lies ! funn9ess1 suffices to br+ on ! reaction1 :i* in/antly re9=ces ! gladsome mood4 ,& ! jollity may su/a9 itself = a :ile ma9ly z a fit ( laught]2 ?\gh swift m5tal glances are all along be+ %ot across ! spasms at ! provok+ 8object10 glances :i* make cle>] & cle>] ! ludicr\s features1 & by s do+ raise ! =ce ( ! m5tal /imulus4 ,if1 z we h se5 to be probable1 laught] is )9 limits a good ex]cise1 br++ a consid]able increase ( pleasurable activity & fur!r+ ! s5se ( bodily well-be+1 we c easily und]/& h[ ess5tial x is to ! full realisation ( good spirits & ! hil>i\s mood4 ,its explosive movem5ts seem1 inde$1 to belong to ! /ate ( exhil>ation1 ( consci\s expansion1 & to give x mu* ( its piquant flav\r3 :5ce ! h>d%ip ( los+ brea? ?r\gh excessive indulg5ce1 or hav+ to /ifle ! impulse to laugh at its bir? :5 expos$ to ! %ock$ look ( ! agela/4 ,! deep1 =cible *e/-movem5ts br+ a s5se ( height5$ en]gy1 ( a high-tide fulness ( ! life-curr5t4 ,! volum9\s mass ( s5sation :i* !y supply1 p>tly 9 ! /irr+ s\nds :i* react on ! laugh]'s own e>s1 & p>tly 9 ! l>ge1 exhil>at+ effects 9 ! visc]a1 is 9 itself a va/ expansion ( our consci\sness4 ,?is sudd5 rise ( ! tide 9 our organic life is a "p at lea/ ( t s5se #df ( 8sudd5 glory0 :i* ! sight ( ! ludicr\s is said to br+ u4 ,t ?is organic swell is a l>ge factor1 is1 ,i ?9k1 %[n 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,to "n b "o fact2 we may beg9 a laugh ) some?+ ( bitt]ness1 some?+ ( malignity 9 our he>ts2 b end x hav+ a fre]1 s]5] consci\sness1 z if ! laught] _h be5 a sort ( cleans+ process1 &1 l ano!r & widely diff]5t 1 sub/itut$ a happy & peaceful = a di/urb$ & unhappy /ate ( feel+4 ,x w be se5 pres5tly t among ! causes ( laught]1 a mom5t's relaxation ( /ra9--muscul>1 intellectual or emotional t5sion--is "o ( ! mo/ common1 if x be n univ]sal4 ,! delici\s s5se ( relief :i* ! collapse ( ! /ra9$ attitude br+s u may no d\bt be due to a consci\sness ( ! transition1 ! escape f pressure ( ! mom5t be=e4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n improbable t ! physiological processes ( laught] !mselves1 by secur+ organic relief & refre%m5t1 contribute a l>ge elem5t to ! :ole m5tal /ate4 ,a l rem>k applies to ! elem5t ( disagreeable feel+ :i* frequ5tly1 at lea/1 makes our laught] a mix$ exp]i5ce3-- ,our s9c]e/ laught] ,) "s pa9 is fraught4 ,%elley 0 h>dly ! p]son1 "o suspects1 to judge ( ! quality ( m5's laught]3 yet 8 c\plet conta9s an elem5t ( tru?4 ,?is mixture ( elem5ts is1 no d\bt1 l>gely due to ! initiat+ p]ception itself2 =1 z we %all see1 ! laughable spectacle commonly %[s u 9 ! backgr\nd some?+ regrettable4 ,b x seems reasonable to say t ! elem5t ( sadness 9 our hil>ity has its organic support 9 ! unpleasant feel+-tones #dg :i* accompany ! effects ( all viol5t & prolong$ laught]4#bg ,:at may be ! precise proportions betwe5 ! initial or 8c]ebral0 joy & ! joy rev]b]at$ by ! organism we h no data = det]m9+4 ,!re seems some?+ plausible 9 ! cont5tion t ! =m]1 :5 x lacks ! re9=cem5t ( ! latt]1 is b a 8?90 & 8pale0 feel+4 ,?is view may be support$ by ! fact t ! response ( ! body is nev] :olly sil5c$4 ,ev5 :5 a man controls 8 laught]1 say 9 *ur*1 he is aw>e ( a swift spasm 9 ! ?roat4 ,b !re are facts :i* tell p[]fully 9 ! o!r direction4 ,we nev] /ifle ! organic resonance )\t introduc+ o!r & di/9ctly adv]se influ5ces4 ,:5 by a =cible ef=t we hold back our laught] ?is ef=t itself1 z an artificial & difficult attitude1 does mu* to spoil ! :ole exp]i5ce4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! impulse to laugh & ! curb+ w is di/9ctly disagreeable1 & may readily gr[ into an acute suff]+4 ,& :5 ! corporeal rev]b]ation fails ?r\gh %e] fatigue1 ?is fatigue1 bo? 9 itself & 9 its antagonism to ! appeal to mir?1 becomes a l>ge factor 9 ! :ole exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly wait = ?is k ( ! precise %>es contribut$ by ! two factors1 until "s +5i\s exp]im5t] c succe$ 9 excit+ ! mir?ful mood & at ! same "t cutt+ (f ! bodily rev]b]ation )\t induc+ a new organic consci\sness2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 c devise a me?od ( secur+ = u 9 "s utt]ly s]i\s mom5t ! full bodily rev]b]ation ( laught]1 say by electrically #dh /imulat+ our respiratory muscles4 ,x may be pr$ict$ ) "s confid5ce t ?is wait+ w be a long "o4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! smile1 we h to note v>i\s deviations f ! typical =m ( ! expression4 ,:5 laught] no long] spr+s f pure joy1 b has 9 x some?+ ( a s>donic bitt]ness1 or some?+ ( a contemptu\s defiance1 ! exp]i5ce w ( c\rse be complicat$ by a new +r$i5t ( consci\sness4 ,:e!r ?is *ange ( exp]i5ce is due m]ely to ! diff]5ce 9 ! initial m5tal attitude may be d\bt$4 ,x is n improbable t ! physiological processes1 t is to say1 ! respiratory movem5ts1 ! vocalisation1 & ! m diffus$ organic effects1 w be alt]$ 9 su* cases4 ,a bitt] laugh seems bo? to ta/e diff]5tly & to s\nd diff]5tly f a p]fectly joy\s "o4 ,9 ^! deviations f ! typical laugh ( ! joy\s mood we see ! beg9n+ ( ! intrusion ( a new factor1 ! w4 ,!re is m ( int5tion to be he>d 91 say1 ! ironical laught] ( "o side ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?an 9 ! laught] ( an unsophi/icat$ *ild4 ,?is intrusion ( w s]ves bo? to re/ra9 ! natural process1 r$uc+ x to a degrad$ & rudim5t>y =m1 & to orig9ate v>i\s affect$ c\nt]feits ( ! spontane\s outbur/4 ,?is d\ble action supports ! idea t ! conv5tions ( polite society aim n m]ely at suppress+ ! 8vulg>0 k9d ( explosion1 b at evok+ ! signs ( amusem5t :5 an ef=t is be+ made to amuse4 ,h5ce ! multiplicity ( weird utt]ances :i* cultivat$ humanity has adopt$4 ,! giggle1 ! titt]1 ! snick] & ! re/ appe> to be n m]ely r$uc$ or half-suppress$ laught]1 b sub/itutes :i* c readily #di be produc$ :5 ! occasion asks = !m4#bh ,^? :o conf9e !mselves to ?is debas$ laught] are naturally despis$ by ! mu*-laugh+ s\l4 ,c>lyle--himself a volum9\s laugh] at times--:5 writ+ ( ,teufelsdrckh's great laugh hurls contempt on ^! trifl]s ) ! big ?+s ( mir? 9 ?is wise3 !y 8only sniff & titt] & sniggle f ! ?roat outw>ds2 or at be/ produce "s :iffl+1 husky ca*9nation1 z if !y 7 laugh+ ?r\gh wool04#bi ,an accurate sci5tific record ( ^! /range p]v]sions ( laught]1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 less picturesque ?an ,c>lyle's description1 w\ld be ( consid]able value4 ,! laught]-lov] may at lea/ console himself = ! injury done him by ?is k9d ( imitation ) ! reflection t x is empty ( joy1 & ev5 ( ! refre%+ s5sations :i* issue f ! g5u9e laugh4 ,nay1 m1 z a =c$ p]=mance1 x presumably has a disagreeable feel+ ( irksom5ess z its accompanim5t4 ,x is sad to reflect t ^! spuri\s v>ieties ( laught] are apt to appe> e>ly 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,prey] tells u he 0 able to di/+ui%1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8 boy's utt]ances1 ! g5u9e laugh ( hil>ity f t ( imitation1 :i* 0 probably r m =c$4 ,possibly !y all appe> among t wondr\s ga!r+ ( que] s\nds = :i* infancy is fam\s1 & may be p]man5tly select$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( 8highly prop]0 *ildr5 9 pref]5ce to ! full] s\nds4 #ej ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,occasions ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,laught]4 ,x seem$ desirable to exam9e ! process ( laught] itself be=e tak+ up ! mu*-discuss$ "q ( its causes4 ,9 consid]+ ?is side ( our subject1 we %all1 z already h9t$1 take a compreh5sive view ( ! occasions & modes ( production ( ! mir?ful outbur/1 & approa* ! n>r[] problem ( ! nature & mode ( action ( ! ludicr\s by way ( ?is l>g] inquiry4 ,accord+ to ! common assumption1 laught]1 9 ord9>y cases1 is excit$ by "s provocative1 to speak m precisely1 by "s s5se-pres5tation1 or its repres5tative idea1 su* z a 8funny0 s5sation1 ! sight ( a droll human figure1 or a qua9t fancy4 ,yet we mu/ n assume t su* an initial pres5tation occurs 9 all cases4 ,z is impli$ 9 :at has be5 said above ab\t ! laught] ( 8good spirits10 & z we %all see m cle>ly pres5tly1 !re are cases :]e laught] takes on ! appe>ance ( a spontane\s or 8automatic0 gr\p ( movem5ts4 #a4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to beg9 our inquiry by t\*+ on ^? v>ieties ( laught] 9 :i* ! action ( a s5se-/imulus is app>5t4 ,& x w be conv5i5t to select a =m ( di/9ctly provok$ laught] 9 :i* ! intellectual processes play only a subord9ate "p4 ,! effect ( tickl+ is cle>ly ( ?is k9d1 & z "o ( ! #ea simple/ modes ( excit+ laught] x seems to claim our fir/ att5tion "h4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 x is ! mode ( excit+ laught] ( :i* our k has be5 r5d]$ 9 a measure precise by means ( exp]im5t1 ,i propose to deal ) x at "s l5g?4 ,! exp]i5ce ( be+ tickl$ is be/ describ$ 9 its entirety z a s5sational reflex2 t is to say1 a motor reaction on a process ( s5sory /imulation :i* produces a well-m>k$ v>iety ( s5sation4 ,to speak ( titillation z if x 7 m]ely ! production ( a c]ta9 k9d ( s5sation is unsci5tific4 ,x involves ! excitation ( c]ta9 movem5ts1 & :]e ^! are n =?com+ we mu/ inf]1 ei!r t ! s5sory "p ( ! process is defective1 or t ! motor impulse is inhibit$ 9 "s way4 ,! /imulation 9 ?is case is1 z we all "k1 a light tactile "o4 ,! ag5t commonly appli$ is ! f+] or a /ill s(t] body1 su* z a fea!r4 ,! mode ( contact is light1 or at lea/ does n commonly rise to ! po9t ( heavy pressure4 ,! mann] ( contact is usually int]mitt5t1 ! f+] or f+]s giv+ a s]ies ( %ort & /accato impacts4 ,movem5ts ( ! f+]s f po9t to po9t commonly accompany ! s]ies ( contacts4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 a s+le light t\*1 or ev5 a cont9u\s t\* ) movem5t f po9t to po9t1 may suffice to induce ! prop] effect4 ,! precise nature ( ! s5sations is n yet fully und]/ood4 ,x is pretty cle> t ! 8m9imal /imuli0 "h employ$ d n give rise to purely tactile s5sations ( l[ int5sity4 ,?is seems to be e/abli%$ by ! fact br\ght out by ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son t ! p>ts ( ! sk9 hav+ ! mo/ acute tactile s5sibility1 ! tips ( ! f+]s & ! tip ( ! tongue1 are 8sc>cely at all s5sitive #eb to titillation04#cj ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,wundt t ! s5sations 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( "s o!r sk9 s5sations1 t5d to spread !mselves out1 o!r & ev5 di/ant p>ts ( ! surface be+ engag$ by means ( ! me*anism ( reflex s5sation4#ca ,?is 9 itself sugge/s t ! s5sations ( tickl+ are m alli$ to organic ?an to purely tactile s5sations4 ,x is suppos$ t ! light /imuli set up 9 ! sk9 c]ta9 organic *anges1 m p>ticul>ly modifications ( ! circulation ( blood 9 ! small vessels4#cb ,x is well kn[n t n all p>ts ( ! sk9 are equally susceptible ( ! effect ( tickl+4 ,c]ta9 areas1 = example1 ! sole ( ! foot & ! armpit1 are commonly said to be 8tickli% places04 ,9 ! answ]s to que/ions s5t out by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall we f9d ! ord]1 z det]m9$ by mo/ frequ5t nam+ ( ! "p1 to be z foll[s3 ! sole ( ! foot1 ! armpit1 ! neck & "p "u ! *91 ! ribs1 & s =?4 ,! inquiries br\ght out ! fact t !re are consid]able diff]5ces ( exp]i5ce "h1 "s say+ t !y 7 tickli% 9 all p>ts1 o!rs only 9 "o4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ?is inquiry cle>ly af=ds no accurate measurem5t ( comp>ative s5sibility4#cc #ec ,a m sci5tific attempt to measure ?is 0 made by ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son1 :o c>ri$ out a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts on *ildr5 f two to f\r ye>s ( age ) ! def9ite purpose ( te/+ ! degree ( responsiv5ess by way ( laught]4 ,accord+ to 8 results ! ord] ( decreas+ s5sibility is z foll[s3 7#a7 ! region 9 front ( ! neck2 7#b7 ! ribs2 7#c7 axillae2 7#d7 b5d ( elb[2 7#e7 junction ( ribs & abdom9al muscles2 7#f7 flanks2 7#g7 region ( ! hip jo9t2 7#h7 upp] ant]ior "p ( ! ?igh4#cd ,a glance at ^! /atem5ts %[s t ! det]m9ation ( ! scale ( tickli% s5sibility ov] ! surface is n yet complet$4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son1 by ! way1 m5tions nei!r ! sole1 a highly tickli% spot 9 ! popul> cre$1 nor ! palm1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is decid$ly a tickli% region4#ce ,x is highly desirable t m precise exp]im5tal inquiries %\ld be direct$ to ^! local v>iations ( tickli%ness1 & t1 aft] ! seats ( ! high] degrees ( ! s5sibility h be5 asc]ta9$1 ! "q %\ld be consid]$ :e!r ^! are m>k$ (f by any def9ite peculi>ities ( /ructure4 ,x is probable t ! s5sations includ$ "u ! head ( tickli%ness are n all ( ! same quality4 ,x seems safe to say t 9 all cases ! s5sation is complex to ?is ext5t1 t x is compos$ ( a tactile & an organic factor4 ,b we may see t ! complexity is (t5 great] ?an ?is4 ,an obvi\s in/ance is ! addition #ed ( a peculi>ly irritat+ effect :5 ! orifice ( ! e> or no/ril is tickl$1 an effect due to ! action ( ! /imulus on ! hairs1 :i* are specially abundant "h4#cf ,"s surfaces1 too1 :i* are free f hair1 appe> to be end[$ ) a special modification ( ! tickli% s5sibility4 ,9 my own case1 at any rate1 light t\*es on ! sole1 h1 z long z ,i c rememb]1 excit$ s5sations :i* seem to h almo/ a "* ( _! own4 ,a fur!r complication probably occurs :5 ! tickl+ gr[s r\gh] & approa*es to a digg+ ( ! f+]s into ! s(t p>ts ( ! armpits2 = "h ! n]ve-end+s ly+ deep] are pretty c]ta9ly /imulat$4 ,la/ly1 x is important to add t prolongation ( ! tickl+ seems to introduce *anges 9 ! int5sity1 if n also 9 ! quality ( ! s5sations4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! s5sations fall+ "u ! head ( tickli%ness1 ?\gh !y h c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics1 may v>y consid]ably4 ,s9ce we are "h conc]n$ ) ^! s5sations z provocatives ( laught]1 x behoves u to look r closely at _! feel+-tones4 ,z l>gely organic s5sations !y may be expect$ to h a /rongly m>k$ elem5t ( ! agreeable or disagreeable2 & ?is is :at we f9d4 ,i1 at lea/1 _c conceive ( myself z hav+ ! prop] s5sational exp]i5ce ( tickl+1 & yet be+ :olly indiff]5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we ask :at is ! precise feel+-tone ( "o ( ^! s5sations1 we f9d no simple answ] =?com+4 ,"s psy*ologi/s view !m z hav+1 9 g5]al1 an unpleasant "*4#cg ,on ! o!r h&1 *ildr5 are #ee c]ta9ly fond ( be+ tickl$1 ask = x1 & make a pa/ime ( x4 ,?is at once sugge/s t we h "h to d ) a complexity ( feel+-tone1 z1 inde$1 our /udy ( ! s5sations w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a plausible supposition t no s5sation com+ "u ! head ( tickl+ is m]ely agreeable or disagreeable4 ,x seems always to be ( a mix$ feel+-tone3 "s s5sational elem5ts be+ pleasant1 o!rs unpleasant1 ?\gh analysis may be unable to attribute ) exactness _! respective tones to ! sev]al elem5ts4 ,adopt+ ?is hypo!sis1 we %\ld expect t ! diff]5ces 9 ! composition ( ! s5sations already dealt ) w\ld lead to ! result t1 :]eas "s are prepond]antly agreeable1 o!rs are r disagreeable4 ,& ?is1 ,i believe1 accords ) ! results ( obs]vation4 ,! tickl+ s5sations excit$ by /imulat+ ! hairy orifices ( ! e> & ! no/ril are said by ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son to be 8di/9ctly di/a/eful04 ,! s5sations produc$ by tickl+ ! sole ( ! foot are commonly held1 at lea/ by old] *ildr5 & adults1 to be disagreeable 9 all degrees ( _! int5sity4 ,?is c]ta9ly accords ) my own self-obs]vation4 ,! lighte/ t\*1 say f a %ampoo]'s h&1 is to me di/9ctly 8na/y10 ) an uncanny na/9ess :i* ,i _c hope to describe4 ,an example ( a di/9ctly agreeable s5sation ( tickl+ is1 curi\sly en\gh1 suppli$ by ano!r hairless surface1 closely analog\s to ! sole1 namely ! palm4 ,a lady1 :o is an excell5t obs]v] ( *ildr5 & end[$ ) an exceptional memory ( h] e>ly exp]i5ces1 tells me t :5 a *ild %e lov$ to h h] h&s tickl$4 ,h] feel+ 0 a k9d ( 8awful joy10 ! awfulness com+ #ef f a vague suspicion t ! pa/ime 0 n q prop]4 ,o!r prepond]antly agreeable v>ieties appe> to be ! s5sations produc$ by ! light] /imulation ( ^? p>ts :i* seem 9 a special way to be laught]-provok+ areas1 e4g41 ! armpits & ribs4 ,?is is1 at lea/1 sugge/$ by ! fact t y\ng] *ildr5 love to be tickl$ 9 ^! p>ts 9 mod]ation1 & w ask to h ! pa/ime r5ew$4 ,an important *>act]i/ic ( ^! feel+-tones is _! un/ead9ess or *angefulness4 ,al?\gh at a p>ticul> mom5t we may be able to detect cle>ly a slight prepond]ance ( ! agreeable or ( ! disagreeable aspect1 x is only = a mom5t4 ,an increase 9 ! degree ( pressure1 a fur!r prolongation ( ! /imulation1 or ev5 a slight v>iation 9 ! mode ( contact1 may suffice to br+ up & r5d] prom95t ! oppos$ feel+-phase4 ,we may n[ pass to ! motor reactions1 :i* are ( m especial int]e/ 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,ov]look+ ! less conspicu\s elem5ts1 su* z ! contraction ( ! muscles ( ! hairs1 we f9d t !re are two easily di/+ui%able gr\ps ( movem5ts3 7a7 a numb] ( protective or def5sive reactions :i* are adapt$ to w>d+ (f or escap+ f ! attack ( ! tickl+ /imulus2 7b7 movem5ts expressive ( pleasure & rollick+ enjoym5t1 f ! smile up to upro>i\s & prolong$ laught]4 ,! def5sive movem5ts are su* z ! foll[+3--retraction ( ! foot & leg :5 ! sole is tickl$2 ! b5d+ ( ! head to ! %\ld] :5 ! neck is tickl$2 ! r5d]+ ( ! body concave on ! side :i* is attack$2 ! ?ru/+ away ( ! h& ( ! tickl]2 wriggl+ & f5c+ ) ! arms :5 a *ild is tickl$ ly+ on 8 back4 ,^! movem5ts appe> to #eg introduce important modifications into ! s5sations excit$ by tickl+4 ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son tells u t ! flex+ ( ! foot :5 tickl$ trans=ms an unpleasant s5sation into a r pleasant "o4 ,we may n[ pass to ! po9t ( *ief importance = our pres5t /udy1 ! conditions ( ! laught]-reaction dur+ a process ( tickl+4 ,?is reaction is cle>ly ! typical =m ( *ildi% risibility4 ,x has be5 already m or less cle>ly impli$1 t we _c m>k (f ! laught] 9 ?is case z an effect det]m9$ by any assignable diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! s5sations involv$4 ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son ?9ks t ! tickl+ :i* provokes laught] is a special v>iety involv+ ! /imulation ( ! deep]-ly+ n]ves4 ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill1 :o has specially te/$ ?is po9t = me1 writes1 8,!re is no diff]5ce 9 response to deep & sup]ficial tickl+02 & aga91 8,i am sure t ! mo/ delicate sup]ficial /imulation c provoke laught]04 ,?is c]ta9ly seems to agree ) ord9>y obs]vation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ laught]-provok+ =ms ( tickl+ consi/s ( a s]ies ( pianissimo t\*es4 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( tickli% areas ( ! sk91 we mu/ be c>eful n to re/rict ! titillation :i* calls =? laught] to any assignable region4 ,x is und5iable t !re are areas :i* m readily respond1 9 ! case ( *ildr5 g5]ally1 to ! tickl+ provocation4 ,! armpits p]haps w occur to mo/ read]s2 & x is noticeable t ,d>w9 speaks ( ! an?ropoid apes giv+ out 8a reit]at$ s\nd1 correspond+ ) our laught]1 :5 !y are tickl$1 especially "u ! armpits04#ch ,?is #eh fact1 h[ev]1 does n imply t ! area ( s5sibility is circumscrib$4 ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill assures me1 z a result ( 8 inve/igations1 t laught] "u fav\rable conditions may be excit$ by tickl+ any "p ( ! body4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son 9 a lett] expla9s to me t he agrees ) ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill "h4 ,he f9ds t if a *ild is 9 a tickli% mood1 ! tickl+ ( any "p or ev5 ! ?reat ( do+ s w suffice to provoke laught]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c speak ( any "p ( ! surface z "o1 ! tickl+ ( :i* w uni=mly call =? laught]4 ,"h aga91 z we %all see1 ! influ5ce ( m5tal ag5cies modifies ! result4 ,n[ ^! facts sugge/ t ev5 ^? v>ieties ( tickl+ :i* produce a s5sation hav+ a well-m>k$ disagreeable tone may excite ! response ( laught]4 ,! tickl+ ( ! sole ( ! foot n only provokes laught] 9 an infant2 x t5ds to d s1 ,i believe1 9 an adult1 :o may at ! same "t express 8 dislike ( ! s5sation by a grimace4 ,x seems impossible !n to conclude t ! laught] :i* arises f tickl+ is a m]e expression ( ! pleasure-tone ( a s5sational process4 ,ev5 if we suppos$ t 9 all cases ! s5sations 7 prepond]antly agreeable1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to acc\nt = ! en]gy ( ! reaction by ! int5sity ( ! s5su\s enjoym5t exp]i5c$4 ,t we h n to d "h m]ely ) ! effect ( agreeable /imulation is %[n by ! fact t :5 a *ild laughs "u1 & is said to enjoy1 a process ( titillation1 ! laught] is accompani$ by def5sive movem5ts4 ,:51 = example1 a *ild is tickl$ on its back1 x w1 says ,dr4 ,rob9son1 8wriggle ab\t1 f5c+ ) its arms & dodg+ ! attacks ( its playmate 4 4 4 laugh+ all ! "t #ei ) op5 m\? & tee? fully display$04 ,?is surely sugge/s t ! laught] is n m]ely ! result ( an agreeable s5sation1 b r ( a complex m5tal /ate1 9 :i* ! agreeable & disagreeable elem5ts ( s5sation appe> to play only a second>y rle4 ,nor aga9 does x seem z if ! m]e transition f an agreeable to a disagreeable s5sation1 or ! rev]se process1 w\ld acc\nt = ! laught] ( tickl+4 ,a p]son highly s5sitive to ! effect ( tickl+ c imitate ! process by movem5ts ( 8 own f+]s1 & produce q simil> s5sations ( v>y+ feel+-tone )\t exp]i5c+ ! fa9te/ impulse to laugh4 ,aga9 we "k t o!r exp]i5ces1 su* z scrat*+ a sore place :5 x is heal+ up1 involve an alt]nation ( mom5ts ( agreeable & disagreeable feel+-tone1 & yet are n provocative ( laught]4 ,^! & o!r famili> facts po9t to ! conclusion t ! laught] excit$ by tickl+ is n a net effect ( ! s5sory /imulation4 ,x is no d\bt broadly det]m9$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! s5sations4 ,int5sely disagreeable ones w\ld c]ta9ly n call =? ! laugh+ response4 ,b ! det]m9+ conditions include1 9 addition to a sequ5ce ( s5sations1 a high] psy*ical factor1 namely1 an app]ceptive process or assignm5t ( mean+ to ! s5sations4 ,?is conclusion is borne out by ! fact t ! laught]-reaction occurs fir/ ( all 7to give ! e>lie/ date7 9 ! second mon?--presumably 9 ! second half ( ?is mon?4 ,! pres5ce ( su* a psy*ical factor is m /rongly support$ by ! fact1 already ref]r$ to1 t ! reaction does n occur 9 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s save :5 m5tal ag5cies co-op]ate2 & t ?r\gh\t ! tickli% p]iod an exactly simil> process ( titillative /imulation appli$ to ! same area ( ! #fj sk9 w n[ produce laught]1 n[ fail to d s1 accord+ to ! v>y+ mood ( ! *ild4#ci ,t ! int]pretation ( ! s5sation is ! decisive elem5t 9 elicit+ laught] may1 ,i ?9k1 be se5 by a simple exp]im5t :i* any read] :o is tickli% may c>ry out ^u himself4 ,! next "t he happ5s to h a subjective1 creepy sk9 s5sation1 he w f9d t he c br+ on ei!r laught] or a v diff]5t /ate ( feel+ by adopt+ "o ( two ways ( m5tally envisag+ :at is happ5+4 ,! m]e/ sugge/ion ( an invad+ p>asite suffices1 ,i believe1 to set up a m5tal /ate :i* completely inhibits ! impulse to laugh4 ,we may n[ seek to assign ) m precision ! m5tal conditions :i* induce ! mode ( app]ception fav\rable to laught]4 ,beg9n+ ) ! 8objective0 *>act]i/ics1 ^? :i* reside 9 ! tickl+ exp]i5ce itself1 we may obs]ve h[ mu* appreh5sion ( mean+ has to d ) ! 8funn9ess0 ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,x is to be notic$ at ! outset t :5 we are tickl$ !re is an elem5t ( ! unkn[n 9 ! process4 ,?is seems to h be5 recognis$ by ,d>w9 :5 he laid emphasis on ! fact t ! m tickli% p>ts are ^? r>ely t\*$1 at lea/ on small areas1 &1 "o may add1 lightly4#dj ,! famili> fact t "o _c tickle oneself po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,a p]son :o tries to d ?is kn[s too mu* ab\t :at is go+ on4 ,dr4 ,*4 ,ri*et obs]ves1 h[ev]1 t "o c tickle oneself by means ( a fea!r2 & he1 z ,i ?9k #fa rightly1 expla9s ?is app>5t exception by say+ t 9 ! attempt to tickle oneself ) ! f+]1 ! d\ble s5sation1 ( ! f+] & ! "p tickl$1 seems to inhibit ! effect1 :]eas1 :5 ! fea!r is int]pos$ ?is ob/acle is elim9at$4#da ,o!r facts1 too1 seem to po9t to ! importance ( an elem5t ( ! unkn[n4 ,! common way ( tickl+ a *ild is by runn+ ! f+]s ) discont9u\s contact ov] ! sk94 ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill describes 8 mode ( tickl+ 9 "o case z runn+ ! f+]s up ! *ild's arm l a m\se4 ,?is evid5tly br+s 9 an elem5t ( local unc]ta9ty z well z ( *ange4 ,! effect is increas$ :51 z frequ5tly happ5s1 !re are pauses betwe5 ! attacks ( ! f+]s4 ,! invasion ( ! sk9-t]ritory1 l t ( l>g] t]ritories1 is1 x w\ld seem1 likely to be m effective :5 x has an elem5t ( unpr$ictabl5ess4 ,! unc]ta9ty is1 ,i believe1 sometimes increas$ by half-volunt>y v>iations 9 ! direction & 9 ! velocity ( ! tickl+ movem5ts4 ,:e!r ! fact communicat$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son1 t a *ild is m tickli% :5 dress$ ?an :5 undress$1 is expla9$ by ! increas$ obscurity ( ! process 9 ! =m] case1 ,i am n sure4 ,x is wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! areas said to be mo/ tickli%1 e4g41 ! armpits & ! neck1 are inaccessible to sight4 ,i believe1 too1 t :5 a *ild gives himself up to ! full excitem5t ( tickl+ he makes no attempt to see :at is go+ on4 ,n[ t\*es ( unkn[n orig9 at places n closely obs]vable h some?+ ( a di/urb+ "*4 ,a t\* is always an attack1 & has1 s to speak1 to be #fb condon$4 ,?is di/urb+ elem5t ,i reg>d z an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! exp]i5ce3 x goes along ) ! fa9tly disagreeable elem5t ( s5sation1 :i*1 z we h assum$1 is commonly1 if n always1 m or less cle>ly recognisable 9 ! exp]i5ce4#db ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! di/urb+ effect 7l ! disagreeabl5ess ( ! s5sation7 is limit$4 ,if ! unkn[n bulks too l>gely & comes ne> ! po9t ( ! al>m+1 ! effect ( laught] is :olly c\nt]act$4 ,?is is a "p ( ! explanation ( ! refusal ( a *ild to be tickl$ by a /rang]3 = he kn[s "h too little ( :at is go+ to happ51 & consequ5tly is dispos$ to fe>4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill in=ms me t 8tickl+ a *ild unexpect$ly & f an unse5 qu>t] w n provoke laught]03 ! elem5t ( surprise w\ld seem 9 ?is case to be too great4 ,possibly ! comp>ative difficulty ( mak+ a *ild laugh :5 nak$ may be expla9$ by ! increas$ appreh5siv5ess :i* goes ) ! def5celess /ate ( nudity4 ,! famili> fact t ! read9ess to laugh increases ) practice1 po9ts to ! same ne$ ( a c]ta9 com=table assurance ly+ safely bel[ ! slight sup]ficial appreh5sions :i* are excit$ by ! /imuli4 ,all ?is sugge/s1 t 9 ord] to call =? ! glad response ( laught]1 we mu/ secure a c]ta9 adju/m5t ( /imulus to m5tal attitude4 ,! tickl+ mu/ fit 9 ) a p>ticul> mood1 ! /ate ( m9d :i* makes enjoym5t ( fun n only possible b welcome4 ,n[ x is cle> t non-adju/m5t may arise1 n only f ! pres5ce ( unsuitable *>act]i/ics 9 ! mode #fc ( /imulation1 b f "s antagoni/ic =ce 9 ! *ild's previ\s /ate ( m9d4 ,! acceptance ( ! attack 9 good "p dep5ds on ! prec$+ attitude4 ,! dreadfully s]i\s1 8on-!-al>m0 attitude ( ! *ild :5 nurs$ by a /rang] is an effectual b> to playful ov]tures4 ,a *ild :5 cross w n1 says ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill1 give g5ial response1 ev5 if ! attack] be 8 famili> tickl]1 fa!r or nurse2 & ! same is true1 he adds1 ( a *ild :5 suff]+ f vacc9ation1 or :5 m5tally preoccupi$ ) "s hurt = :i* he is seek+ = sympa?y1 or ) a /ory :i* he wants y to tell him4 ,z ,d>w9 puts x1 ! great subjective condition ( ! laught] ( tickl+ is t ! *ild's m9d be 9 8a pleasurable condition10 ! /ate ( m9d :i* welcomes fun 9 all its =ms4 ,possibly ! position ( ly+ on ! back1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son1 makes *ildr5 m responsive to tickl+1 may1 ?r\gh a relaxation ( ! muscles1 fav\r ?is compliant attitude ( self-ab&onm5t to ! tickl+ f+]s4 ,we may p]haps sum up ! special conditions ( ! laught]-process "u tickl+ z foll[s3 :5 a *ild is tickl$ he is ?r[n into an attitude ( indef9ite expectancy4 ,he is expect+ contact1 b _c be sure ( ! exact mom5t or ( ! locality4 ,?is elem5t ( unc]ta9ty w\ld 9 itself develop ! attitude into "o ( uneas9ess & appreh5siv5ess2 & ?is happ5s save :5 ! *ild is happy & dispos$ to take ?+s lightly & z play4 ,9 ?is case we may suppose t ! half-develop$ mild =m ( fe> is ea* "t swiftly dissolv$ into no?+ by a recognition ( ! unreality ( ! cause1 ( ! fact t ! t\*es are h>mless & come f ! good-natur$ "m or nurse by way ( play4 ,?is recognition becomes cle>] z ! process is cont9u$1 & s !re sup]v5es a new attitude1 t ( play1 9 :i* all #fd s]i\s int]pretation is ab&on$ & ! g5tle attacks are accept$ z fun or make-believe4 ,if ?is is a correct analysis ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! tickl+ :i* excites laught]1 we seem to h 9 x at a v e>ly age elem5ts :i* are to be f\nd1 9 a m fully develop$ =m1 9 ! lat] & m complex sorts ( mir?1 namely1 relief f a s]i\s & con/ra9$ attitude1 a transition f a mom5t>y appreh5sion induc$ by ! pres5tation ( ! p>tially unkn[n1 to a joy\s s5se ( h>mless make-believe4 ,t ?is is s is fur!r evid5c$ by ! famili> fact t a *ild1 :5 us$ to ! game1 w beg9 to laugh vigor\sly :5 y only ?reat5 ) ! advanc+ f+]s4 ,z a ,g]man writ] obs]ves1 ?is is a cle> case ( ,lipps' !ory ( annihilat$ expectation2#dc only he omits to note t ! laught] dep5ds1 n on ! m]e fact ( annihilation1 b on ! peculi> conditions ( x 9 ?is case1 involv+ a slight %ock at ! approa* ( some?+ p>tially unkn[n to a specially s5sitive region ( ! organism1 & ! in/ant correction ( ! appreh5sion by a recognition ( its h>mlessness4 ,mu* ! same k9d ( /imulative process seems to be pres5t 9 ! o!r & alli$ cases ( reflex or quasi-reflex laught]4 ,x is well kn[n t c]ta9 s5se-/imuli :i* excite s5sations ( a disagreeable "*1 b :i*1 ?\gh acute1 are n viol5t1 su* z ! application ( a cold d\*e1 are apt to provoke laught]4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]man au?ority j quot$1 ! effect dep5ds "h1 too1 on v>iation 9 respect ( ! int5sity & ! locality ( ! /imulation4 ,he f\nd fur!r1 9 c>ry+ out psy*ological exp]im5ts1 t :]eas ! introduction ( a /rong] /imulus ?an 0 expect$ is apt to excite appreh5sion 9 #fe ! subject1 t ( a weak] /imulus w excite laught]4#dd ,"h1 too1 we seem to h a s5sational reflex 9 :i* is pres5t a di/9ctly m5tal elem5t1 viz41 a mom5t ( mild %ock & appreh5sion at ! sudd5 com+ ( some?+ disagreeable & p>tially unkn[n1 in/antly foll[$ by ano!r mom5t ( dissolution ( %ock 9 a pleasurable recognition ( ! h>mlessness ( ! assault4 #b4 ,laught] is n1 h[ev]1 always ( ?is reflex =m4 ,x may arise )\t s5sory /imulation 9 an 8automatic0 mann] z ! result ( a c]ebral r ?an ( a p]iph]al process4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! seem+ly causeless laught] :i* breaks out 9 c]ta9 abnormal /ates & has an 8uncanny0 aspect = ! sane obs]v]4 ,a well-kn[n example ( ?is is ! effect ( ! action on ! bra9 c5tres ( laugh+ gas & o!r sub/ances4 ,su* 8automatisms0 occur1 h[ev]1 )9 ! limits ( normal exp]i5ce1 z :5 a p]son laughs dur+ a /ate ( high emotional t5sion4 ,i propose to speak ( su* seem+ly uncaus$ reactions z n]v\s laught]4#de ,a common & simple v>iety ( ?is n]v\s laught] is ! spasmodic outbur/ t (t5 succe$s a %ock ( fe>4 ,a *ild w laugh aft] be+ fright5$ by a dog2 a woman (t5 breaks out into a n]v\s laugh aft] a %ort b di/9ctly %ak+ exp]i5ce ( fe>1 e4g41 9 a c>riage beh9d a runaway horse1 or 9 a boat :i* has ne>ly capsiz$4 ,& x does n seem t su* laught] is prec$$ by a p]ception ( ! absurdity ( ! fe>1 or ( any simil> mode ( consci\sness2 x looks l a k9d ( physiological reaction aft] ! fe>4 #ff ,! same ?+ w %[ itself 9 circum/ances :i* give rise to a prolong$ m5tal attitude1 involv+ a feel+ ( appreh5siv5ess & ( con/ra9t4 ,?us a %y man1 mak+ 8 fir/ essay z a public speak]1 w sometimes betray 8 n]v\sness on ! plat=m by weird little explosions ( laught] z well z by awkw>d ge/ures4 ,i h not$ ! same ?+ 9 /rang]s to :om ,i h spok5 at a table d'hte abroad4 ,! way 9 :i* little spasms ( laught] are apt to intrude !mselves into situations :i*1 by mak+ u ! object ( o!rs' special att5tion1 br+ an awkw>d consci\sness ( insecurity1 is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ! behavi\r ( _m boys & girls :5 summon$ to an int]view ) ! ,head1 9 ! laught] :i* (t5 foll[s ! go+ up to take a prize be=e a l>ge assembly1 & ! l4 ,! /rong t5d5cy to laugh :i* _m p]sons exp]i5ce dur+ a solemn c]emony1 say a *ur* s]vice1 may sometimes illu/rate ! same effect4 ,:5 an en=c$ attitude1 difficult to ma9ta9 = ! requir$ l5g? ( "t1 br+s on ! impulse1 ?is w ga!r /r5g? f ! gr[? ( a feel+ ( appreh5sion le/ we %\ld n be equal to ! te/ impos$4 ,ano!r v>iety1 com+ "u ! head ( n]v\s laught]1 is ! sudd5 outbur/ :i* n[ & aga9 occurs 9 a /ate ( great emotional /ra91 hav+ a di/9ctly pa9ful "*1 especially :5 x includes some?+ 9 ! nature ( a %ock4 ,! news ( ! dea? ( an acqua9tance has be5 kn[n to excite a p>oxysm ( laught] 9 a company ( "y p]sons f n9ete5 to tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age4#df ,"o may assume "h t ! #fg outbreak is n ! direct result ( ! news1 b dep5ds on ! effect ( ! %ock1 ) ! abnormal c]ebral t5sion :i* ?is involves4 ,a l spasmodic outbur/ ( laught] occasionally occurs dur+ a m prolong$ /ate ( pa9ful emotional excitem5t4 ,x sometimes intrudes itself into a b\t ( physical suff]+4 ,lange speaks ( a "y man :o1 :5 treat$ = ulc]ation ( ! tongue by a v pa9ful cau/ic1 regul>ly broke out into viol5t laught] :5 ! pa9 rea*$ its maximum4#dg ,_m p]sons :5 ?r[n into a prolong$ /ate ( grief1 accompani$ by weep+1 exhibit a t5d5cy to break out into laught] t[>ds ! end ( ! fit4 ,%akespe>e illu/rates ?is t5d5cy :5 he makes ,titus ,&ronicus1 ^: h& has be5 cut (f1 answ] ! "q :y he laugh$ ) ! exclamation3 8,:y ,i h n ano!r te> to %$04#dh ,c we f9d a common elem5t 9 ^! diff]5t =ms ( n]v\s or app>5tly unmotiv$ laught]8 ,we appe> to h 9 all ( !m a prec$+ /ate ( consci\sness :i* is exceptionally int5se & conc5trat$4 ,! situation ( fe>1 ( con/ra9t on be+ made ! object ( o!rs' unusual obs]vation1 ( sudd5ly he>+ news ( deep import = :i* ! m9d is n prep>$1 ( prolong$ emotional agitation1 ^! all involve an int5sification ( ! psy*o-physical processes :i* imm$iately condition our /ates ( consci\sness4 ,look+ at ^! int5sifi$ #fh =ms ( consci\sness m closely1 we obs]ve t !y include some?+ 9 ! nature ( psy*ical pressure1 ( ! pres5ce ( =ces :i* make = disord]1 :]eas ! situation calls = sev]e self-control4 ,?is special /ra9 ?r[n on ! volitional process is illu/rat$ 9 ! dem& = clos] obs]vation & calm reflection dur+ a fit ( fe>1 or o!r emotional excitem5t1 :i* t5ds to br+ ab\t a /ate ( wild movem5t & ( disord]ly ideas4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 ! specially sev]e /ra9 belong+ to su* an attitude :i* is ! ess5tial pre-condition ( ! laught]4 ,x makes ! attitude a highly artificial "o1 & "o :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to ma9ta9 = a long p]iod4 ,z su*1 ! attitude is em95tly un/able1 & t5ds1 s to say1 to break d[n ( itself2 & w c]ta9ly collapse1 p>tially at lea/1 if ! dem& seems1 ?\gh only = a mom5t1 to gr[ less imp]ative4 ,h5ce ! read9ess ) :i* su* a means ( tempor>y relief z laught] und\bt$ly supplies is seiz$ at ! mom5t4 ,x rema9s to det]m9e ! "* ( ?is sudd5 relaxation ( ! /ra9 ( att5tion m precisely4 ,z a sudd5 collapse1 x is cle>ly to be di/+ui%$ f ! gradual breakd[n due to 8m5tal fatigue0 & n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,! psy*o-physical en]gy conc5trat$ = ! special purpose ( meet+ ! /ra9 is by no means us$ up1 b has to f9d "s way ( escape4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we seem to come across ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s +5i\s idea t laught] is an escape ( n]v\s en]gy :i* has sudd5ly be5 set free4 ,x is no less evid5t t ! r$undant en]gy foll[s ! direction ( ! risible muscles because no o!r comm&+ object = ! att5tion pres5ts itself at ! mom5t4 ,! inn]vation ( ^! muscles is n a m]e div]sion ( att5tion3 x is a disp]sion ( ! en]gies :i* = ! ma9t5ance ( att5tion ought to #fi be conc5trat$4 ,we are nev] less att5tive dur+ our wak+ life ?an at ! mom5t ( laught]4 ,yet ev5 "h1 ,i ?9k1 ! !ory ( a conv5i5t wa/e-pipe arrangem5t is n adequate4 ,!re is1 ,i take x1 9 ! case a relief ( sur-*>g$ n]ve-c5tres1 :i* process w\ld seem to be bett] describ$ by ! figure ( a safety-valve arrangem5t4 ,x is n difficult to surmise :y ! lib]at$ en]gy %\ld foll[ ?is p>ticul> n]v\s r\te4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! motor app>atus1 by ! di/urbances ( :i* all su* int]ruptions ( ! smoo? fl[ ( respiration are br\ght ab\t1 is v readily act$ on by emotional ag5cies4 ,alt]$ respiration1 %[+ itself 9 alt]$ vocalisation1 is "o ( ! fir/ ( ! commonly recognis$ signs ( emotional agitation2 & ?is effect has be5 r5d]$ m cle> & precise by rec5t exp]im5ts4 ,we %\ld expect1 !n1 t ! collapse ( /ra9$ attitudes1 ) ! great *ange 9 feel+-tone :i* ?is mu/ c>ry ) x1 w\ld deeply affect ! respiration4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 m ?an ?is4 ,sev]e ef=ts ( att5tion are 9 g5]al accompani$ by a p>tial *eck+ ( respiration1 an effect :i* seems to be allud$ to 9 ! ,fr5* expression1 an ef=t 8de longue hale9e04 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m9ation ( su* an ef=t is apt to be ann\nc$ by ! sigh ( relief4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! movem5ts ( laught] are n ! same z ^? ( sigh+1 !y resemble ! latt] 9 _! initial /age1 t ( deep5$ inspiration4 ,may we n conclude1 !n1 t laught] is likely to occur z ano!r mode ( physiological relief f ! attitude ( m5tal /ra98 ,& suppos+1 z seems c]ta91 t laught] 9 its mod]ate degrees1 by br++ a new briskness into ! circulation1 relieves ! conge/$ capill>ies ( ! bra91 may we n g f>!r & say t nature has #gj probably come to our aid by connect+ ) ! m5tal upheavals & ! cruel /ra9s "h ref]r$ to1 :i* pretty c]ta9ly involve a risky condition ( ! c]ebral sy/em ( capill>ies1 a mode ( muscul> reaction :i* is peculi>ly well fitt$ to br+ ! ne$$ relief8 ,m special conditions may fav\r ! movem5ts ( laught] 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,z ,i h obs]v$ above1 ,d>w9 sugge/s t ! rapid alt]nation ( cry+ & laugh+ :i* occur among hy/]ical pati5ts may be fav\r$ by 8! close simil>ity ( ! spasmodic movem5ts04#di ,9 o!r words1 ! motor c5tres engag$1 :5 9 ! full sw+ ( "o mode ( action1 may readily pass to ! o!r & p>tially simil> action4 ,?is w\ld help to acc\nt = ! %ort outbur/s ( laught] dur+ a prolong$ /ate ( pa9ful agitation1 & to expla9 ! fact not$ by ,desc>tes1 t no cause s readily disposes u to laught] z a feel+ ( sadness4#ej ,our !ory pla9ly requires t ^! sudd5 breakd[ns or relaxations ( /ra9$ m5tal attitudes %\ld1 ev5 :5 only mom5t>y int]ruptions1 be accompani$ by an agreeable s5se ( relief4 ,i believe t ^? ^: exp]i5ce be/ qualifies !m to judge w say t ?is is s4 ,! dead weight ( ! fe>1 ! poignancy ( ! grief1 & ! con/ra9+ effect ( ! situation ( gne1 seem to yield at ! mom5t :5 ! 8awful laugh0 is snat*$ at4 ,?is com=t+ s5se ( a light5$ load1 ?\gh 9 "p ! direct result ( a cessation ( c]ebral /ra91 w\ld1 z we h se51 pretty c]ta9ly d]ive add$ volume f ! return+ s5se-reports tell+ ( ! ameliorat$ condition ( ! bodily organs4 #c4 ,we h consid]$ two ( ! v>ieties ( laught] #ga :i* lie outside ! region ( our ev]yday mir?4 ,we may n[ pass into ?is region1 & inquire1 fir/ ( all1 into ! causes ( ^? v>ieties :i* come "u ! head ( joy\s laught]4 ,"h we %all be/ beg9 by t\*+ on ! simple & e>ly =m :i* may be call$ ! ov]fl[ ( good spirits4 ,d>w91 z has be5 m5tion$1 rightly reg>ds ! full reaction ( ! laugh z ! univ]sal expression by our species ( good spirits1 ( a joy\s /ate ( m9d4 ,we h n[ to exam9e ! mode ( production ( ?is simple type4 ,x is important to note t all exp]i5ces ( pleasure d n br+ on laught]4 ,!re are quiet enjoym5ts ( a soo?+ "* :i* are f> f g5]at+ ! p[]ful impulse ne$$ = ! movem5ts ( diaphragm & rib4 ,to lie on a summ] day 9 a hammock 9 a wood & indulge 9 ! sweets ( dolce f> ni5te is to be out ( rea* ( ! tickl+ imp4 ,/ates ( enjoym5t1 too1 :i*1 ?\gh excit+1 require a measure ( close att5tion1 su* z ^? occasion$ by a glori\s sunset1 or /irr+ music1 d n />t ! spasmodic contractions ( muscle4 ,! enjoym5t t moves u to laught] mu/1 x is evid5t1 am\nt to gladness or joy4 ,& ?is means1 fir/ ( all1 t ! pleasurable consci\sness mu/ come 9 ! =m ( a l>ge accession1 &1 = a mom5t at lea/1 be ample1 fill+ s\l & body4 ,z ! expression 8good spirits0 sugge/s1 ! organic processes dur+ su* /ates ( joy\sness are volum9\s & well m>k$4 ,z a "p ( ?is height5$ tide ( vital activity1 we h ! *>act]i/ic motor expression ( ! gladsome m9d1 ! movem5t ( ! limbs1 ! %\t+ & ! laugh+4 ,n all ris+s ( ! vital tide1 h[ev]1 produce laught]4 ,g5tle & gradual augm5tations ( ! s5se ( well-be+ #gb & happ9ess h>dly t5d to /ir ! muscles conc]n$4 ,! joy\s outbur/ m>ks a sudd5 accession ( happy consci\sness4 ,x has some?+ ( ! "* ( a viol5t flood+ ( ! _s & ! correspond+ bodily conduits4 ,!re is a negative condition1 also1 to :i* x may n be sup]flu\s to allude4 ,! flood-l rise ( ! happy mood :i* is to produce laught] mu/ n be accompani$ by any fur!r dem& on ! att5tion4 ,a girl read+ a fir/ love lett] f ! man :om h] he>t has *os5 w be glad1 & w gr[ gladd] by leaps & b\nds4 ,b ! fulness ( laught] w n come :ile unread words /ill claim ! eye4 ,! laught] ( joy is mo/ noticeable1 ,i ?9k1 "u two sets ( conditions4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is ! situation ( release f ext]nal re/ra9t4 ,! wild jubilant gladness ( boys z !y ru% out ( s*ool1 provid$ t !y h ! requisite res]ve fund ( animal spirits1 is ! /ock example ( ?is sort ( laught]4 ,! explosion seems "h to be a way ( ?r[+ (f ! con/ra9t & ! dulness ( ! classroom1 & gett+ a deep brea? ( ! delici\s s5se ( re/or$ lib]ty4 ,s f> z ! outfl[ ( good spirits is ?us connect$ ) an escape f a s]i\s & difficult attitude--/r5u\s application ( ! en]gies ( m9d & body 9 "w--x is pla9ly analog\s to ! n]v\s laught] already consid]$4 ,b ! swift accession ( joy may come 9 ano!r way1 f ! sudd5 trans=mation ( "o's _w1 f ! arrival ( "s good ?+ :i* is at once unexpect$ & big en\gh to lift u to a high] level ( happ9ess4 ,) *ildr5 & savages ! sight ( a new & pretty toy is sometimes en\gh to effect ?is4 ,! *>m+ bauble w s fill s5se & s\l t ! joy ( liv+ leaps to a #gc high] plane & bur/s into a peal ( mir?4 ,! unexpect$ s\nd ( ! fa!r's voice at ! end ( a long day devot$ to ! ?+s ( ! nurs]y 01 we are told1 en\gh to evoke a %\t ( laught] 9 a small ,am]ican boy3 x suffic$ to br+ back to ! little fell['s consci\sness ano!r & a glori\s _w4 ,we old] folk h1 = ! great] "p1 lo/ ! capacity ( simply greet+ delightful ?+s 9 ?is way1 a greet+ 9 :i* !re is no ?\ght ei!r ( _! mean+ or ( _! int]e/ = u4 ,yet we may meet ! unexpect$ com+ ( fri5ds ) some?+ ( ! *ild's simplicity ( attitude4 ,x is h>d n to smile on sudd5ly see+ a fri5d 9 a cr[d$ ,london /reet3 h>d to keep ! smile f swell+ into a laugh1 if ! fri5d has be5 suppos$ at ! mom5t ( enc\nt] to be _m miles away4 ,"s ( u1 inde$1 may reta9 ! *ild's capacity ( laugh+ ) a joy\s wond] at a brilliant explosion ( fireworks4 ,x rema9s to acc\nt = ! p]si/5t fit ( laught] :i* frequ5tly accompanies a prolong$ gladness4 ,does n ! fact t ! *ild & ! natural man1 :5 tak5 ) ! mood ( mir?1 g on v5t+ _! good spirits 9 r5ew$ peals tell aga9/ our !ory t ! outbur/ is caus$ by an accession ( joy8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is we mu/ look a little m closely at ?is s-call$ p]si/5t laught]4 ,! language ( obs]v]s ( unsophi/icat$ human nature is sadly want+ 9 precision "h4 ,:51 = example1 we are told by travell]s t c]ta9 savages are always laugh+1 we "k t we are n to take ! /atem5t lit]ally4 ,x means only :at x means :5 a "m tells h] visitor t h] rogue ( a boy is = ev] laugh+ & %\t+2 t "u c]ta9 fav\rable conditions ! laugh+ fit comes readily & p]si/s long] ?an usual4 ,9 a la/+ #gd mood ( jollity we are all /rongly incl9$ to laugh1 & ne$ v little to call =? a long outbur/4 ,?is pret]naturally l>ge output ( laught] dur+ a prolong$ /ate ( high spirits f9ds its explanation 9 "p 9 a k9d ( physiological in]tia1 ! t5d5cy to g on repeat+ movem5ts :5 once ^! are />t$4 ,! protract$ it]ation ( laught] 9 a *ild is closely analog\s to t ( 8 half-unconsci\s s++ to himself4 ,?is t5d5cy ( movem5ts to p]petuate !mselves 9 a me*anical way probably acc\nts = ! l5g!n+ ( ! s+le outbur/ 9 ! case ( a *ild viol5tly seiz$ ) mir?4 ,z mo!rs "k1 ?is r$uction ( laught] to a me*anical it]ation ( movem5t is apt to cont9ue beyond ! limits ( fatigue & to br+ on su* unpleasant effects z 8hiccup04 ,x is probable1 too1 t ! t5d5cy dur+ a prolong$ /ate ( mir? to recomm5ce laugh+ aft] a %ort pause is ref]rible to a l cause3 ! physiological spr+s ( ! movem5ts be+ once set go+1 ! explosive fit t5ds to r5ew itself4 ,disc\nt+ ?is effect ( physiological in]tia1 we seem to f9d t 9 ^! p]iods ( prolong$ high spirits laught] reta9s its fundam5tal "* z a comp>atively %ort process :i* occurs int]mitt5tly4 ,:]e ! laugh+ is n m]ely a trick play$ (f by ! bodily me*anism1 b holds a g]m ( m9d 9 ! %ape ( a happy consci\sness1 x has its l>ge & significant pauses4 ,if ?is is s1 x seems reasonable to suppose t ! m5tal antec$5t :i* br+s on "s new explosion is analog\s to ! s5se ( 8sudd5 glory0 :i* acc\nts = ! s+le joy\s peal4 ,ow+ to ! exceptionally /rong disposition to laugh dur+ su* a p]iod1 ! antec$5t feel+ ne$ n be a p[]ful "o1 a v slight #ge mom5t>y increase ( ! joy\s tone suffic+ to give a fre% />t to ! muscles4 ,x is n difficult to sugge/ possible s\rces ( su* slight sudd5 augm5tations ( ! happy feel+-tone4 ,no prolong$ /ate ( consci\sness is1 /rictly speak+1 ( "o uni=m col\r2 9 ! boi/]\s m]rim5t ( an old-fa%ion$ d9n]-p>ty !re 7 alt]nations ( tone1 brilliant mom5ts foll[+ o!rs ( comp>ative dulness4 ,! c\rse ( ! bodily s5sations 9 ^! prolong$ /ates ( joy is 9 itself a s]ies ( *anges1 involv+ a sequ5ce ( exaltations ^u relative depressions ( ! 8vital s5se04 ,! c\rse ( ! pres5tations to eye & to e> 9 su* a fe/ive mood mu/ be subject to l fluctuations 9 respect ( _! action ^u ! feel+-tone2 & ! same applies to ! fl[ ( ideas :i* c f9d a place 9 ! m9d :5 ?us affect$4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! movem5ts ( att5tion w\ld ( !mselves always secure a c]ta9 rise & fall ( enjoym5t4 ,we all "k h[1 :5 we are gladd5$ by "s new & unexpect$ happ9ess1 ! m9d aft] a %ort digression returns to ! delightful !me1 & h[1 z a result ( ?is return1 a new wave ( joy\s feel+ seems to inundate ! _s4 ,!re seems mu*1 !n1 to be said = ! hypo!sis t all v>ieties ( joy\s laught] 7:5 n r$uc$ to a me*anical =m7 are excit$ by some?+ 9 ! nature ( a sudd5 accession ( pleasurable consci\sness4 ,:]e ! laugh is a new ?+1 unprep>$ = by a previ\s mood ( hil>ity1 ?is rise ( ! spirits w1 z we %all see lat]1 probably involve a transition f a m5tal /ate :i* 0 relatively depress$4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 a joy\s mood prolongs itself1 all t seems ne$$ = re-excit+ ! movem5ts ( laught] 7provid$ t ! muscul> #gf en]gies are equal to ! explosion7 is ! sudd5 increase by an appreciable quantity ( ! pleasurable tone ( ! consci\sness4 ,we may fur!r illu/rate & v]ify ?is g5]alisation respect+ ! causes ( joy\s laught] by an exam9ation ( "s ( ! m famili> circum/ances 9 :i* ?is is wont to occur4 ,"h we %all ( c\rse be deal+ ) ! e>ly & unsophi/icat$ m9d4 ,prop]ly drill$ 8gr[n-ups0 b r>ely exhibit ! ph5om5on 9 its full int5sity4 7a7 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t joy\s laught] is a frequ5t concomitant ( ! play-attitude1 especially at its fir/ resumption4 ,we h already f\nd ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! laught] ( 8happy boys0 j lib]at$ f s*ool4 ,"h ! conditions indicat$1 a relief f re/ra9t & a sudd5 expansion ( joy\s activity1 are pat5t to all4 ,closely relat$ to ?is situation ( releas$ bodily en]gies is t ( reliev$ m5tal re/ra9t4 ,dur+ a nurs]y lesson--if only ! tea*] is a fond "m or o!r manageable p]son--! *ild is apt to try modes ( escape f ! irksom5ess by div]t+ ! talk1 & especially by introduc+ 8funny0 topics2 & ! execution ( ! bold little manuvre is frequ5tly ann\nc$ by a laugh4 ,by su* famili> infantile artifices ! pressure is light5$ = a mom5t1 & ! laugh ann\nces a mom5t's escape into ! delici\s _w ( fun & make-believe4 ,! impulse to be gay & to laugh runs1 moreov]1 ?r\gh ! enjoym5t ( play4 ,no d\bt ?is 9 its turn may (t5 gr[ exce$+ly s]i\s1 z :5 ! illness ( dolly1 or ! ?rill+ horrors ( a be>'s cave1 or ( an attack by scalp+ ,indians1 are reali/ically liv$ out4 ,yet we mu/ rememb] t ?is playful tamp]+ ) #gg ! s]i\s1 ev5 on its g5u9e side1 is a "p ( ! enjoym5t4 ,! mom5t>y t]ror is desir$ by heal?y "y n]ves1 because ! ?rill ( x1 :5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! no?+ness lies securely )9 m5tal rea*1 is delici\s excitem5t4 ,a full] exam9ation ( ! relation ( laught] to play belongs to a lat] /age ( our inquiry4 7b7 ,ano!r situation :i* is closely relat$ to play is t ( be+ teas$4 ,by 8teas+0 is "h und]/ood ^? v>ieties ( attack :i* h 9 !m an elem5t ( pret5ce1 & d n cross ! b\nd>y l9e ( s]i\s int5tion to annoy4 ,z ?us def9$1 teas+ ent]s into a good deal ( *ild's play4 ,tickl+ is cle>ly only a special modification ( ! teas+ impulse4 ,9 "s ( ! e>lie/ nurs]y play1 ! game ( bo-peep1 = in/ance1 !re is an elem5t ( teas+ 9 ! pret5ce to al>m by a feign$ disappe>ance1 z also 9 ! %ock ( ! sudd5 reappe>ance4 ,! teas] ( a *ild1 :e!r he ?reat5s to p9* him or to snat* at 8 toy1 c>ries out a m5ace2 b x is a make-believe m5ace--a ?+ to be a wee bit afraid ( = j a mom5t1 yet s light & pass+ z to br+ in/antly ! delightful reb\nd ( disillusion1 if only ! subject keeps good temp]$4 ,on ! teas]'s side 7:5 x rema9s pure teas+7 x is prompt$ by no s]i\s desire to torm5t1 by no motive m s]i\s ?an ! half-sci5tific curiosity to see h[ ! subject ( ! exp]im5t w take x4 ,! explosions ( a good-hum\r$ subject "u su* g5tle teas+ are closely analog\s to ^? ( a tickl$ *ild3 !y spr+ f a sudd5 s5se ( relief1 ( ela/ic reb\nd1 aft] repression4 ,! swift alt]nations ( mom5ts ( nasc5t fe> & ( joy\s recognition ( ! fun ( ! ?+ are em95tly fitt$ to supply ! conditions ( a sudd5 ris+ ( ! spirits4 ,! *ild t likes to be #gh teas$--9 ! prop] way ( c\rse--is p]fectly will+ to pay = ^! mom5t>y delights by ! mom5t>y trepidations4 ,on ! side ( ! teas]1 ! situation is also highly fav\rable to outbreaks ( hil>ity4 ,if successful1 he reaps ! joy ( ! sup]ior p]son1 & glories 9 ! clev]ness ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! swell+s ( ! s5se ( p[] z he wat*es 8 victim give j ^? exp]i5ces ( 8sudd5 glory0 :i* a philosoph] places at ! base ( all enjoym5t ( ! laughable2 &1 alas1 9 ! less k9dly ^! ris+s ( ! pleasurable consci\sness may cont9ue & ev5 increase aft] ! teas+ has ceas$ to be play & becomes indi/+ui%able f ! behavi\r ( a torm5tor4#ea 7c7 ,mu* ! same k9d ( rem>k applies to practical jok+1 :i*1 :5 x is n weight$ ) ! s]i\s purposes ( puni%m5t & moral correction1 is m]ely an expansion ( ?is playful attack ( ! tickl] & ! teas]4 ,:5 ! victim rea*es ! moral height ( be+ able to enjoy ! p]=mance1 8 enjoym5t comes "u ! head ( dissolv$ appreh5sion1 or disillusion aft] tak+ ?+s too s]i\sly4 ,by f> ! l>g] %>e ( ! pleasure ( ! practical joke c]ta9ly falls1 h[ev]1 to ! p]petrator1 :o 9 ?is case1 too1 realises a 8sudd5 glory10 an increas$ s5se ( p[]4 7d7 ,once m1 laught] is a common accompanim5t ( all v>ieties ( conte/ or %>p enc\nt]1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,:51 z 9 ! case ( ! savage1 ! s*oolboy & ! civilis$ soldi]1 x breaks out aft] bodily fight1 x #gi has "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( n]v\s laught]4 ,x is a concomitant ( a sudd5 remission ( physical & m5tal /ra91 ( a dissolution ( ! attitude ( appreh5sive self-protection4 ,9 mo/ cases1 s9ce x is 8!y laugh t w910 ! feel+ ( relief is re9=c$ by t ( contemptu\s exultation at ! fir/ ta/e ( victory4 ,a prolong$ combat1 if n too unequal1 (f]s on bo? sides frequ5t op5+s = ^! reliefs ( t5sion & upspr++s ( ! exultant mood4 ,a good fight] 9 ! r+ is1 ,i und]/&1 suppos$ to be able n[ & aga9 to relieve ! grimness ( ! situation by a sweet smile4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( all m5tal conte/s4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! /udy ( popul> laught] ?an ! way 9 :i* x seems to p5etrate ^? relations & deal+s ( social life :i* involve %>p conte/ & cross+ ( wits4 ,^! w be illu/rat$ m fully by-&-by4 ,x is en\gh "h1 to allude to ! enorm\s influ5ce ( conte/s betwe5 ! sexes on ! developm5t ( wit & a lively s5se ( ! ludicr\s4 7e7 ,z a la/ gr\p ( situations fav\rable to ! exp]i5ce ( joy\s expansion we h ^? 9 :i* an unusual degree ( solemnity is =c$ ^u u4 ,?is has already be5 t\*$ on4 ,extremes seem to meet "h4 ,x might be expect$ t an impulse born ( ! play-mood w\ld f9d its natural dwell+-place 9 sc5es ( social gaiety & conviviality4 ,& 9 ! days :5 society 0 gay ! fe/ive bo>d 0 d\btless ! focus ( ! activity ( ! mir?ful _s4 ,9 our "t x seems almo/ m natural to associate a laugh ) a fun]al c]emony ?an ) a d9n]-p>ty4 ,yet ! art ( extract+ fun f solemn ?+s is n ( to-day1 z may be se5 by a glance at ! jokes ( ! *ur* ar*itect & ! play writ] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 su* biz>re intrusions ( ! droll #hj into ! doma9 ( ! solemn we seem to f9d ! /ruggl+ ( an irrepressible gladness ( _s aga9/ ! bonds :i* ?reat5 to /rangle x4 ,:e!r ! invasion ( ! t]ritory ( ! solemn by ! jocose results 9 a b>ely ma/]$ impulse to laugh1 dep5ds on v>iable conditions4 ,! frivol\s m9d1 h>dly t\*$ by ! gravity ( ! occasion1 w1 no d\bt1 (t5 be ! fir/ to welcome ! deliv]+ h&4 ,yet x is an error to suppose t a t5d5cy to laugh on a solemn occasion %[s want ( g5u9e emotion4 ,! s9c]e/ wor%ipp] 9 a *ur* may1 if he h ! requisite s5sibility1 be mov$ to laught] by "s grotesque incid5t1 su* z ! mal propos rem>k ( a g>rul\s *ild4 ,= ! po9t ( our !ory is t laught] 9 su* cases is an escape f pressure2 & ! man :o feels deeply at su* a mom5t may exp]i5ce an emotional pressure :i* equals1 if x does n exce$1 t ( ! ext]nal con/ra9t :i* ! non-rev]5t 8wor%ipp]0 is exp]i5c+4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! deep] ! feel+ ! great] ! in]tia t w h to be ov]come be=e ! laugh+ impulse c make way = itself4 ,yet "h1 aga91 we mu/ rememb] t emotional temp]am5ts v>y1 & t ) "s a g5u9e awe & ev5 an int5se grief may yield n[ & aga9 = a mom5t to ! *all5ge ( ! laughable :5 its note cat*es ! e>4 ,! la/ rem>ks sugge/ t 9 any attempt to deal ) ! conditions fav\rable to laught] ref]5ce %\ld be made to ^? physiological *>act]i/ics :i* are suppos$ to det]m9e ! p>ticul> temp]am5t ( a man3 8 special b5t1 say1 t[>ds jollity on ! "o h&1 or t[>ds a brood+ melan*oly on ! o!r4 ,our =efa!rs _h pretty def9ite ideas ab\t ! sort ( bodily con/itution :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! #ha laught]-lov+ temp]4 ,a full 8habit0 t5d+ to obesity1 z 9 ,fal/aff1 01 & is1 ,i believe1 popul>ly suppos$ to be a ma9/ay ( ! laugh+ _s4 ,! say+ 8,laugh & gr[ fat0 may imply a vague appreh5sion ( ?is relation1 z well z a recognition ( ! b5efits ( laught]4 ,yet ! precise organic sub/rate ( ?is happy end[m5t is unkn[n4 ,heal? & all t makes = 8good spirits0 are no d\bt fav\rable to a voluble laught] ( ! elem5tal k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we %all see1 ! laugh+ capacity frequ5tly co-exi/s ) physiological conditions ( q ano!r k9d4 ,m5 are to be f\nd ( a lean habit1 & ) a /rong b5t to grave reflection1 :o are nev]!less able1 n m]ely to provoke laught] f o!rs1 l ! 8melan*oly ,jaques10 b !mselves to contribute a sonor\s laught] to ! high] intellectual doma9s ( mir?4 ,x is conceivable t ! disposition to laugh may h its own re/rict$ physiological conditions 9 a special in/ability ( ! me*anism conc]n$4 ,?is aga9 may presumably include "s z yet undef9able prop]ty ( ! n]ve-c5tres :i* fav\rs rapid *ange 9 ! mode ( bra9 activity1 & ^? sudd5 collapses ( t5sion :i* seem to be ! imm$iate physiological antec$5t ( ! motor dis*>ge 9 laught]4 #hb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,laughable4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h exam9$ ^? e>ly & elem5t>y =ms ( laught] :i* arise f ! action ( su* causes z tickl+1 ! attitude ( play1 & ! sudd5 uplift+ 9 a feel+ ( joy4 ,^! d n1 x is evid5t1 imply ! exi/5ce ( t specific faculty :i* we call ! p]ception ( ! laughable 9 ?+s1 or :at is commonly spok5 ( z ! s5se ( ! ludicr\s4 ,we h n[ to inquire into ! mode ( op]ation ( ?is m intellectual cause ( laught]1 & to connect x1 if possible1 ) t ( ! simpl] processes ( excitation4 ,! peculi>ity 9 ?is case is t !re is n only an ext]nal excitant1 su* z tickl+ f+]s1 b an object ( ! laught]4 ,a tickl$ *ild laughs because ( ! tickl+1 b n at ?is z an object4 ,! same is true ( a good deal ( ! laught] ( play3 x is only :5 play repres5ts some?+ funny1 or :5 ! play-illusion is int]rupt$ by a mom5t's critical glance at ! pov]ty ( ! doll or o!r play?+1 t x gives rise to a prop] enjoym5t ( ! laughable2 & a l rem>k holds good ( ! laught] :i* spr+s out ( a relief ( t5sion & a sudd5 transition f grave to gay4 ,9 ! laught] ( educat$ m5 & wom5 we see an intellectual elem5t1 ! p]ception ( a laughable quality 9 an object1 & ! ju/ification ( ! action by a ref]5ce to ?is4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is intellectual type ( laught] w br+ #hc u to :at is und\bt$ly at once ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ difficult problem 9 our /udy4 ,! objective ref]5ce 9 laught] impli$ 9 speak+ ( ! 8laughable0 may be illu/rat$ by a glance at ! contemptu\s laught] ( ! victor survey+ 8 pro/rate foe4 ,! boy ( t5 :o danc$ & scream$ & laugh$ aft] he _h kill$ 8 playmate 9 a /reet fight#eb 0 h>dly possess$ ) :at we call a s5se ( ! comicality ( ?+s4 ,! laught]1 ?\gh direct$ at some?+1 _h n1 9 ! complete s5se ( ! expression1 its object4 ,! boy himself w\ld n h laugh$ at ! spectacle at ano!r "t1 b view$ x ) q diff]5t feel+s4 ,& ! object w\ld n h pres5t$ itself z laughable to o!rs :o *anc$ to see x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! laught] 0 n caus$ by a m]e contemplation ( an object1 b 0 condition$ by a p>ticul> relation betwe5 ! laugh] & ?is object4 ,to say t a ?+ is laughable1 j z to say t a ?+ is eatable1 implies an elem5t ( p]man5ce & ( univ]sality4 ,?is is true ev5 :5 a p]son says ab\t a spectacle1 e4g41 t ( a drunk5 man walk+1 8,x is laughable to me10 s9ce he means t = 8 exp]i5ce at lea/ x is a g5]al rule t ! sight ( su* movem5ts excites laught]4 ,b ! ^w laughable cle>ly connotes m ?an ?is1 a univ]sality :i* embraces o!rs z well z ! individual4 ,a ?+ is only rightly s call$ :5 x is suppos$ to be fitt$ to provoke m5's laught] 9 g5]al4 ,language has be5 built up by m5 liv+ ! social life1 & int]e/$ 9 common =ms ( exp]i5ce2 & ! ^w laughable & all simil> words und\bt$ly ref] to su* common =ms4 #hd ,^! common =ms ( exp]i5ce may be conceiv$ ( n>r[ly or widely4 ,mu* ( :at is call$ laughable by a s*oolboy1 by a savage1 or ev5 by an educat$ ,engli%man1 is made to appe> s by ! special habits & correlat$ modes ( ?\ght ( 8 community or 8 class4 ,?is cle>ly holds good ( laught] at /range =ms ( dress1 language & ! l4 ,its 8univ]sality0 is ?us /rictly condition$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! laughable we %all h con/antly to allude to its relativity to p>ticul> cu/oms & expectations4 ,x w be a "p ( our problem to dis5gage f among ! common excitants ( laught] :at seems to possess a truly univ]sal "*4 ,9 speak+ ( an object ( laught] z hav+ univ]sal pot5cy1 we d n imply t x w1 z a matt] ( fact1 always excite ! outbur/4 ,! expression means only t a man w be ready to laugh at x1 provid$ t he has c]ta9 requisite p]ceptions ) ! correlat$ emotional susceptibilities1 & t no?+ int]f]es ) ! work+ ( ^!4 ,h5ce we %all h to speak ( ! laughable z answ]+ to a t5d5cy only1 & to note ! circum/ances :i* are apt to c\nt]act x4 ,x is obvi\s1 = example1 t ! limitations ( class-cu/om1 s f> z !y make laught] relative1 w r5d] a man bl9d to :at is 8objectively0 laughable 9 8 own cu/oms4 ,9 tru?1 ! adoption ( su* relative & accid5tal /&>ds1 :i* m>ks all ! e>li] /ages 9 ! gr[? ( intellig5ce & ( /hetic s5tim5t1 is ! great ob/acle to a cle> recognition ( :at is laughable 9 a wid] & m /rictly univ]sal s5se4 ,aga91 :5 we are consid]+ ! "q ( fact1 8,:at d m5 really laugh at80 x is important to be> 9 m9d t ! t5d5cy to laugh may1 on ! "o h&1 be re9=c$ by a fav\rable psy*o-physical condition at ! #he mom5t1 z well z by previ\sly =m$ t5d5cies to app]ceive ?+s on _! laughable side2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be *eck$ & :olly c\nt]act$ by unfav\rable conditions1 su* z a sad mood1 or an acquir$ habit ( look+ at ^? aspects ( ?+s :i* excite feel+s antagoni/ic to laught]4 ,ow+ to ! action ( ^! =ces1 we f9d1 n only t "o man may fail to disc]n ! laughable 9 an object :i* moves ano!r to a he>ty outbur/1 b t 9 _m cases 9 :i* two m5 jo9 9 laugh+ at some?+ !y may n be t\*$ by ! same laughable feature or aspect ( ! pres5tation4 ,no?+1 inde$1 has m ( t appe>ance ( caprice :i* comes f ! influ5ce ( unc]ta9 subjective factors ?an ! laught] ( m51 ev5 ( ^? :o h a normal s5se ( ! ludicr\s4 ,a ^w m is ne$$ on ! language "h us$4 ,! t]ms laughable & ludicr\s may be employ$ int]*angeably up to a c]ta9 po9t )\t risk ( confusion4 ,at ! same "t x is well to note t ! second is us$ 9 a /rict] s5se ?an ! fir/4 ,! t]m ludicr\s seems to d5ote p>ticul>ly :at is n only an univ]sal object ( laught]1 b an object ( t m intellectual k9d ( laught] :i* implies a cle> p]ception ( relations4 ,9 ev]yday language we %\ld speak ( incid5ts & /ories1 ( :i* ! fun is obvi\s & broad1 z 8laughable0 r ?an z 8ludicr\s04 ,closely connect$ ) ?is emphasis on an intellectual elem5t 9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m ludicr\s1 is its t5d5cy to take on an ideal connotation1 to m>k (f :at we deem to be wor?y ( laught]4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( o!r objects ( an /hetic s5tim5t1 !re is a half-disguis$ ref]5ce to ! regulative pr9ciples ( art4 ,?is control by an /hetic pr9ciple or /&>d is m #hf cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! use ( 8comic10 a ^w1 by ! way1 :i* is us$ m freely 9 "s ,european languages ?an 9 our own4 ,a comic spectacle means1 = "o :o uses language ) precision1 a pres5tation :i* is *oice1 :i* comes up to ! requirem5ts ( art1 & w\ld be excell5t mat]ial = com$y4 ,our problem may n[ be def9$ z an analysis ( ! objects ( our common p]ception & imag9ation :i* ord9>y m5 t5d to laugh at & to describe z laughable4 ,?is inductive inquiry into facts is1 z impli$ above1 a necess>y prelim9>y to a discussion ( ! nature ( ! 8ludicr\s0 or 8comic0 z an ideal or regulative conception4 ,9 ord] to f9d our way ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( laughable ?+s1 we %\ld d well to take at lea/ a rapid survey ( ! objects ( m5's laught] z reflect$ 9 popul> je/s1 8contes p\r rire10 8comic songs0 & amus+ lit]ature 9 g5]al2 z also 9 :at may be call$ ! /&+ di%es 9 ! repa/s ( fun s]v$ up 9 ! circus & o!r places :]e !y laugh4 ,no assemblage ( facts ( ?is k9d adequate = sci5tific purposes has1 s f> z ,i "k1 yet be5 made2#ec s t x mu/ suffice "h to indicate "s ( ! lead+ gr\ps ( laughable objects :i* a brief inspection ( ! field discloses4 ,x may be assum$ z a matt] ( common recognition t ?is field ( laughable objects w lie 9 ! ma9 )9 ! limits ( ! spectacle ( human life4 ,x is ! situations1 appe>ances & ?\ghts ( m5 :i* yield to laught] ! l>g] "p ( its h>ve/4 ,at ! same "t allusion w be made n[ & aga9 to provocatives #hg ly+ outside ^! limits1 :i* are c]ta9ly f\nd 9 simple examples ( ! laughable4 ,9 attempt+ to =m ^! gr\ps "o mu/ give a w>n+4 ,x is impli$ 9 :at has be5 said above1 t ! ?+s we laugh at h 9 _m cases1 p]haps 9 mo/1 m ?an "o di/+ui%ably amus+ facet4 ,9 try+ to classify !m1 !re=e1 we mu/ be guid$ by :at seems ! mo/ massive & impressive feature2 &1 z already sugge/$1 x is n always easy to say :at really is ! ma9 det]m9ant ( our laught]4 7#a7 ,among ! ?+s :i* are commonly said to be laughable we f9d _m objects di/+ui%$ by novelty4 ,a pres5tation :i* diff]s widely f ^? ( ! ord9>y type1 & s has a /imulat+ fre%ness1 may1 z we h se51 :5 agreeable & ( suffici5t =ce1 excite to laught] by sudd5ly reliev+ ! dulness ( ! common & (t-repeat$1 & rais+ ! feel+-tone ( ! obs]v] to ! level ( joy\s excitem5t4 ,! prop] effect ( a recognis$ laughable aspect only appe>s :5 exp]i5ce beg9s to be organis$ & ! m9d ( ! spectator to p]ceive1 dimly at lea/1 a c]ta9 contr>iety 9 ! new pres5tation to ! usual run ( 8 p]ceptual exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words1 ! aspect ( 8out-(-!-wayness0 or oddity4 ,mu* ( ! laught] ( *ildr51 &1 z we %all see1 ( savages1 at :at is call$ 8funny0 illu/rates ?is4 ,a *ild w laugh vigor\sly1 = example1 on fir/ he>+ a new & odd-s\nd+ ^w1 or on fir/ see+ a donkey roll on 8 back1 a ,highl&] 9 8 kilt1 8 si/]'s hair done up 9 curl+-pap]s1 & ! l4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases1 at lea/1 ! appreciation ( ! new object z odd or s+ul> is aid$ by ! agreeably lively "* ( ! novel impression4 ,?is is true also ( ! amus+ effect ( two /rik+ly simil> faces se5 toge!r2 = "h ! look #hh ( oddity1 :i* is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t our ord9>y exp]i5ce is ( dissimil>ity betwe5 faces1 is support$ by ! /imulative =ce ( ! lik5ess itself4 ,?is expansive effect ( ! new & ! odd on our feel+ may come too f ! p]ception ( ?+s sub-human4 ,! sight ( a crab walk+ sideways1 ( an oddly-m>k$ dog1 ( an eddy ( leaves 9 autumn1 & s =? w excite laught] 9 a *ild4 ,a glance at ! language employ$ 9 describ+ laughable objects sugge/s ! l>ge scope ( ! odd4 ,?us ! 8:imsical0 & ! 8fanta/ic0 9 ! realm ( ideas & ta/es1 ! 8extravagant0 9 ! region ( s5tim5t--^! & ! l seem to ref] directly to :at is peculi>1 to ! po9t ( an amus+ remot5ess f life's common way4 ,?is enjoyable appreciation ( ! odd is 9 a p>ticul>ly obvi\s way subject to ! condition ( relativity4 ,to beg9 )1 ! amus+ aspect is det]m9$ by1 & s /rictly relative to ! mann] ( ! h\r2 s t1 z ! ^w 8antic0 %[s1 ! old-fa%ion$ beg9s to take on an amus+ aspect z soon z x is s f> displac$ by a new cu/om z to be an out-(-!-way ?+4 ,aga91 z already h9t$1 ! odd is always relative to ! cu/om ( a locality or a class4 ,a savage & a civilis$ man alike are wont to laugh at mu* 9 ! appe>ance & actions ( a =eign p2 & ?is because ( its %>p contra/ to ! cu/om>y =ms ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,! *ief c\nt]active to be not$ "h is ! impulse to di/ru/ & fe> ! new & unfamili>4 ,a *ild may (t5 be notic$ oscillat+ betwe5 laught] & fe> z "s new /range sight bur/s ^u him4 ,a savage mu/ feel himself secure be=e he c freely indulge 9 laught] at all ! odd belong+s & do+s ( ! :ite man4 7#b7 ,a special v>iety ( ! s+ul> or exceptional :i* #hi is fitt$1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to excite laught] is de=mity1 or deviation f ! typical =m4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 = ! unsophi/icat$ palate ( ! *ild & ! savage1 bodily de=mity is a l>ge s\rce ( mir?4 ,! dw>f1 ! hun*back1 ! cripple1 ! man ) ! big nose1 & ! l h be5 great ent]ta9]s ( y\?4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d su* deviations f type z amus+ ext5ds1 z we "k1 to our p]ceptions ( animals & ( plants4 ,a limp+ quadrup$ or a tree ) a w5-l excresc5ce seems to reflect a human de=mity & to %>e 9 its laughable aspect4 ,ev5 a lifeless object may sometimes ent]ta9 u ) its appe>ance ( de=mity4 ,a h\se %or$ up affects u 9 ! same way z a man on crut*es1 & ! back view ( a rickety tilt$ c>t1 z x wobbles d[n a /reet1 may gladd5 ! eye mu* z ! sight ( a heavy1 ill-balanc$ human figure attempt+ to run4 ,:ile we may view ! laughable aspect ( bodily de=mity z an example ( ! odd or deviation f ! common patt]n ( our exp]i5ce1 we mu/ n =get t x appeals to ! m brutal elem5t 9 laught]4 ,all ugly ?+s _h 9 !m = ! ,greek m9d some?+ contemptible or disgraceful4 ,mu* ( ! po9t ( m5's laught] at de=mity lies 9 a recognition ( its demean+ effect on ! p]son :o is its subject4 ,x is a cle> manife/ation ( ! impulse to rejoice 9 ! sight ( :at is degrad$1 base1 or contemptible4 ,x is n difficult to detect ?is note ( contemptu\s rejoic+ 9 ! d]isive laught] ( ! co>s] sort ( boy & savage1 ! k9d ( laught] illu/rat$ 9 ,hom]'s description ( ! m]rim5t ( ! ,a*an *iefs at ! sight ( ! mis%ap5 ,!rsites1 ) 8 hump1 8 sug>-loaf head cr[n$ ) /ubble1 & 8 p]secut+ squ9t4#ed ,"h we seem to h an unmi/akable +r$i5t #ij ( malignant satisfaction1 ( rejoic+ at ano!r's ills 7,ari/otle's 74 ,r\ghly speak+1 we may say t ! laughable =ce ( a de=mity v>ies ) its ext5t4 ,! droll effect ( an enl>gem5t ( ! nose or ( a r$uction ( ! *9 increases1 )9 c]ta9 limits at lea/1 ) ! am\nt ( ! ab]ration f ! normal dim5sions4 ,yet x w\ld be difficult to e/abli% any exact quantitative relation "h4 ,aga91 all k9ds ( de=mity are n equally provocative ( laught]4 ,9 g5]al1 p]haps1 positive additions or ext5sions1 su* z a big nose or big e>s1 are m conducive to m]rim5t ?an r$uctions & losses2 !y seem to seize p]ception m aggressively4 ,!n !re are v>ieties ( ! de=m$ :i* probably involve special k9ds ( droll sugge/iv5ess4 ,c]ta9 squ9ts & twi/+s ( ! human face div9e may move u z expressions ( ! rogui%2 a r$ nose or a %ock ( r$ hair may owe its =ce to its suppos$ moral symbolism4 ,long e>s & o!r de=mities affect u ?r\gh _! undignifi$ rem9d] ( aff9ity to a l[] animal species4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 9 ^! pref]5ces ( ! rud] sort ( laught] looks q caprici\s1 & c only be set d[n to habit & imitation4 ,! impulse to laugh at de=mity has a n>r[] & a wid] c\nt]active4 ,! fir/ is pity1 ! second is ! feel+ ( repugnance at ! sight ( ugl9ess4 ,! inhibition ( laught] at de=mity by pity & k9dly consid]ation is "o ( ! m>ks ( a ref9$ nature4 ,:]e ! unsightly feature sugge/s suff]+1 :e!r physical or moral1 su* consid]ation may completely c\nt]act ! impulse4 ,s9ce de=mity is a v>iety ( ! ugly1 & ! p]ception ( ! ugly z su* repels u1 we h z a fur!r c\nt]active a f9e /hetic %r9k+ f :at is #ia unsightly4 ,a p]son end[$ ) ?is repugnance may h 8 capacity ( enjoy+ ! funny aspect ( a de=mity completely p>alys$4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 we h a read9ess to make fun ( all bodily defects1 ev5 :5 !y are a revolt+ spectacle4 ,! area ( enjoym5t = mo/ m5 lies betwe5 ^! extremes1 :5 ! displeas+ elem5t ( ! ugly is mitigat$1 s t its effect is lo/ 9 ! /ream ( hil>ity :i* its droll]y sets fl[+4 ,x may be add$ t :]e de=mity has be5 turn$ into a laughable quality ! impulse to 8make fun0 has commonly be5 aid$ by o!r =ces1 m p>ticul>ly a s5se ( relief f fe> & a feel+ ( retaliation4 ,?is is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! laught] ( ! p 9 ! ,middle ,ages at ! devil1 ! demons & ! re/4 ,p]haps *ildr5's r cruel laught] at ! hun*back conta9s an elem5t ( retaliative dislike = a p]son :o is view$ z vici\s & hurtful4 7#c7 ,ano!r gr\p ( laughable objects is closely relat$ to ! la/4 ,c]ta9 moral de=mities & vices h always be5 a special di% 9 ! fea/ ( laught]4 ,we h only to ?9k ( popul> jokes1 ! contes ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! l>ge bran*es ( lit]ature kn[n z com$y & satire1 to see h[ eag]ly ! _s ( mir? has look$ out = ?is s\rce ( gratification4 ,s f> z ?is laught] directs itself aga9/ a vici\s disposition1 or de=mity ( "*1 su* z vanity or c[>dice1 & n aga9/ a light] defect ( ext]nal mann]s1 x seems to involve a p]ception ( some?+ ugly1 l a bodily blemi%1 & fur!r "s appreciation ( its disgraceful or degrad+ aspect4 ,x is a view commonly held1 & z we %all see support$ by ! practices ( art1 t all vices are n equally fit subjects = laught]4 ,"s k9ds seem to h a specially #ib amus+ aspect4 ,!re may be peculi> features 9 ! expression ( ! vici\s disposition :i* give x value = ! laugh+ eye4 ,?is is obvi\sly true ( drunk5ness1 = example2 & h>dly less s ( viol5ce ( temp]1 :i* has a l>ge & impressive drollness 9 its display4 ,o!r vices1 su* z c[>dice & mis]l9ess1 h some?+ *oice = ! eye ( laught] 9 ! meanness ( _! display1 ! petty1 contemptible practices to :i* !y commonly lead4 ,! supreme place giv5 to vanity among laughable moral fail+s seems to be explicable 9 "p by ?is consid]ation4 ,no?+ is m ent]ta9+ ?an ! inflation 9 c>riage & spee* :i* comes f an ov]we5+ conceit4 ,hypocrisy1 aga91 toge!r ) h] k9swom5 deceit & ly+1 seems to h a peculi> value = ! mir?ful eye by reason ( h] disguise1 & ! elem5tal joy :i* mortals "y & old d]ive f a good peep beh9d a mask4 ,z a la/ example we may take a porc9e ob/9acy ov] aga9/ ! expression ( o!rs' wi%es1 ! /upidity aga9/ :i* ev5 8! gods cont5d 9 va910 a v>iety ( ! amus+ :i* seems to tickle our s5sibilities by pres5t+ to u ! rigidity ( ! ma*9e 9 lieu ( ! reasonably pliant organism ( ! man4 ,?is glance at ! amus+ side ( :at we call moral de=mities sugge/s t :5 we laugh at ^! we are by no means always at ! moral po9t ( view1 look+ at actions & traits ( "* z immoral4 ,?is is se51 fir/ ( all1 9 ! fact t1 :5 we are laugh+ at :at we view z vice1 we d n1 z "s say1 always recognise its littl5ess & h>mlessness1 visit+ x1 s to speak1 ) ! m]ely nom9al p5alty ( a laugh4 ,ly+1 or a display ( brutal appetite1 may be turn$ into a subject ( mir? :5 ! lea/ reflection w\ld %[ t x is decid$ly #ic h>mful4 ,x is se51 fur!r1 9 ! fact t ! laughable 9 ?is case ext5ds f> beyond ! limits ( :at we commonly call vices4 ,! excessive humility ( ! fri5d ( our y\?1 ,mr4 ,toots1 is h>dly less ent]ta9+ a spectacle ?an excessive vanity4 ,x seems r to be want ( a c]ta9 complet5ess & proportion ( p>ts 9 ! moral /ructure :i* amuses "h4 ,?is is yet m cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! fact t com$y1 z we %all see1 holds up to a g5tle laught] want ( mod]ation ev5 9 qualities :i* we admire1 su* z w>m? ( feel+1 ref9em5t ( s5tim5t1 & consci5ti\sness itself4 ,"h aga9 we may note t ! 8laughable0 w be relative to ! special exp]i5ces & /&>ds adopt$ by ! p>ticul> society4 ,contra/1 = example1 ! fund ( amusem5t :i* lies 9 ! spectacle ( drunk5ness = a p addict$ to1 & !re=e tol]ant (1 deep dr9k+1 ) t available = ano!r p by :om ! vice is %unn$ & judg$ sev]ely4 ,x is evid5t1 inde$1 t our read9ess to be ent]ta9$ by ! look ( excess or disproportion 9 a "* w v>y ) ! idea ( ! normal patt]n4 ,! old ,greek way ( scann+ "* diff]$1 9 c]ta9 respects1 f t habitual1 say 9 ,engl& to-day4 ,9 ! case ( :at are palpable vices we h z c\nt]active t5d5cies1 n m]ely ! f9] %r9k+ f ! ugly1 b ! recoil ( ! moral s5se 9 ! di/ress$ attitude ( reprobation4 ,h5ce x may be said t ! immoral trait mu/ n be ( su* volume & gravity z to call =? ! moral s5se )9 u4 ,"h1 too1 diff]5ces ( temp]am5t & habit1 &1 "o may add1 ( ! mood 9 :i* ! pres5tation f9ds u1 w affect ! result4 ,x is amaz+ to :at an ext5t ev5 reputable citiz5s are able to enjoy ! pres5tm5t ( moral fail+s1 :5 !y give #id !mselves up to ! mood :i* seems to belong to a seat be=e ! comic /age4 7#d7 ,we may pass to a gr\p ( laughable pres5tations 9 :i* ! feature specially fixat$ by ! obs]v]'s m5tal eye is "s brea* ( ord] & rule4 ,laughable displays ( vice involve ?is elem5t1 ( c\rse1 b 9 ! cases n[ to be consid]$ ! viol5ce done to rule is ! m conspicu\s feature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 laughable violations ( rule are closely relat$ to ! oddities dealt ) above4 ,! donkey roll+ on 8 back may be said1 = ! *ild's intellig5ce1 to break ! rule ( ! donkey's normal behavi\r2 yet "h ! laughabl5ess seems to spr+ imm$iately out ( ! fre% /imulat+ "* ( ! novelty ( ! spectacle4 ,9 ord] t an action may impress u z disord]ly1 we mu/ recognise1 vaguely at lea/1 t "s cu/om or rule is disobey$4 ,! sight ( a donkey /epp+ on to ! pavem5t ( a /reet1 or quietly br[s+ 9 a g>d51 w\ld amuse z an exhibition ( ! disord]ly4 ,p]haps we h ! b\nd>y-l9e betwe5 :at is m]ely odd & :at is disord]ly illu/rat$ by ! biz>re aspect ( a boy 9 a class :o deviates consid]ably 9 height f ! approximately uni=m height ( ! re/ ( ! class4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,lipps#ee t ev5 a h\se 9 a r[ may assume an amus+ appe>ance "u l circum/ances4 ,"h ! g5]al uni=mity1 imm$iately pres5t$ to ! eye1 seems to supply ! spectator ) ! idea ( a rule :i* ! odd-look+ individual is violat+4#ef ,"u ! pres5t head we %all keep to examples ( ! laughable :]e ! brea* ( rule is palpable4 #ie ,to beg9 )1 disord]l9ess1 ! upsett+ ( ! usual ord]l9ess ( life1 is a great s\rce ( laught] to ! "y & ev5 to _m adults4 ,all ! m extravagant =ms ( jollity or 8high spirits0 are wont to pass into ! disord]ly4 ,?is applies n m]ely to upro>1 b to su* 8jocose0 proce$+s z sma%+ w9d[s1 ! enjoym5t ( :i*1 z ,addison rem9ds u1 is by "s laid d[n z ! te/ ( hum\r4 ,?is be+ s1 we might expect t ! appe>ance ( ! disord]ly w\ld we> an amus+ aspect = ord9>y m54 ,?is is c]ta9ly :at we f9d4 ,! cr[d loves ! spectacle ( lawlessness & misrule 9 ! h>lequ9ade & else:]e4 ,! laught]-mov+ =ce ( ! pres5tm5t ( a man always 9 a hurry1 or cont9ually *ang+ 8 purpose1 illu/rates ?is effect ( ! disord]ly4 ,! comic value ( ! man 9 a rage dep5ds too 9 "p on ?is circum/ance4 ,all appe>ances ( disord] :]e ord] is c\nt$ on1 z 9 dress1 are apt to provoke a smile ( amusem5t4 ,a squad ( soldi]s m>*+ out ( "t1 or out ( l9e1 is a recognis$ /imulus to laught]4 ,ev5 ! sight ( a room turn$ upside d[n = a clean+1 or ( ! confusion ( a d9n]-table aft] a meal1 takes on some?+ ( ?is amus+ aspect ( ! disord]ly4 ,! droll aspect ( ! disord]ly becomes specialis$ 9 ! brea* ( commonly-recognis$ rules ( behavi\r4 ,! be/ m>k$ cases are (f5ces aga9/ ! code ( good mann]s1 & ! rules ( correct spee*4 ,rude behavi\r & gau*]ies1 solecisms1 prov9cialisms1 & confusions 9 ! use ( language1 amuse u z brea*es ( famili> rule1 ?\gh !y may no d\bt ent]ta9 u also z manife/ations ( a nave ignorance4 ,x is h>dly ne$ful to po9t out t m5's judgm5ts ( ! laughable elem5t 9 brea* ( rule w be relative4 #if ,! code ( mann]s w v>y ) ! community & ) ! p>ticul> class1 & w t5d to *ange ) "t 9 ! case ( ! same gr\p4 ,"o has only to ?9k ( ! v>iations1 f p]iod to p]iod1 9 ! fa%ionable modes ( acco/1 ( pron\nc+ words1 & s on4 ,! great =ce :i* t5ds to c\nt]act ?is direction ( laught] is ! respect = ord] & rule1 :i* has be5 =m$ sl[ly & ) mu* difficulty1 at lea/ 9 ! l>g] "p ( a community4 ,x foll[s t if m5 :o are support]s ( rule are to laugh at a violation ( x1 ! act ( lawlessness mu/ n seem ( a gravity suffici5t to (f5d ?is respect4 ,?is condition w be satisfi$ if x is manife/ t ! upsett+ ( rule1 s f> z x is int5tional1 is n s]i\s b a sort ( make-believe2 or t x is conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! h>mless1 z 9 ! case ( ! angry man va9ly ?reat5+ d5unciation aga9/ all & sundry2 or1 aga91 t ! failure to comply ) rule is n int5tional b due to ignorance4 7#e7 ,we may n[ pass to a gr\p ( pres5tations :]e ! laughable feature seems to reside 9 a situation or condition :i* is di/9ctly undesirable4 ,small mis=tunes1 especially ^? :i* involve some?+ 9 ! nature ( a difficulty or 8fix10 are = ! ord9>y onlook] apt to we> an amus+ aspect4 ,! loss ( "o's hat1 a fall due to a slip1 or a tilt+ aga9/ ano!r p$e/rian1 are recognis$ in/ances ( ! amus+ 9 ! spectacle ( ! /reets4 ,su* sights z ,ajax slipp+ 9 ! foot-race & gett+ 8 m\? fill$ ) dirt 7,iliad1 xxiii41 #ggj-he71 ,john ,gilp9 on 8 runaway /e$1 a p>ty 9 a boat left /r&$ on a s&-bank1 ! d[n 9 ! circus va9ly try+ to /op a runaway horse by cl++ to its tail2 ^! & o!r illu/rations w readily occur to "o famili> ) ! ways ( laught]4 ,! old] popul> ent]ta9m5ts1 su* z ! #ig enjoym5t ( ! p]=mance ( gr9n+ ?r\gh ! horse-coll> at ! c\ntry fair1 ow$ some?+ ( _! value to ?is delight 9 see+ a man 9 a fix--if only t ( be+ compell$ to make a fool ( oneself--especially :5 x 0 due to 8 lack ( =esight4#eg ,a m ref9$ s5se ( ! laughable seizes on ! _m 8awkw>d0 situations ( social life1 say ! unconcealable gne t ov]takes a f9e lady :5 %e makes a m]itori\s b ill-judg$ attempt to get into t\* ) "o ( ! 8l[] class04 ,x is to be not$ t _m situations involv+ n only an irritat+ am\nt ( inconv5i5ce b real suff]+ may excite ?is k9d ( laught] 9 ! vulg>4 ,! spectacle ( a cripple dragg+ 8 body along has its amus+ aspect1 n only = jovial mortals b = sup]ior be+s4 ,hom] repres5ts ! ,olympian gods z dissolv$ 9 laught] at ! sight ( ! lame blacksmi? try+ to dis*>ge ! da9ty (fice ( ! cup-be>] ,ganym$e4 ,we see ! same unfeel+ rejoic+ at mi%ap 9 ! laught] ( ! savage & ( ! co>s] product ( civilisation at c]ta9 =ms ( puni%m5t1 p>ticul>ly ! adm9i/ration ( a good ?ra%+ to a wife1 or to "s ugly piece ( mis*ief1 z ,!rsites4 ,ev5 8polite society0 seems to h a reli% = ?is =m ( amusem5t1 if we may judge f ! ent]ta9m5t :i* ! fa%ionable cr[d on "o side ( ! ,engli% ,*annel appe>s to f9d 9 scann+ ! gloomy figures & wan faces ( ! pass5g]s z !y l& aft] a /ormy passage4 ,"h1 aga91 ! deep malignity ( man peeps out 9 a rejoic+ at ! sight ( o!rs' hurt 7,s*ad5freude74 ,among ^! mir?-provok+ misadv5tures1 situations & incid5ts :i* manife/ly involve loss ( dignity fill a l>ge space4 ,! spectacle ( a fly+ hat pursu$ by its #ih own] owes mu* ( its 8funn9ess0 to ! fact t ! loss ( a symbol ( dignity is involv$4 ,possibly c]ta9 bodily de=mities1 especially a failure ( ! nose or ( ! *91 may d]ive some?+ ( _! laughabl5ess f our p]ception ( ! loss ( a dignifi$ feature4#eh ,! laught] :i* is wont to greet ! sight ( a man left ) a baby on 8 h&s illu/rates ! same effect4 ,! fav\rite situations 9 ! light] popul> com$y1 z t ( ! man :o is h5peck$1 & :o is subject to a "m-9-law1 amuse s mu* because ( ! deep desc5t ( ! 8head0 ( ! h\se :i* !y involve4 ,! /imulat+ =ce ( ?is k9d ( pres5tation is ! great] :]e ! undignifi$ situation ov]takes "o :o is hold+ at ! "t an exalt$ position1 z :5 a prea*] 9 ! pulpit is caught /umbl+ on too homely an expression1 or a judge on ! b5* giv+ way to an oppressive somnol5ce4 ,z 9 ! o!r in/ances1 we h "h to note ! limitations introduc$ by ! v>iable nature & circum/ances ( ! spectator4 ,mis=tune1 ! suff]+ ( indignity1 cle>ly appeals to a k9d ( feel+ q dissimil> to t ( mir?4 ,:]e pity is /rong & al]t mu* ( ! laught] at mis*ances1 at difficulties1 & s =?1 is re/ra9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is pity = m5 9 misadv5ture comes ( k & ( insight2 & :]e exp]i5ce & tra9+ h n giv5 ^!1 ! re/ra9+ influ5ce on laught] w be want+4 ,h5ce ! famili> fact t y\ng/]s1 ?\gh n less capable ( pity ?an _! eld]s1 w laugh at sights1 su* z ! old lady slipp+ & fall+1 :i* t\* ! he>t ( ^? :o "k :at !y really mean4 7#f7 ,we may n[ t\* on a gr\p ( laughable objects #ii :i* has a close k9%ip ) m ?an "o ( ! gr\ps already illu/rat$1 ?\gh x /&s ap>t by "r ( well-m>k$ peculi>ities4 ,i ref] to laught] at ! indec5t or obsc5e1 :e!r 9 actual pres5tation or 9 sugge/ion4 ,any s]i\s attempt to illu/rate ! v>iety ( ! s\rces ( m5's ord9>y laught] mu/1 ,i ?9k1 f9d a place = ?is gr\p4 ,among m51 & "o may add ! gods1 ! uncov]+ ( t :i* dec5cy insi/s on hid+ is a p[]ful provocative ( laught]4 ,9 _! m direct & pot5t work+s indec5t pres5tations appeal to ! l\d mir?fulness ( ! co>se m9d1 to ! gros rire ( ! man toss+ ! gros sel1 z ,mr4 ,m]$i? has x4 ,!y bulk among ! jocosities ( savage tribes--or at lea/ _m ( ^!--& ( ! less ref9$ among civilis$ societies4 ,culture is a great re/ra9+ influ5ce "h4 ,yet x w\ld be an error to suppose t educat$ m5 :o are also ( ! laught]-lov+ are de/itute ( ?is s5sibility4 ,! impulse to greet m]rily an allusion to ! indec5t1 :5 x comes unexpect$ly1 tak+ u (f our gu>d1 s to speak1 & :5 x is nei!r too pron\nc$ nor enl>g$ ^u1 is1 ,i believe1 univ]sal among m5 :o laugh4 ,! laught] at a sugge/ion ( :at n only civilis$ b ev5 savage society seeks to veil f view w\ld seem to be mo/ naturally reg>d$ z a case ( ! improp]1 or brea* ( accept$ rule4 ,to make ref]5ce to ^! matt]s is to break ?r\gh a well-und]/ood social conv5tion4 ,?is brea*1 moreov]1 c>ries ) x a plump desc5t into ! dep?s ( ! undignifi$2 = s9ce society has will$ to ?r[ ! veil "h any attempt to uplift x implies some?+ %ameful4 ,! disgrace falls on ! p]son :o is ! subject ( ! allusion--9 all cases :]e !re is a def9able p]son conc]n$4 ,9 o!rs1 :]e #ajj ! allusion is direct$ to a common 8infirmity0 ( human nature1 ! indignity done is1 ( c\rse1 m widespread4 ,n only s1 we feel on he>+ su* an allusion t !re is a lapse ( dignity all r\nd 9 speak] & he>]s alike4 ,! blu% ( ! ref9$ he>] atte/s ?is feel+ ( %ame4 ,yet to describe ! effect "h z due to brea* ( rule & lapse ( dignity is c]ta9ly n to give a full acc\nt ( ! modus op]&i ( ?is v>iety ( ! laughable4 ,if to speak ( ^! ?+s is =bidd5 & br&$ z an (f5ce to good ta/e1 on ! o!r h& t :i* is allud$ to is a real & an insep>able "p ( our nature4 ,! enjoym5t ( ^! allusions may accord+ly be view$ "u ano!r aspect z a rejection ( ! artificial 9 fav\r ( simple unadorn$ nature4 ,! ca/+ aside = ! mom5t ( ! dec5t veil & ! fac+ ( :at is cu/om>ily hidd5 away seems1 inde$1 to be att5d$ by a di/9ct feel+ ( lib]ation f re/ra9t & ( joy\s expansion4 ,h5ce1 probably1 ! fact not$ by hi/orians ( m$ival mann]s t ! co>s5ess ( ! jocosity appe>$ to increase ) ! magnitude ( ! fea/4 ,! mood ( exub]ant hil>ity fav\rs ! slack5+ ( all artificial re/rictions4 ,! same consid]ation may1 p]haps1 expla9 ! hold :i* co>se jokes1 if only !y h j ! "r quantum ( salt1 ma9ta9 on ! humor\s palate ( ! /rong & virile among m5 ( intellect4 ,9 ?is brief acc\nt ( ! mir?ful aspect ( ! indec5t ,i h conf9$ myself to :at discloses itself to consci\sness 9 ! mod]ate =ms ( laught]1 common among civilis$ m5 :o practise a c]ta9 self-re/ra9t4 ,yet we "k t ! outbur/s :i* are provok$1 9 co>s] m5 at lea/1 by ! uncov]+ ( sexual matt]s h a deep] #aja s\rce 9 ! obscure p>ts ( our animal organisation4 ,our s\rces ( k ) respect to ! condition ( m5 :5 !y are seiz$ ) ! sexual orgasm1 includ+ ! te/imony ( my?ology1 sugge/ t laught] "h assumes ! function ( voic+ a /ate ( riot\s self-glorification ( ! animal "p ( our nature1 :5 fully releas$ = a mom5t2 &1 fur!r1 t "h1 z 9 "s =ms ( n]v\s laught]1 x has an organic connection ) a condition ( emotional p>oxysm4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t relativity has a l>ge empire 9 ?is bran* ( ! laughable4 ,a man's idea ( :at is obsc5e w be relative to ! /&>ds ( 8 society1 :i* may v>y consid]ably4 ,! ,engli%man liv+ abroad is apt to be impress$ by ! fact t m5 & wom51 o!rwise z ref9$ z 8 own p1 hesitate less to call a spade a spade & to allude 9 conv]sation to subjects :i* are tabu at home4 ,simil>ly1 ! mod]n read] ( ,%akespe>e may be %ock$ by ! fre$om ( spee* ( ! cultivat$ wom5 ( ano!r age4 ,fur!r1 z impli$ above1 ! read9ess to laugh "h w be modifi$ pr(\ndly by ref9em5t ( feel+4 ,if x is true t all m5 are capable ( enjoy+ an allusion to ! indec5t1 provid$ t x is delicately execut$1 x is no less true t only co>se-m9d$ m5 are able to dr9k frequ5tly or deeply at ?is r muddy spr+ ( laught]4#ei 7#g7 ,ano!r gr\p ( laughable pres5tations has a c]ta9 analogy ) ! la/4 ,popul> mir? has made a #ajb prom95t t>get ( m5's pret5ces4 ,to peep beh9d ! mask & seize ! make-believe is a sure means ( provid+ ourselves ) laught]4 ,s l>ge1 inde$1 is ! "p ( affectation & disguise 9 social life1 t n only ! rud] popul> art1 b com$y has made !m "o *ief s\rce ( its ent]ta9m5t4 ,! flav\r ( ! laught] v>ies greatly accord+ to ! moral complexion ( ! pret5ce4 ,see+ ?r\gh ! transp>5t make-believe ( ! *ild sets u laugh+ 9 "o key2 ! detection ( ! half-unconsci\s humbug1 9 ano!r2 & t ( ! artful impo/or1 9 yet ano!r4 ,t ! appreciation ( ?is embodim5t ( ! laughable is relative1 may n be at once evid5t4 ,yet a glance at ! num]\s little hypocrisies n only all[$1 b ev5 exact$ by polite society1 w suffice to %[ h[ ! /&>d may v>y4 ,! dull+ influ5ce ( use is exceptionally app>5t "h4 ,! %ams ( life cease to amuse u--save a v few--:5 !y are num]\s & ubiquit\s4 ,! ,engli%man :o laughs at ! little pret5ces ( society abroad1 may be q incapable ( disc]n+ ! amus+ side ( q simil> simulations & dissimulations 9 ! ways ( 8 own society4 ,"h1 too1 z 9 ! case ( moral blemi%es g5]ally1 ! impulse w be re/ra9$ by ! t5d5cy to judge s]i\sly1 & by ! high] degrees ( moral s5sitiv5ess4 ,m5 ( easy morals w laugh cynically1 p]haps1 at =ms ( impo/ure :i* w\ld %ock ^? ( a f9] moral texture4 7#h7 ,we may n[ pass to a species ( ! laughable :i* has a m m>k$ly intellectual "*4 ,among ! exhibitions ( human quality none appe>s to h _h its ludicr\s m>k m widely recognis$ ?an t ( want ( k or ( skill4 ,"h1 aga91 our fri5d1 ! cl[n #ajc ( ! circus1 comes to our aid4 ,! spectacle ( 8 futile attempts to imitate ! exploits ( ! skill$ horseman & o!r exp]ts /irs ! risibility ( ! multitude to "o ( its =tissimo outbur/s4 ,ignorance ( locality1 especially :5 x l&s a travell] 9 a mess1 is a common s\rce ( m]rim5t to ! ru/ic onlook]4 ,*ildr51 savages1 & all simple folk delight 9 su* exhibitions ( ignorance & incompet5ce4 ,! m re/ra9$ amusem5t ( 8society0 at ! want ( savoir faire 9 ! un9itiat$ %[s t ?is enjoym5t ( ! spectacle ( ignorance by ! well-in=m$ is widespread4 ,! value ( ! spectacle is ev9c$ by ! fact t :5 9 argum5t a man desires to w9 ! laugh ( onlook]s to 8 side1 he w d 8 be/ to %[ up a laughable degree ( ignorance 9 8 fell[-disputant4 ,! pres5ce ( ! exp]t 9 a ga!r+ ( bucolics is a situation pregnant ) possibilities ( mir?ful enjoym5t4 ,let ! delightful discussions ( ,mr4 ,h>dy's ,wessex folk suffice z illu/ration4 ,^! amus+ uncov]+s ( ignorance & inability are a spicy +r$i5t 9 ! mutual quizz+s ( m5 belong+ to di/9ct peoples or classes1 su* z ! savage & ! :ite man1 ! sailor & ! l&sman4 ,?is w be illu/rat$ lat] on4 ,9 ^! cases ! spectator may n c\nt on ! possession by o!rs ( k or skill4 ,! man :o laughs has at mo/ a vague expectation t outsid]s %\ld be equal to ^? ( 8 own set4 ,! laugh at ignorance & incompet5ce takes on ano!r & m ironical r+ :5 k & compet5ce are reasonably to be expect$1 z = example :5 an (ficial %[s a /rik+ incompet5ce = ! duties ( 8 (fice4 ,! spectacle ( human ignorance gr[s p>ticul>ly ent]ta9+ :5 x has to d ) matt]s suppos$ to be #ajd ( common k4 ,m4 ,b]gson gives u an example 9 ! obs]vation ( a disappo9t$ travell] on he>+ t !re 0 an ext9ct volcano 9 ! neighb\rhood3 8,!y _h a volcano & all[$ x to g out04#fj ,x is ?is elem5t ( ignorance ( :at is g5]ally kn[n :i*1 9 "p1 gives ! amus+ aspect to _m brea*es ( rule1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( language4 ,s firm is our assumption t ev]ybody1 ev5 ! =eign]1 ought to be able to speak our language t we _c he> a gross mispronunciation or misappreh5sion ( mean+ )\t feel+ x to be nave4 ,%akespe>e 9 ! same play makes u laugh at ! bad ,engli% ( ,dr4 ,caius & ,sir ,hugh ,evans4 ,( c\rse ! fun is great] if ! =eign] /umbles unwitt+ly into an obs]vation :i* tells aga9/ himself2 z :5 a ,g]man visitor to ,london1 be+ ask$ h[ 8 wife 01 answ]$1 8,%e is g5]ally ly+1 & :5 %e is n ly+ %e is sw9dl+10 mean+ to say 8ly+ d[n0 & 8feel+ giddy0 78hat ,s*w9del074 ,! ludicr\s side ( ! p>adoxical1 ( :at is viol5tly oppos$ to common-s5se--a matt] to be dealt ) m fully pres5tly--illu/rates ! effect ( intellectual navet4 ,all exagg]ation 9 description & o!r extravagance ( /atem5t are laugh$ at1 9 "p at lea/1 z %[+ ignorance ( :at is cr$ible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 insi/5ce on ! well kn[n & ! obvi\s1 especially :5 x is accompani$ by a lab\r$ argum5t1 amuses u by ignor+ ! circum/ance t ! he>] or read] is already q famili> ) ! matt]4 ,a delightful exhibition ( ! nave intellig5ce is giv5 by a gross misappreh5sion ( :at is happ5+ or ( :at is be+ said at ! mom5t4 ,! ,london] may delight 8 c\ntry li/5] ) 8 misund]/&+s ( #aje :at to ! latt] seems p]fectly self-explanatory4 ,! tickl+ =ce ( su* misappreh5sion is height5$ :5 x involves an idea :i* is ! v rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,! good /ory ( ! ,york%ire juryman :o rem>k$ t 8,lawy] ,sc>let gets all ! easy cases0 turns on ! delici\s inv]sion ( causal relations4 ,:5 travell+ once 9 a tra9 ,i he>d a "m say to h] little girl1 :o _h be5 compla9+ ( ! heat1 8,! m y ?9k ( x ! worse x w be02 ^u :i* ! *ild rem>k$ 9 a drily humor\s tone1 8,i %\ld say ! worse x is ! m ,i %all ?9k ( x04 ,! "m's rem>k _h probably seem$ an inv]sion ( ! true relation4 ,o!r examples ( :at we call navet come1 9 "p at lea/1 "u ?is head4 ,! want ( tact1 ! br++ 9 ( t :i* has no relevance to ! circum/ances or ! ideas ( ! mom5t1 is an excitant ( laught] = m5 ( all levels ( culture4 ,! inappropriate ways 9 :i* ! k9dly savage or *ild tries to m9i/] to 8 visitor's com=t are a pretty example ( su* simplicity4 ,irrelevances 9 conv]sation & discussion1 su* z mal propos1 mi/ak+s ( ! issue1 un=tunate sugge/ions ( reasons1 & ! l1 are among ! recognis$ tribut>ies ( ! riv] ( laught]4 ,^! irrelevances make a l>ge contribution to ! light] enjoym5t ( social int]c\rse4 ,an irrelevance hav+ a peculi>ly broad effect is a response to a "q :i* :olly misses its po9t1 z :5 "o reads ( a man on a desc5d+ balloon :o ask$ a yokel1 8,:]e am ,i80 & receiv$ = answ] only ! absurdly obvi\s1 8,9 a balloon04 ,*ildr5's navet--a m9e ( weal? to ! disc]n+ seek] aft] ! laughable--illu/rates ?is tickl+ prop]ty ( a p]fect simplicity ( intellig5ce1 & ( ^? #ajf irrelevances ( behavi\r & ( utt]ance :i* by _! mighty compass seize & occupy = ! in/ant ! field ( contemplative vision4 ,"o ( its mo/ valuable manife/ations is ! habit ( quietly sub/itut+ ! *ild's po9t ( view = ! adult's4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! 8funny rem>ks0 ( *ildr5 illu/rate ?is4 ,"h is an example4 ,an improv] ( occasions ask$ a *ild :o _h s$uc$ h] gr&fa!r into a r al>m+ romp1 8,isn't gr&papa v k9d to play ) y1 de>80 & receiv$ ! %>p correction1 8,i'm play+ ) him04 ,a b>e ref]5ce may be made to o!r illu/rations ( ! intellectual simplicity :i* ent]ta9s ! mir?ful eye4 ,! effect ( prejudice & passion 9 n>r[+ ! m5tal outlook & sett+ up errone\s views ( ?+s is a fav\rite subject ( comic treatm5t4 ,z we %all see1 ! spectacle ga9s a high] value :5 ! degrad$ intellig5ce approa*es t ( ! disord]$1 & ! amus+ p]son1 :olly preoccupi$ ) 8 illusions1 utt]s a /r+ ( rem>ks s widely irrelevant to ! actual circum/ances ( ! mom5t z to upset ! gravity ev5 ( a s]i\s spectator4 ,! limit+ influ5ce ( relativity 9 ! appreciation ( ?is bran* ( ! amus+ has be5 pretty pla9ly illu/rat$ 9 :at has be5 said4 ,! lack ( skill or ( k :i* excites our m]rim5t is ! lack ( t :i* is a famili> possession ( our set1 :i* accord+ly we1 at lea/1 t5d to look = 9 o!rs4 ,h5ce1 ! man ( society is amus$ at y\r n kn[+ "o k9d ( ?+1 say1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,pe]age1 ! bucolic at y\r ignorance ( ano!r1 say1 ! ways ( calves1 & s =?4 ,! simplicity ( a *ild's m9d only impresses u 9 relation to our own gr[n-up & complex ways ( ?9k+4 ,ev5 ! absurdities ( p>adox are relative1 = :at we are #ajg pleas$ to reg>d z ! /able1 unalt]able body ( common-s5se is1 9 reality1 subject to *ange4 7#i7 ,we w n[ t\* on a gr\p ( facts on :i* writ]s on ! ludicr\s are accu/om$ to lay /ress4 ,! spectacle ( a *ild we>+ a man's hat1 fully consid]$ above1 %[s u ! laughable directly & unmi/akably z a juxtaposition ( two =eign elem5ts1 ! semblance ( a :ole made up ( incongru\s p>ts4 ,"h we see ! s5se ( fun fix+ its eye on relations4 ,x is recognis$ by all t ! p]ception ( c]ta9 relations1 m p>ticul>ly ! unfitt+1 ! disproportionate1 ! incongru\s & ! logically inconsi/5t1 plays a l>ge "p 9 call+ =? ! m ref9$ sort ( laught]4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is laughable aspect ( relations we mu/ draw a di/9ction4 ,:5 a p]son laughs1 say1 at ! imbecile movem5ts ( a skat] z he tries to save himself f a fall1 or at an outrage\s co/ume1 or at ! fanta/ic language ( "s prcieuse1 he may be aw>e ( half-p]ceiv+ a relation2 su* z want ( fitness1 extravagant dep>ture f ! normal4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev]1 t 8 m5tal eye is n focuss$ = ?is relation2 on ! contr>y1 he feels z if ! pres5tation 9 itself1 by giv+ ! requir$ j]k to 8 app]ceptive t5d5cies1 7 directly provocative ( mir?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w1 ,i believe1 hold t !re are cases :]e ! enjoym5t ( ! laughable dep5ds on ! m5tal eye direct+ itself to a relation4 ,! relation may n be appreh5d$ 9 a p]fectly precise way2 b ! po9t is t x is m5tally seiz$1 if only = ! fraction ( a second2 &1 fur!r1 t a degree ( def9it5ess is giv5 to ! appreh5sion ( ! relation by a glimpse1 at lea/1 ( ! relat$ t]ms4 ,?is localis+ ( ! laughable 9 a relation is mo/ #ajh evid5t 9 ! case ( ^? complex pres5tations :]e lack ( h>mony & ( mutual fitness--:at we call incongruity--appe> 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! :ole :i* are pres5t to ! eye1 & =ces itself on ! att5tion 9 a ?or\ghly aggressive fa%ion4 ,a c\ntry woman display+ 9 h] dress or 9 h] spee* a biz>re mixture ( ! peasant & ! f9e lady1 a proposal to climb a m\nta9 9 da9ty high-heel$ %oes1 ! c\*+ ( a vote ( ?anks 9 language f> bel[ or above ! ne$s ( ! occasion1 ^! pull at ! muscles ( laught] because !y /rike u z a =c+ toge!r ( ?+s :i* hurtle & refuse to consort4 ,! same holds true ( cases 9 :i* ! incongruity lies betwe5 "o pres5tation & ano!r :i* has prec$$ & is /ill pres5t to ! imag9ation1 z 9 ! cl[n's utt] failure to reproduce ! model action ( ! exp]t :i* he sets out to equal4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e ! laughable incongruity holds betwe5 ?+s bo? ( :i* are n pres5t at ! same or ne>ly ! same mom5t1 a direct glanc+ at ! relation1 involv+ at lea/ a dim repres5tation ( ! abs5t memb] ( ! relat$ twa91 may be requisite = a full enjoym5t4 ,x is probable1 = example1 t ,hom]'s gods1 :5 !y laugh$ upro>i\sly at ! sight ( ! grimy & lame ,vulcan essay+ ! "p ( ,ganym$e1 m5tally recall$ ! image ( ! latt] & c>ri$ out a comp>ison betwe5 ! two4 ,simil>ly 9 _m ( our nic] judgm5ts ( ! amus+ly excessive 9 dress1 spee* & s =?1 we may1 z sugge/$ above1 envisage ! relation to a /&>d ( measure 9 ?is direct way4#fa ,x may1 no d\bt1 be a "q :e!r ! relation made 8focal0 9 consci\sness 9 su* cases lies betwe5 two p>ts ( a complex pres5tation1 or betwe5 ! #aji pres5tation z a :ole & a repres5t$ /&>d arrangem5t4 ,:51 = example1 we laugh at ! intrusion ( a too lively ge/ure into ! pulpit1 d we m5tally fixate ! incongruity betwe5 ! situation & ! action1 or m5tally g back to ! idea ( ! cu/om>y & suitable k9d & am\nt ( ge/ure1 & view ! pres5t p]=mance z disagree+ ) ^!8 ,?is po9t may be res]v$ = lat] consid]ation4 ,! view t 9 ! cases j illu/rat$ we h to d ) ano!r v>iety ( laught]1 t ( ! m9d or intellig5ce1 is confirm$ by ! reflection t mu* ( x is exclud$ f ! popul> category4 ,! masses c enjoy a palpable contradiction betwe5 pr(ession & p]=mance--witness ! enjoym5t af=d$ to ! populace ( ! ,middle ,ages by ! spectacle ( ! moral inconsi/5cies ( ! monks4#fb ,b :5 x comes to ! appreciation ( inh]5t inconsi/5cies )9 ! "*1 su* z want ( /ability ( purpose1 fickl5ess 9 ! affections & s =?1 ! ne$ ( a c]ta9 acut5ess 9 p]ceiv+ relations1 & ( quickness 9 m5tally re9/at+ :at is n pres5t1 may greatly re/rict ! area ( ! enjoym5t4 ,gross & palpable inconsi/5cies1 su* z ^? repres5t$ 9 ! delightful monologue ,l',indcis1 ) :i* ,m4 ,coquel9 7an7 rejoices u1 are accessible to popul> laught]1 b mo/ ( ! self-contradictions ) :i* a ,molire1 a ,george ,eliot1 or a ,george ,m]$i? refre%es our spirits are 8cavi>e to ! g5]al04 ,mu* ! same is true ( ! laught] :i* gladd5s ! measur+ eye :5 x lights on ! unmeasur$1 ! excessive1 ! disproportionate4 #aaj ,"o subdivision ( ?is doma9 ( ! laughable is ! logically incongru\s or ! absurd4 ,"h1 aga91 we t\* on a region into a l>ge "p ( :i* culture mu/ give ! key ( admission4 ,an example ( su* a laughable absurdity is f\nd 9 t :i* conflicts ) our deepe/ & mo/ unalt]able convictions4 ,:at is logically f>-fet*$ or p>adoxical is a famili> provocative ( mir?4 ,s9ce ?is case1 l t ( laugh+ at an extravagant co/ume1 does n imply a direct & cle> p]ception ( relation1 b only a k9d ( h>mless %ock to our firmly root$ app]ceptive t5d5cies1 we may expect to f9d illu/rations ( x l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce4 ,z we %all see lat]1 *ildr5 w be mov$ to mir? by ! pres5tation ( an idea t directly conflicts ) _! crude /&>ds ( ! possible2 & savages %[ ! same impulse to laugh at :at is manife/ly oppos$ to _! fix$ traditional /&>ds ( tru?4 ,s x is ) sugge/ions & proposals :i* /rike ! m mature intellig5ce z p>adoxical1 t is to say1 z a k9d ( assault on its deeply fix$ habits ( belief1 & :at x is pleas$ to call its 8common-s5se04 ,ideas :i* /rike x z revolution>y1 :e!r !y appe> 9 ! doma9 ( social cu/om1 ( political activity1 ( morals1 or ( sci5tific explanation1 are greet$ by volum9\s laught]4 ,d>w9's idea ( man's desc5t f an ape-l ance/or1 :5 fir/ introduc$1 probably excit$ almo/ z mu* hil>ity z indignation4 ,m re/rict$ is ! area = amusem5t suppli$ by logical inconsi/5cies4 ,! spy+ out ( amus+ inconsequ5ces 9 a man's v>i\s utt]ances is ! "w ( an exp]t4 ,a contradiction mu/ be v palpable1 & ! contradictory /atem5ts mu/ be v ne> to "o ano!r 9 "t1 9 ord] t food = laught] may rea* ! _m4 ,! be/ example ( ?is laught] at contradiction 9 popul> #aaa mir? is1 ,i suppose1 ! 8bull10 :]e ! incompatibility />es out at y f a s+le /atem5t1 & sets y\r sides %ak+2 z 9 ! argum5t1 attribut$ to an ,iri% /atesman1 t1 9 ! prosecution ( a c]ta9 w>1 8e man ought to be ready to give 8 la/ gu9ea to protect ! rema9d]04#fc ,"o might naturally suppose t 9 ! appreciation ( ^! m intellectual =ms ( ! laughable !re w\ld be no room = ! re/ra9+ action ( relativity4 ,an incongru\s relation w\ld seem to be "o & ! same object = all m5's intuitions1 & ! lea/ affect$ by accid5ts ( temp]am5t & ext]nal circum/ances4 ,yet ?is supposition is n q correct4 ,su* incongruities z moral & logical inconsi/5cies h1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 _! disagreeable & ev5 _! pa9ful aspect4 ,:5 discov]$ 9 ! "* or 9 ! intellect ( a p]son kn[n to be ( a high consi/5cy1 a contradiction w\ld naturally (f5d ! admir+ spectator4 ,"h1 too1 !n1 we h to add ! qualification1 8provid$ t !re is no?+ disagreeable & repellant 9 ! manife/ation04 ,n only s1 ) respect to mu* t is popul>ly call$ p>adox x is to be rememb]$ t ! /&>d ( tru? employ$ is f> f be+ t ( ! et]nal v]ities4 ,z ! allusion to ! ridicule p\r$ on ,d>w9's !ory ( natural selection %[s1 :at "o g5]ation laughs at z pla9ly contradictory to fundam5tal notions may be quietly recognis$ z a famili> tru? by its successor4 7#aj7 ,a gr\p ( laughable pres5tations mak+ l>ge appeal to ! m intellectual k9d ( laught] meets u 9 #aab v]bal play & amus+ witticism4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! nature ( wit w come lat]4 ,:at seems mo/ manife/ly *>act]i/ic ( v]bal =ms ( ! 8funny0 is ! intrusion ( ! playful impulse4 ,*ildr5's ^w-play %[s ?is cle>ly en\gh4 ,new words are = !m s\nds to be r$uc$ to famili> ones1 & ! funni] ! results ( ?is r$uction ! bett] are !y pleas$4 ,?is leads by a /ep to punn+1 :]e q intelligible words or phrases are purposely alt]$ s z to br+ 9 a new mean+2 or :]e )\t any v]bal alt]ation ! sub/itution ( a new mean+ = ! prim>y & obvi\s "o effects ! requir$ *ange4 ,! playful impulse to get z f> away z possible f rule & re/riction1 to turn ?+s topsy-turvy1 to seize on ! extravagant & wildly caprici\s1 is cle>ly en\gh recognisable "h4 ,mu* ( ?is ^w-play1 too1 has a close k9%ip ) make-believe2 a natural & obvi\s mean+ is ! pret5ce 9 ?is case1 :]eas ! reality is ! half-hidd5 mean+ introduc$ by ! inv5tive wag4 ,all ! same x seems to me t ?is gr\p ( laughable objects has its place close to t ( ! incongru\s & absurd4 ,a pun t claims any intellectual rank mu/ h a po9t1 a bite1 & ?is w\ld appe> to be mo/ naturally secur$ by introduc+ an elem5t ( irony & r5d]+ ! prim>y & obvi\s mean+ ( ! s5t5ce ludicr\sly false4 ,:51 = example1 a prea*] ^: pond]\s dulness _h set 8 congregation g5teelly scuttl+ 0 said to h deliv]$ 8a v mov+ disc\rse10 ! po9t ( ! witty ?ru/ lay 9 ! complete opposition betwe5 ! be/ & ! wor/ result ( eloqu5ce br\ght toge!r 9 ! two mean+s ( 8mov+10 an opposition :i* gives ! tr5*ant irony to ! description4 ,9 cases1 too1 :]e !re is no v]bal trick]y ! light] #aac k9d ( wit %[s ! same t5d5cy to a playful caprici\sness ( fancy4 ,x delights 9 sub/itut+ = our ord9>y po9ts ( view & /&>ds ( ref]5ce o!rs :i* /rike ! he>] z amus+ly fanciful & extravagant4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by mu* ( our ent]ta9+ talk1 :i* is wont to try to escape = a mom5t f ! lead+-/r+s ( sob] s5se2 z :5 a p]son propos ( a moon look+ wan & fa9t "s h\rs aft] an eclipse obs]v$ t %e seem$ n yet to h got ov] ! effects ( ! eclipse4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( contemplative amusem5t we see once m ! limitations introduc$ by diff]5ces ( temp]am5t & m5tal attitude1 z well z ( exp]i5ce & k4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 is ! habitual incl9ation ( ! balance betwe5 s]i\sness & love ( fun 9 a man m cle>ly indicat$ ?an 9 8 read9ess to tol]ate & enjoy ^w-play & ! ent]ta9+ side ( nons5se g5]ally4 ,"o to :om words & s]i\s po9ts ( view are sacr$ ?+s1 w b>ely suff] any =m ( ?is recreation4 ,on ! o!r h& a ready appreciation ( ^! pranks ( wit means t ! li/5]'s fancy has ! requisite spe$ ( w+4 ,x means1 too1 commonly1 t 8 intellig5ce is 9 t\* ) ! wit's /&po9t1 ) 8 exp]i5ce & circle ( ideas4 ,bucolic wit is a seal$ book to ! sup]ior g5tleman f ! t[n2 ! m]ry v]bal sports ( ! judge1 ! /atesman1 ! !ologian & s =?1 reflect+ l _! dreams daily types ( exp]i5ce & habits ( ?\ght1 are apt to fall flat on ! e>s ( ^? :o are n 9 t\* ) ^!4 ,! above may1 p]haps1 s]ve z a suffici5tly full enum]ation ( ! m prom95t ( ^? attributes or aspects ( laughable ?+s :i*1 "s 9 "s cases1 o!rs 9 o!rs1 make direct appeal to our mir?4 #aad ,t ea* ( ^! may ( itself ?us />t ! curr5ts ( laught] w1 ,i believe1 be admitt$ by ^? :o are famili> ) ! field ( human mir?4 ,!re is1 ,i hold1 ample evid5ce to %[ t :at is emb>rass+1 :at is contr>y to rule1 :at is demean+1 :at is unreal & pret5ti\s1 & ! re/1 d ea*1 "u c]ta9 limit+ conditions1 move m5's laught]4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 difficult to supply a p]fect demon/ration ( ! fact ( ! intr9sic laughabl5ess ( ea* ( ^! features4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t 9 _m ( ! mo/ agreeable in/ances ( ! laughable diff]5t /imuli comb9e _! =ces4 ,?is is s mu* ! case t x is sometimes difficult to decide :i* ( ! co-op]at+ attributes is ! mo/ prom95t4 ,= example1 ! spectacle ( ! lackey donn+ ! ext]nals ( a f9e g5tleman--a fav\rite subject ( mir?ful treatm5t by ,molire & o!rs--may amuse u z a transp>5t pret5ce1 z a f9e display ( insol5t vanity1 or1 aga91 z an amus+ c>icature ( ! extravagant absurdities ( f9e mann]s4 ,extravagance 9 dress & ! l is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! company ( a delici\sly errone\s idea ( "o's own importance4 ,intellectual navet may peep out at u & a moral navet look ov] its %\ld]1 z 9 ! rem>k ( a lady :om ! a/ronom] ,cass9i _h invit$ to see an eclipse1 :5 %e f\nd t %e _h arriv$ too late3 8,m4 de ,cass9i w be good en\gh to beg9 aga9 = my sake04#fd ,z ,i h rem>k$1 ! unfitt+ is 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases an introduction ( some?+ unwor?y2 z :5 a man at a d9n]-p>ty almo/ sugge/s some?+ ( an animal viol5ce 9 8 mode ( eat+1 or an orator resorts to a 8wood50 mann] ( spee* or ge/ure1 or :5 an unhappy simile hurls #aae ! he>] into ! l[e/ region ( ! commonplace1 a proce$+ satiris$ 9 ! well-kn[n l9es f ,butl]'s ,hudibras3-- ,& l a lob/] boil'd1 ! morn ,f black to r$ began to turn4 ,z a la/ example ( ! _m-sid$ness ( ! laughable we may "n affectation1 p>ticul>ly :5 x takes ! =m ( ap+ ano!r's mann]s2 = ?is may amuse u z a bit ( act+ se5 ?r\gh1 or z an incongru\s intrusion ( a =eign elem5t into ! natural "* ( ! imitator1 or1 aga91 z a weakness1 a lack ( intellectual or ( moral initiative4 ,nev]!less1 ! appe>ance ( cross-division 9 our s*eme is really no objection to x4 ,by collect+ a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances1 & not+ h[ ! pres5tation ( a c]ta9 feature affects u :5 x is pla9ly ! prepond]ant /imulus1 & h[ x w cont9ue to affect u 9 mu* ! same way :5 its concomitants v>y1 we may satisfy ourselves t ea* ( ! aspects "h nam$ is effective z a provocative ( laught]4 ,x w be = exp]im5tal psy*ology1 if ev] its me?ods are compet5t to grapple ) ! subject1 to make ?is cle>]4 ,!re is ano!r objection1 :i*1 ?\gh relat$ to ! la/1 is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f x4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e ! laughable feature is cle>ly localis$ !re may seem some?+ arbitr>y 9 our mode ( describ+ x4 ,= example1 x may be said1 :y di/+ui% ! relation ( ! unfit & k9dr$ relations z a special gr\p1 s9ce 9 all cases !y may be reg>d$ z products & expressions ( a defective intellig5ce or ta/e8 ,to raise ?is difficulty n[ is1 h[ev]1 to anticipate our !oretical problem1 h[ f> ^! sev]al v>ieties ( laughable feature l5d !mselves to r$uction to a #aaf common pr9ciple4 ,9 nam+ ea* ( ! above gr\ps ,i h s\ght to envisage ! laughable aspect z ! natural man1 innoc5t ( !oretic aims1 w\ld envisage x4 ,:at is important "h is to emphasise bo? ! frequ5t comb9ation ( ent]ta9+ features 9 ! objects :i* excite our laught]1 & ! fact t "o & ! same feature may be envisag$ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,^! two circum/ances ?r[ an int]e/+ light on ! mean+ ( ! long discussions & ! want ( agreem5t among !ori/s4 ,9 draw+ up ?is li/ ( ! laughable features 9 ?+s ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! connection betwe5 ?is "p ( ! inquiry & t :i* prec$$ x4 ,yet ! connection has n be5 :olly hidd54 ,9 ! ent]ta9+ effect ( new ?+s we h f\nd an elem5t ( ! laught] :i* spr+s f a sudd5 expansion ( joy4 ,9 ! laught] excit$ by ! indec5t we h not$ a trace ( ! laught] ( 8sudd5 glory0 & ( :at ,i h call$ n]v\s laught]4 ,la/ly1 9 deal+ ) ! ent]ta9+ quality ( ! m sportive wit we seem to h got ne> ! laught] ( play4 ,?is connection w\ld appe> ! m cle>ly if we 7 to ext5d our li/ by add+ a pair ( gr\ps4 ,^! are 7#aa7 laughable objects :i* affect u z expressions ( a m]ry mood2 & 7#ab7 laughable situations :i* involve a relation ak9 to t ( victor & vanqui%$4 ,a ^w or two on ea* ( ^! mu/ suffice4 7#aa7 ,!re is little d\bt t all pres5tations :i* are in/antly int]pret$ z manife/ations ( a fun-lov+ disposition t5d to excite m]rim5t4 ,?is is true ( s]ies ( s\nds1 musical z well z non-musical1 :i* h 9 _! rapid /accato movem5t a resemblance to ^? ( laught]4 ,x holds good also ( play-l movem5ts1 su* z ! #aag freaki% gambols ( a j loos5$ pony1 or ( a circus cl[n4 ,! expression ( ! mir?ful temp] 9 ?+s awak5s a sympa!tic laught] 9 ! obs]v]4 ,"h1 p]haps x w\ld seem to be m correct to say t we laugh n at or ov]1 b1 if "o may s say1 to ! playful freak4 ,nev]!less1 we %all f9d t :at we recognise z objectively laughable _c be und]/ood save by ref]5ce to ^! appe>ances ( playful *all5ge4 7#ab7 ,t ! sight ( a man w9n+ 9 a /ruggle or gett+ ! bett] ( ano!r 9 "s way is fitt$ to furni% amusem5t1 is indisputable4 ,?is obvi\sly falls 9 "p "u ! head ( laught] at ! spectacle ( ano!r's difficulty or scrape2 b x c]ta9ly des]ves a sep>ate place 9 an enum]ation ( ! l>g] & popul>ly di/+ui%$ s\rces ( m]rim5t4 ,!re is no ne$ to emphasise ! fact t ! social spectacle owes mu* ( its int]e/ to combat1 competition1 all t is und]/ood by m5's measur+ _! p[]s "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! amus+ side ( ?is int]e/ is f\nd 9 ! gleeful satisfaction :i* ! imp>tial spectator d]ives f ea* successful /roke1 :e!r on ! "o side or on ! o!r4 ,! attraction ( all enc\nt]s ( wit 9 ! m>ket-place1 9 ! political doma91 on ! /age & s =?1 illu/rates ?is4 ,popul> lit]ature w %[ t ! pla9 man has f$ 8 mir? b\nte\sly f ?is s\rce4 ,! situations :i* m9i/] to ?is feel+ ( 8sudd5 glory0 9 an onlook] are n conf9$ to ^? ( conte/4 ,all displays ( a capacity to get ! bett] ( ano!r seem to be ent]ta9+ to ! _m4 ,j z ! sight ( a man *a/is+ 8 wife is good sport = ! savage onlook]1 s ! spectacle ( tak+ d[n1 ( discomfiture & humiliation--especially if x involves an elem5t ( deception or #aah befool+1 & s takes on ! look ( outwitt+--may yield excell5t fun to ! civilis$ spectator4 ,a m ref9$ v>iety ( ! p]ception ( ! laughable occurs :5 we look on ,nature or fate z discomfit+ man1 play+ tricks on him or outwitt+ him4 ,s f> z ?is idea ( irony comes into our view ( ?+s1 any mis=tune1 especially if x involves disappo9tm5t ( hopes & fru/ration ( ef=ts1 may excite a note ( laught] :i* has an 8ov]-tone0 ( triumphant mock]y4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! spectacle ( "o man triumph+ ov] ano!r or %[+ sup]iority to him w 9 all cases be limit$ by conditions already suffici5tly indicat$4 ,s9ce ! laught] excit$ "h is1 presumably1 9 its *>act]i/ic +r$i5t a reflection by way ( sympa!tic imag9ation ( ! victors sudd5 glory1 x mu/ be includ$ 9 ! m brutal v>iety4 ,if a lively s5sibility produces quickly en\gh a sympa!tic appreh5sion ( ! feel+s ( ! vanqui%$1 x w effectually *eck ! impulse to laugh4 ,f9ally1 a b>e allusion may be made to ! way 9 :i* ! laught] ( relief f emotional or o!r /ra9 comes into our appreciation ( ! laughable 9 ?+s4 ,! amus+ aspect ( all lapses f dignity 9 religi\s & o!r c]emonies _c1 ,i believe1 be und]/ood m]ely z an illu/ration ( an inconsequ5ce & irrelevance1 b mu/ be connect$ ) ! p[]ful t5d5cy to ?r[ (f a heavy & depress+ m5tal load by a mom5t's mir?4 ,! laught] at :at is lawless1 & /ill m at ! indec5t & ! pr(ane1 c]ta9ly d]ives a "p ( its gu/o f a s5se ( relief f re/ra9t1 :i* is a ma9 +r$i5t 9 ! enjoym5t ( all lic5se4 ,b ! full] discussion ( ! way 9 :i* ! primal s\rces ( laught] contribute to ! impressions we receive f laughable objects belongs to ano!r *apt]4 #aai ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s4 ,our survey ( laughable ?+s has l$ u to recognise c]ta9 gr\ps :i* appe> to induce ! laugh+ mood3 ea* pres5t+ its special v>iety ( laughable feature4 ,"o gr\p may be said1 prim facie1 to exhibit mis*ances1 ano!r "s =m ( human defect1 ano!r1 aga91 some?+ ( ! misfitt+ or incongru\s1 & s =?4 ,we may n[ advance to ! !oretic problem ( unify+ & expla9+ ^! v>ieties ( ! laughable4 ,"h1 = ! second "t1 we mu/ t\* on ! views prop\nd$ by au?orities on ! subject "u ! "n ( ,!ories ( ! ,ludicr\s4 ,happily1 x is n necess>y to burd5 ! read] ) a full acc\nt ( ^!4 ,we %all ( c\rse pass by all doctr9es d$uc$ f a priori metaphysical conceptions1 & conf9e ourselves to ^? :i* make a %[1 at lea/1 ( gr\nd+ !mselves on an analysis ( facts4 ,( ^! ,i %all select two or ?ree typical !ories :i* come to u ) ! claims ( di/+ui%$ au?or%ip4 ,we %all te/ ^! by exam9+ h[ f> !y succe$ 9 compreh5d+ ! div]sity ( fact n[ be=e u4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! typical !ories localises ! secret =ce ( ! laughable 9 some?+ unwor?y or degrad$ 9 ! object4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! function ( laught] is to accompany & give voice to :at may be call$ ! d]ogatory impulse 9 man1 8 t5d5cy to look #abj out = & to rejoice ov] :at is mean & undignifi$4 ,?is may be call$ ! ,moral ,!ory1 or ,!ory ( ,degradation4 ,ari/otle's brief rem>ks on com$y 9 ! ,poetics may be tak5 z illu/rative ( ?is way ( envisag+ ! laughable4 ,com$y1 he tells u1 is 8an imitation ( *>act]s ( a l[] type--n1 h[ev]1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w bad02 &1 aga91 ! ,ludicr\s 7 7 is a subdivision ( ! ugly 7 71 & consi/s 9 8"s defect or ugl9ess :i* is n pa9ful or de/ructive04#fe ,( an adequate !ory ( ! subject !re is "h1 ( c\rse1 h>dly a pret5ce4 ,x seems /range1 inde$1 t a great ?9k] ) ! works ( 8 compatriot ,ari/ophanes be=e him %\ld h plac$ ! ludicr\s :olly 9 "*1 altoge!r ov]look+ ! comic value ( situation4 ,/ill1 ! ref]5ce ( ! laughable to ! category ( ugly & disgraceful ?+s--= on its moral side connotes ! disgraceful 7comp>e ! ,lat9 8turpe07--may be said to imply a g]m ( ! pr9ciple ( degradation4 ,a m c>eful attempt to con/ruct a !ory ( ! ludicr\s by a ref]5ce to some?+ l[ or degrad$ 9 ! object is embodi$ 9 ! fam\s doctr9e ( ,?omas ,hobbes4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 8! passion ( laught] is no?+ else b sudd5 glory aris+ f sudd5 conception ( "s em95cy 9 ourselves1 by comp>ison ) ! inf]iority ( o!rs1 or ) our own =m]ly04 ,9 ?is !ory our laught] is view$ z aris+1 n imm$iately f a p]ception ( some?+ l[ or undignifi$1 b only m$iately f ?is p]ception1 ?r\gh a recognition ( our own sup]iority & an accompany+ emotional movem5t1 namely1 an expansion ( ! 8self-feel+10 a sudd5 quick5+ ( ! s5tim5t ( pride or p[]4 ,nev]!less1 ! #aba !ory may be said to come "u ! pr9ciple ( degradation1 9 s f> z x makes ! process ( laught] />t ) a p]ception ( "s po9t ( inf]iority1 t is to say ( a comp>ative loss ( dignity1 9 ! laughable object4 ,! ma9 po9t ( ?is !ory1 t :5ev] we enjoy ! ludicr\s we are consci\sly realis+ our sup]iority to ano!r1 w1 ,i ?9k1 h>dly be> exam9ation4 ,t 9 ?is enjoym5t !re may be1 & (t5 is1 an elem5t ( ?is agreeable s5se ( elevation ,i readily all[1 & ,i %all try to %[ pres5tly h[ x gets !re4 ,b x is altoge!r inadequate z an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! sev]al v>ieties ( our laugh+ satisfaction4 ,ev5 9 ! gr\ps ( cases to :i* x seems to be mo/ pla9ly applicable1 = example1 ^? ( mis*ances & awkw>d situations1 x is n a suffici5t explanation4 ,is !re any discov]able trace ( ! uplift+ ( pride1 ( ! temp] ( 8,s*ad5freude0--! malici\s satisfaction ( wat*+ f ! safe %ore ! toss+s ( m>9]s 9 a /orm--9 ! in/antane\s response ( our mir? to ! spectacle ( ! skat]'s wild movem5ts :5 = a mom5t he loses equilibrium1 or ( ! hat w9d-driv5 f> f its prop] seat on ! respectable citiz5's head8 ,is !re "t "h = m5tally br++ 9 ! contra/+ idea ( our own immunity8 ,has ! laugh ! *>act]i/ic ta/e ( ! outbur/ ( contempt :i* is excit$ by ! consci\sness ( victory1 ( tak+ somebody d[n8 ,9 deal+ ) ?is type ( !ory1 x seems only fair to te/ x 9 ! m mature =m giv5 x by a rec5t writ]4 ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,ba9 def9es 8! occasion ( ! ludicr\s0 z 8! degradation ( "s p]son or int]e/ possess+ dignity 9 circum/ances t excite no o!r /rong emotion04 ,! mo/ m>k$ improvem5ts "h on ,hobbes' /atem5t are 7#a7 t consci\sness ( our own sup]iority #abb ne$ n come 91 s9ce we may laugh sympa!tically ) ano!r :o scores (f 8 adv]s>y1 & s =?2 7#b7 t ! object degrad$ ne$ n be a p]son1 s9ce human affairs 9 g5]al1 e4g41 political in/itutions1 a code ( mann]s1 a /yle ( poetic composition1 may be tak5 d[n2 & 7#c7 t1 z 9 ,ari/otle's !ory1 c]ta9 limit+ conditions1 namely1 abs5ce ( c\nt]act+ emotions1 su* z pity or disgu/1 are recognis$4 ,^! ext5sions on ! "o h& & limitations on ! o!r are cle>ly meant to safegu>d ! ,hobbesian pr9ciple aga9/ ! attacks to :i* x s dang]\sly exposes itself4#ff ,ev5 9 ?is new & m gu>d$ =m1 h[ev]1 ! !ory w n be> ! /ra9 put ^u x4 ,x w acc\nt fairly well = "s ( ! =ms ( ! laughable 9 our li/1 su* z slight mis=tunes or mis*ances1 defects1 moral & intellectual1 :i* d n %ock or o!rwise hurt our feel+s1 also c]ta9 =ms ( make-believe :i* are di/9ctly hypocritical & s capable ( be+ reg>d$ at once z moral defects1 & 7be+ se5 ?r\gh7 z discomfitures4 ,x may apply also1 z has be5 h9t$ above1 to ! effect ( ! obsc5e2 ?\gh ,i1 at lea/1 feel t )\t "s =c+ ! effect _c be int]pret$ 9 ?is way4 ,!re seems to me to lurk 9 our laught] "h some?+ ( ! joy ( ! *ild1 ( ! ,naturk9d1 ,walt ,:itman1 at ! sight ( :at is cu/om>ily hidd5 away4#fg ,leav+ ?is1 h[ev]1 z a m d\btful case1 let u turn to o!r gr\ps4 ,is x possible to reg>d all laughable exhibitions ( incongruities z degradations8 ,is ! #abc *>m+ unsuitability ( ! 8gr[n-up's0 coat & hat to ! *ildi% =m view$ by ! laugh+ spectator z a degradation :5 he 8lets himself g08 ,are we laugh+ at ! clo!s z degrad$ by be+ ?us trans=m$1 or at ! *ild's navet z a degradation ( human intellig5ce8 ,i confess t su* a way ( int]pret+ ! spectacle /rikes me z grotesquely =c$4 ,! look ( ! :ole ?+ 9 ! complete unfitness ( its p>ts seems to affect "o z a delici\s absurdity be=e ! sweet simplicity bel[ ! surface is detect$4 ,our au?or does 8 be/ to %[ t m]e incongruity1 :]e no?+ is degrad$1 does n raise ! laugh4 ,i readily grant t he has made out 8 case1 s f> z to %[ t 9 mo/ ( ! pung5t & pot5tly mov+ examples ( ! incongru\s an elem5t ( degradation1 ( malici\s detraction is pres5t4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,! "q is :e!r x is always pres5t1 & :e!r 9 ! cases :]e x is pres5t x is ! sole excitant ( our mir?4 ,i believe t a f9] analysis %[s t ?is is n s4 ,:]e1 = example1 is 8! degrad$0 9 a *ild's laught] at ! sight ( 8 nurs]y all topsy-turvy on a clean+ day8 ,does he view ! nurse z put to %ame by ! sett+ ( *airs on tables & s =?1 in/ead ( obs]v+ ! prop] local congruities8 or does he ?9k ( ! room z some?+ quasi-human :i* takes on an improp] look z he himself does :5 he makes himself 9 a glori\s mess8 ,slight movem5ts ( fancy ( ?is k9d may be pres5t3 b d !y lie at ! s\rces ( 8 laught] & con/itute its ma9 mov+ =ce8 ,z ano!r way ( te/+ ! !ory1 we may glance at ^? examples ( ! odd or out ( ! way 9 :i* we f9d no?+ ( de=mity1 & d n seem to focus our m5tal glance on any loss ( dignity1 b are cont5t to be #abd amus$ at ! que] spectacle = its own sake4 ,i h se5 a *ild ( ?ree or s g into a long fit ( laught] at ! antics ( a skitti% pair ( horses j turn$ loose on a common4 ,did ! *ild see any?+ ( ! mean1 disgraceful1 undignifi$ 9 ^! new & lively movem5ts8 ,7 !y n imm5sely1 ov]p[]+ly funny1 j because !y 7 outrage\s deviations f ! cu/om>y prop] behavi\r ( horses :5 saddl$ or h>ness$ to a c>riage8 ,i feel ! impulse to laugh at a 8guy0 9 ! /reet :o captures my rov+ non*alant eye long be=e ,i reflect on any loss ( dignity :i* ! biz>re co/ume may signify4 ,9 soo?1 if1 9 ?is fir/ happy mom5t1 any di/9ct ?\ght ( ! p]sonality beh9d ! wild1 />tl+ figure floats up to ! surface ( consci\sness1 x is a fri5dly "o4 ,i am dispos$ to l & feel grateful to ! p]son :o ?us = an in/ant relieves = me ! insuff]able dulness ( ! spectacle ( ,london citiz5s all dress$ accord+ to "o /upid fa%ion4 ,or let u take ano!r gr\p3 ! reli% = ^w-play & ! light] k9ds ( wit4 ,"h1 aga91 ,i conc$e to ,ba9 t ! tak+ d[n ( some?+ a good peg-int]val int5sifies our satisfaction3 b x seems impossible to ma9ta9 t our mir? dep5ds altoge!r on ! recognition ( ?is4 ,a good pun1 a skilful turn+ ( words s z to give a new & />tl+ly disconnect$ mean+1 c h>dly be said to owe its in/ant capture ( our laugh+ muscles to our p]ception ( a degradation ( language & ! habits ( s]i\s spee*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld say t any focuss+ ( ?\ght on ?is aspect w\ld consid]ably weak5 & might altoge!r arre/ ! laugh+ impulse4 ,x is to ! s]i\s p]son :o keeps 8 m\? firmly clos$ t ?is feature ( ! case addresses itself4 ,is !re n "h1 ev5 9 ! case ( mir?ful m51 "s ( ! delight #abe ( ! playful *ild :o amuses himself by turn+ words & expressions into que] nons5se j = ! fun ( ! ?+8 #b4 ,we may n[ pass to ! second ( ! ma9 types ( !ory :i* h be5 propos$ z explanations ( ! work+ ( ! laughable on our feel+ & ! correlat$ muscul> me*anism4 ,its di/9ctive m>k is t1 in/ead ( sett+ beh9d our enjoym5t ( ! ludicr\s an emotion1 or a *ange 9 our moral attitude1 namely1 a s5se ( our own sup]iority or ( some?+ else's degradation1 x sets a purely intellectual attitude1 a modification ( ?\ght-activity4 ,! laught]1 accord+ to ?is second !ory1 results f a peculi> effect on our intellectual me*anism1 su* z ! nullification ( a process ( expectation or ( an expectant t5d5cy4 ,x is ?is p]fectly dis9t]e/$ intellectual process :i* br+s ab\t ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s & its expression 9 laught]4 ,?is may be call$ ! ,intellectual ,!ory1 or ,!ory ( ,contr>iety or ,incongruity4 ,s9ce we h already t\*$ on ?is mode ( conceiv+ ( ! effect ( ! ludicr\s 9 criticis+ ! view ( ,dr4 ,lipps1 a brief exam9ation ( x may cont5t u "h4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ?is way ( deal+ ) ! ludicr\s is *>act]i/ically ,g]man4 ,! dom9ant note 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant & 8 successors has be5 to reg>d all det]m9ations ( exp]i5ce z fundam5tally a rational process4 ,j z 9 ! doma9 ( e?ics ^! ?9k]s conceive ( :at ,briti% ,e?ici/s h be5 wont to call ! ,moral ,s5tim5t z ess5tially a process ( ,reason1 s 9 t bran* ( /hetics :i* deals ) ! ,comic we f9d !m dispos$ to reg>d ! effect ( ! ludicr\s1 less z ! excitation ( a concrete & famili> emotion1 su* z ,pride or ,p[]1 ?an z a special modification ( ! process ( ?\ght4 #abf ,kant may be tak5 z ! fir/ great repres5tative ( ?is !ory4 ,accord+ to him1 wit--! only v>iety ( ! ludicr\s :i* he t\*es on--is a k9d ( play1 namely1 t ( ?\ght4 ,9 ev]y?+ t is to excite a lively laugh !re mu/ be some?+ absurd4 ,x is 8an affection aris+ f ! sudd5 trans=mation ( a /ra9$ 7gespannte7 expectation into no?+04 ,! trans=mation is1 ( c\rse1 n directly enjoyable to ! und]/&+3 x seems to induce gratification indirectly by means ( a fur!r$ bodily process4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is a notewor?y concession by a ,g]man ?9k] to ! claims ( ! poor body to recognition 9 ^! high affairs ( ! und]/&+1 a concession :i* 8 foll[]s quickly /ruck out4 ,he gives z an example ( 8 !ory ! /ory ( a ,h9doo :o1 :5 sitt+ at an ,engli%man's table1 & see+ a bottle ( be] turn$ into fro?1 express$ a/oni%m5t4 ,be+ que/ion$ z to ! reason1 he rem>k$3 8,i am n at all a/oni%$ t x %\ld fl[ out1 b ,i d wond] h[ y ev] got x 904 ,i h enl>g$ on ,kant's !ory ma9ly because ( ! au?ority ( ! au?or4 ,g]man critics !mselves recognise h[ absurdly inadequate is ! little he says on ! subject z an explanation ( ! effect ( ! laughable4#fh ,a few words w p]haps make ?is pla94 ,x is evid5t t :at ,kant 0 ?9k+ ( "u ! head ( ! ludicr\s 0 m]ely ^? ex*anges ( witty words & amus+ /ories :i* naturally en\gh =m$ a pr9cipal pa/ime ( ! devot$ ,knigsb]g ?9k]4 ,yet1 ev5 :5 consid]$ "u ?is n>r[ aspect1 8 !ory %[s itself to be palpably insuffici5t4 ,x is notewor?y #abg t1 9 seek+ to make x fit ! rem>k ( ! ,h9doo quot$ above1 ,kant feels himself call$ ^u to contradict ! sugge/ion t we laugh 8because we deem ourselves clev]] ?an ?is ignorant man04 ,?is objection1 :i* c\ld n fail to occur to "o :o rememb]s ,hobbes1 _c1 h[ev]1 be summ>ily dismiss$ by a b>e assurance su* z ,kant gives u2 &1 z a rec5t writ] rem>ks1 8!re is good reason to suppose t we laugh at ! ignorance 7bett]1 #8at ! navet'7 ( ! man :o seeks ! difficulty 9 a wrong place04#fi ,"o may g f>!r & v5ture ! ass]tion t x is impossible to expla9 any laughable incid5t1 /ory or rem>k z due altoge!r to dissolv$ expectation or surprise4 ,9 exam9+ ! adequacy ( ,kant's !ory to ?is purpose1 ,i set out ) ! natural presupposition t1 :5 us+ ! ^w expectation1 he does n mean a def9ite anticipation ( "s p>ticul> concrete sequel to :at is pres5t$ to ! m9d at ! mom5t4 ,9 ! illu/ration giv51 he w\ld n h meant t ! que/ion] _h a well-def9$ expectant idea ( ano!r explanation ( ! ,h9doo's a/oni%m5t4 ,x is only fair to assume t he meant m]ely :at ! ^w 8expect0 means :51 on meet+ a fri5d 9 a ,london /reet :om ,i _h suppos$ to be out ( ,engl&1 ,i say 8,i did n expect to see y04 ,9 o!r words1 8expectation0 /&s "h = a g5]al attitude ( m9d1 a mode ( app]ceptive read9ess to assimilate any idea ( a c]ta9 ord]1 t is to say1 /&+ 9 a recognisable relation to :at is pres5t$4 ,x is ! attitude 9 :i* we appreciate ! evolution ( a plot 9 fiction :5 ?is appe>s natural & does n give a %ock to consci\sness4 #abh ,employ+ ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 "o may say t1 ev5 :5 we laugh on receiv+ ! solution to a conundrum :i* has teas$ & baffl$ u1 x is n because ( ! dissipation ( an expectant attitude4 ,?is conclusion is sugge/$ by ! famili> fact t1 :5 at ! end ( our self-puzzl+ we are told t !re is no solution1 & :5 consequ5tly we are unmi/akably ! subjects ( an annull$ expectation1 we are v likely n to laugh2 or1 if we are good-natur$ en\gh to d s1 x is z a result1 n ( any disappo9tm5t1 b ( a discov]y t we h be5 hoax$4 ,?is laugh at "o's befool$ self--:i* we %all n be dispos$ to repeat if ! trick is tri$ a second "t--s f> f illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( annull$ expectation is a p>ticul>ly cle> example ( t ( l[]$ dignity4 ,! be/ k9d ( example ( ! laughable = ,kant's purpose w\ld seem to be some?+ odd & fanta/ic 9 dress or mann]s4 ,"h1 z ,i h all[$1 a k9d ( %ock is inflict$ on our fix$ app]ceptive t5d5cies4 ,b to speak ( a process ( dissipat$ expectation "h seems to be h>dly accurate4 ,z ,i h h9t$1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! unexpect$ moves u to laught] prim>ily z a delightful novelty4 ,x seems to foll[ t ,kant's pr9ciple ( nullifi$ expectation (f]s no adequate explanation ( ^? =ms ( ! ludicr\s :i* are mo/ promis+ = 8 purpose4 ,i may add t x fails because x makes no s]i\s attempt to m>k (f ! doma9 ( ! laughable by c]ta9 well-def9$ *>act]i/ics4 ,we h se5 t ! objects :i* excite our laught] are ?+s human1 or ak9 to ! human4 ,! !ory ( degradation evid5tly recognises ?is3 by mak+ ! ludicr\s consi/ 9 a loss ( dignity x po9ts at once to ! human sph]e4 ,b ! !ory #abi t ! effect ( ! ludicr\s comes f an annihilation ( a /ra9$ expectation sugge/s t x has no?+ specially to d ) ! spectacle ( human life4 ,z ,i h n includ$ ! capability ( dissipat+ expectation among ! laughable features ( objects1 ,i may indicate :at ,i hold to be ! function ( surprise 9 ! effect ( ! ludicr\s4 ,surprise1 ! effect ( a pres5tation = :i* ! m9d is n p]fectly pre-adju/$ at ! mom5t1 seems to be a common condition ( vivid & excit+ impressions1 c]ta9ly ( ^? :i* induce a /ate ( gladness4 ,h5ce we ne$ n wond] t x %\ld be f\nd among ! antec$5ts ( t outbur/ ( gladness :i* we call laught]4 ,nev]!less1 x seems probable t ! "p play$ by surprise 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! laughable has be5 exagg]at$4 ,does ! ,london] :o laughs aga9 & aga9 at ! r\gh jocosities ( ! ,pun* & ,judy %[1 dep5d on annihilat$ expectation = 8 mir?8 ,dogb]ry's love ( a mildewy old /ory is by no means peculi> to him4 ,a really good joke cont9ues to amuse long aft] ! fir/ effect ( surprise has worn (f4 ,a l conclusion is rea*$ by rememb]+ t ev5 :5 a def9ite attitude ( expectation = ! com+ ( ! ludicr\s turn is assum$1 laught]'s greet+ is none ! less he>ty4 ,:5 racy /ories are circulat+ & ! lips move 9 anticipation ( "s new joke x seems an odd way ( describ+ ! effect to say t x is due to a dissipation ( expectation4 ,!re surely seems to be m ( realisation ?an annihilation "h1 ev5 ?\gh ! precise =m ( ! imp5d+ attack on our laught] is unkn[n4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 moreov]1 z :5 we are wat*+ ) amusem5t ! actions ( "o on :om a practical joke is be+ play$--actions :i* we1 be+ 9 ! secret ( ! plot1 are able to #acj =eca/ ) a consid]able degree ( precision1 ! elem5t ( surprise dw9dles to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,! ess5tial condition ( our laught] w\ld ?us appe> to be1 n ! meet+ ( ! amus+ pres5tation ) a /ate ( complete unprep>$ness ( m9d at ! mom5t1 b su* a degree ( contr>iety betwe5 ! pres5tation & our fix$ & irrepressible app]ceptive t5d5cies z w1 ev5 9 spite ( a pre-adju/m5t1 secure some?+ ( a mild1 mom5t>y %ock4#gj ,a m c>efully develop$ example ( ! mode ( conceiv+ ( ! laughable :i* f9ds its ess5ce 9 ! annihilation ( a rational attitude is suppli$ by ,s*op5hau]4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 ! process :i* det]m9es our laught] is describable z an intellectual ef=t & its fru/ration4 8,9 e in/ance 7he tells u7 ! ph5om5on ( laught] indicates ! sudd5 p]ception ( an incongruity betwe5 a conception 7,begriff7 & a real object1 :i* is to be und]/ood or #8?\ght' ?r\gh 7i4e41 by means (7 ?is conception40 ,! incongruity betwe5 ! p]ception & ! conception "u :i* ! und]/&+ necess>ily /rives to br+ x mu/ be ( su* a degree t ! p]ception /rik+ly diff]s f ! conception4 ,! great] & ! m unexpect$ ! incongruity1 ! m viol5t 7heftig]7 w be our laught]4 ,! au?or's example ( ! absurdity ( ! pres5tation ( ! curve & /raight l9e try+ to =ce itself "u ! incongru5t conception ( an angle is int5d$ to illu/rate ?is !ory4#ga ,"h is ano!r :i* has a #aca m promis+ look4 ,a man :o has be5 arre/$ by soldi]s is all[$ to jo9 !m 9 a game ( c>ds4 ,he is f\nd *eat+ & is kick$ out1 8 playmates q =gett+ t he is _! prison]4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 we laugh because ! incid5t1 ! ejection ( a prison] j arre/$1 w n fit into ! g5]al rule1 8*eats at ! c>d-table %\ld be ?ru/ out04 ,?is =m ( ! ,intellectual !ory cle>ly avoids ! objection to ,kant's v]sion1 t we frequ5tly laugh at ?+s :5 !re is no discov]able trace ( a prec$+ expectation involv+ some?+ 9 ! nature ( an idea2 = we take x z mean+ t ! conception arises aft]1 & z a result (1 ! p]ception4 ,x is fur!r indisputable1 z ,kant has %[n u1 t 9 our explicit judgm5ts1 z :5 we say1 8,?is pa9t+ is 7or is n7 a "w ( ,rub5s10 a g5]al =m ( repres5tation or some?+ 9 ! nature ( a concept may take "p1 ! p]cept be+ 7or refus+ to be7 subsum$ "u ?is4 ,at ! same "t1 z 0 urg$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! di/9ct call+ up ( ?is g5]al repres5tation is occasional only1 &1 !re=e1 n a pre-requisite ( a p]ception ( con=mity or non-con=mity to ! normal type4 ,:5 ,i envisage a p]son z correctly or z oddly dress$1 ,i d n 9 ei!r case ne$ to h a s*ematic repres5tation ( ! prop] typical /yle ( dress4 ,! same holds good ( _m cases 9 :i* a def9ite rule1 say ( language or good mann]s1 is felt to be compli$ ) or to be brok53 we d n ne$ to call up a di/9ct repres5tation ( ! rule4 ,at mo/ we c speak "h ( a conceptual t5d5cy1 ( an app]ceptive acceptance or rejection ( a pres5tation1 c]ta9 features ( :i* are specially att5d$ to z *>act]i/ic ( ! type or g5]al =m2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 z m>ks ( deviation f ?is4 #acb ,ev5 if we adopt ?is am5d$ =m ( ,s*op5hau]'s !ory1 we f9d t x is n suffici5t = expla9+ 8 examples4 ,( ! funny tang5tial angle no m ne$ be said4 ,nor w 8 illu/ration ( ! self-befool$ w>d]s be> close inspection4 ,to beg9 )1 "o may note a c]ta9 arbitr>9ess 9 ! use ( a mode ( int]pretation :i* pla9ly all[s ( an alt]native4 ,we c say equally well1 ei!r 7) ,s*op5hau]7 t ! extrusion ( a *eat :o is also a prison] w n fit into ! g5]al rule 8*eats h to be eject$10 or t ! extrusion ( a prison] :o is also a *eat w n fit into ! rule t prison]s h to be conf9$4#gb ,x seems to be m fitt+ "h also to reg>d ! incongruity--s f> z ! p]ception ( ?is is ! direct cause ( our laught]--z hold+ betwe5 two aspects ( ! incid5t pres5t$4 ,! man is envisag$ at once z a *eat & z a prison]1 & z su* comes "u two rgimes :i* directly conflict4 ,! p]ception ( ! fun ( ! /ory surely beg9s ) a disc]nm5t ( ?is mutual int]f]5ce ( two sy/ems ( rule4 ,yet ?is is c]ta9ly n all or ! *ief "p ( ! p]ception4 ,! un/9t+ laugh comes only :5 we view ! keep]s z navely 8giv+ !mselves away0 to _! prison] by cons5t+ to become playmates1 & s putt+ !mselves "u a rule :i* :olly de/roys _! rle z cu/odians4 ,"h1 too1 !n1 ! pr9ciple ( incongruity %[s itself to be insuffici5t4 ,x only rema9s to add t if ,s*op5hau]'s !ory turns out to be inadequate ev5 :5 appli$ to an example *os5 by himself1 x is pretty c]ta9 to fail :5 appli$ to o!r gr\ps ( in/ances ( ! laughable 9 our li/1 9 :i* incongruity does n seem to be a pot5t #acc +r$i5t1 if inde$ x is pres5t at all4 ,to sugge/1 = example1 t our laught] at small & h>mless vices1 su* z ,ari/otle speaks (1 is ! outcome ( a sudd5ly conceiv$ incongruity betwe5 a 8real object0 or pres5tation & a conception s\nds suffici5tly =c$4 ,w\ld ! au?or ( ! !ory h be5 prep>$ to say t 9 ^! in/ances we h pres5t to our m9d ! concept ( a p]fectly virtu\s man1 & t our laught] comes ( our fail+ to br+ ! p]ception "u ?is conception8 ,surely ! intrusion ( any su* exalt$ 8concept0 w\ld be fatal to our enjoym5t ( ! laughable aspect ( vice4 ,facts1 moreov]1 contradict ?is view on e h&4 ,x may suffice to allude to "o ( ! _w's great purveyors ( laught]1 ,sir ,john ,fal/aff4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 we ought to laugh mo/ at 8 vices :5 he fir/ reveals !m1 s9ce ?is is ! mom5t :5 we %\ld be mo/ likely to br+ to be> on him ! 8concept0 ( a prop] dec5t g5tleman4 ,b is x n ! fact t we laugh m freely :5 we h q ceas$ to ?9k ( him z a possible embodim5t ( sobriety & dec5cy1 & :5 we app]ceive 8 behavi\r by help ( ! conceptual t5d5cy answ]+1 n to ! type ( virtu\s citiz51 b to ! g5]al mann] ( behavi\r or ! "* ( ,john ,fal/aff himself8 ,! same is true 9 ev]yday life4 ,we are1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ ready to laugh at a man's foibles1 say1 8 vanity or 8 exagg]ations ( spee*1 :5 we "k ! man & c say1 8,oh1 x is only ,s-&-,s60 ,nei!r ! !ory ( ,kant nor ( ,s*op5hau] seems1 !n1 to be compet5t to d :at x und]takes to d1 to expla9 ! v>i\s =ms & impressions ( ! laughable4 ,^! two !ories1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce1 agree 9 reg>d+ ! incongruity :i* excites our laught] z ly+ betwe5 :at we p]ceive & :at our previ\s #acd exp]i5ce & our pre-exi/+ ideas & app]ceptive habits h prep>$ u to accept z natural & prop]4 ,b our exam9ation ( ! in/ance ( ! ill-mat*$ hat & head suppli$ by ,dr4 ,lipps1 z also our full] discussion ( ! relation ( incongruity 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 has l$ u to recognise an amus+ contr>iety betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( a pres5tation1 ( :at may be call$ int]nal incongruity 9 contradi/9ction to ! ext]nal dealt ) by ,kant & ,s*op5hau]4 ,h5ce we h to inquire h[ ^! two modes ( appreh5d+ incongruity are relat$4 ,t1 prima facie1 we h to d 9 ?is case ) a real diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( p]ception1 seems indisputable2 let ! read] comp>e ! effect ( ! two spectacles1 a man we>+ an extravagantly tall hat1 & a small boy we>+ a hat ( ! height ( a man's2 or1 aga91 a t9y man alone1 & a %ort man by ! side ( a tall woman4 ,9 "s in/ances1 inde$1 we may see t !re is an intr9sic repugnance betwe5 ! p>ts ( a pres5tation1 z :5 two col\rs 9 a woman's dress viol5tly cla%1 or :5 a /atem5t is palpably self-contradictory4 ,"h !re seems to be no ref]5ce1 h[ev] vague1 to previ\s exp]i5ce or ! cu/om>y4 ,at ! same "t we may easily see t ?is field ( ! int]nally incongru5t is a v n>r[ "o4 ,mu* ( :at looks l ?is turns out1 on clos] inspection1 to be1 9 "p at lea/1 ext]nally det]m9$4 ,?is is true ( :at we call a biz>re mixture ( incongru5t elem5ts 9 mode ( attire or 9 mann]s2 = x is exp]i5ce & ! habits ( social life :i* dispose our m9ds to reg>d !m z =eign "o to ! o!r4 ,mu* ( our mir?ful gratification at exhibitions ( ! incongru\s arises ?r\gh a p]ception ( ! intrusion ( some?+ =eign into a situation4 ,:51 = example1 we obs]ve a #ace r sprightly ge/ure 9 ! pulpit1 we m5tally view ?is action aga9/ a backgr\nd :i* is ! situation ( ! mom5t4 ,n[ ?is situation is by no means :olly pres5t$3 x is a pres5tation greatly enl>g$ & pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! addition ( a g5]al significance4 ,! attitude ( ! spectator's m9d1 face to face ) ! sc5e1 is det]m9$ by app]ceptive t5d5cies :i* imply a read9ess to expect a c]ta9 k9d ( behavi\r4 ,& ?is1 aga91 evid5tly means t c]ta9 directions ( imag9ative activity1 & some?+ 9 ! nature ( a 8g5]ic image0 & ( conceptual ?\ght1 are /irr+4 ,?is effect ( exp]i5ce & app]ceptive habits 9 modify+ our p]ceptions is probably illu/rat$ 9 all our appreciations ( ! amus+ly incongru\s4 ,to rev]t once m to ! spectacle ( ! man's hat on ! *ild's head1 may we n say t 9 ?is case1 also1 we envisage ! hat z an int]lop] 9 ! situation--! sweet sanctum ( ! nurs]y8 ,x seems to foll[ t ,kant & ,s*op5hau] 7 wise1 :5 deal+ ) incongruity1 9 emphasis+ ! app]ceptive factor4 ,contr>iety to :at we are accu/om$ to is und\bt$ly ! great det]m9+ elem5t 9 ! ill-assortm5ts ( ?+s :i* provoke our laught]4 ,h5ce1 9 exam9+ ! !ories ( ^! two writ]s1 we seem to h dealt ) ! intellectual pr9ciple 9 its mo/ compreh5sive & mo/ fav\rable =m4 ,nor d ,i see h[ any trans=mation ( ?is pr9ciple w make x an adequate !ory4 ,! ent]ta9+ in/ances ( mis*ances & awkw>d situations1 ( tak+s d[n1 ( moral & intellectual fail+s1 ^! & o!r v>ieties ( ! laughable dealt ) above /eadily refuse to yield up _! secret at ! bidd+ ( ?is !ory4 ,let u n[ sum up ! results ( our criticism ( ! !ories4 ,we seem to h f\nd t1 :]eas nei!r ( #acf ! two *ief types ( !ory cov]s ! :ole field ( ! laughable1 ea* has its prop]1 limit$ doma94 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 _m cases we laugh at an incid5t1 a situation1 an action1 :]e ! provocative is be/ describ$ z a loss ( dignity4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t 9 _m o!r cases our laught] spr+s directly out ( a p]ception1 m or less di/9ct1 ( incongruity4 ,t ^! pr9ciples h ea* a l>ge sway ov] our laught] has be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]3 also t !y frequ5tly co-op]ate 9 "o & ! same amus+ pres5tation4 ,h5ce we might expect t ! advocate ( ea* !ory w\ld be able to f9d 8 illu/rations1 & w\ld sometimes manage to p\nce ^u "o j aft] x _h be5 c>ri$ (f by 8 rival4#gc ,b1 x may be urg$1 ev5 if bo? pr9ciples are %[n to be valid !y may be unifi$4 ,if by ?is is meant t ! incongru\s & ! undignifi$ or unwor?y1 consid]$ z ab/ract ideas1 are id5tical1 or t logically ea* involves ! o!r1 ,i am n conc]n$ to discuss ! po9t4 ,x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to urge t ! modes ( p]ception & ! %ades ( feel+ involv$ are cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,! same fundam5tal di/9ction w\ld nullify ! attempt to subsume "o ( ^! pr9ciples z a special case "u ! o!r4 ,if we set out ) ! ,intellectual pr9ciple1 we may1 )\t d\bt1 succe$ 9 %[+ t _m1 if n all1 amus+ losses ( dignity--su* z a slight disgrace1 or a bungl+ into a 8fix0--logically involve a contr>iety betwe5 :at is pres5t$ & ! normal cu/om or rule4 ,b our "q is "o n ( ! logical analysis ( mean+ b ( ! psy*ological analysis ( process1 & ,i c f9d no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! !ory #acg t :5 we laugh at ^! ?+s we h at ! mom5t any appreh5sion ( su* a contr>iety4 ,x is ! same if we />t ) ! o!r or ,moral pr9ciple4 ,incongruities :i* are lapses f /&>d ideas may c]ta9ly1 z already conc$$1 be reg>d$ z degradations4 ,& x may be possible to %[ t 9 all cases ( incongruity "s loss ( dignity is logically impli$4 ,yet ev5 if x be s1 ! psy*ological cont5tion w /ill /& t 9 _m cases ( incongruity1 includ+ our old fri5d ! *ild 9 ! fa!r's hat1 we h a full s5se ( reli%+ ! incongruity & yet none at all ( enjoy+ a degradation4 ,:]e is ! degradation 9 ! spectacle ( a cr[ on a %eep's back :i* may flood a *ild ) mir?8 ,9 tru?1 if our !ori/s _h only condesc5d$ to take note ( s small a matt] z *ildr5's enjoym5t ( ! _w's fun1 ! hypo!sis ( degradation c\ld nev] h /ood its gr\nd s long4 ,yet ano!r way ( evad+ a gl>+ dualism may sugge/ itself4 ,all[+ t ! two pr9ciples are ea* valid1 we might1 at lea/1 be able to comb9e !m 9 ! =m ( a s+le g5]alisation4 ,?is is :at is done by ,hazlitt1 = example1 :o1 ?\gh he f9ds ! ess5ce ( ! laughable 9 ! incongru\s1 def9es ! ludicr\s z involv+ disappo9tm5t ( expectation by some?+ hav+ de=mity or 7some?+7 inconv5i5t1 t is :at is contr>y to ! cu/om>y & desirable4#gd ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s expression1 a 8desc5d+ incongruity10 is cle>ly a v simil> mode ( comb9+ ! pr9ciples4#ge ,lipps' !ory ( incongruity1 ) its di/9ction ( a little1 & a belittl+ pres5tation1 might also1 ,i ?9k1 easily be made to illu/rate ano!r mode ( su* comb9ation4 ,m rec5tly ,f\ille #ach & o!rs h urg$ t ! "o pr9ciple 9 a mann] supplem5ts ! o!r4#gf ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is app>5t mode ( escape w n avail u4 ,! comb9$ !ory implies t all cases ( ! laughable are at once incongruities & degradations1 t is to say1 p]ceiv$ & felt to be su*4 ,9 deal+ ) ! pr9ciples sep>ately1 h[ev]1 we h se5 t1 9 ! case ( ea* alike1 !re are well-recognis$ examples ( ! laughable to :i* x does n apply4 ,?is conclusion manife/ly c>ries ) x ! proposition t !re are cases to :i* a comb9ation ( ! pr9ciples does n apply4 ,a la/ attempt to escape ?is !oretic dualism w\ld be to urge t ! two pr9ciples rule 9 di/9ct realms4 ,9 t ( ! ludicr\s prop]1 x might be urg$1 we h to d ) ! intellectual pr9ciple3 x is only :5 ! sph]e is enl>g$ to include all t is laughable1 & s ! region ( ! ridicul\s1 t ! pr9ciple ( l[]$ dignity comes 94#gg ,!ori/s may insi/ on su* di/9ctions1 b x seems to me t !y _c be ma9ta9$ z h>d & fa/ b\nd>ies4 ,z has be5 %[n above1 laughable ?+s d n all affect u 9 q ! same way4 ,a spice ( malice comes into mu* ( ! laught] t greets ! spectacle1 say ( a bit ( successful trick]y2 yet ?is does n make ! exp]i5ce sub/antially diff]5t f t ( enjoy+ "s /rik+ example ( incongruity1 say a good ,iri% 8bull04 ,:5 ! note ( d]ision beg9s to s\nd cle>ly1 !re is ( c\rse no long] any sugge/ion ( an effect ( ! laughable pure & simple4 ,! attempt to analyse our p]ceptions ( ! laughable #aci 9 ! hope ( discov]+ "s s+le unit+ pr9ciple has prov$ to be abortive4 ,we f9d 9 ! end t two causes ( laught] rema9 on our h&s4#gh ,! mo/ promis+ way ( br++ ! sev]al laughable qualities & aspects ( ?+s "u "o descriptive head w\ld seem to be to say t !y all illu/rate a pres5tation ( some?+ 9 ! nature ( a defect1 a failure to satisfy "s /&>d-requirem5t1 z t ( law or cu/om1 provid$ t x is small en\gh to be view$ z a h>mless play?+4 ,mu*1 at lea/1 ( our laught] at ! odd z oppos$ to ! cu/om>y1 at ! de=m$1 at failure 9 good mann]s & ! o!r obs]vances ( social life1 at defects ( intellig5ce & ( "*1 at fixes & mis=tunes--s f> z ! situation implies want ( =esight--at ! lack ( a p]ception ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 & at o!r laughable features1 may und\bt$ly be reg>d$ z direct$ to some?+ :i* fails to comply ) a social requirem5t1 yet is s trifl+ t we d n feel call$ ^u to judge ! %ortcom+ sev]ely4 ,i am sure t to look at ! laughable 9 ?is way is an indisp5sable /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( a !ory ( ! subject4 ,we mu/1 z we %all see pres5tly1 supplem5t ! common mode ( deal+ ) laught] z an ab/ract psy*ological problem1 by br++ into view its social function4 ,yet ?is does n necess>ily mean t ! consid]ation ( ?is function w lead u /raightway to a simple !ory ( ! ludicr\s4 ,z h9t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we may easily exagg]ate ! m s]i\s function ( laught]1 & ?is po9t w be made cle>] 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,t ! effects ( ! laughable _c all be br\ght "u ! head ( means ( social correction or improvem5t1 #adj may1 ev5 at ?is /age ( our inquiry1 be se5 by consid]+ ano!r po9t1 to :i* we w n[ turn4 ,no analysis ( ! qualities ( ?+s 9 :i* ! laughable resides w enable u to acc\nt = ! mir?ful effects ( ^!1 ev5 :ile we rema9 )9 ! limits ( :at is commonly recognis$ z ! ludicr\s4 ,?is has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & a ^w or two m may suffice to make x cle>4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t "s at lea/ ( ! spectacles t %ake u ) laught] d s by satisfy+ some?+ )9 u ak9 to ! *ild's delight 9 ! glori\sly new & extravagant4 ,?is1 aga91 means t ^! spectacles make appeal to t primitive =m ( laught]1 already illu/rat$1 :i* is call$ =? by "s sudd5 increase ( joy4 ,our rejoic+ at ! sight ( ! cl[n's droll co/ume & funny movem5ts has 9 x some?+ ( ! laugh+ joy ( ! savage :5 he is %[n "s me*anical wond] ( ,europe1 some?+ ( ! laugh+ joy ( ! infant at ! sudd5 invasion ( 8 nurs]y wall by a danc+ sunbeam4#gi ,a little m reflection on ! gr\ps ( laughable ?+s w %[ t o!r +r$i5ts ( ?is primitive laught] are pres5t 9 our appreciation ( ! ludicr\s4 ,dr4 ,ba9 f9ds himself compell$ to eke out ! defici5cies ( ! ,hobbesian pr9ciple by urg+ t ! spectacle ( degradation may move u to laught]1 n m]ely by excit+ ! feel+ ( p[] or sup]iority 7z ,hobbes said71 b by supply+ a sudd5 release f a /ate ( con/ra9t4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! s]i\s attitude 9 *ur* :5 "s trivial incid5t occurs is an in/ance ( a l[]+ ( ! dignity ( a ?+1 or an occasion1 :i* refre%es #ada u ) a s5se ( lib]ation4#hj ,?is idea c>ries u mu* f>!r ?an ! au?or ?9ks4 ,! joy\s deliv]ance f pressure & con/ra9t w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd to re9=ce o!r m5tal ag5cies 9 _m cases ( ludicr\s pres5tation 9 :i* no degradation is discov]able4 ,sometimes ! con/ra9t is v sev]e2 witness ! effect :5 ! n>rator ( a funny /ory kn[s h[ to w9d up ! emotion ( fe> to j ! "r pit* 9 ord] to give u ! delici\s run d[n ( ! m5tal works :5 ! funny dn\em5t bur/s ^u u4 ,"h our laught] has a l>ge support 9 ! joy\s relief f n]v\s t5sion4 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 ! release comes z an int]ruption ( a solemn occasion by ! intrusion ( some?+ disconnect$1 &1 by contra/1 trifl+4 ,! titt]+ 9 a *ur* at a small contretemps has be5 our illu/ration4 ,!re is incongruity "h betwe5 two ord]s ( ideas1 if y l2 or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to put x1 betwe5 two levels ( int]e/4 ,= ! po9t is t ! int]ruption mu/ seem ludicr\s by exhibit+ cle>ly a trifl+ "*1 by p[]fully sugge/+ a non-rev]5t po9t ( view4 ,z h9t$ above1 ^! two s\rces ( laught]1 a sudd5 oncom+ ( gladness & a relief f re/ra9t1 are closely connect$4 ,! unexpect$ pres5tation :i* gladd5s u seems commonly to br+ a k9d ( relief4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( all cases 9 :i* ! prec$+ /ate 0 "o ( consci\s depression & ennui4 ,! laught] ( ! "y1 9 response to our (t5 cumbr\s attempts to amuse !m1 may be an escape f a c]ta9 /ra9 :i* belongs to a /ate ( ennui1 f ! conf9em5t or re/ra9t :i* ! pov]ty ( _! surr\nd+s at ! mom5t imposes on !m4#ha #adb ,!re is ano!r conceivable way ( br++ toge!r ! effect ( sudd5 gladness & relief f re/ra9t4 ,x has be5 urg$ t all laughable ?+s affect u by way ( a %ock ( surprise foll[$ by a s5se ( relief4 ,leigh ,hunt1 = example1 ?9ks t :5 we laugh at some?+ we receive a %ock ( surprise :i* gives a *eck to ! brea?1 a *eck :i* is 9 proportion to ! vivacity ( ! surprise2 & t our laught] is a relief f ?is4#hb ,?is !ory embodies a s\nd physiological pr9ciple1 "o :i* we h already adopt$1 b x seems to g too f>4 ,z ,i h tri$ to %[1 a %ock ( surprise1 z we ord9>ily und]/& ! expression1 is n an inv>iable antec$5t ( our response to laughable ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be urg$ ) "s reason t ev5 9 cases :]e ?is full %ock ( ! unexpect$ is want+1 !re is a mom5t ( /ra9 z ! pres5tation affronts ! cu/om-tra9$ eye1 & t ! laught] is ! expression ( ! condon+ ( ?is affront1 ! acceptance ( x z h>mless play4 ,9 ord] to complete our psy*ological analysis ( ! t5d5cies :i* comb9e 9 our enjoym5t ( ludicr\s ?+s1 we ne$ to glance at "o o!r v>iety ( primitive laught]1 t ( contempt4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 we drew ! l9e betwe5 x & ! true enjoym5t ( ! laughable z some?+ 8objective04 ,yet x w\ld be a pr(\nd error n to recognise ! fact1 t !re is a real k9%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,to beg9 )1 ! laugh ( contempt1 say ov] a pro/rate foe1 or ov] "o :om we h succe$$ 9 teas+ by play+ (f on him "s practical joke1 readily passes into an enjoym5t ( ! laughable prop]4 ,x is obvi\sly 9 "p a laugh at some?+4 ,n only s1 z a laugh x may be presum$ to involve a less #adc s]i\s attitude 9 ! successful spectator ?an a sne]1 say1 or ! hurl+ ( opprobri\s words4 ,x w naturally direct itself to some?+ 9 ! undignifi$ look ( ! discomfit$ p>ty :i* w\ld be likely to be recognis$ by o!rs also z laught]-mov+4 ,aga91 ?\gh ,i hold t ,hobbes' !ory1 z he himself =mulates x1 errs by insi/+ on ! swell+ ( ! spectator's self-consci\sness into a feel+ ( sup]iority or p[]1 x seems to me to be indisputable t all examples ( ! laughable :i* cle>ly fall into ! category ( mild degradations d give u a s5se ( uplift+1 some?+ ak9 to ,hobbes' 8sudd5 glory04 ,z we are rem9d$ by ,dr4 ,ba91 malevol5ce or malice has its protean disguises1 & "o ( !m is und\bt$ly ! joy ( ! laugh]4 ,! note ( malici\s cr[+1 ( ,s*ad5freude1 may1 no d\bt1 be mo/ di/9ctly he>d 9 "s ( ! laught] ( satire & ( ! m brutal sort ( joke4 ,yet ,i suspect t a trace ( x lurks1 l a beat5 foe1 inexpugnable ?\gh greatly r$uc$ 9 /r5g?1 9 a l>ge "p ( our laught]4 ,!re are "o or two facts :i* seem to me to po9t to ! conclusion t sup]iority is impli$ 91 if n tacitly claim$ by1 ! =ms ( laught] :i* h a di/9ctly p]sonal aim4 ,"o ( ^! is ! famili> fact t any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a feel+ ( inf]iority to1 or ev5 ( respect =1 ! laughable p]son inhibits ! laught] ( ! contemplator4 ,b o!r facts seem to me to be /ill m conclusive4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is t if a p]son f9ds himself di/9ctly involv$ 9 ! disgrace1 ! absurd situation1 or :atev] else provokes laught]1 he no long] laughs1 or laughs 9 ano!r key4 ,i see my e/imable fell[-p$e/rian lose 8 hat at a /reet corn] :]e ! w9d lies 9 ambu%3 my s\l exp&s exult+ly4 ,! mom5t aft]1 ,i1 too1 may fall a victim to ! ambuscade1 9 #add :i* case ,i probably /op laugh+ & become ! subject ( a diff]5t emotion4 ,or1 if ,i am 8laugh+ animal0 en\gh to keep up ! hil>ity1 ! laugh w h *ang$4 ,all ! glory1 ! s5se ( uplift+1 ! exultation w h fl$1 & ! new laugh1 :i* embraces myself along ) ano!r un=tunate1 w h 9 x some?+ ( humiliation1 w at mo/ h %runk into a 8*a/5$ joy04 ,! second fact is /ill m decisive4 ,if no sup]iority is impli$ 9 our common laught] at o!rs1 h[ does x come ab\t t we all h s v ob/9ate a dislike to be made its object8 ,! mo/ amiable ( m5 f9d x h>d en\gh to rise to ! level ( a b>e tol]ation ( o!rs' laught]3 ! man :o c rea* ! sublime height ( f9d+ a real & consid]able gratification 9 x mu/ be a h]o1 or--z "s w\ld say--a crav54 ,!re are m5 ( a g5u9e & mo/ blameless hum\r :o are h>dly1 if at all1 less ke5ly s5sitive to ! attack ( ano!r laugh] ?an ! mo/ s]i\s ( prigs4 ,is ?is und]/&able unless we suppose t laught] at a p]son is in/9ctively int]pret$ z an ass]tion ( sup]iority ov] him8 ,x w\ld seem !n to be a reasonable view1 t if laught] 9 ord9>y cases involves sup]iority1 & is s reg>d$ by its object1 ! enjoym5t ( x by its subject w be v apt to br+ ) x a ta/e ( sup]iority4 ,?is1 ,i conceive1 is ! elem5t ( tru? 9 ,hobbes' !ory4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations seem to %[ cle>ly t ! realm ( ! ludicr\s is n a clos$ & cle>ly b\nd$ t]ritory1 z ! !ori/s = ! mo/ "p assume x to be4 ,our enjoym5t ( its amus+ sights connects itself )1 & inde$ absorbs into itself1 t5d5cies :i* we may obs]ve 9 ! laught] ( *ildr5 & uncivilis$ adults4 ,&1 if s1 ! fact seems to require u to g back ^u ^? primitive t5d5cies 9 ord] to see h[ f> ! connection #ade holds1 t is to say1 h[ f> ! effects ( ! ludicr\s c be reg>d$ z due to ! play ( ^? t5d5cies4 ,an analysis ( ! primitive =ms ( laught]1 :i* prec$e its regulation by a ref]5ce to ideas1 has disclos$ ! fact t x is ! expression ( pleasure1 yet n ( all pleasure1 b only ( ! sudd5 oncom+ or increase ( pleasure1 ( :at we call gladness4 ,x has %[n u1 fur!r1 t ?is joy ( laught] is1 9 _m1 if n 9 all cases1 condition$ by a sudd5 relaxation ( m5tal /ra91 & may1 inde$1 be describ$ by ref]5ce to ?is condition z a s5se ( relief f pressure4 ,?is 0 se5 to hold good alike 9 ^? grav] situations 9 :i* n]v\s laught] is apt to occur1 9 ! light] ones1 su* z ! escape ( s*oolboys f ! classroom to ! playgr\nd1 & 9 ! /ill light] ones 9 :i* ! /ra9 relax$ is mom5t>y only1 ( :i* ! laught] induc$ by tickl+ is ! be/ repres5tative4 ,n[ x seems evid5t t we h 9 all ^! exp]i5ces some?+ analog\s to play4 ,! natural alliance ( laught] ) ! play-mood has already be5 t\*$ on4#hc ,we may n[ g a /ep f>!r & say t ^! spurts ( joy\s consci\sness :i*1 9 simple natures untrammell$ by ?\ght ( appe>ances1 express !mselves 9 laught] are ( ! ess5ce ( ,play4 ,to be glad ) ! gaiety ( laught]1 to ?r[ (f ! /iff & we>+ attitude ( s]i\sness & to ab&on oneself to mir? & jollity is1 9 tru?1 to beg9 to play4 ,! deep k9%ip betwe5 laught] & play discloses itself z soon z we beg9 c>efully to comp>e !m4 ,let u look at "s ( _! common *>act]i/ics4 ,play contra/s ) "w1 n z re/ or inactivity contra/s ) x1 b z light pleasurable activity contra/s #adf ) ! m /r5u\s & p>tly disagreeable k9d4 ,! same holds good ( laught]4 ,x is light pleasurable activity 9 contra/ to ! m burd5some activity ( our s]i\s h\rs4 ,aga91 play is free activity ent]$ ^u = its own sake4 ,t is to say1 x is n direct$ to any end outside itself1 to ! satisfaction ( any want1 save t ( ! play-impulse itself2 & s x is free f ext]nal re/ra9t1 & f ! s5se ( compulsion--( a 8mu/0 at ! e>1 :e!r embodi$ 9 ! voice ( a ma/] or 9 t ( a high] self--:i* accompanies ! attitude ( ! work]4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we laugh we are releas$ f ! /ra9 & pressure ( s]i\s conc5tration1 f ! compulsion ( ! practical & o!r ne$s :i* keep m51 9 ! ma91 s]i\s be+s4 ,x foll[s at once t play is relative to "w1 t x is enjoy$ z a relief f grav] occupations1 & _c be indef9itely prolong$4 ,&1 z has be5 h9t$ above1 ! same holds true ( laught] & :at we appropriately describe z play+ ! fool4 ,9 say+ t play is spontane\s activity1 fre$ f ! imp]i\s rule ( necessity1 ,i d n mean t x is aimless4 ,! play-impulse provides its own ends2 =1 )\t some?+ to aim at1 x c\ld n become consci\s activity 9 ! full s5se4 ,?us 9 ! case ( *ildr51 at any rate1 & possibly ( "y animals also1 play+ at "s =m ( combat implies1 z ,pr(4 ,groos urges1 a ke5 /riv+ = some?+ ak9 to conque/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! in/9ct :i* und]lies ! activity seems to br+ ) x ! sett+ up ( some?+ l an end4 ,simil>ly ) respect to ^? v>ieties ( *ildr5's play :i* aim at ! realisation ( an idea1 & s resemble art4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 an in/9ct1 namely1 imitative production1 prompts to ! semblance ( a s]i\s conative process1 ! /riv+ #adg aft] an end4 ,! same applies to mir?ful activity4 ,9 play+ (f a joke on ano!r we c]ta9ly h a def9ite aim 9 view4 ,9 nei!r case1 h[ev]1 is ! end reg>d$ z a s]i\s or important "o4 ,play ceases to be pure play j z soon z ! end1 = example conque/1 beg9s to be reg>d$ z a ?+ ( consequ5ce to ! play]2 &1 9 l mann]1 laught] ceases to be pure mir? j z soon z ! end1 say ! inv5tion ( a witticism1 is envisag$ z a solid p]sonal advantage1 su* z height5$ reputation4#hd ,a l rem>k applies to ! intrusion ( ! s]i\s attitude into play :5 ?is takes on an elaborate =m requir+ "s conc5tration ( att5tion4 ,?is does n de/roy ! playful "* ( ! activity s long z ! end is n view$ z matt] ( s]i\s import4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 laught] resembles play1 = we may take consid]able pa9s 9 %ap+ our practical joke )\t ev] los+ hold ( fun z our end4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r po9t ( k9%ip betwe5 play & laught]4 ,ea*1 ?\gh m>k$ (f f ! ?+s ( ! real s]i\s _w1 has to d ) ^! 9 a mann]4 ,! play bo? ( animals & ( *ildr5 is l>gely pret5ce1 t is to say1 ! production ( a semblance ( an action ( s]i\s life1 involv+ "s consci\sness ( its illusory "*4 ,?is seems inf]rible1 9 ! case ( animal play1 e4g41 ! make-believe combats1 f ! palpable re/riction ( ! movem5ts )9 ! limits ( ! h>mless4#he ,& ) reg>d to ! play ( ! nurs]y1 x #adh is probable t all ?r\gh a play-action !re is1 9 spite ( ! look ( absorb+ s]i\sness1 a dim aw>5ess ( ! make-believe4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t we h to d 9 ?is case ) a d\ble or 8divid$0 consci\sness4#hf ,&1 z has be5 illu/rat$ above1 laught] is wont to hov] ab\t ! doma9 ( ! s]i\s4 ,9 bo? cases we f9d ! love ( pret5ce play+ pranks ) ! real _w1 dive/+ ?+s ( _! significance & value = ! s]i\s "p ( our m9d1 & transmut+ !m by fancy into m]e appe>ances = our amusem5t4 ,ano!r po9t ( simil>ity may be j allud$ to4 ,rec5t discussions on ! nature ( play h s]v$ to br+ out its utility or s]viceabl5ess4 ,n only is ! sportive activity ( *ildr5 & "y animals ( physiological b5efit z :olesome ex]cise1 x is n[ se5 to be valuable z a prelim9>y practice ( actions :i* lat] on become necess>y4 ,?us 9 play-combats *ildr5 & "y animals beg9 to le>n ! arts ( skilful attack & def5ce4#hg ,mu* ( ?is b5efit ( play-activity is due to ! circum/ance t x is a mode ( organis$ co-op]ation & supplies a k9d ( tra9+ = ! s]i\s social activity ( lat] ye>s4 ,i %all hope to %[ lat] t laught] has a l value1 n m]ely z a s\rce ( physiological b5efit to ! individual1 b z help+ u to become fit memb]s ( society4 ,x seems h>dly ne$ful to po9t out t s9ce ! fact ( ?is utility is kn[n nei!r to ! play] nor to ! laugh]1 x does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! tru? ( our cont5tion1 t _! activity is n controll$ by ext]nal ends :i* h a practical or o!r s]i\s value4 #adi ,our comp>ison ju/ifies u 9 id5tify+ play & mir?1 s f> z to say t :5 we play & :5 we laugh our mood is sub/antially ! same4 ,common language seems to support ?is view4 8,fun10 8frolic10 8sport10 8pa/ime10 ^! & ! l may be said to cov] at once all joy\s play & all v>ieties ( mir?4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 mak+ ! pr9ciple ( play fundam5tal 9 our !ory ( laught]4#hh ,we may n[ proce$ to illu/rate r m fully ! pres5ce ( ! play-attitude 9 ! high] doma9 ( laught]1 ! enjoym5t ( ludicr\s spectacle4 ,to beg9 )1 mu* ( ! laughable illu/rat$ above may be reg>d$ z an expression 9 p]sons or ?+s ( ! play-mood :i* seizes ! spectator by way ( a sympa!tic resonance4 ,examples h be5 giv5 9 ! laught] excit$ by ! spectacle ( aimless actions :i* h ! look ( frolicsom5ess4 ,z our "n 8^w-play0 cle>ly sugge/s1 v]bal jokes are recognis$ z an outcome ( ! play-mood :i* ?r[s (f = ! nonce ! prop] s]i\s treatm5t ( language4 ,aga91 ! odd :5 x rea*es ! height ( ! extravagant has an unmi/akable look ( play-lic5se4 ,mu* ( ! amus+ effect ( disguise1 ( pret5ce1 includ+ c]ta9 k9ds ( 8ap+10 appe>s to involve "s recognition ( ! make-believe aspect ( play4 ,! disord]ly1 ev5 :5 x applies to a room1 is1 to say ! lea/1 p[]fully sugge/ive ( ! ways ( rompi% play4 ,_m irregul>ities ( ?\ght & action readily take on ! look ( a self-ab&onm5t to play2 = example1 irrelevances & confusions ( idea1 droll1 aimless-look+ actions1 su* z go+ (f ! sc5e & com+ back aga9 & aga91 #aej s5seless repetitions ( actions by ! same p]son or by o!rs--a common ent]ta9m5t ( ! circus & ! popul> play-h\se4 ,z a la/ example1 we may in/ance ! effect ( ! incongru\s :5 x assumes a trifl+ aspect on a solemn occasion4 ,?is is surely amus+ because x is s l ! int]ruptions ( *ild's play4 ,h[ f> c ?is pr9ciple be c>ri$8 ,may n a good deal ( ! amus+ly incongru\s 9 behavi\r & 9 circum/ances1 ( intellectual & ( moral collapse1 :5 ?is we>s ! aspect ( folly1 be said to affect u z an expression ( ! play-mood8 ,& is n our amusem5t at ! sight ( c]ta9 mis*ances :i* h ! look ( a tripp+ up1 an outwitt+ or befool+1 ei!r by o!rs or by circum/ance or 8fate10 traceable to a p]ception ( some?+ indi/+ui%able f playful teas+8 ,yet we mu/ n rely on ?is expression ( ! playful too mu*4 ,!re seem to be _m cases ( ! laughable1 = example1 amus+ vices1 abs5ces ( m9d1 & all irrelevances :i* br+ 9 ! solemn :]e x is out ( place1 :]e t :i* is express$ is a mood ! v opposite ( ! playful4 ,nor d we ne$ to pu% ?is pr9ciple to an extreme4 ,ev5 if ! laughable spectacle does n we> ! look ( a play-*all5ge1 x c br+ up ! playful mood 9 ! spectator 9 ano!r way4 ,x may s pres5t its p>ticul> feature z to ?r[ u (f our s]i\s balance1 & by a sweet compulsion =ce u to play ) x r ?an to consid] x s]i\sly4 ,a brief ref]5ce to our /ore ( laughable ?+s may suffice to illu/rate ?is4 ,to beg9 ) our laught] at novelties1 ! odd1 ! extravagant1 :at is x b ! outcome ( a play-impulse1 a gay caprice :i* wills = ! in/ant n to take objects s]i\sly1 b to disreg>d _! real nature & significance1 #aea practical1 !oretical1 & ev5 /hetic1 = ! joy ( mak+ !m play?+s = ! eye8 ,or1 if ! sugge/ion ( a rule1 brok5 by ! newcom] into our field ( p]ception1 obtrudes itself1 our laught] ann\nces t ! infraction does n matt]1 t ! violation ( cu/om's good law itself is pass$ ov] & turn$ into fun by ! bli! play-_s 9 u4 ,x is ! same ) mis*ances1 awkw>d fixes1 & all sorts ( moral & intellectual %ortcom+s4 ,^! ?+s obvi\sly h 9 !m :at %\ld appeal to our s]i\sness3 !y come up = judgm5t z pitiable1 z regrettable1 (t5 z di/9ctly culpable4 ,yet we laugh & ca/ aside our judicial responsibilities j because ! mood ( ! mom5t disposes u to be indulg5t1 & because ! attitude we take up 9 view+ ! (f5ce z a little "o in/antly br+s up ! love ( play1 ! impulse to turn ! significant into enjoyable nons5se4 ,once m1 9 our laught] at artful allusion to ! obsc5e1 x is ! same swift transition f ! s]i\s attitude to t ( play :i* seems to be at ! bottom ( our m]rim5t4 ,"h aga9 x is ! littl5ess--a quantity1 z po9t$ out1 v>y+ consid]ably ) ! quality ( ! laugh]--:i* dis>ms ! s]i\s attitude & allures x to play4 ,9 pret5ces1 bo? hypocrisies & less s]i\s k9ds1 :i* raise ! laugh1 we note ! same swift lapse into ! play-attitude4 ,=1 9 ord] to enjoy ^! va9 %[s ) p]fect gaiety1 we mu/ be ready to br+ a m5tal 8bl9d spot0 to be> on ev]y?+ 9 !m :i* has s]i\s moral significance4 ,"h1 too1 we take a leap into ! _w ( ! play]1 transmut+ :at has some?+ ( s]i\sness1 some?+ ev5 ( (f5d+ hurtfulness1 into a m]e play?+4 #aeb ,! m intellectual v>ieties ( ! ludicr\s disclose ! same deep-seat$ *>act]i/ic4 ,! incongru\s1 ! absurd1 ! tricks ( ambigu\s spee*1 ^! are ?+s :i* (f5d u z s]i\s mortals b5t on hav+ consi/5cy ( ideas & cle>ness ( utt]ance 9 our social _w4 ,!y evoke our laught] :5 !y take su* a =m z to upset ?is s]i\s attitude & to w9 u ov] to reg>d+ !m z no?+ b ent]ta9+ %[4 ,9 all ! m intellectual laught] at ?+s we seem to f9d ! p]fect =m ( ! m9d's play4 ,i say 8p]fect0 because psy*ologi/s z well z o!rs are wont to speak ( poetic imag9ation z playful activity1 ?\gh ?is1 z controll$ by ! ends ( art1 is s]i\sness itself comp>$ ) ! fre] movem5ts ( ideas :5 ! sportive temp] takes u4 ,"o o!r illu/ration ( ! rle ( ! playful _s 9 ! sph]e ( ! laughable mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,i h dealt ) ! intrusion ( ! trivial into solemn sc5es z an expression ( ! *ild's playfulness4 ,b1 z has be5 sugge/$ above1 x is m ?an ?is4 ,sc5es ( great =mality1 :]e a degree ( sev]e self-control is en=c$ :i* is try+ to mortals ( only a limit$ gravity1 are apt to ?r[ u into a /ate ( highly un/able equilibrium4 ,h5ce ! welcome we are dispos$ to give to any?+ :i* t\*es ! playful susceptibilities 9 u4 ,"u su* circum/ances small occurr5ces1 :i* at o!r times w\ld pass :olly unm>k$1 are grasp$ at & become laughable ?+s = u1 j because ( ! great necessity ( man to escape n[ & aga9 into ! fre$om ( play4 ,z already impli$1 ?is saturation ( laught] ) ! _s ( playfulness is *>act]i/ic only ( ! gay] k9d1 t :i* is purifi$ f all t+e ( s]i\sness4 ,s f> #aec z our jocose impulses l5d !mselves to s]i\s purposes1 z = example 9 ! laught] ( satire1 ! playful "* t5ds to become less cle>ly recognisable4 ,n t "h1 too1 we are unable to f9d a resemblance betwe5 laught] & play2 =1 z we "k1 mu* ( :at we call play or sport has its s]i\s int]e/1 & ! play]1 l ! laugh]1 may easily slip across ! l9e :i* divides ! playful f ! s]i\s attitude4 ,nev]!less1 we %all ne$ to insi/ on ! po9t t laught] is a ?+ ( diff]5t tones1 "s m playful ?an o!rs1 & t its nature & its function c only be cle>ly det]m9$ by di/+ui%+ ^!4 ,! result ( our inquiry is t ! impressions ( ! laughable _c be r$uc$ to "o or two pr9ciples4 ,our laught] at ?+s is ( v>i\s tones4 ,x ga!rs up into itself a numb] ( primitive t5d5cies2 x repres5ts ! products ( widely remov$ /ages ( intellectual & moral evolution4 ,?is is virtually admitt$ by all :o recognise ! ,intellectual & ! ,moral pr9ciple2 = our laught] at see+ dignity unfrock$ is presumably ( m anci5t orig9 ?an ! 8laught] ( ! m9d10 :i* disc\rs]s on ! ludicr\s are = ! mo/ "p ?9k+ (4 ,our argum5t takes u f>!r1 namely1 to ! conclusion t ! effect ( ! laughable1 ev5 ( :at is giv5 by philosoph]s z a sample ( ! ludicr\s1 is a highly complex feel+1 conta9+ some?+ ( ! *ild's joy\s surprise at ! new & unhe>d (2 some?+ too ( ! *ild's gay responsiv5ess to a play-*all5ge2 (t5 some?+ also ( ! glori\s s5se ( expansion aft] compression :i* gives ! l>ge mobility to fre%ly fre$ limbs ( "y animals & *ildr54 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is recognition ( ! relation ( ! laughable to our laught] z a :ole is t we %all ne$ to alt] our me?od ( treat+ ! subject4 ,our problem #aed naturally trans=ms itself into ! "q3 c we trace out ! organic diff]5tiation & integration ( ! sev]al psy*ical t5d5cies :i* our analysis has disclos$8 ,9 o!r words1 we f9d t we mu/ resort to ! g5etic me?od1 & try to expla9 ! action ( ! ludicr\s ^u u 9 ! mode/ sci5tific fa%ion by retrac+ ! /ages ( its developm5t4 ,su* explanation may "s day be cr[n$ by a di/9ctly philosophical "o1 if a f9] logical analysis succe$s 9 discov]+ ! ess5ce ( ! ludicr\s2 = ! pres5t x seems to be all t is available4 ,x w at once be evid5t t a l>ge inve/igation into ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! laugh+ impulse w take u beyond ! limits ( pure psy*ology4 ,we %all h to consid] h[ ! impulse grew up 9 ! evolution ( ! race2 & ?is w =ce u to adopt ! biological po9t ( view1 & ask h[ ?is special gr\p ( movem5ts came to be select$ & fix$ among ! *>act]s ( our species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 laught] is m ?an a physiological & psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,z h9t$ above1 x has a social significance1 & we %all f9d t ! high] /ages ( its evolution c only be adequately dealt ) 9 _! connection ) ! movem5t ( social progress4 ,la/ly1 x w be by trac+ ! evolution ( laught] 9 ! human community t we %all be/ approa* ! problem ( ! ideal :i* %\ld regulate ?is some:at unruly impulse ( man4 ,su* a /udy w\ld seem to promise u a disclosure ( t5d5cies by :i* laught] has be5 lift$ & ref9$ 9 ! pa/1 & by ! light ( :i* x may consci\sly direct itself 9 ! future4 #aee ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,laught]4 ,to attempt to get back to ! beg9n+s ( human laught] may well seem to be too ambiti\s a proce$+4 ,beg9n+s are small ?+s1 & may easily escape detection1 ev5 :5 !y lie well-lit n f> f ! eye4 ,h[1 !n1 c we hope to get at !m :5 !y are hidd5 9 ! d>kness ( ! remote pa/8 ,x is evid5t t our me?od "h c only be ! mode/ "o ( conjecture1 a me?od :i* mu/ d its be/ to make its conjecture look reasonable1 :ile x nev] loses sight ( ! fact t x is deal+ ) ! conjectural4 ,our aim is to get an intelligible supposition1 by ! help ( :i* we may expla9 h[ laught] broke on ! e>?ly sc5e1 add+ "o m to ! _m /range s\nds ( ! animal _w4 ,?is bit ( conjectural inquiry w beg9 by try+ to answ] ! "q3 ,by :at process did ! laugh1 f be+ a g5]al sign ( pleasure1 become specialis$ into an expression ( ! upris+ ( ! mir?ful1 fun-lov+ or jocose _s8 ,x w !n address itself to ! problem3 ,:at has be5 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! _s ( fun & ( its *>act]i/ic mode ( utt]ance8 ,x w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be possible to attempt ev5 a conjectural acc\nt ( ^! f>-(f & un*ronicl$ ev5ts1 b = ! new in/rum5ts ( hypo!tical con/ruction #aef ) :i* ! ,!ory ( ,evolution has furni%$ u4 ,9 attempt+ s haz>d\s a task we h1 at lea/1 ! example ( "o ( ! mo/ mode/ ( m5 to draw u on4 ,*>les ,d>w9 has taught u h[ to be at once d>+ & cauti\s 9 try+ to p5etrate ! d>kness ( ! ages beh9d u2 & "o c wi% no?+ bett] ?an to be able to walk wor?ily 9 8 /eps4 ,x w be evid5t t 9 essay+ an ef=t :i* c at be/ end 9 only a plausible guess we mu/ use e available clue4 ,?is means1 n m]ely t we try to trace back ! hi/ory ( mir?ful utt]ance1 alike 9 ! evolution ( ! individual & ( ! species1 to its rude in*oate =ms1 b t we se>* = ve/iges ( utt]ances vaguely resembl+ human laught] 9 ! animal _w4 ,?is la/ sugge/ion may well seem to ! read] l ano!r bl[ to man's e>ly pride ( race4 ,! wor?y naturali/ :o call$ 8 species ! 8laugh+ animal0 did n probably tr\ble himself ab\t ! "q ( ! dignity ( ! attribute4 ,s9ce laugh+ 0 "o ( ! ?+s t only man c\ld d1 x s]v$ z a conv5i5t way ( describ+ him4 ,yet1 s9ce ! lat] evolutional psy*ology has l$ u to be m g5]\s 9 recognis+ 9 ! l[] animals some?+ closely simil> to our own processes ( reason+1 we ne$ n be greatly %ock$ to he> t x is actually cr$it+ o!r species ?an our own ) a simple s5se ( fun1 & a *>act]i/ic mann] ( express+ ! feel+2 t is to say1 an utt]ance answ]+ to our laugh4 ,n[ "h1 if any:]e1 we mu/ be on our gu>d4 ,9 attempt+ to detect traces ( mir?ful expression 9 animals we are expos$ to a two-fold dang]3 t common to all obs]vation ( animal ways--a too an?ropomorphic k9d ( int]pretation2 & t ( mi/ak+ 9 o!r be+s1 #aeg :e!r human or sub-human1 :at we envisage z funny1 = _! consci\s fun4 ,x is em95tly natural1 :5 we d n screw ourselves up to ! sev]ely sci5tific attitude1 to see signs ( *uckl+ glee 9 animals4 ,i rememb] h[ ,i wat*$ some:]e 9 ,norway1 9 ! e>ly morn+1 a magpie z he /ood = "s "t duck+ 8 head & ?r[+ up 8 long tail1 accompany+ ^! movem5ts ) *uckle-l s\nds2 & h[ ,i f\nd x exce$+ly h>d n to believe t he 0 hav+ a good laugh at some?+1 possibly ! absurd ways ( ! =eign t\ri/s :o visit 8 coa/4 ,yet1 judg$ by ! /&>d ( sci5tific obs]vation1 ?is 8natural0 int]pretation 0 sc>cely satisfactory4 ,s9ce our aim compels u to be sci5tific1 we _c accept common modes ( int]pret+ ! 8mis*iev\s0 p]=mances ( animals4 ,_m ( a monkey's tricks are 8funny0 en\gh2 yet we may s]i\sly d\bt :e!r he enjoys !m z practical jokes4 ,8 solemn mi5 c]ta9ly does n sugge/ x2 b !n x may be said t human jok]s h a way ( keep+ up an appe>ance ( gravity4 ,a consid]ation ( great] weight is t :at looks to u mu* l a m]ry joke may be a display ( ! teas+ in/9ct1 :5 ?is goes beyond ! playful limit1 & aims at real annoyance or mis*ief4 ,! rem>k probably applies to "s ( ! well-kn[n /ories ( 8animal hum\r10 = example1 t ( ,*>les ,dick5s ab\t ! rav54 ,?is bird1 x may be rememb]$1 _h to %>e ! g>d5 ) a captive eagle4 ,hav+ c>efully measur$ ! l5g? ( ?is =midable creature's *a91 he turn$ to good acc\nt ! occasion ( ! giant's sleep by /eal+ 8 d9n]2 & !n1 ! rightful own] hav+ presumably woke up1 made an impud5t display ( eat+ ! same j safely outside ! #aeh eagle's 8sph]e ( influ5ce04 ,?is d\btless %[$ "s cunn+1 & some?+ ( spite2 b x is n cle> t x indicat$ an enjoym5t ( ! fun ( ! ?+4 ,t ?is teas+ & play+ ( tricks by animals may n[ & aga9 approa* ! human attitude ( malici\s mir?fulness is n improbable4 ,a cat t 8plays0 ) its captive m\se1 half-pret5d+1 z x seems1 n to see ! small ?+'s hopeless attempt to 8bolt10 may1 p]haps1 be enjoy+ some?+ ( ! exultant *uckle ( a human victor4 ,s1 too1 "s ( ! mis*iev\s behavi\r ( a lively & imp]fectly dome/icat$ monkey1 :i* a simple-m9d$ sailor has br\ght to 8 "m by way ( mak+ h] happy1 may disclose a g]m ( ! _s ( fun1 ( a malici\s playfulness :i* is capable ( enjoy+ its jokes z su*4 ,yet1 :ile we may "q ! tru? ( ! proposition t ^! mis*iev\s actions are enjoy$ z practical jokes--9 ! way 9 :i* ,uncle ,remus repres5ts !m--we ne$ n hesitate to attribute to animals a simple =m ( ! *ild's s5se ( fun4 ,?is trait appe>s mo/ pla9ly 9 ! pa/imes ( ! "y ( _m famili> species1 includ+ our two dome/ic pets1 pa/imes :i* are q correctly describ$ z animal play4 ,! p>ticul> =ms ( ?is playful activity1 ! tussl+s1 ! attacks & retreats on bo? sides1 ! *as+s & ! re/1 are pretty c]ta9ly det]m9$ by special in/9cts4#hi ,b1 z play1 ^! actions are an expression ( high spirits & ( some?+ analog\s to a *ild's love ( 8pret5d+04 ,is x n a bit ( playful make-believe1 = example1 :5 a dog1 on see+ ! approa* ( a can9e /rang]1 8lies l[0 we>+ ! look ( an al]t foe2 yet1 z soon z ! /rang] approa*es1 8gives #aei away ! %[0 by ent]+ ) an almo/ disgraceful cel]ity into p]fectly fri5dly relations ) him8 ,x is ! same :5 a dog teases ano!r dog by />tl+ him1 %[+ signs ( enjoy+ ! trick4 ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley writes3 8,my dog took ! same delight 9 com+ up quietly beh9d a small dog & giv+ a t]rify+ b>k z does ! *ild 9 jump+ out f a corn] & cry+ #8boo'04#ij ,ow+1 to no little ext5t1 p]haps1 to ! fact ( its education by man1 ! dog gives mu* ! cle>e/ indications ( a s5se ( fun4 ,no "o c obs]ve a dog dur+ a walk ) 8 *ild-comrades )\t not+ h[ readily he falls 9 ) _! playful proposals4 ,! infecti\sness ( an ann\ncem5t ( ! playful temp] is cle>ly illu/rat$ "h4 ,! dog imitates ! gambols1 & w ev5 seem to respond to ! vocal outbur/s ( 8 m]ry playmates4 ,d>w9 has rightly recognis$ a g]m ( our 8s5se ( hum\r0 9 a dog's jo9+ 9 ! game ( /ick-?r[+4 ,y ?r[ a bit ( /ick = him to fet*1 & hav+ pick$ x up he proce$s to c>ry x away "s di/ance & to squat d[n ) x on ! gr\nd j be=e him4 ,y !n come q close z if to take ! /ick f him1 on :i* he seizes x & be>s x (f exult+ly1 repeat+ ! little make-believe ) evid5t enjoym5t4#ia ,i h te/$ a dog aga9 & aga9 :5 play+ ) him 9 ?is fa%ion1 & h satisfi$ myself t he is 9 ! play-mood1 & kn[s p]fectly well t y are too2 s t if y pret5d to be s]i\s & to comm& him 9 y\r mo/ magi/]ial voice to give up ! /ick he sidles up ) a holl[ %[ ( ob$i5ce :i* c\ld impose on nobody1 z if to say1 8,i "k bett]3 y are n really s]i\s2 s ,i am go+ on ) ! game04 ,all #afj ! notes ( a true s5se ( fun seem to be pres5t 9 ?is case3 ! gay & fe/ive mood1 a firm resolve desip]e 9 loco1 & a /rong incl9ation to play at 8pret5d+04 ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan gives an example ( :at c]ta9ly looks l a dog's m]ry make-believe 9 :i* man's lead takes no "p4 ,! writ] tells u t he us$ at "o "t to take an intellig5t retriev] to a s&y %ore1 :]e ! dog engag$ spontane\sly 9 ! foll[+ pa/ime4 ,he buri$ a numb] ( small crabs 9 ! s&1 & !n /ood wait+ till a leg or a claw appe>$1 8^u :i* he w\ld run backw>ds & =w>ds giv+ %ort b>ks ( ke5 enjoym5t04#ib ,i f9d x h>d to d\bt t ?is 0 a g5u9e outbur/ ( joy\sness & ( some?+ indi/+ui%able f a love ( fun1 & t x 0 connect$ ) ! 8com+ (f0 ( a practical joke4 ,! repetitions ( ! burial :5 ! dog _h se5 t x 0 ineffectual1 po9ts cle>ly to a consci\sness ( ! make-believe "* ( ! p]=mance4 ,:atev] a dog's p[]s ( jocosity :5 un9/ruct$ by man1 x seems safe to set d[n a good %>e ( 8 highly develop$ s5se ( fun to 8 pr(\nd susceptibility to man's educative influ5ce2 :i* aga9 7z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! educability ( ! dog & ( ! cat at once %[s7 implies an unusual /r5g? ( ^? in/9cts ( atta*m5t to man :i* h made him almo/ ! type ( fidelity4 ,h[ f>1 "o wond]s1 w ?is educative influ5ce ( man be likely to g 9 ! case ( ! mo/ companionable ( our dome/ic pets8 ,w4 ,prey] tells u1 t ! dog is capable ( imitat+ ! signs ( human gaiety1 t an #afa intellig5t specim51 :5 confront$ ) our laught] w draw back ! corn]s ( 8 m\? & leap into ! air ) a bright lu/re 9 ! eye4#ic ,"h we seem to h a rudim5t ( a g5u9e laugh1 & may p]haps cease to speak r confus+ly ( a dog's 8laugh+ ) 8 tail04 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes relates t he _h a dog :o w5t "s way t[>ds qualify+ himself = ! (fice ( cl[n4 ,?is animal w\ld p]=m a numb] ( self-taught tricks :i* 7 cle>ly int5d$ to excite laught]4 8,= in/ance1 :ile ly+ on 8 side & viol5tly gr9n+1 he w\ld hold "o leg 9 8 m\?40 ,"u ^! circum/ances 8no?+ pleas$ him s mu* z hav+ 8 joke duly appreciat$1 :ile1 if no notice 0 tak5 ( him1 he w\ld become sulky04#id ,?is animal mu/1 "o supposes1 h be5 9 an exceptional degree a 8funny dog04 ,x seems a pity t ! obs]v] did n take a 8snap%ot0 at t gr9 s t x might be a %ade less ab/ract & 89 ! air0 ?an ! gr9 ( ! ,*e%ire cat1 z treat$ by ,mr4 ,lewis ,c>roll4 ,:at seems cle> is1 t ! physiognomy ( a dog manages to execute a weirdly di/ort$ semblance ( our smile4 ,) respect to ! vocal "p ( ! expression1 we mu/ n expect too mu*4 ,! b>k may n be able to adju/ itself to our quick explosions ( gaiety4 ,x is commonly said t ! dog has a special b>k = express+ pleasure1 & x seems likely t he employs ?is :5 he is said to be seiz$ by ! s5se ( ! funn9ess ( ?+s4 ,on ! moral side1 ! possibility ( ! dog's becom+ a humor\s bea/ looks m promis+4 ,he c]ta9ly exhibits rudim5ts ( feel+s & m5tal attitudes :i* #afb seem 9 man to be closely relat$ to a reflective hum\r4 ,z ! inn] circle ( 8 human fri5ds "k1 he c be t]ribly bor$4 ,i saw1 n long s9ce1 a small dog und]go+ ! process ( *a9+ by 8 mi/ress be=e %e took him into a %op4 ,he drew a long yawn1 & 8 appe>ance 0 em95tly sugge/ive ( a ke5 s5se ( ! absurdity ( ! %opp+ habits ( ladies1 a s5se :i* only want$ ! appropriate utt]ance to become a mild1 tol]ant k9d ( satire4 ,yet "o mu/ be m9dful ( "o's own w>n+ aga9/ a too ha/y int]pretation ( su* actions4 ,we may n[ turn to animals mu* ne>] ourselves 9 ! zoological scale4 ,among monkeys we obta91 und\bt$ly1 some?+ m closely ak9 to our smile & laugh4 ,d>w9 has made a c>eful inquiry into ! simil>ities betwe5 ! two4 ,he tells u t "s ( ! ess5tial features ( ! facial expression dur+ a laugh1 ! draw+ backw>ds ( ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 ! =mation ( wr9kles "u ! eyes1 etc41 are 8*>act]i/ic & expressive ( a pleas$ /ate ( m9d 9 v>i\s k9ds ( monkeys04#ie ,) respect to laught]-l s\nds1 ,d>w9 gives u sev]al p]t95t facts4 ,a "y *impanzee w make a k9d ( b>k+ noise :5 he is pleas$ by ! return ( any "o to :om he is atta*$1 a noise :i* ! keep] int]prets z a laugh4 ,! correctness ( ?is int]pretation is confirm$ by ! fact t o!r monkeys utt] a k9d ( 8titt]+ s\nd0 :5 !y see a belov$ p]son4 ,a "y *impanzee :5 tickl$ "u ! armpits produces a m decid$ *uckl+ or laugh+ s\nd4 8,"y ourangs1 also1 :5 tickl$ w make a *uckl+ s\nd & put on a gr940 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son t ! "y ( #afc ! an?ropoid apes are specially tickli% 9 ! regions ( ! surface ( ! body :i* correspond ) ! tickli% regions 9 ! case ( ! *ild4 ,n only s1 a "y *impanzee w %[ great pleasure :5 tickl$1 roll+ ov] on 8 back & ab&on+ himself to ! pa/ime1 mu* z a *ild does4 ,:5 ! tickl+ is prolong$ he resembles a *ild fur!r by def5d+ tickli% spots4 ,s1 too1 does a "y ourang4 ,x may be add$ t "y apes1 l _m *ildr51 make a pret5ce ( bit+ :5 tickl$4 ,to sum up3 ! "y ( ! high] apes h some?+ resembl+ our smile & laugh1 & produce ! requisite movem5ts :5 pleas$4 ,_! attempt at laught]1 z we might be dispos$ to reg>d x1 appe>s z a sign ( sudd5 joy 9 circum/ances 9 :i* a *ild w laugh1 e4g41 on ! reappe>ance ( a belov$ companion aft] a consid]able int]val4 ,x fur!r occurs :5 ! animal is tickl$1 along ) o!r manife/ations :i* po9t to ! exi/5ce ( a rudim5t ( ! *ild's capacity = fun & = ! make-believe ( play4 ,"o m fact %\ld be add$ 9 ord] to br+ out ! simil>ity "h to ! human attitude t[>ds ! laughable4 ,x is probable1 f ! te/imony ( sev]al obs]v]s1 t monkeys dislike be+ laugh$ at4#if ,n[1 x is true t ! enjoym5t ( fun & ! dislike to be+ made its object are n ! same ?+4 ,nor d !y seem to v>y toge!r 9 ! case ( m52 o!rwise ! agela/ w\ld n be s (t5 f\nd among ^? :o ke5ly res5t be+ ! object ( o!rs' laught]4 ,nev]!less1 !y may be reg>d$ 9 g5]al z correlative traits2 creatures :i* %[ a di/9ct di/a/e = be+ made ! objects ( laught] may be suppos$ to be capable ( #afd ! laugh+ attitude1 s f> at lea/ z to be able to und]/& x4 ,turn+ n[ f sub-human k9ds ( laught] to ! full expression z we "k x 9 ourselves1 we may briefly trace ! hi/ory ( ! smile & laugh dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( life4 ,"h ! "q ( ! date ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! expressive movem5ts becomes important2 & happily we h m ?an "o set ( c>eful obs]vations on ! po9t4 ,) respect to ! smile1 :i* is commonly suppos$ to be ! fir/ to %[ itself1 we h notes made by ,d>w9 & by ,prey]4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ! fir/ smile appe>$1 9 ! case ( two ( 8 *ildr51 at ! age ( =ty-five days1 &1 ( a ?ird1 at a some:at e>li] date4#ig ,n only 7 ! corn]s ( ! m\? drawn back1 b ! eyes bright5$ & ! eyelids slightly clos$4 ,d>w9 adds t ! circum/ances po9t$ to a happy /ate ( m9d4 ,prey] is mu* full] "h4#ih ,he po9ts out ! difficulties ( not+ ! fir/ true smile ( pleasure4 ,9 ! case ( 8 own boy1 x seems1 ! movem5ts ( ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 accompani$ by ! =mation ( dimples 9 ! *eek1 occurr$ 9 ! second week1 bo? 9 ! wak+ & 9 ! sleep+ /ate4 ,! fa!r ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ smile ( pleasure occurr$ on ! tw5ty-six? day1 :5 aft] a good meal ! *ild's eyes light$ on ! "m's face4 ,?is e>ly smile1 he adds1 0 n an imitation ( ano!r's2 nor did x imply a joy\s recognition ( ! "m4 ,x 0 j ! in/9ctive expression ( a feel+ ( bodily satisfaction4 #afe ,o!r obs]v]s diff]1 too1 9 respect ( ! date ( ! fir/ occurr5ce ( ! true expressive smile4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,*ampneys puts x 9 ! six?1 ,sigismund 9 ! sev5? week1 agree+ r\ghly ) ,d>w92 :]eas ,miss ,%9n gives z ! date ! latt] half ( ! fir/ mon?1 & s supports ,prey]'s obs]vations4 ,ano!r lady1 ,mrs4 ,k4 ,c4 ,moore1 w\ld g f>!r ?an ,prey] & say t ! fir/ smile occurs on ! six? day ( life4#ii ,x may be add$ t ,miss ,%9n is m precise ?an ,prey] 9 h] acc\nt ( ! e>ly developm5t ( ! smile4 ,%e tells u t1 :]eas ! fir/ smile ( h] niece--:om we w h5ce=? call by h] "n1 ,ru?--7latt] half ( fir/ mon?7 0 m]ely ! outcome ( g5]al com=t1 a smile occurr$ 9 ! second mon? :i* involv$ an agreeable p]ception1 namely1 t ( faces b5d+ ov] ! *ild 9 :i* %e took great int]e/4 ,?is smile ( special pleasure1 express+ mu* gaiety1 occurr$ :5 %e 0 ly+ f$1 w>m1 & altoge!r com=table4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t ^! diff]5ces indicate "s inequalities ( precocity 9 ! *ildr5 obs]v$4 ,at ! same "t1 x seems probable t ! sev]al obs]v]s are deal+ ) diff]5t /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! smile4 ,prey] %[s cle>ly t x und]goes consid]able expansion1 involv+ increas$ complexity ( movem5t1 & ! addition ( ! important feature1 ! bright5+ ( ! eye4 ,mrs4 ,moore gives no description ( :at %e saw on ! six? & sev5? days1 & is presumably ref]r+ to a vague resemblance to a rudim5t ( a smile :i* _h no #aff expressive significance2 & "s ?+s 9 ,prey]'s acc\nt lead u to inf] t he is speak+ ( a less highly develop$ smile ?an ,d>w94#ajj ,all t c c]ta9ly be said1 !n1 is t ! movem5ts ( a smile1 z an expression ( pleasure1 und]go a gradual process ( developm5t1 & t an approa* to a p]fect smile ( pleasure occurs "s "t 9 ! second mon? ( life4 ,if we turn to ! dates assign$ to ! fir/ occurr5ce ( a laugh1 we f9d ! unc]ta9ties are at lea/ equal to ^? enc\nt]$ 9 ! case ( ! smile4 ,d>w9 illu/rates h[ a smile may gradually take on an accompanim5t ( s\nd :i* gr[s m & m laught]-l4 ,"o ( 8 *ildr51 :o1 he ?9ks1 fir/ smil$ at ! age ( =ty-five days1 develop$ ab\t eight days lat] a m di/9ct & impressive smile1 accompani$ by a little 8bleat+0 noise1 :i*1 he adds1 8p]haps repres5t$ a laugh04 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till mu* lat] 7#aac? day7 t ! noises became brok5 up into ! discrete s\nds ( a laugh4 ,ano!r *ild ( 81 :5 sixty-five days old1 accompani$ 8 smile by 8noises v l laught]04 ,a laught]1 ) all ! indications ( g5u9e fun beh9d x1 occurr$ 9 ! case ( "o ( 8 *ildr5 on ! #aaj? day1 :5 ! game 0 tri$ ( ?r[+ a p9a=e ov] ! *ild's face & !n sudd5ly )draw+ x1 ?is be+ v>i$ by ! fa!r's sudd5ly uncov]+ 8 own face & approa*+ ! *ild's4 ,he adds t1 "s ?ree or f\r weeks be=e ?is1 8 boy appe>$ to enjoy z a good joke a little p9* on 8 nose & *eeks4 ,prey] puts ! date ( ! fir/ laught]-l s\nds1 z #afg he puts t ( ! fir/ smile1 e>li] ?an ,d>w94 ,he says he obs]v$ a visible & audible laugh 9 8 boy on ! tw5ty-?ird day4 ,?is 0 a *uckl+ at ! view ( a rose-t9t$ curta94 ,! s\nds 7 repeat$ 9 ! foll[+ weeks at ! sight ( sl[ly sw++ col\r$ objects & at new s\nds1 e4g41 ^? ( ! piano4 ,at ! same "t he tells u t a prolong$ l\d laught]1 recognisable z su* by a p]son n look+ at :at 0 go+ on1 fir/ occurr$ 9 ! eigh? mon? :5 ! boy 0 play+ ) 8 "m4 ,among ! o!r obs]v]s x may suffice to ref] to "o ( ! mo/ c>eful1 ,miss ,%9n4 ,?is lady1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 puts ! date ( ,ru?'s fir/ smile z e>ly z ! fir/ mon?1 assigns ! *ild's fir/ g5u9e laught] to ! #aah? day4 ,x 0 excit$ by ! sight ( ! "m mak+ faces4 ,x is wor? add+ t ,ru? rea*$ h] ?ird p]=mance elev5 days lat]4#aja ,9 ?is case1 too1 x is probable t we h to d1 n m]ely ) diff]5ces ( precocity 9 ! *ildr5 obs]v$1 b ) ! difficulties ( det]m9+ :at is a cle> example ( ! expression conc]n$4#ajb ,!re is no d\bt t ! full reit]ation ( our laught] is rea*$ by /ages4 ,?is is br\ght out fully by ,d>w91 & is all[$ by ,prey]4 ,yet h[ mu* ( ! s]ies ( m or less laught]-l s\nds produc$ by an infant dur+ /ates ( pleasure is to be reg>d$ z ent]+ into ! developm5t ( laught]1 x is n easy to say4 ,miss ,%9n he>d ,ru? give out curi\s little *uckl+ s\nds ( two syllables on ! #aje? day1 t is ?irte5 days be=e %e produc$ h] #afh laugh4 ,%e adds "u ! date1 #aac? day1 t is to say1 five days be=e ! laugh1 t ! *ild _h develop$ new ?roat s\nds1 cr[+1 croak+1 etc41 & %[$ a /rong disposition to v>y s\nds 9 a pleasurable mood4 ,x seems highly improbable t ^! s\nds 7 n prep>atory /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! laugh4#ajc ,x is fairly c]ta9 t laugh+ comes aft] smil+4 ,prey]'s words may no d\bt seem to sugge/ t ! fir/ laugh 7tw5ty-?ird day7 comes be=e ! fir/ smile 7tw5ty-six? day72 b 8 acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! two %[s pla9ly t ?is is n 8 mean+4 ,he di/9ctly says t laught] is only a /r5g!n$ & audible 7laut7 smile2 & rem>ks1 fur!r1 t 89 all 7*ildr57 alike ! utt]ance ( pleasure beg9s ) a sc>cely noticeable smile1 :i* q gradually passes into laught] 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?ree mon?s04 ,he adds t ?is developm5t dep5ds on t ( ! high] bra9 c5tres1 & ! capability ( hav+ p]ceptions4#ajd ,! fir/ laught] is1 l ! smile1 an expression ( pleasure4 ,z ,prey] puts x1 ! laught] is a m]e height5+ ( ! look ( pleasure4 ,x m>ks1 h[ev]1 a high] level ( agreeable consci\sness4 ,:]eas ! fir/ clumsy exp]im5ts 9 smil+ d5ote no?+ b a com=table /ate ( repletion1 ! fir/ attempts at laught] are responses to gladd5+ s5se-pres5tations1 su* z sw++ col\r$ objects1 & ! new s\nds ( a piano4 ,?is laught] at new visual & aural pres5tations 0 foll[$1 accord+ to ,prey]1 betwe5 ! six? & ! #afi n9? week by a laught] m di/9ctly joy\s or jubilant1 z ! *ild reg>d$ 8 "m's face & appe>$ to recognise x4 ,?is laught] ( m5tal gaiety seems at an e>ly age--ab\t ! f\r? mon?--to ally itself ) movem5ts ( ! limbs 7rais+ & l[]+ ( ! arms1 etc47 z a complex sign ( high spirits or gladness4#aje ,h[ f> ! provocative ( laught] m5tion$ by ,d>w91 namely1 sudd5ly uncov]+ ! *ild's head 7or 8 own7 impli$ a rudim5t ( fun1 ,i am n sure4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 ! e>ly connection betwe5 laught] & agreeable surprise1 t is to say1 a mild %ock1 :i*1 ?\gh x bord]s on ! al>m+1 is on ! :ole gladd5+4 ,"o o!r e>ly =m ( laught]1 :i* is f\nd also 9 c]ta9 "y animals1 is t excit$ by tickl+4 ,?is has be5 fir/ obs]v$1 9 ! case ( ! *ild1 9 ! second or ! ?ird mon?4 ,prey]'s boy laugh$ 9 response to tickl+ 9 ! second mon?4#ajf ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill tells me t 8 little girl1 :o 0 by-!-bye specially s5sitive to titillation1 respond$ fir/ by laught] 9 ! t5? week4 ,s9ce our analysis has l$ u to reg>d ! effect ( tickl+ z l>gely m5tal1 & z involv+ a playful attitude1 ?is fact confirms ! conclusion t ! specialis$ laught] :i* is ! accompanim5t ( play occurs 9 a well-def9$ =m )9 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s4 ,to sum up3 ,we f9d1 )9 ! fir/ two or ?ree mon?s1 bo? ! smile & ! laugh z expressions ( pleasure1 includ+ s5sations ( bodily com=t & gladd5+ s5se-pres5tations4 ,we f9d1 fur!r1 9 ! reflex reaction ( laught] "u tickl+1 :i* is obs]vable ab\t ! #agj end ( ! second mon?1 ! g]m ( a s5se ( fun1 or ( mir?ful play2 & ?is is indicat$ too 9 ! laught] excit$ by little p9*es on ! *eek at ! end ( ! ?ird mon?4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! t5d5cies are n le>n$ by imitation4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact1 e/abli%$ by ,prey]1 t imitative movem5ts d n occur 9 ! normal *ild till consid]ably lat]1 & by ! fact t ! *ild1 ,laura ,bridgman1 :o 0 %ut out by h] bl9dness & deafness f ! lead ( companions1 develop$ ^! expressions4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !n1 t !y are inh]it$ t5d5cies4 ,"h ! psy*ologi/ might well /op 9 8 inquiries1 if ,d>w9 & o!rs _h n op5$ up ! l>g] vi/a ( ! evolution ( ! species4 ,c we1 by c>ry+ ! eye along ?is vi/a1 conjecture h[ ^! in/9ctive movem5ts came to be acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( animal evolution8 ,! fir/ "q t arises 9 ?is inquiry is :e!r ! smile or ! laugh 0 ! e>li] to appe> 9 ! c\rse ( racial developm5t4 ,! expressions ( animals bel[ man d n (f] any decisive clue "h4 ,! an?ropoid apes appe> bo? to produce a k9d ( smile or gr91 & to utt] s\nds analog\s to our laught]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be cont5d$ t ?is s-call$ laught] is mu* less l our laught] ?an ! gr9 is l our smile4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( bett] evid5ce1 ! fact t ! smile appe>s fir/ 9 ! life ( ! *ild mu/1 accord+ to a well-kn[n law ( evolution1 be tak5 z fav\r+ ! hypo!sis t man's remote ance/ors le>n$ to smile be=e !y c\ld rise to ! a*ievem5t ( ! laugh4 ,?is is fur!r support$ by ! fact t1 9 ! case ( ! individual1 ! laugh :5 x occurs ann\nces a high] =m ( pleasurable consci\sness1 ! level ( p]ception #aga z di/+ui%$ f ! level ( s5sation :i* is express$ by ! fir/ smile4 ,la/ly1 ,i am in=m$ t among imbeciles ! smile p]si/s l[] d[n 9 ! scale ( deg5]ation ?an ! laugh4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,b$d>d writes to me3 8,i rememb] once see+ a defective human mon/] 7) no frontal lobes7 ^: only sign ( intellig5ce 0 draw+ up ! lips :5 music 0 play$04#ajg ,x is commonly held t1 s9ce ! expression ( pa91 suff]+1 or appreh5sion ( dang] among animals is a mu* m press+ necessity = purposes ( family & tribal pres]vation ?an t ( pleasure or cont5tm5t1 ! =m] is develop$ consid]ably e>li] ?an ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 we c und]/& :y ! adumbrations ( a smile & a laugh :i* we f9d 9 animals closely relat$ to man h be5 s imp]fectly develop$ & appe> only sporadically4 ,suppos+ t ! smile 0 ! fir/ ( ! two expressive movem5ts to appe> 9 ! evolution ( ! human species1 c we conjecture h[ x came to be ! common & be/-def9$ expression ( pleasurable /ates8 ,9 deal+ ) ?is po9t we may d]ive m def9ite aid f ,d>w9's pr9ciples4 ,! fact t ! basis ( a smile is a movem5t ( ! m\? at once sugge/s a connection ) ! primal s\rce ( human z ( animal enjoym5t2 & !re seems1 moreov]1 to be "s evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a connection4 ,a baby aft] a good meal w1 ,i believe1 g on p]=m+ some?+ resembl+ suck+ movem5ts4 ,! fir/ smiles may h aris5 z a special modification ( ^! movem5ts :5 !re 0 a p>ticul>ly lively feel+ ( organic cont5tm5t or well-be+4 ,i believe1 fur!r1 #agb t an infant is apt to c>ry out movem5ts ( ! m\? :5 food is %[n to x4 ,a simil> t5d5cy seems to be illu/rat$ by ! behavi\r ( a monkey :i*1 :5 a *oice delicacy 0 giv5 x at meal-"t1 slightly rais$ ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 ! movem5t p>tak+ ( ! nature ( 8an incipi5t smile04#ajh ,aga91 our hypo!sis f9ds "s support 9 ! fact t1 accord+ to ,prey] & o!rs1 ! fir/ smiles ( infants 7 notic$ dur+ a happy condition ( repletion aft] a good meal4#aji ,suppos+ ! smile 9 its orig9 to h ?us be5 organically connect$ ) ! pleasurable exp]i5ce ( sat$ appetite1 we c easily see h[ x might get g5]alis$ into a common sign ( pleasure4 ,d>w9 & ,wundt h made u famili> ) ! pr9ciple t expressive movem5ts may be transf]r$ to /ates ( feel+ resembl+ ^? ( :i* !y 7 prim>ily ! manife/ations4 ,! scrat*+ ( ! head dur+ a /ate ( m5tal irritation is a well-kn[n in/ance ( ! transf]5ce4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 facts :i* g "s way t[>ds v]ify+ ! supposition ( a transf]5ce ( eat+-signs to /ates ( lively satisfaction & pleasure g5]ally4 ,savages are wont to express ke5 pleasure by ge/ures1 e4g41 rubb+ ! belly1 :i* seem to po9t to ! volum9\s satisfactions ( ! primal appetite4 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems to be furni%$ by ! acc\nt ( a baboon giv5 u by ,d>w94 ,?is creature1 aft] hav+ be5 made furi\sly angry by 8 keep]1 on mak+ fri5ds aga91 8rapidly mov$ up & d[n 8 jaws & lips & look$ pleas$04 #agc ,d>w9 adds t a simil> movem5t or quiv] ( ! jaws may be obs]v$ 9 a man :5 he laughs he>tily1 ?\gh ) u ! muscles ( ! *e/ r ?an ^? ( ! lips & jaws are 8spasmodically affect$04#aaj ,judg+ f ! int]val betwe5 ! occurr5ce ( ! fir/ smile & ( ! fir/ laugh 9 ! life ( ! individual1 we may conjecture t laught] did n gr[ into a full reit]at$ s\nd 9 8primitive man10 or 8 unkn[n imm$iate pr$ecessor1 till mu* lat]4 ,we %\ld expect t a consid]able developm5t ( vocal p[] w\ld be a condition ( man's tak+ he>tily to ?is mode ( emotional utt]ance4 ,! /udy ( ! infant c]ta9ly supports ?is idea4 ,! babble ( ! second & ?ird mon?s1 :i* is made up ( a reit]ation ( _m vocal & consonantal s\nds1 may prep>e = laught]1 z x c]ta9ly does = spee*4 ,! obs]vations ( ,miss ,%9n1 quot$ above1 on ! expansion ( ! range ( vocal s\nd be=e ! occurr5ce ( ! fir/ laugh are mo/ significant "h4 ,!y seem to po9t to ! fact t 9 ! evolution ( ! species ! fir/ laught] 0 select$ f among a great v>iety ( s\nds produc$ 9 pleasurable /ates4 ,let u n[ suppose t our imm$iate animal ance/or has rea*$ ! level ( cle> p]ceptions1 & is giv5 to ! utt]ance ( c]ta9 reit]at$ s\nds dur+ /ates ( pleasure4 ,let u fur!r conceive ( him z hav+ 8 sympa?ies develop$ up to ! po9t ( requir+ a m$ium = express+ n only pa9s b pleasures1 & m p>ticul>ly = call+ o!rs' att5tion to ! pres5ce ( *e]+ & welcome objects1 e4g41 ( a memb] ( ! family :o has be5 abroad = a "t4 ,su* an animal w\ld ne$ to improve on 8 primal smiles & gr9s4 ,he w\ld require vocal utt]ances ( "s /r5g? 9 ord] #agd to rea* di/ant e>s1 some?+ answ]+ to ! cackle ( ! h5 :5 %e has discov]$ "s *oice morsel & desires to br+ h] brood to h] side4 ,h[ is ?is improvem5t to be effect$8 ,"o may haz>d ! guess t ! process may h be5 some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,! position ( ! op5 m\? dur+ a broad smile 01 we may reason1 9 itself fav\rable to ! production ( vocal s\nds4 ,we may1 aft] ! analogy ( positions ( ! eyes1 speak ( x z ! 8prim>y position0 ( ! vocal *amb] :5 op5$4 ,?is prim>y position w\ld pretty c]ta9ly be specially fav\rable to ! utt]ance ( a c]ta9 k9d ( s\nd1 let u say t commonly indicat$ by 8eh10#aaa toge!r ) some?+ ( ! guttural or *uckl+ accompanim5t ( ?is 9 ! s\nd ( laught]4 ,we may !n inf] t1 :5 "s ( ! reit]at$ babble-l s\nds 7 produc$ dur+ /ates ( pleasurable satisfaction1 ! same 7prim>y7 position w\ld be tak5 up4 ,we %\ld ?us get1 z psy*o-physical concomitants ( ! s5s$ position ( ! op5$ m\? dur+ a broad smile or 8gr910 n only a disposition to reit]ate ! 8eh0 or "s simil> s\nd z a completion ( ! :ole action1 ( :i* ! op5+ ( ! m\? is ! fir/ /age1 b a def9ite associative co-ord9ation betwe5 ! movem5t ( op5+ ! m\? & ! reit]at$ actions ( ! muscles ( ! respiratory & vocal app>atus4 ,9 ?is way we may und]/& h[1 :5 ! pleasurable /ate express$ by a smile increas$ 9 int5sity1 z1 = example1 :5 ! happy feel+ excit$ by ! sight ( a face pass$ into ! joy ( recognis+ a memb] ( ! family1 ! #age movem5ts w\ld wid5 out into ^? ( a laught]-l utt]ance4 ,x appe>s to me t1 9 ?is connection1 ! obs]v$ c\rse ( developm5t ( laught] 9 ! individual is n )\t its sugge/iv5ess4 ,miss ,%9n rem>ks t ,ru?'s m\? 0 op5$ wide on ! #aac? day--five days be=e ! fir/ laugh--:ile ! *ild 0 toss$ & tumbl$4 ,"u date ( ! #acd? day1 aga91 we read ( mu* laught] ( an inaudible k9d1 consi/+ ( broad laught]-l smiles2 & ^! obs]vations c]ta9ly %[ t ab\t ! date ( ! fir/ laught] an exp&$ smile1 indi/+ui%able f a laugh save by ! abs5ce ( ! respiratory & vocal adjunct1 0 frequ5t4 ,9 o!r words1 !y tell u t ab\t ! "t :5 %e a*iev$ h] fir/ laugh %e 0 freely practis+ ! int]m$iate facial /ep betwe5 ! e>li] smile & ! true laugh4 ,?is !ory w\ld pla9ly illu/rate ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s pr9ciple1 t /ates ( feel+ affect ! volunt>y muscles 9 ! ord] ( increas+ calibre1 ! small] be+ call$ into play by feel+s ( l[] int5sity1 ! l>g] by ^? ( high] int5sity4 ,b ?is !ory is n en\gh4 ,we mu/ take into acc\nt also ! ord] ( frequ5cy ( use1 & ( consequ5t liability to dis*>ge 9 ! connect$ n]ve-c5tres4 ,x seems probable t ! muscles engag$ 9 ! movem5ts ( ! m\? & ^? ex]cis$ 9 phonation w\ld1 = ^! reasons1 be specially liable to be act$ ^u4 ,^! wid] t5d5cies w\ld1 accord+ to ! above hypo!sis1 be assi/$ by special associations4 ,^! w\ld secure ! comb9ation ( ! two gr\ps ( movem5ts1 :i* ,i h assum$ to h be5 employ$ indep5d5tly z utt]ances ( pleasurable feel+3 namely1 ^? involv$ 9 smil+1 & ^? und]ly+ ! fir/ happy reit]at$ s\nds ( a quasi-infantile babbl+4 #agf ,"o elem5t 9 ! laugh1 its explosive vig\r1 seems unacc\nt$ = on ?is hypo!sis4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 ! effect ( relief f /ra91 :i* is s common a factor 9 human laught]1 may be call$ 94 ,! e>lie/ laught] ( ! *ild seems to illu/rate ?is elem5t4 ,= example1 t :i* occurs dur+ tickl+1 9 a game ( bo-peep1 & at ! sight ( ! "m mak+ faces may be said to arise f a s]i\s attitude sudd5ly dissolv$4 ,p]haps ! fir/ great laugh 0 produc$ by man or by 8 proximate prog5itor1 :5 relief came aft] fe> or ! /ra9 ( battle4 ,s f> z primitive laught] 0 ! outcome ( su* conc5trat$ en]gy seek+ relief1 ?is circum/ance w\ld help to acc\nt = ! prolongation z well z = ! /r5g? ( ! s\nds4 ,our conjecture _c lay claim to be a hypo!sis4 ,x makes no attempt to expla9 ! precise =ms ( ! *anges :i* ent] bo? into ! smile & into ! laugh4 ,at be/1 x is only a r\gh h9t z to a possible mode ( g5esis4 ,i h "h treat$ ( ! g5esis ( laught] "u its m g5]al aspect z an expression ( pleasurable /ates ( feel+4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t )9 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( life ano!r & cle>ly specialis$ v>iety ( laught] em]ges1 namely1 t call$ =? by tickl+4 ,x foll[s f our analysis ( ! effect ( tickl+ t x is "o ( ! e>lie/ manife/ations1 9 a cle> =m1 ( ! laught] ( fun or ( play4 ,z su*1 x dem&s special att5tion 9 any attempt to expla9 ! developm5t ( laught]4 ,z a specialis$ reaction hav+ a cle>ly m>k$ reflex =m1 x is natural to ask :e!r laught] 9 response to tickl+ is n inh]it$1 &1 if s1 h[ x arose 9 ! evolution ( ! race4 ,& we f9d t sugge/ions h #agg be5 made = expla9+ ! g5esis ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on4 ,we w fir/ glance aga9 at ! facts1 & !n exam9e ! hypo!ses put =w>d = expla9+ !m4 ,"h1 aga91 ! "q h[ f> animals are susceptible ( ! effect becomes important4 ,i h already allud$ to ,d>w9's rem>k1 t if a "y *impanzee is tickl$1 m p>ticul>ly "u ! armpits1 he responds by a k9d ( laught]4 ,! s\nd is ( a *uckl+ or laugh+ k9d4 ,! emission ( ^! s\nds is accompani$ by retraction ( ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 & sometimes by a slight am\nt ( wr9kl+ 9 ! l[] eyelids4#aab ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son publi%es o!r obs]vations ( ! effect ( tickl+ on ! "y ( an?ropoid apes4 ,he tells u t a "y *impanzee :5 tickl$ = "s "t "u ! armpits w\ld roll ov] on 8 back %[+ all 8 tee? & accompany+ ! simian gr9 by def5sive movem5ts1 j z a *ild does4 ,a "y ourang at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 7,london7 behav$ 9 a v simil> way4 ,! "y ( o!r animals1 too1 betray "s degree ( tickli%ness4 ,/anley ,hall rem>ks t a dog w retract ! corn]s ( 8 m\? & ?us g "s way t[>ds smil+ if tickl$ ov] ! ribs4#aac ,dr4 ,rob9son f9ds t horses & pigs are also tickli%2 & he ?9ks t ^! animals h specially tickli% regions1 :i* correspond to a consid]able ext5t to ^? :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( ! *ild4 ,we may n[ ref] to ! fir/ appe>ances ( ! tickl+ reflex 9 ! *ild4 ,z po9t$ out above1 ! response by def5sive movem5ts appe>s %ortly aft] bir?1 :]eas #agh ! e>lie/ in/ance ( a response by laught] occurs 9 ! second1 or 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird mon?4 ,x is to be not$ t ?is date is di/9ctly lat] ?an t ( ! fir/ laught] ( pleasure1 ?\gh x is n f> remov$ f t ( ! fir/ cle> appe>ance ( ! laught] ( gaiety or jubilation4 ,^! *ronological facts be> out ! !ory t ! laught] ( a tickl$ *ild has a di/9ct psy*ical antec$5t4 ,on ?is po9t ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son writes to me z foll[s3 8,i h nev] be5 able to succe$ 9 elicit+ laught] f "y infants "u ?ree mon?s old by means ( tickl+1 unless "o also smil$ & caught _! att5tion 9 "s su* way04 ,?is evid5tly po9ts to ! influ5ce ( m5tal ag5cies ev5 9 ! fir/ /ages ( laught] f tickl+4 ,) respect to ! p>ts 9 :i* ! tickl+ fir/ excites laught]1 diff]5t obs]v]s appe> to h rea*$ dissimil> results4 ,prey] di/9ctly speaks ( ! tickl+ ( ! sole ( ! foot z provok+ laught] 9 ! second mon?4 ,:e!r he tri$ o!r p>ts he does n say4 ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill tells me t "o ( 8 *ildr5 fir/ respond$ to tickl+ :5 ! titillation attack$ ! palm ( ! h&1 or ran up ! arm4 ,responses to ! tickl+ ( ! neck & soles ( ! feet came lat]4 ,! fact t ! effect ( tickl+ becomes s well def9$ by1 or soon aft]1 ! end ( ! second mon?1 proves pretty conclusively t x is an inh]it$ reflex2 & ! evolutioni/ naturally asks :at x means1 :at its significance has be5 9 ! life ( our ance/ors4 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall c>ries back evolutional speculation v f>1 & sugge/s t 9 tickl+ we may h ! olde/ /ratum ( our psy*ic life1 t x is a survival ( a process 9 remote animal prog5itors = :i* t\* 0 ! only #agi s5se4 ,he supposes t 9 ^! circum/ances ev5 light or 8m9imal0 t\*es1 say ^? com+ f ! movem5ts ( small p>asites1 be+ unann\nc$ by sight or o!r f>-rea*+ s5se1 w\ld be accompani$ by disproportionately /rong reactions4 ,he does n attempt to expla9 h[ laught] grew out ( ^! reactions4 ,he does inde$ call !m reactions 8( escape10 b he does n foll[ up ! idea by h9t+ t ! viol5t %ak+s ( ! body by laught]1 :5 x came1 help$ to get rid ( ! little pe/]]s4 ,9 tru?1 ?is +5i\s ?9k] h>dly appe>s to make ! explanation ( ! laught] ( tickl+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! o!r reactions1 ! subject ( a special inquiry4#aad ,a m s]i\s attempt to expla9 ! evolution ( ! laught] ( tickl+ has be5 made by ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son4 ,he1 too1 h9ts at ! ve/igial survival ( exp]i5ces ( p>asites1 b appe>s to ?9k t ^! acc\nt only = ! disagreeable effects :i* are br\ght ab\t :5 ! hairy orifices ( ! no/ril & ! e> are tickl$4 ,?is limitation /rikes "o z a little arbitr>y4 ,! reaction ( laught]1 :i* ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill call$ =? :5 he made 8 f+]s run up ! arm ( 8 infant1 is surely sugge/ive ( a ve/igial reflex h&$ d[n f ages ( p>asitic pe/]+4#aae ,) reg>d to ! laugh+ reaction1 :i*1 z we h se51 he consid]s to involve a di/9ct mode ( /imulation1 he sugge/s t x is an inh]it$ =m ( t common mode ( play among "y animals1 :i* consi/s 9 an ex*ange ( good-natur$ & make-believe attacks & def5ces1 or a sort ( game ( %am-fight4 #ahj ,9 support ( ?is !ory he lays /ress on ! fact t susceptibility to tickl+ is %>$ 9 by ! "y ( a numb] ( species ( animals /&+ high 9 po9t ( intellig5ce1 includ+ n only ! high] apes1 b ! dog & ! horse4 ,he adds t1 9 g5]al1 !re is a concomitance betwe5 ! degree ( playfulness ( a "y creature & t ( its tickli%ness1 ?\gh lambs & kids :i* are n tickli% are all[$ to be an awkw>d exception4 ,if tickl+ is a play+ at fight+ we may expect x1 l o!r k9ds ( play1 to mimic s]i\s =ms ( assault4 ,n[ we "k t ! fir/ rude attacks ( man1 s f> z we c ga!r f ! movem5ts ( a passionate infant1 took ! =ms ( /rik+1 te>+ ) ! nails & bit+4 ,tickl+ may be said to be a sort ( mild pret5ce at claw+4 ,dr4 ,rob9son tells u t ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 he has exam9$ pret5d$ to bite :5 !y 7 tickl$1 j z a puppy w d4 ,dr4 ,rob9son goes a /ep f>!r & seeks to %[ t ! areas ( ! bodily surface :i* are specially tickli% 9 *ildr5 are ^? likely to be attack$ 9 s]i\s w>f>e4 ,9 ne>ly all ( !m1 he says1 "s important /ructure1 su* z a l>ge art]y1 is close to ! surface & w\ld be liable to injury if ! sk9 7 p5etrat$4 ,!y w\ld ?us be highly vuln]able regions1 & consequ5tly ^? :i* w\ld be s+l$ out = attacks by tee? or claws4 ,he argues t ! same relation holds 9 ! case ( animals :i* attack "o ano!r 9 ! same way z man4 ,! regions ( special tickli%ness 9 _! case1 too1 appe> to correspond1 r\ghly at lea/1 ) vuln]able regions4 ,inde$1 9 ! "y *impanzee & ! "y ourang ^! tickli% areas are approximately ! same z 9 ! *ild4 #aha ,f all ?is he concludes t tickli%ness1 be+ b\nd up ) ! mimic w>f>e :i* fills s l>ge a space 9 ! life ( _m "y animals1 has its utility4 ,! /rong lik+ to be tickl$1 :i* *ildr5 &1 app>5tly1 "s o!r "y animals express1 s]ves1 9 comb9ation ) ! playful impulse to c>ry out ?is g5tle mode ( attack1 to develop mimic attacks & def5ces :i* are ( high value z tra9+ = ! lat] & s]i\s w>f>e4 ,^! applications ( ! evolution !ory are c]ta9ly int]e/+ & promis+4 ,i ?9k ! idea ( relief f p>asites might be work$ out fur!r4 ,may x n be t ! light t\*es giv5 by ! f+]s ( ! p>5t1 or o!r memb] ( ! ance/ral family :5 hunt+ = p>asites on ! surface ( ! "y animal1 h1 by association ) ! effects ( relief f ! tr\blesome visitors1 develop$ an agreeable feel+-tone8 ,z we h se51 ! laught] ( tickl+ has a di/9ctly m5tal antec$5t2 x appe>s 9 ! *ild1 only :5 he is beg9n+ to enjoy laugh+ly little p9*es on ! *eek1 & o!rwise to %[ a g]m ( a s5se ( fun4 ,! light t\*es1 rem9isc5t at once ( unpleasant settl]s1 & ( deliv]+ f+]s1 w\ld1 "o imag9es1 be exactly fitt$ to supply t dissolution into no?+ ( mom5t>y appreh5sion indicat$ by our analysis ( ! m5tal factor 9 tickl+4 ,) respect to ,dr4 ,rob9son's hypo!sis1 x may be ackn[l$g$ ungrudg+ly to be a brilliant piece ( hypo!tical con/ruction4 ,b1 z ! writ] frankly confesses1 ! facts1 "h & !re1 d n po9t 9 its direction4 ,a v s]i\s objection is ! fact t ! sole ( ! foot & ! palm ( ! h& are n tak5 into acc\nt 9 8 attempt to e/abli% a correspond5ce betwe5 ! tickli% areas ( #ahb ! surface & a high degree ( vuln]ability4 ,9 ,/anley ,hall's returns x is ! sole ( ! foot :i* is mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ z a tickli% area2 &1 z we h se51 x 0 ! fir/ to give rise to laught] 9 ! case ( "o *ild at lea/4#aaf ,!re is ano!r & m s]i\s objection to ,dr4 ,rob9son's !ory z an explanation ( laught]4 ,"o may urge t ! occurr5ce ( su* viol5t movem5ts w\ld1 by %ak+ ! body & by induc+ fatigue mu* e>li] ?an ne$ be1 pretty c]ta9ly be detrim5tal to t prolong$ practice ( skill 9 attack & def5ce1 to :i* ,dr4 ,rob9son atta*es s mu* importance4 ,! supposition t tickl+ is a v>iety ( play develop$ by natural selection among combative animals is1 ,i ?9k1 highly probable4 ,! play ( animals1 l t ( *ildr51 is l>gely a =m ( social activity involv+ a playmate2 & is apt1 z we "k1 to take ! =m ( attack & def5ce1 z 9 *as+1 ?r[+ ov]1 pret5d+ to bite1 etc4 ,^! playful attacks are1 z we h se51 closely relat$ to teas+2 inde$1 teas+ may be view$ z m]ely a play-imitation ( ! fir/ /age ( combat1 t ( *all5g+ or excit+ to conte/4#aag ,tickl+ pretty obvi\sly f9ds a fitt+ place among ! simpl] =ms ( playful combat :i* h a teas+-l "*4 ,moreov]1 ^! =ms ( social play all seem to %[1 9 a p>ticul>ly cle> mann]1 ! utility ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #ahc ,n[1 ?is idea w1 ,i ?9k1 help u to und]/& h[ l\d & prolong$ laught] came to jo9 itself to ! combative game ( tickl+ & be+ tickl$4 ,if play--pure1 good-natur$ play--0 to be develop$ out ( teas+ attacks1 x w\ld become a matt] ( ! highe/ importance t x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood to be su*4 ,?is w\ld mean1 fir/ ( all1 t ! assailant made x cle> t 8 aim 0 n s]i\s attack1 b its playful semblance2 & secondly1 t ! attack$ p>ty express$ 8 read9ess to accept ! assault 9 good "p z sport4 ,x w\ld be ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to ! animal t *anc$ to be 9 ! play-mood & wi%$ to make ov]tures ( fri5dly combat t he %\ld be sure ( an equally gamesome attitude 9 ! recipi5t ( ! *all5ge4 ,"o may see ?is by wat*+ :at happ5s :5 a dog1 unwisely try+ to =ce a frolic on ano!r dog1 is met by a gr[l & possibly by an uncov]+ ( ! can9e tee?4 ,n[1 :at bett] sign ( good-temp]1 ( read9ess to accept ! attack z pure fun1 c\ld nature h inv5t$ ?an ! laugh8 ,! smile is1 no d\bt1 a pretty good indicator 9 "s circum/ances4 ,yet "o mu/ rememb] t ! rudim5t>y smile ( an ape-l ance/or may1 n[ & aga91 h be5 mislead+1 z our own smiles are apt to be4 ,a laugh w\ld presumably be less easy to affect 9 su* circum/ances ?an a smile2 &1 9 any case1 x w\ld be f> less liable to be ov]look$4 ,9 say+ t ! laught] :i* accompanies tickl+ & o!r closely alli$ =ms ( play 9 *ildr5 owes its value to its be+ an admirable way ( ann\nc+ ! fri5dly playful mood1 ,i d n mean t o!r signs are abs5t4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son rem9ds u t a tickl$ *ild w roll ov] on 8 back j l a puppy4 ,! laught] & ! roll+ ov] seem to be two cong5itally connect$ #ahd modes ( ab&onm5t to ! playful attack4 ,9 ! "y ( o!r tickli% animals1 e4g41 ! puppy1 ! roll+ ov] may ( itself suffice to give ! fri5dly signal4 ,x seems n unlikely t ?is consid]ation1 ! utility ( laught] z a gu>antee to a playful *all5g] t 8 ov]tures w be receiv$ 9 ! prop] _s1 applies to ! evolution ( all laught] :i* ent]s into su* =ms ( social play z ! pret5ce to attack1 to fright51 & g5]ally :at we call good-natur$ teas+4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t teas+ might well be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t 9 ! evolution ( play4#aah ,by adopt+ ?is idea1 & by reg>d+ laught]1 9 its elem5t>y =m1 z ess5tially a feature ( social play1 we might set out ) ?is consid]ation ( utility 9 con/ruct+ our !ory ( ! evolution ( laught]4 ,"o is tempt$1 too1 to foll[ ?is c\rse by ! fact1 recognis$ 9 common language1 t mu*1 at lea/1 ( ! lat] & m ref9$ laught] is analog\s to ! effect ( tickl+4#aai ,nev]!less1 z we h se51 ! be/ evid5ce atta9able po9ts to ! conclusion t ?is simple =m ( ! laught] ( social play 0 prec$$ by1 & grew out (1 a less specialis$ k9d ( laught]1 t ( sudd5 accession ( pleasure4 ,we may conjecture t ! laught] provok$ by tickl+ 0 rea*$ 9 ! evolution ( our race soon aft] ?is reaction pass$ out ( its primal & undiff]5tiat$ =m z a g5]al sign ( pleasurable excitem5t1 & began to be specialis$ z ! expression ( m5tal gaiety & ( some?+ l our hil>ity4 ,! fact1 not$ above1 #ahe t *ildr5 only laugh 9 response to tickl+ :5 !y are 9 a pleasurable /ate ( m9d seems to confirm ! hypo!sis t ! love ( fun1 :i* is at ! bottom ( tickl+ & makes x p]haps ! e>lie/ cle> in/ance ( mir?ful play ) its elem5t ( make-believe1 fir/ em]g$ gradually out ( a m g5]al feel+ ( gladness4 #ahf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,laught] ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,( ,,life4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! e>lie/ & di/9ctly h]$it>y g]ms ( ! laugh+ impulse 9 ! *ild1 we may pass to ! consid]ation ( its expansion & specialisation dur+ ! fir/ ye>s4 ,al?\gh1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! new *ild-/udy has n yet produc$ a me?odical record ( ! *anges :i* ?is int]e/+ expression ( feel+ und]goes1 we may by help ( su* data z are accessible be able to trace out "s ( ! ma9 directions ( its developm5t4 ,two closely connect$ problems are involv$ "h3 7a7 h[ ! expressive movem5ts1 ! laugh & ! smile1 !mselves *ange & get diff]5tiat$2 & 7b7 h[ ! psy*ical process :i* prec$es & excites ^! expressive movem5ts gr[s 9 complexity & diff]5ces itself into ! v>i\s =ms ( gaiety or amusem5t enum]at$ above4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! e>ly manife/ations we %all1 ( c\rse1 look = reactions :i* are spontane\s1 9 ! s5se ( n be+ due to imitation & ! lead ( o!rs4 ,yet x w n always be easy to det]m9e :at are su*4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t laught] is "o ( ! mo/ contagi\s ( ! expressive movem5ts4 ,*ildr51 !re=e1 :o are mu* giv5 to imitation may be #ahg expect$ to %[ ?is contagi\sness 9 a p>ticul>ly cle> mann]4 ,! difficulties are1 h[ev]1 n really s =midable z !y might at fir/ seem to be4 ,if a *ild is1 on ! "o h&1 highly susceptible to ! contagion ( laught]1 !re is1 on ! o!r1 no expression ( 8 feel+ 9 :i* he is m spontane\s4 ,! swift directness ( ! 8natural0 or spontane\s laugh may be readily discrim9at$ by a f9e obs]v]4 ,n only s1 b a diff]5ce may be detect$ 9 ! tone ( ! laught] :5 x is p]fectly natural & real1 & :5 x is m]ely imitative & artificial4 ,! note ( affect$ laught] is well kn[n to c>eful obs]v]s ( *ildr54 ,x is p>ticul>ly pla9 :]e a *ild is n m]ely reproduc+ ! laught] ( o!rs at ! mom5t1 b has x sugge/$ to him by o!rs t a ?+ is laughable4 ,miss ,%9n's niece develop$ at ! end ( ! second ye> a =c$ laugh on he>+ ! ^w 8funny0 employ$ by o!rs4 ,! be/ safegu>d aga9/ ?is error is to *oose an only *ild :o is well isolat$ f mir?ful surr\nd+s4 ,?is ne$ n be s cruel an exp]im5t z x looks4 ,9 ! social _w ( ! m]ry little ,ru?1 nobody1 we are told1 0 a 8laugh+ p]son04 ,?is circum/ance gives great value to ! obs]vations made on ?is *ild4 ,h] laught] 0 probably z purely self-initiat$ z any?+ 9 *ild-life c be4 ,x may be add$ t1 ev5 if we c\ld n elim9ate ! imitative & ! artificial elem5t1 !re w\ld /ill be a pretty wide field = c>eful obs]vation 9 ! *ild's own fre] type ( mir?4 ,=1 z all 8 fri5ds "k1 8 he>ty laught] is frequ5tly a response to ?+s :i* leave u dull 8gr[n-ups0 :olly unaffect$1 or affect$ 9 q ano!r way4 #ahh ,) reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! expressive movem5ts !mselves ,i c f9d b few data at h&4 ,^! are en\gh1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! process ( diff]5tiation comm5ces dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,mrs4 ,moore tells u t h] boy 9 ! ?irty-?ird week acquir$ a new =m ( smile 8:i* gradually b n entirely supplant$ ! 7e>li]7 broad op5-m\!d smile4 4 4 4 ,! nose 0 wr9kl$ up1 ! eyes ne>ly clos$4 4 4 4 ,?is smile seem$ to express an extreme & m consci\s enjoym5t40#abj ,prey] rem>ks t 8 boy develop$ 9 ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( ! fir/ ye> 8a m consci\s movem5t ( laught]10 :i*1 presumably1 _h a diff]5t "* z an expressive movem5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! boy ,c41 ( :om ,i h writt5 else:]e1 a new & cle>ly diff]5c$ note 0 detect$ 9 ! laugh ( defiance 7to be ref]r$ to lat]7 :i* appe>$ e>ly 9 ! second ye>4 ,mrs4 ,hogan says %e notic$ a 8mis*iev\s laugh0 at ! age ( fifty-five weeks1 :]eas ,prey] rem>ks t ! fir/ 8rogui% laugh0 occurr$ 9 8 boy's case at ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,a m precise record ( ! phonetic *anges 9 laught] dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s is greatly to be desir$4 ,! movem5ts ( laught] are subject to ! laws ( movem5t 9 g5]al1 ,repetition & ,habit4 ,!y t5d to p]fect !mselves by practice2 & ! result probably involves a /r5g!n+ & an expansion ( ! wide-rang+ organic commotion :i* makes up ! reaction4 ,a *ild ( f\r w laugh on be+ tickl$ mu* m vigor\sly ?an "o ( two4#aba ,moreov]1 ! effect ( repeat$ ex]cises ( ! function w\ld seem1 z already #ahi h9t$1 to involve ! sett+ up 9 ! motor-c5tres1 f :i* ! dis*>ge 9 laught] issues1 a condition ( high in/ability1 s t a v slight application ( ! /imulus1 or 7z 9 ! case ( tickl+7 ! m]e ?reat to apply ?is1 suffices to evoke ! reaction4 ,la/ly1 ?is "w ( organisation w pla9ly involve a fix+ ( ! connection 9 ! bra9-c5tres betwe5 ! effect ( ! /imulation & ! motor reaction4 ,we say t ! impulse ( laught] has become associat$ ) a def9ite k9d ( s5se-pres5tation4 ,! in/ant response ( a *ild to ! ?reat5+ f+]s is a cle> example ( ! result ( su* an associative co-ord9ation4 ,o!r examples are se5 :5 a p>ticul> sight or s\nd takes on p]man5tly a funny "*4 ,a *ild t has come to reg>d a figure 9 a picture book or an odd s\nd made by ! nurse z funny w laugh :5ev] ?is recurs or is spok5 (1 provid$ t ! mood ( ! mom5t is fav\rable4 ,?is is a notewor?y illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! action ( ! novel & unexpect$--:i*1 z we all all[1 has a l>ge rle 9 ! excitation ( laught]--may be replac$ by t ( an antagoni/ic =ce1 namely1 habit1 :i* itself appe>s to secure ! hil>i\s response4 ,x may be add$ t s f> z ,habit comes 91 r$uc+ ! importance ( ! initial psy*ical /age1 & r5d]+ ! reaction automatic1 ! !ory ( ,lange & ,james applies fairly well4 ,! feel+ ( g5ial hil>ity is 9 ?is case l>gely ! reflex m5tal effect ( ! movem5ts !mselves1 includ+ ! :ole organic commotion br\ght ab\t4 ,com+ n[ to ! developm5t ( ! psy*ical elem5t 9 laught]1 we may1 by way ( introduction1 ref] to c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* ought to be useful4 7a7 ,to beg9 )1 any v>iety ( emotional reaction #aij excit$ by a p>ticul> k9d ( pres5tation appe>s1 z x is repeat$1 to und]go a process ( developm5t1 tak+ on m ( fulness & complexity4 ,a feel+ ( atta*m5t to a p]son or to a place1 or ( admiration = a *]i%$ "w ( art1 gr[s full] & deep] ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a relation ( intimacy4 ,dimly realis$ resonances ( =m] l exp]i5ces melt into1 & deep5 ! feel+1 & new elem5ts are wov5 into x by associative complication1 & by gr[+ reflection4 ,?is increas+ complexity affects bo? ! ideational basis ( ! emotion & ! closely connect$ emotional tone itself4#abb ,at fir/ sight we might be dispos$ to ?9k t ! feel+ ( sudd5 joy at ! back ( a m]ry explosion w\ld prove to be an exception to ?is law4 ,s9ce an elem5t ( novelty1 a s5se ( joy\s m5tal collapse "u a sudd51 yet h>mless /imulus1 runs ?r\gh all our laught]1 !re might seem to be no room = any increase ( dep? & volume4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,a *ild's feel+ ( ! 8fun ( x0 at ! approa* ( ! tickl+ h& seems to ga9 9 volume & =ce ) ! repetition ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,! ze/ ( ! enjoym5t ( a laugh+ romp ) ! nurse1 or1 bett]1 ) ! fa!r1 ( wat*+ ! funny ways ( a kitt51 & s =?1 gr[s full] because ( ! increas+ complication ( ! psy*osis beh9d ! laught]4#abc 7b7 ,9 ! second place ! developm5t ( an emotion is ess5tially a diff]5tiation ( x1 n m]ely into a m def9ite k9d ( exp]i5ce z a :ole1 b into a numb] ( #aia di/+ui%able sub-v>ieties ( feel+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! reaction is call$ =? by new excitants & new modes ( /imulation :i* give rise to m5tal complexes some:at diff]5t f ^? caus$ by ! e>li] excitants4 ,?us1 z we m5tally develop1 admirations hav+ a ri*] ideational /ructure & m complexity ( feel+-tone take ! place ( ! fir/ simple ones1 :i* la/ die out or survive only z rudim5t>y processes4 ,?is enl>gem5t ( ! field ( excit+ objects1 ) ! concomitant diff]5c+ ( ! emotional /ate into a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( %ades1 is ! outcome ( ! :ole process ( m5tal gr[?4 ,x means1 fir/ ( all1 ! gr[+ diff]5tiation ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 t is1 ( 8 p]ceptions & ideas1 z well z ! expansion ( 8 reflective processes4 ,9 ?is way a modifi$ admiration atta*es itself to a new k9d ( object1 e4g41 works ( art1 virtu\s actions1 :5 ^! come to be p]ceiv$ & reflect$ on 9 su* a way z to disclose _! admirable side4 ,9 all su* ext5sions ! emotional reaction rema9s 9 its ess5tial elem5ts "o & ! same exp]i5ce4 ,we may say1 if we l1 t ! expression has be5 8transf]r$0 to a new situation or a new exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh ! work+ ( a =ce :i* has be5 call$ 8! analogy ( feel+04#abd ,?is process ( ext5sion by analogy ( situation & attitude may be se5 to be a con/itu5t 9 ! developm5t ( laught]4 ,tak+ its primitive =m to be ! expression ( a sudd5 rais+ ( ! feel+-tone ( consci\sness to ! level ( gladness--:i* elevation may be suppos$ to #aib involve at lea/ an appreciable s5se ( relief f a =ego+ /ate ( /ra9 or oppressive dulness--we may readily see h[ ! reaction is pass$ on1 s to speak1 to analog\s m5tal attitudes :i* are develop$ lat]4 ,let u take z an example a *ild :o1 hav+ rea*$ a dim appreh5sion ( ! cu/om>y behavi\r ( ?+s beg9s to laugh at c]ta9 odd deviations f ?is4 ,"h ! transition appe>s cle>ly to be a k9d ( transf]5ce m$iat$ by ! id5tity ( ! m5tal attitude ) t ( ! laught] ( an e>li] /age1 say at ! sight ( ! new & ent]ta9+ baubles4 ,simil>ly :51 aft] ! consci\sness ( rule is develop$1 a *ild rogui%ly 8tries x on0 by pret5d+ to disobey1 we may reg>d ! new outbur/ ( ! _s ( fun z a natural transition f an e>li] v>iety1 ! laugh+ pret5ce ( runn+ away f "m or nurse4 ,nev]!less1 we h to d "h ) m ?an a m]e transf]5ce4 ,su* ext5sions always involve "s am\nt ( complication & enri*m5t ( ! mir?ful exp]i5ce4 ,^! lat] =ms ( m5tal gaiety dep5d on ! developm5t ( m complex psy*oses1 bo? on ! intellectual & on ! emotional side4 ,! fir/ amusem5t at ! sight ( ! ill-mat*$1 ! inconsequ5t1 implies ! advance ( an analytic reflection up to ! po9t ( a dim p]ception ( relations4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ext5sion ( ! field ( ! laughable dep5ds on ?is intellectual advance1 a f9] & m precise appreh5sion ( :at is pres5t$1 9 its p>ts & s z a :ole1 z also 9 its relations to o!r ?+s4 ,) respect to ! o!r condition1 expansion ( ! emotional life1 x is en\gh to rem>k t c]ta9 =ms ( laught] :i* fall )9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life arise directly out ( a deep5+ ( ! emotional consci\sness z a :ole1 e4g41 ! awak5+ ( ! 8self-feel+10 z se5 #aic 9 ! laught] ( success or triumph2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ( t5d]ness & sympa?y1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( a k9dly hum\r4 ,we see1 !n1 t1 z a feature 9 developm5t1 diff]5tiation into a multiplicity ( =ms is insep>ably connect$ ) ano!r feature1 complication4 ,! gradual appe>ance ( a numb] ( laught]s v>i\sly ton$1 su* z t ( slightly malici\s elation at collapse ( dignity1 ( ent]ta9m5t at an intellectual inconsequ5ce1 & ( a k9dly amusem5t at a petty disa/]1 means t ! elem5tal feel+ ( joy is gett+ modifi$ by accretions or absorptions ( new psy*ical elem5ts4 ,a f9al rem>k is ne$$ to prev5t misappreh5sion4 ,among ! sev]al processes ( complication :i* und]lie ?is diff]5tiation ( ! laugh+ psy*osis1 "s t5d to arre/ or tone d[n ! reaction4 ,x is ?us t1 :5 sympa?y comes to be unit$ ) ! laugh+ impulse1 ! gaiety ( ! latt] is apt to become subdu$ into some?+ betwe5 a smile & ! g5tle/ ( laughs4 ,9 addition to ?is inhibitory effect ( het]og5e\s emotional elem5ts we h t ( new conative attitudes4 ,a *ild soon f9ds out t a good deal ( 8 rollick+ laught] is an (f5ce1 & ! "w ( tam+ ! too wild spirits beg9s4#abe ,) ^! g5]al consid]ations to help u1 we may n[ look at ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! laugh+ exp]i5ce dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,x may be premis$ t ! smile & ! laugh only become gradually diff]5tiat$ z signs ( qualitatively dissimil> attitudes4 ,9 ! case ( ,ru? ! two expressions rema9$ = a "t int]*angeable1 & frequ5tly #aid alt]nat$ 9 ! same fit ( joy\s delight4 ,b ab\t ! #abi? day ! smile1 x is rem>k$1 began to take on "o ( its specialis$ functions1 ! social "o ( greet+4 ,com+ n[ to laught]1 we h f\nd t x beg9s at an e>ly date to pass f a g5]al sign ( sudd5 increase ( pleasure or good spirits into some?+ ak9 to mir?ful play4 ,?is has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! e>ly responses to tickl+1 &1 a little lat]1 to simple =ms ( a laugh+ game 7e4g41 bo-peep74 ,by :at process ( *ange1 "o may ask1 does ! impulse to laugh :5 ! he>t sudd5ly gr[s glad pass into ! laught] ( play8 ,all[+1 z seems c]ta91 t ! play-impulse is inh]it$1 c we po9t out any psy*ological connection betwe5 ! two8 ,! answ] has already be5 giv5 9 sub/ance 9 our g5]al analysis ( ! causes ( laught]4 ,a sudd5 rise ( pleasurable consci\sness1 :5 x possesses ! m9d & becomes gladness1 say ! infant's flood ( delight at ! sw++ col\r$ baubles1 necess>ily dissolves1 = ! "t1 ! t5se1 s]i\s attitude into a loose1 play-l "o4 ,! *ild's consci\sness is n[ all gladness 9 face ( 8 bauble2 & play is j ano!r way ( effect+ ?is dissolution ( ! s]i\s attitude into a l>ge gladness4 ,n only s1 b ! elem5tal mood ( laught] resembles ! play-mood1 s9ce x f9ds its satisfaction 9 pret5ce or make-believe4 ,! gladd5+ object dive/$ ( all s]i\s int]e/ becomes a play-?+1 a m]e semblance ( ! ?+ ( practical acc\nt :i* ! *ild obs]v$ 9 ! s]i\s mom5ts4 ,its greet+ by ! s5ses may be describ$1 inde$1 z a k9d ( play ( ^! s5ses4 ,h5ce1 ! specialisation ( ! primal laught] ( delight into t ( fun w\ld appe> to be "o ( ! simple/ processes 9 ! :ole developm5t ( ! emotion4 #aie ,we may n[ briefly trace out "s ( ! phases ( developm5t ( ^! two primal =ms ( laught]4 ,) reg>d to ! laught] ( delight & jollity1 we f9d1 to judge f ! c>eful record ( ,ru?'s emotional utt]ances1 t !re is a rapid developm5t dur+ & aft] ! f\r? mon?4#abf ,9 ?is mon?1 we read1 ! *ild 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( vivaci\s delight--:i* express$ itself 9 smiles1 9 movem5ts1 9 coo+ & cr[+--by ! faces & voices :i* may be said to h 8play$0 to h] z %e sat at table4 ,! adv5t ( ! meal 0 t ( a new joy\s _w1 &1 if ! *ild c\ld h spok51 %e w\ld probably h exclaim$1 8,oh1 :at fun60 ,! l>ge *ange effect$ by ! return ( a famili> face & voice aft] an abs5ce 0 only ano!r way ( trans=m+ h] _w into a m]ry "o4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? mon?1 ! note-book speaks ov] & ov] aga9 ( 8jollity0 & 8high spirits10 ( ! *ild's 8laugh+ ) glee :5 any "o smil$ or spoke to h]10 ( 8be+ exce$+ly jolly1 smil+1 kick+ & sputt]+10 & s =?4 ,?is gr[+ gleefulness seem$ to be ! outcome ( new expansions ( ! pleasurable consci\sness1 ( a pure 8,leb5slu/04 ,no d\bt x _h its obscure s\rce 9 a pleasurable cnae/hesis1 ! result ( m]rily work+ dige/ive & o!r processes ( organic life4 ,yet x _h its high] conditions1 also1 9 ! expansion ( ! life ( ! s5ses & 9 ! gr[+ range ( ! muscul> activities4 ,laught] & %\ts ( joy w\ld1 we are told1 accompany n m]ely ! inru% ( delightful sights & s\nds1 b ! new use ( bodily p[]s 9 explor+ & exp]im5t+4 #aif ,?is gaiety 9 tak+ possession ( h] new _w %[$ itself 9 ! greet+ ( fri5dly faces4 ,! new appe>ance ( h] gr&fa!r aft] an abs5ce excit$ h] laught] on ! #accrd day4 ,by ab\t ! middle ( ! ye>1 ! *ild _h1 l ,prey]'s boy1 develop$ a jubilant greet+ = h] social belong+s1 nodd+ a fri5dly nod ) all ! signs ( huge delight4 ,^! outbur/s ( laugh+ joy may sometimes be se5 to h be5 prec$$ by a di/9ctly disagreeable /ate ( feel+4 ,9 ! case ( ,ru?1 we are told t ! fit ( jollity broke out1 on "o or two occasions1 ^u 8in/antane\s relief f great g5]al discom=t04 ,aga91 on ! #bbbnd day1 hav+ awoke & felt timid1 %e laugh$ ) joy & a s5se ( relief :5 h] "m came into ! room4 ,i h o!r evid5ce to %[ t ?is laught] ( ov]fl[+ gladness is (t5 to "s ext5t a relief f con/ra9t4 ,?us1 a boy ( "o & a half ye>s :o _h a new nurse1 & = "s days behav$ ) great gravity :5 ) h]1 0 dur+ ! same p]iod 8extremely hil>i\s0 :5 alone ) 8 p>5ts4 ,! gladness ( ! _w grew l>g] to ?is happy girl :51 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? mon?1 %e 0 tak5 into ! op5 air1 &1 %ortly aft]1 all[$ to lie on a quilt & roll on ! gr\nd4 ,! woo+ ( ! pass+ fre%ness1 ! play ( sun & %ad[1 ! l>ge /ir ( life 9 mov+ & s\nd+ ?+s1 all ?is possess$ h] & made h] 8laugh & ejaculate ) pleasure04 ,) ?is may be comp>$ a note on a boy n9e mon?s old1 :o1 ly+ 9 a clo!s-basket 9 a g>d5 "o summ]'s day1 look$ up at ! leaves danc+ 9 ! sun%9e & laugh$ ) 8a he>ty noisy laugh04 ,! developm5t ( bodily p[] 9 ?is same half-ye> br\ght our little maid5 mu* gleeful laught]4 #aig ,any exp]i5ce ( movem5t1 passive z well z active1 fill$ h] ) noisy hil>ity4 ,to ride on anybody's foot br\ght out1 at ! end ( ! fif? mon?1 ! unmi/akable signs ( hil>i\s rapture4 ,a mon? lat]1 ! gleeful explosion 0 call$ out by ! new frolicsome exp]i5ce ( be+ jump$ & toss$4 ,simil> expressions ( mir? occurr$ :5 new active movem5ts 7 accompli%$4 ,9 ! record ( ! middle ( ! n9? mon?1 we are told ( a m$ley ( movem5ts1 tumbl+ on ! floor or lawn1 sitt+ up & ly+ d[n1 rais+ h]self on ! feet & h&s1 etc41 :i* br\ght h] 8s+ul> joy04 ,a "p ( ! gleefulness ( ?is wid5+ exp]i5ce ( movem5t is due to its unexpect$ results4 ,x seems probable t ! fir/ successful exp]im5ts 9 crawl+1 climb+ & ! re/ may give rise to new complexes ( muscul> & o!r s5sations :i* come z a joyful surprise4 ,su* delightful surprises gr[ m v>i$ & impressive :5 ! arms & h&s beg9 to exp]im5t4 ,= example1 a little girl1 ag$ two & a qu>t] ye>s1 happ5$ :5 ?r[+ a ball at r&om to j]k x ov] h] head1 & 0 seiz$ ) a spasm ( hil>ity4 ,! gleeful outbur/ is apt to occur1 too1 lat] on :5 a *ild fir/ a*ieves ! feat--half-wond]ful1 half-amus+--( walk+1 ( runn+ & ( jump+4#abg ,9 ^! exp&+ processes ( jollity or gleefulness we may detect ! beg9n+s ( m specialis$ =ms ( laugh+ enjoym5t4 ,?us1 9 ! outbur/ ( m]rim5t :i* w9ds up a successful attempt to climb1 we recognise ! g]m ( t mode ( reaction :i* is apt to foll[ at ! mom5t ( sudd5 relaxation ( t5sion on ! atta9m5t ( an end4 ,we may be sure t a *ild #aih ( n9e mon?s f9ds ! ef=t to /& a v s]i\s & exhau/+ /ra92 & may inf] t ! laught] :i* occurs 9 ?is case is l>gely due to mom5t>y relaxations ( ?is /ra94 ,b aga91 ^! exp]i5ces cle>ly supply conditions fav\rable to ! em]g5ce ( t 8sudd5 glory0 :i* ent]s into successful ef=t4 ,! 8%\t+ & laugh+0 ( little ,ru? 7=ty-five weeks7 on complet+ ! magnific5t exploit ( climb+ ! /aircase _h1 z h] aunt's epi!t 8exultant0 recognises1 some?+ ( ! free-brea?+ jubilation ( ! successful m\nta9-climb]4 ,we are told fur!r t1 9 ! t5? mon?1 ,ru? w\ld break into ! same exultant laugh aft] "s successful m5tal ef=t1 su* z po9t+ out ! "r picture :5 ?is 0 ask$ =4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! laught] ( a joy\s feel+-tone complicat$ by new elem5ts4 ,^! include1 n m]ely ! delightful feel+ ( relief aft] prolong$ ef=t1 b "s dim =m ( an agreeable consci\sness ( gr[+ p[] & ( an exp&+ self4 ,9 ! glee on ma/]+ a new movem5t1 e4g41 rid+ on somebody's foot1 we see traces ( a m di/9ctly playful mood4 ,we may n[ foll[ out ! developm5t ( ?is l>ge v>iety ( gamesome mir?4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! heal?-fill$ res]voirs ( muscul> activity beg9s at an e>ly /age to we> an unmi/akable aspect ( playfulness4 ,! fir/ ex]cises 9 crawl+1 accompani$ by v>i\s s\nds ( cont5tm5t & gladness1 are inde$ recognisable by all z a k9d ( play4 ,z ! =ces ( ! organism e/abli% !mselves a m manife/ b5t to a romp+ k9d ( game appe>s4 ,?is1 z a game 9 :i* co-op]ation ent]s1 involves a developm5t ( ! social consci\sness1 & its gleefulness comes #aii 9 "p f ! rev]b]ations ( mutual sympa?y4 ,a good example ( ! hil>ity ( a romp+ game is ,ru?'s upro>i\s delight1 9 ! sev5? mon?1 :5 dragg$ ab\t on a c>pet1 an exp]i5ce :i* involv$1 ( c\rse1 mu* loss ( equilibrium & "s am\nt ( awkw>d bump+4 ,t ! bumps 7 ( ! ess5ce ( ! enjoym5t is confirm$ by ! fact t1 9 ! t5? mon?1 %e w\ld l to /&1 hold+ on to a *air1 & !n delib]ately to let h]self g s z to 8come d[n sitt+ ) a ?ud10 w9d+ up ! p]=mance by 8look+ up laugh+ & triumphant04 ,ano!r game involv+ excit+ jolts 0 lik$ 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? mon?4 ,! *ild 0 %ot 9 h] c>riage1 n[ f ! aunt to ! "m1 & n[ back1 ea* little ride end+ up ) a jolt1 ov] :i* %e grew v m]ry4 ,lat] on1 7at ! end ( ! tw5tie? mon?7 %e laugh$ he>tily on be+ knock$ d[n by h] dog 9 a too pu%ful bit ( play2 & %e enjoy$ 9 l mann] "s pretty r\gh play at ! h&s ( a n9e-ye>-old boy companion4 ,?is mir?ful treatm5t ( romps1 :i* mu/ h involv$ a palpable am\nt ( discom=t1 is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ laught] plays ab\t ! conf9es ( ! s]i\s4 ,?is little girl seems1 up to ! age ( ?ree1 at lea/1 to h be5 curi\sly indiff]5t to pa94 ,yet %e 0 n want+ 9 ! common *ildi% timidity4 ,x looks1 !n1 z if ! fun ( ^! r r\gh games turn$ on dissolutions ( nasc5t attitudes ( appreh5sion1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! laught] express$ some?+ ( a joy\s contempt ( fe>4 ,inde$1 x seems likely t an elem5t ( ?is joy\s reb\nd f a half-develop$ /ate ( fe> ent]$ into mu* ( ?is *ild's laught]1 already illu/rat$1 on succe$+ 9 a r risky exp]im5t1 su* z climb+ ! /aircase4 ,we read t1 l o!r vigor\s #bjj *ildr51 %e 0 a ke5 pursu] ( new exp]i5ces1 ev5 9 cases 9 :i* %e knew t "s pa9 0 involv$4 ,! passion = try+ new exp]im5ts seems to h urg$ h] on1 9 spite ( nasc5t fe>2 & ! f9al %\t+ & laugh+ may well h ann\nc$1 along ) ! joy ( successful ef=t1 a s5se ( triumph ov] ! weak] timid self4 ,! ability1 illu/rat$ 9 ^! h>dy exp]im5ts1 to turn situations sugge/ive ( dang] into 8l>ki%0 play1 0 a s+ul> pro( ( ! firm f\ndation on :i* ?is *ild's preval5t mode ( gaiety repos$4 ,9 "s cases ,ru?'s play w\ld take on a =m :i* cle>ly involv$ a triumph+ ov] fe>4 ,?us1 we are told t :51 on ! #dbi? day1 %e 0 ask$ to f9d 8auntie0 9 ! d>k %e at fir/ /ood /ill & sil5t4 ,!n1 :5 h] head 0 t\*$ by somebody's h&s1 %e broke into laught] & />t$ (f by h]self to explore 9 ! d>k4 ,lat] on1 ) ! gr[? ( a bold] _s1 ?is laugh+ triumph ov] fe> ext5d$ itself1 s t 9 ! tw5ty-n9? mon? %e play$ at be> ) h] uncle1 go+ into a d>k room1 ) h] h& 9 h] aunt's1 & enjoy+ 8! exhil>ation ( unreal al>m02 & :5 ! uncle sprang out f 8 d>k hid+-place1 gr[l+ fe>fully1 %e 8laugh$1 %riek$ & fl$ all 9 "o04 ,if ! uncle w5t a little too f> 9 ! use ( ! al>m+ %e w\ld *eck him by say+1 8,don't d t aga904 ,9 ^! cases1 x is evid5t1 we h a complex psy*osis ) alt]nat+ phases4 ,! awful delight :i* v5ts itself at once 9 a laugh & 9 a %riek & a flight is c]ta9ly ( a mix$ feel+-tone4 ,! laught] is ! note ( a triumphant _s1 & yet ( "o 9 :i*1 9 ! mom5t ( triumph1 ! nasc5t fe> leaves its trace4 ,9 ^! laugh+ games we h cle>ly an elem5t ( #bja make-believe4 ,a firm p]suasion1 l[ d[n 9 consci\sness1 ( ! h>mlessness ( ! com+ bump & ( ! human be> 9 ! blackness keeps ! little girl's he>t /eady & turns ! adv5ture into fun4 ,at ! same "t1 ! play z 8pret5d+0 w\ld seem to involve at lea/ a half-=m$ expectation ( some?+1 & probably1 too1 a f9al ta/e ( delici\s surprise at ! fully realis$ no?+ness ( ! half-expect$4 ,9 "s =ms ( play-pret5ce ?is elem5t ( f9al annihilation ( expectation becomes m conspicu\s & ! di/9ct s\rce ( ! hil>i\s exultation4 ,:51 = example1 9 ! elev5? mon?1 ,ru? sitt+ on ! floor held out h] arms to be tak5 up1 & ! "m1 in/ead ( do+ ?is1 /oop$ & kiss$ ! *ild1 !re 0 a p]fect peal ( laught] aga9 & aga94 ,! increase ( muscul> activity %[n 9 ! laugh+ romps leads to ! ext5sion ( mir?ful enjoym5t 9 ano!r way4 ,a vigor\s *ild1 ev5 :5 a girl1 gr[s aggressive & attempts v>i\s =ms ( playful attack4 ,z we h se51 to tickle ano!r is m]ely "o v>iety ( a l>ge class ( teas+ op]ations1 9 :i* ! teas$ z well z ! teas+ p>ty is suppos$ to f9d 8 m]rim5t4 ,reg>d+ n[ ! *ild z teas]1 we see t he v e>ly beg9s to ex]cise at once 8 own p[]s & o!rs' endurance4 ,! pull+ ( :isk]s is "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( practical jokes4 ,ru? took to ?is pa/ime 9 ! fir/ week ( ! fif? mon?4 ,by ! end ( ! six? mon? ! little torm5tor _h gr[n aw>e ( h] p[]1 & 8became mo/ eag] to pull1 ) laught] & exultant clam\r1 at ! nose1 e>1 & especially ! hair1 ( any "o t held h]04 ,! boy ,c41 at ! same age1 delight$ 9 pull+ 8 si/]'s hair1 & 0 mov$ by h] cries only to outbur/s ( laught]4 ,z intellig5ce develops1 ^! practical jokes gr[ m cunn+4 ,ano!r little #bjb girl1 ( :om ,i h writt5 else:]e "u ! initial ,m41 :5 sev5te5 mon?s old1 ask$ = h] fa!r's 8tick-tick10 look+ v saucy2 & z he /oop$ to give x1 %e tugg$ at 8 m\/a*e1 8& almo/ *ok$ ) laught]04 ,) ?is teas+ ( human companions we h t ( animals4 ,:5 sixte5 mon?s old1 ,ru? w\ld *ase ! cat ) %\ts ( laught]4 ,ano!r *ild1 a boy1 ab\t ! same age1 w5t consid]ably fur!r1 & tak+ ! toilet puff f its prop] place w5t delib]ately to 8,moses10 ! cat1 :o 0 sitt+ unsuspect+ly be=e ! fire1 & proce$$ to p[d] him1 ea* new application ( ! puff be+ accompani$ by a %ort *uckle4 ,!re is no ne$ ( read+ into ?is laught] ! note ( cruel exultation ov] suff]+4#abh ,ru?'s mis*iev\s do+s w\ld take =ms :i* _h n ev5 ! semblance ( cruelty4 ,!re 0 m]ely impi% playfulness 9 ! act ( snat*+ (f h] gr&mo!r's spectacles & ev5 h] cap1 ) full accompanim5t ( laught]1 9 ! tw5ty-second mon? :5 lift$ to say good-night4 ,9 mu* ! same _s ! o!r little girl1 ,m41 delight$1 :5 two ye>s old1 9 unty+ ! maid's apron /r+s & 9 o!r jocose =ms ( mis*ief4 ,! laugh+ mood 9 ^! cases is und]/&able z a riot+ 9 newly realis$ p[]s1 a gr[+ exultation z ! consci\sness ( ability to produce /rik+ effects gr[s cle>]4 ,ru?1 9 h] elev5? mon?1 blew a :i/le viol5tly & look$ r\nd laugh+ to h] aunt & ! o!rs pres5t4 ,"h1 surely1 ! laught] 0 t ( #bjc rejoic+ 9 a new p[]4 ,?is s5se ( p[] implies a cle>] =m ( 8self-feel+04 ,a *ild may gr[ ke5ly consci\s ( ! self 9 su* mom5ts ( newly tri$ p[]s1 z he gr[s 9 8! mom5ts ( int5se pa904 ,?is laught]1 !n1 furni%es a good illu/ration ( ! sudd5 glory on :i* ,hobbes lays emphasis4 ,i h assum$ t 9 ?is laugh+ mis*ief we h to d ) a =m ( 7playful7 teas+4 ,! little assailant enjoys ! fun ( ! attack & c\nts on y\r enjoy+ x also4 ,! indulg5ce ( o!rs1 ev5 if !y d n %[ an equal read9ess = ! pa/ime1 removes all ?\ght ( disob$i5ce1 ( lawlessness4 ,yet ?+s d n commonly rema9 at ?is po9t ( p]fectly innoc5t fun4 ,! ga!r+ en]gies ( ! *ild1 enc\rag$ by indulg5ce 9 games ( romp1 are pretty c]ta9 to develop di/9ctly r[dyi% proce$+s4 ,ru?1 = example1 :5 ab\t tw5ty-"o mon?s old1 scrambl$ defiantly on to ! table at ! close ( a meal1 seiz$ on ! salts1 & scamp]$ ab\t laugh+4 ,ab\t ! same "t ?is new _s ( r[dyism %[$ itself 9 fl++ a plate across ! room & o!r mut9\s acts4 ,little boys1 ,i suspect1 are mu* giv5 to exp]im5ts 9 a viol5t k9d ( fun :i* !y "k to be disord]ly4 ,"o ( !m1 ag$ two ye>s eight & a half mon?s1 0 fond ( 8try+ x on0 by pull+ hair-p9s out ( 8 "m's hair1 spla%+ 9 ! puddles 9 ! road1 & s =?1 to h] great p]plexity & 8 pla9ly pron\nc$ enjoym5t4 ,9 ^! outbur/s ( laugh+ r[dyism we see m ?an an escape ( p5t-up en]gies1 m ?an a m]e ov]fl[ ( 8high spirits02 !y are complicat$ by a new factor1 some?+ ( ! defiant temp] ( ! rebel4 ,a *ild ( two has _h "s exp]i5ce ( real disob$i5ce1 & may be said to h develop$ simple ideas ( ord] #bjd & law4 ,we may reasonably inf]1 !n1 t 9 ?is turbul5t fun !re is "s consci\sness ( sett+ law at defiance4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is new psy*ical factor is se5 9 ! alt]ation ( ! laugh+ s\nds !mselves4 ,9 ,ru?'s case1 we are told1 !y 7 8r\gh0 & unlike ! natural & joy\s utt]ance4 ,x is fur!r se5 9 ! me?od ( ! fun1 =1 z ,miss ,%9n obs]ves1 ,ru? 8tri$ repeat$ly to see h[ f> %e c\ld g safely 9 rogui% naught9ess04 ,i ?9k we f9d 9 ?is behavi\r a cle> in/ance ( laught] becom+ an +r$i5t 9 ! attitude ( ?r[+ (f a cu/om>y re/ra9t4 ,x is ! e>ly analogue ( ! laught] ( ! r[dies b5t on w9d[-sma%+1 ( ! riot\s enjoym5t ( ! p at fe/al seasons :5 ! "l ( misrule holds sway4 ,! degree ( consci\s defiance ( ord] may1 no d\bt1 v>y greatly4 ,9 mu* ( :at we view z ! disord]ly mir? ( a *ild ?is +r$i5t ( ! laugh+ mood may be small & sub-consci\s2 yet at times x gr[s di/9ct & prom95t4 ,?us1 ,ru?1 9 ! elev5? mon?1 develop$ a special expression = ! attitude ( defiance :5 disobey+1 namely1 a comical face ) a wr9kl+ ( ! nose1 toge!r ) laught]4 ,! boy ,c41 e>ly 9 ! ?ird ye>1 w\ld give out a laugh ( a %ort mock+ r+ on receiv+ a prohibition1 e4g41 n to slap 8 dog companion4 ,he w\ld rema9 sil5t & laugh 9 a half-contemptu\s way4 ,sometimes 9 8 moods ( defiance he w\ld g s f> z to /rike a memb] ( 8 family & !n laugh4 ,8 laugh 0 sometimes highly sugge/ive ( ! mood ( d]ision4 ,9 ?is note ( w>like *all5ge we h a po9t ( k9%ip ) ! 8cr[+0 laught] ( ! victor4 ,yet x is d\btful :e!r a *ild at ?is e>ly age rea*es ! #bje m5tal attitude ( a mock+ contempt4 ,prey] tells u t he has nev] obs]v$ scornful laught] )9 ! fir/ f\r ye>s4#abi ,:5 ! consci\sness ( ! unruly 9 ^! 8high j9ks0 becomes di/9ct & beg9s to be oppressive1 ! laught] w be less boi/]\s & express m ( playful pret5ce4 ,! *ild le>ns to be satisfi$ ) mak+ a fe9t to rebel1 ) a make-believe unrul9ess4 ,ru?1 on ! #bcf? day1 laugh$ :5 pret5d+ to disobey by bit+ (f ! petals ( fl[]s1 & on ! #dee? day1 by /uff+ buttons into h] m\?4 ,! boy ,c41 :5 ab\t ! same age1 _h 8 little way ( turn+ disob$i5ce into a game4 ,9 ! sev5te5? mon?1 :5 he 0 bidd5 by 8 "m to give up a picture he _h got possession (1 he walk$ up to h] & made a %[ ( h&+ ov] 8 unlawful possession1 & !n drew 8 h&s back ) mu* laugh+ enjoym5t4 ,a m complicat$ psy*ical attitude appe>s :5 su* laugh+ pret5ce at disob$i5ce takes on a 8rogui%0 aspect4 ,"h we h1 n only an elem5t ( slight uneas9ess1 b "o ( self-consci\sness1 :i* toge!r give a di/9ct complexion to ! :ole m5tal attitude & to its expression4 ,?is +r$i5t ( a timid self-consci\sness or %yness "u ! scrut9y ( o!rs appe>s1 z we "k1 "s "t aft] ! simpl] =ms ( fe>4 ,9 ,ru?'s case x seems to h %[$ itself on ! #abcrd day 9 a di/9ctly 8rogui%0 attitude4 ,:5 at d9n] & spok5 to by h] gr&fa!r1 %e turn$ h] head z f> z %e c\ld4 ,on ! #ada/ day1 too1 :5 held 9 h] nurse's arms1 %e #bjf smil$ at h] gr&fa!r & o!rs & !n duck$ h] head4 ,?is expression ( rogui% self-consci\sness _h m ( ! look ( a n]v\s explosion 9 ! elev5? mon?1 :5 ! girl laugh$ on be+ set on h] feet 9 a corn] :]e %e 0 mu* notic$2 & aga91 9 ! ?irte5? mon?1 z %e tumbl$ ab\t & %[$ h]self (f4 ,?is laught]1 ) some?+ ( ! gne ( self-consci\sness 9 x1 01 we are told1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! expression ( a complac5t self-consci\sness4 ,! elem5t ( an awkw>d %yness comes into mu* ( ! e>ly playful 8try+ x on04 ,9 ! case ( ! boy ,c41 j m5tion$1 x 0 se5 9 ! sly1 upw>d look ( ! eyes & ! %ort1 half-n]v\s laugh1 :5 he 0 face to face ) au?ority & dispos$ to play at disob$i5ce4 ,! full] rogui% laugh occurs frequ5tly along ) a risky bit ( play1 z :5 a boy ( "o & a half ye> w\ld po9t to himself :5 ask$ = a f+]-recognition ( somebody else4 ,9 su* cases ! laught] seems l an attempt to get rid ( ! elem5t ( risk4 ,:5 ! mask+ ( ! impulse ( fun by timidity is great]1 ! expression rea*+ only to a t5tative smile1 ! rogui%ness ( a *ild may easily we> a look ( k9%ip ) our gr[n-up hum\r4#acj ,a full acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( laught] dur+ ^! fir/ ye>s1 z an +r$i5t ( ! play-mood1 w\ld be ( great value4 ,x w\ld1 9 p>ticul>1 help u to see h[ ! reaction comes to be def9itely co-ord9at$ ) ! s5se ( make-believe1 & ! attitude ( ?r[+ (f ! burd5some re/rictions ( reality4 ,! vocal mir? ( *ildr51 z !y give re9s to _! fancy1 atte/s to #bjg ! weight ( ?is burd5 & to ! int5se delight :i* comes f its mom5t>y ab&onm5t4 ,9 seek+ = ! fir/ traces ( ! laught] ( play & ( defiance1 we are n greatly tr\bl$ by ! int]f]+ influ5ce ( o!rs4 ,no d\bt ?is influ5ce is at "w ev5 "h4 ,! nurse & ! p>5ts are pretty c]ta9 to laugh at mu* ( ! rogui% 8try+ x on02 & ?is laught] w react ^u ! *ild's own m]rim5t4 ,9 play1 too1 9 :i* o!rs usually take "s "p1 !re is ?is action ( old] p]sons' laught]4 ,/ill1 9 ! ma91 ! utt]ances are spontane\s1 & at mo/ are re9=c$ by way ( "s sympa!tic rapport ) ano!r4 ,x is o!rwise :5 we come to consid] ! fir/ in/ances ( laugh+ amusem5t at ! pres5tation ( 8funny0 objects4 ,! lead ( o!rs n[ complicates ! ph5om5on to a mu* m s]i\s ext5t4 ,! recognition ( an object z 8funny0 implies "s detection ( a quality :i* acts on o!rs z well z on ! self2#aca consequ5tly1 x presupposes a c]ta9 developm5t ( ! social consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 "s cauti\sness is ne$$ 9 not+ ! fir/ cle> examples ( a p]ception ( ! quality4 ,be=e language comes & supplies a means ( self-int]pretation1 we _c safely say t because a *ild laughs 9 pres5ce ( an object !re is a recognition ( some?+ objectively 8funny04 ,z we h se51 su* laught] may be fully acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! object has an exhil>at+ or gladd5+ effect on ! *ild's feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 language is add$ we h to cope ) ! difficulty1 already t\*$ on1 t a *ild's pron\ncem5ts are apt to be controll$ by :at o!rs laugh at & call funny4 ,nev]!less1 "h1 too1 ! *ild's spontaneity & 8 way ( discov]+ 8 own #bjh s\rces ( amusem5t may enable u to ov]come ! difficulties4 ,our /udy ( ! conditions ( ! p]ception sugge/s t a true enjoym5t ( pres5tations z oddities is n to be expect$ at a v e>ly date4 ,& ?is1 fir/ ( all1 = ! reason t ! new1 especially if x is /range1 ev5 ?\gh fitt$ to draw =? a joy\s laugh1 may easily excite o!r & inhibitory attitudes4 ,an infant1 dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( life1 if n lat] also1 is apt to be di/urb$ & app>5tly al>m$ at ! approa* ( new objects1 s z to be unaffect$ by its rejoic+ aspect2 or1 if he feels ?is1 ! laught] may be accompani$ by signs ( fe>4 ,ru?1 on h] #bed? day1 greet$ a kitt5 :i* h] fa!r br\ght to %[ h] ) 8all gradations f laught] & joy to fe>04 ,9 ! second place--& ?is is ( m importance--! recognition ( an object z funny presupposes ! "w ( exp]i5ce 9 organis+ a rudim5t>y feel+ = :at is cu/om>y4 ,?is1 aga91 involves a developm5t ( ! social consci\sness & ( an idea ( a common ord] ( ?+s4 ,n[ all ?is requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t4 ,x h>dly seems reasonable to look = a true appreh5sion ( ! laughable till "s "t aft] ! appe>ance ( an imitation ( o!rs' laught] & play-ge/ures1 :i* 0 fir/ obs]v$1 9 ! case ( ! boy ,c41 9 ! n9? mon?4 ,nor c\ld x well be expect$ until aft] a *ild _h acquir$ "s und]/&+ ( o!rs' language1 s z to note h[ !y agree 9 nam+ & describ+ c]ta9 objects z funny1 :i* und]/&+ only beg9s to be rea*$ 9 ! second half ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce1 ,i %\ld hesitate to speak ( a cle> recognition ( a laughable object z su* be=e ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ye>4 ,x seems to me1 = example1 a little ra% to say t a boy ( five mon?s1 :o always laugh$ inord9ately :5 a v jolly-look+ physician1 #bji ! image ( ,santa ,claus1 paid him a visit1 display$ a 8s5se ( hum\r04#acb ,:5 once ! idea ( objects ( common laught] beg9s to gr[ cle> a *ild is1 ( c\rse1 able to develop p]ceptions ( ! funny along 8 own l9es4 ,?is he c]ta9ly seems to d pretty briskly4 ,! fre%ness ( 8 _w1 ! abs5ce ( ! dull+ effect ( cu/om :i* is se5 9 ! p]ceptions ( old] folk1 r5d]s him an excell5t pione] 9 ! l>gely unkn[n t]ritory ( ,k+ ,laught]4 ,among ! s5se-pres5tations :i* awak5 ! infantile laugh are new & que] s\nds ( v>i\s sorts2 & !y may well be select$ = a /udy ( ! transitions f m]e joy\s exclamation to a hil>i\s greet+ ( :at is 8funny04 ,e>ly 9 ! second half ( ! fir/ ye>1 a *ild 9 good heal? w beg9 to surm\nt ! al>ms ( ! e>1 & to turn :at is new & /range into fun4 ,ab\t ! #bbbnd day brave little ,ru? 0 able to laugh1 n only at su* an odd s\nd z t produc$ :5 h] aunt rattl$ a t9 cup on h] tee?1 b at t ( a piano4 ,prey]'s boy1 lat] 9 ! ye>1 0 giv5 to laugh+ at v>i\s new & out-(-!-way s\nds1 su* z t ( ! piano1 ( gurgl+ or cle>+ ! ?roat1 & ev5 ( ?und]4 ,odd s\nd+ articulations appe> to be especially provocative ( laught] ab\t ?is "t4 ,z e>ly z ! #adi? day1 ,ru? laugh$ at new s\nds inv5t$ by ! aunt1 su* z 8,pah6 ,pah60 ,que] guttural s\nds seem to h a specially tickl+ effect4 ,aft] words & _! common] =ms h begun to gr[ famili>1 new & odd-s\nd+ words1 especially names1 are apt to be greet$ ) laught]4 ,! *ild ,m41 :5 "o ye> n9e mon?s old1 0 mu* impress$ by ! #baj exclamation 8good graci\s60 made by h] "m on discov]+ t ! wat] 0 com+ ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( a room2 & ! *ild w\ld sometimes repeat x 9 pure fun 8%ak+ ) laught]04 ,:5 %e 0 two ye>s sev5 mon?s old %e laugh$ on fir/ he>+ ! "n 8,p]iw9kle04 ,9 ^! & simil> cases ( ! hil>i\s response to s\nds we seem to h1 well )9 ! fir/ n9e mon?s1 a g]m ( a feel+ = ! odd or droll4 ,! e>ly developm5t ( ?is s5se ( ! funny 9 s\nds is aid$ by _! aggressive =ce = ! infant's consci\sness1 & by ! circum/ance t = ! "y e> !y h pron\nc$ *>act]i/ics :i* are probably lo/ z developm5t advances1 & !y are att5d$ to1 n = _! own sake1 b m]ely z signs ( ?+s :i* int]e/ u4 ,! psy*ical process involv$ 9 ! transition may be describ$ z foll[s4 ,s\nds1 :ile by reason ( _! sudd5ness & unexpect$ness !y are apt to take ! consci\sness (f its gu>d & to produce a k9d ( n]v\s %ock1 are ( all s5se-/imuli ! mo/ exhil>at+4 ,! sudd5 r\s+ ( ! consci\sness to a l>ge joy\s commotion is ! fundam5tal fact4 ,nor w ! j> ( ! %ock1 :5 ! s5se-organ develops & becomes h>di]1 int]f]e ) ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w add some?+ 9 ! %ape ( an agreeable reb\nd f a nasc5t attitude ( uneas9ess4#acc ,! laught] ( ! *ild at ! fir/ s\nds ( ! piano1 :i* h fright5$ _m a *ild & o!r "y animal1 is1 9 "p1 a %\t ( victory4 ,!re is "h1 too1 an elem5t ( 8sudd5 glory0 9 ! rejoic+1 z ! new exp&+ self is dimly consci\s ( its sup]iority to ! half-al>m$ & %r9k+ self ( ! mom5t be=e4 #baa ,9 ?is case1 x is evid5t1 we h to d ) a greet+ ( ! laughable :i* w v>y greatly accord+ to ! psy*o-physical condition ( ! *ild4 ,! same *ild t laughs at a new s\nd to-day w to-morr[1 :5 9 ano!r mood1 be di/urb$ by a q simil> surprise ( ! e>4 ,b m is involv$ 9 ?is laught]4 ,! sudd5 & slightly di/urb+ attack ( ! e> by new s\nds is apt to we> = ! *ild's consci\sness a game-l aspect4 ,we h only to ?9k ( ! nurs]y rhymes1 allud$ to by ,miss ,%9n1 9 :i* ! excitem5t ( fun is secur$ by an explosive %ock at ! end1 games closely analog\s to ! rides :i* t]m9at$ 9 a good bump4 ,9 ^! rhymes ! fun lies 9 ! %ock1 ?\gh only half-unexpect$--a %ock :i* has 9 x ! v s\l ( frivol\s play1 s9ce x comes at ! end ( a s]ies ( quiet ord]ly s\nds4 ,may n ! new s\nds1 ! guttural utt]ances & ! re/1 affect a *ild 9 a l mann] z a k9d ( disord]ly play8 ,= a *ild's e>1 pit*$ = ! intr9sic "* ( a s\nd1 !y may hold mu* :i* is expressive ( ! play-mood4 ,?is w apply n only to utt]ances l ! 8,pah6 ,pah60 :i* are cle>ly recognis$ z play1 b to _m o!rs produc$ by a nurse or a "m :o is giv5 to ent]ta9+4 ,p]haps ! gurgl+ s\nds :i* mov$ ! mir? ( ,prey]'s boy appe>$ laught]-l4 ,?is t5d5cy to look on c]ta9 s\nds z a k9d ( play seems to supply a psy*ical l9k 9 ! developm5t ( a feel+ = ! odd & out-(-!-way z su*4 ,we h se5 h[ ! play-impulse 8tries x on0 :5 ! re/ra9ts ( rule gr[ too irksome4 ,i suspect t ! mir?ful appreciation ( ! que] & out-(-!-way gr[s out ( ?is incl9ation to a playful disord]l9ess or law-break+4 ,a *ild is apt to feel oppress$ ) ! rules ( propriety #bab impos$ on him4 ,by ^! rules q a t]rible multiplicity ( noises is br&$ z 8naughty10 & ! prohibition t5ds to fix ! playful impulse precisely 9 ! direction ( ! =bidd5 s\nds4 ,*ildr5 h a way1 moreov]1 ( project+ _! exp]i5ces & _! incl9ations into ?+s :i* we call lifeless4 ,:at m natural1 !n1 t !y %\ld feel ^! incursions ( viol5t & q improp]-s\nd+ noises to be a k9d ( playful ?r[+ aside ( ord] & rule8 ,9 ! doma9 ( ! visible _w1 sudd5ness ( pres5tation r>ely rea*es1 p]haps1 ! po9t ( %ock or jolt9ess4 ,yet !re is ample scope1 "h1 too1 = ! work+ ( ! unexpect$ on ! *ild's s5sibilities4 ,! fir/ visual excitants ( laught]1 ! sudd5 uncov]+ ( ! face 9 bo-peep1 ! unexpect$ return ( ! famili> face aft] an int]val ( abs5ce1 ! in/ant trans=mation ( ! accu/om$ features :5 ! "m 8makes a face10 %[ h[ directly ! surpris+ly new may act on ! "y muscles ( laught]4 ,"h1 too1 we may see h[ ! hil>i\s enjoym5t ( ! new & out-(-!-way em]ges out ( play-mir?4 ,! di/ort$ face ( ! "m produces a laugh :5 x has ceas$ to al>m & is tak5 z fun4#acd ,accord+ to "o obs]v]1 ?is mak+ ( faces gr[s into a /&+ pa/ime t[>ds ! end ( ! second ye>4#ace ,is n ! greet+ ( ! baby-face 9 ! mirror1 :i* 9 ,ru?'s case occurr$ on ! #bba/ day 7eigh? mon?71 & 9 t ( ,prey]'s boy at ! end ( ! n9? mon?1 a k9d ( acco/ ( a newly discov]$ playmate8 ,p]haps ! laught] ( a little boy1 ( "o & a half ye>1 already ref]r$ to1 at ! jump+ ( a p+-pong ball & at a #bac spr+-bl9d go+ up or com+ d[n ) a run1 express$ a recognition ( some?+ play-l4 ,?is co-op]ation ( ! play-incl9ation 9 ! p]ception ( ! laughable 9 visual pres5tations is /ill m pla9ly illu/rat$ 9 ! effect ( actions & po/ures4 ,! quickness ( ! eye ( mir? = expressions ( ! mood ( romp+ play is se5 9 a *ild's laught]1 already ref]r$ to1 at ! gambols ( a horse or o!r animal4 ,ru? 0 mu* ent]ta9$ on h] #dda/ day by ! antics ( a dog4 ,especially enliv5+ is ! appe>ance ( quick1 play-l movem5ts 9 grave eld]s addict$ to decor\s deportm5t4 ,! girl ,m41 at ! age ( eighte5 mon?s1 broke into boi/]\s laught] on see+ h] fa!r z he ran to cat* a tra91 ) 8 h&k]*ief hang+ out ( 8 pocket4 ,?is sudd5 revelation ( ! playful temp] may come to ! *ild by way ( po/ures & expressions4 ,! awful laws ( propriety soon t5d to give ! look ( playful lic5ce to c]ta9 bodily po/ures1 especially t ( ly+ d[n4 ,! boy ,c41 :5 tw5ty mon?s old1 laugh$ he>tily on see+ 8 si/] ly+ on ! gr\nd out ( doors4 ,mak+ faces1 p\t+ lips & ! re/ become playful j because !y are felt to be improp]1 ! sort ( ?+ "o only does 9 a disord]ly mom5t1 playful or o!r4 ,may n ! droll]ies--to ! *ild's consci\sness--( animal =m1 = example ! long neck ( ! giraffe1 owe some?+ to sugge/ions ( improp] jocose actions1 su* z try+ to /ret* oneself into ,alice-l dim5sions8 ,9 ?is bli! recognition ( ! irregul> 9 o!rs' behavi\r we h ! rudim5t ( an appreciation ( ! laughable1 n only z a violation ( rule b z a loss ( dignity4 ,?is is app>5t 9 su* cases z ! boy's laught] at ! pro/rate =m ( 8 si/]1 illum9$ z #bad x 0 by ! obs]vation t1 at ! age ( tw5ty-six mon?s1 he express$ great contempt at ! spectacle ( a ,japanese g5tleman /ret*$ on ! grass 9 ! suburban ,hea?1 :i* 0 ! *ild's daily resort1 & :i* he seem$ /rongly dispos$ to subject to 8 own code ( mann]s4 ,possibly1 too1 !re 0 a t\* ( ?is appreciation ( l[]$ dignity :5 ! same boy1 at ! age ( tw5ty-eight mon?s1 laugh$ greatly on see+ 8 fa!r batt] 9 an old hat4 ,! laught]1 complicat$ n[ by a new elem5t ( consci\s sup]iority1 probably took on a cr[+ note1 ?\gh our dull e>s may n be equal to a cle> detection ( ! *ange4 ,n only s1 x is possible t ! laught] ( *ildr51 common 9 ! second ye>1 at signs ( disord]l9ess 9 ! hair or dress ( o!rs1 & especially sup]iors1 implies a p]ception ( some?+ l l[]$ rank4 ,9 ?is effect ( ! new 9 ! visible _w diff]5t tones ( mir? are no d\bt di/+ui%able4 ,z ! high] =ms ( p]ception beg9 to develop ! primitive laught] ( joy may p]si/ & comb9e ) lat] & m specialis$ k9ds4 ,ru?'s voic+ ( m]rim5t1 9 ! ?irte5? mon?1 on hav+ a new pair ( mitt5s put on h]1 0 l>gely an outbur/ ( joy1 ?\gh "s dim s5se ( ! oddity ( ! ?+ probably comb9$ ) ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! laught] call$ =? 9 ! little girl ,m41 at ! age ( tw5ty-"o mon?s1 by ! spectacle ( a doll t _h lo/ its arms presumably _h 9 x1 along ) a s5se ( some?+ weirdly absurd 9 ! mutilat$ =m1 a pretty ke5 sub-consci\sness ( dolli% proprieties set at defiance4 ,o!r directions 9 ! developm5t ( ?is e>ly laught] at ent]ta9+ spectacles may be said to h _! orig9 9 ! fun ( play ) its pret5ce or make-believe4 ,mrs4 #bae ,hogan's boy1 at ! age ( two ye>s & two mon?s1 w\ld laugh at 8 nurse's pret5d$ ef=ts to put on 8 %oes1 :i*1 in/ead ( gett+ on1 flew away wildly into fre$om4 ,?is laught] 0 evok$ at ! fun ( ! ?+1 & probably involv$ an int]pretation ( ! nurse's action z play4 ,yet x _h 9 x also1 ,i ?9k1 ! trace ( an appreciation ( ! absurdity ( ! f>cical collapse ( ef=t4 ,?is is borne out by ! fact t ! boy1 ab\t ! same "t1 w\ld also laugh :5 ! nurse1 n 9 play1 tri$ by jump+ to hang a g>m5t on a nail j too high = h]4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 h reg>d$ ?is1 too1 z b a cont9uation ( ! play4 ,yet x seems reasonable to suppose t ! m]ry curr5t _h "o ( its s\rces 9 ! p]ception ( ! amus+ aspect ( failure1 ( ef=t miss+ its m>k & laps+ into no?+ness4 ,i confess to h be5 surpris$ at :at looks l ! precocity ( "s *ildr5 9 ! matt] ( hon\r+ ! proprieties ( conduct4 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 only f\rte5 mon?s old1 is said to h laugh$ 9 an 8absurdly consci\s way0 at a small boy :o /ood by h] p]ambulator ask+ = a kiss4 ,t kiss1 we are told1 0 n =?com+4 ,0 ! laugh m]ely an incid5t 9 a mood ( n]v\s %yness1 or did x signify a dim p]ception ( 8bad =m0 on ! "p ( ! propos]8 ,mu* c>e is ne$$ 9 ! int]pretation ( su* expressive reactions4 ,a small boy ( eighte5 mon?s laugh$ :5 8 pants slipp$ d[n4 ,b ?is may only h result$ f a s5se ( ! fun ( ! irregul>ity ( ! proce$+1 aid$ p]haps by o!rs' amusem5t4 ,a true feel+ ( %ame is1 ( c\rse1 n develop$ at ?is age2 yet a *ild may h caught f in/ruction a feel+ ( ! %ock+ impropriety ( an ill-tim$ ca/+ aside ( ! clo!s-trammels4 #baf ,we may f9d 9 ! laught] ( ! *ild1 )9 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 pretty cle> indications ( ! developm5t ( a rude p]ception ( amus+ incongruities 9 dress & behavi\r4 ,! "y eye has a ke5 outlook = ! proprieties 9 ! matt] ( clo!s4 ,ru?1 :o 0 9 ! ?irte5? mon? amus$ at see+ h] new mitt5s put on1 %[$ amusem5t ab\t ! same date :5 h] p9k bonnet 0 put on h] aunt's head4 ,9 ?is case1 ! play-significance ( ! action = ! *ild's consci\sness is app>5t4 ,x seems fairly c]ta91 inde$1 t ?is high] =m ( a recognition ( ! laughable gr[s out ( ! play-int]pretation4 ,:5 at play *ildr5 n only ?r[ (f rules ( decorum & d improp] ?+s1 !y put aside ideas ( appropriat5ess & laun* out into biz>re discont9uities & contr>ieties ( action & spee*4 ,! play-attitude1 z lawless & free1 t5ds to inconsequ5ce4 ,h5ce ! read9ess ) :i* a *ild int]prets su* inconsequ5ces z play4 ,x is ! same :5 a *ild laughs at droll /ories ( ! do+s ( animals & p]sons4 ,he may take fables & o!r fancies s]i\sly en\gh at times1 b if 8 m9d is pit*$ = m]rim5t1 he w greatly appreciate ! extravagant unsuitabilities ( behavi\r ( ! h]oes ( 8 nurs]y books4 ,! little girl ,m41 :5 two ye>s sev5 mon?s old1 laugh$ gaily at a passage 9 a /ory ab\t kitt5s1 9 :i* !y are made to say1 8,wait]1 ?is cat's meat is t\gh20 ask+ 9 ! mid/ ( h] m]rim5t1 8,did y ev] saw su* funny tits80 ,along ) ?is rudim5t ( m]ry appreciation ( ! spectacle ( ! incongru\s1 we h ! fir/ crude manife/ation ( ! closely relat$ feel+ ( amusem5t at ! absurd4 ,*ildr5 are said to h no measure ( ! probable & possible1 & to accept ! wilde/ fancies 9 #bag unque/ion+ fai?4 ,yet exp]i5ce beg9s h] educative "w dur+ ^! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 & "o may detect sporadic traces ( a feel+ = :at is glori\sly incr$ible4 ,a boy1 already allud$ to1 ag$ ab\t "o & a half ye>1 laugh$ z 8 aunt ask$ him :at ! waves1 :i* he 0 gravely obs]v+1 7 say+4 ,! boy ,c41 :5 tw5ty-two mon?s old1 grew q hil>i\s ov] ! idea ( fly+ up into ! air4 ,"s "o _h sugge/$ 8 fly+ l a bird1 & he proce$$ to cap ! sugge/ion1 add+1 8,tit 7si/]7 fy air10 8gee-gee 7horse7 fy air04 ,! la/ idea ( a fly+ horse especially delight$ "o innoc5t1 z yet1 ( ,greek my?ology4 ,la/ly1 a b>e allusion may be made to ! e>ly developm5t ( an appreciation ( ^w-play & ! light] k9d ( wit4 ,t ?is gr[s out ( ! play-elem5t1 ! love ( pret5ce1 is at once evid5t4 ,v]bal fun1 8try+ x on0 ) an incorrect use ( words & s =?1 is a common outlet ( ! rollick+ spirits ( *ildhood4 ,mrs4 ,hogan's boy1 at ! age ( "o ye> eight mon?s1 develop$ a fancy = call+ ?+s by _! wrong names1 a knife a 8=k10 = example4 ,ru? did ! same t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,! fun d]iv$ f punn+ seems to be imm5se 9 ! case ( _m *ildr5 at ! close ( our p]iod1 z :5 a boy on he>+ 8 "m say %e _h j call$ on ,mrs4 ,fawkes ask$1 8,did y call on ,mrs4 knives too80 ,?is easy *ildi% mode ( satisfy+ a jocose b5t is se5 also 9 ! use ( false /atem5ts1 n s]i\sly1 b 89 fun10 z ! *ild has x4 ,ru? _h a fit ( su* m]ry fibb+ at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,a *ild w (t5 8try on0 ?is k9d ( v]bal game1 :5 call$ up = a moral lesson4#acf ,?is same rogui% impulse to 8try x on0 ) ! #bah au?orities leads to some?+ l a play ( wit 9 rep>tee4 ,! m]ry int]*ange ( intellectual attack & def5ce1 :i* relieves s _m s]i\s relations ( adult life1 gr[s naturally en\gh 9 ! case ( *ildr5 out ( _! relation ( subjection to ! gr[n-ups4 ,! playful exp]im5t 9 ! direction ( disob$i5ce is frequ5tly accompani$ by pretty ex]cises 9 v]bal f5c+1 ! joke ( :i* ! p]petrator himself1 at any rate1 greatly enjoys4 ,su* sportive dialectic may arise1 too1 by way ( meet+ s]i\s correction4 ,a girl ( two & a qu>t] ye>s 0 told by a fooli% nurse t if %e put out h] tongue %e w\ld get spots on h] face4 ,aft] li/5+ gravely %e turn$ on h] in/ructress &1 putt+ h] f+] on a little pimple on ! latt]'s *91 ask$ ) 8a mo/ mir?ful smile10 8,h[ ,lizzie 7! nurse7 det dat 'pot d]e d580 ,en\gh has be5 said1 p]haps1 ev5 9 ?is slight exam9ation ( *ildr5's laught]1 to %[ t )9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s all ! ma9 directions ( ! mir? ( adults are =e%ad[$4 ,hum\r itself1 :i* is suppos$ only to come ) maturity ( feel+ & reflection1 beg9s to ann\nce itself 9 a mode/ way dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! boy ,c41 9 8 tw5ty-fir/ mon?1 _h manag$ to twi/ 8 india-rubb] horse1 s t ! head 0 caught betwe5 ! tail & ! legs4 ,he laugh$ out l\dly at fir/1 !n wax$ t5d]1 say+ 9 a pitiful tone1 8,poor ,gee-gee10 & s swung f ! "o emotional attitude to ! o!r4#acg ,?is appe>ance ( ! two feel+s1 di/9ct ?\gh contigu\s1 is1 ( c\rse1 a v diff]5t ?+ f ! highly organis$ s5tim5t :i* we call hum\r4 ,miss ,%9n #bai tells u t1 9 ! case ( ,ru?1 ! p]iod ( infantile gaiety has be5 foll[$ by "o ( s]i\s practicality1 into :i* hum\r does n ent]4 ,p]haps x w come lat]4 ,9 any case we h to recognise 9 ?is laught] ( ! fir/ ye>s some?+ f> remov$ f ! hum\r ( ! adult4 ,x is a pure primitive gaiety1 uncomplicat$ by reflection & sadness4 ,x is en\gh = my purpose if x c be se5 to disclose fa9t embryonic trac+s ( ! ma9 l9es ( diff]5tiation 9 ! developm5t ( human laught]4 #bbj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laught] ,,( ,,savages4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we took a glance at ! primitive =ms ( human laught] z illu/rat$ 9 *ildr54 ,we may n[ supplem5t ?is by a brief inquiry into ! m]rim5t ( ! *ildhood ( ! race1 s f> z ?is is reflect$ 9 ! laught] ( ^? savage tribes :i* h come "u ! direct obs]vation ( ! civilis$ man4 ,we %all expect ! two doma9s to disclose simil> features1 spontaneity1 abs5ce ( reflection1 :ole-he>t$ simplicity4 ,at ! same "t we %all expect ! /udy ( ! laught] ( savages to br+ u m directly 9 t\* ) ! social conditions :i* help to det]m9e ! directions ( mir?4 ,! /udy ( ! savage m9d is ! /udy ( a collective m9d1 t is to say1 ( a typical =m ( ideas1 s5tim5ts1 & psy*ical t5d5cies g5]ally1 runn+ ?r\gh a community4 ,its modes ( m]rim5t1 l its m s]i\s emotional manife/ations1 h be5 obs]v$ z common traits ( memb]s ( a tribal society4 ,a ^w may be said at ! outset ) respect to ! s\rces ( our in=mation4 ,x is a commonplace t civilis$ man f9ds all 8 p[]s tax$ :5 he tries to get into t\* ) ! m9d ( a savage4 ,! difficulties ( ?is access w naturally be great] :5 ! trait to be obs]v$ is an emotion :i*1 :ile x is wont to display itself ) an in/9ctive directness s long z ! #bba surr\nd+s secure fre$om1 t5ds to hide itself z soon z any?+ /range appe>s :i* induces a feel+ ( gne4 ,! pres5ce ( /rang]s1 s f> remov$ f ! plane ( life ( savages z ! mission>ies or (ficials ( a civilis$ nation1 w\ld1 "o supposes1 act z su* a *eck to _! risible impulses4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ! /rang] :o visits a savage tribe may supply1 q unkn[+ly p]haps1 9 8 look1 dress1 & mann] ( behavi\r1 a numb] ( provocatives ( laught] :i* are resi/$ f a feel+ ( :at is due to a gue/4 ,t !re is "s hid+ ( ! m]ry mood "h is n a m]e matt] ( inf]5ce1 s9ce travell]s di/9ctly te/ify to ! fact4 ,! undiscipl9$ savage w n[ & aga9 %[ a degree ( self-re/ra9t comp>able ) t :i* an educat$ ,fr5*man w %[ :5 9 a ,p>is /reet he is address$ by a h>dy ,briti% y\? 9 :at ! latt] *e]fully supposes to be ! language ( ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ /ory may s]ve z an example4 ,a public meet+ 0 be+ held 9 a native village 9 ,africa4 ,an ,engli%man :o 0 pres5t got up on a recumb5t trunk ( a tree1 :i* is us$ z a seat 9 native villages4 ,! log roll$ & ! ,engli%man fell heavily4 ,yet ! :ole meet+ look$ z grave z if ! accid5t _h be5 a "p ( ! programme4 ,an un9/ruct$ obs]v] might h ha/ily inf]r$ t ! tribe 0 want+ 9 a 8s5se ( hum\r04 ,! n>rator ( ! incid5t knew bett]1 & gives ! incid5t z a pro( ( ! great p[] ( self-re/ra9t display$4 ,! same writ] obs]ves t ,african savages1 :ile all[+ a ,european travell] to hum\r !m & treat !m z *ildr51 w 8amuse !mselves at 8 exp5se aft] he is gone1 &1 inde$1 :ile he is pres5t1 if !y "k t he _c und]/& _! spee*04#ach #bbb ,^! consid]ations w prep>e u to und]/& h[ "s h reg>d$ savages z dull creatures1 :o "k n h[ to laugh4 ,t ?is view is commonly held by ^? :o h n visit$ !m is sugge/$ by a passage 9 "o ( ,peacock's /ories4 ,9 ,crot*et ,ca/le ,mr4 ,mac,queedy puts =w>d ! !sis t laught] is 8an involunt>y action develop$ 9 man by ! progress ( civilisation10 & adds t 8! savage nev] laughs04#aci ,x is only fair to say t travell]s !mselves h n be5 s fooli% z to uphold ?is view4 ,at ! same "t1 "s ( !m h drawn ha/y conclusions f ! fact t !y happ5$ nev] to h he>d memb]s ( a p>ticul> tribe indulge 9 laught]4 ,a curi\s illu/ration ( ?is reason+ f inadequate negative evid5ce is ! dispute t took place1 n s long ago1 z to :e!r a p ( ,ceylon1 kn[n z ,w$das 7or ,v$das71 came into ! category ( ! laugh+ animal4 ,x 0 confid5tly ass]t$ by a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne t !y nev] laugh$1 ev5 :5 !y 7 exp]im5t$ ^u1 & 7 confront$ ) ! spectacle ( o!rs convuls$4 ,ano!r visitor may help u to und]/& ?is by 8 rem>k t !y v>y 8betwe5 a taciturn & almo/ morose mood :5 hungry1 & a laugh+ reckless mood :5 n hungry04 ,h>t%orne mu/ evid5tly h obs]v$ !m 9 a hungry mood4 ,c\ld x h be5 t1 unlike ,m>y ,k+sley1 z "s ( u rememb] h] playfully obs]v+1 he _h some?+ ab\t him :i* k9dl$ appetite8#adj #bbc ,o!r illu/rations ( a too confid5t bas+ ( a conclusion on failure to obs]ve may be f\nd4 ,?us x is said by "o travell]1 ,bates1 t ! ,brazilian ,indians are ( a phlegmatic1 apa!tic temp]am5t4 ,a m rec5t visitor1 ,von d5 ,/e951 gives u a diff]5t impression1 rem>k+ 9 "o in/ance t 8! sil5t ,indian m5 & wom5 cont9ually *att]$1 & ,eva's laught] s\nd$ =? "r m]rily0 7lu/ig h]aus74#ada ,^! app>5t discrepancies 9 ! notes ( diff]5t obs]v]s po9t1 ,i suspect1 to some?+ besides su* accid5ts z ! p>ticul> mood 9 :i* ! tribe is f\nd4 ,! ability to provoke laught] is n possess$ by all3 witness ! failure ( _m m]itori\s attempts by adults to excite *ildr5's m]rim5t4 ,some?+ ( ! easy good-nature :i* dis>ms timidity1 ( frat]nal sympa?y1 & ( ! knack ( mak+ y\r audi5ce believe y are l !mselves1 seems ne$$ to draw =? all ! mir?fulness ( ^! *ildr5 ( nature4#adb ,we mu/ always all[ = ?is factor 9 ! p]sonal equation ( ! obs]v] ( savage ways4 ,x is refre%+ to f9d t mission>ies h s (t5 succe$$ 9 gett+ at ! light] moods ( ! hea!n4 ,x speaks well = _! g5ial humanity4 ,! g5]al impression "o d]ives f ^! acc\nts is t savage tribes are c]ta9ly n giv5 ov] to a sull5 despair1 b on ! contr>y h a l>ge & abundant mir?4 ,l *ildr51 !y appe> to express #bbd _! emotions ) great fre$om1 & _! laught] & o!r signs ( good spirits are ( ! mo/ en]getic k9d4 ,d>w9 tells u t 8 correspond5ts1 mission>ies & o!rs1 satisfi$ him on ?is po9t4 ,l\d laught] accompani$ by jump+ ab\t & clapp+ ( ! h&s1 & frequ5tly c>ri$ to ! po9t ( a flood+ ( ! eyes--^! are conspicu\s *>act]i/ics to be met ) among ! ,au/ralians & o!r savage tribes4#adc ,o!r te/imony supports ,d>w94 ,/urt1 = example1 tells u t ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are a m]ry p1 & sit up laugh+ & talk+ all ! night long4#add ,! m rec5t obs]vations ( ,lumholtz support ! view t ! natives are 8v humor\s04#ade ,! ,maoris 7( ,new ,zeal&7 are said by "o travell] to be 8rem>kable = _! natural gaiety3 !y are m]ry fell[s3 always laugh+ & jok+1 especially dur+ ! adv5tures ( a j\rney04#adf ,( ! ,tasmanians we read3 8,!re is n a little love ( fun 9 ! despis$ aborig9e04#adg ,simil>ly1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s are 8m accu/om$ to je/+1 mir? & hum\r ?an irritat+ & reproa*ful language04#adh ,! natives ( ,tahiti1 aga91 8je/ ^u ea* o!r ) great] fre$om ?an ! ,europeans04#adi ,s1 ! ,tongans h 8a /rong s5se ( ! ludicr\s0 :i* !y %[ 9 8! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life04#aej ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro?1 writ+ ( ! natives ( ,borneo1 speaks ( 8! *aff & fun s de> to ! he>t ( e ,kan[it04#aea #bbe ,9 o!r regions1 too1 & among o!r races we light on ! same exub]ance ( mir?4 ,?is is true ( ! natives ( ,africa1 :5 !y are unspoil$ by ,europeans4 ,! ,kafirs 7 said1 by "o :o knew !m e>li]1 to be g5]ally speak+ a good-hum\r$ p ) a ke5 reli% = amusem5t1 & ready to jo9 9 a je/4#aeb ,visitors to ! ,gold ,coa/ f\nd t ! natives de>ly lov$ a joke1 & _h a mo/ lively s5se ( ! ludicr\s4#aec ,miss ,k+sley1 z is well kn[n1 f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,africans a p /ill giv5 to mir? & jokes4 ,9 a lett] to me %e writes3 8,i ?9k ! ,we/ ,african1 unadult]at$1 ! mo/ humor\s =m ( human be+ !re is1 & ?is makes him exce$+ly good company = me04 ,nor is ?is joy\s exub]ance conf9$ to ! natives ( w>m climates4 ,we f9d examples ( x 9 ! *illy ,nor?4 ,"o :o visit$ ! ,indians ( ! ,canadian ,r$ ,riv] 7! ,*ippewas7 ab\t =ty ye>s ago says1 t !y are 8full ( frolic & fond ( relat+ anecdotes2 !y laugh immod]ately at any trifl+ joke or absurdity & seem ?or\ghly to enjoy exi/5ce04#aed ,^! recurr+ /atem5ts ( travell]s ab\t ! mir?fulness ( savages are to "s ext5t support$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,! writ] on ! ,tasmanians1 already quot$1 gives u a numb] ( _! diff]5t local names = fun4 ,:5 a p--& especially a savage p--has a "n = a ?+1 x is a fair inf]5ce t x has "s consid]able acqua9tance ) ! ?+ itself4 ,to say t ?is or t tribe is giv5 to laught] & jok+ does n1 ( c\rse1 imply t ! m]ry temp] is #bbf ! con/ant or ev5 ! pr$om9ant "o4 ,we are told1 inde$1 9 c]ta9 cases t ! mood is a *angeable "o1 & t ^! undiscipl9$ m5 & wom5 resemble *ildr5 9 _! rapid transitions f grave to gay4 ,?us "o travell] to ! ,gold ,coa/ rem>ks t ! inhabitants w *ange sudd5ly f reckless gaiety to despond5cy4#aee ,on ! o!r h&1 z may be se5 f our quotations1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! gay temp]1 z express$ 9 ! habitual smile & read9ess to laugh1 seems to be a di/+ui%+ trait ( c]ta9 savage peoples4 ,"o travell]1 writ+ ( ! ,patagonians1 tells u t _! faces 7 8ord9>ily bright & good-natur$10 & t two ( !m 9 p>ticul>1 :om he knew intimately1 8always _h a smile on _! faces04#aef ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is reason to ?9k t "s tribes /& out f ! g5]al run ( good-natur$1 m]ry folk by a habitual prepond]ance ( ! grave & au/]e 9 _! be>+4 ,r5gg]1 = example1 rem>ks ( ! ,indians ( ,p>aguay t !y are s]i\s & gloomy 7d/]71 laugh only r>ely1 & nev] break into l\d laught]4#aeg ,!re are probably s]i\s savage tribes1 z !re are s]i\s *ildr5 9 ,engl& & o!r civilis$ c\ntries4 ,x w\ld be /range1 too1 if ! treatm5t ( ,am]ican ,indians & o!r aborig9al races by _! civilis$ conqu]ors %\ld n h develop$ n[ & aga91 ev5 9 naturally m]ry folk1 some?+ ( a gloomy demean\r1 at lea/ 9 pres5ce ( ! :ite man4 ,h5ce1 ^! exceptional cases d n seem to impair our g5]al conclusion1 t laught] has a l>ge dwell+-place among ! uncivilis$ peoples ( ! e>?4 #bbg ,! descriptions ( ! movem5ts expressive ( mir?1 giv5 by ^! visitors to savage tribes1 are n z a rule full or exact4 ,?is might be tak5 to mean t ! laught] ( a savage is mu* l our own4 ,yet ?is w\ld be a ra% inf]5ce2 = we mu/ rememb] t x is n easy = "o untra9$ 9 ! f9] k9ds ( obs]vation to note ) precision movem5ts s complex & s rapidly *angeful z ^? :i* express gladness & mir?4 ,! app>atus ( ! photographic cam]a & ( ! phonograph has n z yet1 ,i believe1 be5 made use ( = ! purpose ( regi/]+ ^! presumably primitive =ms ( laught] ere !y vani% f ! e>?4 ,d>w91 z we h se51 has satisfi$ himself z to ! flood+ ( ! eyes4 ,! concomitant movem5ts ( h&s & feet seem to be common4 ,a m precise acc\nt ( ^! movem5ts is giv5 by ,l+ ,ro?4 ,! ,tasmanians1 he tells u1 accompani$ _! l\d bur/s ( laught] ) movem5ts ( ! h&s to ! head & quick tapp+ movem5ts ( ! feet4#aeh ,! l\d1 deep-*e/$ "* ( ! m5's laught] is sometimes specially not$4 ,a rec5t visitor to ,c5tral ,africa regrets t1 "u ,european influ5ce1 ! deep-*e/$1 he>ty laught] ( m5 is be+ replac$ by :at is kn[n z ! 8mission giggle0 9 ! y\ng] folk4#aei ,i h come across1 too1 "o attempt to describe ) "s exactness ! expression ( a happy mood :5 x fl[s on m quietly4 ,! good spirits ( ! ,&amanese1 x appe>s1 %[ !mselves 9 a sp>kl+ ( ! eyes1 & a wr9kl+ ( ! surr\nd+ sk91 also 9 a draw+ back ( ! corn]s ( ! m\? :i* rema9s p>tially op54#afj ,x may be conclud$ t ! facial movem5ts & #bbh o!r *anges correspond broadly ) :at we h se5 to be ! *>act]i/ic expression 9 ! case ( ! *ildr5 ( civilis$ races2 ?\gh diff]5ces ( racial physique und\bt$ly introduce a slight am\nt ( dissimil>ity into ! expressive movem5ts ( laught]4#afa ,mu* ( ?is savage laught] is j ! outcome ( a 8gladsome m9d10 a fl[ ( good spirits undi/urb$ by ! ?\ght ( c>e or tr\ble4 ,?is p]si/5t 8*e]fulness10 to describe x by our inadequate language1 /&s _! possessors 9 good /ead4 ,! natural gaiety ( ! ,maoris1 we are assur$1 comes to _! aid :5 !y enc\nt] h>d%ip4 ,!y are full ( fun ev5 :5 %ort ( food on a j\rney4#afb ,b ! laught] ( savages does n appe> m]ely z a g5]al sign ( gaiety & rollick+ spirits4 ,x has become specialis$ into ! expression ( p>ticul> m5tal conditions & attitudes simil> to ^? :i* are express$ by ! laught] ( our own *ildr54 ,= example1 we f9d in/ances ( laught] occurr+ z a recoil f some?+ l timidity or %yness4 ,two boys1 relates a mission>y1 _h _h ! small-pox & _h n se5 "o ano!r = a mon?4 ,:5 !y met 9 ! mission>y's h\se !y began by %yly hid+ f "o ano!r _! disfigur$ faces4 ,at la/ !y summon$ c\rage1 & aft] _m side looks at "o ano!r !y fac$ r\nd & bur/ out laugh+1 ! eld] boy say+1 8,we are alike m>k$04#afc ,"h escape f gne1 f a feel+ ak9 to %ame1 0 ! prim>y condition ( ! laught]1 ?\gh ?is 0 no d\bt re9=c$ by a s5se ( triumph z ea* discov]$ t he 01 at lea/1 n worse (f ?an ! o!r4 ,a writ] tells u t 9 ,ea/ ,africa #bbi 8a slave nev] breaks a ?+ )\t an in/9ctive laugh ( pleasure04#afd ,?is laugh is set d[n to ! love ( de/ruction2 yet x may be1 9 "p at lea/1 l t ( a naughty *ild1 a laugh ( bravado hid+ a consci\sness ( naught9ess1 a mode ( dr[n+ a nasc5t s5se ( %ame2 = x is presumable1 f :at ?is same writ] tells u1 t an ,ea/ ,african slave does n de/roy 8 own]'s prop]ty ) impunity4 ,at ! same "t1 "o mu/ all[ t ! process ( de/ruction 9 itself may be to a savage1 z alas x (t5 is to an ,engli% boy1 an easy way to ! atta9m5t ( a 8sudd5 glory04 ,savages appe> to resemble *ildr5 m cle>ly 9 _! introduction ( jocose attack into _! play4 ,"h we see an analogy betwe5 ! m5tal attitude ( a savage & t ( an old] *ild4 ,no?+ comes out m pla9ly 9 ! reports on ^! uncivilis$ peoples ?an _! fondness = teas+1 includ+ practical jokes4 ,! love ( teas+ is te/ifi$ to by m ?an "o writ]4 ,a good au?ority tells u t savages 8tease "o ano!r mu* m freely & jok+ly 7s*]zhaft7 ?an ,europeans04#afe ,?is fondness = teas+ comes out /rongly 9 _! mimicries ( "o ano!r's defects1 a po9t to be illu/rat$ pres5tly4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! teas+1 z ) our own boys1 is apt to take on a decid$ly r\gh =m4 ,a lady1 writ+ ( ! inhabitants ( ,funafuti1 obs]ves3 8,x is ?\ght a good practical joke 9 ,funafuti = a girl to saw an unsuspect+ y\? ) a p&anus leaf10 :i* produces a v pa9ful scrat*3 8a good deal ( laught] on ! "o side & volubility on ! o!r is ! usual result ( ?is joke04#aff #bcj ,practical jokes gr[ out ( ! teas+ in/9ct3 !y are new inv5tions :i* take ! victim by surprise1 if !y d n di/9ctly mislead4 ,! savage intellig5ce is q boyi% 9 ! fecundity ( its inv5tion 9 ?is doma94 ,! y\ng] folk seem to practise rude jokes v l ^? c>ri$ out by our own y\ng/]s4 ,"h is an in/ance4 ,a "y ,african negro1 see+ an old woman c>ry+ a pumpk91 approa*$ h] & %\t$ t !re 0 some?+ on h] head4 ,%e =got all ab\t ! pumpk91 %riek$ at ! ?\ght ( "s hide\s object on h] head1 & ran =w>d1 all[+ h] torm5tor laugh+ly to pick up ! prize %e _h let fall4#afg ,z is natural1 ^! practical jocosities are sometimes direct$1 ) a c]ta9 caution1 ( c\rse1 aga9/ ! ,european4 ,a "y savage ( ,tasmania once slyly remov$ a bag ( %ell-fi% laid d[n by a sailor at ! foot ( a rock1 & let him se>* = x 9 va91 &1 :5 tir$ ( 8 joke1 replac$ ! bag1 %[+ himself 8highly div]t$0 at ! trick he _h play$ ! ,european4#afh ,z ) ourselves1 ^! practical jokes are wont to be paid back1 & ) 8int]e/04 ,a /ory is told ( c]ta9 ,hott5tots :o play$ (f a joke on "s sleep+ companions by %oot+ a c\ple ( arr[s close to !m1 :i* made !m />t up & hurry = arms to _! waggons1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ ) a %\t ( laught]4 ,! victims ( ?is false al>m aft]w>ds paid out ! p]petrators4 ,!y succe$$ 9 t]rify+ !m by a skilful imitation ( ! ro> ( a lion1 :i* drove !m into camp scream+ ) t]ror4#afi ,9 o!r cases ! #bca practical joke may be retaliative ( "s s]i\s annoyance1 & may ev5 be inflict$ on "s ,european 8sup]ior04 ,miss ,k+sley relates h[ "s ( h] ,we/ ,african 8ladies0 _h be5 piqu$ by ! employee ( a trad+ company1 :o tri$ to get !m ap>t1 :5 plant+ manioc1 s z to h9d] !m f talk+4 ,!y took _! playful rev5ge by mak+ a haycock ov] _! tyrant & %\t+3 8,get along1 :ite man6 ,i 'spectable m>ri$ woman10 & s =?4 ,%e gives ano!r in/ance ( ?is disposition to playful puni%m5t 9 h] ladies4 ,a "y black (ficial _h be5 rude to "s ( !m1 :]eupon !y resort$ to ! broad] joke ( ?r[+ him into 8! batt] t passes = #8wat]'04#agj ,closely connect$ ) ^! modes ( teas+1 we h ! practice ( tak+ (f bodily defects by mimicry & by nicknames4 ,^! modes ( playful attack appe> to be direct$ mo/ commonly aga9/ outsid]s1 b in/ances are giv5 ( a discreet mimicry ( a fell[-tribesman 9 8 abs5ce4 ,x seems probable1 ?\gh ,i h n f\nd ! fact br\ght out explicitly1 t mu* ( ! amusem5t d]iv$ by ^! simple folk f _! nightly talks1 :i* are made gay ) laught]1 consi/s 9 teas+ attacks on ! bodily defects or peculi>ities ( c]ta9 memb]s2 ?\gh1 f ! evid5ce =?com+1 "o w\ld inf] t a *oral laught] ov] ! /rang] is ! m usual feature 9 ^! social ent]ta9m5ts4 ,9 all ?is mir?ful teas+ x is easy to see mu* t /rikes u z cruel1 or1 at lea/1 z unfeel+4 ,x is only natural t ! hil>ity ( peoples l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( culture %\ld n[ & aga9 take on ?is aspect2 z :51 = example1 !y are said to laugh exultantly at #bcb ! /ruggles ( a dr[n+ man4#aga ,yet1 on ! :ole1 ! m]rim5t ( ^! peoples1 :5 ! butt is a fell[-tribesman1 ?\gh und\bt$ly r\gh & (t5 v co>se1 does n seem to be s brutal z "o might expect4 ,we c und]/& ! div]sion ( s l>ge an am\nt ( savage mir? into ^! practical *annels--teas+1 bant]+ & play+-(f jokes ^u memb]s ( ones tribe1 by reflect+ t laught] is a social process1 & plays1 z we %all see pres5tly1 a l>ge "p 9 ! smoo? work+1 if n also 9 ! v ma9t5ance1 ( ! social fabric4 ,9 ord] to see ! mean+ ( ?is teas+ laught]1 we mu/ note ! way 9 :i* x is accept$4 ,!re is no d\bt1 to beg9 )1 t savages h by nature a lively dislike to be+ laugh$ at4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ if ?is 7 n s1 see+ t bo? ! monkeys bel[ !m & ! :ite m5 above !m display ?is av]sion4 ,?is seems to h be5 specially not$ 9 ! case ( c]ta9 races4 ,! ,w$das ( ,ceylon1 :o1 z we h se51 h n impress$ all visitors z laught]-lov+1 %[ a m>k$ displeasure at be+ made ! butt ( a joke4 ,we are told t !y are mu* provok$ 7g]eizt7 :5 !y are laugh$ at 7ausgela*t74 ,x is relat$ ( "o ( ^! m5 t1 :5 dur+ a dance he 0 ?us treat$ by a ,european1 he %ot an arr[ at ! laugh]4#agb ,poor old folk among ourselves w1 we "k1 d mu* ! same :5 !y are je]$ at by #bcc incauti\s boys1 & ev5 a y\? has be5 kn[n to %y a /one at a too robu/ je]]4 ,?is dislike ( be+ made ! object ( a faceti\s att5tion holds good ( o!r savages z well4 ,a writ] tells u t a common fireside amusem5t among c]ta9 savages is to tease ! wom5 till !y become angry1 :i* always produces great m]rim5t4 ,! teas+1 x is add$1 is ( a r\gh & n v dec5t k9d4#agc ,fur!r evid5ce ( ?is di/a/e = ! d\*e ( a voluble laught] is suppli$ by ! curi\s ordeals ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 to be spok5 ( pres5tly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ample evid5ce to %[ t ! r\gh jocosities ( ! teas+ game are1 z a rule1 accept$ 9 good "p4 ,! y\? :o bore ! bit+ satire ( ! p&anus leaf seems to comp>e fav\rably 9 ?is respect ) a ,london policeman1 :o rec5tly compla9$ 9 c\rt ( ! s(t att5tions paid him by a lady ( ! ,ea/ ,end 9 tickl+ "s "p ( 8 (ficial visage ) h] da9ty fea!r4 ,sometimes we are di/9ctly told t jokes are tak5 9 good "p1 s long z !y are se5 to be int5d$ z su*4 ,s ( ! ,african ,hott5tots & ,kafirs1 accord+ to ! au?ority already quot$4#agd ,( ! ,tahitians x is said t ! je/s play$ (f at _! exp5se are nev] tak5 9 ill "p4#age ,x is evid5t t ! r\gh] k9ds ( jocosity "h describ$ all[ consid]able scope = some?+ ( ! _s ( sup]iority & contempt4 ,"o fe>s t ?is 0 felt to be pres5t1 = example1 by ! wom5 victimis$ by ! m5's co>se teas+4 ,z ) boys1 s ) savages1 we may suppose t playful attack does n always respect its limits1 b t n[ & aga9 x all[s itself #bcd to be infect$ by ! bruti% elem5t 9 man4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we rememb] h[ mu* ( s-call$ hum\r 9 civilis$ m5 owes its piquancy to ! same bruti% +r$i5t4 ,?is attitude ( sup]iority & contempt seems1 z "o might h expect$1 to be m app>5t 9 :at may be call$ ! extra-tribal direction ( jocosity1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! common laught] at memb]s ( o!r rival & possibly ho/ile tribes4 ,9 c]ta9 cases we are told t ?is is ( ! nature ( mock]y & ridicule4 ,among savages & e>ly communities1 writes "o au?ority1 :5 _! *iefta9 sat 9 8 hall ) 8 w>riors1 !y amus$ !mselves by turn+ enemies & oppon5ts into mock]y1 laugh+ at _! weaknesses1 jok+ on _! defects1 giv+ !m nicknames1 & s =?4#agf ,! savage--aga9 l a boy--is apt to be a va9 sort ( fell[1 & to ?9k t 8 ways are a lot bett] ?an ^? ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,h5ce he w1 ) some?+ ( contempt 9 8 he>t1 laugh at ! bungl+ ef=ts ( m5 ( ano!r tribe to kill a turtle1 & w give a nickname to ! :ite man or take (f ) admirable mimicry "s ( 8 crazes1 su* z 8 passion = road-mak+ or = b>t]+4 ,yet x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be an error to treat ?is laught] at ! outsid] z a =m ( s]i\s ridicule1 ) its feel+ ( ! corrective sup]ior4 ,x is1 ev5 :5 lightly t\*$ ) contempt1 savage play1 & has = its *ief +r$i5t ! love ( fun1 & t delight 9 ! m]e contemplation ( :at is =eign & odd :i* ! savage %>es ) 8 e?nic bett]s4 ,"o *>act]i/ic ( ?is savage jocosity is s frequ5tly ref]r$ to by travell]s t ,i _c pass x by4 ,we h se5 t ! teas+ ( ! wom5 is apt to take #bce on an indec5t =m4 ,we are told1 aga9 & aga91 t savage jokes are commonly l[ & immoral4 ,! co>s] ! joke1 we are in=m$1 ! bett] x is lik$ by ! natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/4#agg ,! je/s ( ! natives ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,pacific are said to be 8l[ & immoral to a disgu/+ degree04#agh ,possibly ! ,european is n p]mitt$ to "k ! wor/ ( ?is aspect ( savage mir?4 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 to give x too s]i\s a significance4 ,to ! simpl] feel+ ( savages1 untrammell$ by ! laws ( dec5cy z civilis$ p "k !m1 !re may be no sugge/ion "h ( a delight 9 ! immoral z su*4 ,_! laught] may well indicate ! fact t = !m an undisguis$ ref]5ce to :at we insi/ on hid+ up has 9 x no?+ improp]2 t !y are j )9 sight ( ! /adium ( culture at :i* conv5tion beg9s to br& su* ref]5ces z obsc5e4 ,"y *ildr5 among ourselves w1 ,i believe1 (t5 laugh at su* op5 & direct m5tion ( unm5tionable ?+s & mu* 9 ! same way4 ,x is h>dly m 9 _m cases1 ,i surmise1 ?an a little bravado1 a glory+ 9 do+ some?+ unusual :i* !y are beg9n+ to suspect is =bidd51 ?\gh ?is is no d\bt apt to be accompani$ by a p]ception ( ! indignity done by ?is uncov]+ to ! p]son involv$4#agi ,we may n[ turn to ^? =ms ( savage laught] :i* involve a m dis9t]e/$ contemplation ( ?+s1 & a rudim5t>y s5se ( _! ludicr\s phases4 ,!re #bcf is no d\bt t ! enjoym5t ( ! droll side ( _! _w fills a l>ge place 9 ! life ( savages4 ,"o may conjecture t x is a l>g] pa/ime 9 _! case ?an 9 t ( mo/ boys2 = ?\gh ! intellect ( a savage may n surpass t ( a boy1 8 exp]i5ce & matur$ good s5se enable him to judge ( ! unseemly & ! incongru\s ) consid]able skill & quickness1 & to d]ive mu* mir? f ! contemplation ( !m4 ,! simple/ =m ( ?is m]rim5t1 s]v+1 z 9 ! case ( ! *ild1 z a bridge f joy\s expansion "u a new s5su\s excitem5t to an appreciation ( ! odd1 is ! common laught] ( savages at :at is /rik+ly new to !m1 & at ! same "t takes _! fancy4 ,= example1 ! natives ( ,borneo 7 v mu* amus$ at a piano1 & :5 !y saw ! damp]s ( ! keys jump+ up & d[n !y 8fairly laugh$ al\d04#ahj ,9 l mann] ! ,indians ( ,hudson ,bay took a compass = a toy & laugh$ at x1 refus+ to accept ! own]'s acc\nt ( its use4#aha ,^! are pretty cle> examples ( a mir?ful delight at some?+ :i* is new1 devoid ( import1 & appeal+ to ! play-appetite4 ,! lat] /ages ( ! laught] at ! lively little compass-toy 71 p]haps1 m expressive ( a dim s5se ( ! absurdity ( ! sugge/ion t a de> wee play-?+ c\ld d su* m>vels4 ,?is gleeful greet+ ( :at is at once new & exhil>at+ to s5se answ]s 9 ! case ( ^! simple p to :at 9 ourselves is joy\s admiration4 ,?us1 we read ( c]ta9 ,african ladies1 wives ( a k+1 :o express$ _! delight at ,european works ( art by repeat$ l\d bur/s ( laught]4#ahb ,our own *ildr5 %[ u n[ & aga9 h[ ! new1 :5 x n only captures ! s5se by its novelty1 #bcg b holds x by its *>m1 may evoke ?is purely mir?ful greet+1 z free f ! /iff attitude ( curiosity z x is f fe>som5ess4#ahc ,x is a good /ep f ?is *ildi% ab&onm5t to ! fun ( a new toy-l ?+ to ! recognition ( some?+ z =eign & oppos$ to ! tribal cu/om4 ,9 ^! simple communities ! unwritt5 laws ( cu/om play a mo/ important "p4 ,violations ( !m on ! "p ( any tribesman are apt to be dealt ) s]i\sly4 ,?is at once t5ds to limit ! range ( savage laught]2 ! pressure ( cu/om is too tyrannical to all[ ( a full display ( ! odd & irregul> 9 human behavi\r4 ,^! elem5ts ( ! amus+ h accord+ly to be suppli$ f )\t2 & !y are suppli$ 9 good measure1 p>tly by o!r neighb\r+ tribes ^: mann]s are obs]vable1 & to a /ill l>g] ext5t by ! ,europeans :o visit !m ) a virtu\s int5tion to re=m & civilise4 ,let u fir/ take a glance at ! hil>i\s appreciation ( ! o!r tribe's ways4 ,! spectacle ( ! =eign] w gr[ p>ticul>ly ent]ta9+ :5 he seems to bungle 9 do+ some?+ :i* is p]fectly famili> to ! obs]v]'s own tribe4 ,! ,tahitians1 x seems1 are laugh$ at by ! dwell]s 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s :5 !y try to kill a turtle by p9*+ its ?roat4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! trick1 s useful to ! bea/1 ( draw+ 9 ! head gives a v]itable look ( ! absurd to ^! attempts4 ,s1 too1 ! enlight5$ p ( "o isl& drew volum9\s amusem5t f ! news t ^? ( ano!r isl& :o _h j come into possession ( ! novelty1 a pair ( scissors1 tri$ to %>p5 !m by bak+ !m4#ahd ,^! two illu/rations %[ a dim appreh5sion ( ! fitness ( ?+s z #bch det]m9$1 n by ! relative /&>d ( 8my way10 b by an objective /&>d4 ,! field 9 :i* !y cull mo/ ( _! faceti\s enjoym5t ( ! do+s ( outsid]s w\ld seem to be ! ways ( _! :ite visitors4 ,!re ! diff]5ces1 ! dep>ture f 8our way0 & ! inability to acquire ?is are great en\gh to appeal /rongly to _! crude s5se ( ! ludicr\s4 ,!y see ! odd :ite p d a numb] ( ?+s :i* /rike !m z extraord9>y & q useless4 ,if ! ,engli%man laughs at ! =eign] = n tak+ 8 morn+ tub1 ! simple savage w turn ! tables by mak+ m]ry ov] our elaborate wa%+s4 ,?us ! ,fuegians1 ?\gh liv+ mu* 9 ! wat]1 h no idea ( wa%+ !mselves2 accord+ly 8:5 ,europeans fir/ came among !m1 ! sight ( a man wa%+ 8 face seem$ to !m s irresi/ibly ludicr\s t !y bur/ into %rieks ( laught]04#ahe ,"h is an example ( a r m complex feel+ 9 pres5ce ( new-fangl$ ,european ways4 ,x seems t a ,s\? ,african ,pr9ce1 presumably z a complim5t to ! :ite man's cu/om1 wi%$ to %ave himself &1 z our y\?s frequ5tly d on fir/ attempt+ ! feat1 cut himself4 ,he !n ask$ 8 ,european visitor to p]=m ! (fice = him4 ,! natives pres5t 8/ood mute ) admiration dur+ ! :ole p]=mance1 gaz+ ) ! utmo/ eag]ness 9 _! c\nt5ances1 & bur/+ at l5g? into a g5]al peal ( laught]--?is be+ _! cu/om>y mode ( express+ delight1 a/oni%m5t1 nay ev5 emb>rassm5t & fe>40#ahf ,! la/ "p ( ?is /atem5t is a little loose1 s9ce1 z we h se51 x is n s mu* ! a/oni%m5t1 ! emb>rassm5t1 or ! fe> 9 itself1 :i* laught] expresses1 z a relaxation ( ! /ra9 involv$ 9 ^! attitudes4 #bci ,! laught] excit$ is ( a r m intellectual k9d :5 ! action ( ! :ite man pres5ts itself z absurd1 n m]ely because x rudely div]ges f ! cu/oms ( ! natives1 b because x involves some?+ out ( ! range ( _! compreh5sion1 & s appe>s incr$ible4 ,x is !n t ! :ite man %[s 8 sup]iority 9 evok+ laught]3 8 arts1 8 app>atus--:5 l ! photographic cam]a !y d n excite fe>s--are apt to evoke incr$ul\s laught]4 ,a travell] 9 ,s\? ,africa _h le>n$ "s s5t5ces ( ! spee* ( a tribe 7! ,si*uana language7 f 8 man4 ,he !n wrote !m d[n & read !m (f be=e ! man4 ,?is simple fell[ laugh$ 8mo/ he>tily0 :5 8 :ite ma/] told him t x 0 ! m>ks he _h made 9 ! book :i* %[$ him :at he 0 to say4#ahg ,a *ild w\ld pretty c]ta9ly jo9 ! savage 9 laugh+ at ! idea ( gett+ s\nds out ( ! in]t1 /upid-look+ ^w-symbols1 if x 7 sudd5ly introduc$ to him 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! :ite man's do+s are n absolutely new1 he may expose himself to ! laught] ( ^! m]ry folk by ! odd mann] ( !m4 ,"o w\ld l to "k all ! jokes :i* ! natives ( ,s\? ,africa1 ( ,polynesia1 & ! o!r abodes ( ! mir?ful 8,naturk9d0 h _h ov] ! dress1 ! ge/ures1 & ! spee* ( _! :ite visitors4 ,yet ?is w\ld be h>d to get at4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 h[ !y are wont to greet "s ( our highly civilis$ p]=mances4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* "s ,tasmanian wom5 behav$ on a fir/ introduction to ! ,european mann] ( s++4 ,!y li/5$ att5tively :ile x la/$2 !n "s applaud$ by l\d %\ts2 o!rs laugh$ to splitt+1 :ile ! "y girls1 #bdj no d\bt m timid1 rema9$ sil5t4#ahh ,?is laught] 01 presumably1 m ?an ! expression ( a wild delight4 ,^? :o laugh$ may be suppos$ to h be5 ! mo/ susceptible to ! absurdity ( ?is unhe>d ( mann] ( song4 ,9 ! case ( ! closely alli$ art ( danc+1 we are di/9ctly told t our highly approv$ /yle may appe> ridicul\s to ! savage onlook]4 ,! ,sumatrans1 writes "o au?ority1 h v sl[ dances :i* are ?\ght to be ludicr\s by ,europeans4 ,yet1 funnily en\gh1 !y ?9k our cu/om>y dances 8to ! full z ludicr\s04 ,!y comp>$ our m9uets to ! fight+ ( two game cocks4#ahi ,did !y also see a galop1 "o wond]s1 & if s1 :at did ! lov]s ( sl[ dances say ab\t ?is8 ,! 8ref9em5ts0 ( ! arts ( civilis$ m5 are ev] apt to appe> laughable to ^? l[] d[n4 ,! laught] ( ^! un9/ruct$ p gr[s l\d :5 ! clev] :ite man fails to a*ieve "o ( _! own simple accompli%m5ts4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 8 inability to pron\nce ! s\nds ( _! language seems to be a prolific s\rce ( m]rim5t4 ,! ,tasmanians1 writes "o :om we h quot$ m ?an once1 (t5 laugh$ to splitt+ :51 wi%+ to repeat _! words1 8,i made mi/akes or pron\nc$ !m badly04#aij ,ano!r travell]1 speak+ ( ! natives ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 writes3 8,t !y _h "s /&>d ( correct spee* is evid5t f ! read9ess ( ! *ildr5 to ridicule a /rang] :o mispron\nces native words04#aia ,a ?ird example comes f ,borneo4 ,! girls1 a visitor reports1 made ,europeans repeat s5t5ces ( _! language aft] !m1 & bur/ out into l\d laught] 8ei!r at our pronunciation or at ! #bda comical ?+s !y _h made u utt]04#aib ,no?+1 p]haps1 m cle>ly exhibits ! ludicr\s value ( ! violation ( a p]fectly uni=m cu/om ?an a mispronunciation ( language4#aic ,nor is ?is all4 ,x seems absurd to a savage1 j z x does to an av]age ,engli% *ild1 t ! =eign] %\ld fail to d :at seems to him n m]ely to require no ef=t1 b to be some?+ "o _c help do+1 l laugh+ itself or cry+4 ,no d\bt "s feel+ ( sup]iority to ! =eign ignoramus ent]s into ! enjoym5t "h4 ,p]haps ! *ildr5 ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& felt ?is sup]iority mo/ ( all4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 we are di/9ctly told t ! ineptitude ( ,europeans1 :5 x provokes laught]1 calls out also ! soo?+ accompanim5t ( k9dly enc\ragem5t4 ,! exhibition ( ano!r k9d ( incompet5ce to d ! ?+ 8we d10 highly provok+ to ! hil>i\s mood1 is a brea* ( good mann]s2 = "h !re comes 9 some?+ ( ! s5se ( social sup]iority1 & some?+ ( ! joy\s mom5t>y relief f ! burd5 ( rules ( etiquette4 ,j z 8,society0 gets ne>e/ to a g5u9e laugh :5 confront$ ) ! vulg>ities ( ,midas z he pu%es into h] inn] circle1 s ! savage ke5ly enjoys 8 opportunity ( detect+ gau*]ie & want ( savoir faire on ! side ( 8 :ite visitors4 ,inde$1 he seems ready1 :5 he is sure ( n (f5d+1 to treat ^! brea*es ( etiquette ) good-natur$ m]rim5t4 ,a travell] tells u t on visit+ ! h\se ( an ,indian *ief 9 ,canada he sat d[n on :at he took to be a bundle ( buffalo robes4 ,! composure ( m9d prop] to a gue/ ( royalty mu/ h be5 slightly di/urb$ at ! discov]y t ! robes began to move & undulate b5ea? him1 till to 8 utt] confusion #bdb he felt himself project$ into ! middle ( ! t5t among ! emb]s4 ,! *ief1 8 ?ree wives & ! o!r native p 9 ! t5t 8%riek$ ) laught]0 at ! cata/rophe4 ,! full measure ( ! good hum\r t lay beh9d ?is laught] reveal$ itself to ! :ite visitor :5 he saw em]g+ f ! heap ( robes ! f\r? & y\nge/ wife ( ! *ief1 :o1 to h] cr$it be x said1 jo9$ 9 ! hil>ity4#aid ,some?+ ( ! reflective elem5t seems to peep out 9 "o v>iety ( ?is laught] at ! odd ways ( ! :ite man4 ,a mission>y1 "o ( ! disc]n+ ones z x w\ld seem1 f\nd ! ,sea ,dyaks dispos$ to treat ! idea ( our religi\s s]vices z a joke4 ,!y 7 curi\s to le>n :at 0 requir$ ( ! religi\s wor%ipp]1 & p>ticul>ly want$ to "k :e!r he 0 =bidd5 to laugh2 & !y expla9$ _! inquisitiv5ess by confess+ t1 l ,mr4 ,b>rie's 8,humori/10 !y 7 f> f sure ( be+ able to re/ra9 !mselves4#aie ,solemn c]emony ) its sev]e dem&s w be apt1 :5 its mean+ is hidd51 to provoke 9 savages & 9 *ildr5 alike a ke5 desire = ! relief ( a laugh4 ,a palpable +r$i5t ( m9d appe>s 9 ! laught] ( savages at ! :ite man's ideas ab\t ! beg9n+s & ! end+s ( ?+s4 ,! inquir] into _! beliefs may pres5t himself to !m z a q unreasonable sceptic1 grubb+ at ! v roots ( ?+s :i* s5sible m5 accept z self-explanatory4 ,! memb]s ( a tribe 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,arunta tribe7 7 imm5sely tickl$ by ! "q h[ _! remote ance/ors came by ! sacr$ /ones or /icks :i* !y _h h&$ d[n to !m4 ,! idea1 t any?+ c\ld h exi/$ be=e ^! #bdc orig9al ance/ors1 /ruck !m z ridicul\s4 ,! ultimate explanation ( any cu/om ( ! tribe 01 8,our fa!rs did x1 & !re=e we d x04 ,to try to g beh9d tradition 0 to *all5ge its suffici5cy1 & s to put =w>d an absurd p>adox4#aif ,"h we h a m5tal attitude at once l & unlike t ( our *ildr52 = ! latt] are cons]vative ( tradition & dispos$ to accept au?ority1 b at ! same "t v en]getic 9 pu%+ back inquiry into 8:at came be=e04 ,intellig5ce w\ld seem n m]ely to be /irr+1 b to be capable ( adroit play :5 ! savage detects ! ridicul\s 9 ! :ite man's ideas ( ! future ( 8 race4 ,h[ _m ( ! simple savages :o are in/ruct$ 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian religion accept !m unque/ion+ly x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,_m1 p]haps1 fail to put any def9ite mean+ into :at !y he>4 ,n[ & aga91 h[ev]1 we meet ) an in/ance ( a d>+ laugh at :at /rikes ! he>] z utt]ly absurd4 ,a tea*] ( ! native ,au/ralians _h once tri$ to expla9 to an intellig5t black ! doctr9e ( ! immat]iality & immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he aft]w>ds le>n$ t 8 pupil _h gone away f ! lesson to h a he>ty fit ( laught] at ! absurdity ( ! idea 8( a man's liv+ & go+ ab\t )\t arms1 legs1 or m\? to eat04#aig ,! crass mat]ialism ( ?is tyro's ef=t to assimilate spiritual ideas 0 mu* ! same z we obs]ve 9 our *ildr54 ,9 ?is laught] at our ways & our ideas we sup]ior p are incl9$ to see m]ely ! ignorance & n>r[ness ( m9d ( ! laugh]s4 ,yet x is possible t ! savage may1 once & aga91 9 mak+ m]ry at our #bdd exp5se %[ himself really our sup]ior4 ,8 good s5se may be equal to ! detection ( "s ( ! huge follies 9 ! matt] ( dress & o!r cu/oms to :i* ! enlight5$ ,european s comically cl+s4 ,& he has be5 kn[n to /rike ! satirical note & to look d[n ^u & laugh 8at ! /upid self-satisfi$ ,europeans :o prea*$ s f9ely b practis$ s little :at !y prea*$04#aih ,we may n[ glance at ! intra-tribal activity ( ! mir?ful impulse4 ,t ?is fills "s place 9 ! life ( savage communities has be5 illu/rat$ 9 our acc\nt ( _! teas+s4 ,we mu/ n expect to f9d "h a l>ge field = ! play ( :at we call ! comic _s4 ,z we %all see pres5tly1 ?is _s only beg9s to fly bravely :5 ! movem5t ( civilisation introduces m div]sity ( class1 &1 fur!r1 a great] lib]ty ( utt]ance--= wom5 z well z = m54 ,a pretty cle> illu/ration ( laught] direct$ to fell[-tribesm5 is suppli$ by ! m]rim5t t is said to accompany a?letic & o!r competitions 9 :i* skill is te/$4 ,among ! natives ( ,victoria1 we are in=m$1 a fav\rite amusem5t ( ! "y m5 is ! ?r[+ ( ! spe> & o!r simil> ex]cises4 ,! trials ( skill are accompani$ by a good deal ( laught]1 not)/&+ t ! old] m5 are pres5t to in/ruct ! boys & t "s ef=t is made to pres]ve discipl9e4#aii ,?is m]rim5t is no d\bt l>gely ! c\nt]p>t ( our s*oolboys' laught] 9 ! playgr\nd4 ,x is ! expression ( a ke5 enjoym5t ( ! triumphs ( ! game4 ,at ! same "t #bde if1 z "o may assume1 x is direct$ aga9/ blund]s x has a sociological significance4 ,x becomes a 8social sanction10 :i* urges a y\? to d 8 be/ 9 ! field4 ,ano!r example illu/rates ! impulse to laugh at a comrade's failure to accompli% a feat = :i* he is totally unprep>$4 ,a memb] ( a ,european p>ty :i* 0 visit+ ! ,w$das c\ld move 8 e>s4 ,a native 0 ask$ to d ! same2 & ! o!rs1 kn[+ :at 0 to be done1 wat*$ him att5tively4 ,! man s+l$ out = ! feat look$ blankly t[>ds ! sky1 8 e>s rema9+ 8z if nail$ to 8 head02 at ?is mov+ spectacle "o ( ! onlook]s sudd5ly broke out into laught]1 ! o!rs at once jo9+ 94#bjj ,"h we h laught] at a fell[-tribesman1 9 face ( ,europeans too1 exactly simil> to t :i* is direct$ aga9/ ! ,european himself4 ,d\btless1 !re is mu* ( ?is k9d ( laught] at ^? :o make an exhibition ( _! limitations1 especially :5 ! attempt is prec$$ by a display ( vanity & boa/fulness4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 savage laught] has ! r+ ( ! m]rim5t ( ! playgr\nd & ( ! circus4 ,"o ( ! fir/ =ms ( a reciprocal mir?ful attack or bant]+ betwe5 classes is t betwe5 ! ,sexes4 ,savage life supplies u ) cle> cases ( int]-sexual jocosity besides t ( ! teas+ :i*1 z we h se51 is a two-sid$ game4 ,9 a collection ( say+s & /ories ( ,we/ ,africa we f9d ! foll[+3 ,a woman left h] husb& to look aft] a 8pot-au-feu04 ,on return+ %e f\nd t he _h skimm$ (f ! bubbl+ foam & hidd5 x 9 a calaba%1 navely suppos+ t ?is 0 ! cream ( ! di%4 ,%e twits him ) x & discov]s to 8 sl[ wits t ! savory scum has melt$ into no?+4#bja ,?is #bdf rem9ds "o ( _m a /ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & %[s h[ wide-spread is ! exposure ( ! male incompet5ce to ! la% ( woman's m]ry wit4 ,^! jocose ?ru/s at ! opposite sex are int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! diff]5tiation ( class-/&>ds4 ,if ! male is laugh$ at = 8 bungl+ at ! my/]ies ( cook+1 h[ mu* m :5 he actually fails to keep up ) ! wom5 folk 9 8 own doma96 ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ^: eye seems to h be5 specially focuss$ = records ( ! mir?ful utt]ances ( savages1 tells u t a boat-load ( wom5 :o _h be5 ga!r+ oy/]s r[$ a race ) a visitors' crew & manag$ to beat !m2 :]eupon !re 0 a f9e outbur/ ( fem99e hil>ity & mu* quizz+ ( ! m5 :o _h all[$ !mselves to be beat5 by wom54#bjb ,"h1 surely1 0 a t\* ( a high] feel+1 a dim p]ception at lea/ ( ! p]man5t & univ]sal =ms ( ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,! cle>e/ example1 ,i h met )1 ( :at we %\ld call a dry hum\r is to be f\nd 9 ! "w j quot$4 ,x seems t a /upid old soo?say] once call$ toge!r a l>ge conc\rse ( *iefs to deal ) ! problem ( nam+ 8 *ildr54 ,^!1 he cont5d$1 7 n prop]ly 81 b _h be5 begott5 by c]ta9 spirits 7! ,antus or ,hantus74 ,"o ( ! *iefs did n enjoy hav+ to come _m miles to li/5 to ?is sort ( /uff1 s 8he pret5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! soo?say]'s disc\rse to fa9t away1 & fell back gasp+ = brea?1 kick+ 8 legs spasmodically 9 ! air at ! same "t04 ,?is int]ruption br\ght ! t$i\s proce$+s to an end1 & s sav$ ! *ief f fur!r bor$om4 ,b ?is 0 n all3 ! disappo9t$ humbug _h to pay ! *ief #bdg :o _h spoilt 8 p]=mance "s f[ls z a puni%m5t = all[+ ! spirits to attack him4#bjc ,! /ory is in/ructive z illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy1 z soon z classes beg9 to be m>k$ (f1 to score (f a man ( ano!r class4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 we h 9 ?is jocose imposition on ! impos] a sugge/ion ( ! m]ry-mak+ ( k+s & peoples at ! exp5se ( ! cl]gy :i* 0 s m>k$ a feature 9 m$ival hil>ity4 ,a ^w may well be exp5d$ on ! subject ( ! organisation ( ! laugh+ prop5sity into regul> amusem5ts among savage tribes4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* a :ite man c le>n f ^! mu*-misund]/ood peoples is ! art ( social ent]ta9m5t4 ,)\t luxuri\s salons1 )\t plate & r>e w9es1 )\t ! !atre & ! conc]t hall1 !y manage to obta9 a good deal ( g5u9e1 unpret5ti\s conviviality4 ,:51 writes "o travell]1 !y are reliev$ ( ! pres5ce ( /rang]s !y h mu* easy social conv]sation4 ,r\nd _! own fires !y s+ & *at1 & old] m5 lie & brag ab\t feats 9 w> & *ase4 8,jokes pass freely & ! laugh is long if n l\d40#bjd ,a /&>d di% 9 ^! social ent]ta9m5ts is tak+ (f ! peculi>ities ( o!r tribes & ( ,europeans4 ,mimicry1 ! basis ( ! actor's art1 is (t5 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection among ^! unc\? savages2 & x is highly priz$4 ,:51 writes a mission>y ( ! tribes ( ! remote "p ( ,victoria1 a native is able to imitate ! peculi>ities ( "s abs5t memb] ( ! tribe1 x is v common to he> all 9 ! camp convuls$ ) laught]4#bje ,! ,indians ( ,brazil hold ! peculi>ities1 e4g41 ! be>d1 ( o!r tribes up to laught] by means #bdh ( a lively pantomime4#bjf ,?is mimicry1 z might be expect$1 embraces ! odd ways ( ! :ite man4 ,! natives ( ,new ,s\? ,wales us$ to be s skilful 9 ?is art t "o wrote ( !m3 8,_! mimick+ ( ! oddities1 dress1 walk1 gait & looks ( all ! ,europeans :om !y h se5 f ! "t ( ,gov]nor ,phillips d[nw>ds1 is s exact z to be a k9d ( hi/oric regi/] ( _! sev]al actions & *>act]s04#bjg ,! same au?ority tells u t ! ,tahitians are acute obs]v]s ( ! mann]s1 actions1 & ev5 looks ( /rang]s2 & if !y h any s+ul> imp]fections or oddities1 !y w n fail to make !mselves m]ry at _! exp5se4#bjh ,ano!r travell] c]tifies to ! fact t ! aborig9es ( ,victoria 7 spl5did mimics1 & w\ld1 aft] att5d+ ! :ite man's *ur*1 8take a book & ) mu* success imitate ! cl]gyman 9 8 mann]1 laugh+ & enjoy+ ! applause :i* !y receiv$04#bji ,a turn = mimicry is f\nd also among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! ,cali=nian ,indians gave to ! ,am]ican :ites ! "n 8,wo'hah10 =m$ f 8:oa-haw10 ! s\nd !y he>d ! e>ly emigrants produce :5 !y drove _! ox54 8,let an ,indian see an ,am]ican com+ up ! road1 & cry out to 8 fell[s3 #8,!re comes a wo'hah1' at ! same "t sw++ 8 arm z if driv+ ox51 & x w produce convulsive laught]40#baj ,along ) ?is skill 9 mimicry1 savages %[ consid]able read9ess 9 ! v]bal arts ( descriptive c>icature1 witty say+s & rep>tee4 ,9 practis+ ^!1 we are told1 !y make ample use ( ! in/rum5t ( irony4 ,! possession ( ^! rudim5ts ( tal5t naturally leads #bdi to a c]ta9 am\nt ( specialisation4 ,x is atte/$ aga9 & aga9 t our uncultur$ savage communities possess _! pr(essional pantomi/s1 je/]s & wits4 ,inde$1 we read ( crude =ms ( a comic art among savages s l[ 9 ! scale z ! ,au/ralians & ! ,tasmanians4 ,?us1 ,lumholtz writes ( ! pantomimic dances ( ! ,au/ralian blacks1#baa & ,l+ ,ro? assures u t ! ,tasmanians h _! drolls & m\ntebanks1 :o exhibit ! peculi>ities ( individuals ) consid]able =ce4#bab ,among ! ,sumatrans1 aga91 are to be f\nd 8*>act]s ( hum\r10 :o by buffoon]y1 mimicry1 punn+1 rep>tee & satire are able to keep ! company 9 laught] at int]vals dur+ a night's ent]ta9m5t4#bac ,9 "s cases je/]s are appo9t$ by a *ief1 j z a fool us$ to be select$ by "o ( our k+s4 ,9 ,samoa e *ief has 8 regul> cl[n1 a privileg$ p]son :o1 among o!r lib]ties1 is all[$ t ( tak+ ! food out ( ! *iefs m\?4#bad ,a privileg$ buffoon 9 ,kan[it1 :o _h be5 giv5 an old gun1 told ! ,resid5t t he _h kill$ f\rte5 de] ) "o bullet4 ,! ,resid5t be+ puzzl$1 he expla9$ t he _h cut ! bullet out ea* "t4#bae ,"h we h ! exact c\nt]p>t to ! trick ( ! ,european cl[n ( ! circus4 ,among ! ,eskimo ( ,gre5l&1 x seems1 !re is a regul> p]=mance 9 :i* ! aspir+ 8funny m50 compete = popul> fav\r4 ,aft] a repa/ !y get up1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ea* exhibit+ 8 musical res\rces by beat+ a drum & s++1 & add+ a t\* ( ! actor's art by mak+ comical ge/ures1 & play+ ridicul\s tricks ) ! face1 head & limbs4#baf ,mu* ! same k9d ( conte/ takes place #bej 9 connection ) _! peculi> ordeals1 already ref]r$ to4 ,ea* ( ! two litigants tries to make ! o!r ridicul\s1 by s++ satirical songs & relat+ misde$s2 & ! "o :o succe$s 9 gett+ ! audi5ce to laugh mo/ at 8 jibes or invectives is pron\nc$ ! conqu]or4 ,ev5 su* s]i\s crimes z murd] are (t5 expiat$ 9 ?is m]ry fa%ion4#bag ,9 "o or two cases we read ( m elaborate ent]ta9m5ts4 ,?us1 "s ( ! natives ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific h a regul> masqu]ade p]=m$ be=e ! ,k+1 into :i* may ent] a hi/rionic repres5tation ( a ,briti% sailor ) 8 cutlass1 act$ by a lead+ buffoon1 :o comb9es ) ! rle ( a 8premi]0 ! 8fool's0 privilege ( break+ ?r\gh ! /rict laws ( decorum by po9t+ to ! ,k+ & ask+ ironically if t 0 ! ,k+--amid %\ts ( laught]4#bah ,o!r traces ( a rudim5t>y art ( ! comic are to be f\nd 9 ! amus+ songs & /ories :i* c be trac$ to savage inv5tion4 ,! ,au/ralians _h songs 9 :i* ! peculi>ities ( ,europeans 7 c>icatur$1 ! *orus be+ sung amid %\ts ( laught]4#bai ,ano!r comic song1 he>d among "s ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 took (f ! bodily peculi>ities ( "s m5--presumably ( ano!r tribe--9 ! graceful l9es3-- ,oh1 :at legs1 oh1 :at legs6 ,! ,kang>oo-rump$ fell[s4 ,oh1 :at legs1 oh1 :at legs6#bbj ,9 ^! crude =ms ( art we probably f9d traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,european models4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ories #bea :i* seem to be a p]fectly spontane\s gr[?4 ,( ^! x is en\gh to ref] to ! orig9als ( ! delightful tales ( ,uncle ,remus1 ! sub/ance ( :i*1 z _! au?or tells u1 he obta9$ f ! blacks 9 ! ,am]ican plantations4#bba ,miss ,k+sley writes to me ( ^!3 8,i "k ! tales are n made up4 ,i /ruck ! ,t> ,baby ,/ories 9 ! ,l[] ,congo04 ,x may be add$ t ! device ( ! t> baby is to be f\nd 9 its ess5tials 9 a collection ( ,african /ories4#bbb ,our /udy seems to tell u t savage laught] is l our own 9 repres5t+ diff]5t levels ( ref9em5t4 ,mu* ( x is j nave1 un?9k+ gaiety1 l t ( ! little girl spok5 ab\t 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,co-exi/+ ) ?is infantile gaiety we h ! co>se brutal =ms ( laught] :i* we associate ) ! r\gh] k9d ( s*oolboy4 ,along ) ^! l[] =ms we f9d high] ones1 9 :i* "s am\nt ( ref]5ce to social /&>ds is discov]able4 ,la/ly1 we may detect "h & !re1 z 9 ! /ory ( ! man tickl$ by ! idea ( dead m5 go+ ab\t sans arms1 legs1 etc41 & ( him :o jocosely /ripp$ a humbug ( 8 disguise1 g]ms ( a m ?\ghtful laught]2 & on ! o!r h&1 9 ! k9dly temp]+ ( ! laught] ( ! girls at ! ,engli%woman's inability to make mats1 a movem5t t[>ds sympa!tic laught]4 ,9 o!r words1 we detect ! dim beg9n+s ( t complex feel+ or attitude :i* we call hum\r4 ,x seems probable t ! quality1 if n also ! quantity1 improves z we pass f ! l[e/ & mo/ degrad$ to ! high] savage tribes4#bbc #beb ,h5ce1 no d\bt1 ! difficulty :i* has be5 felt by travell]s 9 describ+ ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! hil>ity ( savage tribes4 ,miss ,k+sley writes to me ) respect to ! hum\r ( ! ,we/ ,african3 8,x is peculi>1 x is n *ild-l--x is m fem99e 9 quality1 ?\gh x is v broad or co>se4 ,x is difficult to describe4 ,i c only say :at seems to me an excell5t joke seems s to him--!re are _m jokes nei!r ( u c see ! po9t (3 o!rs1 we *uckle ov]1 sup]ior p]sons look d[n on & w\ld call buffoon]y40#bbd ,"o practical reflection to close )4 ,any civilis$ community :i* has mu* to d 9 ! way ( manag+ ! 8l[] races0 w\ld surely be wise to take "s he$ ( _! love ( fun4 ,& ?is1 because x has be5 f\nd t appeals to ?is side h be5 m effective ?an ! h>%] measures to :i* ev5 a g5tle ,briton may ?9k himself sometimes driv54 ,an ,african mission>y1 already quot$1 writes t 9 cases :]e a disposition to qu>rel %[s itself 8"o joke is wor? t5 argum5ts04#bbe ,?is is borne out by "o :o has n mu* good to tell ( 8 savages1 :5 he says ( ! ,ea/ ,african t he delights #bec 9 a joke 8:i* manages him l a ,neapolitan04#bbf ,9 a lett] to me ,miss ,k+sley writes3 8,i h always f\nd ,i c\ld *aff !m into do+ ?+s t o!r p c\ld n get !m to d1 ) bl[s--,i c\ld laugh !m out ( ?+s o!r p w\ld h to bl[ out ( !m ) a gun04 #bed ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,laught] ,,9 ,,social ,,evolution4 ,9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s we h foll[$ ! e>li] /ages ( ! developm5t ( laught] 9 ! individual & h glanc$ at its c\nt]p>t 9 ! life ( savage communities4 ,if n[ we try to pu% ! psy*ological inquiry f>!r1 & ask h[ ! mir? ( ! *ild develops into t complex s5tim5t :i* 9 ^! days we call hum\r1 we f9d ourselves =c$ to pause4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 h[ev]4 ,no "o ( u w\ld ev] h acquir$ ?is valuable end[m5t b = ! educative action ( t advanc$ /age ( social culture :i* is our intellectual & moral environm5t4 ,x seems to foll[ t we %all ne$ to look = a mom5t at ! movem5t ( social culture itself1 to consid] ! impulse ( laught] z "o ( ! features 9 ! life ( a community1 & to inquire h[ x has become trans=m$1 almo/ beyond recognition1 by ! movem5t ( social progress4 ,to attempt to give an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ^! social *anges w\ld cle>ly lead u v f>4 ,x may be argu$ ) =ce t e "o ( ! great directions ( social evolution1 su* z t ( intellectual conceptions1 ( moral s5tim5ts1 ( political & social lib]ty1 ( weal?1 ( ! diff]5tiation ( classes & ranks1 has involv$ z its effect "s *ange 9 ! int5sity1 ! mode ( di/ribution1 & ! mann] ( expression 9 daily life & 9 #bee art1 ( ! laugh+ impulse4 ,b we d n ne$ to consid] s deeply4 ,x w be en\gh if we briefly retrace ^? phases ( social evolution :i* appe> to c>ry ) !m z _! imm$iate accompanim5ts consid]able modifications ( ! mir?ful _s4 ,we mu/ 9 ?is inquiry beg9 by def9+ ! social aspect ( laught]4 ,?is 0 t\*$ on 9 ! la/ *apt] 9 connection ) our /udy ( ! mir? ( savages4 ,we h n[ to exam9e x m closely4 ,"o ( its mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ics is its contagi\sness1 already ref]r$ to4#bbg ,! pot5t appeal ( laught] to a me*anical imitativ5ess is significant 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x sugge/s h[ l>ge a "p ( human hil>ity is no?+ b a k9d ( surface resonance1 z empty ( ideas z ! infecti\s yawn or c\gh4 ,b x sugge/s also t laught] is social 9 ! s5se t x is ess5tially *oral & s unit+4 ,a ga!r+ ( yokels at a fair laugh+ at a cl[n t5ds = ! mom5t to become a coh]5t gr\p2 & ! habit ( laugh+ toge!r w t5d to consolidate ! gr\p4 ,:5 ! conjo9t laught] is less automatic & issues f community ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 ! contagi\s prop]ty /ill plays a "p4 ,x is z if ! swift response ( o!rs' laught]1 ! dr[n+ ( "o's own outbur/ 9 ! g5]al ro>1 effac$ = ! "t ! b\nd>ies ( "o's p]sonality4 ,to rejoice toge!r 9 ! full utt]ance ( ! laugh1 ?\gh x moves u less deeply ?an to weep toge!r1 is p]haps no less pot5t 9 cem5t+ a la/+ comrade%ip4 ,! social side ( laught] compreh5ds1 h[ev]1 mu* m ?an ?is4 ,x is commonly recognis$ t ! feel+ express$ has some?+ human = its object4 ,n[ ^? #bef :o directly or indirectly s]ve z ! butt are all ! _w ov] dispos$1 till ! grace ( a g5ial tol]ance has be5 add$1 to dislike & res5t ! "p ?ru/ on !m4 ,s f>1 !n1 laught] w\ld seem to be anti-social & divid+1 &1 alas1 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature w furni% ! /ud5t ) notable illu/rations4 ,yet ?is hurtful edge 9 laught] becomes "o ( its valuable social prop]ties4 ,z ! despis$ ,gre5l&]s may tea* u1 laught] supplies a mode ( puni%m5t :i* comb9es ) effectiv5ess1 economy & humanity1 a good deal ( enjoym5t = ! onlook]s4 ,9 all societies1 if n exactly 9 ! ,gre5l& fa%ion1 x has be5 accord$ an important place among ! ag5cies :i*1 by ca/igat+ vices & follies1 seek to l[] _! vitality4 ,! %>p edge ( laught] repres5ts1 h[ev]1 only "o ( its effects on ! s5sibilities ( ! butt4 ,savage life has giv5 u illu/rations1 n only ( its disagreeable consequ5ces turn$ to judicial purposes1 b ( its agreeable consequ5ces 9 cajol+ o!rs out ( attitudes ( ho/ility & /ubbornness4 ,?is curi\s effect1 z x may seem1 ( a mode ( treatm5t :i* is prim>ily hurtful is to be expla9$ 9 ! ma9 by its playful function4 ,to sub/itute a joke = argum5t or co]cive pressure is1 l tickl+1 to *all5ge to play1 & t5ds to call up ! play-mood 9 ! recipi5t ( ! *all5ge4 ,! mutual teas+s ( savages s]ve1 z we h se51 z a tra9+1 an 1 9 simple & e/imable virtues1 su* z ! ma9t5ance ( good temp]1 tol]ation1 & ! sett+ ( comrade%ip above "o's private feel+s4 ,"o o!r social aspect ( laught] illu/rat$ by savage life ne$s to be t\*$ on4 ,9 ! in/9ctive t5d5cy ( ! savage to ridicule ! cu/oms & ideas ( outside folk we h "o expression ( ! self-protective attitude ( a #beg community aga9/ insidi\s outside influ5ces4 ,j z ! ,hebrews ridicul$ ! religi\s ideas ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,baal & s help$ to keep _! national fai? intact1 s ^! tribes l[ d[n 9 ! culture scale h 9 _! laught] at :at is =eign a prophylactic aga9/ any contam9ation f outside peoples4 ,no d\bt ?is t5d5cy 9 laught] w help to pres]ve once useful tribal *>act]s :5 alt]$ circum/ances1 introduc$1 = example1 by ! com+ ( ! :ite man1 require new adaptations4 ,9 ?is we see ! ess5tially cons]vative function ( laught] 9 ! life ( societies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 novelties 9 dress introduc$ by ! :ite man may attract & delight4 ,9 deal+ ) ! connection betwe5 social progress & laught]1 we %all ne$ to consid] v c>efully ! attitude :i* ! mir?ful _s takes up t[>ds social *anges4 ,n[ ^! aspects ( laught] po9t1 z we h se51 to a social utility 9 laught]4 ,z (fspr+ ( ! play-impulse1 x might1 inde$1 be expect$ to %>e 9 ^? b5efits :i*1 z rec5t rese>* has made cle>1 belong to play4 ,9 our /udy ( its developm5t & p]si/5ce 9 ! life ( progressive communities1 we %all h occasion to illu/rate ?is utility mu* m fully4 ,t laugh+ is good1 physically & morally1 = its individual subjects has become a commonplace1 at lea/ to ! /ud5t ( lit]ature4 ,"h we %all be conc]n$ ) its di/9ctly social advantages1 su* z ! ma9t5ance ( cu/oms :i* f ! po9t ( view ( ! community1 or ( "s class ( ! community1 are to be reg>d$ z good1 ! keep+ d[n ( vices & follies1 & ! fur!rance ( social co-op]ation4 ,! "q h[ f> ?is utility ext5ds is "o :i* _c be answ]$ simply4 ,x w be f\nd t societies1 #beh s f> f univ]sally recognis+ laught] z a useful habit1 h tak5 va/ pa9s to re/ra9 x4 ,inde$1 our /udy ( ! =tunes ( mir? 9 ! advance ( social life w %[ u t x has _h ?r\gh\t to /ruggle = its exi/5ce4 ,f :at has j be5 said x w be cle> t we %all h to consid] ! hi/ory ( laught] & ! movem5t ( social evolution z int]-connect$4 ,n only does a *ange 9 ideas1 s5tim5ts or in/itutions t5d to modify ! expression ( ! mir?ful mood1 !re is a reciprocal influ5ce ( laught] ^u ideas1 s5tim5ts & in/itutions4 ,su* int]action holds good g5]ally betwe5 amusem5ts & s]i\s pursuits2 ! recreations ( a community s]ve 9 important ways to det]m9e ! measure ( ! vig\r ?r[n into s]i\s activities4 ,9 ! case ( laught] ?is reciprocal influ5ce is mu* m m>k$1 ow+ to ! circum/ance t mir? has be5 wont to play ab\t s]i\s ?+s1 to make ^! ! t>get = its f9ely tipp$ %afts1 n[ & aga9 go+ s f> z to %oot "o into ! mid/ ( ! solemnities ( social life4 ,9 ! savage tribe we f9d b little ( class division4 ,! p]ception ( :at is unfit & ! laught] :i* accompanies ?is are direct$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to memb]s ( o!r communities4 ,! laught] is *oral because x is t 9 :i* ! :ole tribe jo9s or is prep>$ to jo92 b = t v reason x has a monoton\s s\nd4 ,"s diff]5tiation ( gr\ps )9 ! community seems necess>y1 n m]ely = ! con/itution ( a society1 b = ! free play ( ! laugh+ _s4 ,div]sity 9 ?\ght & behavi\r is a ma9 condition ( ! full fl[ ( social gaiety4 ,! g]m ( su* div]sity is pres5t 9 ! l[e/ #bei conceivable type ( human community4 ,! in/itution ( male & female 9 :i* ,nature1 z if to comb9e div9e "w ) human1 at once jo9s toge!r & puts asund]1 has be5 ) u f ! beg9n+s ( human society2 & x might be an amus+ pa/ime to speculate h[ ! males ( our ape-l ance/ors fir/ gurgl$ out _! ridicule ( female inf]iority1 & h[ ! females manag$ to use _! fir/ rudim5t ( spee*-p[] 9 turn+ ! tables on _! lords & ma/]s4 ,"s diff]5tiation ( rank1 too1 mu/ h be5 f\nd 9 ! simple/ human societies 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! old & ! "y1 & ! closely connect$ opposition ( ! rul]s & ! rul$4 ,b x w\ld be haz>d\s to reason t1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( social evolution1 mu* 9 ! way ( ex*ange ( fun pass$ betwe5 ^? :o 7 presumably kept solemnly ap>t by ! s5se ( _! relative /ation4 ,x is only :5 we move on to a society ) a consid]able am\nt ( class diff]5tiation t its relation to ! nurture & di/ribution ( ! _s ( mir? gr[s app>5t4 ,9 glanc+ at ^! divisions we may conv5i5tly adopt ,m4 ,t>de's expression1 8social gr\p04 ,su* a gr\p may be ei!r a class1 ! memb]s ( :i* h l functions & a common "* connect$ ) ^!1 su* z prie/s & trad]s2 or x may be a set con/itut$ m]ely by community ( k & ta/e1 z ! memb]s ( a society /&+ on a p>ticul> level ( culture4 ,al?\gh ?is d\ble way ( divid+ social gr\ps necess>ily leads to ov]lapp+1 x seems desirable to adopt x "h1 s z to give an adequate acc\nt ( ! relation ( gr\p-=mation to ! p>ticul> directions ( social laught]4 ,! developm5t ( di/9ct gr\ps )9 a community influ5ces ! behavi\r ( ! laugh+ impulse1 fir/ ( #bfj all1 by introduc+ div]sity ( occupations1 abilities & intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is way x enl>ges ! field = ^? relative judgm5ts ab\t compet5ce & fitness ) :i*1 z savage laught] illu/rates1 simple =ms ( mir? h s mu* to d4 ,?us1 ! e/abli%m5t ( di/9ctions ( employm5t & mode ( life betwe5 ! sexes has contribut$ copi\sly to t mir?ful quizz+ ( ea* by ! o!r :i* seems to h be5 a prime +r$i5t 9 human jocosity f ! l[e/ /ages ( culture4 ,! slightly malici\s laught] ( ! male at female incompet5ce1 :i* is se5 9 ! s*oolboy's treatm5t ( 8 si/]1 is illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( lit]ature4 ,& good examples are n want+ ( a turn+ ( ! tables by ! female on ! male4 ,! /ory ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s misadv5ture ) ! cakes--( :i* we h f\nd ! c\nt]p>t 9 savage life--is an example ( ! m %rewi% criticism ( ! male ignoramus by ! female exp]t4 ,:5 ! s5se ( injury is less ke51 & ! impression ( ! folly ( ! p]=mance fills ! s\l1 ! %rewi% note is apt to fall to ! g5ial pit* ( laught]4 ,! diff]5tiation ( indu/rial & o!r employm5ts1 su* z ^? ( c\ntryman & t[nsman1 ( l&sman & seaman1 ( soldi] & civilian1 s]ve to develop new c5tres ( conc]t$ laught]1 & new po9ts ( attack4 ,! =mation ( social gr\ps fur!r enl>ges ! mat]ial & ! opportunities = laught] by introduc+ noticeable & impressive diff]5ces ( behavi\r1 dress & spee*4 ,9 ?is way ! field ( ! odd1 ! absurd1 t :i* contradicts our own cu/oms & /&>ds1 has be5 made wide & f]tile4 ,a m]e diff]5ce ( locality may suffice to g5]ate su* diff]5ces4 ,n s _m ye>s ago1 "o c\ld he> 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl& ! #bfa jibes :i* ! p 9 "o small t[n or di/rict 7 wont to hurl at ^? 9 ano!r4 ,we read t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 local diff]5ces ( dress & spee* 7 s mu* m m>k$ ?an n[1 satires on p ( p>ticul> localities 7 n uncommon--?\gh probably mu* m ?an a p]ception ( ! laughably odd 0 involv$ 9 ^! r fi]ce d]isions4#bbh ,! imm$iate utility ( ?is mir?ful quizz+ ( o!r sets w\ld1 l t c>ri$ out by "o savage tribe on ano!r1 consi/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( "o's own set4 ,b ! play ( laught] ab\t class-di/9ctions illu/rates ano!r ( its b5efits4 ,:5 "o set gets us$ to ! di/9ctive ways ( ano!r1 x t5ds to reg>d !m z "r & prop] = ! latt]2 & x may c>ry its reg>d = _! propriety s f> z to support ! inn] s5tim5t ( ! o!r gr\p by d]id+ ^? memb]s :o d n con=m to _! gr\p-cu/oms4 ,di/9ctive cu/oms h be5 cons]v$ n only--to adopt e?ical t]ms hav+ a some:at diff]5t mean+--by 8int]nal sanctions0 9 ! %ape ( s]i\s p5alties z well z ridicule adm9i/]$ by fell[-memb]s ( ! set1 b by 8ext]nal sanctions0 9 ! %ape ( outside mock]y4 ,! impos+ soldi]ly attitude has p]haps be5 kept up q z mu* by ! m]ry quizz+ ( civilians z by any milit>y discipl9e & esprit de corps4 ,a poor tott]+ h]o 9 uni=m c\ld1 "o op9es1 nev] h escap$ ! eye ( citiz5s ly+ 9 wait = ! laughable4 ,! f9] opportunities = ?is mir?ful screw+ up ( m5 ( o!r gr\ps to _! prop] moral height w\ld occur :5 ! peculi>ities ( ! mode ( life impos$ a special rule ( behavi\r1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 :5 ?is rule 0 a sev]e "o4 ,! holl[ h]o1 try+ to hide ! #bfb pov]ty ( 8 c\rage 9 braggadocio1 has be5 a fav\rite figure 9 comic lit]ature1 classic & mod]n4 ,a notable illu/ration ( ?is situation is ! laught] heap$ on ! cl]gy by ! p dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! c>icatures ( ! monk--repres5t+ him1 = in/ance1 z a ,reyn>d 9 ! pulpit ) a cock bel[ = cl]k1 & ! _m ,contes :i* expos$ 8 cunn+ly contriv$ immoralities1 & frequ5tly visit$ !m ) well-m]it$ *a/isem5t1 %[ pretty pla9ly t ! popul> laught] 9 ?is case _h 9 x some?+ ( hate & contempt1 & 0 direct$ 9 "p to ! exposure & puni%m5t ( ! celibate class4 ,?is may be ass]t$1 ev5 ?\gh x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 ^! ,contes ! holy man by no means infrequ5tly em]ges f 8 dang]\s exp]im5t unsca!d3 a fact :i* sugge/s t 9 ! popul> s5tim5t !re lurk$1 n m]ely some?+ ( ! *ild's mir?ful wond] at d>+ cunn+1 b a c]ta9 sympa!tic tol]ance = a ca/e1 on ! %\ld]s ( :i* 0 laid a some:at weighty yoke4 ,! m5tal attitude ( ! n>rator r sugge/s "h & !re t ( an easy-go+ ,engli%man :5 confront$ ) ! spectacle1 say ( a drunk5 sailor or soldi]4#bbi ,ano!r class hav+ high pret5sions1 :i* has come 9 = mu* ( ! 8screw+-up0 k9d ( laught]1 is ! physician4 ,next to ! heal] ( ! s\l1 he und]takes ! mo/ = mortals4 ,9 ,gil ,blas1 9 ! com$ies ( ,molire1 & 9 o!r works1 we may see h[ 8 anci5t me?ods & 8 p$antries 7 apt to affect ! intellig5t layman ) mir?ful ridicule4 #bfc ,s f> no?+ has be5 said ( ! rank ( ! gr\ps ?us =m$4 ,! diff]5tiat+ ( a high] f a l[] ca/e1 ) m or less ( au?ority on "o side & subs]viance on ! o!r1 w turn out to be ! mo/ important feature 9 social gr\p+ 9 its be>+ on ! call+ =? ( social laught]4 ,z we h se51 our m]rim5t has mu* to d ) dignities1 ) ! claims on our respect made by ?+s above u2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! contemptu\s laugh :i* has _h volume & duration implies a relation ( sup]ior & inf]ior--if only ! fugitive "o creat$ by ! situation ( quizz]4 ,all /ages ( gr\p-=mation seem to involve some?+ ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 an upp] & a l[] class4 ,! simple/ conceivable /ructure ( society includes a head & rul] ( family1 clan or tribe1 & subjects4 ,h5ce1 ! va/ significance ( social gr\p+ z a condition ( *oral laught]4 ,h[ f> p]sons 9 positions ( au?ority h gratifi$ _! s5se ( sup]iority by d]isive laught] at ^? bel[ !m1 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be h>d to say4 ,:5 p[] is real & absolute !re are o!r ways ( express+ contempt4 ,lit]ature und\bt$ly furni%es examples ( ! ridicule by ! social sup]ior ( ! ways ( a l[] class1 z 9 ! ,prov5al poem ( ,b]tran de ,born 7c4 #aahj7 9 :i* ! villa9s are treat$ contemptu\sly4 ,yet ! l>g] "p ( lit]ature1 n be+ produc$ = a rul+ ca/e1 does n ?r[ mu* light on ?is subject4#bcj ,"o c only inf] ) "s probability1 f ! relations ( p>5ts & adults1 g5]ally1 to *ildr51 & ( :ite #bfd ma/]s to _! col\r$ slaves1 t p[] has always be5 temp]$ by "s admixture ( good-nature1 :i* composition has produc$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( playful jocosity1 at once corrective & cem5t+4 ,! d]isive laught] ( ! sup]ior is p>ticul>ly l\d 9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! au?ority is n s real z x might be4 ,man's ridicule ( 8 n too ob$i5t sp\se may be said almo/ to %riek ad[n ! ages4 ,we may read 9 papyri ( ,egypt ( ! f\rte5? or ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ( ! mis=tunes ( a husb&1 nam$ ,an\p\4#bca ,! ,greek com$ians ?\ght no abuse ( ! sex too bitt] or too co>se4#bcb ,9 ,lat9 lit]ature we h satirical portraits ( diff]5t types ( wom51 drawn "u ! figures ( v>i\s brutes1 a fox1 a m>e1 etc4#bcc ,9 m$ival society1 ! l[ op9ion ( wom5 ent]ta9$ by _! lords is illu/rat$ 9 ! firm p]suasion t ! only way to treat !m 0 to beat !m--wat*+ !m 0 q va9--s t !y might be occupi$ all ! day ) cry+4#bcd ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 ?is contempt takes ! =m ( bitt] d5unciation2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 x has laugh$ 9 ! bright] key ( com$y4 ,ev5 ! satire "h is wont to lose all trace ( savag5ess1 & to assume ! tone ( a good-natur$ acceptance ( ! incurable4 ,:ile ! =mation ( social ranks has ?us secur$ a wide range = sup]cili\s mock+ ( inf]iors1 x has gu>ante$ ^! ample opportunity ( av5g+ !mselves by laught] at ! exp5se ( ! au?orities4 ,h[ soon 9 man's hi/ory any su* laught] became #bfe possible1 x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,9 ! simpl] types ( community1 ! sev]e re/ra9ts laid on y\?s by ! m5 ( ! tribe mu/1 "o supposes1 h be5 fatal to any indulg5ce by sons 9 laught] at ! exp5se ( fa!rs1 su* z is illu/rat$ 9 com$y bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,! p5alties atta*$ to brea* ( c]emonial rule mu/ h /ifl$ any impulse ( laught]1 if x happ5$ to arise4 ,x is said t :5 ! *ief ( a c]ta9 tribe *anc$ to /umble1 8 subjects 7 b\nd to pret5d to /umble 9 ord] to cov] up 8 defect4#bce ,! utility ( ?is qua9t cu/om may h la9 9 its effectual suppression ( ! risible impulse4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 po/ulates a k9d ( c\rti] widely remov$ f ! mod]n1 ( :om x seems safe to say t he might be tru/$ to see /umbl+s & worse )\t feel+ an ov]-ma/]+ temptation to laugh4 ,"o c only conjecture t m5 began to disc]n & enjoy ! amus+ side ( au?ority & its solemn ways ( ass]t+ itself1 9 _! free mom5ts1 at a safe di/ance f tell-tale eyes4 ,:at is kn[n ( ! h>d-work$ slave ( antiquity is sugge/ive n m]ely ( play aft] toil1 b ( a safe turn+ on task-ma/]s4 ,:51 z we read1 ! ,egyptian workman got fun 8out ( ! smalle/ incid5t 9 ! day's "w--an awkw>d appr5tice cutt+ 8 f+]1 a comrade sleep+ ov] 8 task :om ! ov]se] la%es to awak5 him10 & s =?1 did n some?+ ( a _s ( malici\s cr[+ ov] ! ov]se] express itself too8 ,! analogy ( ! judici\sly half-smo!r$ laught] ( ! ,engli% s*oolboy 9 playgr\nd or dormitory sugge/s ! answ]4 ,we mu/ n wond] if ^! dang]\s excursions ( ! _s ( fun h fail$ to be record$4 #bff ,/ill m significant is ano!r picture f ! same h&1 repres5t+ a tussle betwe5 ov]se] & workm5 9 :i* 8! /ick va9ly int]f]es10 s t 8at lea/ an h\r elapses be=e quiet is re-e/abli%$04#bcf ,?is looks l ! rollick+ laught] ( s*oolboys at ! spectacle ( an ord]ly c]emony sudd5ly turn$ to disord]4 ,! int]pretation is borne out by ! fact t ^! same ,egyptians 7 able to ent] into ! fun ( a loss ( dignity 9 a solemn function1 = example1 ! upsett+ by a collision ( ! ri*ly suppli$ table 9 ! fun]eal boat1 & ! fall+ ( a mummy on a prie/ dur+ ! c]emony ( convey+ x to its re/+-place4#bcg ,! return ( contemptu\s laught] f ! slave to 8 ma/] 0 c]ta9ly all[$ to "s ext5t among ! ,romans4 ,x became a well-recognis$ privilege dur+ "o ( ! *ief annual fe/ivals 7,saturnalia74 ,! slaves 9 ! plays ( ,plautus treat ! tyranny "u :i* !y live 89 a _s ( gay bravado04#bch ,nor ne$ we be surpris$ at ^! lib]ties if we rememb] t ! mod]n s*oolma/] mu/ almo/ be p]fect if he does n f9d x exp$i5t1 n m]ely to p]mit 8 pupils desip]e 9 loco1 b to all[ !m n[ & aga9 to h a mild joke at 8 exp5se4 ,! cajol+ by means ( jokes1 :i* ,miss ,k+sley f\nd s s]viceable = manag+ ! ,we/ ,african1 may ( c\rse /op %ort ( ?is1 & its virtue lie 9 ! sub/itution ( a light1 laugh+ treatm5t = bully+4 ,yet g5ial laught]1 :5 ! contempt has be5 vaporis$ out ( x1 necess>ily t5ds at ! mom5t to a levell+ ( planes1 z is se5 9 ! imm$iate ass]tion ( #bfg ! "r ( reciprocity4 ,?is is p]haps ! ma9 reason :y ! s*oolma/] is1 9 g5]al1 *>y ( introduc+ ! me?od ( jocosity4 ,8 laught] is apt to s\nd z if x held "s ( ! gritty deposit ( contempt4 ,! really delightful illu/ration ( ! turn+ ( ! tables on ma/]s by ^? 9 subjection is to be f\nd 9 woman's retort on man's contemptu\s treatm5t4 ,%e has aga9 & aga9 manag$ to outwit him1 z we h f\nd him dolefully admitt+1 & has _h h] full laugh at 8 cumbr\s attempts to manage h]4 ,! m$ival fabliaux are c]ta9ly dispos$ to aw>d success 9 /rategy to h]1 r ?an to h] "l4 ,h] ways ( befool+ him1 too1 h (t5 be5 s simple--z :5 %e p]suades him t he has be5 dream+ :at he fancies he has obs]v$--t ! poor dupe ought1 "o supposes1 to h di$ ( *agr94 ,&1 :5 !re has be5 a call = ! f9] sort ( manuvr+1 %e w9s ! unprejudic$ read] to h] side by display+ an admirable +5uity & subtlety ( inv5tion1 qualities :i* ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w\ld probably reg>d z second>y sexual *>act]s evolv$ dur+ ages ( m>ital tyranny4 ,( h] modes ( turn+ on him 9 ^! latt] days !re is no ne$ to speak4 ,! %\t ( contemptu\s laught] seems to h pass$ f ! "o side ( ! et]nal fray to ! o!r4 ,b ?is h>dly belongs to ! pres5t division ( our subject4 ,x may be add$ t ! laught] ( ! laity at ! cl]gy illu/rates1 9 addition to ! impulse already dealt )1 ! it*+ ( spirit$ mortals to turn on oppressors4 ,! d5unciations & ana!mas ( ?is class1 back$1 z !y assev]ate1 by sup]natural sanctions1 h always be5 try+ to untam$ m5 & wom54 ,& ! appetite ( our ance/ors = /ories disgraceful to monks & prie/s drew "s ( its ke5ness f ?is rebelli\sness ( #bfh ! natural man aga9/ spiritual tyrannies4 ,"h is an illu/ration ( ! fem99e retort3 ,a woman 0 *att+ ) a gossip ( h]s 9 *ur*3 bidd5 by ! prea*+ fri> to hold h] peace %e exclaim$1 8,i wond] :i* babbles mo/ ( ! two80#bci ,/ill ano!r v>iety ( social laught] spr+s out ( ?is di/9ction ( sup]ior & inf]ior gr\ps4 ,! impulse ( exalt$ p]sons to ass]t !mselves & to /rike _! inf]iors ) awe--an impulse by ! way :i* ! peacock & o!r birds w betray 9 ! pres5ce ( _! inf]ior1 man--is apt to be disall[$ by ^? = :om ! display is int5d$4 ,x is "o ?+1 !y feel1 to ackn[l$ge true au?ority1 ano!r to b[ d[n to ! exagg]ation ( its claim1 to ! boa/ful exhibition ( p[] & rank4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 "s ( ! quickness ( ! mir?ful eye = ! ent]ta9m5t lat5t 9 all braggadocio4 ,! soldi] :o ne$lessly emphasises ! fact t he possesses ! height & _s ( 8 call+ by /rutt+1 by impos+ vocif]ation & ! re/1 has probably always be5 a s\rce ( comic m]rim5t1 z ! ,miles gloriosus ( ,plautus & ! ,bobadil ( ,b5 ,jonson may rem9d u4 ,x w be evid5t t all ?is laught] ( inf]iors at sup]iors1 :e!r ^! are s really or m]ely 9 _! own op9ion1 mu/1 s f> z x has got home1 h _h a valuable corrective function4 ,if ! d]ision ( ! "l helps to keep 9 place 8 inf]ior dame or vassal1 mu* m does ! laught] ( 8 inf]ior s]ve to hold him to :at befits 8 rank4 ,noblesse oblige is a rule l>gely ma9ta9$ by ! dem&s ( ^? bel[ :o are expect$ to pay homage4 ,^!1 z we "k1 h be5 mu* employ$ 9 claim+ mode/ rights f _! 8bett]s04 ,! curb+ ( a k+'s tyrannies may h requir$ a rebellion #bfi ( 8 b>ons1 or a riot ( 8 p3 yet a good deal ( *eck+ ( tyrannic prop5sities has be5 c>ri$ out by ! unal>m+ exp$i5t ( ridicule4 ,ev5 9 a free & enlight5$ c\ntry we may obs]ve 9 (ficials a t5d5cy n[ & aga9 to inflate _! dignity unduly2 s t "o inf]s t ! re/ra9+ =ce ( ! laught] ( inf]iors /ill c\nts4 ,! results ( ?is spirit$ turn+ ( ! worm h be5 consid]able4 ,! impi% _s ( mir? has tak5 up its abode ) ! common p1 & in/ruct$ !m 9 ! ri* s\rces ( ! laughable :i* lie 9 all rank & dignity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 8high & mighty0 h1 f a true in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 wag$ fi]ce w> ) ?is irrev]5t attitude ( ! multitude4 ,! /ruggles betwe5 ! two w be spok5 ( pres5tly4 ,! scope = laught] :i*1 giv5 ! disposition1 ^! divisions ( gr\p & ( rank br+ ) !m is fur!r wid5$ by ! vital circum/ance t1 z gr\ps 9 ! same community1 !y h to ent] into v>i\s relations ) "o ano!r4 ,a judici\s mixture ( opposition & h>mony ( int]e/ seems to be mo/ fav\rable to a ri* production ( mir?4 ,?is is illu/rat$ ev5 9 su* ma/]ful relations z t ( ! ov]se] & ! comm&+ (fic]1 :o may f9d t ! compulsion ( ! rod is inadequate to ! extraction ( ! requir$ am\nt ( "w1 & s h to ca/ ab\t = o!r in/rum5ts4 ,! good effect ( a skilful use ( ! cajol+ laugh has already be5 illu/rat$4 ,x is se5 ) p>ticul> cle>ness 9 ! relation ( husb& & wife2 = ! fun ( ! situation is t1 9 spite ( pr(\nd diff]5ces ( ta/e & incl9ation & ( a %>p antagonism1 ! necessity ( #bgj common int]e/s & ends holds !m toge!r 9 daily association4 ,?is necessity1 ev] pres5t to ! wis] ( !m1 has temp]$ ! contempt & =c$ ! d]id] to at lea/ a pret5ce ( good hum\r4 ,! same may be said ( ! relation ( ! sexes 9 g5]al4 ,! quality & range ( ! fun :i* is wont to light5 a talk betwe5 a "y man & a "y woman on a fir/ introduction are pretty closely det]m9$ by ! consci\sness ( sexual relation on ei!r side4 ,%yness1 a disposition to reg>d ! o!r suspici\sly z oppon5t1 toge!r ) ! in/9ct to please & w9 admiration1 & ! desire to /rike on po9ts ( sympa?y--all ?is helps to br+ ab\t1 & is reflect$ 9 ! peculi> wriggl+s 9 :i* ! mir?ful _s expresses itself on su* an occasion4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ! comb9$ effect ( ho/ility & a desire to agree is to be f\nd 9 ! hum\rs ( ! m>ket place4 ,! relation ( buy] & sell] seems to be pregnant ) opportunities = m]ry fool+ on ei!r side4 ,! direct & %>ply felt opposition ( int]e/ is apt to beget a good deal ( ! r\gh sort ( 8tak+ d[n04 ,n only w ! tongue be /irr$ to d]isive attack1 ! situation may ev5 beget retaliations 9 ! %ape ( practical jokes4 ,! m]*ant1 z ! exp]t1 has always _h ! upp] h& 9 ! conte/ ( wits4 ,8 cu/om] has _h to f9d consolation 9 satires on ! *eat1 su* z ^? :i* 7 common 9 ! ,middle ,ages4#bdj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ne$ ( com+ to an agreem5t has s]v$ to br+ into ! haggl+ process a good deal ( ! conciliative k9d ( laught]4 ,! v5dor has always kn[n ! value ( good-natur$ bant] z an in/rum5t #bga ( p]suasion4 ,?is ov]fl[ ( ! _s ( fun into ! *annels ( s]i\s bus9ess may /ill be se5 z a fa9t survival 9 front ( a *eap-,jack's van4 ,george ,eliot has giv5 u a *>m+ picture ( ! play ( ?is _s 9 ! s\? 9 h] *apt] on 8,! ,peasants' ,fair0 9 ,romola4 ,! same intrusion ( fun z an auxili>y into ! bus9ess relations ( gr\ps is se5 9 _m o!r cases :]e opposition has to be ton$ d[n & a modus viv5di arriv$ at1 z 9 t ( oppos$ political p>ties1 religi\s bodies & ! l4 ,! appe>ance ( ! laugh+ imp1 if only he behaves himself1 9 ^! r w>m enc\nt]s ( gr\ps s]ves to cool ! atmosph]e & to temp] animosity by at lea/ a mom5t>y exp]i5ce ( g5ial contact4 ,x does mu*1 inde$1 to tone d[n ! uneasy & half-suspici\s attitude :i* memb]s ( any gr\p are apt to take up on fir/ hav+ to d ) ^? ( a /range gr\p1 especially "o ( high] rank4 ,we may n[ summ>ise ! *ief social utilities ( ! reciprocal laught] ( classes at ! ways ( o!r classes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x helps1 l ! laught] ( ! savage tribe at ! ways ( o!r tribes1 to c\nt]act any t5d5cy to imitate ! mann]s & cu/oms ( =eign gr\ps4 ,:at we h laugh$ at1 we are n likely to adopt4 ,?is is ! self-protective function ( laught]4 ,to laugh at ! ways ( ano!r gr\p is1 moreov]1 9 mo/ cases at lea/1 to indulge 9 a feel+ ( our own sup]iority2 & ?is attitude w\ld h a fur!r cons]vative t5d5cy1 especially :5 x is ! laugh ( ! exp]t 9 8 own dep>tm5t at ! outside ignoramus4 ,let u n[ glance at ! effect on ! gr\p ^: ways are be+ laugh$ at4 ,to be ! object ( ano!r set's ridicule1 especially :5 we h ! "r ( retort1 s f> f necess>ily weak5+ our hold on t :i* is #bgb ridicul$ may /r5g!n x4 ,:5 we are /rongly atta*$1 o!rs' laught] may make u cl+ ! m firmly to :at we *]i%4 ,laught] 9 ?is case is1 inde$1 z we h se51 an excell5t tra9+ 9 a good-natur$ suff]+ ( o!rs' ridicule1 a tra9+ :i* has 9 x ! virtue ( a moral tonic4 ,yet ?is int]-gr\pal laught] is n :olly subs]vi5t to ! ma9t5ance ( *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,9 all ! high] =ms ( society1 at lea/1 su* ridicule has an assimilative action z well4 ,x manages to "s ext5t1 by induc+ self-criticism1 to get rid ( useless excresc5ces4 ,?us1 x helps to keep d[n class-vanity1 ! pr(essional n>r[ness :i* cries1 8,!re's no?+ l lea!r60 a n>r[ness :i* is s delightfully satiris$ by ,molire 9 ! wrangl+s ( ,m4 ,j\rda9's pr(essors4 ,! correction ( ?is exclusive feel+ ( self-importance ( a gr\p by outside laught] has always be5 at "w1 help+ to keep gr\ps 9 fri5dly t\*1 & h9d]+ ! sectional or pr(essional esprit de corps f ov]p[]+ ! l>g] social consci\sness :i* we call national s5tim5t1 & ! common-s5se ( ! community4 ,( ?is la/ m w be said pres5tly4 ,s f>1 we h illu/rat$ ! be>+ on ! ways ( laught] ( :at may be call$ ! /ructural features ( societies4 ,!re has be5 no ref]5ce to ! effects ( social movem5ts1 ( all t is meant by ! successive *anges ( fa%ion 9 mann]s1 dress & s =?1 & ( ^? m p]si/5t movem5ts :i* make up :at we call social progress4 ,! lea/ reflection w %[ t 9 ?is cont9ual flux ( ?+s social1 ! unceas+ modifications ( ! head-cov]+ & ! re/1 & ! trampl+ d[n ( old beliefs & in/itutions by ! resi/less 8m>* ( intellect10 we h at lea/ z l>ge a field = ! gambols #bgc ( ! laugh+ _s z 9 ! di/9ctions & oddly comb9$ relations ( classes4 ,we may be/ beg9 by ref]r+ to ! movem5ts ( fa%ion4 ,^! may be def9$ z *anges 9 dress1 mann]s & s =?1 :i* are m>k$ (f f ! improvem5ts ent]+ into progress by two circum/ances3 7#a7 t !y are caprici\s1 n ! products ( a rational *oice ( ! be/2 & 7#b7 t !y are ( comp>atively %ort duration4 ,:5 we call a mode ( do+ a ?+ a fa%ion1 we imply1 q unkn[+ly p]haps1 t x has n ! ca*et ( a *ange = ! bett]1 & t z su* x has no security ( t5ure4 ,a fa%ion diff]s f a cu/om 9 be+ ess5tially communicable f "o gr\p to ano!r1 & ev5 f "o nation to ano!r4 ,its developm5t ?us belongs to a comp>atively late p]iod ( social evolution4 ,its hold on m5 & wom5 is expla9$ by ! fact t x appeals to two ( _! /ronge/ in/9cts1 ! crav+ = novelty & ! impulse to imitate sup]iors4 ,keep+ to ! intra-national diffusion ( mann]s1 we note t ! movem5t ( fa%ion is normally f ! highe/ rank or ranks d[nw>ds4 ,?is movem5t may well h comm5c$ f> back 9 ! evolution ( communities :]e class-di/9ctions 7 rigor\sly en=c$4 ,! attitude ( rev]5ce t[>ds sup]iors has = its psy*ological concomitant ! impulse to imitate4 ,j z *ildr5 w copy ! voice & ge/ures ( "o :om !y look up to1 s savages w copy ! ways ( ,europeans :o manage to make !mselves respect$4 ,9 ! c]emonies ( primitive tribes & ev5 ( highly complex societies1 e4g41 *ur* ritual1 a good deal ( scope is (f]$ = ?is flatt]y ( imitation4 ,we may inf]1 inde$1 t ! impulse to adopt ! ways ( exalt$ p]sonages mu/ always h #bgd be5 at "w4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( human hi/ory ?is impulse 0 *eck$ by ! =ce ( cu/om & ( law1 e4g41 sumptu>y laws4 ,?is imitation f bel[ mu/ /rike at ! root ( ^? ext]nal diff]5ces1 su* z /yle ( dress1 betwe5 gr\p & gr\p1 obs]vance ( :i* has help$ greatly to ma9ta9 class-di/9ctions4 ,x c\ld only h made way aga9/ ^! b>ri]s gradually4 ,s difficult1 9 soo?1 does ! feat appe> to be1 t ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] sugge/s t fa%ion1 z ! imitation ( ^? ( high rank & au?ority1 began 9 a *ange ( cu/om2 z 9 ! rule already allud$ to t :5 ! k+ slipp$ ! onlook+ c\rti]s %\ld at once imitate 8 awkw>dness4 ,x is probable t ! imitation ( :at is di/9ctive & fix$ 9 ! co/ume & mann]s ( ! high] class prec$$ by "s int]val ! imitation ( ! *anges we call fa%ion4 ,h[ ! two are connect$ does n seem to be q cle>4 ,did ! rul]s & ^? imm$iately ab\t !m1 piqu$ at ! adoption ( _! ways by ! vulg>1 try to /eal a m>* on imitation by *ang+ _! cu/oms8 ,to judge f :at takes place to-day1 "o w\ld answ] 8yes04 ,i am told t ladies /rongly object to g on we>+ a fa%ionable hat z soon z x becomes g5]ally worn by factory girls1 or o!r inf]ior gr\p4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x seems c]ta9 t ! 8lead]s ( society10 :ile !y res]ve = special c]emonial occasions a di/9ctive dress1 mode ( spee* & ! re/1 *oose to alt] ^! f "t to "t = o!r purposes4 ,su* alt]ations may be ! result ( ! caprices ( a 8lead]10 guid$ by "s inv5tor1 or !y may take ! =m ( an assimilation ( a =eign mode4 ,la/ly1 ! lead]s may include o!rs besides ! ,c\rt p3 ! univ]sities are accr$it$ ) ! orig9ation ( _m ( ! pretty bits ( slang1 ! use ( #bge :i* is suppos$ to betok5 a c]ta9 social altitude & 8up-to-dat5ess04 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! *anges ( fa%ion some?+ ( cu/om may be se5 /ill to p]si/4 ,tak+ ! dress ( woman to-day1 we note t 9 spite ( exp]im5ts l ^? ( ! ,bloom]s1 skirts cont9ue to be a p]man5t feature 9 female attire4 ,fa%ions 9 respect ( wid?1 & ev5 ( l5g?1 may come & g1 b ! skirt z skirt seems to g on = ev]4 ,ev5 :5 ! impulse to adopt ! dress & behavi\r ( ! upp] class 0 all[$ a c]ta9 play1 x 0 probably long be=e x act$ on all ranks4 ,ea* rank1 :il/ ke5 9 its imitation ( ! ways ( ! class above x1 w\ld naturally resi/ any fur!r desc5t ( ! imitative movem5t4 ,9 ?is desc5t ( fa%ion f high] to l[] ranks we see a mutual modification ( fa%ion & p]man5t cu/om4 ,9 "s cases imitation f bel[ may be /opp$ pretty e>ly ?r\gh lack ( means = giv+ effect to x4 ,! joy ( we>+ pe>ls1 or o!r preci\s /ones 9 fa%ion at ! mom5t1 is d5i$ ! "y seam/ress4 ,yet !re are solaces "h 9 ! %ape ( 8imitations04 ,aga91 ! l[] middle class1 n to speak ( ! cottag]s1 are1 = obvi\s reasons1 n likely to be affect$ by a craze = ! ,que5 ,anne /yle 9 dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( dress1 f9e limitations :i* ! 8m]e male0 might f9d x h>d to def9e1 seem to be impos$1 = example1 on ! ar*itecture ( ! hat1 :5 a new /yle is assimilat$ by l[] ranks4 ,"h1 aga91 fa%ion is cle>ly re/ra9$ by class-cu/om4 ,ideas ( neatness1 ( an unaggressive quietness appe> to be valu$1 9 !ory at lea/1 9 mill9]s1 dome/ic s]vants1 & o!rs :o m9i/] to ! wants ( ! titl$ & ! weal?y4 ,! v #bgf expression 8! fa%ionable _w0 implies t ! full magnific5ce & luxury ( fa%ion is a monopoly4 ,! imitation ( ! mann]s ( high life by ! middle class is 9 mo/ cases a pretty cle> ackn[l$gm5t ( a sup]ior social quality4 ,"o ( ! mo/ amus+ examples ( ?is ?9ly-veil$ snobbism is ! elevat$ h&-%ake lately 9 vogue4 ,a fa%ion l ?is easily rea*es ! eye ( ! vulg>1 focuss$ = ! fir/ appe>ance ( a new *>act]i/ic ( 8high life10 by way ( ! !atre or ( ! illu/rat$ pap]4 ,a po9t wor? not+ "h is ! exagg]ation ( :at ! imitators reg>d z ( ! ess5ce ( ! new 8mode04 ,x w\ld be curi\s to he> :at symbolism 7if any7 ^? :o appe>$ s eag] to get ! h&-%ake up to ! level ( ! eyes assign$ to ?is fa%ionable rite4 ,?is eag] & almo/ simian mimicry ( ! ways ( society's lead]s mu/1 x is evid5t1 t5d to ! oblit]ation ( recognisable class-di/9ctions 9 ord9>y life4 ,we only ne$ to comp>e ! spectacle ( a cr[d 9 ,london to-day ) t ( a m$ival city cr[d1 z repres5t$ 9 a draw+ ( ! "t1 to see :at a depress+ am\nt ( assimilation 9 dress ! =ces ( fa%ion h br\ght ab\t4 ,! connections betwe5 ^! movem5ts ( fa%ion & ! _s ( laught] are num]\s & pretty obvi\s4 ,ev5 ! primal movem5t1 ! adoption ( a fa%ion by ! head ( a community f abroad1 (f]s a ri* spectacle = ^? :o lie 9 wait = ! com+ ( ! ludicr\s4 ,h[ f9ely ! folly t lurks 9 a slavi% submission to fa%ion gr9s out at u f ! /ory ( ^? ,new ,zeal& *iefs :o1 goad$ by ! fa%ion set by o!rs ( giv+ great fea/s1 w\ld (t5 pu% _! fea/-giv+s to ! po9t ( caus+ a fam9e among _! peoples6#bda ,! foll[+ #bgg ( a =eign fa%ion by a c\rt has 9 x1 moreov]1 always some?+ to prick ! _s ( malici\s laught] 9 ! subjects4 ,n s t]ribly long s9ce1 ! importation ( cu/oms f "o ,european c\rt to ano!r1 & a reciprocation ( ! loan1 by way ( family connections1 0 ! subject ( a r malici\s laught] 9 ea* ( ! c\ntries affect$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! d[nw>d ru% ( fa%ion f rank to rank1 & ! incid5ts :i* att5d x1 t ! seek] = ! laughable w f9d 8 satisfaction4 ,! eag]ness ( p]sons to be 9 ! van ( ! movem5t w ( itself produce a crop ( ludicr\s aspects3 = ! fir/ sudd5 appe>ance ( a l>ge & captur+ novelty1 say 9 a high-br&$ bonnet or mann] ( spee*1 br+s to u some?+ ( ! delightful gaiety :i* ! sight ( ! cl[n br+s to a *ild4 ,x is a huge folly1 :i* we greet ) ! full1 un?9k+ ro> ( hil>ity4 ,nev]1 inde$1 does ! inh]5t non-rationality ( a l>ge "p ( human behavi\r reveal itself s directly & s unmi/akably z :5 a fa%ion :i* has reign$ long en\gh to become accept$ z "r is ?us rudely ?ru/ aside 9 fav\r ( an int]lop]3 :5ce ! laugh+ contempt p\r$ on new fa%ions by comic poets & satiri/s4#bdb ,nor is ?is all1 or ! be/4 ,! behavi\r ( ! ard5t aspirant has its absurd aspect ev5 = dull s\ls4 ,! =m ( self-ass]tion :i* consi/s 9 /epp+ out ( "o's rank is always view$ by ^? ( ! des]t$ rank ) an acidulat$ amusem5t2 & ^? :o are too manife/ly eag] to appropriate a new fa%ion are wont to be reg>d$ z p]sons :o are try+ to get above _! set4 ,if ! #bgh fa%ionable cosmetic is laid on ?ickly1 z x pretty c]ta9ly w be by ^? seiz$ ) ! m vulg> =m ( social ambition1 ! fun w wax /ill great]4 ,! display 9 ?is case adds to ! delightful trans=mation ( ! cl[n a t\* ( ! bomba/ ( ! m\ntebank4 ,new possibilities ( mir? arise out ( ! collision betwe5 ! imitative impulse to be fa%ionable1 & respect = ! cu/oms ( "o's gr\p4 ,an exagg]ation ( some?+ 9 dress or spee* :i* sav\rs ( an attempt to break ?r\gh class-b>ri]s _c b amuse ! onlook] dispos$ to mir?4 ,middle-class h\se-wives are1 "o he>s1 wont to enliv5 ! dulness ( _! ,sunday aft]noons by a /eal?y quizz+ ( _! 8maids0 z !y set out = _! p>ade4 ,! maid's village acqua9tance--if x c\ld succe$ 9 /ifl+ envi\s admiration--w\ld d\btless draw a m rollick+ enjoym5t f ! spectacle4 ,9 g5]al1 any appe>ance ( cran+ "o's neck s z to ov]top "o's set is greet$ by a slightly malici\s laught]2 & ! bold donn+ ( fa%ionable array is ! mo/ easily recognisable manife/ation ( ! cran+ impulse4 ,= a m purely dis9t]e/$ spectator1 too1 ! situation has its ent]ta9+ drollness4 ,! /ruggle 9 ! pant+ bosom ( a "y woman1 :e!r ( :ite or ( col\r$ race1 z ! passionate long+ = "s bewit*+ novelty--recomm5d$1 too1 by ! lead ( h] sup]iors--is %>ply confront$ ) ! s5se ( :at befits h]1 & possibly a vague fe> ( be+ plung$ by a fi]y zeal into ! morass ( ! laughable1 has its comic pa?os = ! in/ruct$ eye4 ,"o fur!r contribution to ! fun ( ! _w made by ?is hot eag]ness to pay homage to rank is p]haps wor? a ref]5ce4 ,l ! v]bal k9d1 ! flatt]y ( imitation is (t5 visibly holl[4 ,:5 ! s\l ( man or woman is held captive by ! necessity ( do+ :at is done by #bgi o!rs--especially by o!rs high] up--!re is no room = ?\ght ( s9c]ity3 :5ce1 among _m results1 ?is "o1 t = him :o c be pure spectator responsive to ! amus+ aspects ( ?+s1 ! spectacle ( a great national demon/ration ( loyalty _c fail to h its div]t+ aspect4 ,no d\bt ! pu%+ wor%ipp]s ( fa%ion1 if !y only wait long en\gh1 get _! *ance ( laugh+ back4 ,z soon z ! new ?+1 s *>g$ ) rollick+ gaiety at fir/1 settles d[n to a commonplace habit1 !re comes ! mom5t = ridicul+ ! belat$ imitator4 ,t popul> figure on ! /age1 ! 8old d[dy10 is commonly repres5t$ z ridicul\sly beh9d ! times 9 respect ( attire4 ,yet ! range ( jocosity inspir$ by respect = m]e newness1 on ! value ( :i* reason has _h no?+ to say1 is evid5tly limit$4 ,we may n[ turn to ^? deep] curr5ts ( *ange :i* toge!r make up social progress2 includ+ all di/9ct advance f l[] to high] =ms ( intellig5ce1 s5tim5t & "*1 z well z f l[] to high] types ( social life2 &1 along ) ^!1 ! gr[? ( in/itutions 9 :i* ^! *anges express !mselves4 ,we may assume t ^! progressive *anges arise1 ei!r f ! adoption ( ! products ( sup]ior m5tal capacity appe>+ 9 individuals :o are memb]s ( ! community1 or f ! propagation ( ideas1 inv5tions1 in/itutions f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,to say precisely h[ ! production & circulation ( a social improvem5t takes place is n easy4 ,m5 ( imag9ative m9ds1 ) an exceptionally l>ge me*anical1 legislative1 or o!r insight1 or ) a f9e feel+ = ! subtle ?+s ( beauty or ( ! moral ord]1 !re mu/ be4 ,aga9/ all attempt$ innovation1 h[ev]1 :e!r #bhj f )9 or f )\t1 ! attitude ( cons]vatism sets itself z a s]i\s ob/acle4 ,"h1 too1 we seem to p]ceive ! *>m & influ5ce ( rank4 ,x is only :5 "s recognis$ au?ority proclaims ! value ( ! new discov]y t ! multitude1 :i* 0 p]haps a mom5t be=e do+ its be/ to trample on x1 turns def]5tially & kneels4 ,! free adoption ( x z true or z good commonly foll[s mu* lat]4 ,a />tl+ly new idea1 :e!r 9 sci5ce1 religion1 or ! utilities ( life1 f9ds 9 its intr9sic reasonabl5ess no def5ce aga9/ ! attacks ( malici\s mir?4 ,! ord9>y m9d :5 x laughs1 j z :5 x is s]i\s1 judges ?+s by ! /&>d ( :at is cu/om>y4 ,:at viol5tly j>s ) ?is is view$ z legitimate game = ridicule4 ,! hi/ory ( ideas & ( ! social movem5ts gr[+ out ( !m is "o long illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,! idea ( a l>g] fre$om & high] functions = wom5 0 treat$ by ! !atre ( anci5t ,greece z matt] = wild hil>ity4 ,! idea came up aga9 & aga9 aft] ?is1 ?anks to ! zeal & c\rage ( isolat$ advocates4 ,b x cont9u$ to excite ! l\d laught] ( ! cr[d4 ,& less ?an half a c5tury ago1 :5 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill advocat$ ! spiritual & legal emancipation ( wom51 ! response 0 at fir/ l>gely an expression ( amusem5t4 ,only to-day is a "p ( ! civilis$ _w beg9n+ to recognise ! naturalness & fitness ( ! idea t wom5 %\ld h _! %>e1 bo? 9 ! intellectual ga9s ( ! m advanc$ education1 & 9 ! l>g] "w ( ! _w4 ,we may see by ?is illu/ration h[ mighty a =ce e new idea ( a l>ge revolution>y "* has to meet & to ov]come4 ,d>w9's idea ( ! evolution ( man seem$ 9 ! sixties to ! mass ( ,engli%m51 includ+ a bi%op #bha ( ,ox=d & _m ano!r high up 9 ! scale ( intellectual culture1 v mu* z "s ( ! tea*+s ( our mission>ies /rike a ke5-witt$ savage4 ,! figure ( ! monkey1 :i* is1 by ! way1 "o ( ! olde/ symbols ( c>icature1 r5d]$ excell5t s]vice to ^? :o1 naturally en\gh1 greet$ ! propos$ topsy-turvyness ( ,d>w9ism ) boi/]\s ca*9nations4 ,x is mu* ! same ) ! attitude ( ! cr[d t[>ds ! fir/ use ( practical inv5tions4 ,mu* m]rim5t accompani$ ! introduction f abroad by ! gallants ( ! ,re/oration ( s simple an innovation z ! use ( ! =k#bdc--;a fact to be rememb]$ by ! ,engli% t\ri/ abroad :5 he is dispos$ to laugh at ! sight ( a too lavi% use ( ! knife4 ,9 su* cases1 ! fir/ adopt]s ( ! novelty are laugh$ at v mu* z 9 ! case ( a new fa%ion4 ,! absurdity ( ! adoption 9 ei!r case turns on ! delightful fre%ness & ! glori\s irregul>ity ( ! proce$+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we meet "h1 too1 ) a recoil ( laught] ^u ! laugh]4 ,?\gh a respect = ! cu/om>y prompts u at fir/ to ridicule any sudd5 & impressive *ange 9 ideas or habits ( life1 yet1 :5 ! *ange is 9 a fair way ( becom+ fix$1 ! same feel+ w urge u to make m]ry ov] ^? :o %[ an ob/9ate prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! old4 ,laught] f9ds "o ( its *ief functions 9 ridicul+ worn-out ideas1 beliefs t h be5 prov$ illusory1 & disc>d$ habits ( life4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 is ! elation ( mir? m di/9ctly audible ?an 9 ?is ridicule by an advanc+ age ( survivals ( ! disc>d$ ways ( its pr$ecessors4 ,art gives u _m examples ( ?is m]rim5t ov] :at is decay+ & gr[+ effete4 ,e age ( /ir & #bhb commotion has probably _h its satirical lit]ature1 /rik+ ) boi/]\s mir? at ! disappe>+ phantoms4 ,! broad & g5ial com$y ( ,ari/ophanes pu%$ aga9/ ! tott]+ my?ology ( 8 "t1 & ! fall evok$ a l>ge outfl[ ( mir?4 ,! great "w ( ,c]vantes & ! satires 7pasqu9s7 ( ! same p]iod pok$ fun at ! s5tim5tal cl++ to ! decay+ ord] ( *ivalry & feudalism4#bdd ,m]ry-mak+ ov] ! dea? ( outworn ideas & in/itutions has frequ5tly be5 re9=c$ by ! deep & refre%+ expiration :i* accompanies relief f pressure4 ,?is elem5tal =m ( laught] has ent]$ into all ^? happy mom5ts ( national life :5 ! :ole p has become closely unit$ 9 a joy\s self-ab&onm5t4 ,plautus1 ! com$ian ( ! p1 reflects 9 8 broad m]rim5t ! reb\nd ( ! _s aft] ! second ,punic ,w> f a long cont9u$ /ate ( t5sion1 & ! crav+ ( ! masses = a m unre/ra9$ enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( life4#bde ,! popul> art ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 :i* ! demons seem to play ! h>mless "p ( ! policeman 9 a mod]n pantomime1 illu/rates ! reb\nd f an oppressive sup]/ition4 ,a l relief ( t5sion & outbur/ ( p5t-up spirits are recognisable 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,re=mation & ( ! ,engli% ,re/oration4 ,! same exhil>ant aspect ( ! vani%+ ( ! outworn moves u 9 a quiet] way :5 we ridicule ! survivals ( cu/oms & rites :i* h lo/ _! significance4 ,?is =m ( hil>i\s enjoym5t1 :i* implies a pi]c+ ?r\gh ( appe>ances & a se>*+ into mean+s1 w be m fully consid]$ lat] on4 ,x seems to foll[ f :at has be5 said t laught] #bhc reacts 9 a d\ble mann] ^u *anges ( social habit4 ,fir/ ( all1 x resi/s ! wildness ( ! crav+ = ! new 7neomania74 ,z s*oolboys are wont to treat a newcom]1 x applies its la% vigor\sly to a propos$ innovation1 9 ord] to see :at 8/uff0 x is made (1 & :e!r x c ju/ify its exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is way x mod]ates ! pace ( ! movem5t ( *ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x completes ! process ( ?r[+ (f an outworn habit by giv+ x1 s to speak1 ! c\p de grce4 ,x ?us comb9es ! s]vice r5d]$ to a h]d ( %eep on ! m>* by ! %eph]d :o walks 9 front1 ) t r5d]$ by ! %eep-dog :i* runs back aga9 & aga9 to ! lagg>ds4 ,x seems to be en=c+ ,goe!'s maxim3-- 8,ohne ,ha/ ,ab] ohne ,ra/40 ,we may n[ glance at "s ( ! work+s ( ?is complex movem5t ( social progress on ! =mation ( social sets1 & on _! reciprocal attitudes4 ,x is evid5t t1 by introduc+ mu* m subdivision ( employm5t & exclusive k ( exp]ts1 progress w t5d to wid5 ! area ( mutual quizz+ & *aff+1 already dealt )4 ,x is ( m importance to po9t out t ! advance ( a community 9 k & culture w lead to ! =mation ( new gr\ps involv+ c]ta9 diff]5ces ( rank4 ,! importance ( ?is k9d ( gr\p-division %[s itself 9 classic com$y4 ,juv5al expresses ! lively contempt ( ! urban citiz5 = 8 prov9cial inf]ior1#bdf & our own com$y ( ! ,re/oration1 tak+ t[n life z its /&>d1 p\rs ridicule on ! c\ntry g5try4#bdg ,x is illu/rat$ also 9 ! relation ( ! cl]gy #bhd z ! le>n$ class1 to ! ignorant laity4 ,z ! contes amus+ly sugge/1 a l>ge "p ( ! au?ority ( ! cl]gy dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages re/$ on ?is intellectual sup]iority4 ,if we view culture widely we may speak ( an indef9ite numb] ( levels compos+ a scale ( intellectual dignity4 ,^! levels are commonly suppos$ to co9cide ) su* gr\ps z ! pr(essional class1 ! man ( bus9ess 7,kaufman71 & ! l[] class4 ,b no su* co9cid5ce c be assum$ :5 once education has become a common possession4 ,a l>ge portion ( our 8upp]0 class--:i* is det]m9$ no long] by desc5t b to a consid]able ext5t by weal?--is nei!r cultur$ nor ev5 well-in=m$4 ,a cl]k w (t5 be f\nd to h m g5]al k & lit]>y ta/e ?an 8 well-dress$ employ]1 & a work+ man1 9 spite ( ! limitations ( pov]ty1 may "k m ab\t su* subjects z philosophy & hi/ory ?an ! great majority ( ! middle class4 ,we see !n t ! /rata repres5t+ gradations ( culture are l>gely indep5d5t ( commonly recognis$ divisions4 ,^! old] di/9ctions may1 inde$1 be v mu* ton$ d[n by ! culture-movem5t4 ,! anci5t l9e ( division betwe5 ! sup]ior man & 8 inf]ior sp\se has be5 half effac$ by ! admission ( wom5 into ! high] culture circle4 ,! culture divisions are real social gr\ps1 ea* be+ b\nd toge!r by a l>ge community ( ideas1 ta/es & int]e/s2 & _! importance 9 ! sy/em ( social gr\p+ t5ds to increase4 ,! developm5t ( culture gr\ps introduces a new & important *ange 9 ! /&>ds ( fitness1 to :i* laught] is1 s to speak1 ti$4 ,:5 sup]iority is lack+ 9 a cle>ly recognisable basis ( reason1 its ridicule ( inf]iors c only h its s\rce 9 a pride :i* may be1 & (t5 is1 ( ! mo/ fooli%4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x resides #bhe 9 ! possession ( great] spiritual weal?1 m ref9$ ideas & a m acute s5se ( ! fitt+1 ! laught] itself %[s a f9] quality4 ,x is less boi/]\s1 m disc]n+1 & m p5etrat+4 ,z su*1 we ne$ n wond] t1 ?\gh x is felt to be irritat+1 x is n und]/ood4 ,! n\veau ri*e1 ^: vulg>ity reveals itself z soon z he appe>s 9 a society hav+ ref9$ mann]s1 may w9ce "u ! half-repress$ smile1 ?\gh he seems = ! mo/ "p well protect$ by an ins5sitive tegum5t4 ,z ,s*op5hau] has obs]v$1 ! man ( m$iocre intellig5ce v mu* dislikes enc\nt]+ 8 intellectual sup]ior2 & x s happ5s1 = ! gratification ( m]ry onlook]s1 p]haps1 t social ambition n infrequ5tly precipitates its possessor into a %>p enc\nt] ) ^? :o h a :ole _w ( ideas ( :i* he kn[s no?+4 ,n b t ! inf]ior "h1 too1 may n[ & aga9 h 8 *ance ( laugh+ back4 ,! possession ( ideas & ( an exact+ ta/e is apt to appe> affect$ to "o want+ 9 !m4 ,midas1 accu/om$ to measure values by incomes1 & to id5tify intellig5ce ) ! clev]ness ( ! money-mak]1 n unnaturally reg>ds a habit ( appeal+ to ideas z an ecc5tric sup]fluity2 & s laught] may come consol+ly to him :o is utt]ly beat5 9 ! enc\nt] ( wits4 ,! 8common-s5se0 ( ! av]age ,briton scores _m a l\d laugh 9 its confid5t self-ass]tion aga9/ any propos$ introduction ( ideas into ! sph]e ( practical affairs4 ,a fur!r effect ( ! movem5t ( culture on gr\p-=mation is se5 9 ! divisions into sects1 a ph5om5on :i* seems to be conspicu\s 9 ! communities built up by our race4 ,?is t5d5cy to a m9ute subdivision ( religi\s1 political & o!r bodies introduces a new k9d ( relation4 ,we _c well say t "o section surpasses #bhf its rivals 9 intellig5ce4 ,?is may or may n be ! case1 b ! rules ( ! social game require u to leave ! "q op54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is diff]5tiation ( organis$ op9ion into a numb] ( p>ticul> cre$s or 8views10 ! %ade ( op9ion be+ (t5 f9e1 leads to a new bifurcation ( 8high]0 & 8l[]0 gr\ps4 ,! 8high]0 "h is ! mass or majority :i* naturally laughs at t9y m9orities z faddi/s & cranks4 ,yet aga91 ! f9e imp>tiality ( ! god ( laught]1 to :om1 s9ce mank9d = ! great] "p is o!r ?an wise1 ! diff]5ce ( ! _m & ! few may h>dly c\nt1 occasionally gives ! despis$ m9ority its *ance2 = m9orities d sometimes repres5t ideas :i* are born = sov]eignty4 ,:ile ! progress ( a nation 9 ideas & in/itutions ?us s]ves 9 a mann] to multiply gr\ps1 & s to introduce new opportunities = ! indulg5ce ( gr\p attack & retaliation1 x t5ds on ! :ole to break d[n _! b>ri]s4 ,x does ?is by means ( ! pulpit1 ! press1 & ! educational ag5cies :i* help to circulate new ideas ?r\gh all classes4 ,^! conduce1 bo? directly & indirectly1 to a c]ta9 assimilation ( gr\ps2 & assimilative action is go+ on rapidly to-day4 ,yet1 z we h se51 x leaves ample room = diff]5t grades ( culture1 s9ce natural diff]5ces ( co>s5ess & f95ess 9 ! intellectual fibre w always secure ! broad contra/ ( ! cultur$ & ! uncultur$4 ,! spread ( k & culture ?r\gh all classes acts indirectly on gr\p-di/9ctions by ?r[+ op5 ! occupations ( "o class to memb]s ( o!rs1 & m p>ticul>ly ( 8l[]0 ones4 ,! workman's son :o has a bra9 & cultivates x may1 z we are (t5 told1 f9d 8 way to ! univ]sity & take 8 place un*all5g$ #bhg among ! lawy]s1 ! doctors1 or ! exalt$ 8dons0 !mselves4 ,n[ all sudd5 *anges 9 class1 especially su* z involve elevation1 are apt to appe> laughable4 ,ev5 :5 promotion comes by royal fav\r1 we feel ! leap into a high] sph]e to be anomal\s1 & are wont to exam9e ! gr\nds ( ! new title ) "s c>e4 ,! cons]vative in/9cts ( m5 oppose !mselves laugh+ly to ! appe>ance ( new dignit>ies v mu* z !y oppose !mselves to ! appe>ance ( new ideas1 & "s tempor>y unfitness 9 ! p]son = 8 new social ni*e is to be expect$4 ,9 ! com$y ( ! ,re/oration1 we are told1 8no measure is kept 9 p\r+ contempt on ! mu%room gr[?s ( ye/]day1 ! knights ( rec5t creation04#bdh ,some?+ ( ?is impression ( ! incongru\sly new is produc$ = a mom5t ev5 9 ! case ( a well-e>n$ rise 9 ! social scale4 ,! "y aspirant's family & connections1 liv+ on 9 ! less brilliant light1 w p]=ce laugh1 ?\gh p]haps ) some?+ ( sympa!tic admiration1 at ! oddity ( ! sudd5 elevation2 & ! ris+ "y man w be s+ul>ly =tunate if he does n n[ & aga9 betray an amus+ unfamili>ity ) ! ways ( ! company he has jo9$4 ,yet ! confusion ( ranks due to ! univ]salis+ ( education is small & unimpressive :5 comp>$ ) t aris+ f ano!r cause4 ,! great de/roy] ( fix$ class-b\nd>ies is ! =ce :i* t5ds to transmute a community into a plutocracy4 ,?is t5d5cy may1 no d\bt1 illu/rate 9 a measure ! effect ( a diffus$ education2 = ! successful =tune-build] w sometimes h atta9$ success by sci5tific k skilfully #bhh appli$4 ,yet ! pres5ce--or ! abs5ce--( o!r qualities ?an ! intellectual seems to h mu* to d 9 ^! days ) sudd5 elevations 9 ! plutocratic scale4 ,z ! com$y ( ,molire may tell u1 ! spectacle ( a man /&+ at ! foot ( ! social ladd] & look+ up wi/fully at its high] region has some?+ ent]ta9+ 9 x bo? = ^? on 8 actual level & = ^? on ! level ( 8 ambition4 ,lat]1 :5 ! wi/ful glance is foll[$ by actual climb+1 ! unrehe>s$ p]=mances may gr[ mir?-provok+ ev5 to ! po9t ( te>ful mi/9ess4 ,nor does ! atta9m5t ( ! goal make an end ( ! fun1 s9ce ! ma9t5ance ( a decor\s equilibrium at ! new altitude may turn out to be ev5 m prec>i\s ?an ! climb+1 especially :5 relatives & o!r accid5ts ( ! humbl] /ate p]si/ 9 _! atta*m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! climb+s exhibit mu* 9 ! way ( amus+ impo/ure2 = m51 z ,s*op5hau] tells u1 h be5 kn[n to pu% _! way1 unqualifi$ & impi\s1 ev5 into lit]>y circles1 & snat* a k9d ( reflect$ di/9ction by ! use ( arts at once anci5t & vulg>4 ,! spectacle ( *ang+ "o's class exhibits ! amus+ aspect ( fraud 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 lead]s high up 9 8society0 pay homage to ! deity ( ! climb+ money-mak] by betak+ !mselves to trade "u assum$ names1 ! mir? ( ,midas & ( 8 :ole despis$ ca/e may f9d its opportune v5t4 ,we may n[ briefly indicate ! g5]al effect ( ! social movem5ts j sket*$ ^u ! quality & ! mode ( di/ribution ( ! hil>i\s moods ( a p4 7a7 ,to beg9 )1 ! advance & wid] spread ( ! wave ( culture w cle>ly t5d to effect a g5]al rais+ #bhi ( ! /&>d ( ta/e1 & to develop an appreciation ( ! quality ( ! ludicr\s4 ,?is result1 ?\gh effect$ 9 "p by ! developm5t ( art & ! ext5sion ( its educative influ5ce1 is 9 ! ma9 ! direct outcome ( intellectual progress & ( t increase 9 ref9em5t ( feel+ :i* seems to dep5d on ?is progress4 ,"o may describe ?is *ange by say+ t ! /&>d ( ideas t5ds gradually to ga9 gr\nd1 hemm+ 9 if n n>r[+ t ( cu/om4 ,! primal laugh1 void ( intellectual cont5t1 becomes less g5]al1 ! laugh ( ! m9d m frequ5t4 ,?is effect ( an introduction ( ideas holds good 9 ! case ( memb]s ( all classes 9 s f> z !y ent] into ! high] culture gr\p4 ,9 ?is way p>ticul> /&>ds ( locality & ( social gr\p beg9 to c\nt less 9 our laught]4 ,?is effect ( expansion ( ! intellectual view is reflect$ 9 all ! m ref9$ v>ieties ( comic art4 ,any manife/ insi/5ce on dignity ( rank1 m especially :5 ! gr\p is n ( impos+ aspect1 :e!r ! petite noblesse 9 a small 8,resid5cy0 t[n on ! ,cont95t or ! families :i* compose 8,society0 9 an obscure t[n 9 ,engl&1 is felt to be on ! v]ge ( ! ludicr\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a magnify+ ( ! dignity ( a p]son or a class by ^? bel[1 :5 accompani$ by a cr++ demean\r1 is apt to take on ! amus+ aspect ( flunkeyism1 ! due appreciation ( :i* presupposes a c]ta9 maturity ( ! laught] ( ! m9d4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?is advance ( ideas is z yet v imp]fectly realis$4 ,! m>* ( m9d1 l "s milit>y m>*es1 is n q s uni=mly triumphant z x is wont to be repres5t$4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! laught] among :at are call$ ! educat$ classes is /ill #bij b little influ5c$ by ! f9] & deep] p]ception ( ludicr\s quality2 :ile1 z = ! un$ucat$ majority ( all social grades1 x w\ld be h>d to f9d 9 _! mir? any di/9ct traces ( a deposit f ! advance ( ! culture-/ream4 ,"o might v5ture on ! supposition t ! appreciation ( ! ludicr\s %[n to-day by ! frequ5t]s ( a 8high class0 ,music ,hall 9 ,london is1 bo? z to its intellectual p5etration & z to its ref9em5t ( feel+1 b little1 if any?+1 above t ( a m$ival cr[d :i* ga!r$ to see & he> ! jokes ( ! jongleur4 ,s sl[ a process is ! infiltration ( ref9+ influ5ce f ! high] /rata ( culture d[nw>ds4 7b7 ,?is *ange 9 ! quality ( social laught] ?r\gh an infusion ( ideas has und\bt$ly be5 accompani$ by a *ange 9 its quantity1 z se5 9 a decl9e ( ! old]1 volum9\s m]rim5t ( ! p4 ,?is fall 9 ! collective outbur/1 already t\*$ on1 & recognis$ by all /ud5ts ( ! pa/1 is l>gely due to a ton+ d[n ( ! simpl] & he>ti] utt]ances ( ! common p4 ,?is *ange is s important z to call = a %ort inve/igation4 ,9 simpl] types ( society1 ! m he>ty & volum9\s laught] probably came f ! l[e/ /rata4 ,x is en\gh to recall ! mir? ( ! ,egyptian & ! ,roman slave4 ,lat] on1 ! l>ge scope = indulg5ce 9 laught] 0 suppli$ by an organisation ( mir? 9 ! %ape ( %[s & o!r popul> ent]ta9m5ts4 ,!re 0 possibly ! g]m ( su* an organisation 9 ! annual celebration 89 hon\r ( ! mo/ jocund god ( laught]0 ref]r$ to by ,apuleius4#bdi ,"o may in/ance ! m]ry-mak+s at ! h>ve/ & v9tage fe/ivals out ( #bia :i* ,greek com$y took its rise1 & ! rollick+ fun ( ! multitude at fairs & fe/ivals dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t ! p 7 ! true exp]ts 9 ! secrets ( laught] is fur!r sugge/$ by ! fact t slaves1 bo? ,greek & ,roman1 7 select$ z je/]s & wits by well-to-d p4 ,! fools kept by ,ori5tals 7 probably f ! same class4#bej ,! lat] 8fools0 ( ,european c\rts 7 drawn f ! simple folk4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is e>ly type ( popul> mir? c be summ$ up 9 ! ^w *ildi%ness4 ,! slave or o!r oppress$ work] c\ld )\t ef=t ?r[ (f ideas ( toil & *a/isem5t 9 8 play h\r4 ,t[>ds 8 ma/] & 8 treatm5t ( him1 8 attitude seems to h be5 on ! :ole ! resignation ( a life-long habit4 ,he might1 n improbably1 enjoy a quiet joke at ! exp5se ( 8 ov]se]1 b he seems to h ent]ta9$ t[>ds him none ( ! deep] animosity4 ,?is nave =m ( popul> laught] gave way to a less *ildi% type :5 8! common p0 began to include a goodly numb] ( free-m5 :o 7 able to =m op9ions ( _! own1 & bold en\gh to ass]t ! "r ( express+ ^!4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said above t ! newly ga9$ fre$om w\ld naturally give rise to "s laught]-br++ criticism ( au?orities4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! mir?ful mood ( ! cr[d 0 in/antly p]ceiv$ by ! au?orities :o wag$ w> aga9/ x1 us+ ! weapons ( a repressive c5sor%ip4 ,we h an example ( ?is c5sor%ip 9 ! police regulations :i* hamp]$ ! introduction ( com$y f ,a!ns into ,rome4 ,x 0 requir$ by ! au?orities t ! sc5e ( ! play %\ld always be laid outside ,rome z if to gu>d aga9/ a direct attack on ,roman #bib in/itutions & p]sons4#bea ,a l ho/ility to ! pranks ( a free & q unfa/idi\s mir? 0 %[n by ! m$ival *ur*4 ,?is may well h be5 9 "p ! outcome ( hone/ moral reprobation ( ! scurrilities ( ! songs1 ! contes & ! re/4 ,yet x looks z if ! prohibitory enactm5ts orig9at$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! al>m ( ! ecclesia/ics = ! security ( _! hold on ! m9d ( ! p4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 an easy matt] to sil5ce popul> laught] :5 ?is _h once he>d itself & recognis$ its =ce4 ,ari/ophanes & 8 laugh+ public 71 = a "t at lea/1 /rong] ?an ! demagogue :om !y ridicul$4 ,no d\bt ! civil & ! ecclesia/ical p[] h aga9 & aga9 succe$$ 9 half-/ifl+ = a "t ! rud] sort ( laught]4 ,yet ! complete suffocation ( x 9 free communities has prov$ to be impossible4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we are told1 ! atmosph]e ( fun w\ld rise n[ & aga9 to a k9dl+ heat1 s t holy m5 !mselves w\ld jo9 9 ! n too dec5t songs4#beb ,! mod]n hi/ory ( ,political ,satire abundantly illu/rates ! =ce ( popul> laught]4 ,?us1 9 ! ,/u>t p]iod1 satires 7 produc$ :i* 7 a popul> prote/ aga9/ ! grievance ( monopolies4#bec ,h[ firmly x ma9ta9$ its gr\nd is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! politicians1 :5 !y h fail$ to ou/ x f ! /age1 h endeav\r$ to turn x to _! own ends4#bed ,if ! m scurril\s sort has n[ be5 driv5 f ! /age1 political c>icature #bic fl\ri%es vigor\sly & has d>$ to attack royalty itself )9 a measurable p]iod4#bee ,! p has und\bt$ly be5 ! uphold] ( ! :olesome cu/om ( mir?4 ,tak+ ! peasantry1 ! workm51 & ! l[] middle class z repres5t+ ! 8p0 ( to-day1 "o has to confess t its m]ry note seems to h be5 lo/4 ,! res]voir :i* 9 ! pa/ suppli$ ! /ream ( national gaiety has c]ta9ly fall5 & ?reat5s ev5 to dry up4 ,b ( ?is m by-&-by4 7c7 ,z a la/ effect ne$+ to be emphasis$ "h1 we h und]ly+ ! laught] ( a p a curi\sly composite attitude4 ,by ?is ,i mean an agglom]ation ( m5tal t5d5cies involv+ diff]5t manires de voir1 & diff]5t /&>ds ( ! fit &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! laughable4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we saw h[ ! *oral laught] ( ! savage foll[$ ! directions ( ! self-cons]vative t5d5cies ( 8 tribe4 ,?is unconsci\s self-adaptation ( ! mir?ful mood to ! ends ( ! tribal life has p]si/$ ?r\gh all ! *anges introduc$ by ! play ( fa%ion & by ! movem5ts ( social evolution4 ,we ( to-day :o travel s mu* m ?an our ance/ors 9 =eign l&s1 & may ev5 le>n to speak _! languages1 reta9 ! t5d5cy to resi/ ! importation ( :at /rikes u z un-,engli%4 ,9 c]ta9 seasons1 say :5 ! w>-temp] heats ! blood & =eign]s criticise1 ?is feel+ = :at is national gr[s di/9ct & vivid1 & reflects itself unmi/akably 9 ! manife/ations ( su* mir? z seems to be compatible ) ! mood ( ! h\r4 ,?is po9t ( view ( ! tribe has always coexi/$ ) #bid ! n>r[] & m relative "o ( ! gr\p1 illu/rat$ above1 ?\gh x has 9 ord9>y circum/ances be5 less prom95t 9 m5's mir?ful utt]ances4 ,! m$ival laught] at ! prie/1 "o may conjecture1 0 n[ & aga9 direct$ f ! national or patriotic po9t ( view1 z ! p began to disc]n 9 him ! s]vant ( a =eign p[]4 ,n only s1 b 9 mu* ( a p's laught] at :at x deems ! 8absurd0--! laught] ( 8common-s5se10 z we may call x--x is ! po9t ( view ( ! tribe or society :i* is /ill adopt$3 & ?is holds good ( ! l>g] "p1 at lea/1 ( a community 9 ! van ( ! m>* ( civilisation4 ,:5 we smile at :at appe>s to u a f>-fet*$ view1 or a qua9t habit ( life1 we are really guid$ by ! /&>d1 8:at p r\nd ab\t u say & d & expect u to say & d04 ,?is cont5t$ ref]5ce to a vaguely =mulat$ cu/om1 )\t any scrut9y ( its inh]5t reasonabl5ess1 holds good1 inde$1 ( ! judgm5ts pass$ by ord9>y m5 on ! laughable aspects ( ! immoral4 ,promptness 9 pay+ "o's debts1 = example1 w = mo/ m5 we> a reasonable or a fooli% aspect accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! tribe--?\gh "h two class-/&>ds make !mselves di/9ctly felt2 & s ! laugh may be turn$1 z ! cu/om *anges1 f him ^: t>d9ess 9 dis*>g+ liabilities sugge/s /rait5$ means o!rwise c>efully conceal$1 to him :o displays an ung5tlemanly ha/e 9 matt]s ( a contemptible smallness4 ,x seems to foll[ t ! adju/m5ts ( laught] to m univ]sal norms1 to ideas ( an inh]5t fitness 9 ?+s1 are a k9d ( artificial addition to deep] & m in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,! ord9>y man1 ev5 :5 he enjoys ! spectacle ( "s laughable folly or vice1 #bie h>dly transc5ds ! po9t ( view ( cu/om1 f :i* :at all m5 d is se5 to be "r4 ,x is only :5 a high] culture has made app>5t ! univ]sality ( ! laughable1 z ( its opposite ! reasonable1 t a consci\s resort to ideas becomes frequ5t4 ,?is cl>ify+ ( our laught] by ! infusion ( ideas is1 9 a special mann]1 ! "w ( exp]ts1 namely1 ! morali/1 ! lit]>y critic1 &1 mo/ ( all1 ! arti/ ^: bus9ess x is to illum9e ! doma9 ( ! ludicr\s4 ,?is function ( art w =m ! subject ( a lat] *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is *apt] we h dealt m]ely ) :at ,i h call$ *oral laught]1 t ( gr\ps1 small] or l>g]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r k9d1 ! private laught] ( ! individual :5 alone1 or 9 ! company ( sympa!tic fri5ds4 ,?is also has its pre-conditions 9 ! processes ( social evolution j t\*$ ^u4 ,su* indep5d5t laught] w\ld1 x is evid5t1 be impossible 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( ?is evolution4 ,9 ! savage or quasi-savage /ate an oddly con/itut$ memb] ( a tribe--if su* a be+ 7 possible--liable to be seiz$ ) a spasm ( ridicule at ! absurdities ( tribal c]emonies w\ld c]ta9ly enc\nt] s]i\s risks4 ,x has ne$$ ages ( social progress to e/abli% ! conditions ( a safe individual lib]ty 9 ! indulg5ce ( ! jocose temp]4 ,?is fre$om 9 *oos+ "o's own modes ( laught] has gradually ass]t$ itself z a "p ( all t we mean by individual lib]ty4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 x may be reg>d$ z ! highe/ phase & completion ( ?is lib]ty4 ,?is is n ! place = a full inquiry into ! complex conditions on :i* ! developm5t ( a fre] individual laught] dep5ds4 ,x may be en\gh to po9t to ! ne$ #bif ( an advance 9 ideas & ! capability1 among ! few at lea/1 to =m individual judgm5ts1 :i* ?is advance implies4 ,a man :o w\ld laugh 8 own laugh mu/ beg9 by develop+ 8 own p]ceptions & ideas4 ,a full] und]/&+ ( ! pre-conditions ( an indep5d5t laught] w only be possible to "o :o has c>efully exam9$ its *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,i propose to analyse t v>iety ( ! laugh+ temp] :i* seems 9 a peculi> way to be an attribute ( ! develop$ individual4 ,?is attribute is :at is specially designat$ 9 ^! days by ! t]m hum\r4 #big ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,laught] ,,( ,,! ,,individual3 ,,hum\r4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 h[ ! advance ( civilisation has t5d$ to /ill ! l\d] *oral voice ( laught]4 ,yet man's be/ fri5d is n ( ! sort to take an affront too s]i\sly4 ,driv5 out f ! cr[d1 he has kn[n h[ to disguise himself & to /eal back into ! haunts ( m51 t\*+ "h & !re a human _s & mov+ x to a quiet] & p]fectly safe enjoym5t ( ?+s laughable4 ,?is new end[m5t1 ?is la/ inspiration ( ! mortal by ! god1 is :at we mean by ,hum\r4 ,p]haps h>dly a ^w 9 ! language--& x seems to be exclusively an ,engli% ^w--w\ld be h>d] to def9e ) sci5tific precision ?an ?is famili> "o4 ,x is (t5 us$ ) ! greate/ degree ( loos5ess1 z :5 a man is end[$ ) hum\r because he laughs readily4#bef ,yet any "o :o takes pa9s 9 us+ words kn[s h[ f> ?is is f be+ accurate4 ,a *ronic g>rulity ( laught]1 typifi$ 9 :at ,mr4 ,m]$i? calls ! 8hyp]gela/10 /&s1 inde$1 9 m>k$ contra/ to :at c>eful spee* indicates by 8hum\r04 ,z its etymology might tea* u1 ! t]m connotes1 n s mu* ! common end[m5t ( #bih 8risibility10 z a c]ta9 k9d ( temp]am5t1 a complexion ( s5tim5t1 nay1 m1 a mode ( psy*ical organisation4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 ?9k ( ! race z humor\s1 & %\ld ev5 f9d x difficult to g5]alise ! end[m5t s f> z to speak ( humori/s z a class4 ,! humor\s man or woman is s1 prim>ily & ess5tially1 by ! unpur*asable possession ( an individual m9d4 ,?is fact ( a q peculi> mixture ( elem5ts 9 ! humor\s p]son mu/ nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,x dooms ?is p]son to a comp>ative solitude 9 ! vocal expression ( a feel+ :i* is prim>ily social & communicative4 ,! idea ( a l>ge unison ( utt]ance among humor\s p]sons is n ent]ta9able4 ,a man :o has develop$ 8 humor\s b5t w be ?ankful if he f9ds 9 8 social circle "o or two :o c und]/&1 &1 n[ & aga91 jo9 9 8 quiet *uckle4 ,yet1 ?\gh ess5tially 9 e individual case a unique bl5d ( elem5ts1 hum\r has c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics4 ,:at sort ( temp]am5t & m9d are we ?9k+ ( :5 we agree to call ,%akespe>e1 ,c]vantes1 ,goldsmi?1 ,/]ne1 ,lamb1 ,dick5s1 & ,george ,eliot humori/s8 ,"o ?+ we c say confid5tly1 t x is want+ 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! m diffus$ laught]4 ,x is f> remov$ f ! swift reflex gaiety ( ! *ild & ! un?9k+ adult4 ,its laught] is n only quiet] b has a sl[] movem5t1 & x is *>g$ ) a deep] mean+4 ,aga91 its utt]ance diff]s 9 tone f ! old brutal & contemptu\s %\t4 ,x voices itself 9 l[ & almo/ t5d] tones4 ,x is ! laught] altoge!r f>!/ remov$ f ! /&po9t ( ! int]e/$ p]son3 !re is 9 x no?+ ( ! cr[+ ov] ! vanqui%$1 h>dly any?+ ( a consci\sness ( ! #bii sup]iority to :i* ! uplift+ ( laught] may at ! mom5t make valid claim4 ,h5ce1 "o may hesitate to apply ! "n humori/ to a writ] 9 ^: laught]--?\gh x is commonly spok5 ( z hum\r--a note ( d]isive contempt beg9s to gr[ prom95t4 ,^! contra/s po9t cle>ly en\gh to c]ta9 positive *>act]i/ics ( ! moods ( hum\r4 ,a quiet survey ( ?+s1 at once playful & reflective2 a mode ( greet+ amus+ %[s :i* seems 9 its mod]ation to be bo? an indulg5ce 9 ! s5se ( fun & an expiation = ! rud5ess ( su* indulg5ce2 an outw>d1 expansive movem5t ( ! spirits met & ret>d$ by a cross-curr5t ( some?+ l k9dly ?\ghtfulness2 ^! cle>ly reveal !mselves z "s ( its dom9ant traits4 ,at fir/ x seems impossible to view ?is subtle & complex m5tal attitude z a developm5t ( ! nave & r co>se m]rim5t ( e>li] times4 ,yet a slight exam9ation ( ! *oice/ examples ( :at ! disc]n+ call hum\r w\ld suffice to %[ t x f9ds its pa/urage v mu* :]e ! ,greek or ! m$ival populace f\nd x4 ,topsy-turvyness1 especially :5 x involves ! fall ( ?+s f a height2 /umbl+ & awkw>dness ( all k9ds2 human oddities :5 !y gr[ to provocative dim5sions2 all self-inflation ) a view to =ce a reluctant notice2 ! manifold masqu]ad+s ( mortals2 ! unfitnesses ( ?+s to ! dem&s ( circum/ances2 extravagances1 p]v]sities1 & ! multitud9\s follies ( m52 ^! :i* move ! r\gh man to 8 unconsid]$ ca*9nation move also ! humor\s man to 8 sl[] & sotto voce note4 ,z our great woman humori/ has x3 8,/range z ! g5ealogy may seem1 ! orig9al p>5tage ( t wond]ful & delici\s mixture ( fun1 fancy1 philosophy & #cjj feel+1 :i* con/itutes mod]n hum\r1 0 probably ! cruel mock]y ( a savage at ! wri?+s ( a suff]+ enemy--su* is ! t5d5cy ( ?+s t[>ds ! bett] & m beautiful60#beg ,9 ass]t+ t g5tle hum\r has its desc5t f su* an unc\? ance/ry1 we mu/ n be suppos$ to imply t its g5esis has be5 a sudd5 or a simple process4 ,z has be5 sugge/$1 ! s5tim5t is highly complex4 ,x presupposes 9 its possessor ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> assemblage ( qualities :i* may be expect$ to be r>e2 & a /udy ( ! developm5t bo? ( ! individual & ( ! race tells u t ?is gr\p+ ( qualities is1 ( all ! products ( nature's laboratory1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate1 "o exact+ f h] a v special ef=t ( prep>ation4 ,al?\gh hum\r is correctly describ$ z a s5tim5t1 its mo/ app>5t1 if n mo/ important condition1 is a developm5t ( intellig5ce4 ,x is pla9ly an example ( :at ,mr4 ,m]$i? calls 8! laught] ( ! m9d10 an expression :i* makes ! l>ge presupposition t we h ?is m9d4 ,x ?rives be/ at ! level ( ideas4 ,yet ! elem5t ( intellect :i* is vital to hum\r does n imply subtlety ( m9d1 /ill less ! pres5ce ( ideas remote f ! plane ( ord9>y m5's und]/&+4 ,:at is ne$$ is a m9d giv5 to mus+ on :at x obs]ves--x may be t ( a %rewd h\sewife--hav+ a suffici5t life & indep5d5ce ( movem5t to rise above ! dull me*anical acceptance ( ?+s1 to pi]ce ^! ) ! ray ( a fre% criticism4 ,! di/+ui%+ intellectual elem5t 9 humor\s contemplation is a l>g] developm5t ( t p[] ( grasp+ ?+s toge!r1 & 9 _! relations1 :i* is at #cja ! root ( all ! high] p]ceptions ( ! laughable4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 x is a m5tal habit ( project+ ?+s aga9/ _! backgr\nds1 ( view+ !m 9 _! complete sett+s--s f> z ?is involves ^? relations ( contr>iety :i*1 z we h all[$1 are ( ! ess5ce ( ! ludicr\s1 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is compreh5sion ( ! sett+ is dep5d5t on a process ( imag9ative reflection2 = ! backgr\nd :i* hum\r requires is n ! same z ! visible backgr\nd1 b has1 to a consid]able ext5t1 to be re9/at$1 or r to be con/ruct$4 ,?is introduction into hum\r ( some?+ 9 ! nature ( a ?9k+ process or reflection has ?is curi\s consequ5ce1 t x does n m]ely play ab\t ! realm ( ! s]i\s1 z ! e>li] & simpl] laught] does1 b compreh5ds1 assimilates1 & becomes ton$ d[n into half-play by some?+ ( ! weighti] import ( ?+s1 ( _! value & _! be>+ on our welf>e4 ,?is is ! p>adox1 ! secret ( ! hum\r-lov+ s\l1 irritat+ at once to ! m]ely s]i\s p]son & to ! light-he>t$ trifl]4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ?is is effect$1 we %all1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 ne$ to look at o!r elem5ts besides ! intellectual4 ,yet we %all d well to note ! fact t ! possibility ( ?is meet+ ( ! playful & ! s]i\s 9 ! mood ( hum\r has its intellectual condition 9 an enl>g$ m5tal grasp ( ?+s4 ,our analysis ( ! objects :i* entice ! laugh f man has sugge/$ t ! risible aspect ne>ly always coexi/s ) o!r aspects4 ,! k9d ( physical defect :i* is amus+ may also be wrong /hetically or hygi5ically1 & s on ( ! re/4 ,& ?\gh writ]s f ,ari/otle to ,ba9 h be5 c>eful to po9t out t ! laughable defect or degradation mu/ 9 its magnitude be bel[ ! ?re%old ( ! pa9fully ugly1 ! #cjb blamewor?y & s =?1 x is p]fectly cle> t giv5 a quick & compreh5sive p]ception1 & a turn = mus+ on :at is p]ceiv$1 ! s]i\s t5d5cy 9 t :i* amuses u w come into ! m>g9 ( ! field ( vision4 ,9 ?is way1 9 ! case ( ^? :o h develop$ ! requisite comb9+ organ1 a k9d ( b9ocul> m5tal vision has become possible4 ,we enjoy p5sively ! pres5tation ( ,don ,quixote1 ( ,uncle ,toby1 & ! o!r great humor\s *>act]s1 j because we are 9 a mood 9 :i*1 :ile giv+ ourselves up to an amus+ spectacle1 we nev]!less embrace 9 our reflective survey1 & are affect$ by1 some?+ ( its deep] mean+4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! humor\s way ( reg>d+ ?+s w\ld trace out all ! subtle int]p5etrations ( m]ry fool+ & s]i\s inspection1 ( a light & m]ry fancy & a sob] reason4 ,a h9t1 only1 on _! modes ( comb9ation1 c be giv5 "h4 ,a f9] appreciation ( contra/s1 & ( relations g5]ally1 w (t5 s]ve to enri* ! impression giv5 by a palpable in/ance ( ! laughable4 ,a small plump *ild falls on ! floor ) sonor\s effect3 ! sudd5 flopp+ d[n is fraught ) ent]ta9m5t = all m54 ,! obs]v] :o c contemplate ?\ghtfully1 enjoys ! fall also1 b m quietly & ) a l>g] process ( m5tal assimilation4 ,8 m9d disc]ns 9 ! trivial incid5t su* ?+s1 p]haps1 z ! compact /urd9ess ( nature re-e/abli%+ itself by vigor\s ef=ts duly ann\nc$ by grunts1 & ! h>mlessness ( falls :5 bones & jo9ts are "y1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! old1 ( :i* 9 _m respects ! *ild's fall may rem9d him4 ,x is a tra9 ( ideas ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh only half-consci\sly pursu$1 :i* gives to ! ?ump+ fall mu* ( its value = ! humor\s obs]v]4 #cjc ,aga91 ! developm5t ( ! intellig5ce to a l>ge & v>i$ activity w1 by quick5+ ! faculty ( seiz+ relations1 op5 up new & spaci\s fields = ! humori/'s quiet contemplation4 ,to "o br++ a m5tal eye focuss$ = ! amus+ juxtaposition1 & a temp] dispos$ to muse on :at he sees1 h[ mu* ( ! ent]ta9+ may reveal itself 9 common sights1 su* z t ( a ?9 :eezy man jo9+ 9 %\ts ( a full-blood$ ,j+o cr[d1 or t ( a woman1 ^: head has j be5 pommell$ by h] rightful "l1 turn+ ^u & 8slang+0 ! by/&] :o has fooli%ly tri$ to curb an excessive ass]tion ( m>ital rights4#beh ,! possession ( ideas1 aga91 w help a man at once sympa!tically to realise & to transc5d limit$ po9ts ( view :5 !y come into collision1 & s to ga!r mu* rum9at+ amusem5t4 ,h[ l>ge a scope1 = example1 = su* quiet ent]ta9m5t op5s up 9 ! rejo9d] ( ,mrs4 ,flynn1 an ,iri% lady :o _h be5 br\ght be=e a magi/rate = assault+ h] husb&1 & commis]at$ by t compassionate function>y on h] sad plight ) "o eye clos$ & ! head b&ag$3 8,o*1 y] wor%ip1 j wait till yez see ,flynn04 ,! recognition ( ! real proportions ( a ze/ = battle & a ta/e = compassion 9 ! /alw>t ,iri% dame1 unsuspect$ by k9dly magi/rates1 at once gives u ! po9t ( view = a half-s]i\s1 half-amus+ contemplation ( human relations4 ,z ^! illu/rations sugge/1 ! po9t ( view ( ! humor\s obs]v] is n a fix$ "o4 ,sometimes ! fre%ness1 ! s5se ( lib]ation f ! /upidly commonplace1 w come by apply+ a rational idea to ?+s :i* are n accu/om$ to ! treatm5t4 ,at o!r times1 :5 ! intellig5ce happ5s to be m sprightly1 ! new po9t ( #cjd view is rea*$ by a flight ( fancy :i* loves to p]* itself on "s outlook f> f t ( a rational criticism4 ,! humor\s sort ( m9d delights 9 ! play ( inv]t+ ord9>y arrangem5ts1 say1 ( mak+ man & bea/1 fa!r & son1 ex*ange places1 or1 z 9 ,lewis ,c>roll's delightful in/ance ( an ideal exp]im5t1 ( putt+ ! sane p 9 asylums & all[+ ! lunatics to g at l>ge4#bei ,x foll[s t humor\s contemplation w h _m %ades ( s]i\sness4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! proportion ( ! rational elem5t leads u to speak ( x z wisdom laugh+1--8rid5tem dic]e v]um02 9 o!rs1 9 :i* ! pr$om9ance ( a caprici\s fancy br+s ! expression ne> t ( sportive wit1 to describe x r z laught] sob]$ by a ^w ( wisdom4 ,yet x may be said t 9 e /ate :i* we describe z "o ( humor\s enjoym5t ! rational elem5t itself1 affect$ by its alliance1 puts on a half-fe/ive attire1 s t aft] all ! :ole m9d may be said to jo9 9 ! play4#bfj ,! humor\s /ate is1 h[ev]1 mu* m ?an a peculi> modification ( ! processes ( intellig5ce4 ,x _c be con/itut$ by a m]e tra9 ( cold p]ceptions & ideas4 ,x means t ! :ole consci\sness is = ! "t modifi$ by ! tak+ on ( a new attitude or mood4 ,! play ( "y fancy ab\t ! grave eld]ly =m ( reason1 :i* is half-coax$ to play too1 comes f ?is new tone ( ! :ole m9d4 ,?is m5tal tone involves a peculi> modification ( ! conative processes4 ,all laugh+ scrut9y ( ?+s1 z a play-attitude1 is a sort ( relaxation ( ! set conc5tration #cje ( a conative purpose4 ,:5ev] we laugh1 if x be only ) a *ild at ! jocosities ( a cl[n1 we are fre$ f ! con/ra9+ =ce ( ! practical & ev5 ( ! !oretical int]e/s :i* commonly hold & conf9e our m9ds :5 we obs]ve closely4 ,9 su* mom5ts we ab&on ourselves to ! tickl+ play ( ! object on our p]ceptions & ideational t5d5cies4 ,9 hum\r ?is self-ab&onm5t takes on a %ade ( s]i\sness1 n because ! relaxation ( ! conative ef=t is less complete1 b because ! self-ab&onm5t is t ( a m9d s habitually reflective t1 ev5 :5 x is at play1 x does n :olly lose sight ( ! s]i\s import ( ! ?\ghts :i* m9i/] to its ent]ta9m5t2 because x dimly recognises ! wor? ( ! /&>d ideas1 by ! lighte/ allusion to :i* x is able to indulge 9 a playful criticism ( :at is pres5t$4 ,! deep] secret ( ! mood ( hum\r1 h[ev]1 lies 9 a peculi> modification ( ! feel+-tone ( consci\sness4 ,9 ?is1 x is at once evid5t1 we h to d ) a special example ( complexity4 ,! laught] t+$ ) some?+ ak9 to sadness is a mixture ( feel+-tones2 ( tones1 too1 :i* seem directly oppos$ & likely to be mutually repugnant4 ,! gaiety ( laught] beg9s to be complicat$ ) an und]tone by ! half-intrusion into consci\sness ( ! s]i\s import ( ?+s4 ,to be aw>e1 h[ev] indi/9ctly1 t ! _w has its s]i\s side1 is to lose ! *ild's note ( pure mir?1 is to h a t\* ( sadness add$ to our laught]4 ,! m s]i\s complication comes1 h[ev]1 :5 ! regrettable side ( ! laughable object makes itself felt4 ,! effect ( ?is on ! humor\s p]son has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ! exhibition ( folly on #cjf ! contemptu\s p]son4 ,x is ! v opposite to ! feel+ ( "o :o rejoices 9 ano!r's discomfiture z su*4 ,x is a s5se ( ! implicat$ 8pity ( x04 ,a p]son completely humor\s is ess5tially sympa!tic1 skill$ 9 ! humane art ( transport+ himself to o!rs' /&po9ts1 ( compreh5d+ m5's do+s & words 9 ! w>m light ?r[n by ! human affections4 ,by "s1 inde$1 sympa?y is reg>d$ z ! great di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( hum\r4#bfa ,b x seems well to add t x is ! infusion ( a proportionate am\nt ( ! sympa!tic into our bli! survey ( ?+s :i* c>ries u f> 9 ! pa? ( humor\s appreciation4 ,a sympa?y ( a /ep too quick = ! s5se ( fun to keep abrea/ 9 fri5dly comrade%ip w1 z ,flaub]t says happ5$ 9 8 case 9 lat] life1#bfb make an end ( laught]4 ,x is b a /ep f ?is recognition ( ! regrettabl5ess ( :at amuses u to a disc]nm5t ( :at1 9 its turn1 tones d[n ! sadness ( regret1 ( ! f9e ?reads :i* atta* ! laughable defect to elem5ts ( real wor?4 ,hum\r1 ( ! ri*] k9ds at lea/1 c]ta9ly includes some?+ ( consid]ation1 ( a detection1 9 ! laughable quality or its atta*m5ts1 ( sugge/ions ( :at is e/imable & lovable4 ,! disposition to ?9k well ( :at amuses u may come 9 ! fir/ in/ance f an impulse ( gratitude4 ,s ready are we 9 g5]al to ackn[l$ge ano!r's ent]ta9m5t ( u t1 ev5 :5 ! pleasure be/[$ is kn[n to h be5 giv5 q unwitt+ly1 we _c q *eck ! impulse to t5d] ?anks4 #cjg ,aga91 t :i* amuses u w (t51 :5 ?\ghtfully consid]$1 %[ itself to be b\nd up ) :at is really e/imable4 ,x is exagg]ations ( good qualities :i* are s amus+1 especially :5 ?r\gh %e] ob/9acy !y t5d to become ! :ole man1 & to provoke :ile !y ent]ta94 ,com$y w sometimes--9 ! figure ( ,molire's ,alce/e1 = example--exhibit to u ?is cl++ ( ! laughable to ! skirts ( excell5ce4 ,b x is only to ! m reflective mood ( hum\r1 to :i* com$y1 z we %all see1 does n appeal1 t ?is coexi/5ce ( ! quality & its defects1 fully discloses itself4 ,sometimes1 too1 ev5 ?\gh we fail to disc]n its p>tial r$emption ?r\gh an organic connection ) a wor?y trait1 a laughable defect may take on ! appe>ance ( a condonable & almo/ lovable blemi% ( "*4 ,?us x is ) ! small imp]fections se5 9 m5 recognis$ to be sub/antially good1 imp]fections :i* br+ !m ne>] to u & s make !m compreh5sible4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) ! ignorances & simplicities ( *ildr51 :i*1 ev5 :ile !y br+ ! smile1 disclose _! wor? z pure expressions ( *ild-nature4 ,by speak+ ( a s5tim5t ( hum\r we imply t ! k9dly feel+ someh[ comb9es ) ! gaiety ( laught] 9 a new type ( emotional consci\sness4 ,?is comb9ation1 aga91 seems to involve a simultane\s pres5ce 9 consci\sness ( ! two elem5ts1 & n m]ely a rapid alt]nation ( two phases ( feel+4 ,x is ?is simultane\s rise & p>tial fusion ( a gay & a sad tone ( feel+ :i* diff]5tiates hum\r prop] f ! feel+ ( ages to :i* ! proximity ( ! laughable & ! pa!tic 9 ?+s 0 famili> en\gh1 z we may see1 = example1 f ,pope's l9es on ,addison3-- #cjh ,:o b mu/ laugh if su* a man !re be8 ,:o w\ld n weep1 if ,atticus 7 he8 ,aga91 z a h>moni\s bl5d+ ( elem5ts ! s5tim5t ( hum\r contra/s ) t m]e mixture ( pleasurable & pa9ful +r$i5ts :i* ,plato ?\ght he detect$ 9 all laught]4#bfc ,! psy*ology ( ! emotions is /ill 9 a backw>d /ate1 & we "k v little ab\t ! laws ( _! fusion4#bfd ,"o or two po9ts may1 h[ev]1 be t\*$ on4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t two feel+s simultane\sly excit$ may cla% & refuse to comb9e 9 a peaceful :ole4 ,?is commonly happ5s1 inde$1 :5 !y are repugnant 9 k9d1 e4g41 pride & t5d]ness1 & :5 bo? are p[]fully excit$4 ,emotional fusion means t ?is repugnance is someh[ ov]come1 t ! con/itu5t emotive processes comb9e 9 "s new curr5t ( consci\sness4 ,n t ! elem5ts ne$ be :olly subm]g$ 9 ! product2 !y may rema9 z tones rema9 9 a *ord1 half-disclos$1 ?\gh pr(\ndly modifi$ by _! concomitants4 ,su* a /ate ( p>tial fusion may be illu/rat$ 9 our moods ( memory1 9 :i* delight 9 ! recov]y ( lo/ exp]i5ces is temp]$ ) regret4 ,! conditions ( su* a peaceful1 h>moni\s conflu5ce ( dissimil> feel+s are v>i\s4 ,! effect may be fur!r$ by ! pres5ce ( po9ts ( aff9ity among ! elem5ts2 :5ce ! s5tim5ts :i* dignify _! objects1 su* z love & admiration1 readily comb9e4 ,?is holds good to "s ext5t ( ! con/itu5ts ( hum\r1 s9ce amusem5t & some?+ l t5d] reg>d = him :o amuses u are pla9ly alli$4 ,yet ?is #cji consid]ation does n seem to help u 9 und]/&+ h[ ! two pol> moods ( hil>ity & sadness %\ld be able to comb9e4 ,we may be help$ "h by sett+ out f ! fact ( a simultane\s appeal to ! dissimil> feel+s by ! same pres5tation4 ,:5 ?is occurs aga9 & aga91 x is probable t organic modifications may be effect$ by ! simultane\s action ( ! d\ble /imulus4 ,nobody beg9s by feel+ amus$ & sorry at ! same mom5t4 ,! boy & ! savage may h a mom5t ( mild pity = an ugly piece ( de=mity2 b ?is mom5t comes aft] ! laugh+ is ov]4 ,! co-pres5tation ( ! sad & ! amus+ _h1 we may be sure1 to be repeat$ dur+ _m g5]ations ( m5 be=e ! two curr5ts c\ld jo9 9 "o smoo? fl[4 ,^? :o f9d ! core ( an emotion 9 a widely diffus$ organic process may reason t su* repetitions ( a complex emotional /imulation may modify ! n]v\s sy/em 9 "s way1 s z to all[ ( ! comb9ation ( "s p>ts at lea/ ( ! bodily resonances *>act]i/ic ( ! emotional con/itu5ts4 ,= "o ?+1 ! fact1 already allud$ to1 t !re is a c]ta9 community ( physiological process 9 ! case ( laught] & ( ! expression ( grief1 may help u1 to "s ext5t1 to und]/& ! comb9ation4#bfe ,yet mutual inhibition by ! two sets ( organic processes involv$ seems to be ! pr9cipal ag5cy 9 ! case4 ,! m en]getic movem5ts ( laught] are )\t d\bt re/ra9$ by an admixture ( sympa?y4 ,p]haps if we und]/ood ! physics ( organic processes1 we might speak "h ( an 8int]f]5ce10 or1 at lea/1 ( "s antagoni/ic action betwe5 ! motor-impulses ( ! laugh & ( ! sigh4 #caj ,"o o!r condition seems to be important4 ,:]e emotions are widely dissimil> & likely to be antagoni/ic1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld n bo? be excit$ 9 a high degree4 ,we may succe$ 9 gett+ a bl5d betwe5 a g5tle laugh & a mild pity1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n betwe5 a /ate ( mir?ful excitem5t & "o ( deep compassion4 ,! moods ( hum\r run 9 l[ keys1 laught] & k9dly s5tim5t be+ ea* ton$ d[n z if = smoo!r conflu5ce4 ,?is ne$ ( a r$uction ( ! =ce ( consort+ emotions may1 too1 f9d its explanation 9 ! conditions ( ! organic processes :i* h to be comb9$4 ,?is does n imply1 h[ev]1 t ! two feel+s :i* unite 9 hum\r are ( equal /r5g?4 ,z h9t$ above1 hum\r seems always1 ev5 :5 an almo/ poignant sadness pi]ces x1 to ma9ta9 itself at ! level ( a quiet enjoym5t4 ,x answ]s to ! mood :i* has be5 call$ ! luxury ( pity1 9 :i* ! s5se ( pa9 has %runk away to a sc>cely he>d ov]-tone1 :ile ! gr\nd-tone ( alleviat+ t5d]ness s\nds out cle> & full4 ,?is analysis may help u to und]/& :y ,mr4 ,m]$i? has call$ ! laught] ( ,%akespe>e & ,c]vantes 8! ri*] laugh ( he>t & m9d 9 "o04#bff ,x may help u1 too1 to int]pret "s ?+s said by ! ,g]man metaphysicians ab\t laught]4 ,kant1 = in/ance1 r$eems ! pov]ty ( 8 g5]al !ory by a memorable passage on ! amus+ aspect ( a navet ( behavi\r :i* does n "k h[ to hide itself4 ,he all[s t 9 ?is case !re is m+l$ ) ! laught]--:i* he supposes to arise f an annihilation ( ! expectation ( ! cu/om>y--some?+ ( e>ne/ness & ( respect1 z we reflect t :at is inf9itely bett] ?an accept$ codes ( mann]s 7,sitte71 namely1 purity ( natural #caa disposition 7,d5kungs>t71 is n :olly ext+ui%$ 9 human nature4#bfg ,our analysis ( hum\r may help u to und]/& "s well-recognis$ facts4 ,x tea*es u t a s5tim5t1 at once complex & imply+ a mature reflection1 mu/ n be look$ = 9 ! "y2 x is ! pr]ogative ( ! ye>s :i* h ho>d$ exp]i5ces & le>n$ to reflect4 ,nor1 z impli$ 9 :at 0 said above1 is x to be s\ght = 9 ! y\? ( ! _w4 ,t hum\r is--9 its cle>e/ & fulle/ utt]ance at lea/--! possession ( mod]n times1 ! p]iod u%]$ 9 by ! appe>ance ( ! great trio1 ,rabelais1 ,c]vantes & ,%akespe>e1 is expla9$ by say+ t1 l music1 x fits itself into ! ways ( our new _s4 ,! appreh5sion ( ?is complex basis ( hum\r helps u1 fur!r1 to und]/& some:at ! curi\s v>iations ( ! attitude among races & peoples4 ,!re are regions ( civilisation :]e1 s f> z lit]>y expression gives u ! key1 laught] seems to rema9 at1 or at mo/ only a little above1 ! level ( ! *ild's simple m]rim5t4 ,?is appe>s to be true ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,ea/1 :]e a consid]able love ( fun coexi/s ) a pr$om9ant gravity ( m9d )\t int]p5etration1 almo/ )\t contact4#bfh ,among c]ta9 races ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 too1 :i* h produc$ a ri* lit]ature ( amusem5t1 ! bl5d+ ( ! s]i\s & ! playful1 :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( hum\r seems to be b v imp]fectly rea*$4 ,! gaiety ( ! m$ival ,conte is ! gaiety ( ! ,fr5*man :o1 #cab 9 spite ( "o or two lit]>y exceptions1 likes to keep 8 ?9k+ & 8 mir? di/9ct1 9 _! orig9al purity & nettet4#bfi ,fr5*m51 su* z ,m4 ,ta9e & ,m4 ,s*]]1 h fully recognis$ ! fact t :at we mean by hum\r is a product ( ! tri/e nord4 ,:at racial *>act]i/ics h s]v$ to fur!r its gr[? 9 ?is region1 x may n be easy to say4 ,p]haps1 ! close/ approximation to an explanation may be f\nd 9 ! hypo!sis t a vigor\s g]m ( laught] f]tilis$ by a disposition to brood+ melan*oly always t5ds to g5]ate some?+ ( ! nature ( hum\r2 & t1 z we %all pres5tly see1 utility does some?+ = its pres]vation4 ,! consid]ation ( ! complexity ( ! s5tim5t may ?r[ light1 fur!r1 on its modifications among ! peoples :i* are correctly spok5 ( z end[$ ) x4 ,^! diff]5ces are r\ghly acc\nt$ = by say+ t ! proportions ( gravity & gaiety1 ( s]i\s reflection & playful fancy v>y indef9itely4 ,!y are c]ta9ly diff]5t1 let u say1 9 ! case ( ! ,engli%man1 ! ,am]ican1 ! ,scot*man & ! ,iri%man4 ,yet ?is consid]ation does n acc\nt = all ! dissimil>ity4 ,s9ce hum\r is playfulness modifi$ by ! :ole s]i\s temp] ( a man1 we %\ld expect x to diff]5tiate itself into _m %ades accord+ to ! tr5d ( ! ideas1 int]e/s1 impulses & ! re/ :i* di/+ui%es "o sort ( m9d or "* f ano!r4 ,we c only fully und]/& ! contra/ betwe5 ,am]ican & ,engli%1 or betwe5 ,iri% & ,scot*1 hum\r1 :5 we und]/& ! diff]5ces #cac ( "*4 ,an amus+ ,iri% or ,scot* /ory1 "o1 t is to say1 :i* is produc$ = home-consumption1 seems to be r$ol5t ( ! :ole temp]am5t1 m9d & "* ( ! p4 ,x is ?is complexity ( ! s5tim5t :i* makes ! amiable ef=t to illu/rate ! hum\r ( o!r peoples by publi%$ selections a pa!tic futility4 ,h[ c "o expect1 = example1 ! ord9>y ,engli%man to get into t\* ) t f9e product ( *ild's fun1 quick fancy1 al]t sympa?y1 op5-he>t$ness1 & a deep brood+ s5tim5t :i* meets him 9 ! hum\r ( ! ,iri%man8 ,x is en\gh to rememb] h[ he is wont to laugh 8 sup]ior laugh at an ,iri% bull1 z if ?is 7 necess>ily an unconsci\s 8h[l]10 :]eas x may be1 9 reality1 a *>m+ expression ( a mo/ amiable trait ( "*4#bgj ,a due recognition ( ! complexity ( ! s5tim5t discloses to u a po9t ( capital importance3 hum\r1 9 ! s5se ( a p]fect fusion ( play & gravity1 ( ! aggressiv5ess ( laught] & k9dly consid]ation1 is1 z already h9t$1 pre-em95tly an end[m5t ( individuals r ?an ( races4 ,x presupposes a basis ( temp]am5t :i*1 ?\gh x may be fav\r$ by c]ta9 racial *>act]s1 is only realis$ :]e nature hits ^u a p>ticul> proportion among ! elem5ts by ! mix+ ( :i* %e produces an individual2 & s nice an op]ation is ?is mixture1 t hum\r1 ( ! full ri* quality at lea/1 is p]haps less frequ5tly h&$ d[n f p>5t to *ild ?an specific =ms ( tal5t4 ,! old writ]s treat$ hum\r by help ( _! g5]al #cad !ory ( temp]am5ts z comp\nd$ ( c]ta9 physical elem5ts4 ,! le>n$ ,burton1 = in/ance1 9 ! *apt] already quot$1 disc\rses agreeably ( pleasant vap\rs :i* break f ! he>t1 & ?9ks t ^! may expla9 :y ! melan*oly are witty1 z ,ari/otle sugge/$4 ,! passage is valuable z indicat+ t antiquity recognis$ ! connection betwe5 laught] & ! melan*oly disposition4 ,mod]n te/imony might be add$4 ,?us ,savage ,l&or rem>ks t g5u9e hum\r1 z well z true wit1 requires a s\nd & capaci\s m9d1 :i* is always a grave "o2#bga & ,t5nyson notes t hum\r 8is g5]ally mo/ fruitful 9 ! highe/ & mo/ solemn human spirits04#bgb ,! ne$ ( ?is deep & massive s]i\sness1 if n ( a m>k$ t5d5cy to sombre reflection1 seems to be borne out by :at we "k ( ! great humori/s4 ,sa9te-,beuve reg>ds ,rabelais1 :o 0 a grave doctor1 & :o wor?ily repres5t$ 9 8 public lectures at ,lyons 8! maje/y ( sci5ce10 z writ+ ) ! q s]i\s purpose ( ?r[+ out 9 advance c]ta9 ideas ( deep import 7de gr& s5s7 8dans un rire imm5se04 ,mu* ! same is true ( ,c]vantes1 :o is said--?\gh ! ass]tion has be5 *all5g$--to h conceiv$ ( 8 delightful romance 9 ! dre>y surr\nd+s ( a spong+-h\se4#bgc ,! g]m9ation ( a mir?ful s5se 9 ! soil ( a s]i\s "* has be5 not$1 inde$1 9 ! case ( "s :o repres5t ! light] moods ( com$y--a fact :i* po9ts to ! m g5]al relation ( laught] to s]i\sness spok5 ( 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,?us #cae ,sa9te-,beuve1 writ+ ( ,molire1 says t he 0 call$ 8! contemplative02 & 0 wont to be tak5 ) sadness 7tri/esse7 & melan*oly :5 he 0 alone4#bgd ,victor ,hugo has some:]e spok5 ( him z 8ce moqueur p5sif comme un aptre04 ,x 0 rem>k$ ( ,%]idan & o!r deal]s 9 ! mir?ful by ^? :o knew !m t !y seldom ev5 smil$4 ,x is easy to see t ! trans=mation ( laught] :i* we f9d 9 hum\r w c>ry ) x a l>ge modification ( ! range ( enjoym5t4 ,:ile1 z has be5 admitt$1 ! *anges ( feel+ & m5tal attitude involv$ w t5d to re/ra9 ! e>li] reckless m]rim5t1 !y w also add va/ regions to ! t]ritory ( ! amus+4 ,) reg>d to re/riction1 "o mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! common misappreh5sion1 t ! developm5t ( hum\r spoils ! ta/e = simple modes ( mir?4 ,i h kn[n sad-look+ humori/s :o 7 well end[$ ) ! valuable capability ( jo9+ 9 *ildr5's fun4 ,:at hum\r does und\bt$ly re/ra9 is any t5d5cy 9 laught] :i* smacks ( ! brute & ! bully 9 man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! field ( objects ov] :i* hum\r w&]s bee-l ga!r+ its honey is va/ly great] ?an any region kn[n to ! r\gh] & m brutal m]rim5t4 ,! introduction ( a reflective elem5t & ( high] po9ts ( view exp&s ! horizon to an incalculable ext5t4 ,?is *ange 9 po9t ( view means at once t we p5etrate bel[ ! surface ( ?+s1 rea*+ ! half-veil$ realities1 & t we envisage !m 9 a network ( relations4 ,! =m] is illu/rat$ 9 ! humori/'s f9] contemplation ( behavi\r z a revelation ( "*4 #caf ,an amplitude ( enjoym5t is secur$ by ! circum/ance t1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! self-vigilant1 intellectual & moral weaknesses h a way ( peep+ out :i* is mo/ conv5i5t = a humor\s onlook] :o has 8 m5tal eye duly accommodat$4 ,:51 = example1 a "y tea*]1 ask$ by an exam9] to expla9 8cong5ital t5d5cy10 wrote1 8,x is ! t5d5cy to be cong5ial & pleasant3 *ildr5 v>y 9 ?is *>act]i/ic10 ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! error = ! read] lay 9 ! nave disclosure ( ! preoccupation ( ! writ]'s m9d ) ! *equ]$ =tunes ( h] pr(ession4 ,or aga91 :5 ano!r c&idate f ! same class1 9 describ+ ! qualifications ( a tea*]1 wrote3 8,he %\ld be z intimately acqua9t$ ) ! work+s ( a *ild's m9d z ! eng9e-driv] is ) ! eng9e10 ! fun ( ! comp>ison = ! read] came f ! detection ( an unsci5tific habit ( m9d1 natural en\gh 9 an ov]-zeal\s work]1 intrud+1 unobs]v$1 into !oretic reflection4 ,^! innoc5t self-revelations meet ! wat*ful eye ( ! humori/ ev]y:]e 9 ! haunts ( m54 ,!y lie l ho> fro/ 9 ! sun on 8 surr\nd+s1 on :i* he unwitt+ly ca/s a reflection ( ! habits ( 8 m9d & ( ! directions ( 8 ta/e2 z :5 9 a l>ge t[n biz>re juxtapositions ( ! vulg> h]oic /rike ! obs]v]'s eye 9 ! names ( /reets1 or ( loose eng9es on a railway4 ,to ?is f9] p5etration ! humor\s faculty adds a vision = relations :i* di/+ui%es ! high] k9d ( judgm5t4 ,:at we call ! ludicr\s 9 "* is1 inde$1 always to "s ext5t a matt] ( relations4 ,z impli$ above1 x is ! view ( "s trait set 9 a p>ticul> milieu :i* br+s ! smile4 ,! hidd5 weakness may ent]ta9 because ( its juxtaposition ) some?+ t #cag is wor?y1 or at lea/ has an appe>ance ( wor?4 ,9 a c]ta9 k9d ( impulsive p]son1 = example1 !re discloses itself to ! humor\s eye an almo/ admirable consi/5cy 9 ! recurr+ inconsi/5cies2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ano!r sort ( "*1 t eye w r spy an inconsi/5cy )9 ! limits ( a quality1 z :5 a p]son1 on ! :ole g5]\s1 lapses into a k9d ( nigg>dl9ess 9 c]ta9 small p>ticul>s ( exp5diture1 z if to %[ t ev5 a moral quality1 firmly plant$1 ne$s ! sunlight ( intellig5ce4 ,9 _m cases ! ent]ta9m5t 9 obs]v+ "* comes1 n s mu* ?r\gh a p]ception ( ! juxtaposition ( some?+ wor?y & some?+ slightly unwor?y1 z ?r\gh a detection ( "s discrepancy betwe5 ! "* & ! rle assum$ at ! mom5t1 z :5 a self-ass]tive s5se ( ju/ice1 9 8a *ild ( l>g] gr[?10 reveals itself 9 ! qua9t exagg]ation ( do+ m ?an ju/ice to oneself4 ,no bett] t]ra91 inde$1 = a *ase aft] ! imp]fectly mask$ w be f\nd ?an t ( ! mann]s ( p]sons :o are q above suspicion ( s]i\s fault4 ,p]haps x is a c]ta9 k9d ( woman :o %[s ! greate/ skill 9 ?is humor\s read+ ( "*1 z :5 %e sets h]self to deciph] ! palimpse/ ( mann]s 9 "o educat$ r late 9 life1 detect+ traces ( ! e>li] cramp$ h& bel[ ! ?9 caligraphy ( a lat] culture4 ,to a f9] p]ception ( relations1 aga91 mu/ we ascribe ! read9ess to enjoy ! l>ge & v>iegat$ pres5tm5t ( unsuitabilities ( m5 to _! circum/ances4 ,! situations 9 :i* ! m]ry god1 :o seems to arrange ! puppet %[1 (t5 *ooses to place u are pregnant ( ironical sugge/ion to ! contemplative eye ( hum\r4 ,! necessity ( confront+ :at nature nev] int5d$ #cah t we %\ld confront makes u an amus+ spectacle to ! tw9kl+ eyes above u4 ,h[ delightful = example is ! v>iety ( social juxtaposition :i* br+s emb>rassm5t to ! enc\nt]]s4 ,:5 x is n accid5t b a man's fooli% impulse1 unm9dful ( limitations ( capability1 :i* pu%es him into ! awkw>d situation1 z :5 8 civility plunges him into disc\rse 9 a =eign language ) a fell[-travell]1 or :5 ! mo/ undecid$ ( m5 attempts to make a proposal ( m>riage1 ! value ( ! situation = ! humor\s obs]v] is greatly enhanc$4 ,z ) ! topsy-turvyness ( mom5t>y situation1 s ) m p]man5t incongruities betwe5 "* & surr\nd+s4 ,9 ?is case a m special gift ( humor\s insight is ne$$2 = to ! _m :at la/s gr[s seem+ly "r by its m]e durability4 ,y may make a highly unsuitable p]son a bi%op1 or ! editor ( a comic j\rnal1 & y w f9d t1 = mo/ onlook]s1 "t w soon beg9 to inve/ ! position ) a sort ( suitability4 ,ev5 an ill-mat*$ connubial pair w take on some?+ ( mutual appropriat5ess ?r\gh ?is influ5ce ( ! cu/om>y on human judgm5ts4 ,b ! eye ( ! humor\s onlook]1 guid$ by ideas1 ent]ta9s itself ) /ripp+ (f ! trapp+s ( conv5tion & use4 ,?is humor\s quizz+ ( ! *>act]s & ( ! reveal$ m5tal processes ( ^? ab\t u has gr[n1 9 ! case ( a few1 into a *ief pa/ime4 ,! developm5t 9 ^! days ( a ke5] int]e/ 9 "*1 :i* is p>tly reflect$ 91 p>tly ! product (1 mod]n fiction1 has l$ ^! few to some?+ l a su/a9$ & me?odical survey ( _! acqua9tances & _! fri5ds1 9 :i* ! quiet laught] ( ! humori/ may f9d ample room4 ,a "p ( ! temp]ate mir? 9 ?is case spr+s out ( ! delightful surprises--! result ( ! complexity ( organic #cai products & ( ! limitations ( our p[]s ( pr$iction4 ,! appe>ance ( a moral metamorphosis :5 a man comes "u ! influ5ce ( "s new =ce1 say a wife1 or ! invasion ( 8 social _w by a w>-craze1 may amuse a humor\s obs]v] mu* z ! semblance ( a physical trans=mation amuses him4 ,9 ?is habitual contemplation by a humor\s p]son ( ^? he kn[s1 !re is1 evid5tly1 a bl5d+ ( amusem5t ) k9dly int]e/4 ,t is1 inde$1 ! note ( mu* ( ! 8psy*ologis+0 at :i* _m1 in/ruct$ by ! be/ fiction1 n[ try _! h&4 ,! comb9ation ( ! playful ) ! respectful attitude is n[h]e m pla9ly se5 ?an 9 our new e/imates ( div]sity ( "* & ( individuality4 ,! contemplation ( ! result ( "s new exp]im5t ( nature 9 ! v>iation ( ! human type1 w always br+ some?+ ( ! gaiety :i* is provok$ by ! sight ( a fre% oddity2 yet our new reg>d = individuality1 z discrim9at$ f ecc5tricity1 br+s d[n ! mir?ful utt]ance to ! l[ tones ( hum\r4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ! humor\s faculty enl>ges ! sph]e ( ! risible4 ,9 ! simple nature ( *ildr5 & uncultur$ adults1 fun & s]i\sness t5d to dwell ap>t4 ,! introduction ( a s]i\s elem5t into ! mood ( amusem5t1 :i* is at ! basis ( hum\r1 makes a brea* 9 ! divid+ wall4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! humori/1 ?\gh a pr(\ndly s]i\s p]son1 w %[ a read9ess 9 ! mid/ ( grave occupations to digress = a mom5t at ! prick ( "s ludicr\s sugge/ion4 ,good talk]s & lett]-writ]s1 includ+ wom5 ) ! quick e> = ! bubbl+s ( fun1 are ?us giv5 to mom5t>y int]ruptions ( s]i\s disc\rse by side-glances at amus+ aspects1 & _m p]sons :o take !mselves to be humori/s are apt to be %ock$ at #cbj ! proce$+4 ,yet1 9 tru?1 ! ext5t to :i* a man succe$s 9 mak+ laught] p]meate ! sph]e ( ! s]i\s1 )\t loos5+ its deep-laid f\ndation ( gravity1 is "o ( ! be/ measures ( ! vitality ( 8 hum\r4 ,x is ?is resolute yet p]fectly respectful invasion ( ! doma9 ( ! s]i\s by hum\r :i* has made a good deal ( mod]n lit]ature possible4 ,( ?is1 m anon3 x may suffice = ! pres5t to call att5tion to a "w ( a fri5d ( m9e deal+ ) a subject :i* might well seem to be dismally s]i\s--logic itself1 a "w :i* attempts ) conspicu\s success1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! dignity ( ! sci5ce1 to relieve its heav9ess by a good numb] ( amus+ rem>ks & illu/rations4#bge ,yet ! expansion ( ! range ( enjoym5t :5 m9dless mir? gives place to hum\r is n :olly due to ! absorption ( a s]i\s elem5t4 ,"o *ief limitation ( ! m common k9d ( laught] arises f ! circum/ance t x is apt to be disagreeable to ! p]son :o is its object4 ,?is dislike1 aga91 is due1 z we h se51 to a natural feel+ ( res5tm5t at be+ tak5 d[n & treat$ z an inf]ior4 ,s long z ! laught] reta9s a di/9ct vibration ( ! old note ( contempt1 we mu/ resi/ x2 b :5 x gr[s mell[ & k9dly we are ready to )draw ! objection4 ,!re is no?+ s t]rible 9 hav+ fun pok$ at our foibles1 or ev5 at our petty mis=tunes1 s long z we "k t a fri5dly face is hid+ beh9d ! laugh+ mask4 ,if a p]son only gives ! assurance 9 8 way ( laugh+ t contempt is dr[n$ 9 a m g5ial s5tim5t1 he may laugh at 8 *ildr51 aye at 8 p>5ts1 too1 ev5 :5 !y gr[ old & infirm4 ,nor is a previ\s k ( fri5dly disposition always ne$$4 ,!re are a few ^: mell[ #cba laught] w in/antly dis>m resi/ance 9 a /rang]--9 ! /reet boy1 = example1 ?\gh he has ! d\ble s5sitiv5ess ( ! poor & ( ! "y4 ,f ?is frank acceptance ( o!rs' ov]tures ( a fri5dly laught] to ! practice ( a humor\s self-criticism1 !re w\ld seem to be b a /ep4 ,if hum\r always involves "s degree ( sympa!tic self-projection into ! object ( contemplation1 x %\ld n be difficult to turn ! humor\s glance ^u "o's own foibles4 ,self-inspection is a ?+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 & !re are v>ieties ( x 7= example1 ! p]=mances ( ! 8moi spectateur0 9 ! case ( t curi\s "y lady1 ,m>ie ,ba%kirtseff7 :i* are remov$ by ! amplitude ( ! sky f humor\s self-quizz+4 ,! la/ is p]haps ! mo/ r>ely practis$4 ,be=e he c accompli% x1 a p]son mu/ n only h develop$ a 8high] ego0 capable ( criticism 9 ! light ( ideas1 b h le>n$ to see himself z o!rs--especially humor\s onlook]s--see him1 a feat h>dly less difficult ?an t ( gett+ a glimpse ( ! cr[n ( "o's head4 ,t ! do+s ( ! l[] ego1 or r clu/] ( egos1 are fitt$ to af=d an ample supply ( ! amus+ goes )\t say+4 ,human nature is s oddly comp\nd$1 ev5 9 ! be/ ( u1 t x only ne$s ! cle> vision to detect incongruity & ! mask+ ( ! real4 ,?us1 x is frequ5tly easy to spy ! /eal?y advances ( rudim5t>y t5d5cies :i* seem h>dly to belong to u1 & :i* we are dispos$ to dis[n2 /ill m frequ5tly1 to light on a :ole crop ( little inconsequ5ces :i* are due to ! complexity ( our s\l's work+s1 & to ! irremovable circum/ance t1 h[ev] pr$om9ant "s bett] "p ( u seems to be = ! mom5t1 ! suppress$ =ces turn out to be only half-suppress$4 ,x is well :5 su* #cbb self-scrut9y c be c>ri$ on )\t any risk ( enc\nt]+ =ms ( ugl9ess & ( ill om51 :i* w\ld make spe$y end ( ! amus+ ex]cise4 ,! quiet fun t may be enjoy$ by occasional glances at ourselves is s palpable1 t x h>dly seems conceivable h[ any true humori/ %\ld fail to pluck ! tempt+ fruit4 ,yet :5 "o f9ds a man :o is :olly incapable ( accept+ ano!r's playful laught]1 x seems a fair inf]5ce t he w be f\nd lack+ 9 ! disposition to amuse himself ) conn+ 8 own do+s4 ,! res5tm5t :i* a di/+ui%$ purveyor ( mir?ful ent]ta9m5t w sometimes exhibit at be+ treat$ ) a humor\s fre$om1 say by a lady int]view] ^: ov]tures h be5 reject$ ) ne$less emphasis1 sugge/s t a m9d may tra9 itself 9 ! detection ( ! ludicr\s 9 ! l>g] %[ outside1 & yet rema9 bl9d to all ! comic aspects ( ! microcosm )94 ,p]haps e humor\s contemplator ( ?+s has "s 8bl9d spot10 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* he is j z ignorant z ( 8 ret9al bl9d-spot2 & if ?is failure ( s5sibility *ances to r5d] invisible ! :ole ( ! humori/'s own behavi\r1 ! contraction ( ! field ( vision is c]ta9ly a consid]able "o4 ,we h se5 t ! e>li] =ms ( human laught] h _! uses z contribut+ to ! /ability or ! improvem5t ( a society or social gr\p4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ! mild] & m complex s5tim5t ( hum\r we appe> to lose ^! social b5efits4 ,z has be5 impli$1 ! developm5t ( ! s5se ( hum\r 9 any vigor\s & fruitful =m is a r>ity1 s mu* s z to condemn its possessor 9 a l>ge measure to a solit>y k9d ( satisfaction4 ,! *ange may be expect$ to effect a trans=mation ( ! s]viceable function ( laught]1 to #cbc make x1 9 ! ma91 a ?+ :olesome1 refre%+ & edify+ ( "*1 to ! individual himself4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t a ref9$ hum\r is capable ( be+ turn$ at times to ! same social uses z its ance/or1 ! elem5tal laught] ( ! p4 ,"o may see1 9 ! j\rnalism & lit]ature ( ! h\r1 foibles1 exagg]ations & o!r amus+ ?+s dealt ) 9 a humor\s or quasi-humor\s temp]4 ,! g5tl5ess to :i* hum\r incl9es all[s1 inde$1 ( attacks on p>ties1 s*ools & p]sonalities :i* w\ld o!rwise run ! risk ( be+ condemn$ z 8bad =m04 ,yet some?+ ( a s]i\s practical purpose1 namely1 to hold up to ridicule1 c always be detect$ 9 ?is k9d ( writ+3 :5ce x is correctly designat$1 n z hum\r1 b z 8social satire04 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moods ( hum\r are admirably fitt$ = t indirect adaptation ( ! individual to social conditions :i* we call self-criticism4 ,?is humor\s self-quizz+ may be />t$ by ! spectacle ( com$y1 z ,less+ & o!rs sugge/2 yet ?is1 z we %all see lat]1 is n to be c\nt$ on4 ,if a man wants promptly to detect ! fir/ flecks ( du/ on ! bright surface ( "*1 he mu/ be habitually ready to note ?is surface4 ,?is (fice ( hum\r 9 help+ u to nip evil t5d5cies 9 ! bud may be view$1 9 "p1 z ! vic>i\s dis*>ge by ! critical self ( ! re/ra9+ function ( ! community on ! individual4 ,none ( u c safely w&] f> & long f ! po9t ( :olesome contact ) ! community1 t is to say1 ) ! good s5se & ! "r feel+ embodi$ 9 a community4 ,to ma/] ! n too easy art ( see+ ourselves z o!rs--= ^: judgm5t we %\ld c>e--see u is surely #cbd em95tly fitt+ = ^? :o desire to laugh at :at is objectively laughable4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t 9 su* private self-correction we are always at ! social po9t ( view4 ,hum\r is ! outgr[? ( a pron\nc$ individuality2 its possession seems always to imply t a p]son =ms 8 own ideas ( ! value ( ?+s1 guid$ ( c\rse by ! _w's tea*]s1 b c>+ little :e!r 8 views agree ) ^? :i* happ5 to obta9 9 8 community at ! mom5t4 ,"h1 aga91 9 ! high s]vice r5d]$ by a vigilant hum\r1 we f9d ! "w ( reflection c>ri$ out by ! help ( ideas or ideal conceptions1 :i* are 9 "p a product ( ! individual m9d4 ,! laugh+ rebuke adm9i/]$ to "s folly1 :i* lifts its head once m aft] _m repressive bl[s1 comes f ! ideal self2 :i*1 ?\gh x mu/ h n\ri%$ itself 9 "s 8communion ( sa9ts10 becomes 9 ! end free & self-legislative4 8,correction0 seems too /rong a ^w to use = ?is prophylactic function2 =1 z we h se51 hum\r does n readily l5d itself z an in/rum5t to s]i\s purposes4 ,:at ! habit ( a quick humor\s p]ception does = its subject "h is be/ describ$1 p]haps1 z ! fo/]+ ( a pure & :olesome atmosph]e 9 ! s\l1 9 :i* disease-g]ms mu/ p]=ce die ( inanition4 ,we may n[ turn to ^? uses ( hum\r1 into ! conception ( :i* ! ?\ght ( a practical aim c h>dly intrude4 ,hum\r z amusem5t is some?+ agreeable & *e]+4 ,x has ! refre%+ prop]ties ( primitive laught] & mu* m2 =1 z a mood t fe$s itself on reflective contemplation1 x is consolatory & su/a9+ 9 a way 9 :i* m]e gaiety1 ev5 :5 x p]si/s z a temp] ( m9d1 _c be4 ,apropos ( ,voltaire's say+ t heav5 _h giv5 u two ?+s to c\nt]balance ! _m #cbe mis]ies ( life1 hope & sleep1 ,kant rem>ks3 8,he c\ld h add$ laught]1 if ! means ( excit+ x 9 reasonable m5 7 only z easily atta9able1 & ! requisite wit or orig9ality ( hum\r 7 n s r>e0 7z "s o!r end[m5ts74#bgf ,:5 ! humor\s b5t is lively & 8orig9al10 x w /& its possessor 9 good /ead 9 m ?an "o way1 amid ! toil+s & moil+s ( life4 ,see+ t laught] is always 9 a measure a ?r[+ aside ( s]i\s pressure1 we %\ld expect x to come to our aid 9 ! workaday h\rs4 ,b x is only :5 ! eye = ! sp>kl+ ( fun 9 ?+s has be5 in/ruct$ by humor\s reflection t ! alleviat+ s]vice ( m9d-play is fully realis$4 ,= "o ?+1 ! possession ( a l>ge humor\s insight w greatly ext5d ! scope ( ! conciliative function ( laught]4 ,all cajol+ mu/ be good-natur$1 or at lea/ conceal ! /+ ( laught]2 b ! f9] dis>m+ ( m5 by bant] requires ! reflective p5etration ( ! humori/4 ,"o may easily see ?is 9 ! art ( conciliat+ oppon5ts1 political & o!r4 ,! w9n+ =ce ( a manife/$ good-nature w sometimes act on ^? :o are f> f appreciat+ ! play ( m9d involv$4 ,! gne introduc$ by an awkw>d situation1#bgg ! t5d5cies t make = loss ( int]e/1 = we>9ess1 = a fall+ away f a p]fect sympa!tic t\*1 9 all human relations--^! ?+s f9d _! mo/ effective c\nt]active 9 occasional intrusions ( ! humor\s _s4 ,i ?9k "h ( "o no long] among u1 ) :om ,i once _h ! privilege ( co-op]at+ 9 a long & difficult piece ( public bus9ess2 & ( h[ all we>9ess 0 kept out ( #cbf sight by laugh+ side-glances at ?reat5+ absurdities1 frequ5t en\gh to h sugge/$ a prem$itat$ plan _h !y n be5 s delightfully spontane\s4 ,p]haps1 ! /\te/ ob/acle to ! smoo? fl[ ( social int]c\rse is ! t5d5cy 9 m5 to lay /ress on _! p]sonal importance4 ,! sup]ior airs1 :i* seem ) "s to be z mu* de rigueur z _! correct attire1 are sadly inimical to companion%ip1 :e!r ! w\ld-be companion be a man's wife or a contributor to 8 j\rnal4 ,! "o sure safegu>d aga9/ ! /upid clogg+ ( ! social :eels1 :i* ?is *ronic /iff5+ ( ! figure introduces1 is ! gift ( a lively hum\r1 ^: al]t eye w\ld at once note a possible laughabl5ess ( deportm5t = onlook]s4 ,"o may see ?is function ( hum\r illu/rat$ 9 t in/9ctive read9ess ( "o :o has _h a p]fect social tra9+ to dismiss laugh+ly f conv]sation ! fir/ appe>ance ( an allusion to himself & 8 claims4 ,9 all ?is1 ?\gh !re may be no consci\s aim+ at an end1 social utility is n :olly want+4 ,yet j because x is an individual temp]1 hum\r conf]s its *ief b5efits on its possessor 9 ! privacy ( life4 ,its solac+s & its refre%+s come to him ?r\gh ! *annel ( a new & g5ial mann] ( reflect+ on 8 mi%aps & 8 tr\bles4 ,mo/ m5 :o h develop$ any appreciable fund ( hum\r mu/ "k h[ ! petty annoyances ( life c be laugh$ away1 almo/ z soon z !y are se5 advanc+4 ,:51 = example1 y\r lo/ p5cil is discov]$ 9 its hid+-place betwe5 ! leaves ( a r>ely consult$ book2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] end[+ x ) v>i\s sorts ( mis*iev\s flight1 y p]ceive x ly+ close by y on ! desk1 :]e x has be5 dutifully #cbg comply+ ) its prop] law ( in]tia2 y may snat* a comp5sat+ laugh f a mom5t's reflection on ! small ironies ( ?+s1 or on ! va/ wa/efulness ( ! _w 9 ! matt] ( hypo!ses4 ,y\r vexation at ! *ildr5 :o are at play 9 ! road 9 front ( y\r bicycle & refuse to retire till y\r bell r+s a ?ird "t1 in/antly gives way to an agreeable smile z y sympa!tically %ift ! po9t ( view by recall+ ! fact t !y are on _! prop] playgr\nd4 ,! dre>y ugl9ess ( a ,london /reet 9 w9t] w n[ & aga9 be lit up z ) sun%9e = y if y\r eye is focuss$ = ! amus+1 z :5 ! driv] ( a sl[ van goes on nodd+ 9 blissful ignorance1 :ile ! driv] ( y\r 'bus beh9d1 ju/ly pr\d ( 8 vehicle's spe$1 pelts him m]cilessly ) ! mo/ awak5+ ( epi!ts4 ,x is mu* ! same ) ! small vexations inflict$ by our social _w4 ,we may no d\bt feel hurt j = a mom5t :51 at a conc]t1 we see a big hat ?ru/ itself betwixt our eyes & a face :i* has held !m captive1 we>+ a look ( ! tragic muse z x leans ye>n+ly ov] ! viol9 f :i* x seems1 l a "m's face1 to draw ! sobb+ tones4 ,yet1 ev5 z ! n]ve sm>ts1 we may half-seize ! glori\s absurdity ( ! hat & its bobb+s4 ,or1 aga91 :5 an untimely call int]rupts "s bit ( nice ?9k+ & leaves ! n]ves t+l+1 we may smile = a mom5t z we cat* a glimpse ( ! simple fai? ( ! visitor 9 ! supreme importance ( ! cause he pleads1 a glimpse suffici5t to make u half-aw>e ( a l 8subjectivity0 9 our own e/imation ( select$ tasks4 ,social bores are vexations :i*1 p]haps1 ought n to be call$ petty4 ,humor\s p]sons1 "o suspects1 are specially expos$ to _! attacks1 s9ce !y are a tol]ant folk1 pref]r+ on ! :ole to suff] r ?an to hurt o!rs4 #cbh ,b "h1 also1 ! humor\s h _! rem$ies4 ,x suffices1 = example1 to reflect = a %ort mom5t on ! droll pa?os ( ! circum/ance t p]sons1 betwe5 :om & ourselves we f9d no atta*+ sympa?ies1 %\ld select u = _! importunate att5tions4 ,ev5 :5 ! de/9ies ?r[ u toge!r ) m5 & wom5 f :om we in/9ctively recoil1 z f creatures ( a species at once closely ak9 to ours yet sund]$ f u by impassable b\nd>ies1 a reflective hum\r may devise alleviations4 ,! aggressive self-ass]tion ( a plutocrat1 ) 8 8buy-y-up0 sort ( />e1 & ! re/1 may w\nd = half a mom5t2 b a laugh+ solace comes on ! heels ( worry2 = !re is a quiet pleasure 9 look+ back & discov]+ ! clumsy con/ruction ( ! vulg> 8snub20 & 9 any case a playful half-glance at high] measures ( wor? re/ores ! equanimity4 ,ev5 great] tr\bles may1 to ! tra9$ humori/1 disclose amus+ aspects or accompanim5ts1 s t refre%m5t rea*es u ev5 :ile ! bl[ /ill hurts4 ,! reliev+ smile may come by way ( a playful contemplation ( ourselves z pitt$ aga9/ our mighty sup]ior1 circum/ance2 = x is possible to f9d some?+ amus+1 z well z irritat+1 9 ! ironies ( de/9y4 ,! idea ( a /ruggle ) fate1 :i* gives ! ze/ ( life to brave he>ts1 helps1 too1 to br+ ! reflective m9d back to ! play-mood4 ,! read]s ( ,miss ,k+sley's ,travels ne$ n to be rem9d$ ( ! fecundity ( amus+ reflection :i* h] hum\r %[$ 9 circum/ances :i* w\ld h depress$ _m a man4#bgh ,x 0 ) a l read9ess to smile t ,goldsmi?'s g5ial _s fac$ ! bl[s ( de/9y1 giv+ back1 z 8 biograph] has x1 9 *e]ful #cbi hum\r or :imsical w>n+ :at x receiv$ 9 mortification or grief4 ,9 8 celebrat$ "*1 ,m>k ,tapley1 ,dick5s has no d\bt illu/rat$ h[ 9 ! r\gh wat]s ( 8 y\? he le>n$ to draw humor\s ent]ta9m5t f massive tr\bles4 ,x is ?is playful %imm] ( a light ?r[n by an ent]ta9+ idea on ! surface ( a mis=tune :i* rids x ( ! wor/ ( its gloom4 ,by a l9e ( humor\s reflection already sugge/$1 we may 9 all cases ( worry & moral di/urbance rea* ! consolatory idea t ! tr\ble has1 9 ! fir/ view ( x1 be5 grossly exagg]at$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! s5sitive tissue is lac]at$ ! %ock ( pa9 bl9ds u to dim5sions2 our disappo9tm5t fills ! outlook1 l a ?und]-/orm4 ,! heal?y n]v\s organism w %[ its vitality 9 ! rapidity ( ! recup]ative process2 & ?is is (t5 effect$ by a quick turn+ ( ! ?\ghts to o!r & bright] p>ts ( ! sc5e :i* ! tr\ble has = a mom5t blott$ out1 & to ! proportions ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,a tr\ble--l ! all-envelop+ ?und]-/orm--beg9s to retire almo/ smil+ly z soon z we disc]n its b\nd>ies4 ,9 mu* ( ?is alleviat+ s]vice ( hum\r ! laugh :i* lib]ates u f ! ?raldom ( ! mom5t>y is a laugh at ourselves4 ,inde$1 "o may safely say t ! b5efits "h allud$ to presuppose a habit ( reflective self-quizz+4 ,! bless$ relief comes f ! disc]nm5t ( a prepo/]\sness 9 ! =c+ ( our claims1 ( a folly 9 yield+ to ! curr5ts ( s5tim5t :i* diffuse _! mi/s ov] ! realm ( reality4 ,! com+ ( ! smile ann\nces a %ift+ ( ! po9t ( view2 ! mal-adju/m5t1 :i* a mom5t ago seem$ to be :olly on ! side ( our _w1 %[+ itself n[ to be on our side z well4 #ccj ,h[ f> hum\r w help a man 9 ?r[+ (f tr\bles "o _c say4 ,ev5 :5 ! fla% ( bright reflection fails to dispel ! d>kness1 x may secure a valuable mom5t ( respite4 ,:5 ! tr\ble has real magnitude1 ! dismissive smile gr[s h>d = all save ! elect4 ,few ( u1 p]haps1 c\ld rise to ! height ( s]5e irony atta9$ by a ,g]man musician ^: wife _h elop$ ) 8 ma/]4#bgi ,_m might be dispos$ to ?9k t ! woman :o1 aft] nurs+ h] husb& ?r\gh a fatal illness1 rem>k$ t x 0 only a s5se ( hum\r :i* _h kept h] f fail+1 0 less ?an human4 ,yet x is highly risky to inf]1 f ! fact ( an intrusion ( ! humor\s temp] into calamity1 ! exi/5ce ( a l[ degree ( moral s5sibility4 ,x may r be t ^? :o suff] mo/ are behold5 9 an exceptional degree to ?is k9d solac] ( m5's woes4 ,?is s]vice ( hum\r1 at once consolatory to suff]+ & corrective ( "o-sid$ness ( view1 is p]fect$ by a developm5t ( t l>g] compreh5sive vision :i* is rea*$ :5 ! /&po9t ( egoism is transc5d$4 ,ev5 ! beg9n+ ( hum\r implies "s gett+ away f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual1 s f> z to ga9 a mom5t>y compreh5sion ( o!rs' po9ts ( view4 ,! great educative value ( be+ laugh$ at is t x compels att5tion to ! fact ( a multiplicity ( su* po9ts4 ,h[ good a lesson1 "o ?9ks1 x mu/ h be5 = ! ,scot* pr(essor to he> 8 disgu/$ caddie rem>k3 8,anybody c tea* ,greek1 b g[f ne$s a heid04 ,!re rema9s = brief illu/ration ano!r s]vice :i* hum\r r5d]s its possessor1 ?\gh 9 tru? x may turn out to be only a fur!r developm5t ( ! "o j dealt #cca )4 ,laught] at ?+s1 be+ prim>ily an accompanim5t ( obs]vation1 rema9s 9 its highe/ =ms *iefly an amusem5t at outside spectacles4 ,! res\rces ( a mature faculty ( hum\r may l5d !mselves to ! end ( an enjoyable contemplation ( "o's social _w1 bo? 9 its p>ts & z a :ole4 ,! value ( hum\r to ! individual c1 inde$1 only be rightly measur$ :5 ! l>ge possibilities ( ent]ta9m5t :i* lie 9 criticis+ "o's surr\nd+s are borne 9 m9d4 ,! enjoym5t :i* a humor\s obs]v] is able to ga!r f ! contemplation ( ! social sc5e implies t he make 8 own /&po9t1 t he avoid ! m turbul5t "p ( ! social _w & seek ! quiet backwat]s :]e he c survey ?+s 9 ! calm light ( ideas4 ,"o :o lives :olly 9 ! giddy ?rong w nev] be able to see ?+s 9 ! p]spective :i* humor\s appreciation requires4 ,nor is ?is all2 if he live1 move & h 8 be+ 9 ! commotion1 he w be =c$ to repress mir?ful impulses & to %[ ! hurry+ figures ab\t him a c]ta9 respect1 s9ce any g5]\s indulg5ce 9 ! joys ( laught] w\ld be likely to br+ him into unpleasant collisions4 ,t !re is mu* 9 ! social spectacle :i* falls only to ! eye ( "o half-retir$ is c]ta94 ,! vag>ies ( 8society10 9 ! conv5tional s5se ( ! t]m1 are "o ( ! traditional matt]s ( laught]2 our comic j\rnals h enlight5$ ev5 dull m9ds on ?is po9t4 ,x is pleasant to a humor\s contemplation to note ! high pret5sions ( ! 8f9e _w02 h[ navely1 = in/ance1 x assumes t x holds all ! m5 ( bra9s & all ! good talk]s 9 its s]vice2#bhj pleasant1 t is #ccb to say1 to "o :o be>s 9 m9d "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is _w1 su* z a c]ta9 empt9ess 9 ! matt] ( ideas1 toge!r ) some?+ ( ! read9ess ( a c]ta9 k9d ( dog to foll[ any self-appo9t$ lead]1 & an amiable imp>tiality 9 cr[n+ any sort ( 8h]o0 t happ5s to be trumpet$1 :e!r pot5tate f ! ,ea/ or %[man f ! ,we/4 ,x is ent]ta9+1 too1 to note h[ enclos$ x rema9s )9 its purely arbitr>y /&>ds1 be+ r %ock$1 = example1 to f9d :5 x travels t !re c be su* a ?+ z 8society0 9 ,italy :i* is n a 8d9+ society04 ,?is1 & mu* m1 w (t5 draw ! eye ( hum\r1 oddly en\gh1 9 ! same direction z t ( an awe-/ruck flunkeyism4 ,x is an agreeable pa/ime1 too1 = our half-retir$ obs]v] to wat* ! fi]ce /ruggles ( m5 & wom5 9 ^! days to ga9 a foot+ )9 ! *>m$ circle4 ,"h1 surely1 ! gyrations ( ! moral figure rea* ! height ( absurdity4 ,n[h]e does !re seem to reflection to be q su* a disproportion betwe5 ef=t & its d\btful rew>d z 9 ^! lab\rs ( ! hot & pant+ to w9 a foot+ on ! fa%ionable t]ra94 ,:at makes ! sc5e ! m pa!tically droll is t success nev] seems to satisfy2 ! necessity ( gett+ 9 is foll[$ by a no less dire necessity ( keep+ oneself visible 9 ! tightly-pack$ cr[d4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( m5 ( high position to ! lea/ sign ( neglect 9 _! goddess is some?+ t _c fail to tickle a humor\s fancy4 ,x is said t high (ficials once pass$ unhappy days & nights wait+ = an invitation to d9n]4 ,! occasion 0 a national fe/ival1 :5 "s inv5tive dames1 tak+ !mselves app>5tly q s]i\sly z repres5tative wom5 ( ! age1 proce$$ ea* to invite a repres5tative male4 ,s d ! gods give #ccc u h>ve/ ( laught] by s[+ vanity ) its small spitefulnesses 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & sett+ 8society0 to lure !m to h] ?raldom4 ,to ! dispassionate eye ( reason1 no 8society0 :i* is f\nd$ on bir? or on a mix$ basis ( bir? & weal? has seem$ q wor?y ( ?is s]vile attitude4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ^! days1 :51 z ! ,b]l9 ,h(s*neid] is said to h obs]v$ to ,pr9ce ,bism>ck at ! ,op]a ,ball1 society is r mix$ 7e9 bis*5 gemis*t71 rational m5 might be expect$ to leave ?is k9d ( homage to ! weak-m9d$4 ,no d\bt m5 ( m9d caught 9 ! sn>e h be5 ready to admit ?is2 yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 :5 !y set d[n _! endurance ( ! bor$om ( ! d9]-out to ! social ambition ( _! wives1 !y evade ! laught] ( ! gods4 ,pity may f9d a place at ! side ( laught] :5 %e visits ^! absurd sc5es4 ,a peep beh9d ! masks w1 x has be5 said1 %[ "h1 too1 ! ?9ne/ pret5ce ( gaiety4 ,dull ) some?+ ( ! dulness ( dea? are _m ( ! old] faces1 ev5 :5 !y =ce !mselves to produce grimaces & spasmodic cackl+s1 ?9 & anmic l !mselves4 ,x looks z if x 7 a dram ( excitem5t1 & n pleasure1 :i* ^! loyal wor%ipp]s ( society are seek+2 only to f9d1 p]haps1 t ! hope ( excitem5t itself has gr[n illusory4 ,yet1 9 speak+ ( ! ent]ta9+ aspects ( ! social spectacle1 "o ne$ n conf9e oneself to ! fa%ionable sc5e4 8,society10 *>m+ly irrational z %e is1 has no monopoly 9 ! matt] ( ! incongruities4 ,! do+s ( ! ,great ,middle ,class & ev5 ( ! ,masses h _! amus+ aspects = ! unprejudic$ eye4 ,all phases ( social life1 inde$1 may yield ri* ent]ta9m5t to "o :o has ! m5tal vision ju/ly accommodat$4 #ccd ,:at fir/ /rikes ! eye "h1 p]haps1 is ! f9e display ( human oddities4 ,! newspap]1 fully alive to ! value ( ?+s new1 gives welcome to ! self-revelations ( human folly1 p]v]t$ +5uity1 & uncontrollable vanity4 ,! /ruggle = its covet$ column seems h>dly less viol5t ?an t = ! fa%ionable ga!r+4 ,app>5tly1 ! supreme necessity is to %[ y\rself1 to w9 ! pe/]$ & r jad$ eye ( a cr[d1 if only = an in/ant4 ,_m & wond]ful are ! movem5ts & s\nds to :i* *ildr51 feel+ !mselves ov]look$1 h be5 kn[n to resort 9 ord] to compel notice3 yet ! frantic ef=ts ( m5 & wom5 to adv]tise !mselves to ! public eye are1 surely1 n less num]\s or less /range4 ,ev5 :5 !y h left ! social sc5e ^! self-adv]tis]s w sometimes /ill try to seize y\r eye by s5d+ y an autobiography1 consi/+ l>gely1 x may be1 ( an acc\nt ( all ! d9n] p>ties att5d$--a priceless ?+ = ! hi/orian1 p]haps1 if only ! writ] _h happ5$ to be a politician4 ,! vanity 9 ?is self-adv]tisem5t does n always lie on ! surface1 a p>tial self-bl9d+ be+ ( ! hum\r ( x4 ,a p]son may be pu%$ on to ! advocacy ( a bottomless craze by a belief 9 a special mission s e>ne/1 z completely to hide f him ! inflat$ self-e/imation :i* lurks 9 ! attitude2 & ! recognition1 by ! quiet onlook]1 ( ?is malici\s way ( ,nature's1 9 hid+ f m5 s l>ge a "p ( _! own motives1 draws back ! corn]s ( ! m\? yet f>!r4 ,! absurdity ( ?is =c+ ( oneself on ! notice ( ! public1 l t ( pu%+ "o's way into 8society10 gr[s cle>] :5 we reflect on ! real value ( ! object ( pursuit4 ,x is ! fa%ion j n[ to deify public op9ion4 ,yet spite ( ! classical dictum1 x is n always #cce flatt]+ to ! deity to id5tify ! two voices4 ,a mod]n democratic society is apt to exhibit v mu* ! same pla/icity to ! h& ( ! crafty m\ld] z t on :i* ! wise ,greek spr9kl$ 8 da9ty irony4 ,to be able to see ?r\gh ! pretty pret5ce t ! demos 8=ms0 its op9ions1 & t its v]dicts on /atesm51 g5]als & o!r notabilities are consequ5tly sacr$1 is to h "o *ief qualification = enjoy+ ! fun ( ! %[4 ,h[ ent]ta9+1 = in/ance1 is ! proce$+ :5 an editor invites a c5sus ( op9ion on books1 or o!r ?+s :i* po/ulate "s disc]nm5t4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! hum\r ( x lies 9 ! circum/ance t ! good p :o are lur$ into ! trap hone/ly ?9k t !y are giv+ _! own individual judgm5ts4 ,/ill m delightful d ^! p]=mances become :5 an editor1 ) 8 s5se ( ! value ( names fully awake1 applies to celebrities1 & ent]ta9s u1 say1 ) a *ur* dignit>y's conception ( ! ideal ,music ,hall1 or ) a popul> jockey's views on ! prop] dim5sions ( a sci5tific manual4 ,^! exhibitions ( au?ority = ! guidance ( ! public suffici5tly te/ify to its docility be=e any k9d ( pr(f]$ lead]%ip4 ,! v bigness ( ! mod]n demos1 assi/$ by its 8holy simplicity0 ( m9d1 lays x op5 to ! wiles ( ! *>latan4 ,h[ c "o expect ! wor?y tradesman read+ 9 ! solitude ( 8 back p>l\r to gauge ! au?ority ( 8 newspap] guide8 ,x is m ?an he c d1 p]haps1 to take ! measure ( 8 ,sunday in/ructor4 ,he :o reflects ?us w f9d mu* to ent]ta9 him 9 ! way ( make-believe1 :5 he exam9es ! f\ndations ( impos+ reputations1 or ( ! pr\d boa/ ( political lead]s t !y c>ry 8! ,c\ntry0 ) !m4 ,! newspap]1 highly respectable in/itution z x #ccf und\bt$ly is1 ent]ta9s ^? 9 se>* ( humor\s enjoym5t 9 o!r ways too4 ,its v /&po9t z issu] ( news leads to an amus+ exagg]ation ( ! importance ( any?+ :i* happ5s to ?ru/ its head up at ! mom5t4 ,an idea1 aye & a fallacy too1 old z ! ages1 w secure att5tion if only somebody ) a "n happ5 to br+ x up anew4 ,:5ce comes ! neomania :i* we see on all h&s1 ! absurd exaltation ( ! late/ novel & ! re/4 ,yet m exhil>at+ to humor\s inspection is ! nave assumption ( ! newspap] & its cli5ts t ev]y?+ happ5s 9 ord] to furni% !m ) news4 ,i rememb] a pap]1 n ( a l[ class1 s]i\sly cont5d+1 :5 a disagreeable cause clbre _h to be re-tri$1 t1 s9ce ev]ybody _h made up 8 m9d on ! case1 a new trial 0 mo/ regrettable4 ,! frank sugge/ion t ! proce$+s ( our law c\rts h _! f9al cause 9 ! satisfaction ( a crav+ = news 9 read]s ( j\rnals 01 d\btless1 an editorial slip2 yet ! assumption is (t5 discov]able to a p5etrat+ eye4 ,! po9t ( view rem9ds "o ( ! joy\s antics ( ! ,italian *ildr5 :o foll[ ! cavalcade ( ! dilig5ce & its 8supplem5ts0 z x desc5ds s\?w>ds to ! level ( ! olive-groves1 sure 9 _! glee t ! rattl+ procession1 & ! 8soldi0 too1 h come = _! delight4 ,9 view ( ! ent]ta9m5t af=d$ by ! press 9 ^! days1 "o may sometimes wond] :e!r ! expression 8comic j\rnal0 is n gr[+ into a pleonasm4 ,hum\r w keep at our elb[1 too1 if we pu% deep]1 &1 lift+ ! wrapp+s ( conv5tion1 insi/ on see+ ! realities4 ,! involutions ( public utt]ance :51 say1 a dubi\s appo9tm5t has to be def5d$1 are 9 !mselves no less ent]ta9+ an exhibition ( navet disclos$ ?r\gh elaborate wrapp+s ?an ! romanc+s ( a #ccg naughty *ild beat+ ab\t = an excuse4 ,no k9d ( spectacle1 p]haps1 is m uplift+ to a _s giv5 to ! "r sort ( reflection1 none too :i* has a l>g] promise ( unwe>y+ v>iation1 ?an ! wriggl+s ( ! human m9d :5 tangl$ 9 awkw>d appe>ances1 & =c$ to f9d some?+ :i* looks l a way ( logical escape4 ,z all :o read are aw>e1 ! vag>ies ( 8society0 & ! droll]ies ( public life are no new spectacle4 ,o!r times & patt]ns ( society h _h _! ent]ta9+ aspects fix$ = u by ! half-retir$ *ronicl]4 ,yet !re is mu* to sugge/ t ! social sc5e ( to-day be>s ! palm1 z illu/rator ( ! volume & ! _m-sid$ness ( ! laughable4 ,! bigness ( our social s*eme1 its in/ability & 8g-aheadness10 its reckless activity--^! & o!r features1 aid$ by ! eag]ness ( p to ga9 publicity = _! do+s & a correspond+ read9ess ( j\rnals to accord x1 appe> to secure = ! quiet onlook] to-day ! enjoym5t ( an exub]ant crop ( p]sonal oddities1 pu%ful pret5ces1 disp>ities betwe5 position & qualification1 & ! o!r amus+ features ( ! social sc5e4 ,mu* ( ! droll]y ( ! social spectacle "h t\*$ on may be enjoy$ ) a c]ta9 deta*m5t1 & ev5 ) a s\pon ( ! malice :i* *>act]ises ! laught] ( ^? outside ! social gr\p1 )9 :i* ! m]ry %[man is erect+ 8 /age4 ,! k9dli] note ( hum\r ent]s "h only z a subord9ate elem5t1 z a good-natur$ tol]ation ( folly1 support$ by a m or less di/9ct compreh5sion ( x "u ! head ( wor?y qualities sadly p]v]t$4 ,x mu/ be o!rwise if ! biz>re & provocative spectacle ( folly's head obtrudes itself into a season ( national /orm & /ress1 say ( w>-commotion1 #cch :5 ! obs]v] ( ?+s _c1 unless he be an unsocial cynic1 any long] cons5t to be deta*$4 ,! v possibility ( a laugh1 or ev5 ( a smile1 might seem to be exclud$ z a desecration4 ,if x is possible1 x c only be ?r\gh ! discov]y ( a modus viv5di betwe5 ! mir?ful impulse & "s ( ! deepe/ & mo/ absorb+ ( our feel+s & impulses4 ,our analysis ( hum\r has prep>$ u = a consid]able p5etration ( ! mell[$ k9d ( mir? into ! he>t ( ! s]i\s1 = a f9e & rapid detection by ! practis$ eye ( amus+ aspects ( situations & exp]i5ces :i* appeal directly & p[]fully to ! acut] feel+s & to ! /]n] attitudes4 ,we may1 p]haps1 f9d ! cr[n+ illu/ration ( ?is int]p5etration ( ! s]i\s & ! playful 9 ! possibility ( a humor\s glance at ?+s :i* mu/ /ir ! he>t-dep?s ( e true citiz54 ,! tru?1 t a /ate ( w> w develop 9 citiz5s mu* t is good & admirable1 has1 p]haps1 be5 suffici5tly recognis$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 its ravages & its suff]+s h be5 a frequ5t !me ( ! eloqu5t lip & p54 ,less att5tion has1 = pretty obvi\s reasons1 be5 paid to ^? aspects & accompanim5ts ( ! /ate :i* seem to "s1 :5 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! normal type ( consci\sness1 to illu/rate human folly 9 "o ( its l>g] manife/ations4 ,^! aspects :i*1 :5 se5 if only = an in/ant by ! qualifi$ obs]v]1 mu/ ent]ta91 may be said to gr[ 9 di/9ctness z a community rises 9 ! scale ( civilisation4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! humor\s p]son has tra9$ himself 9 ! swift detection ( ! accompanim5ts & ! relations ( ! objects :i* he inspects1 & has a habit ( look+ at ! neglect$ sides ( ?+s1 x may be expect$ t he w be f\nd n[ & aga9 among ^? :o 9 ! tr\bl$ #cci atmosph]e pres]ve some?+ ( ! faculty ( cle> obs]vation4 ,! fundam5tal factor 9 ! situation = a humor\s obs]v] is ! tempor>y hyp]trophy ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( man's in/9cts1 hav+ its roots deeply seat$ 9 ! primal impulse ( self-cons]vation1 appe>+ 9 ! organic milieu ( a high] type ( social consci\sness ) its fix$ habits ( e/imat+ & judg+ ?+s4 ,! /ate ( hyp]trophy gives rise to a gr\p ( extravagances :i* h some?+ ( ! dim5sions ( a burlesque4 ,! _m expansions ( ! boa/ful1 self-suffic+ temp]1 ! exagg]at$ =ms ( hatr$1 ) its brood ( suspicions1 d5unciations & vilifications1 ! swoll5 dim5sions ( cr$ulity1 & ( a correlative incr$ulity1 ) reg>d to ?+s :i* t\* ! patriotic passion--?is & mu* m is probably an insep>able accompanim5t ( ! national psy*osis1 c]ta9ly s if ! dignity ( 8our cause0 is *all5g$1 :e!r f )9 or f )\t4 ,9 ^! l>g] manife/ations ( ! w>-temp] su* organic milieu z ! surviv+ normal consci\sness c supply takes b a small "p4 ,:at movem5ts ( intellig5ce are obs]vable are pretty pla9ly ( an intellig5ce subjugat$ by ! dom9ant passion1 & made to "w = x by =ag+ f> & wide = food-/uffs to satisfy its appetite = provocatives & solaces4 ,yet ?is is b a small "p ( ! humor\s aspect ( ! situation4 ,x is ! collision betwe5 ! new temp] & ! habit ( feel+ & judg+ nurs$ into vig\r & endurance by a long c\rse ( civilisation :i* introduces ! really amus+ feature4 ,= ! qua9t ?+ is t dr[sy intellig5ce w n[ & aga9 try to sit up & give a nudge to its r noisy b$-fell[4 ,x is ! juxtaposition & int]action ( two t5d5cies ( widely remov$ #cdj moral levels1 & q disproportionate 9 _! /r5g? :i* supplies ! ri* v>iety ( ! ent]ta9+4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 we obta9 ! droll spectacle ( an ov]-confid5t advocate ( ! cause sudd5ly br\ght to sil5ce by a foggy suspicion t 8 he>] is n responsive en\gh1 a suspicion :i* in/antly br+s to light ! residuum ( ! normal man's desire = o!rs' support4 ,or aga91 ! p[]ful impulse to belittle ! enemy--old] ?an ! age ( ,golia?--may1 :5 x runs away ) a patriot1 c>ry him to ! po9t f :i* he dimly disc]ns ! edge ( a dialectic precipice1 ! fatal concession t victory is robb$ ( all its glory4 ,or ! fancy portrait ( ! enemy--pref]r$ to a /udy f life because x is s de> to ! w>-temp]--may br+ its possessor into ! qu&>y t he f9ds himself q incapable ( c>ry+ out ! necess>y bus9ess ( und]/&+ t enemy's aims & me?ods4 ,a slight exam9ation w %[ t ! spectacle w illu/rate mo/ ( ! =ms ( ! laughable recognis$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! :ole situation may t5d to assume ! look ( a big 8mess10 f :i* ! p>ticipators va9ly seek to extricate !mselves4 ,! high-/rung emotional & conative attitude is c]ta9 to lead to futilities1 z :5 confid5t pr$ictions /rike aga9/ ! h>d sub/ance ( fact4 ,! situation w1 fur!r1 be prolific ( contradictions1 includ+1 n only ! fundam5tal "o already dealt )1 b ! discrepancies ( /atem5t :i* arise z ! ratio ( ! int5sities ( ! normal & ! abnormal v>ies )9 ! limits indicat$ above4 ,t ! psy*ological situation w give rise to a l>ge display ( pret5ce1 has be5 already sugge/$4 ,! survival ( a p>tially /upefi$ intellig5ce 9 ! bellicose patriot w1 inde$1 be *iefly manife/$ 9 ! some:at #cda on]\s task ( cov]+ ! unsightly faces ( ?+s ) veils1 bespangl$ ones if possible1 9 dignifiy+ ! aims & ! me?ods ( ! w>4 ,^! ef=ts w pla9ly %[ !mselves1 to calm obs]vation1 = ! mo/ "p1 at lea/1 n z consci\s hypocrisies1 b z self-deceptions foll[+ f ! int]action ( ! two selves s /rangely =c$ to consort4 ,x is h>dly ne$ful to say t disord]1 topsy-turvyness1 confusions ( rle1 &1 g5]ally1 inv]sions ( normal relations1 =m an ess5tial feature ( ! spectacle4 ,a _w s alt]$ f ! normal patt]n t m5 giv5 to a gold5 sil5ce take to a spee* :i* is h>dly silv]2 t 8lead]s0 assume ! droll aspect ( %eph]ds =c$ onw>ds by unruly flocks2 t a c]ta9 k9d ( moral inconsi/5cy appe>s to h won its place among ! virtues2 & t ^? v]s$ 9 ! div9e h to assume ! inv]t$ "p ( ju/ify+ ! ways ( m5 to ,god1 _c fail to look disord]$ to a calm eye tra9$ by ! ord]ly4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no room 9 su* a sc5e1 :]e m5 are wont to dive/ !mselves ( _! individual *>act]i/ics1 = a display ( p]sonal oddity4 ,yet a clos] obs]vation w %[ t1 9 spite ( ! p[]ful t5d5cies :i* make = uni=mity ( behavi\r1 %r$s ( individuality survive4 ,! prevail+ temp] seizes on m51 z a fev] seizes on !m1 accord+ to _! individual con/itutions2 & "o may wat* ! process ( assimilation ( p>ties1 sects1 & individuals to ! type ( ! h\r1 mu* z a %rewd physician might wat* ! qua9t modifications ( a malady 9 a case ( /rongly m>k$ family or individual peculi>ities4 ,x 0 said above t ! possibility ( ?is humor\s obs]vation impli$ ! discov]y ( a modus viv5di ) ! s]i\s & m s5sitive "p ( u4 ,?is means t #cdb ! obs]vation c be no quiet1 prolong$ pa/ime1 b mu/ r resemble ! mom5t>y intuitions ( ! amus+ side ( ?+s1 :i* help u :5 we battle ) life's worries & enc\nt] its great] tr\bles4 ,su* appreciation ( ! laughable z is possible 9 ! case is rightly call$ humor\s :5 x accompanies a complex s]i\s attitude :i*1 on ! "o h&1 disc]ns bo? ! hurtfulness & ! pitifulness ( ! folly t br+s ! smile1 & on ! o!r1 makes an ef=t to hold fa/ to t :i* repels & to descry e/imable qualities hidd5 away "u x4 ,! smile w br+ a mom5t>y relaxation ( /ra91 z 9 o!r cases :]e m5tal & moral t5sion is high4 ,! humori/ w suff] x to /eal ^u him because reflection enables him1 9 a s5se1 to compreh5d1 by recall+1 = example1 :at ,plato1 ,montaigne & o!rs tell u z to :at is likely to happ5 :5 m5 are captur$ by a cr[d4 ,he w be m incl9$ to be tol]ant1 if hi/ory comes to 8 aid1 z ! hi/ory ( a pati5t may come to t ( an anxi\s physician1 assur+ him ( recov]y & resumption ( normal functions2 /ill m1 if a "t ( civic division1 lac]at+ to ! social "p ( him1 has br\ght him ne> m5 & wom5 ^: g5tl5ess seems to sweet5 ! f]m5t ( ! h\r1 & ^: faces w h5ce=? appe> to him 9 com=t+ vision--e>?'s angel faces ^: smile comes n ) ! bright5+ morn b ) ! deep5+ blackness ( night4 #cdc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,laughable ,,9 ,,art3 ,,com$y4 ,we h trac$ ! developm5t ( laught] 9 ! individual & 9 ! community ) z little ref]5ce z possible to ! influ5ce ( ,art4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! feel+s :i* move u to laught] are primal1 & capable ( exp&+ & deep5+ indep5d5tly ( ?is influ5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 x is c]ta9 t ! educative lead ( ! arti/ has be5 at "w f a v e>ly /age ( human developm5t4 ,we h f\nd ev5 9 savage life ! figure ( ! 8funny man10 ! exp]t 9 lift+ ! sluice gates ( social laught] by means ( je/ & pantomime4 ,)9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 ! practice ( engag+ je/]s = banquets1 & social ent]ta9m5ts g5]ally1 appe>s to g back to remote times & v simple social conditions4#bha ,! f9] & m me?odical ex]cise ( m5's gift ( laught] by ^! skill$ *oragi mu/ h be5 a pot5t factor 9 its developm5t4 ,we may n[ glance at ! evolution ( art on its amus+ & comic side4 ,?is is no occasion = prob+ to its d>k bottom ! #cdd problem ( ! function ( art4 ,if we keep to ! beg9n+s ( ! art ( m9i/]+ to m5's laught]1 z we may /udy !m among savages & our own *ildr51 ! !ories :i* look to art = ! expression ( an idea1 or ev5 ( an emotion seek+ = resonance1 seem to h b little relevance4 ,x looks z if ! amus+ art grew out ( t simple social act :i* ,i h call$ a play-*all5ge1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! game ( reciprocal tickl+4 ,h5ce1 ! play-!ory ( art s]ves p>ticul>ly well = our pres5t purpose4 ,! quality ( b5efic5t productivity :i* is an ess5tial ( art may be suppos$ to h gr[n di/9ct1 z soon z an individual ( sup]ior cunn+ 9 play+ on ! mir?ful organ f\nd himself vis--vis ) an audi5ce4 ,no social impulse ( an art-l "* /rikes out its visible & audible effect m directly & m impressively ?an ! desire to raise a laugh4 ,tak+ ?is view1 we see t ! art :i* moves u to mir? illu/rates ! conative process 9 art-production4 ,to amuse m51 to raise _! spirits to ! treble pit* ( gaiety1 pre-supposes ! desire to please4 ,9 all simple art-p]=mance1 ?is ess5tially social motive works consci\sly & directly3 ! p>tly unconsci\s art ( ! 8fool0 be+ "h1 ( c\rse1 ov]look$4 ,9 high] =ms1 ! w to move m5 m]rily is1 ,i believe1 always pres5t 9 normal cases1 & controls ! :ole art-process1 ?\gh x may n be consci\sly realis$ at e mom5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! comic actor1 at any rate1 a volitional control ( 8 own feel+ & its expression seems to be a prime necessity4 ,?is is suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! solemn aspect commonly assum$ by ! popul> je/]1 9 ord] to add to ! mir?ful effect ( 8 utt]ance4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ inquiry1 if our limits all[$ #cde ( x1 to exam9e ! means :i* art1 z a :ole1 possesses = mov+ u to laught]4 ,?is w\ld op5 up ! curi\s "q ( ! symbolism ( col\rs & tones1 & ( _! comb9ations1 z expressive ( mir?ful feel+ & ( jocose int5tion4 ,t laught] has = its prop] excitant m5 & _! do+s1 at once sugge/s t only ^? arts :i* repres5t human ideas & actions on a l>ge scale h a consid]able field = ! exhibition ( ! ludicr\s4 ,ar*itecture1 ap>t f sculpture1 is heavily h&icapp$ "h4 ,music1 z ! expressive art p> excell5ce1 has a c]ta9 ?\gh n>r[ly limit$ range ( effect1 z may be se5 9 ! *>act]i/ic rhy?ms1 su* z comb9ations ( light /accato ) deep-pit*$ notes1 incomplet$ phrases & s =?1 :i* d duty 9 comic op]a4 ,"s ( ?is tickl+ effect is c]ta9ly due1 n to an expression ( jocose feel+1 b to ! biz>re aspect ( ! comb9ation ( s\nds4 ,& ! same is probably true ( ! slightly amus+ effects ( su* grotesque comb9ations ( col\r z are common 9 ! co/ume ( ! h>lequ91 ( ! pr9ce ( mock]s1 & ( o!r m or less comic figures4 ,! grotesque & amus+ 9 dress1 t ( ! cl[n = example1 is manife/ly bas$ on its sugge/ions1 especially ^? ( wrong sex1 wrong age & ! l4 ,pass+ by ! comic directions ( pictorial art1 includ+ ! highly develop$ process ( mod]n political & o!r c>icature1 ! great rle 9 /imulat+ m5's laugh+ susceptibilities falls to lit]ature1 & pre-em95tly to dramatic lit]ature & its int]pret]1 ! /age4 ,"h1 only1 c ! procession ( human follies display some?+ ( its v>iegat$ amplitude4 ,hi!r mu/ we come1 if we w\ld fa9 laugh our fill & "k :at res\rces art possesses = play+ on ! :ole gamut ( our 8risibility04 #cdf ,x w\ld be well if we knew ! beg9n+s ( jocose lit]ature4 ,x may be t ! je/-books pres]ve = u =ms resembl+ ^? :i* ^! beg9n+s h tak54 ,a %ort descriptive /ory ( "s practical joke1 or ( "s sm>t bit ( rep>tee1 may h gr[n naturally en\gh out ( ! ev5+ fire-side talk & become fix$ & h&$ d[n to new g5]ations4 ,! ,m$ival ,contes 7fabliaux7 may be view$ z a slight expansion ( su* /ories & fragm5ts ( talk4 ,?is %ort anecdotal /ory w\ld all[ a c]ta9 scope = mimicry & a crude art ( elocution4 ,a rudim5t>y =m ( comic act+1 ) its mimic ge/ures & its faceti\s dialogue1 w\ld naturally take its rise 9 ! rehe>sal ( su* a /ory by an ackn[l$g$ exp]t4 ,! bits ( dialogue1 at lea/1 w\ld en=ce a c]ta9 am\nt ( mimicry ( tones & ge/ures4 ,! beg9n+s ( com$y1 s f> z we c get back to !m1 be> out ^! conjectures4 ,! humble bir?place ( ,greek com$y 0 ! village revel--a sort ( m]ry h>ve/ home--( ! v9tag]s4 ,at fir/1 we read1 !re 0 no actor1 only a lead] 8:o let (f co>se & scurril\s impromptus04#bhb ,or1 z ano!r writ] has x1 ,greek f>ce began ) mock+ songs & ironical spee*es dur+ processions1 ! ,greeks be+ quick to mimic & to improvise4#bhc ,! dawn ( our own com$y %[s a some:at simil> process4 ,x 0 9 an atmosph]e ( mir? t ! *ild1 half-s]i\sly quizz+ ?+s 9 ord] to laugh ! m1 0 born4 ,?is may be se5 by a ref]5ce to ! mir?ful societies & _! riot+s :i* 7 a feature ( m$ival ,engli% life4 ,! 8fea/ ( fools0 0 ! great occasion = satirical songs1 &1 lat] on1 = dramas 9 :i* ! #cdg cl]gy 7 m especially tak5 (f4 ,no d\bt1 z we %all see1 !re exi/$ 9 ! old miracle-plays & moralities a simple dramatic =m capable ( be+ trans=m$ into com$y4 ,yet ?is trans=mation 0 made possible by ! _s ( mir? & revelry1 :i* _h "s "t be=e rudely brok5 into ! solemnity ( ! miracle-play4#bhd ,! full rise ( ! comic drama has _h its social conditions4 ,mr4 ,m]$i? has po9t$ to "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t middle class1 & ! recognition ( woman's /atus2 to :i* "o may add1 t ( h] conv]sational wit4#bhe ,to ^! social conditions might be add$ a national mood ( gaiety1 com+ f "s new s5se ( light5$ %\ld]s & a fre] brea?+4 ,! value ( com$y z *ief m9i/ress to our laught] may be se5 by a m]e glance at its _m res\rces4 ,x seems able to pres5t to ! eye & e> all v>ieties ( ! amus+4 ,z a %[1 x c>ries on ! fun ( *ildr5's make-believe play4 ,x c set be=e u ! mo/ grotesque ab]rations ( dress1 c>riage & mann]s4 ,9 its human figures1 aga91 x pres5ts to u 9 =ms ( its own *oos+ ! full v>iety ( laughable traits ( m9d & ( "*4 ,la/ly1 x c exhibit 9 its plots ! :ole gamut ( teas+ & practical joke :i* amuses ord9>y m5 9 real life4 ,we may def] illu/ration ( ! comic treatm5t ( laughable traits ( "*1 & look = a mom5t at ! ways 9 :i* ! incid5ts ( com$y c>ry on ! movem5ts ( primitive fun4 ,a glance w tell u t ^! incid5ts are wov5 out #cdh ( ! play & ! practical jokes ( m]ry y\?4 ,! boi/]\s fun ( ! spectacle ( a good beat+1 = :i* ! l[] savages h a quick s5se1 & :i* is a /&+ di% at ! circus1 is a frequ5t incid5t 9 com$y1 bo? 9 ! popul> & boi/]\s v>iety ( ,ari/ophanes & ,plautus1 & 9 ! quiet] & m intellectual "o ( ,molire4#bhf ,ano!r v>iety ( amus+ incid5t drawn f *ild-play & ! popul> fun ( ! circus is a repetition ( words1 ge/ures or o!r movem5ts4 ,^! repetitions gr[ p>ticul>ly funny :5 !y take ! =m ( an alt]nate go+ & com+1 or ( end+ & recomm5c+ a disc\rse4 ,amus+ already 9 _! semblance ( purposeless play1 !y sometimes gr[ m droll by assum+ a look ( irrepressibility1 z :5 ! philosoph] ,pancrace 9 ,le ,m>iage =c is aga9 & aga9 pu%$ beh9d ! c\lisse & returns to r5ew 8 disc\rse4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t su* movem5ts h some?+ ( ! amus+ "* ( ! toy kn[n z ,jack-9-!-box4#bhg ,ano!r class ( repetitions1 :i* we may call imitations1 also frequ5t on ! comic /age1 seems 9 l mann] to reproduce easily recognisable features ( *ild's play4 ,no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ! play-mood 9 "y animals & 9 *ildr5 alike ?an an imitative #cdi propagation ( movem5t4 ,! *ild's game ( mak+ faces is an excell5t example4 ,! lik+ ( ! /age = ^! imitations %[s h[ closely x rema9s 9 t\* ) primitive fun4 ,?is is pla9 en\gh :5 ! action imitat$ is disord]ly1 z we may see 9 ! rebuffs & c\nt]-rebuffs ( ! circus4 ,! repeat$ beat+s ( ! wife-beat] 9 ,le ,mdec9 malgr lui h some?+ ( ?is div]t+ effect ,! amus+ repetitions wr\ght into ! me*anism ( com$y are1 z ,molire may tell u1 commonly f> less aggressive4 ,! reproduction ( ! s]ies ( exclamations ( ,clonte on ! p]fidy ( 8 mi/ress by 8 valet1 ,covielle1 9 ,le ,b\rgeois g5tilhomme1 & ! c\nt]p>t to ?is1 ! slightly v>i$ repetitions ( ! reproa*es ( ,clonte's mi/ress by h] maid1 are q delightfully sugge/ive ( a plot on ! "p ( ,love to r$uce 8 victims to "o level ( imbecility4#bhh ,com$y1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 is full ( trick]y & dup]y4 ,a :ole play may be "o big piece ( fool+1 end+ = ! mo/ "p 9 a m]ry sc5e 9 :i* ! delud$ victim or victims come to _! s5ses aga94 ,! spectator1 :o is 9 ! secret1 enjoys sympa!tically ! laught] ( ! plot-mak]4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & e>lie/ comic devices1 ano!r outgr[? f *ild's play1 seems to be a disguise4 ,! figures ( com$y t[>ds :om our laught] is guid$ are n gift$ ) ! f9e/ ( visions1 & a small am\nt ( disguise1 especially :5 x meets & flatt]s _! desires1 suffices = complete deception4 ,classic com$y & t ( ,%akespe>e make l>ge use ( su* trick]y4 #cej ,b a /range dress & o!r means ( disguise are by no means always necess>y = ! befool+4 ,:5 ! cr$ul\s mood is on1 ! victim1 :e!r fi% or man1 w rise to ! crude/ ( artificial imitations1 & com$y fa/5s on its victims :5 !y are 9 ?is mood1 z 9 ! case ( ,malvolio1 ,m4 ,j\rda9 & ! re/4 ,sometimes ! com$ian prep>es = ! ne$$ deception by ?r[+ its victim into a fit ( abs5t-m9d$ness4 ,a good example may be f\nd 9 ! sc5e betwe5 ,arnolphe & ! not>y 9 ,molire's ,l'cole des ,femmes1 :]e ! tongues ( ! two make a pret5ce ( runn+ on toge!r1 :ile ! two bra9s t move !m rema9 9 a /ate ( p]fect mutual misund]/&+4 ,x is ano!r k9d ( amus+ self-deception :5 ! comic figure1 aga9 %[+ 8 desc5t f ! cl[n1 und]takes to d some?+1 & in/antly displays a complete inability to c>ry out 8 und]tak+4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 a less obvi\s mann] 9 ,le ,b\rgeois g5tilhomme by ! behavi\r ( ,clonte1 :o1 aft] qu>rell+ ) 8 mi/ress1 & begg+ 8 valet to 8l5d a h&0 to 8 spite & to su/a9 8 resolve to be> d[n any rema9s ( 8 fooli% love1 in/antly aft]w>ds prote/s aga9/ ! ob$i5t s]vant's depreciations ( ! lady4 ,! comic p]son mu/ be m]cilessly attack$ n[ & aga91 if ! spectator is to get 8 fill ( m]rim5t4 ,molire aga9 gives u ! illu/ration4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* ! mis]'s son1 ,clante1 playfully holds ! fa!r z 9 a vice1 z he takes (f ! r+ f ! old g5tleman's f+] & (f]s x z if 9 8 behalf to ! lady !y bo? desire to w$1 has ! full flav\r ( ! retaliative joke4 ,! laugh :i* is 8malicieux0 ?\gh n 8am]0 comes 9 a l>ge wave :5 ! deception is a kick+ ov] ( traces :i* h become gall+4 ,! trick+ ( ! #cea sev]e gu>dian1 p>5tal or o!r1 illu/rat$ by ,t]5ce 9 ! ,adelphi1 & by ,molire 9 ,l'cole des ,femmes1 ,l'cole des ,m>is & o!r works1 yields a lu/y gratification z a practical joke direct$ aga9/ an oppressor4 ,a good deal ( ! fun ( com$y may easily be se5 to fl[ f a biz>re plac+ ( a p]son1 especially ! sett+ ( him 9 a situation :]e he has to d :at he is n accu/om$ to d4 ,if false appe>ances h to be kept up1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! tricks by :i* ! %am doctor ,sgan>elle tries to play up to 8 "p 9 ,le ,mdec9 malgr lui are ( ! broadly comic4 ,a div]t+ situation may be obta9$ 9 o!r ways1 z :5 lov]s :o h fall5 out & are 9 ! mo/ doleful ( moods h to meet4 ,! subjection ( ! ar*-hypocrite ,t>tuffe to ! wat*ful eye ( ,orgon's son is pregnant ( comic effect4 ,z already h9t$1 com$y reflects ^? movem5ts ( social laught] :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! works ( ,ari/ophanes are a /oreh\se = "o :o seeks illu/rations ( ! popul> attitude t[>ds ! new1 :5 ?is l5ds itself to a buffooni% inflation4 ,! comic /age is cons]vative 9 ! s5se t x is ready to ridicule :atev] we>s ! look ( a biz>re novelty4 ,! importation ( =eign dress & mann]s has be5 a well-recognis$ s\rce ( m]rim5t 9 mod]n plays4 ,) grotesque innovations may be set ! affectations ( sup]ior mann]s1 fa%ions ( spee* & ! re/1 = :i* ! laught]-lov+ public has _h a quick eye4 ,! exposure ( an excessive fondness = us+ f9e expressions1 especially =eign ones1 has always1 "o suspects1 _h an exhil>at+ effect on an educat$ audi5ce4 ,! preciosity ( ,molire's dames lives z ! great example ( a culte ( 8! f9e %ades10 c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ! irresi/ibly droll4 #ceb ,! well-recognis$ social antagonisms1 aga91 l5d to com$y all _! /ore ( ! amus+4 ,! droll side ( ! bloodless feud betwe5 man & woman comes into view 9 all /ages ( ! developm5t ( ! art4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 v>y 9 its mode ( pres5tm5t ) ! social conditions ( ! "t x repres5ts1 & m especially ) ! /atus ( woman4 ,9 ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! mutual *aff ( ! sexes is a con/ant s\rce ( incid5tal effect & a ma9 motive ( two plays4#bhi ,yet ! "p tak5 by woman 9 ! dialogue is exce$+ly small4#bij ,! ,greek assumption ( h] inf]iority meets u ) a *>m+ frankness4 ,! notion ( h] ris+ to a high] place 9 civic life is h&l$ ) a buffooni% extravagance :i* mu/ h delight$ cons]vative husb&s4 ,:5 ! poet wi%es to %[ up ! folly ( ! ,a!nian w>-p>ty he inv5ts a revolt ( ! dames1 :o by c]ta9 effective measures1 connubial & o!r1 manage to ! la/+ %ame ( _! bett]s to br+ ab\t peace4 ,! triumph ( ! inf]ior "h rem9ds "o ( ! hil>i\s victory won by ! savage wom5 9 ! art ( r[+4 ,! ,greek com$y z a :ole treat$ wom51 includ+ heta]ae1 ) copi\s abuse2#bia yet 9 ,lat9 com$y1 at any rate1 ! woman n[ & aga9 gets ! bett] ( ! man4 ,9 ! ,as9>ia ( ,plautus1 an amor\s old man1 "o ( ! fav\rite figures ( com$y1 is f9ely *a/is$ by ! wife :o surprises 8 secret4 ,! int]m9able conte/ ( man & woman c>ries ) x ! rivalry ( ! home & ! tav]n--or1 z we %\ld say to-day1 ! ,club4 ,9 ,plautus1 :o goes = a l>ge #cec lic5ce 9 pleasure1 ! opposition is emphasis$4 ,t]5ce1 by introduc+ a m becom+ conception ( fem99e nature & m>ri$ life1 prep>$ ! way = a m equal int]c\rse betwe5 man & woman4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only "u ! improv$ conditions ( mod]n family & social life t ! v]bal duel ( ! sexes 9 com$y has gr[n ke5 & brilliant4 ,ano!r & primitive relation1 t ( old & "y1 or1 9 its special =m1 ( fa!r & *ild1 amply displays its possibilities ( fun on ! comic /age4 ,9 ! new] ,attic com$y1 we are told1 repres5tations ( ! old became frequ5t1 n[ z au/]e & av>ici\s1 n[ z fond & t5d]-he>t$4#bib ,! contra/ ( ! sev]e 8,gov]nor0 & ! fond 8,papa10 :i* we h se5 illu/rat$ 9 ,t]5ce & ,molire1 cle>ly po9ts to ! fact t com$y1 z play design$ expressly = m]ry y\?1 fav\rs ! son's case1 & seeks to relax ! pat]nal lead+ /r+s4 ,j z ! too weighty rule ( a fa!r is apt to be laugh+ly pu%$ aside by com$y1 s is t ( ! ma/]4 ,! intrigu+1 *eat+ valet ( ,lat9 com$y is ! ance/or ( _m a dome/ic sw9dl]1 d[n to ! ,mr4 ,morgan ^: sudd5 disappe>ance 0 regrett$ by ,major ,p5d5nis4 ,! outwitt$ ma/]1 l ! outwitt$ husb&1 is a comic figure t excites b little pity2 p]haps1 because ! gett+ ! bett] ( "o 9 p[] by 8 subord9ate is nev] want+ 9 ! agreeable look ( a m]ry equalis+ ( ?+s4 ,o!r 8hum\rs0 ( social gr\ps1 t ( trad]1 money-l5d]1 & _! cli5ts1 = example1 are1 z sugge/$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 reflect$ 9 com$y4 ,! same flav\r ( fun1 ! same k9%ip to *ild's play1 is recognisable 9 ! spee* ( ! comic /age4 #ced ,^w-play "h is m]ely ! light] int]lude 9 :at z a :ole has mu* ( ! "* ( a game1 ! conte/ ( rapi]-l tongues 9 comic dialogue4 ,m5 h writt5 weightily on ! nature ( wit & its relation to intellect 9 g5]al & to hum\r4 ,_! disc\rses seem h>dly to capture its f9] _s4 ,locke />t$ ! discussion by 8 well-kn[n di/9ction betwe5 wit & judgm5t1 ! =m] consi/+ 9 a br++ toge!r ( ideas ) quickness & v>iety :]e9 c be f\nd any resemblance or congruity2 ! latt] 9 discrim9at+ & sep>at+ ideas4#bic ,addison1 :o accepts ?is def9ition 9 ! ma91 is b\nd to add t1 ?\gh wit is g5]ally produc$ by resemblance & congruity ( ideas1 x is v (t5 produc$ by _! opposition4#bid ,hazlitt foll[s ,addison 9 includ+ lik5ess & opposition4 ,wit1 accord+ to him1 8is an arbitr>y juxtaposition ( dissonant ideas1 = "s lively purpose ( assimilation or contra/1 g5]ally ( bo?40#bie ,all ?is1 ?\gh x h9ts at a di/9ctive mann] ( intellectual activity1 misses ! m>k by busy+ itself 9 ! ma9 ) ! "q ( a p>ticul> k9d ( relation ( ideas4 ,! r solemn treatm5t ( puns by ^! s]i\s writ]s is *>act]i/ic4 ,addison deals ) !m "u ! head ( false wit1 & bravely attacks ! ages = uphold+ ! practice4#bif ,= ?us spurn+ ! humble pun1 he 0 r5d]$ bl9d by ! god ( laught] to ! real nature ( wit1 z ess5tially a mode ( intellectual play4 ,z ! etymology ( ! ^w sugge/s1 wit is n s mu* a special faculty conc]n$ ) a p>ticul> class ( relations1 z an attitude or mann] ( behavi\r ( ! #cee intellig5ce z a :ole4 ,x illu/rates h] mo/ lively & agile gait1 & is *>act]is$ by read9ess ( m9d1 quickness ( p]ception1 +5uity 9 foll[+ out h9ts ( q unexpect$ contra/s1 simil>ities1 aims1 causes1 reasons1 & ! o!r app>5t belong+s ( an idea4 ,z t5d+ to sportiv5ess1 x loves an intellectual *ase = its own sake1 & revels 9 sudd5 transitions1 d\bl+s1 & ! :ole game ( v]bal hide & seek4#big ,accord+ to ?is view1 wit is a tal5t :i* has be5 especially develop$ by a prop] ex]cise ( "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! social animal1 conv]sation4 ,?is has its light & ent]ta9+ v>iety1 talk1 :i* :5 x rea*es ! p]fection ( an art becomes a k9d ( game4 ,a subject is toss$ out l a ball & ea* side !n tries to /rike x 9 turn & s keep ! game go+4 ,some?+ ( s]i\s purpose may be beh9d1 z a half wi% to illum9e ! subject1 b ! ma9 int]e/ lies 9 ! game itself1 9 ! exhil>at+ pleasure ( cross+ ! intellectual foils ) a wor?y oppon5t4 ,yet1 ?\gh a game1 talk is commonly c>ri$ on by p]sons :o are n m]ely fell[-play]s4 ,z we h se51 witty dialogue fl\ri%es :5 "s =ce ( repulsion z well z ( attraction is involv$1 z t betwe5 a w\ld-be sell] & 8 ne$y yet /&-(f buy]1 or betwe5 a woo] & a woman conc]n$ n to make w9n+ too easy4 ,:]e1 z betwe5 two rivals1 ! situation is conducive to w>m?1 ! wit w be apt to gr[ pung5t4 ,z ,addison rem9ds u1 wit is (t5 develop$ 9 an unequal game1 betwe5 a 8butt0 & 8 assailants1 ! butt kn[+ n[ & aga91 l ,sir ,john ,fal/aff1 h[ 8to get ! laugh ( 8 side04#bih ,! art ( witty ex*ange1 l t ( us+ foils1 cle>ly implies self-re/ra9t2 & 9 bo? cases ! desirable #cef coolness is greatly fur!r$ by ! pres5ce ( ! imp>tial spectator4 ,x is possible t husb& & wife fir/ le>n$ to sp> jocosely by hav+ to c>ry on disputes 9 ! pres5ce ( outside he>]s4 ,tak+ ?is view ( wit1 we may see h[ ^w-play inevitably comes into x4 ,! pun ( *ildi% ye>s1 :i* m]ely tricks ! e> by an accid5tal d\bl5ess ( mean+1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,x is only :5 ! ambiguity has value = laught]1 :5 x c be turn$ to "s m]ry purpose1 t x comes "u ! eye ( art4 ,^w-play cle>ly t5ds to run into ?\ght-play4 ,"s ( ! be/-kn[n 8mots0 w be f\nd to involve ! d\ble-s5se ( ! pun1 l ! praise aw>d$ by ! witty ,k+ to "o ( 8 c\rti]s 9 ! rem>k t he 0 nev] 9 ! way & nev] out ( ! way4 ,x is ! deep s5se disc]nible ?r\gh ! v]bal appe>ance ( a self-contradiction :i* *>ms & ent]ta9s "h4#bii ,x seems to foll[ t ! laught] excit$ 9 spectator or read] by a display ( wit is slightly complex4 ,x has 9 x some?+ ( ! *ild's laught] ( admiration at :at is new1 r />tl+1 & f9e1 ( 8 gay response to a play-*all5ge1 & ( a sympa!tic rejoic+ ) ! combatant :o1 by %[+ 8 skill1 obta9s an advantage ov] 8 antagoni/4 ,! dialogue ( com$y & ( ! fiction :i* adopts ! comic po9t ( view w make use ( ^! v]bal sports1 ^! d\bl+s ( ! intellectual *ase1 at ! h9t ( ambigu\s language4 ,!y are refre%+1 !y enl>ge ! scope ( ! witty combat1 & !y help to ma9ta9 ! mir?ful temp] ( ! spectator4 ,_! use may be #ceg illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( com$y4 ,?us1 we f9d 9 ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes mu* *aff+ ( ! sexes & punn+4 ,! same is true ( ,plautus4 ,9 ! m]ry com$y ( ,%akespe>e we h /ill an abundance ( puns1 also a great advance 9 ! art ( ! v]bal foils1 especially z cross$ by man & woman1 m p>ticul>ly on ! side ( ! latt]4 ,molire's quiet] & m ?\ghtful disc\rse1 ?\gh n[ & !n x f9ds room = a pun1 illu/rates ! f9] art ( witty combat1 9 :i* ! foils seem to h be5 tipp$ ) a s(t] button4 ,we h s f> dwelt on ^? elem5ts ( com$y :i* seem pla9ly d]ivable f simple =ms ( fun1 z se5 9 *ild's play & ! laught] ( primitive folk4 ,!re rema9s :at is 9 "s ways ! mo/ int]e/+ feature1 ! comic pres5tation ( "* 9 action & spee*4 ,x is cu/om>y to classify com$ies into ^? ( ,incid5t1 ( ,mann]s & ( ,"*4 ,su* a division mu/ n1 h[ev]1 mislead u4 ,! ?ree +r$i5ts are pres5t 9 e com$y4 ,if ,ari/ophanes dep5ds l>gely on incid5t1 he only gets 8 fun by *oos+ comic *>act]s--! sophi/1 say1 or ! comm]cial explor] end[$ ) w+s4 ,9 ! s-call$ com$y ( ,mann]s ( ,congreve & 8 s*ool1 ! p]sons1 su* z !y are1 und\bt$ly =m a ma9 support ( ! ent]ta9+ action4 ,molire1 ?\gh he relies *iefly on "*1 c only give u com$y by inv5t+ situations 9 :i* 8 figures w h fla%$ on !m ! droll light ( ! comic /age4 ,:at is meant by ! above classification is pretty pla9ly t 9 "s com$ies ! *>act]s are m c5tral1 are m f9ely evolv$1 & attract a mu* l>g] att5tion4 ,t ! evolution ( com$y has1 9 ! ma91 be5 an advance 9 ! pres5tm5t ( "*1 z judg$ #ceh bo? by ! v>iety & ! complexity ( ! p]sonalities depict$1 & by ! fulness & def9it5ess ( ! pres5tation1 is j :at we might h expect$4 ,x seems c]ta9 t1 ) ! progress ( civilisation1 m5 & wom5 h gr[n m complex & m v>i$1 bo? intellectually & morally1 & fur!r t ! int]e/ 9 "* & ! capability ( und]/&+ x h develop$ concurr5tly4 ,a ^w on ! g5]al conditions ( a pres5tation ( "* 9 com$y4 ,= "o ?+1 dramatic con/ruction1 z comp>$ ) t ( prose fiction1 has c]ta9 obvi\s limits set to ! del9eation ( "*4 ,! art is too wise to attempt a full pres5tm5t ( s complex a gr\p ( traits z we f9d 9 a develop$ individuality4 ,x illu/rates1 h[ev]1 degrees ( fulness 9 ! pres5tation ( p]sonality1 & ! f9] art ( drama may produce its impression ( a concrete p]son v mu* z a skilful pa9t] does )9 ! limits ( a r\gh sket* by a few ma/] /rokes4 ,yet )\t ! actor's visible embodim5t ( ! "p1 ! full impression ( a concrete individual w\ld be difficult )9 ! limits ( dramatic con/ruction4 ,9 ! case ( com$y1 moreov]1 !re is ano!r reason = ! limitation ( ! art ( develop+ individual "*4 ,! sup]lative /hetic value ( ! ludicr\s aspect ( "* imposes on ! writ] an unusual degree ( simplification1 ( some?+ l a r$uction ( ! concrete p]sonality to an ab/raction4 ,! comic ent]ta9m5t af=d$ by ! pres5tation1 say1 ( a swell+ vanity1 spr+s f our keep+ ! m5tal eye fix$ 9 m]ry expectation ( ! com+ developm5ts ( ! laughable trait4 ,if1 !n1 only ?is core ( ! "*1 z ! mood ( ! spectator e/imates x1 is cle>ly pres5t$ & suffici5tly illu/rat$1 #cei bo? 9 its imm$iate manife/ations & 9 its effects on ! re/ ( ! man1 a v %ad[y re9/atem5t ( ?is rema9d] w suffice4 ,?is conclusion seems cle>ly borne out by ! common way ( speak+ ( ! great comic figures z 8types02 = to view a "* z typical means t we are int]e/$ 9 ! p]son1 less z a p>ticul> individual1 ?an z an example ( a c]ta9 sort ( p]son4 ,! common practice ( writ]s ( com$y1 anci5t & mod]n1 ( m>k+ _! *>act]s by appropriate names1 ! ,braggadocio1 ! ,mis]1 ! ,misan?rope1 & s =?1 %[s t au?ors recognise ?is typical function4 ,su* comic repres5tation ( type w always h 9 x some?+ ( ! nature ( exagg]ation4 ,! laughable trait1 9 ord] to raise ! tide ( m]rim5t to its full height1 mu/ itself be rais$ to a high] p[] & display$ 9 ! hyp]trophic volume x t5ds to assume :5 ! balanc+ =ces ( ! normal man are greatly r$uc$4 ,yet1 to say ?is is n to say t ! common di/9ction betwe5 a lifeless ab/raction & a liv+ "* has no mean+ 9 com$y4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! rigid ab/ractions ( e>ly mod]n com$y1 be=e ! art _h extricat$ itself f ! lead+ /r+s ( ! morality plays1 & ! relatively full & freely mov+ figures :i* we enc\nt] 9 ,molire's plays4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! always controll$ expansion ( an amus+ trait 9 ! comic "* is to be cle>ly m>k$ (f f t =c+ ( expression up to ! dim5sions ( a di/ortion :i* is ! ess5ce ( c>icature4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( com$y w %[ u h[1 ) its developm5t1 !re has gr[n a f9] recognition ( ! comic value ( "* & a correspond+ skill 9 ! pres5tation ( x4 #cfj ,! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes illu/rates ! art ( comic "*-draw+ 9 its infancy4 ,"h1 :]e ! comic muse has n yet left beh9d h] ! ,bac*analian r\t2 :]e ! sc5e is apt to be viol5tly transport$1 n[ to mid-air1 n[ to ! abode ( ! gods1 & n[ to ,hades2 :]e ! boi/]\s fun 9 its g5ial onslaught sp>es nei!r deity1 poet nor /atesman2 & :]e ! f>cical rea*es su* a pass z to %[ u competitors = ! fav\r ( ,demos (f]+ to bl[ t wor?y's nose2 !re w\ld seem to be no room = ! portrayal ( "*4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! problem ( con/ruct+ "* 0 9 a way obviat$ by call+ 9 liv+ or hi/orical p]sonages famili> to ! spectators4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is riot\s atmosph]e1 :]e ! eyes ( ! spectator mu/ h be5 half-bl9d$ by laught]1 we may disc]n ! dim beg9n+s ( ! art ( comic portraiture4 ,n only h we n[ & aga91 z 9 ! litigi\s old g5tleman 9 ! ,wasps1 h9ts ( a typical comic figure1 we h illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/orical figures !mselves1 ,socrates1 ,cleon1 ,euripides1 a rude art ( type-del9eation4#cjj ,9 ! lat] ,greek & ! ,lat9 com$y we f9d ourselves 9 a less turbul5t sc5e :]e ! air is cle>]1 & ?+s c be view$ ) "s /ead9ess4 ,9 ,plautus1 ! poet ( ! masses & ! tav]ns1 ! _s ( riot\s buffoon]y prov$ itself to be /ill alive4 ,yet ! conf9em5t ( ! sc5e n only to e>? b to its famili> haunts1 & ! introduction ( ! love-motive1 ev5 ?\gh 9 its bas] =m1 gave new scope = ! exhibition ( comic v>ieties ( "*4 ,ev5 9 ,plautus we f9d sket*es1 n1 inde$1 ( a moral type z we f9d else:]e1 b ( a repres5tation ( "s social class or call+1 ) #cfa its *>act]i/ics =cibly set =?1 z 9 ! boa/ful soldi]1 ! *eat+ s]vant1 & ! /+y money-l5d]4 ,an approximation to ! illu/ration ( a moral type may1 p]haps1 be detect$ 9 ! amor\s old man 9 ! ,as9>ia4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! "w ( ,m5&] & 8 ,roman adapt] ,t]5ce t we mu/ look = ! real advance4 ,9 ! plays ( ,t]5ce1 writt5 = ! educat$ ,romans1 ! figures assume some?+ ( respectability4 ,?us ! fa!r ceases1 z ) ,plautus1 to be a sort ( football = filial buffoons to kick ab\t1 & gr[s into a "* wor?y ( /udy2 & ! contra/ betwe5 a fooli% excess ( au?ority & a wise l5i5ce1 giv5 u 9 ! two fa!rs 9 ! ,adelphi1 has be5 ! model = m ?an "o mod]n writ]4 ,9 ,t]5ce1 too1 ! family beg9s to come by its own 9 its tussle ) ! r[dyism ( ! tav]n1 & ?is is no small ga9 = ! comic del9eation ( "*4#cja ,! circum/ance t mod]n com$y took its rise 9 ! moralities1 ) _! p]sonifications ( evil & ! re/1 readily expla9s h[ c]ta9 broad types ( ignoble "* 7 set 9 ! =efront ( its sc5e4 ,^! appe> already 9 ! lat] moralities1 = example1 8,l w to ,l04 ,9 ! "w :i* m>ks ! full transition f ! int]lude ( ! didactic morality to ! com$y1 8,ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]0 7c4 #aeej71 we h outl9$ "o ( ! valuable figures 9 ! comic _w1 ! va+lori\s c[>dly man1 ! victim ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ ( delusions4#cjb ,9 ! com$y ( ! ,elizabe?ans1 ,b5 ,jonson & ,mass+]1 x is easy to trace ?is influ5ce1 disguis$ ?\gh #cfb x is sometimes by t ( classical com$y4 ,9 ,jonson's 8,e ,man 9 8 own ,hum\r10 said to be ! fir/ important com$y ( "* 9 our lit]ature1 ! s\rce ( ent]ta9m5t is laid1 n 9 a m]ry plot1 b 9 ! pres5tation ( a v>iety ( *>act]s :i* display !mselves 9 odd fa%ions & novelties ( conduct4 ,x may be r\ghly true1 z ,ta9e says1 ) ,molire pres5t to 8 imag9ation1 t ! me?od pursu$ is to take an ab/ract quality & put toge!r all ! actions to :i* x gives rise4#cjc ,9 o!r words1 ! object-lesson ( ! morality is /ill too ne>1 & ! dramati/ has n le>n$ h[ to make 8 comic *>act]s move & gr[ "u ! spectator's eye4 ,yet1 if we comp>e ,bobadil ) a bragg>t ( ,plautus1 we may see t real progress has be5 made 9 ! comic grasp & manipulation ( "*4 ,9 ! com$ies ( ,%akespe>e a sup]ficial read] might1 s f> z draw+ ( purely comic *>act]s is conc]n$1 suppose himself to be mov+ backw>ds4 ,! gl[+ air ( romance1 ! removal ( ! sc5e f ! workaday _w1 ! p>tial ab&onm5t to ! moods ( poetry & dream-delight1 all ?is w\ld seem to exclude ! sett+ up ( well-def9$ figures fitt$ to ent]ta9 ! mood ( a gay contemplation4 ,! supposition w\ld n be utt]ly wrong4 ,! 8mixture ( tones10 :i* comes into ! poet's com$ies z well z into 8 trag$ies1 does und\bt$ly t5d to limit ! portrayal ( purely comic traits4#cjd ,! romantic backgr\nd _c1 l ! fix$ arrangem5ts ( homely society1 ?r[ ! follies & p]v]sities ( ! figures into %>p relief4 ,?9k = a mom5t h[ diff]5t /hetic significance & value #cfc w\ld h atta*$ to ! figure ( ! melan*oly ,jaques1 if x _h be5 enc\nt]$1 n 9 ! solit>y =e/1 b 9 "o ( ,molire's ord]ly homes4 ,! mixture ( tones introduces a s(t5+1 trans=m+ influ5ce :i* affects our attitude t[>ds ! que] figures !mselves4 ,b5$ick & ! o!r m5 :o are g5tly br\ght to reason by s*ool+ wom5 h 9 _! v p]v]sity some?+ amiable4 ,ev5 ,malvolio & ! o!r figures1 ^: folly is expos$ ) some?+ ( ! unsp>+ extravagance ( an old] com$y1 cat* a sav+ ray f ! w>m gl[ :i* is diffus$ ov] _! _w4 ,we laugh he>tily2 yet ! pre-dom9ant s5tim5t ( ! play moves u at ! same "t t[>ds t5d] condonation4 ,mu/ we !n say t because he r>ely all[s u to look on folly & vice 9 ! pure attitude ( amus$ obs]vation1 ,%akespe>e is no comic poet8 ,x does n greatly matt] h[ we answ] ! "q s long z we reflect t 9 ! _w he has "h creat$ = u1 at once beautiful & t\*$ ) a t5d] melan*oly1 & yet *>g$ ) ! electric curr5t ( mir?1 we possess some?+ q z delightful z ! well-def9$ comic sc5es ( a ,molire4 ,n[ & aga91 moreov]1 :]e ! rosy w>m? ( romance gives place to ! cold] light ( realities1 z 9 8,! ,m]ry ,wives0 & 8,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew10 we see h[ ke5 an eye our poet c\ld turn to ! comic possibilities ( "*4 ,nor mu/ we =get h[ great a contribution he made to comic "*-draw+ 9 8 dialogue1 :]e ! man & ! woman1 at once attract$ & repell$1 use _! witty tongues ) excell5t effect1 & :]e woman1 ?\gh n[ & !n *a/is$1 has a l>ge "p assign$ h] 9 cur+ man ( 8 follies & develop+ :at is be/ 9 him4 #cfd ,= ! com$y ( "*1 9 its highe/ & pure/ =m1 we are told1 & rightly told1 to g to ,molire4 ,9 8 _w1 n only is ! upro>i\s1 du/-rais+ mir? ( classic com$y sil5c$1 b ! fun ( extravagant plot ) its disguises & errors1 ?\gh n abs5t1 is kept )9 measure4 ,x is ! famili> dome/ic _w1 into :i* we c readily transport ourselves4 ,x is peopl$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! sob] & s5sible4 ,^u ?is ord]ly sc5e is br\ght "o or m ( ! great typical repres5tatives ( human folly4 ,9 "s cases x is an old ent]ta9+ figure reviv$1 ! exact+ & anxi\s mis]1 = example1 or ! voluble bragg>t4 ,b ! comic idea also inc>nates itself 9 a ri* v>iety ( new =ms1 su* z ! faux dvot & 8 victim1 ! critic ( society :o turns a s\r face on its conv5tions1 ! wrong-head$ educator ( woman1 ! ready-tongu$ quack1 ! crazy p$ant & ! o!rs4 ,nor is ! enl>gem5t ( ! gall]y ( portraits ! only or ! *ief advance 9 ! com$y ( ,molire4 ,! f95ess ( ! draw+ is :at fixes ! eye4 ,all trace ( ! old rigid ab/ractions has disappe>$4 ,typical !y all rema91 z is _! function3 yet !y are individualis$ 9 a way t satisfies all ! conditions ( ! art4#cje ,molire's supremacy 9 ! comic use ( "* is se51 fir/ ( all1 9 ! selection ( 8 types1 :i* h ea* a l>ge amus+ aspect inh]5t 9 ! "* itself1 & capable ( be+ set =? 9 a suffici5t v>iety ( manife/ation4 ,we see ?is at once by comp>+ 8 be/-kn[n *>act]s ) ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,9 ,molire we h1 :at ,col]idge tells u is want+ 9 ,b5 ,jonson1 ! pres5tation ( ! laughable defect z 8a prom95ce #cfe gr[+ out (1 & n\ri%$ by1 ! "* :i* /ill circulates 9 x04#cjf ,! simple-m9d$ ambition ( ! ,b\rgeois g5tilhomme1 ! pi\s ov]-confid5ce ( ,orgon1 ! intractable misan?ropy ( ,alce/e--^!1 z traits broad-bas$ 9 ! "*1 (f] l>ge possibilities ( comic developm5t4 ,! next po9t to be not$ 9 ?is new art is ! mode ( pres5tation ( ! "* :i* is to hold ! eye 9 amus$ contemplation4 ,! po9t+ effect ( contra/ is pres5t1 z 9 all good art2 :at is notewor?y is ! admirable simplicity ( ! me?od ( contra/+4 ,?is is r5d]$ possible by ! type select$ & ! po9t ( view adopt$4 ,to ,molire1 ! man tak5 ) va9 conceit1 ! op9ionat$ prig1 ! unsociable critic ( society & ! re/1 are ab]rations f a normal type1 ! socially adapt$ p]son4 ,! ,h>pagons1 ! ,orgons1 ! ,arnolphes1 ! ,alce/es1 ! ,sgan>elles & ! o!rs1 h _! amus+ lop-sid$ness1 _! *>act]i/ic t5d5cy swoll5 to ! ridicul\s proportions ( a tumor1 def9$ f ! fir/ by ! anti!sis 9 :i* !y are set to ! normal memb]s ( society4 ,! ord]ly _w1 plead+ = a reasonable accommodation to ! usages ( m51 is sometimes repres5t$ by ! judici\s fri5d1 e4g41 ,alce/e1 ,arnolphe2 n seldom by ! wife1 e4g41 ,madame ,j\rda92 at o!r times by ! bro!r1 e4g41 ( ,sgan>elle2 &1 n[ & aga91 ev5 by ! privileg$ & saucy maid1 e4g41 ( ,orgon1 ( ,m4 ,j\rda94 ,9 ?is juxtaposition ! comic poet exhibits cle>ly en\gh ! anti-social t5d5cy ( ! inflat$ *>act]i/ic4 ,! outrage to woman 9 ! rigor\s treatm5t ( _! w>ds by ,arnolphe & ,sgan>elle1 ! h>%ness ( ,alce/e's dem&s on ! high-spirit$ girl he woos1 #cff ! m5ace 9 ,j\rda9's craze to ! /ability ( ! home1 ! cruel be>+ ( ,h>pagon's av>ice on 8 son--all ?is is made q pla9 to ! spectator2 & ! exposure ( ?is malefic5t t5d5cy 9 ! p]v]se attitude s]ves someh[ to /r5g!n ! comic effect4 ,9 ?us pres5tat+ ! hyp]trophy ( a moral t5d5cy1 ,molire gives movem5t to ! embodim5t by disclos+ ! organic action ( ! disord]$ "p on o!r p>ts ( ! man4 ,! av>ice ( ,h>pagon r5d]s him fe>ful ( a !ft1 z if ?is w\ld ru9 him4 ,he takes x z an insult t he %\ld be call$ ri*1 ass]t+ t 8no?+ is m false04 ,?is po9ts to t effect ( p]v]t$ passion :i* ,molire ev]y:]e emphasises1 intellectual bl9dness1 ! result ( a ma/]y ( ! m9d by compulsory ideas 7ides fixes74 ,! (t5-quot$ indication ( m5tal deafness 9 ,orgon1 :51 to ! s]vant's ann\ncem5t t 8 wife is ill1 he dreamily it]ates ! ejaculations 8,et ,t>tuffe80 & 8,le pauvre homme60 illu/rates ! full comic value ( su* a deta*m5t ( m9d f ! realities :i* are se5 by o!rs to be rapp+ at ! doors ( s5se4 ,?is /ate ( ! intellig5ce r$uc$ to some?+ resembl+ 8mono-ideism0 c>ries ) x a loss ( ! normally cle> self-consci\sness4 ,! fooli% ,arnolphe1 :o1 9 ord] to gu>d himself aga9/ ! risk ( a fai?less sp\se1 subjects ! girl he means to w$ to intol]able re/ra9ts1 has ! delusion t he is a great re=m]1 /rik+ ! hyp]-p$agogic note :5 he says t a woman's m9d is s(t wax4#cjg ,"h & else:]e ! spectator is made to see t ! que] creature is act+ l a somnambuli/1 q unaw>e ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 actions4 ,x ?us #cfg becomes an exhibition ( human folly1 & ( ! droll obliquity & bomba/ic extravagance :i* are folly's insep>able concomitants4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 some:at ( ab/raction "h4 ,to give a t5d5cy complete dom9ance & to r$uce intellig5ce to ! m5ial position ( its s]vant is to de/roy ! organic complexity ( ! man4 ,all ! same1 ?is me?od ( uncov]+ ! drollness ( moral obliquity is n adequately judg$ :5 x is call$ ab/ract4 ,! simplifi$ me*anism /ill lives1 9 a s5se4 ,"o might say t ! mature m9d is r$uc$ to ! level ( ! *ild's4 ,!re is1 inde$1 some?+ sugge/ive ( ! *ild 9 a lull ( naughty temp] 9 ,h>pagon's inquiry ( 8 coa*man1 :at p are say+ ab\t him4 ,a /ill m /rik+ approa* to ! *ildi% occurs :5 ,m4 ,j\rda9 %[s (f to 8 wife & 8 maid 8 newly acquir$ sup]iority ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ! mean+ ( 8prose04 ,x may be add$ t an escape f ! rigidity ( ! ab/ract is secur$ by ! developm5t ( ! obliquity itself4 ,z long z ?+s are se5 to gr[1 !y are tak5 to be alive4 ,! expansion ( ! ridicul\s ambition ( ,m4 ,j\rda9 end[s him ) a c]ta9 pl5itude ( life4 ,x may all be v "o-sid$1 &1 by comp>ison ) ! life ( a normal man1 rem9d u ( ! inflexibility ( a ma*9e2 yet x is /ill a d]ang$ organism t acts1 & n a me*anism4#cjh ,x is to be not$1 too1 t ?\gh !y resemble di/9ctly morbid ab]rations f ! normal patt]n1 ^! *>act]s d n rea* to ! full height ( mania4 ,m4 ,j\rda91 no d\bt1 gets ne> ! b\nd>y t sep>ates sanity f #cfh insanity 9 ! clos+ sc5es ( ! play2#cji b ! comic int5tion is c>eful to keep ! droll figure on ! "r side ( ! b\nd>y4 ,a frequ5t t]m9ation ( ! action 9 ?is com$y is a climax1 9 :i* ! folly ( ! comic "* rises to an outbur/ s volum9\s & torr5t-l z to ?r[ ! onlook]s 9 8 _w into upro>i\s mir?4 ,! f9al befool+ ( ,m4 ,j\rda9 is an example4 ,molire 0 too good an arti/1 & too wise a man1 to try 9 e case to compass ! end ( 8poetic ju/ice0 by giv+ to society 9 its /ruggle ) a mighty & ob/9ate p]v]sion ( humanity m ( a victory ?an ! laugh4 ,unhappy ,alce/e has to ru% into ! des]t )\t 8 ,climne amid ! hil>ity ( onlook]s4 ,arnolphe & ,sgan>elle are no d\bt f\nd out & disappo9t$2 & ,t>tuffe is unmask$ & gets into tr\ble4 ,yet !re is no evid5ce ( a g5]al int5tion to puni%4 ,orgon1 ?\gh he is cur$ ( 8 pi\s delusion by a r\gh surgical op]ation1 receives no m *a/isem5t ?an ,m4 ,j\rda9 receives = hav+ br\ght ali5 int]e/s & an ali5 ma/] into ! home4 ,nor does ev5 t embodim5t ( an ugly vice1 ,h>pagon1 get any?+ wor?y ( be+ call$ a tr\nc+4 ,9 all ?is1 ! ma/] %[s u h[ well he knew h[ to keep at ! po9t ( view :i* he _h select$ z ! comic4 ,let u try to def9e ?is aft] our /udy ( 8 plays4 ,:5 we contra/ ! _w1 quiet & ord]ly = ! mo/ "p1 pres5t$ 9 ^! com$ies ) ! hurly-burly sc5es ( a play ( ,ari/ophanes1 we are tempt$ to say1 z has be5 said1 t ,molire sets be=e our eyes ! realities ( ev]yday life4 ,yet ! comic figures bl[n out into #cfi ridicul\s volume are c]ta9ly n tak5 /raight out ( our famili> _w4 ,!y are always trans=mations1 to ?is ext5t1 t !y are ! simplifi$ embodim5ts ( fully develop$ t5d5cies :i* only %[ !mselves 9 g]m-=m1 & complicat$ m or less by balanc+ t5d5cies1 9 ! real _w :i* is said to be imag$ "h4 ,we seem ?us to h an elem5t ( ! unreal ?r[n aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! real4 ,!re is no anomaly "h :5 once we get at ! comic po9t ( view4 ,9 ,molire's plays1 ! s\rce ( laught] lies 9 ?is v intrusion ( ! ill-%ap5 into a community ( well-r\nd$ =ms4 ,x is ! intrud] on :om we fix ! eye1 = ^: unpr$ictable antics 9 a _w = :i* he is n made our expectation is set4 ,! s]i\s backgr\nd is !re1 b does n take a /rong hold ( our m9ds3 we are n greatly mov$1 = example1 by ! spectacle ( ! suff]+s ( ! daught]s & ! w>ds ( te/y old g5tlem51 or ev5 ( ! we>+ h\sewifely anxieties ( ,madame ,j\rda94 ,! prop] _w1 into :i* ! absurdly ill-fitt$ is "h pit*=k$1 is b a backgr\nd1 r5d]+ ! valuable s]vice ( backgr\nds by ?r[+ into relief & s %>ply def9+ ! =m = :i* ! spectator's eye is accommodat$4 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t ! :ole plot ( "o ( ^! com$ies consi/s 9 ! %[+ up ( ! grotesque unsuitability ( ! comic "* to its environm5t4 ,x gr\ps its p]sons & arranges its sc5es z if ) ! int5tion ( demon/rat+ ! futility ( ! attempt ( ?is droll figure1 lop-sid$1 & ( an awkw>d gait1 to move ab\t 9 our ord]$ _w4 ,?is helps u to und]/& :y ,molire1 ?\gh1 z obs]v$ above1 he n[ & aga9 resorts to old] & m elem5tal s\rces ( mir?1 is able to be s economical 9 ! use ( disguise #cgj ( improbable enc\nt]s1 & ( ! o!r me*anical devices ( ! ent]ta9+ %[4 ,! situations !mselves z well z ! action seem to arise out ( ! fundam5tal facts1 ! giv5 *>act]s & _! relations4 ,?us1 "o is h>dly surpris$ to f9d ,h>pagon 9 ! ignoble "p ( a money-l5d]1 to :om ! son he has p9*$ betakes himself4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! com$y "h provid$ presupposes a tra9$ faculty4 ,!re mu/ be ! quick obs]vant eye t cat*es 9 side-glance all ! relations1 & yet rema9s accommodat$ = ! laughable4 ,!re is no place = a mix$ tone1 = a bl5d ( laught] ) melan*oly s5tim5t4 ,! s]i\s is envisag$ less z ! s]i\s1 ?an z ! framework )9 :i* ! comic figure moves4 ,! mood is "o ( a purely gay obs]vation1 :i* has no room = pity1 indignation1 or any o!r emotion2 :i* is brightly & coldly intellectual2 :i* is cont5t ) j look+ & be+ amus$4 ,= a "r und]/&+ ( ! scope ( laught] 9 com$y1 we ne$ to glance at ano!r ( its developm5ts4 ,9 ! s-call$ 8,com$y ( ,mann]s10 z illu/rat$ 9 ! ,engli% plays ( ! ,re/oration1 we h und\bt$ly to d ) a v special tr5d ( ! comic _s4 ,9 ! art ( ,molire we h = ! mo/ "p ! pres5tation ( an individual grotesquely trans=m$ f ! common social type :i* surr\nds him4 ,x is only 9 a few com$ies1 z ,les ,femmes savantes & ,les ,prcieuses ridicules1 t we h spread out = mir?ful contemplation ! *>act]i/ics ( a set ( p]sons4 ,9 ^!1 ! mod]ate s5sible _w1 aga9/ :i* ! cultivation ( 8! f9e %ades0 looks s ent]ta9+1 is /ill indicat$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 less imm$iately & fully4 ,9 ! plays ( ,congreve & 8 contempor>ies1 we meet #cga ) a comic treatm5t ( m widespread 8mann]s0 ( ! h\r4 ,! s\rces ( _! fun are pretty obvi\s4 ,!re is some?+ ( ! utt] ab&onm5t to disord] & revelry :i* we met ) 9 ! works ( ,ari/ophanes4#caj ,! ord]$ _w1 ) its int]action ( normal *>act]s1 seems blott$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,! plot is1 z ) ,plautus1 a love-intrigue1 & has mu* ( ! co>s5ess & ! degradation ( situation :i* m>k ! popul> ,lat9 com$y4 ,yet x is at lea/ m>k$ (f by ! feature t x frees m5 f ! sordid bus9ess ( s5d+ m5ials to bid = ! prize1 & sets !m face to face ) ! wom5 !y are b5t on obta9+4 ,! wom51 aga91 are n %y maids1 b range f exp]i5c$ wives to ! w\ld-be simpletons fre% f ! c\ntry4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 :ile saucy & dispos$ to make good %[ ( resi/ance1 untrammell$ by any s5tim5tal or o!r atta*m5t to _! *a9s4 ,x seems und5iable t ?is 8artificial0 com$y c make good its claims to be ent]ta9+4 ,x has vivacity & /irr+ movem5t1 ! full frolicsom5ess ( ! practical joke1 & x ab\nds 9 sc5es ( volum9\s gaiety4 ,its dialogue at its be/ has1 along ) its co>s5ess1 an unmi/akable brilliance ( wit4 ,b h[ are we to def9e ! po9t ( view :]e !re is no ord]$ _w z backgr\nd8 ,!re seems no "q "h ( laugh+ at ! affectations ( a few1 :o are view$ z comic ab]rations f a reasonable type4 ,! :ole _w is affect$ ) frolicsome disord]4 ,we are n n[ conc]n$ ) ! m5tal attitude ( ! spectators = :om ^! com$ies 7 writt54 #cgb ,to !m1 no d\bt1 ! spectacle 0 a m]ry "o z br++ a s5se ( relief f ! gloom ( ! ,puritan's reign4 ,x may1 z ,ta9e sugge/s1 h be5 s]v$ up z a k9d ( 8,appetitsbis*50 betwe5 meals1 9 ord] to /imulate ! palates ( ! gallants :o frequ5t$ ! !atre2 ?\gh x is difficult to attribute ?is function to :at by common cons5t 0 int5d$ to provoke mir?ful laught]4 ,:at is ( m importance is to get at ! po9t ( view ( ,*>les ,lamb & o!rs :o av[ t !y f9d a true com$y "h4 ,lamb himself has told u :at attitude a man %\ld br+ to ! appreciation ( ?is com$y4 ,he is to reg>d ^! 8sports ( a witty fancy0 z 8a _w ( !mselves almo/ z mu* z fairyl&04 ,8 moral feel+s are left at home ) 8 morn+ suit4 ,he goes to ! play 9 ord] 8to escape f ! pressure ( reality04 ,= him ! figures t pursue "o ano!r across ! /age h no moral sub/ance1 & are prop] subjects nei!r = approval nor = disapproval4 ,9 o!r words1 ,lamb tells u t ! com$y ( ,congreve & 8 s*ool is to be tak5 z a pure %[1 hold+ no relations to ! real1 ev]yday _w4 ,?is view has be5 spurn$ by ,macaulay1 9 a well-kn[n ,essay1 z subv]sive ( morals4 ,to him1 ! com$y ( ! ,re/oration is a ?+ t is inh]5tly anti-moral 9 _s & int5tion2 & he proce$s to p\nd x ) weighty invectives4 ,! argum5t w\ld h be5 relevant if ! "q _h be5 a practical "o ( ?is k9d3 %all we put ?is com$y on ! /age to-day = our boys & girls to see x8 ,z aga9/ ,lamb's plea x seems to me to be a curi\s case ( miss+ ! po9t4 ,:51 = example1 ,macaulay compla9s t 9 ^! com$ies ! husb&s are treat$ #cgc z objects ( contempt & av]sion1 :]eas ! gallants are deck$ out ) all ! graces1 he might h rememb]$ ! old ,contes & be?\ght him t ?is 0 an elem5t>y condition ( ! artificial _w1 :i* is creat$ solely = amusem5t4 ,8 answ] to ,lamb1 t recollections ( morality d /eal n[ & !n into ?is fanta/ic _w1 does n t\* ! latt]'s ma9 cont5tion1 & only %[s 7s f> z x is j7 t ! creators 7 n p]fect ar*itects1 & tri$ to comb9e incompatible /yles4 ,! moral ord] is /ill 9 ! backgr\nd1 dimly p]ceiv$1 ev5 "h3 ! fun ( ! ?+ is at bottom1 z ,lamb says1 a s5se ( mom5t>y escape f rules :i* we "k _c be set aside 9 ! real _w4 ,b ?is idea ( an escape implies t :at we fly f mu/ n be dragg$ into ! %[4 ,our /udy ( com$y & ( ! s\rces ( laught] has prep>$ u to accept ,lamb's view4 ,! comic spectacle appeals to ! man 9 ! play-mood4 ,:5 !re1 he may see ! fun ( ! turbul5t _w ( ,ari/ophanes & n be tr\bl$ by ! ?\ght ( ! undesirability ( its realisation4 ,ev5 :5 he is ent]ta9$ by a play ( ,molire he does n take ! backgr\nd q s]i\sly1 wax+ indignant1 say1 9 sympa?y ) ,h>pagon's ill-us$ son1 or ) ,m4 ,j\rda9's ill-us$ wife4 ,! lea/ sw]v+ f ! po9t ( view ( com$y1 a turn ( ! m5tal 8eye-glass10 w\ld spoil all4 ,he w\ld beg91 ) ,r\sseau1 to prote/ aga9/ pres5t+ s good a man z ,alce/e 9 a ludicr\s light4 ,! ,re/oration com$y appeals to ! same playful mood simplifi$ by ! tempor>y inhibition ( all outside t5d5cies4 ,x is1 ,i conceive1 a pr(\nd error to suppose t ei!r ! writ] ( a com$y or 8 audi5ce is at ! moral po9t ( view1 envisag+ behavi\r z morally #cgd comm5dable or ! opposite4 ,possibly1 ! influ5ce ( ! didactic morality on e>ly mod]n com$y may h help$ to fo/] ?is error4 ,x is true t ,molire f9ds 8 comic mat]ial 9 c]ta9 defects ( "*4 ,yet ! selections made by comic art are n det]m9$ by degrees ( moral turpitude4 ,z h9t$ above1 v small & comp>atively h>mless vices may be pref]r$ z hav+ ! drolle/ look on ! /age4#caa ,vanity1 ! ri*e/ ( all moral blemi%es 9 its comic possibilities1 & !re=e greatly employ$ by com$y1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 is n judg$ z he9\sly immoral1 l hatr$ & cruelty1 = example4#cab ,?is may suffice to %[ h[ wide an int]val sep>ates ! po9t ( view ( ! spectator ( a com$y f t ( ! moral judge4 ,x seems to me to be mu* m correct to say1 ) ,m4 ,b]gson1 t com$y takes up ! social r ?an ! moral po9t ( view4 ,by ?is ,i mean t ! comic poet is ?9k+ ( ! look ( ?+s to ! tra9$ app]ceptive organ ( ! social k9d ( p]son1 accord+ z !y appe> to be well or ill adapt$ to ! common practices & op9ions ( society z disc]n$ & int]pret$ by its m intellig5t repres5tatives4 ,yet1 9 speak+ ( ! social po9t ( view1 ,i mu/ n be tak5 to mean t ei!r ! au?or or ! spectator ( ! comic sc5e is s]i\sly judg+ ( ! behavi\r ( its figures by a ref]5ce to social values4 ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 an approa* to ?is1 n only 9 ! e>ly mod]n com$y1 b 9 ! lat] s]i\s v>iety1 includ+ "s plays ( ,molire2 b ! art-impulse ( ! writ]1 :]e x is cle>1 prev5ts ! approximation #cge ( po9ts ( view f becom+ a loss ( di/9ctness4 ,com$y addresses itself to a mood ( /hetic contemplation :i*1 ?\gh x has room = ke5 p5etration1 & ev5 = a dim disc]nm5t ( a s]i\s import 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! puppet %[1 rema9s on ! :ole a playful attitude4 ,! spectator is agreeably occupi$ ) ! look ( ?+s2 & su* social consci\sness z is awake 9 him s]ves m]ely to give to 8 p]ceptions a precise measure ( ! seemly1 or at mo/ to enable him to glimpse some?+ ( a %>ply corrective expression 9 ! puck]$ visage ( ! comic %[man4#cac ,9 com$y1 ! moral comes into view z 8mores10 z a "p1 & a pr9cipal "p1 ( ! cu/om>y1 z we h x 9 a civilis$ society4 ,yet x is n dis5gag$ & held up z moral4 ,molire1 ! ,com$ian ( ,society p> excell5ce1 %[s u cle>ly en\gh t he is n try+ to di/+ui% ! m p]man5t & univ]sal basis ( society 9 morality f ! v>iable accid5ts :i* ent] into ! mann]s ( a p>ticul> society at a giv5 date4 ,! 8gu%+0 mode ( acco/ adopt$ by m]e acqua9tances :i* irritates ,alce/e is accept$ by ! poet z a /&>d ( ! fitt+1 j because z a fa%ion x is a social in/itution1 to be good-natur$ly accept$ by ! social k9d ( p]son4 ,:5 ,m4 ,j\rda9 tries to /ep out ( 8 b\rgeois rank1 ! laught] he provokes dep5ds prim>ily on ! unseeml9ess ( 8 ambition4 ,yet1 at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,p>is or ,london1 su* ambition is s common & meets ) s l>ge a success t we h almo/ =gott5 to smile at x4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,ta9e talks ( ,molire z a 8philosoph]0 illu/rat+ 8univ]sal tru?s10 he commits an error :i* may be p>don$1 z due to ! natural incl9ation to /ret* ! a*ievem5t ( a great #cgf compatriot4#cad ,:at ,molire does is to secure = ! r oddly =m$ gr\p ( cu/oms & practices adopt$ by ! p>ticul> society he is depict+1 adequate expon5ts1 :o1 9 _! advocacy ( ! social sy/em aga9/ ! socially p]v]se1 n only dis5gage & give cle>ness to ! unwritt5 laws1 b may--s long z !y d n raise ! "q ( _! deep] gr\nds--seek to recomm5d !m by ! mo/ enlight5$ pres5tm5t ( ! common-s5se attitude4 ,n[1 9 sub/itut+ ! social = ! moral po9t ( view1 ! writ] ( com$y necess>ily t5ds to slack5 ! cords t b9d u 9 society4 ,no?+ comes out m pla9ly 9 ,molire's plays ?an ! good-natur$ accommodation ( social requirem5ts to human infirmities4 ,! au?or di/9ctly rejects ! idea ( go+ above ?is /&>d1 ( try+ to improve on social cu/oms--= example1 9 ! comic treatm5t ( ,alce/e & ( ,arnolphe4 ,at he>t1 l 8 ,roman pr$ecessors1 he takes sides ) indulg5ce aga9/ all irksome re/ra9t4 ,he has ! l>ge tol]ance1 ! read9ess to excuse & to pass by1 ( ! easy man ( ! _w4 ,climne's coquetries1 = example1 are accept$ z natural 9 "o :o 8is tw5ty ye>s old04 ,s x mu/ be2 = com$y is writt5 to put u into an easy frame ( m9d1 9 :i* we are p]fectly cont5t ) ! _w z x is4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 we may see t ! com$y ( mann]s is n1 fundam5tally1 s diff]5t f t ( "* z is (t5 ma9ta9$4 ,x breaks ) ! moral ord] ( /able societies1 no d\bt1 & turns its back r rudely on ?is ord]4 ,yet x may /ill1 9 a s5se1 be said to adopt ! social po9t ( view4 ,t is to say1 x envisages #cgg ! seemly z t :i* falls 9 ) ! code ( mann]s :i* happ5s to obta9 at ! "t4 ,its /&>d ( fitness is1 l t ( ! savage & ( ,molire1 ! cu/oms ( ! tribe4 ,x is ! s\r-temp]$ & suspici\s husb&1 = :om ,macaulay expresses s droll a conc]n1 :o 9 ?is inv]t$ _w becomes ! anti-social k9d ( p]son4 ,! l>ge indulg5ce ( ?is society is b an expansion ( ! indulg5ce common to ,t]5ce & to ,molire4 ,a sub-consci\s aw>5ess ( ! topsy-turvyness ( ?+s is ) u z we look2 & ! qua9t fancifulness ( ! inv]sion--if only l ,lamb we c refuse = a mom5t to take s]i\s views--is di/9ctly refre%+4 ,9 say+ t we g to meet com$y 9 ! play-mood1 9 :i* our habits ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 & ev5 ( e/imation ( social values1 are lull$ to a sleep m or less pr(\nd1 x is n meant t ^! s]i\s t5d5cies 9 u c be ignor$ by ! writ] ( com$y4 ,z impli$ above1 !y m\ld our =ms ( ! seemly1 unkn[+ly to u p]haps1 ev5 z we look4 ,& m1 ?\gh inhibit$ by ! play-l mood1 !y h =ce2 & %\ld ! %[man g too f>1 say 9 ! direction ( /ripp+ (f ! veil ( dec5cy1 !y may wake up & make an end ( ! comic enjoym5t4 ,j z tragic fe> & pity may give way to physical revulsion :5 horror obtrudes itself1 s :5 9 com$y ! unclean ?ru/s into view its ugly head1 a sort ( physical revulsion may sil5ce laught]4 ,! latitude 9 ^! matt]s conc$$ f "t to "t to comic art w1 x is evid5t1 v>y greatly ) ! p>ticul> ratio betwe5 ! vig\rs ( ! mir?ful & moral t5d5cies4 ,! pres5tation ( ! comic aspects ( m5's behavi\r on ! /age is n>r[ly limit$4 ,z ,sa9te-,beuve rem9ds u1 a :ole p may h a fit 7accs7 ( mania4 ,if #cgh ?is happ5 to be ! w>-fury we %all h giv5 u1 z po9t$ out above1 unmi/akable elem5ts ( comic situation & "*4 ,inde$1 if a p]son :o has j be5 9 ! mid/ ( a wild 8,j+oism0 )\t los+ 8 head w read ,molire's plays he w n fail to be /ruck by num]\s resemblances4 ,& "h1 z 9 com$y1 ! figures h _! comical cont\rs & poses ?r[n into relief by a social backgr\nd1 z mu* sup]ior to any s+le community at a p>ticul> mom5t1 z a community to "o ( its memb]s4 ,yet no national com$y c\ld 9 ^! days foll[ ,ari/ophanes & use su* promis+ mat]ial1 nor are we likely z yet to h a com$y = ! civilis$ _w4 ,be=e leav+ com$y1 we may glance at o!r =ms ( lit]ature :i* seem to approa* its po9t ( view4 ,( c]ta9 k9ds ( ! s-call$ s]i\s com$y ( rec5t times ,i d n propose to speak4 ,x seems m important to rem>k t prose fiction may n[ & aga9 draw ne> ! comic po9t ( view4 ,x sometimes pres5ts u ) a texture ( fanta/ic situations & adv5tures :i* rem9ds u ( ! ,ari/ophanean burlesque1 z 9 ! 8,t>t>90 s]ies ( ,alphonse ,daudet4 ,?is type ( fiction gives u elem5tal laught]1 uncomplicat$ by any?+ 9 ! nature ( sad reflection--?\gh a little ( ! t5d]ness ( hum\r may /eal 94 ,or ! tone ( ! /ory may approa* t ( ! m s$ate com$y1 mak+1 inde$1 ! "o h>dly di/+ui%able f ! o!r1 save ?r\gh ! n>rative =m4 ,?is holds good1 = example1 ( ! novels ( ,miss ,au/54 ,! social po9t ( view is %>ply def9$ & /eadily adh]$ to1 & critical reflection is conf9$ to ! rle ( giv+ a full] & m lucid int]pretation ( ! /&>ds ( ! society illu/rat$4 ,! comic po9t ( view may intrude1 too1 & t5d to become supreme 9 fiction :i* has some?+ ( ! #cgi deep] & m ?rill+ import4 ,x seems to h be5 pres5t1 at times at lea/1 to ,balzac1 & to ,?ack]ay4 ,b x is 9 ,mr4 ,m]$i?'s novels t we may /udy a new & a f9] employm5t ( ! comic attitude 9 connection ) ! m en?rall+ k9d ( int]e/4 ,! v subjects--= example1 ! egoi/ entangl$ 9 ! situation :i* makes l>ge dem&s = consid]ation2 ! fa!r ) a p$agogic sy/em ( 8 own concoction2 ! tailor m successful 9 so>+ ?an 8 cli5t ,m4 ,j\rda91 ) c]ta9 consequ5ces to 8 family2 ! gallant cadet ( an anci5t h\se affect$ ) ! zeal ( radicalism--^! s\nd l ! titles ( com$y4 ,& ?\gh ! writ] may all[ ! re$y tone ( hum\r to be he>d n[ & aga9 he gives prom95ce to ! fluty note ( com$y1 ) its simplicity & cle>ness1 & some?+ ( its s\nd ( %>p correction1 too4 ,occasionally inde$1 z 9 ,beau*amp's ,c>e]1 ?is *>act]i/ic note w be di/9ctly he>d at ! end ( a /ory :i* closes on a tragic disa/]4 ,yet a clos] inspection w %[ t ?\gh ! po9t ( view ( ^! writ]s may approximate to t ( ! comic poet1 x rema9s di/9ct4 ,?is di/9ctness1 moreov]1 is n due m]ely to ! pres5ce ( a l>ge s]i\s int]e/ :i* gives gravity to ! /ory4 ,x arises out ( ! circum/ance t ! writ] ( prose fiction1 by address+ himself to ! reflective mood ( a solit>y read]1 & n to ! app]ceptive attitude ( a spectator1 w1 ev5 9 pres5t+ ! comic aspects ( 8 subject1 unavoidably t5d to transc5d ! /&>ds ( fitness adopt$ by a p>ticul> community1 sub/itut+ = ^! ! ideal /&>ds ( a community ( ! wise & good4 ,9 com$y we h ! appeal to laught] 9 its purity1 ! *ild's laught] at ! funny %[ guid$ by an intellig5t grasp ( social cu/oms4 ,x addresses itself to ! #chj _m1 unit$ by common modes ( judgm5t & a common /&>d ( fitness4 ,lit]ature gives u1 h[ev]1 appeals ( ano!r k9d4 ,! writ] :o amuses u may seem1 at lea/1 to be v f> f ! social po9t ( view1 & ! mood he induces may be by no means t ( pure gaiety4 ,aft] :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a few words mu/ suffice to indicate ^! o!r lit]>y expressions ( ! laugh+ _s4 ,we may di/+ui% two ma9 v>ieties ( ?is mix$ tone3 7a7 ! comb9ation ( laught] ) ! attitude ( s]i\s attack1 z illu/rat$ 9 satire2 7b7 its comb9ation ) mell[+ feel+s 9 :at we h recognis$ z mod]n hum\r4 ,! di/+ui%+ note ( satire is ! angry "o ( reprobation4 ,"h vices & follies are no long] set be=e u z a div]t+ spectacle1 b emphasis is laid on _! moral indignity4 ,! satiri/ is at ! po9t ( view ( ! moral judge2 only1 in/ead ( ! calmness ( ! judge1 he has some?+ ( ! fi]ce attitude ( ! prosecutor :o aims at expos+ & d5\nc+ ! turpitude ( an (f5ce4 ,?is be+ s1 we see t laught] ent]s into satire z an expression ( contempt & z an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t4 ,x assumes its mo/ pung5t & mo/ dread$ =m1 ridicule or d]ision4 ,x is ?us less a spontane\s feel+ ?an a volitional process3 ! satiri/ wills to mock4 ,z satiri/ he controls 8 p]sonal indignation by an arti/ic purpose1 su* a pres5tm5t ( 8 victim z w excite 9 8 he>]s or read]s ! full laught] ( contempt4 ,h5ce1 ! l>ge lic5se he takes1 9 ! employm5t ( exagg]ation & ! devices ( c>icature1 9 ! inv5tion ( degrad+ situations1 & 9 ! appropriation ( humiliat+ comp>ison1 figure ( spee* & ! o!r res\rces ( 8 art4 #cha ,x is cle> t ! mir?ful _s :5 x ?us l5ds itself to ! purpose ( damag+ attack becomes modifi$ to ! po9t ( trans=mation4 ,to laugh ) ,juv5al or ) ,swift is to feel m ( a bitt] malignity ?an ( gaiety4 ,we may say t satire takes u back to ! brutal laught] ( ! savage /&+ jubilant ov] 8 pro/rate foe4 ,or we may describe ! laught] z a feel+ ( 8sudd5 glory0 deeply t+$ by ! dom9ant angry attitude ( ! laugh]4 ,yet ! intrusion ( laught] into invective1 j because x is ! solv5t ( all s]i\s moods1 t5ds1 z we h se51 to develop1 if only = an in/ant1 a light] tone4 ,h5ce ! gamut ( dissimil> tones 9 satire1 :i* at ! "o end is furi\sly d5unciatory1 at ! o!r almo/ playful & good-temp]$ly jocul>4 ,! e>ly popul> 8f>ce0 ( ! ,greeks1 ) its mock+ & ironical spee*es1 & ! satirical songs ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 app>5tly pieces ( rollick+ fun1 l ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 :i* ! satirical note 0 half-dr[n$ 9 buffooni% laught]4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! composition is palpably a satire1 ! s]i\s purpose may be se5 to dom9ate & to col\r ! :ole expression4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( satire1 ?us r\ghly indicat$1 hold good alike :e!r ! vices expos$ be ^? ( an individual1 ( a social class1 ( a society at a p>ticul> mom5t1 or ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,9 any case1 ! po9t ( view is cle>ly t ( a suppos$ moral judge & s5t5c]4 ,! pres5ce ( a purpose ( s]i\s exposure is n by any means equally cle> 9 all cases2 :5ce ! d5otation ( ! t]m satire is n %>ply b\nd$4 ,com$y itself has be5 said to h a /rong satirical elem5t1 & ?is seems c]ta9ly true ( ! compositions ( ,ari/ophanes1 :i*1 z ,b]gk rem>ks1 conta9 9 _! mixture ( tones #chb a 8bit+ scorn0 & a 8bitt] irony04#cae ,romances1 z pictures ( m5 & _! mann]s1 are (t5 describ$ z satirical1 presumably because a free del9eation ( human vices is tak5 to imply ! condemnatory attitude & ! int5tion to ca/igate4 ,yet "h ! ca/igation may be ( ! milde/1 z 9 ,gil ,blas1 :i*1 accord+ to ,sa9te-,beuve1 does n hold up m5 9 ! mass to ridicule z wick$ & fooli%1 b r exposes _! meanness & dulness4#caf ,m4 ,ta9e f9ds ! satiri/'s la% laid on heavily 9 ! ,engli% s*ool ( fiction1 ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ,?ack]ay4#cag ,yet judgm5ts z to a writ]'s int5tion bas$ on ! prevail+ tone ( ! _w he portrays are apt to seem subjective & caprici\s4 ,satire prop]1 :]e ! purpose ( ridicule is confess$1 is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,we see ?is 9 ! works ( ,juv5al1 ( :om ,pr(4 ,tyrrell writes1 8,he is always 9 a rage & a laugh seems to sit /rangely on 8 lips04#cah ,9 ?is m s]i\s & poignant satire ! laugh takes on a %rill note ( malignity f its m5tal ent\rage4 ,! virul5ce ( ! satire ( antiquity has s9ce be5 s(t5$4 ,?is is frequ5tly effect$ by allegorical disguise4 ,! m$ival satires1 su* z t on cunn+ & trea*]y 9 ! fable ( ! ,fox1 are examples4 ,! satires ( ,voltaire & ( ! ,engli% satiri/s1 includ+ ! bitt] & unsp>+ ,swift1 illu/rate ! same t5d5cy4 ,?is ?r[+ ( a fi]ce attack1 :e!r political or moral1 into ! =m ( an allegory1 ?\gh x seems to veil ! direction ( ! assault1 really gives x m po9t4 ,9 ! attacks ( d]ision1 at lea/1 a back-h&$ bl[ may (t5 hurt m ?an "o /raight f ! %\ld]4 ,! read]'s satisfaction includes no d\bt an #chc elem5t ( admiration = ! f9esse ( art3 yet m seems to be involv$4 ,swift c\ld n h %[n u ! absurdities 9 our social & political in/itutions half z well by any direct attack on !m z he has %[n u by ! indirect attack 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,! indignity ( a famili> vice or folly seems to be made palpable :5 x is ?us ridicul$ "u ! guise ( "s new semblance4 ,fur!r1 our laught] at ! vice is re9=c$ by t :i* comes f ! detection ( ! make-believe ( ! allegory4 ,! playful elem5t probably takes on some?+ ( malice f ! prevail+ tone ( ! satire1 & 9 ! end we may laugh yet m cruelly at ! victim :o is ev] be+ anew detect$1 s to speak1 "u ! lit]>y mask4 ,mu* ! same k9d ( rem>k applies to ! effect ( simile1 innu5do1 irony1 & all t we mean by wit 9 satire4 ,we h t\*$ on ! playful side ( wit "u ! head ( ,com$y4 ,b ?is is only a "p ( :at ! ^w commonly implies4 ,ev5 9 comic dialogue !re is some?+ ( attack1 & ! witty wom5 ( ! ,re/oration & o!r writ]s h n[ & aga9 a rasp+ tongue4 ,yet x is 9 satire t we see ! deep malignity ( wit4 ,! witty s>casms ( ,voltaire & ! re/ seem to be imps ( malice disguis$ z toys4 ,! sally ( cruel mean+ out ( :at looks h>mless nons5se1 or a m]e v]bal slip--z 9 ! poli%$ rebuke ( a ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity to a too confid5t ,junior ,fell[1 8we are all fallible1 ev5 ! y\nge/ ( u0--has a w\nd+ =ce great] ?an t ( a direct mode ( /atem5t4 ,! effect is /ill great] :]e failure & disgrace are exhibit$ "u a ?9 ironical veil ( glori\s a*ievem5t1 z 9 ,pope's l9es on ! ,"l ,mayor's ,%[--said by ,leigh ,hunt to be ! f9e/ piece ( wit he knew3-- #chd ,n[ night desc5d+ ! pr\d sc5e is o'er1 ,b lives 9 ,settle's numb]s "o day m4 ,9 all su* ironical inv]sion ! satiri/ manages by a sugge/ion ( ! wor?y & hon\rable to drive home ) add$ =ce ! humiliat+ tru?2 z 9 ! rem>k ( ,cic]o1 apropos ( an eld]ly dame :o said t %e 0 b =ty ye>s old3 8,i mu/ believe h]1 = ,i h he>d h] say s any "t ^! t5 ye>s04#cai ,! pres5tation 9 ?is case ( some?+ hidd51 imm$iately foll[$ by an uncov]+1 may evoke an e*o ( ! 8bo-peep0 laugh ( infancy1 :i* %\ld1 "o supposes1 t5d to introduce a mild] & playful tone into ! attack2 yet1 ow+ to ! pr$om9ance ( ! attitude ( fi]ce d]ision1 ?is v elem5t ( playfulness appe>s1 someh[1 to give a new pung5cy to ! satirical ?ru/4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unlike ! laught] ( virul5t satire ?an t provok$ by ! expression ( hum\r 9 lit]ature4 ,z our analysis w\ld lead u to expect1 we f9d 9 ! truly humor\s writ] ! mell[+ influ5ces ( good nature & sympa?y1 & a l>ge und]/&+ & acceptance ( t aga9/ :i* he pokes fun4 ,:ile satire1 s>casm & _! k9d seem to be try+ to pu% ?+s away1 or at lea/ to alt] !m1 hum\r1 curi\sly en\gh1 looks z if x 7 t5d]ly hold+ to ! _w :i* ent]ta9s x4 ,yet :ile all humor\s writ+s illu/rate ^! t5d5cies1 ! subjective & p]sonal quality ( hum\r is se5 9 ! circum/ance t e writ] br+s to be> on :at he sees a new temp] & attitude4 ,! contra/ ( ! satirical & ! humor\s po9t ( view may be conv5i5tly /udi$ by glanc+ at ! curr5t #che & mu*-discuss$ di/9ction betwe5 wit & hum\r4 ,t ^! d n logically make a pair ( contra/+ species has be5 impli$ 9 our analysis ( ! two4 ,p]haps n[h]e d we f9d ! human m9d to h be5 m /rangely misl$ by ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( two words ?an 9 ?is case4 ,wit1 z ess5tially a mann] ( deportm5t ( ! intellig5ce1 c /& 9 no simple & direct relation to an emotional mood l hum\r4 ,no d\bt !re are facts :i* give col\r to ! idea ( an opposition 9 ?is case4 ,?us1 x is indubitable t :]eas hum\r specially fav\rs c]ta9 k9ds ( imag9ative & reflective activity1 wit seems always to pref]1 ev5 9 its play1 some?+ 9 ! %ape ( an incisive logical process4#cbj ,b ,i suspect t ! deep] gr\nd ( ! di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ! wit :i* is mo/ brilliant1 ( ke5e/ edge1 & mo/ effective 9 its /roke1 appe>s always to gr[ out (1 & s becomes associat$ )1 ^? moods ( satire & mordant mock]y1 to :i* hum\r z good-natur$ & tol]ant is directly oppos$4 ,s x is ) ! wit ( ,voltaire & ( o!rs ( 8 c5tury4 ,a clos] exam9ation w1 h[ev]1 %[ t !re is no?+ incompatible betwe5 ! humor\s s5tim5t & ! witty mode ( behavi\r ( ! intellect4 ,z play inde$1 wit q naturally allies itself to ! attitude ( hum\r4 ,x w be f\nd t mu* t is commonly describ$ z wit discloses ! s(t5+ effect ( hum\r1 & might1 inde$1 j z well be call$ an illu/ration ( hum\r4 ,^? :o really "k ! ,iri% w sometimes hesitate :e!r to speak ( _! wit or ( _! hum\r4 ,! same applies1 ,i feel sure1 to a l>ge numb] ( #chf ,%akespe>e's 8witticisms04#cba ,9 all su* cases1 ! wit1 :i* :5 set 9 ! fi]ce mood ( ! satiri/ has a na/y /+1 n only becomes h>mless1 b may take on some?+ ( positive k9dl9ess :5 x is temp]$ by an infusion ( g5ial hum\r4 ,! rem>k apropos ( a v correct p]son1 8,he has n "o r$eem+ vice10 may illu/rate ! po9t4 ,x may ev51 9 ?is h>mless =m1 come into a laugh :i* tells aga9/ ! humori/1 z 9 ! obs]vation ( an idl]1 8,i don't l work+ betwe5 my meals04#cbb ,yet ?\gh 9 _! well-m>k$ =ms ?us dissimil>1 ! satirical & ! humor\s mood may %ade "o into ! o!r 9 a way t makes x difficult to draw ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,he9e1 9 "s ( 8 writ+s1 e4g41 ! poem ,deuts*l&1 temp]s 8 mock]y ) s5tim5t & hum\r 9 su* a way t "o f9ds x h>d to ?9k ( x z a satire4 ,9 places1 inde$1 ?is g5ius1 s simple-look+ yet really s pr(\nd1 seems to become a consummate humori/1 br++ out ) a s+le t\* all ! laught] & all ! te>s ( ?+s4 ,0 ,lewis ,c>roll a satiri/ :5 he ?rew beh9d ! fun ( 8 *ildr5's /ories "s deep] mean+ :i* = ev] eludes u8 or 0 ?is semblance ( a mean+ a "p ( 8 fun1 8 playful way ( puni%+ ! 8gr[n up0 = read+ a *ild's book8 #chg ,9 mod]n lit]ature1 ! int]e/+ po9t to note is ! gr[+ int]p5etration ( ! laugh+ & ! s]i\s attitude1 & ! coalesc5ce ( ! mir?ful _s ) s5tim5t4 ,! two processes1 ?\gh di/9ct1 may run on toge!r1 z we may see 9 ,%akespe>e's plays4 ,! humor\s elem5t introduc$ by ! fool 9 8,le>0 & else:]e at once relieves ! tragic t5sion1 & gives a mom5t's play to t disposition t[>ds a light] laugh+ criticism :i* is always active :5 we survey colossal folly1 ev5 ?\gh ! m5tal eye is at ! mom5t focuss$ = its cata/rophic effects4 ,! laught] is controll$ & kept t5d]ly humor\s & half-sad by a l>ge reflection1 :i* does n lose sight1 ev5 at ! reliev+ mom5t1 ( ! lam5table ru94 ,x is only ano!r way ( comb9+ ! 8fun0 & ! 8pity0 ( x :5 ! ma/] br+s a g5ial hum\r into com$y & makes u1 ) 8 fai?ful foll[] ,b>dolph1 half-love & m ?an half-pity ! faulty knight :o s m]rily ent]ta9s u4 ,z we h se51 prose-fiction may illu/rate ! comic _s & some?+ ( ! fi]c] temp] ( satire4 ,yet laught] comes into x 9 ano!r =m4 ,x has to accommodate itself to ! pres5ce ( s]i\s int]e/s1 & ( a plot :i* involves sympa!tic fe> & /ra94 ,h5ce x appe>s 9 /ories :i* h a mix$ tone1 z x does inde$ 9 com$y :5 ?is is n pure--= example1 8h]oic com$y10 z illu/rat$ by ,m4 ,ro/&'s ,cyrano--9 ! guise ( hum\r4 ,t is to say1 its gay treble note is complicat$ by an und]tone1 a resonance ( ! sadness ( its milieu4 ,"o ne$s only to ?9k h[ "o laughs at ,moses & 8 pur*ase ( spectacles 9 ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 or at ! disfigurem5t ( ! h]o 9 ,cyrano4 ,a novel may1 ( c\rse1 pres5t ! grave & ! gay 9 m]e juxtaposition1 s t ! int]action & #chh modification "h spok5 ( are only v imp]fectly realis$4 ,! notion ( a good /ory ent]ta9$ by _m is ( "o t be>s ! imag9ation ( ! read] swiftly ?r\gh a s]ies ( div]se sc5es1 n[ grave & pa!tic1 n[ gay & mir?ful4 ,a l>ge "p ( mod]n fiction satisfies ?is ne$4 ,/ories ( wild adv5ture f ,gil ,blas to ,tom ,jones are 8humor\s0 to ! multitude 9 ?is s5se4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( a real humori/ l ,dick5s1 ^: amus+ figures are !re to t\* ! he>t z well z to ent]ta9 ! imag9ation1 ! p]fect h>monis+ ( tones may sometimes seem to be want+4 ,a humori/ ( ano!r complexion1 ,laur5ce ,/]ne1 seems to h miss$ ! judici\s mixture ( laught] & s5tim5t 9 8 ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney4#cbc ,! art ( humor\s writ+ consi/s 9 "p 9 select+ *>act]s1 incid5ts & ! re/ 9 su* a way z to exhibit ! intimate connections betwe5 t :i* amuses & t :i* t\*es ! s]i\s s5tim5ts1 respect & pity2 & to develop ! reflective consci\sness :i* su/a9s ! mood ( hum\r4 ,goldsmi?'s hi/ory ( ! ,vic> & 8 family is "o ( ! be/ examples4 ,scott's ,antiqu>y & ,field+'s ,p>son ,adams are *>act]s :i* at once ent]ta9 & w9 u4 ,su* humor\s types involve1 z ,leigh ,hunt has po9t$ out1 a /rik+ contra/ )9 ! *>act]s1 e4g41 ! gullible & ! manly 9 ,p>son ,adams2#cbd & ! %>pness ( ?is contra/ turns on t ( ! feel+s excit$ by ! con/itu5ts4 ,! *>act]s select$ by humor\s fiction may be consci\sly amus+1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,m]ry ,knight1 or :olly unconsci\s ( _! laught]-provok+ p[]4 ,a valuable "p ( ?is amus+ portraiture consi/s 9 br++ out #chi ! fre% & odd-look+ *>act]i/ics n only ( individuals1 b ( classes & ev5 ( races4 ,9 addition to ?is objective pres5tation ( ! humor\s aspects ( "* & its relations1 ! writ] may fur!r ! effect by /rik+ n[ & aga9 und]tones ( qua9t reflection & s introduc+ an elem5t ( subjective hum\r4 ,! notion t su* reflection is out ( place 9 n>rative art seems /range to a /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,if !re 0 room = ! comm5ts ( ! onlook+ *orus 9 ,greek drama1 & = ! yet deep] reflections suppli$ by ! act+ onlook]s 9 ,%akespe>e's plays1 !re %\ld be room = x 9 a prose n>rative4 ,9 tru?1 "s ( ! be/ writ]s ( fiction1 ,field+1 ,?ack]ay & ,george ,eliot among o!rs1 make excell5t use ( ?is reflective accompanim5t4 ,9 ! be/ works ( ! la/-nam$ writ] we h some?+ ( ,%akespe>e's art ( add+ a pregnant obs]vation :i*1 s f> f di/urb+1 r fur!rs ! mood ne$$ = a due appreciation ( ! action4 ,9 ! great humor\s writ+s1 ^? ( ,rabelais1 ,c]vantes &--remov$ by an int]val no d\bt--,/]ne1 we appe> to f9d pres5t$ a l>g5ess ( subject & ( treatm5t :i* makes direct appeal z mu* to reflection z to p]ception4 ,y mu/ "k ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* are be+ laugh+ly kick$ aside1 be=e y w ev5 c>e = ,g>gantua2 y mu/ envisage ,don ,quixote & 8 squire1 n z two individuals or ev5 z two types ( "*1 b z embodim5ts ( two remote levels ( culture1 & m1 ( two oppos$ ways ( look+ at ! _w1 be=e y w beg9 to feel all ! hum\r ( ^! juxtapositions4 ,& s ( ! great contra/ betwe5 ,mr4 ,%&y & 8 bro!r1 ! ,capta94 ,!re is no ne$ = ! int]polation ( reflection3 ! scale1 ! bread? #cij ( treatm5t1 ! weal? ( ideas p\r$ out1 ^! compel u to reflect4 ,! laught] :i* comes f ! p]ceptions ( ! utt] incongruity ( ! m5tal & moral /ructures ?us juxtapos$ & atta*$ is saturat$ ) ?is reflection4 ,& m1 s "r1 s likeable1 s e/imable ev5 is ea* ( ^! contra/+ *>act]s1 ) its well-m>k$ temp] & manire de voir1 t our sympa?ies g out t[>ds bo?4 ,?us we leave ! p]ceptual level & ! relative po9t ( view ( com$y f> beh9d u1 rea*+ a /&po9t ne> t ( ! ?9k] :o embraces all p>ticul> po9ts ( view1 & yet may manage to h 8 own laugh 9 ! end4 ,:51 z 9 ,jean ,paul's ,sieb5ks1 & yet m cle>ly 9 ,c>lyle's ,s>tor ,res>tus1 ! contra/ seems to op5 up ! great collision 9 human exp]i5ce betwe5 s5tim5t & prosaic reality1 idealism & ! e>?-b9d+ in/9cts ( practical life1 we /&1 inde$1 on ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ! hum\r ( fiction & t ( philosophy4 ,hum\r has its place1 a respectable "o too1 9 essays & o!r =ms ( lit]ature :i* deal directly ) reality & are products n s mu* ( imag9ation z ( ?\ght4 ,9 ^!1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! s]i\s & ! playful appe>s 9 transitions f a p]fectly grave to a humor\s k9d ( reflection4 ,m>k$ diff]5ces ( tone are obs]vable "h also4 ,! humor\s rem>k may be b a mom5t>y div]sion ( ! att5tion1 a playful side-glance1 9 a s]i\s argum5t4 ,9 "s writ+s1 e4g41 ^? ( ,sir ,?os4 ,br[ne & ( ,lamb1 ! humor\s elem5t h>dly am\nts to a digression1 or ev5 to a mom5t>y int]ruption1 b is fus$ into & half lo/ to sight 9 ! s]i\s argum5t4#cbe ,among m rec5t writ]s1 too1 includ+ "s yet liv+1 we h admirable examples ( hi/orical n>rative #cia & criticism lit up "h & !re ) s(t gl[-worm po9ts ( hum\r4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! humor\s feature may be s l>ge z to modify ! col\r ( ! :ole1 z 9 ,miss ,k+sley's ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,an ,essay1 aga91 may be z a :ole a jeu d'esprit & ! fun seem to prepond]ate1 :ile ! mann] is ?r\gh\t t ( grave argum5t2 or1 9 m subtle "w1 z "s ( ,*>les ,lamb's1 x may be be/ describ$ z fun s&wi*$ 9 betwe5 a look ( s]i\sness on ! surface1 & a real s]i\sness ( mean+ bel[4 ,! fusion ( tones leaves mu* to be desir$ 9 ! case ( _m writ]s :o are popul>ly reg>d$ z skill$ humori/s4 ,a m]e int]ruption ( s]i\s ?\ght by a sort ( playful 8aside0 does n prove ! exi/5ce ( ! gift ( hum\r1 :i* is ess5tially ! p[] ( play+ on moods n only dissimil> b usually antagoni/ic 9 a way t avoids all %ock & s5se ( discont9uity4 #cib ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ultimate ,,value ,,& ,,limitations ,,( ,,laught]4 ,our /udy has tak5 u ?r\gh v>i\s regions ( rese>*4 ,9 look+ = ! g]m ( laught] we f\nd ourselves 9 ! wide & mi/y pla9s ( biological speculation4 ,9 trac+ its developm5t we took a dip into ! pleasant vales ( *ild-psy*ology & an?ropology1 & !n tri$ to climb ! w9d+ pa?s ( social evolution4 ,hav+ rea*$ 9 ?is way ! heights ( mod]n civilisation1 we made a special inve/igation into ! social organisation ( laught]1 z repres5t$ 9 ! art ( com$y1 & into ! gradual appe>ance ( a new type ( laught]1 ess5tially individual & indep5d5t ( ! social /&>d1 to :i* is giv5 ! "n ( hum\r4 ,?r\gh\t ?is voyage ( discov]y we h kept 9 view ! "q ( ! function ( ! laugh+ _s 9 ! life ( ! individual & ( ! community4 ,x rema9s to det]m9e ?is function m precisely4 ,9 ord] to assign its prop] place & its value to a l>ge spiritual t5d5cy su* z runs ?r\gh human mir?1 we mu/ = a mom5t pu% our inve/igation into a yet m difficult & obscure region1 t ( philosophy4 ,?is is necess>y = m ?an "o reason4 ,to beg91 we c h>dly hope to rea* a cle> view ( ! wor? ( ! laugh+ impulse )\t ! help ( "s cle>ly ?\ght view ( life z a :ole2 & su* a 8,weltans*auung0 #cic seems only to be atta9able at ! level ( philosophic reflection4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a second reason = ent]+ ?is m remote & private doma9 ( k4 ,philosophy is a c>ry+ =w>d to its highe/ po9t ( developm5t ( t individual criticism ( life1 ) :i*1 z we h se51 ! quiet] tones ( laught] associate !mselves4 ,x w\ld ?us seem to be desirable to inquire h[ f> along ! road ( philosophic speculation ?is companion%ip ( ! mir?ful _s 9 h] quiet] mood is possible4 ,?is inquiry may conv5i5tly be pursu$ at once z supplem5t>y to our discussion ( hum\r4 ,z po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] on ! subject1 reflective hum\r gr[s out ( a mutual approximation ( two t5d5cies :i* seem to ! unexam9+ p]son to be directly antagoni/ic1 namely1 ! :olly s]i\s turn = wise reflection & ! playful b5t t[>ds laught]4 ,9 philosophic hum\r1 t\*$ on 9 our survey ( ! laughable 9 lit]ature1 ?is antagonism seems at fir/ sight to be p>ticul>ly %>p4 ,! pla9 man1 to :om philosophic speculation pres5ts itself z some?+ remote f all human int]e/s z he conceives ( !m1 may well receive a %ock :5 he he>s t x holds pot5tialities ( a smile at lea/1 if n ( a laugh--= ! p]son :o engages 9 ! occupation1 t is to say1 & n m]ely = him :o looks on4 ,x seems to be incumb5t on u1 !re=e1 to try to make ?is draw+ toge!r ( impulses :i* look s ho/ile a little m intelligible4 ,! humori/1 z we h view$ him1 is able ?r\gh ! developm5t ( 8 individuality to deta* himself f _m ( ! common judgm5ts & mu* ( ! common laught] ( ! p>ticul> community ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,he develops 8 own amus+ mode ( contemplation1 :i* involves a l>ge sub/itution = ! /&>ds #cid ( cu/om & 8common-s5se10 ( ! ideal /&>ds ( reason4 ,! habit ( philosophic ?\ght may be said to complete ?is uplift+ ( ! individual to ideal heights1 & its concomitant process1 ! expansion ( ! view ( ! irrational1 ! ess5tially unfitt+1 ! amus+4 ,a ^w mu/ suffice to indicate ! way 9 :i* x does ?is4 ,philosophy1 z we "k1 go+ boldly beyond ! special sci5ces1 pu%es on to a deep] k ( ?+s1 & ( ^! 9 _! totality1 ( :at we call ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is ef=t x has to envisage ?+s 9 a way ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ev]yday obs]vation4 ,! mod]n philosoph] may d 8 be/ to rea* 8 conception ( ! reality ( ?+s by a c>eful analysis ( exp]i5ce2 yet 9 ! end 8 !ory seems to h trans=m$ our famili> _w beyond ! possibility ( recognition4 ,9 ?is philosophic re-con/ruction ( ! real _w1 man1 8 relation to nature1 & 8 hi/ory h to be re-consid]$4 ,x illu/rates a p[]ful t5d5cy to view human life & exp]i5ce z a phase ( a l>g] cosmic movem5t det]m9$ by an ideal end4 ,! introduction ( ideal conceptions1 by lift+ u above ! actual1 seems to ?r[ ^u ! latt] an aspect ( littl5ess1 ( futility1 ( some?+ l ! di%on\r ( failure4 ,! ideal requirem5t proves hopelessly inapplicable to mu*1 at lea/1 ( our ev]yday _w2 s t1 z long z we rema9 at its po9t ( view1 famili> ?+s--say ! p]sons we happ5 to be ?r[n )1 & a good deal 9 ourselves1 social exp]im5ts gr[+ out ( "s pass+ tr5d ( 8popul> ?\ght10 & ev5 long p]iods ( hi/ory--take on ! aspect ( contradictions1 ( futile ?+s t at lea/ d n c\nt1 if !y d n actually delay ! fruition ( ! ideal4 ,s1 too1 :5 philosophy becomes di/9ctly practical4 #cie ,:e!r we take happ9ess or moral p]fection or self-realisation z ! ideal end ( m5's conduct1 a l>ge "p ( ! conduct :i* unfolds itself "u our eyes1 includ+ mu* ( our own1 beg9s to look sadly poor & %abby1 z soon z we v5ture s]i\sly to apply an ideal z te/4 ,mu* at lea/ ( :at m5 praise z virtue %[s itself to be ( d\btful value1 & at any rate to h receiv$ a laudation q disproportionate to its true wor?4 ,la/ly1 ?is belittl+ effect ( ideas on ev]yday realities is se5 :5 philosophy con/ructs = u ! ideal type ( human society1 & ( t conf$]acy ( civilis$ /ates ( :i*1 n[ & aga91 x has _h its dream4 ,"u ! se>*+ rays ( ^! ideal conceptions ev5 ! 8common-s5se0 to :i* 8advanc$0 communities hold s t5aci\sly may beg9 to look some?+ compact$ r ( d>kness ?an ( light4 ,! situation w\ld seem to (f] room = "s ( ^? modes ( trans=m+ ! aspects ( ?+s :i* we h f\nd to be excitants ( laught]4 ,if philosophic contemplation effects a r$uction ( great ?+s to littl5ess1 ( sub/ances to illusory %ad[s1 ( ! elevat$ glories ( m5 to ! level ( b>ely passable dignities1 x %\ld1 "o may reason1 help m5 to laugh4 ,yet ! fact t a philosoph] has be5 kn[n to ! ages z ! laugh+ "o sugge/s t mir? has n be5 a common *>act]i/ic ( 8 k9d4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ recall "o or two facts4 ,= "o ?+1 ?\gh s]i\sness may comb9e ) a ta/e = ! laughable1 x is & rema9s fundam5tally oppos$ to ! playfulness ( mir?4 ,philosoph]s are s]i\s p]sons3 _! con/ructive ?\ght is ( ! mo/ ardu\s ( human activities1 & imposes on ^? :o #cif und]take x an exceptional am\nt ( s]i\s conc5tration4 ,little wond]1 !n1 if we s r>ely f9d 9 !m a m>k$ fondness = ! playful4 ,! great & in]adicable gravity ( ! philosoph] has be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 8 !oretic treatm5t ( our subject4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al reason1 !re are o!rs & v>iable ones1 diff]+ ) ! k9d ( philosophic cre$ adopt$1 & ) ! temp]am5tal attitude ( ! individual t[>ds x4 ,to beg9 ) diff]5ces ( cre$1 we mu/ rememb] t a philosoph]'s doctr9e1 :ile x may inve/ our common _w & our common life ) an aspect ( indignity1 may at ! same "t r$uce ^! to m]e semblances by sett+ !m 9 contra/ to ! ideal region :i* x reg>ds z ! sph]e ( ! v]itable realities4 ,9 ?is way1 z 9 ,plato's ,idealism1 we may see a quasi-religi\s t5d5cy to lift m5 above ! follies1 deceptions & seem+ evils ( ! _w to ! sublime v]ities4 ,su* a doctr9e1 if consi/5tly held1 res]ves b a small place = laught]--save p]haps = ! happy smile ( release or escape4 ,plato1 ! ?9k] ( _m moods1 0 able to adapt 8 doctr9e to attitudes widely diff]5t f ! half-poetic1 half-religi\s "o to :i* on ! :ole he lean$2 & "s ( ^! prov$ to be compatible ) a delicate ve9 ( mir?4 ,p]haps "o may f9d 9 ,plato a reflection ( ! diff]5t attitudes ( ! gods--to communion ) :om 8 _s aspir$--t[>ds luckless & err+ mortals3 ! s]5e indiff]5ce ( ^? on ! height1 & a mild good-natur$ int]e/ 9 :at is se5 bel[1 :i* l5ds itself to ! s(t] k9d ( ironical bant]4 ,:at is told u ( ! laught] ( ! deities is always1 p]haps1 a little difficult to reconcile ) _! remote altitude & ! deta*m5t ( _s :i* seems prop] to ?is2 be+1 ei!r 9 its mock+ virul5ce1 or #cig 9 its good-natur$ famili>ity1 r too sugge/ive ( a close atta*m5t to our race2 = :i* reason1 by ! way1 philosoph]s1 if !y wi% to so> god-w>ds & /ill to keep a laugh+ d[n-glance on _! fell[s1 %\ld bew>e le/ !y so> too high4 ,h[ high-pit*$ speculation t5ds to sil5ce laught] by )draw+ ! philosoph] too f> f ! human sc5e may easily be se5 by a glance at ! hi/orical s*ools4 ,! ,/oic & ! ,epicurean alike1 widely dissimil> z 7 _! views ( ! good & _! moral temp]s1 took into seclusion ! philosophic life :i* ,ari/otle _h bidd5 !m comb9e ) a discreet p>ticipation 9 ! social life ab\t !m2 seek+1 ea* 9 8 own mann]1 to realise its self-suffici5cy & its consolations4 ,!re1 no d\bt1 !y reflect$ mu* on ! follies ( ! unwise :o rema9$ 9 ! cr[d4 ,yet ! ,/oical temp]1 ) its /riv+ aft] a passionless imp]turbability1 exclud$ ! idea ( a laugh+1 q z mu* z ( a pity+1 survey4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,epicurean1 ?\gh 8 !ory ( life acc5tuat$ ! value ( ! tranquil pleasures1 did n app>5tly f9d 9 8 ,g>d5 a corn] = ! quiet amusem5t ( a laught]-br++ contemplation4 ,9 ?is way philosophy1 by sub/itut+ a new & ideal mode ( ?\ght & life = ! common mode1 is apt to dismiss x z void ( significance & unreal1 & s to be unable to laugh at ord9>y humanity j because x has ceas$ to be int]e/$ 9 x4 ,yet all philosophis+ does n ?us belittle ! realm ( reality1 z common m5 reg>d x4 ,philosoph]s h be5 kn[n to reg>d z realities ! same p>ticul> ?+s t ,plato contemn$ z m]e %ad[s1 & to recon/ruct & to ju/ify z rational :at ! pla9 man accepts z 8 _w4 ,:5 #cih ?is goes s f> z to insi/ on ! goodness ( ?+s human1 & to say t ! _w z a :ole is z p]fect z x c be1 & ?us 9 a new way1 z x w\ld seem1 to break away f ! common view1 x s]i\sly ?reat5s ! locus /&i ( ! laugh]4 ,no?+1 inde$1 9 ! way ( a !ory ( life w\ld appe> to be m fatal to a mir?ful temp] ( ! m9d ?an an out-&-out optimism4 ,at mo/1 laught] w\ld take on ! aspect ( ! s]5e gaiety ( a happy & ?\ghtless girl2 z x does1 ,i suspect1 9 ! case ( ,abraham ,tuck]1 = :om ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 claims ! "* ( a 8metaphysical humori/04#cbf ,x is true1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1#cbg t a g5ial & tol]ant laught] may pr$ispose a man1 %\ld he beg9 to philosophise1 to adopt an optimi/ic !ory ( ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 ,i believe t a firm grasp ( su* a !ory w\ld t5d to r$uce v consid]ably ! scope ( 8 laught]4 ,x is j z well1 p]haps1 t ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son--^: pr$om9ant incl9ation to a hopeful & *e]ful view ( ?+s is cle>ly %[n 9 8 idea t e man c>ries 8 ideal hidd5 away1 z ! ,scot* boys us$ to c>ry lant]ns 9 a sil5t ec/asy--did n g f>!r ?an 8 lett]s %[ him to h gone1 along ! pa? ( philosophic con/ruction4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mann] ( philosophic speculation at once accepts ! common facts ( life z real1 & yet z inh]5tly & hopelessly bad1 laught] is ev5 m effectually exclud$4 ,!re may1 x is true1 be room 9 ! pessimi/'s cre$ = a grim irony1 ( :i*1 inde$1 we f9d a trace n[ & aga9 9 ! writ+s ( ,s*op5hau] & 8 foll[]s2 b = laught] pure & simple1 or ev5 = laught] mell[$ by ! compassion :i* ! #cii pessimi/ bids u cultivate1 !re seems to be no brea?+-space4 ,! /ate ( ?+s is too tragic to all[ ev5 ( a smile4 ,x rema9s to det]m9e ! relation ( "o o!r t5d5cy 9 ?is high ?9k+ to ! possibilities ( laught]4 ,9 philosophic scepticism1 ) its insi/5ce on ! relativity ( our k & on ! impossibility ( atta9+ to rational c]ta9ty1 we seem to f9d a d5ial ( all philosophy r ?an a p>ticul> species ( x2 nev]!less1 z ! hi/ory ( ! subject %[s1 x is ! outcome ( a di/9ct & recurr5t attitude ( ! philosophic m9d4 ,n[ scepticism does und\bt$ly seem to we> a r malici\s smile4 ,?is smile may be said to express an amusem5t at ! spectacle ( illusions prick$1 :i* tells at lea/ z mu* aga9/ ! high-so>+ ?9k] z aga9/ ! man ( common day :o relies on ! intuitions ( 8 8common-s5se04 ,! sceptic's attitude leans1 inde$1 m t[>ds t ( common-s5se1 9 s f> t1 :ile de/roy+ ! hope ( absolute k1 x urges ! practical suffici5cy ( su* conjectural op9ion z we are able to rea*4 ,scepticism ?us introduces ano!r /&po9t = ! laugh] & adds to ! sum ( laughable ?+s4 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( ! practical man & ( :at we call common-s5se1 s f> z ?is is k %ap$ = ! guidance ( m5 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,?is common-s5se1 z its "n pla9ly tells u1 is ess5tially a social ph5om5on4 ,"h1 !n1 )9 ! gr\p ( t5d5cies und]ly+ reflection--t is to say1 ! k9d ( intellectual activity :i* m>ks ! highe/ developm5t ( ! individual po9t ( view--we enc\nt] ! contra/ betwe5 ?is & ! social po9t ( view4 ,s f> z we are able 9 our philosophic mom5ts to 8see ! fun ( x10 z ,r4 #djj ,l4 ,/ev5son says apropos ( a mod]n philosoph]1 we jo9 ! *oir ( common-s5se laugh]s--! laugh+ reali/s z di/+ui%$ f ! laugh+ ideali/s4#cbh ,f _! po9t ( view1 z ! hi/ory ( com$y pla9ly illu/rates1 all highly ab/ract speculation looks amus+ because ( its qua9t remot5ess f _! famili> realities & int]e/s2 because1 too1 ( a ke5 suspicion ( its be+ a va9 attempt to so> above ! heads ( common mortals4 ,to pull d[n ! speculative so>] to 8 prop] foot+ on our humble e>?cru/ is always a gratify+ occupation to ! lov]s ( mir?4 ,ev5 ! so>]s !mselves w sometimes give "o ano!r a kick d[nw>ds1 ! man ( sci5ce lov+ to h 8 joke at ! exp5se ( ! unv]ifiable conceptions ( ! metaphysician1 & ! latt] be+ sometimes lucky en\gh to turn ! tables by %[+ h[ physical sci5ce itself may1 by its ab/ract me?ods1 manage to /rip mat]ial ?+s1 ! prop]ties & laws ( :i* x sets out to expla91 ( ! la/ %r$s ( reality4#cbi ,a ^w may s]ve to def9e ! relation ( philosophic hum\r to ! t5d5cies j indicat$4 ,hum\r1 we h f\nd1 is *>act]is$ by an incl9ation to reflect1 & to take ! l>ge views ( ?+s :i* embrace relations2 fur!r1 by a mir?ful caprice ( fancy 9 *oos+ = play-gr\nd ! conf9es ( issues felt all ! "t to be s]i\s4 ,x gr[s di/9ctly philosophic :51 z 9 ,jean ,paul or 8 disciple1 ,c>lyle1 ! contemplation ( ?+s breaks ?r\gh ! limitations ( ! view]'s p>ticul> _w-corn]1 surm\nts 8relative0 po9ts ( view1 & reg>ds humanity z a :ole1 ) oneself project$ into ! spectacle1 z ne>ly z possible z dis9t]e/$ spectator4 #dja ,we ne$ n look = ! philosophic humori/ among zeal\s adh]5ts ( ! s*ools4 ,9 ^!1 z else:]e1 a f]vid devotion t5ds1 ?r\gh its n>r[+ effect on ideas & its rigid fixation ( ! po9t ( view1 to %ut out hum\r1 :i* ev5 9 its mo/ s]i\s ve9 loves an ample res]ve ( space = free w&]+s 9 se>* ( new aspects ( ?+s4 ,! humori/ is mu* m likely to be f\nd among /ud5ts ( philosophy :o reta9 a measure ( s*ol>ly imp>tiality 9 relation to ! compet+ cre$s4 ,a full developm5t ( hum\r 9 ! philosoph] seems to be impossible1 save :]e ! amus+ aspects ( speculative so>+ are dimly recognis$4 ,?is may come ?r\gh a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! subject2 = x is h>d n to smile at ! spectacle ( a man refurbi%+ & possibly add+ a new h&le to "o ( ! 8sy/ems0 :i* h _h _! day 7& m1 p]haps7 & und]tak+ once m to use x z a deadly weapon aga9/ ! adv]s>y4 ,a da% ( ! sceptical _s1 also an ability n[ & aga9 to see ! pret5ti\sness ( x all1 w\ld appe> to be ne$ful = a l>ge humor\s enjoym5t4 ,"o %\ld h1 too1 at lea/ a side-glance = ! fun ( ! proce$+ :5 ! human pygmy tries ! giant's /ride by (f]+ u a def9ition ( ! absolute4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 z if ! philosophic humori/ ne$$ to comb9e two oppos$ po9ts ( view2 t ( ! ?9k] :o criticises actual life 9 ! light ( ideas1 & t ( ! practical man :o takes 8 /& on ! fact ( primal human ne$s & seeks an int]pretation ( ?+s :i* w satisfy ^!4 ,he %\ld be able to so> ) ! ,platoni/ to ! realm ( ,ideas1 s z to enjoy ! droll aspect :i* m5's behavi\r assumes z soon z a glimm] ( light is made to fall on x f ! ,univ]sal ,=ms2 #djb & he %\ld be no less capable ( tak+ up ! /&po9t ( ev]yday reality & common-s5se1 s f> z to disc]n ! elem5t ( a practical irrationality :i* lurks 9 any undue insi/5ce on ^! ,ideas4 ,?is comb9ation 9 philosophic hum\r ( two oppos$ t5d5cies is illu/rat$ 9 its attitude t[>ds ! "q ( ! wor? ( life4 ,s9ce a humori/ is *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 dep? & range ( sympa?y1 he is n likely to accept ! optimi/'s easy way ( gett+ rid ( ! suff]+s ( humanity4 ,at ?is po9t1 at lea/1 he w be alive to ! ob/9ate & inexpugnable reality ( our concrete exp]i5ces4 ,yet1 j because he insi/s on nev] los+ 8 hold on 8 buoyant laught]1 he w n s9k into ! pessimi/s dep?s ( compla9t4 ,he w see t ev5 ! l>ge spectacle ( human /ruggle1 9 :i* !re is mu* to sadd5 a compassionate he>t1 beg9s to we> ! %imm] ( a smile z soon z we envisage x z a sort ( game play$ by de/9y aga9/ our race4 ,j z a glimpse ( ! provok+1 almo/ malici\s aspects ( ! circum/ances :i* irritate u 9 our small] _w may /ifle ! ris+ imprecation1 by br++ up a smile or ev5 a sotto voce laugh2 s1 :5 a philosophic humori/ looks out ^u ! l>g] human sc5e1 he may f9d ! />t+ sigh *eck$ by a glance at ! playful irony ( ?+s4 ,! reflective m9d w inde$ readily f9d 9 ! s*eme ( ! _w traces ( an impi% _s t mu/ h its practical joke1 co/ :at x may4 ,) a fair appe>ance ( wise purpose1 ! de/9ies h contriv$ to comb9e j ! am\nt ( bungl+ ne$$ to convey an int5tion ( playful ?\gh slightly malici\s teas+4 ,?us1 9 ! f9al evaluation ( ! _w1 hum\r may f9d its place4 ,p]haps x is n too mu* to say t ! #djc la/ ^w on man & 8 de/9y leaves an op5+ = ! humor\s smile4 ,s qua9tly d ! rational & ! irrational elem5ts seem to be int]wov5 9 ! /ructure ( our _w1 t a humori/1 = :om1 z we h se51 ! spectacle mu/ always c\nt z mu*1 might almo/ con/ruct a new ,!odicy & say3 8,! _w is at lea/ ! be/ possible = amus+ contemplation04#ccj ,we h spok5 ( philosophy z hov]+ alo( f our common life1 & ?is idea might seem to exclude all possibility ( a utility 9 ! ex]cise ( a philosophic hum\r4 ,yet ev5 :5 m5 philosophise & s appe> to erect ab\t !m a new cosmos1 !y rema9 9 _! human _w & are do+ some?+ t[>ds %ap+ _! relations to x2 s t1 aft] all1 we may n unreasonably look "h1 too1 = "s self-corrective function 9 laught]1 "s aid r5d]$ by x to t adju/m5t ( ! self to its surr\nd+s1 :i* is en=c$ on u all--! exalt$ ?9k] no less1 let u say1 ?an 8 fai?ful quadrup$1 ^: _w 8 ma/]'s /range habits make sadly complex4 ,! fir/ s]vice ( su* a philosophic hum\r is to complete ! process ( a laugh+ self-correction4 ,x is only :5 we rise to ! high] po9t ( view ( a philosophic reflection & see our own figure project$ into ! l>g] :ole1 t we are able to e/imate ourselves & our conc]ns ) "s approximation to ju/ness4 ,z we look d[n ! va/ "t p]spective we fir/ fully disc]n our flitt+ "p 9 ! _w4 ,& ! glimpse ( ! dw>f$ figure we cut 9 ! va/ assemblage ( ?+s1 foll[$ by ! reflection h[ well x c "w out its #djd hidd5 purpose :e!r or n we happ5 to be on ! sc5e1 may suffice fully to reveal to u ! absurdity 9 ! crude exagg]ations ( our dignity1 ( our usefulness & ( our tr\bles1 & br+ to ! lips ! corrective smile1 ev5 if x fail to evoke ! yet m valuable self-purify+ laugh4 ,a l helpfulness is br\ght u by philosophic hum\r :5 we contemplate ! :ole human lot4 ,9 e/imat+ our _w z a dwell+-place = man1 !re is surely room = ! exagg]ation :i* comes f a natural indignation at :at hurts u1 or f a natural impati5ce at be+ able to d s little to bett] our e/ate4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we und]take to pron\nce on ! moral wor? ( our species4 ,x is1 aft] all1 our _w1 &1 s f> z we "k1 our only "o2 & a side-glance at ! requirem5ts ( a practical wisdom may suffice to br+ ! smile :i* in/antly corrects a disposition to decry x ov]mu*4 ,su* a glance may save u alike f ! s5tim5talities ( ! cultivator ( ,welts*m]z1 f ! fooli% bitt]ness ( ! misan?rope1 & f ! sadly unbecom+ vanity ( ! 8philosoph]0 :o tea*es t ! _w & ! in/itutions ( human society exi/ = ! sake ( ! man ( g5ius4 ,a fri5d ( ,c>lyle tells me t ! gloomy sage w\ld sometimes1 aft] p\r+ out "o ( 8 long & savage tirades aga9/ ?+s 9 g5]al1 sudd5ly hold brea?1 & !n let himself be swiftly borne d[nw>ds to m famili> levels on ! rapid ( a huge laugh1 almo/ z volum9\s1 p]haps1 z t ( ,teufelsdrckh1 :i* he has s vividly describ$ = u4 ,9 ?is way1 "o conjectures1 !re came to him a mom5t ( p]fect lucidity1 9 :i* he saw ! absurdity ( ! ov]/ra9$ attitude likely to be produc$ by undue viol5ce ( emotion1 aid$ by an irrepressible turn = prea*+ to "o's fell[s2 #dje a mom5t :51 p]haps1 ! /ubborn realities1 :i* 8 words _h made a %[ ( demoli%+1 7 se5 securely /&+ & ironically smil+ at 8 impot5t rage4 ,9 ! =ego+ acc\nt ( laught] & its uses1 we h %>ply sep>at$ ! individual f ! social po9t ( view4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 su* a di/9ction w\ld h requir$ no ju/ification4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 j n[ to be ! fa%ion to ?9k ( ! individual z m]ely an anatomical detail1 too small to be really di/+ui%$1 ( ! 8social organism10 & ( 8 "p on ! e>?ly sc5e z consi/+ m]ely 9 mak+ a small contribution1 :i* at its be/ is a negligible quantity1 to ! effici5cy ( ?is organism4 ,?is is n ! place to argue s s]i\s a matt]4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ unfa%ionable1 "o may v5ture to keep to ! old notion t 9 c\nt+ human values we mu/ assign a high "o to individuality2 t1 = ! sake ( ! community itself1 a prop] fre$om = ! full developm5t ( a man's own m9d1 ta/es1 & "*1 is some?+ :i* %\ld be secur$ ev5 at great co/2 & t1 7 ?is n s1 society's claims on ! individual h well-def9$ limits1 beyond :i* e man has ! "r1 & owes x to himself z a primal duty1 to develop himself 9 ! way :i* 8 natural incl9ations enlight5$ by reflection may sugge/ to him4 ,to insi/ fur!r on ?is po9t w\ld almo/ be to ca/ a slur on our lit]ature1 :i* conta9s "s ( ! ma/]ly plead+s = individual lib]ty4 ,?is fre$om = individual self-developm5t cle>ly includes a p]fect "r to =m "o's own view ( "o's _w1 & to d]ive z mu* amusem5t z "o c f a humor\s contemplation ( x4 ,x c\ld only be some?+ ak9 to an awe-/ruck flunkeyism :i* w\ld make a #djf p]son hesitate "h4 ,to "o :o has cultivat$ ! requisite obs]vation & ta/e 9 ! fell[%ip ( "o or two cong5ial fri5ds1 ! foll[+ ( ! tortu\s movem5ts ( ! laughable 9 all doma9s ( human indu/ry & ( human indol5ce is "o ( ! cr[n+ felicities ( life3 ! fun is always old 9 its ess5ce1 :]e=e we respond s quickly2 yet x is always new 9 its embodim5ts1 :]e=e we g on reli%+ x ) an unabat$ ke5ness4 ,! indulg5ce 9 ?is mode ( amus+ contemplation is1 ,i readily grant1 9 a s5se anti-social1 t is to say1 oppos$ to :at ! laugh]'s community at ! mom5t accepts z fitt+ & z good4 ,:5 a tranquil obs]v] ( 8 social _w laughs at ! pret5ces1 at ! futilities1 or x may be at ! vag>ies ( its high dignit>ies1 he may n improbably feel half-t]rifi$ at ! s\nd ( 8 laugh2 s firmly has our e>ly s*ool+ set 9 u a t5d5cy to reg>d z insol5t up/>ts all small ?+s :5 !y *all5ge big ones3 :e!r a 8*eeky0 s*oolboy /&+ up to 8 big s5ior1 or a small c\ntry confront+ a big "o1 or a 8petty0 anti-w> m9ority fac+ a 8practically unanim\s0 p4 ,insol5ce x may be1 yet p]haps to ! eye ( reason n m contemptible ?an ! g5u9e 9 :i* great ?+s are wont to indulge freely z well )9 _! "r4 ,x is indisputable1 z urg$ above1 t ! v]dicts ( ! _m1 :5 !y appe> to fix ! p]man5t dem&s ( social life1 or to /ore away "s ( ! preci\s fruit ( exp]i5ce sl[ly matur+ ) ! ages1 are entitl$ to respect2 & a wise man w n ha/ily dismiss any popul> op9ion :i* promises to h p]si/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is no less cle> t ! views ( m9orities--:e!r s+ul> or plural 9 numb]--are expos$ to special risks ( _! own4 ,yet ?is1 & m1 does n affect ! cont5tion t popul> op9ion1 j because x is #djg popul>1 is almo/ completely reliev$ ( t necessity ( f9d+ reasons = its ass]tions :i* presses heavily ^u a m9ority2 &1 :at is m s]i\s1 is subject to v>i\s & pot5t influ5ces :i* are j z likely to lead to error z to tru?4 ,an op9ion :i* may be se5 to result f a m5tal process palpably w>p$ by prejudice does n gr[ valid m]ely by multiply+ ! numb] ( ^? :o adopt x2 = ! increase may easily be ! result1 ei!r ( ! simultane\s work+ ( a l prejudice1 or ( ! contagion :i* propagates psy*ical /ates1 z well z physical1 among p]fectly in]t memb]s ( a cr[d4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ insol5t1 !n1 "o mu/ urge t ! individual & ! society h _! reciprocal claims4 ,! mo/ extravagant adulator ( 8 community w\ld1 p]haps1 all[ t %e has h] fav\rites1 & t "s ( ! obscure 8,judes0 h no p>ticul> reason = be>+ h] affection4 ,! limbs ( ! body politic :i* f9d !mselves emaciat$ by "u-fe$+1 :ile ! belly is bloat$ ) ov]-fe$+1 may p]haps be =giv5 = n jo9+ 9 ! pans on ! glories ( ! social organism4 ,yet "o ne$ n urge ?is l9e ( rem>k4 ,little *ance1 alas1 ( our ,judes or our />vel+s betak+ !mselves to a laught] :i* ev5 approa*es t ) :i* we are n[ deal+4 ,^? :o w\ld ent] ! gateway ( ?is haunt ( quiet amusem5t mu/ leave outside all grudg+ & s5se ( failure4 ,happy he :o hav+ play$ ! social game & lo/ c1 ) a m]ry %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 & at lea/ half a laugh1 betake himself to su* a calm retreat4 ,he w f9d "o into :i* ! g>d5 ( ,epicurus may be said to op51 :]e he c ga!r ab\t him1 at any rate1 ! cong5ial fri5ds :o are always ready to hold sweet disc\rse ) him ?r\gh _! books2 pati5t fri5ds :om he _c (f5d by an #djh unwise int]ruption1 ?\gh unhappily !y are out ( rea* ( ! gratitude :i* he w\ld fa9 t5d] !m4 ,"h he may n[ & aga9 glance ?r\gh ! loopholes 9 ! wall & see ea* new day en\gh ( ! droll]ies ( ! social sc5e to deep5 8 cont5t4 ,! evolutioni/ has accu/om$ u to ! idea ( ! survival ( ! socially fit1 & ! elim9ation ( ! socially unfit sort ( p]son4 ,b m =ces are at "w 9 ! _w ?an our m5 ( sci5ce dream (4 ,!re is1 oddly en\gh1 a =ce :i* fav\rs ! survival ( ! unfit1 widely diff]5t f t suppli$ by o!rs' pres]vative b5evol5ce3 ! impulse to adapt "o's environm5t to ! peculi>ities ( "o's organism by turn+ ! _w into a play?+4 ,h[ _m m5 9 "o ( ! highly civilis$ communities ( to-day may h le>n$ to keep _! heads above ! wat] by ! practice ( a g5tle laught]1 no "o kn[s or w ev] "k4 ,x is en\gh to say t !re are su*1 & t aft] fully cultivat+ _! gift ( hum\r !y h f\nd a _w wor? com+ back to1 ) _! "p 9 :i* !y w be p]fectly cont5t$4 ,"s ( ^!1 :o w\ld probably be call$ social failures by ! fai?ful adh]5t to conv5tional /&>ds1 h be5 kn[n to me1 & h be5 reckon$ among ! mo/ delightful ( my companions & mo/ valu$ ( my fri5ds4 ,society's neglect ( !m1 or _! neglect ( society1 has at lea/ p]mitt$ !m to develop ! gift ( a wise & ent]ta9+ disc\rse4 ,i am f> f sugge/+1 h[ev]1 t ?is gay solitude-- deux1 or peu de g5s--is only = ! social failure4 ,ev5 9 our mu*-extoll$ age a philosoph] w sometimes be f\nd :o is p]v]se en\gh to hold ) ,plato t ! mass ( society are wronghead$1 & t he w be/ consult 8 well-be+ by seek+ a wall = %elt] f ! #dji hurricane ( w9d & du/4 ,su* an "o may d worse ?an betake himself to our retreat4 ,& a wise man :o1 l ,montaigne1 feels t he has liv$ 8en\gh = o!rs0 & desires to 8live out ! small remnant ( life0 = himself may appropriately draw t[>ds its entrance1 n m9d+ ! %\ts ( 8,old fogey60 :i* come f beh9d4 ,nay1 m1 z already h9t$1 a man :o feels t 8 place is 9 ! _w may be advis$ n[ & aga9 to ent] ! retreat1 if haply he may f9d admission z a gue/4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t ev5 :5 a man ?us deta*es himself z spectator f 8 society he p]=ce rema9s at ! social po9t ( view 9 ?is s5se1 t ! critical inspection :i* br+s ! covet$ laugh involves a ref]5ce to an ideal community4 ,! objector might f9d col\r = 8 /atem5t 9 ! fact t x is ,fr5*m51 t is to say1 memb]s ( ! mo/ sociable ( mod]n races1 :o h *iefly dwelt on ! delights ( retirem5t f ! cr[d4 ,i am n greatly conc]n$ to dispute ) su* an objector2 x is en\gh = my purpose to say t ! po9t ( view ( our suppos$ contemplator is f>-remov$ f t habitually adopt$ 9 any community :i* "o c\ld in/ance4 ,z su*1 x /&s cle>ly en\gh m>k$ (f z individuali/ic4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t 9 t k9d ( laught] at ! social spectacle :i* presupposes philosophic reflection1 ! po9t ( view is no long] 9 any s5se t ( a p>ticul> community3 x has become t ( a human be+1 & s a citiz5 ( t sy/em ( communities :i* composes ! civilis$ _w4 ,i d n d\bt t dur+ ?is laugh+ contemplation ( ! social :ole1 ( :i* at ! mom5t he is n s]i\s en\gh to reg>d himself z a "p1 ! individual w feel society pull+ at 8 heels4 ,! deta*m5t #daj f 8 community1 ?\gh x fall f> %ort ( ! ab&onm5t ( ! recluse1 w1 z already h9t$1 be felt to be a revolt4 ,:51 glanc+ back at ! cr[d wrea?+ itself 9 a du/-cl\d1 he laughs ) 8 l>ge laugh free f ranc\r1 he may cat* a glimpse ( ! absurdity ( 8 critical p]=mances4 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ! f9al contradiction betwe5 ideal conceptions & obdurate ev]yday facts4 ,x is a droll enc\nt] :5 ! foot ( pure intellect1 j z x is p>t+ f ! solid e>?1 /rikes aga9/ ! /urdy frame ( phili/9e common-s5se1 ( 8t :i* subdues u all10 philosoph]s includ$4 ,! individualism ( ! po9t ( view 9 a laugh+ contemplation ( "o's social _w is only surm\nt$ :5 a l>ge philosophic hum\r ?us draws ! laugh]s self into ! amus+ sc5e4 ,we may n[ bett] def9e ! attitude ( ! humori/ 9 its relation to t ( ! com$ian & ( ! satiri/4 ,! comic _s1 plac+ itself at ! social po9t ( view1 projects z laughable %[ an ecc5tric individual1 or gr\p ( individuals4 ,satire1 :5 x attacks ! mann]s ( an age1 may be said to project ! society1 turn+ x into an object ( d]ision4 ,hum\r1 z we h se51 sometimes does ! l1 ?\gh 9 its laught] at ! social sc5e x is nei!r passionately v9dictive nor conc]n$ ) ! practical problem ( re=m+ a _w4 ,to ?is may be n[ add$ t z a s5tim5t n\ri%$ by sympa?y x t5ds1 :5 some?+ ( philosophic wid? ( contemplation is rea*$1 to comb9e ! social & ! individual mode ( projection by tak+ up ! self into ! spectacle ( ! :ole4 99 99 99 99 99 ,en\gh has be5 said1 p]haps1 on ! developm5ts ( individual laught]4 ,its po9t ( view seems on inquiry #daa to ju/ify itself z a di/9ct & a legitimate "o4 ,) "s idea ( ! ways ( ?is1 z well z ( ! l>g] laught] ( societies & gr\ps1 we %\ld be able to =m an e/imate ( ! f9al significance & utility ( ! laugh+ impulse4 ,laught]1 born ( play1 has be5 se5 above to possess a social "*4 ,?r\gh\t ! evolution ( communities1 f ! fir/ savage-l tribes upw>ds1 we h obs]v$ x tak+ a consid]able "p 9 ! common life1 help+ to smoo? ov] difficulties ( int]c\rse1 to ma9ta9 :at is valu$1 & to correct defects4 ,x rema9s to ask "u ?is head1 :at is its :ole value to-day z a social =ce1 & :at indications ( ! future c be discov]$ 9 ! t5d5cies :i* we note 9 its lat] social developm5ts4 ,^! que/ions appe> to be be/ approa*$ by a ref]5ce to ! results ( our /udy ( com$y4 ,?is1 9 its high] =ms1 has %[n itself to be ! cle> expression ( ! attitude ( a community1 :5 x w\ld laugh away some?+ 9 its memb]s :i* x sees to be unfitt+1 ?\gh x may n reg>d x z s]i\s en\gh to call = a m viol5t mode ( ejection4 ,t :i* is ?us lightly dismiss$ is always some?+ :i* looks anti-social1 :e!r or n x takes on = moral reflection ! aspect ( a vice4 ,a common t5d5cy among writ]s on com$y is to claim = x ! value ( a moral purgative1 to attribute to x ! p[] ( effect+ directly a process ( self-correction 9 ! spectator4 ,ev5 ,congreve & ,vanbrugh1 9 _! def5ce ( _! plays aga9/ ,j]emy ,colli]1 pret5d$ t !y 7 re=m]s ( ! _w4 ,?is agreeable supposition w n1 "o fe>s1 be> critical inspection4 ,"o objection1 j t\*$ on1 is t com$y #dab does n deal a bl[ /raight at ! immoral1 z ! language ( ,ari/otle & ( "s ( 8 cit]s appe>s to sugge/4 ,?is circum/ance seems to /& s]i\sly 9 ! way ( its effect+ a moral purification4 ,nor does ! hold+ up to m]ry contemplation ( ! t5d5cy ( m5 to /ray too f> f ! cu/om>y social type1 imply a s]i\s purpose ( correction beh9d4 ,?\gh %e may we> a %rewi%ly corrective expression1 ! ,comic ,muse is at he>t too gay to insi/ on any direct in/ruction ( h] audi5ce4 ,a glance at h] /]n-ey$ si/]1 ,satire1 w conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,on ! o!r side1 we meet ) ano!r & m fatal objection3 ! m5tal pose ( ! spectator at ! comic %[ makes x extremely unlikely t he %\ld at ! mom5t apply ! object-lesson s z to disc]n ! laughable side ( 8 own %ortcom+s4 ,"o rememb]s "h t a man is all too sl[ 9 mak+ su* a self-application ev5 9 ! s]i\s surr\nd+s ( a *ur*1 :]e a rem>k1 po9t$ p]haps ) a significant turn ( ! f+] 7,i speak ( rud] times71 is recognis$ by all b himself z specially aim$ at him2 & if s1 h[ c we expect a spectator at a com$y1 9 ! playful mood :i* has no room = any s]i\s ?\ght1 to rub 9 ! moral m$icam5t suppli$ him8 ,su* purification z is possible c1 x is pla91 be only indirect4 ,:5 ,less+ writes 8! :ole ( morality has no m p[]ful & effective pres]vative ?an ! laughable0 he seems to imply ?is indirectness4 ,s f> z ! provocative lurks 9 ! immoral1 we c say t our laught] at ! comic exhibition may s]ve z a useful prophylactic4 ,by trac+ out1 ) ! guidance ( ! comic poet1 ! unsuspect$ developm5ts & effects ( a fail+1 we may be fur!r+ our moral salvation ?r\gh ! sett+ up ( a new int]nal safegu>d4 ,if ! t5d5cies %\ld #dac lat] on ?ru/ up _! ugly =ms 9 ourselves1 ! fact ( our hav+ laugh$ at !m may make a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! swiftness & en]gy ( ! movem5t ( repression4 ,! fe> ( becom+ ridicul\s1 :i* gr[s bett] def9$ & s m s]viceable 9 "o :o has made acqua9tance ) com$y1 is a valuable side-support ( :at we call mod]ation & reasonabl5ess 9 m52 & com$y is entitl$ to h] mode/ me$ z "o ( our heal?-pres]v]s4 ,yet we may easily g wrong "h1 do+ an (f5ce to our gay en*antress by tak+ h] words too s]i\sly4 ,%e looks1 at any rate1 z if %e want$ mu* m to please u ?an to improve u4 ,9 consid]+ h] aim "o is rem9d$1 ?r\gh a relation ( contra/1 ( :at ,ari/otle said ab\t ! connection betwe5 pleasure & virtue4 ,! good man1 he tells u1 ?\gh aim+ at virtue1 w be ! m satisfi$ if pleasure comes by ! way1 giv+ a k9d ( unexpect$ f9i% to ! virtu\s a*ievem5t4 ,! art ( com$y m]ely rev]ses ! ord]3 %e aims directly at pleasure1 b is f> too good-natur$ & too wise to object to fur!r+ virtue if ?is comes z a collat]al result ( h] ent]ta9m5t4#cca ,! com$y1 at once wise & gay1 ( a pa/ age seems to h p>t$ f u2 & "o w\ld look 9 va9 to new] developm5ts ( ! art = any consid]able in/ruction 9 ! less] social obligations4 ,nor is ! corrective function ( a l>ge communal laught] likely to be c>ri$ on by su* new =ms ( art z our 8social satire10 9 s f> z ^! c be said to keep at ! po9t ( view ( ! good s5se ( a community4 ,! t5d5cy to-day seems to be r to =ce a laugh f u at "s biz>re extravagance ( mann]s1 :i* we c\ld nev] #dad ?9k ( z a possibility = ourselves2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 to br+ u ne> a cynical po9t ( view1 at :i* ! curr5t ( our laught] becomes %all[ & slightly acidulat$1 a po9t ( view :i* has little1 if any1 promise ( a moral /iff5+ ( ! self aga9/ insidi\s attack4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 laught]1 or ! pot5tiality ( x1 rema9s a social =ce4 ,a measure ( fai? enables "o to believe t ev5 a political lead] is sometimes *eck$ by ! fe> ( laught]--on ! o!r side4 ,x is probable t ! m5 ( good s5se 9 e community are kept "r m ?an !y "k by ! fa9tly he>d e*o ( ! 8dread laugh04 ,if !re is a dang] j n[ ( a conspiracy betwe5 a half-affect$ ov]-s]i\sness on ! "o side & an ignorant pret5ti\sness on ! o!r1 9 ord] to bani% ! full g5ial laugh ( o!r days1 we may be all[$ to pray f]v5tly = its failure4 ,we h se5 a t5d5cy to claim too mu* 9 ! way ( s]i\s function = ! laught] ( com$y4 ,?is desire to emphasise its practical utility1 :i* is to be look$ = p]haps 9 a p too pragmatic to seize ! value ( light ?+s1 is illu/rat$ 9 a curi\s & mo/ly =gott5 dispute z to ! fitness ( ridicule to be a te/ ( tru?4 ,! debate 0 op5$ by ,%aftesbury1 :o ma9ta9$ its fitness1 & 0 c>ri$ on by ,w>burton1 ,k>nes & o!rs4 ,mu* ( x reads qua9tly nave to-day4 ,%aftesbury's p>adox almo/ s\nds l a malici\s attempt to c>icature ! !ory ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james1 ref]r$ to 9 an e>li] *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,to sugge/ t we "k a piece ( folly1 say t ( ,malvolio1 to be folly because we laugh at x1 is surely to be ?ru/+ on our laught] a dignity :i* is q unm]it$1 &1 "o may add1 does n become x4 ,?is po9t 0 n held to 9 ! discussion1 :i*1 z ,i h #dae %[n else:]e1 soon became a conte/ ab\t ! rights & ! re/ra9ts ( laught]4#ccb ,!re is a l risk ( exagg]at+ ! useful function 9 e/imat+ ! s]vice ( laught] to ! individual4 ,no deep p5etration ( m9d is ne$$ = p]ceiv+ t a lively s5sibility to ! t\* ( ! ludicr\s w expose a man to consid]able loss4 ,to all ( u1 s f> z we h to live 9 ! _w & consort ) ^? :o1 be+ bo? solemn & dull1 are likely to take (f5ce1 if n ) ^? :o1 l ,mr4 ,m]$i?'s ent]ta9+ ladies1 cultivate ! f9e %ades1 a quick eye = droll]ies is likely to br+ situations ( dang]4 ,?is drawback mu/ be consid]$ 9 apprais+ ! total value ( laught] to a man4 ,) respect to its function z aid+ ! individual 9 a heal?y self-correction1 en\gh has be5 said4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 no small advantage to be able to bl[ away "s c>k+ c>e ) a good explosion ( mir?4 ,& if ! _w is mu* ) u1 we %all be likely to ne$ laught] n[ & aga9 z a protection f contact ) mu* t is silly & mu* t is un:olesome4 ,yet1 9 ?is case1 too1 ! *ief value seems to reside 9 its imm$iate result1 ! gladd5+ & refre%+ influ5ce on ! laugh]1 :i* has 9 x a virtue at once conciliatory & consolatory4 ,?is x is :i* makes x s good to /ep aside n[ & aga9 f ! ?rong1 9 :i* we too may h to 8w9k & sweat10 s z to secure ! gleeful pa/ime ( turn+ our tiresome _w = ! nonce into an ent]ta9+ spectacle2 amus+ ourselves1 n m]ely z #daf ,ari/otle tea*es1#ccc 9 ord] t we may be s]i\s1 b because our *os5 =m ( amusem5t has its own value & excell5ce4 ,x is "o ?+ to assign to laught] a def9ite e?ical or logical function1 ano!r to ask :e!r x has its place among ! wor?i] human qualities4 ,we h se5 h[ "s h d5\nc$ x1 indiscrim9ately z x w\ld seem1 z a ?+ irrev]5t if n unclean4 ,t view does n come fur!r into ! pres5t discussion4 ,we h only to ask :at k9d ( dignity x has4 ,x is assum$ "h t we exclude ! m malignant & ! co>s] sorts ( laught]4 ,a consid]able capacity = ! pure mir? :i* ! *ild loves--& com$y may be said to provide = ! man :o keeps some?+ ( ! *ild 9 him--supplem5t$ by a turn = ! humor\s contemplation ( ?+s is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 n m]ely compatible ) ! recognis$ virtues1 b1 9 itself & 9 ! t5d5cies :i* x implies1 among ! human excell5ces4 ,?is is c]ta9ly sugge/$ by ! say+ ( ,c>lyle3 8,no man :o has once he>tily & :olly laugh$ c be altoge!r irreclaimably bad04#ccd ,we may n be able to rise to ! po9t ( view ( ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 :5 he wrote1 8,z labor>e s jocul>i e/ or>e20#cce yet we may be incl9$ to ?9k t x is impossible to con/ruct ! idea ( a man :o c be describ$ z dec5tly complete )\t end[+ him ) a measure ( hum\r4 ,:atev] our view ( ! 8,good10 reasonable m5 ( all s*ools appe> to all[ "s value to a capacity = pleasure1 especially ! social pleasures1 among :i* laught]1 ev5 :5 x seems to retire into solitude1 always keeps a high place4 ,on its intellectual side1 aga91 z ! #dag play ( m9d1 ! mir?ful disposition has an intimate relation to su* valuable qualities z quickness ( insight & v]satility4#ccf ,9 ! light ent]ta9+ =m ( witty talk x takes on a social quality ( no mean value4 ,be/ ( all1 laught] ( ! g5ial sort c>ries ) x1 & helps to develop1 k9dly feel+ & ! desire to please4 ,x is too (t5 =gott5 t a mir?ful _s1 ?\gh x may (f5d1 is a l>ge s\rce ( joy to o!rs4 ,he :o produces a laugh ( pure gladness bright5s ! _w = ^? :o he> him4 ,f]tility 9 je/s may qualify a man to become "o ( ! human b5efactors2 & x has be5 claim$ = ,fal/aff1 ) "s reason1 t he 8has done an imm5se deal to alleviate mis]y & promote positive happ9ess04#ccg ,x is ?is impli$ wi% to ent]ta9 :i* gives to laught] mu* ( its value z an educator ( ! sympa?ies4 ,no?+1 inde$1 seems to promote sympa?y m ?an ! practice ( laugh+ toge!r4 ,family affection gr[s 9 a new way :5 a reasonable fre$om is all[$ to laugh at "o ano!r's mi%aps & blund]s4 ,"o reason = ?is1 p]haps1 is t ! consci\sness ( our hav+ laugh$ at our fri5ds & be5 laugh$ at by !m1 )\t injury to fri5d%ip1 gives u ! highe/ s5se ( ! security ( our atta*m5ts4 ,:5 a fri5d laughs 8z love does laugh0--to quote ,mr4 ,m]$i?'s ,rosamund--) ! laugh :i* only half-hides a k9dly s5tim5t1 say1 a wi% to help y to laugh away :at w vex or h>m y1 x b9ds he>ts yet m securely4 ,ev5 our comp>atively solit>y laught] at ?+s1 :5 no appreciative %>] is at h&1 #dah may1 if only x has ! tol]ant good-natur$ tone1 connect itself ) & br+ into play ! sympa!tic side ( u4 ,if !re is 9 laught] ?is elem5t ( a deep] humanity1 we %all d well to view jeal\sly any undue imposition ( re/ra9ts4 ,! hi/ory ( popul> mir? po9ts to ! dang]s ( ?is4 ,t "s regulation ( ! impulse1 bo? ext]nal by social pressure & int]nal by a man's own self-re/ra9t1 is requir$1 does n ne$ to be argu$4 ,! laugh+ impulse1 :5 un*eck$1 has tak5 on ugly & deadly =ms4 ,if m5 h end[$ _! deities ) mir? !y h also end[$ _! fi5ds4 ,society is "r 9 h] intuitive feel+ t an unbridl$ laught] ?reat5s h] ord] & h] laws4 ,specific injuries done by ribald je/s1 e4g41 to religi\s convictions1 may h to be dealt ) by ! magi/rate4 ,?is all m5 "k1 z also t society acts wisely :5 %e seeks to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( social conv]se by putt+ d[n ) a g5tl] h& all unwor?y & unbecom+ laught]1 & to obs]ve vigilantly ! 8hyp]gela/0--a species t includes o!rs besides ,ari/otle's l[ je/]s 77--:o1 if he does n1 ei!r malici\sly1 or ?r\gh %e] heav9ess & awkw>dness ( gait1 kick %>ply aga9/ "s s5sitive place1 w at lea/ we>y dec5t m5 ) all ! we>9ess ( ! bore & some?+ m4 ,yet x is well to be> 9 m9d t su* imposition ( re/ra9t by ext]nal au?ority %\ld be also self-re/ra9+4 ,if laught] has its uses1 n only = him :o laughs b = him :o is laugh$ at1 ^! %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( re/riction desirable4 ,?is wise caution is especially ne$$ :5 ! laught] :i* au?ority seeks to repress is likely to be direct$ aga9/ itself4 ,x w\ld nev] d1 = example1 if ! f9e _w #dai 7 at lib]ty to put d[n satires on its vuln]able mann]s4 ,div9es ( ! solemnity ( ,b>r[ & ,w>burton might d mu* h>m1 if !y c\ld succe$ 9 sil5c+ ! ridicule ( ! half-believ]s & ! sceptics4 ,^? 9 au?ority h a special reason = rememb]+ "h ! maxim 8noblesse oblige02 & ev5 %\ld !y be lack+ 9 a wise c>e = ! well-be+ ( ! commonweal?1 a measure ( %rewdness w advise !m t !y w d well to pass a self-d5y+ ord9ance4 ,let !m n be m afraid ( laught] ?an _! pr$ecessors1 b r welcome x1 n m]ely z a symptom ( vitality 9 ^? :o indulge 9 x1 b z a sign ( al]tness 9 citiz5s aga9/ surprise by /eal?y-foot$ evil4 ,p]haps :5 ! /ory ( ! mod]n 8emancipation ( wom50 comes to be writt51 x w be f\nd t ! mo/ helpful feature ( ! movem5t 0 ! laugh+ criticism p\r$ ^u x2 a criticism :i* seems n unnatural :5 "o rememb]s h[ _m times be=e m5 h laugh$ at some?+ l x2 & n s unreasonable to "o :o p]ceives ! droll aspects ( ! spectacle ( a sex sett+ ab\t to ass]t itself *iefly by ap+ ! ways ( ! rival sex4 ,a /atesman1 hav+ a l>ge majority beh9d him1 w\ld probably be/ %[ 8 wisdom by disc\rag+ ! laught] ( 8 own side & in/ruct+ x h[ to welcome t ( ! despis$ m9ority4 ,yet ! qua9t look ( su* a sugge/ion rem9ds "o t ! idea ( add+ wisdom to /atesman%ip is z f> f realisation to-day z 9 ! "t ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,i h spok5 ( a community's self-re/ra9t 9 relation to ! laught] ( its individual memb]s4 ,( ! duty ( controll+ its own mir? 9 view ( ! feel+s ( o!r peoples :o seem to h a "r to _! slices ( ! planet !re %\ld be no ne$ to speak4 ,x may be en\gh to h9t #dbj t a comic j\rnal w d well1 :5 t\*+ on int]national matt]s ( "s delicacy1 to exclude f its draw+s irritat+ details1 su* z ! figure ( a monkey2 n only le/ ! =eign] consid] himself to be insult$1 b le/ "o ( ! v g5tlem5 = :om x writes1 /ung 9 "s old-fa%ion$ impulse ( *ivalry1 feel tempt$ to give a too viol5t expression to 8 indignation4 ,( ! control ( laught] z a "p ( ! self-gov]nm5t ( a wise man1 little ne$ be said4 ,a ke5 reli% = jokes1 especially "o's own1 may entangle ! feet ev5 ( a k9d-he>t$ man 9 a me% ( cruel consequ5ces4 ,! witty h be5 f\nd to be try+ to _! families1 s importunate is ! appetite ( wit 9 its dem& = regul>ity ( meals4 ,!re are ! duplicities ( laught] :i* may sometimes impose ev5 on "o :o is 9 g5]al a k9dly laugh]1 ! note ( malice /eal+ 9 unnotic$4 ,x is only :5 ! lively t5d5cy to mir?ful utt]ance is f\nd 9 a sympa!tic nature1 side by side ) a cultur$ susceptibility to ! pa9 ( giv+ pa91 t an adequate self-regulation may be c\nt$ on4 ,ea* ( u1 p]haps1 has kn[n ( "o man1 at lea/1 des]v+ to be call$ a laugh] 9 ^: mir?ful utt]ances "o w\ld look 9 va9 = a trace ( malice1 & :o seem$ nev] to be surpris$ by ! temptation to risk a t\* on sore places4 ,i _c b recall "h "o already allud$ to--"o :o seem$ to embody ! ideal ( 8 tea*] ,ari/otle n only z ! j man1 :o ( set purpose acts ju/ly1 b z ! ref9$ & g5tlemanly man :o regulates 8 wit1 be+ z x 7 a law to himself--f beh9d ^: wi/ful eyes a laugh seem$ always ready to break4 ,if "o kn[s ( no su* k9dly laugh]1 "o may /udy ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species 9 ! ,essays ( ,elia4 ,a p]fect self-control 9 ! matt] ( laught] #dba pre-supposes mu* m ?an a dread ( inflict+ pa9 ^u ! he>]1 :e!r he be ! object ( ! laught] or ready to id5tify himself ) t object4 ,x calls = a f9e s5se ( ! seemly1 ( :at is fair4 ,x is n too mu* to ask ( "o ^: rle is ! detection ( ! unseemly 9 o!rs t he %\ld himself avoid unseeml9ess4 ,he w d well to rememb] t no?+ is worse ?an a jibe at ! wrong mom5t3-- ,risu inepto res ineptior nulla e/4 ,:5 s]i\s ?+s are be+ discuss$ ! attempt to hide pov]ty ( argum5t "u :at might flatt]+ly be call$ an 8argum5tum ad risum0 is "o ( ! actions :i* belittle m54 ,! w>9ess prop] to "o :o be>s s ke5-edg$ a weapon w g f>!r & prompt him to ask :e!r ! ?+ :i* ent]ta9s ! eye is meet = laught]4 ,= example1 our poor language be+ :at x is1 ! use ( a =m ( words :i* may be %[n by ano!r's elaborate dissection to hide "u its pla9 mean+ a second mean+ d]ogatory to ! speak]1 does n1 p]haps1 make ! latt] q legitimate qu>ry = ! =m]'s ridicule4 ,x ne$s a f9e s5se ( ju/ice to detect ! l9e :i* divides :at is fair f :at is unfair 9 su* a case4 ,a p]fectly wise direction ( laught] w call = o!r f9e discrim9ations4 ,a ^w or action may be q prop] game = laught] :5 x smacks ( conceit1 ?\gh b = ?is x %\ld h be5 pass$ by4 ,s rampant inde$ is conceit among m51 s noxi\s is x1 & s l[ a degree ( s5sitiv5ess 9 ! moral integum5t does x connote1 t ev5 ! discreet laugh] may all[ himself un/9t$ indulg5ce 9 view ( "o ( its unmi/akable eruptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a s5se ( ! true values ( ?+s w #dbb lead ! wise to ab/a9 f laught] :]e "s manife/ation ( ! bea/ 9 man obtrudes itself & requires a less g5tle mode ( expulsion4 ,nor w a good man's self-regulation cease :5 !re are no he>]s4 ,he w see h[ ! habit ( a reckless mir? may h a bad reflex effect on 8 own nature2 h[1 = example1 x may rob him 9 "o mom5t ( ! p]fection ( an old rev]5ce = some?+ beautiful2 h[1 in/ead ( sweet5+ ! f\nta9s ( affection1 x may introduce a drop ( bitt]ness2 h[ x may smuggle 9 some?+ ( t pride & t contempt :i* dissociate m54 ,i h "h emphasis$ ! high] moral reasons :i* w urge ! good man to re/ra9 8 laught]4 ,"o might add c]ta9 prud5tial reasons4 ,if1 z has be5 ma9ta9$ "h1 laught] is an escape f ! normal1 s]i\s attitude :i* liv+ well imposes on u1 its wise cultivation means t we keep x )9 limits4 ,only :]e !re is a real e>ne/ness & good feel+ at bottom1 w our laught] be 9 ! full s5se t ( ! m9d & ! he>t4 ,to laugh 9 ?is full way at a collapse ( dignity means t we reta9 a respect = ! true dignities4 ,if ! laugh gr[s too frequ5t & habitual ?is respect w be und]m9$1 &1 z "o result ( ?is moral loss1 our laught] itself w %r9k into some?+ void ( mean+ & me*anical4 ,! p]petual giggl]1 to :om no?+ is sacr$1 nev] kn[s ! flav\r ( a good laugh4 ,! impulse to laugh w always take its complexion f ! moral nidus 9 :i* x g]m9ates2 & ! good man1 t5d]1 & m9dful ( ! dues ( rev]5ce1 ennobles ! mir?ful temp]4 ,x seems1 inde$1 9 su* a moral milieu to become an expression1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 ( goodness4 ,x assures u someh[ ( ! g5u95ess ( virtue1 & br+s x ne>] to u z #dbc some?+ human to be lov$4 ,free f all t\* ( pride & malice1 x takes on ! look ( a *ild's joy\sness made l>ge & b5efic5t by expansive sympa?ies4 ,x is to be ma9ta9$1 !n1 n only t a full ri* laught] may ?rive 9 ! soil ( a good man's s\l1 b t ?is s\l w rema9 incompletely develop$ )\t x4 ,?is doctr9e seems flatly to contradict great au?orities1 ,pascal & ! re/4 ,yet x may be %[n t !re is really no contradiction "h4 ,! laught] :i* ,pascal1 ,addison1 & ! o!rs d5\nce1 is n ! g5ial & humor\s k9d1 b ! co>se & brutal sorts1 &1 :at is h>dly a jot m suff]able1 ! reckless output ( 8! vacant m9d04 ,laught]1 !n1 may be claim$ to be "o ( ! possessions ( m5 to :i* !y %\ld jeal\sly cl+4 ,x br+s gaiety into :at is always t5d+ to gr[ a dull _w1 & ( :i* at times ! onlook] is dispos$ to say :at ,walpole said ( ! do+s ( ! fa%ionable /hetes at ,ba?1 8!re nev] 0 any?+ s ent]ta9+ or s dull04 ,x supplies div]sion 9 y\? & /ill m 9 age1 & x may ) a few1 z x did ) ,he9e & ,r ,l4 ,/ev5son1 rema9 a bright comrade on ! sick-b$4 ,x is ! manna on :i* good fell[%ip loves to fe$4 ,&1 s _m-sid$ is x1 x may be recomm5d$ z a plan] = moral ridges1 & x may add ! la/ t\* to ! "*-picture :i* e man is engag$ 9 pa9t+4 ,x w graci\sly accompany u :5 we visit ! nurs]y & try our cumbr\s h& at ! art ( ent]ta9+ *ildhood2 & w n =sake u--if we c>e = its company--:5 we betake ourselves to ! grav] occupations4 ,if ?is is true x w\ld seem z if1 in/ead ( try+ to put x d[n1 we %\ld seek to promote ! laugh+ #dbd habit 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs4 ,yet "h "o mu/ be c>eful4 ,= "o ?+1 ! man to :om x c\nts z a consid]able +r$i5t ( happ9ess c h>dly be expect$ to assi/ 9 an ef=t to r5d] all m5 ( an equal quickness 9 mir?ful response4 ,he kn[s bett] ?an any "o else t ! spectacle ( folly1 ( make-believe & ( self-inflation1 on :i* 8 laught] is f$1 implies a lack ( all ! f9] laught] ( ! m9d 9 ! great majority ( 8 fell[s4 ,x w\ld be an act ( suicidal madness1 !n1 on 8 "p1 to try to trans=m 8 social _w into a body ( laught]-lov+ m5 & wom54 ,happily = ! 8gela/10 su* a trans=mation is beyond ! p[]s ( any conceivable society ( laught]-promot]s4 ,humor\s m5 mu/ cont9ue ) p]fect s]5ity ( m9d to put up ) be+ a 8contemptible m9ority04 ,n only 9 ! int]e/s ( ! lov] ( laught] is x well t he _c impose 8 m]ry habit on all m5 alike4 ,! wise man w rememb] t x takes all sorts to make our social _w1 & t ! desirability ( ! laugh+ capacity v>ies greatly ) a man's disposition1 habits ( m9d & circum/ances4 ,to ^?1 = example1 :o are ( s5sitive feel+ & ke5 p]ception1 especially if call$ on to lead an oppressively dull life1 or1 l ,goldsmi?1 to wre/le ) circum/ance1 a broad & quick appreciation ( ! laughable may be a real ne$4 ,"s he>ts ( _m *ords1 resonant to all ! notes ( life's music1 might break b = ! timely com+s ( ! laught]-fay ) h] trans=m+ w&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m wor?y p n only d v well )\t x1 b might be at a disadvantage by possess+ ! end[m5t4 ,?is seems to be true ( _m excell5t m5 & wom5 ^: #dbe special b5t is t[>ds a rigor\s conc5tration ( ?\ght & moral en]gy on "s mission4 ,su* p]sons appe> ev] to dwell 9 ! subdu+ %ad[ ( _! cause2 !y be> ab\t ) !m a special k9d ( self-consci\sness1 a s5se ( _! indisp5sabl5ess to ! _w4 ,laught] is n = ^!1 we say ) half a sigh4 ,nor c x1 "o supposes1 f9d ! ne$$ air & sunlight 9 p]sons :o hold impos+ rank or (fice1 & h to be daily conc]n$ ) ma9ta9+ a prop] awe 9 o!rs2 or 9 ^? :o h a deep-plac$ & imp]turbable self-complac5cy1 or ^? :o are solemnly preoccupi$ ) ! mom5t\s bus9ess ( rais+ _! social dignity4 ,probably nobody1 save p]haps a wait]1 has to be set m securely above ! temptation to laugh ?an a man qualify+ = 8 fir/ d9n] p>ties4 ,! case ( ^! hopelessly confirm$ 8agela/s0 is a v /rong "o4 ,^? ( u :o prize ! free circulation ( laught] z t ( a sea-air1 & are dispos$ to object to ! clos5ess ( m5tal atmosph]e :i* seems to enfold ! devot$1 %all d well to rememb] h[ mu* ! _w owes to a lack ( hum\r 9 its citiz5s4 ,if ,r\sseau _h be5 a great laugh] we %\ld c]ta9ly nev] h _h 8 picturesque & in/ructive attack on civilisation & all t fl[$ f x4 ,w\ld ,dante & ,milton & ! o!r build]s ( ! va/ & sombre ar*itecture ( v]se h a*iev$ _! task if ! laugh+ imp _h be5 pull+ vigor\sly at _! coat tails8 ,h[ _m ( our valuable social in/itutions w\ld h be5 built up if ! beg9n]s _h be5 ke5ly alive to ! absurd aspects ( ! bungl+s :i* are wont to *>act]ise fir/ attempts8 ,let ^? :o laugh1 !re=e1 be ready1 n only f an enlight5$ self-int]e/1 b f a becom+ #dbf e/eem = ali5 virtues1 to all[ ! 8agela/s0 _! place 9 ! _w4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations sugge/ t 9 any ef=t to promote laught] we %\ld move cauti\sly4 ,a man may wa/e mu* preci\s "t 9 try+ ! exp]im5t on a memb] ( 8 family4 ,a waggi% s*oolma/]1 too--& to ! cr$it ( ! pr(ession he is to be f\nd--may1 if he exp]im5t 9 ?is direction1 meet ) no?+ b disappo9tm5t4 ,p]haps "s good 8te/s ( hum\r0 w\ld be helpful "h2 b ! daily pap]s h n yet succe$$ 9 inv5t+ a satisfactory "o1 & ! psy*ological laboratories h1 wisely p]haps1 avoid$ ! problem4 ,moreov]1 ! bus9ess ( te/+ w\ld comprise "s exam9ation ( ! quality ( ! 8hum\r0 express$1 le/ ! p$agogue %\ld be fo/]+ 9 a boy a k9d ( gr[? :i* he is mu* bett] )\t4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ?is te/+ ( quality1 7 x possible1 %\ld be und]tak5 = m s]i\s purposes3 s9ce ! say+ ( ,goe!1 t ! directions tak5 by a p]son's laught] are "o ( ! be/ clues to 8 "*1 may be f\nd to apply1 diff]5ces be+ all[$ =1 to ! raw /ripl+4 ,9 und]tak+ any su* inve/igation ( y\?ful mir?1 ! inve/igator w\ld ne$ to note ! quality ( ! expressive s\nds !mselves2 = "o may suspect t 9 ^! days ( e>ly sophi/ication a "y laugh1 z pure & cle> ( tone z x is full & unh9d]$1 is a r>ity4 ,= a fir/ attempt at gaug+ a boy's hum\r ! s*oolma/] might1 p]haps1 d worse ?an select ! foll[+ te/1 sugge/$ by a rem>k ( "o ( my mo/ le>n$ & mo/ respect$ fri5ds1 t ! situation ref]r$ to is ! "o :i*1 9 8 case1 excites ! mo/ he>ty m]rim5t3 8,suppos+ y made a call1 & hav+ plac$ y\r hat on a *air inadv]t5tly proce$$ to sit on x2 h[ w\ld y feel80 #dbg ,a m manageable problem = ! p$agogue w\ld seem to be to try1 n[ & aga91 to =ce back ! bolts ( discipl9e & approa* ! boy ) a judici\s ov]ture ( fun4 ,x is refre%+ to f9d t ?is has rec5tly be5 recomm5d$ by a highly respectable j\rnal ( ! pr(ession :i* writes3 8,x is no inh]5t dislike to "w or to ! tea*]1 b ! absolute necessity ( reliev+ a dull lesson by a bit ( fun1 t is acc\ntable = _m a difficulty 9 discipl9e04#cch ,next to ?is1 ! aim w\ld be to enc\rage boys to be> ! discipl9e ( o!rs' laught]1 s t !y fall n bel[ ! moral level ( ! e/imable savage4 ,?is "p ( ! s*oolma/]'s bus9ess is c]ta9ly n neglect$ 9 our c\ntry1 & p]haps has ev5 be5 a little ov]done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gift ( hum\r w save a man f _m follies1 among o!rs t ( attempt+ ! (fice ( prophet4 ,?is has its prop] doma91 = example 9 a/ronomy1 ?\gh ev5 9 c]ta9 ambiti\s dep>tm5ts ( physical sci5ce x beg9s to look l presumption4 ,to br+ x into ! region ( human affairs smacks ( a juv5ile confid5ce :i* has n begun to def9e its logical b\nd>ies4 ,h5ce ,i %all n risk ! illu/rat+ ( my subject by a =eca/ ( ! future ( laught]4 ,x may be en\gh to say t1 at ! fraction ( a second ( ! cosmic clock at :i* we happ5 to live1 c]ta9 t5d5cies are obs]vable :i* appe> to h "s be>+ on ?is "q4 ,! mo/ *e]ful ( m5 w\ld p]haps h>dly call ! pres5t a mir?ful mom5t4 ,we seem to h travell$ dur+ a c5tury or m v f> f ! s]5e optimism :i* dwelt fondly on ! p]fectibility #dbh ( mank9d4 ,if we gr[ en?usia/ic ab\t man's future at all1 we let our m9ds run on ! p]fectibility ( 8 ma*9es4 ,?is fact 9 itself sugge/s t we are n likely to f9d an exceptional exub]ance ( ! mir?ful _s4 ,writ]s1 too1 h emphasis$ ! fact t ! age1 if n dull1 is c]ta9ly n gay4 ,an essayi/1 n long tak5 f u1 has writt5 sadly ab\t ! decl9e ( ! old frank social laught]2#cci & ano!r1 writ+ ( ,fal/aff says t1 ?\gh by laught] man is di/+ui%$ f ! bea/s1 ! c>es & sorr[s ( life h all b depriv$ him 8( ?is di/+ui%+ grace1 degrad+ him to a brutal solemnity04#cdj ,t ! old m]ry laught] ( ! p has lo/ its full resonance has be5 rem>k$ above1 & x may be possible1 :ile avoid+ y\?ful dogmatism1 to conjecture to "s ext5t h[ ?is loss has come ab\t4 ,to beg91 x seems fairly c]ta9 t ! decl9e ( popul> mir? is only a "p ( a l>g] *ange1 ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! _s ( play1 ( a full self-ab&onm5t to ! mood ( light enjoym5t4 ,we may see ?is n only 9 ! r =c$ gaiety suppli$ by ! gorge\s 8up-to-date0 pantomime & o!r %[s4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ! *ange t has come ov] our out-(-door sports4 ,:]e is ! fun1 :]e is ! gaiety1 9 ! football & ! cricket mat*es ( to-day8 ,c\ld any?+ be less l an 8amusem5t0 ?an a mat* at ,"l's--save :5 = a mom5t an ,au/ralian team1 =getful ( its surr\nd+s1 b\nds into ! field8 ,ev5 ! clapp+ ( h&s by ! solemn-look+ spectators s\nds /iff & me*anical4 ,?is r$uction ( ! full /ream ( *oral laught] ( a pa/ age to a meagre rillet may readily be suppos$ to be due altoge!r to a gr[+ ref9em5t ( mann]s 9 all #dbi classes4 ,lead]s ( ! 8high society0 tell u1 z we h se51 t l\d laught] is prohibit$ by its code ( proprieties4 ,! middle class1 9 :i* ! imitation ( social sup]iors gr[s into a solemn culte1 has naturally adopt$ ?is idea f ! upp] class3 & ! classes bel[ may be dispos$ on public occasions to consid] ,"m ,grundy s f> z to curb ! fr[>d _s ( fun4 ,/ill1 ! decl9e seems to be mu* m ?an any su* artificial re/ra9t w\ld acc\nt =4 ,! evid5ce available c]ta9ly fav\rs ! conclusion t1 ev5 :5 unfett]$1 ! p does n laugh long & l\d z x once did4 ,?is is n ! place to attempt an explanation ( a *ange :i* is p]haps too rec5t to be easily expla9$4 ,yet we may haz>d ! sugge/ion t x is connect$ ) o!r rec5t social t5d5cies :i* seem to be /ill op]ative4 ,x is probably "o phase ( a :ole alt]ation ( temp] 9 ! mass ( ! p4 ,x looks z if only ! m solid mat]ial int]e/s n[ mov$ ! m9d1 z if sport _h to h its sub/antial bait 9 ! %ape ( /akes1 :ile com$y mu/ angle = popul>ity ) sc5ic spl5d\rs :i* are se5 to co/ money4 ,o!r =ces ly+ equally deep may n improbably co-op]ate4 ,! mir? ( ,m]ry ,engl& 0 ! outgo+ ( a p weld$ 9 bro!rhood4 ,! escape f ! prie/1 & lat] f 8 ,spani% *ampion1 _h begott5 a common s5se ( relief & joy\s expansion4 ,no su* weld+ pressure has come 9 ^! latt] days pu%+ all ranks into a common s]vice ( mir?4 ,! %>p class-antagonisms ( ! h\r1 especially t ( employ] & employ$1 leave b little hope ( ! revival ( su* a *oral laught] ( a :ole p4 ,?is decl9e ( ! l>g] *oral laught]1 includ+ ! reciprocal laught] ( social gr\ps1 appe>s to h = "o #dcj ( its consequ5ces a fall+ (f 9 ! "p play$ by mir? z a temp]+ & conciliatory elem5t 9 au?ority4 ,any ga9 aris+ f ! introduction ( a 8hum\r+ _s0 into our gov]nm5t ( ! "y is1 "o fe>s1 m ?an neutralis$ by ! loss :i* ensues f ! bani%m5t ( ! cajol+ laugh f ! relations ( ma/] & workman & mi/ress & maid4 ,p]haps1 too1 9 our t]ribly s]i\s purpose ( conf]r+ ! bless+ ( an incorporation into a _w-wide empire ^u reluctant peoples ( all degrees ( inf]iority1 we are los+ sight ( ! conciliatory virtue ( t _s ( amicable jocosity1 ! value ( :i*1 z we h se51 0 kn[n to "s :o _h to d ) savage peoples4 ,! s]i\sness ( to-day1 :i* looks z if x _h come to pay a long visit1 may be f\nd to h its roots 9 ! great] pu%fulness ( m51 ! fi]c] eag]ness to move up 9 ! scale ( weal? & com=t1 toge!r ) ! temp] :i* ?is begets1 ! discont5t-- ,! we>9ess1 ! fev]1 & ! fret :i* kill ! capacity = a :ole-he>t$ ab&onm5t to simple pleasures4 ,s f> z ?is is ! case1 :at laught] survives may be expect$ to take on ! tone ( a =c$ utt]ance ) some?+ ( a sigh ( we>9ess beh9d x4 ,x is z ?\gh m5 _h no "t to laugh4 ,ev5 at a social ent]ta9m5t y w f9d m5 & wom5 :o meet y\r playful *all5ge only ) a nigg>dly giggle :i* !y in/antly suppress3 poor di/ract$ s\ls unable = a mom5t to free !mselves f ! *aos ( social claims :i* haunts !m4 ,a yet m s9i/] *>act]i/ic ( ?is lat] social laught]1 reflect$ m or less cle>ly ev5 9 mu* ( #dca :at n[ passes = com$y1 is its cynicism4 ,by ?is is meant m ?an ! holl[ness ( ! laught] ( ! _w-we>y3 x implies a read9ess to laugh at a new sort ( ?+1 or at lea/ at ! old sorts 9 a new way4 ,?us1 we may he> ! unscrupul\s memb] ( a pr(ession laugh+ at "s 8amus+0 bit ( consci5ti\sness 9 ano!r memb]4 ,! laught] has its readily di/+ui%able tones3 n[ ! ?9 wiry note ( contempt :i* issues f ! sup]ior p]son1 n[ ! r\gh braz5 s\nd burr$ by ! bold] lips ( ! r\4 ,su* laught] is 9 ! case ( an individual1 ( a class & ( a nation alike1 ! revelation ( ! attitude ( a m9d :i* has n yet complet$ ! process ( disc>d+ its old obligations4 ,! t5d5cies "h t\*$ on illu/rate h[ closely ! moral =ces encompass our laught]1 h[ directly !y det]m9e its key & ! dep? ( its s9c]ity4 ,!y sugge/1 too1 h[ mu* m ! evil incl9ations m5ace ! heal?y vig\r ( our mir? ?an ! good1 ev5 ?\gh ^! %\ld be cultivat$ up to ! conf9es ( ! sa9tly4 ,^! signs may well make ! fri5d ( laught] sad4 ,!re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ! idea ( a dea? ( all ! m joy\s & refre%+ mir?4 ,! utilities--on :i*1 p]haps1 ,i h insi/$ too mu*--give u no pl$ge ( a f9al survival ( ! m]ry impulse4 ,h[ev] consid]able its b5efit to a society1 we h examples ( highly effici5t communities :i* seem to d v well )\t x4 ,& ! l is probably true ( individual laught]4 ,a few p]sons may1 z ,i h sugge/$1 owe to x _! p]si/5ce on ! human sc5e2 yet ! evolutional efficacy ( ?is utility is probably v n>r[ly circumscrib$4 ,9 spite ( ^! s9i/] indications1 an eye pati5t 9 se>* may descry o!rs :i* po9t to ! p]si/5ce ( a :olesome laught]4 ,ev5 if com$y & satire seem #dcb tir$ & slumb]+1 ! humor\s _s is awake & productive4 ,we h 9 ! lit]ature ( m ?an "o c\ntry ! promise ( a developm5t ( new tones ( quiet1 reflective laught]4 ,! gr[? ( a wid] appreciation ( o!r lit]atures ?an our own is ov]com+ ! ob/acles1 already t\*$ on1 to an int]national appreciation ( flav\rs1 s f> at lea/ z to all[ ( a rappro*em5t ( ! l>g]-m9d$ memb]s ( civilis$ nations 9 a reciprocal enjoym5t ( _! humor\s writ+s4 ,= ! re/1 we may put our tru/ 9 ! gr[+ volume ( :at ,i h call$ private laught]4 ,x is n unlikely t 9 ! future1 m5 :o ?9k w gr[ at once m t5aci\s ( _! ideals1 & m alive to ! ludicr\s consequ5ces :i* ^! introduce4 ,if s1 !y w become /ill less l gay-he>t$ *ildr5 ?an !y n[ are1 & w h to bright5 ! *amb] ( life1 z x loses ! bli! morn-giv5 light1 ) ! g5ial gl[ ( hum\r4 ,!y w be able to keep ! flame alive ) fuel drawn f ! /oreh\se ( lit]ature4 ,9 ?is "w ( cons]v+ human laught] !y w d well1 :ile develop+ ! ?\ghtfulness ( ! humori/1 to keep 9 t\* ) ! heal?ie/ types ( social laught]1 ! simple mir? ( ! p pres]v$ 9 ! contes & ! re/1 & ! endur+ com$ies4 ,if a few m5 w cultivate _! own laught] 9 ?is way & d _! be/ to make _! private amusem5t t ( an inn] circle ( fri5ds1 we may hope t x w n die--?\gh ! dea? ( :at we love 7 less t]rible to face ?an its debasem5t--b be pres]v$ by a few fai?ful h&s = a happi] age4 ,!y w h _! rew>d 9 advance1 s9ce pure & hone/ laught]1 l m]cy1 blesses him t gives1 & him t takes4 ,,notes #a ,article on 8,hum\r0 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxxiii41 pp4 #cah-bf4 #b ,see ,b4 ,bosanquet1 ,hi/ory ( /hetics1 p4 #cfj1 :]e we are told t s]i\s mod]n com$y1 su* z ,molire's ,l',av>e1 is1 accord+ to ,hegel1 want+ 9 ?is *>act]i/ic4 #c ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,b& ,,ii41 ,er/es ,bu*1 ,kap4 viii4 #d ,le ,rire1 publi%$ by ,flix ,alcan1 #aijj4 #e ,see an article 8,p\rquoi rit-on80 by ,camille ,ml9aud1 9 ! ,revue des deux ,mondes1 #ahie 7,tom4 #abg1 p4 #fab ff474 ,! !ory ( ,m4 ,ml9aud seems to resemble closely t ( ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] & o!rs1 :i* ,lotze criticises1 ,ges*i*te d] /hetik1 p4 #cdf4 #f ,m4 ,b]gson furni%es "s /rik+ illu/rations ( ! =c+ ( a !ory on reluctant facts 9 8 treatm5t ( ! laughable aspect ( ! r$ nose & ! black sk91 op4 cit41 p4 #da ff4 #g ,! ref]5ces "h are to "o ( a s]ies ( articles entitl$ 8,psy*ologie d] ,komik0 9 ! ,phil4 ,monat%efte1 ,bd4 ,,xxiv4 ,see p4 #cii ff4 ,! articles h be5 elaborat$ 9 a volume1 ,komik und ,humor4 ,! po9t "h dealt ) is t\*$ on 9 ?is volume 9 ,kap4 iv41 s4 #eeh4 #h ,! po9t t :5 we judge two successive impressions to be diff]5t we d n necess>ily repres5t bo? simultane\sly1 has be5 rec5tly emphasis$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t & ,t4 ,lov$ay1 :o quote ! views ( ,wundt & ,s*umann4 ,see ,m9d1 ,n4,s41 ix4 7#aijj71 pp4 #a-g1 & p4 #chf4 #i ,dr4 ,lipps seems half to p]ceive ?is mode ( int]action among p>ts ( a complex pres5tation :5 he says t ! cyl9d] appe>s to r5\nce its dignity 7,wrde7 z man's head-cov]+ :5 x /oops to adorn ! head ( a *ild 7loc4 cit474 #aj ,ges*i*te d] /hetik 9 ,deuts*l&1 p4 #cdc4 #aa ,v]su* e9] ,!orie des ,komis*5 7#ahag71 s4 #bc4 #ab ,see ,d>w91 ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #aii4 #ac ,see among o!r au?orities1 ,raul91 ,le ,rire1 p4 #bh4 #ad ,see art4 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,tickl+1 ,laugh+ & ! ,comic10 by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall & ,a4 ,all91 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ix41 p4 #a ff4 #ae ,purgatorio1 ,canto xi41 l9es #hb-c2 cf4 ,canto i41 l9e #bj1 :]e ! fair planet 7,v5us7 is said to h made ! :ole ,ea/ laugh--a figure copi$ by ,*auc]1 ,! ,knightes ,tale1 l9e #fcf4 ,addison t\*es on ?is poetical use ( 8laught]10 ,spectator1 ,no4 #bdi4 #af ,gratiolet1 ,de la ,physionomie1 p4 #aaf4 ,b5$ick in/ances z int]jections ( laugh+ 8ha6 ha6 he06 ,mu* ,ado ,ab\t ,no?+1 ,,iv41 i4 #ag ,see an article on 8,organic ,processes & ,consci\sness10 by ,j4 ,r4 ,angell & ,h4 ,b4 ,?ompson1 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 vi41 p4 #ee4 ,accord+ to ^! rese>*es1 a he>ty laugh1 caus+ sudd5 & viol5t *anges 9 ! brea?+ curve1 is accompani$ by ! %>pe/ & mo/ m>k$ vaso-dilation1 z te/$ by capill>y pulse draw+2 ?\gh 9 "o case ! opposite effect ( con/riction 0 produc$4 #ah ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 ,pt4 #b1 sec4 #b1 mem4 vi4 subsec4 #d 78mir? & m]ry company074 #ai ,laught] is pron\nc$ a 8good ex]cise0 by ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill 9 8 useful "w1 ,manual ( ,human ,physiology 7#ahii71 p4 #bcf4 ,! physiological b5efits are m fully treat$ ( by ,dr4 ,h>ry ,campbell 9 8 publication1 ,respiratory ,ex]cises 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,disease 7#ahih71 p4 #abe4 #bj 8,positions10 ed4 by ,quick1 pp4 #fd1 #fe4 #ba ,angell & ,?ompson 9 ! article quot$ above suppose t ! :ole dilation ( ! capill>ies dur+ laught] is a second>y effect ( sudd5 *anges 9 ! brea?+4 ,?is seems a reasonable conclusion4 ,yet s9ce1 accord+ to ^! writ]s1 smil+ z well z mild laught] causes g5tle *anges ( ! same k9d1 x seems possible t we h "h1 9 a disguis$ =m1 ! work+ ( ! g5]al law /at$ by ^! writ]s3 t agreeable exp]i5ces are accompani$ by dilation ( ! p]iph]al blood-vessels4 #bb ,see ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 *ap1 vi41 p4 #afc4 ,x is curi\s to note t ,mulca/] & ! rec5t physiologi/s ref]r$ to above claim a b5eficial influ5ce = 8a good cry0 z well z = laught]4 ,b !y d n seem explicitly to put !m on ! same level z occasional ex]cises4 #bc ,m>ia's words 9 ,twelf? ,night1 8,if y desire ! sple510 seem to po9t to "s suppos$ organic di/urbance due to immod]ate laught]4 #bd ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bjg & #bac4 #be ,pr(4 ,james seems to admit ?is 9 8 small] "w1 ,psy*ology1 p4 #chd4 #bf ,on ! ,contagion ( ,laught]1 see ,raul91 ,le ,rire1 p4 #ih ff4 #bg ,x has be5 po9t$ out by an +5i\s ,fr5* writ]1 ,l4 ,dugas--^: "w1 ,psy*ologie du rire1 has appe>$ :ile my volume is pass+ ?r\gh ! press--t ev5 a wild1 uncontrollable laught]1 8le f\ rire10 9 spite ( its elem5ts ( suff]+1 rema9s to a l>ge ext5t a pleasurable exp]i5ce 7see pp4 #be1 #bf74 #bh ,! ,fr5* language is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 its vocabul>y "u ?is head1 includ+ expressions l 8rire du b\t des d5ts0 & 8du b\t des lvres0 7cf4 ,hom]'s expression1 71 8rire dans sa b>be10 & o!rs l 8rire jaune04 #bi ,s>tor ,res>tus1 ,bk4 ,i41 *ap4 iv4 #cj ,article on 8,tickli%ness0 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e4 ,he adds t tickli%ness is n locally co9cid5t ) s5sitiv5ess to pa94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,ri*et rem>ks t ! p>ts mo/ s5sitive to tickl+ are ! p>ts ri*e/ 9 tactile n]ves4 ,article 8,*at\illem5t10 ,dictionnaire de ,physiologie4 #ca ,see ,wundt1 ,physiolog4 ,psy*ologie 7#dte ,auflage71 ,bd4 i41 pp4 #dcd-e4 ,accord+ to ?is au?ority ! propagation ( ! /imulation may be ei!r direct f "o s5sory fibre to ano!r1 or indirect1 involv+ muscul> contractions & muscul> s5sations4 #cb ,see ,klpe1 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #adh4 #cc ,see ! article on 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,tickl+1 ,laugh+1 & ! ,comic10 by ,g4 ,s4 ,hall & ,a4 ,all91 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ix41 p4 #a ff4 ,^! returns d n make x q cle> :e!r 8tickli%ness0 is tak5 to mean ! non-laugh+ z well z ! laugh+ v>ieties4 #cd ,my ref]5ces to ,dr4 ,rob9son's views are p>tly to ! article 9 ! ,diction>y already quot$1 & p>tly to notes ( lectures giv5 be=e ! ,briti% ,association & ! ,we/ ,k5t ,m$ical ,society1 :i* he has be5 s k9d z to %[ me4 ,i h made mu* use ( 8 int]e/+ & (t5 brilliant sugge/ions 9 deal+ ) ! subject ( tickli%ness4 #ce ,bo? ( ^! are includ$ by ,dr4 ,ri*et among ! mo/ s5sitive p>ts 7loc4 cit474 #cf ,h[ f> ! results are complicat$ by ! action ( ! muscles :i* s]ve to erect ! sep>ate hairs on ! body1 & are said by ,li/] to contract ne> a tickl$ surface1 ,i am n sure4 #cg ,e4g41 ,klpe1 op4 cit41 #adg4 #ch ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bja4 #ci ,9 us+ ! expression 8tickli% p]iod10 ,i d n imply t tickli%ness necess>ily disappe>s aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( maximal int5sity4 ,l play1 x probably p]si/s 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons z a susceptibility to :i* ! laws ( propriety leave b little scope = ex]cise4 #dj ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bja1 #bjb4 ,! re/riction ,i h add$ enables u to include ! case ( ! sole ( ! foot4 #da ,loc4 cit4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill confirms ! obs]vation & (f]s ! same explanation4 #db ,9 ?is connection an obs]vation s5t me by ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill is significant4 ,8 little girl fir/ respond$ ) laught] to tickl+ "u ! armpits at ! same age 7two & a half ye>s7 z %e fir/ %[$ fe> by cry+ on be+ put into ! arms ( a /rang]4 #dc ,g4 ,heymans1 ,zeits*rift fr die ,psy*ol4 und die ,physiol4 d] ,s9ne1 ,bd4 xi41 ss4 #ca ff4 #dd ,heymans1 loc4 cit4 #de ,! abnormal =ms ( automatic laught]1 includ+ ! effects ( /imulants1 are dealt ) by ,raul91 op4 cit41 #bme p>tie1 *ap4 iv41 & #cme p>tie4 #df ,giv5 9 ! returns to ,/anley ,hall's inquiries4 ,?is explosion ( laught] on receiv+ sad news occurs 9 cases ( c]ebral disord]4 ,see ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #af4 #dg ,quot$ by ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #ab4 #dh ,%akespe>e makes ,lady ,macbe? p]petrate a pun 9 a mom5t ( int5se excitem5t :5 ,macbe?'s hesitation goads h] into a resolve to c>ry out ! murd] h]self3-- 8,i'll gild ! faces ( ! grooms )al ,= x mu/ seem _! guilt04 ,did he mean to illu/rate by ?is ! way 9 :i* emotional /ra9 t5ds to lapse = a brief mom5t into laught]8 #di ,op4 cit41 pp4 #afc1 #bjh4 #ej ,see ,les ,passions de l'me1 #bme p>tie1 art4 #be4 #ea ,co-op]ative teas+1 :5 x me?odically 8nags0 a boy because he happ5s1 = example1 to take ! unfa%ionable side 9 "s political dispute1 mak+ 8 s*ool-life a torm5t1 _h--) all def]5ce to apologetic headma/]s1 be x said--bett] *ange its "n4 #eb ,giv5 by ,/anley ,hall 9 ! article1 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,tickl+10 etc41 already quot$4 #ec ,valuable beg9n+s may be f\nd "h & !re2 = example1 9 ! ent]ta9+ volume ( a ,fr5* com$ian1 ,le ,rire1 p> 7,b4 ,c47 ,coquel91 cadet4 #ed ,iliad1 ii41 #bab ff4 #ee ,loc4 cit4 #ef ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 (t5 a reciprocal effect 9 ^! cases1 ! non-compliant intrud] s]v+ to %[ up ! absurd monotony ( ! r[4 #eg ,see an article1 8,! ,analytical ,humori/10 by ,h4 ,d4 ,traill1 ,=tnightly ,review 7,n4,s471 vol4 lx41 p4 #ada4 #eh ,mr4 ,kipl+ sugge/s t ! want ( a prop] nose 9 a family is reg>d$ z a disgrace among ! ,h9doos 7,kim1 p4 #ha74 #ei ,x may be well to add1 by way ( caution1 t ! feeble semblance ( laught] :i* a mod]n !atre-go] is apt to produce :5 he sees some?+ risqu is n a simple =m ( laught] at ! indec5t4 ,x is ! outcome ( a highly artificial attitude ( m9d1 9 :i* !re is an oscillation ( feel+ betwe5 ! read9ess ( ! natural man to indulge & ! fe> ( ! civilis$ man t he may be c>ri$ too f>4 #fj ,op4 cit41 p4 #de4 #fa ,comp>e above1 pp4 #ac ff4 #fb ,z our mode ( classification %[s1 we may reg>d ^! z prim>ily in/ances ( laughable degradation4 ,nev]!less1 "s appreh5sion ( contradiction is cle>ly involv$4 #fc ,f a spee* deliv]$ by ,sir ,john ,p>nell 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons1 #agie4 ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,le ,fanu1 ,sev5ty ,ye>s ( ,iri% ,life1 *4 xvi4 78,iri% ,bulls074 #fd ,see ,b]gson1 op4 cit41 p4 #de4 #fe ,poetics1 v4 i4 7,but*]'s translation74 #ff ,a fur!r & mo/ important enl>gem5t ( ,hobbes' pr9ciple is made by ,ba9 :5 he urges t ! spectacle ( degradation works ^u u1 n m]ely by way ( ! emotion ( p[] or glory1 b by way ( ! feel+ ( release f con/ra9t4 ,?is po9t w m conv5i5tly be dealt ) lat]4 #fg ,comp>e above1 p4 #ajj4 #fh ,kant's contribution to ! !ory ( ! ludicr\s is conta9$ 9 a s+le 8,rem>k0 app5d$ to a discussion ( ! ,f9e ,arts & ,ta/e4 ,see ,dr4 ,b]n>d's translation ( 8 ,kritik ( ,judgm5t1 pp4 #bba-d4 #fi ,article 8,on ! ,philosophy ( ,laugh+10 by ! ,editor1 ,! ,moni/1 #ahih1 p4 #bee4 #gj ,i f9d aft] complet+ ?is p>agraph t ! po9t dealt )1 namely1 t surprise1 9 ! s5se ( ! effect ( m5tal unprep>$ness1 is n an inv>iable antec$5t ( our response to ! laughable1 has be5 urg$ by a ,fr5* writ]1 ,m4 ,c\rdaveaux4 ,8 critic1 ,m4 ,dugas1 does n seem to me to h effectually combat$ x4 7,see ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #fc ff47 #ga ,see above1 p4 #f4 #gb ,comp>e :at 0 said above propos ( ! *ild & ! hat1 p4 #ad4 #gc ,cf4 above1 p4 #aad2 also ! article 9 ,! ,moni/ already quot$4 #gd ,engli% ,comic ,writ]s1 lect4 i41 8,wit & ,hum\r04 #ge 8,! ,physiology ( ,laught]10 ,essays1 i41 p4 #bjf4 #gf ,accord+ to ,f\ille1 contra/ is ! =mal elem5t1 fault9ess 78le dfaut071 ! mat]ial4 ,see ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #he ff4 #gg ,hazlitt def9es ! ridicul\s z ! highe/ degree ( ! laughable1 :i* is 8a prop] subject = satire10 loc4 cit4 #gh ,comp>e ,ribot1 ,la ,psy*ologie des s5tim5ts1 p4 #cdd4 #gi ,m4 ,b]gson has a glimpse ( ! co-op]ation ( 8*ild's fun0 9 our laught]1 op4 cit41 p4 #fi2 b he fails to see ! magnitude ( ?is factor4 #hj ,see ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 8,! ,emotions10 *ap4 xiv41 #ch-dj4 #ha ,cf4 ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #abh ff4 #hb ,wit & ,hum\r1 p4 #g4 #hc ,see p4 #gf1 ff4 #hd ,pr(4 ,groos does n1 ,i ?9k1 br+ out cle>ly en\gh ! di/9ction "h drawn1 ?\gh he may be said to half-recognise x :5 he speaks ( 8joy 9 conque/0 z ! end ( play combats 7,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #bia1 #bib74 #he ,?is re/riction sometimes takes on a look ( a conative process ( self-control1 e4g41 :5 an old] cat1 n us$ to play1 is importunately *all5g$ by a lively kitt54 #hf ,on ?is 8divid$ consci\sness0 9 play see ,groos1 ,play ( ,animals1 p4 #cjc ff4 #hg ,on ! uses ( animal play see ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,man1 ,"p ,,iii41 sect4 #b1 & ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,animal ,behavi\r1 *ap1 vi41 sect4 #b4 #hh ,among previ\s writ]s on ! subject ,m4 ,dugas seems to be ! "o :o has _h ! cle>e/ appreh5sion ( ! ess5tially playful "* ( laught] 7op4 cit41 *ap4 vi41 especially p4 #aae seq474 #hi ,k>l ,groos connects bo? ! tussl+s & ! te>+s ( "y animals ) ! in/9ct ( sex-competition 7,play ( ,animals1 p4 #ce ff474 #ij ,! ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #ia4 #ia ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,"p ,i41 *ap4 iii4 #ib ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #djg4 ,! au?or /rikes me z almo/ excessively cauti\s 9 accept+ ^! evid5ces ( can9e jocosity4 #ic ,w4 ,prey]1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 p4 #aig4 #id ,quot$ by ,lloyd ,morgan1 loc4 cit4 #ie ,expression ( ,emotions1 p4 #bjh2 cf4 p4 #acb ff4 #if ,see ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,"p ,i41 *ap4 iii4 #ig ,s 9 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 pp4 #baa1 #bab4 ,9 ! notes contribut$ to ,m9d1 vol4 ii4 7#ahgg71 p4 #bhh1 two infants are spok5 (1 "o ( :i* smil$ :5 =ty-five1 ! o!r :5 =ty-six days old4 #ih ,! ref]5ces are to 8 "w1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 #dte ,auflage4 #ii ,*ampneys & ,sigismund are quot$ by ,prey]4 ,miss ,%9n's obs]vations are giv5 9 h] "w1 ,notes on ! ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 p4 #bch4 ,mrs4 ,moore's are to be f\nd 9 h] ,essay1 ,! ,m5tal ,developm5t ( a ,*ild1 p4 #cg4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill writes t he not$ ! fir/ smile 9 8 boy :5 he 0 ?ree weeks old1 & 9 8 girl :5 %e 0 "s days old]4 #ajj ,see especially :at he says ab\t an unusual expression1 includ+ 8a /rongly sp>kl+ eye0 :i* occurr$ 9 ! eigh? week1 op4 cit41 p4 #aid4 #aja ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,%9n = a sight ( h] complete orig9al notes2 & "s ( my ref]5ces are to ^!4 #ajb ,x is regrettable t ,prey] does n describe ) "s precision ! s\nds produc$ by 8 boy on ! tw5ty-?ird day4 #ajc ,miss ,%9n insi/s t ! laugh did n develop out ( ! *uckle1 s9ce app>5tly x appe>$1 z _m articulate s\nds appe>1 ) some?+ ( a sudd5 complet5ess4 ,b ?is is j :at we %\ld expect if ! laugh is an inh]it$ movem5t4 #ajd ,op4 cit41 p4 #aig4 #aje ,prey] puts ?is at ! end ( ! fir/ half-ye>1 :i* seems to me to be late4 #ajf ,op4 cit41 p4 #if4 #ajg ,on ! po9t ( ! priority ( ! smile 9 ! process ( evolution see ,?4 ,ribot1 ,la ,psy*ologie des ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #cdf4 #ajh ,d>w91 ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #acc4 #aji ,a4 ,lehmann1 9 8 int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! emotions & _! expression 9 ! individual1 sugge/s t ! fir/ imp]fect smile ( ! infant1 :i* expresses ! pleasure ( sweetness1 is g5etically relat$ to ! movem5ts ( suck+ 7,hauptgesetze des m5s*l4 ,gefhlsleb5s1 ss4 #bie1 #bif74 #aaj ,d>w91 ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 pp4 #acd1 #ace4 #aaa ,z po9t$ out above1 ! ,fr5* e s\nd seems to be ! common "o 9 *ildr5's laught]4 ,prey] tells u t ! correspond+ s\nd 9 ,g]man 77 occurs 9 ! fir/ infantile babble 7,developm5t ( ,intellect1 p4 #bci74 #aab ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 pp4 #acb-c4 #aac ,see ! article already quot$ on 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,tickl+1 ,laugh+10 etc41 p4 #cc4 #aad ,see ! article already quot$4 #aae ,dr4 ,rob9son consid]s t ano!r agreeable effect ( tickl+ may be an inh]it$ e*o ( ! c>esses ( man's prog5itors4 #aaf ,/anley ,hall also sugge/s t ! mo/ tickli% p>ts1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 inquiries1 are ! sole ( ! foot1 ! ?roat1 etc41 are ! 8mo/ vuln]able04 ,b he does n expla9 :at he means by vuln]able "h1 & c]ta9ly does n appe> to use ! ^w 9 ! s5se giv5 x by ,dr4 ,l4 ,rob9son4 #aag ,groos deals ) ! teas+ ( animals "u ! head ( 8,fight+ ,plays0 7,play ( ,animals1 p4 #acf ff474 #aah ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley1 ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahii1 p4 #hg4 #aai ,?is idea1 t :5 we laugh at ludicr\s ?+s ! process is fundam5tally analog\s to t ( be+ tickl$1 has be5 made ! basis ( a curi\s & sugge/ive physiological !ory ( laught]1 develop$ by a ,g]man writ]4 ,see ,ewald ,heck]1 ,die ,physiologie und ,psy*ologie des ,la*5s und des ,komis*54 #abj ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ci4 #aba ,i am indebt$ = ?is fact to ,dr4 ,l4 ,hill4 ,i believe a l rem>k applies to all ! laught] ( play4 #abb ,! nature ( ! process ( emotional developm5t is m fully treat$1 & ! relation ( its effect to t ( ! dull+ action ( repetition is indicat$1 9 my "w1 ,! ,human ,m9d1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ge ff4 #abc ,( c\rse1 increase ( volume might arise ?r\gh a wid5+ ( ! s5sational factor 9 ! exp]i5ce1 due to ! l>g] diffusion ( somatic /imulation1 :i*1 z already rem>k$1 is an elem5t 9 ! expansion ( laught]4 #abd ,?is expression is commonly us$ only :]e an expression is pass$ on to a palpably dissimil> feel+4 ,b an ess5tially simil> process takes place1 accord+ to my view1 )9 ! limits ( developm5t ( :at we call ! same emotion4 #abe ,! application ( ! pr9ciple ( arre/ to ! *anges 9 emotional /ates has be5 made ) great success by ,?4 ,ribot 9 8 volume1 ,psy*ologie des ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #bfj ff4 #abf ,miss ,%9n's obs]vations are record$ 9 ,p>ts ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ( h] ,notes4 #abg ,= a pretty rem9isc5t description ( a fir/ exp]i5ce ( runn+ & jump+1 see ,pi]re ,loti1 ,roman d'un ,enfant1 ii41 p4 #d ff4 #abh ,! ne>e/ approa* ,i h met ) to a sugge/ion ( a wi% to inflict pa9 9 ?is e>ly practical jok+ is ! foll[+3 ,! *ild ,m4 :5 two ye>s old /ood on h] "m's foot say+1 8,oh1 my poor toe60 ,b x seems reasonable to say t 9 su* mom5ts ( frolic pa9 is q unrepres5table4 #abi ,op4 cit41 p4 #aif4 ,i h he>d ( x occurr+ 9 a girl at ! age ( ?ree & a half4 ,! po9t %\ld c]ta9ly be det]m9$ by m precise obs]vations4 #acj ,prey] fir/ obs]v$ rogui% laught] at ! end ( ! second ye> 7op4 cit41 p4 #aif74 ,he does n def9e ! expression 8s*elmis*es ,la*504 #aca ,comp>e above1 p4 #hc4 #acb ,see ,mrs4 ,hogan's ,/udy ( a ,*ild1 p4 #ah4 #acc ,cf4 :at 0 said 9 *ap4 v41 p4 #adb1 apropos ( ,leigh ,hunt's !ory4 #acd ,ru?'s laught] at ! "m's face 0 c]ta9ly v e>ly4 #ace ,hogan1 op4 cit41 p4 #ga4 #acf ,see my ,/udies ( ,*ildhood1 pp4 #bgd-e4 #acg ,mo/ ( ! obs]vations "h quot$1 on ! laught] ( ! boy ,c41 h appe>$ be=e 9 a *apt] ( my volume1 ,/udies ( ,*ildhood4 ,! read] :o is famili> ) ?is *apt] w1 ,i feel sure1 p>don ! repetition4 #ach ,rev4 ,duff ,macdonald1 ,africana 7#ahhb71 i41 pp4 #bff-g4 #aci ,x is true t ?is a/\nd+ proposition is answ]$ some:at ironically by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,folliott1 :o says1 8,give him mod]n ,a!ns1 ! le>n$ fri5d 7,br\gham7 & ! %am intellect ,society--!y w develop 8 muscles04 ,yet x seems odd t ?is confid5t ass]tor 0 n tak5 to task = 8 amaz+ ignorance4 #adj ,! dispute may be foll[$ by ! curi\s by turn+ up ! foll[+3 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vol4 viii41 p4 #caf2 cf4 ,e4 ,des*amps1 ,pays des ,v$das1 pp4 #cgh-i2 ,! ,taprobanian1 vol4 i41 p4 #aib ff4 ,! ,g]man visitor1 ,s>as91 upholds ! writ] 9 ! latt] p]iodical1 & says t ! ,v$das 8la*5 g]ne10 ?\gh "s ( !m are bad temp]$1 & laugh b little4 ,natur=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 pp4 #cgh & #edj4 #ada ,c>l von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #fa4 #adb ,?is applies1 ( c\rse1 to ! detection ( ! :ole ( ! social qualities :i* make up good-nature4 ,f4 ,nans5 attacks ! mission>y ,eg$e = 8 misrepres5tation ( ! ,gre5l&]s 9 call+ !m cold-blood$ creatures4 ,see ,eskimo ,life1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 #adc ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bji4 #add ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7#ahcc71 ii41 p4 #ach4 #ade ,among ,cannibals 7#ahhi71 p4 #bia4 #adf ,angas1 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& 7#ahdg71 ii41 p4 #aa4 #adg ,bonwick1 ,! ,daily ,life ( ! ,tasmanians 7#ahgj71 p4 #agd4 #adh ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es 7#ahcb71 i41 p4 #if4 #adi ,turnbull1 ,a ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w 7#ahac71 p4 #cgb4 #aej ,ersk9e1 ,! ,we/]n ,pacific 7#ahec71 p4 #aei4 #aea ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,brit4 ,n4 ,borneo1 i41 p4 #hd4 #aeb ,rev4 ,jos4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal 7#aheg71 p4 #bcb4 #aec ,cruick%ank1 ,! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,africa 7#ahec71 ii41 p4 #bec4 #aed ,h9d1 ,canadian ,r$ ,riv] ,explor+ ,exp$ition 7#ahfj71 ii41 p4 #ace4 ,o!r examples ( ! mir?fulness ( savages are giv5 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,div4 ,i41 ,pt4 #b--;,a4 #aee ,cruick%ank1 ,gold ,coa/ ( ,africa1 loc4 cit4 #aef ,mu/]s1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians 7#ahgc71 p4 #afg4 #aeg ,sauge?i]e von ,p>aguay 7#ahcj71 s4 #aj4 #aeh ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania 7#bnd ed471 p4 #ch4 #aei ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7#ahig71 p4 #djc4 #afj ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 8,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s10 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropol4 ,in/itute1 vol4 xii41 p4 #hh4 #afa ,see ,raul91 op4 cit41 p4 #id ff4 #afb ,angas1 loc4 cit4 #afc ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak1 etc41 i41 p4 #ha4 #afd ,burton1 ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii41 p4 #cca4 #afe ,waitz1 ,naturvlk]1 #ft] ,!il1 s4 #ajb4 #aff ,mrs4 ,edgewor? ,david1 ,funafuti1 p4 #bcj4 #afg ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal 7#aheg71 p4 #bcb4 #afh ,l+ ,ro?1 ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania 7#bnd ed471 p4 #bi4 #afi ,wood1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 i41 p4 #bfa4 #agj ,f an article1 8,we/ ,african ,wom510 contribut$ to ! ,daily ,telegraph4 #aga ,?is is /at$ by ,pr(4 ,ba9 9 8 ,engli% ,composition & ,rhetoric1 p4 #bcg4 ,i h be5 unable to v]ify ! /atem5t2 b ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? assures me t ! /atem5t is probably correct2 & says t he rememb]s hav+ read rec5tly an acc\nt ( ! amusem5t ( ,*9ese by/&]s on su* an occasion1 "o man putt+ out a boat--m]ely to save a hat6 #agb ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 s4 #ecg4 #agc ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life 7#ahfh71 p4 #ea4 #agd ,wood1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #bfa1 & ,%oot]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bcc4 #age ,turnbull1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgb4 #agf ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,c>icature & ,grotesque1 p4 #b4 #agg ,cruick%ank1 loc4 cit4 #agh ,ellis1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #ig4 #agi ,h[ easily "o may ov]*>ge ?is indictm5t ( co>se immorality is illu/rat$ by :at ,von d5 ,/e95 says ( ! laught] ( ! ,brazil ,indian wom5 :5 he ask$ !m ! names ( ! sev]al bodily p>ts4 ,"s w\ld h tak5 ?is to be ! l[ jok+ ( braz5-fac$ wom54 ,he di/9ctly tells u t x 0 8j simple innoc5t laught]10 op4 cit41 p4 #fe4 #ahj ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #gb4 #aha ,b>r[1 ,hudson's ,bay1 p4 #cb4 #ahb ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 ii41 p4 #cab4 #ahc ,comp>e above1 pp4 #gb1 #gc4 #ahd ,ellis1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #ig4 #ahe ,wood1 op4 cit41 ii41 p4 #ebb4 #ahf ,li*t5/e91 op4 cit41 ii41 p4 #cjh4 #ahg ,bur*ell1 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7#ahbb71 vol4 ii41 p4 #cci4 #ahh ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit4 7#bnd ed471 p4 #acd4 #ahi ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bcj4 #aij ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit4 7#bnd ed471 p4 #cf4 #aia ,sproat1 ,savage ,life1 p4 #bff4 #aib ,quot$ by ,l+ ,ro?1 ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i41 p4 #ic4 #aic ,comp>e above1 p4 #ajd4 #aid ,h9d1 ,canadian ,r$ ,riv] ,exp$ition1 ii41 p4 #ace4 #aie ,see ,l+ ,ro?1 ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i41 p4 #ge4 #aif ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #acf1 #acg4 #aig ,quot$ f ,gideon ,lang by ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #agd4 #aih ,nans5 ass]ts ?is ) respect to ! attitude ( ! ,eskimos t[>ds ! ,danes :o settl$ 9 ,gre5l& 9 #agbh4 ,see ,eskimo ,life1 pp4 #ajf-g4 #aii ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7#ahgh71 ii41 p4 #bgh4 #bjj ,s>as91 op4 cit41 iii41 p4 #edj4 #bja ,burton1 ,wit & ,wisdom ( ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #eb4 #bjb ,l+ ,ro?1 ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i41 p4 #hc4 #bjc ,l+ ,ro?1 op4 cit41 i41 pp4 #hc-d4 #bjd ,sproat1 op4 cit41 p4 #ea4 #bje ,quot$ by ,d>w91 ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #bji4 #bjf ,von d5 ,/e951 op4 cit41 p4 #ga4 #bjg ,turnbull1 op4 cit41 p4 #hh4 #bjh ,op4 cit41 p4 #cgb4 #bji ,br\gh ,smy?1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #bi4 #baj ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology 7,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell71 vol4 iii41 p4 #daj4 #baa ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bci1 #bia4 #bab ,l+ ,ro?1 ,tasmania 7#bnd ed471 p4 #ch4 #bac ,m>sd51 op4 cit41 p4 #bcj4 #bad ,quot$ by ,waitz1 ,naturvlk]1 #ft] ,!il1 p4 #ajb4 #bae ,l+ ,ro?1 ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i41 p4 #hd4 #baf ,hans ,eg$e1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,gre5l&1 pp4 #aef-g4 #bag ,f4 ,nans51 ,eskimo ,life1 p4 #ahg2 cf4 ,eg$e1 loc4 cit4 #bah ,quot$ f ,jackson's ,n>rative 7#ahdj7 by ,ersk9e1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #dfh4 #bai ,bonwick1 op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #bbj ,grey1 ,two ,exp$itions 9 ,au/ralia 7#ahda71 ii41 pp4 #cjg-h4 #bba ,j4 ,*&l] ,h>ris1 ,uncle ,remus & 8 ,fri5ds4 #bbb ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1 ,folklore ( ! ,fjort1 pp4 #ib-c4 #bbc ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? has po9t$ out to me t ! laught] ( ! ,au/ralian at ! absurdity ( ! idea ( a dead man go+ ab\t )\t legs1 etc41 occurs 9 a race usually plac$ among ! l[e/ 9 ! scale4 ,yet ?is app>5t exception does n1 ,i ?9k1 affect ! validity ( ! g5]alisation 9 ! text4 ,! intellect display$ 9 ?is ridicule is n ( a high ord]2 &1 fur!r1 we are di/9ctly told t ! sc(f] 9 ! case 0 an 8intellig5t0 native1 t is to say1 "o ( m ?an ! av]age intellig5ce ( 8 tribe4 #bbd ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? writes me t he agrees ) ,miss ,k+sley z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! laught] ( savages & ( *ildr54 ,i %\ld be q ready to accept ?is view s f> z x conc]ns ! special =ms & directions ( ! mir?4 ,! diff]5ces ( capacity1 exp]i5ce & habit involv$ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ild & adult w1 ( c\rse1 introduce _m dissimil>ities into _! manife/ations ( ! mir?ful temp]4 ,i hold1 h[ev]1 t z reg>ds ! fundam5tal psy*ical processes involv$1 ! simil>ity is real & great4 #bbe ,macdonald1 op4 cit41 i41 p4 #bff4 #bbf ,burton1 op4 cit41 ii41 pp4 #cch-i4 #bbg ,see p4 #db4 #bbh ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,c>icature & ,grotesque1 p4 #aha4 #bbi ,m4 ,jos4 ,bdi] 9 8 int]e/+ /udy1 ,l',esprit des ,fabliaux1 ?\gh he argues t ! fabliaux 9 g5]al _h no social aim 78porte sociale071 has to admit t 9 ! case ( ! treatm5t ( ! prie/s ^! 8contes rire en v]s0 betray a g5u9e hatr$1 a hatr$ :i* 7he adds7 runs ?r\gh o!r =ms ( lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #bcj ,bdi] po9ts out 9 ! "w quot$ t ! writ]s ( ! fabliaux1 :i* issue f ! burgh] class1 & are writt5 = ?is class1 take sides ) ! weak villa9s r ?an ) ! /rong knightly class 7see p4 #bia ff474 ,cf41 h[ev]1 ,wright1 op4 cit41 p4 #aad4 #bca ,see ,masp]o1 ,les ,contes populaires de l'gypte1 ,introduction 78,conte des deux frres074 #bcb ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 ,greek ,antiquities1 p4 #cec4 #bcc ,tyrrell1 ,lat9 ,poetry1 p4 #bbj4 #bcd ,bdi]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bgi ff4 #bce ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 8,c]emonial ,in/itutions10 pp4 #bje1 #bjf4 #bcf ,masp]o1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria1 *ap4 i4 #bcg ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egyptians1 iii41 pp4 #ddg1 #dbi4 #bch ,simcox1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,lit]41 i41 p4 #df4 #bci ,giv5 9 ,hazlitt's ,new ,london ,je/ ,book1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 #bdj ,wright1 op4 cit41 p4 #acc4 ,a good /ory ( a retaliative practical joke1 c>ri$ out by a ba*elor on a tav]n keep] :o _h spilt "s w9e on s]v+ him1 is giv5 by ,bdi]1 op4 cit41 iii41 p4 #bgb ff4 #bda ,h4 ,sp5c]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjh4 #bdb ,curtius rem>ks ( ! ,greek comic poets3 8,x 0 prim>ily aga9/ ! novel fa%ion ( ! day t !y aim$ _! bl[s0 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ii41 p4 #eci74 #bdc ,see ,w>d1 ,engl4 ,dram4 ,poets1 ii41 p4 #dja4 #bdd ,wright1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xix4 #bde ,sell>1 ,roman ,poets1 p4 #afg4 #bdf ,tyrrell1 op4 cit41 p4 #eb4 #bdg ,w>d1 ,engl4 ,dram4 ,poets1 ii41 pp4 #cih-i4 ,! ,re/oration com$y also made fun ( ! 8cit0 z ! inf]ior ( ! ,we/-end g5tleman4 #bdh ,w>d1 op4 cit41 ii41 pp4 #cii1 #djj4 #bdi ,! ,gold5 ,ass1 ,bk4 ,,iii41 *4 #ee4 #bej ,doran1 ,hi/ory ( ,c\rt ,fools1 pp4 #ah1 #cg1 #ge4 #bea ,tyrrell1 ,lat9 ,poetry1 p4 #dc ff4 ,! scurrility ( ! e>ly ,greek com$y l$ to its be+ disc\nt5anc$ by ,pisi/ratus4 ,z ,pr(4 ,p4 ,g>dn] rem>ks1 8,tyrants h no s5se ( hum\r1 & dread ridicule0 7,greek ,antiquities1 p4 #fff74 #beb ,wright1 op4 cit41 p4 #dd ff4 #bec ,w>d1 ,engl4 ,dram4 ,poets1 ii41 pp4 #cib-c4 #bed ,colley ,cibb]'s satire 8,non-,juror0 is said to h br\ght him a p5sion & ! (fice ( ,poet ,laureate 7,wright1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xxii474 #bee ,george ,,iii4 0 c>icatur$ aga9 & aga9 by ,gillray 7,wright1 op4 cit41 *ap4 xxvii474 #bef ,?is has no d\bt aris5 9 "p f ! fact t no o!r s+le ,engli% ^w expresses directly & cle>ly ! subjective feel+ or disposition :i* lies beh9d laught]4 #beg ,george ,eliot1 ,essays1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 #beh ,! op5+ sc5e ( ,le ,mdec9 malgr lui %[s t ,molire _h obs]v$ ?is qua9t =m ( wifely loyalty4 #bei ,sylvie & ,bruno1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #acb4 #bfj ,h5ce ,addison's rem>k 7,spectator1 ,no4 #ce7 t hum\r %\ld always be "u ! *eck ( reason seems1 9 :at "o is tempt$ to call a *>act]i/ic way1 to miss ! m>k4 #bfa ,see1 = example1 ,hffd+1 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 pp4 #bid1 #bie4 #bfb ,quot$ by ,dugas1 op4 cit41 p4 #ih4 ,flaub]t "h indicates1 p]haps1 "o great limit+ condition ( ! gr[? ( ! composite s5tim5t ( hum\r4 #bfc ,philebus1 ,j[ett's translation1 iv41 p4 #id ff4 #bfd ,"o ( ! be/ rec5t discussions ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,a4 ,lehmann1 already ref]r$ to2 see pp4 #bdg-bea & #bei4 #bfe ,cf4 above1 p4 #gj4 #bff ,op4 cit41 p4 #ie4 #bfg ,= ! :ole passage1 writt5 p]haps ) an unconsci\s rem9isc5ce ( ! ,r\sseau p]iod1 see ! ,kritik ( ,judgm5t1 ,dr4 ,b]n>d's translation1 p4 #bbg4 #bfh ,! abs5ce 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! comic _s z express+ itself 9 ! art ( com$y1 a po9t not$ by ,mr4 ,m]$i?1 is ( c\rse n conclusive ) respect to ! exi/5ce ( ! humor\s disposition4 #bfi ,m4 ,bdi] has a delicate *>act]isation ( ?is ,fr5* _s 9 ! ,contes2 t\*+ on its want ( dep? & arrire-p5se1 its spice ( malice1 its joy\s good s5se1 its irony1 :i* ?\gh a little co>se is yet precise & j1 op4 cit41 p4 #bgh4 #bgj ,?is r$eem+ quality ( ! ,iri% bull is indi/9ctly p]ceiv$ by ! ,edgewor?s 9 _! essay on ! subject1 9 :i* !y speak ( ! ,iri%man's habit ( us+ figurative & witty language4 ,see ,! ,book ( ,bulls1 by ,g4 ,r4 ,neilson 79 :i* ! ,edgewor?s' essay is includ$74 #bga ,quot$ by ,m]$i?1 op4 cit41 p4 #hg4 #bgb ,see 8 son's ,life1 *ap4 vii4 7vol4 i41 p4 #afg74 #bgc ,! "q is left an op5 "o by 8 biograph]1 ,j4 ,fitzmaurice-,kelly4 ,see ,life ( ,c]vantes1 p4 #bjg4 #bgd ,caus]ies du ,lundi1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #c1 #d4 #bge ,logic ,d$uctive & ,inductive1 by ,c>ve? ,read4 #bgf ,b]n>d's translation ( ,! ,kritik ( ,judgm5t1 p4 #bbf4 #bgg ,good illu/rations w be f\nd 9 ! /ory ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,capes1 ,! ,lake ( ,w9e1 *ap4 ii4 & *ap4 xxxii4 #bgh ,see = "o among _m in/ances ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 *ap4 ix4 78,! ,rapids ( ! ,og[e074 #bgi ,! /ory ( ,hans von ,bl['s almo/ sup]human behavi\r "u ^! circum/ances is told 9 ! ,national ,obs]v] ( #ag? ,feb41 #ahid4 #bhj ,see1 = example1 a lett] f a titl$ lady 9 ,! ,times ( ! #a/ ,june1 #ahid1 9 :i* ?is claim ( 8society0 to ! s]vices ( 8! pick ( blood & bra9s0 is prettily assum$4 #bha ,on ! employm5t ( buffoons & dw>fs 9 ! palace ( ! ,egyptian k+ see ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,on ! ,greek & ,roman je/]s 71 1 mimi1 scurr7 see ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,greek ,antiquities1 p4 #hce2 cf4 ,doran1 ,c\rt ,fools4 ,on ! m$ival je/] or fool see ,wright1 op4 cit41 *ap4 vii42 ,lacroix1 ,middle ,ages1 p4 #bch ff42 & ,juss]&1 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life1 p4 #ahg4 #bhb ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,greek ,antiquities1 p4 #fff4 #bhc ,b]gk1 ,grie*4 ,lit]aturges*41 iv41 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #bhd ,see ,wright1 op4 cit41 *aps4 xii4 & xiv4 #bhe ,essay on ,com$y1 pp4 #bd-e 7on ,molire's audi5ce72 pp4 #h1 #dg & foll[+ 7on ! recognition ( woman74 #bhf ,examples w be f\nd 9 ,le ,mdec9 malgr lui1 ,l',av>e & o!rs4 ,a delightful introduction ( ! all-r\nd beat+ ( ! circus is t ( ! ,pr(essors 9 ,le ,b\rgeois g5tilhomme4 #bhg ,m4 ,b]gson1 :o gives a delightful acc\nt ( ^! me*anical aids to ! effect ( com$y1 seeks to connect !m ) 8 !ory t ! laughable consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( ! monotony ( ! ma*9e = ! v>iety ( ! organism 7op4 cit41 p4 #gb ff474 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t !y owe mu* ( ! spell !y ca/ ov] our laugh+ muscles to sugge/ions ( *ild's play4 #bhh ,comp>e ! breezy fun ( ! sc5e 9 ,le ,t>tuffe1 :]e ! maid1 ,dor9e1 has to tackle 9 turn ea* ( a pair ( lov]s urg+ ! same grievances 9 almo/ ! same words 7,act ,,ii41 ,sc4 iv474 #bhi ,m\lton1 ,anci5t ,class4 ,drama1 p4 #cdd4 #bij 8,9 ,ari/ophanes ! v few maid5 figures t appe> are dumb0 7,neil1 ,! ,knights ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,introduction1 p4 xiv474 #bia ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,greek ,antiquities1 p4 #cec4 #bib ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 vol4 iii41 p4 #add4 #bic ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *ap4 xi4 #bid ,spectator1 ,no4 #fb4 #bie ,engli% ,comic ,writ]s1 ,lect4 ,i41 8,wit & ,hum\r04 #bif ,spectator1 ,no4 #f4 #big ,cf4 supra1 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #bih ,spectator1 ,no4 #dg4 #bii ,an elaborate classification ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ^w-play may be f\nd 9 an article by ,dr4 ,emil ,krpel91 9 ,wundt's ,philosoph4 ,/udi51 #b;er ,b&1 s4 #add ff4 #cjj ,b]gk obs]ves t ^! are at once individuals & types 7,grie*4 lit]aturges*i*te1 ,bd4 ,,iv41 s4 #ia74 #cja ,momms5 obs]ves t 9 ,t]5ce we h a m becom+1 ?\gh n yet moral1 conception ( fem99e nature & ( m>ri$ life 7,hi/4 ( ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iv41 *ap4 xiii474 #cjb ,c\r?ope1 ,hi/4 ( ,engli% ,poetry1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cde ff41 & #cef4 #cjc ,eng4 ,lit41 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *ap4 iii4 #cjd ,on ?is mixture ( tones see ,m\lton1 ,%akespe>e z ,dramatic ,arti/1 p4 #bia4 #cje ,mr4 ,m]$i? t\*es on ! way 9 :i* ,molire develop$ 8 *>act]s out ( p]sons kn[n to him 7op4 cit41 p4 #ec74 #cjf ,lectures & ,notes on ,%akespe>e1 p4 #daf4 #cjg 8,comme un morceau de cire entre mes ma9s elle e/1 ,et je lui puis donn] la =me qui me plat40 #cjh ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]gson 7op4 cit41 *ap1 iii47 seems to me to pu% 8 helpful idea ( a me*anical rigidity 7raideur7 9 ,molire's *>act]s a little too f>4 #cji ,! play closes ) ! 8aside0 ( ,covielle3 8,si l'on en peut voir un plus f\1 je l'irai dire ,rome04 #caj ,mr4 ,m]$i? rem>ks t x 0 8"h & !re ,bac*analian beyond ! ,ari/ophanic example0 7op4 cit41 p4 #aa74 #caa ,see above1 p4 #ib f4 #cab ,col]idge saw cle>ly en\gh h[ f> com$y is f mak+ morality its basis4 ,he rem>ks t ! new com$y ( ,m5&] & ! :ole ( mod]n com$y 7,%akespe>e except$7 is bas$ on rules ( prud5ce 7,lectures & ,notes on ,%akespe>e1 ,bell's ,edition1 #ahhd1 p4 #aia74 #cac ,cf4 supra1 p4 #aci4 #cad ,hi/4 ( ,eng4 ,lit41 ,bk4 ,,iii41 *ap4 i4 ,mr4 ,m]$i? is ne>] ! m>k :5 he speaks ( ! comic poet z be+ 89 ! n>r[ field1 or enclos$ squ>e ( ! society he depicts0 7op4 cit41 p4 #he74 #cae ,op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,iv41 s4 #b4 #caf ,see 8 8,notice0 to ,gil ,blas1 pp4 xii1 xiii4 #cag ,hi/4 ( ,eng4 ,lit41 vol4 iv41 p4 #agc4 #cah ,op4 cit41 p4 #bdj4 #cai ,quot$ by ,bacon1 ,essays1 8,apo!gms10 #aha4 #cbj ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ,george ,eliot1 :o obs]ves rightly t wit is alli$ to ratioc9ation 7,essays1 8,g]man ,wit10 p4 #ha74 #cba ,i rememb] discuss+ ! po9t ) ! late ,h5ry ,sidgwick--no mean au?ority--:o admitt$ t sev]al quotations :i* he _h pr(f]$ z examples ( wit might ) equal appropriat5ess he describ$ z humor\s4 ,! g]m ( ! view put =w>d 9 ! text is conta9$ 9 "s pi?y rem>ks by ! late ,pr(essor ,m9to 7,engli% ,prose ,lit]ature1 ,introduction1 p4 #bc74 #cbb ,! ref]5ce 9 ! text is to hum\r & wit1 reg>d$ z subjective1 z elem5ts 9 ! writ]4 ,consid]$ objectively z an attribute ( a "*1 wit ( a k9d may become "o +r$i5t 9 a humor\s pres5tation1 z 9 ! homely & r born wit ( ! c\ntryfolk 9 ! novels ( ,george ,eliot & ,mr4 ,h>dy4 #cbc ,see ,mr4 ,traill's criticism1 ,/]ne1 p4 #aef ff4 #cbd ,wit & ,hum\r1 p4 #aa4 #cbe ,see ,canon ,a+]'s ,introduction to ,! ,essays ( ,elia1 p4 #h4 #cbf ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aaj4 #cbg ,see my "w on ,pessimism1 p4 #dbh4 #cbh ,see ,dugas1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #cbi ,see1 = an excell5t example ( ?is retort1 ,dr4 ,james ,w>d's ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 vol4 i41 ,"p ,i4 #ccj ,m4 ,s*]] may possibly mean some?+ l ?is :5 he speaks ( ! humori/'s po9t ( view z ! ju/e/ f :i* a man's _w c be judg$ 7,essays on ,engli% ,lit]ature1 p4 #adh74 #cca ,on ! moral function ( com$y see ,b]gson1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bja1 #bjb1 & ,dugas1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adi-aei4 #ccb ,! ref]5ce is to an article1 8,ridicule & ,tru?0 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ehj-ie4 ,less+'s plea1 9 8 ,hamburg4 ,dramaturgie 7,/cke #bh & #bi71 on behalf ( a corrective virtue 9 com$y ow$ some?+1 ,i suspect1 to ! read+ ( ,%aftesbury & ! o!r ,engli% writ]s4 #ccc ,e?ics1 ,bk4 x41 #f4 #ccd ,s>tor ,res>tus1 loc4 cit4 #cce ,lett]s1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cjb4 #ccf ,see :at ,ari/otle says ab\t ! witty 71 lit]ally1 ! easy turn+1 nimble-m9d$71 ,e?ics1 ,bk4 iv41 #h4 #ccg ,mr4 ,rad=d1 9 an article on ,fal/aff1 9 ,mr4 ,birrell's ,obit] dicta 7,fir/ ,s]ies74 #cch ,! ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,nov4 #aija1 p4 #fhg4 #cci ,traill1 loc4 cit41 p4 #adg4 #cdj ,mr4 ,rad=d1 loc4 cit4 #dcc ,,index4 ,ab/raction1 9 repres5tation ( "* 9 com$y1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfg4 ,absurd1 !1 z laughable1 #aaj1 #aeb1 #baf1 #bag1 #bci1 #bid4 ,addison1 ,jos41 #cj note1 #ie1 #cjd note1 #ced1 #cee1 #dbc4 ,affectation1 9 com$y1 #cea4 8,agela/s10 #b1 #dbe4 ,a+]1 ,alfr$1 #cij note4 ,all91 ,a4 ,see ,hall1 ,g4 ,s4 ,analogy ( feel+1 #aia4 ,angas1 ,g4 ,f41 #bbd1 #bbh4 ,angell1 ,j4 ,r41 #cc note1 #cf note4 ,animals2 tickli%ness (1 #eg #afb1 #afc1 #agg2 laught] (1 #aef1 #afa1 #agj1 #agb1 #agg2 tricks (1 #aeg2 s5se ( fun 91 #aeh1 #afj2 play (1 #aeh ff4 ,apes4 ,see ,animals4 ,app]ception1 #ad1 #ei1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace4 ,appreh5sion1 dissolv$1 z cause ( laught]4 ,see ,fe>4 ,apuleius1 #bij4 ,arabian ,nights1 #bfd4 ,ari/ophanes1 #bhb1 #bib1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #ceg1 #cfj1 #cga1 #cgh4 ,ari/otle1 #abj1 #dab1 #dac1 #daf1 #dag note1 #dah1 #dbj4 ,art1 amus+ function (1 #cdc 7,*apt] ,,xi472 orig9 (1 #cdd2 scope = exhibition ( laughable 91 #cde2 hum\r 9 essays1 etc41 #cij1 #cia 7see ,fiction1 ,com$y74 ,artificial1 com$y1 #cga2 _w ( com$y1 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,assimilation 9 social evolution1 #bgf1 #bhf4 ,assimilative =ce ( laught]1 #bgb4 ,au/51 ,jane1 #cgh4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 on laught]1 #bb4 ,ba91 ,alex&]1 8 !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 #aba-abd1 #adj1 #adc2 on cruelty ( savage laught]1 #bcb note4 ,balzac1 ,h4 de1 #cgi4 #dcd ,b>rie1 ,j4 ,m41 #bdb4 ,b>r[1 ,isaac1 #dai4 -- ,john1 #bcf note4 ,ba%kirtseff1 ,m41 #cba4 ,bates1 ,h4 ,w41 #bbc4 ,beat+1 z comic incid5t1 #cdh4 ,b$d>d1 ,f4 ,e41 #aga4 ,bdi]1 ,jos41 #bfb note1 #bfc note1 #bfd1 #bgj note1 #cab note4 ,belittl+ ( idea1 z cause ( laught]1 #i4 ,b5evol5t1 mir?fulness z1 #dag4 ,b]gk1 ,?41 #cdf1 #cfj note1 #cha4 ,b]gson1 ,h41 #g1 #h note1 #ajd1 #aad1 #adj note1 #cdh note1 #cfg note1 #cgd1 #dac note4 ,bonwick1 ,jas41 #bbd1 #bdc1 #bej4 ,born1 ,b]tran de1 #bfc4 ,bosanquet1 ,b41 #f note4 ,bridgman1 ,laura1 #agj4 ,br[ne1 ,?omas1 #cij4 ,brutal laught]1 #hi1 #ig1 #adc1 #bca-bcc1 #cae1 #cha4 8,bulls10 #aaa1 #cac4 ,bl[1 ,h4 von1 #ccj note4 ,bur*ell1 ,w4 ,j41 #bci4 ,burton1 ,r4 ,f41 #bbi1 #bde1 #bec4 -- ,rob]t1 #cd1 #cad4 ,butl]1 ,samuel1 #aae4 ,butt1 ( wit1 #cee4 ,buy] & sell]1 laught] betwe51 #bgj4 ,campbell1 ,h>ry1 #ce note4 ,capes1 ,b41 #cbe note4 ,c>lyle1 ,t41 #cf1 #di1 #bii1 #cij1 #djj1 #djd #daf4 ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 #cjd1 #chf4 ,c>us1 ,paul1 #ab note4 ,c]vantes1 ,s4 ,m4 de1 #bhb1 #caj1 #cad1 #chi4 ,*ampneys1 ,f4 ,h41 #afe4 ,"*1 ! laughable 91 #acc1 #cjg1 #cae1 #cba2 incongruity betwe5 circum/ances &1 #cah1 #cfi2 int]e/ 91 #cah1 #ceh2 pres5tation (1 9 com$y1 #ceg-cgj4 #dcd ,*auc]1 ,g41 #cj note4 ,*e/]field1 ,e>l (1 #a4 ,*ild1 developm5t ( laught] 9 7,*apt] ,,vii472 fir/ laught] ( triumph1 #hc1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #baj2 say+s (1 z laughable1 #ajf2 degradation !ory appli$ to laught] (1 #abc1 #abd1 #acg2 beg9n+s ( smile & laugh 91 #afd-afh1 #ahh2 spontane\s laught] (1 #ahg1 #bjg2 ext5sion ( field ( laughable1 =1 #aia1 #aib2 gr[? ( self-feel+ 9 laught] (1 #aib1 #bjc1 #bje2 gr[+ complication ( laught] (1 #aib1 #aic2 e>ly laught] ( joy1 #aid-aih2 e>ly laught] ( play1 #aid1 #aih-bjg1 #baa1 #bab2 e>ly laught] ( teas+1 #bja-bjc2 e>ly defiance ( ord]1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bac2 fir/ rogui% laught]1 #bje1 #bjf2 e>ly appreciation ( ! laughable1 #bjg-bag2 fir/ laught] at s\nds1 #bji-bab2 e>ly feel+ ( propriety1 #baa-bae4 ,*oral laught]1 #bdg1 #beh1 #bie2 decl9e (1 #dbi4 ,cibb]1 ,colley1 #bib note4 ,cic]o1 #chd4 ,class1 diff]5tiation (1 #bdg1 #beh1 #bei2 *anges 91 z laughable1 #bhg4 ,cl]gy1 laught] at !1 #aji1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bid1 #cdf2 laught] ( !1 #bhc4 ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 #cfd1 #cgd note4 ,colli]1 ,j]emy1 #daa4 ,combat1 playful1 z orig9 ( laught] ( tickl+1 #agi-aha4 ,com$y 7,*apt] ,,xi471 ,greek1 #bfd1 #bia1 #cdf1 #cec1 #cfa1 #chi 7see also ,ari/ophanes72 ( ! ,re/oration1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #cgj-cgc1 #chc2 ,roman1 #bia1 #cgf 7see also ,plautus1 ,t]5ce72 conditions ( ! rise (1 #cdg2 elem5ts ( primitive laught] 91 #cdh-ceg1 #cgi2 ( ,incid5t1 #ceg2 ( ,mann]s1 #ceg1 #cgj-cgc1 #cgf2 ( ,"*1 #ceg-cgj2 ,elizabe?an1 #cfa2 po9t ( view (1 #cfh-cgg1 #daj2 mood address$ by1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgg1 #dab2 attitude (1 t[>ds morality1 #cgb-cgg1 #daa2 limits to1 #cgg2 approa* to po9t ( view (1 9 fiction1 #cgh2 satirical elem5t 91 #cha2 hum\r 91 #chg2 corrective function (1 #daa-dad2 ,mod]n1 #dac4 ,comic art1 rudim5ts (1 9 savage life1 #bej4 -- !1 di/+ui%$ f ! laughable1 #hf4 ,common-s5se4 ,see ,po9t ( ,view4 ,concept1 function ( !1 9 laught]1 #g1 #ac1 #acj-acc1 #ace4 ,congreve1 ,w41 #ceg1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #daa4 ,cons]vative =ce ( laught]1 #beg1 #bfa4 ,see ,progress4 ,contagi\sness ( laught]1 #db1 #ahf1 #bee4 ,conte1 ! m$ival1 #cd1 #hf1 #ia1 #bfb1 #bfg1 #bhd1 #bib1 #caa1 #cdf1 #cgc4 ,contempt1 laught] (1 #gh1 #hc1 #hi1 #ig1 #aah1 #adb1 #bje1 #bcd1 #bii1 #cbj1 #chj4 ,conte/s1 laught] 91 #gh1 #hc2 laught] at ! sight (1 #aag2 ( ! sexes1 see ,woman1 ,laught] ( ,man &4 ,contr>iety1 !ory (4 ,see ,incongruity4 ,contra/1 effect (1 9 comic *>act]s1 #cfe4 ,coquel91 ,b4 ,c41 an1 #aji4 -- cadet1 #hf note4 ,corrective function ( laught]4 ,see ,value ( ,laught]4 ,c\nt]actives ( laught]1 #hd1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaa4 ,c\rdaveaux1 ,v41 #acj note4 ,c\r?ope1 ,w41 #cfa note4 ,cruick%ank1 ,b41 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bce4 ,culture1 gradations (1 #bhd2 spread (1 #bhf1 #bhh4 ,curtius1 ,ern/1 #bgg note4 ,cu/om1 effect (1 on laught]1 #hd1 #bid1 #cah4 ,cu/om>y1 !1 z /&>d 9 com$y1 #cge-cgg4 ,cynicism 9 mod]n laught]1 #dca4 ,dante1 ,alighi]i1 #cj1 #dbe4 ,d>w91 ,c41 #bf1 #ch1 #dj1 #eg1 #fj1 #fc1 #gj1 #ga1 #aef1 #aei1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb1 #agg1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bhj4 ,daudet1 ,a41 #cgh4 ,david1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,e41 #bbi4 ,de=mity1 z laughable1 #hi1 #bca4 -- moral4 ,see ,vice4 ,degradation1 !ory ( 7moral !ory71 #aai-abe1 #abh1 #acg1 #aec4 ,d5nett1 ,r4 ,e41 #bea4 ,desc>tes1 ,r41 #gj4 ,desc5d+ incongruity1 #acg4 ,des*amps1 ,e41 #bbb note4 #dce ,deta*m5t 9 humor\s obs]vation1 #cca1 #ccg1 #djg-dji4 ,dick5s1 ,c41 #aeh1 #cbi1 #chh4 ,diff]5ce1 judgm5t (1 #ae note4 ,dignity1 loss (1 z laughable1 #ii1 #aai-abe1 #abh1 #acf1 #bac1 #bad1 #bff4 ,discomfiture1 ! sight (1 z laughable1 #aag4 ,disguise1 9 com$y1 #cdi1 #cfi4 ,disord]1 z laughable1 #id1 #bff1 #cdb2 9 com$y1 #cga4 ,dog1 !4 ,see ,animals4 ,doran1 ,john1 #bia4 ,dugas1 ,l41 #dg note1 #acj note1 #adi note1 #cjf note1 #djj note1 #dac note4 ,edgewor?1 ,r4 ,l4 & ,m41 #cac note4 ,education1 laught] 91 #dbf4 ,eg$e1 ,hans1 #bbc note1 #bdi4 ,egyptians1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,eliot1 ,george1 #aji1 #bga1 #bih1 #bii1 #che note1 #chf note1 #chi4 ,ellis1 ,w41 #bbd1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,emb>rassm5t1 relief f1 produc+ laught]1 #bbh1 #bch4 ,emotions1 ,james' !ory (1 #dj2 developm5t (1 #ahi2 fusion (1 #cjh-caj4 ,epicureans1 #cig4 ,ersk9e1 ,j4 ,e41 #bbd1 #bej4 ,e/imable1 !1 9 ! laughable1 #cjf1 #caj1 #cag4 ,evolutional utility ( laught]1 #djh1 #dca4 ,excell5ce1 laught] z an1 #c1 #daf1 #dbb1 #dbc4 ,expectation1 annull$1 z cause ( laught]1 #i1 #ab1 #ah1 #fd1 #abe1 #abf-acj4 ,fabliau4 ,see ,conte4 ,fanciful _w ( com$y1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,fanta/ic ideas1 z laughable1 #hh4 ,fa%ion1 def9ition (1 #bgc2 movem5ts (1 #bgc2 z re/ra9$ by cu/om1 #bge2 z laughable1 #bgf-bgi4 ,fa!r & *ild1 relation (1 9 com$y1 #bfe1 #cec1 #cfa4 ,fe>1 relief f nasc5t1 z elem5t 9 tickl+1 #fc2 laught] z reaction f1 #fe1 #agf1 #aii2 z inhibitory ( laught]1 #hh4 ,feel+ tone1 ( s5sations ( tickl+1 #ed2 ( hum\r1 #cje1 #caj2 ( comic mood1 #cgj1 #cgf4 ,fiction1 prose1 comic po9t ( view 91 #cgh1 #cgi2 address$ to a reflective mood1 #cgi2 hum\r 91 #chg-cij4 ,field+1 ,h41 #chh1 #chi4 ,fitzmaurice-,kelly1 ,j41 #cad note4 ,flaub]t1 ,g41 #cjf4 ,fools1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bia1 #cdc2 8,fea/ (10 #cdf4 ,f\ille1 ,a41 #acg4 ,fox1 fable ( !1 #chb4 ,fr5*1 !1 gaiety (1 #caa4 ,fun1 s5se (1 9 *ildr51 #fd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hg1 #aab1 #abe1 #acg1 #adj1 #afi1 #agf1 #aha1 #aid1 #cae2 9 savages1 #bcd1 #beb2 9 com$y1 #cdg-cej1 #cec1 #ceg1 #cfi4 ,future ( laught]1 #dbg4 ,g>dn]1 ,p41 #bfd1 #bib note1 #cdc note1 #cdf note4 ,g5etic me?od1 necessity (1 9 /udy+ ! ludicr\s1 #aed4 ,gill51 ,f4 ,j4 ,see ,sp5c]1 ,b4 ,gillray1 ,jas41 #bic note4 ,gladness1 z express$ 9 laught]1 #ga1 #aie4 ,see ,pleasure4 ,goe!1 ,j4 ,w4 von1 #bhc1 #dbf4 ,goldsmi?1 ,o41 #bih1 #cbh1 #chg1 #chh1 #dbd4 ,gratiolet1 ,l4 ,p41 #ca4 ,grey1 ,george1 #bej4 ,grief1 z caus+ laught]1 #ff1 #fg2 resemblance ( manife/ation (1 to laught]1 #gj1 #cji4 ,groos1 ,k41 #adf1 #adg note1 #adh note1 #aeh note1 #ahb note4 ,habit1 effect (1 on *ild's laught]1 #ahh1 #aij2 effect (1 on emotional reaction1 #aij4 ,see ,cu/om4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,/anley1 & ,all91 ,a41 on laught]1 #bh1 #eb1 #ff1 #hc2 on tickl+1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahb4 ,h>dy1 ,?os41 #ajc4 ,h>mful t5d5cies ( laught]1 #cg1 #df1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbb4 ,see ,laught]4 ,h>ris1 ,j4 ,c41 #bea4 ,h>t%orne1 ,b4 ,f41 #bbb4 ,hat1 unsuitable1 z in/ance ( ! ludicr\s1 #i-ag4 ,hazlitt1 ,w4 ,c41 #acg1 #ach note1 #bfh1 #ced4 ,heck]1 ,e41 #ahd note4 ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f41 #e4 ,hegelians1 on ! comic1 #d4 #dcf ,he9e1 ,h41 #chf1 #dbc4 ,heymans1 ,g41 #fd4 ,hill1 ,leon>d1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #afe note1 #afi1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahh4 ,h9d1 ,h4 ,y41 #bbe1 #bdb4 ,hobbes1 ,t41 8 !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 #abj1 #adj1 #adc1 #bjc4 ,hffd+1 ,h41 #cjf note4 ,hogan1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,e41 #ahh1 #bji1 #bab1 #bae1 #bag4 ,hom]1 #hi1 #if1 #ig1 #ajh4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 #cae4 ,human1 ?+s1 z object ( laught]1 #hf1 #abb1 #abh1 #cde4 ,hum\r 7,*apt] ,x471 def9itions (1 #big2 z individual1 #bih1 #cac1 #cbd1 #cbf2 r>ity (1 #bih1 #caa1 #cbb1 #cbe2 orig9 (1 #bii2 reflection 91 #cjj-cjc1 #cbd1 #chg1 #cic2 z a s5tim5t1 #cjj1 #cjg2 s]i\sness 91 #cja-cje1 #cad1 #cai1 #cch1 #cdb1 #chg1 #cic1 #cie1 #djj2 bl5d ( sad & gay 91 #cje1 #cji1 #chg2 k9dly feel+ 91 #cjf1 #cjg1 #caj1 #cdb1 #chh2 corrective function (1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #djc-dje2 consolatory =ce (1 #cbe-ccj1 #cdb2 relation (1 to wit1 #ced1 #che1 #chf2 subjective & objective1 9 lit]ature1 #chf note1 #chi2 h>monis+ ( tones 91 #chh1 #cia 7see also ,philosophic ,hum\r74 ,hunt1 ,j4 ,h4 ,leigh1 8 !ory ( laught]1 #adb2 quot$1 #chc4 ,husb&s1 treatm5t (1 9 com$y1 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,hyp]gela/1 #big1 #dah4 ,idealism & ,realism1 9 relation to laught]1 #cid1 #cif1 #djj1 #dja4 ,ignorance1 z laughable1 #ajb4 ,imitation 9 fa%ion1 #bgc-bgf1 #bgh2 9 com$y1 #cdh4 ,incompet5ce1 z laughable1 #ajb1 #bdj1 #bde4 ,incongruity1 !ory (1 #g1 #i1 #ac1 #ag1 #abe-ace1 #acf1 #ada1 #aej1 #cag1 #cah2 z laughable1 #ajg-aaa1 #aeb1 #baf1 #bcf4 ,indec5t1 !1 z laughable1 #ii1 #aea1 #bce4 ,individual1 !1 laught] (1 #bie1 #big 7,*apt] ,x471 #cic2 value ( laught] to1 #cba1 #cbc ff41 #djc1 #dae2 ju/ification ( po9t ( view (1 #dje4 ,inf]ior1 laught] (1 at sup]ior1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,inf]iority1 feel+ (1 z inhibit+ laught]1 #adc1 #cbj4 ,intellectual !ory1 !4 ,see ,incongruity1 also #aec4 ,inv5tions1 z objects ( ridicule1 #bha4 ,iri%1 hum\r ( !1 #cab1 #cac1 #che4 ,jackson1 ,john1 #bej note4 ,james1 ,william1 8 !ory ( emotions1 #dj1 #ahi4 ,john/on1 ,h4 ,h41 #bbg4 ,jonson1 ,b51 #bfh1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfd4 ,joy1 laught] (1 #ga ff41 #aaf1 #afh1 #aid ff41 #bbh4 ,see ,pleasure4 ,juss]&1 ,j4 ,a4 ,a41 #cdc note4 ,juv5al1 #bhc1 #cha1 #chb4 ,kames1 ,h4 ,h41 #dad4 ,kant1 ,i41 8 !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 #i1 #ah1 #abf-abi1 #aca2 quot$1 #abe1 #acd1 #ace1 #caj1 #cbe4 ,keats1 ,john1 #dcj4 ,k+sley1 ,miss ,m4 ,h41 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bff1 #cbh1 #cia4 ,kipl+1 ,r41 #ih note4 ,krpel91 ,e41 #cef note4 ,klpe1 ,o41 #eb note1 #ed note4 ,lack ( hum\r1 advantages (1 #dbd1 #dbe4 ,lacroix1 ,p41 #cdc note4 ,lamb1 ,c41 hum\r (1 #bih1 #cij1 #dbj2 8 view ( ,re/oration com$y1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgg4 ,l&or1 ,w4 ,savage1 #cad4 ,lang1 ,gideon1 #bdc note4 ,lange1 ,c41 #fg1 #ahi4 ,language1 poetical use ( 8laugh0 & 8smile10 #cj2 t]ms = =ms ( laught] 9 ,fr5*1 #di note2 misuse (1 z laughable1 #ajd1 #bdj4 ,see ,wit4 ,laughable1 ! 7,*apt] ,,iv471 def9ition (1 #hb2 univ]sality (1 #hc1 #bie2 relativity (1 #hd1 #hh1 #ic1 #ie1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aac2 di/+ui%$ f ! ludicr\s1 #he2 complexity (1 #hg1 #aad1 #aec2 gr\ps ( laughable objects1 #hg2 inhibitory concomitants (1 #ij1 #ic1 #if1 #aja1 #aaa1 #cja1 #cjf2 relation (1 to laught] z a :ole1 #aec2 field (1 #bfj1 #cae1 #cai4 ,laught]1 e/imates (1 #a1 #daf2 sci5tific inve/igation (1 #c ff41 #ai1 #dcg #aed2 physiological *>act]i/ics (1 #bb1 #bf-bh1 #cj1 #cc-cf1 #fi1 #bbg1 #cji2 v>ieties (1 #bb1 #dh1 #ahh1 #bea2 an int]mitt5t manife/ation1 #bf1 #gd2 s\nds (1 #ca1 #agd1 #bbg2 bad effects (1 #cg1 #df1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbb2 me*anically produc$1 #db1 #fd ff41 #gd2 occasions (1 #ej 7,*apt] ,,iii472 n]v\s1 #fe-gj1 #aaf2 c\nt]actives to1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #if1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #cgg2 z sign ( playful mood 9 animals1 #ahc-ahd2 z in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 #bej1 #bef1 #bfb1 #chj2 anti-social t5d5cy 91 #bef1 #djf2 regulation (1 #dah2 promotion (1 #dbc2 z bran* ( education1 #dbf4 ,see also ,*ild1 ,developm5t (2 ,hum\r2 ,orig9 ( ,laught]2 ,primitive ,laught]2 ,savages1 ,laught] (2 ,social ,laught]2 ,value ( ,laught]4 ,le ,fanu1 ,w4 ,r41 #aaa note4 ,lehmann1 ,a41 #agb note1 #cjh note4 ,le ,sage1 ,a4 ,r41 #bfb1 #chb4 ,less+1 ,g4 ,e41 #cbc1 #dab1 #dae note4 ,li*t5/e91 ,m4 ,h4 ,c41 #bcf1 #bch4 ,lipps1 ,?41 8 !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 #i-ag1 #fd1 #acg2 quot$1 #id4 ,lit]ature4 ,see ,art4 ,locke1 ,john1 8 def9ition ( wit1 #ced4 ,loti1 ,p41 #aig note4 ,lotze1 ,h41 #h note1 #ah4 ,lov$ay1 ,t41 #ae note4 ,love-motive1 9 com$y1 #cfj1 #cga4 ,ludicr\s1 !1 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory (1 #f1 #ac1 #acj-acc2 incongruity !ory (1 #g1 #i1 #ac1 #ag1 #abe-acf1 #ada1 #aej1 #cag1 #cah2 z consi/+ 9 ! sub/itution ( rigidity = spontaneity1 #g1 #ib1 #cdh note1 #cfg2 ,lipps' !ory (1 #i-ag1 #fd2 z consi/+ 9 nullifi$ expectation1 #i1 #ab1 #ah1 #fd1 #abe-acj2 objectivity (1 #hc2 di/+ui%$ f ! laughable1 #he1 #ach2 !ories (1 #aai 7,*apt] ,v472 degradation !ory (1 #aai-abe1 #abh1 #acg2 syn!sis ( !ories (1 #acf-aci2 no "o !ory (1 #aci1 #aec4 ,lumholtz1 ,c>l1 #bbd1 #bdi4 ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b41 #cgb1 #cgg4 ,macdonald1 ,duff1 #bba1 #beb4 ,majorities & m9orities1 #djf4 ,malice 9 laught]1 #gh1 #hc1 #hi1 #ig1 #aah1 #adb1 #adc1 #bca1 #bcc1 #cha4 ,man1 ,e4 ,h41 #bbg4 ,mania1 approa* to1 ( comic *>act]s1 #cfg2 ( a :ole p1 #cgg4 ,mann]s1 9 com$y1 #cgj4 ,m>sd51 ,w41 #bdj1 #bdi4 ,masp]o1 ,g41 #bfd1 #bff1 #cdc note4 ,mass+]1 ,p41 #cfa4 ,ma/] & s]vant1 relation (1 9 com$y1 #cec4 ,see ,slaves4 ,ml9aud1 ,c41 #h note4 ,m5&]1 #cfa1 #cgd note4 ,m]$i?1 ,g41 #d1 #ii1 #aji1 #big1 #cjj1 #caj1 #cdg1 #cfd note1 #cga note1 #cgf note1 #cgi1 #dae1 #dag4 ,m]ry ,engl&1 mir? (1 #dbi4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #bhj4 ,milton1 ,j41 #ci1 #dbe4 ,m9to1 ,w41 #chf note4 ,mir?fulness1 p]si/5ce (1 #be1 #gc1 #bbc-bbf2 effect ( temp]am5t on1 #hj2 expression (1 z elem5t 9 ! laughable1 #aaf1 #adi1 #baa-bac1 #cdh2 decl9e (1 #dbh ff4 ,mis=tunes1 small1 z laughable1 #if4 ,mod]n life1 decl9e ( *oral laught] 91 #dbg2 s]i\sness (1 #dbh ff42 gr[? ( individual laught] 91 #dcb4 ,molire1 ,j4 ,b4 ,p41 #aad1 #bgb1 #bhh1 #cjc note1 #cjg1 #cae1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cej1 #cea1 #cec1 #ceg1 #cei1 #cfd-cgj1 #cgc-cgh4 ,momms51 ,?41 #cec note1 #cfa note4 ,mono-ideism 9 comic *>act]s1 #cff4 ,montaigne1 ,m4 ,e4 de1 #cdb4 ,mood1 ! tickli%1 #fb2 ( hum\r1 #cjd2 address$ by com$y1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgg2 address$ by fiction1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,moore1 ,mrs4 ,k4 ,c41 #afe1 #ahh4 ,moral de=mity4 ,see ,vice4 -- s5sitiv5ess1 z inhibitory ( laught]1 #ic1 #aja1 #ajb4 -- !ory4 ,see ,degradation4 ,morality1 attitude ( laught] t[>ds1 #ib1 #cgb-cgg2 attitude ( com$y t[>ds1 #cgb-cgg2 function ( com$y 9 relation to1 #daa-dad4 -- plays1 #cdg1 #cei1 #cfa1 #cfb4 ,morgan1 ,c4 ,lloyd1 #adh note1 #afj4 ,m\lton1 ,r4 ,g41 #ceb note1 #cfb note4 ,mulca/]1 ,r41 #ce4 ,mu/]s1 ,g4 ,c41 #bbf4 ,my/]y plays1 #cdg4 #dch ,navet1 z laughable1 #ajd1 #abg1 #ccf2 *ildr5's1 #aje4 ,nans51 ,f41 #bbc note1 #bdd note1 #bej4 ,national feel+1 #bic4 ,nationality4 ,see ,race4 ,neil1 ,r4 ,a41 #ceb note4 ,neilson1 ,g4 ,r41 #cac note4 ,n]v\s laught]1 #fe-gj1 #aaf4 ,newspap]1 /ruggle = !1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,novelty1 z laughable1 #hg1 #abh1 #aej1 #ahi1 #bjh1 #bcf1 #bha2 9 com$y1 #cea4 ,obesity & laught]1 #ha4 ,object ( laught]1 #hb1 #adb2 dislike ( be+ made !1 #add1 #bcb1 #bef1 #cbj4 ,see ,laughable1 !4 ,odd1 !1 z laughable1 #hg1 #aej1 #bcg2 9 com$y1 #cea4 ,old & "y1 relation (1 9 com$y1 #cec4 ,old-fa%ion$1 laught] at !1 #bha4 ,optimism & pessimism4 ,see also ,philosophy1 ,wor? ( ,life4 ,ord]1 brea* (1 z laughable1 #id1 #bff1 #cdb4 ,organism1 effects ( laught] on1 #cc-cf1 #de1 #fi2 resonance (1 z factor 9 laught]1 #dd1 #dg4 ,orig9 ( laught]1 #aee 7,*apt] ,,vi472 fir/ appe>ance 9 *ild1 #aff1 #agj2 e>ly laught] z expression ( pleasure1 #afi2 an inh]it$ t5d5cy1 #agj2 fir/ appe>ance 9 primitive man1 #agc2 developm5t out ( smile1 #agc-agf2 explosive vig\r1 explanation (1 #agf4 ,see also ,smile1 ,tickl+4 ,p>adox1 z laughable1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaj4 ,p>asites1 laught] ( tickl+ z def5sive aga9/1 #agh1 #agi1 #aha4 ,p>nell1 ,j41 #aaa note4 ,pascal1 ,b41 #a1 #dbc4 ,peacock1 ,t4 ,l41 #bbb4 ,p]ception ( ! ludicr\s1 movem5t ( ?\ght 91 #aa1 #ac2 z p]ception ( relations1 #ac1 #ajg1 #aib1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #caf-cah2 necessity ( di/9ct imag]y to1 #ad1 #aca2 z imm$iate1 #ae2 z antec$5t ( laught]1 #db1 #ej2 z emotional1 #dc1 #abe2 effect ( subjective conditions on1 #hd1 #hh2 z intellectual1 #abe2 connection ) primitive laught]1 #aaf1 #adj1 #adb1 #add1 #aec4 ,philosophic hum\r1 *>act]i/ics (1 #cij1 #djj-dje1 #djg-daj2 utility (1 #djc-dje2 anti-social t5d5cy (1 #djf4 ,philosophy1 !oretic treatm5t ( laught] by1 #d-f1 #ai1 #cif2 philosophic speculation1 z laughable1 #e1 #djj1 #dja2 connection ( hum\r )1 #cij1 #cib-daj2 po9t ( view (1 #cic1 #cid1 #cif1 #cig2 ideal /&>d (1 #cid1 #cie2 *ange 9 aspect ( reality produc$ by1 #cid1 #cie1 #cig1 #cih2 s]i\sness (1 #cie2 ob/acles to union ( hum\r )1 #cif-cii2 idealism & laught]1 #cif2 optimism & laught]1 #cih2 pessimism & laught]1 #cih2 scepticism & laught]1 #cii4 ,physiological aspects ( laught]4 ,see ,laught]4 ,pity1 z inhibitory ( laught]1 #ij1 #ih4 ,plato1 #cjh1 #cdb1 #cif1 #djh4 ,plautus1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bhb1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #ceg1 #cfj1 #cga4 ,play1 tickl+ &1 #fc1 #agi1 #ahb-ahd2 laught] z concomitant ( mood (1 #gf-gh1 #aih-bjg2 teas+ z =m (1 #gg1 #bja1 #bbi2 connection ) wit1 #aab1 #cee2 relation ( laught] &1 #ade-aec1 #aid2 utility (1 #adh1 #aha1 #ahb2 ( animals1 #aeh2 play-*all5ge1 #ahd1 #bef1 #cdd2 rompi%1 #aih1 #aii2 z make-believe1 #bja1 #bad2 attacks z =m (1 #bja2 lawlessness (1 #baf2 connection ) com$y1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cgc1 #cge1 #cgg4 ,playfulness1 expression (4 ,see ,laught] & ,mir?fulness4 ,pleasure1 z antec$5t ( laught]1 #dc1 #ga1 #ade2 int]action ( laught] &1 #dd ff42 sudd5 accession (1 z cause ( laught]1 #gb1 #gd ff41 #ada1 #ade1 #ahd4 ,poetic ju/ice1 #cfh4 ,po9t ( view1 relativity (1 9 laught]1 #hd1 #hh1 #ic1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aaa2 ( common-s5se1 #aaj1 #bid1 #cgf1 #cie1 #cii1 #djj2 tribal & national1 #bch1 #bef1 #bga1 #bic1 #bid2 ( hum\r1 #cjc1 #cae1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #cch1 #cda1 #djc note1 #dji1 #daj2 social1 #cbc1 #cgd-cgg1 #chj1 #cii1 #dje1 #dji1 #daj2 ( com$y1 #dci #cgb-cgg1 #daj2 ( philosophy1 #cic1 #cid1 #cif1 #cig2 individual1 #cii1 #dje1 #dji1 #daj2 ( satire1 #daj4 ,pope1 ,alex41 #cjg1 #chc4 ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 #bdh note4 ,practical jok+1 #gh1 #abi1 #afj1 #bbi-bca4 ,see ,teas+4 ,preciosity1 9 com$y1 #cea4 ,pret5ce1 z laughable1 #aja1 #adh1 #aea2 9 play1 #adg1 #aeh4 ,prey]1 ,w41 #di1 #afj1 #afd-agj1 #agh1 #ahh1 #bje1 #bjf note1 #bji1 #baa1 #bab4 ,primitive laught]1 necessity ( consid]+1 #bc2 =ms (1 tickl+1 etc41 #ej 7,*apt] ,,iii472 elem5ts (1 9 appreciation ( ! ludicr\s1 #adj-ade1 #aec2 hum\r z developm5t (1 #bii2 9 com$y1 #cdg ff4 ,progress1 z h9d]$ & fur!r$ by laught]1 #beg1 #bgi-bhc2 social1 #bgi2 z object ( laught]1 #bhj1 #bhc4 ,public op9ion1 deification (1 #ccd4 ,punn+1 9 *ildr51 #aab1 #bag2 & wit1 #ced2 9 com$y1 #ceg4 ,rabelais1 ,f41 #bii1 #cad1 #chi4 ,races1 div]sities ( laught] & hum\r (1 #caa-cac4 ,rad=d1 ,g4 ,h41 #dag1 #dbh4 8,ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]10 #cfa4 ,raul91 ,j4 ,m41 #bbh4 ,read1 ,c>ve?1 #cbj4 ,real1 !1 9 com$y1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cgb4 ,reflection1 9 laught]1 #h1 #bea2 9 hum\r1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cic2 appeal to1 9 humor\s writ+1 #cgi1 #chi4 ,relations1 z laughable1 #ac1 #ajg1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #caf4 ,relief f /ra91 9 n]v\s laught]1 #fe-gj2 laught] on solemn occasions z1 #hj1 #aah2 9 laught] at ! indec5t1 #aah2 9 laught] at degradation1 #adj2 z expla9+ explosiv5ess ( laught]1 #agf2 9 *ildr5's laught]1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjd2 9 laught] ( savages1 #bbh2 9 laught] ( art1 #bhb4 ,r5gg]1 ,j4 ,r41 #bbf4 ,repetition1 effect (1 on *ild's laught]1 #ahh1 #aij2 effect (1 on emotional reaction1 #aij2 z comic incid5t1 #cdh4 ,respiration1 laught] &1 #cj1 #cc-ce1 #db1 #fi1 #adb4 ,re/oration1 !1 lit]ature (1 #bhb2 com$y (1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #cgj4 ,re/ra9ts on laught]1 by ! community1 #dah-dbj2 by ! individual1 #dbj-dbb4 ,retaliative joke1 among savages1 #bcj2 9 com$y1 #cej4 ,retirem5t4 ,see ,deta*m5t4 ,rev]5ce1 laught] z de/ructive (1 #dbb4 ,ribot1 ,?41 #aga note1 #aic note4 ,ri*et1 ,*>les1 #eb note1 #ec note1 #fj4 ,ri*t]1 ,j4 ,p41 #h note1 #cij1 #djj4 ,ridicul\s1 !1 di/+ui%$ f ! ludicr\s1 #ach4 ,rob9son1 ,l\is1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fc1 #afb1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi-ahb4 ,romanes1 ,g4 ,j41 #afa4 ,ro/&1 ,edmond1 #aj1 #chg4 ,ro?1 ,h4 ,l+1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bcb note1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bea note1 #beb note4 ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #cgc1 #dbe4 ,sadness1 z dispos+ to laught]1 #gj1 #cad2 9 hum\r1 #cje1 #cji1 #chg4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,c4 ,a41 #cad1 #cgg1 #chb4 ,salut>y effects ( laught]4 ,see ,value4 ,s>as91 ,f41 #bbb note1 #bcb1 #bde4 ,satire1 playful elem5t 91 #aec1 #chc1 #chd2 among savages1 #bdd2 function (1 #bhb1 #chj2 political1 #bib2 social1 #cbc1 #dac2 po9t ( view (1 #chj1 #daj2 laught] 91 #chj1 #chb1 #chc2 mood (1 #cha2 9 com$y1 #cha2 9 fiction1 #chb2 allegory 91 #chb2 wit 91 #chc2 ironical inv]sion 91 #chc1 #chd4 ,savages1 laught] ( 7,*apt] ,,viii471 #bbj2 difficulty ( und]/&+1 #bbj2 self-re/ra9t (1 #bba2 am\nt ( laught] (1 #bbb-bbf2 nature ( laught] (1 #bbg1 #beb2 primitive =ms ( laught] (1 #bbh-bhe2 teas+ & practical jokes (1 #bbi-bcc2 brutal elem5ts 9 laught] (1 #bca-bcc2 dislike ( laught] among1 #bcb1 #bcc2 appreciation ( ! 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